---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaim] ,! articles publi%$ 9 ! ,annual ,reports ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association are ! f9d+s & ?\ghts solely ( ! au?ors & are n to be con/ru$ z an endorsem5t by ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 its bo>d ( directors1 or its memb]s4 ,no endorsem5t is int5d$ = products m5tion$1 nor is criticism meant = products n m5tion$4 ,! laws & recomm5dations = pe/icide application may h *ang$ s9ce ! articles 7 writt54 ,x is always ! pe/icide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read & foll[ all curr5t label directions = ! specific pe/icide be+ us$4 ,! discussion ( specific nut tree cultiv>s & ( specific te*niques to gr[ nut trees t might h be5 successful 9 "o area & at a p>ticul> "t is n a gu>antee t simil> results w occur else:]e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,,incorporat$ ,affiliat$ ) ,! ,am]ican ,horticultural ,society #ch? ,annual ,report ,illu/ration ,,conv5tion ,,at ,,guelph1 ,,ont>io ,,septemb] #c1 #d1 #e #aidg ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,(fic]s & ,committees #c ,/ate ,vice ,presid5ts #d ,li/ ( ,memb]s #e ,con/itution #ba ,by-,laws #bb ,proce$+s ( ! ,?irty-,eigh? ,annual ,conv5tion #bc ,address ( ,welcome--,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,%oemak] #bc ,response--,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels #bd ,report ( ,secret>y--,mildr$ ,m4 ,jones #be ,report on ! ,ohio ,conte/--,/]l+ ,smi? #bg ,report ( ,treasur]--,d4 ,c4 ,snyd] #bh ,o!r ,bus9ess ( ! ,association #bi ,factors ,influ5c+ ! ,h>d9ess ( ,woody ,plants--,h4 ,l4 ,crane #cj ,nut ,culture 9 ,ont>io--,i4 ,c4 ,m>ritt #cg ,nut ,gr[+ at ! ,hort4 ,/a41 ,v9el& ,/ation1 ,ont4--,w4 ,j4 ,/rong #ci ,soil ,managem5t = ,nut ,plantations 9 ,ont>io--,j4 ,r4 van ,ha>lem #dc ,report f ,s\!rn ,ont>io--,alex ,tr\p #de ,nut ,trees ,h>dy at ,ald]%ot1 ,ont>io1 ,canada--,o4 ,filman #de ,report f ,e*o ,valley1 #aidg--;,george ,hebd5 ,corsan #dh ,report f ,beamsville1 ,ont>io--,levi ,h\ss] #ej ,nut ,gr[+ 9 ,new ,hamp%ire--,l4 ,p4 ,latim] #ea ,nut ,notes f ,new ,hamp%ire--,mat!w ,lahti #eb ,a ,simplifi$ ,s*$ule = ,judg+ ,black ,walnut ,v>ieties--,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels & ,s4 ,s4 ,atwood #ee ,te/ ,plant+s ( ,?omas ,black ,walnut 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley--,sp5c] ,b4 ,*ase #fj ,we/ ,t5nessee ,v>iety1 ,bre$+ & ,propagation ,te/s1 #aidg--;,aubrey ,ri*>ds1 ,m4 ,d4 #fh ,notes on ,"s ,kansas & ,k5tucky ,pecans 9 ,c5tral ,texas--,o4 ,s4 ,gray #fi ,exp]i5ces ( a ,nut ,tree ,nurs]yman--,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son #gj ,morphology & ,/ructure ( ! ,walnut--,c4 ,c4 ,l\nsb]ry #gb ,a ,me?od ( ,budd+ ,walnuts--,h4 ,lynn ,tuttle #gd ,que/ions ask$ ,mr4 ,/oke aft] 8 demon/ration ( graft+ & budd+ #gf ,importance ( ,bud ,selection 9 ! ,graft+ ( ,nut ,trees--,g4 ,j4 ,korn #gh ,! ,hemm+ ,*9ese ,*e/nuts--,e4 ,sam ,hemm+ #gi ,results ( a ,*9ese ,*e/nut ,root/ock ,exp]im5t--,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay #hc ,bre$+ ,*e/nut ,trees3 ,report = #aidf & #aidg--;,ar?ur ,h>m\nt ,graves #he ,*9ese ,*e/nuts 9 ! ,*attahoo*ie ,valley--,g4 ,s4 ,jones #ib ,"s ,results ) ,filb]t ,bre$+ at ,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y4--,george ,l4 ,slate #id ,nut ,news f ,wiscons9--,c>l ,wes*cke #aja ,home ,prep>ation ( ,filb]t ,butt] & ,o!r ,products--,mrs4 ,jeanne ,m4 ,altman #ajb ,notes f ,c5tral ,new ,york--,s4 ,h4 ,graham #ajc ,exp]i5ce ) ! ,cra? ,c>pa?ian ,walnuts--,gilb]t ,l4 ,smi? #ajd ,obs]vations on ,h>d9ess ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,walnuts at ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,new ,york--,/eph5 ,b]na? #ajf ,discussion aft] ,graham1 ,smi?1 & ,b]na? ,p]sian walnut pap]s #ajg ,nuts ,ab\t ,trees--,r4 ,e4 ,hodgson #ajh ,report on ,nut ,trees at ,massillon--,raymond ,e4 ,silvis #aaa ,plant+ ( ,nut ,trees on ,highways ,undesirable--,r4 ,p4 ,allaman #aac ,nut ,gr[+ = ! ,f>m ,own]--,h4 ,gleason ,mattoon #aad ,tree ,crop & ,nut ,notes f ,s\!rn ,p5nsylvania--,john ,w4 ,h]%ey #aaf ,notes f ! ,new ,j]sey ,section ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association--,mrs4 ,alan ,r4 ,buckwalt] #aai ,report ( ,resolutions ,committee #abj ,report ( ! ,necrology ,committee--,g]>di1 ,f]ris #aba ,exhibitors #abc ,att5dance #abe ,pictures ,made on #aidg ,t\r #abd1 #abf1 #abg ,ann\ncem5ts #abh ,,(fic]s ,,( ,,! ,,association ,presid5t--,,john ,,davidson1 #bcd ,e4 ,second ,/41 ,x5ia1 ,ohio ,vice ,presid5t--,,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,macdaniels1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,treasur]--,d4 ,c4 ,,snyd]1 ,c5t] ,po9t1 ,i[a ,secret>y--,j4 ,c4 ,,mcdaniel1 ,t5nessee ,dept4 ( ,agr41 ,/ate ,(fice ,bldg41 ,na%ville #c1 ,t5n4 ,director--,,cl>5ce ,a4 ,,re$1 #gcji ,p9ey ,bran* ,rd41 ,n4 ,w41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,director--,,c>l ,,wes*cke1 #if ,s4 ,waba%a ,/41 ,sa9t ,paul1 ,m9n4 ,dean--,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+1 #ca ,s4 ,highl&1 ,w4 ,h>t=d #g1 ,conn4 ,con/itution ,committee--,l4 ,h4 ,,macdaniels1 ,,george ,l4 ,,slate1 ,,miss ,,mildr$ ,,jones ,,executive ,,appo9tm5ts ,press & ,publication---,editorial ,section3 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+1 ,miss ,mildr$ ,jones1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke ,publicity ,section3 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,a4 ,a4 ,bung>t1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel ,pr9t+ ,section3 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke ,program--,sp5c] ,b4 ,*ase1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,dr4 ,o4 ,d4 ,dill]1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,miss ,mildr$ ,jones ,place ( ,meet+--,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd]1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,graves ,v>ieties & ,conte/s--,t4 ,g4 ,z>g]1 ,l4 ,walt] ,%]man1 ,/]l+ ,smi?1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 ,gilb]t ,beck]1 ,gilb]t ,l4 ,smi?1 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirs*i1 ,sew>d ,b]h[4 ,/&>ds & ,judg+ ,section ( ?is ,committee3 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,sp5c] ,*ase1 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke ,survey & ,rese>*--,r4 ,e4 ,silvis1 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham1 ,g4 ,a4 ,gray1 ,e4 ,f4 ,hu51 ,dr4 ,k5ne? 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,/41 ,erie ,zimm]man1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a41 ,piket[n1 ,r4 ,d41 ,l+le/[n ,,rhode ,,isl& 99,all51 ,philip1 #agh ,dorance ,/41 ,provid5ce ,r4 ,i4 ,/ate ,college1 ,libr>y ,dept41 ,gre5 ,hall1 ,k+/on ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a ,bregg]1 ,john ,t41 ,clemson ,gordon1 ,g4 ,h5ry1 ,union1 ,union ,co4 ,poole1 ,m4 ,c41 ,cross ,an*or ,,s\? ,,dakota ,bradley1 ,hom] ,l41 ,s& ,lake ,refuge1 ,columbia ,,t5nessee ,*ase1 ,s4 ,b41 ,norris ,g>rett1 ,dr4 ,sam ,"y1 ,dixon ,spr+s ,holdeman1 ,j4 ,e41 #bjh ,%r9e ,bldg41 ,memphis #c ,h[ell ,nurs]ies1 ,sweetwat] ,l[e1 ,dr4 ,j]e41 ,?ay] ,vet4 ,hospital1 ,na%ville #e ,mc,daniel1 ,j4 ,c41 ,t5n4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 #djc ,/ate ,(fice ,bldg41 ,na%ville #c ,rhodes1 ,g4 ,b41 ,rt4 #b1 ,cov+ton ,ri*>ds1 ,dr4 ,a41 ,:iteville ,%ad[1 ,willis ,a41 ,c\nty ,agt41 ,decatur ,ro>k1 ,w4 ,f41 ,malesus ,z>g]1 ,?omas ,g41 ,norris ,,texas ,ar=d1 ,*>les ,a41 ,box #abcj1 ,dalh>t ,bailey1 ,l4 ,b41 ,box #adcf1 ,phillips ,bus]1 ,c4 ,j41 ,rt4 #a1 ,arp ,florida1 ,kaufman1 ,box #aed1 ,rotan ,gray1 ,o4 ,s41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #eac1 ,arl+ton ,kidd1 ,cl>k1 ,arp ,nurs]y ,co41 ,tyl] ,price1 ,w4 ,s41 ,jr41 ,gu/9e ,w9kl]1 ,&rew1 ,moody ,,utah ,jeppeson1 ,*ris1 ,wildwood ,holl[ ,f>m ,nurs]y1 ,provo ,city ,oleson1 ,granville1 #abaj ,laird ,ave41 ,salt ,lake ,city #e ,pet]son1 ,h>lan ,d41 #bafd ,jeff]son ,ave41 ,ogd5 ,,v]mont ,aldri*1 ,a4 ,w41 ,rt4 #c1 ,spr+field ,coll9s1 ,jos4 ,n41 ,rt4 #c1 ,pultney ,ellis1 ,z5as ,h41 ,fair ,hav51 ,p]petual ,memb]%ip ,9 ,memoriam ,f>r+ton1 ,rob]t ,a41 ,v]mont ,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,montpeli] ,fo/]1 ,=e/ ,k41 ,we/ ,top%am ,ladd1 ,paul1 ,hilltop ,f>m1 ,jamaica ,,virg9ia ,ack]1 ,e4 ,d41 ,co41 ,broadway ,burton1 ,george ,l41 #gbh ,college ,/41 ,b$=d ,case1 ,lynn ,b41 ,rt4 #a1 ,fr$]icksburg ,dick]son1 ,t4 ,c41 #caf-ef? ,/41 ,newport ,news ,gibbs1 ,h4 ,r41 ,mc,lean ,gun!r1 ,eric ,f41 ,rt4 #a1 ,box #ca1 ,onancock ,nelson1 ,c4 ,l41 #ifd ,av5el ,ave41 ,lee ,hy4 ,ct41 ,roanoke ,nix1 ,rob]t ,w41 ,jr41 ,lucketts ,p]tz(f1 ,dr4 ,v4 ,a41 ,c>t]'s ,bridge ,p9n]1 ,h4 ,mc,r41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #aee1 ,suffolk ,/oke1 ,h4 ,f41 #adbj ,watts ,ave41 ,n4 ,w41 ,roanoke ,/oke1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,f41 #adbj ,watts ,ave41 ,n4 ,w41 ,roanoke ,/oke1 ,dr4 ,john ,h41 #djh-aj ,boxley ,bldg41 ,roanoke ,?ompson1 ,b4 ,h41 ,h>risonburg ,v>iety ,products ,co41 #e ,middlebrook ,ave41 ,/aunton ,webb1 ,john1 ,hillsville ,zimm]man1 ,ru?1 ,bridgewat] ,,we/ ,,virg9ia ,cannaday1 ,dr4 ,john ,e41 ,*>le/on ,g5]al ,hospital1 ,*>le/on #be ,cross1 ,&rew1 ,ripley ,frye1 ,wilb]t ,m41 ,pleasant ,dale ,gl5m\nt ,nurs]ies1 ,ar?ur ,m4 ,re$1 ,m\ndsville ,gold ,*e/nut ,nurs]y1 ,ar?ur ,a4 ,gold1 ,c[5 ,hoov]1 ,w5dell ,w41 ,web/] ,spr+s ,:ite1 ,roscoe ,r41 #fce ,mulb]ry ,ave41 ,cl>ksburg ,:ite1 ,wayne ,g41 #hcc ,gl5dale ,ave41 ,s4 ,*>le/on #c ,,wa%+ton ,altman1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,e41 #bcch ,k+ ,/41 ,bell+ham #i ,b>?1 ,j4 ,h41 ,box #ahbg1 ,rt4 #c1 ,spokane #af ,b>tleson1 ,c4 ,j41 ,box #be1 ,*att>oy ,biddle1 ,miss ,g]trude ,w41 ,w4 #ibc ,gordon ,ave41 ,spokane #ab ,br[n1 ,h4 ,b41 ,gre5acres ,bu%1 ,c>roll ,d41 ,grapeview ,cl>k1 ,r4 ,w41 #dbba ,ph9ney ,ave41 ,seattle ,d5man1 ,george ,l41 #acai ,ea/ ,n9a ,ave41 ,spokane #aj ,g>v91 ,mrs4 ,mildr$ ,s41 ,w4 #cdjh #bnd ,ave41 ,spokane #i ,h>rison1 ,geo4 ,c41 ,gre5acres ,hyatt1 ,l4 ,w41 #bhbf ,we/ ,la ,crosse1 ,spokane #ab ,jessup1 ,j4 ,m41 ,cook ,kl+1 ,william ,l41 ,rt4 #b1 ,box #bcj1 ,cl>k/on ,latt]ell1 ,e!l1 ,gre5acres ,l9klett]1 ,f4 ,d41 #hjcd-ce? ,ave41 ,n4 ,e41 ,seattle #e ,lynn ,tuttle ,nurs]y1 ,! ,heights1 ,cl>k/on ,nad]man1 ,g4 ,w41 ,rt4 #a1 ,box #cha1 ,olympia ,rodg]s1 ,w4 ,r41 ,n4 #adaa ,mam]1 ,opportunity ,%ane ,bros41 ,va%on ,watt1 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,j41 ,w4 #bjc #af? ,ave41 ,spokane #i ,,wiscons9 ,bassett1 ,w4 ,s41 #aebb ,ma9 ,/41 ,la ,crosse ,bru/1 ,john ,j41 #ace ,w4 ,wells ,/41 ,milwaukee #c ,dopk9s1 ,m>v91 ,rt4 #a1 ,riv] ,falls ,heb]le91 ,edw4 ,w41 ,box #gdg1 ,milwaukee ,johnson1 ,alb]t ,g41 ,rt4 #b1 ,box #deg1 ,wauke%a ,koels*1 ,norman1 ,jackson ,ladwig1 ,c4 ,f41 #bbba ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,beloit ,mort5s51 ,m4 ,c41 #baag ,/anson ,ave41 ,rac9e ,reis*e1 ,frank ,c41 ,rt4 #a1 ,plym\? ,z9n1 ,walt] ,g41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #gdg1 ,milwaukee ,,wyom+ ,gre5e1 ,w4 ,d41 ,box #cdh1 ,greybull 99 ,life ,memb] 9999 ,honor>y memb] ,,con/itution ,,article ,i--,,"n ,?is ,society %all be kn[n z ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,incorporat$4 ,,article ,,ii--,,object ,its object %all be ! promotion ( int]e/ 9 nut-be>+ plants1 _! products & _! culture4 ,,article ,,iii--,,memb]%ip ,memb]%ip 9 ?is society %all be op5 to all p]sons :o desire to fur!r nut culture1 )\t ref]5ce to place ( resid5ce or nationality1 subject to ! rules & regulations ( ! committee on memb]%ip4 ,,article ,,iv--,,(fic]s ,!re %all be a presid5t1 a vice-presid5t1 a secret>y & a treasur]1 :o %all be elect$ by ballot at ! annual meet+2 & a bo>d ( directors consi/+ ( six p]sons1 ( :i* ! presid5t1 ! two la/ retir+ presid5ts1 ! vice-presid5t1 ! secret>y & ! treasur] %all be memb]s4 ,!re %all be a /ate vice-presid5t f ea* /ate1 dep5d5cy1 or c\ntry repres5t$ 9 ! memb]%ip ( ! association1 :o %all be appo9t$ by ! presid5t4 ,,article ,v--,,election ,,( ,,(fic]s ,a committee ( five memb]s %all be elect$ at ! annual meet+ = ! purpose ( nom9at+ (fic]s = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,,article ,,vi--,,meet+s ,! place & "t ( ! annual meet+ %all be select$ by ! memb]%ip 9 session or1 9 ! ev5t ( no selection be+ made at ?is "t1 ! bo>d ( directors %all *oose ! place & "t = ! hold+ ( ! annual conv5tion4 ,su* o!r meet+s z may seem desirable may be call$ by ! presid5t & bo>d ( directors4 ,,article ,,vii--,,quorum ,t5 memb]s ( ! ,association %all con/itute a quorum b mu/ include two ( ! f\r (fic]s4 ,,article ,,viii--,,am5dm5ts ,?is con/itution may be am5d$ by a two-?irds vote ( ! memb]s pres5t at any annual meet+1 notice ( su* am5dm5t hav+ be5 read at ! previ\s annual meet+1 or copy ( ! propos$ am5dm5t hav+ be5 mail$ by any memb] to ea* memb] ?irty days be=e ! date ( ! annual meet+4 ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i--,,committees ,! ,association %all appo9t /&+ committees z foll[s3 ,on memb]%ip1 on f9ance1 on programme1 on press & publication1 on exhibits1 on v>ieties & conte/s1 on survey1 & an audit+ committee4 ,! committee on memb]%ip may make recomm5dations to ! ,association z to ! discipl9e or expulsion ( any memb]4 ,,article ,,ii--,,fees ,annual memb]s %all pay two doll>s annually4 ,contribut+ memb]s %all pay t5 doll>s annually4 ,life memb]s %all make "o paym5t ( fifty doll>s & %all be exempt f fur!r dues & %all be entitl$ to ! same b5efits z annual memb]s4 ,honor>y memb]s %all be exempt f dues4 ,p]petual memb]%ip is eligible to any "o :o leaves at lea/ five hundr$ doll>s to ! ,association & su* memb]%ip on paym5t ( said sum to ! ,association %all entitle ! "n ( ! deceas$ to be =ev] enroll$ 9 ! li/ ( memb]s z ,p]petual ) ! words ,9 ,memoriam add$ !reto4 ,funds receiv$ !re= %all be inve/$ by ! ,treasur] 9 int]e/ be>+ securities legal = tru/ funds 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,only ! int]e/ %all be exp5d$ by ! ,association4 ,:5 su* funds are 9 ! ,treasury ! ,treasur] %all be bond$4 ,provid$3 t 9 ! ev5t ! ,association becomes defunct or dissolves !n1 9 t ev5t1 ! ,treasur] %all turn ov] any funds held 9 8 h&s = ?is purpose = su* uses1 individuals or companies t ! donor may designate at ! "t he makes ! beque/ or ! donation4 ,,article ,,iii--,,memb]%ip ,all annual memb]%ips %all beg9 ,septemb] #a/4 ,annual dues receiv$ f new memb]s %all entitle ! new memb] to full memb]%ip until ! next ,augu/ #ca/1 includ+ a copy ( ! ,annual ,report publi%$ = ! fiscal ye> 9 :i* he jo9s ! ,association4 ,,article ,,iv--,,am5dm5ts ,by-,laws may be am5d$ by a two-?irds vote ( memb]s pres5t at any meet+4 ,,article ,v ,memb]s %all be s5t a notification ( annual dues at ! "t !y are due &1 if n paid )9 two mon?s1 !y %all be s5t a second notice1 tell+ !m t !y are n 9 good /&+ on acc\nt ( non-paym5t ( dues & are n entitl$ to receive ! annual report4 ,at ! end ( ?irty days f ! s5d+ ( ! second notice1 a ?ird notice %all be s5t notify+ su* memb]s t1 unless dues are paid )9 t5 days f ! receipt ( ?is notice1 _! names w be dropp$ f ! rolls = non-paym5t ( dues4 ,,proce$+s ( ! ,?irty-eigh? ,annual ,conv5tion ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,inc4 ,meet+ ,at ,,ont>io ,,agricultural ,,college ,,guelph1 ,,ont>io1 ,,canada ,,septemb] #c-e1 #aidg ,illu/ration3 ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association1 ,,inc4 ,,conv5tion ,,ont>io ,,agricultural ,,college ,,septemb] #c-e1 #aidg ,! meet+ 0 call$ to ord] by ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels 9 ! abs5ce ( ,cl>5ce ,a4 ,re$1 our ,presid5t1 :o 0 ill & c\ld n att5d ! meet+4 ,telegram f ! ,rev4 ,paul ,c4 ,cra?3 ,let ! ,"l bless y & keep y4 ,i am sorry ,i am unable to att5d ! pres5t meet+s4 ,address ( ,welcome ,,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,%oemak]1 ,head ( ,horticulture ,dep>tm5t1 ,ont>io ,agricultural ,college4 ,our ,presid5t1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,reek1 _h hop$ to be "h 9 p]son to ext5d ?is welcome to y b he has f\nd x necess>y to g to ,toronto today4 ,he regrets t he _c meet ) y at ?is "t1 & has ask$ me to welcome y4 ,mr4 ,reek has %[n a great deal ( int]e/ 9 ?is conv5tion & ,i am sure y w f9d def9ite evid5ce ( ?is 9 our hospitality :ile y are "h4 ,9 look+ ?r\gh y\r #cg? ,annual ,report ,i notic$ t ! address ( welcome at y\r meet+ 9 ,woo/]1 ,ohio1 la/ ye> 0 giv5 by ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,g\rley4 ,i held ! position ( ,associate ,horticulturi/ at ,woo/] & ,columbus = "s #aj ye>s1 & s knew ,dr4 ,g\rley intimately4 ,8 sudd5 dea? 0 a great %ock to myself & 8 _m o!r fri5ds1 & a great loss to horticulture4 ,my #aj ye>s ) ,dr4 ,g\rley 0 a v pleasant1 helpful1 & exce$+ly important "p ( my c>e]4 ,i am v happy t y h come to ! ,ont>io ,agricultural ,college = y\r conv5tion ?is ye>4 ,z a simple matt] ( fact1 ! ,o4 ,a4 ,c4 is "o ( ! olde/ & l>ge/ colleges ( agriculture 9 ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,x is ! second olde/ agriculture college 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,mi*igan ,/ate be+ ! only old] "o4 ,we are an affiliat$ college ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,toronto & function z ! ,faculty ( ,agriculture ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,toronto4 ,i believe ! enrollm5t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,toronto is 9 ! neighborhood ( #ah1jjj /ud5ts4 ,!re w be ab\t #a1ejj /ud5ts on ?is campus 9 a few weeks4 ,mo/ ( ^! w be 9 ! f\r-ye> c\rse :i* leads to ! ,b4,s4,a4 degree4 ,"s w be 9 ! two-ye> c\rse4 ,! ,ont>io ,vet]9>y ,college is also locat$ on ?is campus1 z is ! ,mac,donald ,in/itute :i* provides c\rses = girls4 ,! ,o4 ,a4 ,c1 l ! ,horticultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,v9el&1 comes "u ! ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture1 ! ,hon\rable ,t4 ,l4 ,k5n$y4 ,! ,v9el& ,/ation & we ourselves co-op]ate closely 9 horticultural "w4 ,no d\bt _m ( y h visit$ ,v9el& & met ,director ,e4 ,f4 ,palm]4 ,y w he> f two memb]s ( ! ,v9el& /aff1 ,mr4 ,/rong & ,mr4 ,van ,ha>lem on tomorr['s programme4 ,i sp5t "s #ac ye>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--at ,ames1 ,i[a2 ,ea/ ,lans+1 ,mi*igan2 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota2 & ,woo/] & ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,!re are 9 ?is audi5ce "s good fri5ds ( long /&+ :om ,i fir/ met 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y are probably surpris$ to he> t ,i graduat$ f ?is in/itution1 b z an ,iri%man w\ld say ,t ,i did1 "s #bf ye>s ago4 ,i expect t all ( y are famili> ) ! contributions made by ,james ,a4 ,neilson 9 ! field ( nut gr[+4 ,mr4 ,neilson 0 a memb] ( ! /aff "h "s ye>s ago4 ,he left 8 m>k ?r\gh\t ,ont>io1 & 9 ! field ( nut gr[+ 9 g5]al4 ,we are happy t ,mrs4 ,neilson1 :o is a life memb] ( ! ,association1 is att5d+ ?is ,conv5tion4 ,i am sure y w agree t ! campus "h is a v beautiful "o4 ,! d9+ hall & ! resid5ce may surpass :at y expect$ to f9d4 ,x is a real privilege to h y 9 our ,horticulture build+4 ,we made c]ta9 plans = y\r ent]ta9m5t at ! mix] & banquet4 ,9 brief1 we are delight$ t y h come1 we "k f ! programme t ! meet+s w be good ones1 & we hope t our hospitality w meet ) y\r full approval4 ,we inde$ welcome y "h4 ,,response ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels3 ,9 reply to ,dr4 ,%oemak]'s address ( welcome we are c]ta9ly happy to be "h & appreciate ! excell5t arrangem5ts :i* h be5 made = our ent]ta9m5t4 ,dr4 ,%oemak] spoke ab\t ! "w done on nut trees sev]al ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,neilson 9 ,canada4 ,i am famili> ) ! "w ( ,mr4 ,neilson & hope t at "s "t someone on ! /aff 9 ,canada w give m "t to ! culture ( nut trees4 ,t goes = ! ,unit$ ,/ates z well4 ,nut trees1 if y h ! facilities & good v>ieties1 are some?+ t w make liv+ m enjoyable & wor?:ile4 ,i d appreciate v he>tily ! tr\ble y h gone to 9 mak+ facilities s acceptable & useful4 ,presid5tial ,address--,mr4 ,re$ 0 unable to be pres5t & preside at ! meet+ because ( illness4 ,?is telegram 0 s5t to him3 ,telegram to ,cl>5ce ,a4 ,re$1 ,g>field ,hospital1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association la/ night receiv$ ! news ( y\r illness ) deepe/ regret4 ,we appreciate y\r long & e>ne/ "w 9 our field4 ,y h be5 "o ( ! 'sp>k plugs' ( our organization & we all miss y\r pres5ce4 ,,secret>y4 ,,committees ,,appo9t$ ,resolutions ,committee--,w4 ,rohrba*]1 ,/]l+ ,smi?1 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 ,wm4 ,hodgson4 ,audit+ ,committee--,royal ,oakes1 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,gilb]t ,smi?4 ,,secret>y',s ,,report1 ,,sept4 #c1 #aidg ,miss ,mildr$ ,m4 ,jones ,! duties ( ! ,secret>y dur+ ! ye> 7 ( ! usual r\t9e nature4 ,?ree sep>ate mail+s ( in=mation to all memb]s 7 made4 ,! #aidd report is n[ exhau/$1 p>tly because ( ! long season 9 :i* x 0 curr5t1 & p>tly because !re 7 sev]al articles 9 x :i* 7 ( vital int]e/ to a numb] ( p :o 7 n memb]s ( ! ,association4 ,9 ,m>* ( ?is ye> an article appe>$ 9 ,organic ,g>d5+ magaz9e :i* ref]r$ to our report & ! ,hemm+ *e/nut trees :i* 7 describ$ 9 ! #aidd report4 ,z a result ( ?is "o article ,i 0 oblig$ to return m ?an #cj4jj :i* _h be5 s5t to me1 a doll> f ea* p]son1 = ?is report4 ,i return$ ! money ) a lett] to ea* p]son tell+ !m ,mr4 ,hemm+ w\ld br+ 8 report up to date at our meet+ ?is ye>1 tell+ !m ab\t ! "w ( our ,association1 & invit+ !m to jo9 our gr\p s !y c\ld keep up ) progress be+ made 9 nut tree culture z ! in=mation became available4 ,! sale ( reports o!r ?an memb]%ip ?is pa/ ye> am\nt$ to #ace4jj4 ,?is am\nt includes #e sets ( reports :i* sell = #h4jj p] set4 ,ab\t #ie4jj ( ?is am\nt 0 = s+le copies at #a4jj p] copy to non-memb]s4 ,s9ce our pr9t+ co/s h increas$ consid]ably1 & s9ce we are h&l+ ! mail+ & pr9t+ ( ^! reports at #a4jj p] copy at almo/ a loss1 x w\ld seem advisable to raise ! price to non-memb]s4 ,e memb] c help u increase our memb]%ip4 ,we h a numb] ( memb]s :o are equipp$ ) writ+ ability & by writ+ articles ab\t int]e/+ nut trees & m5tion+ our ,association & ! ,secret>y _m1 _m inquiries are receiv$4 ,to ^! inquiries we c s5d our f\r page in=mation fold] or answ] que/ions & ?us we c increase our memb]%ip by lett+ p :o are int]e/$ 9 nut trees "k ab\t our ,association4 ,on ,febru>y #bh1 #aidg1 ,mr4 ,george ,l4 ,d5man wrote me t at diff]5t times he _h two articles ab\t nuts & nut trees 9 ! ,spokesman-,review ( ,spokane4 ,he said ! result 0 r surpris+ & he reque/$ fifty copies ( our fold] to assi/ him & make x easi] to answ] inquiries4 ,if our ,association c be m5tion$ 9 ! article1 _m inquiries w come direct to ! ,secret>y & ?us save ! au?or ! "w ( answ]+ que/ions if he does n h "t to d s4 ,! article writt5 by ,mr4 ,davidson 9 ,decemb]1 #aidf1 ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] br\ght 9 ov] #ajj inquiries to ! ,secret>y's (fice4 ,! ,secret>y's (fice has a numb] ( calls = in=mation reg>d+ s\rces ( nuts & nut k]nels = private consumption or plant+4 ,*e/nuts seem to head ! li/ ! pa/ ye>--mo/ly = plant+4 ,reque/s are also receiv$ reg>d+ in=mation = m>ket outlets1 nut crack+ equipm5t1 nut %ell+ plants1 trees1 budwood & graftwood4 ,any?+ y may d to supply ?is & o!r k9ds ( in=mation ab\t nut trees w be appreciat$4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,am]ican ,horticultural ,society1 ,inc41 ) :om we are affiliat$1 has express$ ! desire ( t ,society = ideas z to h[ we may bo? pr(it m f ?is affiliation4 ,_! ne$1 l ours1 is = m memb]s1 m & bett] articles = ! ,national ,horticultural ,magaz9e4 ,mr4 ,re$ has contribut$ sev]al wor?:ile articles to ?is magaz9e4 ,! ,editor w\ld l to h m articles ab\t nut trees f our memb]s4 ,! ,national ,horticultural ,magaz9e is nicely pr9t$ & b\nd1 issu$ f\r times a ye>1 & is well illu/rat$ ) pictures ( ! horticultural subjects describ$ 9 ea* issue4 ,dues 9 ?is society are #b4jj p] ye> if y are a memb] ( our ,society1 #c4jj if y are n4 ,y c ask our ,treasur] to bill y = memb]%ip at ! same "t memb]%ip 9 our ,association is bill$1 or memb]%ip may be s5t direct to ,! ,am]ican ,horticultural ,society1 #hba ,wa%+ton ,loan & ,tru/ ,build+1 ,wa%+ton #d1 ,d4 ,c4 ,our memb]%ip at pres5t is #fba accord+ to my pres5t mail+ li/ :i* has be5 correct$ to paid-up memb]s4 ,dur+ ! w> all memb]s :o 7 ?\ght to be 9 ! arm$ =ces 7 c>ri$ along )\t ! paym5t ( dues accord+ to our ,treasur]'s report ( la/ ye>4 ,= ?is reason we c use only our income z an indication ( our gr[? dur+ ^? ye>s4 ,! "q ( a seal = ! ,association came up at ! "t ( ! ,ellis legacy4 ,our memb]1 ,s>g5t ,h4 ,wellman1 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 repres5t$ ! ,association1 & paym5t 0 made f9ally )\t our seal be+ %[n4 ,x may be well to consid] :e!r we may ne$ a seal 9 ! future & if s to take ! necess>y /eps to h "o made4 ,! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] magaz9e has pr9t$ q regul>ly ! column ,nut ,gr[]s ,news4 ,!y also ref] nut tree inquiries to u & h indicat$ _! int]e/ & fur!r coop]ation4 ,!y devot$ an entire issue to nuts la/ ,decemb]4 ,a numb] ( our memb]s dur+ ! ye> d mu* "w = ! ,association & x is "h t ,i wi% to ackn[l$ge all ( ! help & assi/ance ! ,secret>y has _h f ! v>i\s committees & memb]s4 ,! pr9t+ ( ! report = #aidf & ! responsibility ( gett+ x mail$ 0 due mo/ly to ! "w & ef=t ( ,mr4 ,/oke1 & ,mr4 ,re$4 ,x 0 a real pleasure to "w ) ! memb]s ( ! ,/aff at ,ont>io ,agricultural ,college ) :om ,i _h consid]able correspond5ce dur+ ! ye> 9 arrang+ = our meet+ ?is ye>4 ,x has be5 a real pleasure to s]ve 9 ! capacity ( ,secret>y to ?is organization & ,i regret t lack ( "t to d ?is "w z x %\ld be done makes me feel x is necess>y to rel9qui% ?is po/4 ,i %all always cont9ue my int]e/ 9 ! ,association4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,m articles %\ld be writt5 = magaz9es z "o way 9 :i* to increase memb]%ip4 ,telegram f ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ 0 read3 ,infirmities ( age deta9 me4 ,congratulations on memb]%ip & on accompli%m5ts4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on good (fic]s4 ,pres5t (fic]s are ideal b "y memb]s %\ld n[ take ov]4 ,don't we> out ! old ones4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+1 ,dean4 ,?is telegram 0 s5t to ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+3 ,sept4 #c1 #aidg4 ,we _h hop$ y w\ld be ) u4 ,y\r telegram evok$ _m w>m appreciations ( y\r great & long s]vice to our organization & ! cause ( nut gr[]s 9 ! ,nor?4 ,w>me/ greet+s f ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,,secret>y4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?3 ,dr4 ,dem+ 0 "o ( ! five f\nd]s ( ! ,association4 ,he did an excell5t job on ! reports & 9 compil+ ! cumulative index4 ,he is ,dean ( ! ,association4 ,report ( ,committee on ,"t & ,place3 ,pr(4 ,slate report$ ?ree invitations1 ! mo/ attractive at ! pres5t "t be+ ! invitation to meet at ,norris1 ,t5n4 ,pr(4 ,slate3 ,9 ord] to br+ ! matt] to a head1 ,i move we hold our #aidh meet+ at ,norris1 ,t5n41 or :]ev] arrangem5ts c be made conv5i5t to t po9t4 ,/oke3 ,second4 ,pass$ ) unanim\s approval4 ,report on ! ,ohio ,conte/--,/]l+ ,smi?3 ,! ,ohio conte/ _h #fib entries4 ,mr4 ,*ase help$ ) ! judg+4 ,a numb] ( good walnuts 7 br\ght out4 ,! data = ! fir/ t5 is giv5 9 ! #aidf annual report4 ,we are try+ to f9d out :at ! p>5t trees are do+--:at !y 7 be>+ 9 ! pa/ & also ?is ye>4 ,?is is to be done = #e ye>s4 ,ohio has #ij memb]s :i* puts !m 9 ! lead--ahead ( ,new ,york4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?3 ,i greatly appreciate ! report giv54 ,i approve ( ! #e ye> plan4 ,x w\ld br+ 9 memb]s4 ,/]l+ ,smi?3 ,c\ldn't we (f] #ajj4jj or m = a really out/&+ black walnut t w\ld meet c]ta9 specifications8 ,our good walnuts n[ run ab\t #be grams & #cb k]nel4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,is !re anyone pres5t :o help$ ) ! judg+ ( ?is conte/8 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,x requir$ ov] #b weeks ) #d to #f p]sons to crack & cull out ! ones we knew 7 n wor? fur!r consid]ation4 ,"o-t5? pass$ ! scre5+ te/4 ,! nut select$ is "o 9 t5-?\s& expectancy4 ,?is conte/ br\ght out "s out/&+ nuts4 ,! judges didn't h mu* tr\ble select+ ,no4 #a4 ,! next f\r 7 h>d] to place4 ,! ?ird prize w5t to ,p5nsylvania & ! eigh? prize to ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,report ( ,treasur] ,= ,p]iod f ,septemb] #a1 #aidf to ,augu/ #cj1 #aidg4 ,,income3 ,annual ,memb]%ips #a1bab4jj ,philip ,all5 ,life ,memb]%ip #ej4jj ,sale ( ,reports #dd4jj ,ellis ,legacy #ab4ej ,miscellane\s #e4fj --------- ,total ,income #a1cbd4aj ,,disbursem5ts3 ,fruit ,gr[] ,subscriptions #hj4hj ,presid5t's ,exp5se #aj4jj ,secret>y's ,exp5se #ei4ej ,treasur]'s ,exp5se #de4hj ,supplies #gg4ff ,banquet #aidf ,meet+ #bb4cb ,report] #aidf ,meet+ #be4jj ,ellis ,legacy ,bond ,addition #a1jjj4jj ,treasur]'s ,bond #ab4ej ,report = #aide #efi4hd ,report = #aidf #hba4hc ,po/age ,envelopes #di4jc ,miscellane\s #ai4bj --------- ,total ,disbursem5ts #b1gic4ed ,balance on ,h& ,septemb] #c1 #aidf #c1bei4hh ,receipts = ! ,ye> #a1cbd4aj --------- ,total #d1ehc4ih ,disbursem5ts = ,ye> #b1gic4ed ,balance ,augu/ #cj1 #aidg #a1gij4dd --------- ,9 ,walk] ,sav+s ,bank #fcc4ib ,9 ,peoples ,sav+s ,bank #a1jef4dd ,ca% & ,*ecks on h& #ajj4jh --------- ,subtotal #a1gij4dd ,secret>y has on h& #bf4ga --------- ,balance #a1hag4ae ,d4 ,c4 ,,snyd]1 ,treasur] 99 99 99 99 99 ,memb]3 ,! *>ge ( #a4jj to non-memb]s = ! curr5t report--%\ldn't ! price ( ! reports be increas$ to cov] ! increas$ co/s ( pr9t+8 ,mr4 ,snyd]3 ,i ?9k ! am\nt %\ld be increas$ z ! co/ ( ! report is almo/ #a4jj n[1 & ) h&l+ & mail+ we are do+ ?is at a loss if we cont9ue to sell ! report = #a4jj4 ,mc,collum3 ,%\ldn't ! price ( a full set ( reports be rais$8 ,!y are sold at ! same price n[ z !y 7 a numb] ( ye>s ago4 ,sev]al volumes h be5 add$4 ,i believe ! price %\ld be increas$4 ,pr(4 ,slate3 ,"s ye>s g out ( pr9t ab\t z soon z new ones come along4 ,dr4 ,rohrba*]3 ,i move we sell our curr5t & la/ ye>'s report at #b4jj p] copy4 ,second by ,mr4 ,silvis4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,nut en?usia/s & nut gr\ps hav5't ! slighte/ hesitancy 9 p>t+ ) #b4jj4 ,memb]3 ,a non-memb] pay+ #b4jj = ! annual report w\ld automatically become a memb]4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?3 ,i w\ld l to recomm5d t if at all possible an index be includ$ 9 ea* volume ( our report z x is publi%$4 ,a volume l ?is has #ej or #ge diff]5t articles b no m5tion 9 ! title reveals ! cont5t ( ! article :i* makes x a job to try to ref] back to or use ^! reports = ref]5ce4 ,an index w\ld make !m mu* m valuable4 ,?is is n a job = ! ,secret>y1 x is a te*nical job4 ,i w\ld l to make a motion1 if ! ,executive ,committee f9ds x feasible1 t ?is be done4 ,second by ,mr4 ,silvis4 ,dr4 ,colby3 ,don't y ?9k t index %\ld beg9 ) ! volume ,dr4 ,dem+ f9i%$8 ,i sugge/ t ! executive ,committee arrange = compil+ ( ! index subsequ5t to & includ+ #aidj4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,i w\ld l to sugge/ t ! nut exhibit be left at ,o4,a4,c4 p]man5tly because ( ! l>ge numb] ( visitors :o come "h & :o w\ld see x4 ,?is w\ld help to increase our memb]%ip4 99 99 99 99 99 ,report f ! ,con/itution & ,by-,laws ,committee--,dr4 ,mac,daniels4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i move we accept ! report ( ! ,committee & sugge/$ *anges be vot$ on item by item4 ,mr4 ,silvis3 ,second4 ,! "q ( :e!r ! entire ,con/itution & ,by-,laws %\ld be read at ?is meet+ or mimeograph$ & mail$ to ea* memb] 0 consid]$4 ,pr(4 ,slate3 ,i move ! ,con/itution be tak5 up n[4 ,dr4 ,colby3 ,second4 ,! motion 0 c>ri$4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels read ! ,con/itution & ,by-,laws & !y w be vot$ on at ! #aidh meet+4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?3 ,i move t '#aj days' notice = *ange 9 ! ,con/itution be *ang$ to '#cj days'4 ,second$ by ,mr4 ,silvis4 ,motion c>ri$4 ,on fiscal ye>--,dr4 ,rohrba*]3 ,i sugge/ ! fiscal ye> be *ang$ to ,janu>y #a ?r\gh to ! end ( ,decemb]4 ,mr4 ,snyd]3 ,i c see no improvem5t 9 *ang+ ! fiscal ye>4 ,if we are to hold our meet+s ! fir/ "p ( ,septemb] ea* ye> x w\ld be bett] to h our fiscal ye> end$ ,augu/ #ca4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i move t our fiscal ye> be f ,septemb] #a/ to ,augu/ #ca/ & ,i move t ! annual dues include a report = only ! ye> y jo94 ,motion c>ri$4 ,factors ,influ5c+ ! ,h>d9ess ( ,woody ,plants ,h4 ,l4 ,,crane1 ,pr9cipal ,horticulturi/#a ,!re is h>dly any soil or climatic condition f\nd 9 ! _w :]e x is n possible = at lea/ "o or m k9ds ( plants to be gr[n4 ,?is is possible because ! plants t c be gr[n "u ! mo/ adv]se conditions h special /ructures & adaptations ) reg>d to p]iods ( gr[? & re/ or dormancy4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important adaptations ( ne>ly all trees & %rubs t %$ _! leaves 9 autumn & survive freez+ wea!r )\t injury = a "p ( ! ye>1 is t ( re/4 ,?is re/ 9 plants is some:at simil> to sleep 9 animals 9 t x is a p]iod 9 :i* ! life process activities take place sl[ly4 ,9 o!r words1 ! plant physiologi/ def9es re/ 9 liv+ plants z t p]iod 9 :i* _! buds w n op5 & gr[ ev5 ?\gh ! temp]ature1 moi/ure1 & o!r ext]nal environm5tal conditions are highly suitable = gr[?4 ,footnote #a3 ,division ( ,fruit & ,vegetable ,crops & ,disease1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,soils1 & ,agricultural ,eng9e]+1 ,agricultural ,rese>* ,adm9i/ration1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( decidu\s plants h or require re/ p]iods ( diff]5t l5g?s1 j z "s p require m sleep ?an d o!rs4 ,two or ?ree weeks may be en\gh = s(t-%ell$ almonds b ?ree or f\r mon?s may be requir$ = butt]nuts1 to cite extremes4 ,! ,ea/]n black walnut requires m re/ ?an mo/ ,p]sian walnut clones1 & !y m ?an ! ,s\!rn ,cali=nia black walnut4 ,ev5 )9 a species !re is consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! re/ p]iod ( individual se$l+ trees & c]ta9 clones4 ,= example1 x has be5 f\nd t ! v>ieties ( ,p]sian walnut gr[n 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia & 9 ,oregon1 su* z ,franquette & ,mayette1 h ! longe/ re/ p]iod2 & ^? gr[n 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 su* z ,plac5tia1 ,ehrh>dt1 ,*ase1 & o!rs1 h ! %orte/ re/ p]iod4 ,x is q possible t ! clones & se$l+s ( ! ,p]sian walnut br\ght to ?is c\ntry a few ye>s ago by ! ,rev4 ,paul ,cra? f ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s ( ,pol& may require ! longe/ re/ p]iod ( all4 ,! "q may be ask$ :at causes or br+s on ?is re/ p]iod 9 plants & :at breaks x8 ,! sci5tific answ]s to ^! que/ions are n kn[n at ?is "t1 b we d "k "s ( ! factors :i* cause ! initiation ( re/ & h[ x is brok54 ,tree gr[? is initiat$ 9 ! spr+ ) com+ ( w>m wea!r & o!r suitable conditions4 ,at fir/ ! rate ( gr[? is sl[2 b ! rate increases & goes ?r\gh a maximum & !n sl[s up aga9 & f9ally ceases4 ,on ! cessation ( gr[? 9 l5g?1 a t]m9al bud is =m$ & ! tree beg9s to g into re/4 ,?is p]iod ( gr[? is det]m9$ by ! age ( ! tree1 ! suitability ( moi/ure & nutri5t supply4 ,"y trees gr[ long] dur+ ! spr+ & summ] ?an d old ones4 ,defici5cies ( soil moi/ure or nutri5ts or bo? cause ! cessation ( gr[? & ! beg9n+ ( re/4 ,9 "s trees1 su* z tung1 cessation ( gr[? & ! initiation ( re/ is caus$ by ! *ange f long to %ort day-l5g?s4 ,aft] re/ has begun1 ! long] x cont9ues ! m pr(\nd or deep] x becomes until a maximum is rea*$1 i4e41 x becomes increas+ly difficult1 up to a c]ta9 "t1 to make ! trees />t gr[? aga9 ev5 ?\gh optimum conditions are provid$4 ,"s trees su* z ,p]sian walnuts & pecans1 = example1 are sl[ to g into deep or pr(\nd re/ 9 late summ] or fall4 ,= ?is reason1 !re may be sev]al cycles or p]iods ( gr[? dur+ ! summ] & e>ly fall1 dep5d+ on wea!r conditions & :e!r ! leaves on ! trees h rema9$ 9 a heal?y condition4 ,"u conditions ( dry wea!r gr[? /ops on ! ,p]sian walnut & pecan & :5 ?is is foll[$ by a ra9y p]iod & w>m wea!r gr[? beg9s aga94 ,9 fact 9 e>ly summ] a walnut or pecan tree may =m t]m9al buds on all ! %oots & rema9 )\t gr[? long en\gh = an apple or pe> tree to g into complete or pr(\nd re/2 !n lat]1 new %oot gr[? may be made f all or ne>ly all ( ! walnut or pecan %oots4 ,n only is ?is an important factor 9 promot+ susceptibility to cold injury b 9 ! case ( be>+ trees m (t5 ?an n ?is late gr[? prev5ts ! prop] developm5t ( ! k]nels 9 ! nuts & !y are poorly fill$ or %rivel$ at h>ve/4 ,%\ld ! leaves ( ^! trees 9 midsumm] or lat] be s s]i\sly damag$ by disease or insects z to result 9 p>tial or complete defoliation1 new gr[? is g5]ally sure to foll[ ev5 9 late fall if gr[+ conditions are suitable4 ,?is habit p]mits su* trees to gr[ s late t !re is mu* great] dang] ( sev]e injury f late fall or e>ly w9t] ?an is ! case ) mo/ o!r decidu\s fruit trees4 ,fur!rmore1 x expla9s :y we see s mu* cold injury 9 ! %oots & limbs ( trees2 !y _h gr[n late & _h no *ance to develop h>d9ess be=e kill+ temp]atures occurr$4 ,aft] ! re/ 9 trees has become deep or pr(\nd a c]ta9 am\nt ( *ill+ temp]ature mu/ prevail be=e ! re/ p]iod is brok5 s z to p]mit ! buds to op5 & gr[ normally on ! approa* ( w>m wea!r4 ,?is is (t5 spok5 ( z ! *ill+ requirem5t4 ,if ! re/ p]iod is n brok5 by a suitable am\nt ( *ill+1 tree gr[? is v sl[ to />t 9 ! spr+1 & !n only c]ta9 ( ! long] & /rong] twigs may =ce into gr[?2 wat] spr\ts may develop on ! trunks & ma9 limbs2 fl[] buds may n op5 b fall (f2 & ev5 ?\gh ! trees may fl[] ! fl[]+ p]iod is long & few or no fruits or nuts may be set4 ,! mo/ effective *ill+ temp]ature is n kn[n b we c be reasonably c]ta9 t temp]atures ( #de deg4,f4 to #cb deg4,f4 are j z effective 9 break+ ! w9t] re/ p]iod z are ^? well bel[ freez+1 if n m s4 ,?is *ill+ requirem5t is ess5tially ! same z ! re/ p]iod4 ,almonds h a %ort re/ p]iod & require #b to #c weeks ( *ill+1 :ile butt]nuts1 ) a long re/ p]iod1 may require #c or #d mon?s4 ,:5 ! tree has be5 subject$ to adequate *ill+ ! re/ p]iod is brok5 & ) ! oncom+ ( w>m wea!r gr[?1 blossom+ & fruit sett+ is normal4 ,a di/9ction ( great importance f a physiological & a practical po9t ( view is made betwe5 re/ & dormancy 9 plants4 ,?is diff]5ce c be simply /at$3 plants1 trees1 or se$s t w n gr[ :5 ext]nal environm5tal conditions are favorable = gr[? are 9 re/1 b aft] ! re/ p]iod has be5 brok5 & !y d n gr[ because ( unfavorable conditions !y are said to be dormant4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 re/ p]iod & dormancy is ( great importance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( cold injury t may be su/a9$ by woody plants4 ,fur!rmore1 x expla9s :y c]ta9 plants may be successfully gr[n 9 mu* cold] p>ts ( ! _w & yet fail "h4 ,our w9t] wea!r conditions are n uni=m1 9 t x is q common = u to h q long p]iods ( alt]nat+ w>m & cold wea!r4 ,too (t5 dur+ mid-or late w9t] ! wea!r may be q w>m = sev]al days1 ) above-freez+ temp]atures ev5 at night1 only to be quickly foll[$ by a sudd5 & extreme drop 9 temp]ature4 ,su* conditions are almo/ c]ta9 to result 9 cold injury to at lea/ c]ta9 k9ds ( woody plants 9 :i* ! re/ p]iod _h be5 brok5 prior to ! occurr5ce ( w>m wea!r1 especially s if conditions are favorable = initiation ( gr[?4 ,! plants t 7 /ill 9 ! re/ p]iod at ! "t ( ! w>m wea!r or ^? ) high heat requirem5t to />t gr[? 7z = example1 ! pecan7 w\ld be ! only ones t w\ld escape injury4 ,to illu/rate ) an example3 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut tree has a %ort] re/ p]iod or less *ill+ requirem5t ?an does ! av]age ,p]sian walnut tree4 ,n[ suppose t dur+ ! mon?s ( ,novemb] & ,decemb] a suffici5t numb] ( h\rs ( *ill+ temp]atures 7 exp]i5c$ to break ! re/ p]iod or to satisfy ! *ill+ requirem5t ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut b n t ( ! ,p]sian walnut4 ,!n suppose !re 0 a p]iod ( two weeks or m ( w>m wea!r 9 ,janu>y & x 0 end$ by a v sudd5 drop to bel[ freez+ temp]atures4 ,lat] we w\ld expect to f9d t "s p>ts or tissues ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut trees _h be5 injur$ :ile ! ,p]sian walnut trees _h surviv$ )\t injury4 ,simil> diff]5ces w\ld be expect$ ) o!r crops1 su* z pea*es & apples1 t h a diff]5ce 9 re/ p]iod or *ill+ requirem5t4 ,"u ! conditions j describ$ ! p>ts or tissues ( ! tree t are mo/ likely to be injur$ are ^? t fir/ become active ) ! com+ ( w>m wea!r1 su* z ! pi? 9 ! wood1 ! l[] buds1 & lat] ! cambium or ! leaf buds4 ,?is expla9s :y pea* fruit buds & ! catk9s ( ! ,european filb]t are (t5 kill$ 9 ! ,ea/ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,"s k9ds ( woody plants are v mu* h>di] ?an are o!r k9ds4 ,= example1 ! butt]nut is h>di] ?an ! ea/]n black walnut & ! almond is h>di] ?an ! tung tree4 ,h>d9ess is only a relative t]m & c be det]m9$ only :5 ! diff]5t k9ds ( plants are 9 ! same physiological condition z reg>ds gr[? or activity4 ,j :at x is t makes a diff]5ce 9 ! h>d9ess or ability to )/& l[ temp]atures )\t injury is n kn[n4 ,h[ev]1 ov] ! ye>s1 exp]i5ce & rese>* h taught u t !re are a numb] ( factors t affect ! h>d9ess ( woody plants4 ,!re is a v great diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature t w cause injury to a tree tissue :5 x is 9 active gr[? & mo/ t5d] 9 ! spr+ & t requir$ :5 x is mo/ resi/ant 9 midw9t]4 ,) "s trees ?is diff]5ce 9 temp]ature is z mu* z #ej deg4 to #fj deg4,f4 or ev5 m4 ,) woody plants1 ! tissues are lea/ h>dy 9 spr+ :5 !y are gr[+ rapidly1 & z ! season progresses h>d9ess normally increases provid$ t second or late gr[? does n occur4 ,!re are _m *anges t take place 9 ! tissues ( a tree z h>d9ess is develop$3 ! moi/ure cont5t is r$uc$2 cell walls are ?ick5$2 ! conc5tration ( sug>s1 />*es1 & o!r c>bohydrates becomes great]2 !re is ! =mation ( p5tosans1 gums1 & waxes2 & ! respiration & o!r life processes become sl[]4 ,h[ev]1 none ( ^! (f] a full & satisfactory explanation ( :y ! plant becomes z resi/ant to cold z x does4 ,all ( ^! *anges & probably _m o!rs play a "p 9 develop+ h>d9ess 9 woody plants4 ,maximum h>d9ess is develop$ only by trees t support a l>ge area ( normal leaves cont9u\sly f ! "t ( foliation 9 ! spr+ until late fall :5 !y are kill$ by fro/4 ,attacks by insects or diseases t injure ! leave or cause p>tial or complete defoliation at any "t dur+ ! spr+1 summ]1 or be=e ! occurr5ce ( fro/ 9 ! fall1 n only prev5t ! developm5t ( maximum h>d9ess ( ! trees1 b su* defoliation results 9 r$uc$ gr[? ( ! trees & 9 poor fill+ ( ! nuts4 ,! importance ( ma9ta9+ a l>ge area ( heal?y leaves on ! trees dur+ ! entire gr[+ season c h>dly be too /rongly /ress$4 ,?is is because trees t hold _! leaves are /rong1 vigor\s trees & are ! ones be/ able to )/& cold1 z well z o!r adv]sities1 )\t injury4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n mean t f]tiliz] applications %\ld be made 9 late summ] or t cultivation %\ld be practic$ at t "t1 :i* w\ld t5d "u suitable conditions to /imulate late gr[? ( ! trees4 ,?is is because "s trees l ! ,p]sian walnut are sl[ to g into re/ at be/ & practices t /imulate late gr[? ( ! trees cause !m to be susceptible to cold injury especially 9 late fall or e>ly w9t]4 ,i h se5 v sev]e injury & kill+ ( pecan trees 9 s\? ,georgia z a result ( spr+ f]tiliz] applications :i*1 because ( dr\?1 did n become available to ! trees until late ,augu/ & e>ly ,septemb] & !n caus$ second gr[? ( ! trees4 ,9 ! case ( walnuts & pecans1 especially1 b also o!rs ?an are n spray$ = ! control ( diseases & insects1 x is n uncommon = ! trees to become defoliat$ 9 late summ] & :ile be>+ a crop ( nuts4 ,v (t5 ?is premature defoliation results 9 ! production ( a new crop ( leaves & "s %oot gr[?4 ,?is is "o ( ! wor/ conditions "o c h 9 an or*>d1 = ! nuts are c]ta9 to be v poorly fill$ & ! trees especially susceptible to cold injury4 ,9 su* a case z ?is1 ! nuts )draw c>bohydrates1 prote9s & m9]als f ! leaves & wood ( ! tree = _! developm5t & ! production ( new leaves & %oots has a l effect4 ,?is all results 9 su* a sev]e removal or us+ up ( ! mat]ials involv$ 9 ! developm5t8 ( h>d9ess t su* trees are v susceptible to cold injury4 ,woody plants to be resi/ant to cold injury mu/ be well n\ri%$4 ,unbalanc$ m9]al nutrition ( trees is a v important factor 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( injury !y may su/a9 f cold wea!r4 ,9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! soils on :i* fruit & nut trees are gr[n g5]ally d n supply 9 adequate am\nts "s "o or m ( ! ess5tial elem5ts requir$ 9 _! nutrition4 ,?is condition results 9 unbalanc$ nutrition1 9 t too mu* ( c]ta9 elem5ts is absorb$ by ! trees & too little ( c]ta9 o!r elem5ts4 ,"u sev]e conditions ?is causes ! leaves to be abnormal 9 size or 9 =m1 = !m to be *lorotic or to scor* or burn1 or = !m to drop prematurely4 ,su* leaves d n function prop]ly1 !y are n able to c>ry on photosyn!sis at a normal rate & h5ce d n make suffici5t plant foods ( ! prop] k9ds to prop]ly n\ri% ! trees4 ,?is results 9 disord]s ( v>i\s k9ds said to be due to m9]al defici5cies4 ,among ^! defici5cies t h be5 f\nd to r$uce tree gr[? & yield & to increase susceptibility to cold injury are 7#a7 boron1 7#b7 copp]1 7#c7 iron1 7#d7 magnesium1 7#e7 manganese1 7#f7 nitrog51 7#g7 phosphorus1 7#h7 potassium1 7#i7 z9c1 & o!rs4 ,9 all cases ! corrective treatm5t to be giv5 consi/s 9 supply+ ! trees ) ! elem5t or elem5ts 9 :i* !y are defici5t4 ,^! mu/ be suppli$ 9 an available =m & by su* me?ods t !y c be absorb$ by ! trees4 ,! size ( ! crop ( fruit or nuts borne by a tree & ! l5g? ( "t betwe5 h>ve/ & a kill+ freeze are important factors 9 det]m9+ ! cold resi/ance ( fruit or nut trees4 ,9 te/ w9t]s _m cases h be5 obs]v$ 9 :i* trees t matur$ heavy crops dur+ ! previ\s summ] 7 sev]ely injur$4 ,cases h be5 obs]v$ 9 :i* ! degree ( cold injury su/a9$ has be5 l>gely 9 proportion to ! size ( crop matur$ ! previ\s gr[+ season4 ,trees t mature ! crop ( fruits or nuts late 9 ! season may be less h>dy ?an ^? t mature ! crop e>ly4 ,x seems n only t "s mat]ial or mat]ials are made 9 ! leaves dur+ late summ] or e>ly fall :i* move out ( !m into ! wood & cause x become resi/ant to l[ temp]atures1 b t :5 a tree is matur+ a crop s mu* ( ?is mat]ial goes into ! fruits or nuts t if ! season is n a favorable "o ! wood may n atta9 its maximum h>d9ess4 ,we h le>n$ t a high p]c5tage ( c]ta9 ( ! m9]als1 c>bohydrates1 & oil t g to make up ! k]nels ( ! oily nuts are transport$ into !m dur+ a p]iod compris+ a mon? to six weeks be=e !y are mature4 ,9 ! production ( a heavy crop ! am\nt ( m9]als & elaborat$ food mat]ials su* z prote9s1 c>bohydrates1 & fats remov$ f a tree is v l>ge4 ,if ! trees d n c>ry a l>ge heal?y leaf area at ! "t ( h>ve/ or if !re is a kill+ fro/ at t "t1 ! leaves h no opportunity to elaborate m c>bohydrates & o!r mat]ials to replace ^? remov$ 9 ! crop1 & z a result ! trees d n develop maximum h>d9ess4 ,to cite an out/&+ example ( ?is effect ( ! crop on h>d9ess1 ,i want to describe "s obs]vations ,i made sev]al ye>s ago4 ,! late ,j4 ,b4 ,wight ( ,cairo1 ,ga41 _h a few hundr$ ,satsuma orange trees t bore a v heavy crop ( fruit4 ,! fruit _h all be5 h>ve/$ f c]ta9 ( ^! trees = two weeks or m be=e ! occurr5ce ( a freeze ! la/ ( ,novemb]4 ,f o!r trees ! fruit crop _h only be5 p>tially h>ve/$ & none _h be5 h>ve/$ f mo/ ( !m4 ,! day & night temp]atures _h be5 w>m b !re 0 a r sudd5 drop into ! l[ #bj's dur+ "o night ) ! result t all ( ! trees f :i* no fruit _h be5 h>ve/$ 7 kill$ to ! gr\nd4 ,! trees f :i* a "p ( ! fruit _h be5 remov$ 7 defoliat$ & all b ! l>ge limbs 7 kill$4 ,! trees f :i* all ! fruit _h be5 remov$ two weeks or m be=e ! freeze 7 defoliat$1 b little or no injury to ! woods occurr$4 ,! sev]e injury 0 probably because ! mat]ials mak+ = h>d9ess 9 ! wood _h be5 transport$ to ! matur+ fruits & ! temp]ature dropp$ quickly be=e ! trees _h "t to develop cold resi/ance4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t _m k9ds ( non-woody z well z _m woody plants develop h>d9ess or cold resi/ance on exposure to v gradually fall+ temp]atures4 ,?is *ange1 9 ! case ( non-woody plants su* z cabbage or :eat1 is spok5 ( z h>d5+ (f4 ,x is n kn[n h[ important ?is is 9 develop+ cold resi/ance 9 fl[] & leaf buds ( woody plants4 ,x is q possible t buds t h become extremely t5d] z a result ( rapid gr[? might1 if held = "s "t at temp]atures too l[ = fur!r gr[?1 become q resi/ant to l[ temp]atures j z d :eat or cabbage4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! greate/ am\nt ( cold injury to ! buds or above-gr\nd portions ( a tree occurs on a s+le night4 ,! l5g? ( ! cold p]iod is ( only indirect importance z influ5c+ ! rate ( temp]ature fall or ! acquir+ ( cold resi/ance by ! trees4 ,trees t are subject$ to l[ temp]atures ov] a consid]able p]iod ( "t are n ne>ly s likely to be injur$ z are ^? t are subject$ to a l[ temp]ature sudd5ly4 ,t is really :y !re is s mu* sev]e cold injury to woody plants 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 ! deep ,s\? freez+ wea!r may be uncommon b :5 freezes d occur usually !y foll[ a p]iod ( comp>atively w>m wea!r & ! temp]ature falls quickly4 ,x is ?is sudd5 *ange 9 temp]ature t causes ! sev]e injury4 ,two diff]5t places may h _h ! same mean mon?ly temp]ature yet at "o place sev]e injury may h occurr$ & no injury at ! o!r place ) plants normally hav+ equal h>d9ess4 ,a c>eful analysis ( ! situation1 h[ev]1 w\ld probably %[ t at ! place :]e ! injury occurr$ a p]iod ( w>m wea!r _h exi/$ :i* 0 foll[$ by a rapid drop 9 temp]ature to a kill+ l[ on a s+le night1 :]eas ! trees at ! place :]e no injury occurr$ 7 n subject$ to su* *anges 9 temp]ature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 injury to ! roots usually occurs only aft] prolong$ p]iods ( cold wea!r4 ,?is is l>gely because ! soil cools sl[ly & x requires a long p]iod ( cold wea!r to r$uce ! soil temp]ature suffici5tly & to su* dep?s z to cause injury to ! roots4 ,"u nor!rn conditions :]e l[ temp]atures = a r long p]iod are sometimes exp]i5c$1 injury to ! portion ( ! trees above gr\nd may occur z a result ( dry+ out ( ! wood4 ,x is well kn[n t a cake ( ice w gradually evaporate & disappe> :5 9 ! op5 & expos$ cont9u\sly to bel[-freez+ temp]atures4 ,we all "k t ! family wetwa% :5 hung on a l9e & froz5 w soon dry1 especially if ! w9d bl[s4 ,! pr9ciples op]at+ 9 ^! cases may cause sev]e injury to trees4 ,9 ! w9t]time ! root sy/ems ( trees take up wat] f ! soil t is n froz5 & ?is wat] moves 9 ! tree to replace t lo/ by evaporation4 ,"u conditions :]e ! soil is froz5 to su* an ext5t t ! wat] absorb$ by ! roots is cont9ually less ?an t lo/ by ! top ( ! trees by evaporation1 dry+ out ( ! top occurs4 ,if ?is is cont9u$ ov] a p]iod ( "t a dryness ( ! wood & o!r tissues occurs t causes dea? ( ! dri$-out portions4 ,?is type ( injury does n %[ ! typical symptoms ( cold injury b r ^? ( dry+ out4 ,! conditions t are mo/ likely to cause su* injury are a soil froz5 to ! effective root+ dep?s1 a dry atmosph]e1 & a mod]ately high w9d velocity4 ,injury ( a simil> nature to t j describ$ v (t5 affects trees transplant$ 9 late fall or e>ly w9t]1 especially ^? t did n h _! tops cut back to balance ! loss ( roots su/a9$ 9 transplant+4 ,dur+ ev5 v mild w9t]s ! tops ( su* trees dry out to su* an ext5t t ! small bran*es & ev5 ! lead] may die4 ,9 extreme cases ! entire top may die back to ! root4 ,9 plant+ b>e-root trees reg>dless ( ! "t ( ! ye> !y %\ld be r sev]ely cut back imm$iately aft] transplant+ to prev5t su* dry+ out & dy+ back ( ! wood4 ,cut-back trees g5]ally w make m gr[? ! fir/ season foll[+ transplant+ ?an w simil> trees n cut back4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common types ( injury to "y nut trees z well z o!rs is t kn[n z sun scald or w9t] injury4 ,?is occurs g5]ally on ! s\? or s\?we/ sides ( ! trunk & = "s di/ance betwe5 ! gr\nd & ! head ( ! tree4 ,usually ! injury is n evid5t until a ye> or s aft] x occurr$ & !n x may be obs]v$ z a n>r[ /rip ( discolor$ & sunk5 b>k :i* may crack :]e x meets ! live tissue4 ,?is dead or injur$ area is usually invad$ by bor]s ( "o or m k9ds4 ,?is s-call$ sun scald injury is ?\ght to be caus$ by ! alt]nate freez+ & ?aw+ ( ! tissues on ! s\? & s\?we/ sides ( ! tree4 ,on a bright1 sun%9y day1 ev5 ?\gh cold1 ! sun's rays /rik+ ! b>k ( ! tree quickly raise ! temp]ature ( ! b>k & wood4 ,:5 ! sun is obscur$ by cl\ds or at nightfall ! temp]ature ( ! tissues drops rapidly & !y may freeze aga94 ,x is ?\ght t ! rapid & r great *ange 9 temp]ature ( ! b>k & wood is ! prim>y cause ( sun scald4 ,:atev] ! cause1 we "k t x c be prev5t$ by %ad+ ! tree trunk4 ,?is c be done by head+ ! trees l[ s t ! bran*es %ade ! trunk1 or by %ad+ ! s\? side ( ! trunk ) a bo>d #f or #h in*es wide1 or by wrapp+ ! trunk ) burlap or simil> mat]ial4 ,mu* ( ! injury to ,*9ese *e/nut1 pecan1 & hickory trees1 especially1 is caus$ by inexp]i5c$ gr[]s :o cut (f ! l[ bran*es 9 an ef=t to raise ! head ( "y trees4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut g5]ally =ms a v l[-head$ or bu%-type tree4 ,mo/ ( ! cold or w9t] injury ,i h se5 on ,*9ese *e/nut trees has be5 on ! trunks & has result$ f remov+ ! l[] limbs s t !y 7 n %ad$4 ,h>d9ess 9 woody plants is only a relative t]m & is det]m9$ by ! condition ( ! plant at ! "t ! l[ temp]ature occurs4 ,woody plants are mo/ t5d] :5 !y are mo/ actively gr[+ & mo/ resi/ant to cold injury :5 !y are 9 deep or pr(\nd re/4 ,/rong1 vigor\s1 well-n\ri%$ trees are mu* m resi/ant to cold injury ?an weak1 poorly-n\ri%$ trees4 ,h5ce1 ! successful gr[] makes an ef=t ?r\gh disease & insect control & prop] f]tilization & cultivation to keep 8 trees /rong4 ,^! practices %\ld be s c>ri$ out t ! trees w make a /rong1 vigor\s gr[? 9 ! spr+ & e>ly summ] & !n g into re/ )\t a second or ?ird flu% ( gr[?4 ,! trees %\ld c>ry _! leaves until fro/ z !re are "s ?+s made 9 !m t cause ! trees to develop resi/ance to cold injury4 ,w9t] or cold injury c de/roy 9 a s+le night ! hopes & expectations ( sev]al ye>s' "w b1 9 ! ma91 if "o gr[s well only ^? trees t are suit$ to ! environm5t su* losses are only r>ely exp]i5c$4 ,nut ,culture ,9 ,ont>io ,i4 ,c4 ,,m>ritt1 ,di/rict ,=e/]1 ,ont>io ,dep>tm5t ( ,l&s & ,=e/s ,x 0 sugge/$ to me t a pap] be prep>$ on nut culture 9 ,ont>io4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,l& & ,=e/s ( ,ont>io has n done specializ$ "w on nut culture4 ,! reason = ?is neglect is n t v>i\s memb]s did n realize ! importance ( nut culture1 b t !re 0 always m "w on g5]al re=e/ation & woodlot ext5sion ?an c\ld be done4 ,! "w ) nut trees has be5 along ) _! g5]al "w4 ,we h n1 z yet1 _h a memb] ( ! /aff :o has gone nutty ov] nuts4 ,x is hop$ t y\r meet+ "h w /ir up int]e/ 9 ?is wor?y subject4 ,we are v pr\d 9 ,ont>io ( ! "w t has be5 done on g5]al re=e/ation & woodlot managem5t4 ,?is is a subject t all nut en?usia/s are int]e/$ 91 & we w\ld l y to "k :at is be+ done 9 ,ont>io4 ,! ,prov9ce ( ,ont>io has be5 di/ribut+ trees free to l&[n]s s9ce #aijg4 ,!re are ?ree well-equipp$ tree nurs]ies1 & a f\r? is be+ develop$ 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! prov9ce4 ,a fif? nurs]y has be5 />t$ 9 ! nor?we/ at ,=t ,william on ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,! numb] ( trees di/ribut$ v>ies consid]ably f ye> to ye>4 ,! high di/ribution ye>s 7 #aici & #aidj1 :5 approximately sev5te5 million trees 7 plant$ ea* ye>4 ,dur+ ! w> ye>s1 on acc\nt ( ! lab\r situation & w> activities1 ! di/ribution decl9$ to betwe5 t5 & elev5 million trees4 ,?is pa/ season1 ! dem& 0 mu* l>g] ?an ! supply4 ,all ! nurs]ies are exp&+1 z x is anticipat$ !re w be a heavy dem& by private plant]s1 & also mo/ ( ! c\nties are enl>g+ ! area ( _! c\nty =e/s4 ,! application =m = =e/ trees includes sev5 ev]gre5s & n9ete5 decidu\s trees4 ,walnut & butt]nut are ! only nut trees on ! application =m4 ,%agb>k hickory has also be5 gr[n1 b n 9 l>ge en\gh quantity to include x 9 ! li/ ( available trees4 ,! ,/4 ,williams tree nurs]y ne> ,lake ,erie has gr[n nam$ v>ieties ( walnuts & hickories4 ,^! h be5 giv5 out to int]e/$ p>ties1 &1 9 future ye>s1 w fur!r ! gr[+ ( ! m desirable nut trees4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s ago1 ! citiz5s ( ,/4 ,?omas plant$ nut trees two or ?ree feet 9 height = sev5ty miles along ,no4 #c ,highway :i* crosses ,elg9 ,c\nty4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^! trees h surviv$4 ,a l>ge acreage ( =e/ trees has also be5 plant$ "u ! ,c\nties ,re=e/ation ,act4 ,"u ?is act ! c\nty pur*ases ! l& & ! prov9ce plants & looks aft] ! plantations = ?irty ye>s4 ,! c\nty !n has ?ree options re pay+ back ! co/ ( plant+ & sup]vision4 ,all ! options are )\t int]e/ *>ges4 ,! c\nty =e/s are l>gely on light s&y soils t1 9 mo/ cases1 are a liability to ! municipalities if !y are n gr[+ trees4 ,! ,ont>io ,gov]nm5t pass$ an act 9 #aidf t gave ! c\nties ! "r to pass a by-law to regulate cutt+ on privately-own$ woodlots4 ,y w be int]e/$ to "k t elev5 c\nties h pass$ by-laws to regulate cutt+4 ,!y are all bas$ on a diamet] limit4 ,we realize t a diamet] limit is a poor sub/itute = good =e/ry practice1 b x is bett] ?an unre/rict$ cutt+4 ,! diamet] limits range f t5 to sixte5 in*es = mo/ trees1 & five to six in*es = c$>s4 ,consid]able ext5sion "w 0 done on nut gr[+ 9 ! p]iod f #aibj to #aicj4 ,mr4 ,james ,a4 ,neilson1 an ,ext5sion ,horticulturi/ /ation$ at ,v9el&1 became v int]e/$ & locat$ _m individual trees & gave num]\s lectures on nut culture4 ,a bullet9 by ,mr4 ,neilson on nut culture 0 publi%$ 9 #aibe1 & repr9t$ 9 #aicj1 by ! ,ont>io ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,mr4 ,neilson w5t to ,mi*igan & did ext5sion "w on ?is subject until 8 untimely dea?4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan has also done consid]able "w to keep nut culture be=e ! public by writ+ lett]s to ! diff]5t newspap]s4 ,!re has always be5 a l>ge dem& = black walnut4 ,! reason = ?is is ! high value plac$ on ?is wood & ! plant+ ( ^! trees = %ade & nut production1 al?\gh ! consumption ( native nuts is comp>atively l[4 ,! black walnut grew1 orig9ally1 s\? ( a l9e f ,toronto to ,s>nia4 ,x has be5 plant$ z f> nor? z ,ottawa1 & is di/ribut$ q widely 9 ,old ,ont>io n[--be+ plant$ l>gely z %ade trees4 ,^! %ade trees are produc+ nuts1 & ) ! aid ( squirrels1 ! walnuts are se$+ up along f5ce r[s1 ar\nd f>m homes1 & 9 woodlots4 ,walnut has be5 obs]v$ com+ up 9 a woodlot1 & ! only possible s\rce is a %ade tree half a mile away4 ,! walnut cat]pill> defoliates ! trees b seldom kills !m1 al?\gh x does l[] _! value z %ade trees4 ,walnut has be5 a favorite species = =e/ tree plant+4 ,x is plant$ 9 pure /&s & 9 mixtures4 ,! l>ge/ & be/ kn[n walnut plantation 0 put out by ,sir ,william ,mullock 9 #aibf on ! highway nor? ( ,toronto4 ,!re are num]\s small plantations ?r\gh\t ! prov9ce4 ,=e/]s 9 ,ont>io g5]ally recomm5d mix+ walnut ) o!r h>dwoods & ev]gre5s r ?an plant+ 9 pure /&s4 ,x has be5 advocat$ to plant walnuts ) :ite spruce4 ,! idea is t spruce w %ade ! gr\nd1 kill ! side bran*es ( ! walnut1 & help to =ce ! walnuts to gr[ long sl5d] poles4 ,x is und]/ood1 & expect$1 t ! spruce w be ru9$1 z _! lead]s w\ld gr[ into ! bran*es ( ! walnut4 ,z f> z we "k1 ?is exp]im5t has n be5 und]tak54 ,! butt]nut tree is f\nd gr[+ naturally f>!r nor? ?an ! walnut tree4 ,its nor!rn b\nd>y is r\ghly a l9e drawn f ,midl& on ,georgian ,bay to ,ottawa4 ,x is widely di/ribut$1 b is n 9 l>ge en\gh quantity to h comm]cial value = lumb]4 ,an exp]t wood c>v]1 :o is employ$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,l&s & ,=e/s1 uses butt]nut l>gely 9 8 "w4 ,! %agb>k & bitt]nut hickories make up ! l>ge p]c5tage ( ! hickories gr[+ 9 ,ont>io4 ,! nor!rn limit ( ! bitt]nut is approximately ! same z ! butt]nut--t is1 ,midl& on ,georgian ,bay & ,ottawa on ! ea/2 :ile ! nor!rn limit ( ! %agb>k is ?irty to =ty miles s\? ( ! bitt]nut4 ,! pignut & ! mock]nut hickories are f\nd 9 ! s\!rn h>dwood belt along ,lake ,erie4 ,! ,am]ican *e/nut 0 q pl5tiful 9 diff]5t sections ( ! s\!rn h>dwood belt4 ,x 0 valu$ q highly = ! nuts4 ,x has be5 kill$ out by ! *e/nut blight & x is v r>ely t live suck]s are se54 ,! bee* 0 widely di/ribut$ 9 ! woodl& ( s\!rn ,ont>io4 ,x has r>ely be5 plant$ z a %ade tree & x is n se$+ up ext5sively 9 woodlots4 ,!re are _m /ories ( hogs be+ fatt5$ on bee*nuts 9 pione] days4 ,! ,japanese he>tnut has be5 plant$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! prov9ce4 ,a he>tnut tree 9 ,bruce ,c\nty liv$ ?r\gh a h>d w9t] t kill$ _m sug> maples & bee* 9 ! same area4 ,nut trees are se$+ up 9 _m pa/ur$ woodlots 9 s\?we/]n ,ont>io4 ,! reason = ?is is t /ock d n reli% _! foliage z !y d ! maple1 bee* & basswood1 etc41 & because ( ?is1 x is likely t nut trees w make up a l>g] p]c5tage ( trees 9 ,ont>io woodlots ?an orig9ally1 z x is a sad fact t at lea/ sev5ty-five p]c5t on ! f>m woodlots 9 ,ont>io are /ill be+ pa/ur$4 ,x is hop$ t m int]e/ w be %[n 9 plant+ nut trees by f>m]s & home own]s4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,l&s & ,=e/s is enl>g+ its /aff ( ,ext5sion ,=e/]s1 & no d\bt !y w include ! propagation ( nut trees 9 _! ext5sion "w4 ,nut ,gr[+ at ! ,horticultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,v9el& ,/ation1 ,ont>io ,w4 ,j4 ,,/rong ,!re 0 v little int]e/ 9 nut gr[+ 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,horticultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation al?\gh back 9 #aiad a few filb]ts & ,p]sian 7,engli%7 walnuts 7 plant$4 ,! fir/ nut or*>d at ! ,/ation 0 set out 9 #aibb & s9ce !n sev]al lots ( nut trees h be5 add$ f "t to "t1 pr9cipally filb]ts & ,p]sian walnuts4 ,also a few black walnuts1 ,japanese he>tnuts1 ,*9ese *e/nuts1 hickories1 pecan & sev]al hybrids 7 plant$4 ,9 #aibb tw5ty v>ieties ( filb]ts 7 obta9$ f a nurs]y ne> ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,^! 7 reput$ to be "s ( ! bett] sorts import$ f ,g]many b :5 !y came into be>+ only "o 0 true to "n1 ?is be+ ,italian ,r$4 ,ano!r un-nam$ v>iety 9 ?is lot 7field numb] #c ,r #a ,a ,t #aj1 #aa1 #ab71 prov$ to be h>dy & v vigor\s4 ,! nuts 7 only ( m$ium size b v well fill$ & ( good quality4 ,! re/ ( ^! 7 a nondescript lot ( wor?less v>ieties or se$l+s & s aft] a few ye>s ne>ly all 7 uproot$ & disc>d$4 ,at ?is "t 7#aibb7 f\r v>ieties ( ,p]sian walnuts 7 plant$1 ,franquette1 ,mayette1 ,hall & ,ru%4 ,! ,franquette & ,mayette h n gr[n v well "h & h giv5 v poor yields4 ,bo? ,hall & ,ru% made good gr[? ! fir/ #ae or #bj ye>s f plant+ b latt]ly1 gr[? has be5 poor & yields h fall5 (f consid]ably1 al?\gh ?is ye> 7#aidg7 !re is a v fair crop %[+1 b ) r mu* dropp+4 ,! nut ( ! ,hall v>iety is q l>ge b ! husk is ?ick & ! %ell is ?ick & co>se1 also 9 "s seasons ! k]nel has n fill$ out v well4 ,! ,ru% has giv5 good crops ( m$ium-size nuts4 ,x seems to be r susceptible to bact]ial blight4 ,five nam$ v>ieties ( black walnuts also 7 plant$ at ?is "t 7#aibb71 ,?omas1 ,ohio1 ,/abl]1 ,t5 ,eyck & ,mc,coy4 ,! ,?omas has prov5 to be ! be/ ( ^! & ! value ( ! o!rs 0 pretty mu* 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,! la/ two 7 q inf]ior z to nut1 :ile ! ,/abl] lack$ vig\r & did n yield v well1 al?\gh x is a nice nut & ! k]nel comp>atively easy to extract4 ,eight ,p]sian walnut se$l+s 9 ! same plantation1 set out 9 #aibf1 h made poor to fair gr[?4 ,!y h giv5 v few nuts until ?is ye> 7#aidg7 :5 two ( !m are %[+ a v fair crop4 ,ab\t #aibh tw5ty ,japanese walnuts & hybrids ) ! butt]nut1 & ab\t ! same numb] ( ,p]sian walnut se$l+s1 :i* h be5 br\ght 9 by ! late ,pr(essor ,jas4 ,a4 ,neilson1 7 transplant$ to ! p]man5t fruit+ positions4 ,! ,japanese walnuts & hybrids 7 wor?less & s 7 disc>d$4 ,! ,p]sian walnuts1 h[ev]1 seem$ to be ( m value1 sev]al are q nice nuts & "o1 at lea/1 looks to be wor?y ( increase = fur!r trial or limit$ di/ribution4 ,?is se$l+ 7field numb] #ac,r#c,t#ad7 has made v fair gr[? & has %[n only slight w9t] injury4 ,= ! la/ five or six ye>s x has giv5 mod]ately good yields ( v nice look+ nuts4 ,! nuts are l>ge1 r long & oval1 resembl+ some:at ! ,franquette4 ,! %ell is smoo? & mod]ately ?ick1 well seal$ b easy to crack4 ,usually !y are q well fill$ & ! k]nel is mild 9 flav\r & ( nice quality4 ,ano!r ,p]sian walnut1 set out ab\t ! same "t1 is ! ,mc,dermid4 ,! orig9al tree 0 f\nd on ! prop]ty ( a ,mr4 ,mc,dermid at ,/4 ,ca?>9es1 ,out4 ,"o graft$ tree & f\r se$l+s 7 plant$ on ! ,/ation gr\nds4 ,!y grew well & %[$ v little kill+ back & = sev]al ye>s gave q nice crops ( nuts1 b ( rec5t ye>s ! yield has be5 r small4 ,! nut is blunt-oval 9 %ape & ( good size ) a fairly h>d %ell :i* is well seal$ b n any too easy to op54 ,! quality is fairly good b ! pellicle is r /rong flav\r$4 ,! ye> #aicf may be consid]$ ! high wat] m>k 9 nut plant+ at ! ,/ation4 ,a v>iety block ( filb]ts 0 set out t ye> & fifty "o-ye>-old ,p]sian walnut se$l+s 7,c>pa?ian /ra97 7 plant$ 9 a nurs]y r[1 & 9 p]man5t location 9 #aicg4 ,! filb]t plant+ consi/$ ( f ?ree to n9e bu%es ea* ( twelve v>ieties1 includ+ ,avel9e 7:ite71 ,b>celona1 ,bixby1 ,bolwyll]1 ,bu*anan1 ,cos=d1 ,daviana1 ,du ,*illy1 ,m$ium ,long1 ,r$ ,lamb]t 787 & ,jones hybrid4 ,^! 7 plant$ 9 a compact block1 #ah feet ap>t ea* way on ! squ>e4 ,a less] di/ance no d\bt w\ld be suffici5t = upright gr[+ sorts l ,du ,*illy b "s ( ! m spread+ k9ds c use ! great] di/ance4 ,mo/ ( ^! filb]ts />t$ to yield a few nuts at five to sev5 ye>s f plant+ & at n9e or t5 ye>s 7 giv+ good crops4 ,yields h fluctuat$ consid]ably f ye> to ye>1 & also betwe5 v>ieties & diff]5t bu%es ( ! same v>iety4 ,yields obta9$ f individual t5-ye>-old bu%es & size ( nut are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,qu>ts#b ,p9ts1 nuts ,size ( nut ,"n 7) husks7 7)\t husks7 ,no4 p] p9t ,b>celona #aa #h #aja ,bixby 7#a7 #aa #i #acj ,bixby 7#b7 #bb #ab #adh ,daviana 7#a7 #aj #f #id ,daviana 7#b7 #aa #g #ij ,du ,*illy 7#a7 #bj #aa #ic ,du ,*illy 7#b7 #ag #ab #ib ,m$ium ,long #aa #h #aae ,footnote #b3 ,canadian measure4 ,high] yields h und\bt$ly be5 obta9$ f o!r plantations & f o!r individual bu%es & c]ta9ly l[] yields1 also1 may be expect$4 ,^? giv5 above are = #aidf f ! be/ t5-ye>-old bu%es 9 a plantation ( =ty plants4 ,yield & size ( nut :ile ( major importance are n ! only crit]ia = apprais+ ! value ( a nut v>iety4 ,9 filb]ts1 su* po9ts z ease ( husk+1 am\nt ( fibre &1 ( c\rse1 quality mu/ be consid]$4 ,also1 z 9 o!r nuts1 ?ickness ( %ell & proportions ( k]nel to %ell are q important4 ,vig\r & h>d9ess ( bu% & h>d9ess ( fl[]1 male & female1 are assum$1 z )\t ^! high yields are n to be expect$4 ,mo/ ( ! filb]t v>ieties 9 be>+ at ! ,horticultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ) a few ( _! out/&+ qualities are not$ bel[4 ,b>celona has a r ?ick %ell & too mu* fibre4 ,x matures e>ly1 fir/ week ( ,septemb]1 & ! nuts drop out ( ! husk fairly readily4 ,! plant is /rong & vigor\s & some:at spread+ 9 habit ( gr[?4 ,x appe>s to be h>dy4 ,du ,*illy is n always h>dy & x is difficult to husk4 ,"s bu%es ( ?is v>iety h giv5 q l[ yields4 ,m$ium ,long is a useful nut4 ,x is n z l>ge z ! =m] two1 b x fills well & !re is v little fibre2 also ! %ell is ?94 ,x rip5s some:at lat] ?an ,b>celona & is easy to husk4 ,bixby is ( m$ium size1 some:at po9t$ ) a m$ium ?ick %ell b almo/ no fibre4 ,x is late 9 matur+1 fir/ week ( ,octob]1 & does n husk readily4 ,daviana is a l>ge1 attractive nut ) a mod]ately ?9 %ell & has v little fibre4 ,! quality is good4 ,! nuts are mo/ly borne s+ly b ) "s pairs & !y are apt to cl+ to ! husk4 ,cos=d is a v nice nut4 ,x is simil> to ,m$ium ,long1 some:at small] & ( good appe>ance4 ,x has a ?9 %ell & is ( good quality4 ,x rip5s e>ly & sep>ates readily f ! husk4 ,p]haps n always h>dy4 ,bolwyll] is h>dy1 yields mod]ately well & has nice quality4 ,bu*anan1 mu* l ,bixby1 b a m vigor\s gr[]4 ,r difficult to pick4 ,! nut has good quality & v little fibre4 ,italian ,r$1 "o ( ! be/ b n h>dy4 ,! filb]t plant+s h be5 add$ to f "t to "t4 ,9 #aidb1 #bjj op5-poll9at$ se$l+s ( ! h>dy se$l+ 7#c,r#a;,,at #aj1 #aa1 #ab--aibb plant+7 7 set out & are n[ 7#aidg7 beg9n+ to be> a few nuts4 ,! ma9 purpose ( gr[+ ^! se$l+s is to f9d a l>g] nut ( good quality ) ! vig\r & h>d9ess ( ! female p>5t4 ,9 #aidd a bu% ea* ( ,bee!1 ,bu*anan1 ,luis5 & ,volkugel v>ieties 7 set out1 also bu%es ( ! foll[+ hybrids3 ,ru% x ,:ite ,avel9e ,no4 #ba ,ru% x ,k5ti% ,cob ,no4 #aaj & #aaa ,ru% x ,b>celona ,no4 #aeg & #aei ,ru% x ,bolwyll] ,no4 #bjj ,ru% x ,r$ ,lamb]t ,no4 #cid & #cih ,ru% x ,du ,*illy ,no4 #dhe & #eee ,ru% x ,daviana ,no4 #ebi & #eba ,?is mat]ial 0 suppli$ by ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation = te/ purposes4 ,s f> none ( ^! has come into be>+4 ,! se$l+ ,c>pa?ian walnuts 7#aicg plant+7 are ne>ly all be>+ a few nuts4 ,"s began 9 #aidc :ile o!r bore no?+ until sev]al ye>s lat]4 ,"o tree 9 #aidf gave six p9ts ( nuts1 )\t ! husks1 ano!r f\r p9ts & sev]al two p9ts1 b mo/ ( !m mu* less4 ,z 9 o!r se$l+ trees !re is mu* v>iation 9 ?is lot ( walnuts4 ,!y v>y consid]ably 9 habit ( gr[? & vig\r1 also 9 nut *>act]i/ics4 ,!y h %[n little or no w9t] injury4 ,x is too e>ly yet to pass judgm5t on ^! se$l+s4 ,und\bt$ly _m ( !m are wor?less1 o!rs are on ! bord] l9e1 & a few may be bett] ?an se$l+s already gr[+ 9 ! ,niag>a fruit belt4 ,x is possible t "s may h suffici5t h>d9ess = plant+ 9 ! less fav\r$ sections ( ,ont>io4 ,o!r types ( nuts gr[+ at ! ,horticultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation are ( g5]al int]e/4 ,! *e/nuts & mo/ ( ! pecans are v "y & s are n be>+4 ,sev]al hickories1 ,c>ya ovata & ,c4 lac9iosa1 & ,japanese walnuts be> "s nuts occasionally4 ,! ,p]sian walnut x black walnut hybrids be> a few nuts sometimes b are wor?less2 ! trees h[ev]1 are nice z ornam5tals4 ,! ,japanese walnut x butt]nut hybrids usually h a nice crop b ! nuts are ( que/ionable value4 ,! trees are nice ornam5tals al?\gh subject to w9d injury4 ,sev]al se$l+ ,*9ese *e/nuts 7 topwork$ to select$ ,*9ese *e/nuts1 grafts ( :i* 7 obta9$ f ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,un=tunately ^! 7 all de/roy$ at ! result ( con/ruction "w4 ,9 addition to plant+s made at ?is ,/ation1 nuts & nut se$l+s h be5 di/ribut$ to p :o wi%$ to gr[ a few nut trees on _! own places4 ,cultural practices h be5 v simple at ! ,/ation4 ,aft] plant+1 ! trees 7 cultivat$ = a ye> or two1 !n ! space betwe5 s[n to grass & clov] & ! space j ar\nd ! trees 0 mul*$ ) manure1 hay1 etc4 ,! grass is cut sev]al times a ye> & plac$ ar\nd ! trees z additional mul*4 ,small quantities ( a good comm]cial f]tiliz] su* z #d-h-aj h be5 appli$ occasionally & "s nitrog5 also has be5 us$4 ,prun+ has be5 r$uc$ to a m9imum1 a light ?9n+ out ( bran*es be+ giv5 z requir$4 ,v little attempt has be5 made to keep filb]ts to a s+le /em1 b ! walnuts h be5 kept to a s+le l[-head$ trunk4 ,!re has be5 a m>k$ increase 9 int]e/ 9 ! plant+ ( nut trees 9 ,ont>io s9ce ! fir/ plant+s 7 made at ! ,/ation4 ,^! ,/ation plant+s s]ve to demon/rate 9 a small way t nut trees c be gr[n 9 ! ,niag>a fruit belt ( ,ont>io4 ,! feasibilty1 h[ev]1 ( gr[+ nut crops 9 a comm]cial way1 ev5 9 ?is di/rict1 is /ill op5 to "q1 al?\gh x is felt t f>m]s & o!rs %\ld be enc\rag$ to plant a few nut trees on _! prop]ty bo? = ! sake ( ! nuts & because ( ! ornam5tal nature ( ! trees4 ,soil ,managem5t = ,nut ,plantations 9 ,ont>io ,j4 ,r4 van ,,ha>lem1 ,horticultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,v9el& ,/ation1 ,ont>io ,fruitgr[]s ) high pric$ l&1 su* z we h 9 ! ,niag>a ,p59sula1 are n mu* int]e/$ 9 us+ su* l& = a crop n yet prov5 comm]cially s\nd4 ,plant+s1 :e!r l>ge or small1 are likely to be made on l[-pric$ m>g9al l& ne$+ good c>e4 ,x is d\btful if ^! locations are be/ suit$ to prop] nut culture s9ce mo/ nut trees are deep root$ ) ext5sive root sy/ems requir+ ! be/ soils4 ,at ! ,v9el& ,/ation we h ?ree plantations made up ( #aaj walnuts1 #bdj filb]ts1 #ad *e/nuts & #f pecans4 ,^! comprise nam$ v>ieties & se$l+s ( black1 ,c>pa?ian1 & o!r ,p]sian walnuts1 filb]ts1 *e/nuts & pecans4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! life ( ^! plantations we ma9ta9$ a clean cultivation program dur+ ! spr+ & e>ly summ] foll[$ by ! plant+ ( a gre5-manure crop ab\t ,july #a/ ea* ye>4 ,su* crops z buck:eat1 millet1 rye1 & we$s1 h be5 us$ on occasion4 ,we soon f\nd t ! treatm5t 0 n good en\gh = ! trees & we !n *ang$ to a grass sod ) mul* ar\nd ea* tree )9 ! spread ( ! bran*es4 ,s9ce ?is sod-mul* treatm5t 0 appli$ ! trees h done v mu* bett]1 mak+ f9e gr[? & ma9ta9+ a l>ge leaf area ( good color4 ,?is treatm5t is fairly repres5tative ( ! _m trees plant$ 9 doory>ds "u sod conditions1 :]e ! grass is cut & left on top4 ,mo/ ( our ,ont>io soils are defici5t 9 organic matt] &1 dep5d+ on location1 defici5t 9 phosphate or pota%1 or bo? toge!r4 ,! m9]al defici5cy %\ld fir/ be correct$ by lib]al applications ( ! requir$ f]tiliz] be=e plac+ ! plantations 9 sod1 9 fact x w\ld pay to d ?is sev]al ye>s be=e sett+ out ! trees1 gr[+ alfalfa on ?is l& & return+ all ! hay back into ! soil4 ,= plantations already set out ^! m9]als c\ld be plac$ 9 a furr[ cut j "u ! out] spread ( ! bran*es4 ,our soils h a high fixation factor = phosphate & pota% & we h f\nd t ! be/ practice is to place ! f]tiliz] "u ! surface ei!r ) a deep-placem5t ma*9e or z outl9$ above4 ,aft] ! plantation is 9 sod an application ( #ejj to #a1jjj lbs4 ( a #d-h-aj f]tiliz] e fif? ye> %\ld take c>e ( ! m9]al requirem5ts4 ,h[ev]1 our exp]i5ce ) fruit 9 g5]al :]e plant$ 9 sod is t n suffici5t c>e is tak5 to keep ! trees well suppli$ ) nitrog51 _m gr[]s labor+ "u ! mi/ak5 idea t j ! sod is suffici5t4 ,lib]al applications ( ei!r manure or nitrate 9 ! spr+ is necess>y to make sure t ! tree gets its requir$ nitrog5 & n j ! sod alone4 ,m9]al f]tiliz]s %\ld be appli$ 9 ! late fall1 = "u our conditions fixation ( phosphate & pota% is consid]ably less at t "t4 ,! plantation may be se$$ d[n 9 ! e>ly spr+ b mul* %\ld n be add$ until late fall4 ,apply+ ! mul* 9 late fall w all[ ! mat]ial to fill up ) wat] f ! fall ra9s & w9t] sn[s1 & s prev5t ! s]i\s )hold+ ( wat] f ! trees dur+ dry spells 9 ! summ]1 because ! light summ] ra9s are seldom suffici5t to soak ?r\gh ! dry mul* mat]ial4 ,we h _h sev]al in/ances :]e a summ]-appli$ mul* has s]i\sly robb$ ! tree ( ne$$ moi/ure dur+ dry wea!r4 ,d n look = imm$iate improvem5t f sod-mul*1 x w take at lea/ two ye>s to become well e/abli%$4 ,improvem5t %\ld beg9 to %[ up ! second ye> aft] apply+4 ,we sometimes see a *lorotic condition ( ! foliage1 diff]5t f ! pale yell[ foliage due to nitrog5 defici5cy1 :i* occurs on m>g9al or %all[ soil & (t5 :]e ! soil rema9s too moi/1 z along a wat] c\rse or l[ spot4 ,we frequ5tly see ?is same tr\ble on grape foliage 9 su* locations4 ,?is is probably due to a lack ( suffici5t iron intake caus$ by a defici5cy ( manganese4 ,x c be cur$ by ei!r spray+ ) a #a solution ( magananese sulphate or apply+ ! dry salt "u ! spread ( ! bran*es4 ,! spray+ me?od seems to give bett] & fa/] results4 ,x has be5 report$ f ,briti% ,columbia t "s die-back is due to defici5cy ( boron4 ,p]haps "s ( ! die-back we see on nut trees dur+ ! summ] is due to ?is cause & n all to w9t] injury4 ,! v erratic results f gr\nd application ( borax w\ld indicate t borax %\ld be incorporat$ ) "o ( ! regul> sprays z a #a mixture4 ,our conclusions !re=e are t nut plantations %\ld be plac$ 9 sod z soon z possible & a mul* e/abli%$ ! fall ( ! ye> ! grass is s[n4 ,ea* ye> cut ! grass & draw 9 ar\nd ! tree to supplem5t ! mul*4 ,if n en\gh mat]ial is ga!r$ 9 ?is way x c be supplem5t$ by /raw or old hay4 ,manure or nitrate %\ld be appli$ ea* spr+ & trace elem5ts :]e ne$$ c be incorporat$ 9 ! regul> spray program4 99 99 99 99 99 ,discussion aft] ,j4 ,r4 van ,ha>lem's pap]4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i realize t !re are m trees :i* are />v+ to dea? ?an are be+ ov]f$4 ,silvis3 ,d y recomm5d t fre%ly cut hay be us$ z mul*8 ,van ,ha>lem3 ,any crop refuse c be us$ z mul*4 ,any?+ t w rot d[n4 ,! p,h ( ! soil %\ld be #f4b to #f4e4 ,o',r\rke3 ,w\ld y use clean cultivation = ! fir/ ye>8 ,van ,ha>lem3 ,!re is no?+ aga9/ x4 ,we use sod mul* at ,v9el&4 ,! reason t our gr[]s are n gr[+ nut plantations is t good l&1 t is good soil1 sells = #a1jjj p] acre4 ,nut trees gr[n on poor l&1 *eap l&1 d n produce4 ,mc,collum3 ,i am surpris$ t ra9 w\ld n g ?r\gh loose /raw & w g ?r\gh old /raw4 ,:]e does ! ra9 g :5 x falls on ! loose /raw8 ,van ,ha>lem3 ,x is absorb$ be=e x gets ?r\gh ! /raw4 ,dry mul* %\ld be #ah in*es deep4 ,memb]3 ,h[ w\ld y prev5t erosion on roll+ l&8 ,van ,ha>lem3 ,plant on ! cont\r4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,h[ (t5 d y r5ew mul* "u trees8 ,van ,ha>lem3 ,aft] fir/ application additional may be ne$$ b aft] t en\gh is gr[n "u trees :i* :5 cut & rak$ w suffice4 ,report f ,s\!rn ,ont>io ,,alex ,,tr\p1 ,jordan ,/ation1 ,ont>io ,"h 9 s\!rn ,ont>io we f9d t mo/ ( ! nor!rn nuts d well 9 mo/ seasons4 ,among black walnuts ! ,?omas1 ,ohio1 & _m o!rs d well4 ,! ,?omas does n always fill4 ,! ,ohio seems to be ! favorite among ,p]sian 7,engli%7 walnuts4 ,franquette1 ,broadview & a few o!rs are satisfactory b sometimes d n fill well4 ,( ,japanese he>tnut walnuts ne>ly all d well4 ,! ,mit*ell1 ,/rang]1 ,bates & o!rs are satisfactory4 ,all ! %agb>ks & %ellb>ks are do+ well1 al?\gh only ! "y %agb>ks are be>+1 & !n only lightly4 ,*e/nuts h done well at times b "s trees h be5 kill$ by ! blight4 ,we h ,japanese1 ,*9ese & "s o!r se$l+s4 ,!y are sometimes w9t] injur$4 ,filb]ts are satisfactory & usually be> well4 ,we h ,b>celona1 ,du ,*illy1 ,tr\p1 ,:ite ,avel9e1 ,italian ,r$1 ,k5ti% ,cob1 ,daviana1 ,mosi]1 ,guy ,smi?1 ,nonp>iel & ,brixnut4 ,! ,b>celona drops ne>ly free ( ! husk & is a f9e nut4 ,mo/ are ( ?is v>iety4 ,we d n h hazels4 ,pecans w gr[ & be> b d n fill4 ,nut ,trees ,h>dy at ,ald]%ot1 ,ont>io1 ,canada ,o4 ,,filman1 ,ald]%ot ,dur+ ! pa/ n9e or t5 ye>s ,i h plant$ a few trees ( "s ( ! bett] kn[n v>ieties ( nor!rn nut species1 "s ( !m *os5 f ! li/s ( promis+ selections 9 ! annual reports ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 "s on ! recomm5dation ( reliable nut nurs]ym54 ,^! trees h be5 plant$ "h & !re 9 v>i\s locations :]e space p]mitt$ on a small fruit & vegetable f>m1 n 9 or*>d =m nor 9 a solid nut tree plant+4 ,editor's ,note3 ,anyone read+ ?is pap] %\ld rememb] t x applies to an area ( int5sive gr[? ( pea*es1 pe>s1 & o!r fruits 9 a bit ( ,canadian l& we/ ( ,niag>a ,falls & protect$ spr+ & fall f extremes ( temp]atures by ,lake ,ont>io on ! nor? & ,lake ,erie on ! s\?4 ,! pap] by ,h4 ,l4 ,crane 9 ?is report %\ld be read 9 connection ) x4 ,ald]%ot is a fruit & vegetable gr[+ di/rict1 ab\t six miles f ,hamilton1 bel[ ! esc>pm5t1 on ! ,toronto-,hamilton lake %ore highway4 ,?is di/rict is almo/ at ! we/]n tip ( ,lake ,ont>io & is m or less a cont9uation ( ! ,niag>a fruit belt :i* bord]s ! lake4 ,consequ5tly ! climate is n s sev]e z t ( localities situat$ a few miles f>!r f ! lake & above ! ,niag>a esc>pm5t at high] altitudes4 ,w9t] temp]atures seldom g mu* bel[ z]o1 al?\gh1 9 occasional seasons1 temp]atures (-#bj degrees ,f41 & sometimes ev5 some:at l[]1 are exp]i5c$4 ,! soil is a deep1 well-dra9$1 light s&y loam1 kn[n z ,fox s&y loam1 consid]$ a good fruit & vegetable soil1 if organic matt] & f]tility are ma9ta9$ ) manure1 f]tiliz]s & gre5 manure crops4 ,nut trees1 :i* ,i h plant$1 include ,*9ese *e/nut1 he>t nut1 filb]t1 hickories1 butt]nut1 ,p]sian walnut1 a few black walnut se$l+s & two se$l+ pecans4 ,*e/nuts4 ,! native *e/nut grew 9 ! woods ( ?is locality be=e ! blight rea*$ x4 ,i h tri$ eight v>ieties ( ,ori5tal *e/nuts1 & ,i h trees surviv+ ( five3 ,abundance1 ,hobson1 ,c>r1 ,zimm]man1 & "o ( ,mr4 ,c>roll ,d4 ,bu%'s call$ ,*9ese ,sweet ,no4 #c4 ,!y all came ?r\gh a temp]ature ( ab\t-#bj degrees1 e>ly 9 #aidc 7) ! exception ( ,zimm]man :i* 0 plant$ lat]7 )\t %[+ any sign ( kill+ back or o!r visible injury4 ,un=tunately1 ,i h kept no records ( crops b expect to d s4 ,abundance4 ,"o be>+ tree1 pur*as$ f ,mr4 ,bu% ( ,oregon1 & plant$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aich4 ,bore a few burs 9 #aida4 ,bore a crop 9 #aidd1 miss$ #aide1 a good crop 9 #aidf4 ,x is be>+ :at appe>s to me to be q a heavy crop ?is ye>1 #aidg4 ,blossoms 9 ,july4 ,be>s a good-size1 attractive nut1 :i* falls free f ! bur1 rip5+ 9 e>ly ,octob]4 ,abundance has made ! be/ gr[? ( any ( ! v>ieties & appe>s ! mo/ promis+4 ,hobson4 ,two trees1 "o1 plant$ 9 #aidj1 bore its fir/ crop 9 #aidf2 ! o!r1 plant$ 9 #aidc1 n yet be>+4 ,has be5 a little disappo9t+1 9 view ( ! v fav\rable reports ( its p]=mance 9 m s\!rn locations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,probably x is a little too f> nor? ( its natural environm5t4 ,9 "s seasons x has made r good gr[?1 b n z vigor\s z t ( ,abundance4 ,x bore a fair crop 9 #aidf1 h[ev]1 ( attractive nuts ( ab\t ! same size z ,abundance4 ,x rip5$ 9 late ,octob] ab\t two weeks lat] ?an ,abundance4 ,^! nuts g]m9at$ well ?is spr+ :5 plant$ 9 pots 9 ! gre5h\se4 ,c>r4 ,"o tree surviv+1 plant$ 9 #aidj4 ,two o!rs1 plant$ 9 #aidc1 h di$1 b ,i d n believe t w9t] injury 0 ! cause ( _! dea?4 ,has gr[n sl[ly1 be>+ 9 #aidd & #aidf4 ,! nut is mu* small] ?an t produc$ by ! same v>iety at m s\!rn latitudes1 judg+ f descriptions ( x :i* ,i h read4 ,! nut is mu* small] ?an t ( ,hobson1 z gr[n "h4 ,?is small tree bore a trem5d\s crop 9 #aidf1 m ?an ,i ?\ght any tree ( its size c\ld support4 ,! tree 0 lit]ally cov]$ ) burs4 ,! nuts 7 v small1 n l>g] ?an a small native *e/nut4 ,!y rip5$ e>ly1 beg9n+ to drop f ! burs by ,septemb] #be?4 ,i /ratifi$ mo/ ( ! nuts 9 pots ( soil & plant$ #bjf nuts f ?is little tree1 :i* is only ab\t sev5 feet high & n at all spread+4 ,g]m9ation 0 good4 ,zimm]man4 ,"o small tree plant$ spr+ ( #aide4 ,n be>+ yet4 ,is n gr[+ fa/ b appe>s heal?y ) good foliage4 ,*9ese ,sweet ,no4 #c4 ,pur*as$ f ,mr4 ,bu% 9 #aich4 ,plant$ at ! same "t z ,abundance1 :i* ,mr4 ,bu% at t "t call$ ,*9ese ,sweet ,no4 #a4 ,he lat] nam$ ,no4 #a ,abundance1 b did n consid] ,no4 #c wor?y ( nam+4 ,has gr[n well1 b has borne v few nuts4 ,mr4 ,bu% disc>d$ x = ! same fault4 ,see comm5t foll[+4--,ed4 ,i h also tri$ & lo/ ! foll[+ v>ieties3 ,connecticut ,yankee1 ,au/9 ,japanese & ,/oke hybrid4 ,i h q a numb] ( "y se$l+s ( ,abundance1 ,c>r & a few ( ,hobson1 f se$ produc$ on my own trees1 "s ( :i* ,i hope to all[ to be> 9 ord] to see if any?+ promis+ %[s up among !m4 ,! ,abundance se$l+s seem to inh]it ! sup]ior vig\r ( _! female p>5t4 ,he>tnuts4 ,! ,japanese walnut gr[s vigor\sly4 ,i h plant$ a few ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly's v>ieties1 z well z ! ,wright he>tnut4 ,all ( ! ones plant$ seem p]fectly h>dy & at home4 ,i h only "o tree ( ea* v>iety4 ,o4,k4 ,f ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 plant$ 9 #aidb4 ,transplant$ #aidd4 ,bore its fir/ nuts1 "o clu/]1 9 #aidf4 ,crack+ & extraction ( k]nel 7 excell5t4 ,! flav\r 0 f9e4 ,size ( nut ab\t m$ium4 ,ok&a4 ,f ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 #aidb4 ,said by ,mr4 ,gellatly to be a hybrid betwe5 he>tnut & native butt]nut4 ,tree vigor\s4 ,nut has a smoo? %ell l a he>tnut4 ,crack+ & extraction good4 ,flav\r excell5t4 ,nut ab\t size & %ape ( a m$ium-siz$ he>tnut4 ,bore its fir/ crop 9 #aidf & is repeat+ ?is ye> ) a fair crop4 ,cr(t]4 ,f ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 #aidb4 ,also said by ,mr4 ,gellatly to be a hybrid betwe5 he>tnut & butt]nut4 ,tree vigor\s4 ,bore its fir/ crop 9 #aidf & has a few nuts ?is ye>4 ,! nut has a comp>atively smoo? %ell l a he>tnut1 is some:at l>g] ?an t ( ,ok&a b does n crack z well1 or r ! k]nel does n come out ( ! cavity ne>ly s well z t ( ,ok&a4 ,flav\r f9e4 ,canoka4 ,f ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 #aidd4 ,a pure he>tnut4 ,tree v vigor\s4 ,be>+ its fir/ crop ?is ye>1 sev]al clu/]s4 ,slioka4 ,a new he>tnut f ,mr4 ,gellatly1 plant$ 9 #aide4 ,tree gr[? is vigor\s4 ,is be>+ "o nut1 its fir/1 ?is ye>4 ,wright4 ,f ,b5ton & ,smi? nurs]ies #aidf4 ,seems to be h>dy4 ,tree gr[? has n be5 v /rong b appe>s heal?y4 ,new1 un-nam$ he>tnut4 ,f ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 plant$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aidd4 ,a new selection :i* ,mr4 ,gellatly has n nam$4 ,! tree has gr[n vigor\sly & x is be>+ its fir/ crop ( sev]al clu/]s ( nuts4 ,butt]nuts4 ,i h only "o graft$ butt]nut tree1 a ,crax-ezy1 f ! ,mi*igan ,nut ,nurs]ies 9 #aidj1 transplant$ 9 #aidb4 ,! tree has be5 h>dy & heal?y b has n gr[n v vigor\sly4 ,x is be>+ its fir/ crop ?is ye>4 ,i _h "o tree ( ! ,%]wood butt]nut1 plant$ 9 #aich1 :i* di$ la/ w9t] z a result1 ,i believe1 ( a heavy infe/ation ( oy/] %ell scale :i* ,i did n control soon en\gh4 ,%]wood bore e>ly & heavily4 ,! nut 0 extremely l>ge b did n crack at all well4 ,p]sian walnut4 ,only "o graft$ tree1 a ,broadview1 f ,mr4 ,gellatly1 plant$ 9 #aidb1 transplant$ 9 #aidd4 ,has be5 h>dy1 b has j begun to make really good gr[?1 ?is ye>4 ,has n borne4 ,filb]ts4 ,i h plant$ f\r ( ,mr4 ,gellatly's v>ieties1 namely ,craig1 ,brag1 ,comet & ,hold]1 z well z ,b>celona1 ,cos=d1 ,m$ium ,long & ,bu*anan4 ,craig & ,brag are ! only ones :i* h borne4 ,trees ( ^? v>ieties plant$ 9 #aidb bore _! fir/ crop 9 #aidf4 ,!y h v few nuts on !m ?is ye>4 ,all v>ieties seem to be w9t]-h>dy 9 ! wood4 ,craig1 ,brag & ,comet1 ! only ones :i* h borne /am9ate fl[]s d n seem too h>dy 9 ! catk9s h[ev]4 ,ne>ly all 7 kill$1 la/ w9t]1 al?\gh ! temp]ature sc>cely w5t z l[ z z]o4 ,mr4 ,gellatly /ates t _! catk9s survive mu* l[] temp]atures ?an t 9 ! we/4 ,"s o!r factor ?an l[ temp]ature probably is acc\ntable4 7,see pap] by ,h4 ,l4 ,crane 9 ?is report4--,ed47 ,cos=d1 ,m$ium ,long & ,bu*anan 7 plant$ 9 ! fall ( #aidf1 & h5ce x is too e>ly to h any in=mation on _! h>d9ess4 ,!y surviv$ _! fir/ w9t] 9 good condition & h gr[n vigor\sly ?is summ]4 ,hickories4 ,only ?ree graft$ trees surviv+4 ,pleas hybrid4 ,"o tree1 plant$ 9 #aich1 has be5 p]fectly h>dy1 hav+ come ?r\gh sev]al sev]e w9t]s )\t any sign ( injury4 ,x has made good gr[? & has develop$ into a f9e %ade tree = ! lawn b has n borne4 ,x has _h _m /am9ate catk9s = sev]al ye>s4 ,b>nes4 ,"o small tree1 plant$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aidf1 has made sl[ b heal?y gr[? & appe>s to be h>dy ?us f>4 ,mill]4 ,"o tree1 plant$ 9 #aidf1 is /ill liv+ b v weak4 ,9 addition to ^! nam$ v>ieties ,i h a numb] ( se$l+ black walnuts1 butt]nuts & he>tnuts1 :i* ,i hope to topwork to nam$ v>ieties2 also two se$l+ pecans :i* are mak+ surpris+ly good1 ?rifty gr[?4 ,! pecan se$l+s h be5 q h>dy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,discussion aft] ,mr4 ,filman's pap]4 ,/oke3 ,hobson is n z l>ge z ,abundance4 ,abundance is always l>g] ?an ,hobson4 ,c>r always produc$ bett] nuts ?an ,hobson4 ,mr4 ,filman f9ds t ,c>r has v small nuts4 ,i am surpris$ to see a rev]sal ( p]=mance betwe5 ,ont>io & ,virg9ia4 ,mc,daniel3 ,mr4 ,bu% n[ reports t 8 ,no4 #c *e/nut has borne bett] crops rec5tly4 ,abundance has n surviv$ 9 ,,tva te/s at ,norris4 ,report f ,e*o ,valley1 #aidg ,,george ,,hebd5 ,,corsan1 ,isl+ton1 ,ont>io ,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association visit$ ,e*o ,valley1 ,isl+ton1 ,ont>io1 ,septemb] #e? on ! field trip foll[+ _! annual conv5tion at ,guelph4 ,"s #ae species ( nuts & ne>ly #djj v>ieties are gr[+ !re4 ,! filb]ts drew a lot ( att5tion1 z ! mo/ ( !m 7 se$l+s & q l>ge1 "s l>g] ?an ! l>ge/ ,oregon v>ieties4 ,! se$s plant$ 73 ,italian ,r$4 ,du ,*illy1 ,giant de ,halle1 ,brixnut1 ,bollwyll]1 ,cos=d1 ,daviana1 & ,jones ,no4 #a ,hybrid4 ,! policy foll[$ has be5 n to disc>d a plant because x be>s small nuts or no nuts at all1 because su* trees may be> h>dy catk9s t live ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,! female blossoms ( filb]ts are v h>dy b _m male blossoms may be kill$ dur+ cold w9t]s4 ,ye>s ago ! ,dom9ion ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture decl>$ t filb]ts1 *e/nuts & ,p]sian 7,engli%7 walnuts c\ld n be gr[n nor? ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,i w\ld grant t !y gr[ bett] s\? ( ! lake4 ,h[ev]1 ! filb]t crop ?is fall s\? ( ! lake 0 v poor & scanty1 :]eas m9e 0 l>ge & 9 fact ! l>ge/ ,i ev] _h4 ,my ,w9kl] & ,ru% hazelnuts are cr[d$ on ! bran*es4 ,& ! same ) ! ,engli% walnuts4 ,my crop on ! l>g] trees c\ld n be bett]4 ,! ,?omas black walnut1 z well z o!r black walnuts1 ,jap he>tnuts1 hybrid butt]nut x ,japanese he>tnut cross1 *e/nuts & hickories are v l>ge4 ,hicans & nor!rn pecans d n develop nor? ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,d[n 9 ! v s\?we/ corn] ( ,ont>io1 nor? ( ,lake ,erie1 "s small pecans h cropp$ well on trees4 ,z a curiosity pecan trees are q h>dy "h1 b we lack l5g? ( season to mature ! nuts prop]ly4 ,no ,weik] hickory hybrid crops & rip5s well "h4 ,?is nut is "o ( ! v few crosses betwe5 %ellb>k & %agb>k hickories1 7,c>ya lac9iosa7 we/]n & 7,c>ya ovata7 ea/]n1 hickories4 ,i h "s crosses betwe5 ! ,*9ese & ,japanese *e/nuts t ,i am wat*+4 ,i h "o ,european x ,am]ican cross *e/nut1 ! ,gibbons1 & "o native 7,ca/anea d5tata7 t h escap$ ! blight4 ,s f> ?is ye> ,i h f\nd only "o blight$ *e/nut limb & ,i promptly cut x (f & t>r$ ! cut well4 ,at lea/ ,i h p]simmons h>dy en\gh to /& ! w9t]s nor? ( ,lake ,ont>io1 b ,i am n sure ab\t ! pawpaw4 ,?is fruit seems to require %ade f ! w9t]'s sun4 ,_m b n all ( ! ,cra? importations ( ,p]sian walnuts f ! ,c>pa?ians are h>dy & mu* m s ?an ! ,pom]oy v>ieties4 ,ev5 ! ,broadview is n h>dy z _m ( ! ,cra? v>ieties4 ,rev4 ,cra? did an imm5se s]vice to u by 8 importations :i* f> exce$$ our highe/ expectations4 ,i h "h ne>ly half a hundr$ v>ieties ( ,juglans regia t are do+ well1 especially ! ?ree ,rumanian giants t rip5 s well "h4 ,li/ ( ,"s ( ! ,l>g] & ,m ,important ,trees at ,e*o ,valley1 ,isl+ton1 ,ont>io ,black ,walnut ,/ambaugh #aibf--a/ prize4 ,?omas f ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 late rip5]4 ,tr\p1 cracks out :ole 9 spr+4 ,hepl]1 f ,miss ,riehl1 a long nut4 ,elm] ,my]s1 excell5t flavor1 ! ?9e/ %ell4 ,snyd]1 m$ium size1 l>ge k]nel4 ,ta/]ite1 a small nut1 orig9 ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,cl>k1 orig9 ,i[a1 v l>ge nut4 ,gif=d1 be>s v heavy crop e second ye>1 rip5s be=e ,?omas4 ,p]sian 7,engli%7 ,walnut ,david ,fair*ild1 se$l+ ,rumanian giant4 ,s5ator ,pepp]1 se$l+ ,rumanian giant4 ,paul de ,kruif1 se$l+ ,rumanian giant4 ,*9ese1 v h>dy1 m$ium size4 ,broadview1 f ,briti% ,columbia b orig9ally f ,russia4 ,hickory ,neilson1 a true %agb>k1 nut l>ge flat & v ?9 %ell1 flavor is wond]ful4 ,a big tree on highway #bd n f> s\? ( :]e ,alex&] ,graham ,bell p]fect$ ! telephone4 ,hag51 a true %agb>k1 a fa/ gr[]4 ,h&1 a %agb>k4 ,weik]1 a %ellb>k & %agb>k cross1 a l>ge1 heavy be>+ nut t rip5s "h nor? ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,excell5t flavor1 graft$ on pecan4 ,papple1 a small good %agb>k1 cracks out :ole4 ,an?ony ,no4 #a %agb>k4 ,glov]1 f ,miss ,riehl4 ,he>tnut ,wright1 a good be>] & excell5t crack]4 ,/rang]1 v heavy be>]1 excell5t crack]4 ,gellatly4 ,filb]t ,italian ,r$1 m$ium long ) wide base4 ,bollwyll]1 l>ge r\nd4 ,du ,*illy1 long smoo?4 ,_m se$l+s ( nam$ v>ieties4 ,*e/nut ,gibbons1 ,miss ,riehl1 hybrid ,european ,am]ican4 ,*9ese1 te/ n complet$4 ,jap ,butt]nut ,helmick1 f ,miss ,riehl1 #ad clu/]1 regul> be>]1 v ?9 %ell1 graft$ on black walnut4 ,report f ,beamsville1 ,ont>io ,,levi ,,h\ss] ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago ,i />t$ to plant nut trees1 z ,i decid$ nuts 7 ! solution to good heal?1 :i* ,i lat] f\nd 0 correct4 ,mo/ ( my fir/ trees di$4 ,i />t$ ga!r+ nuts all ov] ! c\ntry until at la/1 ne> my own home1 ,i f\nd a neighbor :o _h t5 trees & two out ( ! t5 7 be>+ l>ge size nuts ( an excell5t flavor4 ,i also add$ filb]ts to my collection4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,i le>n$ ( ,pr(4 ,neilson1 s ,i w5t to see him 9 ,guelph4 ,he told me ab\t ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,i also le>n$ ab\t ,mr4 ,corsan & 8 "w at ,isl+ton s ,i w5t to see him4 ,he also told me ab\t ! ,association s ,i w5t to ! next meet+ & jo9$ up4 ,i began to add m v>ieties to my plant+s4 ,my fir/ f\r acre plant+ 0 se$$ ) oats ! second ye>4 ,all my tress _h a nice />t4 ,i sp5t "s ?ree hundr$ doll>s t ye> = graft$ nut trees4 ,t second fall ,i hir$ a man to wat* & /& by ea* tree z ! b9d] pass$4 ,x 0 impossible = me to be !re4 ,! man :o cut ! oats 9 8 own /ubborn way w5t alone & cut ev]y?+ z he w5t1 trees & all4 ,my he>t 0 ne>ly brok56 ,i />t$ aga94 ,i b\ght nuts ( good v>ieties f all ov]4 ,i decid$ to make a little nurs]y ?is "t !n plant out aft] ! trees got bigg]4 ,j z ,i got ?is />t$ nicely ! w> came4 ,i also _h a fruit f>m :]e ,i n[ live besides also plant+ "s graft$ /ock "h4 ,my nurs]y1 sev5ty-eight miles away on my fifty acres1 ,i _h to leave z gas 0 ration$ & ,i 0 =c$ to sell1 s rema9+ !re are ab\t "o hundr$ trees :i* ,i %all wat*4 ,my be/ trees di$ b ,i kept go+ on plant+ e ye>4 ,today1 aft] all ! calamities ,i _h1 ,i h ar\nd two hundr$ trees liv+4 ,?is ye> ,i expect two bu%els ( he>tnuts2 ab\t two bu%els ( filb]ts2 "s extra nice ones t rip5$ e>ly1 l>ge & well fill$2 ab\t two bu%els ( black walnuts1 "s v promis+4 ,besides ^! ,i h ab\t fifty trees ( ! ,c>pa?ian walnuts f :i* ,i h ga!r$ ab\t two qu>ts ( nuts4 ,my olde/ tree is t5 ye>s old4 ,"o ,i graft$ on black walnut /ock & x is a v l>ge nut4 ,i ga!r$ five nuts f ?is4 ,! graft is n[ five ye>s old4 ,hundr$s ( nuts />t$2 ne>ly all dropp$ (f4 ,possibly z ! tree gets old] x w d bett] z ,i h plant$ sev]al o!r nut trees n f> away to help ) cross poll9ation4 ,i h "s good siz$ butt]nuts & ,i ga!r$ ab\t #ag qu>ts ( ^! s ,i expect to h en\gh nuts to supply my daily ne$s f n[ on f my own plant+s4 ,aft] tw5ty ye>s ( h>d "w & ) an outlay ( at lea/ #a1jjj1 my trees1 z !y gr[ up ar\nd me1 are l *ildr5 to me4 ,!y supply me ) food4 ,my n]v\sness 0 cur$ by !m & my heal? has return$4 ,my wor/ enemy "h ) filb]ts is !y />t to gr[ too e>ly1 !n a fro/ comes & !y are done aft] a week or two ( nice wea!r4 ,ev5 ?\gh we h ?is tr\ble we ga!r$ ne>ly two bu%els f #be trees :i* are eight ye>s old4 ,our l[e/ temp]ature "h 0 #bj bel[ z]o a few ye>s ago4 ,my ,c>pa?ians did n seem to m9d t nor did ! he>tnuts4 ,f n[ on ,i am plann+ my own little nurs]y & d my own graft+ z well4 ,i top "w my "y trees t %[ poor nuts4 ,nut ,gr[+ 9 ,new ,hamp%ire ,l4 ,p4 ,,latim]1 ,assi/ant ,horticulturi/1 ,univ]sity ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,durham1 ,new ,hamp%ire ,at ! pres5t "t !re are no nuts gr[n comm]cially 9 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,^? ga!r$ by ! resid5ts ( ?is /ate = home use or local consumption are compris$ almo/ entirely ( butt]nuts f wild se$l+ trees & nuts ( ! native hickory4 ,! butt]nut is ! mo/ highly priz$ among our native nuts4 ,x gr[s wild ov] a l>ge portion ( ! /ate4 ,! hickory nuts take second place1 probably because ( _! small] size & ! great] difficulty involv$ 9 remov+ ! meat f ! %ells4 ,black walnuts are occasionally f\nd b d n seem g5]ally z popul>4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,yeag] ( ! ,horticultural ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,durham1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 has sev]al times call$ = specim5s ( sup]ior butt]nuts gr[n 9 ! /ate4 ,^! h be5 te/$ = _! crack+ ability1 & size ( k]nel & ease ( removal f ! %ell 9 halves or z :ole meats4 ,sev]al v f9e specim5s h be5 collect$1 b progress 9 ! developm5t ( ^! bett] types has be5 imp$$ by ! difficulty involv$ 9 try+ to propagate !m vegetatively4 ,! ,new ,hamp%ire ,horticultural ,dep>tm5t w\ld gladly welcome any in=mation conc]n+ ! propagation ( ! butt]nut t w\ld make graft+ or budd+ successful4 ,! be/ possibility 9 develop+ comm]cial nut crops 9 ,new ,hamp%ire app>5tly lies fir/ 9 ! use ( ! hazel or filb]t4 ,al?\gh ! ,european filb]t has n be5 v successful1 su* v>ieties ( ! ,am]ican hazel z ,w9kl] & ,ru% look promis+4 ,! ,w9kl] has borne heavy crops b 9 a %ort summ] season ! nuts d n always mature fully 9 ! fall4 ,al?\gh we h _h mu* less exp]i5ce ) ! ,ru% v>iety1 ?is does mature e>li] 9 ! fall & seems promis+4 ,"s ( ! ,jones hybrids h be5 te/$ at ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation 9 ,durham1 a few ( :i* h done q well4 ,( ^! ,jones hybrids ,no4 #aaha1 #aaed1 & #ajid h made q vigor\s gr[?4 ,se$l+ ,no4 #ajid has be5 out/&+1 produc+ good siz$ nuts :i* mature well & %ell out easily f ! husks4 ,9 type & flavor ( nut x resembles ! ,european hazel q /rongly "u our conditions4 ,s f>1 none ( ! *e/nuts1 includ+ ! ,*9ese species1 h %[n great en\gh resi/ance to *e/nut blight to w>rant _! recomm5dation4 ,we /ill hope t we may discov] a good *e/nut = ?is section4 ,! h>dy ,p]sian or ,engli% walnuts h n be5 te/$ long en\gh to w>rant any conclusion z to _! promise = ,new ,hamp%ire2 "o difficulty w probably lie 9 ! fact t ! nuts ( "s d n rip5 prop]ly "u our cool1 %ort summ] conditions4 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,lahti ( ,wolfeboro1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 has be5 exp]im5t+ ) v>i\s species & v>ieties ( nuts = t section4 ,8 location on ! %ore ( ,lake ,w9nipesaukee und\bt$ly pres5ts a m favorable site = gr[+ c]ta9 types ( nut plants ?an exi/s "h 9 ,durham1 or mo/ o!r p>ts ( ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ,i h on my desk a p>cel receiv$ f ,mr4 ,lahti conta9+ "s f9e specim5s ( "o ( ! h>dy ,p]sian walnuts :i* he is gr[+ 9 ,wolfeboro4 ,! unusually w>m & dry late summ] & fall ( ?is ye> h favor$ ! maturity ( ?is walnut4 7,= a detail$ description ( ,mr4 ,lahti's exp]i5ce ) nut v>ieties1 please ref] to 8 pap] pr9t$ bel[47 ,nut ,notes f ,new ,hamp%ire ,,mat!w ,,lahti ,n be+ able to att5d ! annual conv5tion ,i ?\ght possibly "s ( ! memb]s might be int]e/$ 9 ! foll[+ r&om notes ( an amateur nut gr[]4 ,my place is 9 ,wolfeboro1 ,n4 ,h41 :i* is situat$ 9 ! ea/]n end ( ,lake ,w9nepesaukee1 #dc degrees1 #ce m9utes nor? latitude2 elevation above sea level1 #fhg'4 ,! elevation ( ! lake is #ejd'4 ,wolfeboro is j ab\t at ! nor!rn fr+e ( ! climate :]e pea*es w rip51 t is dur+ favorable ye>s 9 favor$ locations4 ,improv$ v>ieties ( field corn w rip5 dur+ favorable seasons4 ,x also happ5s to be ! nor!rn fr+e ( ! ,am]ican *e/nut1 9 favor$ location4 ,i h discov]$ a numb] ( sapl+s t are /ill alive4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?ree or f\r ye>s ago ,i 0 =tunate 9 f9d+ "s rip5$ nuts1 b ! trees t bore ^? nuts h s9ce di$ ( ! blight4 ,:ile a c]ta9 v>iety ( old fa%ion$ sweet *]ry w live & be> fruit1 "s ( ! rec5t improv$ v>ieties w n live4 ,e "o t ,i h plant$ 0 w9t]-kill$4 ,! ,montmor5cy *]ry1 h[ev]1 does well4 ,x is also ! nor!rn limit ( ! pignut4 ,butt]nuts d v well4 ,,ddt ,du/ v]sus ,butt]nut ,curculio ,i 0 prompt$ to write ?is note by read+ ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham's article entitl$ ,an ,exp]im5t ) ,,ddt appe>+ on page #aja ( ! #aide annual report1 9 :i* he /ates t ! butt]nut curculio did n survive ,,ddt p[d]4 ,9 ! pa/ f\r or five ye>s ! butt]nut curculio 7id5tifi$ z su* by ,pr(4 ,conkl9 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,n4 ,h47 has all b ru9$ my ,cra? ,p]sian walnuts & he>tnuts1 s1 act+ on ! basis ( ,mr4 ,graham's exp]im5t1 ,i _h my trees du/$ e>ly 9 ! morn+ :5 ! dew 0 on ! leaves1 us+ a #aj ,,ddt p[d]1 ! fir/ "t ab\t ,may #cj & aga9 two weeks lat]1 & ,i am happy to say t ?is du/+ has be5 v effective4 ,i h be5 unable to f9d any sign ( curculio injury ?is ye>1 al?\gh ,i h se5 x ne>by on "s native butt]nut trees4 ,my ,gellatly he>tnut 0 riddl$ by ! curculio la/ ye>4 ,?is ye>1 :5 ! du/+ 0 done1 ?is tree 0 ov]look$1 s ,i und]took to du/ x myself1 & n realiz+ t ! ,niag>a du/] :i* ,i us$ 0 set 9 ! clos$ position1 ,i du/$ ! tree ) consid]able ef=t4 ,9 spite ( ! small am\nt ( du/ t came out1 x prov$ suffici5t to keep ! curculios away or else to kill !m s t !re is no sign ( any damage at ?is writ+4 ,p]sian ,walnuts ,9 ! spr+ ( #aich ,i plant$ a numb] ( ,cra? ,p]sian walnut se$l+s4 ,out ( possibly eight or t51 only two survive4 7,i gave ea* "o ab\t ?ree ye>s1 & if x %[$ s]i\s w9t] injury1 ,i pull$ x up47 ,i 0 pleasantly surpris$ ! o!r day to discov] t "o ( !m has borne a s+le nut ?is ye>4 ,?is p>ticul> tree is at lea/ #cjj' f any o!r ,p]sian walnut1 s x looks z if x 7 self-f]tile4 ,x n[ rema9s to be se5 :e!r or n ! nut w rip54 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aidj1 ,i plant$ a ,broadview ,p]sian walnut graft on black walnut /ock1 & ?is tree is be>+ = ! fir/ "t ) eighte5 nuts %[+4 ,?ree or f\r ye>s ago ?is ,broadview suff]$ "s w9t] damage by a split trunk & split l[] bran*4 ,i pa9t$ ov] ! cracks ) gasket cem5t1 & !y are n[ heal$4 ,! ,broadview has also %[n "s w9t]-kill ( t]m9al twigs1 b n en\gh to affect its be>+ ?is ye>4 ,!re has be5 no splitt+ ( ! trunks or bran*es ( ! two surviv+ ,cra? ,p]sian walnut trees & no w9t] injury to t]m9al twigs4 ,! ,cra? walnut trees are n[ #ah 9 circumf]5ce a foot f ! gr\nd & ab\t #ab to #ae' tall4 ,! ,broadview on ! black walnut /ock has a circumf]5ce ( #af above ! graft & #ae-a_/d bel[ ! graft1 t5d+ to %[ t ! ,broadview gr[s fa/] ?an ! black walnut4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! ,broadview blooms a week or t5 days lat] ?an ! ,cra? ,p]sian walnut1 & at ! same "t z ! native butt]nut4 ,black ,walnuts ,i h plant$ a few ,?omas black walnut se$l+s1 two grafts1 & a ,ta/]ite black walnut graft4 ,a ,?omas black walnut graft has borne nuts 9 ?ree diff]5t ye>s1 includ+ ?is ye>4 ,! graft 0 s5t out 9 ! spr+ ( #aici1 & ! se$l+s 7 set out 9 ! spr+ ( #aidj4 ,! se$l+s h n yet borne4 ,! ,?omas black walnut graft la/ bore ?ree ye>s ago1 :5 ! nuts on ! :ole rip5$ & 7 well fill$4 ,we _h a v cold spr+ 9 #aide1 s mu* s t apples 7 almo/ a total failure4 ,i also plant$ a ,ta/]ite black walnut 9 ! spr+ ( #aici1 & ?is is ! fir/ ye> t x has borne any nuts4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r !y w be fill$ out or n4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an important diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,?omas & ! ,ta/]ite1 :i* are gr[+ only #ej' ap>t1 namely t ! ,?omas suff]s f w9t] injury to ! t]m9al twigs ea* ye>1 :]eas !re has n be5 any sign ( su* injury to ! ,ta/]ite4 ,hickories ,i h plant$ possibly two doz5 ( a numb] ( v>ieties ( hickories1 ( :i* only n9e survive to date1 ! cause be+ n w9t] injury b :at appe>s to me to h be5 improp] circulation ?r\gh ! graft union4 ,!y w\ld /ruggle along = ?ree or f\r ye>s 7produc+ suck]s f ! root /ock :i* ,i broke (f71 & !n die4 ,none ( ^! has borne any nuts yet except ! ,wes*cke1 :i* 0 plant$ 9 ! fall ( #aida1 & :i* is n[ be>+ "o nut4 ,?is nut is a my/]y to me because ! tree bore no catk9s4 ,!re are no hickory trees )9 ?irty miles ( ! vic9ity to my k1 & ! ne>e/ pignut tree is p]haps ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile di/ant1 9 a direction aga9/ ! prevail+ w9ds1 ! int]v5+ space be+ =e/4 ,c\ld x be possible t ! ,wes*cke hickory 0 poll9at$ by a butt]nut or ! ,broadview ,p]sian walnut8 ,a big butt]nut tree /&s )9 #fj' & ! ,broadview is situat$ ab\t #aej' di/ant4 ,he>tnuts ,i h tri$ a numb] ( he>tnuts1 includ+ ! ,gellatly & ! ,wright4 ,only a s+le ,gellatly survives4 ,"h aga9 ! cause 0 n w9t] injury s mu* z ei!r ! butt]nut curculio or o!r causes4 ,! ,gellatly1 :ile suff]+ "s t]m9al twig w9t] injury & de] damage by rubb+ ( horns1 has borne & rip5$ nuts4 ,filb]ts & ,hazelnuts ,i plant$ a numb] ( ,w9kl] hazels 9 ! fall ( #aidj1 & ?is is ! second ye> ( be>+4 ,! nuts h>dly h "t to rip5 9 our climate & a good _m ( ! catk9s get w9t]-kill$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aici ,i plant$ a numb] ( filb]t se$s receiv$ f ,mr4 ,slate su* z ,no4 #abh ,ru% ,b>celona2 ,m$ium ,long2 & ,r$ ,lamb]t4 ,^! are be>+ = ! fir/ "t ?is ye>1 & judg+ f ! size ( ! nuts n[1 x looks z if !y w mature4 ,_m ( ! catk9s 7 w9t]-kill$4 ,bixby & ,bu*anan plant$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aici3 ,:ile ! plants did v well1 mo/ ( ! catk9s inv>iably 7 w9t]-kill$1 s ,i 0 oblig$ to pull !m up4 ,i h a feel+ t filb]ts w\ld d bett] "h if x 7 n = ! v cold w9ds t bl[ (f ! lake 9 w9t]1 kill+ mo/ ( ! catk9s4 ,i discov]$ a wild hazel 9 ,lex+ton1 ,mass41 7:i* t[n is locat$ 9 a s-call$ cold air pocket7 ! nuts ( :i* are almo/ equal to ! ,w9kl]4 ,i h transplant$ "s ( ^! to ,wolfeboro & %all "k m ab\t !m lat]4 ,i also discov]$ "s wild hazels 9 nor!a/]n ,ma9e1 betwe5 ,l9coln & ,vanceboro on ! bord] ( ,new ,brunswick1 ,canada1 :i* two weeks ago _h good siz$1 well fill$ nuts on !m4 ,i h also transplant$ "s ( ^! to ,wolfeboro4 ,9 clos+ ,i %\ld l to ?ank all (fic]s1 committee memb]s1 & o!rs :o are responsible = ! annual report4 ,to ^? ( u :o d n get to ! conv5tions v (t51 ! report is ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 & a s\rce ( v valuable & int]e/+ in=mation1 especially to an amateur l myself4 ,a ,simplifi$ ,s*$ule = ,judg+ ,black ,walnut ,v>ieties ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s & ,s4 ,s4 ,,atwood1 ,cornell ,univ]sity ,all its memb]s w\ld agree t ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association %\ld h an (ficially accept$ s*$ule = judg+ black walnuts & ! o!r k9ds ( nuts ) :i* x is conc]n$4 ,"s y>d/ick is ne$$ to s]ve z a basis = ! comp>ison ( v>ieties :i* ! memb]s ( ! ,association w use4 ,p]sons famili> ) nut v>ieties are freqeuntly ask$ to answ] que/ions ab\t ! be/ v>ieties to plant4 ,( c\rse !re is no simple answ] to su* a "q z _m factors besides ! nuts !mselves det]m9e ! value ( a v>iety4 ,! quality & value ( ! nuts are1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ important initial consid]ation 9 select+ a v>iety on its m]it & !re %\ld be "s objective te/ adopt$ to aid 9 evaluat+ nut samples4 ,dur+ ! _m ye>s t ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association has be5 op]at+ m ?an a hundr$ & fifty v>ieties ( black walnuts h be5 nam$4 ,yet at ! pres5t "t we are n c]ta9 :i* are ! bett] v>ieties except 9 a v g5]al way4 ,!re is no widely accept$ judg+ s*$ule be+ us$ z is evid5t 9 ! tables publi%$ by ,sew>d ,b]h[ 9 8 pap] 9 ! #aide ,proce$+s 7#b74 ,9 ^! tables scores are giv5 b ^! come f sev]al s\rces & are n comp>able & h5ce are ( little value 9 mak+ comp>isons4 ,!re h be5 _m s*$ules = judg+ black walnuts pres5t$ 9 ! pa/4 ,"o ( ! fir/ 0 propos$ by ! late ,will>d ,g4 ,bixby 7#c1 #d74 ,?is 0 complicat$ & nev] came into g5]al use al?\gh ! te/+ done by ,mr4 ,bixby 0 a valuable contribution to our k ( v>ieties4 ,! late ,n4 ,f4 ,drake te/$ _m v>ieties ?r\gh ! ye>s accord+ to a s*$ule ( 8 own devis+ 7#e1 #f74 ,pr(essor ,drake's s*$ule 0 relat$ to 8 concept ( a p]fect walnut & ! v>i\s values 7 relat$ to ?is on a p]c5tage basis4 ,?is s*$ule nev] _h wid] acceptance1 *iefly because x 0 too complicat$ & requir$ too mu* figur+4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$ has probably te/$ m v>ieties ( nuts & is m famili> ) v>ieties ?an any o!r p]son b he does n h a def9ite scor+ s*$ule4 ,kl9e & ,*ase 7#g7 summ>iz$ results ( ! te/+ "w t _h be5 done & ,kl9e 7#h7 comp>$ v>ieties accord+ to a sy/em :i* he devis$ 9 :i* !y 7 rat$ 9 t]ms ( return p] h\r ( labor sp5t 9 crack+ & extract+ ! k]nels4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,l\nsb]ry has propos$ a me?od ( scor+ :i* 0 relat$ to k]nel cavity measurem5t 7#i74 ,9 #aice1 a ,committee on ,v>ieties & ,/&>ds endeavor$ to =mulate a work+ s*$ule t w\ld be adopt$ z (ficial4 ,?is committee set up a score t repres5t$ ! be/ ?9k+ ( ! gr\p at t "t 7#a74 ,tw5ty-five nut samples 7 us$4 ,! score 0 ! sum ( ! weight ( an individual nut 9 grams plus twice ! p] c5t k]nel ( ! weight ( ! nuts recov]$ 9 ! fir/ crack plus ! total p]c5tage ( k]nel plus #a_/aj ( a po9t = ea* qu>t] k]nel recov]$4 ,p5alties 7 propos$ = %runk5 k]nels & empty nuts4 ,?r\gh ! ye>s a l>ge numb] ( samples h be5 te/$ accord+ to ?is scor+ s*$ule 7#aa74 ,9 #aidc1 ,mac,daniels & ,wilde 7#ab7 summ>iz$ ! previ\s "w done1 add$ _m te/s & evaluat$ ! scor+ sy/em4 ,?is 0 n consid]$ to be altoge!r satisfactory4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 some:at cumb]some & _h nev] be5 adopt$ by ! ,association nor _h x be5 us$ mu* by o!rs4 ,! figur+ ( p]c5tages & p5alties made a score too involv$ = wide aceptance4 ,a v s]i\s difficulty 0 ! problem ( %runk5 k]nels & empty nuts4 ,obvi\sly1 ) a score relat$ to ! weight ( ! sample be=e crack+1 ! inclusion ( a numb] ( empty nuts made x impossible to make any accurate correction 9 ! p]c5tages t 7 us$ 9 ! score4 ,p5alties did n solve ! problem4 ,also ! initial weight ( ! sample v>i$ ) ! am\nt ( husk cl++ to ! %ells4 ,f ?is "w x 0 evid5t t an acceptable score w\ld h to be =mulat$ on "s o!r basis4 ,! next approa* 0 to analyze data ( ?is type /ati/ically 9 an attempt to devise a bett] scor+ sy/em 7#a74 ,! results f su* a /udy prov$ valuable 9 answ]+ su* que/ions z #a7 ! size ( sample necess>y to obta9 significant diff]5ces betwe5 samples2 #b7 ! significance ( small diff]5ces 9 measurem5ts or 9 scores & #c7 ! am\nt ( v>iation t is normal & )\t significance 9 comp>+ v>ieties4 ,! foll[+ qualifications 7 consid]$ ess5tial to a workable s*$ule3 #a7 ,! s*$ule mu/ be easy to use4 #b7 ,! s*$ule mu/ conc]n itself ) objective qualities or *>act]s :i* c be weigh$ or measur$4 ,x _c be conc]n$ ) flavor & o!r *>act]s ^u :i* !re may be disagreem5t & :i* dep5d ^u p]sonal pref]5ce4 #c7 ,*>act]s mu/ be avoid$ :i* v>y ) ! treatm5t ( ! samples !mselves su* z color ( k]nels4 #d7 ,x mu/ give a score t w sep>ate samples on small diff]5ces4 ,consid]+ ! problem f ^! angles & scrut9iz+ ! old] s*$ules1 a numb] ( ideas came out4 ,fir/ ( all1 :y include ! %ells8 ,if %ells are disc>d$ a numb] ( problems w\ld be solv$1 su* z ! clean+ ( ! nuts & adju/m5ts = %rivell$ & empty nuts4 ,also1 :y r$uce any ( ! weights or measures to p]c5tages :i* only add to ! complexity ( ! score8 ,! actual am\nt ( k]nels recov]$ reflects bo? ! size ( nuts & ! yield ( k]nels4 ,plumpness ( ! k]nels is reflect$ 9 ! total weight ( k]nels & does n ne$ to be consid]$ sep>ately4 ,! important elem5ts 9 a score 7 consid]$ to be3 #a7 ,! crackability ( ! nuts ( ! v>iety4 ,?is is measur$ by ! weight ( k]nels obta9$ 9 ! fir/ crack4 #b7 ,! yield ( ! v>iety4 ,?is is measur$ 9 ! total weight ( k]nels4 #c7 ,! m>ketability ( ! product4 ,?is c be measur$ by ! numb] ( pieces 9 ! sample4 ,9 g5]al1 ! small] ! numb] & ! l>g] ! size ( ! pieces ! bett] ! m>ketability4 ,) ?is g5]al backgr\nd 9 m9d1 _m samples 7 te/$ & ! results publi%$ 9 ! #aide report#a4 ,9 ord] to secure ! data ne$$ ! k]nels ( ! individual nuts 9 ! samples 7 weigh$ sep>ately4 ,,note3 ,all samples 7 crack$ ) ! 7,john ,w47 ,h]%ey nut crack]4 ,"s ( ! conclusions drawn f ^! te/s 7 z foll[s3 #a7 ,us+ k]nel weights only gives a rapid & accurate te/ ( diff]5ces betwe5 v>ieties4 #b7 ,t5 nuts are adequate = a s+le sample4 #c7 ,! location ( ! tree ) ref]5ce to climate & soil is probably ! mo/ important s+le factor influ5c+ k]nel yield4 ,no evid5ce 0 obta9$1 h[ev]1 to indicate t ! v>ieties rank$ significantly diff]5t at diff]5t locations4 #d7 ,if reasonable c>e is us$ 9 crack+ ! diff]5ces due to diff]5t op]ators t5d to be non-significant4 ,! /ati/ical pro( t a t5-nut sample is adequate & t diff]5ces betwe5 op]ators are n significant are two f9d+s t are important 9 sett+ up a s*$ule4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> fur!r te/+ has be5 done1 9 :i* scores 7 comput$ f t5-nut samples4,a ,! samples _h prelim9>y cool1 dry /orage to assure comp>able moi/ure cont5t4 ,en\gh nuts 7 crack$ 9 ea* sample to secure t5 t 7 well fill$4 ,empty nuts 7 record$4 ,! foll[+ data 7 kept = ea* sample3 #a7 ,! weight ( ! k]nels recov]$ 9 fir/ crack 9 grams4 #b7 ,! total weight ( ! k]nels 9 grams4 #c7 ,! numb] ( qu>t]s & numb] ( halves recov]$4 ,scores 7 comput$ z #a7 ! weight ( ! fir/ crack 9 grams plus #b7 half ( ! total weight ( ! k]nels recov]$ 9 grams plus #c7 ! numb] ( qu>t]s divid$ by f\r &1 #d7 ! numb] ( halves divid$ by two4 ,9 ?is score1 x 0 consid]$ t ! crackability ( ! sample 0 measur$ by ! weight ( ! fir/ crack2 ! yield1 by ! total weight ( k]nels secur$ f ! sample2 ! m>ketability by ! numb] ( qu>t]s & halves4 ,f ! use ( ?is s*$ule scores 7 secur$ rang+ f #hc4i = ! v>iety ,?omas gr[n 9 ,m>yl& to #cg4d = ! v>iety ,hu51 :i* is a small nut giv+ relatively small k]nel yield4 ,analyses ( ! data to det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( ! score t 0 d]iv$ f ea* compon5t %[$ t crackability z measur$ by ! weight ( ! k]nels recov]$ 9 fir/ crack gave an av]age ( #ed ( ! score ) a range ( #di to #eh = ! diff]5t samples2 yield1 z measur$ by total weight ( k]nels divid$ by two1 #ca ) range ( #bg to #cd2 m>ketability measur$ by numb] ( qu>t]s divid$ by f\r #ad ) range ( #aj to #bb & numb] ( halves divid$ by two #a4 ,! p]c5tage ( ! score d]iv$ f ! numb] ( halves 0 s small z to be negligible4 ,x seem$ bett]1 !re=e1 to base ! score on only ?ree elem5ts1 namely1 ! weight ( ! fir/ crack1 ! total yield ( k]nels & ! numb] ( qu>t]s recov]$ f ! sample4 ,on ?is basis ! problem becomes t ( decid+ ! weights t %\ld be giv5 to ^! ?ree compon5ts4 ,! score z set up emphasizes ! crackability ( ! v>iety mu* m ?an its m>ketability4 ,?is seems logical because ! value ( a v>iety is 9 l>ge "p dep5d5t ^u ! ease ( recov]y ( ! k]nels on fir/ crack+4 ,sev]al diff]5t comb9ations ( ! weight+ ( ^! ?ree compon5ts 7 consid]$ & x 0 decid$ t ! mo/ logical 0 to weight ! elem5ts z foll[s3 #a7 ,! weight ( fir/ crack 9 grams4 #b7 ,! total weight ( ! k]nels divid$ by two & #c7 ! numb] ( qu>t]s recov]$ divid$ by #b4 ,if !re are halves1 ea* half w\ld c\nt z two qu>t]s4 ,table ,i4 ,av]age scores f #ah black walnut samples crack$ by ?ree op]ators & comput$ by two scor+ sy/ems4 ,scor+ ,sy/ems#c -------------------- ,v>iety ,s\rce ,ye> ,i ,,ii po9ts po9ts ,?omas ,m>yl& '#df #hc4i #ic4a ,snyd] ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,a7 '#df #ha4h #hi4b ,ohio ,m>yl& '#df #gi4e #hh4i ,?omas ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,a7 '#df #gf4d #he4e ,norris ,t5nessee '#de #gf4a #hc4i ,/ambaugh ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,a7 '#df #ge4i #ha4j ,/ambaugh ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,a7 '#df #gd4j #hc4b ,?omas ,t5nessee '#de #ga4e #gi4f ,?omas ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,b7 '#df #fe4g #gd4f ,cornell ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,c7 '#df #ei4c #fg4f ,/abl] ,m>yl& '#de #ef4i #fd4e ,cresco ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,a7 '#df #ee4h #fe4b ,se$l+ ,no4 #a ,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y4 '#df #eb4g #fb4b ,se$l+ ,no4 #c ,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y4 '#df #ej4f #ei4j ,br[n ,ohio '#de #di4g #ei4d ,/abl] ,t5nessee '#de #dg4e #ea4d ,se$l+ ,no4 #b ,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y4 '#df #dd4d #eb4b ,hu5 ,i[a '#df #cg4d #dd4i ,lea/ significant diff]5ce 7#e7 #f4c #f4f ,footnote #c3 ,score ,i,weight 7grams7 #a/ crack ,total weight 7grams7 -------------------- #b ,numb] qu>t]s ,numb] halves --------------- ------------- #d #b ,score ,,ii,weight 7grams7 #a/ crack ,total weight 7grams7 -------------------- #b ,numb] qu>t]s --------------- #b ,calculat+ ! p]c5tage ( ea* compon5t 9 ! total score on ?is basis gives crackability #dh1 yield #bg1 m>ketability #be4 ,?is s*$ule gives relatively m weight to m>ketability z aga9/ ! o!r two compon5ts4 ,! av]age scores ( #ah samples crack$ by ?ree op]ators & calculat$ on bo? ! above describ$ s*$ules are giv5 9 table ,i4 ,! table %[s t ! rank ( ! diff]5t samples 0 n *ang$ mat]ially by us+ only ! ?ree compon5ts1 except 9 a few cases 9 :i* !re 7 an appreciable numb] ( halves4 ,! ,/abl] has _m "o-lob$ nuts :i* increase ! numb] ( halves recov]$4 ,x is to be not$ t ) bo? s*$ules ! lea/ significant diff]5ce at ! #e level is ab\t #f score po9ts4 ,table ,,ii gives ! score calculat$ by s*$ule ,,ii = five samples1 ea* crack$ by six op]ators4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 op]ators is n significant b ! diff]5ce betwe5 v>ieties is highly significant4 ,table ,,ii4 ,scores f five samples ( black walnuts ea* crack$ by six op]ators accord+ to scor+ s*$ule ,,ii4 ,op]ators ---------------------------------- ,v>iety ,location ,ye> #a #b #c #d #e #f ,av]age ,snyd] ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 '#df #hi4b #hg4c #gh4i #id4d #hg4e #ia4e #hf4e ,?omas ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,a7 '#df #hc4e #gi4b #hc4a #gh4j #hd4b #hc4h #hc4f ,?omas ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,b7 '#df #gc4a #fg4d #gc4d #gd4a #fi4f #hc4h #gc4f ,cresco ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 '#df #ff4j #fi4b #fc4a #fg4b #fh4e #fj4b #fe4g ,br[n ,ohio '#de #fb4e #ea4j #fe4d #fj4d #dh4a #fd4h #eh4g ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,av]age #gd4i #gj4h #gb4h #gb4h #ga4f #gh4h #gc4f ,lea/ significant diff]5ce 7#e7 = v>iety av]ages #f4b ,a ?ird scor+ sy/em1 involv+ #a7 weight ( k]nels 9 grams = ! fir/ crack1 plus #b7 total weight ( k]nels1 #c7 all divid$ by ! numb] ( m>ketable pieces 7z c\nt$ foll[+ sift+ on a #a_/d r\nd hole scre57 0 tri$1 & ! result+ rank+ ( ! v>ieties 0 v simil> to t obta9$ ) sy/ems ,i & ,,ii4 ,! results f ?is sy/em appe>$ to be ! mo/ precise1 b x 0 n consid]$ z g5]ally acceptable z sy/em ,,ii1 s9ce ! latt] w\ld be easi] to record & calculate4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ! au?ors t ,s*$ule ,,ii gives a score t e/imates v well ! relative m]it ( ! samples te/$ z to crackability1 yield & m>ketability4 ,x is simple to use & ! only equipm5t requir$ is a scale accurate to #a_/aj gram4 ,calculations are r$uc$ to a m9imum & ! *>act]s us$ are n dep5d5t on judgm5t ( ! individual mak+ ! te/4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t diff]5ces 9 score ( less ?an six po9ts are n significant on ! basis ( te/+ done to date4 ,z m te/s are made ?is value may be r$uc$4 ,! s*$ule %\ld s]ve z a measure to e/abli% diff]5ces betwe5 v>ieties1 p>ticul>ly :5 a consid]able numb] ( te/s are made4 ,x c also be reli$ ^u to measure diff]5ces due to ! location ( trees ( ! same v>iety1 v>iation ( ! same v>iety f ye> to ye> 9 ! same & 9 diff]5t locations & diff]5ces ( a simil> nature4 ,9 rank+ v>ieties :i* h scores )9 ! limits ( v>iability1 x w be necess>y to use judgm5t z to small diff]5ces ( appe>ance4 ,no scor+ s*$ule c be expect$ to entirely elim9ate ! judgm5t ( exp]ts4 ,also x mu/ be realiz$ t *>act]s o!r ?an ! nuts1 su* z be>+ habit1 h>d9ess1 yield ( trees1 disease resi/ance & ! l mu/ be consid]$ 9 f9ally e/abli%+ ! value ( a v>iety4 ,ref]5ces ,cit$ #a4 ,atwood4 ,s4 ,s4 & ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels4 ,te/s ( black walnut v>ieties = diff]5ces 9 k]nel yields4 ,n4,n4,g4,a ,rept4 #cf3 #dd-ej1 #aide4 #b4 ,b]h[1 ,sew>d4 ,black walnut v>iety tabulations4 ,n4,n4,g4,a ,rept4 #cf3 #ch-dc1 #aide4 #c4 ,bixby1 ,w4 ,g4 ,judg+ nuts4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #aj3 #abb-acc1 #aiai4 #d4 ----4 ,! #aibi conte/s & ! me?od ( te/+ us$4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #bb3 #db-fc1 #aica4 #e4 ,drake1 ,n4 ,f4 ,judg+ black walnuts4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #bb3 #acj-acg1 #aica4 #f4 ----4 ,black walnut v>ieties4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #bf3 #ff-ga1 #aice4 #g4 ,kl9e1 ,l4 ,v41 & ,s4 ,b4 ,*ase4 ,compilation ( data on nut weight & k]nel p]c5tage ( black walnut selections4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 ,proc4 #ch3 #aff-agd1 #aida4 #h4 ,kl9e1 ,l4 ,v4 ,a me?od ( evaluat+ ! nuts ( black walnut v>ieties4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 ,proc4 #da3 #acf-add1 #aidb4 #i4 ,l\nsb]ry1 ,c4 ,c4 ,measurem5ts ( walnuts ( ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #ca3 #afb-abg1 #aidj #aj4 ,mac,daniels1 ,l4 ,h4 ,report ( committee on v>ieties & judg+ /&>ds4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #bh3 #bj-bc1 #aicg4 #aa4 ----4 ,is x possible to devise a satisfactory judg+ s*$ule = black walnuts8 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #cj3 #bd-bg1 #aici4 #ab4 ----1 & ,j4 ,e4 ,wilde4 ,fur!r te/s ) black walnut v>ieties4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #cd3 #fd-hb1 #aidc4 ,te/ ,plant+s ( ,?omas ,black ,walnut 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,,sp5c] ,b4 ,,*ase1 ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority ,native black walnut occurs abundantly ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! ,t5nessee ,valley4 ,practically e f>m] has at lea/ "o favorite tree & ea* fall he collects nuts f t tree & /ores !m = crack+ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 "s sections ( ! ,valley walnut crack+ 9 ! home is ( consid]able importance4 ,ea* ye>1 "s million & a qu>t] p\nds ( k]nels are crack$ out at ! five mod]n crack+ plants locat$ 9 or adjac5t to ! ,valley4 ,utilization ( ! crop is becom+ m & m complete4 ,9 e>ly /udies ( native nut trees1 ,,tva recogniz$ ! possibilities ( black walnut1 especially ! improv$ v>ieties4 ,"h 0 a tree t produc$ n only valuable nut crops b also cab9et wood )\t equal2 9 addition1 x 0 a desirable pa/ure %ade tree4 ,black walnut has long be5 a favorite among f>m]s1 b few ( !m _h ev] he>d ( improv$ black walnuts4 ,along ) ,,tva1 ! /ate agricultural ext5sion s]vices saw ! advantages ( ! improv$ v>ieties & 7 eag] to te/ !m "u ,valley conditions4 ,& s x 0 t a coop]ative te/+ project 0 develop$4 ,,tva produc$ ! trees & ! sev5 ,valley /ate ext5sion s]vices di/ribut$ !m to f>m]s = te/ plant+4 ,! ,te/ ,! ,?omas walnut 0 us$ 9 ^! te/ plant+s = sev]al reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x produces l>ge1 r ?9-%ell$ nuts ) good crack+ qualities4 ,few v>ieties are m easily crack$ ) a hamm] or a h&-op]at$ crack+ ma*9e4 ,9 addition1 fa/ gr[? is *>act]i/ic ( ! v>iety & x %\ld produce m]*antable sawlogs e>li] ?an ! common walnut4 ,despite its nor!rn orig91 #e-ye>-old plant+s at ,norris1 ,t5nessee1 seem$ well adapt$ to ,valley conditions4 ,no o!r v>iety at ! "t (f]$ z _m advantages4 ,te/ plant+ 0 begun 9 ,t5nessee 9 #aici & !n x 0 ext5d$ to ! o!r ,valley /ates z m trees 7 propagat$4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 plant+ sites 7 select$ by ext5sion =e/]s & c\nty ag5ts4 ,if ! te/s 7 successful !y w\ld automatically become demon/rations1 s special att5tion 0 giv5 ^? areas :]e walnut crack+ 9 ! home 0 an important ent]prise4 ,_m ( ! te/ plant+s 7 locat$ 9 communities t _h be5 organiz$ = ! /udy & application ( improv$ f>m+ me?ods4 ,9 g5]al1 f>m]s plant$ ! trees 9 l[1 f]tile spots n suitable = o!r uses1 along f5ces1 or 9 pa/ures if !y c\ld be protect$ f live/ock4 ,?r\gh #aidf1 #i1fad trees 7 plant$ 9 #c1bhf te/ plant+s4 ,!y 7 scatt]$ all ov] ! ,valley1 9 #ib ( its #abe c\nties4 ,! numb] ( trees p] plant+ v>i$ ) ! availability ( good walnut sites4 ,g5]ally1 !re 7 #b to #d trees 9 ea* plant+4 ,! ,results ,gett+ survival & p]=mance data on ^! widely scatt]$ exp]im5tal plant+s pres5t$ q a problem4 ,exam9ation ( a few plant+s %[$ t trees giv5 reasonable c>e _h surviv$ & 7 beg9n+ to be> nuts4 ,s 9 #aidf1 ! f>m]s :o _h plant$ ! trees 7 poll$ by mail = an ov]all evaluation ( ! plant+s4 ,que/ionnaires ask+ = in=mation on survival1 gr[?1 & be>+ 7 s5t by ! /ate ext5sion =e/]s to #c1bgd f>m]s4 ,! return ( que/ionnaires 0 excell5t4 ,=ty-two p]c5t came back & ?ree-f\r?s ( !m 7 fill$ out completely4 ,survival & ,mortality ,causes4 ,eighty-"o p]c5t ( ! #a1cgc plant+s report$ on 7 /ill active 9 #aidf2 t is1 !y /ill _h at lea/ "o liv+ tree4 ,survival reports receiv$ on #c1hca trees plant$ %[$ t #b1dci or #fd p]c5t ( ! trees 7 liv+ 9 #aidf4 ,survival 0 be/ 9 ! portion ( ! ,valley nor? & ea/ ( ,*attanooga2 #hd p]c5t 9 ,virg9ia1 #ga p]c5t 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & #ff p]c5t 9 ea/]n ,t5nessee4 ,s\? & we/ ( ,*attanooga survival p]c5t 0 l[]3 #fb 9 ,georgia1 #fa 9 we/]n ,t5nessee1 #ed 9 ,k5tucky1 #de 9 ,alabama1 & #bf 9 ,mississippi 7,table #a74 ,causes ( mortality1 z report$1 7 classifi$ 9 five categories2 losses prior to e/abli%m5t1 live/ock & de/ruction1 dr\ght1 insects & disease1 & unkn[n 7,table #a74 ,cause ( mortality 0 li/$ z unkn[n = #db p]c5t ( all trees report$ dead4 ,field exp]i5ce leads u to believe t mo/ ( ! trees 9 ?is category probably succumb$ to improp] plant+ or complete neglect foll[+ plant+4 ,_m p]sons d n foll[ plant+ in/ructions2 !y (t5 sub/itute _! own me?ods ) disa/r\s results4 ,among ! report$ kn[n causes1 dr\ght kill$ mo/ ( ! trees--#bi p]c5t4 ,we "k black walnut is v susceptible to dry wea!r aft] transplant+4 ,wea!r records = ! area %[ t ! e>ly gr[+ season ( #aida 0 exceptionally dry2 #aidb 0 also dri] t av]age2 9 #aidc & #aidd ne> dr\ght & dr\ght conditions prevail$ ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! ,t5nessee ,valley4 ,wea!r is usually blam$ :5 a tree dies )\t app>5t cause1 b 9 ?is case ! report$ mortality due to dr\ght appe>s reasonable4 ,live/ock1 m[+1 fire1 & int5tional removal 7 report$ to h caus$ #ac p]c5t ( total mortality4 ,c[s are curi\s animals & newly set trees seem to ar\se all ! curiosity 9 _! make-up4 ,horses & c[s app>5tly d n reli% ! foliage ( walnut trees b !y d bite at x1 & 9 s do+ usually break d[n ! bran*es to su* an ext5t t ! tree dies4 ,"s trees 7 accid5tally de/roy$ simply because !y _h be5 =gott54 ,! next highe/ mortality cause report$ 0 pre-e/abli%m5t loss2 ?is 0 blam$ = #i p]c5t ( ! dea?s4 ,losses result+ f delay$ plant+ 7 plac$ 9 ?is category1 also ^? :]e ! report 0 trees fail$ to leaf out4 ,insects & diseases 7 report$ z caus+ #g p]c5t ( ! mortality4 ,gr[? & ,be>+4 ,^? :o plant improv$ black walnut trees naturally want to "k h[ soon !y w beg9 be>+4 ,?is survey %[s t be>+ beg9s mu* e>li] ?an mo/ p ?\ght4 ,trees 9 #cb p]c5t ( ! plant+s e/abli%$ betwe5 #aici & #aidd 7 be>+ by #aidf4 ,( ^! #cdb1 #aac began be>+ #b to #d ye>s aft] plant+2 #abj bore _! fir/ crop aft] #e ye>s2 #aji began be>+ aft] #f to #h ye>s 7,table #b74 ,accord+ to ! reports1 ! e>li] plant+s 7 sl[] to come into be>+ ?an ! lat] plant+s4 ,?is probably is n a true picture4 ,we suspect t aft] six or eight ye>s ! actual date ( fir/ be>+ _h be5 =gott5 9 _m cases4 ,gr[? 0 report$ 9 t]ms ( total height = ea* tree4 ,^! heights 7 !n conv]t$ to annual gr[? rates = trees #c to #h ye>s old & plac$ 9 arbitr>y classes are foll[s3 l[ 7less ?an #a foot7 m$ium 7#a to #b feet71 & high 7ov] #b feet74 ,te/ plant+s 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a _h ! highe/ gr[? rate2 ^? 9 ,mississippi1 ! l[e/4 ,9 o!r /ates1 gr[? rates fell betwe5 ^! two & 7 q simil> = ! mo/ "p 7,table #c74 ,av]age = all trees 0 #a4f feet p] ye>4 ,trees av]ag+ less ?an "o foot ( height gr[? p] ye> 7 sl[ to come into be>+4 ,only #ad p]c5t ( ! trees 9 ! l[ gr[? rate class 7 be>+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 #ga p]c5t ( ! trees ) a high gr[? rate _h come into be>+4 ,gr[? ( black walnut1 foll[+ recov]y f transplant+ %ock1 dep5ds on site conditions & tree c>e4 ,trees set 9 f]tile soil ) an adequate moi/ure supply & kept free ( live/ock & o!r damage make rapid gr[?4 ,trees set 9 poor1 ?9 or dr\ghty soil d n make mu* gr[? if !y survive at all4 ,black walnut is v s5sitive to any w\nds &1 if subject to me*anical or live/ock damage1 gr[? is ret>d$4 ,cases ( exceptional gr[? & be>+ 7 report$4 ,"o 9 ea/]n ,t5nessee is wor?y ( brief description4 ,!re 7 two trees 9 ?is plant+ set approximately #dj feet ap>t4 ,"o 0 on ! edge ( a g>d52 ! o!r1 9 a *ick5 run4 ,9 sev5 ye>s ! fir/ tree grew to a height ( #cb feet--an av]age gr[? ( #d4e feet a ye>4 ,x began be>+ 9 #aidc & produc$ a crop ( nuts ea* ye> up to ! "t ( ! survey4 ,! #aidf crop1 report$ z a light "o1 yield$ #c4e p\nds ( k]nels4 ,! o!r tree1 %[n 9 ,figure #a1 0 #ah feet tall1 hav+ av]ag$ #b4e feet a ye>4 ,x also began be>+ annual crops 9 #aidc1 & 9 #aidf x _h a v heavy crop = its size1 yield+ #b4e p\nds ( k]nels4 ,"h are two ,?omas trees ( ! same age plant$ practically side by side2 "o is almo/ twice ! size ( ! o!r1 b !y bo? began be>+ annual crops ?ree ye>s aft] plant+4 ,field ,survey 9 ,sample ,area4 ,to *eck on ! adequacy ( ! que/ionnaire survey1 #ajh te/ plant+s 9 ea/]n ,t5nessee 7 visit$ & inspect$4 ,=ty ( ^! _h be5 report$ on by mail2 #fh _h n4 ,9 g5]al1 ! trees _h be5 plant$ on ! be/ sites available4 ,"s 7 set out 9 f>m or*>ds 7,figure #b72 a l>ge numb] 7 plant$ 9 y>ds z comb9ation nut & %ade trees 7,figure #c74 ,field exam9ation ( ! #dj plant+s :i* _h return$ que/ionnaires reveal$ conditions v simil> to ^? report$ 7,table #d74 ,survival 0 f\nd to be #ge p]c5t comp>$ ) a report$ #gg p]c5t4 ,av]age tree height 0 report$ z #i feet2 actual height av]ag$ #aa feet4 ,!re 0 "s hesitancy 9 report+ tree dea?s caus$ by live/ock2 #d p]c5t 0 report$ :ile #bc p]c5t 0 f\nd4 ,su* mortality 0 usually li/$ z unkn[n on que/ionnaires4 ,in=mation collect$ by field exam9ation ( #fh plant+s :i* _h n return$ que/ionnaires & ! #dj plant+s :i* _h return$ que/ionnaires is %[n 9 ,table #d4 ,trees 7 f\nd to be #b feet tall] 9 ! #fh plant+s b ^! trees av]ag$ "o ye> old] ?an trees 9 ! #dj plant+s4 ,trees 9 ! #fh plant+s av]ag$ #ac feet 9 height comp>$ ) #aa feet4 ,av]age age at fir/ be>+ 0 v simil>4 ,& "h is a reveal+ discov]y2 live/ock1 m[+1 & fire 7 responsible = #dg p]c5t ( ! tree mortality 9 ! #fh-plant+ gr\p1 comp>$ ) #bc p]c5t 9 ! #dj plant+s4 ,?is is p]haps "o reason :y ! p]sons involv$ 9 ^! #fh plant+s did n return que/ionnaires2 x also expla9s mo/ ( ! poor] survival4 ,a l>ge numb] ( trees 7 plant$ 9 pa/ures & else:]e )\t adequate protection f live/ock4 ,ev5 :5 cattle gu>ds 7 us$ !y 7 g5]ally too small or weak = tree protection4 ,sev]e live/ock damage result+ 9 poor gr[? & ev5tual dea? ( trees 0 enc\nt]$ frequ5tly4 ,we are incl9$ to believe t live/ock acc\nt$ = a mu* high] p]c5t ( tree mortality ?an t report$ 9 ?is survey4 ,! high p]c5t return ( que/ionnaires 9 ?is survey1 foll[$ by a field *eck 9 a sample area1 provides a good picture ( ,valley-wide plant+s4 ,s9ce survival 0 f\nd to be l[] 9 plant+s :i* did n return que/ionnaires1 an actual ov]all survival ( #fd p]c5t may be slightly high4 ,o!r spot *ecks 9 ! field w give m in=mation on ?is po9t4 ,discussion ,int]e/ 9 improv$ black walnut is m\nt+ 9 ! ,valley4 ,z ! te/ plant+s came into be>+ f>m]s 7 quick to see ! sup]iority ( ^! nuts ov] ! wild ones to :i* !y _h be5 accu/om$4 ,^w spread f f>m to f>m1 & z a result !re has be5 an increas+ly l>ge numb] ( inquiries ab\t s\rces ( improv$ v>ieties & cultural treatm5ts4 ,! int]e/ 0 reflect$ 9 ! que/ionnaire survey4 ,n9ete5 p]c5t ( ! que/ionnaires return$ conta9$ unsolicit$ comm5ts ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( !m %[$ evid5ce ( int]e/ su* z3 ! nuts are l>ge & easy to crack1 :]e c ,i get m graft$ trees8 ,only #g p]c5t impli$ dis9t]e/3 ! trees are sl[ gr[+1 ! nuts are faulty4 ,?is te/-plant+ project w be complet$ 9 #aidh4 ,! plant+s h already yield$ mu* valuable in=mation on ! ,?omas v>iety2 !y w yield mu* m z ! trees become old]4 ,fur!r /udies are plann$ on nut yield1 nut quality1 & tree gr[? 9 relation to ! v>y+ conditions exi/+ 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley4 ,summ>y ,f>m]s 9 ! sev5 ,t5nessee ,valley /ates e/abli%$ #c1bhf te/ plant+s ( ,?omas black walnut 9 coop]ation ) /ate ext5sion s]vices & ,,tva dur+ ! p]iod #aici-aidf4 ,a que/ionnaire survey 9 #aidf %[$ #ha p] c5t ( ! plant+s /ill active & #fd p]c5t ( ! trees liv+4 ,tree gr[? av]ag$ #a4f feet p] ye>4 ,age at fir/ be>+ v>i$ f #b to #h ye>s1 ) #e ye>s mo/ frequ5tly report$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,! ,?omas v>iety appe>s well adapt$ to ,t5nessee conditions4 ,?is #g-ye>-old tree began be>+ annual crops #c ye>s aft] plant+4 ,9 #aidf x 0 #ah feet tall & heavily lad5 ) nuts yield+ #b-a_/b p\nds ( crack$-out k]nels4 7,hancock ,c\nty1 ,t5n47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,black walnut makes an ideal comb9ation nut & ornam5tal tree4 ,?is #h-ye>-old ,?omas has be5 produc+ nut crops = #c ye>s4 ,9 addition1 x has enhanc$ ! beauty ( ! lawn & provid$ welcome %ade4 7,&]son ,c\nty1 ,t5n47 ,table #a4--,numb] ( ,que/ionnaires ,s5t & ,return$1 ,report$ ,tree ,survival & ,cause ( ,tree ,mortality by ,/ate4 ,que/ionnaires ,trees ,report$ ,/ate ,s5t ,return$ ,plant$ ,liv+ no4 pct4 no4 pct4 ,alabama #afa #dd #bgd #de ,georgia #ej #bh #bf #fb ,k5tucky #agd #di #bda #ed ,mississippi #ai #eh #gb #bf ,nor? ,c>ol9a #ehf #dj #gcc #ga ,t5nessee1 ,ea/ #a1chf #dj #a1eaf #ff ,t5nessee1 ,we/ #gbj #dd #hji #fa ,virg9ia #ahj #dh #afj #hd ,all #c1bgf #db #c1hca #fd ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,?omas tree plant$ 9 ! f>m or*>d4 ,?is "y tree has receiv$ excell5t c>e & began be>+ at #e ye>s ( age4 7,hancock ,c\nty1 ,t5n47 ,report$ cause ( tree mortality ,pre-e/ab ,live/ock1 ,insects1 ,total ,plant$ -li%m5t de/ruction ,dr\ght diseases ,unkn[n ,trees ,lo/ pct4 pct4 pct4 pct4 pct4 no4 ,ala4 #aa #g #ea #b #bi #aej ,ga4 #cj #aj #j #bj #dj #aj ,ky4 #b #b #df #d #df #aab ,miss4 #ai #d #di #j #bh #ec ,n4 ,c4 #ae #af #ab #ac #dd #bbc ,t5n4 7,e47 #g #ah #bj #g #dh #eae ,t5n4 7,w47 #h #i #ch #g #ch #cah ,va4 #cb #ab #ab #d #dj #be ,all #i #ac #bi #g #db #a1djf ,table #b4 ,numb] ( ,be>+ ,?omas ,plant+s ,e/abli%$ #aici-dd1 by ,age ( ,fir/ ,be>+ & ,gr[? ,class4 ,plant+s ,age 9 ye>s at fir/ be>+ ,gr[? rate ,ye> ,numb] #b #c #d #e #f #g #h ,l[ ,m$ium ,high #aici #bg #a #f #aj #f #d #a #ai #g #aidj #aab #b #ad #ci #da #af #i #eh #de #aida #hi #a #d #ag #ce #cb #a #eh #cj #aidb #ga #a #ab #ah #dj #a #cd #cf #aidc #ch #a #ac #bd #a #ba #af #aidd #e #e #b #c ,all #cdb #c #cf #gd #abj #hc #bb #d #ac #aib #acg ,table #c4 ,tree ,survival1 ,gr[?1 & ,p]c5t ,be>+ by ,/ate & ,ye> ( ,plant+ ,plant+s ,trees1 ,gr[?1 ,be>+ ,/ate report$ survival annual trees numb] numb] feet p]c5t ,alabama #ga #abd #a4f #fe ,georgia #ad #af #a4e #ah ,k5tucky #he #abi #a4e #ga ,mississippi #aa #ai #a4j #bi ,nor? ,c>ol9a #bce #eah #a4i #be ,t5nessee1 ,ea/ #eec #a1jjg #a4e #cb ,t5nessee1 ,we/ #cah #dia #a4f #cb ,virg9ia #hf #ace #a4f #j ,ye> ( plant+ #aici1 #aidj #bee #fbg #a4f #fd #aida1 #aidb #dii #fic #a4f #dd #aidc1 #aidd #cbf #eeh #a4f #ah #aide1 #aidf #bic #efa #a4e #j ,all #a1cgc #b1dci #a4f #cb ,table #d4 ,data ,obta9$ f ,return$ ,que/ionnaires & ,actual ,field ,exam9ation ( #dj ,plant+s & ,field ,data ,only on #fh ,plant+s4 ,data on #dj ,plant+s ,data on #fh ,plant+s ,que/ionnaire ,field ,field ,tree ,survival1 p]c5t #gg #ge #ea ,av]age ,height1 feet #i #aa #ac ,cause ( ,tree ,mortality1 p]c5t ,pre-e/abli%m5t #cc #db #aa ,live/ock & ,o!r ,de/ruction #d #bc #dg ,dr\ght #ac #j #j ,insects & ,diseases #h #d #b ,unkn[n #db #ca #dj ,we/ ,t5nessee ,v>iety1 ,bre$+ & ,propagation ,te/s1 #aidg ,,aubrey ,,ri*>ds1 ,m4,d41 ,:iteville1 ,t5nessee ,i surely wi% ,i c\ld h made ! trip to ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association meet+1 b ,i simply _h too _m h5s sett+ at t "t4 ,i've be5 wait+ = y ! ,secret>y to %[ up d[n "h = ! big news--at lea/ x is to me--if x holds up4 ,if y h ev] tri$ to propagate he>tnuts on ,japanese walnut y "k :at x means4 ,"h x is3 ,rhodes1 ,wright & ,fod]mai] he>tnuts pat*-budd$ on #aj ,japanese und]/ocks 7all ,i _h7 took #ajj4 ,! same #c v>ieties z a control on black walnut gave a take ( only #hj4 ,^! trees give me a *ance to *eck on ! p]=mance ( black v]sus ,japanese /ocks = ^! v>ieties4 ,f la/ ye>'s propagation1 ,rhodes on black is beat+ ,rhodes on ,japanese & ,bates 7:i* 0 n us$ ?is ye>7 seems fully z good on black walnut /ocks4 ,an isolat$ tree ( ,bates did n set a nut4 ,its poll5 all %$ be=e ! pi/ils 7 receptive4 ,an isolat$ tree ( ,rhodes bore a full crop4 ,incid5tally1 a weak *lor9e blea* 7,clorox7 aft] ^! he>tnuts are hull$ does = !m :at p]oxide does = ! ladies & makes !m look v invit+4 ,/ambaugh aga9 l$ 9 topwork$ black walnuts1 be>+ its second consecutive full crop on a #c-ye> graft4 ,x seems to be immune to :atev] x is t causes ! o!r nuts to turn black1 %rivel & drop (f f ! "t !y set until ne> maturity4 ,?omas 0 second4 ,snyd]1 ,sp>r[ & ,my]s _h no crop4 ,i budd$ #be m trees ( ,/ambaugh ?is ye>4 ,! ,c>pa?ian ,p]sian walnut t we poll9at$ ?is spr+ ) ,wright he>tnuts no o!r walnuts 7 %$d+ at ! "t matur$ a nice1 l>ge1 r po9t$1 heavy nut4 ,x also matur$ ano!r nut high] on ! tree ?an we c\ld rea* ) ! catk9s1 b ,i'm sure x's a blank4 ,x is /ill m po9t$ ?an ! well-fill$ nut4 ,! good nut is /or$ = plant+4 ,ru% hazel t set fruit la/ ye> ) ! help ( a b\quet ( native ,we/ ,t5nessee catk9s set only #e nuts ?is ye> on its own4 ,^! ,i h also /or$ to plant4 ,i didn't h en\gh /ocks to utilize all ! poll5-/]ile ,japanese *e/nut buds y s5t me 9 e>ly ,septemb]4 ,i put 9 mo/ ( !m1 ev5 9 "s cases sev]al to ! /ock to see :at p]c5tage ( takes we w\ld get ) ! tw9 ,t4 ,see #aidf ,report ( ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a41 pp4 #hg-hh1 = a description ( ! ,tw9 ,t budd+ me?od4--,ed4 ,"h are ! p]c5tage takes = *e/nut propagation ?is ye>4 ,( c\rse ,i don't "k h[ _m ( ^! buds w lat] drop (f4 #a4 ,poll5-/]ile ,japanese on ,japanese /ock4 ,late summ] buds #ajj #b4 ,au/9 ,japanese on ,japanese ,/ock4 ,late summ] buds #hf #c4 ,hobson ,*9ese on ,*9ese4 ,late summ] buds #ge #d4 ,zimm]man ,*9ese on ,*9ese4 ,late summ] buds #ej #e4 ,colossal hybrid on ,japanese /ock4 ,spr+ grafts #fj ,i _h a nice crop ( ,*9ese *e/nuts on my "y ,hobson & ,zimm]man trees4 ,! #aidg nuts 7 exceptionally l>ge4 ,"o #c-ye> se$l+ bore #a bur ) #c nuts fully z l>ge4 ,connecticut ,yankee bore = ! fir/ "t1 #c nuts to a bur1 b v small1 sc>cely #a_/b 9 diamet]4 7,y w notice ,i budd$ none ( ?is v>iety67 7,p]haps mislabel$ se$l+4--,ed47 ,i h ab\t #ajj nuts f isolat$ trees t 7 h& poll9at$1 z foll[s3 ,au/9 x ,hobson1 ,au/9 x ,zimm]man1 ,hobson x ,au/9 & ,hobson x ,zimm]man4 ,i h altoge!r #c qu>ts ( select nuts /or$ 9 ! refrig]ator4 ,s f> !y are keep+ nicely4 7,i du/$ !m ) ,f]mate1 hope x doesn't affect g]m9ation47 ,notes on ,"s ,kansas & ,k5tucky ,pecans 9 ,c5tral ,texas ,a lett] to ! ,secret>y f ,o4 ,s4 ,gray1 nurs]yman at ,arl+ton1 ,texas1 ,octob] #bh1 #aidg1 has "s int]e/+ notes on two /&>d nor!rn pecans1 ?ree new v>ieties f ,kansas1 & ! ,moore v>iety1 "o ( ! e>lie/ matur+ among s\!rn pecans3 ,we are propagat+ ,major & ,gre5riv] f ,k5tucky2 ,coy1 ,tissue ,pap] & ,johnson f s\!a/]n ,kansas2 & ,brake f ea/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,sev]al ye>s ago we us$ q a few pecan trees ( ! ,moore v>iety 9 plant+ ar\nd ,tulsa4 ,we ?\gh x w\ld be a d&y because ( its e>ly maturity 9 ! fall4 ,i f9d t e>ly fall maturity is only "o important factor4 ,! o!r is ! date ( />t+ gr[? 9 ! spr+4 ,moore seems to />t out a little e>ly 9 ! spr+ & t disadvantage seems to limit x 9 ! ,tulsa1 ,oklahoma area4 ,i also believe ?is might be a factor 9 us+ ?is v>iety 9 nor!rn locations4 ,moore orig9at$ 9 nor? ,florida f ,texas se$--,ed4 ,i h be5 consid]ably impress$ ) ! ,johnson v>iety4 ,x matures two or ?ree weeks ahead ( ,moore 9 ! fall4 ,! only data t ,i h 0 made 9 #aidd :5 ,moore buds began to put out on ,m>* #be1 ,/u>t & ,success--,april #e1 ,johnson--,april #e1 ,coy & ,major--,april #h1 ,gre5riv] & ,tissue ,pap]--,april #aj4 ,! ,johnson matures on our place sev]al weeks ahead ( ,major & ,gre5riv] al?\gh ,i don't h ! exact date on maturity4 ,exp]i5ces ( a ,nut ,tree ,nurs]yman ,j4 ,f4 ,,wilk9son1 ,rockport1 ,indiana ,9 pione]+ a nurs]y z we did 9 ! e>ly days ( propagation ( ,nor!rn nut trees1 especially ! pecan1 x 0 necess>y to fir/ locate p>5t trees 9 ?is section t 7 wor?y ( propagation1 9 ord] t ! nurs]y /ock produc$ f !m w\ld be h>dy 9 ?is & m nor!rn t]ritory4 ,along ! ,ohio & ,waba% riv]s & _! tribut>ies _m ?\s&s ( l>ge se$l+ pecan trees grew naturally1 & to locate "s ( ! mo/ wor?y ones = propagation took ! comb9$ ef=ts ( all ( u 9 ?is section :o 7 int]e/$1 z well z ! aid ( ! tree own]s & nut ga!r]s4 ,9 ! ye> #aiaj ?ree nut nurs]ies 7 e/abli%$ "h 9 ,s\!rn ,indiana1 two ( :i* h long s9ce be5 discont9u$4 ,be=e t "t a v few propagat$ pecan trees _h be5 produc$ 9 an exp]im5tal way by "s fruit tree nurs]ym54 ,little did ,i realize at t "t ! trials & heada*es t lay 9 ! pa? ,i 0 to travel 9 ?is v5ture1 su* z locat+ ! p>5t trees1 secur+ ! graft & budwood f !m1 le>n+ to keep ?is wood f "t ( cutt+ until us$1 me?ods ( propagation1 try+ to educate ! prospective tree buy] z to ! value ( ^! trees1 & to believe t pecan trees c\ld be transplant$1 & t !y w\ld be> if ! taproot _h be5 cut1 & _m o!r ?+s4 ,production ( nut trees 9 nurs]ies 9 ?is nor!rn t]ritory is s diff]5t1 & m difficult ?an 9 ! ,gulf ,coa/ c\ntry1 :]e ,i sp5t a "p ( two seasons hop+ to get in=mation t w\ld be ( value "h4 ,:at ,i le>n$ !re 0 ( little or no value "h1 s x 0 up to u to solve our own problems 9 ?is section by exp]i5ce1 z !re 0 v little 9 pr9t at t "t on ,nor!rn nut tree propagation4 ,"o ( our fir/ problems 0 to le>n to keep cions f "t ( cutt+ until "t ( use1 n kn[+ :5 t "t 04 ,we tri$ all times f ,m>* until ,may1 hav+ little success at any "t4 ,at fir/ we kept ! scions 9 a cold /orage plant 9 ,evansville1 & at a temp]ature ( ar\nd #cb degrees1 & 9 wet moss4 ,lat] we f\nd x mu* bett] to keep scions at home 9 a cell> at a high] temp]ature1 & 9 only slightly damp5$ sphagnum moss4 ,9 ! beg9n+ our ef=ts 7 mo/ly 9 graft+1 !n aft] a ye> or two ( failure1 probably l>gely due to ! way we kept our scions1 we _h "s results at ! ,mc,coy ,nurs]y1 ) scions kept at home4 ,! ,mc,coy ,nurs]y 0 ab\t f\r miles f my place1 & locat$ 9 a s&y soil ) a ne> quicks& sub-soil4 ,at t location !y 7 lat] reasonably successful 9 graft+1 us+ ! modifi$ cleft graft4 ,my nurs]y is 9 clay soil ) a h>d /ratum ( soil ?ree or f\r feet bel[ ! surface1 & because ( ?is ,i h be5 unable to graft pecans 9 ! nurs]y1 ?\gh ,i h tri$ e kn[n me?od1 & "u all conditions4 ,i c\ld successfully graft at ! ,mc,coy ,nurs]y1 !n use ! same scion wood & ! same me?od at home1 b h a complete failure2 !re=e1 ,i turn$ to budd+ entirely on pecans 9 ! nurs]y4 ,x is some:at diff]5t ) walnut--,i c get fair results ) walnut graft+ at times1 ?\gh ,i d v little ( ?is1 z m ?an #ie ( my walnut trees are produc$ by budd+4 ,i d a lot ( topwork+ on native se$l+ nut trees = o!rs4 ,mr4 ,sly1 :o is ) me1 & ,i make "o or m ( ^! trips ea* spr+4 ,= ?is "w ,i use only ! slip-b>k me?od1 %ap+ ! scion a little diff]5tly f any o!r ,i h ev] se5 us$4 ,?is has giv5 spl5did results ev]y:]e ,i h us$ x1 :i* has be5 ov] ! t]ritory f ,ohio to ,oklahoma4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( all[ance is made 9 ?is "w z to safe dra9age ( ! /ock1 dep5d+ on wea!r & soil conditions1 :i* v>y z1 to season & location4 ,i d practically all ( my nurs]y propagat+ by budd+1 & "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial ?+s is to h favorable sap conditions 9 budwood z well z 9 /ocks4 ,on walnut ,i use only ! curr5t season's gr[? ( wood = budwood1 & x mu/ be reasonably well matur$4 ,v (t5 sap 9 ! /ock may %[ signs ( leav+ be=e budwood is matur$ en\gh = use1 & only ! rip] buds ne> ! base ( ! bud /ick c be us$1 9 :i* case ! re/ ( ! buds on ! bud /ick are lo/4 ,sometimes sap 9 ! /ocks c be held a few days long] by cutt+ a r+ ar\nd ! /ock above ! place :]e ! bud is to be plac$1 :i* *ecks ! fl[ ( sap to ! upp] "p ( ! /ock4 ,sap 9 ! /ock mu/ be 9 a favorable condition to hope = good results4 ,9 budd+ pecan x is diff]5t4 ,ei!r ! curr5t or ! pa/ season's gr[? may be us$ ) ab\t equal results1 ?\gh ! curr5t season's buds mu/ be well matur$4 ,v (t5 9 a dry season :5 !re is evid5ce ( sap leav+ ! pecan /ocks e>li] ?an usual & ! curr5t season's buds are n well matur$1 ,i use ! pa/ season's gr[? until ! new gr[? is mature4 ,a nut tree nurs]yman has exp]i5ces t are bo? pleasant & unpleasant 9 sell+ trees z well z produc+ !m4 ,?is is probably well kn[n to all ( y :o h produc$ & sold nut trees4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ _m que/ions 7"s ( :i* are amus+7 ! public c ask1 & v (t5 ^? t ask ! mo/ que/ions1 lead+ "o to believe !y are a good prospect = a l>ge ord]1 may ord] only "o or two trees1 or none at all4 ,!n !re are ^? :o h nev] b\ght a nut tree be=e1 & :5 !y see _! fir/ "o are dissatisfi$ because x does n h a root sy/em l a fruit tree2 & !re are a few :o w try to get replacem5ts :e!r !y are entitl$ to !m or n1 & usually !y are n2 =1 reg>dless ( ! in/ructions giv5 = ! plant+ & aft]-c>e1 !y w neglect !m1 !n compla9 if !y h a loss1 & c]ta9 exp]i5ces h l$ me to believe !y claim loss be=e hav+ x4 ,_m seem to ?9k t a nurs]yman %\ld gu>antee 8 trees to live :5 plant$ by ! pur*as]4 ,to d ?is w\ld be assum+ ! responsibility ( ! h&l+1 plant+ & aft]-c>e ( ! plant]1 :i* w\ld make x necess>y = ! nurs]yman to put a price on 8 trees t w\ld take c>e ( a lot ( replacem5ts to ! m c>eless ones :o w\ld h losses1 & be v unfair to ^? :o take good c>e ( _! trees1 & h little or no loss1 z !y w\ld be /&+ "p ( ! loss ( ! c>eless ones4 ,! mo/ a nurs]yman c d is to produce ! be/ trees possible1 dig !m c>efully1 pack !m 9 fir/ class condition & %ip !m imm$iately4 ,discussion aft] ,mr4 ,wilk9son's pap]4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,m9or elem5ts are important 9 plant nutrition ,! problem ( defici5cies is go+ to become v important4 ,we d n keep ! live/ock we did & we are n return+ to ! l& ! manure & o!r f]tiliz]s t conta9 ! elem5ts ! trees ne$4 ,nitrog51 phosphorus1 & pota%1 also magnesium are ne$$4 ,we are tak+ m f ! soil ?an we are putt+ back4 ,corsan3 ,9 ,cuba !re are hundr$s ( %>ks4 ,^! make f9e manure1 wond]ful = nut trees4 ,pr(4 ,slate3 ,h[ _m %>ks w\ld y ne$ = an acre ( l&8 ,morphology & ,/ructure ( ! ,walnut ,c4 ,c4 ,,l\nsb]ry1 ,i[a ,/ate ,college ,?is subject1 ! /ructure ( ! walnut1 is discuss$ 9 its relation to propagation4 ,catk9 be>+ nut trees1 su* z ! walnut1 h a ref9$ /ructure t makes graft+ difficult4 ,/ructure1 r ?an =m ( walnuts1 sugge/s treatm5t "u ! head+s1 b>k1 cambium1 wood1 roots1 pi? & buds1 z well z ! sap t p]meates !m4 ,b>k3 ,:5 ! b>k ( ! walnut is cut1 z 9 budd+1 x is difficult to tie d[n s x w n curl & yet n /rangle ! bud4 ,! wax-l cov]+ ( ! b>k is ?94 ,h[ev]1 ! b>k itself w /ay gre5 two mon?s or m if wea!r is cool4 ,cambium3 ,! cambium dries quickly :5 expos$ to air1 & mu/ be kept cov]$4 ,graft$ walnuts %[ callus gr[? f ! cambium1 & also f ! pi? ( /ems & ! endod]mis ( ! root4 ,wood3 ,! wood ( ! walnut is diffuse por\s1 brittle1 /raight gra9$1 & easily split4 ,! wood mu/ be cut diagonally to get suffici5t t5sion to hold ! scion 9 graft+4 ,! bran* gr[s rapidly 9 a %ort season1 ,may #ae? to ,july #a/ 9 c5tral ,i[a4 ,! upp] two-?irds ( ! "o ye> gr[? is usually light weight ) pi? ( l>ge diamet]4 ,! base ( ! "o-ye> gr[? is ! be/ = scions4 ,"s v>ieties ( walnut z = example ! ,?omas1 h relatively l>ge "o-ye> gr[? & m scions c be cut f its bran*es ?an f ! wood ( ,ohio :i* is small & will[-l4 ,measurem5ts tak5 9 #aidj on #aah common black walnut se$l+s plant$ 9 #aici %[$ #i_/af av]age diamet] ( se$l+ at cr[n1 #e_/af av]age diamet] ( pi? at cr[n2 #c_/h av]age diamet] ( se$l+ at top2 & #a_/d av]age diamet] ( pi? at top2 #c4bf in*es av]age l5g? ( solid pi? above cr[n2 #b4ia in*es av]age l5g? ( solid pi? 9 root bel[ cr[n4 ,pi?3 ,pi? 9 ! black walnut is *amb]$ 7lamellate7 9 ! old] wood1 b solid 9 ! y\ng]1 gr[+ wood4 ,! plates are a light br[n color1 gett+ l>g] 9 diamet] t[>d ! top ( ! ye>'s gr[?4 ,! leaf traces f ! leaf ra*is to ! pi? %[ heavi] f ! bottom buds ( ! bran* ?an at ! tip1 & ! pi? is usually solid at ! bottom ( ! bran*4 ,roots3 ,:5 ! nut ( ! black walnut g]m9ates 9 ! soil ! lobes or cotyl$ons d n rise above ! gr\nd l ! cotyl$ons ( ! bean b rema9 9 ! nut %ell "u gr\nd1 & are brok5 (f 9 ! gr[? ( ! se$l+1 ! root go+ d[n & ! /em ris+ above ! gr\nd4 ,:]e ! cotyl$ons are brok5 (f1 ! s-call$ cr[n ( ! walnut1 two r\gh places appe>1 ne>ly opposite on ! /em4 ,9 ^! r\gh places1 two gr\ps ( buds are =m$1 r>ely ?ree gr\ps4 ,cytological /udies at ,i[a ,/ate ,college h n %[n :y !re are n /em initials 9 ! tap roots ( ! walnut4 ,:5 ! root is cut (f a foot und]gr\nd1 root initials develop b no /em initials4 ,! s5sitivity ( walnut leaf buds to wat] may h some?+ to d ) x4 ,buds3 ,buds ( ! walnut are 9 v]tical gr\ps ( two or ?ree 9 ! axils ( ! leaves4 ,!y h few scales4 ,!y appe> on se$l+s & curr5t ye> bran*es4 ,"s h %ort /alks4 ,if brok5 (f !y d n usually gr[ back aga94 ,! second ye>1 ^! buds usually drop (f 9 mid-season4 ,9 cutt+ (f buds1 unless ! gr\p ( buds is tak5 out z a *ip1 "s may gr[ out aga94 ,leaf arrangem5t3 ,!re is a ?ree rank arrangem5t ( leaves 9 ! walnut1 ! n9? leaf com+ 9 ! same position z ! fir/4 ,accord+ to ! "w ( ,caesalp9o1 ! buds %\ld !n rise 9 ?ree places at ! cr[n4 ,only 9 r>e cases does ?is occur 9 ! black walnut1 al?\gh x is usual ) ! ,p]sian walnut4 ,if ! nut is plant$ deep ?is causes mu* suck]+ & a t5d5cy to etiolate ! buds s !y w /& wat]4 ,buds are s5sitive3 ,buds are s5sitive to wat]1 & /orage mat]ial mu/ be fairly dry & cool4 ,9 two l>ge boxes ( scions receiv$ la/ ye> f ,g]many1 "s #bj v>ieties ( ,p]sian walnut1 all _h dead buds :5 receiv$4 ,!y 7 pack$ 9 ,g]man peat4 ,:5 buds are cov]$ ) wax ! wax mu/ n be too hot or x w kill ! buds4 ,9 plac+ graft$ walnuts 9 sphagnum or s& !y %\ld n /ay wet or ! buds w die4 ,ei!r unions mu/ be above damp s& or sphagnum1 or ! buds be protect$ by wax or adhesive4 ,sap3 ,9 spr+ graft+ !re is an enorm\s fl[ ( sap :i* w sometimes te> ! plates out ( ! pi?4 ,grafts may be protect$ by girdl+ ! /ock a few in*es bel[ ! place :]e ! graft is set1 or bo? above & bel[ x4 ,9 #aicg #bei walnuts ?ree ye>s old 7 cut (f six in*es above ! gr\nd & girdl$ two in*es above ! gr\nd4 #aga cr[n buds came up1 #hh />t$ above ! girdl+4 #bjg trees 7 cut (f ?ree feet above ! gr\nd1 & ! trunk girdl$ six in*es above ! gr\nd4 #aec />t$ above ! cr[n1 & #ij />t$ above ! girdle4 ,! same ye> 7#aicg7 #aie trees ?ree ye>s old 7 cut (f f\r feet above ! gr\nd1 & all buds above gr\nd 7 cut flu% ) ! surface ( ! b>k4 ,?is 0 repeat$ twice1 f9ally tak+ buds out z a *ip1 except ! top bud2 #abf di$2 #fi grew f ! top b4 #bjc trees ?ree ye>s old 7 cut (f five feet above gr\nd & all buds cut (f except upp] "o2 #fd di$2 #aci grew f top bud4 #bjj trees ?ree ye>s old 7 cut (f six feet above gr\nd1 & all buds kept rubb$ (f except top "o2 #cc di$1 & #afg grew f top bud4 ,vitality & sap3 ,black walnut sap *anges color f oxidation almo/ in/antly4 ,b5* grafts mu/ be made quickly & put 9 place at once or ! unions w dry out4 ,if ! root does n /a9 h&s 9 graft+ ! graft usually fails4 ,9 outdoor graft+ if ! sap /&s 9 pockets ! sug> w f]m5t1 kill+ ! graft4 ,!re is a new ,j]sey 7#c7 bullet9 :i* %[s black walnut sap z un/able1 quickly =m+ sug> :5 expos$ to w>m wea!r4 ,vegetative propagation ( gre5wood cutt+s3 ,witt & ,sp5ce 7#d7 9 ,engl& work+ ) gre5wood cutt+s atta9$ #ge p] c5t success ) ,p]sian walnut & ,royal walnut 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,!y _h no success ) black walnut at t "t 7#aibf74 ,! ,g]mans 9 #aicf 7#a7 work+ on gre5wood cutt+s _h mo/ success ) ! ,p]sian walnut1 b us$ gre5wood tak5 9 ,septemb]4 ,vegetative propagation or h>dwood cutt+s3 ,9 #aich ! au?or 7#b7 us+ gr[? sub/ance on saddle grafts ( v>i\s walnuts f\nd ,asiatic & we/]n walnuts w5t on _! own roots4 ,at ?is "t ! ,ta/]ite black walnut w5t on its own root4 ,9 #aidf & #aidg us+ ab\t #be v>ieties ( black walnut1 ,p]sian1 we/]n & ,asiatic walnuts1 eight in* h>dwood cutt+s 7 us$ beg9n+ 9 ,decemb] & repeat$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aidg4 ,ne>ly all ! cutt+s ( ! l>g] size 7ab\t #a_/b7 />t$ 9 ab\t a mon? & grew ab\t two mon?s4 ,!n all di$4 ,!re 7 balls ( callus on _m ( !m4 ,"o on ,?omas 0 an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! bottom heat 0 held at #gj degrees ,f4 ,?is may h be5 too high1 z on rais+ ! cutt+s x 0 f\nd ! callus _h rott$4 ,?is proc$ure has possibilities4 ,lit]ature ,cit$ #a4 ,in/itut fur ,ob/bau1 ,b]l94 ,die ,walnusz v]$lung4 7,vegetative propagation ( walnuts74 ,m]kbl4 ,in/4 ,ob/b4 ,b]l9 #e1 pp4 #ae1 #aicf4 #b4 ,l\nsb]ry1 ,c4 ,c4 ,use ( ,gr[? ,sub/ance 9 ,b5* ,graft+ ,walnuts & ,hickories4 ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association #aich ,report1 p4 #fc4 #c4 ,nelson1 ,julius4 ,f]m5tation & ,g]m ,life4 ,n4 ,j4 ,ag4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,bul4 #acd1 #ahii4 #d4 ,witt1 ,a4 ,w4 & ,h[>d ,sp5ce4 ,vegetative ,propagation ( ,walnuts4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,ea/ ,mall+ ,res4 ,/ation #aibf-bg4 ,a ,me?od ( ,budd+ ,walnuts ,h4 ,,lynn ,,tuttle1 ,cl>k/on1 ,wa%4 ,x took man "s ?irty ?\s& ye>s to le>n to build a fire--conv5i5tly4 ,i ?\ght x 0 go+ to take me t long to le>n h[ to bud walnuts1 b =tunately ! p]iod has be5 some:at %ort5$4 ,:5 ,i fir/ began to propagate1 or try to propagate1 walnuts1 ,i naturally look$ to ! approv$ & accept$ me?ods4 ,= me1 !y did n "w4 ,be=e ,i 0 ?r\gh ,i ?9k ,i tri$ !m all4 ,i pat*-budd$ ) v>iations & improvisations4 ,i %ield-budd$ & b>k-graft$4 ,i coat$ ! w\nds ) graft+-wax1 latex1 cellophane1 asphalt & p>aff9e4 ,i trimm$ (f ! bud %\ld]s to make a smoo!r tie & trimm$ ar\nd ! edges to make m contact4 ,i wrapp$ ) raffia1 /r+s1 rags & rubb] /rips & tack$ ) small nails4 ,:atev] ,i did or h[ev] ,i did x results 7 all ab\t ! same--! sap s\r$4 ,9 fact ov] a p]iod ( ye>s ,i tri$ e way ,i c\ld ?9k up or read ab\t to br+ ! bud & ! cambium lay] toge!r & make !m /ick4 ,results 7 surpris+ly uni=m--! sap s\r$4 ,b we mu/ n dwell too long on ! %ots t miss$4 ,z ) a refractory eng9e t w sudd5ly sputt]1 !re came "s elem5ts ( success4 ,! po9t to le>n 01 :y8 ,conc5trat+ on ! %ield bud entirely we det]m9$ to f9d ^! :ys4 ,s we tri$ tak+ big slabs ( b>k along ) ! bud1 peel+ out ! wood1 break+ (f ! leaf /em entirely & wax+ ! sc> & mak+ an unnecess>ily long cut = ! bud4 ,! b>k /uck fairly well b ! buds di$4 ,?is 0 "s enc\ragem5t & ,i knew t ) en\gh "t1 reason & a little luck we w\ld ev5tually hit ! m>k4 ,n[ ,dame ,=tune _h decre$ t ,i be rais$ on a gra9 & /ock ran* :]e ! only trees we c\ld see 7 9 ! di/ant m\nta9s1 or1 if we rode 9 ! canyons1 cottonwoods & *oke-*]ries4 ,my exp]i5ce & tra9+ 0 ) animals1 & animals1 especially horses1 seem q susceptible to accid5t4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( treat+ almo/ any w\nd is to give x dra9age1 o!rwise1 bo? lit]ally & figuratively1 ! sap s\r$4 ,?us x dawn$ on me t a tree-w\nd1 ev5 if only sk9 deep %\ld h ! same treatm5t z a fle% w\nd4 ,& dra9age1 be+ desirable1 %\ld be ample4 ,x 0 q late 9 ! season b ,i w5t out & set a doz5 ,s*af] walnut buds on ea/]n black /ocks4 ,^! buds ,,_h ,,dra9age4 ,! v]tical cut ( ! ,t ext5d$ at lea/ two in*es bel[ ! bud4 ,success ensu$1 !y grew4 ,! foll[+ spr+ we budd$ z soon z ! b>k w\ld slip & cont9u$ at int]vals all summ]4 ,results 7 good4 ,"s ( ! /eps we n[ use are probably n ess5tial & p]haps n ev5 ! be/1 b !re are two po9ts t _c be ov]-emphasiz$1 namely1 dra9age & contact4 ,! complete me?od is z foll[s3 #a4 ,trim bud /icks to leave an in* ( petiole on ! bud4 #b4 ,make ! ,t cut ) a long v]tical sla% t w ext5d at lea/ an in* bel[ ! bottom ( ! bud4 #c4 ,cut ! bud long & deep & peel x f ! wood by p9*+ ! sides4 ,be c>efull n to injure ! b>k j bel[ ! bud4 #d4 ,ins]t ! bud ei!r flu% ) or bel[ ! cross-cut4 #e4 ,wrap ) l>ge siz$ rubb] budd+ /rips j firmly en\gh to make good contact4 ,too tight wrapp+s curtail circulation4 ,d n cov] ! cut bel[ ! bud4 ,! w\nd mu/ h dra9age4 #f4 ,be sure t ! c5t] ( ! bud-cut is firm aga9/ ! cambium lay]4 ,if x humps ( b[s & won't /ay d[n ins]t a too?-pick or bit ( leaf /em or some?+ along ! c5t] l9e to hold x d[n4 ,we usually d ?is dur+ ! wrapp+ process4 ,we use no wax4 ,we ?r[ a wrap ov] ! bud1 %\ld]s ev5 ?\gh x may press ! petiole =w>d aga9/ ! bud4 ,if ! c5t] ( ! bud pulls out x w n gr[ al?\gh an adv5titi\s bud may ev5tually />t4 ,budd+ seems ab\t equally successful any "t t ! b>k slips freely4 ,on walnuts ?is is all summ] if n too dry4 ,e>ly-plac$ buds may make sev]al feet gr[? be=e fall if suffici5t moi/ure is available4 ,on walnuts !re are always dormant buds4 ,we h us$ /orage wood b n[ j cut x fre%4 ,we h n tri$ dra9+ pat*-bud or grafts4 ,al?\gh we h n tri$ x we ?9k *]ries & o!r trees incl9$ to dr[n ! buds might be bett] h&l$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,climate is a factor 9 ! type ( propagation advisable4 ,"o v f9e gr[] us+ buds 9 ,cali=nia c\ld propagate only by grafts :5 he mov$ to ,we/]n ,oregon4 ,! k]nel ( my walnut budd+ exp]i5ce may well be summ>iz$ 9 "o ^w--dra9age4 99 99 99 99 99 ,que/ions ask$ ,mr4 ,/oke aft] 8 demon/ration ( graft+ & budd+4 ,see 8 pap] 9 #aidf ,report1 pp4 #ii-ajc4--;,ed4 ,memb]3 ,h[ d y keep y\r scions8 ,/oke3 ,i pref] 'orange' cold /orage = scionwood4 ,?is is j above freez+4 ,walnuts %\ld be 9 full leaf be=e spr+ budd+4 ,mc,daniel3 ,:at p]c5tage ( *e/nuts did well ) ! 'plate' me?od ( budd+8 ,/oke3 ,i don't use x ) *e/nuts = spr+ budd+1 b sometimes = summ] budd+4 ,x w "w well on any v>iety ( ,p]sian walnut1 he>tnut & black walnut4 ,place buds on ! nor? & nor!a/ side ( tree to prev5t sun injury4 ,"q3 ,d y f9d any diff]5ce 9 us+ buds f an eight or t5 ye> old tree z aga9/ a y\ng] tree8 ,/oke3 ,no1 n s long z x is heal?y4 ,= spr+ budd+ ,i don't c>e to h any trees too vigor\s4 ,cut tops (f "y trees ?ree to five days aft] budd+1 & =ce ! buds into gr[?4 ,if y delay too long ! bud w die4 ,i w\ldn't try to bud trees unless b>k is slipp+4 ,memb]3 ,i h us$ p>ap9 wax & cov]$ x ) old bread pap]4 ,/oke3 ,t may "w because ! wax 0 %ad$4 ,s\!rn sun may melt p>ap9 & p>aff9 waxes4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,d5ti/s1 surgeons & wood c>v]s make ! be/ graft]s4 ,"q3 ,c ! scions be cut ) a small plane8 ,/oke3 ,any?+ y h to cut ) a plane is too big4 ,i nev] use a plane4 ,"q3 ,:at d y use a splice graft =8 ,/oke3 ,any?+ except walnut4 ,9 walnut ,i use a modifi$ cleft graft1 & ,i take c>e ( ! sap fl[ by plac+ ! graft d[n ab\t #a or #a-a_/d bel[ ! cut 7:]e ! tree is cut (f74 ,wax ! scion b d n wax ! cut4 ,let x ble$4 ,"q3 ,:at is ! value ( cut leaf black walnut8 ,/oke3 ,purely ornam5tal4 ,wes*cke reports t x is v h>dy ) him4 ,rick3 ,:at ab\t ! ,lamb walnut8 ,/oke3 ,we don't "k :e!r ! wood ( graft$ trees is curly or n4 ,i s5t ,mr4 ,re$ a limb f ,lamb & he gave x to ! =e/ laboratory & !y f\nd no evid5ce ( curly gra94 ,rick3 ,%\ldn't x be propagat$ until we are sure8 ,/oke3 ,we _h ,mr4 ,lamb himself talk be=e u at ,roanoke & he told u ab\t ! p>5t tree4 ,he doesn't "k :at makes "o tree curly & ano!r n4 ,korn3 ,is t uncommon8 ,/oke3 ,n s v4 ,trees are mo/ curly at ! base & 9 ! out] wood4 ,"q3 ,d y always leave t /ub on black walnut8 ,/oke3 ,yes1 b x %\ld be remov$ lat] 9 ! fir/ summ]4 ,"q3 ,:]e d y use y\r splice graft4 ,/oke3 ,on any?+ o!r ?an walnut1 if scion & /ock are ! same size4 ,:]e /ock is l>g] ?an scion ,i use ! modifi$ cleft graft up to sizes approa*+ "o in* 9 ! /ock4 ,= topwork+ l>g] /ocks ,i use "o ( ! =ms ( b>k graft4 ,= ! l>ge hickory /ock ,dr4 ,morris' b>k slot graft is pref]r$4 ,= l>ge1 ?9-b>k$ /ocks ! simple b>k graft may be us$4 ,my orig9al grafts ( ! ,c>r & ,hobson ,*9ese *e/nuts1 made ) scions receiv$ f ,messrs4 ,c>r & ,hobson 9 ! w9t] ( #aicb1 are /ill p]fect unions4 ,i believe t graft$ *e/nuts gr[+ 9 fro/ pockets are mo/ likely to develop faulty unions2 possibly fro/ injury to immature cells at ! junction po9t may occur4 ,dr4 ,crane m5tions a simil> failure ( unions betwe5 ,p]sian & black walnuts on ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,:at cut did y use 9 graft+ ^? *e/nuts8 ,/oke3 ,modifi$ cleft4 ,9 us+ ,dr4 ,morris' b>k slot graft ,i f9d x be/ to leave j a little ( ! cut face ( ! scion w$ge above ! top ( ! /ock4 ,?is1 ) top ( ! /ock cut slop+ away f ! scion1 z illu/rat$1 promotes quick heal+ ) no 'die-back4' ,dr4 ,smi?3 ,is t top slant+8 ,/oke3 ,yes1 ,i cut x slant+4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,t is a good graft = walnuts1 too4 ,note3 ,mr4 ,/oke %[$ ! gr\p a picture ( a mock]nut tree 9 "o ( 8 fields :i* he _h girdl$ to kill x4 ,! tree liv$ f\r ye>s & dur+ ^? ye>s ! moi/ure _h to g up ?r\gh ! inn] wood4 ,! sub/ance ( ,mr4 ,/oke's talk1 toge!r ) illu/rations1 may be f\nd on page #ii ( ! #aidf report4 ,importance ( ,bud ,selection 9 ! ,graft+ ( ,nut ,trees ,g4 ,j4 ,,korn1 ,kalamazoo1 ,mi*igan ,= _m ye>s ! fruit gr[]s h be5 improv+ ! qualities ( _! fruits 9 sev]al ways4 ,! e>ly pione]s ( our c\ntry select$ ! be/ fruits f se$l+ trees4 ,*ance se$l+s t 7 f\nd 9 pa/ures1 by roadsides1 or possibly 9 "s out-(-!-way place1 select$ because ( "s special quality or gr\p ( qualities1 /ill dom9ate our comm]cial plant+s ( fruits & nuts4 ,sev]al ( ! apple v>ieties to be f\nd 9 ! m>ket today are f ^! *ance se$l+s4 ,9 m rec5t ye>s "s ( our agricultural colleges h be5 bre$+ fruits4 ,su* bre$+ has giv5 u sev]al ( our m promis+ nam$ v>ieties4 ,9 ?is way a great improvem5t has be5 br\ght ab\t 9 our fruits4 ,environm5t too appe>s to h play$ an important "p 9 mak+ *anges 9 fruits & nuts4 ,nuts t are extremely h>dy 9 ! m nor!rn latitudes1 appe> to h develop$ ?is h>d9ess gradually ?r\gh\t _m g5]ations4 ,because ( ?is quality we are n[ able to select v>ieties t are mo/ likely to succe$ 9 any p>ticul> locality4 ,m rapid & satisfactory me?ods ( improv+ our fruits & nuts h be5 br\ght ab\t ?r\gh bre$+4 ,?is developm5t ( ! sci5ce ( plant bre$+ has made x possible to bl5d ! good qualities ( two se$l+s into a new v>iety4 ,man does n h to foll[ nature's sl[ hit-&-miss me?od ( develop+ m desirable qualities 9 h] products4 ,controll$ bre$+1 z br\ght ab\t by man1 produces fa/] & m satisfactory results4 ,man's improvem5t ov] nature has come ab\t ?r\gh 8 *oice ( ! qualities to be bl5d$1 & 8 ability to br+ toge!r two p>5ts f widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ! e>?1 if necess>y4 ,besides bre$+1 we are able also to use "s ( ! mutations or bud sports to improve our nuts z well z fruits4 ,al?\gh our progress 9 improv+ nuts may n yet be z spectacul> z cross-bre$+ ) apples1 bud selection has already modifi$ ! li/ ( our comm]cial v>ieties4 ,"o ( ! fir/ requisites 9 bud selection is s ?or\gh a k ( ! v>iety t any dep>ture f ! type w be detect$4 ,!n x w be necess>y to />t propagation to det]m9e :e!r ! v>iation 0 caus$ by "s environm5tal factor1 or is really a sport :i* c be p]petuat$ by vegetative propagation4 ,y may wond] if _m ( our nut gr[]s "k nut v>ieties well en\gh to detect any b ! mo/ obvi\s sports4 ,nut improvem5t ?r\gh bud selection )9 ! v>iety lies ahead ( u4 ,among fruit gr[]s ! se>* seems to h be5 = fruits ( diff]5t or m pleas+ color4 ,z nut gr[]s we are m likely to be int]e/$ 9 nut sports hav+ bett] size1 k]nel1 crack+ qualities1 etc4 ,trees t are able to rip5 _! nuts 9 %ort or cool seasons are especially desirable 9 "s ( our m nor!rn /ates4 ,my att5tion 0 especially call$ to ! importance ( bud selection sev]al ye>s ago :ile buy+ my w9t]'s supply ( apples4 ,i 0 exam9+ ! spl5did crop ( ,jona?an apples 9 a neighbor's l>ge comm]cial or*>d4 ,on mo/ ( ! ,jona?an trees ! apples 7 l>ge & well color$ & ! crop 0 heavy4 ,h[ev]1 a few trees bore apples ( inf]ior size & color4 ,^u que/ion+ ! fruit gr[] z to ! diff]5ce 9 ! p]=mance ( ! two types ( ,jona?an apple trees1 he expla9$ t ! bett] apples came f trees suppli$ by a nurs]yman :o 0 v p>ticul> 9 select+ a good bud /ra94 ,! o!r trees 7 j ! ord9>y /ra9 ( ,jona?an4 ,x 0 :ile work+ 9 a comm]cial or*>d ( ! graft$ v>ieties ( black walnuts t ,i notic$ "o especially promis+ ,?omas tree4 ,dur+ ! few ye>s t ,i h obs]v$ ?is tree1 its nuts h be5 ( spl5did size & v uni=m4 ,! k]nels f ! nuts f ?is tree 7 some:at bett] ?an ^? f mo/ ( ! o!r trees4 ,i n[ h "s grafts gr[+ f ?is promis+ tree4 ,!re appe>s to be mu* promise = nut improvem5t by cross-bre$+ to regr\p desir$ qualities4 ,al?\gh _m ( u enjoy ! nut conte/s t are conduct$ f "t to "t1 x appe>s t our nut improvem5t program might move along fa/] if m att5tion 7 giv5 to nut bre$+ & se>*+ out desirable bud sports4 ,discussion aft] ,g4 ,j4 ,korn's pap]4 ,corsan3 ,f>m]s %\ld be enc\rag$ to plant nut trees along b\nd>y l9es4 ,enorm\s am\nts ( f]tiliz] !re4 ,j4 ,r4 ,smi?3 ,"o tree 9 t5 ?\s& se$l+s is wor? :ile4 ,dr4 ,l\nsb]ry3 ,we h two trees plant$ close toge!r--"o be>s small nuts & ! o!r l>ge nuts4 ,!y are f ! same graft+4 ,x w\ld seem t ! tr\ble is 9 ! /ock4 ,! /ock makes a va/ diff]5ce4 ,! ,hemm+ ,*9ese ,*e/nuts ,e4 ,,sam ,,hemm+1 ,ea/on1 ,m>yl& ,! be>+ record ( our r[ ( #ah ,*9ese *e/nuts has attract$ s mu* att5tion t ,i ?\ght ! ,association w\ld be int]e/$ 9 see+ "s slides ( ^! trees1 also ( our exp]im5tal or*>d1 z well z ! l>ge quantity ( small trees we gr[ 9 our nurs]y & ! mann] 9 :i* we raise !m4 ,y w see a numb] ( slides ( *e/nut trees & he> a lot ab\t ! be>+ qualities1 b y won't see a s+le nut1 = un=tunately all ^! slides 7 tak5 betwe5 ,decemb] #aidf & ,july #aidg4 ,y w j h to let ! num]\s little trees atte/ to ! fact t ^! trees be>4 ,we h #ej1jjj trees 9 our nurs]y4 ,^! trees are n[ n9ete5 ye>s old & h borne r rem>kably s9ce #aicg4 ,!y are spac$ too close--an accid5t--b ,i believe t helps ?or\gh poll9ation4 ,!y are n[ #ab & m in*es 9 diamet]1 "s are #cj' high & ! spread is at lea/ #ce' :]e !y h ! room4 ,all b ,no4 #ad are spread+ 9 "*2 spread+ "* & good be>+ seem$ to be connect$4 ,! be>+ record ( ^! trees has be5 giv5 be=e b ,i w summ>ize !m by ye>s aga93 #aicg--aah p\nds2 #aich 7no records72 #aici-dfc p\nds2 #aidj--bej p\nds2 #aida--efd p\nds2 #aidb--feh p\nds2 #aidc--gdi p\nds2 #aidd--fgh p\nds2 #aide--bej p\nds2 #aidf--a1ajj p\nds2 ?is ye>'s crop w probably run #gjj to #hjj p\nds4 ,! trees seem to be> mu* ! same1 ) ,no4 #ad ! poore/ & ,no4 #ai ! be/ &1 l _m o!r tree crops1 !y t5d to alt]nate good & poor crops on ea* tree4 ,! nuts are ( good size1 av]ag+ #dj to #ej p] p\nd 7gre57 ) ,no4 #f & ,no4 #ai be>+ ! smalle/ nuts4 ,!y rip5 9 ,septemb] ) ! exception ( ,no4 #ai :i* is a mon? lat]4 ,mr4 ,re$ likes ,no4 #af :i* has a wr9kl$ %ell4 ,all ! nuts are m$ium sweet to sweet & all ( !m fall free ( ! bur4 ,i ?9k ! mo/ significant ?+ is t at lea/ #ab ( ! trees h nut *>act]i/ics s ne> alike t !y are ab\t indi/+ui%able1 :i* c]ta9ly makes !m a good s\rce ( se$4 ,! simil>ity ( ! nuts br+s up ! controv]sial subject ( ! se$l+ rais$ tree1 & ,i w make "s rem>ks 9 def5se ( ?is me?od4 #a4 ,all our p>5t trees are good be>]s4 #b4 ,!re is no extrane\s poll5 9 ! vic9ity4 #c4 ,i w pres5t z a "q3 ,has ! ,*9ese *e/nut1 l ! rose & ! apple be5 hybridiz$ out ( all semblance ( ! wild =m8 #d4 ,! se$l+ tree %\ld br+ *e/nuts to ! av]age h\sehold]'s table #cj ye>s soon] ?an graft+ w4 #e4 ,we n[ produce a #c'-d' tree = a v reasonable figure4 #f4 ,all v>ietal =ms at pres5t are z yet un/abiliz$ 7mo/ v>ieties ( #aj ye>s ago h be5 disc>d$74 ,!re w probably be "s duds 9 se$l+ trees1 b we've _h no local compla9ts & ,i wond] if !y w exce$ ! tr\bles f\nd 9 ! graft$ tree4 ,we h _h cu/om]s brag ab\t :at _! #b or #c or #f trees bore4 ,to prove our fai? 9 ?is me?od we plant$ a te/ or*>d4 ,:5 ! trees 7 #c ye>s old f #b ye> transplants !y bore #be p\nds4 ,next ye>1 #aidd1 !y bore #hjj p\nds or an av]age ( #a p\nd p] tree4 ,"r !n & !re we ?\ght t we w\ld h a real /ory to tell1 b we _h mis=tune 9 ano!r direction4 ,?ree ye>s 9 a r[ we h _h fro/s :5 #f in*es ( new gr[? 7 on ^! trees 7! or*>d is n z well situat$ z ! p>5t trees 9 ?is respect74 ,s we _h no crops wor? m5tion+ b nei!r did we h /rawb]ries or simil> fruits4 ,?is ye> ! or*>d 0 fro/$ #b_/c ! way to ! top s we w get q a few nuts1 maybe #ejj p\nds4 ,incid5tally1 we h be5 "h #be ye>s & we've n _h fro/s l ^! be=e4 ,we use all ( our good nuts = se$ purposes1 grad+ out all small or damag$ nuts4 ,9 rais+ ^! trees1 ev5 f se$1 we've _h our tr\bles4 ,we let !m cure sev]al weeks !n plant !m 9 well f$ soil 9 a n>r[ tr5* ab\t #b in*es deep4 ,we place ! nuts #e or #f in*es ap>t2 we fill ! tr5* ) sawdu/ level ) ! surface4 ,we m\nd ! soil ov] ?is ab\t #d in*es until spr+4 ,!n x is remov$4 ,?is me?od lets ! %oots ?r\gh1 o!rwise !y t5d to s5d #c or #d /ems4 ,! nut s5ds d[n ! root v e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,we h "s tr\ble ) ! mole-mice comb9ation2 = ?is reason heavy soil & sawdu/ is bett] ?an s&y soil4 ,z y "k nei!r ! nut nor ! tree likes wet soil4 ,9 rais+ ! "y tree ! pr9cipal difficulty is 9 gett+ a trunk$ upright tree4 ,a se$l+1 especially :5 transplant$ ! fir/ ye>1 flops all ov] l a fl[]+ %rub4 ,to get !m up we plant !m fairly close1 prune !m1 & fe$ !m4 ,our #a ye> trees are usually two feet high & #b ye> trees are #d to #e feet high4 ,we :olesale our trees mo/ly to mail ord] nurs]ies & ! l>ge/ _h a #e reque/ = replacem5ts4 ,!re are tr\bles 9 gr[+ ,*9ese *e/nuts j z !re are 9 mo/ fruits & nut crops &1 9 a way1 ,i am glad !re are because ,i am ( ! op9ion !re is no su* ?+ z h>ve/+ )\t cultivation4 ,= in/ance1 if y plant !m & let nature take its c\rse--x w4 ,x w on an apple1 too4 ,we h f\nd a few small lesions ( *e/nut blight :i* 7 remov$ by prun+ & !n pa9t$ ) p9e t>4 ,!y usually occurr$ at a previ\s po9t ( prun+4 ,"s ( ! transplant$ se$l+s h develop$ a twig cank] at a bud1 b ,i've nev] se5 !m kill "o & ev5 :5 we don't prune x out1 ! tree ov]comes x by new gr[?4 ,! ,japanese beetle attacks ! *e/nut b1 al?\gh !y 7 bad ?is ye>1 "o spray+ ( ,,ddt 0 effective4 ,! weevil 7curculio7 0 bad en\gh la/ ye> s we are spray+ ?is ye>4 ,small gr[]s %\ld put ! nuts 9 metal conta9]s & ?us de/roy ! l>vae1 if any4 ,i w\ld l to rem>k "h t we are a nurs]y gr[+ _m ornam5tals1 & ! ,*9ese *e/nut1 al?\gh l[ bran*$1 is a v ornam5tal tree4 ,i "k ( no tree t has a h&som] d>k1 %9y gre5 leaf or "o ^: gre5 color holds s well until fro/4 ,n[ ,i ?9k y w agree ,i h report$ ! behavior ( our trees fairly1 ! difficulties ( rais+ ! trees1 & h emphasiz$ t ,i d\bt if y w get success ) ! ,*9ese *e/nut )\t ef=t2 yet 9 conclusion ,i w\ld l to /ep into fantasy4 ,our ,no4 #ai tree bore #abd p\nds2 suppose y _h #ej trees p] acre be>+ t quantity4 ,y w\ld get #f1jjj p\nds p] acre4 ,! ,european *e/nut1 :i* is n z good1 br\ght #cj;c on ! ,baltimore m>ket la/ ye>4 ,t w\ld mean #a1hjj4jj p] acre4 ,imag9e hav+ #aj acres6 #aidg ,,crop ,p\nds ( ,*e/nuts f ,orig9al ,trees at ,ea/]n ,%ore ,nurs]ies1 ,inc4 ,no4 #a1 #gh2 ,no4 #b1 #eh2 ,no4 #c1 #ea-a_/d2 ,no4 #d1 #g-a_/b2 ,no4 #e1 #di2 ,no4 #f1 #ca2 ,no4 #g1 #cd2 ,no4 #h1 #ca-a_/b2 ,no4 #i1 #fc2 ,no4 #aj1 #dj-a_/b2 ,no4 #aa1 #fa-a_/b2 ,no4 #ab1 #fd-a_/b2 ,no4 #ac1 #ef2 ,no4 #ad1 #dg-a_/b2 ,no4 #ae1 #gd2 ,no4 #af1 #fj2 ,no4 #ah1 #ajf2 ,no4 #ai1 #be-a_/b--,total1 #ich-c_/d p\nds4 ,"y ,or*>d3 #bbe-a_/b p\nds4 ,discussion aft] ,e4 ,sam ,hemm+'s pap] ,corsan3 ,d y recomm5d ! use ( lime8 ,hemm+3 ,we d n use lime4 ,we use ,vigoro at ! rate ( #a to #a-a_/b lbs4 to in* ( diamet] p] tree4 ,corsan3 ,:y d y use ,vigoro8 ,hemm+3 ,no p>ticul> reason1 j t x is available4 ,memb]3 ,:at "t ( ye> d y f]tilize y\r trees8 ,hemm+3 ,we f]tilize dur+ ! w9t]--usually dur+ ,decemb]4 ,crane3 ,la/ ye> we us$ a me?od ( /or+ ,*9ese *e/nuts :i* prov$ v satisfactory4 ,two ?\s& p\nds ( nuts 7 /or$ la/ ye>4 ,fall plant+ is good :]e "o c use x b 9 a lot ( areas x c n be us$ because ( rats robb+ ! plant+s4 ,we h to /ore ! nuts4 ,! proc$ure we foll[ is to h>ve/ e o!r day4 ,nuts are plac$ 9 t9 cans ) friction top lids4 ,! lids %\ld h "o to ?ree holes ( #a_/af diamet] 9 !m to provide air4 ,cans are plac$ 9 /orage at a temp]ature ( #cb to #dj degrees ,f4 ,/oke3 ,i keep *e/nuts 9 ! cell> 9 a c ) an op5 top 9 :at we call lime/one s&4 ,keep wond]fully well4 ,*e/nuts mu/ h air4 ,gravatt3 ,d[n s\? we h a lot ( tr\ble ) decay4 ,we take nuts "r f ! bur & put !m 9 ! soil4 ,!y give mu* bett] g]m9ation4 ,crane3 ,! ,*9ese h>ve/ _! *e/nuts j z soon z ! bur cracks4 ,!y d n wait = ! nuts to drop f ! trees b h>ve/ ! nuts f ! trees & /ore 9 cov]$ pott]y j>s4 ,!y plant 9 ! fall ( ! ye>4 ,!y d n hold nuts = any l5g? ( "t4 ,corsan3 ,h[ ab\t *>coal8 ,g4 ,smi?3 ,*>coal is good to /ore nuts 94 ,!y are %ipp$ f ,*9a t way4 ,smi?3 ,w\ld *e/nuts /& c>bon bisulphide = gett+ ! weevil out1 or is ! hot wat] treatm5t bett]8 ,crane3 ,c>bon bisulphide treatm5t is dang]\s1 x w kill weevils b x w also kill ! nuts s !y w n g]m9ate4 ,unless precautions are us$ x may cause an explosion & fire4 ,me?yl bromide treatm5t is bett]4 ,/oke3 ,! hot wat] treatm5t is ! be/4 ,x consi/s ( imm]s+ ! nuts 9 wat] at #abj degrees ,f4 = =ty m9utes4 ,hemm+3 ,i h rais$ ab\t #ajj1jjj se$l+s & h nev] se5 blight on any ( my se$l+s4 ,dr4 ,smi?3 ,a tree ne$s usually to be z big z ! small end ( a baseball bat be=e ! b>k op5s en\gh to let 9 ! blight spores4 ,/oke3 ,blight beg9s :]e !re is r\gh b>k :i* provides lodgm5t = ! spores4 ,r\gh b>k & moi/ure result 9 blight1 h5ce ! disease usually />ts ne> ! gr\nd4 ,crane3 ,! blight problem 9 ! gr[+ ( *e/nuts has (t5 be5 /ress$4 ,i ?9k y w h m loss f sunscald & root rot ?an y w f blight4 ,blight is a m9or tr\ble ) u4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut naturally gr[s ) a l[ head4 ,x is a mi/ake to cut (f ! l[ bran*es on ! trees until !y atta9 "s size1 !y c !n be cut (f4 ,/oke3 ,reg>d+ ! protection ( nut trees aga9/ w9t] sun scald1 ,i f9d t if y take ord9>y alum9um pa9t & pa9t ! s\? & s\?we/ side ( nut trees x w la/ = two ye>s4 ,dr4 ,smi?3 ,*e/nut trees h blight$ = me :]e ! wat] table 0 too high & trees ( same orig9 or bett] dra9$ gr\nd ne>by did n blight4 ,blight is (t5 a sign t ! tree wants some?+ x lacks--mu* l disease 9 humans4 ,results ( a ,*9ese ,*e/nut ,root/ock ,exp]im5t ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,k,a,y#d ,introduction ,! propagation ( *e/nut species by budd+ or graft+ has be5 p]=m$ by diff]5t work]s ) v>y+ degrees ( success4 ,_m h f\nd t graft$ trees c\ld be produc$ & gr[n successfully b t graft union tr\bles develop$ 9 a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! trees ei!r soon aft] graft+ or a few ye>s lat]4 ,! v>iety ,c>r is kn[n to graft ) difficulty 9 c]ta9 localities & to give a high p]c5tage ( poor unions bo? at ! "t ( graft+ & aft] a few ye>s ( gr[?4 ,! "q ( relation%ip ( scion & /ock has be5 consid]$ by _m work]s to h an important be>+ on ! success ( graft+ op]ations b no critical "w has be5 done to det]m9e ?is po9t4 ,"s inve/igators hold t scions ( "o species may be graft$ ^u /ock ( ano!r species )\t h>mful effects4 ,! results ( ! budd+ exp]im5t ) ,*9ese *e/nut report$ 9 ?is pap] are ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( te/s design$ to contribute ne$$ in=mation ab\t /ock-scion relation%ip 9 *e/nuts4 ,footnote #d3 ,associate cytologi/1 ,division ( ,fruit & ,vegetable ,crops & ,diseases1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,soils1 & ,agricultural ,eng9e]+1 ,agricultural ,rese>* ,adm9i/ration1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,description & ,results ,! five se$l+ ,*9ese *e/nut trees us$ 9 ! exp]im5t 7 select$ because ( _! heavy-be>+ t5d5cy & because ( ! excell5t keep+ quality ( ! nuts4 ,two ( ! trees be> nuts ( l>ge size :ile ! o!r ?ree be> nuts ( m$ium to small size4 ,se$s f ! five trees 7 plant$ be=e ! use ( ! se$l+s z /ocks 9 ! budd+ exp]im5t 0 plann$1 & s9ce ! se$l+s f ea* tree 7 plant$ toge!r replication ( ! exp]im5t 0 n possible4 ,h[ev]1 ! /ock 0 gr[n 9 ?or\ghly mix$ soil 9 a coldframe & diff]5ces 9 p]=mance ( se$l+s c\ld h>dly be attribut$ to soil het]og5eity4 ,buds f ! five p>5t trees 7 plac$ on ! five lots ( _! own se$l+s 9 all comb9ations ( budwood & /ock4 ,! "w 0 done dur+ ! fir/ week ( ,septemb] :5 ! b>k ( bo? budwood & /ock 0 slipp+ yet gr[? _h sl[$ d[n to "s ext5t4 ,buds 7 plac$ ab\t two in*es bel[ soil level on ! "o-ye>-old se$l+s & ! soil pull$ back to cov] ! buds4 ,budd+ 0 done by means ( ! famili> %ield or ,t-bud me?od & rubb] budd+ /rips 7 us$ z a wrap4 ,budwood 0 %ipp$ f ,albany1 ,ga41 to ,beltsville1 ,md41 & 0 damag$ some:at by high temp]ature 9 transit1 a factor :i* may be p>tially responsible = ! ov]all l[ p]c5tage ( buds t grew4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! results pres5t$ 9 table ,i1 x w be not$ t consid]able v>iation occurr$ 9 ! p]=mance ( ! five lots ( se$l+s z /ock1 z well z 9 ! take ( buds f ! five p>5t trees4 ,! totals 9 ! la/ column on ! "r are all equival5t to p]c5tage s9ce #ajj buds 7 plac$ on ea* lot ( se$l+s4 ,9 l mann]1 ! totals 9 ! bottom l9e are all equival5t to p]c5tages s9ce #ajj buds ( ea* p>5t tree 7 us$4 ,se$l+s ( /ock ,d 7 decid$ly inf]ior to se$l+s ( /ock ,c 9 take ( buds1 & bo? ( ^! lots ( se$l+s orig9at$ f l>ge nuts4 ,also1 scion e gave a significantly l[] take ( buds on all lots ( se$l+s ?an scions c or d4 ,! scion e tree produces small nuts :]eas ! scion c & d trees produce l>ge nuts4 ,scions a & b are int]m$iate 9 take ( buds1 & ! s\rce trees bo? produce small nuts4 ,discussion ,at lea/ "o significant int]pretation may be made f ! results ( ?is exp]im5t1 t may p>tially expla9 ! difficulties enc\nt]$ h]et(ore 9 propagat+ *e/nuts4 ,us+ ! take ( buds z a crit]ion x c be /at$ t 9 ?is exp]im5t ! five lots ( se$l+s f kn[n p>5ts diff]$ 9 _! p]=mance z /ocks4 ,moreov]1 ! five p>5t trees us$ z a s\rce ( budwood diff]$ among !mselves 9 ! capacity ( _! buds to gr[ :5 plac$ on comp>able lots ( /ocks4 ,if ^! results are correctly int]pret$ x is cle> t bo? ! /ock & ! scion may influ5ce ! success or failure ( propagation te*nique4 ,d\btless bo? ( ^! v>iables h op]at$ toge!r 9 ! propagation ( exi/+ v>ieties &1 z w\ld be expect$1 ! results h be5 unpr$ictable4 ,x seems likely t ! graft+ & budd+ ( *e/nut v>ieties %\ld be work$ out 9 ! future on ! basis ( us+ und]/ocks d]iv$ f ! se$ ( special trees or clones f\nd to be suitable s\rces by te/s = graft+ p]=mance4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out t ! five trees us$ 9 ?is "w orig9at$ f two lots ( se$ import$ f neighbor+ localities 9 ,*9a & probably are closely relat$4 ,! fact t significant diff]5ces 7 obta9$ 9 ?is mat]ial furni%es basis = ! belief t great v>iability 9 ! budd+ p]=mance ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut is to be enc\nt]$ 9 ! _m introductions t h be5 made into ?is c\ntry4 ,table ,i4 ,results ( budd+ ea* ( five ,*9ese *e/nut clones on its own se$l+s & on ! se$l+s ( f\r o!r clones4 ,! figure = ea* comb9ation repres5ts ! numb] ( buds t grew out ( #bj buds plac$4 ,,scion a b c d e ,totals ,s ,a #d #f #d #e #j #ai ,t ,b #c #b #h #d #j #ag ,o ,c #j #c #h #i #e #be ,c ,d #a #b #c #a #a #h ,k ,e #b #b #g #i #b #bb ,,totals #aj #ae #cj #bh #h #ia ,discussion ,aft] ,dr4 ,mc,kay's ,pap] ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,a good scion on *e/nut is "o problem :i* we h n solv$4 ,dr4 ,smi?3 ,i f9d bo? ,c>r & ,hobson difficult to graft & h discont9u$ !m4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,9 ,cali=nia & ,oregon !y are hav+ q a lot ( difficulty ) graft union failure ) ,p]sian walnuts4 ,!y h us$ ! ,nor!rn ,cali=nia black or ,h9ds walnut z root /ocks4 ,n[ !y f9d t 9 "s cases ! union fails & results 9 :at is kn[n z ! black l9e disease4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?is tr\ble is ! mo/ important cause ( ! loss ( _! trees4 ,dr4 ,smi?3 ,zimm]man is a good be>+ v>iety ) a good nut4 ,i f9d t soil makes "s diff]5ce ) ?is v>iety4 ,bre$+ ,*e/nut ,trees3 ,report = #aidf & #aidg ,,ar?ur ,,h>m\nt ,,graves#e ,! *ief aim ( ?is bre$+ "w is ! developm5t ( a *e/nut tree ( timb] type to replace ! n[ practically defunct ,am]ican species1 ,ca/anea d5tata4 ,= ! pr9cipal economic value ( ! *e/nut 0 n 9 its edible nuts b its valuable timb]1 ! loss ( :i* means at pres5t _m millions ( doll>s subtract$ f ! assets ( ! ,am]ican p2 & :5 we consid] ! loss = all "t 9 ! future ! figures become a/ronomical4 ,footnote #e3 ,consult+ ,pa?ologi/1 ,conn4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/ation2 ,special ,ag5t1 ,conn4 ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey2 & ,collaborator1 ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture4 ,! ,*e/nut ,blight 9 ,italy4 ,e>ly 9 #aidf we receiv$ a visit f ,capta9 ,john ,b4 ,woodruff1 ( ,wilton1 ,connecticut1 :o told u t :ile s]v+ z ,*airman ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ,=e/ry1 & ,in/ructor 9 ,=e/ry at ! ,army ,univ]sity ,/udy ,c5t] 9 ,flor5ce1 ,italy1 he visit$ *e/nut /&s infect$ ) ! blight4 ,endo?ia p>asitica 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,guido ,paoli 9 #aich on a private e/ate 9 ,busalla1 ab\t tw5ty miles nor? ( ! seaport city ( ,g5oa4 ,s9ce !n ! blight has be5 detect$ ?r\gh\t ! prov9ce ( ,g5oa 9 ! legion ( ,liguria2 & o!r widely sep>at$ infections h be5 f\nd4 ,! fungus has be5 cultur$ & id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,biraghi ( ! ,royal ,pa?ological ,/ation 9 ,rome1 z ,endo?ia p>asitica4 ,x is believ$ to h be5 pres5t 9 ?is region = f five to eight ye>s previ\s to its discov]y4 ,! mann] ( its introduction into ,italy is n kn[n1 b s9ce ,japan & ! ,u4 ,s4 h c>ri$ on consid]able comm]ce ) ,italy1 ei!r or bo? c\ntries are possible s\rces4 ,! disease is spread+ 9 ,italy at a rapid rate4 ,by #aidb "o half ( ! #aij1jjj acres ( *e/nut 9 ! prov9ce ( ,g5oa _h be5 infect$ & spot infections _h be5 discov]$ 9 ! adjo9+ coa/al prov9ce ( ,la ,spezia1 also 9 ! region ( ,liguria4 ,i am devot+ "s space to ?is situation because x means s mu* to ! ,italian p4 ,9 ,italy fifte5 p]c5t ( ! =e/ is compos$ ( *e/nut4 ,n only does ! c\ntry use ! nuts z a s\rce ( food & income1 approximately sixty million p\nds be+ export$ annually 9 =m] ye>s1 b ! "y coppice %oots are us$ = ! weav+ ( baskets1 old] ones = poles = v9ey>ds1 /ill old] = /aves ( w9e casks1 & ! olde/ = telephone & telegraph poles4 ,be=e ! w>1 *e/nut fl\r 0 ! pr9cipal food 9 _m localities1 b dur+ ! w> a s]i\s food %ortage =c$ ! p 9 _m o!r areas to rely solely ^u *e/nut fl\r = weeks at a "t4 ,pr(essor ,aldo ,pav>i1 ,director ( ! ,/azione ,sp]im5tale di ,selvicoltura at ,flor5ce1 visit$ ?is c\ntry 9 ! summ] & fall ( #aidf1 "u ! sponsor%ip ( ! ,,unrra1 & sp5t f\r days ) me at our plantations1 le>n+ our me?ods & gett+ acqua9t$ ) ! blight resi/ant hybrids we h be5 develop+ by ! bre$+ toge!r ( ori5tal & native *e/nuts4 ,pr(4 ,pav>i visit$ also ! plantation ( ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology at ,beltsville & else:]e1 & o!r plantations 9 ! we/4 ,9 ,decemb] we %ipp$ to ,flor5ce1 ,italy1 nuts ( our be/ hybrids1 & 9 ,m>*1 scions = graft+--also ?is summ] 7#aidg7 poll5 ( "s ( our be/ trees4 ,on ,octob] #ae ( ?is ye> 7#aidg7 we s5t ano!r %ipm5t ( nuts4 ,?us we may be able to give ,italy ! advantage ( ! progress we h made to date4 ,reg>d+ ! susceptibility to ! blight ( ! ,european or ,spani% ,*e/nut 7,c4 sativa7 we h _h ! foll[+ exp]i5ce4 ,our w9t] temp]atures appe> to be too sev]e = ?is species4 ,dy+ back is sure to occur1 at lea/ at our ,hamd51 ,connecticut plantations1 m>k$ m or less accord+ to ! degree ( cold2 & on ! dead p>ts ,endo?ia !n appe>s1 to lat] invade ! p>ts /ill liv+4 ,9 #aicb ,i receiv$ nuts ( ,c4 sativa f ,france f ,pr(essor ,ho*reut9] ( ! ,g5eva ,botanic ,g>d51 f ,pr(essor ,uldri* ( ! ,b]l9 ,botanic ,g>d51 & also f ,france f ,dr4 ,guillaum9 ( ! ,j>d9 de ,plantes at ,p>is4 ,al?\gh ,i h giv5 ! result+ plants mu* att5tion !y cont9ually die back ea* ye> s t we h only two or ?ree individuals t are m ?an six feet high4 ,b ,pr(essor ,pav>i says 9 rec5t correspond5ce 7,july #ae1 #aidg7 ,ref]r+ to ,spani% *e/nuts1 aft] we h be5 assur$ t ! fungus we h f\nd & obs]v$ on ,ca/anea cr5ata 9 ,spa9 is really ,endo?ia p>asitica1 we mu/ admit t our hypo!sis may be exact t ,ca/anea vesca sativa pres5ts 9 ,spa9 races or types resi/ant to ! disease4 ,he goes on to say t ! fact t ! *e/nut blight is s widespread at ,naples & ,avell9o is at v>iance ) my !ory t cold w9t]s are ! pr$ispos+ cause1 = 9 ! regions m5tion$ ! w9t]s are mild & v w>m 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ,connecticut4 ,! ess5tial fact seems to be t ! ,european or ,spani% *e/nut is v susceptible to ! blight1 p]haps z mu* s z is our native species1 b t evid5tly c]ta9 individuals or races exi/ t are m or less resi/ant4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( #aidg we _h a visit f ,pr(essor ,cri/os ,m\lop\los ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,salonika1 ,greece4 ,al?\gh ! disease _h n !n appe>$ 9 ,greece1 ! pa?ologi/s !re w\ld l to be ready = x :5 x does come4 ,poll9ations 9 #aidf & #aidg4 ,)\t go+ into details1 ! g5]al purpose ( ! poll9ations dur+ ^! la/ two ye>s has be5 to incorporate m & m ( ! resi/ant ,*9ese /ock into our hybrids4 ,beg9n+ 9 #aicg1 we cross$ our be/ ,japanese-,am]ican hybrids ) ,*9ese1 & we n[ h a consid]able numb] ( "y sapl+s ( fl[]+ age1 :i* h ! p$igree3 ,*9ese x ,japanese-,am]ican4 ,un=tunately1 9 ?is cross ! ,*9ese is usually dom9ant z reg>ds habit1 b n always4 ,we h "s tall1 /raight-gr[+ individuals ( ?is comb9ation :i* may well be ! =]unn]s ( a blight-resi/ant =e/ /ock = ,am]ica4 ,!re=e1 dur+ #aidf & #aidg we h be5 cross+ ^! f9e ,*9ese x 7,japanese-,am]icans7 ) ! foll[+3 #a4 ,our be/ ,*9ese #b4 ,am]ican-,*9ese & ,*9ese-,am]ican #c4 ,am]ican 7,c4 d5tata7 #d4 ,our be/ ,japanese-,am]icans #e4 ,among !mselves ,= x is ! ultimate aim ( ?is "w to develop a race ( tall1 h>dy1 blight resi/ant individuals :i* w bre$ true & ?us ( !mselves re-e/abli% ! *e/nut tree 9 ! =e/s ( ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,z ev]yone kn[s1 ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! *e/nut z a =e/ tree c n be done 9 a few ye>s or ev5 a score ( ye>s1 b by cont9u$ bre$+ & pati5ce & p]sev]ance x c be done4 ,! mat]ials are at h&1 i4e4 tall1 erect gr[?1 & blight resi/ance2 & ) p]si/5t ef=t ! desir$ comb9ation c be made4 ,= 7#a7 above we 7 =tunate 9 #aidf 9 receiv+ a supply ( poll5 f tall-gr[+ ,*9ese trees1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,mi*ael ,evans ( ,gre5ville1 ,delaw>e & ,pr(essor ,maurice ,a4 ,blake ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,z a result ( our poll9ations 9 #aidf1 9 :i* #gb comb9ations 7 made1 we h>ve/$ & plant$ 9 our cold frames 9 ,octob] #dgi hybrid nuts1 a l>ge proportion ( :i* g]m9at$1 s t ?is summ] 7#aidg7 we h set out 9 our nurs]ies ab\t #cbe hybrid se$l+s4 ,9 #aidg we h made #eh comb9ations 9 :i* #bac bran*es 7 bagg$2 ,octob] #aj-ac we ga!r$ #chj hybrid nuts result+ f ^! cross poll9ations4 ,! l>ge yield ( #aidg is d\btless ! result 9 "p ( a good gr[+ season1 = !re 0 pl5ty ( ra9--at times almo/ too mu*--9 s\!rn ,connecticut4 ,"o drawback 0 ! cold p]iod dur+ ! latt] "p ( ,june4 ,f ! fifte5? to ! tw5ty-six? ! m9imum temp]atures 7 #ee or bel[--on ?ree days z l[ z #ej4 ,?is set back ! fl[]+ p]iod f\r days to a week lat] ?an usual1 dep5d+ ^u ! species or hybrid4 ,coop]ation 9 ,dill]'s ,und]plant+ & ,girdl+ ,me?od = ! ,e/abli%m5t ( ,*e/nut ,=e/ ,/&s4 ,9 ! #cg? ,annual ,report ( our ,association = #aidf is pr9t$ a pap] by ,dr4 ,jesse ,d4 ,dill] ( ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology1 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 entitl$ ,gr[+ ,*e/nuts = ,timb] pp4 #ff-fh4 ,_m p seem to ?9k t all y ne$ to d :5 plant+ a tree is to /ick x 9 ! gr\nd--j any gr\nd4 ,?is may be true ( "s k9ds1 b is c]ta9ly n true ( ! *e/nut4 ,= be/ gr[? & developm5t ! *e/nut requires a fairly deep1 well-dra9$ soil1 ri* 9 m9]al elem5ts & humus1 ) a fair degree ( moi/ure & pl5ty ( sunlight4 ,two ?+s *e/nuts w n endure are %all[ soil & dr\ght1 ! latt] (t5 dep5d+ on ! =m]4 ,z tree indicators ( ! k9d ( site requir$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( a *e/nut =e/ ,dr4 ,dill] has *os5 yell[ popl>1 nor!rn r$ oak1 :ite a%1 sug> maple1 & yell[ bir*1 ) spice bu% z a %rub indicator & maid5 hair f]n1 bloodroot & o!r h]bs z h]bace\s indicators4 ,us+ a small area ( ab\t "o eigh? ( an acre1 ,dr4 ,dill]'s plan is to girdle all ! trees & !n und]plant ) *e/nut se$l+s4 ,he says3 ,z ! girdl$ ov]/ory trees die !y gradually yield ! site to ! plant$ *e/nuts 9 a transition t does n greatly di/urb ! ecological conditions1 p>ticul>ly ( ! =e/ floor4 ,rapid dis9tegration ( ! mantle ( leaf mold is prev5t$ by ! p>tial %ad+ :i* ! dead or dy+ ov]/ory1 girdl$ trees ca/4 ,?is may seem to "s a r dra/ic me?od1 b :5 s mu* is at /ake1 namely ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! *e/nut 9 our =e/s1 x w\ld seem a ju/ifiable exp]im5t on a small area4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aidg1 we suppli$ ,dr4 ,dill] ) "o hundr$ se$l+s1 "o or two ye>s old1 ( our be/ /ock1 = und]plant+ 9 two ( ^! select$ sites1 fifty se$l+s ea*1 namely on ! e/ate ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,*ilds at ,norfolk1 ,connecticut1 & on l&s ( ! ,t4 ,v4 ,a4 at ,norris1 ,t5nessee4 ,our be/ wi%es = a successful blight-resi/ant future g ) ^! little trees4 ,graft+ ,"w4 ,we are cont9u+ ) our me?od ( in>*+ "y suck]s f bel[ a blight$ area into ! trunk above ! lesion1 ! diseas$ tissue ( ! lesion be+ fir/ cut out4 ,?is me?od 7see ,brooklyn ,botanic ,g>d5 ,*e/nut ,bre$+ ,project4 #ce? ,annual ,report ( ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association = #aide4 pp4 #bb-ca--aide7 is entirely successful 9 case we desire to pres]ve p>tly resi/ant hybrids ( good p>5tage = future bre$+ & = scions4 7,figs4 #a & #b7 ,b in>*+ ( ! native *e/nut is = ! mo/ "p unsuccessful because ! fungus gr[s too rapidly & girdles ! /em1 kill+ ! p>ts above be=e ! in>*$ tips ( ! suck]s c take hold4 ,!re seems to be a c]ta9 relation betwe5 ! am\nt ( disease resi/ance 9 ! tree & ! possibility ( re/or+ x to heal? by ! in>*+ me?od4 ,by ! common ord9>y cleft-graft me?od1 us+ ,japanese1 or bett]1 ,*9ese /ock we are add+ to ! supply ( our mo/ desirable hybrids4 ,insect ,pe/s4 ,! spr+ cank] worm1 ,paleacrita v]nata1 has n be5 de/ructive ei!r 9 #aidf or #aidg & no special prev5tive measures h be5 tak54 ,japanese beetles h done a little damage4 ,?is ye> ! fir/ "o appe>$ ,july #aa4 ,we f9d ! be/ me?od ) ^! is to pick !m (f at dusk aft] !y h settl$ !mselves = a night's sleep1 dropp+ !m into k]os5e oil4 ,"u ^! conditions !y w usually slip readily (f ! leaf into ! oil4 ,"o ?+ ,i %\ld l to emphasize 7:i* probably o!rs also h notic$7 is t new beetles keep com+1 day aft] day4 ,app>5tly ! adults are issu+ f ! gr\nd all summ]4 ,la/ ye> ,i f\nd a few ,japanese beetles 9 ,novemb]4 ,s "o mu/ keep cont9ually on ! job all ?r\gh ! season4 ,?is summ] 7#aidg7 we h _h a spray program ( ?ree spray+s1 ,augu/ #ae1 #cj1 & ,septemb] #aj1 ) ,de5ate 7fifty p]c5t ,,ddt7 to de/roy ! *e/nut weevils :i* appe>$ = ! fir/ "t r ext5sively 9 our ,hamd5 plantations la/ ye>4 7,see ,e4 ,r4 ,leeuw52 ,,ddt = *e/nut weevils1 ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] #fg3 #bh4 #aidf7 ,?is spray1 :i* we h us$ on ! gr\nd z well z on ! "y burs1 kills ,japanese beetles z well z ! weevils4 ,?is fall ,i h se5 v few weevils 9 our :ole crop ( nuts4 ,! l\se1 ,callaphis ca/aneae1 appe>$ on ,july #e1 #aidg1 at lea/ ! leaves became s mu* curl$ t its pres5ce 0 !n notic$4 ,two spray+ on successive days ) nicot9e sulphate 7,black ,leaf #dj7 7 suffici5t to control x4 ,) u ?is insect attacks leaves ( ,am]ican /ock only4 ,japanese-,am]ican hybrids are also susceptible1 b n ,*9ese-,am]ican or ,am]ican-,*9ese4 ,! lice1 ( an orange color1 congregate 9 great numb]s along ! midrib ( ! leaf1 suck+ out its juices4 ,?is summ]1 p]haps on acc\nt ( ! unusual almo/ tropical wea!r conditions--hot & humid ) cont9ually recurr+ %[]s--we h be5 h>ass$ by a new pe/ :i* has appe>$ 9 "o ( our plantations only sp>+ly = five or six ye>s--a mite1 :i* ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation au?orities say is ,p>atetrany*us bicolor4 ,affect$ leaves h a :iti% or grayi% color *iefly along midrib & pr9cipal ve9s1 due p>tly to ! deposit ( ! creature's %ells on molt+1 & p>tly to injury to ! tissues ( ! leaf4 ,hexa-e?yl tetraphosphate1 kn[n 9 ! trade z ,killex #ajj1 0 us$ effectually twice z a spray4 ,un=tunately ?is *emical has no ovicidal prop]ties1 s t a second spray+ 0 necess>y to kill ! mites newly hat*$ out f ?\s&s ( eggs4 ,we are in=m$ t ,,dn #aaa w kill ! eggs z well z ! mites & w kill aphids at ! same "t4 ,! mites seem to pref] ,*9ese *e/nut leaves1 b ?is summ] !y didn't seem p>ticul> & spread f "o badly infe/$ tree z a c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a--;,japanese-,am]ican hybrid *e/nut 7,hammond #hf-ca7 #cd-a_/b feet 9 height1 #af ye>s old4 ,?is is ! same tree ?ree ye>s lat] z t %[n 9 figures #a & #b1 9 #ce? ,ann4 ,rept4 ( ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,assoc4 = #aidd4 ,note heal?y developm5t1 z %[n by foliage & long ye>ly gr[?4 ,hamd51 ,conn4 ,photo4 ,sept4 #ac1 #aidg by ,l\is ,buhle4 ,*9ese ,*e/nuts4 ,i am en?usia/ic ab\t ,*9ese *e/nuts z a nut sub/itute = our old native *e/nuts4 ,! ,*9ese are q blight resi/ant4 ,!y are attack$ by ! blight fungus--at lea/ mo/ individuals suff] at "s "t 9 _! lives1 & yet ! fungus doesn't ?rive & ! trees are able to ov]come its attacks1 9 _m cases =m+ a heal+ w\nd callus ar\nd ! lesions2 9 o!rs ! lesion becomes simply a granul> mass 9 :i* ! fungus appe>s to be liv+ only 9 ! out] b>k4 ,cultivation1 f]tilization1 & judici\s prun+ c]ta9ly help ^! trees to )/& ^! fungus attacks4 ,we h>ve/$ a bump] crop la/ ye> & ?is f trees giv5 u 9 #aibi by ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology1 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,close-up ( l[] "p ( tree 9 fig4 #a1 %[+ in>*$ basal %oots :i* at ! beg9n+ 7 z sl5d] z ! leafless %oot n[ %[+ on "r side1 bel[1 com+ f base ( trunk4 ,note expos$ dead "p ( trunk %[+ old cank] disease4 ,photo ,sept4 #ac1 #aidg1 by ,l\is ,buhle4 ,public ,int]e/ 9 ! ,problem4 ,la/ fall1 ,septemb] #aidf1 9 an article 9 ! ,yankee ,magaz9e1 ,i ask$ = nuts & poll5 ( ! ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,z a result ! foll[+ p]sons f _m diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry s5t 9 nuts3 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,h>tung1 ,me?u51 ,mass42 ,mrs4 ,m>ie ,g>li*s1 ,brooklyn1 f ,lake ,m9newaska1 ,n4 ,y42 ,mr4 ,*>les ,ericson1 ,brooklyn1 nuts f ,/at5 ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y42 ,mrs4 ,jay ,b4 ,na%1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 f ,lake ,sebago1 ,sloatsburg1 ,n4 ,y42 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,donnelly1 ,tacoma1 ,wa%42 ,mr4 ,george ,m4 ,h9dm>%1 ,k5t ,c\nty1 ,r4 ,i42 ,mrs4 ,/e9]1 ,niota1 ,t5n42 ,miss ,m>jorie ,bacon1 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 f ,lit*field1 ,conn4 ?r\gh ,dr4 ,edg> ,he]mance2 ,mr4 ,h>old ,e4 ,willmott1 ,be!l1 ,conn42 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,jacobs1 ,tallahassee1 ,fla4 7,ca/anea cr5ata72 ,mr4 ,p4 ,p4 ,pirone1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j4 7,c4 cr5ata72 ,mr4 ,morton ,f4 ,sweet1 ,seattle1 ,wa%4 7,c4 sativa71 nuts1 & scions 9 ,m>* '#dg2 ,mr4 ,john ,i4 ,%af]1 ,sp>ta1 ,t5n4 ,?is li/s %[s n only ! widespread int]e/ 9 ! subject b also t ! *e/nut spr\ts are /ill be>+ nuts4 ,9 "s cases ! nuts 7 bl9d1 i4e4 /]ile1 conta9+ no k]nel or embryo4 ,9 ord] to develop a good nut !re mu/ be two *e/nut trees )9 a reasonable di/ance ( ea* o!r s t cross f]tilization may take place4 ,isolat$ trees w usually n be> nuts4 ,9 o!r words1 ! *e/nut is usually self /]ile4 ,we are /ill plant+ all nuts receiv$1 label$ ) ! "n & address ( ! s5d]4 ,! result+ trees are be+ set out 9 ! ,yale ,=e/ 9 ,toll& & ,w9dham ,c\nties1 ,conn4 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,basil ,plusn91 ,=e/] 9 *>ge4 ,?us ! possibility is be+ explor$ ( ! exi/5ce ( blight resi/ant /ra9s ( ! ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,:5 nuts are s5t !y %\ld be mail$ )9 a few days aft] h>ve/+ & wrapp$ 9 moi/ cotton1 peat moss or some?+ simil>4 ,dry+ ( ! nut kills ! embryo s t x w no long] g]m9ate4 ,nuts %\ld be mail$ to me at ,*e/nut ,plantations1 ,wall+=d1 ,conn4 ,poll5 ( ! ,am]ican *e/nut is gett+ sc>ce4 ,aft] sc\r+ ! vic9ity ( ,hamd51 ,conn4 ?is summ]1 we f\nd a good supply at ,be?any1 ,conn4 f native %oots4 ,! foll[+ p]sons also s5t u ,am]ican poll51 = :i* we are inde$ grateful3 ,mr4 ,george ,gilm]1 ,*>lottesville1 ,va42 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,e4 ,g>li*s1 ,lake ,m9newaska1 ,n4 ,y42 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,szego1 ,p9e ,pla9s1 ,n4 ,y42 ,mr4 ,sew>d ,pauley1 ,sum]co1 ,w4 ,va42 & ,mr4 ,*>les ,w4 ,mann1 ,f5nville1 ,mi*4 ,to %ip ! poll5 x is necess>y only to wrap small bran*es be>+ ! catk9s 9 oil$ pap] & mail to me1 pref]ably by air mail4 ,! catk9s %\ld be ripe1 i4e4 %$d+ ! poll54 ,ackn[l$gm5ts4 ,x is a pleasure to h ?is opportunity to express our appreciation ( ! coop]ation ( ! above m5tion$ p]sons4 ,! int]e/ ( ^! & _m o!r p]sons & in/itutions is enc\rag+4 ,dur+ #aidf & #aidg ?is project has be5 sponsor$ by ! ,connecticut ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey1 & we h z usual enjoy$ ! cordial coop]ation ( ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology1 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,beg9n+ z ( ,octob] #a1 #aidg1 ! "w is also be+ sponsor$ by ! ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,on ,july #a ,i retir$ f my position z ,curator ( ,public ,in/ructor at ! ,brooklyn ,botanic ,g>d5 & %all n[ be able to devote my entire "t to ! *e/nut "w4 ,my p]man5t address w be3 ,*e/nut ,plantations1 ,wall+=d1 ,conn4 ,*9ese ,*e/nuts 9 ! ,*attahoo*ee ,valley ,g4 ,s4 ,,jones1 ,r\te #a1 ,box #adj1 ,ph5ix ,city1 ,alabama 7,exc]pts f lett] to ,secret>y1 ,oct4 #bc1 #aidg47 ,gr[+ trees is a "w de> to my he>t = ,i h be5 int]e/$ 9 x s9ce *ildhood4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?'s book on ,tree ,crops is "o ( ! be/ ,i h ev] read along ! l9es ( gr[+ trees to produce food = man & bea/ z well z produc+ _m o!r useful products1 & mu* ( ! "w ( y\r ,association seems to be along ! same l9e4 ,i am sure we c live easi] & bett] on ?is e>? :5 we le>n to use ! trees 9 _! prop] place4 ,man (t5 acts 9 a %ortsight$ way by dep5d+ l>gely on annual crops = ! ma9 s\rce ( food = himself & 8 animals & neglects ! long liv$ trees :i* may n h to be plant$ b once 9 a lifetime & :i*1 if giv5 a little intellig5t managem5t1 w improve in/ead ( deplete 8 l& & at ! same "t make a f> m beautiful l&scape4 ,i only h a few trees 7maybe #bjj or #bej7 9 my nurs]y :i* ,i usually dispose ( at ! f>m or use to set on my place4 ,i h n attempt$ to gr[ _m se$l+s z ,i don't wi% to get into ?is phase ( "w4 ,x w\ld take too mu* "t f o!r "w :i* ,i l to d4 ,?is fall ,i h sold ov] #fjj p\nds ( nuts to v>i\s nurs]ies = plant+ s ,i w\ld pref] t !y gr[ & sell trees f my or*>d4 ,i ga!r plant+ nuts f ! trees :i* %[ ! be/ qualities1 consi/5tly1 & sell ! nuts f ! o!r trees = eat+ purposes4 ,! trees f :i* ,i sell eat+ nuts h "s bad qualities su* z "s ( ! nuts be+ reta9$ 9 burs1 irregul> or poor production1 & nuts t seem to be too dry at rip5+ s ,i w\ld n (f] ^! = sale al?\gh ! poll5 f ^! trees does mix ) ! o!rs caus+ "s ( ! nuts to c>ry ^! bad features1 a ?+ :i* w h>dly be avoid$ 9 op5-poll9at$ se$l+s4 ,y\r lett] made me m pr\d ( my or*>d ?an ev] :5 y made ! /atem5t t my la/ ye>'s production ( #a1gbb p\nds = #bb trees s "y z m9e may h set a record = production4 ,see #aidf ,,nnga ,report1 p4 #abh--;,ed4 ,i _h little idea h[ my trees comp>$ ) o!r or*>ds1 = ,mr4 ,gravatt _h n told me any?+ ab\t ?is4 ,9 fact ,i h nev] se5 him nor did ,i take ! tr\ble to write & ask ?is "q4 ,i knew my trees 7 produc+ mu* bett] ?an an or*>d ( ! ,soil ,cons]vation ,s]vice at ,auburn b ,i attribut$ t to ! bett] type ( soil 7= *e/nuts7 9 :i* my trees are set1 & bett] air dra9age4 ,i _h also he>d ab\t an or*>d ne> ,blue ,spr+s above ,columbus1 ,ga41 :i* 0 n do+ s well because ! soil 0 maybe too heavy or damp4 ,i c say "o ?+ & t is t my ,*9ese *e/nuts h surely surpass$ my fonde/ hopes & dreams1 = t small area has c]ta9ly made me lots ( money & has giv5 me mu* joy 9 t5d+ x & wat*+ x gr[4 ,y ask$ me to give "s in=mation ab\t my #aidg crop4 ,?is has n be5 q z l>ge z la/ ye> z ,i h h>ve/$ only a little ov] #a1eed p\nds 7,i say a little ov] = x is h>d to get all ! nuts7 ( weigh$ nuts4 ,?is includes "s t 7 beg9n+ to spoil4 ,i include ^! s9ce x is sometimes due to my failure to ga!r promptly & ,i ?9k c be fairly includ$ 9 production records4 ,i might /ate "h 9 fairness to la/ ye>'s report ( a yield ( #a1gbb p\nds ( nuts t ,i record$ #a1eeg z be+ sold :i* leaves a diff]5ce ( #afe p\nds1 :i* 7 ei!r disc>d$ z spoil+ or 7 unacc\nt$ =4 ,?is gives me a loss ( approximately #aj = la/ ye>4 ,al?\gh my total production 0 l[] ?an la/ ye> ,i _h "o tree 7,,ml ,no4 #b7 :i* produc$ #aej p\nds ( weigh$ nuts & a few p\nds m 7maybe #b or #c7 :i* 7 n includ$4 ,?is tree has be5 a consi/5t heavy be>] = sev]al ye>s b ,i _h n *eck$ its yield sep>ately be=e4 ,s9ce x is s e>ly x 0 easy to keep ! nuts sep>ate 7z ,i 0 keep+ ^! to sell = se$ nuts74 ,9 ab\t #b weeks "t x _h produc$ ab\t #acj p\nds s ,i made a special ef=t to *eck ! rema9d] s9ce ,i 0 a/oni%$ at s l>ge a yield4 ,:5 mo/ ( ! nuts _h fall5 ,i _h ! above figure1 to my surprise4 ,! tree 9 size is n my l>ge/ b ab\t av]age be+ #ab-a_/b 9 diamet] #c' above ! gr\nd ) a limb spread ( #cj' & a height ( #bd'4 ,x has a v symmetrical %ape ) en\gh rigidity 9 ! limbs to hold !m (f ! gr\nd s ! tree does n appe> v l>ge4 ,i j _h to laugh :5 ,i got a lett] ye/]day f ,mr4 ,ralph ,d4 ,g>dn]1 :om ,i _h writt5 previ\sly ab\t ! yield ( ?is tree & s5t #b p\nds ( nuts f x1 ask+ me if ! tree produc$ two crops 9 "o ye>4 ,he said ,mr4 ,james ,hobson _h told him t he gets two crops f 8 tree ea* ye>4 ,mr4 ,g>dn] _h a good reason to ask ?is "q s9ce kn[+ ab\t ! ,hobson *e/nut1 b ,i reckon he might h ?\ght ab\t :at ,i w\ld h ?\ght "u simil> circum/ances1 i4e41 surely a tree s "y 7#ac-a_/b ye>s f sett+7 c\ldn't produce t _m nuts at "o "t1 s mu/ h two rip5+ p]iods to conta9 ! fruit4 ,i w h to say t all ^! 7 produc$ 9 "o crop4 ,mo/ ( ^! rip5$ 9 j a little ov] two weeks4 ,i might say t ,i d h "o tree 7,,ml ,no4 #a7 :i* has on a few occasions bloom$ ! second "t & _h burs :i* rema9$ gre5 until ne> fro/ b ^! did n am\nt to any?+ & ,i consid] x undesirable4 ,i h nev] se5 ,no4 #b tree produce late blooms & burs4 ,i might tell a few ?+s z to h[ ,i h&le my nuts4 ,z is well said by ,mr4 ,re$ 9 8 #aidf article ab\t *e/nuts !y %\ld be ga!r$ daily 7al?\gh ,i sometimes don't c>ry ?is out74 ,aft] weigh+ ,i dump ! nuts 9 a tub ( wat]4 ,! nuts :i* are beg9n+ to spoil w practically all float & ! s\nd nuts w s9k4 ,?is is :]e ! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( my culls is elim9at$4 ,"s good nuts w float b v few if ! nuts are ga!r$ daily4 ,i !n put #bj to #be p\nds ( nuts 9 a co>se me% burlap bag4 ,i use *ick5 scrat* fe$ bags mo/ly z ^! are a nice size1 & ties a /r+ ne> ! top ( ! bag4 ,!n ,i place ^! on a la? frame :i* is ab\t #ab above ! gr\nd "u a l>ge pecan tree :i* furni%es %ade ab\t #c_/d ( ! day4 ,i arrange ! nuts 9 ! bag s x w be flat1 :i* does n all[ m ?an #b or #c nuts to be on top ( ea* o!r4 ,on days ( mod]ate temp]ature ,i wet ^! bags ?or\ghly ) wat] once a day b on v hot or w9dy days ,i (t5 wet !m twice4 ,?is keeps ! nuts moi/ mo/ ( ! "t & l[]s ! temp]ature consid]ably f ! evaporation4 ,9 ?is way ,i c keep ! nuts days & days & ev5 weeks ) v little *ange except a slight dry+4 ,if any spoil$ nuts 7 miss$ by ! wat] ^! too w %[ up 9 ab\t #aj days ) specks ( :ite mold & c be elim9at$4 ,! o!r nuts seem to be z good z ! day !y 7 ga!r$4 ,i only use ?is to keep !m temp]>ily 7z x is "s tr\ble to wet !m7 & mo/ly = ! eat+ nuts until ,i c take !m to m>ket or put !m on cold /orage 7#cj deg4 to #ce deg4,f47 ,if ,i attempt to hold se$ nuts ab\t a week or m ,i pack 9 damp sphagnum 9 crates & keep ^! "u ! %ade tree ) excell5t results4 ,?is ye> ,i us$ gre5 sphagnum ) all its wat] & ! nuts seem$ to keep well 9 x4 ,"s nuts h be5 9 damp sphagnum = ov] #e weeks n[ & are 9 excell5t %ape except = a few t spoil$ at fir/ 7:i* ,i am q sure 7 bad to beg9 )74 ,if too mu* wat] is us$ "s nuts w beg9 spr\t+ b x is surpris+ h[ mu* !y c /& & %[ no t5d5cy to s\r4 ,i am ( ! op9ion t ! *e/nuts 9 my section get ripe prematurely & t at a "t :5 we (t5 h our hotte/ & drye/ wea!r4 ,^! nuts seem to ne$ a p]iod to cont9ue _! rip5+ "u cool moi/ conditions :i* ! wet sack treatm5t gives 7or ! damp sphagnum47 ,ev5 if ?is is n ! case ,i h _h spl5did results ) x :]eas be=e ,i began us+ ?is me?od ) lots ( wat] ,i (t5 became s disc\rag$ t ,i ?\ght ,i w\ld h to ab&on try+ to put my *e/nuts on ! m>ket4 ,n[ if ,i c get !m ga!r$ promptly ,i h little tr\ble hold+ !m until ,i am ready to dispose ( !m4 ,i fail$ to tell y t ! bad feature ab\t my ,,ml ,no4 #b tree :i* produc$ ! #aej p\nds ( nuts is its e>ly rip5+ p]iod 7! latt] "p ( ,augu/ & fir/ "p ( ,septemb]7 :i* causes "s ( ! nuts to be spoil$ almo/ :5 !y fall4 ,a few h\rs ( too hot sun seems to />t ! spoil+ process4 ,! tree has no o!r objectionable features except ! nuts are only small to m$ium 9 size b ne>ly e "o falls freely f ! burs4 ,nuts ab\t #gj to ! p\nd4--,ed4 ,"s ,results ) ,filb]t ,bre$+ at ,g5eva1 ,n4,y4#f ,,george ,l4 ,,slate ,new ,york 7,g5eva7 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,?is pap] reports ! results ( attempts to improve filb]ts by hybridization at ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! filb]t project 0 />t$ at ,g5eva 9 ! spr+ ( #aibe :5 a collection ( v>ieties f ,am]ican s\rces 0 e/abli%$4 ,9 lat] ye>s additional v>ieties f ,european & o!r s\rces 7 add$ until ab\t #abj 7 "u te/4 ,z soon z ! v>ieties _h fruit$ = sev]al ye>s x became evid5t t _m ( !m 7 inf]ior & n adapt$ to ,new ,york conditions4 ,a few exhibit$ consid]able m]it & ! range ( *>act]i/ics 9 ! diff]5t v>ieties indicat$ t x might be wor? :ile to />t a filb]t bre$+ project ) ! object ( comb9+ ! desirable *>act]i/ics ( ! bett] sorts4 ,footnote #f3 ,j\rnal ,pap] ,no4 #gai1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y4 ,x 0 decid$ fir/ to cross ,ru%1 a select$ =m ( ,corylus am]icana1 ) ! be/ v>ieties ( ,corylus ,avellana1 ,ru% contribut+ ! h>d9ess ( ! native hazel1 possible resi/ance to filb]t blight1 & ! hybrid vigor t sometimes results f ! cross+ ( two species4 ,! ,european filb]ts 7 expect$ to furni% l>ge-siz$ nuts z well z dess]t & crack+ quality4 ,! fir/ crosses 7 made 9 #aicj :5 two trees ( ! ,ru% v>iety gr[+ on ,dr4 ,mac,daniels' place 9 ,i?aca 7 poll9at$ ) poll5 ( sev]al v>ieties ( ,corylus ,avellana t 0 br\ght f ,g5eva4 ,additional crosses 7 made at ,i?aca 9 #aica & #aicc4 ,9 #aicb ! poll9ations 7 made at ,g5eva1 us+ a ,b>celona tree cov]$ ) a tightly wov5 clo?4 ,no poll9ations h be5 made s9ce #aicc4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aicb1 #ece se$l+s 7 receiv$ f ,will>d ,g4 ,bixby1 ( ,baldw91 ,long ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y41 :i* _h result$ f crosses made by ,c4 ,a4 ,re$ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 at ,baldw94 ,includ+ ^! ,u4,s4,d4,a4 se$l+s & ^? result+ f ! bre$+ "w at ,g5eva1 #a1iii se$l+s h fruit$4 ,! nuts f ^! crosses 7 /ratifi$ 9 s& 9 a cold frame1 dug up1 & plant$ 9 ! gre5h\se 9 e>ly ,m>*4 ,aft] "o transplant+ !y 7 mov$ to ! nurs]y to gr[ = two ye>s1 :5 !y 7 mov$ to ! se$l+ or*>d4 ,! nuts f "o ye>'s crosses 7 plant$ directly 9 ! nurs]y b g]m9ation 0 l[ due to dr\ght4 ,! se$l+s 7 spac$ #aj x #e feet 9 ! or*>d4 ,?is spac+ 0 satisfactory if ! trees came into be>+ ! f\r? ye>1 b if unfavorable wea!r elim9at$ ! fir/ or second crops ! trees became too cr[d$ to p]mit satisfactory fruit+4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! trees fruit$ suffici5tly to make x possible to evaluate !m & remove ! inf]ior trees s t ! bett] se$l+s w\ld h en\gh room to rema9 = sev]al additional crops4 ,dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s ! or*>d 0 clean cultivat$ until cov] crops 7 s[n 9 ,augu/4 ,9 lat] ye>s ! or*>ds 7 n cultivat$ b nitrog5 f]tilization 0 sub/itut$4 ,satisfactory gr[? 0 ma9ta9$1 b ! grass & we$s made h>ve/+ m difficult4 ,no prun+ 0 done except at plant+ "t z ! se$l+s 7 all evaluat$ be=e prun+ 0 ne$$4 ,suck]s 7 remov$ ar\nd ! "y trees1 b z !y became old] ?is 0 n done & "s ( ! plants n[ h sev]al /ems4 ,evaluat+ ! ,se$l+s ,! nuts 7 h>ve/$ 9 ! fall aft] !y _h dropp$1 or1 ) ! lat] matur+ se$l+s & ^? :i* t5d$ to cl+ to ! tree1 !y 7 h>ve/$ by pick+ or %ak+ !m f ! tree4 ,z soon z practicable ! nuts 7 husk$ & ! crop ( ea* tree weigh$ & record$4 ,samples ( nuts ( e se$l+ fruit+ 7 plac$ on pap] plates1 ea* population be+ by itself1 & eight or t5 nuts ( ea* sample 7 crack$ & left on ! plate4 ,! se$l+s 7 !n divid$ into ?ree classes1 ^? t 7 obvi\sly good1 ^? t 7 poor1 & an int]m$iate class t receiv$ fur!r att5tion4 ,! poor se$l+s 7 m>k$ = disc>d & if s m>k$ = two or ?ree ye>s !y 7 pull$ out4 ,! good se$l+s 7 !n exam9$ m c>efully & sort$ into ?ree gr\ps1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,^? t 7 out/&+ 9 bo? nut & tree *>act]s4 #b4 ,^? t 7 good en\gh to propagate = a second te/1 b n equal to ! be/4 #c4 ,se$l+s good en\gh to keep = fur!r obs]vation4 ,^! 7 usually good 9 "o or m *>act]i/ics b defici5t or d\btful 9 "o important feature4 ,if ^u fur!r te/+ ^! ?ird gr\p plants prov$ to be out/&+ly productive or h>dy !y 7 giv5 a high] rat+4 ,9 exam9+ ! nuts1 emphasis 0 plac$ on size & color ( ! nut1 ! l>ge1 bright br[n nuts be+ consid]$ m desirable ?an ! small]1 dull] color$1 pubesc5t nuts4 ,! am\nt ( space betwe5 ! %ell & ! k]nel 0 important4 ,if ! k]nel fitt$ tightly x 0 easily brok5 or *ipp$ 9 crack+ ! nut4 ,?ickness ( %ell 0 ( m9or importance z only a few 7 ?ick en\gh to make crack+ difficult4 ,! k]nel *>act]s 7 ( mo/ importance s9ce ! k]nel is ! reason = produc+ ! nut4 ,! k]nel mu/ be plump1 smoo?1 light br[n 9 color1 & free ( ! sup]flu\s pellicle1 or fibr\s mat]ial t is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,b>celona k]nels4 ,g5]ally1 se$l+s ) ,ru% z "o p>5t _h v little ( ?is sup]flu\s fibr\s mat]ial & ! be/ ( !m 7 mu* sup]ior to ,b>celona 9 appe>ance & dess]t quality4 ,flavor receiv$ less consid]ation s9ce mo/ ( ! se$l+s 7 reasonably good 9 t respect4 ,giv5 a good k]nel1 & !re 7 _m ( !m1 x became necess>y to rely ^u o!r *>act]i/ics to elim9ate ! less desirable ( ^! se$l+s4 ,x 0 "h t ! records ( yields & catk9 h>d9ess 7 valuable4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s x became evid5t t c]ta9 se$l+s 7 consi/5tly high yield+ :ile o!rs 7 l[ yield+4 ,h>d9ess ( catk9 also v>i$ greatly & r consi/5tly f ye> to ye>4 ,wea!r conditions influ5c$ catk9 kill+ greatly4 ,catk9 h>d9ess is important s9ce ! poll5 is necess>y = nut production & mu/ be pres5t 9 abundance z its movem5t 9 ! or*>d is subject to ! vag>ies ( ! w9d1 & only a small p]c5tage ( t 9 ! air ev] comes 9 contact ) ! /igmas ( ! o!r v>ieties4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is pap] to indicate ! value1 ins(> z x may be e/imat$ f ! available data1 ( ! diff]5t v>ietal crosses 9 obta9+ desirable filb]t hybrids4 ,table #a conta9s a li/ ( crosses made1 ! numb] ( se$l+s rais$1 & ! p]c5tage ( ^! :i* 7 ( suffici5t m]it to be reta9$ = fur!r /udy4 ,! p]c5tage ( se$l+s propagat$ indicates ev5 m def9itely :i* crosses are ( ! greate/ value 9 produc+ sup]ior se$l+s z only ! out/&+ se$l+s 7 propagat$ = a second te/4 ,selections includ$ 9 ,table #a are !re by virtue ( _! all-ar\nd m]it4 ,crosses betwe5 ,ru% & ,littlepage & ,ru% & ,w9kl] produc$ no?+ ( value4 ,! populations 7 small1 b o!r equally small populations f o!r crosses produc$ se$l+s ( value4 ,! int]-cross+ ( selections ( ,corylus am]icana does n appe> to be a promis+ l9e ( attack 9 filb]t bre$+ :]e hybrids ) ,c4 ,avellana w ?rive4 ,ru% & ,b>celona 7 ea* us$ z se$ p>5ts 9 crosses ) ! same eight v>ieties4 ,9 ! crosses involv+ ,ru% #a1bcb se$l+s 7 produc$ & ( ^! #ci1 or #c4b1 7 good en\gh to propagate4 ,( ! #cjf se$l+s rais$ f ! same v>ieties comb9$ ) ,b>celona only #d1 or #a4c 7 wor? propagat+4 ,none ( ^! ,b>celona se$l+s are among ! be/4 ,"u ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t x w\ld seem t ,ru% is mu* sup]ior to ,b>celona z a p>5t 9 crosses ) v>ieties ( ,corylus ,avellana4 ,! cross betwe5 ,k5ti% ,cob & ,cos=d fail$ to produce any se$l+s ( out/&+ m]it4 ,9 consid]+ ! productiv5ess & h>d9ess ( ! catk9s ( ! se$l+s result+ f ! diff]5t crosses ! data h be5 assembl$ 9 ,tables #b to #e1 ea* table conta9+ ! summ>iz$ records = diff]5t plant+s4 ,^! plant+s 7 />t$ at diff]5t times & ! records are n directly comp>able z !y are = diff]5t ye>s & v>y+ l5g?s ( "t4 ,9 ,table #a ! total numb] ( se$l+s is giv51 b 9 ,table #b to #e only ! data = ! selections are us$4 ,records = ! selections are available = sev]al ye>s1 :]eas ! inf]ior se$l+s 7 disc>d$ & limit$ data only are available4 ,fur!rmore1 ! filb]t bre$] is int]e/$ prim>ily 9 ! wor?:ile mat]ial t may be tak5 f populations ( kn[n p>5tage4 ,assum+ t we h a fairly good nut productiv5ess is ! mo/ important *>act]i/ic 9 a filb]t4 ,if ! plant is productive x mu/ ( necessity be reasonably vigor\s & h>dy4 ,= t reason mu* emphasis has be5 plac$ on productiv5ess 9 ! f9al evaluation ( ! selections4 ,! selections 9 ,table #b are f ! ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,bixby plants :i* 7 ! fir/ to fruit at ,g5eva4 ,consid]able v>iation 9 productiv5ess is evid5t 9 ! diff]5t populations4 ,ru% x ,k5ti% ,cob & ,ru% x ,:ite ,avel9e selections 7 only ab\t half z productive on ! av]age z ,ru% x ,b>celona1 ,bollwill]1 ,r$ ,lamb]t1 & ,daviana4 ,ru% x ,italian ,r$ also fail$ to produce high-yield+ selections4 ,9 a lat] plant+ 9 ! same or*>d1 z %[n 9 ,table #c1 ! ,ru% x ,k5ti% ,cob selections p]=m$ no bett]1 ! ,ru% x ,r$ ,lamb]t selections outyield+ !m by a sub/antial m>g94 ,! ,b>celona x ,italian ,r$ selections 7 v l[ yield+4 ,9 or*>d #bb1 z %[n 9 ,table #d1 :]e ,ru% & ,b>celona are cross$ ) ! same v>ieties1 ! result+ selections f ! ,ru% crosses are ab\t "o ?ird m productive if mean yields are consid]$1 or "o-half m productive if only highe/ yield+ selections are consid]$ ?an ) ! ,b>celona crosses4 ,cos=d has be5 out/&+ 9 transmitt+ productiv5ess 9 crosses ) ,ru%1 ,italian ,r$1 & ,nott+ham4 ,ru% x ,k5ti% ,cob selections 9 ?is or*>d z 9 ! o!r plant+1 7 only ab\t "o half z productive on ! av]age4 ,9 ! crosses ) ,b>celona ! comb9ation ) ,m$ium ,long1 ,r$ ,lamb]t1 & ,italian ,r$ 7 consid]ably m productive ?an crosses ) ,purple ,avel9e1 ,halle1 ,daviana1 & ,bollwill]4 ,! ,k5ti% ,cob x ,cos=d cross 0 less productive ?an mo/ ( ! o!r comb9ations made4 ,k5ti% ,cob def9itely appe>s to transmit unproductiv5ess :5 cross$ ) ,ru%1 ,b>celona1 & ,cos=d4 ,9 or*>d #h z %[n 9 ,table #e1 ! trees soon became v cr[d$ z ! disc>ds 7 n remov$ & ! yield records 7 less reliable ?an 9 ! o!r plant+s4 ,w9t]kill+ ( catk9s 7 record$ on ! selections = sev]al ye>s4 ,9 e>ly ,april ! p]c5tage ( w9t]-kill$ catk9s 0 record$ by e/imate4 ,tables #b to #e conta9 ! mean ( ^! e/imates & a consid]able v>iation 9 catk9 h>d9ess 9 ! diff]5t populations is evid5t4 ,r$ ,lamb]t1 :i* _h ! h>die/ catk9s ( any v>iety ( ,c4 ,avellana tri$ at ,g5eva1 produc$ a high] proportion ( catk9-h>dy se$l+s ?an any o!r v>iety4 ,cos=d 0 fairly good 9 ?is respect & 9 or*>d #af ,bollwill]1 ,italian ,r$1 & ,b>celona :5 cross$ ) ,ru% produc$ selections ) mod]ately h>dy catk9s4 ,w9t] injury ( catk9s 0 ne>ly always v high 9 crosses betwe5 v>ieties ( ,corylus ,avellana4 ,( ! #a1igj se$l+s includ$ 9 ,table #a1 #cdj or #ag1 7 reta9$ = fur!r obs]vation & ( ^!1 #eb1 or #b4f1 7 consid]$ good en\gh to propagate = a m ext5sive te/4 ,( ^! #eb a few ?us f> h be5 out/&+ :5 comp>$ ) ! o!rs4 ,possibly ! be/ & mo/ productive selection is ,no4 #abfe1 ,ru% x ,purple ,avel9e1 t is ! heavie/ yield+ ( all & ! nuts are also among ! be/1 be+ ( m$ium size1 plump1 & free f fib]4 ,?is se$l+ is f> sup]ior to any o!rs f ! same cross4 ,nos4 #adjh & #adfg1 bo? select$ f a ,ru% x ,cos=d population1 are close seconds to ,no4 #abfe4 ,9 ! ,ru% x ,cos=d population are sev]al o!rs ne>ly z good1 ! g5]al level ( m]it 9 ?is comb9ation be+ fairly high4 ,f>!r d[n ! li/1 b /ill among ! be/1 are ,no4 #aaj ,ru% x ,k5ti% ,cob1 & ,no4 #aeg1 ,ru% x ,b>celona4 ,filb]t bre$]s work+ "u simil> conditions w\ld probably f9d x wor?:ile to make ^! crosses & also to produce m se$l+s f ,ru% x ,r$ ,lamb]t ?an 7 rais$ at ,g5eva4 ,no crosses h be5 made at ,g5eva 9 rec5t ye>s1 b all ( ! nuts f ! selections1 sometimes sev]al hundr$ p\nds a ye>1 h be5 plant$ by ! ,soil ,cons]vation ,s]vice & ! result+ se$l+s plant$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,und\bt$ly1 if ^! c\ld be exam9$ :5 9 fruit1 "s wor?:ile selections c\ld be made4 ,^? 9 ,new ,york ,/ate w probably be work$ ov] dur+ ! next few ye>s4 ,,table #a4 ,results f filb]t crosses4 ,numb] ( ,num- ,p]c5t- ,numb] ,p]c5t- ,se$l+s b] ,re- age ,re- ,prop- age ,prop- ,cross ,fruit$ ta9$ ta9$ agat$ agat$ ,ru% x ,k5ti% ,cob 7,du ,*illy #dcj #fc #ad #aa #b ,ru% x ,cos=d #ddg #eb #ab #aa #b ,ru% x ,bollwill] #afe #ah #aa #f #c ,ru% x ,italian ,r$ #aah #ag #af #b #a ,ru% x ,r$ ,lamb]t #cf #aj #bh #f #af ,ru% x ,daviana #ac #b #ae #b #ae ,ru% x ,purple ,avel9e #ab #c #be #a #h ,ru% x ,:ite ,lamb]t #aa #j #j #j #j ,ru% x ,b>celona #aai #bj #af #c #b ,ru% x ,:ite ,avel9e #ed #aj #ah #c #e ,ru% x ,imp]ial de,trebizond #bd #e #ba #a #d ,ru% x ,nott+ham #bc #g #cj #b #h ,ru% x ,brixnut #h #b #be #j #j ,ru% x ,littlepage #ab #j #j #j #j ,ru% x ,w9kl] #f #j #j #j #j ,b>celona x ,k5ti% ,cob 7,du- ,*illy7 #db #ba #ej #c #g ,b>celona x ,cos=d #eg #bg #dh #a #b ,b>celona x ,bollwill] #aa #b #ah #j #j ,b>celona x ,italian ,r$ #ff #i #ac #j #j ,b>celona x ,r$ ,lamb]t #da #ab #bi #j #j ,b>celona x ,daviana #ba #e #bd #j #j ,b>celona x ,purple ,avel9e #be #h #cb #j #j ,b>celona x ,:ite ,lamb]t #dc #a #b #j #j ,b>celona x ,m$ium ,long #de #af #ce #j #j ,b>celona x ,e>ly ,globe #gh #j #j #j #j ,b>celona x ,halle #ab #f #ej #j #j ,b>celona x ,r$ ,avel9e #i #a #aa #j #j ,k5ti% ,cob 7,du ,*illy7 x ,cos=d #ce #bb #fc #j #j ,total #aigj #cdj #ag #eb #b4f ,,table #b4 ,yields & w9t]kill+ ( filb]t catk9s1 ,or*>d #af1 #aice #aicg1 #aich & #aici4 ,yields are #d ye> total4 ,catk9 injury is #e ye> mean ,no4 ( ,mean ,highe/ ,mean ,l[e/ ,selec- ,yield ,yield ,p]c5t- ,p]c5t- tions p] ,se- p] ,se- age ,cat- age ( lection lection k9s ,catk9s 9 9 ,w9t]- ,w9t]- ,cross ,ounces ,ounces kill$ kill$ p] ,se- lection ,ru% x ,bollwill] #ah #ha #adc #ba #d ,bu% x ,k5ti% ,cob 7,du ,*illy7 #ab #ch #aag #cf #c ,ru% x ,:ite ,avel9e #i #dd #gc #db #j ,ru% x ,b>celona #f #id #adg #bf #h ,ru% x ,imp]ial de ,trebizond #e #ha #ajj #bh #aj ,ru% x ,italian ,r$ #c #gi #hj #ae #c ,ru% x ,r$ ,lamb]t #c #hh #aaf #g #c ,ru% x ,daviana #b #hb #aaj #cc #bf ,ru% x ,purple ,maxima #a #cg #cg #ag #ag ,,table #c4 ,yields & w9t] injury ( filb]t catk9s1 ,or*>d #af1 #aicg-da inclusive4 ,mean ,highe/ ,mean ,l[e/ ,yield ,yield ,p]c5t- ,p]c5t- p] ,se- p] ,se- age ,cat- age ( ,no4 ( lection lection k9s ,catk9s ,selec- 9 9 ,w9t]- ,w9t]- ,cross tions ,ounces ,ounces kill$ kill$ p] ,se- lection ,ru% x ,k5ti% ,cob 7,du ,*illy7 #bf #ch #ajb #fh #e ,ru% x ,b>celona #ad #eb #hi #ij #ch ,ru% x ,r$ ,lamb]t #e #fg #aag #ab #e ,b>celona x ,italian ,r$ #c #ah #bj #hc #gc ,,table #d4 ,filb]t selections4 ,or*>d #bb4 ,yields #aici1 #aidj1 #aida1 #aidb1 #aidd1 #aide & #aidf4 ,catk9 injury records #aici-db1 inclusive4 ,mean ,highe/ ,mean ,l[e/ ,yield ,yield ,p]c5t- ,p]c5t- p] ,se- p] ,se- age ,cat- age ( ,no4 ( lection lection k9s ,catk9s ,selec- 9 9 ,w9t]- ,w9t]- ,cross tions ,ounces ,ounces kill$ kill$ p] ,se- lection ,ru% x ,cos=d #bf #abi #bbi #db #j ,ru% x ,k5ti% ,cob 7,du ,*illy7 #be #fh #ahe #gj #ac ,ru% x ,nott+ham #g #if #ahj #ca #ad ,ru% x ,italian ,r$ #c #aad #aha #de #cj ,ru% x ,purple ,avel9e #c #aad #bdj #db #be ,ru% x ,r$ ,lamb]t #b #ij #abg #ba #h ,ru% x ,brixnut #b #di #ea #fb #eh ,b>celona x ,cos=d #bg #ij #ach #fb #cb ,b>celona x ,k5ti% ,cob 7,du ,*illy7 #ba #fi #abf #fi #be ,b>celona x ,m$ium ,long #af #ic #beg #hc #ga ,b>celona x ,r$ ,lamb]t #ab #hc #adg #eb #ac ,b>celona x ,purple ,avel9e #h #ej #gc #gh #ee ,b>celona x ,italian ,r$ #f #hd #acc #ij #ha ,b>celona x ,halle #f #eb #gi #eb #bc ,b>celona x ,daviana #e #ec #ge #fg #ei ,b>celona x ,bollwill] #b #ff #id #fb #eh ,b>celona x ,r$ ,avel9e #a #ia #ia #ef #ef ,b>celona x ,:ite ,lamb]t #a #ajc #ajc #e #e ,k5ti% ,cob 7,du ,*illy7 x ,cos=d #bb #fb #aea #fd #cc ,,table #e4 ,filb]t selections4 ,or*>d #h4 ,yields #aidj1 #aida1 #aidb & #aidd4 ,catk9 injury records #aidj1 #aida & #aidb4 ,mean ,highe/ ,mean ,l[e/ ,yield ,yield ,p]c5t- ,p]c5t- p] ,se- p] ,se- age ,cat- age ( ,no4 ( lection lection k9s ,catk9s ,selec- 9 9 ,w9t]- ,w9t]- ,cross tions ,ounces ,ounces kill$ kill$ p] ,se- lection ,ru% x ,cos=d #bf #be #dg #cj #b ,ru% x ,italian ,r$ #aa #be #ci #bg #j 99 99 99 99 99 ,discussion aft] ,mr4 ,slate's pap]-- ,mac,daniels3 ,( ! #aiii se$l+s te/$ at ,g5eva1 #eb are be+ c>ri$ on = fur!r obs]vations4 ,pr(4 ,slate is do+ a f9e "w4 ,j4 ,r4 ,smi?3 ,i want to express my appreciation ( ! "w ,pr(4 ,slate is do+4 ,to c>e = #aiii se$l+s & keep ! p]=mance records is a big job & j ! k9d ( ?+ on :i* progress dep5ds4 ,nut ,news f ,wiscons9 ,,c>l ,,wes*cke ,?is ye> at ,riv] ,falls1 ,wiscons91 :i* is only #ce miles s\!a/ ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota1 ! season />t$ (f ) mu* ra9 & a delay$ cold spr+4 ,all ! graft+ _h to be po/pon$ f two to f\r weeks lat] ?an normal4 ,! /or$ scion wood suff]$ "s because ( ?is long /orage p]iod1 & "s ( x 0 q dry :5 tak5 out4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly true ( ! ,wes*cke butt]nut & ^! scions look$ s dry t ,i 0 tempt$ to ?r[ !m all away1 b in/ead ,i gave !m to two "y horticulture /ud5ts to practice )4 ,none ( !m grew1 h[ev]1 s we _h a #ajj failure on butt]nut graft+4 ,ab\t a doz5 ye>s ago ,i _h mu* success graft+ butt]nut on black walnuts & 0 unimpress$1 !re=e ,i did n make any notes z to ! process ,i us$4 ,?is 0 a mi/ake = app>5tly ,i h lo/ ! art4 ,! la/ five ye>s has probably produc$ only ab\t five or six plants successfully graft$ on black walnut4 ,hickories respond mu* bett] & ,i usually get ab\t #ej successful grafts on my native butt]nut /ocks4 ,al?\gh ! insect pe/s1 su* z ! butt]nut curculio1 7 delay$ 9 _! attacks1 !y ev5tually caught up & de/roy$ mo/ ( ! big butt]nut crop & did _! usual damage to he>tnut & ,p]sian walnut gr[?4 ,i notic$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] t plum curculio 0 controll$ 9 ! pea* or*>ds ?r\gh ! use ( hexae?yl tetraphosphate4 ,if ?is *emical poison controls plum curculio1 x ought to control any ( ! curculio family1 su* z ! hazel curculio1 *e/nut curculio & butt]nut curculio4 ,! butt]nut & hazel curculio appe> to me to be ! same insect4 ,i am n tr\bl$ ) ! *e/nut curculio yet1 b if ?is *emical gives control ov] ! curculio insect family we w c]ta9ly be able to raise l>ge crops ( all ( ! nuts m5tion$4 ,q a few ( my graft$ te/ trees1 bo? 9 ! =e/ & 9 ! or*>d1 :i* 9 "s cases 7 graft$ on bitt]nut hickory /ocks fifte5 ye>s ago1 are beg9n+ to be>4 ,^! v>ieties are ! ,woods1 ,fox1 ,taylor1 ,platman & ,davis4 ,o!rs :i* h borne a few times previ\sly also h good crops set4 ,^! are ,bridgewat]1 ,glov]1 ,beav]1 ,kirtl&1 ,deveaux & ,fairbanks4 ,! trees sett+ ! l>ge/ crops ( hickory nuts are ! ,wes*cke1 & !y are ! only ones t ,i c really c\nt on matur+ e>ly en\gh to escape our usual e>ly fall fro/s4 ,i d]ive great pleasure 9 obs]v+ new se$l+ plants ( filb]ts1 hazels & _! hybrids com+ into be>+ = ! fir/ "t ?is ye>4 ,!re are ab\t two hundr$ ( ^! new v>ieties4 ,( c\rse mo/ ( !m w be wor?less comm]cially4 ,! ideal hybrid hazilb]t has n yet appe>$1 b :5 x does we w propagate x = sale z rapidly z possible4 ,at ?is date1 ,augu/ #bj1 we h suff]$ f an extremely dry ,augu/ & w app>5tly lose _m trees t we _c rea* by irrigation or "s o!r means ( wat]+4 ,we h be5 busy at ! f>m & nurs]y erect+ a small pilot plant = gr9d+ filb]t butt] :i* we expect to be able to put on ! m>ket betwe5 ,octob] #ae & ,novemb] #a4 ,!re is ab\t a "o-f\r? crop ( black walnuts 9 my or*>d trees1 ) ! ,?omas lead+4 ,_m ( ! ,ohio trees are b>r54 ,usually ! ,ohio be>s freely4 ,x is my obs]vation "h t ! wild hazels & "s ( _! hybrids w drop _! crop ( nuts :5 x becomes too dry4 ,?is probably is an excell5t feature f ! /&po9t ( ! plant z x no d\bt saves ! plant f be+ kill$ by dr\?4 ,!re is no d\bt 9 my m9d b t ! hazel-filb]t hybrids 7hazilb]ts7 w make a l>ge agricultural crop 9 ! corn belt4 ,:5 ^! crops are %ell$ 9 local plants & gr\nd into butt] ! indu/ry w fall into mu* ! same category z c\ntry cream]ies4 ,h[ev]1 we h n rea*$ ! po9t :]e we h ! "r comm]cial plants = ?is purpose & = ! "t be+ w h to use ! ,pacific ,coa/ filb]ts until su* l>ge crops ( ! ideal hybrids appe>4 ,home ,prep>ation ( ,filb]t ,butt] & ,o!r ,products ,,mrs4 ,,jeanne ,m4 ,,altman1 ,bell+ham1 ,wa%+ton ,filb]ts may be prep>$ 9 diff]5t ways at home to make a delici\s food4 ,to make filb]t butt] fir/ %ell a roa/+ pan two-?irds full ( k]nels & put x 9 a #cbe deg4 ov54 ,/ir ! k]nels ?or\ghly & (t5 to get an ev5 tan4 ,cut a few 9 half to det]m9e :5 !y are br[n en\gh4 ,cook ab\t ?irty m9utes4 ,d n leave 9 ov5 any long] ?an necess>y because ! k]nels beg9 to br[n rapidly ^u fur!r cook+4 ,cool & /ir :5 n too hot4 ,mo/ ( ! br[n pellicle c be remov$ by rubb+ k]nels betwe5 "o's h&s4 ,run ! k]nels ?r\gh a food *opp] or meat gr9d] to make a ,crun*y butt]4 ,to make a m delici\s product1 h[ev]1 fir/ run ! k]nels ?r\gh a co>se knife1 salt !m & !n run ?r\gh a f9e knife4 ,?is results 9 a butt] ) en\gh oil ( its own to make a delici\s di%4 ,x takes lots ( nuts to make mu* filb]t butt]4 ,9 prep>+ salt$ filb]ts 9 quantity ,i cook !m 9 a /ra9] 9 a kettle ( deep fat4 ,*eck ! temp]ature ) a !rmomet] & d n let !m get too hot4 ,cool !m quickly by putt+ !m into a cold di% & /irr+4 ,:5 salt+ ! :ole k]nels put only en\gh fat ) !m to coat ! pellicle4 ,aft] !y are suffici5tly br[n take !m out & salt !m z !y are cool+4 ,/ir j en\gh to coat ! k]nels ) salt4 ,eat pellicle & all2 x holds ! salt4 ,/irr+ too mu* t5ds to remove ! salt4 ,y c treat a p\nd ( nuts at a "t 9 a heavy iron skillet on top ( ! /ove /irr+ con/antly4 ,:5 we foll[ t practice we eat !m salt$ j z !y 7 in/ead ( gr9d+ !m4 ,i ?9k !y are bett] ?an salt$ peanuts4 ,i s5t a recipe to "o ( our we/ coa/ pap]s & !y add$ a note to dra9 !m on a pap] t[el4 ,t is wa/eful & unnecess>y4 ,a ,bell+ham d5ti/ put :ole nuts into 8 false-tee? bak+ ov5 9 ! ev5+4 ,i d n "k :at temp]ature 0 ma9ta9$ b x mu/ h be5 l[ because he left ! nuts !re all night & ! next morn+ he f\nd !m all roa/$ & ready to eat4 ,filb]ts1 ev5 ! gre5 ones j z !y come f ! tree1 may be boil$ & !n salt$ & butt]$4 ,!y may be us$ to advantage 9 _m cook+ & bak+ recipes4 ,notes f ,c5tral ,new ,york ,s4 ,h4 ,,graham1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,?is summ] has be5 a difficult "o = black walnuts4 ,a late spr+ delay$ />t+ & ?ree freezes dur+ ! week beg9n+ ,sept4 #bb prematurely *eck$ developm5t s t poor fill+ seems to be ! rule4 ,! ,p]sian walnuts aga9 demon/rat$ _! ability to rip5 _! nuts 9 a %ort season4 ,"s ( our ,p]sian walnut trees are gr[+ 9 ! p>tial %ade ( l>g] black walnut trees4 ,we pref] to keep ^! l>g] trees z !y may be valuable /ocks to be graft$ to ! sup]ior v>ieties t "o is always hop+ w appe> lat] on4 ,?is condition gives a good opportunity to obs]ve ! effect ( %ade4 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t ev5 light %ade is detrim5tal 9 our latitude to ! ,p]sian walnut & results n only 9 m sp9dl+ & unsymmetrical gr[? b also int]f]es ) prop] rip5+ ( ! wood mak+ x m subject to w9t] injury4 ,"o difficulty ) ! ,p]sian walnuts 9 ! ,ea/ is premature fall+ ( ! nuts4 ,! female fl[]s on ! "y ,p]sian trees t we h se5 are usually m num]\s ?an ) black walnuts ( ! same size & age1 b ev5 h& poll9at+ (t5 fails to give a good set ( nuts4 ,la/ spr+ we took poll5 f eight ( our ,p]sian trees to ! pomology dep>tm5t ( our ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture = g]m9at+4 ,! be/ sample %[$ #de viable poll52 ! next be/ #ae & ! re/ f ,o to #e4 ,?is _h be5 collect$ & /or$ = sev]al weeks accord+ to ! me?ods giv5 by ,dr4 ,cox 9 ! annual report = #aidc1 page #eh4 ,x is possible t ?is lack ( viability may be due to "s soil defici5cy su* z insuffici5t lime or boron4 ,pr(4 ,s*u/] ( ! ,oregon /ation writes t !y f9d t ,p]sian walnuts readily accept good ,p]sian poll5 b n black walnut or butt]nut poll54 ,if ! viability ( ! poll5 falls bel[ #ej !y consid] x unsatisfactory4 ,on "s ( ! ,oregon soils an application ( boron 9 ! =m ( ord9>y borax "u ! trees 9 ! spr+ has greatly help$ 9 gett+ a crop ( nuts4 ,?is %\ld be well wor? try+ 9 ! ea/]n /ates4 ,! filb]t crop ?is ye> is bett] ?an usual4 ,out ( ov] a ?\s& crosses betwe5 ,ru% & ,w9kl] ) ,european & ,pacific ,coa/ v>ieties1 9 our e/imation1 only "o has prov5 wor?y ( propagation consid]+ size1 flavor1 abundance ( be>+ & resi/ance to filb]t blight4 ,"s gr[]s ?9k lightly ( blight b our exp]i5ce 9 fight+ x ?r\gh ! ye>s 9 cutt+ out cank]$ wood has conv9c$ u ( ! futility ( ?is means ( control 9 infe/$ areas4 ,control measures may app>5tly succe$ = a "t b :5 conditions ( moi/ure1 heat & air movem5t are j "r x c spread l wildfire4 ,!re=e1 to u1 resi/ance to ?is disease 7,cryptosporella anomala7 seems ( p>am\nt importance4 ,! preval5ce ( blight has be5 almo/ univ]sal 9 ! scatt]$ plant+s :i* we h visit$ 9 c5tral ,new ,york1 usually )\t ! own] kn[+ :y 8 trees 7 dy+4 ,all our ,european & ,coa/ v>ieties1 z well z mo/ ( ! hybrids1 take blight readily b !re is an occasional hybrid t is cle>ly resi/ant4 ,bixby is "o ( ^!4 ,we h always us$ a knapsack spray] equipp$ ) a mi/ nozzle = our trees b ?is is inadequate z ! trees gr[ tall]4 ,?is summ] a mu* m satisfactory nozzle 0 f\nd t may be quickly adju/$ to ?r[ a mi/ = l[ trees or a f> rea*+ "o = ! tall] trees4 ,?is is made by ! ,d4 ,b4 ,smi? ,co4 ( ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,f "t to "t articles appe> on insects injuri\s to nut trees4 ,frequ5tly m5tion$ are ! web worms & ! walnut cat]pill>s4 ,) u1 ! damage !y d is z no?+ comp>$ to t caus$ by ! curculios1 ! /rawb]ry root worm beetles & ! leaf hopp]s4 ,we are gett+ ! upp] h& ( ! curculios by ! use ( cryolite spray b ! root-worm beetle problem is /ill unsolv$4 ,until ,rev4 ,cra? wrote ( leaf hopp] damage 7,annual ,report #aich p4 #aaa7 we _h n reg>d$ !m z at all s]i\s4 ,subsequ5t obs]vation has conv9c$ u t he 0 "r & t !y are (t5 ! cause ( ! black5+ & dy+ ( ! t5d] "y leaves ( ,p]sian walnuts & ! curl+ up ( old] leaves4 ,we 7 especially impress$ dur+ ! ,woo/]1 ,ohio1 field trip la/ ye> &1 lat] on1 9 see+ h[ ,mr4 ,%]man _h ov]come ?is tr\ble on ! ,mahon+ ,co4 f>m simply by add+ ,,ddt to 8 spray mixture4 ,9 clos+1 we w\ld l to call ! att5tion ( new memb]s to ! weal? ( in=mation t is to be f\nd 9 ! old ,association annual reports4 ,exp]i5ce ) ! ,cra? ,c>pa?ian ,walnuts ,,gilb]t ,l4 ,,smi?1 ,wassaic1 ,new ,york ,9 ! spr+ ( #aice we pur*as$ f ! ,wiscons9 ,horticultural ,society two p\nds ( ! nuts :i* ,rev4 ,paul ,cra? _h import$ f ,pol&4 ,we plant$ ^! nuts 9 ! nurs]y r[4 ,sixty-two se$l+s result$4 ,we assign$ a numb] ( ea* ( ^! se$l+s & transplant$ !m :5 !y 7 two ye>s old4 ,"h we made our fir/ mi/ake4 ,we select$ :at prov$ to be a v poor site = !m1 adjac5t to & ne>ly surr\nd$ by woodl&1 9 :i* 7 a goodly supply ( butt]nut curculios :i* we h f\nd to be by f> ! wor/ insect enemy ( ! ,p]sian walnut4 ,x attacks ! t]m9al gr[? do+ "s damage by fe$+ b pr9cipally by lay+ eggs 9 ! t]m9als & ! fle%y base ( ! leaf /ems4 ,f ^! eggs grub-l l>vae hat* :i* bore into ! t]m9al & ! leaf bases1 greatly dw>f+ ! t]m9al gr[?4 ,we h f\nd z _m z six l>vae 9 a s+le t]m9al4 ,( c\rse !y also l to lay _! eggs 9 ! "y nuts :i* !n drop f ! tree 9 mid-summ]4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aicg we />t$ to graft f ^! se$l+s on black walnut /ocks1 giv+ ea* ! same numb] z t ( ! se$l+ f :i* ! wood 0 tak54 ,x is too bad t we did n />t ?is "w soon] z we lo/ a few ( ! se$l+s1 l>gely ?r\gh ! ravages ( ! curculio1 b possibly "s ( !m 7 j n rugg$ en\gh to /& our climate4 ,we /ill h #di ( ^! v>ieties liv+1 ei!r z grafts or ! orig9al trees4 ,to ?is collection we h add$ a few v>ieties1 secur+ wood f se$l+s be+ gr[n by o!rs4 ,we h _h liv+ grafts ( "s ( ! nam$ ,cra? v>ieties :i* we suppose develop$ f "s ( ! wood import$ f ,pol& by ,rev4 ,cra?4 ,all ( ^! h fail$ ) u except "o1 ,c>pa?ian ,d4 ,app>5tly !y 7 n h>dy en\gh = our climate4 ,s f> we h _h only "o sev]e te/ ( our ,cra? se$l+s1 z to h>d9ess4 ,?is 0 on ,febru>y #af?1 #aidc1 :5 ! temp]ature at ,mr4 ,b5ton's f>m 0 ?irty-f\r degrees bel[ z]o4 ,?is 0 n (ficial b 0 regi/]$ by two !rmomet]s :i* ,mr4 ,b5ton knew to be v accurate4 ,_m ( our ,cra? se$l+s %[$ no injury at all on ?is occasion :ile o!rs %[$ v>y+ degrees ( injury4 ,our grafts ( ,broadview 7 damag$ q sev]ely1 ,c>pa?ian ,d to j ab\t ! same ext5t4 ,"o o!r nam$ ,cra? v>iety1 ,cra? ,no4 #a1 0 kill$ outright4 ,only "o ( our se$l+ v>ieties %[$ z sev]e injury z did ,broadview4 ,?is 0 ,s #ab4 ,?is tree has n[ fully recov]$ b we w n gr[ any trees f x except = m s\!rn latitudes & !n only if x %[s exceptional m]it :5 x beg9s to be>4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to our exp]i5ce s f>1 !re is q def9ite evid5ce t ^! ,cra? se$l+s are h>di] ?an ,broadview4 ,mc,dermid 0 kill$ outright4 ,we h f\nd t practically all ,p]sian walnut trees1 :5 "y1 w be> pi/illate blossoms = sev]al ye>s be=e !y be> /am9ate blossoms 7catk9s74 ,?is fact has delay$ u 9 secur+ nuts f ^! se$l+ v>ieties & has compell$ u to resort to h& poll9ation4 ,h[ev]1 !y are n[ beg9n+ to produce bo? k9ds ( blossoms4 ,! fir/ "o to be> 0 9 #aidd1 :5 "o tree bore twelve nuts :i* _h result$ f h& poll9ation ) poll5 s5t u by ,mr4 ,re$4 ,?is v>iety appe>s to be ! mo/ promis+ "o t has borne s f>4 ,we h nam$ x ,littlepage & h _h a booklet pr9t$ :i* describes x fully4 ,we w be glad to mail a copy to anyone :o wi%es4 ,we h n[ f\nd a good poll9iz] = ,littlepage1 our ,no4 ,s#bb se$l+4 ,?is v>iety produces poll5 at j ! "r "t1 "s ( :i* ,i us$ ?is spr+ to h& poll5ize ! ,littlepage tree4 ,a f9e crop ( nuts is n[ on ?is tree z ! result ( ?is poll9ation4 ,la/ ye> 7#aidf7 we _h a few nuts f ea* ( five o!r se$l+ v>ieties4 ,:ile we did n consid] any ( !m equal to ,littlepage1 !y 7 all wor? gr[+ & comp>e q favorably ) ,engli% walnuts z f\nd 9 our m>kets4 ,?is ye> we h nuts on ea* ( elev5 v>ieties1 five ( !m & ! same ones t bore la/ ye> & six new ones4 ,n[ t ^! se$l+s are beg9n+ to be> we are able to cull out any t prove to be v inf]ior4 ,z our facilities are f> too limit$ to ?or\ghly te/ ! promis+ v>ieties1 we h />t$ to propagate !m & (f] !m 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry & subject !m to _m diff]5t conditions4 ,?us x %\ld be only a matt] ( "t until ! truly wor?y v>ieties w prove !mselves4 ,if we 7 weal?y we c\ld propagate !m & di/ribute !m free ( *>ge b ,i d\bt if x w\ld prove z satisfactory z x is to *>ge = !m1 z x seems to be a trait ( human nature to take bett] c>e ( t :i* co/s u some?+4 ,we w n "n ^! new v>ieties at pres5t b w put !m out "u _! te/ numb]s4 ,lat] ! ones t prove be/ c be nam$4 ,to facilitate ! di/ribution ( ^! new v>ieties we are gett+ out a fold] %[+ natural size pictures ( ! nuts ( ! six v>ieties :i* 7 produc$ la/ ye>1 ) a brief description ( ea*4 ,i am v sorry t ,i 0 unable to get ^! fold]s f ! pr9t] be=e com+ to ?is conv5tion4 ,h[ev] we w h !m v soon & w be glad to mail a copy to anyone :o reque/s x4 ,z /at$ be=e we h f\nd t ! butt]nut curculio is a v bad pe/ ) ! ,p]sian walnuts1 also he>tnuts & butt]nuts4 ,x does n injure ! black walnut at all4 ,!re are also sev]al o!r insects :i* fe$ on ! ,p]sian walnut1 mo/ ( ^! *ew+ insects t simply injure ! foliage m or less sev]ely4 ,la/ w9t] ,i 0 advis$ by ,dr4 ,dean ( our exp]im5t /ation /aff1 to try b5z5e hexa*loride 7hexa*lorocyclohexane7 = control ( ! curculio4 ,he /at$ t 9 ,cali=nia !y h f\nd out t ! ,p]sian walnut is q susceptible to ars5ical injury :5 a spray conta9+ ars5ate ( lead is us$ on x4 ,also te/s s f> indicate t ,d4,d4,t4 is n v effective aga9/ ! apple & plum curculio1 !re=e n likely to be effective aga9/ ! butt]nut curculio4 ,s la/ spr+ we secur$ a supply ( b5z5e hexa*loride4 ,j z we 7 ab\t to spray ! trees ,i discov]$ a sw>m ( orange color$ insects ) black w+ cov]s1 fe$+ on !m4 ,s ,i *eck$ ! compatibility *>t 9 ! ,febru>y issue ( ! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] & f\nd t b5z5e hexa*loride & ,d4,d4,t4 7 compatible :5 us$ toge!r 9 ! spray mixture4 ,i ?\ght x w\ld be well to use a d\ble b>rel$ dose4 ,s we made up a spray ( f\r p\nds ( b5z5e hexa*loride1 f\r p\nds ( ,d4,d4,t41 #ej wettable p[d]1 & #f p\nds ( wettable sulfur to #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,?is fir/ spray %[$ a slight burn+ ( ! leaves1 :i* ,i suspect$ 0 due to ! sulfur4 ,we omitt$ sulfur f ! lat] sprays & did n note any m burn+4 ,we put on ?ree sprays at ab\t two week int]vals & a f\r? spray ab\t ! middle ( ,july4 ,! result ( ^! sprays appe>s to be excell5t4 ,i h f\nd only "o nut %[+ any insect injury & ?is "o 0 only slightly injur$1 :]eas la/ summ] we lo/ a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! nuts f curculio injury4 ,a day or two aft] apply+ ! fir/ spray1 ,i want$ to secure a specim5 ( ! orange-color$ insects ) black w+ cov]s1 b ,i c\ld n f9d a s+le specim54 ,we did n apply our fir/ spray q soon en\gh & curculio l>vae _h already invad$ a few ( ! t]m9als4 ,! fir/ spray %\ld be appli$ ab\t z soon z ! leaf buds sep>ate & q likely %\ld be foll[$ by ! second spray 9 ab\t a week1 z new gr[? is v rapid at ?is "t & ! scant foliage at ! "t ( ! fir/ spray w\ld h>dly hold en\gh ( ! *emicals to give control = m ?an a few days4 ,obs]vations on ,h>d9ess ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,walnuts at ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,new ,york ,,/eph5 ,,b]na? ,9 our section we h v good ,p]sian walnut v>ieties ( ,c>pa?ian & o!r ,european s\rces4 ,i h plant$ "s ( all /ra9s & v>ieties4 ,my place faces nor?we/ on a good elevation4 ,my exp]i5ce ) trees !re is t we h no w9t] injury4 ,we c gr[ trees !re t _c be gr[n on "s place :i* is situat$ l[1 & !re=e does n h en\gh air circulation4 ,damage is done aft] heavy fro/s :5 ! sun comes out sudd5ly4 ,t is :at damages ! trees--n ! cold4 ,if y take trees & put !m 9 a temp]ature ( #ce to #dj degrees bel[ z]o & br+ !m out to ?aw gradually no h>m is done4 ,mo/ p buy trees & plant !m 9 l[ places2 t is ! error4 ,we h plant$ trees :]e ! w9d is v heavy ?r\gh\t ! w9t] & 9 ! spr+ ,i f\nd t ^! trees /ood up wond]fully well2 :]eas1 we h ,european walnut trees ) a trunk diamet] ( ab\t #ab to #ad in*es t 9 "o ye> froze two to six feet--ab\t ?ree to f\r ye>s gr[?4 ,if y plant y\r trees on a fairly good elevation y c be assur$ ( a good nut crop4 ,9 plant+ nut trees ,i d n "k :at k9d ( f]tiliz] y use1 b ,i always use well decay$ c[ manure & put a little "r ar\nd ! root sy/em4 ,i nev] use fre% manure & nev] use p\ltry1 %eep1 or horse manure4 ,!y are bad = trees z !y are v high 9 ammonia & ?is does damage to ! trees4 ,discussion aft] ,graham1 ,smi?1 & ,b]na? ,p]sian walnut pap]s4 ,corsan3 ,is us+ lime a good idea8 ,i always use a lot ( wood a%es4 ,/oke3 ,use gr\nd agricultural lime/one4 ,burn$ lime may cause injury4 ,j4 ,r4 ,smi?3 ,b>ny>d manure is ! be/4 ,/oke3 ,) ! ,c>pa?ian walnuts !re is no uni=mity 9 w9t] injury4 ,i h _h ! ,cra? v>iety kill back to two in* wood4 ,mo/ o!rs h nev] %[n w9t] injury4 ,corsan3 ,:5 is x practical to take mul* away8 ,mac,daniels3 ,if y take mul* away too late y w get m injury ?an if y don't take x away at all4 ,memb]3 ,:y does my "y walnut tree n be>8 ,b]na?3 ,engli% walnut trees may produce pi/illate blooms = a numb] ( ye>s be=e !y produce poll5 s t if y h only "o tree x may be due to lack ( poll9ation4 ,memb]3 ,) ,engli% walnut is m ?an "o tree necess>y = poll9ation8 ,! male blossom appe>s a week or #aj days be=e ! female4 ,crane3 ,p]sian walnuts %\ld be us$ to poll9ate ,p]sian walnuts--d n dep5d on black walnuts4 ,9 gr[+ ,p]sian walnuts x is be/ to h trees ( two or m v>ieties 9 a plant+ s z to provide cross poll9ation4 ,/oke3 ,p]sian walnuts may n poll9ate black walnut1 b black walnut has poll9at$ ! ,p]sian walnut 9 kn[n in/ances4 ,mac,daniels3 ,control or uncontrol ( poll9ation is v complex4 ,crane3 ,we f9d t we c n readily produce ,p]sian x ,ea/]n black hybrids "u conditions ( controll$ poll9ation4 ,we h f\nd a numb] ( natural hybrid trees b !y be> v few nuts4 ,nuts ,ab\t ,trees ,r4 ,e4 ,,hodgson1 ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,s\!a/ ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota4 ,:5 hik+ ) a ,boy ,sc\t troop1 !y (t5 ask$ me1 ,:at tree is t8 ,9 summ] ,i c\ld usually tell an oak f a box eld] b _h nev] _h mu* reason to g fur!r into ! subject until ! boys expos$ my ignorance4 ,9 self def5se ,i began to hunt up ! names & f\nd x a mo/ int]e/+ hobby4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota has a bran* exp]im5t /ation "s #hj miles s\? ( ! ,tw9 ,cities & x is "h t a few acres h be5 rop$ (f z a te/+ site = :atev] trees ( int]e/ we c p]suade to gr[4 ,my job is ) field crops & live/ock b my golf1 fi%+1 hunt+ & bridge are mo/ly play$ ) a spade & prun+ %e>s or w&]+ ar\nd 9 ! bru% some:]e look+ = some?+ new4 ,our soil is a heavy clay loam ( ,cl>ion type conta9+ pl5ty ( lime b (t5 poorly dra9$4 ,x is v ri* & productive be+ at "o "t "p ( ,m9nesota's big woods4 ,native trees are basswood1 oak1 elm1 a%1 walnut & _! associates4 ,my ignorance conc]n+ trees is /ill pr(\nd & becomes m app>5t z acqua9tance matures1 b x has be5 a lot ( fun to />t ab\t #acj v>ieties ( trees & %rubs & wat* _! developm5t4 ,! ,lat9 names are mo/ly a my/]y to me1 b _! habits1 me?ods & rate ( gr[? along ) soil pref]5ces & w9t] survival h furni%$ m ent]ta9m5t = me ?an pick+ %ot out ( a dead bird or furr[+ ! turf on a putt+ gre54 ,x has be5 a real ?rill to see cypress1 sycamore & ev5 a few yell[ popl>s1 survive our rugg$ w9t]s4 ,! project began ) an attempt to collect native trees & exp&$ to make room = "s exotics1 j to see :at w\ld happ5 to !m4 ,det\rs & by-pa?s includ$ attempts to gr[ v>i\s conif]s f se$ & p]suade cutt+s to root4 ,some:]e along ! l9e nut trees began to ent] ! picture & n[ ^! h an alcove all to !mselves4 ,p]haps x />t$ :5 a neighbor (f]$ me #e4jj if ,i c\ld tell :e!r a "y spr\t 9 8 y>d 0 butt]nut or walnut4 ,he di$ be=e ,i f\nd ! answ] :i* 0 probably common k to mo/ p4 ,! color ( ! pi? did n seem reliable1 b at la/ a book po9t$ out ! little m\/a*e a butt]nut we>s j above ea* leaf sc>4 ,x work$1 & ! ?rill 0 equal to cat*+ a #aj p\nd wall eye6 ,i 0 rais$ on ! prairie "p ( s\?we/]n ,m9nesota & x 0 a delightful surprise :5 ,i mov$ #adj miles ea/ to f9d t "o c\ld ga!r almo/ any desir$ quantity ( black walnuts f remnants ( ! old =e/4 ,aft] a few ye>s ^! trips to ! woods became less glam\r\s & ! pick]upp]s m critical4 ,_m ( ! wild nuts 7 small & h>d to crack4 ,p]haps a fri5d's ,?omas tree 9 full be>+ ) its heavy crop ( huge1 ta/y nuts inspir$ a wi% to gr[ bigg] & bett] produc+ trees ne> at home4 ,x look$ easy to transplant vigor\s1 #f foot black walnut :ips :i* c\ld be _h = ! digg+4 ,x took #aj ye>s to le>n t nuts prop]ly plant$ w\ld make l>g] trees 9 a decade ?an transplants4 ,digg+ #b deep holes to move "o tree seem$ a wa/e ( labor :5 "o plant$ nut w\ld bett] s]ve ! purpose4 ,( c\rse nut plant+ l$ to a conte/ ( wits ) ! squirrels4 ,x 0 a funny sight to wat* a help] c>efully plac+ nuts at regul> int]vals 9 an op5 furr[ & a big fox squirrel foll[+ #aj feet beh9d him1 remov+ ! prizes z fa/ z he c\ld scamp] up & d[n a ne>by holl[ oak4 ,our ideas conc]n+ appropriate locations = walnut trees did n co9cide ) ^? ( ,mr4 ,bu%ytail4 ,we le>n$ t ! simple way to plant walnuts 9 ! woods 0 to pile a half a bu%el "h & !re4 ,! tree climb]s took _! toll1 b did a good job ( plant+4 ,survival seem$ bett] ?an :5 we plac$ individual nuts & /epp$ !m 94 ,! desire = bigg]1 bett] & m useful nuts l$ to ! plant+ ( a c\ple ( acres to se$ f v>i\s trees ( kn[n value4 ,^! w n come true ( c\rse b x is hop$ t "s day !y may s]ve z mat]ial = a small nut bre$+ project 9 :i* an attempt w be made to comb9e "s ( ! m desirable *romosomes into a s+le tree t reta9s ! be/ ( :at we h 9 pres5t selections1 & adds a little m h>d9ess betwe5 gr[+ seasons4 ,:o c tell8 ,we might f9d a tree t ! walnut worms didn't l6 ,! squirrels didn't fancy our plans to gr[ trees 9 r[s accord+ to p>5tage1 s !y tri$ to improve our te*nique4 ,we almo/ call$ 9 ! ,f4 ,b4 ,i4 to circumv5t _! ma*9ations4 ,jamm+ an op5 t9 c ov] ! plant$ nut seem$ to help4 ,:5 ! spr\t came up we turn$ up ! edges ( ! split c bottom j en\gh to let ! tree ?r\gh1 b ! %>p jagg$ edges seem$ to disc\rage m>aud]s4 ,a lot ( o!r me?ods 7 also tri$4 ,f ! ,wiscons9 ,horticultural ,society we obta9$ a p\nd ( ,engli% or ,p]sian walnuts 9 #aicg4 ,s f> we h "s #bc se$l+s /ruggl+ to keep alive4 ,!y range 9 height f #ah in*es to #g feet & are def9itely out ( _! range4 ,"s ye>s !y gr[ #d feet ( new wood & "s w9t]s x all kills back4 ,!re seem to be diff]5ces 9 h>d9ess &--:o c tell8--!y might ev5 be> a nut "s day4 ,b>k injury1 :i* may be w9t] sun scald1 has damag$ "s ( ! trees4 ,"o tree ( ! ,broadview selection is alive aft] f\r ye>s & may make a g ( x4 ,hickories gr[ wild 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,m9nesota1 b ?is doesn't happ5 to be "o ( ^? p>ts4 ,!y seem to d be/ :]e soil is acid 9 reaction & "h we are amply suppli$ ) lime4 ,t may acc\nt = ! sl[ gr[? ( a graft$ ,hales hickory tree4 ,x 0 #c ye>s old :5 set out 9 #aiba4 ,= ! fir/ #i ye>s x _h j #b leaves p] ye>4 ,n[ approa*+ #cj1 ! tree is #g to #h feet high & go+ up at ! rate ( #h to #ab in*es a ye>4 ,nuts f ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 & ,m9nesota wild hickories1 h done bett]4 ,at #h ye>s ! trees are f #a to #b feet high1 ) a c\ple ( ,%akespe>es1 7g5iuses7 t[]+ a foot above !m4 ,?is may n be hickory c\ntry1 b1 by gum1 !y're gr[+6 ,a c\ple ( ye>s ago1 ,dr4 ,bri]ley f ! ,c5tral ,/ation1 ,division ( ,horticulture1 :o has nut propagation z "o ( 8 m9or projects1 gave u #g se$l+s ( %ellb>k hickory1 7,c>ya lac9iosa71 f a tree plant$ _m ye>s ago by ,pet] ,gideon ( ,weal?y apple fame4 ,aft] #b w9t]s1 ^! #g se$l+s are /ill ) u & seem to gr[ fa/] ?an ! %agb>ks 7ovata74 ,o!r attempts to v>y our diet 7if we live long en\gh7 are a few ,*9ese *e/nut se$l+s4 ,a c\ple secur$ f ! ,nut ,tree ,nurs]ies1 ,d[n+ton1 ,pa41 9 #aidj are n[ #c & #d feet high & app>5tly 9 a good /ate ( heal?4 ,!y are leisurely gr[+1 :i* may be a good ?+4 ,trees l ! ,man*urian walnut :i* gr[ #f to #h feet ( new wood 9 a ye>1 seem to freeze back & />t ov] m frequ5tly ?an ! trees :i* poke along b h>d5 _! wood be=e cold wea!r4 ,9 #aidf1 a few m se$l+s f ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd]1 ,c5t] ,po9t1 ,i[a1 7 set out & mo/ ( !m h surviv$ ! fir/ w9t]4 ,c>l ,wes*cke reports t *e/nuts d be/ = him at ,riv] ,falls1 ,wiscons91 9 s&y soil ) an acid reaction4 ,if ,i ev] raise a *e/nut1 ,i'd l to s5d him "o4 ,fool+ ) nuts has l$ to ano!r activity :i* has be5 pleasant ?\gh n v practical s f>4 ,ea* spr+1 ,dr4 ,bri]ley sp5ds a c\ple ( days ) me try+ to graft "s ( ! nam$ v>ieties to our available wild trees4 ,we h rais$ nuts on "s ( ! hickory scions graft$ to ! pl5tiful native bitt]nuts1 b 9 g5]al our grafts h fail$4 ,we h _h good advice f _m s\rces & h tri$ mo/ ev]y?+ b our successes h n be5 num]\s en\gh to cause any inflation ( ! ego4 ,we're incl9$ to ?9k t ! sudd5 wide v>iations ( temp]ature :i* are common "h 9 ,may1 c be ! controll+ factor4 ,we've made a few walnuts1 hickories1 & hicans gr[1 b /ill h too _m z]oes = any complac5cy4 ,?is ye> may be our bonanza4 ,mo/ ( ! grafts on "s #dj trees are %oot+ buds4 ,p]haps x's ! graft+ tape we tri$ ?is spr+4 ,9 #aidh we'll be able to write x all d[n 9 ! book--& try aga94 ,nuts are n ! only food crops gr[+ on trees4 ,we h read ! gl[+ reports ( sweet pods ( honey locu/ gr[n on su* v>ieties z ,millwood & ,calh\n1 z told by ,john ,h]%ey & ,j4 ,russell ,smi?4 ,our ,millwoods all kill$ ! second w9t] & ?is ye> we're try+ ,calh\n4 ,mean:ile1 we're hunt+ = a h>dy1 nor!rn gr[n sweet tree4 ,miss ,jones ask$ nut gr[]s to tell me :at !y _h & sev]al int]e/+ replies & samples 7 receiv$4 ,! quality ( ! pods v>i$ all ! way f ! sweet ,millwood to our native honey locu/s1 mo/ ( :i* are s bitt] & a/r+5t t !y rem9d u ( a comb9ation ( gre5 p]simmons & r$ pepp]4 ,no s5sible animal w t\* !m4 ,cions 7 receiv$ f a tree 9 ,omaha1 ,nebraska1 ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,f4 ,j4 ,adams4 ,^! 7 graft$ on local trees ?is spr+ & p]haps !y w answ] all ( our ne$s4 ,our attempts to gr[ bett] nuts 9 s\!rn ,m9nesota h n caus$ ev5 a ripple 9 ! local economic situation1 b x has be5 a lot ( fun4 ,p]haps ! greate/ return s f> is ! int]e/+ correspond5ce ) l m9d$ p 9 _m localities4 ,amos ,workman ( ,hurricane1 ,utah1 s5t se$ ( 8 be/ black & ,p]sian walnuts1 pecans & figs4 ,! figs didn't ev5 />t 7probably my ignorance71 b we h trees com+ f all ! re/4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi? has be5 mo/ helpful ) sugge/ions & ! ,m9nesota ,horse ,?ief z he calls me1 has enjoy$ 8 lett]s imm5sely4 ,john ,h]%ey has pass$ along "s ( 8 en?usiasm = trees & _m o!rs h contribut$ to ! pleasure ( a fasc9at+ hobby4 ,x's fun to gr[ trees ev5 ?\gh "s ( ! unusual ?+s provide only ex]cise & ent]ta9m5t4 ,our p]simmons grew f se$1 7 transplant$ & came ?r\gh ! fir/ w9t]6 ,"o pawpaw is /ill try+ to get ahead ( ! w9t] set-backs1 & a ,mac$onian :ite p9e 7said to produce edible nuts7 is do+ f9e4 ,p]haps ,i'm ! bigge/ nut ( all1 b ,i'm happy ab\t x6 ,report on ,nut ,trees at ,massillon ,,raymond ,e4 ,,silvis1 ,massillon1 ,ohio ,i w fir/ give an acc\nt ( plant+s obs]v$ rec5tly 9 or ne> ,massillon1 &1 secondly1 a cond5sation ( my own introduction to nut gr[+4 ,l\is ,bromfield 9 8 ri*ly descriptive book ,! ,f>m writes1 ,on ! way "o pass$ ! big or*>d :i* 0 ,jamie's pride1 & beyond "o came to ! field :]e ! big hickory /ood4 ,x 0 a memorable tree1 fam\s 9 ! c\ntryside = be>+ enorm\s nuts ) %ells s s(t t ! fa9te/ tap ( a rock or a hamm] w\ld lay op5 ! bisque-color$ k]nels4 ,he also writes a ref]5ce to ! +r$i5ts ( c&y mak+ at ,*ri/mas "t 9 :i* a good _m recipes call$ = hickory nuts & walnuts4 ,9 ,massillon ,mr4 ,alv9 ,s*ott1 :5 he drove by ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,le/] ,hawk & read 8 sign1 ,*9ese ,*e/nut ,trees = ,sale1 ?\ght ( ! *e/nuts he us$ to eat4 ,s9ce he1 l ! re/ ( u1 _c g out along ! road 9 ! fall & pick up *e/nuts z ( old1 he decl>$ to plant "s nut trees on city p>k l& s t ! y\ng] g5]ation c\ld 9 a small measure recapture t :i* n[ is only a memory4 ,aft] mak+ num]\s talks & spee*es to all ! lodges1 civic clubs & ,p4 ,t4 ,a4's1 he receiv$ donations & publicity to help him 9 8 project4 ,he enli/$ ! help ( o!r civic nut-m9d$ p]sonnel to help him select ! trees & locations = plant+4 ,boy ,sc\ts & s*ool *ildr5 dug "s ( ! holes4 ,:5 x ra9$ 7x seems to ra9 e "t a %ipm5t came 97 ,mr4 ,s*ott w\ld call u away f our "w & h u dig holes4 ,we h plant$ 9 city p>ks3 #ac ,hawk *e/nuts1 #aj ,?omas black walnuts1 #h hazel1 #d mulb]ries1 #b ,broadview ,p]sians1 #b ,joseph9e p]simmons1 #c pecan se$l+s1 #a hican1 #i l>ge se$l+ black walnuts & sev]al hickories4 ,we h additional money = ano!r spr+ plant+4 ,?us ,massillon has jo9$ ! li/ ( cities t own trees t w produce some?+ else besides leaves4 ,on ,augu/ #ag? ,mr4 ,g]/5mai] & ,i drove to ,ira1 ,ohio1 to visit ,mr4 ,cranz & take advantage ( 8 invitation to inspect 8 nut plant+4 ,at ?is mom5t ,i believe t 8 invitation 0 made ) ! subtle purpose ( bragg+ ab\t 8 excell5t crop ( ,?omas black walnuts & filb]ts4 ,! trees 7 orig9ally plant$ by squirrels & lat] graft$ by ,mr4 ,cranz4 ,!y gr[ at ! bottom ( a huge hill or esc>pm5t #bjj feet high at ! top ( :i* is 8 plant+ ( #bj mollissima *e/nuts4 ,x's a long climb ?r\gh 8 neatly scy!d pa?ways on a hot day4 ,aft]w>ds ,i felt l ,i ne$$ ! c :i* he usually c>ries4 ,rec5tly ,i f\nd a "y black walnut :i* ,i hope may be a good selection = fur!r "w4 ,x is too e>ly to make any pr$ictions1 b ,i c assure y t a c>eful *eck on ! tree's p]=mance w be int]e/+4 ,?9 %ell1 good k]nel cavity1 etc4 ,ne> ,boliv>1 ,ohio1 /&s a "y %agb>k hickory :i* be>s a nut ab\t ! size ( a ,pleas hican ) a v smoo? k]nel cavity & a ?9 %ell4 ,ev5 ?\gh small ?is is ano!r nut :i* w be> wat*+4 ,i believe ! greate/ int]e/ 9 nut trees w develop :5 a def9ite program ( controll$ cross+ is in/itut$4 ,:5 ,i became a memb] ( ?is organization 9 #aici ,i 0 manag+ almo/ #a1jjj acres ( f>m l&4 ,my own #ij acre f>m 0 be+ f>m$ up & d[n ! hill because ! f5ces 7 built t way4 ,my plan 0 to *ange ov] to a cont\r op]ation4 ,aft] read+ ,nut ,gr[+ & ,tree ,crops ,i decid$ to plant nut trees at #ajj' int]vals along ! edges ( ! cont\r /rips4 ,i _h a tw(old purpose1 to produce m rev5ue & pres]ve ! cont\r me?od ( f>m+4 ,i ord]$ graft$ nut trees f ,jones ,nurs]ies1 ,cra? se$l+s f ,graham & #bjj nor!rn pecan nuts f ,wilk9son4 ,hom] ,jacobs1 really sold me on ! ,nut ,gr[]s ,association & !n s5t me scions ( ! ,wilcox hickory4 ,i 0 successful 9 gett+ two to gr[ ab\t #ajj' ap>t4 ,miss ,jones s5t me ,pleas hican wood & "o graft grew betwe5 ! two ,wilcox4 ,all 7 graft$ on %agb>k /ock1 brea/ high us+ ! late ,mr4 ,fickes' me?od4 ,! pecan nuts 7 /ratifi$ & giv5 ! usual nurs]y c>e & at ?ree ye>s ( age 7 transplant$ to ! f>m along ) #bjj se$l+ black walnuts & #ajj *e/nuts4 ,^! se$l+s 7 to be us$ z /ocks = graft+ ! new] & sup]ior productive v>ieties4 ,?is 0 #aidc4 ,! f>m] became dissatisfi$ ) my soil cons]vation t5d5cies & mov$ away4 ,! w> develop$ 9 e>ne/ & ,i matriculat$ at a def5se plant4 ,! f>m j grew up4 ,i 0 n dissatisfi$4 ,i 0 j tir$4 ,i c\ldn't f9d en\gh "t to manage #a1jjj acres ( f>m l& #bj miles s\?2 "w at a def5se plant #bj miles nor? & op]ate my insurance & real e/ate bus9ess4 ,s ,i sold all ! f>ms includ+ m9e ) ! nut trees4 ,n[ x is #aidg4 ,x 0 only two ye>s ago t ,i made a decision to rel9qui% ! #ij acre f>m4 ,a %ort "t ago ,i f\nd all ! graft$ trees be>+ fruit except ! hickories & hican4 ,! graft$ ,zimm]man1 ,/oke & ,hobson *e/nuts h di$ & mo/ ( ! pecan1 walnut & *e/nut se$l+s plant$ on ! cont\r /rips h succumb$ to ! m[]1 etc4 ,i c\ld f9d none ( ! graft$ hickories pur*as$ ?r\gh ! ye>s except "o ,fairbanks4 ,! pres5t own]s are en?usia/ic ov] ! e>ly be>+ *e/nuts & are tak+ c>e ( all ! rema9+ survivor trees4 ,i h rea*$ ! conclusion t any f>m 9 ?is section ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ) en\gh hope to w>rant cont\r f>m+ is usually m>g9al l&4 ,?is is l& :i* b>ely pays ! co/ ( work+ or us+2 l& :]eon ! co/s ( labor1 coord9ation & capital approximately equal ! gross income4 ,i believe t a plant+ ( graft$ nut trees on ! edges ( cont\r /rips w increase ! value ( t f>m & %\ld h ! att5tion ( e c\nty ag5t & f>m own]4 ,i am no d\bt ! wor/ graft] 9 ! bus9ess4 ,:5 ,i get "o out ( #bj sets to gr[ ,i am />tl$1 n s mu* ) ! /ati/ical p]c5tages b because a small /ick ( wood f ,k5tucky c make its home on ! roots ( an ,ohio c\s94 ,i believe t scion /orage is important & ,i wi% to report t ! me?od :i* ,dr4 ,%elton expla9$ 9 ! #aide report is v satisfactory4 ,! next be/ is ,john ,g]/5mai]'s apple /orage cell>1 :i* he & ,i h us$ ev] s9ce my int]e/ 9 nut be>+ trees br\ght u toge!r4 ,x is /ill #aidg4 ,i'm /ill 9 ! real e/ate bus9ess4 ,i rec5tly pur*as$ #afj acres ( l& 9 an adjo9+ c\nty & plac$ title 9 my son's "n4 ,he is six ye>s old4 ,i %\ld be free ( any incl9ation to sell ?is = fifte5 ye>s4 ,s9ce !re are no build+s ,i won't h a t5ant problem4 ,?is spr+ ,i pur*as$ & plant$ graft$ hickories & graft$ black walnuts & set !m 9 suppos$ly favorable locations :]e ,i hope !y w ma9ta9 !mselves4 ,9 addition ,i plant$ ab\t #bjj ,hawk se$l+ *e/nuts spac$ ab\t #bj to #cj feet ap>t4 ,^! 7 plant$ 9 ?ree diff]5t locations4 ,"o gr\p 0 plant$ "u ! canopy ( a locu/ grove1 ano!r on an expos$ hilltop :i* faces ! prevail+ we/]ly w9ds4 ,! ?ird is on a broad hilltop field :i* does n h ! be/ dra9age s9ce ! top soil is clay und]laid ) s&/one %ale4 ,all ( ^! gr\ps gr[ on l& ab&on$ "s ye>s ago4 ,! soil f]tility is g5]ally l[4 ,volunte] native gr[? ( *e]y1 a%1 dogwood & haw?orn prevails4 ,if ,i c cont9ue to plant = ! next fifte5 ye>s ,i %\ld h q an or*>d1 or else my son w h a good h>dwood =e/4 ,i hope t all ( u "h c meet !re !n4 ,discussion aft] ,r4 ,e4 ,silvis' pap]4 ,mr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,x is a good idea to h nut trees e/abli%$ 9 ! p>ks4 ,9 y\r home t[n !re is usually a p>k 9 :i* nut trees c be us$4 ,v (t5 x j takes initiative to get ^! ?+s />t$4 ,boy ,sc\t organization is v good at />t+ projects l ?is4 ,*e/nuts are m difficult to e/abli% ?an o!r trees4 ,dr4 ,gravatt3 ,nut trees %\ld n be gr[n along ! curbs because p w ga!r ! nuts t fall on ! road4 ,?is is v dang]\s :]e !re is mu* traffic4 ,/oke3 ,walnuts are mu* m satisfactory z p>k trees ?an ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,p are s prone to break (f bran*es be>+ immature *e/nuts4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,wire gu>ds are excell5t to keep mice1 rabbits1 etc41 away f y\r nut trees4 ,plant+ ( ,nut ,trees on ,highways ,undesirable ,r4 ,p4 ,,allaman1 ,h>risburg1 ,pa4 ,hav+ always oppos$ ?is practice :5 x 0 "u discussion1 ,i h be5 ask$ to prep>e an article on ! subject4 ,?is pap] 0 prep>$ 9 collaboration ) ,mr4 ,wilbur ,h4 ,simonson1 ,s5ior ,l&scape ,ar*itect1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,public ,roads1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! roadside improvem5t demon/ration program 9 #aicc ! policy ( ! ,public ,roads ,adm9i/ration has nev] favor$ plant+ ( ! %[y1 g>d5 type ( fruit & nut trees on highway roadsides = sev]al reasons3 #a4 ,traffic ,haz>ds--,dropp+ ( fruits & nuts on pavem5ts t5ds to make surface conditions slipp]y & dang]\s to traffic4 #b4 ,police ,problems--,rip5+ ( fruits & nuts t5ds to invite pass+ motori/s to /op on side ( highway pavem5ts to ga!r ! fruits1 add+ to traffic haz>d4 ,also su* trees t5d to invite v&alism by boys toge!r ) clubb+ ! trees to get d[n ! fruits ) ! possible results ( n only injury & damage to ! trees !mselves1 b ?r[+ /icks1 /ones & clubs into ! tree bran*es is likely to result 9 hitt+ or /rik+ pass+ motori/s & o!rwise cause loss ( control ( vehicles by driv]s1 a v dang]\s road condition especially because x is an unexpect$ situation to h clubs or fruit come d[n on ! highway :5 driv+ ?r\gh4 ,?is all means m int5sive polic+ ( ! highway by ! responsible au?orities ) add$ co/s 9 ma9t5ance budgets4 #c4 ,ma9t5ance ,problems--,n only d dropp+ ( fruits1 & ! results ( v&alism1 cause extra cleanup ( pavem5ts & dra9ageways1 7clogg+ ( pipes & gutt]s ) debris f ! trees7 all haz>d\s to traffic2 b also ! que/ions ( insects & disease problems are add$4 ,?is all complicates public ma9t5ance problems & especially ! prop] prun+ & spray+ ( ! trees4 ,x is n consid]$ a prop] function ( public au?orities to c>ry on op]ations t compete ) private prop]ty developm5ts4 ,adm9i/rative policy & proc$ures %all enc\rage ! plant+ ( %ade tree types along public highways1 & avoid ! above describ$ difficulties t are b\nd to occur if nut-be>+ types ( trees are plac$ on highway areas4 ,ref]5ces3 ,b5nett's book on ,roadside ,developm5t1 #aibi1 pages #f & #eb1 also page #ebg ( ! proce$+s = ! tw5tie? annual meet+ ( ! ,highway ,rese>* ,bo>d 9 #aidj1 reg>d+ ! selection & use ( trees on highway areas1 z recomm5d$ by ! ,committee on ,roadside ,developm5t4 ,i quote f ^! ! foll[+ extracts3 ,pr(usely fl[]+ fruit or nut-be>+ trees are n desirable1 z a rule2 v %[y g>d5 types ( fl[]+1 fruit or nut-be>+ trees %\ld be avoid$ 9 roadside plant+4 ,exp]i5ce indicates ?an v&alism is enc\rag$ by plant+ any species ( tree commonly us$ 9 g>d51 comm]cial fruit1 or nut or*>d plant+4 ,trees :i* drop heavy masses ( petals1 fruit or nuts on highway surfaces are n desirable4 ,horticultural v>ieties ( fl[]+ trees 7p>ticul>ly ^? ( exotic orig9 su* z ! ,japanese *]ries7 %\ld be avoid$ 9 roadside plant+ because a too g>d5-l appe>ance ( plant$ roadsides w usually indicate excessive annual ma9t5ance co/s1 & probably heavy future losses ( plant$ mat]ial because ( competition ) sup]ior & m rugg$ native tree species4 ,re3 ,v&alism1 p>5ts are responsible = acts ( _! *ildr5 & public plant+s %\ld n enc\rage *ildr5 t[>ds acts ( a v&ali/ic nature1 ) tr\ble n only = ! tree b also = ! p>5ts 9 keep+ ! *ildr5 9 ord]4 ,nut ,gr[+ = ! ,f>m ,own] ,h4 ,,gleason ,,mattoon ,x is ) trepidation t ,i pres5t a pap] on nut gr[+ be=e a gr\p s mu* m le>n$ 9 ! subject ?an ,i4 ,b two ?+s impel me to d s4 ,fir/1 ! firm conviction t nut trees1 c>efully *os51 prop]ly plant$ & intellig5tly c>$ =1 h a place on _m f>ms z a ca% crop = ! m>ket & a food crop = ! f>m family &1 second1 ! poor results f _m nut tree plant+s on f>ms4 ,z may be imag9$1 my conviction is n bas$ ^u results se5 b ^u ! possibilities ,i "k are inh]5t 9 nut trees4 ,:5 ! fir/ wave ( publicity = soil cons]vation 0 at its z5i? back 9 ! late #cjs1 ,i li/5$ to a talk1 ! sub/ance ( :i* 0 t !re are no su* ?+s z subm>g9al l&1 & problem areas4 ,!re are only subm>g9al p & problem p4 ,l& does n de/roy itself nor is squalor self-creat$4 ,human qualities create bo? conditions4 ,!re=e ! problem to be tackl$ is ! ignorance1 cupidity or /upidity ( ^? :o create su* conditions4 ,?is made a pr(\nd impression on me4 ,x has influ5c$ my ?9k+ 9 all ?+s connect$ ) our r5ewable res\rces4 ,our success 9 gr[+ any?+1 :e!r x be cotton1 corn or nut trees1 dep5ds l>gely ^u ourselves4 ,if we mix ?ree p>ts ( intellig5ce ) "o "p ( ef=t1 ! yield w be manifold4 ,mu* ( ?is intellig5ce %\ld be ( ! gre5 ?umb v>iety1 a mixture ( common s5se & ke5 obs]vation4 ,! "o us+ ?is k9d ( intellig5ce w\ld plant black walnuts 9 a deep1 ri*1 well-dra9$ loam1 because he has obs]v$ t ?is species gr[s be/ & yields m heavily 9 t type ( soil4 ,he w\ld plant ! trees ) top roots n m ?an "o in* "u ! surface ( ! soil because he has not$ t is ! way !y gr[ naturally4 ,he w\ld /rive to keep foliage on ! tree z long z possible because he kn[s t ! leaves are ! manufactur+ "p ( ! tree4 ,)\t !m ! tree c\ld n gr[ & w\ld n produce fill$ nuts4 ,he w\ld d _m o!r ?+s ess5tial = prop] tree gr[? & yield4 ,b un=tunately sev]al ( ! f>m nut tree plant+s ,i h se5 %[ a woeful lack ( gre5 ?umb intellig5ce4 ,i recall "o 9 p>ticul> because ( ! condition ( bo? ! trees & ! own]4 ,! plant+ orig9ally consi/$ ( tw5ty ,*9ese *e/nuts1 fifte5 nam$ black walnuts1 f\r hicans & f\r ,p]sian walnuts4 ,! own] orig9ally 0 an en?usia/ic conv]t to nut gr[+4 ,today ! plant+ is a failure1 :ile ! own] is an irate backslid] :o w\ld n plant ano!r nut tree ev5 ?\gh x bore t5 doll> bills4 ,f\r ye>s aft] plant+1 n9ete5 ( ! tw5ty *e/nuts1 all hican1 ?ree ,p]sian walnuts & t5 black walnuts 7 dead4 ,( ! rema9+ sev5 trees only "o c\ld be call$ heal?y4 ,exam9ation soon focus$ ! picture4 ,mo/ ( ! trees _h be5 plant$ on an erod$ hillside defici5t 9 humus4 ,9 addition1 _m ( !m 7 plant$ f ?ree to t5 in*es too deep4 ,! only ?riv+ walnut 0 plant$ at ! prop] dep? & 9 a pocket ( top soil at ! base ( ! slope4 ,"u que/ion+1 ! own] said t he _h purposely plant$ !m deep to keep _! roots cool4 ,t is a widely held horticultural fallacy :i* is unconsci\sly fo/]$ by _m nurs]yman4 ,9 _! in/ructions !y say to plant ! tree "o in* deep] ?an x 0 9 ! nurs]y4 ,too _m laym5 reason t1 if plant+ ! tree "o in* deep] w help1 !n ! tree %\ld d ev5 bett] if plant$ six in*es deep]4 ,aft] eighte5 ye>s ( try+ to le>n :y transplant$ trees d n ?rive1 ,i am conv9c$ !re are f\r ma9 causes4 ,i li/ !m 9 ! ord] ( _! preval5ce4 ,fir/ & =emo/1 too deep plant+4 ,second1 fibr\s roots all[$ to become dry4 ,?is may occur 9 transit1 9 ! h&s ( ! pur*as] or because ( air space ar\nd ! roots aft] plant+4 ,?ird1 defici5cy ( moi/ure due to l[ humus cont5t ( ! soil or dr\ght4 ,f\r1 rod5t damage4 ,:ile "s nut trees are possibly m difficult to re-e/abli% ?an a few o!r species1 if c>e is us$ to see t none ( ^! f\r conditions occurs1 !re is no reason :y a well-root$ tree %\ld n gr[ & rema9 heal?y4 ,up to ?is po9t ,i h be5 dwell+ on ! negative side4 ,?\gh x mu/ be confess$ t ! prepond]ance ( su* plant+ has n fulfill$ ! own]'s expectations1 we mu/ rememb] t ! fault does n lie 9 ! trees b 9 ! human elem5t4 ,if ! pur*as] ( nut trees has receiv$ prop] in/ructions & c>ries !m out fai?fully1 ! trees w gr[4 ,n all ( ! fault1 h[ev]1 c be plac$ ^u ! pur*as]4 ,! nurs]ym5 %\ld rememb] t !re is a place = gild$ pictures & gl[+ g5]alities b t place is n 9 ! directions = plant+ & c>e4 ,^! directions %\ld be practical1 precise & detail$1 ) no implications ( ,midas returns f a half acre grove4 ,e gr[] ( nut trees kn[s t problems & tr\bles cont9ue to arise :i* tax 8 k & exp]i5ce4 ,h[ mu* m baffl+ su* difficulties are to ! layman :o is j emb>k+ on ! v5ture ( gr[+ trees4 ,i h plant$ nut trees & h se5 !m gr[ to maturity & yield b\ntifully4 ,i h se5 a few f>m tree plant+s :i* h m ?an repaid ! "t & ef=t4 ,?\gh ! v>ieties n[ gr[n by nurs]ym5 are inf]ior to ^? t ,i am confid5t w be produc$ at "s future "t1 !y /ill h suffici5t m]it to w>rant plant+4 ,y :o are int]e/$ 9 nut trees :i* ?rive 9 ! nor!rn /ates1 mu/ recognize t two factors contribute to ! developm5t ( sup]ior /ra9s4 ,"o is hybridiz+ & ! o!r sport developm5t4 ,! =m] is a long t]m project :i* %\ld h in/itutional back+4 ,! opportunity = ! latt]1 t is1 *ance developm5t ( a sup]ior or unique v>iation1 is 9 direct ratio to ! numb] ( nut trees gr[+ 9 ! area4 ,successful f>m nut gr[]s1 dott$ ov] ! region1 w1 !re=e1 increase ! *ance t f9] /ra9s w appe>4 ,b :e!r ! f>m nut grove ev] abets sci5ce & produces ! long s\ght sup]ior nut1 is ( little importance comp>$ to its value to ! f>m4 ,x is incumb5t1 !re=e1 ^u e nut en?usia/1 :o has a h& 9 br++ to ! att5tion ( f>m own]s ! value ( nut trees1 to be meticul\s 9 giv+ in/ructions = _! plant+ & c>e4 ,tree ,crop & ,nut ,notes f ,s\!rn ,p5nsylvania ,,john ,w4 ,,h]%ey ,broadview ,engli% ,walnut--,?is h>dy v>iety seem$ s good x took a lot ( ef=t to keep f recomm5d+ x comm]cially4 ,! olde/ tree 9 our section1 own$ by my bro!r1 bore lightly = sev]al ye>s4 ,) its f9e flavor1 tree beauty & h>d9ess x edges clos] & clos] to :]e we c recomm5d x comm]cially4 ,9 its sev5? ye> x bore a half bu%el2 ! #h?1 ?is ye>1 x's really load$4 ,i h plant$ #cj trees4 ,a ,s\!rn ,p]sian ,walnut ,! nor!rn man 9 ! s\? loves ! cool climate1 ,p]sian walnut4 ,i h f\nd *ance se$l+s "h & !re1 ev5 d[n to nor!rn ,alabama4 ,"o tree1 nor!a/ ( ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee1 _h a good quality nut & 0 seem+ly resi/ant to sun scald4 ,/>t+ late 9 ! spr+ x avoids ! late fro/s s damag+ to horticulture 9 ! s\?4 ,cornell ,black ,walnut--,?is new v>iety1 a ,?omas se$l+1 nam$ ,cornell by its orig9ator at ,i?aca1 ,new ,york1 bore "o nut = u 9 #aidf4 ,! boys at ,cornell l x because x fills ev5 9 an abnormally cool season ( ! ,f+] ,lakes region :5 natives fail4 ,y c't decide an issue ) "o nut1 b our specim5 0 z l>ge & full ( high-flavor$1 :ite meat z ! ,?omas1 & z ?9-%ell$ z ! ,/abl]4 ,s attractive does ?is v>iety appe> t ,i am res]v+ x ?is fall 9 ord] to plant sev]al 9 or*>d =m to produce scion wood4 ,honey ,locu/s--,! late/ report on _! p]=mance comes f ,j4 ,c4 ,moore1 ,soil ,cons]vation ,s]vice at ,auburn1 ,alabama1 on ,febru>y #c1 #aidg4 ,_! laboratory te/s ( ,millwood %[ a sug> cont5t ( #cf4fe1 & ,calh\n #ch4ie4 ,! animal husb&ry dep>tm5t ( ! ,alabama ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,auburn has f\nd ! pods equal to oats1 p\nd = p\nd1 9 a dairy ration4 ,a team ( mules f$ = #cj days on pods %[$ satisfactory results4 ,c[s & hogs %[$ equal success4 ,at #e ye>s ( age1 ,millwood av]ages #eh p\nds & ,calh\n #bf p\nds p] ye>4 ,at eight ye>s1 ,millwood bore #bjj p\nds1 & ,calh\n #fj4 ,! pods fall f ,octob] #ae? to ,decemb] #cj?4 ,lesp$eza s]icea plant$ betwe5 ! trees yields #b-a_/b tons p] acre annually4 ,?is gives u c\rage to cont9ue emphasiz+ _! great value = pa/ure & r\gh l& plant+4 ,! trees we plant$ 9 our swampy1 worn-out mead[ are do+ f9e4 ,mulb]ries--,?is great *ick51 bird & hog fe$ w "s day fill a def9ite place 9 ! sun ( ! ,am]ican f>m]1 j z x does 9 ,asia4 ,! drawbacks are lack ( h>d9ess & %ort be>+ season 9 ! nor?4 ,! ,hicks v>iety be>s = six to eight weeks b is n h>dy nor? ( ! ,mason-,dixon l9e4 ,?is ye> we h graft$ eight v>ieties ( :i* sev5 are new4 ,"o f s\!rn ,indiana1 an ,am]ican se$l+ select$ by a mulb]ry en?usia/1 be>s = six to eight weeks4 ,w x be h>dy f>!r nor?8 ,we %all "k soon4 ,six are f select se$l+s ( ,l4 ,k4 ,ho/ett]1 ( ,lanca/]1 ,pa41 ! mulb]ry k+ ( ,am]ica4 ,! o!r is a f9e :ite1 a *ance se$l+ f #ge miles nor? ( ,pittsburgh4 ,x has n borne yet b 0 f> h>di] ?an ,d[n+ la/ w9t]4 ,i h a few ( ^! to sell ?is fall4 ,mulb]ries ne$ sweet soil to prev5t w9t] kill+4 ,on worn out soils we h discov]$ t !y d well until e/abli%$1 by apply+ a few h&fuls ( lime ar\nd ! tree at plant+ "t4 ,n only are !y excell5t = ! above m5tion$ uses b ! "r v>ieties are bett] ?an rais9s :5 dri$4 ,9 #aide we set a leaky corn] ( s&y mead[ to honey locu/s4 ,i saw !m gr[+ 9 semi-swamp l& 9 ,alabama1 b "h all b two ( ! #ah trees di$4 ,:5 replant$ 9 #aidf also !y di$4 ,i f\nd ! two t 7 liv+ 7 c>elessly plant$ too %all[1 ) ! top roots /ick+ out ( ! gr\nd4 ,we replant$ m trees 9 ! spr+ ( #aidg ) ! top roots above ! gr\nd level1 m\nd$ soil ov] !m ab\t #f to #aj in*es1 !n mul*$4 ,!y are all gr[+ f9e4 ,/>t+ a ,tree ,crop ,f>m4 ,:at ,is ,x8--,x consi/s ( a bl5d$1 balanc$ program ( cattle1 hogs1 p\ltry & %eep pa/ur+ "u mulb]ries1 honey locu/1 p]simmons1 oaks1 etc41 plus ! hog fe$ f ! refuse *e/nuts1 walnuts & ,*9ese dates4 ,! great secret ( nature is t y\r security lies 9 a balanc$ l& use betwe5 animal & plant production ) crops = animals1 & animal manure = ! crops1 ) a m>g9 ( ea* = ! pr(it book4 ,i b\ght ?is ab&on$ swampy1 rocky1 s&y soil f>m ( #gb acres1 to %[ h[ x c be done on l& too r\gh = ! pl[4 ,! fir/ requirem5t 0 to "w out a program ) p]man5t crops to br+ 9 a cont9u\s return1 :ile plant+ & develop+ ! sl[] be>+ nuts & crop trees4 ,i h f\nd y mu/ live on ! f>m a ye> to le>n :i* soils & sites are be/ = a species4 ,= in/ance1 ! field t fitt$ my plan to plant walnuts is too wet1 s !re we %all plant ! hickories1 pecans & hicans ) p]simmons z fill]s4 ,! place :]e ,i want$ walnuts 0 too s&y1 s we %all plant *e/nuts & filb]ts1 & :]e ,i want$ *e/nuts ! soil is good = walnuts4 ,/>t+ a ,pr(it ,cycle--,to create a return z quickly z possible on su* a cycle we />t$ a small flock ( *ick5s1 ducks & geese4 ,! next /ep 0 to decide :at to plant ( a p]man5t nature to make a succession ( crop income f spr+ until ! nut crop comes 9 autumn4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aide we plant$ an acre ( asp>agus & "o ( raspb]ries4 ,9 #aidg bo? />t$ br++ 9 returns4 ,9 #aidh !y w be 9 full production4 ,9 #aidf & #aidg we set an acre or m ( blueb]ries4 ,half ( ! blueb]ries 7 plant$ 9 a semi-swamp1 useless to f>m or pa/ure1 b ! home ( blueb]ries aft] we dra9$ x4 ,^! w />t be>+ 9 #aidh & increase 9 production = t5 ye>s4 ,we h #b c[s = family milk z ,i ne>ly live on x4 ,! surplus we use 9 veal+ calves z well z to />t a h]d4 ,! fir/ ye> we took 9 ab\t #ajj1 ! second #aej2 to date we've tak5 9 #hej1 plus an inv5tory increase ( #e n9e mon?s old bulls & #f ye> old heif]s4 ,no soil c live )\t manure &1 due to ! results ( ov] #bj ye>s ( organic soil managem5t1 we use no *emical f]tiliz]s4 ,h5ce1 we ne$ lots ( manure4 ,i c n af=d to buy /raw s we use %av+s & sawdu/ = b$d+4 ,we apply to ! manure 9 ! /ables ab\t #ajj p\nds p] animal ( raw phosphate rock a week1 :i* sweet5s ! du/ & helps fe$ ! soil4 ,we also buy /raw = sev5 rid+ horses = ! manure1 z ?is is great fox hunt+ c\ntry4 ,:ile ?is "y /ock is supply+ manure = ! soil x is increas+ 9 value4 ,our program is exp5sive because "t ne$$ 9 ! nurs]y & or*>d prev5ts u f gr[+ gra91 b :5 y />t y c gr[ gra94 ,we %all soon be hav+ /ock to sell ea* ye> :i* w add to our income4 ,:ile ^! crops are contribut+ to our keep1 our "t is us$ 9 develop+ ! sl[]-be>+1 p]man5t tree crops1 #fjj mulb]ries = hogs & cattle1 #cej honey locu/s1 ne>ly a #ajj p]simmons1 #ej oaks1 #ej ,*9ese ,jujubes & #ij filb]ts1 all go+ well4 ,to ?is we add$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aidg #e acres ( ,p]sian & black walnuts ) *e/nuts int]plant$ 9 ! r[4 ,^! are our future fe$s = a bigg] & *eap] hog1 cattle1 %eep & p\ltry fe$+ program1 z well z provid+ food & cov] = wild life4 ,we h yet to plant #e acres ( mix$ hickory1 hicans & pecans int]plant$ ) ov] #ajj se$l+ p]simmons & a six acre b\ld] field ( black walnuts int]plant$ ) *e/nuts & a #e acre s&y field ( *e/nuts int]plant$ ) filb]ts4 ,! re/ ( ! f>m w be 9 nurs]y1 hay & c]eals4 ,n[ hold 9 m9d ^! vital factors4 ,to get ri* j plant+ a f>m ( nuts or any o!r "o crop is a delusion1 ) ! bank]s ev5tually hold+ ! bag1 ! soil & own] tak+ a lick+4 ,nature is a balanc$ =ce1 soil undi/urb$ is a delicately balanc$ fl\r b>rel ( nev] end+ life4 ,le>n ( nature h[ to protect ?is soil1 t %all[ insulation bo>d betwe5 man & disa/]4 ,aft] feel+ our way ov] #c ye>s ?is is :at we f\nd be/ 9 h&l+ trees4 ,9 ! mead[ :]e we plant$ honey locu/1 & on a rocky knoll ) oaks1 ! fir/ ye> we appli$ a %ovelful ( night soil & a light mul* ( leaf compo/4 ,! second summ] we m[$1 rak$1 & =k$ ! hay to ! tree 9 a wide circle4 ,x 0 amaz+ ! life activity t 0 creat$ "u ?is mul* by ! next spr+4 ,mice 7 controll$ by pull+ ! mul* #c in*es f ! tree 9 e>ly fall & ) poison$ :eat "u ! mul*4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aidg we mul*$ a #d to #e ft4 circle ar\nd ea* tree ) manure two or ?ree in*es ?ick4 ,y %\ld see ! trees gr[+4 ,"o-half 0 m[$ = hay & on ! o!r half electric f5ces 7 put up along ! tree r[s & ! field 0 pa/ur$4 ,we plant$ ! walnuts & *e/nuts 9 a sod ( natural :ite clov] & timo?y4 ,walnuts 7 plant$ 9 #fj ft4 r[s ) a *e/nut tree e #cj ft4 ,"h1 ?ree r\nds 7 made ) ! pl[ & disk & ! gr\nd 0 manur$ be=e ! trees 7 plant$4 ,aft] plant+ "o %ovelful ( night soil1 or two or ?ree %ovelfuls ( cur$ slaught] h\se tankage1 7 appli$ to ea* tree4 ,! r[s 7 kept clean until ,june & !n s[$ to soy beans4 ,suffici5t manure 0 available to make x possible to complete a manure mul* ar\nd ^! trees4 ,! field :]e ! hickory & pecans are to g has ! tree r[s pl[$1 manur$ & soy bean$ ready = plant+4 ,we plan to use ! same me?od 9 future plant+s4 ,notes f ! ,new ,j]sey ,section ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,,mrs4 ,,alan ,r4 ,,buckwalt] 7,z a sugge/ion to "s o!r ,/ate ,vice-,presid5ts ! editors pr9t p>ts ( a lett] f ,mrs4 ,buckwalt] ^: husb& 0 long a valu$ & active memb] ( ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 ,aft] receiv+ ! annual report ,i s5t reply po/ c>ds to ea* ( ! memb]s 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,i receiv$ answ]s f ab\t "o-?ird ( !m & h assembl$ "s ( _! reports & que/ions to s5d y1 along ) a few notes ab\t our or*>d47 ,wm4 ,m4 ,daugh]ty ( ,pr9ceton reports t 8 ?ree hundr$ t5-ye>-old black walnut trees _h a f9e set ( nuts ?is spr+4 ,h[ev]1 a hail /orm 9 midsumm] /ripp$ ! trees ( bo? leaves & nuts4 ,f ,saddle ,riv]1 ,dr4 ,h>old ,blake reports t 8 black walnuts are do+ well1 b a late spr+ fro/ kill$ ! catk9s on ! ,cos=d1 ,m$ium ,long & ,italian ,r$ filb]ts4 ,mr4 ,blake sugge/s a !ory ( b>k rot & asks ! op9ion ( o!r nut gr[]s4 ,he notic$ t 9 sev]al in/ances ( b>k rot on ,?omas & ,/ambaugh black walnuts ! diamet] ( ! scion 0 l>g] ?an t ( ! /ock4 ,he concludes t ! scion 0 tak5 f a fa/] gr[+ tree ?an ! "o t 0 us$ = ! /ock & t ! s-call$ b>k rot is cambium rot due to ! fact t ! small] /ock does n completely fe$ ! cells ( ! naturally fa/] gr[+ section4 ,dr4 ,blake !re=e sugge/s m /udy ( ! compatibility ( scion to /ock1 especially 9 reg>d to gr[? & be>+4 ,he notes t 9 fruit trees ! root /ock is ( importance 9 ?is reg>d & x may be t ! v>iance 9 reports f diff]5t localities on black walnuts & o!r nut trees may be due to ! diff]5ce 9 root /ock z well z climate & soil conditions4 ,edw>d ,fuhlbruegge ( ,scot* ,pla9s has long tri$ to gr[ pawpaw se$l+s ) no success4 ,he wants to "k if any o!r ,new ,j]sey memb]s h be5 able to raise pawpaws f se$4 7,ed4--,he %\ld keep ! se$b$ moi/ ?r\gh ! summ]4 ,^! se$s g]m9ate sl[ly & ! se$l+s _c em]ge ?r\gh a h>d soil surface47 ,! obs]vation ( ,gilb]t ,v4 ,p4 ,t]hune ( ,newf\ndl& is t ! native *e/nuts cont9ue to spr\t & occasionally produce nuts4 ,he pr$icts t 9 ye>s to come we w aga9 h our native *e/nuts4 ,ed4--,someone %\ld c>efully save 8 nuts & gr[ trees f !m4 ,john ,h4 ,donnelly ( ,hobok5 asks o!r nut gr[]s = _! op9ion ( us+ cut grass z a mul* = nut trees4 ,ed4--,excell5t4 ,f ,fairlawn ,j4 ,l4 ,brew] /ates t 8 black walnuts d n seem to h any bad effects on raspb]ries & /rawb]ries1 ?us add+ ano!r note to ! long controv]sy z to ! delet]i\s effects ( black walnuts on ! soil4 ,8 ,texas pecan & ,indiana hickory se$l+s1 al?\gh plant$ 9 favorable location1 h n made a good gr[?4 ,ed4--,did he fe$ !m8 ,l\is ,p4 ,rock] ( ,&ov] reports 8 ,?omas & ,/abl] walnuts _h a good crop 9 #aidf b ?is ye> h few nuts4 ,?is plant+ 7,buckwalt]7 consi/s ( ,ca/anea mollissima1 mollissima hybrids & ,japonica 7cr5ata74 ,due to circum/ances dur+ ! w> ye>s1 we h n be5 able to d mu* ) ?is or*>d2 h[ev]1 we hope gradually to build x up4 ,9 #aidf ! "p ( ! *e/nut crop t 0 h>ve/$ 0 infe/$ ) ! *e/nut curculios4 ,ab\t fifty p] c5t ( ! nuts 7 affect$4 ,no infe/ation _h be5 not$ 9 previ\s ye>s1 al?\gh 9 #aide ! crop 0 n h>ve/$ at all4 ,ed4--,t gave ! worms _! *ance to propagate4 ,we w n be able to spray our entire *e/nut or*>d ?is ye>2 h[ev]1 a few ( ! trees w be spray$ to det]m9e ! effectiv5ess ( ,,ddt z a control4 ,9 ! ,decemb]1 #aidf issue ( ,! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] x 0 /at$ t ,,ddt z a wettable p[] 7f\r p\nds ( fifty p] c5t ,,ddt to "o hundr$ gallons ( wat]7 %\ld be us$4 ,?ree applications gave be/ results1 & ?is w be tri$ on our trees4 ,?is ye> we h a good crop ( nuts & hope to select ! be/ ( our trees1 :i* w be includ$ 9 next ye>'s report4 ,report ( ,resolutions ,committee ,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,inc41 is br++ to a close ! #ch? annual conv5tion ) deep appreciation ( ! complete & satisfy+ hospitality :i* we h enjoy$ at ! h&s ( our ho/s1 ! ,ont>io ,agricultural ,college4 ,we h enjoy$ ! beautiful1 well kept1 & spaci\s gr\nds1 ! sub/antial & well plann$ build+s1 ! ?\ghtful & pleasant help ( all ( ! p]sonnel ) :om we h come 9 contact1 especially ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,%oemak]1 head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture 9 ^: build+ we h _h satisfactory meet+ place1 display room1 use ( lant]n & op]ator1 & ! e/hetic satisfaction ( look+ at beautiful fl[]s h>moni\sly arrang$4 ,we h be5 well n\ri%$ ) good food1 well prep>$ & exp$iti\sly s]v$4 ,we especially appreciate ! c\rte\s ent]ta9m5t t ! faculty ladies h s k9dly arrang$ = ! ladies :o accompany u4 ,= _m ye>s ,cl>5ce ,re$ has be5 "o ( ! w> horses ( ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 ,we 7 expect+ to see him cap ?is long s]vice by presid+ ov] ?is session1 & x 0 ) great sorr[ t we le>n$ ( 8 inability to be ) u4 ,y\r ,resolutions ,committee wi%es to call att5tion to ! excell5t mann] 9 :i* ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels has conduct$ ! sessions ( ?is conv5tion4 ,x is ) great regret t ! memb]s ( ?is ,association le>n$ ( ! resignation ( ,miss ,mildr$ ,jones z ,secret>y4 ,h] "w 9 t (fice has be5 ( an unusually high ord] ( effici5cy & devotion4 ,x 0 ! k9d ( "w :i* %[s ! en?usiasm t arises f deep p]sonal int]e/4 ,h] s]vices w be greatly miss$4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,rohrba*]1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 ,/]l+ ,smi?1 ,wm4 ,hodgson4 ,report ( ! ,necrology ,committee ,,joseph ,,g]>di ,mr4 ,joseph ,g]>di1 #gh ye> old nurs]yman1 di$ at 8 home 9 ,o',fallon1 ,ill41 on ,april #crd1 #aidg4 ,mr4 ,g]>di 0 an en?usia/ic & especially well in=m$ /ud5t ( nut culture4 ,he 0 always look+ = new & bett] se$l+s1 "s ( :i* 7 nam$ z !y 7 f\nd wor?y4 ,8 ,g]>di hican is probably "o ( ! be/ 9 t gr\p4 ,he also introduc$ ! ,gildig pecans 7,gildig ,nos4 #a & #b7 & ! ,fi%] pecan4 ,mr4 ,g]>di 0 q successful z a propagator & always tri$ to h nurs]y /ock ( ! be/ v>ieties4 ,8 loss w be ke5ly felt4 ,8 son1 ,l\is ,g]>di1 w cont9ue ! propagation ( nut trees at ,caseyville1 ,ill4 7,! foll[+ notes are suppli$ by ,l\is ,g]>di4--,ed47 ,joseph ,g]>di 0 born 9 ! ye> #ahfh on ! old ,hagamann f>m1 five & "o-half miles nor?we/ ( ,lebanon1 ,ill41 9 ,o',fallon ,t[n%ip4 ,he 0 ! f\r? *ild ( ,john & ,ca!r9e 7,haas7 ,g]>di4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! age ( five ye>s1 8 p>5ts mov$ on a f>m ?ree & "o-half miles s\!a/ ( ,tr5ton1 ,ill9ois1 9 ,cl9ton ,c\nty4 ,8 e>ly s*ool+ 0 obta9$ 9 ! ,mc,kee ,s*ool ne> 8 home & 9 ,/4 ,m>y's ,s*ool 9 ! t[n ( ,tr5ton1 ,ill9ois4 ,aft] graduat+ f ! eigh? grade1 he help$ 8 fa!r ?r\gh ! spr+ & summ] mon?s ) ! f>m "w1 b 9 ! w9t] att5d$ ,mc,kee s*ool4 ,9 ! ye> #ahid at ! age ( #be ye>s he left ! home f>m 9 ,cl9ton ,c\nty1 & mov$ to a f>m two & "o-half miles s\!a/ ( ,j]seyville1 ,ill9ois1 9 ,j]sey ,c\nty4 ,"h he began ! /udy ( fruit gr[+1 & became an ag5t = ! ,/>k ,bros4 ,nurs]y4 ,9 #aijg he m>ri$ ,eleanor ,collignon ( ,tr5ton1 ,ill9ois4 ,to ?is union six *ildr5 7 born3 ,eleanor ,b>b>a1 ,%>lotte ,ca!r9e1 ,eug5ia ,ru?1 ,l\is ,joseph1 ,b]nice ,m>ie1 & ,g]trude ,beatrice4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiah he sold ?is f>m & mov$ to ,tr5ton1 ,ill41 :]e he work$ ) 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,john ,m>t9 ,collignon1 do+ con/ruction "w4 ,dur+ ?is ye> he se>*$ = a f>m ) soil suitable = fruit gr[+4 ,9 #aiai he pur*as$ a #aaj acre f>m situat$ two & "o-half miles we/ ( ,o',fallon1 ,ill9ois4 ,! next ye> he set out tw5ty acres ( ,/>k ,bros4 trees4 ,:ile liv+ on ?is f>m 9 ! fall ( #aibj ! little family _h its fir/ great loss4 ,"h ! olde/ girl1 ,eleanor ,b>b>a1 di$ f a railroad accid5t4 ,julius ,rohr1 wat*+ him "w ) 8 trees1 enc\rag$ him to />t 8 own nurs]y because he knew s mu* ab\t trees4 ,) ?is enc\ragem5t1 he />t$ 8 own nurs]y 9 #aibc4 ,z dem& increas$ he add$ a g5]al l9e ( nurs]y /ock4 ,be+ int]e/$ 9 bett] v>ieties ( fruit trees1 he also became int]e/$ 9 bett] v>ieties ( nuts4 ,hav+ "s native nut trees on 8 f>m1 he began to buy ! bett] v>ieties ( nut trees gr[n by o!r nurs]ies4 ,:5 ^! came into be>+1 n be+ satisfi$ ) ! kn[n v>ieties ( nuts on ! m>ket1 he began 8 se>* = bett] nuts4 ,9 ! fall ( #aicj :ile se>*+ 9 ! riv] bottoms ( ,cl9ton ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 he discov]$ ! ,g]>di hican1 & began its propagation & di/ribut$ x among o!r nurs]ies4 ,x is n[ kn[n ! c\ntry ov]4 ,a few ye>s lat] :ile hunt+ 9 ! same riv] bottoms ) a fri5d nam$ ,frank ,gildig1 he 0 %[n a v f9e pecan :i* n[ be>s ! "n ( ! ,gildig pecan4 ,& also ! ,que5s ,lake ,pecan orig9at$ 9 ! same locality4 ,^! 7 introduc$ 9 ! ye> #aicf4 ,8 heal? fail$ & 9 #aidb he discont9u$ gr[+ g5]al nurs]y /ock & grew only nut trees1 until 8 dea?1 :i* 0 caus$ by canc] 9 ! spr+ ( #aidg4 ,,major ,,hiram ,b4 ,,f]ris ,our ,major ,hiram ,b4 ,f]ris1 ( ,spokane1 ,wa%+ton1 di$ ,may #ad?1 #aidg4 ,he 0 a valu$ memb]1 & 8 loss is ke5ly felt4 ,he has be5 a s\rce ( inspiration1 & a highly e/eem$ bank ( in=mation & in/ruction4 ,8 pass+ is v mu* regrett$4 7,submitt$ by ,george ,l4 ,d5man1 ,spokane1 ,wa%+ton47 ,mrs4 ,william ,rohrba*]1 ,mrs4 ,john ,h]%ey1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,f4 ,johns4 7,committee ,memb]s7 ,exhibitors ,at ! ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,guelph1 ,ont>io1 ,sept4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #aidg ,a4 ,b4 ,an?ony1 ,/]l+1 ,ill4 ,black walnuts1 ,an?ony %agb>k hickory4 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,l4 ,baum1 ,yell[ ,h\se1 ,pa4 ,black walnut k]nels4 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,e*o ,valley1 ,isl+ton1 ,ont4 ,black walnuts1 ,p]sian walnuts1 ,japanese walnuts1 he>tnuts1 filb]ts1 %ellb>k & %agb>k hickories4 ,h4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,hillsdale1 ,mi*4 ,black walnuts1 ,p]sian walnuts1 ,japanese he>tnuts & walnuts1 pecans1 hicans1 butt]nuts1 butt]nut hybrids1 %agb>k & %ellb>k hickories4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dun/an1 ,gre5sboro ,college1 ,gre5sboro1 ,n4 ,c4 ,black walnuts1 filb]ts1 %agb>k hickories1 pecans4 ,fayette ,ett]1 ,lema/]s1 ,pa4 ,black walnuts1 ,p]sian walnuts1 ,*9ese *e/nuts1 filb]ts1 %agb>k & %ellb>k hickories4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 ,we/bank1 ,b4 ,c4 ,hybrid filb]ts1 hybrid butt]nuts1 photographs4 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirs*i1 ,oklahoma ,city1 ,okla4 ,pecan clu/]s1 v>i\s v>ieties4 ,e4 ,f4 ,hu51 ,eldora1 ,i[a4 ,black walnuts4 ,g4 ,j4 ,korn1 ,kalamazoo1 ,mi*4 ,black walnut k]nels1 black walnuts1 ,p]sian walnuts1 ,p]sian walnut hybrids1 %agb>k hickories4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,black walnuts1 ,japanese he>tnuts1 ,turki% filb]t1 %agb>k & %ellb>k hickories4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,na%ville #c1 ,t5n4 ,%agb>k hickories1 he>tnut1 ,texas walnut4 ,papple ,bro!rs1 ,brant=d1 ,ont4 ,black walnuts1 ,japanese he>tnuts1 filb]ts4 ,jay ,l4 ,smi?1 ,*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,filb]ts1 ,japanese *e/nuts4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,black & ,p]sian walnuts1 he>tnuts1 filb]ts1 %agb>k & %ellb>k hickories1 ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 ,am]ican & hybrid *e/nuts1 papaws1 *e/nut grafts4 ,k5ne? ,?omas1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,black walnuts4 ,lynn ,tuttle1 ,cl>k/on1 ,wa%4 ,p]sian walnut nuts & %ield buds1 filb]ts4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,p]sian walnuts1 he>tnuts1 pecans1 ,*9ese & ,japanese *e/nuts1 ,allegh5y *9kap94 ,v9el& ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,v9el&1 ,ont4 ,p]sian walnuts1 filb]ts1 almonds4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,black walnuts1 hicans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pictures ,,made ,,on ,,! #aidg ,,t\r ,! photograph on ?is page 0 tak5 by ,/]l+ ,smi?1 ^? on pp4 #abf-g are by ,doro?y ,milne4 ,gr\ps ( ,,nnga memb]s are %[n exam9+ nut trees & o!r items ( int]e/ on ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan's place1 ,e*o ,valley1 ,isl+ton1 ,ont>io4 ,att5dance ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,royal ,oakes1 ,bluffs1 ,ill4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,gressel1 ,mohawk1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,f4 ,l4 ,o',r\rke1 ,ea/ ,lans+1 ,mi*4 ,mr4 ,=d ,wallick1 ,p]u1 ,ind4 ,mr4 ,c>l ,prell1 ,s\? ,b5d1 ,ind4 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,s4 ,colby1 ,u4 ( ,ill41 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,rosamond ,h4 ,waite1 ,m4,d41 ,p]rysburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis1 ,massillon1 ,o4 ,mrs4 ,h]b]t ,negus1 ,mt4 ,ra9i]1 ,md4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt1 ,u4 ,s4 ,plant ,indu/ry ,/a41 ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,w4 ,m4 ,*ur*ill1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,edw9 ,w4 ,lemke1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,wm4 ,c4 ,hodgson1 ,:ite ,hall1 ,md4 ,ivor ,h4 ,h>rhy1 ,burgessville1 ,ont4 ,gordon ,port]1 ,w9dsor1 ,ont4 ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,rohrba*]1 ,i[a ,city1 ,ia4 ,betty ,rohrba*]1 ,i[a ,city1 ,ia4 ,anne ,cl>ke1 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,g4 ,l4 ,slate1 ,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,john ,h4 ,connelly1 ,mil=d1 ,n4 ,j4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/]l+ ,a4 ,smi?1 ,v]milion1 ,ohio ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd]1 ,c5t] ,po9t1 ,i[a ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 ,sw>?more1 ,pa4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,eug5e ,f4 ,cranz1 ,ira1 ,ohio ,victor ,brook1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,george ,salz]1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,hyattsville1 ,md4 ,sp5c] ,b4 ,*ase1 ,norris1 ,t5n4 ,ira ,m4 ,kyhl1 ,sabula1 ,i[a ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,h>risburg1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,a4 ,engli%1 ,duncan1 ,b4 ,c4 ,wm4 ,j4 ,little1 ,/4 ,george ,w4 ,j4 ,/rong1 ,v9el&1 ,ont4 ,h>ry ,r4 ,web]1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio ,g4 ,j4 ,korn1 ,kalamazoo1 ,mi*4 ,roy ,e4 ,f]guson1 ,c5t] ,po9t1 ,i[a ,elton ,e4 ,papple1 ,ca9sville1 ,ont4 ,m]le ,h4 ,papple1 ,ca9sville1 ,ont4 ,e4 ,f4 ,hu51 ,eldora1 ,i[a ,c4 ,c4 ,l\nsb]ry1 ,ames1 ,i[a ,ralph ,em]son1 ,highl& ,p>k1 ,mi*4 ,joseph ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,na%ville #c1 ,t5n4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,bla9e ,mc,collum1 ,:ite ,hall1 ,md4 ,h4 ,w4 ,gu5g]i*1 ,l\isiana1 ,mo4 ,j4 ,s4 ,%oemak]1 ,guelph1 ,ont4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,/eph5 ,b]na?1 ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,william ,s4 ,cl>ke1 ,jr41 ,/ate ,college1 ,pa4 ,e4 ,sam ,hemm+1 ,ea/on1 ,md4 ,john ,rick1 ,read+1 ,pa4 ,lewis ,e4 ,!iss1 ,lewisburg1 ,pa4 ,ralph ,gibson1 ,williamsport #ae1 ,pa4 ,gilb]t ,l4 ,smi?1 ,wassaic1 ,n4 ,y4 ,levi ,h\ss]1 ,beamsville1 ,ont4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,philip ,s4 ,moy]1 ,h>risburg1 ,pa4 ,erne/ ,*itton1 ,norwi*1 ,ont4 ,h4 ,lynn ,tuttle1 ,cl>k/on1 ,wa%4 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson1 ,guelph1 ,ont4 ,mildr$ ,jones1 ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,r4 ,van,haarlem1 ,v9el& ,/ation1 ,ont>io ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,ann\ncem5ts ,,publications ,fall1 #aidg & ,w9t]1 #aidg-dh numb]s ( ,! ,nut%ell1 news bullet9 ( ! ,,nnga1 h be5 issu$ by ! ,secret>y's (fice4 ,x is int5d$ to h ?is bullet9 di/ribut$ to memb]s f\r times a ye>4 ,x w c>ry news ( ! ,association's activities1 supplem5t+ ! ,nut ,gr[]s ,news column 9 ! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] magaz9e1 z well z repr9ts ( items f o!r s\rces t conc]n nut gr[]s 9 ! nor!rn two-?irds ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates plus s\!rn ,canada4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,w9t]1 #aidg-dh issue1 adv]tis+ is be+ accept$ 9 ,! ,nut%ell4 ,memb]s :o h n receiv$ ! fir/ two issues1 & o!rs :o want additional copies1 may obta9 !m by writ+ to ! ,secret>y4 ,?is ,report is a few pages %ort ( its anticipat$ size1 because ( ! )drawal = additional entries ( a ,bibliography ( ,ref]5ces on ,nuts ( ,special ,int]e/ 9 ! ,nor?4 ,we hope to h ?is br\ght up to date = publication 9 ! next ,annual ,report4 ,,publicity ,all memb]s c contribute to ! /r5g? ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,inc41 by %[+ its publications to _! neighbors1 & by call+ !m to ! att5tion ( local f>m pap] & newspap] editors4 ,sev]al ( our memb]s h help$ swell ! ,,nnga memb]%ip by m5tion+ x 9 nut tree articles = local & regional publications4 ,z an example1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke wrote a %ort article on ,*9ese *e/nuts = ! ,s\!rn ,agriculturi/1 ,febru>y1 #aidh issue4 ,at ! end he /at$ t a li/ ( nurs]ies sell+ ,*9ese *e/nut & o!r nut trees c\ld be obta9$ f ! ,,nnga ,secret>y's (fice4 ,to date 7,janu>y #bf1 #aidh7 m ?an #ej reque/s h be5 receiv$ & ea* day br+s m4 ,along ) ! nurs]y li/1 ^! correspond5ts receive in=mation ab\t ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 s any sudd5 increase 9 our memb]%ip 9 ! ,/ates f ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ,texas c be ascrib$ to ?is bit ( publicity4 ,,/yle ,,manual ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,a4 ,re$1 our retir+ ,presid5t 7#aidf-dg71 has a sugge/ion = writ]s = publication3 ,an au?oritative guide = writ]s is ! ,,/yle ,,manual issu$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice 7,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4 ,c47 ,its use by ,association writ]s w\ld g f> t[>d /&>diz+ _! pap]s & 9 simplify+ ! "w ( edit+4 ,! #aide edition conta9s #dce pages4 ,clo? b\nd #a4ej4 ,pap] cov] #ce;c4 ,!re is no *>ge = po/age4 #aidh ,,meet+ ,! dates select$ by ! ,directors = ! #ci? ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,inc4 are ,septemb] #ac1 #ad1 & #ae4 ,! place is ,norris1 ,t5nessee4 ,norris is ab\t #be miles f ,knoxville4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,d,a,n,i,e,l1 ,secret>y1 c_/o ,t5nessee ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,na%ville #c1 ,t5nessee4 ,hybrid ,walnut ,scions ,(f]$ = ,nut ,bre$+ 7,! foll[+ note seems to me to belong 9 ! ,,nnga ,report1 ev5 ?\gh x wasn't on ! program4 ,x is an invitation to ! exp]im5t]s to get some?+ !y might want4--,j4 ,russell ,smi?47 ,?omas ,r4 ,haig1 ,m4,d41 #ccdd ,h4 ,/41 ,sacram5to1 ,cali=nia1 reports a promis+ cross ( nor!rn ,cali=nia black ,x ,p]sian walnut3 ,! nuts are f]tile4 ,?is hybrid produces pi/illate fl[]s only1 l5d+ itself easily to poll9ation ) ! v>i\s v>ieties ( ,p]sian4 ,%\ld any exp]im5t] wi% scions he is welcome4 ,su* scions c\ld save consid]able "t4 ,! tree is n[ #i-aj ye>s old4 ,i obta9$ #e nuts 9 #aidg1 by back-cross+ ! hybrid to ,p]sian walnut4 ,"o se$l+ obta9$ previ\sly by ?is hybridization is n yet be>+4 ,o!r memb]s :o h available scions ( promis+ hybrids or o!r new v>ieties ( nut trees are invit$ to communicate promptly ) ! ,secret>y4 ,a li/ ( ^! w be publi%$ 9 ,,! ,,nut%ell = ,spr+1 #aidh4 ,hybrid ,oak ,in=mation ,mr4 ,?omas ,q4 ,mit*ell1 #af ,ea/ #dh? ,/reet1 ,new ,york #ag1 ,new ,york1 calls our att5tion to 8 article on ,hybrid ,oak ,crop ,trees1 9 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e = ,febru>y1 #aidh4 ,he adds3 ,a mu* long] article is 9 prep>ation 79 collaboration ) ,mr4 ,*>les ,morr[ ,wilson7 = ,sci5tific ,mon?ly4 ,c y report any hybrid or exotic oaks !re1 or put me 9 t\* ) any ,d5drophiles int]e/$ 9 oak hybrids z crop trees8