---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaimer ,the articles published in the ,annual ,reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are not to be construed as an endorsement by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 its board of directors1 or its members4 ,no endorsement is intended for products mentioned1 nor is criticism meant for products not mentioned4 ,the laws and recommendations for pesticide application may have changed since the articles were written4 ,it is always the pesticide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read and follow all current label directions for the specific pesticide being used4 ,the discussion of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,,incorporated ,affiliated with ,the ,american ,horticultural ,society #chth ,annual ,report ,illustration ,,convention ,,at ,,guelph1 ,,ontario ,,september #c1 #d1 #e #aidg ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,officers and ,committees #c ,state ,vice ,presidents #d ,list of ,members #e ,constitution #ba ,by-,laws #bb ,proceedings of the ,thirty-,eighth ,annual ,convention #bc ,address of ,welcome--,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,shoemaker #bc ,response--,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels #bd ,report of ,secretary--,mildred ,m4 ,jones #be ,report on the ,ohio ,contest--,sterling ,smith #bg ,report of ,treasurer--,d4 ,c4 ,snyder #bh ,other ,business of the ,association #bi ,factors ,influencing the ,hardiness of ,woody ,plants--,h4 ,l4 ,crane #cj ,nut ,culture in ,ontario--,i4 ,c4 ,marritt #cg ,nut ,growing at the ,hort4 ,sta41 ,vineland ,station1 ,ont4--,w4 ,j4 ,strong #ci ,soil ,management for ,nut ,plantations in ,ontario--,j4 ,r4 van ,haarlem #dc ,report from ,southern ,ontario--,alex ,troup #de ,nut ,trees ,hardy at ,aldershot1 ,ontario1 ,canada--,o4 ,filman #de ,report from ,echo ,valley1 #aidg--;,george ,hebden ,corsan #dh ,report from ,beamsville1 ,ontario--,levi ,housser #ej ,nut ,growing in ,new ,hampshire--,l4 ,p4 ,latimer #ea ,nut ,notes from ,new ,hampshire--,matthew ,lahti #eb ,a ,simplified ,schedule for ,judging ,black ,walnut ,varieties--,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels and ,s4 ,s4 ,atwood #ee ,test ,plantings of ,thomas ,black ,walnut in the ,tennessee ,valley--,spencer ,b4 ,chase #fj ,west ,tennessee ,variety1 ,breeding and ,propagation ,tests1 #aidg--;,aubrey ,richards1 ,m4 ,d4 #fh ,notes on ,some ,kansas and ,kentucky ,pecans in ,central ,texas--,o4 ,s4 ,gray #fi ,experiences of a ,nut ,tree ,nurseryman--,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson #gj ,morphology and ,structure of the ,walnut--,c4 ,c4 ,lounsberry #gb ,a ,method of ,budding ,walnuts--,h4 ,lynn ,tuttle #gd ,questions asked ,mr4 ,stoke after his demonstration of grafting and budding #gf ,importance of ,bud ,selection in the ,grafting of ,nut ,trees--,g4 ,j4 ,korn #gh ,the ,hemming ,chinese ,chestnuts--,e4 ,sam ,hemming #gi ,results of a ,chinese ,chestnut ,rootstock ,experiment--,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay #hc ,breeding ,chestnut ,trees3 ,report for #aidf and #aidg--;,arthur ,harmount ,graves #he ,chinese ,chestnuts in the ,chattahoochie ,valley--,g4 ,s4 ,jones #ib ,some ,results with ,filbert ,breeding at ,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4--,george ,l4 ,slate #id ,nut ,news from ,wisconsin--,carl ,weschcke #aja ,home ,preparation of ,filbert ,butter and ,other ,products--,mrs4 ,jeanne ,m4 ,altman #ajb ,notes from ,central ,new ,york--,s4 ,h4 ,graham #ajc ,experience with the ,crath ,carpathian ,walnuts--,gilbert ,l4 ,smith #ajd ,observations on ,hardiness of the ,carpathian ,walnuts at ,poughkeepsie1 ,new ,york--,stephen ,bernath #ajf ,discussion after ,graham1 ,smith1 and ,bernath ,persian walnut papers #ajg ,nuts ,about ,trees--,r4 ,e4 ,hodgson #ajh ,report on ,nut ,trees at ,massillon--,raymond ,e4 ,silvis #aaa ,planting of ,nut ,trees on ,highways ,undesirable--,r4 ,p4 ,allaman #aac ,nut ,growing for the ,farm ,owner--,h4 ,gleason ,mattoon #aad ,tree ,crop and ,nut ,notes from ,southern ,pennsylvania--,john ,w4 ,hershey #aaf ,notes from the ,new ,jersey ,section of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association--,mrs4 ,alan ,r4 ,buckwalter #aai ,report of ,resolutions ,committee #abj ,report of the ,necrology ,committee--,gerardi1 ,ferris #aba ,exhibitors #abc ,attendance #abe ,pictures ,made on #aidg ,tour #abd1 #abf1 #abg ,announcements #abh ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,association ,president--,,john ,,davidson1 #bcd ,e4 ,second ,st41 ,xenia1 ,ohio ,vice ,president--,,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,macdaniels1 ,cornell ,university1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,treasurer--,d4 ,c4 ,,snyder1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa ,secretary--,j4 ,c4 ,,mcdaniel1 ,tennessee ,dept4 of ,agr41 ,state ,office ,bldg41 ,nashville #c1 ,tenn4 ,director--,,clarence ,a4 ,,reed1 #gcji ,piney ,branch ,rd41 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,director--,,carl ,,weschcke1 #if ,s4 ,wabasha ,st41 ,saint ,paul1 ,minn4 ,dean--,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 #ca ,s4 ,highland1 ,w4 ,hartford #g1 ,conn4 ,constitution ,committee--,l4 ,h4 ,,macdaniels1 ,,george ,l4 ,,slate1 ,,miss ,,mildred ,,jones ,,executive ,,appointments ,press and ,publication---,editorial ,section3 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,miss ,mildred ,jones1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke ,publicity ,section3 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,a4 ,a4 ,bungart1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel ,printing ,section3 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke ,program--,spencer ,b4 ,chase1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,dr4 ,o4 ,d4 ,diller1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,miss ,mildred ,jones ,place of ,meeting--,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,graves ,varieties and ,contests--,t4 ,g4 ,zarger1 ,l4 ,walter ,sherman1 ,sterling ,smith1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,gilbert ,becker1 ,gilbert ,l4 ,smith1 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirschi1 ,seward ,berhow4 ,standards and ,judging ,section of this ,committee3 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,spencer ,chase1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke ,survey and ,research--,r4 ,e4 ,silvis1 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham1 ,g4 ,a4 ,gray1 ,e4 ,f4 ,huen1 ,dr4 ,kenneth ,w4 ,hunt1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,skinner1 ,h4 ,s4 ,wise1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt1 ,john ,t4 ,bregger1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,graves ,membership--,mrs4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham1 ,mrs4 ,herbert ,negus1 ,mrs4 ,harry ,weber ,exhibits--,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,jay ,l4 ,smith1 ,l4 ,walter ,sherman1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,g4 ,l4 ,smith1 ,h4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,carl ,weschcke1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,h4 ,g4 ,mattoon1 ,george ,brand1 ,seward ,berhow ,necrology--,mrs4 ,william ,rohrbacher1 ,mrs4 ,john ,hershey1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,f4 ,johns ,audit--,dr4 ,william ,rohrbacher1 ,e4 ,p4 ,gerber1 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman ,finance--,carl ,weschcke1 ,harry ,weber1 ,carl ,f4 ,walker1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder ,legal ,advisers--,harry ,weber1 ,sargent ,wellman ,official ,journal--,american ,fruit ,grower1 #acgj ,ontario ,st41 ,cleveland #ac1 ,ohio ,state ,vice-,presidents ,alabama ,,lovic ,,orr ,alberta1 ,canada ,a4 ,l4 ,,young ,arkansas ,a4 ,c4 ,,hale ,british ,columbia1 ,canada ,j4 ,u4 ,,gellatly ,california ,,dr4 ,,thomas ,r4 ,,haig ,colorado ,w4 ,a4 ,,colt ,connecticut ,,william ,g4 ,,canfield ,delaware ,,edward ,s4 ,,lake ,florida ,c4 ,a4 ,,avant ,georgia ,g4 ,,clyde ,,eidson ,idaho ,,fred ,,baisch ,illinois ,,louis ,,gerardi ,indiana ,,carl ,f4 ,,prell ,iowa ,,ira ,m4 ,,kyhl ,kansas ,,frank ,e4 ,,borst ,kentucky ,,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,moss ,louisiana ,j4 ,,hill ,,fullilove ,manitoba1 ,canada ,a4 ,h4 ,,young ,maryland ,,wilmer ,p4 ,,hoopes ,massachusetts ,,dr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,van ,,meter ,mexico ,,frederico ,,compean ,michigan ,,gilbert ,,becker ,minnesota ,r4 ,e4 ,,hodgson ,mississippi ,,james ,r4 ,,meyer ,missouri ,,adolph ,,giesson ,nebraska ,,george ,,brand ,new ,hampshire ,,matthew ,,lahti ,new ,jersey ,,mrs4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,buckwalter ,new ,york ,,clarence ,,lewis ,north ,carolina ,,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,,dunstan ,ohio ,a4 ,a4 ,,bungart ,oklahoma ,a4 ,g4 ,,hirschi ,ontario1 ,canada ,g4 ,h4 ,,corsan ,oregon ,s4 ,m4 ,,dohanian ,pennsylvania ,h4 ,,gleason ,,mattoon ,rhode ,island ,,philip ,,allen ,south ,carolina ,,john ,t4 ,,bregger ,south ,dakota ,,homer ,l4 ,,bradley ,tennessee ,,thomas ,g4 ,,zarger ,texas ,,kaufman ,,florida ,utah ,,granville ,,oleson ,vermont ,a4 ,w4 ,,aldrich ,virginia ,,dr4 ,v4 ,a4 ,,pertzoff ,washington ,f4 ,d4 ,,linkletter ,west ,virginia ,,wendell ,w4 ,,hoover ,wisconsin ,w4 ,s4 ,,bassett ,wyoming ,w4 ,d4 ,,greene ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,membership ,list as of ,december #a1 #aidg ,,alabama ,orr1 ,lovic1 ,penn-,orr-,mc,daniel ,orchards1 ,rt4 #a1 ,danville ,,arkansas ,hale1 ,a4 ,c41 ,rt4 #b1 ,box #cbb1 ,camden ,harris1 ,lt4 ,col4 ,oscar ,b41 ,rt4 #a1 ,fayetteville ,stanley1 ,julian ,g41 ,rt4 #a1 ,box #bci1 ,camden ,winn1 ,j4 ,b41 ,westfork ,,california ,armstrong ,nurseries1 #djh ,n4 ,euclid ,ave41 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,nursery1 #dad ,n4 ,robinson1 ,oklahoma ,city ,hubbard1 ,orie ,b41 ,kingston ,hughes1 ,c4 ,v41 ,rt4 #c1 ,box #efd1 ,oklahoma ,city #h ,jarrett1 ,c4 ,f41 #bbjh ,w4 #djth1 ,tulsa ,meek1 ,e4 ,b41 ,rt4 #b1 ,wynnewood ,pulliam1 ,gordon1 #djg ,osage ,ave41 ,bartlesville ,ruhlen1 ,dr4 ,chas4 ,a41 #aad ,w4 ,steele1 ,cushing ,swan1 ,oscar ,e41 ,jr41 #abbf ,e4 #cjth ,st41 ,tulsa #e ,,oregon ,borland1 ,robert ,e41 #bai ,mill ,st41 ,silverton ,butler1 ,joe ,c41 ,sherwood ,carlton ,nursery ,co41 ,forest ,grove ,dohanian1 ,s4 ,m41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #bdf1 ,eugene ,miller1 ,john ,e41 ,rt4 #a1 ,box #cab-;,a1 ,oswego ,pearcy1 ,harry ,l41 ,h4 ,l4 ,pearcy ,nursery ,co41 ,rt4 #b1 ,box #aij1 ,salem ,schuster1 ,c4 ,e41 ,horticulturist1 ,corvallis ,sheppard1 ,chas4 ,m41 ,tucker ,road1 ,hood ,river ,,pennsylvania ,allaman1 ,r4 ,p41 ,rt4 #a1 ,harrisburg ,anundson1 ,lester1 #bfcj ,chestnut ,st41 ,erie ,banks1 ,h4 ,c41 ,rt4 #a1 ,hellertown ,beard1 ,h4 ,k41 ,rt4 #a1 ,sheridan ,berst1 ,chas4 ,b41 #fee ,brown ,ave41 ,erie ,bowen1 ,john ,c41 ,rt4 #a1 ,macungie ,breneiser1 ,amos ,p41 #dbg ,n4 #eth ,st41 ,reading ,buckman1 ,c4 ,m41 ,schwenkville ,catterall1 ,karl ,p41 #gcd ,frank ,st41 ,pittsburgh #aj ,clarke1 ,wm4 ,s41 ,jr41 ,box #afg1 ,state ,college ,colwell1 ,f4 ,a41 ,r4,f4,d41 ,collegeville ,creasy1 ,luther ,p41 ,catawissa ,damask1 ,henry1 #afcb ,doyle ,st41 ,wilkinsburg ,dewey1 ,richard1 ,box #da1 ,peckville ,dible1 ,samuel ,e41 ,rt4 #c1 ,shelocta ,eckhart1 ,pierce1 #egc ,haddington ,st41 ,philadelphia #ca ,etter1 ,fayette1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #eg1 ,lemasters ,gardner1 ,ralph ,d41 ,box #dbe1 ,colonial ,park ,gibson1 ,ralph1 #cca ,center ,st41 ,williamsport ,good1 ,orren ,s41 #caf ,n4 ,fairview ,st41 ,lock ,haven ,gorton1 ,f4 ,b41 ,rt4 #a1 ,east ,lake ,road1 ,harbor ,creek1 ,erie ,co4 ,heasley1 ,george ,s41 ,rt4 #c1 ,beaver ,falls ,heckler1 ,george ,snyder1 ,hatfield ,hershey1 ,john ,w41 ,nut ,tree ,nurseries1 ,downingtown ,hostetter1 ,c4 ,f41 ,bird-,in-,hand ,hostetter1 ,l4 ,k41 ,rt4 #e1 ,lancaster ,hughes1 ,douglas1 #abcj ,east #bast ,st41 ,erie ,johnson1 ,robert ,f41 ,rt4 #e1 ,box #ef1 ,crafton ,jones1 ,mildred ,m41 #cja ,n4 ,west ,end ,ave41 ,lancaster ,jones1 ,dr4 ,truman ,w41 ,coatesville ,kaufman1 ,m4 ,m41 ,clarion ,kirk1 ,de,nard ,b41 ,forest ,grove ,knouse1 ,chas4 ,w41 ,colonial ,park ,laboski1 ,george ,t41 ,rt4 #a1 ,harbor ,creek ,leach1 ,hon4 ,will1 ,court ,house1 ,scranton ,long1 ,carleton ,c41 #ach ,college ,ave41 ,beaver ,mattoon1 ,h4 ,gleason1 ,narbeth ,mc,cartney1 ,j4 ,lupton1 ,rm4 #a1 ,horticultural ,bldg41 ,state ,college ,mercer1 ,robert ,a41 ,rt4 #a1 ,perkesmenville1 ,new ,hanover ,miller1 ,elwood ,b41 c_/o ,the ,hazleton ,bleaching ,dyeing ,works1 ,hazleton ,miller1 ,elwood ,b41 c_/o ,the ,hazleton ,bleaching ,dyeing ,works1 ,moyer1 ,philip ,s41 ,u4 ,s4 ,f4 ,g4 ,bldg41 ,harrisburg ,niederriter1 ,leonard1 #agbf ,state ,st41 ,erie ,parloff1 ,robert1 #bjah ,n4 ,broad ,st41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,ranson1 ,flavel1 #gbh ,monroe ,ave41 ,scranton #aj ,reece1 ,w4 ,s41 ,clearfield ,reidler1 ,paul ,g41 ,ashland ,rial1 ,john1 #ebh ,harrison ,ave41 ,greensburg 99,rick1 ,john1 #dch ,pennsylvania ,sq41 ,reading ,rupp1 ,edward ,e41 ,jr41 #eg ,w4 ,pomfret ,st41 ,carlisle ,schaible1 ,percy1 ,upper ,black ,eddy ,smith1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell1 #eej ,elm ,ave41 ,swarthmore ,stewart1 ,e4 ,l41 ,pine ,hill ,farms ,nursery1 ,rt4 #b1 ,homer ,city ,stewart1 ,john ,h41 ,yule ,tree ,farm1 ,akeley ,stinson1 ,george1 ,box #gg1 ,bedminster ,theiss1 ,dr4 ,lewis ,e41 ,bucknell ,university1 ,lewisburg ,twist1 ,frank ,s41 ,northumberland ,washick1 ,dr4 ,frank ,a41 ,s4 ,w4 ,welsh ,veree ,rds41 ,philadelphia #aa ,weinrich1 ,whitney1 #acd ,s4 ,lansdowne ,ave41 ,lansdowne 99,wister1 ,john ,c41 ,scott ,foundation1 ,swarthmore ,college1 ,swarthmore ,wood1 ,wayne1 ,rt4 #a1 ,newville ,wright1 ,ross ,pier1 #bce ,west #fth ,st41 ,erie ,zimmerman1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a41 ,piketown1 ,r4 ,d41 ,linglestown ,,rhode ,,island 99,allen1 ,philip1 #agh ,dorance ,st41 ,providence ,r4 ,i4 ,state ,college1 ,library ,dept41 ,green ,hall1 ,kingston ,,south ,,carolina ,bregger1 ,john ,t41 ,clemson ,gordon1 ,g4 ,henry1 ,union1 ,union ,co4 ,poole1 ,m4 ,c41 ,cross ,anchor ,,south ,,dakota ,bradley1 ,homer ,l41 ,sand ,lake ,refuge1 ,columbia ,,tennessee ,chase1 ,s4 ,b41 ,norris ,garrett1 ,dr4 ,sam ,young1 ,dixon ,springs ,holdeman1 ,j4 ,e41 #bjh ,shrine ,bldg41 ,memphis #c ,howell ,nurseries1 ,sweetwater ,lowe1 ,dr4 ,jere41 ,thayer ,vet4 ,hospital1 ,nashville #e ,mc,daniel1 ,j4 ,c41 ,tenn4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 #djc ,state ,office ,bldg41 ,nashville #c ,rhodes1 ,g4 ,b41 ,rt4 #b1 ,covington ,richards1 ,dr4 ,a41 ,whiteville ,shadow1 ,willis ,a41 ,county ,agt41 ,decatur ,roark1 ,w4 ,f41 ,malesus ,zarger1 ,thomas ,g41 ,norris ,,texas ,arford1 ,charles ,a41 ,box #abcj1 ,dalhart ,bailey1 ,l4 ,b41 ,box #adcf1 ,phillips ,buser1 ,c4 ,j41 ,rt4 #a1 ,arp ,florida1 ,kaufman1 ,box #aed1 ,rotan ,gray1 ,o4 ,s41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #eac1 ,arlington ,kidd1 ,clark1 ,arp ,nursery ,co41 ,tyler ,price1 ,w4 ,s41 ,jr41 ,gustine ,winkler1 ,andrew1 ,moody ,,utah ,jeppeson1 ,chris1 ,wildwood ,hollow ,farm ,nursery1 ,provo ,city ,oleson1 ,granville1 #abaj ,laird ,ave41 ,salt ,lake ,city #e ,peterson1 ,harlan ,d41 #bafd ,jefferson ,ave41 ,ogden ,,vermont ,aldrich1 ,a4 ,w41 ,rt4 #c1 ,springfield ,collins1 ,jos4 ,n41 ,rt4 #c1 ,pultney ,ellis1 ,zenas ,h41 ,fair ,haven1 ,perpetual ,membership ,in ,memoriam ,farrington1 ,robert ,a41 ,vermont ,forest ,service1 ,montpelier ,foster1 ,forest ,k41 ,west ,topsham ,ladd1 ,paul1 ,hilltop ,farm1 ,jamaica ,,virginia ,acker1 ,e4 ,d41 ,co41 ,broadway ,burton1 ,george ,l41 #gbh ,college ,st41 ,bedford ,case1 ,lynn ,b41 ,rt4 #a1 ,fredericksburg ,dickerson1 ,t4 ,c41 #caf-efth ,st41 ,newport ,news ,gibbs1 ,h4 ,r41 ,mc,lean ,gunther1 ,eric ,f41 ,rt4 #a1 ,box #ca1 ,onancock ,nelson1 ,c4 ,l41 #ifd ,avenel ,ave41 ,lee ,hy4 ,ct41 ,roanoke ,nix1 ,robert ,w41 ,jr41 ,lucketts ,pertzoff1 ,dr4 ,v4 ,a41 ,carter's ,bridge ,pinner1 ,h4 ,mc,r41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #aee1 ,suffolk ,stoke1 ,h4 ,f41 #adbj ,watts ,ave41 ,n4 ,w41 ,roanoke ,stoke1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,f41 #adbj ,watts ,ave41 ,n4 ,w41 ,roanoke ,stoke1 ,dr4 ,john ,h41 #djh-aj ,boxley ,bldg41 ,roanoke ,thompson1 ,b4 ,h41 ,harrisonburg ,variety ,products ,co41 #e ,middlebrook ,ave41 ,staunton ,webb1 ,john1 ,hillsville ,zimmerman1 ,ruth1 ,bridgewater ,,west ,,virginia ,cannaday1 ,dr4 ,john ,e41 ,charleston ,general ,hospital1 ,charleston #be ,cross1 ,andrew1 ,ripley ,frye1 ,wilbert ,m41 ,pleasant ,dale ,glenmount ,nurseries1 ,arthur ,m4 ,reed1 ,moundsville ,gold ,chestnut ,nursery1 ,arthur ,a4 ,gold1 ,cowen ,hoover1 ,wendell ,w41 ,webster ,springs ,white1 ,roscoe ,r41 #fce ,mulberry ,ave41 ,clarksburg ,white1 ,wayne ,g41 #hcc ,glendale ,ave41 ,so4 ,charleston #c ,,washington ,altman1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,e41 #bcch ,king ,st41 ,bellingham #i ,barth1 ,j4 ,h41 ,box #ahbg1 ,rt4 #c1 ,spokane #af ,bartleson1 ,c4 ,j41 ,box #be1 ,chattaroy ,biddle1 ,miss ,gertrude ,w41 ,w4 #ibc ,gordon ,ave41 ,spokane #ab ,brown1 ,h4 ,b41 ,greenacres ,bush1 ,carroll ,d41 ,grapeview ,clark1 ,r4 ,w41 #dbba ,phinney ,ave41 ,seattle ,denman1 ,george ,l41 #acai ,east ,nina ,ave41 ,spokane #aj ,garvin1 ,mrs4 ,mildred ,s41 ,w4 #cdjh #bnd ,ave41 ,spokane #i ,harrison1 ,geo4 ,c41 ,greenacres ,hyatt1 ,l4 ,w41 #bhbf ,west ,la ,crosse1 ,spokane #ab ,jessup1 ,j4 ,m41 ,cook ,kling1 ,william ,l41 ,rt4 #b1 ,box #bcj1 ,clarkston ,latterell1 ,ethel1 ,greenacres ,linkletter1 ,f4 ,d41 #hjcd-ceth ,ave41 ,n4 ,e41 ,seattle #e ,lynn ,tuttle ,nursery1 ,the ,heights1 ,clarkston ,naderman1 ,g4 ,w41 ,rt4 #a1 ,box #cha1 ,olympia ,rodgers1 ,w4 ,r41 ,n4 #adaa ,mamer1 ,opportunity ,shane ,bros41 ,vashon ,watt1 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,j41 ,w4 #bjc #afth ,ave41 ,spokane #i ,,wisconsin ,bassett1 ,w4 ,s41 #aebb ,main ,st41 ,la ,crosse ,brust1 ,john ,j41 #ace ,w4 ,wells ,st41 ,milwaukee #c ,dopkins1 ,marvin1 ,rt4 #a1 ,river ,falls ,heberlein1 ,edw4 ,w41 ,box #gdg1 ,milwaukee ,johnson1 ,albert ,g41 ,rt4 #b1 ,box #deg1 ,waukesha ,koelsch1 ,norman1 ,jackson ,ladwig1 ,c4 ,f41 #bbba ,st4 ,lawrence1 ,beloit ,mortensen1 ,m4 ,c41 #baag ,stanson ,ave41 ,racine ,reische1 ,frank ,c41 ,rt4 #a1 ,plymouth ,zinn1 ,walter ,g41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #gdg1 ,milwaukee ,,wyoming ,greene1 ,w4 ,d41 ,box #cdh1 ,greybull 99 ,life ,member 9999 ,honorary member ,,constitution ,,article ,i--,,name ,this ,society shall be known as the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,incorporated4 ,,article ,,ii--,,object ,its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,,article ,,iii--,,membership ,membership in this society shall be open to all persons who desire to further nut culture1 without reference to place of residence or nationality1 subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on membership4 ,,article ,,iv--,,officers ,there shall be a president1 a vice-president1 a secretary and a treasurer1 who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting2 and a board of directors consisting of six persons1 of which the president1 the two last retiring presidents1 the vice-president1 the secretary and the treasurer shall be members4 ,there shall be a state vice-president from each state1 dependency1 or country represented in the membership of the association1 who shall be appointed by the president4 ,,article ,v--,,election ,,of ,,officers ,a committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the following year4 ,,article ,,vi--,,meetings ,the place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the board of directors shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the president and board of directors4 ,,article ,,vii--,,quorum ,ten members of the ,association shall constitute a quorum but must include two of the four officers4 ,,article ,,viii--,,amendments ,this constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting1 notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting1 or copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting4 ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i--,,committees ,the ,association shall appoint standing committees as follows3 ,on membership1 on finance1 on programme1 on press and publication1 on exhibits1 on varieties and contests1 on survey1 and an auditing committee4 ,the committee on membership may make recommendations to the ,association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member4 ,,article ,,ii--,,fees ,annual members shall pay two dollars annually4 ,contributing members shall pay ten dollars annually4 ,life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars and shall be exempt from further dues and shall be entitled to the same benefits as annual members4 ,honorary members shall be exempt from dues4 ,perpetual membership is eligible to any one who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the ,association and such membership on payment of said sum to the ,association shall entitle the name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as ,perpetual with the words ,in ,memoriam added thereto4 ,funds received therefor shall be invested by the ,treasurer in interest bearing securities legal for trust funds in the ,district of ,columbia4 ,only the interest shall be expended by the ,association4 ,when such funds are in the ,treasury the ,treasurer shall be bonded4 ,provided3 that in the event the ,association becomes defunct or dissolves then1 in that event1 the ,treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose for such uses1 individuals or companies that the donor may designate at the time he makes the bequest or the donation4 ,,article ,,iii--,,membership ,all annual memberships shall begin ,september #ast4 ,annual dues received from new members shall entitle the new member to full membership until the next ,august #cast1 including a copy of the ,annual ,report published for the fiscal year in which he joins the ,association4 ,,article ,,iv--,,amendments ,by-,laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any meeting4 ,,article ,v ,members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are due and1 if not paid within two months1 they shall be sent a second notice1 telling them that they are not in good standing on account of non-payment of dues and are not entitled to receive the annual report4 ,at the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice1 a third notice shall be sent notifying such members that1 unless dues are paid within ten days from the receipt of this notice1 their names will be dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues4 ,,proceedings of the ,thirty-eighth ,annual ,convention of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,inc4 ,meeting ,at ,,ontario ,,agricultural ,,college ,,guelph1 ,,ontario1 ,,canada ,,september #c-e1 #aidg ,illustration3 ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association1 ,,inc4 ,,convention ,,ontario ,,agricultural ,,college ,,september #c-e1 #aidg ,the meeting was called to order by ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels in the absence of ,clarence ,a4 ,reed1 our ,president1 who was ill and could not attend the meeting4 ,telegram from the ,rev4 ,paul ,c4 ,crath3 ,let the ,lord bless you and keep you4 ,i am sorry ,i am unable to attend the present meetings4 ,address of ,welcome ,,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,shoemaker1 ,head of ,horticulture ,department1 ,ontario ,agricultural ,college4 ,our ,president1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,reek1 had hoped to be here in person to extend this welcome to you but he has found it necessary to go to ,toronto today4 ,he regrets that he cannot meet with you at this time1 and has asked me to welcome you4 ,mr4 ,reek has shown a great deal of interest in this convention and ,i am sure you will find definite evidence of this in our hospitality while you are here4 ,in looking through your #cgth ,annual ,report ,i noticed that the address of welcome at your meeting in ,wooster1 ,ohio1 last year was given by ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,gourley4 ,i held the position of ,associate ,horticulturist at ,wooster and ,columbus for some #aj years1 and so knew ,dr4 ,gourley intimately4 ,his sudden death was a great shock to myself and his many other friends1 and a great loss to horticulture4 ,my #aj years with ,dr4 ,gourley was a very pleasant1 helpful1 and exceedingly important part of my career4 ,i am very happy that you have come to the ,ontario ,agricultural ,college for your convention this year4 ,as a simple matter of fact1 the ,o4 ,a4 ,c4 is one of the oldest and largest colleges of agriculture in the ,british ,empire4 ,it is the second oldest agriculture college in ,north ,america1 ,michigan ,state being the only older one4 ,we are an affiliated college of the ,university of ,toronto and function as the ,faculty of ,agriculture of the ,university of ,toronto4 ,i believe the enrollment at the ,university of ,toronto is in the neighborhood of #ah1jjj students4 ,there will be about #a1ejj students on this campus in a few weeks4 ,most of these will be in the four-year course which leads to the ,b4,s4,a4 degree4 ,some will be in the two-year course4 ,the ,ontario ,veterinary ,college is also located on this campus1 as is the ,mac,donald ,institute which provides courses for girls4 ,the ,o4 ,a4 ,c1 like the ,horticultural ,experiment ,station at ,vineland1 comes under the ,minister of ,agriculture1 the ,honourable ,t4 ,l4 ,kennedy4 ,the ,vineland ,station and we ourselves co-operate closely in horticultural work4 ,no doubt many of you have visited ,vineland and met ,director ,e4 ,f4 ,palmer4 ,you will hear from two members of the ,vineland staff1 ,mr4 ,strong and ,mr4 ,van ,haarlem on tomorrow's programme4 ,i spent some #ac years in the ,united ,states--at ,ames1 ,iowa2 ,east ,lansing1 ,michigan2 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minnesota2 and ,wooster and ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,there are in this audience some good friends of long standing whom ,i first met in the ,united ,states4 ,they are probably surprised to hear that ,i graduated from this institution1 but as an ,irishman would say ,that ,i did1 some #bf years ago4 ,i expect that all of you are familiar with the contributions made by ,james ,a4 ,neilson in the field of nut growing4 ,mr4 ,neilson was a member of the staff here some years ago4 ,he left his mark throughout ,ontario1 and in the field of nut growing in general4 ,we are happy that ,mrs4 ,neilson1 who is a life member of the ,association1 is attending this ,convention4 ,i am sure you will agree that the campus here is a very beautiful one4 ,the dining hall and the residence may surpass what you expected to find4 ,it is a real privilege to have you in our ,horticulture building4 ,we made certain plans for your entertainment at the mixer and banquet4 ,in brief1 we are delighted that you have come1 we know from the programme that the meetings will be good ones1 and we hope that our hospitality will meet with your full approval4 ,we indeed welcome you here4 ,,response ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels3 ,in reply to ,dr4 ,shoemaker's address of welcome we are certainly happy to be here and appreciate the excellent arrangements which have been made for our entertainment4 ,dr4 ,shoemaker spoke about the work done on nut trees several years ago by ,mr4 ,neilson in ,canada4 ,i am familiar with the work of ,mr4 ,neilson and hope that at some time someone on the staff in ,canada will give more time to the culture of nut trees4 ,that goes for the ,united ,states as well4 ,nut trees1 if you have the facilities and good varieties1 are something that will make living more enjoyable and worthwhile4 ,i do appreciate very heartily the trouble you have gone to in making facilities so acceptable and useful4 ,presidential ,address--,mr4 ,reed was unable to be present and preside at the meeting because of illness4 ,this telegram was sent to him3 ,telegram to ,clarence ,a4 ,reed1 ,garfield ,hospital1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association last night received the news of your illness with deepest regret4 ,we appreciate your long and earnest work in our field4 ,you have been one of the 'spark plugs' of our organization and we all miss your presence4 ,,secretary4 ,,committees ,,appointed ,resolutions ,committee--,w4 ,rohrbacher1 ,sterling ,smith1 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,wm4 ,hodgson4 ,auditing ,committee--,royal ,oakes1 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,gilbert ,smith4 ,,secretary',s ,,report1 ,,sept4 #c1 #aidg ,miss ,mildred ,m4 ,jones ,the duties of the ,secretary during the year were of the usual routine nature4 ,three separate mailings of information to all members were made4 ,the #aidd report is now exhausted1 partly because of the long season in which it was current1 and partly because there were several articles in it which were of vital interest to a number of people who were not members of the ,association4 ,in ,march of this year an article appeared in ,organic ,gardening magazine which referred to our report and the ,hemming chestnut trees which were described in the #aidd report4 ,as a result of this one article ,i was obliged to return more than #cj4jj which had been sent to me1 a dollar from each person1 for this report4 ,i returned the money with a letter to each person telling them ,mr4 ,hemming would bring his report up to date at our meeting this year1 telling them about the work of our ,association1 and inviting them to join our group so they could keep up with progress being made in nut tree culture as the information became available4 ,the sale of reports other than membership this past year amounted to #ace4jj4 ,this amount includes #e sets of reports which sell for #h4jj per set4 ,about #ie4jj of this amount was for single copies at #a4jj per copy to non-members4 ,since our printing costs have increased considerably1 and since we are handling the mailing and printing of these reports at #a4jj per copy at almost a loss1 it would seem advisable to raise the price to non-members4 ,every member can help us increase our membership4 ,we have a number of members who are equipped with writing ability and by writing articles about interesting nut trees and mentioning our ,association and the ,secretary many1 many inquiries are received4 ,to these inquiries we can send our four page information folder or answer questions and thus we can increase our membership by letting people who are interested in nut trees know about our ,association4 ,on ,february #bh1 #aidg1 ,mr4 ,george ,l4 ,denman wrote me that at different times he had two articles about nuts and nut trees in the ,spokesman-,review of ,spokane4 ,he said the result was rather surprising and he requested fifty copies of our folder to assist him and make it easier to answer inquiries4 ,if our ,association can be mentioned in the article1 many inquiries will come direct to the ,secretary and thus save the author the work of answering questions if he does not have time to do so4 ,the article written by ,mr4 ,davidson in ,december1 #aidf1 ,american ,fruit ,grower brought in over #ajj inquiries to the ,secretary's office4 ,the ,secretary's office has a number of calls for information regarding sources of nuts and nut kernels for private consumption or planting4 ,chestnuts seem to head the list the past year--mostly for planting4 ,requests are also received regarding information for market outlets1 nut cracking equipment1 nut shelling plants1 trees1 budwood and graftwood4 ,anything you may do to supply this and other kinds of information about nut trees will be appreciated4 ,the ,secretary of the ,american ,horticultural ,society1 ,inc41 with whom we are affiliated1 has expressed the desire of that ,society for ideas as to how we may both profit more from this affiliation4 ,their need1 like ours1 is for more members1 more and better articles for the ,national ,horticultural ,magazine4 ,mr4 ,reed has contributed several worthwhile articles to this magazine4 ,the ,editor would like to have more articles about nut trees from our members4 ,the ,national ,horticultural ,magazine is nicely printed and bound1 issued four times a year1 and is well illustrated with pictures of the horticultural subjects described in each issue4 ,dues in this society are #b4jj per year if you are a member of our ,society1 #c4jj if you are not4 ,you can ask our ,treasurer to bill you for membership at the same time membership in our ,association is billed1 or membership may be sent direct to ,the ,american ,horticultural ,society1 #hba ,washington ,loan and ,trust ,building1 ,washington #d1 ,d4 ,c4 ,our membership at present is #fba according to my present mailing list which has been corrected to paid-up members4 ,during the war all members who were thought to be in the armed forces were carried along without the payment of dues according to our ,treasurer's report of last year4 ,for this reason we can use only our income as an indication of our growth during those years4 ,the question of a seal for the ,association came up at the time of the ,ellis legacy4 ,our member1 ,sargent ,h4 ,wellman1 ,boston1 ,mass41 represented the ,association1 and payment was made finally without our seal being shown4 ,it may be well to consider whether we may need a seal in the future and if so to take the necessary steps to have one made4 ,the ,american ,fruit ,grower magazine has printed quite regularly the column ,nut ,growers ,news4 ,they also refer nut tree inquiries to us and have indicated their interest and further cooperation4 ,they devoted an entire issue to nuts last ,december4 ,a number of our members during the year do much work for the ,association and it is here that ,i wish to acknowledge all of the help and assistance the ,secretary has had from the various committees and members4 ,the printing of the report for #aidf and the responsibility of getting it mailed was due mostly to the work and effort of ,mr4 ,stoke1 and ,mr4 ,reed4 ,it was a real pleasure to work with the members of the ,staff at ,ontario ,agricultural ,college with whom ,i had considerable correspondence during the year in arranging for our meeting this year4 ,it has been a real pleasure to serve in the capacity of ,secretary to this organization and ,i regret that lack of time to do this work as it should be done makes me feel it is necessary to relinquish this post4 ,i shall always continue my interest in the ,association4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,more articles should be written for magazines as one way in which to increase membership4 ,telegram from ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming was read3 ,infirmities of age detain me4 ,congratulations on membership and on accomplishments4 ,everything depends on good officers4 ,present officers are ideal but young members should now take over4 ,don't wear out the old ones4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,dean4 ,this telegram was sent to ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming3 ,sept4 #c1 #aidg4 ,we had hoped you would be with us4 ,your telegram evoked many warm appreciations of your great and long service to our organization and the cause of nut growers in the ,north4 ,warmest greetings from ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,,secretary4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith3 ,dr4 ,deming was one of the five founders of the ,association4 ,he did an excellent job on the reports and in compiling the cumulative index4 ,he is ,dean of the ,association4 ,report of ,committee on ,time and ,place3 ,prof4 ,slate reported three invitations1 the most attractive at the present time being the invitation to meet at ,norris1 ,tenn4 ,prof4 ,slate3 ,in order to bring the matter to a head1 ,i move we hold our #aidh meeting at ,norris1 ,tenn41 or wherever arrangements can be made convenient to that point4 ,stoke3 ,second4 ,passed with unanimous approval4 ,report on the ,ohio ,contest--,sterling ,smith3 ,the ,ohio contest had #fib entries4 ,mr4 ,chase helped with the judging4 ,a number of good walnuts were brought out4 ,the data for the first ten is given in the #aidf annual report4 ,we are trying to find out what the parent trees are doing--what they were bearing in the past and also this year4 ,this is to be done for #e years4 ,ohio has #ij members which puts them in the lead--ahead of ,new ,york4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith3 ,i greatly appreciate the report given4 ,i approve of the #e year plan4 ,it would bring in members4 ,sterling ,smith3 ,couldn't we offer #ajj4jj or more for a really outstanding black walnut that would meet certain specifications8 ,our good walnuts now run about #be grams and #cb kernel4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,is there anyone present who helped with the judging of this contest8 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,it required over #b weeks with #d to #f persons to crack and cull out the ones we knew were not worth further consideration4 ,one-tenth passed the screening test4 ,the nut selected is one in ten-thousand expectancy4 ,this contest brought out some outstanding nuts4 ,the judges didn't have much trouble selecting ,no4 #a4 ,the next four were harder to place4 ,the third prize went to ,pennsylvania and the eighth prize to ,west ,virginia4 ,report of ,treasurer ,for ,period from ,september #a1 #aidf to ,august #cj1 #aidg4 ,,income3 ,annual ,memberships #a1bab4jj ,philip ,allen ,life ,membership #ej4jj ,sale of ,reports #dd4jj ,ellis ,legacy #ab4ej ,miscellaneous #e4fj --------- ,total ,income #a1cbd4aj ,,disbursements3 ,fruit ,grower ,subscriptions #hj4hj ,president's ,expense #aj4jj ,secretary's ,expense #ei4ej ,treasurer's ,expense #de4hj ,supplies #gg4ff ,banquet #aidf ,meeting #bb4cb ,reporter #aidf ,meeting #be4jj ,ellis ,legacy ,bond ,addition #a1jjj4jj ,treasurer's ,bond #ab4ej ,report for #aide #efi4hd ,report for #aidf #hba4hc ,postage ,envelopes #di4jc ,miscellaneous #ai4bj --------- ,total ,disbursements #b1gic4ed ,balance on ,hand ,september #c1 #aidf #c1bei4hh ,receipts for the ,year #a1cbd4aj --------- ,total #d1ehc4ih ,disbursements for ,year #b1gic4ed ,balance ,august #cj1 #aidg #a1gij4dd --------- ,in ,walker ,savings ,bank #fcc4ib ,in ,peoples ,savings ,bank #a1jef4dd ,cash and ,checks on hand #ajj4jh --------- ,subtotal #a1gij4dd ,secretary has on hand #bf4ga --------- ,balance #a1hag4ae ,d4 ,c4 ,,snyder1 ,treasurer 99 99 99 99 99 ,member3 ,the charge of #a4jj to non-members for the current report--shouldn't the price of the reports be increased to cover the increased costs of printing8 ,mr4 ,snyder3 ,i think the amount should be increased as the cost of the report is almost #a4jj now1 and with handling and mailing we are doing this at a loss if we continue to sell the report for #a4jj4 ,mc,collum3 ,shouldn't the price of a full set of reports be raised8 ,they are sold at the same price now as they were a number of years ago4 ,several volumes have been added4 ,i believe the price should be increased4 ,prof4 ,slate3 ,some years go out of print about as soon as new ones come along4 ,dr4 ,rohrbacher3 ,i move we sell our current and last year's report at #b4jj per copy4 ,second by ,mr4 ,silvis4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,nut enthusiasts and nut groups haven't the slightest hesitancy in parting with #b4jj4 ,member3 ,a non-member paying #b4jj for the annual report would automatically become a member4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith3 ,i would like to recommend that if at all possible an index be included in each volume of our report as it is published4 ,a volume like this has #ej or #ge different articles but no mention in the title reveals the content of the article which makes it a job to try to refer back to or use these reports for reference4 ,an index would make them much more valuable4 ,this is not a job for the ,secretary1 it is a technical job4 ,i would like to make a motion1 if the ,executive ,committee finds it feasible1 that this be done4 ,second by ,mr4 ,silvis4 ,dr4 ,colby3 ,don't you think that index should begin with the volume ,dr4 ,deming finished8 ,i suggest that the executive ,committee arrange for compiling of the index subsequent to and including #aidj4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,i would like to suggest that the nut exhibit be left at ,o4,a4,c4 permanently because of the large number of visitors who come here and who would see it4 ,this would help to increase our membership4 99 99 99 99 99 ,report from the ,constitution and ,by-,laws ,committee--,dr4 ,mac,daniels4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i move we accept the report of the ,committee and suggested changes be voted on item by item4 ,mr4 ,silvis3 ,second4 ,the question of whether the entire ,constitution and ,by-,laws should be read at this meeting or mimeographed and mailed to each member was considered4 ,prof4 ,slate3 ,i move the ,constitution be taken up now4 ,dr4 ,colby3 ,second4 ,the motion was carried4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels read the ,constitution and ,by-,laws and they will be voted on at the #aidh meeting4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith3 ,i move that '#aj days' notice for change in the ,constitution be changed to '#cj days'4 ,seconded by ,mr4 ,silvis4 ,motion carried4 ,on fiscal year--,dr4 ,rohrbacher3 ,i suggest the fiscal year be changed to ,january #a through to the end of ,december4 ,mr4 ,snyder3 ,i can see no improvement in changing the fiscal year4 ,if we are to hold our meetings the first part of ,september each year it would be better to have our fiscal year ended ,august #ca4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i move that our fiscal year be from ,september #ast to ,august #cast and ,i move that the annual dues include a report for only the year you join4 ,motion carried4 ,factors ,influencing the ,hardiness of ,woody ,plants ,h4 ,l4 ,,crane1 ,principal ,horticulturist#a ,there is hardly any soil or climatic condition found in the world where it is not possible for at least one or more kinds of plants to be grown4 ,this is possible because the plants that can be grown under the most adverse conditions have special structures and adaptations with regard to periods of growth and rest or dormancy4 ,one of the most important adaptations of nearly all trees and shrubs that shed their leaves in autumn and survive freezing weather without injury for a part of the year1 is that of rest4 ,this rest in plants is somewhat similar to sleep in animals in that it is a period in which the life process activities take place slowly4 ,in other words1 the plant physiologist defines rest in living plants as that period in which their buds will not open and grow even though the temperature1 moisture1 and other external environmental conditions are highly suitable for growth4 ,footnote #a3 ,division of ,fruit and ,vegetable ,crops and ,disease1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,soils1 and ,agricultural ,engineering1 ,agricultural ,research ,administration1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,different kinds of deciduous plants have or require rest periods of different lengths1 just as some people require more sleep than do others4 ,two or three weeks may be enough for soft-shelled almonds but three or four months may be required for butternuts1 to cite extremes4 ,the ,eastern black walnut requires more rest than most ,persian walnut clones1 and they more than the ,southern ,california black walnut4 ,even within a species there is considerable difference in the rest period of individual seedling trees and certain clones4 ,for example1 it has been found that the varieties of ,persian walnut grown in northern ,california and in ,oregon1 such as ,franquette and ,mayette1 have the longest rest period2 and those grown in ,southern ,california1 such as ,placentia1 ,ehrhardt1 ,chase1 and others1 have the shortest rest period4 ,it is quite possible that the clones and seedlings of the ,persian walnut brought to this country a few years ago by the ,rev4 ,paul ,crath from the ,carpathian ,mountains of ,poland may require the longest rest period of all4 ,the question may be asked what causes or brings on this rest period in plants and what breaks it8 ,the scientific answers to these questions are not known at this time1 but we do know some of the factors which cause the initiation of rest and how it is broken4 ,tree growth is initiated in the spring with coming of warm weather and other suitable conditions4 ,at first the rate of growth is slow2 but the rate increases and goes through a maximum and then slows up again and finally ceases4 ,on the cessation of growth in length1 a terminal bud is formed and the tree begins to go into rest4 ,this period of growth is determined by the age of the tree1 the suitability of moisture and nutrient supply4 ,young trees grow longer during the spring and summer than do old ones4 ,deficiencies of soil moisture or nutrients or both cause the cessation of growth and the beginning of rest4 ,in some trees1 such as tung1 cessation of growth and the initiation of rest is caused by the change from long to short day-lengths4 ,after rest has begun1 the longer it continues the more profound or deeper it becomes until a maximum is reached1 i4e41 it becomes increasingly difficult1 up to a certain time1 to make the trees start growth again even though optimum conditions are provided4 ,some trees such as ,persian walnuts and pecans1 for example1 are slow to go into deep or profound rest in late summer or fall4 ,for this reason1 there may be several cycles or periods of growth during the summer and early fall1 depending on weather conditions and whether the leaves on the trees have remained in a healthy condition4 ,under conditions of dry weather growth stops on the ,persian walnut and pecan and when this is followed by a rainy period and warm weather growth begins again4 ,in fact in early summer a walnut or pecan tree may form terminal buds on all the shoots and remain without growth long enough for an apple or pear tree to go into complete or profound rest2 then later1 new shoot growth may be made from all or nearly all of the walnut or pecan shoots4 ,not only is this an important factor in promoting susceptibility to cold injury but in the case of bearing trees more often than not this late growth prevents the proper development of the kernels in the nuts and they are poorly filled or shriveled at harvest4 ,should the leaves of these trees in midsummer or later be so seriously damaged by disease or insects as to result in partial or complete defoliation1 new growth is generally sure to follow even in late fall if growing conditions are suitable4 ,this habit permits such trees to grow so late that there is much greater danger of severe injury from late fall or early winter than is the case with most other deciduous fruit trees4 ,furthermore1 it explains why we see so much cold injury in the shoots and limbs of trees2 they had grown late and had no chance to develop hardiness before killing temperatures occurred4 ,after the rest in trees has become deep or profound a certain amount of chilling temperature must prevail before the rest period is broken so as to permit the buds to open and grow normally on the approach of warm weather4 ,this is often spoken of as the chilling requirement4 ,if the rest period is not broken by a suitable amount of chilling1 tree growth is very slow to start in the spring1 and then only certain of the longer and stronger twigs may force into growth2 water sprouts may develop on the trunks and main limbs2 flower buds may not open but fall off2 and even though the trees may flower the flowering period is long and few or no fruits or nuts may be set4 ,the most effective chilling temperature is not known but we can be reasonably certain that temperatures of #de deg4,f4 to #cb deg4,f4 are just as effective in breaking the winter rest period as are those well below freezing1 if not more so4 ,this chilling requirement is essentially the same as the rest period4 ,almonds have a short rest period and require #b to #c weeks of chilling1 while butternuts1 with a long rest period1 may require #c or #d months4 ,when the tree has been subjected to adequate chilling the rest period is broken and with the oncoming of warm weather growth1 blossoming and fruit setting is normal4 ,a distinction of great importance from a physiological and a practical point of view is made between rest and dormancy in plants4 ,this difference can be simply stated3 plants1 trees1 or seeds that will not grow when external environmental conditions are favorable for growth are in rest1 but after the rest period has been broken and they do not grow because of unfavorable conditions they are said to be dormant4 ,the difference between rest period and dormancy is of great importance in the ,united ,states in determining the amount of cold injury that may be sustained by woody plants4 ,furthermore1 it explains why certain plants may be successfully grown in much colder parts of the world and yet fail here4 ,our winter weather conditions are not uniform1 in that it is quite common for us to have quite long periods of alternating warm and cold weather4 ,too often during mid-or late winter the weather may be quite warm for several days1 with above-freezing temperatures even at night1 only to be quickly followed by a sudden and extreme drop in temperature4 ,such conditions are almost certain to result in cold injury to at least certain kinds of woody plants in which the rest period had been broken prior to the occurrence of warm weather1 especially so if conditions are favorable for initiation of growth4 ,the plants that were still in the rest period at the time of the warm weather or those with high heat requirement to start growth 7as for example1 the pecan7 would be the only ones that would escape injury4 ,to illustrate with an example3 ,the ,chinese chestnut tree has a shorter rest period or less chilling requirement than does the average ,persian walnut tree4 ,now suppose that during the months of ,november and ,december a sufficient number of hours of chilling temperatures were experienced to break the rest period or to satisfy the chilling requirement of the ,chinese chestnut but not that of the ,persian walnut4 ,then suppose there was a period of two weeks or more of warm weather in ,january and it was ended by a very sudden drop to below freezing temperatures4 ,later we would expect to find that some parts or tissues of the ,chinese chestnut trees had been injured while the ,persian walnut trees had survived without injury4 ,similar differences would be expected with other crops1 such as peaches and apples1 that have a difference in rest period or chilling requirement4 ,under the conditions just described the parts or tissues of the tree that are most likely to be injured are those that first become active with the coming of warm weather1 such as the pith in the wood1 the lower buds1 and later the cambium or the leaf buds4 ,this explains why peach fruit buds and the catkins of the ,european filbert are often killed in the ,east during the winter4 ,some kinds of woody plants are very much hardier than are other kinds4 ,for example1 the butternut is hardier than the eastern black walnut and the almond is hardier than the tung tree4 ,hardiness is only a relative term and can be determined only when the different kinds of plants are in the same physiological condition as regards growth or activity4 ,just what it is that makes a difference in the hardiness or ability to withstand low temperatures without injury is not known4 ,however1 over the years1 experience and research have taught us that there are a number of factors that affect the hardiness of woody plants4 ,there is a very great difference between the temperature that will cause injury to a tree tissue when it is in active growth and most tender in the spring and that required when it is most resistant in midwinter4 ,with some trees this difference in temperature is as much as #ej deg4 to #fj deg4,f4 or even more4 ,with woody plants1 the tissues are least hardy in spring when they are growing rapidly1 and as the season progresses hardiness normally increases provided that second or late growth does not occur4 ,there are many changes that take place in the tissues of a tree as hardiness is developed3 the moisture content is reduced2 cell walls are thickened2 the concentration of sugars1 starches1 and other carbohydrates becomes greater2 there is the formation of pentosans1 gums1 and waxes2 and the respiration and other life processes become slower4 ,however1 none of these offer a full and satisfactory explanation of why the plant becomes as resistant to cold as it does4 ,all of these changes and probably many others play a part in developing hardiness in woody plants4 ,maximum hardiness is developed only by trees that support a large area of normal leaves continuously from the time of foliation in the spring until late fall when they are killed by frost4 ,attacks by insects or diseases that injure the leave or cause partial or complete defoliation at any time during the spring1 summer1 or before the occurrence of frost in the fall1 not only prevent the development of maximum hardiness of the trees1 but such defoliation results in reduced growth of the trees and in poor filling of the nuts4 ,the importance of maintaining a large area of healthy leaves on the trees during the entire growing season can hardly be too strongly stressed4 ,this is because trees that hold their leaves are strong1 vigorous trees and are the ones best able to withstand cold1 as well as other adversities1 without injury4 ,this1 however1 does not mean that fertilizer applications should be made in late summer or that cultivation should be practiced at that time1 which would tend under suitable conditions to stimulate late growth of the trees4 ,this is because some trees like the ,persian walnut are slow to go into rest at best and practices that stimulate late growth of the trees cause them to be susceptible to cold injury especially in late fall or early winter4 ,i have seen very severe injury and killing of pecan trees in south ,georgia as a result of spring fertilizer applications which1 because of drouth1 did not become available to the trees until late ,august and early ,september and then caused second growth of the trees4 ,in the case of walnuts and pecans1 especially1 but also others than are not sprayed for the control of diseases and insects1 it is not uncommon for the trees to become defoliated in late summer and while bearing a crop of nuts4 ,very often this premature defoliation results in the production of a new crop of leaves and some shoot growth4 ,this is one of the worst conditions one can have in an orchard1 for the nuts are certain to be very poorly filled and the trees especially susceptible to cold injury4 ,in such a case as this1 the nuts withdraw carbohydrates1 proteins and minerals from the leaves and wood of the tree for their development and the production of new leaves and shoots has a like effect4 ,this all results in such a severe removal or using up of the materials involved in the development8 of hardiness that such trees are very susceptible to cold injury4 ,woody plants to be resistant to cold injury must be well nourished4 ,unbalanced mineral nutrition of trees is a very important factor in determining the amount of injury they may sustain from cold weather4 ,in the various parts of the ,united ,states the soils on which fruit and nut trees are grown generally do not supply in adequate amounts some one or more of the essential elements required in their nutrition4 ,this condition results in unbalanced nutrition1 in that too much of certain elements is absorbed by the trees and too little of certain other elements4 ,under severe conditions this causes the leaves to be abnormal in size or in form1 for them to be chlorotic or to scorch or burn1 or for them to drop prematurely4 ,such leaves do not function properly1 they are not able to carry on photosynthesis at a normal rate and hence do not make sufficient plant foods of the proper kinds to properly nourish the trees4 ,this results in disorders of various kinds said to be due to mineral deficiencies4 ,among these deficiencies that have been found to reduce tree growth and yield and to increase susceptibility to cold injury are 7#a7 boron1 7#b7 copper1 7#c7 iron1 7#d7 magnesium1 7#e7 manganese1 7#f7 nitrogen1 7#g7 phosphorus1 7#h7 potassium1 7#i7 zinc1 and others4 ,in all cases the corrective treatment to be given consists in supplying the trees with the element or elements in which they are deficient4 ,these must be supplied in an available form and by such methods that they can be absorbed by the trees4 ,the size of the crop of fruit or nuts borne by a tree and the length of time between harvest and a killing freeze are important factors in determining the cold resistance of fruit or nut trees4 ,in test winters many cases have been observed in which trees that matured heavy crops during the previous summer were severely injured4 ,cases have been observed in which the degree of cold injury sustained has been largely in proportion to the size of crop matured the previous growing season4 ,trees that mature the crop of fruits or nuts late in the season may be less hardy than those that mature the crop early4 ,it seems not only that some material or materials are made in the leaves during late summer or early fall which move out of them into the wood and cause it become resistant to low temperatures1 but that when a tree is maturing a crop so much of this material goes into the fruits or nuts that if the season is not a favorable one the wood may not attain its maximum hardiness4 ,we have learned that a high percentage of certain of the minerals1 carbohydrates1 and oil that go to make up the kernels of the oily nuts are transported into them during a period comprising a month to six weeks before they are mature4 ,in the production of a heavy crop the amount of minerals and elaborated food materials such as proteins1 carbohydrates1 and fats removed from a tree is very large4 ,if the trees do not carry a large healthy leaf area at the time of harvest or if there is a killing frost at that time1 the leaves have no opportunity to elaborate more carbohydrates and other materials to replace those removed in the crop1 and as a result the trees do not develop maximum hardiness4 ,to cite an outstanding example of this effect of the crop on hardiness1 ,i want to describe some observations ,i made several years ago4 ,the late ,j4 ,b4 ,wight of ,cairo1 ,ga41 had a few hundred ,satsuma orange trees that bore a very heavy crop of fruit4 ,the fruit had all been harvested from certain of these trees for two weeks or more before the occurrence of a freeze the last of ,november4 ,from other trees the fruit crop had only been partially harvested and none had been harvested from most of them4 ,the day and night temperatures had been warm but there was a rather sudden drop into the low #bj's during one night with the result that all of the trees from which no fruit had been harvested were killed to the ground4 ,the trees from which a part of the fruit had been removed were defoliated and all but the large limbs were killed4 ,the trees from which all the fruit had been removed two weeks or more before the freeze were defoliated1 but little or no injury to the woods occurred4 ,the severe injury was probably because the materials making for hardiness in the wood had been transported to the maturing fruits and the temperature dropped quickly before the trees had time to develop cold resistance4 ,it is a well-known fact that many kinds of non-woody as well as many woody plants develop hardiness or cold resistance on exposure to very gradually falling temperatures4 ,this change1 in the case of non-woody plants such as cabbage or wheat1 is spoken of as hardening off4 ,it is not known how important this is in developing cold resistance in flower and leaf buds of woody plants4 ,it is quite possible that buds that have become extremely tender as a result of rapid growth might1 if held for some time at temperatures too low for further growth1 become quite resistant to low temperatures just as do wheat or cabbage4 ,generally speaking1 the greatest amount of cold injury to the buds or above-ground portions of a tree occurs on a single night4 ,the length of the cold period is of only indirect importance as influencing the rate of temperature fall or the acquiring of cold resistance by the trees4 ,trees that are subjected to low temperatures over a considerable period of time are not nearly so likely to be injured as are those that are subjected to a low temperature suddenly4 ,that is really why there is so much severe cold injury to woody plants in the ,south4 ,in the deep ,south freezing weather may be uncommon but when freezes do occur usually they follow a period of comparatively warm weather and the temperature falls quickly4 ,it is this sudden change in temperature that causes the severe injury4 ,two different places may have had the same mean monthly temperature yet at one place severe injury may have occurred and no injury at the other place with plants normally having equal hardiness4 ,a careful analysis of the situation1 however1 would probably show that at the place where the injury occurred a period of warm weather had existed which was followed by a rapid drop in temperature to a killing low on a single night1 whereas the trees at the place where no injury occurred were not subjected to such changes in temperature4 ,on the other hand1 injury to the roots usually occurs only after prolonged periods of cold weather4 ,this is largely because the soil cools slowly and it requires a long period of cold weather to reduce the soil temperature sufficiently and to such depths as to cause injury to the roots4 ,under northern conditions where low temperatures for a rather long period are sometimes experienced1 injury to the portion of the trees above ground may occur as a result of drying out of the wood4 ,it is well known that a cake of ice will gradually evaporate and disappear when in the open and exposed continuously to below-freezing temperatures4 ,we all know that the family wetwash when hung on a line and frozen will soon dry1 especially if the wind blows4 ,the principles operating in these cases may cause severe injury to trees4 ,in the wintertime the root systems of trees take up water from the soil that is not frozen and this water moves in the tree to replace that lost by evaporation4 ,under conditions where the soil is frozen to such an extent that the water absorbed by the roots is continually less than that lost by the top of the trees by evaporation1 drying out of the top occurs4 ,if this is continued over a period of time a dryness of the wood and other tissues occurs that causes death of the dried-out portions4 ,this type of injury does not show the typical symptoms of cold injury but rather those of drying out4 ,the conditions that are most likely to cause such injury are a soil frozen to the effective rooting depths1 a dry atmosphere1 and a moderately high wind velocity4 ,injury of a similar nature to that just described very often affects trees transplanted in late fall or early winter1 especially those that did not have their tops cut back to balance the loss of roots sustained in transplanting4 ,during even very mild winters the tops of such trees dry out to such an extent that the small branches and even the leader may die4 ,in extreme cases the entire top may die back to the root4 ,in planting bare-root trees regardless of the time of the year they should be rather severely cut back immediately after transplanting to prevent such drying out and dying back of the wood4 ,cut-back trees generally will make more growth the first season following transplanting than will similar trees not cut back4 ,one of the most common types of injury to young nut trees as well as others is that known as sun scald or winter injury4 ,this occurs generally on the south or southwest sides of the trunk and for some distance between the ground and the head of the tree4 ,usually the injury is not evident until a year or so after it occurred and then it may be observed as a narrow strip of discolored and sunken bark which may crack where it meets the live tissue4 ,this dead or injured area is usually invaded by borers of one or more kinds4 ,this so-called sun scald injury is thought to be caused by the alternate freezing and thawing of the tissues on the south and southwest sides of the tree4 ,on a bright1 sunshiny day1 even though cold1 the sun's rays striking the bark of the tree quickly raise the temperature of the bark and wood4 ,when the sun is obscured by clouds or at nightfall the temperature of the tissues drops rapidly and they may freeze again4 ,it is thought that the rapid and rather great change in temperature of the bark and wood is the primary cause of sun scald4 ,whatever the cause1 we know that it can be prevented by shading the tree trunk4 ,this can be done by heading the trees low so that the branches shade the trunk1 or by shading the south side of the trunk with a board #f or #h inches wide1 or by wrapping the trunk with burlap or similar material4 ,much of the injury to ,chinese chestnut1 pecan1 and hickory trees1 especially1 is caused by inexperienced growers who cut off the low branches in an effort to raise the head of young trees4 ,the ,chinese chestnut generally forms a very low-headed or bush-type tree4 ,most of the cold or winter injury ,i have seen on ,chinese chestnut trees has been on the trunks and has resulted from removing the lower limbs so that they were not shaded4 ,hardiness in woody plants is only a relative term and is determined by the condition of the plant at the time the low temperature occurs4 ,woody plants are most tender when they are most actively growing and most resistant to cold injury when they are in deep or profound rest4 ,strong1 vigorous1 well-nourished trees are much more resistant to cold injury than weak1 poorly-nourished trees4 ,hence1 the successful grower makes an effort through disease and insect control and proper fertilization and cultivation to keep his trees strong4 ,these practices should be so carried out that the trees will make a strong1 vigorous growth in the spring and early summer and then go into rest without a second or third flush of growth4 ,the trees should carry their leaves until frost as there are some things made in them that cause the trees to develop resistance to cold injury4 ,winter or cold injury can destroy in a single night the hopes and expectations of several years' work but1 in the main1 if one grows well only those trees that are suited to the environment such losses are only rarely experienced4 ,nut ,culture ,in ,ontario ,i4 ,c4 ,,marritt1 ,district ,forester1 ,ontario ,department of ,lands and ,forests ,it was suggested to me that a paper be prepared on nut culture in ,ontario4 ,the ,department of ,land and ,forests of ,ontario has not done specialized work on nut culture4 ,the reason for this neglect is not that various members did not realize the importance of nut culture1 but that there was always more work on general reforestation and woodlot extension than could be done4 ,the work with nut trees has been along with their general work4 ,we have not1 as yet1 had a member of the staff who has gone nutty over nuts4 ,it is hoped that your meeting here will stir up interest in this worthy subject4 ,we are very proud in ,ontario of the work that has been done on general reforestation and woodlot management4 ,this is a subject that all nut enthusiasts are interested in1 and we would like you to know what is being done in ,ontario4 ,the ,province of ,ontario has been distributing trees free to landowners since #aijg4 ,there are three well-equipped tree nurseries1 and a fourth is being developed in the eastern part of the province4 ,a fifth nursery has been started in the northwest at ,fort ,william on ,lake ,superior4 ,the number of trees distributed varies considerably from year to year4 ,the high distribution years were #aici and #aidj1 when approximately seventeen million trees were planted each year4 ,during the war years1 on account of the labour situation and war activities1 the distribution declined to between ten and eleven million trees4 ,this past season1 the demand was much larger than the supply4 ,all the nurseries are expanding1 as it is anticipated there will be a heavy demand by private planters1 and also most of the counties are enlarging the area of their county forests4 ,the application form for forest trees includes seven evergreens and nineteen deciduous trees4 ,walnut and butternut are the only nut trees on the application form4 ,shagbark hickory has also been grown1 but not in large enough quantity to include it in the list of available trees4 ,the ,st4 ,williams tree nursery near ,lake ,erie has grown named varieties of walnuts and hickories4 ,these have been given out to interested parties1 and1 in future years1 will further the growing of the more desirable nut trees4 ,about ten years ago1 the citizens of ,st4 ,thomas planted nut trees two or three feet in height for seventy miles along ,no4 #c ,highway which crosses ,elgin ,county4 ,a large number of these trees have survived4 ,a large acreage of forest trees has also been planted under the ,counties ,reforestation ,act4 ,under this act the county purchases the land and the province plants and looks after the plantations for thirty years4 ,the county then has three options re paying back the cost of planting and supervision4 ,all the options are without interest charges4 ,the county forests are largely on light sandy soils that1 in most cases1 are a liability to the municipalities if they are not growing trees4 ,the ,ontario ,government passed an act in #aidf that gave the counties the right to pass a by-law to regulate cutting on privately-owned woodlots4 ,you will be interested to know that eleven counties have passed by-laws to regulate cutting4 ,they are all based on a diameter limit4 ,we realize that a diameter limit is a poor substitute for good forestry practice1 but it is better than unrestricted cutting4 ,the diameter limits range from ten to sixteen inches for most trees1 and five to six inches for cedars4 ,considerable extension work was done on nut growing in the period from #aibj to #aicj4 ,mr4 ,james ,a4 ,neilson1 an ,extension ,horticulturist stationed at ,vineland1 became very interested and located many individual trees and gave numerous lectures on nut culture4 ,a bulletin by ,mr4 ,neilson on nut culture was published in #aibe1 and reprinted in #aicj1 by the ,ontario ,department of ,agriculture4 ,mr4 ,neilson went to ,michigan and did extension work on this subject until his untimely death4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan has also done considerable work to keep nut culture before the public by writing letters to the different newspapers4 ,there has always been a large demand for black walnut4 ,the reason for this is the high value placed on this wood and the planting of these trees for shade and nut production1 although the consumption of native nuts is comparatively low4 ,the black walnut grew1 originally1 south of a line from ,toronto to ,sarnia4 ,it has been planted as far north as ,ottawa1 and is distributed quite widely in ,old ,ontario now--being planted largely as shade trees4 ,these shade trees are producing nuts1 and with the aid of squirrels1 the walnuts are seeding up along fence rows1 around farm homes1 and in woodlots4 ,walnut has been observed coming up in a woodlot1 and the only possible source is a shade tree half a mile away4 ,the walnut caterpillar defoliates the trees but seldom kills them1 although it does lower their value as shade trees4 ,walnut has been a favorite species for forest tree planting4 ,it is planted in pure stands and in mixtures4 ,the largest and best known walnut plantation was put out by ,sir ,william ,mullock in #aibf on the highway north of ,toronto4 ,there are numerous small plantations throughout the province4 ,foresters in ,ontario generally recommend mixing walnut with other hardwoods and evergreens rather than planting in pure stands4 ,it has been advocated to plant walnuts with white spruce4 ,the idea is that spruce will shade the ground1 kill the side branches of the walnut1 and help to force the walnuts to grow long slender poles4 ,it is understood1 and expected1 that the spruce will be ruined1 as their leaders would grow into the branches of the walnut4 ,as far as we know1 this experiment has not been undertaken4 ,the butternut tree is found growing naturally farther north than the walnut tree4 ,its northern boundary is roughly a line drawn from ,midland on ,georgian ,bay to ,ottawa4 ,it is widely distributed1 but is not in large enough quantity to have commercial value for lumber4 ,an expert wood carver1 who is employed by the ,department of ,lands and ,forests1 uses butternut largely in his work4 ,the shagbark and bitternut hickories make up the large percentage of the hickories growing in ,ontario4 ,the northern limit of the bitternut is approximately the same as the butternut--that is1 ,midland on ,georgian ,bay and ,ottawa on the east2 while the northern limit of the shagbark is thirty to forty miles south of the bitternut4 ,the pignut and the mockernut hickories are found in the southern hardwood belt along ,lake ,erie4 ,the ,american chestnut was quite plentiful in different sections of the southern hardwood belt4 ,it was valued quite highly for the nuts4 ,it has been killed out by the chestnut blight and it is very rarely that live suckers are seen4 ,the beech was widely distributed in the woodland of southern ,ontario4 ,it has rarely been planted as a shade tree and it is not seeding up extensively in woodlots4 ,there are many stories of hogs being fattened on beechnuts in pioneer days4 ,the ,japanese heartnut has been planted in various parts of the province4 ,a heartnut tree in ,bruce ,county lived through a hard winter that killed many sugar maples and beech in the same area4 ,nut trees are seeding up in many pastured woodlots in southwestern ,ontario4 ,the reason for this is that stock do not relish their foliage as they do the maple1 beech and basswood1 etc41 and because of this1 it is likely that nut trees will make up a larger percentage of trees in ,ontario woodlots than originally1 as it is a sad fact that at least seventy-five percent on the farm woodlots in ,ontario are still being pastured4 ,it is hoped that more interest will be shown in planting nut trees by farmers and home owners4 ,the ,department of ,lands and ,forests is enlarging its staff of ,extension ,foresters1 and no doubt they will include the propagation of nut trees in their extension work4 ,nut ,growing at the ,horticultural ,experiment ,station1 ,vineland ,station1 ,ontario ,w4 ,j4 ,,strong ,there was very little interest in nut growing in the early days of the ,horticultural ,experiment ,station although back in #aiad a few filberts and ,persian 7,english7 walnuts were planted4 ,the first nut orchard at the ,station was set out in #aibb and since then several lots of nut trees have been added from time to time1 principally filberts and ,persian walnuts4 ,also a few black walnuts1 ,japanese heartnuts1 ,chinese chestnuts1 hickories1 pecan and several hybrids were planted4 ,in #aibb twenty varieties of filberts were obtained from a nursery near ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,these were reputed to be some of the better sorts imported from ,germany but when they came into bearing only one was true to name1 this being ,italian ,red4 ,another un-named variety in this lot 7field number #c ,r #a ,a ,t #aj1 #aa1 #ab71 proved to be hardy and very vigorous4 ,the nuts were only of medium size but very well filled and of good quality4 ,the rest of these were a nondescript lot of worthless varieties or seedlings and so after a few years nearly all were uprooted and discarded4 ,at this time 7#aibb7 four varieties of ,persian walnuts were planted1 ,franquette1 ,mayette1 ,hall and ,rush4 ,the ,franquette and ,mayette have not grown very well here and have given very poor yields4 ,both ,hall and ,rush made good growth the first #ae or #bj years from planting but latterly1 growth has been poor and yields have fallen off considerably1 although this year 7#aidg7 there is a very fair crop showing1 but with rather much dropping4 ,the nut of the ,hall variety is quite large but the husk is thick and the shell is thick and coarse1 also in some seasons the kernel has not filled out very well4 ,the ,rush has given good crops of medium-size nuts4 ,it seems to be rather susceptible to bacterial blight4 ,five named varieties of black walnuts also were planted at this time 7#aibb71 ,thomas1 ,ohio1 ,stabler1 ,ten ,eyck and ,mc,coy4 ,the ,thomas has proven to be the best of these and the value of the others was pretty much in the order named4 ,the last two were quite inferior as to nut1 while the ,stabler lacked vigour and did not yield very well1 although it is a nice nut and the kernel comparatively easy to extract4 ,eight ,persian walnut seedlings in the same plantation1 set out in #aibf1 have made poor to fair growth4 ,they have given very few nuts until this year 7#aidg7 when two of them are showing a very fair crop4 ,about #aibh twenty ,japanese walnuts and hybrids with the butternut1 and about the same number of ,persian walnut seedlings1 which have been brought in by the late ,professor ,jas4 ,a4 ,neilson1 were transplanted to the permanent fruiting positions4 ,the ,japanese walnuts and hybrids were worthless and so were discarded4 ,the ,persian walnuts1 however1 seemed to be of more value1 several are quite nice nuts and one1 at least1 looks to be worthy of increase for further trial or limited distribution4 ,this seedling 7field number #ac,r#c,t#ad7 has made very fair growth and has shown only slight winter injury4 ,for the last five or six years it has given moderately good yields of very nice looking nuts4 ,the nuts are large1 rather long and oval1 resembling somewhat the ,franquette4 ,the shell is smooth and moderately thick1 well sealed but easy to crack4 ,usually they are quite well filled and the kernel is mild in flavour and of nice quality4 ,another ,persian walnut1 set out about the same time1 is the ,mc,dermid4 ,the original tree was found on the property of a ,mr4 ,mc,dermid at ,st4 ,catharines1 ,out4 ,one grafted tree and four seedlings were planted on the ,station grounds4 ,they grew well and showed very little killing back and for several years gave quite nice crops of nuts1 but of recent years the yield has been rather small4 ,the nut is blunt-oval in shape and of good size with a fairly hard shell which is well sealed but not any too easy to open4 ,the quality is fairly good but the pellicle is rather strong flavoured4 ,the year #aicf may be considered the high water mark in nut planting at the ,station4 ,a variety block of filberts was set out that year and fifty one-year-old ,persian walnut seedlings 7,carpathian strain7 were planted in a nursery row1 and in permanent location in #aicg4 ,the filbert planting consisted of from three to nine bushes each of twelve varieties1 including ,aveline 7white71 ,barcelona1 ,bixby1 ,bolwyller1 ,buchanan1 ,cosford1 ,daviana1 ,du ,chilly1 ,medium ,long1 ,red ,lambert 787 and ,jones hybrid4 ,these were planted in a compact block1 #ah feet apart each way on the square4 ,a lesser distance no doubt would be sufficient for upright growing sorts like ,du ,chilly but some of the more spreading kinds can use the greater distance4 ,most of these filberts started to yield a few nuts at five to seven years from planting and at nine or ten years were giving good crops4 ,yields have fluctuated considerably from year to year1 and also between varieties and different bushes of the same variety4 ,yields obtained from individual ten-year-old bushes and size of nut are given in the following table4 ,quarts#b ,pints1 nuts ,size of nut ,name 7with husks7 7without husks7 ,no4 per pint ,barcelona #aa #h #aja ,bixby 7#a7 #aa #i #acj ,bixby 7#b7 #bb #ab #adh ,daviana 7#a7 #aj #f #id ,daviana 7#b7 #aa #g #ij ,du ,chilly 7#a7 #bj #aa #ic ,du ,chilly 7#b7 #ag #ab #ib ,medium ,long #aa #h #aae ,footnote #b3 ,canadian measure4 ,higher yields have undoubtedly been obtained from other plantations and from other individual bushes and certainly lower yields1 also1 may be expected4 ,those given above are for #aidf from the best ten-year-old bushes in a plantation of forty plants4 ,yield and size of nut while of major importance are not the only criteria for appraising the value of a nut variety4 ,in filberts1 such points as ease of husking1 amount of fibre and1 of course1 quality must be considered4 ,also1 as in other nuts1 thickness of shell and proportions of kernel to shell are quite important4 ,vigour and hardiness of bush and hardiness of flower1 male and female1 are assumed1 as without these high yields are not to be expected4 ,most of the filbert varieties in bearing at the ,horticultural ,experiment ,station with a few of their outstanding qualities are noted below4 ,barcelona has a rather thick shell and too much fibre4 ,it matures early1 first week of ,september1 and the nuts drop out of the husk fairly readily4 ,the plant is strong and vigorous and somewhat spreading in habit of growth4 ,it appears to be hardy4 ,du ,chilly is not always hardy and it is difficult to husk4 ,some bushes of this variety have given quite low yields4 ,medium ,long is a useful nut4 ,it is not as large as the former two1 but it fills well and there is very little fibre2 also the shell is thin4 ,it ripens somewhat later than ,barcelona and is easy to husk4 ,bixby is of medium size1 somewhat pointed with a medium thick shell but almost no fibre4 ,it is late in maturing1 first week of ,october1 and does not husk readily4 ,daviana is a large1 attractive nut with a moderately thin shell and has very little fibre4 ,the quality is good4 ,the nuts are mostly borne singly but with some pairs and they are apt to cling to the husk4 ,cosford is a very nice nut4 ,it is similar to ,medium ,long1 somewhat smaller and of good appearance4 ,it has a thin shell and is of good quality4 ,it ripens early and separates readily from the husk4 ,perhaps not always hardy4 ,bolwyller is hardy1 yields moderately well and has nice quality4 ,buchanan1 much like ,bixby1 but a more vigorous grower4 ,rather difficult to pick4 ,the nut has good quality and very little fibre4 ,italian ,red1 one of the best but not hardy4 ,the filbert plantings have been added to from time to time4 ,in #aidb1 #bjj open-pollinated seedlings of the hardy seedling 7#c,r#a;,,at #aj1 #aa1 #ab--aibb planting7 were set out and are now 7#aidg7 beginning to bear a few nuts4 ,the main purpose of growing these seedlings is to find a larger nut of good quality with the vigour and hardiness of the female parent4 ,in #aidd a bush each of ,beethe1 ,buchanan1 ,luisen and ,volkugel varieties were set out1 also bushes of the following hybrids3 ,rush x ,white ,aveline ,no4 #ba ,rush x ,kentish ,cob ,no4 #aaj and #aaa ,rush x ,barcelona ,no4 #aeg and #aei ,rush x ,bolwyller ,no4 #bjj ,rush x ,red ,lambert ,no4 #cid and #cih ,rush x ,du ,chilly ,no4 #dhe and #eee ,rush x ,daviana ,no4 #ebi and #eba ,this material was supplied by the ,new ,york ,state ,agricultural ,experiment ,station for test purposes4 ,so far none of these has come into bearing4 ,the seedling ,carpathian walnuts 7#aicg planting7 are nearly all bearing a few nuts4 ,some began in #aidc while other bore nothing until several years later4 ,one tree in #aidf gave six pints of nuts1 without the husks1 another four pints and several two pints1 but most of them much less4 ,as in other seedling trees there is much variation in this lot of walnuts4 ,they vary considerably in habit of growth and vigour1 also in nut characteristics4 ,they have shown little or no winter injury4 ,it is too early yet to pass judgment on these seedlings4 ,undoubtedly many of them are worthless1 others are on the border line1 and a few may be better than seedlings already growing in the ,niagara fruit belt4 ,it is possible that some may have sufficient hardiness for planting in the less favoured sections of ,ontario4 ,other types of nuts growing at the ,horticultural ,experiment ,station are of general interest4 ,the chestnuts and most of the pecans are very young and so are not bearing4 ,several hickories1 ,carya ovata and ,c4 laciniosa1 and ,japanese walnuts bear some nuts occasionally4 ,the ,persian walnut x black walnut hybrids bear a few nuts sometimes but are worthless2 the trees however1 are nice as ornamentals4 ,the ,japanese walnut x butternut hybrids usually have a nice crop but the nuts are of questionable value4 ,the trees are nice ornamentals although subject to wind injury4 ,several seedling ,chinese chestnuts were topworked to selected ,chinese chestnuts1 grafts of which were obtained from the ,division of ,forest ,pathology of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,unfortunately these were all destroyed at the result of construction work4 ,in addition to plantings made at this ,station1 nuts and nut seedlings have been distributed to people who wished to grow a few nut trees on their own places4 ,cultural practices have been very simple at the ,station4 ,after planting1 the trees were cultivated for a year or two1 then the space between sown to grass and clover and the space just around the trees was mulched with manure1 hay1 etc4 ,the grass is cut several times a year and placed around the trees as additional mulch4 ,small quantities of a good commercial fertilizer such as #d-h-aj have been applied occasionally and some nitrogen also has been used4 ,pruning has been reduced to a minimum1 a light thinning out of branches being given as required4 ,very little attempt has been made to keep filberts to a single stem1 but the walnuts have been kept to a single low-headed trunk4 ,there has been a marked increase in interest in the planting of nut trees in ,ontario since the first plantings were made at the ,station4 ,these ,station plantings serve to demonstrate in a small way that nut trees can be grown in the ,niagara fruit belt of ,ontario4 ,the feasibilty1 however1 of growing nut crops in a commercial way1 even in this district1 is still open to question1 although it is felt that farmers and others should be encouraged to plant a few nut trees on their property both for the sake of the nuts and because of the ornamental nature of the trees4 ,soil ,management for ,nut ,plantations in ,ontario ,j4 ,r4 van ,,haarlem1 ,horticultural ,experiment ,station1 ,vineland ,station1 ,ontario ,fruitgrowers with high priced land1 such as we have in the ,niagara ,peninsula1 are not much interested in using such land for a crop not yet proven commercially sound4 ,plantings1 whether large or small1 are likely to be made on low-priced marginal land needing good care4 ,it is doubtful if these locations are best suited to proper nut culture since most nut trees are deep rooted with extensive root systems requiring the best soils4 ,at the ,vineland ,station we have three plantations made up of #aaj walnuts1 #bdj filberts1 #ad chestnuts and #f pecans4 ,these comprise named varieties and seedlings of black1 ,carpathian1 and other ,persian walnuts1 filberts1 chestnuts and pecans4 ,during the first years of the life of these plantations we maintained a clean cultivation program during the spring and early summer followed by the planting of a green-manure crop about ,july #ast each year4 ,such crops as buckwheat1 millet1 rye1 and weeds1 have been used on occasion4 ,we soon found that the treatment was not good enough for the trees and we then changed to a grass sod with mulch around each tree within the spread of the branches4 ,since this sod-mulch treatment was applied the trees have done very much better1 making fine growth and maintaining a large leaf area of good color4 ,this treatment is fairly representative of the many trees planted in dooryards under sod conditions1 where the grass is cut and left on top4 ,most of our ,ontario soils are deficient in organic matter and1 depending on location1 deficient in phosphate or potash1 or both together4 ,the mineral deficiency should first be corrected by liberal applications of the required fertilizer before placing the plantations in sod1 in fact it would pay to do this several years before setting out the trees1 growing alfalfa on this land and returning all the hay back into the soil4 ,for plantations already set out these minerals could be placed in a furrow cut just under the outer spread of the branches4 ,our soils have a high fixation factor for phosphate and potash and we have found that the best practice is to place the fertilizer under the surface either with a deep-placement machine or as outlined above4 ,after the plantation is in sod an application of #ejj to #a1jjj lbs4 of a #d-h-aj fertilizer every fifth year should take care of the mineral requirements4 ,however1 our experience with fruit in general where planted in sod is that not sufficient care is taken to keep the trees well supplied with nitrogen1 many growers laboring under the mistaken idea that just the sod is sufficient4 ,liberal applications of either manure or nitrate in the spring is necessary to make sure that the tree gets its required nitrogen and not just the sod alone4 ,mineral fertilizers should be applied in the late fall1 for under our conditions fixation of phosphate and potash is considerably less at that time4 ,the plantation may be seeded down in the early spring but mulch should not be added until late fall4 ,applying the mulch in late fall will allow the material to fill up with water from the fall rains and winter snows1 and so prevent the serious withholding of water from the trees during dry spells in the summer1 because the light summer rains are seldom sufficient to soak through the dry mulch material4 ,we have had several instances where a summer-applied mulch has seriously robbed the tree of needed moisture during dry weather4 ,do not look for immediate improvement from sod-mulch1 it will take at least two years to become well established4 ,improvement should begin to show up the second year after applying4 ,we sometimes see a chlorotic condition of the foliage1 different from the pale yellow foliage due to nitrogen deficiency1 which occurs on marginal or shallow soil and often where the soil remains too moist1 as along a water course or low spot4 ,we frequently see this same trouble on grape foliage in such locations4 ,this is probably due to a lack of sufficient iron intake caused by a deficiency of manganese4 ,it can be cured by either spraying with a #a solution of magananese sulphate or applying the dry salt under the spread of the branches4 ,the spraying method seems to give better and faster results4 ,it has been reported from ,british ,columbia that some die-back is due to deficiency of boron4 ,perhaps some of the die-back we see on nut trees during the summer is due to this cause and not all to winter injury4 ,the very erratic results from ground application of borax would indicate that borax should be incorporated with one of the regular sprays as a #a mixture4 ,our conclusions therefore are that nut plantations should be placed in sod as soon as possible and a mulch established the fall of the year the grass is sown4 ,each year cut the grass and draw in around the tree to supplement the mulch4 ,if not enough material is gathered in this way it can be supplemented by straw or old hay4 ,manure or nitrate should be applied each spring and trace elements where needed can be incorporated in the regular spray program4 99 99 99 99 99 ,discussion after ,j4 ,r4 van ,haarlem's paper4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i realize that there are more trees which are starving to death than are being overfed4 ,silvis3 ,do you recommend that freshly cut hay be used as mulch8 ,van ,haarlem3 ,any crop refuse can be used as mulch4 ,anything that will rot down4 ,the p,h of the soil should be #f4b to #f4e4 ,o',rourke3 ,would you use clean cultivation for the first year8 ,van ,haarlem3 ,there is nothing against it4 ,we use sod mulch at ,vineland4 ,the reason that our growers are not growing nut plantations is that good land1 that is good soil1 sells for #a1jjj per acre4 ,nut trees grown on poor land1 cheap land1 do not produce4 ,mc,collum3 ,i am surprised that rain would not go through loose straw and will go through old straw4 ,where does the rain go when it falls on the loose straw8 ,van ,haarlem3 ,it is absorbed before it gets through the straw4 ,dry mulch should be #ah inches deep4 ,member3 ,how would you prevent erosion on rolling land8 ,van ,haarlem3 ,plant on the contour4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,how often do you renew mulch under trees8 ,van ,haarlem3 ,after first application additional may be needed but after that enough is grown under trees which when cut and raked will suffice4 ,report from ,southern ,ontario ,,alex ,,troup1 ,jordan ,station1 ,ontario ,here in southern ,ontario we find that most of the northern nuts do well in most seasons4 ,among black walnuts the ,thomas1 ,ohio1 and many others do well4 ,the ,thomas does not always fill4 ,the ,ohio seems to be the favorite among ,persian 7,english7 walnuts4 ,franquette1 ,broadview and a few others are satisfactory but sometimes do not fill well4 ,of ,japanese heartnut walnuts nearly all do well4 ,the ,mitchell1 ,stranger1 ,bates and others are satisfactory4 ,all the shagbarks and shellbarks are doing well1 although only the young shagbarks are bearing1 and then only lightly4 ,chestnuts have done well at times but some trees have been killed by the blight4 ,we have ,japanese1 ,chinese and some other seedlings4 ,they are sometimes winter injured4 ,filberts are satisfactory and usually bear well4 ,we have ,barcelona1 ,du ,chilly1 ,troup1 ,white ,aveline1 ,italian ,red1 ,kentish ,cob1 ,daviana1 ,mosier1 ,guy ,smith1 ,nonpariel and ,brixnut4 ,the ,barcelona drops nearly free of the husk and is a fine nut4 ,most are of this variety4 ,we do not have hazels4 ,pecans will grow and bear but do not fill4 ,nut ,trees ,hardy at ,aldershot1 ,ontario1 ,canada ,o4 ,,filman1 ,aldershot ,during the past nine or ten years ,i have planted a few trees of some of the better known varieties of northern nut species1 some of them chosen from the lists of promising selections in the annual reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 some on the recommendation of reliable nut nurserymen4 ,these trees have been planted here and there in various locations where space permitted on a small fruit and vegetable farm1 not in orchard form nor in a solid nut tree planting4 ,editor's ,note3 ,anyone reading this paper should remember that it applies to an area of intensive growth of peaches1 pears1 and other fruits in a bit of ,canadian land west of ,niagara ,falls and protected spring and fall from extremes of temperatures by ,lake ,ontario on the north and ,lake ,erie on the south4 ,the paper by ,h4 ,l4 ,crane in this report should be read in connection with it4 ,aldershot is a fruit and vegetable growing district1 about six miles from ,hamilton1 below the escarpment1 on the ,toronto-,hamilton lake shore highway4 ,this district is almost at the western tip of ,lake ,ontario and is more or less a continuation of the ,niagara fruit belt which borders the lake4 ,consequently the climate is not so severe as that of localities situated a few miles farther from the lake and above the ,niagara escarpment at higher altitudes4 ,winter temperatures seldom go much below zero1 although1 in occasional seasons1 temperatures of-#bj degrees ,f41 and sometimes even somewhat lower1 are experienced4 ,the soil is a deep1 well-drained1 light sandy loam1 known as ,fox sandy loam1 considered a good fruit and vegetable soil1 if organic matter and fertility are maintained with manure1 fertilizers and green manure crops4 ,nut trees1 which ,i have planted1 include ,chinese chestnut1 heart nut1 filbert1 hickories1 butternut1 ,persian walnut1 a few black walnut seedlings and two seedling pecans4 ,chestnuts4 ,the native chestnut grew in the woods of this locality before the blight reached it4 ,i have tried eight varieties of ,oriental chestnuts1 and ,i have trees surviving of five3 ,abundance1 ,hobson1 ,carr1 ,zimmerman1 and one of ,mr4 ,carroll ,d4 ,bush's called ,chinese ,sweet ,no4 #c4 ,they all came through a temperature of about-#bj degrees1 early in #aidc 7with the exception of ,zimmerman which was planted later7 without showing any sign of killing back or other visible injury4 ,unfortunately1 ,i have kept no records of crops but expect to do so4 ,abundance4 ,one bearing tree1 purchased from ,mr4 ,bush of ,oregon1 and planted in the spring of #aich4 ,bore a few burs in #aida4 ,bore a crop in #aidd1 missed #aide1 a good crop in #aidf4 ,it is bearing what appears to me to be quite a heavy crop this year1 #aidg4 ,blossoms in ,july4 ,bears a good-size1 attractive nut1 which falls free from the bur1 ripening in early ,october4 ,abundance has made the best growth of any of the varieties and appears the most promising4 ,hobson4 ,two trees1 one1 planted in #aidj1 bore its first crop in #aidf2 the other1 planted in #aidc1 not yet bearing4 ,has been a little disappointing1 in view of the very favourable reports of its performance in more southern locations in the ,united ,states4 ,probably it is a little too far north of its natural environment4 ,in some seasons it has made rather good growth1 but not as vigorous as that of ,abundance4 ,it bore a fair crop in #aidf1 however1 of attractive nuts of about the same size as ,abundance4 ,it ripened in late ,october about two weeks later than ,abundance4 ,these nuts germinated well this spring when planted in pots in the greenhouse4 ,carr4 ,one tree surviving1 planted in #aidj4 ,two others1 planted in #aidc1 have died1 but ,i do not believe that winter injury was the cause of their death4 ,has grown slowly1 bearing in #aidd and #aidf4 ,the nut is much smaller than that produced by the same variety at more southern latitudes1 judging from descriptions of it which ,i have read4 ,the nut is much smaller than that of ,hobson1 as grown here4 ,this small tree bore a tremendous crop in #aidf1 more than ,i thought any tree of its size could support4 ,the tree was literally covered with burs4 ,the nuts were very small1 not larger than a small native chestnut4 ,they ripened early1 beginning to drop from the burs by ,september #beth4 ,i stratified most of the nuts in pots of soil and planted #bjf nuts from this little tree1 which is only about seven feet high and not at all spreading4 ,germination was good4 ,zimmerman4 ,one small tree planted spring of #aide4 ,not bearing yet4 ,is not growing fast but appears healthy with good foliage4 ,chinese ,sweet ,no4 #c4 ,purchased from ,mr4 ,bush in #aich4 ,planted at the same time as ,abundance1 which ,mr4 ,bush at that time called ,chinese ,sweet ,no4 #a4 ,he later named ,no4 #a ,abundance1 but did not consider ,no4 #c worthy of naming4 ,has grown well1 but has borne very few nuts4 ,mr4 ,bush discarded it for the same fault4 ,see comment following4--,ed4 ,i have also tried and lost the following varieties3 ,connecticut ,yankee1 ,austin ,japanese and ,stoke hybrid4 ,i have quite a number of young seedlings of ,abundance1 ,carr and a few of ,hobson1 from seed produced on my own trees1 some of which ,i hope to allow to bear in order to see if anything promising shows up among them4 ,the ,abundance seedlings seem to inherit the superior vigour of their female parent4 ,heartnuts4 ,the ,japanese walnut grows vigorously4 ,i have planted a few of ,mr4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly's varieties1 as well as the ,wright heartnut4 ,all of the ones planted seem perfectly hardy and at home4 ,i have only one tree of each variety4 ,o4,k4 ,from ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 planted in #aidb4 ,transplanted #aidd4 ,bore its first nuts1 one cluster1 in #aidf4 ,cracking and extraction of kernel were excellent4 ,the flavour was fine4 ,size of nut about medium4 ,okanda4 ,from ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 #aidb4 ,said by ,mr4 ,gellatly to be a hybrid between heartnut and native butternut4 ,tree vigorous4 ,nut has a smooth shell like a heartnut4 ,cracking and extraction good4 ,flavour excellent4 ,nut about size and shape of a medium-sized heartnut4 ,bore its first crop in #aidf and is repeating this year with a fair crop4 ,crofter4 ,from ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 #aidb4 ,also said by ,mr4 ,gellatly to be a hybrid between heartnut and butternut4 ,tree vigorous4 ,bore its first crop in #aidf and has a few nuts this year4 ,the nut has a comparatively smooth shell like a heartnut1 is somewhat larger than that of ,okanda but does not crack as well1 or rather the kernel does not come out of the cavity nearly so well as that of ,okanda4 ,flavour fine4 ,canoka4 ,from ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 #aidd4 ,a pure heartnut4 ,tree very vigorous4 ,bearing its first crop this year1 several clusters4 ,slioka4 ,a new heartnut from ,mr4 ,gellatly1 planted in #aide4 ,tree growth is vigorous4 ,is bearing one nut1 its first1 this year4 ,wright4 ,from ,benton and ,smith nurseries #aidf4 ,seems to be hardy4 ,tree growth has not been very strong but appears healthy4 ,new1 un-named heartnut4 ,from ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 planted in the spring of #aidd4 ,a new selection which ,mr4 ,gellatly has not named4 ,the tree has grown vigorously and it is bearing its first crop of several clusters of nuts4 ,butternuts4 ,i have only one grafted butternut tree1 a ,crax-ezy1 from the ,michigan ,nut ,nurseries in #aidj1 transplanted in #aidb4 ,the tree has been hardy and healthy but has not grown very vigorously4 ,it is bearing its first crop this year4 ,i had one tree of the ,sherwood butternut1 planted in #aich1 which died last winter as a result1 ,i believe1 of a heavy infestation of oyster shell scale which ,i did not control soon enough4 ,sherwood bore early and heavily4 ,the nut was extremely large but did not crack at all well4 ,persian walnut4 ,only one grafted tree1 a ,broadview1 from ,mr4 ,gellatly1 planted in #aidb1 transplanted in #aidd4 ,has been hardy1 but has just begun to make really good growth1 this year4 ,has not borne4 ,filberts4 ,i have planted four of ,mr4 ,gellatly's varieties1 namely ,craig1 ,brag1 ,comet and ,holder1 as well as ,barcelona1 ,cosford1 ,medium ,long and ,buchanan4 ,craig and ,brag are the only ones which have borne4 ,trees of those varieties planted in #aidb bore their first crop in #aidf4 ,they have very few nuts on them this year4 ,all varieties seem to be winter-hardy in the wood4 ,craig1 ,brag and ,comet1 the only ones which have borne staminate flowers do not seem too hardy in the catkins however4 ,nearly all were killed1 last winter1 although the temperature scarcely went as low as zero4 ,mr4 ,gellatly states that their catkins survive much lower temperatures than that in the west4 ,some other factor than low temperature probably is accountable4 7,see paper by ,h4 ,l4 ,crane in this report4--,ed47 ,cosford1 ,medium ,long and ,buchanan were planted in the fall of #aidf1 and hence it is too early to have any information on their hardiness4 ,they survived their first winter in good condition and have grown vigorously this summer4 ,hickories4 ,only three grafted trees surviving4 ,pleas hybrid4 ,one tree1 planted in #aich1 has been perfectly hardy1 having come through several severe winters without any sign of injury4 ,it has made good growth and has developed into a fine shade tree for the lawn but has not borne4 ,it has had many staminate catkins for several years4 ,barnes4 ,one small tree1 planted in the spring of #aidf1 has made slow but healthy growth and appears to be hardy thus far4 ,miller4 ,one tree1 planted in #aidf1 is still living but very weak4 ,in addition to these named varieties ,i have a number of seedling black walnuts1 butternuts and heartnuts1 which ,i hope to topwork to named varieties2 also two seedling pecans which are making surprisingly good1 thrifty growth4 ,the pecan seedlings have been quite hardy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,discussion after ,mr4 ,filman's paper4 ,stoke3 ,hobson is not as large as ,abundance4 ,abundance is always larger than ,hobson4 ,carr always produced better nuts than ,hobson4 ,mr4 ,filman finds that ,carr has very small nuts4 ,i am surprised to see a reversal of performance between ,ontario and ,virginia4 ,mc,daniel3 ,mr4 ,bush now reports that his ,no4 #c chestnut has borne better crops recently4 ,abundance has not survived in ,,tva tests at ,norris4 ,report from ,echo ,valley1 #aidg ,,george ,,hebden ,,corsan1 ,islington1 ,ontario ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association visited ,echo ,valley1 ,islington1 ,ontario1 ,september #eth on the field trip following their annual convention at ,guelph4 ,some #ae species of nuts and nearly #djj varieties are growing there4 ,the filberts drew a lot of attention1 as the most of them were seedlings and quite large1 some larger than the largest ,oregon varieties4 ,the seeds planted were3 ,italian ,red4 ,du ,chilly1 ,giant de ,halle1 ,brixnut1 ,bollwyller1 ,cosford1 ,daviana1 and ,jones ,no4 #a ,hybrid4 ,the policy followed has been not to discard a plant because it bears small nuts or no nuts at all1 because such trees may bear hardy catkins that live through the winter4 ,the female blossoms of filberts are very hardy but many male blossoms may be killed during cold winters4 ,years ago the ,dominion ,department of ,agriculture declared that filberts1 chestnuts and ,persian 7,english7 walnuts could not be grown north of ,lake ,ontario4 ,i would grant that they grow better south of the lake4 ,however1 the filbert crop this fall south of the lake was very poor and scanty1 whereas mine was large and in fact the largest ,i ever had4 ,my ,winkler and ,rush hazelnuts are crowded on the branches4 ,and the same with the ,english walnuts4 ,my crop on the larger trees could not be better4 ,the ,thomas black walnut1 as well as other black walnuts1 ,jap heartnuts1 hybrid butternut x ,japanese heartnut cross1 chestnuts and hickories are very large4 ,hicans and northern pecans do not develop north of ,lake ,ontario4 ,down in the very southwest corner of ,ontario1 north of ,lake ,erie1 some small pecans have cropped well on trees4 ,as a curiosity pecan trees are quite hardy here1 but we lack length of season to mature the nuts properly4 ,no ,weiker hickory hybrid crops and ripens well here4 ,this nut is one of the very few crosses between shellbark and shagbark hickories1 7,carya laciniosa7 western and 7,carya ovata7 eastern1 hickories4 ,i have some crosses between the ,chinese and ,japanese chestnuts that ,i am watching4 ,i have one ,european x ,american cross chestnut1 the ,gibbons1 and one native 7,castanea dentata7 that have escaped the blight4 ,so far this year ,i have found only one blighted chestnut limb and ,i promptly cut it off and tarred the cut well4 ,at least ,i have persimmons hardy enough to stand the winters north of ,lake ,ontario1 but ,i am not sure about the pawpaw4 ,this fruit seems to require shade from the winter's sun4 ,many but not all of the ,crath importations of ,persian walnuts from the ,carpathians are hardy and much more so than the ,pomeroy varieties4 ,even the ,broadview is not hardy as many of the ,crath varieties4 ,rev4 ,crath did an immense service to us by his importations which far exceeded our highest expectations4 ,i have here nearly half a hundred varieties of ,juglans regia that are doing well1 especially the three ,rumanian giants that ripen so well here4 ,list of ,some of the ,larger and ,more ,important ,trees at ,echo ,valley1 ,islington1 ,ontario ,black ,walnut ,stambaugh #aibf--ast prize4 ,thomas from ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 late ripener4 ,troup1 cracks out whole in spring4 ,hepler1 from ,miss ,riehl1 a long nut4 ,elmer ,myers1 excellent flavor1 the thinest shell4 ,snyder1 medium size1 large kernel4 ,tasterite1 a small nut1 origin ,new ,york ,state4 ,clark1 origin ,iowa1 very large nut4 ,gifford1 bears very heavy crop every second year1 ripens before ,thomas4 ,persian 7,english7 ,walnut ,david ,fairchild1 seedling ,rumanian giant4 ,senator ,pepper1 seedling ,rumanian giant4 ,paul de ,kruif1 seedling ,rumanian giant4 ,chinese1 very hardy1 medium size4 ,broadview1 from ,british ,columbia but originally from ,russia4 ,hickory ,neilson1 a true shagbark1 nut large flat and very thin shell1 flavor is wonderful4 ,a big tree on highway #bd not far south of where ,alexander ,graham ,bell perfected the telephone4 ,hagen1 a true shagbark1 a fast grower4 ,hand1 a shagbark4 ,weiker1 a shellbark and shagbark cross1 a large1 heavy bearing nut that ripens here north of ,lake ,ontario4 ,excellent flavor1 grafted on pecan4 ,papple1 a small good shagbark1 cracks out whole4 ,anthony ,no4 #a shagbark4 ,glover1 from ,miss ,riehl4 ,heartnut ,wright1 a good bearer and excellent cracker4 ,stranger1 very heavy bearer1 excellent cracker4 ,gellatly4 ,filbert ,italian ,red1 medium long with wide base4 ,bollwyller1 large round4 ,du ,chilly1 long smooth4 ,many seedlings of named varieties4 ,chestnut ,gibbons1 ,miss ,riehl1 hybrid ,european ,american4 ,chinese1 test not completed4 ,jap ,butternut ,helmick1 from ,miss ,riehl1 #ad cluster1 regular bearer1 very thin shell1 grafted on black walnut4 ,report from ,beamsville1 ,ontario ,,levi ,,housser ,about twenty years ago ,i started to plant nut trees1 as ,i decided nuts were the solution to good health1 which ,i later found was correct4 ,most of my first trees died4 ,i started gathering nuts all over the country until at last1 near my own home1 ,i found a neighbor who had ten trees and two out of the ten were bearing large size nuts of an excellent flavor4 ,i also added filberts to my collection4 ,about this time ,i learned of ,prof4 ,neilson1 so ,i went to see him in ,guelph4 ,he told me about the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,i also learned about ,mr4 ,corsan and his work at ,islington so ,i went to see him4 ,he also told me about the ,association so ,i went to the next meeting and joined up4 ,i began to add more varieties to my plantings4 ,my first four acre planting was seeded with oats the second year4 ,all my tress had a nice start4 ,i spent some three hundred dollars that year for grafted nut trees4 ,that second fall ,i hired a man to watch and stand by each tree as the binder passed4 ,it was impossible for me to be there4 ,the man who cut the oats in his own stubborn way went alone and cut everything as he went1 trees and all4 ,my heart was nearly broken6 ,i started again4 ,i bought nuts of good varieties from all over4 ,i decided to make a little nursery this time then plant out after the trees got bigger4 ,just as ,i got this started nicely the war came4 ,i also had a fruit farm where ,i now live besides also planting some grafted stock here4 ,my nursery1 seventy-eight miles away on my fifty acres1 ,i had to leave as gas was rationed and ,i was forced to sell1 so remaining there are about one hundred trees which ,i shall watch4 ,my best trees died but ,i kept going on planting every year4 ,today1 after all the calamities ,i had1 ,i have around two hundred trees living4 ,this year ,i expect two bushels of heartnuts2 about two bushels of filberts2 some extra nice ones that ripened early1 large and well filled2 about two bushels of black walnuts1 some very promising4 ,besides these ,i have about fifty trees of the ,carpathian walnuts from which ,i have gathered about two quarts of nuts4 ,my oldest tree is ten years old4 ,one ,i grafted on black walnut stock and it is a very large nut4 ,i gathered five nuts from this4 ,the graft is now five years old4 ,hundreds of nuts started2 nearly all dropped off4 ,possibly as the tree gets older it will do better as ,i have planted several other nut trees not far away to help with cross pollination4 ,i have some good sized butternuts and ,i gathered about #ag quarts of these so ,i expect to have enough nuts to supply my daily needs from now on from my own plantings4 ,after twenty years of hard work and with an outlay of at least #a1jjj1 my trees1 as they grow up around me1 are like children to me4 ,they supply me with food4 ,my nervousness was cured by them and my health has returned4 ,my worst enemy here with filberts is they start to grow too early1 then a frost comes and they are done after a week or two of nice weather4 ,even though we have this trouble we gathered nearly two bushels from #be trees which are eight years old4 ,our lowest temperature here was #bj below zero a few years ago4 ,my ,carpathians did not seem to mind that nor did the heartnuts4 ,from now on ,i am planning my own little nursery and do my own grafting as well4 ,i top work my young trees that show poor nuts4 ,nut ,growing in ,new ,hampshire ,l4 ,p4 ,,latimer1 ,assistant ,horticulturist1 ,university of ,new ,hampshire1 ,durham1 ,new ,hampshire ,at the present time there are no nuts grown commercially in ,new ,hampshire4 ,those gathered by the residents of this state for home use or local consumption are comprised almost entirely of butternuts from wild seedling trees and nuts of the native hickory4 ,the butternut is the most highly prized among our native nuts4 ,it grows wild over a large portion of the state4 ,the hickory nuts take second place1 probably because of their smaller size and the greater difficulty involved in removing the meat from the shells4 ,black walnuts are occasionally found but do not seem generally as popular4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,yeager of the ,horticultural ,department of the ,university of ,new ,hampshire1 ,durham1 ,new ,hampshire1 has several times called for specimens of superior butternuts grown in the state4 ,these have been tested for their cracking ability1 and size of kernel and ease of removal from the shell in halves or as whole meats4 ,several very fine specimens have been collected1 but progress in the development of these better types has been impeded by the difficulty involved in trying to propagate them vegetatively4 ,the ,new ,hampshire ,horticultural ,department would gladly welcome any information concerning the propagation of the butternut that would make grafting or budding successful4 ,the best possibility in developing commercial nut crops in ,new ,hampshire apparently lies first in the use of the hazel or filbert4 ,although the ,european filbert has not been very successful1 such varieties of the ,american hazel as ,winkler and ,rush look promising4 ,the ,winkler has borne heavy crops but in a short summer season the nuts do not always mature fully in the fall4 ,although we have had much less experience with the ,rush variety1 this does mature earlier in the fall and seems promising4 ,some of the ,jones hybrids have been tested at the ,experiment ,station in ,durham1 a few of which have done quite well4 ,of these ,jones hybrids ,no4 #aaha1 #aaed1 and #ajid have made quite vigorous growth4 ,seedling ,no4 #ajid has been outstanding1 producing good sized nuts which mature well and shell out easily from the husks4 ,in type and flavor of nut it resembles the ,european hazel quite strongly under our conditions4 ,so far1 none of the chestnuts1 including the ,chinese species1 have shown great enough resistance to chestnut blight to warrant their recommendation4 ,we still hope that we may discover a good chestnut for this section4 ,the hardy ,persian or ,english walnuts have not been tested long enough to warrant any conclusion as to their promise for ,new ,hampshire2 one difficulty will probably lie in the fact that the nuts of some do not ripen properly under our cool1 short summer conditions4 ,mr4 ,matthew ,lahti of ,wolfeboro1 ,new ,hampshire1 has been experimenting with various species and varieties of nuts for that section4 ,his location on the shore of ,lake ,winnipesaukee undoubtedly presents a more favorable site for growing certain types of nut plants than exists here in ,durham1 or most other parts of ,new ,hampshire4 ,at the present moment ,i have on my desk a parcel received from ,mr4 ,lahti containing some fine specimens of one of the hardy ,persian walnuts which he is growing in ,wolfeboro4 ,the unusually warm and dry late summer and fall of this year have favored the maturity of this walnut4 7,for a detailed description of ,mr4 ,lahti's experience with nut varieties1 please refer to his paper printed below47 ,nut ,notes from ,new ,hampshire ,,matthew ,,lahti ,not being able to attend the annual convention ,i thought possibly some of the members might be interested in the following random notes of an amateur nut grower4 ,my place is in ,wolfeboro1 ,n4 ,h41 which is situated in the eastern end of ,lake ,winnepesaukee1 #dc degrees1 #ce minutes north latitude2 elevation above sea level1 #fhg'4 ,the elevation of the lake is #ejd'4 ,wolfeboro is just about at the northern fringe of the climate where peaches will ripen1 that is during favorable years in favored locations4 ,improved varieties of field corn will ripen during favorable seasons4 ,it also happens to be the northern fringe of the ,american chestnut1 in favored location4 ,i have discovered a number of saplings that are still alive4 ,as a matter of fact1 three or four years ago ,i was fortunate in finding some ripened nuts1 but the trees that bore those nuts have since died of the blight4 ,while a certain variety of old fashioned sweet cherry will live and bear fruit1 some of the recent improved varieties will not live4 ,every one that ,i have planted was winter-killed4 ,the ,montmorency cherry1 however1 does well4 ,it is also the northern limit of the pignut4 ,butternuts do very well4 ,,ddt ,dust versus ,butternut ,curculio ,i was prompted to write this note by reading ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham's article entitled ,an ,experiment with ,,ddt appearing on page #aja of the #aide annual report1 in which he states that the butternut curculio did not survive ,,ddt powder4 ,in the past four or five years the butternut curculio 7identified as such by ,prof4 ,conklin of the ,university of ,n4 ,h47 has all but ruined my ,crath ,persian walnuts and heartnuts1 so1 acting on the basis of ,mr4 ,graham's experiment1 ,i had my trees dusted early in the morning when the dew was on the leaves1 using a #aj ,,ddt powder1 the first time about ,may #cj and again two weeks later1 and ,i am happy to say that this dusting has been very effective4 ,i have been unable to find any sign of curculio injury this year1 although ,i have seen it nearby on some native butternut trees4 ,my ,gellatly heartnut was riddled by the curculio last year4 ,this year1 when the dusting was done1 this tree was overlooked1 so ,i undertook to dust it myself1 and not realizing that the ,niagara duster which ,i used was set in the closed position1 ,i dusted the tree with considerable effort4 ,in spite of the small amount of dust that came out1 it proved sufficient to keep the curculios away or else to kill them so that there is no sign of any damage at this writing4 ,persian ,walnuts ,in the spring of #aich ,i planted a number of ,crath ,persian walnut seedlings4 ,out of possibly eight or ten1 only two survive4 7,i gave each one about three years1 and if it showed serious winter injury1 ,i pulled it up47 ,i was pleasantly surprised the other day to discover that one of them has borne a single nut this year4 ,this particular tree is at least #cjj' from any other ,persian walnut1 so it looks as if it were self-fertile4 ,it now remains to be seen whether or not the nut will ripen4 ,in the spring of #aidj1 ,i planted a ,broadview ,persian walnut graft on black walnut stock1 and this tree is bearing for the first time with eighteen nuts showing4 ,three or four years ago this ,broadview suffered some winter damage by a split trunk and split lower branch4 ,i painted over the cracks with gasket cement1 and they are now healed4 ,the ,broadview has also shown some winter-kill of terminal twigs1 but not enough to affect its bearing this year4 ,there has been no splitting of the trunks or branches of the two surviving ,crath ,persian walnut trees and no winter injury to terminal twigs4 ,the ,crath walnut trees are now #ah in circumference a foot from the ground and about #ab to #ae' tall4 ,the ,broadview on the black walnut stock has a circumference of #af above the graft and #ae-a_/d below the graft1 tending to show that the ,broadview grows faster than the black walnut4 ,it is interesting to note that the ,broadview blooms a week or ten days later than the ,crath ,persian walnut1 and at the same time as the native butternut4 ,black ,walnuts ,i have planted a few ,thomas black walnut seedlings1 two grafts1 and a ,tasterite black walnut graft4 ,a ,thomas black walnut graft has borne nuts in three different years1 including this year4 ,the graft was sent out in the spring of #aici1 and the seedlings were set out in the spring of #aidj4 ,the seedlings have not yet borne4 ,the ,thomas black walnut graft last bore three years ago1 when the nuts on the whole ripened and were well filled4 ,we had a very cold spring in #aide1 so much so that apples were almost a total failure4 ,i also planted a ,tasterite black walnut in the spring of #aici1 and this is the first year that it has borne any nuts4 ,it remains to be seen whether they will be filled out or not4 ,there is1 however1 an important difference between the ,thomas and the ,tasterite1 which are growing only #ej' apart1 namely that the ,thomas suffers from winter injury to the terminal twigs each year1 whereas there has not been any sign of such injury to the ,tasterite4 ,hickories ,i have planted possibly two dozen of a number of varieties of hickories1 of which only nine survive to date1 the cause being not winter injury but what appears to me to have been improper circulation through the graft union4 ,they would struggle along for three or four years 7producing suckers from the root stock which ,i broke off71 and then die4 ,none of these has borne any nuts yet except the ,weschcke1 which was planted in the fall of #aida1 and which is now bearing one nut4 ,this nut is a mystery to me because the tree bore no catkins4 ,there are no hickory trees within thirty miles of the vicinity to my knowledge1 and the nearest pignut tree is perhaps three-quarters of a mile distant1 in a direction against the prevailing winds1 the intervening space being forest4 ,could it be possible that the ,weschcke hickory was pollinated by a butternut or the ,broadview ,persian walnut8 ,a big butternut tree stands within #fj' and the ,broadview is situated about #aej' distant4 ,heartnuts ,i have tried a number of heartnuts1 including the ,gellatly and the ,wright4 ,only a single ,gellatly survives4 ,here again the cause was not winter injury so much as either the butternut curculio or other causes4 ,the ,gellatly1 while suffering some terminal twig winter injury and deer damage by rubbing of horns1 has borne and ripened nuts4 ,filberts and ,hazelnuts ,i planted a number of ,winkler hazels in the fall of #aidj1 and this is the second year of bearing4 ,the nuts hardly have time to ripen in our climate and a good many of the catkins get winter-killed4 ,in the spring of #aici ,i planted a number of filbert seeds received from ,mr4 ,slate such as ,no4 #abh ,rush ,barcelona2 ,medium ,long2 and ,red ,lambert4 ,these are bearing for the first time this year1 and judging from the size of the nuts now1 it looks as if they will mature4 ,many of the catkins were winter-killed4 ,bixby and ,buchanan planted in the spring of #aici3 ,while the plants did very well1 most of the catkins invariably were winter-killed1 so ,i was obliged to pull them up4 ,i have a feeling that filberts would do better here if it were not for the very cold winds that blow off the lake in winter1 killing most of the catkins4 ,i discovered a wild hazel in ,lexington1 ,mass41 7which town is located in a so-called cold air pocket7 the nuts of which are almost equal to the ,winkler4 ,i have transplanted some of these to ,wolfeboro and shall know more about them later4 ,i also discovered some wild hazels in northeastern ,maine1 between ,lincoln and ,vanceboro on the border of ,new ,brunswick1 ,canada1 which two weeks ago had good sized1 well filled nuts on them4 ,i have also transplanted some of these to ,wolfeboro4 ,in closing ,i should like to thank all officers1 committee members1 and others who are responsible for the annual report4 ,to those of us who do not get to the conventions very often1 the report is the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 and a source of very valuable and interesting information1 especially to an amateur like myself4 ,a ,simplified ,schedule for ,judging ,black ,walnut ,varieties ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s and ,s4 ,s4 ,,atwood1 ,cornell ,university ,all its members would agree that the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association should have an officially accepted schedule for judging black walnuts and the other kinds of nuts with which it is concerned4 ,some yardstick is needed to serve as a basis for the comparison of varieties which the members of the ,association will use4 ,persons familiar with nut varieties are freqeuntly asked to answer questions about the best varieties to plant4 ,of course there is no simple answer to such a question as many factors besides the nuts themselves determine the value of a variety4 ,the quality and value of the nuts are1 however1 the most important initial consideration in selecting a variety on its merit and there should be some objective test adopted to aid in evaluating nut samples4 ,during the many years that the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association has been operating more than a hundred and fifty varieties of black walnuts have been named4 ,yet at the present time we are not certain which are the better varieties except in a very general way4 ,there is no widely accepted judging schedule being used as is evident in the tables published by ,seward ,berhow in his paper in the #aide ,proceedings 7#b74 ,in these tables scores are given but these come from several sources and are not comparable and hence are of little value in making comparisons4 ,there have been many schedules for judging black walnuts presented in the past4 ,one of the first was proposed by the late ,willard ,g4 ,bixby 7#c1 #d74 ,this was complicated and never came into general use although the testing done by ,mr4 ,bixby was a valuable contribution to our knowledge of varieties4 ,the late ,n4 ,f4 ,drake tested many varieties through the years according to a schedule of his own devising 7#e1 #f74 ,professor ,drake's schedule was related to his concept of a perfect walnut and the various values were related to this on a percentage basis4 ,this schedule never had wider acceptance1 chiefly because it was too complicated and required too much figuring4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed has probably tested more varieties of nuts and is more familiar with varieties than any other person but he does not have a definite scoring schedule4 ,kline and ,chase 7#g7 summarized results of the testing work that had been done and ,kline 7#h7 compared varieties according to a system which he devised in which they were rated in terms of return per hour of labor spent in cracking and extracting the kernels4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,lounsberry has proposed a method of scoring which was related to kernel cavity measurement 7#i74 ,in #aice1 a ,committee on ,varieties and ,standards endeavored to formulate a working schedule that would be adopted as official4 ,this committee set up a score that represented the best thinking of the group at that time 7#a74 ,twenty-five nut samples were used4 ,the score was the sum of the weight of an individual nut in grams plus twice the per cent kernel of the weight of the nuts recovered in the first crack plus the total percentage of kernel plus #a_/aj of a point for each quarter kernel recovered4 ,penalties were proposed for shrunken kernels and empty nuts4 ,through the years a large number of samples have been tested according to this scoring schedule 7#aa74 ,in #aidc1 ,mac,daniels and ,wilde 7#ab7 summarized the previous work done1 added many tests and evaluated the scoring system4 ,this was not considered to be altogether satisfactory4 ,in the first place1 it was somewhat cumbersome and had never been adopted by the ,association nor had it been used much by others4 ,the figuring of percentages and penalties made a score too involved for wide aceptance4 ,a very serious difficulty was the problem of shrunken kernels and empty nuts4 ,obviously1 with a score related to the weight of the sample before cracking1 the inclusion of a number of empty nuts made it impossible to make any accurate correction in the percentages that were used in the score4 ,penalties did not solve the problem4 ,also the initial weight of the sample varied with the amount of husk clinging to the shells4 ,from this work it was evident that an acceptable score would have to be formulated on some other basis4 ,the next approach was to analyze data of this type statistically in an attempt to devise a better scoring system 7#a74 ,the results from such a study proved valuable in answering such questions as #a7 the size of sample necessary to obtain significant differences between samples2 #b7 the significance of small differences in measurements or in scores and #c7 the amount of variation that is normal and without significance in comparing varieties4 ,the following qualifications were considered essential to a workable schedule3 #a7 ,the schedule must be easy to use4 #b7 ,the schedule must concern itself with objective qualities or characters which can be weighed or measured4 ,it cannot be concerned with flavor and other characters upon which there may be disagreement and which depend upon personal preference4 #c7 ,characters must be avoided which vary with the treatment of the samples themselves such as color of kernels4 #d7 ,it must give a score that will separate samples on small differences4 ,considering the problem from these angles and scrutinizing the older schedules1 a number of ideas came out4 ,first of all1 why include the shells8 ,if shells are discarded a number of problems would be solved1 such as the cleaning of the nuts and adjustments for shrivelled and empty nuts4 ,also1 why reduce any of the weights or measures to percentages which only add to the complexity of the score8 ,the actual amount of kernels recovered reflects both the size of nuts and the yield of kernels4 ,plumpness of the kernels is reflected in the total weight of kernels and does not need to be considered separately4 ,the important elements in a score were considered to be3 #a7 ,the crackability of the nuts of the variety4 ,this is measured by the weight of kernels obtained in the first crack4 #b7 ,the yield of the variety4 ,this is measured in the total weight of kernels4 #c7 ,the marketability of the product4 ,this can be measured by the number of pieces in the sample4 ,in general1 the smaller the number and the larger the size of the pieces the better the marketability4 ,with this general background in mind1 many samples were tested and the results published in the #aide report#a4 ,in order to secure the data needed the kernels of the individual nuts in the samples were weighed separately4 ,,note3 ,all samples were cracked with the 7,john ,w47 ,hershey nut cracker4 ,some of the conclusions drawn from these tests were as follows3 #a7 ,using kernel weights only gives a rapid and accurate test of differences between varieties4 #b7 ,ten nuts are adequate for a single sample4 #c7 ,the location of the tree with reference to climate and soil is probably the most important single factor influencing kernel yield4 ,no evidence was obtained1 however1 to indicate that the varieties ranked significantly different at different locations4 #d7 ,if reasonable care is used in cracking the differences due to different operators tend to be non-significant4 ,the statistical proof that a ten-nut sample is adequate and that differences between operators are not significant are two findings that are important in setting up a schedule4 ,during the past year further testing has been done1 in which scores were computed from ten-nut samples4,a ,the samples had preliminary cool1 dry storage to assure comparable moisture content4 ,enough nuts were cracked in each sample to secure ten that were well filled4 ,empty nuts were recorded4 ,the following data were kept for each sample3 #a7 ,the weight of the kernels recovered in first crack in grams4 #b7 ,the total weight of the kernels in grams4 #c7 ,the number of quarters and number of halves recovered4 ,scores were computed as #a7 the weight of the first crack in grams plus #b7 half of the total weight of the kernels recovered in grams plus #c7 the number of quarters divided by four and1 #d7 the number of halves divided by two4 ,in this score1 it was considered that the crackability of the sample was measured by the weight of the first crack2 the yield1 by the total weight of kernels secured from the sample2 the marketability by the number of quarters and halves4 ,from the use of this schedule scores were secured ranging from #hc4i for the variety ,thomas grown in ,maryland to #cg4d for the variety ,huen1 which is a small nut giving relatively small kernel yield4 ,analyses of the data to determine the percentage of the score that was derived from each component showed that crackability as measured by the weight of the kernels recovered in first crack gave an average of #ed of the score with a range of #di to #eh for the different samples2 yield1 as measured by total weight of kernels divided by two1 #ca with range of #bg to #cd2 marketability measured by number of quarters divided by four #ad with range of #aj to #bb and number of halves divided by two #a4 ,the percentage of the score derived from the number of halves was so small as to be negligible4 ,it seemed better1 therefore1 to base the score on only three elements1 namely1 the weight of the first crack1 the total yield of kernels and the number of quarters recovered from the sample4 ,on this basis the problem becomes that of deciding the weights that should be given to these three components4 ,the score as set up emphasizes the crackability of the variety much more than its marketability4 ,this seems logical because the value of a variety is in large part dependent upon the ease of recovery of the kernels on first cracking4 ,several different combinations of the weighting of these three components were considered and it was decided that the most logical was to weight the elements as follows3 #a7 ,the weight of first crack in grams4 #b7 ,the total weight of the kernels divided by two and #c7 the number of quarters recovered divided by #b4 ,if there are halves1 each half would count as two quarters4 ,table ,i4 ,average scores from #ah black walnut samples cracked by three operators and computed by two scoring systems4 ,scoring ,systems#c -------------------- ,variety ,source ,year ,i ,,ii points points ,thomas ,maryland '#df #hc4i #ic4a ,snyder ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,a7 '#df #ha4h #hi4b ,ohio ,maryland '#df #gi4e #hh4i ,thomas ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,a7 '#df #gf4d #he4e ,norris ,tennessee '#de #gf4a #hc4i ,stambaugh ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,a7 '#df #ge4i #ha4j ,stambaugh ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,a7 '#df #gd4j #hc4b ,thomas ,tennessee '#de #ga4e #gi4f ,thomas ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,b7 '#df #fe4g #gd4f ,cornell ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,c7 '#df #ei4c #fg4f ,stabler ,maryland '#de #ef4i #fd4e ,cresco ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,a7 '#df #ee4h #fe4b ,seedling ,no4 #a ,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4 '#df #eb4g #fb4b ,seedling ,no4 #c ,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4 '#df #ej4f #ei4j ,brown ,ohio '#de #di4g #ei4d ,stabler ,tennessee '#de #dg4e #ea4d ,seedling ,no4 #b ,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4 '#df #dd4d #eb4b ,huen ,iowa '#df #cg4d #dd4i ,least significant difference 7#e7 #f4c #f4f ,footnote #c3 ,score ,i,weight 7grams7 #ast crack ,total weight 7grams7 -------------------- #b ,number quarters ,number halves --------------- ------------- #d #b ,score ,,ii,weight 7grams7 #ast crack ,total weight 7grams7 -------------------- #b ,number quarters --------------- #b ,calculating the percentage of each component in the total score on this basis gives crackability #dh1 yield #bg1 marketability #be4 ,this schedule gives relatively more weight to marketability as against the other two components4 ,the average scores of #ah samples cracked by three operators and calculated on both the above described schedules are given in table ,i4 ,the table shows that the rank of the different samples was not changed materially by using only the three components1 except in a few cases in which there were an appreciable number of halves4 ,the ,stabler has many one-lobed nuts which increase the number of halves recovered4 ,it is to be noted that with both schedules the least significant difference at the #e level is about #f score points4 ,table ,,ii gives the score calculated by schedule ,,ii for five samples1 each cracked by six operators4 ,the difference between operators is not significant but the difference between varieties is highly significant4 ,table ,,ii4 ,scores from five samples of black walnuts each cracked by six operators according to scoring schedule ,,ii4 ,operators ---------------------------------- ,variety ,location ,year #a #b #c #d #e #f ,average ,snyder ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 '#df #hi4b #hg4c #gh4i #id4d #hg4e #ia4e #hf4e ,thomas ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,a7 '#df #hc4e #gi4b #hc4a #gh4j #hd4b #hc4h #hc4f ,thomas ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,b7 '#df #gc4a #fg4d #gc4d #gd4a #fi4f #hc4h #gc4f ,cresco ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 '#df #ff4j #fi4b #fc4a #fg4b #fh4e #fj4b #fe4g ,brown ,ohio '#de #fb4e #ea4j #fe4d #fj4d #dh4a #fd4h #eh4g ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,average #gd4i #gj4h #gb4h #gb4h #ga4f #gh4h #gc4f ,least significant difference 7#e7 for variety averages #f4b ,a third scoring system1 involving #a7 weight of kernels in grams for the first crack1 plus #b7 total weight of kernels1 #c7 all divided by the number of marketable pieces 7as counted following sifting on a #a_/d round hole screen7 was tried1 and the resulting ranking of the varieties was very similar to that obtained with systems ,i and ,,ii4 ,the results from this system appeared to be the most precise1 but it was not considered as generally acceptable as system ,,ii1 since the latter would be easier to record and calculate4 ,it is the opinion of the authors that ,schedule ,,ii gives a score that estimates very well the relative merit of the samples tested as to crackability1 yield and marketability4 ,it is simple to use and the only equipment required is a scale accurate to #a_/aj gram4 ,calculations are reduced to a minimum and the characters used are not dependent on judgment of the individual making the test4 ,it should be pointed out1 however1 that differences in score of less than six points are not significant on the basis of testing done to date4 ,as more tests are made this value may be reduced4 ,the schedule should serve as a measure to establish differences between varieties1 particularly when a considerable number of tests are made4 ,it can also be relied upon to measure differences due to the location of trees of the same variety1 variation of the same variety from year to year in the same and in different locations and differences of a similar nature4 ,in ranking varieties which have scores within the limits of variability1 it will be necessary to use judgment as to small differences of appearance4 ,no scoring schedule can be expected to entirely eliminate the judgment of experts4 ,also it must be realized that characters other than the nuts1 such as bearing habit1 hardiness1 yield of trees1 disease resistance and the like must be considered in finally establishing the value of a variety4 ,references ,cited #a4 ,atwood4 ,s4 ,s4 and ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels4 ,tests of black walnut varieties for differences in kernel yields4 ,n4,n4,g4,a ,rept4 #cf3 #dd-ej1 #aide4 #b4 ,berhow1 ,seward4 ,black walnut variety tabulations4 ,n4,n4,g4,a ,rept4 #cf3 #ch-dc1 #aide4 #c4 ,bixby1 ,w4 ,g4 ,judging nuts4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #aj3 #abb-acc1 #aiai4 #d4 ----4 ,the #aibi contests and the method of testing used4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #bb3 #db-fc1 #aica4 #e4 ,drake1 ,n4 ,f4 ,judging black walnuts4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #bb3 #acj-acg1 #aica4 #f4 ----4 ,black walnut varieties4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #bf3 #ff-ga1 #aice4 #g4 ,kline1 ,l4 ,v41 and ,s4 ,b4 ,chase4 ,compilation of data on nut weight and kernel percentage of black walnut selections4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 ,proc4 #ch3 #aff-agd1 #aida4 #h4 ,kline1 ,l4 ,v4 ,a method of evaluating the nuts of black walnut varieties4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 ,proc4 #da3 #acf-add1 #aidb4 #i4 ,lounsberry1 ,c4 ,c4 ,measurements of walnuts of ,united ,states4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #ca3 #afb-abg1 #aidj #aj4 ,mac,daniels1 ,l4 ,h4 ,report of committee on varieties and judging standards4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #bh3 #bj-bc1 #aicg4 #aa4 ----4 ,is it possible to devise a satisfactory judging schedule for black walnuts8 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #cj3 #bd-bg1 #aici4 #ab4 ----1 and ,j4 ,e4 ,wilde4 ,further tests with black walnut varieties4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rept4 #cd3 #fd-hb1 #aidc4 ,test ,plantings of ,thomas ,black ,walnut in the ,tennessee ,valley ,,spencer ,b4 ,,chase1 ,tennessee ,valley ,authority ,native black walnut occurs abundantly throughout most of the ,tennessee ,valley4 ,practically every farmer has at least one favorite tree and each fall he collects nuts from that tree and stores them for cracking during the winter4 ,in some sections of the ,valley walnut cracking in the home is of considerable importance4 ,each year1 some million and a quarter pounds of kernels are cracked out at the five modern cracking plants located in or adjacent to the ,valley4 ,utilization of the crop is becoming more and more complete4 ,in early studies of native nut trees1 ,,tva recognized the possibilities of black walnut1 especially the improved varieties4 ,here was a tree that produced not only valuable nut crops but also cabinet wood without equal2 in addition1 it was a desirable pasture shade tree4 ,black walnut has long been a favorite among farmers1 but few of them had ever heard of improved black walnuts4 ,along with ,,tva1 the state agricultural extension services saw the advantages of the improved varieties and were eager to test them under ,valley conditions4 ,and so it was that a cooperative testing project was developed4 ,,tva produced the trees and the seven ,valley state extension services distributed them to farmers for test planting4 ,the ,test ,the ,thomas walnut was used in these test plantings for several reasons4 ,in the first place1 it produces large1 rather thin-shelled nuts with good cracking qualities4 ,few varieties are more easily cracked with a hammer or a hand-operated cracking machine4 ,in addition1 fast growth is characteristic of the variety and it should produce merchantable sawlogs earlier than the common walnut4 ,despite its northern origin1 #e-year-old plantings at ,norris1 ,tennessee1 seemed well adapted to ,valley conditions4 ,no other variety at the time offered as many advantages4 ,test planting was begun in ,tennessee in #aici and then it was extended to the other ,valley states as more trees were propagated4 ,for the most part1 planting sites were selected by extension foresters and county agents4 ,if the tests were successful they would automatically become demonstrations1 so special attention was given those areas where walnut cracking in the home was an important enterprise4 ,many of the test plantings were located in communities that had been organized for the study and application of improved farming methods4 ,in general1 farmers planted the trees in low1 fertile spots not suitable for other uses1 along fences1 or in pastures if they could be protected from livestock4 ,through #aidf1 #i1fad trees were planted in #c1bhf test plantings4 ,they were scattered all over the ,valley1 in #ib of its #abe counties4 ,the number of trees per planting varied with the availability of good walnut sites4 ,generally1 there were #b to #d trees in each planting4 ,the ,results ,getting survival and performance data on these widely scattered experimental plantings presented quite a problem4 ,examination of a few plantings showed that trees given reasonable care had survived and were beginning to bear nuts4 ,so in #aidf1 the farmers who had planted the trees were polled by mail for an overall evaluation of the plantings4 ,questionnaires asking for information on survival1 growth1 and bearing were sent by the state extension foresters to #c1bgd farmers4 ,the return of questionnaires was excellent4 ,forty-two percent came back and three-fourths of them were filled out completely4 ,survival and ,mortality ,causes4 ,eighty-one percent of the #a1cgc plantings reported on were still active in #aidf2 that is1 they still had at least one living tree4 ,survival reports received on #c1hca trees planted showed that #b1dci or #fd percent of the trees were living in #aidf4 ,survival was best in the portion of the ,valley north and east of ,chattanooga2 #hd percent in ,virginia1 #ga percent in ,north ,carolina1 and #ff percent in eastern ,tennessee4 ,south and west of ,chattanooga survival percent was lower3 #fb in ,georgia1 #fa in western ,tennessee1 #ed in ,kentucky1 #de in ,alabama1 and #bf in ,mississippi 7,table #a74 ,causes of mortality1 as reported1 were classified in five categories2 losses prior to establishment1 livestock and destruction1 drought1 insects and disease1 and unknown 7,table #a74 ,cause of mortality was listed as unknown for #db percent of all trees reported dead4 ,field experience leads us to believe that most of the trees in this category probably succumbed to improper planting or complete neglect following planting4 ,many persons do not follow planting instructions2 they often substitute their own methods with disastrous results4 ,among the reported known causes1 drought killed most of the trees--#bi percent4 ,we know black walnut is very susceptible to dry weather after transplanting4 ,weather records for the area show that the early growing season of #aida was exceptionally dry2 #aidb was also drier that average2 in #aidc and #aidd near drought and drought conditions prevailed throughout most of the ,tennessee ,valley4 ,weather is usually blamed when a tree dies without apparent cause1 but in this case the reported mortality due to drought appears reasonable4 ,livestock1 mowing1 fire1 and intentional removal were reported to have caused #ac percent of total mortality4 ,cows are curious animals and newly set trees seem to arouse all the curiosity in their make-up4 ,horses and cows apparently do not relish the foliage of walnut trees but they do bite at it1 and in so doing usually break down the branches to such an extent that the tree dies4 ,some trees were accidentally destroyed simply because they had been forgotten4 ,the next highest mortality cause reported was pre-establishment loss2 this was blamed for #i percent of the deaths4 ,losses resulting from delayed planting were placed in this category1 also those where the report was trees failed to leaf out4 ,insects and diseases were reported as causing #g percent of the mortality4 ,growth and ,bearing4 ,those who plant improved black walnut trees naturally want to know how soon they will begin bearing4 ,this survey shows that bearing begins much earlier than most people thought4 ,trees in #cb percent of the plantings established between #aici and #aidd were bearing by #aidf4 ,of these #cdb1 #aac began bearing #b to #d years after planting2 #abj bore their first crop after #e years2 #aji began bearing after #f to #h years 7,table #b74 ,according to the reports1 the earlier plantings were slower to come into bearing than the later plantings4 ,this probably is not a true picture4 ,we suspect that after six or eight years the actual date of first bearing had been forgotten in many cases4 ,growth was reported in terms of total height for each tree4 ,these heights were then converted to annual growth rates for trees #c to #h years old and placed in arbitrary classes are follows3 low 7less than #a foot7 medium 7#a to #b feet71 and high 7over #b feet74 ,test plantings in ,north ,carolina had the highest growth rate2 those in ,mississippi1 the lowest4 ,in other states1 growth rates fell between these two and were quite similar for the most part 7,table #c74 ,average for all trees was #a4f feet per year4 ,trees averaging less than one foot of height growth per year were slow to come into bearing4 ,only #ad percent of the trees in the low growth rate class were bearing4 ,on the other hand1 #ga percent of the trees with a high growth rate had come into bearing4 ,growth of black walnut1 following recovery from transplanting shock1 depends on site conditions and tree care4 ,trees set in fertile soil with an adequate moisture supply and kept free of livestock and other damage make rapid growth4 ,trees set in poor1 thin or droughty soil do not make much growth if they survive at all4 ,black walnut is very sensitive to any wounds and1 if subject to mechanical or livestock damage1 growth is retarded4 ,cases of exceptional growth and bearing were reported4 ,one in eastern ,tennessee is worthy of brief description4 ,there were two trees in this planting set approximately #dj feet apart4 ,one was on the edge of a garden2 the other1 in a chicken run4 ,in seven years the first tree grew to a height of #cb feet--an average growth of #d4e feet a year4 ,it began bearing in #aidc and produced a crop of nuts each year up to the time of the survey4 ,the #aidf crop1 reported as a light one1 yielded #c4e pounds of kernels4 ,the other tree1 shown in ,figure #a1 was #ah feet tall1 having averaged #b4e feet a year4 ,it also began bearing annual crops in #aidc1 and in #aidf it had a very heavy crop for its size1 yielding #b4e pounds of kernels4 ,here are two ,thomas trees of the same age planted practically side by side2 one is almost twice the size of the other1 but they both began bearing annual crops three years after planting4 ,field ,survey in ,sample ,area4 ,to check on the adequacy of the questionnaire survey1 #ajh test plantings in eastern ,tennessee were visited and inspected4 ,forty of these had been reported on by mail2 #fh had not4 ,in general1 the trees had been planted on the best sites available4 ,some were set out in farm orchards 7,figure #b72 a large number were planted in yards as combination nut and shade trees 7,figure #c74 ,field examination of the #dj plantings which had returned questionnaires revealed conditions very similar to those reported 7,table #d74 ,survival was found to be #ge percent compared with a reported #gg percent4 ,average tree height was reported as #i feet2 actual height averaged #aa feet4 ,there was some hesitancy in reporting tree deaths caused by livestock2 #d percent was reported while #bc percent was found4 ,such mortality was usually listed as unknown on questionnaires4 ,information collected by field examination of #fh plantings which had not returned questionnaires and the #dj plantings which had returned questionnaires is shown in ,table #d4 ,trees were found to be #b feet taller in the #fh plantings but these trees averaged one year older than trees in the #dj plantings4 ,trees in the #fh plantings averaged #ac feet in height compared with #aa feet4 ,average age at first bearing was very similar4 ,and here is a revealing discovery2 livestock1 mowing1 and fire were responsible for #dg percent of the tree mortality in the #fh-planting group1 compared with #bc percent in the #dj plantings4 ,this is perhaps one reason why the persons involved in these #fh plantings did not return questionnaires2 it also explains most of the poorer survival4 ,a large number of trees were planted in pastures and elsewhere without adequate protection from livestock4 ,even when cattle guards were used they were generally too small or weak for tree protection4 ,severe livestock damage resulting in poor growth and eventual death of trees was encountered frequently4 ,we are inclined to believe that livestock accounted for a much higher percent of tree mortality than that reported in this survey4 ,the high percent return of questionnaires in this survey1 followed by a field check in a sample area1 provides a good picture of ,valley-wide plantings4 ,since survival was found to be lower in plantings which did not return questionnaires1 an actual overall survival of #fd percent may be slightly high4 ,other spot checks in the field will give more information on this point4 ,discussion ,interest in improved black walnut is mounting in the ,valley4 ,as the test plantings came into bearing farmers were quick to see the superiority of these nuts over the wild ones to which they had been accustomed4 ,word spread from farm to farm1 and as a result there has been an increasingly large number of inquiries about sources of improved varieties and cultural treatments4 ,the interest was reflected in the questionnaire survey4 ,nineteen percent of the questionnaires returned contained unsolicited comments of one kind or another4 ,a large percentage of them showed evidence of interest such as3 the nuts are large and easy to crack1 where can ,i get more grafted trees8 ,only #g percent implied disinterest3 the trees are slow growing1 the nuts are faulty4 ,this test-planting project will be completed in #aidh4 ,the plantings have already yielded much valuable information on the ,thomas variety2 they will yield much more as the trees become older4 ,further studies are planned on nut yield1 nut quality1 and tree growth in relation to the varying conditions existing in the ,tennessee ,valley4 ,summary ,farmers in the seven ,tennessee ,valley states established #c1bhf test plantings of ,thomas black walnut in cooperation with state extension services and ,,tva during the period #aici-aidf4 ,a questionnaire survey in #aidf showed #ha per cent of the plantings still active and #fd percent of the trees living4 ,tree growth averaged #a4f feet per year4 ,age at first bearing varied from #b to #h years1 with #e years most frequently reported4 ,illustration3 ,figure #a4 ,the ,thomas variety appears well adapted to ,tennessee conditions4 ,this #g-year-old tree began bearing annual crops #c years after planting4 ,in #aidf it was #ah feet tall and heavily laden with nuts yielding #b-a_/b pounds of cracked-out kernels4 7,hancock ,county1 ,tenn47 ,illustration3 ,figure #b4 ,black walnut makes an ideal combination nut and ornamental tree4 ,this #h-year-old ,thomas has been producing nut crops for #c years4 ,in addition1 it has enhanced the beauty of the lawn and provided welcome shade4 7,anderson ,county1 ,tenn47 ,table #a4--,number of ,questionnaires ,sent and ,returned1 ,reported ,tree ,survival and ,cause of ,tree ,mortality by ,state4 ,questionnaires ,trees ,reported ,state ,sent ,returned ,planted ,living no4 pct4 no4 pct4 ,alabama #afa #dd #bgd #de ,georgia #ej #bh #bf #fb ,kentucky #agd #di #bda #ed ,mississippi #ai #eh #gb #bf ,north ,carolina #ehf #dj #gcc #ga ,tennessee1 ,east #a1chf #dj #a1eaf #ff ,tennessee1 ,west #gbj #dd #hji #fa ,virginia #ahj #dh #afj #hd ,all #c1bgf #db #c1hca #fd ,illustration3 ,figure #c4 ,thomas tree planted in the farm orchard4 ,this young tree has received excellent care and began bearing at #e years of age4 7,hancock ,county1 ,tenn47 ,reported cause of tree mortality ,pre-estab ,livestock1 ,insects1 ,total ,planted -lishment destruction ,drought diseases ,unknown ,trees ,lost pct4 pct4 pct4 pct4 pct4 no4 ,ala4 #aa #g #ea #b #bi #aej ,ga4 #cj #aj #j #bj #dj #aj ,ky4 #b #b #df #d #df #aab ,miss4 #ai #d #di #j #bh #ec ,n4 ,c4 #ae #af #ab #ac #dd #bbc ,tenn4 7,e47 #g #ah #bj #g #dh #eae ,tenn4 7,w47 #h #i #ch #g #ch #cah ,va4 #cb #ab #ab #d #dj #be ,all #i #ac #bi #g #db #a1djf ,table #b4 ,number of ,bearing ,thomas ,plantings ,established #aici-dd1 by ,age of ,first ,bearing and ,growth ,class4 ,plantings ,age in years at first bearing ,growth rate ,year ,number #b #c #d #e #f #g #h ,low ,medium ,high #aici #bg #a #f #aj #f #d #a #ai #g #aidj #aab #b #ad #ci #da #af #i #eh #de #aida #hi #a #d #ag #ce #cb #a #eh #cj #aidb #ga #a #ab #ah #dj #a #cd #cf #aidc #ch #a #ac #bd #a #ba #af #aidd #e #e #b #c ,all #cdb #c #cf #gd #abj #hc #bb #d #ac #aib #acg ,table #c4 ,tree ,survival1 ,growth1 and ,percent ,bearing by ,state and ,year of ,planting ,plantings ,trees1 ,growth1 ,bearing ,state reported survival annual trees number number feet percent ,alabama #ga #abd #a4f #fe ,georgia #ad #af #a4e #ah ,kentucky #he #abi #a4e #ga ,mississippi #aa #ai #a4j #bi ,north ,carolina #bce #eah #a4i #be ,tennessee1 ,east #eec #a1jjg #a4e #cb ,tennessee1 ,west #cah #dia #a4f #cb ,virginia #hf #ace #a4f #j ,year of planting #aici1 #aidj #bee #fbg #a4f #fd #aida1 #aidb #dii #fic #a4f #dd #aidc1 #aidd #cbf #eeh #a4f #ah #aide1 #aidf #bic #efa #a4e #j ,all #a1cgc #b1dci #a4f #cb ,table #d4 ,data ,obtained from ,returned ,questionnaires and ,actual ,field ,examination of #dj ,plantings and ,field ,data ,only on #fh ,plantings4 ,data on #dj ,plantings ,data on #fh ,plantings ,questionnaire ,field ,field ,tree ,survival1 percent #gg #ge #ea ,average ,height1 feet #i #aa #ac ,cause of ,tree ,mortality1 percent ,pre-establishment #cc #db #aa ,livestock and ,other ,destruction #d #bc #dg ,drought #ac #j #j ,insects and ,diseases #h #d #b ,unknown #db #ca #dj ,west ,tennessee ,variety1 ,breeding and ,propagation ,tests1 #aidg ,,aubrey ,,richards1 ,m4,d41 ,whiteville1 ,tennessee ,i surely wish ,i could have made the trip to the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association meeting1 but ,i simply had too many hens setting at that time4 ,i've been waiting for you the ,secretary to show up down here for the big news--at least it is to me--if it holds up4 ,if you have ever tried to propagate heartnuts on ,japanese walnut you know what it means4 ,here it is3 ,rhodes1 ,wright and ,fodermaier heartnuts patch-budded on #aj ,japanese understocks 7all ,i had7 took #ajj4 ,the same #c varieties as a control on black walnut gave a take of only #hj4 ,these trees give me a chance to check on the performance of black versus ,japanese stocks for these varieties4 ,from last year's propagation1 ,rhodes on black is beating ,rhodes on ,japanese and ,bates 7which was not used this year7 seems fully as good on black walnut stocks4 ,an isolated tree of ,bates did not set a nut4 ,its pollen all shed before the pistils were receptive4 ,an isolated tree of ,rhodes bore a full crop4 ,incidentally1 a weak chlorine bleach 7,clorox7 after these heartnuts are hulled does for them what peroxide does for the ladies and makes them look very inviting4 ,stambaugh again led in topworked black walnuts1 bearing its second consecutive full crop on a #c-year graft4 ,it seems to be immune to whatever it is that causes the other nuts to turn black1 shrivel and drop off from the time they set until near maturity4 ,thomas was second4 ,snyder1 ,sparrow and ,myers had no crop4 ,i budded #be more trees of ,stambaugh this year4 ,the ,carpathian ,persian walnut that we pollinated this spring with ,wright heartnuts no other walnuts were shedding at the time matured a nice1 large1 rather pointed1 heavy nut4 ,it also matured another nut higher on the tree than we could reach with the catkins1 but ,i'm sure it's a blank4 ,it is still more pointed than the well-filled nut4 ,the good nut is stored for planting4 ,rush hazel that set fruit last year with the help of a bouquet of native ,west ,tennessee catkins set only #e nuts this year on its own4 ,these ,i have also stored to plant4 ,i didn't have enough stocks to utilize all the pollen-sterile ,japanese chestnut buds you sent me in early ,september4 ,i put in most of them1 even in some cases several to the stock to see what percentage of takes we would get with the twin ,t4 ,see #aidf ,report of ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a41 pp4 #hg-hh1 for a description of the ,twin ,t budding method4--,ed4 ,here are the percentage takes for chestnut propagation this year4 ,of course ,i don't know how many of these buds will later drop off4 #a4 ,pollen-sterile ,japanese on ,japanese stock4 ,late summer buds #ajj #b4 ,austin ,japanese on ,japanese ,stock4 ,late summer buds #hf #c4 ,hobson ,chinese on ,chinese4 ,late summer buds #ge #d4 ,zimmerman ,chinese on ,chinese4 ,late summer buds #ej #e4 ,colossal hybrid on ,japanese stock4 ,spring grafts #fj ,i had a nice crop of ,chinese chestnuts on my young ,hobson and ,zimmerman trees4 ,the #aidg nuts were exceptionally large4 ,one #c-year seedling bore #a bur with #c nuts fully as large4 ,connecticut ,yankee bore for the first time1 #c nuts to a bur1 but very small1 scarcely #a_/b in diameter4 7,you will notice ,i budded none of this variety67 7,perhaps mislabeled seedling4--,ed47 ,i have about #ajj nuts from isolated trees that were hand pollinated1 as follows3 ,austin x ,hobson1 ,austin x ,zimmerman1 ,hobson x ,austin and ,hobson x ,zimmerman4 ,i have altogether #c quarts of select nuts stored in the refrigerator4 ,so far they are keeping nicely4 7,i dusted them with ,fermate1 hope it doesn't affect germination47 ,notes on ,some ,kansas and ,kentucky ,pecans in ,central ,texas ,a letter to the ,secretary from ,o4 ,s4 ,gray1 nurseryman at ,arlington1 ,texas1 ,october #bh1 #aidg1 has some interesting notes on two standard northern pecans1 three new varieties from ,kansas1 and the ,moore variety1 one of the earliest maturing among southern pecans3 ,we are propagating ,major and ,greenriver from ,kentucky2 ,coy1 ,tissue ,paper and ,johnson from southeastern ,kansas2 and ,brake from eastern ,north ,carolina4 ,several years ago we used quite a few pecan trees of the ,moore variety in planting around ,tulsa4 ,we though it would be a dandy because of its early maturity in the fall4 ,i find that early fall maturity is only one important factor4 ,the other is the date of starting growth in the spring4 ,moore seems to start out a little early in the spring and that disadvantage seems to limit it in the ,tulsa1 ,oklahoma area4 ,i also believe this might be a factor in using this variety in northern locations4 ,moore originated in north ,florida from ,texas seed--,ed4 ,i have been considerably impressed with the ,johnson variety4 ,it matures two or three weeks ahead of ,moore in the fall4 ,the only data that ,i have was made in #aidd when ,moore buds began to put out on ,march #be1 ,stuart and ,success--,april #e1 ,johnson--,april #e1 ,coy and ,major--,april #h1 ,greenriver and ,tissue ,paper--,april #aj4 ,the ,johnson matures on our place several weeks ahead of ,major and ,greenriver although ,i don't have the exact date on maturity4 ,experiences of a ,nut ,tree ,nurseryman ,j4 ,f4 ,,wilkinson1 ,rockport1 ,indiana ,in pioneering a nursery as we did in the early days of propagation of ,northern nut trees1 especially the pecan1 it was necessary to first locate parent trees in this section that were worthy of propagation1 in order that the nursery stock produced from them would be hardy in this and more northern territory4 ,along the ,ohio and ,wabash rivers and their tributaries many thousands of large seedling pecan trees grew naturally1 and to locate some of the most worthy ones for propagation took the combined efforts of all of us in this section who were interested1 as well as the aid of the tree owners and nut gatherers4 ,in the year #aiaj three nut nurseries were established here in ,southern ,indiana1 two of which have long since been discontinued4 ,before that time a very few propagated pecan trees had been produced in an experimental way by some fruit tree nurserymen4 ,little did ,i realize at that time the trials and headaches that lay in the path ,i was to travel in this venture1 such as locating the parent trees1 securing the graft and budwood from them1 learning to keep this wood from time of cutting until used1 methods of propagation1 trying to educate the prospective tree buyer as to the value of these trees1 and to believe that pecan trees could be transplanted1 and that they would bear if the taproot had been cut1 and many other things4 ,production of nut trees in nurseries in this northern territory is so different1 and more difficult than in the ,gulf ,coast country1 where ,i spent a part of two seasons hoping to get information that would be of value here4 ,what ,i learned there was of little or no value here1 so it was up to us to solve our own problems in this section by experience1 as there was very little in print at that time on ,northern nut tree propagation4 ,one of our first problems was to learn to keep cions from time of cutting until time of use1 not knowing when that time was4 ,we tried all times from ,march until ,may1 having little success at any time4 ,at first we kept the scions in a cold storage plant in ,evansville1 and at a temperature of around #cb degrees1 and in wet moss4 ,later we found it much better to keep scions at home in a cellar at a higher temperature1 and in only slightly dampened sphagnum moss4 ,in the beginning our efforts were mostly in grafting1 then after a year or two of failure1 probably largely due to the way we kept our scions1 we had some results at the ,mc,coy ,nursery1 with scions kept at home4 ,the ,mc,coy ,nursery was about four miles from my place1 and located in a sandy soil with a near quicksand sub-soil4 ,at that location they were later reasonably successful in grafting1 using the modified cleft graft4 ,my nursery is in clay soil with a hard stratum of soil three or four feet below the surface1 and because of this ,i have been unable to graft pecans in the nursery1 though ,i have tried every known method1 and under all conditions4 ,i could successfully graft at the ,mc,coy ,nursery1 then use the same scion wood and the same method at home1 but have a complete failure2 therefore1 ,i turned to budding entirely on pecans in the nursery4 ,it is somewhat different with walnut--,i can get fair results with walnut grafting at times1 though ,i do very little of this1 as more than #ie of my walnut trees are produced by budding4 ,i do a lot of topworking on native seedling nut trees for others4 ,mr4 ,sly1 who is with me1 and ,i make one or more of these trips each spring4 ,for this work ,i use only the slip-bark method1 shaping the scion a little differently from any other ,i have ever seen used4 ,this has given splendid results everywhere ,i have used it1 which has been over the territory from ,ohio to ,oklahoma4 ,a certain amount of allowance is made in this work as to safe drainage of the stock1 depending on weather and soil conditions1 which vary as1 to season and location4 ,i do practically all of my nursery propagating by budding1 and one of the most essential things is to have favorable sap conditions in budwood as well as in stocks4 ,on walnut ,i use only the current season's growth of wood for budwood1 and it must be reasonably well matured4 ,very often sap in the stock may show signs of leaving before budwood is matured enough for use1 and only the riper buds near the base of the bud stick can be used1 in which case the rest of the buds on the bud stick are lost4 ,sometimes sap in the stocks can be held a few days longer by cutting a ring around the stock above the place where the bud is to be placed1 which checks the flow of sap to the upper part of the stock4 ,sap in the stock must be in a favorable condition to hope for good results4 ,in budding pecan it is different4 ,either the current or the past season's growth may be used with about equal results1 though the current season's buds must be well matured4 ,very often in a dry season when there is evidence of sap leaving the pecan stocks earlier than usual and the current season's buds are not well matured1 ,i use the past season's growth until the new growth is mature4 ,a nut tree nurseryman has experiences that are both pleasant and unpleasant in selling trees as well as producing them4 ,this is probably well known to all of you who have produced and sold nut trees4 ,it is astonishing how many questions 7some of which are amusing7 the public can ask1 and very often those that ask the most questions1 leading one to believe they are a good prospect for a large order1 may order only one or two trees1 or none at all4 ,then there are those who have never bought a nut tree before1 and when they see their first one are dissatisfied because it does not have a root system like a fruit tree2 and there are a few who will try to get replacements whether they are entitled to them or not1 and usually they are not2 for1 regardless of the instructions given for the planting and after-care1 they will neglect them1 then complain if they have a loss1 and certain experiences have led me to believe they claim loss before having it4 ,many seem to think that a nurseryman should guarantee his trees to live when planted by the purchaser4 ,to do this would be assuming the responsibility of the handling1 planting and after-care of the planter1 which would make it necessary for the nurseryman to put a price on his trees that would take care of a lot of replacements to the more careless ones who would have losses1 and be very unfair to those who take good care of their trees1 and have little or no loss1 as they would be standing part of the loss of the careless ones4 ,the most a nurseryman can do is to produce the best trees possible1 dig them carefully1 pack them in first class condition and ship them immediately4 ,discussion after ,mr4 ,wilkinson's paper4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,minor elements are important in plant nutrition ,the problem of deficiencies is going to become very important4 ,we do not keep the livestock we did and we are not returning to the land the manure and other fertilizers that contain the elements the trees need4 ,nitrogen1 phosphorus1 and potash1 also magnesium are needed4 ,we are taking more from the soil than we are putting back4 ,corsan3 ,in ,cuba there are hundreds of sharks4 ,these make fine manure1 wonderful for nut trees4 ,prof4 ,slate3 ,how many sharks would you need for an acre of land8 ,morphology and ,structure of the ,walnut ,c4 ,c4 ,,lounsberry1 ,iowa ,state ,college ,this subject1 the structure of the walnut1 is discussed in its relation to propagation4 ,catkin bearing nut trees1 such as the walnut1 have a refined structure that makes grafting difficult4 ,structure1 rather than form of walnuts1 suggests treatment under the headings1 bark1 cambium1 wood1 roots1 pith and buds1 as well as the sap that permeates them4 ,bark3 ,when the bark of the walnut is cut1 as in budding1 it is difficult to tie down so it will not curl and yet not strangle the bud4 ,the wax-like covering of the bark is thin4 ,however1 the bark itself will stay green two months or more if weather is cool4 ,cambium3 ,the cambium dries quickly when exposed to air1 and must be kept covered4 ,grafted walnuts show callus growth from the cambium1 and also from the pith of stems and the endodermis of the root4 ,wood3 ,the wood of the walnut is diffuse porous1 brittle1 straight grained1 and easily split4 ,the wood must be cut diagonally to get sufficient tension to hold the scion in grafting4 ,the branch grows rapidly in a short season1 ,may #aeth to ,july #ast in central ,iowa4 ,the upper two-thirds of the one year growth is usually light weight with pith of large diameter4 ,the base of the one-year growth is the best for scions4 ,some varieties of walnut as for example the ,thomas1 have relatively large one-year growth and more scions can be cut from its branches than from the wood of ,ohio which is small and willow-like4 ,measurements taken in #aidj on #aah common black walnut seedlings planted in #aici showed #i_/af average diameter of seedling at crown1 #e_/af average diameter of pith at crown2 #c_/h average diameter of seedling at top2 and #a_/d average diameter of pith at top2 #c4bf inches average length of solid pith above crown2 #b4ia inches average length of solid pith in root below crown4 ,pith3 ,pith in the black walnut is chambered 7lamellate7 in the older wood1 but solid in the younger1 growing wood4 ,the plates are a light brown color1 getting larger in diameter toward the top of the year's growth4 ,the leaf traces from the leaf rachis to the pith show heavier from the bottom buds of the branch than at the tip1 and the pith is usually solid at the bottom of the branch4 ,roots3 ,when the nut of the black walnut germinates in the soil the lobes or cotyledons do not rise above the ground like the cotyledons of the bean but remain in the nut shell under ground1 and are broken off in the growth of the seedling1 the root going down and the stem rising above the ground4 ,where the cotyledons are broken off1 the so-called crown of the walnut1 two rough places appear1 nearly opposite on the stem4 ,in these rough places1 two groups of buds are formed1 rarely three groups4 ,cytological studies at ,iowa ,state ,college have not shown why there are not stem initials in the tap roots of the walnut4 ,when the root is cut off a foot underground1 root initials develop but no stem initials4 ,the sensitivity of walnut leaf buds to water may have something to do with it4 ,buds3 ,buds of the walnut are in vertical groups of two or three in the axils of the leaves4 ,they have few scales4 ,they appear on seedlings and current year branches4 ,some have short stalks4 ,if broken off they do not usually grow back again4 ,the second year1 these buds usually drop off in mid-season4 ,in cutting off buds1 unless the group of buds is taken out as a chip1 some may grow out again4 ,leaf arrangement3 ,there is a three rank arrangement of leaves in the walnut1 the ninth leaf coming in the same position as the first4 ,according to the work of ,caesalpino1 the buds should then rise in three places at the crown4 ,only in rare cases does this occur in the black walnut1 although it is usual with the ,persian walnut4 ,if the nut is planted deep this causes much suckering and a tendency to etiolate the buds so they will stand water4 ,buds are sensitive3 ,buds are sensitive to water1 and storage material must be fairly dry and cool4 ,in two large boxes of scions received last year from ,germany1 some #bj varieties of ,persian walnut1 all had dead buds when received4 ,they were packed in ,german peat4 ,when buds are covered with wax the wax must not be too hot or it will kill the buds4 ,in placing grafted walnuts in sphagnum or sand they should not stay wet or the buds will die4 ,either unions must be above damp sand or sphagnum1 or the buds be protected by wax or adhesive4 ,sap3 ,in spring grafting there is an enormous flow of sap which will sometimes tear the plates out of the pith4 ,grafts may be protected by girdling the stock a few inches below the place where the graft is set1 or both above and below it4 ,in #aicg #bei walnuts three years old were cut off six inches above the ground and girdled two inches above the ground4 #aga crown buds came up1 #hh started above the girdling4 #bjg trees were cut off three feet above the ground1 and the trunk girdled six inches above the ground4 #aec started above the crown1 and #ij started above the girdle4 ,the same year 7#aicg7 #aie trees three years old were cut off four feet above the ground1 and all buds above ground were cut flush with the surface of the bark4 ,this was repeated twice1 finally taking buds out as a chip1 except the top bud2 #abf died2 #fi grew from the top but4 #bjc trees three years old were cut off five feet above ground and all buds cut off except upper one2 #fd died2 #aci grew from top bud4 #bjj trees three years old were cut off six feet above ground1 and all buds kept rubbed off except top one2 #cc died1 and #afg grew from top bud4 ,vitality and sap3 ,black walnut sap changes color from oxidation almost instantly4 ,bench grafts must be made quickly and put in place at once or the unions will dry out4 ,if the root does not stain hands in grafting the graft usually fails4 ,in outdoor grafting if the sap stands in pockets the sugar will ferment1 killing the graft4 ,there is a new ,jersey 7#c7 bulletin which shows black walnut sap as unstable1 quickly forming sugar when exposed to warm weather4 ,vegetative propagation of greenwood cuttings3 ,witt and ,spence 7#d7 in ,england working with greenwood cuttings attained #ge per cent success with ,persian walnut and ,royal walnut in ,july and ,august4 ,they had no success with black walnut at that time 7#aibf74 ,the ,germans in #aicf 7#a7 working on greenwood cuttings had most success with the ,persian walnut1 but used greenwood taken in ,september4 ,vegetative propagation or hardwood cuttings3 ,in #aich the author 7#b7 using growth substance on saddle grafts of various walnuts found ,asiatic and western walnuts went on their own roots4 ,at this time the ,tasterite black walnut went on its own root4 ,in #aidf and #aidg using about #be varieties of black walnut1 ,persian1 western and ,asiatic walnuts1 eight inch hardwood cuttings were used beginning in ,december and repeated in the spring of #aidg4 ,nearly all the cuttings of the larger size 7about #a_/b7 started in about a month and grew about two months4 ,then all died4 ,there were balls of callus on many of them4 ,one on ,thomas was an inch in diameter4 ,the bottom heat was held at #gj degrees ,f4 ,this may have been too high1 as on raising the cuttings it was found the callus had rotted4 ,this procedure has possibilities4 ,literature ,cited #a4 ,institut fur ,obstbau1 ,berlin4 ,die ,walnusz veredlung4 7,vegetative propagation of walnuts74 ,merkbl4 ,inst4 ,obstb4 ,berlin #e1 pp4 #ae1 #aicf4 #b4 ,lounsberry1 ,c4 ,c4 ,use of ,growth ,substance in ,bench ,grafting ,walnuts and ,hickories4 ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association #aich ,report1 p4 #fc4 #c4 ,nelson1 ,julius4 ,fermentation and ,germ ,life4 ,n4 ,j4 ,ag4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #acd1 #ahii4 #d4 ,witt1 ,a4 ,w4 and ,howard ,spence4 ,vegetative ,propagation of ,walnuts4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,east ,malling ,res4 ,station #aibf-bg4 ,a ,method of ,budding ,walnuts ,h4 ,,lynn ,,tuttle1 ,clarkston1 ,wash4 ,it took man some thirty thousand years to learn to build a fire--conveniently4 ,i thought it was going to take me that long to learn how to bud walnuts1 but fortunately the period has been somewhat shortened4 ,when ,i first began to propagate1 or try to propagate1 walnuts1 ,i naturally looked to the approved and accepted methods4 ,for me1 they did not work4 ,before ,i was through ,i think ,i tried them all4 ,i patch-budded with variations and improvisations4 ,i shield-budded and bark-grafted4 ,i coated the wounds with grafting-wax1 latex1 cellophane1 asphalt and paraffine4 ,i trimmed off the bud shoulders to make a smoother tie and trimmed around the edges to make more contact4 ,i wrapped with raffia1 strings1 rags and rubber strips and tacked with small nails4 ,whatever ,i did or however ,i did it results were all about the same--the sap soured4 ,in fact over a period of years ,i tried every way ,i could think up or read about to bring the bud and the cambium layer together and make them stick4 ,results were surprisingly uniform--the sap soured4 ,but we must not dwell too long on the shots that missed4 ,as with a refractory engine that will suddenly sputter1 there came some elements of success4 ,the point to learn was1 why8 ,concentrating on the shield bud entirely we determined to find these whys4 ,so we tried taking big slabs of bark along with the bud1 peeling out the wood1 breaking off the leaf stem entirely and waxing the scar and making an unnecessarily long cut for the bud4 ,the bark stuck fairly well but the buds died4 ,this was some encouragement and ,i knew that with enough time1 reason and a little luck we would eventually hit the mark4 ,now ,dame ,fortune had decreed that ,i be raised on a grain and stock ranch where the only trees we could see were in the distant mountains1 or1 if we rode in the canyons1 cottonwoods and choke-cherries4 ,my experience and training was with animals1 and animals1 especially horses1 seem quite susceptible to accident4 ,the first principle of treating almost any wound is to give it drainage1 otherwise1 both literally and figuratively1 the sap soured4 ,thus it dawned on me that a tree-wound1 even if only skin deep should have the same treatment as a flesh wound4 ,and drainage1 being desirable1 should be ample4 ,it was quite late in the season but ,i went out and set a dozen ,schafer walnut buds on eastern black stocks4 ,these buds ,,had ,,drainage4 ,the vertical cut of the ,t extended at least two inches below the bud4 ,success ensued1 they grew4 ,the following spring we budded as soon as the bark would slip and continued at intervals all summer4 ,results were good4 ,some of the steps we now use are probably not essential and perhaps not even the best1 but there are two points that cannot be over-emphasized1 namely1 drainage and contact4 ,the complete method is as follows3 #a4 ,trim bud sticks to leave an inch of petiole on the bud4 #b4 ,make the ,t cut with a long vertical slash that will extend at least an inch below the bottom of the bud4 #c4 ,cut the bud long and deep and peel it from the wood by pinching the sides4 ,be carefull not to injure the bark just below the bud4 #d4 ,insert the bud either flush with or below the cross-cut4 #e4 ,wrap with large sized rubber budding strips just firmly enough to make good contact4 ,too tight wrappings curtail circulation4 ,do not cover the cut below the bud4 ,the wound must have drainage4 #f4 ,be sure that the center of the bud-cut is firm against the cambium layer4 ,if it humps of bows and won't stay down insert a tooth-pick or bit of leaf stem or something along the center line to hold it down4 ,we usually do this during the wrapping process4 ,we use no wax4 ,we throw a wrap over the bud1 shoulders even though it may press the petiole forward against the bud4 ,if the center of the bud pulls out it will not grow although an adventitious bud may eventually start4 ,budding seems about equally successful any time that the bark slips freely4 ,on walnuts this is all summer if not too dry4 ,early-placed buds may make several feet growth before fall if sufficient moisture is available4 ,on walnuts there are always dormant buds4 ,we have used storage wood but now just cut it fresh4 ,we have not tried draining patch-bud or grafts4 ,although we have not tried it we think cherries and other trees inclined to drown the buds might be better handled in this manner4 ,climate is a factor in the type of propagation advisable4 ,one very fine grower using buds in ,california could propagate only by grafts when he moved to ,western ,oregon4 ,the kernel of my walnut budding experience may well be summarized in one word--drainage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,questions asked ,mr4 ,stoke after his demonstration of grafting and budding4 ,see his paper in #aidf ,report1 pp4 #ii-ajc4--;,ed4 ,member3 ,how do you keep your scions8 ,stoke3 ,i prefer 'orange' cold storage for scionwood4 ,this is just above freezing4 ,walnuts should be in full leaf before spring budding4 ,mc,daniel3 ,what percentage of chestnuts did well with the 'plate' method of budding8 ,stoke3 ,i don't use it with chestnuts for spring budding1 but sometimes for summer budding4 ,it will work well on any variety of ,persian walnut1 heartnut and black walnut4 ,place buds on the north and northeast side of tree to prevent sun injury4 ,question3 ,do you find any difference in using buds from an eight or ten year old tree as against a younger tree8 ,stoke3 ,no1 not so long as it is healthy4 ,for spring budding ,i don't care to have any trees too vigorous4 ,cut tops off young trees three to five days after budding1 and force the buds into growth4 ,if you delay too long the bud will die4 ,i wouldn't try to bud trees unless bark is slipping4 ,member3 ,i have used parapin wax and covered it with old bread paper4 ,stoke3 ,that may work because the wax was shaded4 ,southern sun may melt parapin and paraffin waxes4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,dentists1 surgeons and wood carvers make the best grafters4 ,question3 ,can the scions be cut with a small plane8 ,stoke3 ,anything you have to cut with a plane is too big4 ,i never use a plane4 ,question3 ,what do you use a splice graft for8 ,stoke3 ,anything except walnut4 ,in walnut ,i use a modified cleft graft1 and ,i take care of the sap flow by placing the graft down about #a or #a-a_/d below the cut 7where the tree is cut off74 ,wax the scion but do not wax the cut4 ,let it bleed4 ,question3 ,what is the value of cut leaf black walnut8 ,stoke3 ,purely ornamental4 ,weschcke reports that it is very hardy with him4 ,rick3 ,what about the ,lamb walnut8 ,stoke3 ,we don't know whether the wood of grafted trees is curly or not4 ,i sent ,mr4 ,reed a limb from ,lamb and he gave it to the forest laboratory and they found no evidence of curly grain4 ,rick3 ,shouldn't it be propagated until we are sure8 ,stoke3 ,we had ,mr4 ,lamb himself talk before us at ,roanoke and he told us about the parent tree4 ,he doesn't know what makes one tree curly and another not4 ,korn3 ,is that uncommon8 ,stoke3 ,not so very4 ,trees are most curly at the base and in the outer wood4 ,question3 ,do you always leave that stub on black walnut8 ,stoke3 ,yes1 but it should be removed later in the first summer4 ,question3 ,where do you use your splice graft4 ,stoke3 ,on anything other than walnut1 if scion and stock are the same size4 ,where stock is larger than scion ,i use the modified cleft graft up to sizes approaching one inch in the stock4 ,for topworking larger stocks ,i use one of the forms of bark graft4 ,for the large hickory stock ,dr4 ,morris' bark slot graft is preferred4 ,for large1 thin-barked stocks the simple bark graft may be used4 ,my original grafts of the ,carr and ,hobson ,chinese chestnuts1 made with scions received from ,messrs4 ,carr and ,hobson in the winter of #aicb1 are still perfect unions4 ,i believe that grafted chestnuts growing in frost pockets are most likely to develop faulty unions2 possibly frost injury to immature cells at the junction point may occur4 ,dr4 ,crane mentions a similar failure of unions between ,persian and black walnuts on the ,pacific ,coast4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,what cut did you use in grafting those chestnuts8 ,stoke3 ,modified cleft4 ,in using ,dr4 ,morris' bark slot graft ,i find it best to leave just a little of the cut face of the scion wedge above the top of the stock4 ,this1 with top of the stock cut sloping away from the scion1 as illustrated1 promotes quick healing with no 'die-back4' ,dr4 ,smith3 ,is that top slanting8 ,stoke3 ,yes1 ,i cut it slanting4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,that is a good graft for walnuts1 too4 ,note3 ,mr4 ,stoke showed the group a picture of a mockernut tree in one of his fields which he had girdled to kill it4 ,the tree lived four years and during those years the moisture had to go up through the inner wood4 ,the substance of ,mr4 ,stoke's talk1 together with illustrations1 may be found on page #ii of the #aidf report4 ,importance of ,bud ,selection in the ,grafting of ,nut ,trees ,g4 ,j4 ,,korn1 ,kalamazoo1 ,michigan ,for many years the fruit growers have been improving the qualities of their fruits in several ways4 ,the early pioneers of our country selected the best fruits from seedling trees4 ,chance seedlings that were found in pastures1 by roadsides1 or possibly in some out-of-the-way place1 selected because of some special quality or group of qualities1 still dominate our commercial plantings of fruits and nuts4 ,several of the apple varieties to be found in the market today are from these chance seedlings4 ,in more recent years some of our agricultural colleges have been breeding fruits4 ,such breeding has given us several of our more promising named varieties4 ,in this way a great improvement has been brought about in our fruits4 ,environment too appears to have played an important part in making changes in fruits and nuts4 ,nuts that are extremely hardy in the more northern latitudes1 appear to have developed this hardiness gradually throughout many generations4 ,because of this quality we are now able to select varieties that are most likely to succeed in any particular locality4 ,more rapid and satisfactory methods of improving our fruits and nuts have been brought about through breeding4 ,this development of the science of plant breeding has made it possible to blend the good qualities of two seedlings into a new variety4 ,man does not have to follow nature's slow hit-and-miss method of developing more desirable qualities in her products4 ,controlled breeding1 as brought about by man1 produces faster and more satisfactory results4 ,man's improvement over nature has come about through his choice of the qualities to be blended1 and his ability to bring together two parents from widely separated parts of the earth1 if necessary4 ,besides breeding1 we are able also to use some of the mutations or bud sports to improve our nuts as well as fruits4 ,although our progress in improving nuts may not yet be as spectacular as cross-breeding with apples1 bud selection has already modified the list of our commercial varieties4 ,one of the first requisites in bud selection is so thorough a knowledge of the variety that any departure from the type will be detected4 ,then it will be necessary to start propagation to determine whether the variation was caused by some environmental factor1 or is really a sport which can be perpetuated by vegetative propagation4 ,you may wonder if many of our nut growers know nut varieties well enough to detect any but the most obvious sports4 ,nut improvement through bud selection within the variety lies ahead of us4 ,among fruit growers the search seems to have been for fruits of different or more pleasing color4 ,as nut growers we are more likely to be interested in nut sports having better size1 kernel1 cracking qualities1 etc4 ,trees that are able to ripen their nuts in short or cool seasons are especially desirable in some of our more northern states4 ,my attention was especially called to the importance of bud selection several years ago while buying my winter's supply of apples4 ,i was examining the splendid crop of ,jonathan apples in a neighbor's large commercial orchard4 ,on most of the ,jonathan trees the apples were large and well colored and the crop was heavy4 ,however1 a few trees bore apples of inferior size and color4 ,upon questioning the fruit grower as to the difference in the performance of the two types of ,jonathan apple trees1 he explained that the better apples came from trees supplied by a nurseryman who was very particular in selecting a good bud strain4 ,the other trees were just the ordinary strain of ,jonathan4 ,it was while working in a commercial orchard of the grafted varieties of black walnuts that ,i noticed one especially promising ,thomas tree4 ,during the few years that ,i have observed this tree1 its nuts have been of splendid size and very uniform4 ,the kernels from the nuts from this tree were somewhat better than those from most of the other trees4 ,i now have some grafts growing from this promising tree4 ,there appears to be much promise for nut improvement by cross-breeding to regroup desired qualities4 ,although many of us enjoy the nut contests that are conducted from time to time1 it appears that our nut improvement program might move along faster if more attention were given to nut breeding and searching out desirable bud sports4 ,discussion after ,g4 ,j4 ,korn's paper4 ,corsan3 ,farmers should be encouraged to plant nut trees along boundary lines4 ,enormous amounts of fertilizer there4 ,j4 ,r4 ,smith3 ,one tree in ten thousand seedlings is worth while4 ,dr4 ,lounsberry3 ,we have two trees planted close together--one bears small nuts and the other large nuts4 ,they are from the same grafting4 ,it would seem that the trouble is in the stock4 ,the stock makes a vast difference4 ,the ,hemming ,chinese ,chestnuts ,e4 ,,sam ,,hemming1 ,easton1 ,maryland ,the bearing record of our row of #ah ,chinese chestnuts has attracted so much attention that ,i thought the ,association would be interested in seeing some slides of these trees1 also of our experimental orchard1 as well as the large quantity of small trees we grow in our nursery and the manner in which we raise them4 ,you will see a number of slides of chestnut trees and hear a lot about the bearing qualities1 but you won't see a single nut1 for unfortunately all these slides were taken between ,december #aidf and ,july #aidg4 ,you will just have to let the numerous little trees attest to the fact that these trees bear4 ,we have #ej1jjj trees in our nursery4 ,these trees are now nineteen years old and have borne rather remarkably since #aicg4 ,they are spaced too close--an accident--but ,i believe that helps thorough pollination4 ,they are now #ab and more inches in diameter1 some are #cj' high and the spread is at least #ce' where they have the room4 ,all but ,no4 #ad are spreading in character2 spreading character and good bearing seemed to be connected4 ,the bearing record of these trees has been given before but ,i will summarize them by years again3 #aicg--aah pounds2 #aich 7no records72 #aici-dfc pounds2 #aidj--bej pounds2 #aida--efd pounds2 #aidb--feh pounds2 #aidc--gdi pounds2 #aidd--fgh pounds2 #aide--bej pounds2 #aidf--a1ajj pounds2 this year's crop will probably run #gjj to #hjj pounds4 ,the trees seem to bear much the same1 with ,no4 #ad the poorest and ,no4 #ai the best and1 like many other tree crops1 they tend to alternate good and poor crops on each tree4 ,the nuts are of good size1 averaging #dj to #ej per pound 7green7 with ,no4 #f and ,no4 #ai bearing the smallest nuts4 ,they ripen in ,september with the exception of ,no4 #ai which is a month later4 ,mr4 ,reed likes ,no4 #af which has a wrinkled shell4 ,all the nuts are medium sweet to sweet and all of them fall free of the bur4 ,i think the most significant thing is that at least #ab of the trees have nut characteristics so near alike that they are about indistinguishable1 which certainly makes them a good source of seed4 ,the similarity of the nuts brings up the controversial subject of the seedling raised tree1 and ,i will make some remarks in defense of this method4 #a4 ,all our parent trees are good bearers4 #b4 ,there is no extraneous pollen in the vicinity4 #c4 ,i will present as a question3 ,has the ,chinese chestnut1 like the rose and the apple been hybridized out of all semblance of the wild form8 #d4 ,the seedling tree should bring chestnuts to the average householder's table #cj years sooner than grafting will4 #e4 ,we now produce a #c'-d' tree for a very reasonable figure4 #f4 ,all varietal forms at present are as yet unstabilized 7most varieties of #aj years ago have been discarded74 ,there will probably be some duds in seedling trees1 but we've had no local complaints and ,i wonder if they will exceed the troubles found in the grafted tree4 ,we have had customers brag about what their #b or #c or #f trees bore4 ,to prove our faith in this method we planted a test orchard4 ,when the trees were #c years old from #b year transplants they bore #be pounds4 ,next year1 #aidd1 they bore #hjj pounds or an average of #a pound per tree4 ,right then and there we thought that we would have a real story to tell1 but we had misfortune in another direction4 ,three years in a row we have had frosts when #f inches of new growth were on these trees 7the orchard is not as well situated as the parent trees in this respect74 ,so we had no crops worth mentioning but neither did we have strawberries or similar fruits4 ,this year the orchard was frosted #b_/c the way to the top so we will get quite a few nuts1 maybe #ejj pounds4 ,incidentally1 we have been here #be years and we've not had frosts like these before4 ,we use all of our good nuts for seed purposes1 grading out all small or damaged nuts4 ,in raising these trees1 even from seed1 we've had our troubles4 ,we let them cure several weeks then plant them in well fed soil in a narrow trench about #b inches deep4 ,we place the nuts #e or #f inches apart2 we fill the trench with sawdust level with the surface4 ,we mound the soil over this about #d inches until spring4 ,then it is removed4 ,this method lets the shoots through1 otherwise they tend to send #c or #d stems4 ,the nut sends down the root very early in the spring4 ,we have some trouble with the mole-mice combination2 for this reason heavy soil and sawdust is better than sandy soil4 ,as you know neither the nut nor the tree likes wet soil4 ,in raising the young tree the principal difficulty is in getting a trunked upright tree4 ,a seedling1 especially when transplanted the first year1 flops all over like a flowering shrub4 ,to get them up we plant them fairly close1 prune them1 and feed them4 ,our #a year trees are usually two feet high and #b year trees are #d to #e feet high4 ,we wholesale our trees mostly to mail order nurseries and the largest had a #e request for replacements4 ,there are troubles in growing ,chinese chestnuts just as there are in most fruits and nut crops and1 in a way1 ,i am glad there are because ,i am of the opinion there is no such thing as harvesting without cultivation4 ,for instance1 if you plant them and let nature take its course--it will4 ,it will on an apple1 too4 ,we have found a few small lesions of chestnut blight which were removed by pruning and then painted with pine tar4 ,they usually occurred at a previous point of pruning4 ,some of the transplanted seedlings have developed a twig canker at a bud1 but ,i've never seen them kill one and even when we don't prune it out1 the tree overcomes it by new growth4 ,the ,japanese beetle attacks the chestnut but1 although they were bad this year1 one spraying of ,,ddt was effective4 ,the weevil 7curculio7 was bad enough last year so we are spraying this year4 ,small growers should put the nuts in metal containers and thus destroy the larvae1 if any4 ,i would like to remark here that we are a nursery growing many ornamentals1 and the ,chinese chestnut1 although low branched1 is a very ornamental tree4 ,i know of no tree that has a handsomer dark1 shiny green leaf or one whose green color holds so well until frost4 ,now ,i think you will agree ,i have reported the behavior of our trees fairly1 the difficulties of raising the trees1 and have emphasized that ,i doubt if you will get success with the ,chinese chestnut without effort2 yet in conclusion ,i would like to step into fantasy4 ,our ,no4 #ai tree bore #abd pounds2 suppose you had #ej trees per acre bearing that quantity4 ,you would get #f1jjj pounds per acre4 ,the ,european chestnut1 which is not as good1 brought #cj;c on the ,baltimore market last year4 ,that would mean #a1hjj4jj per acre4 ,imagine having #aj acres6 #aidg ,,crop ,pounds of ,chestnuts from ,original ,trees at ,eastern ,shore ,nurseries1 ,inc4 ,no4 #a1 #gh2 ,no4 #b1 #eh2 ,no4 #c1 #ea-a_/d2 ,no4 #d1 #g-a_/b2 ,no4 #e1 #di2 ,no4 #f1 #ca2 ,no4 #g1 #cd2 ,no4 #h1 #ca-a_/b2 ,no4 #i1 #fc2 ,no4 #aj1 #dj-a_/b2 ,no4 #aa1 #fa-a_/b2 ,no4 #ab1 #fd-a_/b2 ,no4 #ac1 #ef2 ,no4 #ad1 #dg-a_/b2 ,no4 #ae1 #gd2 ,no4 #af1 #fj2 ,no4 #ah1 #ajf2 ,no4 #ai1 #be-a_/b--,total1 #ich-c_/d pounds4 ,young ,orchard3 #bbe-a_/b pounds4 ,discussion after ,e4 ,sam ,hemming's paper ,corsan3 ,do you recommend the use of lime8 ,hemming3 ,we do not use lime4 ,we use ,vigoro at the rate of #a to #a-a_/b lbs4 to inch of diameter per tree4 ,corsan3 ,why do you use ,vigoro8 ,hemming3 ,no particular reason1 just that it is available4 ,member3 ,what time of year do you fertilize your trees8 ,hemming3 ,we fertilize during the winter--usually during ,december4 ,crane3 ,last year we used a method of storing ,chinese chestnuts which proved very satisfactory4 ,two thousand pounds of nuts were stored last year4 ,fall planting is good where one can use it but in a lot of areas it can not be used because of rats robbing the plantings4 ,we have to store the nuts4 ,the procedure we follow is to harvest every other day4 ,nuts are placed in tin cans with friction top lids4 ,the lids should have one to three holes of #a_/af diameter in them to provide air4 ,cans are placed in storage at a temperature of #cb to #dj degrees ,f4 ,stoke3 ,i keep chestnuts in the cellar in a can with an open top in what we call limestone sand4 ,keep wonderfully well4 ,chestnuts must have air4 ,gravatt3 ,down south we have a lot of trouble with decay4 ,we take nuts right from the bur and put them in the soil4 ,they give much better germination4 ,crane3 ,the ,chinese harvest their chestnuts just as soon as the bur cracks4 ,they do not wait for the nuts to drop from the trees but harvest the nuts from the trees and store in covered pottery jars4 ,they plant in the fall of the year4 ,they do not hold nuts for any length of time4 ,corsan3 ,how about charcoal8 ,g4 ,smith3 ,charcoal is good to store nuts in4 ,they are shipped from ,china that way4 ,smith3 ,would chestnuts stand carbon bisulphide for getting the weevil out1 or is the hot water treatment better8 ,crane3 ,carbon bisulphide treatment is dangerous1 it will kill weevils but it will also kill the nuts so they will not germinate4 ,unless precautions are used it may cause an explosion and fire4 ,methyl bromide treatment is better4 ,stoke3 ,the hot water treatment is the best4 ,it consists of immersing the nuts in water at #abj degrees ,f4 for forty minutes4 ,hemming3 ,i have raised about #ajj1jjj seedlings and have never seen blight on any of my seedlings4 ,dr4 ,smith3 ,a tree needs usually to be as big as the small end of a baseball bat before the bark opens enough to let in the blight spores4 ,stoke3 ,blight begins where there is rough bark which provides lodgment for the spores4 ,rough bark and moisture result in blight1 hence the disease usually starts near the ground4 ,crane3 ,the blight problem in the growing of chestnuts has often been stressed4 ,i think you will have more loss from sunscald and root rot than you will from blight4 ,blight is a minor trouble with us4 ,the ,chinese chestnut naturally grows with a low head4 ,it is a mistake to cut off the low branches on the trees until they attain some size1 they can then be cut off4 ,stoke3 ,regarding the protection of nut trees against winter sun scald1 ,i find that if you take ordinary aluminum paint and paint the south and southwest side of nut trees it will last for two years4 ,dr4 ,smith3 ,chestnut trees have blighted for me where the water table was too high and trees of same origin or better drained ground nearby did not blight4 ,blight is often a sign that the tree wants something it lacks--much like disease in humans4 ,results of a ,chinese ,chestnut ,rootstock ,experiment ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,k,a,y#d ,introduction ,the propagation of chestnut species by budding or grafting has been performed by different workers with varying degrees of success4 ,many have found that grafted trees could be produced and grown successfully but that graft union troubles developed in a certain percentage of the trees either soon after grafting or a few years later4 ,the variety ,carr is known to graft with difficulty in certain localities and to give a high percentage of poor unions both at the time of grafting and after a few years of growth4 ,the question of relationship of scion and stock has been considered by many workers to have an important bearing on the success of grafting operations but no critical work has been done to determine this point4 ,some investigators hold that scions of one species may be grafted upon stock of another species without harmful effects4 ,the results of the budding experiment with ,chinese chestnut reported in this paper are the first of a series of tests designed to contribute needed information about stock-scion relationship in chestnuts4 ,footnote #d3 ,associate cytologist1 ,division of ,fruit and ,vegetable ,crops and ,diseases1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,soils1 and ,agricultural ,engineering1 ,agricultural ,research ,administration1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,description and ,results ,the five seedling ,chinese chestnut trees used in the experiment were selected because of their heavy-bearing tendency and because of the excellent keeping quality of the nuts4 ,two of the trees bear nuts of large size while the other three bear nuts of medium to small size4 ,seeds from the five trees were planted before the use of the seedlings as stocks in the budding experiment was planned1 and since the seedlings from each tree were planted together replication of the experiment was not possible4 ,however1 the stock was grown in thoroughly mixed soil in a coldframe and differences in performance of seedlings could hardly be attributed to soil heterogeneity4 ,buds from the five parent trees were placed on the five lots of their own seedlings in all combinations of budwood and stock4 ,the work was done during the first week of ,september when the bark of both budwood and stock was slipping yet growth had slowed down to some extent4 ,buds were placed about two inches below soil level on the one-year-old seedlings and the soil pulled back to cover the buds4 ,budding was done by means of the familiar shield or ,t-bud method and rubber budding strips were used as a wrap4 ,budwood was shipped from ,albany1 ,ga41 to ,beltsville1 ,md41 and was damaged somewhat by high temperature in transit1 a factor which may be partially responsible for the overall low percentage of buds that grew4 ,in referring to the results presented in table ,i1 it will be noted that considerable variation occurred in the performance of the five lots of seedlings as stock1 as well as in the take of buds from the five parent trees4 ,the totals in the last column on the right are all equivalent to percentage since #ajj buds were placed on each lot of seedlings4 ,in like manner1 the totals in the bottom line are all equivalent to percentages since #ajj buds of each parent tree were used4 ,seedlings of stock ,d were decidedly inferior to seedlings of stock ,c in take of buds1 and both of these lots of seedlings originated from large nuts4 ,also1 scion e gave a significantly lower take of buds on all lots of seedlings than scions c or d4 ,the scion e tree produces small nuts whereas the scion c and d trees produce large nuts4 ,scions a and b are intermediate in take of buds1 and the source trees both produce small nuts4 ,discussion ,at least one significant interpretation may be made from the results of this experiment1 that may partially explain the difficulties encountered heretofore in propagating chestnuts4 ,using the take of buds as a criterion it can be stated that in this experiment the five lots of seedlings from known parents differed in their performance as stocks4 ,moreover1 the five parent trees used as a source of budwood differed among themselves in the capacity of their buds to grow when placed on comparable lots of stocks4 ,if these results are correctly interpreted it is clear that both the stock and the scion may influence the success or failure of propagation technique4 ,doubtless both of these variables have operated together in the propagation of existing varieties and1 as would be expected1 the results have been unpredictable4 ,it seems likely that the grafting and budding of chestnut varieties should be worked out in the future on the basis of using understocks derived from the seed of special trees or clones found to be suitable sources by tests for grafting performance4 ,it should be pointed out that the five trees used in this work originated from two lots of seed imported from neighboring localities in ,china and probably are closely related4 ,the fact that significant differences were obtained in this material furnishes basis for the belief that great variability in the budding performance of the ,chinese chestnut is to be encountered in the many introductions that have been made into this country4 ,table ,i4 ,results of budding each of five ,chinese chestnut clones on its own seedlings and on the seedlings of four other clones4 ,the figure for each combination represents the number of buds that grew out of #bj buds placed4 ,,scion a b c d e ,totals ,s ,a #d #f #d #e #j #ai ,t ,b #c #b #h #d #j #ag ,o ,c #j #c #h #i #e #be ,c ,d #a #b #c #a #a #h ,k ,e #b #b #g #i #b #bb ,,totals #aj #ae #cj #bh #h #ia ,discussion ,after ,dr4 ,mc,kay's ,paper ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,a good scion on chestnut is one problem which we have not solved4 ,dr4 ,smith3 ,i find both ,carr and ,hobson difficult to graft and have discontinued them4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,in ,california and ,oregon they are having quite a lot of difficulty with graft union failure with ,persian walnuts4 ,they have used the ,northern ,california black or ,hinds walnut as root stocks4 ,now they find that in some cases the union fails and results in what is known as the black line disease4 ,at the present time this trouble is the most important cause of the loss of their trees4 ,dr4 ,smith3 ,zimmerman is a good bearing variety with a good nut4 ,i find that soil makes some difference with this variety4 ,breeding ,chestnut ,trees3 ,report for #aidf and #aidg ,,arthur ,,harmount ,,graves#e ,the chief aim of this breeding work is the development of a chestnut tree of timber type to replace the now practically defunct ,american species1 ,castanea dentata4 ,for the principal economic value of the chestnut was not in its edible nuts but its valuable timber1 the loss of which means at present many millions of dollars subtracted from the assets of the ,american people2 and when we consider the loss for all time in the future the figures become astronomical4 ,footnote #e3 ,consulting ,pathologist1 ,conn4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,station2 ,special ,agent1 ,conn4 ,geological and ,natural ,history ,survey2 and ,collaborator1 ,division of ,forest ,pathology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture4 ,the ,chestnut ,blight in ,italy4 ,early in #aidf we received a visit from ,captain ,john ,b4 ,woodruff1 of ,wilton1 ,connecticut1 who told us that while serving as ,chairman of the ,department of ,agriculture and ,forestry1 and ,instructor in ,forestry at the ,army ,university ,study ,center in ,florence1 ,italy1 he visited chestnut stands infected with the blight4 ,endothia parasitica was first discovered by ,professor ,guido ,paoli in #aich on a private estate in ,busalla1 about twenty miles north of the seaport city of ,genoa4 ,since then the blight has been detected throughout the province of ,genoa in the legion of ,liguria2 and other widely separated infections have been found4 ,the fungus has been cultured and identified by ,professor ,biraghi of the ,royal ,pathological ,station in ,rome1 as ,endothia parasitica4 ,it is believed to have been present in this region for from five to eight years previous to its discovery4 ,the manner of its introduction into ,italy is not known1 but since ,japan and the ,u4 ,s4 have carried on considerable commerce with ,italy1 either or both countries are possible sources4 ,the disease is spreading in ,italy at a rapid rate4 ,by #aidb one half of the #aij1jjj acres of chestnut in the province of ,genoa had been infected and spot infections had been discovered in the adjoining coastal province of ,la ,spezia1 also in the region of ,liguria4 ,i am devoting some space to this situation because it means so much to the ,italian people4 ,in ,italy fifteen percent of the forest is composed of chestnut4 ,not only does the country use the nuts as a source of food and income1 approximately sixty million pounds being exported annually in former years1 but the young coppice shoots are used for the weaving of baskets1 older ones for poles for vineyards1 still older for staves of wine casks1 and the oldest for telephone and telegraph poles4 ,before the war1 chestnut flour was the principal food in many localities1 but during the war a serious food shortage forced the people in many other areas to rely solely upon chestnut flour for weeks at a time4 ,professor ,aldo ,pavari1 ,director of the ,stazione ,sperimentale di ,selvicoltura at ,florence1 visited this country in the summer and fall of #aidf1 under the sponsorship of the ,,unrra1 and spent four days with me at our plantations1 learning our methods and getting acquainted with the blight resistant hybrids we have been developing by the breeding together of oriental and native chestnuts4 ,prof4 ,pavari visited also the plantation of the ,division of ,forest ,pathology at ,beltsville and elsewhere1 and other plantations in the west4 ,in ,december we shipped to ,florence1 ,italy1 nuts of our best hybrids1 and in ,march1 scions for grafting--also this summer 7#aidg7 pollen of some of our best trees4 ,on ,october #ae of this year 7#aidg7 we sent another shipment of nuts4 ,thus we may be able to give ,italy the advantage of the progress we have made to date4 ,regarding the susceptibility to the blight of the ,european or ,spanish ,chestnut 7,c4 sativa7 we have had the following experience4 ,our winter temperatures appear to be too severe for this species4 ,dying back is sure to occur1 at least at our ,hamden1 ,connecticut plantations1 marked more or less according to the degree of cold2 and on the dead parts ,endothia then appears1 to later invade the parts still living4 ,in #aicb ,i received nuts of ,c4 sativa from ,france from ,professor ,hochreutiner of the ,geneva ,botanic ,garden1 from ,professor ,uldrich of the ,berlin ,botanic ,garden1 and also from ,france from ,dr4 ,guillaumin of the ,jardin de ,plantes at ,paris4 ,although ,i have given the resulting plants much attention they continually die back each year so that we have only two or three individuals that are more than six feet high4 ,but ,professor ,pavari says in recent correspondence 7,july #ae1 #aidg7 ,referring to ,spanish chestnuts1 after we have been assured that the fungus we have found and observed on ,castanea crenata in ,spain is really ,endothia parasitica1 we must admit that our hypothesis may be exact that ,castanea vesca sativa presents in ,spain races or types resistant to the disease4 ,he goes on to say that the fact that the chestnut blight is so widespread at ,naples and ,avellino is at variance with my theory that cold winters are the predisposing cause1 for in the regions mentioned the winters are mild and very warm in comparison with those of ,connecticut4 ,the essential fact seems to be that the ,european or ,spanish chestnut is very susceptible to the blight1 perhaps as much so as is our native species1 but that evidently certain individuals or races exist that are more or less resistant4 ,during the early part of #aidg we had a visit from ,professor ,cristos ,moulopoulos of the ,university of ,salonika1 ,greece4 ,although the disease had not then appeared in ,greece1 the pathologists there would like to be ready for it when it does come4 ,pollinations in #aidf and #aidg4 ,without going into details1 the general purpose of the pollinations during these last two years has been to incorporate more and more of the resistant ,chinese stock into our hybrids4 ,beginning in #aicg1 we crossed our best ,japanese-,american hybrids with ,chinese1 and we now have a considerable number of young saplings of flowering age1 which have the pedigree3 ,chinese x ,japanese-,american4 ,unfortunately1 in this cross the ,chinese is usually dominant as regards habit1 but not always4 ,we have some tall1 straight-growing individuals of this combination which may well be the forerunners of a blight-resistant forest stock for ,america4 ,therefore1 during #aidf and #aidg we have been crossing these fine ,chinese x 7,japanese-,americans7 with the following3 #a4 ,our best ,chinese #b4 ,american-,chinese and ,chinese-,american #c4 ,american 7,c4 dentata7 #d4 ,our best ,japanese-,americans #e4 ,among themselves ,for it is the ultimate aim of this work to develop a race of tall1 hardy1 blight resistant individuals which will breed true and thus of themselves re-establish the chestnut tree in the forests of ,eastern ,north ,america4 ,as everyone knows1 the re-establishment of the chestnut as a forest tree can not be done in a few years or even a score of years1 but by continued breeding and patience and perseverance it can be done4 ,the materials are at hand1 i4e4 tall1 erect growth1 and blight resistance2 and with persistent effort the desired combination can be made4 ,for 7#a7 above we were fortunate in #aidf in receiving a supply of pollen from tall-growing ,chinese trees1 through the kindness of ,mr4 ,michael ,evans of ,greenville1 ,delaware and ,professor ,maurice ,a4 ,blake of the ,new ,jersey ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,as a result of our pollinations in #aidf1 in which #gb combinations were made1 we harvested and planted in our cold frames in ,october #dgi hybrid nuts1 a large proportion of which germinated1 so that this summer 7#aidg7 we have set out in our nurseries about #cbe hybrid seedlings4 ,in #aidg we have made #eh combinations in which #bac branches were bagged2 ,october #aj-ac we gathered #chj hybrid nuts resulting from these cross pollinations4 ,the large yield of #aidg is doubtless the result in part of a good growing season1 for there was plenty of rain--at times almost too much--in southern ,connecticut4 ,one drawback was the cold period during the latter part of ,june4 ,from the fifteenth to the twenty-sixth the minimum temperatures were #ee or below--on three days as low as #ej4 ,this set back the flowering period four days to a week later than usual1 depending upon the species or hybrid4 ,cooperation in ,diller's ,underplanting and ,girdling ,method for the ,establishment of ,chestnut ,forest ,stands4 ,in the #cgth ,annual ,report of our ,association for #aidf is printed a paper by ,dr4 ,jesse ,d4 ,diller of the ,division of ,forest ,pathology1 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 entitled ,growing ,chestnuts for ,timber pp4 #ff-fh4 ,many people seem to think that all you need to do when planting a tree is to stick it in the ground--just any ground4 ,this may be true of some kinds1 but is certainly not true of the chestnut4 ,for best growth and development the chestnut requires a fairly deep1 well-drained soil1 rich in mineral elements and humus1 with a fair degree of moisture and plenty of sunlight4 ,two things chestnuts will not endure are shallow soil and drought1 the latter often depending on the former4 ,as tree indicators of the kind of site required for the establishment of a chestnut forest ,dr4 ,diller has chosen yellow poplar1 northern red oak1 white ash1 sugar maple1 and yellow birch1 with spice bush as a shrub indicator and maiden hair fern1 bloodroot and other herbs as herbaceous indicators4 ,using a small area of about one eighth of an acre1 ,dr4 ,diller's plan is to girdle all the trees and then underplant with chestnut seedlings4 ,he says3 ,as the girdled overstory trees die they gradually yield the site to the planted chestnuts in a transition that does not greatly disturb the ecological conditions1 particularly of the forest floor4 ,rapid disintegration of the mantle of leaf mold is prevented by the partial shading which the dead or dying overstory1 girdled trees cast4 ,this may seem to some a rather drastic method1 but when so much is at stake1 namely the re-establishment of the chestnut in our forests1 it would seem a justifiable experiment on a small area4 ,in ,march1 #aidg1 we supplied ,dr4 ,diller with one hundred seedlings1 one or two years old1 of our best stock1 for underplanting in two of these selected sites1 fifty seedlings each1 namely on the estate of ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,childs at ,norfolk1 ,connecticut1 and on lands of the ,t4 ,v4 ,a4 at ,norris1 ,tennessee4 ,our best wishes for a successful blight-resistant future go with these little trees4 ,grafting ,work4 ,we are continuing with our method of inarching young suckers from below a blighted area into the trunk above the lesion1 the diseased tissue of the lesion being first cut out4 ,this method 7see ,brooklyn ,botanic ,garden ,chestnut ,breeding ,project4 #ceth ,annual ,report of ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association for #aide4 pp4 #bb-ca--aide7 is entirely successful in case we desire to preserve partly resistant hybrids of good parentage for future breeding and for scions4 7,figs4 #a and #b7 ,but inarching of the native chestnut is for the most part unsuccessful because the fungus grows too rapidly and girdles the stem1 killing the parts above before the inarched tips of the suckers can take hold4 ,there seems to be a certain relation between the amount of disease resistance in the tree and the possibility of restoring it to health by the inarching method4 ,by the common ordinary cleft-graft method1 using ,japanese1 or better1 ,chinese stock we are adding to the supply of our most desirable hybrids4 ,insect ,pests4 ,the spring canker worm1 ,paleacrita vernata1 has not been destructive either in #aidf or #aidg and no special preventive measures have been taken4 ,japanese beetles have done a little damage4 ,this year the first one appeared ,july #aa4 ,we find the best method with these is to pick them off at dusk after they have settled themselves for a night's sleep1 dropping them into kerosene oil4 ,under these conditions they will usually slip readily off the leaf into the oil4 ,one thing ,i should like to emphasize 7which probably others also have noticed7 is that new beetles keep coming1 day after day4 ,apparently the adults are issuing from the ground all summer4 ,last year ,i found a few ,japanese beetles in ,november4 ,so one must keep continually on the job all through the season4 ,this summer 7#aidg7 we have had a spray program of three sprayings1 ,august #ae1 #cj1 and ,september #aj1 with ,deenate 7fifty percent ,,ddt7 to destroy the chestnut weevils which appeared for the first time rather extensively in our ,hamden plantations last year4 7,see ,e4 ,r4 ,leeuwen2 ,,ddt for chestnut weevils1 ,american ,fruit ,grower #fg3 #bh4 #aidf7 ,this spray1 which we have used on the ground as well as on the young burs1 kills ,japanese beetles as well as the weevils4 ,this fall ,i have seen very few weevils in our whole crop of nuts4 ,the louse1 ,callaphis castaneae1 appeared on ,july #e1 #aidg1 at least the leaves became so much curled that its presence was then noticed4 ,two spraying on successive days with nicotine sulphate 7,black ,leaf #dj7 were sufficient to control it4 ,with us this insect attacks leaves of ,american stock only4 ,japanese-,american hybrids are also susceptible1 but not ,chinese-,american or ,american-,chinese4 ,the lice1 of an orange color1 congregate in great numbers along the midrib of the leaf1 sucking out its juices4 ,this summer1 perhaps on account of the unusual almost tropical weather conditions--hot and humid with continually recurring showers--we have been harassed by a new pest which has appeared in one of our plantations only sparingly for five or six years--a mite1 which ,connecticut ,agricultural ,experiment ,station authorities say is ,paratetranychus bicolor4 ,affected leaves have a whitish or grayish color chiefly along midrib and principal veins1 due partly to the deposit of the creature's shells on molting1 and partly to injury to the tissues of the leaf4 ,hexa-ethyl tetraphosphate1 known in the trade as ,killex #ajj1 was used effectually twice as a spray4 ,unfortunately this chemical has no ovicidal properties1 so that a second spraying was necessary to kill the mites newly hatched out from thousands of eggs4 ,we are informed that ,,dn #aaa will kill the eggs as well as the mites and will kill aphids at the same time4 ,the mites seem to prefer ,chinese chestnut leaves1 but this summer they didn't seem particular and spread from one badly infested tree as a center4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a--;,japanese-,american hybrid chestnut 7,hammond #hf-ca7 #cd-a_/b feet in height1 #af years old4 ,this is the same tree three years later as that shown in figures #a and #b1 in #ceth ,ann4 ,rept4 of ,northern ,nut ,growers ,assoc4 for #aidd4 ,note healthy development1 as shown by foliage and long yearly growth4 ,hamden1 ,conn4 ,photo4 ,sept4 #ac1 #aidg by ,louis ,buhle4 ,chinese ,chestnuts4 ,i am enthusiastic about ,chinese chestnuts as a nut substitute for our old native chestnuts4 ,the ,chinese are quite blight resistant4 ,they are attacked by the blight fungus--at least most individuals suffer at some time in their lives1 and yet the fungus doesn't thrive and the trees are able to overcome its attacks1 in many cases forming a healing wound callus around the lesions2 in others the lesion becomes simply a granular mass in which the fungus appears to be living only in the outer bark4 ,cultivation1 fertilization1 and judicious pruning certainly help these trees to withstand these fungus attacks4 ,we harvested a bumper crop last year and this from trees given us in #aibi by the ,division of ,forest ,pathology1 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,close-up of lower part of tree in fig4 #a1 showing inarched basal shoots which at the beginning were as slender as the leafless shoot now showing on right side1 below1 coming from base of trunk4 ,note exposed dead part of trunk showing old canker disease4 ,photo ,sept4 #ac1 #aidg1 by ,louis ,buhle4 ,public ,interest in the ,problem4 ,last fall1 ,september #aidf1 in an article in the ,yankee ,magazine1 ,i asked for nuts and pollen of the ,american chestnut4 ,as a result the following persons from many different parts of the country sent in nuts3 ,mr4 ,henry ,hartung1 ,methuen1 ,mass42 ,mrs4 ,marie ,garlichs1 ,brooklyn1 from ,lake ,minnewaska1 ,n4 ,y42 ,mr4 ,charles ,ericson1 ,brooklyn1 nuts from ,staten ,island1 ,n4 ,y42 ,mrs4 ,jay ,b4 ,nash1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 from ,lake ,sebago1 ,sloatsburg1 ,n4 ,y42 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,donnelly1 ,tacoma1 ,wash42 ,mr4 ,george ,m4 ,hindmarsh1 ,kent ,county1 ,r4 ,i42 ,mrs4 ,steiner1 ,niota1 ,tenn42 ,miss ,marjorie ,bacon1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 from ,litchfield1 ,conn4 through ,dr4 ,edgar ,heermance2 ,mr4 ,harold ,e4 ,willmott1 ,bethel1 ,conn42 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,jacobs1 ,tallahassee1 ,fla4 7,castanea crenata72 ,mr4 ,p4 ,p4 ,pirone1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j4 7,c4 crenata72 ,mr4 ,morton ,f4 ,sweet1 ,seattle1 ,wash4 7,c4 sativa71 nuts1 and scions in ,march '#dg2 ,mr4 ,john ,i4 ,shafer1 ,sparta1 ,tenn4 ,this lists shows not only the widespread interest in the subject but also that the chestnut sprouts are still bearing nuts4 ,in some cases the nuts were blind1 i4e4 sterile1 containing no kernel or embryo4 ,in order to develop a good nut there must be two chestnut trees within a reasonable distance of each other so that cross fertilization may take place4 ,isolated trees will usually not bear nuts4 ,in other words1 the chestnut is usually self sterile4 ,we are still planting all nuts received1 labeled with the name and address of the sender4 ,the resulting trees are being set out in the ,yale ,forest in ,tolland and ,windham ,counties1 ,conn4 under the direction of ,mr4 ,basil ,plusnin1 ,forester in charge4 ,thus the possibility is being explored of the existence of blight resistant strains of the ,american chestnut4 ,when nuts are sent they should be mailed within a few days after harvesting and wrapped in moist cotton1 peat moss or something similar4 ,drying of the nut kills the embryo so that it will no longer germinate4 ,nuts should be mailed to me at ,chestnut ,plantations1 ,wallingford1 ,conn4 ,pollen of the ,american chestnut is getting scarce4 ,after scouring the vicinity of ,hamden1 ,conn4 this summer1 we found a good supply at ,bethany1 ,conn4 from native shoots4 ,the following persons also sent us ,american pollen1 for which we are indeed grateful3 ,mr4 ,george ,gilmer1 ,charlottesville1 ,va42 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,e4 ,garlichs1 ,lake ,minnewaska1 ,n4 ,y42 ,mr4 ,alfred ,szego1 ,pine ,plains1 ,n4 ,y42 ,mr4 ,seward ,pauley1 ,sumerco1 ,w4 ,va42 and ,mr4 ,charles ,w4 ,mann1 ,fennville1 ,mich4 ,to ship the pollen it is necessary only to wrap small branches bearing the catkins in oiled paper and mail to me1 preferably by air mail4 ,the catkins should be ripe1 i4e4 shedding the pollen4 ,acknowledgments4 ,it is a pleasure to have this opportunity to express our appreciation of the cooperation of the above mentioned persons4 ,the interest of these and many other persons and institutions is encouraging4 ,during #aidf and #aidg this project has been sponsored by the ,connecticut ,geological and ,natural ,history ,survey1 and we have as usual enjoyed the cordial cooperation of the ,division of ,forest ,pathology1 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture4 ,beginning as of ,october #a1 #aidg1 the work is also being sponsored by the ,connecticut ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,on ,july #a ,i retired from my position as ,curator of ,public ,instructor at the ,brooklyn ,botanic ,garden and shall now be able to devote my entire time to the chestnut work4 ,my permanent address will be3 ,chestnut ,plantations1 ,wallingford1 ,conn4 ,chinese ,chestnuts in the ,chattahoochee ,valley ,g4 ,s4 ,,jones1 ,route #a1 ,box #adj1 ,phenix ,city1 ,alabama 7,excerpts from letter to ,secretary1 ,oct4 #bc1 #aidg47 ,growing trees is a work dear to my heart for ,i have been interested in it since childhood4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith's book on ,tree ,crops is one of the best ,i have ever read along the lines of growing trees to produce food for man and beast as well as producing many other useful products1 and much of the work of your ,association seems to be along the same line4 ,i am sure we can live easier and better on this earth when we learn to use the trees in their proper place4 ,man often acts in a shortsighted way by depending largely on annual crops for the main source of food for himself and his animals and neglects the long lived trees which may not have to be planted but once in a lifetime and which1 if given a little intelligent management1 will improve instead of deplete his land and at the same time make a far more beautiful landscape4 ,i only have a few trees 7maybe #bjj or #bej7 in my nursery which ,i usually dispose of at the farm or use to set on my place4 ,i have not attempted to grow many seedlings as ,i don't wish to get into this phase of work4 ,it would take too much time from other work which ,i like to do4 ,this fall ,i have sold over #fjj pounds of nuts to various nurseries for planting so ,i would prefer that they grow and sell trees from my orchard4 ,i gather planting nuts from the trees which show the best qualities1 consistently1 and sell the nuts from the other trees for eating purposes4 ,the trees from which ,i sell eating nuts have some bad qualities such as some of the nuts being retained in burs1 irregular or poor production1 and nuts that seem to be too dry at ripening so ,i would not offer these for sale although the pollen from these trees does mix with the others causing some of the nuts to carry these bad features1 a thing which will hardly be avoided in open-pollinated seedlings4 ,your letter made me more proud of my orchard than ever when you made the statement that my last year's production of #a1gbb pounds for #bb trees so young as mine may have set a record for production4 ,see #aidf ,,nnga ,report1 p4 #abh--;,ed4 ,i had little idea how my trees compared with other orchards1 for ,mr4 ,gravatt had not told me anything about this4 ,in fact ,i have never seen him nor did ,i take the trouble to write and ask this question4 ,i knew my trees were producing much better than an orchard of the ,soil ,conservation ,service at ,auburn but ,i attributed that to the better type of soil 7for chestnuts7 in which my trees are set1 and better air drainage4 ,i had also heard about an orchard near ,blue ,springs above ,columbus1 ,ga41 which was not doing so well because the soil was maybe too heavy or damp4 ,i can say one thing and that is that my ,chinese chestnuts have surely surpassed my fondest hopes and dreams1 for that small area has certainly made me lots of money and has given me much joy in tending it and watching it grow4 ,you asked me to give some information about my #aidg crop4 ,this has not been quite as large as last year as ,i have harvested only a little over #a1eed pounds 7,i say a little over for it is hard to get all the nuts7 of weighed nuts4 ,this includes some that were beginning to spoil4 ,i include these since it is sometimes due to my failure to gather promptly and ,i think can be fairly included in production records4 ,i might state here in fairness to last year's report of a yield of #a1gbb pounds of nuts that ,i recorded #a1eeg as being sold which leaves a difference of #afe pounds1 which were either discarded as spoiling or were unaccounted for4 ,this gives me a loss of approximately #aj for last year4 ,although my total production was lower than last year ,i had one tree 7,,ml ,no4 #b7 which produced #aej pounds of weighed nuts and a few pounds more 7maybe #b or #c7 which were not included4 ,this tree has been a consistent heavy bearer for several years but ,i had not checked its yield separately before4 ,since it is so early it was easy to keep the nuts separate 7as ,i was keeping these to sell for seed nuts74 ,in about #b weeks time it had produced about #acj pounds so ,i made a special effort to check the remainder since ,i was astonished at so large a yield4 ,when most of the nuts had fallen ,i had the above figure1 to my surprise4 ,the tree in size is not my largest but about average being #ab-a_/b in diameter #c' above the ground with a limb spread of #cj' and a height of #bd'4 ,it has a very symmetrical shape with enough rigidity in the limbs to hold them off the ground so the tree does not appear very large4 ,i just had to laugh when ,i got a letter yesterday from ,mr4 ,ralph ,d4 ,gardner1 whom ,i had written previously about the yield of this tree and sent #b pounds of nuts from it1 asking me if the tree produced two crops in one year4 ,he said ,mr4 ,james ,hobson had told him that he gets two crops from his tree each year4 ,mr4 ,gardner had a good reason to ask this question since knowing about the ,hobson chestnut1 but ,i reckon he might have thought about what ,i would have thought under similar circumstances1 i4e41 surely a tree so young 7#ac-a_/b years from setting7 couldn't produce that many nuts at one time1 so must have two ripening periods to contain the fruit4 ,i will have to say that all these were produced in one crop4 ,most of these ripened in just a little over two weeks4 ,i might say that ,i do have one tree 7,,ml ,no4 #a7 which has on a few occasions bloomed the second time and had burs which remained green until near frost but these did not amount to anything and ,i consider it undesirable4 ,i have never seen ,no4 #b tree produce late blooms and burs4 ,i might tell a few things as to how ,i handle my nuts4 ,as is well said by ,mr4 ,reed in his #aidf article about chestnuts they should be gathered daily 7although ,i sometimes don't carry this out74 ,after weighing ,i dump the nuts in a tub of water4 ,the nuts which are beginning to spoil will practically all float and the sound nuts will sink4 ,this is where the largest percentage of my culls is eliminated4 ,some good nuts will float but very few if the nuts are gathered daily4 ,i then put #bj to #be pounds of nuts in a coarse mesh burlap bag4 ,i use chicken scratch feed bags mostly as these are a nice size1 and ties a string near the top of the bag4 ,then ,i place these on a lath frame which is about #ab above the ground under a large pecan tree which furnishes shade about #c_/d of the day4 ,i arrange the nuts in the bag so it will be flat1 which does not allow more than #b or #c nuts to be on top of each other4 ,on days of moderate temperature ,i wet these bags thoroughly with water once a day but on very hot or windy days ,i often wet them twice4 ,this keeps the nuts moist most of the time and lowers the temperature considerably from the evaporation4 ,in this way ,i can keep the nuts days and days and even weeks with very little change except a slight drying4 ,if any spoiled nuts were missed by the water these too will show up in about #aj days with specks of white mold and can be eliminated4 ,the other nuts seem to be as good as the day they were gathered4 ,i only use this to keep them temperarily 7as it is some trouble to wet them7 and mostly for the eating nuts until ,i can take them to market or put them on cold storage 7#cj deg4 to #ce deg4,f47 ,if ,i attempt to hold seed nuts about a week or more ,i pack in damp sphagnum in crates and keep these under the shade tree with excellent results4 ,this year ,i used green sphagnum with all its water and the nuts seemed to keep well in it4 ,some nuts have been in damp sphagnum for over #e weeks now and are in excellent shape except for a few that spoiled at first 7which ,i am quite sure were bad to begin with74 ,if too much water is used some nuts will begin sprouting but it is surprising how much they can stand and show no tendency to sour4 ,i am of the opinion that the chestnuts in my section get ripe prematurely and that at a time when we often have our hottest and dryest weather4 ,these nuts seem to need a period to continue their ripening under cool moist conditions which the wet sack treatment gives 7or the damp sphagnum47 ,even if this is not the case ,i have had splendid results with it whereas before ,i began using this method with lots of water ,i often became so discouraged that ,i thought ,i would have to abandon trying to put my chestnuts on the market4 ,now if ,i can get them gathered promptly ,i have little trouble holding them until ,i am ready to dispose of them4 ,i failed to tell you that the bad feature about my ,,ml ,no4 #b tree which produced the #aej pounds of nuts is its early ripening period 7the latter part of ,august and first part of ,september7 which causes some of the nuts to be spoiled almost when they fall4 ,a few hours of too hot sun seems to start the spoiling process4 ,the tree has no other objectionable features except the nuts are only small to medium in size but nearly every one falls freely from the burs4 ,nuts about #gj to the pound4--,ed4 ,some ,results with ,filbert ,breeding at ,geneva1 ,n4,y4#f ,,george ,l4 ,,slate ,new ,york 7,geneva7 ,agricultural ,experiment ,station ,this paper reports the results of attempts to improve filberts by hybridization at the ,experiment ,station at ,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the filbert project was started at ,geneva in the spring of #aibe when a collection of varieties from ,american sources was established4 ,in later years additional varieties from ,european and other sources were added until about #abj were under test4 ,as soon as the varieties had fruited for several years it became evident that many of them were inferior and not adapted to ,new ,york conditions4 ,a few exhibited considerable merit and the range of characteristics in the different varieties indicated that it might be worth while to start a filbert breeding project with the object of combining the desirable characteristics of the better sorts4 ,footnote #f3 ,journal ,paper ,no4 #gai1 ,new ,york ,state ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4 ,it was decided first to cross ,rush1 a selected form of ,corylus americana1 with the best varieties of ,corylus ,avellana1 ,rush contributing the hardiness of the native hazel1 possible resistance to filbert blight1 and the hybrid vigor that sometimes results from the crossing of two species4 ,the ,european filberts were expected to furnish large-sized nuts as well as dessert and cracking quality4 ,the first crosses were made in #aicj when two trees of the ,rush variety growing on ,dr4 ,mac,daniels' place in ,ithaca were pollinated with pollen of several varieties of ,corylus ,avellana that was brought from ,geneva4 ,additional crosses were made at ,ithaca in #aica and #aicc4 ,in #aicb the pollinations were made at ,geneva1 using a ,barcelona tree covered with a tightly woven cloth4 ,no pollinations have been made since #aicc4 ,in the spring of #aicb1 #ece seedlings were received from ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 of ,baldwin1 ,long ,island1 ,n4 ,y41 which had resulted from crosses made by ,c4 ,a4 ,reed of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 at ,baldwin4 ,including these ,u4,s4,d4,a4 seedlings and those resulting from the breeding work at ,geneva1 #a1iii seedlings have fruited4 ,the nuts from these crosses were stratified in sand in a cold frame1 dug up1 and planted in the greenhouse in early ,march4 ,after one transplanting they were moved to the nursery to grow for two years1 when they were moved to the seedling orchard4 ,the nuts from one year's crosses were planted directly in the nursery but germination was low due to drought4 ,the seedlings were spaced #aj x #e feet in the orchard4 ,this spacing was satisfactory if the trees came into bearing the fourth year1 but if unfavorable weather eliminated the first or second crops the trees became too crowded to permit satisfactory fruiting4 ,usually1 however1 the trees fruited sufficiently to make it possible to evaluate them and remove the inferior trees so that the better seedlings would have enough room to remain for several additional crops4 ,during the first few years the orchard was clean cultivated until cover crops were sown in ,august4 ,in later years the orchards were not cultivated but nitrogen fertilization was substituted4 ,satisfactory growth was maintained1 but the grass and weeds made harvesting more difficult4 ,no pruning was done except at planting time as the seedlings were all evaluated before pruning was needed4 ,suckers were removed around the young trees1 but as they became older this was not done and some of the plants now have several stems4 ,evaluating the ,seedlings ,the nuts were harvested in the fall after they had dropped1 or1 with the later maturing seedlings and those which tended to cling to the tree1 they were harvested by picking or shaking them from the tree4 ,as soon as practicable the nuts were husked and the crop of each tree weighed and recorded4 ,samples of nuts of every seedling fruiting were placed on paper plates1 each population being by itself1 and eight or ten nuts of each sample were cracked and left on the plate4 ,the seedlings were then divided into three classes1 those that were obviously good1 those that were poor1 and an intermediate class that received further attention4 ,the poor seedlings were marked for discard and if so marked for two or three years they were pulled out4 ,the good seedlings were then examined more carefully and sorted into three groups1 as follows3 #a4 ,those that were outstanding in both nut and tree characters4 #b4 ,those that were good enough to propagate for a second test1 but not equal to the best4 #c4 ,seedlings good enough to keep for further observation4 ,these were usually good in one or more characteristics but deficient or doubtful in one important feature4 ,if upon further testing these third group plants proved to be outstandingly productive or hardy they were given a higher rating4 ,in examining the nuts1 emphasis was placed on size and color of the nut1 the large1 bright brown nuts being considered more desirable than the smaller1 duller colored1 pubescent nuts4 ,the amount of space between the shell and the kernel was important4 ,if the kernel fitted tightly it was easily broken or chipped in cracking the nut4 ,thickness of shell was of minor importance as only a few were thick enough to make cracking difficult4 ,the kernel characters were of most importance since the kernel is the reason for producing the nut4 ,the kernel must be plump1 smooth1 light brown in color1 and free of the superfluous pellicle1 or fibrous material that is characteristic of the ,barcelona kernels4 ,generally1 seedlings with ,rush as one parent had very little of this superfluous fibrous material and the best of them were much superior to ,barcelona in appearance and dessert quality4 ,flavor received less consideration since most of the seedlings were reasonably good in that respect4 ,given a good kernel1 and there were many of them1 it became necessary to rely upon other characteristics to eliminate the less desirable of these seedlings4 ,it was here that the records of yields and catkin hardiness were valuable4 ,after several years it became evident that certain seedlings were consistently high yielding while others were low yielding4 ,hardiness of catkin also varied greatly and rather consistently from year to year4 ,weather conditions influenced catkin killing greatly4 ,catkin hardiness is important since the pollen is necessary for nut production and must be present in abundance as its movement in the orchard is subject to the vagaries of the wind1 and only a small percentage of that in the air ever comes in contact with the stigmas of the other varieties4 ,it is the purpose of this paper to indicate the value1 insofar as it may be estimated from the available data1 of the different varietal crosses in obtaining desirable filbert hybrids4 ,table #a contains a list of crosses made1 the number of seedlings raised1 and the percentage of these which were of sufficient merit to be retained for further study4 ,the percentage of seedlings propagated indicates even more definitely which crosses are of the greatest value in producing superior seedlings as only the outstanding seedlings were propagated for a second test4 ,selections included in ,table #a are there by virtue of their all-around merit4 ,crosses between ,rush and ,littlepage and ,rush and ,winkler produced nothing of value4 ,the populations were small1 but other equally small populations from other crosses produced seedlings of value4 ,the inter-crossing of selections of ,corylus americana does not appear to be a promising line of attack in filbert breeding where hybrids with ,c4 ,avellana will thrive4 ,rush and ,barcelona were each used as seed parents in crosses with the same eight varieties4 ,in the crosses involving ,rush #a1bcb seedlings were produced and of these #ci1 or #c4b1 were good enough to propagate4 ,of the #cjf seedlings raised from the same varieties combined with ,barcelona only #d1 or #a4c were worth propagating4 ,none of these ,barcelona seedlings are among the best4 ,under the conditions of the experiment it would seem that ,rush is much superior to ,barcelona as a parent in crosses with varieties of ,corylus ,avellana4 ,the cross between ,kentish ,cob and ,cosford failed to produce any seedlings of outstanding merit4 ,in considering the productiveness and hardiness of the catkins of the seedlings resulting from the different crosses the data have been assembled in ,tables #b to #e1 each table containing the summarized records for different plantings4 ,these plantings were started at different times and the records are not directly comparable as they are for different years and varying lengths of time4 ,in ,table #a the total number of seedlings is given1 but in ,table #b to #e only the data for the selections are used4 ,records for the selections are available for several years1 whereas the inferior seedlings were discarded and limited data only are available4 ,furthermore1 the filbert breeder is interested primarily in the worthwhile material that may be taken from populations of known parentage4 ,assuming that we have a fairly good nut productiveness is the most important characteristic in a filbert4 ,if the plant is productive it must of necessity be reasonably vigorous and hardy4 ,for that reason much emphasis has been placed on productiveness in the final evaluation of the selections4 ,the selections in ,table #b are from the ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,bixby plants which were the first to fruit at ,geneva4 ,considerable variation in productiveness is evident in the different populations4 ,rush x ,kentish ,cob and ,rush x ,white ,aveline selections were only about half as productive on the average as ,rush x ,barcelona1 ,bollwiller1 ,red ,lambert1 and ,daviana4 ,rush x ,italian ,red also failed to produce high-yielding selections4 ,in a later planting in the same orchard1 as shown in ,table #c1 the ,rush x ,kentish ,cob selections performed no better1 the ,rush x ,red ,lambert selections outyielding them by a substantial margin4 ,the ,barcelona x ,italian ,red selections were very low yielding4 ,in orchard #bb1 as shown in ,table #d1 where ,rush and ,barcelona are crossed with the same varieties1 the resulting selections from the ,rush crosses are about one third more productive if mean yields are considered1 or one-half more productive if only highest yielding selections are considered than with the ,barcelona crosses4 ,cosford has been outstanding in transmitting productiveness in crosses with ,rush1 ,italian ,red1 and ,nottingham4 ,rush x ,kentish ,cob selections in this orchard as in the other planting1 were only about one half as productive on the average4 ,in the crosses with ,barcelona the combination with ,medium ,long1 ,red ,lambert1 and ,italian ,red were considerably more productive than crosses with ,purple ,aveline1 ,halle1 ,daviana1 and ,bollwiller4 ,the ,kentish ,cob x ,cosford cross was less productive than most of the other combinations made4 ,kentish ,cob definitely appears to transmit unproductiveness when crossed with ,rush1 ,barcelona1 and ,cosford4 ,in orchard #h as shown in ,table #e1 the trees soon became very crowded as the discards were not removed and the yield records were less reliable than in the other plantings4 ,winterkilling of catkins were recorded on the selections for several years4 ,in early ,april the percentage of winter-killed catkins was recorded by estimate4 ,tables #b to #e contain the mean of these estimates and a considerable variation in catkin hardiness in the different populations is evident4 ,red ,lambert1 which had the hardiest catkins of any variety of ,c4 ,avellana tried at ,geneva1 produced a higher proportion of catkin-hardy seedlings than any other variety4 ,cosford was fairly good in this respect and in orchard #af ,bollwiller1 ,italian ,red1 and ,barcelona when crossed with ,rush produced selections with moderately hardy catkins4 ,winter injury of catkins was nearly always very high in crosses between varieties of ,corylus ,avellana4 ,of the #a1igj seedlings included in ,table #a1 #cdj or #ag1 were retained for further observation and of these1 #eb1 or #b4f1 were considered good enough to propagate for a more extensive test4 ,of these #eb a few thus far have been outstanding when compared with the others4 ,possibly the best and most productive selection is ,no4 #abfe1 ,rush x ,purple ,aveline1 that is the heaviest yielding of all and the nuts are also among the best1 being of medium size1 plump1 and free from fiber4 ,this seedling is far superior to any others from the same cross4 ,nos4 #adjh and #adfg1 both selected from a ,rush x ,cosford population1 are close seconds to ,no4 #abfe4 ,in the ,rush x ,cosford population are several others nearly as good1 the general level of merit in this combination being fairly high4 ,farther down the list1 but still among the best1 are ,no4 #aaj ,rush x ,kentish ,cob1 and ,no4 #aeg1 ,rush x ,barcelona4 ,filbert breeders working under similar conditions would probably find it worthwhile to make these crosses and also to produce more seedlings from ,rush x ,red ,lambert than were raised at ,geneva4 ,no crosses have been made at ,geneva in recent years1 but all of the nuts from the selections1 sometimes several hundred pounds a year1 have been planted by the ,soil ,conservation ,service and the resulting seedlings planted in various parts of the country4 ,undoubtedly1 if these could be examined when in fruit1 some worthwhile selections could be made4 ,those in ,new ,york ,state will probably be worked over during the next few years4 ,,table #a4 ,results from filbert crosses4 ,number of ,num- ,percent- ,number ,percent- ,seedlings ber ,re- age ,re- ,prop- age ,prop- ,cross ,fruited tained tained agated agated ,rush x ,kentish ,cob 7,du ,chilly #dcj #fc #ad #aa #b ,rush x ,cosford #ddg #eb #ab #aa #b ,rush x ,bollwiller #afe #ah #aa #f #c ,rush x ,italian ,red #aah #ag #af #b #a ,rush x ,red ,lambert #cf #aj #bh #f #af ,rush x ,daviana #ac #b #ae #b #ae ,rush x ,purple ,aveline #ab #c #be #a #h ,rush x ,white ,lambert #aa #j #j #j #j ,rush x ,barcelona #aai #bj #af #c #b ,rush x ,white ,aveline #ed #aj #ah #c #e ,rush x ,imperial de,trebizond #bd #e #ba #a #d ,rush x ,nottingham #bc #g #cj #b #h ,rush x ,brixnut #h #b #be #j #j ,rush x ,littlepage #ab #j #j #j #j ,rush x ,winkler #f #j #j #j #j ,barcelona x ,kentish ,cob 7,du- ,chilly7 #db #ba #ej #c #g ,barcelona x ,cosford #eg #bg #dh #a #b ,barcelona x ,bollwiller #aa #b #ah #j #j ,barcelona x ,italian ,red #ff #i #ac #j #j ,barcelona x ,red ,lambert #da #ab #bi #j #j ,barcelona x ,daviana #ba #e #bd #j #j ,barcelona x ,purple ,aveline #be #h #cb #j #j ,barcelona x ,white ,lambert #dc #a #b #j #j ,barcelona x ,medium ,long #de #af #ce #j #j ,barcelona x ,early ,globe #gh #j #j #j #j ,barcelona x ,halle #ab #f #ej #j #j ,barcelona x ,red ,aveline #i #a #aa #j #j ,kentish ,cob 7,du ,chilly7 x ,cosford #ce #bb #fc #j #j ,total #aigj #cdj #ag #eb #b4f ,,table #b4 ,yields and winterkilling of filbert catkins1 ,orchard #af1 #aice #aicg1 #aich and #aici4 ,yields are #d year total4 ,catkin injury is #e year mean ,no4 of ,mean ,highest ,mean ,lowest ,selec- ,yield ,yield ,percent- ,percent- tions per ,se- per ,se- age ,cat- age of lection lection kins ,catkins in in ,winter- ,winter- ,cross ,ounces ,ounces killed killed per ,se- lection ,rush x ,bollwiller #ah #ha #adc #ba #d ,bush x ,kentish ,cob 7,du ,chilly7 #ab #ch #aag #cf #c ,rush x ,white ,aveline #i #dd #gc #db #j ,rush x ,barcelona #f #id #adg #bf #h ,rush x ,imperial de ,trebizond #e #ha #ajj #bh #aj ,rush x ,italian ,red #c #gi #hj #ae #c ,rush x ,red ,lambert #c #hh #aaf #g #c ,rush x ,daviana #b #hb #aaj #cc #bf ,rush x ,purple ,maxima #a #cg #cg #ag #ag ,,table #c4 ,yields and winter injury of filbert catkins1 ,orchard #af1 #aicg-da inclusive4 ,mean ,highest ,mean ,lowest ,yield ,yield ,percent- ,percent- per ,se- per ,se- age ,cat- age of ,no4 of lection lection kins ,catkins ,selec- in in ,winter- ,winter- ,cross tions ,ounces ,ounces killed killed per ,se- lection ,rush x ,kentish ,cob 7,du ,chilly7 #bf #ch #ajb #fh #e ,rush x ,barcelona #ad #eb #hi #ij #ch ,rush x ,red ,lambert #e #fg #aag #ab #e ,barcelona x ,italian ,red #c #ah #bj #hc #gc ,,table #d4 ,filbert selections4 ,orchard #bb4 ,yields #aici1 #aidj1 #aida1 #aidb1 #aidd1 #aide and #aidf4 ,catkin injury records #aici-db1 inclusive4 ,mean ,highest ,mean ,lowest ,yield ,yield ,percent- ,percent- per ,se- per ,se- age ,cat- age of ,no4 of lection lection kins ,catkins ,selec- in in ,winter- ,winter- ,cross tions ,ounces ,ounces killed killed per ,se- lection ,rush x ,cosford #bf #abi #bbi #db #j ,rush x ,kentish ,cob 7,du ,chilly7 #be #fh #ahe #gj #ac ,rush x ,nottingham #g #if #ahj #ca #ad ,rush x ,italian ,red #c #aad #aha #de #cj ,rush x ,purple ,aveline #c #aad #bdj #db #be ,rush x ,red ,lambert #b #ij #abg #ba #h ,rush x ,brixnut #b #di #ea #fb #eh ,barcelona x ,cosford #bg #ij #ach #fb #cb ,barcelona x ,kentish ,cob 7,du ,chilly7 #ba #fi #abf #fi #be ,barcelona x ,medium ,long #af #ic #beg #hc #ga ,barcelona x ,red ,lambert #ab #hc #adg #eb #ac ,barcelona x ,purple ,aveline #h #ej #gc #gh #ee ,barcelona x ,italian ,red #f #hd #acc #ij #ha ,barcelona x ,halle #f #eb #gi #eb #bc ,barcelona x ,daviana #e #ec #ge #fg #ei ,barcelona x ,bollwiller #b #ff #id #fb #eh ,barcelona x ,red ,aveline #a #ia #ia #ef #ef ,barcelona x ,white ,lambert #a #ajc #ajc #e #e ,kentish ,cob 7,du ,chilly7 x ,cosford #bb #fb #aea #fd #cc ,,table #e4 ,filbert selections4 ,orchard #h4 ,yields #aidj1 #aida1 #aidb and #aidd4 ,catkin injury records #aidj1 #aida and #aidb4 ,mean ,highest ,mean ,lowest ,yield ,yield ,percent- ,percent- per ,se- per ,se- age ,cat- age of ,no4 of lection lection kins ,catkins ,selec- in in ,winter- ,winter- ,cross tions ,ounces ,ounces killed killed per ,se- lection ,rush x ,cosford #bf #be #dg #cj #b ,rush x ,italian ,red #aa #be #ci #bg #j 99 99 99 99 99 ,discussion after ,mr4 ,slate's paper-- ,mac,daniels3 ,of the #aiii seedlings tested at ,geneva1 #eb are being carried on for further observations4 ,prof4 ,slate is doing a fine work4 ,j4 ,r4 ,smith3 ,i want to express my appreciation of the work ,prof4 ,slate is doing4 ,to care for #aiii seedlings and keep the performance records is a big job and just the kind of thing on which progress depends4 ,nut ,news from ,wisconsin ,,carl ,,weschcke ,this year at ,river ,falls1 ,wisconsin1 which is only #ce miles southeast of ,st4 ,paul1 ,minnesota1 the season started off with much rain and a delayed cold spring4 ,all the grafting had to be postponed from two to four weeks later than normal4 ,the stored scion wood suffered some because of this long storage period1 and some of it was quite dry when taken out4 ,this was particularly true of the ,weschcke butternut and these scions looked so dry that ,i was tempted to throw them all away1 but instead ,i gave them to two young horticulture students to practice with4 ,none of them grew1 however1 so we had a #ajj failure on butternut grafting4 ,about a dozen years ago ,i had much success grafting butternut on black walnuts and was unimpressed1 therefore ,i did not make any notes as to the process ,i used4 ,this was a mistake for apparently ,i have lost the art4 ,the last five years has probably produced only about five or six plants successfully grafted on black walnut4 ,hickories respond much better and ,i usually get about #ej successful grafts on my native butternut stocks4 ,although the insect pests1 such as the butternut curculio1 were delayed in their attacks1 they eventually caught up and destroyed most of the big butternut crop and did their usual damage to heartnut and ,persian walnut growth4 ,i noticed in the ,american ,fruit ,grower that plum curculio was controlled in the peach orchards through the use of hexaethyl tetraphosphate4 ,if this chemical poison controls plum curculio1 it ought to control any of the curculio family1 such as the hazel curculio1 chestnut curculio and butternut curculio4 ,the butternut and hazel curculio appear to me to be the same insect4 ,i am not troubled with the chestnut curculio yet1 but if this chemical gives control over the curculio insect family we will certainly be able to raise large crops of all of the nuts mentioned4 ,quite a few of my grafted test trees1 both in the forest and in the orchard1 which in some cases were grafted on bitternut hickory stocks fifteen years ago1 are beginning to bear4 ,these varieties are the ,woods1 ,fox1 ,taylor1 ,platman and ,davis4 ,others which have borne a few times previously also have good crops set4 ,these are ,bridgewater1 ,glover1 ,beaver1 ,kirtland1 ,deveaux and ,fairbanks4 ,the trees setting the largest crops of hickory nuts are the ,weschcke1 and they are the only ones that ,i can really count on maturing early enough to escape our usual early fall frosts4 ,i derive great pleasure in observing new seedling plants of filberts1 hazels and their hybrids coming into bearing for the first time this year4 ,there are about two hundred of these new varieties4 ,of course most of them will be worthless commercially4 ,the ideal hybrid hazilbert has not yet appeared1 but when it does we will propagate it for sale as rapidly as possible4 ,at this date1 ,august #bj1 we have suffered from an extremely dry ,august and will apparently lose many trees that we cannot reach by irrigation or some other means of watering4 ,we have been busy at the farm and nursery erecting a small pilot plant for grinding filbert butter which we expect to be able to put on the market between ,october #ae and ,november #a4 ,there is about a one-fourth crop of black walnuts in my orchard trees1 with the ,thomas leading4 ,many of the ,ohio trees are barren4 ,usually the ,ohio bears freely4 ,it is my observation here that the wild hazels and some of their hybrids will drop their crop of nuts when it becomes too dry4 ,this probably is an excellent feature from the standpoint of the plant as it no doubt saves the plant from being killed by drouth4 ,there is no doubt in my mind but that the hazel-filbert hybrids 7hazilberts7 will make a large agricultural crop in the corn belt4 ,when these crops are shelled in local plants and ground into butter the industry will fall into much the same category as country creameries4 ,however1 we have not reached the point where we have the right commercial plants for this purpose and for the time being will have to use the ,pacific ,coast filberts until such large crops of the ideal hybrids appear4 ,home ,preparation of ,filbert ,butter and ,other ,products ,,mrs4 ,,jeanne ,m4 ,,altman1 ,bellingham1 ,washington ,filberts may be prepared in different ways at home to make a delicious food4 ,to make filbert butter first shell a roasting pan two-thirds full of kernels and put it in a #cbe deg4 oven4 ,stir the kernels thoroughly and often to get an even tan4 ,cut a few in half to determine when they are brown enough4 ,cook about thirty minutes4 ,do not leave in oven any longer than necessary because the kernels begin to brown rapidly upon further cooking4 ,cool and stir when not too hot4 ,most of the brown pellicle can be removed by rubbing kernels between one's hands4 ,run the kernels through a food chopper or meat grinder to make a ,crunchy butter4 ,to make a more delicious product1 however1 first run the kernels through a coarse knife1 salt them and then run through a fine knife4 ,this results in a butter with enough oil of its own to make a delicious dish4 ,it takes lots of nuts to make much filbert butter4 ,in preparing salted filberts in quantity ,i cook them in a strainer in a kettle of deep fat4 ,check the temperature with a thermometer and do not let them get too hot4 ,cool them quickly by putting them into a cold dish and stirring4 ,when salting the whole kernels put only enough fat with them to coat the pellicle4 ,after they are sufficiently brown take them out and salt them as they are cooling4 ,stir just enough to coat the kernels with salt4 ,eat pellicle and all2 it holds the salt4 ,stirring too much tends to remove the salt4 ,you can treat a pound of nuts at a time in a heavy iron skillet on top of the stove stirring constantly4 ,when we follow that practice we eat them salted just as they were instead of grinding them4 ,i think they are better than salted peanuts4 ,i sent a recipe to one of our west coast papers and they added a note to drain them on a paper towel4 ,that is wasteful and unnecessary4 ,a ,bellingham dentist put whole nuts into his false-teeth baking oven in the evening4 ,i do not know what temperature was maintained but it must have been low because he left the nuts there all night and the next morning he found them all roasted and ready to eat4 ,filberts1 even the green ones just as they come from the tree1 may be boiled and then salted and buttered4 ,they may be used to advantage in many cooking and baking recipes4 ,notes from ,central ,new ,york ,s4 ,h4 ,,graham1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,this summer has been a difficult one for black walnuts4 ,a late spring delayed starting and three freezes during the week beginning ,sept4 #bb prematurely checked development so that poor filling seems to be the rule4 ,the ,persian walnuts again demonstrated their ability to ripen their nuts in a short season4 ,some of our ,persian walnut trees are growing in the partial shade of larger black walnut trees4 ,we prefer to keep these larger trees as they may be valuable stocks to be grafted to the superior varieties that one is always hoping will appear later on4 ,this condition gives a good opportunity to observe the effect of shade4 ,there seems to be no doubt that even light shade is detrimental in our latitude to the ,persian walnut and results not only in more spindling and unsymmetrical growth but also interferes with proper ripening of the wood making it more subject to winter injury4 ,one difficulty with the ,persian walnuts in the ,east is premature falling of the nuts4 ,the female flowers on the young ,persian trees that we have seen are usually more numerous than with black walnuts of the same size and age1 but even hand pollinating often fails to give a good set of nuts4 ,last spring we took pollen from eight of our ,persian trees to the pomology department of our ,state ,college of ,agriculture for germinating4 ,the best sample showed #de viable pollen2 the next best #ae and the rest from ,o to #e4 ,this had been collected and stored for several weeks according to the methods given by ,dr4 ,cox in the annual report for #aidc1 page #eh4 ,it is possible that this lack of viability may be due to some soil deficiency such as insufficient lime or boron4 ,prof4 ,schuster of the ,oregon station writes that they find that ,persian walnuts readily accept good ,persian pollen but not black walnut or butternut pollen4 ,if the viability of the pollen falls below #ej they consider it unsatisfactory4 ,on some of the ,oregon soils an application of boron in the form of ordinary borax under the trees in the spring has greatly helped in getting a crop of nuts4 ,this should be well worth trying in the eastern states4 ,the filbert crop this year is better than usual4 ,out of over a thousand crosses between ,rush and ,winkler with ,european and ,pacific ,coast varieties1 in our estimation1 only one has proven worthy of propagation considering size1 flavor1 abundance of bearing and resistance to filbert blight4 ,some growers think lightly of blight but our experience in fighting it through the years in cutting out cankered wood has convinced us of the futility of this means of control in infested areas4 ,control measures may apparently succeed for a time but when conditions of moisture1 heat and air movement are just right it can spread like wildfire4 ,therefore1 to us1 resistance to this disease 7,cryptosporella anomala7 seems of paramount importance4 ,the prevalence of blight has been almost universal in the scattered plantings which we have visited in central ,new ,york1 usually without the owner knowing why his trees were dying4 ,all our ,european and ,coast varieties1 as well as most of the hybrids1 take blight readily but there is an occasional hybrid that is clearly resistant4 ,bixby is one of these4 ,we have always used a knapsack sprayer equipped with a mist nozzle for our trees but this is inadequate as the trees grow taller4 ,this summer a much more satisfactory nozzle was found that may be quickly adjusted to throw a mist for low trees or a far reaching one for the taller trees4 ,this is made by the ,d4 ,b4 ,smith ,co4 of ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,from time to time articles appear on insects injurious to nut trees4 ,frequently mentioned are the web worms and the walnut caterpillars4 ,with us1 the damage they do is as nothing compared to that caused by the curculios1 the strawberry root worm beetles and the leaf hoppers4 ,we are getting the upper hand of the curculios by the use of cryolite spray but the root-worm beetle problem is still unsolved4 ,until ,rev4 ,crath wrote of leaf hopper damage 7,annual ,report #aich p4 #aaa7 we had not regarded them as at all serious4 ,subsequent observation has convinced us that he was right and that they are often the cause of the blackening and dying of the tender young leaves of ,persian walnuts and the curling up of older leaves4 ,we were especially impressed during the ,wooster1 ,ohio1 field trip last year and1 later on1 in seeing how ,mr4 ,sherman had overcome this trouble on the ,mahoning ,co4 farm simply by adding ,,ddt to his spray mixture4 ,in closing1 we would like to call the attention of new members to the wealth of information that is to be found in the old ,association annual reports4 ,experience with the ,crath ,carpathian ,walnuts ,,gilbert ,l4 ,,smith1 ,wassaic1 ,new ,york ,in the spring of #aice we purchased from the ,wisconsin ,horticultural ,society two pounds of the nuts which ,rev4 ,paul ,crath had imported from ,poland4 ,we planted these nuts in the nursery row4 ,sixty-two seedlings resulted4 ,we assigned a number of each of these seedlings and transplanted them when they were two years old4 ,here we made our first mistake4 ,we selected what proved to be a very poor site for them1 adjacent to and nearly surrounded by woodland1 in which were a goodly supply of butternut curculios which we have found to be by far the worst insect enemy of the ,persian walnut4 ,it attacks the terminal growth doing some damage by feeding but principally by laying eggs in the terminals and the fleshy base of the leaf stems4 ,from these eggs grub-like larvae hatch which bore into the terminal and the leaf bases1 greatly dwarfing the terminal growth4 ,we have found as many as six larvae in a single terminal4 ,of course they also like to lay their eggs in the young nuts which then drop from the tree in mid-summer4 ,in the spring of #aicg we started to graft from these seedlings on black walnut stocks1 giving each the same number as that of the seedling from which the wood was taken4 ,it is too bad that we did not start this work sooner as we lost a few of the seedlings1 largely through the ravages of the curculio1 but possibly some of them were just not rugged enough to stand our climate4 ,we still have #di of these varieties living1 either as grafts or the original trees4 ,to this collection we have added a few varieties1 securing wood from seedlings being grown by others4 ,we have had living grafts of some of the named ,crath varieties which we suppose developed from some of the wood imported from ,poland by ,rev4 ,crath4 ,all of these have failed with us except one1 ,carpathian ,d4 ,apparently they were not hardy enough for our climate4 ,so far we have had only one severe test of our ,crath seedlings1 as to hardiness4 ,this was on ,february #afth1 #aidc1 when the temperature at ,mr4 ,benton's farm was thirty-four degrees below zero4 ,this was not official but was registered by two thermometers which ,mr4 ,benton knew to be very accurate4 ,many of our ,crath seedlings showed no injury at all on this occasion while others showed varying degrees of injury4 ,our grafts of ,broadview were damaged quite severely1 ,carpathian ,d to just about the same extent4 ,one other named ,crath variety1 ,crath ,no4 #a1 was killed outright4 ,only one of our seedling varieties showed as severe injury as did ,broadview4 ,this was ,s #ab4 ,this tree has now fully recovered but we will not grow any trees from it except for more southern latitudes and then only if it shows exceptional merit when it begins to bear4 ,therefore1 according to our experience so far1 there is quite definite evidence that these ,crath seedlings are hardier than ,broadview4 ,mc,dermid was killed outright4 ,we have found that practically all ,persian walnut trees1 when young1 will bear pistillate blossoms for several years before they bear staminate blossoms 7catkins74 ,this fact has delayed us in securing nuts from these seedling varieties and has compelled us to resort to hand pollination4 ,however1 they are now beginning to produce both kinds of blossoms4 ,the first one to bear was in #aidd1 when one tree bore twelve nuts which had resulted from hand pollination with pollen sent us by ,mr4 ,reed4 ,this variety appears to be the most promising one that has borne so far4 ,we have named it ,littlepage and have had a booklet printed which describes it fully4 ,we will be glad to mail a copy to anyone who wishes4 ,we have now found a good pollinizer for ,littlepage1 our ,no4 ,s#bb seedling4 ,this variety produces pollen at just the right time1 some of which ,i used this spring to hand pollenize the ,littlepage tree4 ,a fine crop of nuts is now on this tree as the result of this pollination4 ,last year 7#aidf7 we had a few nuts from each of five other seedling varieties4 ,while we did not consider any of them equal to ,littlepage1 they were all worth growing and compare quite favorably with ,english walnuts as found in our markets4 ,this year we have nuts on each of eleven varieties1 five of them and the same ones that bore last year and six new ones4 ,now that these seedlings are beginning to bear we are able to cull out any that prove to be very inferior4 ,as our facilities are far too limited to thoroughly test the promising varieties1 we have started to propagate them and offer them in many parts of the country and subject them to many different conditions4 ,thus it should be only a matter of time until the truly worthy varieties will prove themselves4 ,if we were wealthy we could propagate them and distribute them free of charge but ,i doubt if it would prove as satisfactory as it is to charge for them1 as it seems to be a trait of human nature to take better care of that which costs us something4 ,we will not name these new varieties at present but will put them out under their test numbers4 ,later the ones that prove best can be named4 ,to facilitate the distribution of these new varieties we are getting out a folder showing natural size pictures of the nuts of the six varieties which were produced last year1 with a brief description of each4 ,i am very sorry that ,i was unable to get these folders from the printer before coming to this convention4 ,however we will have them very soon and will be glad to mail a copy to anyone who requests it4 ,as stated before we have found that the butternut curculio is a very bad pest with the ,persian walnuts1 also heartnuts and butternuts4 ,it does not injure the black walnut at all4 ,there are also several other insects which feed on the ,persian walnut1 most of these chewing insects that simply injure the foliage more or less severely4 ,last winter ,i was advised by ,dr4 ,dean of our experiment station staff1 to try benzene hexachloride 7hexachlorocyclohexane7 for control of the curculio4 ,he stated that in ,california they have found out that the ,persian walnut is quite susceptible to arsenical injury when a spray containing arsenate of lead is used on it4 ,also tests so far indicate that ,d4,d4,t4 is not very effective against the apple and plum curculio1 therefore not likely to be effective against the butternut curculio4 ,so last spring we secured a supply of benzene hexachloride4 ,just as we were about to spray the trees ,i discovered a swarm of orange colored insects with black wing covers1 feeding on them4 ,so ,i checked the compatibility chart in the ,february issue of the ,american ,fruit ,grower and found that benzene hexachloride and ,d4,d4,t4 were compatible when used together in the spray mixture4 ,i thought it would be well to use a double barreled dose4 ,so we made up a spray of four pounds of benzene hexachloride1 four pounds of ,d4,d4,t41 #ej wettable powder1 and #f pounds of wettable sulfur to #ajj gallons of water4 ,this first spray showed a slight burning of the leaves1 which ,i suspected was due to the sulfur4 ,we omitted sulfur from the later sprays and did not note any more burning4 ,we put on three sprays at about two week intervals and a fourth spray about the middle of ,july4 ,the result of these sprays appears to be excellent4 ,i have found only one nut showing any insect injury and this one was only slightly injured1 whereas last summer we lost a considerable percentage of the nuts from curculio injury4 ,a day or two after applying the first spray1 ,i wanted to secure a specimen of the orange-colored insects with black wing covers1 but ,i could not find a single specimen4 ,we did not apply our first spray quite soon enough and curculio larvae had already invaded a few of the terminals4 ,the first spray should be applied about as soon as the leaf buds separate and quite likely should be followed by the second spray in about a week1 as new growth is very rapid at this time and the scant foliage at the time of the first spray would hardly hold enough of the chemicals to give control for more than a few days4 ,observations on ,hardiness of the ,carpathian ,walnuts at ,poughkeepsie1 ,new ,york ,,stephen ,,bernath ,in our section we have very good ,persian walnut varieties of ,carpathian and other ,european sources4 ,i have planted some of all strains and varieties4 ,my place faces northwest on a good elevation4 ,my experience with trees there is that we have no winter injury4 ,we can grow trees there that cannot be grown on some place which is situated low1 and therefore does not have enough air circulation4 ,damage is done after heavy frosts when the sun comes out suddenly4 ,that is what damages the trees--not the cold4 ,if you take trees and put them in a temperature of #ce to #dj degrees below zero and bring them out to thaw gradually no harm is done4 ,most people buy trees and plant them in low places2 that is the error4 ,we have planted trees where the wind is very heavy throughout the winter and in the spring ,i found that these trees stood up wonderfully well2 whereas1 we have ,european walnut trees with a trunk diameter of about #ab to #ad inches that in one year froze two to six feet--about three to four years growth4 ,if you plant your trees on a fairly good elevation you can be assured of a good nut crop4 ,in planting nut trees ,i do not know what kind of fertilizer you use1 but ,i always use well decayed cow manure and put a little right around the root system4 ,i never use fresh manure and never use poultry1 sheep1 or horse manure4 ,they are bad for trees as they are very high in ammonia and this does damage to the trees4 ,discussion after ,graham1 ,smith1 and ,bernath ,persian walnut papers4 ,corsan3 ,is using lime a good idea8 ,i always use a lot of wood ashes4 ,stoke3 ,use ground agricultural limestone4 ,burned lime may cause injury4 ,j4 ,r4 ,smith3 ,barnyard manure is the best4 ,stoke3 ,with the ,carpathian walnuts there is no uniformity in winter injury4 ,i have had the ,crath variety kill back to two inch wood4 ,most others have never shown winter injury4 ,corsan3 ,when is it practical to take mulch away8 ,mac,daniels3 ,if you take mulch away too late you will get more injury than if you don't take it away at all4 ,member3 ,why does my young walnut tree not bear8 ,bernath3 ,english walnut trees may produce pistillate blooms for a number of years before they produce pollen so that if you have only one tree it may be due to lack of pollination4 ,member3 ,with ,english walnut is more than one tree necessary for pollination8 ,the male blossom appears a week or #aj days before the female4 ,crane3 ,persian walnuts should be used to pollinate ,persian walnuts--do not depend on black walnuts4 ,in growing ,persian walnuts it is best to have trees of two or more varieties in a planting so as to provide cross pollination4 ,stoke3 ,persian walnuts may not pollinate black walnut1 but black walnut has pollinated the ,persian walnut in known instances4 ,mac,daniels3 ,control or uncontrol of pollination is very complex4 ,crane3 ,we find that we can not readily produce ,persian x ,eastern black hybrids under conditions of controlled pollination4 ,we have found a number of natural hybrid trees but they bear very few nuts4 ,nuts ,about ,trees ,r4 ,e4 ,,hodgson1 ,superintendent1 ,southeast ,experiment ,station1 ,university of ,minnesota4 ,when hiking with a ,boy ,scout troop1 they often asked me1 ,what tree is that8 ,in summer ,i could usually tell an oak from a box elder but had never had much reason to go further into the subject until the boys exposed my ignorance4 ,in self defense ,i began to hunt up the names and found it a most interesting hobby4 ,the ,university of ,minnesota has a branch experiment station some #hj miles south of the ,twin ,cities and it is here that a few acres have been roped off as a testing site for whatever trees of interest we can persuade to grow4 ,my job is with field crops and livestock but my golf1 fishing1 hunting and bridge are mostly played with a spade and pruning shears or wandering around in the brush somewhere looking for something new4 ,our soil is a heavy clay loam of ,clarion type containing plenty of lime but often poorly drained4 ,it is very rich and productive being at one time part of ,minnesota's big woods4 ,native trees are basswood1 oak1 elm1 ash1 walnut and their associates4 ,my ignorance concerning trees is still profound and becomes more apparent as acquaintance matures1 but it has been a lot of fun to start about #acj varieties of trees and shrubs and watch their development4 ,the ,latin names are mostly a mystery to me1 but their habits1 methods and rate of growth along with soil preferences and winter survival have furnished more entertainment for me than picking shot out of a dead bird or furrowing the turf on a putting green4 ,it has been a real thrill to see cypress1 sycamore and even a few yellow poplars1 survive our rugged winters4 ,the project began with an attempt to collect native trees and expanded to make room for some exotics1 just to see what would happen to them4 ,detours and by-paths included attempts to grow various conifers from seed and persuade cuttings to root4 ,somewhere along the line nut trees began to enter the picture and now these have an alcove all to themselves4 ,perhaps it started when a neighbor offered me #e4jj if ,i could tell whether a young sprout in his yard was butternut or walnut4 ,he died before ,i found the answer which was probably common knowledge to most people4 ,the color of the pith did not seem reliable1 but at last a book pointed out the little moustache a butternut wears just above each leaf scar4 ,it worked1 and the thrill was equal to catching a #aj pound wall eye6 ,i was raised on the prairie part of southwestern ,minnesota and it was a delightful surprise when ,i moved #adj miles east to find that one could gather almost any desired quantity of black walnuts from remnants of the old forest4 ,after a few years these trips to the woods became less glamourous and the pickeruppers more critical4 ,many of the wild nuts were small and hard to crack4 ,perhaps a friend's ,thomas tree in full bearing with its heavy crop of huge1 tasty nuts inspired a wish to grow bigger and better producing trees near at home4 ,it looked easy to transplant vigorous1 #f foot black walnut whips which could be had for the digging4 ,it took #aj years to learn that nuts properly planted would make larger trees in a decade than transplants4 ,digging #b deep holes to move one tree seemed a waste of labor when one planted nut would better serve the purpose4 ,of course nut planting led to a contest of wits with the squirrels4 ,it was a funny sight to watch a helper carefully placing nuts at regular intervals in an open furrow and a big fox squirrel following #aj feet behind him1 removing the prizes as fast as he could scamper up and down a nearby hollow oak4 ,our ideas concerning appropriate locations for walnut trees did not coincide with those of ,mr4 ,bushytail4 ,we learned that the simple way to plant walnuts in the woods was to pile a half a bushel here and there4 ,the tree climbers took their toll1 but did a good job of planting4 ,survival seemed better than when we placed individual nuts and stepped them in4 ,the desire for bigger1 better and more useful nuts led to the planting of a couple of acres to seed from various trees of known value4 ,these will not come true of course but it is hoped that some day they may serve as material for a small nut breeding project in which an attempt will be made to combine some of the more desirable chromosomes into a single tree that retains the best of what we have in present selections1 and adds a little more hardiness between growing seasons4 ,who can tell8 ,we might find a tree that the walnut worms didn't like6 ,the squirrels didn't fancy our plans to grow trees in rows according to parentage1 so they tried to improve our technique4 ,we almost called in the ,f4 ,b4 ,i4 to circumvent their machinations4 ,jamming an open tin can over the planted nut seemed to help4 ,when the sprout came up we turned up the edges of the split can bottom just enough to let the tree through1 but the sharp jagged edges seemed to discourage marauders4 ,a lot of other methods were also tried4 ,from the ,wisconsin ,horticultural ,society we obtained a pound of ,english or ,persian walnuts in #aicg4 ,so far we have some #bc seedlings struggling to keep alive4 ,they range in height from #ah inches to #g feet and are definitely out of their range4 ,some years they grow #d feet of new wood and some winters it all kills back4 ,there seem to be differences in hardiness and--who can tell8--they might even bear a nut some day4 ,bark injury1 which may be winter sun scald1 has damaged some of the trees4 ,one tree of the ,broadview selection is alive after four years and may make a go of it4 ,hickories grow wild in certain parts of ,minnesota1 but this doesn't happen to be one of those parts4 ,they seem to do best where soil is acid in reaction and here we are amply supplied with lime4 ,that may account for the slow growth of a grafted ,hales hickory tree4 ,it was #c years old when set out in #aiba4 ,for the first #i years it had just #b leaves per year4 ,now approaching #cj1 the tree is #g to #h feet high and going up at the rate of #h to #ab inches a year4 ,nuts from ,wisconsin1 ,michigan1 and ,minnesota wild hickories1 have done better4 ,at #h years the trees are from #a to #b feet high1 with a couple of ,shakespeares1 7geniuses7 towering a foot above them4 ,this may not be hickory country1 but1 by gum1 they're growing6 ,a couple of years ago1 ,dr4 ,brierley from the ,central ,station1 ,division of ,horticulture1 who has nut propagation as one of his minor projects1 gave us #g seedlings of shellbark hickory1 7,carya laciniosa71 from a tree planted many years ago by ,peter ,gideon of ,wealthy apple fame4 ,after #b winters1 these #g seedlings are still with us and seem to grow faster than the shagbarks 7ovata74 ,other attempts to vary our diet 7if we live long enough7 are a few ,chinese chestnut seedlings4 ,a couple secured from the ,nut ,tree ,nurseries1 ,downington1 ,pa41 in #aidj are now #c and #d feet high and apparently in a good state of health4 ,they are leisurely growing1 which may be a good thing4 ,trees like the ,manchurian walnut which grow #f to #h feet of new wood in a year1 seem to freeze back and start over more frequently than the trees which poke along but harden their wood before cold weather4 ,in #aidf1 a few more seedlings from ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa1 were set out and most of them have survived the first winter4 ,carl ,weschcke reports that chestnuts do best for him at ,river ,falls1 ,wisconsin1 in sandy soil with an acid reaction4 ,if ,i ever raise a chestnut1 ,i'd like to send him one4 ,fooling with nuts has led to another activity which has been pleasant though not very practical so far4 ,each spring1 ,dr4 ,brierley spends a couple of days with me trying to graft some of the named varieties to our available wild trees4 ,we have raised nuts on some of the hickory scions grafted to the plentiful native bitternuts1 but in general our grafts have failed4 ,we have had good advice from many sources and have tried most everything but our successes have not been numerous enough to cause any inflation of the ego4 ,we're inclined to think that the sudden wide variations of temperature which are common here in ,may1 can be the controlling factor4 ,we've made a few walnuts1 hickories1 and hicans grow1 but still have too many zeroes for any complacency4 ,this year may be our bonanza4 ,most of the grafts on some #dj trees are shooting buds4 ,perhaps it's the grafting tape we tried this spring4 ,in #aidh we'll be able to write it all down in the book--and try again4 ,nuts are not the only food crops growing on trees4 ,we have read the glowing reports of sweet pods of honey locust grown on such varieties as ,millwood and ,calhoun1 as told by ,john ,hershey and ,j4 ,russell ,smith4 ,our ,millwoods all killed the second winter and this year we're trying ,calhoun4 ,meanwhile1 we're hunting for a hardy1 northern grown sweet tree4 ,miss ,jones asked nut growers to tell me what they had and several interesting replies and samples were received4 ,the quality of the pods varied all the way from the sweet ,millwood to our native honey locusts1 most of which are so bitter and astringent that they remind us of a combination of green persimmons and red pepper4 ,no sensible animal will touch them4 ,cions were received from a tree in ,omaha1 ,nebraska1 through the courtesy of ,f4 ,j4 ,adams4 ,these were grafted on local trees this spring and perhaps they will answer all of our needs4 ,our attempts to grow better nuts in southern ,minnesota have not caused even a ripple in the local economic situation1 but it has been a lot of fun4 ,perhaps the greatest return so far is the interesting correspondence with like minded people in many localities4 ,amos ,workman of ,hurricane1 ,utah1 sent seed of his best black and ,persian walnuts1 pecans and figs4 ,the figs didn't even start 7probably my ignorance71 but we have trees coming from all the rest4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith has been most helpful with suggestions and the ,minnesota ,horse ,thief as he calls me1 has enjoyed his letters immensely4 ,john ,hershey has passed along some of his enthusiasm for trees and many others have contributed to the pleasure of a fascinating hobby4 ,it's fun to grow trees even though some of the unusual things provide only exercise and entertainment4 ,our persimmons grew from seed1 were transplanted and came through the first winter6 ,one pawpaw is still trying to get ahead of the winter set-backs1 and a ,macedonian white pine 7said to produce edible nuts7 is doing fine4 ,perhaps ,i'm the biggest nut of all1 but ,i'm happy about it6 ,report on ,nut ,trees at ,massillon ,,raymond ,e4 ,,silvis1 ,massillon1 ,ohio ,i will first give an account of plantings observed recently in or near ,massillon1 and1 secondly1 a condensation of my own introduction to nut growing4 ,louis ,bromfield in his richly descriptive book ,the ,farm writes1 ,on the way one passed the big orchard which was ,jamie's pride1 and beyond one came to the field where the big hickory stood4 ,it was a memorable tree1 famous in the countryside for bearing enormous nuts with shells so soft that the faintest tap of a rock or a hammer would lay open the bisque-colored kernels4 ,he also writes a reference to the ingredients of candy making at ,christmas time in which a good many recipes called for hickory nuts and walnuts4 ,in ,massillon ,mr4 ,alvin ,schott1 when he drove by the farm of ,mr4 ,lester ,hawk and read his sign1 ,chinese ,chestnut ,trees for ,sale1 thought of the chestnuts he used to eat4 ,since he1 like the rest of us1 cannot go out along the road in the fall and pick up chestnuts as of old1 he declared to plant some nut trees on city park land so that the younger generation could in a small measure recapture that which now is only a memory4 ,after making numerous talks and speeches to all the lodges1 civic clubs and ,p4 ,t4 ,a4's1 he received donations and publicity to help him in his project4 ,he enlisted the help of other civic nut-minded personnel to help him select the trees and locations for planting4 ,boy ,scouts and school children dug some of the holes4 ,when it rained 7it seems to rain every time a shipment came in7 ,mr4 ,schott would call us away from our work and have us dig holes4 ,we have planted in city parks3 #ac ,hawk chestnuts1 #aj ,thomas black walnuts1 #h hazel1 #d mulberries1 #b ,broadview ,persians1 #b ,josephine persimmons1 #c pecan seedlings1 #a hican1 #i large seedling black walnuts and several hickories4 ,we have additional money for another spring planting4 ,thus ,massillon has joined the list of cities that own trees that will produce something else besides leaves4 ,on ,august #agth ,mr4 ,gerstenmaier and ,i drove to ,ira1 ,ohio1 to visit ,mr4 ,cranz and take advantage of his invitation to inspect his nut planting4 ,at this moment ,i believe that his invitation was made with the subtle purpose of bragging about his excellent crop of ,thomas black walnuts and filberts4 ,the trees were originally planted by squirrels and later grafted by ,mr4 ,cranz4 ,they grow at the bottom of a huge hill or escarpment #bjj feet high at the top of which is his planting of #bj mollissima chestnuts4 ,it's a long climb through his neatly scythed pathways on a hot day4 ,afterwards ,i felt like ,i needed the can which he usually carries4 ,recently ,i found a young black walnut which ,i hope may be a good selection for further work4 ,it is too early to make any predictions1 but ,i can assure you that a careful check on the tree's performance will be interesting4 ,thin shell1 good kernel cavity1 etc4 ,near ,bolivar1 ,ohio1 stands a young shagbark hickory which bears a nut about the size of a ,pleas hican with a very smooth kernel cavity and a thin shell4 ,even though small this is another nut which will bear watching4 ,i believe the greatest interest in nut trees will develop when a definite program of controlled crossing is instituted4 ,when ,i became a member of this organization in #aici ,i was managing almost #a1jjj acres of farm land4 ,my own #ij acre farm was being farmed up and down the hill because the fences were built that way4 ,my plan was to change over to a contour operation4 ,after reading ,nut ,growing and ,tree ,crops ,i decided to plant nut trees at #ajj' intervals along the edges of the contour strips4 ,i had a twofold purpose1 to produce more revenue and preserve the contour method of farming4 ,i ordered grafted nut trees from ,jones ,nurseries1 ,crath seedlings from ,graham and #bjj northern pecan nuts from ,wilkinson4 ,homer ,jacobs1 really sold me on the ,nut ,growers ,association and then sent me scions of the ,wilcox hickory4 ,i was successful in getting two to grow about #ajj' apart4 ,miss ,jones sent me ,pleas hican wood and one graft grew between the two ,wilcox4 ,all were grafted on shagbark stock1 breast high using the late ,mr4 ,fickes' method4 ,the pecan nuts were stratified and given the usual nursery care and at three years of age were transplanted to the farm along with #bjj seedling black walnuts and #ajj chestnuts4 ,these seedlings were to be used as stocks for grafting the newer and superior productive varieties4 ,this was #aidc4 ,the farmer became dissatisfied with my soil conservation tendencies and moved away4 ,the war developed in earnest and ,i matriculated at a defense plant4 ,the farm just grew up4 ,i was not dissatisfied4 ,i was just tired4 ,i couldn't find enough time to manage #a1jjj acres of farm land #bj miles south2 work at a defense plant #bj miles north and operate my insurance and real estate business4 ,so ,i sold all the farms including mine with the nut trees4 ,now it is #aidg4 ,it was only two years ago that ,i made a decision to relinquish the #ij acre farm4 ,a short time ago ,i found all the grafted trees bearing fruit except the hickories and hican4 ,the grafted ,zimmerman1 ,stoke and ,hobson chestnuts have died and most of the pecan1 walnut and chestnut seedlings planted on the contour strips have succumbed to the mower1 etc4 ,i could find none of the grafted hickories purchased through the years except one ,fairbanks4 ,the present owners are enthusiastic over the early bearing chestnuts and are taking care of all the remaining survivor trees4 ,i have reached the conclusion that any farm in this section of the ,u4 ,s4 with enough hope to warrant contour farming is usually marginal land4 ,this is land which barely pays the cost of working or using2 land whereon the costs of labor1 coordination and capital approximately equal the gross income4 ,i believe that a planting of grafted nut trees on the edges of contour strips will increase the value of that farm and should have the attention of every county agent and farm owner4 ,i am no doubt the worst grafter in the business4 ,when ,i get one out of #bj sets to grow ,i am startled1 not so much with the statistical percentages but because a small stick of wood from ,kentucky can make its home on the roots of an ,ohio cousin4 ,i believe that scion storage is important and ,i wish to report that the method which ,dr4 ,shelton explained in the #aide report is very satisfactory4 ,the next best is ,john ,gerstenmaier's apple storage cellar1 which he and ,i have used ever since my interest in nut bearing trees brought us together4 ,it is still #aidg4 ,i'm still in the real estate business4 ,i recently purchased #afj acres of land in an adjoining county and placed title in my son's name4 ,he is six years old4 ,i should be free of any inclination to sell this for fifteen years4 ,since there are no buildings ,i won't have a tenant problem4 ,this spring ,i purchased and planted grafted hickories and grafted black walnuts and set them in supposedly favorable locations where ,i hope they will maintain themselves4 ,in addition ,i planted about #bjj ,hawk seedling chestnuts spaced about #bj to #cj feet apart4 ,these were planted in three different locations4 ,one group was planted under the canopy of a locust grove1 another on an exposed hilltop which faces the prevailing westerly winds4 ,the third is on a broad hilltop field which does not have the best drainage since the top soil is clay underlaid with sandstone shale4 ,all of these groups grow on land abandoned some years ago4 ,the soil fertility is generally low4 ,volunteer native growth of cheery1 ash1 dogwood and hawthorn prevails4 ,if ,i can continue to plant for the next fifteen years ,i should have quite an orchard1 or else my son will have a good hardwood forest4 ,i hope that all of us here can meet there then4 ,discussion after ,r4 ,e4 ,silvis' paper4 ,mr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,it is a good idea to have nut trees established in the parks4 ,in your home town there is usually a park in which nut trees can be used4 ,very often it just takes initiative to get these things started4 ,boy ,scout organization is very good at starting projects like this4 ,chestnuts are more difficult to establish than other trees4 ,dr4 ,gravatt3 ,nut trees should not be grown along the curbs because people will gather the nuts that fall on the road4 ,this is very dangerous where there is much traffic4 ,stoke3 ,walnuts are much more satisfactory as park trees than ,chinese chestnuts4 ,people are so prone to break off branches bearing immature chestnuts4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,wire guards are excellent to keep mice1 rabbits1 etc41 away from your nut trees4 ,planting of ,nut ,trees on ,highways ,undesirable ,r4 ,p4 ,,allaman1 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,having always opposed this practice when it was under discussion1 ,i have been asked to prepare an article on the subject4 ,this paper was prepared in collaboration with ,mr4 ,wilbur ,h4 ,simonson1 ,senior ,landscape ,architect1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,public ,roads1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,since the beginning of the roadside improvement demonstration program in #aicc the policy of the ,public ,roads ,administration has never favored planting of the showy1 garden type of fruit and nut trees on highway roadsides for several reasons3 #a4 ,traffic ,hazards--,dropping of fruits and nuts on pavements tends to make surface conditions slippery and dangerous to traffic4 #b4 ,police ,problems--,ripening of fruits and nuts tends to invite passing motorists to stop on side of highway pavements to gather the fruits1 adding to traffic hazard4 ,also such trees tend to invite vandalism by boys together with clubbing the trees to get down the fruits with the possible results of not only injury and damage to the trees themselves1 but throwing sticks1 stones and clubs into the tree branches is likely to result in hitting or striking passing motorists and otherwise cause loss of control of vehicles by drivers1 a very dangerous road condition especially because it is an unexpected situation to have clubs or fruit come down on the highway when driving through4 ,this all means more intensive policing of the highway by the responsible authorities with added costs in maintenance budgets4 #c4 ,maintenance ,problems--,not only do dropping of fruits1 and the results of vandalism1 cause extra cleanup of pavements and drainageways1 7clogging of pipes and gutters with debris from the trees7 all hazardous to traffic2 but also the questions of insects and disease problems are added4 ,this all complicates public maintenance problems and especially the proper pruning and spraying of the trees4 ,it is not considered a proper function of public authorities to carry on operations that compete with private property developments4 ,administrative policy and procedures shall encourage the planting of shade tree types along public highways1 and avoid the above described difficulties that are bound to occur if nut-bearing types of trees are placed on highway areas4 ,references3 ,bennett's book on ,roadside ,development1 #aibi1 pages #f and #eb1 also page #ebg of the proceedings for the twentieth annual meeting of the ,highway ,research ,board in #aidj1 regarding the selection and use of trees on highway areas1 as recommended by the ,committee on ,roadside ,development4 ,i quote from these the following extracts3 ,profusely flowering fruit or nut-bearing trees are not desirable1 as a rule2 very showy garden types of flowering1 fruit or nut-bearing trees should be avoided in roadside planting4 ,experience indicates than vandalism is encouraged by planting any species of tree commonly used in garden1 commercial fruit1 or nut orchard planting4 ,trees which drop heavy masses of petals1 fruit or nuts on highway surfaces are not desirable4 ,horticultural varieties of flowering trees 7particularly those of exotic origin such as the ,japanese cherries7 should be avoided in roadside planting because a too garden-like appearance of planted roadsides will usually indicate excessive annual maintenance costs1 and probably heavy future losses of planted material because of competition with superior and more rugged native tree species4 ,re3 ,vandalism1 parents are responsible for acts of their children and public plantings should not encourage children towards acts of a vandalistic nature1 with trouble not only for the tree but also for the parents in keeping the children in order4 ,nut ,growing for the ,farm ,owner ,h4 ,,gleason ,,mattoon ,it is with trepidation that ,i present a paper on nut growing before a group so much more learned in the subject than ,i4 ,but two things impel me to do so4 ,first1 the firm conviction that nut trees1 carefully chosen1 properly planted and intelligently cared for1 have a place on many farms as a cash crop for the market and a food crop for the farm family and1 second1 the poor results from many nut tree plantings on farms4 ,as may be imagined1 my conviction is not based upon results seen but upon the possibilities ,i know are inherent in nut trees4 ,when the first wave of publicity for soil conservation was at its zenith back in the late #cjs1 ,i listened to a talk1 the substance of which was that there are no such things as submarginal land1 and problem areas4 ,there are only submarginal people and problem people4 ,land does not destroy itself nor is squalor self-created4 ,human qualities create both conditions4 ,therefore the problem to be tackled is the ignorance1 cupidity or stupidity of those who create such conditions4 ,this made a profound impression on me4 ,it has influenced my thinking in all things connected with our renewable resources4 ,our success in growing anything1 whether it be cotton1 corn or nut trees1 depends largely upon ourselves4 ,if we mix three parts of intelligence with one part of effort1 the yield will be manifold4 ,much of this intelligence should be of the green thumb variety1 a mixture of common sense and keen observation4 ,the one using this kind of intelligence would plant black walnuts in a deep1 rich1 well-drained loam1 because he has observed that this species grows best and yields more heavily in that type of soil4 ,he would plant the trees with top roots not more than one inch under the surface of the soil because he has noted that is the way they grow naturally4 ,he would strive to keep foliage on the tree as long as possible because he knows that the leaves are the manufacturing part of the tree4 ,without them the tree could not grow and would not produce filled nuts4 ,he would do many other things essential for proper tree growth and yield4 ,but unfortunately several of the farm nut tree plantings ,i have seen show a woeful lack of green thumb intelligence4 ,i recall one in particular because of the condition of both the trees and the owner4 ,the planting originally consisted of twenty ,chinese chestnuts1 fifteen named black walnuts1 four hicans and four ,persian walnuts4 ,the owner originally was an enthusiastic convert to nut growing4 ,today the planting is a failure1 while the owner is an irate backslider who would not plant another nut tree even though it bore ten dollar bills4 ,four years after planting1 nineteen of the twenty chestnuts1 all hican1 three ,persian walnuts and ten black walnuts were dead4 ,of the remaining seven trees only one could be called healthy4 ,examination soon focused the picture4 ,most of the trees had been planted on an eroded hillside deficient in humus4 ,in addition1 many of them were planted from three to ten inches too deep4 ,the only thriving walnut was planted at the proper depth and in a pocket of top soil at the base of the slope4 ,under questioning1 the owner said that he had purposely planted them deep to keep their roots cool4 ,that is a widely held horticultural fallacy which is unconsciously fostered by many nurseryman4 ,in their instructions they say to plant the tree one inch deeper than it was in the nursery4 ,too many laymen reason that1 if planting the tree one inch deeper will help1 then the tree should do even better if planted six inches deeper4 ,after eighteen years of trying to learn why transplanted trees do not thrive1 ,i am convinced there are four main causes4 ,i list them in the order of their prevalence4 ,first and foremost1 too deep planting4 ,second1 fibrous roots allowed to become dry4 ,this may occur in transit1 in the hands of the purchaser or because of air space around the roots after planting4 ,third1 deficiency of moisture due to low humus content of the soil or drought4 ,four1 rodent damage4 ,while some nut trees are possibly more difficult to re-establish than a few other species1 if care is used to see that none of these four conditions occurs1 there is no reason why a well-rooted tree should not grow and remain healthy4 ,up to this point ,i have been dwelling on the negative side4 ,though it must be confessed that the preponderance of such planting has not fulfilled the owner's expectations1 we must remember that the fault does not lie in the trees but in the human element4 ,if the purchaser of nut trees has received proper instructions and carries them out faithfully1 the trees will grow4 ,not all of the fault1 however1 can be placed upon the purchaser4 ,the nurserymen should remember that there is a place for gilded pictures and glowing generalities but that place is not in the directions for planting and care4 ,these directions should be practical1 precise and detailed1 with no implications of ,midas returns from a half acre grove4 ,every grower of nut trees knows that problems and troubles continue to arise which tax his knowledge and experience4 ,how much more baffling such difficulties are to the layman who is just embarking on the venture of growing trees4 ,i have planted nut trees and have seen them grow to maturity and yield bountifully4 ,i have seen a few farm tree plantings which have more than repaid the time and effort4 ,though the varieties now grown by nurserymen are inferior to those that ,i am confident will be produced at some future time1 they still have sufficient merit to warrant planting4 ,you who are interested in nut trees which thrive in the northern states1 must recognize that two factors contribute to the development of superior strains4 ,one is hybridizing and the other sport development4 ,the former is a long term project which should have institutional backing4 ,the opportunity for the latter1 that is1 chance development of a superior or unique variation1 is in direct ratio to the number of nut trees growing in the area4 ,successful farm nut growers1 dotted over the region1 will1 therefore1 increase the chance that finer strains will appear4 ,but whether the farm nut grove ever abets science and produces the long sought superior nut1 is of little importance compared to its value to the farm4 ,it is incumbent1 therefore1 upon every nut enthusiast1 who has a hand in bringing to the attention of farm owners the value of nut trees1 to be meticulous in giving instructions for their planting and care4 ,tree ,crop and ,nut ,notes from ,southern ,pennsylvania ,,john ,w4 ,,hershey ,broadview ,english ,walnut--,this hardy variety seemed so good it took a lot of effort to keep from recommending it commercially4 ,the oldest tree in our section1 owned by my brother1 bore lightly for several years4 ,with its fine flavor1 tree beauty and hardiness it edges closer and closer to where we can recommend it commercially4 ,in its seventh year it bore a half bushel2 the #hth1 this year1 it's really loaded4 ,i have planted #cj trees4 ,a ,southern ,persian ,walnut ,the northern man in the south loves the cool climate1 ,persian walnut4 ,i have found chance seedlings here and there1 even down to northern ,alabama4 ,one tree1 northeast of ,knoxville1 ,tennessee1 had a good quality nut and was seemingly resistant to sun scald4 ,starting late in the spring it avoids the late frosts so damaging to horticulture in the south4 ,cornell ,black ,walnut--,this new variety1 a ,thomas seedling1 named ,cornell by its originator at ,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 bore one nut for us in #aidf4 ,the boys at ,cornell like it because it fills even in an abnormally cool season of the ,finger ,lakes region when natives fail4 ,you can't decide an issue with one nut1 but our specimen was as large and full of high-flavored1 white meat as the ,thomas1 and as thin-shelled as the ,stabler4 ,so attractive does this variety appear that ,i am reserving it this fall in order to plant several in orchard form to produce scion wood4 ,honey ,locusts--,the latest report on their performance comes from ,j4 ,c4 ,moore1 ,soil ,conservation ,service at ,auburn1 ,alabama1 on ,february #c1 #aidg4 ,their laboratory tests of ,millwood show a sugar content of #cf4fe1 and ,calhoun #ch4ie4 ,the animal husbandry department of the ,alabama ,experiment ,station at ,auburn has found the pods equal to oats1 pound for pound1 in a dairy ration4 ,a team of mules fed for #cj days on pods showed satisfactory results4 ,cows and hogs showed equal success4 ,at #e years of age1 ,millwood averages #eh pounds and ,calhoun #bf pounds per year4 ,at eight years1 ,millwood bore #bjj pounds1 and ,calhoun #fj4 ,the pods fall from ,october #aeth to ,december #cjth4 ,lespedeza sericea planted between the trees yields #b-a_/b tons per acre annually4 ,this gives us courage to continue emphasizing their great value for pasture and rough land planting4 ,the trees we planted in our swampy1 worn-out meadow are doing fine4 ,mulberries--,this great chicken1 bird and hog feed will some day fill a definite place in the sun of the ,american farmer1 just as it does in ,asia4 ,the drawbacks are lack of hardiness and short bearing season in the north4 ,the ,hicks variety bears for six to eight weeks but is not hardy north of the ,mason-,dixon line4 ,this year we have grafted eight varieties of which seven are new4 ,one from southern ,indiana1 an ,american seedling selected by a mulberry enthusiast1 bears for six to eight weeks4 ,will it be hardy farther north8 ,we shall know soon4 ,six are from select seedlings of ,l4 ,k4 ,hostetter1 of ,lancaster1 ,pa41 the mulberry king of ,america4 ,the other is a fine white1 a chance seedling from #ge miles north of ,pittsburgh4 ,it has not borne yet but was far hardier than ,downing last winter4 ,i have a few of these to sell this fall4 ,mulberries need sweet soil to prevent winter killing4 ,on worn out soils we have discovered that they do well until established1 by applying a few handfuls of lime around the tree at planting time4 ,not only are they excellent for the above mentioned uses but the right varieties are better than raisins when dried4 ,in #aide we set a leaky corner of sandy meadow to honey locusts4 ,i saw them growing in semi-swamp land in ,alabama1 but here all but two of the #ah trees died4 ,when replanted in #aidf also they died4 ,i found the two that were living were carelessly planted too shallow1 with the top roots sticking out of the ground4 ,we replanted more trees in the spring of #aidg with the top roots above the ground level1 mounded soil over them about #f to #aj inches1 then mulched4 ,they are all growing fine4 ,starting a ,tree ,crop ,farm4 ,what ,is ,it8--,it consists of a blended1 balanced program of cattle1 hogs1 poultry and sheep pasturing under mulberries1 honey locust1 persimmons1 oaks1 etc41 plus the hog feed from the refuse chestnuts1 walnuts and ,chinese dates4 ,the great secret of nature is that your security lies in a balanced land use between animal and plant production with crops for animals1 and animal manure for the crops1 with a margin of each for the profit book4 ,i bought this abandoned swampy1 rocky1 sandy soil farm of #gb acres1 to show how it can be done on land too rough for the plow4 ,the first requirement was to work out a program with permanent crops to bring in a continuous return1 while planting and developing the slower bearing nuts and crop trees4 ,i have found you must live on the farm a year to learn which soils and sites are best for a species4 ,for instance1 the field that fitted my plan to plant walnuts is too wet1 so there we shall plant the hickories1 pecans and hicans with persimmons as fillers4 ,the place where ,i wanted walnuts was too sandy1 so we shall plant chestnuts and filberts1 and where ,i wanted chestnuts the soil is good for walnuts4 ,starting a ,profit ,cycle--,to create a return as quickly as possible on such a cycle we started a small flock of chickens1 ducks and geese4 ,the next step was to decide what to plant of a permanent nature to make a succession of crop income from spring until the nut crop comes in autumn4 ,in the spring of #aide we planted an acre of asparagus and one of raspberries4 ,in #aidg both started bringing in returns4 ,in #aidh they will be in full production4 ,in #aidf and #aidg we set an acre or more of blueberries4 ,half of the blueberries were planted in a semi-swamp1 useless to farm or pasture1 but the home of blueberries after we drained it4 ,these will start bearing in #aidh and increase in production for ten years4 ,we have #b cows for family milk as ,i nearly live on it4 ,the surplus we use in vealing calves as well as to start a herd4 ,the first year we took in about #ajj1 the second #aej2 to date we've taken in #hej1 plus an inventory increase of #e nine months old bulls and #f year old heifers4 ,no soil can live without manure and1 due to the results of over #bj years of organic soil management1 we use no chemical fertilizers4 ,hence1 we need lots of manure4 ,i can not afford to buy straw so we use shavings and sawdust for bedding4 ,we apply to the manure in the stables about #ajj pounds per animal of raw phosphate rock a week1 which sweetens the dust and helps feed the soil4 ,we also buy straw for seven riding horses for the manure1 as this is great fox hunting country4 ,while this young stock is supplying manure for the soil it is increasing in value4 ,our program is expensive because time needed in the nursery and orchard prevents us from growing grain1 but when you start you can grow grain4 ,we shall soon be having stock to sell each year which will add to our income4 ,while these crops are contributing to our keep1 our time is used in developing the slower-bearing1 permanent tree crops1 #fjj mulberries for hogs and cattle1 #cej honey locusts1 nearly a #ajj persimmons1 #ej oaks1 #ej ,chinese ,jujubes and #ij filberts1 all going well4 ,to this we added in the spring of #aidg #e acres of ,persian and black walnuts with chestnuts interplanted in the row4 ,these are our future feeds for a bigger and cheaper hog1 cattle1 sheep and poultry feeding program1 as well as providing food and cover for wild life4 ,we have yet to plant #e acres of mixed hickory1 hicans and pecans interplanted with over #ajj seedling persimmons and a six acre boulder field of black walnuts interplanted with chestnuts and a #e acre sandy field of chestnuts interplanted with filberts4 ,the rest of the farm will be in nursery1 hay and cereals4 ,now hold in mind these vital factors4 ,to get rich just planting a farm of nuts or any other one crop is a delusion1 with the bankers eventually holding the bag1 the soil and owner taking a licking4 ,nature is a balanced force1 soil undisturbed is a delicately balanced flour barrel of never ending life4 ,learn of nature how to protect this soil1 that shallow insulation board between man and disaster4 ,after feeling our way over #c years this is what we found best in handling trees4 ,in the meadow where we planted honey locust1 and on a rocky knoll with oaks1 the first year we applied a shovelful of night soil and a light mulch of leaf compost4 ,the second summer we mowed1 raked1 and forked the hay to the tree in a wide circle4 ,it was amazing the life activity that was created under this mulch by the next spring4 ,mice were controlled by pulling the mulch #c inches from the tree in early fall and with poisoned wheat under the mulch4 ,in the spring of #aidg we mulched a #d to #e ft4 circle around each tree with manure two or three inches thick4 ,you should see the trees growing4 ,one-half was mowed for hay and on the other half electric fences were put up along the tree rows and the field was pastured4 ,we planted the walnuts and chestnuts in a sod of natural white clover and timothy4 ,walnuts were planted in #fj ft4 rows with a chestnut tree every #cj ft4 ,here1 three rounds were made with the plow and disk and the ground was manured before the trees were planted4 ,after planting one shovelful of night soil1 or two or three shovelfuls of cured slaughter house tankage1 were applied to each tree4 ,the rows were kept clean until ,june and then sowed to soy beans4 ,sufficient manure was available to make it possible to complete a manure mulch around these trees4 ,the field where the hickory and pecans are to go has the tree rows plowed1 manured and soy beaned ready for planting4 ,we plan to use the same method in future plantings4 ,notes from the ,new ,jersey ,section of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,,mrs4 ,,alan ,r4 ,,buckwalter 7,as a suggestion to some other ,state ,vice-,presidents the editors print parts of a letter from ,mrs4 ,buckwalter whose husband was long a valued and active member of the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 ,after receiving the annual report ,i sent reply post cards to each of the members in ,new ,jersey4 ,i received answers from about one-third of them and have assembled some of their reports and questions to send you1 along with a few notes about our orchard47 ,wm4 ,m4 ,daugherty of ,princeton reports that his three hundred ten-year-old black walnut trees had a fine set of nuts this spring4 ,however1 a hail storm in midsummer stripped the trees of both leaves and nuts4 ,from ,saddle ,river1 ,dr4 ,harold ,blake reports that his black walnuts are doing well1 but a late spring frost killed the catkins on the ,cosford1 ,medium ,long and ,italian ,red filberts4 ,mr4 ,blake suggests a theory of bark rot and asks the opinion of other nut growers4 ,he noticed that in several instances of bark rot on ,thomas and ,stambaugh black walnuts the diameter of the scion was larger than that of the stock4 ,he concludes that the scion was taken from a faster growing tree than the one that was used for the stock and that the so-called bark rot is cambium rot due to the fact that the smaller stock does not completely feed the cells of the naturally faster growing section4 ,dr4 ,blake therefore suggests more study of the compatibility of scion to stock1 especially in regard to growth and bearing4 ,he notes that in fruit trees the root stock is of importance in this regard and it may be that the variance in reports from different localities on black walnuts and other nut trees may be due to the difference in root stock as well as climate and soil conditions4 ,edward ,fuhlbruegge of ,scotch ,plains has long tried to grow pawpaw seedlings with no success4 ,he wants to know if any other ,new ,jersey members have been able to raise pawpaws from seed4 7,ed4--,he should keep the seedbed moist through the summer4 ,these seeds germinate slowly and the seedlings cannot emerge through a hard soil surface47 ,the observation of ,gilbert ,v4 ,p4 ,terhune of ,newfoundland is that the native chestnuts continue to sprout and occasionally produce nuts4 ,he predicts that in years to come we will again have our native chestnuts4 ,ed4--,someone should carefully save his nuts and grow trees from them4 ,john ,h4 ,donnelly of ,hoboken asks other nut growers for their opinion of using cut grass as a mulch for nut trees4 ,ed4--,excellent4 ,from ,fairlawn ,j4 ,l4 ,brewer states that his black walnuts do not seem to have any bad effects on raspberries and strawberries1 thus adding another note to the long controversy as to the deleterious effects of black walnuts on the soil4 ,his ,texas pecan and ,indiana hickory seedlings1 although planted in favorable location1 have not made a good growth4 ,ed4--,did he feed them8 ,louis ,p4 ,rocker of ,andover reports his ,thomas and ,stabler walnuts had a good crop in #aidf but this year have few nuts4 ,this planting 7,buckwalter7 consists of ,castanea mollissima1 mollissima hybrids and ,japonica 7crenata74 ,due to circumstances during the war years1 we have not been able to do much with this orchard2 however1 we hope gradually to build it up4 ,in #aidf the part of the chestnut crop that was harvested was infested with the chestnut curculios4 ,about fifty per cent of the nuts were affected4 ,no infestation had been noted in previous years1 although in #aide the crop was not harvested at all4 ,ed4--,that gave the worms their chance to propagate4 ,we will not be able to spray our entire chestnut orchard this year2 however1 a few of the trees will be sprayed to determine the effectiveness of ,,ddt as a control4 ,in the ,december1 #aidf issue of ,the ,american ,fruit ,grower it was stated that ,,ddt as a wettable power 7four pounds of fifty per cent ,,ddt to one hundred gallons of water7 should be used4 ,three applications gave best results1 and this will be tried on our trees4 ,this year we have a good crop of nuts and hope to select the best of our trees1 which will be included in next year's report4 ,report of ,resolutions ,committee ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,inc41 is bringing to a close the #chth annual convention with deep appreciation of the complete and satisfying hospitality which we have enjoyed at the hands of our hosts1 the ,ontario ,agricultural ,college4 ,we have enjoyed the beautiful1 well kept1 and spacious grounds1 the substantial and well planned buildings1 the thoughtful and pleasant help of all of the personnel with whom we have come in contact1 especially ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,shoemaker1 head of the ,department of ,horticulture in whose building we have had satisfactory meeting place1 display room1 use of lantern and operator1 and the esthetic satisfaction of looking at beautiful flowers harmoniously arranged4 ,we have been well nourished with good food1 well prepared and expeditiously served4 ,we especially appreciate the courteous entertainment that the faculty ladies have so kindly arranged for the ladies who accompany us4 ,for many years ,clarence ,reed has been one of the war horses of the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 ,we were expecting to see him cap this long service by presiding over this session1 and it was with great sorrow that we learned of his inability to be with us4 ,your ,resolutions ,committee wishes to call attention to the excellent manner in which ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels has conducted the sessions of this convention4 ,it is with great regret that the members of this ,association learned of the resignation of ,miss ,mildred ,jones as ,secretary4 ,her work in that office has been of an unusually high order of efficiency and devotion4 ,it was the kind of work which shows the enthusiasm that arises from deep personal interest4 ,her services will be greatly missed4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,rohrbacher1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,sterling ,smith1 ,wm4 ,hodgson4 ,report of the ,necrology ,committee ,,joseph ,,gerardi ,mr4 ,joseph ,gerardi1 #gh year old nurseryman1 died at his home in ,o',fallon1 ,ill41 on ,april #crd1 #aidg4 ,mr4 ,gerardi was an enthusiastic and especially well informed student of nut culture4 ,he was always looking for new and better seedlings1 some of which were named as they were found worthy4 ,his ,gerardi hican is probably one of the best in that group4 ,he also introduced the ,gildig pecans 7,gildig ,nos4 #a and #b7 and the ,fisher pecan4 ,mr4 ,gerardi was quite successful as a propagator and always tried to have nursery stock of the best varieties4 ,his loss will be keenly felt4 ,his son1 ,louis ,gerardi1 will continue the propagation of nut trees at ,caseyville1 ,ill4 7,the following notes are supplied by ,louis ,gerardi4--,ed47 ,joseph ,gerardi was born in the year #ahfh on the old ,hagamann farm1 five and one-half miles northwest of ,lebanon1 ,ill41 in ,o',fallon ,township4 ,he was the fourth child of ,john and ,catherine 7,haas7 ,gerardi4 ,when he reached the age of five years1 his parents moved on a farm three and one-half miles southeast of ,trenton1 ,illinois1 in ,clinton ,county4 ,his early schooling was obtained in the ,mc,kee ,school near his home and in ,st4 ,mary's ,school in the town of ,trenton1 ,illinois4 ,after graduating from the eighth grade1 he helped his father through the spring and summer months with the farm work1 but in the winter attended ,mc,kee school4 ,in the year #ahid at the age of #be years he left the home farm in ,clinton ,county1 and moved to a farm two and one-half miles southeast of ,jerseyville1 ,illinois1 in ,jersey ,county4 ,here he began the study of fruit growing1 and became an agent for the ,stark ,bros4 ,nursery4 ,in #aijg he married ,eleanor ,collignon of ,trenton1 ,illinois4 ,to this union six children were born3 ,eleanor ,barbara1 ,sharlotte ,catherine1 ,eugenia ,ruth1 ,louis ,joseph1 ,bernice ,marie1 and ,gertrude ,beatrice4 ,in the spring of #aiah he sold this farm and moved to ,trenton1 ,ill41 where he worked with his father-in-law1 ,john ,martin ,collignon1 doing construction work4 ,during this year he searched for a farm with soil suitable for fruit growing4 ,in #aiai he purchased a #aaj acre farm situated two and one-half miles west of ,o',fallon1 ,illinois4 ,the next year he set out twenty acres of ,stark ,bros4 trees4 ,while living on this farm in the fall of #aibj the little family had its first great loss4 ,here the oldest girl1 ,eleanor ,barbara1 died from a railroad accident4 ,julius ,rohr1 watching him work with his trees1 encouraged him to start his own nursery because he knew so much about trees4 ,with this encouragement1 he started his own nursery in #aibc4 ,as demand increased he added a general line of nursery stock4 ,being interested in better varieties of fruit trees1 he also became interested in better varieties of nuts4 ,having some native nut trees on his farm1 he began to buy the better varieties of nut trees grown by other nurseries4 ,when these came into bearing1 not being satisfied with the known varieties of nuts on the market1 he began his search for better nuts4 ,in the fall of #aicj while searching in the river bottoms of ,clinton ,county1 ,illinois1 he discovered the ,gerardi hican1 and began its propagation and distributed it among other nurseries4 ,it is now known the country over4 ,a few years later while hunting in the same river bottoms with a friend named ,frank ,gildig1 he was shown a very fine pecan which now bears the name of the ,gildig pecan4 ,and also the ,queens ,lake ,pecan originated in the same locality4 ,these were introduced in the year #aicf4 ,his health failed and in #aidb he discontinued growing general nursery stock and grew only nut trees1 until his death1 which was caused by cancer in the spring of #aidg4 ,,major ,,hiram ,b4 ,,ferris ,our ,major ,hiram ,b4 ,ferris1 of ,spokane1 ,washington1 died ,may #adth1 #aidg4 ,he was a valued member1 and his loss is keenly felt4 ,he has been a source of inspiration1 and a highly esteemed bank of information and instruction4 ,his passing is very much regretted4 7,submitted by ,george ,l4 ,denman1 ,spokane1 ,washington47 ,mrs4 ,william ,rohrbacher1 ,mrs4 ,john ,hershey1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,f4 ,johns4 7,committee ,members7 ,exhibitors ,at the ,annual ,meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,guelph1 ,ontario1 ,sept4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #aidg ,a4 ,b4 ,anthony1 ,sterling1 ,ill4 ,black walnuts1 ,anthony shagbark hickory4 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,l4 ,baum1 ,yellow ,house1 ,pa4 ,black walnut kernels4 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,echo ,valley1 ,islington1 ,ont4 ,black walnuts1 ,persian walnuts1 ,japanese walnuts1 heartnuts1 filberts1 shellbark and shagbark hickories4 ,h4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,hillsdale1 ,mich4 ,black walnuts1 ,persian walnuts1 ,japanese heartnuts and walnuts1 pecans1 hicans1 butternuts1 butternut hybrids1 shagbark and shellbark hickories4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dunstan1 ,greensboro ,college1 ,greensboro1 ,n4 ,c4 ,black walnuts1 filberts1 shagbark hickories1 pecans4 ,fayette ,etter1 ,lemasters1 ,pa4 ,black walnuts1 ,persian walnuts1 ,chinese chestnuts1 filberts1 shagbark and shellbark hickories4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 ,westbank1 ,b4 ,c4 ,hybrid filberts1 hybrid butternuts1 photographs4 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirschi1 ,oklahoma ,city1 ,okla4 ,pecan clusters1 various varieties4 ,e4 ,f4 ,huen1 ,eldora1 ,iowa4 ,black walnuts4 ,g4 ,j4 ,korn1 ,kalamazoo1 ,mich4 ,black walnut kernels1 black walnuts1 ,persian walnuts1 ,persian walnut hybrids1 shagbark hickories4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,black walnuts1 ,japanese heartnuts1 ,turkish filbert1 shagbark and shellbark hickories4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,nashville #c1 ,tenn4 ,shagbark hickories1 heartnut1 ,texas walnut4 ,papple ,brothers1 ,brantford1 ,ont4 ,black walnuts1 ,japanese heartnuts1 filberts4 ,jay ,l4 ,smith1 ,chester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,filberts1 ,japanese chestnuts4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,black and ,persian walnuts1 heartnuts1 filberts1 shagbark and shellbark hickories1 ,chinese1 ,japanese1 ,american and hybrid chestnuts1 papaws1 chestnut grafts4 ,kenneth ,thomas1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,black walnuts4 ,lynn ,tuttle1 ,clarkston1 ,wash4 ,persian walnut nuts and shield buds1 filberts4 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,persian walnuts1 heartnuts1 pecans1 ,chinese and ,japanese chestnuts1 ,allegheny chinkapin4 ,vineland ,experiment ,station1 ,vineland1 ,ont4 ,persian walnuts1 filberts1 almonds4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,black walnuts1 hicans4 ,illustration3 ,,pictures ,,made ,,on ,,the #aidg ,,tour ,the photograph on this page was taken by ,sterling ,smith1 those on pp4 #abf-g are by ,dorothy ,milne4 ,groups of ,,nnga members are shown examining nut trees and other items of interest on ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan's place1 ,echo ,valley1 ,islington1 ,ontario4 ,attendance ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,royal ,oakes1 ,bluffs1 ,ill4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,henry ,gressel1 ,mohawk1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,f4 ,l4 ,o',rourke1 ,east ,lansing1 ,mich4 ,mr4 ,ford ,wallick1 ,peru1 ,ind4 ,mr4 ,carl ,prell1 ,south ,bend1 ,ind4 ,dr4 ,arthur ,s4 ,colby1 ,u4 of ,ill41 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,rosamond ,h4 ,waite1 ,m4,d41 ,perrysburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis1 ,massillon1 ,o4 ,mrs4 ,herbert ,negus1 ,mt4 ,rainier1 ,md4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt1 ,u4 ,s4 ,plant ,industry ,sta41 ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,w4 ,m4 ,churchill1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,edwin ,w4 ,lemke1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,wm4 ,c4 ,hodgson1 ,white ,hall1 ,md4 ,ivor ,h4 ,harrhy1 ,burgessville1 ,ont4 ,gordon ,porter1 ,windsor1 ,ont4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,rohrbacher1 ,iowa ,city1 ,ia4 ,betty ,rohrbacher1 ,iowa ,city1 ,ia4 ,anne ,clarke1 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,g4 ,l4 ,slate1 ,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,john ,h4 ,connelly1 ,milford1 ,n4 ,j4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sterling ,a4 ,smith1 ,vermilion1 ,ohio ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,swarthmore1 ,pa4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,eugene ,f4 ,cranz1 ,ira1 ,ohio ,victor ,brook1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,george ,salzer1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,hyattsville1 ,md4 ,spencer ,b4 ,chase1 ,norris1 ,tenn4 ,ira ,m4 ,kyhl1 ,sabula1 ,iowa ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,a4 ,english1 ,duncan1 ,b4 ,c4 ,wm4 ,j4 ,little1 ,st4 ,george ,w4 ,j4 ,strong1 ,vineland1 ,ont4 ,harry ,r4 ,weber1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,g4 ,j4 ,korn1 ,kalamazoo1 ,mich4 ,roy ,e4 ,ferguson1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa ,elton ,e4 ,papple1 ,cainsville1 ,ont4 ,merle ,h4 ,papple1 ,cainsville1 ,ont4 ,e4 ,f4 ,huen1 ,eldora1 ,iowa ,c4 ,c4 ,lounsberry1 ,ames1 ,iowa ,ralph ,emerson1 ,highland ,park1 ,mich4 ,joseph ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,nashville #c1 ,tenn4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,blaine ,mc,collum1 ,white ,hall1 ,md4 ,h4 ,w4 ,guengerich1 ,louisiana1 ,mo4 ,j4 ,s4 ,shoemaker1 ,guelph1 ,ont4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,stephen ,bernath1 ,poughkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,william ,s4 ,clarke1 ,jr41 ,state ,college1 ,pa4 ,e4 ,sam ,hemming1 ,easton1 ,md4 ,john ,rick1 ,reading1 ,pa4 ,lewis ,e4 ,theiss1 ,lewisburg1 ,pa4 ,ralph ,gibson1 ,williamsport #ae1 ,pa4 ,gilbert ,l4 ,smith1 ,wassaic1 ,n4 ,y4 ,levi ,housser1 ,beamsville1 ,ont4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,philip ,s4 ,moyer1 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,ernest ,chitton1 ,norwich1 ,ont4 ,h4 ,lynn ,tuttle1 ,clarkston1 ,wash4 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson1 ,guelph1 ,ont4 ,mildred ,jones1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,r4 ,van,haarlem1 ,vineland ,station1 ,ontario ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,announcements ,,publications ,fall1 #aidg and ,winter1 #aidg-dh numbers of ,the ,nutshell1 news bulletin of the ,,nnga1 have been issued by the ,secretary's office4 ,it is intended to have this bulletin distributed to members four times a year4 ,it will carry news of the ,association's activities1 supplementing the ,nut ,growers ,news column in the ,american ,fruit ,grower magazine1 as well as reprints of items from other sources that concern nut growers in the northern two-thirds of the ,united ,states plus southern ,canada4 ,beginning with the ,winter1 #aidg-dh issue1 advertising is being accepted in ,the ,nutshell4 ,members who have not received the first two issues1 and others who want additional copies1 may obtain them by writing to the ,secretary4 ,this ,report is a few pages short of its anticipated size1 because of the withdrawal for additional entries of a ,bibliography of ,references on ,nuts of ,special ,interest in the ,north4 ,we hope to have this brought up to date for publication in the next ,annual ,report4 ,,publicity ,all members can contribute to the strength of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,inc41 by showing its publications to their neighbors1 and by calling them to the attention of local farm paper and newspaper editors4 ,several of our members have helped swell the ,,nnga membership by mentioning it in nut tree articles for local and regional publications4 ,as an example1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke wrote a short article on ,chinese chestnuts for the ,southern ,agriculturist1 ,february1 #aidh issue4 ,at the end he stated that a list of nurseries selling ,chinese chestnut and other nut trees could be obtained from the ,,nnga ,secretary's office4 ,to date 7,january #bf1 #aidh7 more than #ej requests have been received and each day brings more4 ,along with the nursery list1 these correspondents receive information about the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 so any sudden increase in our membership in the ,states from ,north ,carolina to ,texas can be ascribed to this bit of publicity4 ,,style ,,manual ,mr4 ,clarence ,a4 ,reed1 our retiring ,president 7#aidf-dg71 has a suggestion for writers for publication3 ,an authoritative guide for writers is the ,,style ,,manual issued by the ,u4 ,s4 ,government ,printing ,office 7,washington #be1 ,d4 ,c47 ,its use by ,association writers would go far toward standardizing their papers and in simplifying the work of editing4 ,the #aide edition contains #dce pages4 ,cloth bound #a4ej4 ,paper cover #ce;c4 ,there is no charge for postage4 #aidh ,,meeting ,the dates selected by the ,directors for the #cith ,annual ,meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,inc4 are ,september #ac1 #ad1 and #ae4 ,the place is ,norris1 ,tennessee4 ,norris is about #be miles from ,knoxville4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,d,a,n,i,e,l1 ,secretary1 c_/o ,tennessee ,department of ,agriculture1 ,nashville #c1 ,tennessee4 ,hybrid ,walnut ,scions ,offered for ,nut ,breeding 7,the following note seems to me to belong in the ,,nnga ,report1 even though it wasn't on the program4 ,it is an invitation to the experimenters to get something they might want4--,j4 ,russell ,smith47 ,thomas ,r4 ,haig1 ,m4,d41 #ccdd ,h4 ,st41 ,sacramento1 ,california1 reports a promising cross of northern ,california black ,x ,persian walnut3 ,the nuts are fertile4 ,this hybrid produces pistillate flowers only1 lending itself easily to pollination with the various varieties of ,persian4 ,should any experimenter wish scions he is welcome4 ,such scions could save considerable time4 ,the tree is now #i-aj years old4 ,i obtained #e nuts in #aidg1 by back-crossing the hybrid to ,persian walnut4 ,one seedling obtained previously by this hybridization is not yet bearing4 ,other members who have available scions of promising hybrids or other new varieties of nut trees are invited to communicate promptly with the ,secretary4 ,a list of these will be published in ,,the ,,nutshell for ,spring1 #aidh4 ,hybrid ,oak ,information ,mr4 ,thomas ,q4 ,mitchell1 #af ,east #dhth ,street1 ,new ,york #ag1 ,new ,york1 calls our attention to his article on ,hybrid ,oak ,crop ,trees1 in ,harper's ,magazine for ,february1 #aidh4 ,he adds3 ,a much longer article is in preparation 7in collaboration with ,mr4 ,charles ,morrow ,wilson7 for ,scientific ,monthly4 ,can you report any hybrid or exotic oaks there1 or put me in touch with any ,dendrophiles interested in oak hybrids as crop trees8