,illustration3 ,a ,,good ,,patent1 ,,properly ,,handled1 ,,is ,a ,,stepping ,,stone ,,to ,,success ,,and ,,fortune4 ,,practical ,,pointers for ,,patentees ,,containing ,,valuable ,,information ,,and ,,advice ,,on ,,the ,,sale ,,of ,,patents ,,an ,,elucidation ,,of ,,the ,,best ,,methods ,,employed ,,by ,,the ,,most ,,successful ,,inventors ,,in ,,handling ,,their ,,inventions ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,,cresee1 ,m4,e4 ,revised and ,corrected1 with ,new ,forms and ,tables of ,population of the ,united ,states in ,accordance with the #aiaj ,census ,illustration ,,munn ,,co41 ,,inc4 ,,scientific ,,american ,,office #cfa ,broadway ,,new ,,york #aiab ,copyright1 #aija1 by the ,,potomac ,,publishing ,,company ,copyright1 #aijb1 by ,,munn ,,company ,copyright1 #aijf1 by ,,munn ,,company ,copyright1 #aiab1 by ,,munn ,,co41 ,inc4 ,new ,york ,,macgowan ,,slipper #cj ,beekman ,street ,,preface ,the original conception and working out of an invention is usually a labor of love on the part of the inventor3 having perfected his invention in every detail1 he finds able and skilled counsel waiting to prepare and prosecute his application for patent before the ,patent ,office ,examiner4 ,when the patent is allowed or issued1 the patentee's real work begins--that of turning the patent into money4 ,this is the business end of the inventor's work1 which is generally to his interest financially to undertake himself1 or to have under his immediate supervision4 ,the object of this little work1 based upon the experience and observation of the author and other successful inventors1 is to give the patentee such information and advice as will enable him to proceed more intelligently1 on the most successful and economical basis1 to realize from his invention4 ,the ,american ,government issues annually over thirty-five thousand patents1 a large number of which are offered for sale by their respective patentees1 who in many cases have no definite lines to pursue in negotiating their patents2 many realizing little or nothing from their inventions through careless or bad management1 while others1 through incompetency1 drift into the hands of unscrupulous patent-selling agents only to be swindled4 ,the numerous inquiries from patentees seeking practical1 reliable1 and up-to-date information as to the best and most successful methods of realizing from the product of their ingenuity1 has led the author1 after due deliberation1 to prepare and present this work to the ,american inventor1 with a view of supplying a long-felt want1 with the hope that it will save them many expensive experiments in handling their patents1 and advance them on the road to success4 ,it has been the endeavor of the writer to cover briefly every subject that is usually encountered by patentees in disposing of their patents1 not only in the matter of selling1 but also in the equally important and perplexing questions of arriving at the value of patents1 legal forms1 statistics1 etc41 etc4 ,realizing that the work may be deficient in many respects1 the hope that it will prove instructive1 and the belief that it contains many practical pointers for patentees is still entertained by ,,the ,,author4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,i4 ,,demand ,,for ,,inventions ,,of ,,merit4 ,,page ,monopoly in ,patents--,industrial ,progress ,based upon the ,patent ,system #i-ab ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,income ,,from ,,inventions4 ,independence through ,successful ,invention--,unprofitable ,patents--,money in ,patents--,business ,capacity of the ,inventor--,inventions as a ,poor ,man's ,opportunity to ,advance #ac-ai ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,securing ,,capital4 ,danger in an ,undivided ,interest--,a ,better ,plan--,form of ,agreement--,perfecting ,inventions--,exhibit of ,inventions--,to ,avoid ,being ,squeezed--,value of ,record of ,invention--,newspaper ,notoriety #bj-bi ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,how ,,to ,,arrive ,,at ,,the ,,value ,,of ,a ,,patent4 ,pecuniary ,value--,commercial ,value--,basis for ,estimation--,general ,rules for ,valuation--,how ,rating for ,royalty ,is ,figured--,stock in ,stock ,companies--,prices for ,territorial ,rights--,valuation ,tables #cj-dj ,,chapter ,v4 ,,how ,,to ,,conduct ,,the ,,sale ,,of ,,patents4 ,patent-selling ,agencies--,the ,best ,selling ,agent--,in ,case the ,patentee ,cannot ,undertake the ,selling--,methods of ,selling ,patents--,about ,advertising--,how to ,write an ,advertisement--,correspondence as a ,means of ,bringing ,patents before ,interested ,parties--,how to ,correspond with ,manufacturers--,circulars--,illustratio ns--,about ,getting up ,circulars--,copies of ,patents1 ,how to ,secure--,uses of ,printed ,copies--,first ,impressions ,all--important--,value of ,models--,working ,drawings #da-ed ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,how ,,to ,,conduct ,,the ,,sale ,,of ,,patents4--,continued4 ,value of ,personal ,influence--,personal ,solicitation ,advisable--,selling ,outright--,assigning an ,undivided ,interest--,dividing a ,patent into ,different ,classes of ,rights--,granting ,licenses--,placing upon ,royalty--,manufacturing and ,forming ,companies--,to ,organize ,stock ,companies--,trading as a ,last ,resort #ee-gb ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,canadian ,,patents4 ,about ,canadian ,patents--,selling ,canadian ,patents-- ,population of ,canadian ,cities #gc-gh ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,decisions ,,and ,,notes4 ,assignments--,territorial ,grants--,licenses--,patent ,title--,rules of ,practice--,assignments--,assignees-- ,grantees--,mortgages--,licensees--,must be ,recorded-- ,conditional ,assignments--,state ,laws on ,selling ,patents #gi-ia ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,transfer ,,of ,,patent ,,rights4 ,assignee1 ,grantee1 and ,licensee ,defined--,the ,language of ,law--,assignment of ,entire ,interest in ,letters ,patent--,assignment of an ,undivided ,interest--,grant of a ,territorial ,interest--,license2 ,shop ,right--,license2 ,non-exclusive1 with ,royalty--,license2 ,exclusive1 with ,royalty #ib-aje ,,chapter ,x4 ,,tables ,,and ,,statistics4 ,map of the ,united ,states--,official ,census of the ,united ,states by ,counties for #aiaj--,population of ,cities of the ,united ,states--,number1 ,acreage and ,value of ,farms1 by ,states--,table of ,occupations #ajf-ada ,,index #adb-adf ,,practical ,,pointers for ,,patentees ,,chapter ,i ,,demand ,,for ,,inventions ,,of ,,merit ,that there is a demand for inventions of merit which can be readily disposed of at a reasonable profit to the inventor1 there can be no doubt4 ,there perhaps never was a time in the history of our country when the demand for meritorious inventions was so great as the present4 ,the conveniences of mankind1 in all his varied vocations and callings1 require continual changes and improvements in the apparatuses and implements used in order to save time1 labor1 and expense1 and to keep pace with the never-ceasing progress of civilization4 ,at no time in the past has there been so deep an interest manifested by the public generally in the inventions of our bright-minded men and women1 and at no time has capital been more readily interested and ready to invest in any practical improvement which can offer a fair chance of monopoly under the patent laws4 ,business men1 capitalists1 and manufacturers are ever on the alert for new and desirable inventions1 which will supersede in utility those which are already on the market4 ,by purchasing such inventions1 they secure novelties which will not only enable them to avoid the keen competition and to a great extent monopolize the trade in their own respective lines of business1 but also to make sales more easily1 and thus make their business more profitable4 ,sidenote3 ,monopoly in ,patents4 ,every well-informed person knows that a monopoly is the desideratum of business men4 ,the monopoly or protection of an industry afforded by the patent laws is1 perhaps1 the one monopoly that directly benefits the world4 ,were it not for the protection and monopoly offered inventors by governments1 for a certain number of years1 to disclose their inventions1 inventors would simply keep them secret1 or if used at all1 would do so only in such a manner as would prevent the world at large from learning of or utilizing them1 thus debarring the public as a whole from their benefits4 ,this monopoly in patents has had much to do with the material progress of the world during the century just ended4 ,anyone having a monopoly of a good trade article is assured of a fortune4 ,if capitalists and manufacturers can secure the control of any new invention of merit for their sole use and purposes1 which can be manufactured and sold more cheaply than those now on the market1 and which will perform its work in a quicker and better manner than the devices now in use1 they will be only too willing to pay patentees handsomely for patents covering such inventions4 ,there are numerous staple articles of commerce whose manufacture is open to all1 and which every mercantile house in the country is handling at a profit1 notwithstanding the great number engaged in their manufacture and sale in every section of the country4 ,now1 if there can be supplied some better or cheaper article in any line of industry1 the firm or person who secures the monopoly of its manufacture and sale1 simply controls the market1 and human endurance and energy are the only limits to the degree of profits such a firm or person can secure from the manufacture and sale of such an article1 if adequately protected by a valid patent4 ,sidenote3 ,industrial ,progress ,based on the ,patent ,system4 ,in an official report the ,commissioner of ,patents clearly sets forth that from six to seven eighths of the entire manufacturing capital of the ,united ,states is either directly or indirectly based upon patents4 ,this vast amount of money1 upward of six thousand millions of dollars1 continually employing great armies of people1 in industries based upon patents of every class1 supplies the country with improved articles of every description4 ,it has been well said that1 ,patents and trade go hand in hand4 ,the largest and most opulent manufacturers in the country will be found to be the heaviest owners of patents1 developers of inventions1 and patrons of the ,patent ,office4 ,while all inventions are not telegraphs1 telephones1 sewing-machines1 or electric lights2 nor can all business houses be ,westinghouses1 ,hoes1 ,mc,cormicks1 ,bells1 or ,edisons1 yet all over this country1 and others as well1 there are springing up a great number of moderately large growing firms who1 ever on the alert for success1 devise or secure control of some valuable patent1 by which they can successfully invade and control to a certain extent particular lines of industry4 ,nearly every leading factory in the world owes its commencement and success to the prestige and protection afforded by the possession of a good and valid patent4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,income ,,from ,,inventions ,it has been aptly said that the products of all the gold1 silver1 and diamond mines in the world would not equal in value the annual income of ,american inventors4 ,it has been carefully estimated that there are at least fifty patents in the ,united ,states which yield over #a1jjj1jjj annually1 some #cjj that yield over one-half million1 from #ejj to #hjj which bring from #bej1jjj to #ejj1jjj1 and between #ae1jjj and #bj1jjj that bring over #ajj1jjj annuities4 ,besides these1 there are thousands upon thousands of patents which yield yearly more profit to their fortunate possessors than could be accumulated in a lifetime by a wage-earner4 ,sidenote3 ,independence through ,successful ,invention4 ,there are thousands of patents sold outright every year by the patentees of the ,united ,states for thousands of dollars2 and1 to the already long list of successful inventors1 each year adds many more1 who have become independent through the proper handling of the product of their ingenuity4 ,indeed there can hardly be conceived a quicker way for the average person to attain independence and wealth than by inventing something of real worth and merit that can be quickly turned into money4 ,the inventive field is large1 and each invention opens up a new field for improvements1 and it is the improver1 without question1 that reaps the greatest benefit from any invention4 ,owing to the ever forward progress of civilization1 there is no limit to the possible improvements in the sciences1 arts1 and manufactures4 ,sidenote3 ,unprofitable ,patents4 ,it must1 however1 be borne in mind that all patents are not remunerative1 neither are all gold mines productive of fortunes1 and one may lose money in patents as well as in any other business4 ,there are thousands of patents1 many having merit no doubt1 which have never been sufficiently brought before the public to test their merits1 effect their sale1 or manufacture2 this in many instances is owing to incompetency1 or bad management on the part of the patentee or his agents4 ,there are thousands of other patents that do not prove remunerative because they do not supply a real want1 while still others are such slight improvements upon existing inventions that they necessitate such narrow claims1 which render the patent of little or no value4 ,one has only to look over the weekly issue of patents to see many of the last class4 ,as before stated1 while there are many thousands of patents that do not pay--and many no doubt cause their owners disaster1 as is the case in any other business or investment2 on the other hand1 the far greater proportion of patents granted are productive of handsome profits1 if properly managed4 ,sidenote3 ,money in ,patents4 ,that the majority of patents taken out prove lucrative is evident from the fact that upward of seventy thousand applications for patents and designs are filed each year in the ,united ,states ,patent ,office1 and approximately eight hundred are granted and issued each week4 ,probably about one-fifth of these patentees obtain their patents with a definite view of manufacturing their inventions1 and the remainder obtain theirs with a view of realizing from the sale of the rights to manufacture4 ,it may be said1 as a general thing1 there is more money in small inventions than in larger ones1 from the fact that they can be easily manufactured anywhere with but little outlay of capital2 they usually fill a general need1 and the profit derived from their manufacture is large1 besides the patent is more readily disposed of2 while with larger inventions it requires more money and ability in handling the patent1 and the invention must be unusually promising to justify the erection of a plant costing thousands of dollars for its manufacture4 ,however1 when large and complicated inventions do pay1 they usually pay well4 ,sidenote3 ,business ,capacity of the ,inventor4 ,it must be remembered that the actual cash value of a patent is not in the patent itself1 but in the sale or use of the monopoly it affords1 and the amount realized from any invention frequently depends upon the business capacity of the inventor or his agents4 ,owing to his business ability1 one person may make a fortune out of an unpromising improvement1 while another1 through bad or careless management1 will realize little or nothing from a brilliant invention4 ,speaking along this line in an official report the chief examiner of the ,patent ,office says3 ,a patent1 if it is worth anything1 when properly managed1 is worth and can easily be sold for from #a1jjj to #ej1jjj4 ,these remarks only apply to patents of ordinary or minor value4 ,they do not include such as the telegraph1 the planing machine1 and the rubber patents1 which are worth millions each4 ,a few cases of the first kind will better illustrate my meaning3 ,a man obtained a patent for a slight improvement in straw cutters1 took a model of his invention through the ,western ,states1 and after a tour of eight months returned with #dj1jjj in cash or its equivalent4 ,another inventor in about fifteen months made sales that brought him #fj1jjj1 his invention being a machine to thrash and clean grain4 ,a third obtained a patent for a printing ink1 and refused #ej1jjj1 and finally sold it for about #fj1jjj4 ,these are ordinary cases of minor inventions embracing no very considerable inventive powers and of which hundreds go out from the ,patent ,office every year4 ,experience shows that the most profitable patents are those which contain very little real invention1 and are to a superficial observer of little value4 ,under the writer's personal observation has come many instances where inventors have secured patents on improvements which to a casual observer would appear insignificant1 yet through shrewd management they have been made to yield princely incomes4 ,among these one case worthy of note is that of a young man in ,pennsylvania who secured a patent on a toy game which any person could have thought of1 but few would have considered worth protecting by letters patent4 ,he was offered #a1jjj for the patent by one manufacturer at the outset which he refused1 and afterward he placed it on royalty with quite a number of large manufacturers throughout the country4 ,he receives but one cent on each one manufactured1 yet his income averages over #ab1jjj a year4 ,another borrowed part of the money with which to obtain a patent on a railway tie plate1 which was bought by a corporation for #be1jjj1 after having manufactured it for two years on royalty4 ,and many others1 who have realized from one to five thousand dollars on such slight improvements on which few would have thought worth applying for a patent4 ,patentees who would realize any considerable amount from their patents must not sit down and expect the other fellow to make money out of their inventions for them4 ,sidenote3 ,inventions as a ,poor ,man's ,opportunity to ,advance4 ,invention is sometimes called the genius of the poor1 and it is a singular fact that there are a greater number of inventions made by men and women of limited means than by those whose wealth1 education1 and other advantages would seem to have especially fitted them for success in a field dominated so completely by brains4 ,this may be explained in a measure by the fact that people of moderate means are brought into closer contact with the arts and manufactures1 and are thus the first to discover and improve their defects4 ,a self-made millionaire1 recently speaking to the writer about patents1 said3 ,i know of no business or vocation requiring so small amount of capital1 and yielding such immense profits as that of invention4 ,certainly no person of inventive genius can employ his time and ingenuity to better or more profitable advantage than to invent something that is really needed4 ,many poor men1 through the art of invention1 have risen from poverty to reputation1 fame1 and honor1 and taken high places among noted men of all times4 ,our moneyed kings may have enriched themselves by stock jobbing1 but this precarious procedure requires large capital1 and the few enormous fortunes accumulated are merely the monuments marking the graves of thousands of foolhardy unfortunates caught in the vortex of speculation4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,securing ,,capital ,it is a curious but well demonstrated fact that people who have inventive genius often lack the means to carry out their ideas4 ,an inventor who has ample means can secure his patent and proceed to turn it into money without the necessity of being compelled to solicit financial aid from anyone4 ,this1 unfortunately1 is not generally the case with inventors2 indeed1 many are often barely able to stand the expense incident to taking out the patent4 ,patentees laboring under this disadvantage are frequently tempted to part with a small interest in their patents for the sake of securing sufficient funds to carry on the promotion of their inventions and sale of the patent2 and in doing this the inexperienced patentee is apt to make the fatal mistake of assigning to another an undivided interest in his invention4 ,sidenote3 ,danger in an ,undivided ,interest4 ,such an assignment may appear well enough on the face of it1 and many patentees have been misled1 supposing that under the assignment the proceeds from the patent should be divided pro rata1 according to the several interests4 ,this1 however1 is not the case in such assignments1 and joint-ownership of a patent1 or interest therein1 does not of itself1 without an express agreement to that effect1 make the parties partners4 ,they are merely tenants in common1 each having the right to separately make1 use1 or sell the invention so assigned without liability to account to their co-owners for any part of the profits derived from the invention through their own efforts4 ,in an assignment of an undivided interest1 the assignee is afforded an opportunity of manufacturing1 using1 and selling to others to be used the article covered by the patent2 also1 to grant territorial grants1 such rights being unlimited by the terms of the assignment1 and it is actually of little consequence how small an interest is thus conveyed1 the assignee can proceed with the patent in much the same way as if he were the sole owner2 therefore1 whenever it is intended that the relation of co-partnership shall exist between the patentee and the assignee of an undivided interest1 and that the profits arising from the invention shall be equitable1 for their joint benefit1 there must be an express agreement between them to that effect1 otherwise the assignee will have a decided advantage over the inventor1 if he is inclined to be dishonorable1 and there are numerous cases on record where patentees have virtually lost their patents by such assignments4 ,patentees should especially guard against strangers who offer to purchase an undivided interest in their patents4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,better ,plan4 ,a better procedure to secure means necessary for the development1 introduction1 and sale of an invention is to borrow the money from a friend contingent on the sale of the patent1 sell a ,state or county right1 or enter into a contract with a party willing to furnish the means for a certain proportion of the proceeds derived from the invention4 ,generally speaking1 it will not be hard to find a party willing to advance sufficient means to promote an invention which is protected by a patent for a certain percentage of the net receipts arising from its manufacture1 sale1 or territorial grants1 and the patentee will probably find a person among his own acquaintances who will not only be glad to furnish the means necessary1 but also be of value to the patentee in realizing from his invention4 ,in any case1 whatever is agreed upon should be put in the form of a contract1 or an agreement1 couched in such terms as will leave no doubt as to the understanding between the parties4 ,the following form secures both parties1 and will be suggestive of others3 ,sidenote3 ,form of ,agreement4 ,whereas ,i1 ,richard ,doe1 of ,philadelphia1 ,county of ,philadelphia1 and ,state of ,pennsylvania1 have invented certain new and useful improvements in ,telegraph ,keys1 for which ,i have obtained ,letters ,patent of the ,united ,states1 bearing date ,january #a1 #aija1 and number #jjj1jjj1 and whereas ,john ,roe1 of ,camden1 ,county of ,camden1 and ,state of ,new ,jersey1 is desirous of obtaining an interest in the net profits arising from the sale or working of the said invention covered by the said ,letters ,patent4 ,now1 therefore1 this indenture witnesseth1 that for and in consideration of one dollar by each of the parties hereto paid to the other1 the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged1 it is stipulated and agreed as follows3 ,first1 ,that the said ,john ,roe shall pay all moneys necessary to the construction of a suitable model to represent the said invention2 that he shall pay all necessary expense in advertising and bringing said invention before interested parties 7and such other clauses as may be deemed necessary and agreed upon1 such as the expense of constructing a working model1 or carrying out a process1 etc472 that he shall make diligent effort to promote the said invention1 its manufacture1 and sale4 ,second1 ,that the said ,richard ,doe1 sole owner of said invention and ,letters ,patent1 in consideration of the payment of the moneys above mentioned1 agrees to pay the said ,john ,roe twenty-five per cent4 7or other amount agreed upon7 of all the net receipts in any manner arising from the sale or working of the said ,letters ,patent1 during the term for which said patent is granted4 ,witness our hands and seals this tenth day of ,january1 ,a4,d4 #aija4 ,,richard ,,doe1 ,,john ,,roe4 ,in the presence of3 ,,john ,,smith1 ,,thos4 ,,jones4 ,sidenote3 ,perfecting ,inventions4 ,should an inventor defer the filing of his application until his invention is fully developed as regards the detail construction and arrangement of the parts8 ,the best opinion seems to be in favor of the prompt filing of the application4 ,the final form of the details can best be determined by the manufacturer and expert machinists and designers1 who appreciate the matter of economical manufacture1 which is quite as essential as the efficiency of the device or machine4 ,clearly1 therefore1 the inventor cannot decide as to all the details2 why then should he delay his application8 ,the safest course for an inventor is to file his application for a patent as soon as his invention is complete in its principal features1 so as to conform to the requirement of the ,patent ,law that an invention be sufficiently complete to be theoretically operative4 ,the mechanical details are rarely of great importance as far as the patentable features of the invention are concerned4 ,still1 it is well to give the attorney full particulars of whatever details the inventor has in mind4 ,sidenote3 ,exhibit of the ,invention4 ,under the security thus afforded for the main features involved in his idea1 the inventor can proceed more deliberately in perfecting and improving his invention1 and can then file an additional application if necessary1 to secure special protection on particular improvements or the improved invention as a whole4 ,the early filing of an application may turn out to be important in securing to the inventor his right of priority4 ,when the inventor comes to exhibit his invention1 with the idea of bringing it to the attention of the public in general1 there is no question that he should then have his invention in the best form he can1 and in as attractive shape as possible4 ,sidenote3 ,to ,avoid being ,squeezed4 ,the patentee who proposes to realize from his invention should never let it be known that he is in want2 of course1 in some cases he cannot help himself1 but he should endeavor to obtain the necessary assistance from his acquaintances1 and under no circumstances let those with whom he is trying to deal get an insight into his financial condition1 as capitalists and others will very often take the advantage of an inventor when known to be in straitened circumstances1 and the patentee probably would not realize as much from his patent as he otherwise could4 ,therefore1 it is advisable in all cases for the patentee to manifest no impatience1 remain silent as to his financial condition1 and strive to impress those with whom he is dealing that he is in no condition to be squeezed4 ,sidenote3 ,value of ,record of ,invention4 ,inventors1 while working on a complicated machine1 should not overlook the value and importance of keeping a record of the progress of the development1 illustrating it with sketches1 signing and dating them with each new addition1 and1 when practical1 having it witnessed by one or more persons4 ,this plan is preferred by many inventors to filing a caveat4 ,such a record will be found very valuable in case of an infringement1 as it enables the inventor to ascertain the various steps of his invention1 and is a sort of evidence that cannot be impeached4 ,such a record of a complicated invention1 when the inventor has put much time and study upon the subject in perfecting it1 will also be found valuable in effecting sales1 and in fixing the price of the patent4 ,sidenote3 ,prejudice against ,patents4 ,it cannot be denied that at the present time there seems to be in many sections of the country a strong prejudice against patents1 which sometimes makes it difficult to get people sufficiently interested to take hold of any patent2 especially is this true when the patentee endeavors to sell his patent piecemeal2 that is1 by county1 township1 shop1 or farm rights4 ,no matter how important or valuable the invention may be1 there seems to be a disposition on the part of the public to look upon such rights as a fraud1 and to be very cautious how they invest in them4 ,the public is not wholly to blame for this1 as in recent years there has been a class of men who have canvassed the country with patent rights1 not caring what representations they made so long as they were able to effect a sale2 consequently1 many people have been lured into purchasing patent rights for a small territory which in many instances were worthless or not as represented1 causing them to be more or less skeptical of all patents1 as well as to bring this manner of selling patents generally into ill repute4 ,with manufacturers and capitalists1 this prejudice does not exist to any great extent1 as with them the patent rests solely upon its own merits4 ,sidenote3 ,newspaper ,notoriety4 ,many inventors overlook the importance of interesting newspaper men in their inventions4 ,this is a matter of great consequence to the inventor in exploiting his invention1 and should be given some attention4 ,newspapers desire items of interest of every description1 and readers are usually interested in brief accounts of any new invention possessing novelty or merit2 so that when the inventor once gets his invention into the newspapers it is generally copied by other papers1 with the result that the invention gets a large amount of free advertising and publicity4 ,these items frequently attract the attention of capitalists1 manufacturers1 and others1 and at once put the invention in a favorable position before the public as could be done possibly in no other way--certainly in no cheaper way4 ,many of the trade journals and other periodicals are also open to receive technical descriptions of inventions of merit concerning industrial improvements4 ,such articles should be written in good form1 containing not over five hundred or a thousand words1 and if admitted to this class of publications will be of the utmost value and importance in creating favorable public opinion1 and in advancing the inventor's interests4 ,with hardly an exception1 if an invention strikes editors favorably and is adjudged to be of sufficient interest to form an article of news in newspapers1 or of sufficient merit to warrant a description in the trade papers1 it is pretty certain to prove a success and bring the inventor large returns4 ,if the invention is of such a character as to strike newspaper men unfavorably1 the inventor can resort to the advertisement columns2 using the large daily papers1 or such publications which in some way relate to the industry to which the patent appertains1 and such as have the largest circulation among the class of people it is desired to reach4 ,see about advertising on page #df4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,how ,,to ,,arrive ,,at ,,the ,,value ,,of ,a ,,patent ,most inventors are not concerned so much about the fame or honor their inventions will bring them1 or how much their inventions will advance civilization1 or build up a nation1 or administer to the conveniences and pleasures of mankind generally1 as they are about how much it will net them in dollars and cents2 but the patentee should not lose sight of the fact that the profits are in the exact proportion to the actual usefulness of the invention1 and its general adaptability4 ,it is immaterial whether the inventor himself intends to deal with the public1 or to deal with a man or set of men who are afterward to deal with the public1 the conditions are the same1 and the profits must ultimately come from the sale of the manufactured article4 ,sidenote3 ,pecuniary ,value4 ,it may seem superfluous to say that mere ,letters ,patent aside from an invention is of no value1 though many inventors are under the erroneous impression that if an invention possesses patentability1 it must also necessarily have pecuniary value4 ,to be of any pecuniary value whatever1 the invention must cover something for which there is a demand1 or for which there can be a demand created1 for it cannot be disputed1 that if an invention will not bring in money by manufacturing it1 it is1 in a financial sense1 worthless2 and the patent thereon is therefore worth some seventy or eighty dollars less than nothing4 ,sidenote3 ,commercial ,value4 ,an invention1 to have commercial value1 as previously stated1 must cover something for which there is a demand1 or for which there can be a demand created4 ,it may be an entirely new device1 or it may be an improvement upon an existing invention1 but in any event it must contain a certain degree of utility4 ,in rare cases inventors are able to hit upon an invention in an entirely new field2 for these a demand has to be created4 ,for improvements1 however1 as a general thing1 the demand already exists2 then the important question arises in determining the commercial value of the patent4 ,does the invention in question possess sufficient merit to successfully compete with existing devices of the same class8 ,in order to do this1 it must be of a simpler or cheaper construction1 so that it can be manufactured and put on the market at a lower figure2 or1 it must yield better results1 work quicker and at less expense1 or economize power1 labor1 or time4 ,a patented improvement upon an article that can be sold more cheaply1 or one which will yield better results than those now selling well on the market1 has a decided commercial value and can easily be disposed of at a good price4 ,if the inventor be fortunate enough to combine both of these features in his invention1 the value is doubled and success certain4 ,sidenote3 ,basis for ,estimation4 ,perhaps one of the hardest questions that confronts the patentee is how to arrive at a just valuation of his patent1 and to know just exactly what he should receive for it4 ,this is a very important question1 and one which should be looked into before undertaking negotiations4 ,patentees should not1 of course1 undervalue their patents1 or accept the first small offer made for fear of not receiving another2 at the same time1 they should not fall into the common error of asking a price that cannot be obtained1 which too frequently precludes all chances of a sale4 ,many business men would rather lose the patent than waste their time constantly dickering about an unreasonable price4 ,inventors should be reasonable in their demands1 and consider that the purchaser must have a fair share of the profits4 ,he cannot expect to realize all there is in the patent himself4 ,indeed1 patentees usually find that men willing to establish a business on the basis of their untried patents will require the greater bulk of the profits to be derived from it4 ,sidenote3 ,general ,rules for ,valuation4 ,it is evident that only the most general rules for valuation can be given1 as each invention must be studied and valued strictly upon its own merits4 ,undoubtedly1 the best and most practical method of ascertaining the value of any invention which is susceptible of being manufactured on a small scale is to have a limited quantity of the articles manufactured--say five hundred or a thousand--and try the experiment of introducing them in a small territory2 that is1 in a certain county1 city1 or town1 taking great precaution in selecting a person who is capable of carrying forward the business in a business-like manner4 ,this method demonstrates conclusively whether or not the invention will meet with success1 and with these figures at hand the patentee will be prepared to prove1 to the satisfaction of interested parties1 just what the patent is really worth4 ,this method of procedure not only enables the patentee to get a just valuation of his patent1 but also puts it in a more favorable position to be sold2 since the commercial value is known and established1 it no longer remains an experiment4 ,interested parties can take their calculations from these figures1 and the patentee can exact a price in proportion to the success of the trial experiment4 ,in order to thus demonstrate the value of a patent1 the patentee must possess and advance the necessary means to carry it forward1 though1 if the experiment prove at all successful1 the profits derived from the articles sold will in nearly all cases more than offset the expense incurred4 ,this is a very popular course with inventors1 especially in handling small inventions1 known as novelty or specialty patents4 ,if the patentee have not the means to successfully demonstrate the value of his patent by actual trial1 as above outlined1 then the next best course would be to inquire among reliable manufacturers and ascertain the lowest price for which the invention can be manufactured in large quantities1 and the highest price at which it will retail2 and then1 by carefully studying the market1 the patentee should be able to estimate the amount of competition1 cost of selling1 probable number of sales1 interest on the investment1 etc41 and on these figures base the price he should receive for the patent1 being careful to allow the purchaser a liberally fair profit4 ,while there are at present about ninety-five million inhabitants in the ,united ,states1 it is scarcely probable that any invention has yet or ever will be made that will reach half this number of people4 ,with an article of the most general adaptability1 including both sexes1 the inventor can hardly hope to reach more than a fourth of the entire population1 though1 of course1 the invention may be subject to regular consumption1 so that the people reached would naturally purchase the article again a number of times during the course of a year4 ,the statistics in the last chapter are given with the view of assisting patentees in determining what proportion of the population will likely want their inventions1 and to enable them to estimate prices4 ,in estimating the price to ask for a patent1 patentees should not conceive and hang their hopes upon fabulous prices and immediate wealth1 which too often dooms ambitious inventors to bitter disappointment2 they should rather endeavor to look at their inventions from the purchaser's stand-point1 and try to see it in the light in which others view it4 ,it may be well to remember that the million mark of patents issued in the ,united ,states1 including re-issues and designs1 was passed in #aiaa1 and it is quite probable that any one inventor may not have the only good thing in the line of patents4 ,sidenote3 ,how ,rating for ,royalty ,is ,figured4 ,many patents are more profitable by being placed upon royalty than by any other means1 and quite often the patent can be placed this way when it is not possible to sell outright at a satisfactory price4 ,in determining what royalty the patentee should receive1 he should carefully estimate1 in connection with the probable number of sales1 what profit the manufacturer can probably make on each1 or a number of the articles containing the patented improvements1 and should require about twenty-five per cent4 of the profits as royalty4 ,another method used by some inventors is to ascertain the price at which the article can be retailed1 and figure the royalty at between one-twentieth and one-tenth of the retail price4 ,either of the above should give the approximate figure to ask for exclusive royalty contracts4 ,for non-exclusive rights the patentee should ask about one-half of that for exclusive rights4 ,sidenote3 ,stock in ,stock ,companies4 ,there is another class of patents that can be best realized from by organizing the proper kind of joint stock companies1 and manufacturing the invention1 the inventor taking a certain amount of the stock and assigning the patent to the company4 ,the patentee should receive between one-fourth and one-half of the capital stock in consideration of his assigning his patent and rights to the company4 ,the inventor should see that a good portion of the stock is subscribed for and the amount actually paid into the treasury of the company before making the assignment4 ,as a rule1 inventors' stock is full paid and non-assessable4 ,sidenote3 ,prices for ,territorial ,rights4 ,in calculating the prices for territorial rights1 the application of the invention to that section must be taken into consideration1 as well as the advancement in manufacturing1 etc4 ,if the invention belongs to that class of inventions which may be generally adapted in all ,states alike1 such as domestic articles and articles of wearing apparel1 then the population will form a very satisfactory basis for valuation4 ,there are other inventions1 however1 that apply almost wholly to a certain section of the country1 while still others apply more to one section than to another2 thus1 for instance1 mechanical contrivances of the higher order1 such as writing machines1 mathematical instruments1 etc41 the ,north and ,east are the most valuable2 for mining and agricultural implements1 etc41 the ,west2 while such as the cotton-gin1 seeders1 and presses apply almost wholly to the ,south4 ,states and counties having large cities and large towns are also usually more valuable than other ,states and counties of same population4 ,sidenote3 ,valuation ,tables4 ,the following tables are given as a general estimate of the relative value of the different ,states and divisions in the majority of cases2 however1 these tables are only arbitrary at best1 and cannot be applied to all classes of inventions satisfactorily1 though they may serve to materially aid the patentee in determining what price to put upon each ,state in his own case4 ,having determined the value of the patent as a whole1 the aggregate of the ,state prices should be about two-thirds more1 as there are always some ,states that cannot be sold separately1 while others may have to be sold at a discount4 ,,tables ,,for ,,estimating ,,prices ,,of ,,state ,,rights ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,states ,,and ,,price ,,as ,a ,,whole4 ,,territories4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #a1jjj #e1jjj #aj1jjj #ae1jjj #bj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,maine #ce #age #cej #ejj #gjj ,new ,hampshire #cj #aej #cjj #dej #fjj ,vermont #cj #aej #cjj #dej #fjj ,massachusetts #ej #bbe #ejj #gej #a1jjj ,rhode ,island #bj #ajj #bjj #cjj #djj ,connecticut #ce #age #cej #ejj #gjj ,new ,york #fe #cjj #fej #iej #a1bjj ,pennsylvania #fe #cjj #fej #iej #a1bjj ,new ,jersey #dj #bjj #djj #fjj #hjj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,n4 ,,atlantic #cgj #a1gge #c1gjj #e1dej #g1bjj ,,division ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,tables ,,for ,,estimating ,,prices ,,of ,,state ,,rights--,continued ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,states ,,and ,,price ,,as ,a ,,whole4 ,,territories4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #a1jjj #e1jjj #aj1jjj #ae1jjj #bj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,delaware #bj #ajj #bjj #cjj #djj ,maryland #dj #bjj #djj #fjj #hjj ,district of #ae #ge #aej #bjj #cjj ,columbia ,virginia #ce #bjj #djj #fjj #hjj ,west ,virginia #ce #age #cjj #ejj #gjj ,north ,carolina #ce #aej #cjj #dej #fjj ,south ,carolina #ce #aej #cej #ejj #gjj ,georgia #dj #bjj #djj #fjj #hjj ,florida #ae #ge #aej #bjj #cjj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,s4 ,,atlantic #bgj #a1cbe #b1gjj #c1iej #e1djj ,,division ,ohio #fj #cjj #fjj #ijj #a1ajj ,indiana #ee #bge #eej #hjj #a1jjj ,illinois #fe #cjj #fej #iej #a1bjj ,michigan #de #bjj #cej #fjj #hjj ,wisconsin #dj #aej #bge #djj #ejj ,minnesota #de #bjj #cej #fjj #hjj ,iowa #dj #age #cej #ejj #gjj ,missouri #de #bbe #dej #fej #ijj ,north ,dakota #be #ge #aej #bjj #cjj ,south ,dakota #cj #ajj #bjj #cjj #djj ,nebraska #cj #aej #cjj #dej #fjj ,kansas #dj #age #cjj #ejj #gjj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,n4 ,,central #dhe #b1cbe #d1ebe #f1hej #i1jjj ,,division ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,tables ,,for ,,estimating ,,prices ,,of ,,state ,,rights--,continued ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,states ,,and ,,price ,,as ,a ,,whole4 ,,territories4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #a1jjj #e1jjj #aj1jjj #ae1jjj #bj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,kentucky #dj #bjj #cge #fjj #gjj ,tennessee #cj #age #cej #ejj #gjj ,alabama #cj #aej #cjj #dej #fjj ,mississippi #cj #aej #cjj #dej #fjj ,louisiana #ce #age #cjj #ejj #gjj ,texas #ce #age #cjj #ejj #gjj ,oklahoma #bj #ajj #bjj #cjj #djj ,arkansas #bj #ge #aej #bjj #cjj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,s4 ,,central #bcj #a1bjj #b1bge #c1ejj #d1gjj ,,division ,montana #ae #ajj #age #bej #cjj ,colorado #dj #age #cej #cej #gjj ,new ,mexico #ae #ej #ajj #aej #bjj ,arizona #ae #ej #ajj #aej #bjj ,utah #ae #ej #ajj #aej #bjj ,idaho #aj #ej #ge #ajj #bjj ,washington #ae #ej #ajj #aej #bjj ,oregon #bj #ge #abe #bjj #cjj ,california #ej #bej #dej #gjj #ijj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,western ,,division #bce #ige #a1hjj #b1gej #c1gjj ,,grand ,,total #a1fjj #g1fjj #ae1jjj #bb1ejj #cj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,chapter ,v ,,how ,,to ,,conduct ,,the ,,sale ,,of ,,patents ,while the inventor may put much hard study upon his invention and make many costly experiments1 this part of his work is usually a pleasure2 and in securing the patent he invariably has able counsel in his attorney with no anxiety on his part2 but with the commercial proceeding of selling his patent1 which involves the greatest prudence and care in managing1 it is different1 and here is where the inventor's real work begins if he expects to reap the benefit of his invention4 ,sidenote3 ,patent-selling ,agencies4 ,for the benefit of unexperienced patentees it is deemed expedient to give a word of warning here regarding the host of so-called patent-selling agencies1 which under various imposing titles1 coupled with an apparently honest and straightforward method of business1 tempt each patentee1 upon the issue of his patent1 to place the same in their hands and authorize them to negotiate the sale thereof4 ,their propositions are very attractive and temptingly prepared2 their offers appear to be gilt edge2 their circulars are high-sounding and rose-colored2 their contracts are formal looking1 and drawn up in an impressive way1 highly advantageous to the patentee2 but it will be noted in all cases that they will require the patentee to pay down a certain sum under some pretence1--such as to cover the cost of advertising the patent1 to have circulars printed1 to secure copies of the patent for distribution1 to have a cut made illustrating the invention1 or for membership fee1 and so on1 it matters not what1 so long as it is an advance fee4 ,many will also agree to sell both the ,united ,states and ,canadian patents1 if the patentee will file the ,canadian application through them2 it is evident1 however1 that this is only a scheme to get the patentee to take out the ,canadian patent through them--they having no facilities for disposing of either of the patents4 ,the writer is not prepared to say that there are no honestly conducted patent-selling agencies1 but from long experience and observation1 has never known where a patentee was ever materially benefited by placing his interests in the hands of these concerns1 and has yet to learn of them ever making a sale solely through their own efforts4 ,very few of these concerns have any facilities whatever for selling patents2 all of their time being taken up in mailing their weekly circulars to inventors immediately upon the publication of the ,official ,gazette1 and working inventors up to the remitting point which usually ends the matter so far as they are concerned1 unless they believe they can get another fee out of the patentee4 ,there may be exceptions1 but patentees should fully satisfy themselves as to the integrity of these firms before placing business in their hands1 as the ,assistant ,commissioner of ,patents in his report in the ,webberburn case1 #ha ,o4 ,g41 #aia ,k1 clearly pointed out that the methods of these concerns were such as to sell the patentees rather than their patents4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,patentee the ,best ,selling ,agent4 ,that the patentee himself is the best selling agent there can be no doubt1 for he is familiar with the construction and operation of his invention in every detail1 and knows its merits and superior points far better than anyone else1 besides manufacturers and others wishing to purchase patents invariably desire to deal with the patentee himself4 ,business men1 it may be said as a rule1 do not think very much of an invention which the inventor has abandoned to others to negotiate1 moreover the personal push of the inventor is1 in nearly all cases1 essential to the successful termination of a sale4 ,subtract the personal energy and presence of the inventor from the successful inventions of the past and of to-day1 and the chances are that they would not have succeeded as they did4 ,it is not only a question of material interest1 but also of enthusiasm and confidence1 and each patentee1 having but one patent or a set of patents to push1 can lend thereto that individual attention which insures good work and success4 ,sidenote3 ,in ,case the ,patentee ,cannot ,undertake the ,selling4 ,however1 if from any reason the patentee is unable to handle his own invention and must engage the services of an agent or salesman1 he should select one from among his own acquaintances1 in whom he has confidence4 ,he should if possible get a person who has had experience in the line of the invention1 as such a person would likely understand it and the trade better than others4 ,it is not really necessary that he should have had experience in selling patents2 if he is a good talker1 knows how to approach business men1 and thoroughly understands the invention1 he will probably make money for the inventor and himself4 ,the patentee should have him submit all offers of value for his consideration1 and should not give the agent power to sign or collect4 ,the patentee should name a reasonable price for the patent1 allowing the agent a liberal commission upon the price1 and encouraging the agent by allowing him a certain percentage of all he may be able to get over and above the price named4 ,this will encourage the agent to work for the highest price obtainable4 ,the inventor should make every effort to be able to personally attend to the details of selling1 and keep the business under his personal supervision4 ,sidenote3 ,methods of ,selling ,patents4 ,there are a number of plausible methods to which the patentee may resort in disposing of his patent without the aid of questionable selling agents1 and it is the purpose of the following pages and succeeding chapter to set forth such methods as have in the past proved beneficial to patentees2 those along which success have been achieved1 and such as are employed by the most successful inventors of the present time in handling their patents4 ,it is true that no definite method or system can be given that will apply to all patents alike1 as the method in each case will depend more or less upon the character of the invention1 and to the particular art to which it belongs2 however1 from the following pages the patentee should be able to judge what particular methods will best apply to his individual case1 and proceed along these lines4 ,there are many patents issued which the patentees thereof can as successfully dispose of from the smallest hamlet in the ,united ,states as from ,new ,york1 ,chicago1 or any of our larger cities1 while1 of course1 there are others which only those directly connected with the largest and wealthiest corporations can hope to dispose of successfully4 ,the main thing is not to become discouraged or give up until one succeeds in making a sale4 ,sidenote3 ,about ,advertising4 ,to make the merits and importance of an invention publicly known is1 in many cases1 one of the best ways of bringing about the introduction and sale of a patent4 ,if the inventor has a patent on an invention that manufacturers or others want1 and can make its merits and superior qualities known to them1 negotiations will soon follow4 ,there is no way for patentees to place themselves in communication with prospective investors quite equal to an advertisement in the proper medium4 ,here it may be well to state that patentees who decide to advertise their patents for sale or otherwise should place their advertisements in publications of known standing1 such as the leading daily newspapers4 ,a brief1 well-worded advertisement in the ,business ,opportunities column of these papers bring quick and good results1 though1 perhaps a better class of inquiries may be obtained by advertising in the trade journals of the class to which the invention relates1 and while the trade journals may not bring about as many inquiries as the dailies1 those that answer will be more apt to be interested and talk business4 ,either of the above are good mediums1 but in advertising patents for sale patentees should carefully avoid those publications that are published at uncertain intervals1 and usually for the express purpose of circulating among inventors for various purposes4 ,they do not reach the class of people that invest in patents4 ,inventors should know the class of people that would be likely to become interested in their inventions1 and advertise in such mediums as have the largest circulation among that class4 ,sidenote3 ,how to ,write an ,advertisement4 ,in the construction of an advertisement there is often too much waste by using too much verbiage1 too many unnecessary words or sentences1 sometimes too much display4 ,prudence in the arrangement1 and care in editing an advertisement1 will save much expense4 ,the size of an advertisement of this class has really little to do with its pulling qualities4 ,the statements should be assuming1 and at the same time truthful1 as any deception in an advertisement is sure to work an injury4 ,there should not be more claimed in the advertisement than sounds reasonable1 even though it be stating facts2 if an advertisement sounds unreasonable it will not have the desired result4 ,inventors sometimes become so enthusiastic over their inventions that they exaggerate unintentionally4 ,a good rule is for the inventor to read over the advertisement1 and ask himself1 ,if this statement was read by me1 would ,i believe it2 would it convince me8 etc4 ,putting one's self in the purchaser's place is always one of the best factors in writing good advertisements4 ,the inventor should put himself in the place of the purchaser of the patent1 and reason what would induce him to investigate its merits2 what would likely cause him to take it up1 and so on2 he should think and write fully along these general lines1 incorporate these reasons into an advertisement2 then boil it down by cutting out the unnecessary words and sentences2 prune1 remodel1 and rewrite until he has a brief advertisement1 clear1 concise1 and to the point4 ,sidenote3 ,correspondence as a ,means of ,bringing ,patents before ,interested ,parties4 ,while to advertise1 as suggested in the foregoing pages1 would require a very moderate outlay1 and be1 perhaps1 the better course to pursue3 however1 in connection with it1 or if the patentee does not feel that he can afford the expense of advertising1 a very good plan is for him to secure copies of a number of the trade journals of the class to which his invention relates1 and carefully look over the advertisements therein1 and select a list of such manufacturers as would seem likely to be induced to purchase the patent in question1 or manufacture the article on royalty4 ,in this manner the patentee will probably get the best up-to-date list obtainable1 and it may be set down as a fact1 with very few exceptions1 that if manufacturers and dealers who make and handle just such articles as the patent calls for cannot be interested1 it is very hard to interest others not engaged in such line1 except when the invention is large1 and requires a great deal of capital to work the same4 ,sidenote3 ,how to ,correspond with ,manufacturers4 ,to each of the parties of the list thus selected1 or to a number of them1 the inventor should write a well-composed and convincing letter setting forth the invention in its best light1 and stating just why it would be to the interest of the parties solicited to investigate the same4 ,some time should be spent on this letter before attempting to write it1 and the writer should weigh well in his own mind what would be best to say1 and the proper way of expressing it4 ,he should be as brief as possible1 consistent with legibility4 ,the statements should be assuming1 yet in every respect true4 ,he should state in brief terms just what the invention is1 what it will do1 the points and advantages it has1 and at the same time endeavoring to get the parties interested so that they will inquire into the invention1 rather than attempt to come to terms in the first letter4 ,the letter should be brief and pointed1 and plainly written upon business-size paper2 and if the inventor has a typewriter1 or access to one1 he should use it4 ,if he has printed circulars he should send one with his first letter1 which will enable him to make the letter briefer and more business-like4 ,in correspondence it is well not to name a price until the parties are interested1 and first endeavor to get them to make an offer4 ,the patentee should be patient and should not expect to jump right into a bargain at once4 ,if the invention is a meritorious one there will be more than one of the manufacturers to whom the patentee may write1 who will become interested1 and when such a state exists1 the patentee can begin to be more exacting as to his demands since competition has been created between the manufacturers4 ,sidenote3 ,circulars4 ,a few dollars invested in circulars will frequently be found of great value to the patentee if he intends to negotiate the sale of his patent mainly by advertising and correspondence1 as they will save a great deal of writing and explaining as well as appear more business-like and attractive1 and may be the means of more readily effecting a sale4 ,sidenote3 ,illustrations4 ,if the patentee can afford the additional expense of an illustration1 it will greatly increase the appearance of the circular1 and make it more readily understood and interesting4 ,the cut should be neat and set forth the invention in its best light4 ,it would be better to entrust the procuring of the cut to the printer1 for he will know just what is wanted and can secure the same at a better price4 ,a sufficient number of well printed circulars1 with illustration1 can be obtained of any printer for a few dollars4 ,sidenote3 ,about ,getting up ,circulars4 ,the circulars should be attractive1 convincing1 and logical2 nicely arranged1 and neatly printed upon good paper4 ,a mistake is often made in sending out trashy-looking circulars1 poorly printed upon cheap paper2 they repel rather than attract1 and do not have the desired effect4 ,the circular should have good head-lines so as to attract the attention of its recipient at a glance1 and his interest should be held by having the uses and advantages of the invention well written4 ,many of the pointers suggested in advertising and letter-writing will equally apply to the writing and getting up of the circulars1 and need not be treated further here1 except that the patentee should dwell especially upon the merits of the invention1 its uses1 and advantages over like articles4 ,this should be done in the most interesting manner possible1 describing it so that its value will be fully understood4 ,sidenote3 ,uses of ,printed ,copies4 ,it will be well for the patentee to order some printed copies of his patent1 as manufacturers and others usually ask for them if interested1 in order that they may examine the patent1 or have an expert to examine it1 to ascertain its validity1 novelty1 and what protection is really afforded by the patent4 ,it cannot be denied that in either case the invention will suffer a cold-blooded rigid examination1 and must stand or fall solely upon its merits4 ,if1 however1 the invention is adjudged to have real merit and properly protected by the ,letters ,patent1 business negotiations will likely begin1 and the patentee will perhaps speedily make a satisfactory deal4 ,sidenote3 ,first ,impressions ,all-,important4 ,some inventors use printed copies of their patents instead of circulars1 but1 while they fully set forth the invention in a technical way1 it cannot be said that in all cases it is advisable to send copies of the patent until called for4 ,many parties who become interested in patents are not familiar with mechanical drawings and technical specifications1 and very often do not get a very favorable impression from a copy of the patent2 and it is very important that the first impressions should be favorably created1 for upon this much will depend4 ,if parties become sufficiently interested to fully investigate an invention1 they are very apt to form a favorable opinion of it4 ,sidenote3 ,value of ,models4 ,there is no way of so easily creating a favorable impression and gaining the interest in an invention as by a neat and perfect working model of the invention4 ,man never loses the child-love for toys1 and a perfect miniature machine of any description will attract more attention than one of full size4 ,with a model the inventor has the full and immediate attention of his prospective purchasers at once4 ,if the patentee1 or his agent1 intends visiting manufacturers1 or to sell the patent by territorial rights1 he will find a model of his invention almost indispensable4 ,inventors should be very careful about sending models to unknown parties1 and should mark the number of the patent and their name and address upon the model4 ,it should invariably be understood in advance who is to pay the transportation charges1 before sending a model with any charges to collect4 ,while models are very helpful in setting forth an invention and making sales1 high prices exclude many inventors from their use4 ,model-makers usually charge fifty cents per hour for each man working upon the model1 and market price for the material used2 from these figures the inventor may make a rough estimate of what a model of his invention will cost4 ,sidenote3 ,working ,drawings4 ,working drawings are different from those forming a part of the patent in that they are more detailed1 giving the size of each piece and the material of which it is constructed4 ,while working drawings are not quite as expensive as models1 they do not show the invention to the advantage that models do1 and are of little value to those who do not understand them4 ,on the other hand1 working drawings have the advantage of being easily sent through the mails1 and can be duplicated at small cost4 ,manufacturers prefer working drawings to models in quoting prices on manufacturing the invention in quantities4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,how ,,to ,,conduct ,,the ,,sale ,,of ,,patents--,continued ,in conducting the sale of patents1 the greatest difficulty is most frequently experienced in getting manufacturers or others sufficiently interested to look into the merits and possibilities of the invention4 ,if the inventor can get the parties to actually consent in their own minds to the proposition of taking up the invention1 the question of terms and conditions can soon be arranged4 ,until the parties solicited can see beyond a doubt that there is large profits in it for them1 the price of the patent is out of the question2 therefore1 the first step is to demonstrate its merits and commercial value1 and get the parties thoroughly interested4 ,patentees should not labor under the impression that because a patent is offered at a very low price that it will be quickly snapped up as a bargain2 as before stated1 if a patent will not bring in money by manufacturing and selling the article1 it is worthless2 and its real value is in exact proportion to the amount of profits that can be made from its manufacture4 ,should the patentee find that his patent has no commercial value1 it is almost useless to spend more time and money in trying to realize anything from it2 he had better start again1 and endeavor to invent something that has value and can be sold4 ,sidenote3 ,value of ,personal ,influence4 ,inventors should use the full extent of their personal influence to spread particulars of their inventions as far as possible1 for this indirect work is often a leading factor in creating a favorable impression that frequently results in the adaption of an invention4 ,however unacquainted he may be in a business way1 every patentee can1 more or less1 in his immediate neighborhood1 consult with merchants1 friends1 and others in the line of his invention1 who can post him upon the right parties to submit the patent to1 and the best way to see them about it1 and perhaps go with him to visit such as might be interested in the invention4 ,sidenote3 ,personal ,solicitation ,advisable4 ,in nearly every case it is more satisfactory for the patentee to call on the manufacturers or interested parties personally whenever it is possible for him to do so4 ,this brings about a more satisfactory understanding between them4 ,many inventors1 however1 prefer opening up communication by correspondence1 and after the parties manifest a willingness or desire to look into the invention more closely1 then arrange to visit them personally4 ,having determined upon a visit1 the patentee should endeavor to get a friend known by the parties to go with him to make their acquaintance4 ,if the friend cannot go with the patentee1 he will probably give him a note of introduction4 ,it may happen that his friend does not know the parties whom the patentee wishes to see1 in that event he may know of someone who does1 to whom he can introduce the patentee and who in turn may either go with him or arrange to make him known to the parties solicited4 ,an introduction1 of course1 is not absolutely necessary1 but it invariably has a good effect and is generally worth the effort4 ,the patentee should be prepared to make a straightforward1 business-like presentation of his invention by means of a suitable model or drawings2 carefully explaining its merits and advantages1 showing as clearly as possible just what the value of the invention is and what can be made out of it1 and giving tangible reasons why it would be to the interest of the parties solicited to invest in the patent4 ,if the patentee is dealing with a manufacturer it is well to point out not only the possible advantage he may have by securing the control of the patent1 but also the possible loss that his business may suffer by allowing one of his competitors to obtain its control4 ,many businesses have been hopelessly crippled by an enterprising firm securing control of a good patent and introducing a like article that can be sold cheaper1 or one that will do its work in a better and more satisfactory manner4 ,sidenote3 ,selling ,outright4 ,many inventors prefer to sell their patents outright2 that is1 in consideration of a specified sum of money the patentee assigns his entire interest in the patent1 in the same manner that a person would sell a piece of real estate4 ,this is a very good method and one of the quickest ways for the patentee to turn his invention into money1 though it must be remembered that to sell a patent outright is usually for a very much smaller sum than could be realized if handled by other methods4 ,the day for obtaining enormous sums or fortunes from the sale of a patent outright is past2 at present to realize any considerable amount1 the patentee generally has to share in the risks as well as the profits1 unless the invention is very highly developed1 and even then he cannot expect to get as much out of an outright assignment as he could by sharing in the success of the invention commercially4 ,if1 however1 the patentee is content to take the utmost cash his patent will bring him outright1 he is assured of a principal or lump sum1 free from any chances of the article not selling well when placed upon the market4 ,before signing and delivering the assignment1 the patentee will1 of course1 see that he has the consideration1 or its equivalent1 for which the assignment is made4 ,if the transaction is made through correspondence he should send the assignment duly executed to the purchaser through the bank or express ,c4 ,o4 ,d4 for the amount4 ,sidenote3 ,assigning an ,undivided ,interest4 ,in a preceding chapter1 the dangers and disadvantages of an undivided interest are set forth1 and it cannot be considered a wise course under any consideration to part with any undivided interest in the proprietorship of the patent1 unless unusually well paid1 or there exists an agreement of copartnership between the patentee and the assignee4 ,by such an assignment1 no matter how small1 the patentee loses control of his patent4 ,sidenote3 ,dividing a ,patent into ,different ,classes of ,rights4 ,many patents1 from the nature of the invention1 can be subdivided into different classes of rights1 and each class sold or granted separately as the patentee may choose4 ,thus1 the patentee of a tire1 or other appliances for a bicycle1 could license one party to make the same for bicycles and another for automobiles4 ,in like manner a car-coupler could be divided between those who build railway equipments and those who build street-cars1 and so on4 ,goodyear1 the inventor of the process of vulcanizing rubber1 divided his patent up into many different rights1 licensing one company for manufacturing rubber combs1 licensing another for hose pipes1 another for shoes1 another for clothing1 and a number of other different rights1 for which each company or partner paid a tariff4 ,lyall1 inventor of the continuous loom1 also divided his patent into many different rights2 one company weaving carpets1 another corsets1 another bags1 another sheeting1 etc4 ,in every case where the invention covers articles not in the same line of manufacture1 the patentee should not fail to divide the rights into different classes1 granting each party only such rights as they may be interested in4 ,in this way the patentee can quite often double or treble the receipts from his invention4 ,the patentee may1 if he desires1 have his machines built and require the purchasers to pay him a regular annual rental on each machine1 or a tariff upon the goods produced1 in addition to the price of the machine4 ,companies are sometimes organized to manufacture an invention1 and employ travelling men to place the article on annual rental instead of selling4 ,sidenote3 ,selling by ,territorial ,rights4 ,another method is to sell ,state and county rights4 ,this consists of a license whereby the patentee1 in consideration of a certain sum of money paid him1 grants unto another person or persons the exclusive right to make and sell the invention1 and to authorize others to make and sell the same1 within a specified territory1 during the life of the patent4 ,this plan of disposing of a patent has often been highly profitable1 but it must be said that these territorial sales have been conducted in such a manner in the past1 as to bring the whole system of selling patent rights into disrepute1 and in recent years patentees have found some difficulty in making sales in this way1 unless the device is of unusual great novelty and attraction to householders or the general public4 ,occasionally1 however1 there are patents issued for meritorious inventions that are susceptible of this mode of procedure1 and which can be disposed of to the greatest advantage by territorial grants4 ,such inventions as household novelties possessing great merit and utility have been most successfully placed upon this plan1 but it must be remembered that the value of the system rests upon its capabilities of effecting sales of the manufactured article to a vast proportion of the people4 ,in selling territorial rights it is a mistake to begin with the small places with the idea of working the business up and effecting larger sales on the basis of the smaller ones2 it is better to shove the sales1 as much as possible in the start1 and after the more valuable portion of the territory is disposed of1 proceed with the balance until it ceases to be profitable4 ,experience teaches that it is usually advisable to accept any reasonable offer made for a small right1 even if it does not come up to the patentee's estimate of its value1 as he has plenty of other territory left1 and may lose much time and money in finding another in the same territory willing to pay more2 besides1 the purchaser of such a right may1 by his energy and good judgment1 advertise the invention in such a way as to greatly benefit the patentee in making further sales4 ,some patentees employ good and reliable special agents to travel and dispose of the patent rights2 others advertise for and appoint ,state agents to sell their respective county rights4 ,in either case these agents expect to make money by the operation1 and require a liberal proportion of the proceeds for their remuneration2 generally speaking1 they will require about one-third the selling price1 unless the patentee can show that the rights will sell readily1 in which case the rating can be made lower4 ,sidenote3 ,granting ,licenses4 ,the patentee may also sell licenses under his patent2 that is1 in consideration of a certain sum1 the patentee licenses a manufacturer to make the invention at his own place of business2 it being a personal privilege and is not transferable unless its terms so state4 ,unless there are a great many manufacturers in the line of industry to which the patent relates1 and unless the invention has real merit so that it will be readily adapted by the manufacturers1 the patentee cannot hope to realize any considerable amount from selling shop-rights alone4 ,as a general thing1 patents for mechanical inventions can be disposed of to better advantage by other means1 or by selling shop-rights in connection with other methods2 for example1 if the patentee was selling his patent by territorial grants1 he might grant shop-rights in such territory as he has not sold2 or if he is placing the patent upon non-exclusive royalty contracts1 he could grant shop-rights in such portions of the territory as he does not contemplate using otherwise4 ,some inventions1 such as methods or processes1 as a general rule1 have to ultimately be sold by licenses4 ,such patents can be employed most profitably by selling licenses1 county and ,state rights2 thus1 in the case of a method of constructing fences1 the patentee could sell ,state and county rights to parties1 who in turn could grant farm rights1 etc4 ,sidenote3 ,placing upon ,royalty4 ,the license and royalty plan is perhaps the best and most popular method with inventors for realizing from their inventions4 ,this1 in effect1 involves a contract between the patentee and the manufacturer1 by which the latter in consideration of a license to manufacture the article covered by the patent1 agrees to pay the patentee a certain specified sum as royalty for each article manufactured or sold bearing the patented improvement4 ,placing a patent on royalty is ordinarily taking chances1 but if the patentee has full confidence in his article selling well1 he should by all means take royalty in preference to selling the patent in its entirety4 ,many valuable patents are sold by their owners for from #a1jjj to #aj1jjj1 which yield the purchasers1 when the article is on the market and selling well1 as much as #be1jjj annually in profits4 ,this calls to the author's mind a patent for which at the outset was doubtfully offered #c1jjj1 but before the negotiations terminated1 the patentee succeeded in placing it upon an exclusive royalty basis4 ,the royalties paid to the patentee during the first four years amounted to over #ej1jjj1 and the manufacturers subsequently made an offer of #ajj1jjj1 for the patent4 ,in making royalty contracts with parties1 the patentee should investigate the standing1 rating1 and capabilities of the manufacturer1 and1 above all1 should be certain that the parties have the right motive in view1 and that the contract is so drawn that it will fully protect his own interests4 ,many patentees have been caught by manufacturers offering large royalties for the sole purpose of gaining possession of the patent1 that they might pigeon-hole it1 in order to keep the article out of the market1 so that the sale of some similar article in which they are interested would not be interfered with by the introduction of a similar or better article1 such as the patent anticipates4 ,there are others who propose and make royalty contracts with patentees with no other object than that of making the special tools1 patterns1 dies1 etc41 for which they charge the patentee an extortionate price4 ,the best and safest way for the patentee to guard against having his patent tied up is to bind the parties to do certain things in the way of pushing the sales1 making the necessary tools at their own expense1 and commencing its manufacture within a reasonable time1 paying an advance royalty1 or annexing some such condition to the agreement by which they will be the loser should they fail to push the inventor's interests4 ,unless it cannot be otherwise arranged1 the patentee should not transfer his rights merely in consideration of receiving a certain sum on each article sold1 as however sterling the character of the manufacturer1 there would be no certainty of the sales being pushed4 ,the patentee should endeavor to get the manufacturer to guarantee that the royalties shall amount to at least a certain pre-stipulated sum each year1 or within a period of time1 and that such sum shall absolutely be paid to him by the manufacturer1 irrespective of sales4 ,this insures that the manufacturer will be obliged to push the sales of the article1 and do it justice1 since if he neglects his duty purposely1 or from lack of energy1 he is out of pocket1 and the patentee is sure of a certain income1 with the addition of a possible fortune that unprecedented sales may yield him4 ,however1 manufacturers are not always willing to agree to this condition1 unless the guaranteed amount is exceedingly reasonable2 they will usually simply agree to do their best1 and if the sales do not reach a certain figure each year1 the patentee shall have the option of cancelling the agreement1 and receiving back the patent free and clear4 ,royalty licenses can either be exclusive or non-exclusive2 that is1 with an exclusive contract the manufacturer has the exclusive right to manufacture the article1 excluding all others2 non-exclusive is simply a shop-right1 in consideration of which the manufacturer agrees to pay the patentee or owner of the patent a stipulated price or percentage upon each article made or sold4 ,the license can also be exclusive in a certain section1 county1 ,state1 or a number of ,states1 as may be agreed upon4 ,any number of conditions that may be agreed upon may be annexed to and form a part of the contract1 and such an agreement should be drawn up in compliance with the terms and conditions agreed upon by a competent attorney1 or one skilled in matters of this kind4 ,sidenote3 ,manufacturing and ,forming ,companies4 ,if the patentee has a really good invention1 often he cannot do better than to retain the patent and work it himself1 in case he has the ability to do so4 ,if he cannot conduct the manufacturing alone1 he may be able to secure a partner with just sufficient funds1 and equal common sense and business acumen1 to add the necessary elements to the firm to achieve success4 ,in some cases1 if the patentee does not wish to retain the whole patent for his own use1 an excellent plan is to commence the manufacture of the invention in a suitable locality1 and after the business is so far under way as to show progress and profit1 then sell out the business with license under the patent4 ,to illustrate3 a gentleman in ,illinois1 having obtained a patent on a farming implement1 succeeded in interesting a party in his own neighborhood to join with him in its manufacture1 which soon proved successful and remunerative1 and in a short time he was able to sell out his interest in the business to his partner1 with license under the patent1 after which the patentee started its manufacture in a number of places elsewhere1 and1 at the same time1 granting licenses and selling territory in still other sections1 where he was unable to work the invention4 ,in this way he made a fair fortune from his invention1 realizing about as much from each business established as he could have probably obtained for the entire patent if sold outright at first4 ,in this manner the patentee1 with a valuable patent on an article of general usefulness1 could go on and establish its manufacture in any number of places1 and sell out with license under the patent4 ,if the first experiment is successful1 it is an easy matter to carry the method out in other places1 and the business can be readily disposed of anywhere1 if it can be shown to be on a paying basis4 ,sidenote3 ,to ,organize ,stock ,companies ,in recent years many inventors have been quite successful in organizing stock companies on the basis of their patents4 ,this is considered one of the best ways for handling patents for large and promising inventions1 and it is a method that any patentee1 with ordinary business ability1 should be able to carry out successfully1 providing his invention is of sufficient merit and importance to form a suitable basis for a successful stock company4 ,many stock companies are incorporated under the laws of ,new ,jersey1 but it is believed the ,state of ,west ,virginia is also very favorable to corporations4 ,the entire expense for incorporating a company under the laws of the latter ,state should not exceed #aej4 ,the company can be incorporated for any amount2 large or small1 one hundred dollars or five millions1 cost and fees being the same4 ,the incorporators need not be residents of the ,state4 ,no annual statements required4 ,the meetings of the directors can be held at any place1 and need not be held in the ,state where the charter is granted4 ,before applying for a charter for a corporation or stock company1 the patentee should mention his plan to some of his friends and get five persons who will promise to subscribe for one or more shares of the stock and act as incorporators of the company4 ,next he should secure the services of a reliable attorney1 familiar with corporation laws1 to prepare the necessary articles of incorporation and legal papers4 ,the attorney will advise the patentee how to proceed properly in organizing his company1 and as to the securing of the stock certificates1 subscription blanks1 seal1 etc4 ,these1 including the attorney's fee1 should not cost the patentee more than #ej4 ,it is well to have some stationery printed with the proposed name of the company and business displayed thereon2 and also a prospectus published1 setting forth the invention and the plans of the company for introducing it1 etc4 ,quite often the patentee can find enough idle capital in his immediate neighborhood to float a good portion of the stock4 ,capital is more easily secured by the formation of a stock company than by any other means1 as people can subscribe for small or large amounts1 and they often prove good investments4 ,in soliciting subscriptions for stock1 it is desirable to get as many prominent and influential men to buy one or more shares at first to head the list--their names will be a great aid in making further sales4 ,ordinarily the promoter only collects ten per cent1 of the amount subscribed1 the balance being subject to the call of the board of directors4 ,after it is ascertained that the shares or stock are being rapidly subscribed for and selling fully up to expectation1 the patentee can have the incorporators sign the charter application and have the attorney file it with the proper ,state authorities4 ,this will cost the patentee about #ajj more1 for ,state tax1 attorney fees1 etc4 ,when sufficient stock has been subscribed for1 a meeting of the stockholders should be called to elect directors1 and to transact such other business as may be deemed necessary in regard to locating and building the plant and getting the company in shape4 ,the patentee should receive about one-half the capital stock in consideration of his transferring his rights and franchises to the corporation1 the remainder of the stock is sold for the benefit of the company to create a working capital4 ,the patentee may sell a portion of his stock1 if he desires1 but should also retain a good portion of it to show his own confidence in the business4 ,after the meeting of the stockholders1 the direction of the business will probably be taken out of the hands of the inventor1 and the control will lie in the board of directors of the company4 ,as a rule it is better that the inventor does not take an active part in the management of the company's affairs1 unless he is specially fitted for the position4 ,if the company is provided with ample capital1 and if the business manager is a competent man1 there is little chance of failure if the invention has real merit4 ,sidenote3 ,trading as a ,last ,resort4 ,patentees are sometimes offered securities or other property in trade for a patent4 ,it is not deemed a wise course by most inventors to consider any proposition for a trade1 especially in the early life of a patent4 ,only as a last resort1 after failing to realize from a patent by any other means1 is it advisable to trade a patent2 and1 before finally agreeing upon a trade1 the patentee should have a reputable attorney to look fully into the value and title of the property offered4 ,he should also insist upon receiving an abstract of title1 or a title guarantee from a reliable title insurance company4 ,unless known to himself1 the patentee should never engage the services of an attorney or broker recommended by the parties offering the trade to look into the value and title of the property4 ,inventors should be on the lookout for a set of sharpers who make a business of offering worthless securities and property in exchange for patents4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,about ,,canadian ,,patents ,the geographical nearness of ,canada to the ,united ,states1 and the intimate commercial relations existing between the two countries1 render ,canada1 in one sense1 a part of the industrial market of ,america2 and owing to its liberal patent laws1 which are based closely upon our own1 inventors generally find it advantageous to protect their interests in this country1 which can be done from time to time by a very small outlay1 and thus giving the inventor the advantage of disposing of his patent or dropping it if not found remunerative1 before expending the total cost of the patent4 ,the commercial and manufacturing interests of ,canada are extensive1 increasing yearly1 and are closely knit with our own4 ,if the invention is not protected in ,canada1 it is sometimes manufactured there and sent here without paying royalty to the inventor4 ,copies of the ,rules and ,forms of the ,canadian ,patent ,office and ,the ,patent ,act can be obtained upon application to the ,hon4 ,commissioner of ,patents1 ,ottawa1 ,canada4 ,section #h of the ,patent ,act1 revised ,may1 #ahih1 provides3 ,any inventor who elects to obtain a patent for his invention in a foreign country before obtaining a patent for the same invention in ,canada1 may obtain a patent in ,canada1 if the same be applied for within one year from the date of the issue of the first foreign patent for such invention2 and1 ,if within three months after the date of the issue of a foreign patent1 the inventor give notice to the ,commissioner of his intention to apply for a patent in ,canada for such invention1 then no other person having commenced to manufacture the same device in ,canada during such period of one year1 shall be entitled to continue the manufacture of the same after the inventor has obtained a patent therefor in ,canada1 without the consent or allowance of the inventor4 ,the ,patent ,act as amended does not now require a ,canadian patent to expire at the earliest date at which a foreign patent for the same invention expires4 ,under the section just cited the patentee has three months1 after the issue of his patent1 within which to protect his interests in ,canada4 ,if within these three months he has not sufficiently demonstrated the commercial value of his home patent1 and the advisability of taking out a ,canadian patent1 he is advised to give notice to the ,commissioner of ,patents1 ,ottawa1 of his intention of doing so1 which will fully protect his interests for one year1 as under the above provision2 and if the patentee fail to give this formal notice1 he cannot obtain redress from any person who has commenced to manufacture his invention in ,canada during the year4 ,there is also an advantage sometimes in giving this formal notice within three months and delaying the grant of the patent for one year1 as the patentee is allowed to import the patented article into ,canada during one year only1 after the grant of the ,canadian patent4 ,the construction or manufacturing of the invention in ,canada must be commenced within two years from the date of the patent1 and continuously carried on from that time1 though the extension of this time may be secured upon timely application to the ,commissioner1 giving any good and proper reason4 ,the time for importation is also sometimes extended upon proper application4 ,canadian patents are granted originally for a term of eighteen years1 the ,government fee being #fj for the eighteen years1 but at the election of the patentee this fee may be divided into three payments of #bj each1 as follows3 #bj at the time of the grant1 #bj at the expiration of the sixth year1 if the owner desires to keep the patent alive1 if not he can allow the patent to become forfeited2 and at the end of the twelfth year1 if it is still desired to maintain the patent1 the remaining fee of #bj may be paid4 ,if the patentee in the meantime assigns his patent1 the assignee will pay the required government fees at the end of the sixth and twelfth years1 if it is desired to maintain its validity4 ,the ,canadian patent covers and affords full protection in the following provinces3 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,provinces4 ,area ,population ,sq4 ,miles4 #aiaa ---------------------------------------- ------- ,alberta #bec1jjj #cgb1iai ,british ,columbia #cij1jjj #cfb1gfh ,manitoba #gb1hgj #ded1fia ,new ,brunswick #bh1jjj #cea1hae ,nova ,scotia #bj1fjj #dfa1hdg ,ontario #bbb1jjj #b1eai1ijb ,prince ,edward ,island #b1jjj #ic1gbb ,quebec #cdg1jjj #b1jjj1fig ,saskatchewan #bej1jjj #dec1ejh ,northwest ,territories #a1ibb1gej #aj1jjj ,yukon #bjj1jjj ---- ---------------------- ,,total #c1gjh1bbj #g1jha1hfi ---------------------------------------- ------ ,sidenote3 ,selling ,canadian ,patents4 ,in selling ,canadian patents1 the patentee will proceed in much the same way as in the ,united ,states1 though he cannot expect1 nor should he ask1 more than about one-third as much for the ,canadian patent as he receives1 or expects1 from the ,united ,states patent4 ,patents are not as readily sold in ,canada as here1 but if the inventor has a useful invention of merit1 which is being manufactured profitably in the ,united ,states1 he will have no trouble in disposing of his ,canadian patent at a satisfactory price4 ,it is in nearly all cases advisable for the inventor to first put his invention upon the market in the ,united ,states before trying to realize from his ,canadian interests1 as it will be found difficult to interest ,canadian capital in a patent that has not been first put into practice here2 and if the patentee be able to dispose of his ,canadian patent at all1 it is usually for a very insignificant sum2 whereas1 on the other hand1 if the patentee fully protects his interests there1 and proceeds to put the invention upon the home market1 he will not only be able to present his ,canadian patent in a more favorable and forcible way by proving its commercial value1 but he will undoubtedly get better offers1 and realize full value for his ,canadian interests1 in exact proportion to the success of his invention in the ,united ,states4 ,,population ,,of ,,canadian ,,cities 7,compiled from the ,census of #aiaa7 ,montreal #djf1aig ,new ,westminster #ac1cid ,toronto #cgf1bdj ,stratford #ab1ibi ,winnipeg #ace1ddj ,owen ,sound #ab1eee ,vancouver #ajj1ccc ,st4 ,catharines #ab1dfj ,ottawa #hf1cdj ,saskatoon #ab1jjb ,hamilton #ha1hig ,verdun #aa1fbb ,quebec #gh1jfg ,moncton #aa1cai ,london #df1agg ,port ,arthur #aa1baf ,halifax #df1jha ,lachine #aj1ggh ,calgary #dc1gcf ,chatham #aj1gfj ,st4 ,john #db1cfc ,galt #aj1bii ,victoria #ca1fbj ,sault ,ste4 ,marie #aj1agi ,regina #cj1baj ,sarnia #i1icf ,edmonton #bd1hhb ,belleville #i1hej ,brantford #bc1jdf ,st4 ,hyacinthe #i1gig ,kingston #ah1hae ,valleyfield #i1ddg ,maissonneuve #ah1fgd ,brockville #i1cgb ,peterboro #ah1cab ,woodstock #i1cba ,windsor #ag1hai ,niagara ,falls #i1bde ,sydney ,town #ag1fag ,sorel #h1dai ,hull #ag1ehe ,nanaimo #h1cje ,glace ,bay #af1efa ,lethbridge #h1jdh ,fort ,william #af1dih ,vancouver1 ,north #g1gha ,sherbrooke #af1die ,north ,bay #g1gah ,vancouver1 ,south #af1jba ,st4 ,boniface #g1gag ,berlin #ae1aib ,sydney ,mines #g1dfd ,guelph #ae1adh ,levis #g1ddh ,st4 ,thomas #ad1jej ,oshawa #g1dcc ,brandon #ac1hcg ,collingwood #g1jgg ,moose ,jaw #ac1hbd ,fredericton #g1jbh ,,chapter ,,viii ,,decisions ,,and ,,notes ,the following digest will be found to contain much useful information for the patentee1 it being a carefully selected list of decisions affecting assignments1 territorial grants1 licenses1 ,state laws1 etc42 including those rendered by the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states1 the ,circuit ,court of ,appeals1 ,state ,courts1 and of various ,commissioners of ,patents1 all of which decisions enunciate well-settled and controlling principles of ,patent ,law4 ,sidenote3 ,assignments4 ,assignments of patents are not required to be under seal4 ,the statutes simply provide that every patent1 or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing4 7,gottfried vs4 ,miller1 ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,c4 ,decided ,jan4 #bc1 #ahhb47 ,a contract assigning a patent and all future improvements thereon is enforceable against assignees of such improvements who take notice of the contract4 7,westinghouse ,air ,brake ,co4 vs4 ,chicago ,brake and ,mfg4 ,co41 #he ,f4 ,r41 #ghf47 ,each co-owner of a patent may use his right without the concurrence of the others and license at will4 7,washburn ,moen ,co4 vs4 ,chicago ,wire ,fence ,co41 #aji ,ill41 #ga47 ,owners of a patent are tenants in common1 and each1 as an incident of his ownership1 has the right to use the patent or manufacture under it4 ,but neither can be compelled by his co-owner to join in such use or work1 or be liable for the losses which may occur1 or to account for the profits which may arise from such use4 7,de ,witt vs4 ,elmira ,nobles ,mfg4 ,co41 #ab ,n4 ,y4 ,spur41 #cja47 ,joint owners of a patent1 right are not copartners1 and in the absence of any express contract each is at liberty to use his moiety as he may think fit1 without any liability to or accounting to the other for profits or losses4 7,vose vs4 ,singer1 #d ,allen 7,mass471 #bbf2 vide ,pitt vs4 ,hall1 #c ,blatch41 #bja47 ,although an assignment of patent is not recorded within three months1 it is binding on the assignor1 and he cannot sell the patent again4 7,ex parte ,waters1 ,com4 ,dec41 #ahii1 p4 #db47 ,a verbal license or interest in an invention has no effect as against a subsequent assignee without notice of such verbal license or interest4 7,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,c41 ,gates ,iron ,works vs4 ,fraser et al41 #ahid1 ,c4 ,d41 #cjd47 ,an assignment to assign future patents1 in consideration of the assignee's paying the expense of taking them out1 is broken by his refusal to pay for and take out a particular patent when requested1 and a subsequent assignment to another conveys a perfect title4 7,buck vs4 ,timony1 #gh ,fed4 ,rep41 #dhg47 ,any assignment which does not convey to the assignee the entire and unqualified monopoly which the patentee holds in the territory specified1 or an undivided interest in the entire monopoly1 is a mere license4 7,sanford vs4 ,messer1 #b ,o4 ,g41 #dgj47 ,when a party does license1 grant1 and convey any invention which he may hereafter make1 this gives only an equitable right to have an assignment made1 and this right may be defeated by assignment of the patent to a purchaser for value without notice of this equity4 7,regan ,vapor ,engine ,co4 vs4 ,pacific ,gas ,engine ,co4 7,nineth ,cir471 #g ,u4 ,s41 ,app41 #gc47 ,sidenote3 ,territorial ,grants4 ,a territorial grantee cannot be restrained from advertising and selling within his territory1 even though the purchasers may take the patented article outside the vendor's territory4 7,hatch vs4 ,hall1 #bb ,fed4 ,rep41 #dhc47 ,one who buys patented articles of manufacture from an assignee for a specified territory becomes possessed of an absolute property in such articles1 unrestricted in time or place4 7,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,c41 ,keller et al4 vs4 ,standard ,folding ,bed ,co41 #ga ,o4 ,g41 #dea47 ,the sale of a patented machine by one authorized to sell1 conveys the whole ownership to the purchaser1 who may sell it again to another4 7,morgan ,envelope ,co4 vs4 ,albany ,perforated ,wrapping ,paper ,co41 #aeb ,u4 ,s4 #dbe47 ,sidenote3 ,licenses4 ,every person who pays the patentee for a license to use his process becomes the owner of the product1 and may sell it to whom he pleases1 or apply it to any purpose1 unless he binds himself by covenants to restrict his rights of making and vending certain articles that may interfere with the special business of some other licensee4 7,met4 ,washing ,machine ,co4 vs4 ,earl1 #b ,fish41 #bjc2 #b ,wall41 ,jr41 #bcj47 ,a license is not forfeitable for non-payment of royalties in the absence of express provisions to that effect4 7,wagner ,typewriter ,co4 vs4 ,watkins1 #hd ,fed4 ,rep41 #eg2 #ahih47 ,a shop right is a personal license and is not assignable4 7,gibbs vs4 ,hoefner1 #ai ,fed4 ,rep41 #cbc2 #bb ,blatch41 #cf47 ,a license to a person to use an invention only at his own establishment does not authorize a use at an establishment owned by him and others4 7,rubber ,co4 vs4 ,goodyear1 #i ,wallace1 #ghh47 ,a license is not transferable unless its terms so state4 7,olmer vs4 ,rumford ,chemical ,co41 #aji ,u4 ,s41 #ge47 ,a license merely to make and not to sell does not impair the patent owner's right to sue for infringement outside of the license2 and the purchaser of the licensee's tools and materials would not carry the right to sell the product made thereon4 7,american ,graphophone ,co4 vs4 ,walcut1 #hg ,fed4 ,rep41 #eef2 #ahih47 ,a license to use a machine carries with it the right to repair the machine1 and replace worn parts until the essential original parts of the machine have disappeared4 7,robinson on ,patents1 ,sec4 #hbg47 ,a lawful sale of a patented article by a patentee or grantee1 within his own territory1 carries with it the right to use such article throughout the whole ,united ,states4 7,adams vs4 ,burke1 #e ,o4,g41 #aah2 ,hobbie vs4 ,smith4 #bg ,fed4 ,rep41 #fcf47 ,when an applicant in certain instruments assigned his right1 title1 and interest in an invention1 retaining for himself the exclusive right to employ the invention in the manufacture of a certain class of machines1 ,held1 that such instruments do not convey the entire interest in the invention or any undivided part thereof1 and they are construed to be nothing more than licenses4 7,ex parte ,rosback1 #hi ,o4 ,g41 #gje4 ,decided ,oct4 #e1 #ahii47 ,an implied license to use a patented improvement without payment of any royalties during the continuance of employment of the inventor1 and thereafter1 on the same terms and royalties fixed for other parties1 is shown where the inventor applies the patent to his employer's work without any agreement for compensation for its use further than a notice that he would require pay after his employment terminated4 7,keys vs4 ,eureka ,consol4 ,min4 ,co41 ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,c41 #aeh ,u4 ,s41 #aej47 ,a breach of a covenant in a license does not work a forfeiture of the license unless it is so expressly agreed4 7,consol4 ,middlings ,purifier ,co4 vs4 ,wolf1 #cg ,o4 ,g41 #efg47 ,sidenote3 ,patent ,title4 ,a patent right1 like any other personal property1 is understood by ,congress to vest in the executors and administrators of the patentee1 if he dies without having assigned it4 7,shaw ,relief ,valve ,co4 vs4 ,city of ,new ,bedford1 #aith ,fed4 ,rep41 #geh47 ,a patent to a dead man at the time of its grant is not void for the want of a grantee1 but vests in his heirs or assigns4 7,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,c1 ,de ,la ,vergne ,ref4 ,machine ,co4 vs4 ,featherstone1 #ahic1 ,c4 ,d41 #aha47 ,a court of equity may direct a sale of an inventor's interest in his patent to satisfy a judgment against him1 and will require the patentee to assign as provided in ,rev4 ,stat41 ,sec4 #dhih1 and if he refuses1 will appoint a trustee to make the assignment4 7,murray vs4 ,ager1 #bj ,o4 ,g41 #acaa47 ,a patent right cannot be seized and sold on execution4 7,carver vs4 ,peck1 #aca ,mass41 #bia47 ,a receiver cannot1 under his general powers1 convey the legal title to a patent 7,adams vs4 ,howard1 #bc ,blatch41 #bg71 but a court may compel an insolvent to assign his patent to a trustee or receiver4 7,pacific ,bank vs4 ,robinson1 #bj ,o4 ,g41 #acad2 ,murray vs4 ,ager1 #bj ,o4 ,g41 #acaa47 ,a patentee who assigns his patent cannot1 when sued for infringement1 contest the validity thereof4 7,griffith vs4 ,shaw1 #hi ,fed4 ,rep41 #cac47 ,,rules ,,of ,,practice ,the following from the ,rules of ,practice in the ,united ,states ,patent ,office may be perused with interest to the patentee2 a copy of which1 together with a copy of the ,patent ,laws1 will be mailed free to any person upon addressing the ,hon4 ,commissioner of ,patents1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 requesting the same2 these being the only books or pamphlets published by the ,office for gratuitous distribution4 ,sidenote3 ,assignments4 ,every patent or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing2 and the patentee or his assigns or legal representatives may1 in like manner1 grant and convey an exclusive right under the patent to the whole or any specified part of the ,united ,states4 ,interests in patents may be vested in assignees1 in grantees of exclusive sectional rights1 in mortgagees1 and in licensees4 ,sidenote3 ,assignees4 ,an assignee is a transferee of the whole interest of the original patent or of an undivided part of such whole interest1 extending to every portion of the ,united ,states4 ,the assignment must be written or printed and duly signed4 ,sidenote3 ,grantees4 ,a grantee acquires by the grant the exclusive right under the patent to make and use and to grant to others the right to make and use1 the thing patented within and throughout some specified part of the ,united ,states1 excluding the patentee therefrom4 ,the grant must be written or printed and be duly signed4 ,sidenote3 ,mortgages4 ,a mortgage must be written or printed and duly signed4 ,sidenote3 ,licensees4 ,a licensee takes an interest less than or different from either of the others4 ,a license may be oral1 written1 or printed1 and if written or printed1 must be duly signed4 ,sidenote3 ,must be ,recorded4 ,an assignment1 grant1 or conveyance of a patent will be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration without notice unless recorded in the ,patent ,office within three months from the date thereof4 ,if any such assignment1 grant1 or conveyance of any patent shall be acknowledged before any notary public of the several ,states or territories1 or the ,district of ,columbia1 or any commissioner of the ,united ,states ,circuit ,court1 or before any secretary of legation1 or consular officer authorized to administer oaths or perform notarial acts under ,section #agej of the ,revised ,statutes1 the certificate of such acknowledgment1 under the hand and official seal of such notary or other officer1 shall be prima facie evidence of the execution of such assignment1 grant1 or conveyance4 ,no instrument will be recorded which does not1 in the judgment of the ,commissioner1 amount to an assignment1 grant1 mortgage1 lien1 encumbrance1 or license1 or which does not affect the title of the patent or invention to which it relates4 ,such instruments should identify the patent by date and number2 or1 if the invention is unpatented1 the name of the inventor1 the serial number1 and date of the application should be stated4 ,sidenote3 ,conditional ,assignments4 ,assignments which are made conditional on the performance of certain stipulations1 as the conditional payment of money1 if recorded in the office are regarded as absolute assignments until cancelled with the written consent of both parties1 or by the decree of a competent court4 ,the office has no means for determining whether such conditions have been filled4 7,rev4 ,stat41 ,sec4 #dhih47 ,,state ,,laws ,,on ,,selling ,,patents ,in some ,states1 laws have been passed by which attempts have been made to regulate or prevent the sale of patent rights within their borders1 by imposing upon patentees or their agents certain ,state restrictions1 such as requiring the filing of copies of patents1 making and filing proofs1 taking out licenses1 procuring certificates1 complying with forms1 or prescribing the terms of a note to be given for a patent4 ,while it has never been squarely brought before the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court1 with the result that much conflicting legislation has been enacted by the different ,states1 it may be said1 as a general proposition1 that a ,state or municipality1 through the medium of its ,legislature or officials1 has no constitutional right to make or enforce laws which in any way affect or control the transfer1 sale1 or other disposition of ,united ,states ,letters ,patent2 or to interfere in any manner with the patentee going into the open market anywhere to sell his rights conferred by the patent4 ,it is a well-established principle of law that ,congress has exclusive right and power to legislate on the subjects specially assigned to it by the ,constitution1 while power is delegated to the several ,states to legislate on those subjects not thus expressly placed within the control of ,congress4 ,it would seem clear that there can be no ,state interference with the rights which are incident to the grant of ,letters ,patent and expressly conferred thereby4 ,ohio was the first ,state attempting to place restrictions upon the handling of patent rights1 which1 in #ahfh1 passed an act requiring any person1 before offering for sale a patent right in any county1 to submit the patent to the ,probate ,judge of the county1 and make affidavit before said judge that the patent was in force1 and that the applicant had the right to sell1 and also requiring that any written obligation taken on the sale of such right should bear on its face the words1 ,given for a ,patent ,right4 ,the portion of the ,ohio statute relating to the making and filing proofs was subsequently made the law in ,illinois1 ,minnesota1 ,indiana1 ,nebraska1 and ,kansas1 while the requirement that written obligations given for a patent right should bear such statement written upon its face was made the law in ,vermont1 ,michigan1 ,pennsylvania1 ,wisconsin1 ,new ,york1 ,connecticut1 and ,arkansas4 ,in view of the decisions rendered by the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states in the cases of ex parte ,robinson1 #b ,bissel1 #cji1 and ,webber vs4 ,virginia1 #ajc ,u4 ,s41 #cdg2 #bj ,o4 ,g41 #acf1 some of the ,states repealed their statutes relating to the filing of proofs1 while others did not--notably ,indiana and ,kansas1 where the statute still remains in force4 ,while the ,supreme ,court in the above cases did not decide the constitutionality of the ,state statutes1 it was clearly indicated that property in inventions existed by virtue of the laws of ,congress1 and that no ,state had any right to interfere with its enjoyment1 or to annex conditions to the grant1 and that the patentee had a right to go into the open market anywhere in the ,united ,states and sell his property4 ,it also established the proposition that a ,state may require the taking out of a license for the sale of the manufactured article covered by the patent2 and the patentee should keep in mind the distinction between selling patents1 or patent privileges1 and the selling of goods or manufactured articles1 as all who sell goods1 whether patented or not1 must conform with the local and ,state laws relating to same4 ,the statute requiring the insertion in written obligations of the words1 ,given for a ,patent ,right1 has been declared unconstitutional by the higher ,state ,courts in ,illinois1 ,michigan1 ,minnesota1 and ,nebraska1 and by the ,circuit ,courts in the southern district of ,ohio1 and in the district of ,indiana2 while its validity has been sustained by the courts of last resort in ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 and ,kansas4 ,therefore1 the validity of the ,state statutes on the point referred to may be regarded as finally established in the last-named ,states until brought before the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,transfer ,,of ,,patent ,,rights ,it frequently occurs to the patentee that a knowledge of the legal requirements of the transfer of patent rights would save him much time and trouble4 ,patentees should carefully scrutinize all papers offered by the parties in whose favor they are drawn1 and1 if possible1 he should have his attorney to examine them4 ,there are three classes of persons in whom the patentee can vest an interest of some kind4 ,they are an assignee1 a grantee of an exclusive sectional right1 and a licensee4 ,sidenote3 ,assignee1 ,grantee1 and ,licensee ,defined4 ,an assignee is one who has transferred to him in writing the whole interest in the original patent1 or any undivided part of such whole interest in every portion of the ,united ,states4 ,and no one1 unless he has such an interest transferred to him1 is an assignee4 ,a grantee is one who has transferred in writing the exclusive right under the patent1 to make and use1 and to grant to others to make and use1 the thing patented1 within and throughout some specified part or portion of the ,united ,states4 ,such right must be an exclusive sectional right1 excluding the patentee therefrom4 ,a licensee is one who has transferred to him in writing1 or orally1 a less or different interest than either the interest in the whole patent1 or an undivided part of such whole interest1 or an exclusive sectional interest4 7,potter vs4 ,holland1 #a ,fish1 #cbg47 ,sidenote3 ,the ,language of ,law4 ,if a man were to give another an orange he would simply say1 ,i give you this orange2 but if the transaction be intrusted to a lawyer to draw up according to the requirements of law1 says the ,observer1 he would most probably put it in the following language3 ,i hereby give1 grant1 and convey to you all my interest1 right1 title1 and advantage of and in said orange1 together with its rind1 skin1 juice1 pulp1 and pits1 and all right and advantage therein with full power to bite1 suck1 cut1 or otherwise eat the same or to give the same away1 as fully and effectually as ,i1 the said ,a4 ,b41 am now entitled to cut1 bite1 or otherwise eat the same1 or give away the same with or without the rind1 skin1 juice1 pulp1 or pits2 anything hereinbefore or hereafter or in any other deed or deeds1 instruments of nature or kind whatsoever to the contrary in anywise notwithstanding4 ,it is always better and more satisfactory to have assignments1 royalty contracts1 agreements1 etc41 drawn up specially to accord with the facts1 details1 and covenants of each particular case2 and there is no one probably better able to do this than the attorney who secured the patent4 ,however1 if in the case the parties to the transaction cannot well delay proceedings to have the papers prepared by an attorney1 by adhering to the following forms in any such transactions1 both the purchaser and seller may rest assured that their rights are protected4 ,,assignment ,,of ,,entire ,,interest ,,in ,,letters ,,patent ,whereas1 ,i1 ,richard ,doe1 of ,columbus1 ,county of ,franklin1 ,state of ,ohio1 did obtain ,letters ,patent of the ,united ,states for an improvement in ,typewriting ,machines1 which ,letters ,patent are numbered #jjj1jjj1 and bear date ,january #a1 #aija2 and whereas ,i am now sole owner of said patent1 and of all rights under the same2 and whereas the ,ohio ,typewriter ,company1 a corporation1 of ,cincinnati1 ,county of ,hamilton1 and ,state of ,ohio1 is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same3 ,now1 therefore1 to all whom it may concern1 be it known1 that for and in consideration of the sum of five thousand dollars to me in hand paid by the aforesaid corporation1 the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged1 ,i1 the said ,richard ,doe have sold1 assigned1 and transferred1 and by these presents do sell1 assign1 and transfer unto the said ,ohio ,typewriter ,company1 its successors and assigns1 the entire right1 title and interest in and to said ,letters ,patent and the invention therein patented2 the same to be held and enjoyed by the said corporation for its own use and behoof1 and for the use and behoof of its successors and assigns1 to the full end of the term for which said ,letters ,patent are or may be granted1 as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me had this assignment and sale not been made4 ,in testimony whereof1 ,i have hereto set my hand and affixed my seal1 at ,columbus1 ,county and ,state aforesaid1 this tenth day of ,january1 ,a4,d4 #aija4 ,,richard ,,doe4 7,seal47 ,in presence of ,,john ,,smith1 ,,thos4 ,,jones4 ,,state ,,of ,,ohio1 ss43 ,,county ,,of ,,franklin1 ,subscribed and acknowledged before me this tenth day of ,january1 ,a4,d4 #aija4 ,seal4 ,,john ,,rice1 ,notary ,public4 ,if it is the intention of the assignor to convey to the assignee the right to recover for past infringement of the patent1 a clause like the following should be added3 ,and for the same consideration1 ,i do hereby sell1 assign and transfer unto the aforesaid corporation1 all claims and demands1 both at law and in equity1 which may have accrued to me by reason of the infringement of the aforesaid ,letters ,patent with the right to sue and recover therefor in its own name and for its own use and behoof4 ,,assignment ,,of ,,an ,,undivided ,,interest ,whereas1 ,i1 ,richard ,doe1 of ,philadelphia1 ,county of ,philadelphia1 ,state of ,pennsylvania1 did obtain ,letters ,patent of the ,united ,states for improvements in ,locomotive ,headlights1 which ,letters ,patent are numbered #jjj1jjj1 and bear the date of ,june #bf1 #aijj2 and whereas1 ,john ,roe1 of ,philadelphia1 ,county of ,philadelphia and ,state of ,pennsylvania1 is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same3 ,now1 therefore1 this indenture witnesseth1 that for and in consideration of the sum of one thousand dollars to me in hand paid by said ,john ,roe1 the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged1 ,i do hereby sell1 assign1 and transfer unto the said ,john ,roe1 his heirs and assigns1 one undivided one-half interest in and to the aforesaid ,letters ,patent and the invention therein patented2 the same to be held and enjoyed by the said ,john ,roe1 his heirs and assigns to the full end of the term for which said ,letters ,patent are or may be granted as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me if this assignment and sale had not been made4 ,and ,i do hereby declare that ,i have not conveyed to any other party the rights and interest herein transferred to the said ,john ,roe4 ,witness my hand and seal this tenth day of ,january1 ,a4,d4 #aija1 ,,richard ,,doe4 ,in presence of ,,john ,,smith1 ,,thos4 ,,jones4 ,,state ,,of ,,penna41 ss43 ,,county ,,of ,,philadelphia1 ,subscribed and sworn before me this tenth day of ,january1 ,a4,d4 #aija4 ,seal4 ,,john ,,rice1 ,notary ,public4 ,,grant ,,of ,a ,,territorial ,,interest ,whereas1 ,i1 ,richard ,doe1 of ,dayton1 ,county of ,montgomery1 ,state of ,ohio1 did obtain ,letters ,patent of the ,united ,states for improvements in ,corn-,cultivators1 which ,letters ,patent are numbered #jjj1jjj1 and bear date the first day of ,january1 #aija1 and whereas1 ,i am now the sole owner of said patent1 and of all rights under the same in the below-recited territory2 and whereas1 ,john ,roe1 of ,indianapolis1 ,county of ,marion1 ,state of ,indiana1 is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same2 ,now1 therefore1 to all whom it may concern1 be it known1 that for and in consideration of the sum of one thousand dollars to me in hand paid1 by the said ,john ,roe1 the receipt of which is hereby acknowledge1 ,i1 the said ,richard ,doe1 have sold1 assigned1 and transferred1 and by these presents do sell1 assign and transfer unto the said ,john ,roe1 his heirs and assigns1 the entire right1 title and interest in and to said ,letters ,patent1 and in and to the invention therein patented for the ,states of ,indiana and ,illinois1 and in no other place or places2 the same to be held and enjoyed by the said ,john ,roe1 his heirs and assigns1 within and throughout the above specified territory1 but not elsewhere1 to the full end of the term for which said ,letters ,patent are or may be granted1 as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me had this assignment and sale not been made4 ,in testimony whereof1 ,i have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal this tenth day of ,january1 ,a4,d4 #aija1 in the presence of the subscribing witnesses4 ,,richard ,,doe4 ,in presence of ,,john ,,smith1 ,,thos4 ,,jones4 ,,state ,,of ,,indiana1 ss43 ,,county ,,of ,,marion1 ,on this tenth day of ,january1 ,a4,d4 #aija1 personally appeared before me ,richard ,doe1 to me known and known to me to be the individual who executed the foregoing instrument1 and who acknowledged to me that he executed the same for the purpose therein expressed4 ,seal4 ,,john ,,rice1 ,notary ,public4 ,,license3--,,shop-,,right ,in consideration of the sum of two hundred dollars to me paid by ,the ,john ,roe ,company1 a corporation of ,pennsylvania1 located in the city of ,pittsburg1 ,i do hereby license and empower said company to make and use at its foundry and machine shop in said ,pittsburg1 and in no other place or places1 in connection with its own business only1 or that of its successors and assigns1 the improvements in ,lathes1 for which ,letters ,patent of the ,united ,states ,no4 #jjj1jjj1 were granted to me ,january #a1 #aija1 to the full end of the term for which said ,letters ,patent are granted4 ,signed and delivered at ,pittsburg1 in the ,county of ,allegheny1 ,state of ,pennsylvania1 this tenth day of ,january1 ,a4 ,d4 #aija4 ,,richard ,,doe4 ,,to ,,john ,,roe ,,company1 ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,,license3--,,non-,,exclusive--,,with ,,royalty ,this agreement1 made this tenth day of ,january1 #aija1 between ,richard ,doe1 of ,wilmington1 ,county of ,new ,castle1 ,state of ,delaware1 party of the first part1 and the ,metallic ,railway ,tie ,company1 of ,chicago1 in the ,county of ,cook1 and ,state of ,illinois1 party of the second part1 ,witnesseth1 that whereas ,letters ,patent of the ,united ,states1 ,no4 #jjj1jjj1 for an improvement in ,metallic ,railroad-,ties1 were granted to the party of the first part ,january #a1 #aija2 and whereas the party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing ,metallic ,railroad-,ties containing the said patented improvements3 ,now1 therefore1 the parties hereto have agreed as follows3 ,i4 ,the party of the first part hereby licenses and empowers the party of the second part to manufacture1 subject to the conditions herein named1 at their plant in ,chicago1 and in no other place or places1 to the end of the term for which said ,letters ,patent were granted1 ,metallic ,railroad-,ties containing the patented improvements1 and to sell the same within the ,united ,states4 ,,ii4 ,the party of the second part agrees to make full and true returns to the party of the first part1 under oath1 upon the first days of ,january and ,july in each year1 of all ,metallic ,railroad-,ties containing said patented improvements manufactured by them4 ,,iii4 ,the party of the second part agrees to pay the party of the first part five dollars as a license fee upon each and every thousand ,metallic ,railroad-,ties manufactured by the party of the second part containing the patented improvements3 provided1 that if the said fee be paid upon the days provided herein for semi-annual returns1 or within ten days thereafter1 a discount of fifty per cent1 shall be made from said fee for prompt payment4 ,,iv4 ,the party of the second part agrees to put forth their best efforts and use due diligence in the manufacture and sale of the ,metallic ,railroad-,ties containing the said patented improvements1 and if the royalties do not amount to five hundred dollars semi-annually1 the party of the first part may terminate this license by serving a written notice upon the party of the second part4 ,v4 ,upon the failure of the party of the second part to make returns or to make payment of license fees1 as herein provided1 for thirty days after the days herein named1 the party of the first part may terminate this license by serving a written notice upon the party of the second part2 but the party of the second part shall not thereby be discharged from any liability to the party of the first part for any license fees due at the time of the service of such notice4 ,in witness whereof1 the parties above named have hereto set their hands the day and year first above written1 at ,chicago1 ,county of ,cook1 and ,state of ,illinois4 ,,richard ,,doe1 ,metallic ,railway ,tie ,company1 ,per ,john ,roe1 ,president4 ,,license3--,,exclusive--,,with ,,royalty ,this agreement1 made this tenth day of ,january1 #aija1 between ,richard ,doe1 of ,boston1 ,state of ,massachusetts1 party of the first part1 and the ,roe ,vending ,machine ,company1 a corporate body under the laws of the ,state of ,new ,jersey1 located and doing business at the city of ,new ,york1 in the ,state of ,new ,york1 party of the second part1 ,witnesseth1 that whereas1 ,letters ,patent of the ,united ,states1 ,no4 #jjj1jjj1 were1 on the first day of ,january1 #aija1 granted to the said party of the first part1 for improvements in ,coin-,controlled ,machines1 and whereas said party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing and selling said patented article3 ,now1 therefore1 the parties hereto have agreed as follows3 ,i4 ,the party of the first part gives to the party of the second part the exclusive right to manufacture and sell the said patented improvements1 to the end of the term of said patent1 subject to the conditions hereinafter named4 ,,ii4 ,the party of the second part agrees to make full and true returns1 on the first days of ,january and ,july in each year1 of all machines manufactured and sold by them containing the said patented improvements in the six calendar months next preceding the date of any such notice2 and if the party of the first part shall not be satisfied in any respect with any such return1 then shall the party of the first part have the right1 either by himself or by his attorney1 to examine any and all books of account of said party of the second part concerning any items1 charges1 memoranda1 or information relating to the manufacture or sale of said patented ,coin-,controlled ,machines2 and upon request made1 said party of the second part shall produce all such books for said examination4 ,,iii4 ,the party of the second part agrees to pay the party of the first part five dollars as a license fee upon every one of the said patented ,coin-,controlled ,machines manufactured by them1 the whole of said license fee for each term of six months to be due and payable on the days hereinabove provided for semi-annual returns2 provided1 that if said fee be paid upon the days herein provided1 or within fifteen days thereafter1 a discount of fifty per cent1 shall be made from said fee for prompt payment4 ,,iv4 ,the party of the second part agrees to pay the party of the first part at least two thousand dollars1 less discount1 as said license fee upon each of the semi-annual terms1 even though they should not make enough of said patented machines to amount to that sum at the regular royalty of five dollars each4 ,v4 ,the party of the second part shall cast1 or otherwise permanently place1 upon every such machine made under this license the word ,doe1 and in close relation thereto the word ,patented1 and the number and date of said patent4 ,,vi4 ,the party of the second part shall not1 during the life of this license1 make or sell any article which can compete in the market with said ,coin-,controlled ,machines4 ,,vii4 ,upon the failure of the party of the second part to keep each and all of the conditions of this license and agreement1 the party of the first part may1 at his option1 terminate this license1 and such termination shall not release said party of the second part from any liability due at such time to the party of the first part4 ,in witness whereof1 the above-named parties 7the said ,roe ,vending ,machine ,company1 by its president7 have hereto set their hands the day and year first above written1 ,,richard ,,doe1 ,roe ,vending ,machine ,company1 ,by ,john ,roe1 ,president4 ,no general legal forms should be relied upon too implicitly as suiting particular cases1 and an inventor1 in order to fully protect his interests1 should consult a reliable patent attorney1 and have the forms properly prepared to suit his individual case4 ,illustration3 ,map of ,continental ,,usa ,,chapter ,x ,,tables ,,and ,,statistics ,,official ,,census ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states1 ,,by ,,counties1 ,,for #aiaj 7,from the ,bulletin of the ,director of the ,census7 ,,alabama4--,area1 #ea1iih square miles4 ,autauga #bj1jch ,dallas #ec1dja ,marengo #ci1ibc ,baldwin #ah1agh ,dekalb #bh1bfa ,marion #ag1die ,barbour #cb1gbh ,marshall #bh1eec ,bibb #bb1gia ,elmore #bh1bde ,mobile #hj1hed ,blount #ba1def ,escambia #ah1hhi ,monroe #bg1aee ,etowah #ci1aji ,bullock #cj1aif ,fayette #af1bdh ,montgomery #hb1agh ,butler #bi1jcj ,franklin #ai1cfi ,morgan #cc1gha ,calhoun #ci1aae ,perry #ca1bbb ,chambers #cf1jef ,geneva #bf1bcj ,pickens #be1jee ,cherokee #bj1bbf ,greene #bb1gag ,pike #cj1hae ,hale #bg1hhc ,chilton #bc1ahg ,henry #bj1idc ,randolph #bd1fei ,choctaw #ah1dhc ,houston #cb1dad ,russell #be1icg ,clarke #cj1ihg ,st4 ,clair #bj1gae ,clay #ba1jjf ,jackson #cb1iah ,shelby #bf1idi ,cleburne #ac1che ,jefferson #bbf1dgf ,sumter #bh1fii ,lamar #ag1dhg ,coffee #bf1aai ,lauderdale #cj1icf ,talladega #cg1iba ,colbert #bd1hjb ,lawrence #ba1ihd ,tallapoosa #ca1jcd ,conecuh #ba1dcc ,tuscaloosa #dg1eei ,coosa #af1fcd ,lee #cb1hfg ,walker #cg1jac ,covington #cb1abd ,limestone #bf1hhj ,washington #ad1ded ,lowndes #ca1hid ,crenshaw #bc1cac ,macon #bf1jdi ,wilcox #cc1haj ,cullman #bh1cba ,madison #dg1jda ,winston #ab1hee ,dale #ba1hgc ,,total #b1ach1jic ,,arizona4--,area1 #aac1ief square miles4 ,apache #i1aif ,maricopa #cd1dhh ,santa ,cruz #f1gff ,cochise #cd1eia ,mohave #c1ggc ,yavapai #ae1iif ,coconino #h1acj ,navajo #aa1dia ,yuma #g1gcc ,gila #af1ghj ,pima #bb1hah ,graham #bc1edg ,pinal #i1jde ,,total #bjd1ced ,,arkansas4--,area1 #ec1cce square miles4 ,arkansas #af1ajc ,garland #bg1bga ,newton #aj1fab ,ashley #be1bfh ,grant #i1dbe ,ouachita #ba1ggd ,baxter #aj1chi ,greene #bc1heb ,perry #i1djb ,benton #cc1chi ,hempstead #bh1bhe ,phillips #cc1ece ,boone #ad1cah ,hot ,spring #ae1jbb ,pike #ab1efe ,bradley #ad1eah ,howard #af1hih ,poinsett #ab1gia ,calhoun #i1hid ,independence #bd1ggf ,polk #ag1baf ,carroll #af1hbi ,izard #ad1efa ,pope #bd1ebg 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#ae1fgi ,shelby #ca1fic ,iroquois #ce1edc ,mason #ag1cgg ,stark #aj1jih ,jackson #ce1adc ,massac #ad1bjj ,stephenson #cf1hba ,jasper #ah1aeg ,menard #ab1gif ,tazewell #cd1jbg ,jefferson #bi1aaa ,mercer #ai1gbc ,union #ba1hef ,jersey #ac1ied ,monroe #ac1ejh ,vermilion #gg1iif ,jo ,daviess #bb1feg ,montgomery #ce1caa ,wabash #ad1iac ,johnson #ad1cca ,morgan #cd1dbj ,warren #bc1cac ,kane #ia1hfb ,moultrie #ad1fcj ,washington #ah1gei ,kankakee #dj1geb ,ogle #bg1hfd ,wayne #be1fig ,kendall #aj1ggg ,peoria #ajj1bee ,white #bc1jeb ,knox #df1aei ,perry #bb1jhh ,whiteside #cd1ejg ,lake #ee1jeh ,platt #af1cgf ,will #hd1cga ,lasalle #ij1acb ,pike #bh1fbb ,williamson #de1jih ,lawrence #bb1ffa ,pope #aa1bae ,winnebago #fc1aec ,lee #bg1gej ,pulaski #ae1fej ,woodford #bj1ejf ,livingston #dj1dfe ,putnam #g1efa ,logan #cj1baf ,randolph #bi1abj ,mc,donough #bf1hhg ,richland #ae1igj ,,total #e1fch1eia ,,indiana4--,area1 #cf1ced square miles4 ,adams #ba1hdj ,fayette #ad1dae ,johnson #bj1cid ,allen #ic1chf 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,cedar #af1jhj ,dunklin #cj1cbh ,barton #af1gdg ,chariton #bc1ejc ,franklin #bi1hcj ,bates #be1hfi ,christian #ae1hcb ,gasconade #ab1hdg ,benton #ad1hha ,clark #ab1haa ,gentry #af1hbj ,bollinger #ad1egf ,clay #bj1cjb ,greene #fc1hca ,boone #cj1ecc ,clinton #ae1big ,grundy #af1gdd ,buchanan #ic1jbj ,cole #ba1ieg ,harrison #bj1dff ,butler #bj1fbd ,cooper #bj1caa ,henry #bg1bdb ,caldwell #ad1fje ,crawford #ac1egf ,hickory #h1gda ,callaway #bd1djj ,dade #ae1fac ,holt #ad1eci ,camden #aa1ehb ,dallas #ac1aha ,howard #ae1fec ,howell #ba1jfe ,montgomery #ae1fjd ,st4 ,clair #af1dab ,iron #h1efc ,st4 ,francois #ce1gch ,jackson #bfc1ebb ,morgan #ab1hfc ,st4 ,louis #hb1dag ,jasper #hi1fgc ,new ,madrid #ai1dhh ,jefferson #bg1hgh ,newton #bg1acf ,st4 ,louis ,city #ehg1jbi ,nodaway #bh1hcc ,ste4 ,genevieve #aj1fjg ,johnson #bf1big ,oregon #ad1fha ,saline #bi1ddh ,knox #ab1djc ,schuyler #i1jfb ,laclede #ag1cfc ,osage #ad1bhc ,scotland #aa1hfi ,lafayette #cj1aed ,ozark #aa1ibf ,lawrence #bf1ehc 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,va4 #da1fda ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah #ib1ggg ,wichita1 ,kans4 #eb1dej ,san ,antonio1 ,tex4 #if1fad ,wilkes-,barre1 ,pa4 #fg1aje ,san ,diego1 ,cal4 #ci1egh ,williamsport1 ,pa4 #ca1hfj ,san ,jose1 ,cal4 #bh1idf ,wilmington1 ,del4 #hg1daa ,savannah1 ,ga4 #fe1jfd ,wilmington1 ,n4 ,c4 #be1gdh ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 #gb1hbf ,woonsocket1 ,r4 ,i4 #ch1abe ,sheboygan1 ,wis4 #bf1cih ,yonkers1 ,n4 ,y4 #gi1hjc ,shenandoah1 ,pa4 #be1ggd ,york1 ,pa4 #dd1gej ,shreveport1 ,la4 #bh1jae ,youngstown1 ,ohio #gi1jff ,sioux ,city1 ,iowa #dg1hbh ,zanesville1 ,ohio #bh1jbf ,somerville1 ,mass4 #gg1bcf ,south ,bend1 ,ind4 #ec1fhd ,,number1 ,,acreage1 ,,and ,,value ,,of ,,farms1 ,,by ,,states3 #aiaj4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,number ,,land ,,value ,,of ,,value ,,of ,,implements ,,of ,,in ,,farms4 ,,farms4 ,,and ,,state4 ,,farms4 ,,farms4 7,,land47 7,,buildings47 ,,machinery4 7,,acres47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,the ,united ,states #f1cih1dia #ge1ghh1jjjbh1deg1ghi1jjjf1cjb1ggg1jjja1 bgj1ebh1jjj ,alabama #bfb1gbj #bj1gac1jjj #baf1eaj1jjj #ga1afc1jjj #af1bgi1jjj ,arizona #h1jgh #a1bdb1jjj #db1aaf1jjj #d1iah1jjj #a1ggi1jjj ,arkansas #bad1bge #ag1cgg1jjj #bde1acg1jjj #fb1iib1jjj #af1hjf1jjj ,california #hg1fgj #bg1hhc1jjj #a1cae1gah1jjj #acb1hdb1jjj #cf1cic1jjj ,colorado #de1hci #ac1ddh1jjj #cfa1fhj1jjj #de1cce1jjj #ab1gfa1jjj ,connecticut #bf1dca #b1agf1jjj #ga1ebg1jjj #fe1jid1jjj #f1hfe1jjj ,delaware #aj1hjj #a1jcg1jjj #cd1haj1jjj #ah1aag1jjj #c1bjb1jjj ,district of ,columbia #bad #f1jjj #e1dff1jjj #hce1jjj #fb1jjj ,florida #di1hcd #e1bca1jjj #ic1bhh1jjj #bd1cce1jjj #d1dbi1jjj ,georgia #bij1dii #bf1hff1jjj #cfi1abj1jjj #ajh1dhc1jjj #bj1hhc1jjj ,idaho #cj1gda #e1bfi1jjj #bai1cdf1jjj #be1jgd1jjj #aj1dei1jjj ,illinois #bej1hec #cb1dga1jjj #c1jha1efd1jjj #dbi1fcj1jjj #gc1ecc1jjj ,indiana #bad1gda #ba1bfd1jjj #a1cbe1dge1jjj #bfd1gej1jjj #dj1hhj1jjj ,iowa #baf1hjg #cc1ije1jjj #b1gii1jbe1jjj #ded1fid1jjj #ie1bgc1jjj ,kansas #agg1bii #dc1bfa1jjj #a1ecd1eeb1jjj #aii1aja1jjj #dh1bdd1jjj ,kentucky #beh1gdb #bb1aei1jjj #dhc1abg1jjj #aej1fee1jjj #bj1gic1jjj ,louisiana #abj1bgj #aj1eai1jjj #ahi1jga1jjj #di1faa1jjj #ah1iea1jjj ,maine #ei1ggc #f1bia1jjj #he1ibc1jjj #gb1gec1jjj #ad1dgf1jjj ,maryland #dh1gfi #e1jea1jjj #afc1jbc1jjj #gg1gea1jjj #aa1hde1jjj ,massachusetts #cf1eab #b1hgj1jjj #ajd1bgc1jjj #hg1jbe1jjj #aa1eab1jjj ,michigan #bjf1cgf #ah1iac1jjj #fab1adc1jjj #bhd1iad1jjj #di1gga1jjj ,minnesota #aee1gei #bg1fbc1jjj #a1jaf1hhi1jjj #bdb1fba1jjj #eb1bdc1jjj ,mississippi #bgc1hbj #ah1dai1jjj #bej1gae1jjj #gi1ehj1jjj #af1gbf1jjj ,missouri #bgf1jha #cd1eaf1jjj #a1dda1ebi1jjj #bfh1igf1jjj #ej1gfi1jjj ,montana #be1idf #ac1dii1jjj #bbe1hai1jjj #bd1fff1jjj #aj1ebb1jjj ,nebraska #abi1dai #ch1eec1jjj #a1fac1jgg1jjj #aih1dhj1jjj #dd1bae1jjj ,nevada #b1ffj #b1ehe1jjj #cd1hgf1jjj #d1bgg1jjj #a1eeh1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,number1 ,,acreage1 ,,and ,,value ,,of ,,farms1 ,,by ,,states3 #aiaj4--;,continued ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,number ,,land ,,value ,,of ,,value ,,of ,,implements ,,of ,,in ,,farms4 ,,farms4 ,,and ,,state4 ,,farms4 ,,farms4 7,,land47 7,,buildings47 ,,machinery4 7,,acres47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,new ,hampshire #bf1iac #c1bdb1jjj #dd1cbg1jjj #da1bae1jjj #e1hgj1jjj ,new ,jersey #cc1afa #b1efb1jjj #abb1ceg1jjj #ij1ghd1jjj #ab1iee1jjj ,new ,mexico #ce1jcb #aa1bbe1jjj #ih1dif1jjj #ab1icd1jjj #d1aja1jjj ,new ,york #bad1fej #ba1iih1jjj #gjc1bad1jjj #dgc1jjh1jjj #hc1ccj1jjj ,north ,carolina #bec1dbe #bb1djj1jjj #cdb1ede1jjj #aac1agj1jjj #ah1dae1jjj ,north ,dakota #gd1afe #bh1cib1jjj #gbi1hif1jjj #ib1aci1jjj #dc1hhg1jjj ,ohio #bga1chc #bd1jgd1jjj #a1bhc1hbg1jjj #cff1iai1jjj #ea1aae1jjj ,oklahoma #ahi1dch #bh1gag1jjj #fdg1agh1jjj #hi1bie1jjj #bg1jjb1jjj ,oregon #de1abh #aa1fbh1jjj #dji1idi1jjj #dc1fbb1jjj #ac1ace1jjj ,pennsylvania #bah1cid #ah1eef1jjj #fbg1ahe1jjj #djh1aae1jjj #gj1edg1jjj ,porto ,rico #eh1cga #b1jhe1jjj #gc1ifh1jjj #h1geb1jjj #h1gaa1jjj ,rhode ,island #e1aia #ddb1jjj #ad1hcg1jjj #ab1fai1jjj #a1gec1jjj ,south ,carolina #agf1ahj #ac1dfi1jjj #bfg1ica1jjj #fc1ijb1jjj #ad1jfg1jjj ,south ,dakota #gg1cad #be1ieb1jjj #ija1acd1jjj #ajb1cag1jjj #cc1gfb1jjj ,tennessee #bde1eji #bj1jaa1jjj #cgj1ghc1jjj #ajh1hbc1jjj #ba1bfj1jjj ,texas #daf1cggaji1bbf1jjj #a1fac1eac1jjj #bji1bjj1jjj #ef1ecc1jjj ,utah #ba1dbf #cc1edj1jjj #ih1hia1jjj #ag1ihg1jjj #d1dea1jjj ,vermont #cb1eih #d1fec1jjj #eh1bee1jjj #ed1jgb1jjj #aj1afb1jjj ,virginia #ahc1gfb #ai1dgf1jjj #cic1hcg1jjj #acg1jha1jjj #ah1jgi1jjj ,washington #ee1gdd #aa1ffc1jjj #eae1iah1jjj #ed1bbd1jjj #af1fec1jjj ,west ,virginia #ie1hgf #i1ifa1jjj #bje1faj1jjj #ef1hdh1jjj #f1ifb1jjj ,wisconsin #agf1edf #ba1jab1jjj #iji1dfb1jjj #bhh1jif1jjj #eb1ghc1jjj ,wyoming #aj1ihj #h1edc1jjj #hh1hgg1jjj #h1ihc1jjj #c1gfe1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,table ,,of ,,occupations ,census of #ahij ,,all ,,occupations 7persons engaged in7 #bb1gce1hfa ,,agriculture1 ,,fisheries1 ,,and ,,mining1 total1 #i1jac1ccf ,agricultural labore #c1jjd1jfa ,apiarists #a1ggh ,dairymen and dairywomen #ag1hie ,farmers1 planters1 and overseers #e1bha1eeg ,fishermen and oystermen #fj1afb ,gardeners1 florists1 nurserymen1 and vine growers #gb1fja ,lumbermen and raftsmen #fe1hff ,miners 7coal7 #bjh1ede ,miners 7not otherwise specified7 #ada1jdg ,quarrymen #cg1fef ,stock raisers1 herders1 and drovers #gj1gbi ,wood choppers #cc1fig ,other agricultural pursuits #ag1gdg ,,professional ,,service1 #idd1ccc ,actors #i1gbh ,architects #h1jgj ,artists and teachers of art #bb1dif ,authors and literary and scientific persons #f1gad ,chemists1 assayers1 and metallurgists #d1ejc ,clergymen #hh1bjc ,dentists #ag1dih ,designers1 draughtsmen1 and inventors #i1cia ,engineers 7civil1 mechanical1 electrical1 and mining and surveyors7 #dc1bci ,journalists #ba1hdi ,lawyers #hi1fcj ,musicians and teachers of music #fb1aee ,officers of the ,united ,states army and navy #b1ibf ,officials 7,government7 #gi1ffd ,physicians and surgeons #ajd1hje ,professors in colleges and universities #e1cic ,teachers #cda1ieb ,theatrical managers1 showmen1 etc4 #ah1jee ,veterinary surgeons #f1did ,other professional service #a1efi ,,domestic ,,and ,,personal ,,service1 #d1cfj1egg ,barbers and hairdressers #hd1ihb ,bartenders #ee1hjf ,boarding and lodging house keepers #dd1cdi ,engineers and firemen 7not locomotive7 #aci1gfe ,hotel keepers #dd1jgf ,housekeepers and stewards #ib1jcf ,hunters1 trappers1 guides1 and scouts #b1ecd ,janitors #ba1eef ,laborers 7not specified7 #a1iac1cgc ,launderers and laundresses #bdh1dfc ,nurses and midwives #dg1ehf ,restaurant keepers #ai1bhc ,saloon keepers #ga1che ,servants #a1ded1gia ,sextons #d1ihb ,soldiers1 sailors1 and marines 7,united ,states7 #bg1hai ,watchmen1 policemen1 and detectives #gd1fbi ,other domestic and personal service #ac1jfc ,,trade ,,and ,,transportation1 #c1cbf1abb ,agents 7claim1 commission1 real estate1 insurance1 etc47 and collectors #agd1ehb ,auctioneers #c1bje ,bankers and brokers 7money and stocks7 #cj1jjh ,boatmen and canalmen #af1gaf ,bookkeepers and accountants #aei1cgd ,brokers 7commercial7 #e1ifj ,clerks and copyists #eeg1ceh ,commercial travellers #eh1fia ,draymen1 hackmen1 teamsters1 etc #cfh1dii ,foremen and overseers #cf1jhd ,hostlers #ed1jcf ,hucksters and pedlers #ei1jhc ,livery stable keepers #bf1geg ,locomotive engineers and firemen #gi1dfc ,merchants and dealers in drugs and chemicals 7retail7 #df1cge ,merchants and dealers in drygoods 7retail7 #db1ebg ,merchants and dealers in groceries 7retail7 #aad1iig ,merchants and dealers in wines and liquors 7retail7 #aj1jgh ,merchants and dealers in wines and liquors 7wholesale7 #c1fdc ,merchants and dealers not specified 7retail7 #ddf1bfb ,merchants and dealers 7wholesale71 importers and shipping merchants #bg1ddc ,messengers1 and errand and office boys #ea1cee ,newspaper carriers and newsboys #e1bhh ,officials of banks and insurance1 trade1 transportation1 trust and other companies #ci1ijj ,packers and shippers #bd1idf ,pilots #d1bei ,porters and helpers 7in stores and warehouses7 #bd1cef ,sailors #ee1hii ,salesmen and saleswomen #bfd1cid ,steam railroad employes 7not otherwise specified7 #chb1gej ,stenographers and typewriters #cc1dah ,,trade ,,and ,,transportation4--,continued4 ,street railway employes #cg1dcd ,telephone and telegraph operators #eb1cad ,telephone and telegraph linemen and electric light and power company employes #aa1acd ,undertakers #i1hia ,weighers1 gaugers1 and measurers #c1hfj ,other persons in trade and transportation #c1hhc ,,manufacturing ,,and ,,mechanical ,,industries4 #e1jia1cic ,agricultural implement makers 7not otherwise classified7 #c1gee ,apprentices 7blacksmiths'7 #d1bdd ,apprentices 7boot and shoe makers'7 #a1jca ,apprentices 7carpenters and joiners'7 #f1gfj ,apprentices 7carriage and wagon makers'7 #heb ,apprentices 7dressmakers'7 #d1cdj ,apprentices 7leather curriers'1 etc47 #dba ,apprentices 7machinists'7 #i1gch ,apprentices 7masons'7 #a1ibg ,apprentices 7milliners'7 #a1bjd ,apprentices 7painters'7 #b1cba ,apprentices 7plumbers'7 #d1fbd ,apprentices 7printers'7 #d1fce ,apprentices 7tailors'7 #b1fbe ,apprentices 7tinsmiths'7 #b1jcg ,apprentices 7not otherwise specified 7 #ce1fih ,artificial flower makers #c1jdf ,bakers #fj1aig ,basket makers #e1bbe ,blacksmiths #bje1ccg ,bleachers1 dyers1 and scourers #ad1baj ,bone and ivory workers #a1fia ,bookbinders #bc1heh ,boot and shoe makers and repairers #bac1edd ,bottlers and mineral and soda-water makers #g1bcj ,box makers 7paper7 #ag1geg ,box makers 7wood7 #aj1hhc ,brass workers 7not otherwise specified7 #ag1bfe ,brewers and maltsters #bj1cfb ,brick and tile makers and terra cotta workers #fj1bad ,britannia workers #ijd ,broom and brush makers #aj1aae ,builders and contractors #de1ihh ,butchers #aje1def ,butter and cheese makers #aa1baa ,button makers #b1fja ,cabinetmakers #ce1iae ,candle1 soap1 and tallow makers #c1dej ,carpenters and joiners #faa1dhb ,carpet makers #bb1cjb ,carriage and wagon makers 7not otherwise classified7 #cd1ech ,charcoal1 coke1 and lime burners #h1gjd ,chemical works employes #c1fbh ,clock and watch makers and repairers #be1beb ,compositors #cj1jfj ,confectioners #bc1bea ,,manufacturing ,,and ,,mechanical ,,industries4--,continued4 ,coopers #dg1dhf ,cooper workers #c1chd ,corset makers #f1ecc ,cotton mill operatives #agc1adb ,distillers and rectifiers #c1cad ,door1 sash1 and blind makers #e1jda ,dressmakers #bhi1afd ,electroplaters #b1gef ,electrotypers and stereotypers #a1dga ,engravers #h1cbj ,fertilizer makers #gcb ,fish curers and packers #a1bgi ,gas works employes #e1bbd ,glass workers #cd1chb ,glove makers #f1daf ,gold and silver workers #bj1bfc ,gunsmiths1 locksmiths1 and bell hangers #i1aeh ,hair workers #a1bed ,harness and saddle makers and repairers #dc1dhj ,hat and cap makers #bd1jac ,hosiery and knitting mill operatives #bi1eee ,iron and steel workers #add1iba ,lace and embroidery makers #e1bef ,lead and zinc workers #d1faf ,leather curriers1 dressers1 finishers1 and tanners #ci1ccb ,machinists #agg1jij ,manufacturers and officials of manufacturing companies #aja1faj ,marble and stone cutters #fa1jgj ,masons 7brick and stone7 #aeh1iah ,meat and fruit packers1 canners1 and preservers #e1hcj ,mechanics 7not otherwise specified7 #ae1dhe ,metal workers 7not otherwise specified7 #af1fid ,mill and factory operatives 7not specified7 #ic1eif ,millers 7flour and grist7 #eb1hda ,milliners #fj1hdb ,model and pattern makers #aj1cjj ,moulders #ff1bhi ,musical instrument makers 7not otherwise specified7 #feb ,nail and tack makers #d1ehc ,oil well employes #i1adg ,oil works employes #e1fbd ,painters1 glaziers1 and varnishers #bai1iab ,paper hangers #ab1cfi ,paper mill operatives #bg1hag ,photographers #bj1hdj ,piano and organ makers and tuners #ad1fhc ,plasterers #ci1jjb ,plumbers and gas and steam fitters #ef1fjg ,potters #ad1ibh ,powder and cartridge makers #a1che ,printers1 lithographers1 and pressmen #hf1hic ,print works operatives #f1gja ,publishers of books1 maps1 and newspapers #f1bhd ,roofers and slaters #g1jdc ,rope and cordage makers #h1jja ,rubber factory operatives #af1afb ,sail1 awning1 and tent makers #c1beg ,salt works employes #a1gfe ,saw and planing mill employes #acc1fcg ,,manufacturing ,,and ,,mechanical ,,industries4--,continued4 ,seamstresses #aej1jdd ,sewing machine makers 7not otherwise classified7 #hhj ,sewing machine operators #g1abf ,ship and boat builders #bb1iea ,shirt1 collar1 and cuff makers #ba1jig ,silk mill operatives #cd1hee ,starch makers #gdf ,steam boiler makers #ba1cci ,stove1 furnace1 and grate makers #h1icb ,straw workers #c1fff ,sugar makers and refiners #b1faf ,tailors and tailoresses #ahe1djj ,tinners and tinware makers #ee1dhh ,tobacco and cigar operatives #aaa1che ,tools and cutlery 7not otherwise specified7 #ag1ihe ,trunk1 valise1 leather case1 and pocket-book makers #f1big ,umbrella and parasol makers #c1djc ,upholsterers #be1fff ,well borers #d1hed ,wheelwrights #ab1hef ,whitewashers #c1iif ,wire workers #ab1cai ,wood workers 7not otherwise specified7 #fg1cfj ,woolen mill operatives #hd1aji ,other persons in manufacturing and mechanical industries #gf1gad ,,index4 ,a ,better ,plan1 #bb ,about ,advertising1 #df ,canadian ,patents1 #gc ,getting ,up ,circulars1 #ea ,acreage of ,farms by ,states1 #ace ,advertisements1 ,how to ,write1 #dg ,agreement1 ,form of1 #bb ,assignee1 ,grantee1 and ,licensee ,defined1 #ib ,assigning an ,undivided ,interest1 #eh ,assignments1 #gi ,conditional1 #hg ,basis for ,estimation1 #cb ,business ,capacity of the ,inventor1 #af ,canadian ,cities1 ,population of1 #gh ,patents1 ,about1 #gc ,selling1 #gf ,capital1 ,securing1 #bj ,circulars1 #ej ,about ,getting ,up1 #ea ,cities in the ,united ,states1 ,population of1 #acb ,classes of ,rights1 ,dividing a ,patent into1 #ei ,commercial ,value1 #ca ,companies1 ,forming1 and ,manufacturing1 #fg ,stock in ,stock1 #cf ,to ,organize ,stock1 #fh ,conditional ,assignments1 #hg ,correspondence as a ,means of ,bringing ,patents ,before ,interested ,parties1 #dh ,danger in an ,undivided ,interest1 #bf ,decisions and ,notes1 #gi ,assignments1 #gi ,licenses1 #hb ,patent ,title1 #hd ,territorial ,grants1 #gf ,demand for ,inventions of ,merit1 #i ,dividing ,patents into ,classes of ,rights1 #ei ,drawings1 ,working1 #ec ,estimating ,prices for ,state ,rights1 #ch ,estimation1 ,basis for1 #cb ,exhibit of ,inventions1 #be ,farms in ,each ,state1 ,number1 ,acreage and ,value of1 #ace ,first ,impressions ,all-important1 #eb ,form1 ,assignment of an ,undivided ,interest1 #if of ,entire ,interest1 #id ,grant of a ,territorial ,interest1 #ig ,license1 ,exclusive ,with ,royalty1 #ajb ,non-exclusive ,with ,royalty1 #ajj ,shop-right1 #ii of ,agreement 7,securing ,capital71 #bb ,forming ,companies1 and ,manufacturing1 #fg ,forms1 ,legal1 of ,value to ,patentees1 #ib ,general ,rules for ,valuation1 #cc ,grantee1 #hf ,granting ,licenses1 #fb ,grants1 ,territorial1 #ha ,how ,rating for ,royalty ,is ,figured1 #cc to ,arrive at the ,value of a ,patent1 #cj ,conduct the ,sale of ,patents1 #da1 #ee ,correspond with ,manufacturers1 #di ,write an ,advertisement1 #dg ,illustrations for ,circulars1 #ej ,in ,case the ,patentee ,cannot ,undertake ,selling1 #dd ,income from ,inventions1 #ac ,independence ,through ,successful ,invention1 #ac ,industrial ,progress ,based upon ,patent ,system1 #aa ,inventions as a ,poor ,man's ,opportunity1 #ah ,exhibit of1 #be ,income from1 #ac of ,merit1 ,demand for1 #i ,perfecting1 #bd ,value of ,record of1 #bf ,inventor1 ,business ,capacity of the1 #af ,law1 the ,language of1 #ic ,laws1 ,state1 on ,selling ,patents1 #hh ,legal ,forms of ,value to ,patentees1 #ib ,licensee1 #hf ,licenses1 ,decisions1 #hb ,granting1 #fb ,manufacturers1 ,how to ,correspond with1 #di ,manufacturing1 and ,forming ,companies1 #fg ,map of the ,united ,states1 #ajf ,methods of ,selling ,patents1 #de ,models1 ,value of1 #eb ,money in ,patents1 #ae ,monopoly in ,patents1 #aj ,mortgages1 #hf ,must ,be ,recorded 7,transfer of ,patents71 #hf ,newspaper ,notoriety1 #bg ,number of ,farms in ,each ,state1 #ace ,occupations1 ,table of1 #acg ,official ,census of the ,united ,states for #aiaj1 #ajg ,organizing ,stock ,companies1 #fh ,outright ,assignments1 #eh ,patent1 ,how to arrive at the ,value of a1 #cj ,selling ,agencies1 #da ,system1 ,industrial ,progress ,based upon1 #aa ,title1 #gi ,patents1 ,canadian1 #gc ,copies1 ,how to ,secure1 #ea ,how to ,conduct the ,sale of1 #da1 #ee ,money in1 #ae ,monopoly in1 #aj ,prejudice against1 #bf ,state ,laws on1 #hh ,unprofitable1 #ad ,pecuniary value1 #cj ,perfecting ,inventions1 #bd ,personal ,influence1 ,value of1 #ef ,solicitation ,advisable1 #ef ,pigeon-holing ,patents1 #fe ,placing upon ,royalty1 #fd ,population of ,canadian ,cities1 #gh ,cities of the ,united ,states1 #aiaj1 #acb ,counties of ,each ,state1 #aiaj1 #ajg ,prejudice against ,patents1 #bf ,prices of ,territorial ,rights1 #cg ,printed ,copies of ,patents1 ,uses of1 #ea ,recorded1 ,must ,be 7,transfer of ,patents71 #hf ,royalty1 ,how ,rating for1 ,is ,figured1 #ce ,placing upon1 #fd ,rules for ,valuation1 ,general1 #cc of ,practice1 #he ,assignees1 #hf ,assignments1 #he ,conditional ,assignments1 #hg ,licensees1 #hf ,grantees1 #hf ,mortgages1 #hf ,must ,be ,recorded1 #hf ,sale of ,patents1 ,how to ,conduct1 #da1 #ee ,securing ,capital1 #bj ,selling ,agencies1 ,patent1 #da ,agent1 ,the ,patentee the ,best1 #dc by ,territorial ,rights1 #fa ,canadian ,patents1 #gf ,in ,case ,patentee ,cannot ,undertake the1 #dd ,outright1 #eh ,patents1 ,methods of1 #de ,solicitation1 ,personal1 ,advisable1 #ef ,state ,laws on ,selling ,patents1 #hh ,rights1 ,table for ,estimating ,prices of1 #ch ,statistics and ,tables1 #ajg ,stock ,companies1 ,to ,organize1 #fh in ,stock ,companies1 #cf ,squeezed1 ,to ,avoid ,being1 #be ,table of ,occupations1 #acg ,tables1 ,statistics and1 #ajg ,valuation1 #cg ,territorial ,grants1 #ha ,rights1 ,prices for1 #cg ,selling by1 #fa ,the ,language of ,law1 #ib ,patentee the ,best ,selling ,agent1 #dc ,title1 ,patent1 #hd ,to ,avoid ,being ,squeezed1 #be ,to ,organize ,stock ,companies1 #fh ,trading as a ,last ,resort1 #ga ,uses of ,printed ,copies 7,patents71 #ea ,undivided ,interest1 ,assigning an1 #ei ,dangers in an1 #bj ,united ,states1 ,map of the1 #ajf ,population of ,cities of the1 #acb by ,counties1 #aiaj1 #ajg ,unprofitable ,patents1 #ad ,valuation1 ,general ,rules for1 #cc ,tables1 #cg ,value1 ,commercial1 #ca of ,farms1 by ,states1 #aiaj1 #ace ,models1 #eb ,patent1 ,how to ,arrive at the1 #cj ,personal ,influence1 #ef ,record of ,invention1 #bf ,pecuniary1 #cj ,working ,drawings1 #ed ,,patents ,,for ,,over ,,sixty-,,six ,,years the firm of ,,munn ,,co4 has conducted the largest patent practice in the country4 ,we file thousands of applications for patents every year4 ,our system is so perfected that every case receives the best of attention and is prepared by experts who have had special training in handling every class of invention4 ,,send ,,sketch4 ,if you will send us a sketch1 no matter how crude1 we will give you a fair and candid opinion as to whether it is probable a patent can be obtained4 ,all matters of this kind are strictly confidential and the description and sketches will be dated and placed in our secret archives for future reference4 ,this service and our ,hand ,book on ,patents are free4 ,,quality4 ,the quality of our work has given us an unrivaled reputation among ,patent ,attorneys and we are the recognized ,american attorneys for many leading ,foreign ,patent ,solicitors4 ,our staff consists largely of ,examiners from the ,united ,states ,patent ,office1 who are therefore familiar with the latest procedure and the best practice4 ,our draftsmen are all expert mechanical constructors who are able to show the invention in operative form4 ,,free ,,notice4 ,all patents secured through our house receive a free notice in the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,no better or more economical method of introducing your invention to the attention of the public could be devised4 ,we are prepared to conduct ,interference ,proceedings1 give ,validity ,opinions1 draw up contracts and attend to all branches of legal work connected with ,patents1 ,trade ,marks1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,washington ,,office #fbe ,f ,,street1 ,n4 ,w4 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,attorneys #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,scientific ,,american ,the ,weekly ,journal of ,practical ,information ,,the ,,scientific ,,american1 founded over sixty-seven years ago 7#ahde71 has become to-day the official organ of those people who really do things1 and want to know what others are doing2 it is for the one whose whole business success depends upon these great mechanical1 chemical1 electrical and engineering achievements1 which are rapidly and surely making this nation4 ,,the ,,scientific ,,american is the authority2 it is always up to date2 and gives its readers the first news as well as the most complete news of any new development in the ,sciences1 ,arts1 ,manufactures1 etc4 ,some of the department features are3 ,,handy ,,man',s ,,workshop4--,in this department those who use tools either for pastime or profit will find suggestions which will be helpful4 ,,handy ,,man',s ,,laboratory4--,this is a department of ,experimental ,science with many useful and interesting experiments along the lines of modern scientific thought4 ,,notes ,,and ,,queries ,,department4--,in which is published replies to our correspondents1 embracing the widest range of topics4 ,an able corps of experts is engaged to attend to this correspondence and the service is free to our subscribers4 ,,inventors' ,,department4--,in these columns inventors have their say2 their trials and tribulations and final successes are fully discussed4 ,inventors are also given an opportunity to present their mechanical ideas to the world4 ,there is also a column of ,patent ,office ,notes and a column of ,legal ,notes in which questions of ,patent ,law1 about which inventors and manufacturers should be informed1 are briefly and simply elucidated4 ,,curiosities ,,of ,,science ,,and ,,invention is a department of notes in which all the curious and ingenious ideas of the day are illustrated and briefly described4 ,the ,scientific ,american is published weekly and a year's numbers contain over #abjj fine illustrations and about twice as much text as a standard magazine4 ,subscription price1 #c4jj per year2 #a4ej for six months4 ,sample copy free4 ,the ,scientific ,american ,cyclopedia of ,formulas ,edited by ,,albert ,a4 ,,hopkins ,,octavo4 #ajgg ,,pages4 #ae1jjj ,,receipts ,cloth1 #e4jj4 ,half ,morocco1 #f4ej4 ,postpaid ,illustration3 ,book ,this valuable work1 which is partly based on the twenty-eighth edition of ,the ,scientific ,american ,cyclopedia of ,receipts1 ,notes and ,queries1 contains a collection of about #ae1jjj selected formulas1 covering nearly every branch of the useful arts and industries4 ,never before has such a large collection of valuable formulas1 useful to everyone1 been offered to the public4 ,this work may be regarded as the product of the studies and practical experience of the ablest chemists and workers in all parts of the world1 the information given being of the highest value1 condensed in concise form1 convenient for ready use4 ,almost every inquiry that can be thought of relating to formulas used in the various manufacturing industries will here be found answered4 ,the formulas are classified and arranged into chapters containing related subjects1 while a complete index1 made by professional librarians1 renders it easy to find any formula desired4 ,those engaged in any branch of industry will probably find in this volume much that is of practical use in their respective callings4 ,those in search of salable articles which can be manufactured on a small scale1 will find hundreds of most excellent suggestions4 ,it should have a place in every laboratory1 factory and home4 ,an eight-page descriptive circular and complete table of contents will be furnished on application4 ,experimental ,science ,elementary ,practical and ,experimental ,physics ,by ,,george ,m4 ,,hopkins ,revised and ,enlarged ,edition4 ,two ,octavo ,volumes4 #a1ajj ,pages4 #ijj ,illustrations4 ,cloth ,bound1 #e4jj4 ,half ,morocco1 #g4jj ,illustration3 ,books ,the object of the work is to afford to the student1 the artisan1 the mechanic1 and in fact all who are interested in science1 whether young or advanced in years1 a ready means of acquiring a general knowledge of physics by the experimental method4 ,the leading principles of physics are illustrated by simple and inexpensive experiments and the endeavor has been made to make the explanations of both apparatus and experiment plain and easily understood4 ,in the new edition1 the scope of the work has been broadened and presents the more recent developments in modern science4 ,an illustrated circular and complete table of contents sent free on application4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,monoplanes ,,and ,,biplanes ,their ,design1 ,construction and ,operation ,by ,,grover ,,cleveland ,,loening1 ,b4,sc41 ,a4,m41 ,c4,e4 #abmo1 #cdj ,pages1 #bgh ,illustrations4 ,price1 #b4ej postpaid ,illustration3 ,book ,a ,new and authoritative work1 covering the whole subject of the aeroplane1 its design1 and the theory on which its design is based1 and containing a detailed description and discussion of thirty-eight of the more highly successful types4 ,it is a thoroughly practical work1 and invaluable to any one interested in aviation4 ,the scientific exactness of the valuable data and references1 as well as the high character of the innumerable illustrations and diagrams1 renders this work1 easily1 the most useful1 practical and complete that has as yet been contributed to the literature on aeroplanes4 ,an illustrated descriptive circular sent free on application4 ,mechanical ,movements1 ,powers and ,devices ,by ,,gardner ,d4 ,,hiscox1 ,m4 ,e4 ,octavo1 #djc ,pages1 #a1ghh ,illustrations4 ,price1 #b4ej4 ,this is a collection of #a1ghh specially made illustrations of different mechanical movements1 accompanied by appropriate descriptive text4 ,it is practically a dictionary of mechanical movements1 powers1 devices and appliances and contains an illustrated description of the greatest variety of mechanical movements published in any language4 ,this work covers nearly the whole range of the practical and inventive field1 and is of much value to inventors1 draughtsmen1 mechanics1 machinists1 engineers and all others interested in any way in the devising and operation of mechanical work of any kind4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mechanical ,appliances1 ,mechanical ,movements and ,novelties of ,construction ,by ,,gardner ,d4 ,,hiscox1 ,m4 ,e4 ,octavo1 #cif ,pages1 #igj ,illustrations4 ,price1 #b4ej4 ,this book1 while complete in itself1 is in fact a supplement to the preceding volume4 ,unlike the first volume1 which is more elementary in character1 this volume contains illustrations and descriptions of many combinations of motion and of mechanical devices and appliances found in different lines of machinery4 ,each device is illustrated by a line drawing with a complete description1 showing its working parts and the method of operation4 ,the machines illustrated and described cover an immense field and have been carefully selected to supply the needs of those seeking either general or special information4 ,special ,offer ,these two volumes sell for #b4ej each1 but when both are ordered at one time1 we send them prepaid to any address in the world on receipt of #d4jj4 ,you save #a4jj by ordering the two volumes at one time4 ,handy ,man's ,workshop and ,laboratory ,compiled and ,edited by ,a4 ,,russell ,,bond #abmo1 #dfg ,pages1 #cgj illustrations4 ,price1 #b4jj ,illustration3 ,book ,this is a compilation of hundreds of valuable suggestions and ingenious ideas for the mechanic and those mechanically inclined1 and tells how all kinds of jobs can be done with home-made tools and appliances4 ,the suggestions are practical1 and the solutions to which they refer are of frequent occurrence4 ,it may be regarded as the best collection of ideas of resourceful men published1 and appeals to all those who find use for tools either in the home or workshop4 ,the book is fully illustrated1 in many cases with working drawings1 which show clearly how the work is done4 ,send for a descriptive circular 99 99 99 99 99 ,home ,mechanics for ,amateurs ,by ,,george ,m4 ,,hopkins #abmo1 #cgj ,pages1 #cbj illustrations4 ,price1 #a4ej ,illustration3 ,book ,this is a thoroughly practical book by the most noted amateur experimenter in ,america4 ,it deals with wood working1 household ornaments1 metal working1 lathe work1 metal spinning1 silver working1 making model engines1 boilers1 and water motors2 making telescopes1 microscopes and meteorological instruments1 electrical chimes1 cabinets1 bells1 night lights1 dynamos and motors1 electric light and electric furnace1 and many other useful articles for the home and workshop4 ,it appeals to the boy as well as the more mature amateur1 and tells how to make things1 the right way1 at small expense4 ,a descriptive circular sent on application 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,book ,,buyers ,we have just issued a new revised edition of our general catalog1 in which is listed some of the latest and best scientific and technical books published4 ,a copy of this catalog will be sent free on application4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,inc41 ,publishers1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,transcriber's ,note4 ,every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible1 including obsolete and variant spellings and other inconsistencies4 ,minor punctuation and printing errors have been corrected4 99 ,madison 7,illinois71 p4 #abb4 ,the original has a footnote anchor1 but no corresponding footnote appears in the text4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------