,,rese>*es ,,on ,,cellulose #ahie-aijj ,,by ,,cross ,,bevan 7,c4 ,f4 ,,cross ,,& ,e4 ,j4 ,,bevan7 ,,second ,,edition ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london ,,new ,,york1 ,,bombay1 ,,& ,,calcutta #aijg ,all rights res]v$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,= ,text3 ,a ^w surr\nd$ by a c$illa su* z ?is signifies t ! ^w is bold$ 9 ! text4 ,a ^w surr\nd$ by und]scores l ?is signifies ! ^w is italics 9 ! text4 ,! italic & bold m>kup = s+le italiz$ lett]s 7su* z v>iables 9 equations7 & =eign abbreviations are delet$ = easi] read+4 ,= numb]s & equations3 ,p>5!ses h be5 add$ to cl>ify fractions4 ,und]scores be=e bracket$ numb]s 9 equations d5ote a subscript4 ,sup]scripts are designat$ ) a c>et & brackets1 e4g4 #aa4ac is #aa4a to ! ?ird p[]4 ,greek lett]s 9 equations are translat$ to _! ,engli% v]sion4 ,! sections 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts are n us$ 9 ! actual text4 ,!y h be5 add$ = cl>ity4 ,m9or typos h be5 correct$ & footnotes mov$ to ! end ( ! sections 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition ,?is edition is a repr9t ( ! fir/ 9 response to a cont9u\s dem& = ! book4 ,! matt]1 consi/+ z x does l>gely ( records1 does n call = any revision1 &1 z a contribution to ! developm5t ( !ory1 any p>ticul> int]e/ :i* x has is associat$ ) ! date at :i* x 0 writt54 ,! volume :i* has s9ce appe>$ is ! sequel1 & aims at an exposition ( ! subject to date4 ,,preface ,?is volume1 :i* is int5d$ z a supplem5t to ! "w :i* we publi%$ 9 #ahie1 gives a brief acc\nt ( rese>*es :i* h be5 subsequ5tly publi%$1 z well z ( c]ta9 ( our own inve/igations1 ! results ( :i* are n[ = ! fir/ "t record$4 ,we h n attempt$ to give ! subject-matt] ! =m ( a connect$ record4 ,! contributions to ! /udy ( ',cellulose' :i* are notic$ are spread ov] a l>ge area1 are mo/ly 'sectional' 9 _! aim1 & ! only cohesion :i* we c give !m is t ( classify+ !m accord+ to ! plan ( our orig9al "w4 ,_! subject-matt] is reproduc$ 9 ! =m ( a precis1 z mu* cond5s$ z possible2 ( ! m important pap]s ! orig9al title is giv54 ,9 all cases we h endeav\r$ to reproduce ! ,au?or's ma9 conclusions1 & 9 mo/ cases )\t comm5t or criticism4 ,speciali/s w note t ! basis ( inve/igation is /ill 9 a great measure empirical2 & ( ?is ! mo/ obvi\s crit]ion is ! confusion atta*+ to ! use ( ! v ^w ',cellulose4' ,?is is due to v>i\s causes1 "o ( :i* is ! curi\s specialisation ( ! t]m 9 ,g]many z ! equival5t ( 'wood cellulose4' ,! re/riction ( ?is g5]al or gr\p t]m has _h an influ5ce ev5 9 sci5tific circles4 ,ano!r influ5ce prev5t+ ! recognition ( ! obvi\s &1 z we ?9k1 inevitable basis ( classification ( ! 'celluloses' is ! empiricism ( ! me?ods ( agricultural *emi/ry1 :i* z reg>ds cellulose are s f> *iefly conc]n$ ) its negative *>act]i/ics & ! analytical det]m9ation ( ! indige/ible residue ( fodd] plants4 ,physiologi/s1 aga91 h _! own views & me?ods 9 deal+ ) cellulose1 & h hi!rto _h b little reg>d to ! "w ( ! *emi/ 9 diff]5tiat+ & classify+ ! celluloses on a sy/ematic basis4 ,!re are _m sides to ! subject1 & x is only by a su/a9$ ef=t t[>ds c5tralisation t ! g5]al recognition ( a sy/ematic basis c be secur$4 ,we may1 we hope usefully1 direct att5tion to ! conspicu\s neglect ( ! subject 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,to ! matt] ( ! pres5t volume1 exclud+ our own inve/igations1 !re are b two contributions f ,engli% laboratories4 ,we invite ! y\ng] g5]ation ( /ud5ts ( *emi/ry to measure ! probability ( f9d+ a work+ c>e] 9 connection ) ! cellulose indu/ries4 ,!y w n f9d ?is invitation 9 ! treatm5t accord$ to ! subject 9 text-books & lectures4 ,x is probable1 inde$1 t ! impression produc$ by _! /udies is t ! indu/ries 9 coal-t> products l>gely exce$ 9 importance ^? ( :i* ! c>bohydrates are ! basis2 :]eas ! =m] are q insignificant by comp>ison4 ,a little reflection w prove t cellulose1 />*1 & sug> are ( va/ indu/rial mom5t 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are m5tion$4 ,if x is an op5 "q to :at ext5t sci5ce foll[s indu/ry1 or vice v]sa1 x is n op5 to d\bt t sci5tific m51 & especially *emi/s1 are call$ 9 ^! days to lead & foll[ :]e indu/rial evolution is mo/ active4 ,!re is ample evid5ce ( activity & great expansion 9 ! cellulose indu/ries1 especially 9 ^? :i* involve ! *emi/ry ( ! raw mat]ial2 & ! pres5t volume %\ld s]ve to %[ t !re is rapid advance 9 ! sci5ce ( ! subject4 ,h5ce our appeal to ! work]s n to neglect ^? opportunities :i* belong to ! days ( small beg9n+s4 ,we h especially to ackn[l$ge ! s]vices ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,briggs 9 inve/igations :i* are record$ on pp4 #cd-dj & pp4 #abe-acc ( ! text4 ,,cont5ts ,,! ,,matt] ,,( ,,?is ,,volume ,,may ,,be ,,divid$ ,,into ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,sections ,,page ,,introduction--,,deal+ ,,) ,,! ,,subject ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,outl9e #a ,,section ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,typical ,,cotton ,,cellulose #ac ,,ii4 ,,syn!tical ,,d]ivatives--,,sulphoc>bonates ,,& ,,e/]s #bg ,,iii4 ,,decompositions ,,( ,,cellulose ,,su* ,,z ,,?r[ ,,light ,,on ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,its ,,con/itution #fg ,,iv4 ,,cellulose ,,gr\p1 ,,includ+ ,,hemicelluloses ,,& ,,tissue ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,fungi #ig ,v4 ,,furfuroids1 i4e4 ,,p5tosanes ,,& ,,furfural-,,yield+ ,,con/itu5ts ,,g5]ally #aad ,,vi4 ,,! ,,lignocelluloses #abe ,,vii4 ,,pectic ,,gr\p #aeb ,,viii4 ,,indu/rial ,,& ,,te*nical4 ,,g5]al ,,review #aee ,,index ,,( ,,au?ors #agg ,,index ,,( ,,subjects #agh ,,cellulose ,,introduction ,9 ! p]iod #ahie-aijj1 :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! orig9al publication ( our "w on ',cellulose1' !re h appe>$ a l>ge numb] ( publications deal+ ) special po9ts 9 ! *emi/ry ( cellulose4 ,s l>ge has be5 ! contribution ( matt] t x has be5 consid]$ opportune to pass x "u review2 & ! pres5t volume1 tak+ ! =m ( a supplem5t to ! orig9al "w1 is design$ to incorporate ?is new matt] & br+ ! subject z a :ole to ! level to :i* x is !reby to be rais$4 ,"s ( our critics 9 review+ ! orig9al "w h pron\nc$ x 'in*oate4' ,= ?is !re are "s explanations inh]5t 9 ! matt] itself4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t e special prov9ce ( ! sci5ce has its sy/ematic beg9n+1 & 9 t /age ( evolution makes a tempor>y 'law unto itself4' ,9 ! abs5ce ( a dom9at+ !ory or g5]alisation :i*1 :5 adopt$1 gives x an organic connection ) ! g5]al advance ( ! sci5ce1 !re is no o!r c\rse ?an to classify ! subject-matt]4 ,?us '! c>bohydrates' may be said to h be5 9 ! in*oate condition1 qualifi$ by a c]ta9 classification1 prior to ! pione]+ inve/igations ( ,fis*]4 ,9 attack+ ! already accumulat$ & s f> classifi$ mat]ial f ! po9t ( view ( a dom9at+ !ory1 he f\nd n only t ! mat]ial fell into sy/ematic ord] & grew rapidly "u ! /imulus ( fruitful inve/igation1 b 9 turn contribut$ to ! firm] e/abli%m5t ( ! !oretical views to :i* ! subject ow$ its sy/ematic new bir?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e *emi/ kn[s t x is only ! simpl] ( ! c>bohydrates :i* are s individualis$ z to be connot$ by a p>ticul> =mula 9 ! /]eoisom]ic sy/em4 ,leav+ ! monoses1 !re is ev5 a d\bt z to ! con/itution ( cane sug>2 & ! elem5ts ( unc]ta9ty ?ick5 z we approa* ! "q ( ! *emical /ructure ( />*4 ,?is unique product ( plant life has a lit]ature ( its own1 & h[ little ( ?is is fully kn[n to :at we may t]m ! 'av]age *emi/' is se5 by ! me?ods he w employ = its quantitative e/imation4 ,9 "o p>ticul> review ( our "w :]e we are tak5 to task = produc+ 'an aggravat+ book1 in*oate 9 ! highe/ degree 444 disfigur$ by an obscurity ( diction :i* mu/ mat]ially dim9i% its usefulness' ',nature1' #ahig1 p4 #bda1 ! au?or1 :o is a well-kn[n & compet5t critic1 makes use ( ! %ort expression 9 reg>d to ! m complex c>bohydrates1 ',above cane sug>1 high] 9 ! s]ies1 all is *aos1' & 9 ref]5ce to />*1 '! subject is /ill en%r\d$ 9 my/]y4' ,?is 'mat]ial' complexity is at its maximum ) ! mo/ complex memb]s ( ! s]ies1 :i* are ! celluloses1 & we ?9k acc\nts 9 "p = ! impati5ce ( our critic4 ',obscurity ( diction' is a p]sonal quantity1 & we mu/ leave t criticism to ! fates4 ,we f9d also t _m work]s ^: publications we notice 9 ?is pres5t volume q ignore ! plan ( ! "w1 ?\gh !y make use ( its matt]4 ,we ?9k x necess>y to re/ate ?is plan1 :i*1 we are satisfi$1 is sy/ematic1 &1 9 fact1 inevitable4 ,cellulose is 9 ! fir/ in/ance a /ructure1 & ! anatomical relation%ips supply a c]ta9 basis ( classification4 ,next1 x is kn[n to u & is def9$ by ! negative *>act]i/ics ( resi/ance to hydrolytic actions & oxidations4 ,^! are dealt ) 9 ! ord] ( _! int5sity4 ,next we h ! m positive def9ition by ultimate products ( hydrolysis1 s f> z !y are kn[n1 :i* discloses m p>ticul>ly ! pres5ce ( a great] or less proportion ( furfural-yield+ gr\ps4 ,putt+ all ^! toge!r z crit]ia ( function & composition we f9d !y supply common or g5]al divid+ l9es1 )9 :i* gr\ps ( ^! products are conta9$4 ,! classification is natural1 & 9 t s5se inevitable2 & x n only gr\ps ! physiological & *emical facts1 b ! indu/rial also4 ,we d n propose to argue ! "q :e!r ! latt] adds any cog5cy to a sci5tific s*eme4 ,we are satisfi$ t x does1 & we d n f9d any necessity to exclude a p>ticul> set ( ph5om5a f consid]ation1 because !y involve 'comm]cial' factors4 ,we h dealt ) ?is classification 9 ! orig9al "w 7p4 #gh71 & we discuss its ess5tial basis 9 ! pres5t volume 7p4 #bh7 9 connection ) ! def9ition ( a 'normal' cellulose4 ,b ! 'normal' cellulose is n ! only cellulose1 any m ?an a prim>y alcohol or an aliphatic alcohol are ! only alcohols4 ,?is po9t is confus$ or ignor$ 9 sev]al ( ! rec5t contributions ( inve/igators4 ,x w suffice to cite "o ( ^! 9 illu/ration4 ,on p4 #af we give an acc\nt ( an inve/igation ( ! sev]al me?ods ( e/imat+ cellulose1 :i* is full ( valuable & int]e/+ matt]4 ,! purpose ( ! au?or's elaborate comp>ative /udy is to decide :i* has ! /ronge/ claims to be reg>d$ z ! '/&>d' me?od4 ,!y appe> to h a pref]5ce = ! me?od ( ,lange--viz4 t ( heat+ at high temp]atures 7#ahj deg47 ) alkal9e hydrates1 b ! inve/igation %[s t 7z we _h def9itely /at$ 9 our orig9al "w1 p4 #bad7 ?is is subject to l>ge & v>iable errors4 ,! adv]se judgm5t ( ! au?ors1 we may po9t out1 is entirely det]m9$ on ! "q ( aggregate weight or yield1 & )\t ref]5ce to ! ultimate composition or con/itution ( ! f9al product4 ,none ( ! available crit]ia are appli$ to ! product to det]m9e :e!r x is a cellulose 7anhydride7 or a hydrate or a hydrolys$ product4 ,aft] ^! alkali-fusion processes ! me?od ( *lor9ation is exp]im5tally review$ & dismiss$ = ! reason t ! product reta9s furfural-yield+ gr\ps1 :i* is1 f our po9t ( view1 a p>ticul> recomm5dation1 i4e4 is evid5ce ( ! selective action ( ! *lor9e & subsequ5t hydrolysis ^u ! lignone gr\p4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is ! only me?od yet available = isolat+ ! cellulose f a lignocellulose by a treatm5t :i* is quantitatively to be acc\nt$ = 9 e detail ( ! reactions4 ,x does n yield a 'normal' cellulose1 & ?is is ! expression :i*1 9 our op9ion1 ! au?ors %\ld h us$4 ,x %\ld h be5 po9t$ out1 moreov]1 t1 z ! cellulose is sep>at$ f actual cond5s$ comb9ation ) ! lignone gr\ps1 x may be expect$ to be obta9$ 9 a hydrat$ =m1 & also n z a homog5e\s sub/ance l ! normal cotton cellulose4 ,! product is a cellulose ( ! second gr\p ( ! classification4 ,ano!r po9t 9 ?is inve/igation :i* we mu/ criticise is ! ultimate selection ( ! ,s*ulze me?od ( prolong$ mac]ation ) nitric acid & a *lorate1 foll[$ by suitable hydrolysis ( ! non-cellulose d]ivatives to soluble products4 ,ap>t f its exceptional inconv5i5ce1 r5d]+ x q impracticable 9 laboratories :i* are conc]n$ ) ! valuation ( cellulosic raw mat]ials = indu/rial purposes1 ! attack ( ! reag5t is complex & ill-def9$4 ,?is criticism we w\ld make g5]al by po9t+ out t su* processes q ignore ! specific *>act]i/ics ( ! non-cellulose compon5ts ( ! comp\nd celluloses4 ,! second division ( ! plan ( our "w 0 to def9e ^! con/itu5ts by br++ toge!r all t _h be5 e/abli%$ conc]n+ !m4 ,^! gr\ps are widely div]g5t 9 *emical "*1 z are ! comp\nd celluloses 9 function 9 ! plant4 ,consequ5tly !re is = ea* a special me?od ( attack1 & x is a rev]sion to pure empiricism to expect any "o treatm5t to act equally on ! pectocelluloses1 lignocelluloses1 & cutocelluloses4 ,processes ( isolat+ cellulose are really m /rictly def9$ z me?ods ( selective & regulat$ attack ( ! gr\ps ) :i* !y occur1 comb9$ or mix$4 ,a *emi/ famili> ) su* types z rhea or ramie 7pectocellulose71 jute 7lignocellulose71 & raffia 7cutocellulose7 kn[s exactly ! specific treatm5t to apply to ea* = isolat+ ! cellulose1 & mu/ view ) "s surprise ! appe>ance at ?is date ( su* 'univ]sal prescriptions' z ! process 9 "q4 ,! ?ird division ( our plan ( arrangem5t compris$ ! syn!tical d]ivatives ( ! celluloses1 ! sulphoc>bonates fir/1 z peculi>ly *>act]i/ic1 & !n ! e/]s1 *iefly ! acetates1 b5zoates1 & nitrates4 ,to ^!1 inve/igators appe> to h devot$ b little att5tion1 & ! contribution ( new matt] 9 ! pres5t volume is ma9ly ! result ( our own rese>*es4 ,x w appe> f ?is "w t an exhau/ive /udy ( ! cellulose e/]s promises to assi/ v def9itely 9 ! /udy ( con/itutional problems4 ,?is br+s u to ! f\r? &1 to ! !oretical *emi/1 ! mo/ important aspect ( ! subject1 ! problem ( ! actual molecul> /ructure ( ! celluloses & comp\nd celluloses4 ,x is h]e9 we are ( op9ion t ! subject makes a 'law unto itself4' ,if ! con/itution ( />* is %r\d$ 9 my/]y & c only be vaguely express$ by g5]alis+ a complex mass ( /ati/ics ( its successive hydrolyses1 we c only /ill m vaguely guess at ! di/ance :i* sep>ates u f a m5tal picture ( ! cellulose unit4 ,we endeav\r to %[ by our lat] inve/igations t ?is problem m]ges into t ( ! actual /ructure ( cellulose 9 ! mass4 ,x is def9itely asc]ta9$ t a *ange 9 ! molecule1 or react+ unit1 ( a cellulose1 proportionately affects ! /ructural prop]ties ( ! d]iv$ comp\nds1 bo? sulphoc>bonates & e/]s4 ,?is is at lea/ an indication t ! prop]ties ( ! visible aggregates are directly relat$ to ! actual configuration ( ! *emical units4 ,b x appe>s t we are b>r$ f ! pres5t discussion ( su* a problem 9 abs5ce ( any !ory ( ! solid /ate g5]ally1 b m p>ticul>ly ( ^? =ms ( matt] :i* are gr\p$ toge!r z 'colloids4' ,cellulose is di/+ui%$ by its inh]5t con/ructive functions1 & ^! functions take effect 9 ! pla/ic or colloidal condition ( ! sub/ance4 ,^! prop]ties are equally conspicu\s 9 ! syn!tical d]ivatives ( ! comp\nd4 ,)\t ref]5ce1 !re=e1 to fur!r speculations1 & n det]r$ by any app>5t hopelessness ( solv+ s l>ge a problem1 x is cle> t we h to exhau/ ?is field by exact measurem5ts ( all ! con/ants :i* c be r$uc$ to num]ical expression4 ,x is mo/ likely t ! issue may conflict ) "s ( our curr5t views ( ! molecul> /ate :i* are l>gely drawn f a /udy ( ! relatively dissociat$ =ms ( matt]4 ,b su* conflicts are only ^? ( enl>gem5t1 & we anticipate t all *emi/s look = an enl>gem5t ( ! molecul> horizon precisely 9 ^? regions :]e ! =ces ( cell-life manife/ !mselves4 ,! cellulose gr\p has be5 fur!r diff]5tiat$ by lat] inve/igations4 ,! fibr\s celluloses ( :i* ! typical memb]s receive important indu/rial applications1 graduate by ins5sible /ages into ! hemicelluloses :i* may be reg>d$ z a well-e/abli%$ sub-gr\p4 ,9 consid]+ _! morphological & functional relation%ips x is evid5t t ! graduation accords ) _! /ructure & ! less p]man5t functions :i* !y fulfil4 ,!y are aggregates ( monoses ( ! v>i\s types1 *iefly mannose1 galactose1 dextrose1 c41 s f> z !y h be5 inve/igat$4 ,closely connect$ ) ?is gr\p are ! con/itu5ts ( ! tissues ( fungi4 ,! rec5t rese>*es ( ,w9t]/e9 & ,gilson1 :i* are not$ 9 ?is pres5t volume1 h e/abli%$ def9itely t !y conta9 a nitrog5\s gr\p 9 intimate comb9ation ) a c>bohydrate complex4 ,?is gr\p is closely relat$ to *it91 yield+ glucosam9 & acetic acid z products ( ultimate hydrolysis4 ,special int]e/ atta*es to ^! residues1 z !y are 9 a s5se int]m$iate products betwe5 ! great gr\ps ( ! c>bohydrates & proteids 7,e4 ,fis*]1 ,b]4 #ai1 #aibj71 & _! fur!r inve/igation by physiological me?ods may be expect$ to disclose a g5etic connection4 ,! lignocelluloses h be5 fur!r inve/igat$4 ,c]ta9 new types h be5 add$1 notably a soluble or 'pectic' =m isolat$ f ! juice ( ! :ite currant 7p4 #aeb71 & ! pi?-l wood ( ! ,a,eschynomene 7p4 #ace74 ,fur!r rese>*es on ! typical fibr\s lignocellulose h giv5 u a basis = correct+ "s ( ! conclusions record$ 9 our orig9al "w1 & a /udy ( ! e/]s has ?r[n "s light on ! con/itution ( ! complex 7p4 #acj74 ,( importance also is ! id5tification ( ! hydroxyfurfurals z con/itu5ts ( ! lignocelluloses g5]ally1 & ! pro( t ! *>act]i/ic col\r-reactions ) ph5ols 7phlorogluc9ol7 may be ascrib$ to ! pres5ce ( ^! comp\nds 7p4 #aaf74 ,! pectocelluloses h n be5 ! subject ( sy/ematic *emical inve/igation1 b ! rese>*es ( ,gilson 7',la ,cri/allisation de la ,cellulose et la ,composition ,*imique de la ,membrane ,cellulaire ,vegetale1' ',la ,revue1' ',la ,cellule1' i4 ix47 are an important contribution to ! natural hi/ory ( cellulose1 especially 9 relation to ! 'pectic' con/itu5ts ( ! p>5*ymat\s celluloses4 ,indirectly also ! rese>*es ( ,toll5s on ! 'pect9s' h contribut$ to ! subject 9 correct+ "s ( ! views :i* h _h a text-book curr5cy = a long p]iod4 ,^! are dealt ) on p4 #aea4 ,! results e/abli% t ! pect9s are r ! soluble hydrat$ =m ( cellulosic aggregates 9 :i* acid gr\ps may be repres5t$2 b su* gr\ps are n to be reg>d$ z ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( ?is class ( comp\nds4 ,furfural-yield+ ,sub/ances 7,furfuroids74--,?is gr\p ( plant products has be51 by lat] inve/igations1 m def9itely & exclusively connect$ ) ! celluloses--i4e4 ) ! m p]man5t ( plant tissues4 ,f ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( yield+ furfural1 :i* !y h 9 common ) ! p5toses1 !y h be5 assum$ to be ! anhydrides ( ^! ,c#e sug>s or p5tosanes2 b ! direct evid5ce = ?is assumption has be5 %[n to be want+4 ,9 reg>d to _! orig9 ! indirect evid5ces :i* h accumulat$ all po9t to _! =mation 9 ! plant f hexoses4 ,( special int]e/1 9 its be>+s on ?is po9t1 is ! direct trans=mation ( levulose into furfural d]ivatives1 :i* takes place "u ! action ( cond5s+ ag5ts4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic is t produc$ by ! action ( anhydr\s hydrobromic acid 9 pres5ce ( e!r ,f5ton1 yield+ a bromme?yl furfural ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f - #d;,h#b,o ,h,br ,c#e;,h#c4,o#b4;,,*#b;,br ) a ,br atom 9 ! me?yl gr\p4 ,^! rese>*es ( ,f5ton's appe> to u to h ! mo/ obvi\s & direct be>+s ^u ! g5etic relation%ips ( ! plant furfuroids & n only p] se4 ,to give !m _! full significance we mu/ recall ! lat] rese>*es ( ,br[n & ,morris1 :i* e/abli% t cane sug> is a prim>y or direct product ( assimilation1 & t />*1 :i* _h be5 assum$ to be a species ( univ]sal mati]e premi]e1 is probably r a g5]al res]ve = ! elaborat+ "w ( ! plant4 ,if n[ ! aldose gr\ps t5d to pass ov] into ! />* =m1 repres5t+ a tempor>y ov]fl[ product ( ! assimilat+ en]gy1 x w\ld appe> t ! ketose or levulose gr\ps are pref]5tially us$ up 9 ! elaboration ( ! p]man5t tissue4 ,we mu/ also take into consid]ation ! rese>*es ( ,lobry de ,bruyn %[+ ! labile functions ( ! typical ,,co gr\p 9 bo? aldoses & hexoses1 :5ce we may conclude t 9 ! plant-cell ! transition f dextrose to levulose is a v simple & (t5 occurr+ process4 ,we ourselves h contribut$ a l9k 9 ?is *a9 ( evid5ce connect+ ! furfuroids ( ! plant ) levulose or o!r keto-hexose4 ,we h %[n t ! hydroxyfurfurals are con/itu5ts ( ! lignocelluloses4 ,! proportion pres5t 9 ! free /ate is small1 & x is n difficult to %[ t !y are products ( breakd[n ( ! lignone gr\ps4 ,if we assume t su* gr\ps are d]iv$ ultimately f levulose1 we h to acc\nt = ! deta*m5t ( ! me?yl gr\p4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n difficult1 & we ne$ only call to m9d t ! lignocelluloses are *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( me?oxy gr\ps & a residue :i* is directly & easily hydrolys$ to acetic acid4 ,moreov]1 ! cond5sation ne$ n be assum$ to be a simple dehydration ) att5dant re>rangem5t2 x may v well be accompani$ or prec$$ by fixation ( oxyg54 ,leav+ out ! hypo!tical discussion ( m9or v>iations1 !re is a m>k$ conv]g5ce ( ! evid5ce z to ! ma9 facts :i* e/abli% ! g5]al relation%ips ( ! furfuroid gr\p4 ,?is gr\p includes bo? saturat$ & unsaturat$ or cond5s$ comp\nds4 ,! =m] are con/itu5ts ( celluloses1 ! latt] ( ! lignone complex ( ! lignocelluloses4 ,! actual production ( furfural by boil+ ) cond5s+ acids is a quantitative measure ( only a portion1 i4e4 c]ta9 memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,! hydroxyfurfurals1 n be+ volatile1 are n measur$ 9 ?is way4 ,by second>y reactions !y may yield "s furfural1 b z !y are highly reactive comp\nds1 & mo/ readily cond5s$1 !y are = ! mo/ "p conv]t$ into complex 't>ry' products4 ,h5ce we h no means1 z yet1 ( e/imat+ ^? tissue con/itu5ts :i* yield hydroxyfurfurals2 also we h no measure ( ! furfurane-r+s exi/+ p]=m$ 9 su* a cond5s$ complex z lignone4 ,b1 *emi/s hav+ add$ 9 ! la/ few ye>s a l>ge numb] ( facts & well-def9$ probabilities1 x is cle> t ! fur!r inve/igation ( ! furfuroid gr\p w take its /& ^u a mu* m adequate basis ?an h]et(ore4 ,on ! view ( 'furfural-yield+' be+ co-ext5sive ) 'p5tose or p5tosane1' n only 7 a numb] ( important facts obscur$ or mis9t]pret$1 b !re 0 a b>r5ness ( sugge/ion ( g5etic relation%ips4 ,z ! gr\p has be5 wid5$ v mu* beyond ^! limits1 x is cle> t if any gr\p t]m or designation is to be reta9$ t ( 'furfuroid' is 'neutral' 9 "*1 & equally applicable to saturat$ sub/ances ( su* widely div]g5t *emical "* z p5toses1 hexosones1 glycuronic acid1 & p]haps1 mo/ important ( all1 levulose itself1 all ( :i* are susceptible ( cond5sation to furfural or furfurane d]ivatives1 z well z to ^? unsaturat$ comp\nds1 con/itu5ts ( plant tissues :i* are already furfurane d]ivatives4 ,f ! *emical po9t ( view su* t]ms are p]haps sup]flu\s4 ,b physiological relation%ips h a significance ( _! own2 & !re is a physiological or functional cohesion m>k+ ?is gr\p :i* calls = recognition1 at lea/ = ! "t1 & we !re=e propose to reta9 ! t]m furfuroid4#a ,g5]al ,exp]im5tal ,me?ods4--,9 ! inve/igation ( ! cellulose gr\p x is cle> t me?ods ( ultimate hydrolysis are ( fir/ importance4 ,none are s conv5i5t z ^? :i* are bas$ on ! action ( sulphuric acid1 m or less conc5trat$ 7,h#b,,s#d4c;,h#b,o - ,h#b,,s#d;,h#b,o74 ,su* me?ods h be5 frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! inve/igations not$ 9 ?is volume4 ,we notice a common defici5cy 9 ! int]pretation ( ! results4 ,x appe>s to be suffici5t to isolate & id5tify a cry/all9e monose1 )\t ref]5ce to ! yield or proportion to ! p>5t sub/ance1 to e/abli% "s ma9 po9t 9 connection ) its con/itution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is cle> t 9 hydrolys+ a giv5 cellulose-complex we ought to aim at complete1 i4e4 quantitative1 /ati/ics4 ,! hydrolytic trans=mation ( />* to dextr9s & maltose has be5 foll[$ 9 ?is way1 & ! me?ods may s]ve z a model to :i* cellulose trans=mations %\ld be approximat$4 ,9 fact1 :at is v mu* want$ is a sy/ematic re-exam9ation ( ! typical celluloses 9 :i* all ! con/ants ( ! t]ms betwe5 ! orig9al & ! ultimate monose gr\ps %all be det]m9$4 ,su* con/ants are simil> to ^? = ! />*-dextrose s]ies1 viz4 opticity & cupric r$uction4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( fractionation are simil>ly available1 *iefly ! precipitation ( ! int]m$iate 'dextr9s' by alcohol4 ,:]e ! orig9al celluloses are homog5e\s we %\ld ?us obta9 trans=mation s]ies1 simil>ly express$ to ^? ( />*4 ,9 ! case ( ! celluloses :i* are mixtures1 or ( complex con/itution1 !re are v>i\s me?ods ( ei!r fractionat+ ! orig9al1 or ( selectively attack+ p>ticul> monoses result+ f ! trans=mation4 ,by me?ods :i* are approximately quantitative a mixture ( gr\ps1 su* z we h1 = in/ance1 9 jute cellulose1 c\ld be foll[$ ?r\gh ! sev]al /ages ( _! resolution into monoses4 ,to put ! matt] g5]ally1 9 ^! colloidal & complex c>bohydrates ! ord9>y physical crit]ia ( molecul> weight are want+4 ,!re=e1 we _c det]m9e ! relation%ip ( a giv5 product ( decomposition to ! p>5t molecule save by means ( a quantitative mass-proportion4 ,physical crit]ia are only ( det]m9+ value :5 associat$ ) su* con/ants z cupric r$uction1 & ^!1 aga91 mu/ be ref]r$ to "s arbitr>y initial weight1 su* z1 = conv5i5ce1 #ajj p>ts ( ! orig9al4 ,in/ead ( adopt+ ^! me?ods1 )\t :i*1 z a typical case1 ! me*anism ( />* conv]sions c\ld n h be5 foll[$1 we h be5 cont5t ) a purely qualitative /udy ( ! analog\s s]ies obta9able f ! celluloses "u ! action ( sulphuric acid4 ,a v important field ( inve/igation lies op51 especially to ^? :o are g5]ally famili> ) ! me?ods ( /udy+ />* conv]sions2 & we may hope 9 ?is direction = a s]ies ( valuable contributions to ! problem ( ! actual con/itution ( ! celluloses4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,9 ?is we are confirm$ by o!r writ]s4 ,see ,toll5s1 ,j4 fu] ,l&w4 #aija1 p4 #bg4 ,,section ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,typical ,,cotton ,,cellulose 7p4 #c7b ,a% ,con/itu5ts4--,x is frequ5tly ass]t$ t silica has a /ructural function sui g5]is 9 ! plant skeleton1 hav+ a relation%ip to ! cellulosic con/itu5ts ( ! plant1 di/9ct f t ( ! inorganic a% compon5ts ) :i* x is associat$4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! matt] has be5 specifically inve/igat$ 9 two directions4 ,9 ,b]l4 ,b]4 #e1 #efh 7,a4 ,lad5burg71 & aga9 9 #aa1 #hbb 7,w4 ,lange71 appe> two pap]s ',on ! ,nature ( ,plant ,con/itu5ts conta9+ ,silicon1' :i* conta9 ! results ( exp]im5tal inve/igations ( equisetum species--di/+ui%$ = _! exceptionally high 'a%' ) l>ge proportion ( silica--to det]m9e :e!r !re are any gr\nds = assum+ ! exi/5ce ( silicon-organic comp\nds 9 ! plant1 ! analogues ( c>bon comp\nds4 ,! conclusions arriv$ at are entirely negative4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! second assumption t ! cuticul> tissues ( c]eal /raws1 ( esp>to1 ( ! bamboo1 owe _! special prop]ties to silice\s compon5ts1 x has be5 %[n by direct exp]im5t ^u ! =m] t _! rigidity & resi/ance to wat] are 9 no way affect$ by cultivation 9 a silica-free m$ium4 ,9 o!r words1 ! /ructural peculi>ities ( ! gram9eae 9 ^! respects are due to ! physical *>act]i/ics *iefly ( ! 7lignifi$7 cells ( ! hypod]mal tissue1 & to ! composition & arrangem5t ( ! cells ( ! cuticle4 ',sw$i%' filt] pap]s ( mod]n make are s f> fre$ f inorganic con/itu5ts t ! weight ( ! a% may be neglect$ 9 ne>ly all quantitative exp]im5ts ,fres5ius1 ,zts*r4 ,anal ,*em4 #ahhc1 #bda4 ,x repres5ts usually ab\t #a_/ajjj mgr4 p] #a sq4 cm4 ( area ( ! pap]4 ,! =m ( an 'a%' d]iv$ f a fibr\s /ructure1 is t ( ! 'organic' orig9al1 m or less1 accord+ to its proportion & composition4 ,! proportion ( 'natural a%' is seldom l>ge en\gh1 nor are ! compon5ts ( su* "* z to give a coh]5t a%1 b if 9 ! case ( a fibr\s /ructure x is comb9$ or intimately mix$ ) inorganic comp\nds deposit$ )9 ! fibres f solution1 ! latt] may be made to yield a p]fect skeleton ( ! fibre aft] burn+ (f ! organic matt]4 ,x is by su* means t ! mantles us$ 9 ! ,welsba* sy/em ( inc&esc5t light+ are prep>$4 ,a purifi$ cotton fabric--or y>n--is treat$ ) a conc5trat$ solution ( ! mix$ nitrates ( ?orium & c]ium1 &1 aft] dry+1 ! cellulose is burn$ away4 ,a p]fect & coh]5t skeleton ( ! fabric is obta9$1 compos$ ( ! mix$ oxides4 ,su* mantles h fulfill$ ! requirem5ts ( ! indu/ry up to ! pres5t "t1 b lat] exp]im5ts =eca/ a notable improvem5t4 ,x has be5 f\nd t artificial cellulose fibres c be spun ) solutions conta9+ consid]able proportions ( soluble comp\nds ( ^! oxides4 ,su* fibres1 :5 knitt$ into mantles & ignit$1 yield an inorganic skeleton ( ! oxides ( homog5e\s /ructure & smoo? cont\r4 ,de ,m>e 9 #ahid1 & ,kn(l] 9 #ahie1 pat5t$ me?ods ( prep>+ su* cellulose ?reads conta9+ ! salts ( ?orium & c]ium1 by sp9n+ a collodion conta9+ ! latt] 9 solution4 ,:5 f9ally ignit$1 aft] be+ br\ght into ! suitable mantle =m1 !re results a /ructure :i* proves va/ly m durable ?an ! orig9al ,welsba* mantle4 ,! cause ( ! sup]iority is ?us set =? by ,v4 ,h4 ,lewes 9 a rec5t publication 7,j4 ,soc4 ( ,arts1 #aijj1 p4 #heh73 ',! alt]ation 9 physical /ructure has a mo/ extraord9>y effect ^u ! light-giv+ life ( ! mantle1 & also on its /r5g?1 z aft] burn+ = a few hundr$ h\rs ! con/ant bomb>dm5t ( ! mantle by du/ p>ticles drawn up by ! ru% ( air 9 ! *imney causes ! =mation ( silicates on ! surface ( ! mantle ow+ to silica be+ pres5t 9 ! air1 & ?is seems to affect ! ,welsba* /ructure f> m ?an x does ! ,clamond type1 ) ! result t :5 burn$ cont9u\sly ! ,welsba* mantle falls to s l[ a pit* ( light emissivity aft] #ejj to #fjj h\rs1 z to be a m]e %ad[ ( its =m] self1 giv+ n m ?an "o-?ird ( its orig9al light1 :il/ ! ,kn(l] mantle keeps up its light-emitt+ p[] to a mu* great] ext5t1 & ! ,lehn] fabric is ! mo/ rem>kable ( all4 ,two ,lehn] mantles :i* h n[ be5 burn+ cont9u\sly 9 my laboratory = ov] #c1jjj h\rs give at ?is mom5t a bright] light emissivity ?an mo/ ( ! ,welsba*s d 9 _! prime4' 444',! new developm5ts ( ! ,clamond process =m z important a /ep 9 ! hi/ory ( inc&esc5t gas light+ z ! discov]ies :i* gave rise to ! orig9al mantles4' ,x has fur!r be5 f\nd t ! oxides !mselves c be dissolv$ 9 ! cellulose alkal9e sulphoc>bonate 7viscose7 solution1 & artificial ?reads h be5 spun conta9+ f #be to #cj p4ct4 ( ! oxides 9 homog5e\s admixture ) ! cellulose4 ,?is me?od has obvi\s advantages ov] ! collodion me?od bo? 9 reg>d to ! molecul> relation%ip ( ! oxides to ! cellulose & to *eapness ( production4 ,,unt]su*ung5 ,ue,b,e,r ,,v]s*i$5e ,,be/immungsme?od5 ,,d] ,,cellulose4 ,h4 ,,sur+> ,,& ,b4 ,,toll5s 7,zts*r4 angew4 ,*em4 #ahif1 ,no4 #bc74 ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,me?ods ,,( ,,det]m9+ ,,cellulose4 ,introduction4--,?is is an exhau/ive bibliography ( ! subject1 describ+ also ! v>i\s me?ods ( cellulose e/imation1 not$ 9 hi/orical sequ5ce4 ,fir/1 ! ,we5de 'crude fibre' me?od 7,h5neb]g7 ) modifications ( ,watt5b]g1 ,holdefleiss1 & o!rs is dealt )4 ,! product ( ?is treatm5t1 viz4 'crude fibre' is a mixture1 conta9+ furfuroids & lignone comp\nds4 ,next foll[s a gr\p ( processes :i* aim at produc+ a 'pure cellulose' by elim9at+ lignone con/itu5ts1 = :i* ! m]ely hydrolytic treatm5ts ( ! ,we5de me?od are ineffectual4 ,! me?od ( ,f4 ,s*ulze--prolong$ dige/ion ) dilute nitric acid1 ) addition ( *lorate--has be5 l>gely employ$1 ?\gh ! composition ( ! product is m or less div]g5t f a 'pure cellulose4' ,dilute nitric acid at #fj-hj deg4 7,cross & ,bevan7 & a dilute mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids 7,lifs*utz7 h be5 employ$ = isolat+ cellulose f ! lignocelluloses4 ,h(fmei/] modifies ! me?od ( ,s*ulze by sub/itut+ hydro*loric acid = ! nitric acid4 ,treatm5t ) ! halog5s associat$ ) alkal9e processes ( hydrolysis is ! basis ( ! me?ods ( ,hugo ,mull] 7brom9e wat]7 & ,cross & ,bevan 7*lor9e gas74 ,la/ly1 ! au?ors notice ! me?ods bas$ ^u ! action ( ! alkal9e hydrates at high temp]atures 7#ahj deg47 9 pres5ce ( wat] 7,lange71 or ( glyc]9 7,gabriel74 ,! process ( heat+ to #baj deg4 ) glyc]9 only 7,ho5ig7 yields a v impure & ill-def9$ product4 ,= comp>ative inve/igation ( ^! processes c]ta9 celluloses & cellulosic mat]ials 7 prep>$ z foll[s3 7a7 ',rag' cellulose4--,a *emical filt] pap]1 conta9+ only cotton & l95 celluloses1 0 fur!r purifi$ by boil+ ) dilute acid & dilute alkali4 ,aft] ?or\gh wa%+ x 0 air-dri$4 7b7 ,wood cellulose4--,p9e wood sawdu/ 0 treat$ by dige/ion = f\rte5 days ) dilute nitric acid ) addition ( *lorate 7,s*ulze74 ,! mass 0 wa%$ & dige/$ ) alkal9e lye 7#a4be p4ct4 ,,koh71 & exhau/ively wa%$1 treat$ ) dilute acetic acid2 aga9 wa%$1 & f9ally air-dri$4 ,?is product 0 f\nd to yield #b4c p4ct4 furfural on di/illation ) ,h,cl 7#a4jf sp4gr474 7c7 ,purifi$ wood4--,p9e wood sawdu/ 0 treat$ 9 succession ) dilute alkalis & acids1 9 ! cold1 & ) alcohol & e!r until exhau/$ ( products soluble 9 ^! liquids & reag5ts4 ,9 addition to ! above ! au?ors h also employ$ jute fibre & raw cotton wool 9 _! inve/igations4 ,!y note t ! yield ( cellulose is 9 _m cases s5sibly l[]$ by treat+ ! mat]ial aft] dry+ at ! temp]ature ( #ajj deg44 ,! mat]ial = treatm5t is !re=e weigh$ 9 ! air-dry condition1 & a simil> sample weigh$ (f = dry+ at #ajj deg4 = det]m9ation ( moi/ure4 ,! ma9 results ( ! exp]im5tal inve/igation are z foll[s3-- ,we5de process fur!r attacks ! purifi$ celluloses z foll[s3 ,wood cellulose los+ 9 weight #h-i p4ct42 filt] pap]1 #f-g4e p4ct41 & ! latt] treat$ a second "t loses a fur!r #d-e p4ct4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! process is ( purely empirical value4 ,s*ulze4--,?is process gave a yield ( #dg4f p4ct4 cellulose f p9e wood4 ,! celluloses !mselves1 treat$ by ! process1 %[$ losses ( #a-c p4ct4 9 weight1 mu* less !re=e ?an 9 ! prec$+ case4 ,ho5ig's me?od ( heat+ ) glyc]9 to #baj deg4 0 f\nd to yield products v f> remov$ f 'cellulose4' ,! process may h a c]ta9 value 9 e/imations ( 'crude fibre1' b is dismiss$ f fur!r consid]ation 9 relation to cellulose4 ,lange4--,! purpose ( ! inve/igation 0 to te/ ! validity ( ! /atem5t t ! celluloses are n attack$ by alkal9e hydrates at #ahj deg44 ,exp]im5ts ) p9e wood yield$ a s]ies ( p]c5tages = cellulose v>y+ f #cf to #da2 ! 'purifi$ wood' gave also v>iable numb]s1 #dd to #di p] c5t4 ,x 0 f\nd possible to limit ^! v>iations by alt]+ ! conditions 9 ! lat] /ages ( isolat+ ! product2 b fur!r exp]im5ts on ! celluloses !mselves previ\sly isolat$ by o!r processes %[$ t !y 7 pr(\ndly & v>iably attack$ by ! ',lange' treatm5t1 wood cellulose los+ #ej p] c5t4 ( its weight1 & filt] pap] 7cellulose7 los+ #ae p] c5t4 ,fur!r1 a specim5 ( jute yield$ #eh p] c5t4 ( cellulose by ?is me?od in/ead ( ! normal #gh p] c5t4 ,x 0 also f\nd t ! celluloses isolat$ by ! process1 :5 subject$ to a second treatm5t1 und]w5t a fur!r l>ge conv]sion into soluble d]ivatives1 & 9 a ?ird treatm5t fur!r losses ( #e-aj p] c5t 7 obta9$4 ,! au?ors atta* value1 not)/&+1 to ! process :i* !y /ate to yield an 'approximately pure cellulose1' & !y describe a modifi$ me?od embody+ ! improvem5ts 9 detail result+ f _! inve/igation4 ,gabriel's me?od ( heat+ ) a glyc]9 solution ( alkal9e hydrate is a comb9ation ( ',ho5ig' & ',lange4' ,an ext5d$ inve/igation %[$ z 9 ! case ( ! latt] t ! celluloses !mselves are m or less pr(\ndly attack$ by ! treatm5t--fur!r t ! celluloses isolat$ f lignocelluloses & o!r complex raw mat]ials are mu* 'less pure' ?an ^? obta9$ by ! ,lange process4 ,?us1 notably 9 reg>d to furfural yield+ con/itu5ts1 ! latt] yield #a-b p4ct4 furfural1 :]eas specim5s ( 'jute cellulose' obta9$ by ! ,gabriel process 7 f\nd to yield #i to #ac p4ct4 furfural4 ,cross & ,bevan4--,*lor9ation process yield$ 9 ! h&s ( ! au?ors results confirm+ ! figures giv5 9 ',cellulose' = yield ( cellulose4 ,inve/igation ( ! products = yield ( furfural1 gave #i p4ct4 ( ?is aldehyde %[+ ! pres5ce ( celluloses1 o!r ?an ! normal type4 ,conclusions4--,! subjo9$ table gives ! mean num]ical results = yield ( end-product or 'cellulose' by ! v>i\s me?ods4 ,9 ! case ( ! 'celluloses' ! results are ^? ( ! fur!r action ( ! sev]al processes on ! end-product ( a previ\s process4 ,me?ods ,f4 ,s*ulze ,we5de ,lange ,gabriel ,cross & ,bevan ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,wood cellulose #ih4ea #ia4eb #dh4bb #ee4ic -- ,filt] pap] cellulose #ii4fb #ie4fc #gh4ag #gi4gg -- ,sw$i% filt] pap] #if4eh -- #hd4gf -- -- ,ord9>y filt] pap] #ih4ag #ic4ci #hf4eh -- -- ,cotton 7'wool'7 #ih4ch #hi4ih #fc4if #fg4hh -- ,jute -- -- #eg4ic #ga4fd #ge4bg ,purifi$ wood -- -- #di4bg -- -- #df4ef ,raw wood #dg4fj -- #dj4hb -- -- #ch4hg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,! f9al conclusion drawn f ! results is t none ( ! processes fulfil ! requirem5ts ( an ideal me?od4 ,^? :i* may be c>ri$ out 9 a reasonably %ort "t are defici5t 9 two directions3 7#a7 !y yield a 'cellulose' conta9+ m or less oxycellulose2 7#b7 ! celluloses !mselves are attack$ "u ! conditions ( treatm5t1 & ! end product or cellulose m]ely repres5ts a p>ticul> & at ! same "t v>iable equilibrium1 z betwe5 ! resi/ance ( ! cellulose & ! attack ( ! reag5ts employ$2 ?is attack be+ by no means conf9$ to ! non-cellulose con/itu5ts4 ,s*ulze's me?od appe>s to give ! ne>e/ approximation to ! 'actual cellulose' ( ! raw mat]ial4 99 99 99 99 99 7p4 #h7 ,,solutions ,,( ,,cellulose--7#a7 ,,z9c ,,*loride4--,to prep>e a homog5e\s solution ( cellulose by means ( ! neutral *loride1 a prolong$ dige/ion at or ab\t #ajj deg4 ) ! conc5trat$ reag5t is requir$4 ,! dissolution ( ! cellulose is n a simple ph5om5on1 b is att5d$ ) hydrolysis & a c]ta9 degree ( cond5sation4 ,! latt] result is evid5c$ by ! =mation ( furfural1 ! =m] by ! pres5ce ( soluble c>bohydrates 9 ! solution obta9$ by dilut+ ! orig9al solution & filt]+ f ! reprecipitat$ cellulose4 ,! au?ors h obs]v$ t 9 c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts cotton cellulose may be dissolv$ 9 ! reag5t1 & reprecipitat$ ) a loss ( only #a p4ct4 9 weight4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a 'net' result1 & leaves undet]m9$ ! degree ( hydration ( ! recov]$ cellulose z ( hydrolysis ( ! orig9al to gr\ps ( l[] molecul> weights4 ,bronn]t f9ds t a previ\s hydration ( ! cellulose--e4g4 by ! process ( alkal9e m]c]isation & removal ( ! alkali by wa%+--enables ! z9c *loride to effect its dissolution by dige/ion 9 ! cold4 7,u4,s4 pat5t1 #fdf1gii_/aijj4 ,see also p4 #ei47 ,indu/rial applications4--7a7 ,vulcanis$ fibre is prep>$ by treat+ pap] ) f\r times its weight ( ! conc5trat$ aque\s solution 7#fe-ge deg4 ,b471 & 9 ! result+ gelat9is$ condition is work$ up into masses1 blocks1 %eets1 c41 ( any requir$ ?ickness4 ,! wa%+ ( ^! masses to remove ! z9c salt is a v l5g?y op]ation4 ,to r5d] ! product wat]pro( ! process ( nitration is sometimes sup]add$ ,d4,r4,p4 #caha_/ahgh4 ,fur!r details ( manufacture are giv5 9 ,prakt4 ,h&bu* d4 ,papi]fabrikation1 p4 #agjc ,c4 ,h(mann4 7b7 ,calico-pr9t+4--,! use ( ! solution z a ?ick5] or col\r vehicle1 m especially z a sub/itute = album5 9 pigm5t /yles1 0 pat5t$ by ,e4 ,b4 ,manby1 b ! process has n be5 indu/rially develop$ ,e4,p4 #aj1dff_/ahid4 7c7 ,artificial silk4--,?is is a ref9em5t ( ! e>li] applications ( ! solution 9 sp9n+ cellulose ?reads = conv]sion into c>bon filam5ts = electrical gl[-lamps4 ,?is section w be f\nd dealt ) on p4 #ei4 7p4 #ac7 7#b7 ,cuprammonium solution4--,! application ( ! solution ( cellulose 9 cuprammonium to ! production ( a f9e filam5t 9 cont9u\s l5g?1 'artificial silk1' has be5 v consid]ably /udi$ & develop$ 9 ! p]iod #ahig-aijj1 z evid5c$ by ! s]ies ( pat5ts ( ,frem]y & ,urban1 ,pauly1 ,bronn]t1 & o!rs4 ,! subject w also be f\nd dealt ) on p4 #eh4 99 99 99 99 99 7p4 #ae7 ,reactions ( cellulose ) iod9e4--,9 a rec5t pap]1 ,f4 ,mylius deals ) ! reaction ( />* & cellulose ) iod9e1 po9t+ out t ! blue col\ration dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce ( wat] & iodides4 ,9 abs5ce ( ! latt]1 & !re=e 9 pres5ce ( comp\nds :i* de/roy or absorb hydriodic acid--e4g4 iodic acid--!re results a br[n addition product4 ,! products 9 "q h ! *>act]i/ics ( solid solutions ( ! halog54 7,b]l4 ,b]4 #ahie1 #cij47 7#bd7 ,m]c]isation--,not)/&+ ! enorm\s rec5t developm5ts 9 ! indu/rial application ( ! m]c]is+ reaction1 !re h be5 no notewor?y contributions to ! !oretical aspects ( ! subject4 ,! foll[+ ab/ract gives an outl9e ( ! scope ( an important te*nical "w on ! subject4 ,,die ,,m]c]isation ,,d] ,,baumwolle4 ,,paul ,,g>dn] 7,b]l93 #ahih4 ,j4 ,spr+]74 ,,! ,,m]c]isation ,,( ,,cotton4 ,?is monograph ( "s #aej pages is *iefly devot$ to ! pat5t lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,! *emical & physical modifications ( ! cotton sub/ance "u ! action ( /rong alkal9e lye1 7 set =? by ,m]c] 9 #ahdd-e1 & !re has result$ f subsequ5t inve/igations b little increase 9 our k ( ! fundam5tal facts4 ,! treatm5t 0 indu/rially develop$ by ,m]c] 9 c]ta9 directions1 *iefly 7#a7 = prep>+ webs ( clo? requir$ to /& consid]able /ra91 & 7#b7 = produc+ crepon effects by local or topical action ( ! alkali4 ,b ! results a*iev$ awak5$ b a transitory int]e/1 & ! matt] pass$ into oblivion2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t a ,g]man pat5t ,no4 #cj1iff 0 grant$ 9 #ahhd to ! ,messrs4 ,dep\illy = crepon effects due to ! diff]5tial %r9kage ( fabrics "u m]c]isation1 by processes & treatm5ts long previ\sly describ$ by ,m]c]4 ,su* effects h _h a consid]able vogue 9 rec5t ye>s1 b x 0 n until ! discov]y ( ! lu/re+ effect result+ f ! association ( ! m]c]is+ actions ) ! condition ( /ra9 or t5sion ( ! y>n or fabric t ! indu/ry 9 'm]c]is$' goods 0 />t$ on ! l9es :i* h l$ to ! pres5t colossal developm5t4 ,! m]it ( ?is discov]y is n[ g5]ally recognis$ z belong+ to ,?omas & ,prevo/ ( ,crefeld1 not)/&+ t priority ( pat5t "r belongs to ! ,engli% te*nologi/1 ,h4 ,a4 ,l[e4 ,! au?or critically discusses ! gr\nds ( ! n[ celebrat$ pat5t controv]sy1 aris+ out ( ! conflict ( ! claims ( ,g]man pat5t #he1efd_/ahie ( ! =m]1 & ,engli% pat5t #ddeb_/ahij ( ! latt]4 ,! au?or concludes t ,l[e's specification und\bt$ly describes ! lu/re+ effect ( m]c]is+ 9 mu* m def9ite t]ms ?an t ( ,?omas & ,prevo/4 ,^! inv5tors1 on ! o!r h&1 realis$ ! effect indu/rially1 :i* ,l[e c]ta9ly fail$ to d1 z evid5c$ by 8 all[+ ! pat5t to lapse4 ,z an explanation ( 8 failure1 ! au?or sugge/s t ,l[e did n suffici5tly ext5d 8 obs]vations to goods made f ,egyptian & o!r long-/apl$ cottons1 9 :i* class only are ! full effects ( ! add$ lu/re obta9$4 ,foll[+ ^! orig9al pat5ts are ! specifications ( a numb] ( inv5tions :i*1 h[ev]1 are ( insignificant mom5t s f> z introduc+ any ess5tial v>iation ( ! m]c]is+ treatm5t4 ,! ?ird section ( ! "w describes 9 detail ! v>i\s me*anical devices :i* h be5 pat5t$ = c>ry+ out ! treatm5t on y>n & clo?4 ,! f\r? section deals ) ! fundam5tal facts und]ly+ ! process & effects summ$ up 9 ! t]m 'm]c]isation4' ,^! are z foll[s3-- 7a7 ,al?\gh all =ms ( fibr\s celluloses are simil>ly affect$ by /rong alkal9e solutions1 x is only ! ,egyptian & o!r long-/apl$ cottons--i4e4 ! goods made f !m--:i* "u ! treatm5t acquire ! special high lu/re :i* ranks z 'silky4' ,goods made f ,am]ican cottons acquire a c]ta9 'f9i%' & lu/re1 b ! effects are n su* z to h an indu/rial value--i4e4 a value proportional to ! co/ ( treatm5t4 7b7 ,! lu/re is det]m9$ by expos+ ! goods to /rong t5sion1 ei!r :5 "u ! action ( ! alkali1 or subsequ5tly1 b only :5 ! cellulose is 9 ! special condition ( hydration :i* is ! ma9 *emical effect ( ! m]c]is+ treatm5t4 7c7 ,! degree ( t5sion requir$ is approximately t :i* opposes ! %r9kage 9 dim5sions1 o!rwise det]m9$ by ! action ( ! alkali4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! v>iations ( %r9kage ( ,egyptian :5 m]c]is$ )\t t5sion1 "u v>y+ conditions z reg>ds ! ess5tial factors ( ! treatm5t--viz4 7#a7 conc5tration ( ! alkal9e lye1 7#b7 temp]ature1 & 7#c7 duration ( action 7! latt] be+ ( subord9ate mom5t73-- ,conc5tration ( lye 7,na,o,h7 #e deg4,b4 #aj deg4,b4 #ae deg4,b #be deg4,b ,duration ( action 9 #a #aj #cj #a #aj #cj #a #aj #cj m9utes ,temp]atures ,p]c5tage %r9kages 7,egyptian y>ns7 z "u3-- z "u3-- #b deg4 #j #j #j #a #a #a #ab4b #ae4b #ae4h #ai4b #ah deg4 #j #j #j #j #j #j #h4j #h4h #aa4h #ai4h #cj deg4 #j #j #j #j #j #j #d4f #d4f #f4j #ai4j #hj deg4 #j #j #j #j #j #j #c4e #c4e #i4h #ac4d ,conc5tration ( lye 7,na,o,h7 #be deg4,b #cj deg4,b #ce deg4,b ,duration ( action 9 #aj #cj #a #aj #cj #a #aj #cj m9utes ,temp]atures ,p]c5tage %r9kages 7,egyptian y>ns7 z "u3-- z "u3-- #b deg4 #ai4h #ba4e #bb4g #bb4g #bb4g #bd4b #bd4e #bd4g #ah deg4 #bj4a #ba4j #ba4b #bb4j #bb4c #bc4e #bc4h #bd4g #cj deg4 #ai4e #ai4j #ah4e #ai4e #ai4h #bj4g #ba4j #ba4a #hj deg4 #ac4g #ad4b #ae4j #ae4a #ae4e #ae4j #ae4b #ae4d ,! m important g5]al indications ( ! above results are--7#a7 ,! m]c]isation action comm5ces ) a lye ( #aj deg4,b41 & increases ) increas$ /r5g? ( ! lye up to a maximum at #ce deg4,b4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a relatively slight increase ( action ) ! increase ( cau/ic soda f #cj-dj deg4,b4 7#b7 ,= optimum action ! temp]ature %\ld n exce$ #ae-bj deg4,c4 7#c7 ,! duration ( action is ( proportionately less influ5ce z ! conc5tration ( ! lye increases4 ,z ! maximum effect is atta9$ ! action becomes practically in/antane\s1 ! only condition affect+ x be+ t ( p5etration--i4e4 actual contact ( cellulose & alkali4 7d7 ,! "q z to :e!r ! process ( 'm]c]isation' involves *emical z well z physical effects is briefly discuss$4 ,! au?or is ( op9ion t1 z ! degree ( lu/re obta9$ v>ies ) ! diff]5t v>ieties ( cotton1 ! diff]5tiation is occasion$ by diff]5ces 9 *emical con/itution ( ^! v>i\s cottons4 ,! influ5ce ( ! *emical factors is also emphasis$ by ! increas$ dye+ capacity ( ! m]c]is$ goods1 :i* effect1 moreov]1 is indep5d5t ( ^? conditions ( /ra9 or t5sion "u m]c]isation :i* det]m9e lu/re4 ,x is f\nd 9 effect t ) a v>i$ range ( dye /uffs a giv5 %ade is produc$ ) f #aj to #cj p4ct4 less col\r+ matt] ?an is requir$ = ! ord9>y1 i4e4 unm]c]is$1 goods4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! con/ants ( /r5g? & ela/icity1 ,buntrock gives ! foll[+ results ( obs]vations ^u a #dje tw(old y>n1 five ?reads ( #ej cm4 l5g? be+ tak5 = ea* te/7,prome!us1 #ahig1 p4 #fij73 7a7 ! orig9al y>n broke "u a load ( #addj grms42 7b7 aft] m]c]isation )\t t5sion ! load requir$ 0 #bdbj grms42 7c7 aft] m]c]isation "u /ra91 #aiej grms4 ,m]c]isation1 !re=e1 increases ! /r5g? ( ! y>n f #cj to #ff p4ct41 ! increase be+ less5$ proportionately to ! /ra9 accompany+ m]c]isation4 ,ela/icity1 z measur$ by ! ext5sion "u ! break+ load1 rema9s ab\t ! same 9 y>ns m]c]is$ "u /ra91 b :5 all[$ to %r9k "u m]c]isation !re is an increase ( #cj-dj p4ct4 ov] ! orig9al4 ,! *ange ( =m su/a9$ by ! individual fibres has be5 /udi$ by ,h4 ,lange ,f>b]zeitung1 #ahih1 #aig-aih1 ^: microphotographs ( ! cotton fibres1 bo? 9 l5g? & cross-section1 are reproduc$4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 ! *ange is f ! flatt5$ rib& ( ! orig9al fibre to a cyl9drical tube ) mu* dim9i%$ & r\nd$ c5tral canal4 ,! effect ( /ra9 "u m]c]isation is *iefly se5 9 ! cont\r ( ! surface1 :i* is smoo?1 & ! oblit]ation at int]vals ( ! canal4 ,h5ce ! increas$ transp>5cy & m complete reflection ( ! light f ! surface1 & ! consequ5t approximation to ! optical prop]ties ( ! silk fibre4 ,! "w concludes ) a section devot$ to a description ( ! v>i\s practical sy/ems ( m]c]isation ( y>ns 9 g5]al practice 9 ,g]many1 & an acc\nt ( ! me?ods adopt$ 9 dye+ ! m]c]is$ y>ns4 ,,rese>*es ,,on ,,m]c]is$ ,,cotton4 ,a4 ,,fra5kel & ,p4 ,,fri$la5d] 7,mitt4 k4-k4 ,te*n4 ,gew4 ,mus41 ,wi51 #ahih1 #cbf74 ,! au?ors1 aft] inve/igation1 are incl9$ to attribute ! lu/re ( m]c]is$ cotton to ! abs5ce ( ! cuticle1 :i* is de/roy$ & remov$ 9 ! process1 p>tly by ! *emical action ( ! alkali1 & p>tly by ! /ret*+ at "o or o!r /age ( ! process4 ,! au?ors h inve/igat$ ! action ( alcoholic solutions ( soda also4 ,! lu/re effects are n obta9$ unless ! action ( wat] is associat$4 ,9 conclusion1 ! au?ors give ! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( break+ /ra9s & ela/icity3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,treatm5t ,exp]im5ts ,break+ /ra9 ,ela/icity ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,elongation ,grammes 9 mm4 ,cotton unm]c]is$4 #a #cfj #bj #b #cef #bj #c #cfj #bb ,m]c]is$ ) ,soda #ce deg4,b4 #a #ecj #dd #b #egj #dj #c #eei #ce ,alcoholic soda #aj p4ct4 #a #fde #bd cold #b #fjj #bg #c #faj #cc ,alcoholic soda #aj p4ct4 #e #gdj #cc hot #b #gcj #ch #c #fij #cj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,footnotes3 #b ,?is & o!r simil> ref]5ces are to ! matt] ( ! orig9al volume 7#ahie74 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,syn!tical ,,d]ivatives--,,sulphoc>bonates ,,& ,,e/]s 7p4 #be7 ,cellulose sulphoc>bonate4--,fur!r inve/igations ( ! reaction ( =mation z well z ! v>i\s reactions ( decomposition ( ! comp\nd1 h n contribut$ any ess5tial modification or developm5t ( ! subject z orig9ally describ$ 9 ! au?or's fir/ communications4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( exp]im5tal matt] has be5 accumulat$ 9 view ( ! ultimate contribution ( ! results to ! g5]al !ory ( colloidal solutions4 ,b viscose is a complex product & ess5tially v>iable1 ?r\gh its pron\nc$ t5d5cy to progressive decomposition ) rev]sion ( ! cellulose to its insoluble & uncomb9$ condition4 ,! solution = ?is reason does n l5d itself to exact measurem5t ( its physical con/ants su* z might elucidate 9 "s measure ! progressive molecul> aggregation ( ! cellulose 9 assum+ spontane\sly ! solid 7hydrate7 =m4 ,res]v+ ! discussion ( ^! po9ts1 !re=e1 we conf9e ourselves to record+ results :i* fur!r elucidate special po9ts4 ,normal & o!r celluloses4--,we may c]ta9ly use ! sulphoc>bonate reaction z a means ( def9+ a normal cellulose4 ,z already po9t$ out1 cotton cellulose passes quantitatively ?r\gh ! cycle ( treatm5ts involv$ 9 solution z sulphoc>bonate & decomposition ( ! solution ) reg5]ation z /ructureless or amorph\s cellulose 7hydrate74 ,analysis ( ?is cellulose %[s a fall ( c>bon p]c5tage f #dd4d to #dc4c1 correspond+ ) a *ange 9 composition f ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e to #d;,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4;,h#b,o4 ,! p>tial hydrolysis affects ! :ole molecule1 & is limit$ to ?is effect1 :]eas1 9 ! case ( celluloses ( o!r types1 !re is a fractionation ( ! mass1 a portion und]go+ a fur!r hydrolysis to comp\nds ( l[] molecul> weight & p]man5tly soluble4 ,?us 9 ! case ( ! wood celluloses ! p]c5tage recov]$ f solution z viscose is f #ic to #ie p4ct4 ,x is evid5t t ^! celluloses are n homog5e\s4 ,a simil> conclusion results f ! pres5ce ( furfural-yield+ comp\nds ) ! obs]vation t ! hydrolysis to soluble d]ivatives ma9ly affects ^! d]ivatives4 ,9 ! empirical *>act]isation ( a normal cellulose1 !re=e1 we may include ! prop]ty ( quantitative reg5]ation or recov]y f its solution z sulphoc>bonate4 ,9 ! use ( ! ^w 'normal' z appli$ to a 'blea*$' cotton1 we h fur!r to %[ 9 :at respects ! sulphoc>bonate reaction diff]5tiates ! blea*$ or purifi$ cotton cellulose f ! raw product4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts may be cit$3 ,specim5s ( ,am]ican & ,egyptian cottons 9 ! raw /ate1 fre$ f me*anical1 i4e4 non-fibr\s1 impurities1 7 treat$ ) a m]c]is+ alkali1 & ! alkali-cotton subsequ5tly expos$ to c>bon disulphide4 ,! product ( reaction 0 fur!r treat$ z 9 ! prep>ation ( ! ord9>y solution2 b 9 place ( ! usual solution1 /ructureless & homog5e\s1 x 0 obs]v$ to reta9 a fibr\s "*1 & ! fibres1 ?\gh enorm\sly swoll51 7 n brok5 d[n by cont9u$ vigor\s /irr+4 ,aft] l>ge dilution ! solutions 7 filt]$1 & ! fibres !n =m$ a gelat9\s mass on ! filt]s4 ,aft] purification1 ! residue 0 dri$ & weigh$4 ,! ,am]ican cotton yield$ #ij4j p4ct41 & ! ,egyptian #ib4j p4ct4 ( its sub/ance 9 ! =m ( ?is peculi> modification4 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$1 all[+ an int]val ( #bd h\rs to elapse betwe5 ! conv]sion into alkali-cotton & exposure ( ?is to ! c>bon disulphide4 ,! quantitative results 7 id5tical4 ,!re are _m obs]vations incid5tal to *emical treatm5ts ( cotton fabrics :i* t5d to %[ t ! blea*+ process produces o!r effects ?an ! m]e removal ( me*anical impurities4 ,9 ! sulphoc>bonate reaction ! raw cotton1 9 fact1 behaves exactly z a comp\nd cellulose4 ,:e!r ! con/itutional diff]5ce betwe5 raw & blea*$ cotton1 ?us emphasis$1 is due to ! gr\p ( compon5ts ( ! raw cotton1 :i* are remov$ 9 ! blea*+ process1 or to int]nal con/itutional *anges det]m9$ by ! blea*+ treatm5ts1 is a "q :i* future inve/igation mu/ decide4 ,! normal sulphoc>bonate 7viscose74--,9 ! indu/rial applications ( viscose x is important to ma9ta9 a c]ta9 /&>d ( composition z ( ! ess5tial physical prop]ties ( ! solution1 notably viscosity4 ,x may be not$ fir/ t1 ) ! above-m5tion$ exception1 ! v>i\s fibr\s celluloses %[ b slight diff]5ces 9 reg>d to all ! ess5tial features ( ! reactions involv$4 ,9 ! m]c]is+ reaction1 or alkali-cellulose /age1 x is true ! diff]5ces are consid]able4 ,) celluloses ( ! wood & /raw classes !re is a consid]able conv]sion into soluble alkali-celluloses4 ,if treat$ ) wat] ^! are dissolv$1 & on weigh+ back ! cellulose1 aft] ?or\gh wa%+1 treatm5t ) acid1 & f9ally wa%+ & dry+1 x w be f\nd to h lo/ f #ae to #bj p4ct4 9 weight4 ,! l[] grade ( celluloses ?us dissolv$ are only 9 "p precipitat$ 9 acidify+ ! alkal9e solution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 aft] conv]sion into viscose1 ! cellulose :5 reg5]at$ re-aggregates a l>ge proportion ( ^! l[] grade celluloses1 & ! f9al loss is z /at$ above1 f #e to #g p4ct4 only4 ,secondly1 x is f\nd t all ! conditions obta9+ 9 ! alkali-cellulose /age affect ! subsequ5t viscose reaction & ! prop]ties ( ! f9al solution4 ,! mo/ important are obvi\sly ! proportion ( alkali to cellulose & ! l5g? ( "t !y are 9 contact be=e be+ treat$ ) c>bon disulphide4 ,an excess ( alkali beyond ! 'normal' proportion--viz4 #b,na,o,h p] #a mol4 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e--;has little influ5ce ^u ! viscose reaction1 b l[]s ! viscosity ( ! solution ( ! sulphoc>bonate prep>$ f x4 ,b ?is effect equally foll[s f addition ( alkali to ! viscose itself4 ,! alkali-cellulose *anges ) age2 !re is a gradual alt]ation ( ! molecul> /ructure ( ! cellulose1 ( :i* ! prop]ties ( ! viscose :5 prep>$ are ! be/ indication4 ,!re is a progressive loss ( viscosity ( ! solution1 & a correspond+ det]ioration 9 ! /ructural prop]ties ( ! cellulose :5 reg5]at$ f x--especially m>k$ 9 ! film =m4 ,9 reg>d to viscosity ! foll[+ obs]vations are typical3-- 7a7 ,a viscose ( #a4h p4ct4 cellulose prep>$ f an alkali-cellulose 7cotton7 f\rte5 days old4 7b7 ,viscose ( #a4h p4ct4 cellulose f an alkali-cellulose 7cotton7 ?ree days old4 7c7 ,glyc]9 dilut$ ) #a_/c vol4 wat]4 a b b c ,dilut$ ) equal vol4 wat] ,times ( fl[ ( equal volumes f #aab #cba #ajc #agj n>r[ orifice 9 seconds ,simil>ly ! cellulose 9 rev]t+ to ! solid =m f ^! 'degrad$' solutions pres5ts a proportionate loss ( cohesion & aggregat+ p[] express$ by ! inf]ior /r5g? & ela/icity ( ! products4 ,h5ce1 9 ! practical applications ( ! product :]e ! latt] prop]ties are ( fir/ importance1 x is necess>y to adopt normal /&>ds1 su* z above indicat$1 & to c>efully regulate all ! conditions ( treatm5t 9 ea* ( ! two ma9 /ages ( reaction1 s t a product ( any desir$ "* may be inv>iably obta9$4 ,incid5tally to ^! inve/igations a numb] ( obs]vations h be5 made on ! alkali-cellulose 7cotton7 aft] prolong$ /orage 9 clos$ vessels4 ,x is well kn[n t />* und]goes hydrolysis 9 contact ) aque\s alkalis ( a simil> "* to t det]m9$ by acids ,be*amp1 ,annal51 #ajj1 #cfe4 ,! rec5t rese>*es ( ,lobry de ,bruyn ,rec4 ,trav4 ,*im4 #ad1 #aef ^u ! action ( alkal9e hydrates 9 aque\s solution on ! hexoses h e/abli%$ ! important fact ( ! result+ mobility ( ! ,,co gr\p1 & ! int]*angeable relation%ips ( typical aldoses & ketoses4 ,x 01 !re=e1 n improbable t pr(\nd hydrolytic *anges %\ld occur 9 ! cellulose molecule :5 kept = prolong$ p]iods z alkali-cellulose4 ,we may cite an extreme case4 ,a s]ies ( products 7 exam9$ aft] #ab-ah mon?s' /orage4 ,!y 7 f\nd to conta9 only #c-e p4ct4 'soluble c>bohydrates'2 ^! 7 precipitat$ by ,fehl+'s solution b )\t r$uction on boil+4 ,!y 71 !re=e1 ( ! cellulose type4 ,on acidify+ ) sulphuric acid & di/ill+1 traces only ( volatile acid 7 produc$4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! *ange ( molecul> weight ( ! cellulose1 ! disaggregation ( ! und\bt$ly l>ge molecule ( ! orig9al 'normal' cellulose--:i* effects are imm$iately recognis$ 9 ! viscose reactions ( su* products--are ( su* o!rwise limit$ "* t !y d n affect ! con/itution ( ! unit gr\ps4 ,we %\ld also conclude t ! cellulose type ( con/itution cov]s a v wide range ( m9or v>iations ( molecul> weight or aggregation4 ,! resi/ance ( ! normal cellulose to ! action ( alkalis "u ^! hydrolys+ conditions %\ld be m5tion$ 9 conjunction ) ! obs]vations ( ,lange1 & ! results ( ! lat] inve/igations ( ,toll5s1 on its resi/ance to 'fusion' ) alkal9e hydrates at high temp]atures 7#ahj deg474 ,! degree ( resi/ance has be5 e/abli%$ only on ! empirical basis ( weigh+ ! product recov]$ f su* treatm5t4 ,! product mu/ be inve/igat$ by conv]sion into typical cellulose d]ivatives be=e we c pron\nce ^u ! con/itutional *anges :i* c]ta9ly occur 9 ! process4 ,b = ! purpose ( ?is discussion x is suffici5t to emphasise ! extraord9>y resi/ance ( ! normal cellulose to ! action ( alkalis1 & to ano!r ( ! m significant po9ts ( diff]5tiation f />*4 ,*emical con/ants ( cellulose sulphoc>bonate 7solution74--,9 inve/igations ( ! solutions we make use ( v>i\s analytical me?ods1 :i* may be briefly describ$1 not+ any results be>+ ^u special po9ts4 ,total alkali4--,?is con/ant is det]m9$ by titration 9 ! usual way4 ,! cellulose ratio1 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e 3 #b,na,o,h1 is )9 ! ord9>y error ( obs]vation1 #b 3 #a by weight4 ,a det]m9ation ( alkali !re=e det]m9es ! p]c5tage ( cellulose4 ,cellulose may be reg5]at$ 9 v>i\s ways--viz4 by ! action ( heat1 ( acids1 ( v>i\s oxidis+ comp\nds4 ,x is purifi$ = weigh+ by boil+ 9 neutral sulphite ( soda 7#b p4ct4 solution7 to remove sulphur1 & 9 v dilute acids 7#j4cc p4ct4 ,h,cl7 to decompose residues ( 'organic' sulphur comp\nds4 ,x may also be treat$ ) dilute oxidants4 ,aft] weigh+ x may be ignit$ to det]m9e residual inorganic comp\nds4 ,sulphur4--,x has be5 prov$ by ,l9demann & ,mott5 ,bull4 ,acad4 ,r4 ,belg4 7#c71 #bc1 #hbg t ! sulphur ( sulphoc>bonates 7z well z ( sulphocyanides7 is fully oxidis$ 7to ,,s#c7 by ! hypo*lorites 7solutions at ord9>y temp]atures74 ,! me?od may be adapt$ z requir$ = any =m ( ! products or by-products ( ! viscose reaction to be analys$ = total sulphur4 ,! sulphur pres5t 9 ! =m ( di?ioc>bonates1 includ+ ! typical cellulose xan?og5ic acid1 is approximately isolat$ & det]m9$ z ,,cs#b by add+ a z9c salt 9 excess1 & di/ill+ (f ! c>bon disulphide f a wat] ba?4 ,f fre%ly prep>$ solutions a l>ge proportion ( ! disulphide orig9ally int]act+ ) ! alkali & cellulose is recov]$1 ! result e/abli%+ ! g5]al con=mity ( ! reaction to t typical ( ! alcohols4 ,on keep+ ! solutions !re is a progressive int]action ( ! bisulphide & alkali1 ) =mation ( tri?ioc>bonates & v>i\s sulphides4 ,9 decompos+ ^! products by acid reag5ts hydrog5 sulphide & free sulphur are =m$1 ! e/imation ( :i* pres5ts no special difficulties4 ,9 ! spontane\s decomposition ( ! solution a l>ge proportion ( ! sulphur resumes ! =m ( ! volatile disulphide4 ,?is is approximately measur$ by ! loss 9 total sulphur 9 ! foll[+ s]ies ( det]m9ations1 9 :i* a viscose ( #h4e p4ct4 /r5g? 7cellulose7 0 dri$ d[n z a ?9 film ^u glass plates1 & aft]w>ds analys$3 7a7 ,proportion ( sulphur to cellulose 7#ajj pts47 9 orig9al4 7b7 ,aft] spontane\s dry+ at ord9>y temp]ature4 7c7 ,aft] dry+ at #dj deg4,c4 7d7 ,z 9 7c71 foll[$1 by #b h\rs' heat+ at #ih deg44 7e7 ,z 9 7c71 foll[$ by #e h\rs' heat+ at #ih deg44 a b c d e ,total sulphur #dj4j #be4j #ca4j #bc4g #aj4d ,! dri$ product 9 7b7 & 7c7 0 entirely resoluble 9 wat]2 9 7d7 & 7e71 on ! o!r h&1 ! cellulose 0 fully reg5]at$1 & obta9$ z a transp>5t film4 ,iod9e reaction4--,fre% solutions ( ! sulphoc>bonate %[ a fairly con/ant reaction ) normal iod9e solution4 ,at ! fir/ po9t1 :]e ! excess ( iod9e visibly p]si/s1 !re is complete precipitation ( ! cellulose z ! bixan?ic sulphide2 & ?is occurs :5 ! proportion ( iod9e add$ rea*es #c;,i#b 3 #d,na#b,o1 calculat$ to ! total alkali4 ,o!r decompositions4--,! mo/ int]e/+ is ! int]action :i* occurs betwe5 ! cellulose xan?og5ate & salts ( ammonia1 :i* is tak5 advantage ( by ,c4 ,h4 ,/e>n 9 8 pat5t process ( sp9n+ artificial ?reads f viscose4 ,! insoluble product :i* is =m$ 9 excess ( ! solution ( ammonia salt is free f soda1 & conta9s #i-aj p4ct4 total sulphur4 ,! product reta9s its solubility 9 wat] = a %ort p]iod4 ,! solution may be reg>d$ z conta9+ ! ammonium cellulose xan?ate4 ,?is rapidly decomposes ) lib]ation ( ammonia & c>bon disulphide1 & sep>ation ( cellulose 7hydrate74 ,z precipitat$ by ammonium-*loride solution ! gelat9\s ?read conta9s #ae p4ct4 ( cellulose1 ) a sp4gr4 #a4a4 ,! process ( 'fix+'--i4e4 decompos+ ! xan?ic residue--consi/s 9 a %ort exposure to ! boil+ sal9e solution4 ,! fur!r dehydration1 ) increase ( gravity & cellulose cont5t1 is n consid]able4 ,! ?read 9 its f9al air-dry /ate has a sp4gr4 #a4dh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cellulose ,b5zoates4--,^! d]ivatives h be5 fur!r /udi$ by ! au?ors4 ,! conditions = ! =mation ( ! monob5zoate ,c#f;,h#i,o#d4,o4,,co4,ph are v simil> to ^? requir$ = ! sulphoc>bonate reaction4 ,! fibr\s cellulose 7cotton71 treat$ ) a #aj p4ct4 solution ,na,o,h1 & subsequ5tly ) b5zoyl *loride1 gives ab\t #ej p4ct4 ( ! !oretical yield ( monob5zoate4 ,conv]t$ by #bj p4ct4 solution ,na,o,h into alkali-cellulose1 & ) molecul> proportions z bel[1 ! foll[+ yields 7 obta9$3-- ,calc4 = ,monob5zoate 7a7 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e 3 #b4j-b4e ,na,o,h 3 ,c#f;,h#e4;,c,o,cl-- #aej4h #afd4j 7b7 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e 3 #b4j-b4e ,na,o,h 3 #a4e mol4 ,c#f;,h#e;,c,o,cl #aei4j ,an exam9ation ( 7a7 %[$ t "s dib5zoate 7ab\t #g p4ct47 _h be5 =m$4 ,! product 77 0 exhau/ively treat$ ) cuprammonium solution1 to :i* x yield$ ab\t #bj p4ct4 ( its weight1 :i* 0 !re=e unattack$ cellulose4 ,"u conditions z above1 b ) #b4e mol4 ,c#f;,h#e;,c,o,cl1 a c>eful comp>ison 0 made ( ! behavi\r ( ! ?ree v>ieties ( cotton1 :i* 7 tak5 9 ! unspun condition & previ\sly fully blea*$ & purifi$4 ,sea ,isl& ,egyptian ,am]ican ,aggregate yield ( b5zoate #aec #adh #aeb ,moi/ure 9 air dry /ate #e4bh #e4ce #e4ae ,proportion ( dib5zoate p4ct4 #h4cj #ac4gj #i4d ,yield ( cellulose by #eh4j #ed4j #eh4c saponification ,x appe>s f ^! results t ! b5zoate reaction may proce$ to a high] limit 7dib5zoate7 9 ! case ( ,egyptian cotton4 ,?is w\ld necess>ily imply a high] limit ( 'm]c]isation1' "u equal conditions ( treatm5t ) ! alkal9e hydrate4 ,x mu/ be not$ t 9 ! conv]sion ( ! fibr\s cellulose into ^! 7/ill7 fibr\s monob5zoates1 !re are c]ta9 me*anical conditions import$ by ! /ructural features ( ! ultimate fibres4 ,= ! elim9ation ( ! influ5ce ( ?is factor a l>ge numb] ( quantitative comp>isons w be necess>y4 ,! above results are !re=e only cit$ z typical ( a me?od ( comp>ative inve/igation1 m especially ( ! /ill op5 que/ions ( ! cause ( ! sup]ior effects 9 m]c]isation ( c]ta9 cottons 7see p4 #bc74 ,x is q probable t *emical z well z /ructural factors co-op]ate 9 fur!r diff]5tiat+ ! cottons4 ,fur!r inve/igation ( ! influ5ce ^u ! b5zoate reaction1 ( increase ( conc5tration ( ! soda lye1 us$ 9 ! prelim9>y alkali cellulose reaction1 f #bj to #cc p4ct4 ,na,o,h1 e/abli%$ 7#a7 t !re is no correspond+ increase 9 ! b5zoylation1 & 7#b7 t ?is e/] reaction & ! sulphoc>bonate reaction are closely p>allel1 9 t ! degree & limit ( reaction are pr$et]m9$ by ! conditions ( =mation ( ! alkali cellulose4 ,monob5zoate prep>$ z above describ$ is resi/ant to all solv5ts ( cellulose & ( ! cellulose e/]s1 & is !re=e fre$ f cellulose by treatm5t ) ! =m]1 & f ! high] b5zoate by treatm5t ) ! latt]4 ,sev]al ( ^!1 notably pyrid9e1 ph5ol & nitrob5z5e1 cause consid]able swell+ & gelat9isation ( ! fibres1 b )\t solution4 ,/ructureless celluloses ( ! 'normal' type1 & insoluble !re=e 9 alkal9e lye1 treat$ "u simil> conditions to ^? describ$ above = ! fibr\s celluloses1 yield a high] proportion ( dib5zoate4 ,! foll[+ det]m9ations 7 made ) ! cellulose 7hydrate7 reg5]at$ f ! sulphoc>bonate3-- ,mol4 proportions ( reag5ts ,yield ,dib5zoate p4ct4 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e 3 #b,na,o,h 3 #b;,bz,cl #ade #cd4g ,cau/ic soda at #aj p] c5t4 ,na,o,h ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e 3 #d,na,o,h 3 #b;,bz,cl #afb #fb4g ,cau/ic soda at #bj p] c5t4 ,na,o,h ,limit ( reaction4--,! cellulose 9 ?is =m hav+ %[n itself m reactive1 x 0 tak5 z ! basis = det]m9+ ! maximum proportion ( ,,oh gr\ps yield+ to ?is lat] reaction4 ,! sy/ematic inve/igations ( ,skraup ,monat%4 #aj1 #chi h det]m9$ t z reg>ds ! int]act+ gr\ps ! molecul> proportions #a ,,oh 3 #g ,na,o,h 3 #e ,bz,cl1 ensure complete or maximum e/]ification4 ,! maximum ( ,,oh gr\ps 9 cellulose be+ #d1 ! reag5ts 7 tak5 9 ! proportion ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e 3 #d #g ,na,o,h 3 #e ,bz,cl4 ,! yield ( crude product1 aft] purify+ z f> z possible f ! excess ( b5zoic acid1 0 #bdj p4ct4 calculat$ = dib5zoate #bbg p4ct44 ,on fur!r inve/igat+ ! crude product by treatm5t ) solv5ts1 x 0 f\nd to h /ill reta9$ b5zoic acid4 ,!re 0 also pres5t a proportion ( only p>tially attack$ cellulose 7monob5zoate74 ,! soluble b5zoate am\nt$ to #ij p4ct4 ( ! product4 ,x may be g5]ally conclud$ t ! dib5zoate repres5ts ! normal maximum b t ) ! hydrat$ & p>tly hydrolys$ cellulose molecule1 z obta9$ by reg5]ation f ! sulphoc>bonate1 o!r ,,oh gr\ps may react1 b !y are only a fractional proportion 9 relation to ! unit gr\p ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4 ,9 ?is respect aga9 !re is a close p>allelism betwe5 ! sulphoc>bonate & b5zoyl-e/] reactions4 ,! dib5zoate1 ev5 :5 prep>$ f ! fibr\s celluloses1 is devoid ( /ructure1 & its pres5ce 9 admixture ) ! fibr\s monob5zoate is at once recognis$ z x con/itutes a /ructureless incru/ation4 ,"u ! microscope its pres5ce 9 h[ev] m9ute proportion is readily obs]v$4 ,z /at$ x is soluble 9 c]ta9 ( ! ord9>y solv5ts ( ! cellulose e/]s1 e4g4 *lor(orm1 acetic acid1 nitrob5z5e1 pyrid9e1 & ph5ol4 ,x is n soluble 9 e!r or alcohol4 ,hygroscopic moi/ure ( b5zoates4--,! crude monob5zoate reta9s #e4j-e4e p4ct4 moi/ure 9 ! air-dry condition4 ,aft] removal ( ! residual cellulose ?is is r$uc$ to #c4c p4ct4 "u ord9>y atmosph]ic conditions4 ,! purifi$ dib5zoates reta9 #a4f p4ct4 "u simil> conditions4 ,analysis ( b5zoates4--,on saponification ( ^! e/]s ) alcoholic sodium hydrate1 anomal\s results are obta9$4 ,! acid numb]s1 det]m9$ by titration 9 ! usual way1 are #aj-bj p4ct4 9 excess ( ! !oretical1 ! diff]5ce increas+ ) ! "t ( boil+4 ,simil>ly ! residual cellulose %[s a defici5cy ( #e-i p4ct4 ,x is by no means improbable t 9 ! orig9al e/] reaction !re is a con/itutional *ange 9 ! cellulose molecule caus+ x to break d[n 9 "p "u ! hydrolys+ treatm5t ) =mation ( acid products4 ,?is po9t is "u inve/igation4 ,normal results z reg>ds acid numb]s1 on ! o!r h&1 are obta9$ by saponification ) sodium e?ylate 9 ! cold1 ! product be+ dige/$ ) ! half-saturat$ solution = #ab h\rs 9 a clos$ flask4 ,! foll[+ results ) specim5s ( mono- & dib5zoate1 purifi$1 z f> z possible1 may be cit$3 ,combu/ion results ,saponification results ,calc4 ,c#f;,h#e4;,,cooh ,calc4 ,cellulose ,calc4 ,monob5zoate ,c #ef4fj #eh4fe ,h #e4jf #e4bf #df4j #de4i #eh4j #fj4h ,dib5zoate ,c #fc4aj #fd4hf ,h #c4dj #d4hf #fe4e #ff4f #cd4c #dj4c ,! div]g5ce ( ! numb]s1 especially = ! dib5zoate1 9 ! case ( ! hydrog51 & yield ( cellulose on hydrolysis are notewor?y4 ,!y confirm ! probability ( ! occurr5ce ( second>y *anges 9 ! e/] reactions4 ,action ( nitrat+ acid ^u ! b5zoates4--,f ! b5zoates above describ$1 mix$ nitro-nitric e/]s are obta9$ by ! action ( ! mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids4 ,! residual ,,oh gr\ps ( ! cellulose are e/]ifi$ & sub/itution by an ,,no#b gr\p takes place 9 ! aromatic residue1 giv+ a mix$ nitric nitrob5zoic e/]4 ,! analysis ( ! products po9ts to ! entrance ( #a ,,no#b gr\p 9 ! b5zoyl residue 9 ei!r case2 9 ! cellulose residue #a ,,oh readily reacts4 ,high] degrees ( nitration are atta9$ by ! process ( solution 9 conc5trat$ nitric acid & precipitation by p\r+ into sulphuric acid4 ,9 describ+ ^! mix$ e/]s we %all f9d x necess>y to adopt ! ,c#ab unit =mula4 ,9 analys+ ^! products we h employ$ ! ,dumas me?od = total nitrog54 ,= ! ,o4,,no#b gr\ps we h f\nd ! nitromet] & ! ,s*loes+ me?ods to give concordant results4 ,= ! ,,no#b gr\ps x 0 ?\ght t ,limpri*t's me?od1 bas$ ^u r$uction ) /ann\s *loride 9 acid solution 7,h,cl71 w\ld be available4 ,! quantitative results1 h[ev]1 7 only approximate1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( conf9+ ! r$uction to ! ,,no#b gr\ps ( ! nitrob5zoyl residue4 ,by r$uction ) ammonium sulphide ! ,o4,,no#b gr\ps 7 entirely remov$ z 9 ! case ( ! cellulose nitrates2 ! ,,no#b 0 r$uc$ to ,,nh#b & !re result$ a cellulose amidob5zoate1 :i* 0 diazotis$ & comb9$ ) am9es & ph5ols to =m yell[ & r$ col\r+ matt]s1 ! react+ residue rema9+ m or less firmly comb9$ ) ! cellulose4 ,cellulose d9itrate-d9itrob5zoate1 & cellulose tr9itrate-d9itrob5zoate4--,on treat+ ! fibr\s b5zoate--:i* is a dib5zoate on ! ,c#ab basis--) ! acid mixture "u ! usual conditions1 a yell[i% product is obta9$1 ) a yield ( #adj-adb p4ct4 ,! nitrob5zoate is insoluble 9 e!r alcohol1 b is soluble 9 acetone1 acetic acid1 & nitrob5z5e4 ,9 purify+ ! product ! =m] solv5t is us$ to remove any cellulose nitrates4 ,to obta9 ! maximum comb9ation ) nitroxy-gr\ps1 ! product 0 dissolv$ 9 conc5trat$ nitric acid1 & ! solution p\r$ into sulphuric acid4 ,! foll[+ analytical results 7 obta9$ 7a7 = ! product obta9$ directly f ! fibr\s b5zoate & purifi$ z indicat$1 7b7 = ! product f ! fur!r treatm5t ( 7a7 z describ$3 ,f\nd ,calc4 = 7a7 7b7 ,d9itrate ,tr9itrate d9itrob5zoate d9itrob5zoate ,total ,nitrog5 #g4hd #h4ig #g4ii #i4bd ,o4,,no#b #e4jj #e4de #d4jj #e4ed ,,no#b 7,aromatic7 #b4hd #c4eb #c4ii #c4gj ,) ! two b5zoyl gr\ps conv]t$ into nitro-b5zoyl 9 ea* product1 ! limit ( ! e/] reaction ) ! cellulose residue is rea*$ at ! ?ird ,,oh gr\p4 ,! nitrog5 9 ! amidob5zoate result+ f ! r$uction ) ammonium sulphide 0 #d4e p4ct4--z aga9/ #e4j p4ct4 calculat$4 ,! moi/ure reta9$ by ! fibr\s nitrate--nitrob5zoate--9 ! air-dry /ate 0 f\nd to be #a4ig p4ct4 ,! product f ! /ructureless dib5zoate or tetrab5zoate on ! ,c#ab =mula1 0 prep>$ & analys$ ) ! foll[+ results3 ,calc4 = ,mononitrate tetranitrob5zoate ,total ,nitrog5 #f4gf #g4be ,o4,,no#b #a4cj #a4de ,,no#b 7,aromatic7 #e4df #e4hj ,! results 7 confirm$ by ! yield ( product1 viz4 #aca p4ct4 z aga9/ ! calculat$ #acf p4ct4 ,!y af=d fur!r evid5ce ( ! g5]ally l[ limit ( e/]ification ( ! cellulose molecule4 ,f ! =mation ( a 'normal' tetracetate--i4e4 octacetate ( ! ,c#ab unit--we conclude t #d_/e ( ! oxyg5 atoms are hydroxyl oxyg54 ,( ! #h ,,oh gr\ps five only react 9 ! mix$ e/]s describ$ above1 & six only 9 ! case ( ! simple nitric e/]s4 ,! e/] reactions are probably n simple1 b accompani$ by second>y reactions )9 ! cellulose molecule4 99 99 99 99 99 7p4 #cd7 ,cellulose ,acetates4--,9 ! fir/ edition 7p4 #ce7 we h committ$ ourselves to ! /atem5t t 'on boil+ cotton ) acetic anhydride & sodium acetate no reaction occurs4' ,?is is errone\s4 ,! error arises1 h[ev]1 f ! some:at vague /atem5ts ( ,s*utz5b]g]'s rese>*es :i* are curr5t 9 ! text-books e4g4 ,beil/e91 #a ed4 p4 #ehf toge!r ) ! /atem5t t reaction only occurs at elevat$ temp]atures 7#ahj deg474 ,z a matt] ( fact1 reaction takes place at ! boil+ temp]ature ( ! anhydride4 ,we h obta9$ ! foll[+ results ) blea*$ cotton3 ,yield ,calc4 = ,monoacetate ,c#f;,h#g,o#d,o4,c#b;,h#c,o ,e/] reaction #aba p4ct4 #abe p4ct4 ,cellulose #gi4i #gi4i ,saponification ,acetic acid #bi4i #bi4d ,?is product is =m$ )\t app>5t /ructural alt]ation ( ! fibre4 ,x is entirely insoluble 9 all ! ord9>y solv5ts ( ! high] acetates4 ,moreov]1 x entirely resi/s ! actions ( ! special solv5ts ( cellulose--e4g4 z9c *loride & cuprammonium4 ,! comp\nd is 9 o!r respects equally /able & in]t4 ,! hygroscopic moi/ure "u ord9>y atmosph]ic conditions is #c4b p4ct4 ,tetracetate4--,?is product is n[ made on ! manufactur+ scale3 x has yet to e/abli% its indu/rial value4 ,,nitrirung ,,von ,,kohl5hydrat54 ,w4 ,,w und ,p4 ,,l5ze 7,b]l4 ,b]41 #ahih1 #fh74 ,,nitrates ,,( ,,c>bohydrates4 7p4 #ch7 ,! au?ors h /udi$ ! nitric e/]s ( a typical s]ies ( ! n[ well-def9$ c>bohydrates--p5toses1 hexoses1 bo? aldoses & ketoses--bioses & trioses1 ! nitrates be+ prep>$ "u conditions design$ to produce ! highe/ degree ( e/]ification4 ,/>*1 wood1 gum1 & cellulose 7 also includ$ 9 ! inve/igations4 ,! products 7 analys$ & _! physical prop]ties det]m9$4 ,!y 7 m especially inve/igat$ 9 reg>d to temp]atures ( decomposition1 :i* 7 f\nd to lie consid]ably l[] ?an t ( ! cellulose nitrates4 ,!y also %[ m>k$ & v>iable in/ability at #ej deg4 ,c4 ,a ma9 purpose ( ! inquiry 0 to ?r[ light ^u a probable cause ( ! in/ability ( ! cellulose nitrates1 viz4 ! pres5ce ( nitrates ( hydrolys$ products or c>bohydrates ( l[] molecul> weight4 ,! mo/ important results are ^!3 ,monoses4--,! aldoses are fully e/]ifi$1 9 ! p5toses #d ,,oh1 9 ! hexoses #e ,,oh gr\ps react+4 ,! p5tose nitrates are comp>atively /able at #ej deg42 ! hexose nitrates on ! o!r h& are extremely un/able1 %[+ a loss ( weight ( #cj-dj p4ct4 :5 kept #bd h\rs at ?is temp]ature4 ,xylose is diff]5tiat$ by t5d+ to pass into an anhydride =m 7,c#e;,h#aj,o#e-;,h#b,o7 "u ?is e/]ification4 ,:5 treat$ 9 fact ) ! mix$ acids1 in/ead ( by ! process usually adopt$ by ! au?ors ( solution 9 nitric acid & subsequ5t addition ( ! sulphuric acid1 x is conv]t$ into ! d9itrate ,c#e;,h#f,o#b47,,no#c7b4 ,ketoses 7,c#f74--,^! are %>ply diff]5tiat$ f ! correspond+ aldoses by giv+ trinitrates ,c#f;,h#g,o#b7,,no#c7c in/ead ( p5tanitrates1 ! rema9+ ,,oh gr\ps probably und]go+ int]nal cond5sation4 ,! products are1 moreov]1 extremely /able4 ,x is also notewor?y t levulose gave ?is same product1 ! tr9itrate ( ! anhydride 7levulosan7 by bo? me?ods ( nitration 7supra74 ,! bisac*>ides or bioses all give ! octonitrates4 ,! degree ( in/ability is v>iable4 ,cane-sug> gives a v un/able nitrate4 ,! lactose nitrate is m /able4 ,?us at #ej deg4 x loses only #j4g p4ct4 9 weight 9 eight days2 at #ge deg4 x loses #a p4ct4 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b ) a rapid increase to #bc p4ct4 9 fifty-f\r h\rs4 ,! maltose octonitrate melts 7) decomposition7 at a relatively high temp]ature1 #afc deg4-#afd deg44 ,at #ej deg4-#ge deg4 x behaves mu* l ! lactose nitrate4 ,trisac*>ide4--,raff9ose yield$ ! product ,c#ah;,h#ba,o#e47,,no#c7aa4 ,/>* yields ! hexanitrate 7,c#ab7 by bo? me?ods ( nitration4 ,! product has a high melt+ & decompos+ po9t1 viz4 #ahd deg41 & :5 ?or\ghly purifi$ is q /able4 ,x is not$ t a yield ( #aeg p4ct4 ( ?is nitrate 0 obta9$1 & "u id5tical conditions cellulose yield$ #agj p4ct4 ,wood gum1 f bee* wood1 gave a tetranitrate 7,c#aj =mula7 insoluble 9 all ! usual solv5ts = ?is gr\p ( e/]s4 ,! au?ors po9t out 9 conclusion t ! conditions ( in/ability & decomposition ( ! nitrates ( ! monose-triose s]ies are exactly ^? not$ ) ! cellulose nitrates z directly prep>$ & fre$ f residues ( ! nitrat+ acids4 ,!y also lay /ress ^u ! sup]ior /ability ( ! nitrates ( ! anhydrides1 especially ( ! ketoses4 ,,nitrat$ ,,c>bohydrates ,,z ,,food ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,m\lds4 ,,?omas ,,bokorny 7,*em4 ,zeit41 #ahif1 #bj1 #ihe-ihf74 7p4 #ch7 ,cellulose tr9itrate 7nitrocellulose7 w s]ve z a food supply = m\lds :5 susp5d$ 9 di/ill$ wat] conta9+ ! requisite m9]al matt] & plac$ 9 ! d>k4 ,! gr[? is rapid1 & a consid]able quantity ( ! vegetable gr[? accumulates r\nd ! masses ( cellulose nitrate1 b no gr[? is obs]v$ if m9]al matt] is abs5t4 ,cellulose itself _c act z a food supply1 & x seems probable t if glyc]ol is pres5t cellulose nitrate is no long] made use (4 ,,nitration ,,( ,,cellulose1 ,,hydrocellulose1 ,,& ,,oxycellulose4 ,,leo ,,vignon 7,compt4 r5d41 #ahih1 #abf1 #afeh-affa74 7p4 #ch7 ,repeat$ treatm5t ( cellulose1 hydrocellulose1 & oxycellulose ) a mixture ( sulphuric & nitric acids 9 l>ge excess1 toge!r ) successive analyses ( ! comp\nds produc$1 %[$ t ! f9al product ( ! reaction correspond$1 9 ea* case1 ) ! fixation ( #aa ,,no gr\ps by a molecule conta9+ #bd atoms ( c>bon4 ,on exposure to air1 nitrohydrocellulose becomes yell[ & decomposes2 nitro-oxycellulose is r m /able1 :il/ nitrocellulose is unaffect$4 ,! behavi\r ( ^! nitro-d]ivatives ) ,s*iff's reag5t1 ,fehl+'s solution1 & pota% %[ t all ?ree possess aldehydic *>act]s1 :i* are mo/ m>k$ 9 ! case ( nitro-oxycellulose4 ,! latt] also1 :5 di/ill$ ) hydro*loric acid1 yields a l>g] proportion ( furfuraldehyde ?an is obta9$ f nitrocellulose & nitrohydrocellulose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cellulose ,,nitrates-,,explosives4 7p4 #ch7 ,! uses ( ! cellulose nitrates z a basis = explosives are limit$ by _! fibr\s "*4 ,! conv]sion ( ^! products into ! /ructureless homog5e\s solid or semi-solid =m has ! effect ( controll+ _! combu/ion4 ,! use ( nitroglyc]9 z an ag5t = ?is purpose gives ! curi\s result ( ! admixture ( two high or bla/+ explosives to produce a new explosive capable ( ext5d$ use = milit>y purposes4 ,! lead+ repres5tatives ( ?is class ( propulsive explosives1 or 'smokeless p[d]s' are balli/ite & cordite1 ! te*nology ( :i* w be f\nd fully discuss$ 9 special manuals ( ! subject4 ,s9ce ! contribution ( ^! inv5tions to ! developm5t ( cellulose *emi/ry does n g beyond ! broad1 g5]al facts above m5tion$1 we mu/ ref] ! read] = te*nical details to ! manuals 9 "q4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r means ( arriv+ at /ructureless cellulose nitrates4 ,"o ( ^! has be5 rec5tly disclos$1 & z ! results involve *emical & te*nical po9ts ( novelty1 :i* are dealt ) 9 a sci5tific communication1 we reproduce ! pap] 9 "q1 viz43-- ,a ,,re-,,inve/igation ,,( ,,! ,,cellulose ,,nitrates4 ,a4 ,,luck & ,c4 ,f4 ,,cross 7,j4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #aijj74 ,! />t+-po9t ( ^! inve/igations 0 a /udy ( ! nitrates obta9$ f ! /ructureless cellulose obta9$ f ! sulphoc>bonate 7viscose74 ,?is cellulose 9 ! =m ( a f9e meal 0 treat$ "u id5tical conditions ) a sample ( pure cotton cellulose1 viz4 dige/$ = #bd h\rs 9 an acid mixture conta9+ 9 #ajj p>ts ,,hno#c--bd 3 ,h#b,,s#d--gj 3 ,h#b,o--#f3 ! proportion ( acid to cellulose be+ #fj 3 #a--4 ,aft] c>eful purification ! products 7 analys$ ) ! foll[+ results3 ,soluble 9 ,nitrog5 ,e!r alcohol ,fibr\s nitrate #ac4ca #d4c p4ct4 ,/ructureless nitrate #ac4ce #e4f ,exam9$ by ! 'heat te/' 7at #hj deg47 & ! '/ability te/' 7at #ace deg47 !y exhibit$ ! usual in/ability1 & 9 equal degrees4 ,nor 7 ! te/s affect$ by exhau/ive treatm5t ) e!r1 b5z5e1 & alcohol4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! process ( solution z sulphoc>bonate & reg5]ation ( ! cellulose1 ?\gh x elim9ates c]ta9 con/itu5ts ( an ord9>y blea*$ cellulose1 :i* might be expect$ to cause in/ability1 has really no effect 9 ?is direction4 ,x also appe>s t in/ability may be due to by-products ( ! e/]ification process d]iv$ f ! cellulose itself4 ,! inve/igation 0 !n ext5d$ to liquids hav+ a direct solv5t action on ^! high] nitrates1 m especially acetone4 ,x 0 necess>y1 h[ev]1 to avoid ?is solv5t action prop]1 & hav+ obs]v$ t dilution ) wat] 9 increas+ proportions produc$ a graduat$ succession ( physical *anges 9 ! fibr\s e/]1 we c>ri$ out a s]ies ( treatm5ts ) su* dilut$ acetones4 ,quantities ( ! sample 7,a71 purifi$ z describ$1 b /ill un/able1 7 treat$ ea* ) five successive *anges ( ! p>ticul> liquid1 aft]w>ds c>efully fre$ f ! acetone & dri$ at #dj deg4,c4 ,! products1 :i* 7 f\nd to be m or less dis9tegrat$1 7 !n te/$ by ! ord9>y heat te/1 /ability te/1 & explosion te/1 ) ! results %[n 9 ! table on next page4 ,9 ?is s]ies ( trials ! sample ',a' 0 us$ 9 ! condition ( pulp1 viz4 z r$uc$ by ! process ( wet-beat+ 9 a ,holl&]4 ,a simil> s]ies 0 c>ri$ out ) ! guncotton 9 ! condition 9 :i* x 0 directly obta9$ f ! e/] reaction4 ,! results 7 simil> to above1 fully confirm+ ! progressive "* ( ! /abilisation ) increas+ proportions ( acetone4 ,^! results prove t wa%+ ) ! dilut$ acetone n only r5d]$ ! nitrate p]fectly /able1 b t ! product 0 m /able ?an t obta9$ by ! ord9>y process ( purification1 viz4 long-cont9u$ boil+ & wa%+ 9 wat]4 ,we %all rev]t to ?is po9t aft] briefly deal+ ) ! associat$ ph5om5on ( /ructural dis9tegration4 ,?is beg9s to be well m>k$ :5 ! proportion ( acetone exce$s #hj p4ct4 ,! optimum effect is obta9$ ) mixtures ( #ij to #ic acetone & #aj to #g wat] 7by volume74 ,9 a slightly dilut$ acetone ( su* composition1 ! guncotton is in/antly attack$1 ! action be+ q diff]5t f ! gelat9isation :i* prec$es solution 9 ! undilut$ solv5t4 ,! fibr\s "* disappe>s1 & ! product assumes ! =m ( a free1 bulky1 /ill opaque mass1 :i* rapidly s9ks to ! bottom ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,! dis9tegration ( ! bulk ( ! nitrate is associat$ ) ,proportions by volume ,temp]ature ,heat ,heat ( ,te/ ,te/ ,acetone ,wat] ,explosion #hj deg4 #acd deg4 ,deg4 ,m9s4 ,m9s4 #bj #hj #acg #c #d #cj #gj #afj #c #d #dj #fj #ahj #g #ah ,no fumes aft] ,f ',a' sample4 #ej #ej #ahg4e #ee #ajj #fj #dj #ahg #de #ajj #gj #cj #ahe #de #ajj #hj #bj #ej #ajj #ib #h #ahe #ej #ajj ,/ructure- less p[d]4 ',b' sample #ej #ej #ahc #ce #ajj ',c' sample ,ord9>y s]vice #ahe #aj #da guncotton a c]ta9 solv5t action1 & on add+ an equal bulk ( wat]1 ! dissolv$ nitrate = ! mo/ "p is precipitat$1 at ! same "t t ! undissolv$ b dis9tegrat$ & swoll5 product und]goes fur!r *anges 9 ! direction ( increase ( h>dness & d5sity4 ,! product be+ n[ collect$ on a filt]1 fre$ f acetone by wa%+ ) wat] & dri$1 is a h>d & d5se p[d] ! f95ess ( :i* v>ies accord+ to ! att5dant conditions ( treatm5t4 ,) ! ma9 product 9 c]ta9 cases !re is f\nd associat$ a small proportion ( nitrate reta9+ a fibr\s "*1 :i* may be sep>at$ by means ( a f9e sieve4 ,on exam9+ su* a residue1 we f\nd x to conta9 only #e4f p4ct4 ,n1 & z x 0 insoluble 9 /rong acetone1 x may be reg>d$ z a l[ nitrate or a mixture ( su* ) unalt]$ cellulose4 ,confirm+ ?is we f\nd t ! product pass+ ?r\gh ! sieve %[$ an increase ( nitrog5 to #ac4dc p4ct4 f ! #ac4ca p4ct4 9 ! orig9al4 ,te/$ by ! heat te/ 7#ej m9utes7 & /ability te/ 7no fumes aft] #ajj m9utes71 we f\nd ! products to h ! *>act]i/ics previ\sly notic$4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ?is specifically regulat$ action ( acetone produces ! effects 7a7 ( dis9tegration1 & 7b7 /abilisation4 ,x rema9s to det]m9e :e!r ! latt] effect 0 due1 z might be suppos$1 to ! actual elim9ation ( a comp\nd or gr\p ( comp\nds pres5t 9 ! orig9al nitrate1 & to be reg>d$ z ! effective cause ( in/ability4 ,x is to be not$ fir/ t z a result ( ! treatm5t ) ! dilut$ acetone & fur!r dilution aft] ! specific action is complet$1 collect+ ! dis9tegrat$ product on a filt] & wa%+ ) wat]1 ! loss ( weight su/a9$ am\nts to #c to #d p4ct4 ,?is loss is due1 !re=e1 to products rema9+ dissolv$ 9 ! filtrate--t is to say1 9 ! mu* dilut$ acetone4 ,^! filtrates are 9 fact opalesc5t f ! pres5ce ( a portion ( nitrate 9 a colloidal 7hydrat$7 =m4 ,on di/ill+ (f ! acetone1 a precipitation is det]m9$4 ,! precipitates are nitrates ( v>iable composition1 analysis %[+ f #i to #ab p4ct4 ( nitric nitrog54 ,! filtrate f ^! precipitates conta9+ only fractional residues ( acetone /ill %[s opalesc5ce4 ,on long-cont9u$ boil+ a fur!r precipitation is det]m9$1 ! filtrates f :i* are cle>4 ,x 0 9 ?is f9al cle> filtrate t ! product assum$ to cause ! in/ability ( ! orig9al nitrate w\ld be pres5t4 ,! quantity1 h[ev]1 is relatively s small t we h only be5 able to obta9 & exam9e x z residue f evaporation to dryness4 ,an exhau/ive qualitative exam9ation e/abli%$ a numb] ( negative *>act]i/ics1 ) ! conclusion t ! products 7 n direct d]ivatives ( c>bohydrates nor aromatic comp\nds4 ,on ! o!r h& ! foll[+ positive po9ts result$4 ,al?\gh ! orig9al dilut$ acetone extract 0 neutral to te/ pap]s1 yet ! residue 0 acid 9 "*4 ,x conta9$ comb9$ nitric gr\ps1 fus$ bel[ #bjj deg4 giv+ (f acid vap\rs1 & aft]w>ds burn+ ) a smoky flame4 ,on add+ lead acetate to ! orig9al cle> solution1 a well-m>k$ precipitation 0 det]m9$4 ,! lead comp\nds ?us isolat$ are *>act]i/ic4 ,!y h be5 obta9$ 9 v>i\s ways & analys$4 ,! composition v>ies ) ! "* ( ! solution 9 :i* ! lead comp\nd is =m$4 ,?us 9 ! opalesc5t or milky solutions 9 :i* a proportion ( cellulose nitrate is held 9 solution or semi-solution by ! acetone /ill pres5t1 ! lead acetate causes a d5se coagulation4 ,! precipitates dri$ & analys$ %[$ #af-bj p4ct4 ,pb,o & #aa-i p4ct4 ,n4 ,x is cle> t ! cellulose nitrates are associat$ 9 ^! precipitates ) ! lead salts ( ! acid comp\nds 9 "q4 ,:5 ! latt] are obta9$ f cle> solutions1 i4e4 9 abs5ce ( cellulose nitrates1 !y conta9 #fj-fc p4ct4 ,pb,o & #c4e p4ct4 ,n 7obta9$ z ,,no74 ,9 fur!r confirmation ( ! conclusion f ^! results1 viz4 t ! nitrocelluloses ) no t5d5cy to comb9e ) ,pb,o are associat$ ) acid products or by-products ( ! e/] reaction comb9+ ) ! oxide1 ! lead reag5t 0 all[$ to react 9 ! pres5ce ( #ij p4ct4 acetone4 ,wat] 0 add$1 ! dis9tegrat$ mass collect$1 wa%$ ) dilute acetic acid1 & f9ally ) wat]4 ,v>i\s e/imations ( ! ,pb,o fix$ 9 ?is way h giv5 numb]s v>y+ f #b to #b4e p4ct4 ,su* products are p]fectly /able4 ,?is p>ticul> effect ( /abilisation appe>s1 !re=e1 to dep5d ^u ! comb9ation ( c]ta9 acid products pres5t 9 ord9>y nitrocelluloses ) metallic oxides4 ,9 ord] to fur!r v]ify ?is conclusion1 /&>d specim5s ( cellulose nitrates h be5 treat$ ) a l>ge numb] ( metallic salts "u v>y+ conditions ( action4 ,x has be5 f9ally e/abli%$ 7#a7 t ! effects 9 "q are m p>ticul>ly det]m9$ by treatm5t ) salts ( lead & z9c1 & 7#b7 t ! simple/ me?od ( treatm5t is t ( boil+ ! cellulose nitrates ) dilute aque\s solutions ( salts ( ^! metals1 pref]ably ! acetates4 ,! foll[+ results may be cit$1 obta9$ by boil+ a purifi$ 's]vice' guncotton 7sample ,c7 ) a #a p4ct4 solution ( lead acetate & ( z9c acetate respectively4 ,aft] boil+ #fj m9utes ! nitrates 7 wa%$ free f ! soluble metallic salts1 dri$ & te/$4 ,heat ,te/ ,heat ,te/ at #hj deg4 at #acd deg4 ,orig9al sample ,c #aj #da ,treat$ ) lead acetate #fg #de z9c #ia #de ,9 conclusion we may briefly resume ! ma9 po9ts arriv$ at 9 ^! inve/igations4 ,causes ( in/ability ( cellulose nitrates4--,! results ( our exp]im5ts s f> z to ! causes ( in/ability 9 cellulose nitrates may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,traces ( free nitrat+ acids1 :i* c only occur 9 ! f9i%$ products ?r\gh c>eless manufacture1 w und\bt$ly cause in/ability1 indicat$ /rongly by ! ord9>y heat te/ at #hj deg41 & to a less ext5t by ! heat te/ at #acd deg44 7#b7 ,o!r comp\nds exi/ 9 m intimate association ) ! cellulose nitrates caus+ in/ability :i* _c be remov$ by exhau/ive wa%+ ) ei!r hot or cold wat]1 by dige/ion 9 cold dilute alkal9e solutions su* z sodium c>bonate1 or by extract+ ) e!r1 alcohol1 b5z5e1 c42 ^! comp\nds1 h[ev]1 are soluble 9 ! solv5ts ( highly nitrat$ cellulose su* z acetone1 acetic e!r1 pyrid9e1 c41 ev5 :5 ^! liquids are s dilut$ ) wat] or o!r non-solv5t liquids to su* an ext5t t !y h little or no solv5t action ^u ! cellulose nitrate itself4 ,^! solutions conta9+ ! bodies caus+ in/ability are neutral to te/ pap]1 b become acid ^u evaporation by heat+4 7,?is probably expla9s ! pres5ce ( free acid :5 guncotton is purifi$ by long-cont9u$ boil+ 9 wat] )\t any neutralis+ ag5t be+ pres5t47 7#c7 ,! bodies caus+ in/ability are products or by-products ( ! orig9al e/] reaction1 acid bodies conta9+ nitroxy-gr\ps1 b o!rwise ( ill-def9$ *>act]i/ics4 ,!y comb9e ) ! oxides ( z9c or lead1 giv+ insoluble comp\nds4 ,!y are precipitat$ f _! solutions 9 dilut$ acetone ^u ! addition ( soluble salts ( ^! metals4 7#d7 ,cellulose nitrates are r5d]$ /able ei!r by elim9at+ ^! comp\nds1 or by comb9+ !m ) ! oxides ( lead or z9c :il/ /ill 9 association ) cellulose nitrates4 7#e7 ,ev5 ! mo/ p]fectly purifi$ nitrocellulose w sl[ly decompose ) =mation ( un/able acid products by boil+ = a long "t 9 wat]4 ,?is effect is mu* m app>5t at high] temp]atures4 ,d5se /ructureless or non-fibr\s cellulose nitrates c be indu/rially prep>$ 7#a7 by nitrat+ ! amorph\s =ms ( cellulose obta9$ f its solution z sulphoc>bonate 7viscose74 ,! cellulose 9 ?is condition reacts ) ! close/ simil>ity to ! orig9al fibr\s cellulose2 ! products are simil> 9 composition & prop]ties1 includ+ t ( in/ability4 7#b7 ,by treat+ ! fibr\s cellulose nitrates ) liquid solv5ts ( ! high nitrate dilut$ ) non-solv5t liquids1 & m especially wat]4 ,! optimum effect is a specific dis9tegration or break+ d[n ( _! fibr\s /ructure q di/9ct f ! gelat9isation :i* prec$es solution 9 ! undilut$ solv5t1 & occurr+ )9 n>r[ limits ( v>iation 9 ! proportion ( ! dilut+ & non-solv5t liquid--= indu/rial "w ! mo/ conv5i5t solution to employ is acetone dilut$ ) ab\t #aj p4ct4 ( wat] by volume4 ,! indu/rial applications ( ^! results are ! basis ( ,engli% pat5ts #ebhf 7#ahih71 #ah1hfh 7#ahih71 #ah1bcc 7#ahih71 ,luck & ,cross 7?is ,j\rnal1 #ahii1 #djj1 #ghg74 ,! /ructureless guncotton prep>$ z above describ$ is ( q exceptional "*1 & entirely di/9ct f ! ord9>y fibr\s nitrate or ! nitrate prep>$ by precipitation f actual solution 9 an undilut$ solv5t4#c ,by ! process describ$1 ! nitrate is obta9$ at a l[ co/ 9 ! =m ( a v f9e1 d5se1 /ructureless1 :ite p[d] ( great purity & /ability1 entirely free f all me*anical impurities4 ,! elim9ation ( ^! me*anical impurities1 & also to a v great ext5t ( col\r$ comp\nds conta9$ 9 ! fibr\s nitrate1 makes ! product also useful 9 ! manufacture ( celluloids1 artificial silk1 c41 :il/ its v d5se =m gives x a great advantage ov] ord9>y fibr\s guncotton = use 9 %ells & torp$oes1 & = ! manufacture ( gelat9is$ gunp[d]s1 c4 ,x c be compress$ ) ease into h>d masses2 & exp]im5ts are 9 progress ) a view ( produc+ f x1 9 admixture ) 'reta9+' +r$i5ts1 a milit>y explosive manufactur$ by means ( ord9>y black gunp[d] ma*9]y & processes4 ,manufacture ( sport+ p[d]4--,! fact t ! fibr\s /ructure ( ord9>y guncotton or o!r cellulose nitrate c be completely or p>tially de/roy$ by treatm5t ) dilut$ acetone & )\t att5dant solution1 con/itutes a process ( value = ! manufacture ( sport+ p[d] hav+ a base ( cellulose nitrate ( any degree ( nitration4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( ! h>d5+ process4 ',s(t gra9s' are manufactur$ f ord9>y guncotton or o!r cellulose nitrate ei!r :olly or 9 comb9ation ) o!r +r$i5ts1 ! process employ$ be+ ! usual "o ( revolv+ 9 a drum 9 ! damp /ate & sift+ out ! gra9s ( suitable size aft] dry+4 ,^! gra9s are !n treat$ ) dilut$ acetone1 ! degree ( dilution be+ fix$ accord+ to ! h>dness & bulk ( ! f9i%$ gra9 x is desir$ to produce 7,j4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #ahii1 #ghg74 ,ow+ to ! wide limits ( dilution & correspond+ effect1 ! process all[s ( ! production ( ei!r a 'bulk' or a 'cond5s$' p[d]4 ,we pref] to use ab\t five litres ( ! liquid to ea* "o kilo4 ( gra9 op]at$ ^u1 z ?is quantity all[s ( ! gra9s be+ freely susp5d$ 9 ! liquid ^u /irr+4 ,! gra9s are run into ! liquid1 :i* is !n pref]ably heat$ to ! boil+-po9t = a few m9utes :il/ ! :ole is g5tly /irr$4 ,"u ?is treatm5t ! gra9s assume a m or less r\nd$ gelat9\s condition accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! liquid4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no solution ( ! guncotton & practically no t5d5cy ( ! gra9s to coh]e4 ,ea* gra91 h[ev]1 is act$ ^u ?r\gh\t & p]fectly equally4 ,aft] a few m9utes' treatm5t1 wat] is gradually add$1 :5 ! gra9s rapidly h>d54 ,!y are !n fre$ f acetone & c]ta9 impurities by wa%+ ) wat]1 heat+1 & dry+4 ,! process is ( c\rse c>ri$ out 9 a vessel provid$ ) any means = g5tle /irr+ & heat+1 & ) an outlet = c>ry+ (f ! volatilis$ solv5t :i* is entirely recov]$ by cond5sation1 ! gra9s p>t+ ) ! acetone ) ease4 ,/abilis+ cellulose nitrates4--,! process is ( especial value 9 r5d]+ /able & in]t ! traces ( un/able comp\nds :i* always rema9 9 cellulose nitrate aft] ! ord9>y boil+ & wa%+ process4 ,x is ( greate/ value 9 ! manufacture ( collodion cotton us$ = ! prep>ation ( gelat9\s bla/+ explosives & all explosives compos$ ( nitroglyc]9 & cellulose nitrates4 ,su* mixtures seem peculi>ly liable to decomposition if ! cellulose nitrate is n ( exceptional /ability 7,j4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #ahii1 #ghg74 ,,emploi ,,de ,,la ,,cellulose ,,p\r ,,la ,,fabrication ,,de ,,fils ,,brillants ,,imitant ,,la ,,soie4 ,e4 ,,bronn]t 7#a7 7,rev4 ,mat4 ,col41 #aijj1 ,septemb]1 #bfg74 ,v4 ,,use ,,( ,,cellulose ,,9 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,imitations ,,( ,,silk 7,,lu/ra-,,cellulose74 7p4 #de7 ,introduction4--,! problem ( sp9n+ a cont9u\s ?read ( cellulose has receiv$ 9 lat] ye>s sev]al solutions4 ,me*anically all resolve !mselves into ! prep>ation ( a /ructureless filt]$ solution ( cellulose or a cellulose d]ivative1 & =c+ ?r\gh capill>y orifices into "s m$ium :i* ei!r absorbs or decomposes ! solv5t4 ,! au?or notes "h t ! f95ess & to a great ext5t ! s(tness ( ! product dep5ds ^u ! dim5sions ( ! capill>y orifice & conc5tration ( ! solution4 ,! te*nical idea involv$ 9 ! sp9n+ ( artificial fibres is an old "o4 ,reaumur 7#b7 =eca/ its possibility1 ,audem>s ( ,lausanne took a pat5t z e>ly z #ahee 7#c7 = trans=m+ nitrocellulose into f9e filam5ts :i* he call$ 'artificial silk4' ,! idea took practical %ape only :5 x came to be us$ 9 connection ) filam5ts = inc&esc5t lamps4 ,9 ?is connection we may m5tion ! names ( ! pat5tees3--,sw9burne 7#d71 ,crookes1 ,we/on 7#e71 ,swan 7#f71 & ,wynne & ,p[ell 7#g74 ,^! inv5tors prep>$ ! way = ,*>donnet's "w1 :i* has be5 foll[$ s9ce #ahhh ) cont9ually increas+ success4 ,at ?is date ! lu/ra-celluloses kn[n may be divid$ into f\r classes4 #a4 ',artificial silks' obta9$ f ! nitrocelluloses4 #b4 ',lu/ra-cellulose' made f ! solution ( cellulose 9 cuprammonium4 #c4 ',lu/ra-cellulose' prep>$ f ! solution ( cellulose 9 *loride ( z9c4 #d4 ',viscose silks1' by ! decomposition ( sulphoc>bonate ( cellulose 7,cross & ,bevan74 ,,gr\p #a4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,*>donnet process is discuss$ & "s incid5tal causes ( ! e>li] failures are dealt )4 ,! process hav+ be5 describ$ 9 detail 9 s _m publications ! read] is ref]r$ to ^! = details4 ,see ,bibliography1 7#a7 & 7#b71 7#c7 & 7#d74 ,! d5itrat+ treatm5t 0 introduc$ 9 ! p]iod #ahhh-ij & ( c\rse altoge!r *ang$ ! prospects ( ! indu/ry2 n only does x remove ! high inflammability1 b adds consid]ably to s(tness1 lu/re1 & g5]al textile quality4 ,9 ,table ,i w be f\nd "s important con/ants = ! nitrocellulose fibre2 also ! fibre aft] d5itration & ! comp>ative con/ants = natural silk4 ,,table #a4 ,t5acity ,ela/icity 7grammes7 7 elongation7 ,nitrocellulose accord+ to ,*>donnet ,g]man ,pat5t ,no4 #ha1eii #aej #bc ,! same aft] d5itration #aaj #h ,d5itrat$ fibre moi/5$ ) wat] #be -- ,nitrocellulose3 ,bronn]t's ,g]man ,pat5t ,no4 #ic1jji #abe #bh ,! same aft] d5itration 7dry7 #aae #ac ,! same aft] d5itration 7wett$7 #cb -- ,natural silk #cjj #ah #a4 ,t5acity is ! weight 9 grammes requir$ to break ! ?read4 #b4 ,ela/icity is ! elongation p] c5t4 at break+4 ,! numb]s are tak5 = ?read ( #ajj d5i]s 7#dej metres ( #j4je grammes #a d5i]74 ,x mu/ be not$ t accord+ to ! conc5tration ( ! solution & v>iations 9 ! process ( d5itration ! con/ants = ! y>n are subject to v consid]able v>iation4 ,9 reg>d to ! manufacture a numb] ( v s]i\s difficulties h be5 surm\nt$4 ,fir/1 in/ead ( dry+ ! nitrat$ cellulose1 :i* (t5 l$ to fires1 c41 x 0 f\nd bett] to take x moi/ f ! c5trifugal ma*9e1 9 :i* condition x is dissolv$ 7#e74 ,x 0 next f\nd t ) ! conc5trat$ collodion ! ?read c\ld be spun direct into ! air1 & ! use ( wat] z a precipitant 0 ?us avoid$4 ,) reg>d to d5itration :i* is bo? a delicate & disagreeable op]ation3 none ( ! ag5ts recomm5d$ to sub/itute ! sulphydrates h prov$ available4 ,( ^! ! au?or m5tions f]r\s *loride 7#f71 f]r\s *loride 9 alcohol 7#g71 =maldehyde 7#h71 sulphoc>bonates4 ,! diff]5t sulphydrates 7#i7 h v diff]5t effects4 ,! calcium comp\nd t5ds to h>d5 & weak5 ! ?read4 ,! ammonia comp\nd requires great c>e & is co/ly4 ,! magnesium comp\nd works rapidly & gives ! /ronge/ ?read4 ,inve/igations h e/abli%$ ! foll[+ po9t4 ,9 practice x is n necess>y to comb9e ! saponification ( cellulose e/] ) complete r$uction ( ! nitric acid split (f4 ,! latt] requires eight molecules ( hydrog5 sulphide p] "o molecule tetranitrocellulose1 b ) precautions f\r molecules suffice4 ,x is well kn[n t ! d5itration is ne>ly complete1 traces only ( nitric gr\ps surviv+4 ,_! reactions ) diph5ylam9e all[ a c]ta9 id5tification ( artificial silks ( ?is class4 ,v>i\s o!r inv5tors1 e4g4 ,du ,vivi] 7#aj71 ,cadoret 7#aa71 ,lehn] 7#ab71 h attempt$ ! addition ( o!r sub/ances to modify ! ?read4 ,^! h all fail$4 ,lehn]1 :o p]si/$ 9 8 inve/igations1 & ) success1 only atta9$ ?is success1 h[ev]1 by leav+ out all su* extrane\s matt]s4 ,lehn] works ) #aj p4ct4 solutions2 ,*>donnet has cont9ually aim$ at high] conc5tration up to #bj p4ct4 ,lehn] has be5 able v mu* to r$uce 8 pressures ( ejection 9 consequ5ce2 ,*>donnet has _h to increase up to pressures ( #fj k4 p] cm4 & high]4 ,! latt] involves v co/ly di/ribut+ app>atus4 ,lehn] made next consid]able advance by ! discov]y ( ! fact t ! addition ( sulphuric acid to ! collodion caus$ increase ( fluidity 7#ac71 :i* ,lehn] attributes to molecul> *ange4 ,*>donnet f\nd simil> results f ! addition ( aldehyde & o!r reag5ts 7#ad71 b n su* z to be employ$ = ! m conc5trat$ collodions4 ,! au?or next ref]s to 8 discov]ies 7#ae7 t alcoholic solutions ( a numb] ( sub/ances1 organic & inorganic1 freely dissolve ! l[] cellulose nitrates4 ,! mo/ satisfactory ( ^! sub/ances is *loride ( calcium 7#af74 ,x is not$ t acetate ( ammonia causes rapid *anges 9 ! solution1 :i* appe> to be due to a species ( hydrolysis4 ,! result is suffici5tly rem>kable to call = fur!r inve/igation4 ,! *loride ( calcium1 x is ?\ght possible1 produces a direct comb9ation ( ! alcohol ) a reactive gr\p ( ! nitrocellulose4 ,! fluidity ( ?is solution us+ "o mol4 ,ca,cl#b p] #a mol4 tetranitrate 7#ag7 rea*es a maximum 9 half an h\r's heat+ at #fj deg4-#gj deg4,c4 ,! fluidity is increas$ by />t+ f a cotton :i* has be5 previ\sly m]c]is$4 ,aft] nitration !re is no objection to a *lor9e blea*4 ,*>donnet has f\nd on ! o!r h& t 9 blea*+ be=e nitration !re is a loss ( sp9n+ quality 9 ! collodion4 ,! au?or consid]s t ! new collodion c be us$ entirely 9 place ( ! ord9>y e!r-alcohol collodion4 ,) reg>d to ! prop]ties ( ! d5itrat$ products !y fix all basic col\rs )\t mordant & may be reg>d$ z oxycellulose !re=e4 ,! d5sity ( ! ?read is f #a4e to #a4ee4 ,! ?read ( #ajj d5i]s %[s a mean break+ /ra9 ( #abj grammes ) an ela/icity ( #h-ab p4ct4 ,! c>d9al defect ( ^! fibres is _! prop]ty ( comb9ation ) wat]4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to conf] wat]-resi/ance 7#ah71 b )\t success4 ,/rehl5]t has propos$ ! addition ( =maldehyde 7#ai71 b ?is is )\t result 7#bj74 ,9 ref]5ce to ^! effects ( hydration1 ! au?or has made obs]vations on cotton ?read1 ( :i* ! foll[+ table repres5ts ! num]ical results3 ,break+ ,/ra9 ,mean ( #bj exp]im5ts ,ske9 ( blea*$ cotton )\t treatm5t #hbe ,ske9 ( blea*$ cotton )\t treatm5t1 b wett$ #idb ,ditto aft] conv]sion into hexanitrate1 dry #hhd ,! above1 wett$ #hbh ,! cotton d5itrat$ f above1 dry #ebi ,! cotton d5itrat$ z above & wett$ #bjf ,! au?or consid]s t o!r pat5ts :i* h be5 tak5 = sp9n+ nitrocellulose are ( little practical acc\nt 7#ba7 & 7#bb74 ,! same conclusion also applies to ! process ( ,langhans1 :o proposes to sp9 solutions ( cellulose 9 sulphuric acid 7#bc7 7#bd7 & mixtures ( sulphuric acid & phosphoric acid4 ,,gr\p #b4 ,lu/ra-cellulose4--,?read prep>$ by sp9n+ solutions ( cellulose 9 cuprammonium4 ,?is product is made by ! ,v]e9igte ,glanz/(f-,fabrik51 ,aa*51 accord+ to a s]ies ( pat5ts "u ! names ( ,h4 ,pauly1 ,m4 ,frem]y & ,urban1 ,consortium mulh\si5 p\r la fabrication de fils brillants1 ,e4 ,bronn]t1 & ,e4 ,bronn]t & ,frem]y & ,urban 7#a74 ,! fir/ pat5t 9 ?is direction 0 tak5 by ,despeissis 9 #ahij 7#b74 ,x appe>s ?is inv5tor di$ %ortly aft] tak+ ! pat5t 7#c7 ,! matt] 0 lat] develop$ by ,pauly 7#d7 especially 9 ov]com+ ! difficulty ( prep>+ a solution ( suffici5t conc5tration4 7,x is to be not$ t ,pauly's pat5ts re/ ^u a v sl5d] f\ndation1 be+ anticipat$ 9 e ess5tial detail by ! previ\s pat5t ( ,despeissis47 ,= ?is v great c>e is requir$1 especially1 fir/1 ! condition ( l[ temp]ature1 &1 secondly1 a regulat$ proportion ( copp] & ammonia to cellulose4 ,! solution takes place m rapidly if ! cellulose has be5 previ\sly oxidis$4 ,su* cellulose gives an #h p4ct4 solution1 & ! ?read obta9$ has ! "* ( an oxycellulose1 specially se5 9 its dye+ prop]ties4 ,! be/ results are obta9$1 x appe>s1 by ! prelim9>y m]c]is+ treatm5t & plac+ ! alkali cellulose 9 contact ) copp] & ammonia4 7,all reag5ts employ$ 9 molecul> proportions47 ,! au?or notes t ! s-call$ hydrocellulose 7,gir>d7 7#e7 is almo/ insoluble 9 cuprammonium1 z is />*4 ,x is r5d]$ soluble by alkali treatm5t4 ,,gr\p #c4 ,lu/ra-cellulose prep>$ by sp9n+ a solution ( cellulose 9 conc5trat$ *loride ( z9c4 ,?is solution has be5 kn[n = a long "t & us$ = mak+ filam5ts = inc&esc5t lamps4 ,! cellulose ?reads1 h[ev]1 h v little t5acity4 ,?is is no d\bt due to ! conditions necess>y = =m+ ! solution1 ! prolong$ dige/ion caus+ p[]ful hydrolysis 7#a74 ,nei!r ! process ( ,wynne & ,p[ell 7#b7 nor t ( ,dreap] & ,tompk9s 7#c71 :o h endeav\r$ to br+ ! matt] to a practical issue1 are calculat$ to produce a ?read tak+ a place z a textile4 ,! au?or has describ$ 9 8 ,am]ican pat5t 7#d7 a me?od ( effect+ ! solution 9 ! cold1 viz4 aga9 by fir/ m]c]is+ ! cellulose & wa%+ away ! cau/ic soda4 ,?is product dissolves 9 ! cold & ! solution rema9s unalt]$ if kept at l[ temp]ature4 ,exp]im5ts are be+ cont9u$ ) ^! modifications ( ! process1 & ! au?or anticipates successful results4 ,! modifications hav+ ! effect ( ma9ta9+ ! high molecul> weight ( ! cellulose1 x w\ld appe> t ^! inve/igations confirm ! !ory ( ,cross & ,bevan t ! t5acity ( a film or ?read ( /ructureless reg5]at$ cellulose is directly proportional to ! molecul> weight ( ! cellulose1 i4e4 to its degree ( molecul> aggregation 7#e74 ,,gr\p #d4 ',viscose' silks obta9$ by sp9n+ solutions ( xan?ate ( cellulose4 ,9 #ahib1 ,cross & ,bevan pat5t$ ! prep>ation ( a new & curi\s comp\nd ( cellulose1 ! ?ioc>bonate 7#a7 7#b7 7#c74 ,great hopes 7 bas$ ^u ?is product at ! "t ( its discov]y4 ,x 0 expect$ to yield a consid]able indu/rial & f9ancial pr(it & also to contribute to ! sci5tific /udy ( cellulose4 ,! lat] pat5ts ( ,c4 ,h4 ,/e>n 7#d7 describe ! application ( viscose to ! sp9n+ ( artificial silk4 ,! viscose is project$ into solutions ( *loride ( ammonium & wa%$ 9 a succession ( sal9e solutions to remove ! residual sulphur impurities4 ,! au?or rem>ks t ?\gh x has a c]ta9 int]e/ to h succe$$ 9 mak+ a ?read f ?is comp\nd & ?us add+ ano!r to ! processes exi/+ = ?is purpose1 he is n ( op9ion t x %[s any advance on ! lu/ra-cellulose 7#b7 & 7#c74 ,he also consid]s t ! bisulphide ( c>bon1 :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z a noxi\s comp\nd1 is a s]i\s b> to ! indu/rial use ( ! process1 & = economic "w he consid]s t ! reg5]ation ( ammonia f ! precipitat+ liquors is necess>y & w\ld be z objectionable z ! d5itration ba?s 9 ! collodion process4 ,! f9al product n be+ on ! m>ket he does n pron\nce a f9ally unfav\rable op9ion4 ,! au?or & ! ,v]e9igte ,glanz/(f-,fabrik5 aft] long inve/igation h decid$ to make no?+ b ! lu/ra-cellulose 7#b7 & 7#c74 ,a new factory at ,ni$]mors*weil]1 ne> ,mulh\se1 is project$ = ?is la/ production4 ,,bibliography ,introduction 7#a7 ,bull4 de la ,soc4 indu/r4 de ,mulh\se1 #aijj4 7#b7 ,reaumur1 ,memoire p\r s]vir a l'hi/oire des insectes1 #ahgd1 #a1 p4 #aed4 7#c7 ,engli% ,pat4 ,no4 #bhc1 ,feb4 #f1 #ahee4 7#d7 ,sw9burne1 ,electrician1 #ah1 #bh1 #ahhg1 p4 #bef4 7#e7 ,we/on 7,sw9burne71 ,electrician1 #ah1 #ahhg1 p4 #bhg4 ,eng4 ,pat4 ,no4 #bbhff1 ,sept4 #ab1 #ahhb4 7#f7 ,g]man ,pat4 ,no4 #cjbi4 ,engli% ,pat4 ,no4 #afaghj1 ,april #bh1 #ahhd 7,swan74 7#g7 ,wynne-,p[ell1 ,engli% ,pat4 ,no4 #afhje1 ,dec4 #bb1 #ahhd4 ,gr\p ,i 7#a7 ,g]man ,pat ,no4 #chcfh1 ,dec4 #bj1 #ahhe4 ,g]man ,pat4 ,no4 #dfabe1 ,m>* #d1 #ahhh4 ,g]man ,pat4 ,no4 #efcca1 ,feb4 #f1 #ahij4 ,g]man ,pat4 ,no4 #haeii1 ,oct4 #aa1 #ahic4 ,g]man ,pat4 ,no4 #effee1 ,april #bc1 #ahij4 ,fr5* ,pat4 ,no4 #bcabcj1 ,june #cj1 #ahic4 7#b7 ,indu/rie textile1 #ahii1 #ahib4 ,wyss-,noef1 ,zeits*rift fu] angew&te ,*emie1 #ahii1 #cj1 #cc4 ,la ,nature1 ,jan4 #a1 #ahih1 ,no4 #abhc4 ,revue g5]ale des sci5ces1 ,june #cj1 #ahih4 7#c7 ,g]man ,pat4 ,no4 #dfabe1 ,m>* #d1 #ahhh4 ,g]man ,pat4 ,no4 #effee1 ,april #bc1 #ahij4 7#d7 ,swan1 ,engli% ,pat4 #afaghj1 ,june #bh1 #ahhd4 ,see also ,be*amp1 ,dict4 de ,*imie de ,wurtz4 7#e7 ,g]man ,pat4 ,no4 #haeii1 ,oct #aa1 #ahic4 7#f7 ,be*amp1 art4 ,cellulose1 ,dict4 de ,*imie de ,wurtz1 p4 #gha4 7#g7 ,*>donnet1 addit4 ,m>* #c1 #ahig1 to ! ,fr5* ,pat4 #bcabcj1 ,may #cj1 #ahic4 7#h7 ,kn(l]1 ,fr5* ,pat4 #bdghee1 ,june #a1 #ahie4 ,g]man ,pat4 #hheef1 ,m>* #bh1 #ahid4 7#i7 ,be*amp1 art4 ,cellulose1 ,dict4 de ,*imie de ,wurtz4 ,blondeau1 ,ann4 ,*im4 et ,phys4 7#c71 #ahfc1 #fh1 p4 #dfb4 7#aj7 ,revue indu/rielle1 #ahij1 p4 #aid4 ,g]man ,pat4 #ebigg1 ,m>* #g1 #ahhi4 7#aa7 ,fr5* ,pat4 #befhed1 ,june #b1 #ahif4 7#ab7 ,g]man ,pat4 #eeidi1 ,nov4 #i1 #ahhi4 ,g]man ,pat4 #ehejh1 ,sept4 #af1 #ahij4 ,g]man ,pat4 #hbeee1 ,nov4 #ae1 #ahid4 7#ac7 ,g]man ,pat4 #ehejh1 ,sept4 #af1 #aijj4 7#ad7 ,fr5* ,pat4 #bcabcj1 ,june #cj1 #ahic4 7#ae7 ,g]man ,pat4 #icjji1 ,nov4 #ai1 #ahie4 ,fr5* ,pat4 #bedgjc1 ,m>* #ab1 #ahif4 ,engli% ,pat4 #fheh1 ,m>* #bh1 #ahif4 7#af7 ,am]ican ,pat4 #egcacb1 ,dec4 #ae1 #ahif4 7#ag7 ,?is proportion is ! mo/ advantage\s1 & furni%es ! be/ liquid collodions t c be spun4 7#ah7 ,fr5* ,pat4 #beidbb1 ,sept4 #c1 #ahif4 7#ai7 ,engli% ,pat4 #bbedj1 #ahif4 7#bj7 ,application = ,g]man ,pat4 n grant$1 #dicc ,,iv4 #bif1 ,m>4 #af1 #ahig4 7#ba7 ,g]man ,pat4 #ifbjh1 ,feb4 #aj1 #ahig4 ,addit4 ,pat4 #ajahdd & #ajbegc1 ,dec4 #aj1 #ahig4 7#bb7 ,ob]le et ,newbold1 ,fr5* ,pat4 #behbh1 ,july #bb1 #ahif4 ,granqui/1 ,engl4 applic4 #bcgi1 ,nov4 #bh1 #ahii4 7#bc7 ,g]man ,pat4 #gbegb1 ,june #ag1 #ahia4 7#bd7 ,voy4 ,/]n1 ,b]41 #bh1 *4 #dfb4 ,gr\p ,,ii 7#a7 ,g]man ,pat4 #ihfdb1 ,dec4 #a1 #ahig 7,pauly74 ,fr5* ,pat4 #bhffib1 ,m>* #aj1 #ahii1 & addition ( ,octob] #ad1 #ahii 7,frem]y & ,urban74 ,fr5* ,pat4 #bhfgbf1 ,m>* #aa1 #ahii1 & addition ( ,decemb] #d1 #ahii4 ,g]man ,pat4 #aaacac1 ,m>* #af1 #ahii 7,frem]y & ,urban74 ,engli% ,pat4 #ahhhd1 ,sept4 #ai1 #ahii 7,bronn]t74 ,engli% ,pat4 #accca1 ,june #bg1 #ahii 7,consort4 mulh\si574 7#b7 ,fr5* ,pat4 #bjcgda1 ,feb4 #ab1 #ahij4 7#c7 ,! actual lapse ( ?is pat5t is due to ! dea? ( ,despeissis %ortly aft] x 0 tak54 7#d7 ,)\t que/ion+ ! good fai? ( ,pauly1 x is nev]!less a fact t ! orig9al pat5t rema9s z a docum5t1 & !re=e t ! value ( ! ,pauly pat5ts is v que/ionable4 7#e7 ,gir>d1 ,ann4 ,*im4 et ,phys1 #ahha 7#e71 #bd1 p4 #ccg-chd4 ,gr\p ,,iii 7#a7 ,cross & ,bevan1 ,cellulose1 #ahie1 p4 #h4 7#b7 ,engli% ,pat4 #afhje1 ,dec4 #bb1 #ahhd4 7#c7 ,engli% ,pat4 #agija1 ,july #cj1 #ahig4 7#d7 ,bronn]t1 ,am]ican ,pat4 #fdfgii1 ,april #c1 #aijj4 7#e7 ,cross & ,bevan1 ,cellulose1 #ahie1 p4 #ab4 ,gr\p ,,iv 7#a7 ,engli% ,pat4 #hgjj1 #ahib4 ,g]man ,pat4 #gjiii1 ,jan4 #ac1 #ahic4 7#b7 ,engli% ,pat4 #dgac1 #ahif4 ,g]man ,pat4 #ibeij1 ,nov4 #ba1 #ahif4 7#c7 ,comptes r5dus 7loc4 cit474 ,b]i*te1 c4 #i1 #fe;a4 7#d7 ,engli% ,pat4 #ajbj1 #ahih4 ,g]man ,pat4 #ajheaa1 ,oct4 #ah1 #ahih4 ,artificial ,silk--,lu/ra-cellulose4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,cross & ,e4 ,j4 ,,bevan 7,j4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #ahif1 #cag74 ,! object ( ?is pap] is ma9ly to correct curr5t /atem5ts z to ! artificial or 'cellulose silks' be+ explosive or highly inflammable 7ibid41 #ahie1 #gbj74 ,a specim5 ( ! ',lehn]' silk 0 f\nd to reta9 only #j4ai p4ct4 total nitrog51 %[+ t ! d5itration is suffici5tly complete to dispose ( any sugge/ion ( high inflammability4 ,! product yield$ traces only ( furfural2 on boil+ ) a #a p4ct4 solution ( sodium hydrate1 ! loss ( weight 0 #i4ad p4ct42 b ! solution _h no r$uc+ action on ,fehl+'s solution4 ,! product 9 d5itration _h !re=e rev]t$ completely to a cellulose 7hydrate71 no oxy-d]ivative be+ pres5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! au?ors ent] a prote/ aga9/ ! t]m 'artificial silk' z appli$ to ^! products1 & sugge/ 'lu/ra-cellulose4' ,,die ,k,ue,n,s,t,l,i,c,h,e ,,seide-,,ihre ,,h]/ellung1 ,,eig5s*aft5 ,,und ,,v]w5dung4 ,,c>l ,s,ue,v,e,r,n1 ,b]l91 #aijj1 ,j4 ,spr+]4 ,,artificial ,,silk--,,its ,,production1 ,,prop]ties1 ,,& ,,applications4 ,?is "w ( "s #acj pages is an important monograph on ! subject ( ! prep>ation ( artificial cellulose ?reads--s f> z ! te*nical elem5ts ( ! problems involv$ are discuss$ & disclos$ 9 ! pat5t lit]ature4 ,! fir/ section1 9 fact1 consi/s almo/ exclusively ( ! sev]al pat5t specifications 9 *ronological ord] & rang$ "u ! sub-sections3 7a7 ,! ,sp9n+ ( ,nitrocellulose 7collodion72 7b7 ,! ,sp9n+ ( o!r ,solutions ( ,cellulose2 7c7 ,! ,sp9n+ ( ,solutions ( ! ,nitrog5\s ,colloids4 ,9 ! second section ! au?or deals ) ! physical & *emical proportions ( ! artificial ?reads4 ,*>donnet 'silk' is /at$ to h a mean diamet] ( #ce mu1 b ) consid]able v>iations f ! mean 9 ! individual fibres2 equally wide v>iations 9 =m are obs]v$ 9 cross-section4 ,! g5]al =m is elliptical1 b ! surface is m>k$ by deep /riae1 & ! cross-section is !re=e ( irregul> outl9e4 ,?is is due to irregul> conditions ( evaporation ( ! solv5ts1 ! ?read be+ 'spun' into ! air f cyl9drical orifices ( regulat$ dim5sions4 ,*>donnet /ates t :5 ! collodion is spun into alcohol ! resultant ?read is a p]fect cyl9d] 7,compt4 r5d4 #ahhi1 #ajh1 #ifb74 ,! /r5g? ( ! fibre is v>i\sly /at$ at f #ej-hj p4ct4 t ( 'boil$ (f' ,*9a tram2 ! true ela/icity is #d-e p4ct41 ! elongation "u ! break+ /ra9 #ae-ag p4ct4 ,! sp4gr4 is #a4di1 i4e4 #c-e p4ct4 9 excess ( boil$ (f silk4 ,lehn] 'silk' exhibits ! close/ simil>ity to ! ,*>donnet product4 ,9 cross-section x is se5 to be m regul> 9 outl9e1 & a r\nd1 pseudo-tubul> =m prevails1 due to ! conditions ( %r9kage & collapse ( ! fibre 9 p>t+ ) ! solv5ts1 & 9 !n dehydrat+4 ,! con/ants = 'break+ /ra91' bo? 9 ! orig9al & moi/5$ condition1 = ela/icity1 c41 are closely approximate to ^? = ! ,*>donnet product4 ,pauly 'silk'4--,! =m ( ! ultimate fibres is mu* m regul> & ! cont\r ( ! cross-section is smoo?4 ,! product %[s m resi/ance to moi/ure & to alkal9e solutions4 ,viscose 'silk' is ref]r$ to 9 t]ms ( a communication appe>+ 9 ',papi]-,zeitung1' #ahih1 #bdaf4 ,9 ! above section ! foll[+ publications are ref]r$ to3 ,*>donnet1 ',compt4 r5d41' #ahhg1 #aje1 #ijj2 & #ahhi1 #ajh1 #ifb2 ,silb]mann1 ',die ,seide1' #ahig1 v4 #b1 #adc2 ,h]zog1 ',f>b]-,zeitung1' #ahid_/e1 #di-ej2 ,?iele1 ibid4 #ahig1 #acc2 ,o4 ,s*les+]1 ',papi]-,zeitung1' #ahie1 #aegh-ha1 #afaj-ab4 ,action ( ,reag5ts ^u ,natural & ,artificial ,silks4 #a4 ,potassium hydrate 9 solution ( maximum conc5tration dissolves ! silks prop]1 7a7 ,*9a silk on slight w>m+1 7b7 ,tussah silk on boil+4 ,! cellulose 'silks' %[ swell+ ) discol\ration1 b ! fibr\s "* is n de/roy$ ev5 on boil+4 #b4 ,potassium hydrate #dj p4ct4 ,*9a silk dissolves completely at #fe deg4-#he deg42 ,tussah silk swells consid]ably at #ge deg4 & dissolves at #ajj deg4-#abj deg44 ,! cellulose 'silks' are attack$ ) discol\ration2 at #adj deg4 7boil+-po9t ( ! solution7 !re is progressive solv5t action1 b ! action is incomplete4 ,! ,pauly product is mo/ resi/ant4 #c4 ,z9c *loride1 #dj p4ct4 solution4 ,bo? ! natural silks & lu/ra-celluloses are attack$ at #ajj deg41 & on rais+ ! temp]ature ! fur!r actions are z foll[s3 ,*9a silk is completely dissolv$ at #aaj-abj deg42 ,tussah silk at #acj-ace deg42 ! collodion products at #adj-ade deg42 ! ,pauly product 0 aga9 mo/ resi/ant1 dissolv+ at #ahj deg44 #d4 ,alkal9e cupric oxide 7glyc]97 solution 0 prep>$ by dissolv+ #aj grs4 ( ! sulphate 9 #ajj c4c4 wat]1 add+ #e grs4 glyc]9 & #aj c4c4 ( #dj p4ct4 ,,koh4 ,9 ?is solution ! ,*9a silk dissolv$ at ! ord9>y temp]ature2 ,tussah silk & ! lu/ra-celluloses 7 n appreciably affect$4 #e4 ,cuprammonium solution 0 prep>$ by dissolv+ ! precipitat$ cupric hydrate 9 #bd p4ct4 ammonia4 ,9 ?is reag5t also ! ,*9a silk dissolv$1 & ! ,tussah silk z well z ! lu/ra-celluloses und]w5t no appreciable *ange4 #f4 ,an ammoniacal solution ( nickel oxide 0 prep>$ by dissolv+ ! precipitat$ hydrat$ oxide 9 conc5trat$ ammonia4 ,! ,*9a silk 0 dissolv$ by ?is reag5t2 ,tussah silk & ! lu/ra-celluloses entirely resi/$ its action4 #g4 ,fehl+'s solution is a solv5t ( ! natural silks1 b is )\t action on ! lu/ra-celluloses4 #h4 ,*romic acid--#bj p4ct4 ,cr,o#c--solution dissolves bo? ! natural silks & ! lu/ra-celluloses at ! boil+ temp]ature ( ! solution4 #i4 ,millon's reag5t1 at ! boil+ solution1 col\rs ! natural silks violet3 ! lu/ra-celluloses give no reaction4 #aj4 ,conc5trat$ nitric acid attacks ! natural silks p[]fully 9 ! cold2 ! lu/ra-celluloses dissolve on heat+4 #aa4 ,iod9e solution 7,i 9 ,,ki7 col\rs ! ,*9a silk a deep br[n1 ,tussah a pale br[n2 ! celluloses f collodion are col\r$ at fir/ br[n1 !n blue4 ,! ,pauly product1 on ! o!r h&1 does n react4 #ab4 ,diph5ylam9e sulphate4--,a solution ( ! base 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid col\rs ! natural silks a br[n2 ! collodion 'silks' give a /rong blue reaction due to ! pres5ce ( residual nitro-gr\ps4 ,! ,pauly product is n affect$4 #ac4 ,bruc9 sulphate 9 pres5ce ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid col\rs ! natural silks only slightly 7br[n72 ! collodion 'silks' give a /rong r$ col\ration4 ,! ,pauly product aga9 is )\t reaction4 #ad4 ,wat]4--,! natural silks d n s(t5 9 ! m\? z d ! lu/ra-celluloses4 #ae4 ,wat] ( condition 0 det]m9$ by dry+ at #ajj deg42 ! foll[+ p]c5tages result$ 7a74 ,! p]c5tages ( wat] 7b7 tak5 up f ! atmosph]e aft] =ty-?ree h\rs' exposure 73 7a7 7b7 ,*9a 7raw7 silk #g4ig #b4bd ,tussah silk #h4bf #e4jj ,lu/ra-celluloses3 ,*>donnet 7,besancon7 #aj4cg #e4fd ,spreit5ba* #aa4ag #e4gg ,lehn] #aj4ga #e4ig ,pauly #aj4jd #f4id #af4 ,behavi\r on heat+ at #bjj deg44--,aft] two h\rs' heat+ at ?is temp]ature ! foll[+ *anges 7 not$3 ,*9a silk ,mu* discol\r$ 7br[n74 ,tussah silk ,sc>cely affect$4 ,lu/ra-celluloses3 ,*>donnet ,conv]t$ into a blue-black *>coal1 reta9+ ! ,lehn] =m (! fibres4 ,pauly ,a bright yell[-br[n col\ration1 )\t c>bonisation4 #ag4 ,! losses ( weight accompany+ ^! *anges & calculat$ p] #ajj p>ts ( fibre dri$ at #ajj deg4 73 ,*9a silk #c4ah ,tussah silk #b4ie ,lu/ra-celluloses3 ,*>donnet #cc4gj ,lehn] #bf4ef ,pauly #a4fa #ah4 ,inorganic con/itu5ts4--,det]m9ations ( ! total a% gave = ! fir/ five ( ! above1 numb]s v>y+ f #a4j to #a4g p4ct4 ,! only notewor?y po9t 9 ! comp>ison 0 ! exceptionally small a% ( ! ,pauly product1 viz4 #j4jif p4ct4 #ai4 ,total nitrog54--,! natural silks conta9 ! #af-ag p4ct4 ,n *>act]i/ic ( ! proteids4 ,! lu/ra-celluloses conta9 #j4je-j4ae p4ct4 ,n :i* 9 ^? spun f collodion is pres5t 9 ! =m ( nitric gr\ps4 ,! po9ts ( *emical diff]5tiation :i* are e/abli%$ by ! above s*eme ( comp>ative inve/igation are summ$ up 9 tabul> =m4 ,me?ods ( dye+4--,! lu/ra-celluloses are briefly discuss$4 ,! specific relation%ip ( ^! =ms ( cellulose to ! col\r+ matt]s are 9 ! ma9 ^? ( cotton1 b !y manife/ 9 ! dye-ba? ! some:at int5sifi$ attraction :i* *>act]ises m]c]is$ cotton1 or m g5]ally ! cellulose hydrates4 ,indu/rial applications ( ! lu/ra-celluloses are briefly notic$ 9 ! conclud+ section ( ! book4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,) ^! products x is easy to obs]ve t !y h a def9ite fusion po9t #e deg4-#aj deg4 bel[ ! temp]ature ( explosion4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,decompositions ,,( ,,cellulose ,,su* ,,z ,,?r[ ,,light ,,on ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,its ,,con/itution ,,ueb] ,,cellulose4 ,g4 ,,bumcke und ,r4 ,,wolff5/e9 7,b]l4 ,b]41 #ahii1 #bdic74 7p4 #ed7 ,!oretical ,preface4--,! purpose ( ^! inve/igations is ! clos] *>act]isation ( ! products kn[n z 'oxycellulose' & 'hydracellulose1' :i* are empirical aggregates obta9$ by v>i\s processes ( oxidation & hydrolysis2 ^! processes act concurr5tly 9 ! production ( ! oxycelluloses4 ,! action ( hydrog5 p]oxide 0 specially inve/igat$4 ,an oxycellulose result$ possess+ /rongly m>k$ aldehydic *>act]i/ics4 ,! au?ors commit !mselves to an explanation ( ?is p>adoxical result1 i4e4 ! production ( a body ( /rongly 'r$uc+' prop]ties by ! action ( an oxidis+ ag5t ^u ! in]t cellulose molecule 78 aggregate7 z due to ! hydrolytic action ( ! p]oxide3 foll[+ ,wur/] 7,b]4 #bb1 #ade71 :o simil>ly expla9$ ! production ( r$uc+ sug>s f cane sug> by ! action ( ! p]oxide4 ,! product 9 "q is accord+ly t]m$ hydralcellulose4 ,by ! action ( alkalis ?is is resolv$ into two bodies ( alcoholic 7cellulose7 & acid 7'acid cellulose'7 *>act]i/ics respectively4 ,! latt] 9 dry+ passes into a lactone4 ,! acid product is also obta9$ f cellulose by ! action ( alkal9e lye 7boil+ #cj p4ct4 ,na,o,h7 & by solution 9 ,s*weiz]'s reag5t4 ,x is consid]$ probable t ! cellulose nitrates are hydrocellulose d]ivatives1 & exp]im5tal evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is conclusion is suppli$ by ! results ( 'nitrat+' ! celluloses & _! oxy- & hydro- d]ivatives4 ,id5tical products 7 obta9$4 ,exp]im5tal inve/igations4--,! filt] pap] employ$ z 'orig9al cellulose1' giv+ ! foll[+ numb]s on analysis3 ,c #dd4ef #dd4bi #dd4ec #dd4ef ,h #f4ci #f4ca #f4df #f4db 0 expos$ to ! action ( pure di/ill$ ,h#b,o#b at #d-fj p4ct4 /r5g?1 at ord9>y temp]atures until dis9tegrat$3 a result requir+ f n9ete5 to ?irty days4 ,! s]ies ( products gave ! foll[+ analytical results3 ,c #dc4fa #dc4fa #dc4df #dc4hi #dd4j #dc4hg #dc4ib #dc4ha ,h #f4jj #f4bi #f4bh #f4bf #f4ac #f4bg #f4bd #f4bg results ly+ betwe5 ! requirem5ts ( ! =mulae3 #e ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4;,h#b,o & #h ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4;,h#b,o4 ,hydrazones 7 obta9$ ) #a4g-a4h p4ct4 ,n4 ,treat$ ) cau/ic soda solution ! hydrazones 7 dissolv$ 9 "p3 on reprecipitation a hydrazone ( unalt]$ composition 0 obta9$4 ,! orig9al product %[s !re=e a uni=m di/ribution ( ! reactive ,,co- gr\ps4 ,! hydralcellulose boil$ ) ,fehl+'s solution r$uc$ #a_/ab ( ! am\nt requir$ = an equal weight ( glucose4 ,dige/$ ) cau/ic soda solution x yield$ #cc p4ct4 ( its weight ( ! soluble 'acid cellulose4' ,?is product 0 purifi$ & analys$ ) ! foll[+ result3 ,c #dc4ce ,h #f4e4 ,= ! direct production ( ! 'acid' d]ivative1 cellulose 0 boil$ ) successive quantities ( #cj p4ct4 ,na,o,h until dissolv$4 ,x requir$ eight treatm5ts ( "o h\r's duration4 ,on add+ sulphuric acid to ! solutions ! product 0 precipitat$4 ,yield #dj p4ct4 ,analyses3 ,c #dc4h #dc4h #dc4g ,h #f4b #f4b #f4c ,! cellulose reprecipitat$ f solution 9 ,s*weiz]'s reag5t gave simil> analytical results3 ,c #dc4i #dc4h #dd4j ,h #f4e #f4c #f4d ,conv]sion into nitrates4--,! orig9al cellulose1 hydral- & acid cellulose 7 ea* treat$ ) #aj times _! weight ( ,,hno#c ( #a4dh sp4gr4 & heat$ at #he deg4 until ! solution lo/ its initial viscosity4 ,! products 7 precipitat$ by wat] & purifi$ by solution 9 acetone f :i* two fractions 7 recov]$1 ! "o be+ relatively insoluble 9 e?yl alcohol4 ,! v>i\s nitrates f ! sev]al orig9al products prov$ to be ( almo/ id5tical composition1 ,c #cb4j ,h #d4b ,n #h4h ) a molecul> weight approximately #acej4 ,! conclusion is t ^! products are all d]ivatives ( a 'hydralcellulose' #f;,c#f;,h#aj,o#e;,h#b,o4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,furfuraldehyde ,,f ,,cellulose1 ,,oxycellulose1 ,,& ,,hydrocellulose4 ,by ,,leo ,,vignon 7,compt4 r5d41 #ahih1 #abf1 #acee-aceh74 7p4 #ed7 ,hydrocellulose1 oxycellulose1 & 'r$uc$' cellulose1 ! la/ nam$ be+ app>5tly id5tical ) hydrocellulose1 7 obta9$ by heat+ c>efully purifi$ cotton wool 7#aj grams7 9 wat] 7#a1jjj c4c471 ) 7#a7 #fe c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid 7#a4b sp4gr471 7#b7 #fe c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid & #hj grams ( potassium *lorate1 7#c7 #fe c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid & #ej grams ( /ann\s *loride4 ,f ^! & "s o!r sub/ances1 ! foll[+ p]c5tage yields ( furfuraldehyde 7 obta9$3 ,hydrocellulose1 #j4hed2 oxycellulose1 #b4aac2 r$uc$ cellulose1 #j4hfj2 />*1 #j4hjj2 blea*$ cotton1 #a4hjj2 oxycellulose1 prep>$ by means ( *romic acid1 #c4ejj4 ,two specim5s ( oxycellulose 7 prep>$ by treat+ cotton wool ) hydro*loric acid & potassium *lorate 7,a71 & ) sulphuric acid & potassium di*romate 7,b71 & #be grams ( ea* product dige/$ ) aque\s pota%4 ,( ! product ,a1 #af4bj grams 7 insoluble 9 pota%1 #b4de grams 7 precipitat$ on neutralisation ( ! alkal9e solution1 & #f4ce grams rema9$ 9 solution1 :il/ ,b yield$ #aa4af grams ( insoluble matt]1 #a4db grams 7 precipitat$ by acid1 & #ab4db grams rema9$ 9 solution4 ,! p]c5tage yields ( furfuraldehyde obta9$ f ^! fractions 7 z foll[s3 ,a1 insoluble1 #j4hf2 precipitat$1 #d4ce2 dissolv$1 #a4aj4 ,b1 insoluble1 #j4gf2 precipitat$1 #e4aa2 dissolv$1 #a4ed4 ,x appe>s1 f ! =ego+ results1 t ! cellulose molecule1 aft] oxidation1 is easily decompos$ by pota%1 ! insoluble & l>g] portion hav+ all ! *>act]s ( ! orig9al cellulose1 :il/ ! soluble portion is ( an aldehydic nature1 & conta9s a sub/ance1 precipitable by acids1 :i* yields a relatively l>ge am\nt ( furfuraldehyde4 ,,unt]su*ung5 ,ue,b,e,r ,,die ,,oxycellulose4 ,o4 ,v4 ,,fab] und ,b4 ,,toll5s 7,b]l4 ,b]41 #ahii1 #behi74 ,inve/igations ( ,oxycellulose4 7p4 #fa7 ,! au?or's results are t]sely summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ conclusions set =? at ! end ( ! pap]3 ,! oxycelluloses are mixtures ( cellulose & a d]ivative oxidis$ comp\nd :i* conta9s "o m atom ,o ?an cellulose 7cellulose ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e71 & = :i* ! special designation ,cellox9 is propos$4 ,cellox9 may be =mulat$ ,c#h;,h#f,o#f or ,c#f;,h#aj,o#f1 ( :i* ! =m] is ! m probable4 ,! v>i\s oxycelluloses may be reg>d$ z conta9+ "o cellox9 gr\p to #a-d cellulose gr\ps1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! orig9al cellulose1 & ! degree ( oxidation to :i* subject$4 ,^! gr\ps are 9 *emical union4 ,cellox9 has n be5 isolat$4 ,on boil+ ! oxycelluloses ) lime-milk x is conv]t$ into isosac*>9ic & dioxybutyric acids4 ,! insoluble residue f ! treatm5t is cellulose4 ,! foll[+ oxycelluloses 7 inve/igat$3 ,a4 ,product ( action ( nitric acid ^u p9e wood 7,l9dsey & ,toll5s1 ,ann4 #bfg1 #cff74--,! oxycelluloses conta9$ #a mol cellox93 #b mol4 cellulose on #f h\rs' heat+ #c mol4 cellulose on #c h\rs' heat+ ) a ratio ,h 3 ,o #a 3 #i & #a 3 #h4g respectively3 !y yield$ #g p4ct4 furfural4 ,b4 ,by action ( brom9e 9 pres5ce ( wat] & ,ca,c,o#c ^u cotton4--,yield1 7air-dry7 #he p4ct4 ,empirical composition ,c#ab;,h#bj,o#aa ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4;,c#f;,h#aj,o#f3 yield$ furfural #a4g p4ct4 ,c4 ,cotton & nitric acid at #ajj deg41 two & a half h\rs 7,cross & ,bevan74--,yield1 #gj p4ct4 ,composition #d ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4;,c#f;,h#h,o#f yield$ furfural #b4c p4ct4 ,d4 ,cotton & nitric acid at #ajj deg4 7f\r h\rs74--,a m highly oxidis$ product result$1 viz4 #c ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4;,c#f;,h#h,o#f3 yield$ furfural #c4b p4ct4 ,by-products ( oxidation4--,! liquors f ,b 7 f\nd to conta9 sac*>ic acid3 ! acid f ,c & ,b conta9$ a dibasic acid :i* appe>$ to be t>t>ic acid4 ,! isolation ( 7#a7 isosac*>9ic & 7#b7 dioxybutyric acid f ! products ( dige/ion ( ! oxycelluloses ) lime-milk at #ajj deg4 0 effect$ by ! sep>ation ( _! respective calcium salts1 7#a7 by direct cry/allisation1 7#b7 by precipitation alcohol aft] sep>ation ( ! =m]4 ,,celluloses1 ,,hydro- ,,& ,,oxycelluloses1 ,,& ,,cellulose ,,e/]s4 ,l4 ,,vignon 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im41 #aija #c1 #be1 #acj74 7a7 ,oxycelluloses f cotton1 hemp1 flax1 & ramie4--,! comp>ative oxidation ( ^! celluloses1 by treatm5t ) ,h,cl,o#c at #ajj deg41 gave rem>kably uni=m results1 z %[n by ! foll[+ numb]s1 %[+ extreme v>iations3 yields1 #fh-gj p4ct42 hydraz9e reaction1 ,n fix$ #a4eh-a4fi2 fixation ( basic col\r+ matt]s 7relative numb]s71 saffran9e1 #ajj-bjj1 me?yl5e blue1 #ajj-ajf4 ,! only po9ts ( diff]5ce not$ 7 7#a7 hemp is some:at m resi/ant to ! acid oxidation2 7#b7 ! cotton oxycellulose %[s a some:at high] 7#be p4ct47 cupric r$uction4 7b7 ',sac*>ification' ( cellulose1 cellulose hydrates1 & hydrocellulose4--,! products 7 dige/$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid six h\rs at #ajj deg41 & ! cupric r$uction ( ! soluble products det]m9$ & calculat$ to dextrose4 #ajj grms4 ( gave r$uc+ products equal to ,dextrose ,purifi$ cotton #c4bi ,hydrocellulose #i4gj ,cotton m]c]is$ 7,na,o,h #cj deg4 ,b47 #d4ci ,cotton m]c]is$ 7,na,o,h #dj deg4 ,b47 #c4ea ,cellulose reprecipitat$ f cuprammonium #d4ci ,oxycellulose #ad4gj ,/>* #ih4f ,^! numb]s %[ t cellulose may be hydrat$ bo? by m]c]isation & solution1 )\t affect+ ! con/itutional relation%ips ( ! ,,co gr\ps4 ,! results also diff]5tiate ! cellulose s]ies f />* 9 reg>d to hydrolysis4 7c7 ,cellulose & oxycellulose nitrates4--,! nitric e/]s ( cellulose h a /rong r$uct+ action on alkal9e copp] solutions4 ,! au?or has /udi$ ?is reaction quantitatively = ! e/]s bo? ( cellulose & oxycellulose1 at two /ages ( 'nitration1' repres5t$ by #h4b-h4f p4ct4 & #ac4e-ac4i p4ct4 total nitrog5 9 ! e/]-products1 respectively4 ,! results are express$ 9 t]ms 7c4c47 ( ! cupric reag5t 7,pa/eur7 r$uc$ p] #ajj grs4 comp>$ ) dextrose 7#aggfg74 ,cellulose maximum nitration 7#ac4e p4ct4 ,n7 #cfdj ,oxycellulose maximum nitration 7#ac4i p4ct4 ,n7 #cfjj ,cellulose m9imum nitration 7#h4ai p4ct4 ,n7 #cgjj ,oxycellulose m9imum nitration 7#h4ef p4ct4 ,n7 #cfbj ,! au?or concludes t1 s9ce ! r$uc+ action is indep5d5t ( ! degree ( nitration1 & is ! same = cellulose & ! oxycelluloses1 ! e/] reaction 9 ! case ( ! normal cellulose is accompani$ by oxidation1 ! product be+ an oxycellulose e/]4 ,products ( 'd5itration'4--,! e/]s 7 treat$ ) f]r\s *loride 9 boil+ aque\s solution4 ,! products 7 oxycelluloses1 ) a cupric r$uction equal to t ( an oxycellulose directly prep>$ by ! action ( ,h,cl,o#c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by treatm5t ) ammonium sulphide at #ce deg4-#dj deg4 'd5itrat$' products 7 obta9$ )\t action on alkal9e copp] solutions4 ,,oxycelluloses ,,& ,,! ,,molecul> ,,weight ,,( ,,cellulose4 ,h4 ,,na/uk(f 7,b]l4 ,b]4 #cc #ac #bbcg74 7p4 #fa7 ,! au?or cont9ues 8 inve/igations ( ! oxidation ( cellulose4 ,comp>e ,bull4 ,mulh\se1 #ahib4 ,! products describ$ 7 obta9$ by ! action ( hypo*lorites & p]manganates ^u ,sw$i% filt] pap] 7,s*lei*] & ,s*uell74 #d4 ,oxidation by hypo*lorites4--7#a7 ,! cellulose 0 dige/$ #bd hrs4 ) #ce times its weight ( a filt]$ solution ( blea*+ p[] ( #d deg4,b42 aft]w>ds dra9$ & expos$ = #bd hrs4 to ! atmosph]e4 ,^! treatm5ts 7 !n repeat$4 ,aft] wa%+1 treatm5t ) dilute acetic acid & aga9 wa%+1 ! product 0 treat$ ) a #aj p4ct4 ,na,o,h solution4 ,! oxycellulose 0 precipitat$ f ! filt]$ solution3 yield #de p4ct4 ,! residue :5 purifi$ am\nt$ to #cj p4ct4 ( ! orig9al cellulose1 ) :i* x 0 id5tical 9 all ess5tial prop]ties4 ,! oxycellulose1 aft] purification1 dri$ at #aaj deg41 gave ! foll[+ analytical numb]s3 ,c #dc4fd #dc4gh #dc4cb #dc4ac ,h #f4ag #f4ba #e4ih #f4jh ,its comp\nd ) ph5ylhydraz9e 7loc4 cit47 gave ! foll[+ analytical numb]s3 ,n #j4gh #j4if #j4hd 7#b7 ,! reag5ts 7 z 9 7#a71 b ! conditions v>i$ by pass+ a /ream ( c>bonic acid gas ?r\gh ! solution conta9$ 9 a flask1 until ,cl comp\nds ceas$ to be giv5 (f4 ,! analysis ( ! purifi$ oxycellulose gave ,c #dc4ec1 ,h #f4ac4 7#c7 ,! conditions 7 z 9 7#b71 b a mu* /rong] hypo*lorite solution--viz4 #ab deg4,b4--0 employ$4 ,! yield ( oxycellulose precipitat$ f solution 9 soda lye 7#aj p4ct4 ,na,o,h7 0 #de p4ct4 ,!re 0 only a slight residue ( unattack$ cellulose4 ,! analytical numb]s obta9$ 73 ,oxycellulose ,c #dc4ca #dc4gd #dc4fi ,h #f4dg #f4db #f4ea ,ph5ylhydraz9e comp\nd ,n #j4fb #j4ha ,b4 ,oxidation by p]manganate 7,k,mn,o#d74 7#a7 ,! cellulose #af grms4 0 treat$ ) #aajj c4c4 ( a #a p4ct4 solution ( ,k,mn,o#d 9 successive portions4 ,! ,mn,o#b 0 remov$ f "t to "t by dige/+ ! product ) a dilute sulphuric acid 7#aj p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d74 ,! oxycellulose 0 purifi$ z be=e1 yield #dj p4ct4 ,analytical numb]s3 ,oxycellulose ,c #db4ab #db4i ,h #f4bj #f4aa ,ph5ylhydraz9e comp\nd ,n #a4ce #a4jh #a4ba 7#b7 ,! cellulose 7#af grms47 0 dige/$ #ad days ) #bejj c4c4 ( #a p4ct4 ,k,mn,o#d solution4 ,! purifi$ oxycellulose 0 id5tical 9 all respects ) ! above3 yield #dj p4ct4 ,c #db4ff1 ,h #f4ai4 7#c7 ,! cellulose 7#af grms47 0 heat$ 9 ! wat]-ba? ) #afjj c4c4 ( #ae p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d to :i* 7 add$ #ah grms4 ,k,mn,o#d4 ,! yield & composition ( ! oxycellulose 0 id5tical ) ! above4 ,x appe>s f ^! results t ! oxidation ) hypo*lorites acids #a atom ( ,o to #d-f ( ! unit gr\ps ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e2 & ! oxidation ) p]manganate #b atoms ,o p] #d-f units ( ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4 ,! molecul> proportion ( ,n 9 ! ph5ylhydraz9e residue comb9+ is fractional1 repres5t+ #a atom ,o1 i4e4 #a ,,co gr\p react+ p] #d ,c#cf;,h#fj,o#ca & #f ,c#bd;,h#di,o#ba respectively1 assum+ ! reaction to be a hydrazone reaction4 ,fur!r inve/igations ( ! oxycelluloses by treatm5t ) 7a7 sodium amalgam1 7b7 brom9e 7wat]71 & 7c7 dilute nitric acid at #aaj deg41 l$ to no positive results4 ,by treatm5t ) alcoholic soda 7,na,o,h7 ! products 7 resolv$ into a soluble & insoluble portion1 ! prop]ties ( ! latt] be+ ^? ( a cellulose 7hydrate74 ,molecul> weight ( cellulose & oxycellulose4--,! au?or endeav\rs to arrive at numb]s express+ ^! relations by conv]t+ ! sub/ances into acetates by ,s*utz5b]g]'s me?od1 & obs]v+ ! boil+-po9ts ( _! solution 9 nitrob5z5e4 ,,f]m5tation ,,( ,,cellulose ,v4 ,,omelianski 7,compt4 ,r5d41 #ahig1 #abe1 #aaca-aacc74 ,pure pap] 0 all[$ to f]m5t 9 ! pres5ce ( calcium c>bonate at a temp]ature ( #ce deg4 = #ac mon?s4 ,! products obta9$ f #c4dgdc grams ( pap] 73 acids ( ! acetic s]ies1 #b4bdjb grams2 c>bonic anhydride1 #j4igbb grams2 & hydrog51 #j4jach gram4 ,! acids 7 *iefly acetic & butyric acid1 ! ratio ( ! =m] to ! latt] be+ #a4g 3 #a4 ,small quantities ( val]ic acid1 high] alcohols1 & odor\s products 7 =m$4 ,! abs5ce ( me?ane f ! products ( f]m5tation is rem>kable1 b ! =mation ( ?is gas seems to be due to a special organism readily di/+ui%able f ! f]m5t t produces ! fatty acids4 ,?is organism is at pres5t "u inve/igation4 99 99 99 99 99 7p4 #ge7 ,con/itution ( ,cellulose4--,x may be fairly premis$ t ! problem ( ! con/itution ( cellulose _c be solv$ indep5d5tly ( t ( molecul> aggregation4 ,we f9d 9 effect t ! /ructural prop]ties ( cellulose & its d]ivatives are directly connect$ ) _! con/itution4 ,s f> we h only a sup]ficial p]ception ( ?is correlation4 ,we "k t a fibr\s cellulose treat$ ) acids or alkalis 9 su* a way t only hydrolytic *anges c take place is conv]t$ into a v>iety ( =ms ( v diff]5t /ructural *>act]i/ics1 & ^! products1 :ile /ill pres]v+ ! ma9 *emical *>act]i/ics ( ! orig9al1 %[ :5 conv]t$ into d]ivatives by simple syn!sis1 e4g4 e/]s & sulphoc>bonates1 a correspond+ diff]5tiation ( ! physical prop]ties ( ^! d]ivatives1 f ! normal /&>d1 & !re=e t ! new react+ unit det]m9es a new physical aggregate4 ,?us ! sulphoc>bonate ( a 'hydrocellulose' is =m$ ) l[] proportions ( alkal9e hydrate & c>bon disulphide1 gives solutions ( relatively l[ viscosity1 &1 :5 decompos$ to give a film or ?read ( ! reg5]at$ cellulose1 ^! are f\nd to be defici5t 9 /r5g? & ela/icity4 ,simil>ly ) ! acetate4 ,! normal acetate gives solutions ( high viscosity1 films ( consid]able t5acity1 & :5 ^? are saponifi$ ! cellulose is reg5]at$ z an unbrok5 film4 ,! acetates ( hydrolys$ celluloses manife/ a retrogradation 9 /ructural & physical prop]ties1 proportion$ to ! degree ( hydrolysis ( ! orig9al4 ,we may take ?is opportunity ( po9t+ out t ! celluloses n only sugge/ ) "s def9it5ess ! connection ( ! /ructural prop]ties ( visible aggregates--t is1 ( matt] 9 ! mass--) ! configuration ( ! *emical molecule or react+ unit1 b supply unique mat]ial = ! actual exp]im5tal inve/igation ( ! problems involv$4 ,( all ! 'organic' colloids cellulose is ! only "o :i* c be conv]t$ into a v>iety ( d]ivative =ms1 f ea* ( :i* a regul> solid c be produc$ 9 cont9u\s l5g? & ( any prescrib$ dim5sions4 ,?us we c comp>e ! /ructural prop]ties ( cellulose ) ^? ( its hydrates1 nitrates1 acetates1 & b5zoates1 9 t]ms ( measurem5ts ( break+ /ra91 ext5sibility1 ela/icity4 ,inve/igations 9 ?is field are be+ prosecut$1 b ! results are n z yet suffici5tly elaborat$ = r$uction to =mulae4 ,"o /rik+ g5]al conclusion is1 h[ev]1 e/abli%$1 & t is t ! /ructural prop]ties ( cellulose are b little affect$ by e/]ification & appe> !re=e to be a function ( ! special arrangem5t ( ! c>bon atoms1 i4e4 ( ! molecul> con/itution4 ,also x is e/abli%$ t ! molecul> aggregate :i* con/itutes a cellulose is ( a resi/ant type1 & und\bt$ly p]si/s 9 ! solutions ( ! comp\nds4 ,x may be urg$ t x is sup]flu\s to import ^! que/ions ( mass-aggregation into ! problem ( ! *emical con/itution ( cellulose4 ,b we %all f9d t ! po9t aga9 arises 9 attempt+ to def9e ! react+ unit1 :i* is ano!r t]m = ! molecule4 ,9 ! majority ( cases we rely = ?is ^u physical measurem5ts2 & 9 fact ! purely *emical det]m9ation ( su* quantities is inf]5tial4 ,attempts h be5 made to det]m9e ! molecul> weights ( ! cellulose e/]s 9 solution1 by obs]vations ( depression ( solidify+ & boil+-po9ts4 ,b ! numb]s h little value4 ,! only o!r well-def9$ comp\nd is ! sulphoc>bonate4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t1 by successive precipitations ( ?is comp\nd1 !re occurs a cont9ual aggregation ( ! cellulose ) dissociation ( ! alkali & ,,cs residues & x has be5 f\nd impossible to assign a limit to ! dissociation1 i4e4 to fix a po9t at :i* ! transition f soluble sulphoc>bonate to insoluble cellulose takes place4 ,on ^! gr\nds x w be se5 we are r$uc$ to a some:at speculative treatm5t ( ! hypo!tical ultimate unit gr\p1 :i* is tak5 z ( ,c#f dim5sions4 ,z !re has be5 no addition ( exp]im5tal facts directly contribut+ to ! solution ( ! problem1 ! mat]ial available = a discussion ( ! probabilities rema9s v mu* z /at$ 9 ! fir/ edition1 pp4 #ge-gg4 ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t ! tetracetate n ,c#f;,h#f,o47,o,ac7#d is a normal cellulose e/]2 !re=e t f\r ( ! five ,o atoms are hydroxylic4 ,! fif? is und\bt$ly c>bonyl oxyg54 ,! reactions ( cellulose c]ta9ly indicate t ! ,,co- gr\p is ketonic r ?an aldehydic4 ,ev5 :5 attack$ by /rong sulphuric acid ! resolution proce$s "s consid]able way be=e products are obta9$ r$uc+ ,fehl+'s solution4 ,?is is n easily reconcilable ) any polyaldose =mula4 ,nor is ! resi/ance ( cellulose to v sev]e alkal9e treatm5ts4 ,! probability may be not$ "h t "u ! action ( ! alkal9e hydrates !re occurs a *ange ( configuration4 ,lobry de ,bruyn's rese>*es on ! *ange ( position ( ! typical ,,co- gr\p ( ! simple hexoses1 9 pres5ce ( alkalis1 po9t v def9itely 9 ?is direction4 ,x is probable t 9 ! =mation ( alkali cellulose !re is a con/itutional *ange ( ! cellulose1 :i* may 9 effect be due to a migration ( a ,,co- position )9 ! unit gr\p4 ,aga9 also we h ! int]e/+ fact t /ructural *anges accompany ! *emical reaction4 ,x is surpris+ t !re %\ld h be5 no inve/igation ( ^! *anges ( ext]nal =m & /ructure1 o!rwise ?an z mass effects4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 say :at may be ! molecul> int]pretation ( ^! effects4 ,x has n yet be5 det]m9$ :e!r !re are any intr9sic volume *anges 9 ! cellulose sub/ance itself3 & z reg>ds :at *anges are det]m9$ 9 ! react+ unit or molecule1 we c only note a fruitful subject = future inve/igation4 ,a priori our views ( ! probable *anges dep5d ^u ! assum$ con/itution ( ! unit gr\p4 ,if ( ! ord9>y c>bohydrate type1 =mulat$ ) an op5 *a91 !re is little to surmise beyond ! *ange ( position ( a ,,co- gr\p4 ,b alt]native =mulae h be5 propos$4 ,?us ! tetracetate is a d]ivative to be reckon$ ) 9 ! problem4 ,x is =m$ "u conditions :i* preclude con/itutional *anges )9 ! unit gr\ps4 ,! temp]ature ( ! ma9 reaction is #cj deg4-#dj deg41 ! reag5ts are us$ b little 9 excess ( ! quantitative proportions1 & ! yields are approximately quantitative4 ,if n[ ! d]ivative is =m$ entirely )\t ! hydrolysis ! empirical =mula ,c#f;,h#f,o47,o,ac7#d ju/ifies a clos$-r+ =mula = ! orig9al viz4 ,,co,,*oh#d;,,*#b2 & ! pref]5ce = ?is =mula dep5ds ^u ! explanation x af=ds ( ! aggregation ( ! gr\ps by way ( ,,co-,,*#b syn!sis4 ,! exact relation%ip ( ! tetracetate to ! orig9al cellulose is some:at difficult to det]m9e4 ,! />t+-po9t is a cellulose hydrate1 s9ce x is ! product obta9$ by decomposition ( ! sulphoc>bonate4 ,! degree ( hydrolysis att5d+ ! cycle ( reactions is indicat$ by ! =mula #d ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4;,h#b,o4 ,x has be5 already %[n t ?is degree ( hydrolysis does n produce molecul> disaggregation4 ,if ?is hydrate surviv$ ! acetylation x w\ld ( c\rse affect ! empirical composition1 i4e4 *iefly ! c>bon p]c5tage1 ( ! product4 ,x may be "h po9t$ out t ! extreme v>iation ( ! c>bon 9 ?is gr\p ( c>bohydrate e/]s is z betwe5 ,c#ad;,h#bj,o#aj 7,c #dh4c p4ct47 & ,c#ad;,h#ah,o#i 7,c #ej4h p4ct47 i4e4 a tetracetate ( ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f & ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e respectively4 ,9 ! fractional int]m$iate t]ms x is cle> t we come )9 ! range ( ord9>y exp]im5tal errors1 & to solve ?is critical po9t by way ( ultimate analysis mu/ involve an ext5d$ s]ies ( analyses ) precautions = specially m9imis+ & quantify+ ! error4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! acetyl by saponification is also subject to an error suffici5tly l>ge to preclude ! results be+ appli$ to solve ! po9t4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 we mu/ def] ! f9al /atem5t z to :e!r ! tetracetate is produc$ f or conta9s a p>tly hydrolys$ cellulose molecule1 x is cle> t at lea/ a l>ge proportion ( ! unit gr\ps mu/ be acetylat$ 9 ! proportion ,c#f;,h#f,o47,o,ac7#d4 ,x has be5 %[n t by ! me?od ( ,fran*imont a high] proportion ( acetyl gr\ps c be introduc$2 b ?is result involves a de/ructive hydrolysis ( ! cellulose3 ! acetates are n d]ivatives ( cellulose1 b ( products ( hydrolytic decomposition4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ) ! normal limit ( acetylation at ! tetracetate ! aggregation ( ! unit gr\ps mu/ dep5d ^u ! ,,co- gr\ps & a r+ =mula ( ! g5]al =m ,,co,,*oh#d;,,*#b is consi/5t ) ! facts4 ,vignon has propos$ = cellulose ! con/itutional =mula ,o------,,* ,o ,,*oh#c _/ ,,*#b-;,,*_/ ) ref]5ce to ! highe/ nitrate1 & ! decomposition ( ! nitrate by alkalis ) =mation ( hydroxypyruvic acid4 ,:ile ^! reactions af=d no v sure gr\nd = d$uctions z to con/itutional relation%ips1 x c]ta9ly appe>s t1 if ! aldose view ( ! unit gr\p is to be reta9$1 ?is =m ( ! anhydride conta9s sugge/ions ( ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! celluloses on treatm5t ) cond5s+ acids to split (f =mic acid 9 relatively l>ge quantity ,b]4 #ahie1 #aidj2 ! cond5sation ( ! oxycelluloses to furfural2 ! non-=mation ( ! normal hydroxy-dic>boxylic acids by nitric acid oxidations4 ,indirectly we may po9t out t any hypo!sis :i* reta9s ! polyaldose view ( cellulose1 & s fails to diff]5tiate its con/itution f t ( />*1 has little promise ( progress4 ,! above =mula1 moreov]1 conc]ns ! assum$ unit gr\p1 ) no sugge/ion z to ! mode ( aggregation 9 ! cellulose complex4 ,also !re is no sugge/ion z to h[ f> ! =mula is applicable to ! celluloses consid]$ z a gr\p4 ,9 ext5d+ ?is view to ! oxycelluloses1 ,vignon introduces ! d]iv$ oxidis$ gr\p ,,*o47,,*oh7#c4;,,* 4 ,,co ,o --( :i* "o is apportion$ to ?ree or f\r gr\ps ( ! cellulose previ\sly =mulat$3 ^! gr\ps 9 cond5s$ union toge!r con/itute an oxycellulose4 ,^! views are 9 agreem5t ) ! exp]im5tal results obta9$ by ,fab] & ,toll5s 7p4 #ga74 ,!y reg>d ! oxycelluloses z comp\nds ( 'cellox9' ,c#f;,h#h,o#f ) #a-d mols4 unalt]$ cellulose2 & ! =m] !y p>ticul>ly ref] to z a lactone ( glycuronic acid4 ,b on boil+ ) lime !y obta9 dioxybutyric & isosac*>9ic acids2 bo? ( :i* are n v obvi\sly relat$ to ! comp\nds =mulat$ by ,vignon4 ,we rev]t ) pref]5ce to a def9itely ketonic =mula1 = :i*1 moreov]1 "s f>!r gr\nds rema9 to be m5tion$4 ,9 ! sy/ematic inve/igation ( ! nitric e/]s ( ! c>bohydrates 7p4 #da7 ,w & ,l5ze h def9itely diff]5tiat$ ! ketoses f ! aldoses1 z %[+ an int]nal cond5sation accompany+ ! e/] reaction4 ,n only are ! ,,oh gr\ps tak+ "p 9 ! latt] consequ5tly less by two ?an 9 ! correspond+ aldoses1 b ! nitrates %[ a mu* increas$ /ability4 ,?is w\ld give a simple explanation ( ! well-kn[n facts obta9+ 9 ! correspond+ e/]s ( ! normal cellulose4 ,we may note "h t an important item 9 ! quantitative factors ( ! cellulose nitric e/] reaction has be5 ov]look$3 t is1 ! yield calculat$ to ! ,,no#c gr\ps fix$4 ,! !oretical yields = ! high] nitrates are ,yield p4ct4 ,n p4ct4 ( cellulose ( nitrate ,p5tanitrate #afi #ab4g ,hexanitrate #ahc #ad4a ,f su* /ati/ics z are record$ ! yields are n 9 accordance ) ! above4 ,!re is a s5sible defici5cy4 ,?us ,w & ,l5ze record a yield ( #agj p4ct4 = a product ) #ac4h p4ct4 ,n1 indicat+ a defici5cy ( ab\t #aj p4ct4 ,z ! by-products soluble 9 ! acid mixture are extremely small1 ! defici5cy repres5ts approximately ! wat] split (f by an int]nal reaction4 ,9 ?is important po9t ! celluloses behave z ketoses4 ,9 ! lignocelluloses ! cond5s$ con/itu5ts ( ! complex are ( well-m>k$ ketonic1 i4e4 qu9onic1 type4 ,9 'nitrat+' ! lignocelluloses ?is ph5om5on ( int]nal cond5sation is mu* m pron\nc$ 7see p4 #aca74 ,z ! reaction is ma9ly conf9$ to ! cellulose ( ! fibre1 we h ?is additional evid5ce t ! typical c>bonyl is ( ketonic function4 ,x is /ill an op5 "q :e!r ! cellulose con/itu5ts ( ! lignocelluloses are progressively cond5s$--) progress ( 'lignification'--to ! unsaturat$ or lignone gr\ps4 ,!re is mu* 9 fav\r ( ?is view1 ! evid5ce be+ dealt ) 9 ! fir/ edition1 p4 #ahj4 ,! transition f a cellulose-ketone to ! lignone-ketone involves a simple cond5sation )\t re>rangem5t2 f :i* we may argue back to ! great] probability ( ! ketonic /ructure ( ! cellulose4 ,we mu/ note1 h[ev]1 t ! celluloses ( ! lignocelluloses are obta9$ z residues ( v>i\s reactions1 & are n homog5e\s4 ,!y yield on boil+ ) cond5s+ acids f #f to #i p4ct4 furfural4 ,x is usual to reg>d furfural z inv>iably produc$ f a p5tose residue4 ,b ?is int]pretation ignores a numb] ( o!r probable s\rces ( ! aldehyde4 ,x mu/ be p>ticul>ly rememb]$ t laevulose is readily cond5s$ 7a7 to a me?ylhydroxyfurfural ,c#f;,h#a,o#f - #c;,h#b,o ,c#f;,h#f,o#c ,c#e7,,oh74,h#b47;,,*#c7,o#b & 7b7 by ,h,br1 ) fur!r loss ( ,,oh1 z "u3 ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f - #d;,h#b,o ,h,br ,c#e;,h#c7;,,*#b;,br7,o & g5]ally ! ketoses are di/+ui%$ f ! aldoses by _! susceptibility to cond5sation4 ,su* cond5sation ( laevulose has be5 effect$ by two me?ods3 7a7 by heat+ ! conc5trat$ aque\s solution ) a small proportion ( oxalic acid at #c atm4 pressure ,ki]may]1 ,*em4 ,ztg4 #ai1 #ajj2 7b7 by ! action ( hydrobromic acid 7gas7 9 pres5ce ( anhydr\s e!r2 ! actual comp\nd obta9$ be+ ! omega-bromme?yl d]ivative ,f5ton1 ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc4 #ahii1 #dbc4 ,?is latt] me?od is be+ ext5d$ to ! inve/igation ( typical celluloses1 & ! results appe> to confirm ! view t cellulose may be ( ketonic con/itution4 ,! evid5ce :i* is obta9able f ! syn!tical side ( ! "q re/s ( c\rse ma9ly ^u ! physiological basis4 ,!re are two po9ts :i* may be not$4 ,s9ce ! rese>*es ( ,br[n & ,morris 7,j4 ,*em4 ,soc4 #ahic1 #fjd7 h alt]$ our views ( ! relation%ips ( />* & cane sug> to ! assimilation process1 & h plac$ ! latt] 9 ! position ( a prim>y product ) />* z a species ( ov]fl[ & res]ve product1 x appe>s t laevulose mu/ play an important "p 9 ! elaboration ( cellulose4 ,moreov]1 ,a4 ,j4 ,br[n1 9 /udy+ ! cellulosic cell-collect+ envelope produc$ by ! ,bact]ium xyl9um1 f\nd t ! proportion ( ?is product to ! c>bohydrate disappe>+ "u ! action ( ! f]m5t 0 highe/ 9 ! case ( laevulose4 ,^! facts be+ also tak5 into consid]ation !re is a concurr5ce ( sugge/ion t ! typical ,,co gr\p 9 ! celluloses is ( ketonic "*4 ,t ! typical cotton cellulose breaks d[n f9ally "u ! action ( sulphuric acid to dextrose _c be held to prove ! aldehydic position ( ! c>bonyls 9 ! unit gr\ps ( ! actual cellulose molecule or aggregate4 ,we aga9 are confront$ ) ! problem ( ! aggregate & z to h[ f> x may affect ! con/itution ( ! unit gr\ps4 ,t x modifies ! functions or reactivity ( ! ultimate con/itu5t gr\ps we h se5 f ! /udy ( ! e/]s4 ,?us ) ! direct e/] reactions ! normal fibr\s cellulose 7,c#f;,h#af,o#e7 yields a monoacetate1 dib5zoate1 & a tr9itrate respectively "u conditions :i* det]m9e1 ) ! simple hexoses & anhydrides1 ! maximum e/]ification1 i4e4 all ! ,,oh gr\ps react+4 ,if ! ,,oh gr\ps are ( v>iable function1 we %\ld expect ! ,,co gr\ps a =tiori to be susceptible ( *ange ( function1 i4e4 ( position )9 ! unit gr\ps4 ,b z to h[ f> ?is is a problem ( ! con/itution or phases ( con/itution ( ! unit gr\ps or ( ! aggregate "u reaction we h z yet no gr\nds to det]m9e4 ,! subjo9$ communication1 appe>+ aft] ! completion ( ! ,,ms4 ( ! book1 & belong+ to a date subsequ5t to ! p]iod int5d$ to be cov]$1 is nev]!less includ$ by reason ( its exceptional importance & special be>+ on ! con/itutional problem above discuss$4 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,hydrog5 ,,brom9e ,,on ,,c>bohydrates4#d ,h4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,f5ton & ,,mildr$ ,,go/l+ 7,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aija1 #cfa74 ,! au?ors h %[n 9 a previ\s communication 7,trans41 #ahih1 #gc1 #eed7 t c]ta9 classes ( c>bohydrates :5 act$ ^u at ! ord9>y temp]ature ) dry hydrog5 bromide 9 e!real solution give an int5se & beautiful purple col\r4#e ,x 0 fur!r %[n 7,trans41 #ahii1 #ge1 #dbc7 t ?is purple sub/ance1 :5 neutralis$ ) sodium c>bonate & extract$ ) e!r1 yields gold5-yell[ prisms ( omega-bromme?ylfurfural1 ,,*3,c4,,*#b;,br ,o ,,*3,c4,,*o4 ,?is reaction is produc$ by laevulose1 sorbose1 cane sug>1 & inul91 an int5se col\r be+ giv5 )9 an h\r or two4 ,dextrose1 maltose1 milk sug>1 galactose1 & ! polyhydric alcohols give1 if any?+1 only insignificant col\rs1 & ^! only aft] long /&+4 ,! au?ors !re=e sugge/$ t ! reaction might be employ$ z a means ( di/+ui%+ ^! classes ( c>bohydrates1 ! rapid production ( ! purple col\r be+ indicative ( ketohexoses1 or ( sub/ances :i* produce ^! by hydrolysis4 ,by rely+ only on ! production ( ! purple col\r1 h[ev]1 a mi/ake might possibly arise1 ow+ to ! fact t xylose gives a some:at simil> col\r aft] /&+ = a few h\rs4 ,h5ce1 ! obs]vations %\ld be confirm$ by isolation ( ! cry/als ( bromme?ylfurfural4 ,no trace ( ?is sub/ance is obta9$ f ! xylose product4 ,9 ord] to id5tify ! sub/ance1 ! e!r extract1 aft] neutralisation1 is all[$ to evaporate to a syrup1 & cry/allisation promot$ ei!r by rubb+ ) a glass rod1 or by ! m c]ta9 & highly *>act]i/ic me?od ( 's[+' ) ! mo/ m9ute trace ( omega-bromme?ylfurfural1 :5 cry/als are almo/ in/antly =m$4 ,^! are recry/allis$ f e!r1 or a mixture ( e!r & light petroleum1 & fur!r id5tifi$ by ! melt+-po9t 7#ei4e-fj4e deg471 &1 if consid]$ desirable1 by e/imation ( ! brom9e4 ,x is n[ f\nd1 s reactive is ! brom9e atom 9 ?is comp\nd1 t ! e/imation may be accurately made by titration ) silv] nitrate accord+ to ,volh>d's process1 ! cry/als = ?is purpose be+ dissolv$ 9 dilute alcohol3 #j4aigj gram requir$ #aj4e c4c4 ,n_/#aj ,ag,n,o#c4 ,br #db4fc p4ct41 calculat$ #db4cb p4ct4 ,?is me?od ( apply+ hydrog5 bromide 9 e!real solution is1 ( c\rse1 unsuitable = inve/igations :]e a high] temp]ature has to be employ$1 or :]e long /&+ is necess>y1 s9ce1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! e!r itself is attack$4 ,wi%+ to make inve/igations "u ^! conditions1 ! au?ors h tri$ sev]al solv5ts1 &1 at pres5t1 f9d t *lor(orm is be/ suit$ to ! purpose4 ,9 ea* ( ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 #aj grms4 ( ! sub/ance 7 cov]$ ) #bej c4c4 ( *lor(orm :i* _h be5 saturat$ at #j deg4 ) dry hydrog5 bromide4 ,! mixture 0 conta9$ 9 an accurately /opp]$ bottle1 firmly secur$ ) an iron clamp1 & heat$ 9 a wat]-ba? to ab\t ! boil+ temp]ature = two h\rs4 ,aft] /&+ = sev]al h\rs1 ! mixture 0 treat$ ) sodium c>bonate 7fir/ anhydr\s solid1 & aft]w>ds a few drops ( /rong solution71 filt]$1 & ! solution dri$ ov] calcium *loride4 ,mo/ ( ! *lor(orm 0 !n di/ill$ (f1 & ! rema9+ solution all[$ to evaporate to a ?ick syrup 9 a weigh$ di%4 ,! product 0 !n te/$ = omega-bromme?ylfurfural by 's[+' ) ! mo/ m9ute trace ( ! sub/ance1 z describ$ above4 ,x 0 !n w>m$ on a wat]-ov51 kept 9 a vacuum desiccator ov] solid p>aff91 & ! weight e/imat$4 ,:5 necess>y1 ! product 0 recry/allis$ f e!r1 & fur!r id5tifi$ by ! te/s m5tion$4 ,! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3 ,weight ( crude residue4 ,sw$i% filt] pap] #c4j cry/allis$ at once by 's[+4' ,ord9>y cotton #c4c ,m]c]is$ cotton #b4a ,/raw cellulose#f #b4c ,laevulose #b4b ,inul9 #a4c ,potato />* #j4cg ,cane sug> #j4he ,dextrose #j4cc uncry/allisable4 ,milk sug> #j4cg ,glycog5 #j4cd ,galactose #j4cd ,! products f dextrose1 milk sug>1 & galactose absolutely refus$ to cry/allise ev5 :5 extract$ ) e!r & aga9 evaporat$1 or by 's[+1' /irr+1 c4 ,! glycog5 product deposit$ a v small am\nt ( cry/all9e matt] on /&+1 b ! quantity 0 too m9ute = exam9ation2 moreov]1 x refus$ altoge!r to cry/allise 9 contact ) ! aldehyde4 ,x may fairly be /at$1 !re=e1 t ^! la/ f\r sub/ances give absolutely negative results z reg>ds ! =mation ( omega-bromme?ylfurfural2 if any is =m$1 its quantity is altoge!r too small to be detect$4 ,! specim5 ( />* exam9$ 0 fre%ly prep>$ f potato1 & purifi$ by dige/ion = tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea* ) ,n_/#aj ,,koh1 ,n_/#d ,h,cl1 & /rong alcohol2 x 0 !n wa%$ ) wat] & all[$ to dry 9 ! air4 ,x w be se5 t ?is sub/ance gave a positive result1 b t ! yield 0 extremely small1 & might yet be due to impurity4 ,consid]+ ! importance ( ! behavi\r ( />*1 = ! purpose ( draw+ g5]al conclusions f ^! obs]vations1 x 0 ?\ght advisable to make fur!r exp]im5ts ) specim5s :i* c\ld be reli$ ^u1 & also to inve/igate ! behavi\r ( dextr94 ,?is ! au?ors h be5 enabl$ to d ^u a s]ies ( specim5s specially prep>$ by ,c4 ,o',sullivan1 & ?us describ$ by him3 #a4 ,rice />*1 specially purifi$ by ! p]manganate me?od4 #b4 ,:eat />* #c4 ,oat />*1 conta9s traces ( oil1 wa%$ ) dilute ,,koh & dilute ,h,cl4 #d4 ,pea />*1 fir/ crop1 wa%$ ) alkali1 acid 7,h,cl71 & /rong alcohol4 #e4 ,natural dextr91 ,d #c4hg1 alpha,d #aid4g2 ,k #j4ie1 7c #b4fbh74 #f4 alpha-,dextr91 ,c equation purifi$ )\t f]m5tation1 #cj precipitations ) alcohol 7,trans41 #ahgi1 #ce1 #ggb74 ,! exam9ation ( ^! specim5s 0 conduct$ on a small] scale1 b "u ! same conditions z be=e1 "o gram ( ! sub/ance be+ treat$ ) #ab4e c4c4 ( ! saturat$ *lor(orm solution & heat$ 9 seal$ tubes = two h\rs z above4 ,! results 7 z foll[s3 ,weight ( crude residue4 #a4 ,rice />* #j4jdf cry/allis$ at once by 's[+4' #b4 ,:eat />* #j4jdd #c4 ,oat />* #j4jdi #d4 ,pea />* #j4jfd #e4 ,natural dextr9 #j4jhh #f4 alpha-,dextr9 #j4jee ,! results may !re=e be summ>is$ z foll[s3--,treat$ "u ^! p>ticul> conditions all =ms ( cellulose give l>ge yields ( omega-bromme?ylfurfural1 "s v>ieties giv+ z mu* z #cc p] c5t4 ,laevulose1 inul91 & cane sug> give yields v>y+ f #bb to #h4e p] c5t42 v>i\s />*es give small yields 7av]age ab\t #d4e p] c5t472 & dextr9s #e to #h p] c5t41 :]eas dextrose1 milk sug>1 & galactose give1 app>5tly1 none at all4 ,! yields repres5t ! solid cry/all9e residue2 ?is :5 purifi$ by recry/allisation gives1 probably1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( its weight ( pure cry/als4 7,9 ! case ( dextrose1 c41 ! yields repres5t ! weight ( syrup47 ,^! numb]s1 h[ev]1 by no means repres5t ! maximum yields obta9able1 ow+ to ! comp>atively slight solubility ( hydrog5 bromide 9 *lor(orm4 ,! process 0 conduct$ 9 ! above mann] only = ! sake ( uni=m comp>ison4 ,! e!r me?od previ\sly describ$ gives mu* l>g] yields2 = example1 #ab grms4 ( inul9 treat$ ) only #fj c4c4 ( ! saturat$ e!r gave #b4e grms4 ( sub/ance4 ,= ! purpose ( obta9+ l>g] yields1 o!r me?ods are be+ inve/igat$4 ,! facts record$ above1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ^? giv5 9 our previ\s communications1 appe> to po9t def9itely to ! foll[+ g5]al conclusions4 ,fir/1 t ! v>i\s =ms ( cellulose conta9 "o or m gr\ps or nuclei id5tical ) t conta9$ 9 laevulose1 & t su* gr\ps con/itute ! ma9 or ess5tial "p ( ! molecule4 ,secondly1 t simil> gr\p+s are conta9$ 9 />*es & dextr9s1 b t ! proportion ( su* gr\p+s repres5ts a relatively small "p ( ! :ole /ructure4 ,! nature ( ?is gr\p+ is1 accord+ to ! g5]ally accept$ con/itution ( laevulose1 ! six-c>bon *a9 ) a ketonic gr\p3 ,c4,c4,c4,c4,c4,c 4 ,o ,b ! results might1 on ! o!r h&1 be consid]$ indicative ( ! anhydride or 'lacton' gr\p+1 :i* ,toll5s sugge/$ = laevulose3 ,c4,c4,c4,c4,c4,c _/ _/ 4 ,o ,! latt] v simply repres5ts ! =mation ( omega-bromme?ylfurfural f laevulose1#g ------,o----- ,h ,h ,,oh4,c-----,c---,c---,c--,c-----,,*#b4, ,oh ,h#b ,,oh ,,oh ,,oh ,h giv+ ,h ,h ,,hc4,c3,c4,c3,c4,,*#b;,br _/ 1 ,o _/ ,o al?\gh by a little fur!r 'manipulation' ( ! symbols ! *ange c\ld1 ( c\rse1 be repres5t$ by ref]5ce to ! ketonic =mula4 ,! ,ketonic ,con/itution ( ,cellulose4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,cross & ,e4 ,j4 ,,bevan 7,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aija1 #cff74 ,9 ?is pap] ! au?ors discuss m fully ! !oretical be>+s ( ! obs]vations ( ,f5ton & ,go/l+1 ! two pap]s be+ simultane\sly communicat$4 ,! pap] is ma9ly devot$ to a review ( ! antec$5t evid5ce1 *emical & physiological1 & to a g5]al summ+ up 9 fav\r ( ! view t cellulose is a polyketose 7anhydride74 99 99 99 99 99 7p4 #gi7 ,composition ( ! ,se$ ,hair ( ,eriod5dron 7,anf47--,"s int]e/ atta*es to ! results ( an analytical inve/igation :i* we h made ( ?is silky floss4 ,!re is little d\bt t cotton is entirely exceptional 9 its *>act]i/ics3 bo? 9 /ructure & *emical composition x fails to %[ any adaptation to :at we may reg>d z ! m obvi\s functions ( a se$ hair--:i* c]ta9ly d n dem& ei!r /ructural /r5g? or *emical resi/ance4 ,! foll[+ numb]s det]m9$ = ! kapok diff]5tiate x widely f ! cottons3 ,a%1 #a4c2 moi/ure1 #i4c2 alkal9e hydrolysis 7loss7 7a7 #af4g1 7b7 #ba4h4 ,cellulose1 by *lor9ation1 c41 #ga4a4 ,9 react+ ) *loride x %[s ! pres5ce ( unsaturat$ gr\ps1 simil> to ! lignone ( ! woods4 ,?is 0 confirm$ by a well-m>k$ reaction ) f]ric f]ricyanide ) increase ( weight due to ! fixation ( ! blue cyanide4 ,b ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature is ! high yield ( furfural on boil+ ) cond5s+ acids4 ,! foll[+ numb]s 7 det]m9$3 ,total furfural f orig9al fibre #ad4hd ,9 residue f alkali hydrolysis #aa4e ,9 cellulose isolat$ by ,cl me?od #aj4d ,treat$ ) sulphuric acids ( conc5tration1 7a7 #ib4a grs4 ,h#b,,s#d p] #ajj c4c41 7b7 #aje4h grs4 p] #ajj c4c41 ! fibres dissolve1 & dilut$ imm$iately aft] complete solution x 0 resolv$ into 7a7 7b7 ,reprecipitat$ fraction #fh4g #dc4g ,soluble fraction yield+ furfural #ac4b #ad4c ,by ^! obs]vations x is e/abli%$ t ! furfuroids are ( ! cellulose type & behave v mu* z ! furfuroids ( ! c]eal celluloses4 ,?is gr\p ( se$ hairs invites exhau/ive inve/igation4 ,! furfuroid con/itu5ts are easily isolat$1 & z !y con/itute at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! fibre sub/ance x is especially f ?is po9t ( view t !y invite /udy4 ,,re*]*es ,,sur ,l',,oxycellulose4 ,l4 ,,vignon4 ,resume ( inve/igations 7#ahih-aijj7 ( ,oxycellulose1 publi%$ z a bro*ure 7,rey1 ,lyon1 #aijj74 7a7 ,a typical oxycellulose prep>$ f cotton cellulose by ! action ( ,h,cl,o#c 7,h,cl ,k,cl,o#c7 9 dilute solution at #ajj deg4 = "o h\r gave ! foll[+ numb]s3 ,c ,h ,o ,elem5t>y composition #dc4ee #f4jc #ej4db ,oxycellulose ,orig9al cellulose ,analysis by ,lange's me?od ,soluble 9 ,,koh 7at #ahj deg47 #hg4f #ab4j ,insoluble 9 ,,koh 7at #ahj deg47 #ab4d #hh4j ,oxycellulose ,orig9al cellulose ,heat ( combu/ion #dabd-dacc #daij-dbbd ,heat evolv$ 9 contact ) #ej times wt4 normal ,,koh p] #ajj grms4 #a4c cal4 #j4gd cal4 ,oxycellulose ,cellulose ,absorption ( col\r+ ,saffran9e #j4g #j4j matt]s at #ajj deg4 p] #ajj grms4 ,me?yl5e blue #j4f #j4b 7b7 ,yield ( furfural f cellulose1 oxy- & hydro-cellulose4--,f ! hydrocelluloses v>i\sly prep>$ ! au?or obta9s #j4h p4ct4 furfural2 f blea*$ cotton #a4h p4ct42 & f ! oxycelluloses v>i\sly prep>$ #b4j-c4e p4ct4 ,! 'furfuroid' is relatively m soluble 9 alkal9e solutions 7,,koh7 9 ! cold4 ,! insoluble residue is a normal cellulose4 7c7 ,nitrates ( cellulose1 oxy- & hydro-cellulose4--,treat$ ) ! usual acid mixture 7,h#b,,s#d #c p41 ,,hno#c #a p47 "u conditions = maximum action1 ! result+ e/]s %[$ uni=mly a fixation ( #aa4j ,,no#b gr\ps p] unit mol4 ( ,c#bd4 ,! oxycellulose nitrate 0 treat$ directly ) dilute solution ( potassium hydrate 9 ! cold4 ,f ! products ( decomposition ! au?or obta9$ ! osazone ( hydroxypyruvic acid ,w1 ,b]4 #bd1 #djj4 7d7 ,osazones ( ! oxycelluloses4--,oxycelluloses prep>$ by v>i\s me?ods are f\nd to fix v>y+ proportions ( ph5ylhydraz9e 7residue71 viz4 f #c4d-h4e p4ct4 ( ! cellulose d]ivative react+1 correspond+ )1 i4e4 calculat$ f1 ! nitrog5 det]m9$ 9 ! products 7#j4hg-b4b p4ct474 ,! reaction is assum$ to be t ( osazone =mation4 ,! au?or has also e/abli%$ a relation betwe5 ! ph5ylhydraz9e fix$ & ! furfural :i* ! sub/ance yields on boil+ ) cond5s+ acids4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! subjo9$ s]ies ( numb]s3 ,ph5ylhydraz9e ,furfural ,fix$ p4ct4 =m$ p4ct4 ,cotton 7blea*$7 #a4gc #a4fj ,oxycellulose 7,h,cl,o#c7 #g4id #b4ji 7,h,cl,o7 #c4cg #a4gi 7,cr,o#c7 7#a7 #g4jc #c4jj 7,cr,o#c7 7#b7 #g4ga #c4ji 7,cr,o#c7 7#c7 #h4dh #c4ej 7e7 ,con/itution ( cellulose & oxycellulose4--,! results ( ^! inve/igations are g5]alis$ z reg>ds cellulose 7,c#f7 by ! con/itutional =mula ,,*--,,*#b _/ 7,,*oh7#c ,o ,,*--,o 4 ,! oxycelluloses conta9 ! *>act]i/ic gr\p ,,coh _/ 7,,*oh7#c ,,*--,,co _/ ,o 9 union ) v>y+ proportions ( residual cellulose4 ,,quantitative ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,cellulose-,,l ,,c>bohydrates ,,9 ,,vegetable ,,sub/ances4 ,,wilhelm ,,h(fmei/] 7,l&w4 ,v]su*s-,/at41 #ahig1 #dh1 #dja-daa74 ,to sep>ate ! hemicelluloses1 celluloses1 & ! con/itu5ts ( lign9 )\t ess5tial *ange1 ! sub/ance1 aft] be+ fre$ f fat1 is extract$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid & ammonia1 & ! residue frequ5tly agitat$ = a day or two ) #e-f p4ct4 cau/ic soda solution4 ,x is !n dilut$1 ! extract p\r$ (f1 neutralis$ ) hydro*loric acid1 treat$ ) suffici5t alcohol1 & ! hemicellulose filt]$1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,! residue f ! soda extract is wa%$ on a filt] ) hot wat]1 & extract$ ) ,s*weiz]'s reag5t4 ,:5 ! f9al residue 7lign97 is subject$ to prolong$ extraction ) boil+ dilute ammonia 7a suitable app>atus is describ$1 ) sket*7 until ! ammonia is no long] col\r$1 a residue is obta9$ :i* mo/ly dissolves 9 ,s*weiz]'s reag5t1 & on repeat+ ! process ! residue is f\nd to consi/ l>gely ( m9]al matt]4 ,! dissolv$ cellulose-l sub/ances (t5 conta9 consid]able am\nts ( p5tosanes4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( ! sub/ance1 ! extraction ) ammonia may take weeks1 or mon?s1 or ev5 long]2 ! ammonia extracts ( h>d woods 7z lignum vitae7 & ( cork are d>k br[n1 & give an od\r ( vanilla :5 evaporat$ d[n4 ,! residues1 :i* are insoluble 9 wat]1 b r$issolve 9 ammonia1 h ! prop]ties ( humic acids4 ,o!r vegetable sub/ances1 :5 extract$1 yield$1 besides humic acids1 a comp\nd1 ,c#f;,h#g,o#b1 soluble 9 alcohol & *lor(orm1 b insoluble 9 wat]1 e!r1 & b5z5e2 prep>ations f diff]5t s\rces melt$ betwe5 #bjj deg4 & #baj deg44 ,,footnotes3 #d ,! orig9al pap] is reproduc$ ) slight alt]ations4 #e ,?is purple col\r w\ld appe> to be due to a highly dissociable comp\nd ( omega-bromme?ylfurfural ) hydrog5 bromide4 ,! aldehyde gives yell[ or col\rless solutions 9 v>i\s solv5ts1 :i* are turn$ purple by a suffici5t excess ( hydrog5 bromide4 ,dilution1 or addition ( wat]1 at once dis*>ges ! col\r4 #f ,o!r =ms ( cellulose 7 also exam9$--= example1 p9ewood cellulose--& ! sub/ances sep>at$ f solution z ?ioc>bonate 7p[d] & film74 ,all ( ^! gave good yields ( omega-bromme?ylfurfural4 #g ,! *ange is empirically repres5t$ z ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f ,h,br - #d;,h#b,o ,c#f;,h#e,o#b;,br4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,cellulose ,,gr\p1 ,,includ+ ,,hemicelluloses ,,& ,,tissue ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,fungi ,,v]su*e ,,zur ,,be/immung ,,des ,,gehalts ,,e9ig] ,,pflanz5 ,,und ,,pflanz5teile ,,an ,,zellw&be/&teil5 ,,an ,,hemicellulos5 ,,und ,,an ,,cellulose4 ,a4 ,,kleib] 7,l&w4 ,v]s4-,/at41 #aijj1 #ed1 #afa74 ,,on ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,cell-,,wall ,,con/itu5ts1 ,,hemicelluloses ,,& ,,cellulose ,,9 ,,plants ,,& ,,plant ,,tissues4 ,9 a prelim9>y discussion ! au?or critically comp>es ! results ( v>i\s ( ! me?ods 9 practice = ! isolation & e/imation ( cellulose4 ,! me?od ( ,f4 ,s*ulze dige/ion ) dil4 ,,hno#c ) ,k,cl,o#c--ad days1 & aft]w>ds treat+ ! product ) ammonia1 c4 is /at$ to be ! 'be/ kn[n' 7presumably ! mo/ widely practis$72 ,w4 ,h(fmei/]'s modification ( ! above1 9 :i* ! nitric acid is replac$ by hydro*loric acid 7#aj p4ct4 ,h,cl7 is next not$ z r$uc+ ! "t ( dige/ion f #ad days to #a-b days1 & giv+ 9 _m cases high] yields ( cellulose4 ,! me?ods ( treat+ ) ! halog5s1 viz4 brom9e wat] 7,h4 ,muell]71 *lor9e gas 7,cross & ,bevan71 & *lor9e wat]1 are dismiss$ ) a b>e m5tion1 app>5tly on ! basis ( ! conclusions ( ,sur+> & ,toll5s 7q4v474 ,! me?od ( ,lange1 ! basis ( :i* is a 'fusion' ) alkal9e hydrates at #ahj deg41 & ! modifi$ me?od ( ,gabriel1 9 :i* ! 'fusion' ) alkali takes place 9 pres5ce ( glyc]91 are fav\rably m5tion$4 ,^! me?ods 7 appli$ to a range ( widely diff]5t raw mat]ials to det]m9e1 by critical exam9ation ( ! products1 bo? z reg>ds yield & composition1 :at title ^! latt] h to be reg>d$ z 'pure cellulose4' ,?is portion ( ! inve/igation is an ext5sion ( t ( ,sur+> & ,toll5s1 ^! latt] conf9+ !mselves to celluloses ( ! 'normal' gr\ps1 i4e4 textile & pap]-mak+ celluloses4 ,! pres5t communication is a /udy ( ! tissue & cell-wall con/itu5ts ( ! foll[+ types3-- #a4 ,gre5 plants ( false oat grass 7,arrh5a!rium1 ,e474 #b4 ,gre5 plants ( luc]ne 7,m$icago sativa74 #c4 ,leaves ( ! a% 7,frax9us74 #d4 ,leaves ( ! walnut 7,juglans74 #e4 ,roots ( ! purple melic grass 7,mol9ia ca]ulea74 #f4 ,roots ( d&elion 7,t>axacum (fic9ale74 #g4 ,roots ( comfrey4 #h4 ,c(fee b]ries4 #i4 ,:eat bran4 ,^! raw mat]ials 7 treat$ = ! quantitative e/imation ( cellulose by ! me?od ( ,lange 7b71 ,h(fmei/] 7c71 & ,s*ulze 7d71 & ! numb]s obta9$ are ref]r$ = comp>ison to ! correspond+ yields ( 'crude fibre' 7,rohfas]7 by ! /&>d me?od 7a74 ,z a fir/ result ! au?or dismisses ,lange's me?od z hopeless3 ! results 9 successive det]m9ations on ! same mat]ials %[+ v>iations up to #fj p4ct4 ,! results by c & d are satisfactorily concordant3 ! yields ( cellulose are high] ?an ( 'crude fibre4' ,?is is obvi\sly due to ! cons]vation ( 'hemicellulose' products1 :i* are hydrolys$ & dissolv$ 9 ! treatm5ts = 'crude fibre' e/imation4 ,a modifi$ me?od 0 next inve/igat$1 9 :i* ! process ( dige/ion ) acid *loroxy- comp\nds 7c & d7 0 prec$$ by a treatm5t ) boil+ dilute acid4 ,! yields ( cellulose by ?is me?od 7e7 are m uni=m1 & %[ less div]g5ce f ! numb]s = 'crude fibre4' ,! au?or's num]ical results are giv5 9 a s]ies ( tables :i* include det]m9ations ( proteids & a% con/itu5ts1 & ! correspond+ d$uctions f ! crude weight 9 calculat+ to 'pure cellulose4' ,! subjo9$ extract w illu/rate ^! ma9 l9es ( inve/igation4 ,crude ,fibre ,pure ,cellulose ,raw ,mat]ial ,we5de ,h(fmei/] ,h(fmei/]1 ,me?od4 ,me?od4 modifi$ by 7a7 7c7 ,au?or4 7e7 ,oat grass #cj4ce #cd4i #ca4e ,luc]ne #be4be #bh4g #bj4e ,leaves ( a% #ac4je #ae4d #ac4h ,roots ( melic #ba4fj #bi4a #ba4d ,c(fee beans #ah4cj #ce4a #bc4c ,bran #h4b #ai4c #i4c ,! f9al conclusion drawn f ^! results is t ! me?od ( ,h(fmei/] yields a product conta9+ v>iable proportions ( hemicelluloses4 ,^! are elim9at$ by boil+ ) a dilute acid 7#a4be p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d71 :i* treatm5t may be c>ri$ out on ! raw mat]ial--i4e4 be=e exposure to ! acid *lorate1 or on ! crude cellulose z ord9>ily isolat$4 ,det]m9ation ( ,tissue-con/itu5ts4--,by ! regulat$ action ( c]ta9 solv5ts appli$ 9 succession1 x appe>s t su* con/itu5ts ( ! plant-complex c be remov$ z h no organic connection ) ! cellul> skeleton3 ! residue f su* treatm5ts1 conv]sely1 fairly repres5ts ! true tissue-con/itu5ts4 ,! au?or employs ! me?od ( dige/ion ) cold dilute alkal9e solutions 7#j4ae to #j4e p4ct4 ,na,o,h71 foll[$ by exhau/ive wa%+ ) cold & hot wat]1 aft]w>ds ) cold & hot alcohol1 & f9ally ) e!r4 ,! residue is dri$ & weigh$ z crude product4 ,:5 necess>y1 ! proportions ( a% & proteid con/itu5ts are det]m9$ & d$uct$ f ! 'crude product' :i*1 ?us correct$1 may be tak5 z repres5t+ ! 'c>bohydrate' tissue con/itu5ts4 ,det]m9ation ( ,hemicelluloses4--,by ! process ( boil+ ) dilute acids 7#a4be p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d7 ! hemicelluloses are attack$--i4e4 hydrolys$ & dissolv$4 ,! action ( ! acid ?\gh selective is1 ( c\rse1 n exclusively conf9$ to ^! colloidal c>bohydrates4 ,! proteid & m9]al con/itu5ts are attack$ m or less1 & ! celluloses !mselves are n entirely resi/ant to ! action4 ,! loss due to ! latt] may be neglect$1 b 9 calculat+ ! hemicellulose con/ants f ! gross loss ! proteids & m9]al con/itu5ts require to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! usual way4 ,,quantitative ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,hemicellulose1 ,,cellulose1 ,,& ,,lign94 ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,p5tosanes ,,9 ,,^! ,,sub/ances4 ,,wilhelm ,,h(fmei/] 7,l&w4 ,v]su*s-,/at1 #ahih1 #ej1 #cdg-cfb74 7p4 #hh7 ,! sep>ation ( ! cellulose-l c>bohydrates ( sunfl[] husks is describ$4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! effect ( dilute ammonia on ! cellulose sub/ances ( lign91 a dri$ #e p4ct4 cau/ic soda extract 0 extract$ successively ) #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d p4ct4 sodium hydroxide solution4 ,five grams ( ! #b p4ct4 extract 7 !n subject$ to ! action ( ammonia vap\r2 ! cellulose did n completely dissolve 9 six weeks4 ,cellulose insoluble 9 cau/ic soda 7#cb grms47 0 next extract$ ) ammonia1 9 a simil> mann]1 = #aj days1 dri$1 & weigh$4 #cj4df grms4 rema9$1 :i*1 :5 treat$ ) #e p4ct4 aque\s cau/ic soda1 yield$ #j4if grm4 7#c p] c5t47 ( hemicellulose4 ,:5 cellulose is dissolv$ 9 ,s*weiz]'s solution1 ! residue is1 by repeat$ extraction ) aque\s sodium hydroxide1 completely conv]t$ into ! soluble =m4 ,on evaporat+ ! ammonia f ! ,s*weiz]'s extract1 at ! ord9>y temp]ature & on a wat]-ba? respectively1 diff]5t am\nts ( cellulose are obta9$2 m hemicellulose is obta9$1 by cau/ic soda1 f ! heat$ solution ?an f t :i* 0 n heat$4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! p5tosanes are m influ5c$ ?an ! hexosanes2 p5tosanes are n always readily dissolv$ by cau/ic soda1 & hexosanes are frequ5tly m or less readily dissolv$4 ,bo? occur 9 lign91 & are !n und\bt$ly indige/ible4 ,^! po9ts h to be consid]$ 9 judg+ ! dige/ibility ( ^! c>bohydrates4 ,a comp>ison ( analyses ( clov]1 at diff]5t p]iods1 9 ! fir/ & second ye>s ( gr[?1 %[s t bo? cellulose 7,s*weiz]'s extract7 & lign9 increase 9 bo? con/itu5ts4 ,9 ! second ye> ! lign9 alone increas$ to ! end2 ! cellulose decreas$ at ! end ( ,june4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> x seem$ an absolutely z well z relatively great] am\nt ( cellulose1 & lign9 0 produc$ 9 ! second ye>2 ?is1 h[ev]1 requires confirmation4 ,! am\nt ( p5tosanes 9 ! ,s*weiz] extract 0 relatively great] 9 ! second ?an 9 ! fir/ ye>1 b decreas$ 9 ! lign9 m 9 ! second ye> ?an 9 ! fir/3 ?is result is also giv5 ) res]ve4 ,,die ,,con/itution ,,d] ,,cellulos5 ,,d] ,,c]eali54 ,c4 ,f4 ,,cross1 ,e4 ,j4 ,,bevan1 & ,c4 ,,smi? 7,b]l4 ,b]41 #ahif1 #adeg74 ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,c]eal ,,celluloses4 7p4 #hd7 ,/raw cellulose is resolv$ by two me?ods ( acid hydrolysis into a soluble furfural-yield+ fraction1 & an insoluble fraction closely resembl+ ! normal cellulose4 7a7 ,! cellulose is dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acids ( conc5tration1 ,h#b,,s#d4b;,h#b,o1 ,h#b,,s#d4c;,h#b,o4 ,z soon z solution is complete1 ! acid is dilut$4 ,a precipitate ( cellulose hydrate 7#fj-gj p4ct47 is obta9$1 & ! filt]$ solution conta9s #ij-ie p4ct4 ( ! furfuroids ( ! orig9al cellulose4 ,! process is difficult to control1 h[ev]1 9 mass1 & to obta9 ! latt] 9 l>g] quantity ! cellulose 7b7 is dige/$ ) six times its weight ( #a p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d at #c atm4 pressure1 ! products ( ! action be+ 7#a7 a dis9tegrat$ cellulose reta9+ only a small fraction 7#a_/ab7 ( ! furfural-yield+ gr\ps1 & 7#b7 a slightly col\r$ solution ( ! hydrolis$ furfuroids4 ,an inve/igation ( ! latt] gave ! foll[+ results3 ,by oxidation ) nitric acid no sac*>ic acid 0 obta9$2 %[+ ! abs5ce ( dextrose4 ,! numb]s = cupric r$uction 7 9 excess ( ^? obta9$ ) ! hexoses4 ,! yield ( ozazone 0 high1 viz4 #cj to #dj p4ct4 ( ! weight ( ! c>bohydrate 9 solution4 ,on fractionat+1 ! melt+-po9ts ( ! fractions 7 f\nd to lie betwe5 #adf deg4 & #aec deg44 ,ultimate analysis gave numb]s = ,c1 ,h1 & ,n id5tical ) ^? ( a p5tosazone4 ,! product ( hydrolysis appe>s1 !re=e1 to be xylose or a closely relat$ d]ivative4 ,all attempts to obta9 a cry/allisation ( xylose f ! solution neutralis$ 7,ba,c,o#c71 filt]$1 & evaporat$1 fail$4 ,! reaction ) phloroglucol & ,h,cl1 moreov]1 0 n ! *>act]i/ic r$ ( ! p5toses1 b a deep violet4 ,! product 0 !n isolat$ z a dry residue by evaporat+ fur!r & dry+ at #aje deg44 ,elem5t>y analysis gave ! numb]s ,c #dd4b1 #dd4e1 & ,h #f4g1 #f4c4 ,det]m9ations ( furfural gave #ci4e to #db4e p4ct4 ,on treat+ ! orig9al solution ) hydrog5 p]oxide1 & w>m+1 oxidation set 91 ) evolution ( ,,co#b4 ,?is 0 e/imat$ 7by absorption71 giv+ numb]s = ,,co#b1 #ai4e1 #bj4e1 #bj4a p4ct4 ( ! sub/ance4 ,! sum ( ^! quantitative data is inconsi/5t ) a p5tose or p5tosane =mula2 x is m satisfactorily express$ by ! empirical =mula ,o _/ ,c#e;,h#h,o#c ,,*#b1 _/ ,o :i* repres5ts a p5tose mon(ormal4 ,attempts to syn!sise a comp\nd ( ?is =mula h be5 s f> )\t success4 ,,ueb] ,,e9ige ,,*emis*e ,v,o,r,g,ae,n,g,e ,,9 ,,d] ,,g]/5pflanze4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,cross1 ,e4 ,j4 ,,bevan1 & ,c4 ,,smi? 7,b]l4 ,b]41 #ahie1 #bfjd74 ,,! ,,*emical ,,life-,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,b>ley ,,plant4 7p4 #hd7 ,ow+ to ! pres5ce ( 'furfuroids' 9 l>ge proportion z con/itu5ts ( ! tissues ( ! /ems ( c]eals1 ^! plants af=d conv5i5t mat]ial = /udy+ ! problem ( ! con/itution ( ! tissue-furfuroids1 z well z _! relation%ip to ! normal celluloses4 ,! gr[+ b>ley plant 0 inve/igat$ at successive p]iods ( gr[?4 ,yield ( furfural 0 e/imat$ on ! :ole plant & on ! residue f a treatm5t ) alkal9e & acid solv5ts 9 ! cold su* z to remove all cell cont5ts4 ,?is residue is describ$ z 'p]man5t tissue4' ,! obs]vations 7 c>ri$ out ?r\gh two gr[+ seasons--#ahid-e--:i* 7 v diff]5t 9 "*1 ! =m] be+ ra9y ) l[ temp]ature1 ! latt] be+ abnormal 9 ! opposite direction1 i4e4 m9imum ra9fall & maximum sun%9e4 ,! b>ley select$ = obs]vation 0 t ( two exp]im5tal plots ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society's f>m1 "o 7,no4 #a7 rema9+ p]man5tly unmanur$1 & %[+ m9imum yield1 ! o!r 7,no4 #f7 receiv+ su* f]tilis+ treatm5t z to give maximum yields4 ,! num]ical results are giv5 9 ! annex$ tables3 ,table ,head+s3 ,a3 ,date ,b3 ,age ( ,crop ,c3 ,plot ,d3 ,dry ,weight ,e3 ,furfural p4ct4 ( dry weight 7a7 ,f3 ,p]man5t tissue p4ct4 dry weight ,g3 ,furfural f p]man5t tissue ,h3 ,p4ct4 ( tissue ,i3 ,p4ct4 ( entire plant ,j3 ,ratio a 3 c ,,b>ley ,,crop1 ,,woburn1 #ahid4 ,g ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,h ,i ,j ,may #g #f weeks #a #ai4d #g4j #ec4d #ab4g #f4h #a4jc 3 #a #f #ad4g #g4j #ee4i #aj4c #e4g #a4bc 3 #a ,june #d #aj weeks #a #ag4f #g4g #eb4i #aa4f #f4a #a4bf 3 #a #f #ac4e #h4a #eh4e #ac4d #g4h #a4jd 3 #a ,july #aj #ae weeks #a #db4j #i4j #fe4g #i4h #f4d #a4dj 3 #a #f #cb4i #aj4f #fe4g #ab4e #h4b #a4cj 3 #a ,cut #ba weeks #a #fd4j #aa4i #gj4j #ad4e #aj4a #a4ah 3 #a ,aug4 #ba #f #fd4f #ac4d #gj4e #ae4j #aj4f #a4bf 3 #a ,c>ri$ #bb weeks #a #hd4j #ab4g #ge4j #af4e #ab4d #a4jb 3 #a ,aug4 #ca #f #hf4d #ab4d #gh4d #ae4a #aa4h #a4je 3 #a ,,b>ley ,,crop1 ,,woburn1 #ahie4 ,may #ae #g weeks #a #bj4f #f4f #ec4i #aj4b #e4e #a4bj 3 #a #f #ag4h #e4h #ef4g #i4f #e4d #a4jg 3 #a ,june #ah #ab weeks #a #cd4f #h4j #ch4b #ad4g #e4f #a4db 3 #a #f #cc4d #g4f #dd4e #ae4j #f4g #a4ad 3 #a ,july #af #af weeks #a #eb4h #ab4a #ee4f #af4c #i4a #a4cc 3 #a #f #ed4d #aj4f #df4b #ai4a #h4h #a4bj 3 #a ,aug4 #af #bj weeks #a #ff4h #i4b #di4a #ag4j #h4c #a4aj 3 #a #f #fe4j #i4h #di4h #ai4a #i4d #a4jd 3 #a ,sept4 #c #bb weeks #a #hd4c #aj4d #de4g #ag4f #h4j #a4ca 3 #a #f #hf4c #aj4b #de4c #ag4c #g4h #a4cj 3 #a ,! v>iations exhibit$ by ^! numb]s are significant4 ,x is cle>1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! assimilation ( ! furfuroids does n v>y 9 any important way ) v>iations 9 conditions ( atmosph]e & soil nutrition4 ,!y are ess5tially tissue-con/itu5ts1 & only at ! fl[]+ p]iod is !re any accumulation ( ^! comp\nds 9 ! alkali-soluble =m4 ,x has be5 previ\sly %[n 7ibid4 #bg1 #ajfa7 t ! proportion ( furfuroids 9 ! /raw-celluloses ( ! pap]-mak] diff]s b little f t ( ! orig9al /raws4 ,= ! isolation ( ! celluloses ! /raws are treat$ by a sev]e process ( alkal9e hydrolysis1 to :i*1 !re=e1 ! furfuroid gr\ps (f] equal resi/ance ) ! normal hexose gr\ps ) :i* !y are associat$ 9 ! complex4 ,! furfuroids ( ! c]eal /raws are !re=e n p5tosanes4 ,!y are orig9al products ( assimilation1 & n subject to second>y *anges aft] elaboration su* z to alt] ei!r _! con/itution or _! relation%ip to ! normal hexose gr\ps ( ! tissue-complex4 7#a7 ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,c]eal ,,celluloses 7,*em4 ,soc4 ,j4 #ahif1 #hjd74 7#b7 ,,! ,,c>bohydrates ,,( ,,b>ley ,,/raw 7,*em4 ,soc4 ,j4 #ahif1 #afjd74 7#c7 ,,! ,,c>bohydrates ,,( ,,! ,,c]eal ,,/raws 7,*em4 ,soc4 ,j4 #ahig1 #ajja74 7#d7 ,,! ,,c>bohydrates ,,( ,,b>ley ,,/raw 7,*em4 ,soc4 ,j4 #ahih1 #dei74 ,c4 ,f4 ,,cross1 ,e4 ,j4 ,,bevan1 & ,,claud ,,smi?4 ,^! are a s]ies ( inve/igations ma9ly devot$ to e/abli%+ ! id5tity ( ! furfural-yield+ gr\p :i* is a *>act]i/ic con/itu5t4 ,?is 'furfuroid' :ile equally resi/ant to alkalis z ! normal cellulose gr\p ) :i* x is associat$1 is selectively hydrolys$ by acids4 ,?us /raw cellulose dissolves 9 sulphuric acids ( conc5tration ,h#b,,s#d4b;,h#b,o - ,h#b,,s#d4c;,h#b,o1 & on dilut+ ! normal cellulose is precipitat$ z a hydrate1 & ! furfuroid rema9s 9 solution4 ,b ?is %>p sep>ation is difficult to control 9 mass4 ,by heat+ ) a v dilute acid 7#a p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d7 ! conditions are m easily controll$1 ! mo/ satisfactory results be+ obta9$ ) #ae m9s4 heat+ at #c atm4 pressure4 7#a7 ,op]at+ 9 ?is way ^u brew]s' gra9s ! furfuroid 0 obta9able z ! *ief con/itu5t ( a solution = :i* ! foll[+ exp]im5tal numb]s 7 det]m9$3--,total dissolv$ solids1 #bh4j p4ct4 ( orig9al 'gra9s'2 furfural1 #ci4e p4ct4 ( total dissolv$ solids1 z comp>$ ) #ab4e p4ct4 ( total orig9al gra9s2 cupric r$uction 7calc4 to total solids71 #aaj 7dextrose #ajj7 osazone2 yield 9 #c p4ct4 solution1 #ce p4ct4 ( weight ( total solids4 ,p5tosazone ,analysis ,n #ag4a #ag4c #ag4jg ,c #fb4e #fb4c #fb4b ,h #f4d #f4e #f4a ,melt+-po9t #adf deg4-#aec deg4 ,f ^! numb]s x is se5 t ( ! total furfuroids ( ! orig9al 'gra9s' #hd p4ct4 are ?us obta9$ 9 solution 9 ! fully hydrolys$ =m1 :i* is t ( a p5tose or p5tose d]ivative4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 f\nd impossible to obta9 any cry/allisation f ! neutralis$ 7,ba,c,o#c7 & conc5trat$ solution1 ! syrup be+ kept = "s weeks 9 a desiccator4 ,x 0 not$ at ! same "t t ! col\r reaction ( ! orig9al solution ) phloroglucol & hydro*loric acid 0 a deep violet1 9 contradi/9ction to ! *>act]i/ic r$ ( ! p5toses4 ,on oxidation ) hydrog5 p]oxide1 9 ! proportion ( #a mol4 ,h#b,o#b to #a mol4 ( ! c>bohydrate 9 solution1 c>bonic anhydride 0 =m$ 9 quantity #bj4j p4ct4 ( ! latt]4 ,f]m5tation 7yea/7 exp]im5ts also %[$ a div]g5ce f ! resi/ant behavi\r ( ! p5toses1 a consid]able proportion ( ! furfuroid disappe>+ 9 a normal f]m5tation4 7#b7 ,! quantitative me?ods above describ$ 7 employ$ 9 inve/igat+ ! b>ley plant at diff]5t /ages ( its gr[?4 ,! gre5 plant 0 extract$ ) alcohol1 ! residue fre$ f alcohol & subject$ to acid hydrolysis4 ,! hydrolys$ extract 0 neutralis$ & f]m5t$4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( gr[? ! furfuroids 7 completely f]m5t$1 i4e4 disappe>$ 9 ! f]m5tation4 ,9 ! lat] /ages ?is proportion fell to #ej p4ct4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages1 moreov]1 ! normal hexose con/itu5ts ( ! p]man5t tissue 7 hydrolys$ 9 l>ge proportion by ! acid1 :]eas 9 ! matur$ /raw ! hydrolysis is *iefly conf9$ to ! furfuroids4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages also ! p]man5t tissue yields an extract ) relatively l[ cupric r$uction1 %[+ t ! c>bohydrates are dissolv$ by ! acid 9 a m complex molecul> condition4 ,^! obs]vations confirm ! view t ! furfuroids take orig9 9 a hexose-p5tose s]ies ( trans=mations4 ,! proportion ( furfuroid gr\ps to total c>bohydrates v>ies b little1 viz4 f #a_/c 9 ! e>ly /ages to a maximum ( #a_/d at ! fl[]+ p]iod4 ,at ?is p]iod ! diff]5tiation ( ! gr\ps beg9s to be m>k$4 ,tak+ all ! facts ( 7#a7 & 7#b71 !y are n inconsi/5t ) ! hypo!sis ( an int]nal trans=mation ( a hexose to a p5tose-mon(ormal4 ,su* a *ange ( position & function ( oxyg5 f ,,oh to ,,co )9 ! gr\p --,,*4,,oh-- is a species ( int]nal oxidation :i* rev]ses ! r$uction ( =maldehyde gr\ps 9 syn!sis+ to sug>s1 & appe>s !re=e ( probable occurr5ce4 ,^! con/itutional problems are foll[$ up 9 7#c7 by ! indirect me?od ( diff]5tiat+ ! relation%ips ( ^! furfuroids to yea/ f]m5tation1 f ^? ( ! p5toses4 ,/raw & esp>to celluloses are subject$ to ! processes ( acid hydrolysis1 & ! neutralis$ extracts f]m5t$4 ,) high furfural numb]s indicat+ t ! furfuroids are ! *ief con/itu5ts ( ! extract1 !re is an active f]m5tation ) production ( alcohol4 ,! cupric r$uction falls 9 great] ratio to ! orig9al 7unf]m5t$7 ?an ! furfural4 ,obs]vations on ! pure p5toses--xylose & arab9ose add$ to dextrose solutions1 & !n expos$ to yea/ action--%[ t 9 a vigor\s f]m5tation n unduly prolong$ ! p5toses are unaffect$1 b t !y d come )9 ! influ5ce ( ! yea/-cell :5 ! latt] is 9 a less vigor\s condition1 & :5 ! hexoses are n pres5t 9 relatively l>ge proportion4 7#d7 ,! obs]vations on ! gr[+ plant 7 resum$ ) ! view ( artificially increas+ ! diff]5tiation ( ! two ma9 gr\ps ( c>bohydrates4 ,f a portion ( a b>ley crop ! infloresc5ce 0 remov$ z soon z x appe>$4 ,! crop 0 all[$ to mature1 & a full comp>ison in/itut$ betwe5 ! products ( normal & abnormal gr[?4 ,) a consid]able diff]5ce 9 'p]man5t tissue' 7#ac p4ct4 less7 & a /ill great] defect 9 cellulose 7#bd p4ct471 ! con/ants = ! furfuroids 9 relation to total c>bohydrates 7 unaffect$ by ! arre/$ developm5t4 ,?is 0 also true ( ! behavi\r ( ! hydrolys$ extracts 7acid processes7 to yea/ f]m5tation4 7#e7 ,! extract obta9$ f ! brew]s' gra9s by ! process describ$ 9 7#b7 0 inve/igat$ 9 relation to animal dige/ion4 ,x has be5 n[ g5]ally e/abli%$ t ! furfuroids z con/itu5ts ( fodd] plants are dige/$ & assimilat$ 9 l>ge proportion 9 pass+ ?r\gh animal dige/ive tracts1 & 9 ?is respect behave diff]5tly f ! p5toses4 ,! furfuroids be+ obta9$1 z describ$1 9 a fully hydrolys$ condition 7monoses7 ! dige/ion problem pres5t$ itself 9 a new aspect1 & 0 !re=e attack$4 ,! result ( ! comp>ative fe$+ exp]im5ts ^u rabbits 0 to %[ t 9 ?is previ\sly hydrolys$ =m ! furfuroids are almo/ entirely dige/$ & assimilat$1 no p5toses1 moreov]1 appe>+ 9 ! ur9e4 ,g5]ally we may sum up ! pres5t solution ( ! problem ( ! relation%ip ( ! furfuroids to plant assimilation & gr[? z foll[s3--,! p5toses are n produc$ z su* 9 ! process ( assimilation2 b furfural-yield+ c>bohydrates are produc$ directly & 9 approximately con/ant ratio to ! total c>bohydrates2 !y are ma9ly locat$ 9 ! p]man5t tissue2 9 ! second>y *anges ( dehydration1 c41 accompany+ maturation !y und]go su* diff]5tiation t !y become readily sep>able by processes ( acid hydrolysis f ! m resi/ant normal celluloses2 b 9 relation to alkal9e treatm5ts !y ma9ta9 _! intimate union ) ! latt]4 ,!y are f9ally conv]t$ into p5toses by artificial treatm5ts1 & into p5tosanes 9 ! plant1 ) loss ( #a ,c atom 9 an oxidis$ =m4 ,! me*anism ( ?is trans=mation ( hexoses into p5toses is n cle>$ up4 ,x is indep5d5t ( ext]nal conditions1 e4g4 f]tilisation & atmosph]ic oxidations1 & is probably !re=e a process ( int]nal re>rangem5t ( ! "* ( an oxidation4 ,,zur ,,k5ntniss ,,d] ,,9 ,,d5 ,,membran5 ,,d] ,,pilze ,,en?alt55 ,,be/&!ile4 ,e4 ,,w9t]/e9 7,zts*r4 ,physiol4 ,*em41 #ahid1 #eba2 #ahie1 #acd74 ,,on ,,! ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,! ,,tissue ,,( ,,fungi4 7p4 #hg7 ,^! two communications are a contribution ( fundam5tal importance1 & may be reg>d$ z plac+ ! "q ( ! composition ( ! celluloses ( ^! l[e/ types on a basis ( well-def9$ fact4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! au?or gives an exhau/ive bibliography1 beg9n+ ) ! rese>*es ( ,braconnot 7#ahaa71 :o reg>d$ ! cellul> tissue ( ^! organisms z a specialis$ sub/ance1 :i* he t]m$ 'fung94' ,pay5 rejects ?is view1 & reg>ds ! tissue1 fully purifi$ by ! action ( solv5ts1 z a cellulose 7,c#f;,h#aj,o#e74 ,?is view is successively support$ by ,fromb]g ,muld]1 ,allg4 ,phys4 ,*em41 ,brauns*weig1 #ahea1 ,s*lossb]g] & ,doepp+ ,annal51 #eb1 #ajf1 & ,kais]4 ,de ,b>y1 on a review ( ! evid5ce1 adopts ?is view1 b1 z ! purifi$ sub/ance fails to give ! *>act]i/ic col\r-reactions ) iod9e1 he uses ! qualify+ t]m 'pilzcellulose' ,morph4 u4 ,biol4 d4 ,pilze u4 ,fle*t51 ,leipzig1 #ahhd4 ,c4 ,ri*t]1 on ! o!r h&1 %[s t ^! reactions are m]ely a "q ( me?ods ( purification or prep>ation ,sitzungsb]4 ,acad4 ,wi51 #hb1 #a1 #did1 & consid]s t ! tissue-sub/ance is an ord9>y cellulose1 ) ! ord9>y reactions mask$ by ! pres5ce ( impurities4 ,9 reg>d to ! l[] types ( fungoid gr[?1 su* z yea/1 ! results ( inve/igators are m at v>iance4 ,! rese>*es ( ,salk[ski 7p4 #aac7 leave little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! cell-membrane is ( ! cellulosic type4 ,! au?or's rese>*es ext5d ov] a typical range ( products obta9$ f ,boletus edulis1 ,ag>icus campe/ris1 ,can?>ellus cib>ius1 ,mor*ella escul5ta1 ,polyporus (fic9alis1 ,p5icillium glaucum1 & c]ta9 undet]m9$ species4 ,! me?od ( purification consi/$ ma9ly 9 7a7 exhau/ive treatm5ts ) e!r & boil+ alcohol1 7b7 dige/ion ) alkal9e hydrate 7#a-b p4ct4 ,na,o,h7 9 ! cold1 7c7 acid hydrolysis 7#b-c p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d7 at #ie deg4-#ajj deg41 foll[$ by a *loroxidation treatm5t by ! processes ( ,s*ulze or ,h(fmei/]1 & f9al alkal9e hydrolysis4 ,! products1 i4e4 residues1 ?us obta9$ 7 diff]5t 9 ess5tial po9ts f ! celluloses isolat$ f ! tissues ( phan]ogams simil>ly treat$4 ,only 9 exceptional cases d !y give blue reactions ) iod9e 9 pres5ce ( z9c *loride or sulphuric acid4 ,! col\rations are br[n to r$4 ,!y resi/ ! action ( cuprammonium solutions4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p soluble 9 alkal9e hydrate solution 7#e-aj p4ct4 ,na,o,h7 9 ! cold4 ,!y give small yields 7#a-b p4ct47 ( furfural on boil+ ) #aj p4ct4 ,h,cl4,aq4 ,elem5t>y analyses gave ! foll[+ results1 :i* are important 9 e/abli%+ ! pres5ce ( a notable proportion ( nitrog51 :i* has c]ta9ly be5 ov]look$ by ! e>li] obs]v]s3-- ',cellulose' or residue f ,c ,h ,n ,boletus edulis 7,s*ulze process7 #db4d #f4e #c4i ,boletus edulis 7,h(fmei/] process7 #dd4f #f4c #c4f ,polyporus (f4 #dc4g #f4e #j4g ,can?>ellus cib4 #dd4i #f4h #c4j ,ag>icus campe/ris #dd4c #f4f #c4f ,botrytis #db4a #f4c #c4i ,p5icillium glaucum #c4c ,mor*ella escul5ta #b4e ,x is next %[n t ?is residual nitrog5 is n 9 ! =m ( residual proteids 7#a7 by direct te/s1 all ( :i* gave negative results1 & 7#b7 indirectly by ! high degree ( resi/ance to bo? alkal9e & acid hydrolysis4 ,! 'celluloses' are attack$ by boil+ dilute acids 7#a p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d71 los+ 9 weight f #aj to #bc p4ct41 ! dissolv$ products hav+ a cupric r$uction value ab\t #ej p4ct4 t ( an equal weight ( dextrose4 ,z an extreme hydrolytic treatm5t ! products 7 dissolv$ 9 #gj p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d1 all[$ to /& #bd h\rs1 !n consid]ably dilut$ 7to #c p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d7 & boil$ to complete ! inv]sion4 ,! yields ( glucose1 calculat$ f ! cupric r$uction1 7 z foll[s3-- ,boletus edulis #fe4b p4ct4 ,polyporus (f4 #id4g ,ag>icus campe/ris #ei4a ,mor*ella escul5ta #fj4a ,can?>ellus cib4 #fd4i ,botrytis #fj4h ,x w be not$ t ! exceptionally high yield f ! ,polyporus cellulose is correlat$ ) its exceptionally l[ nitrog54 ,by actual isolation ( a cry/all9e dextrorot>y sug>1 by prep>ations ( osazone & conv]sion into sac*>ic acid1 x 0 prov$ t dextrose 0 ! ma9 product ( hydrolysis4 ,! second ma9 product 0 %[n to be acetic acid1 ! yield ( :i* am\nt$ to #h p4ct4 9 sev]al cases4 ,g5]ally1 !re=e1 x is prov$ t ! m resi/ant tissue con/itu5ts ( ! fungi are n cellulose1 b a complex ( c>bohydrates & nitrog5\s gr\ps 9 comb9ation1 ! =m] be+ resolv$ into glucoses by acid hydrolysis1 & ! latt] yield+ acetic acid z a *>act]i/ic product ( resolution toge!r ) ! nitrog5\s gr\ps 9 ! =m ( an uncry/allisable syrup4 ,9 ! fur!r prosecution ( ^! inve/igations 7#b7 ! au?or proce$$ f ! supposition ( ! id5tity ( ! nitrog5\s complex ( ! orig9al ) *it91 & adopt$ ! me?od ( ,l$d]hose 7,zts*r4 ,physiol4 ,*em4 #b1 #bac7 = ! isolation ( glucosam9 hydro*loride1 :i* he succe$$ 9 obta9+ 9 ! cry/all9e =m4 ,9 ! meantime ,e4 ,gilson _h %[n t ^! tissue sub/ances 9 'fusion' ) alkal9e hydrates yield a residue ( a nitrog5\s product 7,c#ad;,h#bh,n#b,o#aj71 :i* is soluble 9 dilute acids ,re*]*es ,*im4 sur la ,membrane ,cellulaire des ,*ampignons1 ,la ,cellule1 v4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a4 ,?is residue1 :i* 0 t]m$ mycos9 by ,gilson1 has be5 simil>ly isolat$ by ! au?or4 ,x is prov$1 !re=e1 t ! tissues ( ! fungi d conta9 a product resembl+ *it94 ,see also ,gilson1 ,compt4 ,r5d4 #abj1 #ajjj4 ,?is con/itu5t is 9 intimate union ) ! c>bohydrate complex1 :i* is resolv$ simil>ly to ! hemicelluloses4 ,v>i\s int]m$iate t]ms ( ! hydrolytic s]ies h be5 isolat$4 ,b ! only fully id5tifi$ product ( resolution is ! dextrose :i* f9ally results4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,kohl5hydrate ,d4 ,,hefe4 ,e4 ,,salk[ski 7,b]l4 ,b]41 #bg1 #ccbe74 ,,on ,,! ,,c>bohydrates ,,( ,,yea/4 ,! au?or has isolat$ ! m resi/ant con/itu5ts ( ! cell-membrane by boil+ ) dilute alkalis1 & exhau/ively purify+ ) alcohol & e!r4 ,! residue 0 only a small p]c5tage 7#c-d p4ct7 ( ! orig9al1 & reta9$ only #j4de p4ct4 ,n4 ,x 0 heat$ 9 a dige/] ) wat] at #b-c atm4 /eam-pressure1 & ?us resolv$ into approximately equal portions ( soluble cellulose 7a7 & insoluble 7b74 ,! latt]1 giv+ no col\r-reaction ) iod9e1 is t]m$ a*roocellulose2 ! =m] reacts1 & is !re=e t]m$ ery?rocellulose4 ,! =m] is easily sep>at$ f its opalesc5t solution4 ,x has ! empirical composition ( cellulose4 ,9 ! soluble =m x resembles glycog54 ,! a*roocellulose is isolat$ 9 ! =m ( horny or agglom]at$ masses4 ,x appe>s to be resolv$ by ultimate hydrolysis into dextrose & mannose4 ,,section ,v4 ,,furfuroids1 i4e4 ,,p5tosanes ,,& ,,furfural-,,yield+ ,,con/itu5ts ,,g5]ally 7#a7 ,reactions ( ! ,c>bohydrates ) ,hydrog5 ,p]oxide4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,cross1 ,e4 ,j4 ,,bevan1 & ,,claud ,,smi? 7,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahih1 #dfc74 7#b7 ,action ( ,hydrog5 ,p]oxide on ,c>bohydrates 9 ! ,pres5ce ( ,f]r\s ,salts4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,morrell & ,j4 ,m4 ,,cr(ts 7,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahii1 #ghf74 7#c7 ,oxidation ( ,furfuraldehyde by ,hydrog5 ,p]oxide4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,cross1 ,e4 ,j4 ,,bevan1 & ,t4 ,,heib]g 7,j4 ,*4 ,soc41 #ahii1 #gdg74 7#d7 ,,e9wirkung ,,von ,,wass]/(fhyp]oxid ,,auf ,u,n,g,e,s,ae,t,t,i,g,t,e ,,kohl5wass]/(fe4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,cross1 ,e4 ,j4 ,,bevan1 & ,t4 ,,heib]g 7,b]l4 ,b]41 #aijj1 #bjae74 ,,action ,,( ,,hydrog5 ,,p]oxide ,,on ,,unsaturat$ ,,hydroc>bons4 ,! above s]ies ( rese>*es grew out ( ! obs]vations incid5tal to ! use ( ! p]oxide on an oxidis+ ag5t 9 inve/igat+ ! hydrolys$ furfuroids 7#ajb74 ,c]ta9 rem>kable obs]vations _h previ\sly be5 made by ,h4 ,j4 ,h4 ,f5ton 7,*4 ,soc4 ,j41 #ahid1 #hii2 #ahie1 #ggd2 #ahif1 #edf7 on ! oxidation ( t>t>ic acid by ! p]oxide1 act+ 9 pres5ce ( f]r\s salts1 ! --,,*oh--,,*oh-- residue los+ ,h#b ) production ( ! unsaturat$ gr\p1 --,,oh4,c,c4,,oh--4 ,^! inve/igations h subsequ5tly be5 consid]ably develop$ & g5]alis$ by ,f5ton1 b z ! results h no imm$iate be>+ on our ma9 subject we mu/ ref] read]s to ! ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahif-aijj4 ,f ! mode ( action diagnos$ by ,f5ton x 0 to be expect$ t ! ,,*oh gr\ps ( ! c>bohydrates w\ld be oxidis$ to ,,co gr\ps1 & x has be5 e/abli%$ by ! above inve/igations 7#a7 & 7#b7 t ! p>ticul> gr\p to be s affect$ 9 ! hexoses is t contigu\s to ! typical --,,co gr\p4 ,!re results1 !re=e1 a dic>bonyl d]ivative 7'osone'71 :i* reacts directly ) #b mol4 ph5yl hydraz9e 9 ! cold to =m an osazone4 ,?is 0 directly e/abli%$ = glucose1 laevulose1 galactose1 & arab9ose 7#b74 ,:ile ?is is ! ma9 result1 ! g5]al /udy ( ! product %[s t ! oxidation is n simple nor 9 direct quantitative relation%ip to ! ,h#b,o#b employ$4 ,! molecul> proportion ( ! aldoses affect$ appe>s to be 9 consid]able excess1 & ! reaction is probably complicat$ by int]ior re>rangem5t4 ,9 ! ma91 ! orig9al aldehydic gr\p resi/s ! oxidation4 ,b a c]ta9 proportion ( acid products are =m$1 probably t>tronic acid4 ,on di/illation ) cond5s+ acids a l>ge proportion ( volatile monobasic acids 7*iefly =mic7 are obta9$4 ,! proportion ( furfural obta9$ am\nts to #c-d p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! orig9al c>bohydrate4 ,s9ce ! g5]al result ( ^! oxidations is ! sub/itution ( an ,,oh gr\p = an ,h atom1 x 0 ( int]e/ to det]m9e ! behavi\r ( furfural ) ! p]oxide4 ,! oxidation 0 c>ri$ out 9 dilute aque\s solution ( ! aldehyde at #bj deg4-#dj deg41 us+ #b-c mols4 ,h#b,o#b p] #a mol4 ,c#e;,h#d,o#b4 ,! ma9 product is a hydroxyfurfural1 :i* 0 sep>at$ z a hydrazone4 ,a small quantity ( a monobasic acid 0 =m$1 :i* 0 id5tifi$ z a hydroxypyromucic acid4 ,bo? aldehyde & acid appe> to be ! alpha beta d]ivatives4 ,! aldehyde gives v *>act]i/ic col\r reactions ) phlorogluc9ol & resorc9ol 9 pres5ce ( hydro*loric acid1 :i* s closely resemble ^? ( ! lignocelluloses t !re is little d\bt t ^! p>ticul> reactions mu/ be ref]r$ to ! pres5ce ( ! hydroxyfurfural z a normal con/itu5t4 ,! /udy ( ^! oxidations 0 !n ext5d$ to typical unsaturat$ hydroc>bons--viz4 acetyl5e & b5z5e4 7#d7 ,f ! =m] ! ma9 product 0 acetic acid1 b ! att5dant =mation ( traces ( e?yl alcohol indicates t ! hydrog5 ( ! p]oxide may take a direct "p 9 ?is & o!r reactions4 ,?is view receives "s support f ! fact t ! int]action ( ! ,h#b,o#b ) p]manganates has n[ be5 e/abli%$ to be an oxidation ( ! ,h#b ( ! p]oxide by ! p]manganate oxidation1 ) lib]ation1 !re=e1 ( ! ,o#b ( ! p]oxide z an unresolv$ molecule ,baey]4 ,b5z5e itself is also p[]fully attack$ by ! p]oxide :5 %ak5 ) a dilute solution 9 pres5ce ( iron salts4 ,! products are ph5ol & pyrocate*ol1 ) "s quantity ( an amorph\s product probably =m$ by cond5sation ( a qu9one ) ! ph5olic products ( reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! types ( oxidation effects n[ e/abli%$ give a def9ite significance to ! physiological functions ( ! p]oxide1 :i* is a =m ( 'active oxyg5' ( extremely wide di/ribution4 ,x w\ld h be5 difficult a priori to devise an oxidant )\t s5sible action on aldehydic gr\ps1 yet deliv]+ a p[]ful attack on hydroc>bon r+s2 or to h sugge/$ a syn!sis ( ! sug>s f t>t>ic acid ) a p[]ful oxidis+ treatm5t z ! fir/ & ess5tial /age 9 ! trans=mation4 ,our pres5t k ( su* actions & effects sugge/s a numb] ( new clues to g5etic relation%ips ( c>bon comp\nds )9 ! plant4 ,! conclusion is c]ta9ly ju/ifi$ t ! orig9 ( ! p5toses is ref]able to oxidations ( ! hexoses1 9 :i* ?is =m ( 'active oxyg5' plays an important "p4 ,we mu/ note "h ! rese>*es ( ,o4 ,ruff1 :o has appli$ ^! oxidations ) important results 9 ! sy/ematic inve/igation ( ! c>bohydrates4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,v]w&lung ,,d] ,d-,g,l,u,c,o,n,s,ae,u,r,e ,,9 ,d-,,arab9ose 7,b]l4 ,b]41 #ahih1 #aegc74 ,,conv]sion ,,( ,d-,,gluconic ,,acid ,,into ,d-,,arab9ose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d ,,und ,l ,,arab9ose 7,ibid4 #ahii1 #eej74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,zur ,,k5ntniss ,,d] ,o,x,y,g,l,u,c,o,n,s,ae,u,r,e 7,ibid4 #ahii1 #bbfi74 ,,on ,,oxygluconic ,,acid4 ,ruff 9 ^! rese>*es has realis$ a simple & direct transition f ! hexoses to ! p5toses4 ,by oxidis+ gluconic acid ) ! p]oxide ! beta --,,*oh-- gr\p is conv]t$ into c>bonyl at ! same "t t ! t]m9al ,,cooh alpha is oxidis$ to ,,co#b4 ,! yields ( ! result+ p5tose are l>ge4 ,simultane\sly !re is =m$ an oxygluconic acid1 :i* appe>s to be a ketonic acid ( =mula --,,*#b,,oh4,,co47,,*oh7#c4;,,cooh--4 ,f ^! results we see a fur!r range ( physiological probabilities2 & ) ! concurr5t actions ( oxyg5 9 ! =ms ( or relat$ to hydrog5 p]oxide on ! "o side1 & ozone on ! o!r1 we are able to acc\nt 9 a simple way = ! relation%ips ( ! 'furfuroid' gr\p1 :i* may include a numb] ( int]m$iate t]ms 9 ! hexose-p5tose s]ies4 ,foll[+ 9 ?is direction ( developm5t ( ! subject is a /udy ( ! action ( p]sulphuric acid ^u furfural4 ,,e9wirkung ,,des ,,c>o',,s*5 ,,reag5s ,,auf ,,furfural4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,cross1 ,e4 ,j4 ,,bevan1 & ,j4 ,f4 ,,briggs 7,b]l4 ,b]41 #aijj1 #cacb74 ,reg>d+ ?is reag5t z ano!r =m ( 'active oxyg51' x is important to contra/ its actions ) ^? ( ! hydrog5 p]oxide4 ,in/ead ( ! beta-hydroxyfurfural 7ante1 #aae7 we obta9 ! delta-aldehyde z ! fir/ product4 ,! aldehydic gr\p is !n oxidis$1 & z a result ( att5dant hydrolysis ! r+ is brok5 d[n & succ9ic acid is =m$1 ! orig9al aldehydic gr\p ( ! furfural be+ split (f 9 ! =m ( =mic acid4 ,! reactions take place at ! ord9>y temp]ature & ) ! dilute =m ( ! reag5t describ$ by ,baey] & ,villig] 7,b]4 #cb1 #cfbe74 ,^! results h "s special features ( int]e/4 ,! alpha delta-hydroxyfurfural has simil> col\r reactions to ^? ( ! alpha beta-d]ivative1 & may also !re=e be pres5t z a con/itu5t ( ! lignocelluloses4 ,! t5d5cy to attack 9 ! #a4d position 9 relation to an aldehydic gr\p fur!r wid5s ! capabilities ( 'active oxyg5' 9 ! plant cell4 ,la/ly1 ?is is ! simple/ transition yet disclos$ f ! succ9yl to furfural gr\p+1 be+ effect$ by a regulat$ proportion ( oxyg51 & "u conditions ( reaction :i* may be describ$ z ( ! milde/4 ,9 reg>d to ! wide-rea*+ functions ( asp>ag9 9 plant life1 we h a new sugge/ion ( g5etic connections ) ! furfuroids4 ,,v]glei* ,,d] ,,p5tos5-,,be/immungsme?od5 ,,v]mittel/ ,,ph5ylhydraz9 ,,und ,,phlorogluc94 ,m4 ,k,r,ue,g,e,r 7,inaug4-,diss41 ,goett+51 #ahie74 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,me?ods ,,( ,,e/imat+ ,,furfural ,,z ,,hydrazone ,,& ,,phloroglucide4 ,! au?or traces ! developm5t ( processes ( e/imat+ furfural 7#a7 by precipitation ) ammonia 7furfuramide71 7#b7 by volumetric e/imation ) /&>dis$ ph5ylhydraz9e1 7#c7 by weigh+ ! hydrazone4 ,9 #ahic 7,*em4 ,ztg4 #ag1 #agde7 ,hott] describ$ a me?od ( quantitative cond5sation ) pyrogallol requir+ a temp]ature ( #ajj deg4-#aaj deg4 = two h\rs4 ,! insoluble product collect$1 wa%$1 dri$ at #ajc deg41 & weigh$1 gives a weight ( #a4igd grm4 p] #a grm4 furfural4 ,c\ncl] sub/itutes phlorogluc9ol = pyrogallol1 ) ! advantage ( do+ away ) ! dige/ion at high temp]ature4 7,ibid4 #ah1 #iff47 ,?is process1 requir+ ! pres5ce ( /rong ,h,cl1 has ! advantage ( be+ appli$ directly to ! acid di/illate1 9 :i* =m furfural is obta9$ z a product ( cond5sation ( p5toses1 c4 ,a comp>ative inve/igation 0 made1 precipitat+ furfural 7a7 z hydrazone 9 pres5ce ( acetic acid1 & 7b7 z phloroglucide 9 pres5ce ( ,h,cl 7#ab p4ct74 ,9 7a7 by v>y+ ! weights ( kn[n quantities ( furfural1 & us+ ! factor1 hydrazone x #j4eaf #j4jajd 9 calculat+ f ! weights ( precipitates obta9$1 ! maximum v>iations f ! !oretical numb] 7 #a4ga & -#a4gd4 ,9 7b7 x 0 f\nd necess>y to v>y ! factor f #j4eb to #j4ee 9 calculat+ f phloroglucide to furfural4 ,! greate/ total range ( v>iation 0 f\nd to be #b4e p4ct4 ,! ph5ol process is !re=e equally accurate1 has ! advantages above not$1 &1 9 addition1 is less liable to error f ! pressure 9 ! di/illates obta9$ f vegetable sub/ances ( volatile products1 e4g4 ketonic comp\nds1 accompany+ ! furfural4 ,?is me?od has be5 criticis$ by ,helbel & ,zeisel ,sitz4-b]1 ,wi5] ,akad4 #ahie1 #ajd1 ii4 p4 #cce on two gr\nds ( error1 viz4 7#a7 ! pres5ce ( diresorc9ol 9 all ord9>y prep>ations ( phlorogluc9ol1 & 7#b7 *anges 9 weight ( ! precipitate ( phloroglucide on dry+4 ,! process 0 c>ri$ out comp>atively ) ord9>y prep>ations1 & ) specially pure prep>ations ( ! ph5ol4 ,! quantitative results 7 id5tical4 ,! criticisms 9 "q are !re=e dismiss$4 ,al?\gh ! process is to be recomm5d$ = its simplicity & ! satisfactory concordance ( results x is to be not$ t x re/s ^u an empirical basis1 s9ce ! phloroglucide is n =m$ by ! simple reaction #b ,c#e;,h#d,o#b ,c#f;,h#f,o#c - ,h#b,o ,c#bb;,h#ah,o#i1 b appe>s to h ! composition ,c#af;,h#ab,o#f4 ,9 "p ii4 ( ?is pap] ! au?or discusses ! "q ( ! probable ext5t 9 ! s5se ( div]sity ( con/itution ( furfural-yield+ con/itu5ts ( plant-tissues4 ,glucoson 0 isolat$ f glucosazon1 & f\nd to yield #b4i-c4f p4ct4 furfural4 ,gluconic acid di/ill$ ) hydro*loric acid gave traces ( furfural2 s also ) sulphuric acid & manganic oxide4 ,/>* 0 oxidis$ ) p]manganate1 & a mixture ( products obta9$ ( :i* "o gave a *>act]i/ic violet col\ration ) phloroglucol1 ) an absorption-b& at ! ,d l9e4 ,on di/ill+ ) ,h,cl furfural 0 obta9$ 9 "s quantity4 ,! product 9 "q 0 f\nd to be v s5sitive to ! action ( bases1 & 0 de/roy$ by ! incid5tal op]ation ( neutralis+ ! mixture ( oxidis$ products ) calcium c>bonate4 ,x 0 f\nd impossible to isolate ! comp\nd4 ,,unt]su*ung5 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,p5tosanbe/immung ,,mittel/ ,,d] ,s,a,l,z,s,ae,u,r,e-,,phloro-,,gluc9-,,m e?ode4#h ,e4 ,k,r,oe,b,e,r 7,j\rn4 f4 ,l&wir?s*aft1 #aija1 #ceg74 ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,! ,,hydro*loric ,,acid-,,phlorogluc9ol ,,me?od ,,( ,,det]m9+ ,,p5tosanes4 ,?is pap] is ! mo/ complete inve/igation yet publi%$ ( ! n[ well-kn[n me?od ( precipitat+ & e/imat+ furfural 9 acid solution by means ( ! trihydric ph5ol4 ,9 ! la/ section ( ! pap] is conta9$ ! mo/ important result1 ! pro( t ! insoluble phloroglucide is =m$ accord+ to ! reaction ,c#e;,h#d,o#b ,c#f;,h#f,o#c - #b;,h#b,o ,c#aa;,h#f,o#c1 also1 by v>y+ ! proportions ( ! pure reag5ts int]act+1 t ! cond5sation takes place inv>iably accord+ to ?is equation4 ,incid5tally ! foll[+ po9ts 7 also e/abli%$3--,! solubility ( ! phloroglucide1 "u ! conditions ( f9ally sep>at+ 9 a condition = dry+ & weigh+1 is #a mgr4 p] #ajj c4c4 ( total solution1 made up ( ! orig9al acid solution1 9 :i* ! precipitation takes place1 & ! wa%-wat] requir$ to purify f ! acid4 ,! phloroglucide is hygroscopic1 & mu/ be weigh$ out ( contact ) ! air4 ,! pres5ce ( diresorc9ol is )\t influ5ce on ! result1 provid$ a suffici5t excess ( actual phlorogluc9ol is employ$4 ,?us ev5 ) a prep>ation conta9+ #cj p4ct4 ( its weight ( diresorc9ol ! influ5ce ( ! latt] is elim9at$1 provid$ a weight be tak5 equal to twice t ( ! furfural to be precipitat$4 ,! ph5ol mu/ be p]fectly dissolv$ by w>m+ ) dilute ,h,cl 7#a4jf sp4gr47 be=e add+ to ! furfural solution4 ,= collect+ ! precipitate ( phloroglucide ! au?or employs ! ,goo* crucible4 ,! pap] conta9s a l>ge numb] ( quantitative results 9 pro( ( ! v>i\s po9ts e/abli%$1 & concludes ) elaborate tables1 giv+ ! equival5ts 9 ! kn[n p5toses & _! anhydrides = any giv5 weight ( phloroglucide f #j4jej to #j4cjj grm4 ,,ueb] ,,d5 ,,p5tosan-,,gehalt ,,v]s*i$5] ,,mat]iali54 ,b4 ,,toll5s & ,h4 ,,glaubitz 7,j4 fu] ,l&wir?s*aft1 #ahig1 #ig74 ,,on ,,! ,,p5tosane ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,fodd]-,,plants ,,& ,,malt4 7p4 #aga7 7a7 ,! au?ors h re-det]m9$ ! yield ( furfural f a l>ge range ( plant-products1 us+ ! phloroglucol me?od4 ,! numb]s approximate closely to ^? obta9$ by ! hydrazone me?od4 ,! foll[+ may be cit$ z typical3 ,sub/ance ,furfural p4ct4 ,rye 7,goett+57 #f4jc ,:eat 7squ>e head7 #d4ge ,b>ley 7peacock7 #d4cc ,oats 7,goett+57 #g4gb ,maize 7,am]ican7 #c4ag ,mead[ hay #aa4fc ,bran 7:eat7 #ac4jf ,malt #f4jg ,malt-spr\ts #h4ef ,sug>-beet 7exhau/$7 #ad4ie 7b7 ,a comp>ison ( :eat ) :eat bran1 c4 0 made by gr9d+ 9 a mort> & 'bolt+' ! fl\r ?r\gh a f9e silk sieve4 ,! results %[$3 ,furfural p4ct4 ,orig9al :eat #d4ge ,f9e fl\r #a4gc ,bran 7#bd p4ct4 ( :eat7 #aa4be ,:eat-bran ( comm]ce #ac4jf ,x is evid5t t ! p5tosanes ( :eat are localis$ 9 ! m resi/ant tissues ( ! gra94 7c7 ,an inve/igation ( ! products obta9$ 9 ! analytical process = 'crude fibre' gave ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,9 ! case ( brew]s' gra9s3 #ajj grms4 gra9s gave furfural #bi4dc p5tosane --------------- #bj crude fibre #b4eb ,acid extract #bb4gf ,alkali #a4bj ,defici5cy f total ( orig9al gra9s #b4ie ----- #bi4dc 7#b7 ,9 ! case ( mead[ hay3 ,! crude fibre 7#cj p4ct47 obta9$ reta9$ ab\t "o f\r? 7#bc4fc p4ct47 ( ! total orig9al p5tosanes4 7d7 ,an inve/igation ( b>ley-malt1 malt-extract or wort1 & f9i%$ be] %[$ ! foll[+3 ,an increase ( furfuroids 9 ! process ( malt+1 #ajj pts4 b>ley ) #g4ig ( 'p5tosane' yield+ #hb ( malt ) #aa4ah p4ct4 'p5tosane'2 confirm+ ! obs]vations ( ,cross & ,bevan 7,b]4 #bh1 #bfjd74 ,( ! total furfuroids ( malt ab\t #a_/d are dissolv$ 9 ! ma%+ process4 ,9 a f]m5tation = lag] be] x 0 f\nd t ab\t _/#aj ( ! total furfuroids ( ! malt f9ally survive 9 ! be]2 ! yield ( furfural be+ #b4ib p4ct4 ( ! 'total solids' ( ! be]4 ,9 a ',s*lempe' or 'pot ale1' f a di/ill]y us+ to #a "p malt #d p>ts raw gra9 7rye71 yield ( furfural 0 #i p4ct4 ( ! total solids4 ,9 a g5]al review ( ! relation%ips ( ?is gr\p ( plant-products x is po9t$ out t !y are l>gely dige/$ by animals1 & probably h an equal 'assimilation' value to />*4 ,!y resi/ alcoholic f]m5tation1 & mu/ consequ5tly be tak5 into acc\nt z con/itu5ts ( be]s & w9es4 ,,ueb] ,,das ,,v]halt5 ,,d] ,,p5tosane ,,d] ,,sam5 ,,beim ,,keim54#i ,a4 ,s,c,h,oe,n,e & ,b4 ,,toll5s 7,j\r4 f4 ,l&wir?s*aft1 #aija1 #cdi74 ,,behavi\r ,,( ,,p5tosanes ,,( ,,se$s ,,9 ,,g]m9ation4 ,! au?ors h inve/igat$ ! g]m9ation ( b>ley1 :eat1 & peas1 9 abs5ce ( light1 & g5]ally ) exclusion ( assimilat+ activity1 to det]m9e :e!r ! oxidation ) att5dant loss ( weight1 :i* is ! ma9 *emical feature ( ! g]m9ation prop]1 affects ! p5tosanes ( ! se$s4 ,! foll[+ are typical ( ! quantitative results obta9$1 :i* are /at$ 9 absolute weights1 & n p]c5tages4 ,orig9al se$ ,malt or ,p5tosane 9 g]m9at$ product ,a ,b ,a ,b ,b>ley #ejj4jj #dcd4hh #ci4eh #dj4ch #ejj4jj #ddb4bf #dj4eb #da4ag ,peas #cjj4jj #bhf4fj #ae4be #ae4ig ,! au?ors conclude g5]ally t !re is a slight absolute increase 9 ! p5tosanes1 & t ! p5tosanes d n belong to ^? res]ve mat]ials :i* und]go de/ructive oxidation dur+ g]m9ation4 ,9 ?is !y confirm ! previ\sly publi%$ results ( ,de ,*almot1 ,cross & ,bevan1 & ,gotze & ,pfeiff]4 ,,ueb] ,,d5 ,,gehalt ,,d] ,,baumwolle ,,an ,,p5tosan4 ,h4 ,,sur+> & ,b4 ,,toll5s 7,zts*r4 angew4 ,*em41 #ahig1 ,i74 ,,p5tosane ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,cotton4 7p4 #bij7 ,x has be5 /at$ by ,l9k & ,vosw9kel 7,ph>m4 ,c5tralhalle1 #ahic1 #bec71 t raw cotton yields 'wood gum' z a product ( hydrolysis4 ,! au?ors 7 unable to obta9 any p5toses z products ( acid hydrolysis ( raw cotton1 & traces only ( furfural-yield+ c>bohydrates4 ,!y conclude t raw cotton conta9s no appreciable quantity ( p5tosane4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,?is pap] appe>s dur+ ! pr9t+ ( ! au?or's orig9al ,,ms4 #i ,?is pap] appe>s dur+ ! pr9t+ ( ! au?or's orig9al ,,ms4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,! ,,lignocelluloses 7p4 #aca7 ,lignocellulose ,e/]s4--,by a full] /udy ( ! e/] reactions ( ! normal celluloses we h be5 able to ?r[ "s light on ! con/itutional problems involv$2 & we h ext5d$ ! inve/igations to ! jute fibre z a type ( ! lignocelluloses1 f ! results ( :i* we get a cle>] idea ( ! relation%ips ( ! con/itu5t gr\ps4 ,tak+ ! empirical expression = ! complex1 i4e4 ! entire lignocellulose1 ! =mula ,c#ab;,h#ah,o#i1 we %all be able to comp>e ! e/] d]ivatives ) ^? ( ! celluloses1 :i* we h also ref]r$ to a ,c#ab unit4 ,b we %all require also to deal ) ! con/itu5t gr\ps ( ! complex1 :i* = ! purposes ( ?is discussion may be reg>d$ z 7a7 a cellulose ( normal *>act]i/ics--cellulose alpha2 7b7 a cellulose yield+ furfural on boil+ ) cond5s+ acids--cellulose beta2 & 7c7 a mu* cond5s$1 & 9 "p b5z5oid1 gr\p :i* we may cont9ue to t]m ! lignone gr\p4 ,! latt] has be5 specially exam9$ ) reg>d to its proportion ( ,,oh gr\ps1 z a necess>y prelim9>y to ! inve/igation ( e/]s1 9 produc+ :i* ! entire complex is employ$4 ,x w be %[n t ! e/] gr\ps c be actually localis$ 9 v>i\s ways1 z 9 ! ma9 ent]+ ! cellulose residues alpha & beta4 ,b t ! lignone gr\p takes little "p 9 ! reactions may be g5]ally conclud$ on ! evid5ce ( its non-reactivity z an isolat$ d]ivative1 7#a7 ,by *lor9ation1 c4 x is isolat$ 9 ! =m ( an amorph\s body1 b ( con/ant composition1 repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c#ai;,h#ah;,cl#d,o#i4 ,?is comp\nd1 soluble 9 acetic anhydride1 0 boil$ ) x = six h\rs aft] add+ fus$ sodium acetate1 & ! product sep>at$ by p\r+ into wat]4 ,! dilute acid filt]$ f ! product conta9$ no hydro*loric acid nor by-products ( action4 ,! product %[$ an increase ( weight ( #g4e p4ct4 ,= "o acetyl p] #a mol4 ,c#ai;,h#ah;,cl#d,o ! calculat$ increase is #h4j p4ct4 ,x is evid5t f ! nature ( ! d]ivative t ?is result _c be fur!r v]ifi$ by ! usual analytical me?ods4 7#b7 ,! *lor9at$ d]ivative is entirely soluble 9 sodium sulphite solution4 ,?is solution1 %ak5 ) b5zoyl *loride1 ) addition ( sodium hydrate 9 successive portions1 %[s only a small =mation ( insoluble b5zoate1 :i* sep>ates z a t>ry precipitate4 7#c7 ,! empirical =mula ( ! lignone complex 9 its isolat$ =ms indicates t v little hydrolysis occurs 9 ! processes ( isolation4 ,?us ! *lor9at$ product we may assume to be d]iv$ f ! complex ,c#ai;,h#bb,o#i4 ,9 ! soluble by-products f ! bisulphite processes ( pulp+ wood ! lignone exi/s z a sulphonat$ d]ivative1 ,c#bd;,h#bc7,,o*#c7b47,,s#c;,h74,o#g4 ,! orig9al lignone may be reg>d$ z pass+ into solution z a /ill cond5s$ complex d]iv$ f ,c#bd;,h#bf,o#ab 7,toll5s74 ,!re is evid5tly little att5dant hydroxylation1 & ano!r ess5tial feature is ! small molecul> proportion ( gr\ps %[+ ! typical sulphonation4 ,x appe>s t 9 ! lignone ! elem5ts are approximately 9 ! relation ,c#f 3 ,h#f 3 ,o#c1 & x may assi/ ?is discussion to =mulate ! ma9 con/itutional types consi/5t ) ?is ratio1 viz43 7#a7 ,! trihydroxyb5z5es ,c#f;,h#c7,,oh7#c4 7#b7 ,me?ylhydroxyfurfural ,c#e;,h#b,o47,,oh77,,*#c74 7,,*#c7 _/ 7#c7 ,me?ylhydroxypyrone ,,co,c#d;,h#b ,o _/ 7,,oh7 7#d7 ,trioxycyclohexane ,,*--,,*--,,*--,,*--,,*--,,* _/ _/ _/ ,o ,o ,o ,x is probable t all ^! types ( cond5sation are repres5t$ 9 ! lignone molecules1 s9ce ! d]ivatives yield$ 9 decompositions ( m or less regulat$ "* are ei!r directly d]iv$ f or relat$ to su* gr\ps4 ,= ! mom5t we pass ov] all b ! g5]al fact ( complexity & ! m>k$ paucity ( ,,oh-gr\ps4 ,x w\ld be ( importance to be able to =mulate ! exact mode ( union ( ! lignone ) ! cellulose residues to con/itute ! lignocellulose4 ,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 does n c>ry u f>!r ?an ! probability ( union by complicat$ gr\ps & ( l>ge dim5sions2 = n only is ! lignone isolat$ 9 cond5s$ & non-hydroxylat$ =ms1 b ! cellulose also is n hydrat$ or hydrolys$ fur!r ?an 9 ! ratio #c;,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4;,h#b,o4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ! wat] comb9+ ) ! residues at ! mom5t ( _! resolution is relatively small4 ,la/ly1 we h to rememb]1 :5 deal+ ) ! /ati/ical results ( ! reactions to be describ$1 t ! approximate proportions p] c5t4 ( ! con/itu5t gr\ps are3 ,cellulose alpha #fe beta #ae #ajj lignocellulose4 ,lignone #bj ,jute ,b5zoates4--,9 prep>+ ! jute = treatm5t x 0 boil$ 9 alkal9e solution 7#a p] c5t4 ,na,o,h71 wa%$ ) wat] & dilute acid1 aga9 wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,9 ! e/] reaction ! reag5ts 7 employ$ 9 ! proportion ,c#ab;,h#ah,o#i 3 #c,na,o,h 3 #b;,c#f;,h#e;,c,o,cl4 ,a s]ies ( quantitative exp]im5ts gave yields ( #abf-acj p4ct4 ( b5zoate calculat$ = monob5zoate #acd p4ct44 ,! results 7 confirm$ by ultimate analysis4 ,! monob5zoate !re=e repres5ts a maximum1 & ?is molecul> proportion is "o-half ( t obs]v$ ) ! normal cellulose1 calculat$ to ! same unit4 ,localisation ( ,b5zoyl ,gr\p4--,! entrance ( ! e/] gr\p affects ! typical col\r reactions ( ! lignocellulose1 :i* are fa9t]4 ,! f]ric f]ricyanide reaction almo/ disappe>s4 ,! lignone gr\p is unaffect$1 & comb9es ) *lor9e z 9 ! orig9al4 ,! lignone *loride is remov$ by sodium sulphite solution1 & ! residue is a cellulose b5zoate4 ,! loss ( weight due to ! elim9ation ( ! lignone 0 #ab4g p4ct4 ,calculat+ p] #ajj ( ! orig9al lignocellulose ?is becomes #af4 ,^! /ati/ics fur!r confirm ! localisation ( ! b5zoyl gr\p 9 ! cellulose residue4 ,x is to be not$ t ! pres5ce ( ! b5zoyl gr\p r5d]s ! cellulose m resi/ant to hydrolytic actions4 ,?us1 to br+ out ?is fact m prom95tly1 we may calculate ! yield ( residual cellulose b5zoate p4ct4 ( orig9al jute1 & we f9d x #aji p4ct4 ,tak+ a maximum proportion = orig9al cellulose--viz4 #he--?is b5zoate repres5ts a yield ( #abi p4ct41 z aga9/ ! !oretical = a monob5zoate1 #acb p4ct4 ,furfural ,numb]s4--,! p]c5tage ( furfural obta9$ by boil+ ) ,h,cl ( #a4jf sp4gr4 0 #c4jb & #c4bi 9 sep>ate det]m9ations4 ,calculat+ to ! orig9al lignocellulose1 ! p]c5tage1 #d4ba1 indicates a consid]able loss ( ! furfural-yield+ con/itu5t4 ,! effect 0 also app>5t 9 ! cellulose 7b5zoate7 isolat$ by *lor9ation c41 ! p]c5tage be+ #a4ci p4ct41 & calculat$ to ! orig9al jute b5zoate #a4ei p4ct4 ,"u ! conditions adopt$ 9 dissolv+ away ! *lor9at$ lignone ! orig9al non-b5zoat$ lignocellulose w\ld h yield$ a cellulose giv+ #f to #g p4ct4 furfural4 ,s9ce ! b5zoyl gr\p is h>dly calculat$ to produce a con/itutional *ange affect+ ! furfural con/ants1 x 0 necess>y to exam9e ! effect ( ! prelim9>y alkal9e treatm5t1 & ! *ange 9 ! furfuroid gr\p 0 9 fact localis$ 9 ?is reaction4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 on wa%+ ! alkali f ! m]c]is$ jute1 & fur!r purify+ ! residue1 ?is latt] yield$ only #d4b p4ct4 furfural #c4d p4ct4 on orig9al fibre4 ,! alkal9e solution & wa%+s 7 acidifi$ & di/ill$ f #aj p4ct4 ,h,cl1 yield+ an additional #c4f p4ct4 calculat$ to ! orig9al lignocellulose4 ,by treatm5t ) ! conc5trat$ alkali1 !re=e1 ! furfuroid ( ! orig9al lignocellulose und]goes little *ange1 b is selectively dissolv$4 ,?is po9t is "u fur!r inve/igation4 7p4 #acb7 ,acetylation ( ,lignocelluloses4--,acetates are readily =m$ by boil+ ! lignocelluloses ) acetic anhydride4 ,! d]ivatives obta9$ f jute are only g5]ally m5tion$ 9 ! #a/ edition 7p4 #acb74 ,a fur!r /udy ( ! reactions 9 reg>d to special po9ts has l$ to "s m def9ite results4 ,! yields ( product by ! ord9>y & simple process are #aad-aae p4ct4 ,b on analys+ ! product an important discrepancy is reveal$4 ,= ! saponification we employ a solution ( sodium e?ylate 9 ! cold4 ,! foll[+ numb]s 7 obta9$3 ,acetic acid ,hydrocellulose residue #bg4b #gg4h ,calc4 = diacetate on ,c#ab;,h#ah,o#i #cj4h #gh4d ,! d]ivative is approximately a diacetate1 & on ! assumption ( a simple e/] reaction ! yield %\ld be #abg p4ct4 ,assum+ t ! diff]5ce ( #ac p4ct4 is due to loss ( wat] by int]nal cond5sation1 x appe>s t = ea* acetyl gr\p ent]+1 #b mol4 ,h#b,o are split (f4 ,! jute acetate %[$ ! normal reaction ) *lor9e1 & ! lignone *loride 0 dissolv$ by treatm5t ) sodium sulphite solution4 ,! fibr\s residue 0 col\rless4 ,x prov$ to be a cellulose acetate4 ,! foll[+ numb]s 7 obta9$ on saponification3 ,acetic acid ,cellulose #ca4f #gj4j #cj4i #fh4h ,calc4 = diacetate on ,c#ab;,h#bj,o#aj #bi4d #gi4i ,! int]pretation ( ^! numb]s appe>s to be ?is3 9 ! orig9al reaction ) ! lignocellulose x is ! cellulose residue :i* is acetylat$1 & at ! same "t cond5s$4 ,! cellulose residue :i* und]goes cond5sation is n ( ! normal con/itution1 s9ce ! normal cellulose is acetylat$ )\t cond5sation 7see p4 #da74 ,on saponification a portion ( ! cellulose1 9 aga9 comb9+ ) wat]1 is hydrolys$ to soluble products4 ,! lignone gr\p z x exi/s 9 ! lignocellulose has no free ,,oh gr\ps1 & probably no free aldehydic gr\ps su* z w\ld react ) ! anhydride4 ,su* gr\ps may1 h[ev]1 be orig9ally pres5t1 & may take "p 9 ! int]nal cond5sations :i* h be5 %[n to occur4 ,! furfural con/ants ( ! lignocellulose are unaffect$ by ! acetylation & cond5sation4 ,! hygroscopic moi/ure ( ! product is l[]$ f #aj-aa p4ct4 9 ! orig9al to #d4e p4ct4 ,! f]ric f]ricyanide reaction is inhibit$ by ! disappe>ance ( ! reactive gr\ps1 ^u :i* ?is curi\s & *>act]i/ic ph5om5on dep5ds 7#a/ ed474 ,acetylation ( ,b5zoates4--,! cellulose dib5zoate 7,c#ab basis7 & ! jute monob5zoate 7 acetylat$ "u comp>ative conditions ,! results 7 z foll[s3 ,c#ab basis ,cellulose dib5zoate ,jute monob5zoate ,calc4 = ,calc4 = ,f\nd diacetate on ,f\nd diacetate on ,e/] reaction dib5zoate monob5zoate ,yield #aaa p4ct4 #aae p4ct4 #abd p4ct4 #abj p4ct4 ,saponification ,cellulose ,lignocellulose #ec4e #eb4f #ei4h #fa4i ,na,o,h comb9+ #ba4c #bc4i #bh4d #bd4c ,f ^! results x w\ld appe> t ! numb] ( acetyl gr\ps ent]+ ! b5zoates is ! same z ) ! unb5zoylat$ fibres1 ! b5zoyl has no influ5ce ^u ! hydroxyls z aga9/ ! acetyl4 ,at ! same "t ! int]nal cond5sation notic$ 9 ! acetylation ( ! jute appe>s n to occur 9 ! case ( ! b5zoate4 ,nitric ,e/]s4--,! numb]s result+ f ! quantitative /udy ( ! e/] reaction & product 7#a/ ed4 p4 #acc7 %[ a v l>ge div]g5ce ( ! yield ( product f t :i* w\ld be calculat$ f its composition 7,n p4ct47 on ! assumption t ! e/] reaction is simple4 ,we h repeat$ ! results1 & f9d ) a yield ( #ade p4ct4 t ! product conta9s #aa4h p4ct4 ,n4 ,! reaction ,c#ab;,h#ah,o#i #d;,,hno#c - #d;,h#b,o gives a tetranitrate ) #aa4e p4ct4 ,n & a yield ( #aei p4ct4 ,! e/] reaction1 !re=e1 is n simple4 ,!re are two s\rces ( ! loss ( weight4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is evid5t f ! occurr5ce ( c]ta9 second>y reactions :i* result 9 ! solution ( a c]ta9 proportion ( ! fibre sub/ance 9 ! acid mixture4 ,to det]m9e ?is quantitatively we h devis$ a suitable v>iation ( ! me?od ( combu/ion ) *romic acid 7#a/ ed474 ,! v>iation is requir$ to meet ! difficulty occasion$ by ! t5sion ( ! nitric acid & products ( deoxidation4 ,! mix$ acids 7#aj c4c471 conta9+ ! organic by-products 9 solution1 are c>efully dilut$ 9 a small flask ) an equal volume ( wat]1 prev5t+ rise ( temp]ature4 ,nitr\s fumes are evolv$ dur+ ! dilution4 ,/rong sulphuric acid 7#ae c4c47 is n[ add$1 & ! residue ( nitr\s fumes expell$ by a curr5t ( air1 agitat+ ! cont5ts ( ! flask f "t to "t4 ,! combu/ion ) ,cr,o#c is !n proce$$ ) 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! gases evolv$ are measur$ 7total volume7 & calculat$ to ,c pres5t 9 ! =m ( products d]iv$ f ! lignocellulose2 &1 assum+ t ?is conta9s #dg p4ct4 ,c1 we may express ! result approximately 9 t]ms ( ! fibre sub/ance4 ,! me?od 0 controll$ by blank exp]im5ts1 9 :i* citric acid 0 tak5 z a conv5i5t c>bon comp\nd = combu/ion4 ,! ,c f\nd 0 #cd4i p4ct4 z aga9/ #cd4c p4ct4 calculat$4 ,by ?is me?od we f9d t ) maximum yields ( nitrate at #adc-ade p4ct4 ! organic matt] 9 solution 9 ! acid mixture am\nt$ to #d4i to #e4c p4ct4 ( ! orig9al lignocellulose4 ,introduc+ ?is quantity z a correction ( ! yield ( nitrate 9 ! orig9al reaction1 we mu/ express ! #adc p>ts z obta9$ f #ie ( fibre sub/ance in/ead ( #ajj4 ,! yield p] molecule ,c#ab;,h#ah,o#i 7 #cjf7 is !re=e #dfb1 :]eas = a tetranitrate =m$ by a simple e/] reaction ! yield %\ld be #dhf4 ,! diff]5ce 7#bd7 repres5ts #a4e mol4 ,h#b,o split (f by int]nal cond5sation4 ,! correction = total ,n is relatively small1 rais+ x f #aa4e to #ab4b1 :i* rema9s 9 close agreem5t ) ! exp]im5tal numb]s4 ,monob5zoate4--,treat$ ) ! acid mixture yields a mix$ nitrate4 ,! yield is #acj p4ct41 & ! product conta9s #g4f p4ct4 ,o4,,no#b nitrog54 ,^! numb]s approximate to ^? requir$ = reaction ) #d;,,hno#c gr\ps1 ?ree ( ! residues ent]+ ! cellulose1 & "o 7z ,,no#b7 ! b5z5e r+ ( ! sub/itut+ gr\p4 ,= su* a reaction ! calculat$ numb]s are3 ,yield #add p4ct42 ,o4,,no#b nitrog5 #g4a p4ct4 ,! exp]im5tal numb]s require correct+ = ! am\nt ( loss 9 ! =m ( products soluble 9 ! acid mixture1 viz4 #g4f p4ct42 b !y rema9 )9 ! range ( ! exp]im5tal errors suffici5tly to %[ t ! b5zoyl gr\p limits ! numb] ( ,,oh gr\ps tak+ "p 9 ! e/] reaction to ?ree4 ,! correct$ yield p] #a mol4 ( jute b5zoate 7#daj7 is #egf1 z aga9/ ! calculat$ #eij = #d;,,hno#c react+4 ,a loss ( #a;,h#b,o p] molecule by int]nal cond5sation is !re=e indicat$4 ,d5itration4--,! removal ( ! nitric gr\ps f ! e/]s is effect$ by dige/ion ) ammonium sulphide4 ,b ! reactions are by no means simple4 ,!re is consid]able hydrolysis ( ! lignocellulose to soluble products4 ,?us ! tetranitrate yields only #df4d ( d5itrat$ fibre 9 place ( ! calculat$ #ff4 ,! product is a cellulose1 yield+ only #j4e p] c5t4 furfural4 ,! hydrolys$ by-products1 moreov]1 :5 fre$ f sulphur & di/ill$ f hydro*loric acid1 yield$ only an additional #b4e p4ct4 furfural1 calculat$ to ! orig9al lignocellulose4 ,^! /ati/ics confirm ! evid5ce t ! e/] reaction is n simple4 ,su* *anges take place 9 ! lignone-beta-cellulose complex t !y rev]t1 n to _! orig9al =m1 b to soluble d]ivatives ( diff]5t con/itution4 ,! mix$ nitrate f ! b5zoate is d5itrat$ to a cellulose amidob5zoate1 :i* confirms ! localisation ( a nitro-gr\p 9 ! b5zoyl residue4 7p4 #aeg7 ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,lignocelluloses4--,lat] inve/igations h some:at modifi$ & simplifi$ our views ( ! con/itution ( ! typical lignocellulose 7jute71 s f> z ?is c be dealt ) by ! /ati/ics ( its m important decompositions 7orig9al1 pp4 #aeg-afa74 ,cellulose4--,!re is little d\bt t ! furfural-yield+ gr\ps ( ! orig9al are isolat$ 9 ! =m ( ! beta-cellulose4 ,toll5s emphasises ?is fact 9 8 /udies ( cellulose-e/imation me?ods4 ,we _h previ\sly %[n 7orig9al1 p4 #aei7 t ! yield ( furfural is n affect$ by ! *lor9ation1 b x appe>s f our numb]s t only #ej p4ct4 ( ^! gr\ps rema9 9 ! isolat$ cellulose1 ! residue und]go+ hydrolysis to soluble comp\nds4 ,9 a c>efully regulat$ hydrolysis foll[+ ! *lor9ation x appe>s t ! furfuroids are almo/ entirely cons]v$ 9 ! =m ( a cellulose4 ,moreov]1 an inve/igation ( ! products dissolv$ by sodium sulphite solution f ! *lor9at$ fibre has %[n t !y are practically free f furfuroids4 ,?is enables u to exclude ! furfural-yield+ gr\ps f ! lignone complex4 ,at ! same "t1 ?r\gh our lat] /udies ( ! hydroxyfurfurals1 x is c]ta9 t ^! products are repres5t$ 9 ! fibre sub/ance & probably 9 ! lignone complex4 ,*lor9ation ,/ati/ics4--,x has be5 po9t$ out by a correspond5t--to :om we express our indebt$ness--t we h made a mi/ake 9 calculat+ ! proportion ( lignone f ! ratio ( ! ,cl comb9+ ) ! fibre sub/ance or lignocellulose 7p4ct71 to t ( ! ,cl pres5t 9 ! isolat$ lignone *loride 7p4ct474 ,! lignocellulose comb9es ) *lor9e 9 ! ratio #ajj 3 #h1 b ! lignone *loride conta9+ #bf4g ( *lor9e means t1 neglect+ ! hydrog5 sub/itut$1 #gc ( lignone comb9e ) ! #bg ( *lor9e approximately4 ,on ! uni=m p]c5tage basis ! calculat$ proportion ( lignone w\ld be #h_/cg1 or a little ov] #bj p4ct4 ,9 reg>d to ! proportion ( hydration att5d+ ! resolution1 we h %[n on con/itutional gr\nds t ?is mu/ be relatively small4 ,assum+ approximately ! =mula ,c#ai;,h#bb,o#i = ! lignone residue z x exi/s 9 comb9ation1 & ! anhydride =mula = ! cellulose1 ^! revis$ /ati/ics n[ appe>1 z reg>ds ! c>bon cont5ts ( ! lignocellulose3 ,cellulose1 #dd4d ,c2 lignone1 #eg4h4 #hj x #dd4d _/ #ajj #ce4eb #bj x #eg4h _/ #ajj #aa4ef #dg4jh p4ct4 ,c 9 lignocellulose4 ,^! conclusions are 9 accordance ) ! exp]im5tal facts1 &1 tak5 toge!r ) ! new evid5ce we h accumulat$ f a /udy ( ! lignocellulose e/]s1 we may sum up ! con/itutional po9ts z foll[s3 ,! lignocellulose is a complex ( ,cellulose alpha ,cellulose beta ,lignone #fe p4ct4 #ae p4ct4 #bj ,alli$ to ! normal ,yield+ furfural ,"o-?ird ( :i* celluloses approximately #ej p4ct4 is ( b5z5oid type ,! lignone conta9s b little hydroxyl4 ,! celluloses are 9 cond5s$ hydroxyl union ) ! lignone1 b ! comb9ation occurs by complexes ( relatively l>ge molecul> weight4 ,,die ,,*emie ,,d] ,,lignocellulos5--,,e9 ,,neu] ,,typus4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,hancock & ,o4 ,w4 ,,dahl 7,b]l4 ,b]41 #ahie1 #aeeh74 ,*emi/ry ( ,lignocelluloses--,a ,new ,type4 ,! /em ( ! aquatic ,a,eschynomene asp]a (f]s an exceptional in/ance ( /ructural modification to s]ve ! special function ( a 'float1' #a grm4 ( sub/ance occupy+ an app>5t volume ( #dj-ej c4c4 ,?is pi?-l sub/ance is morphologically a true wood 7,de ,b>y71 & ! au?or's inve/igations n[ e/abli% t x is 9 all fundam5tal po9ts ( *emical composition a lignocellulose1 al?\gh f its col\r reactions x has be5 consid]$ by botani/s to be a cellulose tissue conta9+ a proportion ( lignifi$ cells4 ,?us ! ma9 tissue is /a9$ blue by iod9e 9 pres5ce ( hydriodic acid 7#a4e s4g471 & ! col\r is n *ang$ on wa%+4 ,! ord9>y lignocelluloses are /a9$ a purple br[n *ang$ to br[n on wa%+4 ,! reactions ) phloroglucol & ) anil9e salts1 *>act]i/ic ( ^! comp\nds1 is only fa9tly m>k$ 9 ! ma9 tissue1 ?\gh /rongly 9 c]ta9 individual cells4 ,! foll[+ quantitative det]m9ations1 h[ev]1 e/abli% ! close simil>ity ( ! product to ! typical lignocelluloses3 ,elem5t>y ,analysis4--,c #df4ee1 ,h #f4g4 ,furfural #aa4f p4ct41 ( :i* !re rema9$ 9 ! residue f alkal9e hydrolysis 7#ga p4ct47 #h4j1 i4e4 ab\t #gj p4ct4 ,! di/ribution ( ! furfuroids is !re=e n affect$ by ! alkal9e treatm5t4 ,*lor9ation4--,! sub/ance 7aft] alkal9e hydrolysis7 takes up #af4i p4ct4 ,cl1 ( :i* approximately "o-half is conv]t$ into hydro*loric acid4 ,me?oxyl4--,o4,,*#c e/imat$ #b4i p4ct4 ,f]ric ,f]ricyanide ,reaction4--,increase ( weight due to blue cyanide fix$ 7#a7 #ge p4ct41 7#b7 #if p4ct4 ,ratio1 ,fe 3 ,,cn #a 3 #b1 #d4 ,hydroxyl ,reactions4--,9 ! =mation ( nitric e/]s & 9 ! sulphoc>bonate reaction ! sub/ance gave results simil> to ^? obta9+ = ! jute fibre4 ,^! results e/abli% ! g5]al id5tity ( ?is peculi> product ( plant life ) ! lignocelluloses1 at ! same "t t !y %[ t c]ta9 ( ! col\r reactions suppos$ to *>act]ise ! lignocelluloses are due to by-products :i* may or may n be pres5t4 7p4 #agb7 ,composition ( ,eld] ,pi?4--,9 a sy/ematic inve/igation ( ! celluloses 9 relation to function we %all h to give special att5tion to ! p>5*ymat\s tissues ( all k9ds4 ,^! are1 = /ructural reasons1 n easily isolat$1 = :i* reason & _! g5]ally 'inf]ior' functions !y d n pres5t !mselves to *emical obs]vation 9 ! same obvi\s way z d _! fibr\s relatives4 ,! pi? ( ! eld]1 h[ev]1 is readily obta9$ 9 conv5i5t masses1 & a prelim9>y inve/igation ( ! entire tissue has e/abli%$ ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,! reactions ( ! tissue are 9 all respects ^? ( ! lignocelluloses4 ,composition4--,a%1 #b4b p4ct42 moi/ure 9 air-dry /ate1 #ab4c p4ct4 ,alkal9e hydrolysis 7loss73 7a7 #ad4gg1 7b7 #ag4hd4 ,cellulose 7yield71 #eb4cc p4ct4 ,nitrate-reaction complicat$ by second>y reactions & yields l[1 #ij4ie p4ct4 ,sulphoc>bonate reaction3 ,resi/s ! treatm5t1 less ?an #aj p4ct4 passes into solution4 ,furfural4--,! orig9al tissue yields #g4ac p4ct42 ! residue f alkal9e hydrolysis 7b7 #e4dj p4ct4 ,?is tissue is1 !re=e1 a lignocellulose hav+ ! *emical *>act]i/ics typical ( ! gr\p1 b ( less resi/ance to hydrolytic actions4 ,! inve/igation w be prosecut$ 9 ref]5ce to ! cause ( diff]5tiation 9 ?is latt] respect4 ,probably ! pectocelluloses are repres5t$ 9 ! tissue4 ,! ,insoluble ,c>bohydrates ( ,:eat 7gra974 ,h4 ,c4 ,,%]man 7,j4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahig1 #bia74 7p4 #aga7 ,?is is a /udy ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! cell-walls ( :eat gra94 ,bran 0 tak5 z ! mo/ conv5i5t =m ( ! raw mat]ial1 be+ fre$ f />* by treatm5t ) malt extract1 & fur!r treat$ 7#a7 ) cold dilute ammonia1 7#b7 cold dilute soda lye 7#b p4ct4 ,na,o,h71 & 7#c7 boil+ #j4a p4ct4 ,na,o,h4 ,! product reta9$ only #a4be p4ct4 proteids1 & yield$ #ae4fb p4ct4 furfural4 ,acid ,hydrolysis4--,! product 0 boil$ #cj m9s4 ) dilute acid 7#a4be p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d71 & ! solution boil$ until ! ,fehl+ te/ %[$ no fur!r increase ( monoses4 ,at ! limit ! r$uc+ p[] ( ! dissolv$ c>bohydrates 0 #ia4c p4ct41 t ( dextrose4 ,conv]t$ into osazones ! analysis %[$ !m to be pure p5tosazones4 ,! hemicellulose ( :eat is1 !re=e1 accord+ to ! au?or1 pure p5tosane4 ,residue4--,?is 0 a lignocellulose yield+ #aa4e p4ct4 furfural4 ,x 0 subject$ to a s]ies ( treatm5ts ) f]ric f]ricyanide1 & ! proportion ( ,prussian blue fix$ 0 det]m9$ by increase ( weight1 viz4 f #aj p4ct4 to #dg p4ct4 accord+ to ! conditions4 ,! results confirm$ ^? ( ,cross & ,bevan fir/ obta9$ ) ! typical lignocellulose 7jute74 ,*lor9ation4-,! residue 0 boil$ ) dilute alkali1 wa%$1 & expos$ to *lor9e gas4 ,! result+ lignone *loride 0 isolat$ by solution 9 alcohol1 c4 ,x yield$ #bf4g p4ct4 ,cl on analysis4 ,9 ?is & its prop]ties x appe>$ to be id5tical ) ! product isolat$ by ,cross & ,bevan f jute1 ) ! empirical =mula ,c#ai;,h#ah;,cl#d,o#i4 ,cellulose 0 isolat$ f ! residue by ?ree ( ! well-kn[n me?ods1 & ! foll[+ comp>ative numb]s are notewor?y3 ,f4 ,s*ulze ,lange ,cross & ,me?od ,dil4 ,,hno#c ,fusion ,,koh ,bevan ,k,cl,o#c ,*lor9e1 c4 ,cellulose p4ct4 obta9$ #ff4j #ci4c-dc4a #ff4e ,furfural p4ct4 ( cellulose #g4j #c4if #e4fb ,residual nitrog5 #j4bb #j4jc #j4jj ,f]ricyanide reaction1 ,prussian blue fix$ #f4jd #j4hi #j4ib ,! au?or rem>ks3 ',x is evid5t no "o feature c be urg$ z a crit]ion 9 judg+ betwe5 ! me?ods1 b all mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,su* a comp>ison %[s ! sup]iority ( ! *lor9ation me?od4' ,! cellulose is n ( ! normal 7cotton7 type1 s9ce on treatm5t ) sulphuric acid x dissolves ) consid]able discol\ration1 b only to ! ext5t ( ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ,! dissolv$ monoses conv]t$ into osazones 7 f\nd to consi/ ( hexoses only4 ,! cellulose treat$ ) cau/ic soda solution 7#e p4ct4 ,na,o,h7 9 ! cold yield$ #bj p4ct4 ( its weight ( soluble con/itu5ts1 b z ! residue yield$ #c4cd p4ct4 furfural ! attack ( ! alkali is by no means conf9$ to ! furfuroids4 ,animal ,dige/ion ( ! ,con/itu5ts ( ,bran4--,obs]vations on a /e] f$ ^u :eat bran only e/abli%$ ! foll[+ p]c5tage dige/ion ( ! sev]al con/itu5ts3 ,soluble c>bohydrates #if4i ,/>* #ajj4j ,free p5tosanes #fj4b ,cellulose #bd4h ,lign9 complex #cf4g ,proteid #hb4if ,e!r extract #db4gc ,nitrog5-free extract #gf4jh ,crude fibre #cb4ba ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute 7,rese>* ,dep>tm5t1 ,vols4 #a-b1 #ahie-f74 7p4 #aji7 ,9 ?is j\rnal appe> a s]ies ( notices ( ! results ( analyses ( vegetable fibres by ! me?od describ$ 9 ',report on ,miscellane\s ,fibres' 7,col4 ,ind4 ,exhibition ,reports1 p4 #cfh7 ,c4 ,f4 ,cross4 ,^! inve/igations deal ) ! foll[+ subjects3 #ahie4 p4 #bi ,v>i\s ,indian ,fibres--m p>ticul>ly ,sida4 #aah 7a7 ,fibres f ,victoria2 7b7 ,special ,analyses ( 7a7 ,samples ( ,jute2 7c7 ,pap]-mak+ ,fibres f ,s4 ,au/ralia4 #bjb ,fibres f ,victoria4 #bhg ,fibres f ,victoria4 #cff ,sisal f ,tr9idad4 #cgc ,rope-fibres f ,gr5ada4 7b7 #cih ,report ( ,exp]im5ts on ,indian ,jute 7#a74 #dce ,fif? & ,six? ,report on ,au/ralian ,fibres4 #dgc #ahif4 #fh ,hibiscus & ,abroma ,fibres4 #ajd-e ,hibiscus1 ,ur5a1 & ,crotal>ia ,fibres4 #ada ,indian ,sisal 7c7 #ahb-c ,report ( ,exp]im5ts on ,indian ,jute 7#b74 #bfd ,sansevi]a f ,assam4 ,f ! above we may draw ! g5]al conclusion t ! s*eme ( inve/igation has be5 f\nd 9 practice to answ] its ma9 purpose1 viz4 to af=d su* num]ical con/ants z det]m9e indu/rial values4 ,9 illu/ration we may cite 7a7 ! results ( analyses ( specially select$ samples ( jute1 f :i* x w be se5 t !re is a close concordance ( value z ord9>ily det]m9$ f ext]nal appe>ance1 ) ! *emical con/ants z det]m9$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,quality ( ,jute ,l[ ,m$ium ,extra ,extra ,f9e ,moi/ure #aa4j #aj4d #aa4a #i4f ,a% #j4hg #b4h #a4j #j4g ,alkal9e hydrolysis 7a7 #e m9s4 boil+ #ac4b #aa4f #h4e #i4a ,alkal9e hydrolysis 7b7 #fj m9s4 boil+ #af4a #ag4e #ab4e #ac4a ,m]c]is+ treatm5t #i4b #aj4e #aj4c #h4e ,nitration 7increase p4ct47 #cf4f #ce4g #cg4e #cf4g ,cellulose 7yield7 #ga4d #gj4j #gi4j #gg4g ,acid purification #b4f #a4c #a4i #b4j ,a useful s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 initiat$ by ! ,in/itute1 is t not$ "u 7b7 & 7c7 above4 7#a7 ,to asc]ta9 ! quality ( ! fibre extract$ f ! plant at diff]5t /ages ( gr[?1 quantities ( #djj lbs4 ( ! /alks 7 cut at successive /ages & ! fibre isolat$ aft] /eep+ #ad-bj days4 ,! fibre 0 %ipp$ to ,engl& & *emically inve/igat$1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,no4 #a4 ,cut be=e appe>ance ( infloresc5ce4 #b4 aft] budd+4 #c4 9 fl[]4 #d4 aft] appe>ance ( se$-pod4 #e4 :5 fully matur$4 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 ,moi/ure #aa4ee #h4gd #aj4g #aj4j #i4gb ,a% #a4a #a4a #a4a #a4a #j4ij ,alkal9e hydrolysis 7a7 #f4b #h4e #i4g #h4i #g4c 7b7 #aj4e #aa4i #aa4f #ab4j #aa4b ,m]c]is+ treatm5t #aj4b #aj4g #ab4j #h4a #aa4j ,nitration #cg4b #cb4a #cb4b #cc4b #cf4f ,cellulose #gd4j #gf4b #gd4a #gd4h #gf4d ,acid purification #j4h #j4e #j4g #b4d #a4d ,x w be ?us se5 t !re are no *anges ( any ess5tial k9d 9 ! *emical composition ( ! ba/ fibre ?r\gh\t ! life-hi/ory ( ! plant1 confirm+ ! conclusion t ! 'incru/ation' view ( lignification is consi/5t only ) ! /ructural features ( ! *anges1 & s f> z x has assum$ ! gradual ov]lay+ ( a cellulose fibre ) ! lignone sub/ance x is n 9 accordance ) ! facts4 ,exam9ation ( ! samples f ! po9t ( view ( textile quality %[$ a sup]iority ( ,no4 #a 9 f95ess1 s(tness1 & /r5g?2 f ?is /age !re is obs]v$ a progressive det]ioration1 b ! ,no4 #d sample 7:i* 0 tak5 at ! usual p]iod ( cutt+7 is sup]ior to ,no4 #e4 ,9 a fur!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7c7 ! jute 0 subject$ to c]ta9 *emical treatm5ts imm$iately aft] ! sep>ation ( ! fibre f ! plant4 ,^! consi/$ 9 /eep+ 7#a7 9 solution ( sodium c>bonate1 z well z ( plant a%es1 & 7#b7 9 sulphite ( soda1 ! purpose ( ! treatm5ts be+ to modify or arre/ ! *anges :i* take place 9 ! fibre :5 press-pack$ 9 bales = %ipm5t4 ,! samples 7 %ipp$ f ,india "u ! usual conditions & exam9$ soon aft] arrival4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! *emical treatm5ts _h produc$ b small *anges 9 *emical composition ( ! fibre-sub/ance4 ,! sulphite treatm5t 0 ! m m>k$ 9 influ5ce1 some:at l[]+ ! cellulose & nitration con/ants4 ,! conclusion drawn f ! results 0 t !y af=d no prospect ( any useful modification1 i4e4 improvem5t ( ! textile quality ( ! fibre by any *emical treatm5ts su* z c\ld be appli$ to ! fibre on ! spot be=e dry+ = press-pack+ & %ipm5t4 ,! o!r matt]s inve/igat$ 9 ! ,in/itute laboratory & report$ on z indicat$ above are r ( comm]cial significance1 & contribut$ no po9ts ( mom5t to ! *emi/ry ( cellulose4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,*emical ,,sub/ances ,,9 ,,! ,,trunks ,,( ,,trees4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,/or] 7,bull4 ,bussey ,in/41 #ahig1 #chf74 7p4 #agb7 ,an exam9ation ( ! out] & inn] wood & ( ! b>k ( ! grey bir*1 at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 gave ! foll[+ yields ( furfural p4ct4 on ! dry sub/ance3 ,wood ,b>k ,inn] ,out] ,may #ba4c #ai4f #af4g ,july #af4f #ah4h #aa4d ,octob] #af4b #af4c #ab4c ,! pap] conta9s ! results ( treat+ ! woods & v>i\s vegetable products ) hydrolys+ ag5ts 9 ord] ( int5sity3 7a7 ,malt-extract at #fj deg4,c41 7b7 boil+ dilute ,h,cl 7#a4j p4ct4 ,h,cl71 & 7c7 boil+ dilute ,h,cl 7#b4e p4ct474 ,! residues 7 f\nd to yield consid]able proportions ( furfural4 ,! foll[+ numb]s are typical3 ,bir* ,/ones ( ,b>k ,wood ,date ,apricot ,pea* ,action ( malt extract calcu- lat$ z />* dissolv$ #d4bd #c4e #e4b #a4e -- ,residue boil$1 #a p4ct4 ,h,cl ,mannan gave p5tosanes dissolv$4 -- -- #aa4g #ad4a #f4g ,residue yield$ furfural #ai4c #ag4h #c4d #i4f #i4g ,! proportion ( p5tosanes 7furfuroids7 remov$1 i4e4 hydrolys$ by boil+ ) hydro*loric acid ( #b4e p4ct4 ,h,cl1 is %[n by ! foll[+ e/imations ( furfural3 ,bir* ,sug> maple ,apricot /ones ,b>k ,wood ,out] ,inn] wood wood ,9 orig9al sub/ance #af4g #ai4f #ah4b #bj4g #ah4d ,9 residue f action #f4ec #h4f #d4i #f4d #g4j ( #b4e p4ct4 ,h,cl ,wood ,gum4--,! pap] conta9s "s obs]vations on ! v>i\s me?ods ( isolat+ ?is product4 ,att5tion is direct$ to ! necess>y impurity ( ! product1 & to ! fact t ! numb]s = furfural & = ! xylose yield$ by hydrolysis are consid]ably less ?an = a pure p5tosane4 ,e/imation ( ,cellulose4--,! au?or inve/igat$ ! process ( ,lange & ! 'celluloses' obta9$ f v>i\s raw mat]ials4 ,! products f ! woods ( bir* & maple conta9$ furfural-yield+ con/itu5ts1 repres5t$ by yields ( #f-h p4ct4 furfural4 ,pref]5ce is giv5 to ! process by comp>ison ) o!rs1 at ! same "t t x is recomm5d$ 9 all cases to exam9e ! product = furfural quantitatively1 conv]t+ ! numb]s into p5tosane equival5ts1 & subtract+ f ! total 'cellulose' to give ! true cellulose4 ,,zur ,,k5ntniss ,,d] ,,mutt]sub/anz5 ,,des ,,holzgummi4 ,e4 ,,w9t]/e9 7,zts*r4 ,physiol4 ,*em41 #ahib1 #cha74 ,,on ,,! ,,"m ,,sub/ances ,,( ,,wood-,,gum4 7p4 #ahh7 ,accord+ to ! text-books bee*-wood may be reg>d$ z ! typical raw mat]ial = ! prep>ation ( ! laboratory product kn[n z wood-gum4 ,! au?or has subject$ bee*-wood & bee*-wood cellulose 7,s*ulze process7 to a range ( hydrolytic treatm5ts1 acid & alkal9e1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! conditions ( selective action ^u ! "m sub/ance ( ! wood-gum4 ,9 ! ma9 x appe>s t ?is gr\p ( furfuroids is equally resi/ant ) ! cellulose con/itu5ts ( ! wood2 9 fact1 t ! "m sub/ance ( wood-gum is a modifi$ cellulose1 & exi/s 9 ! wood 9 *emical comb9ation ) ! 'incru/+ sub/ances4' ,( ! au?or's exp]im5tal results ! foll[+ may be cit$ z typical3 ,yield ( furfural ,sub/ance p4ct4 ,orig9al bee*-wood #ac4h ,aft] boil+ #c hrs4 ) #a4be p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d 7residue7 #aj4a #e4j #e4f ,cellulose--isolat$ by ,s*ulze process 7yield #ec p4ct47 #f4i aft] fur!r #ad days' dige/ion ) ! ,s*ulze acid 7,,hno#c ,k,cl,o#c7 #e4i aft] extraction ) #e p4ct4 ,na,o,h 9 cold 7residue7 #e4j aft] second extraction ) #e p4ct4 ,na,o,h 9 cold 7residue7 #d4d ,,ueb] ,,die ,,frage ,,na* ,,dem ,,ursprung ,u,n,g,e,s,ae,t,t,i,g,e,r ,,v]b9dung5 ,,9 ,,d] ,,pflanze4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,cross1 ,e4 ,j4 ,,bevan1 & ,c4 ,,smi? 7,b]l4 ,b]41 #ahie1 #aidj74 ,,on ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,! ,,unsaturat$ ,,comp\nds ,,( ,,! ,,plant4 7p4 #agi7 ,9 di/ill+ = furfural by ! usual me?ods ( boil+ cellulosic products ) cond5s+ acids1 ! furfural is accompani$ by volatile acids1 also products ( decomposition ( ! cellulosic complex4 ,a s]ies ( di/illations 0 c>ri$ out ) dilute sulphuric acids ( v>y+ conc5tration f #aj-ej ,h#b,,s#d 3 #ij-ej ,h#b,o by weight1 us+ b>ley /raw z a typical cellulosic mat]ial4 ,! di/illates 7 collect$ 9 successive fractions1 & ! furfural & volatile acid det]m9$4 ,! results are giv5 9 ! =m ( curves4 ,! aggregate yields 7 z foll[s3-- ,conc5tration ( acid 7,h#b,,s#d7 p4ct4 #aj #ae #bj #cj #dj #ej ,furfural yield p4ct4 ( /raw #b4j #b4j #d4d #aj4a #aa4e #aa4j ,volatile acid 7calculat$ z acetic acid7 p4ct4 ( /raw #a4g #a4i #c4a #d4c #f4c #ad4h ,) acids up to #bj p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d bo? products are =m$ concurr5tly & 9 ne>ly equal quantity4 ,) ! #cj p4ct4 acid !re is a great increase 9 ! total furfural1 & ) ! #dj p4ct4 acid x rea*es ne>ly ! maximum obta9able ) ,h,cl ( #a4jf s4g4 7,toll5s71 9 ?is case #ab4d p4ct4 ,! volatile acid increases1 b 9 less ratio2 x is also produc$ concurr5tly4 ,) #ej p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d ! conditions are *ang$4 ,! total furfural is rapidly =m$1 :]eas ! volatile acid cont9ues to be =m$ long aft] ! aldehyde ceases to come ov]4 ,moreov]1 :]eas 9 ! previ\s cases x 0 ma9ly acetic acid1 x is n[ ma9ly =mic acid4 ,! me?od 0 !n ext5d$ to a typical s]ies ( celluloses1 heat$ ) ! m conc5trat$ acid 7#dj-ej p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d71 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,volatile acid ,acetic ,=mic ,sw$i% filt]-pap] #j4c #b4g #ag4b ,esp>to cellulose #ab4d #c4b #af4f ,blea*$ cotton trace #c4a #ac4b ,raw cotton 7,am]ican7 -- #e4j #i4d ,jute cellulose #e4b #d4i #bb4g ,bee* 7wood7 cellulose #f4d #c4e #ad4f ,! t5d5cy 9 ! hexoses & _! polyanhydrides to split (f "o c>bon atom 9 ! oxidis$ =m1 ?r[s "s light on ! furfurane type ( cond5sation1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! lignocelluloses4 ,we are /ill )\t any evid5ce z to ! possible transition ( ! hexoses to b5z5oid comp\nds4 ,su* transitions w\ld be m easily expla9$ on ! assumption t ! celluloses are compos$ 9 "p ( polyanhydrides ( ! ketoses4 ,,spiritus ,,aus ,,cellulose ,,und ,,holz4 ,e4 ,,simons5 7,zts*r4 angew4 ,*em41 #ahih1 #c74 ,,production ,,( ,,alcohol ,,f ,,cellulose ,,& ,,wood4 7pp4 #ej1 #bji7 ,?is inve/igation 0 und]tak5 ) "o ma9 object--to det]m9e ! optimum conditions ( treatm5t ( wood-cellulose & ( wood itself = conv]sion into 'f]m5table sug>4' ,! process ( 'inv]sion' or hydrolysis1 by dige/ion ) dilute acid at high temp]ature1 involves ! f\r ma9 factors3 pressure 7i4e4 temp]ature71 conc5tration ( acid1 ratio ( liquid to cellulose & duration ( dige/ion4 ,ea* ( ^! 0 v>i$ 9 def9ite gradations1 & ! effect measur$4 ,! degree ( action 0 measur$ 9 t]ms ( 'r$uc+ sug>1' calculat$ f ! results ( e/imation by ,fehl+ solution1 z 'glucose' p] c5t4 ( orig9al cellulose 7or wood74 7a7 ,cellulose4 ,wood-cellulose obta9$ by bisulphite process4--,) a proportion ( total liquid to cellulose ( #bg 3 #a1 & us+ sulphuric acid z ! hydrolys+ ag5t1 ! optimum results 7 obta9$ ) acids ( #j4de-j4fj p4ct4 7,h#b,,s#d7 & pressures ( #f-h atm4 ,! maximum yield ( 'sug>' 0 #de p4ct4 ( ! cellulose4 ,"u ! above conditions ! maximum ( conv]sion is atta9$ 9 #b h\rs4 ,hav+ n[ reg>d to ! production ( a solution ( maximum conc5tration ( dissolv$ solids1 ! foll[+ conditions 7 as]ta9$ to fulfil ! requirem5t1 &1 9 fact1 may be reg>d$ z ! economic optimum3 ,proportion ( total liquid #f times wt4 ( cellulose ,conc5tration ( acid #j4e p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d ,pressure #aj atm4 ,duration ( dige/ion #a4e h\r giv+ a yield ( #da p4ct4 'r$uc+ sug>' calculat$ to ! orig9al cellulose 7dry74 ,alcoholic ,f]m5tation ( ,neutralis$ ,extract4--,! liquors 7 f\nd to f]m5t freely1 & on di/illation to yield a quantity ( alcohol equal to #gj p4ct4 ( ! !oretical--i4e4 on ! basis ( ! numb]s = copp] oxide r$uction4 7b7 ,hydrolytic ',conv]sion' ( ,wood 7,lignocellulose74--,a simil>ly sy/ematic inve/igation c>ri$ out ^u p9e sawdu/ e/abli%$ ! foll[+ z optimum conditions3 ,proportion ( total liquid #e times wt4 ( wood ,conc5tration ( acid #j4e p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d ,pressure #i atm4 ,duration ( dige/ion #ae m9utes giv+ a yield ( #bj p4ct4 'r$uc+ sug>1' calculat$ f ! ',fehl+' te/4 ,f]m5tation ( ! neutralis$ extracts gave v>iable results4 ,! highe/ yields obta9$ 7 #fj p4ct4 ( !oretical1 ! au?or f9ally conclud+ t "u prop]ly controll$ conditions ( inv]sion & f]m5tation #ajj kg4 wood yield #f4e l4 absolute alcohol4 ,ue,b,e,r ,,die ,,ursa*e ,,d] ,,von ,,simons5 ,,beoba*tet5 ,u,n,v,o,l,l,s,t,ae,n,d,i,g,k,e,i,t ,,d] ,v,e,r,g,ae,h,r,u,n,g ,,d] ,,aus ,,holz ,,b]eitet5 ,z,u,c,k,e,r,f,l,ue,s,s,i,g,k,e,i,t,e,n4 ,b4 ,,toll5s 7,zts*r4 angew4 ,*em41 #ahih1 #ae74 ,,on ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,incomplete ,,f]m5tation ,,( ,,sug>s ,,obta9$ ,,by ,,acid ,,hydrolysis ,,( ,,wood4 ,! au?or criticises ,simons5's explanation ( ! results obta9$ ) extracts f p9e wood4 ,! incomplet5ess ( f]m5tation ( ! products is c]ta9ly due 9 "p to ! pres5ce ( furfural-yield+ c>bohydrates1 :i* are resi/ant to yea/4 ,! p9e woods conta9 #h-aj p4ct4 ( ^! con/itu5ts 9 _! anhydride =m 7'p5tosanes'74 ,!y yield readily to acid hydrolysis1 & c]ta9ly con/itute a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! dissolv$ products4 ,a simil> complex 0 obta9$ by ! au?or 9 8 inve/igation ( peat 7,b]l4 ,b]4 #cj1 #bega71 & 0 f\nd to be simil>ly incompletely attack$ by yea/4 ,! yields ( alcohol correspond$ ) ! proportion ( ! total c>bohydrates disappe>+4 ,^! 7 ! hexose con/itu5ts ( ! hydrolys$ complex1 ! p5toses 7or 'furfuroids'7 surviv+ intact4 ,,ueb] ,,sulfitcelluloseablauge4 ,h4 ,,seidel 7,zts*r4 angew4 ,*em41 #aijj74 ,,wa/e ,,liquors ,,f ,,bisulphite ,,process4 7p4 #baj7 ,lat] rese>*es confirm ! conclusion t 9 ! soluble by-products ( ^! cellulose processes ! ,s is comb9$ z a ,,s#c;,h gr\p4 ,! foll[+ analyses ( ! isolat$ lign9 sulphonic acid are cit$3 ,c ,h ,s 7a7 ,l9dsey & ,toll5s #ef4ab #e4cj #e4fe 7b7 ,seidel 7#a7 #ef4bg #e4hg #e4eb 7c7 ,seidel & ,hanak 7#b7 #ec4fi #e4bb #h4hj 7d7 ,/reet #ej4bb #e4fd #g4fg ,! v>iations are due to ! v>y+ conditions ( ! dige/ion ( ! wood & to correspond+ degrees ( sulphonation ( ! orig9al lignone gr\p4 ,calculat+ ! composition ( ! latt] f ! above numb]s on ! assumption t ! ,s repres5ts ,,s#c;,h1 ! foll[+ figures result3 7a7 & 7b7 7c7 7d7 ,c #fd4jj #fe4a #ei4fa ,h #f4fe #f4cc #f4fi ,?is au?or consid]s t beyond ! empirical facts e/abli%$ by ! above nam$#aj v little is yet kn[n 9 reg>d to ! con/itution ( ! lignone complex4 ,nor is !re any satisfactory application ( ?is by-product z yet evolv$4 ,evaporation & combu/ion involve l>ge losses ( sulphur ,d4,r4,p4 #gd1jcj1 #hc1dch2 ,seidel & ,hanak1 ,mitt4 ,te*n4 ,gew4 ,mus4 #ahih4 ,a m complete reg5]ation ( ! sulphur has be5 ! subject ( a s]ies ( pat5ts ,d4,r4,p4 #dj1cjh1 #fi1hib1 #ga1idb1 #gh1cjf1 #ha1cch1 b ! processes are ineffici5t ?r\gh neglect ( ! actual /ate ( comb9ation ( ! ,s1 viz4 z an organic sulphonate4 ,! process ( ,v4,b4 ,drewson 7,d4,r4,p4 #fg1hhi7 consi/s 9 heat+ ) lime "u pressure1 yield+ calcium monosulphite 7) sulphate & ! lignone complex 9 insoluble =m74 ,! sulphite is r$issolv$ z bisulphite by treatm5t ) sulphur\s acid4 ,?is process is relatively co/ly1 & yields necess>ily an impure lye4 ,x has be5 propos$ to employ ! product z a food/uff bo? 9 its orig9al =m & 9 ! =m ( b5zoate 7,d4,r4,p4 #ig1ice72 b its unsuitability is obvi\s f its composition4 ,a me?od ( de/ructive di/illation has be5 pat5t$ 7,d4,r4,p4 #de1iea74 ,! au?or has inve/igat$ ! process1 & f9ds t ! yield ( useful products is mu* too l[ = its economical developm5t4 ,fusion ) alkal9e hydrates = ! production ( oxalic acid 7,d4,r4,p4 #eb1dia7 is also exclud$ by ! l[ yield ( ! product4 ,! application ( ! liquor = tann+ purposes 7,d4,r4,p4 #gb1afa7 appe>s promis+ f ! fact t #bh p4ct4 ( ! dry residue is remov$ by dige/ion ) hide p[d]4 ,?is application has be5 ext5sively inve/igat$1 b )\t practical success4 ,v>i\s probable uses are sugge/$ by ! viscosity ( ! evaporat$ extract4 ,z a sub/itute = glue 9 jo9]y "w1 bookb9d+1 c41 x has prov$ ( little value4 ,x is appli$ to "s ext5t z a b9d+ mat]ial 9 ! manufacture ( briquettes1 also z a sub/itute = gelat9 9 ! petroleum indu/ry4 ,cross & ,bevan 7,e4,p4 #aedh_/ahhc7 & ,mits*]li* 7,d4,r4,p4 #ic1idd & #ic1ide7 precipitate a comp\nd ( ! lignone complex & gelat9 by add+ a solution ( ! latt] to ! liquors4 ,! comp\nd is r$issolv$ 9 weak alkal9e solutions & employ$ 9 ?is =m = eng9e-siz+ pap]s4 ,ekman has pat5t$ a process 7,d4,r4,p4 #ha1fdc7 = 'salt+ out' ! lignone sulphonates1 ! product be+ resoluble 9 wat] & ! solution hav+ "s ( ! prop]ties ( a solution ( dextr94 ,ow+ to its active *emical prop]ties ?is product--'dextron'--has a limit$ capability ( sub/itut+ dextr94 ,! sugge/ion to employ ! evaporat$ extract z a r$uc+ ag5t 9 indigo dye+ & pr9t+ has also prov$ unfruitful4 ,! au?or's application ( ! soda salt ( ! lignone sulphonic acid z a r$uc+ ag5t 9 *rome-mordant+ wool & wooll5 goods 7,d4,r4,p4 #ii1fhb7 is m successful 9 practice1 & its indu/rial developm5t %[s satisfactory progress4 ,! product is kn[n z 'lignoros94' ,,footnotes3 #aj ,see m p>ticul>ly3 ,l9dsey & ,toll5s1 ,annal51 #bfg1 #cda2 ,cross & ,bevan's ,cellulose1 pp4 #aig-bjc2 ,/reet1 ,inaug4-,diss41 ,goett+51 #ahib2 ,klason1 ,rep4 d4 ,*em4 ,ztg4 #ahig1 #bfa2 ,seidel & ,hanak1 ,mitt4 d4 ,te*n4 ,gew4 ,mus4 #ahig-ahih4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,pectic ,,gr\p ,,unt]su*ung5 ,ue,b,e,r ,,pect9/(fe4 ,r4 ,w4 ,,tromp ,,de ,,haas & ,b4 ,,toll5s 7,lieb4 ,ann41 #bhf1 #bgh74 ,ue,b,e,r ,,die ,,con/itution ,,d] ,,pect9/(fe1 ,b4 ,,toll5s 7ibid4 #bib74 ,,inve/igations ,,( ,,pect9s4 7p4 #baf7 ,x is g5]ally held t ! pect9s are1 or conta91 oxidis$ d]ivatives ( ! c>bohydrates4 ,! au?ors h isolat$ & analys$ a s]ies ( ^! products1 & ! results fail to confirm a high ratio ,o 3 ,h4 ,! foll[+ are ! analytical numb]s3 ,pect9 f ,a% ,c ,h ,ratio ,h 3 ,o ,apple #f4b #dc4d #f4d #a 3 #g4i ,*]ry #bj4e #db4e #f4e #a 3 #g4i ,rhub>b #d4b #dc4c #f4h #a 3 #g4d ,currant #e4j #dg4a #e4i #a 3 #h4e ,gre5gage #c4c #dc4j #e4i #a 3 #h4e ,turnip #g4c #da4j #e4i #a 3 #i4j ,acid hydrolysis 7#d p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d7 gave syrupy products n cry/allisable--9 c]ta9 cases ! hydrolysis 0 accompani$ by sep>ation ( insoluble cellulose4 ,! insoluble product f currant pect9 _h ! composition ,c #ed4d1 ,h #e4j4 ,toll5s po9ts out t ! results ( empirical analysis are inconclusive2 & t f ! acid reactions ( ^! products & _! comb9ation ) bases1 c>boxylic gr\ps are pres5t1 ?\gh probably 9 anhydride or e/] =m4 ,! pect9s may be reg>d$ z closely relat$ to ! mucilages 7,pflanz5s*leim71 diff]+ f !m only by ! pres5ce ( ! oxidis$ gr\ps 9 "q4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,con/itution ,,d] ,,pect9/(fe4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,cross 7,b]l4 ,b]41 #ahie1 #bfji74 ,,con/itution ,,( ,,pect9s4 ,x is po9t$ out t ! composition ( ! pect9 ( :ite currants1 z giv5 9 ! prec$+ pap]1 is t ( ! typical lignocellulose1 ! jute fibre4 ,! product 0 isolat$ & fur!r inve/igat$ by ! au?or4 ,x gave #i4h p4ct4 furfural on boil+ ) ,h,cl 7#a4jf s4g471 react$ freely ) *lor9e1 giv+ qu9one *lorides1 & ) f]ric f]ricyanide to =m ,prussian blue4 ,?is 'pect9' is !re=e a =m ( soluble lignocellulose4 ,! 'pectic' gr\p consequ5tly mu/ be ext5d$ to include hydrat$ & soluble =ms ( ! mix$ complex ( cond5s$ & unsaturat$ gr\ps ) normal c>bohydrates1 su* z con/itute ! fibr\s lignocelluloses4 ,,ueb] ,,das ,,pflanzli*e ,,amyloid4 ,e4 ,,w9t]/e9 7,zts*r4 ,physiol4 ,*em41 #ahib1 #cec74 ,,on ,,vegetable ,,amyloid4 7p4 #bbd7 ,a gr\p ( con/itu5ts ( _m se$s1 di/+ui%$ by giv+ slimy or ropy 'solutions' "u ! action ( boil+ wat] are designat$ 'amyloid4' ,!y are res]ve mat]ials1 & 9 ?is1 z 9 ! physical prop]ties ( _! 'solutions1' !y are v simil> to />*4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 n affect$ by dia/ase2 & g5]ally are m resi/ant to hydrolysis4 ,typical amyloids h be5 isolat$ by ! au?or f se$s ( ,tropoeolum majus1 ,poeonia (fic9alis1 & ,impati5s ,balsam9a4 ,! raw mat]ial 0 c>efully purifi$ by exhau/ive treatm5t ) e!r & alcohol1 c42 ! amyloid !n extract$ by boil+ ) wat]1 & isolat$ by precipitation ) alcohol4 ,elem5t>y analysis gave ! numb]s ,c #dc4b1 ,h #f4a4 ,on boil+ ) #ab p4ct4 ,h,cl x gave #ae4c p4ct4 furfural2 oxidis$ ) nitric acid x yield$ #aj4d p4ct4 mucic acid4 ,specim5s f ! two fir/-nam$ raw mat]ials gave almo/ id5tical numb]s4 ,hydrolysis4--,on boil+ ) dilute acids ^! products are gradually brok5 d[n1 dissolv+ )\t residue4 ,9 ?is respect !y are diff]5tiat$ f ! mucilages1 :i* give a residue ( cellulose 7insoluble74 ,f ! solution ! au?or isolat$ cry/all9e galactose1 b fail$ to isolate a p5tose4 ,dextrose 0 also n id5tifi$ directly4 ,! tissue residues left aft] extract+ ! amyloid con/itu5t1 z above describ$1 7 subject$ to acid hydrolysis4 ,a complex ( products 0 obta9$1 f :i* galactose 0 isolat$4 ,a furfural-yield+ c>bohydrate 0 also pres5t 9 "s quantity1 b c\ld n be isolat$4 ,! orig9al se$ tissues1 !re=e1 conta9 an amyloid & a hemicellulose1 ! latt] diff]5tiat$ 9 its resi/ance to wat]4 ,bo? yield1 h[ev]1 to acid hydrolysis a complex ( products ( simil> composition & con/itution4 ,,ueb] ,,d5 ,,gehalt ,,des ,,torfes ,,an ,,p5tosan5 ,,od] ,,furfurolgeb5d5 ,,/(f5 ,,und ,,an ,,&]5 ,,kohl5hydrat54 ,h4 ,v4 ,,feilitz5 & ,b4 ,,toll5s 7,b]l4 ,b]41 #ahig1 #b1ega74 ,,c>bohydrate ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,peat4 7p4 #bdj7 ,an inve/igation ( typical peats tak5 at successive dep?s %[$ increas+ p]c5tage ( c>bon1 & inv]sely a decreas+ yield ( furfural4 ,! numb]s may be comp>$ ) ^? = ,sphagnum cuspidatum--) ,c #di4hj p4ct41 & furfural #g4ii p4ct41 calculat$ to dry1 a%-free sub/ance3 ,dep? at :i* tak5 ,c p4ct4 ,furfural p4ct4 #bj-ajj cm4 #ea4jh #f4ic ,i4 #ajj-bjj #ec4eb #e4cj #bjj-cjj #eh4ff #c4ai ,surface-#bj #ee4dg #c4dj ,,ii4 #bj-fj #ee4jf #c4dh #fj-ajj #eh4be #a4de #ajj-abj #eh4bc #a4ai #ahj-bjj #eg4eg #a4hj ,cellulose 0 e/imat$ by ! ,lange me?od4 ,! yield f ,sphagnum 0 #ba4a p4ct4 ,f specim5 ,i4 at #bj-ajj cm4 #ae4bj #ajj-bjj #f4hg ,f ! peat ( l[] dep?s no cellulose c\ld be obta9$4 ,hydrolysis 7acid74--,on heat+ ) #a p4ct4 ,h#b,,s#d at #acj-ace deg41 soluble c>bohydrates 7 obta9$1 among/ :i* mannose 0 id5tifi$1 & galactose %[n to be pres5t 9 "s quantity4 ,aft] f]m5t+ away ! hexoses1 ! residue 0 treat$ ) ph5ylhydraz9e & an osazone sep>at$4 ,x conta9$ #ag4c p4ct4 ,n1 b melt$ at #acj deg44 ,! sub/ance c\ld n be id5tifi$ z an osazone ( any ( ! yet kn[n p5toses4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,,indu/rial ,,& ,,te*nical4 ,,g5]al ,,review ,! ,indu/rial ,uses ( ,cellulose4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,cross 7,cantor ,lectures1 ,soc4 ( ,arts1 #ahig74 7p4 #bgc7 ,a s]ies ( ?ree lectures1 9 :i* ! m important indu/ries 9 cellulose & its d]ivatives are dealt ) on _! sci5tific f\ndations1 & by means ( a selection ( typical problems4 ,9 ref]5ce to textiles1 ! small numb] ( vegetable fibres actually available1 out ( ! endless v>iety af=d$ by ! plant _w1 is ref]r$ to ! numb] ( conditions requir$ to be fulfill$ by ! individual fibre1 ?us3 yield p] c5t4 ( h>ve/$ weight or p] unit ( field area1 ease ( extraction1 ! absolute dim5sions ( ! sp9n+ unit1 & ! proportion ( v>iation f ! mean dim5sions2 ! relative facility ) :i* ! unit fibre c be isolat$ prep>atory to ! f9al twi/+ op]ation2 ! *emical con/ants ( ! fibre sub/ance1 especially ! p]c5tage ( cellulose & degree ( resi/ance to hydrolysis4 ,x is sugge/$ t any important addition to ! v limit$ numb] fulfill+ ! conditions1 or any great improvem5t 9 ^!1 c only result f v elaborate artificial selection & cultural developm5ts on ?is basis4 ,! pap] mak+ fibres are %[n to fall into a s*eme ( classification bas$ on *emical con/itution1 & consi/+ ( ! f\r gr\ps3 7a7 ,cotton flax1 hemp1 rhea1 7b7 wood celluloses1 7c7 esp>to1 /raw1 & 7d7 lignocelluloses4 ,pap]s be+ expos$ to ! natural dis9tegrat+ ag5cies1 m especially oxyg51 wat] 7& hydrolys+ ag5ts g5]ally71 & micro-organisms1 ! relative resi/ance ( ! above gr\ps ( raw mat]ials is discuss$ z an important condition ( value4 ,! indirect influ5ce ( ! ord9>y siz+ & 'fill+' mat]ials is discuss$4 ,! pap]-mak+ quality ( ! fibr\s raw mat]ials is also discuss$1 n m]ely f ! po9t ( view ( ! =m & dim5sions ( ! ultimate fibres1 b _! capacity = 'colloidal hydration4' ,?is is complem5t>y to ! action ( ros91 i4e4 res9 acids1 9 ! eng9e-siz+ ( pap]s2 & ! pro( ( ! pot5cy ( ?is factor is se5 9 ! sup]ior effects obta9$ 9 siz+ jo9tly ) solutions ( cellulose &1 m p>ticul>ly1 viscose & ros94 ,wur/]'s mu*-cit$ monograph ( ! subject ( ros9-siz+ ',le ,collage des ,papi]s1' ,bull4 ,mulh\se1 #ahgh neglects to take into consid]ation ! contribution ( ! cellulose hydrates to ! total & complex siz+ effect1 & h5ce gives a p>tial view only ( ! function ( ! res9 acids4 ,9 fur!r illu/ration ( fundam5tal pr9ciples v>i\s developm5ts 9 ! textile indu/ries are discuss$1 e4g4 ! blea*+ ( jute1 cotton1 & flax1 & special developm5ts 9 ! sp9n+ ( rhea & flax4 ,! conclud+ lecture deals ) lat] progress 9 ! indu/rial applications ( cellulose d]ivatives1 *iefly ! sulphoc>bonate 7viscose72 ! nitrates1 9 _! applications to explosives1 on ! "o h&1 & ! sp9n+ ( artificial fibres 7lu/ra-cellulose71 on ! o!r2 & ! cellulose acetates4 ,la ,viscose et le ,viscoide4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,b>dy 7,bull4 ,soc4 d',enc4 ,ind4 ,nationale1 #aijj1 ,m>*74 ,?is is a report pres5t$ to ! ,committee ( ,economic ,arts ( ! above ,society1 deal+ ) ! indu/rial progress 9 products obta9$ by means ( ! sulphoc>bonate ( cellulose 7viscose74 ,! foll[+ developm5ts are not$3 ,eng9e-siz$ ,pap]s4--,! viscose1 by coat+ ! fibres ) reg5]at$ cellulose hydrate1 adds v mu* to ! t5sile /r5g? ( pap]s4 ,increase ( #dj-fj p4ct4 is atta9able by addition ( cellulose 9 ?is =m f #a-d p4ct4 on ! weight ( ! pap]4 ,viscoid4--,solid aggregates are =m$ by incorporat+ viscose ) m9]al matt]s1 hydroc>bons1 c4 ,products are ca/ or m\ld$ into conv5i5t =ms1 &1 aft] purification & suffici5t age+1 are available = v>i\s /ructural uses4 ,pa9t4--,! viscose is us$ z a vehicle = pigm5ts1 ! mixture be+ us$ ei!r z a pa9t or = coat+ pap]s ) f9e surfaces1 su* z requir$ 9 ! reproduction ( photo-blocks4 ,9 ^! applications ! extraord9>y viscosity ( ! product conditions ! economic use ( ! cellulose 9 competition ) oils1 on ! "o h&1 & organic colloids1 su* z gelat9e1 case91 c41 on ! o!r4 ,by suitable alt]ation ( ! =mula = mak+ ! pa9t a product is obta9$ :i* has an extraord9>y p[] ( remov+ pa9t f old pa9t$ surfaces4 ,! product has be5 (ficially adopt$ by ! ,fr5* ,admiralty1 & receives ext5sive application 9 remov+ ! pa9t f %ips4 ,films4--,films are produc$ f ! viscose itself 9 v>i\s ways4 ,plane or flat by solidify+ ! viscose on glass surfaces1 remov+ ! by-products & roll+ ! films4 ,! film is also produc$ by apply+ ! viscose on textile fabrics1 dry+ d[n1 & fix+ on a /5t] ma*9e1 !n wa%+ away ! alkal9e by-products f ! fix$ film4 ,a l>ge numb] ( indu/rial effects are obta9$ by suitably v>y+ ! mixtures appli$4 ,cellulose-indi>ubb]4--,! viscose1 9 its conc5trat$ =m1 c be incorporat$ ) rubb]-hydroc>bon mixtures1 & ^! mixtures c be us$ bo? z wat]-pro(+ films1 z appli$ to textiles1 or c be solidifi$ into ! class ( goods kn[n z 'me*anicals4' ,! cellulose n only *eap5s ! mixture1 b produces new te*nical effects4 ,sp9n+4--,! viscose is spun by special me?ods1 pat5t$ by ,c4 ,h4 ,/e>n4 ,z produc$ 9 ?read =m1 ! diamet]s are approximately ^? ( natural silk4 ,9 comm]cial =m x is a multiple ?read 7( #ae or m units7 at f #ej-bjj d5i]s on ! silk c\nts4 ,x is a ?read ( high lu/re1 & m ne>ly approa*es ! normal cellulose 9 *emical prop]ties ?an any ( ! o!r artificial silks4 ,x c also be spun 9 ?reads ( v mu* l>g] diamet]1 :i* c be us$ z a sub/itute = horsehair1 = c>bonis+ = inc&esc5t electric lamps1 c4 ,cellulose ,e/]s4--,^! are conv5i5tly made f cellulose1 reg5]at$ f ! solution z sulphoc>bonate4 ,! tetracetate is made f ?is product on ! indu/rial scale4 ,nitrates are conv5i5tly made by treatm5t ) ! ord9>y mix$ acids4 ,= full] details ! orig9al report may be consult$4 ,,viskos4 ,r4 ,w4 ,,/rehl5]t 7,sv5sk ,kemisk ,tidskrift1 ,/ockholm1 #aijj1 p4 #ahe74 ,a report on ! indu/rial developm5t ( viscose1 cov]+ ess5tially ! same gr\nd z ! above4 ,ueb] die ,viscose4 ,b4 ,m4 ,,m>gos*es 7,repr9t f ,zeits*rift fu] die gesammte ,textil-,indu/rie1 #aijj-ja1 ,nos4 #ad-bj74aa ,report ( ,committee on ! ,det]ioration ( ,pap]4 7,soc4 ( ,arts1 #ahih47 7p4 #cjd7 ,! ,report ( a ,repres5tative ,committee appo9t$ by ! ,society ( ,arts to inquire into ! "q ( qualities ( book pap]s 9 relation to _! sev]al applications1 & m especially = docum5ts ( p]man5t value4 ,! report fir/ discusses ! two directions ( depreciation ( pap]s 9 use3 7#a7 ,actual dis9tegration %[n by loss ( resi/ance to fracture by simple /ra91 & by loss ( ela/icity--i4e4 increase ( brittl5ess2 7#b7 discol\ration4 ,^! are indep5d5t effects1 b (t5 concurr5t4 ,!y are ! result ( *emical *anges ( ! cellulose basis ( ! pap]1 br\ght ab\t by acids or oxidants us$ 9 ! process ( manufacture1 & n completely remov$ f ! pulp1 or by acid products ( blea*+--e4g4 oxycelluloses or *lor9at$ d]ivatives2 aga91 by ! *anges ( />* us$ z a 'siz+' ag5t1 or by oxidations induc$ by ros9 con/itu5ts :5 ! ros9 is us$ 9 excess4 ,discol\ration is an att5dant ph5om5on ( ^! *anges1 b is m frequ5tly due to ! pres5ce ( ! l[]-grade celluloses 7esp>to & /raw7 & ! lignocelluloses 7me*anical wood-pulp74 ,! physical & *emical qualities ( pap]s dep5d+ prim>ily ^u _! fibr\s or pulp basis1 & 9 a second>y degree ^u ! k9d & proportion ( ! con/itu5ts add$ = ! purpose ( fill+ & 'siz+1' ! report concludes ) ! foll[+ recomm5dations1 positive & negative1 "u ^! heads3 ,! ,committee f9d t ! practical evid5ce z to p]man5ce fully confirms ! classification giv5 9 ! ,cantor ,lectures on ',cellulose1' #ahig ,j4 ,soc4 ,arts1 xlv4 #fij-fif1 & :i* ranges ! pap]-mak+ fibres 9 f\r classes3 7,a7 ,cotton1 flax1 & hemp 7rhea74 7,b7 ,wood celluloses1 7a7 sulphite process & 7b7 soda & 'sulphate' process4 7,c7 ,esp>to & /raw celluloses4 7,d7 ,me*anical wood-pulp4 ,9 reg>d1 !re=e1 to pap]s = books & docum5ts ( p]man5t value1 ! selection mu/ be tak5 9 ?is ord]1 & always ) due reg>d to ! fulfilm5t ( ! conditions ( normal treatm5t above dealt ) z common to all pap]s4 ,! ,committee h be5 desir\s ( br++ _! inve/igations to a practical conclusion 9 specific t]ms--viz4 by ! sugge/ion ( /&>ds ( quality4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ! majority ( cases !re is little fault to f9d ) ! practical adju/m5ts :i* rule ! trade4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 satisfi$ to limit _! specific f9d+s to ! foll[+--viz4 7#a7 normal /&>d ( quality = book-pap]s requir$ = publications ( p]man5t value4 ,= su* pap]s !y specify z foll[s3 ,fibres3 ,n less ?an #gj p4ct ( fibres ( class ,a2 class ,d exclud$4 ,siz+3 ,n m ?an #b p4ct4 ros91 & f9i%$ ) ! normal acidity ( pure alum2 />* exclud$4 ,load+3 ,n m ?an #aj p4ct4 total m9]al matt] 7a%74 7#b7 ,) reg>d to writt5 docum5ts1 x mu/ be evid5t t ! prop] mat]ials are ^? ( class ,a1 & t ! pap] %\ld be pure & siz$ ) gelat91 & n ) ros94 ,all imitations ( high-class writ+-pap]s :i* are1 9 fact1 m]ely disguis$ pr9t+-pap]s1 %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,app5dix4--,to ! ,report is add$ ',ab/racts ( ,pap]s' 9 ',mit!ilung5 aus d5 ,konigli*5 ,te*nis*5 ,v]su*san/alt51 ,b]l91' = ! ye>s #ahhe-ahif inclusive--:i* is1 9 fact1 a summ>y ( ! inve/igations ( ! ,in/itution 9 connection ) pap] & pap]-/&>ds4 99 99 99 99 99 7p4 #bgc7 ,special ,indu/rial ,developm5ts4--,f ! po9t ( view ( ! *emi/ !re has be5 a v l>ge developm5t ( ! cellulose indu/ries dur+ ! la/ five ye>s4 ,?is is n s mu* m>k$ by ! gradual & progressive gr[? ( ! well-e/abli%$ indu/ries1 z by ! success ( ! new] ones1 ) ! att5dant =eca/ ( enorm\s developm5ts ( ! indu/ries 9 artificial products1 ! manufacture ( :i* re/s ^u a purely *emical basis4 ,we c1 ( c\rse1 only treat !m f ?is limit$ /&po9t1 & s f> z !y involve & elucidate *emical pr9ciples4 ,i4 ,*emical ,treatm5ts ( ,raw ,mat]ials4 7a7 ,flax-sp9n+4--,! treatm5t ( ! rov+ on ! sp9n+-frame by ! addition ( reag5ts to ! mac]at+ liquid--o!rwise & usually hot wat]--cont9ues to be ju/ifi$ by results4 ,! te*nical basis ( ! process & ! reactions det]m9$ 9 ! sp9n+-tr\gh by ! alkal9e salts us$--*iefly sulphite & phosphate ( soda--is set =? 9 ! orig9al "w1 p4 #bhj4 ,s9ce t "t a suffici5t p]iod has elaps$ to judge ! effects1 bo? te*nical & indu/rial1 by ! results ( a comm]cial und]tak+ bas$ on ! exclusive use ( ! process4 ,su* a conc]n is ! ,iri% ,flax ,sp9n+ ,company ( ,belfa/4 ,at ?is mill ! exp]i5ce is uni=m & fully e/abli%$ t by means ( ! process ! draw+1 i4e4 sp9n+1 quality ( inf]ior flaxes is v consid]ably appreciat$1 enabl+ ! sp9n] to use su* flaxes = y>ns ( f95ess :i* are unatta9able by ! ord9>y me?od ( sp9n+ ?r\gh hot wat]4 ,not)/&+ ! success ( ?is und]tak+ ! developm5t ( ! me?od is /ill inconsid]able4 ,x is none ! less a fur!r & =cible demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( m>g9s ( increas$ te*nical effect :i* x is ! "w ( ! sci5tific te*nologi/ to exploit4 7b7 ,wood-pulp & ,me?ods ( ,manufacture4--,!re is a /eady gr[? 9 ! consumption ( wood-pulps 7cellulose7 relatively to o!r mat]ials4 ,9 reg>d to ! pap]-trade ( ! _w1 ?is cont9ues to be "o ( ! mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ics ( its evolution4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ! conditions ( its competition are ( a m special k9d by reason ( ! firm foo?old ( esp>to1 :i* is a mo/ important /aple 9 ! manufacture ( f9e pr9t+s4 ,:]eas ! consumption ( esp>to rema9s ne>ly /ation>y at ab\t #bjj1jjj tons p] annum1 ! importation ( wood-pulps has %[n ! extraord9>y rate ( increase ( d\bl+ itself e five ye>s4 ,b 9 ! gr\p 'wood-pulps' ! trade returns h until rec5tly includ$ ! 'me*anical' or gr\nd wood-pulps4 ,f #ahih we h sep>ate returns = ! *emical or cellulose pulps1 & 9 #ahii ! tonnage rea*$ ne>ly to t ( esp>to1 ) a total money value ab\t #hj p4ct4 great]4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ?is is "o ( ! new] *emical indu/ries 9 cellulose products1 & t ^! l>ge comm]cial results h be5 accompli%$ dur+ a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s1 we are impress$ ) ! scope ( ! indu/rial outlook to ! *emi/1 af=d$ by ! arts ( :i* cellulose is ! f\ndation4 ,x may be not$ t !re h be5 no important developm5ts 9 ! purely *emical processes involv$ 9 ! sev]al sy/ems ( prep>+ cellulose f wood4 ,! acid me?ods 7bisulphite processes7 h develop$ mu* m ext5sively ?an ! alkal9e1 ! latt] includ+ ! cau/ic soda & ! mix$ sulphide 7',dahl'7 process4 ,! bisulphite processes dep5d$ 9 ! e>li] /ages ^u ! effici5cy ( lead-l9$ dige/]s4 ,b ! problem ( acid-resi/+ l9+s has be5 mu* m p]fectly solv$ 9 lat] ye>s 9 ! v>i\s types ( cem5t & o!r silicate l9+s n[ 9 use4 ,! relative p]man5cy ( ^! l9+s has _h an important effect on ! co/s ( production4 ,fur!r economies result f ! use ( dige/]s ( enorm\s capacity1 deal+ ) z mu* z #ajj tons ( wood at "o op]ation4 ,z a comb9$ result ( economic production & active competition1 ! sell+ prices ( 'sulphite pulp' h mov$ /eadily d[nw>ds 9 relation to o!r half-/uffs & raw mat]ials4 ,z a necess>y consequ5ce ! prices ( ^? :i* x has gradually displac$ h depreciat$1 & a /udy ( ! price & tonnage-equilibrium z betwe5 rags1 esp>to1 & wood-pulp ov] a s]ies ( ye>s =ms an int]e/+ object-lesson 9 ! /ruggle = survival :i* is an especial m>k ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,= ^! matt]s ! read] is ref]r$ to ! special lit]ature ( ! pap]-mak+ indu/ry4#ab ,x is n a little rem>kable t ! ma9 by-product ( ^! bisulphite processes--! sulphonat$ d]ivatives ( ! lignone con/itu5ts ( ! wood--is /ill = ! mo/ "p an absolute wa/e1 not)/&+ ! _m inve/igations ( te*nologi/s & attempts to conv]t x to indu/rial use 7see p4 #adi74 ,see+ t x repres5ts a p]c5tage on ! wood pulp$ equal to t ( ! cellulose obta9$1 x is a wa/e ( pot5tially valuable mat]ial :i* c only be t]m$ colossal4 ,moreov]1 z a wa/e to be dis*>g$ into wat]-c\rses1 x becomes a s\rce ( burd5 & exp5se to ! manufactur]1 & ) ! increas+ re/rictions on ! pollution ( riv]s x is 9 _m localities a difficulty to be reckon$ ) only by ! cessation ( ! indu/ry4 ,! problem 9 su* cases becomes t ( deal+ ) x de/ructively1 i4e4 by evaporation & burn+4 ,9 ?is treatm5t ! obvi\sly high calorific value ( ! dissolv$ organic matt] 7lignone7 appe>s on ! 'cr$it' side4 ,b :]e calcium & magnesium bisulphites are us$1 ! residue f calc9ation is practically )\t value4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t by sub/itut+ soda z ! base ! alkali is recov]able 9 su* a =m z to be directly available = ! alkal9e-sulphide or ',dahl' process4 ,z a m complicat$ alt]native ! soda admits ( be+ recov]$ on ! l9es ( ! old black-a% or ,leblanc process1 & ! sulphur by ! n[ well-e/abli%$ ',*ance' process1 = :i*1 ( c\rse1 an addition ( lime is necess>y to ! fully evaporat$ liquors previ\sly to calc9+4 ,! eng9e]+ features ( ! sy/em1 s f> z reg>ds evaporat+ & calc9+1 are ! same4 ,= economic work+ !re is requir$ 7a7 evaporation by multiple effect & 7b7 calc9+ on ! cont9u\s rot>y pr9ciple4 ,= ! latt] a special modification has be5 devis$ s t ! draught ( air is concurr5t ) ! movem5t ( ! *>ge 9 ! furnace1 secur+ a progressively increas+ temp]ature )9 ! furnace4 ,?is int]e/+ developm5t ( ! *emical eng9e]+ ( wood-pulp sy/ems has be5 elaborat$ by two well-kn[n te*nologi/s1 ,drewson & ,dor5feldt1 & read]s :o wi% to in=m !mselves 9 detail ( ^! developm5ts are ref]r$ to ! v>i\s publications ( ^! inv5tors4 ,assum+ ! pres5t necessity ( a de/ructive treatm5t ( ! by-products ( ! bisulphite processes1 ! s*eme has _m advantages4 ,! soda-bisulphite liquors are m economically prep>$2 ! pulp obta9$ is sup]ior 9 pap]-mak+ quality to t result+ f ! lime or magnesia 7bisulphite7 processes3 x is m economically blea*$4 ,!n1 z po9t$ out1 ! soda may on ! "o plan be obta9$ 9 a =m 9 :i* x is imm$iately available z a p[]ful hydrolys+ alkali 9 ! manufacture ( a 'soda' pulp4 ,^! two sy/ems become1 !re=e1 9 a new s5se complem5t>y to "o ano!r4 ,la/ly1 x is obvi\s t ! employm5t ( soda z ! base op5s out a new vi/a = develop+ ! electrolytic processes ( decompos+ common salt4 ,! au?ors h assi/$ 9 prep>+ plans = a compreh5sive indu/rial s*eme comb9+ all ^! m mod]n developm5ts4 ,9 ?is s*eme x is only ! comb9ation :i* is novel1 & z x involves no new pr9ciples 9 ! *emical treatm5ts ( ! mat]ials we are n fur!r conc]n$ ) x ?an to h briefly sket*$ its economic basis4 ,?is may be summ$ up 9 result 9 ! important "q ( co/ & sell+ price1 & ! e/imate is well gr\nd$ t by means ( ?is s*eme blea*$ wood-pulp c be sold on ! ,engli% m>ket at #ajl4 a ton4 ,x is important to note ?is figure & to comp>e x ) ! prices ( tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! fall has be5 cont9u\s1 not)/&+ ! influ5ce ( ! oppos+ factors ( increas+ consumption1 exhau/ion ( accessible supply ( timb]1 & relative appreciation ( ! ess5tial co/s ( /eam1 *emicals1 & lab\r4 ,x is important 9 =eca/+ ! future1 s9ce ! y\nge/ & app>5tly mo/ promis+ ( ! 'artificial' cellulose indu/ries employs wood-cellulose by pref]5ce z its raw mat]ial 7see p4 #agc74 ,z a la/ po9t x mu/ be consid]$ t z *emi/s we are b\nd to anticipate ! realisation ( value 9 ! soluble by-products ( ! bisulphite processes4 ,outside ! intr9sic int]e/ atta*+ to ! solution ( ?is problem1 x c>ries ) x ! promise ( a fur!r economy 9 ! production ( wood-cellulose4 ,blea*+ ( ,vegetable ,textiles4--,by f> ! l>ge/ ( ^! indu/ries are ^? :i* are engag$ 9 produc+ ! 'pure :ite' on cotton & flax goods4 ,! process1 consid]$ *emically1 is simply t ( isolat+ a pure cellulose1 & we endeav\r$ to give due prom95ce to ?is view 9 ! orig9al "w4 ,x is important to insi/ ^u x = ! reason t ?is view gives ! due proportion ( *emical value to ! sev]al contributory treatm5ts--alkal9e hydrolyses 7cau/ic lime & soda boils71 hypo*lorite oxidations1 & incid5tal acid treatm5ts 7s\r+74 ,! fir/ ( ^! is by f> ! l>ge/ contributor ( '*emical "w1' ?\gh ! second1 by be+ ! ag5t = ! actual :it5+ effect or blea*+ action prop]1 occupies a position ( (t5 exagg]at$ importance4 ,9 blea*+ processes !re has be5 no radical *ange ( sy/em on ! l>ge scale s9ce ! introduction ( ! ',ma!r' ki] 9 #ahhe1 & ! associat$ *ange f lime & a% boil+ to ! cau/ic soda circulat+ boil ) r$uc$ volume ( lye1 :i* ?is me*anical device r5d]$ practicable4 ,x is outside ! scope ( ?is "w to foll[ up ?is bran* ( te*nology 9 any detail1 & we _c discuss ! evolution ( sy/ems on v>iations ( detail :]e no ess5tial pr9ciple is involv$4 ,b we h to notice a v rec5t developm5t :i* has only j begun its indu/rial c>e]1 & :i* does give effect to a pr9ciple ( treatm5t n previ\sly appli$4 ,?is is t]sely /at$ by its orig9ator1 ,william ,ma!r1#ac 9 ! expression1 'x is m economical to make liquids pass ?r\gh clo? ?an to make clo? pass ?r\gh liquids4' ,! />t+ po9t ( ?is developm5t is ! inv5tion ( a complete self-conta9$ ma*9e 9 :i* a roll$ bat* ( clo? c receive a succession ( *emical treatm5ts1 ) accessory wa%+s--! solutions1 or wa% wat]s1 be+ circulat$ ?r\gh ! clo?4 ,! ess5tial fact on :i* ?is sy/em is bas$ is t a p]fect liquid circulation c be ma9ta9$ f selv$ge to selv$ge ?r\gh ! folds ( a tightly roll$ bat* ( clo?4 ,su* circulation is !re=e q indep5d5t ( ! diamet] ( ! bat*4 ,if we consid] a clo? "u *emical treatm5t ) solutions1 x is cle> t ! reactions & int]*anges ( soluble matt]s )9 ! clo?1 )9 ! twi/$ elem5ts ( ! y>n1 & 9 ! la/ grade ( di/ribution )9 ! actual ultimate fibres1 are subject to capill>y transmission1 & osmotic ex*ange4 ,!re is a mixture ( ^! molecul> effects1 ) ! circulation 9 mass1 sweep+ bo? faces ( ! clo?4 ,x is obvi\s t = ! mass effect a relatively v small volume ( circulat+ liquid is necess>y to ma9ta9 uni=m conditions ( action4 ,9 ! actual disposition ( ! ma*9e ! roll$ bat* ( clo? ne>ly fills ! cyl9drical space ( :at we may call ! reaction *amb]1 & ! circulation ( ! liquid is ma9ta9$ by a circulat+ pump & a diff]5tial pressure 9 ! horizontal plane across & ?r\gh ! folds ( ! bat*4 ,?is is 9 ! meantime kept 9 sl[ revolution4 ,= a full description ( ^! me*anical details ! read] is ref]r$ to ! orig9al pat5t specifications ,engl4 ,pat4 #bc1djj1 #bc1dja2 #aijj1 ,w4 ,ma!r4 ,if we aga9 consid] ! pr9ciples involv$1 !y are v mu* z set =? 9 our orig9al "w 7pp4 #bhh-bia74 ,boil+ processes 9 :i* a relatively l>ge volume ( liquid is us$ are wa/eful ( /eam1 ! active ag5t is unnecess>ily dilut$ or us$ 9 sup]flu\s quantity1 & ! soluble by-products1 be+ cont9ually remov$ z =m$1 _c s effectively contribute by second>y actions to ! *emical "w4 ,! new me*anical appliance enables u to fur!r r$uce ! volume ( liquid requir$ 9 ! alkal9e-hydrolytic treatm5t ( vegetable textiles1 & :]e advantage\s to br+ ! treatm5t d[n 7or up7 to a process ( /eam+ ) ! active ag5t dissolv$ 9 a m9imum proportion ( wat] relative to ! clo?4 ,?is conc5tration ( effect is ( importance 9 flax clo?1 & especially l95 treatm5t1 :]e ! peculi>ly resi/ant cutocelluloses h to be attack$ & a consid]able proportion ( waxy by-products to be remov$4 ,^! po9ts are ! basis ( ! special process ( ,cross & ,p>kes ,engl4 ,pat4 #be1jgf_/ #ii = /eam+ flax 7& cotton7 goods ) an emulsion conta9+1 9 addition to ! special hydrolys+ ag5t--cau/ic soda--mixtures ( soap ) 'm9]al' or o!r oils1 ! pres5ce ( :i* effectually aids ! removal ( ! by-products 9 "q4 ,a complete sy/em on ^! l9es is n[ work+ on ! indu/rial scale 9 ! ,belfa/ di/rict4 ,! results are n m]ely economical 9 l>gely r$uc+ ! numb] ( alkal9e boil+ treatm5ts requir$ on ! old plan ( pan or 'pot' boil+1 b are visible 9 ! /r5g? & f9i% ( ! l95s s treat$4 ,= cotton blea*+ ! co/s may be put d[n at a fraction ( ^? ( ! ,iri% l95 blea*4 ,! economical advantages ( ! new sy/em are obvi\sly less 9 relation to ! less] total co/s4 ,b !re are o!r po9ts :i* h come into m prom95t influ5ce4 ,! me*anical we> & te> on ! clo? is consid]able 9 ! ord9>y process1 m especially 9 ! mangle-wa%es4 ,z a result ! adju/m5t ( w>p & weft is m or less di/urb$4 ,^! defects are abs5t f a sy/em :i* op]ates on ! clo? 9 a fix$ position4 ,b z we are ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! purely *emical factors we _c pret5d to deal ) textile que/ions4 ,we h to notice ! rema9+ elem5t ( *emical economy z x involves a fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,! practice ( wa%+ residues or products ( reaction free f reag5ts & soluble by-products involves a well-kn[n ma!matical law1 "u :i* ! rate ( purification is a function r ( ! numb] ( successive *anges ( wa%+ liquid ?an ( ! volume ( ! latt]4 ,! ord9>y practice ( textile wa%+s entirely ignores ?is pr9ciple1 & ! consumption ( wat] 9 consequ5ce may rea* _m ?\s& times ! economic m9imum4 ,) supplies ( wat] (t5 9 indef9ite excess ( requirem5ts1 ev5 9 ?is mo/ wa/eful me?od1 blea*]s are 9 no ne$ to consid] ! "q ( consumption4 ,b leav+ aside p>ticul> & local consid]ations ( advantage ! fact is t ! new sy/em gives control ( ! practice ( wa%+1 enabl+ ! op]ator to adapt an important elem5t ( ! daily r\t9e to a fundam5tal pr9ciple :i* has be5 almo/ univ]sally ignor$4 ,9 ! oxidis+ processes :i* foll[ ! alkal9e treatm5ts1 ! hypo*lorites are /ill ! /aple ag5ts4 ,ow+ to ! /eady relative fall 9 ! sell+ prices ( ! p]manganates ^! are com+ into m ext5sive use1 b ! consumption is /ill small1 & !y are ma9ly us$ = c]ta9 special effects1 *iefly 9 l95 or m g5]ally flax clo? blea*+4 ,pap]-pulp ,sp9n+4--,pap] is a cont9u\s web or fabric produc$ by ! int]lock+ ( ! /ructural fibr\s units ( ! well-kn[n %ort l5g?4 ,9 ,japan & o!r c\ntries pap] is made to s]ve = all or "s ( ! purposes = :i* we employ /r+ or tw9e1 & to give ! necess>y t5sile /r5g? ! pap] is twi/$ or roll$ on itself4 ,su* twi/+1 h[ev]1 adds no?+ to ! intr9sic t5sile qualities ( ! orig9al pap]4 ,a new te*nical effect is realis$ 9 ?is direction by ! treatm5t ( pap]-pulp 9 ! process ( its conv]sion into a cont9u\s web3 ,! pulp is =m$ into cont9u\s /rips ( conv5i5t bread? 7usually f #b to #h mm471 ^! receive a 'roll+-up' treatm5t imm$iately foll[+ ! squeeze ( ! press rolls by :i* ! sup]flu\s wat] is remov$3 !y are !n fur!r b incompletely dri$1 & 9 ?is condition are subject$ to a f9al sp9n+ or twi/+ treatm5t on r+-sp9n+ ma*9]y ( special con/ruction4 ,su* a process 0 orig9ally pat5t$ by ,c4 ,kelln] 9 ?is c\ntry 7,e4,p4 ,no4 #bj1bbe_/ahia71 & is fully describ$ 9 8 specification4 ,lat] improvem5ts 9 detail 7 pat5t$ by ,g4 ,tu]k 7,e4,p4 #dfba_/ahib74 ,a jo9t sy/em is n[ be+ indu/rially develop$ 9 ,g]many by ! ,altdamm-,/ahlhamm] ,pulp & ,pap] ,company "u ! te*nical direction ( ,dr4 ,max ,muell]1 & !re appe>s to be e prospect ( ! product tak+ a position z a /aple textile4 ,! process has only ! incid5tal int]e/ 9 connection ) our ma9 subject1 t x employs *iefly ! '*emical' pulps or celluloses z raw mat]ials4 ,! indu/rial future ( ! application mu/1 ( c\rse1 be l>gely det]m9$ by co/s ( production1 z ! directions ( application 9 ! weav+ indu/ries w be limit$ by ! necess>ily inf]ior grade ( t5sile /r5g? belong+ to ^! products & ! degree by :i* ?is is l[]$ on complete wett+4 ,all ^! que/ions h be5 duly weigh$ by ^? engag$ 9 ?is int]e/+ developm5t1 & ! conclusion ( ^? qualifi$ to judge is t ! new indu/ry has v9dicat$ = itself a p]man5t position4 ,,ii4 ,! ,*emical ,d]ivatives ( ,cellulose1 9 _! indu/rial aspects1 h come to occupy a pr(\ndly important position 9 ! _w's affairs4 ,9 ! way ( any ess5tial alt]ation ( ! p]spective f t obta9+ 9 #ahie we h no?+ to *ronicle4 ,no new d]ivatives ( indu/rial importance h be5 add$ 9 t p]iod2 b c]ta9 new me?ods incid5tal to ! prep>ation ( well-kn[n comp\nds or = conv]t+ !m into m g5]ally available =ms h be5 introduc$1 & ^! are contribut+ to ! rapid expansion ( ! 'artificial' cellulose indu/ries4 ,( ! cellulose e/]s ! nitrates are /ill ! only gr\p 9 indu/rial use4 ,!re uses = explosives h atta9$ imm5se proportions1 & _! applications = /ructural purposes are cont9ually on ! increase4 ,! manufacture ( smokeless p[d]s on ! "o h&1 & ( celluloid & xylonite 7bo? 9 ! =m ( films & solid aggregates7 on ! o!r1 has tak5 no new dep>ture4 ,! indu/ry 9 'artificial silks' or 'lu/ra-celluloses1' by ! collodion processes also1 :il/ pres5t+ features ( unusual int]e/ atta*+ to rapid expansion1 has be5 b>r5 ( contribution ( fundam5tal sci5tific or te*nical importance4 ,! tetracetate is n[ manufactur$ on ! l>ge scale1 b ! product has yet to make its m>ket4 ,! process ( m]c]is+ cotton y>ns & clo? has be5 develop$ to an indu/ry ( colossal dim5sions1 & ! gr[? has be5 especially rapid dur+ ! la/ five ye>s4 ,significant ( ! te*nical progress 9 ^! two indu/ries1 ) _! common aim ( appreciat+ cellulose 9 ! scale ( textiles by approximat+ its ext]nal prop]ties 9 ^? ( silk1 is ! appe>ance ( a monograph ( ! te*nology ( ea*1 notices ( :i* h be5 previ\sly giv5 7pp4 #bb-bf74 ,!re is little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! "q ( ! future indu/ry 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( cellulose1 ?read1 film1 /ructureless p[d] or solid aggregate1 obta9able by artificial means1 ma9ly turns ^u co/ ( production4 ,irrespective ( co/1 !re w\ld1 no d\bt1 be a m>ket = all ^! products1 bas$ ^u su* ( _! prop]ties or effects z are indisp5sable & n o!rwise obta9able4 ,z an illu/ration1 we may cite ! extraord9>y sell+ prices ( #dj-ej fr4 p] kilo1 = ! 'artificial silks' 7collodion process7 :i* rul$ "s ?ree ye>s ago2 & we may note t = a special application ( viscose ! dissolv$ cellulose is paid = at ! rate ( #aj p] lb4 ,^! facts are c]ta9ly wor?y ( m5tion1 & %\ld be borne 9 m9d z an index ( "s special features ( mod]n manufactur+ indu/ry4 ,b ) a mat]ial l cellulose r5d]$ available 9 a new %ape ! "q :i* always arises m prom95tly ?an t ( limit$ uses at high prices is t ( consumption on ! ext5sive scale :i* m>ks ! old] & well-kn[n products4 ,t "q is rapidly solv+ itself 9 ?is c\ntry z reg>ds ! 'artificial silks4' ,!re is at pres5t a limit$ m>ket at #is4-#ajs4 p] lb41 a price :i* on ! "o side excludes ext5sive consumption1 & on ! o!r practically b>s manufacture 9 ?is c\ntry by any ( ! collodion sy/ems4 ,x w appe> f a v elem5t>y calculation ( :at we may call ! !oretical co/s t ! above sell+ price w\ld n h a remun]ative m>g94 ,! !oretical co/s are made up ( ,raw mat]ials#ad ,cotton4 ,nitrat+ acid4 ,e!r-alcohol 7solv5t74 ,d5itrat+ *emicals4 7a7 ,nitrat+ & prep>+ collodion4 ,d5itrat+ & blea*+4 ,lab\r 7b7 ,textile op]ations4 ,sp9n+4 ,w9d+ & twi/+4 ,rew9d+4 ,p[] ,mak+1 filt]+1 & di/ribut+ collodion4 ,driv+ textile ma*9]y4 ,add$ to :i* are ! co/s ( exp]t managem5t & sup]vision & g5]al e/abli%m5t exp5ses4 ,x is evid5t t raw mat]ials make up a l>ge fraction ( ! total co/2 also t a v l>ge item is ! wa/e "w ( conv]t+ ! cellulose into nitrate1 only to remove ! nitric gr\ps s soon z ! cellulose is obta9$ z ?read4 ,x is cle> t ! aque\s solutions ( cellulose h a d\ble advantage 9 ?is respect--n only d !y readily yield an approximately pure cellulose z a direct product ( reg5]ation or decomposition1 b ! fir/ co/ ( ! solution is v mu* less4 ,) ^! new] products1 !re=e1 ! sp9n+ problem ent]s on a new phase ( /ruggle4 ,x is c]ta9 t at sell+ prices at or ab\t #es4 to #gs41 v l>ge m>kets w be op5 to ! product or products4 ,! two processes :i* are or may be able to fulfil ?is dem& are ^? bas$ 7#a7 on cuprammonium solutions ( cellulose1 7#b7 on ! sulphoc>bonate or viscose4 ,z reg>ds fir/ co/ ( ! solution ! latt] has a l>ge advantage4 ,"o ton ( wood pulp 7at #abl47 c c]ta9ly be obta9$ 9 solution 9 a condition ready = sp9n+ at a total co/ 7mat]ials7 ( less ?an #cjl4 ,! cuprammonium process1 s f> z 'outside' in=mation goes1 requires = production ( ! solution 7#a7 cotton z raw mat]ial1 7#b7 ammonia 7calc4 z conc5trat$ aque\s7 equal to #a-a_/b times its weight1 & 7#c7 metallic copp] #be p4ct4 ( its weight2 & ! co/s are approximately #ajjl4 p] ton4 ,x is obvi\s t ! mat]ials are recov]able f ! precipitat+-ba?1 b at a c]ta9 add$ co/4 ,we h no /atem5ts z to ! proportion recov]able nor ! co/s incurr$1 & we are !re=e unable to measure ! total net co/ ( ! reg5]at$ cellulose by ?is process4 ,x is c]ta9ly mu* less ?an by ! collodion processes4 ,z to ! textile quality ( ! ?read1 ! product has n yet be5 on a suffici5tly wide sell+ basis = t to h be5 det]m9$4 ,!re are a great _m factors :i* ent] "h4 ,n m]ely ! ext]nal *>act]s ( lu/re1 s(tness1 & transluc5cy1 b ! all-important quality ( uni=mity ( ?read4 ,! collodion-sp9n+ is a process /ill v defective 9 ?is respect1 & ! defect is no d\bt ref]able to ! difficulty ( secur+ absolute physical inv>iability ( ! collodion4 ,x is to be regrett$1 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5tific developm5t1 t none ( ! te*nologi/s :o h publi%$ inve/igations ( ^! processes h ent]$ into ! discussion ( ! fundam5tal factors ( ! sp9n+ processes2 we are1 !re=e1 unable at ?is /age to discuss ^! elem5ts ( a full comp>ison 9 great] detail4 ,we _c1 = ?is reason1 say h[ f> ! cuprammonium process div]ges 9 po9t ( control f ! /&>d ( ! collodion processes4 ,( ! 'viscose' product we h a m intimate k1 & x c]ta9ly rea*es a high] g5]al /&>d ?an ! old] & n[ well-kn[n artificial silks4 ,! process is also suffici5tly develop$ to enable ! total co/s ( production to be e/imat$ at a figure less ?an "o-half t ( ! 'collodion' processes4 ,?is w\ld assure to ?is sy/em an entree 9 ?is c\ntry1 & a basis ( expansion limit$ only by ! ord9>y laws ( supply & dem&4 ,?is prospect is op5$ up precisely at ! mom5t :51 = v>i\s reasons connect$ bo? ) ! difficulties ( manufacture & ! n>r[+ ( ! m>g9 ( pr(it1 ! proprietors ( ! two sy/ems ( collodion-sp9n+ h decid$ to ab&on all idea ( manufactur+ by ^! sy/ems 9 ?is c\ntry4#ae ,we leave ! discussion ( ! indu/rial problem at ?is po9t4 ,9 reg>d to o!r developm5ts bas$ ^u ! exceptional "* & prop]ties ( ! sulphoc>bonate1 _! fur!r discussion w exemplify no g5]al pr9ciples2 & z reg>ds te*nical detail !y h be5 dealt ) 9 ! pap]s previ\sly notic$4 ,z a purely g5]al "q1 if !re is to be any indu/ry 9 ^! 'artificial' =ms ( cellulose1 comm5surate ) ! magnitude t usually belongs to ! cellulose indu/ries1 x mu/ come by way ( a pla/ic or soluble =m prep>$ at l[ co/1 & cons]v+ ! ess5tial molecul> prop]ties ( ! cellulose aggregate4 ,^! are ! p>ticul> features ( ! sulphoc>bonate4 ,! obvi\s difficulties 9 ! way ( its indu/rial applications are ^? caus$ by ! pres5ce ( alkali & sulphur comp\nds4 ,^! are dealt ) by appropriate *emical means2 b ! fact t !re is a special *emi/ry ( ! product has r5d]$ its indu/rial progress sl[4 ,! "w ( ! la/ five ye>s 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r applications ( cellulose 9 its _m d]iv$ =ms1 has result$ 9 a consid]able addition to ! doma9 ( practical *emi/ry4 ,fur!r developm5ts w make an increas+ dem& ^u our grasp ( ! fundam5tal con/itutional problems1 to :i* x is ! ma9 purpose ( ! pres5t volume to contribute4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,?is is ! mo/ complete notice t has appe>$ & ! bibliography is exhau/ive4 ,! publication comes into our h&s too late to be notic$ 9 detail4 #ab ,text-book on ,pap]-mak+1 ,cross & ,bevan 7,spon1 ,london3 second edition1 #aijj74 ,*emi/ry ( ,pap]-mak+1 ,griff9 & ,little 7,new ,york1 #ahid3 ,h[>d ,lockwood ,co474 ,h&bu* d4 ,papi]fabrikation1 ,c4 ,h(mann 7,b]l974 ,pap] ,trade ,review1 ,london 7weekly74 ,papi]-,zeitung1 ,b]l94 #ac ,william ,ma!r1 ,m4,p41 ( ! firm ( ,ma!r ,platt1 ,limit$1 ,man*e/]4 #ad ,! actual co/s v>y+ consid]ably 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries1 we _c make any specific /atem5t4 ,b f e/imates we h made1 ! co/s ( obta9+ cotton 9 filt]$ solution z collodion multiply its value by #ab-ad1 ! d5itrations add+ fur!r co/s & rais+ ?is multiple to #ah-bj4 ,9 ! same e/imates we arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! item = raw mat]ials made up #fj p4ct4 ( ! total co/ ( ! y>n4 #ae ,! rec5t failure ( a ,fr5* company f\nd$ = ! exploitation ( ! cuprammonium process may be tak5 z %[+ t x pres5ts v consid]able te*nical difficulties4 ,x is a matt] ( common k t ?is company e/imat$ ! co/s ( production to be su* z to enable ! product to be sold at #ab fr4 p] kilo41 :]eas ! co/s actually obta9+ 7 a l>ge multiple ( ?is figure4 ,,index ,,( ,,au?ors ,b>dy1 ,c4 ,h41 #aeg ,bokorny1 ,t41 #dc ,bronn]t1 ,e41 #ed ,bumcke1 ,g41 & ,wolff5/e91 ,r41 #fg ,buntrock1 #be ,cross1 ,c4 ,f41 #aci1 #aeb1 #aee ,cross1 ,c4 ,f41 & ,bevan1 ,e4 ,j41 #ib ,cross1 ,c4 ,f41 ,bevan1 ,e4 ,j41 & ,briggs1 ,j4 ,f41 #aah ,cross1 ,c4 ,f41 ,bevan1 ,e4 ,j41 & ,heib]g1 ,t41 #aad ,cross1 ,c4 ,f41 ,bevan1 ,e4 ,j41 & ,smi?1 ,c41 #aja1 #ajc1 #aje1 #aad1 #ade ,de ,haas1 ,r4 ,w4 ,t41 & ,toll5s1 ,b41 #aea ,fab]1 ,o4 v41 & ,toll5s1 ,b41 #ga ,feilitz51 ,h4 v41 & ,toll5s1 ,b41 #aed ,f5ton1 ,h4 ,j4 ,h41 #h ,f5ton1 ,h4 ,j4 ,h41 & ,go/l+1 ,m41 #hf ,fra5kel1 ,a41 & ,fri$la5d]1 ,p41 #bf ,g>dn]1 ,p41 #bb ,gilson1 ,e41 #aab ,hancock1 ,w4 ,c41 & ,dahl1 ,o4 ,w41 #ace ,h(fmei/]1 ,w41 #if1 #ajj ,kleib]1 ,a41 #ig ,kroeb]1 ,e41 #aba ,krueg]1 ,m41 #aai ,lange1 ,h41 #be ,lewes1 ,v4 ,h41 #ae ,luck1 ,a41 & ,cross1 ,c4 ,f41 #de ,m>gos*es1 ,b4 ,m41 #aei ,morrell1 ,r4 ,s41 & ,cr(ts1 ,j4 ,m41 #aad ,mylius1 ,f41 #ba ,na/uk(f1 ,h41 #gd ,omelianski1 ,v41 #gf ,ruff1 ,o41 #aag ,salk[ski1 ,e41 #aac ,s*o5e1 ,a41 & ,toll5s1 ,b41 #abd ,seidel1 ,h41 #adi ,%]man1 ,h4 ,c41 #acg ,simons51 ,e41 #adf ,/or]1 ,f4 ,h41 #adb ,/rehl5]t1 ,r4 ,w41 #aeh ,sur+>1 ,h41 & ,toll5s1 ,b41 #af1 #abd ,suev]n1 ,c41 #fc ,toll5s1 ,b41 #adh1 #aea ,toll5s1 ,b41 & ,glaubitz1 ,h41 #abb ,vignon1 ,l41 #dc1 #gj1 #gb1 #id ,w1 ,w41 & ,l5ze1 ,p41 #da ,w9t]/e91 ,e41 #aji1 #add1 #aec ,,index ,,( ,,subjects ,acetone1 action on cellulose nitrates ( dilut$1 #df ,acid-cellulose1 #fh ,acids1 volatile1 f cellulose1 #ade ,a,eschynomene asp]a1 #ace ,alcohol f cellulose & wood1 #adf ,alcoholic soda1 m]c]isation results )1 #bf ,alkali-cellulose1 effects ( long /orage on1 #ca ,amyloid1 vegetable1 #aec ,arab9ose f gluconic acid1 #aag ',a%' ( plants1 #ac ,bact]ium xyl9um1 #he ,b>ley plant1 *emical processes 9 !1 #ajc ---- /raw1 c>bohydrates (1 #aje ,blea*+1 #aff ,bran1 dige/ion (1 #aci ,bromme?ylfurfural1 #h1 #hd1 #hf ,c>bohydrates1 action ( hydrog5 bromide on1 #hf2 action ( hydrog5 p]oxide on1 #aad2 nitrat$1 z food = m\ld fungi1 #dc2 nitrates (1 #da2 quantitative sep>ation (1 #if ,c>bohydrates ( b>ley /raw1 #aje2 ( :eat1 #acg2 ( yea/1 #aac ',c>o's reag5t1' #aah ',cellox91' #ga ,cellulose1 alcohol f1 #adf2 con/itution (1 #gg1 #ib2 f]m5tation (1 #gf2 indu/rial uses (1 #aee2 iod9e reaction (1 #ba2 me?ods = ! e/imation (1 #c1 #d1 #af1 #ai1 #ig2 nitration (1 #dc2 sac*>ification (1 #gc2 ultimate hydrolysis (1 #aa2 volatile acids f1 #ade ---- acetates1 monoacetate1 =mation (1 #dj2 tetracetate1 con/itution (1 #hj ---- b5zoates1 #cd2 f /ructureless cellulose1 #cf2 f ?ree v>ieties ( cotton1 #ce2 monob5zoate1 prop]ties (1 #cf2 dib5zoate1 prop]ties (1 #cg2 acetylation (1 #acj2 nitration (1 #ch ---- d]ivatives1 comm]cial aspects (1 #aga2 sac*>ification (1 #gc ---- nitrates1 #dd1 #de1 #hc2 /ructureless1 #de1 #ea2 cupric r$uc+ p[] (1 #gc2 in/ability (1 #ej1 #ec ---- sulphoc>bonate1 #bg2 effects ( ! nature ( ! cellulose1 #bh2 ---- ---- solutions1 analysis (1 #cb2 iod9e reaction (1 #cc2 loss ( c>bon bisulphide1 #cc2 viscosity (1 #cj ,cell-wall con/itu5ts1 #ig ,c]eal celluloses1 #aja1 #aje ,*it91 #aab ,*lor9ation1 ,cross & ,bevan's me?od1 #ai2 /ati/ics (1 #acd ,*loro-lignone1 #abf ,collodion4 ,see ,silk1 artificial ,cotton1 lu/re+ effect ( m]c]isation1 #bc2 m]c]is$1 /ructural prop]ties (1 #be2 p5tosane cont5t (1 #adh ',crude fibre1' #ag ,cuprammonium solv5t1 #ba1 #eh1 #agc ,currants1 pect9 (1 #aeb ,d5itration ( collodion silk1 #ef2 ( jute nitrate1 #acc2 products (1 #gd ,dioxybutyric acid1 #ga ,eld] pi?1 #acg ,eriod5dron1 se$ hair (1 #ib ,explosives1 #dd2 sport+ p[d]s1 #eb ,f]m5tation ( cellulose1 #gf2 ( furfuroids1 #ajh2 ( sug> f wood1 #adh ,fibres1 report on miscellane\s1 #aci ,flax boil+1 #afh2 sp9n+1 #afa ,fodd] plants1 p5tosanes (1 #abb ,fungi1 tissue con/itu5ts (1 #aji ,furfural f cellulose1 oxycellulose1 & hydrocellulose1 #gj2 d]ivative f laevulose1 #h2 e/imation z hydrazone & phloroglucide1 #aai1 #aba2 oxidation (1 #aad1 #aah 7ref] also ',p5tosanes'7 ,furfuroids1 #h1 #aj1 #ajb1 #aje2 assimilation (1 #ajh ,gabriel's me?od ( cellulose e/imation1 #ah ,gluconic acid1 action ( hydrog5 p]oxide on1 #aag ,glucosam91 #aab ,hemicellulose1 #if1 #ig2 det]m9ation & sep>ation (1 #ajj ,ho5ig's me?od ( cellulose e/imation1 #ah ',hydralcellulose1' #fh ,hydrocellulose1 #gc2 nitration (1 #dc ,hydrog5 p]oxide1 oxidations )1 #aad ,hydroxyfurfural 9 lignocellulose1 #i1 #aaf1 #aah ,inc&esc5t mantles ( artificial silk1 #ad1 #ae ,indu/rial appliances ( cellulose1 #aee ,iod9e reaction ( cellulose1 #ba ,isosac*>9ic acid1 #ga ,jute1 composition (1 #ada2 quality (1 #adj2 treatm5t (1 #adb 7ref] also ,lignocellulose7 ---- acetate1 #abi ---- b5zoate1 #abg2 acetylation (1 #acj2 nitration (1 #acb ---- nitrate1 #aca ,ketoses1 physiological importance (1 #i ,lange me?od ( cellulose e/imation1 #ah1 #ih ,lead comp\nds ( nitrat$ c>bohydrates1 #di ,lign91 #ajj ,lignocellulose1 con/itution (1 #acc2 e/]s (1 #abe2 hydroxyfurfural 91 #i2 new type (1 #ace ,lignone complex1 prop]ties (1 #abf ',lignoros91' #aea ',lu/ra-cellulose4' ,see ,silk1 artificial ,malt1 p5tosanes (1 #abb ,ma!r sy/em ( boil+ textiles1 #afg ,m]c]ization1 #bb2 %r9kage dur+1 #bd ,m]c]is$ y>n1 /r5g? & ela/icity (1 #be1 #bf ,me?ylhydroxyfurfural1 #hd ,m\ld fungi1 nitrat$ c>bohydrates z food =1 #dc ,mycos91 #aac ,nitrat$ c>bohydrates1 lead comp\nds (1 #di ,nitrates ( c>bohydrates1 #da ,nitrocellulose 7see ,cellulose nitrates72 silk1 #ee ',normal' cellulose1 def9ition (1 #bg ,normal pap]1 #afj ,oxycellulose e/]s1 #gb2 nitration (1 #dc2 rese>*es on1 #ga1 #gb1 #gd2 resume ( prop]ties1 #id ,oxygluconic acid1 #aag ,pap]1 det]ioration (1 #aee2 normal /&>d1 #afj2 pulp1 sp9n+ (1 #afi ,peat1 con/itu5ts (1 #aed ,pect9s1 #aea1 #aeb ,p5tosanes1 #ajj1 #aji1 #add2 con/itu5ts ( cotton1 #abd2 con/itu5ts ( fodd]1 #abb2 e/imation (1 #aba2 ( se$s dur+ g]m9ation1 #abd ',p]man5t tissue1' #ajc ,phlorogluc9ol1 #aai1 #aba ,plant tissues1 c>bohydrates (1 #if1 #ig1 #ii ,plants1 s\rce ( unsaturat$ comp\nds 91 #ade ,p[d]s1 manufacture ( sport+1 #eb ,sac*>ification ( cellulose & d]ivatives1 #gc ,s*ulze me?od ( cellulose e/imation1 #ah1 #ih ,s*weiz] solution1 #aja ,se$s1 p5tosanes 9 g]m9at+1 #abd ,silica 9 plant tissues1 #ac ,silk1 artificial1 #ed1 #fb1 #fc1 #agb2 bibliography (1 #fj2 f cuprammonium1 #eh1 #fd1 #agc2 f nitrocellulose 7collodion71 #ee1 #fc1 #agb2 f viscose1 #ei2 f z9c *loride1 #ei2 reactions (1 #fd ---- natural1 reactions (1 #fd ,/raws1 #aja1 #aje ,succ9ic acid f furfural1 #aah ,sulphite wa/e liquors1 #adi1 #afd ',sw$i%' filt] pap]1 #ad ,tissue con/itu5ts1 #ii1 #aji ,trees1 composition ( trunk woods1 #adb ,viscose & viscoid1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei ---- silk1 #ei1 #age ---- ---- specific gravity (1 #cd 7ref] also ,cellulose sulphoc>bonate7 ',vulcanis$ fibre1' #bj ,we5de1 me?od ( cellulose e/imation 7crude fibre71 #ag1 #ih ,welsba* mantles1 #ad2 ,clamond type1 #ae ,:eat gra91 insoluble c>bohydrates (1 #acg ,wood1 alcohol f1 #adf1 #adh ,wood-cellulose1 wa/e liquors1 #adi ,wood-gum1 #add ,wood-pulp1 processes1 #afb ,wood1 trunks ( trees1 #adb ,yea/1 c>bohydrates (1 #aac ,z9c *loride1 artificial silk1 #ei2 solv5t action (1 #bj