f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,pat5t ,,(fice ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,pat5ts ,illu/ration3 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior ,,wa%+ton ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice #aiae ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,p>ts ,a & ,b ( ! foll[+ pages are design$ to acqua9t all p]sons us+ ! ,pat5t ,(fice classification ) ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! reclassification is proce$+4 ,"p ,c consi/s ( a few t5tative rules advanc$ ) ! notion ( fix+ classification practice )9 ! (fice 9 c]ta9 d\btful cases4 ,"p ,d is int5d$ to in=m exam9]s reclassify+ )9 exam9+ divisions respect+ ! initial proc$ure 9 re=m+ a class4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,a4 ,introduction4 #a ,pa/ classifications ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice4 #a ,beg9n+ ( revision4 #b ,prec$5ts & au?orities4 #c ,def9ition ( sci5tific classification4 #d ,b4 ,pr9ciples ( ! new classification ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice4 #d ,elem5ts ( a ,pat5t ,(fice classification4 #d ,basis ( classification4 #e ,art z a basis4 #e ,function or effect z a basis4 #g ,/ructure z a basis4 #h ,division & arrangem5t4 #i ,inf9itude ( possible comb9ations4 #aj ,division & arrangem5t 9 ! natural sci5ces4 #aj ,difficulty ( entitl+ a subclass correspond+ to e comb9ation4 #aa ,exp$i5ts to r$uce ! numb] ( subdivisions4 #ab ,sup]iority & inf]iority4 #ae ,def9ite positional relation%ip ( subdivisions4 #af ,ind5t$ s*$ules4 #ag ,bifurcate division4 #ai ,utility ( arrangem5t accord+ to resemblances4 #ai ,def9ition4 #bj ,cross-ref]5ces & se>*-notes4 #ba ,diagnosis to det]m9e classification4 #bb ,claim$ or unclaim$ disclosure4 #bb ,diagnosis ( p5d+ applications4 #bc ,difficulties due to v>y+ ideas ( claims4 #be ,c4 ,rules ( classification4 #bf ,basis ( classification4 #bf #a4 ,art z ! basis4 #bf #b4 ,op]ative or manipulative arts4 #bf #c4 ,/ructures4 #bf #d4 ,composition ( matt] & =m$ /ock4 #bf ,division & arrangem5t4 #bg #e4 ,exhau/ive division2 miscellane\s subclass4 #bg #f4 ,subclasses n to ov]lap4 #bg #g4 ,subclasses ( any gr\p to be =m$ on "o basis4 #bg #h4 ,app>5t exception to rules #f & #g4 #bg #i4 ,relative position ( subclasses4 #bg #aj4 ,ind5tion ( subclasses4 #bi #aa4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( titles = subclasses4 #bi #ab4 ,arrangem5t to limit se>* & cross ref]5ces4 #cj ,def9ition4 #cj #ac4 ,t5tative def9ition4 #cj #ad4 ,h[ to def9e4 #cj #ae4 ,explanatory notes may sometimes displace def9ition4 #ca ,cross-ref]5ces & se>*-notes4 #ca #af4 ,impossibility ( cross-ref]5c+ all disclosures4 #ca #ag4 ,occasion & direction ( cross-ref]5c+4 #ca #ah4 ,occasion & scope ( se>*-notes4 #cb ,diagnosis to det]m9e classification4 #cb #ai4 ,pat5ts diagnos$ by claim$ disclosure4 #cb #bj4 ,pat5ts diagnos$ by mo/ int5sive claim4 #cc #ba4 ,exception to rule #ai1 claim1 = a "p ( a disclos$ comb9ation4 #cc #bb4 ,exception to rule #ai1 claims = a "p ( a disclos$ comb9ation4 #cc #bc4 ,exception to rule #ai1 g5]ic comb9ation old z matt] ( common k4 #cd #bd4 ,exception to rule #ai1 article ( manufacture def9$ only by mat]ial4 #cd #be4 ,exception to rule #ai1 utiliz+ a composition4 #cd #bf4 ,exception to rule #ai1 utiliz+ a ma*9e4 #cd #bg4 ,pat5ts hav+ claims = sev]al diff]5t inv5tions4 #ce #bh4 ,g5]al rule ( sup]iority betwe5 /atutory k9ds ( inv5tion4 #ce #bi4 ,exception to rule #bh4 #ce #cj4 ,process & app>atus4 #cf #ca4 ,article ( manufacture & in/rum5t = mak+ a "p ( x or p]=m+ any m9or act relative !reto4 #cf #cb4 ,process & product :]e se>* = ! process w\ld h to be made among ma*9es4 #cf #cc4 ,process & product :]e se>* = ! process w\ld h to be made among products4 #cf #cd4 ,process ( mak+ a composition & ! composition :]e ! process is peculi>ly adapt$ to make ! composition4 #cg #ce4 ,article ( manufacture or composition & process = mak+ "o ( ! p>ts ( ! article or +r$i5ts ( ! composition4 #cg ,d4 ,proc$ure 9 reclassify+ )9 exam9+ divisions4 #cg #a4 ,g5]al attitude4 #cg ,proc$ure involv+ only cursory scrut9y ( famili> pat5ts-- #b4 ,consid] :oles 9 =m+ t5tative subdivisions ( subclasses4 #ch #c4 ,write t5tative def9itions ( subdivisions4 #ch #d4 ,consid] ! significance ( analogies f\nd to trav]se p>ts ( two or m exi/+ subclasses4 #ch #e4 ,arrange gr\ps on p>allel or accordant l9es :]e practicable4 #ch #f4 ,wat* = subcomb9ations des]v+ sep>ate recognition4 #ch #g4 ,consid] :e!r ! gr\ps collectively w con/itute a prop] class & _! be/ correlation4 #ch ,proc$ure involv+ rigor\s analysis-- #h4 ,diagnose ea* pat5t = orig9al classification4 #ci #i4 ,gr\p & consid] ! disposition ( pat5ts deem$ =eign to ! class4 #ci #aj-ae4 ,consid] & indicate cross-ref]5c+ )9 & to & f ! class4 #ci1 #dj ,note4 #dj ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,pat5ts 7,a7 ,,introduction4 ,classification lies at ! f\ndation ( ! m5tal processes4 ,)\t ! p[] ( p]ceiv+1 recogniz+ resemblances1 di/+ui%+ diff]5ces 9 ?+s1 ph5om5a & notions1 gr\p+ !m m5tally accord+ to ^? resemblances & diff]5ces1 judgm5t is impossible1 nor c\ld reason be ex]cis$ 9 proce$+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! facilitation & abbreviation ( m5tal labor is at ! bottom ( all m5tal progress4 ,! reason+ faculties ( ,newton 7 n diff]5t 9 qualitative "* f ^? ( a pl\ghman2 ! diff]5ce lay 9 ! ext5t to :i* !y 7 ex]t$ & ! numb] ( facts :i* c\ld be treat$4 ,e ?9k+ be+ g5]alizes m or less1 b x is ! dep? & ext5t ( 8 g5]alizations :i* di/+ui% ! philosoph]4 ,n[ x is ! ex]tion ( ! classify+ & g5]aliz+ p[]s :i* ?us enables ! intellect ( man to cope 9 "s degree ) ! inf9ite numb] & v>iety ( natural ph5om5a & objects4 7,jevons1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce47 ,,pa/ ,,classifications ,,( ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,pat5t ,,(fice4 ,z "u ! pat5t laws ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates assume all ! risks 9 grant+ a pat5t = any means ( ! useful arts1 a classification t w facilitate a judgm5t respect+ ! pat5tability ( any means pres5t$ to ! ,pat5t ,(fice is ( peculi> mom5t4 ,! enorm\s ext5t1 div]sity1 & ref9em5t ( ! useful arts preclude ! =mation ( a judgm5t on novelty )9 a reasonable "t1 unless ! necess>y comp>isons ) kn[n processes & in/rum5ts h be5 previ\sly made along ! l9es t se>*es mu/ foll[ & ! results ( su* comp>isons made available 9 a classification4 ,! va/ majority ( available disclosures ( ! arts occur 9 pat5ts4 ,h5ce ! ,pat5t ,(fice classification mu/ be adju/$ 9 ! ma9 to ! analysis1 diagnosis1 & ord]ly arrangem5t ( ! disclosures ( pat5ts4 ,= m ?an #hj ye>s ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts h be5 classifi$4 ,! fir/ publi%$ classification1 promulgat$ 9 #ahcj1 compris$ #f1agj pat5ts1 divid$ into #af classes4 ,! *ange f a regi/ration to an exam9ation sy/em 9 #ahcf in/igat$ a new classification 9 #bb classes1 includ+ #i1hjj pat5ts4 ,! next came 9 #ahfh ) #cf classes1 includ+ ab\t #ge1jjj pat5ts4 ,on ,m>* #a1 #ahgb1 a revis$ classification 0 adopt$1 compris+ #ade classes1 includ+ #aca1jjj pat5ts4 ,?is classification is said to h be5 plann$ by ,dr4 ,edw>d ,h4 ,knight4 ,! plac+ ( ! pat5ts 9 accordance ) ! s*$ule ( classes is said to h be5 done by ! sev]al exam9]s4 ,! class arrangem5t 0 purely alphabetical by class titles1 & ! numb] designations foll[$ ! alphabetical ord]4 ,! names ( ?+s to be f\nd 9 ! sev]al classes 7 arrang$ alphabetically "u ea* class title4 ,no attempt 0 made to br+ ! titles ( alli$ mat]ials into juxtaposition or to effect o!r def9ite arrangem5t ) ref]5ce to subject matt] 9 ! pr9t$ s*$ules4 ,a consolidat$ "n index supplem5t$ ! li/ ( names by classes4 ,?is classification ( #ahgb is 9 "p ! classification t n[ exi/s1 _m ( ! same class numb]s & titles be+ /ill 9 use4 ,exam9]s 7 app>5tly p]mitt$ to make *anges 9 classification to suit _! conv5i5ce )\t notice until #ahgg4 ,9 t ye> a revision ( ! publi%$ s*$ule 0 made by a committee1 result+ 9 ! addition ( #ac new classes1 & exam9]s 7 ord]$ to transf] pat5ts 9 accordance ) ! new titles4 ,! fir/ classification publi%$ ) di/9ct subclasses appe>$ 9 #ahhj4 ,f t "t until #ahih ! classification grew by addition & subdivision ( classes to suit ! ends ( individual exam9]s or 9 response to suppos$ exig5cies ( ! "w :]e "o division 0 ?\ght to be ov]load$ & ano!r und]load$1 & ! alphabetical arrangem5t ( subclasses "u ea* class has succe$$ ! alphabetical li/ ( names4 ,! arbitr>y correspond5ce orig9ally e/abli%$ betwe5 ! alphabetical ord] ( class titles & ! num]ical ord] 0 de/roy$ z soon z expansion ( ! classification began4 ,h[ev] suitable to ! !n-exi/+ mat]ial ( ! useful arts ! classification ( #ahgb may h be51 x fail$ z fail all inductive processes :]e9 ! g5]alizations are n broad & deep4 7,isaac ,newton's intellect c\ld detect ! resemblance betwe5 ! fall+ fruit & ! motions ( ! planets47 ,! classification ( #ahgb 0 n exhau/ive2 x fail$ to recognize to ! fulle/ ext5t :at ,bi%op ,wilk9s saw ne>ly #cjj ye>s ago1 to wit1 t !re are arts ( arts2 & x fail$ to provide = future inv5tion ( new species 9 ! same art1 & to recognize t new arts c\ld be =m$ f comb9ations ( ! old4 ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,revision4 ,! ,classification ,division 0 creat$ 9 ! hope t guid+ pr9ciples ( classification c\ld be develop$ & appli$ = ! purpose ( am5d+ or revis+ ! classification :]eby pat5ts c\ld be plac$ ) great] assurance1 & :]eby ! se>*] ) ^! guid+ pr9ciples 9 m9d might f9d ! ne>e/ ref]5ces4 ,x 0 confront$ ) ! problem ( revis+ :ile at ! same "t keep+ accurate record ( all *anges1 correct+ all indexes ( pat5ts1 & us+ copies 9 con/ant dem& = se>* at ! same "t1 necessitat+ mu* cl]ical "w1 & con/ant int]ruption--( correct+ r ?an plann+ anew2 ( m5d+ a ma*9e :ile con/antly increas+ duty 0 requir$ ( x4 ,ideas on ! subject ( revision 7 call$ = by ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 & all 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice _h an opportunity to set =? _! notions4 ,! views ( "o met ) approval & 9 accordance ) ^? views a ,plan ( ,classification 0 prep>$ & promulgat$ 9 #aijj4 ,:at o!r plans may h be5 submitt$ is n n[ g5]ally kn[n4 ,b 9 sub/antial accordance ) t publi%$ plan1 ! process ( revision has proce$$ = m ?an #ad ye>s until approximately #ej p] c5t ( ! pat5ts 7includ+ incomplete "w7 h be5 plac$ 9 revis$ classes4 ,,prec$5ts ,,& ,,au?orities4 ,no effective prec$5ts h be5 f\nd 9 any prior classifications ( ! arts4 ,! classifications ( ! pr9cipal =eign pat5t (fices h n be5 mat]ially diff]5t 9 pr9ciple f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice classifications ( ! pa/4 ,! divisions f\nd suitable = book classification = libr>y use1 h n be5 deem$ adequate to ! exactness & ref9em5t ess5tial to a pat5t (fice classification ( ! useful arts4 ,! sy/ems ( class & subclass sign or numb] designations ( ! mod]n libr>y classifications1 ) _! mnemonic significance1 af=d ! mo/ important sugge/ions to be drawn f libr>y classification4 ,none ( ^! sy/ems ( designation has be5 adopt$1 7#a7 because ( a s]i\s d\bt z to ! availability ( su* designations by reason ( ! l5g? or unwield9ess to :i* !y w\ld atta9 9 ! ref9em5ts ( division necess>y 9 a pat5t (fice classification1 & 7#b7 because ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( labor necess>y to make ! *ange f pres5t practice4 ,! be/ analogies are 9 ! kn[n 7b *ang+7 classifications ( ! natural sci5ces1 & 9 !m ! problems are s diff]5t t !y c s]ve only to illu/rate g5]al pr9ciples4 ,! broad pr9ciples ( classification are well und]/ood4 ,! au?orities are ! logicians f ! anci5t ,ari/otle to ! mod]n ,b5?am1 ,mill1 & ,jevons4 ,! ef=t ( ! ,classification ,division has be5 to adapt & apply ^! well-kn[n pr9ciples to ! enorm\sly div]sifi$ useful arts1 p>ticul>ly z disclos$ 9 pat5ts & applications = pat5ts4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,classification4 ,x may be well to ins]t "h an au?oritative def9ition3 ,a sci5tific classification is a s]ies ( divisions s arrang$ z be/ to facilitate ! complete & sep>ate /udy ( ! sev]al gr\ps :i* are ! result ( ! divisions z well z ( ! entire subject "u inve/igation4 7,f[l]1 ,inductive ,logic47 ,inve/igation & /udy ( any subject w be facilitat$ if ! facts or mat]ials p]t95t to t subject be s m>%al$ & arrang$ t ^? mo/ p]t95t to x may appe> to ! m9d 9 "s =m ( juxtaposition4 ,x is ! purpose ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice classification to divide & arrange ! body & multitud9\s units ( ! useful arts s t1 hav+ ! "q ( novelty ( any def9$ means to answ]1 "o may ) reasonable assurance approa* t portion ( ! rank ( arts 9 :i* x w be f\nd if x is n new1 & 9 prop9quity to :i* w also be f\nd ^? means t be> ! close/ resemblances to t s\ght =1 ! resemblances ( o!r units gr[+ less 9 proportion to _! di/ance !refrom4 ,success 9 ! fundam5tal aim ( facilitat+ adequate se>* %\ld evid5tly at ! same "t r$uce proportionately ! dang] t int]f]+ applications w be ov]look$ & also effect a di/ribution ( labor favorable to ! acquisition ( special skill4 7,b7 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,pat5t ,,(fice4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,a ,,pat5t ,,(fice ,,classification4 ,a classification w be useful 9 proportion 7#a7 to ! p]t95ce to ! subject "u inve/igation ( ! facts select$ to be gr\p$ toge!r1 or1 9 o!r words1 9 proportion to ! appropriat5ess ( ! basis ( classification to ! subject 9 h&2 7#b7 to ! conv5i5ce1 /ability1 & uni=mity ( ! arrangem5t ( ! subdivisions :]eby ! inve/igator may proce$ ) reasonable assurance to t portion ( ! rank ( gr\ps )9 :i* he w f9d cognate mat]ial2 7#c7 to ! accuracy & p]spicuity ( ! def9itions ( ! sev]al divisions & subdivisions2 7#d7 to ! complet5ess & reliability ( ! cross-ref]5c+ & cross-notations2 7#e7 to ! uni=mity1 feasibility1 & c]ta9ty ( ! rules by :i* ! accessions ( pat5ts disclos+ "o or sev]al inv5tions may be diagnos$ & di/ribut$ to ! appropriate divisions ( ! classification 9 accordance ) ! basis adopt$4 ,correspond+ to ! =ego+ analysis ! !ory ( ,pat5t ,(fice classification may be treat$ 9 five p>ts3 7#a7 ,! pr9ciples on :i* ! arts %all be divid$ 7basis ( classification72 7#b7 subdivision & me*anical arrangem5t ( gr\ps2 7#c7 def9ition2 7#d7 cross-ref]5c+ & se>*-notes2 7#e7 ! *oice ( features by :i* a pat5t %all be assign$ 9 ! classification 7diagnosis74 ,,basis ,,( ,,classification4 ,! fir/ & mo/ vital factor 9 any sy/em ( classification is ! basis ( division1 t is1 ! k9d ( *>act]i/ics common to any numb] ( objects select$ to *>act]ize gr\ps1 :]eby ! individuals ( any gr\p w resemble ea* o!r = ! purpose 9 view m closely ?an any individual 9 any gr\p w resemble any individual 9 any o!r gr\p4 ,!re is no prop]ty ( objects :i* may n be tak51 if we please1 z ! f\ndation = a classification or m5tal gr\p+ ( ^? objects1 & 9 our fir/ attempts we are likely to select = t purpose prop]ties :i* are simple1 easily conceiv$1 & p]ceptible 9 a fir/ view )\t any previ\s process ( ?\ght--b ^! classifications are seldom mu* adapt$ to ! ends ( t classification :i* is ! subject ( our pres5t rem>ks4 7,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,sy/em ( ,logic47 ,x is cle> t a numb] ( objects may be classifi$ on sev]al diff]5t bases4 ,= example1 a numb] ( books c\ld be divid$ into gr\ps 7#a7 accord+ to ! subject ( _! cont5ts2 7#b7 accord+ to ! language 9 :i* ! books are writt52 7#c7 accord+ to ! size ( page2 7#d7 accord+ to ! b9d+ mat]ial2 or 7#e7 accord+ to ! color ( ! b9d+4 ,ea* ( ^! may be useful classifications = "s purpose4 ,= ! /ud5t ( lit]ature none is ( value except ! fir/2 = ! connoisseur 9 b9d+s1 only ! la/ ?ree4 ,a classification ( animals includ+ classes ( l& animals & wat] animals w\ld h>dly suit a /ud5t ( zoology1 z x w\ld associate ) ! %ad & p]* su* diff]5tly organiz$ creatures z ! porpoise1 :ale1 & seal4 ,yet su* a classification might prove v suitable = a /ud5t ( fi%]ies4 ,art z a basis4#a--,s 9 seek+ a basis = a pat5t (fice classification ! purposes ( ! classification %\ld be ! guide4 ,allegations ( ult]ior uses#b 7su* z may be made m]ely because ! inv5tor ?\ght ( apply+ 8 inv5tion to ^? uses only1 or 9 an ef=t to get ! application exam9$ 9 a c]ta9 division7 & o!r sup]ficial bases %\ld be avoid$4 ,t basis w be/ suit ! purpose :i* effects su* an arrangem5t z w exhibit 9 suitable gr\ps ! /ate ( ! prior art1 by :i* is "h meant n necess>ily all ! in/rum5ts ( a trade or indu/ry1 or all ! articles sold by a %opkeep]1 z a /ation]1 b ^? means t a*ieve simil> results by ! application ( simil> natural laws#c to simil> sub/ances4 ,z all inv5tions are made ) ! ultimate object ( satisfy+ "s human desire1 ! utility ( an inv5tion appe>s to be a natural basis ( classification4 ,x is app>5t1 h[ev]1 t mo/ inv5tions may contribute to num]\s utilities besides ! ultimate "o4 ,_m processes & in/rum5ts int]v5e betwe5 ! se$ plant] & ! :eat5 rolls ^u ! breakfa/ table4 ,! pl[ may be view$ z an agricultural in/rum5t or z an in/rum5t ( civil eng9e]+1 accord+ z x is us$ = prep>+ ! field = plant+ or r\nd+ a road4 ,a radiat+ coil ( pipe may be ?\ght ( z a cond5s] ( /eam or ( alcoholic vapors1 accord+ z x is appli$ to "o mat]ial or ano!r2 z a cool] or a heat]1 accord+ to ! temp]ature ( a fluid circulat$ ?r\gh x4 ,a hamm] may drive nails1 =ge iron1 crack /one or nuts4 ,und]ly+ all ( ^! ult]ior utilities1 !re is a fundam5tal "o to :i* ! normal m9d w rea* 9 its natural processes & !re re/4 ,! pl[ loos5s or turns ov] ! surface ( e>?2 ! coil effects an ex*ange ( heat betwe5 its int]ior & ext]ior2 ! hamm] /rikes a bl[4 ,a classification ( pl[s 9 agriculture1 road build+1 or excavat+1 accord+ to /at$ ultimate use2 ( a radiator coil z a /eam cond5s]1 /ill1 jacket-wat] cool]1 refrig]ator1 or h\se heat]2 ( ! hamm] z a =g+ tool1 a nail driv]1 or a nut crack]1 appe>s to sep>ate ?+s t are ess5tially alike4 ,b classify+ a pl[ on its necess>y function ( pl[+1 a radiator on its necess>y function ( ex*ang+ heat1 a hamm] on its necess>y function ( /rik+ a bl[1 evid5tly results 9 gett+ v simil> ?+s toge!r4 ,assum+ = ! mom5t t utility is a reasonable basis ( division ( ! useful arts1 x is deem$ m logical to adopt z a basis "s utility t mu/ be effect$ by ! means "u consid]ation :5 put to its normal use r ?an "s utility t may be effect$ "u "s conditions4 ,two ( ! five pr$ictables ( anci5t logic are prop]ty#d & accid5t4#e ,! capacity ( ! hamm] to /rike a bl[1 ! capacity ( ! radiator coil to ex*ange heat1 are 9 ! nature ( prop]ties4 ,! capacity ( ! hamm] to crack nuts1 ( ! coil to cond5se /eam1 are 9 ! nature ( accid5ts--some?+ t foll[s f ! impact & ! heat ex*ange because ( ! p>ticul> accid5tal conditions ( op]ation4 ,to select an accid5t z a basis ( classification is contr>y to ! laws ( ?\ght4 ,x may be said !n t ! ,pat5t ,(fice classification is bas$ ^u art 9 ! /rict s5se 9 :i* ! ^w may be said to be us$ 9 section #dhhf1 ,revis$ ,/atutes1 b n necess>ily 9 ! loos] s5se ( indu/ries & trades4 ,a prop] ma9t5ance ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ^w arts ( ! /atute & ! phrase indu/rial arts us$ 9 ! s5se ( indu/ries & trades is ess5tial to an effective classification = ! purposes ( a pat5t (fice se>*4 ,simil> in/rum5ts h be5 pat5t$ 9 ?ree diff]5t classes1 because ( ! /atem5ts t "o 0 design$ = cool+ wat]1 ano!r = heat+ wat]1 ano!r = /]iliz+ milk2 9 f\r diff]5t classes1 because ( ! /atem5ts t "o app>atus 0 to sep>ate solids f ! gases dis*>g$ f a metallurgical furnace1 ano!r to sep>ate c>bon f ! combu/ion gases ( a /eam-boil] furnace1 ano!r to remove du/ & t> f combu/ible gas1 & ano!r to saturate wat] ) c>bon dioxid4 ,ow+ to ! cont9uance ( a classification bas$ l>gely on remote use1 _m applications come into ! (fice sett+ =? inv5tions ( v g5]al application :i* nev]!less h to be classifi$ m or less arbitr>ily 9 "o ( sev]al arts 9 :i* !y may be us$ b to :i* !y are n limit$4 ,function or effect z a basis4#f--,means ( ! useful arts are relat$ 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,resemblances select$ z bonds = a numb] ( inv5tions may be m or less close4 ,x is axiomatic t close resemblances %\ld be pref]r$ ov] loos] ones = classification purposes4 ,processes & in/rum5ts = p]=m+ g5]al op]ations1 su* z mov+1 cutt+1 mold+1 heat+1 treat+ liquids ) gases1 assembl+1 etc41 are m closely bond$ ?an ^? = effect+ ! div]se sep>ate successive op]ations direct$ t[>d complex special results1 su* z mak+ %oes1 buttons1 nails1 etc4 ,means ( ! =m] sort p]=m an ess5tially unit>y act--! application ( a s+le =ce1 ! tak+ advantage ( a s+le prop]ty ( matt]4 ,^? ( ! latt] sort require ! application ( sev]al diff]5t acts employ+ frequ5tly a plurality ( =ces or tak+ advantage ( sev]al prop]ties ( matt]4 ,9 ! =m] case1 classification c be bas$ on :at has be5 call$ function1 9 ! latt] x _c be bas$ on function b c be bas$ on :at has be5 call$ effect 7or product74 ,function is closely relat$ to cause4 ,x is an axiom ( logic t cause is pref]able to effect z a basis ( ^? classifications design$ = sci5tific rese>*4 ,h5ce ! functional basis is pref]r$ 9 all cases 9 :i* x c be appli$4 ,a cond5s] = ! fumes ( z9c is mu* m l a cond5s] = ! fumes ( acid or ! vapor ( wat] ?an x is l ! art ( recov]+ z9c f its ores1 & x employs only "o pr9ciple1 to wit1 heat int]*ange4 ,a wat]-jacket = cool+ ! walls ( a gas-produc] or glass-furnace is mu* m l a wat]-jacket = cool+ ! walls ( a limekiln or /eam-boil] furnace ?an x is l ! art ( gas-mak+ or manufacture ( glass articles4 ,9 accordance ) :at are ?\ght to be ! correct pr9ciples1 !re=e1 ! z9c-cond5s] ought n to be classifi$ z a "p ( ! art ( metallurgy1 nor ! wat]-jacket z a "p ( ! art ( gas-mak+1 m]ely because ^! in/rum5ts h a use 9 ^! arts1 b %\ld be includ$1 respectively1 9 classes bas$ ^u ! m fundam5tal utilities effect$ by !m4 ,al?\gh x is evid5t t mold+ a button is m l mold+ a door-knob ?an x is l mak+ buttons by ! comb9$ op]ations ( saw+1 gr9d+1 turn+1 & drill+1 :]e=e ! mold+ ( buttons %\ld be classifi$ 9 a g5]al pla/ic art r ?an 9 a special button-mak+ art1 yet ! mak+ ( buttons by a plurality ( diff]5t k9ds ( op]ations c be plac$ only 9 a class bas$ ^u ! product1 to wit1 button-mak+4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! comb9ation ( _m diff]5t op]ations = ! production ( a specific article c n be classifi$ on ! basis ( any s+le function1 x mu/ be classifi$ on ! basis ( product4 ,?us by select+ ess5tial function z a basis :5 possible1 & result+ effect :5 ! functional basis is n possible1 "o may approximate to ! correct classification describ$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] z foll[s3 ,a true classification includes 9 ea* class ^? objects t h m *>act]i/ics 9 common ) "o ano!r ?an any ( !m h ) objects exclud$ f ! class4#g ,s x is deem$ bett] to classify 9 accordance ) ! function or effect x is kn[n a means mu/ p]=m or accompli% ?an 9 accordance ) ! object ) respect to :i* an act or acts are direct$ or 9 accordance ) "s effect :i* may or may n result4 ,/ructure z a basis4--,! phrase /ructural classification is frequ5tly made use (4 ,! application ( ! phrase to processes is manife/ly absurd4 ,! ,pat5t ,(fice nev] _h a /ructural classification except 9 a limit$ s5se4 ,h[ c\ld a ma*9e1 = example1 be classifi$ on /ructure1 leav+ out ( consid]ation its function & ! effect ( its normal op]ation8 ,9 ! ref9em5ts ( subdivision h[ev]1 x becomes frequ5tly desirable to =m m9or subdivisions on /ructural diff]5ces4 ,& x may also be t in/rum5ts w be pres5t$ = classification t are ( su* g5]al utility z to baffle ! ef=ts ( ! intellect to atta9 to ! fundam5tal & necess>y function1 9 :i* case a /ructure-def9$ class may be/ suit ! ne$s ( classification4 ,z betwe5 a classification bas$ ^u /ructure & "o bas$ ^u utility1 ! *oice has be5 = ! latt]1 )\t prejudice1 h[ev]1 to in/ances t may arise 9 favor ( ! =m]4 ,! subject ( /ructural classification w be dropp$ ) a quotation f ! orig9al pamphlet ,plan ( ,classification1 etc4 7p4 #e73 ,a purely '/ructural' classification is almo/ impossible on acc\nt ( ! inf9ite v>iety ( me*anical comb9ations1 & to attempt x w\ld probably result 9 utt] confusion1 = ! classes c\ld n be def9$1 & ! classification w\ld be a m]e dige/ ( me*anical elem5ts hav+ no community ( function4 ,,division ,,& ,,arrangem5t4 ,hav+ divid$ ! aggregate ( ?+s to be classifi$ into a l>ge numb] ( gr\ps on a satisfactory basis1 a mo/ useful "w w h be5 accompli%$ & ! purpose ( a classification to assemble ! ?+s mo/ ne>ly alike & sep>ate !m f o!r ?+s w h be5 p>tially a*iev$4 ,unless ^! num]\s gr\ps are arrang$ 9 "s def9ite und]/&able relation to ea* o!r1 or are plac$ 9 def9ite kn[n positions :]e !y c be f\nd1 ! m]e =mation ( ! gr\ps1 on h[ev] good a basis1 is n a complete classification4 ,fur!rmore1 unless ! position ( ea* gr\p ) respect to ^? o!r gr\ps t resemble x 9 :ole or 9 "p is made kn[n1 he :o wi%es to f9d o!r relat$ matt] mu/ seek aimlessly ) no assurance t 8 que/ w end until ! :ole s]ies %all h be5 inve/igat$4 ,ea* classifi$ gr\p is metaphorically a pigeonhole to conta9 simil> mat]ial4 ,if ! pigeonholes are prop]ly label$1 "o c ultimately locate ^? t conta9 ! matt] he is seek+ if he kn[s ! "n t has be5 appli$ to x4 ,if ! pigeonholes are arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 = example1 he may f9d all relat$ mat]ial1 provid$ he kn[s ! "n ( e relat$ gr\p ( mat]ial1 ev5 ?\gh v simil> ?+s may be> names z f> ap>t z ,a & ,z4 ,b if all ?+s 7 s plac$ t1 adjac5t & 9 c]ta9 fix$ relation to ea* pigeonhole1 o!r relat$ matt] c\ld be f\nd1 ! resemblances less5+ 9 proportion to ! sep>ation1 & if ! entire area ( pigeonholes 7 divid$1 & c]ta9 areas assign$ to c]ta9 k9ds ( ?+s def9$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 guess+ ! location ( & desultory se>* = ?+s t may h diff]5t names1 b yet be v mu* alike1 w\ld be less5$ & all cognate mat]ial be bun*$4 ,a second vital factor ( a sy/em ( classification1 !re=e1 is ! arrangem5t ( ! gr\ps4 ,inf9itude ( possible comb9ations4--,!re are n[ ov] #a1abe1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts1 ea* presumptively cov]+ a creation ( ! useful arts t is diff]5t f e o!r4 ,mo/ ( ^! pat5ts also disclose a plurality ( elem5ts or acts4 ,ea* ( ^! pat5t$ means is pot5tially an elem5t ( a m complex comb9ation t may be pat5t$4 ,:5 "o consid]s m]ely ! numb] ( =ms ( en]gy1 ! numb] ( kn[n sub/ances & kn[n me*anical elem5ts1 & attempts to figure possible comb9ations & p]mutations1 x becomes app>5t t ! size ( ! numb]s result+ is incompreh5sible4 ,consid] ! possibilities ( comb9ation also ( ! enorm\sly v>i$ disclosures ( pat5ts4 ,calculations ( ! possible comb9ations & p]mutations ( a small numb] ( objects are famili>4 ,diff]5t comb9ations ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet are suffici5t to record ! sum ( human k 9 _m languages4 ,) sub/antially two octaves ( ! diatonic scale ! _w's melodies h be5 s\nd$1 nor d any d\bt t our successors w ?rill to airs t we h nev] he>d4 ,?irty metals may be comb9$ into #dce b9>y alloys1 #d1jfj t]n>y alloys1 #bg1dje quat]n>y alloys 7,jevons74 ,?is does n take into consid]ation diff]5ces 9 proportion t figure s l>gely 9 results 9 ! arts ( sub/ance-mak+4 ,! total numb] ( possible alloys ( ! kn[n metals is incompreh5sible4 ,a mom5t's ?\ght respect+ ! numb]s ( ! means ( ! useful arts w alleviate any fe>s t ! possibilities ( inv5tion are ne> ! limit & w give food = fur!r ?\ght to all conc]n$ ) ?is attempt to classify ! useful arts to ! po9t ( ref9em5t necess>y to enable ?is (fice to pass judgm5t ) reasonable spe$ & accuracy ^u ! approximately #ge1jjj applications fil$ ea* ye>4 ,division & arrangem5t 9 ! natural sci5ces4--,"s ( ! natural sci5ces are said to be 9 :at is kn[n z ! classificatory /age ( developm5t4 ,9 "s sci5ces ! subject ( classification has be5 pr$om9ant & ^! furni% excell5t examples ( sci5tific classification4 ,! mu*-admir$ classifications ( zoology1 botany1 & m9]alogy are among ! be/ available models ( logical division1#h sy/ematic & analytical arrangem5t4 ,! mo/ casual consid]ation ( ^! classifications1 h[ev]1 r5d]s app>5t ! relative simplicity ( ! task ( classify+ natural objects diff]5tiat$ by fix$ natural laws z comp>$ ) ! task ( classify+ ! products ( ! creative & imag9ative faculties z appli$ to ! useful arts4 ,! *im]a & o!r animal mon/]s occur only z figm5ts ( ! m9d4 ,zoological classification does n h to classify comb9ations ( birds1 fi%es1 reptiles1 & mammals1 nor does x deal 9 ! way ( classification ) ! p>ts ( animals1 nor is ! "q ( absolute numb]s ( in/ances a matt] ( mom5t to su* a classification1 all ( ! memb]s ( a species be+ alike = classification purposes4 ,b any in/rum5t ( ! useful arts may be comb9$ ) "s o!r1 any "p ) "s o!r "p4 ,organizations may be p>ts ( "s o!r organizations1 or ev5 mutually p>ts ( ea* o!r1 z1 = example1 a pump may be a "p ( a lubricator1 or a lubricator may be a "p ( a pump4 ,"s p>ts are peculi> to "o in/rum5t1 "s are common to _m4 ,e memb] ( a species diff]s f e o!r memb]4 ,add$ to ?is1 ! intellectual diff]5ces betwe5 ! p]sons :o pres5t ! applications = pat5t1 ! diff]5ces 9 _! g5]aliz+ p[]s1 ! relatively broad & n>r[ views ( two or m p]sons pres5t+ ! same inv5tion 7v>iations n indulg$ 9 by nature7 complicate ! problem ( classify+ ! useful arts4 ,difficulty ( entitl+ a subclass correspond+ to e comb9ation4--,9 any ma9 class or gr\p ( ! useful arts !re are always a numb] ( *>act]i/ics t x may be desirable to take note ( 9 subdivision titles4 ,a mom5t's ?\ght %[s ! impossibility ( tak+ c>e ( any l>ge numb] ( comb9$ *>act]i/ics s z to provide exactly = ea* comb9ation1 = ! reason t ! limitations ( space & ( ! p]ceptive faculties =bid4 ,= a simple illu/ration1 ! imag9>y classification ( books = use by a booksell] may be recurr$ to4 ,! deal]1 x may be assum$1 has books on 7#a7 f\r diff]5t subjects1 hi/ory1 sci5ce1 art1 & fiction1 7#b7 ea* pr9t$ 9 f\r languages1 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 7#c7 9 f\r diff]5t sizes ( page1 folio1 qu>to1 octavo1 duodecimo1 7#d7 b\nd 9 f\r mat]ials1 lea!r1 ra:ide1 clo?1 pap]4 ,"h are f\r ma9 *>act]i/ics1 ea* 9 f\r v>ieties4 ,a cu/om] is likely to ask = ,ivanhoe 9 ,engli%1 octavo1 b\nd 9 lea!r4 ,n[ if ! booksell] _h s\ght to arrange ! books into "o class accord+ to subject matt]1 into ano!r accord+ to language1 ano!r accord+ to size1 ano!r accord+ to b9d+1 he w\ld h fall5 into confusion1 because 8 classes w\ld be =m$ on diff]5t pr9ciples or bases & ov]lap4 ,"s hi/ories w be 9 ,fr5*1 "s w h octavo pages1 & "s clo? b9d+s4 ,b if he divides fir/ on ! basis ( subject matt]1 !n ea* subject matt] into language1 ea* language book into sizes1 ea* size into mat]ial ( b9d+1 he c imm$iately place 8 h& on a class :]e9 ! book w be if he has x2 b ?is classification1 bas$ on f\r diff]5t *>act]i/ics & f\r v>ieties ( ea*1 has necessitat$ ! =mation ( #bef classes or divisions1 & if five *>act]i/ics 7 provid$ =1 #a1jbd divisions w\ld be requir$4 ,adapt+ ! illu/ration ( ! books to a pat5t (fice classification3 ,if x 7 possible to view ^! *>act]i/ics z pat5table 9 comb9ations ( all or 9 any comb9ations less ?an all1 & also z sep>ate *>act]i/ics1 #af divisions additional to ! #bef = ea* indep5d5t *>act]i/ic w\ld h to be provid$1 z well z o!r divisions = comb9ations ( less ?an ! :ole1 9 ord] to make ! classification absolutely indicative ( e feature1 & ! numb] ( divisions w\ld be enorm\s4 ,9 su* a classification1 aft] ! prop] division _h be5 locat$1 ! se>* w\ld be no?+1 ! difficulty w\ld be to f9d ! appropriate class4 ,exp$i5ts to r$uce ! numb] ( subdivisions4--,=tunately mo/ p c>ry on _! m5tal processes 9 accordance ) c]ta9 uni=mities4 ,"u ?is uni=mity ( ?\ght no pat5table relation%ip may be alleg$ betwe5 a qu>to volume & ! subject ( hi/ory or betwe5 a lea!r b9d+ & ! ,g]man language2 :]e=e #d classes ( coord9ate value1 bas$ on ! #d *>act]i/ics1 ea* divid$ into #d subclasses1 #af divisions 9 all1 may s]ve ! purpose ( a ,pat5t ,(fice se>*4 ,b if1 z sometimes happ5s1 a pat5table relation%ip _h be5 assum$ & admitt$ betwe5 a lea!r b9d+ & any ( ! languages1 or any ( ! subjects1 or betwe5 any two or m ( ^? diff]5t *>act]i/ics1 provision c\ld be made = su* comb9ations by ! foll[+ exp$i5ts3 7#a7 ,arrange ! *>act]i/ics1 9 ! ord] ( relative significance or importance = ! purpose 9 view1 9 f\r gr\ps1 giv+ ea* gr\p ! *>act]i/ic title4 ,"u ea* title arrange ! v>ieties 9 a simil> relation z foll[s 9 ei!r 7#a7 or 7#b73 7#a7 7#b7 ,cl4 ,x4--,,books4 ,cl4 ,x4--,,books4 #j4 ,miscellane\s4 #a4 ,subject-matt]-- #j4e ,subject-matt]-- #b4 ,hi/ory4 #a4 ,hi/ory4 #c4 ,sci5ce4 #b4 ,sci5ce4 #d4 ,art4 #c4 ,art4 #e4 ,fiction4 #d4 ,fiction-- #f4 ,language-- #d4e ,language-- #g4 ,engli%4 #e4 ,engli%4 #h4 ,g]man4 #f4 ,g]man4 #i4 ,fr5*4 #g4 ,fr5*4 #aj4 ,spani%4 #h4 ,spani%4 #aa4 ,size-- #h4e ,size-- #ab4 ,folio4 #i4 ,folio4 #ac4 ,qu>to4 #aj4 ,qu>to4 #ad4 ,octavo4 #aa4 ,octavo4 #ae4 ,duodecimo4 #ab4 ,duodecimo4 #af4 ,b9d+-- #ab4e ,b9d+ mat]ial-- #ag4 ,lea!r4 #ac4 ,lea!r4 #ah4 ,ra:ide4 #ad4 ,ra:ide4 #ai4 ,clo?4 #ae4 ,clo?4 #bj4 ,pap]4 #af4 ,pap]4 ,subject-matt]1 assum$ to be ! mo/ important *>act]i/ic1 is plac$ fir/4 ,any exhibit ( m]e mat]ial = b9d+1 m]e size1 m]e language1 or m]e subject-matt]1 w\ld fall into ! correspond+ly entitl$ gr\p4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a book on hi/ory 9 ,g]man or a hi/ory 9 r$ lea!r1 etc41 7 to be classifi$1 x w\ld be plac$ 9 subclass ,hi/ory 9 ! subject-matt] gr\p1 & a ,fr5* book 9 gre5 clo? w\ld be plac$ 9 subclass ,fr5* 9 ! language gr\p4 ,t is1 comb9ations ( any *>act]i/ic ) any "o or m o!r *>act]i/ics may be plac$ 9 ! gr\p = t *>act]i/ic deem$ ! mo/ significant & :i* is highe/ 9 ! s*$ule4 ,aga91 by assign+ a numb] to ea* g5]ic title1 ea* su* title becomes !reby ! miscellane\s gr\p = v>ieties o!r ?an ^? ind5t$ "u x1 z well z = all v>ieties associat+ any *>act]i/ic ) "o or m ( ^? /&+ l[] d[n4 ,?us1 a book ( poems w\ld belong 9 subclass ,subject-matt] & a #afmo volume b\nd ) purple celluloid cov]s w\ld belong 9 subclass ,size4 ,s1 by giv+ mean+ to relative position1 exhau/ive arrangem5t is s\ght to be provid$ 9 a reasonable numb] ( gr\ps4 ,to provide = o!r features t may be pres5t$ 9 future1 an additional miscellane\s gr\p may be add$ at ! top 7#a71 or ! class title 7#b7 might be deem$ to repres5t ! unclassifi$ residue & a depository = future matt] n specifically provid$ =4 7#b7 ,if ! numb] ( in/ances ( association ( subject-matt] & b9d+ mat]ials1 language & size1 etc41 are num]\s1 additional gr\ps might be plac$ above ! gr\ps hav+ ! names ( ! *>act]i/ics1 ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! gr\ps indicat+ t ! *>act]i/ic gr\ps are = s+le *>act]i/ics only & d n include books hav+ sev]al diff]5t ones4 ,9 su* case ! s*$ule might be head$ by a miscellane\s gr\p1 hav+ ei!r ! title ,miscellane\s or ! title ( ! class1 to receive associat$ *>act]i/ics n provid$ = by specific titles1 imm$iately foll[$ by subclasses = ! p>ticul> associations f\nd to be mo/ num]\s1 z foll[s3 ,,books4 ,miscellane\s4 ,subject-matt] & language4 ,subject-matt] & b9d+ mat]ial4 ,subject-matt]4 ,language4 ,size4 ,b9d+ mat]ial4 ,to illu/rate fur!r1 select+ = ! purpose a mass ( objects pres5t+ problems m ne>ly l ^? pres5t$ to ! (fice 9 que/ions ( pat5tability1 let x be assum$ t "o is to classify ! objects 9 a heap ( metal scrap4 ,on look+ ov] ! mat]ial ( ! heap x is notic$ t !re are a l>ge numb] ( metal balls2 "s h holes ?r\gh !m1 "s are holl[1 "s are smoo? on ! outside1 & "s are holl[1 smoo?1 & p]=at$1 b !y are all nev]!less balls1 & accord+ly all balls c be sep>at$ out & plac$ 9 a heap by !mselves4 ,next1 ! pres5ce ( b>s 9 ! g5]al mass is obs]v$1 "s long1 "s %ort1 "s /raight1 "s twi/$1 "s ( r\nd /ock1 "s ( squ>e /ock1 etc4 ,^! may be ga!r$ toge!r & plac$ 9 a sep>ate pile at ! left ( ! balls4 ,x is fur!r obs]v$ t !re are _m diff]5tly %ap$ annul> bodies 9 ! heap resembl+ g5]ally ! s+le l9ks ( a *a91 "s circul>1 "s elliptical1 "s twi/$1 "s made ( r\nd /ock1 "s ( squ>e /ock1 etc4 ,!y are all nev]!less annul> bodies2 ^! may be plac$ 9 a sep>ate pile at ! left ( ! b>s4 ,n[1 9 ! remnant ( ! orig9al heap1 a suffici5t numb] ( simil> s+le elem5ts does n rema9 f :i* to make a small] pile ( elem5ts4 ,diff]5t comb9ations ( l9ks1 balls1 & b>s are1 h[ev]1 obs]v$ 9 ! rema9+ heap4 ,"s are comb9ations ( l9ks1 "s comb9ations ( a ball & l9k1 "s ( a b> & l9k1 & "s ( a b>1 l9k1 & ball4 ,^! diff]5t comb9ations may be sep>at$ out 9 ! ord] nam$ & plac$ 9 sep>ate piles4 ,aft] all ^! ?+s h be5 remov$1 !re is left 9 ! orig9al heap a numb] ( odds & ends or miscellane\s metal objects4 ,^! sev]al gr\ps may n[ be arrang$ 9 ! inv]se ord] 9 :i* 79 ! p>ticul> illu/ration adopt$7 !y h be5 remov$1 ?us3 #a4 ,miscellane\s 7remnants ( ! orig9al heap ( scrap74 #b4 ,comb9$ b>1 l9k1 & ball4 #c4 ,comb9$ b> & l9k4 #d4 ,comb9$ b> & ball4 #e4 ,comb9$ l9k & ball4 #f4 ,*a9s4 #g4 ,l9ks4 #h4 ,b>s4 #i4 ,balls4 ,kn[+ t objects ( metal scrap n cov]$ by ! specific titles w be f\nd 9 ! miscellane\s gr\p1 & t ! m complex specifically-nam$ ?+s are to be f\nd fir/ aft] ! miscellane\s or at ! left ( ! r[ ( piles ( mat]ials ?us sep>at$ & arrang$1 & ! m simple ?+s & p>ts f>!r to ! "r1 ! p>ticul> piles to resort to = ! ?+s want$ may be def9itely det]m9$4 ,! same processes may be appli$ to ea* ( ! piles4 ,?us1 balls1 9 ! above illu/ration1 may be divid$ into-- ,balls-- #aj4 ,holl[ p]=at$4 #aa4 ,holl[ groov$4 #ab4 ,holl[4 #ac4 ,p]=at$4 #ad4 ,groov$4 ,aga91 ! same processes may be appli$ to a mass ( m div]sifi$ junk1 ( :i* ! metal scrap may =m "o pile1 rags ano!r1 old bricks ano!r1 old timb] ano!r1 &1 /ill ano!r1 timb] hav+ metal-/raps1 bolts1 nails1 etc41 connect$ ) x4 ,sup]iority & inf]iority4--,9 ! arrangem5t ( subclasses 9 a class1 ^? gr\ps t are relat$ to ea* o!r z :oles & p>ts are arrang$ s t ! :oles %all /& be=e ! p>ts1 & s t subclasses def9$ by effect or by special use %all /& be=e ^? def9$ by function or g5]al use4 ,= example1 9 ! scrap illu/ration above1 assum+ ! titles to be 9 a pr9t$ arrangem5t1 *a9s prec$es l9ks1 :i* may be p>ts ( *a9s1 & if x _h be5 desir$ to sep>ate animal-drags1 = in/ance1 f ! scrap1 "s animal-drags be+ p>ticul> adaptations ( a b>1 l9ks1 & ball1 ! gr\p ( animal-drags %\ld prec$e ,b>1 l9k1 & ball4 ,! words sup]ior & inf]ior h be5 us$ to indicate ?is relation%ip4 ,a class or subclass def9$ to receive a c]ta9 comb9ation is sup]ior to "o def9$ to receive an elem5t or a comb9ation t is a "p ( t c]ta9 comb9ation4 ,a class or subclass def9$ to receive means = mak+ a p>ticul> product1 z an electric lamp1 is sup]ior to a class or subclass design$ to p]=m a g5]al function1 z pump+ air f a conta9]4 ,& :5ev] a "q ( assignm5t ( a pat5t or application t conta9s matt]s ( two or m gr\ps be>+ t relation is rais$1 ! sup]ior gr\p is select$ to receive x4 ,fur!r1 9 ^? in/ances 9 :i* gr\ps are =m$ on diff]5t bases or diff]5t *>act]i/ics1 n comp>able ) ea* o!r1 & a pat5t is pres5t$ hav+ matt] fall+ 9 ea* gr\p1 t gr\p :i* is highe/ 9 position is pref]r$ 9 ^? in/ances :]e sep>ate provision = means hav+ bo? *>act]i/ics has n be5 made4 ,9 cases ( necessity1 z :]e a comb9ation is pres5t$ = :i* no class has be5 def9itely provid$1 b classes exi/ into :i* ! sev]al p>ts w\ld fall if sep>ately claim$1 ! same practice t obta9s 9 simil> situations ) respect to two or m subclasses ( a class may be foll[$ ) respect to two or m classes & ! pat5t plac$ 9 t class :i*1 9 accordance ) above-/at$ pr9ciples1 %\ld be deem$ ! sup]ior4 ,def9ite positional relation%ip ( subdivisions4--,9 ! metal scrap example1 above1 division has be5 effect$ on ! "o basis ( =m or cont\r4 ,if x _h be5 desir$ to sep>ate also on mat]ial1 = example1 if x 7 deem$ important to locate all brass scrap1 ea* ( ! gr\ps bas$ ^u =m c\ld be divid$ into "o ( brass & "o n brass1 or ! entire heap c\ld be divid$ into brass & n brass1 & "u ! head+ brass c\ld be ind5t$ ! v>i\s articles made ( brass1 & "u n brass ! v>i\s articles n made ( brass1 & ?is w\ld d\ble ! numb] ( divisions4 ,if also x 7 desir$ to sep>ate ! lead articles 9 ! same mann] ! numb] ( classes w\ld be tripl$4 ,b1 z 9 ! book illu/ration1 x may be impracticable ?us to multiply subdivisions1 & ! basis =m hav+ be5 select$ z ( fir/-rank importance1 all divisions bas$ ^u =m %\ld be complet$ & kept toge!r4 ,!n1 mat]ial1 hav+ be5 select$ z ( second-rank importance1 %\ld be c>ri$ out ) respect to all objects 9 :i* =m is non-ess5tial4 ,if en\gh brass balls 7 f\nd to r5d] x advisable to make a subdivision ( !m1 !y %\ld be assembl$ into a subclass ind5t$ "u balls & n into a subclass ind5t$ "u brass4 ,hav+ select$ "o basis z prim>y1 x %\ld nev] subsequ5tly be made second>y or vice v]sa4 ,"s su* re/riction on modes ( division appe>s salut>y 9 a sy/em ( divisions design$ to def9itely limit se>*4 ,! arrangem5t h]e9 s\ght to be expla9$ is susceptible ( use to limit all se>*es = a s+le def9itely /at$ inv5tion to a subclass prop]ly entitl$ to receive x or ^? ind5t$ "u x1 & to ^? subclasses above1 :i* may include x z a "p ( an organization or specializ$ means4 ,z betwe5 coord9ate gr\ps divid$ on ! same basis1 !re is no "q ( sup]iority & inf]iority4 ,! t]ms sup]ior & inf]ior are useful 9 que/ions ( relation%ip betwe5 comb9ations & subcomb9ations or elem5ts !re(1 & betwe5 gr\ps f\nd$ on effect or product & ^? f\nd$ on simple function4 ,! m]e diff]5ce 9 complexity ( mutually exclusive coord9ate gr\ps involves no relation%ip ( sup]iority or inf]iority4 ,a subclass to receive a screw-cutt+ la! is sup]ior to a subclass to receive a la!-head/ock1 a locomotive class is sup]ior to a class to receive /eam-eng9es1 = ! reason t ! la! is a :ole ( :i* ! head/ock is a "p1 & ! locomotive is an organization ( :i* ! eng9e is an elem5t4 ,b ! head/ock subclass is n sup]ior necess>ily to ! tail/ock subclass simply because ! head/ock is commonly m complex ?an ! tail/ock4 ,yet arbitr>y pref]5ce = classification 9 ! head/ock subclass may be e/abli%$ by position :]e an application or a pat5t conta9s claims = bo?4 ,?us 9 a class t is f\nd$ on a well-*os5 basis t br+s toge!r ?+s be>+ close resemblances to ea* o!r1 all types t conta9 ! elem5ts ess5tial to produce a complete practically op]ative means w be f\nd 9 subclasses t h a position some:]e betwe5 ! beg9n+ & end ( ! li/ ( subclasses ( ! class4 ,^? t add features ( elaboration ( ! ess5tial types & ^? t are highly specializ$ to "s p>ticul> purpose )9 ! def9ition ( ! class w /& above ! ess5tial type subclasses1 :ile ^? subclasses = p>ts & details w /& bel[ ^? = ! ess5tial types4 ,ind5t$ s*$ules4--,9 an ind5t$ s*$ule all subclasses 9 ! fir/ column read+ f ! left are species to ! g5us repres5t$ by ! class title4#i ,all subclasses ind5t$ "u ano!r subclass are species to ! g5us repres5t$ by ! subclass "u :i* !y are ind5t$4 ,if a title has no numb]1 x repres5ts m]ely a subject-matt] to be divid$1 a g5us1--hav+ no repres5tatives except 9 ! species "u x4 ,if a subclass hav+ a g5]ic title has a numb]1 x n only repres5ts a subject-matt] to be divid$ into species b also all o!r species n fall+ )9 ! titles ind5t$4 ,al?\gh ^! relative positions might imply t only proximate species are ind5t$ "o place1 yet me*anical difficulties r5d] x impracticable to s arrange t all species %all be ind5t$ "u _! proximate g5]a4 ,ind5tion prop]ly c>ri$ out has a t5d5cy to prev5t 9 ! process ( logical division ! logical fault ( proce$+ f a high or broad g5us to a l[ or n>r[ species4 ,?is latt] fault may inadv]t5tly sep>ate ?+s t belong toge!r4 ,if1 = example1 x 7 desir$ to divide balls 9 ! /at$ illu/ration accord+ to mat]ial1 an imm$iate division ( balls into alum9um1 z9c1 glass1 ivory1 rubb]1 w\ld be less useful ?an to divide into m9]al mat]ials & nonm9]al mat]ials z foll[s3 ,balls-- ,m9]al-- ,nonmetallic-- ,glass4 ,metallic-- ,alum9um4 ,z9c4 ,nonm9]al-- ,vegetable-- ,rubb]4 ,animal-- ,ivory4 ,h[ev]1 x is evid5t t ind5tion c>ri$ to its full extant1 useful z x is 9 keep+ analog\s ?+s toge!r1 w\ld make ! pr9t+ ( s*$ules complex & unwieldy4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! g5]aliz+ process necess>y 9 logical division & arrangem5t1 ! divisions ( species %\ld always be m5tally ind5t$1 z x 71 "u _! proximate g5]a4 ,?us1 "u a g5us unnam$ may be arrang$ sev]al species 9 juxtaposition1 )\t actually pr9t+ ! "n ( ! g5us1 s t ! s*$ule above may read3 ,balls-- ,glass4 ,alum9um ,z9c4 ,rubb]4 ,ivory4 ,9 an arrangem5t pr9t$ 9 idea-ord]1 ?\gh relegat+ ! g5]a m9]al1 nonmetallic1 metallic1 nonm9]al1 vegetable1 animal1 to ! m9d unaid$ by pr9t$ words1 ! diff]5t species ( ! same g5us may be kept toge!r except t species = :i* no title has be5 provid$ mu/ g back to ! subclass "u :i* ! nam$ species are ind5t$4 ,?us ! arrangem5t above necessitates plac+ 9 subdivision ,balls all copp] balls1 :]eas ind5tion "u proximate g5us metal w\ld h br\ght all metal balls toge!r4 ,9 a f9ely divid$ classification1 pr9t+ ( titles = all g5]a is n practicable2 h5ce great c>e ought to be direct$ t[>d gr\p+ species accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( arrangem5t h]e9 outl9$1 not+ t :5ev] a *ange ( basis is made1 a new g5us is impli$1 & t subclasses = all o!r species ( ! same g5us "u :atev] "n1 mu/ be br\ght into juxtaposition z if ind5t$ "u ! impli$ g5us4#aj ,bifurcate division4--,mo/ discussions ( classification make ref]5ce to ! s-call$ bifurcate s*eme ( division z ! only "o by :i* exhau/ive division c be surely a*iev$4 ,?is is commonly illu/rat$ by ! anci5t tree ( ,porphyry4 ,by ?is me?od any subject x is desir$ to subdivide is fir/ divid$ by writ+ ! "n ( "o select$ species at "o bran* & writ+ at ! o!r bran* ! "n ( ! same species prefix$ by ,n4 ,?us ! ,agassiz classification ( liv+ be+s divides !m fir/ into s5sible & n s5sible 7plants74 ,a botanical classification divides plants into fl[]+ & n fl[]+4 ,a zoological classification divides animals into v]tebrate & n v]tebrate4 ,by cont9u+ ! process ( division 9 ! same mann]1 ! division is obvi\sly exhau/ive ( ! subject1 !re be+ always a negative subdivision to receive any subsequ5tly creat$ or discov]$ species4 ,al?\gh bifurcate division has be5 ridicul$ by "s1 x is agre$ by highe/ au?ority t x is ! only plan ( division by :i* "o c be sure to h a consi/5t place = ev]y?+1 or by :i* "o c be c]ta9 t ! divisions are mutually exclusive4 ,x c be demon/rat$ t a classification s*$ule 9 :i* ! relation ( g5]a & species is %[n by ind5tions1 if correctly =m$ on ! pr9ciples n[ s\ght to be appli$ 9 ! revision ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice classification1 is susceptible ( conv]sion into a tree ( ,porphyry1 :ile unlike ! latt] x is compact & wieldy4 ,utility ( arrangem5t accord+ to resemblances4--,! exp$i5t ( indicat+ k9ds ( relation%ip betwe5 sev]al equally ind5t$ divisions by relative position has ! foll[+ utility3 7#a7 ,a uni=m rule is provid$1 applicable to all classes1 = plac+ inv5tions t be> ! relation ( :ole to "p 9 subdivisions be=e ^? t be> ! relation ( a "p to t :ole1 & ^? t are def9$ by a p>ticul> effect1 product1 mat]ial1 or use be=e ^? t are def9$ by a function or an op]ation applicable g5]ally to v>i\s effects1 products1 mat]ials1 or uses2 :]eby t portion ( ! s*$ule 9 :i* any inv5tion belong+ to any p>ticul> class %\ld be f\nd may be approa*$ :e!r or n ! inve/igator kn[s ! "n ( ! object s\ght = or ! title ( ! appropriate subdivision4 7#b7 ,! sub/antial impossibility ( divid+ _m bran*es ( ! useful arts exhau/ively into a reasonable numb] ( mutually exclusive or non-ov]lapp+ subclasses is comp5sat$ =2 s t :5 ! classifi] or ! se>*] has an inv5tion to place or to f9d includ+ two or m diff]5t k9ds ( *>act]i/ics1 = ea* ( :i* a subdivision is provid$1 b no subdivision = ! plural *>act]i/ics1 x w be kn[n t ! inv5tion %\ld be 9 ! subclass = t *>act]i/ic :i* /&s be=e ! subclass = ! o!r *>act]i/ic4 7#c7 ,x comp5sates = omission ( "s g5]ic titles t if writt5 9 ! ind5t$ s*$ule w\ld l5g!n specific titles to a cumb]some ext5t4 7#d7 ,x provides a rule = cross-ref]5c+ :]e sev]al inv5tions are claim$ be>+ to ea* o!r any ( ! relation%ips indicat$ above1 cross-ref]5c+ be+ necess>y 9 "o direction only :]e ! matt] illu/rat$ is coext5sive ) ! matt] claim$4 7#e7 ,x def9itely limits ! field ( se>* = any unit>y inv5tion 9 any class s arrang$1 z no pat5t$ inv5tion hav+ ! limitations impos$ by a unit>y claim %\ld be f\nd 9 any subclass bel[ ! subclass prop]ly def9$ to receive x or ^? ind5t$ "u x4 ,p>ts ( su* inv5tions may be f\nd bel[ or foll[+ ?is subclass 9 ! same class if ^! p>ts are )9 ! class def9ition1 or else:]e 9 ! useful arts if n )9 t def9ition4 ,! unit>y inv5tion may be f\nd 9 ! subclass limit$ to x & c]ta9 subclasses arrang$ above or be=e x adapt$ to receive organizations ( :i* x may be a "p4 ,a complete sy/em ( arrangem5t %\ld comprise 7#a7 a display ( ! entire field ( ! useful arts 9 a mann] to %[ ! relation ( ! l>g] z well z ( ! small] gr\ps1--c>ry+ ! appropriate relation%ip z f> z possible f ! highe/ g5]a to ! l[e/ species1 ! arrangem5t be+ su* z w\ld br+ mat]ials mo/ ne>ly alike into close/ prop9quity reg>dless ( ! names !y may be call$ by4 7#b7 ,supplem5t>y to ?is classification arrangem5t by ideas !re %\ld be an alphabetical index ( subclass titles1 appropriately cross index$1 & additional titles ( v>i\s te*nical & trade names ( ?+s classifi$ "u subclass titles4 ,,def9ition4 ,def9ition is indisp5sable 9 any classification & is v difficult4 ,e class mu/ be def9$ & all ( ! gr\ps "u x4 ,aft] def9itions h be5 made & pr9t$1 !y are sometimes f\nd inadequate & mu/ be supplem5t$ by ! def9itions ( o!r classes4 ,?is is unavoidable :ile ! complete mat]ial rema9s unexplor$4 ,def9ition 9 ! /rict logical s5se is n to be expect$1 nor is x necess>y4 ,x is commonly suffici5t if an explanation or comp>ison be made suffici5t to direct ! m9d to ! "* ( ! cont5ts ( ! gr\p & indicate its limitations4 ,hi!rto f\r ( ! five pr$icables ( anci5t logic h be5 m5tion$1 to wit1 g5us1 species1 prop]ty1 & accid5t4 ,9 connection ) def9ition1 ! fif? pr$icable1 diff]5ce1 is useful4 ,to def9e a class1 x is suffici5t1 g5]ally1 = ! purposes ( (fice classification1 to /ate a peculi> prop]ty 7n an accid5t7 ( ! objects includ$ 9 ! class2 & to def9e a species "u ! class x is suffici5t to /ate ! "n ( ! class plus ! diff]5ce--i4 e41 ) ! addition ( ! limitations t *>act]ize ! species4#aa ,?is proc$ure 9 def9ition is susceptible ( application f ! highe/ g5us to ! l[e/ species4 ,x is advisable to def9e ! means includ$ )9 a title )\t any introductory words1 su* z ?is subclass includes inv5tions relat+ to1 etc41 treat+ ! subclass = def9ition purposes z if x 7 a collection ( concrete ?+s1 9 ! same mann] z 9 a diction>y def9ition4 ,,cross-,,ref]5ces ,,& ,,se>*-,,notes4#ab ,if pat5ts 7 9 all respects l mat]ial objects1 cross-ref]5ces & se>*-notes w\ld n be necess>y4 ,nails1 screws1 locks1 h+es1 & boxes are di/9ct ?+s susceptible ( def9ite sep>ation & classification4 ,ev5 ?\gh nails1 screws1 locks1 & h+es =m "p ( ! box1 ! box is /ill a box1 n a nail1 screw1 h+e1 or lock4 ,= ! ne$s ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice classification1 h[ev]1 al?\gh a pat5t = a box mu/ be classifi$ ) boxes1 yet if a peculi> nail1 screw1 lock1 or h+e is claim$ 9 ! same pat5t ) ! box1 or ev5 if any "o ( ^! cu/om>y accessories ( boxes is illu/rat$1 x may be necess>y to provide copies ( ! pat5t = ! box 9 ea* ( ! sev]al classes provid$ = nails1 screws1 locks1 or h+es4 ,inasmu* z e relatively complex ?+ is made up ( relatively simple ?+s1 x is obvi\s t all disclosures c n be cross-ref]5c$4 ,any attempt to calculate ! numb] ( cross-ref]5ces to be suppli$ if all disclosures ( ! subjects ( inv5tion 7 to be cross-ref]5c$ w\ld %[ ! numb] to be incalculable4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to leave to ! judgm5t ( ! classifi] ! propriety ( cross-ref]5c+ unclaim$ disclosures4 ,%\ld a pat5t conta9 a numb] ( claims def9+ a numb] ( diff]5tly classifiable inv5tions1 complete cross-ref]5c+ f ! class 9 :i* ! classification is made orig9al into ! o!r appropriate classes or subclasses %\ld be effect$1 unless cross-se>* notes or arrangem5t ( subclasses ) appropriate titles may be sub/itut$ to advantage4 ,cross-ref]5c+ or cross-se>* notes are made1 z a rule1 f comb9ation class to elem5t class1 b nev] or v r>ely f ! elem5t class to ! comb9ation class 9 :i* x may be us$4 ,?us cross-ref]5c+ %\ld normally be d[nw>d 9 a s*$ule ( subclasses4 ,se>* notes indicate p>allel or o!rwise relat$ classes & subclasses1 & ^? classes & subclasses 9 :i* analog\s /ructures hav+ diff]5t purposes b adapt$ to answ] broad claims may be f\nd4 ,by arbitr>y rules ( arrangem5t su* z h be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! section deal+ ) division & arrangem5t1 a se>* may ord9>ily be def9itely limit$ to a c]ta9 numb] ( subclasses1 ev5 :]e cross-ref]5ces are n made4 ,9 su* arrangem5t any giv5 pat5t1 if x be direct$ to "o inv5tion1 may be se>*$ 9 ! subclass )9 :i* ! def9ition places x or subclasses ind5t$ "u x1 & 9 c]ta9 subclasses above1 ^: titles w indicate t ! inv5tion might be includ$ z a "p ( ! matt] def9$ to belong !re91 b x w\ld nev] h to be se>*$ 9 any subclass foll[+ & n ind5t$ !reund]4 ,,diagnosis ,,to ,,det]m9e ,,classification4 ,ea* pat5t & ea* application discloses "o or m means ( ! useful arts 7us+ ! t]m means to cov] bo? processes & in/rum5ts 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is us$ by ,pr(4 ,rob9son71 almo/ always m ?an "o1 s9ce mo/ new means are comb9ations ( me*anical elem5ts or acts4 ,9 "s pat5ts & applications ! disclosure is coext5sive ) t :i* is claim$2 9 o!rs !re is matt] disclos$ b n claim$4 ,! unclaim$ disclosure may be z valuable z ! claim$ disclosure = purposes ( anticipation1 & ! classification mu/ provide = bo?4 ,if ! claim$ disclosure belongs 9 "o class & ! unclaim$ 9 o!rs1 ! classifi] mu/ *oose betwe5 two or m classes t "o 9 :i* ! pat5t or application %all be classifi$ & ^? into :i* x %all be cross-ref]5c$4 ,claim$ or unclaim$ disclosure4--,! claims ( a pat5t are ! /atutory indices ( t :i* ! applicant believes to be new1 !y def9e an inv5tion t has be5 se>*$ by ! ,pat5t ,(fice & no anticipation discov]$ = x4 ,future action mu/ be bas$ on inductions f pa/ exp]i5ce2 none kn[s :at ! future l9es ( se>* w be2 ! only guides = future se>*es are ! se>*es ( ! pa/2 ! evid5ce ( pa/ se>*es is ! claims ( pat5ts2 !y trace ! c\rse ( inv5tion4 ,fur!rmore1 a presumption ( novelty atta*es to ! claim$ matt]2 no su* presumption atta*es to ! unclaim$4 ,! law requires e pat5t = improvem5t to %[ s mu* ( ! old z is necess>y to expla9 ! uses ( ! improvem5t4 ,9 practice mu* m ?an t is disclos$4 ,que/ions z to ! prop] plac+ ( pat5ts & cross-ref]5ces w\ld be dim9i%$ by ! /rict en=cem5t ( ,rule #cf ( ! ,rules ( ,practice requir+ t ! description & ! draw+s1 z well z ! claims1 be conf9$ to ! specific improvem5t & su* p>ts z necess>ily cooep]ate ) x4 ,9 any ev5t bo? ! claim$ disclosure & t :i* is unclaim$ mu/ be tak5 c>e (1 "o by cross-ref]5ce1 & ! disclosure select$ = cross-ref]5ce is t to :i* no presumption ( novelty atta*es4 ,?is practice ( plac+ pat5ts by ! claim$ disclosure is sometimes misund]/ood4 ,its *ief application is 9 det]m9+ classification 9 case ( disclosures involv+ a plurality ( ma9 classes4 ,fur!rmore1 ! m]e lett] ( ! rule is n to be appli$ 9 pref]5ce to its _s4 ,subcomb9ations claim$ may be plac$ ) ! comb9ations1 & 9 subord9ate type subclasses pat5ts mu/ be plac$ sometimes by claim$ & sometimes by n-claim$ disclosures4 ,diagnosis ( p5d+ applications4--,:at has be5 said relates to pat5ts4 ,! be>+ ( ! practice ( adopt+ ! claim$ disclosure z ! basis ( assignm5t ( applications = exam9ation has also to be consid]$4 ,two p5d+ applications claim+ ! same means v commonly diff] 9 ! k9d & ext5t ( disclosure4 ,"o application may disclose sev]al inv5tions4 ,:i* ( ! sev]al disclosures %all be select$ z ! m>k by :i* to place ! application8 ,= in/ance1 ! typical wire-nail ma*9e has a wire-fe$+ me*anism1 a %e>+ me*anism1 an upsett+ 7=g+7 me*anism1 side-s]rat+ me*anism1 & po9t+ me*anism2 x may also h a c\nt+ me*anism1 a packag+ me*anism1 an electric motor on its frame = furni%+ p[]2 &1 9 addition1 num]\s p[]-transmitt+ & o!r ma*9e p>ts1 su* z be>+s1 oil-cups1 safety appliances1 etc4 ,! applicant may h made a complete new organization ( nail-ma*9e & may seek a pat5t = ! total comb9ation4 ,he may h inv5t$ a new %e>+ me*anism & h *os5 to %[ x ?us elaborately 9 ! place ( use he _h 9 m9d1 or he may h design$ a new c\nt] or a new oil-cup or a new p[] transmission1 or ev5 a new motor1 & h giv5 8 inv5tion ?is elaborate sett+4 ,! %e>s1 ! c\nt]1 ! oil-cup1 ! p[] transmission1 & ! motor are sep>ately classifiable 9 widely sep>at$ classes4 ,h[ %all ! application be diagnos$ = det]m9+ its place 9 ! (fice classification8 ,:5 ! specification & draw+ disclose 7z mo/ ( !m d7 sev]al subjects matt] ( inv5tion1 ?\gh claim+ only "o1 :i* ( ^? sev]al subjects matt] %all control ! classification8 ,! mo/ natural proc$ure1 at fir/ ?\ght1 w\ld be to classify on ! totality ( ! %[+1 9 :i* case ! application = ! nail-ma*9e1 suppos$ above1 w\ld be assign$ to nail-mak+4 ,b imag9e ! inv5tion claim$ by an applicant to be ! c\nt]4 ,!n ! exam9] 9 *>ge ( nail-mak+ w\ld h to se>* ! class ( regi/]s ) :i* he is n famili>4 ,suppose applicant ,no4 #b files an application = ! same c\nt] :i* he illu/rates & describes 9 connection ) a bottle-fill+ ma*9e1 & t1 classify+ on ! totality ( ! %[+1 ?is goes to ! division t has ! class ( packag+ liquids4 ,n[ bo? ! exam9]s 9 *>ge ( bottle-fill+ & nail-mak+1 kn[+ t c\nt]s are classifi$ 9 regi/]s1 se>* ! class ( regi/]s & also ! p5d+ applications 9 regi/]s4 ,aft] ^! exam9]s h made _! se>*es1 suppose applicant ,no4 #c files an application = ! same c\nt]1 :i* he says may be us$ = c\nt+ small articles produc$ by automatic ma*9es4 ,p]haps he %[s ! c\nt] atta*$ to a piece ( conv5tional me*anism repres5t+ any manufactur+ ma*9e1 m5tion+1 say1 a cig>ette or pill or c>tridge-mak+ ma*9e4 ,x has n occurr$ to ei!r ! ! exam9] ( nail-mak+ or ! exam9] ( bottle-fill+ t ! o!r might h any su* application2 nor does x occur to ! exam9] 9 *>ge ( regi/]s to se>* nail-mak+ or bottle-fill+4 ,z ! specification ( ! c\nt] application m5tions cig>ette1 pill1 & c>tridge-mak+ ma*9es to :i* ! c\nt] may be atta*$1 ! exam9] 9 *>ge ( regi/]s may se>* ^? classes4 ,suppose t ! c\nt] proves to be new1 & ea* ( ! ?ree exam9]s all[s a pat5t4 ,"h n[ are ?ree pat5ts = ! same ?+4 ,( c\rse1 aft] all[ance1 ! c\nt] & all o!r disclos$ inv5tions t give any sugge/ion ( novelty are cross-ref]5c$2 b ! prim>y purpose ( a pat5t (fice classification 7to aid 9 det]m9+ pat5tability7 has fail$ 9 ?is in/ance4 ,9 ! imag9$ situation respect+ p5d+ applications1 )\t d\bt diagnosis & classification ^u ! inv5tion claim$ is necess>y to effect ! purpose ( ! (fice classification4 ,cross-ref]5c+ aft] issue c n undo t :i* has be5 done4 ,if no application save t ( ! nail-ma*9e be p5d+1 no duplication ( pat5ts occurs1 b ! labor ( se>* is increas$ by reason ( ! unfamili>ity ( ! exam9] ) ! inv5tions he has to se>*4 ,aft] ! pat5t is all[$ he may f9d ! entire comb9ation ( ! nail-ma*9e )\t ! c\nt] disclos$ 9 a pat5t = a nail-mak+ ma*9e1 s t z a nail-mak+ ma*9e ?is new pat5t is ( no value z a ref]5ce4 ,v probably all ( ! o!r inv5tions illu/rat$ 7except ! c\nt]7 are also old 9 _! respective classes2 b ! exam9] ( nail-mak+ c n tell ?is )\t ext5sive se>*es 9 ^? classes1 s he notes cross-ref]5ces = !m all4 ,difficulties due to v>y+ ideas ( claims4--,v tr\blesome que/ions are con/antly aris+ z to :e!r an inv5tion %\ld be classifi$ 9 a comb9ation class or an elem5t class4 ,! po9t w be illu/rat$ by example3 ,a describes & illu/rates an automobile hav+ an int]nal-combu/ion motor & a friction-clut* 9 ! motor transmission-ge>4 ,he /ates t ! clut* is 9 ! usual relation%ip to ! motor & ge>+1 b claims a new clut* = :atev] x may be adapt$4 ,b discloses an int]nal-combu/ion motor said to be = automobiles ) transmission-ge>+ & a friction-clut* & claims 9 an int]nal-combu/ion motor a friction-clut*1 etc41 specify+ ! =m ( ! clut*4 ,c makes ! same disclosure1 b claims an int]nal-combu/ion motor hav+ a specifi$ clut*1 :ile ,d1 ) ! same disclosure1 claims ! comb9ation ) ! int]nal-combu/ion eng9e ( an automobile ( a specifi$ friction-clut*4 ,e claims & illu/rates only ! friction-clut*4 ,%\ld ^! be classifi$ toge!r8 ,if s1 9 :at class8 ,%\ld a be>+ compos$ ( a specifi$ alloy ( copp]1 t91 & antimony1 be class$ z a be>+ or z an alloy8 ,%\ld a h\se pa9t$ ) a mixture ( l9se$ oil1 lead oxid1 & b>ium sulphate g to build+s or coat+ compositions8 ,a lamp-filam5t ( titanium & zirconium ) electric lamps or ) alloys8 ,a build+-block ( cem5t1 lime1 s&1 & c>borundum1 ) build+-blocks or pla/ic compositions8 ,:e!r ^! be diagnos$ z comb9ations or z elem5ts & compositions respectively1 & classifi$ accord+ly1 criticism w be ar\s$4 ,! po9t 9 view is t al?\gh pr9ciples ( pat5tability mu/ be consid]$ 9 a classification design$ z an in/rum5t to aid 9 det]m9+ pat5tability1 conv5i5ce & accuracy ( se>* & avoidance ( volum9\s cross-ref]5c+ may necessitate "s arbitr>y rule ( classification to meet v>i\s & *ang+ !ories appli$ to ! draft+ & all[ance ( claims4 ,f ! =ego+ x w be evid5t t classification involves ord]ly logical processes ( induction 7supplem5t$ by hypo!sis71 ( def9ition & ( d$uction4 ,aft] ga!r+ a l>ge numb] ( facts g5]alizations are made f !m & a hypo!sis is f\nd to be confirm$ or modifi$ by m ext5d$ rese>*2 ! divisions are !n def9$2 by correct diagnosis ( o!r in/ances 7z o!r pat5ts7 d$uctions may be drawn respect+ ! appropriate place = !m 9 ! classification4 #a ,an art1 9 ! s5se ( a s+le unit>y inv5tion1 is a synonym ( process1 me?od1 & op]ation4 ,! t]m art is ambigu\s 9 popul> usage4 ,9 ! phrase useful arts 9 ! ,con/itution1 x d5otes ! area ( endeavor to :i* ! pat5t laws apply4 ,:5 ! ^w art is us$ to specify "s fragm5t ( ! useful arts1 x commonly raises diff]5t notions 9 diff]5t m9ds4 ,x may be correctly us$ to designate any division ( ! useful arts4 ,x is z prop] to speak ( ! art ( gr9d+ or ! art ( mold+ z ( ! art ( metal-work+ or ! art ( brickmak+4 #b ,a use is an application ( a means to sub/ance to produce an effect :i* may or may n be ! necess>y effect ( ! means 9 its normal op]ation4 ,a catalytic may be us$ to ignite gas or to conv]t ole9s into /e>9es4 ,an ice pick may be us$ to hold a *alk l9e or prick holes 9 lea!r1 etc4 #c ,by natural law 9 ! useful arts is meant t uni=mity ( action :i* is manife/$ :5ev] any p>ticul> sub/ance 9 any p>ticul> condition is br\ght into su* relation ) any p>ticul> manife/ation ( en]gy t ! =ce ex]t$ modifies or prev5ts modification ( ! =m1 nature1 condition1 or locus ( ! sub/ance or modifies ! manife/ation ( en]gy or bo?4 #d ,a prop]ty may be describ$ z any quality common & ess5tial to ! :ole ( a class b n necess>y to m>k out t class f o!r classes4 ,?us1 all :eel tires may be said to possess annul>ity2 b wa%]s & f+] r+s are also annul>4 ,a peculi> prop]ty is "o t n only always belongs to a class ( objects b belongs to t class alone2 ?us a circle has ! peculi> prop]ty ( conta9+ ! greate/ space )9 a l9e ( giv5 l5g?1 & catalytic sub/ances h ! p[] ( sett+ up *emical reaction )\t !mselves be+ *ang$4 #e ,an accid5t is any quality t may indiff]5tly belong or n belong to a class )\t affect+ ! o!r qualities ( ! class4 ,t a man's "n is ,james is an accid5t tell+ no?+ ( ! man's physique or "*4 #f ,effect or result is ! consequ5ce ( a process ( ! useful arts practic$ ) or )\t in/rum5ts4 ,! effect ( an in/rum5t is ! effect ( its op]ation4 ,effects may be direct or indirect1 proximate or remote1 necess>y or accid5tal4 ,product is an effect consequ5t ^u a process t *anges ! =m1 /ate1 or +r$i5ts ( matt] p]ceptibly & p]man5tly1 z di/+ui%$ f effects t are fleet+ or involve no *ange 9 p]ceptible =m1 /ate1 or +r$i5ts ( matt]4 ,function is ! action ( means ^u an object :ile produc+ ! effect4 7,rob9son47 ,functions may be direct or indirect1 proximate or remote1 necess>y or accid5tal4 ,! direct1 proximate1 or necess>y function ( ! hamm] 9 normal op]ation is impact+4 ,indirect1 remote1 or accid5tal functions ( a hamm] may be comm9ut+1 =g+1 driv+1 etc4 #g ,classification ( ! ,sci5ces4 #h ,logical division is ! process by :i* ! species ( :i* a g5us is compos$ are di/+ui%$ & set ap>t4 ,physical division or p>tition is ! process by :i* ! p>ts ( any object are di/+ui%$ & set ap>t4 ,metaphysical division is ! process by :i* ! qualities ( a ?+ are segregat$ & set ap>t 9 ?\ght4 #i ,any class ( objects may be call$ a g5us if x be reg>d$ z made up ( two or m diff]5t k9ds ( objects or ( two or m species4 ,motors is a g5us :5 ! class ,motors is consid]$ z divid$ into electric motors & nonelectric motors1 or electric motors1 spr+ motors1 weight motors1 curr5t motors fluid pressure motors1 etc4 ,a g5us is m ext5sive ?an any ( its species b less int5sive4 ,a species is any class t is reg>d$ z =m+ a "p ( ! next l>g] class1 electric motors be+ a species ( motors & motors be+ a species ( en]gy trans=m]s4 ,a species is m int5sive ?an ! g5us to :i* x belongs b less ext5sive4 ,e species may be a g5us to ano!r species until no fur!r subdivisions c be made4 ,?is la/ indivisible species is t]m$ ! infima species4 ,e g5us may be a species to ano!r g5us until a po9t is rea*$ :]e no fur!r g5]alization may be made or ! summum g5us is atta9$4 ,9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice classification ( ! useful arts1 ! summum g5us is useful arts4 ,! summum g5us ( ! pla/ic arts w\ld be pla/ics4 ,! infima species 9 ! useful arts evid5tly nev] c be atta9$4 ,proximate species & proximate g5us indicate1 respectively1 ^? species t are divid$ f a g5us )\t int]m$iate g5]a1 & ^? g5]a f :i* ! species are directly divid$4 ,motors1 & n en]gy trans=m]s1 is ! proximate g5us to ! species1 fluid motors1 electric motors1 etc41 :ile fluid motors1 electric motors1 etc41 & n /eam eng9es1 alt]nat+ curr5t motors1 etc41 are proximate species to motors4 #aj ,9 ! ,manual ( ,classification ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice ! arrangem5t ( subclasses has always be5 alphabetical1 al?\gh 9 ! ,supplem5t conta9+ def9itions ( revis$ classes ! arrangem5t is num]ical4 ,if ! latt] s*$ule ( ,balls 9 ! text _h be5 pr9t$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 x is app>5t t ! species ,alum9um & ,z9c ( ! g5us ,metal w\ld be z widely sep>at$ z possible4 ,9 ! =m] s*$ule ( ,balls1 9 :i* ! g5us ,metal is pr9t$1 ,alum9um & ,z9c come toge!r4 ,x is app>5t t 9 an alphabetical arrangem5t alli$ species c n be kept toge!r )\t pr9t+ e proximate g5us4 ,?is fact1 among o!rs1 indicates ! advisability ( ab&on+ ! alphabetical arrangem5t 9 ! classification manual & adopt+ ! idea arrangem5t 9 ! s*$ules ( revis$ classes1 supplem5t$ by a consolidat$ alphabetical index ( all subclasses4 #aa ,a species conta9s all ! qualities ( ! g5us & m4 ,^! additional qualities =m ! diff]5ce4 ,! electric motor has ! qualities t are common to motors & is diff]5tiat$ by reason ( ! fact t electric en]gy is !reby conv]t$ to me*anical motion4 #ab ,classification ( a pat5t is said to be orig9al 9 ! class & subclass :i* receives ! mo/ int5sive claim$ disclosure1 & 9 :i* ! pat5t is index$ 9 ! (ficial classification indexes4 ,orig9al classification is ref]r$ to z oppos$ to classification by cross-ref]5ce4 ,a cross-ref]5ce is a copy ( a pat5t plac$ 9 a subclass o!r ?an t 9 :i* ! classification is made orig9al1 9 ord] to make available = se>* inv5tions disclos$ !re9 & additional to t by :i* ! pat5t has be5 diagnos$ & classifi$4 ,a dige/ cross-ref]5ce is a cross-ref]5ce =m$ f ab/racts or extracts f a pat5t consi/+ ( illu/ration & text cut f a photoli?ograph ( a pat5t & m\nt$4 ,a se>*-c>d is a %eet ( ! size ( a photoli?ograph ( a pat5t plac$ ) ! photoli?ographs ( pat5ts =m+ a subclass 9 ! exam9+ division & public se>* room1 & conta9+ sugge/ions = fur!r se>*1 & on ! copy = ! se>* room1 a def9ition ( ! subclass4 ,se>* notes are add5da to class & subclass def9itions comp>+ o!r classes & subclasses ) ! "o def9$ & giv+ directions = se>* :5 necess>y to prosecute se>* beyond ! def9$ class or subclass4 7,c7 ,,rules ,,( ,,classification4 ,,basis ,,( ,,classification4 7#a7 ,! basis ( subdivision & assemblage ( ! means ( ! useful arts 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice classification is art )9 ! mean+ ( art 9 section #dhhf1 ,revis$ ,/atutes4 ,! direct1 proximate or necess>y art1 op]ation or effect1 r ?an "s accid5tal & remote use or application1 %\ld be select$4 ,9 all cases qualities or *>act]i/ics t p]si/ ?r\gh all accid5tal uses & t c be id5tifi$ z p]man5t are to be pref]r$4 7#b7 ,! op]ative1 in/rum5tal1 or manipulative arts1 includ+ ma*9es1 tools1 & manufactur+ processes1 %\ld be classifi$ accord+ to :e!r a s+le op]ation ( "o k9d applicable to v>i\s mat]ials to be us$ = v>i\s purposes is c>ri$ out by ! claim$ means1 or :e!r plural op]ations are p]=m$1 :i*1 comb9$1 produce a special effect or special product4 ,example3 ,an in/rum5t p]=m+ a plurality ( op]ations peculi> to %oe-manufacture w\ld be classifi$ on ! basis ( %oemak+1 because t in/rum5t w\ld be incapable ( o!r use1 :ile an in/rum5t peculi>ly adapt$ to drive nails w\ld be classifi$ on ! basis ( nail+1 :e!r = nail+ %oe-heels or o!r objects1 & a hamm] w\ld be classifi$ on ! basis ( its function z an impact tool ev5 ?\gh describ$ z = driv+ nails1 & ev5 into %oe-heels4 7#c7 ,/ructures 7passive in/rum5ts7 w1 9 g5]al1 be classifi$ on ! basis ( /ructure1 ei!r ( special or g5]al application1 ! ess5tial functions & effects ( /atic /ructures be+ resi/ive or ! ma9ta9+ ( =ces 9 equilibrium4 ,example3 ,a /ructure recogniz$ z peculi> to b>ri]s ( ! k9d kn[n z f5ces w\ld be classifi$ 9 ! special class ( ,f5ces1 b po/s1 jo9ts1 beams1 etc41 recogniz$ z hav+ use 9 g5]al build+1 ev5 ?\gh describ$ z us$ 9 f5ces1 w\ld be classifi$ 9 a m g5]al build+ class1 su* z ,wood5 ,build+s or ,metallic ,build+ ,/ructures4 7#d7 ,compositions ( matt] & manufactur$ or =m$ /ock or mat]ials w be classifi$ 9 accordance ) ! inh]5t "* ( ! sub/ance or mat]ial :]e possible1 o!rwise accord+ to special use4 ,example3 ,a pure *emical is expect$ to be classifi$ on ! basis ( its *emical /ructure & con/itu5ts1 ev5 ?\gh useful z a food1 m$ic9e1 dye/uff1 explosive1 etc41 & alloys on ! basis ( metallic composition1 ev5 ?\gh us$ = be>+s1 co9s1 tools1 etc42 :]eas a physical composition hav+ no reason = exi/5ce except to function z a cleans+ composition or a pa9t might h to be classifi$ on ! basis ( its function z a det]g5t or a coat+ composition1 respectively4 ,also a bimetallic lay]$ foil1 plate1 or wire w\ld be expect$ to be classifi$ z metal /ock ev5 ?\gh design$ = use = d5tal fill]1 pl[%>e1 or electric conductor1 & a wov5 textile fabric z a fabric ev5 ?\gh describ$ z us$ = a filt] or apron = a pap]-mak+ ma*9e4 ,,division ,,& ,,arrangem5t4 7#e7 ,! divisions or subclasses ( a class %\ld be made exhau/ive1 i4 e41 !y %\ld be susceptible ( receiv+ any future inv5tion t may fall )9 ! scope ( ! class4 ,! rule z usually phras$ is3 ,! con/itu5t species mu/ be equal1 :5 add$ toge!r1 to ! g5us4 ,exhau/ive division may be secur$ by ma9ta9+ always a residual or miscellane\s subclass4 ,! miscellane\s subclass repres5ts ! rema9d] ( ! orig9al undivid$ mat]ial undef9$ except z ! class is def9$ & may be accurately treat$ z if x _h ! class title4 7#f7 ,a second rule respect+ ! subdivision ( a class is3 ,! con/itu5t species mu/ exclude ea* o!r4 ,t is1 ! divisions or subclasses mu/ n ov]lap4 7,see exception 9 ,rule #h47 ,example3 ,if a numb] ( balls ( sev]al diff]5t mat]ials1 sev]al diff]5t con=mations1 or con/ructions1 sev]al diff]5t colors1 7 to be divid$ into glass balls1 holl[ balls1 & r$ balls1 ?is rule w\ld be violat$1 because "s balls w\ld be glass1 holl[1 & r$4 7#g7 ,a ?ird rule respect+ subdivision is3 ,! divisions mu/ be f\nd$ on "o pr9ciple or basis4 ,! application ( ?is rule w g5]ally =m divisions t d n ov]lap4 7,see exception 9 ,rule #h47 ,example3 ,if a numb] ( balls ( sev]al diff]5t con/ructions1 sev]al diff]5t mat]ials1 & sev]al diff]5t colors 7 to be classifi$ s z to provide a place = ea* k9d ( *>act]i/ic1 !y %\ld be divid$ fir/1 = example1 accord+ to con/ruction into holl[ balls & solid balls1 ea* ( ^! accord+ to mat]ials into glass balls1 rubb] balls1 metal balls1 wood5 balls1 etc41 & ea* ( ! latt] into r$ balls1 blue balls1 gre5 balls1 etc4 7#h7 ,:5 x is f\nd t division into ov]lapp+ subclasses & on diff]5t *>act]i/ics is a less] evil ?an an unwieldy numb] ( subclasses t w\ld o!rwise result1 !n ^? subclasses bas$ on *>act]i/ics deem$ m important = purposes ( se>* %\ld prec$e 9 ! li/ ( subclasses ^? bas$ ^u *>act]i/ics deem$ less important4 7,see ,rule #f47 7#i7 ,9 arrangem5t ( subclasses or subdivisions ! miscellane\s gr\ps conta9+ mat]ial n fall+ )9 any ( ! specifically entitl$ subclasses1 %\ld /& fir/2 ^? subclasses def9$ by effect or special use %\ld prec$e ^? def9$ by function or g5]al use2 ^? conta9+ matt] t is relat$ to ! matt] ( o!r subclasses z :ole to "p %\ld prec$e ^? subclasses t conta9 ! "p2 & ^? def9$ by a *>act]i/ic deem$ m important or significant = se>* purposes %\ld prec$e ^? def9$ by *>act]i/ics deem$ less important4 ,:5ev] sup]ior rank has be5 assign$ to any select$ *>act]i/ic by plac+ divisions bas$ ^u x 9 advance ( divisions bas$ ^u o!r *>act]i/ics1 ?is sup]iority %\ld be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t4 ,example3 ,a p>tial s*$ule ( ,class #hj foll[s to illu/rate ! arrangem5t ( subclasses3 ,class #hj4--,,metal ,,roll+4 #a4 ,miscellane\s4 #bd4 ,die roll+-- #b4 ,heat+ & roll+4 #be4 ,oscillat+ rolls4 #c4 ,cutt+ & roll+4 44 444 #d4 ,draw+ & roll+4 ,mills-- #e4 ,annul> bodies4 #cb4 ,coil+4 #f4 ,screw ?reads-- #cc4 ,"w rev]s+4 #g4 ,concave & roll4 #cd4 ,?ree or m coact+ rolls4 #h4 ,plat5 roll+-- #ce4 ,cont9u\s-- #i4 ,dies4 #cf4 ,incl9$ tra9s4 #aj4 ,rods & wires4 44 444 #aa4 ,tubes-- #da4 ,roll cool+ & heat+4 #ab4 ,idle rolls4 #db4 ,cool+ b$s4 #ac4 ,axial roll+4 #dc4 ,fe$+-- #ad4 ,segm5tal rolls4 #dd4 ,tables4 #ae4 ,skelp+4 44 444 #af4 ,:eels & disks4 #ee4 ,h\s+s4 #ag4 ,rework+4 #ef4 ,roll adju/m5ts-- #ah4 ,concave & roll4 #eg4 ,relief devices4 #ai4 ,plat5 & roll4 #eh4 ,rolls-- #bj4 ,plat5 roll+-- 44 444 #ba4 ,disk plat5s4 #fj4 ,processes-- #bb4 ,axial roll+-- 44 444 #bc4 ,patt]n rolls4 #ff4 ,flang$ b>s4 ,9 ?is s*$ule ! miscellane\s subclass is numb]$ #a1 !n foll[ ?ree subclasses 7#b-d7 ( roll+ plus ano!r function1 !n f\r major subclasses 7#e-af7 ( roll+1 m]ely1 b appli$ to blanks ( special =m produc+ special products1 !n "o special subclass 7#ag7 bas$ ^u a special class ( mat]ial treat$1 !n five subclasses 7#ah-ca7 specializ$ 9 type & mode ( op]ation1 !n g5]al types ( roll+ mills 7#cb-dj71 !n v>i\s p>ts & accessories 7#da-ei71 !n processes 7#fj-ff74 ,?is is ! usual arrangem5t & is an exhau/ive division = ! art ( metal roll+4 ,_h !re be5 miscellane\s subclasses = all comb9$ op]ations ( roll+ plus "s o!r function1 a miscellane\s subclass = all m]e roll+ ma*9es1 ei!r special or g5]al1 & a miscellane\s subclass = all p>ts & accessories1 ! requirem5ts ( exhau/ive division w\ld h be5 also satisfi$4 ,9 ! illu/rative s*$ule1 !re be+ no miscellane\s subclass = means hav+ comb9$ functions ( roll+ & ano!r1 any pat5t hav+ claims = ! comb9ation ( a means = roll+ & a means = cool+ w\ld fall 9 subclass #a1 ,miscellane\s4 ,9 t subclass w\ld also fall all ,mills1 su* z = roll+ spiral convey]-flights1 ! same n fall+ "u any ( ! subclasses #cb-dj1 no miscellane\s subclass ( ,mills & no special article-roll+ subclass hav+ be5 provid$2 also all p>ts or accessories1 su* z a wat]-cool$ scre51 peculi>ly adapt$ to roll+-mills1 !re be+ no exi/+ subclass ( scre5s !re9 & no miscellane\s subclass ( p>ts4 ,! arrangem5t ( subclasses 9 ,class #hj requires t ! comb9ation ( a furnace & a roll+-mill %all be plac$ 9 subclass #b1 ev5 if ! comb9ation be design$ & adapt$ = roll+ annul> bodies 7subclass #e7 or tubes 7subclass #aa74 ,means special to roll+ a tube betwe5 a concave & roll mu/ be plac$ 9 subclass #ac r ?an 9 subclass #ah4 ,a "w-rev]s+ mill mu/ be plac$ 9 subclass #cc r ?an 9 subclass #cd ev5 ?\gh x h ?ree or m coact+ rolls4 ,! roll+ ( ,screw-?reads hav+ be5 giv5 high] rank ?an a ,concave & roll me*anism1 any concave & roll me*anism limit$ = use 9 roll+ screw-?reads %\ld be =m$ into a subclass ind5t$ "u ,screw-?reads & n into a subclass ,screw-?reads ind5t$ "u ,concave & roll4 7#aj7 ,class s*$ules are arrang$ ) c]ta9 subclasses appropriately ind5t$ accord+ to a commonly und]/ood exp$i5t4 ,9 a prop]ly ind5t$ s*$ule subclasses 9 column at ! extreme left are ! ma9 species 7! proximate species7 ( ! class4 ,! titles & def9itions ( all subclasses proximate to ! class 7at extreme left7 mu/ be read ) ! title & def9ition ( ! class1 z if ind5t$ "u ! class title "o space to ! "r2 s also ) ! titles & def9itions ( subclasses ind5t$ "u o!r subclasses4 ,if a title has no numb] 7z 9 ,class #hj1 ,mills71 x repres5ts m]ely a subject-matt] to be divid$1 assum$ to h no repres5tatives o!r ?an ^? 9 ! species ind5t$ "u x4 ,if a title hav+ ind5t$ species "u x has a numb]1 x n only repres5ts a subject to be divid$ b also a subclass includ+ all o!r species n fall+ )9 ! ind5t$ titles4 ,ind5tion does n indicate sup]iority or inf]iority1 b m]ely t ! title & ! def9ition ( ! ind5t$ subclass mu/ be read ) ! title & def9ition ( ! subclass "u :i* x is ind5t$4 ,a title select$ 9 a s*eme ( subdivision to be ( fir/ importance & plac$1 !re=e1 9 advance1 %\ld n !reaft] be ind5t$ "u a title select$ to be ( second>y importance &1 !re=e1 hav+ a l[] position4 7,see ,rule #h47 7#aa7 ,a gr\p ( mat]ial may be divid$ on sev]al diff]5t bases4 ,use or purpose or object treat$ may be adopt$ only :5 ! use or purpose or object treat$ /amps ^u ! inv5tion su* peculi>ities ( op]ation or con/ruction z to limit ! applicability ( ! inv5tion to ! use or purpose nam$4 7,see ,basis ( ,classification1 ,rule #a47 ,a gr\p bas$ ^u mode ( op]ation also may be divid$ into subclasses 7#a7 ) a functional title1 usually p>ticipial 9 =m1 & adapt$ !re=e to receive ma*9es1 processes1 & tools2 7#b7 ) special use1 purpose1 or object-treat$ title conta9+ ! "n ( ! use1 purpose1 or object2 7#c7 ) type title1 usually a "n or a "n ) a qualify+ adjective2 7#d7 ) a title ( a "p or subcomb9ation1 also a "n4 ,example3 ,9 ,class #ij1 ,ge>-,cutt+1 ,mill+1 & ,plan+1 are to be f\nd subclasses entitl$ ,ge>-cutt+1 c]ta9 ma*9es be+ peculi> to t use2 also o!r subclasses ) ! g5]al functional title ,plan+1 subord9ate to :i* are ! special use subclass ,plan+1 ,s(t metal1 & ! type subclass ,plan]s divid$ into two coord9ate subclasses1 ,reciprocat+ b$ & ,reciprocat+ cutt]1 & sev]al subord9ate "p subclasses1 includ+ ,tool-fe$s & ,tool-heads4 ,! adjective =m ( ! title ,plan]s1 ,reciprocat+ b$1 indicates a type subclass4 ,if ! title _h be5 ,plan]s1 ,reciprocat+ b$s1 ! indication w\ld be t ! subclass 0 a "p subclass to receive plan] b$s only4 ,9 ! class ref]r$ to = illu/ration1 ,tool-fe$s & ,tool-heads indicate subclasses = p>ts & n = types ( plan]s hav+ tool fe$s4 7#ab7 ,9 arrang+ ! divisions ( a class1 su* arrangem5t %\ld be s\ght z w m9imize ! ne$ ( cross-ref]5ces4 ,se>* = any p>ticul> matt] c n always be limit$ to "o gr\p )\t su* ext5sive cross-ref]5c+ z w\ld 9 "s cases defeat ! purpose ( classification4 ,=m+ ! subdivisions ( a class accord+ to ! total simil>ities ( ! inv5tions1 r ?an accord+ to "s select$ m or less important *>act]i/ic1 & arrang+ !m 9 ! correct ord] ( sup]iority & inf]iority1 ) c>e to ma9ta9 ?r\gh\t ! s*$ule ! relative positional values ( ! sev]al select$ bases ( division1 w ord9>ily 9 a closely bond$ class limit ! se>* = any s+le inv5tion to ! subclass p>ticul>ly suit$ to receive x & "s subclasses prec$+ t "o1 exclud+ f ! necessity ( se>* ! subclasses succe$+4 ,example3 ,9 ,class #hj1 ,metal-,roll+1 x w\ld n be expect$ to f9d any tube-roll+ mill l[] 9 ! s*$ule ?an ! tube-roll+ subclasses1 b a tube-mill might be f\nd high] up 9 ,heat+ & roll+1 ,draw+ & roll+1 etc4 ,no concave & roll comb9ation %\ld be f\nd succe$+ ! subclass ( ,concave & roll1 b x may be f\nd "u subclasses above1 su* z ,tubes1 ,screw-?reads1 etc4 ,no rolls %\ld be f\nd l[] ?an ! subclass ( ,rolls1 b !y may be f\nd 9 _m subclasses above4 ,,def9ition4 7#ac7 ,hav+ "s k ( ! nature ( ! mat]ials ab\t to be classifi$1 a t5tative def9ition ( a class to be =m$ may be fram$1 :i* may be ei!r writt5 d[n or m]ely c>ri$ 9 m9d1 to s]ve z a t5tative guide4 ,?is t5tative def9ition mu/ be consid]$ z subject to *ange to any ext5t by ! full] k obta9$ by c>eful consid]ation ( ! mat]ial4 ,aft] a full k ( ! mat]ials to be classifi$ has be5 acquir$1 x w be necess>y to frame a c>eful def9ition ( ! class1 & also ( ea* subclass ^: title does n unequivocally indicate :at is conta9$ 9 x4 7#ad7 ,a def9ition ( any class %\ld /ate ! qualities & circum/ances possess$ by all ! objects t are int5d$ to be includ$ 9 ! class & n possess$ completely by any o!r objects4 ,a prop] def9ition %\ld n ord9>ily conta9 ! "n ( ! ?+ def9$4 ,def9itions 9 a circle are1 ( c\rse1 wor?less4 ,a def9ition %\ld be exactly equival5t to ! species def9$ & %\ld n be express$ 9 obscure or ambigu\s language1 b %\ld employ t]ms already def9$ or p]fectly und]/ood4 ,x %\ld n be 9 negative =m :]e x c be affirmative4 ,if ! class ( objects has a peculi> prop]ty1 ! nam+ ( t may s]ve z a def9ition4 ,if no peculi> prop]ty c be detect$1 ! def9ition %\ld "n m ?an "o quality or prop]ty4 ,sev]al diff]5t classes may h "o or m prop]ties alike1 b z ! numb] is increas$ ! likelihood ( !re be+ o!rs hav+ ! same prop]ties is decreas$4 ,! briefe/ possible /atem5t ( su* prop]ties or qualities z are possess$ by all ! objects ( a class & n completely possess$ by any o!r objects1 :i* w suffice to di/+ui% ! class f o!r classes & det]m9e its position 9 ! g5]al classification1 w be mo/ satisfactory4 ,to def9e any species1 ! g5us hav+ be5 def9$1 ! g5us %\ld be nam$ & ! diff]5ce add$4 ,( c\rse1 no g5]ic def9ition %\ld conta9 any limitation n *>act]i/ic ( e species ( ! def9$ g5us4 ,9 seek+ qualities by :i* to describe a g5us or species1 no accid5t %\ld be select$4 ,example3 ,suppose !re be m>k$ out & def9$ z a g5us all means :]eby "o =m ( en]gy is trans=m$ into ano!r =m ( en]gy & no m1 & ! g5us be nam$ en]gy-trans=m]s4 ,we may !n "n1 z species1 en]gy-trans=m]s t are motors & en]gy-trans=m]s t are n motors4 ,motors may be def9$ by m]ely nam+ ! g5us en]gy-trans=m]s1 & /at+ ! diff]5ce1 to wit1 cont9u\sly trans=m+ en]gy into cyclical me*anical motion4 ,!n ! def9ition w be3 ,en]gy-trans=m]s t are adapt$ to cont9u\sly trans=m en]gy into cyclical me*anical motion4 ,! non-motor division w reta9 ! g5us def9ition4 ,x w\ld n be illum9at+ = a se>*] hav+ little famili>ity ) ! textile arts to look "u ! title ,c>d+ & f9d t c>d+ is def9$ z a means = c>d+ fib]4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! fir/ /eam-eng9e inv5t$ _h be5 us$ to run a gri/mill1 ! accid5t ( its use z a "p ( a gri/mill w\ld h>dly w>rant ! def9ition ( a /eam-eng9e z a means to gr9d corn4 ,nor w\ld a hamm] be prop]ly def9$ z an in/rum5t to drive nails or to crack nuts or to =ge horse%oes1 ev5 ?\gh a pat5t %\ld n m5tion any use o!r ?an "o ( ^! & %\ld lay heavy emphasis on ! special value ( ! hamm] z a nut crack]1 nail driv]1 etc4 7#ae7 ,9 ^? cases :]e ! title is s obvi\s t def9ition is sup]flu\s1 explanatory notes may be sub/itut$ & w usually be f\nd helpful4 ,,cross-,,ref]5ces ,,& ,,se>*-,,notes4 7#af7 ,inasmu* z ne>ly e pat5t discloses unclaim$ matt] t is classifiable sep>ately f ! claim$ matt]1 x is cle>ly impossible to cross-ref]5ce e disclosure ( e means 9 e pat5t4 ,_m ?+s mu/ be tak5 z conv5tional1 obvi\s1 or well kn[n1 & ! good judgm5t ( ! classifi] is b\nd to be ex]cis$ 9 cross-ref]5c+ matt] disclos$ b n claim$ to be ! inv5tion ( ! pat5tee4 7#ag7 ,a m]e "p or elem5t %\ld r>ely be cross-ref]5c$ f an elem5t class to a sup]ior comb9ation class4 ,an elem5t =m+ "p ( a comb9ation 9 a sup]ior class %\ld1 if claim$1 be cross-ref]5c$ to ! elem5t class & also if n claim$ if x seems to be n m]ely a conv5tional =m1 & pat5ts hav+ claims = m ?an "o diff]5tly classifiable inv5tion %\ld always be cross-ref]5c$ unless su* an arrangem5t ( subclasses ) se>*-notes is sub/itut$ z w guide ! se>*] to all places :]e ! mat]ial may be f\nd4 ,claim$ matt] additional to t :i* controls ! classification1 if belong+ 9 ! same class1 %\ld be cross-ref]5c$ into a succe$+ subclass4 ,cross-ref]5ces ( unclaim$ disclosure may be 9 ei!r direction4 7#ah7 ,to supplem5t or take ! place ( cross-ref]5c+1 m or less elaborate se>*-notes are ne$$1 giv+ directions & sugge/ions = fur!r se>*1 sett+ out ! relation%ip betwe5 classes & subclasses1 & draw+ di/9ctions by example4 ,se>*-notes %\ld indicate o!r classes or subclasses 9 :i* ! subject-matt] ( ! gr\p to :i* ! se>*-notes are app5d$ is likely to =m a "p ( a m int5sive comb9ation1 also analog\s matt] t might s]ve z a ref]5ce = a broad claim4 ,!y ne$ n1 9 g5]al1 indicate :]e p>ts or elem5ts ( ! subject-matt] :i* are common also to o!r classes c be f\nd1 because ! index ( classes conta9s ! necess>y in=mation4 ,= example1 x is n necess>y 9 e ma*9e-class to indicate by se>*-notes :]e ma*9e-elem5ts & /atic p>ts may be f\nd1 nor 9 a class ( wood5 boxes to po9t out :]e ! nails1 screws1 h+es1 or locks t may =m a "p ( ! box are classifi$4 ,,diagnosis ,,to ,,det]m9e ,,classification4 7#ai7 ,inasmu* z ne>ly e pat5t conta9s disclosure t is claim$ & also disclosure t is n claim$1 x has be5 deem$ advisable to e/abli% ! g5]al rule t :]e ! claim$ & unclaim$ disclosures are classifi$ 9 diff]5t classes or subclasses ! inv5tion bo? disclos$ & claim$ %all det]m9e ! plac+ ( a pat5t 7or a p5d+ application7 r ?an any select$ inv5tion t may be disclos$ b n claim$4 ,n claim$ cov]s means t may =m an elem5t only ( a claim z well z means n ref]r$ to 9 any claim4 7,see exceptions 9 ,rules #ba to #bb inclusive47 ,example3 ,a pat5t discloses & claims a da%-pot b illu/rates x 9 su* relation to a metal-plan+ ma*9e z to utilize x = *eck+ ! movem5t ( ! b$ at "o end ( its pa?1 or 9 connection ) an electric g5]ator to aid 9 effect+ ! bru% adju/m5t2 ! pat5t %\ld be classifi$ 9 ! subclass ( ,da%-pots4 ,if ! classifi] f9ds ! disclos$ organization ( da%-pots & plan] or da%-pot & g5]ator m ?an a conv5tional illu/ration ( an obvi\s use1 he %\ld note a cross-ref]5ce to ,plan]s or ,electricity1 ,g5]ation4 ,a pat5t discloses an int]nal-combu/ion eng9e associat$ ) a specific =m ( c>buret]2 ! claims relate to ! eng9e p>ts only2 ! class ( ,int]nal-,combu/ion ,eng9es %\ld receive ! pat5t1 & a cross-ref]5ce %\ld be plac$ 9 ,c>buret]s4 ,a pat5t discloses & specifically claims ! comb9ation ( a rail-jo9t compris+ abutt+ rails1 fi%plates1 & specific bolts2 ! pat5t goes to an appropriate class ( rail-jo9ts1 & if ! bolt is m ?an a m]e obvi\s conv5tional bolt1 a cross-ref]5ce %\ld be not$ = ! appropriate subclass ( ,bolts4 7#bj7 ,! totality ( ! claim$ inv5tion %\ld be select$ :5 possible to det]m9e ! appropriate class 9 :i* to place a pat5t4 ,! entire expression ( ! inv5tion w usually be set =? 9 ! mo/ relatively int5sive claim4#a ,9 a prop]ly drawn pat5t !re is at lea/ "o claim t w s]ve z a m>k to indicate ! classification ( t pat5t4 7#ba7 ,:]e a pat5t discloses b does n claim a comb9ation ( prop] scope to be classifi$ 9 a comb9ation subclass & claims m]ely a detail classifi$ 9 a subclass l[] 9 ! s*$ule1 bo? 9 ! same class1 if ! subclasses are s relat$ t ! comb9ation always involves ! detail s t a se>* = ! detail mu/ necess>ily be made 9 ! comb9ation subclass1 ! pat5t may be plac$ 9 ! comb9ation subclass4 ,?is avoids ! ne$ ( a cross ref]5ce into ! comb9ation subclass1 & a lack ( a copy 9 ! detail subclass is immat]ial1 z x is se5 9 ! completion ( ! se>* ?r\gh ! comb9ation subclass4 7,see ,rule #ai47 ,example3 ,a pat5t = a saw-mak+ ma*9e discloses dress+1 jo9t+1 & gag+ me*anisms2 x claims dress+ & jo9t+ only4 ,!re is a subclass = dress+1 jo9t+1 & gag+1 & a subclass = dress+ & jo9t+4 ,9 ?is case ! pat5t may be plac$ 9 ! fir/-m5tion$ subclass1 z t mu/ be se>*$ always :5 ! second-m5tion$ "o is se>*$1 cross ref]5c+ 9 ?is situation be+ ( little value4 7#bb7 ,:]e a subclass ) a g5]ic title has ind5t$ !reund] a species type-subclass be>+ ! title ( ! g5]ic subclass qualifi$ by a diff]5ce1 any pat5t :i* claims an inv5tion fall+ )9 ! g5us subclass & discloses ! qualification ( ! species type-subclass %\ld be classifi$ 9 ! latt] :e!r or n ! entire disclosure is claim$4 7,see ,rule #ai47 ,example3 ,class #bi4--,,metal ,,work+4 ,ma*9e *ucks & tool sockets-- ,cam clos+-- #abf4 ,scroll-- #abg4 ,bevel p9ion or r+4 ,if a pat5t claim$ only ! scroll ( a scroll-*uck1 b disclos$ x 9 connection ) a bevel p9ion & r+1 x %\ld be classifi$ 9 subclass #abg1 ,bevel p9ion & r+1 & n 9 subclass #abf1 ,scroll1 al?\gh if !re 7 no disclosure ( ! bevel p9ion & r+ x w\ld g 9 subclass #abf4 ,any se>* = scrolls mu/ be prosecut$ ?r\gh all subclasses t include ,scroll 9 ! title4 7#bc7 ,:]e1 z 9 ! case ( pat5ts t %[ & claim a comb9ation t z matt] ( common k is n new except 9 "o ( its elem5ts1 to classify a pat5t /rictly 9 accordance ) rule w\ld result 9 plac+ ! pat5t :]e x w\ld s]ve no useful purpose z a ref]5ce & hav+ to cross-ref]5ce x to a class :]e x w\ld s]ve a useful purpose1 x is be/ to classify ! pat5t 9 ! class to :i* ! elem5t w\ld take x4 7,see ,rule #ai47 ,example3 ,a pat5t claim+ a :eel$ vehicle1 broadly1 9 comb9ation ) an int]nal-combu/ion eng9e compris+ a cyl9d]1 a crank-case1 a pi/on & suitably-connect$ crank1 a valve op5+ into ! crank-case1 & a valve 9 ! pi/on op5+ into ! cyl9d]1 may be advantage\sly classifi$ z an int]nal-combu/ion eng9e not)/&+ ! alleg$ inv5tion is = a motor vehicle4 7#bd7 ,9 ord] to meet ! situation respect+ ! classification ( ^? pat5ts t indiscrim9ately claim an article ( manufacture def9$ only by ! mat]ial ( :i* x is made & ^? pat5ts t claim ^? mat]ials1 leav+ to ! specification in=mation reg>d+ ! design$ uses1 pat5ts = articles def9$ only by _! +r$i5ts specifically set =? may be plac$ 9 ! composition ( matt] or mat]ial class4 7,see ,rule #ai47 ,example3 ,a pat5t hav+ a claim = a cutt] made ( an alloy ( iron1 tung/51 & manganese w\ld be classifi$ ) ,alloys2 a pat5t claim+ a box made ( pap] compos$ ( two lay]s unit$ by a solution ( asphaltum %\ld g to ! class ( ,lam9at$ ,fabric & ,analog\s ,manufactures1 r ?an to pap] boxes2 & a pat5t = a h\se hav+ its ext]ior coat$ ) equal quantities by volume ( c>bonate ( lead & oxid ( b>ium susp5d$ 9 a vehicle ( l9se$-oil w\ld be classifi$ z a pa9t r ?an z a h\se4 7#be7 ,an alleg$ process ( utiliz+ a specifically-def9$ composition or mat]ial :i* consi/s 9 m]ely apply+ x to ! use x 0 design$ = may be classifi$ z a composition or mat]ial r ?an z a process4 7,see ,rule #ai47 ,example3 ,a process ( pa9t+ ! bottom ( a m>9e vessel :i* consi/s 9 apply+ !reto a composition consi/+ ( sulphate ( copp]1 p[d]$ metallic z9c1 *lorid ( antimony1 & hyposulphite ( soda1 9 a vehicle ( l9se$ oil1 w\ld be m usefully classifi$ z an antif\l+ pa9t ?an z a %ip1 z ! inv5tion w\ld h>dly be di/+ui%able f a pa9t claim$ z su* & describ$ = use on subm>9e surfaces4 7#bf7 ,an alleg$ process consi/+ m]ely 9 ! use ( a p>ticul>ly-def9$ ma*9e or simil> in/rum5t op]at+ accord+ to its law ( action w ord9>ily be classifi$ 9 ! class or subclass :]e ! ma*9e belongs4 ,b if 9 addition to def9+ ! op]ation ( a p>ticul> ma*9e ! claim also specifies acts n p]=m$ by ! ma*9e1 ! classification %\ld be 9 ! class or subclass 9 :i* ! process belongs4 7,see ,rule #ai47 ,example3 ,?us a claim = a me?od ( roll+ an iron plate :i* consi/s 9 pass+ an iron blank betwe5 a pair ( rolls arrang$ horizontally 9 juxtaposition "o above ! o!r & ge>$ toge!r s z to rotate 9 opposite directions1 & caus+ an idle roll support$ 9 be>+s on ! roll-h\s+s to be> aga9/ ! c5tral portion ( ! surface ( "o ( ! fir/ pair ( rolls on ! upp] side !re(1 %\ld be classifi$ z a roll+-mill1 :ile if to t claim 7 add$ ! /eps ( d\bl+ ! %eet aft] "o passage betwe5 ! rolls1 aga9 pass+ betwe5 ! rolls1 aga9 d\bl+1 & !n pass+ ! n[ f\r-ply pack betwe5 ! rolls sidewise or turn$ #ij p] c5t to ! direction 9 :i* x _h previ\sly be5 f$1 ! classification %\ld be ) processes ( %eet-metal manufacture4 7#bg7 ,9 ! abs5ce ( settl$ rules def9+ p]missible jo9d] ( inv5tions1 !re may be 9 "o pat5t claims = "o or m or all ( ! classes ( inv5tion nam$ 9 ! /atute1 to wit1 ma*9e1 art1 manufacture1 & composition ( matt]4 ,!re may also be claims to sev]al m or less relat$ inv5tions 9 ! same /atutory class ( inv5tion b ea* belong+ to a diff]5t indu/rial art4 7#a7 ,:]e diff]5t ma9 classes are involv$1 ! pat5t w be classifi$ by ! mo/ int5sive inv5tion1 )\t reg>d to ! /atutory class to :i* x belongs4 7#b7 ,:]e diff]5t subclasses ( ! same class are involv$1 ! pat5t w be classifi$ 9 t "o ( ! sev]al subclasses def9$ to receive ! sev]al inv5tions :i* /&s highe/ 9 ! s*$ule ( subclasses4 7#bh7 ,:]e a pat5t conta9s claims = all or a plurality less ?an all ( ! /atutory classes1 ! g5]al rule ( pref]5ce or sup]iority ( ! sev]al classes ( subclasses is t repres5t$ by ! foll[+ ord]1 to wit3 7#a7 ,ma*9e 7or o!r op]ative in/rum5t72 7#b7 ,art2 7#c7 ,manufacture2 7#d7 ,composition ( matt]4 ,?is ord] is1 9 a g5]al way1 ! ord] ( int5siv5ess ( ! sev]al k9ds ( inv5tion4 7,see ,rules #bi-ce47 ,example3 ,an automatic screw-ma*9e1 peculi>ly adapt$ to c>ry out a process ( mak+ a novel =m ( ma*9e-screw out ( a new iron alloy1 & hav+ a claim to ! ma*9e1 to ! process1 to ! screw1 & to ! alloy1 w\ld be assign$ to ,metal-,work+1 ,comb9$ ma*9es1 &1 if all claims 7 all[$1 cross-ref]5c$ to ,bolt & rivet-mak+ processes1 to ,bolts1 & to ,alloys4 ,if ! claim to any "o or two ( ! subjects 7 elim9at$1 ! ord] ( pref]5ce or sup]iority & ! ord] ( cross-ref]5c+ w\ld rema9 ! same4 7#bi7 ,pat5ts conta9+ a plurality ( claims = sev]al diff]5t /atutory k9ds ( inv5tion t are classifiable 9 diff]5t ma9 classes1 & :]e9 ! rule ( relative int5siv5ess v>ies f ! ord] ,ma*9e1 ,art1 ,manufacture1 & ,composition ( matt]1 may be diagnos$ & classifi$ z direct$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs 7#cj to #ce74 7#cj7 ,:]e a pat5t conta9s claims = a process & = an app>atus susceptible ( use z an in/rum5t 9 c>ry+ out ! process1 b n peculi> to t use1 or = an app>atus adapt$ to c>ry out b "o /ep or only a "p ( ! process1 ! process claim1 be+ 9 ?is in/ance ! m int5sive1 w\ld control ! classification4 7,see ,rule #bh47 ,example3 ,9 a pat5t conta9+ a claim = a process ( roa/+ ore & !n collect+ ! fumes1 & ano!r claim = a roa/+ furnace t is a m]e mat]ial-heat+ furnace1 ! process claim w\ld control2 :]eas1 if "o claim 7 = a me?od ( roa/+ ores consi/+ ( /irr+ ! ore1 apply+ heat to ! same1 & collect+ ! solids f ! fumes1 & ! o!r claim1 7 = a heat+ furnace hav+ a /irr] & a fume arre/]1 ! app>atus claim w\ld control4 ,& if a pat5t conta9$ claims = a process ( roa/+ ores1 & o!r claims = a furnace susceptible ( use 9 c>ry+ out ! process b equally useful 9 anneal+ glass or /eel articles1 ! process claim w\ld control4 7#ca7 ,:]e a pat5t claims a specifi$ article ( manufacture or o!r product1 & also an in/rum5t = mak+ a "p only ( t specifi$ article or o!r product1 ! product claim1 be+ m int5sive1 %\ld control ! classification2 s also 9 case ( a claim = a product & a claim = an in/rum5t p]=m+ any m9or act ) respect !reto4 7,see ,rule #bh47 ,example3 ,:]e a pat5t claims a p>ticul> con/ruction ( a rivet$ jo9t1 & also a tool = calk+ ! rivet1 & :]e a pat5t claims a p>ticul> con/ruction ( %oe1 & also a buttonhook = button+ said %oe1 ! article & n ! tool claims control4 7#cb7 ,:]e a pat5t conta9s claims to a process & a product1 ! process claims gov]n ! classification 9 ^? cases :]e se>* among ma*9es = mak+ ! product w\ld h to be made1 & su* processes w\ld be classifiable on ! basis ( ! mode ( op]ation1 usually 9 ! same class ) ma*9es = practic+ su* processes4 7,see ,rule #bh47 ,example3 ,a pat5t hav+ a claim = a process ( mak+ bifocal l5ses1 consi/+ 9 gr9d+ ! surface ( "o piece ( glass to =m a convex l5s1 heat+ ano!r piece ( glass until x is pla/ic1 !n =c+ ! gr\nd surface ( ! fir/-nam$ piece into ! body ( ! latt] & gradually cool+ ! l5s-blank ?us =m$2 & also a claim = a bifocal l5s compos$ ( two pieces ( glass weld-unit$1 w\ld be classifi$ 9 ,glass-manufacture & cross-ref]5c$ into l5ses4 ,or a pat5t hav+ a claim to a process ( mak+ a metal plate ) elongat$ p]=ations1 consi/+ 9 =m+ r\nd p]=ations 9 ! plate & subsequ5tly roll+ ! plate1 !reby ?9n+ & elongat+ ! plate & elongat+ ! op5+s1 & also a claim to a metallic plate hav+ relatively long & n>r[ p]=ations1 w\ld be classifi$ on ! basis ( ! process claim4 7#cc7 ,:]e a pat5t claims bo? process & product1 & ! alleg$ process is disclos$ 9 ! product1 s t se>* w\ld h to be made 9 ! appropriate class ( products1 ! product w be adopt$ z ! basis ( classification1 & classification w be 9 ! appropriate product class4 7,see ,rule #bh47 ,example3 ,a claim = a process ( mak+ a p5cil consi/+ 9 assembl+ a core ( graphite ) a %ea?+ ( wood1 & atta*+ a cap ( rubb]-composition to "o end1 w\ld be classifi$ z a p5cil r ?an z a process1 became conception ( ! article is insep>able f ! process & se>* mu/ be made 9 ! article class4 7#cd7 ,:]e a pat5t claims a process ( mak+ a composition ( matt]1 & also ! composition ( matt]1 ! claims w be classifi$ 9 g5]al 9 accordance ) ! classification ( ! composition ( matt] 9 all cases :]e ! process is peculi>ly adapt$ to produce ! composition1 z by sett+ =? ! introduction or assemblage ( p>ticul> +r$i5ts1 s9ce ^? processes t include ! selection ( p>ticul> +r$i5ts necessitate se>* among compositions hav+ su* +r$i5ts4 7,see ,rule #bh47 ,example3 ,a pat5t hav+ a claim = a composition consi/+ ( a mixture ( ca\t*\c & case91 & a claim = ! process ( prep>+ a rubb]like sub/ance :i* consi/s 9 add+ undissolv$ raw ca\t*\c to case9 & ?or\ghly mix+ & knead+ ! mass1 w\ld be classifi$ accord+ to ! composition4 7#ce7 ,:]e a pat5t claims a product su* z a specific article ( manufacture1 or a specific composition ( matt]1 & also claims a process ( g5]al application = mak+ "o ( ! p>ts ( ! article or "o ( ! +r$i5ts ( ! composition1 ! product claim %\ld control ! classification4 7,see ,rule #bh47 ,example3 ,if a pat5t claim$ a wov5 textile fabric hav+ ! y>ns int]lac$ 9 a def9$ relation1 & a process ( sp9n+ a y>n utiliz$ 9 ! fabric2 or if a pat5t claim$ a v>ni% compos$ ( %ellac1 dissolv$ 9 wood alcohol1 & a pigm5t1 & also conta9$ a claim = di/ill+ wood to obta9 ! alcohol1 ! product claim w\ld control ! classification 9 ea* in/ance1 & ! process w\ld be cross-ref]5c$4 #a ,all t]ms h a mean+ 9 ext5sion & 9 int5sion4 ,! mean+ ( a t]m 9 ext5sion consi/s ( ! objects to :i* ! t]m may be appli$2 its mean+ 9 int5sion consi/s ( ! qualities necess>ily possess$ by objects be>+ t "n4 ,! t]m motors 9 ext5sion means all motors--electric1 gas1 wat]1 spr+1 weight1 etc4 ,motors 9 int5sion means in/rum5ts to conv]t "s =m or manife/ation ( en]gy into p]iodical or cyclical motion ( a body4 ,z ! int5sion increases ! ext5sion decreases1 & vice v]sa4 ,!re mu/ be m motors ?an !re are electric motors1 & electric motors h m qualifications ?an are common to all motors4 ,comp>ison ( arts & in/rum5ts ) respect to _! ext5sion & int5sion = classification purposes %\ld be made betwe5 comp>able qualities4 ,a claim = a /eam-eng9e may be v specific :ile a claim = a reap] may be v broad2 "h !re is no comp>able relation%ip1 & ! t]ms int5sive & ext5sive d n h ! relative significance mo/ useful 9 classification4 ,b :5 a pat5t or application conta9s claims = me*anism peculi> to electric motors & o!r claims = me*anism common to electric motors & o!r k9ds ( motors1 ! claims = ! electric motor w\ld control ! classification4 7,d7 ,,proc$ure ,,9 ,,reclassify+ ,,)9 ,,exam9+ ,,divisions4 7#a7 ,d n />t to make a new class or revise an old "o ) preconceiv$ fix$ notions respect+ its scope & ! p>ticul> subdivisions requir$4 ,wait until all pat5ts p]t95t to ! subject h be5 se5 & adequate k ( !m acquir$4 ,9 o!r words1 make no a priori classification b discov] & assemble all ! facts & f !m make y\r inductions4 ,!n ! common *>act]i/ics ( ! subject-matt] ( ! class may be intellig5tly def9$1 ! limitations ( ! class m>k$ out1 & its relation to o!r classes set =?4 ,be> 9 m9d t ! ,pat5t ,(fice classification deals ) ! subject-matt] ( ! useful arts r ?an m]ely ) exi/+ classes1 & t x is n !re=e ess5tial to reta9 classes t are f\nd to be compos$ ( unrelat$ or too di/antly relat$ units4 ,assum+ t ! "w ( reclassification is und]tak5 by exam9]s :o are already exp]i5c$ 9 ! subject-matt] to be classifi$1 proc$ure z foll[s is recomm5d$3 7#b7 ,utiliz+ y\r previ\sly acquir$ k ( ! pat5ts 9 ! class y are ab\t to revise1 subdivide ! exi/+ subclasses into bundles1 s z to assemble 9 ea* bundle ^? pat5ts deem$ to h ! close/ resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is assemblage1 consid] ea* pat5t z an entirety & n ) ref]5ce to v>i\s m or less important p>ts ( t entirety4 ,example3 ,an app>atus compris+ 9 alleg$ comb9ation a means = decant+ wat]1 a means = electrolytically deposit+ impurities1 & a means = filt]+ ! wat]1 %\ld n be classifi$ ei!r z a decant]1 an electrolytic app>atus1 or a filt]1 b %\ld be classifi$ z a comb9ation app>atus 7tak+ x to ! g5]al art ( liquid purification74 ,s also ! comb9ation ( a rot>y pr9t+-press ) a fold+ me*anism1 & a wrapp+ me*anism1 %\ld n be classifi$ m]ely z a rot>y pr9t+-press1 a fold+ ma*9e1 or a wrapp+ ma*9e1 b %\ld be classifi$ z a comb9ation ( ! sev]al me*anisms z an entirety ^: functions c>ri$ out 9 prop] ord] produce a pr9t$ & wrapp$ newspap]4 7#c7 ,write an approximate or t5tative def9ition ( ! matt] ?us assembl$ 9 ea* bundle & atta* x to its appropriate bundle4 7#d7 ,:]e x appe>s t ! subject matt] ( any bundle =m$ f ! pat5ts ( any subclass is analog\s to matt] 9 o!r subclasses ( ! same class or 9 o!r classes1 a note %\ld be add$ to t effect s t ?is matt] may be giv5 special consid]ation4 7#e7 ,:5 ! same exam9] or diff]5t exam9]s are work+ on diff]5t subclasses conta9+ analog\s matt]1 p>allel l9es ( subdivision %\ld be foll[$ :]ev] possible1 9 ord] to effect an arrangem5t t w facilitate comp>isons4 7#f7 ,:5 subdivid+ a gr\p ( m or less complex organiz$ /ructures or me*anisms1 note %\ld be tak5 ( subcomb9ations t =m or x is ?\ght %\ld =m ! basis ( o!r subclasses1 ei!r 9 ! same or diff]5t classes1 into :i* ^? details may be collect$1 ei!r classifi$ !re9 orig9ally or by cross-ref]5ce4 ,example3 ,assum+ t ! comb9ation ( press1 fold]1 & wrapp+ me*anism1 ref]r$ to 9 a prec$+ p>agraph is to be classifi$ 9 a class ( ,pr9t+1 on ! entirety z a comb9ation hav+ ! function ( pr9t+1 plus o!r functions1 & t fold+ & also wrapp+ are sep>ately classifi$1 !n ! p>ticul> type ( press %\ld be select$ to be cross-ref]5c$ into a press-type subclass ( ! class ( ,pr9t+1 su* z ,presses1 rot>y1 :ile ! fold+ me*anism & ! wrapp+ me*anism w\ld be not$ = cross-ref]5ce to o!r appropriate classes4 ,also1 any "p ( ! pr9t+ press1 su* z ! ink+ me*anism1 specifically describ$1 %\ld be not$ = cross-ref]5ce into a subclass ( ,pr9t+ design$ to receive ! ink+ me*anism z a "p ( ! pr9t+ press4 7#g7 ,aft] a k ( ! mat]ial ( ! class has be5 obta9$ by e/imat+ ! resemblances betwe5 ! individual pat5ts t h be5 assembl$ 9 ! sev]al gr\ps1 comp>ison ( ^! gr\ps1 repres5t$ by ! bundles ( photoli?ographs1 by ! aid ( ! approximate def9itions & notes atta*$ c be made4 ,x c !n be decid$ :e!r all ( ^! gr\ps are to be reta9$ 9 ! propos$ class1 & ! reta9$ gr\ps c be organiz$ into a class ) ! subclasses arrang$ s z to br+ ^? subclasses hav+ ! /ronge/ resemblances 9 close/ relation1 & 9 su* ord] z to comply ) ! conv5tions adopt$ 9 ! (ficial classification4 ,x w probably be necess>y to h "o subclass or gr\p z broad z ! def9ition ( ! class1 to take unclassifiable matt] & to provide = possible future inv5tions4 7#h7 ,up to ?is po9t1 m or less cursory att5tion may be giv5 individual pat5ts2 b :5 an arrangem5t ( subclasses %all h be5 t5tatively adopt$ x w be necess>y to consid] ea* pat5t c>efully to asc]ta9 :e!r x is prop]ly plac$4 7#i7 ,pat5ts t1 consid]$ z an entirety1 cov] means n peculi> to ! class or subject-matt] be+ revis$1 %\ld1 9 g5]al1 :5 assembl$ 9 gr\ps z indicat$1 h a note atta*$ indicat+ n only want ( limitation to ! subject-matt] ( ! class b also a m appropriate class to receive !m if su* !re be4 ,al?\gh a v l>ge proportion ( pat5ts c be accurately classifi$ z indicat$ by _! titles & /at$ uses1 ! m]e fact t 9 a pat5t f\nd 9 a class ! inv5tion is call$ 9 ! specification or claims by a "n peculi> to ! class is n ( itself a reason = consid]+ x peculi> to ! class4 ,a gas & liquid contact app>atus may be call$ a heat]1 a cool]1 a gas-wa%]1 a wat]-c>bonator1 a cond5s]1 a dis9fect]1 an air-moi/5]1 & s on1 dep5d+ ^u accid5t ( use4 ,if !re are n elem5ts 9 "s claim to conf9e ! means describ$ di/9ctively to :at x is call$1 or if !re are no functions necess>ily impli$ 9 ! means claim$ peculi> to ! nam$ use1 ! pat5t %\ld n be kept 9 ! class unless !re is no o!r class 9 ! (fice t c receive x4 ,example3 ,:]e ! matt] claim$ is a metal beam ( peculi> cross-section1 x %\ld be classifi$ ) o!r metal beams1 z 9 ,class #ahi1 ,metallic ,build+ ,/ructures1 ev5 if x is nam$ 9 ! application z a beam ( p>ticul> use1 z a railroad-tie1 c>-sill1 bridge-tie1 etc4 ,%\ld a m]e da%-pot be f\nd classifi$ 9 ,class #aga1 ,electricity1 ,g5]ation1 a note %\ld be atta*$ indicat+ t x belongs 9 ! appropriate elem5t class4 7#aj7 ,9 giv+ ?is f9al c>eful att5tion to ! pat5ts1 ea* %\ld also be scann$ to see :e!r x conta9s matt] t %\ld be cross-ref]5c$4 ,a few l9es obscurely locat$ 9 a specification may conta9 a disclosure ( a mo/ valuable inv5tion4 ,no class c be deem$ complete until ! disclosures appropriate to x f\nd z p>ts ( m complex inv5tions 9 o!r classes1 or disclosures ( analog\s matt] 9 o!r classes1 are ei!r cross-ref]5c$ into x or cross se>*-notes made4 7#aa7 ,to indicate cross-ref]5ces1 f "o subclass to ano!r )9 ! class or f ! class "u consid]ation into ano!r class1 atta* a small slip ( pap] to ! pat5t & m>k on ! slip ! subclass numb] 9 :i* ! cross-ref]5ce %all be m\nt$4 ,if ! matt] to be cross-ref]5c$ relates only to a portion ( a volum9\s pat5t1 ! portion ( ! specification & draw+ to be cross-ref]5c$ %\ld be indicat$4 ,if ! cross-ref]5ce falls outside ! class1 ! class numb] %\ld be not$ 9 addition to ! subclass numb]4 7#ab7 ,%\ld x be f\nd t ! h&l+ ( copies 9 mak+ exam9ations deta*es ! cross-ref]5ce slips1 x may be advisable to m>k lightly b legibly 9 p5cil on ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! exam9]'s photoli?ograph ! numb] ( ! subclass or subclasses into :i* x is to be cross-ref]5c$1 or ! numb] ( ! class & subclass 9 case x is to be cross-ref]5c$ to ano!r class4 7#ac7 ,:e!r cross-ref]5ce notations are writt5 on a sep>ate slip or on ! photoli?ograph1 ! numb] ( ! class & subclass into :i* a pat5t is to be cross-ref]5c$ %\ld always be prec$$ by ,x 7?us ,x #aja-bc7 9 ord] to di/+ui% ! orig9al classification notation f ! cross-ref]5ce notation & enable sort+ & index+ to be done )\t confusion4 7#ad7 ,to indicate cross-ref]5ces f o!r classes into ! "o be+ reclassifi$1 set d[n ! numb] ( ! pat5t 9 a notebook1 plac+ aft] ! numb] 7#a7 ! class & subclass 9 :i* x is classifi$2 & 7#b7 ! numb] ( ! class & subclass 9 :i* x is to be cross-ref]5c$4 7#ae7 ,%\ld new subclasses be =m$ or transf]s ( pat5ts be det]m9$ on1 & li/s ( ! pat5ts1 in/ead ( copies !re(1 be furni%$ cl]ks = ! purpose ( mak+ su* subclasses & transf]s & correct+ ! (ficial indexes & o!r records1 ea* pat5t %\ld be li/$ by numb] 9 column to ! left ( a %eet ( pap] or notebook1 & opposite ea* pat5t numb] on ! same %eet %\ld be writt5 7#a7 ! numb] ( ! class & subclass 9 :i* x is (ficially classifi$2 7#b7 ! numb] ( ! class & subclass to :i* x is int5d$ to transf] x2 & 7#c7 ! numb]s ( ! classes & subclasses1 prec$$ by ,x1 into :i* x is int5d$ to cross-ref]5ce x4 ,note3 ,ev5 ?\gh exam9]s engag$ 9 reclassify+ are confid5t ( _! ability to classify & arrange on bett] pr9ciples ?an ^? t h be5 appli$ ?us f> 9 ! classification1 !y ought1 nev]!less1 to foll[ ^? pr9ciples "u :i* "o-half ( ! pat5ts h be5 classifi$4 ,until ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts ord]s exam9]s to classify on o!r pr9ciples1 x is expect$ !y w foll[ ^? n[ e/abli%$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,e ef=t has be5 made to replicate ?is text z fai?fully z possible1 includ+ obsolete & v>iant spell+s & o!r inconsi/5cies4 ,= readability1 ! footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! relevant *apt]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------