,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is file is int5d$ = us]s ^: text read]s _c op5 ! real 7,,utf-#h1 ,unicode7 v]sion ( ! file1 ev5 aft] mak+ ! "* sub/itutions sugge/$ 9 t v]sion4 ,?is docum5t c be us$ z-is1 b x w be mu* m readable if y op5 x 9 a ^w processor or text editor & make z _m z possible ( ! li/$ *anges4 ,! object is to recon/ruct ! real file 9 a =m t y\r own comput] or text read] c h&le4 ,:5 mak+ *anges1 be sure to include ! p]iod aft] ,sec4 & ! brackets surr\nd+ all lett]s or lett] gr\ps4 ,sec4 section symbol1 or use pilcr[ 7p>agraph symbol7 ,secs4 two section symbols ae ae ligature oe oe ligature a a ) macron 7ov]l9e1 long m>k7 ,if macron is unavailable1 use a-circumflex in/ead e i o u 7same = e1 i1 o1 u7 a3 e3 o3 u3 a1 e1 o1 u ) umlaut 'a 'e a1 e ) acute acc5t e4 e ) dot "u1 us$ 9 read+ selections ,if y h no?+ suitable1 replace ) pla9 e i4 same z above2 r>e z z ) hook at end ( bottom l9e zz two ( ^! z's 7(t5 us$ 9 pairs7 ,if ?is "* is unavailable1 try z ) c$illa4 ,z a la/ resort1 replace ) pla9 z aft] read+ ,sec4 #ai c>efully4 ,a ,e ,i ,o ,u ,u3 7capital lett]s z above2 r>e7 ,a few additional *>act]s are us$ ma9ly 9 ! hi/orical introduction1 along ) two or ?ree ,greek words1 "h translit]at$ & %[n betwe5 m>ks4 ,!y c be disreg>d$4 7a 7e 7i 7o a1 e1 i1 o ) bo? macron & breve 7long & %ort m>k7 -u3 u-umlaut ) macron -ae ae ligature ) macron ? ?orn dh edh bh b ) l9e ?r\gh /em zh ezh * ,greek lett] *i ng eng 7n ) curve bel[ l9e7 ,italics are m>k$ ) l9es4 ,boldface type is %[n ) braces4 ,boldface m>k+s h g5]ally be5 omitt$ f tables to aid readability4 ,punctuation 9 ! ,gloss>y has be5 sil5tly regul>iz$4 ,o!r typographical errors are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,middle ,,high ,,g]man ,,prim] ) ,gramm>1 ,notes1 ,& ,gloss>y by ,,joseph ,,wright ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,litt4,d4 ,fell[ ( ! ,briti% ,academy ,corpus ,*ri/i ,pr(essor ( ,comp>ative ,philology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d ,,?ird ,,edition ,re-,writt5 ,& ,enl>g$ ,,ox=d ,,at ,,! ,,cl>5don ,,press #aiag ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,london ,ed9burgh ,glasg[ ,new ,york ,toronto ,melb\rne ,bombay ,,humphrey ,,mil=d ,publi%] to ! ,univ]sity ,,extracts ,,f ,,! ,,prefaces ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,editions ,! pres5t book has be5 writt5 9 ! hope t x w s]ve z an elem5t>y introduction to ! l>g] ,g]man works on ! subject f :i* ,i h appropriat$ :atev] seem$ necess>y = ! purpose4 ,9 ! gramm> mu* aid has be5 d]iv$ f ,paul's ,mittelho*deuts*e ,grammatik1 second edition1 ,halle1 #ahhd1 & ,we9hold's ,mittelho*deuts*e ,grammatik1 second edition1 ,pad]born1 #ahhc4 ,! =m] "w1 besides conta9+ by f> ! mo/ complete syntax1 is also ! only ,middle ,high ,g]man ,gramm> :i* is bas$ on ! pres5t /ate ( ,g]man ,philology4444 ,i believe t ! day is n f> di/ant :5 ,engli% /ud5ts w take a mu* m lively int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( _! own & ! o!r ,g]manic languages 7especially ,g]man & ,old ,norse7 ?an has hi!rto be5 ! case4 ,& if ?is little book %\ld contribute any?+ t[>ds fur!r+ ! cause1 x w h amply fulfill$ its purpose4 ,,london3 ,janu>y1 #ahhh4 ,:5 ,i wrote ! preface to ! fir/ edition ( ?is prim] 9 #ahhh1 ,i v5tur$ to pr$ict t ! int]e/ ( ,engli% /ud5ts 9 ! subject w\ld gr[ & develop z "t w5t on1 b ,i h>dly expect$ t x w\ld gr[ s mu* t a second edition ( ! book w\ld be requir$ )9 s %ort a p]iod4 ,x has be5 revis$ ?r\gh\t1 & sev]al *anges h be5 made 9 ! phonology1 b ,i h n ?\ght x advisable to alt] ! g5]al plan & scope ( ! =m] edition4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( p]sonal exp]i5ce z a tea*] & exam9] 9 ! old] p]iods ( ! ,g]man language1 ,i h become firmly conv9c$ t ! l>g] books on ! subject conta9 too _m details = beg9n]s4 ,i feel sure t ! easie/ & be/ way to acquire a ?or\gh k ( ,middle ,high ,g]man is to />t ) an elem5t>y book l ! pres5t1 & !n to le>n ! details ( ! gramm>1 especially ! phonology ( ! v>i\s dialects1 f a m advanc$ "w4 ,,ox=d3 ,decemb]1 #ahih4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! new edition1 ,i h /eadily kept 9 view ! class ( /ud5ts = :om ! book 0 orig9ally writt54 ,:5 ! fir/ edition appe>$ tw5ty-eight ye>s ago1 !re 7 v few /ud5ts 9 ?is c\ntry :o took up ! s]i\s /udy ( ! old] p]iods ( ! v>i\s ,g]manic languages at ! ,univ]sities4 ,9 late ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( ^! languages has gr[n s mu* t ,hon\r ,c\rses & ,exam9ations 9 !m h be5 e/abli%$ at all our ,univ]sities4 ,! result is t a book ev5 int5d$ = beg9n]s c n[ reasonably be expect$ to be ( a high] /&>d ?an ! previ\s editions ( ?is ,prim]4 ,! grammatical introduction has accord+ly be5 entirely rewritt5 & exp&$ to m ?an twice its orig9al size4 ,! texts h also be5 ne>ly d\bl$ by ! addition ( eighte5 poems f ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide1 & selections f ,re9m>1 ,ulri* von ,li*t5/e91 & ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*4 ,! great] "p ( ,middle ,high ,g]man lit]ature is s excell5t & int]e/+ t mo/ /ud5ts1 :o h ma/]$ ! grammatical introduction & read ! texts 9 ! ,prim]1 w d\btless desire to cont9ue ! subject4 ,su* /ud5ts %\ld procure a copy ( ei!r ! ,mittelho*deuts*e ,grammatik by ,h]mann ,paul1 eigh? edition1 ,halle1 #aiaa1 or ! ,mittelho*deuts*es ,elem5t>bu* by ,victor ,mi*els1 second edition1 ,heidelb]g1 #aiab1 :]e ! ,gramm>1 especially ! phonology & syntax1 c be /udi$ 9 great] detail4 ,!y %\ld also procure a copy ( ! ,mittelho*deuts*es ,tas*5wo3rt]bu* by ,mat?ias ,lex]1 t5? edition1 ,leipzig1 #aiaj1 & also h access to ! two /&>d ,middle ,high ,g]man diction>ies-- ,mittelho*deuts*es ,wo3rt]bu* mit ,b5utzung des ,na*lasses von ,georg ,fri$ri* ,b5ecke1 ausge>beitet von ,wilhelm ,mu3ll] und ,fri$ri* ,z>ncke1 drei ,ba3nde1 ,leipzig1 #ahed-fa1 & ,mittelho*deuts*es ,wo3rt]bu*1 von ,mat?ias ,lex]1 zuglei* als ,supplem5t und alphabetis*] ,index zum ,mittelho*deuts*5 ,wo3rt]bu* von ,b5ecke-,mu3ll]-,z>ncke1 drei ,ba3nde1 ,leipzig1 #ahgb-gh4 ,an excell5t bibliography ( ! be/ editions ( ! ,middle ,high ,g]man texts-- classifi$ accord+ to ! dialects 9 :i* !y 7 writt5-- w be f\nd on pp4 #bj-ce ( ,mi*els' ,elem5t>bu*4 ,may ! new edition ( ! ,prim] cont9ue to fur!r ! /udy ( ! subject 9 ! future to ! same ext5t z x has done 9 ! pa/6 ,,joseph ,,wright4 ,,ox=d1 ,octob]1 #aiaf4 ,,cont5ts ,pages ,,introduction 444 #a ,! classification ( ! ,,mhg4 dialects 7,sec4 #a74 ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,v[els 444 #b-bb ,! ,,mhg4 alphabet 7,sec4 #b74 ,pronunciation ( ! ,,mhg4 v[els 7,sec4 #c74 ,phonetic survey ( ! ,,mhg4 v[el-sy/em 7,sec4 #d74 ,! ,,ohg4 equival5ts ( ! ,,mhg4 v[els 7,sec4 #e74 ,! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ,,ohg4 & ,,mhg4 7,sec4 #f74 ,! weak5+ ( unacc5t$ v[els 7,secs4 #g-h74 ,! loss ( unacc5t$ v[els 7,sec4 #i74 ,umlaut 7,sec4 #aj74 ,! ,,mhg4 equival5ts ( ! ,,ohg4 v[els 7,sec4 #aa74 ,ablaut 7,sec4 #ab74 ,o!r v[el *anges 7,secs4 #ac-ah74 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,consonants 444 #bb-ce ,pronunciation ( ! consonants 7,secs4 #ai-bj74 ,phonetic survey ( ! ,,mhg4 consonants 7,sec4 #ba74 ,*>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ,high ,g]man & ! o!r ,we/ ,g]manic languages 7,sec4 #bb74 ,! ,high ,g]man s\nd-%ift+ 7,secs4 #bc-g74 ,! int]*ange betwe5 pf1 b & f2 k1 g & h2 zz1 z & ss1 s 7,sec4 #bh74 ,! loss ( ! guttural nasal ng 7,sec4 #bi74 ,v]n]'s ,law 7,sec4 #cj74 ,! d\bl+ ( consonants 7,sec4 #ca74 ,! simplification ( d\ble consonants 7,sec4 #cb74 ,! int]*ange betwe5 ! l5es & ! =tes 7,sec4 #cc74 ,int]*ange betwe5 m$ial h & f9al * 7,sec4 #cd74 ,initial & m$ial j 7,sec4 #ce74 ,m$ial & f9al w 7,sec4 #cf74 ,! loss ( int]vocalic b1 d1 g 7,sec4 #cg74 ,! loss ( int]vocalic h 7,sec4 #ch74 ,! loss ( f9al r 7,sec4 #ci74 ,! *ange ( m$ial t to d aft] nasals & l 7,sec4 #dj74 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,decl5sion ( ,n\ns 444 #cf-df ,introductory rem>ks 7,sec4 #da74 ,a4 ,! vocalic or /rong decl5sion3-- ,mascul9e n\ns 7,secs4 #db-e72 ,neut] n\ns 7,secs4 #df-g72 ,fem99e n\ns 7,secs4 #dh-i74 ,b4 ,! weak decl5sion 7,secs4 #ej-c74 ,c4 ,decl5sion ( prop] names 7,sec4 #ed74 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,adjectives 444 #df-eb ,a4 ,! decl5sion ( adjectives 7,secs4 #ee-f74 ,b4 ,! comp>ison ( adjectives 7,secs4 #eg-i74 ,c4 ,! =mation ( adv]bs f adjectives 7,secs4 #fj-a74 ,d4 ,num]als 7,secs4 #fb-d74 ,,*apt] ,v ,pron\ns 444 #ec-eg ,p]sonal 7,sec4 #fe74 ,reflexive 7,sec4 #ff74 ,possessive 7,sec4 #fg74 ,demon/rative 7,sec4 #fh74 ,relative 7,sec4 #fi74 ,int]rogative 7,sec4 #gj74 ,indef9ite 7,sec4 #ga74 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,v]bs 444 #eg-ge ,classification ( ,,mhg4 v]bs 7,sec4 #gb74 ,a4 ,/rong v]bs3-- ,! conjugation ( ! model /rong v]b ne3m5 7,secs4 #gc-d74 ,class ,i 7,secs4 #gf-g74 ,class ,,ii 7,secs4 #gh-hj74 ,class ,,iii 7,sec4 #ha74 ,class ,,iv 7,sec4 #hb74 ,class ,v 7,secs4 #hc-d74 ,class ,,vi 7,secs4 #he-f74 ,class ,,vii 7,sec4 #hg74 ,b4 ,weak ,v]bs3-- ,classification ( ,,mhg4 weak v]bs 7,secs4 #hh-i74 ,class ,i 7,sec4 #ij74 ,class ,,ii 7,sec4 #ib74 ,c4 ,m9or gr\ps4-- ,pret]ite-pres5ts 7,sec4 #ic74 ,anomal\s v]bs 7,secs4 #id-h74 ,contract$ v]bs 7,sec4 #ii74 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,syntax 444 #ge-gh ,cases 7,secs4 #ajj-b74 ,adjectives 7,sec4 #ajc74 ,pron\ns 7,sec4 #ajd74 ,v]bs 7,secs4 #aje-g74 ,negation 7,sec4 #ajh74 ,,texts3-- ,i4 ,b]?old von ,reg5sburg #gi-hc ,,ii4 ,! ,swabian ,lantrehtbuo* #hc-he ,,iii4 ,h>tman von ,ouwe #hf-aaf ,,iv4 ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide #aaf-acc ,v4 ,re9m> #acc-aci ,,vi4 ,ulri* von ,li*t5/e9 #adj-adh ,,vii4 ,das ,nibelung5-,li$ #adi-aeh ,,viii4 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba* #aeh-afh ,,notes 444 #afi-aga ,,gloss>y 444 #agb-bac ,,abbreviations1 ,,etc4 ,go?4 ,go?ic ,gr4 ,greek ,,hg4 ,high ,g]man ,lat4 ,lat9 ,,mhg4 ,middle ,high ,g]man ,,nhg4 ,new ,high ,g]man ,,oe4 ,old ,engli% ,,ohg4 ,old ,high ,g]man ,,os4 ,old ,saxon ,p4 ,g]m4 ,primitive ,g]manic ,,uf4 ,upp] ,franconian ,,ug4 ,upp] ,g]man ,! a/]isk 99 prefix$ to a ^w d5otes a !oretical =m1 z ,,mhg4 wa3rm5 f 99w>mjan1 to w>m4 ,9 repres5t+ prehi/oric =ms ! foll[+ signs are us$3-- ? 7 ? 9 ,engl4 ?971 dh 7 ? 9 ,engl4 !n71 bh 7 a bilabial spirant1 :i* may be pron\nc$ l ! v 9 ,engl4 v9e71 zh 7 g (t5 he>d 9 ,g]man sag571 * 7 ,,nhg4 * & ! * 9 ,scot* lo*71 ng 7 n 9 ,engl4 sunk74 ,,gramm> ,,introduction ,sec4 #a4 ,,middle ,,high ,,g]man ,middle ,high ,g]man 7,,mhg47 embraces ! ,high ,g]man language f ab\t ! ye> #aajj to #aejj4 ,x is divid$ into ?ree great dialect-gr\ps3 ,upp] ,g]man1 ,franconian1 & ,ea/ ,middle ,g]man4 #a4 ,upp] ,g]man is divid$ into3 7a7 ,alemanic1 embrac+ ,high ,alemanic 7,switz]l&71 & ,l[ ,alemanic 7,s\? ,bad51 ,swabia1 & ,alsace74 7b7 ,bav>ian1 ext5d+ ov] ,bav>ia & ^? p>ts ( ,au/ria :]e ,g]man is spok54 #b4 ,franconian 7,we/ ,middle ,g]man71 :i* is subdivid$ into ,upp] ,franconian & ,middle ,franconian4 ,upp] ,franconian consi/s ( ,ea/ ,franconian 7! old du*y ( ,francia ,ori5talis7 & ,rh5i% ,franconian 7! old prov9ce ( ,francia ,rh95sis71 ,middle ,franconian ext5d+ ov] ! di/rict along ! banks ( ! ,moselle & ( ! ,rh9e f ,cobl5ce to ,du3sseldorf4 #c4 ,ea/ ,middle ,g]man1 ext5d+ ov]3 ,?ur+ia1 ,upp] ,saxony1 & ,silesia4 ,s9ce x is impossible to deal ) all ^! dialects 9 an elem5t>y book l ! pres5t1 we %all conf9e ourselves almo/ exclusively to ,upp] ,g]man1 & %all only deal ) t p]iod ( ,middle ,high ,g]man :i* ext5ds f ab\t #abjj to #acjj4 ,,phonology ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,v[els ,sec4 #b4 ,,mhg4 _h ! foll[+ simple v[els & diph?ongs3-- ,%ort v[els a1 a31 e31 e1 i1 o1 u1 o31 u34 ,long a1 ae1 e1 i1 o1 u1 oe1 iu4 ,diph?ongs ei1 ie1 ou1 uo1 o3u 7eu71 u3e4 ,,note4--e3 repres5ts primitive ,g]manic e 7 ,gr4 epsilon1 ,lat4 e1 z 9 ,gr4 deka1 ,lat4 decem1 ,,mhg4 ze3h51 t57 & is g5]ally writt5 e3 9 ,old & ,middle ,high ,g]man gramm>s1 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f ! ,,ohg4 umlaut-e 7,sec4 #aj74 ,! =m] 0 an op5 s\nd l ! e 9 ,engli% b$1 :]eas ! latt] 0 a close s\nd l ! 'e 9 ,fr5* 'et'e4 a3 0 a v op5 s\nd ne>ly l ! a 9 ,engli% hat1 & arose 9 ,,mhg4 f ! i-umlaut ( a 7,sec4 #aj74 ,good ,,mhg4 poets d n rhyme ,g]manic e3 ) ! umlaut-e1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two s\nds is /ill pres]v$ 9 _m ,,nhg4 dialects4 ,9 l mann] ! mod]n ,bav>ian & ,au/rian dialects /ill di/+ui% betwe5 a3 & e34 ,9 ! ,,mhg4 p]iod a31 e31 & e 7 kept ap>t 9 ,bav>ian1 b 9 ,alemanic & ,middle ,g]man a3 & e3 seem to h fall5 toge!r 9 e3 or possibly a31 z ! two s\nds frequ5tly rhyme ) ea* o!r 9 good poets4 ,,mhg4 texts d n always pres]ve 9 writ+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! old umlaut-e & ! ,,mhg4 umlaut-a31 bo? be+ (t5 writt5 e 9 ! same text4 ,,pronunciation ,,( ,,! ,,v[els4 ,sec4 #c4 ,! approximate pronunciation ( ! above v[els & diph?ongs 0 z foll[s3-- a z 9 ,,nhg4 mann man1 man4 a ,engl4 fa!r hat1 has4 a3 man ma3hte1 p[]s4 ae air laere1 empty4 e3 men he3lf51 to help4 e ,fr4 'et'e ge/e1 gue/s4 e ,,nhg4 reh se1 sea4 i ,engl4 bit bit51 to beg4 i ween win1 w9e4 o pot golt1 gold4 o ,,nhg4 tot tot1 dead4 u ,engl4 put guldin1 gold54 u fool hus1 h\se4 o3 ,,nhg4 lo3*] lo3*]1 holes4 oe s*o3n s*oene1 beautiful4 u3 fu3ll5 vu3ll51 to fill4 iu mu3de hius]1 h\ses4 ei e i /e91 /one4 ie i e knie1 knee4 ou o u ouge1 eye4 o3u 7eu7 o3 or e u3 dro3uw51 to ?reat54 u3e u3 e gru3ezen1 to greet4 uo u o bruod]1 bro!r4 ,to ! above li/ %\ld be add$ ! ,,mhg4 e 9 unacc5t$ syllables1 :i* mo/ly arose f ! weak5+ ( ! ,,ohg4 full v[els1 z ,,ohg4 zunga1 tongue1 hirti1 %eph]d1 namo1 "n1 fridu1 peace ,,mhg4 zunge1 hirte1 "n1 fride2 ,,ohg4 haben1 to h1 sconi1 beauty1 salbon1 to ano9t1 zungun1 tongues ,,mhg4 hab51 s*oene1 salb51 zung54 ,! e 9 ?is position 0 pron\nc$ l ! -e 9 ,,nhg4 zunge1 "n1 fri$e1 c4 ,,phonetic ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,mhg4 ,,v[el-,,sy/em4 ,sec4 #d4 ,palatal ,%ort a31 e31 e1 i1 o31 u34 ,long ae1 e1 i1 oe1 iu 7 u374 ,guttural ,%ort a1 o1 u4 ,long a1 o1 u4 ,,! ,,ohg4 ,,equival5ts ,,( ,,! ,,mhg4 ,,v[els4 ,sec4 #e4 ,! foll[+ are ! ,,ohg4 equival5ts ( ! ,,mhg4 %ort v[els1 long v[els & diph?ongs ( acc5t$ syllables3-- #a4 ,! %ort v[els a1 e31 e1 i1 o1 u ! correspond+ ,,ohg4 %ort v[els1 z tac1 day1 ga/1 gue/1 bant1 he b\nd1 gap1 he gave ,,ohg4 tag1 ga/1 bant1 gab4 we3c1 way1 ne3m51 to take1 ze3h51 t5 ,,ohg4 we3g1 ne3man1 ze3han4 ge/e1 gue/s1 lemb]1 lambs1 v]t1 he goes ,,ohg4 ge/i1 lembir1 f]it4 wizzen1 to "k1 hilfe1 ,i help1 vis*1 fi% ,,ohg4 wizzan1 hilfu1 fisk4 got1 ,god1 wol1 well1 geholf51 help$ ,,ohg4 got1 wola1 giholfan4 sun1 son1 wurm1 worm1 gebund51 b\nd ,,ohg4 sunu1 wurm1 gibuntan4 a3 is ! umlaut ( a be=e c]ta9 consonant comb9ations :i* prev5t$ umlaut f tak+ place 9 ,,ohg41 z ma3hte1 p[]s1 ha3ltet1 he holds1 wa3rm51 to w>m ,,ohg4 mahti1 haltit1 w>m5 f 99w>mjan 7,sec4 #aj74 ,x also occurs 9 d]ivatives end+ 9 -li* & -lin1 z ma3nli*1 manly1 ta3geli*1 daily1 va3t]lin1 dim4 ( vat]1 fa!r2 & 9 words :i* orig9ally _h an i 9 ! ?ird syllable1 ! v[el ( ! second syllable hav+ become i by assimilation1 z ma3g$e1 maids1 za3h]7e71 te>s ,,ohg4 magadi1 zah>i4 o3 is ! umlaut ( ,,ohg4 o1 z lo3*]1 holes1 mo3hte1 ,i might ,,ohg4 lohhir1 mohti2 go3t9ne1 goddess1 beside got1 ,god4 u3 is ! umlaut ( ,,ohg4 u1 z du3nne1 ?91 su3ne1 sons1 zu3ge1 ,i might draw ,,ohg4 dunni1 suni1 zugi4 #b4 ,! long v[els a1 e1 i1 o1 u ! correspond+ ,,ohg4 long v[els1 z sat1 se$1 slaf51 to sleep1 nam51 we took1 dahte1 he ?\ght ,,ohg4 sat1 slafan1 namum1 dahta4 sele1 s\l1 mere1 m1 ler51 to tea* ,,ohg4 sela1 mero1 ler54 wip1 wife1 sin1 81 bizen1 to bite ,,ohg4 wib1 sin1 bizan4 ore1 e>1 tot1 dea?1 kos1 ,i *ose ,,ohg4 ora1 tod1 kos4 hus1 h\se1 tus5t1 ?\s&1 duhte1 x seem$ ,,ohg4 hus1 dusunt1 duhta4 ae is ! umlaut ( ,,ohg4 a1 z laere1 empty1 naeme1 ?\ tooke/ ,,ohg4 lari1 nami4 oe is ! umlaut ( ,,ohg4 o1 z s*oene1 beautiful1 hoeh]1 high]1 hoer51 to he> ,,ohg4 sconi1 hohiro1 hor5 f 99horjan old] 99hausjan4 iu 7#a7 ,,ohg4 iu 7diph?ong71 z liute1 p1 kiuset1 he *ooses ,,ohg4 liuti1 kiusit4 7#b7 ! umlaut ( ,,ohg4 u1 z hius]1 h\ses1 briute1 brides ,,ohg4 husir1 bruti4 #c4 ,! diph?ongs ei1 ou1 uo ! correspond+ ,,ohg4 diph?ongs1 z be91 bone1 leit51 to lead1 s*reip1 ,i wrote ,,ohg4 be91 leit51 screib4 ouge1 eye1 h\bet1 head1 b\c1 ,i b5t ,,ohg4 ouga1 h\bit1 b\g4 bruod]1 bro!r1 /uont1 ,i /ood1 vuor1 ,i w5t ,,ohg4 bruod]1 /uont1 fuor4 ie 7#a7 ,,ohg4 ie 7diph?ong7 old] ia1 ea1 e 7,g]manic e71 z hi]1 "h1 miete1 pay1 rew>d1 gi5c1 ,i w5t ,,ohg4 hi]1 mieta1 gi5g4 7#b7 ,,ohg4 io 7,g]manic eu71 z biet51 to (f]1 liep1 de> ,,ohg4 biotan1 liob4 7#c7 ! ,,ohg4 io :i* occurs 9 ! pret]ite ( ! old r$uplicat$ v]bs ^: pres5ts h ou1 o1 uo 7,sec4 #hg71 z inf4 l\f51 to run1 /ozen1 to pu%1 ru(51 to call1 pret]ite lief1 /iez1 rief ,,ohg4 li(1 /ioz1 ri(4 7#d7 ,upp] ,g]man iu 7,,ohg4 io7 be=e labials & gutturals1 z liup1 de>1 tiuf1 deep1 siu*1 sick1 liug51 to tell a lie liep1 tief1 sie*1 lieg54 o3u 7eu7 is ! umlaut ( ,,ohg4 ou1 z lo3ub]1 leaves1 lo3ufel1 runn] ,,ohg4 l\bir1 l\fil4 u3e is ! umlaut ( ,,ohg4 uo1 z gru3ene1 gre51 gu3ete1 goodness1 vu3ere1 ?\ did/ g ,,ohg4 gruoni1 guoti1 fuori4 ,,unacc5t$ ,,v[els ,,& ,,umlaut4 ,sec4 #f4 ,! two mo/ *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ,,ohg4 & ,,mhg4 are3 7#a7 ! spread ( umlaut 7,sec4 #aj72 7#b7 ! weak5+ & p>tial loss ( v[els 9 unacc5t$ syllables4 #a4 ,,! ,,weak5+ ,,( ,,unacc5t$ ,,v[els4 ,sec4 #g4 ,! %ort v[els a1 i1 o1 u1 & ! long v[els e1 i1 o1 u 7 weak5$ to e4 ,?is e 0 pron\nc$ l ! f9al -e 9 ,,nhg4 leute1 see ,sec4 #c4 ,examples are3-- ge3ba1 gift1 he3rza1 he>t1 zunga1 tongue1 taga1 days ,,mhg4 ge3be1 he3rze1 zunge1 tage2 heilag1 holy1 neut4 bl9daz1 bl9d1 ne3man1 to take ,,mhg4 heilec1 bl9dez1 ne3m54 kunni1 race1 g5]ation1 ge/i1 gue/s ,,mhg4 ku3nne1 ge/e2 kun+1 k+1 bezzi/o1 be/1 dat4 pl4 ge/im1 to gue/s1 g54 pl4 lembiro1 ( lambs1 nimit1 he takes ,,mhg4 ku3nec1 bezze/ 7be/e71 ge/51 lemb]7e71 nimet4 haso1 h>e1 nom4 acc4 pl4 fem4 bl9to1 bl9d1 g54 pl4 tago1 ( days ,,mhg4 hase1 bl9de1 tage2 acc4 s+4 hason1 h>e ,,mhg4 has54 fridu1 peace1 dat4 s+4 ge3bu1 to a gift1 nimu1 ,i take ,,mhg4 fride1 ge3be1 nime2 dat4 pl4 tagum1 to days1 namum1 we took ,,mhg4 tag51 nam54 ,nom4 s+4 masc4 bl9ter1 bl9d1 unser1 our1 haben1 to h1 ne3mem1 we may take ,,mhg4 bl9d]1 uns]1 hab51 ne3m54 sconi1 beauty ,,mhg4 s*oene2 salig1 bless$1 namim1 we might take ,,mhg4 saelec1 naem54 salbon1 to ano9t1 suohtos7t71 ?\ s\ghte/1 dat4 pl4 ge3bom1 he3rzom ,,mhg4 salb51 suohtes7t71 ge3b51 he3rz54 ,g54 dat4 acc4 s+41 nom4 acc4 pl4 zungun ,,mhg4 zung54 ,sec4 #h4 ,! v[el 9 suffixal & d]ivative syllables 0 g5]ally weak5$ to e j z 9 ! inflexional syllables1 b 9 "s suffixal & d]ivative syllables :i* _h a second>y acc5t ! v[el 0 n weak5$ to e4 ,?is 0 especially ! case ) d]ivatives 9 -aere 7d5ot+ nom9a ag5tis71 -inne1 -inc 7-+71 l9c 7-l+71 dim9utives 9 -in & -lin1 ab/ract n\ns 9 -nisse 7-nusse1 -nu3sse71 -unge4 ,9 o!rs ! v[el fluctuat$ betwe5 ! full v[el & e1 z 9 -is* beside -es*2 -ic 7 ,,ohg4 -ag1 & -7ig7 beside -ec2 sup]lative ( adjectives -i/ 7 ,,ohg4 -i/7 beside -e/ 7 ,,ohg4 -o/72 -sal beside -sel4 ,beside ! full =ms -li*1 -ri* occurr$ ! %ort5$ =ms -li*1 -ri*4 ,! ,,ohg4 end+s ( ! pres5t p>ticiple -anti1 -enti1 -onti1 enti regul>ly became -ende1 b -ant occurs 9 a few old p>ticiples :i* _h become n\ns1 z heilant1 ,savi\r1 wigant1 w>rior1 viant beside vient 7vint71 fi5d1 enemy4 ,examples are3 g>t5aere1 g>d5]1 s*epfaere1 creator1 s*ribaere1 scribe4 ku3neg9ne1 que51 vriund9ne1 female fri5d1 wirt9ne1 mi/ress4 edel9c1 son ( a nobleman1 h5del9c1 glove1 v+]l9c1 r+2 mu3ed9c1 unhappy man4 mag$in1 little girl1 v+]in1 r+2 k9delin1 little *ild1 vogelin1 little bird4 h9d]nisse1 h9drance1 v]de3rbnisse1 de/ruction1 v9/]nisse1 d>kness1 vancnu3sse1 captivity4 bezzerunge1 improvem5t1 h&elunge1 action1 me3ldunge1 ann\ncem5t4 himelis*1 heav5ly1 irdis*1 e>?ly1 k9dis*1 *ildi%1 beside -es*4 heilic 7,,ohg4 heilag71 holy1 honic 7,,ohg4 honag1 honig71 honey1 ku3nic 7,,ohg4 cun+1 cunig71 k+1 manic 7,,ohg4 manag71 _m a1 saelic 7,,ohg4 salig71 bless$1 beside -ec4 ob]i/ beside ob]e/1 highe/4 kumb]sal1 di/ress1 tru3ebsal1 gloom1 we3hsal beside we3hsel1 *ange4 bitt]li*1 bitt]ly1 si*]li*1 surely1 wisli*1 wisely1 beside -li*4 ,dietri*1 ,he9ri*1 beside -ri*4 ,! ,,ohg4 pronom9al end+ ( ! nom4 s+4 fem4 & ! nom4 acc4 pl4 neut] rema9$ unweak5$1 z ,,ohg4 bl9tiu ,,mhg4 bl9diu 7,sec4 #ee74 #b4 ,,! ,,loss ,,( ,,unacc5t$ ,,v[els4 ,sec4 #i4 ,! weak5$ e regul>ly disappe>$3-- #a4 ,aft] l & r 9 dissyllables ) %ort /ems1 z ar1 old] are 7,,ohg4 aro71 eagle1 acc4 g54 dat4 arn1 beside "n1 "n1 nam52 wol1 old] wole 7,,ohg4 wola71 well2 g> 7,,ohg4 g>o71 ready1 mil* 7,,ohg4 milih71 milk1 zal 7,,ohg4 zala71 numb]2 kil1 quill1 g54 kil7e7s1 dat4 kil1 pl4 nom4 acc4 kil1 dat4 kil7e7n1 beside tac1 day1 g54 tages1 dat4 tage1 pl4 nom4 acc4 tage1 dat4 tag52 be3rn1 to be>1 /e3ln1 to /eal1 n]n1 to rescue1 pres4 s+4 /il1 /ils7t71 /ilt2 n]1 n]s7t71 n]t1 beside hoer51 to he>1 pres4 s+4 hoere1 hoeres7t71 hoeret4 #b4 ,aft] liquids & nasals 9 trisyllabic & polysyllabic =ms ) long /ems1 z saelde 7,,ohg4 salida71 bless$ness1 hers51 he3rs5 7,,ohg4 herison71 to rule1 zi]de 7,,ohg4 zi>ida71 adornm5t1 w&elte 7,,ohg4 wantalota71 ,i w&]$1 zwifeln 7,,ohg4 zwifalon71 to d\bt1 wund]n 7,,ohg4 wunt>on71 to wond]1 s*oen/e 7,,ohg4 sconi/o71 mo/ beautiful1 di5te1 di5de 7,,ohg4 dionota71 ,i s]v$2 di5e/1 s]vice1 g54 di5/es2 engel1 angel1 g54 engel7e7s1 dat4 engel7e71 pl4 nom4 acc4 g54 engel7e71 dat4 engel7e7n1 & simil>ly ) words l ack]1 acre1 lut]1 cle>1 buosem1 bosom1 heid51 hea!n2 groezer 7,,ohg4 groziro71 great]1 fem4 dat4 s+4 groezer 7,,ohg4 groziru72 dat4 s+4 bl9dem7e71 bl9d1 guotem7e71 good ,,ohg4 bl9temu1 guotemu2 g54 pl4 bl9d]7e7 ,,ohg4 bl9t]o4 ,aft] ! analogy ( =ms ) long /ems x 0 also dropp$ 9 =ms ) %ort /ems1 z pl4 nagel1 nails1 vogel1 birds1 beside nagele1 vogele2 wid] beside wid]e 7,,ohg4 wid>o71 we!r1 dat4 s+4 disem7e71 ?is1 vadem7e71 ?read1 g54 vadem7e7s4 ,!re 0 h[ev] a /rong t5d5cy 9 ,,mhg4 = ! m$ial v[el to disappe> 9 trisyllabic =ms ) long /ems irrespectively z to :e!r !y conta9$ a liquid or a nasal1 z m>ket1 m>ket1 g54 m>ktes2 ri*s5 7,,ohg4 ri*ison71 to rule1 ahte 7,,ohg4 ahtota71 he obs]v$1 w>tte1 w>te 7,,ohg4 w>teta71 he wait$1 vragte beside vragete 7,,ohg4 frageta71 he ask$1 dancte beside dankete 7,,ohg4 dankota71 he ?ank$4 ,see ,sec4 #ib4 #c4 ,9 ! m$ial syllable ( trisyllabic =ms ) long /ems hav+ liquids or nasals 9 successive syllables1 z dime beside dineme 7,,ohg4 dinemu71 dat4 ( din1 ?y2 eime beside e97e7me 7,,ohg4 e9emu71 dat4 ( e91 "o2 herre1 he3rre 7,,ohg4 heriro71 ma/]2 m9re beside m9n]7e7 7,,ohg4 m9niro71 less2 tiurre 7,,ohg4 tiuriro71 de>]4 #d4 ,f9ally aft] a nasal1 & m$ially aft] a nasal be=e a foll[+ t1 9 =ms ) %ort /ems1 z han7e71 cock1 nam7e71 "n1 sun 7,,ohg4 sun1 sunu71 son1 won7e71 ,i dwell2 man7e7t1 he admoni%es1 won7e7t1 he dwells1 s*am7e7t1 he %ames1 nim7e7t1 he takes1 ne3m7e7t1 ye take2 pret4 won7e7te1 s*am7e7te4 ,9 ^! & simil> =ms ! e 0 (t5 re/or$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( =ms :i* regul>ly pres]v$ ! e4 ,,note4--,! e1 :5 n prec$$ by a nasal1 0 sometimes dropp$ 9 v]bal =ms end+ 9 t4 ,?is 0 especially ! case 9 wir/1 wirt old] wirdes7t71 wirdet2 siht1 he sees1 se3ht1 ye see1 old] sihet1 se3het2 & (t5 9 =ms l gilt1 v9t1 spri*t1 /i*t beside giltet1 v9det1 spri*et1 /i*et4 #e4 ,! sup]lative ( adjectives (t5 has d\ble =ms1 ! "o ) ! loss ( ! m$ial e1 & ! o!r ) ! loss ( ! f9al e1 z be/e1 be/1 er/e1 fir/1 groe/e1 greate/1 le/e1 la/1 m97ne7/e1 lea/1 wir7se7/e1 wor/1 beside bezze/7e71 ere/7e71 groeze/7e71 lezze/7e71 m9ne/7e71 wirse/7e71 ,,ohg4 bezzi/o1 eri/o1 grozi/o1 lezzi/o1 m9ni/o1 wirsi/o4 #f4 ,9 ! un/ress$ =ms ( dissyllables1 z adv4 ane1 abe1 mite1 obe beside ! prepositions an1 on1 ab1 (1 mit1 )1 ob1 ov]2 dat4 s+4 de3me1 we3me1 ime1 beside de3m1 we3m1 im2 unde1 &1 w&e1 =1 because1 beside und 7unt71 wan7d72 he3rre1 vr\we1 beside he3r1 vr\ be=e prop] names & titles4 #g4 ,! e 9 ! unacc5t$ v]bal prefixes be-1 ge- (t5 disappe>$ be=e l1 n1 r1 z blib51 to rema91 gli*1 l1 glit1 memb]1 gl\b51 to believe1 gnade1 fav\r1 gnanne1 namesake1 gnuoge1 _m1 grade1 quick1 gre3*1 /raight1 beside belib51 geli*1 gelit1 gel\b51 g5ade1 g5anne1 g5uoge1 g]ade1 g]e3*2 x disappe>$ be=e v[els dur+ ! ,,ohg4 p]iod1 z bange1 anxi\s3 ange1 anxi\sly1 ge3zzan p4p4 ( e3zzan1 to eat1 gunnan1 ,,mhg4 gunn51 gu3nn51 to grant4 #c4 ,,umlaut4 ,sec4 #aj4 ,by umlaut is meant ! modification 7palatalization7 ( an acc5t$ v[el ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( an 7i or j :i* orig9ally /ood 9 ! foll[+ syllable4 ,! only v[el :i* und]w5t ?is *ange 9 ,,ohg4 0 a1 :i* became close e 7,sec4 #b1 note74 ,! *ange is fir/ met ) 9 ,,ohg4 monum5ts ab\t ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury ! process 0 practically complete except :5 ! a 0 foll[$ by c]ta9 consonant comb9ations :i* prev5t$ umlaut f tak+ place4 ,^! consonant comb9ations 73-- #a4 ht1 hs1 or consonant w1 z maht1 p[]1 pl4 mahti2 wahsit1 he gr[s1 inf4 wahsan2 bi-scatw5 f 99-scatwjan1 to %ade4 #b4 ,9 ,upp] ,g]man be=e l consonant1 be=e hh1 * 7 ,g]manic k71 & (t5 be=e r consonant1 & be=e h 7 ,g]manic h71 z ,upp] ,g]man haltit beside ,upp] ,franconian heltit1 he holds1 inf4 haltan2 ,,ug4 altiro beside ,,uf4 eltiro1 old]2 ,,ug4 sa*it beside ,,uf4 sehhit1 he qu>rels1 inf4 sa*an1 ,go?4 sakan2 ,,ug4 w>m5 beside w]m51 ,go?4 w>mjan1 to w>m2 ,,ug4 slahit beside slehit1 he /rikes1 inf4 ,,ohg4 slahan1 ,go?4 slahan4 #c4 ,9 words end+ 9 -nissi1 -nissa1 or -lih1 z fir/antnissi1 und]/&+2 infancnissa1 assumption2 kraftlih1 /rong2 tagalih1 daily4 ,umlaut mu/ h tak5 place e>li] 9 ! spok5 language ?an x is express$ 9 late ,,ohg4 & e>ly ,,mhg4 manuscripts1 because ! 7i :i* caus$ ! umlaut 0 weak5$ to e 9 ,,mhg4 7,sec4 #g7 & j _h disappe>$ except betwe5 v[els4 ,! v[els & diph?ongs :i* und]w5t umlaut 9 ,,mhg4 are a1 o1 u1 a1 o1 u1 ou1 uo4 ,! umlaut ( all ^! s\nds 0 complet$ by ab\t ! ye> #abjj4 a e3 ga/1 gue/1 pl4 ge/e 7,,ohg4 ge/i72 lamp1 lamb1 pl4 lemb] 7,,ohg4 lembir72 inf4 grab51 to dig1 pres4 second & ?ird p]s4 s+4 grebes7t71 grebet 7,,ohg4 grebis1 grebit72 lanc1 long1 beside l5ge 7,,ohg4 l5gi71 l5g?2 br5n51 ,go?4 brannjan1 to burn2 bette 7,,ohg4 betti71 b$4 a a33 ,f ! twelf? c5tury onw>ds ! umlaut ( a also occurs--(t5 beside =ms )\t umlaut--9 words conta9+ ! consonant comb9ations :i* prev5t$ umlaut f tak+ place 9 ,,ohg41 z pl4 ma3hte 7,,ohg4 mahti71 p[]s2 gesla3hte 7,,ohg4 gislahti71 race1 g5]ation2 wa3hset 7,,ohg4 wahsit71 he gr[s2 wa3rm5 7,,ohg4 w>m51 old] 99w>mjan71 to w>m2 ,upp] ,g]man a3lt] 7,,ohg4 altiro71 old]2 ka3lte 7,,ohg4 kalti71 coldness2 ha3ltet 7,,ohg4 haltit71 he holds2 a3h] 7,,ohg4 ahir71 e> ( corn2 sla3het 7,,ohg4 slahit71 he /rikes4 ,x also occurs 9 d]ivatives end+ 9 -li*1 -lin1 z ma3nli*1 manly1 s*a3meli*1 %ameful1 ta3geli*1 daily1 va3t]li*1 fa!rly1 va3t]lin1 dim4 ( vat]1 fa!r4 ,x is likewise met ) 9 ,,mhg4 words :i* orig9ally _h an i 9 ! ?ird syllable1 ! v[el ( ! second syllable hav+ become i by assimilation1 z fra3vele 7,,ohg4 frafali71 bold1 pl4 ma3g$e 7,,ohg4 magadi71 maids1 pl4 za3h]7e7 7,,ohg4 zah>i71 te>s4 ,see ,sec4 #b1 ,note4 o o33 ,al?\gh o31 ! umlaut ( o1 is common 9 ,,mhg4 & /ill common] 9 ,,nhg41 yet all words conta9+ ?is umlaut are really new =mations due to levell+ or analogy1 because primitive ,g]manic u 7,sec4 #ae7 did n become o 9 ,,ohg4 :5 foll[$ by an 7i or j 9 ! next syllable4 ,examples are3 boc1 he-goat1 beside dim4 bo3cklin 7,,ohg4 po*ili72 dorf1 village1 beside pl4 do3rf]2 got1 ,god1 beside go3t9ne1 goddess2 h(1 c\rt1 beside ho3ves*1 c\rtly2 lo* 7,,ohg4 loh71 hole1 beside pl4 lo3*] 7,,ohg4 lohhir72 toht]1 daught]1 beside dim4 to3ht]lin2 pret4 subj4 mo3hte 7,,ohg4 mohti71 ,i might2 to3r/e 7,,ohg4 tor/i71 ,i might d>e4 u u33 du3nne 7,,ohg4 dunni71 ?92 ku3nne 7,,ohg4 kunni71 race1 g5]ation2 pl4 su3ne 7,,ohg4 suni71 sons2 tu3r 7,,ohg4 turi71 door2 pret4 subj4 zu3ge 7,,ohg4 zugi71 inf4 zieh51 to draw4 ,,note4--,9 ,upp] ,g]man c]ta9 consonant comb9ations (t5 prev5t$ umlaut f tak+ place :]e x might be expect$4 ,( ^! ! pr9cipal are3-- #a4 ,be=e a liquid consonant1 z hulde 7,,ohg4 huldi71 fav\r2 s*uldec 7,,ohg4 sculdig71 guilty2 g$ultec 7,,ohg4 gidultig71 indulg5t2 burge 7,,ohg4 burgi71 dat4 ( burc1 city2 /urbe 7,,ohg4 /urbi71 pret4 subj4 ( /e3rb51 to die2 wurfe 7,,ohg4 wurfi71 pret4 subj4 ( we3rf51 to ?r[1 cp4 #b above4 #b4 u fluctuates ) u3 :5 foll[$ by a nasal consonant1 z dunk51 to seem1 umbe1 ab\t1 wunne1 joy1 beside du3nk51 u3mbe 7,,ohg4 umbi71 wu3nne4 ,?is fluctuation is especially common 9 ! pret4 subjunctive1 z bunde1 sunge1 beside bu3nde1 su3nge1 inf4 b9d51 to b9d1 s+51 to s+4 #c4 u fluctuates ) u3 :5 foll[$ by gg1 ck1 pf1 tz1 zz1 /1 *1 & g1 z brugge1 bru3gge1 brucke1 bru3cke1 bridge2 mugge1 mu3gge1 mucke1 mu3cke1 midge2 druck51 dru3ck51 to press2 hupf51 hu3pf51 to hop2 s*upf51 s*u3pf51 to pu%2 nutz51 nu3tz51 to use2 pret4 subj4 fluzze1 flu3zze2 s*uzze1 s*u3zze1 inf4 fliezen1 to fl[1 s*iezen1 to %oot2 pl4 bru/e1 bru3/e1 brea/s2 ku*51 ku3*51 kit*52 pret4 subj4 fluge1 flu3ge1 inf4 flieg51 to fly4 a ae3 laere 7,,ohg4 lari71 empty2 maere 7,,ohg4 mari71 r5[n$2 saej5 7,,ohg4 sajan71 to s[2 pret4 subj4 naeme 7,,ohg4 nami71 pl4 naem5 7,,ohg4 namim71 inf4 ne3m51 to take4 o oe3 hoeh] 7,,ohg4 hohiro71 high]2 hoehe/ 7,,ohg4 hohi/o71 highe/2 hoer5 7,,ohg4 hor51 f old] 99horjan71 to he>2 s*oene 7,,ohg4 sconi71 beautiful4 u iu3 pl4 briute 7,,ohg4 bruti71 brides2 hius] 7,,ohg4 husir71 h\ses4 ,traces ( ! umlaut ( u1 writt5 iu 7 u371 occur 9 late ,,ohg4 monum5ts ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,x is common 9 ! writ+s ( ,notk] 7d4 #ajbb71 z hiute old] huti1 sk9s2 *riut] old] *rutir1 h]bs4 ,9 o!r writ+s ( ! t5? to ! twelf? c5tury ! umlaut ( u is seldom f\nd4 ,umlaut did n take place 9 ,upp] ,g]man be=e a foll[+ m1 z rum5 f 99rumjan1 to make room2 sum5 f 99sumjan1 to t>ry4 ou o3u1 (t5 writt5 eu1 r>ely oi1 o3i3 lo3ufel 7,,ohg4 l\fil71 runn]2 lo3ub] 7,,ohg4 l\bir71 leaves4 ,umlaut ( ou did n take place 9 ! comb9ation ouw ,,ohg4 ouw1 auw1 ,we/ ,g]manic aww1 primitive ,g]manic awj1 z fr\we 7,,ohg4 fr\wa1 prim4 ,g]manic 99frawjo-71 woman2 ouwe 7,,ohg4 ouwa1 auwia1 prim4 ,g]manic 99a7zh7wjo-71 mead[2 fr\w5 7,,ohg4 fr\w51 prim4 ,g]manic 99frawjan71 to rejoice1 & simil>ly d\w51 to dige/1 dr\w51 to ?reat51 /r\w51 to /rew4 ,=ms l fro3uw51 do3uw51 dro3uw51 /ro3uw5 7 analogical =mations due to ! influ5ce ( ! pres4 second & ?ird p]s4 s+ul> & ! pret]ite :i* regul>ly _h umlaut2 see ! ,au?or's ,hi/orical ,g]man ,gramm>1 ,sec4 #bcb4 ,umlaut ( ou did n take place 9 ,upp] ,g]man be=e labials & g1 z erl\b51 to all[1 gel\b51 to believe1 h\bet1 head1 k\f51 to buy1 tr\m51 to dream1 t\f51 to baptize1 b\g51 to b5d1 oug51 to %[1 beside ,middle ,g]man erlo3ub51 gelo3ub51 ho3ubet1 ko3uf51 tro3um51 to3uf51 bo3ug51 o3ug54 uo u3e3 gru3ene 7,,ohg4 gruoni71 gre52 gu3ete 7,,ohg4 guoti71 goodness2 vu3eze 7,,ohg4 fuozi71 feet2 pret4 pl4 subj4 vu3er5 7,,ohg4 fuorim71 we might g1 inf4 v>n1 to f>e1 g2 buo*1 book1 dim4 bu3e*lin2 muot]1 "m1 dim4 mu3et]lin4 ,,! ,,mhg4 ,,equival5ts ,,( ,,! ,,ohg4 ,,v[els4 ,sec4 #aa4 ,,ohg4 _h ! foll[+ %ort v[els1 long v[els1 & diph?ongs3-- ,%ort ,v[els a1 e1 e31 i1 o1 u4 ,long a1 e1 i1 o1 u4 ,diph?ongs ei1 ie 7ia1 ea71 ou 7au71 uo4 io 7eo71 iu4 ,! foll[+ are ! ,,mhg4 equival5ts ( ! above simple v[els & diph?ongs 9 acc5t$ syllables3-- #a4 ,! %ort v[els3 ,ap>t f ! *anges caus$ by umlaut1 viz4 a to a31 o to o31 u to u3 7,sec4 #aj71 & ( e3 to e be=e c]ta9 consonants1 ! ,,ohg4 %ort v[els rema9$ 9 ,,mhg41 z a 7#a7 ,,mhg4 a1 z ,,ohg4 fat]1 fa!r1 tag1 day1 f>an1 to g ,,mhg4 vat]1 tac1 v>n4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 a31 9 words conta9+ ! consonant comb9ations :i* prev5t$ umlaut f tak+ place 9 ,,ohg41 z ,,ohg4 mahti1 p[]s1 kalti1 coldness1 ahir1 e> ( corn1 w>m51 to w>m ,,mhg4 ma3hte1 ka3lte1 a3h]1 wa3rm51 see ,sec4 #aj4 e ,,mhg4 e1 z ,,ohg4 ge/i1 gue/s1 lembir1 lambs1 br5n51 to burn ,,mhg4 ge/e1 lemb]1 br5n54 e3 7#a7 ,,mhg4 e31 z ,,ohg4 we3g1 way1 he3lfan1 to help1 /e3lan1 to /eal ,,mhg4 we3c1 he3lf51 /e3ln4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 e1 be=e /1 s*1 & palatal g1 z ,,ohg4 ne3/1 ne/1 swe3/]1 si/] ,,mhg4 ne/1 swe/]2 & simil>ly1 ge/]n1 ye/]day1 de/e1 all ! m1 we/e1 ,i knew1 dres*51 to ?ra%1 les*51 to g out1 deg51 w>rior2 & also 9 a few words be=e a foll[+ l1 z helm1 helmet1 vels1 rock1 wel*1 :i*1 c4 i ,,mhg4 i1 z ,,ohg4 fisk1 fi%1 nimu1 ,i take1 wizzan1 to "k ,,mhg4 vis*1 nime1 wizzen4 o 7#a7 ,,mhg4 o1 z ,,ohg4 got1 ,god1 p4p4 giholfan1 help$1 toht]1 daught] ,,mhg4 got1 geholf51 toht]4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 o31 z ,,ohg4 lohhir1 holes1 mohti1 ,i might ,,mhg4 lo3*]1 mo3hte4 u 7#a7 ,,mhg4 u1 z ,,ohg4 sunu1 sun1 son1 butum1 we (f]$1 buntum1 we b\nd ,,mhg4 sun1 but51 bund54 7#b7 ,,mhg4 u31 z ,,ohg4 dunni1 ?91 suni1 sons ,,mhg4 du3nne1 su3ne4 #b4 ,! long v[els3 ,ap>t f ! *anges caus$ by umlaut1 viz4 a to ae1 o to oe1 & u to iu 7,sec4 #aj71 ! ,,ohg4 long v[els rema9$ 9 ,,mhg41 z a 7#a7 ,,mhg4 a1 z ,,ohg4 sat1 se$1 slafan1 to sleep1 dahta1 ,i ?\ght ,,mhg4 sat1 slaf51 dahte4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 ae1 z ,,ohg lari1 empty1 nami1 ,i might take ,,mhg4 laere1 naeme4 e ,,mhg4 e1 z ,,ohg4 era1 hon\r1 ler51 to tea*1 sela1 s\l ,,mhg4 ere1 ler51 sele4 i ,,mhg4 i1 z ,,ohg4 sin1 81 wib1 woman1 snidan1 to cut ,,mhg4 sin1 wip1 snid54 o 7#a7 ,,mhg4 o1 z ,,ohg4 ora1 e>1 tod1 dea?1 kos1 ,i *ose ,,mhg4 ore1 tot1 kos4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 oe1 z ,,ohg4 hohiro1 high]1 hor51 to he>1 sconi1 beautiful ,,mhg4 hoeh]1 hoer51 s*oene4 u 7#a7 ,,mhg4 u1 z ,,ohg4 hus1 h\se1 rum1 room1 duhta1 x seem$ ,,mhg4 hus1 rum1 duhte4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 iu1 z ,,ohg4 husir1 h\ses1 bruti1 brides ,,mhg4 hius]1 briute4 #c4 ,! diph?ongs3 ei ,,mhg4 ei1 z ,,ohg4 be91 bone1 leit51 to lead1 sneid1 ,i cut ,,mhg4 be91 leit51 sneit4 ie 7old] ia1 ea ,g]manic e7 ,,mhg4 ie1 z ,,ohg4 hi]1 "h1 mieta1 rew>d1 hielt1 ,i held1 hiez1 ,i call$1 slief1 ,i slept ,,mhg4 hi]1 miete1 hielt1 hiez1 slief4 io 7eo7 ,g]manic eu 7,sec4 #af71 & ! io 7eo7 9 ! pret]ites ( ! old r$uplicat$ v]bs ^: pres5ts h ou1 o1 uo 7,sec4 #hg74 ,,mhg4 ie1 z ,,ohg4 liob1 de>1 biotan1 to (f] ,,mhg4 liep1 biet52 ,,ohg4 li(1 ,i ran1 /ioz1 ,i pu%$1 ri(1 ,i call$ ,,mhg4 lief1 /iez1 rief4 iu ,,mhg4 -u3 writt5 iu1 z ,,ohg4 liuti1 p1 kiusit1 he *ooses ,,mhg4 liute1 kiuset4 ou 7old] au7 7#a7 ,,mhg4 ou1 z ,,ohg4 ouga1 eye1 b\g1 ,i b5t1 l\fan1 to run ,,mhg4 ouge1 b\c1 l\f54 7#b7 ,,mhg4 o3u 7eu71 z ,,ohg4 l\bir1 leaves1 l\fil1 runn] ,,mhg4 lo3ub]1 lo3ufel4 uo 7#a7 ,,mhg4 uo1 z ,,ohg4 bruod]1 bro!r1 muot]1 "m1 /uont1 ,i /ood ,,mhg4 bruod]1 muot]1 /uont4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 u3e1 z ,,ohg4 gruoni1 gre51 fuozi1 feet1 ,,mhg4 gru3ene1 vu3eze4 ,,ablaut 7,,v[el ,,gradation74 ,sec4 #ab4 ,by ablaut is meant ! gradation ( v[els bo? 9 /em & suffix1 :i* 0 *iefly caus$ by ! primitive ,indo-,g]manic sy/em ( acc5tuation4 ,see ! ,au?or's ,hi/orical ,g]man ,gramm>1 ,sec4 #bc4 ,! v[els v>y )9 c]ta9 s]ies ( relat$ v[els1 call$ ablaut-s]ies4 ,9 ,,mhg4 !re are six su* s]ies1 :i* appe> mo/ cle>ly 9 ! /em-=ms ( /rong v]bs4 ,f\r /em-=ms are to be di/+ui%$ 9 a ,,mhg4 /rong v]b :i* has v[el gradation z ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( its diff]5t /ems3--7#a7 ! pres5t /em1 to :i* belong all ! =ms ( ! pres5t1 7#b7 ! /em ( ! fir/ or ?ird p]son ( ! pret]ite s+ul>1 7#c7 ! /em ( ! pret]ite plural1 to :i* belong ! second p]son ( ! pret]ite s+ul> & ! :ole ( ! pret]ite subjunctive1 7#d7 ! /em ( ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,by arrang+ ! v[els accord+ to ^! f\r /ems we arrive at ! foll[+ sy/em3-- i4 ii4 iii4 iv4 ,i4 i ei1 e i i ,,ii4 ie ou1 o u o ,,iii4 i1 e3 a u u1 o ,,iv4 e3 a a o ,v4 e3 a a e3 ,,vi4 a uo uo a ,,note4--#a4 ,on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ei & e1 see ,sec4 #ag2 ou & o1 ,sec4 #ah2 & 9 ,s]ies ,,iii i & e31 ,sec4 #ad2 u & o1 ,sec4 #ae4 #b4 ,/rong v]bs belong+ to ,s]ies ,,ii h iu 9 ! indicative pres4 s+ul>2 & /rong v]bs belong+ to ,s]ies ,,iii-,v ) e3 9 ! inf9itive h i 9 ! indicative pres4 s+ul> 7,secs4 #ad1 #af74 ,,examples4 ,i4 snid51 to cut snide sneit snit5 gesnit52 lih51 to l5d lihe le* lih5 gelih54 ,,ii4 bieg51 to b5d biuge b\c bug5 gebog52 si$51 to see! siude sot sut5 gesot54 ,,iii4 b9d51 to b9d b9de bant bund5 gebund52 he3lf51 to help hilfe half hulf5 geholf54 ,,iv4 ne3m51 to take nime nam nam5 g5om54 ,v4 ge3b51 to give gibe gap gab5 gege3b54 ,,vi4 grab51 to dig grabe gruop gruob5 gegrab54 ,= fur!r examples see ! v>i\s classes ( /rong v]bs ,secs4 #gf-hf4 ,class ,,vii ( /rong v]bs embrac+ ! old r$uplicat$ v]bs 7,sec4 #hg7 has be5 omitt$ f ! ablaut-s]ies1 because ! exact relation 9 :i* ! v[el ( ! pres5t /&s to t ( ! pret]ite has n yet be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,,o!r ,,v[el ,,*anges4 ,sec4 #ac4 ,mo/ ( ! foll[+ v[el *anges took place 9 prehi/oric times2 b z !y play an important "p 9 ! v]bs & ^w-=mation1 c41 we %all give !m "h4 ,sec4 #ad4 e3 7 ,indo-,g]manic e7 became i 9 ! prehi/oric p]iod ( all ! ,g]manic languages3-- #a4 ,be=e a nasal consonant1 z ,,oe4 w9d1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 w9t1 ,lat4 v5tus1 w9d2 ,,ohg4 fimf1 f9f1 ,gr4 p5te1 five4 ,?is expla9s :y v]bs l ,,mhg4 b9d51 to b9d1 r9n51 to run1 s+51 to s+1 belong to ! same ablaut-s]ies z he3lf51 to help1 we3rd51 to become4 #b4 ,be=e o!r consonants :5 foll[$ by an 7i or j 9 ! next syllable1 & fur!r 9 ,,ohg4 :5 foll[$ by an u 9 ! next syllable1 z ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 i/1 ,gr4 e/i1 is2 ,,ohg4 fihu1 ,lat4 pecu1 cattle2 e3rde 7,,ohg4 e3rda71 e>?1 b irdin1 e>!n2 lig5 7,,ohg4 ligg5 f 99ligjan71 to lie d[n1 sitz5 7,,ohg4 sitz5 f 99sitjan71 to sit1 b p4p4 gele3g5 7,,ohg4 gile3gan71 gese3zzen 7,,ohg4 gise3zzan74 ,?is expla9s :y /rong v]bs belong+ to ! f\r? 7,secs4 #ab1 #hb7 & fif? 7,secs4 #ab1 #hc7 ablaut-s]ies h i ?r\gh\t ! pres5t s+ul>1 & simil>ly 9 v]bs belong+ to ! ?ird 7,secs4 #ab1 #ha7 s]ies ) e3 9 ! inf9itive1 z ,,ohg4 ne3man1 to take1 ?ree p]sons s+4 nimu1 nimis7t71 nimit4 ,,mhg4 ne3m51 nime1 nimes7t71 nimet4 ,,ohg4 ge3ban1 to give1 gibu1 gibis7t71 gibit4 ,,mhg4 ge3b51 gibe1 gibes7t71 gibet4 ,,ohg4 he3lfan1 to help1 hilfu1 hilfis7t71 hilfit4 ,,mhg4 he3lf51 hilfe1 hilfes7t71 hilfet4 ,sec4 #ae4 u1 foll[$ orig9ally by an 7a1 7o1 or e 9 ! next syllable1 became o :5 n protect$ by a nasal consonant or an int]v5+ 7i or j2 h5ce ! int]*ange betwe5 u & o 9 ! pret]ite plural & pa/ p>ticiple ( v]bs belong+ to ! second ablaut-s]ies 7,secs4 #ab1 #gh71 z bug5 7,,ohg4 bugum71 we b5t1 p4p4 gebog5 7,,ohg4 gibogan72 9 ! p4p4 ( v]bs belong+ to ! ?ird ablaut-s]ies 7,secs4 #ab1 #ha71 z gebund5 7,,ohg4 gibuntan71 b geholf5 7,,ohg4 giholfan72 9 weak v]bs z fu3rht5 7,,ohg4 furht5 f 99furhtjan71 to fe>1 beside pret4 vorhte 7,,ohg4 =hta72 hu3g5 7,,ohg4 hugg5 f 99hugjan7 beside hog5 7,,ohg4 hogen71 to ?9k2 9 pret]ite pres5ts l durf5 7,,ohg4 durfum71 we d>e1 beside pret4 dorfte 7,,ohg4 dorfta72 9 _m n\ns & adjectives1 z wolle 7,,ohg4 wolla71 wool1 beside wu3llin1 wullin1 wooll52 wolf 7/em 99wulfo-71 wolf1 beside wu3lp9ne1 %e-wolf2 vol1 full1 beside vu3lle 7,,ohg4 fulli71 fulness2 golt1 gold1 beside guldin1 gold54 ,sec4 #af4 ,f primitive ,g]manic eu 7 develop$ two diff]5t diph?ongs 9 ,,ohg41 viz4 eu became eo 7cp4 ,sec4 #ae71 lat] io1 :5 orig9ally foll[$ by an 7a1 7o1 or e 9 ! next syllable1 & ?is io 0 regul>ly develop$ to ie 9 ,,mhg42 :]eas eu became iu 9 ,,ohg4 :5 orig9ally foll[$ by an 7i1 j or u 9 ! next syllable1 & ?is iu became -u3 7writt5 iu7 9 ,,mhg41 ev5 aft] ! 7i1 j or u _h be5 weak5$ to e4 ,?is law expla9s ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! diph?ong ie 9 ! inf9itive & ! simple v[el iu 7 -u37 9 ! ?ree p]sons s+ul> ( ! pres5t indicative ( v]bs belong+ to ! second ablaut-s]ies 7,secs4 #ab1 #gh71 z ,,ohg4 biogan1 to b5d1 pres4 s+4 biugu1 biugis7t71 biugit2 ,,mhg4 bieg51 biuge1 biuges7t71 biuget4 ,cp4 fur!r tief 7,,ohg4 ti(71 deep1 beside ,,ohg4 tiufi1 dep?2 lieht 7,,ohg4 lioht71 a light1 beside liuht5 7,,ohg4 liuht5 f 99liuhtjan71 to light4 ,,note4--,! iu 9 ! above & simil> examples mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! iu 9 ! ,,ohg4 & ,,mhg4 comb9ation iuw :i* arose f prim4 ,g]manic eww 7 euw71 & ewj1 z triuwe 7,,ohg4 triuwi1 ,go?4 triggws71 true2 triuw51 truw51 to tru/1 pret4 triuete1 triute1 trute2 riuwe 7,,ohg4 riuwa71 regret1 bliuw5 7,,ohg4 bliuwan1 ,go?4 bliggwan71 to /rike1 & simil>ly1 briuw51 to brew1 kiuw51 to *ew1 riuw51 to regret2 niuwe 7,,ohg4 niuwi1 ,go?4 niujis1 prim4 ,g]manic /em-=m 99newja-71 new4 ,?is iu be=e w nev] int]*ang$ ) ,,mhg4 ie f prim4 ,g]manic eu1 & expla9s :y ! /rong v]bs bliuw51 c4 h iu 9 all =ms ( ! pres5t4 ,sec4 #ag4 ,acc5t$ primitive ,g]manic ai 7 ,go?4 'ai7 became e 9 ,,ohg4 be=e r1 w1 ,g]manic h 7cp4 ,sec4 #bc1 #a71 & f9ally2 9 ,,mhg4 x appe>s also z e be=e ! same consonants & f9ally1 z mere1 mer 7,,ohg4 mero1 ,go?4 m'aiza71 m1 ler5 7,,ohg4 ler51 ,go?4 l'aisjan71 to tea*2 sele 7,,ohg4 sela1 old] seula1 ,go?4 s'aiwala71 s\l2 sne 7,,ohg4 sneo1 ,go?4 sn'aiws71 sn[1 g54 ,,ohg4 & ,,mhg4 snewes2 spiw51 to spit1 pret4 spe 7,,ohg4 speo1 ,go?4 sp'aiw72 dih51 to ?rive1 pret4 de* 7,,ohg4 deh1 ,go?4 d'aih72 we 7,,ohg4 we1 ,go?4 w'ai71 woe62 9 all o!r cases ai became ei 9 bo? ,,ohg4 & ,,mhg41 z /e9 7,go?4 /'ains71 /one1 heizen 7,,ohg4 heizan1 ,go?4 h'aitan71 to call2 snid51 to cut1 pret4 sneit 7,,ohg4 sneid1 ,go?4 sn'ai?74 ,?is acc\nts = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ei & e 9 ! pret]ite s+ul> ( /rong v]bs belong+ to ! fir/ ablaut-s]ies 7,secs4 #ab1 #gf74 ,sec4 #ah4 ,primitive ,g]manic au became o 9 ,,ohg4 be=e ! consonants d1 t1 z1 s1 n1 r1 l1 & ,g]manic h 7cp4 #bc1 #a74 ,be=e o!r consonants & f9ally au became ou 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,h5ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 o & ou 9 ! pret]ite s+ul> ( /rong v]bs belong+ to ! second ablaut-s]ies 7,secs4 #ab1 #gh71 z3-- ,inf9itive biet51 to (f]1 pret4 s+4 bot si$51 to see!1 sot kies51 to *oose1 kos diezen1 to ro>1 doz vlieh51 to flee1 vlo* 7,,ohg4 floh72 b bieg51 to b5d1 b\c klieb51 to cleave kl\p4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,consonants #a4 ,,pronunciation ,,( ,,! ,,consonants4 ,sec4 #ai4 ,! ,,mhg4 consonant-sy/em 0 repres5t$ by ! foll[+ lett]s3 b1 c1 *1 d1 f1 g1 h1 j1 k1 l1 m1 n1 p1 q1 r1 s1 s*1 t1 v1 w1 7x71 z1 z4 ,! lett]s k1 l1 m1 n1 p1 t1 w1 7x7 _h ne>ly ! same s\nd-values z 9 ,engli%4 ,! rema9+ lett]s require special att5tion4 ,:5 ! pronunciation ( consonants m]ely diff]s 9 ! int5sity or =ce ) :i* !y are produc$1 !y are call$ =tes or l5es accord+ z !y are produc$ ) m or less int5sity or =ce4 ,9 ,,mhg4 ! consonants b1 d1 g 7 n voic$ explosives l ,engli% b1 d1 g1 b 7 voiceless l5es1 & only diff]$ f ! =tes p1 t1 k 9 be+ produc$ ) less int5sity or =ce1 see ,sec4 #cc4 ,a simil> diff]5ce 9 pronunciation exi/$ betwe5 antevocalic & int]vocalic v1 s & f9al f1 s1 see ,sec4 #cc4 c & k repres5t$ ! same s\nd4 ,! latt] 0 g5]ally us$ at ! beg9n+1 & ! =m] at ! end ( a syllable1 z kun/1 art2 tr9k51 to dr9k1 s5k51 to s9k 7trans471 pret4 tranc1 sancte4 * _h ! same s\nd z 9 ,,nhg4 na*t1 no*1 z spre*51 to speak1 pret4 spra*2 ho*1 high4 f _h a tw(old pronunciation 9 ! olde/ ,,hg4 ,x 0 a labiod5tal :5 x arose f ,g]manic f 7cp4 ,,ohg4 fat]1 ,engli% fa!r71 & bilabial :5 x arose f ,g]manic p 7cp4 inf4 ,,ohg4 slafan1 ,engli% sleep71 b dur+ ! ,,ohg4 p]iod ! bilabial f became labiod5tal4 ,! two k9ds ( f did n h[ev] completely fall toge!r 9 pronunciation4 f ,g]manic f became a l5is initially be=e & m$ially betwe5 v[els1 & 0 (t5 writt5 v 9 ! =m] & g5]ally v 9 ! latt] position1 b rema9$ a =tis--writt5 f--:5 f9al4 ,9 ,,mhg4 x 0 also (t5 writt5 f initially be=e l1 r1 u1 z flieh51 to flee1 fride1 peace1 fu3nf1 five1 beside vlieh51 vride1 vu3nf4 ,on ! o!r h& f ,g]manic p 7,sec4 #bc1 #a71 :i* only occurr$ m$ially & f9ally1 0 a =tis & 0 always writt5 f 7ff71 z slaf51 to sleep1 pret4 slief2 tief1 deep1 s*if 7g54 s*iffes71 %ip1 (f51 op54 ,! two f s\nds ?us fell toge!r :5 f9al1 b ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two s\nds 0 /ill pres]v$ 9 ,,mhg4 9 ! int]vocalic position1 z h(1 c\rt1 s*if1 %ip1 b g54 hoves1 s*iffes4 h be=e & aft] consonants 0 pron\nc$ l *1 z fuhs1 fox1 naht1 night1 beve3lh51 to confide4 ,9 o!r cases x _h ! same s\nd z ! h 9 ,engli% hat4 j _h ne>ly ! same s\nd z ! y 9 ,engli% yet1 z jar1 ye>1 junc1 "y2 blu3ej51 to blossom4 q occurr$ only 9 comb9ation ) u z 9 ,engli%1 z que3c1 quick1 alive1 que3d51 to say4 r 0 a trill$ s\nd 9 all positions l ,scot* r1 z rot1 r$1 h>t1 h>d1 be3rn1 to be>1 vat]1 fa!r4 s 0 a l5is m$ially betwe5 v[els & probably also initially be=e v[els1 b a =tis 9 o!r positions1 z sun1 son1 we3s51 to be1 pret4 01 bre/51 to bur/4 ,x may be pron\nc$ l ! s 9 ,engli% sit4 s* 0 l ! % 9 ,engli% %ip1 z s*if1 %ip1 ges*e3h51 to happ51 vis*1 fi%4 v 0 a voiceless l5is1 & may be pron\nc$ l ! v 9 ,,nhg4 voll4 ,see f4 w 0 pron\nc$ l ! w 9 ,engli% wet1 z win1 w9e1 bliuw51 to /rike4 z & z 7 n di/+ui%$ 9 ,,mhg4 manuscripts1 bo? be+ writt5 z4 ,bo? z & z 7b zz m$ially betwe5 v[els :5 ! fir/ v[el 0 %ort7 arose f ,g]manic t 7see ,sec4 #bc74 z _h ! s\nd-value ( ts 7 ,,nhg4 z73 7a7 always initially1 z zit1 "t2 7b7 m$ially & f9ally aft] consonants 7l1 m1 n1 r71 z holz 7g54 holzes71 wood1 he3rze1 he>t1 sme3rze1 pa91 ganz1 :ole2 7c7 f9ally aft] v[els 7 ,g]manic tt7 9 ^? words :i* *ange f9al z to tz :5 x becomes m$ial1 z s*az 7g54 s*atzes71 ,,oe4 sceatt1 money1 treasure4 ,,mhg4 int]vocalic tz always arose f old] tt1 z setz5 ,,oe4 settan1 to set4 z 0 a k9d ( lisp$ s & only occurr$ m$ially betwe5 & f9ally aft] v[els1 z bizen1 to bite1 e3zzen1 to eat1 haz1 hatr$4 ,x %\ld be not$ t good ,,mhg4 poets nev] rhym$ pairs ( words l 01 01 & waz1 :at2 miss51 to miss1 & wizzen1 to "k4 ph & pf repres5t ! same s\nd1 viz4 ! pf 9 ,,nhg4 pfund1 p\nd4 ,sec4 #bj4 ,,mhg4 has ! foll[+ d\ble consonants m$ially betwe5 v[els3 bb1 gg2 p1 tt1 ck2 ff1 ss1 zz2 mm1 nn2 ll1 rr4 ,!y 7 always pron\nc$ long z 9 ,italian & ,sw$i%1 z bit-t]1 bitt]1 e3z-zen1 to eat1 ku3s-s51 to kiss1 mu3g-ge1 midge1 r9-n51 to run4 ,9 ,,nhg4 d\ble consonants are nev] long1 !y m]ely indicate t ! prec$+ v[el is %ort4 ,sec4 #ba4 ,phonetic ,survey ( ! ,,mhg4 ,consonants4 ,,labial4 ,,d5tal4 ,,guttural4 ,voiceless =tis p1 pp t1 tt k1 ck explosives l5is b1 bb d g1 gg ,spirants =tis f1 ff s1 ss1 s*1 z1 zz h 7*7 l5is v s ,nasals m1 mm n1 nn n 7 ng7 ,liquids l1 ll2 r1 rr ,semi-v[els w1 j 7palatal7 ,to ! above mu/ be add$ ! aspirate h & ! affricatae 7i4e4 an explosive a homorganic spirant7 z 7i4e4 ts7 & pf 7ph74 #b4 ,,consonant ,,*anges4 ,sec4 #bb4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ,high ,g]man & ! o!r ,we/ ,g]manic languages is ! %ift+ :i* ! consonants p1 t1 k1 ?2 pp1 tt1 kk1 ??2 b 7bh71 d1 g 7zh72 bb1 dd1 gg und]w5t p>tly 9 ! prehi/oric & p>tly 9 ! hi/oric p]iod ( ,old ,high ,g]man4 ,9 ! foll[+ treatm5t ( :at is g5]ally call$ ! ,high ,g]man s\nd-%ift+ only su* po9ts are consid]$ z are ( importance = ! purposes ( ?is book4 ,see ,old ,high ,g]man ,prim]1 ,secs4 #hb-f4 ,sec4 #bc4 ,! voiceless explosives p1 t1 k und]w5t a two-fold treatm5t accord+ to _! position 9 ! ^w3 7#a7 ,m$ially or f9ally aft] v[els2 7#b7 ,initially1 m$ially & f9ally aft] consonants 7l1 m1 n1 r71 & :5 d\bl$4 ,,note4--p1 t1 k rema9$ un%ift$ 9 ! comb9ations sp1 /1 sk z also t 9 ! comb9ations tr1 ht1 ft4 #a4 ,s+le p1 t1 k 7 %ift$ to ! voiceless d\ble spirants ff1 zz1 hh 7also writt5 *7 ,,mhg4 ff 7f71 zz 7z71 *4 p ff4 ,,oe4 op51 ,,ohg4 (fan1 ,,mhg4 (f51 op52 ,,oe4 sl-aepan1 ,,ohg4 slaffan1 ,,mhg4 slaf51 to sleep2 ,,oe4 up1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 uf1 up4 t zz4 ,,oe4 etan1 ,,ohg4 e3zzan1 ,,mhg4 e3zzen1 to eat2 ,,oe4 hatan1 ,,ohg4 heizzan1 ,,mhg4 heizen1 to call2 ,,oe4 hwaet1 ,,ohg4 hwaz1 ,,mhg4 waz1 :at4 ,9 a few cases ! z1 zz became s 9 ,,mhg4 be=e t or /1 z pret4 sa/e f sazte3 setz51 to set2 be/e1 be/1 le/e1 la/ ,,ohg4 bezzi/o1 lezzi/o4 k hh4 ,,oe4 ic1 ,,ohg4 ih1 ,,mhg4 i*1 ,i2 ,,oe4 sprecan 7specan71 ,,ohg4 spre3hhan1 ,,mhg4 spre3*51 to speak2 ,,oe4 tac51 ,,ohg4 zeihhan1 ,,mhg4 zei*51 tok54 ,?is * mu/ n be confus$ ) ! ,,mhg4 h1 * :i* correspond$ to ,indo-,g]manic k 7 ,g]manic h71 z zieh51 to draw1 lead1 pret4 zo*1 cp4 ,lat4 duco1 ,i lead1 see ,sec4 #cd4 ,! d\ble consonants 7 simplifi$ 9 ,,ohg4 & ,,mhg4 accord+ to ,sec4 #cb4 #b4 p1 t initially1 m$ially & f9ally aft] consonants 7l1 m1 n1 r71 & :5 d\bl$1 7 %ift$ to ! affricatae pf 7also writt5 ph71 tz 7g5]ally writt5 zz & z7 ,,mhg4 pf 7ph71 tz 7z74 p pf4 ,,oe4 pund1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 pfunt1 p\nd2 ,,oe4 gelimpan1 ,,ohg4 gilimpfan1 ,,mhg4 gelimpf51 to be meet2 ,,oe4 scieppan1 ,,ohg4 skepf51 ,,mhg4 s*epf51 to create4 ,! pf became f aft] l & r already 9 ,,ohg41 z he3lfan1 ,,mhg4 he3lf51 ,,oe4 helpan1 to help2 we3rfan1 ,,mhg4 we3rf51 ,,oe4 weorpan1 to ?r[4 t z4 ,,oe4 tunge1 ,,ohg4 zunga1 ,,mhg4 zunge1 tongue2 ,,oe4 heorte1 ,,ohg4 he3rza1 ,,mhg4 he3rze1 he>t2 ,,oe4 sealt1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 salz1 salt2 ,,oe4 sittan1 ,,ohg4 sizz51 sitz51 ,,mhg4 sitz51 to sit2 ,,oe4 sceatt1 ,,ohg4 scaz 7g54 scazzes1 scatzes71 ,,mhg4 s*az 7g54 s*atzes71 money1 treasure4 k1 kk 7writt5 ck7 rema9$ un%ift$ 7except 9 ,high ,alemanic71 z ,,oe4 corn1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 korn1 corn2 ,,oe4 cneo1 ,,ohg4 kneo1 ,,mhg4 knie1 knee2 ,,oe4 s9can1 ,,ohg4 s9kan1 ,,mhg4 s9k51 to s9k1 pret4 sanc2 ,,oe4 ?eccan1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 deck51 to cov]4 ,sec4 #bd4 ? became d1 & ?? became tt1 z ,,oe4 ?orn1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 dorn1 ?orn2 ,,oe4 bro?or1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 bruod]1 bro!r4 ,,oe4 smi??e1 ,,ohg4 smitta1 ,,mhg4 smitte1 smi?y2 ,,oe4 mo??e1 late ,,mhg4 motte1 mo?4 ,sec4 #be4 ,! voic$ explosives b1 d1 g1 & ! voic$ spirants bh1 zh did n und]go ! same univ]sal %ift+ z ! voiceless explosives4 bh1 zh became b1 g4 b1 g rema9$1 & d became t1 z ,,oe4 bro?or1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 bruod]1 bro!r2 ,,oe4 beodan1 ,,ohg4 biotan1 ,,mhg4 biet51 to (f]2 ,go?4 giban 7 gibhan71 ,,ohg4 ge3ban1 ,,mhg4 ge3b51 to give4 ,,oe4 dohtor1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 toht]1 daught]2 ,,oe4 beodan1 ,,ohg4 biotan1 ,,mhg4 biet51 to (f]2 ,,oe4 dead1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 tot1 dead4 ,,oe4 god1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 guot1 good2 ,,oe4 fleogan1 ,,ohg4 fliogan1 ,,mhg4 flieg51 to fly4 ,sec4 #bf4 ,! d\ble consonants bb1 dd1 gg ,,ohg4 pp 7bb71 tt1 cc 7gg71 & ,,mhg4 pp 7b71 tt1 ck 7gg71 z ,,oe4 sibb1 ,,ohg4 sippa 7sibba71 ,,mhg4 sippe 7sibbe71 relation%ip2 ,,oe4 cribb1 ,,ohg4 krippa 7kribba71 ,,mhg4 krippe 7kribbe71 crib4 ,,oe4 biddan1 ,,ohg4 bitt51 ,,mhg4 bitt51 lat] bit51 to reque/2 ,,oe4 ?ridda1 ,,ohg4 dritto1 ,,mhg4 dritte1 lat] drite1 ?ird4 ,,oe4 brycg1 ,,ohg4 brucca 7brugga71 ,,mhg4 bru3cke 7bru3gge71 bridge4 ,! fluctuation 9 ! writ+ ( pp & bb1 ck & gg is m]ely or?ographical1 & does n repres5t a diff]5ce 9 pronunciation4 ,bo? pairs 7 us$ to express ! l5es m$ially betwe5 v[els4 ,= o!r examples see ,sec4 #ca4 ,sec4 #bg4 ,! summ>y ( ! consonantal *anges 9 ,secs4 #bc-f may be express$ z foll[s3-- ,,we/ ,,g]manic4 ,,mhg4 p2 t2 k2 ? ff 7f71 pf2 zz 7z71 z2 *2 d4 pp2 tt2 kk2 ?? pf2 tz 7z72 ck2 tt4 b 7bh72 d2 g 7zh7 b2 t2 g4 bb2 dd2 gg pp 7bb72 tt2 ck 7gg74 ,sec4 #bh4 ,! foll[+ s\nd-*anges took place 9 primitive ,g]manic3--,e labial t became ft2 e guttural t became ht2 e d5tal t became ss1 :i* 0 simplifi$ to s aft] long v[els4 ,?is expla9s ! frequ5t int]*ange 9 ,,mhg4 betwe5 pf1 b & f2 betwe5 k1 g & h2 & betwe5 zz1 z & ss1 s 9 =ms :i* are etymologically relat$4 pf1 b--f4 s*epf51 to create3 ges*aft1 creature2 ge3b51 to give3 gift1 gift2 we3b51 to weave3 ,engli% weft4 k1 g--h4 wu3rk51 to "w3 pret4 worhte2 d5k51 to ?9k3 pret4 dahte2 mug5 7mu3g571 to be able3 pret4 mohte2 br+51 to br+3 pret4 brahte4 zz1 z--ss1 s4 giezen1 to p\r3 gu3sse1 inundation2 wizzen1 to "k3 pret4 wisse 7wi/e73 wis1 wise2 muoz1 mu/3 pret4 muose 7muo/e72 e3zzen1 to eat3 as1 c>rion4 ,pret]ites l wi/e1 muo/e 7 =m$ aft] ! analogy ( pret]ites l worhte1 dahte1 :]e ! t 0 regul>4 ,sec4 #bi4 ,! guttural nasal ng 7writt5 n7 only occurr$ 9 ! comb9ations nk 7nc7 & ng4 ,x disappe>$ be=e h 7 prim4 ,g]manic *7 9 primitive ,g]manic ) l5g!n+ ( a prec$+ %ort v[el1 z vah5 f prim4 ,g]manic 99fang*anan1 to seize1 cat*1 beside p4p4 gevang52 & simil>ly hah51 to hang1 p4p4 gehang52 pret4 brahte1 dahte1 duhte1 beside br+51 to br+1 d5k51 to ?9k1 dunk51 to seem4 ,! guttural nasal disappe>$ 9 an un/ress$ syllable :5 prec$$ by an n 9 a /ress$ syllable 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,,ohg4 & ,,mhg4 p]iod1 z ,,ohg4 honag1 ,,mhg4 honec1 beside ,,ohg4 honang1 honey2 ,,ohg4 kunig1 ,,mhg4 ku3nec1 beside ,,ohg4 kun+1 k+2 ,,ohg4 pf5nig1 ,,mhg4 pf5nic1 beside ,,ohg4 pf5n+1 ,,mhg4 pf5n9c1 p5ny4 ,& simil>ly ) d5tal n1 z s5$e beside s55de1 long+1 ye>n+4 ,sec4 #cj4 ,/rong v]bs1 :i* h a m$ial v 7f71 d1 h1 s 9 ! pres5t1 h respectively b1 t1 g 7ng71 r 9 ! second p]son s+4 pret4 indicative1 ! pret]ite plural indicative1 ! pret4 subjunctive & ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,?is int]*ange ( consonants is call$ ,v]n]'s ,law1 see ,,ohg4 ,prim]1 ,secs4 #gb1 #hg3-- ,,inf4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,p4,p4 v7f7--b4 hev51 to raise huob5 gehab54 d--t4 mid51 to avoid mit5 gemit54 snid51 to cut snit5 gesnit54 h--g4 dih51 to ?rive dig5 g$ig54 zieh51 to draw zug5 gezog54 slah51 to /rike sluog5 geslag54 h--ng 7,sec4 #bi74 hah51 to hang hi5g5 gehang54 vah51 to cat* vi5g5 gevang54 s--r4 ris51 to fall rirn g]irn4 kies51 to *oose kurn gekorn4 ,?is law has1 h[ev]1 _m exceptions 9 ,,mhg4 ow+ to levell+ hav+ tak5 place ) ! inf9itive1 pres5t indicative & pret]ite s+ul>1 z ris51 g]is5 beside rirn1 g]irn4 ,! same int]*ange ( consonants exi/s betwe5 /rong v]bs & _! correspond+ causative weak v]bs1 z lid51 to g3 leit51 to lead2 hah51 to hang3 h5g51 to hang 7trans472 ge-ne3s51 to be sav$3 n]n1 to save2 & 9 n\ns1 c41 z h( 7g54 hoves71 c\rt3 hu3bes*1 c\rtly2 tot 7g54 todes71 dea?3 tot 7g54 totes71 dead2 swe3h]1 fa!r-9-law3 swig]1 "m-9-law2 hase3 ,engli% h>e4 ,sec4 #ca4 ,! d\bl+ ( consonants took place "u c]ta9 well-def9$ rules p>tly 9 prim4 ,g]manic & p>tly 9 prim4 ,we/ ,g]manic1 see ! ,au?or's ,hi/4 ,g]m4 ,gramm>1 ,secs4 #bjb1 #bac-ad4 ,examples ( words :i* _h d\ble consonants 9 prim4 ,g]manic are3 kopf1 head2 napf 7,,oe4 hnaep1 g54 hnaeppes71 bas92 boc 7,,oe4 bucca71 buck1 g54 bockes2 r9n51 to run2 swimm51 to swim2 vol 7g54 volles71 full2 ve3rre1 f>2 gewiss]1 c]ta94 ,! *ief cases 9 :i* d\ble consonants arose 9 prim4 ,we/ ,g]manic 73-- #a4 ,! assimilation ( bhn1 zhn1 pn to bb1 gg1 pp ,,mhg4 pp1 ck 7gg71 pf1 z knappe3 knabe1 boy2 rappe3 rabe1 rav52 rocke3 rogge1 rye2 tropfe1 drop3 trief51 to drip4 #b4 p1 t1 k 7 d\bl$ be=e a foll[+ r or l4 ,! d\bl+ regul>ly took place 9 ! inflect$ =ms1 & 0 !n ext5d$ to ! un9flect$ =ms by levell+1 z apfel 7,,oe4 aeppel71 apple2 kupf] 7,lat4 cuprum71 copp]2 bitt] 7,go?4 b'aitrs71 bitt]1 see ,sec4 #bc note2 lu3tzel 7,,os4 luttil71 little2 ack] 7,go?4 akrs71 field2 wack] 7,,oe4 waecc]71 wat*ful4 ,see ,sec4 #bc1 #b4 #c4 ,all s+le consonants1 except r1 7 d\bl$ aft] a %ort v[el :5 !re 0 orig9ally a j 9 ! next syllable4 ,! bb1 dd1 gg2 pp1 tt1 kk1 :i* ?us arose1 became pp 7bb71 tt1 ck 7gg72 pf1 tz1 ck 9 ,,mhg4 7,secs4 #bc1b1 #bf71 z sippe 7sibbe71 ,go?4 sibja1 relation%ip2 bitt51 lat] bit51 ,go?4 bidjan1 to reque/2 trett5 7wv473 tre3t5 7sv471 to tread2 bru3cke 7bru3gge71 bridge2 ecke 7egge71 edge2 mu3cke 7mu3gge71 midge2 ru3cke 7ru3gge71 ridge1 back4 s*epf51 ,go?4 skapjan1 to create2 hitze1 heat3 heiz1 hot2 netz51 to wet3 naz1 wet2 setz51 ,go?4 satjan1 to set2 sitz51 to sit3 pret4 saz1 p4p4 gese3zzen2 deck51 to cov]3 da*1 cov]2 lu3cke1 gap3 lo*1 hole4 zell51 lat] zeln1 to c\nt3 zal1 numb]4 vremm51 lat] vrem5 7,,oe4 fremman71 to p]=m4 h5ne1 h53 hane1 cock4 ,9 ,,mhg4 ! d\ble consonants 9 v]bs 7 (t5 simplifi$ ?r\gh ! levell+ out ( =ms :i* regul>ly _h a s+le consonant1 e4g4 regul> =ms 73 vremm51 to p]=m1 s+4 vremme1 vremes7t71 vremet1 pl4 vremm51 vremmet1 vremm5t1 pret4 vremete1 p4p4 gevremet1 !n ! /em-=m ) s+le m 0 levell$ out into all ! =ms1 & simil>ly ) _m o!r v]bs1 z d551 to /ret*2 seln1 to h& ov]2 weln1 to *oose2 w551 to accu/om2 leg5 beside leck5 7legg571 to lay2 & ! /rong v]bs bit51 to beg2 lig5 beside lick5 7ligg571 to lie d[n4 ,sec4 #cb4 ,d\ble consonants 7 simplifi$3-- #a4 ,:5 !y became f9al1 z boc1 buck1 kus1 kiss1 man1 man1 s*if1 %ip1 /um1 dumb1 ve3l1 hide1 beside g54 bockes1 kusses1 mannes1 s*iffes1 /ummes1 ve3lles2 pret4 maz1 ran1 traf1 beside me3zzen1 to measure1 r9n51 to run1 tre3ff51 to hit4 #b4 ,be=e o!r consonants1 z pret4 dacte 7dahte71 nante 7n&e71 ku/e1 beside deck51 to cov]1 n5n51 to "n1 ku3ss51 to kiss4 #c4 ,aft] consonants1 z pret4 sante 7s&e7 f 99santte1 wante 7w&e7 f 99wantte1 beside s5d51 to s5d1 w5d51 to turn4 #d4 ,aft] long v[els & diph?ongs1 z pret4 s+4 leite f 99leitte1 pret4 pl4 mazen1 traf51 viel51 beside leit51 to lead1 me3zzen1 to measure1 tre3ff51 to hit1 vall51 to fall4 ,?is simplification ( d\ble consonants took place dur+ ! ,,ohg4 p]iod1 z slafan1 to sleep1 heizan1 to call1 l\fan1 to run1 zei*an1 tok51 beside old] ,,ohg4 slaffan1 heizzan1 l\ffan1 zeihhan4 ,sec4 #cc4 ,9 ,,mhg4 ! l5es b1 d1 g became ! =tes p1 t1 c 7k7 :5 !y end$ a syllable1 t is :5 !y came to /& f9ally1 or m$ially be=e a voiceless consonant4 ,traces ( ?is law exi/$ already 9 ,,ohg4 ,! int]*ange betwe5 ! l5es & =tes includes two indep5d5t processes1 viz4 ! *ange ( ! m$ial l5es b1 d1 g to ! f9al =tes p1 t1 k1 & ! *ange ( ! f9al f1 s to ! m$ial int]vocalic l5es v & to :at is writt5 s 7cp4 also ,,nhg4 les51 las74 ,x mu/ be not$ t 9 ,,mhg4 ! int]*ang+ pairs ( consonants 7 all voiceless & t ! diff]5ce m]ely consi/$ 9 ! int5sity or =ce ) :i* ! s\nds 7 produc$4 ,?is is q diff]5t f ,,nhg4 :]e ! int]*ange is betwe5 voic$ & voiceless s\nds except 9 ! case ( f :i* is voiceless 9 all positions 9 native words4 ,examples are3 ge3b51 to give1 gel\b51 to believe1 we3rb51 to turn1 beside pret4 gap1 gel\pte1 w>p2 g54 libes1 lambes1 beside nom4 lip1 life1 lamp1 lamb4 b9d51 to b9d1 we3rd51 to become1 beside pret4 bant1 w>t2 g54 k9des1 todes1 beside nom4 k9t1 *ild1 tot1 dea?4 bieg51 to b5d1 s+51 to s+1 zeig51 to %[1 beside pret4 b\c1 sanc1 zeicte2 g54 tages1 be3rges1 beside nom4 tac1 day1 be3rc1 m\nta94 ne3ve1 nephew1 beside niftel1 niece2 g54 hoves1 brieves1 beside nom4 h(1 c\rt1 brief1 lett]4 kies51 to *oose1 le3s51 to ga!r1 loes51 to loose1 beside pret4 kos1 las1 lo/e2 pl4 hius]1 beside s+4 hus1 h\se4 ,sec4 #cd4 ,f9al * aft] v[els int]*ang$ ) m$ial h1 z s*uo*1 %oe1 g54 s*uohes2 ho*1 high1 g54 hohes2 na*1 ne>1 adv4 nahe2 pret4 ges*a*1 sa*1 beside ges*e3h51 to happ51 se3h51 to see4 ,! m$ial comb9ations lh1 rh 7 writt5 l*1 r* :5 !y came to /& f9ally1 z beve3lh51 to confide1 pret4 beval*2 g54 s*e3lhes1 twe3rhes1 beside nom4 s*e3l*1 twe3r*1 askew1 see ,sec4 #ai4 h 7 *7 & * (t5 disappe>$ 9 un/ress$ syllables & p>ticles1 z 7et1 only1 hinte1 hint1 to-night1 niet1 n1 dur1 ?r\gh1 beside e3ht1 hinaht1 niht1 nieht1 dur*4 ,sec4 #ce4 ,initial j became or 0 writt5 g be=e a foll[+ i1 z gihet1 he assures1 beside inf4 je3h51 pret4 ja*1 & simil>ly je3s51 to f]m5t1 je3t51 to we$4 ,9 ! v]ba pura =ms ) & )\t ! int]vocalic glide j exi/$ side by side 9 ,,ohg4 & ,,mhg41 z blu3ej5 7,,ohg4 bluoj57 beside blu3en 7,,ohg4 bluo571 to bloom2 & simil>ly draej51 to twi/1 mu3ej51 to tr\ble1 saej51 to s[1 beside draen1 mu3en1 saen4 ,9 a few words =ms ) & )\t int]vocalic j 7g7 exi/$ side by side1 z g54 bliges beside nom4 bli1 lead2 eij]1 eig] beside ei]1 eggs2 frij51 frig5 beside frien1 to free2 meige1 meie1 ,may2 n]ig51 n]j5 beside n]n1 to save1 rescue2 sw]ig51 sw]j5 beside sw]n1 to swe>2 g54 zwiges1 zwies1 nom4 zwi1 twig2 g54 zweig]1 zwei]1 ( two4 ,sec4 #cf4 ,9 ,,ohg4 w became vocaliz$ to o :5 x came to /& at ! end ( a ^w or syllable1 & !n g5]ally disappe>$ aft] long v[els1 b ! m$ial w regul>ly rema9$ 9 ,,ohg4 & ,,mhg4 :5 x 0 at ! beg9n+ ( a syllable1 z bla 7,,ohg4 blao1 bla71 blue1 g54 blawes2 sne 7,,ohg4 sneo1 sne71 sn[1 g54 snewes2 /ro 7,,ohg4 /rao1 /ro by contraction71 /raw1 g54 /rowes2 knie 7,,ohg4 kneo71 knee1 g54 kniewes1 ,,ohg4 kne3wes2 s*ate 7,,ohg4 scato71 %ad[1 g54 s*at7e7wes2 pret4 bl\1 hiu1 k\1 beside bliuw51 to /rike1 h\w51 to hew1 kiuw51 to *ew2 fal 7,,ohg4 falo71 fall[1 g54 falwes2 g> 7,,ohg4 g>o71 ready1 g54 g>wes2 me3l 7,,ohg4 me3lo71 meal1 g54 me3lwes2 sme3r 7,,ohg4 sme3ro71 fat2 pret4 smirte1 /ro3ute1 beside smirw51 to sme>1 /ro3uw51 to /rew4 ,see ,sec4 #i1 r4 ,! w elem5t sometimes disappe>$ 9 ! initial comb9ations qua-1 qua-1 que3-1 qui-1 qui- p>tly ) & p>tly )\t influ5c+ ! quality ( ! foll[+ v[el1 z pret4 s+4 kam1 kom beside quam1 he came1 pret4 pl4 kom51 kam5 beside quam52 kale beside quale1 torture2 ke3c beside quec1 alive2 kord]1 ko3rd] beside que3rd]1 bait2 kom51 ko3m51 kum5 beside que3m51 to come2 pres4 s+4 kume1 ku3m7e7s7t71 kum7e7s7t71 ku3m7e7t1 kum7e7t ,,ohg4 quimu1 quimis1 quimit2 ku3ck5 beside quick51 to enliv52 kit beside quit quidet1 he says4 ,sec4 #cg4 ,m$ial -ibe-1 -ide-1 -ige- 7 sometimes contract$ to i2 & m$ial -age-1 -ege- to ei1 z gi/1 ?\ give/1 git1 he gives1 beside gibes7t71 gibet2 qui/1 ?\ saye/1 quit1 he says1 beside quides7t71 quidet2 li/1 ?\ lie/ d[n1 lit1 he lies d[n1 beside liges7t71 liget4 meit beside maget1 maid2 sei/1 ?\ saye/1 seit1 he says1 beside sages7t71 saget2 lei/1 ?\ laye/1 leit1 he lays1 beside leges7t71 leget2 eisli* beside egesli*1 t]rible2 ge9 beside geg51 aga9/4 ,sec4 #ch4 ,int]vocalic h (t5 disappe>$ :5 ! fir/ v[el 0 long1 & !n ! two v[els und]w5t contraction1 z han1 to hang1 van1 to cat*1 vlen1 to implore1 ho 7adv471 high1 beside hah51 vah51 vleh51 hohe4 ,o!r contract$ =ms w be f\nd 9 ! ,gloss>y4 ,sec4 #ci4 ,! f9al r disappe>$ aft] long v[els 9 monosyllables :5 ! next ^w began ) a consonant1 b 0 (t5 re/or$ analogically1 z da 7,,ohg4 dar71 !re3 dar9ne1 !re92 wa 7,,ohg4 war71 :]e3 war9ne1 :]e92 hie 7,,ohg4 hi>73 hi]und]1 h]eund]2 adv4 me 7,,ohg4 mer71 m2 e 7,,ohg4 er71 =m]ly2 sa 7,,ohg4 sar71 at once4 ,sec4 #dj4 ,m$ial t 7,sec4 #be7 became d aft] nasals 9 late ,,ohg4 & e>ly ,,mhg41 z s5d51 to s5d1 g54 bl9des 7nom4 bl9t1 bl9d71 pret4 n&e1 he nam$1 rumde1 he left1 beside e>ly ,,mhg4 s5t51 bl9tes1 nante1 rumte4 ,x also occasionally became d aft] l1 z hald5 beside halt51 to hold1 solde beside solte1 pret4 ( suln1 %all4 ,,accid5ce ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,decl5sion ,,( ,,n\ns ,sec4 #da4 ,,mhg4 n\ns h two numb]s3 s+ul> & plural2 ?ree g5d]s3 mascul9e1 fem99e1 & neut]1 z 9 ,,ohg4 & ,,nhg41 f :i* ! g5d] ( n\ns 9 ,,mhg4 does n mat]ially diff]2 f\r cases3 nom9ative1 accusative1 g5itive1 & dative4 ,traces ( an old locative occur 9 :at is call$ ! un9flect$ dative s+ul> ( hus1 h\se1 beside huse1 & 9 prop] names l ,engellant beside ,engell&e4 ,! vocative is l ! nom9ative4 ,9 ,,mhg41 z 9 ! old] p]iods ( ! o!r ,g]manic languages1 n\ns are divid$ into two great classes1 accord+ z ! /em orig9ally end$ 9 a v[el or a consonant1 cp4 ! simil> division ( n\ns 9 ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,n\ns ^: /ems orig9ally end$ 9 a v[el belong to ! vocalic or s-call$ /rong decl5sion4 ,^? ^: /ems orig9ally end$ 9 -n belong to ! s-call$ weak or n-decl5sion4 ,all o!r consonantal /ems are g5]ally put toge!r "u ! g5]al head+1 ',m9or ,decl5sions'4 ,9 ,,ohg4 n\ns ^: /ems orig9ally end$ 9 a v[el are subdivid$ into ! a-decl5sion includ+ pure a-/ems1 ja-/ems1 & wa-/ems2 ! o-decl5sion includ+ pure o-/ems1 jo-/ems1 & wo-/ems2 ! 7i-decl5sion1 & ! u-decl5sion4 ,all ! n\ns belong+ to ! u-decl5sion w5t ov] into o!r decl5sions 9 ,,mhg4 7cp4 ,secs4 #dc1 #dd1 #di74 ,b z all f9al v[els ei!r disappe>$ 7"s ( !m already 9 ,,ohg47 or 7 weak5$ to e 9 ,,mhg4 7see ,secs4 #g1 #h71 x is no long] practicable to reta9 ! ,,ohg4 subdivision fully )\t ent]+ into ! olde/ & 9 _m cases into ! prehi/oric p]iod ( ! language1 :i* w\ld be q out ( place 9 a ,,mhg4 gramm>4 ,! old ',m9or ,decl5sions' _h begun to pass ov] into ! vocalic1 especially into ! i- & a-1 decl5sions 9 ! olde/ ,,ohg4 ,! remnants ( ! old inflexions pres]v$ 9 ,,mhg4 w be not$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,! neut] n\ns ^: /ems orig9ally end$ 9 -os1 -es 7cp4 ,sec4 #dg7 are 9 ?is ,prim] includ$ 9 ! /rong decl5sion4 ,a4 ,,! ,,vocalic ,,or ,,/rong ,,decl5sion4 #a4 ,mascul9e ,n\ns4 ,sec4 #db4 ,fir/ decl5sion4--,to ?is decl5sion belong all mascul9e n\ns :i* =m _! plural 9 -e only4 ,x includes3 7a7 ! old mascul9e a-/ems2 7b7 ! old mascul9e wa-/ems :i* lo/ _! f9al -w aft] long v[els 9 ,,ohg41 z se1 sea1 g54 sewes1 pl4 sewe1 & simil>ly bu1 dwell+1 re 7also neut]71 corpse1 sne1 sn[1 see ,sec4 #cf2 & 7c7 ! old mascul9e i-/ems :i* c\ld n h umlaut 9 ! plural 7,sec4 #dd74 ,,s+4 ,nom4 ,acc4 tac1 day kil1 quill engel1 angel ,g54 tages kil7e7s engel7e7s ,dat4 tage kil7e7 engel7e7 ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 ,g54 tage kil7e7 engel7e7 ,dat4 tag5 kil7e7n engel7e7n ,on ! int]*ange betwe5 =tis & l5is1 z 9 tac1 day1 lop1 praise1 sant1 s&1 h(1 c\rt1 g54 tages1 lobes1 s&es1 hoves1 see ,sec4 #cc4 ,l tac are also decl9$ ! old consonantal /ems vient1 enemy1 & vriunt1 fri5d1 b pl4 vriunde beside ! old plural vriunt4 ,l kil are decl9$ all monosyllabic mascul9e n\ns hav+ a %ort /em-v[el & end+ 9 -l or -r 7,sec4 #i1 #a74 ,l engel are decl9$ mascul9e polysyllabic n\ns end+ 9 -el1 -em1 -en1 -er1 :5 _! /em-syllable is long1 z mantel1 mantle1 atem1 brea?1 morg51 morn+1 ack]1 field4 ,^? 9 -em1 -en g5]ally reta9 ! e 9 ! dative plural4 ,polysyllabic n\ns ) %ort /em-syllables fluctuate betwe5 ! ret5tion or loss ( ! e1 z g54 s+4 vogeles or vogels1 dat4 s+1 & nom4 acc4 pl4 vogele or vogel1 & simil>ly vadem1 ?read1 re3g51 ra91 sum]1 summ]1 see ,sec4 #i1b4 ,sec4 #dc4 ,second decl5sion4--,to ?is decl5sion belong all mascul9e n\ns ^: nom4 & acc4 s+ul> end 9 -e1 :i* is ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! fir/ decl5sion4 ,x includes3 7a7 ! old mascul9e ja-/ems2 7b7 _m old u-/ems ) %ort /em-syllable1 z fride 7,,ohg4 fridu71 peace1 site 7,,ohg4 situ71 cu/om1 & simil>ly huge1 ?\ght1 me3te1 mead1 sige beside sic1 victory1 wite1 wood 7see ,sec4 #cf72 7c7 ! old %ort i-/em w9e1 fri5d2 & 7d7 ! old mascul9e wa-/em s*ate 7g54 s*at7e7wes beside s*ates71 %ad[4 ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 hirte1 %eph]d hirte ,g54 hirtes hirte ,dat4 hirte hirt5 ,sec4 #dd4 ,?ird decl5sion4--,to ?is decl5sion belong all mascul9e n\ns :i* =m _! plural 9 -e & ) umlaut ( ! /em-v[el4 ,x includes3 7a7 ! old mascul9e i-/ems2 7b7 ! old mascul9e u-/em sun 7,,ohg4 sunu1 sun71 son2 & 7c7 ! two old consonant /ems fuoz1 foot1 zant 7g54 z&es71 zan1 too?4 ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,nom4 ,acc4 ga/ ga/1 gue/ ge/e ge/i ,g54 ga/es ga/es ge/e ge/eo1 -io ,dat4 ga/e ga/e ge/5 ge/im ,! s+ul> ( n\ns ( ?is decl5sion 0 inflect$ l ! a-/ems 7,sec4 #db7 already 9 ,,ohg4 ,& ow+ to ! weak5+ ( ! case-end+s ( ! plural 9 pass+ f ,,ohg4 to ,,mhg4 7,sec4 #g71 ! only diff]5ce 9 ! two decl5sions is ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( umlaut 9 ! plural4 ,! old mascul9e i-/ems :i* c\ld n h umlaut 9 ! plural accord+ly came to be inflect$ entirely l ! old mascul9e a-/ems1 z s*rit1 /ep1 snit1 cut1 biz1 bite1 pl4 s*rite1 snite1 bizze4 ,a fur!r consequ5ce ( ! s+ul> be+ inflect$ alike 9 bo? decl5sions is t ! old a-/ems began to h umlaut 9 ! plural aft] ! analogy ( ! i-/ems1 z g$5ke1 ?\ghts1 na3gele1 nails1 wa3g5e1 wagons1 beside g$anke1 nagele1 wag5e4 ,n\ns end+ 9 ! =tis p1 t1 c1 or f 7 ,g]manic f7 regul>ly *ange ! =tis to l5is 9 ! inflect$ =ms1 z korp1 basket1 walt1 wood1 slac1 bl[1 brief1 lett]1 g54 korbes1 waldes1 /ages1 brieves4 ,sec4 #de4 ,! old consonant /ems vat]1 fa!r1 bruod]1 bro!r1 (t5 rema9 un9flect$ 9 ! s+ul>1 z g54 vat]1 bruod] beside vat]s1 bruod]s 7cp4 ,sec4 #i1 #b74 ,9 ! plural !y take umlaut1 z vet]1 bru3ed]4 ,! old consonant /em man1 man1 is ei!r decl9$ l tac 7,sec4 #db7 or rema9s un9flect$ ?r\gh\t1 z ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 man manne1 man ,g54 mannes1 man manne1 man ,dat4 manne1 man mann51 man ,! nom4 plural man1 n[ writt5 mann1 is /ill pres]v$ 9 c\nt+1 z hund]t mann1 a hundr$ m54 #b4 ,neut] ,n\ns4 ,sec4 #df4 ,fir/ ,decl5sion4--,to ?is decl5sion belong all neut] n\ns :i* h _! nom9ative case s+ul> & plural alike4 ,x includes ?ree diff]5t types ( n\ns3 7a7 ,! old neut] a-/ems l wort1 ^w1 v5/]1 w9d[4 7b7 ,! old neut] ja-/ems l ku3nne1 race1 g5]ation1 bette1 b$1 netze1 net4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ?is type ( n\n is t x has umlaut 9 all =ms ( ! s+ul> & plural :5 ! /em-v[el is capable ( x 7cp4 ,sec4 #ca1 #c74 ,& 7c7 ! old neut] wa-/ems 7cp4 ,sec4 #cf7 l knie1 knee1 g54 kniewes4 ,,s+4 ,nom4 ,acc4 wort v5/] ku3nne knie ,g54 wortes v5/]s ku3nnes kniewes 7knies7 ,dat4 worte v5/] ku3nne kniewe 7knie7 ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 wort v5/] ku3nne knie ,g54 worte v5/] ku3nne kniewe 7knie7 ,dat4 wort5 v5/]n ku3nn5 kniew5 7kni57 7a7 ,on ! int]*ange betwe5 ! =tes p1 t1 c & ! l5es b1 d1 g1 z 9 grap1 grave1 ge3lt1 money1 d9c1 ?+1 g54 grabes1 ge3ldes1 d+es1 see ,sec4 #cc4 ,l v5/] are decl9$ ! neut] polysyllabic n\ns end+ 9 -el1 -em1 -en1 -er1 z luod]1 bait1 waf51 wap51 weapon2 s*apel1 g>l&1 gadem1 h\se1 we3t]1 wea!r4 ,on ! end+s1 see ,secs4 #i1 #db4 7b7 ,l ku3nne is also decl9$ ! old neut] u-/em vihe 7,,ohg4 fihu71 cattle4 7c7 ,l knie are decl9$ me3l1 meal1 re 7also masc471 corpse1 sme3r1 fat1 /ro1 /raw1 t\1 dew1 we1 woe1 g54 me3lwes1 rewes1 sme3rwes1 /rowes1 t\wes1 wewes1 see ,sec4 #cf4 ,sec4 #dg4 ,second decl5sion4--,to ?is decl5sion belong all neut] n\ns :i* =m _! plural 9 -er & by umlaut ( ! /em-v[el :5 x is capable ( x4 ,?is class ( n\ns corresponds to ! ,lat9 neut]s 9 -u1 z g5us1 g54 g5]is1 pl4 g5]a4 ,! -er 7,,ohg4 -ir7 0 orig9ally a /em-=m+ suffix :i* came to be reg>d$ z a plural end+4 ,9 ! olde/ p]iod ( ! language only ab\t half-a-doz5 n\ns belong$ to ?is class1 b dur+ ! ,,mhg4 p]iod ne>ly tw5ty neut] a-/ems pass$ into ?is decl5sion1 & 9 ,,nhg4 ! numb] has increas$ to ab\t a hundr$4 ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,nom4 ,acc4 lamp lamb1 lamb lemb] lembir ,g54 lambes lambes lemb] lembiro ,dat4 lambe lambe lemb]n lembirum ,on ! loss ( ! e 9 ! g54 & dat4 plural1 see ,sec4 #i1 #b4 ,o!r examples are3 ei 7pl4 eig]1 eij]1 ei]1 ,sec4 #ce71 egg1 huon1 h51 kalp1 calf1 rat1 :eel1 r9t1 bullock1 tal1 dale4 #c4 ,fem99e ,n\ns4 ,sec4 #dh4 ,fir/ decl5sion4--,to ?is decl5sion belong all fem99e n\ns hav+ _! nom9ative case s+ul> & plural alike4 ,x includes3 7a7 ! old fem99e o-/ems1 z ge3be1 gift1 sele1 s\l1 zal1 numb]2 7b7 ! old fem99e jo-/ems1 z ku3neg9ne1 ku3neg91 ku3negin1 que51 & simil>ly vriund9ne1 fri5d1 gu3t9ne1 goddess2 7c7 ! old fem99e wo-/ems ) & )\t w1 z brawe1 bra1 br[1 pl4 bra beside weak pl4 braw52 diuwe1 diu1 s]vant2 7d7 ! old fem99e ab/ract n\ns 9 -i1 z v9/] 7,,ohg4 f9/ri71 d>kness1 s*oene 7,,ohg4 sconi71 beauty2 & 7e7 ! old consonant /em1 swe/]1 swe3/]1 si/]4 ,,s+4 ,nom4 ,acc4 ge3be zal v9/] ,g54 ge3be zal v9/] ,dat4 ge3be zal v9/] ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 ge3be zal v9/] ,g54 ge3b5 zaln v9/]n ,dat4 ge3b5 zaln v9/]n ,on ! end+s 9 n\ns decl9$ l zal1 numb]1 dol1 pa91 wal1 *oice1 n>1 food1 s*>1 flock1 & v9/]1 see ,sec4 #i1 #a1b4 ,! g54 plural _h ! end+ ( ! weak decl5sion already 9 ! olde/ p]iod ( ! language4 ,?r\gh ! nom4 s+ul> & ! g54 & dat4 plural hav+ ! same end+s z ! fem99e weak decl5sion 7,sec4 #ec71 o-/ems began 9 ,,ohg4 to be inflect$ aft] ! analogy ( ! weak decl5sion1 especially 9 ! plural4 ,?is process spread consid]ably 9 ,,mhg4 ) concrete n\ns1 b n (t5 ) ab/ract n\ns4 ,sec4 #di4 ,second decl5sion4--,to ?is decl5sion belong all fem99e n\ns :i* =m _! plural 9 -e & h umlaut 9 ! /em-v[el4 ,x includes3 7a7 ! old fem99e i-/ems2 7b7 ! old u-/em hant1 h&2 & 7c7 sev]al old consonantal /ems1 see bel[4 ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,nom4 ,acc4 an/ an/1 fav\r en/e en/i ,g54 en/e or an/ en/i en/e en/eo1 -io ,dat4 en/e or an/ en/i en/5 en/im ,9 jug5t 7,,ohg4 jugund1 pl4 jugundi71 y\?1 g54 dat4 jug5de beside jug5t1 pl4 jug5de1 ! orig9al -i be+ 9 ! ?ird syllable did n cause umlaut 9 ! /em-syllable2 & simil>ly tug5t1 val\r4 hant1 h&1 orig9ally belong$ to ! u-decl5sion1 :i* expla9s =ms l g54 s+1 & plural h&e beside h5de1 dat4 pl4 h&5 beside h5d54 ,! old g54 plural has be5 pres]v$ 9 ,,nhg4 all]h&1 & ! dat4 plural 9 abh&51 beih&51 vorh&51 zuh&54 ,sev]al old consonant /ems w5t ov] p>tly or entirely into ?is decl5sion1 viz4 maget1 meit 7,sec4 #cg71 maid1 pl4 ma3g$e or meide2 kuo1 c[1 pl4 ku3eje or ku3ewe 7,,ohg4 kuoi71 su1 s[1 pl4 siuwe 7,,ohg4 sui72 bo? ^! n\ns g5]ally rema9$ un9flect$ 9 ! g54 & dat4 s+ul>4 naht1 night1 has g54 & dat4 s+ul> naht beside na3hte2 pl4 nom4 acc4 g54 naht beside na3hte1 dat4 naht5 beside na3ht51 cp4 also ,,nhg4 weihna*t51 ,,mhg4 ze3n wih5 naht54 ,! ,,mhg4 adv]bial g54 nahts1 de3s nahtes 0 =m$ aft] ! analogy ( de3s tages4 ,l naht 7 also inflect$ bru/1 brea/1 & burc1 citadel4 muot]1 "m1 & toht]1 daught]1 rema9 un9flect$ 9 ! s+ul>4 ,9 ! plural !y h umlaut3 mu3et]1 to3ht]4 ,b4 ,,! ,,weak ,,decl5sion 7,n-,,/ems74 ,sec4 #ej4 ,! weak decl5sion conta9s a l>ge numb] ( mascul9e & fem99e n\ns1 b only f\r neut] n\ns1 viz4 he3rze1 he>t1 ore1 e>1 ouge1 eye1 & wange1 *eek2 ^! n\ns1 especially he3rze1 sometimes =m _! nom4 acc4 plural aft] ! analogy ( n\ns l ku3nne 7,sec4 #df74 ,! orig9al case end+s ( ! weak decl5sion _h disappe>$ 9 ! olde/ p]iod ( ! language except 9 ! nom4 s+ul> 7masc4 -o1 fem41 & neut4 -a71 ! g54 pl4 7ono7 & dat4 pl4 7-om74 ,ow+ to ! weak5+ ( ! -o1 -a to -e 9 ,,mhg4 ! nom4 s+ul> became alike 9 all g5d]s4 ,& simil>ly ! end+s -ono1 -om & ! end+s ( ! o!r oblique =ms 7 all weak5$ to -en 9 ,,mhg4 7,sec4 #g71 s t ! elem5t :i* orig9ally =m$ "p ( ! /em came to be reg>d$ z a case end+4 ,on ! loss ( ! f9al & m$ial e 9 n\ns l ar1 eagle1 bir 7fem471 pe>1 gevang57e71 prison]1 beside ! inflect$ =ms arn1 birn1 gevang5 f 99gevang5-en ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /age 99gevang5n1 see ,sec4 #i1 #a1b4 ,sec4 #ea4 #a4 ,mascul9e ,n\ns4 ,,s+4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,nom4 bote boto1 mess5g] ,acc4 bot5 boton1 -un ,g54 bot5 bot51 -9 ,dat4 bot5 bot51 -9 ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 bot5 boton1 -un ,g54 bot5 botono ,dat4 bot5 botom ,sec4 #eb4 #b4 ,neut] ,n\ns4 ,,s+4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,nom4 ,acc4 he3rze he3rza1 he>t ,g54 he3rz5 he3rz51 -9 ,dat4 he3rz5 he3rz51 -9 ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 he3rz5 he3rzun1 -on ,g54 he3rz5 he3rzono ,dat4 he3rz5 he3rzom ,sec4 #ec4 #c4 ,fem99e ,n\ns4 ,,s+4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,nom4 zunge zunga1 tongue ,acc4 zung5 zungun ,g54 zung5 zungun ,dat4 zung5 zungun ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 zung5 zungun ,g54 zung5 zungono ,dat4 zunge zungom ,c4 ,,decl5sion ,,( ,,prop] ,,names4 ,sec4 #ed4 ,names ( p]sons end+ 9 e 9 ! nom9ative foll[ ! weak decl5sion4 ,mascul9e names ( p]sons take -es 9 ! g5itive1 -e 9 ! dative1 & -en 9 ! accusative aft] ! analogy ( ! /rong adjectives4 ,! accusative end+ -en 0 sometimes ext5d$ to ! dative1 & ! dative end+ -e to ! accusative4 ,& sometimes bo? ^! cases 7 )\t end+s4 ,names ( c\ntries end+ 9 -lant (t5 h no end+ 9 ! dative1 z ,engellant beside ,engell&e1 see ,sec4 #da4 ,fem99e names ( p]sons end+ 9 a consonant take -e 9 ! g5itive1 dative & accusative1 b occasionally rema9 un9flect$ ?r\gh\t4 ,,mascul9e4 ,nom4 ,sifrit ,hag5e ,g54 ,sifrides ,hag55 ,dat4 ,acc4 ,sifrit1 ,sifride7n7 ,hag55 ,,fem99e4 ,nom4 ,kriemhilt ,uote ,g54 ,dat4 ,acc4 ,kriemhilde1 ,kriemhilt ,uot5 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,adjectives ,a4 ,,! ,,decl5sion ,,( ,,adjectives4 #a4 ,! ,/rong ,decl5sion4 ,sec4 #ee4 ,! ,,mhg4 adjectives are decl9$ z /rong or weak4 ,!y h ?ree g5d]s1 & ! same cases z n\ns4 ,! end+s ( ! /rong decl5sion are p>tly nom9al & p>tly pronom9al4 ,! nom9al end+s are3 ! accusative fem99e s+ul>1 z bl9de l ge3be 7,sec4 #dh72 & ! g5itive s+ul> mascul9e & neut]1 z bl9des l tages1 wortes 7,secs4 #dc1 #df74 ,all ! o!r end+s are pronom9al4 ,! s-call$ un9flect$ =m ( adjectives 9 ! nom4 s+ul> mascul9e & fem99e & ! nom4 acc4 neut] is a remnant ( ! "t :5 adjectives & n\ns 7 decl9$ alike1 see ! ,au?or's ,hi/4 ,g]m4 ,gramm>1 ,secs4 #cii-djj4 ,! /rong decl5sion includes ?ree diff]5t types ( adjectives1 all ( :i* are decl9$ alike3 7a7 ,! old a-/ems1 z bl9t1 infl4 =m bl9t]1 bl9d2 b>1 b>e1 guot1 good1 heilec1 holy1 hol1 holl[1 mi*el1 great1 v9/]1 d>k1 & simil>ly ) a v l>ge numb] ( adjectives1 includ+ ! pa/ p>ticiples ( /rong & weak v]bs4 7b7 ,! old ja-/ems1 z laere 7,,ohg4 lari71 infl4 laer]1 empty2 du3nne1 ?91 enge1 n>r[1 gru3ene1 gre51 niuwe1 new1 re9e1 pure1 s*oene1 beautiful1 s5fte1 s(t1 wilde1 wild1 & _m o!rs1 includ+ ! pres5t p>ticiples ( /rong & weak v]bs4 ,! ja-/ems only diff] f ! a-/ems 9 hav+ -e 9 ! un9flect$ =m & umlaut 9 ! /em-syllable :5 x is capable ( x4 7c7 ,! old wa-/ems1 z bla 7,,ohg4 blao1 bla71 infl4 =m blaw]1 blue2 g> 7,,ohg4 g>o71 infl4 =m g>w] 7see ,secs4 #i1a1 #cf71 ready2 gra1 grey1 val1 fall[1 ge3l1 yell[1 kal1 bald1 c41 all ( :i* h w 9 ! inflect$ =ms4 ,! adjectival i- & u-/ems _h come to be decl9$ l ! ja-/ems 9 ! prehi/oric p]iod ( ! language1 b a few remnants ( su* adjectives h surviv$ 9 ,,mhg4 9 =ms )\t ! f9al -e beside ^? ) x1 z b]eit1 b]eite1 ready1 dic1 dicke1 ?ick1 ga*1 gaehe1 quick1 gris1 grise1 old1 grey1 her1 here1 high1 noble1 ras*1 res*e1 quick1 ri*1 ri*e1 noble1 swa1 swaere1 heavy1 01 wasse1 %>p4 ,,s+4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 bl9d]1 bl9d bl9dez bl9diu ,acc4 bl9d5 bl9dez bl9de ,g54 bl9des bl9des bl9d]7e7 ,dat4 bl9dem7e7 bl9dem7e7 bl9d]7e7 ,,plur4 ,nom4 bl9de bl9diu bl9de ,acc4 bl9de bl9diu bl9de ,g54 bl9d]7e7 bl9d]7e7 bl9d]7e7 ,dat4 bl9d5 bl9d5 bl9d5 ,on ! loss ( ! -e 9 bl9dem7e71 bl9d]7e71 see ,sec4 #i1 #b4 ,umlaut caus$ by ! -iu occurs 9 ! nom4 s+4 fem99e & nom4 acc4 pl4 neut] ( al1 all1 & &]1 o!r1 second1 z a3lliu1 a3ndriu4 ,?is r>ely happ5s 9 o!r words4 ,,s+4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 mi*el]1 great mi*el7e7z mi*eliu ,acc4 mi*el7e7n mi*el7e7z mi*el7e7 ,g54 mi*el7e7s mi*el7e7s mi*elre1 mi*el] ,dat4 mi*elme1 mi*elme1 mi*elre1 mi*el7e7m mi*el7e7m mi*el] ,,plur4 ,nom4 mi*el7e7 mi*eliu mi*el7e7 ,acc4 mi*el7e7 mi*eliu mi*el7e7 ,g54 mi*elre1 mi*elre1 mi*elre1 mi*el] mi*el] mi*el] ,dat4 mi*el7e7n mi*el7e7n mi*el7e7n ,l mi*el are inflect$ monosyllabic adjectives end+ 9 -l1 -r ) a %ort /em-v[el1 & polysyllabic adjectives end+ 9 -el1 -en1 -er1 z b>1 b>e1 hol1 holl[2 zwivel1 d\btful1 eig51 own1 t\g51 secret1 &]1 o!r1 second1 bitt]1 bitt]1 v9/]1 d>k2 e3b51 ev51 u3bel1 evil1 bad1 c4 ,see ,sec4 #i1 #a1b4 #b4 ,! ,weak ,decl5sion4 ,sec4 #ef4 ,! weak decl5sion ( adjectives agrees exactly ) t ( ! n\ns4 ,,s+4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 bl9de1 bl9d bl9de bl9de ,acc4 bl9d5 bl9de bl9d5 ,g54 bl9d5 bl9d5 bl9d5 ,dat4 bl9d5 bl9d5 bl9d5 ,plural bl9d5 = all cases & g5d]s4 ,b4 ,,! ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives4 ,sec4 #eg4 ,! comp>ative 0 =m$ by means ( ! suffix -er7e7 ,,ohg4 -iro1 -oro1 & ! sup]lative by means ( ! suffix -e/7e7 ,,ohg4 -i/o1 -o/o4 ,on ! loss ( ! m$ial or f9al e 9 su* =ms z tiurre1 de>]1 tiur/e2 m9n]1 m9re1 less1 m9ne/1 m97ne7/e1 see ,sec4 #i1 #c4 ,mo/ monosyllables h umlaut 9 ! comp>ative & sup]lative ei!r exclusively or h mutat$ beside unmutat$ =ms4 ,! cause ( ^! d\ble =ms is 9 a great measure due to ! two ,,ohg4 d\ble suffixes3 comp4 -iro1 -oro & sup]l4 -i/o1 -o/o hav+ fall5 toge!r 9 -er7e7 & -e/7e7 9 ,,mhg41 z elt]1 old]1 erm]1 poor]1 ju3ng]1 y\ng]1 groezer1 great]1 hoeh]1 high]1 beside alt]1 arm]1 jung]1 grozer1 hoh]2 sup]l4 elte/1 erme/1 ju3nge/1 groeze/1 hoehe/1 beside alte/1 arme/1 junge/1 groze/1 hohe/4 ,adjectives :i* h umlaut 9 ! positive regul>ly pres]ve x 9 ! comp>ative & sup]lative4 ,! comp>ative is decl9$ weak1 b ! sup]lative is decl9$ /rong & weak4 ,sec4 #eh4 ,! foll[+ adjectives =m _! comp>ative & sup]lative f a diff]5t root ?an ! positive3-- guot1 good1 bezzer1 bezze/1 be/e 7,sec4 #bc74 u3bel1 bad1 wirs]1 wirse/1 wir7se7/e4 lu3tzel1 little1 m9n]1 m9re 7,sec4 #i1 #c71 m9ne/1 m97ne7/e4 mi*el1 great1 mer]1 mer7r7e1 mei/e4 ,sec4 #ei4 ,! foll[+ adjectives are defective3-- er]1 erre1 e3rre1 =m]1 ere/1 er/e1 fir/4 h9d]1 h9d]1 h9d]/e1 h9dmo/4 ob]1 upp]1 ob]/e1 upp]mo/4 lezze/e1 le/e 7,sec4 #bc71 la/4 vord]1 =m]1 vord]/e1 =emo/4 ,c4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,adv]bs ,,f ,,adjectives4 ,sec4 #fj4 #a4 ,by add+ -e 7 ,,ohg4 -o7 to ! adjective :5 ?is does n already end 9 -e1 z e3b51 ev51 ho*1 high1 lanc1 long3 adv4 e3b5e1 hohe1 lange2 edele 7,,ohg4 edili71 noble1 u3bel 7,,ohg4 ubil71 evil3 adv4 edele 7,,ohg4 edilo71 u3bele 7,,ohg4 ubilo74 #b4 ,dissyllabic adjectives end+ 9 -e & conta9+ a mutat$ /em-v[el *ange x to ! correspond+ unmutat$ v[el1 :5 us$ z adv]bs1 z s*oene 7,,ohg4 sconi71 beautiful1 h]te1 h>d1 s5fte1 s(t1 su3eze1 sweet1 swaere1 heavy3 adv4 s*one1 h>te1 sanfte1 suoze1 sware4 #c4 ,by add+ -li*e or -li*5 to ! adjective1 z ganz1 :ole1 vlizec1 dilig5t3 adv4 ganzli*e7n71 vlizecli*e7n74 #d4 ,! comp>ative & sup]lative degrees ( adv]bs are ! same z ! correspond+ un9flect$ =ms ( ! adjectives )\t umlaut3-- ,adjective lanc1 long l5g] l5ge/4 ,adv]b lange lang] lange/ 7,,ohg4 langor7 7,,ohg4 lango/74 ,sec4 #fa4 ,! foll[+ are irregul>3-- wol1 well baz1 bett] be/7e71 be/4 wirs1 worse wirse/1 wir/e1 wor/4 m91 m9n]1 m9re1 less m9ne/1 m9/e1 lea/4 me1 mer1 mere1 m mei/1 mei/e1 mo/4 e1 =m]ly er7e7/1 er/e1 fir/4 ,sec4 #fb4 ,d4 ,,num]als4 ,,c>d9al4 ,,ord9al4 e91 -er1 -ez1 -iu1 "o er/e zwei1 two &] dri1 ?ree dritte vi]1 f\r vi]de fu3nf 7f9f71 five fu3nfte1 f9fte se3hs1 six se3h/e sib51 sev5 sib5de1 -te ahte1 eight aht$e1 ahte niun1 n9e niunde1 -te ze3h51 t5 ze3h5de1 -te e9lif 7eilif71 elev5 ei7n7lifte1 eilfte zwelf1 twelve zwelfte drize3h51 ?irte5 drize3h5de vi]ze3h51 f\rte5 vi]ze3h5de fu3nfze3h51 fifte5 fu3nfze3h5de se3h7s7ze3h51 sixte5 se37h7sze3h5de sib5ze3h51 sev5te5 sib5ze3h5de ah7t7ze3h51 eighte5 ah7t7ze3h5de niunze3h51 n9ete5 niunze3h5de zwe9zic 7or -zec71 tw5ty zwe9zige/e drizic ?irty drizige/e vi]zic =ty vi]zige/e fu3nfzic fifty fu3nfzige/e se3hszic sixty se3hszige/e sib5zic sev5ty sib5zige/e ah7t7zic eighty ah7t7zige/e niunzic n9ety niunzige/e ze3h5zic hundr$ ze3h5zige/e or hund]t or hund]t/e zwei hunt two hundr$ zweihund]t/e or hund]t tus5t ?\s& tus5/e zwei tus5t two ?\s& zweitus5t/e ,sec4 #fc4 ,e9 foll[s ! /rong decl5sion1 :5 us$ z a num]al4 ,! dat4 e9me is g5]ally contract$ to eime 7,sec4 #i1 #c74 ,:5 e9 is us$ 9 ! s5se ( alone1 x foll[s ! weak decl5sion4 ,on ! inflexion ( &]1 second1 see ,sec4 #ee4 ,zwei & dri are decl9$ z foll[s3-- ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 ,acc4 zwene zwei zwo1 zwuo1 zwa ,g54 zwei7g7er 7,sec4 #ce7 zwei7g7er zwei7g7er ,dat4 zwe91 zwei5 zwe91 zwei5 zwe91 zwei5 ,nom4 ,acc4 dri1 drie driu dri1 drie ,g54 dri7g7er 7,sec4 #ce7 dri7g7er dri7g7er ,dat4 dr7in1 drien dr7in1 dr7ien dr7in1 drien ,sec4 #fd4 ,! o!r c>d9als up to twelve are sometimes inflect$2 :5 su* is ! case ! end+s are3-- ,masc4 & ,fem4 ,neut4 ,nom4 ,acc4 -e -iu ,g54 -er -er ,dat4 -en -en hund]t & tus5t are neut] n\ns4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,pron\ns ,sec4 #fe4 #a4 ,,p]sonal4 ,,s+4 ,nom4 i*1 ,i du1 du1 ?\ ,acc4 mi* di* ,g54 min din ,dat4 mir dir ,,plur4 ,nom4 wir ir ,acc4 unsi*1 uns iu* ,g54 uns] iuw] ,dat4 uns iu ,,s+4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 e3r1 he e3z1 x1 !re si1 si1 siu1 sie1 %e ,acc4 9 e3z sie1 si1 si ,g54 7e3s7 e3s ir7e7 ,dat4 im7e7 im7e7 ir7e7 ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 si1 si1 sie 7,neut4 also siu71 !y ,g54 ir7e7 ,dat4 9 ,,note4--#a4 ,! g54 ir is (t5 us$ z a possessive pron\n4 ,= e3z ! =m iz sometimes appe>s4 #b4 ,= ! acc4 pl4 unsi* ! dat4 uns is mo/ly us$4 iu is (t5 us$ = iu*1 & vice v]sa4 im1 ir are m usual ?an ime1 ire4 #c4 ,! un/ress$ =ms ( p]sonal pron\ns are (t5 atta*$ to o!r words1 z i*z1 iz i* e3z2 i*ne1 ine1 i*n i* ne 7n72 tuo/u tuo/ du2 dune1 dun du ne 7n72 tuoz tuo e3z2 ei/1 e/ e3z i/2 deiz daz e3z2 moht] mohte e3r2 bat5 bat 92 wirz wir e3z1 c4 ,sec4 #ff4 #b4 ,,reflexive4 ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ,acc4 si* si* ,g54 sin 7fem4 ir7 ir ,dat4 im1 ir 9 ,sec4 #fg4 #c4 ,,possessive4 min1 my2 din1 ?y2 sin1 82 ir1 h]2 uns]1 our2 iuw]1 y\r2 ir1 _!4 ,!y are decl9$ l ! /rong adjective mi*el1 great 7,sec4 #ee74 ,! dat4 s+4 =ms dinme1 sinme are g5]ally contract$ to dime1 sime1 see ,sec4 #i1 #c4 ,sec4 #fh4 #d4 ,,demon/rative4 ,,s+4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 de3r1 ! daz diu ,acc4 de3n daz die ,g54 de3s de3s de3r7e7 ,dat4 de3m7e7 de3m7e7 de3r7e7 ,in/r4 diu ,,plur4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 die diu die ,acc4 die diu die ,g54 de3r7e7 de3r7e7 de3r7e7 ,dat4 de3n de3n de3n ,l de3r is also decl9$ j5]1 t1 except t ! ,nom41 ,acc4 sg4 neut4 ends 9 -ez4 de3r1 c41 is us$ bo? z def9ite article & relative pron\n4 ,,note4--#a4 ,= ! fem4 nom4 s+4 & ! neut4 nom4 acc4 pl4 diu1 ! =m die 0 sometimes us$2 & conv]sely diu = die 9 ! fem4 acc4 s+ul>4 diu & die 7 sometimes weak5$ to de1 & to d' be=e words beg9n+ ) a v[el4 daz 0 sometimes weak5$ to dez1 & /ill fur!r to z :i* 0 !n atta*$ to a prec$+ ^w1 z latz k9d lat daz k9t2 anz 9z an1 9 daz4 de/1 deis1 des daz i/4 #b4 ,! v>i\s cases 7 (t5 fus$ into "o ^w ) prepositions1 z anme1 ame1 am an de3me2 ze3me1 ze3m ze de3me2 ufme uf de3me2 ze3r ze de3r 7fem472 u3b]n u3b] de3n2 ufe3n uf de3n2 ze3n ze de3n4 ,,s+4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 dirre 7dis]1 dise71 ?is ditze1 diz1 diz disiu ,acc4 dis5 ditze1 diz1 diz dise ,g54 dises dises dirre ,dat4 disem7e7 disem7e7 dirre ,,plur4 ,nom4 dise disiu dise ,acc4 dise disiu dise ,g54 dirre dirre dirre ,dat4 dis5 dis5 dis5 #e4 ,,relative4 ,sec4 #fi4 ,a relative pron\n prop] did n exi/ 9 ! olde/ p]iods ( ! ,g]manic languages1 & accord+ly ! sep>ate languages express$ x 9 v>i\s ways4 ,9 ,,mhg4 ! foll[+ pron\ns & adv]bial p>ticles 7 us$ to express x3-- #a4 de3r1 daz 7also us$ z a conjunction71 diu1 also 9 comb9ation ) ! p>ticles d> d] da4 #b4 so1 also 7alse1 als71 z2 sam 7alsam71 z4 #c4 da7r71 :]e1 d>1 ?i!r1 :i!r1 d>9ne1 !re91 dann51 :]efrom1 d>umbe1 !re=e1 do1 :51 z4 #d4 ,indef9ite relatives1 z swe3r 7f so we3r71 :oev]1 swel*1 ea* :o1 swe3d]1 :o ( two2 swa1 sw>1 :]ev]1 swann51 swanne 7sw5ne71 :5ev]1 swie1 h[ev]1 h[soev]4 #e4 ,! conjunction unde1 &4 #f4 ,,int]rogative4 ,sec4 #gj4 ,! ,,mhg4 simple int]rogative pron\n has no indep5d5t =m = ! fem99e1 & is decl9$ 9 ! s+ul> only4 ,masc4 ,fem4 ,neut4 ,nom4 we3r1 :o waz ,acc4 we3n waz ,g54 we3s we3s ,dat4 we3m7e7 we3m7e7 ,in/r4 wiu ,9 ! same mann] are decl9$ ! comp\nds3 swe3r 7f so we3r71 :oev]1 etewe3r1 eteswe3r1 anyone1 neizwe3r 7 ne weiz we3r1 ,i d n "k :o71 anyone4 we3d]1 :o ( two1 is decl9$ l a /rong adjective2 weli* 7wel*71 :i*1 is also decl9$ l a /rong adjective1 b ! nom4 s+ul> rema9s un9flect$4 #g4 ,,indef9ite4 ,sec4 #ga4 &]1 o!r2 de*e91 dehe91 deke91 no1 none2 dewe3d]1 nei!r2 e91 "o1 "s "o3 :5 e9 is us$ ) ! mean+ alone x foll[s ! weak decl5sion2 eteli*1 etli*1 etesli*1 etsli*1 anyone1 _m a1 pl4 "s2 etewe3r1 eteswe3r1 anyone2 etewaz1 any?+2 iegeli*1 iesli*1 iegesli*1 ea*2 ieman1 iem51 someone1 somebody2 iewe3d]1 ietwe3d]1 ea*2 ieweli*1 ieweli*1 ea*2 iewiht1 iht1 any?+2 ke91 no2 man1 "o2 manec1 _m a1 decl9$ maneg]1 manegez1 manegiu1 c42 nehe91 no1 none2 niht1 no?+2 sol*1 su*1 decl9$ l manec2 sum1 any "o at all1 pl4 "s2 sumeli*1 sumli*1 _m a2 swel*1 ea* :o2 swe3r1 :oev]2 we3d]1 :i* ( two2 weli* 7wel*71 :i*1 decl9$ l manec4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,v]bs ,sec4 #gb4 ,! ,,mhg4 v]b has ! foll[+ indep5d5t =ms3--"o voice 7active71 two numb]s1 ?ree p]sons1 two t5ses 7pres5t & pret]ite71 two complete moods 7indicative & subjunctive1 ! latt] orig9ally ! optative71 besides an imp]ative :i* is only us$ 9 ! pres5t t5se2 two v]bal n\ns 7! pres5t inf9itive1 & ! g]und1 g5]ally call$ ! inflect$ inf9itive71 a pres5t p>ticiple ) active mean+1 & "o v]bal adjective 7! pa/ p>ticiple74 ,! ,,mhg4 v]bs are divid$ into two great classes3--,/rong & ,weak4 ,! /rong v]bs =m _! pret]ite 7orig9ally ! p]fect7 & pa/ p>ticiple by means ( ablaut 7,sec4 #ab74 ,! weak v]bs =m _! pret]ite by ! addition ( ! syllable -te1 & _! pa/ p>ticiple by means ( a t-suffix4 ,! /rong v]bs 7 orig9ally fur!r sub-divid$ into r$uplicat$ & non-r$uplicat$ v]bs4 ,! r$uplication _h1 h[ev]1 entirely disappe>$ 9 ! olde/ p]iod ( ! language4 ,! non-r$uplicat$ v]bs are divid$ into six classes accord+ to ! six ablaut-s]ies 7,sec4 #ab74 ,! orig9ally r$uplicat$ v]bs are put toge!r "h & call$ ,class ,,vii4 ,besides ^! two great classes ( /rong & weak v]bs1 !re are a few o!rs :i* w be treat$ "u ! g5]al head+ ,m9or ,gr\ps4 ,a4 ,,/rong ,,v]bs4 ,sec4 #gc4 ,we are able to conjugate a ,,mhg4 /rong v]b :5 we "k ! f\r /ems1 z se5 9 7#a7 ! inf9itive or fir/ p]s4 s+4 ( ! pres5t indicative1 7#b7 ! fir/ or ?ird p]s4 s+4 ( ! pret]ite indicative1 7#c7 ! fir/ p]s4 plural ( ! pret]ite indicative1 7#d7 ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,! pret4 subjunctive & ! second p]s4 pret4 indicative h ! same /em-v[el z ! pret4 plural indicative4 ,sec4 #gd4 ,! conjugation ( ne3m51 ,,ohg4 ne3man1 to take1 w s]ve z a model = all /rong v]bs4 ,pres5t4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,s+4 #a4 nime nimu ne3me ne3me #b4 nimes7t7 nimis7t7 ne3mes7t7 ne3mes7t7 #c4 nimet nimit ne3me ne3me ,plur4 #a4 ne3m5 ne3memes1 -em ne3m5 ne3mem #b4 ne3met ne3met ne3met ne3met #c4 ne3m5t ne3mant ne3m5 ne3men ,,imp]4 ,,inf94 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,s+4 #b4 nim nim ne3m5 ne3man ,plur4 #a4 ne3m5 ne3memes1 -em #b4 ne3met1 7-ent7 ne3met ,,g]und4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,g54 ne3m57n7es ne3mannes ,dat4 ne3m57n7e ne3manne ,,pres5t ,,p>ticiple4 ne3m5de ne3manti ,pret]ite4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,s+4 #a4 nam nam naeme nami #b4 naeme nami naemes7t7 nami/ #c4 nam nam naeme nami ,plur4 #a4 nam5 namum naem5 namim #b4 namet namut naemet namit #c4 nam5 namun naem5 namin ,,pa/ ,,p>ticiple4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 g5om5 g9oman ,,note4--,! e 9 ! end+s is regul>ly lo/ accord+ to ! rule giv5 9 ,sec4 #i1a1 z s+4 /il1 /il/1 /ilt1 inf4 /e3ln1 to /eal2 s+4 v>1 v]/1 v]t1 inf4 v>n1 to g4 ,x 0 also frequ5tly lo/ 9 ! ?ird p]s4 s+4 pres4 indicative ( o!r v]bs1 z v9t v9det1 siht sihet1 see ,sec4 #i1d note4 ,! n 9 ! fir/ p]s4 plural 0 sometimes dropp$ :5 ! pron\n came aft] ! v]b1 z ne3me wir ne3m5 wir4 ,! imp]ative s+ul> sometimes has -e aft] ! analogy ( weak v]bs 7,sec4 #ij74 ,! ,,ohg4 =ms giv5 above %[ 9 :at =ms umlaut regul>ly took place1 viz4 9 ! second & ?ird p]s4 s+ul> ( ! pres4 indicative1 :5 possible1 9 ! second p]s4 s+ul> ( ! pret4 indicative1 & 9 ! pret4 subjunctive4 ,! second p]s4 s+ul> ( ! pret4 indicative always has ! same /em-v[el z ! pret4 subjunctive4 ,on ! abs5ce ( umlaut 9 ! pret4 subjunctive ( c]ta9 types ( v]bs1 see ,sec4 #aj1 note4 ,=ms )\t & ) umlaut are f\nd 9 ! second & ?ird p]s4 s+ul> ( ! pres5t 9 v]bs belong+ to ,class ,,vii1 z slafes7t71 slafet beside slaefes7t71 slaefet4 ,conc]n+ ! *anges betwe5 i1 e32 u1 o2 iu1 ie2 ei1 e2 ou1 o 9 ! v>i\s classes ( /rong v]bs1 see ,secs4 #ad-ag4 ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,/rong ,,v]bs4 ,sec4 #ge4 ,we %all only give 9 ea* class a few v]bs to illu/rate ! gradation ( v[els & consonant *anges4 ,all o!r v]bs occurr+ 9 ! texts w be f\nd 9 ! ,gloss>y ref]r$ to _! prop] class4 ,,class ,i4 ,sec4 #gf4 ,! v]bs ( ?is class belong to ! fir/ ablaut-s]ies 7,sec4 #ab7 & !re=e h i 9 all =ms ( ! pres5t2 ei 9 ! fir/ & ?ird p]s4 s+4 ( ! pret]ite1 b e be=e * 7 ,g]manic h1 ,sec4 #bc71 & f9ally 7,sec4 #ag72 & i 9 ! pret]ite plural & pa/ p>ticiple1 ?us3-- bit51 to wait beit bit5 gebit5 swig51 to be sil5t sweic swig5 geswig5 trib51 to drive treip trib5 getrib5 ,& simil>ly belib51 to rema91 bizen1 to bite1 rib51 to rub1 rit51 to ride1 s*in51 to %9e1 s*rib51 to write1 sig51 to s9k1 /rit51 to qu>rel4 snid51 to cut sneit snit5 gesnit5 dih51 to ?rive de* dig5 g$ig5 ris51 to fall reis rirn 7ris57 g]irn 7g]is57 ,& simil>ly lid51 to suff]1 mid51 to avoid1 nid51 to envy1 lih51 to l5d1 zih51 to accuse4 ,see ,sec4 #cj4 ,sec4 #gg4 ,! foll[+ two v]bs :i* are also us$ z weak v]bs h mix$ =ms 9 ! pret]ite & pa/ p>ticiple3-- s*rien1 to scream s*re s*riuw5 ges*riuw5 s*rei s*ruw5 ges*ruw5 s*rirn ges*rirn spiw51 to vomit spe spiw5 gespiw5 spei spiuw5 gespiuw5 spuw5 gespuw5 spirn gespirn ,,class ,,ii4 ,sec4 #gh4 ,! v]bs ( ?is class belong to ! second ablaut-s]ies 7,sec4 #ab7 & !re=e h ie 9 ! pres5t1 b iu 9 ! pres5t s+ul> 7,sec4 #af72 ou 9 ! fir/ & ?ird p]s4 s+4 ( ! pret]ite1 b o be=e t1 z1 s & * 7 ,g]manic h71 ,sec4 #ah2 u 9 ! pret4 plural2 & o 9 ! pa/ p>ticiple1 ?us3-- bieg51 to b5d biuge b\c bug5 gebog5 trief51 to drop triufe tr\f truff5 getr(f5 biet51 to (f] biute bot but5 gebot5 s*iezen1 to %oot s*iuze s*oz s*uzzen ges*ozzen ,& simil>ly klieb51 to cleave1 krie*51 to creep1 lieg51 to lie1 rie*51 to smell1 s*ieb51 to %ove1 vlieg51 to fly2 diezen1 to ro>1 giezen1 to p\r1 vliezen1 to fl[4 si$51 to see! siude sot sut5 gesot5 zieh51 to draw ziuhe zo* zug5 gezog5 kies51 to *oose kius kos kurn gekorn ,& simil>ly vlieh51 to flee1 nies51 to sneeze1 v]lies51 to lose1 vries51 to freeze4 ,see ,sec4 #cj4 ,sec4 #gi4 ,on ! /em-v[els 9 ! foll[+ v]bs1 see ,sec4 #af1 note & ,sec4 #cf3-- bliuw51 to /rike bliuwe bl\ bluw5 bliuw5 gebliuw5 bl\w5 gebl\w5 ,& simil>ly briuw51 to brew1 kiuw51 to *ew1 riuw51 to pa94 ,sec4 #hj4 ,to ?is class also belong ! ?ree aori/ pres5ts3-- lu*51 to %ut liu*e l\* lu*5 gelo*5 7lu*e7 suf51 to gulp d[n sufe s\f suff5 ges(f5 sug51 to suck suge s\c sug5 gesog5 ,,class ,,iii4 ,sec4 #ha4 ,! v]bs ( ?is class belong to ! ?ird ablaut-s]ies 7,sec4 #ab71 & include ! /rong v]bs hav+ a m$ial nasal or a liquid consonant4 ,^? ) nasal consonant h i ?r\gh\t ! pres5t t5se & u 9 ! pa/ p>ticiple2 ! o!rs h i 9 ! pres5t s+ul>1 e3 9 ! plural1 & o 9 ! pa/ p>ticiple 7see ,secs4 #ad1 #ae71 ?us3-- b9d51 to b9d b9de bant bund5 gebund5 r9n51 to run r9ne ran runn5 g]unn5 s+51 to s+ s+e sanc sung5 gesung5 ,& simil>ly br9n51 to burn1 dr+51 to press1 entr9n51 to escape1 gel+51 to succe$1 gew9n51 to ga91 s*r9d51 to split1 s9k51 to s9k1 s9n51 to reflect1 sp9n51 to sp91 swimm51 to swim1 tr9k51 to dr9k1 v9d5 7p4p4 vund571 to f9d1 w9d51 to w9d4 beg9n51 to beg91 pret4 s+4 began beside begunde1 begonde1 pl4 begund51 p4p4 begunn54 be3rg51 to hide birge b>e burg5 geborg5 he3lf51 to help hilfe half hulf5 geholf5 /e3rb51 to die /irbe />p /urb5 ge/orb5 ,& simil>ly beve3lh51 to ord]1 emphe3lh51 enphe3lh51 to recomm5d1 ge3lt51 to pay1 me3lk51 to milk1 s*e3lt51 to revile1 swe3ll51 to swell1 v]de3rb51 to de/roy1 we3rf51 to ?r[1 we3rr51 to confuse1 we3rd51 to become1 pret4 pl4 wurt51 wurd51 p4p4 wort51 7ge7word51 see ,sec4 #cj4 ,,class ,,iv4 ,sec4 #hb4 ,! v]bs ( ?is class belong to ! f\r? ablaut-s]ies 7,sec4 #ab74 ,!y include ^? /rong v]bs :i* h a liquid or a nasal be=e or aft] ! /em-v[el1 & a few o!rs1 ?us3-- e3 i a a o ne3m51 to take nime nam nam5 g5om5 be3rn1 to be> bir 7,sec4 #i1 #a7 b> bar5 geborn /e3ln1 to /eal /il 7,sec4 #i1 #a7 /al /al5 ge/oln bre3*51 to break bri*e bra* bra*5 gebro*5 ve3ht51 to fight vihte vaht vaht5 gevoht5 ,& simil>ly s*e3rn1 to %e>1 s*re3ck51 to fright51 spre3*51 to speak1 vle3ht51 to plait1 ze3m5 7p4p4 also geze3m571 to be befitt+1 /e3*51 to prick1 tre3ff5 7p4p4 tr(f571 to hit2 dres*51 to ?ra%1 les*51 to be ext+ui%$1 see ,sec4 #aa1 #a4 kom5 7,,ohg4 que3man71 to come1 kume1 quam1 quam51 kom52 on o!r =ms ( ?is v]b1 see ,sec4 #cf4 ,,class ,v4 ,sec4 #hc4 ,! v]bs ( ?is class belong to ! fif? ablaut-s]ies 7,sec4 #ab74 ,!y include ! /rong v]bs conta9+ a m$ial consonant o!r ?an a nasal or liquid1 ?us3-- e3 i a a e3 ge3b51 to give gibe gap gab5 gege3b5 je3h51 to say gihe 7,sec4 #ce7 ja* jah5 geje3h5 se3h51 to see sihe sa* sah5 gese3h5 we3g51 to move wige wac wag5 gewe3g5 ,& simil>ly ges*e3h51 to happ51 kne3t51 to knead1 me3zzen1 to measure1 pfle3g51 to be accu/om$1 tre3t51 to tread1 v]ge3zzen1 to =get1 we3b51 to weave4 we3s51 to be wise 0 war5 gewe3s5 ,& simil>ly g5e3s5 7pret4 pl4 also g5as571 to recov]1 je3s51 to f]m5t1 le3s5 7pret4 pl4 also las571 to ga!r1 read4 ,see ,sec4 #cj4 e3zzen1 to eat izze az7az7 azen ge3zzen 7,sec4 #i1g7 vre3zzen1 to dev\r vrizze vraz vrazen vre3zzen ,^! v]bs _h a long v[el 9 ! pret4 s+ul> 9 ! olde/ p]iod ( all ! ,g]manic languages1 cp4 also ,lat4 edi4 ,sec4 #hd4 ,to ?is class also belong ! ?ree v]bs3-- bit7t7en1 to beg bite bat bat5 gebe3t5 lig51 to lie d[n lige lac lag5 gele3g5 sitz51 to sit sitze saz sazen gese3zzen bit7t7en1 ,,ohg4 bitt5 f 99bidjan2 lig51 ,,ohg4 ligg5 f 99ligjan2 sitz51 ,,ohg4 sitz5 f 99sitjan1 see ,secs4 #ad1 #ca1c4 ,! inf4 lig5 is sometimes contract$ to lin1 see ,sec4 #cg4 ,,class ,,vi4 ,sec4 #he4 ,! v]bs ( ?is class belong to ! six? ablaut-s]ies 7,sec4 #ab71 & accord+ly h a 9 ! pres5t2 uo 9 ! pret4 s+ul> & plural2 & a 9 ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,!y h umlaut 9 ! second & ?ird p]s4 s+ul>1 z grebes7t71 grebet2 v]/1 v]t4 ,see ,sec4 #aj4 grab51 to dig gruop gruob5 gegrab5 trag51 to c>ry truoc truog5 getrag5 maln1 to gr9d muol muol5 gemaln v>n1 to g vuor vuor5 gev>n ,& simil>ly lad51 to load1 nag51 to gnaw1 s*aff51 to create1 span51 to entice1 was*51 to wa%1 wahs51 to gr[1 wat51 to wade4 slah51 to /rike sluoc sluog5 geslag5 twah51 to wa% twuoc twuog5 getwag5 ,see ,sec4 #cj4 ,! pret4 s+4 sluoc1 twuoc = 99sluo*1 99twuo* 7 =m$ aft] ! analogy ( ! pret4 plural4 ,sec4 #hf4 ,to ?is class also belong3-- /an1 /en 7,sec4 #if71 to /& /uont /uond5 ge/&5 entseb5 7old] entsev571 to p]ceive entsuop entsuob5 entsab5 gewa3h551 to m5tion gewuoc gewuog5 gewag5 heb5 7old] hev571 to raise huop huob5 gehab5 sw]n 7see ,sec4 #ce71 to swe> swuor swuor5 gesw>n gesworn ,! pret4 s+ul> /uont1 entsuop1 gewuoc1 huop = 99/uot 7cp4 ,engl4 /ood71 99entsu(1 99gewuo*1 99hu( 7 =m$ aft] ! analogy ( ! pret4 plural4 ,on ! b1 g 9 ! pret4 plural1 see ,sec4 #cj4 ,! la/ f\r v]bs 9 ! li/ orig9ally _h a j 9 ! pres5t1 :i* acc\nts = ! umlaut1 cp4 ,,ohg4 heff51 ,go?4 hafjan1 to raise4 heb5 _h its b f =ms :]e x 0 regul>4 ,,class ,,vii4 ,sec4 #hg4 ,to ?is class belong ! v]bs :i* orig9ally _h r$uplicat$ pret]ites4 ,! pres5t & pa/ p>ticiple h ! same /em-v[el2 & ! pret]ite s+ul> & plural h ie4 ,9 ,,ohg4 ! v]bs :i* _h a1 a or ei 9 ! pres5t _h ia 7old] ea1 e7 9 ! pret]ite2 & ^? :i* _h ou 7o71 uo 9 ! pres5t _h io 7old] eo7 9 ! pret]ite4 ,b 9 ,,mhg4 ! ia & io regul>ly fell toge!r 9 ie 7,sec4 #aa1 #c71 s t all ! pret]ites _h ie4 bann51 to bani% bi5 bi55 gebann5 halt51 to hold hielt hielt5 gehalt5 slaf51 to sleep slief slief5 geslaf5 heizen1 to call hiez hiezen geheizn l\f51 to run lief lief5 gel\f5 ru(51 to call rief rief5 g]u(5 ,& simil>ly hals51 to embrace1 salz51 to salt1 spalt51 to split1 spann51 to span1 vall51 to fall1 valt51 to fold1 wall51 to bubble2 bag51 to qu>rel1 blas51 to bl[1 brat51 to roa/1 lazen 7see also ,sec4 #ii71 to let1 leave1 rat51 to advise2 meizen1 to cut1 s*eid51 to sep>ate1 sweif51 to rove2 bozen1 to /rike1 /ozen1 to pu%1 h\w5 7pret4 hiu & hie1 pl4 hiuw51 hiew571 to hew1 wu(51 to bewail4 gan1 gen1 to g gi5c 7gie7 gi5g5 7ge7gang5 hah5 7,sec4 #bi7 han 7,sec4 #ch7 1 to hang hi5c 7hie7 hi5g5 gehang5 vah5 7,sec4 #bi7 van 7,sec4 #ch7 1 to cat* vi5c 7vie7 vi5g5 gevang5 err51 ern1 to pl\gh i] i]5 ge>n ,on ! int]*ange betwe5 h & ng1 see ,sec4 #cj2 err51 ern f old] 99arjan4 ,b4 ,,weak ,,v]bs4 ,sec4 #hh4 ,! ,,ohg4 weak v]bs 7 divid$ into ?ree great classes accord+ z ! inf9itive end$ 9 -en f old] 99-jan1 -on1 or -en4 ,! *>act]i/ic end+s ( ! ?ree ,,ohg4 classes 73-- ,pres5t4 ,,class ,i4 ,,class ,,ii4 ,,class ,,iii4 ,indic4 s+4 -u1 -on1 -en -is7t7 -os7t7 -es7t7 -x -ot -et plur4 -en -on -en -et -ot -et -ent -ont -ent ,subj4 s+4 -e -o -e -es7t7 -os7t7 -es7t7 -e -o -e plur4 -en -on -en -et -ot -et -en -on -en ,imp]4 s+4 -i -o -e plur4 -en -on -en -et -ot -et ,pret]ite4 ,indic4 s+4 -ta1 -ita1 -ota1 -eta1 -tos7t71 -xos7t7 -otos7t7 -etos7t7 -ta1 -ita -ota -eta plur4 -tun1 -itun -otun -etun -tut1 -itut -otut -etut -tun1 -itun -otun -etun ,subj4 s+4 -ti1 -iti -oti -eti -tis7t71 -xis7t7 -otis7t7 -etis7t7 -ti1 -iti -oti -eti plur4 -tin1 -xin -otin -etin -tit1 -xit -otit -etit -tin1 -xin -otin -etin ,pa/ ,p>ticiple4 ,un9fl4 =m -x -ot -et ,infl4 -ter1 -xer -oter -eter ,inf9itive4 -en -on -en ,9 ,,ohg4 ! v]bs ( ,class ,i 7 divid$ into two sub-divisions3 7a7 polysyllabic v]bs & ^? conta9+ an old long /em-syllable2 7b7 ^? :i* orig9ally _h a %ort /em-syllable 7cp4 ,sec4 #ca1 #c74 ,! =m] =m$ _! pret]ite 9 -ta1 & ! latt] 9 -ita2 & simil>ly 9 ! inflect$ =m ( ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,9 ,,mhg4 all ! unacc5t$ v[els i1 e1 a1 o1 u1 i1 e1 o regul>ly fell toge!r 9 e 7,sec4 #g71 s t ! old di/9ction betwe5 ! end+s ( ! ?ree classes ( v]bs 0 to a great ext5t oblit]at$4 ,! ,,ohg4 v]bs ) a %ort /em-syllable belong+ to ,classes ,,ii & ,,iii came 9 ,,mhg4 to be inflect$ entirely l sub-division 7b7 ( ,class ,i2 & ^? ) a long /em-syllable mo/ly came to be inflect$ l sub-division 7a7 ( ,class ,i1 see ,secs4 #i1b1 #ib4 ,ow+ to all ! ,,ohg4 unacc5t$ v[els be+ weak5$ to e ! ,,mhg4 end+s are3-- ,s+4 ,plur4 ,pres4 ,indic43 -e1 -es7t71 -et -en1 -et1 -ent ,subj43 -e1 -es7t71 -e -en1 -et1 -en ,pret4 ,indic4 -te1 -tes7t71 -te -t51 -tet1 -t5 & ,subj43 -ete1 -etes7t7 -ete -et51 -etet1 -et5 ,imp]4 -e -en1 -et ,p4,p4 ,un9fl4 =m -et ,infl4 -t] -et] ,inf94 -en4 ,f9al -n 9 ! fir/ p]s4 s+4 ( ! pres4 indicative ( ! old ,classes ,,ii & ,,iii rema9$ 9 e>ly ,,mhg41 b dur+ ! ,,mhg4 p]iod ! fir/ p]son 0 remodell$ aft] ! analogy ( ,class ,i4 ,,note4--,old =ms ) 7o 7u7 = lat] e occasionally occur 9 v]bs orig9ally belong+ to ! ,,ohg4 ,class ,,ii2 & 9 l mann] 7i = e 9 ! pret4 subjunctive4 ,sec4 #hi4 ,! ,,mhg4 weak v]bs are divid$ into two classes1 accord+ z ! pret]ite is =m$ 9 -te or -ete 7see h[ev] ,sec4 #dj74 ,! inflexion ( ! pres5t is ! same 9 bo? classes4 ,,class ,i4 ,sec4 #ij4 ,to ?is class belong 7#a7 v]bs :i* h old long /em-syllables4 ,^? hav+ a mutat$ v[el 9 ! pres5t h ! correspond+ unmutat$ v[el 9 ! pret]ite4 ,! i :i* w\ld h caus$ umlaut 9 ! pret]ite disappe>$ 9 ! prehi/oric p]iod ( ! language4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple g5]ally has two =ms3 "o ) a mutat$ v[el1 & ! o!r )\t x1 prop]ly f ! old inflect$ =m :i* did n h umlaut4 7#b7 ,v]bs hav+ a %ort /em-v[el foll[$ by a s+le consonant 7l1 r71 & trisyllabic v]bs conta9+ an l1 n1 or r 9 ! second syllable1 z zeln1 old] zell5 7,sec4 #ca1c71 to c\nt1 pret4 zelte beside zalte1 p4p4 gezelt beside gezalt2 n]n1 to rescue1 pret4 n]te 7,,ohg4 n]ita71 p4p4 g5]t2 & simil>ly doln 7,,ohg4 dolon71 to tol]ate1 seln1 to h& ov]1 spiln1 to play1 weln1 to *oose2 w]n1 to def5d2 w&eln 7,,ohg4 wantalon71 to *ange1 pret4 w&elte2 vord]n 7,,ohg4 =d>on71 to fur!r1 pret4 vord]te2 se3g55 7,,ohg4 se3ganon71 to bless1 pret4 se3g5te4 ,see ,secs4 #i1 #a1b1 #ib4 ,pres5t4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 ,,imp]4 ,s+4 #a4 k5ne k5ne #b4 k5nes7t7 k5nes7t7 k5ne #c4 k5net k5ne ,plur4 #a4 k5n5 k5n5 k5n5 #b4 k5net k5net k5net1 7-ent7 #c4 k5n5t k5n5 ,pret]ite4 ,s+4 #a4 kante kante #b4 kantes7t7 kantes7t7 #c4 kante kante ,plur4 #a4 kant5 kant5 #b4 kantet kantet #c4 kant5 kant5 ,inf94 k5n51 to "k2 ,pres4 ,"p4 k5n5de2 ,pa/ ,"p4 gek5net1 gekant4 ,& simil>ly ) a l>ge numb] ( v]bs1 z blu3em51 to bloom1 br5n51 to burn1 fu3ll51 to fill1 gru3ezen1 to greet1 hoer51 to he>1 ku3ss51 to kiss1 loes51 to loose1 n5n51 to "n1 r5n51 to run1 s5d5 7pret4 sante71 to s5d1 s5k51 to s9k1 setz5 7pret4 satte1 sazte1 p4p4 gesat1 gesazt1 gesetzt71 to set1 /ell51 to place1 su3ezen1 to sweet51 vell51 to fell1 w-aen51 to fancy1 wu3ns*51 to wi%2 gel\b51 to believe1 ker51 to turn1 k\f51 to buy1 leit5 7pret4 leite71 to lead1 oug51 to %[1 suo*51 to seek4 ,! v]ba pura h d\ble =ms 9 ! pres5t & pret]ite1 z draej51 draen 7,sec4 #ce71 to turn1 pret4 drate beside ! new =mation draejete1 draete1 & simil>ly blu3ej51 to bloom1 mu3ej51 to tr\ble1 ru3ej51 to r[1 saej51 to s[1 waej51 to bl[4 ,v]bs ) m$ial ck h d\ble pret]ites1 z deck51 to cov]1 pret4 dacte beside dahte1 & simil>ly dru3ck51 druck51 to press1 smeck51 to ta/e1 weck51 to awake4 ,see also ,sec4 #ib4 ,sec4 #ia4 ,! foll[+ are irregul>3-- ,inf94 ,pret4 ,p4,p4 d5k51 to ?9k dahte g$aht 7,secs4 #bh1 #bi7 dunk51 du3nk51 to seem duhte g$uh 7,secs4 #bh1 #bi7 furht51 fu3rht51 to fe> vorhte gevorht wurk51 wu3rk51 to "w worhte geworht br+51 to br+ brahte gebraht 7,secs4 #bh1 #bi7 ,,note4--,! second p]s4 s+4 ( brahte is braehte or brahtes7t71 pret4 subj4 braehte2 & simil>ly ) dahte2 ! subj4 ( duhte is duhte or diuhte4 ,,class ,,ii4 ,sec4 #ib4 ,! v]bs belong+ to ?is class =m _! pret]ite 9 -ete & _! pa/ p>ticiple 9 -et4 ,9 o!r respects ,class ,,ii has ! same end+s z ,class ,i4 ,x includes3 7a7 ,! dissyllabic v]bs1 hav+ a %ort /em-v[el foll[$ by a s+le consonant o!r ?an l1 r1 :i* 9 ,,ohg4 belong$ to ,classes ,,ii & ,,iii1 z lob5 7,,ohg4 lobon71 to praise1 pret4 lobete1 p4p4 gelobet2 le3b5 7,,ohg4 le3ben71 to live1 pret4 le3bete1 p4p4 gele3bet 7see ,sec4 #hh74 7b7 ,! dissyllabic v]bs ( ,,ohg4 ,class ,i ) a %ort /em-v[el foll[$ by d\ble consonants o!r ?an ll 7see ,sec4 #ca1 #c71 z leg51 old] legg5 7,,ohg4 legg571 to lay1 pret4 legete or leite 7,sec4 #cg71 p4p4 geleget or geleit2 d551 old] d5n5 7,,ohg4 d5n571 to /ret*1 pret4 d5ete1 p4p4 g$5et4 ,o!r examples belong+ to ,class ,,ii are3 be3t51 to pray1 dag51 to be sil5t1 klag51 to compla91 kle3b51 to /ick1 lad51 to invite1 nam51 to "n1 sag51 to say1 pret4 sagete & seite 7,sec4 #cg74 ,! v]bs ) a long /em-syllable1 :i* belong$ to ,,ohg4 ,classes ,,ii & ,,iii1 w5t ov] 9 ,,mhg4 ei!r into ,class ,i 7#a71 see ,sec4 #ij1 or _h pret]ites 9 -te beside -ete1 z dank51 to ?ank1 pret4 dancte beside dankete1 p4p4 g$anct beside g$anket2 vrag51 to ask1 pret4 vragte beside vragete1 p4p4 gevragt beside gevraget1 & simil>ly aht51 to obs]ve1 m9n51 to love1 traht51 to /rive1 c41 see ,secs4 #i1b1 #ij2 di551 to s]ve1 pret4 di5de 7,sec4 #dj71 c4 ,c4 ,,m9or ,,gr\ps4 #a4 ,pret]ite-,pres5ts4 ,sec4 #ic4 ,^! h /rong pret]ites ) a pres5t mean+1 f :i* new weak pret]ites h be5 =m$4 ,! #bnd p]s4 sg4 ends 9 -t1 & has ! same /em-v[el z ! #a/ & #crd p]s4 sg4 ,! foll[+ v]bs belong to ?is class3-- weiz1 ,i "k1 #bnd p]s4 sg4 wei/2 pl4 wizzen2 inf4 wizzen2 pres4 p4 wizzende2 pret4 wisse1 wesse1 wi/e or we/e2 p4p4 gewi/ or gewe/4 t\c1 ,i am ( use1 inf4 & pl4 tug5 or tu3g52 pret4 tohte2 subj4 to3hte4 gan1 ,i grant1 #bnd p]s4 sg4 gan/2 inf4 & pl4 gunn5 or gu3nn52 pret4 gunde2 subj4 gunde or gu3nde2 p4p4 gegunn51 gegunnet1 or gegun/4 kan1 ,i "k1 #bnd p]s4 sg4 kan/2 inf4 & pl4 kunn5 or ku3nn52 pret4 kunde 7konde72 subj4 kunde or ku3nde4 d>f1 ,i ne$1 #bnd p]s4 sg4 d>ft2 pl4 durf5 or du3rf52 pret4 dorfte2 subj4 do3rfte2 inf94 & p4p4 only 9 b$u3rf51 b$orft4 t>1 ,i d>e1 v5ture1 #bnd p]s4 sg4 t>/2 inf4 & pl4 turr5 or tu3rr52 pret4 tor/e2 subj4 to3r/e4 sol1 ,i %all1 #bnd p]s4 sg4 solt2 inf4 & pl4 suln or su3ln2 pret4 solde or solte4 mac1 ,i c1 #bnd p]s4 sg4 maht2 pl4 mag51 meg51 mug51 or mu3g52 pret4 mahte or mohte2 subj4 mehte 7mahte7 or mo3hte4 muoz1 ,i mu/1 #bnd p]s4 sg4 muo/2 pl4 mu3ezen2 pret4 muo/e or muose2 subj4 mu3e/e or mu3ese4 #b4 ,anomal\s ,v]bs4 ,sec4 #id4 7#a7 tuon1 to d4 ,pres5t4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 #a4 tuon 7tuo7 tuo ,s+4 #b4 tuos7t7 tuos7t7 #c4 tuot tuo #a4 tuon tuon ,plur4 #b4 tuot 7tuont7 tuot #c4 tuont tuon ,,inf94 tuon ,,imp]4 tuo ,,pres4 ,p4 tuonde ,pret]ite4 #a4 te3te 7te3t7 taete 7te3te7 ,s+4 #b4 taete taetes7t7 #c4 te3te 7te3t7 taete ,plur4 tat51 7taet51 te3t57 taet5 ,p4,p4 getan ,sec4 #ie4 7#b7 gan1 to g4 ,pres5t4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 #a4 gan1 gen ge 7ga1 gange7 ,s+4 #b4 gas7t71 ges7t7 ges7t7 7gas7t71 ganges7t77 #c4 gat1 get ge 7ga1 gange7 ,plur4 gan1 gen gen 7gan1 gang57 ,,inf94 gan1 gen ,,imp]4 ganc1 g5c1 g9c 7ga1 ge7 ,,pres4 ,p4 gande1 gende ,pret]ite4 ,s+4 gi5c or gie ,plur4 gi5g5 ,p4,p4 7ge7gang5 or gegan ,sec4 #if4 7#c7 /an1 to /&4 ,pres5t4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 #a4 /an1 /en1 /a1 /e /a1 /e 7/&e71 ,s+4 #b4 /as7t71 /es7t7 c4 #c4 /at1 /et ,plur4 /an1 /en ,,inf94 /an1 /en ,,imp]4 /a1 /e1 /ant ,pret]ite4 /uont ,p4,p4 ge/&5 or ge/an ,sec4 #ig4 7#d7 sin1 we3s51 to be4 ,pres5t4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 #a4 b9 si 7sige1 sie7 ,s+4 #b4 bis7t7 sis7t7 7siges7t71 sies7t77 #c4 i/ si 7sige1 sie7 #a4 birn1 sin sin 7sig51 sien7 ,plur4 #b4 birt1 sit sit 7siget1 siet7 #c4 s9t sin 7sig51 sien7 ,,inf94 sin1 we3s54 ,indic4 ,pret4 ,s+4 02 pl4 war5 7,sec4 #cj7 ,subj4 waere2 pl4 waer5 ,p4,p4 gewe3s5 7gewe3set7 ,sec4 #ih4 7#e7 well51 to w4 ,pres5t4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 ,s+4 #a4 wil welle #b4 wil1 wilt welles7t7 #c4 wil welle ,plur4 #a4 well51 weln well5 #b4 wellet1 welt wellet #c4 well51 weln well5 ,pret4 wolte or wolde 7,sec4 #dj7 wolte or wo3lte ,inf94 well54 #c4 ,contract$ ,v]bs4 ,sec4 #ii4 7#a7 lan lazen1 to let1 leave4 ,pres4 ,s+4 lan1 las7t71 laes7t71 lat 7laet7 ,plur4 lan1 lat1 lan ,pret4 lie or liez 7,sec4 #hg74 ,imp]4 la1 lat ,inf94 lan4 ,p4,p4 7ge7lan 7#b7 han hab51 to h4 ,pres4 ,s+4 han1 has7t71 hat ,plur4 han1 hat1 han ,pret4 hate 7he3te1 het7e71 hiet7e71 haete71 hates7t71 c4 ,subj4 pres4 habe1 habes7t71 c4 pret4 haete1 hete1 hete1 hiete1 hatte1 c4 ,inf94 han4 ,p4,p4 gehabet1 gehapt1 gehat4 ,! contract$ =m han1 c41 is mo/ly us$ z an auxili>y4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,syntax ,,cases4 ,sec4 #ajj4 ,accusative4 ,! accusative has mu* ! same function z 9 ,,nhg4 ,x is sometimes us$1 h[ev]1 :]e ! dat4 or a preposition w\ld be requir$ 9 ,,nhg43--e3r vuor wazzer unde we3ge1 he w5t by wat] & l&4 ,! acc4 is us$ aft] wol1 well1 :5 us$ z an int]jection1 z wol mi*4 ,a d\ble accusative is requir$ n only aft] ler51 to tea*1 b also aft] he3ln1 v]he3ln1 to conceal1 v]dag51 v]swig51 to keep secret4 ,sec4 #aja4 ,dative4 ru(51 to call1 & s*irm51 to protect1 take ! dative4 ,! dative is (t5 us$ adv]bially3 all5?alb51 on all sides1 wil57t71 =m]ly1 c4 ,sec4 #ajb4 ,g5itive4 ,! g5itives h&e1 slahte1 leie mann] are us$ adv]bially3 maneg] h&e1 slahte1 or leie1 9 _m ways1 manifoldly4 ,! g54 is us$ 9 comb9ation ) ! comp>ative ( adjectives1 z dick] e9es dumes1 ?ick] by ! bread? ( a ?umb4 ,indef9ite & int]rogative pron\ns1 us$ sub/antively1 take ! g5itive3 iem5 arm] liute1 any poor p2 niht s*oen]es1 no?+ m beautiful2 de3s enmac niht sin1 t _c be2 waz mannes e3r waere1 :at k9d ( man he 04 ,9 ! same mann] ! rel4 swaz may take ! g5itive3 swaz man vant de3r arm51 :atev] poor p "o f\nd4 ,! g5itive may be us$ pr$icatively3--sit si de3s gote%uses s9t1 s9ce !y belong to ! h\se ( ,god2 diu sorge i/ min e9es niht1 ,i am n ! only "o :o has sorr[4 ,imp]sonal v]bs (t5 take ! g5itive3 mi* g5u3eget de3s1 t is en\gh = me2 mi* gezimt de3s1 t pleases me4 ,! g5itives de3s & we3s may be us$ adv]bially 9 ! s5se ( !re=e1 :]e=e2 & likewise _m n\ns3 tages1 by day2 de3s se3lb5 tages1 ! same day2 nahtes1 by night4 ,int]jections usually take ! g5itive3 owe mir mines leides6 alas6 = my grief4 vil1 mu*1 _m2 me7re71 m2 wenic1 lu3tzel1 little2 m9n]1 m9re1 less2 & g5uoc1 en\gh1 us$ z indecl9able sub/antives1 are foll[$ by ! g5itive4 ,c>d9al num]als1 us$ sub/antively1 are also foll[$ by ! g5itive3 zwe9zec />k] man1 tw5ty /rong m54 ,,adjectives4 ,sec4 #ajc4 ,! weak & /rong =ms are us$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ,mod4 ,,hg4 dirre1 ?is1 is foll[$ by ! weak or /rong =m2 all]1 all1 usually by ! /rong4 ,! /rong or weak =m c be us$ aft] pron\ns1 z i* arm] or i* arme1 ,i poor 444 ,9 ! vocative ! weak =m )\t ! article is us$1 z guot5 liute1 7ye7 good p4 ,:5 ! same adjective ref]s to n\ns ( diff]5t g5d]1 x is put 9 ! neut] plural4 e9 & ! possessive pron\ns are foll[$ by ! /rong =m 9 ! ,nom4 & ,acc4 s+ul>2 by ! /rong or weak =m 9 ! pl4 & ,g54 & ,dative s+ul>4 ,! possessive pron\ns are decl9$ /rong4 ,! un9flect$ =m ( ! adjective is us$ side by side ) ! inflect$ 9 ! ,nom4 s+ul>1 all g5d]s1 & ,acc4 s+ul> neut]1 :5 ! adjective comes be=e ! n\n3 e9 guot man1 a good man4 ,:5 ! adjective /&s aft] ! n\n ! un9flect$ =m may be us$ )\t ref]5ce to numb]1 g5d]1 or case1 e91 dehe91 & ! possessive pron\ns h ! un9flect$ =m 9 ! ,nom4 = all g5d]s1 & ,acc4 neut]4 ,! un9flect$ =m ( al1 all1 c be us$ be=e all =ms ( ! def9ite article3 9 al de3r we3rlte1 9 all ! _w4 ,see ,sec4 #ee4 ,,pron\ns4 ,sec4 #ajd4 im1 ir1 pl4 91 are us$ to express ! dative ( ! reflexive pron\n4 de3r is sometimes us$ pleona/ically1 z de3r brunne1 de3r 0 ku3ele1 ! spr+ 0 cool4 man us$ z an indef9ite pron\n c take ! def9ite article along ) x4 ,,v]bs4 ,sec4 #aje4 ,numb]4 ,! v]b c be us$ 9 ! s+ul> aft] a comp\nd subject1 z ,volker und ,hag5e so sere wu3et5 began1 444 began to rage s furi\sly4 ,sec4 #ajf4 ,t5ses4 ,! fut4 simple is express$ by sol1 muoz1 wil & ! inf941 or simply by ! pres41 z 9 ,,oe43 i* sol gan1 ,i %all g2 b9 i* gnisli*1 so g5ise i*1 if ,i am curable1 ,i %all recov]4 ,= ! fut4 pf4 ! pf4 is us$3 daz i/ s*i]e getan1 t w soon h be5 done4 ,! pf4 is express$ ei!r by ! simple pret4 or ! p4p4 & ! v]bs han1 sin2 9 subord9ate s5t5ces ! pret4 (t5 has ! mean+ ( ! plup]fect3 do du von ir s*i$e1 zehant sie />p1 %e di$ imm$iately aft] ?\ had/ tak5 leave ( h]4 ,! pret]ite acquires a plup]fect1 & ! pres5t a future p]fect mean+ :5 ! prefix ge is add$ to !m3 sw5ne iuw] sun gewahset1 :5 y\r son 7%all h7 has gr[n up2 do i* 9 gesa*1 :5 ,i _h se5 him4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple ) sin is sometimes us$ z 9 ,engli%1 see ',arme ,he9ri*1' l4 #bd4 ,sec4 #ajg4 ,voice4 ,! pres5t & pret]ite passive are express$ by we3rd5 & ! p4p41 & ! correspond+ p]fect t5ses by sin & ! p4p4 ,pres4 i* wirde gelobet4 ,pret4 i* w>t ,p]f4 i* b9 ,plupf4 i* 0 ,inf4 gelobet sin4 ,sec4 #ajh4 ,negation4 ,negation 9 s5t5ces is express$ by ne 7en1 n7 be=e ! v]b1 & niht aft] x3 e3r eni/ guot1 he is n good4 niht is frequ5tly omitt$1 especially aft] ! pret]ite pres5ts1 ! v]bs well51 lan1 s5t5ces conta9+ negative pron\ns or adv]bs1 & 9 subord9ate s5t5ces4 en )\t niht is us$ ) ! subjunctive 9 subord9ate s5t5ces 9 ! s5se ( unless1 if n1 except t1 :5 t1 t n1 c43 de3n lip wil i* v]lies51 si enwe3rde min wip1 ,i w die if %e w n become my wife2 i* waene nieman 9 de3r we3rlte le3be1 e3rn habe e9 leit1 ,i believe no "o lives 9 ! _w :o has n 8 tr\ble4 en is fur!r also us$ 9 ! s5se ( ,lat9 'qu9'3 i* mac daz niht bev>n1 mirn we3rde min ritt]s*aft b5om51 ,i _c prev5t my knigh?ood be+ tak5 away f me4 ,,texts ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,l9e numb]s h be5 remov$ f ! prose passages4 ,note ref]5ces are m>k$ z #a1 #b444 ,9 ! v]se passages1 "s un/ress$ e's1 & a few i's1 7 pr9t$ ) an "u-dot3 e4 i44 ,?is usage is n expla9$4 ,"s "u-dots may be flyspecks1 & a few umlauts 7 unc]ta94 ,i ,,b]?old ,,von ,,reg5sburg4 ,8 "n 0 prop]ly ,b]?old ,le*4 ,he 0 ! mo/ celebrat$ prea*] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,he di$ 9 ,reg5sburg 9 #abgb4 ,! foll[+ extract is f a s]mon on ,matt4 v4 #h4 ',saelic s9t die arm53 wan daz himelri* i/ ir1' etc4 ,mit dis5 aht tug5d5 s9t alle die ze himelri*e kom51 die da s9t1 und mit d5 selb5 aht tug5d5 mu3ezent no* alle die d> kom51 die iem] mer d> kom5 su3ln4 ,nu wil i* die sib5 "u weg5 lan und wil niuw5 von ir e9] sag51 wan alse vil guot] d+e an ir iegli*] i/2 und von ir iegli*] waere g> vil und g> lanc sund]li*5 ze sag5ne2 und wie manigiu untug5t uns an dis5 ahte tug5d5 irret1 daz wu3rde eht von iegli*] g> lanc ze sag5ne4 ,wan man ez allez 9 e9] pr$ig5 niht v]5d5 mac1 no* 9 vi]51 no* 9 zeh551 so wil i* iu hiute niuw5 sag5 von d51 die e9 re9e h]ze hab5t1 und von d5 man hiute da liset 9 dem heilig5 ewangelio 'saelic s9t1 die re9es h]z5 s9t3 die w]d5t got seh5de4'#a ,die s9t wol von rehte saelic1 die da got seh5t4 ,e9 u3b]gu3lde i/ ez all] d] saelikeit1 diu ie w>t od] iem] mer eht w]d5 mac1 sw] got anseh5de eht wirt1 also su3eze und also wu3nnecli* i/ diu gesiht1 die man an got siht4 ,so w>t nie dehe9] muot] ir k9t nie so liep1 an uns] fr\w51 und solte si ez drie tage ane seh5 an und]laz1 daz si &]s niht enpflaege1#b wan eht si ir liebez k9t solte an seh53 si aeze an dem vi]d5 tage vil g]n] e9 /u3cke brotes4 ,und wolte i* vil g]n]1 daz i* also e9 guot m5s*e waere1 als daz war i/1 daz i* iezuo r$5 wil4 ,ob daz also waere1 daz man zuo e9em m5s*5 sprae*e1 d] iezuo bi gote i/1 'du ha/ zeh5 k9t uf ertri*e1 und du solt 9 k\f5 all5 samt1 daz sie ere und guot hab5 unz an ir tot1 da mit1 daz du e9ig5 oug5blic von gotes angesiht tuo/1 niuw5 als lange als e9z sin hant mo3ht umbe ker51 und si* danne wid] zuo gote1 und du solt din oug5 niem] mer von im ker5'3 d] m5s*e entaete sin niht4 ,alse war1 h]re1 din warheit i/1 alse war i/ disiu r$e1 daz er disiu zeh5 k9t unze an ir tot e na* dem almuos5 lieze gen1 e danne er si* die kle9e wile von gote wolte w5d54 ,9 hab5t die engel wol sehzic hund]t jar an geseh51 und seh5t 9 hiute als g]ne als des er/5 tages4 ,und sie s9t ou* alle samt sam des er/5 tages1 do sie got an seh5de wurd54 ,do w>t ir dehe9] sit nie eltli*] danne des er/5 tages1 und s9t do* sid] wol sehzic hund]t jar alt4 ,swelh] hund]t jar alt wu3rde "u uns1 d] waere d5 liut5 alse smaehe an ze seh5ne von unge/al!it und von dem gebre/51 d5 daz alt] an im haete gemaht3 so malet man die engele--da sehet ir wol1 swa man sie malt1 daz man sie eht &]s niht enmalt wan als e9 k9t von fu3nf jar51 als juncli*1 od] von sehs54 ,wan alle1 die got seh5t1 die w]d5t niem] eltli*]1 die 9 9 himelri*e seh5t 9 sin5 freud5 und 9 sin5 er54 ,uf ertri*e seh5 wir 9 alle tage 9 sinem gewalte4 ,dehe9 ird5is*] muot no* ird5is* lip mo3hte daz niht erlid51 daz 9 dehe9 ird5is* ouge iem] an geseh5 mo3hte 9 sin5 freud5 und 9 sin5 er51 als er ze himelri*e i/4 ,wir sag5 iu ettew5ne e9 gli*nisse1 wie s*oene got si4 ,seht1 allez daz wir iem] gesag5 ku3nn5 od] mu3g51 daz i/ rehte dem gli*e1 als obe e9 k9t uns solte sag51 ob ez mu3gli* waere1 von all] d] wirde und von all] d] gezi]de1 die diu w]lt hat1 von d] lieht5 sunn51 von d5 lieht5 /]n51 von edelre ge/e9e craft und von ir manig] slahte v>we1 von d] edel5 wu3rze craft und von dem edel5 gesmacke1 und von d] ri*5 gezi]de1 die man uzer sid5 und uzer golde ma*et 9 dirre w]lte1 und von manig] h&e su3ezen /imme1 die diu w]lt hat1 von vo3gelin sange und von seit5spil1 und von manig] h&e bluom5 v>we1 und von all] d] gezi]de1 die disiu w]lt hat4 ,alse unmu3geli* unde alse unkuntli*5 eime k9de da von ze r$5ne i/1 als unkunt i/ ou* uns da von ze r$5ne1 von d] unsegeli*5 wu3nne1 diu da ze himel i/1 und von dem wu3nnecli*5 antlu3tze des leb5dig5 gotes4 ,wan alliu diu freude1 diu da ze himele i/1 d] i/ niht wan von dem s*ine1 d] von uns]s h]r5 antlu3tze get4 ,und rehte als alle /]n5 ir lieht von d] sunn5 nem5t1 also hab5t alle heilig5 ir gezi]de und ir s*onheit von gote1 und engele und allez himelis*e h]4 ,reht als alle die /]n5 des himeles1 d] mane und die planet51 groz und kle9e1 die hab5t alle samt ir lieht von d] sunn51 diu uns da liuhtet3 und also hat allez himelis*ez h]1 engel und heilig51 die hoeh/5 und die m9ne/51 die hab5t alle samt ir freude und ir wu3nne und ir gezi]de und die ere und die wirde und ou* die s*oende1 daz hab5t sie alle samt von d] angesihte gotes1 daz sie got an seh5t4 ,die engele1 die da uns] hu3et5t1 die seh5t 9 ze all] zit an1 als ob sie bi im waer54 ,wan alliu diu freude1 diu 9 himelri*e i/1 diu diuhte sie ze nihte1 solt5 sie got niht an seh54 ,und da von 'saelic s9t1 die re9es h]z5 s9t2 wan sie w]d5t got seh5de4' ,nu seh5t1 wie saelic die s9t1 die da re9ez h]ze trag5t4 ,ir1 junge w]lt1 die no* unbewoll5 s9t mit su3nd51 behalt5t iuw] h]ze vor all5 toetli*5 su3nd51 so w]d5t ir got seh5de 9 soli*5 freud5 und 9 so grozen er51 die ouge nie gesa* od] ore nie gehorte1 alse sant ,paulus da spri*et2 und alse sant ,johannes spri*et3 'waer ez mu3geli*1 daz man ez allez samt ges*rib5 mo3hte1 so mo3hte diu w]lt diu buo* 9 ir niht behalt51 da ez an ge/u3ende1 daz i* gesa*4 ,und allez1 daz i* gesa*1 daz 0 niht wan got alle9e4' ,und d> umbe mo3ht5 wir do* g]ne ze dem himelri*e kom5 und drumbe arbeit54 ,ob uns niht diu m9ne und diu liebe d> twu3nge1 d] wir gote s*uldic sin1 seht1 so mo3ht5 wir d> umbe d> kom51 dur* daz wund]1 daz da i/4 ,ez i/ manig] vor mir3 d] im von so getan] freude#c seite1 daz si j5halp m]es waere1 er fu3ere g> g]9cli*5 d> von h9n5 u3b] m]1 niuw5 daz erz gesaehe4 ,so mo3ht5t ir hund]t/unt g]n] d> umb arbeit51 daz irz iem] mere ewicli*5 niezen soltet4 ,die vil wu3nnecli*5 angesiht des almehtig5 gotes und d] himelis*5 ku3nig9ne ze d] zesw5 sin] sit5 9 guldin] waete1 die mo3htet ir g]ne an seh54 ,wan wu3rde iu e9ig] anblic1 so waere 9 alliu diu freude und diu ere und all] d] wollu/1 d5 diu w]lt ie gewan1 daz waer iu h9ne fu3r als wid]zaeme und ou* alse unmaere1 reht als sant ,paulus da spra*4 ,nu hoeret wie er spra*2 er spra*3 'alliu diu ere und diu freude und daz gema*1 diu disiu w]lt ie gewan von keis]n und von ku3nig51 wid] d] freude1 diu 9 himelri* i/2 als wid]zaeme e9em waere e9 diep an e9em galg51 als kurz e9em diu wile da mite waere1 daz er e95 erhang5 man triut5 solte1 wid] all] d] freude1 die diu w]lt hat3 alse wid]zaeme i/ mir diu freude all] d] w]lte wid] d] ewig5 freude4' ,ei wol iu* w>t1 daz iu* iuw] muot] ie getruoc1 die so getane freude su3ln besitz54 ,d] i/1 ob got wil1 vil manig] vor min5 oug54 ,ou* i/ manig]1 d] vil kle9e freude d> fu3r nimt hie uf ertri*e1 und daz dem guot5 sante ,paul5 g> v]smahte1 des wirt im d] tus5t/e teil niht4 ,und die hab5t u3bel k\ft1 die so u3b]groze freude geb5t umb e9 so kurzez freudelin 9 dirre w]lte4 ,die hab5t u3bel gev>n2 wan sie hab5t w$] hie no* dort niht4 ,als i* iezuo spra*1 rehte 9 gli*] wise1 rehte alse alle /]n5 des himeles ir lieht von d] sunn5 hab5t1 also hat allez himelis* h] ir lieht von dem war5 sunn51 sit danne uns] h]re d] ware sunne und daz ware lieht i/1 alse d] guote sant ,johannes da spri*et4 ,d] hei et 9 daz ware lieht2 als ou* daz vil war i/3 wan er i/ daz ware lieht1 daz niem] mer v]lis*et4 ,und alle1 die von sime gotv>w5 liehte enzu3ndet w]d5t1 die erles*5t ou* niem] mere von d] s*onheit1 die sie von dem war5 sunn5 hant4 ,und als vil diu sunne lieht] und gelpf] i/1 danne wir da seh51 rehte als vil diu liehtes und gla/es u3b] alle /]ne hat1 die an dem himel /ent3 als vil hat d] ware sunne 9 himelri*e s*ines und gla/es mer u3b] alle engele und i/ ges*oenet und gewirdet an all5 er51 alse billi* i/4 ,und da von s9t sie saelic1 die e9 re9ez h]ze hab5t2 wan si w]d5t got seh5de4 ,,ii ,,! ,,swabian ,,lantrehtbuo*4 ,?is "w 0 compil$ by ,david von ,augsburg1 ab\t #abhj ,a4,d4 ,,hie ,,hebet ,,si* ,,an ,,da,z ,,lantrehtbuo*4 ,h]re got1 himelis*] vat]1 dur* dine milte gu3ete ges*u3efe du d5 m5s*5 9 drivaltig] w]dikeit4 ,diu er/e1 daz er na* dir gebildet i/4 ,daz i/ ou* e9 also hohiu w]dikeit1 d] dir allez m5s*li* ku3nne sund]li*5 imm] dank5 sol4 ,wan des hab5 wir g> mi*el reht1 vil lieb] h]re1 himelis*] vat]1 sit du uns zuo din] hoh5 go!it also w]dicli*5 ge$elt ha/4 ,diu &] w]dikeit1 da du1 h]re got1 alma3htic s*epf]1 d5 m5s*5 zuo ges*aff5 ha/1 daz i/ diu1 daz du alle dise w]elt1 die sunn5 unde d5 man51 die /]ne unde diu vi] elem5t1 viur1 wazzer1 luft unde die erd51 die vogel 9 d5 lu3ft51 die vis*e 9 dem wage1 diu ti] 9 dem walde1 die wu3rme 9 d] erd51 golt unde edel ge/e9e1 d] edeln wu3rze su3ezen smac1 d] bluom5 liehte v>we1 d] b\me fruht unde et alle creature3 daz ha/ du1 h]re1 allez dem m5s*5 ze nutze unde ze di5/e ges*aff5 dur* die triuwe unde dur* die m9ne1 die du ze dem m5s*5 hete/4 ,diu dritte w]dikeit1 da du1 h]re1 d5 m5s*5 mit gewirdet unde ge$elt ha/1 daz i/ diu1 daz d] m5s*e die wirde unde die ere1 die vreude unde die wu3nne imm] mit dir ewicli*5 niezen sol4 ,d] w]elde di5/ unde nuz ha/ du1 h]re1 dem m5s*5 umbe su/ gegeb5 ze e9] manunge unde ze e9em vorbilde4 ,sit des so vil i/1 des du1 h]re1 dem m5s*5 umbe su/ gegeb5 ha/1 da bi sol d] m5s*e nu traht51 so mege#d des wol g> u3b]maezicli*5 vil sin1 des du dem m5s*5 umbe sin5 di5/ geb5 wilt4 ,unde d> umbe sol e9 iegeli* m5s*e got di55 mit ganz5 triuw52 wan d] lon i/ also u3b]maezicli*5 groz1 daz 9 h]z5 s9 nie betraht5 mo3hte no* m5s*5 zunge nie gespre*5 mo3hte1 no* oug5 seh5 ku3nde 9 nie beliuht51 no* ore nie gehoer54 ,daz wir nu got d] hoh5 w]dikeit g$ank5 unde d5 grozen lon v]di551 des helfe uns d] alma3htige got4 am54 ,sit uns got 9 so hoh] w]dikeit ges*aff5 hat1 so wil er ou*1 daz wir w]dez leb5 hab51 unde daz wir e9&] wirde unde ere erbiet51 triuwe unde warheit1 niht haz unde nit e9&] trag54 ,wir sull5 mit fride unde mit suone "u e9&] leb54 ,fridli* leb5 hat uns] h]re got liep4 ,wan er kom von himelri*e uf erd]i*e dur* &]s niht wan dur* d5 reht5 fride1 daz er uns e95 reht5 fride s*u3efe vor d] ewig5 m>t]1 ob wir selb5 well54 ,unde da von sung5 die engel ob d] kripp53 ',gloria 9 excelsis deo et 9 t]ra pax hom9ibus bonae voluntatis'--',gots ere 9 dem himel unde guot fride uf d] erd5 all5 d51 die guot5 will5 hab5t uf erd]i*e6' ,do uns] h]re got hie uf erd]i*e gie1 so 0 daz ie sin elli* wort3 ',pax vobis6' daz spri*et3 'd] fride si mit iu6' unde also spra* er alle zit zuo sin5 jung]n unde zuo &]n liut54 ,unde da bi suln wir m]k51 wie rehte liep d] almehtige got d5 reht5 vride hat4 ,wan do er von erd]i*e wid] uf zuo himel fuor1 do spra* er ab] zuo sin5 jung]n3 'd] vride si mit iu6' unde enphalh dem guot5 ,sant ,pet]1 daz er phleg] waere u3b] d5 reht5 fride1 unde gap im d5 gewalt1 daz er d5 himel uf slu3zze all5 d51 die d5 fride hielt51 unde sw] d5 fride brae*e1 daz er dem d5 himel vor beslu3zze4 ,daz i/ also gespro*53 et alle1 die diu gebot uns]s h]r5 zebre*5t1 die hab5t ou* d5 reht5 fride gebro*54 ,daz i/ ou* von gote reht1 sw] diu gebot uns]s h]r5 zebri*et1 daz man dem d5 himel vor besliuzet1 sit uns got nu geholf5 hat1 daz wir mit rehtem leb5 unde mit fridli*em leb5 daz himelri* v]di55 mu3g54 ,wan daz 0 niht vor gotes geburt1 swie wol d] m5s*e taet 9 all] d] w]elde1 so mohte er do* ze dem himelri* niht kom54 ,got ges*u( des er/5 himel unde erd51 d> na* d5 m5s*5 unde sazte 9 9 daz p>adys4 ,d] zebra* die gehorsam uns all5 ze s*ad52 d> umbe gi5ge wir irre sam diu hirtelos5 s*af1 daz wir 9 daz himelri* niht moht51 unz an die zit1 daz uns got d5 wec d> wi/e mit sin] m>t]1 unde d> umbe solde wir got imm] lob5 unde er5 von allem uns]m h]z5 unde von all] uns]re sele unde von all] uns]re maht1 daz wir nu so wol ze d5 ewig5 freud5 kaem51 ob wir wold52 daz hie vor manig5 heilig5 patri>k5 unde prophet5 tiure 04 ,diu g5ade unde diu saelikeit i/ uns kri/5 liut5 nu wid]v>51 daz wir nu wol daz himelri* mug5 v]di554 ,unde sw] des niht entuot unde diu gebot uns]s h]r5 zebri*et1 daz ri*et er billi*5 an im4 ,,von ,,vr,i,,en ,,liut54 ,wir zel5 drier h&e vrien4 ,d] heizent e9e semp]vrien3#e daz s9t die vrien h]r51 als fu3r/5 unde die &] frien ze man hant4 ,so heizent die &]n mit]#f vrien3 daz s9t die1 die d] hoh5 vrien man s9t4 ,die drit5 vrien daz s9t die vrien lantsaezen1 die gebur51 die da vri s9t4 ,d] hat iegli*] sin sund] reht1 als wir h] na* wol bes*eid54 ,,von ,,tiuts*] ,,liute ,e,,r54 ,die tiuts*5 kies5t d5 ku3nic3 daz erw>b 9 d] ku3nic ,k>l4 ,sw5ne er gewihet wirt unt uf d5 /uol ze ,a*e gesetzet wirt mit d] will51 die 9 erwelt hant1 so hat er ku3nicli*5 gewalt unde nam54--,d5 ku3nic kiuset man ze riht] umbe eig5 unde umbe leh5 unde u3b] iegli*es m5s*5 lip unde umbe allez1 daz vu3r 9 ze klag5 kumet4 ,d] keis] mac 9 all5 l&5 niht gesin1 unde mac allez ung]ihte niht v]riht54 ,da von lihet er d5 fu3r/5 unde &]n h]r5 w]eltli* g]ihte4 ,an die vi]t5 hant mac dehe9 g]ihte nimm] kom5 mit rehte1 da man umbe m5s*5bluot riht5 sol ode umbe alle vrevel4 ,,iii ,,h>tman ,,von ,,ouwe4 ,he 0 born some:]e betwe5 #aafj-aagj1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rott5burg 9 ,swabia1 & di$ ab\t #abbj4 ,! foll[+ extract is tak5 f ,paul's edition3 ,d] ,arme ,he9ri*1 ,halle1 #ahhb4 ,e9 ritt] so geleret 0 daz er an d5 buo*5 las swaz er d> an ges*rib5 vant4 d] 0 ,h>tman g5ant1 di5/man 0 er ze ,ouwe4 #e er nam im mange s*\we an misli*5 buo*53 d> an begunde er suo*5 ob er iht des funde da mite er swaere /unde #aj mo3hte s5ft] ma*51 und von so gewant5 sa*5 daz gotes er5 to3hte und da mite er si* mo3hte gelieb5 d5 liut54 #ae nu beg9net er 9 diut5 e9 r$e die er ges*rib5 vant4 d> umbe hat er si* g5ant1 daz er sin] arbeit die er d> an hat geleit #bj iht ane lon belibe1 und sw] na* sinem libe si hoere sag5 od] lese1 daz er im bitt5de wese d] sele heiles h9 ze gote4 #be man seit1 er si sin selbes bote unde erloese si* da mite1 sw] u3b] des &]n s*ulde bite4 ,er las ditze maere1 wie e9 h]re waere #cj ze ,swab5 gesezzen3 an dem enwas v]gezzen dehe9] d] tug5de die e9 ritt] 9 sin] jug5de ze vollem lobe hab5 sol4 #ce man spra* do niem5 also wol 9 all5 d5 l&54 er hete ze sin5 h&5 geburt und d> zuo ri*eit3 ou* 0 sin tug5t vil breit4 #dj swie ganz sin habe waere1 sin geburt unw&elbaere und wol d5 fu3r/5 geli*1 do* 0 er unna* also ri* d] gebu3rte und des guotes #de so d] er5 und des muotes4 ,sin "n d] 0 erk5neli*1 und hiez d] h]re ,he9ri*1 und 0 von ,ouwe geborn4 sin h]ze hate v]sworn #ej vals* und alle to3rp]heit1 und behielt ou* va/e d5 eit /aete unz an sin ende4 an alle missew5de /uont si ere und sin leb54 #ee im 0 d] rehte wuns* gegeb5 ze w]ltli*5 er53 die kunde er wol gemer5 mit all] h&e re9] tug5t4 er 0 e9 bluome d] jug5t1 #fj d] w]lte fro3ude e9 spiegelglas4 /aet] triuwe e9 adamas1 e9 ganziu krone d] zuht4 er 0 d] no?aft5 fluht1 e9 s*ilt sin] mage1 #fe d] milte e9 gli*iu wage3 im enw>t u3b] no* gebra/4 er truoc d5 arbeitsam5 la/ d] er5 u3b] ru3cke4 er 0 des rates bru3cke1 #gj und sanc vil wol von m9n54 alsus kund er gew9n5 d] w]lte lop unde pris4 er 0 hu3bes* und d> zuo wis4 ,do d] h]re ,he9ri* #ge also g5iete si* er5 unde guotes und froeli*es muotes und w]ltli*] wu3nne 7er 0 fu3r al sin ku3nne #hj gepriset unde geeret71 sin hoh] muot w>t v]keret 9 e9 leb5 g> g5eiget4 an im w>t erzeiget1 also ou* an ,absolone1 #he daz diu u3ppige krone w]ltli*] su3eze vellet "u fu3eze ab ir be/5 w]dekeit1 als uns diu s*rift hat geseit4 #ij ez spri*t an e9] /ete da1 'media vita 9 morte sumus'3 daz b$iutet si* alsus1 daz wir 9 dem tode sweb5 #ie so wir all] be/e waen5 leb54 ,dirre w]lte ve/e1 ir /aete1 unde ir be/e unde ir groe/e mag5kraft1 diu /at ane mei/]s*aft4 #ajj des muge wir an d] k]z5 seh5 e9 warez bilde ges*eh51 daz si ze9] as*5 wirt enmitt5 do si lieht birt4 wir sin von broed5 sa*54 #aje nu seh5t wie uns] la*5 mit we95 erlis*et4 uns] su3eze i/ v]mis*et mit bitt]re gall54 uns] bluome d] muoz vall5 #aaj s er all]gru3ene/ waenet sin4 an h]n ,he9ri*e w>t wol s*in1 d] 9 dem hoeh/5 w]de lebet uf dirre erde1 d]/ d] v]smaehete vor gote4 #aae er viel von sime gebote ab sin] be/5 w]dekeit 9 e9 v]smaeheli*ez leit3 9 ergreif diu miselsuht4 do man die swaer5 gotes zuht #abj gesa* an sinem libe1 manne unde wibe w>t er do wid]zaeme4 nu seh5t wie g5aeme er e d] w]lte waere1 #abe und w>t nu alse unmaere daz 9 niem5 g]ne an sa*3 alse ou* ,jobe ges*a*1 dem edeln und dem ri*51 d] ou* vil jaem]li*5 #acj dem mi/e w>t ze teile mitt5 9 sime heile4 ,und do d] arme ,he9ri* alre/ v]/uont si* daz er d] w]lte wid]/uont1 #ace als alle sine geli*5 tuont1 do s*iet 9 sin bitt] leit von ,jobes g$ultikeit4 wan ez leit ,job d] guote mit g$ultigem muote1 #adj d ez ime ze lid5ne ges*a*1 dur* d] sele gema*4 d5 sie*tuom und die sma*eit die er von d] w]lte leit1 des lobet er got und fro3ute si*4 #ade do tet d] arme ,he9ri* leid] ni5d] also3 wan er 0 trurec unde unfro4 sin sweb5dez h]ze daz v]swanc1 sin swimm5diu fro3ude ertranc1 #aej sin ho*v>t muo/e vall51 sin honic w>t ze gall51 e9 sw9de v9/] donreslac z]bra* im sin5 mitt5 tac1 e9 tru3ebez wolk5 unde dic #aee b$aht' im sin] sunn5 blic4 er s5te si* vil sere daz er so manege ere h9d] im mu3e/e lazen4 v]fluo*et und v]wazen #afj w>t vil (te d] tac da sin geburt ane lac4 ,e9 wenic fro3uwet er si* do* von eime tro/e danno*3 wan im w>t dicke geseit #afe daz disiu selbe sie*eit waere vil misli* und eteli*iu gnisli*4 des w>t vil maneg] slahte sin g$+e und sin ahte4 #agj er g$ahte daz er waere vil lihte g5isbaere1 und fuor also drate na* d] arzate rate geg5 ,munpasili]e4 #age da vant er vil s*i]e niht wan d5 untro/ daz er niem] wu3rde erlo/4 ,daz horte er vil ung]ne1 und fuor geg5 ,sal]ne #ahj und suo*te ou* da dur* g5i/ d] wis5 arzate li/4 d5 be/5 mei/] er da vant4 d] seite ime zehant e9 seltsaene maere1 #ahe daz er g5isli* waere und waere do* iem] ung5es54 do spra* er 'wie mac daz wes58 diu r$e i/ h>te unmu3geli*4 b9 i* gnisli*1 so g5ise i*3 #aij und swaz mir fu3r wirt geleit von guote od] von arbeit1 daz truwe i* vollebr+54' 'nu lat daz g$+5' spra* d] mei/] ab] do3 #aie 'iuwe4rre su3hte i/ also 7waz frumet daz i*z iu kunt tuo873 da hoeret arz5ie zuo3 des waeret ir g5isli*4 nu eni/ ab nieman so ri* #bjj no* von so />k5 s9n5 d] si mu3ge gew9n54 des s9t ir iem] ung5es51 got enwelle4 d] arzat wes54' ,do spra* d] arme ,he9ri* #bje 'w> umbe untroe/5t ir mi*8 ja han i* guotes wol die kraft3 ir enwell5t iuw] mei/]s*aft und iuw] reht ou* bre*5 und d> zuo v]spre*5 #baj beidiu min silb] und min golt1 i* ma*e iu* mir also holt daz ir mi* h>te g]ne ern]t4' 'mir waere4 d] wille unrew]t' spra* d] mei/] ab] do3 #bae 'und waere4 d] arz5ie also daz man si veile funde od] daz man si kunde mit dehe95 d+e4n erw]b51 i* enlieze iu* niht v]d]b54 #bbj nu enmac des leid] niht sin3 da von muoz iu diu helfe min dur* alle not sin v]saget4 ir mu3es5t hab5 e9e maget diu voll5 erbaere #bbe und ou* des will5 waere daz si d5 tot dur* iu* lite4 nu eni/ ez niht d] liute site daz ez iem5 g]ne tuo4 so hoert ou* &]s niht d> zuo #bcj niwan d] meg$e h]z5 bluot3 daz waere4 fu3r iuw] suht guot4' ,nu erkante4 d] arme ,he9ri* daz daz waere unmu3geli* daz iem5 d5 erwu3rbe #bce d] g]ne fu3r 9 /u3rbe4 alsus 0 im d] tro/ b5om5 uf d5 er d> 0 kom51 und d> na* fu3r die selb5 fri/ hat er ze sin] g5i/ #bdj dehe9 g$+e mere4 des w>t sin h]zesere also kreftic unde groz daz 9 des all] mei/ v]droz1 ob er lang] solte leb54 #bde nu fuor er heim und begunde geb5 sin erbe und ou* sin v>nde guot1 als 9 do sin selbes muot und wis] rat lerte1 da erz all] be/e4 bekerte4 #bej er begunde4 bes*eid5li*5 sin arm5 friunde ri*5 und tro/e ou* fro3mde arm51 daz si* got erb>m5 g]uo*te u3b] d] sele heil3 #bee gotes hius]n viel daz &] teil4 alsus so tet er si* abe bes*eid5li*5 sin] habe unz an e9 g]iute3 d> flo* er die liute4 #bfj disiu jaem]li*e4 ges*iht diu 0 sin e9es klage niht3 9 klaget5 elliu diu lant da er inne 0 erkant1 und ou* von vro3md5 l&5 #bfe die 9 na* sage erk&54 ,d] e ditz g]iute und d] ez danno* biute1 daz 0 e9 frier buman d] vil selt5 ie gewan #bgj dehe9 groz ungema*1 daz &e4rn gebur5 do* ges*a*1 die wirs geh]ret war51 und si die niht v]bar5 beidiu mit /iure und mit bete4 #bge swaz dirre4 gebure g]ne tete1 des duhte sin5 h]r5 gnuoc3 d> zuo er 9 u3b]truoc daz er dehe9 arbeit von fro3mdem gewalte leit4 #bhj des 0 dehe9] sin geli* 9 dem l&e also ri*4 zuo deme zo* si* sin h]re41 d] arme ,he9ri*4 swaz er 9 het e gesp>t1 #bhe wie wol daz nu g$i5et w>t und wie s*one er sin g5oz6 wan 9 vil lu3tzel des v]droz swaz im ges*a* dur* 94 er hete die triuwe und ou* d5 s9 #bij daz er vil willecli*e leit d5 kumb] und die arbeit diu ime ze lid5ne ges*a*4 er s*u( ime ri* gema*4 ,got hete dem meig] gegeb5 #bie na* sin] ahte e9 re9ez leb54 er hete e9 wol erbeit5 lip und e9 wol w]b5dez wip1 d> zuo het er s*oeniu k9t1 diu g> des mannes fro3ude s9t1 #cjj unde hete1 so man saget1 unde4r d5 k9d5 e9e maget1 e9 k9t von ahte jar53 daz kunde wol gebar5 so rehte gu3etli*53 #cje si wolte nie entwi*5 von ir h]r5 e95 fuoz3 umb sine hulde und sin5 gruoz so di5te si ime alle wege mit ir gu3etli*5 pflege4 #caj si 0 ou* so g5aeme daz si wol gezaeme ze k9de deme ri*e an ir waetli*e4 ,die &]n het5 d5 s9 #cae daz si ze reht] maze 9 wol gemid5 kund53 so flo* si zall5 /und5 zuo ime und ni5d] &]s w>4 si 0 sin kurzewile g>4 #cbj si hete g> ir gemu3ete mit re9] k9des gu3ete an ir h]r5 gewant1 daz man si zall5 zit5 vant unde4r ir h]r5 fuoze4 #cbe mit su3ezer unmuoze wonte si ir h]r5 bi4 d> zuo so liebte er ou* si swa mite so er mohte1 und daz d] meide tohte #ccj zuo ir k9tli*5 spil1 des gab d] h]re ir vil4 ou* half 9 sere daz diu k9t so lihte ze gew55ne s9t4 er gewan ir swaz er veile vant1 #cce spiegel unde harbant1 gu3rtel unde v+]lin und swaz k9d5 liep solte sin4 mit di5/e brahte er s' uf die v>t daz si im also heimli* w>t #cdj daz er si sin gemahele hiez4 diu guote maget 9 liez belib5 selt5 e9e3 er duhte si vil re9e4 swie />ke ir daz g]iete #cde diu k9dis*e miete1 i$o* geliebte irz all] mei/ von gotes gebe e9 su3ezer gei/4 ,ir di5/ w> so gu3etli*4 do do d] arme ,he9ri* #cej driu jar da getwelte unde im got gequelte mit grozem jam] d5 lip1 nu saz d] mei] und sin wip unde ir toht]1 diu maget #cee von d] i* iu e han gesaget1 bi im 9 ir unmu3ezekeit und begund5 klag5 ir h]r5 leit4 diu klage tet 9 mi*el not3 wan si vorht5 daz sin tot #cfj si sere solte letz5 und vil g> entsetz5 er5 unde guotes und daz h]t]s muotes wu3rde e9 &] h]re4 #cfe si g$aht5 also v]re unz dirre selbe buman alsus frag5 began4 ,er spra* 'lieb] h]re min1 mo3ht ez mit iuw]n huld5 sin1 #cgj i* fragte vil g]ne1 so vil ze ,sal]ne von arz5ien mei/] i/1 wie kumet daz ir dehe9es li/ ze iuw]me ungesunde #cge niht g]at5 kunde8 h]re1 des wund]t mi*4' do holte4 d] arme ,he9ri* tief5 suft von h]z5 mit bitt]li*em sm]z53 #chj mit solh] riuwe er do spra* daz ime d] suft daz wort z]bra*4 ',i* han dis5 s*emeli*5 spot vil wol g$i5et umbe got4 wan du saehe wol hie vor #che daz hoh (f5 /uont min tor na* w]ltli*] wu3nne und daz niem5 9 sinem ku3nne sin5 will5 baz hete dan i*3 und 0 daz do* unmu3geli*1 #cij wan i* enhete niht g>4 do nam i* sin vil kle9e w> d] mir daz selbe wuns*leb5 von sin5 gnad5 hete gegeb54 daz h]ze mir do also /uont #cie als alle w]lttor5 tuont1 d5 daz saget ir muot daz si ere unde guot ane got mu3g5 han4 sus tr\g ou* mi* min tumb] wan1 #djj wan i* 9 lu3tzel ane sa* von des g5ad5 mir ges*a* vil er5 unde guotes4 do do des hoh5 muotes d5 hoh5 port5aere4 b$roz1 #dje die saeld5 porte er mir besloz4 dane kum i* leid] niem] 93 daz v]worhte mir min tumb] s94 got hat dur* ra*e an mi* geleit e9 sus gewante sie*eit #daj die niem5 mag erloes51 nu v]smaeh5t mi* die boes51 die bid]b5 ruo*5t min niht4 swie boese er i/ d] mi* gesiht1 des boes] muoz i* danno* sin4 #dae sin unw]t tuot er mir s*in3 er wirfe4t diu oug5 abe mir4 nu s*inet er/e an dir din triuwe die du ha/1 daz du mi* sie*5 bi dir la/ #dbj und von mir niht enfliuhe/4 swie du mi* niht ens*iuhe/1 swie i* niem5 liep si danne dir1 swie vil dins heiles /e an mir1 du v]tru3ege/ do* wol min5 tot4 #dbe nu wes unw]t und wes not w>t ie z] w]lte m]re8 hie vor 0 i* din h]re und b9 din du3rftige nu4 min lieb] friunt1 nu k\fe/ du #dcj und min gemahele und din wip an mir d5 ewig5 lip daz du mi* sie*5 bi dir la/4 des du mi* gefraget ha/1 daz sage i* dir vil g]ne4 #dce i*n kunde ze ,sal]ne e95 mei/] ni5d] v9d5 d] si* min und]w9d5 geto3r/e od] wolte4 wan da mite i* solte #ddj min] su3hte g5es51 daz mu3e/e e9 solhiu sa*e wes5 die 9 d] w]lte nieman mit nihte gew9n5 kan4 mir w>t niht &]s da gesaget #dde wan i* mu3e/e hab5 e9e maget diu voll5 manbaere und ou* des will5 waere daz si d5 tot dur* mi* lite und man si zuo dem h]z5 snite1 #dej und mir waere4 niht &]s guot wan von ir h]z5 daz bluot4 nu i/ g5uoc unmu3geli* daz ir dehe9iu dur* mi* g]ne lide d5 tot4 #dee des muoz1 i* s*emeli*e not trag5 unz an min ende4 daz mirz got s*i]e s5de6' ,daz er dem vat] hete gesagt1 daz erhorte ou* diu re9e magt3 #dfj wan ez hete diu vil su3eze ir lieb5 h]r5 fu3eze /ande 9 ir s*ozen1 man mo3hte wol g5ozen ir k9tli* gemu3ete #dfe h9 ze d] engel gu3ete4 sin] r$e nam si w> unde m>hte si ou* g>3 si enkam von ir h]z5 nie unz man des nahtes slaf5 gie4 #dgj do si zir vat] fu3ezen lac und ou* ir muot]1 so si pflac1 und si beide entslief51 maneg5 suft tief5 holte si von h]z54 #dge umbe ir h]r5 sm]z5 w>t ir riuwe also groz daz ir oug5 reg5 begoz d] slaf5d5 fu3eze1 sus erwahte si diu su3eze4 #dhj ,do si d] treh5e enpfund51 si erwa*t5 und begund5 si frag5 waz ir waere und welh] h&e swaere si also /ille mo3hte klag54 #dhe nu enwolte si es 9 niht sag51 wan daz ir vat] ab] tete vil manege dro unde bete daz si ez ime wolte sag54 si spra* 'ir mo3ht5t mit mir klag54 #dij waz mo3hte uns me gew]r5 danne umb uns]n h]r51 daz wir d5 suln v]lies5 und mit ime v]kies5 beide guot und ere8 #die wir gew9n5 niem] mere dehe95 h]r5 also guot d] uns tuo daz er uns tuot4' ,si spra*5 'toht]1 du ha/ war4 nu frumet uns leid] niht e9 har #ejj uns] riuwe und din klage3 liebez k9t1 da von g$age4 ez i/ uns also leit so dir4 leid] nu enmuge wir ime ze ke95 /at5 kom54 #eje got d] hat 9 uns b5om53 het ez iem5 &]s getan1 d] mu3ese uns]n fluo* han4' ,alsus gesweige4t5 si si do4 die naht beleip si unfro #eaj und morne all5 d5 tac4 swes iem5 &]s pflac1 diz enkam von ir h]z5 nie unz man des &]n nahtes gie slaf5 na* gewonheit4 #eae do si si* hete geleit an ir alte bette/at1 si b]eite ab] e9 bat mit we95d5 oug53 wan si truoc t\g5 #ebj nahe 9 ir gemu3ete die all] mei/5 gu3ete die i* von k9de ie v]nam4 wel* k9t getete ou* ie alsam8 des e95 si si* g> v]wac1 #ebe gelebete4 si morne d5 tac1 daz si b5am5 ir leb5 umbe ir h]r5 wolte geb54 ,von dem g$anke w>t si do vil r+es muotes unde fro1 #ecj und hete dehe9e sorge me1 wan e9 vorhte4 diu tete ir we1 so siz ir h]r5 sagte1 daz er d> an v]zagte1 und sw5ne siz 9 all5 dr9 #ece getaete kunt1 daz si an 9 d] geh5ge niht enfunde daz mans ir iht gunde4 ,des w>t so groz ir ungehabe daz ir muot] d> abe #edj unde ir vat] w>t erwaht als ou* an d] vord]n naht4 si riht5 si* uf zuo ir und spra*5 'si*1 waz wirret dir8 du bi/ vil alwaere #ede daz du di* so manege swaere von solh] klage ha/ an g5om5 d] niem5 mac zeim ende kom54 w> umbe4 la/u uns niht slaf58' sus begund5 si si /raf54 #eej waz ir diu klage to3hte1 die niem5 do* enmo3hte v]5d5 no* gebu3ezen8 sus wand5 si die su3ezen gesweig5 an d] selb5 /unt3 #eee do 0 ir wille 9 vil unkunt4 ,sus antwurte 9 diu maget4 'als uns min h]re hat gesaget1 so mac man 9 vil wol ern]n4 zeware1 ir welt mirz danne w]n1 #efj so b9 i* ze d] arz5ie guot4 i* b9 e9 maget und han d5 muot1 e i* 9 sihe v]d]b51 i* wil e fu3r 9 /]b54' ,von dirre r$e wurd5 do #efe truric unde unfro beide muot] unde vat]4 sine toht] die bat er daz si die r$e lieze und ir h]r5 gehieze #egj daz si gelei/5 mo3hte1 w& ir diz niht ento3hte4 ,er spra* 'toht]1 du bi/ e9 k9t und dine triuwe die s9t ze groz an dis5 d+54 #ege du enmaht es niht fu3r br+5 als du uns hie ha/ v]jeh54 du ha/ des todes niht geseh54 sw5n ez dir kumet uf die fri/ daz des dehe9 rat i/1 #ehj du enmu3eze/ /]b51 und mo3hte/ duz erw]b51 du lebete/ g]n] danno*3 wan dun kaeme nie 9 leid] lo*4 da von tuo zuo din5 munt3 #ehe und wir/u fu3r dise /unt d] r$e iem] mere lut1 ez gat dir uf dine hut4' ,alsus so wande er si do bediu mit bete und mit dro #eij gesweig53 do enmoht]4 sus antwurt ime sin toht]4 ',vat] min1 swie tump i* si1 mir wonet i$o* diu witze bi daz i* von sage wol die not #eie erk5ne daz des libes tot i/ />c unde /r5ge4 sw] ou* danne4 die l5ge mit arbeit5 leb5 sol1 dem i/ i$o* niht ze wol4 #fjj wan sw5ne er hie g]+et und uf sin alt] br+et d5 lip mit mi*elre not1 so muoz er lid5 do* d5 tot4 i/ ime diu sele danne4 v]lorn1 #fje so waere er bezzer ungeborn4 ez i/ mir kom5 uf daz zil1 des i* got iem] lob5 wil1 daz i* d5 jung5 lip mac geb5 umbe4 daz ewige leb54 #faj nu sult ir mirz niht leid54 i* wil mir unde iu beid5 vil h>te wol mite v>n4 i* mag iu* e9e wol bew>n vor s*ad5 und vor leide1 #fae als i* iu nu bes*eide4 ir hant ere unde guot3 daz me9et mines h]r5 muot2 wan er iu leit nie gespra* und ou* daz guot nie abe gebra*4 #fbj die wile daz er leb5 sol so /et iuw] sa*e wol3 und laze wir d5 /]b51 so mu3ezen wir v]d]b54 d5 wil i* uns fri/5 #fbe mit also s*oen5 li/5 da mite wir alle sin g5es54 nu gunnet mirs1 wan ez muoz wes54' ,diu muot] we95de spra*1 do si d] toht] ern/ ersa*1 #fcj 'g$5ke1 toht]1 liebez k9t1 wie groz die arbeite s9t die i* dur* di* erlit5 han1 und la mi* bezzern lon enpfan dan i* di* hoere spre*54 #fce du wilt min h]ze bre*54 s5fte mir d] r$e e9 teil4 ja wiltu allez din heil an uns v]wu3rk5 wid] got4 wan g$5ke/ du an sin gebot8 #fdj ja gebot er unde bat er daz man muot] unde vat] m9ne und ere biete1 und geheizet daz ze miete daz d] sele rat w]de #fde und lanclip uf d] erde4 du gih/1 du welle/ din leb5 umb uns] beid] fro3ude geb53 du wilt uns beid5 daz leb5 va/e leid54 #fej daz din vat] unde i* g]ne leb51 daz i/ dur* di*4 waz solte uns lip unde guot1 a waz solte uns w]ltli* muot1 b sw5ne wir din enbaer58 c dune 4 4 4 4 4 4 d ja soltu1 liebiu toht] min1 uns] beid] fro3ude sin1 g> uns]s libes wu3nne1 #fee e9 bluome 9 dime ku3nne1 uns]s alt]s e9 /ap4 und la/u uns u3b] din grap ge/en von din5 s*uld51 du muo/ von gotes huld5 #ffj iem] sin ges*eid53 daz k\fe/ an uns beid54' 'wiltu uns toht] wes5 guot1 a so soltu r$e und d5 muot b dur* uns]s h]r5 hulde lan1 c die i* von dir v]nom5 han4' d ,si spra* 'muot]1 i* getruwe dir und minem vat] h] ze mir all] d] g5ad5 wol #ffe d] vat] unde muot] sol lei/5 ir k9de1 als i* ez wol bev9de an iu all]tegeli*4 von iuw]n gnad5 han i* #fgj die sele und e95 s*oen5 lip4 mi* lobet man unde wip1 und alle die mi* seh5de s9t1 i* si daz s*oene/e k9t daz si zir leb5e hab5 geseh54 #fge wem soll i* d] g5ad5 jeh5 niuwan iu zwe9 na* gote8 des sol i* ze iuw]m gebote iem] vil g]ne /an3 wie mi*el reht i* des han6 #fhj muot]1 saeligez wip1 sit i* nu sele unde lip von iuw]n g5ad5 han1 so lantz an iuw]n huld5 /an daz i* ou* die beide #fhe von dem tiuvel s*eide und mi* gote mu3eze geb54 ja i/ dirre w]lte leb5 niuwan d] sele v]lu/4 ou* hat mi* w]ltli* gelu/ #fij unz h] no* niht b]u3eret1 d] h9 z] helle fu3eret4 nu wil i* gote g5ade sag5 daz er 9 min5 jung5 tag5 mir die s9ne hat gegeb5 #fie daz i* uf diz broede leb5 ahte h>te kle9e4 i* wil mi* alsus re9e antwu3rte4n 9 gotes gewalt4 i* fu3rhte1 solt i* w]d5 alt1 #gjj daz mi* d] w]lte su3eze zuhte "u fu3eze1 als si vil maneg5 hat gezog5 d5 ou* ir su3eze hat betrog53 so wu3rde i* lihte gote entsaget4 #gje gote mu3eze ez sin geklaget daz i* unz morne leb5 sol3 mir behaget diu w]lt niht so wol4 ir mei/e liep i/ h]zeleit 7daz si iu fu3r war geseit71 #gaj ir su3ezer lon e9 bitt] not1 ir lancleb5 e9 gaeh] tot4 wir han niht gewisses me wan hiute wol und morne we und ie ze junge/ d] tot4 #gae daz i/ e9 jaem]li*iu not4 ez ens*irmet geburt no* guot1 s*oene1 /]ke1 hoh] muot1 ez enfrumt tug5t no* ere fu3r d5 tot niht mere #gbj dann ungeburt und untug5t4 uns] leb5 und uns] jug5t i/ e9 nebel unde e9 /\p1 uns] /aete bib5t als e9 l\p4 er i/ e9 vil v]s*aff5 g\* #gbe d] g]ne 9 si* vazzt d5 r\*1 ez si wip od] man1 d] diz niht wol b$5k5 kan und ou* d] w]lt na* volg5de i/4 wan uns i/ u3b] d5 ful5 mi/ #gcj d] pfell] hie gespreitet3 sw5 nu d] blic v]leitet1 d] i/ zuo d] helle4 geborn unde enhat niht me v]lorn wan beidiu sele unde lip4 #gce nu g$5k5t1 saeligez wip1 mu3et]li*] triuwe und s5ft5t iuw] riuwe die ir da hab5t umbe mi*3 s b$5ket ou* d] vat] si*4 #gdj i* weiz wol daz er mir heiles gan4 er i/ e9 also bid]b] man daz er erk5net wol daz ir unlange do* mit mir iuw] fro3ude mu3g5t han1 #gde ob i* jo* leb5de be/an4 belibe i* ane man bi iu zwei jar od] driu1 so i/ min h]re lihte tot1 und kum5t 9 so groze not #gej vil lihte von armuot daz ir mir alsolhez guot ze9em man niht mug5t geb51 i* enmu3eze alse swa*e leb5 daz i* iu lieb] waere tot4 #gee nu v]swige4 wir ab] d] not1 daz uns niht enw]re und uns min lieb] h]re 7 und also lange lebe unz daz man mi* zeim manne gebe #gfj d] ri*e si unde w]t3 so i/ ges*eh5 des ir da g]t und waen5t mir si wol ges*eh54 &]s hat mir min muot v]jeh54 wirt er mir liep1 daz i/ e9 not3 #gfe wirt er mir leit1 daz i/ d] tot4 wan so han i* iem] leit und b9 mit ganz] arbeit ges*eid5 von gema*e mit maneg] h&e sa*e #ggj diu d5 wib5 wirret und si ze fro3ud5 irret4 nu setzt mi* 9 d5 voll5 rat d] da niem] z]gat4 min g]t e9 frier buman #gge dem i* wol mines libes gan4 zware1 dem sult ir mi* geb51 so i/ ges*affet wol min leb54 im get sin pfluoc h>te wol1 sin h( i/ alles rates vol1 #ghj da en/irbet ros no* daz r9t1 da enmu3ent diu we95d5 k9t1 da eni/ ze heiz no* ze kalt1 da wirt von jar5 niem5 alt1 d] alte wirt jung]1 #ghe da eni/ fro/ no* hung]1 da eni/ dehe9] slahte leit1 da i/ ganziu fro3ude an arbeit4 ze dem wil i* mi* zieh5 und solh5 bu flieh5 #gij d5 daz fiur und d] hagel sleht und d] wac abe tweht1 mit dem man r+et unde ie ranc4 swaz man daz jar alse lanc d> uf ge>beit5 mac1 #gie daz v]liuset s*i]e e9 halb] tac4 d5 bu d5 wil i* lazen3 er si von mir v]wazen4 ir m9n5t mi*3 dei/ billi*4 nu sihe i* g]ne daz mi* #hjj iuw] m9ne iht unm9ne4 ob ir iu* reht] s9ne an mir v]/an kunn5t und ob ir mir gunn5t beide guotes unde er51 #hje so lazet mi* ker5 ze uns]m h]r5 ,jesu ,kri/1 des gnade also /aete i/ daz si niem] z]gat1 unde ou* zuo mir arm5 hat #haj also groze m9ne als ze9] ku3nig9ne4 i* sol von min5 s*uld5 uz iuw]n huld5 niem] kom51 wil ez got4 #hae ez i/ gewisse sin gebot daz i* iu si und]tan1 wan i* d5 lip von iu han3 daz lei/ i* ane riuwe4 ou* sol i* mane triuwe #hbj an mir selb] niht bre*54 i* horte ie daz spre*51 sw] d5 &]n fro3uwet so daz er selbe wirt unfro1 und sw] d5 &]n kroenet #hbe und si* selb5 hoenet1 d] triuw5 si ze vil4 wie g]ne i* iu des volg5 wil daz i* iu triuwe lei/e1 mir selb] do* die mei/e4 #hcj welt ir mir w5d5 min heil1 so laz i* iu* e9 teil e na* mir gewe951 i* enwelle mir ers*e95 wes i* mir selb] s*uldic b94 #hce i* wil iem] da h9 da i* volle fro3ude v9de4 ir hant do* me k9de3 diu lant iuw] fro3ude sin und getroe/5t ir iu* min4 #hdj wan mir mac daz nieman erw]n1 zware1 i* enwelle ern]n min5 h]r5 unde mi*4 muot]1 ja horte i* di* klag5 unde spre*5 e1 #hde ez taete dime h]z5 we1 solte/ du ob mime grabe /an4 des wir/ du h>te wol erlan3 du /a/ ob mime grabe niht4 wan da d] tot ges*iht1 #hej daz enlat di* niem5 seh53 ez sol ze ,sal]ne ges*eh54 da sol uns vi]e d] tot a loese4en von all] slahte not4 b des todes des g5ese wir1 und i* do* v]re baz dan ir4' ,do si daz k9t do sah5 #hee ze dem tode so gah51 und ez so wisli*5 spra* unde m5s*li* reht z]bra*1 si begund5 aht5 "u 9 daz die wi%eit und d5 s9 #hfj niem] erzeig5 kunde dehe9 zunge 9 k9des munde4 si jah5 daz d] heiliggei/ d] r$e waere ir vollei/1 d] ou* sante ,niklauses pflac #hfe do er 9 d] wag5 lac und 9 die wi%eit lerte daz er ze gote kerte sine k9tli*e gu3ete3 und b$ahte4n si* 9 ir gemu3ete #hgj daz si niht enwold5 si w5d5 no* ensold5 des si si* hete an g5om53 d] we4 si ir von gote kom54 von jame4r erkalte 9 d] lip1 #hge do d] meig] und sin wip an dem bette sazen und vil g> v]gazen dur* des k9des m9ne d] zung5 und d] s9ne #hhj sa ze d] selb5 /unde4 ir enw$]z enkunde e9ic wort gespre*54 daz gegihte4 begunde bre*5 die muot] von leide4 #hhe sus gesazen si beide riuwic unde unfro unz si si* b$aht5 do waz 9 ir trur5 to3hte3 so man ir do* niht enmo3hte #hij b5em5 ir will5 unde ir muot1 so enwaere 9 niht also guot so daz si irs wol gund51 wan si do* niht enkund5 ir niem] w]d5 ane baz2 #hie enpfi5g5 si d] r$e haz1 ez mo3hte 9 umbe ir h]r5 vil h>te wol gew]r51 und v]vi5g5 &]s niht da mite4 mit vil willecli*em site #ijj spra*5 si beide do daz si d] r$e waer5 fro4 ,des fro3ute si* diu re9e maget4 do ez vil kume 0 getaget do gie si da ir h]re slief4 #ije sin trutgemahele ime rief1 si spra* 'h]re1 slaf5t ir8' 'ne9 i*1 gemahele1 sage mir1 wie bi/u hiute also fruo8' 'h]re41 da tw+et mi* d]zuo #iaj d] jam] iuw]r sie*eit4' er spra* 'gemahele41 daz i/ dir leit3 daz erzeige/ du an mir wol1 als ez dir got v]gelt5 sol4 nune mag es dehe9 rat sin4' #iae 'entriuw51 lieb] h]re min1 iuw] wirt vil guot rat4 sit ez alsus umbe iu* /at daz man iu gehelf5 mac1 i*n gesume iu* niem] tac4 #ibj h]re1 ir hant uns do* gesaget1 ob ir het5t e9e maget diu g]ne4 d5 tot dur* iu* lite1 da solt5t ir g5es5 mite4 diu wil i* weizgot selbe sin3 #ibe iuw] leb5 i/ nu3tz] dan daz min4' ,do gnade4te ir d] h]re des will5 h>te v]re4 und ervolle4t5 im diu oug5 von jam] also t\g54 #icj er spra* 'gemahele41 ja i/ d] tot i$o* niht e9 s5ftiu not1 als du dir lihte ha/ g$aht4 du ha/ mi* des wol inn5 braht1 mo3hte/u1 du hu3lfe/ mir4 #ice des g5u3ege4t mi* wol von dir4 i* erk5ne din5 su3ezen muot3 din wille i/ re9e unde guot4 i*n sol ou* niht me von dir g]n4 du maht mi* des niht wol gew]n #idj daz du da gespro*5 ha/4 die triuwe die du an mir bega/1 die sol dir v]gelt5 got4 ditz waere4 d] lantliute spot1 swaz i* mi* fu3r dise /unde #ide arz5ien und]wunde1 und mi* do* niht v]vi5ge wan als ez do* ergi5ge4 gemahele1 du tuo/ als diu k9t diu da gaehes muotes s9t3 #iej swaz d5 kumet 9 d5 muot1 ez si u3bel od] guot1 d> zuo i/ 9 all5 ga*1 und g]iuwe4t si sere d> na*4 gemahele1 also tuo/ ou* du4 #iee d] r$e i/ dir ze muote nu3 d] die von dir nem5 wolte1 so manz danne end5 solte1 s g]iuwez di* vil lihte do*4' und daz si si* e9 teil no* #ifj baz b$aehte des bat er4 er spra* 'din muot] und din vat] die enmug5 din niht wol enb]n4 i* sol ou* niht ir leides g]n die mir ie gnade tat54 #ife swaz si dir beide rat51 liebe4 gemahele1 daz tuo4' hie mite la*ete er d> zuo1 wan er lu3tzel si* v]sa* daz do* sid] do ges*a*4 #igj ,sus spra* er zuo d] guot]4 d] vat] und diu muot] spra*5 'lieb] h]re1 ir hant uns vil v]re geliebet und geeret3 #ige daz enwaere4 niht wol bekeret1 wir engu3lt5z iu mit guote4 uns] toht] i/ ze muote daz si d5 tot dur* iu* dol3 des gunne wir ir h>te wol4 #ihj ez i/ hiute4 d] dritte tac daz si uns allez ane lac daz wir ir sin gund53 nu hat siz an uns fund54 nu laze iu* got mit ir g5es53 #ihe wir well5 ir dur* iu* entwes54' ,d im sin gemahele do bot fu3r sin5 sie*tuom ir tot und man ir erne/ ersa*1 do w>t do mi*el ungema* #iij und jaem]li* gebaerde4 manc misli*iu beswaerde huop si* do "u 91 zwis*e4n dem h]r5 unde 9 dr94 ir vat] unde ir muot] die #iie erhuob5 mi*el we95 hie3 des we95s tet 9 mi*el not umb ir vil lieb5 k9des tot4 nu begunde ou* d] h]re g$5k5 also v]re #ajjj an des k9des triuwe1 und begreif 9 e9 riuwe1 daz er sere we95 began1 und zwivelte va/e dran w$] ez bezzer getan #ajje mo3hte sin od] v]lan4 von vorht5 we9te ou* diu maget3 si wande er waere dran v]zaget4 sus war5s alle unfro4 si g]t5 ke9es dankes do4 #ajaj ,ze junge/ do b$ahte si* ir h]re41 d] arme ,he9ri*1 und begunde sag5 9 groze gnade all5 dr9 d] triuw5 und des guotes #ajae 7diu maget w>t ri*es muotes daz ers gevolge4te g]ne71 und b]eite4 si* ze ,sal]ne so er s*i]e/e mohte4 swaz ou* d] meg$e tohte1 #ajbj daz w>t vil s*i]e b]eit3 s*oeniu pf]t und ri*iu kleit1 diu si getruoc nie vor d] zit3 h]m9 unde samit1 d5 be/5 zobel d5 man vant1 #ajbe daz 0 d] meg$e gew>it4 ,nu w] mo3hte volgesag5 die h]z]iuwe und daz klag51 d] muot] grimmigez leit und ou* des vat] arbeit8 #ajcj ez waere4 wol unde4r 9 beid5 e9 jaem]lii*ez s*eid51 do si ir liebez k9t von 9 gefrumt5 so gesundez h9 niem] me ze seh5ne 9 d5 tot1 #ajce wan daz 9 s5ftet ir not diu re9e gotes gu3ete1 von d] do* daz gemu3ete ou* dem jung5 k9de quam daz ez d5 tot g]ne nam4 #ajdj ez 0 ane ir rat kom53 da von w>t von ir h]ze4n g5om5 alliu klage und swaere1 wan ez &]s wund] waere daz 9 ir h]ze niht z]bra*4 #ajde ze liebe w>t ir ungema*1 daz si d> na* dehe9e not lit5 umbe ir k9des tot4 ,,iv ,,wal!r ,,von ,,d] ,,vogelweide4 ,! exact dates ( 8 bir? & dea? are unkn[n4 ,8 *ief poems 7 writt5 betwe5 ! ye>s #aahg & #abcj4 ,! be/ edition ( 8 works is3 ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide1 h]ausgegeb5 und erkla3rt von ,w4 ,wilmanns1 ,halle1 #ahhc 7#bnd edit474 #a4 ,ir sult spre*53 'willekom56' d] iu maere br+et1 daz b9 i*4 ,allez daz ir habt v]nom51 daz i/ g> e9 w9t3 nu fraget mi*4 ,i* wil ab] miete3 #e wirt min lon iht guot1 so sage i* iu vil lihte1 daz 9 sanfte tuot4 seht1 waz man mir er5 biete4 ,i* wil tius*5 fr\w5 sag5 solhiu maere1 daz si de/e baz #aj ,al d] w]lte suln behag53 ane groze miete tuon i* daz4 ,waz wold' i* ze lone8 si s9t mir ze her2 so b9 i* gefu3ege und bite si nihtes mer #ae wan daz si mi* gru3ezen s*one4 ,i* han l&e vil geseh5 unde nam d] be/5 g]ne w>3 ,u3bel mu3eze mir ges*eh51 ku3nde i* ie min h]ze br+5 d>1 #bj ,daz im wol gevall5 wolde frem$] site4 nu waz hu3lfe mi*1 ob i* unrehte /rite8 tius*iu zuht gat vor 9 all54 ,von d] ,elbe unz an d5 ,rin #be und h] wid] unz an ,ung]lant ,mu3g5 wol die be/5 sin1 die i* 9 d] w]lte han erkant4 ,kan i* rehte s*\w5 guot gelaz und lip1 #cj sam mir got1 so swu3ere i* wol1 daz hie diu wip bezzer s9t danne &] fr\w54 ,tius*e man s9t wol gezog51 rehte als engel s9t diu wip getan4 ,sw] si s*iltet1 d]/ betrog53 #ce i* enkan sin &]s niht v]/an4 ,tug5t und re9e m9ne1 sw] die suo*5 wil1 d] sol kom5 9 uns] lant3 da i/ wu3nne vil3 lange mu3eze i* leb5 d> inne6 #dj #b4 ,owe w> s9t v]swund5 _/ alliu miniu jar6 i/ mir min leb5 getr\met _/ od] i/ ez war8 daz i* ie wande1 daz _/ iht waere1 0 daz iht8 d> na* han i* geslaf5 _/ und enweiz es niht4 #de ,nu b9 i* erwa*et1 _/ und i/ mir unbekant1 daz mir hie vor 0 ku3ndic _/ als min &] hant4 liut unde lant1 da i* _/ von k9de b9 erzog51 die s9t mir fremde word51 _/ reht' als ez si gelog53 ,die mine gespil5 war51 _/ die s9t traege und alt2 #ej b]eitet i/ daz velt1 _/ v]h\w5 i/ d] walt3 wan daz daz wazzer fliuzet1 _/ als ez wil5t floz1 fu3r war i* wande4 _/ min ungelu3cke wu3rde groz4 mi* gru3ezet maneg] trage1 _/ d] mi* bek&e e wol4 diu w]lt i/ all5?alb5 _/ ung5ad5 vol4 #ee als i* g$5ke an maneg5 _/ wu3nnecli*5 tac1 die s9t mir enpfall5 g> _/ als 9 daz m] e9 slac1 iem] mere owe6 ,owe wie jaem]li*e _/ junge liute tuont6 d5 vil unriuwecli*e _/ ir gemu3ete /uont1 #fj die kunn5 niuwan sorg53 _/ owe wie tuont si so8 sw> i* z] w]lte kere1 _/ da i/ nieman fro3 ,tanz5 unde s+5 _/ z]gat mit sorg5 g>4 nie kri/5man gesa* _/ so jaem]li*iu jar4 nu m]ket1 wie d5 fr\w5 _/ ir geb5de /at2 #fe die /olz5 ritt] trag5t _/ do3rp]li*e wat4 ,uns s9t uns5fte brieve _/ h] von ,rome kom51 uns i/ erl\bet trur5 _/ und fro3ude g> b5om54 daz mu3et mi* innecli*5 _/ 7wir lebt5 e vil wol71 daz i* nu fu3r min la*5 _/ we95 kies5 sol4 #gj diu wild5 vogellin _/ betru3ebet uns] klage3 waz wund]s i/1 ob i* _/ da von vil g> v]zage8 waz spri*e i* tumb] man _/ dur* min5 boes5 zorn8 sw] dirre wu3nne volget1 d] _/ hat j5e dort v]lorn iem] mere1 owe6 #ge ,owe wie uns mit su3ezen _/ d+5 i/ v]geb56 i* sihe die gall5 mitt5 _/ 9 dem honege sweb54 diu w]lt i/ uzen s*oene1 _/ wiz1 gru3en' unde rot und inn5 sw>z] v>we1 _/ v9/] sam d] tot4 ,sw5 si nu habe v]leitet1 _/ d] s*\we sin5 tro/3 #hj er wirt mit swa*] buoze _/ grozer su3nde erlo/4 d> an g$5ket1 ritt]6 _/ ez i/ iuw] d9c2 ir traget die lieht5 helme _/ und maneg5 h]t5 r9c1 ,d> zuo die ve/5 s*ilte _/ und diu gewiht5 sw]t4 wolte got1 waer i* _/ d] sig5u3nfte w]t1 #he so wolte i* notic man _/ v]di55 ri*5 solt4 jo* me9e i* niht die huob5 _/ no* d] herr5 golt3 i* wolte selbe krone _/ ewecli*5 trag52 die mo3hte e9 sold5aere _/ mit sime sp] bejag54 mo3ht i* die lieb5 reise _/ gev>5 u3b] se1 #ij so wolte i* d5ne s+5 'wol' _/ und niem] mere 'owe1' niem] mere 'owe6' #c4 ,do d] sum] kom5 0 und die bluom5 dur* daz gras wu3nnecli*e ensprung51 alda die vogele sung51 #ie dar kom i* gegang5 an e95 ang] lang51 da e9 lut] brunne entspranc2 vor dem walde 0 sin ganc1 da diu nahtegale sanc4 #ajj ,bi dem brunn5 /uont e9 b\m1 da gesa* i* e95 tr\m4 i* 0 zuo dem brunn5 gegang5 von d] sunn51 daz diu l9de maere #aje d5 ku3el5 s*at5 baere4 bi dem brunn5 i* gesaz3 min] swaere i* g> v]gaz1 s*i]e entslief i* umbe daz4 ,do b$uhte mi* zehant1 #aaj wie mir di5t5 elliu lant1 wie min sele waere ze himel ane swaere und d] lip hie solte gebar5 swie er wolte4 #aae da enwas mir niht ze we4 got d] waldes1 swie'z erge3 s*oen] tr\m enw>t nie me4 ,g]ne sliefe i* iem] da1 wan e9 unsaeligiu kra1 #abj diu begonde s*rien4 daz alle kra g$ien alse i* 9 des gu3nne6 si nam mir mi*el wunne4 von ir s*rienne i* ers*rac3 #abe wan daz da niht /e9es lac1 so waer' ez ir suontac4 ,wan e9 wund]altez wip diu getro/e mir d5 lip4 die begonde i* eid54 #acj nu hat si mir bes*eid5 waz d] tr\m b$iute4 daz m]k5 wise liute2 zwene und e9] daz s9t dri2 danno* seite4 si mir da bi1 #ace daz min dume e9 v+] si4 #d4 ,i* saz uf eime /e9e und dahte be9 mit be9e2 d> uf satzt i* d5 ell5bog52 i* hete 9 mine hant gesmog5 #adj daz k9ne und e9 min wange3 do dahte i* mir vil ange1 wie man z] w]lte solte leb54 dehe95 rat kond i* gegeb51 wie man driu d9c erwu3rbe1 #ade d] ke9ez niht v]du3rbe4 diu zwei s9t ere und v>nde guot1 daz dicke e9&] s*ad5 tuot2 daz dritte i/ gotes hulde1 d] zwei] u3b]gulde4 #aej die wolte i* g]ne 9 e95 s*rin2 ja leid] des enmac niht sin1 daz guot und w]ltli* ere und gotes hulde mere zesam5e 9 e9 h]ze kom54 #aee /ig' unde wege s9t 9 b5om53 untriuwe is 9 d] saze1 gewalt v]t uf d] /raze1 fride unde reht s9t sere wunt4 diu driu enhab5t geleites niht1 #afj diu zwei enw]d5 e gesunt4 #e4 ,i* horte e9 wazzer diezen und sa* die vis*e fliezen2 i* sa* swaz 9 d] w]lte 01 velt unde walt1 l\p ror und gras2 #afe swaz kriu*et unde fliuget und be9 z] erd5 biuget1 daz sa* i* unde sage iu daz3 d] ke9ez lebet ane haz4 daz wilt und daz gewu3rme #agj die /rit5t />ke /u3rme1 sam tuont die vogel "u 92 wan daz sie hab5t e95 s93 sie diuht5 si* ze nihte1 sie ens*u3ef5 />c g]ihte3 #age sie kies5t ku3nege unde reht1 sie setz5t herr5 unde kneht4 so we dir1 tius*iu zunge1 wie /et din ord5unge1 daz nu diu mucke ir ku3nic hat #ahj und daz din ere also z]gat6 bekera di*1 bekere6 die zirk5 s9t ze here1 die arm5 ku3nege dr+5t di*3 ,philippe setze en weis5 uf und heiz sie tret5 h9d] si*6 #f4 ,i* sa* mit min5 oug5 man unde wibe t\g51 da i* gehorte und gesa* swaz iem5 tet1 swaz iem5 spra*4 ze ,rome horte i* lieg5 #aij und zwene ku3nege trieg54 da von huop si* d] mei/e /rit1 d] e 0 od] iem] sit1 daz si* begond5 zwei5 die pfaff5 unde lei54 #aie daz 0 e9 not vor all] not3 lip unde sele lac da tot1 die pfaff5 /rit5 sere3 do* w>t d] lei5 mere4 diu sw]t sie leget5 d]nid] #bjj und griff5 zuo d] /ole wid]3 sie bi55 die sie wolt5 und niuwet d5 sie solt54 do /orte man diu gote%us4 i* horte v]re 9 e9] klus #bje vil mi*el ungebaere3 da we9de e9 klos5aere1 er klagete gote siniu leit3 'owe1 d] babe/ i/ ze junc3 hilf1 herre1 din] ,kri/5heit6' #g4 ,diu krone i/ elt] dan d] ku3nec ,philippes si3 #baj da muget ir alle s*\w5 wol e9 wund] bi1 wie s' ime d] smit so eb5e habe gema*et4 sin keis]li*ez h\bet zimt ir also wol1 daz sie ze rehte nieman guot] s*eid5 sol4 ir dw$]ez daz &] niht enswa*et4 #bae sie liuht5t beide e9 &] an1 daz edele ge/e9e wid] d5 jung5 man3 die oug5weide seh5t die fu3r/5 g]ne4 sw] nu des ri*es irre ge1 d] s*\we1 wem d] weise ob sime nacke /e3 #bbj d] /e9 i/ all] fu3r/5 leite/]ne4 #h4 ,mir i/ v]sp>t d] saeld5 tor3 da /en i* als e9 weise vor1 mi* hilfet niht swaz i* d> an geklopfe4 wie mo3hte e9 wund] groezer sin8 #bbe ez reg5t beid5?alb5 min1 daz mir des alles niht enwirt e9 tropfe4 des fu3r/5 milte uz ,o/]ri*e freut dem su3ezen reg5 geli*e beidiu liute und ou* daz lant4 #bcj er i/ e9 s*oene wol gezi]et heide1 d> abe man bluom5 bri*et wund]3 und brae*e mir e9 blat d> "u diu sin vil milte ri*iu hant1 so mo3hte i* lob5 die su3ezen oug5weide4 #bce hie bi si er an mi* gemant4 #i4 ,i* han min leh51 al die w]lt6 i* han min leh56 nu enfu3rhte i* niht d5 hornunc an die zeh5 und wil alle boese herr5 de/e m9re vleh54 d] edel ku3nec1 d] milte ku3nec hat mi* b]at51 #bdj daz i* d5 sum] luft und 9 dem w9t] hitze han4 min' nahgebur5 dunke i* v]re baz getan3 sie seh5t mi* niht mer an 9 butz5 wis1 also sie tat54 i* b9 ze lange arm gewes5 an' min5 danc4 i* 0 so volle s*elt5s1 daz min atem /anc4 #bde daz hat d] ku3nec gema*et re9e und d> zuo min5 sanc4 #aj4 ,owe hoveli*ez s+51 daz di* ungefu3ege doene solt5 ie ze hove v]dr+56 daz sie s*i]e got gehoene6 #bej owe1 daz din wirde also geliget1 des s9t alle dine friunde unfro4 daz muoz eht so sin1 nu si also3 fro ,unfuoge1 ir habt gesiget4 ,d] uns freude wid] braehte1 #bee diu reht und gefu3ege waere1 hei wie wol man des g$aehte1 swa man von im seite maere6 ez waer' e9 vil hoveli*] muot1 des i* iem] g]ne wu3ns*5 sol4 #bfj fr\w5 unde herr5 zaeme ez wol3 owe daz ez nieman tuot6 ,die daz rehte s+5 /oer5t1 d] i/ ungeli*e mere danne die ez g]ne hoer5t4 #bfe des volg' i* d] alt5 lere3 i* enwil niht w]b5 ze d] mu3l2 da d] /e9 so rius*5d' umbe gat und daz rat so manege4 unwise hat1 m]ket w] da h>pf5 su3l6 #bgj ,die so frevelli*5 s*all5t1 d] muoz i* vor zorne la*51 daz s' 9 selb5 wol gevall5t mit als ungefu3eg5 sa*54 die tuont sam die fro3s*e 9 eime se1 #bge d5 ir s*rien also wol behaget1 daz diu nahtegal da von v]zaget1 so si g]ne sunge me4 ,d] unfuoge swig5 hieze1 waz man no* von freud5 sunge1 #bhj und sie abe d5 bu3rg5 /ieze1 daz si da die fron iht twunge6 wurd5 ir die grozen ho3ve b5om51 daz waer' allez na* dem will5 min3 bi5 gebur5 lieze i* sie wol sin1 #bhe dann5 i/ s' ou* "h kom54 #aa4 ,d] rife tet d5 kle95 vogel5 we1 daz sie niht ensung54 nu horte i* s'ab] wu3nnecli*e als e3 nu i/ diu heide entsprung54 #bij da sa* i* bluom5 /rit5 wid] d5 kle1 w$] ir l5g] waere4 min] fr\w5 seite i* disiu maere4 ,uns hat d] w9t] kalt und &] not vil getan ze leide4 #bie i* wande1 daz i* iem] bluom5 rot saehe an gru3en] heide4 jo* s*ate ez guot5 liut51 waere i* tot1 die na* freud5 rung5 und ie g]ne tanzt5 unde sprung54 #cjj ,v]sumde i* dis5 wu3nnecli*5 tac1 so waer' i* v]wazen und waere an freude e9 ange/li*] slac3 d5no* mu3ese i* lazen al mine freude1 d] i* wil5t pflac4 #cje got geseg5' iu* alle3 wu3ns*et no*1 daz mir e9 heil gevalle4 #ab4 ,wip muoz et iem] sin d] wibe hoh/e "n und tiuret baz dan fr\we1 als i*'z erk5ne4 swa nu dehe9iu si1 diu si* ir wipheit s*ame1 #caj diu m]ke dis5 sanc und kiese d5ne4 "u fr\w5 s9t unwip1 "u wib5 s9t sie tiure3 wibes "n und wibes lip die s9t beide vil gehiure4 #cae swie'z umb' alle fr\w5 v>1 wip s9t alle fr\w5 g>4 zwivellop daz hoenet1 als "u wil5 fr\we3 wip de/ e9 "n d] s'alle kroenet4 #ac4 ,so die bluom5 uz dem grase dr+5t1 #cbj same sie la*5 geg5 d] spil$5 sunn51 9 e9em mei5 an dem morg5 fruo1 und diu kle95 vogellin wol s+5t 9 ir be/5 wise die sie kunn51 waz wu3nne mac si* da g5ozen zuo8 #cbe ez i/ wol halb e9 himelri*e4 suln wir spre*51 waz si* deme geli*e1 so sage i*1 waz mir dicke baz 9 min5 oug5 hat getan1 und taete ou* no*1 gesaehe i* daz4 #ccj ,swa e9 edeliu s*oene fr\we re9e wol gekleidet unde wol gebund5 dur* kurzewile zuo vil liut5 gat1 hoveli*5 ho*gemuot1 niht e9e1 umbe seh5de4 e9 wenic "u /und53 #cce alsam d] sunne geg5 d5 /]n5 /at3 d] meie br+e uns al sin wund]1 waz i/ da so wu3nnecli*es "u als ir vil m9necli*] lip8 wir lazen alle bluom5 /an1 #cdj und kapf5 an daz w]de wip4 ,nu wol dan1 welt ir die warheit s*\w51 gen wir zuo des mei5 ho*gezite6 d] i/ mit all] sin] krefte kom54 seht an 9 und seht an w]de fr\w51 #cde w$]ez daz &] u3b]/rite1 daz bezzer spil ob i* daz habe g5om54 owe d] mi* da wel5 hieze1 dei* daz e9e dur* daz &] lieze1 wie rehte s*i]e i* danne ku3re6 #cej her ,meie1 ir mu3eset m]ze sin1 e i* mine fr\w5 da v]lu3re4 #ad4 ,swie wol d] heide ir manicvaltiu v>we /at1 so wil i* do* dem walde jeh51 daz er vil mere wu3nnecli*] d+e hat4 #cee no* i/ dem velde baz ges*eh54 so wol dir1 sum]1 sus getan] emzekeit6 sum]1 daz i* iem] lobe dine tage1 min tro/1 so troe/e ou* mine klage3 i* sage dir1 waz mir wirret3 #cfj diu mir i/ liep1 d] b9 i* leit4 ,i* mac d] guot5 niht v]gezzen no* ensol1 diu mir so vil g$anke nimet4 die wile i* s+e1 wil i* v9d5 iem] wol e9 niuwe lop1 daz ir gezimet4 #cfe nu habe ir diz fu3r guot 7so lobe i* danne me73 ez tuot 9 d5 oug5 wol1 daz man sie siht1 und daz man ir vil tug5de giht1 daz tuot wol 9 d5 or54 so wol ir des6 so we mir1 we6 #cgj #ae4 ,9 e95 zwivelli*5 wan 0 i* gesezzen und g$ahte1 i* wolte von ir di5/e gan1 wan daz e9 tro/ mi* wid] brahte4 tro/ mag ez rehte niht geheizen1 ouwe des6 #cge ez i/ vil kume e9 kle9ez troe/elin1 so kle9e1 sw5ne i*'z iu gesage1 ir spottet min2 do* fro3wet si* lu3tzel ieman1 er enwizze wes4 ,mi* hat e9 halm gema*et fro3 er giht1 i* su3le g5ade v9d54 #chj i* maz daz selbe kle9e /ro1 als i* hie vore sa* von k9d54 nu hoeret unde m]ket1 ob si'z d5ne tuo3 'si tuot1 si entuot1 si tuot1 si entuot1 si tuot4' swie dicke i*'z tete1 so 0 ie daz ende guot4 #che daz troe/et mi*3 da hoeret ou* gel\be zuo4 #af4 ,nieman kan beh]t5 k9des zuht mit g]t53 d5 man z'er5 br+5 mac1 dem i/ e9 wort als e9 slac4 #cij dem i/ e9 wort als e9 slac1 d5 man z'er5 br+5 mac3 k9des zuht mit g]t5 nieman kan beh]t54 ,hu3etet iuw] zung51 #cie daz zimt wol d5 jung52 /oz d5 rigel fu3r die tu3r1 la ke9 boese wort d> fu3r4 la ke9 boese wort d> fu3r1 /oz d5 rigel fu3r die tu3r3 #djj daz zimt wol d5 jung51 hu3etet iuw] zung54 ,hu3etet iuw] oug5 (f5bare und t\g53 lat sie guote site speh5 #dje und die boes5 u3b]seh52 und die boes5 u3b]seh5 lat sie1 guote site speh53 (f5bare und t\g5 hu3etet iuw] oug54 #daj ,hu3etet iuw] or51 od] ir sit tor53 lat ir boesiu wort d> 91 daz guneret iu d5 s94 daz guneret 9 d5 s91 #dae lat ir boesiu wort d> 91 od] ir sit tor53 hu3etet iuw] or54 ,hu3etet wol d] drier leid] alze frier3 #dbj zung5 oug5 or5 s9t dicke s*al*aft1 z'er5 bl9t4 dicke s*al*aft1 z'er5 bl9t zung5 oug5 or5 s9t3 leid] alze frier #dbe hu3etet wol d] drier4 #ag4 ,junc man1 9 swelh] aht du bi/1 i* wil di* ler5 e95 li/3 du la dir niht ze we sin na* dem guote3 la dir'z ou* niht z'unmaere sin4 #dcj und volges du d] lere min1 so wis gewis1 ez frumt dir an dem muote4 die r$e wil i* dir baz bes*eid54 la/ du dir'z ze sere leid51 z]gat ez s i/ din freude tot3 #dce wilt ab] du daz guot ze sere m9n51 du maht v]lies5 sele und ere4 da von so volge min] lere3 leg' uf die wage e9 rehtez lot und wig ou* d> mit all5 din5 s9n51 #ddj als ez diu maze eht ie gebot4 #ah4 ,die va3t] hant ir k9t erzog51 d> an sie beide s9t betrog53 sie bre*5t dicke ,salomones lere3 d] spri*et1 sw] d5 besm5 sp>1 #dde daz d] d5 sun v]sume g>3 des s9t die ungebatt5 g> an' ere4 hie vor do 0 diu w]lt so s*oene1 nu i4/ sie word5 also hoene4 des enwas niht wil5t e3 #dej die jung5 hant die alt5 so v]drung54 nu spottet alse d> d] alt56 ez wirt iu selb5 no* behalt54 beitet unz iuw] jug5t z]ge3 swaz ir nu tuot1 daz re*5t iuw] jung51 #dee daz weiz i* wol und weiz no* me4 #ai4 ,w] zi]et nu d] er5 sal8 d] jung5 ritt] zuht i/ smal1 so pfleg5t die knehte g> unho3ves*] d+e mit wort5 und mit w]k5 ou*4 #dfj sw] zu3hte hat1 d] i/ ir g\*4 nemt w>1 wie g> unfuoge fu3r si* dr+e6 hie vor do b]te man die jung51 die da pflag5 fre*] zung52 nu i/ ez ir w]dekeit3 #dfe sie s*all5t unde s*elt5t re9e fr\w54 we ir hiut5 unde ir har51 die niht kunn5 fro gebar5 sund] wibe h]zeleit6 da mac man su3nde bi d] s*&e s*\w51 #dgj die maneg] uf si* selb5 leit4 #bj4 ,sw] ane vorhte1 herre got1 wil spre*5 diniu zeh5 gebot und bri*et diu1 daz i/ niht rehtiu m9ne4 di* heizet vat] maneg] vil3 #dge sw] min ze bruod] niht enwil1 d] spri*et />kiu wort uz krankem s9ne4 wir wahs5 uz geli*em d+e3 spise frumet uns1 diu wirt r+e1 so si dur* d5 munt gev]t4 #dhj w] kan d5 herr5 von dem knehte s*eid5 swa e4r ir gebe9e blozez fu3nde1 und haete er ir jo* leb5d] ku3nde1 so gewu3rme daz fleis* v]z]t8 im di55t kri/51 jud5 unde heid51 #dhe d] elliu leb5diu wund] n]t4 #ba4 ,owe daz wi%eit unde tug5t1 des mannes s*oene no* sin jug5t niht erb5 sol1 so ie d] lip er/irbet6 daz mac wol klag5 e9 wis] man1 #dij d] si* des s*ad5 v]s9n5 kan4 ,re9mar1 waz guot] kun/ an dir v]dirbet6 du solt von s*uld5 iem] des g5iezen1 daz di* des tages wolte nie v]driezen1 du'n sprae*es ie d5 fr\w5 wol und guot5 wibes sit54 #die des suln sie iem] dank5 din] zung54 und haete/ niht wan e9e r$e gesung53 'so wol dir1 wip1 wie re9e e9 nam6'1 du haete/ an ge/rit5 ir lobe1 daz elliu wip dir iem] gnad5 solt5 bit54 #bb4 ,deswar1 ,re9mar1 du riuwes mi* #ejj mi*els h>t] d5ne i* di*1 obe du lebtes unde i* waere er/orb5 i* wil'z bi min5 triuw5 sag53 di* selb5 wil i* lu3tzel klag51 i* klage din edel5 kun/1 daz s'i/ v]dorb54 #eje du kunde/ al d] w]lte freude mer51 so du'z ze guot5 d+5 wolte/ ker54 mi* riuwet din wol r$5d] munt und din vil su3ezer sanc1 daz d] v]dorb5 i/ bi min5 zit54 daz du niht e9e wile mohte/ bit56 #eaj so lei/e i* dir geselles*aft3 min s+5 i/ niht lanc4 din sele mu3eze wol gev>n und habe din zunge danc4 ,v ,,re9m>4 ,re9m>1 (t5 call$ ,re9m> d] ,alte1 0 by bir? an ,alsatian4 ,he sp5t _m ye>s ( 8 active life z ,c\rt poet at ,vi5na1 :]e he 0 extremely popul>4 ,next to 8 rival ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide he 0 ! mo/ prolific & important lyrical poet ( 8 p]iod1 cp4 ll4 #dhg-eab1 pp4 #acb-c4 ,he di$ "s "t dur+ ! fir/ decade ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,see ,burda*1 ,re9m> d] ,alte und ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide1 ,leipzig1 #ahhj1 & ,b>ts*1 ,deuts*e ,li$]di*t] des zwo3lft5 8 vi]zehnt5 ,jahrhund]ts1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgi4 #a ',si kom5t und]wil5 h] die baz da heime mo3ht5 sin4 ,e9 ritt] des i* lange g]1 b$aehte er baz d5 will5 min1 so waere er z'all5 zit5 hie1 #e als i* 9 g]ne saehe4 owe des1 waz suo*5t die die nid5t daz ob iem5 guot ges*aehe8' ,mir i/ ges*eh5 daz i* niht b9 lang] vro wan unz i* lebe4 #aj si wund]t w] mir s*oen5 s9 und daz hohgemu3ete gebe daz i* z] w]lte niht get> ze rehte also gebar51 nie g5am i* vr[5 w>1 #ae i* waere 9 holt die mir ze maze war54 #b ,e9 r$e d] liute tuot mir we3 da enkan i* niht g$ultecli*5 zuo gebar54 nu tuont si'z alle de/e me3 si frag5t mi* ze vil von min] fr\w5 jar5 #bj und spre*5t welh] tage si si1 dur daz i* ir so lange b9 gewes5 mit triuw5 bi2 si jeh5t daz es mo3hte mi* v]driezen4 nu la daz all] be/e wip ir zu3htelos] vrage mi* g5iezen4 #be #c ,si jeh5t1 d] sum] d] si hie1 diu wunne diu si kom5 und daz i* mi* wol gehabe als e4 nu ratet unde spre*et wie3 d] tot hat mir b5om5 #cj daz i* niem] u3b]w9de me4 waz b$>f i* wunnecli*] zit1 sit all] vro3ud5 herre ,liutpolt 9 d] erde lit1 d5 i* nie tac getrur5 sa*8 ez hat diu w]lt an ime v]lorn #ce daz ir an manne nie so jaem]li*] s*ade ges*a*4 ',mir arm5 wibe 0 ze wol1 do i* g$ahte an 9 wie min heil an sinem libe lac4 #dj daz i* des nu niht hab5 sol1 des gat mit sorg5 h9 swaz i* iem] me geleb5 mac4 min] wunn5 spiegel d]/ v]lorn d5 i* mir hete ze sum]li*] oug5 weide erkorn1 #de des muoz i* leid] aenic sin4 do man mir seite er waere tot1 zehant wiel mir daz bluot von h]z5 uf die sele min4 ,die fro3ide mir v]bot5 hat #ej mins lieb5 herr5 tot also dei* ir mer enb]5 sol4 sit des nu niht mac w]d5 rat1 9 r+e mit d] not1 daz min klag$ez h]ze i/ jam]s vol1 #ee diu 9 iem] we9et1 daz b9 i*1 wan er vil saelic man1 ja tro/e er wol ze leb5ne mi*4 d] i/ nu h93 waz to3hte i* hie8 wis ime g5aedic1 herre got1 wan tug5?aft] ga/ #fj kam 9 din +es9de nie4' #d ,i* welte uf guot] liute sage und ou* dur* mines h]z5 rat e9 wip von d] i* dicke trage vil manige not diu nahe gat4 #fe die swaere i* z'all5 zit5 klage1 w& ez mir kumb]li*e /at4 i* tet ir s*in d5 di5/ min3 wie mo3hte e9 groezer wund] sin1 daz si mi* des engelt5 lat8 #gj ,ze reht] maze sol e9 man beidiu daz h]ze und al d5 s9 ze /aete w5d51 ob er kan3 daz wirt im lihte e9 guot gew94 swem da von ie ke9 leit bekan1 #ge d] weiz wol wie'* gebund5 b94 i* gl\be im wol1 als er mir sol4 von s*uld5 i* d5 kumb] dol3 i* brahte selbe mi* d> 94 #e ',er hat ze lange mi* gemit5 #hj d5 i* mit triuw5 nie gemeit4 von sin] s*ulde i* han erlit5 daz i* nie groezer not erleit4 so lebt min lip na* sinem libe4 i* b9 e9 wip1 daz im von wibe #he nie liebes me ges*a*1 swie mir von im ges*aehe4 min ouge 9 g]n] nie gesa* dann i* 9 hiute saehe4' ,mir i/ vil liebe nu ges*eh51 daz mir so liebe nie ges*a*4 so g]ne han i* si geseh5 #ij daz i* si g]n] nie gesa*4 i* s*eide ir muot von s*wa*em muote3 si i/ so guot1 i* wil mit guote ir lon51 ob i* kan1 als i* do* g]ne kunde4 vil mere fro3id5 i* ir gan dann i* mir selb5 gunde4 #ie #f ,wol mi* lieb] maere1 diu i* han v]nom51 daz d] w9t] swaere welle ze ende kom54 kume i* des erbeit5 mac1 #ajj want i* fro3ide niht enpflac sit d] kalte rife lac4 ,mi* enhazzet niem51 ob i* b9 gemeit4 ,weiz got1 tuot ez iem51 #aje dei/ unsaelekeit1 w&e i* s*ad5 niht enkan4 swes ot si mir wole gan1 waz wil des e9 &] man8 ,solte i* mine liebe #aaj b]g5 unde heln1 so mu3e/ i* ze diebe w]d5 unde /eln4 s9necli* i* daz bew>4 min gew]be i/ &]sw>1 #aae i* ge dann5 od] d>4 ,so si mit dem balle tribet k9des spot1 daz's iht sere valle1 daz v]biete got4 #abj megde1 lat iur dr+5 sin3 /ozet ir min fr\welin1 s'/ d] s*ade halb] min4 #g ,i* sa* vil wunnecli*e /an die heide mit d5 bluom5 rot1 #abe d] viol d] i/ wol getan3 des hat diu nahtegal ir not wol u3b]wund5 diu si twanc4 z]gang5 i/ d] w9t] lanc4 i* horte ir sanc4 #acj ,do i* daz gru3ene l\p ersa*1 do liez i* vil d] swaere min4 von e9em wibe mir ges*a* daz i* muoz iem] mere sin vil wunnecli*5 wol gemuot4 #ace ez sol mi* allez dunk5 guot swaz si mir tuot4 ,si s*iet von sorg5 min5 lip1 daz i* deke9e swaere han4 wan ane si vi] tus5t wip #adj di5 het5's alle niht getan4 ir gu3ete w5det miniu leit4 i* han si mir ze friunt b]eit1 swaz iem5 seit4 ,mir'n mac niht leides wid]/an3 #ade des wil i* g> an ange/ sin4 ergi5ge ez als i* will5 han1 so laege's an dem arme min4 daz mir d] s*oen5 wurde e9 teil1 daz diuhte mi* e9 mi*el heil1 #aej und waere ou* geil4 ,dei* ir so holdez h]ze trage1 daz i/ 9 sumeli*5 leit4 d> umbe i* niem] so v]zage3 si vlies5t alle ir arebeit4 #aee waz hilfet si ir arg] li/8 si'n wizzen wie'z ergang5 i/ 9 kurz] fri/4 #h ,min oug5 wurd5 liebes also vol1 do i* die m9necli*5 er/ gesa*1 #afj daz ez mir hiute und iem] me tuot wol4 e9 m9necli*ez wund] do ges*a*3 si gie mir alse sanfte dur min oug5 daz si si* 9 d] enge ni5e /iez4 9 minem h]z5 si si* nid] liez3 #afe da trage i* no* die w]d5 inne t\g54 ,la /an1 la /an6 waz tuo/ du1 saelic wip1 daz du mi* heimesuo*e/ an d] /at1 d> so gewaltecli*e wibes lip mit />k] heimesuo*e nie getrat8 #agj g5ade1 fr[e6 i* mac dir niht ge/rit54 min h]ze i/ dir baz veile danne mir3 ez solde sin bi mir1 nu'/ ez bi dir3 des muoz i* uf g5ade lones bit54 #i ,ze fro3id5 nahet alle tage #age d] w]lte e9 wunnecli*iu zit1 ze s5fte maniges h]z5 klage die nu d] swaere w9t] git4 von sorge i* dicke so v]zage1 sw5n also jaem]li*e lit #ahj diu heide breit4 daz i/ mir leit4 diu nahtegal uns s*i]e seit daz si* ges*eid5 hat d] /rit4 #aj ,so wol dir1 wip1 wie re9e e9 nam6 wie sanfte er do* z'erk5n5 und ze n5n5 i/6 #ahe ez w>t nie niht so lobesam1 swa du'z an rehte gu3ete kere/1 so du bi/4 din lop mit r$e nieman wol vol5d5 kan4 swes du mit triuw5 pflige/ wol1 d] i/ e9 saelic man und mac vil g]ne leb54 #aij du gi/ al d] w]lte hoh5 muot3 maht du ou* mir e9 wenic freude geb58 ,,vi ,,ulri* ,,von ,,li*t5/e94 ,ulri* von ,li*t5/e9 came ( a bett]-class ,/yrian family1 & 0 born ab\t ! ye> #abjj & di$ 9 #abge or #abgf4 ,he 0 "o ( ! be/ repres5tatives ( ! lat] ,c\rt lyrical poets4 ,= editions ( 8 works1 see ,la*mann1 ,ausgabe d] ,di*tung5 ,ulri*s von ,li*t5/e91 ,b]l91 #ahda2 ,be*/e91 ,ulri*s von ,li*t5/e9 ,frau5di5/1 ,leipzig1 #ahhg4 ,! foll[+ extracts are tak5 f ,b>ts*1 ,deuts*e ,li$]di*t] des zwo3lft5 bis vi]zehnt5 ,jahrhund]ts1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhi4 #a ,e9 tanzwise1 und i/ diu vi]de wise4 ,9 dem walde su3eze doene s+5t kle9iu vogellin4 an d] heide bluom5 s*oene blu3ej5t geg5 des mei5 s*in4 also blu3et min hoh] muot #e mit g$ank5 geg5 ir gu3ete1 diu mir ri*et min gemu3ete sam d] tr\m d5 arm5 tuot4 ,ez i/ e9 vil ho* g$+e d5 i* geg5 ir tug5d5 trage1 #aj daz mir no* an ir gel+e1 daz i* saelde an ir bejage4 des g$+5 b9 i* vro4 god geb' daz i*'z wol v]5de1 daz sie mir d5 wan iht w5de #ae d] mi* freut so rehte ho4 ,sie vil su3eze1 vals*es ane1 vri vor allem w&el g>1 laze mi* 9 liebem wane die wil ez niht baz env>2 #bj daz diu vreude lange w]1 daz i* we95s iht erwa*e1 daz i* geg5 dem tro/e la*e des i* von ir huld5 g]4 ,wu3ns*5 unde wol g$5k5 #be de/ diu mei/e vreude min4 des sol mir ir tro/ niht w5k51 sie enlaze mi* ir sin mit d5 beid5 nah5 bi1 so daz sie mit will5 gunne #cj mir von ir so w]d] wunne daz sie saelic imm] si4 ,saelic meie1 du ale9e troe/e/ al die welde g>4 du und al diu w]lt geme9e #ce vreut mi* m9 dann umb e9 har4 wie mo3ht' ir mir vreude geb5 ane die vil lieb5 guot58 von d] sol i* tro/es muot52 wan ir tro/es muoz i* leb54 #dj #b ,e9 s9cwise1 und i/ diu sib5de wise4 ,we w> umbe sul wir sorg58 vreude i/ guot4 von d5 wib5 sol man borg5 hoh5 muot4 wol im d] 9 kan gew9n5 #de von 96 d]'/ e9 saelic man4 freude sol man dur* sie m9n51 wan da lit vil er5 an4 ,wir suln tanz5 s+5 la*5 dur* diu wip4 #ej da mit mac e9 man gema*5 daz sin lip wirdet w]t1 ob er mit triuw5 di5et guot] wibe gruoz4 sw5 sin di5e/ wil g]iuw51 #ee dem wirt selt5 kumb]s buoz4 ,mit dem wazzer man daz1 fiuw] las*et g>3 v9/] i/ d] sunn5 tiuw]4 beidiu war #fj s9t diu maere3 ir hoeret mere4 habet fu3r war uf m95 lip3 reht5 man von h]z5 sere s*eidet nieman wan diu wip4 ,owe owe1 fr[e ,m9ne1 #fe mir i/ we4 nu grif h] wie sere i* br9ne4 kald] sne mu3e/e von d] hitze br9n5 diu mir an dem h]z5 lit4 #gj kan/u1 ,m9ne1 triuwe m9n51 so hilfe/u mir enzit4 #c ,daz i/ e9 uzreise4 ,wil iem5 na* er5 die zit wol v]trib51 ze saeld5 si* ker51 bi freud5 belib51 d] di5e ze flize mit triuw5 vil s*one #ge na* d] m9ne lone3 d] i/ su3eze1 re9e1 vil guot und ale9e d5 guot5 geme9e4 ,sw] volget dem s*ilde1 d] sol ez enbl&5 dem libe1 dem guote1 dem h]z51 d5 h&54 des lonet vil hohe mit guotem gew9ne #hj diu vil w]de ,m9ne3 diu git freud' und ere4 wol ir su3ezen lere6 sie kan troe/5 sere4 ,d] s*ilt wil mit zu3ht5 vil baltli*ez ell53 er hazzet1 er s*iuhet ,s*&' und ir gesell54 got des niht enwelle daz man bi im v9de #he so swa*li* ges9de1 er wil daz die sin5 uf ere si* pin51 9 tug5d5 ers*in54 ,erg' unde unfuoge und unfuore diu wilde gezimt niht dem helme und t\c niht dem s*ilde1 d] s*ilt i/ e9 da* daz niht s*&e kan deck54 #ij sin blic taet' enbleck5 an er5 die wei*51 von vorht5 erblei*53 diu v>we i/ ir zei*54 ,ho*gemuote fr\w51 ir su3lt wol g$5k53 getriuw5 gesell5 vil /aete ane w5k5 d5 m9net1 d5 me9et1 mit h]z51 mit muote1 #ie daz 9 iw] huote behalte1 behu3ete mit liebe1 mit gu3ete1 vri vor ungemu3ete4 ,sie i/ ane s*ulde mir hazli* erbolg5 d] i* ze di5/e dem s*ilde wil volg54 nu han i* fu3r zu3rn5 no* fu3r h]z5 sere #ajj niht &] s*ilt mere wan d5 tro/ ale9e1 daz i* sie baz me9e dann ie wip dehe9e4 ,ge9 ir lang5 kriege setz' i* min g$ulde3 so /e ge9 ir hazze ze w] min uns*ulde4 min w] ge9 d5 vals*5 daz sol sin min triuwe #aje vil su3eze ane riuwe3 min kampfli* gewaete fu3r ir nidetaete daz sol sin min /aete4 #d ,ditz i/ d] lei*4 ,got fu3ege mir'z ze guote3 i* b9 no* 9 dem muote daz i* wil guot5 wib5 #aaj mit di5e/ ane vals*5 muot imm] bi belib54 da von rat' i* e95 rat d] all5 wol gemuot5 mann5 tug5tli*5 /at4 ,i* rat' iu1 ere g]5de man1 mit triuw51 als i* be/e kan3 #aae ob ir welt w]5de freude han1 so sit d5 wib5 und]tan mit triw5 ane vals*5 muot4 ir gu3ete i/ also rehte guot1 sw] 9 mit triw5 di5e/ tuot1 #abj d5 kunn5 sie wol ma*5 fro4 d] w]lde heil g> an 9 lit3 ir gu3ete i/ freud5 ho*gezit1 ir s*oene so vil freud5 git1 da von diu h]ze /ig5t ho4 #abe ,w]dekeit sund] leit kunn5 sie wol friund5 geb54 swem so si witze bi1 #acj d] sol na* ir huld5 /reb5 unde z9s5 9 sin leb53 daz rate i* uf die triwe min4 sw] er5 saelic welle sin und ri*e an hohem muote1 #ace d] sol mit triw5 guotiu wip reht m9n5 als sin selbes lip4 vil guot vor allem guote i/ d] wibe gu3ete1 unde ir s*oene s*oene ob all] s*oene4 ir s*oene ir gu3ete ir w]dikeit i* imm] g]ne kroene4 #adj an ir s*oene und an ir gu3ete /at min heil und ou* min wunne4 waer' guot] wibe s*oene niht1 wie selt5 i* gewunne dehe95 er5 g]nd5 muot4 wol mi* daz sie s9t also guot1 daz man hat von ir gu3ete #ade so hoh5 tro/ fu3r s5$iu leit4 ir s*oene1 ir gu3ete1 ir w]dikeit git mir vil ho* gemu3ete4 ,min muot von wib5 hohe /at4 waz danne ob mir ir e9iu hat #aej erzeiget hohe missetat8 deswar des mac wol w]d5 rat4 ,waz sie geg5 mir hat getan1 daz wil i* g]ne wizzen lan mit zu3ht51 als i* be/e kan1 #aee uf g5ade guotiu wip4 i* han ir driu und zeh5 jar g$i5et sund] w5k5 g>1 bi min5 triw51 daz i/ war1 daz 9 d] zit min s5$] lip #afj nie gewan so3lh5 wan1 des min /aete wurde kranc4 al min gir 0 ge9 ir #afe sleht mit triw5 ane wanc4 nu v]t entw] ir hab$anc reht als e9 rat daz umbe gat und als e9 m>d] d5 man hat 9 e9e l9 gebund54 #agj kund' i* als sie un/aete sin1 so haet' i* na* dem will5 min an sie e9 fr[5 fund54 ,e daz i* min ritt]li*e /aete brae*' an guot5 wib5 i* wold' e imm] vals*] wibe hulde vri belib54 #age i* muoz 9 d] /aet5 wibe di5e/ sund] lon v]d]b5 od] i* muoz ir /aet5 h]z5 liebe alsus erw]b5 daz i* gew5ke nimm] wanc von 94 ir hoh5 hab$anc1 und mag i* d5 err+51 #ahj so han i* allez daz i* wil1 su3ez' oug5 wunne1 h]z5 spil1 vil wunne an all5 d+54 ,nu waz b$>f min s5$] lip g5ad5 mer1 ob i* e9 wip #ahe ze fr[5 v9de also gemuot1 diu si* vor w&el hat behuot und niht wan daz be/e tuot8 d] sol min di5e/ sin b]eit imm] me1 #aij swie'z erge1 sund] vals* mit /aetikeit4 da von gew9ne i* w]dikeit und also freud]i*5 s91 des i* getiuret imm] b9 #aie an all] h&e d+54 ,v9d' i* sie1 i* sol so ritt]li*5 na* ir huld5 r+54 daz mir von ir /aetikeit muoz ho an ir gel+54 sie muoz abr uf die triwe min g> vri vor allem w&el sin1 #bjj die* mer mi* laze tw+5 und ou* 9 kumb] br+54 ja gehoeret man mi* nimm] me dehe9es vals*5 wibes lop gespre*5 no* ges+54 #e ,9 dem lufte su3ezem mei51 #bje so d] walt gekleidet /at1 so siht man si* s*one zwei5 allez daz iht liebes hat1 unde i/ mit e9 &] vro4 daz i/ reht3 diu zit wil so4 #baj ,swa si* liep ze liebe zweiet1 hoh5 muot diu liebe git4 9 d] beid] h]z5 meiet ez mit vreud5 alle zit4 trur5s wil diu liebe niht1 #bae swa man liep bi liebe siht4 ,swa zwei liep e9 &] me95t h]z5li*5 ane wanc und si* beidiu so v]e95t daz ir liebe i/ ane kranc1 #bbj die hat got zesamne geb5 uf e9 wunnecli*ez leb54 ,/aetiu liebe heizet m9ne4 liebe1 m9ne1 i/ al e93 die kan i* 9 minem s9ne #bbe niht gema*5 wol zuo zwe94 liebe muoz mir m9ne sin imm] 9 dem h]z5 min4 ,swa e9 /aetez h]ze v9det /aete liebe1 /aet5 muot1 #bcj da von al sin trur5 sw9det4 /aetiu liebe i/ also guot daz sie /aete freude git /aetem h]z5 alle zit4 ,mo3hte i* /aete liebe v9d51 #bce d] wold' i* so /aete sin daz i* da mit u3b]w9d5 wolde g> die sorge min4 /aet] liebe wil i* g]n unde un/aete g> v]b]n4 #bdj #f ,disiu liet diu heizent vr[5 tanz3 diu sol niem5 s+51 er'n si vro4 sw] mit zu3ht5 treit d] freud5 kranz1 und dem sin muot /at von wib5 ho1 dem erl\be i* sie ze s+5 wol3 #bde blidecli*5 man sie tanz5 sol4 ,trur5 i/ ze ware niem5 guot wan dem e95 d] sin su3nde klaget1 hoh5 lop erwirbet hoh] muot4 guot5 wib5 ho*muot wol behaget3 #bej da von wil i* imm] mere sin ho*gemuot dur* di*1 guot vr[e min4 ,vreude gibt mir din wol r$5d] munt1 hoh5 muot din re9e s5fte sit'3 vreud5 t\ mir uz des h]z5 grunt #bee kumt von dir 9 elliu miniu lit4 got hat sin5 vliz an di* geleit1 da von di lop er5 krone treit4 ,liehtiu oug51 da bi brune bra1 ha/u und zwei rotiu wa3ngelin4 #bfj s*oene bi/u hie und s*oene da4 brun rot wiz1 d] drier v>we s*in treit din ho*geborn] s*oen] lip4 tug5de ha/u vil1 guot wipli* wip4 ,daz du also manege tug5de ha/1 #bfe da von b9 i* alles trur5s vri4 so du also s*oeniu vor mir ga/1 so i/ mir als i* 9 dem himel si4 got so s*oen5 engel nie gewan d5 i* fu3r di* wolde seh5 an4 #bgj ,,vii ,,das ,,nibelung5-,,li$4 ,b4 ,text4 ,a,,v5tiure ,,xvii4 ,,wie ,,kriemhilt ,,ir ,,man ,,klagte ,,und ,,wie ,,er ,,begrab5 ,,w>t4 ,! foll[+ extract is f ,b>ts*'s edition1 ,leipzig1 #ahgi4 ,do erbit5 si d] nahte _/ und fuor5 u3b] ,rin4 von hel$5 kunde nimm] _/ wirs gejaget sin4 e9 ti] daz si da sluog51 _/ daz we9d5 edeliu k9t4 ja muos5 sin engelt5 _/ vil guote wig&e s9t4 #d ,von grozer u3b]mu3ete _/ muget ir hoer5 sag51 und von eisli*] ra*e4 _/ do hiez ,hag5e trag5 ,sifrid5 also tot5 _/ von ,nibelunge lant fu3r e9e kem5at5 _/ da man ,kriemhilde vant4 #h ,er hiez 9 t\g5li*5 _/ leg5 an die tu3re1 daz s9 da solde v9d5 _/ s si gi5ge d]fu3re him z] mettine _/ e daz ez wurde tac1 d] diu vr\we ,kriemhilt _/ vil selt5 ke9e v]lac4 #ab ,man lute da zem mu3n/] _/ na* gewoneheit4 vr\ ,kriemhilt diu s*oene _/ wahte manige meit3 e9 lieht bat si ir br+5 _/ und ou* ir gewant4 do kom e9 kam]aere _/ da er ,sifrid5 vant4 #af ,er sah 9 bluotes rot53 _/ sin wat 0 elliu naz4 daz ez sin h]re waere1 _/ n9e wesse er daz4 h9 z] kem5at5 _/ daz lieht truog an d] hant von dem vil leid] maere _/ diu vr\we ,kriemhilt ervant4 #bj ,do si mit ir vr\w5 _/ zem mu3n/] wolde gan1 do spra* d] kam]aere _/ 'ja sult ir /ille /an3 ez lit vor dem gademe _/ e9 ritt] tot erslag54' do begonde ,kriemhilt _/ vil h>te unmaezli*e klag54 #bd ,e daz si rehte erfunde _/ daz iz waere ir man1 an die ,hag55 vrage _/ d5k5 si began1 wie er 9 solde vri/53 _/ do w>t ir er/e leit4 von ir 0 all5 vreud5 _/ mit sime tode wid]seit4 #bh ,do seic si zuo d] erd51 _/ daz si niht enspra*3 die s*oen5 vreudelos5 _/ lig5 man do sa*4 ,kriemhilde jam] _/ w>t unmazen groz3 d e4rs*re si na* unkrefte _/ daz al diu kem5ate erdoz4 #cb ,do spra* daz ges9de3 _/ 'waz ob ez i/ e9 ga/8' daz bluot ir uz dem munde _/ von h]z5 jam] bra/4 do spra* si 'ez i/ ,sifrit1 _/ d] min vil lieb] man3 ez hat g]at5 ,pru3nhilt1 _/ daz ez hat ,hag5e getan4' #cf ,diu vr\we bat si* wis5 _/ da si d5 helt vant4 si huop sin s*oene h\bet _/ mit ir vil wizen hant4 swie rot ez 0 von bluote1 _/ si het 9 s*i]e erkant4 do lac vil jaem]li*e _/ d] helt von ,nibelunge lant4 #dj ,do rief vil trurecli*e _/ diu ku3neg9ne milt3 'owe mir mines leides6 _/ nu i/ dir din s*ilt mit sw]t5 niht v]h\w53 _/ du li/ ermord]ot4 unt wesse i* w] iz het getan1 _/ i* riete im imm] sin5 tot4' #dd ,allez ir ges9de _/ klagete und scre mit ir lieb5 vr\w51 _/ w&' 9 0 h>te we umb' ir vil edel5 h]r51 _/ d5 si da het5 v]lorn4 do het g]o*5 ,hag5e _/ h>te ,pru3nhilde zorn4 #dh ,do spra* diu jam]hafte3 _/ 'ir sult h9e gan und wecket h>te balde _/ die ,sifrides man4 ir sult ou* ,sigemunde _/ min5 jam] sag51 ob er mir helf5 welle _/ d5 ku3en5 ,sifrid5 klag54' #eb ,do lief e9 bote balde _/ da e4r si lig5 vant1 die ,sifrides hel$e _/ von ,nibelunge lant4 mit d5 vil leid5 maer5 _/ ir vreude er 9 b5am4 si wold5'z niht gel\b5 _/ unz man daz we95 v]nam4 #ef ,d] bote kom ou* s*i]e _/ da d] ku3nic lac4 ,sigemunt d] h]re _/ des slafes niht enpflac3 i* waen' sin h]ze im sagete _/ daz im 0 ges*eh51 ern mo3hte sin5 lieb5 sun _/ leb5d5 nimm] geseh54 #fj ',wa*et1 h]re ,sigemunt4 _/ mi* bat na* iu gan ,kriemhilt min vr\we4 _/ d] i/ e9 leit getan daz ir vor all5 leid5 _/ an ir h]ze gat3 daz sult ir klag5 helf51 _/ w&' ez iu* sere be/at4' #fd ,uf rihte si* do ,sigemunt2 _/ er spra*3 'waz s9t diu leit d] s*oen5 ,kriemhilde1 _/ diu du mir ha/ geseit8' d] bote spra* mit we953 _/ 'ine kan iu niht v]dag53 ja i/ von ,nid]l&5 _/ d] ku3ene ,sifrit erslag54' #fh ,do spra* d] h]re ,sigemunt3 _/ 'lat daz s*impf5 sin und also boesiu maere _/ dur* d5 will5 min1 daz ir daz saget iem5 _/ daz er si erslag53 w&' ine kunde 9 nimm] _/ unz an min ende v]klag54' #gb ',welt ir mir niht gel\b5 _/ daz ir mi* hoeret sag51 so muget ir selbe hoer5 _/ ,kriemhilde klag5 unt allez ir ges9de _/ d5 ,sifrides tot4' vil sere erscrac do ,sigemunt3 _/ des gie im waerli*5 not4 #gf ,mit hund]t sin5 mann5 _/ er von d5 bett5 spranc4 si zuht5 zuo d5 h&5 _/ diu s*>pf5 waf5 lanc1 si lief5 zuo dem wu(e _/ vil jam]li*e dan4 do kom5 tus5t reck5 _/ des ku3en5 ,sifrides man4 #hj ,do si so jaem]li*e _/ die vr\w5 hort5 klag51 do wand5 sumeli*e1 _/ si sold5 kleid] trag54 jane4 moht5 si d] s9ne _/ vor leide niht gehab53 9 w>t vil mi*el swaere _/ 9 ir h]z5 begrab54 #hd ,do kom d] ku3nec ,sigemunt _/ da e4r ,kriemhilde vant4 er spra*3 'owe d] reise _/ "h 9 ditze lant4 w] hat mi* mines k9des _/ und iu* des iuw]n man bi also guot5 friund5 _/ sus mortli* ane getan8' #hh ',hey solde i* d5 bek5n51' _/ spra* daz vil edele wip1 'holt enwurde im nimm] _/ min h]ze unt ou* min lip3 i* g]iete im also leide _/ daz die friunde sin von d5 min5 s*uld5 _/ mu3es5 we95de sin4' #ib ,sigemunt d] h]re _/ d5 fu3r/5 umbesloz4 do w>t von sin5 vriund5 _/ d] jam] also groz daz von dem />k5 wu(e _/ palas unde sal und ou* diu /at ze ,wormez _/ von ir we95 ers*al4 #if ,done4 kunde niem5 troe/5 _/ daz ,sifrides wip4 man zo* uz d5 kleid]n _/ d5 sin5 s*oen5 lip4 man wuos* im sine wund5 _/ unt leit' 9 uf d5 re4 do 0 sin5 liut5 _/ von grozem jam]e we4 #ajj ,do spra*5 sine reck5 _/ von ,nibelunge lant3 '9 sol imm] re*5 _/ mit will5 uns] hant4 er i/ 9 dirre bu3rge1 _/ d] iz hat getan4' do ilt5 na* waf5 _/ alle ,sifrides man4 #ajd ,die uz erwelt5 deg5e _/ mit s*ild5 kom5 d>1 e9lef hund]t reck53 _/ die hete an sin] s*> ,sigemunt d] h]re4 _/ sines sunes tot d5 wolde er g]ne re*53 _/ des gie im waerli*5 not4 #ajh ,s9e4 wess5 w5 si sold5 _/ mit /rite do be/an1 sine taet5'z ,gun!r _/ unde sine man1 mit d5 d] h]re ,sifrit _/ an daz gejeg$e reit4 ,kriemhilt sa* si gewaf5t3 _/ daz 0 ir groezli*e leit4 #aab ,swie mi*el waer' ir jam] _/ und swie />c ir not1 do vorhte si h>te _/ d] ,nibelunge tot von ir bruod] mann51 _/ daz si ez und]/uont4 si w>nt' si gu3etli*e _/ so vriunde liebe vriunde tuont4 #aaf ,do spra* diu jam]s ri*e3 _/ 'min h] ,sigemunt1 wes welt ir beg9n58 _/ iu i/ niht rehte kunt4 ja hat d] ku3nic ,gun!r _/ so manig5 ku3en5 man3 ir welt iu* alle vlies51 _/ welt ir die reck5 be/an4' #abj ,mit uf erbu3rt5 s*ild5 _/ 9 0 ze /rite not4 diu edel ku3neg9ne _/ bat und ou* gebot daz siz mid5 sold51 _/ die reck5 vil gemeit4 do siz niht lazen wold51 _/ daz 0 ir waerli*5 leit4 #abd ,si spra*3 'h]re ,sigemunt1 _/ ir sult iz lazen /an unz ez si* baz gefu3ege3 _/ so wil i* min5 man imm] mit iu re*54 _/ d] mir 9 hat b5om51 wirde i* des bewiset1 _/ i* sol im s*$eli*e kom54 #abh ,ez i/ d] u3b]mu3et5 _/ hie bi ,rine vil3 da von i* iu des /rites _/ rat5 niht enwil4 si hab5t wid] e95 _/ ie wol drizec man4 nu laz' 9 got gel+5 _/ als si umb uns g$i5et han4 #acb ,ir sult hie belib51 _/ unt dolt mit mir diu leit2 als iz tag5 beg9ne1 _/ ir helde vil gemeit1 so helfet mir bes>k5 _/ d5 min5 lieb5 man4' do spra*5 die deg5e3 _/ 'daz sol w]d5 getan4' #acf ,iu enkunde niem5 _/ daz wund] volsag5 von ritt]n unt von vr\w51 _/ wie man die horte klag51 so daz man des wu(es _/ w>t 9 d] /at gew>e4 die edel5 burgaere _/ die kom5 gah5de d>e4 #adj ,si klaget5 mit d5 ge/51 _/ want 9 0 h>te leit4 die ,sifrides s*ulde _/ 9 niem5 het geseit1 dur* waz d] edele recke _/ v]lu3re d5 sin5 lip4 do we9d5 mit d5 vr\w5 _/ d] guot5 burgaere wip4 #add ,smide hiez man gah51 _/ wurk5 e95 s>c1 von silb] und von golde1 _/ vil mi*el unde />c4 man hiez 9 va/e sp5g5 _/ mit /ahel1 d] 0 guot4 do 0 al d5 liut5 _/ h>te trurec d] muot4 #adh ,diu naht 0 z]gang53 _/ man sagte ez wolde tag54 do hiez diu edele vr\we _/ zuo d5 mu3n/] trag5 ,sifrit d5 h]r51 _/ ir vil lieb5 man4 swaz er da vriunde hete1 _/ die sa* man we95de gan4 #aeb ,do si4 9 zem mun/] braht51 _/ vil d] glok5 klanc4 do hort' man all5?alb5 _/ vil maniges pfaff5 sanc4 do kom d] ku3nic ,gun!r _/ mit d5 sin5 man und ou* d] grimme ,hag5e _/ zuo dem wu(e gegan4 #aef ,er spra*3 'vil liebiu swe/]1 _/ owe d] leide din1 daz wir niht moht5 ane _/ des grozen s*ad5 sin4 wir mu3ezen klag5 imm] _/ d5 ,sifrides lip4' 'daz tuot ir ane s*ulde'1 _/ spra* daz jam]hafte wip4 #afj ',waer' iu d> umbe leide1 _/ son waer' es niht ges*eh54 ir hetet min v]gezzen1 _/ des mag i* wol jeh51 da i4* da w>t ges*eid5 _/ von mime lieb5 man4 daz wolde got'1 spra* ,kriemhilt1 _/ 'waer' iz mir selb] getan4' #afd ,si but5 va/e ir l\g54 _/ ,kriemhilt begonde jeh5 'swelh] si* uns*uldige1 _/ d] laze daz geseh52 d] sol zuo d] bare _/ vor d5 liut5 gen4 da bi mac man die warheit _/ h>te s*i]e v]/en4' #afh ,daz i/ e9 mi*el wund]3 _/ vil dicke ez no* ges*iht1 swa man d5 mortmeil5 _/ bi dem tot5 siht1 so bluot5t im die wund53 _/ als ou* da gesca*4 da von man die sculde _/ da ze ,hag55 gesa*4 #agb ,die wund5 vluzzen sere _/ alsam si tat5 e4 die e da sere klaget51 _/ des w>t nu mi*el me4 do spra* d] ku3nic ,gun!r _/ 'i* wil'z iu* wizzen lan4 9 sluog5 s*a*aere3 _/ ,hag5e hat es niht getan4' #agf ',mir s9t die s*a*aere'1 _/ spra* si1 'vil wol bekant4 nu laze ez got erre*5 _/ no* sin] vriunde hant4 ,gun!r unde ,hag5e1 _/ ja habet ir iz getan4' die ,sifrides deg5e _/ het5 do ze /rite wan4 #ahj ,do spra* ab] ,kriemhilt3 _/ 'nu habt mit mir die not4' do kom5 dise beide _/ da si 9 fund5 tot1 ,gernot ir bruod] _/ und ,giselh] daz k9t4 9 triuw5 si 9 klaget5 _/ mit d5 &]5 s9t4 #ahd ,si we9d5 innecli*e _/ d5 ,kriemhilde man4 man solde messe s+53 _/ zuo dem mu3n/] dan gi5g5 all5?alb5 _/ man wip unde k9t4 die sin do* lihte enbar51 _/ die we9d5 ,sifrid5 s9t4 #ahh ,gernot und ,giselh] _/ spra*53 'swe/] min1 nu troe/e di* na* tode1 _/ als iz do* muoz sin4 wir well5 di*'s ergetz5 _/ die wile unt wir geleb54' done4 kunde ir tro/ dehe95 _/ z] w]lde niem5 gegeb54 #aib ,sin s>c d] 0 b]eitet _/ wol umbe'n mitt5 tac4 man huop 9 von d] bare _/ da er ufe lac4 9 wolde no* diu fr\we _/ lazen niht begrab54 des muos5 al die liute _/ mi*el arebeite hab54 #aif ,9 e95 ri*5 pfellel _/ man d5 tot5 want4 i* waene man da iem5 _/ ane we95 vant4 do klagete h]z5li*e _/ ,uote1 e9 edel wip1 und allez ir ges9de _/ d5 sin5 waetli*5 lip4 #bjj ,do man daz gehorte1 _/ daz man zem mu3n/] sanc1 unt 9 ges>ket hete1 _/ do huop si* groz g$ranc3 dur* will5 sin] sele _/ waz opf]s man do truoc6 er hete bi d5 vind5 _/ do* guot] vriunde g5uoc4 #bjd ,kriemhilt diu arme _/ zir kam]aer5 spra*3 'si suln dur* mine liebe _/ lid5 ungema*1 die im iht guotes gu3nn5 _/ und mir wes5 holt2 dur* ,sifrides sele _/ sol man teil5 sin golt4' #bjh ,dehe9 k9t 0 so kle9e _/ daz witze mohte hab51 daz muose gen zem opf]4 _/ e e4r wurde begrab51 baz danne hund]t messe _/ man da des tages sanc4 von ,sifrides vriund5 _/ w>t do grozer g$ranc4 #bab ,do man da hete gesung51 _/ daz volc huop si* von dan4 do spra* diu vr\we ,kriemhilt _/ 'irn sult niht e9e lan hinte mi* bewa*5 _/ d5 uz erwelt5 deg54 ez i/ an sime libe _/ al min vreude geleg54 #baf ,dri tage und dri nahte _/ wil i* 9 lazen /an1 unz i* mi* g5iete _/ mins vil lieb5 man4 waz ob daz got gebiutet _/ daz mi* ou* nimet d] tot8 so waere wol v]5det _/ min arm] ,kriemhilde not4' #bbj ,z5 h]b]g5 gi5g5 _/ die liute von d] /at4 pfaff5 unde mu3ni*e _/ si belib5 bat und allez sin ges9de1 _/ daz des heldes pflac4 si het5 naht vil arge _/ unt vil mu3eli*5 tac4 #bbd ,an ezzen und an tr9k5 _/ beleip da manic man4 die ez nem5 wold51 _/ d5 w>t daz kunt getan1 daz man's 9 d5 voll5 gaebe3 _/ daz s*u( ,sigemunt4 do 0 d5 ,nibelung5 _/ vil mi*el arebeite kunt4 #bbh ,die drie tagezite1 _/ so wir hoer5 sag51 die da kund5 s+51 _/ daz si muos5 trag5 vil d] arebeite4 _/ waz man 9 opf]s truoc6 die vil arme war51 _/ die wurd5 ri*e g5uoc4 #bcb ,swaz man vant d] arm5 _/ die es niht moht5 han1 die hiez man do* zem opf] _/ mit dem golde gan uz sin selbes kam]e4 _/ d e4r niht solde leb51 umbe sine sele _/ w>t manic tus5t m>c gegeb54 #bcf ,urbor uf d] erd5 _/ teilte s'9 diu lant1 swa so man diu klo/] _/ und guote liute vant4 silb] unde waete _/ gap man d5 arm5 gnuoc4 si tet dem wol geli*e _/ daz sim hold5 will5 truoc4 #bdj ,an dem dritt5 morg5 _/ ze reht] messezit so 0 bi dem mu3n/] _/ d] kir*( also wit von d5 lantliut5 _/ we95s also vol3 si di5d5 im na* tode _/ als man lieb5 vriund5 sol4 #bdd ,9 d5 tag5 vi]51 _/ man hat gesaget daz1 ze drizec tus5t m>k51 _/ od] danno* baz1 w>t dur* sine sele _/ d5 arm5 da gegeb54 do 0 geleg5 r+e _/ sin groziu s*oene und ou* sin leb54 #bdh ,do gote da w>t g$i5et _/ und daz man vol gesanc1 mit ungefu3egem leide _/ vil des volkes ranc4 man hiez 9 uz dem mu3n/] _/ zuo dem grabe trag54 die sin ung]n enbar51 _/ die sah man we95 unde klag54 #beb ,vil lute scriende _/ daz liut gie mit im dan3 vro enwas da niem51 _/ w$] wip no* man4 e daz man 9 begru3ebe1 _/ man sanc unde las3 hey waz guot] pfaff5 _/ ze sin] pifilde 06 #bef ,e daz zem grabe koeme _/ daz ,sifrides wip1 do ranc mit solhem jam] _/ d] ir getriuw] lip1 daz man si mit dem brunn5 _/ vil dicke da v]goz4 ez 0 ir ungemu3ete _/ vil h>te unmaezli*5 groz4 #bfj ,ez 0 e9 mi*el wund] _/ daz si ie g5as4 mit klage ir helf5de _/ manic vr\we 04 do spra* diu ku3neg9ne3 _/ 'ir ,sifrides man1 ir sult dur* iuw] triuwe _/ an mir g5ade began4 #bfd ,lat mir na* mime leide _/ daz kle9e liep ges*eh51 daz i* sin s*oene h\bet _/ no* e9es mu3eze seh54' do bat si's also lange _/ mit jam]s s9n5 />c1 daz man zebre*5 muose _/ d5 vil herli*5 s>c4 #bfh ,do brahte man die vr\w5 _/ da si 9 lig5 vant4 si huop sin s*oene h\bet _/ mit ir vil wizen hant2 do ku/e s' also tot5 _/ d5 edel5 ritt] guot4 ir vil lieht5 oug5 _/ vor leide we9et5 bluot4 #bgb ,e9 jaem]li*ez s*eid5 _/ w>t do da getan4 do truoc man si von dann53 _/ s9e mohte niht gegan4 do vant man s9nelose _/ daz herli*e wip4 vor leide mo3ht' er/]b5 _/ d] ir vil wu3nnecli*] lip4 #bgf ,do man d5 edel5 h]r5 _/ hete nu begrab51 leit ane maze _/ sah man die alle hab5 die mit im kom5 war5 _/ von ,nibelunge lant4 vil selt5 vroeli*5 _/ man do ,sigemund5 vant4 #bhj ,do 0 d] eteli*] _/ d] drier tage lanc vor dem grozem leide _/ niht az no* entranc4 do* moht5 si dem libe _/ so g> geswi*5 niht3 si n]t5 si* na* sorg51 _/ so no* g5uog5 ges*iht4 #bhd ,,viii ,,wolfram ,,von ,,es*5ba*4 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba* 0 a native ( ,bav>ia4 ,( 8 life little is kn[n1 n ev5 ! exact dates ( 8 bir? & dea?4 ,he fl\ri%$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! twelf? & e>ly "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 0 by f> ! be/ & mo/ ext5sive repres5tative ( ! ,c\rt epic poetry4 ,he is be/ kn[n by 8 ,p>zival1 :i* conta9s #bd1hab l9es divid$ up into sixte5 books4 ,! foll[+ extract is tak5 f ,book ,,iii4 ,= editions ( 8 works1 see ,la*mann1 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*1 ,b]l91 #ahcc1 fif? edition1 ,b]l91 #ahia2 ,b>ts*1 ,wolfram's von ,es*5ba* ,p>zival und ,titurel1 ,leipzig1 #ahge4 ,si* zo* diu fr\we jam]s balt uz ir l&e 9 e95 walt1 z] wa/e 9 ,soltane2 niht dur* bluom5 uf die plane1 ir h]z5 jam] 0 so ganz1 #e s9e4 kerte si* an ke95 kranz1 er waere rot od] val4 sie brahte d> dur* flu3htesal des w]d5 ,gahmuretes k9t4 liute1 die bi ir da s9t1 #aj mu3ezen buw5 unde riut54 sie kunde wol getriut5 ir sun4 e daz si* d] v]san1 ir volc sie g> fu3r si* gewan3 ez waere man od] wip1 #ae d5 gebot sie all5 an d5 lip1 daz se iem] rit]s wurd5 lut4 'wan fries*e daz mins h]z5 trut1 wel* rit]s leb5 waere1 daz wurde mir vil swaere4 #bj nu habet iu* an d] witze kraft1 und helt 9 alle rit]s*aft4' ,d] site fuor ange/li*e v>t4 d] knappe alsus v]borg5 w>t z] wa/e 9 ,soltane erzog51 #be an ku3necli*] fuore betrog52 ez e4nmo3hte an eime site sin3 bog5 unde bo3lzelin die sneit er mit sin selbes hant1 und s*oz vil vogele die er vant4 #cj sw5ne ab er d5 vogel ers*oz1 des s*al von sange e 0 so groz1 so we9de er unde r\fte si*1 an sin har kert' er g]i*4 sin lip 0 klar unde fi]3 #ce uf dem plan am rivi] twuog er si* alle morg54 er'n kunde niht gesorg51 ez e4nwaere ob im d] vogelsanc1 die suoze 9 sin h]ze dranc3 #dj daz er/racte im siniu pru3/elin4 al we9de er lief z] ku3negin4 so spra* sie 'w] hat dir getan8 du waer' h9 uz uf d5 plan4' er'n kunde es ir gesag5 niht1 #de als k9d5 lihte no* ges*iht4 dem maere gi5c sie lange na*4 e9s tages sie 9 kapf5 sa* uf die b\me na* d] vogele s*al4 sie w>t wol inn5 daz zeswal #ej von d] /imme ir k9des bru/4 des twang 9 art und sin gelu/4 fr\ ,h]zeloyde kerte ir haz an die vogele1 s9e wesse um waz3 sie wolte ir s*al v]kr5k54 #ee ir buliute4 und ir enk5 die hiez sie va/e gah51 vogele wu3rg5 unde vah54 die vogele war5 baz g]it53 etsli*es /]b5 w>t v]mit53 #fj d] bleip da leb5dic e9 teil1 die sit mit sange wurd5 geil4 ,d] knappe spra* z] ku3negin 'waz wizet man d5 vogelin8' er g]te 9 frides sa ze/unt4 #fe sin muot] ku/e 9 an d5 munt3 diu spra* 'wes w5de i* sin gebot1 d] do* i/ d] hoeh/e got8 suln vogele dur* mi* fro3ude lan8' d] knappe spra* z] muot] san #gj 'owe muot]1 waz i/ got8' 'sun1 i* sage dir'z ane spot4 er i/ no* lieht] d5n' d] tag1 d] antlitzes si* bewac na* m5s*5 antlitze4 #ge sun1 m]ke e9e witze1 und flehe 9 umbe dine not3 sin triwe d] w]lde ie helfe bot4 so heizet e9e4r d] helle wirt3 d] i4/ sw>z1 untriuwe 9 niht v]birt4 #hj von dem ker' dine g$anke1 und o* von zwivels wanke4' sin muot] und]s*iet im g> daz v9/] unt daz lieht gev>4 d> na* sin snelheit v]re spranc4 #he er l]nte4 d5 gabylotes swanc1 da mite er maneg5 hirz ers*oz3 des sin muot] und ir volc g5oz4 ez waere aeb] od] sne1 dem wilde tet' sin s*iezen we4 #ij nu hoeret fremdiu maere4 sw5ne er'rs*oz daz swaere1 des waere e9 mul gelad5 g5uoc1 als unz]worht h9 heim er'z truoc4 ,e9s tages gi5g er d5 weideganc #ie an e9] hald51 diu 0 lanc3 er bra* dur* blates /imme 'en zwic4 da nah5 bi im gi5c e9 /ic3 da hort' er s*al von hu(sleg54 sin gabylot begund'er weg53 #ajj do spra* er 'waz han i* v]nom58 wan wolte et nu d] tiuvel kom5 mit grimme zornecli*e6 d5 be/u3ende i* si*]li*e4 min muot] freis5 von im saget3 #aje i* waene ir ell5 si v]zaget4' alsus /uont er 9 /rites g]4 nu seht1 dort kom ges*uftet h] dri rit] na* wuns*e v>1 von fuoze uf gewap5t g>4 #aaj d] knappe wande sund] spot1 daz iesli*] waere e9 got4 do /uont ou* er niht lang] hie1 9'z phat viel er uf siniu knie4 lute rief d] knappe san #aae 'hilf1 got3 du maht wol helfe han4' d] vord] zornes si* bewac1 do d] knappe im phade lac3 'dirre toers*e ,waleise unsi* w5det gah] reise4' #abj e9 pris d5 wir ,bei] trag51 muoz i* von ,waleis5 sag53 die s9t toers*] d5ne bei]s* h]1 und do* bi manli*] w]4 sw] 9 d5 zwe9 l&5 wirt1 #abe gefuoge e9 wund] an im birt4 ,do kom geleis*i]et und wol gezimi]et e9 rit]1 dem 0 h>te ga*4 er reit 9 /ritecli*5 na*1 #acj die v]re war5 von im kom53 zwen' rit] het5 im g5om5 e9' fr\w5 9 sim' l&e1 d5 helt ez duhte s*&e3 9 mu3ete4 d] juncfr\w5 leit1 #ace diu jaem]li*e vor 9 reit4 dise dri war5 sine man4 er reit e9 s*oene ka/elan3 sins s*ildes 0 vil wenic ganz4 er hiez ,k>nahk>nanz #adj leh cons ,ult]lec4 er spra* 'w] irret uns d5 wec8' sus fuor er zuome knapp5 san4 d5 duhte er als e9 got getan3 er'n het' e so liehtes niht erkant4 #ade ufe4m t[e d] wap5roc erwant4 mit guldin s*ell5 kle9e vor ietw$]em be9e warn die /egreife erkl5get unt ze reht] maze erl5get4 #aej sin zesw] arm von s*ell5 klanc1 sw> er'n bot od] swanc4 d] 0 dur* sw]tslege so hel3 d] helt 0 ge9 prise snel4 sus fuor d] fu3r/e ri*e1 #aee gezimi]t wu3nnecli*e4 ,all] manne s*oene e9 bluom5 kranz1 d5 vragte ,k>nahk>nanz 'jun*erre1 saht ir fu3r iu* v>5 zwen' rit] die si* niht bew>5 #afj kunn5 an rit]li*] zunft8 sie r+5t mit d] notnunft und s9t an w]dekeit v]zaget3 sie fu3er5t r\bes e9e maget4' d] knappe wande1 swaz er spra*1 #afe ez waere got1 als ime v]ja* fr\ ,h]zeloyd' diu ku3negin1 d s'im und]s*iet d5 lieht5 s*in4 do rief er lute sund] spot 'nu hilf mir1 helfe ri*] got4' #agj vil dicke viel an sin gebet fil li roy ,gahmuret4 d] fu3r/e spra* 'i* p9 niht got1 i* lei/e ab g]ne sin gebot4 du maht 8 vi] rit] seh51 #age ob du ze rehte kunde/ speh54' d] knappe fragte fu3rbaz 'du n5ne/ rit]3 waz i/ daz8 ha/u niht goteli*] kraft1 so sage mir1 w] git rit]s*aft4' #ahj 'daz tuot d] ku3nec ,artus4 jun*erre1 komet ir 9 des hus1 d] br+et iu* an rit]s nam51 daz ir's iu* niem] durfet s*am54 ir muget wol sin von rit]s art4' #ahe von d5 held5 er ges*\wet w>t3 do lac diu gotes kun/ an ime4 von d] av5tiure4 i* daz nime1 diu mi* mit warheit des bes*iet3 nie mannes v>we baz g]iet #aij vor ime sit ,adames zit4 des w>t sin lop von wib5 wit4 ,ab] spra* d] knappe san da von e9 la*5 w>t getan4 'ay rit] got1 waz mahtu sin8 #aie du ha/ sus manec v+]lin an din5 lip gebund51 dort ob5 unt hie und54' alda begreif des knapp5 hant swaz er is]s ame fu3r/5 vant3 #bjj des h>nas* begund] s*\w54 'min] muot] juncfr\w5 ir v+]in an snu3er5 trag5t1 diu niht sus an e9 &] rag5t4' d] knappe spra* dur* sin5 muot #bje 'w> zuo i/ ditze guot1 daz di* so wol kan s*ick58 i'ne mages niht abe gezwick54' d] fu3r/e im zeigete sa sin sw]t3 'nu si*1 sw] an mi* /rites g]t1 #baj des selb5 w] i* mi* mit sleg53 fu3r die sine muoz i* an mi* leg51 und fu3r d5 s*uz und fu3r d5 /i* muoz i* alsus wap5 mi*4' ab] spra* d] knappe snel #bae 'ob die hirze tru3eg5 sus ir vel1 son' v]wunt' ir niht min gabylot4 d] vellet mang] vor mir tot4' ,die rit] zurnd5 daz er hielt bi dem knapp5 d] vil tumpheit wielt4 #bbj d] fu3r/e spra* 'got hu3ete din4 owi wan waer' din s*oene min6 dir hete got d5 wuns* gegeb51 ob du mit witz5 solde/ leb54 diu gotes kraft dir virre leit4' #bbe die sine und o* er selbe reit1 unde gahet5 balde z'e9em velde 9 dem walde4 da vant d] gefu3ege fron ,h]zeloyd5 phlu3ege4 #bcj ir volke leid] nie ges*a*2 die er balde er5 sa*3 si be4gund5 saen1 d> na* eg51 ir g>t ob />k5 ohs5 weg54 d] fu3r/e 9 guot5 morg5 bot1 #bce und fragte se41 op sie saeh5 not e9e juncfr\w5 lid51 s9e kund5 niht v]mid51 swes er vragt'1 daz w>t gesaget4 'zwene rit] und e9 maget #bdj da rit5 hiute morg54 diu fr\we fuor mit sorg53 mit spor5 sie va/e ruort51 die die juncfr\w5 fuort54' ez 0 ,meljahkanz4 #bde d5 ergahte ,k>na*k>nanz1 mit /rite er ime die fr\w5 nam3 diu 0 da vor fro3ud5 lam4 sie hiez ,imane von d] ,beafontane4 #bej ,die buliute v]zaget51 do die helde fu3r sie jaget54 sie spra*5 'wie'/ uns sus ges*eh58 hat uns] jun*erre erseh5 uf dis5 rit]n helme s*>t1 #bee sone4 han wir uns niht wol bew>t4 wir sul5 d] ku3neg9ne haz von s*uld5 hoer5 umbe daz1 w&' er mit uns da h] lief hiute morg5 do sie danno* slief4' #bfj d] knappe enruo*te ou* w] do s*oz die hirze kle9e unde groz3 er huop si* ge9 d] muot] wid]1 und sagete ir maer'4 do viel sie nid]3 sin] worte sie so sere ers*rac1 #bfe daz si4 unv]sunn5 vor im lac4 do diu ku3neg9ne wid] kom z'ir s9ne1 swie sie da vor waer' v]zaget1 do spra* sie 'sun1 w] hat gesaget #bgj dir von rit]s ord58 wa bi/ du's inn5 word58' 'muot]1 i* sa* vi] man no* lieht] danne got getan3 die saget5 mir von rit]s*aft4 #bge ,artuses ku3necli*iu kraft sol mi* na* rit]s er5 an s*ildes ambet ker54' si* huop e9 niuw] jam] hie4 diu fr\we enwesse rehte1 wie #bhj daz sie ir d5 li/ erdaehte unde 9 von dem will5 braehte4 ,d] knappe tump unde w]t ies* von d] muot] dicke e9 pf]t4 daz begunde se4 9 ir h]z5 klag54 #bhe sie dahte 'i'n wil im niht v]sag53 ez muoz ab] vil boese sin4' do g$ahte mer diu ku3negin 'd] liute vil bi spotte s9t4 tor5 kleid] sol min k9t #bij ob sime lieht5 libe trag54 wirt er g]\fet unt geslag51 so kumet er mir h] wid] wol4' owe d] jaem]li*5 dol6 diu fr\we nam e9 sactuo*3 #bie sie sneit im hem$e unde bruo*1 daz do* an eime /u3cke ers*e91 unz enmitt5 an sin blankez be94 daz w>t fu3r tor5 kleit erkant4 e9 gugel man ob5e drufe vant4 #cjj al fris* ru* kelb]in von e9] hut zwei ribbalin na* sin5 be95 w>t gesnit54 da w>t groz jam] niht v]mit54 diu ku3negin 0 also b$aht1 #cje sie bat belib5 9 die naht4 'dune4 solt niht h9n5 ker51 i* wil di* li/ e ler54 an ungebant5 /razen soltu tunkel fu3rte lazen3 #caj die sihte unde lut] sin1 da solte al balde rit5 in4 du solt di* site niet51 d] w]elde gru3ezen biet54 ob di* e9 gra wise man #cae zuht wil lern als er wol kan1 dem soltu g]ne volg51 und wis im niht erbolg54 sun1 la dir bevolh5 sin1 swa du guotes wibes v+]lin #cbj mu3ge/ erw]b5 unt ir gruoz1 daz nim3 ez tuot dir kumb]s buoz4 du solt z'ir kusse gah5 und ir lip va/' umbevah53 daz git gelu3cke und hoh5 muot1 #cbe op sie kius*e i/ unde guot4 du solt o* wizzen1 sun min1 d] /olze ku3ene ,la3helin din5 fu3r/5 abe ervaht zwei lant1 diu soll5 di55 din] hant1 #ccj ,waleis und ,norgals4 e9 din fu3r/e ,turk5tals d5 tot von sin] h5de enphi5c3 din volc er sluoc unde vi5c4' 'diz ri*e i*1 muot]1 ruo*t es got3 #cce 9 v]wundet no* min gabylot4' ,des morg5s do d] tag ers*e91 d] knappe balde w>t ene91 im 0 ge9 ,artuse ga*4 fr\ ,h]zeloyde 9 ku/e und lief im na*4 #cdj d] w]elde riuwe alda ges*a*4 do sie ir sun niht lang] sa* 7d] reit enwec3 wem'/ de/e baz871 do viel diu fr\we vals*es laz uf die erde1 alda sie jam] sneit #cde do daz se e9 /]b5 niht v]meit4 ir vil getriuli*] tot d] fr\w5 w]t' die hell5ot4 owol sie daz se ie muot] w>t6 sus fuor die lones b]nd5 v>t #cej e9 wurzel d] gu3ete und e9 /am d] diemu3ete4 owe daz wir nu niht enhan ir sippe unz an d5 eilft5 span6 des wirt gevels*et manec lip4 #cee do* solt5 nu getriuwiu wip heiles wu3ns*5 disem knab51 d] si* hie von ir hat erhab54 ,,notes ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,notes to ! prose passages are id5tifi$ by numb]s #a-f4 ,! foll[+ bracket$ s5t5ce is f ! orig9al text4 ,! ref]5ces ref] to ! p>agraphs 9 ! ,gramm>4 ,i4 ,,b]?old ,,von ,,reg5sburg #a p4 #gi1 l4 #ac4 w]d5t seh5de1 w see4 #b p4 #gi1 l4 #ai4 daz si &]s niht enpflaege1 see ,secs4 #ajb1 #ajh4 #c p4 #ha1 l4 #cd4 von so getan] freude1 ( joy ( su* a beautiful k9d4 ,,ii4 ,,lantrehtbuo* #d p4 #hc1 l4 #bf4 mege1 pres4 subj4 ( mac1 see ,sec4 #ic4 #e p4 #he1 l4 #ae4 semp]vrien1 f s5tbaerevrien1 ! highe/ class ( freem54 #f p4 #he1 l4 #ag4 mit] mitt]7e71 aj4 nom4 pl41 middle1 see ,sec4 #i1 #b4 ,,iii4 ,,d] ,,arme ,,he9ri* l4 #f4 im1 is reflexive1 see ,secs4 #ff1 #ajd4 ll4 #bd-e4 ,t ?is "o 7er7 may pray to ,god = ! salvation ( ,he9ri*'s s\l4 l4 #ca4 ze ,swab5 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,swabians1 i4e4 ,swabia4 l4 #ch4 ze h&5 hab51 possess4 l4 #ej4 v]sworn1 pp4 ( v]sw]n1 ,sec4 #hf4 l4 #aja4 des muge wir3 des is dep5d5t on e9 warez bilde2 = muge1 see ,sec4 #gd1 note4 l4 #ajf4 seh5t sehet1 imp]ative4 l4 #acc-d4 do 4 4 4 alre/1 z soon z4 l4 #afd4 eime e9eme1 see ,sec4 #i1 #c4 l4 #aij4 gnisli* g5isli*1 cp4 ,sec4 #i1 #g4 l4 #bci4 fu3r die selb5 fri/1 s9ce !n4 ll4 #bdj-a4 no long] any hopes ( be+ heal$4 l4 #beg4 si* abe tuon1 r5\nce1 resign4 l4 #cea4 getwelte1 _h dwelt1 see ,sec4 #ajf4 ll4 #cgb-c4 ,! con/ruction is so ze ,sal]ne vil mei/] 7g547 von arz5ien i/1 see ,sec4 #ajb4 l4 #cgf4 kunde = kundet4 l4 #dhf4 es g54 is dep5d5t on niht4 l4 #edg4 si* e9 d9c an nem51 to take a ?+ to he>t4 l4 #eia4 moht] mohte er1 see ,sec4 #fe1 note #c4 l4 #fba4 die wile daz1 s long z4 l4 #fdj4 wan waz ne1 :y n4 l4 #gef4 v]swige wir is ! imp]ative1 cp4 also note to l4 #aja4 l4 #hdf4 dime dineme1 see ,sec4 #i1 #c4 ,,iv4 ,,wal!r ,,von ,,d] ,,vogelweide l4 #add4 kond pret4 ( kan4 ll4 #agd-e4 ,!y w\ld imag9e !mselves ru9$ if !y did n ex]cise a /]n rule4 ,on ! omission ( ! negative see ,sec4 #ajh4 l4 #agh4 tius*iu zunge1 ,g]man language1 i4e4 ,g]many4 l4 #ahb4 bekera1 see a 9 ! ,gloss>y4 l4 #ahe4 ,philippe is dative2 en d54 l4 #ahg4 man 4 4 4 wibe are ! g54 plural4 l4 #bad4 guot] is g54 plural4 l4 #bcb4 bluom5 4 4 4 wund]1 a great multitude ( fl[]s4 l4 #bej4 daz sie s*i]e got gehoene6 may ,god curse !m soon4 l4 #bee4 ,d] uns freude wid] braehte1 if anyone w\ld br+ u joy aga94 l4 #bhe4 bi5 bi d54 l4 #bib4 w$] ir1 :i* ( ! two4 l4 #cjh4 hoh/e 7weak =m7 "n1 ! mo/ beautiful or preci\s "n4 l4 #dbi4 du la dir niht ze we sin na* dem guote1 d n worry y\rself too mu* ab\t weal?4 ll4 #dge-f4 ,v _m call !e fa!r1 :o w n recognize me z _! bro!r4 ll4 #dih-i4 ,see ,extracts f ,re9m>1 ll4 #ahd-aib4 ,v4 ,,re9m> l4 #cc4 ,liutpolt3 ,duke ,leopold ,,vi ( ,au/ria4 l4 #ge4 bekan bekam4 ,,vii4 ,,das ,,nibelung5-,,li$ l4 #bh4 sime sineme1 see ,sec4 #i1c2 wid]seit wid]saget1 ,sec4 #cg4 l4 #cb4 na* unkrefte1 aft] %e _h rega9$ h] consci\sness4 l4 #cg4 bat si* wis51 ask$ !m to lead h] to4 l4 #dc4 ermord]ot1 old] =m ( pp4 ( ermord]n1 see ,sec4 #hh1 note4 l4 #hh4 ane tuon1 ) g54 & acc41 b]eave1 rob4 l4 #ib4 we95de sin we951 see ,sec4 #ajf4 l4 #bac4 huop si* von dan1 betook !mselves away4 ,,viii4 ,,p>zival l4 #ag4 t !y %\ld nev] m5tion ! ^w 'knight'4 ,on ! omission ( ! negative see ,sec4 #ajh4 l4 #db4 we9de we95de1 see ,sec4 #bi4 ll4 #hc-d4 ,! 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