,transcriber's ,note3 ,this file is intended for users whose text readers cannot open the real 7,,utf-#h1 ,unicode7 version of the file1 even after making the character substitutions suggested in that version4 ,this document can be used as-is1 but it will be much more readable if you open it in a word processor or text editor and make as many as possible of the listed changes4 ,the object is to reconstruct the real file in a form that your own computer or text reader can handle4 ,when making changes1 be sure to include the period after ,sec4 and the brackets surrounding all letters or letter groups4 ,sec4 section symbol1 or use pilcrow 7paragraph symbol7 ,secs4 two section symbols ae ae ligature oe oe ligature a a with macron 7overline1 long mark7 ,if macron is unavailable1 use a-circumflex instead e i o u 7same for e1 i1 o1 u7 a3 e3 o3 u3 a1 e1 o1 u with umlaut 'a 'e a1 e with acute accent e4 e with dot under1 used in reading selections ,if you have nothing suitable1 replace with plain e i4 same as above2 rare z z with hook at end of bottom line zz two of these z's 7often used in pairs7 ,if this character is unavailable1 try z with cedilla4 ,as a last resort1 replace with plain z after reading ,sec4 #ai carefully4 ,a ,e ,i ,o ,u ,u3 7capital letters as above2 rare7 ,a few additional characters are used mainly in the historical introduction1 along with two or three ,greek words1 here transliterated and shown between marks4 ,they can be disregarded4 7a 7e 7i 7o a1 e1 i1 o with both macron and breve 7long and short mark7 -u3 u-umlaut with macron -ae ae ligature with macron th thorn dh edh bh b with line through stem zh ezh ch ,greek letter chi ng eng 7n with curve below line7 ,italics are marked with lines4 ,boldface type is shown with braces4 ,boldface markings have generally been omitted from tables to aid readability4 ,punctuation in the ,glossary has been silently regularized4 ,other typographical errors are listed at the end of the text4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,middle ,,high ,,german ,,primer with ,grammar1 ,notes1 ,and ,glossary by ,,joseph ,,wright ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,litt4,d4 ,fellow of the ,british ,academy ,corpus ,christi ,professor of ,comparative ,philology in the ,university of ,oxford ,,third ,,edition ,re-,written ,and ,enlarged ,,oxford ,,at ,,the ,,clarendon ,,press #aiag ,,oxford ,,university ,,press ,london ,edinburgh ,glasgow ,new ,york ,toronto ,melbourne ,bombay ,,humphrey ,,milford ,publisher to the ,university ,,extracts ,,from ,,the ,,prefaces ,,to ,,the ,,first ,,and ,,second ,,editions ,the present book has been written in the hope that it will serve as an elementary introduction to the larger ,german works on the subject from which ,i have appropriated whatever seemed necessary for the purpose4 ,in the grammar much aid has been derived from ,paul's ,mittelhochdeutsche ,grammatik1 second edition1 ,halle1 #ahhd1 and ,weinhold's ,mittelhochdeutsche ,grammatik1 second edition1 ,paderborn1 #ahhc4 ,the former work1 besides containing by far the most complete syntax1 is also the only ,middle ,high ,german ,grammar which is based on the present state of ,german ,philology4444 ,i believe that the day is not far distant when ,english students will take a much more lively interest in the study of their own and the other ,germanic languages 7especially ,german and ,old ,norse7 than has hitherto been the case4 ,and if this little book should contribute anything towards furthering the cause1 it will have amply fulfilled its purpose4 ,,london3 ,january1 #ahhh4 ,when ,i wrote the preface to the first edition of this primer in #ahhh1 ,i ventured to predict that the interest of ,english students in the subject would grow and develop as time went on1 but ,i hardly expected that it would grow so much that a second edition of the book would be required within so short a period4 ,it has been revised throughout1 and several changes have been made in the phonology1 but ,i have not thought it advisable to alter the general plan and scope of the former edition4 ,after many years of personal experience as a teacher and examiner in the older periods of the ,german language1 ,i have become firmly convinced that the larger books on the subject contain too many details for beginners4 ,i feel sure that the easiest and best way to acquire a thorough knowledge of ,middle ,high ,german is to start with an elementary book like the present1 and then to learn the details of the grammar1 especially the phonology of the various dialects1 from a more advanced work4 ,,oxford3 ,december1 #ahih4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,third ,,edition ,in the preparation of the new edition1 ,i have steadily kept in view the class of students for whom the book was originally written4 ,when the first edition appeared twenty-eight years ago1 there were very few students in this country who took up the serious study of the older periods of the various ,germanic languages at the ,universities4 ,in late years1 however1 the interest in the study of these languages has grown so much that ,honour ,courses and ,examinations in them have been established at all our ,universities4 ,the result is that a book even intended for beginners can now reasonably be expected to be of a higher standard than the previous editions of this ,primer4 ,the grammatical introduction has accordingly been entirely rewritten and expanded to more than twice its original size4 ,the texts have also been nearly doubled by the addition of eighteen poems from ,walther von der ,vogelweide1 and selections from ,reinmar1 ,ulrich von ,lichtenstein1 and ,wolfram von ,eschenbach4 ,the greater part of ,middle ,high ,german literature is so excellent and interesting that most students1 who have mastered the grammatical introduction and read the texts in the ,primer1 will doubtless desire to continue the subject4 ,such students should procure a copy of either the ,mittelhochdeutsche ,grammatik by ,hermann ,paul1 eighth edition1 ,halle1 #aiaa1 or the ,mittelhochdeutsches ,elementarbuch by ,victor ,michels1 second edition1 ,heidelberg1 #aiab1 where the ,grammar1 especially the phonology and syntax1 can be studied in greater detail4 ,they should also procure a copy of the ,mittelhochdeutsches ,taschenwo3rterbuch by ,matthias ,lexer1 tenth edition1 ,leipzig1 #aiaj1 and also have access to the two standard ,middle ,high ,german dictionaries-- ,mittelhochdeutsches ,wo3rterbuch mit ,benutzung des ,nachlasses von ,georg ,friedrich ,benecke1 ausgearbeitet von ,wilhelm ,mu3ller und ,friedrich ,zarncke1 drei ,ba3nde1 ,leipzig1 #ahed-fa1 and ,mittelhochdeutsches ,wo3rterbuch1 von ,matthias ,lexer1 zugleich als ,supplement und alphabetischer ,index zum ,mittelhochdeutschen ,wo3rterbuch von ,benecke-,mu3ller-,zarncke1 drei ,ba3nde1 ,leipzig1 #ahgb-gh4 ,an excellent bibliography of the best editions of the ,middle ,high ,german texts-- classified according to the dialects in which they were written-- will be found on pp4 #bj-ce of ,michels' ,elementarbuch4 ,may the new edition of the ,primer continue to further the study of the subject in the future to the same extent as it has done in the past6 ,,joseph ,,wright4 ,,oxford1 ,october1 #aiaf4 ,,contents ,pages ,,introduction 444 #a ,the classification of the ,,mhg4 dialects 7,sec4 #a74 ,,chapter ,i ,the ,vowels 444 #b-bb ,the ,,mhg4 alphabet 7,sec4 #b74 ,pronunciation of the ,,mhg4 vowels 7,sec4 #c74 ,phonetic survey of the ,,mhg4 vowel-system 7,sec4 #d74 ,the ,,ohg4 equivalents of the ,,mhg4 vowels 7,sec4 #e74 ,the characteristic differences between ,,ohg4 and ,,mhg4 7,sec4 #f74 ,the weakening of unaccented vowels 7,secs4 #g-h74 ,the loss of unaccented vowels 7,sec4 #i74 ,umlaut 7,sec4 #aj74 ,the ,,mhg4 equivalents of the ,,ohg4 vowels 7,sec4 #aa74 ,ablaut 7,sec4 #ab74 ,other vowel changes 7,secs4 #ac-ah74 ,,chapter ,,ii ,the ,consonants 444 #bb-ce ,pronunciation of the consonants 7,secs4 #ai-bj74 ,phonetic survey of the ,,mhg4 consonants 7,sec4 #ba74 ,characteristic differences between ,high ,german and the other ,west ,germanic languages 7,sec4 #bb74 ,the ,high ,german sound-shifting 7,secs4 #bc-g74 ,the interchange between pf1 b and f2 k1 g and h2 zz1 z and ss1 s 7,sec4 #bh74 ,the loss of the guttural nasal ng 7,sec4 #bi74 ,verner's ,law 7,sec4 #cj74 ,the doubling of consonants 7,sec4 #ca74 ,the simplification of double consonants 7,sec4 #cb74 ,the interchange between the lenes and the fortes 7,sec4 #cc74 ,interchange between medial h and final ch 7,sec4 #cd74 ,initial and medial j 7,sec4 #ce74 ,medial and final w 7,sec4 #cf74 ,the loss of intervocalic b1 d1 g 7,sec4 #cg74 ,the loss of intervocalic h 7,sec4 #ch74 ,the loss of final r 7,sec4 #ci74 ,the change of medial t to d after nasals and l 7,sec4 #dj74 ,,chapter ,,iii ,declension of ,nouns 444 #cf-df ,introductory remarks 7,sec4 #da74 ,a4 ,the vocalic or strong declension3-- ,masculine nouns 7,secs4 #db-e72 ,neuter nouns 7,secs4 #df-g72 ,feminine nouns 7,secs4 #dh-i74 ,b4 ,the weak declension 7,secs4 #ej-c74 ,c4 ,declension of proper names 7,sec4 #ed74 ,,chapter ,,iv ,adjectives 444 #df-eb ,a4 ,the declension of adjectives 7,secs4 #ee-f74 ,b4 ,the comparison of adjectives 7,secs4 #eg-i74 ,c4 ,the formation of adverbs from adjectives 7,secs4 #fj-a74 ,d4 ,numerals 7,secs4 #fb-d74 ,,chapter ,v ,pronouns 444 #ec-eg ,personal 7,sec4 #fe74 ,reflexive 7,sec4 #ff74 ,possessive 7,sec4 #fg74 ,demonstrative 7,sec4 #fh74 ,relative 7,sec4 #fi74 ,interrogative 7,sec4 #gj74 ,indefinite 7,sec4 #ga74 ,,chapter ,,vi ,verbs 444 #eg-ge ,classification of ,,mhg4 verbs 7,sec4 #gb74 ,a4 ,strong verbs3-- ,the conjugation of the model strong verb ne3men 7,secs4 #gc-d74 ,class ,i 7,secs4 #gf-g74 ,class ,,ii 7,secs4 #gh-hj74 ,class ,,iii 7,sec4 #ha74 ,class ,,iv 7,sec4 #hb74 ,class ,v 7,secs4 #hc-d74 ,class ,,vi 7,secs4 #he-f74 ,class ,,vii 7,sec4 #hg74 ,b4 ,weak ,verbs3-- ,classification of ,,mhg4 weak verbs 7,secs4 #hh-i74 ,class ,i 7,sec4 #ij74 ,class ,,ii 7,sec4 #ib74 ,c4 ,minor groups4-- ,preterite-presents 7,sec4 #ic74 ,anomalous verbs 7,secs4 #id-h74 ,contracted verbs 7,sec4 #ii74 ,,chapter ,,vii ,syntax 444 #ge-gh ,cases 7,secs4 #ajj-b74 ,adjectives 7,sec4 #ajc74 ,pronouns 7,sec4 #ajd74 ,verbs 7,secs4 #aje-g74 ,negation 7,sec4 #ajh74 ,,texts3-- ,i4 ,berthold von ,regensburg #gi-hc ,,ii4 ,the ,swabian ,lantrehtbuoch #hc-he ,,iii4 ,hartman von ,ouwe #hf-aaf ,,iv4 ,walther von der ,vogelweide #aaf-acc ,v4 ,reinmar #acc-aci ,,vi4 ,ulrich von ,lichtenstein #adj-adh ,,vii4 ,das ,nibelungen-,lied #adi-aeh ,,viii4 ,wolfram von ,eschenbach #aeh-afh ,,notes 444 #afi-aga ,,glossary 444 #agb-bac ,,abbreviations1 ,,etc4 ,goth4 ,gothic ,gr4 ,greek ,,hg4 ,high ,german ,lat4 ,latin ,,mhg4 ,middle ,high ,german ,,nhg4 ,new ,high ,german ,,oe4 ,old ,english ,,ohg4 ,old ,high ,german ,,os4 ,old ,saxon ,p4 ,germ4 ,primitive ,germanic ,,uf4 ,upper ,franconian ,,ug4 ,upper ,german ,the asterisk 99 prefixed to a word denotes a theoretical form1 as ,,mhg4 wa3rmen from 99warmjan1 to warm4 ,in representing prehistoric forms the following signs are used3-- th 7 th in ,engl4 thin71 dh 7 th in ,engl4 then71 bh 7 a bilabial spirant1 which may be pronounced like the v in ,engl4 vine71 zh 7 g often heard in ,german sagen71 ch 7 ,,nhg4 ch and the ch in ,scotch loch71 ng 7 n in ,engl4 sunk74 ,,grammar ,,introduction ,sec4 #a4 ,,middle ,,high ,,german ,middle ,high ,german 7,,mhg47 embraces the ,high ,german language from about the year #aajj to #aejj4 ,it is divided into three great dialect-groups3 ,upper ,german1 ,franconian1 and ,east ,middle ,german4 #a4 ,upper ,german is divided into3 7a7 ,alemanic1 embracing ,high ,alemanic 7,switzerland71 and ,low ,alemanic 7,south ,baden1 ,swabia1 and ,alsace74 7b7 ,bavarian1 extending over ,bavaria and those parts of ,austria where ,german is spoken4 #b4 ,franconian 7,west ,middle ,german71 which is subdivided into ,upper ,franconian and ,middle ,franconian4 ,upper ,franconian consists of ,east ,franconian 7the old duchy of ,francia ,orientalis7 and ,rhenish ,franconian 7the old province of ,francia ,rhinensis71 ,middle ,franconian extending over the district along the banks of the ,moselle and of the ,rhine from ,coblence to ,du3sseldorf4 #c4 ,east ,middle ,german1 extending over3 ,thuringia1 ,upper ,saxony1 and ,silesia4 ,since it is impossible to deal with all these dialects in an elementary book like the present1 we shall confine ourselves almost exclusively to ,upper ,german1 and shall only deal with that period of ,middle ,high ,german which extends from about #abjj to #acjj4 ,,phonology ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,vowels ,sec4 #b4 ,,mhg4 had the following simple vowels and diphthongs3-- ,short vowels a1 a31 e31 e1 i1 o1 u1 o31 u34 ,long a1 ae1 e1 i1 o1 u1 oe1 iu4 ,diphthongs ei1 ie1 ou1 uo1 o3u 7eu71 u3e4 ,,note4--e3 represents primitive ,germanic e 7 ,gr4 epsilon1 ,lat4 e1 as in ,gr4 deka1 ,lat4 decem1 ,,mhg4 ze3hen1 ten7 and is generally written e3 in ,old and ,middle ,high ,german grammars1 in order to distinguish it from the ,,ohg4 umlaut-e 7,sec4 #aj74 ,the former was an open sound like the e in ,english bed1 whereas the latter was a close sound like the 'e in ,french 'et'e4 a3 was a very open sound nearly like the a in ,english hat1 and arose in ,,mhg4 from the i-umlaut of a 7,sec4 #aj74 ,good ,,mhg4 poets do not rhyme ,germanic e3 with the umlaut-e1 and the distinction between the two sounds is still preserved in many ,,nhg4 dialects4 ,in like manner the modern ,bavarian and ,austrian dialects still distinguish between a3 and e34 ,in the ,,mhg4 period a31 e31 and e were kept apart in ,bavarian1 but in ,alemanic and ,middle ,german a3 and e3 seem to have fallen together in e3 or possibly a31 as the two sounds frequently rhyme with each other in good poets4 ,,mhg4 texts do not always preserve in writing the distinction between the old umlaut-e and the ,,mhg4 umlaut-a31 both being often written e in the same text4 ,,pronunciation ,,of ,,the ,,vowels4 ,sec4 #c4 ,the approximate pronunciation of the above vowels and diphthongs was as follows3-- a as in ,,nhg4 mann man1 man4 a ,engl4 father hat1 has4 a3 man ma3hte1 powers4 ae air laere1 empty4 e3 men he3lfen1 to help4 e ,fr4 'et'e geste1 guests4 e ,,nhg4 reh se1 sea4 i ,engl4 bit biten1 to beg4 i ween win1 wine4 o pot golt1 gold4 o ,,nhg4 tot tot1 dead4 u ,engl4 put guldin1 golden4 u fool hus1 house4 o3 ,,nhg4 lo3cher lo3cher1 holes4 oe scho3n schoene1 beautiful4 u3 fu3llen vu3llen1 to fill4 iu mu3de hiuser1 houses4 ei e i stein1 stone4 ie i e knie1 knee4 ou o u ouge1 eye4 o3u 7eu7 o3 or e u3 dro3uwen1 to threaten4 u3e u3 e gru3ezen1 to greet4 uo u o bruoder1 brother4 ,to the above list should be added the ,,mhg4 e in unaccented syllables1 which mostly arose from the weakening of the ,,ohg4 full vowels1 as ,,ohg4 zunga1 tongue1 hirti1 shepherd1 namo1 name1 fridu1 peace ,,mhg4 zunge1 hirte1 name1 fride2 ,,ohg4 haben1 to have1 sconi1 beauty1 salbon1 to anoint1 zungun1 tongues ,,mhg4 haben1 schoene1 salben1 zungen4 ,the e in this position was pronounced like the -e in ,,nhg4 zunge1 name1 friede1 c4 ,,phonetic ,,survey ,,of ,,the ,,mhg4 ,,vowel-,,system4 ,sec4 #d4 ,palatal ,short a31 e31 e1 i1 o31 u34 ,long ae1 e1 i1 oe1 iu 7 u374 ,guttural ,short a1 o1 u4 ,long a1 o1 u4 ,,the ,,ohg4 ,,equivalents ,,of ,,the ,,mhg4 ,,vowels4 ,sec4 #e4 ,the following are the ,,ohg4 equivalents of the ,,mhg4 short vowels1 long vowels and diphthongs of accented syllables3-- #a4 ,the short vowels a1 e31 e1 i1 o1 u the corresponding ,,ohg4 short vowels1 as tac1 day1 gast1 guest1 bant1 he bound1 gap1 he gave ,,ohg4 tag1 gast1 bant1 gab4 we3c1 way1 ne3men1 to take1 ze3hen1 ten ,,ohg4 we3g1 ne3man1 ze3han4 geste1 guests1 lember1 lambs1 vert1 he goes ,,ohg4 gesti1 lembir1 ferit4 wizzen1 to know1 hilfe1 ,i help1 visch1 fish ,,ohg4 wizzan1 hilfu1 fisk4 got1 ,god1 wol1 well1 geholfen1 helped ,,ohg4 got1 wola1 giholfan4 sun1 son1 wurm1 worm1 gebunden1 bound ,,ohg4 sunu1 wurm1 gibuntan4 a3 is the umlaut of a before certain consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place in ,,ohg41 as ma3hte1 powers1 ha3ltet1 he holds1 wa3rmen1 to warm ,,ohg4 mahti1 haltit1 warmen from 99warmjan 7,sec4 #aj74 ,it also occurs in derivatives ending in -lich and -lin1 as ma3nlich1 manly1 ta3gelich1 daily1 va3terlin1 dim4 of vater1 father2 and in words which originally had an i in the third syllable1 the vowel of the second syllable having become i by assimilation1 as ma3gede1 maids1 za3her7e71 tears ,,ohg4 magadi1 zahari4 o3 is the umlaut of ,,ohg4 o1 as lo3cher1 holes1 mo3hte1 ,i might ,,ohg4 lohhir1 mohti2 go3tinne1 goddess1 beside got1 ,god4 u3 is the umlaut of ,,ohg4 u1 as du3nne1 thin1 su3ne1 sons1 zu3ge1 ,i might draw ,,ohg4 dunni1 suni1 zugi4 #b4 ,the long vowels a1 e1 i1 o1 u the corresponding ,,ohg4 long vowels1 as sat1 seed1 slafen1 to sleep1 namen1 we took1 dahte1 he thought ,,ohg4 sat1 slafan1 namum1 dahta4 sele1 soul1 mere1 more1 leren1 to teach ,,ohg4 sela1 mero1 leren4 wip1 wife1 sin1 his1 bizen1 to bite ,,ohg4 wib1 sin1 bizan4 ore1 ear1 tot1 death1 kos1 ,i chose ,,ohg4 ora1 tod1 kos4 hus1 house1 tusent1 thousand1 duhte1 it seemed ,,ohg4 hus1 dusunt1 duhta4 ae is the umlaut of ,,ohg4 a1 as laere1 empty1 naeme1 thou tookest ,,ohg4 lari1 nami4 oe is the umlaut of ,,ohg4 o1 as schoene1 beautiful1 hoeher1 higher1 hoeren1 to hear ,,ohg4 sconi1 hohiro1 horen from 99horjan older 99hausjan4 iu 7#a7 ,,ohg4 iu 7diphthong71 as liute1 people1 kiuset1 he chooses ,,ohg4 liuti1 kiusit4 7#b7 the umlaut of ,,ohg4 u1 as hiuser1 houses1 briute1 brides ,,ohg4 husir1 bruti4 #c4 ,the diphthongs ei1 ou1 uo the corresponding ,,ohg4 diphthongs1 as bein1 bone1 leiten1 to lead1 schreip1 ,i wrote ,,ohg4 bein1 leiten1 screib4 ouge1 eye1 houbet1 head1 bouc1 ,i bent ,,ohg4 ouga1 houbit1 boug4 bruoder1 brother1 stuont1 ,i stood1 vuor1 ,i went ,,ohg4 bruoder1 stuont1 fuor4 ie 7#a7 ,,ohg4 ie 7diphthong7 older ia1 ea1 e 7,germanic e71 as hier1 here1 miete1 pay1 reward1 gienc1 ,i went ,,ohg4 hier1 mieta1 gieng4 7#b7 ,,ohg4 io 7,germanic eu71 as bieten1 to offer1 liep1 dear ,,ohg4 biotan1 liob4 7#c7 the ,,ohg4 io which occurs in the preterite of the old reduplicated verbs whose presents have ou1 o1 uo 7,sec4 #hg71 as inf4 loufen1 to run1 stozen1 to push1 ruofen1 to call1 preterite lief1 stiez1 rief ,,ohg4 liof1 stioz1 riof4 7#d7 ,upper ,german iu 7,,ohg4 io7 before labials and gutturals1 as liup1 dear1 tiuf1 deep1 siuch1 sick1 liugen1 to tell a lie liep1 tief1 siech1 liegen4 o3u 7eu7 is the umlaut of ,,ohg4 ou1 as lo3uber1 leaves1 lo3ufel1 runner ,,ohg4 loubir1 loufil4 u3e is the umlaut of ,,ohg4 uo1 as gru3ene1 green1 gu3ete1 goodness1 vu3ere1 thou didst go ,,ohg4 gruoni1 guoti1 fuori4 ,,unaccented ,,vowels ,,and ,,umlaut4 ,sec4 #f4 ,the two most characteristic differences between ,,ohg4 and ,,mhg4 are3 7#a7 the spread of umlaut 7,sec4 #aj72 7#b7 the weakening and partial loss of vowels in unaccented syllables4 #a4 ,,the ,,weakening ,,of ,,unaccented ,,vowels4 ,sec4 #g4 ,the short vowels a1 i1 o1 u1 and the long vowels e1 i1 o1 u were weakened to e4 ,this e was pronounced like the final -e in ,,nhg4 leute1 see ,sec4 #c4 ,examples are3-- ge3ba1 gift1 he3rza1 heart1 zunga1 tongue1 taga1 days ,,mhg4 ge3be1 he3rze1 zunge1 tage2 heilag1 holy1 neut4 blindaz1 blind1 ne3man1 to take ,,mhg4 heilec1 blindez1 ne3men4 kunni1 race1 generation1 gesti1 guests ,,mhg4 ku3nne1 geste2 kuning1 king1 bezzisto1 best1 dat4 pl4 gestim1 to guests1 gen4 pl4 lembiro1 of lambs1 nimit1 he takes ,,mhg4 ku3nec1 bezzest 7beste71 gesten1 lember7e71 nimet4 haso1 hare1 nom4 acc4 pl4 fem4 blinto1 blind1 gen4 pl4 tago1 of days ,,mhg4 hase1 blinde1 tage2 acc4 sing4 hason1 hare ,,mhg4 hasen4 fridu1 peace1 dat4 sing4 ge3bu1 to a gift1 nimu1 ,i take ,,mhg4 fride1 ge3be1 nime2 dat4 pl4 tagum1 to days1 namum1 we took ,,mhg4 tagen1 namen4 ,nom4 sing4 masc4 blinter1 blind1 unser1 our1 haben1 to have1 ne3mem1 we may take ,,mhg4 blinder1 unser1 haben1 ne3men4 sconi1 beauty ,,mhg4 schoene2 salig1 blessed1 namim1 we might take ,,mhg4 saelec1 naemen4 salbon1 to anoint1 suohtos7t71 thou soughtest1 dat4 pl4 ge3bom1 he3rzom ,,mhg4 salben1 suohtes7t71 ge3ben1 he3rzen4 ,gen4 dat4 acc4 sing41 nom4 acc4 pl4 zungun ,,mhg4 zungen4 ,sec4 #h4 ,the vowel in suffixal and derivative syllables was generally weakened to e just as in the inflexional syllables1 but in some suffixal and derivative syllables which had a secondary accent the vowel was not weakened to e4 ,this was especially the case with derivatives in -aere 7denoting nomina agentis71 -inne1 -inc 7-ing71 linc 7-ling71 diminutives in -in and -lin1 abstract nouns in -nisse 7-nusse1 -nu3sse71 -unge4 ,in others the vowel fluctuated between the full vowel and e1 as in -isch beside -esch2 -ic 7 ,,ohg4 -ag1 and -7ig7 beside -ec2 superlative of adjectives -ist 7 ,,ohg4 -ist7 beside -est 7 ,,ohg4 -ost72 -sal beside -sel4 ,beside the full forms -lich1 -rich occurred the shortened forms -lich1 -rich4 ,the ,,ohg4 endings of the present participle -anti1 -enti1 -onti1 enti regularly became -ende1 but -ant occurs in a few old participles which had become nouns1 as heilant1 ,saviour1 wigant1 warrior1 viant beside vient 7vint71 fiend1 enemy4 ,examples are3 gartenaere1 gardener1 schepfaere1 creator1 schribaere1 scribe4 ku3neginne1 queen1 vriundinne1 female friend1 wirtinne1 mistress4 edelinc1 son of a nobleman1 hendelinc1 glove1 vingerlinc1 ring2 mu3edinc1 unhappy man4 magedin1 little girl1 vingerin1 ring2 kindelin1 little child1 vogelin1 little bird4 hindernisse1 hindrance1 verde3rbnisse1 destruction1 vinsternisse1 darkness1 vancnu3sse1 captivity4 bezzerunge1 improvement1 handelunge1 action1 me3ldunge1 announcement4 himelisch1 heavenly1 irdisch1 earthly1 kindisch1 childish1 beside -esch4 heilic 7,,ohg4 heilag71 holy1 honic 7,,ohg4 honag1 honig71 honey1 ku3nic 7,,ohg4 cuning1 cunig71 king1 manic 7,,ohg4 manag71 many a1 saelic 7,,ohg4 salig71 blessed1 beside -ec4 oberist beside oberest1 highest4 kumbersal1 distress1 tru3ebsal1 gloom1 we3hsal beside we3hsel1 change4 bitterlich1 bitterly1 sicherlich1 surely1 wislich1 wisely1 beside -lich4 ,dietrich1 ,heinrich1 beside -rich4 ,the ,,ohg4 pronominal ending of the nom4 sing4 fem4 and the nom4 acc4 pl4 neuter remained unweakened1 as ,,ohg4 blintiu ,,mhg4 blindiu 7,sec4 #ee74 #b4 ,,the ,,loss ,,of ,,unaccented ,,vowels4 ,sec4 #i4 ,the weakened e regularly disappeared3-- #a4 ,after l and r in dissyllables with short stems1 as ar1 older are 7,,ohg4 aro71 eagle1 acc4 gen4 dat4 arn1 beside name1 name1 namen2 wol1 older wole 7,,ohg4 wola71 well2 gar 7,,ohg4 garo71 ready1 milch 7,,ohg4 milih71 milk1 zal 7,,ohg4 zala71 number2 kil1 quill1 gen4 kil7e7s1 dat4 kil1 pl4 nom4 acc4 kil1 dat4 kil7e7n1 beside tac1 day1 gen4 tages1 dat4 tage1 pl4 nom4 acc4 tage1 dat4 tagen2 be3rn1 to bear1 ste3ln1 to steal1 nern1 to rescue1 pres4 sing4 stil1 stils7t71 stilt2 ner1 ners7t71 nert1 beside hoeren1 to hear1 pres4 sing4 hoere1 hoeres7t71 hoeret4 #b4 ,after liquids and nasals in trisyllabic and polysyllabic forms with long stems1 as saelde 7,,ohg4 salida71 blessedness1 hersen1 he3rsen 7,,ohg4 herison71 to rule1 zierde 7,,ohg4 ziarida71 adornment1 wandelte 7,,ohg4 wantalota71 ,i wandered1 zwifeln 7,,ohg4 zwifalon71 to doubt1 wundern 7,,ohg4 wuntaron71 to wonder1 schoenste 7,,ohg4 sconisto71 most beautiful1 diente1 diende 7,,ohg4 dionota71 ,i served2 dienest1 service1 gen4 dienstes2 engel1 angel1 gen4 engel7e7s1 dat4 engel7e71 pl4 nom4 acc4 gen4 engel7e71 dat4 engel7e7n1 and similarly with words like acker1 acre1 luter1 clear1 buosem1 bosom1 heiden1 heathen2 groezer 7,,ohg4 groziro71 greater1 fem4 dat4 sing4 groezer 7,,ohg4 groziru72 dat4 sing4 blindem7e71 blind1 guotem7e71 good ,,ohg4 blintemu1 guotemu2 gen4 pl4 blinder7e7 ,,ohg4 blintero4 ,after the analogy of forms with long stems it was also dropped in forms with short stems1 as pl4 nagel1 nails1 vogel1 birds1 beside nagele1 vogele2 wider beside widere 7,,ohg4 widaro71 wether1 dat4 sing4 disem7e71 this1 vadem7e71 thread1 gen4 vadem7e7s4 ,there was however a strong tendency in ,,mhg4 for the medial vowel to disappear in trisyllabic forms with long stems irrespectively as to whether they contained a liquid or a nasal1 as market1 market1 gen4 marktes2 richsen 7,,ohg4 richison71 to rule1 ahte 7,,ohg4 ahtota71 he observed1 wartte1 warte 7,,ohg4 warteta71 he waited1 vragte beside vragete 7,,ohg4 frageta71 he asked1 dancte beside dankete 7,,ohg4 dankota71 he thanked4 ,see ,sec4 #ib4 #c4 ,in the medial syllable of trisyllabic forms with long stems having liquids or nasals in successive syllables1 as dime beside dineme 7,,ohg4 dinemu71 dat4 of din1 thy2 eime beside ein7e7me 7,,ohg4 einemu71 dat4 of ein1 one2 herre1 he3rre 7,,ohg4 heriro71 master2 minre beside minner7e7 7,,ohg4 minniro71 less2 tiurre 7,,ohg4 tiuriro71 dearer4 #d4 ,finally after a nasal1 and medially after a nasal before a following t1 in forms with short stems1 as han7e71 cock1 nam7e71 name1 sun 7,,ohg4 sun1 sunu71 son1 won7e71 ,i dwell2 man7e7t1 he admonishes1 won7e7t1 he dwells1 scham7e7t1 he shames1 nim7e7t1 he takes1 ne3m7e7t1 ye take2 pret4 won7e7te1 scham7e7te4 ,in these and similar forms the e was often restored through the influence of forms which regularly preserved the e4 ,,note4--,the e1 when not preceded by a nasal1 was sometimes dropped in verbal forms ending in t4 ,this was especially the case in wirst1 wirt older wirdes7t71 wirdet2 siht1 he sees1 se3ht1 ye see1 older sihet1 se3het2 and often in forms like gilt1 vint1 spricht1 sticht beside giltet1 vindet1 sprichet1 stichet4 #e4 ,the superlative of adjectives often has double forms1 the one with the loss of the medial e1 and the other with the loss of the final e1 as beste1 best1 erste1 first1 groeste1 greatest1 leste1 last1 min7ne7ste1 least1 wir7se7ste1 worst1 beside bezzest7e71 erest7e71 groezest7e71 lezzest7e71 minnest7e71 wirsest7e71 ,,ohg4 bezzisto1 eristo1 grozisto1 lezzisto1 minnisto1 wirsisto4 #f4 ,in the unstressed forms of dissyllables1 as adv4 ane1 abe1 mite1 obe beside the prepositions an1 on1 ab1 of1 mit1 with1 ob1 over2 dat4 sing4 de3me1 we3me1 ime1 beside de3m1 we3m1 im2 unde1 and1 wande1 for1 because1 beside und 7unt71 wan7d72 he3rre1 vrouwe1 beside he3r1 vrou before proper names and titles4 #g4 ,the e in the unaccented verbal prefixes be-1 ge- often disappeared before l1 n1 r1 as bliben1 to remain1 glich1 like1 glit1 member1 glouben1 to believe1 gnade1 favour1 gnanne1 namesake1 gnuoge1 many1 grade1 quick1 gre3ch1 straight1 beside beliben1 gelich1 gelit1 gelouben1 genade1 genanne1 genuoge1 gerade1 gere3ch2 it disappeared before vowels during the ,,ohg4 period1 as bange1 anxious3 ange1 anxiously1 ge3zzan p4p4 of e3zzan1 to eat1 gunnan1 ,,mhg4 gunnen1 gu3nnen1 to grant4 #c4 ,,umlaut4 ,sec4 #aj4 ,by umlaut is meant the modification 7palatalization7 of an accented vowel through the influence of an 7i or j which originally stood in the following syllable4 ,the only vowel which underwent this change in ,,ohg4 was a1 which became close e 7,sec4 #b1 note74 ,the change is first met with in ,,ohg4 monuments about the middle of the eighth century4 ,in the ninth century the process was practically complete except when the a was followed by certain consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place4 ,these consonant combinations were3-- #a4 ht1 hs1 or consonant w1 as maht1 power1 pl4 mahti2 wahsit1 he grows1 inf4 wahsan2 bi-scatwen from 99-scatwjan1 to shade4 #b4 ,in ,upper ,german before l consonant1 before hh1 ch 7 ,germanic k71 and often before r consonant1 and before h 7 ,germanic h71 as ,upper ,german haltit beside ,upper ,franconian heltit1 he holds1 inf4 haltan2 ,,ug4 altiro beside ,,uf4 eltiro1 older2 ,,ug4 sachit beside ,,uf4 sehhit1 he quarrels1 inf4 sachan1 ,goth4 sakan2 ,,ug4 warmen beside wermen1 ,goth4 warmjan1 to warm2 ,,ug4 slahit beside slehit1 he strikes1 inf4 ,,ohg4 slahan1 ,goth4 slahan4 #c4 ,in words ending in -nissi1 -nissa1 or -lih1 as firstantnissi1 understanding2 infancnissa1 assumption2 kraftlih1 strong2 tagalih1 daily4 ,umlaut must have taken place earlier in the spoken language than it is expressed in late ,,ohg4 and early ,,mhg4 manuscripts1 because the 7i which caused the umlaut was weakened to e in ,,mhg4 7,sec4 #g7 and j had disappeared except between vowels4 ,the vowels and diphthongs which underwent umlaut in ,,mhg4 are a1 o1 u1 a1 o1 u1 ou1 uo4 ,the umlaut of all these sounds was completed by about the year #abjj4 a e3 gast1 guest1 pl4 geste 7,,ohg4 gesti72 lamp1 lamb1 pl4 lember 7,,ohg4 lembir72 inf4 graben1 to dig1 pres4 second and third pers4 sing4 grebes7t71 grebet 7,,ohg4 grebis1 grebit72 lanc1 long1 beside lenge 7,,ohg4 lengi71 length2 brennen1 ,goth4 brannjan1 to burn2 bette 7,,ohg4 betti71 bed4 a a33 ,from the twelfth century onwards the umlaut of a also occurs--often beside forms without umlaut--in words containing the consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place in ,,ohg41 as pl4 ma3hte 7,,ohg4 mahti71 powers2 gesla3hte 7,,ohg4 gislahti71 race1 generation2 wa3hset 7,,ohg4 wahsit71 he grows2 wa3rmen 7,,ohg4 warmen1 older 99warmjan71 to warm2 ,upper ,german a3lter 7,,ohg4 altiro71 older2 ka3lte 7,,ohg4 kalti71 coldness2 ha3ltet 7,,ohg4 haltit71 he holds2 a3her 7,,ohg4 ahir71 ear of corn2 sla3het 7,,ohg4 slahit71 he strikes4 ,it also occurs in derivatives ending in -lich1 -lin1 as ma3nlich1 manly1 scha3melich1 shameful1 ta3gelich1 daily1 va3terlich1 fatherly1 va3terlin1 dim4 of vater1 father4 ,it is likewise met with in ,,mhg4 words which originally had an i in the third syllable1 the vowel of the second syllable having become i by assimilation1 as fra3vele 7,,ohg4 frafali71 bold1 pl4 ma3gede 7,,ohg4 magadi71 maids1 pl4 za3her7e7 7,,ohg4 zahari71 tears4 ,see ,sec4 #b1 ,note4 o o33 ,although o31 the umlaut of o1 is common in ,,mhg4 and still commoner in ,,nhg41 yet all words containing this umlaut are really new formations due to levelling or analogy1 because primitive ,germanic u 7,sec4 #ae7 did not become o in ,,ohg4 when followed by an 7i or j in the next syllable4 ,examples are3 boc1 he-goat1 beside dim4 bo3cklin 7,,ohg4 pochili72 dorf1 village1 beside pl4 do3rfer2 got1 ,god1 beside go3tinne1 goddess2 hof1 court1 beside ho3vesch1 courtly2 loch 7,,ohg4 loh71 hole1 beside pl4 lo3cher 7,,ohg4 lohhir72 tohter1 daughter1 beside dim4 to3hterlin2 pret4 subj4 mo3hte 7,,ohg4 mohti71 ,i might2 to3rste 7,,ohg4 torsti71 ,i might dare4 u u33 du3nne 7,,ohg4 dunni71 thin2 ku3nne 7,,ohg4 kunni71 race1 generation2 pl4 su3ne 7,,ohg4 suni71 sons2 tu3r 7,,ohg4 turi71 door2 pret4 subj4 zu3ge 7,,ohg4 zugi71 inf4 ziehen1 to draw4 ,,note4--,in ,upper ,german certain consonant combinations often prevented umlaut from taking place where it might be expected4 ,of these the principal are3-- #a4 ,before a liquid consonant1 as hulde 7,,ohg4 huldi71 favour2 schuldec 7,,ohg4 sculdig71 guilty2 gedultec 7,,ohg4 gidultig71 indulgent2 burge 7,,ohg4 burgi71 dat4 of burc1 city2 sturbe 7,,ohg4 sturbi71 pret4 subj4 of ste3rben1 to die2 wurfe 7,,ohg4 wurfi71 pret4 subj4 of we3rfen1 to throw1 cp4 #b above4 #b4 u fluctuates with u3 when followed by a nasal consonant1 as dunken1 to seem1 umbe1 about1 wunne1 joy1 beside du3nken1 u3mbe 7,,ohg4 umbi71 wu3nne4 ,this fluctuation is especially common in the pret4 subjunctive1 as bunde1 sunge1 beside bu3nde1 su3nge1 inf4 binden1 to bind1 singen1 to sing4 #c4 u fluctuates with u3 when followed by gg1 ck1 pf1 tz1 zz1 st1 ch1 and g1 as brugge1 bru3gge1 brucke1 bru3cke1 bridge2 mugge1 mu3gge1 mucke1 mu3cke1 midge2 drucken1 dru3cken1 to press2 hupfen1 hu3pfen1 to hop2 schupfen1 schu3pfen1 to push2 nutzen1 nu3tzen1 to use2 pret4 subj4 fluzze1 flu3zze2 schuzze1 schu3zze1 inf4 fliezen1 to flow1 schiezen1 to shoot2 pl4 bruste1 bru3ste1 breasts2 kuchen1 ku3chen1 kitchen2 pret4 subj4 fluge1 flu3ge1 inf4 fliegen1 to fly4 a ae3 laere 7,,ohg4 lari71 empty2 maere 7,,ohg4 mari71 renowned2 saejen 7,,ohg4 sajan71 to sow2 pret4 subj4 naeme 7,,ohg4 nami71 pl4 naemen 7,,ohg4 namim71 inf4 ne3men1 to take4 o oe3 hoeher 7,,ohg4 hohiro71 higher2 hoehest 7,,ohg4 hohisto71 highest2 hoeren 7,,ohg4 horen1 from older 99horjan71 to hear2 schoene 7,,ohg4 sconi71 beautiful4 u iu3 pl4 briute 7,,ohg4 bruti71 brides2 hiuser 7,,ohg4 husir71 houses4 ,traces of the umlaut of u1 written iu 7 u371 occur in late ,,ohg4 monuments of the tenth century4 ,it is common in the writings of ,notker 7d4 #ajbb71 as hiute older huti1 skins2 chriuter older chrutir1 herbs4 ,in other writings of the tenth to the twelfth century the umlaut of u is seldom found4 ,umlaut did not take place in ,upper ,german before a following m1 as rumen from 99rumjan1 to make room2 sumen from 99sumjan1 to tarry4 ou o3u1 often written eu1 rarely oi1 o3i3 lo3ufel 7,,ohg4 loufil71 runner2 lo3uber 7,,ohg4 loubir71 leaves4 ,umlaut of ou did not take place in the combination ouw ,,ohg4 ouw1 auw1 ,west ,germanic aww1 primitive ,germanic awj1 as frouwe 7,,ohg4 frouwa1 prim4 ,germanic 99frawjo-71 woman2 ouwe 7,,ohg4 ouwa1 auwia1 prim4 ,germanic 99a7zh7wjo-71 meadow2 frouwen 7,,ohg4 frouwen1 prim4 ,germanic 99frawjan71 to rejoice1 and similarly douwen1 to digest1 drouwen1 to threaten1 strouwen1 to strew4 ,forms like fro3uwen1 do3uwen1 dro3uwen1 stro3uwen were analogical formations due to the influence of the pres4 second and third pers4 singular and the preterite which regularly had umlaut2 see the ,author's ,historical ,german ,grammar1 ,sec4 #bcb4 ,umlaut of ou did not take place in ,upper ,german before labials and g1 as erlouben1 to allow1 gelouben1 to believe1 houbet1 head1 koufen1 to buy1 troumen1 to dream1 toufen1 to baptize1 bougen1 to bend1 ougen1 to show1 beside ,middle ,german erlo3uben1 gelo3uben1 ho3ubet1 ko3ufen1 tro3umen1 to3ufen1 bo3ugen1 o3ugen4 uo u3e3 gru3ene 7,,ohg4 gruoni71 green2 gu3ete 7,,ohg4 guoti71 goodness2 vu3eze 7,,ohg4 fuozi71 feet2 pret4 pl4 subj4 vu3eren 7,,ohg4 fuorim71 we might go1 inf4 varn1 to fare1 go2 buoch1 book1 dim4 bu3echlin2 muoter1 mother1 dim4 mu3eterlin4 ,,the ,,mhg4 ,,equivalents ,,of ,,the ,,ohg4 ,,vowels4 ,sec4 #aa4 ,,ohg4 had the following short vowels1 long vowels1 and diphthongs3-- ,short ,vowels a1 e1 e31 i1 o1 u4 ,long a1 e1 i1 o1 u4 ,diphthongs ei1 ie 7ia1 ea71 ou 7au71 uo4 io 7eo71 iu4 ,the following are the ,,mhg4 equivalents of the above simple vowels and diphthongs in accented syllables3-- #a4 ,the short vowels3 ,apart from the changes caused by umlaut1 viz4 a to a31 o to o31 u to u3 7,sec4 #aj71 and of e3 to e before certain consonants1 the ,,ohg4 short vowels remained in ,,mhg41 as a 7#a7 ,,mhg4 a1 as ,,ohg4 fater1 father1 tag1 day1 faran1 to go ,,mhg4 vater1 tac1 varn4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 a31 in words containing the consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place in ,,ohg41 as ,,ohg4 mahti1 powers1 kalti1 coldness1 ahir1 ear of corn1 warmen1 to warm ,,mhg4 ma3hte1 ka3lte1 a3her1 wa3rmen1 see ,sec4 #aj4 e ,,mhg4 e1 as ,,ohg4 gesti1 guests1 lembir1 lambs1 brennen1 to burn ,,mhg4 geste1 lember1 brennen4 e3 7#a7 ,,mhg4 e31 as ,,ohg4 we3g1 way1 he3lfan1 to help1 ste3lan1 to steal ,,mhg4 we3c1 he3lfen1 ste3ln4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 e1 before st1 sch1 and palatal g1 as ,,ohg4 ne3st1 nest1 swe3ster1 sister ,,mhg4 nest1 swester2 and similarly1 gestern1 yesterday1 deste1 all the more1 weste1 ,i knew1 dreschen1 to thrash1 leschen1 to go out1 degen1 warrior2 and also in a few words before a following l1 as helm1 helmet1 vels1 rock1 welch1 which1 c4 i ,,mhg4 i1 as ,,ohg4 fisk1 fish1 nimu1 ,i take1 wizzan1 to know ,,mhg4 visch1 nime1 wizzen4 o 7#a7 ,,mhg4 o1 as ,,ohg4 got1 ,god1 p4p4 giholfan1 helped1 tohter1 daughter ,,mhg4 got1 geholfen1 tohter4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 o31 as ,,ohg4 lohhir1 holes1 mohti1 ,i might ,,mhg4 lo3cher1 mo3hte4 u 7#a7 ,,mhg4 u1 as ,,ohg4 sunu1 sun1 son1 butum1 we offered1 buntum1 we bound ,,mhg4 sun1 buten1 bunden4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 u31 as ,,ohg4 dunni1 thin1 suni1 sons ,,mhg4 du3nne1 su3ne4 #b4 ,the long vowels3 ,apart from the changes caused by umlaut1 viz4 a to ae1 o to oe1 and u to iu 7,sec4 #aj71 the ,,ohg4 long vowels remained in ,,mhg41 as a 7#a7 ,,mhg4 a1 as ,,ohg4 sat1 seed1 slafan1 to sleep1 dahta1 ,i thought ,,mhg4 sat1 slafen1 dahte4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 ae1 as ,,ohg lari1 empty1 nami1 ,i might take ,,mhg4 laere1 naeme4 e ,,mhg4 e1 as ,,ohg4 era1 honour1 leren1 to teach1 sela1 soul ,,mhg4 ere1 leren1 sele4 i ,,mhg4 i1 as ,,ohg4 sin1 his1 wib1 woman1 snidan1 to cut ,,mhg4 sin1 wip1 sniden4 o 7#a7 ,,mhg4 o1 as ,,ohg4 ora1 ear1 tod1 death1 kos1 ,i chose ,,mhg4 ore1 tot1 kos4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 oe1 as ,,ohg4 hohiro1 higher1 horen1 to hear1 sconi1 beautiful ,,mhg4 hoeher1 hoeren1 schoene4 u 7#a7 ,,mhg4 u1 as ,,ohg4 hus1 house1 rum1 room1 duhta1 it seemed ,,mhg4 hus1 rum1 duhte4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 iu1 as ,,ohg4 husir1 houses1 bruti1 brides ,,mhg4 hiuser1 briute4 #c4 ,the diphthongs3 ei ,,mhg4 ei1 as ,,ohg4 bein1 bone1 leiten1 to lead1 sneid1 ,i cut ,,mhg4 bein1 leiten1 sneit4 ie 7older ia1 ea ,germanic e7 ,,mhg4 ie1 as ,,ohg4 hier1 here1 mieta1 reward1 hielt1 ,i held1 hiez1 ,i called1 slief1 ,i slept ,,mhg4 hier1 miete1 hielt1 hiez1 slief4 io 7eo7 ,germanic eu 7,sec4 #af71 and the io 7eo7 in the preterites of the old reduplicated verbs whose presents have ou1 o1 uo 7,sec4 #hg74 ,,mhg4 ie1 as ,,ohg4 liob1 dear1 biotan1 to offer ,,mhg4 liep1 bieten2 ,,ohg4 liof1 ,i ran1 stioz1 ,i pushed1 riof1 ,i called ,,mhg4 lief1 stiez1 rief4 iu ,,mhg4 -u3 written iu1 as ,,ohg4 liuti1 people1 kiusit1 he chooses ,,mhg4 liute1 kiuset4 ou 7older au7 7#a7 ,,mhg4 ou1 as ,,ohg4 ouga1 eye1 boug1 ,i bent1 loufan1 to run ,,mhg4 ouge1 bouc1 loufen4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 o3u 7eu71 as ,,ohg4 loubir1 leaves1 loufil1 runner ,,mhg4 lo3uber1 lo3ufel4 uo 7#a7 ,,mhg4 uo1 as ,,ohg4 bruoder1 brother1 muoter1 mother1 stuont1 ,i stood ,,mhg4 bruoder1 muoter1 stuont4 7#b7 ,,mhg4 u3e1 as ,,ohg4 gruoni1 green1 fuozi1 feet1 ,,mhg4 gru3ene1 vu3eze4 ,,ablaut 7,,vowel ,,gradation74 ,sec4 #ab4 ,by ablaut is meant the gradation of vowels both in stem and suffix1 which was chiefly caused by the primitive ,indo-,germanic system of accentuation4 ,see the ,author's ,historical ,german ,grammar1 ,sec4 #bc4 ,the vowels vary within certain series of related vowels1 called ablaut-series4 ,in ,,mhg4 there are six such series1 which appear most clearly in the stem-forms of strong verbs4 ,four stem-forms are to be distinguished in a ,,mhg4 strong verb which has vowel gradation as the characteristic mark of its different stems3--7#a7 the present stem1 to which belong all the forms of the present1 7#b7 the stem of the first or third person of the preterite singular1 7#c7 the stem of the preterite plural1 to which belong the second person of the preterite singular and the whole of the preterite subjunctive1 7#d7 the stem of the past participle4 ,by arranging the vowels according to these four stems we arrive at the following system3-- i4 ii4 iii4 iv4 ,i4 i ei1 e i i ,,ii4 ie ou1 o u o ,,iii4 i1 e3 a u u1 o ,,iv4 e3 a a o ,v4 e3 a a e3 ,,vi4 a uo uo a ,,note4--#a4 ,on the difference between ei and e1 see ,sec4 #ag2 ou and o1 ,sec4 #ah2 and in ,series ,,iii i and e31 ,sec4 #ad2 u and o1 ,sec4 #ae4 #b4 ,strong verbs belonging to ,series ,,ii have iu in the indicative pres4 singular2 and strong verbs belonging to ,series ,,iii-,v with e3 in the infinitive have i in the indicative pres4 singular 7,secs4 #ad1 #af74 ,,examples4 ,i4 sniden1 to cut snide sneit sniten gesniten2 lihen1 to lend lihe lech lihen gelihen4 ,,ii4 biegen1 to bend biuge bouc bugen gebogen2 sieden1 to seethe siude sot suten gesoten4 ,,iii4 binden1 to bind binde bant bunden gebunden2 he3lfen1 to help hilfe half hulfen geholfen4 ,,iv4 ne3men1 to take nime nam namen genomen4 ,v4 ge3ben1 to give gibe gap gaben gege3ben4 ,,vi4 graben1 to dig grabe gruop gruoben gegraben4 ,for further examples see the various classes of strong verbs ,secs4 #gf-hf4 ,class ,,vii of strong verbs embracing the old reduplicated verbs 7,sec4 #hg7 has been omitted from the ablaut-series1 because the exact relation in which the vowel of the present stands to that of the preterite has not yet been satisfactorily explained4 ,,other ,,vowel ,,changes4 ,sec4 #ac4 ,most of the following vowel changes took place in prehistoric times2 but as they play an important part in the verbs and word-formation1 c41 we shall give them here4 ,sec4 #ad4 e3 7 ,indo-,germanic e7 became i in the prehistoric period of all the ,germanic languages3-- #a4 ,before a nasal consonant1 as ,,oe4 wind1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 wint1 ,lat4 ventus1 wind2 ,,ohg4 fimf1 finf1 ,gr4 pente1 five4 ,this explains why verbs like ,,mhg4 binden1 to bind1 rinnen1 to run1 singen1 to sing1 belong to the same ablaut-series as he3lfen1 to help1 we3rden1 to become4 #b4 ,before other consonants when followed by an 7i or j in the next syllable1 and further in ,,ohg4 when followed by an u in the next syllable1 as ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 ist1 ,gr4 esti1 is2 ,,ohg4 fihu1 ,lat4 pecu1 cattle2 e3rde 7,,ohg4 e3rda71 earth1 but irdin1 earthen2 ligen 7,,ohg4 liggen from 99ligjan71 to lie down1 sitzen 7,,ohg4 sitzen from 99sitjan71 to sit1 but p4p4 gele3gen 7,,ohg4 gile3gan71 gese3zzen 7,,ohg4 gise3zzan74 ,this explains why strong verbs belonging to the fourth 7,secs4 #ab1 #hb7 and fifth 7,secs4 #ab1 #hc7 ablaut-series have i throughout the present singular1 and similarly in verbs belonging to the third 7,secs4 #ab1 #ha7 series with e3 in the infinitive1 as ,,ohg4 ne3man1 to take1 three persons sing4 nimu1 nimis7t71 nimit4 ,,mhg4 ne3men1 nime1 nimes7t71 nimet4 ,,ohg4 ge3ban1 to give1 gibu1 gibis7t71 gibit4 ,,mhg4 ge3ben1 gibe1 gibes7t71 gibet4 ,,ohg4 he3lfan1 to help1 hilfu1 hilfis7t71 hilfit4 ,,mhg4 he3lfen1 hilfe1 hilfes7t71 hilfet4 ,sec4 #ae4 u1 followed originally by an 7a1 7o1 or e in the next syllable1 became o when not protected by a nasal consonant or an intervening 7i or j2 hence the interchange between u and o in the preterite plural and past participle of verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series 7,secs4 #ab1 #gh71 as bugen 7,,ohg4 bugum71 we bent1 p4p4 gebogen 7,,ohg4 gibogan72 in the p4p4 of verbs belonging to the third ablaut-series 7,secs4 #ab1 #ha71 as gebunden 7,,ohg4 gibuntan71 but geholfen 7,,ohg4 giholfan72 in weak verbs as fu3rhten 7,,ohg4 furhten from 99furhtjan71 to fear1 beside pret4 vorhte 7,,ohg4 forhta72 hu3gen 7,,ohg4 huggen from 99hugjan7 beside hogen 7,,ohg4 hogen71 to think2 in preterite presents like durfen 7,,ohg4 durfum71 we dare1 beside pret4 dorfte 7,,ohg4 dorfta72 in many nouns and adjectives1 as wolle 7,,ohg4 wolla71 wool1 beside wu3llin1 wullin1 woollen2 wolf 7stem 99wulfo-71 wolf1 beside wu3lpinne1 she-wolf2 vol1 full1 beside vu3lle 7,,ohg4 fulli71 fulness2 golt1 gold1 beside guldin1 golden4 ,sec4 #af4 ,from primitive ,germanic eu were developed two different diphthongs in ,,ohg41 viz4 eu became eo 7cp4 ,sec4 #ae71 later io1 when originally followed by an 7a1 7o1 or e in the next syllable1 and this io was regularly developed to ie in ,,mhg42 whereas eu became iu in ,,ohg4 when originally followed by an 7i1 j or u in the next syllable1 and this iu became -u3 7written iu7 in ,,mhg41 even after the 7i1 j or u had been weakened to e4 ,this law explains the difference between the diphthong ie in the infinitive and the simple vowel iu 7 -u37 in the three persons singular of the present indicative of verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series 7,secs4 #ab1 #gh71 as ,,ohg4 biogan1 to bend1 pres4 sing4 biugu1 biugis7t71 biugit2 ,,mhg4 biegen1 biuge1 biuges7t71 biuget4 ,cp4 further tief 7,,ohg4 tiof71 deep1 beside ,,ohg4 tiufi1 depth2 lieht 7,,ohg4 lioht71 a light1 beside liuhten 7,,ohg4 liuhten from 99liuhtjan71 to light4 ,,note4--,the iu in the above and similar examples must not be confounded with the iu in the ,,ohg4 and ,,mhg4 combination iuw which arose from prim4 ,germanic eww 7 euw71 and ewj1 as triuwe 7,,ohg4 triuwi1 ,goth4 triggws71 true2 triuwen1 truwen1 to trust1 pret4 triuete1 triute1 trute2 riuwe 7,,ohg4 riuwa71 regret1 bliuwen 7,,ohg4 bliuwan1 ,goth4 bliggwan71 to strike1 and similarly1 briuwen1 to brew1 kiuwen1 to chew1 riuwen1 to regret2 niuwe 7,,ohg4 niuwi1 ,goth4 niujis1 prim4 ,germanic stem-form 99newja-71 new4 ,this iu before w never interchanged with ,,mhg4 ie from prim4 ,germanic eu1 and explains why the strong verbs bliuwen1 c4 have iu in all forms of the present4 ,sec4 #ag4 ,accented primitive ,germanic ai 7 ,goth4 'ai7 became e in ,,ohg4 before r1 w1 ,germanic h 7cp4 ,sec4 #bc1 #a71 and finally2 in ,,mhg4 it appears also as e before the same consonants and finally1 as mere1 mer 7,,ohg4 mero1 ,goth4 m'aiza71 more1 leren 7,,ohg4 leren1 ,goth4 l'aisjan71 to teach2 sele 7,,ohg4 sela1 older seula1 ,goth4 s'aiwala71 soul2 sne 7,,ohg4 sneo1 ,goth4 sn'aiws71 snow1 gen4 ,,ohg4 and ,,mhg4 snewes2 spiwen1 to spit1 pret4 spe 7,,ohg4 speo1 ,goth4 sp'aiw72 dihen1 to thrive1 pret4 dech 7,,ohg4 deh1 ,goth4 d'aih72 we 7,,ohg4 we1 ,goth4 w'ai71 woe62 in all other cases ai became ei in both ,,ohg4 and ,,mhg41 as stein 7,goth4 st'ains71 stone1 heizen 7,,ohg4 heizan1 ,goth4 h'aitan71 to call2 sniden1 to cut1 pret4 sneit 7,,ohg4 sneid1 ,goth4 sn'aith74 ,this accounts for the difference between the ei and e in the preterite singular of strong verbs belonging to the first ablaut-series 7,secs4 #ab1 #gf74 ,sec4 #ah4 ,primitive ,germanic au became o in ,,ohg4 before the consonants d1 t1 z1 s1 n1 r1 l1 and ,germanic h 7cp4 #bc1 #a74 ,before other consonants and finally au became ou in the ninth century4 ,hence the difference between o and ou in the preterite singular of strong verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series 7,secs4 #ab1 #gh71 as3-- ,infinitive bieten1 to offer1 pret4 sing4 bot sieden1 to seethe1 sot kiesen1 to choose1 kos diezen1 to roar1 doz vliehen1 to flee1 vloch 7,,ohg4 floh72 but biegen1 to bend1 bouc klieben1 to cleave kloup4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,consonants #a4 ,,pronunciation ,,of ,,the ,,consonants4 ,sec4 #ai4 ,the ,,mhg4 consonant-system was represented by the following letters3 b1 c1 ch1 d1 f1 g1 h1 j1 k1 l1 m1 n1 p1 q1 r1 s1 sch1 t1 v1 w1 7x71 z1 z4 ,the letters k1 l1 m1 n1 p1 t1 w1 7x7 had nearly the same sound-values as in ,english4 ,the remaining letters require special attention4 ,when the pronunciation of consonants merely differs in the intensity or force with which they are produced1 they are called fortes or lenes according as they are produced with more or less intensity or force4 ,in ,,mhg4 the consonants b1 d1 g were not voiced explosives like ,english b1 d1 g1 but were voiceless lenes1 and only differed from the fortes p1 t1 k in being produced with less intensity or force1 see ,sec4 #cc4 ,a similar difference in pronunciation existed between antevocalic and intervocalic v1 s and final f1 s1 see ,sec4 #cc4 c and k represented the same sound4 ,the latter was generally used at the beginning1 and the former at the end of a syllable1 as kunst1 art2 trinken1 to drink1 senken1 to sink 7trans471 pret4 tranc1 sancte4 ch had the same sound as in ,,nhg4 nacht1 noch1 as sprechen1 to speak1 pret4 sprach2 hoch1 high4 f had a twofold pronunciation in the oldest ,,hg4 ,it was a labiodental when it arose from ,germanic f 7cp4 ,,ohg4 fater1 ,english father71 and bilabial when it arose from ,germanic p 7cp4 inf4 ,,ohg4 slafan1 ,english sleep71 but during the ,,ohg4 period the bilabial f became labiodental4 ,the two kinds of f did not however completely fall together in pronunciation4 f ,germanic f became a lenis initially before and medially between vowels1 and was often written v in the former and generally v in the latter position1 but remained a fortis--written f--when final4 ,in ,,mhg4 it was also often written f initially before l1 r1 u1 as fliehen1 to flee1 fride1 peace1 fu3nf1 five1 beside vliehen1 vride1 vu3nf4 ,on the other hand f ,germanic p 7,sec4 #bc1 #a71 which only occurred medially and finally1 was a fortis and was always written f 7ff71 as slafen1 to sleep1 pret4 slief2 tief1 deep1 schif 7gen4 schiffes71 ship1 offen1 open4 ,the two f sounds thus fell together when final1 but the distinction between the two sounds was still preserved in ,,mhg4 in the intervocalic position1 as hof1 court1 schif1 ship1 but gen4 hoves1 schiffes4 h before and after consonants was pronounced like ch1 as fuhs1 fox1 naht1 night1 beve3lhen1 to confide4 ,in other cases it had the same sound as the h in ,english hat4 j had nearly the same sound as the y in ,english yet1 as jar1 year1 junc1 young2 blu3ejen1 to blossom4 q occurred only in combination with u as in ,english1 as que3c1 quick1 alive1 que3den1 to say4 r was a trilled sound in all positions like ,scotch r1 as rot1 red1 hart1 hard1 be3rn1 to bear1 vater1 father4 s was a lenis medially between vowels and probably also initially before vowels1 but a fortis in other positions1 as sun1 son1 we3sen1 to be1 pret4 was1 bresten1 to burst4 ,it may be pronounced like the s in ,english sit4 sch was like the sh in ,english ship1 as schif1 ship1 gesche3hen1 to happen1 visch1 fish4 v was a voiceless lenis1 and may be pronounced like the v in ,,nhg4 voll4 ,see f4 w was pronounced like the w in ,english wet1 as win1 wine1 bliuwen1 to strike4 z and z were not distinguished in ,,mhg4 manuscripts1 both being written z4 ,both z and z 7but zz medially between vowels when the first vowel was short7 arose from ,germanic t 7see ,sec4 #bc74 z had the sound-value of ts 7 ,,nhg4 z73 7a7 always initially1 as zit1 time2 7b7 medially and finally after consonants 7l1 m1 n1 r71 as holz 7gen4 holzes71 wood1 he3rze1 heart1 sme3rze1 pain1 ganz1 whole2 7c7 finally after vowels 7 ,germanic tt7 in those words which change final z to tz when it becomes medial1 as schaz 7gen4 schatzes71 ,,oe4 sceatt1 money1 treasure4 ,,mhg4 intervocalic tz always arose from older tt1 as setzen ,,oe4 settan1 to set4 z was a kind of lisped s and only occurred medially between and finally after vowels1 as bizen1 to bite1 e3zzen1 to eat1 haz1 hatred4 ,it should be noted that good ,,mhg4 poets never rhymed pairs of words like was1 was1 and waz1 what2 missen1 to miss1 and wizzen1 to know4 ph and pf represent the same sound1 viz4 the pf in ,,nhg4 pfund1 pound4 ,sec4 #bj4 ,,mhg4 has the following double consonants medially between vowels3 bb1 gg2 p1 tt1 ck2 ff1 ss1 zz2 mm1 nn2 ll1 rr4 ,they were always pronounced long as in ,italian and ,swedish1 as bit-ter1 bitter1 e3z-zen1 to eat1 ku3s-sen1 to kiss1 mu3g-ge1 midge1 rin-nen1 to run4 ,in ,,nhg4 double consonants are never long1 they merely indicate that the preceding vowel is short4 ,sec4 #ba4 ,phonetic ,survey of the ,,mhg4 ,consonants4 ,,labial4 ,,dental4 ,,guttural4 ,voiceless fortis p1 pp t1 tt k1 ck explosives lenis b1 bb d g1 gg ,spirants fortis f1 ff s1 ss1 sch1 z1 zz h 7ch7 lenis v s ,nasals m1 mm n1 nn n 7 ng7 ,liquids l1 ll2 r1 rr ,semi-vowels w1 j 7palatal7 ,to the above must be added the aspirate h and the affricatae 7i4e4 an explosive a homorganic spirant7 z 7i4e4 ts7 and pf 7ph74 #b4 ,,consonant ,,changes4 ,sec4 #bb4 ,the most characteristic difference between ,high ,german and the other ,west ,germanic languages is the shifting which the consonants p1 t1 k1 th2 pp1 tt1 kk1 thth2 b 7bh71 d1 g 7zh72 bb1 dd1 gg underwent partly in the prehistoric and partly in the historic period of ,old ,high ,german4 ,in the following treatment of what is generally called the ,high ,german sound-shifting only such points are considered as are of importance for the purposes of this book4 ,see ,old ,high ,german ,primer1 ,secs4 #hb-f4 ,sec4 #bc4 ,the voiceless explosives p1 t1 k underwent a two-fold treatment according to their position in the word3 7#a7 ,medially or finally after vowels2 7#b7 ,initially1 medially and finally after consonants 7l1 m1 n1 r71 and when doubled4 ,,note4--p1 t1 k remained unshifted in the combinations sp1 st1 sk as also t in the combinations tr1 ht1 ft4 #a4 ,single p1 t1 k were shifted to the voiceless double spirants ff1 zz1 hh 7also written ch7 ,,mhg4 ff 7f71 zz 7z71 ch4 p ff4 ,,oe4 open1 ,,ohg4 offan1 ,,mhg4 offen1 open2 ,,oe4 sl-aepan1 ,,ohg4 slaffan1 ,,mhg4 slafen1 to sleep2 ,,oe4 up1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 uf1 up4 t zz4 ,,oe4 etan1 ,,ohg4 e3zzan1 ,,mhg4 e3zzen1 to eat2 ,,oe4 hatan1 ,,ohg4 heizzan1 ,,mhg4 heizen1 to call2 ,,oe4 hwaet1 ,,ohg4 hwaz1 ,,mhg4 waz1 what4 ,in a few cases the z1 zz became s in ,,mhg4 before t or st1 as pret4 saste from sazte3 setzen1 to set2 beste1 best1 leste1 last ,,ohg4 bezzisto1 lezzisto4 k hh4 ,,oe4 ic1 ,,ohg4 ih1 ,,mhg4 ich1 ,i2 ,,oe4 sprecan 7specan71 ,,ohg4 spre3hhan1 ,,mhg4 spre3chen1 to speak2 ,,oe4 tacen1 ,,ohg4 zeihhan1 ,,mhg4 zeichen1 token4 ,this ch must not be confused with the ,,mhg4 h1 ch which corresponded to ,indo-,germanic k 7 ,germanic h71 as ziehen1 to draw1 lead1 pret4 zoch1 cp4 ,lat4 duco1 ,i lead1 see ,sec4 #cd4 ,the double consonants were simplified in ,,ohg4 and ,,mhg4 according to ,sec4 #cb4 #b4 p1 t initially1 medially and finally after consonants 7l1 m1 n1 r71 and when doubled1 were shifted to the affricatae pf 7also written ph71 tz 7generally written zz and z7 ,,mhg4 pf 7ph71 tz 7z74 p pf4 ,,oe4 pund1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 pfunt1 pound2 ,,oe4 gelimpan1 ,,ohg4 gilimpfan1 ,,mhg4 gelimpfen1 to be meet2 ,,oe4 scieppan1 ,,ohg4 skepfen1 ,,mhg4 schepfen1 to create4 ,the pf became f after l and r already in ,,ohg41 as he3lfan1 ,,mhg4 he3lfen1 ,,oe4 helpan1 to help2 we3rfan1 ,,mhg4 we3rfen1 ,,oe4 weorpan1 to throw4 t z4 ,,oe4 tunge1 ,,ohg4 zunga1 ,,mhg4 zunge1 tongue2 ,,oe4 heorte1 ,,ohg4 he3rza1 ,,mhg4 he3rze1 heart2 ,,oe4 sealt1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 salz1 salt2 ,,oe4 sittan1 ,,ohg4 sizzen1 sitzen1 ,,mhg4 sitzen1 to sit2 ,,oe4 sceatt1 ,,ohg4 scaz 7gen4 scazzes1 scatzes71 ,,mhg4 schaz 7gen4 schatzes71 money1 treasure4 k1 kk 7written ck7 remained unshifted 7except in ,high ,alemanic71 as ,,oe4 corn1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 korn1 corn2 ,,oe4 cneo1 ,,ohg4 kneo1 ,,mhg4 knie1 knee2 ,,oe4 sincan1 ,,ohg4 sinkan1 ,,mhg4 sinken1 to sink1 pret4 sanc2 ,,oe4 theccan1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 decken1 to cover4 ,sec4 #bd4 th became d1 and thth became tt1 as ,,oe4 thorn1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 dorn1 thorn2 ,,oe4 brothor1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 bruoder1 brother4 ,,oe4 smiththe1 ,,ohg4 smitta1 ,,mhg4 smitte1 smithy2 ,,oe4 moththe1 late ,,mhg4 motte1 moth4 ,sec4 #be4 ,the voiced explosives b1 d1 g1 and the voiced spirants bh1 zh did not undergo the same universal shifting as the voiceless explosives4 bh1 zh became b1 g4 b1 g remained1 and d became t1 as ,,oe4 brothor1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 bruoder1 brother2 ,,oe4 beodan1 ,,ohg4 biotan1 ,,mhg4 bieten1 to offer2 ,goth4 giban 7 gibhan71 ,,ohg4 ge3ban1 ,,mhg4 ge3ben1 to give4 ,,oe4 dohtor1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 tohter1 daughter2 ,,oe4 beodan1 ,,ohg4 biotan1 ,,mhg4 bieten1 to offer2 ,,oe4 dead1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 tot1 dead4 ,,oe4 god1 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 guot1 good2 ,,oe4 fleogan1 ,,ohg4 fliogan1 ,,mhg4 fliegen1 to fly4 ,sec4 #bf4 ,the double consonants bb1 dd1 gg ,,ohg4 pp 7bb71 tt1 cc 7gg71 and ,,mhg4 pp 7b71 tt1 ck 7gg71 as ,,oe4 sibb1 ,,ohg4 sippa 7sibba71 ,,mhg4 sippe 7sibbe71 relationship2 ,,oe4 cribb1 ,,ohg4 krippa 7kribba71 ,,mhg4 krippe 7kribbe71 crib4 ,,oe4 biddan1 ,,ohg4 bitten1 ,,mhg4 bitten1 later biten1 to request2 ,,oe4 thridda1 ,,ohg4 dritto1 ,,mhg4 dritte1 later drite1 third4 ,,oe4 brycg1 ,,ohg4 brucca 7brugga71 ,,mhg4 bru3cke 7bru3gge71 bridge4 ,the fluctuation in the writing of pp and bb1 ck and gg is merely orthographical1 and does not represent a difference in pronunciation4 ,both pairs were used to express the lenes medially between vowels4 ,for other examples see ,sec4 #ca4 ,sec4 #bg4 ,the summary of the consonantal changes in ,secs4 #bc-f may be expressed as follows3-- ,,west ,,germanic4 ,,mhg4 p2 t2 k2 th ff 7f71 pf2 zz 7z71 z2 ch2 d4 pp2 tt2 kk2 thth pf2 tz 7z72 ck2 tt4 b 7bh72 d2 g 7zh7 b2 t2 g4 bb2 dd2 gg pp 7bb72 tt2 ck 7gg74 ,sec4 #bh4 ,the following sound-changes took place in primitive ,germanic3--,every labial t became ft2 every guttural t became ht2 every dental t became ss1 which was simplified to s after long vowels4 ,this explains the frequent interchange in ,,mhg4 between pf1 b and f2 between k1 g and h2 and between zz1 z and ss1 s in forms which are etymologically related4 pf1 b--f4 schepfen1 to create3 geschaft1 creature2 ge3ben1 to give3 gift1 gift2 we3ben1 to weave3 ,english weft4 k1 g--h4 wu3rken1 to work3 pret4 worhte2 denken1 to think3 pret4 dahte2 mugen 7mu3gen71 to be able3 pret4 mohte2 bringen1 to bring3 pret4 brahte4 zz1 z--ss1 s4 giezen1 to pour3 gu3sse1 inundation2 wizzen1 to know3 pret4 wisse 7wiste73 wis1 wise2 muoz1 must3 pret4 muose 7muoste72 e3zzen1 to eat3 as1 carrion4 ,preterites like wiste1 muoste were formed after the analogy of preterites like worhte1 dahte1 where the t was regular4 ,sec4 #bi4 ,the guttural nasal ng 7written n7 only occurred in the combinations nk 7nc7 and ng4 ,it disappeared before h 7 prim4 ,germanic ch7 in primitive ,germanic with lengthening of a preceding short vowel1 as vahen from prim4 ,germanic 99fangchanan1 to seize1 catch1 beside p4p4 gevangen2 and similarly hahen1 to hang1 p4p4 gehangen2 pret4 brahte1 dahte1 duhte1 beside bringen1 to bring1 denken1 to think1 dunken1 to seem4 ,the guttural nasal disappeared in an unstressed syllable when preceded by an n in a stressed syllable in the course of the ,,ohg4 and ,,mhg4 period1 as ,,ohg4 honag1 ,,mhg4 honec1 beside ,,ohg4 honang1 honey2 ,,ohg4 kunig1 ,,mhg4 ku3nec1 beside ,,ohg4 kuning1 king2 ,,ohg4 pfennig1 ,,mhg4 pfennic1 beside ,,ohg4 pfenning1 ,,mhg4 pfenninc1 penny4 ,and similarly with dental n1 as senede beside senende1 longing1 yearning4 ,sec4 #cj4 ,strong verbs1 which have a medial v 7f71 d1 h1 s in the present1 have respectively b1 t1 g 7ng71 r in the second person sing4 pret4 indicative1 the preterite plural indicative1 the pret4 subjunctive and the past participle4 ,this interchange of consonants is called ,verner's ,law1 see ,,ohg4 ,primer1 ,secs4 #gb1 #hg3-- ,,inf4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,p4,p4 v7f7--b4 heven1 to raise huoben gehaben4 d--t4 miden1 to avoid miten gemiten4 sniden1 to cut sniten gesniten4 h--g4 dihen1 to thrive digen gedigen4 ziehen1 to draw zugen gezogen4 slahen1 to strike sluogen geslagen4 h--ng 7,sec4 #bi74 hahen1 to hang hiengen gehangen4 vahen1 to catch viengen gevangen4 s--r4 risen1 to fall rirn gerirn4 kiesen1 to choose kurn gekorn4 ,this law has1 however1 many exceptions in ,,mhg4 owing to levelling having taken place with the infinitive1 present indicative and preterite singular1 as risen1 gerisen beside rirn1 gerirn4 ,the same interchange of consonants exists between strong verbs and their corresponding causative weak verbs1 as liden1 to go3 leiten1 to lead2 hahen1 to hang3 hengen1 to hang 7trans472 ge-ne3sen1 to be saved3 nern1 to save2 and in nouns1 c41 as hof 7gen4 hoves71 court3 hu3besch1 courtly2 tot 7gen4 todes71 death3 tot 7gen4 totes71 dead2 swe3her1 father-in-law3 swiger1 mother-in-law2 hase3 ,english hare4 ,sec4 #ca4 ,the doubling of consonants took place under certain well-defined rules partly in prim4 ,germanic and partly in prim4 ,west ,germanic1 see the ,author's ,hist4 ,germ4 ,grammar1 ,secs4 #bjb1 #bac-ad4 ,examples of words which had double consonants in prim4 ,germanic are3 kopf1 head2 napf 7,,oe4 hnaep1 gen4 hnaeppes71 basin2 boc 7,,oe4 bucca71 buck1 gen4 bockes2 rinnen1 to run2 swimmen1 to swim2 vol 7gen4 volles71 full2 ve3rre1 far2 gewisser1 certain4 ,the chief cases in which double consonants arose in prim4 ,west ,germanic were3-- #a4 ,the assimilation of bhn1 zhn1 pn to bb1 gg1 pp ,,mhg4 pp1 ck 7gg71 pf1 as knappe3 knabe1 boy2 rappe3 rabe1 raven2 rocke3 rogge1 rye2 tropfe1 drop3 triefen1 to drip4 #b4 p1 t1 k were doubled before a following r or l4 ,the doubling regularly took place in the inflected forms1 and was then extended to the uninflected forms by levelling1 as apfel 7,,oe4 aeppel71 apple2 kupfer 7,lat4 cuprum71 copper2 bitter 7,goth4 b'aitrs71 bitter1 see ,sec4 #bc note2 lu3tzel 7,,os4 luttil71 little2 acker 7,goth4 akrs71 field2 wacker 7,,oe4 waeccer71 watchful4 ,see ,sec4 #bc1 #b4 #c4 ,all single consonants1 except r1 were doubled after a short vowel when there was originally a j in the next syllable4 ,the bb1 dd1 gg2 pp1 tt1 kk1 which thus arose1 became pp 7bb71 tt1 ck 7gg72 pf1 tz1 ck in ,,mhg4 7,secs4 #bc1b1 #bf71 as sippe 7sibbe71 ,goth4 sibja1 relationship2 bitten1 later biten1 ,goth4 bidjan1 to request2 tretten 7wv473 tre3ten 7sv471 to tread2 bru3cke 7bru3gge71 bridge2 ecke 7egge71 edge2 mu3cke 7mu3gge71 midge2 ru3cke 7ru3gge71 ridge1 back4 schepfen1 ,goth4 skapjan1 to create2 hitze1 heat3 heiz1 hot2 netzen1 to wet3 naz1 wet2 setzen1 ,goth4 satjan1 to set2 sitzen1 to sit3 pret4 saz1 p4p4 gese3zzen2 decken1 to cover3 dach1 cover2 lu3cke1 gap3 loch1 hole4 zellen1 later zeln1 to count3 zal1 number4 vremmen1 later vremen 7,,oe4 fremman71 to perform4 henne1 hen3 hane1 cock4 ,in ,,mhg4 the double consonants in verbs were often simplified through the levelling out of forms which regularly had a single consonant1 e4g4 regular forms were3 vremmen1 to perform1 sing4 vremme1 vremes7t71 vremet1 pl4 vremmen1 vremmet1 vremment1 pret4 vremete1 p4p4 gevremet1 then the stem-form with single m was levelled out into all the forms1 and similarly with many other verbs1 as denen1 to stretch2 seln1 to hand over2 weln1 to choose2 wenen1 to accustom2 legen beside lecken 7leggen71 to lay2 and the strong verbs biten1 to beg2 ligen beside licken 7liggen71 to lie down4 ,sec4 #cb4 ,double consonants were simplified3-- #a4 ,when they became final1 as boc1 buck1 kus1 kiss1 man1 man1 schif1 ship1 stum1 dumb1 ve3l1 hide1 beside gen4 bockes1 kusses1 mannes1 schiffes1 stummes1 ve3lles2 pret4 maz1 ran1 traf1 beside me3zzen1 to measure1 rinnen1 to run1 tre3ffen1 to hit4 #b4 ,before other consonants1 as pret4 dacte 7dahte71 nante 7nande71 kuste1 beside decken1 to cover1 nennen1 to name1 ku3ssen1 to kiss4 #c4 ,after consonants1 as pret4 sante 7sande7 from 99santte1 wante 7wande7 from 99wantte1 beside senden1 to send1 wenden1 to turn4 #d4 ,after long vowels and diphthongs1 as pret4 sing4 leite from 99leitte1 pret4 pl4 mazen1 trafen1 vielen1 beside leiten1 to lead1 me3zzen1 to measure1 tre3ffen1 to hit1 vallen1 to fall4 ,this simplification of double consonants took place during the ,,ohg4 period1 as slafan1 to sleep1 heizan1 to call1 loufan1 to run1 zeichan1 token1 beside older ,,ohg4 slaffan1 heizzan1 louffan1 zeihhan4 ,sec4 #cc4 ,in ,,mhg4 the lenes b1 d1 g became the fortes p1 t1 c 7k7 when they ended a syllable1 that is when they came to stand finally1 or medially before a voiceless consonant4 ,traces of this law existed already in ,,ohg4 ,the interchange between the lenes and fortes includes two independent processes1 viz4 the change of the medial lenes b1 d1 g to the final fortes p1 t1 k1 and the change of the final f1 s to the medial intervocalic lenes v and to what is written s 7cp4 also ,,nhg4 lesen1 las74 ,it must be noted that in ,,mhg4 the interchanging pairs of consonants were all voiceless and that the difference merely consisted in the intensity or force with which the sounds were produced4 ,this is quite different from ,,nhg4 where the interchange is between voiced and voiceless sounds except in the case of f which is voiceless in all positions in native words4 ,examples are3 ge3ben1 to give1 gelouben1 to believe1 we3rben1 to turn1 beside pret4 gap1 geloupte1 warp2 gen4 libes1 lambes1 beside nom4 lip1 life1 lamp1 lamb4 binden1 to bind1 we3rden1 to become1 beside pret4 bant1 wart2 gen4 kindes1 todes1 beside nom4 kint1 child1 tot1 death4 biegen1 to bend1 singen1 to sing1 zeigen1 to show1 beside pret4 bouc1 sanc1 zeicte2 gen4 tages1 be3rges1 beside nom4 tac1 day1 be3rc1 mountain4 ne3ve1 nephew1 beside niftel1 niece2 gen4 hoves1 brieves1 beside nom4 hof1 court1 brief1 letter4 kiesen1 to choose1 le3sen1 to gather1 loesen1 to loose1 beside pret4 kos1 las1 loste2 pl4 hiuser1 beside sing4 hus1 house4 ,sec4 #cd4 ,final ch after vowels interchanged with medial h1 as schuoch1 shoe1 gen4 schuohes2 hoch1 high1 gen4 hohes2 nach1 near1 adv4 nahe2 pret4 geschach1 sach1 beside gesche3hen1 to happen1 se3hen1 to see4 ,the medial combinations lh1 rh were written lch1 rch when they came to stand finally1 as beve3lhen1 to confide1 pret4 bevalch2 gen4 sche3lhes1 twe3rhes1 beside nom4 sche3lch1 twe3rch1 askew1 see ,sec4 #ai4 h 7 ch7 and ch often disappeared in unstressed syllables and particles1 as 7et1 only1 hinte1 hint1 to-night1 niet1 not1 dur1 through1 beside e3ht1 hinaht1 niht1 nieht1 durch4 ,sec4 #ce4 ,initial j became or was written g before a following i1 as gihet1 he assures1 beside inf4 je3hen1 pret4 jach1 and similarly je3sen1 to ferment1 je3ten1 to weed4 ,in the verba pura forms with and without the intervocalic glide j existed side by side in ,,ohg4 and ,,mhg41 as blu3ejen 7,,ohg4 bluojen7 beside blu3en 7,,ohg4 bluoen71 to bloom2 and similarly draejen1 to twist1 mu3ejen1 to trouble1 saejen1 to sow1 beside draen1 mu3en1 saen4 ,in a few words forms with and without intervocalic j 7g7 existed side by side1 as gen4 bliges beside nom4 bli1 lead2 eijer1 eiger beside eier1 eggs2 frijen1 frigen beside frien1 to free2 meige1 meie1 ,may2 nerigen1 nerjen beside nern1 to save1 rescue2 swerigen1 swerjen beside swern1 to swear2 gen4 zwiges1 zwies1 nom4 zwi1 twig2 gen4 zweiger1 zweier1 of two4 ,sec4 #cf4 ,in ,,ohg4 w became vocalized to o when it came to stand at the end of a word or syllable1 and then generally disappeared after long vowels1 but the medial w regularly remained in ,,ohg4 and ,,mhg4 when it was at the beginning of a syllable1 as bla 7,,ohg4 blao1 bla71 blue1 gen4 blawes2 sne 7,,ohg4 sneo1 sne71 snow1 gen4 snewes2 stro 7,,ohg4 strao1 stro by contraction71 straw1 gen4 strowes2 knie 7,,ohg4 kneo71 knee1 gen4 kniewes1 ,,ohg4 kne3wes2 schate 7,,ohg4 scato71 shadow1 gen4 schat7e7wes2 pret4 blou1 hiu1 kou1 beside bliuwen1 to strike1 houwen1 to hew1 kiuwen1 to chew2 fal 7,,ohg4 falo71 fallow1 gen4 falwes2 gar 7,,ohg4 garo71 ready1 gen4 garwes2 me3l 7,,ohg4 me3lo71 meal1 gen4 me3lwes2 sme3r 7,,ohg4 sme3ro71 fat2 pret4 smirte1 stro3ute1 beside smirwen1 to smear1 stro3uwen1 to strew4 ,see ,sec4 #i1 r4 ,the w element sometimes disappeared in the initial combinations qua-1 qua-1 que3-1 qui-1 qui- partly with and partly without influencing the quality of the following vowel1 as pret4 sing4 kam1 kom beside quam1 he came1 pret4 pl4 komen1 kamen beside quamen2 kale beside quale1 torture2 ke3c beside quec1 alive2 korder1 ko3rder beside que3rder1 bait2 komen1 ko3men1 kumen beside que3men1 to come2 pres4 sing4 kume1 ku3m7e7s7t71 kum7e7s7t71 ku3m7e7t1 kum7e7t ,,ohg4 quimu1 quimis1 quimit2 ku3cken beside quicken1 to enliven2 kit beside quit quidet1 he says4 ,sec4 #cg4 ,medial -ibe-1 -ide-1 -ige- were sometimes contracted to i2 and medial -age-1 -ege- to ei1 as gist1 thou givest1 git1 he gives1 beside gibes7t71 gibet2 quist1 thou sayest1 quit1 he says1 beside quides7t71 quidet2 list1 thou liest down1 lit1 he lies down1 beside liges7t71 liget4 meit beside maget1 maid2 seist1 thou sayest1 seit1 he says1 beside sages7t71 saget2 leist1 thou layest1 leit1 he lays1 beside leges7t71 leget2 eislich beside egeslich1 terrible2 gein beside gegen1 against4 ,sec4 #ch4 ,intervocalic h often disappeared when the first vowel was long1 and then the two vowels underwent contraction1 as han1 to hang1 van1 to catch1 vlen1 to implore1 ho 7adv471 high1 beside hahen1 vahen1 vlehen1 hohe4 ,other contracted forms will be found in the ,glossary4 ,sec4 #ci4 ,the final r disappeared after long vowels in monosyllables when the next word began with a consonant1 but was often restored analogically1 as da 7,,ohg4 dar71 there3 darinne1 therein2 wa 7,,ohg4 war71 where3 warinne1 wherein2 hie 7,,ohg4 hiar73 hierunder1 hereunder2 adv4 me 7,,ohg4 mer71 more2 e 7,,ohg4 er71 formerly2 sa 7,,ohg4 sar71 at once4 ,sec4 #dj4 ,medial t 7,sec4 #be7 became d after nasals in late ,,ohg4 and early ,,mhg41 as senden1 to send1 gen4 blindes 7nom4 blint1 blind71 pret4 nande1 he named1 rumde1 he left1 beside early ,,mhg4 senten1 blintes1 nante1 rumte4 ,it also occasionally became d after l1 as halden beside halten1 to hold1 solde beside solte1 pret4 of suln1 shall4 ,,accidence ,,chapter ,,iii ,,declension ,,of ,,nouns ,sec4 #da4 ,,mhg4 nouns have two numbers3 singular and plural2 three genders3 masculine1 feminine1 and neuter1 as in ,,ohg4 and ,,nhg41 from which the gender of nouns in ,,mhg4 does not materially differ2 four cases3 nominative1 accusative1 genitive1 and dative4 ,traces of an old locative occur in what is called the uninflected dative singular of hus1 house1 beside huse1 and in proper names like ,engellant beside ,engellande4 ,the vocative is like the nominative4 ,in ,,mhg41 as in the older periods of the other ,germanic languages1 nouns are divided into two great classes1 according as the stem originally ended in a vowel or a consonant1 cp4 the similar division of nouns in ,latin and ,greek4 ,nouns whose stems originally ended in a vowel belong to the vocalic or so-called strong declension4 ,those whose stems originally ended in -n belong to the so-called weak or n-declension4 ,all other consonantal stems are generally put together under the general heading1 ',minor ,declensions'4 ,in ,,ohg4 nouns whose stems originally ended in a vowel are subdivided into the a-declension including pure a-stems1 ja-stems1 and wa-stems2 the o-declension including pure o-stems1 jo-stems1 and wo-stems2 the 7i-declension1 and the u-declension4 ,all the nouns belonging to the u-declension went over into other declensions in ,,mhg4 7cp4 ,secs4 #dc1 #dd1 #di74 ,but as all final vowels either disappeared 7some of them already in ,,ohg47 or were weakened to e in ,,mhg4 7see ,secs4 #g1 #h71 it is no longer practicable to retain the ,,ohg4 subdivision fully without entering into the oldest and in many cases into the prehistoric period of the language1 which would be quite out of place in a ,,mhg4 grammar4 ,the old ',minor ,declensions' had begun to pass over into the vocalic1 especially into the i- and a-1 declensions in the oldest ,,ohg4 ,the remnants of the old inflexions preserved in ,,mhg4 will be noted in the following paragraphs4 ,the neuter nouns whose stems originally ended in -os1 -es 7cp4 ,sec4 #dg7 are in this ,primer included in the strong declension4 ,a4 ,,the ,,vocalic ,,or ,,strong ,,declension4 #a4 ,masculine ,nouns4 ,sec4 #db4 ,first declension4--,to this declension belong all masculine nouns which form their plural in -e only4 ,it includes3 7a7 the old masculine a-stems2 7b7 the old masculine wa-stems which lost their final -w after long vowels in ,,ohg41 as se1 sea1 gen4 sewes1 pl4 sewe1 and similarly bu1 dwelling1 re 7also neuter71 corpse1 sne1 snow1 see ,sec4 #cf2 and 7c7 the old masculine i-stems which could not have umlaut in the plural 7,sec4 #dd74 ,,sing4 ,nom4 ,acc4 tac1 day kil1 quill engel1 angel ,gen4 tages kil7e7s engel7e7s ,dat4 tage kil7e7 engel7e7 ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 ,gen4 tage kil7e7 engel7e7 ,dat4 tagen kil7e7n engel7e7n ,on the interchange between fortis and lenis1 as in tac1 day1 lop1 praise1 sant1 sand1 hof1 court1 gen4 tages1 lobes1 sandes1 hoves1 see ,sec4 #cc4 ,like tac are also declined the old consonantal stems vient1 enemy1 and vriunt1 friend1 but pl4 vriunde beside the old plural vriunt4 ,like kil are declined all monosyllabic masculine nouns having a short stem-vowel and ending in -l or -r 7,sec4 #i1 #a74 ,like engel are declined masculine polysyllabic nouns ending in -el1 -em1 -en1 -er1 when their stem-syllable is long1 as mantel1 mantle1 atem1 breath1 morgen1 morning1 acker1 field4 ,those in -em1 -en generally retain the e in the dative plural4 ,polysyllabic nouns with short stem-syllables fluctuate between the retention or loss of the e1 as gen4 sing4 vogeles or vogels1 dat4 sing1 and nom4 acc4 pl4 vogele or vogel1 and similarly vadem1 thread1 re3gen1 rain1 sumer1 summer1 see ,sec4 #i1b4 ,sec4 #dc4 ,second declension4--,to this declension belong all masculine nouns whose nom4 and acc4 singular end in -e1 which is the only difference between this and the first declension4 ,it includes3 7a7 the old masculine ja-stems2 7b7 many old u-stems with short stem-syllable1 as fride 7,,ohg4 fridu71 peace1 site 7,,ohg4 situ71 custom1 and similarly huge1 thought1 me3te1 mead1 sige beside sic1 victory1 wite1 wood 7see ,sec4 #cf72 7c7 the old short i-stem wine1 friend2 and 7d7 the old masculine wa-stem schate 7gen4 schat7e7wes beside schates71 shadow4 ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 hirte1 shepherd hirte ,gen4 hirtes hirte ,dat4 hirte hirten ,sec4 #dd4 ,third declension4--,to this declension belong all masculine nouns which form their plural in -e and with umlaut of the stem-vowel4 ,it includes3 7a7 the old masculine i-stems2 7b7 the old masculine u-stem sun 7,,ohg4 sunu1 sun71 son2 and 7c7 the two old consonant stems fuoz1 foot1 zant 7gen4 zandes71 zan1 tooth4 ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,nom4 ,acc4 gast gast1 guest geste gesti ,gen4 gastes gastes geste gesteo1 -io ,dat4 gaste gaste gesten gestim ,the singular of nouns of this declension was inflected like the a-stems 7,sec4 #db7 already in ,,ohg4 ,and owing to the weakening of the case-endings of the plural in passing from ,,ohg4 to ,,mhg4 7,sec4 #g71 the only difference in the two declensions is the presence or absence of umlaut in the plural4 ,the old masculine i-stems which could not have umlaut in the plural accordingly came to be inflected entirely like the old masculine a-stems1 as schrit1 step1 snit1 cut1 biz1 bite1 pl4 schrite1 snite1 bizze4 ,a further consequence of the singular being inflected alike in both declensions is that the old a-stems began to have umlaut in the plural after the analogy of the i-stems1 as gedenke1 thoughts1 na3gele1 nails1 wa3gene1 wagons1 beside gedanke1 nagele1 wagene4 ,nouns ending in the fortis p1 t1 c1 or f 7 ,germanic f7 regularly change the fortis to lenis in the inflected forms1 as korp1 basket1 walt1 wood1 slac1 blow1 brief1 letter1 gen4 korbes1 waldes1 stages1 brieves4 ,sec4 #de4 ,the old consonant stems vater1 father1 bruoder1 brother1 often remain uninflected in the singular1 as gen4 vater1 bruoder beside vaters1 bruoders 7cp4 ,sec4 #i1 #b74 ,in the plural they take umlaut1 as veter1 bru3eder4 ,the old consonant stem man1 man1 is either declined like tac 7,sec4 #db7 or remains uninflected throughout1 as ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 man manne1 man ,gen4 mannes1 man manne1 man ,dat4 manne1 man mannen1 man ,the nom4 plural man1 now written mann1 is still preserved in counting1 as hundert mann1 a hundred men4 #b4 ,neuter ,nouns4 ,sec4 #df4 ,first ,declension4--,to this declension belong all neuter nouns which have their nominative case singular and plural alike4 ,it includes three different types of nouns3 7a7 ,the old neuter a-stems like wort1 word1 venster1 window4 7b7 ,the old neuter ja-stems like ku3nne1 race1 generation1 bette1 bed1 netze1 net4 ,the characteristic of this type of noun is that it has umlaut in all forms of the singular and plural when the stem-vowel is capable of it 7cp4 ,sec4 #ca1 #c74 ,and 7c7 the old neuter wa-stems 7cp4 ,sec4 #cf7 like knie1 knee1 gen4 kniewes4 ,,sing4 ,nom4 ,acc4 wort venster ku3nne knie ,gen4 wortes vensters ku3nnes kniewes 7knies7 ,dat4 worte venster ku3nne kniewe 7knie7 ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 wort venster ku3nne knie ,gen4 worte venster ku3nne kniewe 7knie7 ,dat4 worten venstern ku3nnen kniewen 7knien7 7a7 ,on the interchange between the fortes p1 t1 c and the lenes b1 d1 g1 as in grap1 grave1 ge3lt1 money1 dinc1 thing1 gen4 grabes1 ge3ldes1 dinges1 see ,sec4 #cc4 ,like venster are declined the neuter polysyllabic nouns ending in -el1 -em1 -en1 -er1 as luoder1 bait1 wafen1 wapen1 weapon2 schapel1 garland1 gadem1 house1 we3ter1 weather4 ,on the endings1 see ,secs4 #i1 #db4 7b7 ,like ku3nne is also declined the old neuter u-stem vihe 7,,ohg4 fihu71 cattle4 7c7 ,like knie are declined me3l1 meal1 re 7also masc471 corpse1 sme3r1 fat1 stro1 straw1 tou1 dew1 we1 woe1 gen4 me3lwes1 rewes1 sme3rwes1 strowes1 touwes1 wewes1 see ,sec4 #cf4 ,sec4 #dg4 ,second declension4--,to this declension belong all neuter nouns which form their plural in -er and by umlaut of the stem-vowel when it is capable of it4 ,this class of nouns corresponds to the ,latin neuters in -us1 as genus1 gen4 generis1 pl4 genera4 ,the -er 7,,ohg4 -ir7 was originally a stem-forming suffix which came to be regarded as a plural ending4 ,in the oldest period of the language only about half-a-dozen nouns belonged to this class1 but during the ,,mhg4 period nearly twenty neuter a-stems passed into this declension1 and in ,,nhg4 the number has increased to about a hundred4 ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,nom4 ,acc4 lamp lamb1 lamb lember lembir ,gen4 lambes lambes lember lembiro ,dat4 lambe lambe lembern lembirum ,on the loss of the e in the gen4 and dat4 plural1 see ,sec4 #i1 #b4 ,other examples are3 ei 7pl4 eiger1 eijer1 eier1 ,sec4 #ce71 egg1 huon1 hen1 kalp1 calf1 rat1 wheel1 rint1 bullock1 tal1 dale4 #c4 ,feminine ,nouns4 ,sec4 #dh4 ,first declension4--,to this declension belong all feminine nouns having their nominative case singular and plural alike4 ,it includes3 7a7 the old feminine o-stems1 as ge3be1 gift1 sele1 soul1 zal1 number2 7b7 the old feminine jo-stems1 as ku3neginne1 ku3negin1 ku3negin1 queen1 and similarly vriundinne1 friend1 gu3tinne1 goddess2 7c7 the old feminine wo-stems with and without w1 as brawe1 bra1 brow1 pl4 bra beside weak pl4 brawen2 diuwe1 diu1 servant2 7d7 the old feminine abstract nouns in -i1 as vinster 7,,ohg4 finstri71 darkness1 schoene 7,,ohg4 sconi71 beauty2 and 7e7 the old consonant stem1 swester1 swe3ster1 sister4 ,,sing4 ,nom4 ,acc4 ge3be zal vinster ,gen4 ge3be zal vinster ,dat4 ge3be zal vinster ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 ge3be zal vinster ,gen4 ge3ben zaln vinstern ,dat4 ge3ben zaln vinstern ,on the endings in nouns declined like zal1 number1 dol1 pain1 wal1 choice1 nar1 food1 schar1 flock1 and vinster1 see ,sec4 #i1 #a1b4 ,the gen4 plural had the ending of the weak declension already in the oldest period of the language4 ,through the nom4 singular and the gen4 and dat4 plural having the same endings as the feminine weak declension 7,sec4 #ec71 o-stems began in ,,ohg4 to be inflected after the analogy of the weak declension1 especially in the plural4 ,this process spread considerably in ,,mhg4 with concrete nouns1 but not often with abstract nouns4 ,sec4 #di4 ,second declension4--,to this declension belong all feminine nouns which form their plural in -e and have umlaut in the stem-vowel4 ,it includes3 7a7 the old feminine i-stems2 7b7 the old u-stem hant1 hand2 and 7c7 several old consonantal stems1 see below4 ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,nom4 ,acc4 anst anst1 favour enste ensti ,gen4 enste or anst ensti enste ensteo1 -io ,dat4 enste or anst ensti ensten enstim ,in jugent 7,,ohg4 jugund1 pl4 jugundi71 youth1 gen4 dat4 jugende beside jugent1 pl4 jugende1 the original -i being in the third syllable did not cause umlaut in the stem-syllable2 and similarly tugent1 valour4 hant1 hand1 originally belonged to the u-declension1 which explains forms like gen4 sing1 and plural hande beside hende1 dat4 pl4 handen beside henden4 ,the old gen4 plural has been preserved in ,,nhg4 allerhand1 and the dat4 plural in abhanden1 beihanden1 vorhanden1 zuhanden4 ,several old consonant stems went over partly or entirely into this declension1 viz4 maget1 meit 7,sec4 #cg71 maid1 pl4 ma3gede or meide2 kuo1 cow1 pl4 ku3eje or ku3ewe 7,,ohg4 kuoi71 su1 sow1 pl4 siuwe 7,,ohg4 sui72 both these nouns generally remained uninflected in the gen4 and dat4 singular4 naht1 night1 has gen4 and dat4 singular naht beside na3hte2 pl4 nom4 acc4 gen4 naht beside na3hte1 dat4 nahten beside na3hten1 cp4 also ,,nhg4 weihnachten1 ,,mhg4 ze3n wihen nahten4 ,the ,,mhg4 adverbial gen4 nahts1 de3s nahtes was formed after the analogy of de3s tages4 ,like naht were also inflected brust1 breast1 and burc1 citadel4 muoter1 mother1 and tohter1 daughter1 remain uninflected in the singular4 ,in the plural they have umlaut3 mu3eter1 to3hter4 ,b4 ,,the ,,weak ,,declension 7,n-,,stems74 ,sec4 #ej4 ,the weak declension contains a large number of masculine and feminine nouns1 but only four neuter nouns1 viz4 he3rze1 heart1 ore1 ear1 ouge1 eye1 and wange1 cheek2 these nouns1 especially he3rze1 sometimes form their nom4 acc4 plural after the analogy of nouns like ku3nne 7,sec4 #df74 ,the original case endings of the weak declension had disappeared in the oldest period of the language except in the nom4 singular 7masc4 -o1 fem41 and neut4 -a71 the gen4 pl4 7ono7 and dat4 pl4 7-om74 ,owing to the weakening of the -o1 -a to -e in ,,mhg4 the nom4 singular became alike in all genders4 ,and similarly the endings -ono1 -om and the endings of the other oblique forms were all weakened to -en in ,,mhg4 7,sec4 #g71 so that the element which originally formed part of the stem came to be regarded as a case ending4 ,on the loss of the final and medial e in nouns like ar1 eagle1 bir 7fem471 pear1 gevangen7e71 prisoner1 beside the inflected forms arn1 birn1 gevangen from 99gevangen-en through the intermediate stage 99gevangenn1 see ,sec4 #i1 #a1b4 ,sec4 #ea4 #a4 ,masculine ,nouns4 ,,sing4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,nom4 bote boto1 messenger ,acc4 boten boton1 -un ,gen4 boten boten1 -in ,dat4 boten boten1 -in ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 boten boton1 -un ,gen4 boten botono ,dat4 boten botom ,sec4 #eb4 #b4 ,neuter ,nouns4 ,,sing4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,nom4 ,acc4 he3rze he3rza1 heart ,gen4 he3rzen he3rzen1 -in ,dat4 he3rzen he3rzen1 -in ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 he3rzen he3rzun1 -on ,gen4 he3rzen he3rzono ,dat4 he3rzen he3rzom ,sec4 #ec4 #c4 ,feminine ,nouns4 ,,sing4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,nom4 zunge zunga1 tongue ,acc4 zungen zungun ,gen4 zungen zungun ,dat4 zungen zungun ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 zungen zungun ,gen4 zungen zungono ,dat4 zunge zungom ,c4 ,,declension ,,of ,,proper ,,names4 ,sec4 #ed4 ,names of persons ending in e in the nominative follow the weak declension4 ,masculine names of persons take -es in the genitive1 -e in the dative1 and -en in the accusative after the analogy of the strong adjectives4 ,the accusative ending -en was sometimes extended to the dative1 and the dative ending -e to the accusative4 ,and sometimes both these cases were without endings4 ,names of countries ending in -lant often have no ending in the dative1 as ,engellant beside ,engellande1 see ,sec4 #da4 ,feminine names of persons ending in a consonant take -e in the genitive1 dative and accusative1 but occasionally remain uninflected throughout4 ,,masculine4 ,nom4 ,sifrit ,hagene ,gen4 ,sifrides ,hagenen ,dat4 ,acc4 ,sifrit1 ,sifride7n7 ,hagenen ,,feminine4 ,nom4 ,kriemhilt ,uote ,gen4 ,dat4 ,acc4 ,kriemhilde1 ,kriemhilt ,uoten ,,chapter ,,iv ,,adjectives ,a4 ,,the ,,declension ,,of ,,adjectives4 #a4 ,the ,strong ,declension4 ,sec4 #ee4 ,the ,,mhg4 adjectives are declined as strong or weak4 ,they have three genders1 and the same cases as nouns4 ,the endings of the strong declension are partly nominal and partly pronominal4 ,the nominal endings are3 the accusative feminine singular1 as blinde like ge3be 7,sec4 #dh72 and the genitive singular masculine and neuter1 as blindes like tages1 wortes 7,secs4 #dc1 #df74 ,all the other endings are pronominal4 ,the so-called uninflected form of adjectives in the nom4 singular masculine and feminine and the nom4 acc4 neuter is a remnant of the time when adjectives and nouns were declined alike1 see the ,author's ,hist4 ,germ4 ,grammar1 ,secs4 #cii-djj4 ,the strong declension includes three different types of adjectives1 all of which are declined alike3 7a7 ,the old a-stems1 as blint1 infl4 form blinter1 blind2 bar1 bare1 guot1 good1 heilec1 holy1 hol1 hollow1 michel1 great1 vinster1 dark1 and similarly with a very large number of adjectives1 including the past participles of strong and weak verbs4 7b7 ,the old ja-stems1 as laere 7,,ohg4 lari71 infl4 laerer1 empty2 du3nne1 thin1 enge1 narrow1 gru3ene1 green1 niuwe1 new1 reine1 pure1 schoene1 beautiful1 senfte1 soft1 wilde1 wild1 and many others1 including the present participles of strong and weak verbs4 ,the ja-stems only differ from the a-stems in having -e in the uninflected form and umlaut in the stem-syllable when it is capable of it4 7c7 ,the old wa-stems1 as bla 7,,ohg4 blao1 bla71 infl4 form blawer1 blue2 gar 7,,ohg4 garo71 infl4 form garwer 7see ,secs4 #i1a1 #cf71 ready2 gra1 grey1 val1 fallow1 ge3l1 yellow1 kal1 bald1 c41 all of which have w in the inflected forms4 ,the adjectival i- and u-stems had come to be declined like the ja-stems in the prehistoric period of the language1 but a few remnants of such adjectives have survived in ,,mhg4 in forms without the final -e beside those with it1 as bereit1 bereite1 ready1 dic1 dicke1 thick1 gach1 gaehe1 quick1 gris1 grise1 old1 grey1 her1 here1 high1 noble1 rasch1 resche1 quick1 rich1 riche1 noble1 swa1 swaere1 heavy1 was1 wasse1 sharp4 ,,sing4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 blinder1 blind blindez blindiu ,acc4 blinden blindez blinde ,gen4 blindes blindes blinder7e7 ,dat4 blindem7e7 blindem7e7 blinder7e7 ,,plur4 ,nom4 blinde blindiu blinde ,acc4 blinde blindiu blinde ,gen4 blinder7e7 blinder7e7 blinder7e7 ,dat4 blinden blinden blinden ,on the loss of the -e in blindem7e71 blinder7e71 see ,sec4 #i1 #b4 ,umlaut caused by the -iu occurs in the nom4 sing4 feminine and nom4 acc4 pl4 neuter of al1 all1 and ander1 other1 second1 as a3lliu1 a3ndriu4 ,this rarely happens in other words4 ,,sing4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 micheler1 great michel7e7z micheliu ,acc4 michel7e7n michel7e7z michel7e7 ,gen4 michel7e7s michel7e7s michelre1 micheler ,dat4 michelme1 michelme1 michelre1 michel7e7m michel7e7m micheler ,,plur4 ,nom4 michel7e7 micheliu michel7e7 ,acc4 michel7e7 micheliu michel7e7 ,gen4 michelre1 michelre1 michelre1 micheler micheler micheler ,dat4 michel7e7n michel7e7n michel7e7n ,like michel are inflected monosyllabic adjectives ending in -l1 -r with a short stem-vowel1 and polysyllabic adjectives ending in -el1 -en1 -er1 as bar1 bare1 hol1 hollow2 zwivel1 doubtful1 eigen1 own1 tougen1 secret1 ander1 other1 second1 bitter1 bitter1 vinster1 dark2 e3ben1 even1 u3bel1 evil1 bad1 c4 ,see ,sec4 #i1 #a1b4 #b4 ,the ,weak ,declension4 ,sec4 #ef4 ,the weak declension of adjectives agrees exactly with that of the nouns4 ,,sing4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 blinde1 blind blinde blinde ,acc4 blinden blinde blinden ,gen4 blinden blinden blinden ,dat4 blinden blinden blinden ,plural blinden for all cases and genders4 ,b4 ,,the ,,comparison ,,of ,,adjectives4 ,sec4 #eg4 ,the comparative was formed by means of the suffix -er7e7 ,,ohg4 -iro1 -oro1 and the superlative by means of the suffix -est7e7 ,,ohg4 -isto1 -osto4 ,on the loss of the medial or final e in such forms as tiurre1 dearer1 tiurste2 minner1 minre1 less1 minnest1 min7ne7ste1 see ,sec4 #i1 #c4 ,most monosyllables have umlaut in the comparative and superlative either exclusively or have mutated beside unmutated forms4 ,the cause of these double forms is in a great measure due to the two ,,ohg4 double suffixes3 comp4 -iro1 -oro and superl4 -isto1 -osto having fallen together in -er7e7 and -est7e7 in ,,mhg41 as elter1 older1 ermer1 poorer1 ju3nger1 younger1 groezer1 greater1 hoeher1 higher1 beside alter1 armer1 junger1 grozer1 hoher2 superl4 eltest1 ermest1 ju3ngest1 groezest1 hoehest1 beside altest1 armest1 jungest1 grozest1 hohest4 ,adjectives which have umlaut in the positive regularly preserve it in the comparative and superlative4 ,the comparative is declined weak1 but the superlative is declined strong and weak4 ,sec4 #eh4 ,the following adjectives form their comparative and superlative from a different root than the positive3-- guot1 good1 bezzer1 bezzest1 beste 7,sec4 #bc74 u3bel1 bad1 wirser1 wirsest1 wir7se7ste4 lu3tzel1 little1 minner1 minre 7,sec4 #i1 #c71 minnest1 min7ne7ste4 michel1 great1 merer1 mer7r7e1 meiste4 ,sec4 #ei4 ,the following adjectives are defective3-- erer1 erre1 e3rre1 former1 erest1 erste1 first4 hinder1 hinder1 hinderste1 hindmost4 ober1 upper1 oberste1 uppermost4 lezzeste1 leste 7,sec4 #bc71 last4 vorder1 former1 vorderste1 foremost4 ,c4 ,,formation ,,of ,,adverbs ,,from ,,adjectives4 ,sec4 #fj4 #a4 ,by adding -e 7 ,,ohg4 -o7 to the adjective when this does not already end in -e1 as e3ben1 even1 hoch1 high1 lanc1 long3 adv4 e3bene1 hohe1 lange2 edele 7,,ohg4 edili71 noble1 u3bel 7,,ohg4 ubil71 evil3 adv4 edele 7,,ohg4 edilo71 u3bele 7,,ohg4 ubilo74 #b4 ,dissyllabic adjectives ending in -e and containing a mutated stem-vowel change it to the corresponding unmutated vowel1 when used as adverbs1 as schoene 7,,ohg4 sconi71 beautiful1 herte1 hard1 senfte1 soft1 su3eze1 sweet1 swaere1 heavy3 adv4 schone1 harte1 sanfte1 suoze1 sware4 #c4 ,by adding -liche or -lichen to the adjective1 as ganz1 whole1 vlizec1 diligent3 adv4 ganzliche7n71 vlizecliche7n74 #d4 ,the comparative and superlative degrees of adverbs are the same as the corresponding uninflected forms of the adjectives without umlaut3-- ,adjective lanc1 long lenger lengest4 ,adverb lange langer langest 7,,ohg4 langor7 7,,ohg4 langost74 ,sec4 #fa4 ,the following are irregular3-- wol1 well baz1 better best7e71 best4 wirs1 worse wirsest1 wirste1 worst4 min1 minner1 minre1 less minnest1 minste1 least4 me1 mer1 mere1 more meist1 meiste1 most4 e1 formerly er7e7st1 erste1 first4 ,sec4 #fb4 ,d4 ,,numerals4 ,,cardinal4 ,,ordinal4 ein1 -er1 -ez1 -iu1 one erste zwei1 two ander dri1 three dritte vier1 four vierde fu3nf 7finf71 five fu3nfte1 finfte se3hs1 six se3hste siben1 seven sibende1 -te ahte1 eight ahtede1 ahte niun1 nine niunde1 -te ze3hen1 ten ze3hende1 -te einlif 7eilif71 eleven ei7n7lifte1 eilfte zwelf1 twelve zwelfte drize3hen1 thirteen drize3hende vierze3hen1 fourteen vierze3hende fu3nfze3hen1 fifteen fu3nfze3hende se3h7s7ze3hen1 sixteen se37h7sze3hende sibenze3hen1 seventeen sibenze3hende ah7t7ze3hen1 eighteen ah7t7ze3hende niunze3hen1 nineteen niunze3hende zweinzic 7or -zec71 twenty zweinzigeste drizic thirty drizigeste vierzic forty vierzigeste fu3nfzic fifty fu3nfzigeste se3hszic sixty se3hszigeste sibenzic seventy sibenzigeste ah7t7zic eighty ah7t7zigeste niunzic ninety niunzigeste ze3henzic hundred ze3henzigeste or hundert or hundertste zwei hunt two hundred zweihundertste or hundert tusent thousand tusenste zwei tusent two thousand zweitusentste ,sec4 #fc4 ,ein follows the strong declension1 when used as a numeral4 ,the dat4 einme is generally contracted to eime 7,sec4 #i1 #c74 ,when ein is used in the sense of alone1 it follows the weak declension4 ,on the inflexion of ander1 second1 see ,sec4 #ee4 ,zwei and dri are declined as follows3-- ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 ,acc4 zwene zwei zwo1 zwuo1 zwa ,gen4 zwei7g7er 7,sec4 #ce7 zwei7g7er zwei7g7er ,dat4 zwein1 zweien zwein1 zweien zwein1 zweien ,nom4 ,acc4 dri1 drie driu dri1 drie ,gen4 dri7g7er 7,sec4 #ce7 dri7g7er dri7g7er ,dat4 dr7in1 drien dr7in1 dr7ien dr7in1 drien ,sec4 #fd4 ,the other cardinals up to twelve are sometimes inflected2 when such is the case the endings are3-- ,masc4 and ,fem4 ,neut4 ,nom4 ,acc4 -e -iu ,gen4 -er -er ,dat4 -en -en hundert and tusent are neuter nouns4 ,,chapter ,v ,,pronouns ,sec4 #fe4 #a4 ,,personal4 ,,sing4 ,nom4 ich1 ,i du1 du1 thou ,acc4 mich dich ,gen4 min din ,dat4 mir dir ,,plur4 ,nom4 wir ir ,acc4 unsich1 uns iuch ,gen4 unser iuwer ,dat4 uns iu ,,sing4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 e3r1 he e3z1 it1 there si1 si1 siu1 sie1 she ,acc4 in e3z sie1 si1 si ,gen4 7e3s7 e3s ir7e7 ,dat4 im7e7 im7e7 ir7e7 ,,plur4 ,nom4 ,acc4 si1 si1 sie 7,neut4 also siu71 they ,gen4 ir7e7 ,dat4 in ,,note4--#a4 ,the gen4 ir is often used as a possessive pronoun4 ,for e3z the form iz sometimes appears4 #b4 ,for the acc4 pl4 unsich the dat4 uns is mostly used4 iu is often used for iuch1 and vice versa4 im1 ir are more usual than ime1 ire4 #c4 ,the unstressed forms of personal pronouns are often attached to other words1 as ichz1 iz ich e3z2 ichne1 ine1 ichn ich ne 7not72 tuostu tuost du2 dune1 dun du ne 7not72 tuoz tuo e3z2 eist1 est e3z ist2 deiz daz e3z2 mohter mohte e3r2 baten bat in2 wirz wir e3z1 c4 ,sec4 #ff4 #b4 ,,reflexive4 ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ,acc4 sich sich ,gen4 sin 7fem4 ir7 ir ,dat4 im1 ir in ,sec4 #fg4 #c4 ,,possessive4 min1 my2 din1 thy2 sin1 his2 ir1 her2 unser1 our2 iuwer1 your2 ir1 their4 ,they are declined like the strong adjective michel1 great 7,sec4 #ee74 ,the dat4 sing4 forms dinme1 sinme are generally contracted to dime1 sime1 see ,sec4 #i1 #c4 ,sec4 #fh4 #d4 ,,demonstrative4 ,,sing4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 de3r1 the daz diu ,acc4 de3n daz die ,gen4 de3s de3s de3r7e7 ,dat4 de3m7e7 de3m7e7 de3r7e7 ,instr4 diu ,,plur4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 die diu die ,acc4 die diu die ,gen4 de3r7e7 de3r7e7 de3r7e7 ,dat4 de3n de3n de3n ,like de3r is also declined jener1 that1 except that the ,nom41 ,acc4 sg4 neut4 ends in -ez4 de3r1 c41 is used both as definite article and relative pronoun4 ,,note4--#a4 ,for the fem4 nom4 sing4 and the neut4 nom4 acc4 pl4 diu1 the form die was sometimes used2 and conversely diu for die in the fem4 acc4 singular4 diu and die were sometimes weakened to de1 and to d' before words beginning with a vowel4 daz was sometimes weakened to dez1 and still further to z which was then attached to a preceding word1 as latz kind lat daz kint2 anz inz an1 in daz4 dest1 deis1 des daz ist4 #b4 ,the various cases were often fused into one word with prepositions1 as anme1 ame1 am an de3me2 ze3me1 ze3m ze de3me2 ufme uf de3me2 ze3r ze de3r 7fem472 u3bern u3ber de3n2 ufe3n uf de3n2 ze3n ze de3n4 ,,sing4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 dirre 7diser1 dise71 this ditze1 diz1 diz disiu ,acc4 disen ditze1 diz1 diz dise ,gen4 dises dises dirre ,dat4 disem7e7 disem7e7 dirre ,,plur4 ,nom4 dise disiu dise ,acc4 dise disiu dise ,gen4 dirre dirre dirre ,dat4 disen disen disen #e4 ,,relative4 ,sec4 #fi4 ,a relative pronoun proper did not exist in the oldest periods of the ,germanic languages1 and accordingly the separate languages expressed it in various ways4 ,in ,,mhg4 the following pronouns and adverbial particles were used to express it3-- #a4 de3r1 daz 7also used as a conjunction71 diu1 also in combination with the particles dar der da4 #b4 so1 also 7alse1 als71 as2 sam 7alsam71 as4 #c4 da7r71 where1 dar1 thither1 whither1 darinne1 therein1 dannen1 wherefrom1 darumbe1 therefore1 do1 when1 as4 #d4 ,indefinite relatives1 as swe3r 7from so we3r71 whoever1 swelch1 each who1 swe3der1 who of two2 swa1 swar1 wherever1 swannen1 swanne 7swenne71 whenever1 swie1 however1 howsoever4 #e4 ,the conjunction unde1 and4 #f4 ,,interrogative4 ,sec4 #gj4 ,the ,,mhg4 simple interrogative pronoun has no independent form for the feminine1 and is declined in the singular only4 ,masc4 ,fem4 ,neut4 ,nom4 we3r1 who waz ,acc4 we3n waz ,gen4 we3s we3s ,dat4 we3m7e7 we3m7e7 ,instr4 wiu ,in the same manner are declined the compounds3 swe3r 7from so we3r71 whoever1 etewe3r1 eteswe3r1 anyone1 neizwe3r 7 ne weiz we3r1 ,i do not know who71 anyone4 we3der1 who of two1 is declined like a strong adjective2 welich 7welch71 which1 is also declined like a strong adjective1 but the nom4 singular remains uninflected4 #g4 ,,indefinite4 ,sec4 #ga4 ander1 other2 dechein1 dehein1 dekein1 no1 none2 dewe3der1 neither2 ein1 one1 some one3 when ein is used with the meaning alone it follows the weak declension2 etelich1 etlich1 eteslich1 etslich1 anyone1 many a1 pl4 some2 etewe3r1 eteswe3r1 anyone2 etewaz1 anything2 iegelich1 ieslich1 iegeslich1 each2 ieman1 iemen1 someone1 somebody2 iewe3der1 ietwe3der1 each2 iewelich1 iewelich1 each2 iewiht1 iht1 anything2 kein1 no2 man1 one2 manec1 many a1 declined maneger1 manegez1 manegiu1 c42 nehein1 no1 none2 niht1 nothing2 solch1 such1 declined like manec2 sum1 any one at all1 pl4 some2 sumelich1 sumlich1 many a2 swelch1 each who2 swe3r1 whoever2 we3der1 which of two2 welich 7welch71 which1 declined like manec4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,verbs ,sec4 #gb4 ,the ,,mhg4 verb has the following independent forms3--one voice 7active71 two numbers1 three persons1 two tenses 7present and preterite71 two complete moods 7indicative and subjunctive1 the latter originally the optative71 besides an imperative which is only used in the present tense2 two verbal nouns 7the present infinitive1 and the gerund1 generally called the inflected infinitive71 a present participle with active meaning1 and one verbal adjective 7the past participle74 ,the ,,mhg4 verbs are divided into two great classes3--,strong and ,weak4 ,the strong verbs form their preterite 7originally the perfect7 and past participle by means of ablaut 7,sec4 #ab74 ,the weak verbs form their preterite by the addition of the syllable -te1 and their past participle by means of a t-suffix4 ,the strong verbs were originally further sub-divided into reduplicated and non-reduplicated verbs4 ,the reduplication had1 however1 entirely disappeared in the oldest period of the language4 ,the non-reduplicated verbs are divided into six classes according to the six ablaut-series 7,sec4 #ab74 ,the originally reduplicated verbs are put together here and called ,class ,,vii4 ,besides these two great classes of strong and weak verbs1 there are a few others which will be treated under the general heading ,minor ,groups4 ,a4 ,,strong ,,verbs4 ,sec4 #gc4 ,we are able to conjugate a ,,mhg4 strong verb when we know the four stems1 as seen in 7#a7 the infinitive or first pers4 sing4 of the present indicative1 7#b7 the first or third pers4 sing4 of the preterite indicative1 7#c7 the first pers4 plural of the preterite indicative1 7#d7 the past participle4 ,the pret4 subjunctive and the second pers4 pret4 indicative have the same stem-vowel as the pret4 plural indicative4 ,sec4 #gd4 ,the conjugation of ne3men1 ,,ohg4 ne3man1 to take1 will serve as a model for all strong verbs4 ,present4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,sing4 #a4 nime nimu ne3me ne3me #b4 nimes7t7 nimis7t7 ne3mes7t7 ne3mes7t7 #c4 nimet nimit ne3me ne3me ,plur4 #a4 ne3men ne3memes1 -em ne3men ne3mem #b4 ne3met ne3met ne3met ne3met #c4 ne3ment ne3mant ne3men ne3men ,,imper4 ,,infin4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,sing4 #b4 nim nim ne3men ne3man ,plur4 #a4 ne3men ne3memes1 -em #b4 ne3met1 7-ent7 ne3met ,,gerund4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,gen4 ne3men7n7es ne3mannes ,dat4 ne3men7n7e ne3manne ,,present ,,participle4 ne3mende ne3manti ,preterite4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 ,sing4 #a4 nam nam naeme nami #b4 naeme nami naemes7t7 namist #c4 nam nam naeme nami ,plur4 #a4 namen namum naemen namim #b4 namet namut naemet namit #c4 namen namun naemen namin ,,past ,,participle4 ,,mhg4 ,,ohg4 genomen ginoman ,,note4--,the e in the endings is regularly lost according to the rule given in ,sec4 #i1a1 as sing4 stil1 stilst1 stilt1 inf4 ste3ln1 to steal2 sing4 var1 verst1 vert1 inf4 varn1 to go4 ,it was also frequently lost in the third pers4 sing4 pres4 indicative of other verbs1 as vint vindet1 siht sihet1 see ,sec4 #i1d note4 ,the n in the first pers4 plural was sometimes dropped when the pronoun came after the verb1 as ne3me wir ne3men wir4 ,the imperative singular sometimes has -e after the analogy of weak verbs 7,sec4 #ij74 ,the ,,ohg4 forms given above show in what forms umlaut regularly took place1 viz4 in the second and third pers4 singular of the pres4 indicative1 when possible1 in the second pers4 singular of the pret4 indicative1 and in the pret4 subjunctive4 ,the second pers4 singular of the pret4 indicative always has the same stem-vowel as the pret4 subjunctive4 ,on the absence of umlaut in the pret4 subjunctive of certain types of verbs1 see ,sec4 #aj1 note4 ,forms without and with umlaut are found in the second and third pers4 singular of the present in verbs belonging to ,class ,,vii1 as slafes7t71 slafet beside slaefes7t71 slaefet4 ,concerning the changes between i1 e32 u1 o2 iu1 ie2 ei1 e2 ou1 o in the various classes of strong verbs1 see ,secs4 #ad-ag4 ,,the ,,classification ,,of ,,the ,,strong ,,verbs4 ,sec4 #ge4 ,we shall only give in each class a few verbs to illustrate the gradation of vowels and consonant changes4 ,all other verbs occurring in the texts will be found in the ,glossary referred to their proper class4 ,,class ,i4 ,sec4 #gf4 ,the verbs of this class belong to the first ablaut-series 7,sec4 #ab7 and therefore have i in all forms of the present2 ei in the first and third pers4 sing4 of the preterite1 but e before ch 7 ,germanic h1 ,sec4 #bc71 and finally 7,sec4 #ag72 and i in the preterite plural and past participle1 thus3-- biten1 to wait beit biten gebiten swigen1 to be silent sweic swigen geswigen triben1 to drive treip triben getriben ,and similarly beliben1 to remain1 bizen1 to bite1 riben1 to rub1 riten1 to ride1 schinen1 to shine1 schriben1 to write1 sigen1 to sink1 striten1 to quarrel4 sniden1 to cut sneit sniten gesniten dihen1 to thrive dech digen gedigen risen1 to fall reis rirn 7risen7 gerirn 7gerisen7 ,and similarly liden1 to suffer1 miden1 to avoid1 niden1 to envy1 lihen1 to lend1 zihen1 to accuse4 ,see ,sec4 #cj4 ,sec4 #gg4 ,the following two verbs which are also used as weak verbs have mixed forms in the preterite and past participle3-- schrien1 to scream schre schriuwen geschriuwen schrei schruwen geschruwen schrirn geschrirn spiwen1 to vomit spe spiwen gespiwen spei spiuwen gespiuwen spuwen gespuwen spirn gespirn ,,class ,,ii4 ,sec4 #gh4 ,the verbs of this class belong to the second ablaut-series 7,sec4 #ab7 and therefore have ie in the present1 but iu in the present singular 7,sec4 #af72 ou in the first and third pers4 sing4 of the preterite1 but o before t1 z1 s and ch 7 ,germanic h71 ,sec4 #ah2 u in the pret4 plural2 and o in the past participle1 thus3-- biegen1 to bend biuge bouc bugen gebogen triefen1 to drop triufe trouf truffen getroffen bieten1 to offer biute bot buten geboten schiezen1 to shoot schiuze schoz schuzzen geschozzen ,and similarly klieben1 to cleave1 kriechen1 to creep1 liegen1 to lie1 riechen1 to smell1 schieben1 to shove1 vliegen1 to fly2 diezen1 to roar1 giezen1 to pour1 vliezen1 to flow4 sieden1 to seethe siude sot suten gesoten ziehen1 to draw ziuhe zoch zugen gezogen kiesen1 to choose kius kos kurn gekorn ,and similarly vliehen1 to flee1 niesen1 to sneeze1 verliesen1 to lose1 vriesen1 to freeze4 ,see ,sec4 #cj4 ,sec4 #gi4 ,on the stem-vowels in the following verbs1 see ,sec4 #af1 note and ,sec4 #cf3-- bliuwen1 to strike bliuwe blou bluwen bliuwen gebliuwen blouwen geblouwen ,and similarly briuwen1 to brew1 kiuwen1 to chew1 riuwen1 to pain4 ,sec4 #hj4 ,to this class also belong the three aorist presents3-- luchen1 to shut liuche louch luchen gelochen 7luche7 sufen1 to gulp down sufe souf suffen gesoffen sugen1 to suck suge souc sugen gesogen ,,class ,,iii4 ,sec4 #ha4 ,the verbs of this class belong to the third ablaut-series 7,sec4 #ab71 and include the strong verbs having a medial nasal or a liquid consonant4 ,those with nasal consonant have i throughout the present tense and u in the past participle2 the others have i in the present singular1 e3 in the plural1 and o in the past participle 7see ,secs4 #ad1 #ae71 thus3-- binden1 to bind binde bant bunden gebunden rinnen1 to run rinne ran runnen gerunnen singen1 to sing singe sanc sungen gesungen ,and similarly brinnen1 to burn1 dringen1 to press1 entrinnen1 to escape1 gelingen1 to succeed1 gewinnen1 to gain1 schrinden1 to split1 sinken1 to sink1 sinnen1 to reflect1 spinnen1 to spin1 swimmen1 to swim1 trinken1 to drink1 vinden 7p4p4 vunden71 to find1 winden1 to wind4 beginnen1 to begin1 pret4 sing4 began beside begunde1 begonde1 pl4 begunden1 p4p4 begunnen4 be3rgen1 to hide birge bare burgen geborgen he3lfen1 to help hilfe half hulfen geholfen ste3rben1 to die stirbe starp sturben gestorben ,and similarly beve3lhen1 to order1 emphe3lhen1 enphe3lhen1 to recommend1 ge3lten1 to pay1 me3lken1 to milk1 sche3lten1 to revile1 swe3llen1 to swell1 verde3rben1 to destroy1 we3rfen1 to throw1 we3rren1 to confuse1 we3rden1 to become1 pret4 pl4 wurten1 wurden1 p4p4 worten1 7ge7worden1 see ,sec4 #cj4 ,,class ,,iv4 ,sec4 #hb4 ,the verbs of this class belong to the fourth ablaut-series 7,sec4 #ab74 ,they include those strong verbs which have a liquid or a nasal before or after the stem-vowel1 and a few others1 thus3-- e3 i a a o ne3men1 to take nime nam namen genomen be3rn1 to bear bir 7,sec4 #i1 #a7 bar baren geborn ste3ln1 to steal stil 7,sec4 #i1 #a7 stal stalen gestoln bre3chen1 to break briche brach brachen gebrochen ve3hten1 to fight vihte vaht vahten gevohten ,and similarly sche3rn1 to shear1 schre3cken1 to frighten1 spre3chen1 to speak1 vle3hten1 to plait1 ze3men 7p4p4 also geze3men71 to be befitting1 ste3chen1 to prick1 tre3ffen 7p4p4 troffen71 to hit2 dreschen1 to thrash1 leschen1 to be extinguished1 see ,sec4 #aa1 #a4 komen 7,,ohg4 que3man71 to come1 kume1 quam1 quamen1 komen2 on other forms of this verb1 see ,sec4 #cf4 ,,class ,v4 ,sec4 #hc4 ,the verbs of this class belong to the fifth ablaut-series 7,sec4 #ab74 ,they include the strong verbs containing a medial consonant other than a nasal or liquid1 thus3-- e3 i a a e3 ge3ben1 to give gibe gap gaben gege3ben je3hen1 to say gihe 7,sec4 #ce7 jach jahen geje3hen se3hen1 to see sihe sach sahen gese3hen we3gen1 to move wige wac wagen gewe3gen ,and similarly gesche3hen1 to happen1 kne3ten1 to knead1 me3zzen1 to measure1 pfle3gen1 to be accustomed1 tre3ten1 to tread1 verge3zzen1 to forget1 we3ben1 to weave4 we3sen1 to be wise was waren gewe3sen ,and similarly gene3sen 7pret4 pl4 also genasen71 to recover1 je3sen1 to ferment1 le3sen 7pret4 pl4 also lasen71 to gather1 read4 ,see ,sec4 #cj4 e3zzen1 to eat izze az7az7 azen ge3zzen 7,sec4 #i1g7 vre3zzen1 to devour vrizze vraz vrazen vre3zzen ,these verbs had a long vowel in the pret4 singular in the oldest period of all the ,germanic languages1 cp4 also ,lat4 edi4 ,sec4 #hd4 ,to this class also belong the three verbs3-- bit7t7en1 to beg bite bat baten gebe3ten ligen1 to lie down lige lac lagen gele3gen sitzen1 to sit sitze saz sazen gese3zzen bit7t7en1 ,,ohg4 bitten from 99bidjan2 ligen1 ,,ohg4 liggen from 99ligjan2 sitzen1 ,,ohg4 sitzen from 99sitjan1 see ,secs4 #ad1 #ca1c4 ,the inf4 ligen is sometimes contracted to lin1 see ,sec4 #cg4 ,,class ,,vi4 ,sec4 #he4 ,the verbs of this class belong to the sixth ablaut-series 7,sec4 #ab71 and accordingly have a in the present2 uo in the pret4 singular and plural2 and a in the past participle4 ,they have umlaut in the second and third pers4 singular1 as grebes7t71 grebet2 verst1 vert4 ,see ,sec4 #aj4 graben1 to dig gruop gruoben gegraben tragen1 to carry truoc truogen getragen maln1 to grind muol muolen gemaln varn1 to go vuor vuoren gevarn ,and similarly laden1 to load1 nagen1 to gnaw1 schaffen1 to create1 spanen1 to entice1 waschen1 to wash1 wahsen1 to grow1 waten1 to wade4 slahen1 to strike sluoc sluogen geslagen twahen1 to wash twuoc twuogen getwagen ,see ,sec4 #cj4 ,the pret4 sing4 sluoc1 twuoc for 99sluoch1 99twuoch were formed after the analogy of the pret4 plural4 ,sec4 #hf4 ,to this class also belong3-- stan1 sten 7,sec4 #if71 to stand stuont stuonden gestanden entseben 7older entseven71 to perceive entsuop entsuoben entsaben gewa3henen1 to mention gewuoc gewuogen gewagen heben 7older heven71 to raise huop huoben gehaben swern 7see ,sec4 #ce71 to swear swuor swuoren geswarn gesworn ,the pret4 singular stuont1 entsuop1 gewuoc1 huop for 99stuot 7cp4 ,engl4 stood71 99entsuof1 99gewuoch1 99huof were formed after the analogy of the pret4 plural4 ,on the b1 g in the pret4 plural1 see ,sec4 #cj4 ,the last four verbs in the list originally had a j in the present1 which accounts for the umlaut1 cp4 ,,ohg4 heffen1 ,goth4 hafjan1 to raise4 heben had its b from forms where it was regular4 ,,class ,,vii4 ,sec4 #hg4 ,to this class belong the verbs which originally had reduplicated preterites4 ,the present and past participle have the same stem-vowel2 and the preterite singular and plural have ie4 ,in ,,ohg4 the verbs which had a1 a or ei in the present had ia 7older ea1 e7 in the preterite2 and those which had ou 7o71 uo in the present had io 7older eo7 in the preterite4 ,but in ,,mhg4 the ia and io regularly fell together in ie 7,sec4 #aa1 #c71 so that all the preterites had ie4 bannen1 to banish bien bienen gebannen halten1 to hold hielt hielten gehalten slafen1 to sleep slief sliefen geslafen heizen1 to call hiez hiezen geheizn loufen1 to run lief liefen geloufen ruofen1 to call rief riefen geruofen ,and similarly halsen1 to embrace1 salzen1 to salt1 spalten1 to split1 spannen1 to span1 vallen1 to fall1 valten1 to fold1 wallen1 to bubble2 bagen1 to quarrel1 blasen1 to blow1 braten1 to roast1 lazen 7see also ,sec4 #ii71 to let1 leave1 raten1 to advise2 meizen1 to cut1 scheiden1 to separate1 sweifen1 to rove2 bozen1 to strike1 stozen1 to push1 houwen 7pret4 hiu and hie1 pl4 hiuwen1 hiewen71 to hew1 wuofen1 to bewail4 gan1 gen1 to go gienc 7gie7 giengen 7ge7gangen hahen 7,sec4 #bi7 han 7,sec4 #ch7 1 to hang hienc 7hie7 hiengen gehangen vahen 7,sec4 #bi7 van 7,sec4 #ch7 1 to catch vienc 7vie7 viengen gevangen erren1 ern1 to plough ier ieren gearn ,on the interchange between h and ng1 see ,sec4 #cj2 erren1 ern from older 99arjan4 ,b4 ,,weak ,,verbs4 ,sec4 #hh4 ,the ,,ohg4 weak verbs were divided into three great classes according as the infinitive ended in -en from older 99-jan1 -on1 or -en4 ,the characteristic endings of the three ,,ohg4 classes were3-- ,present4 ,,class ,i4 ,,class ,,ii4 ,,class ,,iii4 ,indic4 sing4 -u1 -on1 -en -is7t7 -os7t7 -es7t7 -it -ot -et plur4 -en -on -en -et -ot -et -ent -ont -ent ,subj4 sing4 -e -o -e -es7t7 -os7t7 -es7t7 -e -o -e plur4 -en -on -en -et -ot -et -en -on -en ,imper4 sing4 -i -o -e plur4 -en -on -en -et -ot -et ,preterite4 ,indic4 sing4 -ta1 -ita1 -ota1 -eta1 -tos7t71 -itos7t7 -otos7t7 -etos7t7 -ta1 -ita -ota -eta plur4 -tun1 -itun -otun -etun -tut1 -itut -otut -etut -tun1 -itun -otun -etun ,subj4 sing4 -ti1 -iti -oti -eti -tis7t71 -itis7t7 -otis7t7 -etis7t7 -ti1 -iti -oti -eti plur4 -tin1 -itin -otin -etin -tit1 -itit -otit -etit -tin1 -itin -otin -etin ,past ,participle4 ,uninfl4 form -it -ot -et ,infl4 -ter1 -iter -oter -eter ,infinitive4 -en -on -en ,in ,,ohg4 the verbs of ,class ,i were divided into two sub-divisions3 7a7 polysyllabic verbs and those containing an old long stem-syllable2 7b7 those which originally had a short stem-syllable 7cp4 ,sec4 #ca1 #c74 ,the former formed their preterite in -ta1 and the latter in -ita2 and similarly in the inflected form of the past participle4 ,in ,,mhg4 all the unaccented vowels i1 e1 a1 o1 u1 i1 e1 o regularly fell together in e 7,sec4 #g71 so that the old distinction between the endings of the three classes of verbs was to a great extent obliterated4 ,the ,,ohg4 verbs with a short stem-syllable belonging to ,classes ,,ii and ,,iii came in ,,mhg4 to be inflected entirely like sub-division 7b7 of ,class ,i2 and those with a long stem-syllable mostly came to be inflected like sub-division 7a7 of ,class ,i1 see ,secs4 #i1b1 #ib4 ,owing to all the ,,ohg4 unaccented vowels being weakened to e the ,,mhg4 endings are3-- ,sing4 ,plur4 ,pres4 ,indic43 -e1 -es7t71 -et -en1 -et1 -ent ,subj43 -e1 -es7t71 -e -en1 -et1 -en ,pret4 ,indic4 -te1 -tes7t71 -te -ten1 -tet1 -ten and ,subj43 -ete1 -etes7t7 -ete -eten1 -etet1 -eten ,imper4 -e -en1 -et ,p4,p4 ,uninfl4 form -et ,infl4 -ter -eter ,infin4 -en4 ,final -n in the first pers4 sing4 of the pres4 indicative of the old ,classes ,,ii and ,,iii remained in early ,,mhg41 but during the ,,mhg4 period the first person was remodelled after the analogy of ,class ,i4 ,,note4--,old forms with 7o 7u7 for later e occasionally occur in verbs originally belonging to the ,,ohg4 ,class ,,ii2 and in like manner 7i for e in the pret4 subjunctive4 ,sec4 #hi4 ,the ,,mhg4 weak verbs are divided into two classes1 according as the preterite is formed in -te or -ete 7see however ,sec4 #dj74 ,the inflexion of the present is the same in both classes4 ,,class ,i4 ,sec4 #ij4 ,to this class belong 7#a7 verbs which have old long stem-syllables4 ,those having a mutated vowel in the present have the corresponding unmutated vowel in the preterite4 ,the i which would have caused umlaut in the preterite disappeared in the prehistoric period of the language4 ,the past participle generally has two forms3 one with a mutated vowel1 and the other without it1 properly from the old inflected form which did not have umlaut4 7#b7 ,verbs having a short stem-vowel followed by a single consonant 7l1 r71 and trisyllabic verbs containing an l1 n1 or r in the second syllable1 as zeln1 older zellen 7,sec4 #ca1c71 to count1 pret4 zelte beside zalte1 p4p4 gezelt beside gezalt2 nern1 to rescue1 pret4 nerte 7,,ohg4 nerita71 p4p4 genert2 and similarly doln 7,,ohg4 dolon71 to tolerate1 seln1 to hand over1 spiln1 to play1 weln1 to choose2 wern1 to defend2 wandeln 7,,ohg4 wantalon71 to change1 pret4 wandelte2 vordern 7,,ohg4 fordaron71 to further1 pret4 vorderte2 se3genen 7,,ohg4 se3ganon71 to bless1 pret4 se3gente4 ,see ,secs4 #i1 #a1b1 #ib4 ,present4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 ,,imper4 ,sing4 #a4 kenne kenne #b4 kennes7t7 kennes7t7 kenne #c4 kennet kenne ,plur4 #a4 kennen kennen kennen #b4 kennet kennet kennet1 7-ent7 #c4 kennent kennen ,preterite4 ,sing4 #a4 kante kante #b4 kantes7t7 kantes7t7 #c4 kante kante ,plur4 #a4 kanten kanten #b4 kantet kantet #c4 kanten kanten ,infin4 kennen1 to know2 ,pres4 ,part4 kennende2 ,past ,part4 gekennet1 gekant4 ,and similarly with a large number of verbs1 as blu3emen1 to bloom1 brennen1 to burn1 fu3llen1 to fill1 gru3ezen1 to greet1 hoeren1 to hear1 ku3ssen1 to kiss1 loesen1 to loose1 nennen1 to name1 rennen1 to run1 senden 7pret4 sante71 to send1 senken1 to sink1 setzen 7pret4 satte1 sazte1 p4p4 gesat1 gesazt1 gesetzt71 to set1 stellen1 to place1 su3ezen1 to sweeten1 vellen1 to fell1 w-aenen1 to fancy1 wu3nschen1 to wish2 gelouben1 to believe1 keren1 to turn1 koufen1 to buy1 leiten 7pret4 leite71 to lead1 ougen1 to show1 suochen1 to seek4 ,the verba pura have double forms in the present and preterite1 as draejen1 draen 7,sec4 #ce71 to turn1 pret4 drate beside the new formation draejete1 draete1 and similarly blu3ejen1 to bloom1 mu3ejen1 to trouble1 ru3ejen1 to row1 saejen1 to sow1 waejen1 to blow4 ,verbs with medial ck have double preterites1 as decken1 to cover1 pret4 dacte beside dahte1 and similarly dru3cken1 drucken1 to press1 smecken1 to taste1 wecken1 to awake4 ,see also ,sec4 #ib4 ,sec4 #ia4 ,the following are irregular3-- ,infin4 ,pret4 ,p4,p4 denken1 to think dahte gedaht 7,secs4 #bh1 #bi7 dunken1 du3nken1 to seem duhte geduh 7,secs4 #bh1 #bi7 furhten1 fu3rhten1 to fear vorhte gevorht wurken1 wu3rken1 to work worhte geworht bringen1 to bring brahte gebraht 7,secs4 #bh1 #bi7 ,,note4--,the second pers4 sing4 of brahte is braehte or brahtes7t71 pret4 subj4 braehte2 and similarly with dahte2 the subj4 of duhte is duhte or diuhte4 ,,class ,,ii4 ,sec4 #ib4 ,the verbs belonging to this class form their preterite in -ete and their past participle in -et4 ,in other respects ,class ,,ii has the same endings as ,class ,i4 ,it includes3 7a7 ,the dissyllabic verbs1 having a short stem-vowel followed by a single consonant other than l1 r1 which in ,,ohg4 belonged to ,classes ,,ii and ,,iii1 as loben 7,,ohg4 lobon71 to praise1 pret4 lobete1 p4p4 gelobet2 le3ben 7,,ohg4 le3ben71 to live1 pret4 le3bete1 p4p4 gele3bet 7see ,sec4 #hh74 7b7 ,the dissyllabic verbs of ,,ohg4 ,class ,i with a short stem-vowel followed by double consonants other than ll 7see ,sec4 #ca1 #c71 as legen1 older leggen 7,,ohg4 leggen71 to lay1 pret4 legete or leite 7,sec4 #cg71 p4p4 geleget or geleit2 denen1 older dennen 7,,ohg4 dennen71 to stretch1 pret4 denete1 p4p4 gedenet4 ,other examples belonging to ,class ,,ii are3 be3ten1 to pray1 dagen1 to be silent1 klagen1 to complain1 kle3ben1 to stick1 laden1 to invite1 namen1 to name1 sagen1 to say1 pret4 sagete and seite 7,sec4 #cg74 ,the verbs with a long stem-syllable1 which belonged to ,,ohg4 ,classes ,,ii and ,,iii1 went over in ,,mhg4 either into ,class ,i 7#a71 see ,sec4 #ij1 or had preterites in -te beside -ete1 as danken1 to thank1 pret4 dancte beside dankete1 p4p4 gedanct beside gedanket2 vragen1 to ask1 pret4 vragte beside vragete1 p4p4 gevragt beside gevraget1 and similarly ahten1 to observe1 minnen1 to love1 trahten1 to strive1 c41 see ,secs4 #i1b1 #ij2 dienen1 to serve1 pret4 diende 7,sec4 #dj71 c4 ,c4 ,,minor ,,groups4 #a4 ,preterite-,presents4 ,sec4 #ic4 ,these have strong preterites with a present meaning1 from which new weak preterites have been formed4 ,the #bnd pers4 sg4 ends in -t1 and has the same stem-vowel as the #ast and #crd pers4 sg4 ,the following verbs belong to this class3-- weiz1 ,i know1 #bnd pers4 sg4 weist2 pl4 wizzen2 inf4 wizzen2 pres4 p4 wizzende2 pret4 wisse1 wesse1 wiste or weste2 p4p4 gewist or gewest4 touc1 ,i am of use1 inf4 and pl4 tugen or tu3gen2 pret4 tohte2 subj4 to3hte4 gan1 ,i grant1 #bnd pers4 sg4 ganst2 inf4 and pl4 gunnen or gu3nnen2 pret4 gunde2 subj4 gunde or gu3nde2 p4p4 gegunnen1 gegunnet1 or gegunst4 kan1 ,i know1 #bnd pers4 sg4 kanst2 inf4 and pl4 kunnen or ku3nnen2 pret4 kunde 7konde72 subj4 kunde or ku3nde4 darf1 ,i need1 #bnd pers4 sg4 darft2 pl4 durfen or du3rfen2 pret4 dorfte2 subj4 do3rfte2 infin4 and p4p4 only in bedu3rfen1 bedorft4 tar1 ,i dare1 venture1 #bnd pers4 sg4 tarst2 inf4 and pl4 turren or tu3rren2 pret4 torste2 subj4 to3rste4 sol1 ,i shall1 #bnd pers4 sg4 solt2 inf4 and pl4 suln or su3ln2 pret4 solde or solte4 mac1 ,i can1 #bnd pers4 sg4 maht2 pl4 magen1 megen1 mugen1 or mu3gen2 pret4 mahte or mohte2 subj4 mehte 7mahte7 or mo3hte4 muoz1 ,i must1 #bnd pers4 sg4 muost2 pl4 mu3ezen2 pret4 muoste or muose2 subj4 mu3este or mu3ese4 #b4 ,anomalous ,verbs4 ,sec4 #id4 7#a7 tuon1 to do4 ,present4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 #a4 tuon 7tuo7 tuo ,sing4 #b4 tuos7t7 tuos7t7 #c4 tuot tuo #a4 tuon tuon ,plur4 #b4 tuot 7tuont7 tuot #c4 tuont tuon ,,infin4 tuon ,,imper4 tuo ,,pres4 ,p4 tuonde ,preterite4 #a4 te3te 7te3t7 taete 7te3te7 ,sing4 #b4 taete taetes7t7 #c4 te3te 7te3t7 taete ,plur4 taten1 7taeten1 te3ten7 taeten ,p4,p4 getan ,sec4 #ie4 7#b7 gan1 to go4 ,present4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 #a4 gan1 gen ge 7ga1 gange7 ,sing4 #b4 gas7t71 ges7t7 ges7t7 7gas7t71 ganges7t77 #c4 gat1 get ge 7ga1 gange7 ,plur4 gan1 gen gen 7gan1 gangen7 ,,infin4 gan1 gen ,,imper4 ganc1 genc1 ginc 7ga1 ge7 ,,pres4 ,p4 gande1 gende ,preterite4 ,sing4 gienc or gie ,plur4 giengen ,p4,p4 7ge7gangen or gegan ,sec4 #if4 7#c7 stan1 to stand4 ,present4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 #a4 stan1 sten1 sta1 ste sta1 ste 7stande71 ,sing4 #b4 stas7t71 stes7t7 c4 #c4 stat1 stet ,plur4 stan1 sten ,,infin4 stan1 sten ,,imper4 sta1 ste1 stant ,preterite4 stuont ,p4,p4 gestanden or gestan ,sec4 #ig4 7#d7 sin1 we3sen1 to be4 ,present4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 #a4 bin si 7sige1 sie7 ,sing4 #b4 bis7t7 sis7t7 7siges7t71 sies7t77 #c4 ist si 7sige1 sie7 #a4 birn1 sin sin 7sigen1 sien7 ,plur4 #b4 birt1 sit sit 7siget1 siet7 #c4 sint sin 7sigen1 sien7 ,,infin4 sin1 we3sen4 ,indic4 ,pret4 ,sing4 was2 pl4 waren 7,sec4 #cj7 ,subj4 waere2 pl4 waeren ,p4,p4 gewe3sen 7gewe3set7 ,sec4 #ih4 7#e7 wellen1 to will4 ,present4 ,,indic4 ,,subj4 ,sing4 #a4 wil welle #b4 wil1 wilt welles7t7 #c4 wil welle ,plur4 #a4 wellen1 weln wellen #b4 wellet1 welt wellet #c4 wellen1 weln wellen ,pret4 wolte or wolde 7,sec4 #dj7 wolte or wo3lte ,infin4 wellen4 #c4 ,contracted ,verbs4 ,sec4 #ii4 7#a7 lan lazen1 to let1 leave4 ,pres4 ,sing4 lan1 las7t71 laes7t71 lat 7laet7 ,plur4 lan1 lat1 lan ,pret4 lie or liez 7,sec4 #hg74 ,imper4 la1 lat ,infin4 lan4 ,p4,p4 7ge7lan 7#b7 han haben1 to have4 ,pres4 ,sing4 han1 has7t71 hat ,plur4 han1 hat1 han ,pret4 hate 7he3te1 het7e71 hiet7e71 haete71 hates7t71 c4 ,subj4 pres4 habe1 habes7t71 c4 pret4 haete1 hete1 hete1 hiete1 hatte1 c4 ,infin4 han4 ,p4,p4 gehabet1 gehapt1 gehat4 ,the contracted form han1 c41 is mostly used as an auxiliary4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,syntax ,,cases4 ,sec4 #ajj4 ,accusative4 ,the accusative has much the same function as in ,,nhg4 ,it is sometimes used1 however1 where the dat4 or a preposition would be required in ,,nhg43--e3r vuor wazzer unde we3ge1 he went by water and land4 ,the acc4 is used after wol1 well1 when used as an interjection1 as wol mich4 ,a double accusative is required not only after leren1 to teach1 but also after he3ln1 verhe3ln1 to conceal1 verdagen1 verswigen1 to keep secret4 ,sec4 #aja4 ,dative4 ruofen1 to call1 and schirmen1 to protect1 take the dative4 ,the dative is often used adverbially3 allenthalben1 on all sides1 wilen7t71 formerly1 c4 ,sec4 #ajb4 ,genitive4 ,the genitives hande1 slahte1 leie manner are used adverbially3 maneger hande1 slahte1 or leie1 in many ways1 manifoldly4 ,the gen4 is used in combination with the comparative of adjectives1 as dicker eines dumes1 thicker by the breadth of a thumb4 ,indefinite and interrogative pronouns1 used substantively1 take the genitive3 iemen armer liute1 any poor people2 niht schoeneres1 nothing more beautiful2 de3s enmac niht sin1 that cannot be2 waz mannes e3r waere1 what kind of man he was4 ,in the same manner the rel4 swaz may take the genitive3 swaz man vant de3r armen1 whatever poor people one found4 ,the genitive may be used predicatively3--sit si de3s goteshuses sint1 since they belong to the house of ,god2 diu sorge ist min eines niht1 ,i am not the only one who has sorrow4 ,impersonal verbs often take the genitive3 mich genu3eget de3s1 that is enough for me2 mich gezimt de3s1 that pleases me4 ,the genitives de3s and we3s may be used adverbially in the sense of therefore1 wherefore2 and likewise many nouns3 tages1 by day2 de3s se3lben tages1 the same day2 nahtes1 by night4 ,interjections usually take the genitive3 owe mir mines leides6 alas6 for my grief4 vil1 much1 many2 me7re71 more2 wenic1 lu3tzel1 little2 minner1 minre1 less2 and genuoc1 enough1 used as indeclinable substantives1 are followed by the genitive4 ,cardinal numerals1 used substantively1 are also followed by the genitive3 zweinzec starker man1 twenty strong men4 ,,adjectives4 ,sec4 #ajc4 ,the weak and strong forms are used in the same manner as in ,mod4 ,,hg4 dirre1 this1 is followed by the weak or strong form2 aller1 all1 usually by the strong4 ,the strong or weak form can be used after pronouns1 as ich armer or ich arme1 ,i poor 444 ,in the vocative the weak form without the article is used1 as guoten liute1 7ye7 good people4 ,when the same adjective refers to nouns of different gender1 it is put in the neuter plural4 ein and the possessive pronouns are followed by the strong form in the ,nom4 and ,acc4 singular2 by the strong or weak form in the pl4 and ,gen4 and ,dative singular4 ,the possessive pronouns are declined strong4 ,the uninflected form of the adjective is used side by side with the inflected in the ,nom4 singular1 all genders1 and ,acc4 singular neuter1 when the adjective comes before the noun3 ein guot man1 a good man4 ,when the adjective stands after the noun the uninflected form may be used without reference to number1 gender1 or case1 ein1 dehein1 and the possessive pronouns have the uninflected form in the ,nom4 for all genders1 and ,acc4 neuter4 ,the uninflected form of al1 all1 can be used before all forms of the definite article3 in al de3r we3rlte1 in all the world4 ,see ,sec4 #ee4 ,,pronouns4 ,sec4 #ajd4 im1 ir1 pl4 in1 are used to express the dative of the reflexive pronoun4 de3r is sometimes used pleonastically1 as de3r brunne1 de3r was ku3ele1 the spring was cool4 man used as an indefinite pronoun can take the definite article along with it4 ,,verbs4 ,sec4 #aje4 ,number4 ,the verb can be used in the singular after a compound subject1 as ,volker und ,hagene so sere wu3eten began1 444 began to rage so furiously4 ,sec4 #ajf4 ,tenses4 ,the fut4 simple is expressed by sol1 muoz1 wil and the infin41 or simply by the pres41 as in ,,oe43 ich sol gan1 ,i shall go2 bin ich gnislich1 so genise ich1 if ,i am curable1 ,i shall recover4 ,for the fut4 pf4 the pf4 is used3 daz ist schiere getan1 that will soon have been done4 ,the pf4 is expressed either by the simple pret4 or the p4p4 and the verbs han1 sin2 in subordinate sentences the pret4 often has the meaning of the pluperfect3 do du von ir schiede1 zehant sie starp1 she died immediately after thou hadst taken leave of her4 ,the preterite acquires a pluperfect1 and the present a future perfect meaning when the prefix ge is added to them3 swenne iuwer sun gewahset1 when your son 7shall have7 has grown up2 do ich in gesach1 when ,i had seen him4 ,the present participle with sin is sometimes used as in ,english1 see ',arme ,heinrich1' l4 #bd4 ,sec4 #ajg4 ,voice4 ,the present and preterite passive are expressed by we3rden and the p4p41 and the corresponding perfect tenses by sin and the p4p4 ,pres4 ich wirde gelobet4 ,pret4 ich wart ,perf4 ich bin ,plupf4 ich was ,inf4 gelobet sin4 ,sec4 #ajh4 ,negation4 ,negation in sentences is expressed by ne 7en1 n7 before the verb1 and niht after it3 e3r enist guot1 he is not good4 niht is frequently omitted1 especially after the preterite presents1 the verbs wellen1 lan1 sentences containing negative pronouns or adverbs1 and in subordinate sentences4 en without niht is used with the subjunctive in subordinate sentences in the sense of unless1 if not1 except that1 when that1 that not1 c43 de3n lip wil ich verliesen1 si enwe3rde min wip1 ,i will die if she will not become my wife2 ich waene nieman in de3r we3rlte le3be1 e3rn habe ein leit1 ,i believe no one lives in the world who has not his trouble4 en is further also used in the sense of ,latin 'quin'3 ich mac daz niht bevarn1 mirn we3rde min ritterschaft benomen1 ,i cannot prevent my knighthood being taken away from me4 ,,texts ,transcriber's ,note3 ,line numbers have been removed from the prose passages4 ,note references are marked as #a1 #b444 ,in the verse passages1 some unstressed e's1 and a few i's1 were printed with an under-dot3 e4 i44 ,this usage is not explained4 ,some under-dots may be flyspecks1 and a few umlauts were uncertain4 ,i ,,berthold ,,von ,,regensburg4 ,his name was properly ,berthold ,lech4 ,he was the most celebrated preacher of the thirteenth century4 ,he died in ,regensburg in #abgb4 ,the following extract is from a sermon on ,matt4 v4 #h4 ',saelic sint die armen3 wan daz himelrich ist ir1' etc4 ,mit disen aht tugenden sint alle die ze himelriche komen1 die da sint1 und mit den selben aht tugenden mu3ezent noch alle die dar komen1 die iemer mer dar komen su3ln4 ,nu wil ich die siben under wegen lan und wil niuwen von ir einer sagen1 wan alse vil guoter dinge an ir ieglicher ist2 und von ir ieglicher waere gar vil und gar lanc sunderlichen ze sagenne2 und wie manigiu untugent uns an disen ahte tugenden irret1 daz wu3rde eht von ieglicher gar lanc ze sagenne4 ,wan man ez allez in einer predigen niht verenden mac1 noch in vieren1 noch in zehenen1 so wil ich iu hiute niuwen sagen von den1 die ein reine herze habent1 und von den man hiute da liset in dem heiligen ewangelio 'saelic sint1 die reines herzen sint3 die werdent got sehende4'#a ,die sint wol von rehte saelic1 die da got sehent4 ,ein u3bergu3lde ist ez aller der saelikeit1 diu ie wart oder iemer mer eht werden mac1 swer got ansehende eht wirt1 also su3eze und also wu3nneclich ist diu gesiht1 die man an got siht4 ,so wart nie deheiner muoter ir kint nie so liep1 an unser frouwen1 und solte si ez drie tage ane sehen an underlaz1 daz si anders niht enpflaege1#b wan eht si ir liebez kint solte an sehen3 si aeze an dem vierden tage vil gerner ein stu3cke brotes4 ,und wolte ich vil gerner1 daz ich also ein guot mensche waere1 als daz war ist1 daz ich iezuo reden wil4 ,ob daz also waere1 daz man zuo einem menschen spraeche1 der iezuo bi gote ist1 'du hast zehen kint uf ertriche1 und du solt in koufen allen samt1 daz sie ere und guot haben unz an ir tot1 da mit1 daz du einigen ougenblic von gotes angesiht tuost1 niuwen als lange als einz sin hant mo3ht umbe keren1 und sich danne wider zuo gote1 und du solt din ougen niemer mer von im keren'3 der mensche entaete sin niht4 ,alse war1 herre1 din warheit ist1 alse war ist disiu rede1 daz er disiu zehen kint unze an ir tot e nach dem almuosen lieze gen1 e danne er sich die kleine wile von gote wolte wenden4 ,in habent die engel wol sehzic hundert jar an gesehen1 und sehent in hiute als gerne als des ersten tages4 ,und sie sint ouch alle samt sam des ersten tages1 do sie got an sehende wurden4 ,do wart ir deheiner sit nie eltlicher danne des ersten tages1 und sint doch sider wol sehzic hundert jar alt4 ,swelher hundert jar alt wu3rde under uns1 der waere den liuten alse smaehe an ze sehenne von ungestaltheit und von dem gebresten1 den daz alter an im haete gemaht3 so malet man die engele--da sehet ir wol1 swa man sie malt1 daz man sie eht anders niht enmalt wan als ein kint von fu3nf jaren1 als junclich1 oder von sehsen4 ,wan alle1 die got sehent1 die werdent niemer eltlicher1 die in in himelriche sehent in sinen freuden und in sinen eren4 ,uf ertriche sehen wir in alle tage in sinem gewalte4 ,dehein irdenischer muot noch irdenisch lip mo3hte daz niht erliden1 daz in dehein irdenisch ouge iemer an gesehen mo3hte in sinen freuden und in sinen eren1 als er ze himelriche ist4 ,wir sagen iu ettewenne ein glichnisse1 wie schoene got si4 ,seht1 allez daz wir iemer gesagen ku3nnen oder mu3gen1 daz ist rehte dem gliche1 als obe ein kint uns solte sagen1 ob ez mu3glich waere1 von aller der wirde und von aller der gezierde1 die diu werlt hat1 von der liehten sunnen1 von den liehten sternen1 von edelre gesteine craft und von ir maniger slahte varwe1 von der edelen wu3rze craft und von dem edelen gesmacke1 und von der richen gezierde1 die man uzer siden und uzer golde machet in dirre werlte1 und von maniger hande su3ezen stimme1 die diu werlt hat1 von vo3gelin sange und von seitenspil1 und von maniger hande bluomen varwe1 und von aller der gezierde1 die disiu werlt hat4 ,alse unmu3gelich unde alse unkuntlichen eime kinde da von ze redenne ist1 als unkunt ist ouch uns da von ze redenne1 von der unsegelichen wu3nne1 diu da ze himel ist1 und von dem wu3nneclichen antlu3tze des lebendigen gotes4 ,wan alliu diu freude1 diu da ze himele ist1 der ist niht wan von dem schine1 der von unsers herren antlu3tze get4 ,und rehte als alle sternen ir lieht von der sunnen nement1 also habent alle heiligen ir gezierde und ir schonheit von gote1 und engele und allez himelische her4 ,reht als alle die sternen des himeles1 der mane und die planeten1 groz und kleine1 die habent alle samt ir lieht von der sunnen1 diu uns da liuhtet3 und also hat allez himelischez her1 engel und heiligen1 die hoehsten und die minnesten1 die habent alle samt ir freude und ir wu3nne und ir gezierde und die ere und die wirde und ouch die schoende1 daz habent sie alle samt von der angesihte gotes1 daz sie got an sehent4 ,die engele1 die da unser hu3etent1 die sehent in ze aller zit an1 als ob sie bi im waeren4 ,wan alliu diu freude1 diu in himelriche ist1 diu diuhte sie ze nihte1 solten sie got niht an sehen4 ,und da von 'saelic sint1 die reines herzen sint2 wan sie werdent got sehende4' ,nu sehent1 wie saelic die sint1 die da reinez herze tragent4 ,ir1 junge werlt1 die noch unbewollen sint mit su3nden1 behaltent iuwer herze vor allen toetlichen su3nden1 so werdent ir got sehende in solichen freuden und in so grozen eren1 die ouge nie gesach oder ore nie gehorte1 alse sant ,paulus da sprichet2 und alse sant ,johannes sprichet3 'waer ez mu3gelich1 daz man ez allez samt geschriben mo3hte1 so mo3hte diu werlt diu buoch in ir niht behalten1 da ez an gestu3ende1 daz ich gesach4 ,und allez1 daz ich gesach1 daz was niht wan got alleine4' ,und dar umbe mo3hten wir doch gerne ze dem himelriche komen und drumbe arbeiten4 ,ob uns niht diu minne und diu liebe dar twu3nge1 der wir gote schuldic sin1 seht1 so mo3hten wir dar umbe dar komen1 durch daz wunder1 daz da ist4 ,ez ist maniger vor mir3 der im von so getaner freude#c seite1 daz si jenhalp meres waere1 er fu3ere gar gerinclichen dar von hinnen u3ber mer1 niuwen daz erz gesaehe4 ,so mo3htent ir hundertstunt gerner dar umb arbeiten1 daz irz iemer mere ewiclichen niezen soltet4 ,die vil wu3nneclichen angesiht des almehtigen gotes und der himelischen ku3niginne ze der zeswen siner siten in guldiner waete1 die mo3htet ir gerne an sehen4 ,wan wu3rde iu einiger anblic1 so waere in alliu diu freude und diu ere und aller der wollust1 den diu werlt ie gewan1 daz waer iu hinne fu3r als widerzaeme und ouch alse unmaere1 reht als sant ,paulus da sprach4 ,nu hoeret wie er sprach2 er sprach3 'alliu diu ere und diu freude und daz gemach1 diu disiu werlt ie gewan von keisern und von ku3nigen1 wider der freude1 diu in himelrich ist2 als widerzaeme einem waere ein diep an einem galgen1 als kurz einem diu wile da mite waere1 daz er einen erhangen man triuten solte1 wider aller der freude1 die diu werlt hat3 alse widerzaeme ist mir diu freude aller der werlte wider der ewigen freude4' ,ei wol iuch wart1 daz iuch iuwer muoter ie getruoc1 die so getane freude su3ln besitzen4 ,der ist1 ob got wil1 vil maniger vor minen ougen4 ,ouch ist maniger1 der vil kleine freude dar fu3r nimt hie uf ertriche1 und daz dem guoten sante ,paulen gar versmahte1 des wirt im der tusentste teil niht4 ,und die habent u3bel kouft1 die so u3bergroze freude gebent umb ein so kurzez freudelin in dirre werlte4 ,die habent u3bel gevarn2 wan sie habent weder hie noch dort niht4 ,als ich iezuo sprach1 rehte in glicher wise1 rehte alse alle sternen des himeles ir lieht von der sunnen habent1 also hat allez himelisch her ir lieht von dem waren sunnen1 sit danne unser herre der ware sunne und daz ware lieht ist1 alse der guote sant ,johannes da sprichet4 ,der hei et in daz ware lieht2 als ouch daz vil war ist3 wan er ist daz ware lieht1 daz niemer mer verlischet4 ,und alle1 die von sime gotvarwen liehte enzu3ndet werdent1 die erleschent ouch niemer mere von der schonheit1 die sie von dem waren sunnen hant4 ,und als vil diu sunne liehter und gelpfer ist1 danne wir da sehen1 rehte als vil diu liehtes und glastes u3ber alle sterne hat1 die an dem himel stent3 als vil hat der ware sunne in himelriche schines und glastes mer u3ber alle engele und ist geschoenet und gewirdet an allen eren1 alse billich ist4 ,und da von sint sie saelic1 die ein reinez herze habent2 wan si werdent got sehende4 ,,ii ,,the ,,swabian ,,lantrehtbuoch4 ,this work was compiled by ,david von ,augsburg1 about #abhj ,a4,d4 ,,hie ,,hebet ,,sich ,,an ,,da,z ,,lantrehtbuoch4 ,herre got1 himelischer vater1 durch dine milte gu3ete geschu3efe du den menschen in drivaltiger werdikeit4 ,diu erste1 daz er nach dir gebildet ist4 ,daz ist ouch ein also hohiu werdikeit1 der dir allez menschlich ku3nne sunderlichen immer danken sol4 ,wan des haben wir gar michel reht1 vil lieber herre1 himelischer vater1 sit du uns zuo diner hohen gotheit also werdiclichen geedelt hast4 ,diu ander werdikeit1 da du1 herre got1 alma3htic schepfer1 den menschen zuo geschaffen hast1 daz ist diu1 daz du alle dise werelt1 die sunnen unde den manen1 die sterne unde diu vier element1 viur1 wazzer1 luft unde die erden1 die vogel in den lu3ften1 die vische in dem wage1 diu tier in dem walde1 die wu3rme in der erden1 golt unde edel gesteine1 der edeln wu3rze su3ezen smac1 der bluomen liehte varwe1 der boume fruht unde et alle creature3 daz hast du1 herre1 allez dem menschen ze nutze unde ze dienste geschaffen durch die triuwe unde durch die minne1 die du ze dem menschen hetest4 ,diu dritte werdikeit1 da du1 herre1 den menschen mit gewirdet unde geedelt hast1 daz ist diu1 daz der mensche die wirde unde die ere1 die vreude unde die wu3nne immer mit dir ewiclichen niezen sol4 ,der werelde dienst unde nuz hast du1 herre1 dem menschen umbe sust gegeben ze einer manunge unde ze einem vorbilde4 ,sit des so vil ist1 des du1 herre1 dem menschen umbe sust gegeben hast1 da bi sol der mensche nu trahten1 so mege#d des wol gar u3bermaeziclichen vil sin1 des du dem menschen umbe sinen dienst geben wilt4 ,unde dar umbe sol ein iegelich mensche got dienen mit ganzen triuwen2 wan der lon ist also u3bermaeziclichen groz1 daz in herzen sin nie betrahten mo3hte noch menschen zunge nie gesprechen mo3hte1 noch ougen sehen ku3nde in nie beliuhten1 noch ore nie gehoeren4 ,daz wir nu got der hohen werdikeit gedanken unde den grozen lon verdienen1 des helfe uns der alma3htige got4 amen4 ,sit uns got in so hoher werdikeit geschaffen hat1 so wil er ouch1 daz wir werdez leben haben1 unde daz wir einander wirde unde ere erbieten1 triuwe unde warheit1 niht haz unde nit einander tragen4 ,wir sullen mit fride unde mit suone under einander leben4 ,fridlich leben hat unser herre got liep4 ,wan er kom von himelriche uf erderiche durch anders niht wan durch den rehten fride1 daz er uns einen rehten fride schu3efe vor der ewigen marter1 ob wir selben wellen4 ,unde da von sungen die engel ob der krippen3 ',gloria in excelsis deo et in terra pax hominibus bonae voluntatis'--',gots ere in dem himel unde guot fride uf der erden allen den1 die guoten willen habent uf erderiche6' ,do unser herre got hie uf erderiche gie1 so was daz ie sin ellich wort3 ',pax vobis6' daz sprichet3 'der fride si mit iu6' unde also sprach er alle zit zuo sinen jungern unde zuo andern liuten4 ,unde da bi suln wir merken1 wie rehte liep der almehtige got den rehten vride hat4 ,wan do er von erderiche wider uf zuo himel fuor1 do sprach er aber zuo sinen jungern3 'der vride si mit iu6' unde enphalh dem guoten ,sant ,peter1 daz er phleger waere u3ber den rehten fride1 unde gap im den gewalt1 daz er den himel uf slu3zze allen den1 die den fride hielten1 unde swer den fride braeche1 daz er dem den himel vor beslu3zze4 ,daz ist also gesprochen3 et alle1 die diu gebot unsers herren zebrechent1 die habent ouch den rehten fride gebrochen4 ,daz ist ouch von gote reht1 swer diu gebot unsers herren zebrichet1 daz man dem den himel vor besliuzet1 sit uns got nu geholfen hat1 daz wir mit rehtem leben unde mit fridlichem leben daz himelrich verdienen mu3gen4 ,wan daz was niht vor gotes geburt1 swie wol der mensche taet in aller der werelde1 so mohte er doch ze dem himelrich niht komen4 ,got geschuof des ersten himel unde erden1 dar nach den menschen unde sazte in in daz paradys4 ,der zebrach die gehorsam uns allen ze schaden2 dar umbe gienge wir irre sam diu hirtelosen schaf1 daz wir in daz himelrich niht mohten1 unz an die zit1 daz uns got den wec dar wiste mit siner marter1 unde dar umbe solde wir got immer loben unde eren von allem unserm herzen unde von aller unserre sele unde von aller unserre maht1 daz wir nu so wol ze den ewigen freuden kaemen1 ob wir wolden2 daz hie vor manigen heiligen patriarken unde propheten tiure was4 ,diu genade unde diu saelikeit ist uns kristen liuten nu widervaren1 daz wir nu wol daz himelrich mugen verdienen4 ,unde swer des niht entuot unde diu gebot unsers herren zebrichet1 daz richet er billichen an im4 ,,von ,,vr,i,,en ,,liuten4 ,wir zelen drier hande vrien4 ,der heizent eine sempervrien3#e daz sint die vrien herren1 als fu3rsten unde die ander frien ze man hant4 ,so heizent die andern miter#f vrien3 daz sint die1 die der hohen vrien man sint4 ,die driten vrien daz sint die vrien lantsaezen1 die geburen1 die da vri sint4 ,der hat ieglicher sin sunder reht1 als wir her nach wol bescheiden4 ,,von ,,tiutscher ,,liute ,e,,ren4 ,die tiutschen kiesent den ku3nic3 daz erwarb in der ku3nic ,karl4 ,swenne er gewihet wirt unt uf den stuol ze ,ache gesetzet wirt mit der willen1 die in erwelt hant1 so hat er ku3niclichen gewalt unde namen4--,den ku3nic kiuset man ze rihter umbe eigen unde umbe lehen unde u3ber iegliches menschen lip unde umbe allez1 daz vu3r in ze klagen kumet4 ,der keiser mac in allen landen niht gesin1 unde mac allez ungerihte niht verrihten4 ,da von lihet er den fu3rsten unde andern herren wereltlich gerihte4 ,an die vierten hant mac dehein gerihte nimmer komen mit rehte1 da man umbe menschenbluot rihten sol ode umbe alle vrevel4 ,,iii ,,hartman ,,von ,,ouwe4 ,he was born somewhere between #aafj-aagj1 in the neighbourhood of ,rottenburg in ,swabia1 and died about #abbj4 ,the following extract is taken from ,paul's edition3 ,der ,arme ,heinrich1 ,halle1 #ahhb4 ,ein ritter so geleret was daz er an den buochen las swaz er dar an geschriben vant4 der was ,hartman genant1 dienstman was er ze ,ouwe4 #e er nam im mange schouwe an mislichen buochen3 dar an begunde er suochen ob er iht des funde da mite er swaere stunde #aj mo3hte senfter machen1 und von so gewanten sachen daz gotes eren to3hte und da mite er sich mo3hte gelieben den liuten4 #ae nu beginnet er in diuten ein rede die er geschriben vant4 dar umbe hat er sich genant1 daz er siner arbeit die er dar an hat geleit #bj iht ane lon belibe1 und swer nach sinem libe si hoere sagen oder lese1 daz er im bittende wese der sele heiles hin ze gote4 #be man seit1 er si sin selbes bote unde erloese sich da mite1 swer u3ber des andern schulde bite4 ,er las ditze maere1 wie ein herre waere #cj ze ,swaben gesezzen3 an dem enwas vergezzen deheiner der tugende die ein ritter in siner jugende ze vollem lobe haben sol4 #ce man sprach do niemen also wol in allen den landen4 er hete ze sinen handen geburt und dar zuo richeit3 ouch was sin tugent vil breit4 #dj swie ganz sin habe waere1 sin geburt unwandelbaere und wol den fu3rsten gelich1 doch was er unnach also rich der gebu3rte und des guotes #de so der eren und des muotes4 ,sin name der was erkennelich1 und hiez der herre ,heinrich1 und was von ,ouwe geborn4 sin herze hate versworn #ej valsch und alle to3rperheit1 und behielt ouch vaste den eit staete unz an sin ende4 an alle missewende stuont si ere und sin leben4 #ee im was der rehte wunsch gegeben ze werltlichen eren3 die kunde er wol gemeren mit aller hande reiner tugent4 er was ein bluome der jugent1 #fj der werlte fro3ude ein spiegelglas4 staeter triuwe ein adamas1 ein ganziu krone der zuht4 er was der nothaften fluht1 ein schilt siner mage1 #fe der milte ein glichiu wage3 im enwart u3ber noch gebrast4 er truoc den arbeitsamen last der eren u3ber ru3cke4 er was des rates bru3cke1 #gj und sanc vil wol von minnen4 alsus kund er gewinnen der werlte lop unde pris4 er was hu3besch und dar zuo wis4 ,do der herre ,heinrich #ge also geniete sich eren unde guotes und froeliches muotes und werltlicher wu3nne 7er was fu3r al sin ku3nne #hj gepriset unde geeret71 sin hoher muot wart verkeret in ein leben gar geneiget4 an im wart erzeiget1 also ouch an ,absolone1 #he daz diu u3ppige krone werltlicher su3eze vellet under fu3eze ab ir besten werdekeit1 als uns diu schrift hat geseit4 #ij ez spricht an einer stete da1 'media vita in morte sumus'3 daz bediutet sich alsus1 daz wir in dem tode sweben #ie so wir aller beste waenen leben4 ,dirre werlte veste1 ir staete1 unde ir beste unde ir groeste magenkraft1 diu stat ane meisterschaft4 #ajj des muge wir an der kerzen sehen ein warez bilde geschehen1 daz si zeiner aschen wirt enmitten do si lieht birt4 wir sin von broeden sachen4 #aje nu sehent wie unser lachen mit weinen erlischet4 unser su3eze ist vermischet mit bitterre gallen4 unser bluome der muoz vallen #aaj so er allergru3enest waenet sin4 an hern ,heinriche wart wol schin1 der in dem hoehsten werde lebet uf dirre erde1 derst der versmaehete vor gote4 #aae er viel von sime gebote ab siner besten werdekeit in ein versmaehelichez leit3 in ergreif diu miselsuht4 do man die swaeren gotes zuht #abj gesach an sinem libe1 manne unde wibe wart er do widerzaeme4 nu sehent wie genaeme er e der werlte waere1 #abe und wart nu alse unmaere daz in niemen gerne an sach3 alse ouch ,jobe geschach1 dem edeln und dem richen1 der ouch vil jaemerlichen #acj dem miste wart ze teile mitten in sime heile4 ,und do der arme ,heinrich alrest verstuont sich daz er der werlte widerstuont1 #ace als alle sine gelichen tuont1 do schiet in sin bitter leit von ,jobes gedultikeit4 wan ez leit ,job der guote mit gedultigem muote1 #adj do ez ime ze lidenne geschach1 durch der sele gemach4 den siechtuom und die smacheit die er von der werlte leit1 des lobet er got und fro3ute sich4 #ade do tet der arme ,heinrich leider niender also3 wan er was trurec unde unfro4 sin swebendez herze daz verswanc1 sin swimmendiu fro3ude ertranc1 #aej sin hochvart muoste vallen1 sin honic wart ze gallen1 ein swinde vinster donreslac zerbrach im sinen mitten tac1 ein tru3ebez wolken unde dic #aee bedaht' im siner sunnen blic4 er sente sich vil sere daz er so manege ere hinder im mu3este lazen4 verfluochet und verwazen #afj wart vil ofte der tac da sin geburt ane lac4 ,ein wenic fro3uwet er sich doch von eime troste dannoch3 wan im wart dicke geseit #afe daz disiu selbe siecheit waere vil mislich und etelichiu gnislich4 des wart vil maneger slahte sin gedinge und sin ahte4 #agj er gedahte daz er waere vil lihte genisbaere1 und fuor also drate nach der arzate rate gegen ,munpasiliere4 #age da vant er vil schiere niht wan den untrost daz er niemer wu3rde erlost4 ,daz horte er vil ungerne1 und fuor gegen ,salerne #ahj und suochte ouch da durch genist der wisen arzate list4 den besten meister er da vant4 der seite ime zehant ein seltsaene maere1 #ahe daz er genislich waere und waere doch iemer ungenesen4 do sprach er 'wie mac daz wesen8 diu rede ist harte unmu3gelich4 bin ich gnislich1 so genise ich3 #aij und swaz mir fu3r wirt geleit von guote oder von arbeit1 daz truwe ich vollebringen4' 'nu lat daz gedingen' sprach der meister aber do3 #aie 'iuwe4rre su3hte ist also 7waz frumet daz ichz iu kunt tuo873 da hoeret arzenie zuo3 des waeret ir genislich4 nu enist ab nieman so rich #bjj noch von so starken sinnen der si mu3ge gewinnen4 des sint ir iemer ungenesen1 got enwelle4 der arzat wesen4' ,do sprach der arme ,heinrich #bje 'war umbe untroestent ir mich8 ja han ich guotes wol die kraft3 ir enwellent iuwer meisterschaft und iuwer reht ouch brechen und dar zuo versprechen #baj beidiu min silber und min golt1 ich mache iuch mir also holt daz ir mich harte gerne ernert4' 'mir waere4 der wille unrewert' sprach der meister aber do3 #bae 'und waere4 der arzenie also daz man si veile funde oder daz man si kunde mit deheinen dinge4n erwerben1 ich enlieze iuch niht verderben4 #bbj nu enmac des leider niht sin3 da von muoz iu diu helfe min durch alle not sin versaget4 ir mu3esent haben eine maget diu vollen erbaere #bbe und ouch des willen waere daz si den tot durch iuch lite4 nu enist ez niht der liute site daz ez iemen gerne tuo4 so hoert ouch anders niht dar zuo #bcj niwan der megede herzen bluot3 daz waere4 fu3r iuwer suht guot4' ,nu erkante4 der arme ,heinrich daz daz waere unmu3gelich daz iemen den erwu3rbe #bce der gerne fu3r in stu3rbe4 alsus was im der trost benomen uf den er dar was komen1 und dar nach fu3r die selben frist hat er ze siner genist #bdj dehein gedinge mere4 des wart sin herzesere also kreftic unde groz daz in des aller meist verdroz1 ob er langer solte leben4 #bde nu fuor er heim und begunde geben sin erbe und ouch sin varnde guot1 als in do sin selbes muot und wiser rat lerte1 da erz aller beste4 bekerte4 #bej er begunde4 bescheidenlichen sin armen friunde richen und troste ouch fro3mde armen1 daz sich got erbarmen geruochte u3ber der sele heil3 #bee gotes hiusern viel daz ander teil4 alsus so tet er sich abe bescheidenlichen siner habe unz an ein geriute3 dar floch er die liute4 #bfj disiu jaemerliche4 geschiht diu was sin eines klage niht3 in klageten elliu diu lant da er inne was erkant1 und ouch von vro3mden landen #bfe die in nach sage erkanden4 ,der e ditz geriute und der ez dannoch biute1 daz was ein frier buman der vil selten ie gewan #bgj dehein groz ungemach1 daz ande4rn geburen doch geschach1 die wirs geherret waren1 und si die niht verbaren beidiu mit stiure und mit bete4 #bge swaz dirre4 gebure gerne tete1 des duhte sinen herren gnuoc3 dar zuo er in u3bertruoc daz er dehein arbeit von fro3mdem gewalte leit4 #bhj des was deheiner sin gelich in dem lande also rich4 zuo deme zoch sich sin herre41 der arme ,heinrich4 swaz er in het e gespart1 #bhe wie wol daz nu gedienet wart und wie schone er sin genoz6 wan in vil lu3tzel des verdroz swaz im geschach durch in4 er hete die triuwe und ouch den sin #bij daz er vil willecliche leit den kumber und die arbeit diu ime ze lidenne geschach4 er schuof ime rich gemach4 ,got hete dem meiger gegeben #bie nach siner ahte ein reinez leben4 er hete ein wol erbeiten lip und ein wol werbendez wip1 dar zuo het er schoeniu kint1 diu gar des mannes fro3ude sint1 #cjj unde hete1 so man saget1 unde4r den kinden eine maget1 ein kint von ahte jaren3 daz kunde wol gebaren so rehte gu3etlichen3 #cje si wolte nie entwichen von ir herren einen fuoz3 umb sine hulde und sinen gruoz so diente si ime alle wege mit ir gu3etlichen pflege4 #caj si was ouch so genaeme daz si wol gezaeme ze kinde deme riche an ir waetliche4 ,die andern heten den sin #cae daz si ze rehter maze in wol gemiden kunden3 so floch si zallen stunden zuo ime und niender anders war4 si was sin kurzewile gar4 #cbj si hete gar ir gemu3ete mit reiner kindes gu3ete an ir herren gewant1 daz man si zallen ziten vant unde4r ir herren fuoze4 #cbe mit su3ezer unmuoze wonte si ir herren bi4 dar zuo so liebte er ouch si swa mite so er mohte1 und daz der meide tohte #ccj zuo ir kintlichen spil1 des gab der herre ir vil4 ouch half in sere daz diu kint so lihte ze gewenenne sint4 er gewan ir swaz er veile vant1 #cce spiegel unde harbant1 gu3rtel unde vingerlin und swaz kinden liep solte sin4 mit dienste brahte er s' uf die vart daz si im also heimlich wart #cdj daz er si sin gemahele hiez4 diu guote maget in liez beliben selten eine3 er duhte si vil reine4 swie starke ir daz geriete #cde diu kindische miete1 iedoch geliebte irz aller meist von gotes gebe ein su3ezer geist4 ,ir dienst war so gu3etlich4 do do der arme ,heinrich #cej driu jar da getwelte unde im got gequelte mit grozem jamer den lip1 nu saz der meier und sin wip unde ir tohter1 diu maget #cee von der ich iu e han gesaget1 bi im in ir unmu3ezekeit und begunden klagen ir herren leit4 diu klage tet in michel not3 wan si vorhten daz sin tot #cfj si sere solte letzen und vil gar entsetzen eren unde guotes und daz herters muotes wu3rde ein ander herre4 #cfe si gedahten also verre unz dirre selbe buman alsus fragen began4 ,er sprach 'lieber herre min1 mo3ht ez mit iuwern hulden sin1 #cgj ich fragte vil gerne1 so vil ze ,salerne von arzenien meister ist1 wie kumet daz ir deheines list ze iuwerme ungesunde #cge niht geraten kunde8 herre1 des wundert mich4' do holte4 der arme ,heinrich tiefen suft von herzen mit bitterlichem smerzen3 #chj mit solher riuwe er do sprach daz ime der suft daz wort zerbrach4 ',ich han disen schemelichen spot vil wol gedienet umbe got4 wan du saehe wol hie vor #che daz hoh offen stuont min tor nach werltlicher wu3nne und daz niemen in sinem ku3nne sinen willen baz hete dan ich3 und was daz doch unmu3gelich1 #cij wan ich enhete niht gar4 do nam ich sin vil kleine war der mir daz selbe wunschleben von sinen gnaden hete gegeben4 daz herze mir do also stuont #cie als alle werlttoren tuont1 den daz saget ir muot daz si ere unde guot ane got mu3gen han4 sus troug ouch mich min tumber wan1 #djj wan ich in lu3tzel ane sach von des genaden mir geschach vil eren unde guotes4 do do des hohen muotes den hohen portenaere4 bedroz1 #dje die saelden porte er mir besloz4 dane kum ich leider niemer in3 daz verworhte mir min tumber sin4 got hat durch rache an mich geleit ein sus gewante siecheit #daj die niemen mag erloesen1 nu versmaehent mich die boesen1 die biderben ruochent min niht4 swie boese er ist der mich gesiht1 des boeser muoz ich dannoch sin4 #dae sin unwert tuot er mir schin3 er wirfe4t diu ougen abe mir4 nu schinet erste an dir din triuwe die du hast1 daz du mich siechen bi dir last #dbj und von mir niht enfliuhest4 swie du mich niht enschiuhest1 swie ich niemen liep si danne dir1 swie vil dins heiles ste an mir1 du vertru3egest doch wol minen tot4 #dbe nu wes unwert und wes not wart ie zer werlte merre8 hie vor was ich din herre und bin din du3rftige nu4 min lieber friunt1 nu koufest du #dcj und min gemahele und din wip an mir den ewigen lip daz du mich siechen bi dir last4 des du mich gefraget hast1 daz sage ich dir vil gerne4 #dce ichn kunde ze ,salerne einen meister niender vinden der sich min underwinden geto3rste oder wolte4 wan da mite ich solte #ddj miner su3hte genesen1 daz mu3este ein solhiu sache wesen die in der werlte nieman mit nihte gewinnen kan4 mir wart niht anders da gesaget #dde wan ich mu3este haben eine maget diu vollen manbaere und ouch des willen waere daz si den tot durch mich lite und man si zuo dem herzen snite1 #dej und mir waere4 niht anders guot wan von ir herzen daz bluot4 nu ist genuoc unmu3gelich daz ir deheiniu durch mich gerne lide den tot4 #dee des muoz1 ich schemeliche not tragen unz an min ende4 daz mirz got schiere sende6' ,daz er dem vater hete gesagt1 daz erhorte ouch diu reine magt3 #dfj wan ez hete diu vil su3eze ir lieben herren fu3eze stande in ir schozen1 man mo3hte wol genozen ir kintlich gemu3ete #dfe hin ze der engel gu3ete4 siner rede nam si war unde marhte si ouch gar3 si enkam von ir herzen nie unz man des nahtes slafen gie4 #dgj do si zir vater fu3ezen lac und ouch ir muoter1 so si pflac1 und si beide entsliefen1 manegen suft tiefen holte si von herzen4 #dge umbe ir herren smerzen wart ir riuwe also groz daz ir ougen regen begoz der slafenden fu3eze1 sus erwahte si diu su3eze4 #dhj ,do si der trehene enpfunden1 si erwachten und begunden si fragen waz ir waere und welher hande swaere si also stille mo3hte klagen4 #dhe nu enwolte si es in niht sagen1 wan daz ir vater aber tete vil manege dro unde bete daz si ez ime wolte sagen4 si sprach 'ir mo3htent mit mir klagen4 #dij waz mo3hte uns me gewerren danne umb unsern herren1 daz wir den suln verliesen und mit ime verkiesen beide guot und ere8 #die wir gewinnen niemer mere deheinen herren also guot der uns tuo daz er uns tuot4' ,si sprachen 'tohter1 du hast war4 nu frumet uns leider niht ein har #ejj unser riuwe und din klage3 liebez kint1 da von gedage4 ez ist uns also leit so dir4 leider nu enmuge wir ime ze keinen staten komen4 #eje got der hat in uns benomen3 het ez iemen anders getan1 der mu3ese unsern fluoch han4' ,alsus gesweige4ten si si do4 die naht beleip si unfro #eaj und morne allen den tac4 swes iemen anders pflac1 diz enkam von ir herzen nie unz man des andern nahtes gie slafen nach gewonheit4 #eae do si sich hete geleit an ir alte bettestat1 si bereite aber ein bat mit weinenden ougen3 wan si truoc tougen #ebj nahe in ir gemu3ete die aller meisten gu3ete die ich von kinde ie vernam4 welch kint getete ouch ie alsam8 des einen si sich gar verwac1 #ebe gelebete4 si morne den tac1 daz si benamen ir leben umbe ir herren wolte geben4 ,von dem gedanke wart si do vil ringes muotes unde fro1 #ecj und hete deheine sorge me1 wan ein vorhte4 diu tete ir we1 so siz ir herren sagte1 daz er dar an verzagte1 und swenne siz in allen drin #ece getaete kunt1 daz si an in der gehenge niht enfunde daz mans ir iht gunde4 ,des wart so groz ir ungehabe daz ir muoter dar abe #edj unde ir vater wart erwaht als ouch an der vordern naht4 si rihten sich uf zuo ir und sprachen 'sich1 waz wirret dir8 du bist vil alwaere #ede daz du dich so manege swaere von solher klage hast an genomen der niemen mac zeim ende komen4 war umbe4 lastu uns niht slafen8' sus begunden si si strafen4 #eej waz ir diu klage to3hte1 die niemen doch enmo3hte verenden noch gebu3ezen8 sus wanden si die su3ezen gesweigen an der selben stunt3 #eee do was ir wille in vil unkunt4 ,sus antwurte in diu maget4 'als uns min herre hat gesaget1 so mac man in vil wol ernern4 zeware1 ir welt mirz danne wern1 #efj so bin ich ze der arzenie guot4 ich bin ein maget und han den muot1 e ich in sihe verderben1 ich wil e fu3r in sterben4' ,von dirre rede wurden do #efe truric unde unfro beide muoter unde vater4 sine tohter die bat er daz si die rede lieze und ir herren gehieze #egj daz si geleisten mo3hte1 wand ir diz niht ento3hte4 ,er sprach 'tohter1 du bist ein kint und dine triuwe die sint ze groz an disen dingen4 #ege du enmaht es niht fu3r bringen als du uns hie hast verjehen4 du hast des todes niht gesehen4 swenn ez dir kumet uf die frist daz des dehein rat ist1 #ehj du enmu3ezest sterben1 und mo3htest duz erwerben1 du lebetest gerner dannoch3 wan dun kaeme nie in leider loch4 da von tuo zuo dinen munt3 #ehe und wirstu fu3r dise stunt der rede iemer mere lut1 ez gat dir uf dine hut4' ,alsus so wande er si do bediu mit bete und mit dro #eij gesweigen3 do enmohter4 sus antwurt ime sin tohter4 ',vater min1 swie tump ich si1 mir wonet iedoch diu witze bi daz ich von sage wol die not #eie erkenne daz des libes tot ist starc unde strenge4 swer ouch danne4 die lenge mit arbeiten leben sol1 dem ist iedoch niht ze wol4 #fjj wan swenne er hie geringet und uf sin alter bringet den lip mit michelre not1 so muoz er liden doch den tot4 ist ime diu sele danne4 verlorn1 #fje so waere er bezzer ungeborn4 ez ist mir komen uf daz zil1 des ich got iemer loben wil1 daz ich den jungen lip mac geben umbe4 daz ewige leben4 #faj nu sult ir mirz niht leiden4 ich wil mir unde iu beiden vil harte wol mite varn4 ich mag iuch eine wol bewarn vor schaden und vor leide1 #fae als ich iu nu bescheide4 ir hant ere unde guot3 daz meinet mines herren muot2 wan er iu leit nie gesprach und ouch daz guot nie abe gebrach4 #fbj die wile daz er leben sol so stet iuwer sache wol3 und laze wir den sterben1 so mu3ezen wir verderben4 den wil ich uns fristen #fbe mit also schoenen listen da mite wir alle sin genesen4 nu gunnet mirs1 wan ez muoz wesen4' ,diu muoter weinende sprach1 do si der tohter ernst ersach1 #fcj 'gedenke1 tohter1 liebez kint1 wie groz die arbeite sint die ich durch dich erliten han1 und la mich bezzern lon enpfan dan ich dich hoere sprechen4 #fce du wilt min herze brechen4 senfte mir der rede ein teil4 ja wiltu allez din heil an uns verwu3rken wider got4 wan gedenkest du an sin gebot8 #fdj ja gebot er unde bat er daz man muoter unde vater minne und ere biete1 und geheizet daz ze miete daz der sele rat werde #fde und lanclip uf der erde4 du gihst1 du wellest din leben umb unser beider fro3ude geben3 du wilt uns beiden daz leben vaste leiden4 #fej daz din vater unde ich gerne leben1 daz ist durch dich4 waz solte uns lip unde guot1 a waz solte uns werltlich muot1 b swenne wir din enbaeren8 c dune 4 4 4 4 4 4 d ja soltu1 liebiu tohter min1 unser beider fro3ude sin1 gar unsers libes wu3nne1 #fee ein bluome in dime ku3nne1 unsers alters ein stap4 und lastu uns u3ber din grap gesten von dinen schulden1 du muost von gotes hulden #ffj iemer sin gescheiden3 daz koufest an uns beiden4' 'wiltu uns tohter wesen guot1 a so soltu rede und den muot b durch unsers herren hulde lan1 c die ich von dir vernomen han4' d ,si sprach 'muoter1 ich getruwe dir und minem vater her ze mir aller der genaden wol #ffe der vater unde muoter sol leisten ir kinde1 als ich ez wol bevinde an iu allertegelich4 von iuwern gnaden han ich #fgj die sele und einen schoenen lip4 mich lobet man unde wip1 und alle die mich sehende sint1 ich si daz schoeneste kint daz si zir lebene haben gesehen4 #fge wem soll ich der genaden jehen niuwan iu zwein nach gote8 des sol ich ze iuwerm gebote iemer vil gerne stan3 wie michel reht ich des han6 #fhj muoter1 saeligez wip1 sit ich nu sele unde lip von iuwern genaden han1 so lantz an iuwern hulden stan daz ich ouch die beide #fhe von dem tiuvel scheide und mich gote mu3eze geben4 ja ist dirre werlte leben niuwan der sele verlust4 ouch hat mich werltlich gelust #fij unz her noch niht beru3eret1 der hin zer helle fu3eret4 nu wil ich gote genade sagen daz er in minen jungen tagen mir die sinne hat gegeben #fie daz ich uf diz broede leben ahte harte kleine4 ich wil mich alsus reine antwu3rte4n in gotes gewalt4 ich fu3rhte1 solt ich werden alt1 #gjj daz mich der werlte su3eze zuhte under fu3eze1 als si vil manegen hat gezogen den ouch ir su3eze hat betrogen3 so wu3rde ich lihte gote entsaget4 #gje gote mu3eze ez sin geklaget daz ich unz morne leben sol3 mir behaget diu werlt niht so wol4 ir meiste liep ist herzeleit 7daz si iu fu3r war geseit71 #gaj ir su3ezer lon ein bitter not1 ir lancleben ein gaeher tot4 wir han niht gewisses me wan hiute wol und morne we und ie ze jungest der tot4 #gae daz ist ein jaemerlichiu not4 ez enschirmet geburt noch guot1 schoene1 sterke1 hoher muot1 ez enfrumt tugent noch ere fu3r den tot niht mere #gbj dann ungeburt und untugent4 unser leben und unser jugent ist ein nebel unde ein stoup1 unser staete bibent als ein loup4 er ist ein vil verschaffen gouch #gbe der gerne in sich vazzt den rouch1 ez si wip oder man1 der diz niht wol bedenken kan und ouch der werlt nach volgende ist4 wan uns ist u3ber den fulen mist #gcj der pfeller hie gespreitet3 swen nu der blic verleitet1 der ist zuo der helle4 geborn unde enhat niht me verlorn wan beidiu sele unde lip4 #gce nu gedenkent1 saeligez wip1 mu3eterlicher triuwe und senftent iuwer riuwe die ir da habent umbe mich3 so bedenket ouch der vater sich4 #gdj ich weiz wol daz er mir heiles gan4 er ist ein also biderber man daz er erkennet wol daz ir unlange doch mit mir iuwer fro3ude mu3gent han1 #gde ob ich joch lebende bestan4 belibe ich ane man bi iu zwei jar oder driu1 so ist min herre lihte tot1 und kument in so groze not #gej vil lihte von armuot daz ir mir alsolhez guot zeinem man niht mugent geben1 ich enmu3eze alse swache leben daz ich iu lieber waere tot4 #gee nu verswige4 wir aber der not1 daz uns niht enwerre und uns min lieber herre were und also lange lebe unz daz man mich zeim manne gebe #gfj der riche si unde wert3 so ist geschehen des ir da gert und waenent mir si wol geschehen4 anders hat mir min muot verjehen4 wirt er mir liep1 daz ist ein not3 #gfe wirt er mir leit1 daz ist der tot4 wan so han ich iemer leit und bin mit ganzer arbeit gescheiden von gemache mit maneger hande sache #ggj diu den wiben wirret und si ze fro3uden irret4 nu setzt mich in den vollen rat der da niemer zergat4 min gert ein frier buman #gge dem ich wol mines libes gan4 zware1 dem sult ir mich geben1 so ist geschaffet wol min leben4 im get sin pfluoc harte wol1 sin hof ist alles rates vol1 #ghj da enstirbet ros noch daz rint1 da enmu3ent diu weinenden kint1 da enist ze heiz noch ze kalt1 da wirt von jaren niemen alt1 der alte wirt junger1 #ghe da enist frost noch hunger1 da enist deheiner slahte leit1 da ist ganziu fro3ude an arbeit4 ze dem wil ich mich ziehen und solhen bu fliehen #gij den daz fiur und der hagel sleht und der wac abe tweht1 mit dem man ringet unde ie ranc4 swaz man daz jar alse lanc dar uf gearbeiten mac1 #gie daz verliuset schiere ein halber tac4 den bu den wil ich lazen3 er si von mir verwazen4 ir minnent mich3 deist billich4 nu sihe ich gerne daz mich #hjj iuwer minne iht unminne4 ob ir iuch rehter sinne an mir verstan kunnent und ob ir mir gunnent beide guotes unde eren1 #hje so lazet mich keren ze unserm herren ,jesu ,krist1 des gnade also staete ist daz si niemer zergat1 unde ouch zuo mir armen hat #haj also groze minne als zeiner ku3niginne4 ich sol von minen schulden uz iuwern hulden niemer komen1 wil ez got4 #hae ez ist gewisse sin gebot daz ich iu si undertan1 wan ich den lip von iu han3 daz leist ich ane riuwe4 ouch sol ich mane triuwe #hbj an mir selber niht brechen4 ich horte ie daz sprechen1 swer den andern fro3uwet so daz er selbe wirt unfro1 und swer den andern kroenet #hbe und sich selben hoenet1 der triuwen si ze vil4 wie gerne ich iu des volgen wil daz ich iu triuwe leiste1 mir selber doch die meiste4 #hcj welt ir mir wenden min heil1 so laz ich iuch ein teil e nach mir geweinen1 ich enwelle mir erscheinen wes ich mir selber schuldic bin4 #hce ich wil iemer da hin da ich volle fro3ude vinde4 ir hant doch me kinde3 diu lant iuwer fro3ude sin und getroestent ir iuch min4 #hdj wan mir mac daz nieman erwern1 zware1 ich enwelle ernern minen herren unde mich4 muoter1 ja horte ich dich klagen unde sprechen e1 #hde ez taete dime herzen we1 soltest du ob mime grabe stan4 des wirst du harte wol erlan3 du stast ob mime grabe niht4 wan da der tot geschiht1 #hej daz enlat dich niemen sehen3 ez sol ze ,salerne geschehen4 da sol uns viere der tot a loese4en von aller slahte not4 b des todes des genese wir1 und ich doch verre baz dan ir4' ,do si daz kint do sahen #hee ze dem tode so gahen1 und ez so wislichen sprach unde menschlich reht zerbrach1 si begunden ahten under in daz die wisheit und den sin #hfj niemer erzeigen kunde dehein zunge in kindes munde4 si jahen daz der heiliggeist der rede waere ir volleist1 der ouch sante ,niklauses pflac #hfe do er in der wagen lac und in die wisheit lerte daz er ze gote kerte sine kintliche gu3ete3 und bedahte4n sich in ir gemu3ete #hgj daz si niht enwolden si wenden noch ensolden des si sich hete an genomen3 der wille4 si ir von gote komen4 von jame4r erkalte in der lip1 #hge do der meiger und sin wip an dem bette sazen und vil gar vergazen durch des kindes minne der zungen und der sinne #hhj sa ze der selben stunde4 ir enwederz enkunde einic wort gesprechen4 daz gegihte4 begunde brechen die muoter von leide4 #hhe sus gesazen si beide riuwic unde unfro unz si sich bedahten do waz in ir truren to3hte3 so man ir doch niht enmo3hte #hij benemen ir willen unde ir muot1 so enwaere in niht also guot so daz si irs wol gunden1 wan si doch niht enkunden ir niemer werden ane baz2 #hie enpfiengen si der rede haz1 ez mo3hte in umbe ir herren vil harte wol gewerren1 und verviengen anders niht da mite4 mit vil willeclichem site #ijj sprachen si beide do daz si der rede waeren fro4 ,des fro3ute sich diu reine maget4 do ez vil kume was getaget do gie si da ir herre slief4 #ije sin trutgemahele ime rief1 si sprach 'herre1 slafent ir8' 'nein ich1 gemahele1 sage mir1 wie bistu hiute also fruo8' 'herre41 da twinget mich derzuo #iaj der jamer iuwerr siecheit4' er sprach 'gemahele41 daz ist dir leit3 daz erzeigest du an mir wol1 als ez dir got vergelten sol4 nune mag es dehein rat sin4' #iae 'entriuwen1 lieber herre min1 iuwer wirt vil guot rat4 sit ez alsus umbe iuch stat daz man iu gehelfen mac1 ichn gesume iuch niemer tac4 #ibj herre1 ir hant uns doch gesaget1 ob ir hetent eine maget diu gerne4 den tot durch iuch lite1 da soltent ir genesen mite4 diu wil ich weizgot selbe sin3 #ibe iuwer leben ist nu3tzer dan daz min4' ,do gnade4te ir der herre des willen harte verre4 und ervolle4ten im diu ougen von jamer also tougen4 #icj er sprach 'gemahele41 ja ist der tot iedoch niht ein senftiu not1 als du dir lihte hast gedaht4 du hast mich des wol innen braht1 mo3htestu1 du hu3lfest mir4 #ice des genu3ege4t mich wol von dir4 ich erkenne dinen su3ezen muot3 din wille ist reine unde guot4 ichn sol ouch niht me von dir gern4 du maht mich des niht wol gewern #idj daz du da gesprochen hast4 die triuwe die du an mir begast1 die sol dir vergelten got4 ditz waere4 der lantliute spot1 swaz ich mich fu3r dise stunde #ide arzenien underwunde1 und mich doch niht vervienge wan als ez doch ergienge4 gemahele1 du tuost als diu kint diu da gaehes muotes sint3 #iej swaz den kumet in den muot1 ez si u3bel oder guot1 dar zuo ist in allen gach1 und geriuwe4t si sere dar nach4 gemahele1 also tuost ouch du4 #iee der rede ist dir ze muote nu3 der die von dir nemen wolte1 so manz danne enden solte1 so geriuwez dich vil lihte doch4' und daz si sich ein teil noch #ifj baz bedaehte des bat er4 er sprach 'din muoter und din vater die enmugen din niht wol enbern4 ich sol ouch niht ir leides gern die mir ie gnade taten4 #ife swaz si dir beide raten1 liebe4 gemahele1 daz tuo4' hie mite lachete er dar zuo1 wan er lu3tzel sich versach daz doch sider do geschach4 #igj ,sus sprach er zuo der guoter4 der vater und diu muoter sprachen 'lieber herre1 ir hant uns vil verre geliebet und geeret3 #ige daz enwaere4 niht wol bekeret1 wir engu3ltenz iu mit guote4 unser tohter ist ze muote daz si den tot durch iuch dol3 des gunne wir ir harte wol4 #ihj ez ist hiute4 der dritte tac daz si uns allez ane lac daz wir ir sin gunden3 nu hat siz an uns funden4 nu laze iuch got mit ir genesen3 #ihe wir wellen ir durch iuch entwesen4' ,do im sin gemahele do bot fu3r sinen siechtuom ir tot und man ir ernest ersach1 do wart do michel ungemach #iij und jaemerlich gebaerde4 manc mislichiu beswaerde huop sich do under in1 zwische4n dem herren unde in drin4 ir vater unde ir muoter die #iie erhuoben michel weinen hie3 des weinens tet in michel not umb ir vil lieben kindes tot4 nu begunde ouch der herre gedenken also verre #ajjj an des kindes triuwe1 und begreif in ein riuwe1 daz er sere weinen began1 und zwivelte vaste dran weder ez bezzer getan #ajje mo3hte sin oder verlan4 von vorhten weinte ouch diu maget3 si wande er waere dran verzaget4 sus warens alle unfro4 si gerten keines dankes do4 #ajaj ,ze jungest do bedahte sich ir herre41 der arme ,heinrich1 und begunde sagen in groze gnade allen drin der triuwen und des guotes #ajae 7diu maget wart riches muotes daz ers gevolge4te gerne71 und bereite4 sich ze ,salerne so er schiereste mohte4 swaz ouch der megede tohte1 #ajbj daz wart vil schiere bereit3 schoeniu pfert und richiu kleit1 diu si getruoc nie vor der zit3 hermin unde samit1 den besten zobel den man vant1 #ajbe daz was der megede gewarit4 ,nu wer mo3hte volgesagen die herzeriuwe und daz klagen1 der muoter grimmigez leit und ouch des vater arbeit8 #ajcj ez waere4 wol unde4r in beiden ein jaemerliichez scheiden1 do si ir liebez kint von in gefrumten so gesundez hin niemer me ze sehenne in den tot1 #ajce wan daz in senftet ir not diu reine gotes gu3ete1 von der doch daz gemu3ete ouch dem jungen kinde quam daz ez den tot gerne nam4 #ajdj ez was ane ir rat komen3 da von wart von ir herze4n genomen alliu klage und swaere1 wan ez anders wunder waere daz in ir herze niht zerbrach4 #ajde ze liebe wart ir ungemach1 daz si dar nach deheine not liten umbe ir kindes tot4 ,,iv ,,walther ,,von ,,der ,,vogelweide4 ,the exact dates of his birth and death are unknown4 ,his chief poems were written between the years #aahg and #abcj4 ,the best edition of his works is3 ,walther von der ,vogelweide1 herausgegeben und erkla3rt von ,w4 ,wilmanns1 ,halle1 #ahhc 7#bnd edit474 #a4 ,ir sult sprechen3 'willekomen6' der iu maere bringet1 daz bin ich4 ,allez daz ir habt vernomen1 daz ist gar ein wint3 nu fraget mich4 ,ich wil aber miete3 #e wirt min lon iht guot1 so sage ich iu vil lihte1 daz in sanfte tuot4 seht1 waz man mir eren biete4 ,ich wil tiuschen frouwen sagen solhiu maere1 daz si deste baz #aj ,al der werlte suln behagen3 ane groze miete tuon ich daz4 ,waz wold' ich ze lone8 si sint mir ze her2 so bin ich gefu3ege und bite si nihtes mer #ae wan daz si mich gru3ezen schone4 ,ich han lande vil gesehen unde nam der besten gerne war3 ,u3bel mu3eze mir geschehen1 ku3nde ich ie min herze bringen dar1 #bj ,daz im wol gevallen wolde fremeder site4 nu waz hu3lfe mich1 ob ich unrehte strite8 tiuschiu zuht gat vor in allen4 ,von der ,elbe unz an den ,rin #be und her wider unz an ,ungerlant ,mu3gen wol die besten sin1 die ich in der werlte han erkant4 ,kan ich rehte schouwen guot gelaz und lip1 #cj sam mir got1 so swu3ere ich wol1 daz hie diu wip bezzer sint danne ander frouwen4 ,tiusche man sint wol gezogen1 rehte als engel sint diu wip getan4 ,swer si schiltet1 derst betrogen3 #ce ich enkan sin anders niht verstan4 ,tugent und reine minne1 swer die suochen wil1 der sol komen in unser lant3 da ist wu3nne vil3 lange mu3eze ich leben dar inne6 #dj #b4 ,owe war sint verswunden _/ alliu miniu jar6 ist mir min leben getroumet _/ oder ist ez war8 daz ich ie wande1 daz _/ iht waere1 was daz iht8 dar nach han ich geslafen _/ und enweiz es niht4 #de ,nu bin ich erwachet1 _/ und ist mir unbekant1 daz mir hie vor was ku3ndic _/ als min ander hant4 liut unde lant1 da ich _/ von kinde bin erzogen1 die sint mir fremde worden1 _/ reht' als ez si gelogen3 ,die mine gespilen waren1 _/ die sint traege und alt2 #ej bereitet ist daz velt1 _/ verhouwen ist der walt3 wan daz daz wazzer fliuzet1 _/ als ez wilent floz1 fu3r war ich wande4 _/ min ungelu3cke wu3rde groz4 mich gru3ezet maneger trage1 _/ der mich bekande e wol4 diu werlt ist allenthalben _/ ungenaden vol4 #ee als ich gedenke an manegen _/ wu3nneclichen tac1 die sint mir enpfallen gar _/ als in daz mer ein slac1 iemer mere owe6 ,owe wie jaemerliche _/ junge liute tuont6 den vil unriuwecliche _/ ir gemu3ete stuont1 #fj die kunnen niuwan sorgen3 _/ owe wie tuont si so8 swar ich zer werlte kere1 _/ da ist nieman fro3 ,tanzen unde singen _/ zergat mit sorgen gar4 nie kristenman gesach _/ so jaemerlichiu jar4 nu merket1 wie den frouwen _/ ir gebende stat2 #fe die stolzen ritter tragent _/ do3rperliche wat4 ,uns sint unsenfte brieve _/ her von ,rome komen1 uns ist erloubet truren _/ und fro3ude gar benomen4 daz mu3et mich inneclichen _/ 7wir lebten e vil wol71 daz ich nu fu3r min lachen _/ weinen kiesen sol4 #gj diu wilden vogellin _/ betru3ebet unser klage3 waz wunders ist1 ob ich _/ da von vil gar verzage8 waz spriche ich tumber man _/ durch minen boesen zorn8 swer dirre wu3nne volget1 der _/ hat jene dort verlorn iemer mere1 owe6 #ge ,owe wie uns mit su3ezen _/ dingen ist vergeben6 ich sihe die gallen mitten _/ in dem honege sweben4 diu werlt ist uzen schoene1 _/ wiz1 gru3en' unde rot und innen swarzer varwe1 _/ vinster sam der tot4 ,swen si nu habe verleitet1 _/ der schouwe sinen trost3 #hj er wirt mit swacher buoze _/ grozer su3nde erlost4 dar an gedenket1 ritter6 _/ ez ist iuwer dinc2 ir traget die liehten helme _/ und manegen herten rinc1 ,dar zuo die vesten schilte _/ und diu gewihten swert4 wolte got1 waer ich _/ der sigenu3nfte wert1 #he so wolte ich notic man _/ verdienen richen solt4 joch meine ich niht die huoben _/ noch der herren golt3 ich wolte selbe krone _/ eweclichen tragen2 die mo3hte ein soldenaere _/ mit sime sper bejagen4 mo3ht ich die lieben reise _/ gevaren u3ber se1 #ij so wolte ich denne singen 'wol' _/ und niemer mere 'owe1' niemer mere 'owe6' #c4 ,do der sumer komen was und die bluomen durch daz gras wu3nnecliche ensprungen1 alda die vogele sungen1 #ie dar kom ich gegangen an einen anger langen1 da ein luter brunne entspranc2 vor dem walde was sin ganc1 da diu nahtegale sanc4 #ajj ,bi dem brunnen stuont ein boum1 da gesach ich einen troum4 ich was zuo dem brunnen gegangen von der sunnen1 daz diu linde maere #aje den ku3elen schaten baere4 bi dem brunnen ich gesaz3 miner swaere ich gar vergaz1 schiere entslief ich umbe daz4 ,do beduhte mich zehant1 #aaj wie mir dienten elliu lant1 wie min sele waere ze himel ane swaere und der lip hie solte gebaren swie er wolte4 #aae da enwas mir niht ze we4 got der waldes1 swie'z erge3 schoener troum enwart nie me4 ,gerne sliefe ich iemer da1 wan ein unsaeligiu kra1 #abj diu begonde schrien4 daz alle kra gedien alse ich in des gu3nne6 si nam mir michel wunne4 von ir schrienne ich erschrac3 #abe wan daz da niht steines lac1 so waer' ez ir suontac4 ,wan ein wunderaltez wip diu getroste mir den lip4 die begonde ich eiden4 #acj nu hat si mir bescheiden waz der troum bediute4 daz merken wise liute2 zwene und einer daz sint dri2 dannoch seite4 si mir da bi1 #ace daz min dume ein vinger si4 #d4 ,ich saz uf eime steine und dahte bein mit beine2 dar uf satzt ich den ellenbogen2 ich hete in mine hant gesmogen #adj daz kinne und ein min wange3 do dahte ich mir vil ange1 wie man zer werlte solte leben4 deheinen rat kond ich gegeben1 wie man driu dinc erwu3rbe1 #ade der keinez niht verdu3rbe4 diu zwei sint ere und varnde guot1 daz dicke einander schaden tuot2 daz dritte ist gotes hulde1 der zweier u3bergulde4 #aej die wolte ich gerne in einen schrin2 ja leider des enmac niht sin1 daz guot und werltlich ere und gotes hulde mere zesamene in ein herze komen4 #aee stig' unde wege sint in benomen3 untriuwe is in der saze1 gewalt vert uf der straze1 fride unde reht sint sere wunt4 diu driu enhabent geleites niht1 #afj diu zwei enwerden e gesunt4 #e4 ,ich horte ein wazzer diezen und sach die vische fliezen2 ich sach swaz in der werlte was1 velt unde walt1 loup ror und gras2 #afe swaz kriuchet unde fliuget und bein zer erden biuget1 daz sach ich unde sage iu daz3 der keinez lebet ane haz4 daz wilt und daz gewu3rme #agj die stritent starke stu3rme1 sam tuont die vogel under in2 wan daz sie habent einen sin3 sie diuhten sich ze nihte1 sie enschu3efen starc gerihte3 #age sie kiesent ku3nege unde reht1 sie setzent herren unde kneht4 so we dir1 tiuschiu zunge1 wie stet din ordenunge1 daz nu diu mucke ir ku3nic hat #ahj und daz din ere also zergat6 bekera dich1 bekere6 die zirken sint ze here1 die armen ku3nege dringent dich3 ,philippe setze en weisen uf und heiz sie treten hinder sich6 #f4 ,ich sach mit minen ougen man unde wibe tougen1 da ich gehorte und gesach swaz iemen tet1 swaz iemen sprach4 ze ,rome horte ich liegen #aij und zwene ku3nege triegen4 da von huop sich der meiste strit1 der e was oder iemer sit1 daz sich begonden zweien die pfaffen unde leien4 #aie daz was ein not vor aller not3 lip unde sele lac da tot1 die pfaffen striten sere3 doch wart der leien mere4 diu swert sie legeten dernider #bjj und griffen zuo der stole wider3 sie bienen die sie wolten und niuwet den sie solten4 do storte man diu goteshus4 ich horte verre in einer klus #bje vil michel ungebaere3 da weinde ein klosenaere1 er klagete gote siniu leit3 'owe1 der babest ist ze junc3 hilf1 herre1 diner ,kristenheit6' #g4 ,diu krone ist elter dan der ku3nec ,philippes si3 #baj da muget ir alle schouwen wol ein wunder bi1 wie s' ime der smit so ebene habe gemachet4 sin keiserlichez houbet zimt ir also wol1 daz sie ze rehte nieman guoter scheiden sol4 ir dwederez daz ander niht enswachet4 #bae sie liuhtent beide ein ander an1 daz edele gesteine wider den jungen man3 die ougenweide sehent die fu3rsten gerne4 swer nu des riches irre ge1 der schouwe1 wem der weise ob sime nacke ste3 #bbj der stein ist aller fu3rsten leitesterne4 #h4 ,mir ist verspart der saelden tor3 da sten ich als ein weise vor1 mich hilfet niht swaz ich dar an geklopfe4 wie mo3hte ein wunder groezer sin8 #bbe ez regent beidenthalben min1 daz mir des alles niht enwirt ein tropfe4 des fu3rsten milte uz ,osterriche freut dem su3ezen regen geliche beidiu liute und ouch daz lant4 #bcj er ist ein schoene wol gezieret heide1 dar abe man bluomen brichet wunder3 und braeche mir ein blat dar under diu sin vil milte richiu hant1 so mo3hte ich loben die su3ezen ougenweide4 #bce hie bi si er an mich gemant4 #i4 ,ich han min lehen1 al die werlt6 ich han min lehen6 nu enfu3rhte ich niht den hornunc an die zehen und wil alle boese herren deste minre vlehen4 der edel ku3nec1 der milte ku3nec hat mich beraten1 #bdj daz ich den sumer luft und in dem winter hitze han4 min' nahgeburen dunke ich verre baz getan3 sie sehent mich niht mer an in butzen wis1 also sie taten4 ich bin ze lange arm gewesen an' minen danc4 ich was so volle scheltens1 daz min atem stanc4 #bde daz hat der ku3nec gemachet reine und dar zuo minen sanc4 #aj4 ,owe hovelichez singen1 daz dich ungefu3ege doene solten ie ze hove verdringen6 daz sie schiere got gehoene6 #bej owe1 daz din wirde also geliget1 des sint alle dine friunde unfro4 daz muoz eht so sin1 nu si also3 fro ,unfuoge1 ir habt gesiget4 ,der uns freude wider braehte1 #bee diu reht und gefu3ege waere1 hei wie wol man des gedaehte1 swa man von im seite maere6 ez waer' ein vil hovelicher muot1 des ich iemer gerne wu3nschen sol4 #bfj frouwen unde herren zaeme ez wol3 owe daz ez nieman tuot6 ,die daz rehte singen stoerent1 der ist ungeliche mere danne die ez gerne hoerent4 #bfe des volg' ich der alten lere3 ich enwil niht werben ze der mu3l2 da der stein so riuschend' umbe gat und daz rat so manege4 unwise hat1 merket wer da harpfen su3l6 #bgj ,die so frevellichen schallent1 der muoz ich vor zorne lachen1 daz s' in selben wol gevallent mit als ungefu3egen sachen4 die tuont sam die fro3sche in eime se1 #bge den ir schrien also wol behaget1 daz diu nahtegal da von verzaget1 so si gerne sunge me4 ,der unfuoge swigen hieze1 waz man noch von freuden sunge1 #bhj und sie abe den bu3rgen stieze1 daz si da die fron iht twunge6 wurden ir die grozen ho3ve benomen1 daz waer' allez nach dem willen min3 bien geburen lieze ich sie wol sin1 #bhe dannen ist s' ouch here komen4 #aa4 ,der rife tet den kleinen vogelen we1 daz sie niht ensungen4 nu horte ich s'aber wu3nnecliche als e3 nu ist diu heide entsprungen4 #bij da sach ich bluomen striten wider den kle1 weder ir lenger waere4 miner frouwen seite ich disiu maere4 ,uns hat der winter kalt und ander not vil getan ze leide4 #bie ich wande1 daz ich iemer bluomen rot saehe an gru3ener heide4 joch schate ez guoten liuten1 waere ich tot1 die nach freuden rungen und ie gerne tanzten unde sprungen4 #cjj ,versumde ich disen wu3nneclichen tac1 so waer' ich verwazen und waere an freude ein angestlicher slac3 dennoch mu3ese ich lazen al mine freude1 der ich wilent pflac4 #cje got gesegen' iuch alle3 wu3nschet noch1 daz mir ein heil gevalle4 #ab4 ,wip muoz et iemer sin der wibe hohste name und tiuret baz dan frouwe1 als ich'z erkenne4 swa nu deheiniu si1 diu sich ir wipheit schame1 #caj diu merke disen sanc und kiese denne4 under frouwen sint unwip1 under wiben sint sie tiure3 wibes name und wibes lip die sint beide vil gehiure4 #cae swie'z umb' alle frouwen var1 wip sint alle frouwen gar4 zwivellop daz hoenet1 als under wilen frouwe3 wip dest ein name der s'alle kroenet4 #ac4 ,so die bluomen uz dem grase dringent1 #cbj same sie lachen gegen der spileden sunnen1 in einem meien an dem morgen fruo1 und diu kleinen vogellin wol singent in ir besten wise die sie kunnen1 waz wu3nne mac sich da genozen zuo8 #cbe ez ist wol halb ein himelriche4 suln wir sprechen1 waz sich deme geliche1 so sage ich1 waz mir dicke baz in minen ougen hat getan1 und taete ouch noch1 gesaehe ich daz4 #ccj ,swa ein edeliu schoene frouwe reine wol gekleidet unde wol gebunden durch kurzewile zuo vil liuten gat1 hovelichen hochgemuot1 niht eine1 umbe sehende4 ein wenic under stunden3 #cce alsam der sunne gegen den sternen stat3 der meie bringe uns al sin wunder1 waz ist da so wu3nnecliches under als ir vil minneclicher lip8 wir lazen alle bluomen stan1 #cdj und kapfen an daz werde wip4 ,nu wol dan1 welt ir die warheit schouwen1 gen wir zuo des meien hochgezite6 der ist mit aller siner krefte komen4 seht an in und seht an werde frouwen1 #cde wederez daz ander u3berstrite1 daz bezzer spil ob ich daz habe genomen4 owe der mich da welen hieze1 deich daz eine durch daz ander lieze1 wie rehte schiere ich danne ku3re6 #cej her ,meie1 ir mu3eset merze sin1 e ich mine frouwen da verlu3re4 #ad4 ,swie wol der heide ir manicvaltiu varwe stat1 so wil ich doch dem walde jehen1 daz er vil mere wu3nneclicher dinge hat4 #cee noch ist dem velde baz geschehen4 so wol dir1 sumer1 sus getaner emzekeit6 sumer1 daz ich iemer lobe dine tage1 min trost1 so troeste ouch mine klage3 ich sage dir1 waz mir wirret3 #cfj diu mir ist liep1 der bin ich leit4 ,ich mac der guoten niht vergezzen noch ensol1 diu mir so vil gedanke nimet4 die wile ich singe1 wil ich vinden iemer wol ein niuwe lop1 daz ir gezimet4 #cfe nu habe ir diz fu3r guot 7so lobe ich danne me73 ez tuot in den ougen wol1 daz man sie siht1 und daz man ir vil tugende giht1 daz tuot wol in den oren4 so wol ir des6 so we mir1 we6 #cgj #ae4 ,in einen zwivellichen wan was ich gesezzen und gedahte1 ich wolte von ir dienste gan1 wan daz ein trost mich wider brahte4 trost mag ez rehte niht geheizen1 ouwe des6 #cge ez ist vil kume ein kleinez troestelin1 so kleine1 swenne ich'z iu gesage1 ir spottet min2 doch fro3wet sich lu3tzel ieman1 er enwizze wes4 ,mich hat ein halm gemachet fro3 er giht1 ich su3le genade vinden4 #chj ich maz daz selbe kleine stro1 als ich hie vore sach von kinden4 nu hoeret unde merket1 ob si'z denne tuo3 'si tuot1 si entuot1 si tuot1 si entuot1 si tuot4' swie dicke ich'z tete1 so was ie daz ende guot4 #che daz troestet mich3 da hoeret ouch geloube zuo4 #af4 ,nieman kan beherten kindes zuht mit gerten3 den man z'eren bringen mac1 dem ist ein wort als ein slac4 #cij dem ist ein wort als ein slac1 den man z'eren bringen mac3 kindes zuht mit gerten nieman kan beherten4 ,hu3etet iuwer zungen1 #cie daz zimt wol den jungen2 stoz den rigel fu3r die tu3r1 la kein boese wort dar fu3r4 la kein boese wort dar fu3r1 stoz den rigel fu3r die tu3r3 #djj daz zimt wol den jungen1 hu3etet iuwer zungen4 ,hu3etet iuwer ougen offenbare und tougen3 lat sie guote site spehen #dje und die boesen u3bersehen2 und die boesen u3bersehen lat sie1 guote site spehen3 offenbare und tougen hu3etet iuwer ougen4 #daj ,hu3etet iuwer oren1 oder ir sit toren3 lat ir boesiu wort dar in1 daz guneret iu den sin4 daz guneret in den sin1 #dae lat ir boesiu wort dar in1 oder ir sit toren3 hu3etet iuwer oren4 ,hu3etet wol der drier leider alze frier3 #dbj zungen ougen oren sint dicke schalchaft1 z'eren blint4 dicke schalchaft1 z'eren blint zungen ougen oren sint3 leider alze frier #dbe hu3etet wol der drier4 #ag4 ,junc man1 in swelher aht du bist1 ich wil dich leren einen list3 du la dir niht ze we sin nach dem guote3 la dir'z ouch niht z'unmaere sin4 #dcj und volges du der lere min1 so wis gewis1 ez frumt dir an dem muote4 die rede wil ich dir baz bescheiden4 last du dir'z ze sere leiden1 zergat ez so ist din freude tot3 #dce wilt aber du daz guot ze sere minnen1 du maht verliesen sele und ere4 da von so volge miner lere3 leg' uf die wage ein rehtez lot und wig ouch dar mit allen dinen sinnen1 #ddj als ez diu maze eht ie gebot4 #ah4 ,die va3ter hant ir kint erzogen1 dar an sie beide sint betrogen3 sie brechent dicke ,salomones lere3 der sprichet1 swer den besmen spar1 #dde daz der den sun versume gar3 des sint die ungebatten gar an' ere4 hie vor do was diu werlt so schoene1 nu i4st sie worden also hoene4 des enwas niht wilent e3 #dej die jungen hant die alten so verdrungen4 nu spottet alse dar der alten6 ez wirt iu selben noch behalten4 beitet unz iuwer jugent zerge3 swaz ir nu tuot1 daz rechent iuwer jungen1 #dee daz weiz ich wol und weiz noch me4 #ai4 ,wer zieret nu der eren sal8 der jungen ritter zuht ist smal1 so pflegent die knehte gar unho3vescher dinge mit worten und mit werken ouch4 #dfj swer zu3hte hat1 der ist ir gouch4 nemt war1 wie gar unfuoge fu3r sich dringe6 hie vor do berte man die jungen1 die da pflagen frecher zungen2 nu ist ez ir werdekeit3 #dfe sie schallent unde scheltent reine frouwen4 we ir hiuten unde ir haren1 die niht kunnen fro gebaren sunder wibe herzeleit6 da mac man su3nde bi der schande schouwen1 #dgj die maneger uf sich selben leit4 #bj4 ,swer ane vorhte1 herre got1 wil sprechen diniu zehen gebot und brichet diu1 daz ist niht rehtiu minne4 dich heizet vater maneger vil3 #dge swer min ze bruoder niht enwil1 der sprichet starkiu wort uz krankem sinne4 wir wahsen uz gelichem dinge3 spise frumet uns1 diu wirt ringe1 so si durch den munt gevert4 #dhj wer kan den herren von dem knehte scheiden swa e4r ir gebeine blozez fu3nde1 und haete er ir joch lebender ku3nde1 so gewu3rme daz fleisch verzert8 im dienent kristen1 juden unde heiden1 #dhe der elliu lebendiu wunder nert4 #ba4 ,owe daz wisheit unde tugent1 des mannes schoene noch sin jugent niht erben sol1 so ie der lip erstirbet6 daz mac wol klagen ein wiser man1 #dij der sich des schaden versinnen kan4 ,reinmar1 waz guoter kunst an dir verdirbet6 du solt von schulden iemer des geniezen1 daz dich des tages wolte nie verdriezen1 du'n spraeches ie den frouwen wol und guoten wibes siten4 #die des suln sie iemer danken diner zungen4 und haetest niht wan eine rede gesungen3 'so wol dir1 wip1 wie reine ein nam6'1 du haetest an gestriten ir lobe1 daz elliu wip dir iemer gnaden solten biten4 #bb4 ,deswar1 ,reinmar1 du riuwes mich #ejj michels harter denne ich dich1 obe du lebtes unde ich waere erstorben ich wil'z bi minen triuwen sagen3 dich selben wil ich lu3tzel klagen1 ich klage din edelen kunst1 daz s'ist verdorben4 #eje du kundest al der werlte freude meren1 so du'z ze guoten dingen woltest keren4 mich riuwet din wol redender munt und din vil su3ezer sanc1 daz der verdorben ist bi minen ziten4 daz du niht eine wile mohtest biten6 #eaj so leiste ich dir geselleschaft3 min singen ist niht lanc4 din sele mu3eze wol gevarn und habe din zunge danc4 ,v ,,reinmar4 ,reinmar1 often called ,reinmar der ,alte1 was by birth an ,alsatian4 ,he spent many years of his active life as ,court poet at ,vienna1 where he was extremely popular4 ,next to his rival ,walther von der ,vogelweide he was the most prolific and important lyrical poet of his period1 cp4 ll4 #dhg-eab1 pp4 #acb-c4 ,he died some time during the first decade of the thirteenth century4 ,see ,burdach1 ,reinmar der ,alte und ,walther von der ,vogelweide1 ,leipzig1 #ahhj1 and ,bartsch1 ,deutsche ,liederdichter des zwo3lften his vierzehnten ,jahrhunderts1 ,stuttgart1 #ahgi4 #a ',si koment underwilen her die baz da heime mo3hten sin4 ,ein ritter des ich lange ger1 bedaehte er baz den willen min1 so waere er z'allen ziten hie1 #e als ich in gerne saehe4 owe des1 waz suochent die die nident daz ob iemen guot geschaehe8' ,mir ist geschehen daz ich niht bin langer vro wan unz ich lebe4 #aj si wundert wer mir schoenen sin und daz hohgemu3ete gebe daz ich zer werlte niht getar ze rehte also gebaren1 nie genam ich vrowen war1 #ae ich waere in holt die mir ze maze waren4 #b ,ein rede der liute tuot mir we3 da enkan ich niht gedulteclichen zuo gebaren4 nu tuont si'z alle deste me3 si fragent mich ze vil von miner frouwen jaren #bj und sprechent welher tage si si1 dur daz ich ir so lange bin gewesen mit triuwen bi2 si jehent daz es mo3hte mich verdriezen4 nu la daz aller beste wip ir zu3hteloser vrage mich geniezen4 #be #c ,si jehent1 der sumer der si hie1 diu wunne diu si komen und daz ich mich wol gehabe als e4 nu ratet unde sprechet wie3 der tot hat mir benomen #cj daz ich niemer u3berwinde me4 waz bedarf ich wunneclicher zit1 sit aller vro3uden herre ,liutpolt in der erde lit1 den ich nie tac getruren sach8 ez hat diu werlt an ime verlorn #ce daz ir an manne nie so jaemerlicher schade geschach4 ',mir armen wibe was ze wol1 do ich gedahte an in wie min heil an sinem libe lac4 #dj daz ich des nu niht haben sol1 des gat mit sorgen hin swaz ich iemer me geleben mac4 miner wunnen spiegel derst verlorn den ich mir hete ze sumerlicher ougen weide erkorn1 #de des muoz ich leider aenic sin4 do man mir seite er waere tot1 zehant wiel mir daz bluot von herzen uf die sele min4 ,die fro3ide mir verboten hat #ej mins lieben herren tot also deich ir mer enberen sol4 sit des nu niht mac werden rat1 in ringe mit der not1 daz min klagedez herze ist jamers vol1 #ee diu in iemer weinet1 daz bin ich1 wan er vil saelic man1 ja troste er wol ze lebenne mich4 der ist nu hin3 waz to3hte ich hie8 wis ime genaedic1 herre got1 wan tugenthafter gast #fj kam in din ingesinde nie4' #d ,ich welte uf guoter liute sage und ouch durch mines herzen rat ein wip von der ich dicke trage vil manige not diu nahe gat4 #fe die swaere ich z'allen ziten klage1 wand ez mir kumberliche stat4 ich tet ir schin den dienst min3 wie mo3hte ein groezer wunder sin1 daz si mich des engelten lat8 #gj ,ze rehter maze sol ein man beidiu daz herze und al den sin ze staete wenden1 ob er kan3 daz wirt im lihte ein guot gewin4 swem da von ie kein leit bekan1 #ge der weiz wol wie'ch gebunden bin4 ich gloube im wol1 als er mir sol4 von schulden ich den kumber dol3 ich brahte selbe mich dar in4 #e ',er hat ze lange mich gemiten #hj den ich mit triuwen nie gemeit4 von siner schulde ich han erliten daz ich nie groezer not erleit4 so lebt min lip nach sinem libe4 ich bin ein wip1 daz im von wibe #he nie liebes me geschach1 swie mir von im geschaehe4 min ouge in gerner nie gesach dann ich in hiute saehe4' ,mir ist vil liebe nu geschehen1 daz mir so liebe nie geschach4 so gerne han ich si gesehen #ij daz ich si gerner nie gesach4 ich scheide ir muot von schwachem muote3 si ist so guot1 ich wil mit guote ir lonen1 ob ich kan1 als ich doch gerne kunde4 vil mere fro3iden ich ir gan dann ich mir selben gunde4 #ie #f ,wol mich lieber maere1 diu ich han vernomen1 daz der winter swaere welle ze ende komen4 kume ich des erbeiten mac1 #ajj want ich fro3ide niht enpflac sit der kalte rife lac4 ,mich enhazzet niemen1 ob ich bin gemeit4 ,weiz got1 tuot ez iemen1 #aje deist unsaelekeit1 wande ich schaden niht enkan4 swes ot si mir wole gan1 waz wil des ein ander man8 ,solte ich mine liebe #aaj bergen unde heln1 so mu3est ich ze diebe werden unde steln4 sinneclich ich daz bewar4 min gewerbe ist anderswar1 #aae ich ge dannen oder dar4 ,so si mit dem balle tribet kindes spot1 daz's iht sere valle1 daz verbiete got4 #abj megde1 lat iur dringen sin3 stozet ir min frouwelin1 so'st der schade halber min4 #g ,ich sach vil wunnecliche stan die heide mit den bluomen rot1 #abe der viol der ist wol getan3 des hat diu nahtegal ir not wol u3berwunden diu si twanc4 zergangen ist der winter lanc4 ich horte ir sanc4 #acj ,do ich daz gru3ene loup ersach1 do liez ich vil der swaere min4 von einem wibe mir geschach daz ich muoz iemer mere sin vil wunneclichen wol gemuot4 #ace ez sol mich allez dunken guot swaz si mir tuot4 ,si schiet von sorgen minen lip1 daz ich dekeine swaere han4 wan ane si vier tusent wip #adj dien heten's alle niht getan4 ir gu3ete wendet miniu leit4 ich han si mir ze friunt bereit1 swaz iemen seit4 ,mir'n mac niht leides widerstan3 #ade des wil ich gar an angest sin4 ergienge ez als ich willen han1 so laege's an dem arme min4 daz mir der schoenen wurde ein teil1 daz diuhte mich ein michel heil1 #aej und waere ouch geil4 ,deich ir so holdez herze trage1 daz ist in sumelichen leit4 dar umbe ich niemer so verzage3 si vliesent alle ir arebeit4 #aee waz hilfet si ir arger list8 si'n wizzen wie'z ergangen ist in kurzer frist4 #h ,min ougen wurden liebes also vol1 do ich die minneclichen erst gesach1 #afj daz ez mir hiute und iemer me tuot wol4 ein minneclichez wunder do geschach3 si gie mir alse sanfte dur min ougen daz si sich in der enge niene stiez4 in minem herzen si sich nider liez3 #afe da trage ich noch die werden inne tougen4 ,la stan1 la stan6 waz tuost du1 saelic wip1 daz du mich heimesuochest an der stat1 dar so gewaltecliche wibes lip mit starker heimesuoche nie getrat8 #agj genade1 frowe6 ich mac dir niht gestriten4 min herze ist dir baz veile danne mir3 ez solde sin bi mir1 nu'st ez bi dir3 des muoz ich uf genade lones biten4 #i ,ze fro3iden nahet alle tage #age der werlte ein wunneclichiu zit1 ze senfte maniges herzen klage die nu der swaere winter git4 von sorge ich dicke so verzage1 swenn also jaemerliche lit #ahj diu heide breit4 daz ist mir leit4 diu nahtegal uns schiere seit daz sich gescheiden hat der strit4 #aj ,so wol dir1 wip1 wie reine ein nam6 wie sanfte er doch z'erkennen und ze nennen ist6 #ahe ez wart nie niht so lobesam1 swa du'z an rehte gu3ete kerest1 so du bist4 din lop mit rede nieman wol volenden kan4 swes du mit triuwen pfligest wol1 der ist ein saelic man und mac vil gerne leben4 #aij du gist al der werlte hohen muot3 maht du ouch mir ein wenic freude geben8 ,,vi ,,ulrich ,,von ,,lichtenstein4 ,ulrich von ,lichtenstein came of a better-class ,styrian family1 and was born about the year #abjj and died in #abge or #abgf4 ,he was one of the best representatives of the later ,court lyrical poets4 ,for editions of his works1 see ,lachmann1 ,ausgabe der ,dichtungen ,ulrichs von ,lichtenstein1 ,berlin1 #ahda2 ,bechstein1 ,ulrichs von ,lichtenstein ,frauendienst1 ,leipzig1 #ahhg4 ,the following extracts are taken from ,bartsch1 ,deutsche ,liederdichter des zwo3lften bis vierzehnten ,jahrhunderts1 ,stuttgart1 #ahhi4 #a ,ein tanzwise1 und ist diu vierde wise4 ,in dem walde su3eze doene singent kleiniu vogellin4 an der heide bluomen schoene blu3ejent gegen des meien schin4 also blu3et min hoher muot #e mit gedanken gegen ir gu3ete1 diu mir richet min gemu3ete sam der troum den armen tuot4 ,ez ist ein vil hoch gedinge den ich gegen ir tugenden trage1 #aj daz mir noch an ir gelinge1 daz ich saelde an ir bejage4 des gedingen bin ich vro4 god geb' daz ich'z wol verende1 daz sie mir den wan iht wende #ae der mich freut so rehte ho4 ,sie vil su3eze1 valsches ane1 vri vor allem wandel gar1 laze mich in liebem wane die wil ez niht baz envar2 #bj daz diu vreude lange wer1 daz ich weinens iht erwache1 daz ich gegen dem troste lache des ich von ir hulden ger4 ,wu3nschen unde wol gedenken #be dest diu meiste vreude min4 des sol mir ir trost niht wenken1 sie enlaze mich ir sin mit den beiden nahen bi1 so daz sie mit willen gunne #cj mir von ir so werder wunne daz sie saelic immer si4 ,saelic meie1 du aleine troestest al die welde gar4 du und al diu werlt gemeine #ce vreut mich min dann umb ein har4 wie mo3ht' ir mir vreude geben ane die vil lieben guoten8 von der sol ich trostes muoten2 wan ir trostes muoz ich leben4 #dj #b ,ein sincwise1 und ist diu sibende wise4 ,we war umbe sul wir sorgen8 vreude ist guot4 von den wiben sol man borgen hohen muot4 wol im der in kan gewinnen #de von in6 der'st ein saelic man4 freude sol man durch sie minnen1 wan da lit vil eren an4 ,wir suln tanzen singen lachen durch diu wip4 #ej da mit mac ein man gemachen daz sin lip wirdet wert1 ob er mit triuwen dienet guoter wibe gruoz4 swen sin dienest wil geriuwen1 #ee dem wirt selten kumbers buoz4 ,mit dem wazzer man daz1 fiuwer laschet gar3 vinster ist der sunnen tiuwer4 beidiu war #fj sint diu maere3 ir hoeret mere4 habet fu3r war uf minen lip3 rehten man von herzen sere scheidet nieman wan diu wip4 ,owe owe1 frowe ,minne1 #fe mir ist we4 nu grif her wie sere ich brinne4 kalder sne mu3este von der hitze brinnen diu mir an dem herzen lit4 #gj kanstu1 ,minne1 triuwe minnen1 so hilfestu mir enzit4 #c ,daz ist ein uzreise4 ,wil iemen nach eren die zit wol vertriben1 ze saelden sich keren1 bi freuden beliben1 der diene ze flize mit triuwen vil schone #ge nach der minne lone3 der ist su3eze1 reine1 vil guot und aleine den guoten gemeine4 ,swer volget dem schilde1 der sol ez enblanden dem libe1 dem guote1 dem herzen1 den handen4 des lonet vil hohe mit guotem gewinne #hj diu vil werde ,minne3 diu git freud' und ere4 wol ir su3ezen lere6 sie kan troesten sere4 ,der schilt wil mit zu3hten vil baltlichez ellen3 er hazzet1 er schiuhet ,schand' und ir gesellen4 got des niht enwelle daz man bi im vinde #he so swachlich gesinde1 er wil daz die sinen uf ere sich pinen1 in tugenden erschinen4 ,erg' unde unfuoge und unfuore diu wilde gezimt niht dem helme und touc niht dem schilde1 der schilt ist ein dach daz niht schande kan decken4 #ij sin blic taet' enblecken an eren die weichen1 von vorhten erbleichen3 diu varwe ist ir zeichen4 ,hochgemuote frouwen1 ir su3lt wol gedenken3 getriuwen gesellen vil staete ane wenken den minnet1 den meinet1 mit herzen1 mit muote1 #ie daz in iwer huote behalte1 behu3ete mit liebe1 mit gu3ete1 vri vor ungemu3ete4 ,sie ist ane schulde mir hazlich erbolgen der ich ze dienste dem schilde wil volgen4 nu han ich fu3r zu3rnen noch fu3r herzen sere #ajj niht ander schilt mere wan den trost aleine1 daz ich sie baz meine dann ie wip deheine4 ,gein ir langen kriege setz' ich min gedulde3 so ste gein ir hazze ze wer min unschulde4 min wer gein den valschen daz sol sin min triuwe #aje vil su3eze ane riuwe3 min kampflich gewaete fu3r ir nidetaete daz sol sin min staete4 #d ,ditz ist der leich4 ,got fu3ege mir'z ze guote3 ich bin noch in dem muote daz ich wil guoten wiben #aaj mit dienest ane valschen muot immer bi beliben4 da von rat' ich einen rat der allen wol gemuoten mannen tugentlichen stat4 ,ich rat' iu1 ere gerende man1 mit triuwen1 als ich beste kan3 #aae ob ir welt werende freude han1 so sit den wiben undertan mit triwen ane valschen muot4 ir gu3ete ist also rehte guot1 swer in mit triwen dienest tuot1 #abj den kunnen sie wol machen fro4 der werlde heil gar an in lit3 ir gu3ete ist freuden hochgezit1 ir schoene so vil freuden git1 da von diu herze stigent ho4 #abe ,werdekeit sunder leit kunnen sie wol friunden geben4 swem so si witze bi1 #acj der sol nach ir hulden streben unde zinsen in sin leben3 daz rate ich uf die triwe min4 swer eren saelic welle sin und riche an hohem muote1 #ace der sol mit triwen guotiu wip reht minnen als sin selbes lip4 vil guot vor allem guote ist der wibe gu3ete1 unde ir schoene schoene ob aller schoene4 ir schoene ir gu3ete ir werdikeit ich immer gerne kroene4 #adj an ir schoene und an ir gu3ete stat min heil und ouch min wunne4 waer' guoter wibe schoene niht1 wie selten ich gewunne deheinen eren gernden muot4 wol mich daz sie sint also guot1 daz man hat von ir gu3ete #ade so hohen trost fu3r senediu leit4 ir schoene1 ir gu3ete1 ir werdikeit git mir vil hoch gemu3ete4 ,min muot von wiben hohe stat4 waz danne ob mir ir einiu hat #aej erzeiget hohe missetat8 deswar des mac wol werden rat4 ,waz sie gegen mir hat getan1 daz wil ich gerne wizzen lan mit zu3hten1 als ich beste kan1 #aee uf genade guotiu wip4 ich han ir driu und zehen jar gedienet sunder wenken gar1 bi minen triwen1 daz ist war1 daz in der zit min seneder lip #afj nie gewan so3lhen wan1 des min staete wurde kranc4 al min gir was gein ir #afe sleht mit triwen ane wanc4 nu vert entwer ir habedanc reht als ein rat daz umbe gat und als ein marder den man hat in eine lin gebunden4 #agj kund' ich als sie unstaete sin1 so haet' ich nach dem willen min an sie ein frowen funden4 ,e daz ich min ritterliche staete braech' an guoten wiben ich wold' e immer valscher wibe hulde vri beliben4 #age ich muoz in der staeten wibe dienest sunder lon verderben oder ich muoz ir staeten herzen liebe alsus erwerben daz ich gewenke nimmer wanc von in4 ir hohen habedanc1 und mag ich den erringen1 #ahj so han ich allez daz ich wil1 su3ez' ougen wunne1 herzen spil1 vil wunne an allen dingen4 ,nu waz bedarf min seneder lip genaden mer1 ob ich ein wip #ahe ze frowen vinde also gemuot1 diu sich vor wandel hat behuot und niht wan daz beste tuot8 der sol min dienest sin bereit immer me1 #aij swie'z erge1 sunder valsch mit staetikeit4 da von gewinne ich werdikeit und also freuderichen sin1 des ich getiuret immer bin #aie an aller hande dingen4 ,vind' ich sie1 ich sol so ritterlichen nach ir hulden ringen4 daz mir von ir staetikeit muoz ho an ir gelingen4 sie muoz abr uf die triwe min gar vri vor allem wandel sin1 #bjj diech mer mich laze twingen und ouch in kumber bringen4 ja gehoeret man mich nimmer me deheines valschen wibes lop gesprechen noch gesingen4 #e ,in dem lufte su3ezem meien1 #bje so der walt gekleidet stat1 so siht man sich schone zweien allez daz iht liebes hat1 unde ist mit ein ander vro4 daz ist reht3 diu zit wil so4 #baj ,swa sich liep ze liebe zweiet1 hohen muot diu liebe git4 in der beider herzen meiet ez mit vreuden alle zit4 trurens wil diu liebe niht1 #bae swa man liep bi liebe siht4 ,swa zwei liep ein ander meinent herzenlichen ane wanc und sich beidiu so vereinent daz ir liebe ist ane kranc1 #bbj die hat got zesamne geben uf ein wunneclichez leben4 ,staetiu liebe heizet minne4 liebe1 minne1 ist al ein3 die kan ich in minem sinne #bbe niht gemachen wol zuo zwein4 liebe muoz mir minne sin immer in dem herzen min4 ,swa ein staetez herze vindet staete liebe1 staeten muot1 #bcj da von al sin truren swindet4 staetiu liebe ist also guot daz sie staete freude git staetem herzen alle zit4 ,mo3hte ich staete liebe vinden1 #bce der wold' ich so staete sin daz ich da mit u3berwinden wolde gar die sorge min4 staeter liebe wil ich gern unde unstaete gar verbern4 #bdj #f ,disiu liet diu heizent vrowen tanz3 diu sol niemen singen1 er'n si vro4 swer mit zu3hten treit der freuden kranz1 und dem sin muot stat von wiben ho1 dem erloube ich sie ze singen wol3 #bde blideclichen man sie tanzen sol4 ,truren ist ze ware niemen guot wan dem einen der sin su3nde klaget1 hohen lop erwirbet hoher muot4 guoten wiben hochmuot wol behaget3 #bej da von wil ich immer mere sin hochgemuot durch dich1 guot vrowe min4 ,vreude gibt mir din wol redender munt1 hohen muot din reine senfte sit'3 vreuden tou mir uz des herzen grunt #bee kumt von dir in elliu miniu lit4 got hat sinen vliz an dich geleit1 da von di lop eren krone treit4 ,liehtiu ougen1 da bi brune bra1 hastu und zwei rotiu wa3ngelin4 #bfj schoene bistu hie und schoene da4 brun rot wiz1 der drier varwe schin treit din hochgeborner schoener lip4 tugende hastu vil1 guot wiplich wip4 ,daz du also manege tugende hast1 #bfe da von bin ich alles trurens vri4 so du also schoeniu vor mir gast1 so ist mir als ich in dem himel si4 got so schoenen engel nie gewan den ich fu3r dich wolde sehen an4 #bgj ,,vii ,,das ,,nibelungen-,,lied4 ,b4 ,text4 ,a,,ventiure ,,xvii4 ,,wie ,,kriemhilt ,,ir ,,man ,,klagte ,,und ,,wie ,,er ,,begraben ,,wart4 ,the following extract is from ,bartsch's edition1 ,leipzig1 #ahgi4 ,do erbiten si der nahte _/ und fuoren u3ber ,rin4 von heleden kunde nimmer _/ wirs gejaget sin4 ein tier daz si da sluogen1 _/ daz weinden edeliu kint4 ja muosen sin engelten _/ vil guote wigande sint4 #d ,von grozer u3bermu3ete _/ muget ir hoeren sagen1 und von eislicher rache4 _/ do hiez ,hagene tragen ,sifriden also toten _/ von ,nibelunge lant fu3r eine kemenaten _/ da man ,kriemhilde vant4 #h ,er hiez in tougenlichen _/ legen an die tu3re1 daz sin da solde vinden _/ so si gienge derfu3re him zer mettine _/ e daz ez wurde tac1 der diu vrouwe ,kriemhilt _/ vil selten keine verlac4 #ab ,man lute da zem mu3nster _/ nach gewoneheit4 vrou ,kriemhilt diu schoene _/ wahte manige meit3 ein lieht bat si ir bringen _/ und ouch ir gewant4 do kom ein kameraere _/ da er ,sifriden vant4 #af ,er sah in bluotes roten3 _/ sin wat was elliu naz4 daz ez sin herre waere1 _/ nine wesse er daz4 hin zer kemenaten _/ daz lieht truog an der hant von dem vil leider maere _/ diu vrouwe ,kriemhilt ervant4 #bj ,do si mit ir vrouwen _/ zem mu3nster wolde gan1 do sprach der kameraere _/ 'ja sult ir stille stan3 ez lit vor dem gademe _/ ein ritter tot erslagen4' do begonde ,kriemhilt _/ vil harte unmaezliche klagen4 #bd ,e daz si rehte erfunde _/ daz iz waere ir man1 an die ,hagenen vrage _/ denken si began1 wie er in solde vristen3 _/ do wart ir erste leit4 von ir was allen vreuden _/ mit sime tode widerseit4 #bh ,do seic si zuo der erden1 _/ daz si niht ensprach3 die schoenen vreudelosen _/ ligen man do sach4 ,kriemhilde jamer _/ wart unmazen groz3 do e4rschre si nach unkrefte _/ daz al diu kemenate erdoz4 #cb ,do sprach daz gesinde3 _/ 'waz ob ez ist ein gast8' daz bluot ir uz dem munde _/ von herzen jamer brast4 do sprach si 'ez ist ,sifrit1 _/ der min vil lieber man3 ez hat geraten ,pru3nhilt1 _/ daz ez hat ,hagene getan4' #cf ,diu vrouwe bat sich wisen _/ da si den helt vant4 si huop sin schoene houbet _/ mit ir vil wizen hant4 swie rot ez was von bluote1 _/ si het in schiere erkant4 do lac vil jaemerliche _/ der helt von ,nibelunge lant4 #dj ,do rief vil trurecliche _/ diu ku3neginne milt3 'owe mir mines leides6 _/ nu ist dir din schilt mit swerten niht verhouwen3 _/ du list ermorderot4 unt wesse ich wer iz het getan1 _/ ich riete im immer sinen tot4' #dd ,allez ir gesinde _/ klagete und scre mit ir lieben vrouwen1 _/ wand' in was harte we umb' ir vil edelen herren1 _/ den si da heten verlorn4 do het gerochen ,hagene _/ harte ,pru3nhilde zorn4 #dh ,do sprach diu jamerhafte3 _/ 'ir sult hine gan und wecket harte balde _/ die ,sifrides man4 ir sult ouch ,sigemunde _/ minen jamer sagen1 ob er mir helfen welle _/ den ku3enen ,sifriden klagen4' #eb ,do lief ein bote balde _/ da e4r si ligen vant1 die ,sifrides helede _/ von ,nibelunge lant4 mit den vil leiden maeren _/ ir vreude er in benam4 si wolden'z niht gelouben _/ unz man daz weinen vernam4 #ef ,der bote kom ouch schiere _/ da der ku3nic lac4 ,sigemunt der herre _/ des slafes niht enpflac3 ich waen' sin herze im sagete _/ daz im was geschehen1 ern mo3hte sinen lieben sun _/ lebenden nimmer gesehen4 #fj ',wachet1 herre ,sigemunt4 _/ mich bat nach iu gan ,kriemhilt min vrouwe4 _/ der ist ein leit getan daz ir vor allen leiden _/ an ir herze gat3 daz sult ir klagen helfen1 _/ wand' ez iuch sere bestat4' #fd ,uf rihte sich do ,sigemunt2 _/ er sprach3 'waz sint diu leit der schoenen ,kriemhilde1 _/ diu du mir hast geseit8' der bote sprach mit weinen3 _/ 'ine kan iu niht verdagen3 ja ist von ,niderlanden _/ der ku3ene ,sifrit erslagen4' #fh ,do sprach der herre ,sigemunt3 _/ 'lat daz schimpfen sin und also boesiu maere _/ durch den willen min1 daz ir daz saget iemen _/ daz er si erslagen3 wand' ine kunde in nimmer _/ unz an min ende verklagen4' #gb ',welt ir mir niht gelouben _/ daz ir mich hoeret sagen1 so muget ir selbe hoeren _/ ,kriemhilde klagen unt allez ir gesinde _/ den ,sifrides tot4' vil sere erscrac do ,sigemunt3 _/ des gie im waerlichen not4 #gf ,mit hundert sinen mannen _/ er von den betten spranc4 si zuhten zuo den handen _/ diu scharpfen wafen lanc1 si liefen zuo dem wuofe _/ vil jamerliche dan4 do komen tusent recken _/ des ku3enen ,sifrides man4 #hj ,do si so jaemerliche _/ die vrouwen horten klagen1 do wanden sumeliche1 _/ si solden kleider tragen4 jane4 mohten si der sinne _/ vor leide niht gehaben3 in wart vil michel swaere _/ in ir herzen begraben4 #hd ,do kom der ku3nec ,sigemunt _/ da e4r ,kriemhilde vant4 er sprach3 'owe der reise _/ here in ditze lant4 wer hat mich mines kindes _/ und iuch des iuwern man bi also guoten friunden _/ sus mortlich ane getan8' #hh ',hey solde ich den bekennen1' _/ sprach daz vil edele wip1 'holt enwurde im nimmer _/ min herze unt ouch min lip3 ich geriete im also leide _/ daz die friunde sin von den minen schulden _/ mu3esen weinende sin4' #ib ,sigemunt der herre _/ den fu3rsten umbesloz4 do wart von sinen vriunden _/ der jamer also groz daz von dem starken wuofe _/ palas unde sal und ouch diu stat ze ,wormez _/ von ir weinen erschal4 #if ,done4 kunde niemen troesten _/ daz ,sifrides wip4 man zoch uz den kleidern _/ den sinen schoenen lip4 man wuosch im sine wunden _/ unt leit' in uf den re4 do was sinen liuten _/ von grozem jamere we4 #ajj ,do sprachen sine recken _/ von ,nibelunge lant3 'in sol immer rechen _/ mit willen unser hant4 er ist in dirre bu3rge1 _/ der iz hat getan4' do ilten nach wafen _/ alle ,sifrides man4 #ajd ,die uz erwelten degene _/ mit schilden komen dar1 einlef hundert recken3 _/ die hete an siner schar ,sigemunt der herre4 _/ sines sunes tot den wolde er gerne rechen3 _/ des gie im waerlichen not4 #ajh ,sine4 wessen wen si solden _/ mit strite do bestan1 sine taeten'z ,gunther _/ unde sine man1 mit den der herre ,sifrit _/ an daz gejegede reit4 ,kriemhilt sach si gewafent3 _/ daz was ir groezliche leit4 #aab ,swie michel waer' ir jamer _/ und swie starc ir not1 do vorhte si harte _/ der ,nibelunge tot von ir bruoder mannen1 _/ daz si ez understuont4 si warnt' si gu3etliche _/ so vriunde liebe vriunde tuont4 #aaf ,do sprach diu jamers riche3 _/ 'min her ,sigemunt1 wes welt ir beginnen8 _/ iu ist niht rehte kunt4 ja hat der ku3nic ,gunther _/ so manigen ku3enen man3 ir welt iuch alle vliesen1 _/ welt ir die recken bestan4' #abj ,mit uf erbu3rten schilden _/ in was ze strite not4 diu edel ku3neginne _/ bat und ouch gebot daz siz miden solden1 _/ die recken vil gemeit4 do siz niht lazen wolden1 _/ daz was ir waerlichen leit4 #abd ,si sprach3 'herre ,sigemunt1 _/ ir sult iz lazen stan unz ez sich baz gefu3ege3 _/ so wil ich minen man immer mit iu rechen4 _/ der mir in hat benomen1 wirde ich des bewiset1 _/ ich sol im schedeliche komen4 #abh ,ez ist der u3bermu3eten _/ hie bi ,rine vil3 da von ich iu des strites _/ raten niht enwil4 si habent wider einen _/ ie wol drizec man4 nu laz' in got gelingen _/ als si umb uns gedienet han4 #acb ,ir sult hie beliben1 _/ unt dolt mit mir diu leit2 als iz tagen beginne1 _/ ir helde vil gemeit1 so helfet mir besarken _/ den minen lieben man4' do sprachen die degene3 _/ 'daz sol werden getan4' #acf ,iu enkunde niemen _/ daz wunder volsagen von rittern unt von vrouwen1 _/ wie man die horte klagen1 so daz man des wuofes _/ wart in der stat geware4 die edelen burgaere _/ die komen gahende dare4 #adj ,si klageten mit den gesten1 _/ want in was harte leit4 die ,sifrides schulde _/ in niemen het geseit1 durch waz der edele recke _/ verlu3re den sinen lip4 do weinden mit den vrouwen _/ der guoten burgaere wip4 #add ,smide hiez man gahen1 _/ wurken einen sarc1 von silber und von golde1 _/ vil michel unde starc4 man hiez in vaste spengen _/ mit stahel1 der was guot4 do was al den liuten _/ harte trurec der muot4 #adh ,diu naht was zergangen3 _/ man sagte ez wolde tagen4 do hiez diu edele vrouwe _/ zuo den mu3nster tragen ,sifrit den herren1 _/ ir vil lieben man4 swaz er da vriunde hete1 _/ die sach man weinende gan4 #aeb ,do si4 in zem munster brahten1 _/ vil der gloken klanc4 do hort' man allenthalben _/ vil maniges pfaffen sanc4 do kom der ku3nic ,gunther _/ mit den sinen man und ouch der grimme ,hagene _/ zuo dem wuofe gegan4 #aef ,er sprach3 'vil liebiu swester1 _/ owe der leide din1 daz wir niht mohten ane _/ des grozen schaden sin4 wir mu3ezen klagen immer _/ den ,sifrides lip4' 'daz tuot ir ane schulde'1 _/ sprach daz jamerhafte wip4 #afj ',waer' iu dar umbe leide1 _/ son waer' es niht geschehen4 ir hetet min vergezzen1 _/ des mag ich wol jehen1 da i4ch da wart gescheiden _/ von mime lieben man4 daz wolde got'1 sprach ,kriemhilt1 _/ 'waer' iz mir selber getan4' #afd ,si buten vaste ir lougen4 _/ ,kriemhilt begonde jehen 'swelher sich unschuldige1 _/ der laze daz gesehen2 der sol zuo der bare _/ vor den liuten gen4 da bi mac man die warheit _/ harte schiere versten4' #afh ,daz ist ein michel wunder3 _/ vil dicke ez noch geschiht1 swa man den mortmeilen _/ bi dem toten siht1 so bluotent im die wunden3 _/ als ouch da gescach4 da von man die sculde _/ da ze ,hagenen gesach4 #agb ,die wunden vluzzen sere _/ alsam si taten e4 die e da sere klageten1 _/ des wart nu michel me4 do sprach der ku3nic ,gunther _/ 'ich wil'z iuch wizzen lan4 in sluogen schachaere3 _/ ,hagene hat es niht getan4' #agf ',mir sint die schachaere'1 _/ sprach si1 'vil wol bekant4 nu laze ez got errechen _/ noch siner vriunde hant4 ,gunther unde ,hagene1 _/ ja habet ir iz getan4' die ,sifrides degene _/ heten do ze strite wan4 #ahj ,do sprach aber ,kriemhilt3 _/ 'nu habt mit mir die not4' do komen dise beide _/ da si in funden tot1 ,gernot ir bruoder _/ und ,giselher daz kint4 in triuwen si in klageten _/ mit den anderen sint4 #ahd ,si weinden innecliche _/ den ,kriemhilde man4 man solde messe singen3 _/ zuo dem mu3nster dan giengen allenthalben _/ man wip unde kint4 die sin doch lihte enbaren1 _/ die weinden ,sifriden sint4 #ahh ,gernot und ,giselher _/ sprachen3 'swester min1 nu troeste dich nach tode1 _/ als iz doch muoz sin4 wir wellen dich's ergetzen _/ die wile unt wir geleben4' done4 kunde ir trost deheinen _/ zer werlde niemen gegeben4 #aib ,sin sarc der was bereitet _/ wol umbe'n mitten tac4 man huop in von der bare _/ da er ufe lac4 in wolde noch diu frouwe _/ lazen niht begraben4 des muosen al die liute _/ michel arebeite haben4 #aif ,in einen richen pfellel _/ man den toten want4 ich waene man da iemen _/ ane weinen vant4 do klagete herzenliche _/ ,uote1 ein edel wip1 und allez ir gesinde _/ den sinen waetlichen lip4 #bjj ,do man daz gehorte1 _/ daz man zem mu3nster sanc1 unt in gesarket hete1 _/ do huop sich groz gedranc3 durch willen siner sele _/ waz opfers man do truoc6 er hete bi den vinden _/ doch guoter vriunde genuoc4 #bjd ,kriemhilt diu arme _/ zir kameraeren sprach3 'si suln durch mine liebe _/ liden ungemach1 die im iht guotes gu3nnen _/ und mir wesen holt2 durch ,sifrides sele _/ sol man teilen sin golt4' #bjh ,dehein kint was so kleine _/ daz witze mohte haben1 daz muose gen zem opfer4 _/ e e4r wurde begraben1 baz danne hundert messe _/ man da des tages sanc4 von ,sifrides vriunden _/ wart do grozer gedranc4 #bab ,do man da hete gesungen1 _/ daz volc huop sich von dan4 do sprach diu vrouwe ,kriemhilt _/ 'irn sult niht eine lan hinte mich bewachen _/ den uz erwelten degen4 ez ist an sime libe _/ al min vreude gelegen4 #baf ,dri tage und dri nahte _/ wil ich in lazen stan1 unz ich mich geniete _/ mins vil lieben man4 waz ob daz got gebiutet _/ daz mich ouch nimet der tot8 so waere wol verendet _/ min armer ,kriemhilde not4' #bbj ,zen herbergen giengen _/ die liute von der stat4 pfaffen unde mu3niche _/ si beliben bat und allez sin gesinde1 _/ daz des heldes pflac4 si heten naht vil arge _/ unt vil mu3elichen tac4 #bbd ,an ezzen und an trinken _/ beleip da manic man4 die ez nemen wolden1 _/ den wart daz kunt getan1 daz man's in den vollen gaebe3 _/ daz schuof ,sigemunt4 do was den ,nibelungen _/ vil michel arebeite kunt4 #bbh ,die drie tagezite1 _/ so wir hoeren sagen1 die da kunden singen1 _/ daz si muosen tragen vil der arebeite4 _/ waz man in opfers truoc6 die vil arme waren1 _/ die wurden riche genuoc4 #bcb ,swaz man vant der armen _/ die es niht mohten han1 die hiez man doch zem opfer _/ mit dem golde gan uz sin selbes kamere4 _/ do e4r niht solde leben1 umbe sine sele _/ wart manic tusent marc gegeben4 #bcf ,urbor uf der erden _/ teilte s'in diu lant1 swa so man diu kloster _/ und guote liute vant4 silber unde waete _/ gap man den armen gnuoc4 si tet dem wol geliche _/ daz sim holden willen truoc4 #bdj ,an dem dritten morgen _/ ze rehter messezit so was bi dem mu3nster _/ der kirchof also wit von den lantliuten _/ weinens also vol3 si dienden im nach tode _/ als man lieben vriunden sol4 #bdd ,in den tagen vieren1 _/ man hat gesaget daz1 ze drizec tusent marken1 _/ oder dannoch baz1 wart durch sine sele _/ den armen da gegeben4 do was gelegen ringe _/ sin groziu schoene und ouch sin leben4 #bdh ,do gote da wart gedienet _/ und daz man vol gesanc1 mit ungefu3egem leide _/ vil des volkes ranc4 man hiez in uz dem mu3nster _/ zuo dem grabe tragen4 die sin ungern enbaren1 _/ die sah man weinen unde klagen4 #beb ,vil lute scriende _/ daz liut gie mit im dan3 vro enwas da niemen1 _/ weder wip noch man4 e daz man in begru3ebe1 _/ man sanc unde las3 hey waz guoter pfaffen _/ ze siner pifilde was6 #bef ,e daz zem grabe koeme _/ daz ,sifrides wip1 do ranc mit solhem jamer _/ der ir getriuwer lip1 daz man si mit dem brunnen _/ vil dicke da vergoz4 ez was ir ungemu3ete _/ vil harte unmaezlichen groz4 #bfj ,ez was ein michel wunder _/ daz si ie genas4 mit klage ir helfende _/ manic vrouwe was4 do sprach diu ku3neginne3 _/ 'ir ,sifrides man1 ir sult durch iuwer triuwe _/ an mir genade began4 #bfd ,lat mir nach mime leide _/ daz kleine liep geschehen1 daz ich sin schoene houbet _/ noch eines mu3eze sehen4' do bat si's also lange _/ mit jamers sinnen starc1 daz man zebrechen muose _/ den vil herlichen sarc4 #bfh ,do brahte man die vrouwen _/ da si in ligen vant4 si huop sin schoene houbet _/ mit ir vil wizen hant2 do kuste s' also toten _/ den edelen ritter guot4 ir vil liehten ougen _/ vor leide weineten bluot4 #bgb ,ein jaemerlichez scheiden _/ wart do da getan4 do truoc man si von dannen3 _/ sine mohte niht gegan4 do vant man sinnelose _/ daz herliche wip4 vor leide mo3ht' ersterben _/ der ir vil wu3nneclicher lip4 #bgf ,do man den edelen herren _/ hete nu begraben1 leit ane maze _/ sah man die alle haben die mit im komen waren _/ von ,nibelunge lant4 vil selten vroelichen _/ man do ,sigemunden vant4 #bhj ,do was der etelicher _/ der drier tage lanc vor dem grozem leide _/ niht az noch entranc4 doch mohten si dem libe _/ so gar geswichen niht3 si nerten sich nach sorgen1 _/ so noch genuogen geschiht4 #bhd ,,viii ,,wolfram ,,von ,,eschenbach4 ,wolfram von ,eschenbach was a native of ,bavaria4 ,of his life little is known1 not even the exact dates of his birth and death4 ,he flourished in the latter part of the twelfth and early part of the thirteenth century1 and was by far the best and most extensive representative of the ,court epic poetry4 ,he is best known by his ,parzival1 which contains #bd1hab lines divided up into sixteen books4 ,the following extract is taken from ,book ,,iii4 ,for editions of his works1 see ,lachmann1 ,wolfram von ,eschenbach1 ,berlin1 #ahcc1 fifth edition1 ,berlin1 #ahia2 ,bartsch1 ,wolfram's von ,eschenbach ,parzival und ,titurel1 ,leipzig1 #ahge4 ,sich zoch diu frouwe jamers balt uz ir lande in einen walt1 zer waste in ,soltane2 niht durch bluomen uf die plane1 ir herzen jamer was so ganz1 #e sine4 kerte sich an keinen kranz1 er waere rot oder val4 sie brahte dar durch flu3htesal des werden ,gahmuretes kint4 liute1 die bi ir da sint1 #aj mu3ezen buwen unde riuten4 sie kunde wol getriuten ir sun4 e daz sich der versan1 ir volc sie gar fu3r sich gewan3 ez waere man oder wip1 #ae den gebot sie allen an den lip1 daz se iemer riters wurden lut4 'wan friesche daz mins herzen trut1 welch riters leben waere1 daz wurde mir vil swaere4 #bj nu habet iuch an der witze kraft1 und helt in alle riterschaft4' ,der site fuor angestliche vart4 der knappe alsus verborgen wart zer waste in ,soltane erzogen1 #be an ku3neclicher fuore betrogen2 ez e4nmo3hte an eime site sin3 bogen unde bo3lzelin die sneit er mit sin selbes hant1 und schoz vil vogele die er vant4 #cj swenne ab er den vogel erschoz1 des schal von sange e was so groz1 so weinde er unde roufte sich1 an sin har kert' er gerich4 sin lip was klar unde fier3 #ce uf dem plan am rivier twuog er sich alle morgen4 er'n kunde niht gesorgen1 ez e4nwaere ob im der vogelsanc1 die suoze in sin herze dranc3 #dj daz erstracte im siniu pru3stelin4 al weinde er lief zer ku3negin4 so sprach sie 'wer hat dir getan8 du waer' hin uz uf den plan4' er'n kunde es ir gesagen niht1 #de als kinden lihte noch geschiht4 dem maere gienc sie lange nach4 eins tages sie in kapfen sach uf die boume nach der vogele schal4 sie wart wol innen daz zeswal #ej von der stimme ir kindes brust4 des twang in art und sin gelust4 frou ,herzeloyde kerte ir haz an die vogele1 sine wesse um waz3 sie wolte ir schal verkrenken4 #ee ir buliute4 und ir enken die hiez sie vaste gahen1 vogele wu3rgen unde vahen4 die vogele waren baz geriten3 etsliches sterben wart vermiten3 #fj der bleip da lebendic ein teil1 die sit mit sange wurden geil4 ,der knappe sprach zer ku3negin 'waz wizet man den vogelin8' er gerte in frides sa zestunt4 #fe sin muoter kuste in an den munt3 diu sprach 'wes wende ich sin gebot1 der doch ist der hoehste got8 suln vogele durch mich fro3ude lan8' der knappe sprach zer muoter san #gj 'owe muoter1 waz ist got8' 'sun1 ich sage dir'z ane spot4 er ist noch liehter denn' der tag1 der antlitzes sich bewac nach menschen antlitze4 #ge sun1 merke eine witze1 und flehe in umbe dine not3 sin triwe der werlde ie helfe bot4 so heizet eine4r der helle wirt3 der i4st swarz1 untriuwe in niht verbirt4 #hj von dem ker' dine gedanke1 und och von zwivels wanke4' sin muoter underschiet im gar daz vinster unt daz lieht gevar4 dar nach sin snelheit verre spranc4 #he er lernte4 den gabylotes swanc1 da mite er manegen hirz erschoz3 des sin muoter und ir volc genoz4 ez waere aeber oder sne1 dem wilde tet' sin schiezen we4 #ij nu hoeret fremdiu maere4 swenne er'rschoz daz swaere1 des waere ein mul geladen genuoc1 als unzerworht hin heim er'z truoc4 ,eins tages gieng er den weideganc #ie an einer halden1 diu was lanc3 er brach durch blates stimme 'en zwic4 da nahen bi im gienc ein stic3 da hort' er schal von huofslegen4 sin gabylot begund'er wegen3 #ajj do sprach er 'waz han ich vernomen8 wan wolte et nu der tiuvel komen mit grimme zornecliche6 den bestu3ende ich sicherliche4 min muoter freisen von im saget3 #aje ich waene ir ellen si verzaget4' alsus stuont er in strites ger4 nu seht1 dort kom geschuftet her dri riter nach wunsche var1 von fuoze uf gewapent gar4 #aaj der knappe wande sunder spot1 daz ieslicher waere ein got4 do stuont ouch er niht langer hie1 in'z phat viel er uf siniu knie4 lute rief der knappe san #aae 'hilf1 got3 du maht wol helfe han4' der vorder zornes sich bewac1 do der knappe im phade lac3 'dirre toersche ,waleise unsich wendet gaher reise4' #abj ein pris den wir ,beier tragen1 muoz ich von ,waleisen sagen3 die sint toerscher denne beiersch her1 und doch bi manlicher wer4 swer in den zwein landen wirt1 #abe gefuoge ein wunder an im birt4 ,do kom geleischieret und wol gezimieret ein riter1 dem was harte gach4 er reit in striteclichen nach1 #acj die verre waren von im komen3 zwen' riter heten im genomen ein' frouwen in sim' lande1 den helt ez duhte schande3 in mu3ete4 der juncfrouwen leit1 #ace diu jaemerliche vor in reit4 dise dri waren sine man4 er reit ein schoene kastelan3 sins schildes was vil wenic ganz4 er hiez ,karnahkarnanz #adj leh cons ,ulterlec4 er sprach 'wer irret uns den wec8' sus fuor er zuome knappen san4 den duhte er als ein got getan3 er'n het' e so liehtes niht erkant4 #ade ufe4m towe der wapenroc erwant4 mit guldin schellen kleine vor ietwederem beine warn die stegreife erklenget unt ze rehter maze erlenget4 #aej sin zeswer arm von schellen klanc1 swar er'n bot oder swanc4 der was durch swertslege so hel3 der helt was gein prise snel4 sus fuor der fu3rste riche1 #aee gezimiert wu3nnecliche4 ,aller manne schoene ein bluomen kranz1 den vragte ,karnahkarnanz 'juncherre1 saht ir fu3r iuch varen zwen' riter die sich niht bewaren #afj kunnen an riterlicher zunft8 sie ringent mit der notnunft und sint an werdekeit verzaget3 sie fu3erent roubes eine maget4' der knappe wande1 swaz er sprach1 #afe ez waere got1 als ime verjach frou ,herzeloyd' diu ku3negin1 do s'im underschiet den liehten schin4 do rief er lute sunder spot 'nu hilf mir1 helfe richer got4' #agj vil dicke viel an sin gebet fil li roy ,gahmuret4 der fu3rste sprach 'ich pin niht got1 ich leiste ab gerne sin gebot4 du maht his vier riter sehen1 #age ob du ze rehte kundest spehen4' der knappe fragte fu3rbaz 'du nennest riter3 waz ist daz8 hastu niht gotelicher kraft1 so sage mir1 wer git riterschaft4' #ahj 'daz tuot der ku3nec ,artus4 juncherre1 komet ir in des hus1 der bringet iuch an riters namen1 daz ir's iuch niemer durfet schamen4 ir muget wol sin von riters art4' #ahe von den helden er geschouwet wart3 do lac diu gotes kunst an ime4 von der aventiure4 ich daz nime1 diu mich mit warheit des beschiet3 nie mannes varwe baz geriet #aij vor ime sit ,adames zit4 des wart sin lop von wiben wit4 ,aber sprach der knappe san da von ein lachen wart getan4 'ay riter got1 waz mahtu sin8 #aie du hast sus manec vingerlin an dinen lip gebunden1 dort oben unt hie unden4' alda begreif des knappen hant swaz er isers ame fu3rsten vant3 #bjj des harnasch begunder schouwen4 'miner muoter juncfrouwen ir vingerin an snu3eren tragent1 diu niht sus an ein ander ragent4' der knappe sprach durch sinen muot #bje 'war zuo ist ditze guot1 daz dich so wol kan schicken8 i'ne mages niht abe gezwicken4' der fu3rste im zeigete sa sin swert3 'nu sich1 swer an mich strites gert1 #baj des selben wer ich mich mit slegen3 fu3r die sine muoz ich an mich legen1 und fu3r den schuz und fu3r den stich muoz ich alsus wapen mich4' aber sprach der knappe snel #bae 'ob die hirze tru3egen sus ir vel1 son' verwunt' ir niht min gabylot4 der vellet manger vor mir tot4' ,die riter zurnden daz er hielt bi dem knappen der vil tumpheit wielt4 #bbj der fu3rste sprach 'got hu3ete din4 owi wan waer' din schoene min6 dir hete got den wunsch gegeben1 ob du mit witzen soldest leben4 diu gotes kraft dir virre leit4' #bbe die sine und och er selbe reit1 unde gaheten balde z'einem velde in dem walde4 da vant der gefu3ege fron ,herzeloyden phlu3ege4 #bcj ir volke leider nie geschach2 die er balde eren sach3 si be4gunden saen1 dar nach egen1 ir gart ob starken ohsen wegen4 der fu3rste in guoten morgen bot1 #bce und fragte se41 op sie saehen not eine juncfrouwen liden1 sine kunden niht vermiden1 swes er vragt'1 daz wart gesaget4 'zwene riter und ein maget #bdj da riten hiute morgen4 diu frouwe fuor mit sorgen3 mit sporen sie vaste ruorten1 die die juncfrouwen fuorten4' ez was ,meljahkanz4 #bde den ergahte ,karnachkarnanz1 mit strite er ime die frouwen nam3 diu was da vor fro3uden lam4 sie hiez ,imane von der ,beafontane4 #bej ,die buliute verzageten1 do die helde fu3r sie jageten4 sie sprachen 'wie'st uns sus geschehen8 hat unser juncherre ersehen uf disen ritern helme schart1 #bee sone4 han wir uns niht wol bewart4 wir sulen der ku3neginne haz von schulden hoeren umbe daz1 wand' er mit uns da her lief hiute morgen do sie dannoch slief4' #bfj der knappe enruochte ouch wer do schoz die hirze kleine unde groz3 er huop sich gein der muoter wider1 und sagete ir maer'4 do viel sie nider3 siner worte sie so sere erschrac1 #bfe daz si4 unversunnen vor im lac4 do diu ku3neginne wider kom z'ir sinne1 swie sie da vor waer' verzaget1 do sprach sie 'sun1 wer hat gesaget #bgj dir von riters orden8 wa bist du's innen worden8' 'muoter1 ich sach vier man noch liehter danne got getan3 die sageten mir von riterschaft4 #bge ,artuses ku3neclichiu kraft sol mich nach riters eren an schildes ambet keren4' sich huop ein niuwer jamer hie4 diu frouwe enwesse rehte1 wie #bhj daz sie ir den list erdaehte unde in von dem willen braehte4 ,der knappe tump unde wert iesch von der muoter dicke ein pfert4 daz begunde se4 in ir herzen klagen4 #bhe sie dahte 'i'n wil im niht versagen3 ez muoz aber vil boese sin4' do gedahte mer diu ku3negin 'der liute vil bi spotte sint4 toren kleider sol min kint #bij ob sime liehten libe tragen4 wirt er geroufet unt geslagen1 so kumet er mir her wider wol4' owe der jaemerlichen dol6 diu frouwe nam ein sactuoch3 #bie sie sneit im hemede unde bruoch1 daz doch an eime stu3cke erschein1 unz enmitten an sin blankez bein4 daz wart fu3r toren kleit erkant4 ein gugel man obene drufe vant4 #cjj al frisch ruch kelberin von einer hut zwei ribbalin nach sinen beinen wart gesniten4 da wart groz jamer niht vermiten4 diu ku3negin was also bedaht1 #cje sie bat beliben in die naht4 'dune4 solt niht hinnen keren1 ich wil dich list e leren4 an ungebanten strazen soltu tunkel fu3rte lazen3 #caj die sihte unde luter sin1 da solte al balde riten in4 du solt dich site nieten1 der werelde gru3ezen bieten4 ob dich ein gra wise man #cae zuht wil lern als er wol kan1 dem soltu gerne volgen1 und wis im niht erbolgen4 sun1 la dir bevolhen sin1 swa du guotes wibes vingerlin #cbj mu3gest erwerben unt ir gruoz1 daz nim3 ez tuot dir kumbers buoz4 du solt z'ir kusse gahen und ir lip vast' umbevahen3 daz git gelu3cke und hohen muot1 #cbe op sie kiusche ist unde guot4 du solt och wizzen1 sun min1 der stolze ku3ene ,la3helin dinen fu3rsten abe ervaht zwei lant1 diu sollen dienen diner hant1 #ccj ,waleis und ,norgals4 ein din fu3rste ,turkentals den tot von siner hende enphienc3 din volc er sluoc unde vienc4' 'diz riche ich1 muoter1 ruocht es got3 #cce in verwundet noch min gabylot4' ,des morgens do der tag erschein1 der knappe balde wart enein1 im was gein ,artuse gach4 frou ,herzeloyde in kuste und lief im nach4 #cdj der werelde riuwe alda geschach4 do sie ir sun niht langer sach 7der reit enwec3 wem'st deste baz871 do viel diu frouwe valsches laz uf die erde1 alda sie jamer sneit #cde do daz se ein sterben niht vermeit4 ir vil getriulicher tot der frouwen wert' die hellenot4 owol sie daz se ie muoter wart6 sus fuor die lones bernden vart #cej ein wurzel der gu3ete und ein stam der diemu3ete4 owe daz wir nu niht enhan ir sippe unz an den eilften span6 des wirt gevelschet manec lip4 #cee doch solten nu getriuwiu wip heiles wu3nschen disem knaben1 der sich hie von ir hat erhaben4 ,,notes ,transcriber's ,note3 ,notes to the prose passages are identified by numbers #a-f4 ,the following bracketed sentence is from the original text4 ,the references refer to the paragraphs in the ,grammar4 ,i4 ,,berthold ,,von ,,regensburg #a p4 #gi1 l4 #ac4 werdent sehende1 will see4 #b p4 #gi1 l4 #ai4 daz si anders niht enpflaege1 see ,secs4 #ajb1 #ajh4 #c p4 #ha1 l4 #cd4 von so getaner freude1 of joy of such a beautiful kind4 ,,ii4 ,,lantrehtbuoch #d p4 #hc1 l4 #bf4 mege1 pres4 subj4 of mac1 see ,sec4 #ic4 #e p4 #he1 l4 #ae4 sempervrien1 from sentbaerevrien1 the highest class of freemen4 #f p4 #he1 l4 #ag4 miter mitter7e71 aj4 nom4 pl41 middle1 see ,sec4 #i1 #b4 ,,iii4 ,,der ,,arme ,,heinrich l4 #f4 im1 is reflexive1 see ,secs4 #ff1 #ajd4 ll4 #bd-e4 ,that this one 7er7 may pray to ,god for the salvation of ,heinrich's soul4 l4 #ca4 ze ,swaben in the country of the ,swabians1 i4e4 ,swabia4 l4 #ch4 ze handen haben1 possess4 l4 #ej4 versworn1 pp4 of verswern1 ,sec4 #hf4 l4 #aja4 des muge wir3 des is dependent on ein warez bilde2 for muge1 see ,sec4 #gd1 note4 l4 #ajf4 sehent sehet1 imperative4 l4 #acc-d4 do 4 4 4 alrest1 as soon as4 l4 #afd4 eime eineme1 see ,sec4 #i1 #c4 l4 #aij4 gnislich genislich1 cp4 ,sec4 #i1 #g4 l4 #bci4 fu3r die selben frist1 since then4 ll4 #bdj-a4 no longer any hopes of being healed4 l4 #beg4 sich abe tuon1 renounce1 resign4 l4 #cea4 getwelte1 had dwelt1 see ,sec4 #ajf4 ll4 #cgb-c4 ,the construction is so ze ,salerne vil meister 7gen47 von arzenien ist1 see ,sec4 #ajb4 l4 #cgf4 kunde for kundet4 l4 #dhf4 es gen4 is dependent on niht4 l4 #edg4 sich ein dinc an nemen1 to take a thing to heart4 l4 #eia4 mohter mohte er1 see ,sec4 #fe1 note #c4 l4 #fba4 die wile daz1 so long as4 l4 #fdj4 wan waz ne1 why not4 l4 #gef4 verswige wir is the imperative1 cp4 also note to l4 #aja4 l4 #hdf4 dime dineme1 see ,sec4 #i1 #c4 ,,iv4 ,,walther ,,von ,,der ,,vogelweide l4 #add4 kond pret4 of kan4 ll4 #agd-e4 ,they would imagine themselves ruined if they did not exercise a stern rule4 ,on the omission of the negative see ,sec4 #ajh4 l4 #agh4 tiuschiu zunge1 ,german language1 i4e4 ,germany4 l4 #ahb4 bekera1 see a in the ,glossary4 l4 #ahe4 ,philippe is dative2 en den4 l4 #ahg4 man 4 4 4 wibe are the gen4 plural4 l4 #bad4 guoter is gen4 plural4 l4 #bcb4 bluomen 4 4 4 wunder1 a great multitude of flowers4 l4 #bej4 daz sie schiere got gehoene6 may ,god curse them soon4 l4 #bee4 ,der uns freude wider braehte1 if anyone would bring us joy again4 l4 #bhe4 bien bi den4 l4 #bib4 weder ir1 which of the two4 l4 #cjh4 hohste 7weak form7 name1 the most beautiful or precious name4 l4 #dbi4 du la dir niht ze we sin nach dem guote1 do not worry yourself too much about wealth4 ll4 #dge-f4 ,very many call thee father1 who will not recognize me as their brother4 ll4 #dih-i4 ,see ,extracts from ,reinmar1 ll4 #ahd-aib4 ,v4 ,,reinmar l4 #cc4 ,liutpolt3 ,duke ,leopold ,,vi of ,austria4 l4 #ge4 bekan bekam4 ,,vii4 ,,das ,,nibelungen-,,lied l4 #bh4 sime sineme1 see ,sec4 #i1c2 widerseit widersaget1 ,sec4 #cg4 l4 #cb4 nach unkrefte1 after she had regained her consciousness4 l4 #cg4 bat sich wisen1 asked them to lead her to4 l4 #dc4 ermorderot1 older form of pp4 of ermordern1 see ,sec4 #hh1 note4 l4 #hh4 ane tuon1 with gen4 and acc41 bereave1 rob4 l4 #ib4 weinende sin weinen1 see ,sec4 #ajf4 l4 #bac4 huop sich von dan1 betook themselves away4 ,,viii4 ,,parzival l4 #ag4 that they should never mention the word 'knight'4 ,on the omission of the negative see ,sec4 #ajh4 l4 #db4 weinde weinende1 see ,sec4 #bi4 ll4 #hc-d4 ,the mother explained to him fully the difference between darkness and light1 i4e4 between the ,devil and ,god4 l4 #ada4 leh cons le 7li7 cons1 the ,count4 ll4 #aeg-h4 ,k4 asked him1 who was the perfection of human beauty4 l4 #agb4 fil li roy1 son of the king4 l4 #bdc4 ,supply ros as object4 ,,glossary ,,abbreviations sm41 sf41 sn41 strong masculine1 c4 sv4 strong verb4 wm41 wf41 wn41 weak masculine1 c4 wv4 weak verb4 pret4-pres4 preterite-present4 pn4 proper name4 ,the remaining abbreviations need no explanation4 ,the ,roman numeral after a verb indicates the class to which the verb belongs4 ,the ordinary numerals after a word indicate the paragraph in the ,grammar where the word either occurs or some peculiarity of it is explained4 ,a a1 interj4 added to the imperative1 nouns1 and particles2 neina1 certainly not4 ab1 abe1 prep4 c4 dat4 of1 from2 av4 away1 away from1 #i4f4 aber1 abr1 ab1 av4 and cj4 again1 once more1 but2 aber spre3chen1 answer1 reply4 acker1 sm4 field1 acre1 #i4b1 #ca4b1 #db4 ,adam1 pn4 ,adam4 adamas1 sm4 diamond4 aeber1 sn4 place where the snow has melted away4 aenic 7with gen471 aj4 bereft4 a3her 7,,ohg4 ahir71 sn4 ear of corn4 aht7e71 num4 eight1 #fb4 aht7e71 sf4 attention1 meditation2 station1 position4 ahtede1 num4 eighth1 #fb4 ahten1 wv4 observe1 consider1 deliberate4 ah7t7ze3hen1 num4 eighteen1 #fb4 ah7t7ze3hende1 num4 eighteenth1 #fb4 ah7t7zic 7-ec71 num4 eighty1 #fb4 ah7t7zigeste1 num4 eightieth1 #fb4 al 7infl4 aller1 allez1 alliu 7a3lliu1 elliu771 aj4 all2 al da1 there1 thereupon2 al do1 as soon as2 al ein1 all one1 the same2 aller hande1 of all kinds2 alle we3ge1 everywhere1 #ee4 aleine1 av4 alone4 allenthalben1 av4 on all sides4 allertegelich1 av4 daily4 allez1 av4 always1 already4 allmahtic 7alma3htic1 almehtic71 aj4 all-powerful1 almighty4 almuosen1 sn4 alms1 charity4 alrest aller erst1 at first4 als1 see also4 alsam1 av4 as1 just as1 #fi4 also 7alse1 als71 av4 as1 just as1 so1 likewise1 #fi2 alse dar1 always1 all the time4 alsolch solch4 alsus 7alsust71 av4 in this manner1 so1 thus4 alt1 aj4 old1 former1 #aj1 #eg4 alter1 sn4 age4 alwaere1 aj4 foolish4 alze1 av4 too1 too much4 alzehant1 av4 on the spot1 at once1 immediately4 am an de3m4 ambet1 sn4 service1 office1 calling4 anblic1 sm4 look4 ander1 num4 and pr4 other1 second1 #ee1 #fb1 #ga4 anders1 av4 otherwise1 else2 niht anderswan1 nothing but4 anderswar1 av4 elsewhere4 ane 7an71 prep4 c4 dat4 or acc4 on1 by1 in2 of2 along with2 until1 #i4f2 an de3n lip1 by 7their7 life1 on the penalty of 7their7 life2 an de3r stat1 at once1 on the spot4 ane 7an71 av4 alone1 free1 deprived of2 eines ane we3rden1 to lose2 cj4 except2 prep4 c4 acc4 or gen4 without1 except1 next to4 ange1 av4 narrowly1 exactly1 carefully1 anxiously1 #i4g4 anger1 sm4 grass plot4 angesiht1 sf4 sight4 angest1 smf4 care1 sorrow1 anxiety4 anges7t7lich1 aj4 anxious1 fearful1 dangerous1 terrible4 anme1 amme1 ame1 am an de3me1 #fh1 note #b4 anse3hen1 sv4 ,v1 look at1 behold4 anst 7pl4 enste71 sf4 favour1 #di4 antlu3tze1 antlitze1 sn4 face1 countenance4 antwu3rten 7pret4 antwurte71 wv4 answer4 apfel1 sm4 apple1 #ca1 #b4 ar1 wm4 eagle1 #i4a1 #ej4 arbeit 7arebeite71 sf4 work1 trouble1 grief4 arbeitsam1 aj4 painful1 troublesome4 arc 7-ges71 aj4 bad1 mischievous1 wicked4 arm1 aj4 poor1 helpless1 unhappy1 #eg4 arm1 sm4 arm4 armuot1 sf4 poverty1 want4 art1 smf4 inborn manner1 nature1 quality2 origin1 descent4 ,artus1 pn4 ,arthur1 king of ,britain4 arzat1 sm4 physician4 arzenie1 sf4 medicine1 remedy4 as1 sn4 carrion1 #bh4 atem1 sm4 breath1 #db4 aventiure1 sf4 wonderful event ay1 interj4 ah6 alas6 ,b babest1 sm4 pope4 bagen1 sv4 ,,vii1 quarrel1 #hg4 bal 7-lles71 sm4 ball4 balde1 av4 boldly1 bravely1 valiantly2 quickly2 balde we3rden enein1 be quickly resolved4 balt1 aj4 courageous1 full of courage1 firm1 unyielding4 baltlich1 aj4 courageous4 bange1 aj4 anxious1 #i4g4 bannen1 sv4 ,,vii1 banish1 expel1 put under the ban1 #hg4 bar1 aj4 bare1 #ee4 bare1 sf4 bier4 bat 7-des71 sn4 bath1 flood of tears4 baz1 av4 better1 more1 #fa2 baz geriten1 quicker2 baz veile1 of less value2 we3m'st deste baz81 who feels joy at this parting8 ,beafontane1 pn4 bedaht1 p4p4 thoughtful1 intent4 bede beide4 bedecken 7pret4 -dacte1 -dahte71 wv4 cover1 #ij4 bedenken 7pret4 -dahte1 subj4 pret4 -daehte71 think over1 consider2 sich de3s willen bedenken1 decide upon a thing4 bediuten1 wv4 expound2 refl4 mark1 denote4 bedriezen1 sv4 ,,ii1 seem troublesome or irksome4 bedunken 7pret4 -duhte71 wv4 seem1 appear4 bedurfen1 bedu3rfen 7pr4 sing4 -darf71 pret4 pres41 need1 require2 see durfen4 began1 anom4 v4 to do a thing2 refl4 live2 see gan4 begiezen1 sv4 ,,ii1 pour over1 moisten4 beginnen1 sv4 ,,iii 7pret4 also weak begunde1 begonde71 begin1 #ha4 begraben1 sv4 ,,vi1 bury1 inter4 begrifen1 sv4 ,i1 grasp1 understand4 begunder begunde e3r4 behagen1 wv4 please1 delight1 suit4 behalten1 sv4 ,,vii1 hold1 keep1 preserve1 reserve1 store up4 beherten1 wv4 harden1 enforce4 behu3eten1 wv4 keep1 preserve1 protect4 behuot1 p4p4 of behu3eten4 beide 7bede71 num41 neut4 beidiu1 both2 beide--und1 both--and4 beidenthalben1 av4 on both sides4 ,beier1 pn4 people of ,bavaria1 ,bavarians4 beier7i7sch1 aj4 ,bavarian4 bein1 sn4 bone1 leg1 #e1 #aa4 beiten1 wv4 wait2 sn4 a waiting4 bejagen1 wv4 acquire1 get4 beje3hen1 sv4 ,v1 assure4 bekan bekam4 bekennen 7pret4 -kante71 wv4 know1 recognize1 get to know4 bekeren1 wv4 employ1 turn2 bekeren sich1 turn round4 bekomen1 sv4 ,,iv1 get1 obtain4 beliben 7bliben71 sv4 ,i1 remain1 #i4g1 #gf2 under we3gen beliben1 be left undone1 cease4 beliuhten1 wv4 illumine1 explain1 make manifest4 benamen bi namen1 in the true sense of the word4 bene3men1 sv4 ,,iv1 take1 take away2 c4 gen4 exempt4 beraten1 sv4 ,,vii1 consider1 arrange1 provide for2 refl4 consider1 reflect4 be3rc 7-ges71 sm4 mountain4 bereit 7bereite71 aj4 ready1 willing2 av4 readily1 willingly1 #ee4 bereiten 7pret4 -reite71 wv4 plough1 make arable1 prepare1 make ready4 be3rgen1 sv4 ,,iii1 hide1 #ha4 be3rn1 sv4 ,,iv1 bear1 carry1 bring forth1 #i4a1 #ai1 #hb4 bern 7pret4 berte71 wv4 beat1 strike4 berouben1 wv4 bereave1 rob4 beru3eren1 wv4 touch1 move4 besarken 7beserken71 wv4 put into the coffin4 besche3hen1 sv4 ,v1 happen4 bescheiden1 sv4 ,,vii1 make clear1 explain4 bescheiden 7bescheidenlich71 aj4 sensible1 prudent4 bescheidenheit1 sf4 understanding1 sense1 prudence4 bescheidenlichen1 av4 definitely1 clearly1 sensibly4 beschern1 wv4 bestow upon1 divide1 let out4 be3seme1 wm4 besom2 rod4 besitzen 7pret4 -saz71 sv4 ,v1 take possession of4 besliezen1 sv4 ,,ii1 close1 shut4 besorgen1 wv4 provide1 be conscious of2 requite4 bestan1 anom4 v4 remain2 attack1 assail2 einen bestan1 concern1 belong to4 beste1 aj4 and av4 best1 #i4e1 #bc4a1 #fa4 besunder1 av4 apart4 beswaerde1 sf4 affliction1 grief1 sadness4 beswaeren1 wv4 afflict1 grieve4 beswern 7pret4 -swuor1 pp4 -sworn71 sv4 ,,vi1 take an oath1 swear to4 be3te1 sf4 request1 command4 be3ten1 wv4 pray1 #ib4 betrahten1 wv4 view1 consider4 betriegen1 sv4 ,,ii1 deceive4 betru3eben1 wv4 make gloomy or angry4 bette1 sn4 bed1 #aj1 #df4 bettestat1 sf4 couch1 place of rest4 beve3lhen1 sv4 ,,iii1 order1 recommend2 bring home to a person1 #ai1 #cd1 #ha4 bevinden1 sv4 ,,iii1 become sensible of1 get to know4 bewachen1 wv4 watch1 guard4 bewarn1 wv4 protect1 guard against1 preserve2 avert1 ward off1 prevent4 bewe3gen 7sich with gen471 sv4 ,v1 resolve to or upon1 take upon oneself2 part with1 cast off4 bewenden 7pp4 -want71 wv4 turn to1 use4 bewisen1 wv4 put right1 inform1 instruct4 bezzer 7superl4 bezzest1 beste71 aj4 better1 #eh4 bezzern1 wv4 refl4 get better1 improve4 bezzerunge1 sf4 improvement1 #h4 bi1 prep4 and av4 near1 near by1 with1 beside2 thereby2 bi sin with dat4 of person3 be near1 have2 bi minen triuwen1 in truth1 upon my word62 bi minen ziten1 during my lifetime2 bi spotte sin1 like mockery2 bi we3sen1 remain4 bibenen 7biben1 pp4 bibent71 wv4 quake1 tremble4 biderbe1 aj4 noble1 active1 good4 biegen1 sv4 ,,ii1 bow1 bend1 #e1 #aa1 #ab1 #ae1 #af1 #ah1 #cc1 #gh4 bien bi de3n4 bieten1 sv4 ,,ii1 offer1 show1 #e1 #aa1 #ah1 #be1 #gh4 bilde1 sn4 example1 comparison4 bilden1 wv4 form4 billich1 aj4 becoming1 right4 billichen1 av4 rightly1 properly1 befittingly4 bin1 am1 #ig4 binden1 sv4 ,,iii1 bind1 fasten1 #aj note #b1 #aa1 #ab1 #ae1 #cc1 #ha2 wol gebunden1 with the hair neatly braided and decked out4 bir1 swf4 pear1 #ej4 biten1 sv4 ,i1 wait1 put off1 delay1 #gf4 bit7t7en 7pret4 bat71 sv4 ,v1 ask1 beg1 request1 command1 #c1 #bf1 #ca4c1 #hd4 bitter1 aj4 bitter1 #bj1 #ca4b1 #ee4 bitterlich1 aj4 bitter1 #h4 bitterlichen1 av4 bitterly4 biz1 sm4 bite1 #dd4 bizen1 sv4 ,i1 bite1 #e1 #ai1 #gf4 bla 7-wes71 aj4 blue1 #cf1 #ee4 blanc1 aj4 white1 shining1 beautiful4 blasen1 sv4 ,,vii1 blow1 #hg4 blat1 sn4 leaf4 bli 7-ges71 snm4 lead1 #ce4 bliben beliben4 blic 7-ckes71 sm4 glance1 look2 splendour4 blideclichen1 av4 blithely1 joyfully4 blint 7-des71 aj4 blind1 #g1 #i4b1 #ee1 #ef4 bliuwen1 sv4 ,,ii1 strike1 #af note1 #ai1 #cf1 #gi4 bloz1 aj4 bare1 naked2 only4 blu3ejen1 blu3ewen1 blu3en1 wv4 bloom1 #ai1 #ce1 #ij4 blu3emen1 wv4 bloom1 #ij4 bluome1 wmf4 flower1 blossom4 bluot1 sn4 blood4 bluoten1 wv4 bleed4 boc 7-ckes71 sm4 he-goat1 #aj1 #cb4a4 bo3cklin1 sn4 little he-goat1 #aj4 boese1 aj4 bad1 worthless1 despicable4 boge1 wm4 bow4 bo3lzelin1 sn4 little cross-bow1 bolt or arrow4 borgen1 wv4 borrow4 bote1 wm4 messenger1 #ea4 bougen1 bo3ugen1 wv4 bend1 #aj4 boum1 sm4 tree4 bozen1 sv4 ,,vii1 beat1 strike1 #hg4 bra 7brawe71 swf41 brow1 eyebrow2 eyelash1 #dh4 braten1 sv4 ,,vii1 roast1 #hg4 bre3chen1 sv4 ,,iv1 break1 pluck1 gather2 neglect1 #hb4 breit1 aj4 wide1 broad4 brennen1 wv4 burn1 #aj1 #aa1 #ij4 bresten1 sv4 ,,iv1 break1 burst1 be deficient1 want1 lack1 #ai4 brief 7-ves71 sm4 letter1 #cc1 #dd4 bringen 7pret4 brahte1 pret4 subj4 braehte71 bring1 #bh1 #bi1 #ia2 sich bringen lazen1 let oneself be brought2 vu3r bringen1 carry out4 brinnen1 sv4 ,,iii1 burn1 #ha4 briuwen1 sv4 ,,ii1 brew1 #af note1 #gi4 broede1 aj4 breakable1 perishable4 brot1 sn4 bread4 brugge1 bru3gge 7brucke1 bru3cke71 sf4 bridge1 #aj note #c1 #bf1 #ca4c4 brun1 aj4 brown2 dark-coloured4 brunne1 wm4 spring1 well1 brook4 bruoch1 sf4 covering for the upper part of the thigh4 bruoder1 sm4 brother1 #c1 #e1 #aa1 #bd1 #be1 #de4 brust 7pl4 bruste1 bru3ste71 sf4 breast1 bosom1 #aj note #c1 #di4 brut 7pl4 briute71 bride1 #e1 #aj1 #aa4 bu 7-wes71 smn4 cultivated land2 farmhouse2 dwelling1 abode1 #db4 bu3echlin1 sn4 little book1 #aj4 buman 7pl4 buliute71 sm4 peasant1 farmer1 farm labourer4 buoch1 sn4 book1 #aj4 buosem1 sm4 bosom1 #i4b4 buoz1 sm4 remedy1 compensation1 reparation2 buoz tuon c gen41 free from1 liberate from4 bur1 sm4 peasant4 burc 7-ge71 sf4 castle1 town1 #aj note #a1 #di4 burgaere1 sm4 citizen1 parishioner4 burt1 sf4 birth1 of good family4 butze1 wm4 hobgoblin1 bug-bear2 in butzen wis1 like a ghostly hobgoblin4 buwen1 biuwen 7pret4 biute71 wv4 till1 cultivate1 plant4 ,c ,for c see k4 ,d da1 dar1 av4 there1 where1 #ci1 #fi2 da mite1 therewith2 da von1 thereby2 da vor1 before it or that2 da zuo1 thereby1 therewith1 thereto4 dach1 sn4 covering1 #ca4c4 dagen1 wv4 be silent1 #ib4 dahte1 see decken4 danc 7-kes71 sm44 thanks1 wish2 sunder or an' minen danc1 against my wish4 danken1 wv4 thank1 #i4b4 danne1 denne 7dan71 av4 then2 after the comparative1 than as2 in conditional sentences with or without ne unless4 dannen1 av4 from there1 thence2 wherefrom1 #fi4 dannoch 7dennoch71 av4 however1 even1 still2 besides1 in addition to this2 moreover4 dar1 dare1 av4 thither1 whither1 #fi2 dar an1 thereon1 in that1 therein2 dar fu3r1 before it2 dar nach1 thereupon1 after that2 dar umbe1 therefore1 #fi2 dar under1 amongst them1 in between2 dar zuo1 besides1 in addition4 darinne1 darinne1 av4 therein4 daz cj4 that4 dechein1 pr4 no1 none1 #ga4 decken 7pret4 dacte1 dahte71 wv4 cover1 #bc4b1 #ca4c1 #cb4b1 #ij4 de3gen1 sm4 warrior1 vassal1 #aa4 dehein1 dekein1 pr4 any one2 no1 none1 #ga4 deich daz ich4 deist daz ist4 denen 7dennen71 wv4 stretch1 #ib4 denken 7pret4 dahte71 think1 #e1 #aa1 #bh1 #bi1 #ia4 denne danne4 dennoch1 see dannoch4 de3r1 daz1 diu1 def4 art41 dem4 pr41 and rel4 pr41 the1 who2 #i4f1 #fh1 #fi2 de3s1 av4 with which1 thereby1 therefore1 wherefore4 derfu3re1 av4 out4 dernider1 av4 down4 de3rst de3r ist4 dest1 deis1 des daz ist1 #fh note #a4 deste1 av4 the more1 all the more2 before comparatives1 the1 so much1 #aa4 deswar 7 daz ist war71 av4 truly1 in truth1 indeed4 dewe3der1 dwe3der1 pr4 one of two1 neither of two1 #ga4 dez daz4 dic 7dicke71 aj4 thick1 dark1 #ee2 av4 dicke1 often2 dicke baz1 often still better4 die ,middle ,germ4 form of de3r4 diech daz ich4 diemu3ete1 sf4 humility4 dien die en4 dienen1 wv4 serve1 earn1 deserve2 requite1 #i4b1 #ib4 dienest 7dienst71 sm4 service1 serviceableness2 devotion1 #i4b2 ze dienste1 out of devotion4 dienstman1 sm4 servant1 feoffee4 diep 7-bes71 sm4 thief2 ze diebe we3rden1 become a thief4 diezen1 sv4 ,,ii1 resound1 roar1 rush1 #ah1 #gh4 dihen 7pret4 dech1 pp4 gedigen71 sv4 ,i1 thrive1 #ag1 #cj1 #gf4 din1 pr4 thy1 #i4c1 #fg4 dinc 7-ges71 sn4 thing1 affair1 #df4 dingen1 wv4 speak1 make a contract4 dirre1 diser1 dise 7neut4 ditze1 diz1 diz2 fem4 disiu71 pr4 this1 #fh4 diuhen1 wv4 change1 remove2 press1 shove4 diuten1 wv4 intimate1 relate1 display4 diuwe 7diw71 sf4 servant1 #dh4 do1 do1 av4 and cj4 then1 when1 as1 #fi4 doch1 av4 yet1 however1 nevertheless4 dol1 sf4 suffering1 pain1 distress1 misery1 #dh4 doln1 wv4 endure1 tolerate1 suffer1 #ij4 don1 ton 7pl4 doene71 sm4 sound1 melody1 song4 donreslac 7-ges71 sm4 thunder-clap1 lightning1 dorf 7pl4 do3rfer71 sn4 village1 hamlet1 #aj4 dorn1 sm4 thorn1 #bd4 do3rperlich1 aj4 peasant-like1 rustic4 dort1 av4 there1 yonder4 douwen1 do3uwen1 wv4 digest1 #aj4 draejen 7draen71 wv4 turn1 #ce1 #ij4 drate1 av4 quickly1 immediately2 also drate1 directly1 forthwith4 dreschen1 sv4 ,,iv1 thrash1 #aa1 #hb4 dri 7neut4 driu71 num4 three1 #fb1 #fc2 drier hande1 of three kinds4 dringen1 sv4 ,,iii1 press1 throng1 shoot up1 also sn41 #ha2 fu3r sich dringen1 press forwards1 spread4 dristunt1 av4 thrice4 dritte1 drite1 num4 third1 #bf1 #fb4 drivaltic1 aj4 threefold4 drizic 7-ec71 num4 thirty1 #fb4 drize3hen1 num4 thirteen1 #fb4 drize3hende1 num4 thirteenth1 #fb4 drizigeste1 num4 thirtieth1 #fb4 drouwe 7drowe1 dro71 sf4 threat1 threatening4 drouwen1 dro3uwen1 wv4 threaten1 #c1 #aj4 drucken1 dru3cken1 wv4 press1 #aj note #c1 #ij4 drufe dar ufe4 drumb7e71 av4 to that end1 therefore4 drunder dar under4 du1 du1 pr4 thou2 gen4 din2 dat4 dir2 acc4 dich2 pl4 nom4 ir2 gen4 iuwer2 dat4 iu2 acc4 iuch1 #fe4 dulden1 wv4 endure4 dume1 wm4 thumb4 dunken1 du3nken 7pret4 duhte1 pret4 subj4 diuhte71 seem1 appear1 #e1 #aj note #b1 #aa1 #bi1 #ia2 sich ze nihte dunken1 to imagine oneself undone4 du3nne1 aj4 thin1 #e1 #aj1 #aa1 #ee4 durch 7dur71 prep4 through1 on account of1 for1 for the sake of1 #cd2 dur daz1 on this account1 for that reason1 therefore2 durch plates stimme1 for drawing sounds or notes from the leaf2 for making a whistling sound on the leaf2 durch sinen muot1 through his 7childish7 mind4 durfen1 du3rfen 7pres4 sing4 darf1 pret4 dorfte1 pret4 subj4 do3rfte71 pret4 pres4 need1 #af1 #ic4 durftige1 wm4 beggar1 one in want of help4 duz du e3z4 ,e e1 er1 av4 formerly1 rather1 sooner1 before1 #ci1 #fa e3ben1 aj4 even1 #ee1 #fj4 e3bene1 av4 evenly1 smoothly1 well-fitting1 #fj4 ecke1 swf41 sn4 corner1 #ca1 #c4 edel7e71 aj4 and av4 noble1 #fj4 edelinc1 sm4 son of a nobleman1 #h4 edeln1 wv4 ennoble4 egen1 wv4 harrow4 egeslich 7eislich71 aj4 fearful1 terrible1 #cg4 e3ht 77et1 7ot71 av4 only2 even1 at any rate1 #cd4 ei 7pl4 eijer1 eiger1 eier71 sn4 egg1 #ce1 #dg ei1 interj4 ah4 eiden1 wv4 take an oath1 pledge4 eigen1 aj4 own1 #ee4 eigen1 sn4 property2 ze eigen ge3ben1 present4 eilfte1 aj4 eleventh1 #fb4 ein1 num4 and indef4 art4 one2 a1 an1 #i4c1 #fb1 #fc2 indef1 pr4 one1 some one1 #ga4 einander1 pr4 one another4 eine1 av4 alone4 eines1 av4 once4 einic 7-ec71 aj4 only1 single4 einlif1 einlef 7eilif71 num4 eleven1 #fb4 ei7n7lifte 7eilfte71 num4 eleventh1 #fb4 eischen1 sv4 ,,vii1 ask1 demand4 eislich1 see egeslich4 eit 7-des71 sm4 oath4 element1 sn4 element4 elich1 aj4 legal1 conjugal4 ellen1 sn4courage1 valour2 manliness4 ellenboge1 wm4 elbow4 ellenden1 wv4 go abroad4 ellich1 aj4 universal1 constant4 elter1 aj4 older4 eltlich1 aj4 elderly1 old4 emphe3lhen1 sv4 ,,iii1 recommend1 #ha4 emzekeit1 sf4 activity1 diligence1 industry4 en1 neg4 particle1 generally used before the verb with or without niht after the verb1 not4 en in subordinate sentences with the subjunctive1 unless1 if not1 except that1 when that1 that not1 c4 en in2 shortened form of de3n4 enbe3rn1 sv4 ,,iv1 be without a thing1 do without4 enbieten1 sv4 ,,ii1 bid1 announce1 summon4 enblanden1 sv4 ,,vii1 let be painful or irksome to4 enblecken1 wv4 make visible1 expose4 ende1 sn4 end4 endelichen1 av4 throughout1 entirely4 enden1 wv4 end1 finish4 enein in ein4 enge1 aj4 narrow1 #ee4 enge1 sf4 narrow place1 strait1 difficulty4 engel1 sm4 angel1 #i4b1 #db4 ,engellant1 pn4 ,england1 #ed4 enge3lten1 sv4 ,,iii1 pay1 requite4 enges7t7lich1 aj4 anxious1 timid1 dangerous4 enke1 wm4 man who tends the cattle4 enmitten1 av4 in the midst2 enmitten do1 during1 whilst4 enpfahen1 enpfan1 sv4 ,,vii1 accept1 receive4 enpfallen1 sv4 ,,vii1 pass away1 perish4 enpfinden1 sv4 ,,iii1 perceive1 become conscious of4 enpfle3gen1 sv4 ,v1 care for1 cherish4 enphe3lhen1 sv4 ,,iii1 order1 recommend1 #ha4 entrinnen1 sv4 ,,iii1 escape4 entsagen1 wv4 free1 remove1 withdraw4 entseben 7-seven71 sv4 ,,vi1 perceive1 #hf4 entsetzen1 wv4 bereave1 rob4 entslafen1 sv4 ,,vii1 fall asleep4 en7t7springen1 sv4 ,,iii1 spring up1 shoot up1 shoot forth4 entstan1 sv4 ,,vi1 understand4 entwe3r1 entwe3rch1 av4 athwart2 perversely4 entwe3sen1 sv4 ,v1 be without1 do without4 entwichen1 sv4 ,i1 yield1 go away4 enwe3c1 av4 away4 enzit1 av4 by times1 soon4 enzu3nden1 wv4 light1 kindle4 enzwischen1 prep4 between4 e3r1 si 7si1 siu1 sie71 e3z1 pr4 he1 she1 it2 gen4 sin 7e3s71 ir1 e3s2 dat4 im7e71 ir1 im7e72 acc4 in1 sie 7si1 si71 e3z 7iz72 pl4 nom4 acc4 si1 si1 sie1 neut4 also siu2 gen4 ir7e72 dat4 in1 #fe4 erbaere1 aj4 honourable1 decent1 modest4 erbarmen1 wv4 move to pity4 erbe1 sn4 inherited property1 inheritance4 erbeit arbeit4 erbeiten1 wv4 work1 have trouble2 c4 gen4 wait for4 erbe3lgen1 sv4 ,,iii1 become angry1 grow angry4 erben1 wv4 be hereditary1 descend from generation to generation4 erbieten1 sv4 ,,ii1 show1 manifest4 erbiten1 sv4 ,i1 wait4 erbleichen1 wv4 become pale4 erbolgen1 pp4 angered1 angry with4 erbu3rn1 wv4 raise1 lift up4 e3rde1 wf4 earth1 world1 #ad4b4 erdenken 7pret4 erdahte1 pret4 subj4 erdaehte71 wv4 think out1 devise1 contrive4 e3rderich e3rtrich4 erdiezen1 sv4 ,,ii1 resound1 re-echo4 erdringen1 sv4 ,,iii1 gain by force4 erdro3uwen1 wv4 compel by threats4 ere1 wf4 honour1 renown1 #aa4 eren1 wv4 honour4 erest1 erste1 aj4 first1 #ei4 ergahen1 wv4 overtake1 go to meet4 ergan1 sv4 ,,vii1 come out1 happen4 erge1 sf4 wickedness4 erge3ben1 sv4 ,v1 submit1 devote4 ergetzen1 wv4 cause to forget1 compensate4 ergrifen1 sv4 ,i1 seize4 erhahen1 erhan1 sv4 ,,vii1 hang4 erheben1 sv4 ,,vi1 raise2 refl4 rise4 erhoeren1 wv4 hear4 erkalten1 wv4 become cold4 erkant1 aj4 known4 erkennelich1 aj4 well-known1 renowned4 erkennen 7pret4 -kante1 -kande71 wv4 recognize1 perceive1 understand2 know4 erkiesen1 sv4 ,,ii1 elect1 select1 choose4 erklengen1 wv4 make resonant or sonorous4 erlazen1 erlan1 sv4 ,,vii1 release1 forgive4 erlengen1 wv4 lengthen4 erleschen1 sv4 ,,iv1 extinguish4 erliden1 sv4 ,i1 suffer4 erlouben1 erlo3uben1 wv4 allow1 permit1 #aj4 erloesen 7pp4 erlost71 wv4 remove1 free1 deliver4 ermordern1 wv4 murder4 ern1 eren1 erren 7pret4 ier1 pp4 gearn71 sv4 ,,vii1 till1 plough1 #hg4 e3rn e3r ne4 ernern1 wv4 rescue1 heal1 cure4 erniuwen1 wv4 renew4 e3rnst1 sm4 fervour4 erre3chen1 sv4 ,,iv1 avenge4 errer1 erre1 e3rre1 aj4 former1 #ei4 erringen1 sv4 ,,iii1 gain1 obtain1 get4 erscheinen1 wv4 show1 make to appear4 ersche3llen1 sv4 ,,iii1 resound4 erschiezen1 sv4 ,,ii1 shoot1 shoot through1 pierce to death4 erschinen1 sv4 ,i1 appear2 dawn4 erschre3cken1 sv4 ,,iv1 frighten1 become frightened2 refl4 c4 gen4 become frightened at4 erschrien 7pret4 -schre71 sv4 ,i1 shriek1 cry out4 erse3hen1 sv4 ,v1 see1 perceive4 erslahen1 erslan1 sv4 ,,vi1 slay1 kill4 er7e7st1 erste1 av4 at first1 so soon as1 #fa4 erste1 num4 first1 #i4e1 #fb4 erste3rben1 sv4 ,,iii1 die4 erstrecken 7pret4 erstracte71 wv4 expand1 spread out4 e3rtrich 7e3rderich71 sn4 earth1 world4 ertrinken1 sv4 ,,iii1 drown1 perish4 erve3hten1 sv4 ,,iv1 gain by fighting2 with abe and dat43 win or gain from by fighting4 ervinden1 sv4 ,,iii1 experience1 get to know4 ervollen1 wv4 become full4 ervro3uwen1 wv4 rejoice1 make glad4 erwachen1 wv4 awake4 erwecken 7pret4 -wahte71 wv4 waken1 awaken4 erweln1 wv4 elect1 choose4 erwe3rben1 sv4 ,,iii1 reach1 attain1 acquire1 beget4 erwern1 wv4 prevent1 hinder4 erwinden1 sv4 ,,iii1 turn round2 be thrown back1 be reflected4 erzeigen1 wv4 show1 prove4 erziehen1 sv4 ,,ii1 bring up1 educate4 esche1 wf4 ash4 e3t1 et e3ht4 etelich1 eteslich 7etlich1 etslich71 pr4 many a one1 any one2 pl4 some1 #ga4 etewe3r1 eteswe3r1 pr4 any or some one2 neut4 etewaz1 anything1 something1 #gj1 #ga4 ettewanne 7eteswenne1 ettewenne71 av4 sometimes4 evangelium1 sn4 gospel4 ewic1 aj4 everlasting4 ewiclichen1 av4 ever1 everlastingly4 e3z1 pr4 it1 #fe4 e3zzen 7pp4 ge3zzen71 sv4 ,v1 eat1 #i4g1 #ai1 #bj1 #bc4a1 #bh1 #hc4 ,f ,for f see v4 ,g gabe1 sf4 gift4 gabylot1 gabilot1 sn4 small javelin or dart4 gach 7-hes71 aj4 quick1 rapid1 #ee2 gach we3sen 7with dat4 of pers471 be in a hurry2 mir ist gach1 ,i hasten2 gen4 gahes as av4 gadem1 sn4 room1 bed-room2 house1 #df4 gaehe1 aj4 quick1 hasty4 gahelos1 aj4 fickle1 wanton4 gahen1 gaehen1 wv4 hasten1 hurry4 ,gahmuret1 pn4 the name of ,parzival's father4 galge1 wm4 gallows1 scaffold4 galle1 swf4 gall1 bitterness1 grief4 gan1 see gunnen4 gan1 gen1 sv4 ,,vii1 go1 #hg1 #ie2 umbe gan1 go or turn round4 ganz1 aj4 whole1 entire1 complete1 #ai1 #fj4c4 ganzliche7n71 av4 completely1 #fj4c4 gar 7-wes71 aj4 ready1 prepared1 #i4a1 #cf1 #ee4 gar1 av4 fully1 entirely1 completely4 gart1 sm4 goad1 whip4 gartenaere1 sm4 gardener1 #h4 gast 7pl4 geste71 stranger1 guest1 #c1 #e1 #aj1 #aa1 #dd4 gearbeiten1 wv4 work4 gebaerde1 sf4 countenance4 gebaren1 wv4 behave1 conduct oneself4 ge3be1 sf4 gift1 #g1 #dh4 gebeine1 sn4 bones1 remains4 ge3ben1 sv4 ,v1 give1 grant1 #e1 #ab1 #ad4b1 #be1 #bh1 #cc1 #hc4 ge3ben1 pp4 gege3ben4 gebende1 sn4 head-dress4 gebe3t1 sn4 prayer4 gebieten1 sv4 ,,ii1 order1 command4 gebot1 sn4 command1 order1 commandment4 gebre3chen bre3chen4 gebreste1 wm4 defect1 waste4 gebresten bresten4 gebu3ezen1 wv4 atone for1 improve4 gebure1 wm4 peasant1 citizen4 geburt1 sf4 birth1 noble birth4 gedagen1 wv4 keep silent4 gedanc1 sm4 thought1 #dd4 gedanken danken4 gedenken 7pret4 -dahte71 wv4 think1 intend1 strive2 bear in mind1 remember4 gedienen1 wv4 earn1 deserve1 obtain4 gedihen 7gedien71 sv4 ,i1 thrive1 speed well1 advance4 gedinge1 wm4 or sfn4 hope1 confidence2 thought2 contract4 gedingen1 wv4 negotiate4 gedranc 7-ges71 sm4 thronging1 crowd4 gedulde1 gedult1 sf4 patience4 gedulteclichen1 av4 patiently4 gedultic 7-ec71 aj4 patient1 indulgent1 #aj note #a4 gedultikeit1 sf4 patience4 geenden1 wv4 end1 finish4 gefu3ege1 aj4 befitting1 suitable1 seemly4 gefuoge1 sf4 fitness1 good breeding4 gegan gan4 gege3ben ge3ben4 ge3gen 7gein71 prep4 against1 opposite to1 towards1 to2 at1 for1 #cg4 gegihte1 sn4 gout1 cramp4 gegru3ezen1 wv4 greet1 salute4 gehaben 7refl471 wv4 be1 fare1 feel4 geheizen1 sv4 ,,vii1 promise2 call1 name4 gehe3lfen he3lfen4 gehenge1 sf4 permission4 gehiure1 aj4 lovely1 charming1 gracious4 gehoenen1 wv4 dishonour1 abuse1 revile1 curse4 gehoeren1 wv4 hear4 gehorsam7e71 sf4 obedience4 geil1 aj4 joyous1 joyful1 gay4 geist1 sm4 spirit1 mind1 ghost4 gejegede1 sn4 hunt4 geklopfen1 wv4 knock4 ge3l 7-wes71 aj4 yellow1 #ee4 gelaz1 snm4 formation1 figure1 shape4 gele3ben1 wv4 live1 live to see4 geleischiert1 pp4 with or having the reins of the horse slack2 see leischieren4 geleisten leisten4 geleit geleget4 geleite1 sn4 protection1 retinue2 wm4 attendant1 companion4 ge3lf 7ge3lph71 aj4 shining2 merry1 insolent4 gelich 7glich71 aj4 like1 same1 straight1 even1 #i4g2 av4 geliche1 equally1 in like manner4 gelichen1 refl4 wv4 be like1 be equal2 resemble4 gelieben1 wv4 love1 make dear1 please4 geligen1 sv4 ,v1 succumb1 be ruined4 gelimpfen1 wv4 be meet1 #bc4b4 gelingen1 sv4 ,,iii1 succeed1 #ha2 mir gelingt wol1 ,i have good success4 gelit1 glit 7-des71 sn4 member1 #i4g4 geloube1 wm4 faith4 gelouben1 gelo3uben1 wv4 believe1 think1 #aj1 #cc1 #ij4 ge3lt 7-des71 sn4 money4 ge3lten1 sv4 ,,iii1 pay1 requite2 procure1 #i4d note1 #ha4 gelu3cke1 sn4 good fortune1 happiness4 gelust1 sm4 wish1 desire2 joy1 pleasure4 gemach1 smn41 rest1 ease2 bedroom4 gemachen1 wv4 make4 gemahele1 wf4 bride4 gemeine1 aj4 common1 familiar4 gemeit1 aj4 happy1 joyful4 gemeren1 wv4 increase4 gemiden1 sv4 ,i1 avoid1 keep at a distance4 gemiten1 sv4 ,i1 shun1 avoid4 gemu3ete1 sn4 disposition1 desire1 longing2 heart4 gemuot1 aj4 minded1 disposed1 inclined4 genade1 gnade1 sf4 grace1 favour1 kindness1 #i4g2 in addressing a person3 be gracious2 genade sagen1 thank2 uf genade1 graciously4 genadelos1 aj4 unhappy1 without grace4 genaden1 wv4 to thank4 genaedic1 aj4 gracious1 merciful4 genaeme1 aj4 beloved1 dear1 pleasant4 genanne1 gnanne1 wm4 namesake1 #i4g4 gene3sen1 sv4 ,v1 recover1 become well or free1 #cj1 #hc4 genieten1 wv4 refl4 rejoice1 be glad1 become satisfied with4 geniezen1 sv4 ,,ii c4 gen41 enjoy1 have advantage of2 make use of1 use as food4 genisbaere1 aj4 healable1 curable4 genislich1 aj4 healable1 curable4 genist1 sf4 recovery4 genoz1 sm4 companion4 genozen 7hin ze71 wv4 compare1 compare with4 genu3egen1 wv4 be sufficient1 suffice2 mich genu3eget de3s1 that is enough for me4 genuoc1 gnuoc1 aj4 and av4 enough1 #i4g2 pl4 many2 as indecl4 sb4 with gen4 enough4 genu3ogen genu3egen4 gequeln1 wv4 plague1 torment4 ge3r1 gir1 sf4 longing1 eager desire4 gerade1 grade1 aj4 quick1 #i4g4 geraten 7pret4 -riet71 sv4 ,,vii1 advise2 come at2 prosper1 thrive1 succeed4 gere3ch1 gre3ch1 aj4 straight1 #i4g4 gerich1 sm4 revenge1 vengeance4 gerihte1 sn4 jurisdiction4 gerinclichen1 av4 small1 easily4 geringen1 sv4 ,,iii1 struggle1 strive4 geriute1 sn4 arable land4 geriuwen1 wv4 repent1 lament4 ge3rn 7with gen4 and dat471 wv4 long for1 yearn for1 desire1 want1 hanker after4 ge3rne1 av4 willingly1 gladly4 gerte1 swf4 rod4 gerumen1 wv4 leave1 make room4 geruochen1 wv4 be pleased1 hold good for4 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swf4 gap1 hole1 #ca4c4 luft1 smf4 air1 firmament4 luoder1 sn4 bait1 #df4 lut1 aj4 loud2 lut we3rden 7c4 gen471 give to understand1 mention1 be heard4 lute1 av4 aloud1 loudly4 luter1 aj4 clear1 bright1 #i4b2 av4 luterliche4 lu3tzel1 aj4 and av4 little1 small1 #ca4b1 #eh2 lu3tzel ieman1 nobody1 no one2 as indecl4 sb4 with gen41 little4 ,m mac1 see mu3gen4 mac 7-ges71 sm4 relation4 machen1 wv4 make4 maere1 sn4 story1 tidings1 report4 maere1 aj4 known1 renowned1 #aj4 magedin1 sn4 maid1 maiden1 #h4 magen1 megen1 see mugen4 maget 7pl4 ma3gede1 megde71 sf4 girl1 maiden1 #e1 #aj1 #cg1 #di4 maht 7pl4 ma3hte71 sf4 strength1 power1 might1 #e1 #aa4 mahtu maht du4 malen1 wv4 paint1 draw4 maln1 sv4 ,,vi1 grind1 #he4 man1 sm4 man1 #c1 #cb4a1 #de2 pr4 one1 #ga4 manbaere1 aj4 marriageable4 mane1 wm4 moon4 manen1 wv4 urge on1 remind1 admonish4 manic1 manec 7manc71 aj4 many1 much1 #h2 pr4 many a1 #ga2 maneger hande1 slahte1 or leie1 in many ways1 manifoldly2 maneger vil1 very many4 manicvalt1 aj4 manifold1 variegated4 manlich1 aj4 manly1 brave1 #e1 #aj4 mantel1 sm4 mantle1 #db4 manunge1 sf4 exhortation1 admonition4 marc1 sf4 half pound of gold or silver4 marder1 sm4 marten2 skin of a marten4 market1 sm4 market1 #i4b4 marter1 sf4 martyr2 torture4 maze1 sf4 measure1 manner2 moderation1 propriety1 fitness2 ze einer maze1 little1 moderate2 ze maze1 fairly1 sufficiently2 ze re3hter maze1 to the right length4 me1 mere1 aj4 and av4 more1 further1 #e1 #ag1 #ci1 #fa2 as indecl4 sb4 with gen4 more4 meie1 wm4 ,may2 spring of the year1 #ce4 meien1 wv4 become ,may2 be joyful1 make merry4 meier 7meiger71 sm4 farmer4 meierin1 sf4 farmer's wife4 meinen1 wv4 mean1 mean well1 have in view2 cause4 meist1 meiste1 aj4 and av4 most1 greatest1 #eh1 #fa4 meister1 sm4 master4 meisterschaft1 sf4 skill in an art1 mastery1 order4 meit maget1 #cg4 meizen1 sv4 ,,vii1 cut1 #hg4 me3l 7-wes71 sn4 meal1 #cf1 #df4 me3lden1 wv4 announce1 make known2 betray4 me3ldunge1 sf4 announcement1 #h4 ,meljahkanz1 pn4 me3lken1 sv4 ,,iii1 milk4 mensch7e71 wsmn4 man 7'homo'74 menschenbluot1 sn4 human blood4 menschlich1 aj4 human4 mer1 sn4 sea4 mere1 see me4 meren1 wv4 increase4 merer1 mer7r7e1 aj4 more1 #eh4 merken 7pret4 markte71 wv4 observe1 perceive1 understand4 merze1 wm4 ,march4 me3sse1 sf4 mass2 me3ssezit1 sf4 time for mass4 me3te1 sm4 mead1 #dc4 mettine1 sf4 matins1 primes4 me3zzen1 sv4 ,v1 measure1 #cb4a1 #cb4d1 #hc4 me3zzer1 sn4 knife4 michel1 aj4 great2 michels1 av4 by far1 #ee1 #eh4 miden1 sv4 ,i1 avoid1 shun1 do without1 #cj1 #gf4 miete1 sf4 pay1 reward1 present1 #e1 #aa4 milch1 sf4 milk1 #i4a4 milt 7-des71 aj4 generous2 av4 miltliche1 miltecliche4 milte1 aj4 generous1 bounteous4 milte1 sf4 liberality1 generosity2 grace1 favour4 min1 av4 less1 #fa4 min1 pr4 my1 #fg4 minne1 sf4 love2 loving memory1 remembrance4 minneclich1 aj4 dear1 lovely1 loving1 kind4 minnen1 wv4 love1 value1 #ib4 minner1 minre1 min1 aj4 and av4 less1 #i4c1 #eg1 #eh2 as indecl4 sb4 with gen4 less4 minnest1 min7ne7ste1 aj4 and av4 least1 #i4e1 #eg1 #eh1 #fa4 mirs mir e3s4 miselsuht1 sf4 leprosy4 mislich1 aj4 sundry1 uneven1 different4 misselingen1 sv4 ,,iii1 not to succeed4 missesagen1 wv4 deceive1 lie4 missetat1 sf4 misdeed1 offence4 missewende1 sf4 mistake1 fault1 blot4 mist1 sm4 dung1 dirt4 mit1 mite1 prep4 and av4 with1 by1 through1 #i4f2 mit sorgen1 sorrowfully2 mit triuwen1 faithful1 faithfully2 mit willen1 gladly1 willingly2 mit witze1 reasonably1 sensibly1 cleverly1 prudently1 wisely2 mit zu3hten1 politely4 mitte1 aj4 middle2 av4 mitten4 morgen 7morne71 sm4 morning1 #db2 de3s morgens1 in the morning4 mortlich1 aj4 murderous2 av4 mortliche4 mortmeile1 aj4 blood-stained1 blood-guilty4 motte1 swf4 moth1 #bd4 mu3edinc1 sm4 unhappy man1 #h4 mu3elich1 aj4 and av4 painful1 troublesome4 mu3en 7mu3ejen1 mu3ewen71 wv4 torment1 trouble1 distress1 grieve1 #ce1 #ij4 mu3eterlich1 aj4 motherly4 mu3eterlin1 sn4 little mother1 #aj4 mu3ezen1 pret4-pres4 7pres4 sing4 muoz1 pret4 muoste1 muose71 must1 #bh1 #ic4 mu3ezic1 aj4 idle1 at leisure4 mu3g7e7lich1 aj4 possible4 mu3gen1 mugen1 magen1 megen 7pres4 sing4 mac1 pret4 mohte1 pret4 subj4 mo3hte71 pret4-pres4 may1 can1 #aj1 #aa1 #bh1 #ic4 mugge1 mu3gge 7mucke1 mu3cke71 wf4 midge1 fly1 #aj note #c1 #bj4 mu3l1 sf4 mill4 mul1 sn4 mule4 mu3nich1 sm4 monk4 mu3nster1 sn4 minster4 munt 7-des71 sm4 mouth4 muot1 sm4 sense1 mind1 spirits1 mood1 feeling1 courage1 disposition1 sentiment2 riches muotes we3rden1 be in good spirits4 muoten1 wv4 c4 gen4 desire1 long for4 muoter1 sf4 mother1 #aj1 #aa1 #di4 ,n nac 7-ckes71 sm4 back part of the head4 nach1 prep4 after1 according to1 on account of1 at1 for1 to1 #cd2 nach de3m guote1 about wealth or money2 nach eren1 honourably2 nach sinen beinen1 made to fit his legs2 nach wu3nsche1 to perfection1 all that one could wish for2 vil nach1 nearly4 nacket1 aj4 naked4 nagel1 sm4 nail1 #i4b1 #dd4 nagen1 sv4 ,,vi1 gnaw1 #he4 nahe 7nach71 av4 near1 nigh1 #cd2 nahe tragen1 take to heart2 nahe gan1 go closely1 touch2 nahen1 near by4 nahen1 wv4 draw near1 come near1 approach1 be near4 nahgebure1 wm4 neighbour4 naht1 sf4 night1 #ai1 #di2 av4 nahtes1 by night4 nahtigale1 nahtegal7e71 sf4 nightingale4 nam7e71 wm4 name1 position1 #c1 #i4a1 #i4d4 namen1 wv4 name1 #ib4 napf1 sm4 basin1 #ca4 nar1 sf4 food1 #dh4 nat1 sf4 seam4 naz 7-zzes71 aj4 wet1 #ca4c4 ne1 n'1 neg4 particle1 generally used before the verb with and without niht1 not1 #ajh4 ne3bel1 sm4 fog1 mist1 nehein1 pr4 no1 none1 #ga4 neigen1 wv4 bow1 bend down4 neizwe3r1 pr4 anyone1 #gj4 ne3men1 sv4 ,,iv1 take2 c4 dat4 pers4 take away1 rob1 #e1 #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad4b1 #gd1 #hb4 nennen1 wv4 name1 mention the name of1 #cb4b1 #dj1 #ij4 nern 7nerigen1 nerjen71 wv4 nourish1 rescue1 keep alive1 refl4 subsist on1 #i4a1 #cj1 #ce1 #ij4 nest1 ne3st1 sn4 nest1 #aa4 netze1 sn4 net1 #df4 netzen1 wv4 make wet1 #ca4c4 ne3ve1 wm4 nephew1 #cc4 niden1 sv4 ,i1 hate1 envy1 #gf4 nider1 av4 down2 sich nider lazen1 settle1 establish oneself4 nidetat1 sf4 spiteful action4 nie1 av4 never4 nieman1 niemen1 pr4 nobody1 no one1 #ga4 niemer 7niemer1 nimer1 nimmer71 av4 never4 niender1 av4 by no means4 niene1 av4 not1 not at all4 niesen1 sv4 ,,ii1 sneeze1 #gh4 nieten 7refl4 with gen471 wv4 be eager or zealous for4 niezen geniezen4 niftel1 sf4 niece1 #cc4 niht1 nieht1 niet1 av4 not2 pr4 nothing1 #ga2 indecl4 sb4 c4 gen4 nothing4 nine niene1 not at all4 nit 7-des71 sm4 hatred1 anger1 hostility4 niun1 num4 nine1 #fb4 niunte 7-de71 num4 ninth1 #fb4 niunze3hen1 num4 nineteen1 #fb4 niunze3hende1 num4 nineteenth1 #fb4 niunzic 7-ec71 num4 ninety1 #fb4 niunzigeste1 ninetieth1 #fb4 niuwan 7niwan1 niuwen71 av4 nothing but1 only2 cj4 except1 except that4 niuwe1 aj4 new1 #af note1 #ee4 niuwet1 av4 not4 noch1 av4 still2 noch en noch1 neither--nor4 ,norgals1 pn4 the country belonging to ,herzeloyde4 not1 sf4 need1 danger1 trouble1 distress4 nothaft1 aj4 needy1 poor1 notic1 aj4 in distress1 hasty4 notnunft1 sf4 abduction by violence4 nu 7nu71 av4 now2 nu wol dan1 well then be off there6 nutz 7nuz71 sm4 use1 advantage4 nu3tze1 aj4 useful4 nutzen1 nu3tzen1 wv4 to use1 #aj note #c4 ,o ob1 obe1 op1 prep4 and av4 over1 above2 conj4 if1 in case that1 whether1 #i4f4 oben 7e71 av4 from above1 above4 ober1 aj4 upper1 #ei4 oberste1 oberist1 oberest1 aj4 highest1 uppermost1 #h1 #ei4 oder1 ode1 conj4 or4 offen1 aj4 and av4 open1 #bc4a4 offenbare1 av4 openly4 ofte1 av4 often4 ohse1 wm4 ox4 opfer1 sn4 offering4 orden1 sm4 order1 rule2 rank2 riters orden1 knightly order4 ordenunge1 sf4 order1 rule4 ore1 wn4 ear1 #e1 #aa1 #ej4 op ob4 ,osterrich1 pn4 ,austria4 ot1 see e3ht4 ouch1 7och1 av4 also2 henceforward4 ouge1 wn4 eye1 #c1 #e1 #aa1 #ej4 ougen1 wv4 show1 #aj1 #ij4 ougenweide1 sf4 delight of the eyes1 sight1 appearance4 ouwe1 sf4 water2 meadow1 #aj4 owe1 ouwe1 7owi1 interj4 woe6 alas6 ah62 owe mir mines leides6 alas6 for my grief2 owi wan1 used to express a wish3 would that2 owe de3s1 alas for that6 owol1 interj4 well6 ,p palas1 sn4 hall4 paradys1 sn4 paradise4 pfaffe1 wm4 priest4 pfeller1 pfellel1 sm4 carpet1 silk cloth4 pfennic1 pfenninc 7-ges71 sm4 penny1 #bi4 pfert 7-des71 sn4 horse4 pfle3ge1 sf4 care1 fostering4 pfle3gen 7phle3gen71 sv4 ,v1 be accustomed1 use1 practise1 care for1 #hc4 pfluoc1 phluoc 7-ges71 sm4 plough2 ploughman4 pfunt1 sn4 pound1 #bc4b4 phat 7-des71 smn4 path1 footway4 phel 7phelle7 pfeller4 ,philip1 ,philippes 7dat4 ,philippe71 pn4 ,philip4 phle3ger1 sm4 guardian1 protector4 pin bin4 pinen 7with sich and uf71 wv4 exert oneself for4 plan1 smf41 plane1 sf4 plain1 open space1 meadow4 planete1 wm4 planet4 porte1 sf4 door1 gate4 portenaere1 sm4 porter1 door-keeper4 pre3dige1 wf4 sermon4 pris1 sm4 praise1 renown1 reputation2 price4 prisen1 wv4 value1 praise1 extol4 prophete1 wm4 prophet4 pru3stelin1 sn4 breast1 chest4 ,q quale 7kale71 sf4 torture1 #cf4 que3c 7ke3c71 aj4 quick1 alive1 #ai1 #cf4 que3den1 sv4 ,v1 say1 #ai1 #cf4 que3rder 7korder1 ko3rder71 smn4 bait1 #cf4 quicken 7ku3cken71 wv4 enliven1 #cf4 quist quides7t71 #cg4 ,r rabe1 wm4 raven1 #ca4a4 rache1 sf4 revenge1 punishment4 ragen1 wv4 strike1 knock1 hit4 rappe1 wm4 raven1 #ca4a4 rasch 7rasche71 aj4 quick1 #ee4 rat 7-des71 sn4 wheel1 #dg4 rat1 sm4 7pl4 raete71 advice1 care1 resolution2 rat we3rden1 be helped4 raten1 sv4 ,,vii1 advise1 devise1 #hg4 re 7-wes71 smn4 corpse2 bier1 hearse1 #db1 #df4 re3chen1 sv4 ,,iv1 avenge1 punish4 re3de1 sf4 speech1 answer1 story1 saying4 re3gen1 sm4 rain1 #db4 re3ht1 aj4 and sn4 right1 proper1 just2 right1 duty1 law4 re3hte1 av4 rightly1 properly2 very4 reine1 rein1 aj4 pure1 spotless1 perfect1 #ee4 reise1 sf4 journey1 march4 reizen1 wv4 irritate2 entice1 allure4 rennen1 wv4 run1 #ij4 ribbalin1 sn4 foot-covering1 shoe4 riben1 sv4 ,i1 rub1 #gf4 rich1 riche1 aj4 powerful1 mighty1 noble1 great1 fine1 rich1 free1 #ee4 riche1 sn4 kingdom4 richeit1 sf4 wealth1 power4 richen1 wv4 make rich1 enrich1 present with4 richsen1 wv4 rule1 #i4b4 riechen1 sv4 ,,ii1 smell1 #gh4 rife1 wm4 hoar-frost4 rigel1 sm4 bolt1 bar4 rihten1 wv4 put right1 confirm1 judge2 refl4 get up4 rinc 7-ges71 sm4 ring4 ringe1 aj4 easy1 light1 small2 consumed4 ringen1 sv4 ,,iii1 strive1 struggle2 busy oneself1 wrestle2 ringen nach1 strive for or after4 rinnen1 sv4 ,,iii1 run1 #bj1 #ca1 #cb4a1 #ha4 rint 7pl4 rinder71 sn4 cow1 heifer4 risen1 sv4 ,i1 fall1 #cj1 #gf4 riten1 sv4 ,i1 ride1 #gf4 riter1 ritter1 sm4 rider2 knight1 the name of knight4 riterlich1 aj4 knightly4 riterschaft1 sf4 knighthood1 customs and manners of knights4 ritterlichen1 av4 in knightly manner4 riuschen1 wv4 rush1 move noisily4 riuten1 wv4 root out1 clear the land1 bring the land into cultivation4 riuwe1 sf4 sadness1 grief1 pity1 regret1 #af note4 riuwen1 wv4 grieve1 grieve for1 regret4 riuwen1 sv4 ,,ii1 pain1 grieve1 regret1 #af note1 #gh4 riuwic1 aj4 sorrowful1 repentant4 rivier1 sm4 brook1 stream4 rocke1 rogge1 wm4 rye1 #ca4a4 ,rome1 pn4 ,rome4 ror1 sn4 reed4 ros1 sn4 horse4 rot1 aj4 red1 #ai4 rouben1 wv4 rob4 rouch1 sm4 smoke4 roufen1 wv4 pluck1 pull up1 pull at1 lug2 refl4 tear or pull out one's hair4 roup 7-bes71 sm4 robbery2 roubes1 av4 by robbery4 ruch1 aj4 raw2 coarse4 rucke1 ru3gge1 swm4 back4 ruejen1 wv4 row1 #ij4 ru3emen1 wv4 praise1 commend4 rueren 7pret4 ruorte71 wv4 drive1 urge on2 with ros understood3 run4 rum1 sm4 room1 #aa4 rumen1 wv4 make room1 #aj1 #dj4 ruochen1 wv4 trouble oneself about a thing1 observe2 with gen4 deign1 will1 wish4 ruofen1 sv4 ,,vii1 call1 #e1 #aa1 #hg4 ,s sa1 san1 av4 presently1 at once1 forthwith1 immediately1 quickly4 sache1 sf4 thing4 sactuoch1 sn4 sacking1 sackcloth4 saejen1 saewen1 saen1 sow1 #aj1 #ce1 #ij4 saelde1 sf4 happiness1 good fortune1 excellence1 blessedness1 #i4b4 saelic1 saelec 7-ges71 aj4 blessed1 happy1 #g1 #h4 saelikeit1 sf4 blessedness4 sage1 sf4 saying1 statement1 report2 nach sage1 by hear-say4 sagen1 wv4 say1 tell1 #cg1 #ib2 sagen maere1 relate what has happened4 sal1 sm4 room1 hall2 house4 salben1 wv4 anoint4 ,salomon1 sm4 ,solomon4 salz1 sn4 salt1 #bc4b4 salzen1 sv4 ,,vii1 salt1 #hg4 same1 sam1 av4 so1 as1 like1 just as1 even as1 #fi4 samit1 sm4 velvet4 samt1 av4 together4 san1 see sa4 sanc 7-ges71 sm4 song1 singing4 sanfte1 av4 softly1 slowly1 pleasantly1 #fj4 sant 7-des71 sm4 sand1 #db4 sant7e71 aj4 holy2 holy one4 sarc1 sm4 coffin4 sarken1 serken1 wv4 put into the coffin4 sat1 sf4 seed1 #e1 #aa4 satzt7e71 pret4 of setzen4 saze1 sf4 ambush1 trap1 snare4 sazte1 pret4 of setzen4 schachaere1 sm4 robber4 schade1 wm4 injury1 loss4 schaden 7pret4 schadete1 schate71 wv4 injure1 harm4 schaf1 sn4 sheep4 schaffen1 sv4 ,,vi1 create1 exercise1 institute1 #he4 schaffen1 wv4 do1 perform1 provide4 schal 7-lles71 sm4 sound1 noise1 loud tone2 singing4 schalchaft1 aj4 malicious1 mischievous4 schallen1 wv4 be noisy2 bluster2 exult1 boast1 swagger4 schame1 wf4 shame4 scha3melich1 aj4 shameful1 #aj4 schamen1 wv4 shame2 c4 gen4 be ashamed1 #i4d4 schande1 sf4 disgrace1 disgracefulness1 shamefulness1 shameful or disgraceful act4 schapel1 sn4 garland1 #df4 schar1 sf4 crowd1 flock1 #dh4 scharpf1 aj4 sharp4 schart1 aj4 jagged1 hacked1 hewn1 battered4 schate 7gen4 schat7e7wes71 sm4 shade1 shadow1 #cf1 #dc4 schaz 7gen4 schatzes71 sm4 treasure1 #ai1 #bc4b4 schedeliche1 av4 injuriously4 scheiden1 sv4 ,,vii1 sever1 separate1 deprive2 go away1 #hg2 sich scheiden1 come to an end1 be decided4 sche3lch 7gen4 sche3lhes71 aj4 askew1 #cd4 schelle1 wf4 little bell4 sche3lten1 sv4 ,,iii1 abuse1 revile1 mock1 #ha2 also as sn4 schemelich1 aj4 disgraceful4 schepfen 7pret4 schuof1 pp4 geschaffen71 sv4 ,,vi1 create1 #bc4b1 #bh1 #ca4c4 schepfaere1 schepfer1 sm4 creator1 #h4 sche3rn1 sv4 ,,iv1 shear1 #hb4 schicken 7with acc471 wv4 become1 suit1 fit4 schieben1 sv4 ,,ii1 shove1 #gh4 schiere1 av4 quickly1 soon4 schiezen1 sv4 ,,ii1 shoot2 sn4 shooting1 #aj note #c1 #gh4 schif 7-ffes71 sn4 ship1 #ai1 #cb4a4 schilt 7-des71 sm4 shield1 protection2 schildes ambet1 knight-service1 chivalry4 schimpfen1 wv4 make fun of1 jest2 also as sn4 schin1 aj4 visible1 clear2 schin tuon1 make clear1 show2 sm4 splendour4 schinen1 sv4 ,i1 shine1 become evident or manifest1 #gf4 schirmen1 wv4 c4 dat4 protect4 schiuhen1 wv4 fear1 shun4 schoende1 sf4 beauty4 schoene1 aj4 beautiful1 fine1 #c1 #e1 #i4b1 #ee1 #fj4 schoene1 sf4 beauty1 #c1 #dh4 schoenen1 wv4 make beautiful4 schone1 av4 beautifully1 #fj4 schouwen1 wv4 see1 behold1 look1 inspect1 survey4 schre3cken1 sv4 ,,iv1 frighten1 #hb4 schribaere1 sm4 scribe1 #h4 schriben1 sv4 ,i1 write1 #e1 #gf4 schrien 7scrien71 sv4 ,i1 cry1 cry out1 scream2 croak1 #gg2 also as sn4 schrift1 sf4 writing 7,bible74 schrin1 sm4 box4 schrinden1 sv4 ,,iii1 split1 #ha4 schrit1 sm4 step1 #dd4 schrunde1 wf4 scratch1 tear1 slit4 schuften1 wv4 gallop1 canter4 schulde1 sf4 reason1 cause2 von welhen schulden1 wherefore4 schuldic 7-ec71 aj4 guilty1 #aj note #a2 schuldic sin1 owe4 schuoch 7gen4 schuohes71 sm4 shoe1 #cd4 schupfen1 schu3pfen1 wv4 push1 #aj note #c4 schuz 7-tzes71 sm4 protection4 se sie4 se 7-wes71 sm4 sea1 lake1 #c1 #db4 se3genen1 wv4 bless1 #ij4 se3hen1 sv4 ,v1 see1 look1 #i4d note1 #cd1 #gd note1 #hc4 se3hs1 num4 six1 #fb4 se3hste1 num4 sixth1 #fb4 se3h7s7ze3hen1 num4 sixteen1 #fb4 se3h7s7zehe3nde1 num4 sixteenth1 #fb4 se3h7s7zic 7-ec71 num4 sixty1 #fb4 se3h7s7zigeste1 num4 sixtieth1 #fb4 seist sages7t71 #cg4 seit saget1 #cg4 seite1 wm4 string4 seite sagete4 seitenspil1 sn4 playing of stringed instrument4 sele1 sf4 soul1 #e1 #aa1 #ag1 #dh4 seln1 wv4 hand over1 #ij4 se3lp 7-bes71 pr4 self4 se3lten1 av4 seldom4 se3ltsaene1 aj4 rare1 strange4 senden 7pret4 sante71 wv4 send1 #cb4c1 #dj1 #ij4 senede1 sende1 pp4 of senen1 painfully longing1 yearning1 love-sick1 #bi4 senen1 wv4 refl4 fret oneself1 be sick at heart4 senfte1 sf4 softening4 senfte1 aj4 soft1 gentle1 tender1 mild1 easy2 quiet1 #ee1 #fj4 senften1 wv4 appease1 soften4 senken1 wv4 sink1 #ai1 #ij4 ser1 snm4 pain2 grief1 trouble2 sore4 sere1 av4 sorely1 violently2 very4 setzen 7pret4 satzte71 wv4 put1 set1 place1 appoint1 #ai1 #bc4a1 #ca4c1 #ij4 si1 si1 siu1 sie1 pr4 she1 #fe4 siben1 num4 seven1 #fb4 sibende1 num4 seventh1 #fb4 sibenze3hen1 num4 seventeen1 #fb4 sibenze3hende1 num4 seventeenth1 #fb4 sibenzic 7-ec71 seventy1 #fb4 sibenzigste1 seventieth1 #fb4 sich1 refl4 pr4 himself1 themselves1 #ff4 sicherheit1 sf4 assurance4 sicherlich7e71 av4 certainly1 surely1 assuredly1 #h4 side1 sf4 silk4 sider1 av4 since1 afterwards4 siech1 aj4 sick1 ill1 #e4 siecheit1 sf41 siechtuom1 sm4 sickness4 sieden1 sv4 ,,ii1 seethe1 #ab1 #ah1 #gh4 ,sifrit1 pn41 #ed4 sige 7sic71 sm4 victory1 #dc4 sigen1 sv4 ,i1 sink1 #gf4 sigenunft1 sf4 victory4 sihte1 aj4 shallow4 silber1 sn4 silver4 sim si im4 sin1 sm4 sense1 mind1 feeling2 courage4 sin1 pr4 his2 sin se3lbes1 of himself1 #e1 #aa1 #fg4 sin1 anom4 v4 be1 #ig4 sin si in4 sincwise1 sf4 song4 singen1 sv4 ,,iii1 sing2 also as sn4 song1 lay1 #aj note #b1 #cc1 #ha4 sinken1 sv4 ,,iii1 sink1 #bc4b1 #ha4 sinne1 sf4 sense1 mind2 ze sinne wider komen1 recover consciousness1 become conscious again4 sinneclich1 aj4 sensible1 reasonable4 sinnelos1 aj4 unconscious4 sinnen1 sv4 ,,iii1 reflect1 #ha4 sint sit4 sippe 7sibbe71 sf4 consanguinity1 relationship1 #bf1 #ca4c4 sit 7sid1 sint71 av4 and conj4 afterwards1 since1 because4 site1 sm4 custom1 habit2 bearing1 demeanour1 behaviour1 #dc4 site1 swf4 side4 sitzen 7pret4 saz1 pp4 gese3zzen71 sit1 #ad4b1 #bc4b1 #ca4c1 #hd4 siz si e3z4 slac 7-ges71 sm4 blow2 misfortune1 #dd4 slaf1 sm4 sleep4 slafen1 sv4 ,,vii1 sleep1 #e1 #aa1 #ai1 #bc4a1 #gd note1 #hg4 slahen1 sv4 ,,vi1 beat1 strike1 slay1 #aj1 #cj1 #he4 slahte1 sf4 manner2 race4 sle3ht1 aj4 straight2 straight-forward1 honest4 sliezen1 sv4 ,,ii1 close1 shut4 smac 7-ckes71 sm4 taste1 smell4 smacheit1 sf4 shameful treatment4 smaehe1 aj4 little1 despicable1 disgusting4 smal1 aj4 small1 little4 smecken1 wv4 taste1 #ij4 sme3r 7-wes71 smn4 fat1 #cf1 #dg4 sme3rze1 wm4 pain1 #ai4 smiegen1 sv4 ,,ii1 bend1 incline2 press close4 smielen1 wv4 smile4 smirwen1 wv4 smear1 #cf4 smit 7-des71 sm4 smith1 metal worker1 goldsmith4 smitte1 swf4 smithy1 #bd4 sne 7-wes71 sm4 snow1 #ag1 #cf1 #db4 sne3l 7-lles71 aj4 quick1 eager1 alert2 blithe4 sne3lheit1 sf4 haste1 quickness4 sniden1 sv4 ,i1 cut1 injure1 wound1 #aa1 #ab1 #ag1 #cj1 #gf4 snit1 sm4 cut1 slice1 #dd4 snuor 7pl4 snu3ere71 sf4 string4 so1 so1 av4 and conj4 as1 so1 if1 whereas1 on the other hand1 thus1 as it was1 #fi4 solch1 so3lch 7solich71 pr4 such1 of such a nature1 #ga4 soldenaere1 sm4 hired soldier1 mercenary4 solt 7-des71 sm4 pay4 ,soltane1 pn4 soltu solt du4 son so ne4 sorge1 swf4 care1 grief1 sorrow4 sorgelos1 aj4 free from cares4 sorgen1 wv4 be anxious1 fear1 dread4 spahe1 av4 elegantly1 neatly4 spalten1 sv4 ,,vii1 split1 #hg4 span1 sm4 chip1 shaving2 notched stick1 tally2 degree of relationship4 spanen1 sv4 ,,vi1 entice1 #he4 spange1 swf4 clasp1 buckle4 spannen1 sv4 ,,vii1 span1 #hg4 sparn1 wv4 spare1 forbear4 spe3hen1 wv4 look at1 observe4 spe3r1 sn4 spear1 lance4 spiegel1 sm4 mirror1 looking-glass2 model1 pattern4 spiegelglas1 sn4 lovely image1 picture4 spil1 sn4 game1 play2 joke1 fun2 pleasure1 delight4 spiln 7pres4 part4 spilende1 spilede71 wv4 play2 glitter1 glisten1 #ij4 spinnen1 sv4 ,,iii1 spin1 #ha4 spise1 sf4 food4 spiwen1 sv4 ,i1 vomit1 #ag1 #gg4 spore1 spor1 wm4 spur4 spot1 sm4 scoff1 scorn1 mockery2 joke1 fun2 ane spot1 sincerely1 candidly4 spotten1 wv4 7with gen471 mock1 scoff at1 scorn4 spre3chen1 sv4 ,,iv1 speak1 say1 talk1 #i4d note1 #ai1 #bc4a1 #hb4 spreiten1 wv4 spread4 springen1 sv4 ,,iii1 spring1 leap4 staete1 sf4 duration1 continuance1 constancy1 steadfastness4 staete1 aj4 constant1 firm1 steadfast2 av4 staeteclichen4 staetekeit1 staetikeit1 sf4 firmness1 constancy4 stahel1 sm4 steel4 stam 7-mmes71 sm4 stem2 prop1 model4 stan1 sten1 sv4 ,,vi1 stand2 befit1 become1 suit1 #aa1 #hf1 #if4 stap 7-bes71 sm4 stick1 staff4 starc1 aj4 strong1 heavy1 hard1 severe2 av4 starke4 stat1 sf4 abode1 place1 spot2 opportunity4 state1 sf4 suitable or comfortable place2 opportunity2 ze staten komen1 help4 ste3chen1 sv4 ,,iv1 prick1 #i4d note1 #hb4 ste3greif1 sm4 stirrup4 stein1 sm4 stone1 precious stone1 grindstone1 millstone1 #c1 #ag4 ste3ln1 sv4 ,,iv1 steal1 #i4a1 #aa1 #gd note1 #hb4 stellen1 wv4 place1 #ij4 ste3rben1 sv4 ,,iii1 die1 #aj note #a1 #ha2 sn4 dying1 death4 sterke1 sf4 strength1 bravery4 ste3rne1 wm4 star4 stic 7-ges71 sm4 path1 way4 stich1 sm4 stab1 thrust4 stigen1 sv4 ,i1 rise1 mount1 stille1 aj4 still1 quiet1 secret4 stimme1 sf4 voice4 stinken 7pret4 stanc71 sv4 ,,iii1 stink1 exhale a disagreeable odour4 stiure1 sf4 gift1 tax4 stoeren1 wv4 hinder1 overthrow1 destroy4 stole1 sf4 stole1 surplice4 stolz1 aj4 stately4 stoup 7-bes71 sm4 dust4 stozen1 sv4 ,,vii1 push1 shove1 thrust1 #e1 #aa1 #hg4 strafen1 wv4 blame1 set right4 straze1 swf4 way1 road1 stre3ben1 sv4 ,v1 exert oneself1 strive4 strenge1 aj4 strict1 unfriendly4 strichen1 sv4 ,i1 strike1 stroke1 rub4 strit1 sm4 strife1 quarrel1 fight4 striteclichen1 av4 eagerly1 zealously4 striten1 sv4 ,i1 quarrel1 fight1 strive1 #gf4 stro 7-wes71 sn4 straw2 blade1 stalk1 #cf1 #df4 strouwen1 stro3uwen1 wv4 strew1 #aj1 #cf4 stu3cke1 sn4 piece4 stum1 aj4 dumb1 #cb4a4 stunde1 sf4 hour1 time4 stunt1 indecl4 fem4 time4 stuol1 sm4 seat of a judge1 papal power2 throne4 sturm1 sm4 fight1 battle4 su1 sf4 sow1 pig1 #di4 su3eze1 aj4 sweet1 lovely1 #fj4 su3eze1 sf4 loveliness1 alluring enticement4 su3ezen1 wv4 sweeten1 #ij4 sufen1 sv4 ,,ii1 gulp down liquids1 #hj4 suft1 sm4 sigh1 groan4 sugen1 sv4 ,,ii1 suck1 #hj4 suln1 su3ln1 pret4-pres4 7pres4 sol1pret4 solte1 should1 ought71 shall1 #dj1 #ic4 sum1 pr4 any one at all2 pl4 some1 #ga4 sumelich1 pr4 many a1 whoever2 pl4 some1 #ga4 sumen1 wv4 tarry1 #aj4 sumer1 sm4 summer1 #db4 sumerlich1 aj4 summerlike4 sumerzit1 sf4 summer time4 sun1 sm4 son1 #e1 #i4d1 #aj1 #ai1 #dd4 su3nde1 sf4 sin4 sunder1 prep4 without1 against2 sunder spot1 seriously1 in earnest2 av4 sunderliche7n71 especially1 separately4 sunne1 wmf4 sun4 suochen1 wv4 seek1 #ij4 suone1 sf4 atonement4 suon7e7tac 7-ges71 sm4 day of judgement4 suoze1 av4 sweetly1 #fj4 sus 7sust71 av4 so1 thus1 in such a way4 swa1 swar1 av4 wherever1 #fi4 swach7e71 aj4 worthless1 bad4 swacheit1 sf4 dishonour1 disgrace4 swachen1 wv4 weaken4 swachlich1 aj4 weak4 sw-aere1 aj4 painful1 sad1 unpleasant1 burdensome2 weighty1 heavy1 #fj2 daz swaere1 such a weight4 swaere1 sf4 burden1 trouble1 grief1 sadness4 swanc 7-ges1 -kes71 sm4 swinging movement1 hurling1 throwing4 swannen1 swanne1 av4 and conj4 whenever1 #fi4 swar1 see swa4 swar 7swaere71 aj4 heavy1 #ee2 av4 sware1 #fj4 swarz1 aj4 black4 swe3ben1 wv4 hover1 move to and fro4 swe3der1 pr4 who of two1 #fi4 swe3her1 sm4 father-in-law1 #cj4 sweifen1 sv4 ,,vii1 rove1 #hg4 swelch 7swel71 pr4 each who1 whoever1 what sort1 whatever1 #fi1 #ga4 swe3llen1 sv4 ,,iii1 swell1 #ha4 swenne 7see swannen71 conj4 whenever1 if1 whilst1 #fi4 swe3r1 pr4 who1 whoever1 whosoever2 neut4 swaz1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga4 swern 7swerigen1 swerjen71 sv4 ,,vi1 swear1 #ce1 #hf4 swe3rt1 sn4 sword4 swe3rtslac 7pl4 -slege71 sm4 sword-cut4 swester1 swe3ster1 sf4 sister1 #aa1 #dh4 swie1 av4 and conj41 as1 how1 however1 howsoever2 though1 #fi4 swigen1 sv4 ,i1 be silent1 keep silent1 #gf4 swiger1 sf4 mother-in-law1 #cj4 swimmen1 sv4 ,,iii1 swim1 #ca1 #ha4 swinde1 aj4 powerful1 strong1 angry2 av4 quickly4 swinden1 sv4 ,,iii1 vanish1 disappear4 swingen1 sv4 ,,iii1 swing4 ,t tac 7-ges71 sm4 day1 #e1 #aa1 #cc1 #db2 av4 tages1 by day4 ta3gelich1 aj4 daily1 #e1 #aj4 tagen1 wv4 become day1 dawn4 tagezit1 sf4 space of a day4 tal 7pl4 teler71 sn4 dale1 #dg4 tanz1 sm4 dance4 tanzen1 wv4 dance4 tanzwise1 sf4 a song which is sung to the accompaniment of dancing4 teil1 smn4 portion2 ein teil1 something1 a little4 teilen1 wv4 divide1 distribute4 tief1 aj4 deep1 #ae1 #ai4 tier1 sn4 animal4 tisch1 sm4 table4 tiure1 tiuwer1 aj4 and av4 dear1 precious2 noble1 excellent1 #i4c1 #eg4 tiuren1 tiuwern1 wv4 esteem highly1 honour1 confer honour4 tiutsch1 tiusch1 aj4 ,german2 tiuschiu zunge1 ,german language1 ,germany4 tiuvel1 sm4 devil4 toerisch1 toersch1 aj4 foolish1 silly4 toetlich1 aj4 deadly4 tohter1 sf4 daughter1 #aj1 #be1 #di4 to3hterlin1 sn4 little daughter1 #aj4 tor1 sn4 gate1 door4 tore1 tor1 wm4 fool4 to3rperheit1 sf4 impoliteness1 vulgarity4 tot1 aj4 dead1 #c1 #be1 #cj4 tot 7-des71 sm4 death1 #e1 #aa1 #cj1 #cc2 in de3m tode swe3ben1 be on the peril of losing one's life4 tou 7-wes71 sn4 dew1 #df4 toufen1 wv4 baptize1 #aj4 tougen1 sfn4 secret1 wonder2 aj4 dark1 secret2 av4 secretly1 #ee4 tougenlich1 aj4 secret2 av4 tougenliche4 traege1 aj4 slow1 weary1 lazy2 av4 trage4 tragen1 sv4 ,,vi1 bear1 carry2 wear2 have1 #he4 trahen 7pl4 trehene71 sm4 drop1 tear4 trahten1 wv4 think1 strive1 #ib4 tre3ffen1 sv4 ,,iv1 hit1 #cb1 #hb4 treit traget4 tre3ten1 sv4 ,v1 tread1 step1 enter1 #hc2 tre3ten hinder sich1 step back4 tretten1 wv4 tread1 #ca4c4 triben1 sv4 ,i1 drive2 play1 carry on1 #gf4 triefen1 sv4 ,,ii1 drop1 drip1 #ca4a1 #gh4 triegen1 sv4 ,,ii1 deceive1 plot1 intrigue4 trinken1 sv4 ,,iii1 drink1 #ai1 #ha4 triuten1 wv4 caress1 like1 love2 greet4 triuwe1 aj4 true1 #af note2 sf4 fidelity1 faithfulness2 mit triuwen 7triwen71 faithfully4 triuwen1 truwen1 wv4 believe1 trust1 hope1 #af note4 troestelin1 sn4 consolation1 hope4 troesten1 wv4 console1 comfort2 help4 tropfe1 wm4 drop1 #ca4c4 trost1 sm4 consolation1 hope4 troum1 sm4 dream4 troumen1 wv4 dream1 #aj4 tru3ebe1 aj4 gloomy4 tru3ebsal1 sn4 gloom1 #h4 trurec1 aj4 sad2 av4 trurecliche4 truren1 wv4 mourn1 be sad1 downcast2 also sn4 trut1 aj4 dear1 beloved4 trutgemahele1 sf4 bride4 tugen1 tu3gen1 pret4-pres4 7pres4 touc1 pret4 tohte71 be fit for1 good for1 of use1 #ic4 tugenhaft1 aj4 fit1 hearty1 noble4 tugent1 tugende1 sf4 virtue1 good qualities1 strength1 power1 valour1 #di4 tugentlichen1 av4 with noble demeanour4 tump 7-bes71 aj4 inexperienced1 silly1 young4 tumpheit1 sf4 folly1 foolish action2 inexperience2 tumpheit walten1 show or have great inexperience4 tunkel1 aj4 dark4 tuon1 anom4 v4 do1 make1 form1 shape2 cause1 #id2 tuon enblecken1 cause to become visible2 ze leide tuon1 cause grief1 pain1 or injury to2 we3r hat dir getan8 who has done anything to you82 als ein got getan1 like a god4 tu3r1 sf4 door4 ,turkentals1 pn4 one of ,parzival's princes4 turren1 tu3rren1 pret4-pres4 7pres4 tar1 pret4 torste71 dare1 venture1 #aj1 #ic4 tusenste1 num4 thousandth1 #fb4 tusent1 num4 thousand1 #e1 #fb1 #fd4 twahen 7pret4 twuoc71 sv4 ,,vi1 wash1 #he4 twe3rch 7gen4 twe3rhes71 askew1 #cd4 twingen1 sv4 ,,iii1 compel1 force1 subdue1 overcome2 sich twingen lazen1 let oneself be compelled4 ,u u3bel1 aj4 evil1 bad1 #ee1 #eh1 #fj2 av4 u3bele4 u3ber1 prep4 over1 because of1 for4 u3bergroz1 aj4 very great4 u3bergu3lde1 sn4 gilding1 raising of value4 u3bergulde1 sf4 that which surpasses something else in value4 u3bermaezlichen1 av4 beyond measure4 u3bermu3ete1 sf4 insolence1 haughtiness4 u3bermuot1 sm4 haughtiness1 insolence4 u3bern u3ber de3n1 #fh note #b4 u3berse3hen1 sv4 ,v1 overlook1 not observe4 u3berstriten1 sv4 ,i1 gain the victory over1 conquer4 u3bertragen1 sv4 ,,vi1 spare1 discharge something4 u3berwinden1 sv4 ,,iii1 overcome1 get over4 uf1 ufe1 prep4 and av4 up1 up to1 on1 to1 upwards1 #bc4a2 uf genade1 in firm confidence2 uf die triwe min1 upon my faith or troth2 uf sliezen1 open4 ufem1 ufme uf de3m1 #fh note #b4 ufen uf de3n1 #fh note #b4 ,ulterlec1 pn4 umbe1 u3mbe1 umb1 um1 prep4 and av4 about1 around1 upon1 for1 #aj note #b2 dar umbe1 therefore2 umbe sust1 for nothing2 um waz1 why1 for what reason2 umbe daz1 on account of that1 for that1 therefore2 umbe gan1 turn or go round4 umbesliezen1 sv4 ,,ii1 embrace1 surround4 umbevahen1 sv4 ,,vii1 embrace4 unbewollen1 part4 aj4 unspotted4 und1 unde1 unt1 cj4 and av4 and2 again1 on the other hand1 #i4f1 #fi4 unden1 av4 below1 beneath4 under 7undr71 prep4 under1 beneath1 between1 among2 under in1 among themselves2 under we3gen lan1 omit2 under stunden1 at times1 now and then1 sometimes2 under wilen1 from time to time1 at times1 sometimes4 underlaz1 sm4 interruption4 underscheiden1 sv4 ,,vii1 relate2 explain fully4 undersniden1 sv4 ,i1 interrupt1 intermingle4 understan1 sv4 ,,vi1 step in between1 hinder4 undertaenic1 aj4 humble1 subject1 submissive4 undertan1 part4 aj4 humble1 submissive4 underwinden1 sv4 ,,iii1 refl4 undertake4 unfuoge 7also used as a proper noun71 sf4 unseemliness1 indecorum1 misconduct2 coarseness4 unfuore1 wf4 badness1 roughness2 wicked mode of life4 ungebaere1 sf4 despairing lamentation4 ungebant1 aj4 unbeaten1 untrodden4 ungebatten1 aj4 useless1 worthless4 ungeborn1 part4 aj4 unborn4 ungeburt1 sf4 low birth4 ungefu3ege1 aj4 very great1 powerful2 bad1 unbecoming1 coarse1 uncouth1 rude2 av4 ungefuoge4 ungehabe1 sf4 sorrow1 grief4 ungeliche1 av4 immeasurably1 incomparably4 ungelonet1 aj4 unrewarded4 ungelouplich1 aj4 incredible4 ungelu3cke1 sn4 misfortune4 ungemach1 sn4 misfortune1 discomfort1 sorrow4 ungemu3ete1 snf4 mourning1 grief1 sorrow4 ungenade1 sf4 disfavour1 hatred1 harm4 ungenaeme1 aj4 unpleasant4 ungene3sen1 aj4 unhealed1 uncured4 ungerihte1 sn4 fault1 crime4 unge3rne1 av4 unwillingly4 ungesammet1 aj4 not united1 not unanimous4 ungeschriben1 part4 aj4 that which cannot be written4 ungestaltheit1 sf4 deformity4 ungesunt1 7-des71 sm4 sickness1 illness4 unho3vesch1 aj4 uncourtly1 coarse1 low1 vulgar4 unkraft1 sf4 fainting fit1 swoon4 unkunt 7unkuntlich71 aj4 unknown4 unlange1 av4 in a short time4 unmaere1 aj4 not worth mentioning1 little observed1 worthless1 disgusting2 undervalued4 unmaezlich1 aj4 immoderate1 excessive4 unmazen1 av4 immeasurably4 unminnen1 wv4 treat in an unloving manner4 unmuezekeit1 sf4 work1 trouble4 unmugelich1 aj4 impossible4 unmuoze1 sf4 occupation1 restlessness4 unnach1 av4 by no means4 unnot1 sf4 without danger or need4 unrewert unerwert1 part4 aj4 unprohibited4 unriuwecliche1 av4 without trouble or care4 unsaelekeit1 sf4 unhappiness2 misfortune4 unsaelic 7-ec71 aj4 unhappy1 cursed4 unschulde1 sf4 innocence4 unschuldigen1 wv4 proclaim one's innocence4 unsegelich1 aj4 unspeakable4 unsenfte1 aj4 painful1 hard4 unser1 pr4 our1 #g1 #fg4 unstaete1 aj4 inconstant1 fickle4 unstaete1 sf4 inconstancy1 fickleness4 untriuwe1 sf4 faithlessness1 deceit4 untroesten1 wv4 dishearten1 discourage4 untrost1 sm4 despondency1 discouragement4 untugent1 sf4 lack of good training4 unversunnen1 pp4 unconscious4 unvro1 unfro1 aj4 unhappy1 sad1 mournful4 unwandelbaere1 aj4 steadfast1 unchangeable4 unwendic 7-ec71 aj4 unchangeable4 unwe3rt1 sm4 unworthiness1 contempt for1 scorn4 unwip1 7-bes71 sn4 bad woman2 unwomanly creature2 unworthy the name of ,weib4 unwise1 sf4 false tone or sound2 bad style4 unze1 unz1 prep4 and conj4 till1 until1 up to1 down to1 to2 unz her1 hitherto2 unz enmitten an1 right down to4 unzerworht1 aj4 undivided1 undissected1 not cut up4 ,uote1 pn4 #ed4 u3ppic1 aj4 unnecessary1 superfluous2 proud4 uz1 prep4 and av4 out1 out of1 of1 from2 uzen1 av42 uzerwelt1 select1 chosen4 uzer1 prep4 out of1 from4 uzreise1 sf4 marching1 going out or off2 departure2 song sung by knights on the march4 ,v 7,f7 vadem1 sm4 thread1 #i4b1 #db4 vahen1 fahen 7van71 sv4 ,,vii1 catch1 seize1 take1 #bi1 #cj1 #ch1 #hg4 val 7-wes71 aj4 yellow1 #cf4 vallen1 sv4 ,,vii1 fall1 fall down1 fall to one's lot1 #cb4d1 #hg4 valsch1 aj4 false1 deceitful4 valsch1 sm4 fault1 spot1 impurity1 deceit2 valsches laz1 free from deceit or falseness4 valten1 sv4 ,,vii1 fold1 #hg4 vancnu3sse1 sf4 captivity1 #h4 var1 vare 7-wes71 aj4 coloured2 formed1 looking4 varen1 wv4 place behind1 watch1 lie in wait4 varn1 sv4 ,,vi1 go1 fare1 betake oneself1 #e1 #aj1 #gd note1 #he2 varndez guot1 movable property4 vart1 sf4 way1 march1 journey4 varwe1 sf4 colour1 form1 appearance4 vaste1 av4 fast1 quickly1 strongly1 firmly2 very4 vater1 sm4 7pl4 veter1 va3ter71 father1 #aa1 #ai1 #de4 va3terlich1 aj4 fatherly1 #aj4 va3terlin1 dim4 of vater1 #e1 #aj4 vazzen1 wv4 seize1 take1 gather4 ve3hten1 sv4 ,,iv1 fight1 #hb4 veile1 aj4 cheap1 purchasable4 ve3l 7-lles71 sn4 hide1 skin1 #cb4a4 vellen1 wv4 fell1 kill1 #ij4 vels1 swm4 rock1 #aa4 velschen1 wv4 falsify2 make faithless4 ve3lt 7-des71 sn4 field4 venster1 sn4 window1 #df4 verbe3rgen1 sv4 ,,iii1 hide1 conceal4 verbe3rn1 sv4 ,,iv1 spare1 abstain from1 forbear1 avoid1 keep from1 give up4 verbieten1 sv4 ,,ii1 forbid1 hinder1 prevent1 obstruct2 ward off4 verdagen1 wv4 keep secret1 conceal4 verde3rben1 perish1 spoil1 destroy1 #ha4 verde3rbnisse1 sfn4 destruction1 #h4 verdienen1 wv4 deserve1 earn4 verdriezen 7impers4 c4 gen471 sv4 ,,iii1 grieve1 fret1 vex4 verdringen1 sv4 ,,iii1 crowd out1 suppress1 displace1 push on one side4 vereinen1 wv4 refl4 unite4 verenden1 wv4 end4 verge3ben1 sv4 ,v1 poison1 infect4 verge3lten1 sv4 ,,iii1 repay1 requite4 verge3zzen1 sv4 ,v1 forget1 #hc4 vergiezen1 sv4 ,,ii1 pour over1 sprinkle with water4 verhe3ln1 sv4 ,,iv1 conceal4 verhouwen 7pret4 -hiu and -hie1 also weak -houte71 sv4 ,,vii1 hew in pieces1 cut asunder4 verje3hen1 sv4 ,v1 say1 tell1 relate2 give to understand1 assure4 verkeren1 wv4 change1 turn round2 destroy4 verkiesen1 sv4 ,,ii1 give up1 forgo1 forget4 verklagen1 wv4 cease to mourn1 bear with patience4 verkrenken1 wv4 destroy4 verlazen 7verlan71 sv4 ,,vii1 leave off1 forsake4 verleiten1 wv4 lead astray4 verleschen1 sv4 ,,iv1 become extinguished1 extinguish4 verliesen 7vliesen71 sv4 ,,ii1 lose1 #gh4 verligen1 sv4 ,v1 miss through sleeping too long1 over-sleep4 verlust1 sm4 loss4 vermiden1 7pp4 vermiten71 sv4 ,i1 avoid1 omit1 not to take place1 keep aloof from4 vermischen1 wv4 mix1 mingle4 verne3men1 sv4 ,,iv1 perceive1 observe1 get to know4 ve3rre1 aj4 and av4 far1 far away1 distant1 #ca4 verrihten1 wv4 settle1 pass sentence upon4 versagen1 wv4 refuse1 deny4 verschaffen1 sv4 ,,vi1 do or act in a bad manner1 spoil1 destroy4 verschulden1 wv4 pay back4 verse3hen1 sv4 ,v1 observe1 recognize2 refl4 hope1 dread4 versinnen 7sich71 sv4 ,,iii1 arrive at years of discretion2 c4 gen4 become conscious of4 versmaehelich1 aj4 disgraceful1 ignominious4 versmaehen1 wv4 despise1 mock4 versperren 7pret4 versparte71 wv4 shut1 close4 verspre3chen1 sv4 ,,iv1 decline1 spurn4 verstan 7-sten71 sv4 ,,vi1 perceive1 understand4 verstozen1 sv4 ,,vii1 drive away4 versumen1 wv4 neglect1 let slip1 spoil4 versuochen1 wv4 try1 test4 verswern1 sv4 ,,vi1 abjure1 deny by an oath4 verswigen1 sv4 ,i1 forbear talking4 verswinden1 sv4 ,,iii1 disappear1 flee4 vertragen1 sv4 ,,vi1 endure1 bear4 vertriben1 sv4 ,i1 drive away1 make to pass4 vervahen1 verfahen1 sv4 ,,vii1 reach1 bring to pass2 mich vervaehet1 it is of use or advantage to me4 vervluochen1 -fluochen1 wv4 curse4 verwazen1 sv4 ,,vii1 ruin2 imprecate1 curse4 verwe3gen1 sv4 ,v1 resolve4 verweinen1 wv4 exhaust by weeping4 verwunden1 wv4 wound4 verwu3rken 7pret4 -worhte71 wv4 lose1 forfeit1 commit4 verzagen1 wv4 lose courage1 withdraw1 despair1 despond4 verzern1 wv4 consume2 destroy4 veste1 sf4 firmness1 constancy4 viant1 vient1 vint1 sm4 enemy1 fiend1 #h1 #db4 vier1 num4 four1 #fb4 vier1 fier1 aj4 proud1 stately1 majestic1 beautiful2 av4 viere4 vierde1 num4 fourth1 #fb4 vierze3hen1 num4 fourteen1 #fb4 vierze3hende1 num4 fourteenth1 #fb4 vierzic 7-ec71 num4 forty1 #fb4 vierzigeste1 num4 fortieth4 vihe1 sn4 cattle1 #df4 vil1 aj4 much1 many2 av4 very2 indecl4 sb4 c4 gen4 much1 many2 vil wenic ganz c4 gen4 not at all complete or whole4 vinden1 finden1 sv4 ,,iii1 find1 #i4d note1 #ha4 vinger1 sm4 finger4 vingerlin1 vingerin1 sn4 ring1 #h4 vingerlinc1 sm4 ring4 vinster1 sf4 darkness1 #dh4 vinster1 aj4 dark1 gloomy1 #ee4 vinsternisse1 sfn4 darkness1 #h4 vint vindet1 #gd note4 vint1 see viant4 viol1 sm4 violet4 virren1 wv4 keep away from4 visch1 sm4 fish1 #aa1 #ai4 viur1 fiuwer1 sn4 fire2 lightning4 vlehen1 flehen 7vlen71 wv4 beseech1 implore1 #ch4 vle3hten1 sv4 ,,iv1 plait1 #hb4 fleisch1 sn4 flesh4 vliegen1 fliegen1 sv4 ,,ii1 fly1 #aj note #c1 #be1 #gh4 vliehen1 fliehen1 sv4 ,,ii1 flee1 #ah1 #ai1 #gh4 vliesen verliesen4 vliezen1 fliezen1 sv4 ,,ii1 flow1 swim2 ruin1 destroy1 #aj note #c1 #gh4 vliz1 fliz1 sm4 assiduity1 zeal1 eagerness1 care2 ze flize1 diligently1 carefully4 vlizec1 aj4 diligent1 #fj4c4 vlizecliche7n71 av4 diligently1 #fj4c4 vluht1 sf4 refuge4 flu3htesal1 sf4 flight1 escape2 security4 vluoch 7pl4 vlu3eche71 sm4 curse4 vogel1 sm4 bird1 #i4b1 #db4 vogelin1 vogel7l7in1 sn4 little bird1 #h4 vogelsanc1 sm4 song of birds4 vol 7-lles71 aj4 full1 #ae1 #ca4 volc1 sn4 folk1 people4 volenden1 wv4 bring to an end4 volgen1 wv4 follow1 accompany4 volgesagen1 wv4 tell fully4 volle1 wm4 abundance1 completeness4 vollebringen 7pret4 -brahte71 wv4 perfect1 carry out4 volleclichen1 av4 fully1 entirely4 volleist1 sm4 assistance1 succour4 von1 prep4 from1 away from1 with1 about1 through1 by2 von schulden1 rightly1 properly4 vonme1 vomme von de3me4 vor1 prep4 before1 for4 vorbilde1 sn4 pattern1 model4 vorder1 aj4 former1 front1 #ei4 vordern1 wv4 further1 #ij4 vorderste1 aj4 foremost1 #ei4 vorht1 sf4 fear1 dread4 vrage1 sf4 question4 vragen1 wv4 ask1 #i4b1 #ib4 fra3vele1 aj4 bold1 #aj4 fre3ch1 aj4 courageous1 daring1 bold1 brave2 saucy1 impudent4 freischen1 sv4 ,,vii1 come to know1 learn1 be told4 vreise1 freise1 swf4 horror1 what is dreadful or horrible4 vremde1 fremde 7vro3mde71 aj4 strange1 wonderful2 unknown4 vremen1 wv4 perform1 #ca4c4 vreude1 vro3ude1 fro3ide1 freude1 fro3ude1 swf4 joy1 gladness2 fro3uden 7gen4 pl47 lam1 bereft of joys1 pleasures4 vreudelos1 aj4 joyless4 freuderiche1 aj4 rich in joy1 very gratifying4 vreuwen1 vrewen1 vreun1 freuwen1 frewen1 freun1 wv4 cause to rejoice1 rejoice1 gladden1 give pleasure to1 be glad4 ,see vro3uwen4 vrevel1 sf4 audacity1 insolence4 frevellichen1 av4 insolently1 boldly1 with impudence4 vre3zzen1 sv4 ,v1 devour1 #hc4 vri1 aj4 free1 unrestrained1 unmarried4 vride1 fride1 sm4 peace1 truce2 protection1 safety1 #c1 #ai1 #dc4 vrid7e7lich1 aj4 peaceful4 vrie1 sf4 freedom4 vrie1 wm4 freeman4 frien1 frijen1 frigen1 wv4 free1 #ce4 vriesen1 sv4 ,,ii1 freeze1 #gh4 vrisch1 frisch1 aj4 fresh1 new4 vrist1 sf4 time4 vristen1 wv4 keep alive1 protect1 rescue4 vriundinne1 sf4 female friend1 #h1 #dh4 vriunt1 friunt1 sm4 friend1 #db4 vro1 fro1 aj4 and av4 glad1 joyful4 vroelich1 aj4 joyful2 av4 vroelichen4 vro3mde vremde4 vro3mede1 sf4 absence4 frosch1 sm4 frog4 vro3uen1 vro3uwen1 fro3wen1 wv4 gladden1 give pleasure to2 be glad1 #aj4 ,see vreuwen4 vrouwe1 frouwe1 frowe 7vrou1 frou1 fro1 before proper names71 wf4 lady1 madam1 #i4f1 #aj2 ze frowen1 as wife4 vro3uwelin1 frouwelin1 sn4 little girl1 maid1 miss4 vruht1 sf4 fruit4 vrum1 aj4 brave1 active1 excellent1 useful4 vrumen1 frumen1 wv4 benefit1 be of use or advantage4 vruo1 av4 early4 vu3egen1 fu3egen1 wv4 procure1 bring to pass2 grant4 vu3eren1 fu3eren 7pret4 fuorte71 wv4 lead1 carry1 remove4 fuhs1 sm4 fox1 #ai4 vul1 aj4 bad1 rotten4 vu3lle1 sf4 fulness1 #ae4 fu3llen1 wv4 fill1 #ij4 funden1 pp4 of finden4 vu3nf1 fu3nf1 finf1 num4 five1 #ai1 #fb4 fu3nfte1 finfte1 num4 fifth1 #fb4 vuoge1 sf4 becomingness1 decency4 fuore1 sf4 manner of life2 way of acting4 vuoz1 fuoz 7pl4 vu3eze71 sm4 foot1 #aj1 #dd4 vu3r1 fu3r1 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inhabitant of ,valois4 wallen 7pret4 wiel71 sv4 ,,vii1 boil1 bubble1 #hg4 walt 7-des71 sm4 wood1 forest4 walten 7with gen471 sv4 ,,vii1 have power4 wan1 aj4 empty1 bereft of4 wan1 av4 besides1 but only2 niht wan1 only1 nothing but2 wan daz1 only that1 if--not2 wan unz1 whilst1 as long as2 wan de3m einen1 except for the one4 wan 7wande1 want71 conj4 for1 if1 because1 then1 #i4f4 wan1 sm4 faith1 hope1 mood4 wanc 7-kes71 sm4 inconstancy1 disloyalty1 unfaithfulness1 changeableness4 wandel1 smn4 change1 fickleness2 fault1 defect1 failing4 wandeln1 wv4 wander1 #i4b1 #ij4 wange1 wn4 cheek1 #ej4 wa3ngelin1 sn4 little cheek4 want1 sf4 wall4 wapen 7with sich71 wv4 arm oneself4 ,see wafenen4 wapen1 sn4 weapon1 #df4 wapenen1 see wafenen4 wapenroc1 sm4 upper-garment drawn over the coat of mail4 war1 av4 where1 whither2 war umbe1 wherefore1 why2 war zuo1 for what purpose4 war1 sf4 attention1 observation2 war ne3men1 give attention4 war1 sn4 truth2 right2 war haben1 be right4 war1 aj4 true1 right1 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