,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,e ef=t has be5    
made to replicate ?is text z fai?fully z
 possible1 includ+ obsolete & v>iant    
spell+s & o!r inconsi/5cies4            
,,int]national ,,copyright              
,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,"s ,,( ,,its           
,,relations ,,to   ,,e?ics ,,&          
,,political ,,economy    ,,by           
,,george ,,hav5 ,,putnam     ,,an       
,,address ,,deliv]$ ,,janu>y #bi,,?1    
#ahgh1 ,,be=e   ,,! ,,new ,,york        
,,free-,,trade ,,club     ,,new ,,york  
,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons   #ahb ,,fif?
 ,,av5ue   #ahgi4     ,,copyright1      
#ahgi1 ,,by ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons4 
,,int]national ,,copyright4#a       #a  
,a pap] read ,janu>y #bi?1 #ahgh1 be=e !
 ,new ,york          ,free-,trade ,club4
   ,! que/ions relat+ to copyright      
belong naturally to ! sph]e ( political 
economy4 ,!y h to d ) ! laws gov]n+     
production1 & ) ! pr9ciples regulat+    
supply & dem&2 & !y are directly dep5d5t
 ^u a due det]m9+ ( ! prop] functions ( 
legislation1 & ( ! relations :i*        

legislation1 hav+ = its end ! welf>e ( !
 community z a :ole1 ought to be> t[>ds 
production & trade4  ,z /ud5ts (        
economic sci5ce1 we recognize ! fact t1 
9 all its phases1 x is 9 reality bas$ ^u
 two or ?ree v simple propositions1 su* 
z3  ,two plus two make f\r4  ,two f "o y
 c't4  ,t :i* a man has creat$ by 8 own 
labor is 8 own1 to d :at he w )1 subject
 only to 8 proportionate contribution to
 ! co/ ( c>ry+ on ! organization ( !    
community "u ! protection ( :i* 8 labor 
has be5 accompli%$1 & to ! s+le         
limitation t ! results ( 8 labor %all n 
be us$ to ! detrim5t ( 8 fell[-m54  ,x  
is n 9 ! p[] ( legislators to make or to
 modify ! laws ( trade2 x is _! bus9ess 
to act 9 accordance ) ^! laws4          
,economic sci5ce is1 !n1 b ! sy/ematiz+1
 on ! basis ( a few g5]ally accept$     
pr9ciples1 ( ! relations ( m5 z reg>ds  
_! labor & ! results ( _! labor1 namely1
 _! prop]ty4 ,!re is !re=e an ess5tial  
connection betwe5 ! sy/ems gov]n+ all ^!
 relations1 h[ev] v>i$ !y may be4       

,s\ndness ( ?\ght 9 reg>d to "o gr\p (  
!m leads to s\ndness ( ?\ght ab\t !     
o!rs4  ,int]e/$ z we are 9 ! "w ( br++ !
 community to a s\nd & logical /&>d (   
economic fai? & practice1 x is important
 = u to recognize & to emphasize !      
ess5tial relations connect+ z well !    
diff]5t sci5tific positions z ! v>i\s   
sets ( fallaci\s assumptions4 ,fur!r1 we
 c h>dly lay too mu* /ress ^u !         
(t-repeat$ dictum t a sy/em may be      
correct 9 !ory yet p]nici\s 9 practice1 
ma9ta9+1 z we d1 t :]e ! application ( a
 !ory br+s failure ! result is due ei!r 
to ! uns\ndness ( ! !ory or to "s       
blund]+ 9 its application4  ,we claim1  
also1 t ) ref]5ce to ! rights ( labor1  
prop]ty1 & capital1 ! free-trad] is !   
true protectioni/4 ,x is ! free-trad] :o
 dem&s = ! labor] ! fulle/1 free/ use ( 
! results ( 8 labor1 & = ! capitali/ !  
wide/ scope 9 ! employm5t ( 8 capital2 &
 x is he :o ass]ts t ! pat]nal au?ority 
:i* re/ricts ! work+man 9 ! free ex*ange
 ( ! products ( 8 craft1 :i* limits !   

directions & ! me?ods = ! use ( capital1
 appropriates--or1 to speak m /rictly1  
de/roys--a portion ( ! value ( ! labor &
 ! capital1 & prev5ts ! own]%ip f be+   
real or complete4  ,au?ors are labor]s1 
& _! works are1 z fully z is ! case )   
any o!r class ( labor]s1 ! results ( _! 
own productive faculties & en]gies4     
,lit]>y labor]s lay claim1 !re=e1 to !  
same protection = a full & free enjoym5t
 ( ! results ( _! labors z is dem&$ by  
^? :o "w ) _! h&s & :o are 9 ! /rict    
s5se ( ! t]m manufactur]s4 ,su* enjoym5t
 w\ld include ! "r to sell _!           
productions 9 ! op5 m>ket :]e !y pleas$ 
& h[ !y pleas$1 & if ?is "r to a free   
ex*ange is re/rict$ )9 political        
b\nd>ies1 is hamp]$ by artificial       
ob/acles1 ! au?or is n ! full own] ( 8  
mat]ial2 a portion ( its value has be5  
tak5 away f him4 ,9 s f> z int]national 
copyrights h n be5 e/abli%$1 ?is is !   
position ( ! au?or ( to-day4  ,copyright
 is def9$ by ,drone 9 8 ,law (          
,copyright1 z ! exclusive "r ( ! own] to

 multiply & to dispose ( copies ( an    
intellectual production4 ,x is also us$ 
z a synonym = lit]>y prop]ty4 ,reg>d+   
lit]>y prop]ty1 ,drone says3       ,!re 
c be no prop]ty 9 a production ( ! m9d  
unless x      is express$ 9 a def9ite =m
 ( words4 ,b ! prop]ty is n      9 !    
words alone2 x is 9 ! intellectual      
creation1 :i*      language is m]ely a  
means ( express+ & communicat+4         
,copyright may !re=e be said to be !    
legal recognition ( bra9-"w z prop]ty4  
,x is ak9 9 its nature to pat5t-"r1 :i* 
is also b ! legal recognition ( !       
exi/5ce ( prop]ty 9 an idea1 or a gr\p (
 ideas1 or ! =m ( expression ( an idea4 
,int]national pat5t-rights h be5        
recogniz$ & c>ri$ into effect mu* m     
g5]ally ?an h copyrights4 ,! pat5tee (  
an improv$ too?pick w\ld be able to     
secure to-day a wid] recognition ( 8 "r 
z a creator ?an is accord$ to ! au?or ( 
,uncle ,tom's ,cab9 or ( ,adam ,b$e4  ,!
 exi/5ce ( lit]>y prop]ty1 says ,drone1 
is trac$ back by record to #aeeh1 :5 an 

entry ( copies appe>s 9 ! regi/] ( !    
,company ( ,/ation]s ( ,london4 ,betwe5 
#aeeh & #agaj !re 0 no legislation      
creat+ ?is prop]ty or conf9+ own]%ip1   
nor any abridg+ its p]petuity or        
re/rict+ its enjoym5t4 ,x 0 und]/ood1   
!re=e1 to owe its exi/5ce to common law1
 & ?is conclusion1 arriv$ at by !       
weightie/ au?orities1 rema9$ practically
 unque/ion$ until #aggd4 ,dur+ ?is e>li]
 p]iod !re 7 "s in/ances ( ! recognition
 ( lit]>y prop]ty1 b ! e>lie/ report$   
case conc]n+ su* prop]ty occurr$ 9      
#afff1 9 :i* ! ,h\se ( ,lords unanim\sly
 agre$ t a copyright 0 a ?+ ackn[l$g$ at
 common law4 ,a lic5s+ act1 pass$ 9     
,p>liam5t 9 #afgd1 & expir+ 9 #afgi1    
prohibit$1 "u pa9 ( =feiture1 ! pr9t+ ( 
any "w )\t ! cons5t ( ! own]4 ,b ! fir/ 
act attempt+ to fully def9e & protect   
copyright 9 ,great ,brita9 0 t ( #agaj1 
kn[n z ! #h? ( ,anne4 ,x 0 entitl$ ,an  
,act = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,le>n+1 &1      
decl>+ t an au?or %\ld h ! sole "r (    
publi%+ 8 book1 prescrib$ p5alties aga9/

 any :o %\ld infr+e t "r4 ,its evid5t   
int5tion 0 to m cle>ly e/abli%1 & make m
 easily def5sible1 ! rights ( au?ors1 b 
curi\sly en\gh x _h = its effect a v    
mat]ial limitation ( ^? rights4  ,x     
provid$1 namely1 t copyright %\ld be    
secur$ to ! au?or or 8 assigns = f\rte5 
ye>s1 ) a privilege ( r5ewal to ! au?or 
or 8 repres5tatives = f\rte5 ye>s long]4
 ,?is privilege ( r5ewal 0 n convey$ to 
any "o :o might h pur*as$ ! au?or's     
copyright4 ,x 0 suppos$ = a long "t t   
?is /atute _h n int]f]$ ) any rights t  
au?ors might possess at common law1 & 9 
! (t-cit$ case ( ,mill> vs4 ,taylor 9   
#agfi1 9 reg>d to a repr9t ( ,?omson's  
,seasons1 a majority ( ! judges ( !     
,k+'s ,b5* 7includ+ among !m ,"l        
,mansfield7 gave x z _! op9ion t ! act 0
 n int5d$ to de/roy1 & _h n de/roy$1    
copyright at common law1 b _h simply    
protect$ x m effici5tly dur+ ! p]iods   
specifi$4 ,! op9ion deliv]$ by ,"l      
,mansfield1 z *ief ju/ice ( ! c\rt1     
rema9s "o ( ! /ronge/ & mo/ conclusive  

/atem5ts ( ! prop]ty-rights ( au?ors1 & 
has be5 t]m$ "o ( ! gr&e/ judgm5ts 9    
,engli% judicial lit]ature4 ,its        
conclusion is z foll[s3       ,^u !     
:ole1 ,i conclude t ^u e pr9ciple (     
reason1      natural ju/ice1 morality1 &
 common law2 ^u ! evid5ce (      ! long 
receiv$ op9ion ( ?is prop]ty appe>+ 9   
anci5t      proce$+s & 9 law cases2 ^u !
 cle> s5se ( !      legislature1 & !    
op9ions ( ! greate/ lawy]s ( _!      "t 
s9ce t /atute--! "r 7t is 9 p]petuity7 (
 an      au?or to ! copy ( 8 "w appe>s  
to be well f\nd$1 444      & ,i hope !  
le>n$ & indu/ri\s w be p]mitt$ f        
h5ce=? n only to reap ! same1 b ! full  
pr(its (      _! +5i\s labors1 )\t      
int]ruptions1 to ! honor &              
advantage ( !mselves & _! families4  ,9 
#aggd1 9 ! case ( ,donaldson vs4        
,beckett1 ! ,h\se ( ,lords decid$ on an 
appeal1 fir/1 t au?ors _h possess$ at   
common law ! "r ( copyright 9 p]petuity1
 b1 secondly1 t ?is "r at common law _h 
be5 tak5 away by ! /atute ( ,anne1 & a  

t]m ( ye>s sub/itut$ = p]petuity4  ,*ief
 among ^? :o1 9 opposition to ?is       
decision1 advis$ ! lords t lit]>y       
prop]ty 0 n less inviolable ?an any     
species ( prop]ty kn[n to ! law (       
,engl&1 0 ,sir ,william ,black/one4 ,!  
mo/ important influ5ce 9 support ( !    
decision 0 ex]cis$ by ! argum5ts (      
,ju/ice ,yates & ,"l ,camd54 ,?is       
judgm5t1 says ,drone1 has cont9u$ to    
repres5t ! law2 b its s\ndness has be5  
que/ion$ by v high au?orities4 ,9 #ahea 
,"l ,campbell express$ 8 agreem5t ) !   
views ( ,"l ,mansfield4 ,9 #ahed1       
,ju/ice ,col]idge said3 ,if !re 0 "o    
subject m ?an ano!r ^u :i* ! great &    
v>i$ le>n+ ( ,"l ,mansfield1 8 special  
famili>ity ) x1 & ! philosophical turn (
 8 intellect1 c\ld give 8 judgm5t       
peculi> weight1 x 0 ?is4 ,i require no  
high] au?ority = a position :i* seems to
 me 9 itself reasonable & j4  ,9 #ahda  
an important debate took place 9        
,p>liam5t ^u ?is same issue4 ,! "r at   
common law ( own]%ip 9 p]petuity 0      

ass]t$ by ,s]geant ,talf\rd & ,"l       
,mahon1 & ! op9ion t copyright 0 !      
creation ( /atute law & %\ld be limit$  
to a t]m ( ye>s 0 def5d$ by ,macaulay4  
,! conclusions ( ! latt] 7 accept$ by ! 
,h\se1 & ! act ( #ahdb1 :i* is /ill 9   
=ce1 0 ! result4 ,by ?is act ! t]m (    
copyright 0 fix$ at =ty-two ye>s1 or if 
at ! end ( t "t ! au?or be /ill liv+1 = 
! duration ( 8 life4  ,i h ref]r$ to ^! 
discussions z to ! nature ( ! au?ority  
?r\gh :i* ! au?or's own]%ip exi/s or is 
creat$1 z ! "q w be f\nd to h an        
important be>+ ^u int]national          
copyright4 ,9 connection ) ?is debate ( 
#ahdb 0 fram$ ! fam\s petition ( ,?omas 
,hood1 :i*1 if x 7 n pres5t$ to         
,p>liam5t1 c]ta9ly des]v$ to be4 ,x     
makes a fair pres5tm5t ( ! au?or's case1
 & is wor? quot+3       ,t y\r petition]
 is ! proprietor ( c]ta9 copyrights     
:i* ! law treats z copyhold1 b :i* 9    
ju/ice &      equity1 %\ld be 8         
freeholds4 ,he _c conceive h[ ',hood's  
,own1' )\t a *ange 9 ! title-de$s z well

 z ! title1      c become ',ev]ybody's  
,own' h]eaft]4       ,t y\r petition]   
may burn or publi% 8 manuscripts at 8   
own option1 & enjoys a "r 9 & control   
ov] 8 own      productions :i* no press1
 n[ or h]eaft]1 c ju/ly press      out (
 him4       ,t z a l&$ proprietor does n
 lose 8 "r to 8      e/ate 9 p]petuity  
by ?r[+ op5 8 gr\nds = !      conv5i5ce 
& gratification ( ! public1 nei!r ought 
!      prop]ty ( an au?or 9 8 works to  
be tak5 f him1 unless      all p>ks     
become commons4       ,t y\r petition]1 
hav+ sundry snug little e/ates 9 view1  
w\ld n object1 aft] a t]m1 to contribute
 8 private %>e      to a g5]al scramble1
 provid$ ! l&$ & money$ int]e/s1      z 
well z ! lit]>y int]e/1 7 ?r[n into !   
heap2 b      t 9 ! mean "t1 ! fruits ( 8
 bra9 ought no m to      be ca/ among/ !
 public ?an a ,*ri/ian woman's apples or
 a      ,jewess' oranges4       ,t *eap 
bread is z desirable & necess>y z *eap  
books2      b x ha? n yet be5 ?\ght j or
 exp$i5t to orda9      t1 aft] a c]ta9  

numb] ( crops1 all corn-fields %all     
become public prop]ty4       ,t1 :]eas 9
 o!r cases long possession is held to   
affirm a      "r to prop]ty1 x is       
inconsi/5t & unju/ t a m]e      lapse ( 
tw5ty-eight or any o!r t]m ( ye>s %\ld  
deprive      an au?or at once ( pr9cipal
 & int]e/ 9 8 own lit]>y      fund4 ,to 
be robb$ by ,"t is a sorry enc\ragem5t  
to write =      ,futurity6       ,t a "w
 :i* endures = _m ye>s mu/ be ( a /]l+  
"*1 & ought to become national prop]ty2 
b at !      exp5se ( ! public1 or at any
 exp5se save t ( ! au?or      or 8      
desc5dants4 ,x mu/ be an ungrateful     
g5]ation t1 9      its love ( '*eap     
copies1' c lose all reg>d = '! de>      
orig9als4'       ,t1 :]eas1 y\r         
petition] has sold sundry ( 8 copyrights
      to c]ta9 publi%]s = a sum ( money1
 he does n see h[ !      public1 :i* is 
only a l>g] firm1 c ju/ly acquire ev5 a 
%>e 9 copyright1 except by simil>       
means--namely1 by pur*ase      or       
assignm5t4 ,t ! public hav+ con/itut$   

itself by law      ! executor & legatee 
( ! au?or1 ought 9 ju/ice1 &            
accord+ to practice 9 o!r cases1 to take
 to 8 debts z      well z 8 lit]>y      
assets4       ,t :5 y\r petition] %all  
be dead & buri$1 he might      ) z mu*  
propriety & dec5cy h 8 body snat*$ z 8  
lit]>y rema9s4       ,t1 by ! pres5t    
law1 ! wise/1 virtu\se/1 discreete/1    
be/ ( au?ors1 is t>dily rew>d$1         
precisely z a vici\s1      s$iti\s1 or  
blasphem\s writ] is summ>ily            
puni%$--namely1      by ! =feiture ( 8  
copyright4       ,t1 9 case ( infr+em5t 
on 8 copyright1 y\r petition]      _c   
consci5ti\sly or com=tably apply =      
r$ress to !      law :il/ x sanctions   
univ]sal piracy h]eaft]4       ,t y\r   
petition] ha? two *ildr51 :o look up to 
him1 n      only z ! au?or ( ! ',comic  
,annual1' b z ! au?or (      _! be+4 ,t 
! effect ( ! law z reg>ds an au?or is   
virtually to dis9h]it 8 next ( k91 & cut
 him (f ) a      book in/ead ( a %ill+4 
,t y\r petition] is v will+ to write =  

po/]ity on      ! l[e/ t]ms1 & w\ld n   
object to ! long cr$it2 b      t1 :5 8  
heir %all apply = paym5t to po/]ity1 he 
w      be ref]r$ back to antiquity4     
,t1 z a man's hairs belong to 8 head1 s 
8 head %\ld      belong to 8 heirs2     
:]eas1 on ! contr>y1 y\r petition]      
ha? asc]ta9$1 by a nice calculation1 t  
"o ( 8      pr9cipal copyrights w expire
 on ! same day t 8 only      son %\ld   
come ( age4 ,! v law ( nature prote/s   
aga9/      an unnatural law :i* compels 
an au?or to write = anybody's           
po/]ity except 8 own4       ,f9ally1    
:]eas x has be5 urg$1 'if an au?or      
writes =      po/]ity1 let him look to  
po/]ity = 8 rew>d1' y\r      petition]  
adopts t v argum5t1 & on its v pr9ciple 
prays = ! adoption ( ! bill introduc$ by
 ,mr4 ,s]geant      ,talf\rd1 see+ t by 
! pres5t arrangem5t po/]ity is      b\nd
 to pay ev]ybody or anybody b ! true    
cr$itor4  ,9 ,france p]petual copyright 
0 gu>ante$ f v e>ly times4 ,! ,ord9ances
 ( ,m\l9es ( #aeef1 ! ,decl>ation (     

,*>les ,,ix4 9 #aega1 & ! lett]s-pat5t (
 ,h5ry ,,iii4 con/itut$ ! anci5t        
legislation on ! subject1 b ! sov]eign  
_h a "r to refuse ! gu>antee :5ev] he   
?\ght desirable4 ,9 #agfa ! ,c\ncil (   
,/ate cont9u$ to a gr&son ( ,la ,fonta9e
 ! privilege t 8 gr&fa!r possess$1 on   
condition1 h[ev]1 t he %\ld n assign x  
to a booksell]4 ,! ,revolution ( #aghi  
modifi$ ?is regime1 & n[ copyright is   
gu>ante$ to au?ors & _! wid[s dur+ _!   
lives1 to _! *ildr51 = tw5ty ye>s2 & if 
!y leave no *ildr51 to _! heirs = t5    
ye>s only4 ,accord+ to ,fr5* law1 a     
,fr5* subject does n injure 8 copyright 
by publi%+ 8 "w fir/ 9 a =eign c\ntry4  
,no matt] :]e ! publication takes place1
 copyright =?) accrues 9 ,france on 8   
behalf1 & on ! necess>y deposit be+     
effect$1 its infr+em5t may be proce$$   
aga9/ 9 a ,fr5* c\rt4 ,moreov]1 a =eign]
 publi%+ 9 ,france w enjoy ! same       
copyright z a native1 & ?is :e!r he has 
previ\sly publi%$ 9 8 own or 9 any o!r  
c\ntry or n4 ,9 ,g]many & 9 ,au/ria     

copyright cont9ues = ! au?ors life & =  
?irty ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,! longe/ t]m ( 
copyright is conc$$ 9 ,italy1 :]e x     
endures = ! life ( ! au?or & =ty ye>s1 )
 a second t]m ( =ty ye>s1 dur+ :i* la/  
any "o c publi% ! "w ^u pay+ ! royalty  
to ! au?or or 8 assigns4 ,! %orte/ t]m (
 copyright exi/s 9 ,greece1 :]e x       
endures = b fifte5 ye>s f publication4  
,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ! law ( #ahca1 ! 
t]m is = tw5ty-eight ye>s1 ) ! "r (     
r5ewal to ! au?or1 8 wife or 8 *ildr51 =
 f\rte5 ye>s fur!r4 ,! r5ewal mu/ be    
record$ )9 six mon?s be=e ! expiration (
 ! fir/ t]m ( tw5ty-eight ye>s4  ,drone 
says3       ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !        
au?orities h be5 divid$ n less      ?an 
9 ,engl& reg>d+ ! orig9 & nature (      
lit]>y      prop]ty4 ,inde$1 ! doctr9es 
!re preval5t h rul$ our      c\rts4 ,9  
#ahcd1 9 ! case ( ,:eaton vs4 ,pet]s1 ! 
same      "q came be=e ! ,supreme ,c\rt1
 t _h be5 decid$ by      ! ,c\rt ( ,k+'s
 ,b5* 9 #agfi1 & by ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9  
#aggd--namely1 :e!r copyright 9 a       

publi%$ "w exi/$ by      common law2 &  
if s1 :e!r x _h be5 tak5 away by /atute4
       ,! c\rt held t ! law _h be5      
settl$ 9 ,engl& to !      effect t !    
au?or _h no "r 9 a publi%$ "w except+   
t secur$ by /atute2 t !re 0 no common   
law ( !      ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t ! common
 law z to copyright _h n      be5 adopt$
 9 ,p5nsylvania1 9 :i* ,/ate ! cause (  
?is      action arose2 & t by !         
copyright /atute ( #agij1 ,congress     
did n affirm an exi/+ "r1 b creat$ "o4  
,! op9ion1      :i* 0 deliv]$ by ,ju/ice
 ,mc,lean1 0 concurr$ 9 by ?ree      ( !
 judges1 & diss5t$ f by two1 ,ju/ices   
,?ompson &      ,baldw91 :o def5d$ !    
positions & recall$ ! argum5ts (        
,"l ,mansfield & ,sir ,william          
,black/one4 ,ju/ice ,baldw9 said3       
',protection is ! av[$ & real purpose ( 
! act ( #agij4      ,!re is no?+ "h     
admitt+ ! con/ruction t a new "r      is
 creat$ 444 ,x is a =c$ & unreasonable  
int]pretation to      consid] x z       
re/rict+ or aboli%+ any pre-exi/+       

"r6'  ,previ\s to ! act ( ,congress (   
#agij1 acts secur+ copyright to au?ors =
 limit$ t]ms _h be5 pass$ 9 ,connecticut
 & ,massa*usetts 9 #aghc1 9 ,virg9ia 9  
#aghe1 9 ,new ,york 9 #aghf1 & 9 o!r    
,/ates at lat] dates4 ,! /atute ( #agij 
gave copyright = f\rte5 ye>s1 ) a r5ewal
 to ! au?or1 if liv+1 ( f\rte5 ye>s     
fur!r4 ,9 #ahca 0 pass$ ! act ( already 
quot$1 & 9 #ahgj ! regulation w5t into  
effect t a pr9t$ title ( ! "w copyright$
 mu/ be fil$ ) ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress  
be=e publication1 & two copies ( !      
complete book be deliv]$ )9 t5 days aft]
 publication4  ,9 #ahgd x 0 provid$ t ! 
=m ( ! copyright notice 9 books %\ld    
read1 ,copyright1 #ah--1 by ,a4 ,b4  ,! 
fir/ /ep t[>ds a recognition ( ! rights 
( =eign au?ors 0 tak5 9 #ahcf by        
,prussia1 :5 %e prohibit$ ! sale )9 h]  
b\nd>ies ( any pirat$ or c\nt]feit$     
editions ( ,g]man works4  ,9 #ahcg a    
,copyright ,conv5tion 0 conclud$ betwe5 
! diff]5t memb]s ( ! ,g]man             
,conf$]ation4 ,9 #ahch ! ,briti%        

,p>liam5t pass$ a law to obta9 = au?ors 
! b5efits ( int]national copyright1 & 9 
#ahdf ,engl& ent]$ into a conv5tion )   
,prussia1 9 #ahea ) ,france & ,hanov]1 9
 #ahed ) ,belgium1 & betwe5 #ahed &     
#ahfj ) ,holl&1 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 &    
,spa94 ,betwe5 #ahdf & #ahfa simil>     
conv5tions 7 ent]$ into by ,france )    
,belgium1 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 ,switz]l&1 & 
,italy1 & ne>ly all ! ,cont95tal p[]s h 
n[ copyright arrangem5ts ) ea* o!r4 ,z  
f> z ,i h be5 able to le>n1 x is n      
requisite "u ^! arrangem5ts to h a book 
sep>ately ent]$ = copyright 9 ea*       
c\ntry4 ,! s+le entry 9 ! place ( fir/  
publication is suffici5t to protect !   
au?or1 & to leave him free to make1 )9 a
 specifi$ "t1 8 own arrangem5ts ) =eign 
publi%]s4  ,9 ! g5]al copyright /atutes1
 ,p>liam5t made no express di/9ction    
betwe5 native & =eign au?ors4 ,!        
copyright 0 grant$ to au?ors1 )\t any   
re/riction z to nationality4 ,x has be5 
cont5d$1 !re=e1 by juri/s on ! "o h& t !
 privilege mu/ be presum$ to h be5      

int5d$ = ,briti% subjects exclusively1 &
 on ! o!r t x ( necessity belong$ to all
 au?ors1 :e!r native or =eign4  ,!re 71 
previ\s to #ahed1 sev]al conflict+      
decisions ( ! c\rts on ?is "q4 ,9 t ye> 
! ,h\se ( ,lords decid$1 9 ! case (     
,jeffreys v4 ,boosey1 t a =eign au?or1  
resid5t abroad1 0 n entitl$ to ,engli%  
copyright4  ,9 #ahfh ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 9
 ! case ( ,r\tl$ge v4 ,l[1 ) ref]5ce to 
! rights ( an ,am]ican au?or :o 0 resid+
 9 ,canada at ! "t ( ! publication ( 8  
book 9 ,london1 decl>$ t an ali5 became 
entitl$ to ,engli% copyright by fir/    
publi%+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 provid$ he 71
 at ! "t ( publication1 any:]e )9 !     
,briti% dom9ions4 ,drone says t ?is     
judgm5t has cont9u$ to repres5t ! law4  
,x is c]ta9ly ! case t = a few ye>s aft]
 #ahfh1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is decision1  
sev]al ,am]ican au?ors ^: books 7 be+   
publi%$ 9 ,london1 took up a tempor>y   
resid5ce 9 ,canada1 :i* enabl$ _!       
,london publi%]s to ent] ! books =      
copyright1 & to pay ! au?ors an         

honor>ium4  ,i am n able to quote any   
decisions t h set aside or modifi$ !    
above1 b ,i h be5 advis$ by lead+       
,london publi%]s t ! effect ( ?is       
judgm5t has 9 "s way be5 nullifi$1 & t  
,canada copyrights c no long] be dep5d$ 
^u = protect+ ,am]ican au?ors 9 ,engl&4 
,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates copyright c at pres5t
 be secur$ only by a citiz5 or p]man5t  
resid5t1 & !re is no regulation to      
prev5t ! use1 )\t remun]ation1 ( !      
lit]>y prop]ty ( =eign au?ors4 ,! ,unit$
 ,/ates is !re=e at pres5t ! only c\ntry
 itself possess+ a lit]ature (          
importance1 & mak+ a l>ge use ( !       
lit]ature ( ! _w1 :i* has done no?+ to  
recognize & protect by law ! rights (   
=eign au?ors ( ^: prop]ty x is enjoy+ ! 
b5efit1 or to obta9 a simil> recognition
 & protection = its own au?ors abroad4  
,x has look$ aft] ! rights ( ! mak]s (  
its sew+-ma*9es1 its telephones1 & its  
m\se-traps1 b x appe>s to h entirely    
=gott5 ! mak]s ( its lit]ature4 ,!      
position tak5 by our gov]nm5t 9 secur+ =

 an ,am]ican au?or ! b5efit ( ! sale ( 8
 works at home1 :ile practically e/opp+ 
him f obta9+ any advantage f _! sales   
abroad1 is some:at analog\s to its      
treatm5t ( ,am]ican %ip-own]s1 :o are   
all[$ to pick up all ! freights t (f]   
inl& & along ! coa/1 b are =bidd5 to e>n
 a s+le p5ny on ! high seas4  ,x is n   
easy to und]/& ! cause ( ?is cont9u$    
indiff]5ce to ! claims ( our lit]>y     
workm52 !y d n come into competition ) !
 ,delaw>e ,riv] or ) any manufactur+    
int]e/s = subsidies2 !y ask simply =    
m>kets4  ,x is true t !re h be5 9 !     
hi/ory ( our c\ntry gov]nm5ts :i* seem$ 
impati5t ( ! claims ( any lit]>y fell]s2
 b ! majority ( our adm9i/rations h %[n 
a fair respect = su* fell]s1 & ev5 a    
read9ess to make use ( _! s]vices4  ,!  
difficulty has really be51 h[ev]1 n ) ! 
adm9i/rations1 b ) ! p at l>ge1 :o h    
fail$ to fairly educate !mselves on !   
subject1 or to recognize t an           
int]national copyright 0 call$ = n m]ely
 on pr9ciples ( g5]al equity1 b z a     

matt] ( simple ju/ice to ,am]ican       
au?ors4  ,^! h suff]$1 & are suff]+ f ! 
pres5t /ate ( ?+s 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ 
place1 !y lose ! royalty on ! sales ( _!
 books 9 ,europe1 ,canada1 ,au/ralia1   
etc41 t ought to be secur$ to !m by     
treaties ( copyright reciprocity4 ,^!   
sales h become1 ) ! gr[? ( ,am]ican     
lit]ature1 v consid]able1 & are ea* ye> 
increas+ 9 importance4 ,ev5 a qu>t] ( a 
c5tury ago !re 7 en\gh ,am]ican books ^:
 fame 0 _w-wide to h r5d]$ a v mod]ate  
royalty on _! sales a matt] ( great     
importance to _! au?ors & to !          
community4 ,uncle ,tom's ,cab91 ,irv+'s 
,sket*-,book & o!r volumes1 ,?ompson's  
,l& & ! ,book1 ,w>n]'s ,wide1 ,wide ,_w1
 ,web/]'s ,diction>y1 ,james' ,two ,ye>s
 be=e ! ,ma/1 & ,pet] ,p>ley's hi/ories 
are a few r&om specim5s f ! e>li] li/1  
:i* is a great deal long] ?an might at  
fir/ be ?\ght4  ,9 an (ficial report ( !
 #be? ,congress x 0 /at$ t up to #ahch n
 less ?an #fjj ,am]ican works _h be5    
repr9t$ 9 ,engl&4 ,accord+ to ! ,am]ican

 ,facts ( ,g4,p4 ,putnam1 #chb ,am]ican 
books1 ackn[l$g$ to be su*1 7 repr9t$ 9 
,great ,brita9 betwe5 #ahcc & #ahdc1    
:ile a l>ge am\nt ( ,am]ican lit]>y     
mat]ial _h be5 adapt$1 or issu$ "u new  
titles z if !y _h be5 orig9al ,briti%   
works4 ,among ^! la/ he quotes ,judge   
,/ory's ,law ( ,bailm5ts1 ,ev]ett's     
,greek ,gramm>1 ,bancr(t's ,translation 
( ,he]5's ,hi/ories1 ,dr4 ,h>ris'       
,natural ,hi/ory1 etc41 etc4  ,secondly1
 ! want ( an int]national copyright has 
plac$ ,am]ican au?ors at a disadvantage 
because x has *eck$ ! sales ( _! w>es at
 home4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! publi%] w1 
l any o!r trad]1 manufacture su* goods z
 w give him ! l>ge/ pr(it1 & z he c sell
 ! mo/ readily4  ,if he has be=e him an 
,am]ican novel on :i*1 if he pr9ts x1 he
 mu/ pay ! au?or a royalty1 & an ,engli%
 novel ( app>5tly equal m]it1 on :i* he 
is n call$ ^u by law to pay any?+1 !    
comm]cial inducem5t is on ! side ( !    
latt]4 ,if1 on ! score ( patriotism or =
 "s o!r reason1 he may decide 9 favor ( 

! =m]1 8 neighbor or rival w take !     
,engli% "w1 & w h advantages = und]sell+
 him4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 z ,i %all      
specify fur!r on1 x is ! cu/om ( ! lead+
 publi%+ h\ses to make "s paym5t = !    
,engli% mat]ial t !y repr9t1 b z !y     
secure no legal title to su* mat]ial1 !y
 _c1 z a rule1 pay z mu* = x z !y w\ld =
 simil> ,am]ican "w4 ,!re is also !     
advantage connect$ ) ,engli% works t !y 
usually come to ! ,am]ican publi%] 9    
type1 9 conv5i5t =m = a rapid           
exam9ation1 & t he c (t5 obta9 "s       
,engli% op9ions ab\t !m :i* help him to 
make up 8 own publi%+ judgm5t1 & are ( v
 mat]ial assi/ance 9 secur+ = ! books ! 
favorable att5tion ( ! ,am]ican public4 
,x has !re=e be5 ! case t an ,am]ican "w
 ( fiction has _h to be a good deal     
bett] ?an a simil> ,engli% "w1 & m m>k$ 
9 its attractiv5ess 9 ord] to h any?+ l 
! same *ance ( success4 ,& :at is ! case
 ) fiction1 is true1 ?\gh to a less     
degree1 ) books = "y folks & works 9 o!r
 dep>tm5ts ( lit]ature4 ,x is to be     

said1 h[ev]1 t ?is diff]5ce 9 favor (   
,engli% productions has be5 v mu* great]
 9 pa/ ye>s ?an at pres5t1 & is1 ,i ?9k1
 /eadily decreas+4  ,am]ican writ]s h1  
aga9/ all disadvantages1 =c$ _! books to
 ! favorable att5tion1 n only ( !       
,am]ican b ( ! =eign public1 & ! be/ "w 
is n[ fairly secure ( a he>+4 ,b !re is 
no "q b :at ! want ( a copyright measure
 has1 z above expla9$1 op]at$ dur+ ! pa/
 ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury to ret>d &      
disc\rage ! gr[? ( ,am]ican lit]ature1  
especially ( ,am]ican fiction1 & to     
prev5t ,am]ican au?ors f receiv+ a fair 
return = _! labor4 ,an int]national     
copyright is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds t         
long-wait$-= great ,am]ican novel4  ,9  
#ahgf a ,commission 0 appo9t$ by !      
,gov]nm5t ( ,great ,brita9 to make      
inquiry 9 reg>d to ! laws & regulations 
relat+ to home1 colonial1 & int]national
 copyright4 ,! ,commission 0 made fairly
 repres5tative ( ! diff]5t int]e/s to be
 consid]$1 compris+ among au?ors3 ,e>l  
,/anhope1 ,l\is ,mallet1 ,fitzjames     

,/eph51 ,edw>d ,j5k9s1 ,william ,smi?1  
,sir ,h5ry ,holl&1 ,james ,an?ony       
,fr\de1 & ,an?ony ,trollope1 & also ,sir
 ,julius ,b5$ict = ! compos]s1 ,sir     
,*>les ,"y = ! dramati/s1 ,sir ,john    
,rose & ,mr4 ,f>r] = colonial int]e/s1 &
 ,mr4 ,f4 ,r4 ,daldy = ! publi%]s2 & x  
has done its "w 9 ! ?or\gh1 pa9/ak+ way 
:i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! me?ods ( ,briti%  
legislation4  ,x has collect$ dur+ ! pa/
 two ye>s a va/ mass ( te/imony f v>i\s 
s\rces1 & aft] full consid]ation has    
arriv$ at a s]ies ( recomm5dations :i* x
 has pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t1 & :i* w 9 all
 probability be adopt$4  ,x is recomm5d$
 t ! copyright on books1 in/ead ( hold+ 
= =ty-two ye>s f date ( regi/ration1    
%all endure = ! lifetime ( ! au?or & =  
?irty ye>s !reaft]4 ,?is is ! arrangem5t
 at pres5t exi/+ 9 ,g]many1 & x has !   
important advantage t "u x all !        
copyrights ( an au?or w expire at ! same
 date4  ,! ,commission fur!r recomm5ds  
7& ?is is ! recomm5dation mo/ important 
= our subject7 t ! "r ( copyright       

?r\gh\t ! ,briti% dom9ions be ext5d$ to 
any au?or1 :]ev] resid5t & ( :atev]     
nationality1 ^: "w may fir/ be publi%$  
)9 ! ,briti% ,empire4  ,) ref]5ce to !  
pres5t relations ( ,briti% au?ors ) ?is 
c\ntry1 x uses ! foll[+ words3 ,x has   
be5 sugge/$ to u t ?is c\ntry w\ld be   
ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ /eps ( a retaliatory "*1 
) a view ( en=c+1 incid5tally1 t        
protection f ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* we     
accord to !m4 ,?is might be done by     
)draw+ f ! ,am]icans ! privilege (      
copyright on fir/ publication 9 ?is     
c\ntry4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 come to !         
conclusion t1 on ! highe/ public gr\nds 
( policy & exp$i5cy1 x is advisable t   
our law %\ld be bas$ on correct         
pr9ciples1 irrespectively ( ! op9ions or
 ! policy ( o!r nations4 ,we admit !    
propriety ( protect+ copyright1 & x     
appe>s to u t ! pr9ciple ( copyright1 if
 admitt$1 is ( univ]sal application4 ,we
 !re=e recomm5d t ?is c\ntry %\ld pursue
 ! policy ( recogniz+ ! au?or's rights1 
irrespective ( nationality4  ,"h is a   

claim = a f>-see+1 /atesmanlike policy1 
bas$ ^u pr9ciples ( wide equity1 &      
plann$ = ! p]man5t advantage ( lit]ature
 9 ,engl& & ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,contra/ ) ?is
 ! n>r[ & local views ( ! foll[+        
resolutions adopt$ at a meet+ held 9    
,philadelphia 9 ,janu>y1 #ahgb1 )       
ref]5ce to int]national copyright1 at   
:i*1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 ,mr4 ,h5ry  
,c>ey ,baird presid$2  ,i4 ,t ?\ght1    
unless express$1 is ! prop]ty ( ! ?9k]  
7a pretty safe proposition1 z1 until    
express$1 x c\ld h>dly incur any s]i\s  
risk ( be+ appropriat$72 :5 giv5 to !   
_w1 x is z light1 free to all4  ,,ii4 ,z
 prop]ty x c only dem& ! protection ( ! 
municipal law ( ! c\ntry to :i* ! ?9k]  
is subject4  ,! prop]ty :i* w\ld1 if x  
/ill exi/$1 mo/ ne>ly approximate to su*
 a def9ition z ?is is t 9 slaves4 ,tw5ty
 ye>s ago1 an ,african *attel :o 0 wor? 
#ajjj 9 ,*>le/on became1 on slipp+      
across to ! ,b]mudas1 z a piece (       
prop]ty valueless4 ,he _h no long] a    
m>ket price4  ,x is ?is ephem]al k9d (  

own]%ip1 limit$ by accid5tal political  
b\nd>ies1 t our ,philadelphia fri5ds are
 will+ to conc$e to ! "w ( a man's m9d1 
! productions into :i* h be5 absorb$ !  
grey matt] ( 8 bra9 & p]haps ! be/ "p ( 
8 life4  ,,iii4 ,! au?or ( any c\ntry1  
by becom+ a citiz5 ( ?is1 & assum+ &    
p]=m+ ! duties !re(1 c h ! same         
protection t an ,am]ican au?or has4  ,we
 h already %[n :at an exce$+ly          
unprotective & unremun]ative arrangem5t 
x is t is accord$ to ! ,am]ican au?or1 &
 we h yet to f9d a s+le "o1 except      
p]haps ,mr4 ,c>ey1 :o is satisfi$ ) x4  
,:y a ,european au?or1 :o has be=e him1 
"u int]national conv5tions1 ! m>kets ( 8
 native c\ntry & ( all ! _w1 except+    
belat$ ,am]ica1 %\ld be expect$ to give 
up ^! = ! poor half-loaf ( protection   
accord$ to 8 ,am]ican bro!r we c h>dly  
und]/&4  ,,iv4 ,! trad+ ( privileges to 
=eign au?ors = privileges to be grant$  
to ,am]icans is n j1 because ! int]e/s (
 o!rs ?an !mselves are sacrific$ !reby4 
,t /rikes "o z a rem>kable s5t5ce to    

come f ,philadelphia4 ,"h are a numb] ( 
,am]ican manufactur]s :o ask = a c]ta9 v
 mod]ate am\nt ( protection = _!        
productions1 & our ,philadelphia fri5ds1
 fill$ ) an unwont$ zeal = ! welf>e ( ! 
community at l>ge1 say1 ,no2 ?is won't  
d4 ,prices w\ld be high]1 & consum]s    
w\ld suff]4  ,x is evid5t t ?is want (  
practical sympa?y ) ^! lit]>y           
manufactur]s is n due to any lack (     
int]e/ 9 ! enlight5m5t ( ! community1 = 
! la/ article says3  ,v4 ,because ! good
 ( ! :ole p & ! safety ( our republican 
in/itutions dem& t books %all n be made 
too co/ly = ! multitude by giv+ ! p[] to
 =eign au?ors to fix _! price "h z well 
z abroad4  ,i ?9k we may well d\bt :e!r 
education z a :ole1 includ+ ! important 
bran* ( e?ics1 is advanc$ by p]mitt+ our
 citiz5s to appropriate1 )\t            
comp5sation1 ! labor ( o!rs1 :ile ?r\gh 
su* appropriation !y are also assi/+ to 
deprive our own au?ors ( a portion ( _! 
rightful e>n+s4 ,b ap>t f t1 !          
proposition1 z /at$1 proves too mu*4 ,x 

is fatal to all copyright & to all      
pat5t-"r4 ,if ! good ( ! community & !  
safety ( our in/itutions dem& t1 9 ord] 
to make books *eap1 ! claim to a        
comp5sation = ! au?ors mu/ be d5i$1 :y  
%\ld we cont9ue to pay copyrights to    
,longfell[ & ,:itti]1 or to ! families (
 ,irv+ & ,bryant8 ,! s-call$ own]s ( ^! 
copyrights actually h x 9 _! p[]1 9     
connection ) _! publi%]s1 to fix !      
prices ( _! books 9 ?is m>ket4 ,?is     
monopoly mu/ inde$ be p]nici\s & dang]\s
 :5 x ar\ses ,p5nsylvania to come to !  
rescue ( oppress$ & impov]i%$ consum]s  
aga9/ ! exactions ( gre$y produc]s1 & to
 raise ! cry ( free books = free m54    
,!re is c]ta9ly some?+ refre%+ 9 ?is    
zeal = ! rights ( ! consum]1 ?\gh we may
 d\bt ! equity ( its application 9 ?is  
p>ticul> in/ance2 b we c nev]!less h>dly
 be satisfi$ to h an utt]ance l t ( ^!  
resolutions quot$ 7z x is 9 ! la/       
edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica7 z
 ! late/ ,am]ican views on ! subject4   
,! hi/ory ( ! ef=ts made 9 ?is c\ntry to

 secure int]national copyright is n a   
long "o4 ,! attempts h be5 few1 & h be5 
lack+ 9 organization & 9 unanimity (    
op9ion1 & !y h = ! mo/ "p be5 made ) b  
little app>5t expectation ( any imm$iate
 success4 ,^? int]e/$ seem to h always  
felt t popul> op9ion 01 on ! :ole1 aga9/
 !m1 & t progress c\ld be hop$ = only   
?r\gh ! sl[ process ( build+ up by      
education & discussion a m enlight5$    
public s5tim5t4  ,9 #ahch1 aft] ! pass+ 
( ! fir/ ,int]national ,copyright ,act 9
 ,great ,brita91 ,"l ,palm]/on invit$ ! 
,am]ican ,gov]nm5t to cooep]ate 9       
e/abli%+ a copyright conv5tion betwe5 ! 
two c\ntries4  ,9 ! ye> previ\s1 ,h5ry  
,clay1 z *airman ( a committee on !     
subject1 _h report$ to ! ,s5ate v       
/rongly 9 favor ( su* a conv5tion1 tak+ 
! gr\nd t ! au?or's "r ( prop]ty 9 8 "w 
0 simil> to t ( ! inv5tor 9 8 pat5t4    
,?is is a logical position = a          
protectioni/1 int]e/$ 9 ! rights (      
labor1 to h tak51 & ! foll[]s ( ,h5ry   
,clay1 :o are to-day oppos$ to any      

measure ( ! k9d1 w\ld d well to be> 9   
m9d ?is op9ion ( _! able/ lead]4  ,no   
action 0 tak5 9 reg>d to ,mr4 ,clay's   
report or ,"l ,palm]/on's proposal4  ,9 
#ahdj ,mr4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam issu$ 9      
pamphlet =m ,an ,argum5t 9 behalf (     
,int]national ,copyright1 ! fir/        
publication on ! subject 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates ( :i* ,i f9d record4 ,9 #ahdc    
,mr4 ,putnam obta9$ ! signatures (      
n9ety-sev5 publi%]s1 pr9t]s1 & b9d]s to 
a petition he _h prep>$1 & :i* 0 duly   
pres5t$ to ,congress4 ,x took ! broad   
gr\nd t ! abs5ce ( an int]national      
copyright 0 alike injuri\s to ! bus9ess 
( publi%+ & to ! be/ int]e/s ( ! p at   
l>ge4  ,a memorial 0 pres5t$ ! same ye> 
9 opposition to ?is petition1 sett+ =?1 
among o!r ?+s1 t an int]national        
copyright w\ld prev5t ! adaptation (    
,engli% books to ,am]ican wants4 ,9 !   
report made by ,mr4 ,baldw9 to ,congress
 tw5ty-five ye>s lat]1 he rem>ks t !    
mutilation & recon/ruction ( ,am]ican   
books to suit ,engli% wants are common  

to a %ameless ext5t4  ,9 #ahec ! "q ( a 
copyright conv5tion ) ,great ,brita9 0  
aga9 "u discussion1 ! measure be+ favor$
 by ,mr4 ,ev]ett1 at t "t ,secret>y (   
,/ate4 ,five ( ! lead+ publi%+ h\ses 9  
,new ,york address$ a lett] to ,mr4     
,ev]ett 9 :i*1 :ile favor+ a conv5tion1 
!y advis$--  #a/4 ,t ! =eign au?or mu/  
be requir$ to regi/] ! title ( 8 "w 9 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates be=e its publication      
abroad4  #b;d4 ,t ! "w1 to secure       
protection1 mu/ be issu$ 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates )9 ?irty days ( its publication  
abroad2 &  #c;d4 ,t ! repr9t mu/ be     
:olly manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    
,%ortly aft]w>ds ,mr4 ,c>ey publi%$ 8   
,lett]s on ,int]national ,copyright1 9  
:i* he took ! gr\nd t ! facts & ideas 9 
a book are ! common prop]ty ( society1 &
 t prop]ty 9 copyright is indef5sible4  
,9 #aheh a bill 0 introduc$ into ! ,h\se
 ( ,repres5tatives by ,mr4 ,morris1 (   
,p5nsylvania1 provid+ = int]national    
copyright on ! basis ( an entire        
remanufacture ( ! =eign "w & its reissue

 by an ,am]ican publi%] )9 ?irty days ( 
! publication abroad4 ,! bill does n    
appe> to h receiv$ any consid]ation4  ,9
 ,m>*1 #ahfh1 a circul> lett] head$     
,ju/ice to ,au?ors & ,arti/s1 0 issu$ by
 a ,committee compos$ ( ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam1
 ,dr4 ,s4 ,i4 ,prime1 ,h5ry ,ivison1    
,james ,p>ton1 & ,egb]t ,haz>d1 call+   
toge!r a meet+ = ! consid]ation ( !     
subject ( int]national copyright4 ,!    
meet+ 0 held on ! #i? ( ,april1 ,mr4    
,bryant presid+1 & a society 0 organiz$ 
"u ! title ( ! ,copyright ,association =
 ! ,protection & ,advancem5t (          
,lit]ature & ,art1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,bryant 0 
made presid5t & ,e4 ,c4 ,/$man secret>y4
 ,! prim>y object ( ! ,association 0    
/at$ to be to promote ! enactm5t ( a j &
 suitable int]national copyright law = !
 b5efit ( au?ors & arti/s 9 all p>ts ( !
 _w4  ,a memorial _h be5 prep>$ by !    
above-m5tion$ ,committee to be pres5t$  
to ,congress1 :i* reque/$ ,congress to  
give its e>ly att5tion to ! passage ( a 
bill to secure 9 all p>ts ( ! _w !      

rights ( au?ors1 etc41 b :i* made no    
recomm5dations z to ! details ( any     
measure4 ,( ! #aec signatures atta*$ to 
?is memorial1 #aja 7 ^? ( au?ors1 & #ai 
( publi%]s4  ,9 ! fall ( #ahfh ,mr4 ,j4 
,d4 ,baldw91 memb] ( ,congress f        
,worce/]1 ,mass41 report$ a bill t _h   
be5 prep>$ ) ! co-op]ation ( !          
,executive ,committee ( ! ,copyright    
,association1 :i* provid$1 ,t a =eign "w
 c\ld secure a copyright 9 ?is c\ntry   
provid$ x 0 :olly manufactur$ "h & %\ld 
be issu$ = sale by a publi%] :o 0 an    
,am]ican citiz54 ,! b5efit ( ! copyright
 0 also limit$ to ! au?or & 8 assigns4  
,! bill 0 recommitt$ to ! ,jo9t         
,committee on ! ,libr>y1 & no action 0  
tak5 ^u x4 ,! memb]s ( ?is ,committee 7 
,s5ators ,e4 ,d4 ,morgan1 ( ,new ,york1 
,h[e1 ( ,wiscons91 & ,fess5d51 ( ,ma9e1 
:o 7 oppos$ to ! measure1 &             
,repres5tatives ,baldw91 (              
,massa*usetts1 ,pruyn1 ( ,new ,york1 &  
,spald+1 ( ,ohio1 :o 7 9 favor ( x4 ,!  
bill 0 also to h be5 support$ 9 ! ,h\se 

by ,mi*ael ,c4 ,k]r1 ( ,indiana4 ,mr4   
,baldw9 expla9s t an important cause = !
 %elv+ ( ! measure )\t debate 0 !       
impea*m5t ( ,presid5t ,johnson1 :i* 0 at
 t "t absorb+ ! att5tion ( ,congress & !
 c\ntry4 ,no g5]al expression ( op9ion 0
 !re=e elicit$ ^u ! "q f ei!r ,congress 
or ! p1 & 9 fact ! "q has nev] rea*$ su*
 a /age z to enable su* an expression ( 
public op9ion to be arriv$ at4  ,x is my
 own belief t if ! issue 7 fairly       
pres5t$ to !m1 ! ,am]ican p c\ld be     
tru/$ to decide x hone/ly & wisely4  ,! 
active memb]s ( ! committee ( !         
,copyright ,association1 "u ^: g5]al    
sugge/ions ?is bill ( ,mr4 ,baldw9's _h 
be5 fram$1 7 ,dr4 ,s4 ,ir5aeus ,prime1  
,george ,p4 ,putnam1 & ,james ,p>ton4   
,dr4 ,prime publi%$ 9 ,putnam's ,magaz9e
 9 ,may1 #ahfh1 a pap] on ! ,"r (       
,copyright1 :i* rema9s p]haps ! mo/     
concise & compreh5sive /atem5t ( !      
pr9ciples gov]n+ ! "q1 & :i* sets =? v  
cle>ly ! necess>y connection betwe5     
,c>ey's d5ial ( ! "r ( prop]ty 9 books &

 ,pr\dhon's claim t all prop]ty is      
robb]y4 ,9 #ahga ,mr4 ,cox ( ,new ,york 
introduc$ a bill :i* 0 practically      
id5tical ) ,mr4 ,baldw9's measure1 & :i*
 0 also recommitt$ to ! ,libr>y         
,committee4 ,9 #ahgb ! new ,libr>y      
,committee call$ ^u ! publi%]s & o!rs   
int]e/$ to aid 9 fram+ a bill4  ,a meet+
 ( ! publi%]s 0 call$ 9 ,new ,york1 :i* 
0 att5d$ by b "o firm outside ( ,new    
,york2 ! majority ( ! firms pres5t 7 9  
favor ( ! provisions ( ,mr4 ,cox's bill1
 already ref]r$ to4 ,! report 0 diss5t$ 
f by a l>ge m9ority on ! gr\nd t ! bill 
0 9 ! int]e/s ( ! publi%]s r ?an t ( !  
public2 t ! prohibition ( ! use ( =eign 
/]eotypes & electrotypes ( illu/rations 
0 an economic absurdity2 & t an ,engli% 
publi%+ h\se c\ld 9 any case1 ?r\gh an  
,am]ican p>tn]1 reta9 control ( !       
,am]ican m>ket4 ,! report ( ! m9ority 0 
prep>$ by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,seym\r1 (        
,scribn]1 ,arm/rong  ,co4 ,dur+ ! same  
week a bill 0 draft$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4    
,bri/$1 repres5t+ m especially ! views (

 ! au?ors 9 ! ,int]national ,copyright  
,association1 :i* provid$ simply t all  
rights ( prop]ty secur$ to citiz5s ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates by exi/+ copyright laws   
are h]eby secur$ to ! citiz5s & subjects
 ( e c\ntry ! gov]nm5t ( :i* secures    
reciprocal rights to ! citiz5s ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! same result z t aim$  
at 9 ,mr4 ,bri/$'s bill w\ld h be5      
obta9$ by ! adoption ( ! recomm5dation  
made by ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,morgan 9 8 "w on  
,! ,law ( ,lit]ature1 publi%$ 9 #ahgf4  
,he sugge/$ t ! pres5t copyright law be 
am5d$ by simply ins]t+ ! ^w p]son 9     
place ( citiz51 9 :i* case its          
privileges w\ld at once be secur$ to any
 au?ors1 ( :atev] nationality1 :o       
compli$ ) its requirem5ts4  ,a few weeks
 lat] ! meet+ 0 held 9 ,philadelphia ^: 
resolutions 9 opposition to int]national
 copyright 7:i*1 z we h %[n1 7 equally  
=cible aga9/ any copyright7 we h already
 quot$4  ,^! f\r reports 7 submitt$ to !
 ,libr>y ,committee ( ,congress1 toge!r 
) "o or two individual measures1 ( :i* !

 mo/ notewor?y 7 ^? ( ,h>p]  ,bros41 & (
 ,john ,p4 ,morton1 booksell]1 (        
,l\isville4  ,messrs4 ,h>p]1 9 a lett]  
pres5t$ by _! c\nsel1 object$ to any    
measure ( int]national copyright on !   
broad gr\nd t x w\ld add to ! price (   
books & int]f]e ) ! education ( ! p4    
,?is consid]ation is ( c\rse op5 to !   
same criticism z ! ,philadelphia plat=m2
 x is equally =cible aga9/ any copyright
 :atev]4 ,z ,?omas ,hood says1 *eap     
bread is z desirable & necess>y z *eap  
books1 b "o does n on t gr\nd           
appropriate ! f>m]'s :eat-/acks6  ,mr4  
,morton 0 9 favor ( an arrangem5t t %\ld
 give to any deal] ! privilege ( repr9t+
 a =eign "w1 provid$ he w\ld contract to
 pay to ! au?or or 8 repres5tative #aj  
p] c5t ( ! :olesale price ( su* "w4 ,he 
advis$ also t ! ,am]ican m>ket %\ld be  
left op5 to ! =eign edition1 s t !      
competition %\ld be p]fectly unre/rict$4
  ,! proposition t all deal]s :o w\ld   
contract to pay to ! au?or a royalty 7to
 be fix$ by law7 %\ld be at lib]ty to   

und]take ! publication ( a "w 0 at a    
lat] date pres5t$ to ! ,briti%          
,commission by ,mr4 ,f>r] & ,sir ,h5ry  
,holl&1 fir/ ) ref]5ce to home          
copyright1 & secondly z a sugge/ion = an
 int]national arrangem5t4 ,9 ?is la/    
%ape ! writ] _h ! opportunity1 9 #ahgf1 
( pres5t+ to ! ,commission "s           
consid]ations aga9/ x4 ,^! w be ref]r$  
to fur!r on4  ,a simil> sugge/ion =m$ ! 
basis ( a measure submitt$ 9 #ahgb by   
,mr4 ,eld]k91 ( ,new ,york1 to ! ,libr>y
 ,committee ( ,congress1 & kn[n aft]w>ds
 z ! ,%]man ,bill4  ,9 view ( ! wide    
div]sity ( ! plans & sugge/ions pres5t$ 
to ?is ,committee1 !re 0 c]ta9ly "s     
gr\nd = ! /atem5t made 9 8 report by !  
*airman1 ,s5ator ,lot ,m4 ,morrill1 (   
,ma9e1 t !re 0 no unanimity ( op9ion    
among ^? int]e/$ 9 ! measure4 ,he       
ma9ta9$1 fur!r1 t an int]national       
copyright 0 n call$ = by reasons ( g5]al
 equity or ( con/itutional law2 t !     
adoption ( any plan :i* _h be5 propos$  
w\ld be ( v d\btful advantage to        

,am]ican au?ors1 & w\ld n only be an    
unque/ionable & p]man5t injury to !     
int]e/s engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( books1 
b a h9drance to ! diffusion ( k among ! 
p1 & to ! cause ( ,am]ican education4   
,?is report clos$ = ! "t ! consid]ation 
( ! subject4  ,! ef=ts 9 behalf (       
int]national copyright h be5 always m or
 less hamp]$ by ! "q be+ confus$ ) t ( a
 protective t>iff4  ,! /ronge/          
opposition to a copyright measure has z 
a rule come f ! protectioni/s4 ,ri*>d   
,grant ,:ite said 9 #ahfh3 ,! refusal ( 
copyright 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,briti%  
au?ors is 9 fact1 ?\gh x is n s av[$1 a 
"p ( ! ',am]ican' protective sy/em4 ,&  
aga93 ,) free trade we %all h j         
int]national copyright4  ,x w\ld be     
difficult1 h[ev]1 = ! protectioni/s to  
%[ logical gr\nds = _! position4        
,am]ican au?ors are manufactur]s1 :o are
 simply ask+1 fir/1 t !y %all n be      
und]sold 9 _! home m>ket by goods       
import$ f abroad on :i* no 7own]%ip7    
duty has be5 paid1--:i* h1 namely1 be5  

simply appropriat$2 & secondly1 t !     
gov]nm5t may facilitate _! ef=ts to     
secure a sale = _! own goods 9 =eign    
m>kets4 ,^! are claims ) :i* a          
protectioni/ :o is int]e/$ 9 develop+   
,am]ican indu/ry ought c]ta9ly to be 9  
sympa?y4  ,! cont+5cy t tr\bles him1    
h[ev]1 is ! possibility t1 if ! ,engli% 
au?or is giv5 ! "r to sell 8 books 9 ?is
 c\ntry ! copies sold may be to a great]
 or less ext5t manufactur$ 9 ,engl&1 & !
 bus9ess ( mak+ ^! copies may be lo/ to 
,am]ican pr9t]s1 b9d]s1 & pap] m54 ,he  
is namely1 mu* m conc]n$ = ! protection 
( ! mak]s ( ! mat]ial cas+ ( ! book ?an 
= t ( ! au?or :o creates its ess5tial   
sub/ance4  ,x is evid5tly to ! advantage
 ( ! consum]1 ^u ^: int]e/s !           
,philadelphia resolutions laid s mu*    
/ress1 t ! labor ( prep>+ ! editions ( 8
 books be economiz$ z mu* z possible4   
,! pr9cipal portion ( ! co/ ( a fir/    
edition ( a book is ! sett+ ( ! type1   
or1 if ! "w is illu/rat$1 9 ! sett+ ( ! 
type & ! design+ & engrav+ ( !          

illu/rations4  ,if ?is fir/ co/ (       
/]eotyp+ & engrav+ c be divid$ among    
sev]al editions1 say "o = ,great        
,brita91 "o = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & "o =   
,canada & ! o!r colonies1 x is evid5t t 
! proportion to be *>g$ to ea* copy     
pr9t$ is less1 & t ! sell+ price p] copy
 c be small]1 ?an w\ld be ! case if ?is 
fir/ co/ has got to be repeat$ 9 full = 
ea* m>ket4  ,x is !n to ! advantage ( ! 
consum] t1 :atev] copyright arrangem5t  
be made1 no?+ %all /& 9 ! way ( =eign   
/]eotypes & illu/rations be+ duplicat$ =
 use "h :5ev] ! =eign edition is 9 su*  
%ape z to r5d] ?is duplicat+ an         
advantage & a sav+ 9 co/4  ,! few       
protectioni/s :o h express$ !mselves 9  
favor ( an int]national copyright       
measure1 & "s o!rs :o h fe>s z to our   
publi%+ int]e/s be+ able to hold _! own 
aga9/ any op5 competition1 insi/ ^u !   
condition t =eign works to obta9        
copyright mu/ be :olly remanufactur$ &  
republi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4  ,we h %[n h[   
su* a condition w\ld1 9 ! majority (    

cases1 be contr>y to ! int]e/s ( !      
,am]ican consum]1 :ile ! ,briti% au?or  
is naturally oppos$ to x because1 9     
increas+ mat]ially ! outlay to be       
incurr$ by ! ,am]ican publi%] 9 !       
production ( 8 edition1 x               
proportionately dim9i%es ! pr(its or    
prospects ( pr(its f :i* is calculat$ ! 
remun]ation t c be paid to ! au?or4  ,! 
measure ( p]mitt+ ! =eign book to be    
repr9t$ by all deal]s :o w\ld contract  
to pay ! au?or a specifi$ royalty has at
 fir/ sight some?+ speci\s & plausible  
ab\t x4 ,x seems to be 9 h>mony ) !     
pr9ciples ( fre$om ( trade1 9 :i* we are
 believ]s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 directly oppos$
 to ^? pr9ciples2 fir/1 x impairs !     
fre$om ( contract1 prev5t+ ! produc] f  
mak+ su* arrangem5ts = supply+ ! public 
z seem be/ to him2 & secondly1 x        
und]takes1 by pat]nal legislation1 to   
fix ! remun]ation t %all be giv5 to !   
produc] = 8 "w1 & to limit ! prices at  
:i* ?is "w %all be furni%$ to ! consum]4
 ,!re is no m equity 9 ! gov]nm5t's     

und]tak+ ?is limitation ( ! produc] &   
protection ( ! consum] 9 ! case ( books 
?an !re w\ld be 9 t ( bread or ( beef4  
,fur!r1 su* an arrangem5t w\ld be (     
b5efit to nei!r ! au?or1 ! public1 nor !
 publi%]s1 & w\ld1 we believe1 make (   
int]national copyright1 & ( any         
copyright1 a confus+ & futile absurdity4
  ,a ,briti% au?or c\ld h>dly obta9 mu* 
satisfaction f an arrangem5t :i*1 :ile  
prev5t+ him f hav+ 8 ,am]ican bus9ess 9 
! h&s ( a publi%+ h\se select$ by       
himself1 & ( ^: responsibility he c\ld  
assure himself1 ?rew op5 ! use ( 8      
prop]ty to any deal]s :o might *oose to 
scramble = x4 ,he c\ld ex]cise no       
control ov] ! /yle1 ! %ape1 or !        
accuracy ( 8 ,am]ican editions2 c\ld h  
no tru/wor?y in=mation z to ! numb] (   
copies ! v>i\s editions conta9$2 & if he
 7 t5aci\s z to ! collection ( !        
royalties to :i* he 0 entitl$1 he w\ld  
be able 9 _m cases to en=ce 8 claims    
only ?r\gh innum]able lawsuits1 & he    
w\ld f9d ! exp5ses ( ! collection exce$ 

! receipts4  ,! b5efit to ! public w\ld 
be no m app>5t4 ,any ga9 9 ! *eapness ( 
! editions produc$ w\ld be m ?an (fset  
by _! unsatisfactor9ess3 !y w\ld1 9 !   
majority ( cases1 be untru/wor?y z to   
accuracy or complet5ess1 & be ha/ily &  
flimsily manufactur$4 ,a great _m       
ent]prises1 also1 desirable 9 !mselves1 
& t w\ld be ( s]vice to ! public1 no    
publi%] c\ld1 "u su* an arrangem5t1 af=d
 to und]take at all1 z1 if !y prov$     
successful1 unscrupul\s neighbors w\ld1 
?r\gh rival editions1 reap ! b5efit ( 8 
judgm5t & 8 adv]tis+4 ,9 fact1 ! bus9ess
 ( repr9t+ w\ld fall l>gely into ! h&s (
 irresponsible p>ties1 f :om no         
copyright c\ld be collect$4  ,! argum5ts
 aga9/ a measure ( ?is k9d are1 9 %ort1 
! argum5ts 9 favor ( int]national       
copyright4 ,a v conclusive /atem5t ( !  
case aga9/ ! equity or desirability f   
any po9t ( view ( su* an arrangem5t 9   
reg>d to home copyright 0 made be=e !   
,briti% ,commission1 9 #ahgg1 by ,h]b]t 
,sp5c]4 ,8 te/imony is giv5 9 full 9 !  

,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,novemb]1     
#ahgh1 & ,febru>y1 #ahgi4  ,!           
recomm5dation _h be5 made t1 = ! sake ( 
secur+ *eap books = ! p1 ! law %\ld give
 to all deal]s ! privilege ( pr9t+ an   
au?or's books1 & %\ld fix a copyright to
 be paid to ! au?or t %\ld secure him a 
fair pr(it = 8 "w4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] object$  
t--  ,fir/4 ,?is w\ld be a direct       
int]f]5ce ) ! laws ( trade1 "u :i* !    
au?or _h ! "r to make 8 own b>ga9s4     
,second4 ,no legislature 0 compet5t to  
det]m9e :at 0 a fair rate ( pr(it = an  
au?or4 ,?ird4 ,no av]age royalty c\ld be
 det]m9$ :i* c\ld give a fair recomp5se 
= ! diff]5t am\nts & k9ds ( labor giv5  
to ! production ( diff]5t classes (     
books4 ,f\r?4 ,if ! legislature has ! "r
 to fix ! pr(its ( ! au?or1 x has an    
equal "r to det]m9e t ( 8 associate 9 ! 
publication1 ! publi%]2 & if ( !        
publi%]1 !n also ( ! pr9t]1 b9d]1 &     
pap]-mak]1 :o all h an int]e/ 9 !       
und]tak+4 ,su* a "r ( control w\ld apply
 ) equal =ce to manufactur]s ( o!r      

articles ( importance to ! community1 & 
w\ld n be 9 accordance ) ! pres5t !ories
 ( ! prop] functions ( gov]nm5t4 ,fif?4 
,if books are to be *eap5$ by su* a     
measure1 x mu/ be at ! exp5se ( "s      
portion ( ! pr(its n[ go+ to ! au?ors & 
publi%]s2 ! assumption is t book        
produc]s & di/ributors d n und]/& _!    
bus9ess1 b require to be in/ruct$ by !  
/ate h[ to c>ry x on1 & t ! publi%+     
bus9ess alone ne$s to h its returns     
regulat$ by law4 ,six?4 ,! prices ( !   
be/ books w\ld 9 _m cases1 in/ead ( be+ 
less5$1 be high] ?an at pres5t1 because 
! publi%]s w\ld require "s insurance    
aga9/ ! risk ( rival editions1 & because
 !y w\ld make _! fir/ editions small]1 &
 ! fir/ co/ w\ld h to be divid$ among a 
less numb] ( copies4 ,su* r$uctions (   
prices z w\ld be made w\ld be on !      
flimsi] & m popul> lit]ature1 & ev5 on  
?is c\ld n be la/+4 ,sev5?4 ,= !        
ent]prises ( ! mo/ la/+ importance to ! 
public1 requir+ consid]able inve/m5t (  
"t & capital1 ! publi%]s require to be  

assur$ ( returns f ! l>ge/ m>ket        
possible1 & )\t su* security ent]prises 
( ?is "* c\ld n be und]tak5 at all4     
,eigh?4 ,op5 competition ( ?is k9d w\ld1
 9 ! end1 result 9 cru%+ out ! small]   
publi%]s1 & 9 conc5trat+ ! bus9ess 9 !  
h&s ( a few h\ses ^: purses _h be5 long 
en\gh to c>ry !m ?r\gh ! long &         
unpr(itable conte/s t w\ld c]ta9ly be ! 
fir/ effect ( su* legislation4  ,all !  
consid]ations adduc$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] h1 (
 c\rse1 equal =ce ) ref]5ce to op5      
int]national publi%+1 :ile !y may also  
be includ$ among ! argum5ts 9 behalf (  
int]national copyright4  ,) ^! views ( a
 vet]an writ] ( books may v prop]ly be  
associat$ ! op9ions ( ! exp]i5c$        
publi%]1 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,appleton1 :o1 9 
a lett] to ! ,new ,york ,times 9 #ahgb1 
says3  ,! fir/ dem& ( prop]ty is =      
security4444 ,to publi% a book 9 any    
real s5se--t is1 n m]ely to pr9t x1 b to
 make x well & widely kn[n--requires mu*
 ef=t & l>ge exp5diture1 & ^! w n be    
inve/$ 9 a prop]ty :i* is liable to be  

de/roy$ at any mom5t4 ,legal protection 
w\ld ?us put an end to evil practices1  
make prop]ty secure1 bus9ess m          
legitimate1 & give a new vigor to       
ent]prise4 ,nor c a policy :i* is unju/ 
to ! au?or1 & works vici\sly 9 ! trade1 
be ! be/ = ! public4 ,! publi%] c nei!r 
af=d to make ! book s ?or\ghly kn[n1 nor
 c he put x at s l[ a price1 z if he    
c\ld c\nt ^u p]man5t & undi/urb$        
possession ( x4 ,_m valuable books are n
 repr9t$ at all1 & !ref]e are only to be
 _h at ,engli% prices1 = ! same reason t
 publi%]s are cauti\s ab\t risk+ _!     
capital 9 unprotect$ prop]ty4  ,!       
copy-book motto1 ,hone/y is ! be/       
policy1 fails (t5 en\gh to come true 7at
 lea/ z to mat]ial results7 9 ! case ( !
 individual1 simply because 8 life is n 
always long en\gh to give an opportunity
 = all ! results ( 8 actions to be      
arriv$ at4 ,! community1 h[ev]1 9 its   
long] life1 is subject to ! full        
influ5ce ( ! c]ta9 ?\gh sometimes       
sl[-work+ relations ( cause to effect1  

relations :i*1 among o!r ?+s1 br+ out ! 
ess5tial connection betwe5 economics &  
e?ics1 & :i* %[ 9 ! long-run ! j me?od  
to be ! wise me?od4 ,an enlight5$       
self-int]e/ f9ds out ! advantage (      
equity4 ,if ! tea*+ ( hi/ory makes any?+
 evid5t1 x is t 9 ! transactions ( a    
nation1 hone/y pays1 ev5 9 ! n>r[e/ &   
mo/ selfi% s5se ( ! t]m1 & no?+ b hone/y
 c ev] pay4 ,among ! _m classes (       
int]e/s to :i* ?is applies int]national 
copyright c]ta9ly belongs4  ,reject+ !  
,eld]k9-,%]man sugge/ion ( an op5 m>ket 
= republi%+ z 9 no way effect+ ! objects
 desir$2 ! ,baldw9-,cox plan ( giv+     
protection only to books ( :i* ! type _h
 be5 set & ! pr9t+ done 9 ?is c\ntry1 z 
n>r[ 9 pr9ciple & uneconomic 9 practice2
 & ! ,bri/$-,morgan proposition to ext5d
 ! "r ( copyright )\t limitation or     
re/riction1 z n giv+ suffici5t          
consid]ation to ! bus9ess requirem5ts1 &
 z at pres5t impracticable to c>ry into 
effect--we w\ld recomm5d a measure bas$ 
^u ! sugge/ion ( ! ,briti% ,commission1 

c\pl$ ) "o or two ( ! provisions t h be5
 includ$ 9 ! sev]al ,am]ican s*emes3    
#a4 ,t ! title ( ! =eign "w be regi/]$ 9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates simultane\sly ) its    
publication abroad4  #b4 ,t ! "w be     
republi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates )9 six mon?s
 ( its publication abroad4  #c4 ,t = a  
limit$ t]m1 say t5 ye>s1 ! /ipulation   
%\ld be made t ! republi%+ be done by an
 ,am]ican citiz54  #d4 ,t = ! same t]m (
 ye>s ! copyright protection be giv5 to 
^? books only t h be5 pr9t$ & b\nd 9 ?is
 c\ntry1 ! privilege be+ accord$ (      
import+ =eign /]eotypes & electrotypes (
 cuts4  #e4 ,t1 subject to ^!           
provisions1 ! =eign au?or or 8 assigns  
%all be accord$ ! same privileges n[    
conc$$ to an ,am]ican au?or4  ,i believe
 t1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! g5]al laws ( trade
 w\ld & ought to s regulate !           
arrangem5ts = supply+ ! ,am]ican public 
) books t1 if !re 7 no re/riction z to !
 nationality ( ! publi%] or z to !      
importation ( pr9t$ volumes1 ! au?or    
w\ld select ! publi%+ ag5t1 ,engli% or  

,am]ican1 :o c\ld s]ve him to be/       
advantage2 & t t ag5t w\ld be f\nd to be
 ! man :o w\ld prep>e = ! l>ge/ possible
 circle ( ,am]ican read]s ! editions be/
 suit$ to _! wants4  ,! =eign au?or w\ld
 be=e long recognize t x 0 to 8 int]e/  
to be repres5t$ by ! publi%] :o und]/ood
 ! m>ket mo/ ?or\ghly & :o _h ! be/     
facilities = supply+ x4 ,if ,engli%     
publi%]s1 settl+ "h1 c\ld excel our     
,am]ican h\ses 9 ?is und]/&+ & 9 ^!     
facilities1 !y ought to be at lib]ty to 
d s1 & x w\ld be = ! int]e/ ( ! public t
 no h9drances %\ld be plac$ 9 _! way4   
,! exp]i5ce ( our ,am]ican h\ses1 h[ev]1
 :o h _h bus9ess ) ,engli% au?ors &     
publi%]s is t x takes "s little "t = !m 
to obta9 a cle> p]ception ( !           
requirem5ts ( ! ,am]ican m>ket & (      
,am]ican read]s1 & ( ! v mat]ial        
diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 ! /atus "h & 9   
,great ,brita94 ,& x w\ld be my fe> t1  
if ! copyright 7 grant$ at once )\t     
re/riction1 !re w\ld be an int]regnum ( 
"s ye>s1 dur+ :i* ^! au?ors & publi%]s 7

 obta9+ _! ,am]ican education1 be=e !   
,am]ican read]s c\ld obta9 freely !     
books !y want$ 9 ! editions !y 7 will+  
to pur*ase4  ,our fri5ds on ! o!r side  
c\ld n resi/ ! temptation ( exp]im5t+1  
be=e provid+ :at 0 really want$1 z to h[
 long our m>ket w\ld /& _! exp5sive #g1 
#e1 & #c editions ( books t we h be5    
accu/om$ to buy "h = #b4ej1 #b1 & #a2 & 
z a consequ5ce1 !y w\ld sell books by   
doz5s or hundr$s t ought to be sold by  
?\s&s2 _! au?ors w\ld receive an        
inconsid]able copyright1 & ! ,am]ican   
public w\ld be badly s]v$ & w\ld become 
indignant4  ,b if ! *annels (           
communication betwe5 ! ,engli% au?ors & 
_! ,am]ican read]s 7 once fairly        
e/abli%$1 z !y w\ld be1 ,i ?9k1 "u !    
arrangem5ts sugge/$1 x w\ld n1 ,i       
believe1 be possible at a lat] date to  
int]f]e ) !m1 ev5 if all re/rictions 7  
remov$4 ,:5 ,am]ican read]s 7 buy+ by   
?\s&s a suitable edition1 at a mod]ate  
price1 ( a "w by a /&>d ,engli% au?or :o
 0 himself receiv+ a good return f 8    

enl>g$ sales1 ?is au?or w\ld be z little
 likely1 at ! expiration ( ! t5 ye>s1 to
 re/rict ^? sales by insi/+ t 8 "w %\ld 
be sold "h 9 ! co/ly & unsuitable       
,engli% edition1 z to /ipulate t x %\ld 
be sold "h 9 a ,russian translation4 ,x 
is probable1 also1 t ! includ+ 9 !      
measure ( ^! re/rictions1 ev5 if b = a  
limit$ t]m ( ye>s1 w\ld ga9 = x "s      
support t w\ld be important = its       
success4 ,x seems probable t1 if !      
pres5t conditions ( trade are ma9ta9$1  
,am]ican book-mak]s ne$ n be especially 
tr\bl$ t5 ye>s h5ce by ! competition (  
books manufactur$ 9 ,engl&1 & t1 if !   
v>i\s duties affect+ ! manufacture c\ld 
be aboli%$1 we c\ld well sp>e ! duty on 
books !mselves4  ,i c1 h[ev]1 imag9e no 
/ate ( affairs 9 :i* x w\ld be          
economical or desirable to insi/ ^u two 
sett+s ( type = a book design$ = diff]5t
 gr\ps ( ,engli%-speak+ read]s2 & ! m   
g5]ally ?is fir/ & mo/ important "p ( ! 
co/ ( a book c be economiz$ by be+      
divid$ betwe5 ! two m>kets1 ! great] !  

advantage 9 ! end to au?or1 public1 &   
publi%]4  ,a proposition w d\btless be  
made 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> by ! ,briti%     
,gov]nm5t = ! appo9tm5t ( an            
,int]national ,commission = a fre%      
consid]ation ( ! subject1 & our gov]nm5t
 ought to prep>e = ?is ,int]national    
,commission by ! e>ly appo9tm5t ( a     
,home ,commission to give due           
consid]ation to ! sev]al int]e/s involv$
 9 ! "q1 to collect aga9 ! diff]5t sets 
( op9ions1 & to h>monize ^! z f> z      
practicable4  ,by ! "t our ,engli%      
fri5ds are ready to talk ! matt] ) u1 we
 ought to h in=m$ ourselves def9itely z 
to :at k9d ( a measure is on ! :ole mo/ 
desirable1 & h[ mu* ( ?is x is at ?is   
pres5t "t practicable to c>ry into      
effect4  ,!re has und\bt$ly dur+ ! pa/  
t5 ye>s be5 a gr[? ( enlight5$ public   
s5tim5t on ! "q1 b ,i %\ld /ill be      
indispos$ to entru/ its settlem5t to !  
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & %\ld suppose 
t x c\ld probably be h&l$ to be/        
advantage by ! ,s5ate 9 ! %ape ( a      

treaty4  ,x is due to ,am]ican publi%]s 
to expla9 t1 9 ! abs5ce ( an            
int]national copyright1 !re has gr[n up 
among !m a cu/om ( mak+ paym5ts to =eign
 au?ors :i* has become1 especially dur+ 
! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 a matt] ( v      
consid]able importance4 ,"s ( ! ,engli% 
au?ors :o te/ifi$ be=e ! ,briti%        
,commission /at$ t ! paym5ts f ! ,unit$ 
,/ates = _! books exce$$ _! receipts 9  
,great ,brita94 ,^! paym5ts secure (    
c\rse to ! ,am]ican publi%] no title (  
any k9d to ! books4 ,9 "s cases !y obta9
 = him ! use ( advance %eets by means ( 
:i* he is able to get 8 edition pr9t$ a 
week or two 9 advance ( any unau?oriz$  
edition t might be prep>$4 ,9 _m cases  
h[ev]1 paym5ts h be5 made "s "t aft] !  
publication ( ! works1 & :5 !re 0 no    
long] ev5 ! slight advantage ( advance  
%eets to be ga9$ f !m4  ,:ile !         
au?orization ( ! ,engli% au?or c convey 
no title or means ( def5ce aga9/ !      
int]f]5ce ( rival editions1 ! lead+     
publi%+ h\ses h1 ) v inconsid]able      

exceptions1 respect$ ea* o!rs'          
arrangem5ts ) =eign au?ors1 & ! editions
 ann\nc$ z publi%$ by arrangem5t ) !    
au?or1 & on :i* paym5ts 9 lieu (        
copyright h be5 duly made1 h be5 z a    
rule n int]f]$ )4 ,?is und]/&+ among !  
publi%]s goes by ! "n ( ! c\rtesy ( !   
trade4 ,i ?9k x is safe to say t x is   
to-day ! exception = an ,engli% "w ( any
 value to be publi%$ by any reputable   
h\se )\t a fair & (t5 a v lib]al        
recognition be+ made ( ! rights 79      
equity7 ( ! au?or4  ,9 view ( !         
consid]able am\nt ( h>% language t has  
be5 exp5d$ 9 ,engl& ^u our ,am]ican     
publi%+ h\ses1 & ! op9ion prevail+ 9    
,engl& t ! wrong 9 repr9t+ is entirely  
"o-sid$1 x is 9 ord] "h to make ! claim1
 :i* c1 ,i believe1 be fully            
sub/antiat$1 t 9 respect to !           
recognition ( ! rights ( au?ors         
unprotect$ by law1 _! record has dur+ ! 
pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s be5 9 fact bett] ?an
 t ( _! ,engli% bre?r54 ,!y h become    
fully ar\s$ 9 ,engl& to ! fact t        

,am]ican lit]>y mat]ial has value &     
availability1 & ea* ye> a l>g] am\nt (  
?is mat]ial has _h ! honor ( be+        
introduc$ to ! ,engli% public4 ,accord+ 
to ! /ati/ics ( #ahgh1 t5 p] c5t ( !    
works issu$ 9 ,engl& 9 t ye> 7 ,am]ican 
repr9ts4 ,! ackn[l$gm5ts1 h[ev]1 ( any  
rights on ! "p ( ,am]ican au?ors h be5  
few & f> betwe51 & ! paym5ts b          
inconsid]able 9 am\nt4 ,! lead+ ,engli% 
h\ses w\ld d\btless v mu* pref] to foll[
 ! ,am]ican practice ( pay+ = _! repr9t$
 mat]ial1 b !y h n succe$$ 9 e/abli%+   
any g5]al und]/&+ simil> to our ,am]ican
 c\rtesy ( ! trade1 & books t h be5 paid
 = by "o h\se are1 9 a l>ge numb] (     
cases1 promptly reissu$ 9 *eap] rival   
editions by o!r h\ses4 ,x is v evid5t t1
 9 ! face ( op5 & unscrupul\s           
competition1 cont9u$ or consid]able     
paym5ts to au?ors are difficult to      
provide =2 & ! m cr$it is due to ^?     
firms :o h1 9 ! face ( ?is difficulty1  
kept a good record ) _! ,am]ican au?ors4
  ,"o ,london publi%] 9 ,london made a  

cu/om = ye>s ( s5d+ a lib]al remittance 
to ! au?or ( ! ,wide1 ,wide ,_w = ea*   
new volume s5t to him4 ,b ! competition 
( ! unau?oriz$ editions _h prov$ s %>p t
 he told me he got no pr(it f 8         
pur*ases1 & did n see h[ he c\ld cont9ue
 !m4  ,! fate ( ! au?or ( ,hel5's       
,babies 0 /ill h>d]4 ,( 8 fir/ book sev5
 editions 7 issu$ by diff]5t ,briti%    
h\ses1 aggregat+ toge!r an enorm\s sale1
 f :i* he receiv$ h>dly a p5ny4 ,= !    
advance %eets ( ! sequel to ?is "o firm 
paid him ,l#ej4 ,b s fi]ce 0 ! scramble 
= x among ! half doz5 or m publi%]s :o  
hurri$ ?r\gh _! repr9ts f ! ,am]ican    
j\rnal 9 :i* x 0 appe>+ z a s]ial1 t "o 
en]getic h\se s5t x out to ! ,briti%    
public m9us ! conclud+ *apt]1 :ile      
ano!r1 /ill m ent]pris+1 _h ! la/ *apt] 
( 8 edition add$ by an ,engli% h&1 & !  
moral ( ! /ory 0 entirely trans=m$4  ,( 
! books ( ,longfell[1 ,l[ell1 ,holmes1  
,mrs4 ,pr5tiss1 ,m>k ,twa91 ,dr4 ,mayo1 
,miss ,phelps1 ,miss ,alcott1 ,mrs4     
,/[e1 ,bay>d ,taylor1 & mo/ ( our m     

popul> au?ors1 !re are1 9 l mann]1 v>i\s
 rival editions1 & no "o h\se1 h[ev]    
good its int5tions1 c af=d to make a    
practice ( pay+ ^! au?ors1 z its        
neighbors _c be dep5d$ ^u to respect its
 arrangem5ts4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lead+    
,engli% au?ors1 l ,george ,eliot1 ,miss 
,mulock1 ,william ,black1 ,r4 ,d4       
,blackmore1 ,wilkie ,coll9s1 ,?omas     
,h>dy1 ,mrs4 ,alex&]1 ,tyndall1 ,huxley1
 & v _m o!rs1 h receiv$ & are receiv+   
lib]al paym5ts f _! ,am]ican publi%]s1  
:o are accu/om$1 z ,i h said1 n to      
int]f]e ) ea* o!rs' pur*ases4  ,9 pa/   
ye>s !re h be5 %>p criticisms on ! o!r  
side ( an ,am]ican habit ( adapt+ &     
re%ap+ ,engli% books1 s t ! au?ors1 9   
addition to ! grievance ( receiv+ no    
comp5sation = _! ,am]ican editions1 _h !
 fur!r cause = compla9t t ^! editions 7 
n tru/wor?y & did n fairly repres5t _!  
productions4 ,x 0 also *>g$ t ,engli%   
mat]ial 0 occasionally annex$ bodily by 
,am]ican au?ors1 )\t any cr$it be+ giv54
 ,= bo? sets ( *>ges !re h d\btless be5 

gr\nds1 b ! in/ances h c]ta9ly dur+ !   
pa/ qu>t] c5tury gr[n v mu* few]4       
,inde$1 ! la/ k9d ( appropriation w\ld  
to-day be almo/ impossible1 z ! k (     
,engli% curr5t lit]ature is s ?or\gh t  
detection w\ld foll[ at once4           
,appropriat$ mat]ial c\ld n be sold4 ,9 
,engl&1 h[ev]1 :ile ,am]ican lit]ature  
is1 z ,i h %[n1 beg9n+ to be appreciat$1
 x is n yet at all ?or\ghly kn[n1 & !re 
is !re=e mu* less risk 9 mak+ use ( x4  
,z a matt] ( fact x has be5 s made use (
 by lit]>y hacks to a consid]able ext5t1
 & !re are "s amus+ in/ances 9 :i* !    
,engli% publi%]s & ,engli% critics h be5
 impos$ ^u by mat]ial t 0 n orig9al4    
,mr4 ,r&olph1 ! publi%]1 relates h[ he 0
 innoc5tly l$ to repr9t "s essays br\ght
 to him by an ,engli% fri5d1 :i* seem$  
to him v fre% & orig9al1 & :i* prov$ to 
h be5 tak5 bodily f "o ( ,h5ry ,w>d     
,bee*]'s volumes4 ,mr4 ,r&olph promptly 
call$ ,mr4 ,bee*]'s att5tion to 8 own   
feloni\s conduct1 & h&$ him a *eck = !  
consid]able am\nt due him = copyright on

 ! sales4  ,a translation by ,*>lton ,t4
 ,lewis ( ,b5gel's ,gnomon ( ! ,new     
,te/am5t 0 repr9t$ 9 ,london z ! "w (   
two cl]gym5 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,mr4    
,lewis' v]sion 0 foll[$ v]batim1 ) !    
s+le exception ( ! omission ( "s ,lat9  
quotations4  ,dr4 ,s4 ,ir5aeus ,prime _h
 s5t to him a volume be>+ ! "n ( an     
,engli% au?or1 ) ! inquiry z to :e!r1 9 
8 judgm5t1 x 0 likely to prove ( int]e/ 
= ,am]ican read]s4 ,he f\nd he 0 h>dly 9
 a position to give an imp>tial answ] to
 ! inquiry1 z ! book 0 "o ( 8 own1 =    
sev]al editions ( :i* ! ,am]ican public 
_h already %[n a he>ty appreciation4    
,^! are b incid5tal examples ( "o k9d ( 
appreciation t has be5 accord$ to       
,am]ican lit]>y "w1 :i* may be          
complim5t>y b c h>dly be call$          
satisfactory4 ,i ref] to !m n because !y
 c be consid]$ z any legitimate         
ext5uation ( simil> ,am]ican misde$s1 = 
,i d n admit t 9 que/ions ( equity1 ! tu
 quoque =ms any argum5t or def5ce4 ,!y  
are wor? m5tion+ only = ! sake (        

emphasiz+ to our ,engli% fri5ds1 :at !y 
h n fairly appreciat$1 t !re are at lea/
 two sides to ! evil ( ! pres5t /ate (  
?+s1 & t ! demoralization produc$ by x  
has n be5 conf9$ to our side ( !        
,atlantic4 ,^! in/ances (               
misappropriation are n ( c\rse fairly   
repres5tative ( ! ,engli% publi%+ or    
lit]>y frat]nity1 any m ?an simil>      
,am]ican in/ances1 :i* h =m$ ! text (   
v>i\s ,engli% homilies1 c be accept$ z  
indicat+ ! /&>d ( lit]>y & trade        
morality ) u4 ,we ,am]icans simply say =
 ourselves t ! evils & demoraliz+       
t5d5cies ( ! lack ( int]national        
agreem5ts are fully recogniz$ by u1 & t 
:ile c]ta9 conditions ( manufactur+ h   
h]et(ore =m$ a tr\blesome ob/acle 9 !   
way ( ! e/abli%+ ( su* agreem5t1 we are 
glad to believe t ?is ob/acle is n[ 9 a 
fair way ( be+ ov]come4 ,9 ! meantime1  
we claim t1 9 ! abs5ce ( law1 our       
,am]ican publi%]s1 especially ^? ( !    
pres5t g5]ation1 h1 ( _! own free w1    
giv5 to ,engli% au?ors a l>ge "p ( !    

advantage t a law w\ld h secur$ to !m1 &
 h done ?is )\t any correspond+         
advantage ( protection = !mselves4  ,we 
are also fully appreciative ( ! cr$it   
due to su* ( ! ,engli% h\ses z 79 ! face
 ( p]haps great] difficulties7 h made   
simil> ef=ts to d ju/ice to ,am]ican    
au?ors4  ,"o ( ! n lea/ important       
results to be look$ = f int]national    
copyright is a m effective co-op]ation 9
 _! "w on ! "p ( ! publi%]s ( ! two     
great ,engli%-speak+ nations4 ,!y w f9d 
_! int]e/ & pr(it 9 work+ toge!r1 & ! v 
great ext5sion t may be expect$ 9 !     
cu/om ( a jo9t inve/m5t 9 ! production (
 books = bo? m>kets w br+ a v mat]ial   
sav+ 9 ! fir/ co/1 a sav+ 9 ! advantage 
( :i* au?ors1 publi%]s1 & public w alike
 %>e4  ,x seems probable t ! c\rtesy ( !
 trade :i* has made possible ! pres5t   
relations betwe5 ,am]ican publi%]s &    
=eign au?ors is n go+ to reta9 its      
effectiv5ess4 ,)9 ! la/ ye> c]ta9       
libr>ies & s]ies h sprung into exi/5ce1 
:i* pres5t 9 *eaply-pr9t$ pamphlet =m "s

 ( ! be/ ( rec5t ,engli% fiction4 ,^? :o
 conduct !m reap ! advantage ( ! lit]>y 
judgm5t & =eign connections ( ! old]    
publi%+ h\ses1 &1 tak+ possession (     
mat]ial t has be5 c>efully select$ &    
lib]ally paid =1 are able to (f] x to ! 
public at prices :i* are c]ta9ly l[ z   
comp>$ ) ^? ( b\nd books t h paid       
copyright1 b are d\btless high en\gh =  
lit]ature t is s *eaply obta9$ & s      
*eaply pr9t$4  ,^! ent]prises h be5     
c>ri$ on by conc]ns :i* h n h]et(ore    
dealt 9 /&>d fiction1 & :i* are n prep>$
 to respect ! int]national arrangem5ts  
or trade c\rtesies ( ! old] h\ses4  ,to 
"o ( ! *eap s]ies ! above rem>ks d n    
apply4 ,! ,frankl9 ,squ>e ,libr>y is    
publi%$ by a h\se :i* makes a practice (
 pay+ = its ,engli% lit]>y mat]ial1 &   
:i* lays great /ress ^u ! c\rtesy ( !   
trade4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood by ! trade
 t ?is s]ies 0 plann$1 n s mu* z a      
publi%+ inve/m5t1 z = purposes (        
self-def5ce1 & t x w\ld 9 all           
probability n be cont9u$ aft] !         

necessity = self-def5ce _h pass$ by4 ,a 
good _m ( its numb]s include works = :i*
 ! usual ,engli% paym5ts h be5 made1 & x
 is v evid5t t1 9 ?is %ape1 books s paid
 = _c secure a remun]ative sale4 ,x     
seems safe to conclude1 !re=e1 t _!     
publication is n1 9 ! lit]al s5se ( !   
t]m1 a bus9ess inve/m5t1 & t ! und]tak+ 
is n plann$ to be p]man5t4  ,a v        
consid]able bus9ess 9 *eap repr9ts has  
also sprung up 9 ,toronto1 f :i* po9t   
are circulat$ ?r\gh\t ! ,we/]n ,/ates   
*eap editions ( ,engli% works = !       
advance %eets & ,am]ican m>ket1 ( :i*   
,ea/]n publi%]s h paid lib]al prices4   
,"s ent]pris+ ,canadian deal]s h also   
tak5 advantage ( ! pres5t confusion     
betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates po/al & cu/oms   
regulations to build up a trade by      
supply+ ?r\gh ! mails repr9ts ( ,am]ican
 copyright works1 9 editions :i*1 be+   
flimsily pr9t$1 & free ( *>ge =         
copyright1 c be sold at v mod]ate prices
 inde$4  ,x is v evid5t t1 9 ! face (   
competition ( ?is k9d1 ! paym5ts by     

,am]ican publi%]s to =eign writ]s (     
fiction mu/ be mat]ially dim9i%$1 or mu/
 cease altoge!r4 ,^! pamphlet s]ies h1  
h[ev]1 done a mo/ important s]vice 9    
po9t+ out ! absurdity ( ! pres5t        
condition ( lit]>y prop]ty1 & 9         
emphasiz+ ! ne$ ( an int]national       
copyright law4 ,9 connection ) ! *ange 9
 ! conditions ( book-manufactur+ be=e   
allud$ to1 !y may be cr$it$ z hav+      
influ5c$ a mat]ial modification ( op9ion
 on ! "p ( publi%]s :o h 9 ye>s pa/     
oppos$ an int]national copyright z ei!r 
inexp$i5t or unnecess>y1 b :o are n[    
quot$ z ready to give _! support to any 
practicable & equitable measure t may be
 propos$4  ,i h endeavor$ to give 9 !   
=ego+ pages an outl9e sket* ( ! hi/ory &
 pres5t position ( ! "q ( int]national  
copyright1 & to briefly indicate "s ( ! 
relations 9 :i* x /&s to e?ics &        
political economy4  ,we may1 ,i tru/1 be
 able1 at no v di/ant p]iod1 to look    
back ^u1 z explod$ fallacies ( an       
antiquat$ b>b>ism1 ! beliefs t ! mat]ial

 prosp]ity ( a community c be assur$ by 
surr\nd+ x ) ,*9ese walls ( re/rictions 
to prev5t x f pur*as+ 9 ex*ange = its   
own products its neighbors' goods1 & t  
its moral & m5tal developm5t c be fur!r$
 by ! free ex]cise ( ! privilege (      
appropriat+ its neighbors' books4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,free ,,trade1    ,,z ,,promot+ ,,peace
    ,,&    ,,good ,,w ,,among ,,m54     
,a pap] read be=e ! ,new ,york ,free    
,trade ,club1 ,feb4 #bj1 #ahgi1      by 
,*>les ,l4 ,brace4  ,to ! morali/1 ,free
 ,trade is n mo/ ( all important z a    
means ( produc+ & di/ribut+ weal?1 7?\gh
 9 t x be ! mo/ effici5t7 b r z a       
portion ( t movem5t ( humanity :i*1     
receiv+ its greate/ impulse eighte5     
c5turies ago1 has be5 /eadily ev] s9ce  
remov+ prejudices1 light5+ burd5s1 do+  
away ) abuses1 & br++ toge!r into "o1   
diff]5t classes & peoples & races4 ,liv+
 "u ! influ5ce ( ?is great humane       
impulse1 we d n en\gh rememb] :at       
effects x has already accompli%$1 :at   

sl[ b p]man5t victories x has won1 & :at
 x proves itself adapt$ to w9 9 !       
c5turies to come4  ,x w bett] %[ u :at  
*anges await ! _w 9 su* p>ts ( its      
progress z relate to ,free ,trade1 to   
note1 briefly1 a few ( ! improvem5t     
wr\ght by ! _s ( humanity & by "r reason
 9 ,europe dur+ ! la/ ?\s& ye>s4