,libr>ies7 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag] ,illu/ration ,ed9burgh3 #ajj1 ,,pr9ces ,,/reet ,,also ,london3 ,h4 ,k4 ,,lewis1 #acf1 ,,g[] ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,b]l93 ,a4 ,,a%] ,,& ,,co4 ,leipzig3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,brockhaus ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,co41 ,,ltd4 ,all rights res]v$ ,illu/ration3 ,*>les ,d>w9 f a photograph by ,maull ,fox 9 #ahed ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species ,,two ,,essays ,,writt5 ,,9 #ahdb ,,& #ahdd by ,,*>les ,,d>w9 ,edit$ by 8 son ,,francis ,,d>w9 ,honor>y ,fell[ ( ,*ri/'s ,college ,cambridge3 at ! ,univ]sity ,press #aiji ,a/ronom]s might =m]ly h said t ,god ord]$ ea* planet to move 9 its p>ticul> de/9y4 ,9 same mann] ,god ord]s ea* animal creat$ ) c]ta9 =m 9 c]ta9 c\ntry4 ,b h[ mu* m simple & sublime p[]1--let attraction act accord+ to c]ta9 law1 su* are inevitable consequ5ces1--let animal7s7 be creat$1 !n by ! fix$ laws ( g5]ation1 su* w be _! successors4 ,f ,,d>w9',s ,note ,book1 #ahcg1 p4 #aja4 ,,to ,,! ,,ma/] ,,& ,,fell[s ,,( ,,*ri/',s ,,college1 ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,editor ,,9 ,,tok5 ,,( ,,respect ,,& ,,gratitude ,,cont5ts ,,essay ,,( #ahdb ,,pages ,,introduction xi ,,"p ,i ,sec4 i4 ,on v>iation "u dome/ication1 & on ! pr9ciples ( selection #a ,sec4 ii4 ,on v>iation 9 a /ate ( nature & on ! natural means ( selection #d ,sec4 iii4 ,on v>iation 9 in/9cts & o!r m5tal attributes #ag ,,"p ,,ii ,sec4,sec4 iv4 & v4 ,on ! evid5ce f ,geology4 7,! reasons = comb9+ ! two sections are giv5 9 ! ,introduction7 #bb ,sec4 vi4 ,geographical di/ribution #bi ,sec4 vii4 ,aff9ities & classification #ce ,sec4 viii4 ,unity ( type 9 ! great classes #ch ,sec4 ix4 ,abortive organs #de ,sec4 x4 ,recapitulation & conclusion #dh ,,essay ,,( #ahdd ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,i #eg-hj ,,on ,,! ,,v>iation ,,( ,,organic ,,be+s ,,"u ,,dome/ication2 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,selection4 ,v>iation ,on ! h]$it>y t5d5cy ,causes ( ,v>iation ,on ,selection ,cross+ ,bre$s ,:e!r our dome/ic races h desc5d$ f "o or m wild /ocks ,limits to ,v>iation 9 degree & k9d ,9 :at consi/s ,dome/ication--,summ>y ,,*apt] ,,ii #ha-aaa ,,on ,,! ,,v>iation ,,( ,,organic ,,be+s ,,9 ,a ,,wild ,,/ate2 ,,on ,,! ,,natural ,,means ,,( ,,selection2 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,races ,,& ,,true ,,species4 ,v>iation ,natural means ( ,selection ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,races & ,species3-fir/1 9 _! tru5ess or v>iability ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,races & ,species 9 f]tility :5 cross$ ,causes ( ,/]ility 9 ,hybrids ,inf]tility f causes di/9ct f hybridisation ,po9ts ( ,resemblance betwe5 ,races & ,species ,ext]nal *>act]s ( ,hybrids & ,mongrels ,summ>y ,limits ( ,v>iation ,,*apt] ,,iii #aab-acb ,,on ,,! ,,v>iation ,,( ,,in/9cts ,,& ,,o!r ,,m5tal ,,attributes ,,"u ,,dome/ication ,,& ,,9 ,a ,,/ate ,,( ,,nature2 ,,on ,,! ,,difficulties ,,9 ,,?is ,,subject2 ,,& ,,on ,,analog\s ,,difficulties ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,corporeal ,,/ructures4 ,v>iation ( m5tal attributes "u dome/ication ,h]$it>y habits comp>$ ) in/9cts ,v>iation 9 ! m5tal attributes ( wild animals ,pr9ciples ( ,selection applicable to in/9cts ,difficulties 9 ! acquirem5t ( complex in/9cts by ,selection ,difficulties 9 ! acquirem5t by ,selection ( complex corporeal /ructures ,,"p ,,ii ,,on ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,fav\rable ,,& ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,! ,,view ,,t ,,species ,,are ,,naturally ,,=m$ ,,races1 ,,desc5d$ ,,f ,,common ,,/ocks4 ,,*apt] ,,iv #acc-adc ,,on ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,int]m$iate ,,=ms ,,requir$ ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,common ,,desc5t2 ,,& ,,on ,,_! ,,abs5ce ,,9 ,a ,,fossil ,,/ate ,,*apt] ,v #add-aej ,,gradual ,,appe>ance ,,& ,,disappe>ance ,,( ,,species4 ,gradual appe>ance ( species ,ext9ction ( species ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,on ,,! ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,organic ,,be+s ,,9 ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t ,,times4 ,,section ,,fir/ #aea-agd ,di/ribution ( ! inhabitants 9 ! diff]5t cont95ts ,relation ( range 9 g5]a & species ,di/ribution ( ! inhabitants 9 ! same cont95t ,insul> ,faunas ,alp9e ,floras ,cause ( ! simil>ity 9 ! floras ( "s di/ant m\nta9s ,:e!r ! same species has be5 creat$ m ?an once ,on ! numb] ( species1 & ( ! classes to :i* !y belong 9 diff]5t regions ,,second ,,section #agd-ahb ,geographical di/ribution ( ext9ct organisms ,*anges 9 geographical di/ribution ,summ>y on ! di/ribution ( liv+ & ext9ct organic be+s ,,section ,,?ird #ahc-aig ,an attempt to expla9 ! =ego+ laws ( geographical di/ribution1 on ! !ory ( alli$ species hav+ a common desc5t ,improbability ( f9d+ fossil =ms int]m$iate betwe5 exi/+ species ,,*apt] ,,vii #aih-bac ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,aff9ities ,,& ,,classification ,,( ,,organic ,,be+s4 ,gradual appe>ance & disappe>ance ( gr\ps ,:at is ! ,natural ,sy/em8 ,on ! k9d ( relation betwe5 di/9ct gr\ps ,classification ( ,races or ,v>ieties ,classification ( ,races & ,species simil> ,orig9 ( g5]a & families ,,*apt] ,,viii #bad-bcj ,,unity ,,( ,,type ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,classes2 ,,& ,,morphological ,,/ructures4 ,unity ( ,type ,morphology ,embryology ,attempt to expla9 ! facts ( embryology ,on ! graduat$ complexity 9 ea* great class ,modification by selection ( ! =ms ( immature animals ,importance ( embryology 9 classification ,ord] 9 "t 9 :i* ! great classes h fir/ appe>$ ,,*apt] ,,ix #bca-bch ,,abortive ,,or ,,rudim5t>y ,,organs4 ,! abortive organs ( ,naturali/s ,! abortive organs ( ,physiologi/s ,abortion f gradual disuse ,,*apt] ,x #bci-bee ,,recapitulation ,,& ,,conclusion4 ,recapitulation ,:y d we wi% to reject ! ,!ory ( ,common ,desc5t8 ,conclusion ,,index #beg ,portrait frontispiece ,facsimile to face p4 #ej ,,introduction ,we "k f ! cont5ts ( ,*>les ,d>w9's ,note ,book ( #ahcg t he 0 at t "t a conv9c$ ,evolutioni/#a4 ,nor c !re be any d\bt t1 :5 he />t$ on bo>d ! ,beagle1 su* op9ions z he _h 7 on ! side ( immutability4 ,:5 !re=e did ! curr5t ( 8 ?\ghts beg9 to set 9 ! direction ( ,evolution8 #a ,see ! extracts 9 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ii4 p4 #e4 ,we h fir/ to consid] ! factors t made = su* a *ange4 ,on 8 dep>ture 9 #ahca1 ,h5sl[ gave him vol4 ,i4 ( ,lyell's ,pr9ciples1 !n j publi%$1 ) ! w>n+ t he 0 n to believe :at he read#b4 ,b believe he did1 & x is c]ta9 7z ,huxley has =cibly po9t$ out#c7 t ! doctr9e ( uni=mit>ianism :5 appli$ to ,biology leads ( necessity to ,evolution4 ,if ! ext]m9ation ( a species is no m cata/rophic ?an ! natural dea? ( an individual1 :y %\ld ! bir? ( a species be any m miracul\s ?an ! bir? ( an individual8 ,x is q cle> t ?is ?\ght 0 vividly pres5t to ,d>w9 :5 he 0 writ+ out 8 e>ly ?\ghts 9 ! #ahcg ,note ,book#d3-- ,propagation expla9s :y mod]n animals same type z ext9ct1 :i* is law almo/ prov$4 ,!y die1 )\t !y *ange1 l gold5 pipp9s2 x is a g5]ation ( species l g5]ation ( individuals4 ,if species g5]ate o!r species _! race is n utt]ly cut (f4 #b ,! second volume1--especially important 9 reg>d to ,evolution1--rea*$ him 9 ! autumn ( #ahcb1 z ,pr(4 ,judd has po9t$ out 9 8 mo/ int]e/+ pap] 9 ,d>w9 & ,mod]n ,sci5ce4 ,cambridge1 #aiji4 #c ,obitu>y ,notice ( ,c4 ,d>w91 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 #dd4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,huxley's ,collect$ ,essays4 ,see also ,life & ,lett]s ( ,c4 ,d>w91 ii4 p4 #agi4 #d ,see ! extracts 9 ! ,life & ,lett]s1 ii4 p4 #e4 ,^! quotations %[ t he 0 /ruggl+ to see 9 ! orig9 ( species a process j z sci5tifically compreh5sible z ! bir? ( individuals4 ,!y %[1 ,i ?9k1 t he recognis$ ! two ?+s n m]ely z simil> b z id5tical4 ,x is impossible to "k h[ soon ! f]m5t ( uni=mit>ianism began to "w1 b x is fair to suspect t 9 #ahcb he _h already begun to see t mutability 0 ! logical conclusion ( ,lyell's doctr9e1 ?\gh ?is 0 n ackn[l$g$ by ,lyell himself4 ,!re 7 h[ev] o!r factors ( *ange4 ,9 8 ,autobiography#e he wrote3--,dur+ ! voyage ( ! ,beagle ,i _h be5 deeply impress$ by discov]+ 9 ! ,pampean =mation great fossil animals cov]$ ) arm\r l t on ! exi/+ armadillos2 secondly1 by ! mann] 9 :i* closely alli$ animals replace "o ano!r 9 proce$+ s\?w>d ov] ! ,cont95t2 & ?irdly1 by ! ,s\? ,am]ican "* ( mo/ ( ! productions ( ! ,galapagos ar*ipelago1 & m especially by ! mann] 9 :i* !y diff] slightly on ea* isl& ( ! gr\p2 none ( ! isl&s appe>+ to be v anci5t 9 a geological s5se4 ,x 0 evid5t t su* facts z ^!1 z well z _m o!rs1 c\ld only be expla9$ on ! supposition t species gradually become modifi$2 & ! subject haunt$ me4 #e ,life & ,lett]s1 i4 p4 #hb4 ,aga9 we h to ask3 h[ soon did any ( ^! influ5ces produce an effect on ,d>w9's m9d8 ,diff]5t answ]s h be5 attempt$4 ,huxley#f held t ^! facts c\ld n h produc$ _! ess5tial effect until ! voyage _h come to an end1 & ! relations ( ! exi/+ ) ! ext9ct species & ( ! species ( ! diff]5t geographical areas ) "o ano!r 7 det]m9$ ) "s exactness4 ,he does n !re=e all[ t any appreciable advance t[>ds evolution 0 made dur+ ! actual voyage ( ! ,beagle4 #f ,obitu>y ,notice1 loc4 cit4 ,pr(essor ,judd#g takes a v diff]5t view4 ,he holds t ,novemb] #ahcb may be giv5 ) "s confid5ce z ! date at :i* ,d>w9 comm5c$ t long s]ies ( obs]vations & reason+s :i* ev5tually culm9at$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 #g ,d>w9 & ,mod]n ,sci5ce4 ,?\gh ,i ?9k ^! words sugge/ a m direct & cont9u\s m>* ?an really exi/$ betwe5 fossil-collect+ 9 #ahcb & writ+ ! ,orig9 ( ,species 9 #ahei1 yet ,i hold t x 0 dur+ ! voyage t ,d>w9's m9d began to be turn$ 9 ! direction ( ,evolution1 & ,i am !re=e 9 ess5tial agreem5t ) ,pr(4 ,judd1 al?\gh ,i lay m /ress ?an he does on ! latt] "p ( ! voyage4 ,let u = a mom5t conf9e our att5tion to ! passage1 above quot$1 f ! ,autobiography & to :at is said 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i41 viz4 ,:5 on bo>d ,h4,m4,s4 ',beagle1' z naturali/1 ,i 0 mu* /ruck ) c]ta9 facts 9 ! di/ribution ( ! inhabitants ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 9 ! geological relations ( ! pres5t to ! pa/ inhabitants ( t cont95t4 ,^! words1 occurr+ :]e !y d1 c only mean "o ?+1--namely t ! facts sugge/$ an evolution>y int]pretation4 ,& ?is be+ s x mu/ be true t 8 ?\ghts began to fl[ 9 ! direction ( ,desc5t at ?is e>ly date4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! new light :i* 0 ris+ 9 8 m9d#h _h n yet atta9$ any effective degree ( /ead9ess or brightness4 ,i ?9k s because 9 8 ,pocket ,book "u ! date #ahcg he wrote1 ,9 ,july op5$ fir/ note-book on 'transmutation ( species4' ,_h be5 greatly /ruck f ab\t mon? ( previ\s ,m>*#i on "* ( ,s\? ,am]ican fossils1 & species on ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago4 ,^! facts orig9 7especially latt]71 ( all my views4 ,b he did n visit ! ,galapagos till #ahce & ,i !re=e f9d x h>d to believe t 8 evolution>y views atta9$ any /r5g? or p]man5ce until at any rate q late 9 ! voyage4 ,! ,galapagos facts are /rongly aga9/ ,huxley's view1 = ,d>w9's att5tion 0 ?or\ghly ar\s$#aj by comp>+ ! birds %ot by himself & by o!rs on bo>d4 ,! case mu/ h /ruck him at once1--)\t wait+ = accurate det]m9ations1--z a microcosm ( evolution4 #h ,huxley1 ,obitu>y1 p4 xi4 #i ,9 ?is citation ! italics are m9e4 #aj ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 ,ed4 #ahfj1 p4 #cid4 ,x is also to be not$1 9 reg>d to ! rema9s ( ext9ct animals1 t1 9 ! above quotation f 8 ,pocket ,book1 he speaks ( ,m>* #ahcg z ! "t at :i* he began to be greatly /ruck on "* ( ,s\? ,am]ican fossils1 :i* sugge/s at lea/ t ! impression made 9 #ahcb requir$ re9=cem5t be=e a really p[]ful effect 0 produc$4 ,we may !re=e conclude1 ,i ?9k1 t ! evolution>y curr5t 9 my fa!r's ?\ghts _h cont9u$ to increase 9 =ce f #ahcb onw>ds1 be+ especially re9=c$ at ! ,galapagos 9 #ahce & aga9 9 #ahcg :5 he 0 ov]haul+ ! results1 m5tal & mat]ial1 ( 8 travels4 ,& t :5 ! above record 9 ! ,pocket ,book 0 made he unconsci\sly m9imis$ ! e>li] beg9n+s ( 8 !oris+s1 & laid m /ress on ! rec5t ?\ghts :i* 7 naturally m vivid to him4 ,9 8 lett]#aa to ,otto ,za*>ias 7#ahgg7 he wrote1 ,on my return home 9 ! autumn ( #ahcf1 ,i imm$iately began to prep>e my ,j\rnal = publication1 & !n saw h[ _m facts indicat$ ! common desc5t ( species4 ,?is aga9 is evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! lat] gr[?s ( 8 !ory 7 ! ess5tially important p>ts ( its developm5t4 #aa ,f4 ,d>w9's ,life ( ,*>les ,d>w9 79 "o volume71 #ahib1 p4 #aff4 ,9 ! same lett] to ,za*>ias he says1 ,:5 ,i 0 on bo>d ! ,beagle ,i believ$ 9 ! p]man5ce ( species1 b z f> z ,i c rememb] vague d\bts occasionally flitt$ across my m9d4 ,unless ,pr(4 ,judd & ,i are altoge!r wrong 9 believ+ t late or e>ly 9 ! voyage 7x matt]s little :i*7 a def9ite approa* 0 made to ! evolution>y /&po9t1 we mu/ suppose t 9 #dj ye>s su* advance _h %runk 9 8 recollection to ! dim5sions ( vague d\bts4 ,! lett] to ,za*>ias %[s ,i ?9k "s =gett+ ( ! pa/ :]e ! au?or says1 ,b ,i did n become conv9c$ t species 7 mutable until1 ,i ?9k1 two or ?ree ye>s _h elaps$4 ,x is impossible to reconcile ?is ) ! cont5ts ( ! evolution>y ,note ,book ( #ahcg4 ,i h no d\bt t 9 8 retrospect he felt t he _h n be5 conv9c$ t species 7 mutable until he _h ga9$ a cle> conception ( ! me*anism ( natural selection1 i4e4 9 #ahch-i4 ,b ev5 on ?is la/ date !re is "s room1 n = d\bt1 b = surprise4 ,! passage 9 ! ,autobiography#ab is q cle>1 namely t 9 ,octob] #ahch he read ,mal?us's ,essay on ! pr9ciple ( ,population & be+ well prep>$ to appreciate ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 4441 x at once /ruck me t "u ^! circum/ances fav\rable v>iations w\ld t5d to be pres]v$1 & unfav\rable ones to be de/roy$4 ,! result ( ?is w\ld be ! =mation ( new species4 ,"h !n ,i _h at la/ got a !ory by :i* to "w4 #ab ,life & ,lett]s1 i4 p4 #hc4 ,x is surpris+ t ,mal?us %\ld h be5 ne$$ to give him ! clue1 :5 9 ! ,note ,book ( #ahcg !re %\ld occur--h[ev] obscurely express$--! foll[+ =eca/#ac ( ! importance ( ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,) respect to ext9ction1 we c easily see t a v>iety ( ! o/ri* 7,petise#ad71 may n be well adapt$1 & ?us p]i% out2 or on ! o!r h&1 l ,orpheus#ae1 be+ fav\rable1 _m might be produc$4 ,?is requires ! pr9ciple t ! p]man5t v>iations produc$ by conf9$ bre$+ & *ang+ circum/ances are cont9u$ & produced accord+ to ! adaptation ( su* circum/ances1 & !re=e t dea? ( species is a consequ5ce 7contr>y to :at w\ld appe> 9 ,am]ica7 ( non-adaptation ( circum/ances4 #ac ,life & ,lett]s1 ii4 p4 #h4 #ad ,ave/ruz ,petise1 i4e4 ,rhea ,d>w9i4 #ae ,a bird4 ,i c h>dly d\bt1 t ) 8 k ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( organisms & ! tyranny ( conditions1 8 exp]i5ce w\ld h cry/alliz$ out into a !ory by :i* to "w ev5 )\t ! aid ( ,mal?us4 ,9 my fa!r's ,autobiography#af he writes1 ,9 ,june #ahdb ,i fir/ all[$ myself ! satisfaction ( writ+ a v brief ab/ract ( my !ory 9 p5cil 9 #ce pages2 & ?is 0 enl>g$ dur+ ! summ] ( #ahdd into "o ( #bcj pages#ag1 :i* ,i _h fairly copi$ out & /ill possess4 ,^! two ,essays1 ( #ahdb & #ahdd1 are n[ pr9t$ "u ! title ,! ,f\ndations ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 #af ,life & ,lett]s1 i4 p4 #hd4 #ag ,x conta9s z a fact #bca pp4 ,x is a /rongly b\nd folio1 int]leav$ ) blank pages1 z ?\gh = notes & additions4 ,8 own ,,ms4 f :i* x 0 copi$ conta9s #ahi pp4 ,x w be not$ t 9 ! above passage he does n m5tion ! ,,ms4 ( #ahdb z be+ 9 exi/5ce1 & :5 ,i 0 at "w on ,life & ,lett]s ,i _h n se5 x4 ,x only came to light aft] my "m's dea? 9 #ahif :5 ! h\se at ,d[n 0 vacat$4 ,! ,,ms4 0 hidd5 9 a cupbo>d "u ! /airs :i* 0 n us$ = pap]s ( any value1 b r z an ov]fl[ = matt] :i* he did n wi% to de/roy4 ,! /atem5t 9 ! ,autobiography t ! ,,ms4 0 writt5 9 #ahdb agrees ) an entry 9 my fa!rs ,di>y3-- #ahdb4 ,may #ah? w5t to ,ma]4 ,june #ae? to ,%rewsbury1 & on #ah? to ,capel ,curig4444 ,dur+ my /ay at ,ma] & ,%rewsbury 7five ye>s aft] comm5cem5t7 wrote p5cil sket* ( my species !ory4 ,aga9 9 a lett] to ,lyell 7,june #ah1 #aheh7 he speaks ( 8 ,,ms4 sket* writt5 out 9 #ahdbah4 ,9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,ed4 i4 p4 #a1 he speaks ( beg9n+ 8 speculations 9 #ahcg & ( all[+ himself to draw up "s %ort notes aft] five ye>s' "w1 i4e4 9 #ahdb4 ,s f> !re seems no d\bt z to #ahdb be+ ! date ( ! fir/ sket*2 b !re is evid5ce 9 fav\r ( an e>li] date#ai4 ,?us across ! ,table ( ,cont5ts ( ! b\nd copy ( ! #ahdd ,,ms4 is writt5 9 my fa!r's h& ,?is 0 sket*$ 9 #ahci4 ,aga9 9 a lett] to ,mr ,wallace#bj 7,jan4 #be1 #ahei7 he speaks ( 8 own contributions to ! ,l9nean pap]#ba ( ,july #a1 #aheh1 z writt5 9 #ahci1 n[ j tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,?is /atem5t z x /&s is und\bt$ly incorrect1 s9ce ! extracts are f ! ,,ms4 ( #ahdd1 ab\t ! date ( :i* no d\bt exi/s2 b ev5 if x c\ld be suppos$ to ref] to ! #ahdb ,essay1 x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be reject$4 ,i c only acc\nt = 8 mi/ake by ! supposition t my fa!r _h 9 m9d ! date 7#ahci7 at :i* ! framework ( 8 !ory 0 laid d[n4 ,x is wor? not+ t 9 8 ,autobiography 7p4 #hh7 he speaks ( ! "t ab\t #ahci1 :5 ! !ory 0 cle>ly conceiv$4 ,h[ev] ?is may be !re c be no d\bt t #ahdb is ! correct date4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ,life & ,lett]s ,i h ga9$ fre% evid5ce on ?is head4 ,a small packet conta9+ #ac pp4 ( ,,ms4 came to light 9 #ahif4 ,on ! outside is writt5 ,fir/ ,p5cil ,sket* ( ,species ,!ory4 ,writt5 at ,ma] & ,%rewsbury dur+ ,may & ,june #ahdb4 ,x is n h[ev] writt5 9 p5cil1 & x consi/s ( a s+le *apt] on ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,v>iation 9 ,dome/ic ,organisms4 ,a s+le unnumb]$ page is writt5 9 p5cil1 & is head$ ,ma]1 ,may #ahdb1 useless2 x also be>s ! words ,?is page 0 ?\ght ( z introduction4 ,x consi/s ( ! briefe/ sket* ( ! geological evid5ce = evolution1 toge!r ) words int5d$ z head+s = discussion1--su* z ,aff9ity1--unity ( type1--foetal /ate1--abortive organs4 #ah ,life & ,lett]s1 ii4 p4 #aaf4 #ai ,life & ,lett]s1 ii4 p4 #aj4 #bj ,life & ,lett]s1 ii4 p4 #adf4 #ba ,j4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,zool4 iii4 p4 #de4 ,! back ( ?is useless page is ( "s int]e/1 al?\gh x does n be> on ! "q ( date1--! matt] imm$iately be=e u4 ,x seems to be an outl9e ( ! ,essay or sket* ( #ahdb1 consi/+ ( ! titles ( ! ?ree *apt]s ( :i* x 0 to h consi/$4 ,i4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,v>4 9 dome/ic organisms4 ,,ii4 ,! possible & probable application ( ^! same pr9ciples to wild animals & consequ5tly ! possible & probable production ( wild races1 analog\s to ! dome/ic ones ( plants & animals4 ,,iii4 ,! reasons = & aga9/ believ+ t su* races h really be5 produc$1 =m+ :at are call$ species4 ,x w be se5 t ,*apt] ,,iii z orig9ally design$ corresponds to ,"p ,,ii 7p4 #bb7 ( ! ,essay ( #ahdb1 :i* is 7p4 #g7 def9$ by ! au?or z discuss+ :e!r ! *>act]s & relations ( animat$ ?+s are su* z fav\r ! idea ( wild species be+ races desc5d$ f a common /ock4 ,aga9 at p4 #bc ! au?or asks ,:at !n is ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( x 7! !ory ( desc5t7 & :at ! evid5ce aga9/ x4 ,! g5]alis$ section ( 8 ,essay hav+ be5 orig9ally ,*apt] ,,iii#bb acc\nts = ! curi\s error :i* occurs 9 pp4 #ah & #bb :]e ! second ,"p ( ! ,essay is call$ ,"p ,,iii4 #bb ,x is evid5t t ,p>ts & ,*apt]s 7 to "s ext5t int]*angeable 9 ! au?or's m9d1 = p4 #a 7( ! ,,ms4 we h be5 discuss+7 is head$ 9 ink ,*apt] ,i1 & aft]w>ds alt]$ 9 p5cil to ,"p ,i4 ,! division ( ! ,essay into two p>ts is ma9ta9$ 9 ! enl>g$ ,essay ( #ahdd1 9 :i* he writes3 ,! ,second ,"p ( ?is "w is devot$ to ! g5]al consid]ation ( h[ f> ! g5]al economy ( nature ju/ifies or opposes ! belief t relat$ species & g5]a are desc5d$ f common /ocks4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species h[ev] is n s divid$4 ,we may n[ return to ! "q ( ! date ( ! ,essay4 ,i h f\nd additional evid5ce 9 fav\r ( #ahdb 9 a s5t5ce writt5 on ! back ( ! ,table ( ,cont5ts ( ! #ahdd ,,ms4--n ! copi$ v]sion b ! orig9al 9 my fa!r's writ+3 ,?is 0 writt5 & enl>g$ f a sket* 9 #cg pages#bc 9 ,p5cil 7! latt] writt5 9 summ] ( #ahdb at ,ma] & ,%rewsbury7 9 beg9n+ ( #ahdd1 & f9i%$ x sic 9 ,july2 & f9ally correct$ ! copy by ,mr ,flet*] 9 ! la/ week 9 ,septemb]4 ,on ! :ole x is impossible to d\bt t #ahdb is ! date ( ! e>li] ( ! two ,essays4 #bc ,on p4 #bc ( ! ,,ms4 ( ! ,f\ndations is a ref]5ce to ! back ( p4 #ba bis3 ?is sugge/s t additional pages _h be5 int]polat$ 9 ! ,,ms4 & t x may once h _h #cg 9 place ( #ce pp4 ,! sket* ( #ahdb is writt5 on bad pap] ) a s(t p5cil1 & is 9 _m p>ts extremely difficult to read1 _m ( ! words end+ 9 m]e scrawls & be+ illegible )\t context4 ,x is evid5tly writt5 rapidly1 & is 9 8 mo/ elliptical /yle1 ! articles be+ frequ5tly omitt$1 & ! s5t5ces be+ loosely compos$ & (t5 illogical 9 /ructure4 ,!re is mu* erasure & correction1 app>5tly made at ! mom5t ( writ+1 & ! ,,ms4 does n give ! impression ( hav+ be5 re-read ) any c>e4 ,! :ole is m l ha/y memor&a ( :at 0 cle> to himself1 ?an mat]ial = ! conv9c+ ( o!rs4 ,_m ( ! pages are cov]$ ) writ+ on ! back1 an in/ance ( 8 p>simony 9 ! matt] ( pap]#bd4 ,?is matt] consi/s p>tly ( passages m>k$ = ins]tion 9 ! text1 & ^! c g5]ally 7?\gh by no means always7 be plac$ :]e he int5d$4 ,b he also us$ ! back ( "o page = a prelim9>y sket* to be rewritt5 on a clean %eet4 ,^! p>ts ( ! "w h be5 pr9t$ z footnotes1 s z to all[ :at 0 writt5 on ! front ( ! pages to =m a cont9u\s text4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( repetition is unavoidable1 b mu* ( :at is writt5 on ! backs ( ! pages is ( too mu* int]e/ to be omitt$4 ,"s ( ! matt] "h giv5 9 footnotes may1 moreov]1 h be5 int5d$ z ! f9al text & n z ! prelim9>y sket*4 #bd ,life & ,lett]s1 i4 p4 #aec4 ,:5 a ^w _c be deciph]$1 x is replac$ by3--illegible1 ! angul> brackets be+1 z already expla9$1 a symbol = an ins]tion by ! editor4 ,m commonly1 h[ev]1 ! context makes ! int]pretation ( a ^w reasonably sure al?\gh ! ^w is n /rictly legible4 ,su* words are foll[$ by an ins]t$ m>k ( int]rogation 84 ,la/ly1 words ins]t$ by ! editor1 ( :i* ! appropriat5ess is d\btful1 are pr9t$ ?us v>iation84 ,two k9ds ( erasure occur 9 ! ,,ms4 ( #ahdb4 ,"o by v]tical l9es :i* seem to h be5 made :5 ! #ce pp4 ,,ms4 0 be+ exp&$ into t ( #ahdd1 & m]ely imply t su* a page is done )3 & secondly ! ord9>y erasures by horizontal l9es4 ,i h n be5 q consi/5t 9 reg>d to ^!3 ,i began ) ! int5tion ( pr9t+ 79 squ>e brackets7 all su* erasures4 ,b ,i ultimately f\nd t ! confusion introduc$ into ! already obscure s5t5ces 0 great] ?an any possible ga92 & _m su* erasures are altoge!r omitt$4 ,9 ! same way ,i h occasionally omitt$ hopelessly obscure & incompreh5sible fragm5ts1 :i* if pr9t$ w\ld only h bur!n$ ! text ) a /r+ ( illegibles & qu]i$ words4 ,nor h ,i pr9t$ ! :ole ( :at is writt5 on ! backs ( ! pages1 :]e x seem$ to me t no?+ b unnecess>y repetition w\ld h be5 ! result4 ,9 ! matt] ( punctuation ,i h giv5 myself a free h&4 ,i may no d\bt h mis9t]pret$ ! au?or's mean+ 9 s do+1 b )\t su* punctuation1 ! numb] ( repellantly crabb$ s5t5ces w\ld h be5 ev5 great] ?an at pres5t4 ,9 deal+ ) ! ,essay ( #ahdd1 ,i h correct$ "s obvi\s slips )\t indicat+ su* alt]ations1 because ! ,,ms4 be+ legible1 !re is no dang] ( *ang+ ! au?or's mean+4 ,! sections into :i* ! ,essay ( #ahdb is divid$ are 9 ! orig9al m]ely indicat$ by a gap 9 ! ,,ms4 or by a l9e drawn across ! page4 ,no titles are giv5 except 9 ! case ( ,sec4 ,,viii42 & ,sec4 ,,ii4 is ! only section :i* has a numb] 9 ! orig9al4 ,i might equally well h made sections ( :at are n[ subsections1 e4g4 ,natural ,selection p4 #g1 or ,ext]m9ation p4 #bh4 ,b s9ce ! pres5t sket* is ! g]m ( ! ,essay ( #ahdd1 x seem$ be/ to pres]ve ! id5tity betwe5 ! two works1 by us+ su* ( ! au?or's divisions z correspond to ! *apt]s ( ! enl>g$ v]sion ( #ahdd4 ,! geological discussion ) :i* ,"p ,,ii beg9s corresponds to two *apt]s 7,,iv & ,v7 ( ! #ahdd ,essay4 ,i h !re=e describ$ x z ,sec4,sec4 ,,iv4 & ,v41 al?\gh ,i _c make sure ( its hav+ orig9ally consi/$ ( two sections4 ,) ?is exception ! t5 sections ( ! ,essay ( #ahdb correspond to ! t5 *apt]s ( t ( #ahdd4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species diff]s f ! sket* ( #ahdb 9 n be+ divid$ into two p>ts4 ,b ! two volumes resemble ea* o!r 9 g5]al /ructure4 ,bo? beg9 ) a /atem5t ( :at may be call$ ! me*anism ( evolution1--v>iation & selection3 9 bo? ! argum5t proce$s f ! /udy ( dome/ic organisms to t ( animals & plants 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,?is is foll[$ 9 bo? by a discussion ( ! ,difficulties on ,!ory & ?is by a section ,in/9ct :i* 9 bo? cases is treat$ z a special case ( difficulty4 ,if ,i _h to divide ! ,orig9 7fir/ edition7 into two p>ts )\t any k ( e>li] ,,ms41 ,i %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 make ,"p ,,ii beg9 ) ,*4 ,,vi1 ,difficulties on ,!ory4 ,a possible reason :y ?is "p ( ! argum5t is giv5 9 ,"p ,i ( ! ,essay ( #ahdb may be f\nd 9 ! ,essay ( #ahdd1 :]e x is cle> t ! *apt] on in/9ct is plac$ 9 ,"p ,i because ! au?or ?\ght x ( importance to %[ t h]$ity & v>iation occur 9 m5tal attributes4 ,! :ole "q is p]haps an in/ance ( ! sort ( difficulty :i* made ! au?or give up ! division ( 8 argum5t into two ,p>ts :5 he wrote ! ,orig94 ,z matt]s /& ,sec4,sec4 ,,iv4 & ,v4 ( ! #ahdb ,essay correspond to ! geological *apt]s1 ,,ix & ,x1 9 ! ,orig94 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds ! mat]ial is gr\p$ 9 ! same ord] 9 bo? works3 geographical di/ribution2 aff9ities & classification2 unity ( type & morphology2 abortive or rudim5t>y organs2 recapitulation & conclusion4 ,9 enl>g+ ! ,essay ( #ahdb into t ( #ahdd1 ! au?or reta9$ ! sections ( ! sket* z *apt]s 9 ! complet] pres5tm5t4 ,x foll[s t :at has be5 said ( ! relation ( ! e>li] ,essay to ! ,orig9 is g5]ally true ( ! #ahdd ,essay4 ,9 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 ! geological discussion is1 cle>ly in/ead ( obscurely1 divid$ into two *apt]s1 :i* correspond r\ghly ) ,*apt]s ,,ix & ,x ( ! ,orig94 ,b "p ( ! cont5ts ( ,*apt] ,x 7,orig97 occurs 9 ,*apt] ,,vi 7#ahdd7 on ,geographical ,di/ribution4 ,! treatm5t ( di/ribution is p>ticul>ly full & int]e/+ 9 ! #ahdd ,essay1 b ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial1 especially ! introduction ( ,sec4 ,,iii4 p4 #ahc1 leads to "s repetition :i* is avoid$ 9 ! ,orig94 ,x %\ld be not$ t ,hybridism1 :i* has a sep>ate *apt] 7,,viii7 9 ! ,orig91 is treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii ( ! ,essay4 ,f9ally t ,*apt] ,,xiii 7,orig97 corresponds to ,*apt]s ,,vii1 ,,viii & ,,ix ( ! "w ( #ahdd4 ,! fact t 9 #ahdb1 sev5te5 ye>s be=e ! publication ( ! ,orig91 my fa!r %\ld h be5 able to write out s full an outl9e ( 8 future "w1 is v rem>kable4 ,9 8 ,autobiography#be he writes ( ! #ahdd ,essay1 ,b at t "t ,i ov]look$ "o problem ( great importance4444 ,?is problem is ! t5d5cy 9 organic be+s desc5d$ f ! same /ock to div]ge 9 "* z !y become modifi$4 ,! abs5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( div]g5ce is ( c\rse also a *>act]i/ic ( ! sket* ( #ahdb4 ,b at p4 #cg1 ! au?or is n f> f ?is po9t ( view4 ,! passage ref]r$ to is3 ,if any species1 ,a1 9 *ang+ gets an advantage & t advantage 444 is inh]it$1 ,a w be ! prog5itor ( sev]al g5]a or ev5 families 9 ! h>d /ruggle ( nature4 ,a w g on beat+ out o!r =ms1 x might come t ,a w\ld p ! e>?1--we may n[ n h "o desc5dant on our globe ( ! "o or sev]al orig9al creations#bf4 ,b if ! desc5dants ( ,a h peopl$ ! e>? by beat+ out o!r =ms1 !y mu/ h div]g$ 9 occupy+ ! innum]able div]se modes ( life f :i* !y expell$ _! pr$ecessors4 ,:at ,i wrote#bg on ?is subject 9 #ahhg is ,i ?9k true3 ,desc5t ) modification implies div]g5ce1 & we become s habituat$ to a belief 9 desc5t1 & !re=e 9 div]g5ce1 t we d n notice ! abs5ce ( pro( t div]g5ce is 9 itself an advantage4 #be ,life & ,lett]s1 i4 p4 #hd4 #bf ,9 ! footnotes to ! ,essay ( #ahdd att5tion is call$ to simil> passages4 #bg ,life & ,lett]s1 ii4 p4 #ae4 ,! fact t !re is no set discussion on ! pr9ciple ( div]g5ce 9 ! #ahdd ,essay1 makes x cle> :y ! jo9t pap] read be=e ! ,l9nean ,society on ,july #a1 #aheh1 includ$ a lett]#bh to ,asa ,gray1 z well z an extract#bi f ! ,essay ( #ahdd4 ,x is cle>ly because ! lett] to ,gray includes a discussion on div]g5ce1 & 0 ?us1 probably1 ! only docum5t1 includ+ ?is subject1 :i* c\ld be appropriately made use (4 ,x %[s once m h[ great 0 ! importance atta*$ by its au?or to ! pr9ciple ( div]g5ce4 #bh ,! passage is giv5 9 ! ,life & ,lett]s1 ii4 p4 #abd4 #bi ,! extract consi/s ( ! section on ,natural ,means ( ,selection1 p4 #hg4 ,i h spok5 ( ! hurri$ & cond5s$ mann] 9 :i* ! sket* ( #ahdb is writt52 ! /yle ( ! lat] ,essay 7#ahdd7 is m f9i%$4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 ! air ( an uncorrect$ ,,ms4 r ?an ( a book :i* has gone ?r\gh ! ordeal ( pro( %eets4 ,x has n all ! =ce & concis5ess ( ! ,orig91 b x has a c]ta9 fre%ness :i* gives x a "* ( its own4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,orig9 0 an ab/ract or cond5sation ( a mu* bigg] book1 :]eas ! ,essay ( #ahdd 0 an expansion ( ! sket* ( #ahdb4 ,x is n !re=e surpris+ t 9 ! ,orig9 !re is occasionally evid5t a *af+ aga9/ ! au?or's self-impos$ limitation4 ,:]eas 9 ! #ahdd ,essay !re is an air ( fre$om1 z if ! au?or 7 lett+ himself g1 r ?an apply+ ! curb4 ,?is quality ( fre%ness & ! fact t "s que/ions 7 m fully discuss$ 9 #ahdd ?an 9 #ahei1 makes ! e>li] "w good read+ ev5 to ^? :o are famili> ) ! ,orig94 ,! writ+ ( ?is ,essay dur+ ! summ] ( #ahdd1 z /at$ 9 ! ,autobiography#cj1 & f memory1 z ,d>w9 says else:]e#ca1 0 a rem>kable a*ievem5t1 & possibly r5d]s m conceivable ! /ill great] feat ( ! writ+ ( ! ,orig9 betwe5 ,july #aheh & ,septemb] #ahei4 #cj ,life & ,lett]s1 i4 p4 #hd4 #ca ,life & ,lett]s1 ii4 p4 #ah4 ,x is an int]e/+ subject = speculation3 :at influ5ce on ! _w ! ,essay ( #ahdd w\ld h ex]cis$1 _h x be5 publi%$ 9 place ( ! ,orig94 ,! au?or evid5tly ?\ght ( its publication 9 its pres5t /ate z an undesirable exp$i5t1 z appe>s cle>ly f ! foll[+ extracts f ! ,life & ,lett]s1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #af--ah3 ,c4 ,d>w9 to ,mrs ,d>w94 ,,d[n1 ,july #e1 #ahdd4 444 ,i h j f9i%$ my sket* ( my species !ory4 ,if1 z ,i believe1 my !ory 9 "t be accept$ ev5 by "o compet5t judge1 x w be a consid]able /ep 9 sci5ce4 ,i !re=e write ?is 9 case ( my sudd5 dea?1 z my mo/ solemn & la/ reque/1 :i* ,i am sure y w consid] ! same z if legally ent]$ 9 my w1 t y w devote ,l#djj to its publication1 & fur!r w y\rself1 or ?r\gh ,h5sleigh#cb1 take tr\ble 9 promot+ x4 ,i wi% t my sket* be giv5 to "s compet5t p]son1 ) ?is sum to induce him to take tr\ble 9 its improvem5t & enl>gem5t4 ,i give to him all my books on ,natural ,hi/ory1 :i* are ei!r scor$ or h ref]5ces at ! end to ! pages1 begg+ him c>efully to look ov] & consid] su* passages z actually be>+1 or by possibility be>+1 on ?is subject4 ,i wi% y to make a li/ ( all su* books z "s temptation to an editor4 ,i also reque/ t y w h& ov] to him all ^? scraps r\ghly divid$ into eight or t5 br[n pap] portfolios4 ,! scraps1 ) copi$ quotations f v>i\s works1 are ^? :i* may aid my editor4 ,i also reque/ t y1 or "s amanu5sis1 w aid 9 deciph]+ any ( ! scraps :i* ! editor may ?9k possibly ( use4 ,i leave to ! editor's judgm5t :e!r to int]polate ^! facts 9 ! text1 or z notes1 or "u app5dices4 ,z ! look+ ov] ! ref]5ces & scraps w be a long lab\r1 & z ! correct+ & enl>g+ & alt]+ my sket* w also take consid]able "t1 ,i leave ?is sum ( ,l#djj z "s remun]ation1 & any pr(its f ! "w4 ,i consid] t = ?is ! editor is b\nd to get ! sket* publi%$ ei!r at a publi%]'s or 8 own risk4 ,_m ( ! scraps 9 ! portfolios conta9 m]e rude sugge/ions & e>ly views1 n[ useless1 & _m ( ! facts w probably turn out z hav+ no be>+ on my !ory4 #cb ,mrs ,d>w9's bro!r4 ,) respect to editors1 ,mr ,lyell w\ld be ! be/ if he w\ld und]take x2 ,i believe he w\ld f9d ! "w pleasant1 & he w\ld le>n "s facts new to him4 ,z ! editor mu/ be a geologi/ z well z a naturali/1 ! next be/ editor w\ld be ,pr(essor ,=bes ( ,london4 ,! next be/ 7& q be/ 9 _m respects7 w\ld be ,pr(essor ,h5sl[4 ,dr ,hook] w\ld be v good4 ,! next1 ,mr ,/rickl&#cc4 ,if none ( ^! w\ld und]take x1 ,i w\ld reque/ y to consult ) ,mr ,lyell1 or "s o!r capable man1 = "s editor1 a geologi/ & naturali/4 ,%\ld "o o!r hundr$ p\nds make ! diff]5ce ( procur+ a good editor1 ,i reque/ e>ne/ly t y w raise ,l#ejj4 #cc ,aft] ,mr ,/rickl&'s "n comes ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 :i* has be5 eras$1 b rema9s legible4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 w\ld be v good2 b ,i presume he w\ld n und]take su* a "w4 ,my rema9+ collections 9 ,natural ,hi/ory may be giv5 to any "o or any museum :]e !y w\ld be accept$4444 ,! foll[+ note seems to h =m$ "p ( ! orig9al lett]1 b may h be5 ( lat] date3 ,lyell1 especially ) ! aid ( ,hook] 7& ( any good zoological aid71 w\ld be be/ ( all4 ,)\t an editor w pl$ge himself to give up "t to x1 x w\ld be ( no use pay+ su* a sum4 ,if !re %\ld be any difficulty 9 gett+ an editor :o w\ld g ?or\ghly into ! subject1 & ?9k ( ! be>+ ( ! passages m>k$ 9 ! books & copi$ out ( scraps ( pap]1 !n let my sket* be publi%$ z x is1 /at+ t x 0 done sev]al ye>s ago#cd1 & f memory )\t consult+ any works1 & ) no int5tion ( publication 9 its pres5t =m4 #cd ,! words sev]al ye>s ago1 & seem to h be5 add$ at a lat] date4 ,! idea t ! sket* ( #ahdd might rema91 9 ! ev5t ( 8 dea?1 z ! only record ( 8 "w1 seems to h be5 long 9 8 m9d1 = 9 ,augu/1 #ahed1 :5 he _h f9i%$ ) ! ,cirrip$es1 & 0 ?9k+ ( beg9n+ 8 species "w1 he add$ on ! back ( ! above lett]1 ,hook] by f> be/ man to edit my species volume4 ,augu/ #ahed4 ,i h call$ att5tion 9 footnotes to _m po9ts 9 :i* ! ,orig9 agrees ) ! ,f\ndations4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ is ! f9al s5t5ce1 practically ! same 9 ! ,essays ( #ahdb & #ahdd1 & almo/ id5tical ) ! conclud+ words ( ! ,orig94 ,i h else:]e po9t$ out#ce t ! ance/ry ( ?is eloqu5t passage may be trac$ "o /age fur!r back1--to ! ,note ,book ( #ahcg4 ,i h giv5 ?is s5t5ce z an appropriate motto = ! ,f\ndations 9 its "* ( a /udy ( g5]al laws4 ,x w be rememb]$ t a correspond+ motto f ,:ewell's ,bridgewat] ,treatise is pr9t$ opposite ! title-page ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 #ce ,life & ,lett]s1 ii4 p4 #i4 ,mr ,huxley :o1 ab\t ! ye> #ahhg1 read ! ,essay ( #ahdd1 rem>k$ t mu* m weight is atta*$ to ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions 9 produc+ v>iation & to ! inh]itance ( acquir$ habits ?an 9 ! ,orig94 ,9 ! ,f\ndations ! effect ( conditions is frequ5tly m5tion$1 & ,d>w9 seems to h _h con/antly 9 m9d ! ne$ ( ref]r+ ea* v>iation to a cause4 ,b ,i ga9 ! impression t ! slight] prom95ce giv5 to ?is view 9 ! ,orig9 0 n due to *ange ( op9ion1 b r because he _h gradually come to take ?is view = grant$2 s t 9 ! s*eme ( t book1 x 0 ov]%ad[$ by consid]ations :i* !n seem$ to him m press+4 ,) reg>d to ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s ,i am n incl9$ to agree ) ,huxley4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ,f\ndations conta9s /rong recognition ( ! importance ( g]m9al v>iation1 t is ( ext]nal conditions act+ indirectly ?r\gh ! reproductive functions4 ,he evid5tly consid]$ ?is z m important ?an ! inh]itance ( habit or o!r acquir$ peculi>ities4 ,ano!r po9t ( int]e/ is ! weight he atta*$ 9 #ahdb-d to sports or :at are n[ call$ mutations4 ,?is is ,i ?9k m prom95t 9 ! ,f\ndations ?an 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,orig91 & c]ta9ly ?an 9 ! fif? & six? editions4 ,among o!r int]e/+ po9ts may be m5tion$ ! good effects ( cross+ be+ possibly analog\s to good effects ( *ange 9 condition1--a pr9ciple :i* he upheld on exp]im5tal gr\nds 9 8 ,cross & ,self-,f]tilisation 9 #ahgf4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i desire to express my ?anks to ,mr ,wallace = a footnote he 0 good en\gh to supply3 & to ,pr(essor ,bateson1 ,sir ,w4 ,?iselton-,dy]1 ,dr ,gad[1 ,pr(essor ,judd1 ,dr ,m>r1 ,col4 ,pra9 & ,dr ,/apf = in=mation on v>i\s po9ts4 ,i am also indebt$ to ,mr ,ru!r=d1 ( ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 = 8 c>eful copy ( ! manuscript ( #ahdb4 ,,cambridge1 ,june #i1 #aiji4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,signs1 c4 ,means t ! words s enclos$ are eras$ 9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 ,indicates an ins]tion by ! ,editor4 ,orig91 ,ed4 vi4 ref]s to ! ,popul> ,edition4 ,,"p ,i4 ,sec4 ,i4 ,,on ,,v>iation ,,"u ,,dome/ication1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,selection4 ,an individual organism plac$ "u new conditions (t5 sometimes v>ies 9 a small degree & 9 v trifl+ respects su* z /ature1 fatness1 sometimes col\r1 heal?1 habits 9 animals & probably disposition4 ,also habits ( life develope c]ta9 p>ts4 ,disuse atrophies4 ,mo/ ( ^! slight v>iations t5d to become h]$it>y4 ,:5 ! individual is multipli$ = long p]iods by buds ! v>iation is yet small1 ?\gh great] & occasionally a s+le bud or individual dep>ts widely f its type 7example7#cf & cont9ues /eadily to propagate1 by buds1 su* new k9d4 #cf ,evid5tly a memor&um t an example %\ld be giv54 ,:5 ! organism is br$ = sev]al g5]ations "u new or v>y+ conditions1 ! v>iation is great] 9 am\nt & endless 9 k9d especially#cg holds good :5 individuals h long be5 expos$ to new conditions4 ,! nature ( ! ext]nal conditions t5ds to effect "s def9ite *ange 9 all or great] "p ( (fspr+1--little food1 small size--c]ta9 foods h>mless c4 c4 organs affect$ & diseases--ext5t unkn[n4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( v>iation 7,muell]'s tw9s7#ch seems inevitable effect ( process ( reproduction4 ,b m important is t simple 8 g5]ation1 especially "u new conditions :5 no cross+ causes inf9ite v>iation & n direct effect ( ext]nal conditions1 b only 9 z mu* z x affects ! reproductive functions#ci4 ,!re seems to be no "p 7beau ideal ( liv]7#dj ( body1 int]nal or ext]nal1 or m9d or habits1 or in/9cts :i* does n v>y 9 "s small degree & (t5 "s 8 to a great am\nt4 #cg ,! importance ( exposure to new conditions = sev]al g5]ations is insi/$ on 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #g1 also p4 #aca4 ,9 ! latt] passage ! au?or gu>ds himself aga9/ ! assumption t v>iations are due to *ance1 & speaks ( our ignorance ( ! cause ( ea* p>ticul> v>iation4 ,^! /atem5ts are n always rememb]$ by 8 critics4 #ch ,cf4 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #aj1 vi4 p4 #i1 ,"y ( ! same litt]1 sometimes diff] consid]ably f ea* o!r1 ?\gh bo? ! "y & ! p>5ts1 z ,muell] has rem>k$1 h app>5tly be5 expos$ to exactly ! same conditions ( life4 #ci ,?is is p>allel$ by ! conclusion 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #h1 t ! mo/ frequ5t cause ( v>iability may be attribut$ to ! male & female reproductive elem5ts hav+ be5 affect$ prior to ! act ( conception4 #dj ,! mean+ seems to be t !re mu/ be "s v>iability 9 ! liv] o!rwise anatomi/s w\ld n speak ( ! 'beau ideal' ( t organ4 ,all su* v>iations be+ cong5ital or ^? v sl[ly acquir$ ( all k9ds decid$ly ev9ce a t5d5cy to become h]$it>y1 :5 n s become simple v>iety1 :5 x does a race4 ,ea*#da p>5t transmits its peculi>ities1 !re=e if v>ieties all[$ freely to cross1 except by ! *ance ( two *>act]iz$ by same peculi>ity happ5+ to m>ry1 su* v>ieties w be con/antly demoli%$#db4 ,all bisexual animals mu/ cross1 h]maphrodite plants d cross1 x seems v possible t h]maphrodite animals d cross1--conclusion /r5g!n$3 ill effects ( bre$+ 9 & 91 good effects ( cross+ possibly analog\s to good effects ( *ange 9 condition 8#dc4 #da ,! position ( ! foll[+ passage is unc]ta94 ,if individuals ( two widely diff]5t v>ieties be all[$ to cross1 a ?ird race w be =m$--a mo/ f]tile s\rce ( ! v>iation 9 dome/icat$ animals4 ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bj ! au?or says t ! possibility ( mak+ di/9ct races by cross+ has be5 greatly exagg]at$4 ,if freely all[$1 ! *>act]s ( pure p>5ts w be lo/1 numb] ( races ?us illegible b diff]5ces 8 besides ! illegible4 ,b if v>ieties diff]+ 9 v slight respects be all[$ to cross1 su* small v>iation w be de/roy$1 at lea/ to our s5ses1--a v>iation cle>ly j to be di/+ui%$ by long legs w h (fspr+ n to be s di/+ui%$4 ,free cross+ great ag5t 9 produc+ uni=mity 9 any bre$4 ,introduce t5d5cy to rev]t to p>5t =m4 #db ,! swamp+ effect ( int]cross+ is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ajc1 vi4 p4 #abf4 #dc ,a discussion on ! int]cross+ ( h]maphrodites 9 relation to ,knight's views occurs 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #if1 vi4 p4 #aai4 ,! p>allelism betwe5 cross+ & *ang$ conditions is briefly giv5 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bfg1 vi4 p4 #cia1 & 0 f9ally inve/igat$ 9 ,! ,effects ( ,cross & ,self-,f]tilisation 9 ! ,vegetable ,k+dom1 #ahgf4 ,!re=e if 9 any c\ntry or di/rict all animals ( "o species be all[$ freely to cross1 any small t5d5cy 9 !m to v>y w be con/antly c\nt]act$4 ,secondly rev]sion to p>5t =m--analogue ( vis m$icatrix#dd4 ,b if man selects1 !n new races rapidly =m$1--( late ye>s sy/ematically foll[$1--9 mo/ anci5t times (t5 practically foll[$#de4 ,by su* selection make race-horse1 dray-horse--"o c[ good = tall[1 ano!r = eat+ c4--"o plant's good lay illegible 9 leaves ano!r 9 fruit c4 c43 ! same plant to supply 8 wants at diff]5t times ( ye>4 ,by =m] means animals become adapt$1 z a direct effect to a cause1 to ext]nal conditions1 z size ( body to am\nt ( food4 ,by ?is latt] means !y may also be s adapt$1 b fur!r !y may be adapt$ to ends & pursuits1 :i* by no possibility c affect gr[?1 z exi/5ce ( tall[-*&l] _c t5d to make fat4 ,9 su* select$ races1 if n remov$ to new conditions1 & if pres]v$ f all cross1 aft] sev]al g5]ations become v true1 l ea* o!r & n v>y+4 ,b man#df selects only 8 :at is useful & curi\s--has bad judgm5t1 is caprici\s1--grudges to de/roy ^? t d n come up to 8 patt]n1--has no k p[] ( select+ accord+ to int]nal v>iations1--c h>dly keep 8 conditions uni=m1--_c does n select ^? be/ adapt$ to ! conditions "u :i* ! =m 8 lives1 b ^? mo/ useful to him4 ,?is might all be o!rwise4 #dd ,!re is an article on ! vis m$icatrix 9 ,br\gham's ,diss]tations1 #ahci1 a copy ( :i* is 9 ! au?or's libr>y4 #de ,?is is ! classification ( selection into me?odical & unconsci\s giv5 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cc1 vi4 p4 #ch4 #df ,?is passage1 & a simil> discussion on ! p[] ( ! ,creator 7p4 #f71 correspond to ! comp>ison betwe5 ! selective capacities ( man & nature1 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #hc1 vi4 p4 #ajb4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,,on ,,v>iation ,,9 ,a ,,/ate ,,( ,,nature ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,natural ,,means ,,( ,,selection4 ,let u see h[ f> above pr9ciples ( v>iation apply to wild animals4 ,wild animals v>y exce$+ly little--yet !y are kn[n z individuals#dg4 ,briti% ,plants1 9 _m g5]a numb] q unc]ta9 ( v>ieties & species3 9 %ells *iefly ext]nal conditions#dh4 ,primrose & c[slip4 ,wild animals f diff]5t c\ntries c be recogniz$4 ,specific "* gives "s organs z v>y+4 ,v>iations analog\s 9 k9d1 b less 9 degree ) dome/icat$ animals--*iefly ext]nal & less important p>ts4 #dg i4e4 !y are individually di/+ui%able4 #dh ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #acc1 vi4 p4 #afe4 ,our exp]i5ce w\ld lead u to expect t any & e "o ( ^! organisms w\ld v>y if ! organism 7 tak5 away 8 & plac$ "u new conditions4 ,geology proclaims a con/ant r\nd ( *ange1 br++ into play1 by e possible 8 *ange ( climate & ! dea? ( pre-exi/+ inhabitants1 endless v>iations ( new conditions4 ,^! 8 g5]ally v sl[1 d\btful ?\gh illegible h[ f> ! sl[ness 8 w\ld produce t5d5cy to v>y4 ,b ,geologi/s %[ *ange 9 configuration :i*1 toge!r ) ! accid5ts ( air & wat] & ! means ( transportal :i* e be+ possesses1 mu/ occasionally br+1 r sudd5ly1 organism to new conditions & 8 expose x = sev]al g5]ations4 ,h5ce 8 we %\ld expect e n[ & !n a wild =m to v>y#di2 possibly ?is may be cause ( "s species v>y+ m ?an o!rs4 #di ,:5 ! au?or wrote ?is sket* he seems n to h be5 s fully conv9c$ ( ! g5]al occurr5ce ( v>iation 9 nature z he aft]w>ds became4 ,! above passage 9 ! text possibly sugge/s t at ?is "t he laid m /ress on sports or mutations ?an 0 aft]w>ds ! case4 ,accord+ to nature ( new conditions1 s we might expect all or majority ( organisms born "u !m to v>y 9 "s def9ite way4 ,fur!r we might expect t ! m\ld 9 :i* !y are ca/ w\ld likewise v>y 9 "s small degree4 ,b is !re any means ( select+ ^? (fspr+ :i* v>y 9 ! same mann]1 cross+ !m & keep+ _! (fspr+ sep>ate & ?us produc+ select$ races3 o!rwise z ! wild animals freely cross1 s mu/ su* small het]og5e\s v>ieties be con/antly c\nt]-balanc$ & lo/1 & a uni=mity ( "* kept up pres]v$4 ,! =m] v>iation z ! direct & necess>y effects ( causes1 :i* we c see c act on !m1 z size ( body f am\nt ( food1 effect ( c]ta9 k9ds ( food on c]ta9 p>ts ( bodies c4 c42 su* new v>ieties may !n become adapt$ to ^? ext]nal natural ag5cies :i* act on !m4 ,b c v>ieties be produc$ adapt$ to end1 :i* _c possibly influ5ce _! /ructure & :i* x is absurd to look at z effects ( *ance4 ,c v>ieties l "s v>s ( dome/icat$ animals1 l almo/ all wild species be produc$ adapt$ by exquisite means to prey on "o animal or to escape f ano!r1--or r1 z x puts out ( "q effects ( intellig5ce & habits1 c a plant become adapt$ to animals1 z a plant :i* _c be impregnat$ )\t ag5cy ( insect2 or hook$ se$s dep5d+ on animal's exi/5ce3 woolly animals _c h any direct effect on se$s ( plant4 ,?is po9t :i* all !ories ab\t climate adapt+ woodpeck]#ej to crawl 8 up trees1 illegible miseltoe1 s5t5ce incomplete4 ,b if e "p ( a plant or animal 0 to v>y illegible1 & if a be+ inf9itely m sagaci\s ?an man 7n an omnisci5t creator7 dur+ ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s 7 to select all ! v>iations :i* t5d$ t[>ds c]ta9 ends 7or 7 to produce causes 8 :i* t5d$ to ! same end71 = in/ance1 if he =esaw a can9e animal w\ld be bett] (f1 ow+ to ! c\ntry produc+ m h>es1 if he 7 long] legg$ & ke5] sight1--greyh\nd produc$#ea4 ,if he saw t aquatic animal w\ld ne$ sk9n$ toes4 ,if = "s unkn[n cause he f\nd x w\ld advantage a plant1 :i* 8 l mo/ plants is occasionally visit$ by bees c43 if t plant's se$ 7 occasionally eat5 by birds & 7 !n c>ri$ on to rott5 trees1 he might select trees ) fruit m agreeable to su* birds z p]*$1 to ensure _! be+ c>ri$ to trees2 if he p]ceiv$ ^? birds m (t5 dropp$ ! se$s1 he might well h select$ a bird :o w\ld illegible rott5 trees or gradually select plants :i* he _h prov$ to live on less & less rott5 trees4 ,:o1 see+ h[ plants v>y 9 g>d51 :at bl9d fooli% man has done#eb 9 a few ye>s1 w d5y an all-see+ be+ 9 ?\s&s ( ye>s c\ld effect 7if ! ,creator *ose to d s71 ei!r by 8 own direct =esight or by int]m$iate means1--:i* w repres5t 8 ! creator ( ?is univ]se4 ,seems usual means4 ,be x rememb]$ ,i h no?+ to say ab\t life & m9d & all =ms desc5d+ f "o common type#ec4 ,i speak ( ! v>iation ( ! exi/+ great divisions ( ! organis$ k+dom1 h[ f> ,i w\ld g1 h]eaft] to be se54 #ej ,! au?or may possibly h tak5 ! case ( ! woodpeck] f ,buffon1 ,hi/oire ,nat4 des ,oiseaux1 ,t4 vii4 p4 #c1 #aghj1 :]e h[ev] x is treat$ f a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,he uses x m ?an once1 see = in/ance ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #c1 #fj1 #ahd1 vi4 pp4 #c1 #gf1 #bbj4 ,! passage 9 ! text corresponds ) a discussion on ! woodpeck] & ! mi/letoe 9 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #c1 vi4 p4 #c4 #ea ,?is illu/ration occurs 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #ij1 #ia1 vi4 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa4 #eb ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #hc1 vi4 p4 #ajb1 :]e ! ^w ,creator is replac$ by ,nature4 #ec ,note 9 ! orig9al4 ,good place to introduce1 say+ reasons h]eaft] to be giv51 h[ f> ,i ext5d !ory1 say to all mammalia--reasons gr[+ weak] & weak]4 ,be=e consid]+ :e!r !re be any natural means ( selection1 & secondly 7:i* =ms ! #bnd ,"p ( ?is sket*7 ! f> m important po9t :e!r ! *>act]s & relations ( animat$ ?+s are su* z fav\r ! idea ( wild species be+ races 8 desc5d$ f a common /ock1 z ! v>ieties ( potato or dahlia or cattle hav+ s desc5d$1 let u consid] probable "* ( select$ races wild v>ieties4 ,natural ,selection4 ,de ,c&olle's w> ( nature1--see+ cont5t$ face ( nature1--may be well at fir/ d\bt$2 we see x on bord]s ( p]petual cold#ed4 ,b consid]+ ! enorm\s geometrical p[] ( increase 9 e organism & z 8 e c\ntry1 9 ord9>y cases c\ntries mu/ be /ock$ to full ext5t1 reflection w %[ t ?is is ! case4 ,mal?us on man1--9 animals no moral *eck re/ra9t 8--!y bre$ 9 "t ( ye> :5 provision mo/ abundant1 or season mo/ fav\rable1 e c\ntry has its seasons1--calculate rob9s1--oscillat+ f ye>s ( de/ruction#ee4 ,if pro( 7 want$ let any s+ul> *ange ( climate occur "h 81 h[ a/\nd+ly "s tribes 8 increase1 also introduc$ animals#ef1 ! pressure is always ready1--capacity ( alp9e plants to endure o!r climates1--?9k ( endless se$s scatt]$ abroad1--=e/s rega9+ _! p]c5tage#eg1--;a ?\s& w$ges#eh are be+ =c$ into ! oeconomy ( nature4 ,?is requires mu* reflection2 /udy ,mal?us & calculate rates ( increase & rememb] ! resi/ance1--only p]iodical4 #ed ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #fb1 #fc1 vi4 p4 #gg1 :]e simil> ref]5ce is made to ,de ,c&olle2 = ,mal?us see ,orig91 p4 #e4 #ee ,?is may possibly ref] to ! am\nt ( de/ruction go+ on4 ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #fh1 vi4 p4 #hd1 :]e !re is an e/imate ( a lat] date z to dea?-rate ( birds 9 w9t]4 ,calculate rob9s probably ref]s to a calculation ( ! rate ( increase ( birds "u fav\rable conditions4 #ef ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #fd1 #fe1 vi4 p4 #hj1 he in/ances cattle & horses & c]ta9 plants 9 ,s4 ,am]ica & ,am]ican species ( plants 9 ,india1 & fur!r on1 z unexpect$ effects ( *ang$ conditions1 ! enclosure ( a hea?1 & ! relation betwe5 ! f]tilisation ( clov] & ! pres5ce ( cats 7,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #gd1 vi4 p4 #ia74 #eg ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #gd1 vi4 p4 #ia4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! trees n[ gr[+ on 444 anci5t ,indian m\nds 444 display ! same beautiful div]sity & proportion ( k9ds z 9 ! surr\nd+ virg9 =e/s4 #eh ,! simile ( ! w$ge occurs 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #fg2 x is delet$ 9 ,d>w9's copy ( ! fir/ edition3 x does n occur 9 ,ed4 vi4 ,! unavoidable effect ( ?is is t _m ( e species are de/roy$ ei!r 9 egg or "y or mature 7! =m] /ate ! m common74 ,9 ! c\rse ( a ?\s& g5]ations inf9itesimally small diff]5ces mu/ inevitably tell#ei2 :5 unusually cold w9t]1 or hot or dry summ] comes1 !n out ( ! :ole body ( individuals ( any species1 if !re be ! smalle/ diff]5ces 9 _! /ructure1 habits1 in/9cts s5ses1 heal? c1 x w on an av]age tell2 z conditions *ange a r l>g] proportion w be pres]v$3 s if ! *ief *eck to increase falls on se$s or eggs1 s w1 9 ! c\rse ( #ajjj g5]ations or t5 ?\s&1 ^? se$s 7l "o ) d[n to fly#fj7 :i* fly fur!/ & get scatt]$ mo/ ultimately re> mo/ plants1 & su* small diff]5ces t5d to be h]$it>y l %ades ( expression 9 human c\nt5ance4 ,s if "o p>5t 8 fi% deposits its egg 9 inf9itesimally diff]5t circum/ances1 z 9 r %all[] or deep] wat] c41 x w !n 8 tell4 #ei ,9 a r\gh summ>y at ! close ( ! ,essay1 occur ! words3--,e creature lives by a /ruggle1 smalle/ gra9 9 balance mu/ tell4 #fj ,cf4 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #gg1 vi4 p4 #id4 ,let h>es#fa increase v sl[ly f *ange ( climate affect+ peculi> plants1 & "s o!r illegible rabbit decrease 9 same proportion let ?is unsettle organisation (1 a can9e animal1 :o =m]ly d]iv$ its *ief su/5ance by spr++ on rabbits or runn+ !m by sc5t1 mu/ decrease too & might ?us readily become ext]m9at$4 ,b if its =m v>i$ v slightly1 ! long legg$ fleet ones1 dur+ a ?\s& ye>s be+ select$1 & ! less fleet rigidly de/roy$ mu/1 if no law ( nature be oppos$ to x1 alt] =ms4 #fa ,?is is a repetition ( :at is giv5 at p4 #f4 ,rememb] h[ soon ,bakewell on ! same pr9ciple alt]$ cattle & ,we/]n1 %eep1--c>efully avoid+ a cross 7pigeons7 ) any bre$4 ,we _c suppose t "o plant t5ds to v>y 9 fruit & ano!r 9 fl[]1 & ano!r 9 fl[] & foliage1--"s h be5 select$ = bo? fruit & fl[]3 t "o animal v>ies 9 its cov]+ & ano!r n1--ano!r 9 its milk4 ,take any organism & ask :at is x useful = & on t po9t x w be f\nd to v>y1--cabbages 9 _! leaf1--corn 9 size & quality ( gra91 bo? 9 times ( ye>1--kidney beans = "y pod & cotton = envelope ( se$s c4 c43 dogs 9 intellect1 c\rage1 fleetness & smell 83 pigeons 9 peculi>ities approa*+ to mon/]s4 ,?is requires consid]ation1--%\ld be introduc$ 9 fir/ *apt] if x holds1 ,i believe x does4 ,x is hypo!tical at be/#fb4 #fb ,comp>e ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #da1 vi4 p4 #dg4 ,i h se5 x gravely rem>k$1 t x 0 mo/ =tunate t ! /rawb]ry began to v>y j :5 g>d5]s began to att5d closely to ?is plant4 ,no d\bt ! /rawb]ry _h always v>i$ s9ce x 0 cultivat$1 b ! slight v>ieties _h be5 neglect$4 ,nature's v>iation f> less1 b su* selection f> m rigid & scrut9is+4 ,man's races n ev5 s well only n bett] adapt$ to conditions ?an o!r races1 b (t5 n 8 "o race adapt$ to its conditions1 z man keeps & propagates "s alp9e plants 9 g>d54 ,nature lets an animal live1 till on actual pro( x is f\nd less able to d ! requir$ "w to s]ve ! desir$ end1 man judges solely by 8 eye1 & kn[s n :e!r n]ves1 muscles1 art]ies1 are develop$ 9 proportion to ! *ange ( ext]nal =m4 ,besides selection by dea?1 9 bisexual animals illegible ! selection 9 "t ( fulle/ vig\r1 namely /ruggle ( males2 ev5 9 animals :i* pair !re seems a surplus 8 & a battle1 possibly z 9 man m males produc$ ?an females1 /ruggle ( w> or *>ms#fc4 ,h5ce t male :i* at t "t is 9 fulle/ vig\r1 or be/ arm$ ) arms or ornam5ts ( its species1 w ga9 9 hundr$s ( g5]ations "s small advantage & transmit su* *>act]s to its (fspr+4 ,s 9 female re>+ its "y1 ! mo/ vigor\s & skilful & indu/ri\s1 ^: in/9cts are be/ develop$1 w re> m "y1 probably possess+ h] good qualities1 & a great] numb] w ?us be prep>$ = ! /ruggle ( nature4 ,comp>$ to man us+ a male alone ( good bre$4 ,?is latt] section only ( limit$ application1 applies to v>iation ( specific sexual *>act]s4 ,introduce "h contra/ ) ,lam>ck1--absurdity ( habit1 or *ance88 or ext]nal conditions1 mak+ a woodpeck] adapt$ to tree#fd4 #fc ,"h we h ! two types ( sexual selection discuss$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #hh et seq41 vi4 pp4 #ajh et seq4 #fd ,x is n obvi\s :y ! au?or objects to *ance or ext]nal conditions mak+ a woodpeck]4 ,he all[s t v>iation is ultimately ref]able to conditions & t ! nature ( ! connexion is unkn[n1 i4e4 t ! result is =tuit\s4 ,x is n cle> 9 ! orig9al to h[ mu* ( ! passage ! two 8 ref]4 ,be=e consid]+ difficulties ( !ory ( selection let u consid] "* ( ! races produc$1 z n[ expla9$1 by nature4 ,conditions h v>i$ sl[ly & ! organisms be/ adapt$ 9 _! :ole c\rse ( life to ! *ang$ conditions h always be5 select$1--man selects small dog & aft]w>ds gives x pr(usion ( food1--selects a long-back$ & %ort-legg$ bre$ & gives x no p>ticul> ex]cise to suit ?is function c4 c4 ,9 ord9>y cases nature has n all[$ h] race to be contam9at$ ) a cross ( ano!r race1 & agriculturi/s "k h[ difficult !y f9d always to prev5t ?is1--effect w\ld be tru5ess4 ,?is "* & /]ility :5 cross$1 & g5]ally a great] am\nt ( diff]5ce1 are two ma9 features1 :i* di/+ui% dome/ic races f species4 ,/]ility n univ]sal admitt$ by all#fe4 ,gladiolus1 ,cr9um1 ,calceol>ia#ff mu/ be species if !re be su* a ?+4 ,races ( dogs & ox53 b c]ta9ly v g5]al2 inde$ a gradation ( /]ility mo/ p]fect#fg v g5]al4 ,"s ne>e/ species w n cross 7crocus1 "s hea? 871 "s g5]a cross readily 7f[ls#fh & gr\se1 peacock c474 ,hybrids no ways mon/r\s q p]fect except secretions#fi h5ce ev5 ! mule has br$1--"* ( /]ility1 especially a few ye>s ago 8 ?\ght v mu* m univ]sal ?an x n[ is1 has be5 ?\ght ! di/+ui%+ "*2 inde$ x is obvi\s if all =ms freely cross$1 nature w\ld be a *aos4 ,b ! v gradation ( ! "*1 ev5 if x always exi/$ 9 "s degree :i* x does n1 r5d]s x impossible z m>ks 8 ^? 8 suppose di/9ct z species#gj4 ,w analogy ?r[ any light on ! fact ( ! suppos$ races ( nature be+ /]ile1 ?\gh none ( ! dome/ic ones are8 ,mr ,h]b]t & ,koelreut] h %[n ext]nal diff]5ces w n guide "o 9 kn[+ :e!r hybrids w be f]tile or n1 b ! *ief circum/ance is con/itutional diff]5ces#ga1 su* z be+ adapt$ to diff]5t climate or soil1 diff]5ces :i* mu/ probably affect ! :ole body ( ! organism & n any "o "p4 ,n[ wild animals1 tak5 out ( _! natural conditions1 seldom bre$4 ,i d n ref] to %[s or to ,zoological ,societies :]e _m animals unite1 b d n8 bre$1 & o!rs w nev] unite1 b to wild animals caught & kept q tame left loose & well f$ ab\t h\ses & liv+ _m ye>s4 ,hybrids produc$ almo/ z readily z pure br$s4 ,/ ,hilaire great di/9ction ( tame & dome/ic1--elephants1--f]rets#gb4 ,reproductive organs n subject to disease 9 ,zoological ,g>d54 ,dissection & microscope %[ t hybrid is 9 exactly same condition z ano!r animal 9 ! int]vals ( bre$+ season1 or ^? animals :i* tak5 wild & n br$ 9 dome/icity1 rema9 )\t bre$+ _! :ole lives4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t s f> f dome/icity be+ unfav\rable 9 itself x makes m f]tile3 :5 animal is dome/icat$ & bre$s1 productive p[] increas$ f m food & selection ( f]tile races4 ,z f> z animals g might be ?\ght an effect on _! m9d & a special case4 #fe ,! mean+ is ,t /]ility is n univ]sal is admitt$ by all4 #ff ,see ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 #b1 i4 p4 #chh1 :]e ! g>d5 =ms ( ,gladiolus & ,calceol>ia are said to be d]iv$ f crosses betwe5 di/9ct species4 ,h]b]t's hybrid ,cr9ums are discuss$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bej1 vi4 p4 #cgj4 ,x is well kn[n t ! au?or believ$ 9 a multiple orig9 ( dome/ic dogs4 #fg ,! argum5t f gradation 9 /]ility is giv5 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #bdh1 #bee1 vi4 pp4 #cfh1 #cge4 ,9 ! ,orig91 ,i h n come across ! cases m5tion$1 viz4 crocus1 hea?1 or gr\se & f[l or peacock4 ,= /]ility betwe5 closely alli$ species1 see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #beg1 vi4 p4 #cgg4 ,9 ! pres5t essay ! au?or does n di/+ui% betwe5 f]tility betwe5 species & ! f]tility ( ! hybrid (fspr+1 a po9t on :i* he insi/s 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bde1 vi4 p4 #cfe4 #fh ,ack]mann 7,b]4 d4 ,v]e9s f4 ,naturkunde zu ,kassel1 #ahih1 p4 #bc7 quotes f ,glog] t a cross has be5 effect$ betwe5 a dome/ic h5 & a ,tetrao tetrix2 ! (fspr+ di$ :5 ?ree days old4 #fi ,no d\bt ! sexual cells are meant4 ,i d n "k on :at evid5ce x is /at$ t ! mule has br$4 #gj ,! s5t5ce is all b illegible4 ,i ?9k t ! au?or ref]s to =ms usually rank$ z v>ieties hav+ be5 m>k$ z species :5 x 0 f\nd t !y 7 /]ile toge!r4 ,see ! case ( ! r$ & blue ,anagallis giv5 f ,ga]tn] 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bdg1 vi4 p4 #cfh4 #ga ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #beh1 :]e ! au?or speaks ( con/itutional diff]5ces 9 ?is connexion1 he specifies t !y are conf9$ to ! reproductive sy/em4 #gb ,! s5sitiv5ess ( ! reproductive sy/em to *ang$ conditions is insi/$ on 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #h1 vi4 p4 #aj4 ,! f]ret is m5tion$1 z be+ prolific 9 captivity1 9 ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 #b1 ii4 p4 #ij4 ,b turn+ to plants we f9d same class ( facts4 ,i d n ref] to se$s n rip5+1 p]haps ! commone/ cause1 b to plants n sett+1 :i* ei!r is ow+ to "s imp]fection ( ovule or poll54 ,l9dley says /]ility is ! curse bane ( all propagators1--,l9naeus ab\t alp9e plants4 ,am]ican bog plants1--poll5 9 exactly same /ate z 9 hybrids1--same 9 g]aniums4 ,p]sian & ,*9ese#gc lilac w n se$ 9 ,italy & ,engl&4 ,probably d\ble plants & all fruits owe _! develop$ p>ts prim>ily 8 to /]ility & extra food ?us 8 appli$#gd4 ,!re is "h gradation 9 /]ility & !n p>ts1 l diseases1 are transmitt$ h]$it>ily4 ,we _c assign any cause :y ! ,pontic ,azalea produces pl5ty ( poll5 & n ,am]ican#ge1 :y common lilac se$s & n ,p]sian1 we see no diff]5ce 9 heal?9ess4 ,we "k n on :at circum/ances ^! facts dep5d1 :y f]ret bre$s1 & *eetah#gf1 elephant & pig 9 ,india w n4 #gc ,l9dley's rem>k is quot$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #i4 ,l9naeus' rem>k is to ! effect t ,alp9e plants t5d to be /]ile "u cultivation 7see ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 #b1 ii4 p4 #adg74 ,9 ! same place ! au?or speaks ( peat-lov+ plants be+ /]ile 9 our g>d5s1--no d\bt ! ,am]ican bog-plants ref]r$ to above4 ,on ! foll[+ page 7p4 #adh7 ! /]ility ( ! lilac 7,syr+a p]sica & *95sis7 is ref]r$ to4 #gd ,! au?or probably means t ! increase 9 ! petals is due to a great] food supply be+ available = !m ow+ to /]ility4 ,see ! discussion 9 ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 #b1 ii4 p4 #aea4 ,x mu/ be not$ t d\bl5ess ( ! fl[] may exi/ )\t noticeable /]ility4 #ge ,i h n come across ?is case 9 ! au?or's works4 #gf ,= ! some:at d\btful case ( ! *eetah 7,felis jubata7 see ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 #b1 ii4 p4 #acc4 ,i d n "k to :at fact pig 9 ,india ref]s4 ,n[ 9 cross+ x is c]ta9 e peculi>ity 9 =m & con/itution is transmitt$3 an alp9e plant transmits its alp9e t5d5cy to its (fspr+1 an ,am]ican plant its ,am]ican-bog con/itution1 & ) animals1 ^? peculi>ities1 on :i*#gg :5 plac$ out ( _! natural conditions !y are incapable ( bre$+2 & moreov] !y transmit e "p ( _! con/itution1 _! respiration1 _! pulse1 _! in/9ct1 :i* are all sudd5ly modifi$1 c x be wond]$ at t !y are incapable ( bre$+8 ,i ?9k x may be truly said x w\ld be m wond]ful if !y did4 ,b x may be ask$ :y h n ! recognis$ v>ieties1 suppos$ to h be5 produc$ ?r\gh ! means ( man1 n refus$ to bre$ h all br$#gh4 ,v>iation dep5ds on *ange ( condition & selection#gi1 z f> z man's sy/ematic or unsy/ematic selection has gone2 he takes ext]nal =m1 has little p[] f ignorance ov] int]nal invisible con/itutional diff]5ces4 ,races :i* h long be5 dome/icat$1 & h mu* v>i$1 are precisely ^? :i* 7 capable ( be>+ great *anges1 ^: con/itutions 7 adapt$ to a div]sity ( climates4 ,nature *anges sl[ly & by degrees4 ,accord+ to _m au?ors probably bre$s ( dogs are ano!r case ( modifi$ species freely cross+4 ,!re is no v>iety :i* illegible has be5 illegible adapt$ to peculi> soil or situation = a ?\s& ye>s & ano!r rigor\sly adapt$ to ano!r1 till su* c be produc$1 ! "q is n tri$#hj4 ,man 9 pa/ ages1 c\ld transport into diff]5t climates1 animals & plants :i* w\ld freely propagate 9 su* new climates4 ,nature c\ld effect1 ) selection1 su* *anges sl[ly1 s t precisely ^? animals :i* are adapt$ to submit to great *anges h giv5 rise to div]se races1--& inde$ great d\bt on ?is head#ha4 #gg ,?is s5t5ce %\ld run on :i* dep5ds _! incapacity to bre$ 9 unnatural conditions4 #gh ,?is s5t5ce ends 9 confusion3 x %\ld cle>ly close ) ! words refus$ to bre$ 9 place ( ! bracket & ! pres5t conclud+ phrase4 #gi ,! au?or d\btless ref]s to ! *ange produc$ by ! summation ( v>iation by means ( selection4 #hj ,! mean+ ( ?is s5t5ce is made cle> by a passage 9 ! ,,ms4 ( #ahdd3--,until man selects two v>ieties f ! same /ock1 adapt$ to two climates or to o!r diff]5t ext]nal conditions1 & conf9es ea* rigidly = "o or sev]al ?\s& ye>s to su* conditions1 always select+ ! individuals be/ adapt$ to !m1 he _c be said to h ev5 comm5c$ ! exp]im5t4 ,t is1 ! attempt to produce mutually /]ile dome/ic bre$s4 #ha ,?is passage is to "s ext5t a repetition ( a previ\s "o & may h be5 int5d$ to replace an e>li] s5t5ce4 ,i h ?\ght x be/ to give bo?4 ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ada1 vi4 p4 #agf1 ! au?or gives 8 op9ion t ! p[] ( resi/+ div]se conditions1 se5 9 man & 8 dome/ic animals1 is an example ( a v common flexibility ( con/itution4 ,be=e leav+ ?is subject well to obs]ve t x 0 %[n t a c]ta9 am\nt ( v>iation is consequ5t on m]e act ( reproduction1 bo? by buds & sexually1--is va/ly increas$ :5 p>5ts expos$ = "s g5]ations to new conditions#hb1 & we n[ f9d t _m animals :5 expos$ = fir/ "t to v new conditions1 are z incapable ( bre$+ z hybrids4 ,x probably be>s also on suppos$ fact ( cross$ animals :5 n inf]tile1 z 9 mongrels1 t5d+ to v>y mu*1 z likewise seems to be ! case1 :5 true hybrids possess j suffici5t f]tility to propagate ) ! p>5t bre$s & int] se = "s g5]ations4 ,?is is ,koelreut]'s belief4 ,^! facts ?r[ light on ea* o!r & support ! tru? ( ea* o!r1 we see ?r\gh\t a connection betwe5 ! reproductive faculties & exposure to *ang$ conditions ( life :e!r by cross+ or exposure ( ! individuals#hc4 #hb ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 ,*s4 ,i4 & ,v41 ! au?or does n admit reproduction1 ap>t f environm5t1 z be+ a cause ( v>iation4 ,) reg>d to ! cumulative effect ( new conditions !re are _m passages 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 e4g4 pp4 #g1 #ab1 vi4 pp4 #h1 #ad4 #hc ,z already po9t$ out1 ?is is ! important pr9ciple inve/igat$ 9 ! au?or's ,cross & ,self-,f]tilisation4 ,pr(essor ,bateson has sugge/$ to me t ! exp]im5ts %\ld be repeat$ ) gametically pure individuals4 ,difficulties on !ory ( selection#hd4 ,x may be object$ su* p]fect organs z eye & e>1 c\ld nev] be =m$1 9 latt] less difficulty z gradations m p]fect2 at fir/ appe>s mon/r\s & to ! end appe>s difficulty4 ,b ?9k ( gradation1 ev5 n[ manife/1 7,tibia & ,fibula74 ,ev]yone w all[ if e fossil pres]v$1 gradation inf9itely m p]fect2 = possibility ( selection a p]fect 8 gradation is requir$4 ,diff]5t gr\ps ( /ructure1 slight gradation 9 ea* gr\p1--e analogy r5d]s x probable t int]m$iate =ms h exi/$4 ,be x rememb]$ :at /range metamorphoses2 "p ( eye1 n directly connect$ ) vision1 might come to be ?us us$ gradually work$ 9 = ?is end1--swimm+ bladd] by gradation ( /ructure is admitt$ to belong to ! e> sy/em1--rattlesnake4 ,woodpeck] be/ adapt$ to climb4 ,9 "s cases gradation n possible1--z v]tebrae1--actually v>y 9 dome/ic animals1--less difficult if gr[? foll[$4 ,look+ to :ole animals1 a bat =m$ n = flight#he4 ,suppose we _h fly+ fi%#hf & n "o ( our n[ call$ fly+ fi% pres]v$1 :o w\ld h guess$ int]m$iate habits4 ,woodpeck]s & tree-frogs bo? live 9 c\ntries :]e no trees#hg4 #hd ,9 ! ,orig9 a *apt] is giv5 up to difficulties on !ory3 ! discussion 9 ! pres5t essay seems slight ev5 :5 x is rememb]$ h[ small a space is "h available4 ,= ,tibia c4 see p4 #dh4 #he ,?is may be int]pret$ ,! g5]al /ructure ( a bat is ! same z t ( non-fly+ mammals4 #hf ,t is truly w+$ fi%4 #hg ,! t]re/rial woodpeck] ( ,s4 ,am]ica =m$ ! subject ( a pap] by ,d>w91 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc41 #ahgj4 ,see ,life & ,lett]s1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aec4 ,! gradations by :i* ea* individual organ has arriv$ at its pres5t /ate1 & ea* individual animal ) its aggregate ( organs has arriv$1 probably nev] c\ld be kn[n1 & all pres5t great difficulties4 ,i m]ely wi% to %[ t ! proposition is n s mon/r\s z x at fir/ appe>s1 & t if good reason c be advanc$ = believ+ ! species h desc5d$ f common p>5ts1 ! difficulty ( imag9+ int]m$iate =ms ( /ructure n suffici5t to make "o at once reject ! !ory4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,,on ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,in/9cts ,,& ,,o!r ,,m5tal ,,attributes4 ,! m5tal p[]s ( diff]5t animals 9 wild & tame /ate pres5t /ill great] difficulties require a sep>ate section4 ,be x rememb]$ ,i h no?+ to d ) orig9 ( memory1 att5tion1 & ! diff]5t faculties ( ! m9d#hh1 b m]ely ) _! diff]5ces 9 ea* ( ! great divisions ( nature4 ,disposition1 c\rage1 p]t9acity 81 suspicion1 re/lessness1 ill-temp]1 sagacity & ! rev]se unque/ionably v>y 9 animals & are inh]it$ 7,cuba wildness dogs1 rabbits1 fe> aga9/ p>ticul> object z man ,galapagos#hi74 ,habits purely corporeal1 bre$+ season c41 "t ( go+ to re/ c41 v>y & are h]$it>y1 l ! analog\s habits ( plants :i* v>y & are inh]it$4 ,habits ( body1 z mann] ( movem5t do4 & do4 ,habits1 z po9t+ & sett+ on c]ta9 occasions do4 ,ta/e = hunt+ c]ta9 objects & mann] ( do+ s1--%eep-dog4 ,^! are %[n cle>ly by cross+ & _! analogy ) true in/9ct ?us %[n1--retriev]4 ,d n "k objects = :i* !y d x4 ,"l ,br\gham's def9ition#ij4 ,orig9 p>tly habit1 b ! am\nt necess>ily unkn[n1 p>tly selection4 ,"y po9t]s po9t+ /ones & %eep--tumbl+ pigeons--%eep#ia go+ back to place :]e born4 ,in/9ct aid$ by reason1 z 9 ! taylor-bird#ib4 ,taught by p>5ts1 c[s *oos+ food1 birds s++4 ,in/9cts v>y 9 wild /ate 7birds get wild]7 (t5 lo/#ic2 m p]fect1--ne/ )\t ro(4 ,^! facts only cle> way %[ h[ incompreh5sibly bra9 has p[] ( transmitt+ intellectual op]ations4 #hh ,! same proviso occurs 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bjg1 vi4 p4 #cai4 #hi ,! tam5ess ( ! birds 9 ! ,galapagos is describ$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es 7#ahfj71 p4 #cih4 ,dogs & rabbits are probably m5tion$ z cases 9 :i* ! h]$it>y fe> ( man has be5 lo/4 ,9 ! #ahdd ,,ms4 ! au?or /ates t ! ,cuban f]al dog %[s great natural wildness1 ev5 :5 caught q "y4 #ij ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bjg1 vi4 p4 #cai1 he refuses to def9e in/9ct4 ,= ,"l ,br\gham's def9ition see 8 ,diss]tations on ,subjects ( ,sci5ce etc41 #ahci1 p4 #bg4 #ia ,see ,james ,hogg 7! ,ettrick ,%eph]d71 ,works1 #ahfe1 ,tales & ,sket*es1 p4 #djc4 #ib ,?is ref]s to ! tailor-bird mak+ use ( manufactur$ ?read suppli$ to x1 in/ead ( ?read twi/$ by itself4 #ic ,(t5 lo/ applies to in/9ct3 birds get wild] is pr9t$ 9 a p>5!sis because x 0 app>5tly add$ z an aft]-?\ght4 ,ne/ )\t ro( ref]s to ! wat]-ousel omitt+ to vault its ne/ :5 build+ 9 a protect$ situation4 ,faculties#id di/9ct f true in/9cts1--f9d+ way4 ,x mu/ ,i ?9k be admitt$ t habits :e!r cong5ital or acquir$ by practice sometimes (t5 become inh]it$#ie2 in/9cts1 influ5ce1 equally ) /ructure1 ! pres]vation ( animals2 !re=e selection mu/1 ) *ang+ conditions t5d to modify ! inh]it$ habits ( animals4 ,if ?is be admitt$ x w be f\nd possible t _m ( ! /range/ in/9cts may be ?us acquir$4 ,i may obs]ve1 )\t attempt+ def9ition1 t an inh]it$ habit or trick 7trick because may be born7 fulfils closely :at we mean by in/9ct4 ,a habit is (t5 p]=m$ unconsci\sly1 ! /range/ habits become associat$1 do4 tricks1 go+ 9 c]ta9 spots c4 c41 ev5 aga9/ w1 is excit$ by ext]nal ag5cies1 & looks n to ! end1--a p]son play+ a pian(orte4 ,if su* a habit 7 transmitt$ x w\ld make a m>vell\s in/9ct4 ,let u consid] "s ( ! mo/ difficult cases ( in/9cts1 :e!r !y c\ld be possibly acquir$4 ,i d n say probably1 = t belongs to our #crd ,"p#if1 ,i beg ?is may be rememb]$1 nor d ,i mean to attempt to %[ exact me?od4 ,i want only to %[ t :ole !ory ought n at once to be reject$ on ?is score4 #id ,9 ! ,,ms4 ( #ahdd is an int]e/+ discussion on faculty z di/9ct f in/9ct4 #ie ,at ?is date & = long aft]w>ds ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s 0 assum$ to occur4 #if ,"p ,,ii4 is "h int5d$3 see ! ,introduction4 ,e in/9ct mu/1 by my !ory1 h be5 acquir$ gradually by slight *anges illegible ( =m] in/9ct1 ea* *ange be+ useful to its !n species4 ,%amm+ dea? /ruck me at fir/ z rem>kable objection4 ,i f\nd none really %am dea?#ig1 & t !re is gradation2 n[ no "o d\bts t ^? insects :i* d x ei!r m or less1 d x = "s good1 if !n any species 0 l$ to d x m1 & !n 8 escap$ c4 c4 #ig ,! mean+ is t ! attitude assum$ 9 %amm+ is n accurately l t ( dea?4 ,take migratory in/9cts1 faculty di/9ct f in/9ct1 animals h notion ( "t1--l savages4 ,ord9>y f9d+ way by memory1 b h[ does savage f9d way across c\ntry1--z incompreh5sible to u1 z animal to !m1--geological *anges1--fi%es 9 riv]1--case ( %eep 9 ,spa9#ih4 ,ar*itectural in/9cts1--a manufactur]'s employee 9 mak+ s+le articles extraord9>y skill1--(t5 said seem to make x almo/ illegible1 *ild born ) su* a notion ( play+#ii1--we c fancy tailor+ acquir$ 9 same p]fection1--mixture ( reason1--wat]-ouzel1--taylor-bird1--grad ation ( simple ne/ to mo/ complicat$4 #ih ,?is ref]s to ! trans&antes %eep m5tion$ 9 ! ,,ms4 ( #ahdd1 z hav+ acquir$ a migratory in/9ct4 #ii ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bji1 vi4 p4 #cba1 ,moz>t's pseudo-in/9ctive skill 9 piano-play+ is m5tion$4 ,see ,phil4 ,trans41 #aggj1 p4 #ed4 ,bees aga91 di/9ction ( faculty1--h[ !y make a hexagon1--,wat]h\se's !ory#ajj1--! impulse to use :atev] faculty !y possess1--! taylor-bird has ! faculty ( sew+ ) beak1 in/9ct impels him to d x4 #ajj ,9 ! discussion on bees' cells1 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bbe1 vi4 p4 #cdc1 ! au?or ackn[l$ges t 8 !ory orig9at$ 9 ,wat]h\se's obs]vations4 ,la/ case ( p>5t fe$+ "y ) diff]5t food 7take case ( ,galapagos birds1 gradation f ,hawf9* to ,sylvia7 selection & habit might lead old birds to v>y ta/e 8 & =m1 leav+ _! in/9ct ( fe$+ _! "y ) same food#aja1--or ,i see no difficulty 9 p>5ts be+ =c$ or induc$ to v>y ! food br\ght1 & selection adapt+ ! "y ones to x1 & ?us by degree any am\nt ( div]sity might be arriv$ at4 ,al?\gh we c nev] hope to see ! c\rse reveal$ by :i* diff]5t in/9cts h be5 acquir$1 = we h only pres5t animals 7n well kn[n7 to judge ( ! c\rse ( gradation1 yet once grant ! pr9ciple ( habits1 :e!r cong5ital or acquir$ by exp]i5ce1 be+ inh]it$ & ,i c see no limit to ! am\nt ( v>iation extraord9>9ess 8 ( ! habits ?us acquir$4 #aja ,! hawf9*-& ,sylvia-types are figur$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 p4 #cgi4 ,! discussion ( *ange ( =m 9 relation to *ange ( in/9ct is n cle>1 & ,i f9d x impossible to sugge/ a p>aphrase4 ,summ+ up ?is ,division4 ,if v>iation be admitt$ to occur occasionally 9 "s wild animals1 & h[ c we d\bt x1 :5 we see all ?\s&s ( organisms1 = :atev] use tak5 by man1 d v>y4 ,if we admit su* v>iations t5d to be h]$it>y1 & h[ c we d\bt x :5 we rememb] resemblances ( features & "*1--disease & mon/rosities inh]it$ & endless races produc$ 7#abjj cabbages74 ,if we admit selection is /eadily at "w1 & :o w d\bt x1 :5 he consid]s am\nt ( food on an av]age fix$ & reproductive p[]s act 9 geometrical ratio4 ,if we admit t ext]nal conditions v>y1 z all geology proclaims1 !y h done & are n[ do+1--!n1 if no law ( nature be oppos$1 !re mu/ occasionally be =m$ races1 slightly diff]+ f ! p>5t races4 ,s !n any su* law#ajb1 none is kn[n1 b 9 all works x is assum$1 9 8 flat contradiction to all kn[n facts1 t ! am\nt ( possible v>iation is soon acquir$4 ,are n all ! mo/ v>i$ species1 ! olde/ dome/icat$3 :o w\ld ?9k t horses or corn c\ld be produc$8 ,take dahlia & potato1 :o w pret5d 9 #ejjj ye>s#ajc t great *anges might n be effect$3 p]fectly adapt$ to conditions & !n aga9 br\ght into v>y+ conditions4 ,?9k :at has be5 done 9 few la/ ye>s1 look at pigeons1 & cattle4 ,) ! am\nt ( food man c produce he may h arriv$ at limit ( fatness or size1 or ?ickness ( wool 81 b ^! are ! mo/ trivial po9ts1 b ev5 9 ^! ,i conclude x is impossible to say we "k ! limit ( v>iation4 ,& !re=e ) ! adapt+ select+ p[] ( nature1 inf9itely wise comp>$ to ^? ( man1 ,i conclude t x is impossible to say we "k ! limit ( races1 :i* w\ld be true to _! k9d2 if ( diff]5t con/itutions w\ld probably be inf]tile "o ) ano!r1 & :i* might be adapt$ 9 ! mo/ s+ul> & admirable mann]1 accord+ to _! wants1 to ext]nal nature & to o!r surr\nd+ organisms1--su* races w\ld be species4 ,b is !re any evid5ce t species h be5 ?us produc$1 ?is is a "q :olly indep5d5t ( all previ\s po9ts1 & :i* on exam9ation ( ! k+dom ( nature we ought to answ] "o way or ano!r4 #ajb ,i %\ld int]pret ?is obscure s5t5ce z foll[s1 ,no su* oppos+ law is kn[n1 b 9 all works on ! subject a law is 79 flat contradiction to all kn[n facts7 assum$ to limit ! possible am\nt ( v>iation4 ,9 ! ,orig91 ! au?or nev] limits ! p[] ( v>iation1 z f> z ,i "k4 #ajc ,9 ,v>4 "u ,dom4 ,ed4 #b1 ii4 p4 #bfc1 ! ,dahlia is describ$ z %[+ s5sitiv5ess to conditions 9 #ahda4 ,all ! v>ieties ( ! ,dahlia are said to h aris5 s9ce #ahjd 7ibid4 i4 p4 #cic74 ,,"p ,,ii#ajd4 #ajd ,9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 ! head+ is3 ,"p ,,iii42 b ,"p ,,ii4 is cle>ly int5d$2 = details see ! ,introduction4 ,i h n be5 able to discov] :]e ,sec4 ,,iv4 ends & ,sec4 ,v4 beg9s4 ,sec4,sec4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,geology4 ,i may premise1 t accord+ to ! view ord9>ily receiv$1 ! myriads ( organisms peopl+ ?is _w h be5 creat$ by s _m di/9ct acts ( creation4 ,z we "k no?+ ( ! illegible w ( a ,creator1--we c see no reason :y !re %\ld exi/ any relation betwe5 ! organisms ?us creat$2 or aga91 !y might be creat$ accord+ to any s*eme4 ,b x w\ld be m>vell\s if ?is s*eme %\ld be ! same z w\ld result f ! desc5t ( gr\ps ( organisms f c]ta9 ! same p>5ts1 accord+ to ! circum/ances1 j attempt$ to be develop$4 ,) equal probability did old cosmogoni/s say fossils 7 creat$1 z we n[ see !m1 ) a false resemblance to liv+ be+s#aje2 :at w\ld ! ,a/ronom] say to ! doctr9e t ! planets mov$ n accord+ to ! law ( gravitation1 b f ! ,creator hav+ will$ ea* sep>ate planet to move 9 its p>ticul> orbit8 ,i believe su* a proposition 7if we remove all prejudices7 w\ld be z legitimate z to admit t c]ta9 gr\ps ( liv+ & ext9ct organisms1 9 _! di/ribution1 9 _! /ructure & 9 _! relations "o to ano!r & to ext]nal conditions1 agre$ ) ! !ory & %[$ signs ( common desc5t1 & yet 7 creat$ di/9ct4 ,z long z x 0 ?\ght impossible t organisms %\ld v>y1 or %\ld anyh[ become adapt$ to o!r organisms 9 a complicat$ mann]1 & yet be sep>at$ f !m by an impassable b>ri] ( /]ility#ajf1 x 0 ju/ifiable1 ev5 ) "s appe>ance 9 fav\r ( a common desc5t1 to admit di/9ct creation accord+ to ! w ( an ,omnisci5t ,creator2 or1 = x is ! same ?+1 to say ) ,:ewell t ! beg9n+s ( all ?+s surpass ! compreh5sion ( man4 ,9 ! =m] sections ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t su* v>iation or specification is n impossible1 nay1 9 _m po9ts ( view is absolutely probable4 ,:at !n is ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( x & :at ! evid5ce aga9/ x4 ,) our imp]fect k ( pa/ ages surely !re w be "s x w\ld be /range if ! imp]fection did n create "s unfav\rable evid5ce4 #aje ,?is passage corresponds r\ghly to ! conclusion ( ! ,orig91 see ,ed4 i4 p4 #dhb1 vi4 p4 #ffa4 #ajf ,a simil> passage occurs 9 ! conclusion ( ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dha1 vi4 p4 #fei4 ,give sket* ( ! ,pa/1--beg9n+ ) facts appe>+ ho/ile "u pres5t k1--!n proce$ to geograph4 di/ribution1--ord] ( appe>ance1--aff9ities1--morphology c41 c4 ,our !ory requires a v gradual introduction ( new =ms#ajg1 & ext]m9ation ( ! old 7to :i* we %all rev]t74 ,! ext]m9ation ( old may sometimes be rapid1 b nev] ! introduction4 ,9 ! gr\ps desc5d$ f common p>5t1 our !ory requires a p]fect gradation n diff]+ m ?an bre$s ( cattle1 or potatoes1 or cabbages 9 =ms4 ,i d n mean t a graduat$ s]ies ( animals mu/ h exi/$1 int]m$iate betwe5 horse1 m\se1 tapir#ajh1 elephant or f[l & peacock1 b t ^! mu/ h _h a common p>5t1 & betwe5 horse & ?is 8 p>5t c41 c41 b ! common p>5t may possibly h diff]$ m f ei!r ?an ! two d n[ f ea* o!r4 ,n[ :at evid5ce ( ?is is !re8 ,s p]fect gradation 9 "s dep>tm5ts1 t "s naturali/s h ?\ght t 9 "s l>ge divisions1 if all exi/+ =ms 7 collect$1 a ne> approa* to p]fect gradation w\ld be made4 ,b su* a notion is prepo/]\s ) respect to all1 b evid5tly s ) mammals4 ,o!r naturali/s h ?\ght ?is w\ld be s if all ! specim5s entomb$ 9 ! /rata 7 collect$#aji4 ,i conceive !re is no probability :atev] ( ?is2 nev]!less x is c]ta9 all ! num]\s fossil =ms fall 9to1 z ,buckl& rem>ks1 n pres5t classes1 families & g5]a1 !y fall betwe5 !m3 s is x ) new discov]ies ( exi/+ =ms4 ,mo/ anci5t fossils1 t is mo/ sep>at$ by space ( "t1 are mo/ apt to fall betwe5 ! classes--7b organisms f ^? c\ntries mo/ sep>at$ by space also fall betwe5 ! classes e4g4 ,orni?orhyncus874 ,z f> z geological discov]ies g !y t5d t[>ds su* gradation#aaj4 ,illu/rate x ) net4 ,toxodon1--tibia & fibula1--dog & ott]1--b s utt]ly improbable is x1 9 ex4 gr4 ,pa*yd]mata1 to compose s]ies z p]fect z cattle1 t if1 z _m geologi/s seem to inf]1 ea* sep>ate =mation pres5ts ev5 an approa* to a consecutive hi/ory1 my !ory mu/ be giv5 up4 ,ev5 if x 7 consecutive1 x w\ld only collect s]ies ( "o di/rict 9 our pres5t /ate ( k2 b :at probability is !re t any "o =mation dur+ ! imm5se p]iod :i* has elaps$ dur+ ea* p]iod w g5]ally pres5t a consecutive hi/ory4 ,comp>e numb] liv+ at "o p]iod to fossils pres]v$--look at enorm\s p]iods ( "t4 #ajg ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cab1 vi4 p4 #dec4 #ajh ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #bhj1 #bha1 vi4 p4 #dad4 ,! au?or uses 8 exp]i5ce ( pigeons = examples = :at he means by int]m$iate2 ! in/ance ( ! horse & tapir also occurs4 #aji ,! abs5ce ( int]m$iate =ms betwe5 liv+ organisms 7& also z reg>ds fossils7 is discuss$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #bgi1 #bhj1 vi4 p4 #dac4 ,9 ! above discussion !re is no evid5ce t ! au?or felt ?is difficulty s /rongly z x is express$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bii1--;z p]haps ! mo/ obvi\s & grave/ objection t c be urg$ aga9/ my !ory4 ,b 9 a r\gh summ>y writt5 on ! back ( ! p5ultimate page ( ! ,,ms4 he ref]s to ! geological evid5ce3--,evid5ce1 z f> z x does g1 is fav\rable1 exce$+ly incomplete1--greate/ difficulty on ?is !ory4 ,i am conv9c$ n insup]able4 ,buckl&'s rem>ks are giv5 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cbi1 vi4 p4 #dga4 #aaj ,t ! evid5ce ( geology1 z f> z x goes1 is fav\rable to ! !ory ( desc5t is claim$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #cdc-cde1 vi4 pp4 #dij-dib4 ,= ! ref]5ce to net 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 see ,note #a1 p4 #dh1 ,note #afa ( ?is ,essay4 ,ref]r+ only to m>9e animals1 :i* are obvi\sly mo/ likely to be pres]v$1 !y mu/ live :]e 8 s$im5t 7( a k9d fav\rable = pres]vation1 n s& & pebble7#aaa is deposit+ quickly & ov] l>ge area & mu/ be ?ickly capp$1 illegible littoral deposits3 = o!rwise d5udation w de/roy !m1--!y mu/ live 9 a %all[ space :i* s$im5t w t5d to fill up1--z movem5t is 98 progress if soon br\ght 8 up 8 subject to d5udation1--if z dur+ subsid5ce fav\rable1 accords ) facts ( ,european deposits#aab1 b subsid5ce apt to de/roy ag5ts :i* produce s$im5t#aac4 #aaa ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bhh1 vi4 p4 #dbb4 ,! rema9s t d become emb$d$1 if 9 s& & gravel1 w1 :5 ! b$s are uprais$1 g5]ally be dissolv$ by ! p]colation ( ra9-wat]4 #aab ,! position ( ! foll[+ is n cle>3--,?9k ( imm5se diff]5ces 9 nature ( ,european deposits1--)\t int]pos+ new causes1--?9k ( "t requir$ by pres5t sl[ *anges1 to cause1 on v same area1 su* div]se deposits1 iron-s&1 *alk1 s&1 coral1 clay6 #aac ,! p>agraph :i* ends "h is difficult to int]pret4 ,9 spite ( obscurity x is easy to recognize ! g5]al resemblance to ! discussion on ! importance ( subsid5ce giv5 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #bij et seq41 vi4 pp4 #dbb et seq4 ,i believe safely inf]r$ t gr\ps ( m>9e 8 fossils only pres]v$ = future ages :]e s$im5t goes on long & cont9u\sly & ) rapid b n too rapid deposition 9 an area ( subsid5ce4 ,9 h[ few places 9 any "o region l ,europe w 8 ^! cont+5cies be go+ on8 ,h5ce 8 9 pa/ ages m]e gaps pages pres]v$#aad4 ,lyell's doctr9e c>ri$ to extreme1--we %all und]/& difficulty if x be ask$3--:at *ance ( s]ies ( gradation betwe5 cattle by illegible at age illegible z f> back z ,mioc5e#aae8 ,we "k !n cattle exi/$4 ,comp>e numb] ( liv+1--imm5se duration ( ea* p]iod1--fewness ( fossils4 #aad ,see ,note #c1 p4 #bg4 #aae ,comp>e ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bih1 vi4 p4 #dcg4 ,we %all1 p]haps1 be/ p]ceive ! improbability ( our be+ enabl$ to connect species by num]\s1 f9e1 int]m$iate1 fossil l9ks1 by ask+ ourselves :e!r1 = in/ance1 geologi/s at "s future p]iod w be able to prove t our diff]5t bre$s ( cattle1 %eep1 horses1 & dogs h desc5d$ f a s+le /ock or f sev]al aborig9al /ocks4 ,?is only ref]s to consecutiv5ess ( hi/ory ( organisms ( ea* =mation4 ,! =ego+ argum5t w %[ fir/ly1 t =mations are di/9ct m]ely f want ( fossils ( int]m$iate b$s1 & secondly1 t ea* =mation is full ( gaps1 has be5 advanc$ to acc\nt = fewness ( pres]v$ organisms comp>$ to :at h liv$ on ! _w4 ,! v same argum5t expla9s :y 9 old] =mations ! organisms appe> to come on & disappe> sudd5ly1--b 9 lat] t]ti>y n q sudd5ly#aaf1 9 lat] t]ti>y gradually1--becom+ r>e & disappe>+1--"s h disappe>$ )9 man's "t4 ,x is obvi\s t our !ory requires gradual & ne>ly uni=m introduction1 possibly m sudd5 ext]m9ation1--subsid5ce ( cont95t ( ,au/ralia c41 c4 #aaf ,! sudd5 appe>ance ( gr\ps ( alli$ species 9 ! l[e/ kn[n fossilif]\s /rata is discuss$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cjf1 vi4 p4 #ddf4 ,! gradual appe>ance 9 ! lat] /rata occurs 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cab1 vi4 p4 #dec4 ,our !ory requires t ! fir/ =m :i* exi/$ ( ea* ( ! great divisions w\ld pres5t po9ts int]m$iate betwe5 exi/+ ones1 b imm5sely diff]5t4 ,mo/ geologi/s believe ,silurian#aag fossils are ^? :i* fir/ exi/$ 9 ! :ole _w1 n ^? :i* h *anc$ to be ! olde/ n de/roy$1--or ! fir/ :i* exi/$ 9 pr(\ndly deep seas 9 progress ( conv]sion f sea to l&3 if !y are fir/ !y 8 we give up4 ,n s ,hutton or ,lyell3 if fir/ reptile#aah ( ,r$ ,s&/one 8 really 0 fir/ :i* exi/$3 if ,pa*yd]m#aai ( ,p>is 0 fir/ :i* exi/$3 fi% ( ,devonian3 dragon fly ( ,lias3 = we _c suppose !m ! prog5itors3 !y agree too closely ) exi/+ divisions4 ,b geologi/s consid] ,europe z 8 a passage f sea to isl& 8 to cont95t 7except ,weald51 see ,lyell74 ,^! animals !re=e1 ,i consid] !n m]e introduction 8 f cont95ts long s9ce subm]g$4 #aag ,comp>e ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cjg1 vi4 p4 #ddh4 #aah ,i h int]pret$ z ,s&/one a scrawl :i* ,i fir/ read z ,sea2 ,i h done s at ! sugge/ion ( ,pr(essor ,judd1 :o po9ts out t footpr9ts 9 ! r$ s&/one 7 kn[n at t "t1 & geologi/s 7 n !n p>ticul> to di/+ui% betwe5 ,amphibians & ,reptiles4 #aai ,?is ref]s to ,cuvi]'s discov]y ( ,palaeo!rium c4 at ,montm>tre4 ,f9ally1 if views ( "s geologi/s be correct1 my !ory mu/ be giv5 up4 ,lyell's views1 z f> z !y g1 are 9 fav\r1 b !y g s little 9 fav\r1 & s mu* m is requir$1 t x may be view$ z objection4 ,if geology pres5t u ) m]e pages 9 *apt]s1 t[>ds end ( a hi/ory1 =m$ by te>+ out bundles ( leaves1 & ea* page illu/rat+ m]ely a small portion ( ! organisms ( t "t1 ! facts accord p]fectly ) my !ory#abj4 #abj ,?is simile is m fully giv5 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #caj1 vi4 p4 #deb4 ,= my "p1 foll[+ out ,lyell's metaphor1 ,i look at ! natural geological record1 z a hi/ory ( ! _w imp]fectly kept1 & writt5 9 a *ang+ dialect2 ( ?is hi/ory we possess ! la/ volume alone1 relat+ only to two or ?ree c\ntries4 ,( ?is volume1 only "h & !re a %ort *apt] has be5 pres]v$2 & ( ea* page1 only "h & !re a few l9es4 ,ea* ^w ( ! sl[ly-*ang+ language1 9 :i* ! hi/ory is suppos$ to be writt51 be+ m or less diff]5t 9 ! int]rupt$ succession ( *apt]s1 may repres5t ! app>5tly abruptly *ang$ =ms ( life1 entomb$ 9 our consecutive1 b widely sep>at$ =mations4 ,pr(essor ,judd has be5 good en\gh to po9t out to me1 t ,d>w9's metaphor is f\nd$ on ! comp>ison ( geology to hi/ory 9 ,*4 i4 ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 ,ed4 i4 #ahcj1 vol4 i4 pp4 #a-d4 ,pr(essor ,judd has also call$ my att5tion to ano!r passage1--,pr9ciples1 ,ed4 i4 #ahcc1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cc1 :5 ,lyell imag9es an hi/orian exam9+ two buri$ cities at ! foot ( ,vesuvius1 imm$iately sup]impos$ ^u ea* o!r4 ,! hi/orian w\ld discov] t ! inhabitants ( ! l[] t[n 7 ,greeks :ile ^? ( ! upp] "o 7 ,italians4 ,b he w\ld be wrong 9 suppos+ t !re _h be5 a sudd5 *ange f ! ,greek to ! ,italian language 9 ,campania4 ,i ?9k x is cle> t ,d>w9's metaphor is p>tly tak5 f ?is passage4 ,see = in/ance 79 ! above passage f ! ,orig97 su* phrases z hi/ory 444 writt5 9 a *ang+ dialect--app>5tly abruptly *ang$ =ms ( life4 ,! passage )9 9 ! above p>agraph3--,lyell's views z f> z !y g c41 no d\bt ref]s1 z ,pr(essor ,judd po9ts out1 to ,lyell n go+ s f> z ,d>w9 on ! "q ( ! imp]fection ( ! geological record4 ,ext]m9ation4 ,we h se5 t 9 lat] p]iods ! organisms h disappe>$ by degrees & p]haps probably by degrees 9 e>li]1 & ,i h said our !ory requires x4 ,z _m naturali/s seem to ?9k ext]m9ation a mo/ my/]i\s circum/ance#aba & call 9 a/oni%+ ag5cies1 x is well to recall :at we h %[n conc]n+ ! /ruggle ( nature4 ,an ext]m9at+ ag5cy is at "w ) e organism3 we sc>cely see x3 if rob9s w\ld increase to ?\s&s 9 t5 ye>s h[ sev]e mu/ ! process be4 ,h[ imp]ceptible a small increase3 fossils become r>e3 possibly sudd5 ext]m9ation z ,au/ralia1 b z pres5t means v sl[ & _m means ( escape1 ,i %all d\bt v sudd5 ext]m9ations4 ,:o c expla9 :y "s species ab\nd m1--:y does m>% titm\se1 or r+-ouzel1 n[ little *ange1--:y is "o sea-slug r>e & ano!r common on our coa/s1--:y "o species ( ,rh9oc]os m ?an ano!r1--:y is illegible tig] ( ,india s r>e8 ,curi\s & g5]al s\rces ( error1 ! place ( an organism is in/antly fill$ up4 #aba ,on r>ity & ext9ction see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #aji1 #cai1 vi4 pp4 #acc1 #dfa4 ,we "k /ate ( e>? has *ang$1 & z e>?quakes & tides g on1 ! /ate mu/ *ange1--_m geologi/s believe a sl[ gradual cool+4 ,n[ let u see 9 accordance ) pr9ciples ( v>iation specification expla9$ 9 ,sect4 ,,ii4 h[ species w\ld probably be introduc$ & h[ su* results accord ) :at is kn[n4 ,! fir/ fact geology proclaims is imm5se numb] ( ext9ct =ms1 & new appe>ances4 ,t]ti>y /rata leads to belief1 t =ms gradually become r>e & disappe> & are gradually suppli$ by o!rs4 ,we see "s =ms n[ becom+ r>e & disappe>+1 we "k ( no sudd5 creation3 9 old] p]iods ! =ms appe> to come 9 sudd5ly1 sc5e %ifts3 b ev5 "h ,devonian1 ,p]mian c4 keep on supply+ new l9ks 9 *a9--,g5]a & high] =ms come on & disappe>1 9 same way leav+ a species on "o or m /ages bel[ t 9 :i* ! =m ab\nd$4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution4 ,sec4 ,,vi4 ,let u consid] ! absolute /ate ( di/ribution ( organisms ( e>?'s face4 ,ref]r+ *iefly1 b n exclusively 7f difficulty ( transport1 fewness1 & ! di/9ct *>act]i/ics ( gr\ps7 to ,mammalia2 & fir/ consid]+ ! ?ree or f\r ma9 regions divisions2 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,europe1 ,asia1 includ+ great] "p ( ,e4 ,indian ,ar*ipelago & ,africa are intimately alli$4 ,africa mo/ di/9ct1 especially mo/ s\!rn p>ts4 ,& ! ,arctic regions1 :i* unite ,n4 ,am]ica1 ,asia & ,europe1 only sep>at$ 7if we travel "o way by ,behr+'s ,/47 by a n>r[ /rait1 is mo/ intimately alli$1 inde$ =ms b "o re/rict$ gr\p4 ,next comes ,s4 ,am]ica1--!n ,au/ralia1 ,madagasc> 7& "s small isl&s :i* /& v remote f ! l&74 ,look+ at ^! ma9 divisions sep>ately1 ! organisms v>y accord+ to *anges 9 condition#abb ( diff]5t p>ts4 ,b besides ?is1 b>ri]s ( e k9d seem to sep>ate regions 9 a great] degree ?an proportionally to ! diff]5ce ( climates on ea* side4 ,?us great *a9s ( m\nta9s1 spaces ( sea betwe5 isl&s & cont95ts1 ev5 great riv]s & des]ts4 ,9 fact ! am\nt ( diff]5ce 9 ! organisms be>s a c]ta91 b n inv>iable relation to ! am\nt ( physical difficulties to transit#abc4 #abb ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cdf1 vi4 p4 #dic1 ! au?or beg9s 8 discussion on geographical di/ribution by m9imis+ ! effect ( physical conditions4 ,he lays great /ress on ! effect ( b>ri]s1 z 9 ! pres5t ,essay4 #abc ,note 9 ! orig9al1 ,w\ld x be m /rik+ if we took animals1 take ,rh9oc]os1 & /udy _! habitats8 ,!re are "s curi\s exceptions1 namely1 simil>ity ( fauna ( m\nta9s ( ,europe & ,n4 ,am]ica & ,lapl&4 ,o!r cases j ! rev]se1 m\nta9s ( ea/]n ,s4 ,am]ica1 ,altai 81 ,s4 ,india 8#abd3 m\nta9 summits ( isl&s (t5 em95tly peculi>4 ,fauna g5]ally ( "s isl&s1 ev5 :5 close1 v dissimil>1 9 o!rs v simil>4 ,i am "h l$ to obs]ve "o or m c5tres ( creation#abe4 #abd ,note by ,mr ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace4 ,! want ( simil>ity ref]r$ to1 is1 betwe5 ! m\nta9s ( ,brazil & ,guiana & ^? ( ! ,&es4 ,also ^? ( ! ,indian p59sula z comp>$ ) ! ,himalayas4 ,9 bo? cases !re is cont9u\s int]v5+ l&4 ,! isl&s ref]r$ to 71 no d\bt1 ! ,galapagos = dissimil>ity f ,s4 ,am]ica2 our own ,isl&s z comp>$ ) ,europe1 & p]haps ,java1 = simil>ity ) cont95tal ,asia4 #abe ,! argum5ts aga9/ multiple c5tres ( creation are giv5 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ceb1 vi4 p4 #dii4 ,! simple geologi/ c expla9 _m ( ! =ego+ cases ( di/ribution4 ,subsid5ce ( a cont95t 9 :i* free means ( disp]sal1 w\ld drive ! l[l& plants up to ! m\nta9s1 n[ conv]t$ into isl&s1 & ! semi-alp9e plants w\ld take place ( alp9e1 & alp9e be de/roy$1 if m\nta9s orig9ally 7 n ( great height4 ,s we may see1 dur+ gradual *anges#abf ( climate on a cont95t1 ! propagation ( species w\ld v>y & adapt !mselves to small *anges caus+ mu* ext]m9ation#abg4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,europe 7 q lately cov]$ ) ice1 & ! l[l&s probably p>tak+ ( ! ,arctic climate & ,fauna4 ,!n z climate *ang$1 arctic fauna w\ld take place ( ice1 & an inundation ( plants f diff]5t temp]ate c\ntries w\ld seize ! l[l&s1 leav+ isl&s ( arctic =ms4 ,b if ?is _h happ5$ on an isl&1 :5ce c\ld ! new =ms h come1--"h ! geologi/ calls 9 creationi/s4 ,if isl& =m$1 ! geologi/ w sugge/ t _m ( ! =ms might h be5 borne f ne>e/ l&1 b if peculi>1 he calls 9 creationi/1--z su* isl& rises 9 height c41 he /ill m calls 9 creation4 ,! creationi/ tells "o1 on a illegible spot ! ,am]ican _s ( creation makes ,orpheus & ,tyrannus & ,am]ican doves1 & 9 accordance ) pa/ & ext9ct =ms1 b no p]si/5t relation betwe5 areas & di/ribution1 ,geologico-,geograph4-,di/ribution4 #abf ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cff1 vi4 p4 #eaf1 ! au?or does n give 8 views on ! di/ribution ( alp9e plants z orig9al b ref]s to ,edw>d ,=bes' "w 7,geolog4 ,survey ,memoirs1 #ahdf74 ,9 8 autobiography1 ,d>w9 ref]s to ?is4 ,i 0 =e/all$ he says1 9 only "o important po9t1 :i* my vanity has always made me regret4 7,life & ,lett]s1 i4 p4 #hh47 #abg ,! foll[+ is writt5 on ! back ( a page ( ! ,,ms4 ,discuss "o or m c5tres ( creation3 allude /rongly to facilities ( disp]sal & am\nt ( geological *ange3 allude to m\nta9-summits aft]w>ds to be ref]r$ to4 ,! di/ribution v>ies1 z ev]yone kn[s1 accord+ to adaptation1 expla9 go+ f ,n4 to ,s4 h[ we come to fre% gr\ps ( species 9 ! same g5]al region1 b besides ?is we f9d diff]5ce1 accord+ to greatness ( b>ri]s1 9 great] proportion ?an c be well acc\nt$ = by adaptation4 ,on repres5tive species see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cdi1 vi4 p4 #dif4 ,?is v /rik+ :5 we ?9k ( cattle ( ,pampas1 plants 8 c4 c4 ,!n g into discussion2 ?is holds ) #c or #d ma9 divisions z well z ! endless m9or ones 9 ea* ( ^! #d great ones3 9 ^! ,i *iefly ref] to mammalia c4 c4 ,! simil>ity ( type1 b n 9 species1 9 same cont95t has be5 mu* less insi/$ on ?an ! dissimil>ity ( diff]5t great regions g5]ically3 x is m /rik+4 ,i h "h omitt$ an incompreh5sible s5t5ce4 ,galapagos ,isl&s1 ,tri/an d',acunha1 volcanic isl&s cov]$ ) crat]s we "k lately did n support any organisms4 ,h[ unlike ^! isl&s 9 nature to neighb\r+ l&s4 ,^! facts p]haps m /rik+ ?an almo/ any o!rs4 ,geology apt to affect geography !re=e we ought to expect to f9d ! above4 ,geological-geographical di/ribution4 ,9 look+ to pa/ times we f9d ,au/ralia equally di/9ct4 ,s4 ,am]ica 0 di/9ct1 ?\gh ) m =ms 9 common4 ,n4 ,am]ica its ne>e/ neighb\r m 9 common1--9 "s respects m1 9 "s less alli$ to ,europe4 ,europe we f9d 8 equally ,european4 ,= ,europe is n[ "p ( ,asia ?\gh n illegible4 ,africa unkn[n1--examples1 ,elephant1 ,rh9oc]os1 ,hippopotamus1 ,hya5a4 ,z geology de/roys geography we _c be surpris$ 9 go+ f> back we f9d ,m>supials & ,ed5tata 9 ,europe3 b geology de/roys geography4 ,n[ accord+ to analogy ( dome/icat$ animals let u see :at w\ld result4 ,let u take case ( f>m] on ,pampas1 :]e ev]y?+ approa*es ne>] to /ate ( nature4 ,he works on organisms hav+ /rong t5d5cy to v>y3 & he kn[s t ! only way to make a di/9ct bre$ is to select & sep>ate4 ,x w\ld be useless to sep>ate ! be/ bulls & pair ) be/ c[s if _! (fspr+ run loose & br$ ) ! o!r h]ds1 & t5d5cy to rev]sion n c\nt]act$2 he w\ld endeav\r !re=e to get 8 c[s on isl&s & !n comm5ce 8 "w ( selection4 ,if sev]al f>m]s 9 diff]5t r9cons#abh 7 to set to "w1 especially if ) diff]5t objects1 sev]al bre$s w\ld soon be produc$4 ,s w\ld x be ) horticulturi/ & s hi/ory ( e plant %[s2 ! numb] ( v>ieties#abi increase 9 proportion to c>e be/[$ on _! selection &1 ) cross+ plants1 sep>ation4 ,n[1 accord+ to ?is analogy1 *ange ( ext]nal conditions1 & isolation ei!r by *ance l&+ ( a =m on an isl&1 or subsid5ce divid+ a cont95t1 or great *a9 ( m\nta9s1 & ! numb] ( individuals n be+ num]\s w be/ fav\r v>iation & selection#acj4 ,no d\bt *ange c\ld be effect$ 9 same c\ntry )\t any b>ri] by long cont9u$ selection on "o species3 ev5 9 case ( a plant n capable ( cross+ w\ld easi] get possession & solely occupy an isl&#aca4 ,n[ we c at once see t if two p>ts ( a cont95t isolat$1 new species ?us g5]at$ 9 !m1 w\ld h close/ aff9ities1 l cattle 9 c\nties ( ,engl&3 if b>ri] aft]w>ds de/roy$ "o species might de/roy ! o!r or bo? keep _! gr\nd4 ,s if isl& =m$ ne> cont95t1 let x be ev] s diff]5t1 t cont95t w\ld supply inhabitants1 & new species 7l ! old7 w\ld be alli$ ) t cont95t4 ,an isl& g5]ally v diff]5t soil & climate1 & numb] & ord] ( inhabitants suppli$ by *ance1 no po9t s fav\rable = g5]ation ( new species#acb1--;especially ! m\nta9s1 h5ce1 s x is4 ,z isolat$ m\nta9s =m$ 9 a pla9 c\ntry 7if su* happ5s7 is an isl&4 ,z o!r isl&s =m$1 ! old species w\ld spread & ?us ext5d & ! fauna ( di/ant isl& might ultimately meet & a cont95t =m$ betwe5 !m4 ,no "o d\bts cont95ts =m$ by repeat$ elevations & depressions#acc4 ,9 look+ backw>ds1 b n s f> t all geographical b\nd>ies are de/roy$1 we c ?us at once see :y exi/+ =ms are relat$ to ! ext9ct 9 ! same mann] z exi/+ ones are 9 "s "p ( exi/+ cont95t4 ,by *ance we might ev5 h "o or two absolute p>5t fossils4 #abh ,r9con 9 ,spani% means a nook or corn]1 x is "h probably us$ to mean a small f>m4 #abi ,! foll[+ is writt5 across ! page3 ,no "o w\ld expect a set ( simil> v>ieties to be produc$ 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries1 s species diff]5t4 #acj ,! foll[+ passage seems to h be5 meant to foll[ "h4 ,! p>5t ( an organism1 we may g5]ally suppose to be 9 less fav\rable condition ?an ! select$ (fspr+ & !re=e g5]ally 9 few] numb]s4 7,?is is n borne out by horticulture1 m]e hypo!sis2 z an organism 9 fav\rable conditions might by selection be adapt$ to /ill m fav\rable conditions47 ,b>ri] w\ld fur!r act 9 prev5t+ species =m$ 9 "o "p migrat+ to ano!r "p4 #aca ,! foll[+ notes occur on ! back ( ! page4 ,numb] ( species n relat$ to capabilities ( ! c\ntry3 fur!rmore n always ^? be/ adapt$1 p]haps expla9$ by creationi/s by *anges & progress4 ,see p4 #cd1 note #a4,note #acd ,al?\gh creationi/s c1 by help ( geology1 expla9 mu*1 h[ c he expla9 ! m>k$ relation ( pa/ & pres5t 9 same area1 ! v>y+ relation 9 o!r cases1 betwe5 pa/ & pres5t1 ! relation ( diff]5t p>ts ( same great area4 ,if isl&1 to adjo9+ cont95t1 if q diff]5t1 on m\nta9 summits1--! numb] ( individuals n be+ relat$ to capabilities1 or h[ c4--our !ory1 ,i believe1 c ?r[ mu* light & all facts accord4 #acb ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cij1 vi4 p4 #edc4 #acc ,on oscillation see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bia1 vi4 p4 #dbf4 ,! detection ( transitional =ms w\ld be r5d]$ m difficult on ris+ po9t ( l&4 ,! di/ribution !re=e 9 ! above enum]at$ po9ts1 ev5 ! trivial ones1 :i* on any o!r !ory8 c be view$ z s _m ultimate facts1 all foll[ 9 a simple mann] on ! !ory ( ! occurr5ce ( species by illegible & be+ adapt$ by selection to illegible1 conjo9$ ) _! p[] ( disp]sal1 & ! /eady geographico-geological *anges :i* are n[ 9 progress & :i* und\bt$ly h tak5 place4 ,ought to /ate ! op9ion ( ! immutability ( species & ! creation by s _m sep>ate acts ( w ( ! ,creator#acd4 #acd ,f ! back ( ,,ms4 ,effect ( climate on /ation>y isl& & on cont95t1 b cont95t once isl&4 ,moreov] repeat$ oscillations fre% diffusion :5 non-unit$1 !n isolation1 :5 ris+ aga9 immigration prev5t$1 new habitats =m$1 new species1 :5 unit$ free immigration1 h5ce uni=m *>act]s4 ,h5ce m =ms on8 ! isl&4 ,m\nta9 summits4 ,:y n true species4 ,fir/ let u recall 9 ,"p ,i1 conditions ( v>iation3 *ange ( conditions dur+ sev]al g5]ations1 & if frequ5tly alt]$ s mu* bett] p]haps excess ( food4 ,secondly1 cont9u$ selection :ile 9 wild /ate4 ,?irdly1 isolation 9 all or ne>ly all1--z well to recall advantages (4 ,9 cont95t1 if we look to t]re/rial animal1 long cont9u$ *ange might g on1 :i* w\ld only cause *ange 9 num]ical numb] 8 proportions3 if cont9u$ long en\gh might ultimately affect all1 ?\gh to mo/ cont95ts !re is *ance ( immigration4 ,"s few ( :ole body ( species mu/ be long affect$ & entire selection work+ same way4 ,b "h isolation abs5t1 )\t b>ri]1 cut (f su* illegible4 ,we c see advantage ( isolation4 ,b let u take case ( isl& ?r[n up by volcanic ag5cy at "s di/ances1 "h we %\ld h occasional visitants1 only 9 few numb]s & expos$ to new conditions & illegible m important1--a q new gr\p+ ( organic be+s1 :i* w\ld op5 out new s\rces ( subsi/5ce1 or w\ld control 8 old ones4 ,! numb] w\ld be few1 c old h ! v be/ opportunity4 ,! conque/ ( ! indig5es by introduc$ organisms %[s t ! indig5es 7 n p]fectly adapt$1 see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cij4 ,moreov] z ! isl& cont9u$ *ang+1--cont9u$ sl[ *anges1 riv]1 m>%es1 lakes1 m\nta9s c4 c41 new races z successively =m$ & a fre% occasional visitant4 ,if isl& =m$ cont95t1 "s species w\ld em]ge & immigrate4 ,ev]yone admits cont95ts4 ,we c see :y ,galapagos & ,c4 ,v]de diff] see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cih1 depress$ & rais$4 ,we c see f ?is repeat$ action & ! "t requir$ = a cont95t1 :y _m m =ms ?an 9 ,new ,zeal& see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #chi = a comp>ison betwe5 ,new ,zeal& & ! ,cape no mammals or o!r classes see h[ev]1 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cic = ! case ( ! frog4 ,we c at once see h[ x comes :5 !re has be5 an old *annel ( migration1--,cordill]as2 we c see :y ,indian ,asiatic ,flora1--:y species hav+ a wide range gives bett] *ance ( "s arriv+ at new po9ts & be+ select$1 & adapt$ to new ends4 ,i ne$ h>dly rem>k no necessity = *ange4 ,f9ally1 z cont95t 7mo/ ext9ction 8 dur+ =mation ( cont95t7 is =m$ aft] repeat$ elevation & depression1 & int]*ange ( species we might =etell mu* ext9ction1 & t ! survivor w\ld belong to same type1 z ! ext9ct1 9 same mann] z diff]5t "p ( same cont95t1 :i* 7 once sep>at$ by space z !y are by "t see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #cci & #cdi4 ,z all mammals h desc5d$ f "o /ock1 we ought to expect t e cont95t has be5 at "s "t connect$1 h5ce oblit]ation ( pres5t ranges4 ,i d n mean t ! fossil mammif]s f\nd 9 ,s4 ,am]ica are ! l9eal successors ance/ors ( ! pres5t =ms ( ,s4 ,am]ica3 = x is highly improbable t m ?an "o or two cases 7:o w say h[ _m races aft] ,plata bones7 %\ld be f\nd4 ,i believe ?is f numb]s1 :o h liv$1--m]e 8 *ance ( fewness4 ,moreov] 9 e case f v exi/5ce ( g5]a & species only few at "o "t w leave prog5y1 "u =m ( new species1 to di/ant ages2 & ! m di/ant ! ages ! few] ! prog5itors4 ,an obs]vation may be "h app5d$1 bad *ance ( pres]vation on ris+ isl&1 ! nurs]ies ( new species1 appeal to exp]i5ce see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bib4 ,?is obs]vation may be ext5d$1 t 9 all cases1 subsid+ l& mu/ be1 9 e>ly /ages1 less fav\rable to =mation ( new species2 b x w isolate !m1 & !n if l& recomm5ces ris+ h[ fav\rable4 ,z preoccupation is b> to diffusion to species1 s w\ld x be to a select$ v>iety4 ,b x w\ld n be if t v>iety 0 bett] fitt$ to "s n fully occupi$ /ation2 s dur+ elevation or ! =mation ( new /ations1 is sc5e = new species4 ,b dur+ elevation n fav\rable to pres]vation ( fossil 7except 9 cav]ns 872 :5 subsid5ce highly fav\rable 9 e>ly /ages to pres]vation ( fossils2 :5 subsid5ce1 less s$im5t4 ,s t our /rata1 z g5]al rule w be ! tomb ( old species 7n und]go+ any *ange7 :5 ris+ l& ! nurs]y4 ,b if !re be ve/ige w g5]ally be pres]v$ to future ages1 ! new ones w n be entomb$ till fre% subsid5ce sup]v5es4 ,9 ?is long gap we %all h no record3 s t wond]ful if we %\ld get transitional =ms4 ,i d n mean e /age1 = we _c expect t1 z be=e %[n1 until geologi/s w be prep>$ to say t al?\gh "u unnaturally fav\rable condition we c trace 9 future ages %ort-horn & ,h]e=d%ire see note #b1 p4 #bf4 ,note #aae ,sec4 ,,vii4 ,,aff9ities ,,& ,,classification4 ,look+ n[ to ! aff9ities ( organisms1 )\t relation to _! di/ribution1 & tak+ all fossil & rec5t1 we see ! degrees ( relation%ip are ( diff]5t degrees & arbitr>y1--sub-g5]a1--g5]a1--sub-familie s1 families1 ord]s & classes & k+doms4 ,! k9d ( classification :i* ev]yone feels is mo/ correct is call$ ! natural sy/em1 b no c def9e ?is4 ,if we say ) ,:ewell t we h an undef9$ in/9ct ( ! importance ( organs#ace1 we h no means 9 l[] animals ( say+ :i* is mo/ important1 & yet ev]yone feels t "s "o sy/em alone des]ves to be call$ natural4 ,! true relation%ip ( organisms is br\ght be=e "o by consid]+ relations ( analogy1 an ott]-l animal among/ mammalia & an ott] among/ m>supials4 ,9 su* cases ext]nal resemblance & habit ( life & ! f9al end ( :ole organization v /rong1 yet no relation#acf4 ,naturali/s _c avoid ^! t]ms ( relation & aff9ity ?\gh !y use !m metaphorically4 ,if us$ 9 simple e>ne/ness ! natural sy/em ought to be a g5ealogical "o2 & our k ( ! po9ts :i* are mo/ easily affect$ 9 transmission are ^? :i* we lea/ value 9 consid]+ ! natural sy/em1 & practically :5 we f9d !y d v>y we reg>d !m ( less value#acg4 ,9 classify+ v>ieties ! same language is us$ & ! same k9d ( division3 "h also 79 p9e-apple7#ach we talk ( ! natural classification1 ov]look+ simil>ity ( ! fruits1 because :ole plant diff]s4 ,! orig9 ( sub-g5]a1 g5]a1 c41 c41 is n difficult on notion ( g5ealogical succession1 & accords ) :at we "k ( simil> gradations ( aff9ity 9 dome/icat$ organisms4 ,9 ! same region ! organic be+s are illegible relat$ to ea* o!r & ! ext]nal conditions 9 _m physical respects are alli$#aci & _! diff]5ces ( same k9d1 & !re=e :5 a new species has be5 select$ & has obta9$ a place 9 ! economy ( nature1 we may suppose t g5]ally x w t5d to ext5d its range dur+ geographical *anges1 & ?us1 becom+ isolat$ & expos$ to new conditions1 w slightly alt] & its /ructure by selection become slightly remodifi$1 ?us we %\ld get species ( a sub-g5us & g5us1--z v>ieties ( m]9o-%eep1--v>ieties ( ,briti% & ,indian cattle4 ,fre% species might g on =m+ & o!rs become ext9ct & all might become ext9ct1 & !n we %\ld h an ext9ct g5us2 a case =m]ly m5tion$1 ( :i* num]\s cases occur 9 ,palaeontology4 ,b m (t5 ! same advantages :i* caus$ ! new species to spread & become modifi$ into sev]al species w\ld fav\r "s ( ! species be+ pres]v$3 & if two ( ! species1 consid]ably diff]5t1 ea* gave rise to gr\p ( new species1 y w\ld h two g5]a2 ! same ?+ w g on4 ,we may look at case 9 o!r way1 look+ to future4 ,accord+ to m]e *ance e exi/+ species may g5]ate ano!r1 b if any species1 ,a1 9 *ang+ gets an advantage & t advantage 7:atev] x may be1 intellect1 c41 c41 or "s p>ticul> /ructure or con/itution7 is inh]it$#adj1 ,a w be ! prog5itor ( sev]al g5]a or ev5 families 9 ! h>d /ruggle ( nature4 ,a w g on beat+ out o!r =ms1 x might come t ,a w\ld p e>?1--we may n[ n h "o desc5dant on our globe ( ! "o or sev]al orig9al creations#ada4 ,ext]nal conditions air1 e>?1 wat] be+ same#adb on globe1 & ! communication n be+ p]fect1 organisms ( widely diff]5t desc5t might become adapt$ to ! same end & !n we %\ld h cases ( analogy#adc1 !y might ev5 t5d to become num]ically repres5tative4 ,f ?is (t5 happ5+ ea* ( ! great divisions ( nature w\ld h _! repres5tative em95tly adapt$ to e>?1 to air#add1 to wat]1 & to ^! 9 illegible & !n ^! great divisions w\ld %[ num]ical relations 9 _! classification4 #ace ,aft] organs is ins]t$1 app>5tly z an aft]?\ght3--no1 & in/ance metamorphosis1 aft]w>ds explicable4 #acf ,= analogical resemblances see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dbg1 vi4 p4 #ehb4 #acg ,practically :5 naturali/s are at "w1 !y d n tr\ble !mselves ab\t ! physiological value ( ! *>act]s4444 ,if !y f9d a "* ne>ly uni=m1 444 !y use x z "o ( high value1 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dag1 vi4 p4 #egc4 #ach ,we are caution$ 444 n to class two v>ieties ( ! p9e-apple toge!r1 m]ely because _! fruit1 ?\gh ! mo/ important "p1 happ5s to be ne>ly id5tical1 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dbc1 vi4 p4 #egi4 #aci ,! :ole ( ?is passage is obscure1 b ! text is q cle>1 except = "o illegible ^w4 #adj ,! exact position ( ! foll[+ passage is unc]ta93 j z x is n likely e pres5t bre$ ( fancy birds & cattle w propagate1 only "s ( ! be/4 #ada ,?is sugge/s t ! au?or 0 n f> f ! pr9ciple ( div]g5ce on :i* he aft]w>ds laid s mu* /ress4 ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #aaa1 vi4 p4 #acd1 also ,life & ,lett]s1 i4 p4 #hd4 #adb ,t is to say ! same conditions occurr+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe4 #adc ,! position ( ! foll[+ is unc]ta91 greyh\nd & racehorse h an analogy to ea* o!r4 ,! same comp>ison occurs 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dbg1 vi4 p4 #ehc4 #add ,air is evid5tly int5d$2 9 ! ,,ms4 wat] is writt5 twice4 ,sec4 ,,viii4 ,,unity ,,or ,,simil>ity ,,( ,,type ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,classes4 ,no?+ m wond]ful 9 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ?an look+ at ! va/ numb] ( organisms1 rec5t & fossil1 expos$ to ! mo/ div]se conditions1 liv+ 9 ! mo/ di/ant climes1 & at imm5sely remote p]iods1 fitt$ to :olely diff]5t ends1 yet to f9d l>ge gr\ps unit$ by a simil> type ( /ructure4 ,:5 we = in/ance see bat1 horse1 porpoise-f91 h&1 all built on same /ructure#ade1 hav+ bones#adf ) same "n1 we see !re is "s deep bond ( union betwe5 !m#adg1 to illu/rate ?is is ! f\ndation & objects 8 ( :at is call$ ! ,natural ,sy/em2 & :i* is f\ndation ( di/9ction 8 ( true & adaptive *>act]s#adh4 ,n[ ?is wond]ful fact ( h&1 ho(1 w+1 paddle & claw be+ ! same1 is at once explicable on ! pr9ciple ( "s p>5t-=ms1 :i* might ei!r be illegible or walk+ animals1 becom+ ?r\gh inf9ite numb] ( small selections adapt$ to v>i\s conditions4 ,we "k t proportion1 size1 %ape ( bones & _! accompany+ s(t p>ts v>y1 & h5ce con/ant selection w\ld alt]1 to almo/ any purpose 8 ! framework ( an organism1 b yet w\ld leave a g5]al1 ev5 close/ simil>ity 9 x4 #ade ,writt5 betwe5 ! l9es occurs3--ext5d to birds & o!r classes4 #adf ,writt5 betwe5 ! l9es occurs3--_m bones m]ely repres5t$4 #adg ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dcd1 vi4 p4 #eie1 ! t]m morphology is tak5 z includ+ unity ( type4 ,! paddle ( ! porpoise & ! w+ ( ! bat are !re us$ z in/ances ( morphological resemblance4 #adh ,! s5t5ce is difficult to deciph]4 ,we "k ! numb] ( simil> p>ts1 z v]tebrae & ribs c v>y1 h5ce ?is also we might expect4 ,also if ! *anges c>ri$ on to a c]ta9 po9t1 d\btless type w be lo/1 & ?is is case ) ,plesiosaurus#adi4 ,! unity ( type 9 pa/ & pres5t ages ( c]ta9 great divisions ?us und\bt$ly receives ! simple/ explanation4 #adi ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dcf1 vi4 p4 #eih1 ! au?or speaks ( ! g5]al patt]n be+ obscur$ 9 ! paddles ( ext9ct gigantic sea-liz>ds4 ,!re is ano!r class ( alli$ & almo/ id5tical facts1 admitt$ by ! sob]e/ physiologi/s1 f ! /udy ( a c]ta9 set ( organs 9 a gr\p ( organisms & ref]s 8 ref]r+ to a unity ( type ( diff]5t organs 9 ! same individual1 d5om9at$ ! sci5ce ( ,morphology4 ,! 8 ?is discov]$ by beautiful & regul> s]ies1 & 9 ! case ( plants f mon/r\s *anges1 t c]ta9 organs 9 an individual are o!r organs metamorphos$4 ,?us e botani/ consid]s petals1 nect>ies1 /am5s1 pi/ils1 g]m5 z metamorphos$ leaf4 ,!y ?us expla91 9 ! mo/ lucid mann]1 ! position & numb] ( all p>ts ( ! fl[]1 & ! curi\s conv]sion "u cultivation ( "o "p into ano!r4 ,! complicat$ d\ble set ( jaws & palpi ( cru/aceans#aej1 & all insects are consid]$ z metamorphos$ limbs & to see ! s]ies is to admit ?is phraseology4 ,! skulls ( ! v]tebrates are und\bt$ly compos$ ( ?ree metamorphos$ v]tebrae2 ?us we c und]/& ! /range =m ( ! sep>ate bones :i* compose ! casket hold+ man's bra94 ,^!#aea facts diff] b slightly f ^? ( la/ section1 if ) w+1 paddle1 h& & ho(1 "s common /ructure 0 yet visible1 or c\ld be made out by a s]ies ( occasional mon/r\s conv]sions1 & if traces c\ld be discov]$ ( ! :ole hav+ once exi/$ z walk+ or swimm+ in/rum5ts1 ^! organs w\ld be said to be metamorphos$1 z x is !y are only said to exhibit a common type4 #aej ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dcg1 vi4 p4 #eii4 #aea ,! foll[+ passage seems to h be5 meant to prec$e ! s5t5ce beg9n+ ,^! facts3--,x is evid5t1 t :5 9 ea* individual species1 organs are metamorph4 a unity ( type ext5ds4 ,?is di/9ction is n drawn by physiologi/s1 & is only impli$ by "s by _! g5]al mann] ( writ+4 ,^! facts1 ?\gh affect+ e organic be+ on ! face ( ! globe1 :i* has exi/$1 or does exi/1 c only be view$ by ! ,creationi/ z ultimate & inexplicable facts4 ,b ?is unity ( type ?r\gh ! individuals ( a gr\p1 & ?is metamorphosis ( ! same organ into o!r organs1 adapt$ to div]se use1 necess>ily foll[s on ! !ory ( desc5t#aeb4 ,= let u take case ( ,v]tebrata1 :i* if#aec !y desc5d$ f "o p>5t & by ?is !ory all ! ,v]tebrata h be5 alt]$ by sl[ degrees1 su* z we see 9 dome/ic animals4 ,we "k t proportions alt]1 & ev5 t occasionally numb]s ( v]tebrae alt]1 t p>ts become sold]$1 t p>ts are lo/1 z tail & toes1 b we "k t8 "h we c see t possibly a walk+ organ might 8 be conv]t$ into swimm+ or into a glid+ organ & s on to a fly+ organ4 ,b su* gradual *anges w\ld n alt] ! unity ( type 9 _! desc5dants1 z p>ts lo/ & sold]$ & v]tebrae4 ,b we c see t if ?is c>ri$ to extreme1 unity lo/1--,plesiosaurus4 ,"h we h se5 ! same organ is =m$ 8 = diff]5t purposes t5 words illegible3 & if1 9 sev]al ord]s ( v]tebrata1 we c\ld trace orig9 ( sp9\s processes & mon/rosities c4 we %\ld say1 in/ead ( !re exi/+ a unity ( type1 morphology#aed1 z we d :5 we trace ! head z be+ ! v]tebrae metamorphos$4 ,be x obs]v$ t ,naturali/s1 z !y use t]ms ( aff9ity )\t atta*+ real mean+1 "h also !y are oblig$ to use metamorphosis1 )\t mean+ t any p>5t ( cru/acean 0 really an animal ) z _m legs z cru/acean has jaws4 ,! !ory ( desc5t at once expla9s ^! wond]ful facts4 #aeb ,?is is1 ,i believe1 ! fir/ place 9 :i* ! au?or uses ! words !ory ( desc5t4 #aec ,! s5t5ce %\ld probably run1 ,let u take ! case ( ! v]tebrata3 if we assume !m to be desc5d$ f "o p>5t1 !n by ?is !ory !y h be5 alt]$ c4 #aed ,t is we %\ld call x a morphological fact4 ,n[ few ( ! physiologi/s :o use ?is language really suppose t ! p>5t ( insect ) ! metamorphos$ jaw1 0 an insect ) m s _m legs1 or t ! p>5t ( fl[]+ plants1 orig9ally _h no /am5s1 or pi/ils or petals1 b "s o!r means ( propagation1--& s 9 o!r cases4 ,n[ accord+ to our !ory dur+ ! inf9ite numb] ( *anges1 we might expect t an organ us$ = a purpose might be us$ = a diff]5t "o by 8 desc5dant1 z mu/ h be5 ! case by our !ory ) ! bat1 porpoise1 horse1 c41 :i* are desc5d$ f "o p>5t4 ,& if x s *anc$ t traces ( ! =m] use & /ructure ( ! "p %\ld be reta9$1 :i* is manife/ly possible if n probable1 !n we %\ld h ! organs1 on :i* morphology is f\nd$ & :i* in/ead ( be+ metaphorical becomes pla9 & & in/ead ( be+ utt]ly un9telligible becomes simple matt] ( fact#aee4 #aee ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dch1 vi4 p4 #fjb1 ! au?or1 ref]r+ to ! expressions us$ by naturali/s 9 reg>d to morphology & metamorphosis1 says ,on my view ^! t]ms may be us$ lit]ally4 ,embryology4 ,?is g5]al unity ( type 9 great gr\ps ( organisms 7includ+ ( c\rse ^! morphological cases7 displays itself 9 a mo/ /rik+ mann] 9 ! /ages ?r\gh :i* ! foetus passes#aef4 ,9 e>ly /age1 ! w+ ( bat1 ho(1 h&1 paddle are n to be di/+ui%$4 ,at a /ill e>li] /age !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 fi%1 bird1 c4 c4 & mammal4 ,x is n t !y _c be di/+ui%$1 b ! art]ies#aeg illegible4 ,x is n true t "o passes ?r\gh ! =m ( a l[] gr\p1 ?\gh no d\bt fi% m ne>ly relat$ to foetal /ate#aeh4 #aef ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dci1 vi4 p4 #fje4 #aeg ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ddj1 vi4 p4 #fjf1 ! au?or argues t ! loop-l c\rse ( ! art]ies 9 ! v]tebrate embryo has no direct relation to ! conditions ( exi/5ce4 #aeh ,! foll[+ passages are writt5 across ! page3--,!y pass ?r\gh ! same phases1 b "s1 g5]ally call$ ! high] gr\ps1 are fur!r metamorphos$4 8 ,degradation & complication8 no t5d5cy to p]fection4 8 ,ju/ly argu$ aga9/ ,lam>ck8 ,?is simil>ity at ! e>lie/ /age is rem>kably %[n 9 ! c\rse ( ! art]ies :i* become greatly alt]$1 z foetus advances 9 life & assumes ! widely diff]5t c\rse & numb] :i* *>act]ize full-gr[n fi% & mammals4 ,h[ wond]ful t 9 egg1 9 wat] or air1 or 9 womb ( "m1 art]y#aei %\ld run 9 same c\rse4 #aei ,an almo/ id5tical passage occurs 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ddj1 vi4 p4 #fjf4 ,light c be ?r[n on ?is by our !ory4 ,! /ructure ( ea* organism is *iefly adapt$ to ! su/5sion ( its life1 :5 full-gr[n1 :5 x has to fe$ itself & propagate#afj4 ,! /ructure ( a kitt5 is q 9 second>y degree adapt$ to its habits1 :il/ f$ by its "m's milk & prey4 ,h5ce v>iation 9 ! /ructure ( ! full-gr[n species w *iefly det]m9e ! pres]vation ( a species n[ become ill-suit$ to its habitat1 or r ) a bett] place op5$ to x 9 ! economy ( ,nature4 ,x w\ld n matt] to ! full-gr[n cat :e!r 9 its "y /ate x 0 m or less em95tly fel9e1 s t x become s :5 full-gr[n4 ,no d\bt mo/ v>iation1 7n dep5d+ on habits ( life ( individual7 dep5ds on e>ly *ange#afa & we mu/ suspect t at :atev] "t ( life ! alt]ation ( foetus is effect$1 x t5ds to appe> at same p]iod4 ,:5 we see a t5d5cy to p>ticul> disease 9 old age transmitt$ by ! male1 we "k "s effect is produc$ dur+ conception1 on ! simple cell ( ovule1 :i* w n produce its effect till half a c5tury aft]w>ds & t effect is n visible#afb4 ,s we see 9 grey-h\nd1 bull-dog1 9 race-horse & c>t-horse1 :i* h be5 select$ = _! =m 9 full-life1 !re is mu* less 787 diff]5ce 9 ! few fir/ days aft] bir?#afc1 ?an :5 full-gr[n3 s 9 cattle1 we see x cle>ly 9 cases ( cattle1 :i* diff] obvi\sly 9 %ape & l5g? ( horns4 ,if man 7 dur+ #aj1jjj ye>s to be able to select1 f> m div]se animals f horse or c[1 ,i %\ld expect !re w\ld be f> less diff]5ces 9 ! v "y & foetal /ate3 & ?is1 ,i ?9k1 ?r[s light on above m>vell\s fact4 ,9 l>vae1 :i* h long life selection1 p]haps1 does mu*1--9 ! pupa n s mu*#afd ,!re is no object ga9$ 9 v>y+ =m c4 ( foetus 7beyond c]ta9 adaptations to "m's womb7 & !re=e selection w n fur!r act on x1 ?an 9 giv+ to its *ang+ tissues a t5d5cy to c]ta9 p>ts aft]w>ds to assume c]ta9 =ms4 #afj ,! foll[+3 ,dea?s ( bro!rs :5 old by same peculi> disease :i* is writt5 betwe5 ! l9es seems to h be5 a memor&um :i* is exp&$ a few l9es l[]4 ,i believe ! case ( ! bro!rs came f ,dr ,r4 ,w4 ,d>w94 #afa ,see ! discussion to ?is effect 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #ddc-d1 vi4 p4 #faj4 ,! au?or !re makes ! di/9ction betwe5 a cause affect+ ! g]m-cell & ! reaction occurr+ at a late p]iod ( life4 #afb ,possibly ! s5t5ce 0 meant to end is n visible till !n4 #afc ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #ddd-e1 vi4 p4 #faa4 ,! qu]y app5d$ to mu* less is ju/ifi$1 s9ce measurem5t 0 necess>y to prove t ! greyh\nd & bulldog puppies _h n ne>ly acquir$ _! full am\nt ( proportional diff]5ce4 #afd ,! foll[+ discussion1 f ! back ( ! page1 is 9 l>ge measure ! same z ! text4 ,i ?9k light c be ?r[n on ^! facts4 ,f ! foll[+ peculi>ities be+ h]$it>y1 we "k t "s *ange 9 ! g]m9al vesicle is effect$1 :i* w only betray itself ye>s aft] diseases--man1 goitre1 g\t1 baldness1 fatness1 size1 longevity illegible "t ( reproduction1 %ape ( horns1 case ( old bro!rs dy+ ( same disease4 ,& we "k t ! g]m9al vesicle mu/ h be5 affect$1 ?\gh no effect is app>5t or c be app>5t till ye>s aft]w>ds1--no m app>5t ?an :5 ^! peculi>ities appe> by ! exposure ( ! full-gr[n individual4 ,t is1 ! "y individual is z app>5tly free f ! h]$it>y *anges :i* w appe> lat]1 z ! "y is actually free f ! *anges produc$ by exposure to c]ta9 conditions 9 adult life4 ,s t :5 we see a v>iety 9 cattle1 ev5 if ! v>iety be due to act ( reproduction1 we _c feel sure at :at p]iod ?is *ange became app>5t4 ,x may h be5 effect$ dur+ e>ly age ( free life or foetal exi/5ce1 z mon/]s %[4 ,f argum5ts be=e us$1 & cross+1 we may g5]ally suspect 9 g]m2 b ,i repeat x does n foll[1 t ! *ange %\ld be app>5t till life fully develop$2 any m ?an fatness dep5d+ on h]$ity %\ld be app>5t dur+ e>ly *ildhood1 /ill less dur+ foetal exi/5ce4 ,9 case ( horns ( cattle1 :i* :5 inh]it$ mu/ dep5d on g]m9al vesicle1 obvi\sly no effect till cattle full-gr[n4 ,practically x w\ld appe> t ! h]$it>y peculi>ities *>act]is+ our dome/ic races1 !re=e result+ f vesicle1 d n appe> ) _! full *>act]s 9 v e>ly /ates2 ?us ?\gh two bre$s ( c[s h calves diff]5t1 !y are n s diff]5t1--grey-h\nd & bull-dog4 ,& ?is is :at is to be expect$1 = man is indiff]5t to *>act]s ( "y animals & h5ce w\ld select ^? full-gr[n animals :i* possess$ ! desirable *>act]i/ics4 ,s t f m]e *ance we might expect t "s ( ! *>act]s w\ld be su* only z became fully app>5t 9 mature life4 ,fur!rmore we may suspect x to be a law1 t at :atev] "t a new "* appe>s1 :e!r f vesicle1 or effects ( ext]nal conditions1 x w\ld appe> at correspond+ "t see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ddd4 ,?us diseases appe>+ 9 old age produce *ildr5 ) do41--e>ly maturity1--longevity1--old m51 bro!rs1 ( same disease--"y *ildr5 ( do4 ,i said m5 d n select = quality ( "y1--calf ) big bullocks4 ,silk-worms1 peculi>ities :i*1 appe> 9 cat]pill> /ate or cocoon /ate1 are transmitt$ to correspond+ /ates4 ,! effect ( ?is w\ld be t if "s peculi>ity 0 born 9 a "y animal1 b nev] ex]cis$1 x might be inh]it$ 9 "y animal2 b if ex]cis$ t "p ( /ructure w\ld be increas$ & w\ld be inh]it$ 9 correspond+ "t ( life aft] su* tra9+4 ,i h said t man selects 9 full-life1 s w\ld x be 9 ,nature4 ,9 /ruggle ( exi/5ce1 x matt]s no?+ to a fel9e animal1 :e!r kitt5 em95tly fel9e1 z long z x sucks4 ,!re=e natural selection w\ld act equally well on "* :i* 0 fully develop$ only 9 full age4 ,selection c\ld t5d to alt] no "* 9 foetus1 7except relation to "m7 x w\ld alt] less 9 "y /ate 7putt+ on "o side l>va condition7 b alt] e "p 9 full-gr[n condition4 ,look to a foetus & its p>5t1 & aga9 aft] ages foetus & its i4 e4 ! above m5tion$ p>5ts desc5dant2 ! p>5t m v>iable 8 ?an foetus1 :i* expla9s all4 ,?us !re is no p[] to *ange ! c\rse ( ! art]ies1 z long z !y n\ri% ! foetus2 x is ! selection ( slight *anges :i* sup]v5e at any "t dur+ illegible ( life4 ,! less diff]5ces ( foetus1--?is has obvi\s mean+ on ?is view3 o!rwise h[ /range t a monkey horse1 a man1 a bat %\ld at "o "t ( life h art]ies1 runn+ 9 a mann]1 :i* is only intelligibly useful 9 a fi%6 ,! natural sy/em be+ on !ory g5ealogical1 we c at once see1 :y foetus1 reta9+ traces ( ! ance/ral =m1 is ( ! highe/ value 9 classification4 ,sec4 ,,ix4 ,,abortive ,,organs4 ,!re is ano!r gr& class ( facts relat+ to :at are call$ abortive organs4 ,^! consi/ ( organs :i* ! same reason+ p[] t %[s u h[ beautifully ^! organs 9 "s cases are adapt$ to c]ta9 end1 decl>es 9 o!r cases are absolutely useless4 ,?us tee? 9 ,rh9oc]os#afe1 :ale1 n>:al1--bone on tibia1 muscles :i* d n move1--little bone ( w+ ( ,apt]yx1--bone repres5t+ extremities 9 "s snake1--little w+s )9 8 sold]$ cov] ( beetles1--m5 & bulls1 mammae3 filam5ts )\t an!rs 9 plants1 m]e scales repres5t+ petals 9 o!rs1 9 fea!r-hyac9? :ole fl[]4 ,almo/ inf9itely num]\s4 ,no "o c reflect on ^! )\t a/oni%m5t1 c any?+ be cle>] ?an t w+s are to fly & tee? to bite1 & yet we f9d ^! organs p]fect 9 e detail 9 situations :]e !y _c possibly be ( _! normal use#aff4 #afe ,"s ( ^! examples occur 9 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #dej-ea1 vi4 pp4 #fai-bj4 #aff ,! two foll[+ s5t5ces are writt51 "o d[n ! m>g91 ! o!r across ! page4 ,abortive organs em95tly useful 9 classification4 ,embryonic /ate ( organs4 ,rudim5ts ( organs4 ,! t]m abortive organ has be5 ?us appli$ to above /ructure 7z inv>iable z all o!r p>ts#afg7 f _! absolute simil>ity to mon/r\s cases1 :]e f accid5t1 c]ta9 organs are n develop$2 z infant )\t arms or f+]s ) m]e /ump repres5t+ !m3 tee? repres5t$ by m]e po9ts ( ossification3 headless *ildr5 ) m]e button1--visc]a repres5t$ by small amorph\s masses1 c41--! tail by m]e /ump1--a solid horn by m9ute hang+ "o#afh4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 all ^! cases1 :5 life is pres]v$1 = su* /ructures to become h]$it>y4 ,we see x 9 tailless dogs & cats4 ,9 plants we see ?is /rik+ly1--9 ,?yme1 9 ,l9um flavum1--/am5 9 ,g]anium pyr5aicum#afi4 ,nect>ies abort into petals 9 ,columb9e ,aquilegia1 produc$ f "s accid5t & !n become h]$it>y1 9 "s cases only :5 propagat$ by buds1 9 o!r cases by se$4 ,^! cases h be5 produc$ sudd5ly by accid5t 9 e>ly gr[?1 b x is "p ( law ( gr[? t :5 any organ is n us$ x t5ds to dim9i% 7duck's w+#agj87 muscles ( dog's e>s1 & ( rabbits1 muscles )]1 art]ies gr[ up4 ,:5 eye born defective1 optic n]ve 7,tuco ,tuco7 is atrophi$4 ,z e "p :e!r useful or n 7diseases1 d\ble fl[]s7 t5ds to be transmitt$ to (fspr+1 ! orig9 ( abortive organs :e!r produc$ at ! bir? or sl[ly acquir$ is easily und]/ood 9 dome/ic races ( organisms3 a /ruggle betwe5 ! atrophy & h]$it>9ess4 ,abortive organs 9 dome/ic races4 ,!re w always be a /ruggle betwe5 atrophy ( an organ r5d]$ useless1 & h]$it>9ess#aga4 ,because we c und]/& ! orig9 ( abortive organs 9 c]ta9 cases1 x w\ld be wrong to conclude absolutely t all mu/ h _h same orig91 b ! /ronge/ analogy is 9 fav\r ( x4 ,& we c by our !ory1 = dur+ inf9ite *anges "s organ1 we might h anticipat$1 w\ld h become useless4 ,we c readily expla9 ! fact1 s a/\nd+ on any o!r view1 namely t organs possibly useless h be5 =m$ (t5 ) ! same exquisite c>e z :5 ( vital importance4 #afg ,i imag9e ! mean+ to be t abortive organs are specific *>act]s 9 contra/ to mon/rosities4 #afh ,m9ute hang+ horns are m5tion$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ded1 vi4 p4 #fbe1 z occurr+ 9 hornless bre$s ( cattle4 #afi ,l9um flavum is dimorphic3 ?yme gynodiaeci\s4 ,x is n cle> :at po9t is ref]r$ to "u ,g]anium pyr5aicum4 #agj ,! au?or's "w on duck's w+s c4 is 9 ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 #b1 i4 p4 #bii4 #aga ,! words vis m$icatrix are ins]t$ aft] useless1 app>5tly z a memor&um4 ,our !ory1 ,i may rem>k w\ld p]mit an organ to become abortive ) respect to its prim>y use1 to be turn$ to any o!r purpose1 7z ! buds 9 a caulifl[]7 ?us we c see no difficulty 9 bones ( male m>supials be+ us$ z fulcrum ( muscles1 or /yle ( m>ygold#agb1--;inde$ 9 "o po9t ( view1 ! heads ( v]tebrat$ animal may be said to be abortive v]tebrae turn$ into o!r use3 legs ( "s cru/acea abortive jaws1 c41 c4 ,de ,c&olle's analogy ( table cov]$ ) di%es#agc4 #agb ,9 ! male florets ( c]ta9 ,compositae ! /yle functions m]ely z a pi/on = =c+ out ! poll54 #agc ,on ! back ( ! page is ! foll[+4 ,if abortive organs are a trace pres]v$ by h]$it>y t5d5cy1 ( organ 9 ance/or ( use1 we c at once see :y important 9 natural classification1 also :y m pla9 9 "y animal because1 z 9 la/ section1 ! selection has alt]$ ! old animal mo/4 ,i repeat1 ^! wondr\s facts1 ( p>ts creat$ = no use 9 pa/ & pres5t "t1 all c by my !ory receive simple explanation2 or !y receive none & we mu/ be cont5t ) "s su* empty metaphor1 z t ( ,de ,c&olle1 :o comp>es creation to a well cov]$ table1 & says abortive organs may be comp>$ to ! di%es 7"s %\ld be empty7 plac$ symmetrically6 ,! foll[+ passage 0 possibly int5d$ to be ins]t$ "h4 ,degradation & complication see ,lam>ck3 no t5d5cy to p]fection3 if room1 ev5 high organism w\ld h great] p[] 9 beat+ l[] "o1 ?\ght 8 to be select$ = a degrad$ end4 ,sec4 ,x4 ,,recapitulation ,,& ,,conclusion4 ,let u recapitulate ! :ole 8 ( ^! latt] sections by tak+ case ( ! ?ree species ( ,rh9oc]os1 :i* inhabit ,java1 ,sumatra1 & ma9l& ( ,malacca or ,india4 ,we f9d ^! ?ree close neighb\rs1 occupants ( di/9ct b neighb\r+ di/ricts1 z a gr\p hav+ a diff]5t aspect f ! ,rh9oc]os ( ,africa1 ?\gh "s ( ^! latt] inhabit v simil> c\ntries1 b o!rs mo/ div]se /ations4 ,we f9d !m intimately relat$ sc>cely 8 diff]5ces m ?an "s bre$s ( cattle 9 /ructure to ! ,rh9oc]os1 :i* = imm5se p]iods h inhabit$ ?is "o1 out ( ?ree ma9 zoological divisions ( ! _w4 ,yet "s ( ^! anci5t animals 7 fitt$ to v diff]5t /ations3 we f9d all ?ree illegible ( ! g5]ic "* ( ! ,rh9oc]os1 :i* =m a piece ( net#agd set ( l9ks 9 ! brok5 *a9 repres5t+ ! ,pa*yd]mata1 z ! *a9 likewise =ms a portion 9 o!r & long] *a9s4 ,we see ?is wond]fully 9 dissect+ ! co>se leg ( all ?ree & f9d+ ne>ly ! same bones z 9 bat's w+s or man's h&1 b we see ! cle> m>k 9 solid tibia ( ! fusion into x ( ! fibula4 ,9 all ?ree we f9d _! heads compos$ ( ?ree alt]$ v]tebrae1 %ort neck1 same bones z giraffe4 ,9 ! upp] jaws ( all ?ree we f9d small tee? l rabbit's4 ,9 dissect+ !m 9 foetal /ate we f9d at a n v e>ly /age _! =m exactly alike ! mo/ diff]5t animals1 & ev5 ) art]ies runn+ z 9 a fi%3 & ?is simil>ity holds :5 ! "y "o is produc$ 9 womb1 pond1 egg or spawn4 ,n[ ^! ?ree und\bt$ species sc>cely diff] m ?an bre$s ( cattle1 are probably subject to _m ! same contagi\s diseases2 if dome/icat$ ^! =ms w\ld v>y1 & !y might possibly bre$ toge!r1 & fuse into some?+#age diff]5t f _! aborig9al =ms2 might be select$ to s]ve diff]5t ends4 #agd ,! au?or d\btless meant t ! complex relation%ips betwe5 organisms c be r\ghly repres5t$ by a net 9 :i* ! knots /& = species4 #age ,betwe5 ! l9es occurs3--"o 8 =m be lo/4 ,n[ ! ,creationi/ believes ^! ?ree ,rh9oc]oses 7 creat$#agf ) _! deceptive appe>ance ( true1 n illegible relation%ip2 z well c ,i believe ! planets revolve 9 _! pres5t c\rses n f "o law ( gravity b f di/9ct volition ( ,creator4 #agf ,! orig9al s5t5ce is "h brok5 up by ! ins]tion (3--out ( ! du/ ( ,java1 ,sumatra1 ^! 8 alli$ to pa/ & pres5t age & illegible1 ) ! /amp ( inutility 9 "s ( _! organs & conv]sion 9 o!rs4 ,if real species1 /]ile "o ) ano!r1 diff]5tly adapt$1 n[ inhabit+ diff]5t c\ntries1 ) diff]5t /ructures & in/9cts1 are admitt$ to h common desc5t1 we c only legitimately /op :]e our facts /op4 ,look h[ f> 9 "s case a *a9 ( species w lead u4 ,?is probably ref]s to ! ,cru/acea1 :]e ! two ends ( ! s]ies h h>dly a "* 9 common4 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dai4 ,may we n jump 7consid]+ h[ mu* ext]m9ation1 & h[ imp]fect geological records7 f "o sub-g5us to ano!r sub-g5us4 ,c g5]a re/ra9 u2 _m ( ! same argum5ts1 :i* made u give up species1 inexorably dem& g5]a & families & ord]s to fall1 & classes tott]+4 ,we ought to /op only :5 cle> unity ( type1 indep5d5t ( use & adaptation1 ceases4 ,be x rememb]$ no naturali/ pret5ds to give te/ f ext]nal *>act]s ( species2 9 _m g5]a ! di/9ction is q arbitr>y#agg4 ,b !re rema9s "o o!r way ( comp>+ species ) races2 x is to comp>e ! effects ( cross+ !m4 ,w\ld x n be wond]ful1 if ! union ( two organisms1 produc$ by two sep>ate acts ( ,creation1 bl5d$ _! *>act]s toge!r :5 cross$ accord+ to ! same rules1 z two races :i* h und\bt$ly desc5d$ f same p>5t /ock2 yet ?is c be %[n to be ! case4 ,= /]ility1 ?\gh a usual 81 is n an inv>iable concomitant1 x v>ies mu* 9 degree & has be5 %[n to be probably dep5d5t on causes closely analog\s ) ^? :i* make dome/icat$ organisms /]ile4 ,indep5d5t ( /]ility !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 mongrels & hybrids1 z c be %[n 9 a long s]ies ( facts4 ,x is /rik+ly se5 9 cases ( in/9cts1 :5 ! m9ds ( ! two species or races become bl5d$ toge!r#agh4 ,9 bo? cases if ! half-bre$ be cross$ ) ei!r p>5t = a few g5]ations1 all traces ( ! "o p>5t =m is lo/ 7z ,koelreut] 9 two tobacco species almo/ /]ile toge!r71 s t ! ,creationi/ 9 ! case ( a species1 mu/ believe t "o act ( creation is absorb$ into ano!r6 #agg ,betwe5 ! l9es occur ! words3--,species v>y accord+ to same g5]al laws z v>ieties2 !y cross accord+ to same laws4 #agh ,a cross ) a bull-dog has affect$ = _m g5]ations ! c\rage & ob/9acy ( greyh\nds1 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bad1 vi4 p4 #cbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,facsimile ( ! orig9al manuscript ( ! p>agraph on p4 #ej4 ,,conclusion4 ,su* are my reasons = believ+ t specific =ms are n immutable4 ,! aff9ity ( diff]5t gr\ps1 ! unity ( types ( /ructure1 ! repres5tative =ms ?r\gh :i* foetus passes1 ! metamorphosis ( organs1 ! abortion ( o!rs cease to be metaphorical expressions & become intelligible facts4 ,we no long] look an on animal z a savage does at a %ip#agi1 or o!r great "w ( art1 z a ?+ :olly beyond compreh5sion1 b we feel f> m int]e/ 9 exam9+ x4 ,h[ int]e/+ is e in/9ct1 :5 we speculate on _! orig9 z an h]$it>y or cong5ital habit or produc$ by ! selection ( individuals diff]+ slightly f _! p>5ts4 ,we mu/ look at e complicat$ me*anism & in/9ct1 z ! summ>y ( a long hi/ory1 z ! summ+ up (#ahj useful contrivances1 mu* l a "w ( art4 ,h[ int]e/+ does ! di/ribution ( all animals become1 z ?r[+ light on anci5t geography4 ,we see "s seas bridg$ ov]4 ,geology loses 9 its glory f ! imp]fection ( its ar*ives#aha1 b h[ does x ga9 9 ! imm5sity ( ! p]iods ( its =mations & ( ! gaps sep>at+ ^! =mations4 ,!re is mu* gr&eur 9 look+ at ! exi/+ animals ei!r z ! l9eal desc5dants ( ! =ms buri$ "u ?\s& feet ( matt]1 or z ! coheirs ( "s /ill m anci5t ance/or4 ,x accords ) :at we "k ( ! law impress$ on matt] by ! ,creator1 t ! creation & ext9ction ( =ms1 l ! bir? & dea? ( individuals %\ld be ! effect ( second>y laws means#ahb4 ,x is d]ogatory t ! ,creator ( c\ntless sy/ems ( worlds %\ld h creat$ ea* ( ! myriads ( creep+ p>asites & slimy worms :i* h sw>m$ ea* day ( life on l& & wat] on ?is "o globe4 ,we cease be+ a/oni%$1 h[ev] mu* we may deplore1 t a gr\p ( animals %\ld h be5 directly creat$ to lay _! eggs 9 b[els & fle% ( o!r1--t "s organisms %\ld delight 9 cruelty1--t animals %\ld be l$ away by false in/9cts1--t annually !re %\ld be an incalculable wa/e ( eggs & poll54 ,f dea?1 fam9e1 rap9e1 & ! conceal$ w> ( nature we c see t ! highe/ good1 :i* we c conceive1 ! creation ( ! high] animals has directly come4 ,d\btless x at fir/ transc5ds our humble p[]s1 to conceive laws capable ( creat+ individual organisms1 ea* *>act]is$ by ! mo/ exquisite workman%ip & widely-ext5d$ adaptations4 ,x accords bett] ) our mode/y ! l[ness ( our faculties to suppose ea* mu/ require ! fiat ( a creator1 b 9 ! same proportion ! exi/5ce ( su* laws %\ld exalt our notion ( ! p[] ( ! omnisci5t ,creator#ahc4 ,!re is a simple gr&eur 9 ! view ( life ) its p[]s ( gr[?1 assimilation & reproduction1 be+ orig9ally brea!d into matt] "u "o or a few =ms1 & t :il/ ?is our planet has gone circl+ on accord+ to fix$ laws1 & l& & wat]1 9 a cycle ( *ange1 h gone on replac+ ea* o!r1 t f s simple an orig91 ?r\gh ! process ( gradual selection ( inf9itesimal *anges1 endless =ms mo/ beautiful & mo/ wond]ful h be5 evolv$#ahd4 #agi ,! simile ( ! savage & ! %ip occurs 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dhe1 vi4 p4 #ffe4 #ahj ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dhf1 vi4 p4 #ffe1 ! au?or speaks ( ! summ+ up ( _m contrivances3 ,i h !re=e introduc$ ! above words :i* make ! passage cle>]4 ,9 ! ,orig9 ! comp>ison is ) a great me*anical inv5tion1--n ) a "w ( art4 #aha ,see a simil> passage 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dhg1 vi4 p4 #ffg4 #ahb ,see ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dhh1 vi4 p4 #ffh4 #ahc ,! foll[+ discussion1 toge!r ) "s memor&a are on ! la/ page ( ! ,,ms4 ,! suppos$ creative _s does n create ei!r numb] or k9d :i* are f analogy adapt$ to site 7viz4 ,new ,zeal&73 x does n keep !m all p]man5tly adapt$ to any c\ntry1--x works on spots or areas ( creation1--x is n p]si/5t = great p]iods1--x creates =ms ( same gr\ps 9 same regions1 ) no physical simil>ity1--x creates1 on isl&s or m\nta9 summits1 species alli$ to ! neighb\r+ ones1 & n alli$ to alp9e nature z %[n 9 o!r m\nta9 summits--ev5 diff]5t on diff]5t isl& ( simil>ly con/itut$ ar*ipelago1 n creat$ on two po9ts3 nev] mammif]s creat$ on small isolat$ isl&2 nor numb] ( organisms adapt$ to locality3 its p[] seems influ5c$ or relat$ to ! range ( o!r species :olly di/9ct ( ! same g5us1--x does n equally effect1 9 am\nt ( diff]5ce1 all ! gr\ps ( ! same class4 #ahd ,?is passage is ! ance/or ( ! conclud+ words 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species :i* h rema9$ sub/antially un*ang$ ?r\gh\t subsequ5t editions1 ,!re is gr&eur 9 ?is view ( life1 ) its sev]al p[]s1 hav+ be5 orig9ally brea!d into a few =ms or into "o2 & t :il/ ?is planet has gone cycl+ on accord+ to ! fix$ law ( gravity1 f s simple a beg9n+ endless =ms mo/ beautiful & mo/ wond]ful h be51 & are be+1 evolv$4 ,9 ! #bnd edition by ! ,creator is introduc$ aft] orig9ally brea!d4 ,n4,b4--,!re ought some:]e to be a discussion f ,lyell to %[ t ext]nal conditions d v>y1 or a note to ,lyell's works "w84 ,besides o!r difficulties 9 ii4 ,"p1 non-acclimatisation ( plants4 ,difficulty :5 ask$ h[ did :ite & negro become alt]$ f common int]m$iate /ock3 no facts4 ,we d ,,n "k t species are immutable1 on ! contr>y4 ,:at argum5ts aga9/ ?is !ory1 except our n p]ceiv+ e /ep1 l ! erosion ( valleys#ahe4 #ahe ,comp>e ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dha1 vi4 p4 #fei1 ,! difficulty is ! same z t felt by s _m geologi/s1 :5 ,lyell fir/ insi/$ t long l9es ( inl& cliffs _h be5 =m$1 & great valleys excavat$1 by ! sl[ action ( ! coa/-waves4 ,,! ,,essay ,,( #ahdd ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,i ,,on ,,! ,,v>iation ,,( ,,organic ,,be+s ,,"u ,,dome/ication2 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,selection ,! mo/ fav\rable conditions = v>iation seem to be :5 organic be+s are br$ = _m g5]ations "u dome/ication#ahf3 "o may inf] ?is f ! simple fact ( ! va/ numb] ( races & bre$s ( almo/ e plant & animal1 :i* has long be5 dome/icat$4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions organic be+s ev5 dur+ _! individual lives become slightly alt]$ f _! usual =m1 size1 or o!r *>act]s3 & _m ( ! peculi>ities ?us acquir$ are transmitt$ to _! (fspr+4 ,?us 9 animals1 ! size & vig\r ( body1 fatness1 p]iod ( maturity1 habits ( body or cons5sual movem5ts1 habits ( m9d & temp]1 are modifi$ or acquir$ dur+ ! life ( ! individual#ahg1 & become inh]it$4 ,!re is reason to believe t :5 long ex]cise has giv5 to c]ta9 muscles great developm5t1 or disuse has less5$ !m1 t su* developm5t is also inh]it$4 ,food & climate w occasionally produce *anges 9 ! col\r & texture ( ! ext]nal cov]+s ( animals2 & c]ta9 unkn[n conditions affect ! horns ( cattle 9 p>ts ( ,abyss9ia2 b :e!r ^! peculi>ities1 ?us acquir$ dur+ individual lives1 h be5 inh]it$1 ,i d n "k4 ,x appe>s c]ta9 t malcon=mation & lam5ess 9 horses1 produc$ by too mu* "w on h>d roads1--t affections ( ! eyes 9 ?is animal probably caus$ by bad v5tilation1--t t5d5cies t[>ds _m diseases 9 man1 su* z g\t1 caus$ by ! c\rse ( life & ultimately produc+ *anges ( /ructure1 & t _m o!r diseases produc$ by unkn[n ag5cies1 su* z goitre1 & ! idiotcy result+ f x1 all become h]$it>y4 #ahf ,! cumulative effect ( dome/ication is insi/$ on 9 ! ,orig91 see e4g4 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #g1 vi4 p4 #h4 #ahg ,?is type ( v>iation passes into :at he describes z ! direct effect ( conditions4 ,s9ce !y are due to causes act+ dur+ ! adult life ( ! organism !y might be call$ individual v>iations1 b he uses ?is t]m = cong5ital v>iations1 e4g4 ! diff]5ces discov]able 9 plants rais$ f se$s ( ! same pod 7,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #de1 vi4 p4 #ec74 ,x is v d\btful :e!r ! fl[]s & leaf-buds1 annually produc$ f ! same bulb1 root1 or tree1 c prop]ly be consid]$ z p>ts ( ! same individual1 ?\gh 9 "s respects !y c]ta9ly seem to be s4 ,if !y are p>ts ( an individual1 plants also are subject to consid]able *anges dur+ _! individual lives4 ,mo/ flori/-fl[]s if neglect$ deg5]ate1 t is1 !y lose "s ( _! *>act]s2 s common is ?is1 t tru5ess is (t5 /at$1 z greatly enhanc+ ! value ( a v>iety#ahh3 tulips break _! col\rs only aft] "s ye>s' culture2 "s plants become d\ble & o!rs s+le1 by neglect or c>e3 ^! *>act]s c be transmitt$ by cutt+s or grafts1 & 9 "s cases by true or sem9al propagation4 ,occasionally a s+le bud on a plant assumes at once a new & widely diff]5t "*3 ?us x is c]ta9 t nect>9es h be5 produc$ on pea* trees & moss roses on prov5ce roses2 :ite currants on r$ currant bu%es2 fl[]s ( a diff]5t col\r f t ( ! /ock1 9 ,*rysan!mums1 ,dahlias1 sweet-williams1 ,azaleas1 c41 c42 v>iegat$ leaf-buds on _m trees1 & o!r simil> cases4 ,^! new *>act]s appe>+ 9 s+le buds1 c1 l ^? less] *anges affect+ ! :ole plant1 be multipli$ n only by cutt+s & su* means1 b (t5 likewise by true sem9al g5]ation4 #ahh ,x is n cle> :]e ! foll[+ note is meant to come3 ,case ( ,or*is1--mo/ rem>kable z n long cultivat$ by sem9al propagation4 ,case ( v>ieties :i* soon acquire1 l ,a,egilops & ,c>rot 7& ,maize7 a c]ta9 g5]al "* & !n g on v>y+4 ,! *anges ?us appe>+ dur+ ! lives ( individual animals & plants are extremely r>e comp>$ ) ^? :i* are cong5ital or :i* appe> soon aft] bir?4 ,slight diff]5ces ?us aris+ are inf9itely num]\s3 ! proportions & =m ( e "p ( ! frame1 inside & outside1 appe> to v>y 9 v slight degrees3 anatomi/s dispute :at is ! beau ideal ( ! bones1 ! liv] & kidneys1 l pa9t]s d ( ! proportions ( ! face3 ! prov]bial expression t no two animals or plants are born absolutely alike1 is mu* tru] :5 appli$ to ^? "u dome/ication1 ?an to ^? 9 a /ate ( nature#ahi4 ,besides ^! slight diff]5ces1 s+le individuals are occasionally born consid]ably unlike 9 c]ta9 p>ts or 9 _! :ole /ructure to _! p>5ts3 ^! are call$ by horticulturi/s & bre$]s sports2 & are n uncommon except :5 v /rongly m>k$4 ,su* sports are kn[n 9 "s cases to h be5 p>5ts ( "s ( our dome/ic races2 & su* probably h be5 ! p>5ts ( _m o!r races1 especially ( ^? :i* 9 "s s5ses may be call$ h]$it>y mon/]s2 = in/ance :]e !re is an additional limb1 or :]e all ! limbs are /unt$ 7z 9 ! ,ancon %eep71 or :]e a "p is want+1 z 9 rumpless f[ls & tailless dogs or cats#aij4 ,! effects ( ext]nal conditions on ! size1 col\r & =m1 :i* c r>ely & obscurely be detect$ dur+ "o individual life1 become app>5t aft] sev]al g5]ations3 ! slight diff]5ces1 (t5 h>dly describable1 :i* *>act]ize ! /ock ( diff]5t c\ntries1 & ev5 ( di/ricts 9 ! same c\ntry1 seem to be due to su* cont9u$ action4 #ahi ,"h1 z 9 ! ,,ms4 ( #ahdb1 ! au?or is incl9$ to m9imise ! v>iation occurr+ 9 nature4 #aij ,?is is m /rongly /at$ ?an 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cj4 ,on ! h]$it>y t5d5cy4 ,a volume might be fill$ ) facts %[+ :at a /rong t5d5cy !re is to inh]itance1 9 almo/ e case ( ! mo/ trifl+1 z well z ( ! mo/ rem>kable cong5ital peculi>ities#aia4 ,! t]m cong5ital peculi>ity1 ,i may rem>k1 is a loose expression & c only mean a peculi>ity app>5t :5 ! "p affect$ is ne>ly or fully develop$3 9 ! ,second ,"p1 ,i %all h to discuss at :at p]iod ( ! embryonic life connatal peculi>ities probably fir/ appe>2 & ,i %all !n be able to %[ f "s evid5ce1 t at :atev] p]iod ( life a new peculi>ity fir/ appe>s1 x t5ds h]$it>ily to appe> at a correspond+ p]iod#aib4 ,num]\s ?\gh slight *anges1 sl[ly sup]v5+ 9 animals dur+ mature life 7(t51 ?\gh by no means always1 tak+ ! =m ( disease71 are1 z /at$ 9 ! fir/ p>agraphs1 v (t5 h]$it>y4 ,9 plants1 aga91 ! buds :i* assume a diff]5t "* f _! /ock likewise t5d to transmit _! new peculi>ities4 ,!re is n suffici5t reason to believe t ei!r mutilations#aic or *anges ( =m produc$ by me*anical pressure1 ev5 if cont9u$ = hundr$s ( g5]ations1 or t any *anges ( /ructure quickly produc$ by disease1 are inh]it$2 x w\ld appe> z if ! tissue ( ! "p affect$ mu/ sl[ly & freely gr[ into ! new =m1 9 ord] to be inh]itable4 ,!re is a v great diff]5ce 9 ! h]$it>y t5d5cy ( diff]5t peculi>ities1 & ( ! same peculi>ity1 9 diff]5t individuals & species2 ?us tw5ty ?\s& se$s ( ! weep+ a% h be5 s[n & n "o come up true2--out ( sev5te5 se$s ( ! weep+ yew1 ne>ly all came up true4 ,! ill-=m$ & almo/ mon/r\s ,niata cattle ( ,s4 ,am]ica & ,ancon %eep1 bo? :5 br$ toge!r & :5 cross$ ) o!r bre$s1 seem to transmit _! peculi>ities to _! (fspr+ z truly z ! ord9>y bre$s4 ,i c ?r[ no light on ^! diff]5ces 9 ! p[] ( h]$it>y transmission4 ,bre$]s believe1 & app>5tly ) good cause1 t a peculi>ity g5]ally becomes m firmly implant$ aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations2 t is if "o (fspr+ out ( tw5ty inh]its a peculi>ity f its p>5ts1 !n its desc5dants w t5d to transmit ?is peculi>ity to a l>g] proportion ?an "o 9 tw5ty2 & s on 9 succe$+ g5]ations4 ,i h said no?+ ab\t m5tal peculi>ities be+ inh]itable = ,i res]ve ?is subject = a sep>ate *apt]4 #aia ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ac4 #aib ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #hf1 vi4 p4 #aje4 #aic ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t ?\gh ! au?or1 l 8 contempor>ies1 believ$ 9 ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 he exclud$ ! case ( mutilation4 ,causes ( ,v>iation4 ,att5tion mu/ "h be drawn to an important di/9ction 9 ! fir/ orig9 or appe>ance ( v>ieties3 :5 we see an animal highly kept produc+ (fspr+ ) an h]$it>y t5d5cy to e>ly maturity & fatness2 :5 we see ! wild-duck & ,au/ralian dog always becom+1 :5 br$ = "o or a few g5]ations 9 conf9em5t1 mottl$ 9 _! col\rs2 :5 we see p liv+ 9 c]ta9 di/ricts or circum/ances becom+ subject to an h]$it>y ta9t to c]ta9 organic diseases1 z consumption or plica polonica1--we naturally attribute su* *anges to ! direct effect ( kn[n or unkn[n ag5cies act+ = "o or m g5]ations on ! p>5ts4 ,x is probable t a multitude ( peculi>ities may be ?us directly caus$ by unkn[n ext]nal ag5cies4 ,b 9 bre$s1 *>act]iz$ by an extra limb or claw1 z 9 c]ta9 f[ls & dogs2 by an extra jo9t 9 ! v]tebrae2 by ! loss ( a "p1 z ! tail2 by ! sub/itution ( a tuft ( fea!rs = a comb 9 c]ta9 p\ltry2 & 9 a multitude ( o!r cases1 we c h>dly attribute ^! peculi>ities directly to ext]nal influ5ces1 b indirectly to ! laws ( embryonic gr[? & ( reproduction4 ,:5 we see a multitude ( v>ieties 7z has (t5 be5 ! case1 :]e a cross has be5 c>efully gu>d$ aga9/7 produc$ f se$s matur$ 9 ! v same capsule#aid1 ) ! male & female pr9ciple n\ri%$ f ! same roots & necess>ily expos$ to ! same ext]nal influ5ces2 we _c believe t ! endless slight diff]5ces betwe5 se$l+ v>ieties ?us produc$1 c be ! effect ( any correspond+ diff]5ce 9 _! exposure4 ,we are l$ 7z ,muell] has rem>k$7 to ! same conclusion1 :5 we see 9 ! same litt]1 produc$ by ! same act ( conception1 animals consid]ably diff]5t4 #aid ,?is corresponds to ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #aj1 vi4 p4 #i4 ,z v>iation to ! degree "h allud$ to has be5 obs]v$ only 9 organic be+s "u dome/ication1 & 9 plants among/ ^? mo/ highly & long cultivat$1 we mu/ attribute1 9 su* cases1 ! v>ieties 7al?\gh ! diff]5ce betwe5 ea* v>iety _c possibly be attribut$ to any correspond+ diff]5ce ( exposure 9 ! p>5ts7 to ! indirect effects ( dome/ication on ! action ( ! reproductive sy/em#aie4 ,x w\ld appe> z if ! reproductive p[]s fail$ 9 _! ord9>y function ( produc+ new organic be+s closely l _! p>5ts2 & z if ! entire organization ( ! embryo1 "u dome/ication1 became 9 a slight degree pla/ic#aif4 ,we %all h]eaft] h occasion to %[1 t 9 organic be+s1 a consid]able *ange f ! natural conditions ( life1 affects1 indep5d5tly ( _! g5]al /ate ( heal?1 9 ano!r & rem>kable mann] ! reproductive sy/em4 ,i may add1 judg+ f ! va/ numb] ( new v>ieties ( plants :i* h be5 produc$ 9 ! same di/ricts & "u ne>ly ! same r\t9e ( culture1 t probably ! indirect effects ( dome/ication 9 mak+ ! organization pla/ic1 is a mu* m effici5t s\rce ( v>iation ?an any direct effect :i* ext]nal causes may h on ! col\r1 texture1 or =m ( ea* "p4 ,9 ! few in/ances 9 :i*1 z 9 ! ,dahlia#aig1 ! c\rse ( v>iation has be5 record$1 x appe>s t dome/ication produces little effect = sev]al g5]ations 9 r5d]+ ! organization pla/ic2 b aft]w>ds1 z if by an accumulat$ effect1 ! orig9al "* ( ! species sudd5ly gives way or breaks4 #aie ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #h1 vi4 p4 #aj4 #aif ,= pla/icity see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #ab1 #acb4 #aig ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 ,i4 p4 #cic4 ,on ,selection4 ,we h hi!rto only ref]r$ to ! fir/ appe>ance 9 individuals ( new peculi>ities2 b to make a race or bre$1 some?+ m is g5]ally#aih requisite ?an su* peculi>ities 7except 9 ! case ( ! peculi>ities be+ ! direct effect ( con/antly surr\nd+ conditions7 %\ld be inh]itable1--namely ! pr9ciple ( selection1 imply+ sep>ation4 ,ev5 9 ! r>e in/ances ( sports1 ) ! h]$it>y t5d5cy v /rongly implant$1 cross+ mu/ be prev5t$ ) o!r bre$s1 or if n prev5t$ ! be/ *>act]iz$ ( ! half-br$ (fspr+ mu/ be c>efully select$4 ,:]e ! ext]nal conditions are con/antly t5d+ to give "s "*1 a race possess+ ?is "* w be =m$ ) f> great] ease by select+ & bre$+ toge!r ! individuals mo/ affect$4 ,9 ! case ( ! endless slight v>iations produc$ by ! indirect effects ( dome/ication on ! action ( ! reproductive sy/em1 selection is indisp5sable to =m races2 & :5 c>efully appli$1 wond]fully num]\s & div]se races c be =m$4 ,selection1 ?\gh s simple 9 !ory1 is & has be5 important to a degree :i* c h>dly be ov]rat$4 ,x requires extreme skill1 ! results ( long practice1 9 detect+ ! slighte/ diff]5ce 9 ! =ms ( animals1 & x implies "s di/9ct object 9 view2 ) ^! requisites & pati5ce1 ! bre$] has simply to wat* = e ! smalle/ approa* to ! desir$ end1 to select su* individuals & pair !m ) ! mo/ suitable =ms1 & s cont9ue ) succe$+ g5]ations4 ,9 mo/ cases c>eful selection & ! prev5tion ( accid5tal crosses w be necess>y = sev]al g5]ations1 = 9 new bre$s !re is a /rong t5d5cy to v>y & especially to rev]t to ance/ral =ms3 b 9 e succe$+ g5]ation less c>e w be requisite = ! bre$ w become tru]2 until ultimately only an occasional individual w require to be sep>at$ or de/roy$4 ,horticulturali/s 9 rais+ se$s regul>ly practise ?is1 & call x rogu+1 or de/roy+ ! rogues or false v>ieties4 ,!re is ano!r & less effici5t means ( selection among/ animals3 namely repeat$ly procur+ males ) "s desirable qualities1 & all[+ !m & _! (fspr+ to bre$ freely toge!r2 & ?is 9 ! c\rse ( "t w affect ! :ole lot4 ,^! pr9ciples ( selection h be5 me?odically foll[$ = sc>cely a c5tury2 b _! high importance is %[n by ! practical results1 & is admitt$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ agriculturali/s & horticulturali/s2--,i ne$ only "n ,&]son1 ,m>%all1 ,bakewell1 ,coke1 ,we/]n1 ,sebright & ,knight4 #aih ,selection is "h us$ 9 ! s5se ( isolation1 r ?an z imply+ ! summation ( small diff]5ces4 ,pr(essor ,h5sl[ 9 8 ,h]$ity ( ,acquir$ ,*>act]s 9 ,plants1 #aijh1 p4 #b1 quotes f ,d>w9's ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 i4 ,,ii4 p4 #bga1 a passage 9 :i* ! au?or1 speak+ ( ! direct action ( conditions1 says3--,a new sub-v>iety w\ld ?us be produc$ )\t ! aid ( selection4 ,d>w9 c]ta9ly did n mean to imply t su* v>ieties are fre$ f ! action ( natural selection1 b m]ely t a new =m may appe> )\t summation ( new *>act]s4 ,pr(essor ,h5sl[ is app>5tly unaw>e t ! above passage is omitt$ 9 ! second edition ( ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,,ii4 p4 #bfj4 ,ev5 9 well-e/abli%$ bre$s ! individuals ( :i* to an unpractis$ eye w\ld appe> absolutely simil>1 :i* w\ld give1 x might h be5 ?\ght1 no scope to selection1 ! :ole appe>ance ( ! animal has be5 *ang$ 9 a few ye>s 7z 9 ! case ( ,"l ,we/]n's %eep71 s t practis$ agriculturali/s c\ld sc>cely cr$it t a *ange _h n be5 effect$ by a cross ) o!r bre$s4 ,bre$]s bo? ( plants & animals frequ5tly give _! means ( selection great] scope1 by cross+ diff]5t bre$s & select+ ! (fspr+2 b we %all h to recur to ?is subject aga94 ,! ext]nal conditions w d\btless influ5ce & modify ! results ( ! mo/ c>eful selection2 x has be5 f\nd impossible to prev5t c]ta9 bre$s ( cattle f deg5]at+ on m\nta9 pa/ures2 x w\ld probably be impossible to keep ! plumage ( ! wild-duck 9 ! dome/icat$ race2 9 c]ta9 soils1 no c>e has be5 suffici5t to raise caulifl[] se$ true to its "*2 & s 9 _m o!r cases4 ,b ) pati5ce x is wond]ful :at man has effect$4 ,he has select$ & !re=e 9 "o s5se made "o bre$ ( horses to race & ano!r to pull2 he has made %eep ) fleeces good = c>pets & o!r %eep good = broadclo?2 he has1 9 ! same s5se1 made "o dog to f9d game & give him notice :5 f\nd1 & ano!r dog to fet* him ! game :5 kill$2 he has made by selection ! fat to lie mix$ ) ! meat 9 "o bre$ & 9 ano!r to accumulate 9 ! b[els = ! tall[-*&l]#aii2 he has made ! legs ( "o bre$ ( pigeons long1 & ! beak ( ano!r s %ort1 t x c h>dly fe$ itself2 he has previ\sly det]m9$ h[ ! fea!rs on a bird's body %all be col\r$1 & h[ ! petals ( _m fl[]s %all be /reak$ or fr+$1 & has giv5 prizes = complete success2--by selection1 he has made ! leaves ( "o v>iety & ! fl[]-buds ( ano!r v>iety ( ! cabbage good to eat1 at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>2 & ?us has he act$ on endless v>ieties4 ,i d n wi% to affirm t ! long-& %ort-wool$ %eep1 or t ! po9t] & retriev]1 or t ! cabbage & caulifl[] h c]ta9ly desc5d$ f "o & ! same aborig9al wild /ock2 if !y h n s desc5d$1 ?\gh x less5s :at man has effect$1 a l>ge result mu/ be left unque/ion$4 #aii ,see ! ,essay ( #ahdb1 p4 #c4 ,9 say+ z ,i h done t man makes a bre$1 let x n be conf\nd$ ) say+ t man makes ! individuals1 :i* are giv5 by nature ) c]ta9 desirable qualities2 man only adds toge!r & makes a p]man5t gift ( nature's b\nties4 ,9 sev]al cases1 inde$1 = in/ance 9 ! ,ancon %eep1 valuable f n gett+ ov] f5ces1 & 9 ! turnspit dog1 man has probably only prev5t$ cross+2 b 9 _m cases we positively "k t he has gone on select+1 & tak+ advantage ( successive small v>iations4 ,selection#bjj has be5 me?odically foll[$1 z ,i h said1 = b>ely a c5tury2 b x _c be d\bt$ t occasionally x has be5 practis$ f ! remote/ ages1 9 ^? animals completely "u ! dom9ion ( man4 ,9 ! e>lie/ *apt]s ( ! ,bible !re are rules giv5 = influ5c+ ! col\rs ( bre$s1 & black & :ite %eep are spok5 ( z sep>at$4 ,9 ! "t ( ,pl9y ! b>b>ians ( ,europe & ,asia endeav\r$ by cross-bre$+ ) a wild /ock to improve ! races ( _! dogs & horses4 ,! savages ( ,guyana n[ d s ) _! dogs3 su* c>e %[s at lea/ t ! *>act]s ( individual animals 7 att5d$ to4 ,9 ! rude/ times ( ,engli% hi/ory1 !re 7 laws to prev5t ! exportation ( f9e animals ( e/abli%$ bre$s1 & 9 ! case ( horses1 9 ,h5ry ,,viii's "t1 laws = ! de/ruction ( all horses "u a c]ta9 size4 ,9 "o ( ! olde/ numb]s ( ! ,phil4 ,transactions1 !re are rules = select+ & improv+ ! bre$s ( %eep4 ,sir ,h4 ,bunbury1 9 #affj1 has giv5 rules = select+ ! f9e/ se$l+ plants1 ) z mu* precision z ! be/ rec5t horticulturali/ c\ld4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ savage & rude nations1 9 ! w>s & fam9es :i* s frequ5tly occur1 ! mo/ useful ( _! animals w\ld be pres]v$3 ! value set ^u animals by savages is %[n by ! inhabitants ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego dev\r+ _! old wom5 be=e _! dogs1 :i* z !y ass]t$ are useful 9 ott]-hunt+#bja3 :o c d\bt b t 9 e case ( fam9e & w>1 ! be/ ott]-hunt]s w\ld be pres]v$1 & !re=e 9 fact select$ = bre$+4 ,z ! (fspr+ s obvi\sly take aft] _! p>5ts1 & z we h se5 t savages take pa9s 9 cross+ _! dogs & horses ) wild /ocks1 we may ev5 conclude z probable t !y w\ld sometimes pair ! mo/ useful ( _! animals & keep _! (fspr+ sep>ate4 ,z diff]5t races ( m5 require & admire diff]5t qualities 9 _! dome/icat$ animals1 ea* w\ld ?us sl[ly1 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 be select+ a diff]5t bre$4 ,z ,pallas has rem>k$1 :o c d\bt b t ! anci5t ,russian w\ld e/eem & endeav\r to pres]ve ^? %eep 9 8 flocks :i* _h ! ?icke/ coats4 ,?is k9d ( ins5sible selection by :i* new bre$s are n select$ & kept sep>ate1 b a peculi> "* is sl[ly giv5 to ! :ole mass ( ! bre$1 by (t5 sav+ ! life ( animals ) c]ta9 *>act]i/ics1 we may feel ne>ly sure1 f :at we see has be5 done by ! m direct me?od ( sep>ate selection )9 ! la/ #ej ye>s 9 ,engl&1 w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( "s ?\s& ye>s produce a m>k$ effect4 #bjj ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cc1 vi4 p4 #ch4 ,! evid5ce is giv5 9 ! pres5t ,essay r m fully ?an 9 ! ,orig94 #bja ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 ,ed4 #ahfj1 p4 #bad4 ,doggies cat* ott]s1 old wom5 no4 ,cross+ ,bre$s4 ,:5 once two or m races are =m$1 or if m ?an "o race1 or species f]tile int] se1 orig9ally exi/$ 9 a wild /ate1 _! cross+ becomes a mo/ copi\s s\rce ( new races#bjb4 ,:5 two well-m>k$ races are cross$ ! (fspr+ 9 ! fir/ g5]ation take m or less aft] ei!r p>5t or are q int]m$iate betwe5 !m1 or r>ely assume *>act]s 9 "s degree new4 ,9 ! second & sev]al succe$+ g5]ations1 ! (fspr+ are g5]ally f\nd to v>y exce$+ly1 "o comp>$ ) ano!r1 & _m rev]t ne>ly to _! ance/ral =ms4 ,?is great] v>iability 9 succe$+ g5]ations seems analog\s to ! break+ or v>iability ( organic be+s aft] hav+ be5 br$ = "s g5]ations "u dome/ication#bjc4 ,s m>k$ is ?is v>iability 9 cross-br$ desc5dants1 t ,pallas & "s o!r naturali/s h suppos$ t all v>iation is due to an orig9al cross2 b ,i conceive t ! hi/ory ( ! potato1 ,dahlia1 ,scot* ,rose1 ! gu9ea-pig1 & ( _m trees 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e only "o species ( ! g5us exi/s1 cle>ly %[s t a species may v>y :]e !re c h be5 no cross+4 ,ow+ to ?is v>iability & t5d5cy to rev]sion 9 cross-br$ be+s1 mu* c>eful selection is requisite to make int]m$iate or new p]man5t races3 nev]!less cross+ has be5 a mo/ p[]ful eng9e1 especially ) plants1 :]e means ( propagation exi/ by :i* ! cross-br$ v>ieties c be secur$ )\t incurr+ ! risk ( fre% v>iation f sem9al propagation3 ) animals ! mo/ skilful agriculturali/s n[ greatly pref] c>eful selection f a well-e/abli%$ bre$1 r ?an f unc]ta9 cross-br$ /ocks4 #bjb ,! effects ( cross+ is mu* m /rongly /at$ "h ?an 9 ! ,orig94 ,see ,ed4 i4 p4 #bj1 vi4 p4 #bc1 :]e inde$ ! opposite po9t ( view is giv54 ,8 *ange ( op9ion may be due to 8 "w on pigeons4 ,! :ole ( ! discussion on cross+ corresponds to ,*apt] ,,viii ( ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 r ?an to any?+ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! book4 #bjc ,! p>allelism betwe5 ! effects ( a cross & ! effects ( conditions is giv5 f a diff]5t po9t ( view 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bff1 vi4 p4 #cia4 ,see ! exp]im5tal evid5ce = ?is important pr9ciple 9 ! au?or's "w on ,cross & ,self-,f]tilisation4 ,pr(essor ,bateson has sugge/$ t ! exp]im5ts %\ld be repeat$ ) gametically pure plants4 ,al?\gh int]m$iate & new races may be =m$ by ! m+l+ ( o!rs1 yet if ! two races are all[$ to m+le q freely1 s t none ( ei!r p>5t race rema9 pure1 !n1 especially if ! p>5t races are n widely diff]5t1 !y w sl[ly bl5d toge!r1 & ! two races w be de/roy$1 & "o mongrel race left 9 its place4 ,?is w ( c\rse happ5 9 a %ort] "t1 if "o ( ! p>5t races exi/s 9 great] numb] ?an ! o!r4 ,we see ! effect ( ?is m+l+1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! aborig9al bre$s ( dogs & pigs 9 ! ,oceanic ,isl&s & ! _m bre$s ( our dome/ic animals introduc$ into ,s4 ,am]ica1 h all be5 lo/ & absorb$ 9 a mongrel race4 ,x is probably ow+ to ! fre$om ( cross+1 t1 9 uncivilis$ c\ntries1 :]e inclosures d n exi/1 we seldom meet ) m ?an "o race ( a species3 x is only 9 enclos$ c\ntries1 :]e ! inhabitants d n migrate1 & h conv5i5ces = sep>at+ ! sev]al k9ds ( dome/ic animals1 t we meet ) a multitude ( races4 ,ev5 9 civilis$ c\ntries1 want ( c>e = a few ye>s has be5 f\nd to de/roy ! good results ( f> long] p]iods ( selection & sep>ation4 ,?is p[] ( cross+ w affect ! races ( all t]re/rial animals2 = all t]re/rial animals require = _! reproduction ! union ( two individuals4 ,among/ plants1 races w n cross & bl5d toge!r ) s mu* fre$om z 9 t]re/rial animals2 b ?is cross+ takes place ?r\gh v>i\s curi\s contrivances to a surpris+ ext5t4 ,9 fact su* contrivances exi/ 9 s v _m h]maphrodite fl[]s by :i* an occasional cross may take place1 t ,i _c avoid suspect+ 7) ,mr ,knight7 t ! reproductive action requires1 at int]vals1 ! concurr5ce ( di/9ct individuals#bjd4 ,mo/ bre$]s ( plants & animals are firmly conv9c$ t b5efit is d]iv$ f an occasional cross1 n ) ano!r race1 b ) ano!r family ( ! same race2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 injuri\s consequ5ces foll[ f long-cont9u$ close int]bre$+ 9 ! same family4 ,( m>9e animals1 _m m1 ?an 0 till lately believ$1 h _! sexes on sep>ate individuals2 & :]e !y are h]maphrodite1 !re seems v g5]ally to be means ?r\gh ! wat] ( "o individual occasionally impregnat+ ano!r3 if individual animals c s+ly propagate !mselves = p]petuity1 x is unacc\ntable t no t]re/rial animal1 :]e ! means ( obs]vation are m obvi\s1 %\ld be 9 ?is pr$icam5t ( s+ly p]petuat+ its k9d4 ,i conclude1 !n1 t races ( mo/ animals & plants1 :5 unconf9$ 9 ! same c\ntry1 w\ld t5d to bl5d toge!r4 #bjd ,! s-call$ ,knight-,d>w9 ,law is (t5 misund]/ood4 ,see ,goebel 9 ,d>w9 & ,mod]n ,sci5ce1 #aiji1 p4 #dai2 also ,f4 ,d>w91 ,nature1 ,oct4 #bg1 #ahih4 ,:e!r our dome/ic races h desc5d$ f "o or m wild /ocks4 ,sev]al naturali/s1 ( :om ,pallas#bje reg>d+ animals1 & ,humboldt reg>d+ c]ta9 plants1 7 ! fir/1 believe t ! bre$s ( _m ( our dome/ic animals su* z ( ! horse1 pig1 dog1 %eep1 pigeon1 & p\ltry1 & ( our plants h desc5d$ f m ?an "o aborig9al =m4 ,!y leave x d\btful1 :e!r su* =ms are to be consid]$ wild races1 or true species1 ^: (fspr+ are f]tile :5 cross$ int] se4 ,! ma9 argum5ts = ?is view consi/1 fir/ly1 ( ! great diff]5ce betwe5 su* bre$s1 z ! ,race-& ,c>t-,horse1 or ! ,greyh\nd & ,bull-dog1 & ( our ignorance ( ! /eps or /ages ?r\gh :i* ^! c\ld h pass$ f a common p>5t2 & secondly t 9 ! mo/ anci5t hi/orical p]iods1 bre$s resembl+ "s ( ^? at pres5t mo/ diff]5t1 exi/$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! wolves ( ,n4 ,am]ica & ( ,sib]ia are ?\ght to be diff]5t species2 & x has be5 rem>k$ t ! dogs belong+ to ! savages 9 ^! two c\ntries resemble ! wolves ( ! same c\ntry2 & !re=e t !y h probably desc5d$ f two diff]5t wild /ocks4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ^! naturali/s believe t ! horse ( ,arabia & ( ,europe h probably desc5d$ f two wild /ocks bo? app>5tly n[ ext9ct4 ,i d n ?9k ! assum$ f]tility ( ^! wild /ocks any v great difficulty on ?is view2 = al?\gh 9 animals ! (fspr+ ( mo/ cross-br$ species are inf]tile1 x is n always rememb]$ t ! exp]im5t is v seldom fairly tri$1 except :5 two ne> species bo? bre$ freely 7:i* does n readily happ51 z we %all h]eaft] see7 :5 "u ! dom9ion ( man4 ,moreov] 9 ! case ( ! ,*9a#bjf & common goose1 ! can>y & sisk91 ! hybrids bre$ freely2 9 o!r cases ! (fspr+ f hybrids cross$ ) ei!r pure p>5t are f]tile1 z is practically tak5 advantage ( ) ! yak & c[2 z f> z ! analogy ( plants s]ves1 x is impossible to d5y t "s species are q f]tile int] se2 b to ?is subject we %all recur4 #bje ,pallas' !ory is discuss$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #bec1 #bed1 vi4 p4 #cgd4 #bjf ,see ,d>w9's pap] on ! f]tility ( hybrids f ! common & ,*9ese goose 9 ,nature1 ,jan4 #a1 #ahhj4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! uphold]s ( ! view t ! sev]al bre$s ( dogs1 horses1 c41 c41 h desc5d$ ea* f "o /ock1 may av] t _! view removes all difficulty ab\t f]tility1 & t ! ma9 argum5t f ! high antiquity ( diff]5t bre$s1 some:at simil> to ! pres5t bre$s1 is wor? little )\t kn[+ ! date ( ! dome/ication ( su* animals1 :i* is f> f be+ ! case4 ,!y may also ) m weight av] t1 kn[+ t organic be+s "u dome/ication d v>y 9 "s degree1 ! argum5t f ! great diff]5ce betwe5 c]ta9 bre$s is wor? no?+1 )\t we "k ! limits ( v>iation dur+ a long c\rse ( "t1 :i* is f> f ! case4 ,!y may argue t almo/ e c\nty 9 ,engl&1 & 9 _m di/ricts ( o!r c\ntries1 = in/ance 9 ,india1 !re are slightly diff]5t bre$s ( ! dome/ic animals2 & t x is oppos$ to all t we "k ( ! di/ribution ( wild animals to suppose t ^! h desc5d$ f s _m diff]5t wild races or species3 if s1 !y may argue1 is x n probable t c\ntries q sep>ate & expos$ to diff]5t climates w\ld h bre$s n slightly1 b consid]ably1 diff]5t8 ,tak+ ! mo/ fav\rable case1 on bo? sides1 namely t ( ! dog2 !y might urge t su* bre$s z ! bull-dog & turnspit h be5 re>$ by man1 f ! asc]ta9$ fact t /rictly analog\s bre$s 7namely ! ,niata ox & ,ancon %eep7 9 o!r quadrup$s h ?us orig9at$4 ,aga9 !y may say1 see+ :at tra9+ & c>eful selection has effect$ = ! greyh\nd1 & see+ h[ absolutely unfit ! ,italian greyh\nd is to ma9ta9 itself 9 a /ate ( nature1 is x n probable t at lea/ all greyh\nds1--f ! r\gh de]h\nd1 ! smoo? ,p]sian1 ! common ,engli%1 to ! ,italian1--h desc5d$ f "o /ock#bjg8 ,if s1 is x s improbable t ! de]h\nd & long-legg$ %eph]d dog h s desc5d$8 ,if we admit ?is1 & give up ! bull-dog1 we c h>dly dispute ! probable common desc5t ( ! o!r bre$s4 #bjg ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ai1 vi4 p4 #bb4 ,! evid5ce is s conjectural & balanc$ on bo? sides t at pres5t ,i conceive t no "o c decide3 = my own "p1 ,i lean to ! probability ( mo/ ( our dome/ic animals hav+ desc5d$ f m ?an "o wild /ock2 ?\gh f ! argum5ts la/ advanc$ & f reflect+ on ! sl[ ?\gh inevitable effect ( diff]5t races ( mank9d1 "u diff]5t circum/ances1 sav+ ! lives ( & !re=e select+ ! individuals mo/ useful to !m1 ,i _c d\bt b t "o class ( naturali/s h mu* ov]rat$ ! probable numb] ( ! aborig9al wild /ocks4 ,z f> z we admit ! diff]5ce ( our races to be due to ! diff]5ces ( _! orig9al /ocks1 s mu* mu/ we give up ( ! am\nt ( v>iation produc$ "u dome/ication4 ,b ?is appe>s to me unimportant1 = we c]ta9ly "k 9 "s few cases1 = in/ance 9 ! ,dahlia1 & potato1 & rabbit1 t a great numb] ( v>ieties h proce$$ f "o /ock2 &1 9 _m ( our dome/ic races1 we "k t man1 by sl[ly select+ & by tak+ advantage ( sudd5 sports1 has consid]ably modifi$ old races & produc$ new ones4 ,:e!r we consid] our races z ! desc5dants ( "o or sev]al wild /ocks1 we are 9 f> ! great] numb] ( cases equally ignorant :at ^! /ocks 74 ,limits to ,v>iation 9 degree & k9d4 ,man's p[] 9 mak+ races de5ds1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 on ! /ock on :i* he works be+ v>iable2 b 8 lab\rs are modifi$ & limit$1 z we h se51 by ! direct effects ( ! ext]nal conditions1--by ! defici5t or imp]fect h]$it>9ess ( new peculi>ities1--& by ! t5d5cy to cont9ual v>iation & especially to rev]sion to ance/ral =ms4 ,if ! /ock is n v>iable "u dome/ication1 ( c\rse he c d no?+2 & x appe>s t species diff] consid]ably 9 ?is t5d5cy to v>iation1 9 ! same way z ev5 sub-v>ieties f ! same v>iety diff] greatly 9 ?is respect1 & transmit to _! (fspr+ ?is diff]5ce 9 t5d5cy4 ,:e!r ! abs5ce ( a t5d5cy to v>y is an unalt]able quality 9 c]ta9 species1 or dep5ds on "s defici5t condition ( ! p>ticul> /ate ( dome/ication to :i* !y are expos$1 !re is no evid5ce4 ,:5 ! organization is r5d]$ v>iable1 or pla/ic1 z ,i h express$ x1 "u dome/ication1 diff]5t p>ts ( ! frame v>y m or less 9 diff]5t species3 ?us 9 ! bre$s ( cattle x has be5 rem>k$ t ! horns are ! mo/ con/ant or lea/ v>iable "*1 = ^! (t5 rema9 con/ant1 :il/ ! col\r1 size1 proportions ( ! body1 t5d5cy to fatt5 c41 v>y2 9 %eep1 ,i believe1 ! horns are mu* m v>iable4 ,z a g5]al rule ! less important p>ts ( ! organization seem to v>y mo/1 b ,i ?9k !re is suffici5t evid5ce t e "p occasionally v>ies 9 a slight degree4 ,ev5 :5 man has ! prim>y requisite v>iability he is necess>ily *eck$ by ! heal? & life ( ! /ock he is work+ on3 ?us he has already made pigeons ) su* small beaks t !y c h>dly eat & w n re> _! own "y2 he has made families ( %eep ) s /rong a t5d5cy to e>ly maturity & to fatt51 t 9 c]ta9 pa/ures !y _c live f _! extreme liability to inflammation2 he has made 7i4e4 select$7 sub-v>ieties ( plants ) a t5d5cy to su* e>ly gr[? t !y are frequ5tly kill$ by ! spr+ fro/s2 he has made a bre$ ( c[s hav+ calves ) su* l>ge h9d] qu>t]s t !y are born ) great difficulty1 (t5 to ! dea? ( _! mo!rs#bjh2 ! bre$]s 7 compell$ to rem$y ?is by ! selection ( a bre$+ /ock ) small] h9d] qu>t]s2 9 su* a case1 h[ev]1 x is possible by long pati5ce & great loss1 a rem$y might h be5 f\nd 9 select+ c[s capable ( giv+ bir? to calves ) l>ge h9d] qu>t]s1 = 9 human k9d !re are no d\bt h]$it>y bad & good conf9em5ts4 ,besides ! limits already specifi$1 !re c be little d\bt t ! v>iation ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! frame are connect$ toge!r by _m laws#bji3 ?us ! two sides ( ! body1 9 heal? & disease1 seem almo/ always to v>y toge!r3 x has be5 ass]t$ by bre$]s t if ! head is mu* elongat$1 ! bones ( ! extremities w likewise be s2 9 se$l+-apples l>ge leaves & fruit g5]ally g toge!r1 & s]ve ! horticulturali/ z "s guide 9 8 selection2 we c "h see ! reason1 z ! fruit is only a metamorphos$ leaf4 ,9 animals ! tee? & hair seem connect$1 = ! hairless ,*9ese dog is almo/ too?less4 ,bre$]s believe t "o "p ( ! frame or function be+ increas$ causes o!r p>ts to decrease3 !y dislike great horns & great bones z s mu* fle% lo/2 9 hornless bre$s ( cattle c]ta9 bones ( ! head become m develop$3 x is said t fat accumulat+ 9 "o "p *ecks its accumulation 9 ano!r1 & likewise *ecks ! action ( ! udd]4 ,! :ole organization is s connect$ t x is probable !re are _m conditions det]m9+ ! v>iation ( ea* "p1 & caus+ o!r p>ts to v>y ) x2 & man 9 mak+ new races mu/ be limit$ & rul$ by all su* laws4 #bjh ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #baa4 #bji ,?is discussion corresponds to ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #aa & #adc1 vi4 pp4 #ac & #agg4 ,9 :at consi/s ,dome/ication4 ,9 ?is *apt] we h treat$ ( v>iation "u dome/ication1 & x n[ rema9s to consid] 9 :at does ?is p[] ( dome/ication consi/#baj1 a subject ( consid]able difficulty4 ,obs]v+ t organic be+s ( almo/ e class1 9 all climates1 c\ntries1 & times1 h v>i$ :5 long br$ "u dome/ication1 we mu/ conclude t ! influ5ce is ( "s v g5]al nature#baa4 ,mr ,knight alone1 z f> z ,i "k1 has tri$ to def9e x2 he believes x consi/s ( an excess ( food1 toge!r ) transport to a m g5ial climate1 or protection f its sev]ities4 ,i ?9k we _c admit ?is latt] proposition1 = we "k h[ _m vegetable products1 aborig9es ( ?is c\ntry1 "h v>y1 :5 cultivat$ )\t any protection f ! wea!r2 & "s ( our v>iable trees1 z apricots1 pea*es1 h und\bt$ly be5 d]iv$ f a m g5ial climate4 ,!re appe>s to be mu* m tru? 9 ! doctr9e ( excess ( food be+ ! cause1 ?\gh ,i mu* d\bt :e!r ?is is ! sole cause1 al?\gh x may well be requisite = ! k9d ( v>iation desir$ by man1 namely increase ( size & vig\r4 ,no d\bt horticulturali/s1 :5 !y wi% to raise new se$l+s1 (t5 pluck (f all ! fl[]-buds1 except a few1 or remove ! :ole dur+ "o season1 s t a great /ock ( nutrim5t may be ?r[n into ! fl[]s :i* are to se$4 ,:5 plants are transport$ f high-l&s1 =e/s1 m>%es1 hea?s1 into our g>d5s & gre5h\ses1 !re mu/ be a consid]able *ange ( food1 b x w\ld be h>d to prove t !re 0 9 e case an excess ( ! k9d prop] to ! plant4 ,if x be an excess ( food1 comp>$ ) t :i* ! be+ obta9$ 9 its natural /ate#bab1 ! effects cont9ue = an improbably long "t2 dur+ h[ _m ages has :eat be5 cultivat$1 & cattle & %eep reclaim$1 & we _c suppose _! am\nt ( food has gone on increas+1 nev]!less ^! are among/ ! mo/ v>iable ( our dome/ic productions4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ 7,m>%all7 t "s ( ! mo/ highly kept bre$s ( %eep & cattle are tru] or less v>iable ?an ! /raggl+ animals ( ! poor1 :i* subsi/ on commons1 & pick up a b>e subsi/5ce#bac4 ,9 ! case ( =e/-trees rais$ 9 nurs]ies1 :i* v>y m ?an ! same trees d 9 _! aborig9al =e/s1 ! cause w\ld seem simply to lie 9 _! n hav+ to /ruggle aga9/ o!r trees & we$s1 :i* 9 _! natural /ate d\btless w\ld limit ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce4 ,x appe>s to me t ! p[] ( dome/ication resolves itself into ! accumulat$ effects ( a *ange ( all or "s ( ! natural conditions ( ! life ( ! species1 (t5 associat$ ) excess ( food4 ,^! conditions moreov]1 ,i may add1 c seldom rema91 ow+ to ! mutability ( ! affairs1 habits1 migrations1 & k ( man1 = v long p]iods ! same4 ,i am ! m incl9$ to come to ?is conclusion f f9d+1 z we %all h]eaft] %[1 t *anges ( ! natural conditions ( exi/5ce seem peculi>ly to affect ! action ( ! reproductive sy/em#bad4 ,z we see t hybrids & mongrels1 aft] ! fir/ g5]ation1 are apt to v>y mu*1 we may at lea/ conclude t v>iability does n altoge!r dep5d on excess ( food4 #baj ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #g1 vi4 p4 #g4 #baa ,note 9 ! orig9al4 ,isidore ,g4 ,/ ,hilaire insi/s t bre$+ 9 captivity ess5tial elem5t4 ,s*leid5 on alkalies4 ,see ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bdd1 note #aj4 ,:at is x 9 dome/ication :i* causes v>iation8 #bab ,note 9 ! orig9al4 ,x appe>s t slight *anges ( condition are good = heal?2 t m *ange affects ! g5]ative sy/em1 s t v>iation results 9 ! (fspr+2 t /ill m *ange *ecks or de/roys f]tility n ( ! (fspr+4 ,comp>e ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #i1 vi4 p4 #aa4 ,:at ! mean+ ( n ( ! (fspr+ may be is n cle>4 #bac ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #da1 vi4 p4 #df ! "q is diff]5tly treat$2 x is po9t$ out t a l>ge /ock ( individuals gives a bett] *ance ( available v>iations occurr+4 ,d>w9 quotes f ,m>%all t %eep 9 small lots c nev] be improv$4 ,?is comes f ,m>%all's ,review ( ! ,reports to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 #ahjh1 p4 #djf4 ,9 ?is ,essay ! "n ,m>%all occurs 9 ! m>g94 ,probably ?is ref]s to loc4 cit4 p4 #bjj1 :]e un%eph]d$ %eep 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& are said to be simil> ow+ to mix$ bre$+ n be+ avoid$4 #bad ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #h1 vi4 p4 #h4 ,aft] ^! views1 x may be ask$ h[ x comes t c]ta9 animals & plants1 :i* h be5 dome/icat$ = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 & transport$ f v diff]5t conditions ( exi/5ce1 h n v>i$ mu*1 or sc>cely at all2 = in/ance1 ! ass1 peacock1 gu9ea-f[l1 asp>agus1 ,j]usalem arti*oke#bae4 ,i h already said t probably diff]5t species1 l diff]5t sub-v>ieties1 possess diff]5t degrees ( t5d5cy to v>y2 b ,i am incl9$ to attribute 9 ^! cases ! want ( num]\s races less to want ( v>iability ?an to selection n hav+ be5 practis$ on !m4 ,no "o w take ! pa9s to select )\t "s correspond+ object1 ei!r ( use or amusem5t2 ! individuals rais$ mu/ be tol]ably num]\s1 & n s preci\s1 b t he may freely de/roy ^? n answ]+ to 8 wi%es4 ,if gu9ea-f[ls or peacocks#baf became fancy birds1 ,i _c d\bt t aft] "s g5]ations sev]al bre$s w\ld be rais$4 ,asses h n be5 work$ on f m]e neglect2 b !y diff] 9 "s degree 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! ins5sible selection1 due to diff]5t races ( mank9d pres]v+ ^? individuals mo/ useful to !m 9 _! diff]5t circum/ances1 w apply only to ! olde/ & mo/ widely dome/icat$ animals4 ,9 ! case ( plants1 we mu/ put entirely out ( ! case ^? exclusively 7or almo/ s7 propagat$ by cutt+s1 lay]s or tub]s1 su* z ! ,j]usalem arti*oke & laurel2 & if we put on "o side plants ( little ornam5t or use1 & ^? :i* are us$ at s e>ly a p]iod ( _! gr[? t no especial *>act]s signify1 z asp>agus#bag & seakale1 ,i c ?9k ( none long cultivat$ :i* h n v>i$4 ,9 no case ought we to expect to f9d z mu* v>iation 9 a race :5 x alone has be5 =m$1 z :5 sev]al h be5 =m$1 = _! cross+ & recross+ w greatly increase _! v>iability4 #bae ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #db1 vi4 p4 #dh4 #baf ,note 9 ! orig9al4 ,!re are :ite peacocks4 #bag ,note 9 ! orig9al4 ,!re are v>ieties ( asp>agus4 ,summ>y ( fir/ ,*apt]4 ,to sum up ?is *apt]4 ,races are made "u dome/ication3 #a/1 by ! direct effects ( ! ext]nal conditions to :i* ! species is expos$3 #bnd1 by ! indirect effects ( ! exposure to new conditions1 (t5 aid$ by excess ( food1 r5d]+ ! organization pla/ic1 & by man's select+ & sep>ately bre$+ c]ta9 individuals1 or introduc+ to 8 /ock select$ males1 or (t5 pres]v+ ) c>e ! life ( ! individuals be/ adapt$ to 8 purposes3 #crd1 by cross+ & recross+ races already made1 & select+ _! (fspr+4 ,aft] "s g5]ations man may relax 8 c>e 9 selection3 = ! t5d5cy to v>y & to rev]t to ance/ral =ms w decrease1 s t he w h only occasionally to remove or de/roy "o ( ! ye>ly (fspr+ :i* dep>ts f its type4 ,ultimately1 ) a l>ge /ock1 ! effects ( free cross+ w\ld keep1 ev5 )\t ?is c>e1 8 bre$ true4 ,by ^! means man c produce inf9itely num]\s races1 curi\sly adapt$ to ends1 bo? mo/ important & mo/ frivol\s2 at ! same "t t ! effects ( ! surr\nd+ conditions1 ! laws ( inh]itance1 ( gr[?1 & ( v>iation1 w modify & limit 8 lab\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,on ,,! ,,v>iation ,,( ,,organic ,,be+s ,,9 ,a ,,wild ,,/ate2 ,,on ,,! ,,natural ,,means ,,( ,,selection2 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,races ,,& ,,true ,,species ,hav+ treat$ ( v>iation "u dome/ication1 we n[ come to x 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,mo/ organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature v>y exce$+ly little#bah3 ,i put out ( ! case v>iations 7z /unt$ plants c41 & sea-%ells 9 bracki% wat]#bai7 :i* are directly ! effect ( ext]nal ag5cies & :i* we d n "k are 9 ! bre$#bbj1 or are h]$it>y4 ,! am\nt ( h]$it>y v>iation is v difficult to asc]ta91 because naturali/s 7p>tly f ! want ( k1 & p>tly f ! inh]5t difficulty ( ! subject7 d n all agree :e!r c]ta9 =ms are species or races#bba4 ,"s /rongly m>k$ races ( plants1 comp>able ) ! decid$ sports ( horticulturali/s1 und\bt$ly exi/ 9 a /ate ( nature1 z is actually kn[n by exp]im5t1 = in/ance 9 ! primrose & c[slip#bbb1 9 two s-call$ species ( d&elion1 9 two ( foxglove#bbc1 & ,i believe 9 "s p9es4 ,lam>ck has obs]v$ t1 z long z we conf9e our att5tion to "o limit$ c\ntry1 !re is seldom mu* difficulty 9 decid+ :at =ms to call species & :at v>ieties2 & t x is :5 collections fl[ 9 f all p>ts ( ! _w t naturali/s (t5 feel at a loss to decide ! limit ( v>iation4 ,und\bt$ly s x is1 yet among/ ,briti% plants 7& ,i may add l& %ells71 :i* are probably bett] kn[n ?an any 9 ! _w1 ! be/ naturali/s diff] v greatly 9 ! relative proportions ( :at !y call species & :at v>ieties4 ,9 _m g5]a ( insects1 & %ells1 & plants1 x seems almo/ hopeless to e/abli% :i* are :i*4 ,9 ! high] classes !re are less d\bts2 ?\gh we f9d consid]able difficulty 9 asc]ta9+ :at des]ve to be call$ species among/ foxes & wolves1 & 9 "s birds1 = in/ance 9 ! case ( ! :ite b>n-owl4 ,:5 specim5s are br\ght f diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 h[ (t5 d naturali/s dispute ?is same "q1 z ,i f\nd ) respect to ! birds br\ght f ! ,galapagos isl&s4 ,y>rell has rem>k$ t ! individuals ( ! same und\bt$ species ( birds1 f ,europe & ,n4 ,am]ica1 usually pres5t slight1 indef9able ?\gh p]ceptible diff]5ces4 ,! recognition inde$ ( "o animal by ano!r ( its k9d seems to imply "s diff]5ce4 ,! disposition ( wild animals und\bt$ly diff]s4 ,! v>iation1 su* z x is1 *iefly affects ! same p>ts 9 wild organisms z 9 dome/ic bre$s2 = in/ance1 ! size1 col\r1 & ! ext]nal & less important p>ts4 ,9 _m species ! v>iability ( c]ta9 organs or qualities is ev5 /at$ z "o ( ! specific *>act]s3 ?us1 9 plants1 col\r1 size1 hair9ess1 ! numb] ( ! /am5s & pi/ils1 & ev5 _! pres5ce1 ! =m ( ! leaves2 ! size & =m ( ! m&ibles ( ! males ( "s insects2 ! l5g? & curvature ( ! beak 9 "s birds 7z 9 ,opetioryn*us7 are v>iable *>act]s 9 "s species & q fix$ 9 o!rs4 ,i d n p]ceive t any j di/9ction c be drawn betwe5 ?is recognis$ v>iability ( c]ta9 p>ts 9 _m species & ! m g5]al v>iability ( ! :ole frame 9 dome/ic races4 #bah ,9 ,*apt] ,,ii ( ! fir/ edition ( ! ,orig9 ,d>w9 insi/s r on ! pres5ce ( v>iability 9 a /ate ( nature2 see1 = in/ance1 p4 #de1 ,ed4 vi4 p4 #ec1 ,i am conv9c$ t ! mo/ exp]i5c$ naturali/ w\ld be surpris$ at ! numb] ( ! cases ( v>iability 444 :i* he c\ld collect on good au?ority1 z ,i h collect$1 dur+ a c\rse ( ye>s4 #bai ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dd1 vi4 p4 #eb4 #bbj ,note 9 ! orig9al4 ,"h discuss :at is a species1 /]ility c mo/ r>ely be told :5 cross$4--,desc5t f common /ock4 #bba ,note 9 ! orig9al4 ,give only rule3 *a9 ( int]m$iate =ms1 & analogy2 ?is important4 ,e ,naturali/ at fir/ :5 he gets hold ( new v>iable type is q puzzl$ to "k :at to ?9k species & :at v>iations4 #bbb ,! au?or _h n at ?is "t ! k ( ! mean+ ( dimorphism4 #bbc ,note 9 orig9al4 ,comp>e fea!r$ heads 9 v diff]5t birds ) sp9es 9 ,e*idna & ,h$gehog4 ,9 ,v>iation "u ,dome/ication1 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cag1 ,d>w9 calls att5tion to lac$ & frizzl$ bre$s occurr+ 9 bo? f[ls & pigeons4 ,9 ! same way a peculi> =m ( cov]+ occurs 9 ,e*idna & ! h$gehog4 ,plants "u v diff]5t climate n v>y+4 ,digitalis %[s jumps 8 9 v>iation1 l ,laburnum & ,or*is case--9 fact ho/ile cases4 ,v>iability ( sexual *>act]s alike 9 dome/ic & wild4 ,al?\gh ! am\nt ( v>iation be exce$+ly small 9 mo/ organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature1 & probably q want+ 7z f> z our s5ses s]ve7 9 ! majority ( cases2 yet consid]+ h[ _m animals & plants1 tak5 by mank9d f diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! _w = ! mo/ div]se purposes1 h v>i$ "u dome/ication 9 e c\ntry & 9 e age1 ,i ?9k we may safely conclude t all organic be+s ) few exceptions1 if capable ( be+ dome/icat$ & br$ = long p]iods1 w\ld v>y4 ,dome/ication seems to resolve itself into a *ange f ! natural conditions ( ! species g5]ally p]haps includ+ an increase ( food2 if ?is be s1 organisms 9 a /ate ( nature mu/ occasionally1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 be expos$ to analog\s influ5ces2 = geology cle>ly %[s t _m places mu/1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 become expos$ to ! wide/ range ( climatic & o!r influ5ces2 & if su* places be isolat$1 s t new & bett] adapt$ organic be+s _c freely emigrate1 ! old inhabitants w be expos$ to new influ5ces1 probably f> m v>i$1 ?an man applies "u ! =m ( dome/ication4 ,al?\gh e species no d\bt w soon bre$ up to ! full numb] :i* ! c\ntry w support1 yet x is easy to conceive t1 on an av]age1 "s species may receive an increase ( food2 = ! times ( de>? may be %ort1 yet en\gh to kill1 & recurr5t only at long int]vals4 ,all su* *anges ( conditions f geological causes w\ld be exce$+ly sl[2 :at effect ! sl[ness might h we are ignorant2 "u dome/ication x appe>s t ! effects ( *ange ( conditions accumulate1 & !n break out4 ,:atev] might be ! result ( ^! sl[ geological *anges1 we may feel sure1 f ! means ( dissem9ation common 9 a less] or great] degree to e organism tak5 conjo9tly ) ! *anges ( geology1 :i* are /eadily 7& sometimes sudd5ly1 z :5 an i/hmus at la/ sep>ates7 9 progress1 t occasionally organisms mu/ sudd5ly be introduc$ into new regions1 :]e1 if ! conditions ( exi/5ce are n s =eign z to cause its ext]m9ation1 x w (t5 be propagat$ "u circum/ances /ill m closely analog\s to ^? ( dome/ication2 & !re=e we expect w ev9ce a t5d5cy to v>y4 ,x appe>s to me q inexplicable if ?is has nev] happ5$2 b x c happ5 v r>ely4 ,let u !n suppose t an organism by "s *ance 7:i* might be h>dly repeat$ 9 #ajjj ye>s7 arrives at a mod]n volcanic isl& 9 process ( =mation & n fully /ock$ ) ! mo/ appropriate organisms2 ! new organism might readily ga9 a foot+1 al?\gh ! ext]nal conditions 7 consid]ably diff]5t f its native ones4 ,! effect ( ?is we might expect w\ld influ5ce 9 "s small degree ! size1 col\r1 nature ( cov]+ c41 & f inexplicable influ5ces ev5 special p>ts & organs ( ! body4 ,b we might fur!r 7& ?is is f> m important7 expect t ! reproductive sy/em w\ld be affect$1 z "u dome/icity1 & ! /ructure ( ! (fspr+ r5d]$ 9 "s degree pla/ic4 ,h5ce almo/ e "p ( ! body w\ld t5d to v>y f ! typical =m 9 slight degrees1 & 9 no det]m9ate way1 & !re=e )\t selection ! free cross+ ( ^! small v>iations 7toge!r ) ! t5d5cy to rev]sion to ! orig9al =m7 w\ld con/antly be c\nt]act+ ?is unsettl+ effect ( ! extrane\s conditions on ! reproductive sy/em4 ,su*1 ,i conceive1 w\ld be ! unimportant result )\t selection4 ,& "h ,i mu/ obs]ve t ! =ego+ rem>ks are equally applicable to t small & admitt$ am\nt ( v>iation :i* has be5 obs]v$ 9 "s organisms 9 a /ate ( nature2 z well z to ! above hypo!tical v>iation consequ5t on *anges ( condition4 ,let u n[ suppose a ,be+#bbd ) p5etration suffici5t to p]ceive diff]5ces 9 ! out] & inn]mo/ organization q imp]ceptible to man1 & ) =e?\ght ext5d+ ov] future c5turies to wat* ) un]r+ c>e & select = any object ! (fspr+ ( an organism produc$ "u ! =ego+ circum/ances2 ,i c see no conceivable reason :y he c\ld n =m a new race 7or sev]al 7 he to sep>ate ! /ock ( ! orig9al organism & "w on sev]al isl&s7 adapt$ to new ends4 ,z we assume 8 discrim9ation1 & 8 =e?\ght1 & 8 /ead9ess ( object1 to be incomp>ably great] t ^? qualities 9 man1 s we may suppose ! beauty & complications ( ! adaptations ( ! new races & _! diff]5ces f ! orig9al /ock to be great] ?an 9 ! dome/ic races produc$ by man's ag5cy3 ! gr\nd-"w ( 8 lab\rs we may aid by suppos+ t ! ext]nal conditions ( ! volcanic isl&1 f its cont9u$ em]g5ce & ! occasional introduction ( new immigrants1 v>y2 & ?us to act on ! reproductive sy/em ( ! organism1 on :i* he is at "w1 & s keep its organization some:at pla/ic4 ,) "t en\gh1 su* a ,be+ might rationally 7)\t "s unkn[n law oppos$ him7 aim at almo/ any result4 #bbd ,a correspond+ passage occurs 9 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #hc1 vi4 p4 #aja1 :]e h[ev] ,nature takes ! place ( ! select+ ,be+4 ,= in/ance1 let ?is imag9>y ,be+ wi%1 f see+ a plant gr[+ on ! decay+ matt] 9 a =e/ & *ok$ by o!r plants1 to give x p[] ( gr[+ on ! rott5 /ems ( trees1 he w\ld comm5ce select+ e se$l+ ^: b]ries 7 9 ! smalle/ degree m attractive to tree-frequ5t+ birds1 s z to cause a prop] dissem9ation ( ! se$s1 & at ! same "t he w\ld select ^? plants :i* _h 9 ! slighte/ degree m & m p[] ( draw+ nutrim5t f rott5 wood2 & he w\ld de/roy all o!r se$l+s ) less ( ?is p[]4 ,he might ?us1 9 ! c\rse ( c5tury aft] c5tury1 hope to make ! plant by degrees gr[ on rott5 wood1 ev5 high up on trees1 :]ev] birds dropp$ ! non-dige/$ se$s4 ,he might !n1 if ! organization ( ! plant 0 pla/ic1 attempt by cont9u$ selection ( *ance se$l+s to make x gr[ on less & less rott5 wood1 till x w\ld gr[ on s\nd wood#bbe4 ,suppos+ aga91 dur+ ^! *anges ! plant fail$ to se$ q freely f non-impregnation1 he might beg9 select+ se$l+s ) a little sweet] or diff]5tly ta/$ honey or poll51 to tempt insects to visit ! fl[]s regul>ly3 hav+ effect$ ?is1 he might wi%1 if x pr(it$ ! plant1 to r5d] abortive ! /am5s & pi/ils 9 diff]5t fl[]s1 :i* he c\ld d by cont9u$ selection4 ,by su* /eps he might aim at mak+ a plant z wond]fully relat$ to o!r organic be+s z is ! mi/letoe1 ^: exi/5ce absolutely dep5ds on c]ta9 insects = impregnation1 c]ta9 birds = transportal1 & c]ta9 trees = gr[?4 ,fur!rmore1 if ! insect :i* _h be5 induc$ regul>ly to visit ?is hypo!tical plant pr(it$ mu* by x1 our same ,be+ might wi% by selection to modify by gradual selection ! insect's /ructure1 s z to facilitate its obta9+ ! honey or poll53 9 ?is mann] he might adapt ! insect 7always presuppos+ its organization to be 9 "s degree pla/ic7 to ! fl[]1 & ! impregnation ( ! fl[] to ! insect2 z is ! case ) _m bees & _m plants4 #bbe ,! mi/letoe is us$ z an illu/ration 9 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #c1 vi4 p4 #c1 b ) less detail4 ,see+ :at bl9d caprici\s man has actually effect$ by selection dur+ ! few la/ ye>s1 & :at 9 a rud] /ate he has probably effect$ )\t any sy/ematic plan dur+ ! la/ few ?\s& ye>s1 he w be a bold p]son :o w positively put limits to :at ! suppos$ ,be+ c\ld effect dur+ :ole geological p]iods4 ,9 accordance ) ! plan by :i* ?is univ]se seems gov]n$ by ! ,creator1 let u consid] :e!r !re exi/s any second>y means 9 ! economy ( nature by :i* ! process ( selection c\ld g on adapt+1 nicely & wond]fully1 organisms1 if 9 ev] s small a degree pla/ic1 to div]se ends4 ,i believe su* second>y means d exi/#bbf4 #bbf ,note 9 orig9al4 ,! selection1 9 cases :]e adult lives only few h\rs z ,ephem]a1 mu/ fall on l>va--curi\s speculation ( ! effect :i* *anges 9 x w\ld br+ 9 p>5t4 ,natural means ( ,selection#bbg4 #bbg ,?is section =ms "p ( ! jo9t pap] by ,d>w9 & ,wallace read be=e ! ,l9nean ,society on ,july #a1 #aheh4 ,de ,c&olle1 9 an eloqu5t passage1 has decl>$ t all nature is at w>1 "o organism ) ano!r1 or ) ext]nal nature4 ,see+ ! cont5t$ face ( nature1 ?is may at fir/ be well d\bt$2 b reflection w inevitably prove x is too true4 ,! w>1 h[ev]1 is n con/ant1 b only recurr5t 9 a slight degree at %ort p]iods & m sev]ely at occasional m di/ant p]iods2 & h5ce its effects are easily ov]look$4 ,x is ! doctr9e ( ,mal?us appli$ 9 mo/ cases ) t5-fold =ce4 ,z 9 e climate !re are seasons = ea* ( its inhabitants ( great] & less abundance1 s all annually bre$2 & ! moral re/ra9t1 :i* 9 "s small degree *ecks ! increase ( mank9d1 is entirely lo/4 ,ev5 sl[-bre$+ mank9d has d\bl$ 9 #be ye>s#bbh1 & if he c\ld increase 8 food ) great] ease1 he w\ld d\ble 9 less "t4 ,b = animals1 )\t artificial means1 on an av]age ! am\nt ( food = ea* species mu/ be con/ant2 :]eas ! increase ( all organisms t5ds to be geometrical1 & 9 a va/ majority ( cases at an enorm\s ratio4 ,suppose 9 a c]ta9 spot !re are eight pairs ( rob9s birds1 & t only f\r pairs ( !m annually 7includ+ d\ble hat*es7 re> only f\r "y2 & t ^! g on re>+ _! "y at ! same rate3 !n at ! end ( sev5 ye>s 7a %ort life1 exclud+ viol5t dea?s1 = any birds7 !re w be #bjdh rob9s1 in/ead ( ! orig9al sixte52 z ?is increase is q impossible1 s we mu/ conclude ei!r t rob9s d n re> ne>ly half _! "y or t ! av]age life ( a rob9 :5 re>$ is f accid5t n ne>ly sev5 ye>s4 ,bo? *ecks probably concur4 ,! same k9d ( calculation appli$ to all vegetables & animals produces results ei!r m or less /rik+1 b 9 sc>cely a s+le in/ance less /rik+ ?an 9 man#bbi4 #bbh ,occurs 9 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #fd1 vi4 p4 #gi4 #bbi ,corresponds approximately ) ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #fd-fe1 vi4 p4 #hj4 ,_m practical illu/rations ( ?is rapid t5d5cy to increase are on record1 namely dur+ peculi> seasons1 9 ! extraord9>y increase ( c]ta9 animals1 = in/ance dur+ ! ye>s #ahbf to #ahbh1 9 ,la ,plata1 :5 f dr\ght1 "s millions ( cattle p]i%$1 ! :ole c\ntry sw>m$ ) innum]able mice3 n[ ,i ?9k x _c be d\bt$ t dur+ ! bre$+ season all ! mice 7) ! exception ( a few males or females 9 excess7 ord9>ily pair2 & !re=e t ?is a/\nd+ increase dur+ ?ree ye>s mu/ be attribut$ to a great] ?an usual numb] surviv+ ! fir/ ye>1 & !n bre$+1 & s on1 till ! ?ird ye>1 :5 _! numb]s 7 br\ght d[n to _! usual limits on ! return ( wet wea!r4 ,:]e man has introduc$ plants & animals into a new c\ntry fav\rable to !m1 !re are _m acc\nts 9 h[ surpris+ly few ye>s ! :ole c\ntry has become /ock$ ) !m4 ,?is increase w\ld necess>ily /op z soon z ! c\ntry 0 fully /ock$2 & yet we h e reason to believe f :at is kn[n ( wild animals t all w\ld pair 9 ! spr+4 ,9 ! majority ( cases x is mo/ difficult to imag9e :]e ! *eck falls1 g5]ally no d\bt on ! se$s1 eggs1 & "y2 b :5 we rememb] h[ impossible ev5 9 mank9d 7s mu* bett] kn[n ?an any o!r animal7 x is to inf] f repeat$ casual obs]vations :at ! av]age ( life is1 or to discov] h[ diff]5t ! p]c5tage ( dea?s to ! bir?s 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 we ought to feel no legitimate surprise at n see+ :]e ! *eck falls 9 animals & plants4 ,x %\ld always be rememb]$ t 9 mo/ cases ! *ecks are ye>ly recurr5t 9 a small regul> degree1 & 9 an extreme degree dur+ occasionally unusually cold1 hot1 dry1 or wet ye>s1 accord+ to ! con/itution ( ! be+ 9 "q4 ,light5 any *eck 9 ! smalle/ degree1 & ! geometrical p[] ( increase 9 e organism w in/antly increase ! av]age numb]s ( ! fav\r$ species4 ,nature may be comp>$ to a surface1 on :i* re/ t5 ?\s& %>p w$ges t\*+ ea* o!r & driv5 inw>ds by incessant bl[s#bcj4 ,fully to realise ^! views mu* reflection is requisite2 ,mal?us on man %\ld be /udi$2 & all su* cases z ^? ( ! mice 9 ,la ,plata1 ( ! cattle & horses :5 fir/ turn$ out 9 ,s4 ,am]ica1 ( ! rob9s by our calculation1 c41 %\ld be well consid]$3 reflect on ! enorm\s multiply+ p[] inh]5t & annually 9 action 9 all animals2 reflect on ! c\ntless se$s scatt]$ by a hundr$ +5i\s contrivances1 ye> aft] ye>1 ov] ! :ole face ( ! l&2 & yet we h e reason to suppose t ! av]age p]c5tage ( e "o ( ! inhabitants ( a c\ntry w ord9>ily rema9 con/ant4 ,f9ally1 let x be borne 9 m9d t ?is av]age numb] ( individuals 7! ext]nal conditions rema9+ ! same7 9 ea* c\ntry is kept up by recurr5t /ruggles aga9/ o!r species or aga9/ ext]nal nature 7z on ! bord]s ( ! arctic regions#bca1 :]e ! cold *ecks life72 & t ord9>ily ea* individual ( ea* species holds its place1 ei!r by its own /ruggle & capacity ( acquir+ n\ri%m5t 9 "s p]iod 7f ! egg upw>ds7 ( its life1 or by ! /ruggle ( its p>5ts 79 %ort liv$ organisms1 :5 ! ma9 *eck occurs at long int]vals7 aga9/ & comp>$ ) o!r individuals ( ! same or diff]5t species4 #bcj ,?is simile occurs 9 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #fg1 n 9 ! lat] editions4 #bca ,note 9 ! orig9al4 ,9 case l mi/letoe1 x may be ask$ :y n m species1 no o!r species int]f]es2 answ] almo/ suffici5t1 same causes :i* *eck ! multiplication ( individuals4 ,b let ! ext]nal conditions ( a c\ntry *ange2 if 9 a small degree1 ! relative proportions ( ! inhabitants w 9 mo/ cases simply be slightly *ang$2 b let ! numb] ( inhabitants be small1 z 9 an isl&#bcb1 & free access to x f o!r c\ntries be circumscrib$2 & let ! *ange ( condition cont9ue progress+ 7=m+ new /ations72 9 su* case ! orig9al inhabitants mu/ cease to be s p]fectly adapt$ to ! *ang$ conditions z !y orig9ally 74 ,x has be5 %[n t probably su* *anges ( ext]nal conditions w\ld1 f act+ on ! reproductive sy/em1 cause ! organization ( ! be+s mo/ affect$ to become1 z "u dome/ication1 pla/ic4 ,n[ c x be d\bt$ f ! /ruggle ea* individual 7or its p>5ts7 has to obta9 subsi/5ce t any m9ute v>iation 9 /ructure1 habits1 or in/9cts1 adapt+ t individual bett] to ! new conditions1 w\ld tell ^u its vig\r & heal?8 ,9 ! /ruggle x w\ld h a bett] *ance ( surviv+1 & ^? ( its (fspr+ :i* inh]it$ ! v>iation1 let x be ev] s slight1 w\ld h a bett] *ance to survive4 ,ye>ly m are br$ ?an c survive2 ! smalle/ gra9 9 ! balance1 9 ! long run1 mu/ tell on :i* dea? %all fall1 & :i* %all survive#bcc4 ,let ?is "w ( selection1 on ! "o h&1 & dea? on ! o!r1 g on = a ?\s& g5]ations2 :o w\ld pret5d to affirm t x w\ld produce no effect1 :5 we rememb] :at 9 a few ye>s ,bakewell effect$ 9 cattle & ,we/]n 9 %eep1 by ?is id5tical pr9ciple ( selection4 #bcb ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #ajd1 #bib1 vi4 pp4 #abg1 #dbi4 #bcc ,recognition ( ! importance ( m9ute diff]5ces 9 ! /ruggle occurs 9 ! ,essay ( #ahdb1 p4 #h note #c4,note #ei ,to give an imag9>y example1 f *anges 9 progress on an isl&1 let ! organization#bcd ( a can9e animal become slightly pla/ic1 :i* animal prey$ *iefly on rabbits1 b sometimes on h>es2 let ^! same *anges cause ! numb] ( rabbits v sl[ly to decrease & ! numb] ( h>es to increase2 ! effect ( ?is w\ld be t ! fox or dog w\ld be driv5 to try to cat* m h>es1 & 8 numb]s w\ld t5d to decrease2 8 organization1 h[ev]1 be+ slightly pla/ic1 ^? individuals ) ! lighte/ =ms1 longe/ limbs1 & be/ eye-sight 7?\gh p]haps ) less cunn+ or sc5t7 w\ld be slightly fav\r$1 let ! diff]5ce be ev] s small1 & w\ld t5d to live long] & to survive dur+ t "t ( ! ye> :5 food 0 %orte/2 !y w\ld also re> m "y1 :i* "y w\ld t5d to inh]it ^! slight peculi>ities4 ,! less fleet ones w\ld be rigidly de/roy$4 ,i c see no m reason to d\bt b t ^! causes 9 a ?\s& g5]ations w\ld produce a m>k$ effect1 & adapt ! =m ( ! fox to cat*+ h>es in/ead ( rabbits1 ?an t greyh\nds c be improv$ by selection & c>eful bre$+4 ,s w\ld x be ) plants "u simil> circum/ances2 if ! numb] ( individuals ( a species ) plum$ se$s c\ld be increas$ by great] p[]s ( dissem9ation )9 its own area 7t is if ! *eck to increase fell *iefly on ! se$s71 ^? se$s :i* 7 provid$ ) ev] s little m d[n1 or ) a plume plac$ s z to be slightly m act$ on by ! w9ds1 w\ld 9 ! long run t5d to be mo/ dissem9at$2 & h5ce a great] numb] ( se$s ?us =m$ w\ld g]m9ate1 & w\ld t5d to produce plants inh]it+ ?is slightly bett] adapt$ d[n4 #bcd ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ij1 vi4 p4 #aaj4 ,besides ?is natural means ( selection1 by :i* ^? individuals are pres]v$1 :e!r 9 _! egg or se$ or 9 _! mature /ate1 :i* are be/ adapt$ to ! place !y fill 9 nature1 !re is a second ag5cy at "w 9 mo/ bisexual animals t5d+ to produce ! same effect1 namely ! /ruggle ( ! males = ! females4 ,^! /ruggles are g5]ally decid$ by ! law ( battle2 b 9 ! case ( birds1 app>5tly1 by ! *>ms ( _! song#bce1 by _! beauty or _! p[] ( c\rt%ip1 z 9 ! danc+ rock-?ru% ( ,guiana4 ,ev5 9 ! animals :i* pair !re seems to be an excess ( males :i* w\ld aid 9 caus+ a /ruggle3 9 ! polygam\s animals#bcf1 h[ev]1 z 9 de]1 ox51 p\ltry1 we might expect !re w\ld be sev]e/ /ruggle3 is x n 9 ! polygam\s animals t ! males are be/ =m$ = mutual w>8 ,! mo/ vigor\s males1 imply+ p]fect adaptation1 mu/ g5]ally ga9 ! victory 9 _! sev]al conte/s4 ,?is k9d ( selection1 h[ev]1 is less rigor\s ?an ! o!r2 x does n require ! dea? ( ! less successful1 b gives to !m few] desc5dants4 ,?is /ruggle falls1 moreov]1 at a "t ( ye> :5 food is g5]ally abundant1 & p]haps ! effect *iefly produc$ w\ld be ! alt]ation ( sexual *>act]s1 & ! selection ( individual =ms1 no way relat$ to _! p[] ( obta9+ food1 or ( def5d+ !mselves f _! natural enemies1 b ( fight+ "o ) ano!r4 ,?is natural /ruggle among/ ! males may be comp>$ 9 effect1 b 9 a less degree1 to t produc$ by ^? agriculturali/s :o pay less att5tion to ! c>eful selection ( all ! "y animals :i* !y bre$ & m to ! occasional use ( a *oice male#bcg4 #bce ,^! two =ms ( sexual selection are giv5 9 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #hg1 vi4 p4 #ajg4 ,! ,guiana rock-?ru% is giv5 z an example ( bloodless competition4 #bcf ,note 9 orig9al4 ,seals8 ,p5nant ab\t battles ( seals4 #bcg ,9 ! ,l9nean pap] ( ,july #a1 #aheh ! f9al ^w is mate3 b ! context %[s t x %\ld be male2 x is moreov] cle>ly s writt5 9 ! ,,ms4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,races & ,species3--fir/1 9 _! tru5ess or v>iability4 ,races#bch produc$ by ^! natural means ( selection#bci we may expect w\ld diff] 9 "s respects f ^? produc$ by man4 ,man selects *iefly by ! eye1 & is n able to p]ceive ! c\rse ( e vessel & n]ve1 or ! =m ( ! bones1 or :e!r ! int]nal /ructure corresponds to ! outside %ape4 ,he#bdj is unable to select %ades ( con/itutional diff]5ces1 & by ! protection he af=ds & 8 endeav\rs to keep 8 prop]ty alive1 9 :atev] c\ntry he lives1 he *ecks1 z mu* z lies 9 8 p[]1 ! select+ action ( nature1 :i* w1 h[ev]1 g on to a less] degree ) all liv+ ?+s1 ev5 if _! l5g? ( life is n det]m9$ by _! own p[]s ( endurance4 ,he has bad judgm5t1 is caprici\s1 he does n1 or 8 successors d n1 wi% to select = ! same exact end = hundr$s ( g5]ations4 ,he _c always suit ! select$ =m to ! prop]e/ conditions2 nor does he keep ^? conditions uni=m3 he selects t :i* is useful to him1 n t be/ adapt$ to ^? conditions 9 :i* ea* v>iety is plac$ by him3 he selects a small dog1 b fe$s x highly2 he selects a long-back$ dog1 b does n ex]cise x 9 any peculi> mann]1 at lea/ n dur+ e g5]ation4 ,he seldom all[s ! mo/ vigor\s males to /ruggle = !mselves & propagate1 b picks out su* z he possesses1 or su* z he pref]s1 & n necess>ily ^? be/ adapt$ to ! exi/+ conditions4 ,e agriculturali/ & bre$] kn[s h[ difficult x is to prev5t an occasional cross ) ano!r bre$4 ,he (t5 grudges to de/roy an individual :i* dep>ts consid]ably f ! requir$ type4 ,he (t5 beg9s 8 selection by a =m or sport consid]ably dep>t+ f ! p>5t =m4 ,v diff]5tly does ! natural law ( selection act2 ! v>ieties select$ diff] only slightly f ! p>5t =ms#bda2 ! conditions are con/ant = long p]iods & *ange sl[ly2 r>ely c !re be a cross2 ! selection is rigid & unfail+1 & cont9u$ ?r\gh _m g5]ations2 a selection c nev] be made )\t ! =m be bett] adapt$ to ! conditions ?an ! p>5t =m2 ! select+ p[] goes on )\t caprice1 & /eadily = ?\s&s ( ye>s adapt+ ! =m to ^! conditions4 ,! select+ p[] is n deceiv$ by ext]nal appe>ances1 x tries ! be+ dur+ its :ole life2 & if less well 8 adapt$ ?an its cong5]s1 )\t fail x is de/roy$2 e "p ( its /ructure is ?us scrut9is$ & prov$ good t[>ds ! place 9 nature :i* x occupies4 #bch ,9 ! ,orig9 ! au?or w\ld "h h us$ ! ^w v>iety4 #bci ,! :ole ( p4 #id & #ae l9es ( p4 #ie are1 9 ! ,,ms41 m>k$ ?r\gh 9 p5cil ) v]tical l9es1 beg9n+ at ,races produc$1 c4 & end+ ) to ^! conditions4 #bdj ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #hc1 vi4 p4 #ajb4 #bda ,9 ! pres5t ,essay !re is "s evid5ce t ! au?or attribut$ m to sports ?an 0 aft]w>ds ! case3 b ! above passage po9ts ! o!r way4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t _m ( ! m9ute diff]5ces1 n[ consid]$ small mutations1 are ! small v>iations on :i* ,d>w9 conceiv$ selection to act4 ,we h e reason to believe t 9 proportion to ! numb] ( g5]ations t a dome/ic race is kept free f crosses1 & to ! c>e employ$ 9 cont9u$ /eady selection ) "o end 9 view1 & to ! c>e 9 n plac+ ! v>iety 9 conditions unsuit$ to x2 9 su* proportion does ! new race become true or subject to little v>iation#bdb4 ,h[ incomp>ably tru] !n w\ld a race produc$ by ! above rigid1 /eady1 natural means ( selection1 excell5tly tra9$ & p]fectly adapt$ to its conditions1 free f /a9s ( blood or crosses1 & cont9u$ dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 be comp>$ ) "o produc$ by ! feeble1 caprici\s1 misdirect$ & ill-adapt$ selection ( man4 ,^? races ( dome/ic animals produc$ by savages1 p>tly by ! inevitable conditions ( _! life1 & p>tly un9t5tionally by _! great] c>e ( ! individuals mo/ valuable to !m1 w\ld probably approa* close/ to ! "* ( a species2 & ,i believe ?is is ! case4 ,n[ ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( a species1 next1 if n equal 9 importance to its /]ility :5 cross$ ) ano!r species1 & inde$ almo/ ! only o!r "* 7)\t we beg ! "q & affirm ! ess5ce ( a species1 is its n hav+ desc5d$ f a p>5t common to any o!r =m71 is ! simil>ity ( ! individuals compos+ ! species1 or 9 ! language ( agriculturali/s _! tru5ess4 #bdb ,see ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bcj4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,races & ,species 9 f]tility :5 cross$4 ,! /]ility ( species1 or ( _! (fspr+1 :5 cross$ has1 h[ev]1 receiv$ m att5tion ?an ! uni=mity 9 "* ( ! individuals compos+ ! species4 ,x is exce$+ly natural t su* /]ility#bdc %\ld h be5 long ?\ght ! c]ta9 *>act]i/ic ( species4 ,= x is obvi\s t if ! alli$ diff]5t =ms :i* we meet ) 9 ! same c\ntry c\ld cross toge!r1 in/ead ( f9d+ a numb] ( di/9ct species1 we %\ld h a confus$ & bl5d+ s]ies4 ,! fact h[ev] ( a p]fect gradation 9 ! degree ( /]ility betwe5 species1 & ! circum/ance ( "s species mo/ closely alli$ 7= in/ance _m species ( crocus & ,european hea?s7 refus+ to bre$ toge!r1 :]eas o!r species1 widely diff]5t1 & ev5 belong+ to di/9ct g5]a1 z ! f[l & ! peacock1 pheasant & gr\se#bdd1 ,azalea & ,rhodod5dron1 ,?uja & ,junip]us1 bre$+ toge!r ought to h caus$ a d\bt :e!r ! /]ility did n dep5d on o!r causes1 di/9ct f a law1 co9cid5t ) _! creation4 ,i may "h rem>k t ! fact :e!r "o species w or w n bre$ ) ano!r is f> less important ?an ! /]ility ( ! (fspr+ :5 produc$2 = ev5 "s dome/ic races diff] s greatly 9 size 7z ! great /ag-greyh\nd & lap-dog1 or c>t-horse & ,burmese ponies7 t union is ne>ly impossible2 & :at is less g5]ally kn[n is1 t 9 plants ,koelreut] has %[n by hundr$s ( exp]im5ts t ! poll5 ( "o species w fecundate ! g]m5 ( ano!r species1 :]eas ! poll5 ( ?is latt] w nev] act on ! g]m5 ( ! =m]2 s t ! simple fact ( mutual impregnation c]ta9ly has no relation :atev] to ! di/9ctness 9 creation ( ! two =ms4 ,:5 two species are attempt$ to be cross$ :i* are s di/antly alli$ t (fspr+ are nev] produc$1 x has be5 obs]v$ 9 "s cases t ! poll5 comm5ces its prop] action by exs]t+ its tube1 & ! g]m5 comm5ces swell+1 ?\gh soon aft]w>ds x decays4 ,9 ! next /age 9 ! s]ies1 hybrid (fspr+ are produc$ ?\gh only r>ely & few 9 numb]1 & ^! are absolutely /]ile3 !n we h hybrid (fspr+ m num]\s1 & occasionally1 ?\gh v r>ely1 bre$+ ) ei!r p>5t1 z is ! case ) ! common mule4 ,aga91 o!r hybrids1 ?\gh inf]tile int] se1 w bre$ q freely ) ei!r p>5t1 or ) a ?ird species1 & w yield (fspr+ g5]ally inf]tile1 b sometimes f]tile2 & ^! latt] aga9 w bre$ ) ei!r p>5t1 or ) a ?ird or f\r? species3 ?us ,koelreut] bl5d$ toge!r _m =ms4 ,la/ly x is n[ admitt$ by ^? botani/s :o h longe/ cont5d$ aga9/ ! admission1 t 9 c]ta9 families ! hybrid (fspr+ ( _m ( ! species are sometimes p]fectly f]tile 9 ! fir/ g5]ation :5 br$ toge!r3 inde$ 9 "s few cases ,mr ,h]b]t#bde f\nd t ! hybrids 7 decid$ly m f]tile ?an ei!r ( _! pure p>5ts4 ,!re is no way to escape f ! admission t ! hybrids f "s species ( plants are f]tile1 except by decl>+ t no =m %all be consid]$ z a species1 if x produces ) ano!r species f]tile (fspr+3 b ?is is begg+ ! "q#bdf4 ,x has (t5 be5 /at$ t diff]5t species ( animals h a sexual repugnance t[>ds ea* o!r2 ,i c f9d no evid5ce ( ?is2 x appe>s z if !y m]ely did n excite ea* o!rs passions4 ,i d n believe t 9 ?is respect !re is any ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 animals & plants2 & 9 ! latt] !re _c be a feel+ ( repugnance4 #bdc ,note 9 ! orig9al4 ,if dome/ic animals are desc5d$ f sev]al species & become f]tile int] se1 !n "o c see !y ga9 f]tility by becom+ adapt$ to new conditions & c]ta9ly dome/ic animals c )/& *anges ( climate )\t loss ( f]tility 9 an a/oni%+ mann]4 #bdd ,see ,su*etet1 ,l',hybridite dans la ,nature1 ,bruxelles1 #ahhh1 p4 #fg4 ,9 ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,,ii4 hybrids betwe5 ! f[l & ! pheasant are m5tion$4 ,i c give no in=mation on ! o!r cases4 #bde ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bej1 vi4 p4 #cgj4 #bdf ,?is 0 ! position ( ,ga]tn] & ( ,koelreut]3 see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #bdf-g1 vi4 pp4 #cfg-h4 ,causes ( ,/]ility 9 ,hybrids4 ,! diff]5ce 9 nature betwe5 species :i* causes ! great] or less] degree ( /]ility 9 _! (fspr+ appe>s1 accord+ to ,h]b]t & ,koelreut]1 to be connect$ mu* less ) ext]nal =m1 size1 or /ructure1 ?an ) con/itutional peculi>ities2 by :i* is meant _! adaptation to diff]5t climates1 food & situation1 c43 ^! peculi>ities ( con/itution probably affect ! entire frame1 & no "o "p 9 p>ticul>#bdg4 #bdg ,note 9 ! orig9al4 ,yet ?is seems introductory to ! case ( ! hea?s & crocuses above m5tion$4 ,h]b]t obs]v$ t crocus does n set se$ if transplant$ be=e poll9ation1 b t su* treatm5t aft] poll9ation has no /]ilis+ effect4 7,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #adh47 ,on ! same page is a m5tion ( ! ,ericaceae be+ subject to contabesc5ce ( ! an!rs4 ,= ,cr9um see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bej3 = ,rhodod5ron & ,calceol>ia see p4 #bea4 ,f ! =ego+ facts ,i ?9k we mu/ admit t !re exi/s a p]fect gradation 9 f]tility betwe5 species :i* :5 cross$ are q f]tile 7z 9 ,rhodod5dron1 ,calceol>ia1 c471 & inde$ 9 an extraord9>y degree f]tile 7z 9 ,cr9um71 & ^? species :i* nev] produce (fspr+1 b :i* by c]ta9 effects 7z ! exs]tion ( ! poll5-tube7 ev9ce _! alliance4 ,h5ce1 ,i conceive1 we mu/ give up /]ility1 al?\gh und\bt$ly 9 a less] or great] degree ( v frequ5t occurr5ce1 z an unfail+ m>k by :i* species c be di/+ui%$ f races1 i4e4 f ^? =ms :i* h desc5d$ f a common /ock4 ,inf]tility f causes di/9ct f hybridisation4 ,let u see :e!r !re are any analog\s facts :i* w ?r[ any light on ?is subject1 & w t5d to expla9 :y ! (fspr+ ( c]ta9 species1 :5 cross$1 %\ld be /]ile1 & n o!rs1 )\t requir+ a di/9ct law connect$ ) _! creation to t effect4 ,great numb]s1 probably a l>ge majority ( animals :5 caught by man & remov$ f _! natural conditions1 al?\gh tak5 v "y1 r5d]$ q tame1 liv+ to a good old age1 & app>5tly q heal?y1 seem incapable "u ^! circum/ances ( bre$+#bdh4 ,i d n ref] to animals kept 9 m5ag]ies1 su* z at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 _m ( :i*1 h[ev]1 appe> heal?y & live long & unite b d n produce2 b to animals caught & left p>tly at lib]ty 9 _! native c\ntry4 ,r5gg]#bdi enum]ates sev]al caught "y & r5d]$ tame1 :i* he kept 9 ,p>aguay1 & :i* w\ld n bre$3 ! hunt+ leop>d or *eetah & elephant (f] o!r in/ances2 z d be>s 9 ,europe1 & ! #be species ( hawks1 belong+ to diff]5t g5]a1 ?\s&s ( :i* h be5 kept = hawk+ & h liv$ = long p]iods 9 p]fect vig\r4 ,:5 ! exp5se & tr\ble ( procur+ a succession ( "y animals 9 a wild /ate be borne 9 m9d1 "o may feel sure t no tr\ble has be5 sp>$ 9 endeav\rs to make !m bre$4 ,s cle>ly m>k$ is ?is diff]5ce 9 diff]5t k9ds ( animals1 :5 captur$ by man1 t ,/ ,hilaire makes two great classes ( animals useful to man3--! tame1 :i* w n bre$1 & ! dome/ic :i* w bre$ 9 dome/ication4 ,f c]ta9 s+ul> facts we might h suppos$ t ! non-bre$+ ( animals 0 ow+ to "s p]v]sion ( in/9ct4 ,b we meet ) exactly ! same class ( facts 9 plants3 ,i d n ref] to ! l>ge numb] ( cases :]e ! climate does n p]mit ! se$ or fruit to rip51 b :]e ! fl[]s d n set1 ow+ to "s imp]fection ( ! ovule or poll54 ,! latt]1 :i* alone c be di/9ctly exam9$1 is (t5 manife/ly imp]fect1 z any "o ) a microscope c obs]ve by comp>+ ! poll5 ( ! ,p]sian & ,*9ese lilacs#bej ) ! common lilac2 ! two =m] species 7,i may add7 are equally /]ile 9 ,italy z 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,_m ( ! ,am]ican bog plants "h produce little or no poll51 :il/ ! ,indian species ( ! same g5]a freely produce x4 ,l9dley obs]ves t /]ility is ! bane ( ! horticulturi/#bea3 ,l9naeus has rem>k$ on ! /]ility ( ne>ly all alp9e fl[]s :5 cultivat$ 9 a l[l& di/rict#beb4 ,p]haps ! imm5se class ( d\ble fl[]s *iefly owe _! /ructure to an excess ( food act+ on p>ts r5d]$ slightly /]ile & less capable ( p]=m+ _! true function1 & !re=e liable to be r5d]$ mon/r\s1 :i* mon/rosity1 l any o!r disease1 is inh]it$ & r5d]$ common4 ,s f> f dome/ication be+ 9 itself unfav\rable to f]tility1 x is well kn[n t :5 an organism is once capable ( submission to su* conditions its f]tility is increas$#bec beyond ! natural limit4 ,accord+ to agriculturi/s1 slight *anges ( conditions1 t is ( food or habitation1 & likewise crosses ) races slightly diff]5t1 increase ! vig\r & probably ! f]tility ( _! (fspr+4 ,x w\ld appe> also t ev5 a great *ange ( condition1 = in/ance1 transportal f temp]ate c\ntries to ,india1 9 _m cases does n 9 ! lea/ affect f]tility1 al?\gh x does heal? & l5g? ( life & ! p]iod ( maturity4 ,:5 /]ility is induc$ by dome/ication x is ( ! same k9d1 & v>ies 9 degree1 exactly z ) hybrids3 = be x rememb]$ t ! mo/ /]ile hybrid is no way mon/r\s2 its organs are p]fect1 b !y d n act1 & m9ute microscopical inve/igations %[ t !y are 9 ! same /ate z ^? ( pure species 9 ! int]vals ( ! bre$+ season4 ,! defective poll5 9 ! cases above allud$ to precisely resembles t ( hybrids4 ,! occasional bre$+ ( hybrids1 z ( ! common mule1 may be aptly comp>$ to ! mo/ r>e b occasional reproduction ( elephants 9 captivity4 ,! cause ( _m exotic ,g]aniums produc+ 7al?\gh 9 vigor\s heal?7 imp]fect poll5 seems to be connect$ ) ! p]iod :5 wat] is giv5 !m#bed2 b 9 ! f> great] majority ( cases we _c =m any conjecture on :at exact cause ! /]ility ( organisms tak5 f _! natural conditions dep5ds4 ,:y1 = in/ance1 ! *eetah w n bre$ :il/ ! common cat & f]ret 7! latt] g5]ally kept %ut up 9 a small box7 d1--:y ! elephant w n :il/ ! pig w abundantly--:y ! p>tridge & gr\se 9 _! own c\ntry w n1 :il/ sev]al species ( pheasants1 ! gu9ea-f[l f ! des]ts ( ,africa & ! peacock f ! jungles ( ,india1 w4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 feel conv9c$ t x dep5ds on "s con/itutional peculi>ities 9 ^! be+s n suit$ to _! new condition2 ?\gh n necess>ily caus+ an ill /ate ( heal?4 ,ought we !n to wond] mu* t ^? hybrids :i* h be5 produc$ by ! cross+ ( species ) diff]5t con/itutional t5d5cies 7:i* t5d5cies we "k to be em95tly inh]itable7 %\ld be /]ile3 x does n seem improbable t ! cross f an alp9e & l[l& plant %\ld h its con/itutional p[]s d]ang$1 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z :5 ! p>5t alp9e plant is br\ght into a l[l& di/rict4 ,analogy1 h[ev]1 is a deceitful guide1 & x w\ld be ra% to affirm1 al?\gh x may appe> probable1 t ! /]ility ( hybrids is due to ! con/itutional peculi>ities ( "o p>5t be+ di/urb$ by be+ bl5d$ ) ^? ( ! o!r p>5t 9 exactly ! same mann] z x is caus$ 9 "s organic be+s :5 plac$ by man out ( _! natural conditions#bee4 ,al?\gh ?is w\ld be ra%1 x w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be /ill ra%]1 see+ t /]ility is no m incid5tal to all cross-br$ productions ?an x is to all organic be+s :5 captur$ by man1 to ass]t t ! /]ility ( c]ta9 hybrids prov$ a di/9ct creation ( _! p>5ts4 #bdh ,note 9 orig9al4 ,animals seem m (t5 made /]ile by be+ tak5 out ( _! native condition ?an plants1 & s are m /]ile :5 cross$4 ,we h "o broad fact t /]ility 9 hybrids is n closely relat$ to ext]nal diff]5ce1 & ^! are :at man alone gets by selection4 #bdi ,see ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #acb2 = ! case ( ! *eetah see loc cit4 p4 #acc4 #bej ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #adh4 #bea ,quot$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #i4 #beb ,see ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #adg4 #bec ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #hi4 #bed ,see ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #adg4 #bee ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bfg1 vi4 p4 #cib4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple exp]im5tally inve/igat$ 9 ! au?or's ,cross-& ,self-,f]tilisation4 ,b x may be object$#bef 7h[ev] little ! /]ility ( c]ta9 hybrids is connect$ ) ! di/9ct creations ( species71 h[ comes x1 if species are only races produc$ by natural selection1 t :5 cross$ !y s frequ5tly produce /]ile (fspr+1 :]eas 9 ! (fspr+ ( ^? races confess$ly produc$ by ! arts ( man !re is no "o in/ance ( /]ility4 ,!re is n mu* difficulty 9 ?is1 = ! races produc$ by ! natural means above expla9$ w be sl[ly b /eadily select$2 w be adapt$ to v>i\s & div]se conditions1 & to ^! conditions !y w be rigidly conf9$ = imm5se p]iods ( "t2 h5ce we may suppose t !y w\ld acquire diff]5t con/itutional peculi>ities adapt$ to ! /ations !y occupy2 & on ! con/itutional diff]5ces betwe5 species _! /]ility1 accord+ to ! be/ au?orities1 dep5ds4 ,on ! o!r h& man selects by ext]nal appe>ance#beg2 f 8 ignorance1 & f n hav+ any te/ at lea/ comp>able 9 delicacy to ! natural /ruggle = food1 cont9u$ at int]vals ?r\gh ! life ( ea* individual1 he _c elim9ate f9e %ades ( con/itution1 dep5d5t on invisible diff]5ces 9 ! fluids or solids ( ! body2 aga91 f ! value :i* he atta*es to ea* individual1 he ass]ts 8 utmo/ p[] 9 contrav5+ ! natural t5d5cy ( ! mo/ vigor\s to survive4 ,man1 moreov]1 especially 9 ! e>li] ages1 _c h kept 8 conditions ( life con/ant1 & 9 lat] ages 8 /ock pure4 ,until man selects two v>ieties f ! same /ock1 adapt$ to two climates or to o!r diff]5t ext]nal conditions1 & conf9es ea* rigidly = "o or sev]al ?\s& ye>s to su* conditions1 always select+ ! individuals be/ adapt$ to !m1 he _c be said to h ev5 comm5c$ ! exp]im5t4 ,moreov]1 ! organic be+s :i* man has longe/ _h "u dome/ication h be5 ^? :i* 7 ( ! greate/ use to him1 & "o *ief elem5t ( _! usefulness1 especially 9 ! e>li] ages1 mu/ h be5 _! capacity to und]go sudd5 transportals into v>i\s climates1 & at ! same "t to reta9 _! f]tility1 :i* 9 itself implies t 9 su* respects _! con/itutional peculi>ities 7 n closely limit$4 ,if ! op9ion already m5tion$ be correct1 t mo/ ( ! dome/ic animals 9 _! pres5t /ate h desc5d$ f ! f]tile commixture ( wild races or species1 we h inde$ little reason n[ to expect inf]tility betwe5 any cross ( /ock ?us desc5d$4 #bef ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bfh1 vi4 p4 #cih4 #beg ,notes 9 orig9al4 ,m]e diff]5ce ( /ructure no guide to :at w or w n cross4 ,fir/ /ep ga9$ by races keep+ ap>t4 ,x is n cle> :]e ^! notes 7 meant to g4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t z _m organic be+s1 :5 tak5 by man out ( _! natural conditions1 h _! reproductive sy/em s affect$ z to be incapable ( propagation1 s1 we saw 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 t al?\gh organic be+s :5 tak5 by man d propagate freely1 _! (fspr+ aft] "s g5]ations v>y or sport to a degree :i* c only be expla9$ by _! reproductive sy/em be+ 9 "s way affect$4 ,aga91 :5 species cross1 _! (fspr+ are g5]ally /]ile2 b x 0 f\nd by ,koelreut] t :5 hybrids are capable ( bre$+ ) ei!r p>5t1 or ) o!r species1 t _! (fspr+ are subject aft] "s g5]ations to excessive v>iation#beh4 ,agriculturi/s1 also1 affirm t ! (fspr+ f mongrels1 aft] ! fir/ g5]ation1 v>y mu*4 ,h5ce we see t bo? /]ility & v>iation 9 ! succe$+ g5]ations are consequ5t bo? on ! removal ( individual species f _! natural /ates & on species cross+4 ,! connection betwe5 ^! facts may be accid5tal1 b !y c]ta9ly appe> to elucidate & support ea* o!r1--on ! pr9ciple ( ! reproductive sy/em ( all organic be+s be+ em95tly s5sitive to any di/urbance1 :e!r f removal or commixture1 9 _! con/itutional relations to ! conditions to :i* !y are expos$4 #beh ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bgb1 vi4 p4 #djd4 ,po9ts ( ,resemblance betwe5 ,races & ,species#bei4 #bei ,?is section seems n to correspond closely ) any 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i42 9 "s po9ts x resembles pp4 #ae1 #af1 also ! section on analog\s v>iation 9 di/9ct species1 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #aei1 vi4 p4 #aid4 ,races & reput$ species agree 9 "s respects1 al?\gh diff]+ f causes :i*1 we h se51 we c 9 "s degree und]/&1 9 ! f]tility & tru5ess ( _! (fspr+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no cle> sign by :i* to di/+ui% races f species1 z is evid5t f ! great difficulty exp]i5c$ by naturali/s 9 attempt+ to discrim9ate !m4 ,z f> z ext]nal *>act]s are conc]n$1 _m ( ! races :i* are desc5d$ f ! same /ock diff] f> m ?an true species ( ! same g5us2 look at ! will[-wr5s1 "s ( :i* skilful orni?ologi/s c h>dly di/+ui% f ea* o!r except by _! ne/s2 look at ! wild swans1 & comp>e ! di/9ct species ( ^! g5]a ) ! races ( dome/ic ducks1 p\ltry1 & pigeons2 & s aga9 ) plants1 comp>e ! cabbages1 almonds1 pea*es & nect>9es1 c4 ) ! species ( _m g5]a4 ,/ ,hilaire has ev5 rem>k$ t !re is a great] diff]5ce 9 size betwe5 races1 z 9 dogs 7= he believes all h desc5d$ f "o /ock71 ?an betwe5 ! species ( any "o g5us2 nor is ?is surpris+1 consid]+ t am\nt ( food & consequ5tly ( gr[? is ! elem5t ( *ange ov] :i* man has mo/ p[]4 ,i may ref] to a =m] /atem5t1 t bre$]s believe ! gr[? ( "o "p or /rong action ( "o function causes a decrease 9 o!r p>ts2 = ?is seems 9 "s degree analog\s to ! law ( organic comp5sation#bfj1 :i* _m naturali/s believe holds good4 ,to give an in/ance ( ?is law ( comp5sation1--^? species ( ,c>nivora :i* h ! can9e tee? greatly develop$ h c]ta9 mol> tee? defici5t2 or aga91 9 t division ( ! ,cru/aceans 9 :i* ! tail is mu* develop$1 ! ?orax is little s1 & ! conv]se4 ,! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 diff]5t races is (t5 /rik+ly analog\s to t betwe5 species ( ! same g5us3 trifl+ spots or m>ks ( col\r#bfa 7z ! b>s on pigeons' w+s7 are (t5 pres]v$ 9 races ( plants & animals1 precisely 9 ! same mann] z simil> trifl+ *>act]s (t5 p]vade all ! species ( a g5us1 & ev5 ( a family4 ,fl[]s 9 v>y+ _! col\rs (t5 become ve9$ & spott$ & ! leaves become divid$ l true species3 x is kn[n t ! v>ieties ( ! same plant nev] h r$1 blue & yell[ fl[]s1 ?\gh ! hyac9? makes a v ne> approa* to an exception#bfb2 & diff]5t species ( ! same g5us seldom1 ?\gh sometimes !y h fl[]s ( ^! ?ree col\rs4 ,dun-col\r$ horses hav+ a d>k /ripe d[n _! backs1 & c]ta9 dome/ic asses hav+ transv]se b>s on _! legs1 af=d /rik+ examples ( a v>iation analog\s 9 "* to ! di/9ctive m>ks ( o!r species ( ! same g5us4 #bfj ,! law ( comp5sation is discuss$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #adg1 vi4 p4 #ahb4 #bfa ,note 9 orig9al4 ,boit>d & ,corbie on out] edg+ r$ 9 tail ( bird1--s b>s on w+1 :ite or black or br[n1 or :ite edg$ ) black or illegible3 analog\s to m>ks runn+ ?r\gh g5]a b ) diff]5t col\rs4 ,tail col\r$ 9 pigeons4 #bfb ,note 9 orig9al4 ,oxalis & ,g5tian4 ,9 ,g5tians blue1 yell[ & r$di% col\rs occur4 ,9 ,oxalis yell[1 purple1 violet & p9k4 ,ext]nal *>act]s ( ,hybrids & ,mongrels4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 z x appe>s to me1 a m important me?od ( comp>ison betwe5 species & races1 namely ! "* ( ! (fspr+#bfc :5 species are cross$ & :5 races are cross$3 ,i believe1 9 no "o respect1 except 9 /]ility1 is !re any diff]5ce4 ,x w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be a m>vell\s fact1 if species h be5 =m$ by di/9ct acts ( creation1 t !y %\ld act ^u ea* o!r 9 unit+1 l races desc5d$ f a common /ock4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 by repeat$ cross+ "o species c absorb & :olly oblit]ate ! *>act]s ( ano!r1 or ( sev]al o!r species1 9 ! same mann] z "o race w absorb by cross+ ano!r race4 ,m>vell\s1 t "o act ( creation %\ld absorb ano!r or ev5 sev]al acts ( creation6 ,! (fspr+ ( species1 t is hybrids1 & ! (fspr+ ( races1 t is mongrels1 resemble ea* o!r 9 be+ ei!r int]m$iate 9 "* 7z is mo/ frequ5t 9 hybrids7 or 9 resembl+ sometimes closely "o & sometimes ! o!r p>5t2 9 bo? ! (fspr+ produc$ by ! same act ( conception sometimes diff] 9 _! degree ( resemblance2 bo? hybrids & mongrels sometimes reta9 a c]ta9 "p or organ v l t ( ei!r p>5t1 bo?1 z we h se51 become 9 succe$+ g5]ations v>iable2 & ?is t5d5cy to v>y c be transmitt$ by bo?2 9 bo? = _m g5]ations !re is a /rong t5d5cy to rev]sion to _! ance/ral =m4 ,9 ! case ( a hybrid laburnum & ( a suppos$ mongrel v9e diff]5t p>ts ( ! same plants took aft] ea* ( _! two p>5ts4 ,9 ! hybrids f "s species1 & 9 ! mongrel ( "s races1 ! (fspr+ diff] accord+ z :i* ( ! two species1 or ( ! two races1 is ! fa!r 7z 9 ! common mule & h9ny7 & :i* ! "m4 ,"s races w bre$ toge!r1 :i* diff] s greatly 9 size1 t ! dam (t5 p]i%es 9 lab\r2 s x is ) "s species :5 cross$2 :5 ! dam ( "o species has borne (fspr+ to ! male ( ano!r species1 h] succe$+ (fspr+ are sometimes /a9$ 7z 9 ,"l ,morton's m>e by ! quagga1 wond]ful z ! fact#bfd is7 by ?is fir/ cross2 s agriculturi/s positively affirm is ! case :5 a pig or %eep ( "o bre$ has produc$ (fspr+ by ! sire ( ano!r bre$4 #bfc ,?is section corresponds r\ghly to t on ,hybrids & ,mongrels comp>$ indep5d5tly ( _! f]tility1 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bgb1 vi4 p4 #djc4 ,! discussion on ,ga]tn]'s views1 giv5 9 ! ,orig91 is "h want+4 ,! brief m5tion ( prepot5cy is common to !m bo?4 #bfd ,see ,animals & ,plants1 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #dce4 ,! ph5om5on ( ,telegony1 suppos$ to be e/abli%$ by ?is & simil> cases1 is n[ g5]ally discr$it$ 9 consequ5ce ( ,ew>t's exp]im5ts4 ,summ>y ( second *apt]#bfe4 #bfe ,! section on p4 #aji is an app5dix to ! summ>y4 ,let u sum up ?is second *apt]4 ,if slight v>iations d occur 9 organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature2 if *anges ( condition f geological causes d produce 9 ! c\rse ( ages effects analog\s to ^? ( dome/ication on any1 h[ev] few1 organisms2 & h[ c we d\bt x1--f :at is actually kn[n1 & f :at may be presum$1 s9ce ?\s&s ( organisms tak5 by man = sundry uses1 & plac$ 9 new conditions1 h v>i$4 ,if su* v>iations t5d to be h]$it>y2 & h[ c we d\bt x1--:5 we see %ades ( expression1 peculi> mann]s1 mon/rosities ( ! /range/ k9ds1 diseases1 & a multitude ( o!r peculi>ities1 :i* *>act]ise & =m1 be+ inh]it$1 ! endless races 7!re are #abjj k9ds ( cabbages#bff7 ( our dome/ic plants & animals4 ,if we admit t e organism ma9ta9s its place by an almo/ p]iodically recurr5t /ruggle2 & h[ c we d\bt x1--:5 we "k t all be+s t5d to increase 9 a geometrical ratio 7z is in/antly se5 :5 ! conditions become = a "t m fav\rable72 :]eas on an av]age ! am\nt ( food mu/ rema9 con/ant1 if s1 !re w be a natural means ( selection1 t5d+ to pres]ve ^? individuals ) any slight deviations ( /ructure m fav\rable to ! !n exi/+ conditions1 & t5d+ to de/roy any ) deviations ( an opposite nature4 ,if ! above propositions be correct1 & !re be no law ( nature limit+ ! possible am\nt ( v>iation1 new races ( be+s w1--p]haps only r>ely1 & only 9 "s few di/ricts1--be =m$4 #bff ,i d n "k ! au?ority = ?is /atem5t4 ,limits ( ,v>iation4 ,t a limit to v>iation does exi/ 9 nature is assum$ by mo/ au?ors1 ?\gh ,i am unable to discov] a s+le fact on :i* ?is belief is gr\nd$#bfg4 ,"o ( ! commone/ /atem5ts is t plants d n become acclimatis$2 & ,i h ev5 obs]v$ t k9ds n rais$ by se$1 b propagat$ by cutt+s1 c41 are in/anc$4 ,a good in/ance has1 h[ev]1 be5 advanc$ 9 ! case ( kidney beans1 :i* x is believ$ are n[ z t5d] z :5 fir/ introduc$4 ,ev5 if we ov]look ! frequ5t introduction ( se$ f w>m] c\ntries1 let me obs]ve t z long z ! se$s are ga!r$ promiscu\sly f ! b$1 )\t cont9ual obs]vation & c>eful selection ( ^? plants :i* h /ood ! climate be/ dur+ _! :ole gr[?1 ! exp]im5t ( acclimatisation has h>dly be5 begun4 ,are n all ^? plants & animals1 ( :i* we h ! greate/ numb] ( races1 ! olde/ dome/icat$8 ,consid]+ ! q rec5t progress#bfh ( sy/ematic agriculture & horticulture1 is x n oppos$ to e fact1 t we h exhau/$ ! capacity ( v>iation 9 our cattle & 9 our corn1--ev5 if we h done s 9 "s trivial po9ts1 z _! fatness or k9d ( wool8 ,w any "o say1 t if horticulture cont9ues to fl\ri% dur+ ! next few c5turies1 t we %all n h num]\s new k9ds ( ! potato & ,dahlia8 ,b take two v>ieties ( ea* ( ^! plants1 & adapt !m to c]ta9 fix$ conditions & prev5t any cross = #ejjj ye>s1 & !n aga9 v>y _! conditions2 try _m climates & situations2 & :o#bfi w pr$ict ! numb] & degrees ( diff]5ce :i* might arise f ^! /ocks8 ,i repeat t we "k no?+ ( any limit to ! possible am\nt ( v>iation1 & !re=e to ! numb] & diff]5ces ( ! races1 :i* might be produc$ by ! natural means ( selection1 s inf9itely m effici5t ?an ! ag5cy ( man4 ,races ?us produc$ w\ld probably be v true2 & if f hav+ be5 adapt$ to diff]5t conditions ( exi/5ce1 !y possess$ diff]5t con/itutions1 if sudd5ly remov$ to "s new /ation1 !y w\ld p]haps be /]ile & _! (fspr+ w\ld p]haps be inf]tile4 ,su* races w\ld be undi/+ui%able f species4 ,b is !re any evid5ce t ! species1 :i* surr\nd u on all sides1 h be5 ?us produc$8 ,?is is a "q :i* an exam9ation ( ! economy ( nature we might expect w\ld answ] ei!r 9 ! affirmative or negative#bgj4 #bfg ,9 ! ,orig9 no limit is plac$ to v>iation z f> z ,i "k4 #bfh ,note 9 orig9al4 ,hi/ory ( pigeons %[s increase ( peculi>ities dur+ la/ ye>s4 #bfi ,comp>e an obscure passage 9 ! ,essay ( #ahdb1 p4 #ad4 #bgj ,note 9 orig9al4 ,c]ta9ly two pages 9 ! ,,ms4 ought to be "h introduc$1 viz41 difficulty 9 =m+ su* organ1 z eye1 by selection4 ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i41 a *apt] on ,difficulties on ,!ory foll[s t on ,laws ( ,v>iation1 & prec$es t on ,in/9ct3 ?is 0 also ! arrangem5t 9 ! ,essay ( #ahdb2 :]eas 9 ! pres5t ,essay ,in/9ct foll[s ,v>iation & prec$es ,difficulties4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,on ,,! ,,v>iation ,,( ,,in/9cts ,,& ,,o!r ,,m5tal ,,attributes ,,"u ,,dome/ication ,,& ,,9 ,,/ate ,,( ,,nature2 ,,on ,,! ,,difficulties ,,9 ,,?is ,,subject2 ,,& ,,on ,,analog\s ,,difficulties ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,corporeal ,,/ructures ,v>iation ( m5tal attributes "u dome/ication4 ,i h z yet only allud$ to ! m5tal qualities :i* diff] greatly 9 diff]5t species4 ,let me "h premise t1 z w be se5 9 ! ,second ,"p1 !re is no evid5ce & consequ5tly no attempt to %[ t all exi/+ organisms h desc5d$ f any "o common p>5t-/ock1 b t only ^? h s desc5d$ :i*1 9 ! language ( naturali/s1 are cle>ly relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,h5ce ! facts & reason+ advanc$ 9 ?is *apt] d n apply to ! fir/ orig9 ( ! s5ses#bga1 or ( ! *ief m5tal attributes1 su* z ( memory1 att5tion1 reason+1 c41 c41 by :i* mo/ or all ( ! great relat$ gr\ps are *>act]is$1 any m ?an !y apply to ! fir/ orig9 ( life1 or gr[?1 or ! p[] ( reproduction4 ,! application ( su* facts z ,i h collect$ is m]ely to ! diff]5ces ( ! prim>y m5tal qualities & ( ! in/9cts 9 ! species#bgb ( ! sev]al great gr\ps4 ,9 dome/ic animals e obs]v] has rem>k$ 9 h[ great a degree1 9 ! individuals ( ! same species1 ! dispositions1 namely c\rage1 p]t9acity1 suspicion1 re/lessness1 confid5ce1 temp]1 pugnaci\sness1 affection1 c>e ( _! "y1 sagacity1 c41 c41 v>y4 ,x w\ld require a mo/ able metaphysician to expla9 h[ _m prim>y qualities ( ! m9d mu/ be *ang$ to cause ^! div]sities ( complex dispositions4 ,f ^! dispositions be+ inh]it$1 ( :i* ! te/imony is unanim\s1 families & bre$s arise1 v>y+ 9 ^! respects4 ,i may in/ance ! good & ill temp] ( diff]5t /ocks ( bees & ( horses1--! pugnacity & c\rage ( game f[ls1--! p]t9acity ( c]ta9 dogs1 z bull-dogs1 & ! sagacity ( o!rs1--= re/lessness & suspicion comp>e a wild rabbit re>$ ) ! greate/ c>e f its e>lie/ age ) ! extreme tam5ess ( ! dome/ic bre$ ( ! same animal4 ,! (fspr+ ( ! dome/ic dogs :i* h run wild 9 ,cuba#bgc1 ?\gh caught q "y1 are mo/ difficult to tame1 probably ne>ly z mu* s z ! orig9al p>5t-/ock f :i* ! dome/ic dog desc5d$4 ,! habitual p]iods ( diff]5t families ( ! same species diff]1 = in/ance1 9 ! "t ( ye> ( reproduction1 & ! p]iod ( life :5 ! capacity is acquir$1 & ! h\r ( roo/+ 79 ,malay f[ls71 c41 c4 ,^! p]iodical habits are p]haps ess5tially corporeal1 & may be comp>$ to ne>ly simil> habits 9 plants1 :i* are kn[n to v>y extremely4 ,cons5sual movem5ts 7z call$ by ,muell]7 v>y & are inh]it$1--su* z ! cant]+ & ambl+ paces 9 horses1 ! tumbl+ ( pigeons1 & p]haps ! h&writ+1 :i* is sometimes s simil> betwe5 fa!r & sons1 may be rank$ 9 ?is class4 ,mann]s1 & ev5 tricks :i* p]haps are only peculi> mann]s1 accord+ to ,w4 ,hunt] & my fa!r1 are di/9ctly inh]it$ 9 cases :]e *ildr5 h lo/ _! p>5t 9 e>ly infancy4 ,! inh]itance ( expression1 :i* (t5 reveals ! f9e/ %ades ( "*1 is famili> to ev]yone4 #bga ,a simil> proviso occurs 9 ! *apt] on in/9ct 9 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bjg1 vi4 p4 #cai4 #bgb ,! discussion occurs lat] 9 ,*apt] ,,vii ( ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 ?an 9 ! pres5t ,essay1 :]e moreov] x is full] 9 "s respects4 #bgc ,9 ! m>g9 occurs ! "n ( ,poeppig4 ,9 ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #bh1 ! ref]5ce to ,poeppig on ! ,cuban dogs conta9s no m5tion ( ! wildness ( _! (fspr+4 ,aga9 ! ta/es & pleasures ( diff]5t bre$s v>y1 ?us ! %eph]d-dog delights 9 *as+ ! %eep1 b has no wi% to kill !m1--! t]ri] 7see ,knight7 delights 9 kill+ v]m91 & ! spaniel 9 f9d+ game4 ,b x is impossible to sep>ate _! m5tal peculi>ities 9 ! way ,i h done3 ! tumbl+ ( pigeons1 :i* ,i h in/anc$ z a cons5sual movem5t1 might be call$ a trick & is associat$ ) a ta/e = fly+ 9 a close flock at a great height4 ,c]ta9 bre$s ( f[ls h a ta/e = roo/+ 9 trees4 ,! diff]5t actions ( po9t]s & sett]s might h be5 adduc$ 9 ! same class1 z might ! peculi> mann] ( hunt+ ( ! spaniel4 ,ev5 9 ! same bre$ ( dogs1 namely 9 fox-h\nds1 x is ! fix$ op9ion ( ^? be/ able to judge t ! diff]5t pups are born ) diff]5t t5d5cies2 "s are be/ to f9d _! fox 9 ! cov]2 "s are apt to run /raggl+1 "s are be/ to make ca/s & to recov] ! lo/ sc5t1 c42 & t ^! peculi>ities und\bt$ly are transmitt$ to _! prog5y4 ,or aga9 ! t5d5cy to po9t might be adduc$ z a di/9ct habit :i* has become inh]it$1--z might ! t5d5cy ( a true %eep dog 7z ,i h be5 assur$ is ! case7 to run r\nd ! flock in/ead ( directly at !m1 z is ! case ) o!r "y dogs :5 attempt$ to be taught4 ,! trans&antes %eep#bgd 9 ,spa91 :i* = "s c5turies h be5 ye>ly tak5 a j\rney ( sev]al hundr$ miles f "o prov9ce to ano!r1 "k :5 ! "t comes1 & %[ ! greate/ re/lessness 7l migratory birds 9 conf9em5t71 & are prev5t$ ) difficulty f />t+ by !mselves1 :i* !y sometimes d1 & f9d _! own way4 ,!re is a case on good evid5ce#bge ( a %eep :i*1 :5 %e lamb$1 w\ld return across a m\nta9\s c\ntry to h] own bir?-place1 al?\gh at o!r times ( ye> n ( a rambl+ disposition4 ,h] lambs inh]it$ ?is same disposition1 & w\ld g to produce _! "y on ! f>m :5ce _! p>5t came2 & s tr\blesome 0 ?is habit t ! :ole family 0 de/roy$4 #bgd ,note 9 orig9al4 ,sev]al au?ors4 #bge ,9 ! m>g9 ,hogg occurs z au?ority = ?is fact4 ,= ! ref]5ce1 see p4 #ag1 note #d4 ,^! facts mu/ lead to ! conviction1 ju/ly wond]ful z x is1 t almo/ inf9itely num]\s %ades ( disposition1 ( ta/es1 ( peculi> movem5ts1 & ev5 ( individual actions1 c be modifi$ or acquir$ by "o individual & transmitt$ to its (fspr+4 ,"o is =c$ to admit t m5tal ph5om5a 7no d\bt ?r\gh _! intimate connection ) ! bra97 c be inh]it$1 l inf9itely num]\s & f9e diff]5ces ( corporeal /ructure4 ,9 ! same mann] z peculi>ities ( corporeal /ructure sl[ly acquir$ or lo/ dur+ mature life 7especially cognisant 8 9 disease71 z well z cong5ital peculi>ities1 are transmitt$2 s x appe>s to be ) ! m9d4 ,! inh]it$ paces 9 ! horse h no d\bt be5 acquir$ by compulsion dur+ ! lives ( ! p>5ts3 & temp] & tam5ess may be modifi$ 9 a bre$ by ! treatm5t :i* ! individuals receive4 ,kn[+ t a pig has be5 taught to po9t1 "o w\ld suppose t ?is quality 9 po9t]-dogs 0 ! simple result ( habit1 b "s facts1 ) respect to ! occasional appe>ance ( a simil> quality 9 o!r dogs1 w\ld make "o suspect t x orig9ally appe>$ 9 a less p]fect degree1 by *ance1 t is f a cong5ital t5d5cy#bgf 9 ! p>5t ( ! bre$ ( po9t]s4 ,"o _c believe t ! tumbl+1 & high flight 9 a compact body1 ( "o bre$ ( pigeons has be5 taught2 & 9 ! case ( ! slight diff]5ces 9 ! mann] ( hunt+ 9 "y fox-h\nds1 !y are d\btless cong5ital4 ,! inh]itance ( ! =ego+ & simil> m5tal ph5om5a ought p]haps to create less surprise1 f ! reflection t 9 no case d individual acts ( reason+1 or movem5ts1 or o!r ph5om5a connect$ ) consci\sness1 appe> to be transmitt$4 ,an action1 ev5 a v complicat$ "o1 :5 f long practice x is p]=m$ unconsci\sly )\t any ef=t 7& inde$ 9 ! case ( _m peculi>ities ( mann]s oppos$ to ! w7 is said1 accord+ to a common expression1 to be p]=m$ in/9ctively4 ,^? cases ( languages1 & ( songs1 le>nt 9 e>ly *ildhood & q =gott51 be+ p]fectly repeat$ dur+ ! unconsci\sness ( illness1 appe> to me only a few degrees less wond]ful ?an if !y _h be5 transmitt$ to a second g5]ation#bgg4 #bgf ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i41 he speaks m decid$ly aga9/ ! belief t in/9cts are h]$it>y habits1 see = in/ance pp4 #bji1 #bad1 ,ed4 vi4 pp4 #cba1 #cbg4 ,he all[s1 h[ev]1 some?+ to habit 7p4 #baf74 #bgg ,a sugge/ion ( ,h]+'s & ,s4 ,butl]'s views on memory & inh]itance4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 impli$ t ,d>w9 0 incl9$ to accept ^! op9ions4 ,h]$it>y habits comp>$ ) in/9cts4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ics ( true in/9cts appe> to be _! inv>iability & non-improvem5t dur+ ! mature age ( ! individual animal3 ! abs5ce ( k ( ! end1 = :i* ! action is p]=m$1 be+ associat$1 h[ev]1 sometimes ) a degree ( reason2 be+ subject to mi/akes & be+ associat$ ) c]ta9 /ates ( ! body or times ( ! ye> or day4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! respects !re is a resemblance 9 ! above detail$ cases ( ! m5tal qualities acquir$ or modifi$ dur+ dome/ication4 ,no d\bt ! in/9cts ( wild animals are m uni=m ?an ^? habits or qualities modifi$ or rec5tly acquir$ "u dome/ication1 9 ! same mann] & f ! same causes t ! corporeal /ructure 9 ?is /ate is less uni=m ?an 9 be+s 9 _! natural conditions4 ,i h se5 a "y po9t] po9t z fix$ly1 ! fir/ day x 0 tak5 out1 z any old dog2 ,mag5die says ?is 0 ! case ) a retriev] :i* he himself re>$3 ! tumbl+ ( pigeons is n probably improv$ by age3 we h se5 t 9 ! case above giv5 t ! "y %eep inh]it$ ! migratory t5d5cy to _! p>ticul> bir?-place ! fir/ "t !y lamb$4 ,?is la/ fact (f]s an in/ance ( a dome/ic in/9ct be+ associat$ ) a /ate ( body2 z d ! trans&antes %eep ) a "t ( ye>4 ,ord9>ily ! acquir$ in/9cts ( dome/ic animals seem to require a c]ta9 degree ( education 7z g5]ally 9 po9t]s & retriev]s7 to be p]fectly develop$3 p]haps ?is holds good among/ wild animals 9 r a great] degree ?an is g5]ally suppos$2 = in/ance1 9 ! s++ ( birds1 & 9 ! k ( prop] h]bs 9 ,rum9ants4 ,x seems pretty cle> t bees transmit k f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,"l ,br\gham#bgh insi/s /rongly on ignorance ( ! end propos$ be+ em95tly *>act]i/ic ( true in/9cts2 & ?is appe>s to me to apply to _m acquir$ h]$it>y habits2 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! "y po9t] allud$ to be=e1 :i* po9t$ s /eadfa/ly ! fir/ day t we 7 oblig$ sev]al times to c>ry him away#bgi4 ,?is puppy n only po9t$ at %eep1 at l>ge :ite /ones1 & at e little bird1 b likewise back$ ! o!r po9t]s3 ?is "y dog mu/ h be5 z unconsci\s = :at end he 0 po9t+1 namely to facilitate 8 ma/]'s kill+ game to eat1 z is a butt]fly :i* lays h] eggs on a cabbage1 t h] cat]pill>s w\ld eat ! leaves4 ,s a horse t ambles in/9ctively1 manife/ly is ignorant t he p]=ms t peculi> pace = ! ease ( man2 & if man _h nev] exi/$1 he w\ld nev] h ambl$4 ,! "y po9t] po9t+ at :ite /ones appe>s to be z mu* a mi/ake ( its acquir$ in/9ct1 z 9 ! case ( fle%-flies lay+ _! eggs on c]ta9 fl[]s in/ead ( putrify+ meat4 ,h[ev] true ! ignorance ( ! end may g5]ally be1 "o sees t in/9cts are associat$ ) "s degree ( reason2 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! tailor-bird1 :o sp9s ?reads ) :i* to make h] ne/ yet w use artificial ?reads :5 %e c procure !m#bhj2 s x has be5 kn[n t an old po9t] has brok5 8 po9t & gone r\nd a h$ge to drive out a bird t[>ds 8 ma/]#bha4 #bgh ,"l ,br\gham's ,diss]tations on ,subjects ( ,sci5ce1 etc41 #ahci1 p4 #bg4 #bgi ,?is case is m briefly giv5 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bac1 vi4 p4 #cbf4 ,! simile ( ! butt]fly occurs !re also4 #bhj ,a little dose1 z ,pi]re ,hub] expresses x1 ( judgm5t or reason1 (t5 comes into play4 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bjh1 vi4 p4 #cbj4 #bha ,9 ! m>g9 is writt5 ,retriev] kill+ "o bird4 ,?is ref]s to ! cases giv5 9 ! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #bnd ,ed4 79 #a vol47 p4 #gh1 ( a retriev] be+ puzzl$ h[ to deal ) a w\nd$ & a dead bird1 kill$ ! =m] & c>ri$ bo? at once4 ,?is 0 ! only kn[n in/ance ( h] wilfully injur+ game4 ,!re is "o o!r q di/9ct me?od by :i* ! in/9cts or habits acquir$ "u dome/ication may be comp>$ ) ^? giv5 by nature1 by a te/ ( a fundam5tal k9d2 ,i mean ! comp>ison ( ! m5tal p[]s ( mongrels & hybrids4 ,n[ ! in/9cts1 or habits1 ta/es1 & dispositions ( "o bre$ ( animals1 :5 cross$ ) ano!r bre$1 = in/ance a %eph]d-dog ) a h>ri]1 are bl5d$ & appe> 9 ! same curi\sly mix$ degree1 bo? 9 ! fir/ & succe$+ g5]ations1 exactly z happ5s :5 "o species is cross$ ) ano!r#bhb4 ,?is w\ld h>dly be ! case if !re 0 any fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! dome/ic & natural in/9ct#bhc2 if ! =m] 71 to use a metaphorical expression1 m]ely sup]ficial4 #bhb ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bad1 vi4 p4 #cbg4 #bhc ,note 9 orig9al4 ,give "s def9ition ( in/9ct1 or at lea/ give *ief attributes4 ,9 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bjg1 vi4 p4 #cai1 ,d>w9 refuses to def9e in/9ct4 ,! t]m in/9ct is (t5 us$ 9 a s5se :i* implies no m ?an t ! animal does ! action 9 "q4 ,faculties & in/9cts may ,i ?9k be imp]fectly sep>at$4 ,! mole has ! faculty ( scrat*+ burr[s1 & ! in/9ct to apply x4 ,! bird ( passage has ! faculty ( f9d+ its way & ! in/9ct to put x 9 action at c]ta9 p]iods4 ,x c h>dly be said to h ! faculty ( kn[+ ! "t1 = x c possess no means1 )\t inde$ x be "s consci\sness ( pass+ s5sations4 ,?9k ov] all habitual actions & see :e!r faculties & in/9cts c be sep>at$4 ,we h faculty ( wak+ 9 ! night1 if an in/9ct prompt$ u to d some?+ at c]ta9 h\r ( night or day4 ,savages f9d+ _! way4 ,wrangel's acc\nt--probably a faculty inexplicable by ! possessor4 ,!re are besides faculties means1 z conv]sion ( l>vae into neut]s & que5s4 ,i ?9k all ?is g5]ally impli$1 anyh[ useful4 ,?is discussion1 :i* does n occur 9 ! ,orig91 is a fir/ draft ( t :i* foll[s 9 ! text1 p4 #abc4 ,v>iation 9 ! m5tal attributes ( wild animals4 ,) respect to ! v>iation#bhd ( ! m5tal p[]s ( animals 9 a wild /ate1 we "k t !re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! disposition ( diff]5t individuals ( ! same species1 z is recognis$ by all ^? :o h _h ! *>ge ( animals 9 a m5ag]ie4 ,) respect to ! wildness ( animals1 t is fe> direct$ p>ticul>ly aga9/ man1 :i* appe>s to be z true an in/9ct z ! dread ( a "y m\se ( a cat1 we h excell5t evid5ce t x is sl[ly acquir$ & becomes h]$it>y4 ,x is also c]ta9 t1 9 a natural /ate1 individuals ( ! same species lose or d n practice _! migratory in/9cts--z woodcocks 9 ,madeira4 ,) respect to any v>iation 9 ! m complicat$ in/9cts1 x is obvi\sly mo/ difficult to detect1 ev5 m s ?an 9 ! case ( corporeal /ructure1 ( :i* x has be5 admitt$ ! v>iation is exce$+ly small1 & p]haps sc>cely any 9 ! majority ( species at any "o p]iod4 ,yet1 to take "o excell5t case ( in/9ct1 namely ! ne/s ( birds1 ^? :o h paid mo/ att5tion to ! subject ma9ta9 t n only c]ta9 individuals 8 species seem to be able to build v imp]fectly1 b t a diff]5ce 9 skill may n unfrequ5tly be detect$ betwe5 individuals#bhe4 ,c]ta9 birds1 moreov]1 adapt _! ne/s to circum/ances2 ! wat]-ouzel makes no vault :5 %e builds "u cov] ( a rock--! sp>r[ builds v diff]5tly :5 its ne/ is 9 a tree or 9 a hole1 & ! gold5-cre/$ wr5 sometimes susp5ds its ne/ bel[ & sometimes places x on ! bran*es ( trees4 #bhd ,a %ort discussion ( a simil> k9d occurs 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #baa1 vi4 p4 #cbd4 #bhe ,?is s5t5ce agrees ) ! ,,ms41 b is cle>ly 9 ne$ ( correction4 ,pr9ciples ( ,selection applicable to in/9cts4 ,z ! in/9cts ( a species are fully z important to its pres]vation & multiplication z its corporeal /ructure1 x is evid5t t if !re be ! slighte/ cong5ital diff]5ces 9 ! in/9cts & habits1 or if c]ta9 individuals dur+ _! lives are induc$ or compell$ to v>y _! habits1 & if su* diff]5ces are 9 ! smalle/ degree m fav\rable1 "u slightly modifi$ ext]nal conditions1 to _! pres]vation1 su* individuals mu/ 9 ! long run h a bett] *ance ( be+ pres]v$ & ( multiply+#bhf4 ,if ?is be admitt$1 a s]ies ( small *anges may1 z 9 ! case ( corporeal /ructure1 "w great *anges 9 ! m5tal p[]s1 habits & in/9cts ( any species4 #bhf ,?is corresponds to ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bab1 vi4 p4 #cbe4 ,difficulties 9 ! acquirem5t ( complex in/9cts by ,selection4 ,e "o w at fir/ be incl9$ to expla9 7z ,i did = a long "t7 t _m ( ! m complicat$ & wond]ful in/9cts c\ld n be acquir$ 9 ! mann] "h suppos$#bhg4 ,! ,second ,"p ( ?is "w is devot$ to ! g5]al consid]ation ( h[ f> ! g5]al economy ( nature ju/ifies or opposes ! belief t relat$ species & g5]a are desc5d$ f common /ocks2 b we may "h consid] :e!r ! in/9cts ( animals (f] su* a prima facie case ( impossibility ( gradual acquirem5t1 z to ju/ify ! rejection ( any su* !ory1 h[ev] /rongly x may be support$ by o!r facts4 ,i beg to repeat t ,i wi% "h to consid] n ! probability b ! possibility ( complicat$ in/9cts hav+ be5 acquir$ by ! sl[ & long-cont9u$ selection ( v slight 7ei!r cong5ital or produc$ by habit7 modifications ( =ego+ simpl] in/9cts2 ea* modification be+ z useful & necess>y1 to ! species practis+ x1 z ! mo/ complicat$ k9d4 #bhg ,?is discussion is int]e/+ 9 diff]+ f ! correspond+ section ( ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #baf1 vi4 p4 #ccj1 to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,9 ! pres5t ,essay ! subjects dealt ) are ne/-mak+ in/9cts1 includ+ ! egg-hat*+ habit ( ! ,au/ralian bu%-turkey4 ,! p[] ( %amm+ dea?4 ,faculty 9 relation to in/9ct4 ,! in/9ct ( lapse ( "t1 & ( direction4 ,bees' cells v briefly giv54 ,birds fe$+ _! "y on food diff]+ f _! own natural food4 ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i41 ! cases discuss$ are ! in/9ct ( lay+ eggs 9 o!r birds' ne/s2 ! slave-mak+ in/9ct 9 ants2 ! con/ruction ( ! bee's comb1 v fully discuss$4 ,fir/1 to take ! case ( birds'-ne/s2 ( exi/+ species 7almo/ inf9itely few 9 comp>ison ) ! multitude :i* mu/ h exi/$1 s9ce ! p]iod ( ! new ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,n4 ,am]ica1 ( ^: habits we mu/ always rema9 ignorant7 a tol]ably p]fect s]ies c\ld be made f eggs laid on ! b>e gr\nd1 to o!rs ) a few /icks j laid r\nd !m1 to a simple ne/ l ! wood-pigeons1 to o!rs m & m complicat$3 n[ if1 z is ass]t$1 !re occasionally exi/ slight diff]5ces 9 ! build+ p[]s ( an individual1 & if1 :i* is at lea/ probable1 t su* diff]5ces w\ld t5d to be inh]it$1 !n we c see t x is at lea/ possible t ! nidificatory in/9cts may h be5 acquir$ by ! gradual selection1 dur+ ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( g5]ations1 ( ! eggs & "y ( ^? individuals1 ^: ne/s 7 9 "s degree bett] adapt$ to ! pres]vation ( _! "y1 "u ! !n exi/+ conditions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ surpris+ in/9cts on record is t ( ! ,au/ralian bu%-turkey1 ^: eggs are hat*$ by ! heat g5]at$ f a huge pile ( f]m5t+ mat]ials1 :i* x heaps toge!r2 b "h ! habits ( an alli$ species %[ h[ ?is in/9ct might possibly h be5 acquir$4 ,?is second species inhabits a tropical di/rict1 :]e ! heat ( ! sun is suffici5t to hat* its eggs2 ?is bird1 bury+ its eggs1 app>5tly = concealm5t1 "u a less] heap ( rubbi%1 b ( a dry nature1 s z n to f]m5t4 ,n[ suppose ?is bird to range sl[ly into a climate :i* 0 cool]1 & :]e leaves 7 m abundant1 9 t case1 ^? individuals1 :i* *anc$ to h _! collect+ in/9ct /ronge/ develop$1 w\ld make a some:at l>g] pile1 & ! eggs1 aid$ dur+ "s cold] season1 "u ! slightly cool] climate by ! heat ( incipi5t f]m5tation1 w\ld 9 ! long run be m freely hat*$ & w\ld probably produce "y ones ) ! same m highly develop$ collect+ t5d5cies2 ( ^! aga91 ^? ) ! be/ develop$ p[]s w\ld aga9 t5d to re> mo/ "y4 ,?us ?is /range in/9ct might possibly be acquir$1 e individual bird be+ z ignorant ( ! laws ( f]m5tation1 & ! consequ5t developm5t ( heat1 z we "k !y mu/ be4 ,secondly1 to take ! case ( animals feign+ dea? 7z x is commonly express$7 to escape dang]4 ,9 ! case ( insects1 a p]fect s]ies c be %[n1 f "s insects1 :i* mom5t>ily /& /ill1 to o!rs :i* = a second slightly contract _! legs1 to o!rs :i* w rema9 immovably drawn toge!r = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & may be torn asund] or roa/$ at a sl[ fire1 )\t ev9c+ ! smalle/ sign ( s5sation4 ,no "o w d\bt t ! l5g? ( "t1 dur+ :i* ea* rema9s immovable1 is well adapt$ to fav\r ! insect's escape f ! dang]s to :i* x is mo/ expos$1 & few w d5y ! possibility ( ! *ange f "o degree to ano!r1 by ! means & at ! rate already expla9$4 ,?9k+ x1 h[ev]1 wond]ful 7?\gh n impossible7 t ! attitude ( dea? %\ld h be5 acquir$ by me?ods :i* imply no imitation1 ,i comp>$ sev]al species1 :5 feign+1 z is said1 dea?1 ) o!rs ( ! same species really dead1 & _! attitudes 7 9 no "o case ! same4 ,?irdly1 9 consid]+ _m in/9cts x is useful to endeav\r to sep>ate ! faculty#bhh by :i* !y p]=m x1 & ! m5tal p[] :i* urges to ! p]=mance1 :i* is m prop]ly call$ an in/9ct4 ,we h an in/9ct to eat1 we h jaws c4 to give u ! faculty to d s4 ,^! faculties are (t5 unkn[n to u3 bats1 ) _! eyes de/roy$1 c avoid /r+s susp5d$ across a room1 we "k n at pres5t by :at faculty !y d ?is4 ,?us also1 ) migratory birds1 x is a wond]ful in/9ct :i* urges !m at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> to direct _! c\rse 9 c]ta9 directions1 b x is a faculty by :i* !y "k ! "t & f9d _! way4 ,) respect to "t#bhi1 man )\t see+ ! sun c judge to a c]ta9 ext5t ( ! h\r1 z mu/ ^? cattle :i* come d[n f ! inl& m\nta9s to fe$ on sea-we$ left b>e at ! *ang+ h\r ( l[-wat]#bij4 ,a hawk 7,d',orbigny7 seems c]ta9ly to h acquir$ a k ( a p]iod ( e #ba days4 ,9 ! cases already giv5 ( ! %eep :i* travell$ to _! bir?-place to ca/ _! lambs1 & ! %eep 9 ,spa9 :i* "k _! "t ( m>*#bia1 we may conjecture t ! t5d5cy to move is associat$1 we may !n call x in/9ctively1 ) "s corporeal s5sations4 ,) respect to direction we c easily conceive h[ a t5d5cy to travel 9 a c]ta9 c\rse may possibly h be5 acquir$1 al?\gh we mu/ rema9 ignorant h[ birds are able to pres]ve any direction :atev] 9 a d>k night ov] ! wide ocean4 ,i may obs]ve t ! p[] ( "s savage races ( mank9d to f9d _! way1 al?\gh p]haps :olly diff]5t f ! faculty ( birds1 is ne>ly z un9telligible to u4 ,bell+haus51 a skilful navigator1 describes ) ! utmo/ wond] ! mann] 9 :i* "s ,esquimaux guid$ him to a c]ta9 po9t1 by a c\rse nev] /raight1 ?r\gh newly =m$ hummocks ( ice1 on a ?ick foggy day1 :5 he ) a compass f\nd x impossible1 f hav+ no l&m>ks1 & f _! c\rse be+ s extremely crook$1 to pres]ve any sort ( uni=m direction3 s x is ) ,au/ralian savages 9 ?ick =e/s4 ,9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica _m birds sl[ly travel nor?w>d & s\?w>d1 urg$ on by ! food !y f9d1 z ! seasons *ange2 let !m cont9ue to d ?is1 till1 z 9 ! case ( ! %eep 9 ,spa91 x has become an urg5t in/9ctive desire1 & !y w gradually accel]ate _! j\rney4 ,!y w\ld cross n>r[ riv]s1 & if ^! 7 conv]t$ by subsid5ce into n>r[ e/u>ies1 & gradually dur+ c5turies to arms ( ! sea1 /ill we may suppose _! re/less desire ( travell+ onw>ds w\ld impel !m to cross su* an arm1 ev5 if x _h become ( great wid? beyond _! span ( vision4 ,h[ !y are able to pres]ve a c\rse 9 any direction1 ,i h said1 is a faculty unkn[n to u4 ,to give ano!r illu/ration ( ! means by :i* ,i conceive x possible t ! direction ( migrations h be5 det]m9$4 ,elk & re9de] 9 ,n4 ,am]ica annually cross1 z if !y c\ld m>vell\sly smell or see at ! di/ance ( a hundr$ miles1 a wide tract ( absolute des]t1 to arrive at c]ta9 isl&s :]e !re is a scanty supply ( food2 ! *anges ( temp]ature1 :i* geology proclaims1 r5d] x probable t ?is des]t tract =m]ly support$ "s vegetation1 & ?us ^! quadrup$s might h be5 annually l$ on1 till !y rea*$ ! m f]tile spots1 & s acquir$1 l ! %eep ( ,spa91 _! migratory p[]s4 #bhh ,! di/9ction betwe5 faculty & in/9ct corresponds 9 "s degree to t betwe5 p]ception ( a /imulus & a specific reaction4 ,i imag9e t ! au?or w\ld h said t ! s5sitiv5ess to light possess$ by a plant is faculty1 :ile in/9ct decides :e!r ! plant curves to or f ! s\rce ( illum9ation4 #bhi ,note 9 ! orig9al 9 an unkn[n h&writ+4 ,at ! "t :5 corn 0 pit*$ 9 ! m>ket in/ead ( sold by sample1 ! geese 9 ! t[n fields ( ,newca/le ,/af=d%ire8 us$ to "k m>ket day & come 9 to pick up ! corn spilt4 #bij ,note 9 orig9al4 ,maccullo* & o!rs4 #bia ,i c f9d no ref]5ce to ! trans&antes %eep 9 ,d>w9's publi%$ "w4 ,he 0 possibly l$ to d\bt ! accuracy ( ! /atem5t on :i* he reli$4 ,= ! case ( ! %eep return+ to _! bir?-place see p4 #ag1 note #d4,note #ia ,f\r?ly1 ) respect to ! combs ( ! hive-bee#bib2 "h aga9 we mu/ look to "s faculty or means by :i* !y make _! hexagonal cells1 )\t inde$ we view ^! in/9cts z m]e ma*9es4 ,at pres5t su* a faculty is q unkn[n3 ,mr ,wat]h\se supposes t sev]al bees are l$ by _! in/9ct to excavate a mass ( wax to a c]ta9 ?9ness1 & t ! result ( ?is is t hexagons necess>ily rema94 ,:e!r ?is or "s o!r !ory be true1 "s su* means !y mu/ possess4 ,!y ab\nd1 h[ev]1 ) true in/9cts1 :i* are ! mo/ wond]ful t are kn[n4 ,if we exam9e ! little t is kn[n conc]n+ ! habits ( o!r species ( bees1 we f9d mu* simpl] in/9cts3 ! humble bee m]ely fills rude balls ( wax ) honey & aggregates !m toge!r ) little ord] 9 a r\gh ne/ ( grass4 ,if we knew ! in/9ct ( all ! bees1 :i* ev] _h exi/$1 x is n improbable t we %\ld h in/9cts ( e degree ( complexity1 f actions z simple z a bird mak+ a ne/1 & re>+ h] "y1 to ! wond]ful ar*itecture & gov]nm5t ( ! hive-bee2 at lea/ su* is possible1 :i* is all t ,i am "h consid]+4 #bib ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bbd1 vi4 p4 #cdb4 ,f9ally1 ,i w briefly consid] "u ! same po9t ( view "o o!r class ( in/9cts1 :i* h (t5 be5 advanc$ z truly wond]ful1 namely p>5ts br++ food to _! "y :i* !y !mselves nei!r l nor p>take (#bic2--;= in/ance1 ! common sp>r[1 a granivor\s bird1 fe$+ its "y ) cat]pill>s4 ,we might ( c\rse look into ! case /ill e>li]1 & seek h[ an in/9ct 9 ! p>5t1 ( fe$+ its "y at all1 0 fir/ d]iv$2 b x is useless to wa/e "t 9 conjectures on a s]ies ( gradations f ! "y fe$+ !mselves & be+ slightly & occasionally assi/$ 9 _! se>*1 to _! entire food be+ br\ght to !m4 ,) respect to ! p>5t br++ a diff]5t k9d ( food f its own k9d1 we may suppose ei!r t ! remote /ock1 :5ce ! sp>r[ & o!r cong5]\s birds h desc5d$1 0 insectivor\s1 & t its own habits & /ructure h be5 *ang$1 :il/ its anci5t in/9cts ) respect to its "y h rema9$ un*ang$2 or we may suppose t ! p>5ts h be5 induc$ to v>y slightly ! food ( _! "y1 by a slight sc>city ( ! prop] k9d 7or by ! in/9cts ( "s individuals n be+ s truly develop$71 & 9 ?is case ^? "y :i* 7 mo/ capable ( surviv+ 7 necess>ily mo/ (t5 pres]v$1 & w\ld !mselves 9 "t become p>5ts1 & w\ld be simil>ly compell$ to alt] _! food = _! "y4 ,9 ! case ( ^? animals1 ! "y ( :i* fe$ !mselves1 *anges 9 _! in/9cts = food1 & 9 _! /ructure1 might be select$ f slight v>iations1 j z 9 mature animals4 ,aga91 :]e ! food ( ! "y dep5ds on :]e ! "m places h] eggs1 z 9 ! case ( ! cat]pill>s ( ! cabbage-butt]fly1 we may suppose t ! p>5t /ock ( ! species deposit$ h] eggs sometimes on "o k9d & sometimes on ano!r ( cong5]\s plants 7z "s species n[ d71 & if ! cabbage suit$ ! cat]pill>s bett] ?an any o!r plant1 ! cat]pill>s ( ^? butt]flies1 :i* _h *os5 ! cabbage1 w\ld be mo/ pl5tifully re>$1 & w\ld produce butt]flies m apt to lay _! eggs on ! cabbage ?an on ! o!r cong5]\s plants4 #bic ,?is is an expansion ( an obscure passage 9 ! ,essay ( #ahdb1 p4 #ai4 ,h[ev] vague & unphilosophical ^! conjectures may appe>1 !y s]ve1 ,i ?9k1 to %[ t "o's fir/ impulse utt]ly to reject any !ory :atev]1 imply+ a gradual acquirem5t ( ^! in/9cts1 :i* = ages h excit$ man's admiration1 may at lea/ be delay$4 ,once grant t dispositions1 ta/es1 actions or habits c be slightly modifi$1 ei!r by slight cong5ital diff]5ces 7we mu/ suppose 9 ! bra97 or by ! =ce ( ext]nal circum/ances1 & t su* slight modifications c be r5d]$ inh]itable1--a proposition :i* no "o c reject1--& x w be difficult to put any limit to ! complexity & wond] ( ! ta/es & habits :i* may possibly be ?us acquir$4 ,difficulties 9 ! acquirem5t by ,selection ( complex corporeal /ructures4 ,aft] ! pa/ discussion x w p]haps be conv5i5t "h to consid] :e!r any p>ticul> corporeal organs1 or ! entire /ructure ( any animals1 are s wond]ful z to ju/ify ! rejection prima facie ( our !ory#bid4 ,9 ! case ( ! eye1 z ) ! m complicat$ in/9cts1 no d\bt "o's fir/ impulse is to utt]ly reject e su* !ory4 ,b if ! eye f its mo/ complicat$ =m c be %[n to graduate into an exce$+ly simple /ate1--if selection c produce ! smalle/ *ange1 & if su* a s]ies exi/s1 !n x is cle> 7= 9 ?is "w we h no?+ to d ) ! fir/ orig9 ( organs 9 _! simple/ =ms#bie7 t x may possibly h be5 acquir$ by gradual selection ( slight1 b 9 ea* case1 useful deviations#bif4 ,e naturali/1 :5 he meets ) any new & s+ul> organ1 always expects to f9d1 & looks =1 o!r & simpl] modifications ( x 9 o!r be+s4 ,9 ! case ( ! eye1 we h a multitude ( diff]5t =ms1 m or less simple1 n graduat+ into ea* o!r1 b sep>at$ by sudd5 gaps or int]vals2 b we mu/ recollect h[ incomp>ably great] w\ld ! multitude ( visual /ructures be if we _h ! eyes ( e fossil :i* ev] exi/$4 ,we %all discuss ! probable va/ proportion ( ! ext9ct to ! rec5t 9 ! succe$+ ,"p4 ,not)/&+ ! l>ge s]ies ( exi/+ =ms1 x is mo/ difficult ev5 to conjecture by :at int]m$iate /ages v _m simple organs c\ld possibly h graduat$ into complex ones3 b x %\ld be "h borne 9 m9d1 t a "p hav+ orig9ally a :olly diff]5t function1 may on ! !ory ( gradual selection be sl[ly work$ into q ano!r use2 ! gradations ( =ms1 f :i* naturali/s believe 9 ! hypo!tical metamorphosis ( "p ( ! e> into ! swimm+ bladd] 9 fi%es#big1 & 9 insects ( legs into jaws1 %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ?is is possible4 ,z "u dome/ication1 modifications ( /ructure take place1 )\t any cont9u$ selection1 :i* man f9ds v useful1 or valuable = curiosity 7z ! hook$ calyx ( ! teazle1 or ! ruff r\nd "s pigeons' necks71 s 9 a /ate ( nature "s small modifications1 app>5tly beautifully adapt$ to c]ta9 ends1 may p]haps be produc$ f ! accid5ts ( ! reproductive sy/em1 & be at once propagat$ )\t long-cont9u$ selection ( small deviations t[>ds t /ructure#bih4 ,9 conjectur+ by :at /ages any complicat$ organ 9 a species may h arriv$ at its pres5t /ate1 al?\gh we may look to ! analog\s organs 9 o!r exi/+ species1 we %\ld d ?is m]ely to aid & guide our imag9ations2 = to "k ! real /ages we mu/ look only ?r\gh "o l9e ( species1 to "o anci5t /ock1 f :i* ! species 9 "q has desc5d$4 ,9 consid]+ ! eye ( a quadrup$1 = in/ance1 ?\gh we may look at ! eye ( a mollusc\s animal or ( an insect1 z a pro( h[ simple an organ w s]ve "s ( ! ends ( vision2 & at ! eye ( a fi% z a ne>] guide ( ! mann] ( simplification2 we mu/ rememb] t x is a m]e *ance 7assum+ = a mom5t ! tru? ( our !ory7 if any exi/+ organic be+ has pres]v$ any "o organ1 9 exactly ! same condition1 z x exi/$ 9 ! anci5t species at remote geological p]iods4 #bid ,! difficulties discuss$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #aga1 vi4 p4 #bjg1 are ! r>ity ( transitional v>ieties1 ! orig9 ( ! tail ( ! giraffe2 ! ott]-l polecat 7,mu/ela vison72 ! fly+ habit ( ! bat2 ! p5gu9 & ! logg]-head$ duck2 fly+ fi%2 ! :ale-l habit ( ! be>2 ! woodpeck]2 div+ petrels2 ! eye2 ! swimm+ bladd]2 ,cirrip$es2 neut] insects2 electric organs4 ,( ^!1 ! polecat1 ! bat1 ! woodpeck]1 ! eye1 ! swimm+ bladd] are discuss$ 9 ! pres5t ,essay1 & 9 addition "s botanical problems4 #bie ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 vi4 p4 #bge1 ! au?or replies to ,miv>t's criticisms 7,g5esis ( ,species1 #ahga71 ref]r+ especially to t writ]'s objection t natural selection is incompet5t to acc\nt = ! incipi5t /ages ( useful /ructures4 #bif ,! foll[+ s5t5ce seems to h be5 int5d$ = ins]tion "h & t ea* eye ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom is n only mo/ useful1 b p]fect = its possessor4 #big ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #aij1 vi4 p4 #bcj4 #bih ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ def9ite /atem5ts 9 ! pres5t ,essay ( ! possible importance ( sports or :at w\ld n[ be call$ mutations4 ,z is well kn[n ! au?or aft]w>ds d\bt$ :e!r species c\ld arise 9 ?is way4 ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 v4 p4 #ajc1 vi4 p4 #aaj1 also ,life & ,lett]s1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ajg4 ,! nature or condition ( c]ta9 /ructures has be5 ?\ght by "s naturali/s to be ( no use to ! possessor#bii1 b to h be5 =m$ :olly = ! good ( o!r species2 ?us c]ta9 fruit & se$s h be5 ?\ght to h be5 made nutriti\s = c]ta9 animals--numb]s ( insects1 especially 9 _! l>val /ate1 to exi/ = ! same end--c]ta9 fi% to be bright col\r$ to aid c]ta9 birds ( prey 9 cat*+ !m1 c4 ,n[ c\ld ?is be prov$ 7:i* ,i am f> f admitt+7 ! !ory ( natural selection w\ld be q ov]?r[n2 = x is evid5t t selection dep5d+ on ! advantage ov] o!rs ( "o individual ) "s slight deviation w\ld nev] produce a /ructure or quality pr(itable only to ano!r species4 ,no d\bt "o be+ takes advantage ( qualities 9 ano!r1 & may ev5 cause its ext]m9ation2 b ?is is f> f prov+ t ?is quality 0 produc$ = su* an end4 ,x may be advantage\s to a plant to h its se$s attractive to animals1 if "o out ( a hundr$ or a ?\s& escapes be+ dige/$1 & ?us aids dissem9ation3 ! bright col\rs ( a fi% may be ( "s advantage to x1 or m probably may result f exposure to c]ta9 conditions 9 fav\rable haunts = food1 not)/&+ x becomes subject to be caught m easily by c]ta9 birds4 #bii ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #baj1 vi4 p4 #cbb1 :]e ! "q is discuss$ = ! case ( in/9cts ) a proviso t ! same argum5t applies to /ructure4 ,x is briefly /at$ 9 its g5]al be>+ 9 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #hg1 vi4 p4 #ajf4 ,if in/ead ( look+1 z above1 at c]ta9 individual organs1 9 ord] to speculate on ! /ages by :i* _! p>ts h be5 matur$ & select$1 we consid] an individual animal1 we meet ) ! same or great] difficulty1 b :i*1 ,i believe1 z 9 ! case ( s+le organs1 re/s entirely on our ignorance4 ,x may be ask$ by :at int]m$iate =ms c\ld1 = in/ance1 a bat possibly h pass$2 b ! same "q might h be5 ask$ ) respect to ! seal1 if we _h n be5 famili> ) ! ott] & o!r semi-aquatic c>nivor\s quadrup$s4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! bat1 :o c say :at might h be5 ! habits ( "s p>5t =m ) less develop$ w+s1 :5 we n[ h insectivor\s opossums & h]bivor\s squirrels fitt$ = m]ely glid+ ?r\gh ! air#cjj4 ,"o species ( bat is at pres5t p>tly aquatic 9 its habits#cja4 ,woodpeck]s & tree-frogs are especially adapt$1 z _! names express1 = climb+ trees2 yet we h species ( bo? inhabit+ ! op5 pla9s ( ,la ,plata1 :]e a tree does n exi/#cjb4 ,i might argue f ?is circum/ance t a /ructure em95tly fitt$ = climb+ trees might desc5d f =ms inhabit+ a c\ntry :]e a tree did n exi/4 ,not)/&+ ^! & a multitude ( o!r well-kn[n facts1 x has be5 ma9ta9$ by sev]al au?ors t "o species1 = in/ance ( ! c>nivor\s ord]1 c\ld n pass into ano!r1 = in/ance into an ott]1 because 9 its transitional /ate its habits w\ld n be adapt$ to any prop] conditions ( life2 b ! jagu>#cjc is a ?or\ghly t]re/rial quadrup$ 9 its /ructure1 yet x takes freely to ! wat] & cat*es _m fi%2 w x be said t x is impossible t ! conditions ( its c\ntry might become su* t ! jagu> %\ld be driv5 to fe$ m on fi% ?an !y n[ d2 & 9 t case is x impossible1 is x n probable1 t any ! slighte/ deviation 9 its in/9cts1 its =m ( body1 9 ! wid? ( its feet1 & 9 ! ext5sion ( ! sk9 7:i* already unites ! base ( its toes7 w\ld give su* individuals a bett] *ance ( surviv+ & propagat+ "y ) simil>1 b>ely p]ceptible 7?\gh ?or\ghly ex]cis$71 deviations#cjd8 ,:o w say :at c\ld ?us be effect$ 9 ! c\rse ( t5 ?\s& g5]ations8 ,:o c answ] ! same "q ) respect to in/9cts8 ,if no "o c1 ! possibility 7= we are n 9 ?is *apt] consid]+ ! probability7 ( simple organs or organic be+s be+ modifi$ by natural selection & ! effects ( ext]nal ag5cies into complicat$ ones ought n to be absolutely reject$4 #cjj ,note 9 orig9al4 ,no "o w dispute t ! glid+ is mo/ useful1 probably necess>y = ! species 9 "q4 #cja ,note 9 orig9al4 ,is ?is ! ,galeopi!cus8 ,i =get4 ,galeopi!cus or ! fly+ ,lemur is m5tion$ 9 ! correspond+ discussion 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #aha1 vi4 p4 #bag1 z =m]ly plac$ among ! bats4 ,i d n "k :y x is describ$ z p>tly aquatic 9 its habits4 #cjb ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 vi4 p4 #bba1 ! au?or modifi$ ! /atem5t t x nev] climbs trees2 he also ins]t$ a s5t5ce quot+ ,mr ,hudson to ! effect t 9 o!r di/ricts ?is woodpeck] climbs trees & bores holes4 ,see ,mr ,d>w9's pap]1 ,zoolog4 ,soc4 ,proc41 #ahgj1 & ,life & ,lett]s1 iii4 p4 #aec4 #cjc ,note by ! late ,alfr$ ,newton4 ,ri*>dson 9 ,fauna ,boreali-,am]icana1 i4 p4 #di4 #cjd ,note 9 orig9al4 ,see ,ri*>dson a f> bett] case ( a polecat animal ,mu/ela vison1 :i* half-ye> is aquatic4 ,m5tion$ 9 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #agi1 vi4 p4 #baf4 ,,"p ,,ii#cje ,,on ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,fav\rable ,,& ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,! ,,view ,,t ,,species ,,are ,,naturally ,,=m$ ,,races1 ,,desc5d$ ,,f ,,common ,,/ocks #cje ,9 ! ,orig9 ! division ( ! "w into ,p>ts ,i & ,,ii is omitt$4 ,9 ! ,,ms4 ! *apt]s ( ,"p ,,ii are numb]$ afre%1 ! pres5t be+ ,*4 ,i ( ,pt4 ,,ii4 ,i h ?\ght x be/ to call x ,*4 ,,iv & !re is evid5ce t ,d>w9 _h "s ?\ght ( do+ ! same4 ,x corresponds to ,*4 ,,ix ( ,orig91 ,ed4 i41 ,*4 ,x 9 ,ed4 vi4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,on ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,int]m$iate ,,=ms ,,requir$ ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,common ,,desc5t2 ,,& ,,on ,,_! ,,abs5ce ,,9 ,a ,,fossil ,,/ate ,i mu/ "h premise t1 accord+ to ! view ord9>ily receiv$1 ! myriads ( organisms1 :i* h dur+ pa/ & pres5t times peopl$ ?is _w1 h be5 creat$ by s _m di/9ct acts ( creation4 ,x is impossible to reason conc]n+ ! w ( ! ,creator1 & !re=e1 accord+ to ?is view1 we c see no cause :y or :y n ! individual organism %\ld h be5 creat$ on any fix$ s*eme4 ,t all ! organisms ( ?is _w h be5 produc$ on a s*eme is c]ta9 f _! g5]al aff9ities2 & if ?is s*eme c be %[n to be ! same ) t :i* w\ld result f alli$ organic be+s desc5d+ f common /ocks1 x becomes highly improbable t !y h be5 sep>ately creat$ by individual acts ( ! w ( a ,creator4 ,= z well might x be said t1 al?\gh ! planets move 9 c\rses con=mably to ! law ( gravity1 yet we ought to attribute ! c\rse ( ea* planet to ! individual act ( ! w ( ! ,creator#cjf4 ,x is 9 e case m con=mable ) :at we "k ( ! gov]nm5t ( ?is e>?1 t ! ,creator %\ld h impos$ only g5]al laws4 ,z long z no me?od 0 kn[n by :i* races c\ld become exquisitely adapt$ to v>i\s ends1 :il/ ! exi/5ce ( species 0 ?\ght to be prov$ by ! /]ility#cjg ( _! (fspr+1 x 0 all[able to attribute ea* organism to an individual act ( creation4 ,b 9 ! two =m] *apt]s x has 7,i ?9k7 be5 %[n t ! production1 "u exi/+ conditions1 ( exquisitely adapt$ species1 is at lea/ possible4 ,is !re !n any direct evid5ce 9 fav\r ( or aga9/ ?is view8 ,i believe t ! geographical di/ribution ( organic be+s 9 pa/ & pres5t times1 ! k9d ( aff9ity l9k+ !m toge!r1 _! s-call$ metamorphic & abortive organs1 appe> 9 fav\r ( ?is view4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! imp]fect evid5ce ( ! cont9u\sness ( ! organic s]ies1 :i*1 we %all imm$iately see1 is requir$ on our !ory1 is aga9/ x2 & is ! mo/ weighty objection#cjh4 ,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 ev5 on ?is po9t1 z f> z x goes1 is fav\rable2 & consid]+ ! imp]fection ( our k1 especially ) respect to pa/ ages1 x w\ld be surpris+ if evid5ce drawn f su* s\rces 7 n also imp]fect4 #cjf ,9 ! ,essay ( #ahdb ! au?or uses a/ronomy 9 ! same mann] z an illu/ration4 ,9 ! ,orig9 ?is does n occur2 ! ref]5ce to ! action ( second>y causes is m g5]al1 e4g4 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dhh1 vi4 p4 #ffh4 #cjg ,x is int]e/+ to f9d ! argum5t f /]ility giv5 s prom95t a place4 ,9 a correspond+ passage 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dhj1 vi4 p4 #fei1 x is m summ>ily treat$4 ,! au?or gives1 z ! *ief b> to ! acceptance ( evolution1 ! fact t we are always sl[ 9 admitt+ any great *ange ( :i* we d n see ! int]m$iate /eps2 & goes on to quote ,lyell on geological action4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! "q ( /]ility rema9$ a difficulty = ,huxley4 #cjh ,simil> /atem5ts occur 9 ! ,essay ( #ahdb1 p4 #bd1 note #a1 & 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bii4 ,z ,i suppose t species h be5 =m$ 9 an analog\s mann] ) ! v>ieties ( ! dome/icat$ animals & plants1 s mu/ !re h exi/$ int]m$iate =ms betwe5 all ! species ( ! same gr\p1 n diff]+ m ?an recognis$ v>ieties diff]4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ necess>y t !re %\ld h exi/$ =ms exactly int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 any two species ( a g5us1 or ev5 betwe5 any two v>ieties ( a species2 b x is necess>y t !re %\ld h exi/$ e int]m$iate =m betwe5 ! "o species or v>iety ( ! common p>5t1 & likewise betwe5 ! second species or v>iety1 & ?is same common p>5t4 ,?us x does n necess>ily foll[ t !re ev] has exi/$ a s]ies ( int]m$iate sub-v>ieties 7diff]+ no m ?an ! occasional se$l+s f ! same se$-capsule17 betwe5 broccoli & common r$ cabbage2 b x is c]ta9 t !re has exi/$1 betwe5 broccoli & ! wild p>5t cabbage1 a s]ies ( su* int]m$iate se$l+s1 & aga9 betwe5 r$ cabbage & ! wild p>5t cabbage3 s t ! broccoli & r$ cabbage are l9k$ toge!r1 b n necess>ily by directly int]m$iate =ms#cji4 ,x is ( c\rse possible t !re may h be5 directly int]m$iate =ms1 = ! broccoli may h long s9ce desc5d$ f a common r$ cabbage1 & ?is f ! wild cabbage4 ,s on my !ory1 x mu/ h be5 ) species ( ! same g5us4 ,/ill m mu/ ! supposition be avoid$ t !re has necess>ily ev] exi/$ 7?\gh "o may h desc5d$ f ! o!r7 directly int]m$iate =ms betwe5 any two g5]a or families--= in/ance betwe5 ! g5us ,sus & ! ,tapir#caj2 al?\gh x is necess>y t int]m$iate =ms 7n diff]+ m ?an ! v>ieties ( our dome/ic animals7 %\ld h exi/$ betwe5 ,sus & "s unkn[n p>5t =m1 & ,tapir ) ?is same p>5t =m4 ,! latt] may h diff]$ m f ,sus & ,tapir ?an ^! two g5]a n[ diff] f ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is s5se1 accord+ to our !ory1 !re has be5 a gradual passage 7! /eps n be+ wid] ap>t ?an our dome/ic v>ieties7 betwe5 ! species ( ! same g5us1 betwe5 g5]a ( ! same family1 & betwe5 families ( ! same ord]1 & s on1 z f> z facts1 h]eaft] to be giv51 lead u2 & ! numb] ( =ms :i* mu/ h at =m] p]iods exi/$1 ?us to make good ?is passage betwe5 diff]5t species1 g5]a1 & families1 mu/ h be5 almo/ inf9itely great4 #cji ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bhj1 vi4 p4 #dad he uses 8 newly-acquir$ k ( pigeons to illu/rate ?is po9t4 #caj ,comp>e ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bha1 vi4 p4 #dad4 ,:at evid5ce#caa is !re ( a numb] ( int]m$iate =ms hav+ exi/$1 mak+ a passage 9 ! above s5se1 betwe5 ! species ( ! same gr\ps8 ,"s naturali/s h suppos$ t if e fossil :i* n[ lies entomb$1 toge!r ) all exi/+ species1 7 collect$ toge!r1 a p]fect s]ies 9 e great class w\ld be =m$4 ,consid]+ ! enorm\s numb] ( species requisite to effect ?is1 especially 9 ! above s5se ( ! =ms n be+ directly int]m$iate betwe5 ! exi/+ species & g5]a1 b only int]m$iate by be+ l9k$ ?r\gh a common b (t5 widely diff]5t ance/or1 ,i ?9k ?is supposition highly improbable4 ,i am h[ev] f> f und]rat+ ! probable numb] ( fossilis$ species3 no "o :o has att5d$ to ! wond]ful progress ( palaeontology dur+ ! la/ few ye>s w d\bt t we z yet h f\nd only an exce$+ly small fraction ( ! species buri$ 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,al?\gh ! almo/ inf9itely num]\s int]m$iate =ms 9 no "o class may h be5 pres]v$1 x does n foll[ t !y h n exi/$4 ,! fossils :i* h be5 discov]$1 x is important to rem>k1 d t5d1 ! little way !y g1 to make good ! s]ies2 = z obs]v$ by ,buckl& !y all fall into or betwe5 exi/+ gr\ps#cab4 ,moreov]1 ^? t fall betwe5 our exi/+ gr\ps1 fall 91 accord+ to ! mann] requir$ by our !ory1 = !y d n directly connect two exi/+ species ( diff]5t gr\ps1 b !y connect ! gr\ps !mselves3 ?us ! ,pa*yd]mata & ,rum9antia are n[ sep>at$ by sev]al *>act]s1 = in/ance ! ,pa*yd]mata#cac h bo? a tibia & fibula1 :il/ ,rum9antia h only a tibia2 n[ ! fossil ,macrau*5ia has a leg bone exactly int]m$iate 9 ?is respect1 & likewise has "s o!r int]m$iate *>act]s4 ,b ! ,macrau*5ia does n connect any "o species ( ,pa*yd]mata ) "s "o o!r ( ,rum9antia b x %[s t ^! two gr\ps h at "o "t be5 less widely divid$4 ,s h fi% & reptiles be5 at "o "t m closely connect$ 9 "s po9ts ?an !y n[ are4 ,g5]ally 9 ^? gr\ps 9 :i* !re has be5 mo/ *ange1 ! m anci5t ! fossil1 if n id5tical ) rec5t1 ! m (t5 x falls betwe5 exi/+ gr\ps1 or into small exi/+ gr\ps :i* n[ lie betwe5 o!r l>ge exi/+ gr\ps4 ,cases l ! =ego+1 ( :i* !re are _m1 =m /eps1 ?\gh few & f> betwe51 9 a s]ies ( ! k9d requir$ by my !ory4 #caa ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cja1 vi4 p4 #ddj4 #cab ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cbi1 vi4 p4 #dga4 #cac ,! /ructure ( ! ,pa*yd]m leg 0 a fav\rite ) ! au?or4 ,x is discuss$ 9 ! ,essay ( #ahdb1 p4 #dh4 ,9 ! pres5t ,essay ! foll[+ s5t5ce 9 ! m>g9 appe>s to ref] to ,pa*yd]ms & ,rum9ants3 ,!re c be no d\bt1 if we bani% all fossils1 exi/+ gr\ps /& m sep>ate4 ,! foll[+ occurs betwe5 ! l9es ,! e>lie/ =ms w\ld be su* z o!rs c\ld radiate f4 ,z ,i h admitt$ ! high improbability1 t if e fossil 7 dis9t]r$1 !y w\ld compose 9 ea* ( ! ,divisions ( ,nature a p]fect s]ies ( ! k9d requir$2 consequ5tly ,i freely admit1 t if ^? geologi/s are 9 ! "r :o consid] ! l[e/ kn[n =mation z contemporane\s ) ! fir/ appe>ances ( life#cad2 or ! sev]al =mations z at all closely consecutive2 or any "o =mation z conta9+ a ne>ly p]fect record ( ! organisms :i* exi/$ dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( its deposition 9 t qu>t] ( ! globe2--if su* propositions are to be accept$1 my !ory mu/ be ab&on$4 #cad ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cjg1 vi4 p4 #ddh4 ,if ! ,palaeozoic sy/em is really contemporane\s ) ! fir/ appe>ance ( life1 my !ory mu/ be ab&on$1 bo? inasmu* z x limits f %ortness ( "t ! total numb] ( =ms :i* c h exi/$ on ?is _w1 & because ! organisms1 z fi%1 mollusca#cae & />-fi% f\nd 9 its l[] b$s1 _c be consid]$ z ! p>5t =ms ( all ! successive species 9 ^! classes4 ,b no "o has yet ov]turn$ ! argum5ts ( ,hutton & ,lyell1 t ! l[e/ =mations kn[n to u are only ^? :i* h escap$ be+ metamorphos$ illegible2 if we argu$ f "s consid]able di/ricts1 we might h suppos$ t ev5 ! ,cretace\s sy/em 0 t 9 :i* life fir/ appe>$4 ,f ! numb] ( di/ant po9ts1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! ,silurian sy/em has be5 f\nd to be ! l[e/1 & n always metamorphos$1 !re are "s objections to ,hutton's & ,lyell's view2 b we mu/ n =get t ! n[ exi/+ l& =ms only #a_/e "p ( ! sup]ficies ( ! globe1 & t ?is fraction is only imp]fectly kn[n4 ,) respect to ! fewness ( ! organisms f\nd 9 ! ,silurian & o!r ,palaeozoic =mations1 !re is less difficulty1 inasmu* z 7besides _! gradual oblit]ation7 we c expect =mations ( ?is va/ antiquity to escape entire d5udation1 only :5 !y h be5 accumulat$ ov] a wide area1 & h be5 subsequ5tly protect$ by va/ sup]impos$ deposits3 n[ ?is c\ld g5]ally only hold good ) deposits accumulat+ 9 a wide & deep ocean1 & !re=e unfav\rable to ! pres5ce ( _m liv+ ?+s4 ,a m]e n>r[ & n v ?ick /rip ( matt]1 deposit$ along a coa/ :]e organisms mo/ ab\nd1 w\ld h no *ance ( escap+ d5udation & be+ pres]v$ to ! pres5t "t f su* imm5sely di/ant ages#caf4 #cae ,p5cil ins]tion by ! au?or4 ,! p>5t-=ms ( ,mollusca w\ld probably diff] greatly f all rec5t1--x is n directly t any "o division ( ,mollusca w\ld desc5d f fir/ "t unalt]$1 :il/ o!rs _h become metamorphos$ f x4 #caf ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bia1 vi4 p4 #dbf4 ,if ! sev]al kn[n =mations are at all ne>ly consecutive 9 "t1 & pres]ve a fair record ( ! organisms :i* h exi/$1 my !ory mu/ be ab&on$4 ,b :5 we consid] ! great *anges 9 m9]alogical nature & texture betwe5 successive =mations1 :at va/ & entire *anges 9 ! geography ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntries mu/ g5]ally h be5 effect$1 ?us :olly to h *ang$ ! nature ( ! deposits on ! same area4 ,:at "t su* *anges mu/ h requir$6 ,moreov] h[ (t5 has x n be5 f\nd1 t betwe5 two con=mable & app>5tly imm$iately successive deposits a va/ pile ( wat]-worn matt] is int]polat$ 9 an adjo9+ di/rict4 ,we h no means ( conjectur+ 9 _m cases h[ long a p]iod#cag has elaps$ betwe5 successive =mations1 = ! species are (t5 :olly diff]5t3 z rem>k$ by ,lyell1 9 "s cases probably z long a p]iod has elaps$ betwe5 two =mations z ! :ole ,t]ti>y sy/em1 itself brok5 by wide gaps4 #cag ,note 9 orig9al4 ,reflect on com+ 9 ( ! ,*alk1 ext5d+ f ,icel& to ! ,crimea4 ,consult ! writ+s ( any "o :o has p>ticul>ly att5d$ to any "o /age 9 ! ,t]ti>y sy/em 7& inde$ ( e sy/em7 & see h[ deeply impress$ he is ) ! "t requir$ = its accumulation#cah4 ,reflect on ! ye>s elaps$ 9 _m cases1 s9ce ! late/ b$s conta9+ only liv+ species h be5 =m$2--see :at ,jordan ,smi? says ( ! #bj1jjj ye>s s9ce ! la/ b$1 :i* is above ! b\ld] =mation 9 ,scotl&1 has be5 uprais$2 or ( ! f> long] p]iod s9ce ! rec5t b$s ( ,sw$5 h be5 uprais$ #djj feet1 :at an enorm\s p]iod ! b\ld] =mation mu/ h requir$1 & yet h[ insignificant are ! records 7al?\gh !re has be5 pl5ty ( elevation to br+ up subm>9e deposits7 ( ! %ells1 :i* we "k exi/$ at t "t4 ,?9k1 !n1 ov] ! entire l5g? ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*1 & ?9k ov] ! probable l5g? ( ! int]vals1 sep>at+ ! ,second>y deposits4 ,( ^! deposits1 moreov]1 ^? consi/+ ( s& & pebbles h seldom be5 fav\rable1 ei!r to ! emb$m5t or to ! pres]vation ( fossils#cai4 #cah ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bhb1 vi4 p4 #daf4 #cai ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #bhh1 #cjj1 vi4 pp4 #dbb1 #dch4 ,nor c x be admitt$ z probable t any "o ,second>y =mation conta9s a fair record ev5 ( ^? organisms :i* are mo/ easily pres]v$1 namely h>d m>9e bodies4 ,9 h[ _m cases h we n c]ta9 evid5ce t betwe5 ! deposition ( app>5tly closely consecutive b$s1 ! l[] "o exi/$ = an unkn[n "t z l&1 cov]$ ) trees4 ,"s ( ! ,second>y =mations :i* conta9 mo/ m>9e rema9s appe> to h be5 =m$ 9 a wide & n deep sea1 & !re=e only ^? m>9e animals :i* live 9 su* situations w\ld be pres]v$#cbj4 ,9 all cases1 on ind5t$ rocky coa/s1 or any o!r coa/1 :]e s$im5t is n accumulat+1 al?\gh (t5 highly fav\rable to m>9e animals1 none c be emb$d$3 :]e pure s& & pebbles are accumulat+ few or none w be pres]v$4 ,i may "h in/ance ! great we/]n l9e ( ! ,s4 ,am]ican coa/#cba1 t5ant$ by _m peculi> animals1 ( :i* none probably w be pres]v$ to a di/ant epo*4 ,f ^! causes1 & especially f su* deposits z are =m$ along a l9e ( coa/1 /eep above & bel[ wat]1 be+ necess>ily ( little wid?1 & !re=e m likely to be subsequ5tly d5ud$ & worn away1 we c see :y x is improbable t our ,second>y deposits conta9 a fair record ( ! ,m>9e ,fauna ( any "o p]iod4 ,! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago (f]s an area1 z l>ge z mo/ ( our ,second>y deposits1 9 :i* !re are wide & %all[ seas1 teem+ ) m>9e animals1 & 9 :i* s$im5t is accumulat+2 n[ suppos+ t all ! h>d m>9e animals1 or r ^? hav+ h>d p>ts to pres]ve1 7 pres]v$ to a future age1 except+ ^? :i* liv$ on rocky %ores :]e no s$im5t or only s& & gravel 7 accumulat+1 & except+ ^? emb$d$ along ! /eep] coa/s1 :]e only a n>r[ fr+e ( s$im5t 0 accumulat+1 suppos+ all ?is1 h[ poor a notion w\ld a p]son at a future age h ( ! ,m>9e ,fauna ( ! pres5t day4 ,lyell#cbb has comp>$ ! geological s]ies to a "w ( :i* only ! few latt] b n consecutive *apt]s h be5 pres]v$2 & out ( :i*1 x may be add$1 v _m leaves h be5 torn1 ! rema9+ ones only illu/rat+ a scanty portion ( ! ,fauna ( ea* p]iod4 ,on ?is view1 ! records ( antec$+ ages confirm my !ory2 on any o!r !y de/roy x4 #cbj ,note 9 orig9al4 ,nei!r highe/ or l[e/ fi% 7i4e4 ,myx9a 8 or ,lepidosir57 c\ld be pres]v$ 9 intelligible condition 9 fossils4 #cba ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bij1 vi4 p4 #dbe4 #cbb ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #caj1 vi4 p4 #deb = ,lyell's metaphor4 ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,judd = po9t+ out t ,d>w9's v]sion ( ! metaphor is f\nd$ on ! fir/ edition ( ,lyell's ,pr9ciples1 vol4 ,i4 & vol4 ,,iii42 see ! ,essay ( #ahdb1 p4 #bg4 ,f9ally1 if we n>r[ ! "q into1 :y d we n f9d 9 "s in/ances e int]m$iate =m betwe5 any two species8 ! answ] may well be t ! av]age duration ( ea* specific =m 7z we h good reason to believe7 is imm5se 9 ye>s1 & t ! transition c\ld1 accord+ to my !ory1 be effect$ only by numb]less small gradations2 & !re=e t we %\ld require = ?is end a mo/ p]fect record1 :i* ! =ego+ reason+ tea*es u n to expect4 ,x might be ?\ght t 9 a v]tical section ( great ?ickness 9 ! same =mation "s ( ! species ought to be f\nd to v>y 9 ! upp] & l[] p>ts#cbc1 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r any =mation has gone on accumulat+ )\t any break = a p]iod z long z ! duration ( a species2 & if x _h done s1 we %\ld require a s]ies ( specim5s f e "p4 ,h[ r>e mu/ be ! *ance ( s$im5t accumulat+ = "s #bj or #cj ?\s& ye>s on ! same spot#cbd1 ) ! bottom subsid+1 s t a prop] dep? might be pres]v$ = any "o species to cont9ue liv+3 :at an am\nt ( subsid5ce w\ld be ?us requir$1 & ?is subsid5ce mu/ n de/roy ! s\rce :5ce ! s$im5t cont9u$ to be d]iv$4 ,9 ! case ( t]re/rial animals1 :at *ance is !re :5 ! pres5t "t is become a plei/oc5e =mation 7at an e>li] p]iod ?an ?is1 suffici5t elevation to expose m>9e b$s c\ld n be expect$71 :at *ance is !re t future geologi/s w make out ! innum]able transitional sub-v>ieties1 ?r\gh :i* ! %ort-horn$ & long-horn$ cattle 7s diff]5t 9 %ape ( body7 h be5 d]iv$ f ! same p>5t /ock#cbe8 ,yet ?is transition has be5 effect$ 9 ! same c\ntry1 & 9 a f> %ort] "t1 ?an w\ld be probable 9 a wild /ate1 bo? cont+5cies highly fav\rable = ! future hypo!tical geologi/s be+ enabl$ to trace ! v>iation4 #cbc ,see ,m ,lett]s1 vol4 ,i4 pp4 #cdd-g1 = ,d>w9's int]e/ 9 ! celebrat$ obs]vations ( ,hilg5dorf & ,hyatt4 #cbd ,?is corresponds p>tly to ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bid1 vi4 p4 #dca4 #cbe ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bii1 vi4 p4 #dcg4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,gradual ,,appe>ance ,,& ,,disappe>ance ,,( ,,species#cbf #cbf ,?is *apt] corresponds to *4 ,x ( ,orig91 ,ed4 i41 vi4 *4 ,,xi1 ,on ! geological succession ( organic be+s4 ,9 ! ,t]ti>y sy/em1 9 ! la/ uplift$ b$s1 we f9d all ! species rec5t & liv+ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity2 9 r old] b$s we f9d only rec5t species1 b "s n liv+ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity#cbg2 we !n f9d b$s ) two or ?ree or a few m ext9ct or v r>e species2 !n consid]ably m ext9ct species1 b ) gaps 9 ! regul> increase2 & f9ally we h b$s ) only two or ?ree or n "o liv+ species4 ,mo/ geologi/s believe t ! gaps 9 ! p]c5tage1 t is ! sudd5 increm5ts1 9 ! numb] ( ! ext9ct species 9 ! /ages ( ! ,t]ti>y sy/em are due to ! imp]fection ( ! geological record4 ,h5ce we are l$ to believe t ! species 9 ! ,t]ti>y sy/em h be5 gradually introduc$2 & f analogy to c>ry on ! same view to ! ,second>y =mations4 ,9 ^! latt]1 h[ev]1 entire gr\ps ( species g5]ally come 9 abruptly2 b ?is w\ld naturally result1 if1 z argu$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 ^! ,second>y deposits are sep>at$ by wide epo*s4 ,moreov] x is important to obs]ve t1 ) our increase ( k1 ! gaps betwe5 ! old] =mations become few] & small]2 geologi/s ( a few ye>s /&+ rememb] h[ beautifully has ! ,devonian sy/em#cbh come 9 betwe5 ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,silurian =mations4 ,i ne$ h>dly obs]ve t ! sl[ & gradual appe>ance ( new =ms foll[s f our !ory1 = to =m a new species1 an old "o mu/ n only be pla/ic 9 its organization1 becom+ s probably f *anges 9 ! conditions ( its exi/5ce1 b a place 9 ! natural economy ( ! di/rict mu/ be made1 come to exi/1 = ! selection ( "s new modification ( its /ructure1 bett] fitt$ to ! surr\nd+ conditions ?an are ! o!r individuals ( ! same or o!r species#cbi4 #cbg ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cab1 vi4 p4 #dec4 #cbh ,9 ! m>g9 ! au?or has writt5 ,lonsdale4 ,?is ref]s to ,w4 ,lonsdale's pap] ,notes on ! age ( ! ,lime/one ( ,s\? ,devon%ire1 ,geolog4 ,soc4 ,trans41 ,s]ies #b1 vol4 ,v4 #ahdj1 p4 #gba4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,h4 ,b4 ,woodw>d 7,hi/ory ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 #aijg1 p4 #ajg7 ,lonsdale's 'important & orig9al sugge/ion ( ! exi/5ce ( an int]m$i>y type ( ,palaeozoic fossils1 s9ce call$ ,devonian1' l$ to a *ange :i* 0 !n '! greate/ ev] made at "o "t 9 ! classification ( our ,engli% =mations'4 ,mr ,woodw>d's quotations are f ,mur*ison & ,buckl&4 #cbi ,note 9 orig9al4 ,bett] beg9 ) ?is4 ,if species really1 aft] cata/rophes1 creat$ 9 %[]s ov] _w1 my !ory false4 ,9 ! above passage ! au?or is obvi\sly close to 8 !ory ( div]g5ce4 ,9 ! ,t]ti>y sy/em ! same facts1 :i* make u admit z probable t new species h sl[ly appe>$1 lead to ! admission t old ones h sl[ly disappe>$1 n sev]al toge!r1 b "o aft] ano!r2 & by analogy "o is induc$ to ext5d ?is belief to ! ,second>y & ,palaeozoic epo*s4 ,9 "s cases1 z ! subsid5ce ( a flat c\ntry1 or ! break+ or ! jo9+ ( an i/hmus1 & ! sudd5 inroad ( _m new & de/ructive species1 ext9ction might be locally sudd54 ,! view ent]ta9$ by _m geologi/s1 t ea* fauna ( ea* ,second>y epo* has be5 sudd5ly de/roy$ ov] ! :ole _w1 s t no succession c\ld be left = ! production ( new =ms1 is subv]sive ( my !ory1 b ,i see no gr\nds :atev] to admit su* a view4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! law1 :i* has be5 made out1 ) ref]5ce to di/9ct epo*s1 by indep5d5t obs]v]s1 namely1 t ! wid] ! geographical range ( a species ! long] is its duration 9 "t1 seems entirely oppos$ to any univ]sal ext]m9ation#ccj4 ,! fact ( species ( mammif]\s animals & fi% be+ r5ew$ at a quick] rate ?an mollusca1 ?\gh bo? aquatic2 & ( ^! ! t]re/rial g5]a be+ r5ew$ quick] ?an ! m>9e2 & ! m>9e mollusca be+ aga9 r5ew$ quick] ?an ! ,infusorial animalcula1 all seem to %[ t ! ext9ction & r5ewal ( species does n dep5d on g5]al cata/rophes1 b on ! p>ticul> relations ( ! sev]al classes to ! conditions to :i* !y are expos$#cca4 #ccj ,opposite to ?is passage ! au?or has writt5 d',ar*iac1 ,=bes1 ,lyell4 #cca ,?is passage1 = :i* ! au?or gives z au?orities ! names ( ,lyell1 ,=bes & ,ehr5b]g1 corresponds 9 "p to ! discussion beg9n+ on p4 #cac ( ,orig91 ,ed4 i41 vi4 p4 #ded4 ,"s au?ors seem to consid] ! fact ( a few species hav+ surviv$#ccb amid/ a numb] ( ext9ct =ms 7z is ! case ) a tortoise & a crocodile out ( ! va/ numb] ( ext9ct sub-,himalayan fossils7 z /rongly oppos$ to ! view ( species be+ mutable4 ,no d\bt ?is w\ld be ! case1 if x 7 presuppos$ ) ,lam>ck t !re 0 "s inh]5t t5d5cy to *ange & developm5t 9 all species1 = :i* supposition ,i see no evid5ce4 ,z we see "s species at pres5t adapt$ to a wide range ( conditions1 s we may suppose t su* species w\ld survive un*ang$ & unext]m9at$ = a long "t2 "t g5]ally be+ f geological causes a correlative ( *ang+ conditions4 ,h[ at pres5t "o species becomes adapt$ to a wide range1 & ano!r species to a re/rict$ range ( conditions1 is ( difficult explanation4 #ccb ,! au?or gives ,falcon] z 8 au?ority3 see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cac1 vi4 p4 #ded4 ,ext9ction ( species4 ,! ext9ction ( ! l>g] quadrup$s1 ( :i* we imag9e we bett] "k ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 has be5 ?\ght little less wond]ful ?an ! appe>ance ( new species2 & has1 ,i ?9k1 *iefly l$ to ! belief ( univ]sal cata/rophes4 ,:5 consid]+ ! wond]ful disappe>ance )9 a late p]iod1 :il/ rec5t %ells 7 liv+1 ( ! num]\s great & small mammif]s ( ,s4 ,am]ica1 "o is /rongly induc$ to jo9 ) ! cata/rophi/s4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t v errone\s views are held on ?is subject4 ,z f> z is hi/orically kn[n1 ! disappe>ance ( species f any "o c\ntry has be5 sl[--! species becom+ r>] & r>]1 locally ext9ct1 & f9ally lo/#ccc4 ,x may be object$ t ?is has be5 effect$ by man's direct ag5cy1 or by 8 indirect ag5cy 9 alt]+ ! /ate ( ! c\ntry2 9 ?is latt] case1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be difficult to draw any j di/9ction betwe5 8 ag5cy & natural ag5cies4 ,b we n[ "k 9 ! lat] ,t]ti>y deposits1 t %ells become r>] & r>] 9 ! successive b$s1 & f9ally disappe>3 x has happ5$1 also1 t %ells common 9 a fossil /ate1 & ?\ght to h be5 ext9ct1 h be5 f\nd to be /ill liv+ species1 b v r>e ones#ccd4 ,if ! rule is t organisms become ext9ct by becom+ r>] & r>]1 we ought n to view _! ext9ction1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! l>g] quadrup$s1 z any?+ wond]ful & out ( ! common c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,= no naturali/ ?9ks x wond]ful t "o species ( a g5us %\ld be r>e & ano!r abundant1 not)/&+ he be q incapable ( expla9+ ! causes ( ! comp>ative r>5ess#cce4 ,:y is "o species ( will[-wr5 or hawk or woodpeck] common 9 ,engl&1 & ano!r extremely r>e3 :y at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope is "o species ( rh9oc]os or antelope f> m abundant ?an o!r species8 ,:y aga9 is ! same species mu* m abundant 9 "o di/rict ( a c\ntry ?an 9 ano!r di/rict8 ,no d\bt !re are 9 ea* case good causes3 b !y are unkn[n & unp]ceiv$ by u4 ,may we n !n safely inf] t z c]ta9 causes are act+ unp]ceiv$ ar\nd u1 & are mak+ "o species to be common & ano!r exce$+ly r>e1 t !y might equally well cause ! f9al ext9ction ( "s species )\t be+ p]ceiv$ by u8 ,we %\ld always be> 9 m9d t !re is a recurr5t /ruggle = life 9 e organism1 & t 9 e c\ntry a de/roy+ ag5cy is always c\nt]act+ ! geometrical t5d5cy to increase 9 e species2 & yet )\t our be+ able to tell ) c]ta9ty at :at p]iod ( life1 or at :at p]iod ( ! ye>1 ! de/ruction falls ! heavie/4 ,ought we !n to expect to trace ! /eps by :i* ?is de/roy+ p[]1 always at "w & sc>cely p]ceiv$ by u1 becomes increas$1 & yet if x cont9ues to increase ev] s sl[ly 7)\t ! f]tility ( ! species 9 "q be likewise increas$7 ! av]age numb] ( ! individuals ( t species mu/ decrease1 & become f9ally lo/4 ,i may give a s+le in/ance ( a *eck caus+ local ext]m9ation :i* might long h escap$ discov]y#ccf2 ! horse1 ?\gh sw>m+ 9 a wild /ate 9 ,la ,plata1 & likewise "u app>5tly ! mo/ unfav\rable conditions 9 ! scor*$ & alt]nately flood$ pla9s ( ,c>accas1 w n 9 a wild /ate ext5d beyond a c]ta9 degree ( latitude into ! int]m$iate c\ntry ( ,p>aguay2 ?is is ow+ to a c]ta9 fly deposit+ its eggs on ! navels ( ! foals3 z1 h[ev]1 man ) a little c>e c re> horses 9 a tame /ate abundantly 9 ,p>aguay1 ! problem ( its ext9ction is probably complicat$ by ! great] exposure ( ! wild horse to occasional fam9e f ! dr\ghts1 to ! attacks ( ! jagu> & o!r su* evils4 ,9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s ! *eck to ! increase ( ! wild horse is said to be loss ( ! suck+ foals#ccg1 f ! /allions compell+ ! m>es to travel across bogs & rocks 9 se>* ( food3 if ! pa/ure on ^! isl&s decreas$ a little1 ! horse1 p]haps1 w\ld cease to exi/ 9 a wild /ate1 n f ! absolute want ( food1 b f ! impati5ce ( ! /allions urg+ ! m>es to travel :il/ ! foals 7 too "y4 #ccc ,?is corresponds approximately to ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cag1 vi4 p4 #deh4 #ccd ,! case ( ,trigonia1 a great ,second>y g5us ( %ells surviv+ 9 a s+le species 9 ! ,au/ralian seas1 is giv5 z an example 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cba1 vi4 p4 #dfc4 #cce ,?is po9t1 on :i* ! au?or laid mu* /ress1 is discuss$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cai1 vi4 p4 #dfa4 #ccf ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #gb1 vi4 p4 #hi4 #ccg ,?is case does n occur 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 ,f our m intimate acqua9tance ) dome/ic animals1 we _c conceive _! ext9ction )\t "s gl>+ ag5cy2 we =get t !y w\ld und\bt$ly 9 a /ate ( nature 7:]e o!r animals are ready to fill up _! place7 be act$ on 9 "s "p ( _! lives by a de/roy+ ag5cy1 keep+ _! numb]s on an av]age con/ant4 ,if ! common ox 0 kn[n only z a wild ,s4 ,african species1 we %\ld feel no surprise at he>+ t x 0 a v r>e species2 & ?is r>ity w\ld be a /age t[>ds its ext9ction4 ,ev5 9 man1 s inf9itely bett] kn[n ?an any o!r inhabitant ( ?is _w1 h[ impossible x has be5 f\nd1 )\t /ati/ical calculations1 to judge ( ! proportions ( bir?s & dea?s1 ( ! duration ( life1 & ( ! increase & decrease ( population2 & /ill less ( ! causes ( su* *anges3 & yet1 z has s (t5 be5 repeat$1 decrease 9 numb]s or r>ity seems to be ! high-road to ext9ction4 ,to m>vel at ! ext]m9ation ( a species appe>s to me to be ! same ?+ z to "k t illness is ! road to dea?1--to look at illness z an ord9>y ev5t1 nev]!less to conclude1 :5 ! sick man dies1 t 8 dea? has be5 caus$ by "s unkn[n & viol5t ag5cy#cch4 #cch ,an almo/ id5tical s5t5ce occurs 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cbj1 vi4 p4 #dfb4 ,9 a future "p ( ?is "w we %all %[ t1 z a g5]al rule1 gr\ps ( alli$ species#cci gradually appe> & disappe>1 "o aft] ! o!r1 on ! face ( ! e>?1 l ! individuals ( ! same species3 & we %all !n endeav\r to %[ ! probable cause ( ?is rem>kable fact4 #cci ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #caf1 vi4 p4 #deg4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,on ,,! ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,organic ,,be+s ,,9 ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t ,,times ,= conv5i5ce sake ,i %all divide ?is *apt] into ?ree sections#cdj4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,i %all endeav\r to /ate ! laws ( ! di/ribution ( exi/+ be+s1 z f> z our pres5t object is conc]n$2 9 ! second1 t ( ext9ct2 & 9 ! ?ird section ,i %all consid] h[ f> ^! laws accord ) ! !ory ( alli$ species hav+ a common desc5t4 #cdj ,*apt]s ,,xi & ,,xii 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i41 vi4 *s4 ,,xii & ,,xiii 7,on geographical di/ribution7 %[ signs ( hav+ be5 orig9ally "o1 9 ! fact t "o summ>y s]ves = bo?4 ,! geological elem5t is n sep>ately treat$ !re1 nor is !re a sep>ate section on h[ f> ^! laws accord ) ! !ory1 c4 ,9 ! ,,ms4 ! au?or has "h writt5 9 ! m>g9 ,if same species appe> at two spot at once1 fatal to my !ory4 ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ceb1 vi4 p4 #dii ,,section ,,fir/4 ,di/ribution ( ! inhabitants 9 ! diff]5t cont95ts4 ,9 ! foll[+ discussion ,i %all *iefly ref] to t]re/rial mammif]s1 inasmu* z !y are bett] kn[n2 _! diff]5ces 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 /rongly m>k$2 & especially z ! necess>y means ( _! transport are m evid5t1 & confusion1 f ! accid5tal conveyance by man ( a species f "o di/rict to ano!r di/rict1 is less likely to arise4 ,x is kn[n t all mammif]s 7z well z all o!r organisms7 are unit$ 9 "o great sy/em2 b t ! diff]5t species1 g5]a1 or families ( ! same ord] inhabit diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,if we divide ! l&#cda into two divisions1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( diff]5ce1 & disreg>d+ ! numb]s ( ! t]re/rial mammif]s inhabit+ !m1 we %all h fir/ ,au/ralia includ+ ,new ,gu9ea2 & secondly ! re/ ( ! _w3 if we make a ?ree-fold division1 we %all h ,au/ralia1 ,s4 ,am]ica1 & ! re/ ( ! _w2 ,i mu/ obs]ve t ,nor? ,am]ica is 9 "s respects neutral l&1 f possess+ "s ,s4 ,am]ican =ms1 b ,i believe x is m closely alli$ 7z x c]ta9ly is 9 its birds1 plants & %ells7 ) ,europe4 ,if our division _h be5 f\r-fold1 we %\ld h _h ,au/ralia1 ,s4 ,am]ica1 ,madagasc> 7?\gh inhabit$ by few mammif]s7 & ! rema9+ l&3 if five-fold1 ,africa1 especially ! s\!rn ea/]n p>ts1 w\ld h to be sep>at$ f ! rema9d] ( ! _w4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 ! mammif]\s inhabitants ( ! sev]al ma9 divisions ( ! globe _c1 x is well kn[n1 be expla9$ by correspond+ diff]5ces 9 _! conditions#cdb2 h[ simil> are p>ts ( tropical ,am]ica & ,africa2 & accord+ly we f9d "s analog\s resemblances1--?us bo? h monkeys1 bo? l>ge fel9e animals1 bo? l>ge ,lepidopt]a1 & l>ge dung-fe$+ beetles2 bo? h palms & epiphytes2 & yet ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 _! productions is z great z betwe5 ^? ( ! arid pla9s ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & ! grass-cov]$ savannahs ( ,la ,plata#cdc4 ,consid] ! di/ribution ( ! ,m>supialia1 :i* are em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ,au/ralia1 & 9 a less] degree ( ,s4 ,am]ica2 :5 we reflect t animals ( ?is division1 fe$+ bo? on animal & vegetable matt]1 frequ5t ! dry op5 or wood$ pla9s & m\nta9s ( ,au/ralia1 ! humid imp5etrable =e/s ( ,new ,gu9ea & ,brazil2 ! dry rocky m\nta9s ( ,*ile1 & ! grassy pla9s ( ,b&a ,ori5tal1 we mu/ look to "s o!r cause1 ?an ! nature ( ! c\ntry1 = _! abs5ce 9 ,africa & o!r qu>t]s ( ! _w4 #cda ,?is division ( ! l& into regions does n occur 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 #cdb ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cdf1 vi4 p4 #dic4 #cdc ,opposite ?is passage is writt5 n botanically1 9 ,sir ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]'s h&4 ,! ^w palms is und]l9$ ?ree times & foll[$ by ?ree exclamation m>ks4 ,an explanatory note is add$ 9 ! m>g9 s+ul> paucity ( palms & epiphytes 9 ,trop4 ,africa comp>$ ) ,trop4 ,am]ica & ,ind4 ,or4 ,ea/ ,indies4 ,fur!rmore x may be obs]v$ t all ! organisms inhabit+ any c\ntry are n p]fectly adapt$ to x#cdd2 ,i mean by n be+ p]fectly adapt$1 only t "s few o!r organisms c g5]ally be f\nd bett] adapt$ to ! c\ntry ?an "s ( ! aborig9es4 ,we mu/ admit ?is :5 we consid] ! enorm\s numb] ( horses & cattle :i* h run wild dur+ ! ?ree la/ c5turies 9 ! un9habit$ p>ts ( ,/ ,dom+o1 ,cuba1 & ,s4 ,am]ica2 = ^! animals mu/ h supplant$ "s aborig9al ones4 ,i might also adduce ! same fact 9 ,au/ralia1 b p]haps x w be object$ t #cj or #dj ye>s has n be5 a suffici5t p]iod to te/ ?is p[] ( /ruggl+ ) & ov]com+ ! aborig9es4 ,we "k ! ,european m\se is driv+ be=e x t ( ,new ,zeal&1 l ! ,norway rat has driv5 be=e x ! old ,engli% species 9 ,engl&4 ,sc>cely an isl& c be nam$1 :]e casually introduc$ plants h n supplant$ "s ( ! native species3 9 ,la ,plata ! ,c>doon cov]s squ>e leagues ( c\ntry on :i* "s ,s4 ,am]ican plants mu/ once h gr[n3 ! commone/ we$ ov] ! :ole ( ,india is an introduc$ ,mexican poppy4 ,! geologi/ :o kn[s t sl[ *anges are 9 progress1 replac+ l& & wat]1 w easily p]ceive t ev5 if all ! organisms ( any c\ntry _h orig9ally be5 ! be/ adapt$ to x1 ?is c\ld h>dly cont9ue s dur+ succe$+ ages )\t ei!r ext]m9ation1 or *anges1 fir/ 9 ! relative proportional numb]s ( ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 & f9ally 9 _! con/itutions & /ructure4 #cdd ,?is p>tly corresponds to ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ccg1 vi4 p4 #dhc4 ,inspection ( a map ( ! _w at once %[s t ! five divisions1 sep>at$ accord+ to ! greate/ am\nt ( diff]5ce 9 ! mammif]s inhabit+ !m1 are likewise ^? mo/ widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r by b>ri]s#cde :i* mammif]s _c pass3 ?us ,au/ralia is sep>at$ f ,new ,gu9ea & "s small adjo9+ islets only by a n>r[ & %all[ /rait2 :]eas ,new ,gu9ea & its adjo9+ islets are cut (f f ! o!r ,ea/ ,indian isl&s by deep wat]4 ,^! latt] isl&s1 ,i may rem>k1 :i* fall into ! great ,asiatic gr\p1 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r & ! cont95t only by %all[ wat]2 & :]e ?is is ! case we may suppose1 f geological oscillations ( level1 t g5]ally !re has be5 rec5t union4 ,s\? ,am]ica1 includ+ ! s\!rn "p ( ,mexico1 is cut (f f ,nor? ,am]ica by ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ! great table-l& ( ,mexico1 except by a m]e fr+e ( tropical =e/s along ! coa/3 x is ow+1 p]haps1 to ?is fr+e t ,n4 ,am]ica possesses "s ,s4 ,am]ican =ms4 ,madagasc> is entirely isolat$4 ,africa is also to a great ext5t isolat$1 al?\gh x approa*es1 by _m promontories & by l9es ( %all[] sea1 to ,europe & ,asia3 s\!rn ,africa1 :i* is ! mo/ di/9ct 9 its mammif]\s inhabitants1 is sep>at$ f ! nor!rn portion by ! ,great ,sah>a ,des]t & ! table-l& ( ,abyss9ia4 ,t ! di/ribution ( organisms is relat$ to b>ri]s1 /opp+ _! progress1 we cle>ly see by comp>+ ! di/ribution ( m>9e & t]re/rial productions4 ,! m>9e animals be+ diff]5t on ! two sides ( l& t5ant$ by ! same t]re/rial animals1 ?us ! %ells are :olly diff]5t on ! opposite sides ( ! temp]ate p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica#cdf1 z !y are 787 9 ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,we c at once p]ceive t ! de/ruction ( a b>ri] w\ld p]mit two geographical gr\ps ( organisms to fuse & bl5d into "o4 ,b ! orig9al cause ( gr\ps be+ diff]5t on opposite sides ( a b>ri] c only be und]/ood on ! hypo!sis ( ea* organism hav+ be5 creat$ or produc$ on "o spot or area1 & aft]w>ds migrat+ z widely z its means ( transport & subsi/5ce p]mitt$ x4 #cde ,on ! g5]al importance ( b>ri]s1 see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cdg1 vi4 p4 #did4 #cdf ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cdh1 vi4 p4 #die4 ,relation ( range 9 g5]a & species4 ,x is g5]ally#cdg f\nd1 t :]e a g5us or gr\p ranges ov] ne>ly ! entire _w1 _m ( ! species compos+ ! gr\p h wide ranges3 on ! o!r h&1 :]e a gr\p is re/rict$ to any "o c\ntry1 ! species compos+ x g5]ally h re/rict$ ranges 9 t c\ntry#cdh4 ,?us among mammif]s ! fel9e & can9e g5]a are widely di/ribut$1 & _m ( ! individual species h enorm\s ranges ! g5us ,mus ,i believe1 h[ev]1 is a /rong exception to ! rule4 ,mr ,g\ld in=ms me t ! rule holds ) birds1 z 9 ! owl g5us1 :i* is mundane1 & _m ( ! species range widely4 ,! rule holds also ) l& & fre%-wat] mollusca1 ) butt]flies & v g5]ally ) plants4 ,z in/ances ( ! conv]se rule1 ,i may give t division ( ! monkeys :i* is conf9$ to ,s4 ,am]ica1 & among/ plants1 ! ,cacti1 conf9$ to ! same cont95t1 ! species ( bo? ( :i* h g5]ally n>r[ ranges4 ,on ! ord9>y !ory ( ! sep>ate creation ( ea* species1 ! cause ( ^! relations is n obvi\s2 we c see no reason1 because _m alli$ species h be5 creat$ 9 ! sev]al ma9 divisions ( ! _w1 t sev]al ( ^! species %\ld h wide ranges2 & on ! o!r h&1 t species ( ! same gr\p %\ld h n>r[ ranges if all h be5 creat$ 9 "o ma9 division ( ! _w4 ,z ! result ( su* & probably _m o!r unkn[n relations1 x is f\nd t1 ev5 9 ! same great classes ( be+s1 ! diff]5t divisions ( ! _w are *>act]is$ by ei!r m]ely diff]5t species1 or g5]a1 or ev5 families3 ?us 9 cats1 mice1 foxes1 ,s4 ,am]ica diff]s f ,asia & ,africa only 9 species2 9 h] pigs1 camels & monkeys ! diff]5ce is g5]ic or great]4 ,aga91 :il/ s\!rn ,africa & ,au/ralia diff] m widely 9 _! mammalia ?an d ,africa & ,s4 ,am]ica1 !y are m closely 7?\gh inde$ v di/antly7 alli$ 9 _! plants4 #cdg ,note 9 orig9al4 ,! same laws seem to gov]n di/ribution ( species & g5]a1 & individuals 9 "t & space4 ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cej1 vi4 p4 #dig1 also a passage 9 ! la/ *apt]1 p4 #adf4 #cdh ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #djd1 vi4 p4 #eei4 ,di/ribution ( ! inhabitants 9 ! same cont95t4 ,if we n[ look at ! di/ribution ( ! organisms 9 any "o ( ! above ma9 divisions ( ! _w1 we %all f9d x split up into _m regions1 ) all or ne>ly all _! species di/9ct1 b yet p>tak+ ( "o common "*4 ,?is simil>ity ( type 9 ! subdivisions ( a great region is equally well-kn[n ) ! dissimil>ity ( ! inhabitants ( ! sev]al great regions2 b x has be5 less (t5 insi/$ on1 ?\gh m wor?y ( rem>k4 ,?us = in/ance1 if 9 ,africa or ,s4 ,am]ica1 we g f s\? to nor?#cdi1 or f l[l& to upl&1 or f a humid to a dry] "p1 we f9d :olly diff]5t species ( ^? g5]a or gr\ps :i* *>act]ise ! cont95t ov] :i* we are pass+4 ,9 ^! subdivisions we may cle>ly obs]ve1 z 9 ! ma9 divisions ( ! _w1 t sub-b>ri]s divide diff]5t gr\ps ( species1 al?\gh ! opposite sides ( su* sub-b>ri]s may possess ne>ly ! same climate1 & may be 9 o!r respects ne>ly simil>3 ?us x is on ! opposite sides ( ! ,cordill]a ( ,*ile1 & 9 a less] degree on ! opposite sides ( ! ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,des]ts1 arms ( ! sea1 & ev5 riv]s =m ! b>ri]s2 m]e preoccupi$ space seems suffici5t 9 sev]al cases3 ?us ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 9 ! same latitude1 ) v simil> climate & soils1 h sc>cely a plant1 & few animals or birds1 9 common1 al?\gh all belong to ! peculi> g5]a *>act]is+ ,au/ralia4 ,x is 9 %ort impossible to expla9 ! diff]5ces 9 ! inhabitants1 ei!r ( ! ma9 divisions ( ! _w1 or ( ^! sub-divisions1 by ! diff]5ces 9 _! physical conditions1 & by ! adaptation ( _! inhabitants4 ,"s o!r cause mu/ int]v5e4 #cdi ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cdi1 vi4 p4 #dif4 ,we c see t ! de/ruction ( sub-b>ri]s w\ld cause 7z be=e rem>k$ 9 ! case ( ! ma9 divisions7 two sub-divisions to bl5d into "o2 & we c only suppose t ! orig9al diff]5ce 9 ! species1 on ! opposite sides ( sub-b>ri]s1 is due to ! creation or production ( species 9 di/9ct areas1 f :i* !y h w&]$ till arre/$ by su* sub-b>ri]s4 ,al?\gh ?us f> is pretty cle>1 x may be ask$1 :y1 :5 species 9 ! same ma9 division ( ! _w 7 produc$ on opposite sides ( a sub-b>ri]1 bo? :5 expos$ to simil> conditions & :5 expos$ to widely diff]5t influ5ces 7z on alp9e & l[l& tracts1 z on arid & humid soils1 z 9 cold & hot climates71 h !y inv>iably be5 =m$ on a simil> type1 & t type conf9$ to ?is "o division ( ! _w8 ,:y :5 an o/ri*#cej 0 produc$ 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,am]ica1 0 x =m$ on ! ,am]ican type1 in/ead ( on ! ,african or on ,au/ralian types8 ,:y :5 h>e-l & rabbit-l animals 7 =m$ to live on ! ,savannahs ( ,la ,plata1 7 !y produc$ on ! peculi> ,rod5t type ( ,s4 ,am]ica1 in/ead ( on ! true#cea h>e-type ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,asia & ,africa8 ,:y :5 borr[+ ,rod5ts1 & camel-l animals 7 =m$ to t5ant ! ,cordill]a1 7 !y =m$ on ! same type#ceb ) _! repres5tatives on ! pla9s8 ,:y 7 ! mice1 & _m birds ( diff]5t species on ! opposite sides ( ! ,cordill]a1 b expos$ to a v simil> climate & soil1 creat$ on ! same peculi> ,s4 ,am]ican type8 ,:y 7 ! plants 9 ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ?\gh :olly diff]5t z species1 =m$ on ! same peculi> ,au/ralian types8 ,! g5]ality ( ! rule1 9 s _m places & "u su* diff]5t circum/ances1 makes x highly rem>kable & seems to dem& "s explanation4 #cej ,! case ( ! o/ri* 7,rhea7 occurs 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cdi1 vi4 p4 #dif4 #cea ,note 9 orig9al4 ,!re is a h>e 9 ,s4 ,am]ica1--s bad example4 #ceb ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cdi1 vi4 p4 #dig4 ,insul> ,faunas4 ,if we n[ look to ! "* ( ! inhabitants ( small isl&s#cec1 we %all f9d t ^? situat$ close to o!r l& h a simil> fauna ) t l&#ced1 :il/ ^? at a consid]able di/ance f o!r l& (t5 possess an almo/ entirely peculi> fauna4 ,! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago#cee is a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is latt] fact2 "h almo/ e bird1 its "o mammif]1 its reptiles1 l& & sea %ells1 & ev5 fi%1 are almo/ all peculi> & di/9ct species1 n f\nd 9 any o!r qu>t] ( ! _w3 s are ! majority ( its plants4 ,b al?\gh situat$ at ! di/ance ( betwe5 #ejj & #fjj miles f ! ,s4 ,am]ican coa/1 x is impossible to ev5 glance at a l>ge "p ( its fauna1 especially at ! birds1 )\t at once see+ t !y belong to ! ,am]ican type#cef4 ,h5ce1 9 fact1 gr\ps ( isl&s ?us circum/anc$ =m m]ely small b well-def9$ sub-divisions ( ! l>g] geographical divisions4 ,b ! fact is 9 su* cases f> m /rik+3 = tak+ ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago z an in/ance2 9 ! fir/ place we mu/ feel conv9c$1 see+ t e isl& is :olly volcanic & bri/les ) crat]s1 t 9 a geological s5se ! :ole is ( rec5t orig9 comp>atively ) a cont95t2 & z ! species are ne>ly all peculi>1 we mu/ conclude t !y h 9 ! same s5se rec5tly be5 produc$ on ?is v spot2 & al?\gh 9 ! nature ( ! soil1 & 9 a less] degree 9 ! climate1 !re is a wide diff]5ce ) ! ne>] "p ( ! ,s4 ,am]ican coa/1 we see t ! inhabitants h be5 =m$ on ! same closely alli$ type4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! isl&s1 z f> z _! physical conditions are conc]n$1 resemble closely ! ,cape de ,v]de volcanic gr\p1 & yet h[ :olly unlike are ! productions ( ^! two ar*ipelagoes4 ,! ,cape de ,v]de#ceg gr\p1 to :i* may be add$ ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 are alli$ 9 _! inhabitants 7( :i* _m are peculi> species7 to ! coa/ ( ,africa & s\!rn ,europe1 9 precisely ! same mann] z ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago is alli$ to ,am]ica4 ,we "h cle>ly see t m]e geographical proximity affects1 m ?an any relation ( adaptation1 ! "* ( species4 ,h[ _m isl&s 9 ! ,pacific exi/ f> m l 9 _! physical conditions to ,juan ,f]n&ez ?an ?is isl& is to ! coa/ ( ,*ile1 di/ant #cjj miles2 :y !n1 except f m]e proximity1 %\ld ?is isl& alone be t5ant$ by two v peculi> species ( humm+-birds--t =m ( birds :i* is s exclusively ,am]ican8 ,innum]able o!r simil> cases might be adduc$4 #cec ,= ! g5]al problem ( ,oceanic ,isl&s1 see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #chh1 vi4 p4 #eda4 #ced ,?is is an illu/ration ( ! g5]al !ory ( b>ri]s 7,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cdg1 vi4 p4 #did74 ,at i4 p4 #cia1 vi4 p4 #edd ! "q is discuss$ f ! po9t ( view ( means ( transport4 ,betwe5 ! l9es1 above ! words ) t l&1 ! au?or wrote ,cause1 =m]ly jo9$1 no "o d\bts aft] ,lyell4 #cee ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cij1 vi4 p4 #edc4 #cef ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cig1 vi4 p4 #eeb4 #ceg ,! ,cape de ,v]de & ,galapagos ,ar*ipelagoes are comp>$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cih1 vi4 p4 #eec4 ,see also ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 #ahfj1 p4 #cic4 ,! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago (f]s ano!r1 ev5 m rem>kable1 example ( ! class ( facts we are "h consid]+4 ,mo/ ( its g5]a are1 z we h said1 ,am]ican1 _m ( !m are mundane1 or f\nd ev]y:]e1 & "s are q or ne>ly conf9$ to ?is ar*ipelago4 ,! isl&s are ( absolutely simil> composition1 & expos$ to ! same climate2 mo/ ( !m are 9 sight ( ea* o!r2 & yet sev]al ( ! isl&s are inhabit$1 ea* by peculi> species 7or 9 "s cases p]haps only v>ieties7 ( "s ( ! g5]a *>act]is+ ! ar*ipelago4 ,s t ! small gr\p ( ! ,galapagos ,isl&s typifies1 & foll[s exactly ! same laws 9 ! di/ribution ( its inhabitants1 z a great cont95t4 ,h[ wond]ful x is t two or ?ree closely simil> b di/9ct species ( a mock+-?ru%#ceh %\ld h be5 produc$ on ?ree neighb\r+ & absolutely simil> isl&s2 & t ^! ?ree species ( mock+-?ru% %\ld be closely relat$ to ! o!r species inhabit+ :olly diff]5t climates & diff]5t di/ricts ( ,am]ica1 & only 9 ,am]ica4 ,no simil> case s /rik+ z ?is ( ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago has hi!rto be5 obs]v$2 & ?is diff]5ce ( ! productions 9 ! diff]5t isl&s may p]haps be p>tly expla9$ by ! dep? ( ! sea betwe5 !m 7%[+ t !y c\ld n h be5 unit$ )9 rec5t geological p]iods71 & by ! curr5ts ( ! sea sweep+ /raight betwe5 !m1--& by /orms ( w9d be+ r>e1 ?r\gh :i* means se$s & birds c\ld be bl[n1 or drift$1 f "o isl& to ano!r4 ,!re are h[ev] "s simil> facts3 x is said t ! diff]5t1 ?\gh neighb\r+ isl&s ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago are inhabit$ by "s diff]5t species ( ! same g5]a2 & at ! ,s&wi* gr\p "s ( ! isl&s h ea* _! peculi> species ( ! same g5]a ( plants4 #ceh ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cij1 a /rong po9t is made ( birds :i* immigrat$ ) facility & 9 a body n hav+ be5 modifi$4 ,?us ! au?or acc\nts = ! small p]c5tage ( peculi> m>9e birds4 ,isl&s /&+ q isolat$ )9 ! intra-tropical oceans h g5]ally v peculi> floras1 relat$1 ?\gh feebly 7z 9 ! case ( ,/ ,hel5a#cei :]e almo/ e species is di/9ct71 ) ! ne>e/ cont95t3 ,tri/an d',acunha is feebly relat$1 ,i believe1 9 its plants1 bo? to ,africa & ,s4 ,am]ica1 n by hav+ species 9 common1 b by ! g5]a to :i* !y belong#cfj4 ,! floras ( ! num]\s scatt]$ isl&s ( ! ,pacific are relat$ to ea* o!r & to all ! surr\nd+ cont95ts2 b x has be5 said1 t !y h m ( an ,indo-,asiatic ?an ,am]ican "*#cfa4 ,?is is some:at rem>kable1 z ,am]ica is ne>] to all ! ,ea/]n isl&s1 & lies 9 ! direction ( ! trade-w9d & prevail+ curr5ts2 on ! o!r h&1 all ! heavie/ gales come f ! ,asiatic side4 ,b ev5 ) ! aid ( ^! gales1 x is n obvi\s on ! ord9>y !ory ( creation h[ ! possibility ( migration 7)\t we suppose1 ) extreme improbability1 t ea* species ) an ,indo-,asiatic "* has actually travell$ f ! ,asiatic %ores1 :]e su* species d n n[ exi/7 expla9s ?is ,asiatic "* 9 ! plants ( ! ,pacific4 ,?is is no m obvi\s ?an t 7z be=e rem>k$7 !re %\ld exi/ a relation betwe5 ! creation ( closely alli$ species 9 sev]al regions ( ! _w1 & ! fact ( _m su* species hav+ wide ranges2 & on ! o!r h&1 ( alli$ species conf9$ to "o region ( ! _w hav+ 9 t region n>r[ ranges4 #cei ,! aff9ities ( ! ,/ ,hel5a flora are /rongly ,s\? ,african4 ,hook]'s ,lecture on ,insul> ,floras 9 ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1 ,jan4 #ahfg4 #cfj ,x is impossible to make out ! precise =m :i* ! au?or int5d$ to give to ?is s5t5ce1 b ! mean+ is cle>4 #cfa ,?is is no d\bt true1 ! flora ( ! ,s&wi* gr\p h[ev] has m>k$ ,am]ican aff9ities4 ,alp9e ,floras4 ,we w n[ turn to ! floras ( m\nta9-summits :i* are well kn[n to diff] f ! floras ( ! neighb\r+ l[l&s4 ,9 c]ta9 *>act]s1 su* z dw>fness ( /ature1 hair9ess1 c41 ! species f ! mo/ di/ant m\nta9s frequ5tly resemble ea* o!r1--a k9d ( analogy l t = in/ance ( ! succul5cy ( mo/ des]t plants4 ,besides ?is analogy1 ,alp9e plants pres5t "s em95tly curi\s facts 9 _! di/ribution4 ,9 "s cases ! summits ( m\nta9s1 al?\gh imm5sely di/ant f ea* o!r1 are clo!d by ! same id5tical species#cfb :i* are likewise ! same ) ^? gr[+ on ! likewise v di/ant ,arctic %ores4 ,9 o!r cases1 al?\gh few or none ( ! species may be actually id5tical1 !y are closely relat$2 :il/ ! plants ( ! l[l& di/ricts surr\nd+ ! two m\nta9s 9 "q w be :olly dissimil>4 ,z m\nta9-summits1 z f> z _! plants are conc]n$1 are isl&s ris+ out ( an ocean ( l& 9 :i* ! ,alp9e species _c live1 nor across :i* is !re any kn[n means ( transport1 ?is fact appe>s directly oppos$ to ! conclusion :i* we h come to f consid]+ ! g5]al di/ribution ( organisms bo? on cont95ts & on isl&s--namely1 t ! degree ( relation%ip betwe5 ! inhabitants ( two po9ts dep5ds on ! complet5ess & nature ( ! b>ri]s betwe5 ^? po9ts#cfc4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 ?is anomal\s case admits1 z we %all pres5tly see1 ( "s explanation4 ,we might h expect$ t ! flora ( a m\nta9 summit w\ld h pres5t$ ! same relation to ! flora ( ! surr\nd+ l[l& c\ntry1 :i* any isolat$ "p ( a cont95t does to ! :ole1 or an isl& does to ! ma9l&1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by a r wide space ( sea4 ,?is 9 fact is ! case ) ! plants clo?+ ! summits ( "s m\nta9s1 :i* m\nta9s x may be obs]v$ are p>ticul>ly isolat$2 = in/ance1 all ! species are peculi>1 b !y belong to ! =ms *>act]i/ic ( ! surr\nd+ cont95t1 on ! m\nta9s ( ,c>accas1 ( ,van ,dieman's ,l& & ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope#cfd4 ,on "s o!r m\nta9s1 = in/ance 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego & 9 ,brazil1 "s ( ! plants ?\gh di/9ct species are ,s4 ,am]ican =ms2 :il/ o!rs are alli$ to or are id5tical ) ! ,alp9e species ( ,europe4 ,9 isl&s ( :i* ! l[l& flora is di/9ct f b alli$ to t ( ! ne>e/ cont95t1 ! ,alp9e plants are sometimes 7or p]haps mo/ly7 em95tly peculi> & di/9ct#cfe2 ?is is ! case on ,t5]iffe1 & 9 a less] degree ev5 on "s ( ! ,m$it]ranean isl&s4 #cfb ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cfe1 vi4 p4 #eae4 ,! pres5t discussion 0 writt5 be=e ! publication ( ,=bes' celebrat$ pap] on ! same subject2 see ,life & ,lett]s1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #hh4 #cfc ,! app>5t breakd[n ( ! doctr9e ( b>ri]s is slightly t\*$ on 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cfe1 vi4 p4 #eae4 #cfd ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cge1 vi4 p4 #ebf1 ! au?or po9ts out t on ! m\nta9s at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope "s few repres5tative ,european =ms are f\nd1 :i* h n be5 discov]$ 9 ! int]-tropical p>ts ( ,africa4 #cfe ,see ,hook]'s ,lecture on ,insul> ,floras 9 ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1 ,jan4 #ahfg4 ,if all ,alp9e floras _h be5 *>act]is$ l t ( ! m\nta9 ( ,c>accas1 or ( ,van ,dieman's ,l&1 c41 :atev] explanation is possible ( ! g5]al laws ( geographical di/ribution w\ld h appli$ to !m4 ,b ! app>5tly anomal\s case j giv51 namely ( ! m\nta9s ( ,europe1 ( "s m\nta9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,dr ,boott7 & ( ! summits ( ! ,himalaya 7,royle71 hav+ _m id5tical species 9 common conjo9tly ) ! ,arctic regions1 & _m species1 ?\gh n id5tical1 closely alli$1 require a sep>ate explanation4 ,! fact likewise ( sev]al ( ! species on ! m\nta9s ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego 7& 9 a less] degree on ! m\nta9s ( ,brazil7 n belong+ to ,am]ican =ms1 b to ^? ( ,europe1 ?\gh s imm5sely remote1 requires also a sep>ate explanation4 ,cause ( ! simil>ity 9 ! floras ( "s di/ant m\nta9s4 ,n[ we may ) confid5ce affirm1 f ! numb] ( ! !n float+ iceb]gs & l[ desc5t ( ! glaci]s1 t )9 a p]iod s ne> t species ( %ells h rema9$ ! same1 ! :ole ( ,c5tral ,europe & ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7& p]haps ( ,ea/]n ,asia7 possess$ a v cold climate2 & !re=e x is probable t ! floras ( ^! di/ricts 7 ! same z ! pres5t ,arctic "o1--z is kn[n to h be5 to "s degree ! case ) !n exi/+ sea-%ells1 & ^? n[ liv+ on ! ,arctic %ores4 ,at ?is p]iod ! m\nta9s mu/ h be5 cov]$ ) ice ( :i* we h evid5ce 9 ! surfaces poli%$ & scor$ by glaci]s4 ,:at !n w\ld be ! natural & almo/ inevitable effects ( ! gradual *ange into ! pres5t m temp]ate climate#cff8 ,! ice & sn[ w\ld disappe> f ! m\nta9s1 & z new plants f ! m temp]ate regions ( ! s\? migrat$ nor?w>d1 replac+ ! ,arctic plants1 ^! latt] w\ld crawl#cfg up ! n[ uncov]$ m\nta9s1 & likewise be driv5 nor?w>d to ! pres5t ,arctic %ores4 ,if ! ,arctic flora ( t p]iod 0 a ne>ly uni=m "o1 z ! pres5t "o is1 !n we %\ld h ! same plants on ^! m\nta9-summits & on ! pres5t ,arctic %ores4 ,on ?is view ! ,arctic flora ( t p]iod mu/ h be5 a widely ext5d$ "o1 m s ?an ev5 ! pres5t "o2 b consid]+ h[ simil> ! physical conditions mu/ always be ( l& bord]+ on p]petual fro/1 ?is does n appe> a great difficulty2 & may we n v5ture to suppose t ! almo/ inf9itely num]\s iceb]gs1 *>g$ ) great masses ( rocks1 soil & bru%wood#cfh & (t5 driv5 high up on di/ant bea*es1 might h be5 ! means ( widely di/ribut+ ! se$s ( ! same species8 #cff ,9 ! m>g9 ! au?or has writt5 7,=bes74 ,?is may h be5 ins]t$ at a date lat] ?an #ahdd1 or x may ref] to a "w by ,=bes e>li] ?an 8 ,alp9e pap]4 #cfg ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cfg1 vi4 p4 #eag4 #cfh ,note 9 orig9al4 ,p]haps vitality *eck$ by cold & s prev5t$ g]m9at+4 ,on ! c>riage ( se$s by iceb]gs1 see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cfc1 vi4 p4 #eac4 ,i w only haz>d "o o!r obs]vation1 namely t dur+ ! *ange f an extremely cold climate to a m temp]ate "o ! conditions1 bo? on l[l& & m\nta91 w\ld be s+ul>ly fav\rable = ! diffusion ( any exi/+ plants1 :i* c\ld live on l&1 j fre$ f ! rig\r ( et]nal w9t]2 = x w\ld possess no inhabitants2 & we _c d\bt t preoccupation#cfi is ! *ief b> to ! diffusion ( plants4 ,= among/ _m o!r facts1 h[ o!rwise c we expla9 ! circum/ance t ! plants on ! opposite1 ?\gh simil>ly con/itut$ sides ( a wide riv] 9 ,ea/]n ,europe 7z ,i 0 in=m$ by ,humboldt7 %\ld be widely diff]5t2 across :i* riv] birds1 swimm+ quadrup$s & ! w9d mu/ (t5 transport se$s2 we c only suppose t plants already occupy+ ! soil & freely se$+ *eck ! g]m9ation ( occasionally transport$ se$s4 #cfi ,a note by ! au?or gives _m au?ors app>5tly z au?ority = ?is /atem5t4 ,at ab\t ! same p]iod :5 iceb]gs 7 transport+ b\ld]s 9 ,n4 ,am]ica z f> z #cf deg4 s\?1 :]e ! cotton tree n[ gr[s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 latitude #db deg4 7:]e ! l& is n[ clo!d ) =e/s hav+ an almo/ tropical aspect ) ! trees be>+ epiphytes & int]tw9$ ) canes71 ! same ice action 0 go+ on2 is x n !n 9 "s degree probable t at ?is p]iod ! :ole tropical p>ts ( ! two ,am]icas possess$#cgj 7z ,falcon] ass]ts t ,india did7 a m temp]ate climate8 ,9 ?is case ! ,alp9e plants ( ! long *a9 ( ! ,cordill]a w\ld h desc5d$ mu* l[] & !re w\ld h be5 a broad high-road#cga connect+ ^? p>ts ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica :i* 7 !n frigid4 ,z ! pres5t climate sup]v5$1 ! plants occupy+ ! di/ricts :i* n[ are become 9 bo? hemisph]es temp]ate & ev5 semi-tropical mu/ h be5 driv5 to ! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic#cgb regions2 & only a few ( ! l(tie/ po9ts ( ! ,cordill]a c h reta9$ _! =m] connect+ flora4 ,! transv]se *a9 ( ,*iquitos might p]haps 9 a simil> mann] dur+ ! ice-action p]iod h s]v$ z a connect+ road 7?\gh a brok5 "o7 = ,alp9e plants to become disp]s$ f ! ,cordill]a to ! highl&s ( ,brazil4 ,x may be obs]v$ t "s 7?\gh n /rong7 reasons c be assign$ = believ+ t at ab\t ?is same p]iod ! two ,am]icas 7 n s ?or\ghly divid$ z !y n[ are by ! ,we/ ,indies & tablel& ( ,mexico4 ,i w only fur!r rem>k t ! pres5t mo/ s+ul>ly close simil>ity 9 ! vegetation ( ! l[l&s ( ,k]guel5's ,l&#cgc & ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego 7,hook]71 ?\gh s f> ap>t1 may p]haps be expla9$ by ! dissem9ation ( se$s dur+ ?is same cold p]iod1 by means ( iceb]gs1 z be=e allud$ to#cgd4 #cgj ,opposite to ?is passage1 9 ! m>g91 ! au?or has writt53--too hypo!tical4 #cga ,! ,cordill]a is describ$ z supply+ a great l9e ( invasion 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cgh4 #cgb ,?is is an approximation to ! au?or's views on trans-tropical migration 7,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #cgf-h74 ,see ,?iselton-,dy]'s int]e/+ discussion 9 ,d>w9 & ,mod]n ,sci5ce1 p4 #cjd4 #cgc ,see ,hook]'s ,lecture on ,insul> ,floras 9 ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1 ,jan4 #ahfg4 #cgd ,note by ! au?or4 ,simil>ity ( flora ( coral isl&s easily expla9$4 ,f9ally1 ,i ?9k we may safely grant f ! =ego+ facts & reason+ t ! anomal\s simil>ity 9 ! vegetation ( c]ta9 v di/ant m\nta9-summits is n 9 tru? oppos$ to ! conclusion ( ! intimate relation subsi/+ betwe5 proximity 9 space 79 accordance ) ! means ( transport 9 ea* class7 & ! degree ( aff9ity ( ! inhabitants ( any two c\ntries4 ,9 ! case ( sev]al q isolat$ m\nta9s1 we h se5 t ! g5]al law holds good4 ,:e!r ! same species has be5 creat$ m ?an once4 ,z ! fact ( ! same species ( plants hav+ be5 f\nd on m\nta9-summits imm5sely remote has be5 "o *ief cause ( ! belief ( "s species hav+ be5 contemporane\sly produc$ or creat$ at two diff]5t po9ts#cge1 ,i w "h briefly discuss ?is subject4 ,on ! ord9>y !ory ( creation1 we c see no reason :y on two simil> m\nta9-summits two simil> species may n h be5 creat$2 b ! opposite view1 indep5d5tly ( its simplicity1 has be5 g5]ally receiv$ f ! analogy ( ! g5]al di/ribution ( all organisms1 9 :i* 7z %[n 9 ?is *apt]7 we almo/ always f9d t great & cont9u\s b>ri]s sep>ate di/9ct s]ies2 & we are naturally l$ to suppose t ! two s]ies h be5 sep>ately creat$4 ,:5 tak+ a m limit$ view we see a riv]1 ) a q simil> c\ntry on bo? sides1 ) "o side well /ock$ ) a c]ta9 animal & on ! o!r side n "o 7z is ! case ) ! ,bizca*a#cgf on ! opposite sides ( ! ,plata71 we are at once l$ to conclude t ! ,bizca*a 0 produc$ on "s "o po9t or area on ! we/]n side ( ! riv]4 ,consid]+ our ignorance ( ! _m /range *ances ( diffusion by birds 7:i* occasionally w&] to imm5se di/ances7 & quadrup$s swall[+ se$s & ova 7z 9 ! case ( ! fly+ wat]-beetle :i* disgorg$ ! eggs ( a fi%71 & ( :irlw9ds c>ry+ se$s & animals into /rong upp] curr5ts 7z 9 ! case ( volcanic a%es & %[]s ( hay1 gra9 & fi%#cgg71 & ( ! possibility ( species hav+ surviv$ = %ort p]iods at int]m$iate spots & aft]w>ds becom+ ext9ct !re#cgh2 & consid]+ our k ( ! great *anges :i* h tak5 place f subsid5ce & elevation 9 ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ( our ignorance ( ! great] *anges :i* may h tak5 place1 we ought to be v sl[ 9 admitt+ ! probability ( d\ble creations4 ,9 ! case ( plants on m\nta9-summits1 ,i ?9k ,i h %[n h[ almo/ necess>ily !y w\ld1 "u ! pa/ conditions ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 be z simil> z are ! plants on ! pres5t ,arctic %ores2 & ?is ought to tea* u a lesson ( caution4 #cge ,on c5tres ( creation see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ceb1 vi4 p4 #dii4 #cgf ,9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 ,ed4 #ahfj1 p4 #abd1 ! di/ribution ( ! ,bizca*a is describ$ z limit$ by ! riv] ,uruguay4 ,! case is n ,i ?9k giv5 9 ! ,orig94 #cgg ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 a special section 7p4 #cef1 vi4 p4 #ejd7 is devot$ to ,means ( ,disp]sal4 ,! mu* great] prom95ce giv5 to ?is subject 9 ! ,orig9 is p>tly acc\nt$ = by ! au?or's exp]im5ts be+ ( lat] date1 i4e4 #ahee 7,life & ,lett]s1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ec74 ,! c>riage ( fi% by :irlw9ds is giv5 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #chd1 vi4 p4 #ecf4 #cgh ,! case ( isl&s s]v+ z halt+ places is giv5 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ceg1 vi4 p4 #eje4 ,b "h ! evid5ce ( ?is hav+ occurr$ is suppos$ to be lo/ by ! subsid5ce ( ! isl&s1 n m]ely by ! ext9ction ( ! species4 ,b ! /ronge/ argum5t aga9/ d\ble creations may be drawn f consid]+ ! case ( mammif]s#cgi 9 :i*1 f _! nature & f ! size ( _! (fspr+1 ! means ( di/ribution are m 9 view4 ,!re are no cases :]e ! same species is f\nd 9 v remote localities1 except :]e !re is a cont9u\s belt ( l&3 ! ,arctic region p]haps (f]s ! /ronge/ exception1 & "h we "k t animals are transport$ on iceb]gs#chj4 ,! cases ( less] difficulty may all receive a m or less simple explanation2 ,i w give only "o in/ance2 ! nutria#cha1 ,i believe1 on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,s4 ,am]ica live exclusively 9 fre%-wat] riv]s1 & ,i 0 mu* surpris$ h[ !y c\ld h got into rivulets1 widely ap>t1 on ! coa/ ( ,patagonia2 b on ! opposite coa/ ,i f\nd ^! quadrup$s liv+ exclusively 9 ! sea1 & h5ce _! migration along ! ,patagonian coa/ is n surpris+4 ,!re is no case ( ! same mammif] be+ f\nd on an isl& f> f ! coa/1 & on ! ma9l&1 z happ5s ) plants#chb4 ,on ! idea ( d\ble creations x w\ld be /range if ! same species ( sev]al plants %\ld h be5 creat$ 9 ,au/ralia & ,europe2 & no "o in/ance ( ! same species ( mammif] hav+ be5 creat$1 or aborig9ally exi/+1 9 two z ne>ly remote & equally isolat$ po9ts4 ,x is m philosophical1 9 su* cases1 z t ( "s plants be+ f\nd 9 ,au/ralia & ,europe1 to admit t we are ignorant ( ! means ( transport4 ,i w allude only to "o o!r case1 namely1 t ( ! ,mydas#chc1 an ,alp9e animal1 f\nd only on ! di/ant peaks ( ! m\nta9s ( ,java3 :o w pret5d to d5y t dur+ ! ice p]iod ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es1 & :5 ,india is believ$ to h be5 cold]1 ! climate might n h p]mitt$ ?is animal to haunt a l[] c\ntry1 & ?us to h pass$ along ! ridges f summit to summit8 ,mr ,lyell has fur!r obs]v$ t1 z 9 space1 s 9 "t1 !re is no reason to believe t aft] ! ext9ction ( a species1 ! self-same =m has ev] reappe>$#chd4 ,i ?9k1 !n1 we may1 not)/&+ ! _m cases ( difficulty1 conclude ) "s confid5ce t e species has be5 creat$ or produc$ on a s+le po9t or area4 #cgi ,we f9d no inexplicable cases ( ! same mammal inhabit+ di/ant po9ts ( ! _w4 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ceb1 vi4 p4 #ejj4 ,see also ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cic1 vi4 p4 #edg4 #chj ,note by ! au?or4 ,_m au?ors4 ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cid1 vi4 p4 #edg4 #cha ,nutria is ! ,spani% = ott]1 & is n[ a synonym = ,lutra4 ,! ott] on ! ,atlantic coa/ is di/+ui%$ by m9ute diff]5ces f ! ,pacific species4 ,bo? =ms are said to take to ! sea4 ,9 fact ! case pres5ts no especial difficulties4 #chb ,9 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cid1 vi4 p4 #edh1 bats are m5tion$ z an explicable exception to ?is /atem5t4 #chc ,?is ref]5ce is d\btless to ,mydaus1 a badg]-l animal f ! m\nta9s ( ,java & ,sumatra 7,wallace1 ,geographical ,di/ribution1 ii4 p4 #aii74 ,! in/ance does n occur 9 ! ,orig9 b ! au?or rem>ks 7,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cgf1 vi4 p4 #ebg7 t cases1 /rictly analog\s to ! di/ribution ( plants1 occur among t]re/rial mammals4 #chd ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cac1 vi4 p4 #ded4 ,on ! numb] ( species1 & ( ! classes to :i* !y belong 9 diff]5t regions4 ,! la/ fact 9 geographical di/ribution1 :i*1 z f> z ,i c see1 9 any way conc]ns ! orig9 ( species1 relates to ! absolute numb] & nature ( ! organic be+s inhabit+ diff]5t tracts ( l&4 ,al?\gh e species is admirably adapt$ 7b n necess>ily bett] adapt$ ?an e o!r species1 z we h se5 9 ! great increase ( introduc$ species7 to ! c\ntry & /ation x frequ5ts2 yet x has be5 %[n t ! entire diff]5ce betwe5 ! species 9 di/ant c\ntries _c possibly be expla9$ by ! diff]5ce ( ! physical conditions ( ^! c\ntries4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ,i believe1 nei!r ! numb] ( ! species1 nor ! nature ( ! great classes to :i* !y belong1 c possibly 9 all cases be expla9$ by ! conditions ( _! c\ntry4 ,new ,zeal&#che1 a l9e> isl& /ret*+ ov] ab\t #gjj miles ( latitude1 ) =e/s1 m>%es1 pla9s & m\nta9s rea*+ to ! limits ( et]nal sn[1 has f> m div]sifi$ habitats ?an an equal area at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 & yet1 ,i believe1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope !re are1 ( phan]ogamic plants1 f five to t5 times ! numb] ( species z 9 all ,new ,zeal&4 ,:y on ! !ory ( absolute creations %\ld ?is l>ge & div]sifi$ isl& only h f #djj to #ejj 78 ,dieff5ba*7 phan]ogamic plants8 & :y %\ld ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 *>act]is$ by ! uni=mity ( its sc5]y1 sw>m ) m species ( plants ?an probably any o!r qu>t] ( ! _w8 ,:y on ! ord9>y !ory %\ld ! ,galapagos ,isl&s ab\nd ) t]re/rial reptiles8 & :y %\ld _m equal-siz$ isl&s 9 ! ,pacific be )\t a s+le "o#chf or ) only "o or two species8 ,:y %\ld ! great isl& ( ,new ,zeal& be )\t "o mammif]\s quadrup$ except ! m\se1 & t 0 probably introduc$ ) ! aborig9es8 ,:y %\ld n "o isl& 7x c be %[n1 ,i ?9k1 t ! mammif]s ( ,mauritius & ,/ ,iago h all be5 introduc$7 9 ! op5 ocean possess a mammif]\s quadrup$8 ,let x n be said t quadrup$s _c live 9 isl&s1 = we "k t cattle1 horses & pigs dur+ a long p]iod h run wild 9 ! ,we/ ,indian & ,falkl& ,isl&s2 pigs at ,/ ,hel5a2 goats at ,tahiti2 asses 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s2 dogs 9 ,cuba2 cats at ,asc5sion2 rabbits at ,madeira & ! ,falkl&s2 monkeys at ,/ ,iago & ! ,mauritius2 ev5 elephants dur+ a long "t 9 "o ( ! v small ,sooloo ,isl&s2 & ,european mice on v _m ( ! smalle/ isl&s f> f ! habitations ( man#chg4 ,nor let x be assum$ t quadrup$s are m sl[ly creat$ & h5ce t ! oceanic isl&s1 :i* g5]ally are ( volcanic =mation1 are ( too rec5t orig9 to possess !m2 = we "k 7,lyell7 t new =ms ( quadrup$s succe$ ea* o!r quick] ?an ,mollusca or ,reptilia4 ,nor let x be assum$ 7?\gh su* an assumption w\ld be no explanation7 t quadrup$s _c be creat$ on small isl&s2 = isl&s n ly+ 9 mid-ocean d possess _! peculi> quadrup$s2 ?us _m ( ! small] isl&s ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago possess quadrup$s2 z does ,f]n&o ,po on ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa2 z ! ,falkl& ,isl&s possess a peculi> wolf-l fox#chh2 s d ! ,galapagos ,isl&s a peculi> m\se ( ! ,s4 ,am]ican type4 ,^! two la/ are ! mo/ rem>kable cases ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$2 inasmu* z ! isl&s lie fur!r f o!r l&4 ,x is possible t ! ,galapagos m\se may h be5 introduc$ 9 "s %ip f ! ,s4 ,am]ican coa/ 7?\gh ! species is at pres5t unkn[n !re71 = ! aborig9al species soon haunts ! goods ( man1 z ,i notic$ 9 ! ro( ( a newly erect$ %$ 9 a des]t c\ntry s\? ( ! ,plata4 ,! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 ?\gh betwe5 #bjj & #cjj miles f ! ,s4 ,am]ican coa/1 may 9 "o s5se be consid]$ z intimately connect$ ) x2 = x is c]ta9 t =m]ly _m iceb]gs load$ ) b\ld]s 7 /r&$ on its s\!rn coa/1 & ! old canoes :i* are occasionally n[ /r&$1 %[ t ! curr5ts /ill set f ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 does n expla9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,canis ant>cticus on ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 unless we suppose t x =m]ly liv$ on ! ma9l& & became ext9ct !re1 :il/ x surviv$ on ^! isl&s1 to :i* x 0 borne 7z happ5s ) its nor!rn cong5]1 ! common wolf7 on an iceb]g1 b ?is fact removes ! anomaly ( an isl&1 9 appe>ance effectually sep>at$ f o!r l&1 hav+ its own species ( quadrup$1 & makes ! case l t ( ,java & ,sumatra1 ea* hav+ _! own rh9oc]os4 #che ,! comp>ison betwe5 ,new ,zeal& & ! ,cape is giv5 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #chi1 vi4 p4 #edb4 #chf ,9 a correspond+ discussion 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cic1 vi4 p4 #edf1 /ress is laid on ! di/ribution ( ,batra*ians n ( reptiles4 #chg ,! :ole argum5t is giv5--m briefly ?an "h--9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cid1 vi4 p4 #edg4 #chh ,see ,orig91 ,ed i4 p4 #cic1 vi4 p4 #edg4 ,! discussion is mu* full] 9 ! pres5t ,essay4 ,be=e summ+ up all ! facts giv5 9 ?is section on ! pres5t condition ( organic be+s1 & endeav\r+ to see h[ f> !y admit ( explanation1 x w be conv5i5t to /ate all su* facts 9 ! pa/ geographical di/ribution ( ext9ct be+s z seem anyway to conc]n ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,,section ,,second4 ,geographical di/ribution ( ext9ct organisms4 ,i h /at$ t if ! l& ( ! entire _w be divid$ into 7we w say7 ?ree sections1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( diff]5ce ( ! t]re/rial mammif]s inhabit+ !m1 we %all h ?ree unequal divisions ( 7#a/7 ,au/ralia & its dep5d5t isl&s1 7#bnd7 ,s\? ,am]ica1 7#crd7 ,europe1 ,asia & ,africa4 ,if we n[ look to ! mammif]s :i* inhabit$ ^! ?ree divisions dur+ ! lat] ,t]ti>y p]iods1 we %all f9d !m almo/ z di/9ct z at ! pres5t day1 & intimately relat$ 9 ea* division to ! exi/+ =ms 9 t division#chi4 ,?is is wond]fully ! case ) ! sev]al fossil ,m>supial g5]a 9 ! cav]ns ( ,new ,s\? ,wales & ev5 m wond]fully s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e we h ! same peculi> gr\p ( monkeys1 ( a guanaco-l animal1 ( _m rod5ts1 ( ! ,m>supial ,didelphys1 ( ,armadilloes & o!r ,ed5tata4 ,?is la/ family is at pres5t v *>act]i/ic ( ,s4 ,am]ica1 & 9 a late ,t]ti>y epo* x 0 ev5 m s1 z is %[n by ! num]\s enorm\s animals ( ! ,mega!roid family1 "s ( :i* 7 protect$ by an osse\s arm\r l t1 b on a gigantic scale1 ( ! rec5t ,armadillo4 ,la/ly1 ov] ,europe ! rema9s ( ! sev]al de]1 ox51 be>s1 foxes1 beav]s1 field-mice1 %[ a relation to ! pres5t inhabitants ( ?is region2 & ! contemporane\s rema9s ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 hya5a1 %[ a relation ) ! gr& ,africo-,asiatic division ( ! _w4 ,9 ,asia ! fossil mammif]s ( ! ,himalaya 7?\gh m+l$ ) =ms long ext9ct 9 ,europe7 are equally relat$ to ! exi/+ =ms ( ! ,africo-,asiatic division2 b especially to ^? ( ,india itself4 ,z ! gigantic & n[ ext9ct quadrup$s ( ,europe h naturally excit$ m att5tion ?an ! o!r & small] rema9s1 ! relation betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t mammif]\s inhabitants ( ,europe has n be5 suffici5tly att5d$ to4 ,b 9 fact ! mammif]s ( ,europe are at pres5t ne>ly z mu* ,africo-,asiatic z !y 7 =m]ly :5 ,europe _h its elephants & rh9oc]oses1 etc42 ,europe nei!r n[ nor !n possess$ peculi> gr\ps z does ,au/ralia & ,s4 ,am]ica4 ,! ext9ction ( c]ta9 peculi> =ms 9 "o qu>t] does n make ! rema9+ mammif]s ( t qu>t] less relat$ to its own great division ( ! _w3 ?\gh ,ti]ra del ,fuego possesses only a fox1 ?ree rod5ts1 & ! guanaco1 no "o 7z ^! all belong to ,s4 ,am]ican types1 b n to ! mo/ *>act]i/ic =ms7 w\ld d\bt = "o m9ute z to classify+ ?is di/rict ) ,s4 ,am]ica2 & if fossil ,ed5tata1 ,m>supials & monkeys 7 to be f\nd 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 x w\ld n make ?is di/rict m truly ,s4 ,am]ican ?an x n[ is4 ,s x is ) ,europe#cij1 & s f> z is kn[n ) ,asia1 = ! lately pa/ & pres5t mammif]s all belong to ! ,africo-,asiatic division ( ! _w4 ,9 e case1 ,i may add1 ! =ms :i* a c\ntry has is ( m importance 9 geographical arrangem5t ?an :at x has n4 #chi ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cci1 vi4 p4 #dhe4 #cij ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cci1 vi4 p4 #dhe1 :i* corresponds to ?is "p ( ! pres5t ,essay1 ! au?or does n make a sep>ate section = su* cases z ! occurr5ce ( fossil ,m>supials 9 ,europe 7,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cdj1 vi4 p4 #dhf7 z he does 9 ! pres5t ,essay2 see ! section on ,*anges 9 geographical di/ribution1 p4 #agg4 ,we f9d "s evid5ce ( ! same g5]al fact 9 a relation betwe5 ! rec5t & ! ,t]ti>y sea-%ells1 9 ! diff]5t ma9 divisions ( ! m>9e _w4 ,?is g5]al & mo/ rem>kable relation betwe5 ! lately pa/ & pres5t mammif]\s inhabitants ( ! ?ree ma9 divisions ( ! _w is precisely ! same k9d ( fact z ! relation betwe5 ! diff]5t species ( ! sev]al sub-regions ( any "o ( ! ma9 divisions4 ,z we usually associate great physical *anges ) ! total ext9ction ( "o s]ies ( be+s1 & its succession by ano!r s]ies1 ?is id5tity ( relation betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t races ( be+s 9 ! same qu>t]s ( ! globe is m /rik+ ?an ! same relation betwe5 exi/+ be+s 9 diff]5t sub-regions3 b 9 tru? we h no reason = suppos+ t a *ange 9 ! conditions has 9 any ( ^! cases sup]v5$1 great] ?an t n[ exi/+ betwe5 ! temp]ate & tropical1 or betwe5 ! highl&s & l[l&s ( ! same ma9 divisions1 n[ t5ant$ by relat$ be+s4 ,f9ally1 !n1 we cle>ly see t 9 ea* ma9 division ( ! _w ! same relation holds good betwe5 its inhabitants 9 "t z ov] space#cia4 #cia ,we c und]/& h[ x is t all ! =ms ( life1 anci5t & rec5t1 make toge!r "o gr& sy/em2 = all are connect$ by g5]ation4 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cdd1 vi4 p4 #dia4 ,*anges 9 geographical di/ribution4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we look clos]1 we %all f9d t ev5 ,au/ralia1 9 possess+ a t]re/rial ,pa*yd]m1 0 s f> less di/9ct f ! re/ ( ! _w ?an x n[ is2 s 0 ,s4 ,am]ica 9 possess+ ! ,ma/odon1 horse1 hya5a1#cib & antelope4 ,n4 ,am]ica1 z ,i h rem>k$1 is n[1 9 its mammif]s1 9 "s respects neutral gr\nd betwe5 ,s4 ,am]ica & ! great ,africo-,asiatic division2 =m]ly1 9 possess+ ! horse1 ,ma/odon & ?ree ,mega!roid animals1 x 0 m ne>ly relat$ to ,s4 ,am]ica2 b 9 ! horse & ,ma/odon1 & likewise 9 hav+ ! elephant1 ox51 %eep1 & pigs1 x 0 z mu*1 if n m1 relat$ to ! ,africo-,asiatic division4 ,aga91 nor!rn ,india 0 mu* m closely relat$ 79 hav+ ! giraffe1 hippopotamus1 & c]ta9 musk-de]7 to s\!rn ,africa ?an x n[ is2 = s\!rn & ea/]n ,africa des]ve1 if we divide ! _w into five p>ts1 to make "o division by itself4 ,turn+ to ! dawn ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 we mu/1 f our ignorance ( o!r portions ( ! _w1 conf9e ourselves to ,europe2 & at t p]iod1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m>supials#cic & ,ed5tata1 we behold an entire bl5d+ ( ^? mammif]\s =ms :i* n[ em95tly *>act]ise ,au/ralia & ,s4 ,am]ica#cid4 #cib ,! ^w hya5a is eras$4 ,!re appe> to be no fossil ,hya5idae 9 ,s4 ,am]ica4 #cic ,see note #acij1 p4 #age1 also ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cdj1 vi4 p4 #dhf4 #cid ,note by ! au?or4 ,& see ,eoc5e ,european mammals 9 ,n4 ,am]ica4 ,if we n[ look at ! di/ribution ( sea-%ells1 we f9d ! same *anges 9 di/ribution4 ,! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean 7 m ne>ly relat$ 9 ^! %ells ?an !y n[ are4 ,9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe1 on ! o!r h&1 dur+ ! ,mioc5e p]iod1 ! sea-%ells seem to h be5 m diff]5t ?an at pres5t4 ,9#cie ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 accord+ to ,lyell1 ! %ells ( ,n4 ,am]ica & ,europe 7 less relat$ ?an at pres5t1 & dur+ ! ,cretace\s /ill less l2 :]eas1 dur+ ?is same ,cretace\s p]iod1 ! %ells ( ,india & ,europe 7 m l ?an at pres5t4 ,b go+ fur!r back to ! ,c>bonace\s p]iod1 9 ,n4 ,am]ica & ,europe1 ! productions 7 mu* m l ?an !y n[ are#cif4 ,^! facts h>monise ) ! conclusions drawn f ! pres5t di/ribution ( organic be+s1 = we h se51 t f species be+ creat$ 9 diff]5t po9ts or areas1 ! =mation ( a b>ri] w\ld cause or make two di/9ct geographical areas2 & ! de/ruction ( a b>ri] w\ld p]mit _! diffusion#cig4 ,& z long-cont9u$ geological *anges mu/ bo? de/roy & make b>ri]s1 we might expect1 ! fur!r we look$ backw>ds1 ! m *ang$ %\ld we f9d ! pres5t di/ribution4 ,?is conclusion is wor?y ( att5tion2 because1 f9d+ 9 widely diff]5t p>ts ( ! same ma9 division ( ! _w1 & 9 volcanic isl&s ne> !m1 gr\ps ( di/9ct1 b relat$1 species2--& f9d+ t a s+ul>ly analog\s relation holds good ) respect to ! be+s ( pa/ times1 :5 none ( ! pres5t species 7 liv+1 a p]son might be tempt$ to believe 9 "s my/ical relation betwe5 c]ta9 areas ( ! _w1 & ! production ( c]ta9 organic =ms2 b we n[ see t su* an assumption w\ld h to be complicat$ by ! admission t su* a relation1 ?\gh hold+ good = long revolutions ( ye>s1 is n truly p]si/5t4 #cie ,note by ! au?or4 ,all ?is requires mu* v]ification4 #cif ,?is po9t seems to be less insi/$ on 9 ! ,orig94 #cig ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cef1 vi4 p4 #ejd4 ,i w only add "o m obs]vation to ?is section4 ,geologi/s f9d+ 9 ! mo/ remote p]iod ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 namely 9 ! ,silurian p]iod1 t ! %ells & o!r m>9e productions#cih 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ,europe1 ,s\!rn ,africa1 & ,we/]n ,asia1 are mu* m simil> ?an !y n[ are at ^! di/ant po9ts1 appe> to h imag9$ t 9 ^! anci5t times ! laws ( geographical di/ribution 7 q diff]5t ?an :at !y n[ are3 b we h only to suppose t great cont95ts 7 ext5d$ ea/ & we/1 & ?us did n divide ! inhabitants ( ! temp]ate & tropical seas1 z ! cont95ts n[ d2 & x w\ld !n become probable t ! inhabitants ( ! seas w\ld be mu* m simil> ?an !y n[ are4 ,9 ! imm5se space ( ocean ext5d+ f ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa to ! ea/]n isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 :i* space is connect$ ei!r by l9es ( tropical coa/ or by isl&s n v di/ant f ea* o!r1 we "k 7,cum+7 t _m %ells1 p]haps ev5 z _m z #bjj1 are common to ! ,zanzib> coa/1 ! ,philipp9es1 & ! ea/]n isl&s ( ! ,l[ or ,dang]\s ,ar*ipelago 9 ! ,pacific4 ,?is space equals t f ! ,arctic to ! ,ant>ctic pole6 ,pass ov] ! space ( q op5 ocean1 f ! ,dang]\s ,ar*ipelago to ! we/ coa/ ( ,s4 ,am]ica1 & e %ell is diff]5t3 pass ov] ! n>r[ space ( ,s4 ,am]ica1 to its ea/]n %ores1 & aga9 e %ell is diff]5t6 ,_m fi%1 ,i may add1 are also common to ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans4 #cih ,note by ! au?or4 ,d',orbigny %[s t ?is is n s4 ,summ>y on ! di/ribution ( liv+ & ext9ct organic be+s4 ,let u sum up ! sev]al facts n[ giv5 ) respect to ! pa/ & pres5t geographical di/ribution ( organic be+s4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] x 0 %[n t species are n ext]m9at$ by univ]sal cata/rophes1 & t !y are sl[ly produc$3 we h also se5 t ea* species is probably only once produc$1 on "o po9t or area once 9 "t2 & t ea* diffuses itself1 z f> z b>ri]s & its conditions ( life p]mit4 ,if we look at any "o ma9 division ( ! l&1 we f9d 9 ! diff]5t p>ts1 :e!r expos$ to diff]5t conditions or to ! same conditions1 _m gr\ps ( species :olly or ne>ly di/9ct z species1 nev]!less intimately relat$4 ,we f9d ! inhabitants ( isl&s1 ?\gh di/9ct z species1 simil>ly relat$ to ! inhabitants ( ! ne>e/ cont95t2 we f9d 9 "s cases1 t ev5 ! diff]5t isl&s ( "o su* gr\p are inhabit$ by species di/9ct1 ?\gh intimately relat$ to "o ano!r & to ^? ( ! ne>e/ cont95t3--?us typify+ ! di/ribution ( organic be+s ov] ! :ole _w4 ,we f9d ! floras ( di/ant m\nta9-summits ei!r v simil> 7:i* seems to admit1 z %[n1 ( a simple explanation7 or v di/9ct b relat$ to ! floras ( ! surr\nd+ region2 & h5ce1 9 ?is latt] case1 ! floras ( two m\nta9-summits1 al?\gh expos$ to closely simil> conditions1 w be v diff]5t4 ,on ! m\nta9-summits ( isl&s1 *>act]is$ by peculi> faunas & floras1 ! plants are (t5 em95tly peculi>4 ,! dissimil>ity ( ! organic be+s inhabit+ ne>ly simil> c\ntries is be/ se5 by comp>+ ! ma9 divisions ( ! _w2 9 ea* ( :i* "s di/ricts may be f\nd v simil>ly expos$1 yet ! inhabitants are :olly unlike2--f> m unlike ?an ^? 9 v dissimil> di/ricts 9 ! same ma9 division4 ,we see ?is /rik+ly 9 comp>+ two volcanic ar*ipelagoes1 ) ne>ly ! same climate1 b situat$ n v f> f two diff]5t cont95ts2 9 :i* case _! inhabitants are totally unlike4 ,9 ! diff]5t ma9 divisions ( ! _w1 ! am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! organisms1 ev5 9 ! same class1 is widely diff]5t1 ea* ma9 division hav+ only ! species di/9ct 9 "s families1 9 o!r families hav+ ! g5]a di/9ct4 ,! di/ribution ( aquatic organisms is v diff]5t f t ( ! t]re/rial organisms2 & necess>ily s1 f ! b>ri]s to _! progress be+ q unlike4 ,! nature ( ! conditions 9 an isolat$ di/rict w n expla9 ! numb] ( species inhabit+ x2 nor ! abs5ce ( "o class or ! pres5ce ( ano!r class4 ,we f9d t t]re/rial mammif]s are n pres5t on isl&s f> remov$ f o!r l&4 ,we see 9 two regions1 t ! species ?\gh di/9ct are m or less relat$1 accord+ to ! great] or less possibility ( ! transportal 9 pa/ & pres5t times ( species f "o to ! o!r region2 al?\gh we c h>dly admit t all ! species 9 su* cases h be5 transport$ f ! fir/ to ! second region1 & s9ce h become ext9ct 9 ! fir/3 we see ?is law 9 ! pres5ce ( ! fox on ! ,falkl& ,isl&s2 9 ! ,european "* ( "s ( ! plants ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 9 ! ,indo-,asiatic "* ( ! plants ( ! ,pacific2 & 9 ! circum/ance ( ^? g5]a :i* range wide/ hav+ _m species ) wide ranges2 & ^? g5]a ) re/rict$ ranges hav+ species ) re/rict$ ranges4 ,f9ally1 we f9d 9 ea* ( ! ma9 divisions ( ! l&1 & probably ( ! sea1 t ! exi/+ organisms are relat$ to ^? lately ext9ct4 ,look+ fur!r backw>ds we see t ! pa/ geographical di/ribution ( organic be+s 0 diff]5t f ! pres5t2 & inde$1 consid]+ t geology %[s t all our l& 0 once "u wat]1 & t :]e wat] n[ ext5ds l& is =m+1 ! rev]se c\ld h>dly h be5 possible4 ,n[ ^! sev]al facts1 ?\gh evid5tly all m or less connect$ toge!r1 mu/ by ! creationi/ 7?\gh ! geologi/ may expla9 "s ( ! anomalies7 be consid]$ z s _m ultimate facts4 ,he c only say1 t x s pleas$ ! ,creator t ! organic be+s ( ! pla9s1 des]ts1 m\nta9s1 tropical & temp]ature =e/s1 ( ,s4 ,am]ica1 %\ld all h "s aff9ity toge!r2 t ! inhabitants ( ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago %\ld be relat$ to ^? ( ,*ile2 & t "s ( ! species on ! simil>ly con/itut$ isl&s ( ?is ar*ipelago1 ?\gh mo/ closely relat$1 %\ld be di/9ct2 t all its inhabitants %\ld be totally unlike ^? ( ! simil>ly volcanic & arid ,cape de ,v]de & ,can>y ,isl&s2 t ! plants on ! summit ( ,t5]iffe %\ld be em95tly peculi>2 t ! div]sifi$ isl& ( ,new ,zeal& %\ld h n _m plants1 & n "o1 or only "o1 mammif]2 t ! mammif]s ( ,s4 ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia & ,europe %\ld be cle>ly relat$ to _! anci5t & ext]m9at$ prototypes2 & s on ) o!r facts4 ,b x is absolutely oppos$ to e analogy1 drawn f ! laws impos$ by ! ,creator on inorganic matt]1 t facts1 :5 connect$1 %\ld be consid]$ z ultimate & n ! direct consequ5ces ( m g5]al laws4 ,,section ,,?ird4 ,an attempt to expla9 ! =ego+ laws ( geographical di/ribution1 on ! !ory ( alli$ species hav+ a common desc5t4 ,fir/ let u recall ! circum/ances mo/ fav\rable = v>iation "u dome/ication1 z giv5 9 ! fir/ *apt]--viz4 #a/1 a *ange1 or repeat$ *anges1 9 ! conditions to :i* ! organism has be5 expos$1 cont9u$ ?r\gh sev]al sem9al 7i4e4 n by buds or divisions7 g5]ations3 #bnd1 /eady selection ( ! slight v>ieties ?us g5]at$ ) a fix$ end 9 view3 #crd1 isolation z p]fect z possible ( su* select$ v>ieties2 t is1 ! prev5t+ _! cross+ ) o!r =ms2 ?is latt] condition applies to all t]re/rial animals1 to mo/ if n all plants & p]haps ev5 to mo/ 7or all7 aquatic organisms4 ,x w be conv5i5t "h to %[ ! advantage ( isolation 9 ! =mation ( a new bre$1 by comp>+ ! progress ( two p]sons 7to nei!r ( :om let "t be ( any consequ5ce7 endeav\r+ to select & =m "s v peculi> new bre$4 ,let "o ( ^! p]sons "w on ! va/ h]ds ( cattle 9 ! pla9s ( ,la ,plata#cii1 & ! o!r on a small /ock ( #bj or #cj animals 9 an isl&4 ,! latt] might h to wait c5turies 7by ! hypo!sis ( no importance7#djj be=e he obta9$ a sport approa*+ to :at he want$2 b :5 he did & sav$ ! great] numb] ( its (fspr+ & _! (fspr+ aga91 he might hope t 8 :ole little /ock w\ld be 9 "s degree affect$1 s t by cont9u$ selection he might ga9 8 end4 ,b on ! ,pampas1 ?\gh ! man might get 8 fir/ approa* to 8 desir$ =m soon]1 h[ hopeless w\ld x be to attempt1 by sav+ its (fspr+ among/ s _m ( ! common k9d1 to affect ! :ole h]d3 ! effect ( ?is "o peculi> sport#dja w\ld be q lo/ be=e he c\ld obta9 a second orig9al sport ( ! same k9d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he c\ld sep>ate a small numb] ( cattle1 includ+ ! (fspr+ ( ! desirable sport1 he might hope1 l ! man on ! isl&1 to effect 8 end4 ,if !re be organic be+s ( :i* two individuals nev] unite1 !n simple selection :e!r on a cont95t or isl& w\ld be equally s]viceable to make a new & desirable bre$2 & ?is new bre$ might be made 9 surpris+ly few ye>s f ! great & geometrical p[]s ( propagation to beat out ! old bre$2 z has happ5$ 7not)/&+ cross+7 :]e good bre$s ( dogs & pigs h be5 introduc$ into a limit$ c\ntry1--= in/ance1 into ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 #cii ,?is in/ance occurs 9 ! ,essay ( #ahdb1 p4 #cb1 b n 9 ! ,orig92 ?\gh ! importance ( isolation is discuss$ 7,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ajd1 vi4 p4 #abg74 #djj ,! mean+ ( ! words )9 p>5!sis is obscure4 #dja ,x is unusual to f9d ! au?or speak+ ( ! selection ( sports r ?an small v>iations4 ,let u n[ take ! simple/ natural case ( an islet upheav$ by ! volcanic or subt]ranean =ces 9 a deep sea1 at su* a di/ance f o!r l& t only a few organic be+s at r>e int]vals 7 transport$ to x1 :e!r borne by ! sea#djb 7l ! se$s ( plants to coral-reefs71 or by hurricanes1 or by floods1 or on rafts1 or 9 roots ( l>ge trees1 or ! g]ms ( "o plant or animal atta*$ to or 9 ! /oma* ( "s o!r animal1 or by ! int]v5tion 79 mo/ cases ! mo/ probable means7 ( o!r isl&s s9ce sunk or de/roy$4 ,x may be rem>k$ t :5 "o "p ( ! e>?'s cru/ is rais$ x is probably ! g5]al rule t ano!r "p s9ks4 ,let ?is isl& g on sl[ly1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 ris+ foot by foot2 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t we %all h in/ead ( a small mass ( rock#djc1 l[l& & highl&1 moi/ woods & dry s&y spots1 v>i\s soils1 m>%es1 /reams & pools3 "u wat] on ! sea %ore1 in/ead ( a rocky /eeply %elv+ coa/1 we %all h 9 "s p>ts bays ) mud1 s&y bea*es & rocky %oals4 ,! =mation ( ! isl& by itself mu/ (t5 slightly affect ! surr\nd+ climate4 ,x is impossible t ! fir/ few transport$ organisms c\ld be p]fectly adapt$ to all ^! /ations2 & x w be a *ance if ^? successively transport$ w be s adapt$4 ,! great] numb] w\ld probably come f ! l[l&s ( ! ne>e/ c\ntry2 & n ev5 all ^! w\ld be p]fectly adapt$ to ! new islet :il/ x cont9u$ l[ & expos$ to coa/ influ5ces4 ,moreov]1 z x is c]ta9 t all organisms are ne>ly z mu* adapt$ 9 _! /ructure to ! o!r inhabitants ( _! c\ntry z !y are to its physical conditions1 s ! m]e fact t a few be+s 7& ^! tak5 9 great degree by *ance7 7 9 ! fir/ case transport$ to ! islet1 w\ld 9 itself greatly modify _! conditions#djd4 ,z ! isl& cont9u$ ris+ we might also expect an occasional new visitant2 & ,i repeat t ev5 "o new be+ mu/ (t5 affect beyond our calculation by occupy+ ! room & tak+ "p ( ! subsi/5ce ( ano!r 7& ?is aga9 f ano!r & s on71 sev]al or _m o!r organisms4 ,n[ z ! fir/ transport$ & any occasional successive visitants spread or t5d$ to spread ov] ! gr[+ isl&1 !y w\ld und\bt$ly be expos$ ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations to new & v>y+ conditions3 x might also easily happ5 t "s ( ! species on an av]age might obta9 an increase ( food1 or food ( a m n\ri%+ quality#dje4 ,accord+ !n to e analogy ) :at we h se5 takes place 9 e c\ntry1 ) ne>ly e organic be+ "u dome/ication1 we might expect t "s ( ! inhabitants ( ! isl& w\ld sport1 or h _! organization r5d]$ 9 "s degree pla/ic4 ,z ! numb] ( ! inhabitants are suppos$ to be few & z all ^! _c be s well adapt$ to _! new & v>y+ conditions z !y 7 9 _! native c\ntry & habitat1 we _c believe t e place or (fice 9 ! economy ( ! isl& w\ld be z well fill$ z on a cont95t :]e ! numb] ( aborig9al species is f> great] & :]e !y consequ5tly hold a m /rictly limit$ place4 ,we might !re=e expect on our isl& t al?\gh v _m slight v>iations 7 ( no use to ! pla/ic individuals1 yet t occasionally 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury an individual might be born#djf ( :i* ! /ructure or con/itution 9 "s slight degree w\ld all[ x bett] to fill up "s (fice 9 ! insul> economy & to /ruggle aga9/ o!r species4 ,if su* 7 ! case ! individual & its (fspr+ w\ld h a bett] *ance ( surviv+ & ( beat+ out its p>5t =m2 & if 7z is probable7 x & its (fspr+ cross$ ) ! unv>i$ p>5t =m1 yet ! numb] ( ! individuals be+ n v great1 !re w\ld be a *ance ( ! new & m s]viceable =m be+ nev]!less 9 "s slight degree pres]v$4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce w\ld g on annually select+ su* individuals until a new race or species 0 =m$4 ,ei!r few or all ! fir/ visitants to ! isl& might become modifi$1 accord+ z ! physical conditions ( ! isl& & ^? result+ f ! k9d & numb] ( o!r transport$ species 7 diff]5t f ^? ( ! p>5t c\ntry--accord+ to ! difficulties (f]$ to fre% immigration--& accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t s9ce ! fir/ inhabitants 7 introduc$4 ,x is obvi\s t :atev] 0 ! c\ntry1 g5]ally ! ne>e/ f :i* ! fir/ t5ants 7 transport$1 !y w\ld %[ an aff9ity1 ev5 if all _h become modifi$1 to ! natives ( t c\ntry & ev5 if ! inhabitants ( ! same s\rce 787 _h be5 modifi$4 ,on ?is view we c at once und]/& ! cause & mean+ ( ! aff9ity ( ! fauna & flora ( ! ,galapagos ,isl&s ) t ( ! coa/ ( ,s4 ,am]ica2 & consequ5tly :y ! inhabitants ( ^! isl&s %[ n ! smalle/ aff9ity ) ^? inhabit+ o!r volcanic isl&s1 ) a v simil> climate & soil1 ne> ! coa/ ( ,africa#djg4 #djb ,?is brief discussion is repres5t$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 by a mu* full] "o 7pp4 #cef1 #chc1 vi4 pp4 #ejd1 #ece74 ,see1 h[ev]1 ! section 9 ! pres5t ,essay1 p4 #afh4 #djc ,on ! =mation ( new /ations1 see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bib1 vi4 p4 #dbi4 #djd ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #cij1 #djj1 vi4 pp4 #edc1 #eed4 #dje ,9 ! ,,ms4 "s ( ! species 444 n\ri%+ quality is d\btfully eras$4 ,x seems cle> t he d\bt$ :e!r su* a problematical supply ( food w\ld be likely to cause v>iation4 #djf ,at ?is "t ! au?or cle>ly put m fai? 9 ! importance ( sport-l v>iation ?an 9 lat] ye>s4 #djg ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cih1 vi4 p4 #eec4 ,to return once aga9 to our isl&1 if by ! cont9u$ action ( ! subt]ranean =ces o!r neighb\r+ isl&s 7 =m$1 ^! w\ld g5]ally be /ock$ by ! inhabitants ( ! fir/ isl&1 or by a few immigrants f ! neighb\r+ ma9l&2 b if consid]able ob/acles 7 int]pos$ to any communication betwe5 ! t]re/rial productions ( ^! isl&s1 & _! conditions 7 diff]5t 7p]haps only by ! numb] ( diff]5t species on ea* isl&71 a =m transport$ f "o isl& to ano!r might become alt]$ 9 ! same mann] z "o f ! cont95t2 & we %\ld h sev]al ( ! isl&s t5ant$ by repres5tative races or species1 z is s wond]fully ! case ) ! diff]5t isl&s ( ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago4 ,z ! isl&s become m\nta9\s1 if m\nta9-species 7 n introduc$1 z c\ld r>ely happ51 a great] am\nt ( v>iation & selection w\ld be requisite to adapt ! species1 :i* orig9ally came f ! l[l&s ( ! ne>e/ cont95t1 to ! m\nta9-summits ?an to ! l[] di/ricts ( our isl&s4 ,= ! l[l& species f ! cont95t w\ld h fir/ to /ruggle aga9/ o!r species & o!r conditions on ! coa/-l& ( ! isl&1 & s probably become modifi$ by ! selection ( its be/ fitt$ v>ieties1 !n to und]go ! same process :5 ! l& _h atta9$ a mod]ate elevation2 & !n la/ly :5 x _h become ,alp9e4 ,h5ce we c und]/& :y ! faunas ( insul> m\nta9-summits are1 z 9 ! case ( ,t5]iffe1 em95tly peculi>4 ,putt+ on "o side ! case ( a widely ext5d$ flora be+ driv5 up ! m\nta9-summits1 dur+ a *ange ( climate f cold to temp]ate1 we c see :y 9 o!r cases ! floras ( m\nta9-summits 7or z ,i h call$ !m isl&s 9 a sea ( l&7 %\ld be t5ant$ by peculi> species1 b relat$ to ^? ( ! surr\nd+ l[l&s1 z are ! inhabitants ( a real isl& 9 ! sea to ^? ( ! ne>e/ cont95t#djh4 #djh ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #djc1 vi4 p4 #eeh1 :]e ! au?or speaks ( ,alp9e humm+ birds1 rod5ts1 plants1 c4 9 ,s4 ,am]ica1 all ( /rictly ,am]ican =ms4 ,9 ! ,,ms4 ! au?or has add$ betwe5 ! l9es ,z _w has be5 gett+ hott]1 !re has be5 radiation f high-l&s1--old view8--curi\s2 ,i presume ,diluvian 9 orig94 ,let u n[ consid] ! effect ( a *ange ( climate or ( o!r conditions on ! inhabitants ( a cont95t & ( an isolat$ isl& )\t any great *ange ( level4 ,on a cont95t ! *ief effects w\ld be *anges 9 ! num]ical proportion ( ! individuals ( ! diff]5t species2 = :e!r ! climate became w>m] or cold]1 dri] or damp]1 m uni=m or extreme1 "s species are at pres5t adapt$ to its div]sifi$ di/ricts2 if = in/ance x became cool]1 species w\ld migrate f its m temp]ate p>ts & f its high] l&2 if damp]1 f its damp] regions1 c4 ,on a small & isolat$ isl&1 h[ev]1 ) few species1 & ^! n adapt$ to mu* div]sifi$ conditions1 su* *anges in/ead ( m]ely increas+ ! numb] ( c]ta9 species already adapt$ to su* conditions1 & decreas+ ! numb] ( o!r species1 w\ld be apt to affect ! con/itutions ( "s ( ! insul> species3 ?us if ! isl& became damp] x might well happ5 t !re 7 no species liv+ 9 any "p ( x adapt$ to ! consequ5ces result+ f m moi/ure4 ,9 ?is case !re=e1 & /ill m 7z we h se57 dur+ ! production ( new /ations f ! elevation ( ! l&1 an isl& w\ld be a f> m f]tile s\rce1 z f> z we c judge1 ( new specific =ms ?an a cont95t4 ,! new =ms ?us g5]at$ on an isl&1 we might expect1 w\ld occasionally be transport$ by accid5t1 or ?r\gh long-cont9u$ geographical *anges be enabl$ to emigrate & ?us become sl[ly diffus$4 ,b if we look to ! orig9 ( a cont95t2 almo/ e geologi/ w admit t 9 mo/ cases x w h fir/ exi/$ z sep>ate isl&s :i* gradually increas$ 9 size#dji2 & !re=e all t :i* has be5 said conc]n+ ! probable *anges ( ! =ms t5ant+ a small ar*ipelago is applicable to a cont95t 9 its e>ly /ate4 ,fur!rmore1 a geologi/ :o reflects on ! geological hi/ory ( ,europe 7! only region well kn[n7 w admit t x has be5 _m times depress$1 rais$ & left /ation>y4 ,dur+ ! s9k+ ( a cont95t & ! probable g5]ally accompany+ *anges ( climate ! effect w\ld be little1 except on ! num]ical proportions & 9 ! ext9ction 7f ! less5+ ( riv]s1 ! dry+ ( m>%es & ! conv]sion ( high-l&s into l[ c47 ( "s or ( _m ( ! species4 ,z soon h[ev] z ! cont95t became divid$ into _m isolat$ portions or isl&s1 prev5t+ free immigration f "o "p to ano!r1 ! effect ( climatic & o!r *anges on ! species w\ld be great]4 ,b let ! n[ brok5 cont95t1 =m+ isolat$ isl&s1 beg9 to rise & new /ations ?us to be =m$1 exactly z 9 ! fir/ case ( ! upheav$ volcanic islet1 & we %all h equally fav\rable conditions = ! modification ( old =ms1 t is ! =mation ( new races or species4 ,let ! isl&s become reunit$ into a cont95t2 & !n ! new & old =ms w\ld all spread1 z f> z b>ri]s1 ! means ( transportal1 & ! preoccupation ( ! l& by o!r species1 w\ld p]mit4 ,"s ( ! new species or races w\ld probably become ext9ct1 & "s p]haps w\ld cross & bl5d toge!r4 ,we %\ld ?us h a multitude ( =ms1 adapt$ to all k9ds ( slightly diff]5t /ations1 & to div]se gr\ps ( ei!r antagoni/ or food-s]v+ species4 ,! (t5] ^! oscillations ( level _h tak5 place 7& !re=e g5]ally ! old] ! l&7 ! great] ! numb] ( species :i* w\ld t5d to be =m$4 ,! inhabitants ( a cont95t be+ ?us d]iv$ 9 ! fir/ /age f ! same orig9al p>5ts1 & subsequ5tly f ! inhabitants ( "o wide area1 s9ce (t5 brok5 up & reunit$1 all w\ld be obvi\sly relat$ toge!r & ! inhabitants ( ! mo/ dissimil> /ations on ! same cont95t w\ld be m closely alli$ ?an ! inhabitants ( two v simil> /ations on two ( ! ma9 divisions ( ! _w#daj4 #dji ,see ! comp>ison betwe5 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago & ! probable =m] /ate ( ,europe1 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bii1 vi4 p4 #dch1 also ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bib1 vi4 p4 #dbi4 #daj ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cdi1 vi4 p4 #dif4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! argum5t 9 ! pres5t ,essay leads to repetition ( /atem5ts made 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! book3 9 ! ,orig9 ?is is avoid$4 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out t we n[ c obvi\sly see :y ! numb] ( species 9 two di/ricts1 indep5d5tly ( ! numb] ( /ations 9 su* di/ricts1 %\ld be 9 "s cases z widely diff]5t z 9 ,new ,zeal& & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope#daa4 ,we c see1 kn[+ ! difficulty 9 ! transport ( t]re/rial mammals1 :y isl&s f> f ma9l&s d n possess !m#dab2 we see ! g5]al reason1 namely accid5tal transport 7?\gh n ! precise reason71 :y c]ta9 isl&s %\ld1 & o!rs %\ld n1 possess memb]s ( ! class ( reptiles4 ,we c see :y an anci5t *annel ( communication betwe5 two di/ant po9ts1 z ! ,cordill]a probably 0 betwe5 s\!rn ,*ile & ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! =m] cold p]iods2 & iceb]gs betwe5 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s & ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 & gales1 at a =m] or pres5t "t1 betwe5 ! ,asiatic %ores ( ! ,pacific & ea/]n isl&s 9 ?is ocean2 is connect$ ) 7or we may n[ say causes7 an aff9ity betwe5 ! species1 ?\gh di/9ct1 9 two su* di/ricts4 ,we c see h[ ! bett] *ance ( diffusion1 f sev]al ( ! species ( any g5us hav+ wide ranges 9 _! own c\ntries1 expla9s ! pres5ce ( o!r species ( ! same g5us 9 o!r c\ntries#dac2 & on ! o!r h&1 ( species ( re/rict$ p[]s ( rang+1 =m+ g5]a ) re/rict$ ranges4 #daa ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #chi1 vi4 p4 #edb4 #dab ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cic1 vi4 p4 #edg4 #dac ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #cej1 #djd1 vi4 pp4 #dih1 #eei4 ,z e "o w\ld be surpris$ if two exactly simil> b peculi> v>ieties#dad ( any species 7 rais$ by man by long cont9u$ selection1 9 two diff]5t c\ntries1 or at two v diff]5t p]iods1 s we ought n to expect t an exactly simil> =m w\ld be produc$ f ! modification ( an old "o 9 two di/9ct c\ntries or at two di/9ct p]iods4 ,= 9 su* places & times !y w\ld probably be expos$ to some:at diff]5t climates & almo/ c]ta9ly to diff]5t associates4 ,h5ce we c see :y ea* species appe>s to h be5 produc$ s+ly1 9 space & 9 "t4 ,i ne$ h>dly rem>k t1 accord+ to ?is !ory ( desc5t1 !re is no necessity ( modification 9 a species1 :5 x rea*es a new & isolat$ c\ntry4 ,if x be able to survive & if slight v>iations bett] adapt$ to ! new conditions are n select$1 x might reta9 7z f> z we c see7 its old =m = an indef9ite "t4 ,z we see t "s sub-v>ieties produc$ "u dome/ication are m v>iable ?an o!rs1 s 9 nature1 p]haps1 "s species & g5]a are m v>iable ?an o!rs4 ,! same precise =m1 h[ev]1 w\ld probably be seldom pres]v$ ?r\gh successive geological p]iods1 or 9 widely & diff]5tly condition$ c\ntries#dae4 #dad ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ceb1 vi4 p4 #ejj4 #dae ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cac1 vi4 p4 #ded4 ,f9ally1 dur+ ! long p]iods ( "t & probably ( oscillations ( level1 necess>y = ! =mation ( a cont95t1 we may conclude 7z above expla9$7 t _m =ms w\ld become ext9ct4 ,^! ext9ct =ms1 & ^? surviv+ 7:e!r or n modifi$ & *ang$ 9 /ructure71 w all be relat$ 9 ea* cont95t 9 ! same mann] & degree1 z are ! inhabitants ( any two diff]5t sub-regions 9 t same cont95t4 ,i d n mean to say t1 = in/ance1 ! pres5t ,m>supials ( ,au/ralia or ,ed5tata & rod5ts ( ,s4 ,am]ica h desc5d$ f any "o ( ! few fossils ( ! same ord]s :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,x is possible t1 9 a v few in/ances1 ?is may be ! case2 b g5]ally !y mu/ be consid]$ z m]ely codesc5dants ( common /ocks#daf4 ,i believe 9 ?is1 f ! improbability1 consid]+ ! va/ numb] ( species1 :i* 7z expla9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]7 mu/ by our !ory h exi/$1 t ! comp>atively few fossils :i* h be5 f\nd %\ld *ance to be ! imm$iate & l9e> prog5itors ( ^? n[ exi/+4 ,rec5t z ! yet discov]$ fossil mammif]s ( ,s4 ,am]ica are1 :o w pret5d to say t v _m int]m$iate =ms may n h exi/$8 ,moreov]1 we %all see 9 ! ensu+ *apt] t ! v exi/5ce ( g5]a & species c be expla9$ only by a few species ( ea* epo* leav+ modifi$ successors or new species to a future p]iod2 & ! m di/ant t future p]iod1 ! few] w be ! l9e> heirs ( ! =m] epo*4 ,z by our !ory1 all mammif]s mu/ h desc5d$ f ! same p>5t /ock1 s is x necess>y t ea* l& n[ possess+ t]re/rial mammif]s %all at "s "t h be5 s f> unit$ to o!r l& z to p]mit ! passage ( mammif]s#dag2 & x accords ) ?is necessity1 t 9 look+ f> back into ! e>?'s hi/ory we f9d1 fir/ *anges 9 ! geographical di/ribution1 & secondly a p]iod :5 ! mammif]\s =ms mo/ di/9ctive ( two ( ! pres5t ma9 divisions ( ! _w 7 liv+ toge!r#dah4 #daf ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cda1 vi4 p4 #dhg4 #dag ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cif1 vi4 p4 #edi4 #dah ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cdj1 vi4 p4 #dhf4 ,i ?9k !n ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t mo/ ( ! above enum]at$ & (t5 trivial po9ts 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( pa/ & pres5t organisms 7:i* po9ts mu/ be view$ by ! creationi/s z s _m ultimate facts7 foll[ z a simple consequ5ce ( specific =ms be+ mutable & ( _! be+ adapt$ by natural selection to div]se ends1 conjo9$ ) _! p[]s ( disp]sal1 & ! geologico-geographical *anges n[ 9 sl[ progress & :i* und\bt$ly h tak5 place4 ,?is l>ge class ( facts be+ ?us expla9$1 f> m ?an c\nt]balances _m sep>ate difficulties & app>5t objections 9 conv9c+ my m9d ( ! tru? ( ?is !ory ( common desc5t4 ,improbability ( f9d+ fossil =ms int]m$iate betwe5 exi/+ species4 ,!re is "o obs]vation ( consid]able importance t may be "h introduc$1 ) reg>d to ! improbability ( ! *ief transitional =ms betwe5 any two species be+ f\nd fossil4 ,) respect to ! f9] %ades ( transition1 ,i h be=e rem>k$ t no "o has any cause to expect to trace !m 9 a fossil /ate1 )\t he be bold en\gh to imag9e t geologi/s at a future epo* w be able to trace f fossil bones ! gradations betwe5 ! ,%ort-,horns1 ,h]e=d%ire1 & ,ald]ney bre$s ( cattle#dai4 ,i h attempt$ to %[ t ris+ isl&s1 9 process ( =mation1 mu/ be ! be/ nurs]ies ( new specific =ms1 & ^! po9ts are ! lea/ fav\rable = ! emb$m5t ( fossils#dbj3 ,i appeal1 z evid5ce1 to ! /ate ( ! num]\s scatt]$ isl&s 9 ! sev]al great oceans3 h[ r>ely d any s$im5t>y deposits occur on !m2 & :5 pres5t !y are m]e n>r[ fr+es ( no great antiquity1 :i* ! sea is g5]ally we>+ away & de/roy+4 ,! cause ( ?is lies 9 isolat$ isl&s be+ g5]ally volcanic & ris+ po9ts2 & ! effects ( subt]ranean elevation is to br+ up ! surr\nd+ newly-deposit$ /rata )9 ! de/roy+ action ( ! coa/-waves3 ! /rata1 deposit$ at great] di/ances1 & !re=e 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 w be almo/ b>r5 ( organic rema9s4 ,^! rem>ks may be g5]alis$3--p]iods ( subsid5ce w always be mo/ fav\rable to an accumulation ( great ?icknesses ( /rata1 & consequ5tly to _! long pres]vation2 = )\t "o =mation be protect$ by successive /rata1 x w seldom be pres]v$ to a di/ant age1 ow+ to ! enorm\s am\nt ( d5udation1 :i* seems to be a g5]al cont+5t ( "t#dba4 ,i may ref]1 z evid5ce ( ?is rem>k1 to ! va/ am\nt ( subsid5ce evid5t 9 ! great pile ( ! ,european =mations1 f ! ,silurian epo* to ! end ( ! ,second>y1 & p]haps to ev5 a lat] p]iod4 ,p]iods ( elevation on ! o!r h& _c be fav\rable to ! accumulation ( /rata & _! pres]vation to di/ant ages1 f ! circum/ance j allud$ to1 viz4 ( elevation t5d+ to br+ to ! surface ! circum-littoral /rata 7always ab\nd+ mo/ 9 fossils7 & de/roy+ !m4 ,! bottom ( tracts ( deep wat] 7little fav\rable1 h[ev]1 to life7 mu/ be except$ f ?is unfav\rable influ5ce ( elevation4 ,9 ! q op5 ocean1 probably no s$im5t#dbb is accumulat+1 or at a rate s sl[ z n to pres]ve fossil rema9s1 :i* w always be subject to dis9tegration4 ,cav]ns1 no d\bt1 w be equally likely to pres]ve t]re/rial fossils 9 p]iods ( elevation & ( subsid5ce2 b :e!r x be ow+ to ! enorm\s am\nt ( d5udation1 :i* all l& seems to h und]gone1 no cav]n ) fossil bones has be5 f\nd belong+ to ! ,second>y p]iod#dbc4 #dai ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bii1 vi4 p4 #dcg4 #dbj ,nature may almo/ be said to h gu>d$ aga9/ ! frequ5t discov]y ( h] transitional or l9k+ =ms1 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bib4 ,a simil> b n id5tical passage occurs 9 ,orig91 ,ed4 vi4 p4 #dbh4 #dba ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bia1 vi4 p4 #dbf4 #dbb ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bhh1 vi4 p4 #dbb4 #dbc ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bhi1 vi4 p4 #dbc4 ,h5ce _m m rema9s w be pres]v$ to a di/ant age1 9 any region ( ! _w1 dur+ p]iods ( its subsid5ce#dbd1 ?an ( its elevation4 #dbd ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cjj1 vi4 p4 #dci4 ,b dur+ ! subsid5ce ( a tract ( l&1 its inhabitants 7z be=e %[n7 w f ! decrease ( space & ( ! div]sity ( its /ations1 & f ! l& be+ fully preoccupi$ by species fitt$ to div]sifi$ means ( subsi/5ce1 be little liable to modification f selection1 al?\gh _m may1 or r mu/1 become ext9ct4 ,) respect to its circum-m>9e inhabitants1 al?\gh dur+ a *ange f a cont95t to a great ar*ipelago1 ! numb] ( /ations fitt$ = m>9e be+s w be increas$1 _! means ( diffusion 7an important *eck to *ange ( =m7 w be greatly improv$2 = a cont95t /ret*+ nor? & s\?1 or a q op5 space ( ocean1 seems to be to !m ! only b>ri]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 dur+ ! elevation ( a small ar*ipelago & its conv]sion into a cont95t1 we h1 :il/ ! numb] ( /ations are increas+1 bo? = aquatic & t]re/rial productions1 & :il/ ^! /ations are n fully preoccupi$ by p]fectly adapt$ species1 ! mo/ fav\rable conditions = ! selection ( new specific =ms2 b few ( !m 9 _! e>ly transitional /ates w be pres]v$ to a di/ant epo*4 ,we mu/ wait dur+ an enorm\s lapse ( "t1 until long-cont9u$ subsid5ce %all h tak5 ! place 9 ?is qu>t] ( ! _w ( ! elevatory process1 = ! be/ conditions ( ! emb$m5t & ! pres]vation ( its inhabitants4 ,g5]ally ! great mass ( ! /rata 9 e c\ntry1 f hav+ be5 *iefly accumulat$ dur+ subsid5ce1 w be ! tomb1 n ( transitional =ms1 b ( ^? ei!r becom+ ext9ct or rema9+ unmodifi$4 ,! /ate ( our k1 & ! sl[ness ( ! *anges ( level1 d n p]mit u to te/ ! tru? ( ^! rem>ks1 by obs]v+ :e!r !re are m transitional or f9e 7z naturali/s w\ld t]m !m7 species1 on a ris+ & enl>g+ tract ( l&1 ?an on an area ( subsid5ce4 ,nor d ,i "k :e!r !re are m f9e species on isolat$ volcanic isl&s 9 process ( =mation1 ?an on a cont95t2 b ,i may rem>k1 t at ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago ! numb] ( =ms1 :i* accord+ to "s naturali/s are true species1 & accord+ to o!rs are m]e races1 is consid]able3 ?is p>ticul>ly applies to ! diff]5t species or races ( ! same g5]a inhabit+ ! diff]5t isl&s ( ?is ar*ipelago4 ,fur!rmore x may be add$ 7z be>+ on ! great facts discuss$ 9 ?is *apt]7 t :5 naturali/s conf9e _! att5tion to any "o c\ntry1 !y h comp>atively little difficulty 9 det]m9+ :at =ms to call species & :at to call v>ieties2 t is1 ^? :i* c or _c be trac$ or %[n to be probably desc5dants ( "s o!r =m3 b ! difficulty increases1 z species are br\ght f _m /ations1 c\ntries & isl&s4 ,x 0 ?is increas+ 7b ,i believe 9 few cases insup]able7 difficulty :i* seems *iefly to h urg$ ,lam>ck to ! conclusion t species are mutable4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,aff9ities ,,& ,,classification ,,( ,,organic ,,be+s#dbe #dbe ,*4 ,,xiii ( ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i41 ,*4 ,,xiv ,ed4 vi4 beg9s ) a simil> /atem5t4 ,9 ! pres5t ,essay ! au?or adds a note3--,! obvi\sness ( ! fact 7i4e4 ! natural gr\p+ ( organisms7 alone prev5ts x be+ rem>kable4 ,x is sc>cely explicable by creationi/3 gr\ps ( aquatic1 ( vegetable fe$]s & c>nivor\s1 c41 might resemble ea* o!r2 b :y z x is4 ,s ) plants1--analogical resemblance ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,mu/ n "h ent] into details4 ,?is argum5t is incorporat$ ) ! text 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 ,gradual appe>ance & disappe>ance ( gr\ps4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ f ! e>lie/ times t organic be+s fall into gr\ps#dbf1 & ^! gr\ps into o!rs ( sev]al values1 su* z species into g5]a1 & !n into sub-families1 into families1 ord]s1 c4 ,! same fact holds ) ^? be+s :i* no long] exi/4 ,gr\ps ( species seem to foll[ ! same laws 9 _! appe>ance & ext9ction#dbg1 z d ! individuals ( any "o species3 we h reason to believe t1 fir/1 a few species appe>1 t _! numb]s increase2 & t1 :5 t5d+ to ext9ction1 ! numb]s ( ! species decrease1 till f9ally ! gr\p becomes ext9ct1 9 ! same way z a species becomes ext9ct1 by ! individuals becom+ r>] & r>]4 ,moreov]1 gr\ps1 l ! individuals ( a species1 appe> to become ext9ct at diff]5t times 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! ,palaeo!rium 0 ext9ct mu* soon] 9 ,europe ?an 9 ,india3 ! ,trigonia#dbh 0 ext9ct 9 e>ly ages 9 ,europe1 b n[ lives 9 ! seas ( ,au/ralia4 ,z x happ5s t "o species ( a family w endure = a mu* long] p]iod ?an ano!r species1 s we f9d t "s :ole gr\ps1 su* z ,mollusca1 t5d to reta9 _! =ms1 or to rema9 p]si/5t1 = long] p]iods ?an o!r gr\ps1 = in/ance ?an ! ,mammalia4 ,gr\ps !re=e1 9 _! appe>ance1 ext9ction1 & rate ( *ange or succession1 seem to foll[ ne>ly ! same laws ) ! individuals ( a species#dbi4 #dbf ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #daa1 vi4 p4 #eff4 #dbg ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #caf1 vi4 p4 #deg4 #dbh ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #cba1 vi4 p4 #dfc4 #dbi ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 ?is prelim9>y matt] is replac$ 7pp4 #daa1 #dab1 vi4 pp4 #eff1 #efg7 by a discussion 9 :i* ext9ction is also treat$1 b *iefly f ! po9t ( view ( ! !ory ( div]g5ce4 ,:at is ! ,natural ,sy/em8 ,! prop] arrangem5t ( species into gr\ps1 accord+ to ! natural sy/em1 is ! object ( all naturali/s2 b sc>cely two naturali/s w give ! same answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is ! natural sy/em & h[ are we to recognise x8 ,! mo/ important *>act]s#dcj x might be ?\ght 7z x 0 by ! e>lie/ classifi]s7 ought to be drawn f ^? p>ts ( ! /ructure :i* det]m9e its habits & place 9 ! economy ( nature1 :i* we may call ! f9al end ( its exi/5ce4 ,b no?+ is fur!r f ! tru? ?an ?is2 h[ mu* ext]nal resemblance !re is betwe5 ! little ott] 7,*ironectes7 ( ,guiana & ! common ott]2 or aga9 betwe5 ! common swall[ & ! swift2 & :o c d\bt t ! means & ends ( _! exi/5ce are closely simil>1 yet h[ grossly wrong w\ld be ! classification1 :i* put close to ea* o!r a ,m>supial & ,plac5tal animal1 & two birds ) widely diff]5t skeletons4 ,relations1 su* z 9 ! two latt] cases1 or z t betwe5 ! :ale & fi%es1 are d5om9at$ analogical#dca1 or are sometimes describ$ z relations ( adaption4 ,!y are inf9itely num]\s & (t5 v s+ul>2 b are ( no use 9 ! classification ( ! high] gr\ps4 ,h[ x comes1 t c]ta9 p>ts ( ! /ructure1 by :i* ! habits & functions ( ! species are settl$1 are ( no use 9 classification1 :il/ o!r p>ts1 =m$ at ! same "t1 are ( ! greate/1 x w\ld be difficult to say1 on ! !ory ( sep>ate creations4 #dcj ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dad1 vi4 p4 #egj4 #dca ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dad1 vi4 p4 #egj4 ,"s au?ors z ,lam>ck1 ,:ewell c41 believe t ! degree ( aff9ity on ! natural sy/em dep5ds on ! degrees ( resemblance 9 organs m or less physiologically important = ! pres]vation ( life4 ,?is scale ( importance 9 ! organs is admitt$ to be ( difficult discov]y4 ,b q indep5d5t ( ?is1 ! proposition1 z a g5]al rule1 mu/ be reject$ z false2 ?\gh x may be p>tially true4 ,= x is univ]sally admitt$ t ! same "p or organ1 :i* is ( ! highe/ s]vice 9 classification 9 "o gr\p1 is ( v little use 9 ano!r gr\p1 ?\gh 9 bo? gr\ps1 z f> z we c see1 ! "p or organ is ( equal physiological importance3 moreov]1 *>act]s q unimportant physiologically1 su* z :e!r ! cov]+ ( ! body consi/s ( hair or fea!rs1 :e!r ! no/rils communicat$ ) ! m\?#dcb c41 c41 are ( ! highe/ g5]ality 9 classification2 ev5 col\r1 :i* is s incon/ant 9 _m species1 w sometimes well *>act]ise ev5 a :ole gr\p ( species4 ,la/ly1 ! fact1 t no "o "* is ( s mu* importance 9 det]m9+ to :at great gr\p an organism belongs1 z ! =ms ?r\gh :i* ! embryo#dcc passes f ! g]m upw>ds to maturity1 _c be reconcil$ ) ! idea t natural classification foll[s accord+ to ! degrees ( resemblance 9 ! p>ts ( mo/ physiological importance4 ,! aff9ity ( ! common rock-b>nacle ) ! ,cru/aceans c h>dly be p]ceiv$ 9 m ?an a s+le "* 9 its mature /ate1 b :il/ "y1 locomotive1 & furni%$ ) eyes1 its aff9ity _c be mi/ak5#dcd4 ,! cause ( ! great] value ( *>act]s1 drawn f ! e>ly /ages ( life1 c1 z we %all 9 a succe$+ *apt] see1 be 9 a consid]able degree expla9$1 on ! !ory ( desc5t1 al?\gh inexplicable on ! views ( ! creationi/4 #dcb ,^! in/ances occur ) o!rs 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #daf1 vi4 p4 #egb4 #dcc ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dah1 vi4 p4 #egd4 #dcd ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #dai1 #ddj1 vi4 pp4 #ege1 #fjf4 ,practically1 naturali/s seem to classify accord+ to ! resemblance ( ^? p>ts or organs :i* 9 relat$ gr\ps are mo/ uni=m1 or v>y lea/#dce3 ?us ! ae/ivation1 or mann] 9 :i* ! petals etc4 are fold$ ov] ea* o!r1 is f\nd to af=d an unv>y+ "* 9 mo/ families ( plants1 & accord+ly any diff]5ce 9 ?is respect w\ld be suffici5t to cause ! rejection ( a species f _m families2 b 9 ! ,rubiaceae ! ae/ivation is a v>y+ "*1 & a botani/ w\ld n lay mu* /ress on x1 9 decid+ :e!r or n to class a new species 9 ?is family4 ,b ?is rule is obvi\sly s arbitr>y a =mula1 t mo/ naturali/s seem to be conv9c$ t some?+ ult]ior is repres5t$ by ! natural sy/em2 !y appe> to ?9k t we only discov] by su* simil>ities :at ! arrangem5t ( ! sy/em is1 n t su* simil>ities make ! sy/em4 ,we c only ?us und]/& ,l9naeus'#dcf well-kn[n say+1 t ! *>act]s d n make ! g5us2 b t ! g5us gives ! *>act]s3 = a classification1 indep5d5t ( *>act]s1 is "h presuppos$4 ,h5ce _m naturali/s h said t ! natural sy/em reveals ! plan ( ! ,creator3 b )\t x be specifi$ :e!r ord] 9 "t or place1 or :at else is meant by ! plan ( ! ,creator1 su* expressions appe> to me to leave ! "q exactly :]e x 04 #dce ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #dah1 #dbe1 vi4 pp4 #egd1 #eha4 #dcf ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dac1 vi4 p4 #efi4 ,"s naturali/s consid] t ! geographical position#dcg ( a species may ent] into ! consid]ation ( ! gr\p into :i* x %\ld be plac$2 & mo/ naturali/s 7ei!r tacitly or op5ly7 give value to ! diff]5t gr\ps1 n solely by _! relative diff]5ces 9 /ructure1 b by ! numb] ( =ms includ$ 9 !m4 ,?us a g5us conta9+ a few species might be1 & has (t5 be51 rais$ into a family on ! discov]y ( sev]al o!r species4 ,_m natural families are reta9$1 al?\gh mo/ closely relat$ to o!r families1 f includ+ a great numb] ( closely simil> species4 ,! m logical naturali/ w\ld p]haps1 if he c\ld1 reject ^! two cont+5ts 9 classification4 ,f ^! circum/ances1 & especially f ! undef9$ objects & crit]ions ( ! natural sy/em1 ! numb] ( divisions1 su* z g5]a1 sub-families1 families1 c41 c41 has be5 q arbitr>y#dch2 )\t ! cle>e/ def9ition1 h[ c x be possible to decide :e!r two gr\ps ( species are ( equal value1 & ( :at value8 :e!r !y %\ld bo? be call$ g5]a or families2 or :e!r "o %\ld be a g5us1 & ! o!r a family#dci8 #dcg ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #dai1 #dbg1 vi4 pp4 #ege1 #ehb4 #dch ,?is is discuss$ f ! po9t ( view ( div]g5ce 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #dbj1 #dba1 vi4 pp4 #egf1 #egg4 #dci ,footnote by ! au?or4 ,i discuss ?is because if ,qu9>ism true1 ,i false4 ,! ,qu9>y ,sy/em is set =? 9 ,w4 ,s4 ,macleay's ,horae ,entomologicae1 #ahba4 ,on ! k9d ( relation betwe5 di/9ct gr\ps4 ,i h only "o o!r rem>k on ! aff9ities ( organic be+s2 t is1 :5 two q di/9ct gr\ps approa* ea* o!r1 ! approa* is g5]ally g5]ic#ddj & n special2 ,i c expla9 ?is mo/ easily by an example3 ( all ,rod5ts ! ,bizca*a1 by c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 its reproductive sy/em1 approa*es ne>e/ to ! ,m>supials2 ( all ,m>supials ! ,phascolomys1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>s to approa* 9 ! =m ( its tee? & inte/9es ne>e/ to ! ,rod5ts2 b !re is no special relation betwe5 ^! two g5]a#dda2 ! ,bizca*a is no ne>] relat$ to ! ,phascolomys ?an to any o!r ,m>supial 9 ! po9ts 9 :i* x approa*es ?is division2 nor aga9 is ! ,phascolomys1 9 ! po9ts ( /ructure 9 :i* x approa*es ! ,rod5ts1 any ne>] relat$ to ! ,bizca*a ?an to any o!r ,rod5t4 ,o!r examples might h be5 *os51 b ,i h giv5 7f ,wat]h\se7 ?is example z x illu/rates ano!r po9t1 namely1 ! difficulty ( det]m9+ :at are analogical or adaptive & :at real aff9ities2 x seems t ! tee? ( ! ,phascolomys ?\gh appe>+ closely to resemble ^? ( a ,rod5t are f\nd to be built on ! ,m>supial type2 & x is ?\ght t ^! tee? & consequ5tly ! inte/9es may h be5 adapt$ to ! peculi> life ( ?is animal & !re=e may n %[ any real relation4 ,! /ructure 9 ! ,bizca*a t connects x ) ! ,m>supials does n seem a peculi>ity relat$ to its mann] ( life1 & ,i imag9e t no "o w\ld d\bt t ?is %[s a real aff9ity1 ?\gh n m ) any "o ,m>supial species ?an ) ano!r4 ,! difficulty ( det]m9+ :at relations are real & :at analogical is f> f surpris+ :5 no "o pret5ds to def9e ! mean+ ( ! t]m relation or ! ult]ior object ( all classification4 ,we %all imm$iately see on ! !ory ( desc5t h[ x comes t !re %\ld be real & analogical aff9ities2 & :y ! =m] alone %\ld be ( value 9 classification--difficulties :i* x w\ld be ,i believe impossible to expla9 on ! ord9>y !ory ( sep>ate creations4 #ddj ,9 ! correspond+ passage 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dcj1 vi4 p4 #eia1 ! t]m g5]al is us$ 9 place ( g5]ic1 & seems a bett] expression4 ,9 ! m>g9 ! au?or gives ,wat]h\se z 8 au?ority4 #dda ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dcj1 vi4 p4 #eia4 ,classification ( ,races or ,v>ieties4 ,let u n[ = a few mom5ts turn to ! classification ( ! g5]ally ackn[l$g$ v>ieties & subdivisions ( our dome/ic be+s#ddb2 we %all f9d !m sy/ematically arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( high] & high] value4 ,de ,c&olle has treat$ ! v>ieties ( ! cabbage exactly z he w\ld h done a natural family ) v>i\s divisions & subdivisions4 ,9 dogs aga9 we h "o ma9 division :i* may be call$ ! family ( h\nds2 ( ^!1 !re are sev]al 7we w call !m7 g5]a1 su* z blood-h\nds1 fox-h\nds1 & h>ri]s2 & ( ea* ( ^! we h diff]5t species1 z ! blood-h\nd ( ,cuba & t ( ,engl&2 & ( ! latt] aga9 we h bre$s truly produc+ _! own k9d1 :i* may be call$ races or v>ieties4 ,"h we see a classification practically us$ :i* typifies on a less] scale t :i* holds good 9 nature4 ,b among/ true species 9 ! natural sy/em & among/ dome/ic races ! numb] ( divisions or gr\ps1 in/itut$ betwe5 ^? mo/ alike & ^? mo/ unlike1 seems to be q arbitr>y4 ,! numb] ( ! =ms 9 bo? cases seems practically1 :e!r or n x ought !oretically1 to influ5ce ! d5om9ation ( gr\ps includ+ !m4 ,9 bo?1 geographical di/ribution has sometimes be5 us$ z an aid to classification#ddc2 among/ v>ieties1 ,i may in/ance1 ! cattle ( ,india or ! %eep ( ,sib]ia1 :i* f possess+ "s *>act]s 9 common p]mit a classification ( ,indian & ,european cattle1 or ,sib]ian & ,european %eep4 ,among/ dome/ic v>ieties we h ev5 some?+ v l ! relations ( analogy or adaptation#ddd2 ?us ! common & ,sw$i% turnip are bo? artificial v>ieties :i* /rik+ly resemble ea* o!r1 & !y fill ne>ly ! same end 9 ! economy ( ! f>m-y>d2 b al?\gh ! sw$e s mu* m resembles a turnip ?an its presum$ p>5t ! field cabbage1 no "o ?9ks ( putt+ x out ( ! cabbages into ! turnips4 ,?us ! greyh\nd & racehorse1 hav+ be5 select$ & tra9$ = extreme fleetness = %ort di/ances1 pres5t an analogical resemblance ( ! same k9d1 b less /rik+ z t betwe5 ! little ott] 7,m>supial7 ( ,guiana & ! common ott]2 ?\gh ^! two ott]s are really less relat$ ?an are ! horse & dog4 ,we are ev5 caution$ by au?ors treat+ on v>ieties1 to foll[ ! natural 9 contradi/9ction ( an artificial sy/em & n1 = in/ance1 to class two v>ieties ( ! p9e-apple#dde ne> ea* o!r1 because _! fruits accid5tally resemble ea* o!r closely 7?\gh ! fruit may be call$ ! f9al end ( ?is plant 9 ! economy ( its _w1 ! ho?\se71 b to judge f ! g5]al resemblance ( ! entire plants4 ,la/ly1 v>ieties (t5 become ext9ct2 sometimes f unexpla9$ causes1 sometimes f accid5t1 b m (t5 f ! production ( m useful v>ieties1 & ! less useful ones be+ de/roy$ or br$ out4 #ddb ,9 a correspond+ passage 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dbc1 vi4 p4 #egi1 ! au?or makes use ( 8 k ( pigeons4 ,! pseudo-g5]a among dogs are discuss$ 9 ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #ch4 #ddc ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #dai1 #dbg1 vi4 pp4 #ege1 #ehb4 #ddd ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #dbc1 #dbg1 vi4 pp4 #egi1 #ehc4 #dde ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dbc1 vi4 p4 #egi4 ,i ?9k x _c be d\bt$ t ! ma9 cause ( all ! v>ieties :i* h desc5d$ f ! aborig9al dog or dogs1 or f ! aborig9al wild cabbage1 n be+ equally l or unlike--b on ! contr>y1 obvi\sly fall+ into gr\ps & sub-gr\ps--mu/ 9 *ief "p be attribut$ to diff]5t degrees ( true relation%ip2 = in/ance1 t ! diff]5t k9ds ( blood-h\nd h desc5d$ f "o /ock1 :il/ ! h>ri]s h desc5d$ f ano!r /ock1 & t bo? ^! h desc5d$ f a diff]5t /ock f t :i* has be5 ! p>5t ( ! sev]al k9ds ( greyh\nd4 ,we (t5 he> ( a flori/ hav+ "s *oice v>iety & bre$+ f x a :ole gr\p ( sub-v>ieties m or less *>act]is$ by ! peculi>ities ( ! p>5t4 ,! case ( ! pea* & nect>9e1 ea* ) _! _m v>ieties1 might h be5 introduc$4 ,no d\bt ! relation%ip ( our diff]5t dome/ic bre$s has be5 obscur$ 9 an extreme degree by _! cross+2 & likewise f ! slight diff]5ce betwe5 _m bre$s x has probably (t5 happ5$ t a sport f "o bre$ has less closely resembl$ its p>5t bre$ ?an "s o!r bre$1 & has !re=e be5 class$ ) ! latt]4 ,moreov] ! effects ( a simil> climate#ddf may 9 "s cases h m ?an c\nt]balanc$ ! simil>ity1 consequ5t on a common desc5t1 ?\gh ,i %\ld ?9k ! simil>ity ( ! bre$s ( cattle ( ,india or %eep ( ,sib]ia 0 f> m probably due to ! community ( _! desc5t ?an to ! effects ( climate on animals desc5d$ f diff]5t /ocks4 #ddf ,a g5]al /atem5t ( ! influ5ce ( conditions on v>iation occurs 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #aca-c1 vi4 pp4 #afd-e4 ,not)/&+ ^! great s\rces ( difficulty1 ,i appreh5d e "o w\ld admit1 t if x 7 possible1 a g5ealogical classification ( our dome/ic v>ieties w\ld be ! mo/ satisfactory "o2 & z f> z v>ieties 7 conc]n$ w\ld be ! natural sy/em3 9 "s cases x has be5 foll[$4 ,9 attempt+ to foll[ out ?is object a p]son w\ld h to class a v>iety1 ^: p>5tage he did n "k1 by its ext]nal *>act]s2 b he w\ld h a di/9ct ult]ior object 9 view1 namely1 its desc5t 9 ! same mann] z a regul> sy/emati/ seems also to h an ult]ior b undef9$ end 9 all 8 classifications4 ,l ! regul> sy/emati/ he w\ld n c>e :e!r 8 *>act]s 7 drawn f m or less important organs z long z he f\nd 9 ! tribe :i* he 0 exam9+ t ! *>act]s f su* p>ts 7 p]si/5t2 ?us among/ cattle he does value a "* drawn f ! =m ( ! horns m ?an f ! proportions ( ! limbs & :ole body1 = he f9ds t ! %ape ( ! horns is to a consid]able degree p]si/5t among/ cattle#ddg1 :il/ ! bones ( ! limbs & body v>y4 ,no d\bt z a frequ5t rule ! m important ! organ1 z be+ less relat$ to ext]nal influ5ces1 ! less liable x is to v>iation2 b he w\ld expect t accord+ to ! object = :i* ! races _h be5 select$1 p>ts m or less important might diff]2 s t *>act]s drawn f p>ts g5]ally mo/ liable to v>y1 z col\r1 might 9 "s in/ances be highly s]viceable--z is ! case4 ,he w\ld admit t g5]al resemblances sc>cely def9able by language might sometimes s]ve to allocate a species by its ne>e/ relation4 ,he w\ld be able to assign a cle> reason :y ! close simil>ity ( ! fruit 9 two v>ieties ( p9e-apple1 & ( ! s-call$ root 9 ! common & ,sw$i% turnips1 & :y ! simil> gracefulness ( =m 9 ! greyh\nd & racehorse1 are *>act]s ( little value 9 classification2 namely1 because !y are ! result1 n ( community ( desc5t1 b ei!r ( selection = a common end1 or ( ! effects ( simil> ext]nal conditions4 #ddg ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dbc1 vi4 p4 #egi4 ,9 ! m>g9 ,m>%all is giv5 z ! au?ority4 ,classification ( races & species simil>4 ,?us see+ t bo? ! classifi]s ( species & ( v>ieties#ddh "w by ! same means1 make simil> di/9ctions 9 ! value ( ! *>act]s1 & meet ) simil> difficulties1 & t bo? seem to h 9 _! classification an ult]ior object 9 view2 ,i _c avoid /rongly suspect+ t ! same cause1 :i* has made among/ our dome/ic v>ieties gr\ps & sub-gr\ps1 has made simil> gr\ps 7b ( high] values7 among/ species2 & t ?is cause is ! great] or less prop9quity ( actual desc5t4 ,! simple fact ( species1 bo? ^? long s9ce ext9ct & ^? n[ liv+1 be+ divisible into g5]a1 families1 ord]s c4--divisions analog\s to ^? into :i* v>ieties are divisible--is o!rwise an inexplicable fact1 & only n rem>kable f its famili>ity4 #ddh ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dbc1 vi4 p4 #egi4 ,orig9 ( g5]a & families4 ,let u suppose#ddi = example t a species spreads & arrives at six or m diff]5t regions1 or be+ already diffus$ ov] "o wide area1 let ?is area be divid$ into six di/9ct regions1 expos$ to diff]5t conditions1 & ) /ations slightly diff]5t1 n fully occupi$ ) o!r species1 s t six diff]5t races or species 7 =m$ by selection1 ea* be/ fitt$ to its new habits & /ation4 ,i mu/ rem>k t 9 e case1 if a species becomes modifi$ 9 any "o sub-region1 x is probable t x w become modifi$ 9 "s o!r ( ! sub-regions ov] :i* x is diffus$1 = its organization is %[n to be capable ( be+ r5d]$ pla/ic2 its diffusion proves t x is able to /ruggle ) ! o!r inhabitants ( ! sev]al sub-regions2 & z ! organic be+s ( e great region are 9 "s degree alli$1 & z ev5 ! physical conditions are (t5 9 "s respects alike1 we might expect t a modification 9 /ructure1 :i* gave our species "s advantage ov] antagoni/ species 9 "o sub-region1 w\ld be foll[$ by o!r modifications 9 o!r ( ! sub-regions4 ,! races or new species suppos$ to be =m$ w\ld be closely relat$ to ea* o!r2 & w\ld ei!r =m a new g5us or sub-g5us1 or w\ld rank 7probably =m+ a slightly diff]5t section7 9 ! g5us to :i* ! p>5t species belong$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages1 & dur+ ! cont+5t physical *anges1 x is probable t "s ( ! six new species w\ld be de/roy$2 b ! same advantage1 :atev] x may h be5 7:e!r m]e t5d5cy to v>y1 or "s peculi>ity ( organization1 p[] ( m9d1 or means ( di/ribution71 :i* 9 ! p>5t-species & 9 its six select$ & *ang$ species-(fspr+1 caus$ !m to prevail ov] o!r antagoni/ species1 w\ld g5]ally t5d to pres]ve "s or _m ( !m = a long p]iod4 ,if !n1 two or ?ree ( ! six species 7 pres]v$1 !y 9 _! turn w\ld1 dur+ cont9u$ *anges1 give rise to z _m small gr\ps ( species3 if ! p>5ts ( ^! small gr\ps 7 closely simil>1 ! new species w\ld =m "o great g5us1 b>ely p]haps divisible into two or ?ree sections3 b if ! p>5ts 7 consid]ably unlike1 _! species-(fspr+ w\ld1 f inh]it+ mo/ ( ! peculi>ities ( _! p>5t-/ocks1 =m ei!r two or m sub-g5]a or 7if ! c\rse ( selection t5d$ 9 diff]5t ways7 g5]a4 ,& la/ly species desc5d+ f diff]5t species ( ! newly =m$ g5]a w\ld =m new g5]a1 & su* g5]a collectively w\ld =m a family4 #ddi ,! discussion "h foll[+ corresponds m or less to ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #daa1 #dab1 vi4 pp4 #eff1 #efg2 al?\gh ! doctr9e ( div]g5ce is n m5tion$ 9 ?is ,essay 7z x is 9 ! ,orig97 yet ! pres5t section seems to me a di/9ct approximation to x4 ,! ext]m9ation ( species foll[s f *anges 9 ! ext]nal conditions1 & f ! increase or immigration ( m fav\r$ species3 & z ^? species :i* are und]go+ modification 9 any "o great region 7or inde$ ov] ! _w7 w v (t5 be alli$ ones f 7z j expla9$7 p>tak+ ( _m *>act]s1 & !re=e advantages 9 common1 s ! species1 ^: place ! new or m fav\r$ ones are seiz+1 f p>tak+ ( a common inf]iority 7:e!r 9 any p>ticul> po9t ( /ructure1 or ( g5]al p[]s ( m9d1 ( means ( di/ribution1 ( capacity = v>iation1 c41 c471 w be apt to be alli$4 ,consequ5tly species ( ! same g5us w sl[ly1 "o aft] ! o!r1 t5d to become r>] & r>] 9 numb]s1 & f9ally ext9ct2 & z ea* la/ species ( sev]al alli$ g5]a fails1 ev5 ! family w become ext9ct4 ,!re may ( c\rse be occasional exceptions to ! entire de/ruction ( any g5us or family4 ,f :at has gone be=e1 we h se5 t ! sl[ & successive =mation ( sev]al new species f ! same /ock w make a new g5us1 & ! sl[ & successive =mation ( sev]al o!r new species f ano!r /ock w make ano!r g5us2 & if ^! two /ocks 7 alli$1 su* g5]a w make a new family4 ,n[1 z f> z our k s]ves1 x is 9 ?is sl[ & gradual mann] t gr\ps ( species appe> on1 & disappe> f1 ! face ( ! e>?4 ,! mann] 9 :i*1 accord+ to our !ory1 ! arrangem5t ( species 9 gr\ps is due to p>tial ext9ction1 w p]haps be r5d]$ cle>] 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,let u suppose 9 any "o great class1 = in/ance 9 ! ,mammalia1 t e species & e v>iety1 dur+ ea* successive age1 _h s5t d[n "o unalt]$ desc5dant 7ei!r fossil or liv+7 to ! pres5t "t2 we %\ld !n h _h "o enorm\s s]ies1 includ+ by small gradations e kn[n mammif]\s =m2 & consequ5tly ! exi/5ce ( gr\ps#dej1 or *asms 9 ! s]ies1 :i* 9 "s p>ts are 9 great] wid?1 & 9 "s ( less1 is solely due to =m] species1 & :ole gr\ps ( species1 n hav+ ?us s5t d[n desc5dants to ! pres5t "t4 #dej ,! au?or probably int5d$ to write gr\ps sep>at$ by *asms4 ,) respect to ! analogical or adaptive resemblances betwe5 organic be+s :i* are n really relat$#dea1 ,i w only add1 t probably ! isolation ( diff]5t gr\ps ( species is an important elem5t 9 ! production ( su* *>act]s3 ?us we c easily see1 9 a l>ge increas+ isl&1 or ev5 a cont95t l ,au/ralia1 /ock$ ) only c]ta9 ord]s ( ! ma9 classes1 t ! conditions w\ld be highly fav\rable = species f ^! ord]s to become adapt$ to play p>ts 9 ! economy ( nature1 :i* 9 o!r c\ntries 7 p]=m$ by tribes especially adapt$ to su* p>ts4 ,we c und]/& h[ x might happ5 t an ott]-l animal might h be5 =m$ 9 ,au/ralia by sl[ selection f ! m c>nivor\s ,m>supial types2 ?us we c und]/& t curi\s case 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :]e !re are no auks 7b _m petrels71 ( a petrel#deb hav+ be5 modifi$ into ! ext]nal g5]al =m s z to play ! same (fice 9 nature ) ! auks ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e2 al?\gh ! habits & =m ( ! petrels & auks are normally s :olly diff]5t4 ,x foll[s1 f our !ory1 t two ord]s mu/ h desc5d$ f "o common /ock at an imm5sely remote epo*2 & we c p]ceive :5 a species 9 ei!r ord]1 or 9 bo?1 %[s "s aff9ity to ! o!r ord]1 :y ! aff9ity is usually g5]ic & n p>ticul>--t is :y ! ,bizca*a among/ ,rod5ts1 9 ! po9ts 9 :i* x is relat$ to ! ,m>supial1 is relat$ to ! :ole gr\p#dec1 & n p>ticul>ly to ! ,phascolomys1 :i* ( all ,m>supialia is relat$ mo/ to ! ,rod5ts4 ,= ! ,bizca*a is relat$ to ! pres5t ,m>supialia1 only f be+ relat$ to _! common p>5t-/ock2 & n to any "o species 9 p>ticul>4 ,& g5]ally1 x may be obs]v$ 9 ! writ+s ( mo/ naturali/s1 t :5 an organism is describ$ z int]m$iate betwe5 two great gr\ps1 its relations are n to p>ticul> species ( ei!r gr\p1 b to bo? gr\ps1 z :oles4 ,a little reflection w %[ h[ exceptions 7z t ( ! ,lepidosir51 a fi% closely relat$ to p>ticul> reptiles7 might occur1 namely f a few desc5dants ( ^? species1 :i* at a v e>ly p]iod bran*$ out f a common p>5t-/ock & s =m$ ! two ord]s or gr\ps1 hav+ surviv$1 9 ne>ly _! orig9al /ate1 to ! pres5t "t4 #dea ,a simil> discussion occurs 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dbg1 vi4 p4 #ehb4 #deb ,puff9uria b]>di1 see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ahd1 vi4 p4 #bba4 #dec ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dcj1 vi4 p4 #eia4 ,f9ally1 !n1 we see t all ! lead+ facts 9 ! aff9ities & classification ( organic be+s c be expla9$ on ! !ory ( ! natural sy/em be+ simply a g5ealogical "o4 ,! simil>ity ( ! pr9ciples 9 classify+ dome/ic v>ieties & true species1 bo? ^? liv+ & ext9ct1 is at once expla9$2 ! rules foll[$ & difficulties met ) be+ ! same4 ,! exi/5ce ( g5]a1 families1 ord]s1 c41 & _! mutual relations1 naturally ensues f ext9ction go+ on at all p]iods among/ ! div]g+ desc5dants ( a common /ock4 ,^! t]ms ( aff9ity1 relations1 families1 adaptive *>act]s1 c41 :i* naturali/s _c avoid us+1 ?\gh metaphorically1 cease be+ s1 & are full ( pla9 signification4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,unity ,,( ,,type ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,classes2 ,,& ,,morphological ,,/ructures ,unity ( ,type#ded4 #ded ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dcd1 vi4 p4 #eie4 ,*4 ,,viii corresponds to a section ( ,*4 ,,xiii 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 ,sc>cely any?+ is m wond]ful or has be5 (t5] insi/$ on ?an t ! organic be+s 9 ea* great class1 ?\gh liv+ 9 ! mo/ di/ant climes & at p]iods imm5sely remote1 ?\gh fitt$ to widely diff]5t ends 9 ! economy ( nature1 yet all 9 _! int]nal /ructure ev9ce an obvi\s uni=mity4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 is m wond]ful ?an t ! h& to clasp1 ! foot or ho( to walk1 ! bat's w+ to fly1 ! porpoise's f9#dee to swim1 %\ld all be built on ! same plan8 & t ! bones 9 _! position & numb] %\ld be s simil> t !y c all be class$ & call$ by ! same names4 ,occasionally "s ( ! bones are m]ely repres5t$ by an app>5tly useless1 smoo? /yle1 or are sold]$ closely to o!r bones1 b ! unity ( type is n by ?is de/roy$1 & h>dly r5d]$ less cle>4 ,we see 9 ?is fact "s deep bond ( union betwe5 ! organic be+s ( ! same great classes--to illu/rate :i* is ! object & f\ndation ( ! natural sy/em4 ,! p]ception ( ?is bond1 ,i may add1 is ! evid5t cause t naturali/s make an ill-def9$ di/9ction betwe5 true & adaptive aff9ities4 #dee ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dcd1 vi4 p4 #eif4 ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 ^! examples occur "u ! head+ ,morphology2 ! au?or does n !re draw mu* di/9ction betwe5 ?is head+ & t ( ,unity ( ,type4 ,morphology4 ,!re is ano!r alli$ or r almo/ id5tical class ( facts admitt$ by ! lea/ vision>y naturali/s & includ$ "u ! "n ( ,morphology4 ,^! facts %[ t 9 an individual organic be+1 sev]al ( its organs consi/ ( "s o!r organ metamorphos$#def3 ?us ! sepals1 petals1 /am5s1 pi/ils1 c4 ( e plant c be %[n to be metamorphos$ leaves2 & ?us n only c ! numb]1 position & transitional /ates ( ^! sev]al organs1 b likewise _! mon/r\s *anges1 be mo/ lucidly expla9$4 ,x is believ$ t ! same laws hold good ) ! gemmif]\s vesicles ( ,zoophytes4 ,9 ! same mann] ! numb] & position ( ! extraord9>ily complicat$ jaws & palpi ( ,cru/acea & ( insects1 & likewise _! diff]5ces 9 ! diff]5t gr\ps1 all become simple1 on ! view ( ^! p>ts1 or r legs & all metamorphos$ app5dages1 be+ metamorphos$ legs4 ,! skulls1 aga91 ( ! ,v]tebrata are compos$ ( ?ree metamorphos$ v]tebrae1 & ?us we c see a mean+ 9 ! numb] & /range complication ( ! bony case ( ! bra94 ,9 ?is latt] in/ance1 & 9 t ( ! jaws ( ! ,cru/acea1 x is only necess>y to see a s]ies tak5 f ! diff]5t gr\ps ( ea* class to admit ! tru? ( ^! views4 ,x is evid5t t :5 9 ea* species ( a gr\p its organs consi/ ( "s o!r "p metamorphos$1 t !re mu/ also be a unity ( type 9 su* a gr\p4 ,& 9 ! cases z t above giv5 9 :i* ! foot1 h&1 w+ & paddle are said to be con/ruct$ on a uni=m type1 if we c\ld p]ceive 9 su* p>ts or organs traces ( an app>5t *ange f "s o!r use or function1 we %\ld /rictly include su* p>ts or organs 9 ! dep>tm5t ( morphology3 ?us if we c\ld trace 9 ! limbs ( ! ,v]tebrata1 z we c 9 _! ribs1 traces ( an app>5t *ange f be+ processes ( ! v]tebrae1 x w\ld be said t 9 ea* species ( ! ,v]tebrata ! limbs 7 metamorphos$ sp9al processes1 & t 9 all ! species ?r\gh\t ! class ! limbs display$ a unity ( type#deg4 #def ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dcf1 vi4 p4 #eii1 :]e ! p>ts ( ! fl[]1 ! jaws & palpi ( ,cru/aceans & ! v]tebrate skull are giv5 z examples4 #deg ,! au?or "h br+s ,unity ( ,type & ,morphology toge!r4 ,^! wond]ful p>ts ( ! ho(1 foot1 h&1 w+1 paddle1 bo? 9 liv+ & ext9ct animals1 be+ all con/ruct$ on ! same framework1 & aga9 ( ! petals1 /am9a1 g]m5s1 c4 be+ metamorphos$ leaves1 c by ! creationi/ be view$ only z ultimate facts & incapable ( explanation2 :il/ on our !ory ( desc5t ^! facts all necess>y foll[3 = by ?is !ory all ! be+s ( any "o class1 say ( ! mammalia1 are suppos$ to be desc5d$ f "o p>5t-/ock1 & to h be5 alt]$ by su* slight /eps z man effects by ! selection ( *ance dome/ic v>iations4 ,n[ we c see accord+ to ?is view t a foot might be select$ ) long] & long] bones1 & wid] connect+ membranes1 till x became a swimm+ organ1 & s on till x became an organ by :i* to flap along ! surface or to glide ov] x1 & la/ly to fly ?r\gh ! air3 b 9 su* *anges !re w\ld be no t5d5cy to alt] ! framework ( ! int]nal inh]it$ /ructure4 ,p>ts might become lo/ 7z ! tail 9 dogs1 or horns 9 cattle1 or ! pi/ils 9 plants71 o!rs might become unit$ toge!r 7z 9 ! feet ( ! ,l9coln%ire bre$ ( pigs#deh1 & 9 ! /am5s ( _m g>d5 fl[]s72 p>ts ( a simil> nature might become increas$ 9 numb] 7z ! v]tebrae 9 ! tails ( pigs1 c41 c4 & ! f+]s & toes 9 six-f+]$ races ( m5 & 9 ! ,dork+ f[ls71 b analog\s diff]5ces are obs]v$ 9 nature & are n consid]$ by naturali/s to de/roy ! uni=mity ( ! types4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 conceive su* *anges to be c>ri$ to su* l5g? t ! unity ( type might be obscur$ & f9ally be undi/+ui%able1 & ! paddle ( ! ,plesiosaurus has be5 advanc$ z an in/ance 9 :i* ! uni=mity ( type c h>dly be recognis$#dei4 ,if aft] long & gradual *anges 9 ! /ructure ( ! co-desc5dants f any p>5t /ock1 evid5ce 7ei!r f mon/rosities or f a graduat$ s]ies7 c\ld be /ill detect$ ( ! function1 :i* c]ta9 p>ts or organs play$ 9 ! p>5t /ock1 ^! p>ts or organs might be /rictly det]m9$ by _! =m] function ) ! t]m metamorphos$ app5d$4 ,naturali/s h us$ ?is t]m 9 ! same metaphorical mann] z !y h be5 oblig$ to use ! t]ms ( aff9ity & relation2 & :5 !y affirm1 = in/ance1 t ! jaws ( a crab are metamorphos$ legs1 s t "o crab has m legs & few] jaws ?an ano!r1 !y are f> f mean+ t ! jaws1 ei!r dur+ ! life ( ! individual crab or ( its prog5itors1 7 really legs4 ,by our !ory ?is t]m assumes its lit]al mean+#dfj2 & ?is wond]ful fact ( ! complex jaws ( an animal reta9+ num]\s *>act]s1 :i* !y w\ld probably h reta9$ if !y _h really be5 metamorphos$ dur+ _m successive g5]ations f true legs1 is simply expla9$4 #deh ,! solid-ho($ pigs m5tion$ 9 ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dbd are n ,l9coln%ire pigs4 ,= o!r cases see ,bateson1 ,mat]ials = ! ,/udy ( ,v>iation1 #ahid1 pp4 #chg-ij4 #dei ,9 ! m>g9 ,c4 ,bell is giv5 z au?ority1 app>5tly = ! /atem5t ab\t ,plesiosaurus4 ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dcf1 vi4 p4 #eih1 :]e ! au?or speaks ( ! g5]al patt]n be+ obscur$ 9 ext9ct gigantic sea liz>ds4 ,9 ! same place ! suctorial ,entomo/raca are add$ z examples ( ! difficulty ( recognis+ ! type4 #dfj ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dch1 vi4 p4 #fjb4 ,embryology4 ,! unity ( type 9 ! great classes is %[n 9 ano!r & v /rik+ mann]1 namely1 9 ! /ages ?r\gh :i* ! embryo passes 9 com+ to maturity#dfa4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 at "o p]iod ( ! embryo1 ! w+s ( ! bat1 ! h&1 ho( or foot ( ! quadrup$1 & ! f9 ( ! porpoise d n diff]1 b consi/ ( a simple undivid$ bone4 ,at a /ill e>li] p]iod ! embryo ( ! fi%1 bird1 reptile & mammal all /rik+ly resemble ea* o!r4 ,let x n be suppos$ ?is resemblance is only ext]nal2 = on dissection1 ! art]ies are f\nd to bran* out & run 9 a peculi> c\rse1 :olly unlike t 9 ! full-gr[n mammal & bird1 b mu* less unlike t 9 ! full-gr[n fi%1 = !y run z if to a]ate blood by bran*iae#dfb on ! neck1 ( :i* ev5 ! slit-l orifices c be disc]n$4 ,h[ wond]ful x is t ?is /ructure %\ld be pres5t 9 ! embryos ( animals ab\t to be develop$ into su* diff]5t =ms1 & ( :i* two great classes respire only 9 ! air4 ,moreov]1 z ! embryo ( ! mammal is matur$ 9 ! p>5t's body1 & t ( ! bird 9 an egg 9 ! air1 & t ( ! fi% 9 an egg 9 ! wat]1 we _c believe t ?is c\rse ( ! art]ies is relat$ to any ext]nal conditions4 ,9 all %ell-fi% 7,ga/]opods7 ! embryo passes ?r\gh a /ate analog\s to t ( ! ,pt]opod\s ,mollusca3 among/ insects aga91 ev5 ! mo/ diff]5t ones1 z ! mo?1 fly & beetle1 ! crawl+ l>vae are all closely analog\s3 among/ ! ,radiata1 ! jelly-fi% 9 its embryonic /ate resembles a polype1 & 9 a /ill e>li] /ate an infusorial animalcule--z does likewise ! embryo ( ! polype4 ,f ! "p ( ! embryo ( a mammal1 at "o p]iod1 resembl+ a fi% m ?an its p>5t =m2 f ! l>vae ( all ord]s ( insects m resembl+ ! simpl] articulate animals ?an _! p>5t insects#dfc2 & f su* o!r cases z ! embryo ( ! jelly-fi% resembl+ a polype mu* ne>] ?an ! p]fect jelly-fi%2 x has (t5 be5 ass]t$ t ! high] animal 9 ea* class passes ?r\gh ! /ate ( a l[] animal2 = in/ance1 t ! mammal among/ ! v]tebrata passes ?r\gh ! /ate ( a fi%#dfd3 b ,muell] d5ies ?is1 & affirms t ! "y mammal is at no "t a fi%1 z does ,ow5 ass]t t ! embryonic jelly-fi% is at no "t a polype1 b t mammal & fi%1 jelly-fi% & polype pass ?r\gh ! same /ate2 ! mammal & jelly-fi% be+ only fur!r develop$ or *ang$4 #dfa ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dci1 vi4 p4 #fjd4 #dfb ,! uselessness ( ! bran*ial ar*es 9 mammalia is insi/$ on 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ddj1 vi4 p4 #fjf4 ,also ! uselessness ( ! spots on ! "y blackbird & ! /ripes ( ! lion-:elp1 cases :i* d n occur 9 ! pres5t ,essay4 #dfc ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #ddb1 #ddh1 vi4 pp4 #fjh1 #fad x is po9t$ out t 9 "s cases ! "y =m resembles ! adult1 e4g4 9 spid]s2 aga91 t 9 ! ,aphis !re is no worm-l /age ( developm5t4 #dfd ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ddi1 vi4 p4 #fah1 ! au?or speaks d\btfully ab\t ! recapitulation !ory4 ,z ! embryo1 9 mo/ cases1 possesses a less complicat$ /ructure ?an t into :i* x is to be develop$1 x might h be5 ?\ght t ! resemblance ( ! embryo to less complicat$ =ms 9 ! same great class1 0 9 "s mann] a necess>y prep>ation = its high] developm5t2 b 9 fact ! embryo1 dur+ its gr[?1 may become less1 z well z m1 complicat$#dfe4 ,?us c]ta9 female ,epizoic ,cru/aceans 9 _! mature /ate h nei!r eyes nor any organs ( locomotion2 !y consi/ ( a m]e sack1 ) a simple app>atus = dige/ion & procreation2 & :5 once atta*$ to ! body ( ! fi%1 on :i* !y prey1 !y nev] move aga9 dur+ _! :ole lives3 9 _! embryonic condition1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are furni%$ ) eyes1 & ) well articulat$ limbs1 actively swim ab\t & seek _! prop] object to become atta*$ to4 ,! l>vae1 also1 ( "s mo?s are z complicat$ & are m active ?an ! w+less & limbless females1 :i* nev] leave _! pupa-case1 nev] fe$ & nev] see ! daylight4 #dfe ,?is corresponds to ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dda1 vi4 p4 #fjg1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! example is tak5 f ! ,cirrip$es4 ,attempt to expla9 ! facts ( embryology4 ,i ?9k consid]able light c be ?r[n by ! !ory ( desc5t on ^! wond]ful embryological facts :i* are common 9 a great] or less degree to ! :ole animal k+dom1 & 9 "s mann] to ! vegetable k+dom3 on ! fact1 = in/ance1 ( ! art]ies 9 ! embryonic mammal1 bird1 reptile & fi%1 runn+ & bran*+ 9 ! same c\rses & ne>ly 9 ! same mann] ) ! art]ies 9 ! full-gr[n fi%2 on ! fact ,i may add ( ! high importance to sy/ematic naturali/s#dff ( ! *>act]s & resemblances 9 ! embryonic /ate1 9 asc]ta9+ ! true position 9 ! natural sy/em ( mature organic be+s4 ,! foll[+ are ! consid]ations :i* ?r[ light on ^! curi\s po9ts4 #dff ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ddi1 vi4 p4 #fag4 ,9 ! economy1 we w say ( a fel9e animal#dfg1 ! fel9e /ructure ( ! embryo or ( ! suck+ kitt5 is ( q second>y importance to x2 h5ce1 if a fel9e animal v>i$ 7assum+ = ! "t ! possibility ( ?is7 & if "s place 9 ! economy ( nature fav\r$ ! selection ( a long]-limb$ v>iety1 x w\ld be q unimportant to ! production by natural selection ( a long-limb$ bre$1 :e!r ! limbs ( ! embryo & kitt5 7 elongat$ if !y became s z soon z ! animal _h to provide food = itself4 ,& if x 7 f\nd aft] cont9u$ selection & ! production ( sev]al new bre$s f "o p>5t-/ock1 t ! successive v>iations _h sup]v5$1 n v e>ly 9 ! y\? or embryonic life ( ea* bre$ 7& we h j se5 t x is q unimportant :e!r x does s or n71 !n x obvi\sly foll[s t ! "y or embryos ( ! sev]al bre$s w cont9ue resembl+ ea* o!r m closely ?an _! adult p>5ts#dfh4 ,& aga91 if two ( ^! bre$s became ea* ! p>5t-/ock ( sev]al o!r bre$s1 =m+ two g5]a1 ! "y & embryos ( ^! w\ld /ill reta9 a great] resemblance to ! "o orig9al /ock ?an :5 9 an adult /ate4 ,!re=e if x c\ld be %[n t ! p]iod ( ! slight successive v>iations does n always sup]v5e at a v e>ly p]iod ( life1 ! great] resemblance or clos] unity 9 type ( animals 9 ! "y ?an 9 ! full-gr[n /ate w\ld be expla9$4 ,be=e practically#dfi endeav\r+ to discov] 9 our dome/ic races :e!r ! /ructure or =m ( ! "y has or has n *ang$ 9 an exactly correspond+ degree ) ! *anges ( full-gr[n animals1 x w be well to %[ t x is at lea/ q possible = ! prim>y g]m9al vesicle to be impress$ ) a t5d5cy to produce "s *ange on ! gr[+ tissues :i* w n be fully effect$ till ! animal is advanc$ 9 life4 #dfg ,?is corresponds to ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 pp4 #ddc-d1 vi4 p4 #faj3 ! fel9e animal is n us$ to illu/rate ! g5]alisation1 b is s us$ 9 ! ,essay ( #ahdb1 p4 #db4 #dfh ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ddg1 vi4 p4 #fac4 #dfi ,9 ! m>g9 is writt5 ,get "y pigeons2 ?is 0 aft]w>ds done1 & ! results are giv5 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dde1 vi4 p4 #fab4 ,f ! foll[+ peculi>ities ( /ructure be+ inh]itable & appe>+ only :5 ! animal is full-gr[n--namely1 g5]al size1 tallness 7n consequ5t on ! tallness ( ! infant71 fatness ei!r ov] ! :ole body1 or local2 *ange ( col\r 9 hair & its loss2 deposition ( bony matt] on ! legs ( horses2 bl9dness & deafness1 t is *anges ( /ructure 9 ! eye & e>2 g\t & consequ5t deposition ( *alk-/ones2 & _m o!r diseases#dgj1 z ( ! he>t & bra91 c41 c42 f all su* t5d5cies be+ ,i repeat inh]itable1 we cle>ly see t ! g]m9al vesicle is impress$ ) "s p[] :i* is wond]fully pres]v$ dur+ ! production ( inf9itely num]\s cells 9 ! ev] *ang+ tissues1 till ! "p ultimately to be affect$ is =m$ & ! "t ( life arriv$ at4 ,we see ?is cle>ly :5 we select cattle ) any peculi>ity ( _! horns1 or p\ltry ) any peculi>ity ( _! second plumage1 = su* peculi>ities _c ( c\rse reappe> till ! animal is mature4 ,h5ce1 x is c]ta9ly possible t ! g]m9al vesicle may be impress$ ) a t5d5cy to produce a long-limb$ animal1 ! full proportional l5g? ( ^: limbs %all appe> only :5 ! animal is mature#dga4 #dgj ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 ! correspond+ passages are at pp4 #h1 #ac1 #ddc1 vi4 pp4 #h1 #ae1 #faj4 ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 ,i h n f\nd a passage s /rik+ z t :i* occurs a few l9es l[] t ! g]m9al vesicle is impress$ ) "s p[] :i* is wond]fully pres]v$1 c4 ,9 ! ,orig9 ?is pres]vation is r tak5 = grant$4 #dga ,9 ! m>g9 is writt5 ,abort$ organs %[1 p]haps1 some?+ ab\t p]iod at :i* *anges sup]v5e 9 embryo4 ,9 sev]al ( ! cases j enum]at$ we "k t ! fir/ cause ( ! peculi>ity1 :5 n inh]it$1 lies 9 ! conditions to :i* ! animal is expos$ dur+ mature life1 ?us to a c]ta9 ext5t g5]al size & fatness1 lam5ess 9 horses & 9 a less] degree bl9dness1 g\t & "s o!r diseases are c]ta9ly 9 "s degree caus$ & accel]at$ by ! habits ( life1 & ^! peculi>ities :5 transmitt$ to ! (fspr+ ( ! affect$ p]son reappe> at a ne>ly correspond+ "t ( life4 ,9 m$ical works x is ass]t$ g5]ally t at :atev] p]iod an h]$it>y disease appe>s 9 ! p>5t1 x t5ds to reappe> 9 ! (fspr+ at ! same p]iod4 ,aga91 we f9d t e>ly maturity1 ! season ( reproduction & longevity are transmitt$ to correspond+ p]iods ( life4 ,dr ,holl& has insi/$ mu* on *ildr5 ( ! same family exhibit+ c]ta9 diseases 9 simil> & peculi> mann]s2 my fa!r has kn[n ?ree bro!rs#dgb die 9 v old age 9 a s+ul> comatose /ate2 n[ to make ^! latt] cases /rictly be>1 ! *ildr5 ( su* families ought simil>ly to suff] at correspond+ times ( life2 ?is is probably n ! case1 b su* facts %[ t a t5d5cy 9 a disease to appe> at p>ticul> /ages ( life c be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! g]m9al vesicle to diff]5t individuals ( ! same family4 ,x is !n c]ta9ly possible t diseases affect+ widely diff]5t p]iods ( life c be transmitt$4 ,s little att5tion is paid to v "y dome/ic animals t ,i d n "k :e!r any case is on record ( select$ peculi>ities 9 "y animals1 = in/ance1 9 ! fir/ plumage ( birds1 be+ transmitt$ to _! "y4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we turn to silk-worms#dgc1 we f9d t ! cat]pill>s & coccoons 7:i* mu/ correspond to a v e>ly p]iod ( ! embryonic life ( mammalia7 v>y1 & t ^! v>ieties reappe> 9 ! (fspr+ cat]pill>s & coccoons4 #dgb ,see p4 #db1 note #e4,note #afj #dgc ,! evid5ce is giv5 9 ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,i4 p4 #caf4 ,i ?9k ^! facts are suffici5t to r5d] x probable t at :atev] p]iod ( life any peculi>ity 7capable ( be+ inh]it$7 appe>s1 :e!r caus$ by ! action ( ext]nal influ5ces dur+ mature life1 or f an affection ( ! prim>y g]m9al vesicle1 x t5ds to reappe> 9 ! (fspr+ at ! correspond+ p]iod ( life#dgd4 ,h5ce 7,i may add7 :atev] effect tra9+1 t is ! full employm5t or action ( e newly select$ slight v>iation1 has 9 fully develop+ & increas+ su* v>iation1 w\ld only %[ itself 9 mature age1 correspond+ to ! p]iod ( tra9+2 9 ! second *apt] ,i %[$ t !re 0 9 ?is respect a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 natural & artificial selection1 man n regul>ly ex]cis+ or adapt+ 8 v>ieties to new ends1 :]eas selection by nature presupposes su* ex]cise & adaptation 9 ea* select$ & *ang$ "p4 ,! =ego+ facts %[ & presuppose t slight v>iations occur at v>i\s p]iods ( life aft] bir?2 ! facts ( mon/rosity1 on ! o!r h&1 %[ t _m *anges take place be=e bir?1 = in/ance1 all su* cases z extra f+]s1 h>e-lip & all sudd5 & great alt]ations 9 /ructure2 & ^! :5 inh]it$ reappe> dur+ ! embryonic p]iod 9 ! (fspr+4 ,i w only add t at a p]iod ev5 ant]ior to embryonic life1 namely1 dur+ ! egg /ate1 v>ieties appe> 9 size & col\r 7z ) ! ,h]t=d%ire duck ) blacki% eggs#dge7 :i* reappe> 9 ! egg2 9 plants also ! capsule & membranes ( ! se$ are v v>iable & inh]itable4 #dgd ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ddd1 vi4 p4 #faj4 #dge ,9 ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #bie1 su* eggs are said to be laid e>ly 9 ea* season by ! black ,labrador duck4 ,9 ! next s5t5ce 9 ! text ! au?or does n di/+ui% ! *>act]s ( ! vegetable capsule f ^? ( ! ovum4 ,if !n ! two foll[+ propositions are admitt$ 7& ,i ?9k ! fir/ c h>dly be d\bt$71 viz4 t v>iation ( /ructure takes place at all times ( life1 ?\gh no d\bt f> less 9 am\nt & seldom] 9 q mature life#dgf 7& !n g5]ally tak+ ! =m ( disease72 & secondly1 t ^! v>iations t5d to reappe> at a correspond+ p]iod ( life1 :i* seems at lea/ probable1 !n we might a priori h expect$ t 9 any select$ bre$ ! "y animal w\ld n p>take 9 a correspond+ degree ! peculi>ities *>act]is+ ! full-gr[n p>5t2 ?\gh x w\ld 9 a less] degree4 ,= dur+ ! ?\s& or t5 ?\s& selections ( slight increm5ts 9 ! l5g? ( ! limbs ( individuals necess>y to produce a long-limb$ bre$1 we might expect t su* increm5ts w\ld take place 9 diff]5t individuals 7z we d n c]ta9ly "k at :at p]iod !y d take place71 "s e>li] & "s lat] 9 ! embryonic /ate1 & "s dur+ e>ly y\?2 & ^! increm5ts w\ld reappe> 9 _! (fspr+ only at correspond+ p]iods4 ,h5ce1 ! entire l5g? ( limb 9 ! new long-limb$ bre$ w\ld only be acquir$ at ! late/ p]iod ( life1 :5 t "o :i* 0 late/ ( ! ?\s& prim>y increm5ts ( l5g? sup]v5$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! foetus ( ! new bre$ dur+ ! e>li] "p ( its exi/5ce w\ld rema9 mu* less *ang$ 9 ! proportions ( its limbs2 & ! e>li] ! p]iod ! less w\ld ! *ange be4 #dgf ,?is seems to me to be m /rongly /at$ "h ?an 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! facts on :i* ?is reason+ is gr\nd$1 x %[s h[ ! embryos & "y ( diff]5t species might come to rema9 less *ang$ ?an _! mature p>5ts2 & practically we f9d t ! "y ( our dome/ic animals1 ?\gh diff]+1 diff] less ?an _! full-gr[n p>5ts4 ,?us if we look at ! "y puppies#dgg ( ! greyh\nd & bulldog--7! two mo/ obvi\sly modifi$ ( ! bre$s ( dog7--we f9d _! puppies at ! age ( six days ) legs & noses 7! latt] measur$ f ! eyes to ! tip7 ( ! same l5g?2 ?\gh 9 ! proportional ?icknesses & g5]al appe>ance ( ^! p>ts !re is a great diff]5ce4 ,s x is ) cattle1 ?\gh ! "y calves ( diff]5t bre$s are easily recognisable1 yet !y d n diff] s mu* 9 _! proportions z ! full-gr[n animals4 ,we see ?is cle>ly 9 ! fact t x %[s ! highe/ skill to select ! be/ =ms e>ly 9 life1 ei!r 9 horses1 cattle or p\ltry2 no "o w\ld attempt x only a few h\rs aft] bir?2 & x requires great discrim9ation to judge ) accuracy ev5 dur+ _! full y\?1 & ! be/ judges are sometimes deceiv$4 ,?is %[s t ! ultimate proportions ( ! body are n acquir$ till ne> mature age4 ,if ,i _h collect$ suffici5t facts to firmly e/abli% ! proposition t 9 artificially select$ bre$s ! embryonic & "y animals are n *ang$ 9 a correspond+ degree ) _! mature p>5ts1 ,i might h omitt$ all ! =ego+ reason+ & ! attempts to expla9 h[ ?is happ5s2 = we might safely h transf]r$ ! proposition to ! bre$s or species naturally select$2 & ! ultimate effect w\ld necess>ily h be5 t 9 a numb] ( races or species desc5d$ f a common /ock & =m+ sev]al g5]a & families ! embryos w\ld h resembl$ ea* o!r m closely ?an full-gr[n animals4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! =m or habits ( ! p>5t-/ock ( ! ,v]tebrata1 9 :atev] c\rse ! art]ies ran & bran*$1 ! selection ( v>iations1 sup]v5+ aft] ! fir/ =mation ( ! art]ies 9 ! embryo1 w\ld n t5d f v>iations sup]v5+ at correspond+ p]iods to alt] _! c\rse at t p]iod3 h5ce1 ! simil> c\rse ( ! art]ies 9 ! mammal1 bird1 reptile & fi%1 mu/ be look$ at z a mo/ anci5t record ( ! embryonic /ructure ( ! common p>5t-/ock ( ^! f\r great classes4 #dgg ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ddd1 vi4 p4 #faa4 ,a long c\rse ( selection might cause a =m to become m simple1 z well z m complicat$2 ?us ! adaptation ( a cru/ace\s#dgh animal to live atta*$ dur+ its :ole life to ! body ( a fi%1 might p]mit ) advantage great simplification ( /ructure1 & on ?is view ! s+ul> fact ( an embryo be+ m complex ?an its p>5t is at once expla9$4 #dgh ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dda1 vi4 p4 #fjg4 ,on ! graduat$ complexity 9 ea* great class4 ,i may take ?is opportunity ( rem>k+ t naturali/s h obs]v$ t 9 mo/ ( ! great classes a s]ies exi/s f v complicat$ to v simple be+s2 ?us 9 ,fi%1 :at a range !re is betwe5 ! s&-eel & %>k1--9 ! ,articulata1 betwe5 ! common crab & ! ,daphnia#dgi1--;betwe5 ! ,aphis & butt]fly1 & betwe5 a mite & a spid]#dhj4 ,n[ ! obs]vation j made1 namely1 t selection might t5d to simplify1 z well z to complicate1 expla9s ?is2 = we c see t dur+ ! endless geologico-geographical *anges1 & consequ5t isolation ( species1 a /ation occupi$ 9 o!r di/ricts by less complicat$ animals might be left unfill$1 & be occupi$ by a degrad$ =m ( a high] or m complicat$ class2 & x w\ld by no means foll[ t1 :5 ! two regions became unit$1 ! degrad$ organism w\ld give way to ! aborig9ally l[] organism4 ,accord+ to our !ory1 !re is obvi\sly no p[] t5d+ con/antly to exalt species1 except ! mutual /ruggle betwe5 ! diff]5t individuals & classes2 b f ! /rong & g5]al h]$it>y t5d5cy we might expect to f9d "s t5d5cy to progressive complication 9 ! successive production ( new organic =ms4 #dgi ,comp>e ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dai1 vi4 p4 #ege4 #dhj ,note 9 orig9al4 ,sc>cely possible to di/+ui% betwe5 non-developm5t & retrograde developm5t4 ,modification by selection ( ! =ms ( immature animals4 ,i h above rem>k$ t ! fel9e#dha =m is q ( second>y importance to ! embryo & to ! kitt54 ,( c\rse1 dur+ any great & prolong$ *ange ( /ructure 9 ! mature animal1 x might1 & (t5 w\ld be1 indisp5sable t ! =m ( ! embryo %\ld be *ang$2 & ?is c\ld be effect$1 ow+ to ! h]$it>y t5d5cy at correspond+ ages1 by selection1 equally well z 9 mature age3 ?us if ! embryo t5d$ to become1 or to rema91 ei!r ov] its :ole body or 9 c]ta9 p>ts1 too bulky1 ! female p>5t w\ld die or suff] m dur+ p>turition2 & z 9 ! case ( ! calves ) l>ge h9d] qu>t]s#dhb1 ! peculi>ity mu/ be ei!r elim9at$ or ! species become ext9ct4 ,:]e an embryonic =m has to seek its own food1 its /ructure & adaptation is j z important to ! species z t ( ! full-gr[n animal2 & z we h se5 t a peculi>ity appe>+ 9 a cat]pill> 7or 9 a *ild1 z %[n by ! h]$it>9ess ( peculi>ities 9 ! milk-tee?7 reappe>s 9 its (fspr+1 s we c at once see t our common pr9ciple ( ! selection ( slight accid5tal v>iations w\ld modify & adapt a cat]pill> to a new or *ang+ condition1 precisely z 9 ! full-gr[n butt]fly4 ,h5ce probably x is t cat]pill>s ( diff]5t species ( ! ,lepidopt]a diff] m ?an ^? embryos1 at a correspond+ e>ly p]iod ( life1 d :i* rema9 inactive 9 ! womb ( _! p>5ts4 ,! p>5t dur+ successive ages cont9u+ to be adapt$ by selection = "s "o object1 & ! l>va = q ano!r "o1 we ne$ n wond] at ! diff]5ce becom+ wond]fully great betwe5 !m2 ev5 z great z t betwe5 ! fix$ rock-b>nacle & its free1 crab-l (fspr+1 :i* is furni%$ ) eyes & well-articulat$1 locomotive limbs#dhc4 #dha ,see p4 #db1 :]e ! same illu/ration is us$4 #dhb ,v>4 "u ,dom41 ,ed4 ii4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #deb4 #dhc ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dda1 vi4 p4 #fjg4 ,importance ( embryology 9 classification4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to p]ceive :y ! /udy ( embryonic =ms is ( su* ackn[l$g$ importance 9 classification#dhd4 ,= we h se5 t a v>iation1 sup]v5+ at any "t1 may aid 9 ! modification & adaptation ( ! full-gr[n be+2 b = ! modification ( ! embryo1 only ! v>iations :i* sup]v5e at a v e>ly p]iod c be seiz$ on & p]petuat$ by selection3 h5ce !re w be less p[] & less t5d5cy 7= ! /ructure ( ! embryo is mo/ly unimportant7 to modify ! "y3 & h5ce we might expect to f9d at ?is p]iod simil>ities pres]v$ betwe5 diff]5t gr\ps ( species :i* _h be5 obscur$ & q lo/ 9 ! full-gr[n animals4 ,i conceive on ! view ( sep>ate creations x w\ld be impossible to (f] any explanation ( ! aff9ities ( organic be+s ?us be+ pla9e/ & ( ! greate/ importance at t p]iod ( life :5 _! /ructure is n adapt$ to ! f9al "p !y h to play 9 ! economy ( nature4 #dhd ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ddi1 vi4 p4 #fag4 ,ord] 9 "t 9 :i* ! great classes h fir/ appe>$4 ,x foll[s /rictly f ! above reason+ only t ! embryos ( 7= in/ance7 exi/+ v]tebrata resemble m closely ! embryo ( ! p>5t-/ock ( ?is great class ?an d full-gr[n exi/+ v]tebrata resemble _! full-gr[n p>5t-/ock4 ,b x may be argu$ ) mu* probability t 9 ! e>lie/ & simple/ condition ( ?+s ! p>5t & embryo mu/ h resembl$ ea* o!r1 & t ! passage ( any animal ?r\gh embryonic /ates 9 its gr[? is entirely due to subsequ5t v>iations affect+ only ! m mature p]iods ( life4 ,if s1 ! embryos ( ! exi/+ v]tebrata w %ad[ =? ! full-gr[n /ructure ( "s ( ^? =ms ( ?is great class :i* exi/$ at ! e>li] p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory#dhe3 & accord+ly1 animals ) a fi%-l /ructure ought to h prec$$ birds & mammals2 & ( fi%1 t high] organiz$ division ) ! v]tebrae ext5d+ into "o division ( ! tail ought to h prec$$ ! equal-tail$1 because ! embryos ( ! latt] h an unequal tail2 & ( ,cru/acea1 entomo/raca ought to h prec$$ ! ord9>y crabs & b>nacles--polypes ought to h prec$$ jelly-fi%1 & infusorial animalcules to h exi/$ be=e bo?4 ,?is ord] ( prec$5ce 9 "t 9 "s ( ^! cases is believ$ to hold good2 b ,i ?9k our evid5ce is s exce$+ly incomplete reg>d+ ! numb] & k9ds ( organisms :i* h exi/$ dur+ all1 especially ! e>li]1 p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 t ,i %\ld put no /ress on ?is accordance1 ev5 if x held tru] ?an x probably does 9 our pres5t /ate ( k4 #dhe ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ddi1 vi4 p4 #fah4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,abortive ,,or ,,rudim5t>y ,,organs ,! abortive organs ( naturali/s4 ,p>ts ( /ructure are said to be abortive1 or :5 9 a /ill l[] /ate ( developm5t rudim5t>y#dhf1 :5 ! same reason+ p[]1 :i* conv9ces u t 9 "s cases simil> p>ts are beautifully adapt$ to c]ta9 ends1 decl>es t 9 o!rs !y are absolutely useless4 ,?us ! rh9oc]os1 ! :ale#dhg1 etc41 h1 :5 "y1 small b prop]ly =m$ tee?1 :i* nev] protrude f ! jaws2 c]ta9 bones1 & ev5 ! entire extremities are repres5t$ by m]e little cyl9d]s or po9ts ( bone1 (t5 sold]$ to o!r bones3 _m beetles h exce$+ly m9ute b regul>ly =m$ w+s ly+ "u _! w+-cases#dhh1 :i* latt] are unit$ nev] to be op5$3 _m plants h1 in/ead ( /am5s1 m]e filam5ts or little knobs2 petals are r$uc$ to scales1 & :ole fl[]s to buds1 :i* 7z 9 ! fea!r hyac9?7 nev] exp&4 ,simil> in/ances are almo/ innum]able1 & are ju/ly consid]$ wond]ful3 probably n "o organic be+ exi/s 9 :i* "s "p does n be> ! /amp ( inutility2 = :at c be cle>]#dhi1 z f> z our reason+ p[]s c rea*1 ?an t tee? are = eat+1 extremities = locomotion1 w+s = flight1 /am5s & ! entire fl[] = reproduction2 yet = ^! cle> ends ! p>ts 9 "q are manife/ly unfit4 ,abortive organs are (t5 said to be m]e repres5tatives 7a metaphorical expression7 ( simil> p>ts 9 o!r organic be+s2 b 9 "s cases !y are m ?an repres5tatives1 = !y seem to be ! actual organ n fully gr[n or develop$2 ?us ! exi/5ce ( mammae 9 ! male v]tebrata is "o ( ! (t5e/ adduc$ cases ( abortion2 b we "k t ^! organs 9 man 7& 9 ! bull7 h p]=m$ _! prop] function & secret$ milk3 ! c[ has normally f\r mammae & two abortive ones1 b ^! latt] 9 "s in/ances are l>gely develop$ & ev5 7887 give milk#dij4 ,aga9 9 fl[]s1 ! repres5tatives ( /am5s & pi/ils c be trac$ to be really ^! p>ts n develop$2 ,koelreut] has %[n by cross+ a diaeci\s plant 7a ,cucubalus7 hav+ a rudim5t>y pi/il#dia ) ano!r species hav+ ?is organ p]fect1 t 9 ! hybrid (fspr+ ! rudim5t>y "p is m develop$1 ?\gh /ill rema9+ abortive2 n[ ?is %[s h[ intimately relat$ 9 nature ! m]e rudim5t & ! fully develop$ pi/il mu/ be4 #dhf ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dej1 vi4 p4 #fai1 ! au?or does n lay /ress on any di/9ction 9 mean+ betwe5 ! t]ms abortive & rudim5t>y organs4 #dhg ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dej1 vi4 p4 #fai4 #dhh ,ibid4 #dhi ,?is argum5t occurs 9 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dea1 vi4 p4 #fai4 #dij ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dea1 vi4 p4 #fai1 on male mammae4 ,9 ! ,orig9 he speaks c]ta9ly ( ! abortive mammae ( ! c[ giv+ milk1--a po9t :i* is "h qu]i$4 #dia ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dea1 vi4 p4 #fbj4 ,abortive organs1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ z useless z f> z _! ord9>y & normal purpose is conc]n$1 are sometimes adapt$ to o!r ends#dib3 ?us ! m>supial bones1 :i* prop]ly s]ve to support ! "y 9 ! "m's p\*1 are pres5t 9 ! male & s]ve z ! fulcrum = muscles connect$ only ) male functions3 9 ! male ( ! m>igold fl[] ! pi/il is abortive = its prop] end ( be+ impregnat$1 b s]ves to sweep ! poll5 out ( ! an!rs#dic ready to be borne by insects to ! p]fect pi/ils 9 ! o!r florets4 ,x is likely 9 _m cases1 yet unkn[n to u1 t abortive organs p]=m "s useful function2 b 9 o!r cases1 = in/ance 9 t ( tee? emb$d$ 9 ! solid jaw-bone1 or ( m]e knobs1 ! rudim5ts ( /am5s & pi/ils1 ! bolde/ imag9ation w h>dly v5ture to ascribe to !m any function4 ,abortive p>ts1 ev5 :5 :olly useless to ! individual species1 are ( great signification 9 ! sy/em ( nature2 = !y are (t5 f\nd to be ( v high importance 9 a natural classification#did2 ?us ! pres5ce & position ( entire abortive fl[]s1 9 ! grasses1 _c be ov]look$ 9 attempt+ to arrange !m accord+ to _! true aff9ities4 ,?is corroborates a /atem5t 9 a previ\s *apt]1 viz4 t ! physiological importance ( a "p is no index ( its importance 9 classification4 ,f9ally1 abortive organs (t5 are only develop$1 proportionally ) o!r p>ts1 9 ! embryonic or "y /ate ( ea* species#die2 ?is aga91 especially consid]+ ! classificatory importance ( abortive organs1 is evid5tly "p ( ! law 7/at$ 9 ! la/ *apt]7 t ! high] aff9ities ( organisms are (t5 be/ se5 9 ! /ages t[>ds maturity1 ?r\gh :i* ! embryo passes4 ,on ! ord9>y view ( individual creations1 ,i ?9k t sc>cely any class ( facts 9 natural hi/ory are m wond]ful or less capable ( receiv+ explanation4 #dib ,! case ( rudim5t>y organs adapt$ to new purposes is discuss$ 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dea1 vi4 p4 #fbj4 #dic ,?is is "h /at$ on ! au?ority ( ,spr5gel2 see also ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #deb1 vi4 p4 #fba4 #did ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dee1 vi4 p4 #fbg4 ,9 ! m>g9 ,r4 ,br[n's "n is giv5 app>5tly z ! au?ority = ! fact4 #die ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dee1 vi4 p4 #fbf4 ,! abortive organs ( physiologi/s4 ,physiologi/s & m$ical m5 apply ! t]m abortive 9 a some:at diff]5t s5se f naturali/s2 & _! application is probably ! prim>y "o2 namely1 to p>ts1 :i* f accid5t or disease be=e bir? are n develop$ or d n gr[#dif3 ?us1 :5 a "y animal is born ) a little /ump 9 ! place ( a f+] or ( ! :ole extremity1 or ) a little button in/ead ( a head1 or ) a m]e bead ( bony matt] in/ead ( a too?1 or ) a /ump in/ead ( a tail1 ^! p>ts are said to be abort$4 ,naturali/s on ! o!r h&1 z we h se51 apply ?is t]m to p>ts n /unt$ dur+ ! gr[? ( ! embryo1 b :i* are z regul>ly produc$ 9 successive g5]ations z any o!r mo/ ess5tial p>ts ( ! /ructure ( ! individual3 naturali/s1 !re=e1 use ?is t]m 9 a metaphorical s5se4 ,^! two classes ( facts1 h[ev]1 bl5d into ea* o!r#dig2 by p>ts accid5tally abort$1 dur+ ! embryonic life ( "o individual1 becom+ h]$it>y 9 ! succe$+ g5]ations3 ?us a cat or dog1 born ) a /ump in/ead ( a tail1 t5ds to transmit /umps to _! (fspr+2 & s x is ) /umps repres5t+ ! extremities2 & s aga9 ) fl[]s1 ) defective & rudim5t>y p>ts1 :i* are annually produc$ 9 new fl[]-buds & ev5 9 successive se$l+s4 ,! /rong h]$it>y t5d5cy to reproduce e ei!r cong5ital or sl[ly acquir$ /ructure1 :e!r useful or injuri\s to ! individual1 has be5 %[n 9 ! fir/ "p2 s t we ne$ feel no surprise at ^! truly abortive p>ts becom+ h]$it>y4 ,a curi\s in/ance ( ! =ce ( h]$it>9ess is sometimes se5 9 two little loose hang+ horns1 q useless z f> z ! function ( a horn is conc]n$1 :i* are produc$ 9 hornless races ( our dome/ic cattle#dih4 ,n[ ,i believe no real di/9ction c be drawn betwe5 a /ump repres5t+ a tail or a horn or ! extremities2 or a %ort %rivell$ /am5 )\t any poll52 or a dimple 9 a petal repres5t+ a nect>y1 :5 su* rudim5ts are regul>ly reproduc$ 9 a race or family1 & ! true abortive organs ( naturali/s4 ,& if we _h reason to believe 7:i* ,i ?9k we h n7 t all abortive organs _h be5 at "s p]iod sudd5ly produc$ dur+ ! embryonic life ( an individual1 & aft]w>ds become inh]it$1 we %\ld at once h a simple explanation ( ! orig9 ( abortive & rudim5t>y organs#dii4 ,9 ! same mann] z dur+ *anges ( pronunciation c]ta9 lett]s 9 a ^w may become useless#ejj 9 pron\nc+ x1 b yet may aid u 9 se>*+ = its d]ivation1 s we c see t rudim5t>y organs1 no long] useful to ! individual1 may be ( high importance 9 asc]ta9+ its desc5t1 t is1 its true classification 9 ! natural sy/em4 #dif ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ded1 vi4 p4 #fbe4 #dig ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ded1 vi4 p4 #fbe1 ! au?or 9 ref]r+ to semi-mon/r\s v>iations adds ,b ,i d\bt :e!r any ( ^! cases ?r[ light on ! orig9 ( rudim5t>y organs 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,9 #ahdd he 0 cle>ly m incl9$ to an opposite op9ion4 #dih ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ded1 vi4 p4 #fbe4 #dii ,see ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ded1 vi4 p4 #fbe4 ,! au?or !re discusses mon/rosities 9 relation to rudim5t>y organs1 & comes to ! conclusion t disuse is ( m importance1 giv+ z a reason 8 d\bt :e!r species "u nature ev] und]go abrupt *anges4 ,x seems to me t 9 ! ,orig9 he gives m weight to ! ,lam>ckian factor ?an he did 9 #ahdd4 ,huxley took ! opposite view1 see ! ,introduction4 #ejj ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dee1 vi4 p4 #fbg4 ,abortion f gradual disuse4 ,!re seems to be "s probability t cont9u$ disuse ( any "p or organ1 & ! selection ( individuals ) su* p>ts slightly less develop$1 w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( ages produce 9 organic be+s "u dome/icity races ) su* p>ts abortive4 ,we h e reason to believe t e "p & organ 9 an individual becomes fully develop$ only ) ex]cise ( its functions2 t x becomes develop$ 9 a some:at less] degree ) less ex]cise2 & if =cibly preclud$ f all action1 su* "p w (t5 become atrophi$4 ,e peculi>ity1 let x be rememb]$1 t5ds1 especially :]e bo? p>5ts h x1 to be inh]it$4 ,! less p[] ( flight 9 ! common duck comp>$ ) ! wild1 mu/ be p>tly attribut$ to disuse#eja dur+ successive g5]ations1 & z ! w+ is prop]ly adapt$ to flight1 we mu/ consid] our dome/ic duck 9 ! fir/ /age t[>ds ! /ate ( ! ,apt]yx1 9 :i* ! w+s are s curi\sly abortive4 ,"s naturali/s h attribut$ 7& possibly ) tru?7 ! fall+ e>s s *>act]i/ic ( mo/ dome/ic dogs1 "s rabbits1 ox51 cats1 goats1 horses1 c41 c41 z ! effects ( ! less] use ( ! muscles ( ^! flexible p>ts dur+ successive g5]ations ( inactive life2 & muscles1 :i* _c p]=m _! functions1 mu/ be consid]$ v]g+ t[>ds abortion4 ,9 fl[]s1 aga91 we see ! gradual abortion dur+ successive se$l+s 7?\gh ?is is m prop]ly a conv]sion7 ( /am5s into imp]fect petals1 & f9ally into p]fect petals4 ,:5 ! eye is bl9d$ 9 e>ly life ! optic n]ve sometimes becomes atrophi$2 may we n believe t :]e ?is organ1 z is ! case ) ! subt]ranean mole-l ,tuco-tuco ,ct5omys#ejb1 is frequ5tly impair$ & lo/1 t 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations ! :ole organ might become abortive1 z x normally is 9 "s burr[+ quadrup$s hav+ ne>ly simil> habits ) ! ,tuco-tuco8 #eja ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #aa1 vi4 p4 #ac1 :]e droop+-e>s ( dome/ic animals are also giv54 #ejb ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #acg1 vi4 p4 #agj4 ,9 z f> !n z x is admitt$ z probable t ! effects ( disuse 7toge!r ) occasional true & sudd5 abortions dur+ ! embryonic p]iod7 w\ld cause a "p to be less develop$1 & f9ally to become abortive & useless2 !n dur+ ! inf9itely num]\s *anges ( habits 9 ! _m desc5dants f a common /ock1 we might fairly h expect$ t cases ( organs becom+ abortive w\ld h be5 num]\s4 ,! pres]vation ( ! /ump ( ! tail1 z usually happ5s :5 an animal is born tailless1 we c only expla9 by ! /r5g? ( ! h]$it>y pr9ciple & by ! p]iod 9 embryo :5 affect$#ejc3 b on ! !ory ( disuse gradually oblit]at+ a "p1 we c see1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples expla9$ 9 ! la/ *apt] 7viz4 ( h]$it>9ess at correspond+ p]iods ( life#ejd1 toge!r ) ! use & disuse ( ! "p 9 "q n be+ br\ght into play 9 e>ly or embryonic life71 t organs or p>ts w\ld t5d n to be utt]ly oblit]at$1 b to be r$uc$ to t /ate 9 :i* !y exi/$ 9 e>ly embryonic life4 ,ow5 (t5 speaks ( a "p 9 a full-gr[n animal be+ 9 an embryonic condition4 ,moreov] we c ?us see :y abortive organs are mo/ develop$ at an e>ly p]iod ( life4 ,aga91 by gradual selection1 we c see h[ an organ r5d]$ abortive 9 its prim>y use might be conv]t$ to o!r purposes2 a duck's w+ might come to s]ve = a f91 z does t ( ! p5gu92 an abortive bone might come to s]ve1 by ! sl[ increm5t & *ange ( place 9 ! muscul> fibres1 z a fulcrum = a new s]ies ( muscles2 ! pi/il#eje ( ! m>igold might become abortive z a reproductive "p1 b be cont9u$ 9 its function ( sweep+ ! poll5 out ( ! an!rs2 = if 9 ?is latt] respect ! abortion _h n be5 *eck$ by selection1 ! species mu/ h become ext9ct f ! poll5 rema9+ enclos$ 9 ! capsules ( ! an!rs4 #ejc ,^! words seem to h be5 ins]t$ z an aft]?\ght4 #ejd ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #ddd1 vi4 p4 #faa4 #eje ,?is & simil> cases occur 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #deb1 vi4 p4 #fba4 ,f9ally !n ,i mu/ repeat t ^! wond]ful facts ( organs =m$ ) traces ( exquisite c>e1 b n[ ei!r absolutely useless or adapt$ to ends :olly diff]5t f _! ord9>y end1 be+ pres5t & =m+ "p ( ! /ructure ( almo/ e inhabitant ( ?is _w1 bo? 9 long-pa/ & pres5t times--be+ be/ develop$ & (t5 only discov]able at a v e>ly embryonic p]iod1 & be+ full ( signification 9 arrang+ ! long s]ies ( organic be+s 9 a natural sy/em--^! wond]ful facts n only receive a simple explanation on ! !ory ( long-cont9u$ selection ( _m species f a few common p>5t-/ocks1 b necess>ily foll[ f ?is !ory4 ,if ?is !ory be reject$1 ^! facts rema9 q inexplicable2 )\t inde$ we rank z an explanation su* loose metaphors z t ( ,de ,c&olle's#ejf1 9 :i* ! k+dom ( nature is comp>$ to a well-cov]$ table1 & ! abortive organs are consid]$ z put 9 = ! sake ( symmetry6 #ejf ,! metaphor ( ! di%es is giv5 9 ! ,essay ( #ahdb1 p4 #dg1 note #c4,note #agc ,,*apt] ,x ,,recapitulation ,,& ,,conclusion ,recapitulation4 ,i w n[ recapitulate ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 m fully ) respect to ! =m] p>ts1 & briefly z to ! latt]4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] we h se5 t mo/1 if n all1 organic be+s1 :5 tak5 by man out ( _! natural condition1 & br$ dur+ sev]al g5]ations1 v>y2 t is v>iation is p>tly due to ! direct effect ( ! new ext]nal influ5ces1 & p>tly to ! indirect effect on ! reproductive sy/em r5d]+ ! organization ( ! (fspr+ 9 "s degree pla/ic4 ,( ! v>iations ?us produc$1 man :5 uncivilis$ naturally pres]ves ! life1 & !re=e un9t5tionally bre$s f ^? individuals mo/ useful to him 9 8 diff]5t /ates3 :5 ev5 semi-civilis$1 he int5tionally sep>ates & bre$s f su* individuals4 ,e "p ( ! /ructure seems occasionally to v>y 9 a v slight degree1 & ! ext5t to :i* all k9ds ( peculi>ities 9 m9d & body1 :5 cong5ital & :5 sl[ly acquir$ ei!r f ext]nal influ5ces1 f ex]cise1 or f disuse are inh]it$1 is truly wond]ful4 ,:5 sev]al bre$s are once =m$1 !n cross+ is ! mo/ f]tile s\rce ( new bre$s#ejg4 ,v>iation mu/ be rul$1 ( c\rse1 by ! heal? ( ! new race1 by ! t5d5cy to return to ! ance/ral =ms1 & by unkn[n laws det]m9+ ! proportional increase & symmetry ( ! body4 ,! am\nt ( v>iation1 :i* has be5 effect$ "u dome/ication1 is q unkn[n 9 ! majority ( dome/ic be+s4 #ejg ,comp>e h[ev] ,d>w9's lat] view3--,! possibility ( mak+ di/9ct races by cross+ has be5 greatly exagg]at$1 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bj1 vi4 p4 #bc4 ,! au?or's *ange ( op9ion 0 no d\bt p>tly due to 8 exp]i5ce 9 bre$+ pigeons4 ,9 ! second *apt] x 0 %[n t wild organisms und\bt$ly v>y 9 "s slight degree3 & t ! k9d ( v>iation1 ?\gh mu* less 9 degree1 is simil> to t ( dome/ic organisms4 ,x is highly probable t e organic be+1 if subject$ dur+ sev]al g5]ations to new & v>y+ conditions1 w\ld v>y4 ,x is c]ta9 t organisms1 liv+ 9 an isolat$ c\ntry :i* is und]go+ geological *anges1 mu/ 9 ! c\rse ( "t be s subject$ to new conditions2 moreov] an organism1 :5 by *ance transport$ into a new /ation1 = in/ance into an isl&1 w (t5 be expos$ to new conditions1 & be surr\nd$ by a new s]ies ( organic be+s4 ,if !re 7 no p[] at "w select+ e slight v>iation1 :i* op5$ new s\rces ( subsi/5ce to a be+ ?us situat$1 ! effects ( cross+1 ! *ance ( dea? & ! con/ant t5d5cy to rev]sion to ! old p>5t-=m1 w\ld prev5t ! production ( new races4 ,if !re 7 any selective ag5cy at "w1 x seems impossible to assign any limit#ejh to ! complexity & beauty ( ! adaptive /ructures1 :i* might ?us be produc$3 = c]ta9ly ! limit ( possible v>iation ( organic be+s1 ei!r 9 a wild or dome/ic /ate1 is n kn[n4 #ejh ,9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dfi1 vi4 p4 #fdd1 ,d>w9 makes a /rong /atem5t to ?is effect4 ,x 0 !n %[n1 f ! geometrically increas+ t5d5cy ( ea* species to multiply 7z evid5c$ f :at we "k ( mank9d & ( o!r animals :5 fav\r$ by circum/ances71 & f ! means ( subsi/5ce ( ea* species on an av]age rema9+ con/ant1 t dur+ "s "p ( ! life ( ea*1 or dur+ e few g5]ations1 !re mu/ be a sev]e /ruggle = exi/5ce2 & t less ?an a gra9#eji 9 ! balance w det]m9e :i* individuals %all live & :i* p]i%4 ,9 a c\ntry1 !re=e1 und]go+ *anges1 & cut (f f ! free immigration ( species bett] adapt$ to ! new /ation & conditions1 x _c be d\bt$ t !re is a mo/ p[]ful means ( selection1 t5d+ to pres]ve ev5 ! slighte/ v>iation1 :i* aid$ ! subsi/5ce or def5ce ( ^? organic be+s1 dur+ any "p ( _! :ole exi/5ce1 ^: organization _h be5 r5d]$ pla/ic4 ,moreov]1 9 animals 9 :i* ! sexes are di/9ct1 !re is a sexual /ruggle1 by :i* ! mo/ vigor\s1 & consequ5tly ! be/ adapt$1 w (t5] procreate _! k9d4 #eji ,a gra9 9 ! balance w det]m9e :i* individual %all live & :i* %all die1 ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dfg1 vi4 p4 #fdb4 ,a simil> /atem5t occurs 9 ! #ahdb ,essay1 p4 #h1 note #c4,note #ei ,a new race ?us =m$ by natural selection w\ld be undi/+ui%able f a species4 ,= comp>+1 on ! "o h&1 ! sev]al species ( a g5us1 & on ! o!r h& sev]al dome/ic races f a common /ock1 we _c discrim9ate !m by ! am\nt ( ext]nal diff]5ce1 b only1 fir/1 by dome/ic races n rema9+ s con/ant or be+ s true z species are2 & secondly by races always produc+ f]tile (fspr+ :5 cross$4 ,& x 0 !n %[n t a race naturally select$--f ! v>iation be+ sl[]--f ! selection /eadily lead+ t[>ds ! same ends#eaj1 & f e new slight *ange 9 /ructure be+ adapt$ 7z is impli$ by its selection7 to ! new conditions & be+ fully ex]cis$1 & la/ly f ! fre$om f occasional crosses ) o!r species1 w\ld almo/ necess>ily be tru] ?an a race select$ by ignorant or caprici\s & %ort-liv$ man4 ,) respect to ! /]ility ( species :5 cross$1 x 0 %[n n to be a univ]sal "*1 & :5 pres5t to v>y 9 degree3 /]ility also 0 %[n probably to dep5d less on ext]nal ?an on con/itutional diff]5ces4 ,& x 0 %[n t :5 individual animals & plants are plac$ "u new conditions1 !y become1 )\t los+ _! heal?s1 z /]ile1 9 ! same mann] & to ! same degree1 z hybrids2 & x is !re=e conceivable t ! cross-br$ (fspr+ betwe5 two species1 hav+ diff]5t con/itutions1 might h its con/itution affect$ 9 ! same peculi> mann] z :5 an individual animal or plant is plac$ "u new conditions4 ,man 9 select+ dome/ic races has little wi% & /ill less p[] to adapt ! :ole frame to new conditions2 9 nature1 h[ev]1 :]e ea* species survives by a /ruggle aga9/ o!r species & ext]nal nature1 ! result mu/ be v diff]5t4 #eaj ,?us accord+ to ! au?or :at is n[ kn[n z or?og5esis is due to selection4 ,races desc5d+ f ! same /ock 7 !n comp>$ ) species ( ! same g5us1 & !y 7 f\nd to pres5t "s /rik+ analogies4 ,! (fspr+ also ( races :5 cross$1 t is mongrels1 7 comp>$ ) ! cross-br$ (fspr+ ( species1 t is hybrids1 & !y 7 f\nd to resemble ea* o!r 9 all _! *>act]s1 ) ! "o exception ( /]ility1 & ev5 ?is1 :5 pres5t1 (t5 becomes aft] "s g5]ations v>iable 9 degree4 ,! *apt] 0 summ$ up1 & x 0 %[n t no asc]ta9$ limit to ! am\nt ( v>iation is kn[n2 or c\ld be pr$ict$ ) due "t & *anges ( condition grant$4 ,x 0 !n admitt$ t al?\gh ! production ( new races1 undi/+ui%able f true species1 is probable1 we mu/ look to ! relations 9 ! pa/ & pres5t geographical di/ribution ( ! inf9itely num]\s be+s1 by :i* we are surr\nd$--to _! aff9ities & to _! /ructure--= any direct evid5ce4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] ! inh]itable v>iations 9 ! m5tal ph5om5a ( dome/ic & ( wild organic be+s 7 consid]$4 ,x 0 %[n t we are n conc]n$ 9 ?is "w ) ! fir/ orig9 ( ! lead+ m5tal qualities2 b t ta/es1 passions1 dispositions1 cons5sual movem5ts1 & habits all became1 ei!r cong5itally or dur+ mature life1 modifi$ & 7 inh]it$4 ,sev]al ( ^! modifi$ habits 7 f\nd to correspond 9 e ess5tial "* ) true in/9cts1 & !y 7 f\nd to foll[ ! same laws4 ,in/9cts & dispositions c4 are fully z important to ! pres]vation & increase ( a species z its corporeal /ructure2 & !re=e ! natural means ( selection w\ld act on & modify !m equally ) corporeal /ructures4 ,?is be+ grant$1 z well z ! proposition t m5tal ph5om5a are v>iable1 & t ! modifications are inh]itable1 ! possibility ( ! sev]al mo/ complicat$ in/9cts be+ sl[ly acquir$ 0 consid]$1 & x 0 %[n f ! v imp]fect s]ies 9 ! in/9cts ( ! animals n[ exi/+1 t we are n ju/ifi$ 9 prima facie reject+ a !ory ( ! common desc5t ( alli$ organisms f ! difficulty ( imag9+ ! transitional /ages 9 ! v>i\s n[ mo/ complicat$ & wond]ful in/9cts4 ,we 7 ?us l$ on to consid] ! same "q ) respect bo? to highly complicat$ organs1 & to ! aggregate ( sev]al su* organs1 t is individual organic be+s2 & x 0 %[n1 by ! same me?od ( tak+ ! exi/+ mo/ imp]fect s]ies1 t we ought n at once to reject ! !ory1 because we _c trace ! transitional /ages 9 su* organs1 or conjecture ! transitional habits ( su* individual species4 ,9 ! ,second ,"p#eaa ! direct evid5ce ( alli$ =ms hav+ desc5d$ f ! same /ock 0 discuss$4 ,x 0 %[n t ?is !ory requires a long s]ies ( int]m$iate =ms betwe5 ! species & gr\ps 9 ! same classes--=ms n directly int]m$iate betwe5 exi/+ species1 b int]m$iate ) a common p>5t4 ,x 0 admitt$ t if ev5 all ! pres]v$ fossils & exi/+ species 7 collect$1 su* a s]ies w\ld be f> f be+ =m$2 b x 0 %[n t we h n good evid5ce t ! olde/ kn[n deposits are contemporane\s ) ! fir/ appe>ance ( liv+ be+s2 or t ! sev]al subsequ5t =mations are ne>ly consecutive2 or t any "o =mation pres]ves a ne>ly p]fect fauna ( ev5 ! h>d m>9e organisms1 :i* liv$ 9 t qu>t] ( ! _w4 ,consequ5tly1 we h no reason to suppose t m ?an a small fraction ( ! organisms :i* h liv$ at any "o p]iod h ev] be5 pres]v$2 & h5ce t we ought n to expect to discov] ! fossilis$ sub-v>ieties betwe5 any two species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! evid5ce1 ?\gh extremely imp]fect1 drawn f fossil rema9s1 z f> z x does g1 is 9 fav\r ( su* a s]ies ( organisms hav+ exi/$ z t requir$4 ,?is want ( evid5ce ( ! pa/ exi/5ce ( almo/ inf9itely num]\s int]m$iate =ms1 is1 ,i conceive1 mu* ! weightie/ difficulty#eab on ! !ory ( common desc5t2 b ,i mu/ ?9k t ?is is due to ignorance necess>ily result+ f ! imp]fection ( all geological records4 #eaa ,"p ,,ii beg9s ) ,*4 ,,iv4 ,see ! ,introduction1 :]e ! abs5ce ( division into two p>ts 79 ! ,orig97 is discuss$4 #eab ,9 ! recapitulation 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dge1 vi4 p4 #fea1 ! au?or does n insi/ on ?is po9t z ! weightie/ difficulty1 ?\gh he does s 9 ,ed4 i4 p4 #bii4 ,x is possible t he _h come to ?9k less ( ! difficulty 9 "q3 ?is 0 c]ta9ly ! case :5 he wrote ! #f? edition1 see p4 #dch4 ,9 ! fif? *apt] x 0 %[n t new species gradually#eac appe>1 & t ! old ones gradually disappe>1 f ! e>?2 & ?is /rictly accords ) our !ory4 ,! ext9ction ( species seems to be prec$$ by _! r>ity2 & if ?is be s1 no "o ought to feel m surprise at a species be+ ext]m9at$ ?an at its be+ r>e4 ,e species :i* is n increas+ 9 numb] mu/ h its geometrical t5d5cy to increase *eck$ by "s ag5cy seldom accurately p]ceiv$ by u4 ,ea* slight increase 9 ! p[] ( ?is unse5 *eck+ ag5cy w\ld cause a correspond+ decrease 9 ! av]age numb]s ( t species1 & ! species w\ld become r>]3 we feel n ! lea/ surprise at "o species ( a g5us be+ r>e & ano!r abundant2 :y !n %\ld we be surpris$ at its ext9ction1 :5 we h good reason to believe t ?is v r>ity is its regul> precursor & cause4 #eac ,! foll[+ words3 ,! fauna *anges s+ly 7 ins]t$ by ! au?or1 app>5tly to replace a d\btful erasure4 ,9 ! six? *apt] ! lead+ facts 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( organic be+s 7 consid]$--namely1 ! dissimil>ity 9 areas widely & effectually sep>at$1 ( ! organic be+s be+ expos$ to v simil> conditions 7z = in/ance1 )9 ! tropical =e/s ( ,africa & ,am]ica1 or on ! volcanic isl&s adjo9+ !m74 ,also ! /rik+ simil>ity & g5]al relations ( ! inhabitants ( ! same great cont95ts1 conjo9$ ) a less] degree ( dissimil>ity 9 ! inhabitants liv+ on opposite sides ( ! b>ri]s int]sect+ x--:e!r or n ^! opposite sides are expos$ to simil> conditions4 ,also ! dissimil>ity1 ?\gh 9 a /ill less] degree1 9 ! inhabitants ( diff]5t isl&s 9 ! same ar*ipelago1 toge!r ) _! simil>ity tak5 z a :ole ) ! inhabitants ( ! ne>e/ cont95t1 :atev] its "* may be4 ,aga91 ! peculi> relations ( ,alp9e floras2 ! abs5ce ( mammif]s on ! small] isolat$ isl&s2 & ! comp>ative fewness ( ! plants & o!r organisms on isl&s ) div]sifi$ /ations2 ! connection betwe5 ! possibility ( occasional transportal f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 ) an aff9ity1 ?\gh n id5tity1 ( ! organic be+s inhabit+ !m4 ,& la/ly1 ! cle> & /rik+ relations betwe5 ! liv+ & ! ext9ct 9 ! same great divisions ( ! _w2 :i* relation1 if we look v f> backw>d1 seems to die away4 ,^! facts1 if we be> 9 m9d ! geological *anges 9 progress1 all simply foll[ f ! proposition ( alli$ organic be+s hav+ l9eally desc5d$ f common p>5t-/ocks4 ,on ! !ory ( indep5d5t creations !y mu/ rema91 ?\gh evid5tly connect$ toge!r1 inexplicable & disconnect$4 ,9 ! sev5? *apt]1 ! relation%ip or gr\p+ ( ext9ct & rec5t species2 ! appe>ance & disappe>ance ( gr\ps2 ! ill-def9$ objects ( ! natural classification1 n dep5d+ on ! simil>ity ( organs physiologically important1 n be+ influ5c$ by adaptive or analogical *>act]s1 ?\gh ^! (t5 gov]n ! :ole economy ( ! individual1 b dep5d+ on any "* :i* v>ies lea/1 & especially on ! =ms ?r\gh :i* ! embryo passes1 &1 z 0 aft]w>ds %[n1 on ! pres5ce ( rudim5t>y & useless organs4 ,! alliance betwe5 ! ne>e/ species 9 di/9ct gr\ps be+ g5]al & n especial2 ! close simil>ity 9 ! rules & objects 9 classify+ dome/ic races & true species4 ,all ^! facts 7 %[n to foll[ on ! natural sy/em be+ a g5ealogical sy/em4 ,9 ! eigh? *apt]1 ! unity ( /ructure ?r\gh\t l>ge gr\ps1 9 species adapt$ to ! mo/ diff]5t lives1 & ! wond]ful metamorphosis 7us$ metaphorically by naturali/s7 ( "o "p or organ into ano!r1 7 %[n to foll[ simply on new species be+ produc$ by ! selection & inh]itance ( successive small *anges ( /ructure4 ,! unity ( type is wond]fully manife/$ by ! simil>ity ( /ructure1 dur+ ! embryonic p]iod1 9 ! species ( entire classes4 ,to expla9 ?is x 0 %[n t ! diff]5t races ( our dome/ic animals diff] less1 dur+ _! "y /ate1 ?an :5 full gr[n2 & consequ5tly1 if species are produc$ l races1 ! same fact1 on a great] scale1 might h be5 expect$ to hold good ) !m4 ,?is rem>kable law ( nature 0 attempt$ to be expla9$ ?r\gh e/abli%+1 by sundry facts1 t slight v>iations orig9ally appe> dur+ all p]iods ( life1 & t :5 inh]it$ !y t5d to appe> at ! correspond+ p]iod ( life2 accord+ to ^! pr9ciples1 9 sev]al species desc5d$ f ! same p>5t-/ock1 _! embryos w\ld almo/ necess>ily mu* m closely resemble ea* o!r ?an !y w\ld 9 _! adult /ate4 ,! importance ( ^! embryonic resemblances1 9 mak+ out a natural or g5ealogical classification1 ?us becomes at once obvi\s4 ,! occasional great] simplicity ( /ructure 9 ! mature animal ?an 9 ! embryo2 ! gradation 9 complexity ( ! species 9 ! great classes2 ! adaptation ( ! l>vae ( animals to indep5d5t p[]s ( exi/5ce2 ! imm5se diff]5ce 9 c]ta9 animals 9 _! l>val & mature /ates1 7 all %[n on ! above pr9ciples to pres5t no difficulty4 ,9 ! n9? *apt]1 ! frequ5t & almo/ g5]al pres5ce ( organs & p>ts1 call$ by naturali/s abortive or rudim5t>y1 :i*1 ?\gh =m$ ) exquisite c>e1 are g5]ally absolutely useless 0 consid]$4 ,^! /ructures1 ?\gh sometimes appli$ to uses n normal1--:i* _c be consid]$ z m]e repres5tative p>ts1 = !y are sometimes capable ( p]=m+ _! prop] function1--:i* are always be/ develop$1 & sometimes only develop$1 dur+ a v e>ly p]iod ( life1--& :i* are ( admitt$ high importance 9 classification1--7 %[n to be simply explicable on our !ory ( common desc5t4 ,:y d we wi% to reject ! !ory ( common desc5t8 ,?us h _m g5]al facts1 or laws1 be5 includ$ "u "o explanation2 & ! difficulties enc\nt]$ are ^? :i* w\ld naturally result f our ackn[l$g$ ignorance4 ,& :y %\ld we n admit ?is !ory ( desc5t#ead8 ,c x be %[n t organic be+s 9 a natural /ate are all absolutely inv>iable8 ,c x be said t ! limit ( v>iation or ! numb] ( v>ieties capable ( be+ =m$ "u dome/ication are kn[n8 ,c any di/9ct l9e be drawn betwe5 a race & a species8 ,to ^! ?ree que/ions we may c]ta9ly answ] 9 ! negative4 ,z long z species 7 ?\ght to be divid$ & def9$ by an impassable b>ri] ( /]ility1 :il/ we 7 ignorant ( geology1 & imag9$ t ! _w 0 ( %ort duration1 & ! numb] ( its pa/ inhabitants few1 we 7 ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ individual creations1 or 9 say+ ) ,:ewell t ! beg9n+s ( all ?+s are hidd5 f man4 ,:y !n d we feel s /rong an incl9ation to reject ?is !ory--especially :5 ! actual case ( any two species1 or ev5 ( any two races1 is adduc$--& "o is ask$1 h ^! two orig9ally desc5d$ f ! same p>5t womb8 ,i believe x is because we are always sl[ 9 admitt+ any great *ange ( :i* we d n see ! int]m$iate /eps4 ,! m9d _c grasp ! full mean+ ( ! t]m ( a million or hundr$ million ye>s1 & _c consequ5tly add up & p]ceive ! full effects ( small successive v>iations accumulat$ dur+ almo/ inf9itely _m g5]ations4 ,! difficulty is ! same ) t :i*1 ) mo/ geologi/s1 x has tak5 long ye>s to remove1 z :5 ,lyell prop\nd$ t great valleys#eae 7 holl[$ out & long l9es ( inl& cliffs _h be5 =m$ by ! sl[ action ( ! waves ( ! sea4 ,a man may long view a gr& precipice )\t actually believ+1 ?\gh he may n d5y x1 t ?\s&s ( feet 9 ?ickness ( solid rock once ext5d$ ov] _m squ>e miles :]e ! op5 sea n[ rolls2 )\t fully believ+ t ! same sea :i* he sees beat+ ! rock at 8 feet has be5 ! sole remov+ p[]4 #ead ,?is "q =ms ! subject ( :at is practically a section ( ! f9al *apt] ( ! ,orig9 7,ed4 i4 p4 #dhj1 vi4 p4 #feg74 #eae ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dha1 vi4 p4 #fei4 ,%all we !n all[ t ! ?ree di/9ct species ( rh9oc]os#eaf :i* sep>ately inhabit ,java & ,sumatra & ! neighb\r+ ma9l& ( ,malacca 7 creat$1 male & female1 out ( ! inorganic mat]ials ( ^! c\ntries8 ,)\t any adequate cause1 z f> z our reason s]ves1 %all we say t !y 7 m]ely1 f liv+ ne> ea* o!r1 creat$ v l ea* o!r1 s z to =m a section ( ! g5us dissimil> f ! ,african section1 "s ( ! species ( :i* section inhabit v simil> & "s v dissimil> /ations8 ,%all we say t )\t any app>5t cause !y 7 creat$ on ! same g5]ic type ) ! anci5t woolly rh9oc]os ( ,sib]ia & ( ! o!r species :i* =m]ly inhabit$ ! same ma9 division ( ! _w3 t !y 7 creat$1 less & less closely relat$1 b /ill ) int]bran*+ aff9ities1 ) all ! o!r liv+ & ext9ct mammalia8 ,t )\t any app>5t adequate cause _! %ort necks %\ld conta9 ! same numb] ( v]tebrae ) ! giraffe2 t _! ?ick legs %\ld be built on ! same plan ) ^? ( ! antelope1 ( ! m\se1 ( ! h& ( ! monkey1 ( ! w+ ( ! bat1 & ( ! f9 ( ! porpoise4 ,t 9 ea* ( ^! species ! second bone ( _! leg %\ld %[ cle> traces ( two bones hav+ be5 sold]$ & unit$ into "o2 t ! complicat$ bones ( _! head %\ld become intelligible on ! supposition ( _! hav+ be5 =m$ ( ?ree exp&$ v]tebrae2 t 9 ! jaws ( ea* :5 dissect$ "y !re %\ld exi/ small tee? :i* nev] come to ! surface4 ,t 9 possess+ ^! useless abortive tee?1 & 9 o!r *>act]s1 ^! ?ree rh9oc]oses 9 _! embryonic /ate %\ld mu* m closely resemble o!r mammalia ?an !y d :5 mature4 ,& la/ly1 t 9 a /ill e>li] p]iod ( life1 _! art]ies %\ld run & bran* z 9 a fi%1 to c>ry ! blood to gills :i* d n exi/4 ,n[ ^! ?ree species ( rh9oc]os closely resemble ea* o!r2 m closely ?an _m g5]ally ackn[l$g$ races ( our dome/ic animals2 ^! ?ree species if dome/icat$ w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly v>y1 & races adapt$ to diff]5t ends might be select$ out ( su* v>iations4 ,9 ?is /ate !y w\ld probably bre$ toge!r1 & _! (fspr+ w\ld possibly be q1 & probably 9 "s degree1 f]tile2 & 9 ei!r case1 by cont9u$ cross+1 "o ( ^! specific =ms might be absorb$ & lo/ 9 ano!r4 ,i repeat1 %all we !n say t a pair1 or a gravid female1 ( ea* ( ^! ?ree species ( rh9oc]os1 7 sep>ately creat$ ) deceptive appe>ances ( true relation%ip1 ) ! /amp ( inutility on "s p>ts1 & ( conv]sion 9 o!r p>ts1 out ( ! inorganic elem5ts ( ,java1 ,sumatra & ,malacca8 or h !y desc5d$1 l our dome/ic races1 f ! same p>5t-/ock8 ,= my own "p ,i c\ld no m admit ! =m] proposition ?an ,i c\ld admit t ! planets move 9 _! c\rses1 & t a /one falls to ! gr\nd1 n ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ! second>y & appo9t$ law ( gravity1 b f ! direct volition ( ! ,creator4 #eaf ,! discussion on ! ?ree species ( ,rh9oc]os :i* also occurs 9 ! ,essay ( #ahdb1 p4 #dh1 0 omitt$ 9 ,*4 ,,xiv ( ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 ,be=e conclud+ x w be well to %[1 al?\gh ?is has incid5tally appe>$1 h[ f> ! !ory ( common desc5t c legitimately be ext5d$#eag4 ,if we once admit t two true species ( ! same g5us c h desc5d$ f ! same p>5t1 x w n be possible to d5y t two species ( two g5]a may also h desc5d$ f a common /ock4 ,= 9 "s families ! g5]a approa* almo/ z closely z species ( ! same g5us2 & 9 "s ord]s1 = in/ance 9 ! monocotyl$on\s plants1 ! families run closely into ea* o!r4 ,we d n hesitate to assign a common orig9 to dogs or cabbages1 because !y are divid$ into gr\ps analog\s to ! gr\ps 9 nature4 ,_m naturali/s inde$ admit t all gr\ps are artificial2 & t !y dep5d entirely on ! ext9ction ( int]m$iate species4 ,"s naturali/s1 h[ev]1 affirm t ?\gh driv5 f consid]+ /]ility z ! *>act]i/ic ( species1 t an entire incapacity to propagate toge!r is ! be/ evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( natural g5]a4 ,ev5 if we put on "o side ! und\bt$ fact t "s species ( ! same g5us w n bre$ toge!r1 we _c possibly admit ! above rule1 see+ t ! gr\se & pheasant 7consid]$ by "s good orni?ologi/s z =m+ two families71 ! bull-f9* & can>y-bird h br$ toge!r4 #eag ,?is corresponds to a p>agraph 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dhc1 vi4 p4 #ffb1 :]e x is assum$ t animals h desc5d$ f at mo/ only f\r or five prog5itors1 & plants f an equal or less] numb]4 ,9 ! ,orig91 h[ev]1 ! au?or goes on1 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dhd1 vi4 p4 #ffc3 ,analogy w\ld lead me "o /ep fur!r1 namely1 to ! belief t all animals & plants h desc5d$ f "s "o prototype4 ,no d\bt ! m remote two species are f ea* o!r1 ! weak] ! argum5ts become 9 fav\r ( _! common desc5t4 ,9 species ( two di/9ct families ! analogy1 f ! v>iation ( dome/ic organisms & f ! mann] ( _! int]m>ry+1 fails2 & ! argum5ts f _! geographical di/ribution q or almo/ q fails4 ,b if we once admit ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ?is "w1 z f> z a cle> unity ( type c be made out 9 gr\ps ( species1 adapt$ to play div]sifi$ p>ts 9 ! economy ( nature1 :e!r %[n 9 ! /ructure ( ! embryonic or mature be+1 & especially if %[n by a community ( abortive p>ts1 we are legitimately l$ to admit _! community ( desc5t4 ,naturali/s dispute h[ widely ?is unity ( type ext5ds3 mo/1 h[ev]1 admit t ! v]tebrata are built on "o type2 ! articulata on ano!r2 ! mollusca on a ?ird2 & ! radiata on probably m ?an "o4 ,plants also appe> to fall "u ?ree or f\r great types4 ,on ?is !ory1 !re=e1 all ! organisms yet discov]$ are desc5dants ( probably less ?an t5 p>5t-=ms4 ,conclusion4 ,my reasons h n[ be5 assign$ = believ+ t specific =ms are n immutable creations#eah4 ,! t]ms us$ by naturali/s ( aff9ity1 unity ( type1 adaptive *>act]s1 ! metamorphosis & abortion ( organs1 cease to be metaphorical expressions & become intelligible facts4 ,we no long] look at an organic be+ z a savage does at a %ip#eai or o!r great "w ( art1 z at a ?+ :olly beyond 8 compreh5sion1 b z a production t has a hi/ory :i* we may se>* into4 ,h[ int]e/+ d all in/9cts become :5 we speculate on _! orig9 z h]$it>y habits1 or z slight cong5ital modifications ( =m] in/9cts p]petuat$ by ! individuals s *>act]is$ hav+ be5 pres]v$4 ,:5 we look at e complex in/9ct & me*anism z ! summ+ up ( a long hi/ory ( contrivances1 ea* mo/ useful to its possessor1 ne>ly 9 ! same way z :5 we look at a great me*anical inv5tion z ! summ+ up ( ! lab\r1 ! exp]i5ce1 ! reason1 & ev5 ! blund]s ( num]\s workm54 ,h[ int]e/+ does ! geographical di/ribution ( all organic be+s1 pa/ & pres5t1 become z ?r[+ light on ! anci5t geography ( ! _w4 ,geology loses glory#ebj f ! imp]fection ( its ar*ives1 b x ga9s 9 ! imm5sity ( its subject4 ,!re is mu* gr&eur 9 look+ at e exi/+ organic be+ ei!r z ! l9eal successor ( "s =m n[ buri$ "u ?\s&s ( feet ( solid rock1 or z be+ ! co-desc5dant ( t buri$ =m ( "s m anci5t & utt]ly lo/ inhabitant ( ?is _w4 ,x accords ) :at we "k ( ! laws impress$ by ! ,creator#eba on matt] t ! production & ext9ction ( =ms %\ld1 l ! bir? & dea? ( individuals1 be ! result ( second>y means4 ,x is d]ogatory t ! ,creator ( c\ntless ,univ]ses %\ld h made by individual acts ( ,8 w ! myriads ( creep+ p>asites & worms1 :i* s9ce ! e>lie/ dawn ( life h sw>m$ ov] ! l& & 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,we cease to be a/oni%$#ebb t a gr\p ( animals %\ld h be5 =m$ to lay _! eggs 9 ! b[els & fle% ( o!r s5sitive be+s2 t "s animals %\ld live by & ev5 delight 9 cruelty2 t animals %\ld be l$ away by false in/9cts2 t annually !re %\ld be an incalculable wa/e ( ! poll51 eggs & immature be+s2 = we see 9 all ?is ! inevitable consequ5ces ( "o great law1 ( ! multiplication ( organic be+s n creat$ immutable4 ,f dea?1 fam9e1 & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 we see t ! mo/ exalt$ end :i* we are capable ( conceiv+1 namely1 ! creation ( ! high] animals#ebc1 has directly proce$$4 ,d\btless1 our fir/ impression is to disbelieve t any second>y law c\ld produce inf9itely num]\s organic be+s1 ea* *>act]is$ by ! mo/ exquisite workman%ip & widely ext5d$ adaptations3 x at fir/ accords bett] ) our faculties to suppose t ea* requir$ ! fiat ( a ,creator4 ,!re#ebd is a simple gr&eur 9 ?is view ( life ) its sev]al p[]s ( gr[?1 reproduction & ( s5sation1 hav+ be5 orig9ally brea!d into matt] "u a few =ms1 p]haps into only "o#ebe1 & t :il/ ?is planet has gone cycl+ onw>ds accord+ to ! fix$ laws ( gravity & :il/ l& & wat] h gone on replac+ ea* o!r--t f s simple an orig91 ?r\gh ! selection ( inf9itesimal v>ieties1 endless =ms mo/ beautiful & mo/ wond]ful h be5 evolv$4 #eah ,?is s5t5ce corresponds1 n to ! f9al section ( ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dhd1 vi4 p4 #ffd1 b r to ! op5+ words ( ! section already ref]r$ to 7,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dhj1 vi4 p4 #feg74 #eai ,?is simile occurs 9 ! ,essay ( #ahdb1 p4 #ej1 & 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dhe1 vi4 p4 #ffe1 i4e4 9 ! f9al section ( ,*4 ,,xiv 7vi4 ,*4 ,,xv74 ,9 ! ,,ms4 !re is "s erasure 9 p5cil ( :i* ,i h tak5 no notice4 #ebj ,an almo/ id5tical s5t5ce occurs 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dhg1 vi4 p4 #ffg4 ,! f9e prophecy 79 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dhf1 vi4 p4 #fff7 on ! almo/ untrodd5 field ( inquiry is want+ 9 ! pres5t ,essay4 #eba ,see ! la/ p>agraph on p4 #dhh ( ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i41 vi4 p4 #ffh4 #ebb ,a passage correspond+ to ?is occurs 9 ! sket* ( #ahdb1 p4 #ea1 b n 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! ,orig94 #ebc ,?is s5t5ce occurs 9 an almo/ id5tical =m 9 ! ,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dij1 vi4 p4 #ffi4 ,x w be not$ t man is n nam$ ?\gh cle>ly ref]r$ to4 ,else:]e 7,orig91 ,ed4 i4 p4 #dhh7 ! au?or is bold] & writes ,light w be ?r[n on ! orig9 ( man & 8 hi/ory4 ,9 ,ed4 vi4 p4 #ffh1 he writes ,mu* light c4 #ebd ,= ! hi/ory ( ?is s5t5ce 7) :i* ! ,orig9 ( ,species closes7 see ! ,essay ( #ahdb1 p4 #eb1 note #b,note #ahd3 also ! conclud+ pages ( ! ,introduction4 #ebe ,^! f\r words are add$ 9 p5cil betwe5 ! l9es4 ,,index ,= ! names ( ,au?ors1 ,birds1 ,mammals 7includ+ names ( classes7 & ,plants1 see sub-indexes "u ,au?ors1 ,birds1 ,mammals & ,plants4 ,acquir$ *>act]s1 see ,*>act]s ,aff9ities & classification1 #ce ,am]ica1 fossils1 #agg ,analogy1 resemblance by1 #cf1 #hb1 #aii1 #bje1 #baa ,animals1 m>9e1 pres]vation ( z fossils1 #be1 #aci1 #ada2 --m>9e di/ribution1 #aee1 #aif ,au/ralia1 fossils1 #agg ,,au?ors1 ,,names ,,(3--,ack]man on hybrids1 #aa2 ,bakewell1 #i1 #ia2 ,bateson1 ,w41 xxix1 #fi n41 #bag2 ,bell+haus51 #abd2 ,boit>d & ,corbie1 #ajf n42 ,br\gham1 ,"l1 #ag1 #aag2 ,br[n1 ,r41 #bcc2 ,buckl& on fossils1 #bd1 #acg1 #ade n42 ,buffon on woodpeck]1 #f2 ,bunbury 7,sir ,h471 rules = selection1 #fg2 ,butl]1 ,s41 #aaf n42 d',ar*iac1 #adf n42 ,d>w91 ,c41 orig9 ( 8 evolution>y views1 xi-xv2 --on ,=bes' !ory1 #cj2 --8 ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es quot$1 #fg n41 #afh n42 --8 ,cross-& ,self-,f]tilisation1 #fi n41 #ajc n42 --on cross+ ,*9ese & common goose1 #gb n42 ,d>w91 ,mrs1 lett] to1 xxvi2 ,d>w91 ,f41 on ,knight's ,law1 #gj n42 ,d>w91 ,r4 ,w41 fact suppli$ by1 #db n41 #bbc2 ,d>w9 & ,wallace1 jo9t pap] by1 xxiv1 #hg n42 ,de ,c&olle1 #g1 #dg1 #hg1 #bjd1 #bch2 ,d',orbigny1 #abd1 #agi n42 ,ehr5b]g1 #adf n42 ,ew>t on telegony1 #ajh n42 ,falcon]1 #afg2 ,=bes1 ,e41 xxvii1 #cj1 #adf n41 #afc n41 #afe n42 ,gad[1 ,dr1 xxix2 ,ga]tn]1 #ih1 #ajg2 ,goebel on ,knight's ,law1 #gj n42 ,g\ld on di/ribution1 #aef2 ,gray1 ,asa1 lett] to1 publication ( 9 ,l9nean pap] expla9$1 xxiv2 ,h5sl[1 ,g41 on evolution )\t selection1 #fc n42 ,h5sl[1 ,j4 ,s41 xxvii2 ,h]b]t on hybrids1 #ab1 #ih2 --/]ility ( crocus1 #ii n42 ,h]+1 #aaf n42 ,hogg1 #aae n42 ,holl&1 ,dr1 #bbc2 ,hook]1 ,j4 ,d41 xxvii1 xxviii1 #aec n42 --on ,insul> ,floras1 #afa1 #afd1 #afg2 ,hub]1 ,p41 #aah2 ,hudson on woodpeck]1 #aca n42 ,humboldt1 #ga1 #aff2 ,hunt]1 ,w41 #aad2 ,hutton1 #bg1 #ach2 ,huxley1 #acd n42 --on ,d>w91 xi1 xii1 xiv2 --on ,d>w9's ,essay ( #ahdd1 xxviii1 #bce2 ,judd1 xi1 xiii1 xxix1 #bh1 #ada n42 ,knight1 ,a41 #c n41 #fe1 #aad2 --on ,dome/ication1 #gg2 ,knight-,d>w9 ,law1 #gj n42 ,koelreut]1 #ab1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajd1 #bcb2 ,lam>ck1 #db n41 #dg1 #hb1 #adf1 #bjj2 --reasons = 8 belief 9 mutability1 #aig2 ,l9dley1 #aja2 ,l9nean ,society1 jo9t pap]1 see ,d>w9 & ,wallace2 ,l9naeus on /]ility ( ,alp9e plants1 #aja2 --on g5]ic *>act]s1 #bja2 ,lonsdale1 #ade n42 ,lyell1 xxvii1 #acd n41 #ach1 #ada & n41 #adf n41 #aei1 #aga1 #agc1 #agh2 --8 doctr9e c>ri$ to an extreme1 #bf2 --8 geological metaphor1 #bg n41 #ada2 --8 uni=mit>ianism1 #ec n42 --8 views on imp]fection ( geological record1 #bg2 ,maccullo*1 #abd n42 ,macleay1 ,w4 ,s41 #bjb2 ,mag5die1 #aag2 ,mal?us1 xv1 #g1 #hh1 #ij2 ,m>r1 ,dr1 xxix2 ,m>%all1 #fe2 --on %eep & cattle1 #gh & n42 --on horns ( cattle1 #bjg2 ,miv>t1 criticisms1 #abh n42 ,moz>t z a *ild1 8 skill on ! piano comp>$ to in/9ct1 #ai n42 ,muell] on cons5sual movem5ts1 #aac2 --on v>iation "u uni=m conditions1 7#b71 #fb2 --on recapitulation !ory1 #bai2 ,mur*ison1 #ade n42 ,newton1 ,alfr$1 #acb n42 ,ow51 ,r41 xxvii1 #bai2 ,pallas1 #fh1 #fi2 ,p5nant1 #ic n42 ,pl9y on selection1 #fg2 ,poeppig1 #aac n42 ,pra91 ,col41 xxix2 ,r5gg]1 /]ility1 #ajj2 ,ri*>dson1 #acb n42 ,ru!r=d1 ,h4 ,w41 xxix2 ,/ ,hilaire on races ( dogs1 #ajf2 --on /]ility ( tame & dome/ic animals1 #ab1 #ajj2 ,smi?1 ,jordan1 #adj2 ,spr5gel1 #bcc2 ,/apf1 ,dr1 xxix2 ,/rickl&1 xxvii2 ,su*etet1 #ig n42 ,?iselton-,dy]1 ,sir ,w41 xxix1 #afg2 ,wallace1 xxiv1 xxix1 #cj1 #agj n42 ,wat]h\se1 #abe1 #abf2 ,we/]n1 ,"l1 #i1 #fe1 #ia2 ,:ewell1 xxviii1 #bjj2 ,woodw>d1 ,h4 ,b41 #ade n42 ,wrangel1 #aai n42 ,za*>ias1 ,d>w9's lett] to1 xv ,b>ri]s & di/ribution1 #cj1 #aed1 #aeg1 #agh ,bees1 #aac1 #aag2 combs ( ,hive-bee1 #ai1 #aba1 #abe1 #abf ,beetles1 abortive w+s (1 #de ,,birds1 transport+ se$s1 #afi2 fe$+ "y ) food diff]5t to _! own1 #ai1 #abf2 migration1 #abc1 #abd2 ne/s1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abf2 ( ,galapagos1 #ai1 #aei2 rapid increase1 #hh2 song1 #aag ,,birds1 ,,names ,,(3--,apt]yx1 #de1 #bcf2 ,duck1 #df1 #fa1 #fe1 #abh1 #bbd n42 ,f[l1 dome/ic1 #ei1 #hb n41 #ig1 #aac1 #aad1 #bag2 ,goose1 #gb2 --p]iodic habit1 #abd n42 ,gr\se1 hybridis$1 #ig1 #ajb2 ,gu9ea-f[l1 #gi2 ,hawk1 /]ility1 #ajj2 --p]iodic habit1 #abd2 ,opetioryn*us1 #hc2 ,orpheus1 #ca2 ,o/ri*1 di/ribution (1 #aeh2 ,owl1 :ite b>n1 #hb2 ,p>tridge1 inf]tility (1 #ajb2 ,peacock1 #gi1 #ig1 #ajb2 ,p5gu91 #abh n41 #bcg2 ,petrel1 #abh n42 ,pheasant1 #ig1 #ajb2 ,pigeon1 #ff1 #hb1 #aaj n41 #aac1 #aad1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abi1 #ace2 see ,wood-pigeon2 ,rhea1 #aeh2 ,rob9s1 increase 9 numb]s1 #hh1 #ij2 ,rock-?ru% ( ,guiana1 #ic2 ,swan1 species (1 #aje2 ,tailor-bird1 #ah1 #aah2 ,turkey1 ,au/ralian bu%-turkey1 #aba n41 #abb2 ,tyrannus1 #ca2 ,wat]-ouzel1 #ah n41 #abj2 ,woodcock1 loss ( migratory in/9ct1 #abj2 ,woodpeck]1 #f1 #af1 #abh n41 #adh2 --9 treeless l&s1 #af1 #aca2 ,wood-pigeon1 #abb2 ,wr51 gold-cre/$1 #abj2 --will[1 #aje1 #adh ,bre$s1 dome/ic1 p>5tage (1 #ga ,bro!rs1 dea? ( by same peculi> disease 9 old age1 #db n41 #dd n41 #bbc ,bud v>iation1 #eh2 see ,sports ,butt]fly1 cabbage1 #abg ,cata/rophes1 geological1 #ade1 #adg ,cat]pill>s1 food1 #abf1 #abg ,*>act]s1 acquir$1 inh]itance (1 #a1 #eg1 #fj1 #bbe2 --cong5ital1 #fj2 --fix$ by bre$+1 #fa2 --m5tal1 v>iation 91 #ag1 #aab1 #aai2 --runn+ ?r\gh :ole gr\ps1 #ajf2 --useless = classification1 #aii ,cirrip$es1 #bja1 #bbi ,classification1 natural sy/em (1 #ce1 #aii1 #bjf1 #bjh2 --by any con/ant "*1 #bja2 --relation (1 to geography1 #bjb2 --a law t memb]s ( two di/9ct gr\ps resemble ea* o!r n specifically b g5]ally1 #bjc1 #bab2 --( dome/ic races1 #bjd2 --r>ity & ext9ction 9 relation to1 #baj ,comp5sation1 law (1 #ajf ,conditions1 direct1 action (1 #a1 #eg n41 #fb1 #fe2 --*ange (1 analog\s to cross+1 #ae1 #gg n41 #aje2 --accumulat$ effects (1 #fj1 #gh2 --affect+ reproduction1 #a1 #d1 #gh1 #ii2 --& geographical di/ribution1 #aeb ,cont95t orig9at+ z ar*ipelago1 be>+ ( on di/ribution1 #ahi ,cordill]a1 z *annel ( migration1 #cd n41 #aia ,correlation1 #gf ,creation1 c5tres (1 #afh1 #aib ,crocodile1 #adf ,cross-& ,self-,f]tilisation1 e>ly /atem5t ( pr9ciples (1 #ae1 #fi n41 #ajc n4 ,cross+1 swamp+ effect (1 #b1 #fi1 #if2 --( bisexual animals & h]maphrodite plants1 #b2 --analog\s to *ange 9 conditions1 #c1 #ae1 #fi2 --9 relation to bre$s1 #fh2 --9 plants1 adaptations =1 #gj ,dea?1 feign$ by insects1 #abc ,difficulties1 on !ory ( evolution1 #ae1 #aba1 #abh1 #acd ,disease1 h]$it>y1 #dc n41 #eh1 #bbb ,di/ribution1 geographical1 #bi1 #ca1 #aea1 #agd1 #agg2 --9 space & "t1 subject to same laws1 #aee2 --occasional means ( 7se$s1 eggs1 c471 #afi ,disuse1 inh]it$ effects (1 #df1 #eg ,div]g5ce1 pr9ciple (1 xxv1 #cg n41 #ade n41 #bjh n4 ,dome/ication1 v>iation "u1 #eg1 #fb2 --accumulat$ effects (1 #ge1 #gh2 --analysis ( effects (1 #gf1 #hc ,e>s1 droop+1 #bcf ,elevation1 geological1 fav\r+ bir? ( new species1 #cb1 #cd n41 #ce n41 #ahe-ahi2 --alt]nat+ ) subsid5ce1 importance ( = evolution1 #cc1 #aij2 --bad = pres]vation ( fossils1 #aid ,embryo1 bran*ial ar*es (1 #db1 #bbj2 --abs5ce ( special adaptation 91 #db1 #dd n41 #bbj1 #bbh2 --less v>iable ?an p>5t1 h5ce importance ( embryology = classification1 #dd n41 #bbi2 --alike 9 all v]tebrates1 #db1 #bah2 --occasionally m complicat$ ?an adult1 #bai1 #bbg ,embryology1 #db1 #bah2 its value 9 classification1 #de1 #bjj2 law ( inh]itance at correspond+ ages1 #dd n41 #bbd2 "y ( v di/9ct bre$s closely simil>1 #dd n41 #bbe ,ephem]a1 selection falls on l>va1 #hg n4 ,epizoa1 #bai ,essay ( #ahdb1 "q z to date (1 xvi2 description ( ,,ms41 ,,xx2 comp>$ ) ! ,orig91 xxii ,essay ( #ahdd1 writ+ (1 xvi2 comp>$ ) t ( #ahdb & ) ! ,orig91 xxii ,evolution1 !ory (1 :y d we t5d to reject x1 #bdh ,expression1 inh]itance (1 #aad ,ext9ction1 #bc1 #adg1 #aib2 locally sudd51 #ade2 cont9u\s ) r>ity1 #adg1 #aih ,ext9ction & r>ity1 #aih ,eye1 #aaa n41 #abh1 #abi1 #acj ,faculty1 9 relation to in/9ct1 #abc ,faunas1 alp9e1 #cj1 #agj1 #ahh2 ( ,galapagos1 #ca n41 #hb1 #aei2 insul>-alp9e v peculi>1 #ahh2 insul>1 #aei1 #afj ,fauna & flora1 ( isl&s relat$ to ne>e/ l&1 #ahg ,fe> ( man1 inh]it$1 #ag1 #aac ,f]tility1 int]racial1 #ajc1 #ajd ,fi%1 col\rs (1 #acj1 #aca2 eggs ( c>ri$ by wat]-beetle1 #afi2 fly+1 #abh n42 --transport$ by :irlw9d1 #afi ,floras1 alp9e1 #afb2 ( oceanic isl&s1 #afb2 alp9e1 relat$ to surr\nd+ l[l&s1 #afc2 alp9e1 id5tity ( on di/ant m\nta9s1 #afc2 alp9e resembl+ arctic1 #afd2 arctic relation to alp9e1 #afd ,fl[]1 morphology (1 #ci1 #baf2 deg5]ate "u dome/ication if neglect$1 #eh2 *ang$ by selection1 #ff ,fly1 caus+ ext9ction1 #adi ,fly+1 evolution (1 #af1 #aca ,food1 caus+ v>iations1 #a1 #eh1 #gg1 #gh ,=mation 7geological7 evid5ce f ,t]ti>y sy/em1 #add2 7geological71 gr\ps ( species appe> sudd5ly 9 ,second>y1 #bf1 #add2 ,palaeozoic1 if contempor>y ) beg9n+ ( life1 au?or's !ory false1 #ach ,=mations1 mo/ anci5t escape d5udation 9 conditions unfav\rable to life1 #be1 #aci ,=ms1 transitional1 #bd1 #ce n41 #acf1 #adb1 #aid2 on ris+ l&1 #aif2 indirectly int]m$iate1 #bd1 #ace ,fossils1 ,silurian1 n ^? :i* fir/ exi/$ 9 ! _w1 #bf1 #ach2 fall+ into or betwe5 exi/+ gr\ps & indirectly int]m$iate1 #bd1 #acg2 conditions fav\rable to pres]vation1 n fav\rable to exi/5ce ( mu* life1 #be1 #aci1 #ada ,fruit1 attractive to animals1 #acj ,galapagos ,isl&s & ,d>w9's views1 xiv2 physical "* ( 9 relation to fauna1 #ca n41 #aei ,galapagos ,isl&s1 fauna1 #ca n41 #hb ,ga/]opods1 embryology1 #bah ,g5]a1 crosses betwe51 #aa1 #ig2 wide rang+1 has wide rang+ species1 #aee2 orig9 (1 #bji ,geography1 9 relation to geology1 #ca n41 #agd1 #agg ,geographical di/ribution1 see ,di/ribution ,geology1 z produc+ *ang$ conditions1 #d2 evid5ce f1 #bb1 #acc2 de/roys geography1 #ca n4 ,glacial p]iod1 effect ( on di/ribution ( alp9e & arctic plants1 #afe ,habit 9 relation to in/9ct1 #ag1 #aac1 #aae1 #aaf ,habits 9 animals taught by p>5t1 #ah ,h]$ity1 see ,inh]itance ,homology ( limbs1 #ch1 #bad ,homology1 s]ial1 #ci1 #bae ,hybrid1 f[ls & gr\se1 #aa2 f[l & peacock1 #ig2 pheasant & gr\se1 #ig2 ,azalea & ,rhodod5dron1 #ig ,hybrids1 gradation 9 /]ility (1 #aa1 #gb1 #ig2 /]ility ( n reciprocal1 #ig2 v>iability (1 #gh2 comp>$ & contra/$ ) mongrel1 #ajg ,individual1 mean+ ( t]m1 #eh ,inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 see ,"* ,inh]itance1 delay$ or lat5t1 #dc1 #dd n41 #bbc2 ( "* at a "t ( life correspond+ to t at :i* x fir/ appe>$1 #dc1 #dd n41 #bbc2 g]m9al1 #dd1 #bbb1 #bbc ,insect1 adapt$ to f]tilise fl[]s1 #hg2 feign+ dea?1 #abc2 metamorphosis1 #abi2 v>iation 9 l>vae1 #bbc ,in/9ct1 v>iation 91 #ag1 #aab2 & faculty1 #ah1 #abc2 guid$ by reason1 #ah1 #ai1 #aah2 migratory1 #ai2 migratory1 loss ( by woodcocks1 #abj2 migratory1 orig9 (1 #abe2 due to g]m9al v>iation r ?an habit1 #aaf2 requir+ education = p]fection1 #aag2 *>act]is$ by ignorance ( end3 e4g4 butt]flies lay+ eggs1 #ag1 #aah2 butt]flies lay+ eggs on prop] plant1 #aah1 #abg2 in/9ct1 natural selection applicable to1 #ai1 #abj ,in/9ct1 = f9d+ ! way1 #abd2 p]iodic1 i4e4 = lapse ( "t1 #abd2 comb-mak+ ( bee1 #abe2 birds fe$+ "y1 #ai1 #abf2 ne/-build+1 gradation 91 #ah1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb2 in/9cts1 complex1 difficulty 9 believ+ 9 _! evolution1 #bj1 #aba ,int]m$iate =ms1 see ,=ms ,isl&1 see ,elevation1 ,fauna1 ,flora ,isl&1 upheav$ & gradually colonis$1 #ahd ,isl&s1 nurs]ies ( new species1 #cc1 #ce n41 #ahe1 #ahi ,isolation1 #cb1 #cd n41 #fd1 #ie1 #ahc1 #ahd ,lepidosir51 #adj n41 #bab ,limbs1 v]tebrate1 ( "o type1 #ch1 #baf ,,mammals1 arctic1 transport$ by iceb]gs1 #agj2 di/ribution1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aic2 di/ribution (1 rul$ by b>ri]s1 #aed2 introduc$ by man on isl&s1 #agb2 n f\nd on oceanic isl&s1 #agb2 relations 9 "t & space1 simil>ity (1 #agf2 ( ,t]ti>y p]iod1 relation ( to exi/+ =ms 9 same region1 #agd ,,mammals1 ,,names ,,(3-- ,antelope1 #adh2 ,armadillo1 #agd2 ,ass1 #gi1 #ajg1 #agb2 ,bat1 #ch1 #abc1 #abh n41 #aca1 #acb1 #bad2 ,be>1 /]ile 9 captivity1 #ajj2 --:ale-l habit1 #abh n42 ,bizca*a1 #afh1 #bjc1 #bab2 ,bull1 mammae (1 #bcb2 ,c>nivora1 law ( comp5sation 91 #ajf2 ,cats1 run wild at ,asc5sion1 #agb2 --tailless1 #fj2 ,cattle1 horns (1 #ge1 #bjg2 --increase 9 ,s4 ,am]ica1 #ij2 --,indian1 #bje2 --,niata1 #fa1 #gc2 --suff]+ 9 p>turition f too l>ge calves1 #ge2 ,*eetah1 /]ility (1 #ajj & n42 ,*ironectes1 #aii2 ,c[1 abortive mammae1 #bcb2 ,ct5omys1 see ,tuco-tuco2 ,dog1 #ajf1 #aad2 --9 ,cuba1 #aac & n42 --mongrel bre$ 9 oceanic isl&s1 #gj2 --diff]5ce 9 size a b> to cross+1 #ig2 --dome/ic1 p>5tage (1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc2 --droop+ e>s1 #bcf2 --effects ( selection1 #ff2 --int]-f]tile1 #ad2 --long-legg$ bre$ produc$ to cat* h>es1 #i1 #aj1 #ia1 #ib2 --( savages1 #fg2 --races ( resembl+ g5]a1 #ajf1 #bjd2 --,au/ralian1 *ange ( col\r 91 #fa2 --bloodh\nd1 ,cuban1 #bjd2 --bull-dog1 #aac2 --foxh\nd1 #aad1 #aaf2 --greyh\nd & bull-dog1 "y ( resembl+ ea* o!r1 #dc1 #dd n41 #bbe2 --po9t]1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah2 --retriev]1 #aah n42 --sett]1 #aad2 --%eph]d-dog & h>ri] cross$1 in/9ct (1 #aah1 #aai2 --tailless1 #fj2 --turnspit1 #ff2 ,e*idna1 #hb n42 ,ed5tata1 fossil & liv+ 9 ,s4 ,am]ica1 #agd2 ,elephant1 /]ility (1 #ab1 #ajj2 ,elk1 #abe2 ,f]ret1 f]tility (1 #ab1 #ajb2 ,fox1 #hb1 #agc1 #aha2 ,galeopi!cus1 #aca n42 ,giraffe1 fossil1 #agg2 --tail1 #abh n42 ,goat1 run wild at ,tahiti1 #agb2 ,guanaco1 #age2 ,gu9ea-pig1 #fi2 ,h>e1 ,s4 ,am]ican1 #aeh n42 ,h$gehog1 #hb n42 ,horse1 #fg1 #aac1 #aae1 #adh1 #adi2 --*ecks to increase1 #adh1 #adi2 --increase 9 ,s4 ,am]ica1 #ij2 --malcon=mations & lam5ess inh]it$1 #eh2 --p>5tage1 #ga1 #gb2 --/ripes on1 #ajg2 --"y ( c>t-horse & racehorse resembl+ ea* o!r1 #dc2 ,hy5a1 fossil1 #agg2 ,jagu>1 cat*+ fi%1 #acb2 ,lemur1 fly+1 #aca n42 ,macrau*5ia1 #acg2 ,m>supials1 fossil 9 ,europe1 #age n41 #agg2 --p\* bones1 #bcb1 #bcg2 ,ma/odon1 #agg2 ,m\se1 #aec1 #aee2 --enorm\s rate ( increase1 #hi1 #ij2 ,mule1 occasionally bre$+1 #ig1 #ajb2 ,musk-de]1 fossil1 #agg2 ,mu/ela vison1 #abh n41 #acb n42 ,mydas1 #agj2 ,mydaus1 #agj2 ,nutria1 see ,ott]2 ,ott]1 #aca1 #acb1 #agj2 --m>supial1 #aii1 #bje1 #baa2 ,pa*yd]mata1 #acg2 ,phascolomys1 #bjc1 #bab2 ,pig1 #aae1 #bag2 --9 oceanic isl&s1 #gj2 --run wild at ,/ ,hel5a1 #agb2 ,pole-cat1 aquatic1 #abh n41 #acb n42 ,porpoise1 paddle (1 #ch1 #bad2 ,rabbit1 #gd1 #aac1 #bcf2 ,rat1 ,norway1 #aec2 ,re9de]1 #abe2 ,rh9oc]os1 #adh2 --abortive tee? (1 #de1 #bca2 --?ree ori5tal species (1 #dh1 #bdi2 ,rum9antia1 #acg & n42 ,seal1 #ic n41 #aca2 ,%eep1 #fh1 #gh1 #aag1 #bje2 --,ancon v>iety1 #ei1 #ff1 #gc2 --inh]it$ habit ( return+ home to lamb1 #aae2 --trans&antes ( ,spa91 _! migratory in/9ct1 #aad1 #aag1 #abd n42 ,squirrel1 fly+1 #aca2 ,tapir1 #ace1 #acf2 ,tuco-tuco1 bl9dness (1 #df1 #bcf2 ,:ale1 rudim5t>y tee?1 #de1 #bbi2 ,wolf1 #ga1 #gb1 #hb2 ,yak1 #gb ,metamorphosis1 lit]al n metaphorical1 #da1 #bag ,metamorphosis1 e4g4 leaves into petals1 #bae ,migrants to new l&1 /ruggle among1 #cc1 #ahe ,migration1 tak+ ! place ( v>iation1 #ahh ,mon/rosities1 z />t+-po9ts ( bre$s1 #di1 #ei2 _! relation to rudim5t>y organs1 #df1 #bcd ,morphology1 #ch1 #bae2 t]m9ology (1 no long] metaphorically us$1 #da1 #bag ,mutation1 see ,sports ,natural selection1 see ,selection ,ne/1 bird's1 see ,in/9ct ,ocean1 dep? (1 & fossils1 #be1 #aie ,organisms1 gradual introduction ( new1 #bc1 #add2 ext9ct relat$ to1 exi/+ 9 ! same mann] z repres5tative exi/+ ones to ea* o!r1 #cc1 #aib2 introduc$1 beat+ indig5es1 #aec2 dep5d5t on o!r organisms r ?an on physical surr\nd+s1 #ahe2 graduat$ complexity 9 ! great classes1 #bbg2 immature1 h[ subject to natural selection1 #db1 #bbj1 #bbh2 all desc5d$ f a few p>5t-=ms1 #eb1 #beb ,organs1 p]fect1 objection to _! evolution1 #ae1 #abh2 di/9ct 9 adult life1 indi/+ui%able 9 embryo1 #db1 #bah2 rudim5t>y1 #de1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc2 rudim5t>y1 comp>$ to mon/rosities1 #df1 #bcd2 rudim5t>y1 caus$ by disuse1 #df1 #bce2 rudim5t>y1 adapt$ to new ends1 #dg1 #bcg ,or?og5esis1 #bda n4 ,oscillation ( level 9 relation to cont95ts1 #cc1 #cd n41 #ahi ,pallas1 on p>5tage ( dome/ic animals1 #ga ,pampas1 imag9>y case ( f>m] on1 #cb1 #ahd ,p]fection1 no inh]5t t5d5cy t[>ds1 #bbg ,plants1 see also ,flora2 f]tilisation1 #gj2 migration (1 to arctic & ant>ctic regions1 #afg2 alp9e & arctic1 migration (1 #ca1 #aff2 alp9e1 *>act]s common to1 #afb2 alp9e1 /]ility (1 #ac1 #aja ,,plants1 ,,names ,,(3--,a,egilops1 #eh n42 ,arti*oke 7,j]usalem71 #gi2 ,a%1 weep+1 se$s (1 #fa2 ,asp>agus1 #gi2 ,azalea1 #ac1 #ei1 #ig2 ,cabbage1 #aji1 #ace1 #bjd2 ,calceol>ia1 #aa1 #ii2 ,c>doon1 #aec2 ,c>rot1 v>iation (1 #eh n42 ,*rysan!mum1 #ei2 ,cr9um1 #aa1 #ii2 ,crocus1 #if1 #ii n42 ,cucubalus1 cross+1 #bcb2 ,dahlia1 #ba1 #ei1 #fc1 #fi1 #gd1 #aaj2 ,foxglove1 #hb2 ,g5tian1 col\r ( fl[]1 #ajg n42 ,g]anium1 #ajb2 ,gladiolus1 cross$1 ance/ry (1 #aa2 ,grass1 abortive fl[]s1 #bcc2 ,hea?1 /]ility1 #if2 ,hyac9?1 col\rs (1 #ajf2 --fea!r-hyac9?1 #bbi2 ,junip]us1 hybridis$1 #ig2 ,laburnum1 peculi> hybrid1 #ajh2 ,lilac1 /]ility (1 #ac1 #ajj2 ,m>igold1 /yle (1 #dg1 #bcc1 #bcg2 ,mi/letoe1 #f1 #hf1 #hg1 #ij n42 ,nect>9es on pea* trees1 #ei2 ,oxalis1 col\r ( fl[]s (1 #ajg n42 ,phaseolus1 cultivat$ =m suff]s f fro/1 #aji2 ,p9e-apple1 #bjg2 ,poppy1 ,mexican1 #aed2 ,potato1 #fi1 #gd1 #aaj2 ,rhodod5dron1 #ig1 #ii2 ,rose1 moss1 #ei2 --,scot*1 #fi2 ,seakale1 #gi2 ,sweet-william1 #ei2 ,syr+a1 p]sica & *95sis1 see ,lilac2 ,teazle1 #abi2 ,?uja1 hybridis$1 #ig2 ,tulips1 break+ (1 #eh2 ,turnip1 ,sw$i% & common1 #bje2 ,v9e1 peculi> hybrid1 #ajh2 ,yew1 weep+1 se$s (1 #fa ,pla/icity1 produc$ by dome/ication1 #a1 #fc ,plesiosaurus1 loss ( unity ( type 91 #da1 #bag ,pt]opods1 embryology1 #bah ,quadrup$s1 ext9ction ( l>ge1 #adg ,qu9>y ,sy/em1 #bjb ,race1 ! ^w us$ z equival5t to v>iety1 #id ,races1 dome/ic1 classification (1 #bjd ,r>ity1 #bh1 #adh2 & ext9ction1 #bh1 #adi1 #baj ,recapitulation !ory1 #db1 #bai1 #bcj1 #bci ,record1 geological1 imp]fection (1 #bf1 #adj ,regions1 geographical1 ( ! _w1 #bi1 #aeb1 #agd2 =m]ly less di/9ct z judg$ by fossils1 #agg ,resemblance1 analogical1 #cf1 #aii ,rev]sion1 #c1 #fd1 #fi1 #gd ,rogu+1 #fe ,rudim5t>y organs1 see ,organs ,savages1 dome/ic animals (1 #fg1 #fh1 #if ,selection1 human1 #c1 #fc2 ref]5ces to ! practice (1 9 pa/ times1 #fg2 great effect produc$ by1 #c1 #ia2 necess>y = ! =mation ( bre$s1 #fd2 me?odical1 effects (1 #c1 #fe2 unconsci\s1 #c1 #fg ,selection1 natural1 xvi1 #g1 #hg2 natural comp>$ to human1 #he1 #id1 #bbd2 ( in/9cts1 #ai1 #abj2 difficulty ( believ+1 #ae1 #aba1 #abh ,selection1 sexual1 two types (1 #aj1 #ib ,silk-worms1 v>iation 9 l>val /ate1 #dd n41 #bbc ,skull1 morphology (1 #ci1 #bae ,species1 repres5tative1 se5 9 go+ f ,n4 to ,s4 9 a cont95t1 #ca n41 #aef2 repres5tative 9 ar*ipelagoes1 #ahg2 wide-rang+1 #cd n41 #adf2 & v>ieties1 difficulty ( di/+ui%+1 #d1 #ha1 #aig2 /]ility ( crosses betwe51 suppos$ to be crit]ion1 #aa1 #acd2 gradual appe>ance & disappe>ance (1 #bc1 #add2 survival ( a few among _m ext9ct1 #adf ,species1 n creat$ m ?an once1 #afh1 #aga1 #aia2 evolution (1 comp>$ to bir? ( individuals1 #aej1 #aih1 #bec2 small numb] 9 ,new ,zeal& z comp>$ to ! ,cape1 #aga1 #aia2 p]si/5ce (1 un*ang$1 #aib1 #aii ,sports1 #a1 #eh1 #ei1 #fd1 #gd1 #ie1 #abi1 #ahf1 #bjf1 #bbd ,/]ility1 due to captivity1 #ab1 #gg n41 #ajj2 ( v>i\s plants1 #ac1 #aja2 ( species :5 cross$1 #aa1 #bc1 #if1 #ii1 #ajc2 produc$ by conditions1 comp>$ to /]ility due to cross+1 #aja1 #ajb ,/ruggle = life1 #g1 #ia1 #ib1 #adh1 #bda ,subsid5ce1 importance (1 9 relation to fossils1 #be1 #ce n41 #aie2 ( cont95t lead+ to isolation ( organisms1 #aij2 n fav\rable to bir? ( new species1 #aif ,swimm+ bladd]1 #af1 #abi ,sy/em1 natural1 is g5ealogical1 #cf1 #bjh ,telegony1 #ajh ,tibia & fibula1 #dh1 #acg ,"t1 enorm\s lapse (1 9 geological epo*s1 #be1 #adj ,tortoise1 #adf ,transitional =ms1 see ,=ms ,trigonia1 #adg n41 #aii ,tree-frogs 9 treeless regions1 #aca ,type1 unity (1 #ch1 #bad2 uni=mity (1 lo/ 9 ,plesiosaurus1 #bag2 p]si/5ce (1 9 cont95ts1 #aeh1 #agh ,uni=mit>ian views ( ,lyell1 be>+ on evolution1 #bdi ,use1 inh]it$ effects (1 see ,*>act]s1 acquir$ ,v>iability1 z specific "*1 #hc2 produc$ by *ange & also by cross+1 #aje ,v>iation1 by ,sports1 see ,sports2 "u dome/ication1 #a1 #eg1 #fc1 #gh2 due to causes act+ on reproductive sy/em1 see ,v>iation1 g]m9al2 --g]m9al1 #b1 #dc1 #fb1 #bbb2 individual1 #eg n42 causes (1 #a1 #d1 #eg1 #fa2 due to cross+1 #fh1 #fi2 limits (1 #gd1 #ge1 #hb1 #aji2 small 9 /ate ( nature1 #d1 #ei n41 #ha1 #hc2 results ( )\t selection1 #hd2 --m9ute1 value (1 #ia2 analog\s 9 species ( same g5us1 #ajg2 ( m5tal attributes1 #ag1 #aab2 9 mature life1 #ei1 #bbd1 #bbe ,v>ieties1 m9ute1 9 birds1 #hb2 resemblance ( to species1 #ha n41 #hb1 #aje ,v]tebrate skull1 morphology (1 #bae ,wildness1 h]$it>y1 #aac1 #aai ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,errata ,inl9e transcrib]'s notes are enclos$ 9 curly brackets4 ,footnote an*ors & labels are enclos$ 9 curly brackets4 ,! footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ consecutively4 ,because ( ?is1 ! *ang$ footnote numb]s are app5d$ 9 curly brackets to ! int]nal cross-ref]5ces4 ,sup]script lett]s are d5ot$ by a prec$+ c>et e4g41 do 'oe' ligatures h be5 r5d]$ z sep>ate lett]s4 ,! foll[+ typographical errors h be5 correct$4 simplication simplification c>e case app>ant app>5t ,! foll[+ words 7 f\nd 9 bo? hyph5at$ & unhyph5at$ =ms4 ,! figures 9 p>5!ses are ! numb] ( in/ances ( ea*4 aft]-?\ght 7#a7 aft]?\ght 7#b7 blood-h\nd 7#b7 bloodh\nd 7#a7 bull-dog 7#g7 bulldog 7#b7 co-desc5dants 7#a7 codesc5dants 7#a7 fea!r-hyac9? 7#b7 fea!r hyac9? 7#a7 grey-h\nd 7#b7 greyh\nd 7#aj7 high-l&s 7#c7 highl&s 7#b7 long-legg$ 7#b7 long legg$ 7#a7 race-horse 7#b7 racehorse 7#d7 %eph]d-dog 7#c7 %eph]d dog 7#a7 sub-divisions 7#c7 subdivisions 7#d7 table-l& 7#b7 tablel& 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------