,transcriber's ,note3 ,every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible1 including obsolete and variant spellings and other inconsistencies4 ,text that has been changed to correct an obvious error is noted at the end of this ebook4 ,text set in bold print is indicated by asterisks1 i4e41 99,bold994 ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,clearly4 ,,rules ,,and ,,exercises ,,on ,,english ,,composition4 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,,edwin ,a4 ,,abbott1 ,m4,a41 ,,head ,,master ,,of ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,london ,,school4 ,illustration3 ,,qui ,,legit ,,regit ,,the ,,author',s ,,copyright ,,edition4 ,,boston3 ,,roberts ,,brothers4 #ahhc4 ,,university ,,press3 ,,john ,,wilson ,,son4 ,,cambridge4 ,,preface4 ,almost every ,english boy can be taught to write clearly1 so far at least as clearness depends upon the arrangement of words4 ,force1 elegance1 and variety of style are more difficult to teach1 and far more difficult to learn2 but clear writing can be reduced to rules4 ,to teach the art of writing clearly is the main object of these ,rules and ,exercises4 ,ambiguity may arise1 not only from bad arrangement1 but also from other causes--from the misuse of single words1 and from confused thought4 ,these causes are not removable by definite rules1 and therefore1 though not neglected1 are not prominently considered in this book4 ,my object rather is to point out some few continually recurring causes of ambiguity1 and to suggest definite remedies in each case4 ,speeches in ,parliament1 newspaper narratives and articles1 and1 above all1 resolutions at public meetings1 furnish abundant instances of obscurity arising from the monotonous neglect of some dozen simple rules4 ,the art of writing forcibly is1 of course1 a valuable acquisition--almost as valuable as the art of writing clearly4 ,but forcible expression is not1 like clear expression1 a mere question of mechanism and of the manipulation of words2 it is a much higher power1 and implies much more4 ,writing clearly does not imply thinking clearly4 ,a man may think and reason as obscurely as ,dogberry himself1 but he may 7though it is not probable that he will7 be able to write clearly for all that4 ,writing clearly--so far as arrangement of words is concerned--is a mere matter of adverbs1 conjunctions1 prepositions1 and auxiliary verbs1 placed and repeated according to definite rules4#a ,even obscure or illogical thought can be clearly expressed2 indeed1 the transparent medium of clear writing is not least beneficial when it reveals the illogical nature of the meaning beneath it4 ,on the other hand1 if a man is to write forcibly1 he must 7to use a well-known illustration7 describe ,jerusalem as sown with salt1 not as captured1 and the ,jews not as being subdued but as almost exterminated by ,titus4 ,but what does this imply8 ,it implies knowledge1 and very often a great deal of knowledge1 and it implies also a vivid imagination4 ,the writer must have eyes to see the vivid side of everything1 as well as words to describe what he sees4 ,hence forcible writing1 and of course tasteful writing also1 is far less a matter of rules than is clear writing2 and hence1 though forcible writing is exemplified in the exercises1 clear writing occupies most of the space devoted to the rules4 ,boys who are studying ,latin and ,greek stand in especial need of help to enable them to write a long ,english sentence clearly4 ,the periods of ,thucydides and ,cicero are not easily rendered into our idiom without some knowledge of the links that connect an ,english sentence4 ,there is scarcely any better training1 rhetorical as well as logical1 than the task of construing ,thucydides into genuine ,english2 but the flat1 vague1 long-winded ,greek-,english and ,latin-,english imposture that is often tolerated in our examinations and is allowed to pass current for genuine ,english1 diminishes instead of increasing the power that our pupils should possess over their native language4 ,by getting marks at school and college for construing good ,greek and ,latin into bad ,english1 our pupils systematically unlearn what they may have been allowed to pick up from ,milton and from ,shakespeare4 ,i must acknowledge very large obligations to ,professor ,bain's treatise on ,english ,composition and ,rhetoric1 and also to his ,english ,grammar4 ,i have not always been able to agree with ,professor ,bain as to matters of taste2 but ,i find it difficult to express my admiration for the systematic thoroughness and suggestiveness of his book on ,composition4 ,in particular1 ,professor ,bain's rule on the use of that and which 7see ,rule #h7 deserves to be better known4#b ,the ambiguity produced by the confusion between these two forms of the ,relative is not a mere fiction of pedants2 it is practically serious4 ,take1 for instance1 the following sentence1 which appeared lately in one of our ablest weekly periodicals3 ,there are a good many ,radical members in the ,house who cannot forgive the ,prime ,minister for being a ,christian4 ,twenty years hence1 who is to say whether the meaning is and they1 i4e4 all the ,radical members in the ,house1 or there are a good many ,radical members of the ,house that cannot c48 ,professor ,bain1 apparently admitting no exceptions to his useful rule1 amends many sentences in a manner that seems to me intolerably harsh4 ,therefore1 while laying due stress on the utility of the rule1 ,i have endeavoured to point out and explain the exceptions4 ,the rules are stated as briefly as possible1 and are intended not so much for use by themselves as for reference while the pupil is working at the exercises4 ,consequently1 there is no attempt to prove the rules by accumulations of examples4 ,the few examples that are given1 are given not to prove1 but to illustrate the rules4 ,the exercises are intended to be written out and revised1 as exercises usually are2 but they may also be used for viva voce instruction4 ,the books being shut1 the pupils1 with their written exercises before them1 may be questioned as to the reasons for the several alterations they have made4 ,experienced teachers will not require any explanation of the arrangement or rather non-arrangement of the exercises4 ,they have been purposely mixed together unclassified to prevent the pupil from relying upon anything but his own common sense and industry1 to show him what is the fault in each case1 and how it is to be amended4 ,besides references to the rules1 notes are attached to each sentence1 so that the exercises ought not to present any difficulty to a painstaking boy of twelve or thirteen1 provided he has first been fairly trained in ,english grammar4 ,the ,continuous ,extracts present rather more difficulty1 and are intended for boys somewhat older than those for whom the ,exercises are intended4 ,the attempt to modernize1 and clarify1 so to speak1 the style of ,burnet1 ,clarendon1 and ,bishop ,butler1#c may appear ambitious1 and perhaps requires some explanation4 ,my object has1 of course1 not been to improve upon the style of these authors1 but to show how their meaning might be expressed more clearly in modern ,english4 ,the charm of the style is necessarily lost1 but if the loss is recognized both by teacher and pupil1 there is nothing1 in my opinion1 to counterbalance the obvious utility of such exercises4 ,professor ,bain speaks to the same effect3#d ,for an ,english exercise1 the matter should in some way or other be supplied1 and the pupil disciplined in giving it expression4 ,i know of no better method than to prescribe passages containing good matter1 but in some respects imperfectly worded1 to be amended according to the laws and the proprieties of style4 ,our older writers might be extensively1 though not exclusively1 drawn upon for this purpose4 ,to some of the friends whose help has been already acknowledged in ,english ,lessons for ,english ,people1 ,i am indebted for further help in revising these pages4 ,i desire to express especial obligations to the ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,lupton1 late ,fellow of ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 and ,second ,master of ,st4 ,paul's ,school1 for copious and valuable suggestions2 also to several of my colleagues at the ,city of ,london ,school1 among whom ,i must mention in particular the ,rev4 ,a4 ,r4 ,vardy1 ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,before electrotyping the ,fourth and ,revised ,edition1 ,i wish to say one word as to the manner in which this book has been used by my highest class1 as a collection of ,rules for reference in their construing lessons4 ,in construing1 from ,thucydides especially1 ,i have found ,rules #e1 #cj1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg1 and #dj;a1 of great use4 ,the rules about ,metaphor and ,climax have also been useful in correcting faults of taste in their ,latin and ,greek compositions4 ,i have hopes that1 used in this way1 this little book may be of service to the highest as well as to the middle classes of our schools4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,punctuation is fully discussed in most ,english ,grammars1 and is therefore referred to in this book only so far as is necessary to point out the slovenly fault of trusting too much to punctuation1 and too little to arrangement4 #b ,before meeting with ,professor ,bain's rule1 ,i had shown that the difference between the ,relatives is generally observed by ,shakespeare4 ,see ,shakespearian ,grammar1 paragraph #bei4 #c ,sir ,archibald ,alison stands on a very different footing4 ,the extracts from this author are intended to exhibit the dangers of verbosity and exaggeration4 #d ,english ,composition and ,rhetoric1 p4 vii4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,,index ,,of ,,rules #aa-ac ,,rules #ad-dj ,,short ,,exercises #da-fc ,,continuous ,,exercises--,,clarendon #fd-gj ,,burnet #gj-gc ,,butler #gd-ge ,,sir ,,archibald ,,alison #gf-gh ,,index ,,of ,,rules4 ,i4 ,,clearness ,,and ,,force4 ,,words4 #a4 ,use words in their proper sense4 #b4 ,avoid exaggerations4 #c4 ,avoid useless circumlocution and fine writing4 #d4 ,be careful in the use of not 444 and1 any1 but1 only1 not 444 or1 that4 #d a4 ,be careful in the use of ambiguous words1 e4g4 certain4 #e4 ,be careful in the use of he1 it1 they1 these1 c4 #f4 ,report a speech in the ,first ,person1 where necessary to avoid ambiguity4 #f a4 ,use the ,third ,person where the exact words of the speaker are not intended to be given4 #f b4 ,omission of that in a speech in the ,third ,person4 #g4 ,when you use a ,participle implying when1 while1 though1 or that1 show clearly by the context what is implied4 #h4 ,when using the ,relative ,pronoun1 use who or which1 if the meaning is and he or and it1 for he or for it4 ,in other cases use that1 if euphony allows4 ,exceptions4 #i4 ,do not use and which for which4 #aj4 ,equivalents for the ,relative3 7a7 ,participle or ,adjective2 7b7 ,infinitive2 7c7 ,whereby1 whereto1 c42 7d7 ,if a man2 7e7 ,and he1 and this1 c42 7f7 what2 7g7 omission of ,relative4 #aj a'4 ,repeat the ,antecedent before the ,relative1 where the non-repetition causes any ambiguity4 ,see #ch4 #aa4 ,use particular for general terms4 ,avoid abstract ,nouns4 #aa a4 ,avoid ,verbal ,nouns where ,verbs can be used4 #ab4 ,use particular persons instead of a class4 #ac4 ,use metaphor instead of literal statement4 #ad4 ,do not confuse metaphor4 #ad a4 ,do not mix metaphor with literal statement4 #ad b4 ,do not use poetic metaphor to illustrate a prosaic subject4 ,,order ,,of ,,words ,,in ,a ,,sentence4 #ae4 ,emphatic words must stand in emphatic positions2 i4e41 for the most part1 at the beginning or the end of the sentence4 #ae a4 ,unemphatic words must1 as a rule1 be kept from the end4 ,exceptions4 #ae b4 ,an interrogation sometimes gives emphasis4 #af4 ,the ,subject1 if unusually emphatic1 should often be transferred from the beginning of the sentence4 #ag4 ,the ,object is sometimes placed before the ,verb for emphasis4 #ah4 ,where several words are emphatic1 make it clear which is the most emphatic4 ,emphasis can sometimes be given by adding an epithet1 or an intensifying word4 #ai4 ,words should be as near as possible to the words with which they are grammatically connected4 #bj4 ,adverbs should be placed next to the words they are intended to qualify4 #ba4 ,only2 the strict rule is that only should be placed before the word it affects4 #bb4 ,when not only precedes but also1 see that each is followed by the same part of speech4 #bc4 ,at least1 always1 and other adverbial adjuncts1 sometimes produce ambiguity4 #bd4 ,nouns should be placed near the ,nouns that they define4 #be4 ,pronouns should follow the ,nouns to which they refer1 without the intervention of any other ,noun4 #bf4 ,clauses that are grammatically connected should be kept as close together as possible4 ,avoid parentheses4 ,but see #ee4 #bg4 ,in conditional sentences1 the antecedent or if-clauses must be kept distinct from the consequent clauses4 #bh4 ,dependent clauses preceded by that should be kept distinct from those that are independent4 #bi4 ,where there are several infinitives1 those that are dependent on the same word must be kept distinct from those that are not4 #cj4 ,the principle of ,suspense4 #cj a4 ,it is a violation of the principle of suspense to introduce unexpectedly at the end of a long sentence1 some short and unemphatic clause beginning with 7a7 not1 7b7 which4 #ca4 ,suspense must not be excessive4 #cb4 ,in a sentence with if1 when1 though1 c41 put the if-clause1 antecedent1 or protasis1 first4 #cc4 ,suspense is gained by placing a ,participle or ,adjective1 that qualifies the ,subject1 before the ,subject4 #cd4 ,suspensive ,conjunctions1 e4g4 either1 not only1 on the one hand1 c41 add clearness4 #ce4 ,repeat the ,subject1 where its omission would cause obscurity or ambiguity4 #cf4 ,repeat a ,preposition after an intervening ,conjunction1 especially if a ,verb and an ,object also intervene4 #cg4 ,repeat ,conjunctions1 ,auxiliary ,verbs1 and ,pronominal ,adjectives4 #cg a4 ,repeat ,verbs after the ,conjunctions than1 as1 c4 #ch4 ,repeat the ,subject1 or some other emphatic word1 or a summary of what has been said1 if the sentence is so long that it is difficult to keep the thread of meaning unbroken4 #ci4 ,clearness is increased1 when the beginning of the sentence prepares the way for the middle1 and the middle for the end1 the whole forming a kind of ascent4 ,this ascent is called climax4 #dj4 ,when the thought is expected to ascend1 but descends1 feebleness1 and sometimes confusion1 is the result4 ,the descent is called bathos4 #dj a4 ,a new construction should not be introduced unexpectedly4 #da4 ,antithesis adds force and often clearness4 #db4 ,epigram4 #dc4 ,let each sentence have one1 and only one1 principal subject of thought4 ,avoid heterogeneous sentences4 #dd4 ,the connection between different sentences must be kept up by ,adverbs used as ,conjunctions1 or by means of some other connecting words at the beginning of the sentence4 #de4 ,the connection between two long sentences or paragraphs sometimes requires a short intervening sentence showing the transition of thought4 ,,ii4 ,,brevity4 #df4 ,metaphor is briefer than literal statement4 #dg4 ,general terms are briefer1 though less forcible1 than particular terms4 #dg a4 ,a phrase may sometimes be expressed by a word4 #dh4 ,participles may often be used as brief 7though sometimes ambiguous7 equivalents of phrases containing ,conjunctions and ,verbs4 #di4 ,participles1 ,adjectives1 ,participial ,adjectives1 and ,nouns may be used as equivalents for phrases containing the ,relative4 #ej4 ,a statement may sometimes be briefly implied instead of being expressed at length4 #ea4 ,conjunctions may be omitted4 ,adverbs1 e4g4 very1 so4 ,exaggerated epithets1 e4g4 incalculable1 unprecedented4 #ea a4 ,the imperative may be used for if c4 #eb4 ,apposition may be used1 so as to convert two sentences into one4 #ec4 ,condensation may be effected by not repeating 7#a7 the common ,subject of several ,verbs2 7#b7 the common ,object of several ,verbs or ,prepositions4 #ed4 ,tautology4 ,repeating what may be implied4 #ee4 ,parenthesis maybe used with advantage to brevity4 ,see #bf4 #ef4 ,brevity often clashes with clearness4 ,let clearness be the first consideration4 ,,clearness ,,and ,,force4 ,numbers in brackets refer to the ,rules4 ,,words4 99#a4 ,use words in their proper sense499 ,write1 not ,his apparent guilt justified his friends in disowning him1 but his evident guilt4 ,conscious and aware1 unnatural and supernatural1 transpire and occur1 circumstance and event1 reverse and converse1 eliminate and elicit1 are often confused together4 ,this rule forbids the use of the same word in different senses4 ,it is in my power to refuse your request1 and since ,i have power to do this1 ,i may lawfully do it4 ,here the second power is used for authority4 ,this rule also forbids the slovenly use of nice1 awfully1 delicious1 glorious1 c4 ,see 7#b74 99#b4 ,avoid exaggerations499 ,the boundless plains in the heart of the empire furnished inexhaustible supplies of corn1 that would have almost sufficed for twice the population4 ,here inexhaustible is inconsistent with what follows4 ,the words unprecedented1 incalculable1 very1 and stupendous are often used in the same loose way4 99#c4 ,avoid useless circumlocution and fine writing499 ,her ,majesty here partook of lunch4 ,write lunched4 ,partook of implies sharing1 and is incorrect as well as lengthy4 ,so1 do not use apex for top1 species for kind1 individual for man1 assist for help1 c4 99#d4 ,be careful how you use the following words3 not 444 and1 any1 only1 not 444 or1 that499#e 99,and499 ,see below1 ,or4 99,any499--,i am not bound to receive any messenger that you send4 ,does this mean every1 or a single8 ,use every or a single4 99,not499--7#a7 ,i do not intend to help you1 because you are my enemy c4 ought to mean 7#b71 ,i intend not to help you1 and my reason for not helping you is1 because you are my enemy4 ,but it is often wrongly used to mean 7#c71 ,i intend to help you1 not because you are my enemy 7but because you are poor1 blind1 c474 ,in the latter case1 not ought to be separated from intend4 ,by distinctly marking the limits to which the influence of not extends1 the ambiguity may be removed4 99,only99 is often used ambiguously for alone4 ,the rest help me to revenge myself2 you only advise me to wait4 ,this ought to mean1 you only advise1 instead of helping2 but in similar sentences you only is often used for you alone4 ,but see #ba4 99,or499--,when or is preceded by a negative1 as ,i do not want butter or honey1 or ought not1 strictly speaking1 to be used like and1 nor like nor4 ,the strict use of not 444 or would be as follows3-- ,you say you don't want both butter and honey--you want butter or honey2 ,i1 on the contrary1 do not want butter or honey--,i want them both4 ,practically1 however1 this meaning is so rare1 that ,i don't want butter or honey is regularly used for ,i want neither butter nor honey4 ,but where there is the slightest danger of ambiguity1 it is desirable to use nor4 ,the same ambiguity attends not 444 and4 ,i do not see ,thomas and ,john is commonly used for ,i see neither ,thomas nor ,john2 but it might mean1 ,i do not see them both--,i see only one of them4 99,that499--,the different uses of that produce much ambiguity1 e4g4 ,i am so much surprised by this statement that ,i am desirous of resigning1 that ,i scarcely know what reply to make4 ,here it is impossible to tell1 till one has read past resigning1 whether the first that depends upon so or statement4 ,write3 ,the statement that ,i am desirous of resigning surprises me so much that ,i scarcely know c4 99#d a4 ,be careful in the use of ambiguous words1 e4g4 certain499 ,certain is often used for some1 as in ,independently of his earnings1 he has a certain property1 where the meaning might be unfailing4 ,under this head may be mentioned the double use of words1 such as left in the same form and sound1 but different in meaning4 ,even where there is no obscurity1 the juxtaposition of the same word twice used in two senses is inelegant1 e4g4 7,bain71 ,he turned to the left and left the room4 ,i have known the following slovenly sentence misunderstood3 ,our object is that1 with the aid of practice1 we may sometime arrive at the point where we think eloquence in its most praiseworthy form to lie4 ,to lie has been supposed to mean to deceive4 99#e4 ,be careful how you use he1 it1 they1 these1 c499 7,for which see #h47 ,the ambiguity arising from the use of he applying to different persons is well known4 ,he told his friend that if he did not feel better in half an hour he thought he had better return4 ,see 7#f7 for remedy4 ,much ambiguity is also caused by excessive use of such phrases as in this way1 of this sort1 c4 ,god1 foreseeing the disorders of human nature1 has given us certain passions and affections which arise from1 or whose objects are1 these disorders4 ,of this sort are fear1 resentment1 compassion4 ,repeat the noun3 ,among these passions and affections are fear c4 ,two distinct uses of it may be noted4 ,it1 when referring to something that precedes1 may be called retrospective2 but when to something that follows1 prospective4 ,in ,avoid indiscriminate charity3 it is a crime1 it is retrospective4#f ,in ,it is a crime to give indiscriminately1 it is prospective4 ,the prospective it1 if productive of ambiguity1 can often be omitted by using the infinitive as a subject3 ,to give indiscriminately is a crime4 99#f4 ,report a speech in the ,first1 not the ,third ,person1 where necessary to avoid ambiguity499 ,speeches in the third person afford a particular1 though very common case1 of the general ambiguity mentioned in 7#e74 ,instead of ,he told his friend that if he did not feel better c41 write ,he said to his friend1 ',if1 ,i 7or you7 don't feel better c4' 99#f a4 ,sometimes1 where the writer cannot know the exact words1 or where the exact words are unimportant1 or lengthy and uninteresting1 the ,third ,person is preferable499 ,thus1 where ,essex is asking ,sir ,robert ,cecil that ,francis ,bacon may be appointed ,attorney-,general1 the dialogue is 7as it almost always is in ,lord ,macaulay's writings7 in the ,first ,person1 except where it becomes tedious and uninteresting so as to require condensation1 and then it drops into the ,third ,person3 ,sir ,robert had nothing to say but that he thought his own abilities equal to the place which he hoped to obtain1 and that his father's long services deserved such a mark of gratitude from the ,queen4 99#f b4 ,omission of that in a speech reported in the ,third ,person499--,even when a speech is reported in the third person1 that need not always be inserted before the dependent verb4 ,thus1 instead of ,he said that he took it ill that his promises were not believed1 we may write1 ',he took it ill1' he said1 'that c4' ,this gives a little more life1 and sometimes more clearness also4 99#g4 ,when you use a ,participle1 as walking1 implying when1 while1 though1 that1 make it clear by the context what is implied499 ,republics1 in the first instance1 are never desired for their own sakes4 ,i do not think they will finally be desired at all1 unaccompanied by courtly graces and good breeding4 ,here there is a little doubt whether the meaning is since they are1 or1 if they are1 unaccompanied4 99,that or when499--,men walking 7that walk1 or when they walk7 on ice sometimes fall4 ,it is better to use men walking to mean men when they walk4 ,if the relative is meant1 use men that walk1 instead of the participle4 7#a7 ,while he was ,walking on 7#a7 the road1 he fell4 7#b7 ,because he was 7#b7 the ice1 ,when the participle precedes the subject1 it generally implies a cause3 ,seeing this1 he retired4 ,otherwise it generally has its proper participial meaning1 e4g4 ,he retired1 keeping his face towards us4 ,if there is any ambiguity1 write on seeing1--at the same time1 or while1 keeping4 7#a7 ,though he was 7#a7 he nevertheless stood his ground4 7#b7 ,since he was ,struck with terror1 7#b7 he rapidly retreated4 7#c7 ,if he is 7#c7 he will soon retreat4 99#h4 ,when using the ,relative ,pronoun1 use who and which where the meaning is and he1 it1 c41 for he1 it1 c4 ,in other cases use that1 if euphony allows499 ,i heard this from the inspector1 who 7and he7 heard it from the guard that travelled with the train4 ,fetch me 7all7 the books that lie on the table1 and also the pamphlets1 which 7and these7 you will find on the floor4 ,an adherence to this rule would remove much ambiguity4 ,thus3 ,there was a public-house next door1 which was a great nuisance1 means and this 7i4e4 the fact of its being next door7 was a great nuisance2 whereas that would have meant ,next door was a public-house that 7i4e4 the public-house7 was a great nuisance4 99,who1 which1 c4 introduce a new fact about the antecedent1 whereas that introduces something without which the antecedent is incomplete or undefined499 ,thus1 in the first example above1 inspector is complete in itself1 and who introduces a new fact about him2 guard is incomplete1 and requires that travelled with the train to complete the meaning4 ,it is not1 and cannot be1 maintained that this rule1 though observed in ,elizabethan ,english1 is observed by our best modern authors4 7,probably a general impression that that cannot be used to refer to persons has assisted who in supplanting that as a relative47 ,but the convenience of the rule is so great that beginners in composition may with advantage adhere to the rule4 ,the following are some of the cases where who and which are mostly used1 contrary to the rule1 instead of that4 99,exceptions399-- 7a7 ,when the antecedent is defined1 e4g4 by a possessive case1 modern ,english uses who instead of that4 ,it is rare1 though it would be useful1#g to say ,his ,english friends that had not seen him for the ,english friends1 or those of his ,english friends1 that had not seen him4 7b7 ,that sounds ill when separated from its verb and from its antecedents1 and emphasized by isolation3 ,there are many persons that1 though unscrupulous1 are commonly good-tempered1 and that1 if not strongly incited by self-interest1 are ready for the most part to think of the interest of their neighbours4 ,shakespeare frequently uses who after that when the relative is repeated4 ,see ,shakespearian ,grammar1 par4 #bfj4 7c7 ,if the antecedent is qualified by that1 the relative must not be that4 ,besides other considerations1 the repetition is disagreeable4 ,addison ridicules such language as ,that remark that ,i made yesterday is not that that ,i said that ,i regretted that ,i had made4 7d7 ,that cannot be preceded by a preposition1 and hence throws the preposition to the end4 ,this is the rule that ,i adhere to4 ,this is perfectly good ,english1 though sometimes unnecessarily avoided4 ,but1 with some prepositions1 the construction is harsh and objectionable1 e4g4 ,this is the mark that ,i jumped beyond1 ,such were the prejudices that he rose above4 ,the reason is that some of these disyllabic prepositions are used as adverbs1 and1 when separated from their nouns1 give one the impression that they are used as adverbs4 7e7 ,after pronominal adjectives used for personal pronouns1 modern ,english prefers who4 ,there are many1 others1 several1 those1 who can testify c4 7f7 ,after that used as a conjunction there is sometimes a dislike to use that as a relative4 ,see 7c74 99#i4 ,do not use redundant and before which4#h99 ,i gave him a very interesting book for a present1 and which cost me five shillings4 ,in short sentences the absurdity is evident1 but in long sentences it is less evident1 and very common4 ,a petition was presented for rescinding that portion of the bye-laws which permits application of public money to support sectarian schools over which ratepayers have no control1 this being a violation of the principle of civil and religious liberty1 and which the memorialists believe would provoke a determined and conscientious resistance4 ,here which ought grammatically to refer to portion or schools4 ,but it seems intended to refer to violation4 ,omit and1 or repeat a violation before which1 or turn the sentence otherwise4 99#aj4 ,equivalents for ,relative499 997a7 ,participle499--,men thirsting 7for 'men that thirst'7 for revenge are not indifferent to plunder4 ,the objection to the participle is that here1 as often1 it creates a little ambiguity4 ,the above sentence may mean1 men1 when they thirst1 or though they thirst1 as well as men that thirst4 ,often however there is no ambiguity3 ,i have documents proving this conclusively4 997b7 ,infinitive499--,instead of ,he was the first that entered you can write to enter2 for ,he is not a man who will act dishonestly1 to act4 ,this equivalent cannot often be used4 997c7 ,whereby1 wherein1 c4199 can sometimes be used for by which1 in which1 so as to avoid a harsh repetition of which4 ,the means whereby this may be effected4 ,but this use is somewhat antiquated4 997d7 ,if499--,the man that does not care for music is to be pitied can be written 7though not so forcibly71 ,if a man does not care for music1 he is to be pitied4 ,it is in long sentences that this equivalent will be found most useful4 997e7 ,and this499--,he did his best1 which was all that could be expected1 can be written1 and this was all that1 c4 997f7 ,what499--,let me repeat that which#i you ought to know1 that that which is worth doing is worth doing well4 ,let me repeat1 what you ought to know1 that what is worth doing is worth doing well4 997g7 ,omission of ,relative499--,it is sometimes thought ungrammatical to omit the relative1 as in ,the man 7that7 you speak of4 ,on the contrary1 that when an object 7not when a subject7 may be omitted1 wherever the antecedent and the subject of the relative sentence are brought into juxtaposition by the omission4 99#aj a'4 ,repeat the ,antecedent in some new form1 where there is any ambiguity499 ,this is particularly useful after a negative3 ,he said that he would not even hear me1 which ,i confess ,i had expected4 ,here the meaning may be1 ,i had expected that he would1 or that he would not1 hear me4 ,write1 a refusal1 or1 a favour1 that ,i confess ,i had expected4 ,see 7#ch74 99#aa4 ,use particular for general terms499--,this is a most important rule4 ,instead of ,i have neither the necessaries of life nor the means of procuring them1 write 7if you can with truth71 ,i have not a crust of bread1 nor a penny to buy one4 ,,caution4--,there is a danger in this use4 ,the meaning is vividly expressed but sometimes may be exaggerated or imperfect4 ,crust of bread may be an exaggeration2 on the other hand1 if the speaker is destitute not only of bread1 but also of shelter and clothing1 then crust of bread is an imperfect expression of the meaning4 ,in philosophy and science1 where the language ought very often to be inclusive and brief1 general and not particular terms must be used4 99#aa a4 ,avoid ,verbal ,nouns where ,verbs can be used instead499 ,the disadvantage of the use of ,verbal ,nouns is this1 that1 unless they are immediately preceded by prepositions1 they are sometimes liable to be confounded with participles4 ,the following is an instance of an excessive use of ,verbal ,nouns3 ,the pretended confession of the secretary was only collusion to lay the jealousies of the king's favouring popery1 which still hung upon him1 notwithstanding his writing on the ,revelation1 and affecting to enter on all occasions into controversy1 asserting in particular that the ,pope was ,antichrist4 ,write notwithstanding that he wrote and affected c4 99#ab4 ,use a particular ,person instead of a class499 ,what is the splendour of the greatest monarch compared with the beauty of a flower8 ,what is the splendour of ,solomon compared with the beauty of a daisy8 ,under this head may come the forcible use of ,noun for ,adjective3 ,this fortress is weakness itself4 ,an excess of this use is lengthy and pedantically bombastic1 e4g41 the following paraphrase for in every ,british colony3--under ,indian palm-groves1 amid ,australian gum-trees1 in the shadow of ,african mimosas1 and beneath ,canadian pines4 99#ac4 ,use ,metaphor instead of literal statement499 ,the ship ploughs the sea is clearer than the ship cleaves the sea1 and shorter than the ship cleaves the sea as a plough cleaves the land4 ,of course there are some subjects for which ,metaphor should not be used4 ,see 7#ad a7 and 7#ad b74 99#ad4 ,do not confuse ,metaphor499 ,in a moment the thunderbolt was upon them1 deluging their country with invaders4 ,the following is attributed to ,sir ,boyle ,roche3 ,mr4 ,speaker1 ,i smell a rat1 ,i see him brewing in the air2 but1 mark me1 ,i shall yet nip him in the bud4 ,some words1 once metaphorical1 have ceased to be so regarded4 ,hence many good writers say under these circumstances instead of in these circumstances4 ,an excessive regard for disused metaphor savours of pedantry3 disregard is inelegant4 ,write1 not1 unparalleled complications1 but unprecedented complications2 and he threw light on obscurities1 instead of he unravelled obscurities4 99#ad a4 ,do not introduce literal statement immediately after ,metaphor499 ,he was the father of ,chemistry1 and brother to the ,earl of ,cork4 ,he was a very thunderbolt of war1 ,and was lieutenant to the ,earl of ,mar4 99#ad b4 ,do not use poetic metaphor to illustrate a prosaic subject499 ,thus1 we may say a poet soars1 or even1 though rarely1 a nation soars to greatness1 but you could not say ,consols soared to #id-a_/b4 ,even commonplace subjects may be illustrated by metaphor3 for it is a metaphor1 and quite unobjectionable1 to say ,consols mounted1 or jumped to #id-a_/b4 ,but commonplace subjects must be illustrated by metaphor that is commonplace4 ,,order ,,of ,,words ,,in ,a ,,sentence4 99#ae4 ,emphatic words must stand in emphatic positions2 i4e4 for the most part1 at the beginning or at the end of the sentence499 ,this rule occasionally supersedes the common rules about position4 ,thus1 the place for an adverb1 as a rule1 should be between the subject and verb3 ,he quickly left the room2 but if quickly is to be emphatic1 it must come at the beginning or end1 as in ,i told him to leave the room slowly1 but he left quickly4 ,adjectives1 in clauses beginning with if and though1 often come at the beginning for emphasis3 ,insolent though he was1 he was silenced at last4 99#ae a4 ,unemphatic words must1 as a rule1 be kept from the end of the sentence499 ,it is a common fault to break this rule by placing a short and unemphatic predicate at the end of a long sentence4 ,to know some ,latin1 even if it be nothing but a few ,latin roots1 is useful4 ,write1 ,it is useful1 c4 ,so the evidence proves how kind to his inferiors he is4 ,often1 where an adjective or auxiliary verb comes at the end1 the addition of an emphatic adverb justifies the position1 e4g4 above1 is very useful1 he has invariably been4 ,a short chippy ending1 even though emphatic1 is to be avoided4 ,it is abrupt and unrhythmical1 e4g4 ,the soldier1 transfixed with the spear1 writhed4 ,we want a longer ending1 fell writhing to the ground1 or1 writhed in the agonies of death4 ,a chippy ending is common in bad construing from ,virgil4 99,exceptions499--,prepositions and pronouns attached to emphatic words need not be moved from the end2 e4g4 ,he does no harm that ,i hear of4 ,bear witness how ,i loved him4 99,n4,b4 ,in all styles1 especially in letter-writing1 a final emphasis must not be so frequent as to become obtrusive and monotonous499 99#ae b4 ,an interrogation sometimes gives emphasis499 ,no one can doubt that the prisoner1 had he been really guilty1 would have shown some signs of remorse1 is not so emphatic as ,who can doubt1 ,is it possible to doubt1 c48 ,contrast ,no one ever names ,wentworth without thinking of c4 with ,but ,wentworth1--who ever names him without thinking of those harsh dark features1 ennobled by their expression into more than the majesty of an antique ,jupiter8 99#af4 ,the subject1 if unusually emphatic1 should often be removed from the beginning of the sentence499 ,the beginning of the sentence is an emphatic position1 though mostly not so emphatic as the end4 ,therefore the principal subject of a sentence1 being emphatic1 and being wanted early in the sentence to tell us what the sentence is about1 comes as a rule1 at or near the beginning3 ,thomas built this house4 ,hence1 since the beginning is the usual place for the subject1 if we want to emphasize ,thomas unusually1 we must remove ,thomas from the beginning3 ,this house was built by ,thomas1 or ,it was ,thomas that built this house4 ,thus1 the emphasis on conqueror is not quite so strong in ,a mere conqueror ought not to obtain from us the reverence that is due to the great benefactors of mankind1 as in ,we ought not to bestow the reverence that is due to the great benefactors of mankind1 upon a mere conqueror4 ,considerable1 but less emphasis and greater smoothness 7#ai7 will be obtained by writing the sentence thus3 ,we ought not to bestow upon a mere conqueror c4 ,where the same subject stands first in several consecutive sentences1 it rises in emphasis1 and need not be removed from the beginning1 even though unusual emphasis be required3 ,the captain was the life and soul of the expedition4 ,he first pointed out the possibility of advancing2 he warned them of the approaching scarcity of provisions2 he showed how they might replenish their exhausted stock c4 99#ag4 ,the object is sometimes placed before the verb for emphasis499 ,this is most common in antithesis4 ,jesus ,i know1 and ,paul ,i know2 but who are ye8 ,some he imprisoned1 others he put to death4 ,even where there is no antithesis the inversion is not uncommon3 ,military courage1 the boast of the sottish ,german1 of the frivolous and prating ,frenchman1 of the romantic and arrogant ,spaniard1 he neither possesses nor values4 ,this inversion sometimes creates ambiguity in poetry1 e4g4 ,the son the father slew1 and must be sparingly used in prose4 ,sometimes the position of a word may be considered appropriate by some1 and inappropriate by others1 according to different interpretations of the sentence4 ,take as an example1 ,early in the morning the nobles and gentlemen who attended on the king assembled in the great hall of the castle2 and here they began to talk of what a dreadful storm it had been the night before4 ,but ,macbeth could scarcely understand what they said1 for he was thinking of something worse4 ,the last sentence has been amended by ,professor ,bain into ,what they said1 ,macbeth could scarcely understand4 ,but there appears to be an antithesis between the guiltless nobles who can think about the weather1 and the guilty ,macbeth who cannot4 ,hence1 what they said ought not1 and ,macbeth ought1 to be emphasized3 and therefore ,macbeth ought to be retained at the beginning of the sentence4 ,the same author alters1 ,the praise of judgment ,virgil has justly contested with him1 but his invention remains yet unrivalled1 into ,virgil has justly contested with him the praise of judgment1 but no one has yet rivalled his invention--an alteration which does not seem to emphasize sufficiently the antithesis between what had been 'contested1' on the one hand1 and what remained as yet 'unrivalled' on the other4 ,more judiciously ,professor ,bain alters1 ,he that tells a lie is not sensible how great a task he undertakes2 for he must be forced to invent twenty more to maintain one1 into for1 to maintain one1 he must invent twenty more1 putting the emphatic words in their emphatic place1 at the end4 99#ah4 ,where several words are emphatic1 make it clear which is the most emphatic499 ,thus1 in ,the state was made1 under the pretence of serving it1 in reality the prize of their contention to each of these opposite parties1 it is unpleasantly doubtful whether the writer means 7#a7 state or 7#b7 parties to be emphatic4 ,if 7#a71 ,as for the state1 these two parties1 under the pretence of serving it1 converted it into a prize for their contention4 ,if 7#b71 write1 ,though served in profession1 the state was in reality converted into a prize for their contention by these two parties4 ,in 7#a7 parties is subordinated1 in 7#b7 state4 ,sometimes the addition of some intensifying word serves to emphasize4 ,thus1 instead of ,to effect this they used all devices1 we can write ,to effect this they used every conceivable device4 ,so1 if we want to emphasize fidelity in ,the business will task your skill and fidelity1 we can write ,not only your skill but also your fidelity4 ,this1 however1 sometimes leads to exaggerations4 ,see 7#b74 ,sometimes antithesis gives emphasis1 as in ,you do not know this1 but you shall know it4 ,where antithesis cannot be used1 the emphasis must be expressed by turning the sentence1 as ,i will make you know it1 or by some addition1 as ,you shall hereafter know it4 99#ai4 ,words should be as near as possible to the words with which they are grammatically connected499 ,see ,paragraphs #bj to #bi4 ,for exceptions see #cj4 99#bj4 ,adverbs should be placed next to the words they are intended to affect499 ,when unemphatic1 adverbs come between the subject and the verb1 or1 if the tense is compound1 between the parts of the compound tense3 ,he quickly left the room2 ,he has quickly left the room2 but1 when emphatic1 after the verb3 ,he left1 or has left1 the room quickly4#aj ,when such a sentence as the latter is followed by a present participle1 there arises ambiguity4 ,i told him to go slowly1 but he left the room quickly1 dropping the purse on the floor4 ,does quickly here modify left or dropping8 ,the remedy#aa is1 to give the adverb its unemphatic place1 ,he quickly left the room1 dropping c41 or else to avoid the participle1 thus3 ,he quickly dropped the purse and left the room1 or ,he dropped the purse and quickly left the room4 99#ba4 ,only requires careful use4 ,the strict#ab rule is1 that only should be placed before the word affected by it499 ,the following is ambiguous3 ,the heavens are not open to the faithful only at intervals4 ,the best rule is to avoid placing only between two emphatic words1 and to avoid using only where alone can be used instead4 ,in strictness perhaps the three following sentences3 7#a7 ,he only beat three1 7#b7 ,he beat only three1 7#c7 ,he beat three only1 ought to be explained1 severally1 thus3 7#a7 ,he did no more than beat1 did not kill1 three4 7#b7 ,he beat no more than three4 7#c7 ,he beat three1 and that was all he did4 7,here only modifies the whole of the sentence and depreciates the action47 ,but the best authors sometimes transpose the word4 ,he only lived ought to mean he did not die or make any great sacrifice2 but ,he only lived but till he was a man 7,macbeth1 v4 #h4 #dj7 means ,he lived only till he was a man4 ,compare also1 ,who only hath immortality4 ,only at the beginning of a statement but4 ,i don't like to importune you1 only ,i know you'll forgive me4 ,before an imperative it diminishes the favour asked3 ,only listen to me4 ,this use of only is mostly confined to letters4 ,very often1 only at the beginning of a sentence is used for alone3 ,only ten came1 ,only ,caesar approved4 ,alone is less ambiguous4 ,the ambiguity of only is illustrated by such a sentence as1 ,don't hesitate to bring a few friends of yours to shoot on my estate at any time4 ,only five 7fifteen7 came yesterday1 which might mean1 ,i don't mind a few2 only don't bring so many as fifteen2 or else ,don't hesitate to bring a few more2 no more than five came yesterday4 ,in conversation1 ambiguity is prevented by emphasis2 but in a letter1 only thus used might cause unfortunate mistakes4 ,write ,yesterday only five came1 if you mean no more than five4 99#bb4 ,when not only precedes but also1 see that each is followed by the same part of speech499 ,he not only gave me advice but also help is wrong4 ,write ,he gave me1 not only advice1 but also help4 ,on the other hand1 ,he not only gave me a grammar1 but also lent me a dictionary1 is right4 ,take an instance4 ,he spoke not only forcibly but also tastefully 7adverbs71 and this too1 not only before a small audience1 but also in 7prepositions7 a large public meeting1 and his speeches were not only successful1 but also 7adjective7 worthy of success4 99#bc4 ,at least1 always1 and other adverbial adjuncts1 sometimes produce ambiguity499 ,i think you will find my ,latin exercise1 at all events1 as good as my cousin's4 ,does this mean 7#a7 my ,latin exercise1 though not perhaps my other exercises2 or 7#b71 ,though not very good1 yet1 at all events1 as good as my cousin's8 ,write for 7#a71 ,my ,latin exercise1 at all events1 you will find c4 and for 7#b71 ,i think you will find my ,latin exercise as good as my cousin's1 at all events4 ,the remedy is to avoid placing at all events between two emphatic words4 ,as an example of the misplacing of an adverbial adjunct1 take ,from abroad he received most favourable reports1 but in the ,city he heard that a panic had broken out on the ,exchange1 and that the funds were fast falling4 ,this ought to mean that the hearing1 and not 7as is intended7 that the breaking out of the panic1 took place in the ,city4 ,in practice1 an adverb is often used to qualify a remote word1 where the latter is more emphatic than any nearer word4 ,this is very common when the ,adverbial ,adjunct is placed in an emphatic position at the beginning of the sentence3 ,on this very spot our guide declared that ,claverhouse had fallen4 99#bd4 ,nouns should be placed near the nouns that they define499 ,in the very common sentence ,the death is announced of ,mr4 ,john ,smith1 an author whose works c41 the transposition is probably made from a feeling that1 if we write ,the death of ,mr4 ,john ,smith is announced1 we shall be obliged to begin a new sentence1 ,he was an author whose works c4 ,but the difficulty can be removed by writing ,we regret to announce1 or1 we are informed of1 the death of ,mr4 ,john ,smith1 an author1 c4 99#be4 ,pronouns should follow the nouns to which they refer without the intervention of another noun499 ,avoid1 ,john ,smith1 the son of ,thomas ,smith1 who gave me this book1 unless ,thomas ,smith is the antecedent of who4 ,avoid also ,john supplied ,thomas with money3 he 7,john7 was very well off4 ,when1 however1 one of two preceding nouns is decidedly superior to the other in emphasis1 the more emphatic may be presumed to be the noun referred to by the pronoun1 even though the noun of inferior emphasis intervenes4 ,thus3 ,at this moment the colonel came up1 and took the place of the wounded general4 ,he gave orders to halt4 ,here he would naturally refer to colonel1 though general intervenes4 ,a conjunction will often show that a pronoun refers to the subject of the preceding sentence1 and not to another intervening noun4 ,the sentinel at once took aim at the approaching soldier1 and fired4 ,he then retreated to give the alarm4 ,it is better to adhere1 in most cases1 to ,rule #be1 which may be called 7,bain7 the ,rule of ,proximity4 ,the ,rule of ,emphasis1 of which an instance was given in the last paragraph1 is sometimes misleading4 ,a distinction might be drawn by punctuating thus3 ,david the father of ,solomon1 who slew ,goliath4 ,david1 the father of ,solomon who built the ,temple4 ,but the propriety of omitting a comma in each case is questionable1 and it is better to write so as not to be at the mercy of commas4 99#bf4 ,clauses that are grammatically connected should be kept as close together as possible499 7,but see #ee47 ,the introduction of parentheses violating this rule often produced serious ambiguity4 ,thus1 in the following3 ,the result of these observations appears to be in opposition to the view now generally received in this country1 that in muscular effort the substance of the muscle itself undergoes disintegration4 ,here it is difficult to tell whether the theory of disintegration is 7#a7 the result1 or1 as the absence of a comma after be would indicate1 7#b7 in opposition to the result of these observations4 ,if 7#a7 is intended1 add and to prove after country2 if 7#b71 insert which is after country4 ,there is an excessive complication in the following3--,it cannot1 at all events1 if the consideration demanded by a subject of such importance from any one professing to be a philosopher1 be given1 be denied that c4 ,where a speaker feels that his hearers have forgotten the connection of the beginning of the sentence1 he should repeat what he has said2 e4g4 after the long parenthesis in the last sentence he should recommence1 it cannot1 ,i say1 be denied4 ,in writing1 however1 this licence must be sparingly used4 ,a short parenthesis1 or modifying clause1 will not interfere with clearness1 especially if antithesis he used1 so as to show the connection between the different parts of the sentence1 e4g4 ,a modern newspaper statement1 though probably true1 would be laughed at if quoted in a book as testimony2 but the letter of a court gossip is thought good historical evidence if written some centuries ago4 ,here1 to place though probably true at the beginning of the sentence would not add clearness1 and would impair the emphasis of the contrast between a modern newspaper statement and the letter of a court gossip4 99#bg4 ,in conditional sentences1 the antecedent clauses must be kept distinct from the consequent clauses499--,there is ambiguity in ,the lesson intended to be taught by these manoeuvres will be lost1 if the plan of operations is laid down too definitely beforehand1 and the affair degenerates into a mere review4 ,begin1 in any case1 with the antecedent1 ,if the plan1 c4 ,next write1 according to the meaning3 7#a7 ,if the plan is laid down1 and the affair degenerates c41 then the lesson will be lost2 or 7#b7 444 then the lesson 444 will be lost1 and the affair degenerates into a mere review4 99#bh4 ,dependent clauses preceded by that should be kept distinct from those that are independent499 ,take as an example3 7#a7 ,he replied that he wished to help them1 and intended to make preparations accordingly4 ,this ought not to be used 7though it sometimes is1 for shortness7 to mean3 7#b7 ,he replied 4441 and he intended4 ,in 7#a71 intended1 having no subject1 must be supposed to be connected with the nearest preceding verb1 in the same mood and tense1 that has a subject1 i4e4 wished4 ,it follows that 7#a7 is a condensation of3 7#c7 ,he replied that he wished 4441 and that he intended4 7#b71 though theoretically free from ambiguity1 is practically ambiguous1 owing to a loose habit of repeating the subject unnecessarily4 ,it would be better to insert a conjunctional word or a full stop between the two statements4 ,thus3 7#d7 ,he replied that he wished to help them1 and indeed he intended1 c41 or ,he replied1 c4 ,he intended1 c4 ,where there is any danger of ambiguity1 use 7#c7 or 7#d7 in preference to 7#a7 or 7#b74 99#bi4 ,when there are several infinitives1 those that are dependent on the same word must be kept distinct from those that are not499 ,he said that he wished to take his friend with him to visit the capital and to study medicine4 ,here it is doubtful whether the meaning is-- ,he said that he wished to take his friend with him1 7#a7 and also to visit the capital and study medicine1 or 7#b7 that his friend might visit the capital and might also study medicine1 or 7#c7 on a visit to the capital1 and that he also wished to study medicine4 ,from the three different versions it will be perceived that this ambiguity must be met 7a7 by using that for to1 which allows us to repeat an auxiliary verb e4g4 might in 7#b71 and 7b7 by inserting conjunctions4 ,as to insertions of conjunctions1 see 7#cg74 ,in order to1 and for the purpose of1 can be used to distinguish 7wherever there is any ambiguity7 between an infinitive that expresses a purpose1 and an infinitive that does not1 e4g4 ,he told his servant to call upon his friend1 to 7in order to7 give him information about the trains1 and not to leave him till he started4 99#cj4 ,the principle of suspense499 ,write your sentence in such a way that1 until he has come to the full stop1 the reader may feel the sentence to be incomplete4 ,in other words1 keep your reader in suspense4 ,suspense is caused 7#a7 by placing the if-clause first1 and not last1 in a conditional sentence2 7#b7 by placing participles before the words they qualify2 7#c7 by using suspensive conjunctions1 e4g4 not only1 either1 partly1 on the one hand1 in the first place1 c4 ,the following is an example of an unsuspended sentence4 ,the sense draggles1 and it is difficult to keep up one's attention4 ,mr4 ,pym was looked upon as the man of greatest experience in parliaments1 where he had served very long1 and was always a man of business1 being an officer in the ,exchequer1 and of a good reputation generally1 though known to be inclined to the ,puritan party2 yet not of those furious resolutions 7,mod4 ,eng4 so furiously resolved7 against the ,church as the other leading men were1 and wholly devoted to the ,earl of ,bedford1--who had nothing of that spirit4 ,the foregoing sentence might have ended at any one of the eight points marked above4 ,when suspended it becomes3-- ,mr4 ,pym1 owing to his long service in ,parliament in the ,exchequer1 was esteemed above all others for his ,parliamentary experience and for his knowledge of business4 ,he had also a good reputation generally2 for1 though openly favouring the ,puritan party1 he was closely devoted to the ,earl of ,bedford1 and1 like the ,earl1 had none of the fanatical spirit manifested against the ,church by the other leading men4 99#cj a4 ,it is a violation of the principle of ,suspense to introduce unexpectedly1 at the end of a long sentence1 some short and unemphatic clause beginning with 7a7 444 not or 7b7 444 which499 7a7 ,this reform has already been highly beneficial to all classes of our countrymen1 and will1 ,i am persuaded1 encourage among us industry1 self-dependence1 and frugality1 and not1 as some say1 wastefulness4 ,write not1 as some say1 wastefulness1 but industry1 self-dependence1 and frugality4 7b7 ,after a long and tedious journey1 the last part of which was a little dangerous owing to the state of the roads1 we arrived safely at ,york1 which is a fine old town4 99,exception499--,when the short final clause is intended to be unexpectedly unemphatic1 it comes in appropriately1 with something of the sting of an epigram4 ,see 7#db74 ,thus3 ,the old miser said that he should have been delighted to give the poor fellow a shilling1 but most unfortunately he had left his purse at home--a habit of his4 ,suspense naturally throws increased emphasis on the words for which we are waiting1 i4e4 on the end of the sentence4 ,it has been pointed out above that 99a monotony of final emphasis is objectionable1 especially in letter writing and conversation994 99#ca4 ,suspense must not be excessive499 ,excess of suspense is a common fault in boys translating from ,latin4 ,themistocles1 having secured the safety of ,greece1 the ,persian fleet being now destroyed1 when he had unsuccessfully attempted to persuade the ,greeks to break down the bridge across the ,hellespont1 hearing that ,xerxes was in full flight1 and thinking that it might be profitable to secure the friendship of the king1 wrote as follows to him4 ,the more ,english idiom is3 ,when ,themistocles had secured the safety of ,greece by the destruction of the ,persian fleet1 he made an unsuccessful attempt to persuade the ,greeks to break down the bridge across the ,hellespont4 ,soon afterwards1 hearing c4 ,a long suspense that would be intolerable in prose is tolerable in the introduction to a poem4 ,see the long interval at the beginning of ,paradise ,lost between ,of man's first disobedience and ,sing1 heavenly ,muse4 ,compare also the beginning of ,paradise ,lost1 ,book ,,ii43 ,high on a throne of royal state1 which far ,outshone the wealth of ,ormuz and of ,ind1 ,or where the gorgeous ,east with richest hand ,showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold-- ,satan exalted sat4 with the opening of ,keats' ,hyperion3 ,deep in the shady sadness of a vale1 ,far sunken from the healthy breath of morn1 ,far from the fiery noon and eve's one star-- ,sat grey-haired ,saturn1 quiet as a stone4 99#cb4 ,in a long conditional sentence put the if-clause1 antecedent1 or protasis1 first499 ,everyone will see the flatness of ,revenge thy father's most unnatural murder1 if thou didst ever love him1 as compared with the suspense that forces an expression of agony from ,hamlet in-- ,ghost4 ,if thou didst ever thy dear father love-- ,hamlet4 ,o1 ,god6 ,ghost4 ,revenge his foul and most unnatural murder4 ,the effect is sometimes almost ludicrous when the consequent is long and complicated1 and when it precedes the antecedent or if-clause4 ,i should be delighted to introduce you to my friends1 and to show you the objects of interest in our city1 and the beautiful scenery in the neighbourhood1 if you were here4 ,where the if-clause comes last1 it ought to be very emphatic3 if you were only here4 ,the introduction of a clause with if or though in the middle of a sentence may often cause ambiguity1 especially when a great part of the sentence depends on that3 ,his enemies answered that1 for the sake of preserving the public peace1 they would keep quiet for the present1 though he declared that cowardice was the motive of the delay1 and that for this reason they would put off the trial to a more convenient season4 ,see 7#bg74 99#cc4 ,suspense#ac is gained by placing a ,participle or ,adjective that qualifies the ,subject1 before the ,subject499 ,deserted by his friends1 he was forced to have recourse to those that had been his enemies4 ,here1 if we write1 ,he1 deserted by his friends1 was forced c41 he is unduly emphasized2 and if we write1 ,he was forced to have recourse to his enemies1 having been deserted by his friends1 the effect is very flat4 ,of course we might sometimes write ,he was deserted and forced c4 ,but this cannot be done where the desertion is to be not stated but implied4 ,often1 when a participle qualifying the subject is introduced late in the sentence1 it causes positive ambiguity3 ,with this small force the general determined to attack the foe1 flushed with recent victory and rendered negligent by success4 ,an excessive use of the suspensive participle is ,french and objectionable3 e4g4 ,careless by nature1 and too much engaged with business to think of the morrow1 spoiled by a long-established liberty and a fabulous prosperity1 having for many generations forgotten the scourge of war1 we allow ourselves to drift on without taking heed of the signs of the times4 ,the remedy is to convert the participle into a verb depending on a conjunction3 ,because we are by nature careless1 c42 or to convert the participle into a verb co-ordinate with the principal verb1 e4g4 ,we are by nature careless1 c41 and therefore we allow ourselves1 c4 99#cd4 ,suspensive ,conjunctions1 e4g4 either1 not only1 on the one hand1 add clearness499--,take the following sentence3--,you must take this extremely perilous course1 in which success is uncertain1 and failure disgraceful1 as well as ruinous1 or else the liberty of your country is endangered4 ,here1 the meaning is liable to be misunderstood1 till the reader has gone half through the sentence4 ,write ,either you must1 c41 and the reader is1 from the first1 prepared for an alternative4 ,other suspensive conjunctions or phrases are partly1 for our part2 in the first place2 it is true2 doubtless2 of course2 though2 on the one hand4 99#ce4 ,repeat the ,subject when the omission would cause ambiguity or obscurity499--,the omission is particularly likely to cause obscurity after a ,relative standing as ,subject3-- ,he professes to be helping the nation1 which in reality is suffering from his flattery1 and 7he8 or it87 will not permit anyone else to give it advice4 ,the ,relative should be repeated when it is the ,subject of several ,verbs4 ,all the pleasing illusions which made power gentle and obedience liberal1 which harmonized the different shades of life1 and which1 by a bland assimilation1 incorporated into politics the sentiments that beautify and soften private society1 are to be dissolved by this new conquering empire of light and reason4 99#cf4 ,repeat a ,preposition after an intervening ,conjunction1 especially if a ,verb and an ,object also intervene499 ,he forgets the gratitude that he owes to those that helped all his companions when he was poor and uninfluential1 and 7to7 ,john ,smith in particular4 ,here1 omit to1 and the meaning may be that helped all his companions1 and ,john ,smith in particular4 ,the intervention of the verb and object1 helped and companions1 causes this ambiguity4 99#cg4 ,when there are several ,verbs at some distance from a ,conjunction on which they depend1 repeat the ,conjunction499#ad ,when we look back upon the havoc that two hundred years have made in the ranks of our national authors--and1 above all1 7when7 we refer their rapid disappearance to the quick succession of new competitors--we cannot help being dismayed at the prospect that lies before the writers of the present day4 ,here omit when1 and we at once substitute a parenthetical statement for what is really a subordinate clause4 ,in reporting a speech or opinion1 that must be continually repeated1 to avoid the danger of confusing what the writer says with what others say4 ,we might say that the ,caesars did not persecute the ,christians2 7that7 they only punished men who were charged1 rightly or wrongly1 with burning ,rome1 and committing the foulest abominations in secret assemblies2 and 7that7 the refusal to throw frankincense on the altar of ,jupiter was not the crime1 but only evidence of the crime4 ,but see 7#f b74 99#cg a4 ,repeat ,verbs after the conjunctions than1 as1 c499 ,i think he likes me better than you2 i4e4 either than you like me1 or he likes you4 ,cardinal ,richelieu hated ,buckingham as sincerely as did the ,spaniard ,olivares4 ,omit did1 and you cause ambiguity4 99#ch4 ,if the sentence is so long that it is difficult to keep the thread of meaning unbroken1 repeat the subject1 or some other emphatic word1 or a summary of what has been said499 ,gold and cotton1 banks and railways1 crowded ports1 and populous cities--these are not the elements that constitute a great nation4 ,this repetition 7though useful and1 when used in moderation1 not unpleasant7 is more common with speakers than with writers1 and with slovenly speakers than with good speakers4 ,the country is in such a condition1 that if we delay longer some fair measure of reform1 sufficient at least to satisfy the more moderate1 and much more1 if we refuse all reform whatsoever--,i say1 if we adopt so unwise a policy1 the country is in such a condition that we may precipitate a revolution4 ,where the relative is either implied 7in a participle7 or repeated1 the antecedent must often be repeated also4 ,in the following sentence we have the ,subject repeated not only in the final summary1 but also as the antecedent3-- ,but if there were1 in any part of the world1 a national church regarded as heretical by four-fifths of the nation committed to its care2 a church established and maintained by the sword2 a church producing twice as many riots as conversions2 a church which1 though possessing great wealth and power1 and though long backed by persecuting laws1 had1 in the course of many generations1 been found unable to propagate its doctrines1 and barely able to maintain its ground2 a church so odious that fraud and violence1 when used against its clear rights of property1 were generally regarded as fair play2 a church whose ministers were preaching to desolate walls1 and with difficulty obtaining their lawful subsistence by the help of bayonets1--such a church1 on our principles1 could not1 we must own1 be defended4 99#ci4 ,it is a help to clearness1 when the first part of the sentence prepares the way for the middle and the middle for the end1 in a kind of ascent4 ,this ascent is called climax499 ,in the following there are two climaxes1 each of which has three terms3-- ,to gossip7a7 is a fault7b72 to libel7a'71 a crime7b'72 to slander7a''71 a sin7b''74 ,in the following1 there are several climaxes1 and note how they contribute to the clearness of a long sentence3-- ,man1 working1 has contrived7a7 the ,atlantic ,cable1 but ,i declare that it astonishes7b7 me far more to think that for his mere amusement7c71 that to entertain a mere idle hour7c'71 he has created7a'7 ',othello' and ',lear1' and ,i am more than astonished1 ,i am awe-struck7b'71 at that inexplicable elasticity of his nature which enables him1 instead of turning away7d7 from calamity and grief7e71 or instead of merely defying7d'7 them1 actually to make them the material of his amusement7d''71 and to draw from the wildest agonies of the human spirit7e'7 a pleasure which is not only not cruel7f71 but is in the highest degree pure and ennobling7f'74 ,the neglect of climax produces an abruptness that interferes with the even flow of thought4 ,thus1 if ,pope1 in his ironical address to mankind1 had written-- ,go1 wondrous creature1 mount where science guides2 ,go1 measure earth1 weigh air1 and state the tides2 ,go1 teach ,eternal ,wisdom how to rule-- the ascent would have been too rapid4 ,the transition from earth to heaven1 and from investigating to governing1 is prepared by the intervening climax-- ,instruct the planets in what orbs to run2 ,correct old ,time1 and regulate the ,sun2 ,go1 soar with ,plato to th' empyreal sphere1 ,to the first good1 first perfect1 and first fair4 99#dj4 ,when the thought is expected to ascend and yet descends1 feebleness and sometimes confusion is the result4 ,the descent is called bathos499 ,what pen can describe the tears1 the lamentations1 the agonies1 the animated remonstrances of the unfortunate prisoners8 ,she was a woman of many accomplishments and virtues1 graceful in her movements1 winning in her address1 a kind friend1 a faithful and loving wife1 a most affectionate mother1 and she played beautifully on the pianoforte4 ,,intentional ,,bathos has a humorous incongruity and abruptness that is sometimes forcible4 ,for example1 after the climax ending with the line-- ,go1 teach ,eternal ,wisdom how to rule1 ,pope adds-- ,then drop into thyself1 and be a fool4 99#dj a4 ,a new construction should not be introduced without cause499--,a sudden and apparently unnecessary change of construction causes awkwardness and roughness at least1 and sometimes breaks the flow of the sentence so seriously as to cause perplexity4 ,thus1 write virtuous and accomplished1 or of many virtues and accomplishments1 not of many virtues and accomplished2 riding or walking or on foot or horseback1 not on foot or riding4 ,in the same way1 do not put adjectives and participles1 active and passive forms of verbs1 in too close juxtaposition4 ,avoid such sentences as the following3-- ,he had good reason to believe that the delay was not an accident 7accidental7 but premeditated1 and for supposing 7to suppose1 or else1 for believing1 above7 that the fort1 though strong both by art and naturally 7nature71 would be forced by the treachery of the governor and the indolent 7indolence of the7 general to capitulate within a week4 ,they accused him of being bribed 7receiving bribes from7 by the king and unwilling 7neglecting7 to take the city4 99#da4 ,antithesis adds force1 and often clearness499--,the meaning of liberal in the following sentence is ascertained by the antithesis3-- ,all the pleasing illusions which made power7a7 gentle7b7 and obedience7a'7 liberal7b'7 444 are now to be destroyed4 ,there is a kind of proportion4 ,as gentleness is to power1 so liberality 7in the sense here used7 is to obedience4 ,now gentleness is the check on the excess of power2 therefore liberal here applies to that which checks the excess of obedience1 i4e4 checks servility4 ,hence liberal here means free4 ,the contrast also adds force4 ,they aimed at the rule7a71 not at the destruction7a'71 of their country4 ,they were men of great civil7b7 and great military7b'7 talents1 and1 if the terror7c71 the ornament7c'7 of their age4 ,excessive antithesis is unnatural and wearisome3-- ,who can persuade where treason7a7 is above reason7a'71 and might7b7 ruleth right7b'71 and it is had for lawful7c7 whatsoever is lustful7c'71 and commotioners7d7 are better than commissioners7d'71 and common woe7e7 is named common wealth7e'78 99#db4 ,epigram499--,it has been seen that the neglect of climax results in lameness4 ,sometimes the suddenness of the descent produces amusement3 and when the descent is intentional and very sudden1 the effect is striking as well as amusing4 ,thus3-- 7#a7 ,you are not only not vicious1 you are virtuous1 is a climax4 7#b7 ,you are not vicious1 you are vice1 is not climax1 nor is it bathos3 it is epigram4#ae ,epigram may be defined as a short sentence expressing truth under an amusing appearance of incongruity4 ,it is often antithetical4 ,the ,russian grandees came to and diamonds1 climax4 court dropping pearls and vermin1 epigram4 ,these two nations were divided and the bitter remembrance by mutual fear of recent losses1 climax4 and mountains1 epigram4 ,there is a sort of implied antithesis in3-- ,he is full of information--7but flat also7 like yesterday's ,times4 ,verbosity is cured 7not by a small1 but7 by a large vocabulary4 ,the name of epigram may sometimes be given to a mere antithesis2 e4g4 ,an educated man should know something of everything1 and everything of something4 99#dc4 ,let each sentence have one1 and only one1 principal subject of thought499 ,this great and good man died on the #agth of ,september1 #afhc1 leaving behind him the memory of many noble actions1 and a numerous family1 of whom three were sons2 one of them1 ,george1 the eldest1 heir to his father's virtues1 as well as to his principal estates in ,cumberland1 where most of his father's property was situate1 and shortly afterwards elected member for the county1 which had for several generations returned this family to serve in ,parliament4 ,here we have 7#a7 the great and good man1 7#b7 ,george1 7#c7 the county1 disputing which is to be considered the principal subject4 ,two1 if not three sentences should have been made1 instead of one4 ,carefully avoid a long sentence like this1 treating of many different subjects on one level4 ,it is called heterogeneous4 99#dd4 ,the connection between different sentences must be kept up by ,adverbs used as ,conjunctions1 or by means of some other connecting words at the beginning of each sentence499--,leave out the conjunctions and other connecting words1 and it will be seen that the following sentences lose much of their meaning3-- ,pitt was in the army for a few months in time of peace4 ,his biographer 7accordingly7 insists on our confessing1 that1 if the young cornet had remained in the service1 he would have been one of the ablest commanders that ever lived4 7,but7 this is not all4 ,pitt 71 it seems17 was not merely a great poet in esse and a great general in posse1 but a finished example of moral excellence4444 7,the truth is1 that7 there scarcely ever lived a person who had so little claim to this sort of praise as ,pitt4 ,he was 7undoubtedly7 a great man4 7,but7 his was not a complete and well-proportioned greatness4 ,the public life of ,hampden or of ,somers resembles a regular drama which can be criticised as a whole1 and every scene of which is to be viewed in connection with the main action4 ,the public life of ,pitt 71 on the other hand17 is1 c4 ,the following are some of the most common connecting adverbs1 or connecting phrases3 7#a7 expressing consequence1 similarity1 repetition1 or resumption of a subject--accordingly1 therefore1 then1 naturally1 so that1 thus1 in this way1 again1 once more1 to resume1 to continue1 to sum up1 in fact1 upon this2 7#b7 expressing opposition--nevertheless1 in spite of this1 yet1 still1 however1 but1 on the contrary1 on the other hand2 7#c7 expressing suspension--undoubtedly 444 but2 indeed 444 yet2 on the one hand 444 on the other2 partly 444 partly2 some 444 others4 ,avoid a style like that of ,bishop ,burnet1 which strings together a number of sentences with and or so1 or with no conjunction at all3 ,blake with the fleet happened to be at ,malaga1 before he made war upon ,spain2 and some of his seamen went ashore1 and met the ,host carried about2 and not only paid no respect to it1 but laughed at those who did4 ,write ,when ,blake c4 99#de4 ,the connection between two long sentences sometimes requires a short intervening sentence1 showing the transition of thought499 ,without force or opposition1 it 7chivalry7 subdued the fierceness of pride and power2 it obliged sovereigns to submit to the soft collar#af of social esteem1 compelled stern authority to submit to elegance1 and gave a dominating vanquisher of laws to be subdued by manners4 ,but now 7all is to be changed37 all the pleasing illusions which made power gentle and obedience liberal1 which harmonized the different shades of life1 and which1 by a bland assimilation1 incorporated into politics the sentiments that beautify and soften private society1 are to be dissolved by this new conquering empire of light and reason4 ,if the words italicized were omitted1 the transition would be too abrupt3 the conjunction but alone would be insufficient4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,for1 at the beginning of a sentence1 sometimes causes temporary doubt1 while the reader is finding out whether it is used as a conjunction or preposition4 #f ,it should refer 7#a7 either to the ,noun immediately preceding1 or 7#b7 to some ,noun superior to all intervening ,nouns in emphasis4 ,see 7#be74 #g ,so useful that1 on mature consideration1 ,i am disposed to adopt that here and in several of the following exceptional cases4 #h ,of course and which may be used where which precedes4 #i ,that which1 where that is an object1 e4g4 then 7set forth7 that which is worse1 ,st4 ,john ii4 #aj1 is rare in modern ,english4 #aj ,sometimes the emphatic ,adverb comes at the beginning1 and causes the transposition of an ,auxiliary ,verb1 ,gladly do ,i consent4 #aa ,of course punctuation will remove the ambiguity2 but it is better to express oneself clearly1 as far as possible1 independently of punctuation4 #ab ,professor ,bain4 #ac ,see 7#cj74 #ad ,the repetition of ,auxiliary ,verbs and ,pronominal ,adjectives is also conducive to clearness4 #ae ,professor ,bain says3 ,in the epigram the mind is roused by a conflict or contradiction between the form of the language and the meaning really conveyed4 #af ,this metaphor is not recommended for imitation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,brevity4 99#df4 ,metaphor is briefer than literal statement499 ,see 7#ac74 ,the cares and responsibilities of a sovereign often disturb his sleep1 is not so brief as ,uneasy lies the head that wears a crown1 where the effect of care on the mind is assimilated to the effect of a heavy crown pressing on the head4 99#dg4 ,general terms are briefer1 though less forcible1 than particular terms499 ,thus3 ,he devours literature1 no matter of what kind1 is shorter than1 ,novels or sermons1 poems or histories1 no matter what1 he devours them all4 99#dg a4 ,a phrase may be expressed by a word499 ,these impressions can never be forgotten1 i4e4 are indelible4 ,the style of this book is of such a nature that it cannot be understood1 i4e4 unintelligible4 ,the words of such a nature that are often unnecessarily inserted4 ,see the extract from ,sir ,archibald ,alison4 99#dh4 ,participles can often be used as brief 7though sometimes ambiguous7 equivalents of phrases containing ,conjunctions and ,verbs499 ,hearing 7when he heard7 this1 he advanced4 ,see 7#g7 for more instances4 ,so phrases containing conjunctions means phrases that contain conjunctions4 ,this done1 7for1 when this was done7 he retired4 ,sometimes the participle being is omitted4 ,france at our doors1 he sees no danger nigh1 for ,france being or though ,france is4 99#di4 ,participles and participial adjectives may be used like ,adjectives1 as equivalents for phrases containing the ,relative499 ,the never-ceasing wind1 the clamouring ocean1 the drenching rain1 are instances4 ,the licence of inventing participial adjectives by adding -ing to a noun1 is almost restricted to poetry4 ,you could not write the crannying wind in prose4 99#ej4 ,a statement may sometimes be briefly implied instead of being expressed at length499 ,thus1 instead of ,the spirit of ,christianity was humanizing1 and therefore c41 or ,christianity1 since it was 7or being7 of a humanizing spirit1 discouraged c41 we can write more briefly and effectively1 ,gladiatorial shows were first discouraged1 and finally put down1 by the humanizing spirit of ,christianity4 ,so instead of ,the nature of youth is thoughtless and sanguine1 and therefore c41 we can write1 ,the danger of the voyage was depreciated and the beauty of the island exaggerated by the thoughtless nature of youth4 ,sometimes a mere name or epithet implies a statement4 ,it was in vain that he offered the ,swiss terms3 war was deliberately preferred by the hardy mountaineers1 i4e4 by the ,swiss1 because they were mountaineers and hardy4 ,the deed was applauded by all honest men1 but the ,government affected to treat it as murder1 and set a price upon the head of 7him whom they called7 the assassin4 ,the conqueror of ,austerlitz might be expected to hold different language from the prisoner of ,st4 ,helena1 i4e4 ,napoleon when elated by the victory of ,austerlitz1 and ,napoleon when depressed by his imprisonment at ,st4 ,helena4 ,,caution4--,different names must not be used for the same person unless each of them derives an appropriateness from its context4 ,thus1 if we are writing about ,charles ,,ii41 it would be in very bad taste to avoid repeating he by using such periphrases as the following3 ,the third of the ,stewarts hated business1 the ,merry ,monarch died in the fifty-fourth year of his age1 c4 99#ea4 ,conjunctions may be omitted499 ,the omission gives a certain forcible abruptness1 e4g4 ,you say this3 ,i 7on the other hand7 deny it4 ,when sentences are short1 as in ,macaulay's writings1 conjunctions may be advantageously omitted4 ,where a contrast is intended1 the conjunction but usually prepares the way for the second of the two contrasted terms3 ,he is good but dull4 ,where and is used instead of but1 the incongruity savours of epigram3 ,he always talks truthfully and prosily4 ,he is always amusing and false4 99#ea a4 ,the ,imperative ,mood may be used for if499 ,strip 7for1 if you strip7 ,virtue of the awful authority she derives from the general reverence of mankind1 and you rob her of half her majesty4 99#eb4 ,apposition may be used so as to convert two sentences into one499 ,we called at the house of a person to whom we had letters of introduction1 a musician1 and1 what is more1 a good friend to all young students of music4 ,this is as clear as1 and briefer than1 ,he was a musician1 c4 99#ec4 ,condensation may be effected by not repeating 7#a7 the common subject of several verbs1 7#b7 the common object of several verbs or prepositions499 7#a7 ,he resided here for many years1 and1 after he had won the esteem of all the citizens1 7he7 died1 c4 ,so1 7#b7 ,he came to1 and was induced to reside in1 this city1 is shorter than ,he came to this city1 and was induced to reside in it4 ,such condensation often causes obscurity1 and1 even where there is no obscurity1 there is a certain harshness in pausing on light1 unemphatic words1 such as to1 in1 c41 as in the first example4 99#ed4 ,tautology499--,the fault of repeating the same word several times unnecessarily is called tautology1 e4g43 ,this is a painful circumstance2 it is a circumstance that ,i much regret1 and he also will much regret the circumstance4 ,but the fault is not to be avoided by using different words to mean the same thing1 as1 ,this is a painful event2 it is a circumstance that ,i much regret1 and he also will greatly lament the occurrence4 ,the true remedy is to arrange the words in such a manner that there may be no unnecessary repetition1 thus3 ,this is a painful circumstance1 a circumstance that causes me1 and will cause him1 deep regret4 ,the repetition of the same meaning in slightly different words is a worse fault than the repetition of the same word4 ,see1 for examples1 the extract from ,sir ,archibald ,alison1 at the end of the book4 ,thus ,a burning thirst for conquests is a characteristic of this nation4 ,it is an ardent passion that c4 ,other instances are--,the universal opinion of all men2 ,his judgment is so infallible that it is never deceived1 c4 99#ee4 ,parenthesis may be used with advantage to brevity499 ,we are all 7and who would not be87 offended at the treatment we have received1 is shorter and more forcible than the sentence would have been if the parenthesis had been appended in a separate sentence3 ,who1 indeed1 would not be offended8 ,extreme care must1 however1 be taken that a parenthesis may not obscure the meaning of a long sentence4 99#ef4 ,caution3 let clearness be the first consideration499 ,it is best1 at all events for beginners1 not to aim so much at being brief1 or forcible1 as at being perfectly clear4 ,horace says1 ,while ,i take pains to be brief1 ,i fall into obscurity1 and it may easily be seen that several of the rules for brevity interfere with the rules for clearness4 ,forcible style springs from 7#a7 vividness and 7#b7 exactness of thought1 and from a corresponding 7#a7 vividness and 7#b7 exactness in the use of words4 7#a7 ,when you are describing anything1 endeavour to see it and describe it as you see it4 ,if you are writing about a man who was killed1 see the man before you1 and ask1 was he executed1 cut down1 run through the body1 butchered1 shot1 or hanged8 ,if you are writing about the capture of a city1 was the city stormed1 surprised1 surrendered1 starved out1 or demolished before surrender8 ,was an army repelled1 defeated1 routed1 crushed1 or annihilated8 7#b7 ,exactness in the use of words requires an exact knowledge of their meanings and differences4 ,this is a study by itself1 and cannot be discussed here4#ag ,,footnotes3 #ag ,see ,english ,lessons for ,english ,people1 pp4 #a-ec4 ,,exercises ,for an explanation of the manner in which these ,exercises are intended to be used1 see the ,preface4 ,a number in brackets by itself1 or followed by a letter1 e4g4 7#dc71 7#dj a71 refers to the ,rules4 ,letters by themselves in brackets1 e4g4 7b71 refer to the explanations or hints appended to each sentence4 ,n4,b44--7#aj a7 refers to the first section of ,rule 7#aj72 7#aj a'7 to the ,rule following ,rule 7#aj74 #a4 ,pleasure and excitement had more attractions for him than 7a7 7#cf7 7#cg a7 his friend1 and the two companions became estranged 7#ae a7 gradually4 7a7 ,write 7#a7 than for his friend1 or 7#b7 than had his friend1 had more attractions than his friend4 #b4 7a7 ,he soon grew tired of solitude even in that beautiful scenery1 7#cf7 the pleasures of the retirement 7#h7 which he had once pined for1 and 7#cf7 leisure which he could use to no good purpose1 7a7 7#cj7 being 7#ae7 restless by nature4 7a7 ,this sentence naturally stops at purpose4 ,also being restless seems 7wrongly7 to give the reason why leisure could not be employed4 ,begin ,restless by nature4444 #c4 ,the opponents of the ,government are naturally1 and not 7a7 7#dj a7 without justification1 elated at the failure of the bold attempt to return two supporters of the ,government at the recent election1 7b7 7#aj a'7 which is certainly to be regretted4 7a7 unjustifiably4 7b7 ,write1 for which1 either 7#a7 an attempt that c41 or 7#b7 a failure that c4 #d4 ,carelessness in the ,admiralty departments has co-operated with ,nature to weaken the moral power of a ,government that particularly needs to be thought efficient in 7a7 7#e7 this respect1 7b7 7#bi7 to counterbalance a general distrust of its excessive desire 7c7 7#dg a7 to please everybody in ,foreign ,affairs4 7a7 ,write the ,navy4 7b7 ,instead of to write in order to1 so as to distinguish the different infinitives1 7c7 obsequiousness4 #e4 7a7 ,he was sometimes supported by ,austria1 who1 oddly enough1 appears under ,count ,beust to have been more friendly to ,italy than 7#cg a7 ,france1 7#cj7 in this line of action4 7a7 ,begin with ,in this line of action4 ,why8 7b7 ,write than was ,france or than ,france was4 #f4 ,there was something so startling in 7a7 7#e7 this assertion1 7a7 7#d7 that the discoveries of previous investigators were to be 7b7 7#dg a7 treated as though they had never been made1 and 7#d7 that one who had not yet 7#dg a7 attained the age of manhood had superseded the grey-headed philosophers 7#h7 who had for centuries patiently sought after the truth1 7#d7 that 7a7 7#e7 it naturally provoked derision4 7a7 ,this1 that1 and it1 cause a little perplexity4 ,write ,the startling assertion that the discoveries4444 7b7 ignored4 7c7 a mere youth1 a mere stripling4 #g4 ,one of the recommendations 7on which very 7a7 7#bf7 7#dg1 a7 much depended7 of the ,commission was that a council in each province should establish smaller councils1 each to have the oversight of a small district1 and 7b7 7#cg7 report to a central council on the state of ,education in 7c7 7#e7 it4 7a7 ,write cardinal recommendations4 ,derive cardinal4 7b7 ,write1 either 7#a7 and should report1 or 7#b7 and to report4 7c7 ,write in its province1 or district4 #h4 ,at this 7a7 7#a7 period an 7b7 7#aa7 event 7c7 7#a7 transpired that destroyed the last hopes of peace4 ,the king fell from his horse and died two hours after the fall 7d7 7#cj71 which was occasioned by his horse's stumbling on a mole-hill1 while he was on his return from reviewing his soldiers4 7a7 ,what is a period8 7b7 ,express the particular kind of event 7accident74 7c7 ,what is the meaning of transpired8 7d7 ,transpose thus3 ,while the king was on his return 444 his horse 4442 the king fell and c4 ,the cause should precede the effect4 #i4 ,he determined 7c7 on selling all his estates1 and1 as soon as this was done 7#dj a71 to 7c7 quit the country1 7a7 7#cc7 believing that his honour demanded this sacrifice and 7#dj7 7#dj a7 in 7b7 the hope of satisfying his creditors4 7a7 ,begin with ,believing that c4 7b7 hoping thereby to satisfy c4 7c7 to sell or on quitting44 #aj4 ,he read patiently on1 ,leading ,articles1 ,foreign ,correspondence1 ,money ,article and all2 7a7 7#dc7 during which his father fell asleep1 and he 7b7 went in search of his sister4 ,point out the absurdity of during which applied to the last part of the sentence4 7a7 ,meanwhile4 7b7 ,insert then4 #aa4 ,the general was quite 7a7 7#a7 conscious 7#dj a7 how treacherous were the intentions of those who were 7b7 7#di7 entertaining him1 and 7#dj a7 of the dangers from which he had escaped 7#ae7 lately4 7a7 ,distinguish between conscious and aware4 7b7 entertainers4 #ab4 ,if certain 7a7 7#aa7 books had been published a hundred years ago1 there can be no doubt that certain recent 7b7 7#aa7 historians would have made great use of them4 ,but it would 7c7 7#ae b7 not1 on that account1 be judicious in a writer of our own times to publish an edition of the works of one of these 7b7 7#aa7 historians1 in which large extracts from these books should be incorporated with the original text4 7a7 ,mrs4 ,hutchinson's ,memoirs4 7b7 ,mr4 ,hume4 7c7 ,add at the end of the sentence1 ,surely not4 #ac4 ,he made no attempt to get up a petition1 7#cb7 though he did not like the new representative quite so well as 7a7 7#cg a7 his colleagues4 7a7 as did his colleagues or as he liked his colleagues4 #ad4 ,though he was 7a7 7#ae7 obstinate and 7#ae7 unprincipled1 yet he could not face an angered father 7#ae a7 in spite of his effrontery4 7a7 ,begin with ,obstinate4 #ae4 ,he was known to his country neighbours 7a7 7#ae7 during more than forty years as a gentleman of cultivated mind1 7#dj a7 whose principles were high1 7#dj a7 with polished address1 happy in his family1 and 7b7 7#dj a7 actively discharging local duties2 and 7#dj a7 among political men1 as an honest1 industrious1 and sensible member of ,parliament1 7#dj a7 without 7c7 eagerness to display his talents1 7#dj a7 who 7#aj g7 was stanch to his party1 and attentive to the interests of those whose 7d7 7#dg a7 representative he was4 7a7 ,during more c41 is emphatic1 and affects the latter as well as the former half of the sentence3 hence it should stand first4 7b7 in the discharge of4 7c7 not eager4 7d7 ,condense into one word4 #af4 ,the poor think themselves no more disgraced by taking bribes at elections than 7a7 7#cg a7 the rich by offering them4 7a7 ,write 7#a7 ,than the rich think themselves disgraced1 or 7#b7 ,than they think the rich disgraced4 #ag4 ,we are told that the ,sultan ,mahmoud1 by his perpetual wars1 7a7 7#da7 and his tyranny1 7a7 7#da7 had filled his dominions with 7b7 7#a7 misfortune and 7c7 7#aa7 calamity1 and greatly 7d7 7#aa7 diminished the population of the ,persian ,empire4 ,this great ,sultan had 7e7 7#ej7 a ,vizier4 ,we are not 7f7 7#ee7 7#ae7 informed whether he was a humorist or an enthusiast1 7g7 but he pretended 7h7 that he had learned from 7i7 7#aa7 some one how to understand the language of birds1 so that he 7j7 7#e7 knew what was said by any bird that opened its mouth4 7k7 7#dd7 ,one evening he was with the ,sultan1 returning from hunting4 ,they saw a couple of owls which 7#aj g7 were sitting upon a tree 7l7 7#h7 which grew near an old wall out of a heap of rubbish4 ,the ,sultan said 7#f7 he should like to know what the two owls were saying to one another1 and asked the 7m7 ,vizier to listen to their discourse and give him an account of it4 ,the ,vizier1 7n7 7#ca7 pretending to be very attentive to the owls1 approached the tree4 ,he 7o7 returned to the ,sultan and said that 7#f7 he had heard part of their conversation1 but did not wish to tell him what it was4 7p7 7#e7 ,he1 not 7q7 7#ca7 being satisfied with this answer1 forced him to repeat everything the owls had said 7#bj7 exactly4 7r7 7#dd7 7#e7 7#f7 ,he told 7#e7 him that the owls were arranging a treaty of marriage between their children1 and that one of them1 after agreeing to settle five hundred villages upon the female owl1 had prayed 7#f7 that ,god would grant a long life to ,sultan ,mahmoud1 because as long as he reigned over them they would never want ruined villages4 ,the story says 7s7 that 7t7 7#e7 he was touched with the fable1 7#cj7 and 7s7 that he 7a7 7#ci7 from that time forward consulted 7#ae7 the good of his people1 and that he rebuilt the towns and villages 7v7 which had been destroyed4 7a7 abroad 444 at home4 7b7 ruin4 7c7 desolation4 7d7 half unpeopled4 7e7 ,the ,vizier of c4 7f7 ,we are not informed is emphatic1 and therefore should be inverted1 whether he was1 c41 we are not informed4 7g7 but he will be omitted when the ,vizier is made the subject of pretended4 7h7 ,pretended once meant claimed1 professed4 ,write professed4 7i7 a certain dervish4 7j7 ,introduce a new subject that you may substitute ,vizier for he1 thus3 so that not a bird could open its mouth1 but the ,vizier knew c4 7k7 ,as he was1 one evening1 c4 7l7 ,note that the tree is represented as growing out of ruins4 ,this is in accordance with the story of the mischief ,mahmoud had done4 7m7 ,omit this4 7n7 ,suspense is out of place in a simple narrative like this2 the sentence therefore ends with owls4 7o7 ,upon his return4 7p7 ,the ,sultan 7q7 would not be satisfied4 7r7 ,you must know then1 c4 7s7 ,omit4 7t7 so touched 444 that4 7u7 end with people4 7v7 ,addison here uses which probably because of the preceding that4 ,we have to choose between sound and clearness4 ,which implies that all the villages in the country had been destroyed1 whereas the country had been only 7see above7 half unpeopled4 #ah4 ,though this great king never permitted any pastime to interfere with the duties of state1 which he considered to be superior to 7#ed7 all other claims and of paramount importance1 and 7a7 7#cg7 kept himself so far under control that he allowed no one pursuit or amusement to run to any excess1 yet he took 7#ed7 great pleasure in the chase1 of which he was 7b7 7#b7 excessively 7#ed7 fond1 and for the purposes of which he created several large parks of considerable 7#ed7 magnitude4 7a7 ,either repeat though1 or else strikeout the first though and begin a new sentence after excess4 7b7 ,point out the contradiction between excessively and what precedes4 #ai4 ,to inundate 7a7 7#aa7 their land1 to man their ships1 to leave their country1 with all its miracles of art and industry1 its cities1 its villas1 and its 7b7 7#aa7 pastures buried under the waves 7c7 7#aa72 to bear to a distant climate their 7d7 7#aa7 faith and their old 7e7 7#aa7 liberties2 to establish1 with auspices that7#aj a7 might perhaps be happier1 the new 7f7 7#aa7 constitution of their commonwealth1 in a 7g7 7#aa7 foreign and strange 7h7 7#aa7 land1 in the ,spice ,islands of the ,eastern ,seas1 7#ch7 were the plans which they had the spirit to form4 7a7 ,introduce dykes4 7b7 ,introduce something peculiar to the ,dutch1 e4g4 canals1 tulip gardens4 7c7 of the ,german ,ocean4 7d7 ,the ,dutch were ,calvinists4 7e7 ,the country was in old times ,batavia1 so that ,batavian would be a fit epithet to denote what the ,dutch had inherited from their forefathers4 7f7 ,stadthaus1 the ,german for town-hall4 7g7 other stars4 7h7 strange vegetation4 #bj4 ,during twenty years of unexampled prosperity1 during 7a7 which the wealth of the nation had shot 7#ad a7 up and extended its branches on every side1 and the funds had 7#ad a7 soared to a higher point than had been ever attained before1 7b7 7#ae7 speculation had become general4 7a7 ,omit4 7b7 ,begin a new sentence3 ,this1 or ,prosperity1 had increased the taste for speculation4 #ba4 ,at that time 7a7 7#af7 a mere narrow-minded pedant 7for he deserves no better name7 had been set up by the literary world as a great author1 and as the supreme 7b7 critic1 alone qualified to deliver decisions which could never be 7b7 reversed upon 7#ae a7 the literary productions of the day4 7a7 ,end with 444 one who was--for he deserves no better name--a mere narrow-minded pedant4 7b7 ,which could never be reversed can be expressed in one word2 or else the supreme 444 reversed may be condensed into a personification3 a very ,minos of contemporary criticism4 #bb4 ,with the intention of fulfilling his promise1 and 7#dj a7 intending also to clear himself from the suspicion that attached to him1 he determined to ascertain how 7#dj a7 far this testimony was corroborated1 and 7a7 7#dj a7 the motives of the prosecutor1 7b7 7#dc7 who had begun the suit last ,christmas4 7a7 what were4 7b7 ,begin a new sentence1 ,the latter c41 or ,the suit had been begun c4 #bc4 ,the ,jewish nation1 relying on the teaching of their prophets1 looked forward to a time when its descendants should be as numerous as the heavenly 7#aa7 bodies1 and when the products 7a7 7#aa7 of the earth should be so increased as to create an abundant 7#ed7 plenty1 when each man should rest beneath the shade of his own 7a7 7#aa7 trees1 and when the instruments 7#aa7 of war should be converted to the 7#aa7 uses of peace4 7a7 ,mention some products1 trees of ,palestine4 #bd4 ,he replied 7#cb71 when he was asked the reason for his sudden unpopularity1 that he owed it to his refusal to annul the commercial treaty1 7a7 7#h7 which7#aj a'7 gave great displeasure to the poorer classes4 7a7 ,point out the ambiguity1 and remove it by 7#h7 or 7#aj a'74 #be4 ,i saw my old schoolfellow again by mere accident when ,i was in ,london at the time of the first ,exhibition1 7#ai7 walking down ,regent ,street and looking in at the shops4 ,point out and remove the ambiguity4 #bf4 ,he remained in the ,house while his speech was taken into consideration2 which 7#eb7 was a common practice with him1 because the debates amused his sated mind1 and indeed he used to say 7a7 7#f b7 that they were sometimes as good as a comedy4 ,his ,majesty had certainly never seen a more 7#ag7 sudden turn in any comedy of intrigue1 either at his own play-house or the ,duke's1 than that which this memorable debate produced4 7a7 and were sometimes1 he used to say1 as good c4 #bg4 ,the ,commons would not approve the war 7#bj7 expressly2 neither did they as yet condemn it 7#bj7 expressly2 and 7a7 7#ah7 the king might even have obtained a supply for continuing hostilities 7#ai7 from them1 on condition of 7b7 redressing grievances connected with the 7c7 administration of affairs at home1 among which the ,declaration of ,indulgence was a very important 7d7 7#ae;a7 one4 7a7 ,write they were even ready to grant the king c4 7b7 ,use the verb with a subject1 7c7 ,condense all this into one adjective1 meaning that which takes place at home4 7d7 ,end with a noun1 importance1 or foremost place4 #bh4 ,next to thinking clearly1 7a7 7#e7 it is useful to speak clearly1 and whatever your position in life may hereafter be it cannot be such 7#ed7 as not to be improved by this1 7b7 so that it is worth while making almost any effort to acquire 7c7 it1 if it is not a natural gift3 7d7 it being an undoubted 7d7 fact that the effort to acquire it must be successful1 to some extent at least1 if 7d7 it be moderately persevered in4 7a7 ,next in utility 444 comes speaking clearly--a power that must be of assistance to you c4 7b7 ,if1 therefore1 you cannot speak clearly by nature1 you c4 7c7 this power4 7d7 ,omit fact2 for undoubtedly1 with moderate perseverance c4 #bi4 ,it 7a7 7#ch7 appears to me 7#ae7 a greater victory than ,agincourt1 a grander triumph of wisdom and faith and courage than even the ,english constitution or 7b7 liturgy1 to have beaten back1 or even fought against and stemmed in ever so small a degree1 those basenesses that 7c7 7#aj;a7 beset human nature1 which are now held so invincible that the influences of them are assumed as the fundamental axioms of economic science4 7a7 ,begin with ,to have beaten c41 and end with liturgy4 7b7 ,repeat for clearness and emphasis1 the ,english4 7c7 ,the besetting basenesses of c4 #cj4 ,the 7a7 7#b7 unprecedented impudence of our youthful representative reminds us forcibly of the unblushing and 7#ed7 7#dj7 remarkable effrontery 7c7 7which 7#bf7 he almost succeeds in equalling7 of the ,member for ,st4 ,alban's1 whom our 7b7 7#a7 neophyte 7b7 7#a7 alluded to1 in the last speech with which he favoured those whom 7#dg;a7 he represents1 7#ai7 as his pattern and example4 7a7 ,show that unprecedented is inconsistent with what follows4 7b7 ,what is the meaning of neophyte1 alluded to8 7c7 ,begin a new sentence1 ,our young adventurer c41 and end with and he almost succeeds in equalling his master4 #ca4 ,the 7a7 7#a7 veracity of this story is questionable1 and there is the more reason for doubting the 7a7 7#a7 truth of the narrator1 because in his remarks on the 7#a7 observation of the ,sabbath he distinctly 7a7 7#a7 alludes to a custom that can be shown never to have existed4 7a7 ,distinguish between veracity and truth1 observation and observance4 ,show the inconsistency between allude and distinctly4 #cb4 ,it 7a7 7#e7 is a most just distribution1 7#aj a7 which the late ,mr4 ,tucker has dwelt upon so 7b7 largely in his works1 between pleasures in which we are passive1 and pleasures in which we are active4 ,and ,i believe every attentive observer of human life will assent to 7c7 this position1 that however 7d7 grateful the sensations may occasionally be in which we are passive1 it is not these1 but the latter class of our pleasures1 7#h7 which constitutes satisfaction1 7e7 7#ch7 which supply that regular stream of moderate and miscellaneous enjoyments in 7#aj c7 which happiness1 as distinguished from voluptuousness1 consists4 7a7 ,there is great justice in c4 7b7 ,omit so4 7c7 admit4 7d7 ,not often now used in this sense4 7e7 ,repeat the antecedent1 ,i mean those 7pleasures7 c4 #cc4 ,the prince seemed to have before him a limitless 7#ed7 prospect of unbounded prosperity1 carefully 7#cc7 trained for the 7a7 tasks of the throne1 and stimulated by the 7a7 pattern of his father1 7b7 who 7#dc7 breathed his 7#c7 last suddenly at the age of sixty-two1 just after the conclusion of the war4 7a7 ,find more appropriate words4 7b7 ,begin a new sentence4 #cd4 ,on his way1 he visited a son of an old friend 7a7 7#be7 who had asked him to call upon him on his journey northward4 ,he 7b7 7#e7 was overjoyed to see him1 and 7c7 he sent for one of his most intelligent workmen and told 7d7 him to consider himself at 7e7 his service1 7#cj7 as he himself could not take 7f7 him as he 7g7 wished about the city4 7a7 ,if you mean that the son had asked him1 write ,an old friend's son who2 if you mean that the friend had asked him1 write ,he had been asked by an old friend to call1 on his journey northward1 upon his son4 ,accordingly he visited him on his way4 7b7 ,use1 instead of he1 some name meaning one who entertains others4 7c7 ,use participle1 7d7 ,the man4 7e7 the stranger's4 7f7 his guest4 7g7 ,write could have wished to make it clear that he means the host4 #ce4 ,tillotson died in this year4 ,he was exceedingly beloved both by ,king ,william and by ,queen ,mary 7#dc71 who nominated ,dr4 ,tennison1 ,bishop of ,lincoln1 to succeed him4 #cf4 7a7 ,the entertainment was arranged with a magnificence that was 7b7 perfectly stupendous and 7c7 most unprecedented1 and which quite kept up his ,lordship's unrivalled reputation for unparalleled hospitality1 and1 thanks to the unequalled energy of ,mr4 ,smith1 who is rapidly becoming one of the most effective toast-masters in the kingdom1 the toasts were given with a spirit quite unexampled on occasions of this nature2 and indeed we were forcibly reminded in this respect of the inimitable entertainment of three years ago 7#b74 7a7 ,omit most of the epithets1 or soften them down4 ,point out the contradictions in the sentence as it stands4 7b7 ,write a remarkable magnificence that quite c41 thus dispensing with the following and4 7c7 ,show that most is superfluous4 #cg4 ,if we compare ,shakespeare with the other dramatic authors of the ,elizabethan era1 his wonderful superiority to them in the 7#ae7 knowledge of human nature is what 7#ae a7 principally strikes us4 #ch4 ,the prince found himself at once in sore perplexity how to provide himself with the commonest comforts or even necessaries of life1 when he landed on this desolate coast1 being 7#cc7 accustomed to luxury4 #ci4 ,this make-shift policy recommended itself to the succeeding ministers 7a7 7#ej71 both because they were timid and because they were prejudiced1 and they were delighted to excuse 7b7 7#ac7 themselves by quoting the example of one who 7c7 7#cd7 had controlled the ,liberals and humoured the ,conservatives1 7#cg7 commended himself to the country at large by his unfailing good-humour1 and 7d7 7#dd7 7#cg7 done nothing worthy of the name of statesman4 7a7 to the timidity and prejudices of c4 7b7 shelter themselves behind4 7c7 while he had at once4 7d7 had yet done4 #dj4 ,william ,shakespeare was the sun among the lesser lights of ,english poetry1 and a native of ,stratford-on-,avon 7#ad a74 #da4 7#ae b7 ,i think1 gentlemen1 you must confess that any one of you would have done the same 7#cb71 if you had been tempted as ,i was then1 placed starving and ragged among wasteful luxury and comfort1 deliberately instigated to acts of dishonesty by those whom ,i had been taught from infancy to love1 7a7 praised when ,i stole1 mocked or punished when ,i failed to 7#ae a7 do 7b7 so4 7a7 ,insert another infinitive beside love4 ,love produces obedience4 7b7 ,repeat the verb instead of do so4 #db4 ,so far from being the first 7#ed7 aggressor1 he not 7#bb7 only refused to prosecute his old friend when a favourable opportunity presented itself for revenging himself thus upon him1 but also his friend's adviser1 ,john ,smith4 ,smith 7a7 at all 7#bc7 events suspected1 if he did not know of the coming danger1 and had given no information of it4 7a7 ,if at all events qualifies ,smith1 the sentence must be altered4 ,yet1 however innocent his friend may have been1 at all events ,smith suspected4444 ,if the words qualify suspected1 place them after suspected4 #dc4 ,it is quite true that he paid #es4 per day to ,english navvies1 and even #fs41 7#ai7 in preference to #bs4 #f;d4 to ,french navvies4 #dd4 ,having climbed to the apex of the ,righi to enjoy the spectacle of the sun-rise1 ,i found myself so incommoded by a number of illiterate individuals who had emerged from the hotel for a 7a7 7#a7 similar purpose1 that ,i determined to quit them at the earliest practicable period2 and therefore1 without stopping to partake of breakfast1 ,i wended my way back with all possible celerity4 7#c7 7a7 the same4 #de4 ,you admit that miracles are not natural4 ,now whatever is unnatural is wrong1 and since1 by your own admission1 miracles are unnatural1 it follows that miracles are wrong4 7#a7 #df4 ,who is the man that has dared to call into civilized alliance the 7a7 7#da7 inhabitant of the woods1 to delegate to the 7a7 ,indian the defence of our disputed rights8 7a7 ,insert some antithetical or other epithets4 #dg4 ,a 7a7 very 7#aa7 small proportion indeed of those who have attempted to solve this problem 7b7 7#ai7 have succeeded in obtaining even a plausible solution4 7a7 ,state what proportion succeeded1 or1 if you like1 what failed3 not one in a hundred4 7b7 ,begin1 ,of all those that c4 #dh4 ,to be suddenly 7a7 7#dg a7 brought into contact with a system 7#h7 which forces one to submit to wholesale imposture1 and to being 7#dj a7 barbarously ill-treated1 naturally repels 7a7 7#ae a7 one4 7a7 ,write1 either 7#a7 ,collision 444 causes a natural repulsion1 or 7#b7 ,when brought into contact 444 one is naturally repelled1 or 7if ill-treatment is emphatic71 7#c7 ,one is naturally repelled by collision with c4 #di4 ,we annex a letter recently addressed by ,mr4 ----'s direction to the ,editor of the ----1 in contradiction of statements1 equally untrue1 which appeared in that periodical1 and 7a7 7#i7 which the editor has undertaken to insert in the next number4444 ,i am sure that all must regret that statements so 7b7 7#ea7 utterly erroneous should have 7c7 7#bc7 first appeared in a publication of such high character4 7a7 ,what the writer intended to express was that the editor had undertaken to insert1 not the statements1 but the contradiction4 7b7 ,omit either so or utterly4 7c7 appeared first1 or1 for the first time4 #ej4 ,this is a book which 7#aj a7 is short and amusing1 which 7#aj a7 can be easily 7a7 understood1 which 7#aj a7 is admirably adapted for the purpose for which it 7b7 was 7#ed7 written2 and 7#aj e7 which ought to be more popular than the last work which 7#aj a7 was published by the same author4 7a7 ,express which can be understood in one adjective4 7b7 ,its purpose4 #ea4 ,when thousands are left 7#ai7 without 7#dj7 pity and without 7#dj7 attention 7#ai7 on a field of battle1 amid 7#dj7 the insults of an enraged foe and 7#dj7 the trampling of horses1 while the blood from their wounds1 freezing as it flows1 binds them to the earth1 and 7#dj7 they are exposed to the piercing air1 it 7#ae a7 must be indeed a painful scene4 ,the whole sentence must be remedied by 7#dj74 #eb4 7a7 ,the youth was naturally thoughtful1 and disposed 7#ai7 besides by his early training--7#ca7 which had been conducted with great care1 the object of his parents being to pave 7#ad7 his way as far as possible over the stormy 7#ad7 sea of temptation and to lead him into the harbour of virtue--to a sincere 7b7 7#a7 remorse 7#ai7 for the 7b7 7#a7 crimes that he had committed in the sight of heaven1 and also for his recent 7b7 7#a7 sin in breaking the laws of his country4 7a7 ,first state the reasons for his being disposed4 ,the youth was naturally thoughtful2 moreover1 his early training had been conducted with great care by his parents1 whose c4 4444 ,he was therefore disposed c4 7b7 ,what is the difference between remorse and repentance1 between sin and crime8 #ec4 7a7 ,one day 7#ed7 early in the morning1 the general was approached by a messenger1 7#cj7 in the midst of the entanglements and perplexities which had unexpectedly surprised him1 when the perilous hour of 7#ed7 danger was at hand1 and 7#cg71 in spite of their promises1 even the tribes that were well disposed 7#ed7 and friendly1 were threatening to desert him1 and 7#ed7 leave him to face the enemy 7b7 7#bc7 alone4 ,condense the sentence by omitting some of the italicized words1 e4g4 7a7 ,early one morning4 7b7 ,though there is no real ambiguity 7unless a wrong emphasis is placed on enemy71 yet1 in strictness1 alone ought to qualify enemy4 ,write therefore1 alone in the face of the enemy4 #ed4 ,a man 7a7 7#aj d7 who neglected the ordinary duties 99of99 life1 and1 immersed in study1 devoted himself to grand plans for the benefit of mankind1 7b7 7#dd7 and refused to provide for the wants of those dependent on him1 and suffered his aged relatives to become paupers because he would not help them1 7c7 would1 in my opinion1 7#cd7 be a bad man1 and not altogether 7d7 7#dj a7 without hypocrisy4 7a7 ,if a man4 7b7 if he refused1 or while he refused4 7c7 such a man or he4 7d7 to some extent a hypocrite4 #ee4 ,i cannot believe in the guilt of 7a7 one 7b7 7#aj e7 who1 whatever may have been said to the contrary1 can be shown1 and has been shown by competent testimony proceeding from those who are said to have carefully examined the facts1 in spite 7#bc7 of many obstacles1 to have resisted all attempts to 7#bi7 induce him to leave his situation1 7c7 7#bi7 to consult his own interests and to 7#bi7 establish a business of his own4 7a7 his guilt2 7b7 7#a7 for1 whatever c4444 it can be shown by c4444 that1 in spite of c41 he resisted4 ,or 7#b7 insert in spite 444 obstacles between have and carefully4 7c7 7#a7 for the purpose of consulting 444 and establishing4 ,or 7#b7 write and to consult his own interests by establishing c4 #ef4 ,we must seek for the origin of our freedom1 7a7 7#cg7 prosperity1 and 7a7 7#cg7 glory1 in that and only 7b7 that#ah portion of our annals1 7#cj7 though it 7c7 is sterile and obscure4 ,the great ,english people was 7d7 then formed2 the notional 7e7 disposition began 7d7 then to exhibit those peculiarities which it has ever since 7e7 possessed2 and our fathers 7d7 then became emphatically islanders1 7f7 in their politics1 7a7 feelings1 and 7a7 manners1 and 7#cj a7 not merely in their geographical position4 7a7 ,repeat the ,pronominal ,adjective1 7b7 ,express the emphatic only that by beginning the sentence thus3 ,it is in that portion of our annals c4 7c7 ,omit4 7d7 ,it was then that c4 7e7 ,use words implying something more marked than disposition1 and more forcible than possessed2 in the latter case1 retained4 7f7 ,repeat islanders4 #eg4 7a7 ,he was the universal 7#ed7 favourite of 7#ed7 all 7#h7 who knew him1 and cemented many friendships at this period1 7a7 7#cc7 7moving in the highest circle of society1 and1 as he 7b7 7#ej7 had a 7#d a7 certain property1 being independent of the profits of literature71 and soon completely extinguished the breath of slander which at the outset of his career had threatened to sap the foundations of his reputation4 7a7 ,begin ,moving in c4 7b7 rendered independent of 444 by c4 ,show that ,rule 7#ad7 is violated by the metaphors4 #eh4 ,the outward and material form of that city which1 during the brief period which 7#aj a7 is comprised in our present book1 reached the highest pitch of military1 artistic1 and literary glory1 was of this 7a7 7#ae7 nature4 ,the progress of the 7b7 7#e7 first has been already traced4 7a7 ,begin the sentence with ,such was4 7b7 ,by the first is meant military glory4 #ei4 ,the detachment not only failed to take the fort1 7#cj7 spite of their numbers and the weakness of the garrison1 but also to capture the small force that was encamped outside the town1 and was1 after some sharp fighting1 driven back with inconsiderable loss4 ,point out the ambiguity4 ,remedy it by inserting either which1 or the assailants4 #fj4 7a7 7b7 ,believing that these reforms can only 7c7 7#ba7 be effected as public opinion is prepared for them1 and that 7#e7 this will be more or less advanced in different localities1 the ,bill of the ,association1 7a7 7#ca7 which has been for a 7#c7 considerable period in draft1 and will be introduced in the next ,session of ,parliament1 provides for placing 7d7 7#c7 the control in regard to the points above-mentioned in the 7#c7 hands of the ratepayers of each locality2 the power to be exercised through representative ,licensing ,boards to be periodically elected by them4 7a7 ,place the parenthesis first1 as an independent sentence3 ,the ,bill of the ,association has been 444 ,parliament4 7b7 ,what noun is qualified by believing8 ,write ,in the belief4 7c7 effected only so far as they are in accordance with public opinion1 which c4 7d7 it1 or1 the ,bill provides that the ratepayers 444 shall receive control 444 and shall exercise this control4 #fa4 ,i think they are very 7#a7 nice persons1 for they kept me amused for a long 7a7 7#aa7 time together yesterday by their 7#a7 nice stories all about what they 7b7 have experienced in ,japan1 where they had been for 7a7 ever so long1 and 7c7 7#dc7 where they said that the natives ripped up their 7d7 7#e7 stomachs4 7a7 ,mention some time4 7b7 experiences or adventures4 7c7 among other things1 they told us c4 7d7 their own4 #fb4 ,to contend for advantageous monopolies1 which are regarded with a dislike and a suspicion 7a7 which daily 7#aj a7 increases1 7#cj7 however natural it may be to be annoyed at the loss of that which one has once possessed1 7#ae a7 is useless4 7a7 ,a compound adjective can be used1 including daily4 #fc4 ,upon entering the rustic place of entertainment to partake of some refreshment1 my nerves were horrified by lighting on a number of boisterous individuals who were singing some species of harvest song1 and simultaneously imbibing that cup which1 if it cheers1 also inebriates2 and when1 banished from their society by the fumes of the fragrant weed1 ,i wended my way to the apartment which adjoined the one in which ,i had hoped to rest my weary limbs1 ,i found an interesting assortment of the fairer sex1 who were holding a separate confabulation apart from the revels of their rougher spouses4 ,write village inn1 next room1 c41 for these absurd circumlocutions4 ,see 7#c74 #fd4 ,when ,burgoyne was born1 in #aghb1 ,napoleon and ,wellington were both boys 7#aa74 ,napoleon studied at ,brienne1 ,wellington at ,eton4 ,mention this1 and1 in order to imply the boyhood1 call ,wellington ,arthur ,wellesley4 #fe4 ,an honourable friend of mine1 who is now1 ,i believe1 near me--7#ch7 to whom ,i never can on any occasion refer without feelings of respect1 and1 on this subject1 7#cf7 feelings of the most grateful homage2 7#ch7 whose abilities upon this occasion1 as upon some former ones1 are not entrusted merely to the perishable eloquence of the 7a7 day1 but will live to be the admiration of that 7a7 hour when all of us are mute and most of us forgotten3 7b7 7#ch7 has told you that prudence is 7#eb7 the first of virtues1 and 7#eb7 can never be used in the cause of vice4 7a7 ,though of the day is a recognized expression for ephemeral or transitory1 yet to use day for a short time1 and hour for a longer1 is objectionable4 ,write moment for day4 ,else write future for hour4 7b7 --this gentleman has told c4 #ff4 ,to see the ,british artisan and his wife on the ,sabbath1 neat and clean and cheerful1 with their children by their sides1 7a7 7#ai7 disporting themselves under the open canopy of heaven1 is 7#ae7 pleasant4 7a7 ,there is no reasonable ground for mistaking the sense here1 as the context makes it clear2 but since ,lord ,shaftesbury was questioned whether he meant disporting to qualify artisan and his wife or children1 write and1 by their sides1 their children disporting c4 #fg4 ,even if 7a7 it were attended with extenuating circumstances1 such conduct would deserve severe reprobation1 7b7 and it is the more called for because it would seem that 7c7 it was the intention of the author of the crime1 in perpetrating 7e7 it1 to inflict all the misery that was possible1 upon his victim4 ,see 7#e74 7a7 ,omit it were4 7b7 which4 7c7 to have been4 7d7 ,express author of the crime in one word4 7e7 ,use the noun4 #fh4 ,the 7a7 7#a7 observance of the heavenly bodies must have been attended with great difficulties1 7b7 7#cj7 before the telescope was 7a7 7#a7 discovered1 and it is not to be wondered at if the investigations of astronomers were often unsatisfactory1 and failed to produce complete 7a7 7#a7 persuasion1 7#cj7 7#ae1 a7 under these disadvantages4 7a7 ,what is the difference between observance and observation1 discover and invent1 persuasion and conviction8 7b7 ,begin ,before c4 #fi4 ,he plunged into the sea once more1 7#cj7 not content with his previous exertions4 ,after a long and dangerous struggle1 he succeeded in reaching a poor woman that was crying piteously for help1 and 7a7 7#ce7 was at last hauled safely to shore4 7a7 ,point put and remedy the ambiguity by inserting he or by writing who1 according to the meaning4 #gj4 ,sir ,john ,burgoyne himself1 face to face with ,todleben1 became 7a7 7#a7 conscious of the difference between the fortifications of ,san ,sebastian and of ,sebastopol1 7b7 which 7#aj e7 was 7c7 7#ab7 very weak compared with ,metz or ,paris4 7a7 ,what is the exact meaning of conscious8 7b7 ,avoid the relative1 by repeating the name1 with a conjunction1 7c7 weakness itself4 #ga4 ,upon ,richard's leaving the 7c7 stage1 the ,commonwealth was again set up2 and the ,parliament which ,cromwell had 7a7 broken was brought together2 but the army and they fell into new disputes3 so they were again 7a7 broken by the army3 and upon that the nation was like to fall into 7b7 7#aa7 great convulsions4 7a7 ,modern ,eng41 broken up4 7b7 violently convulsed4 7c7 ,it is a question whether this metaphor is in good taste4 ,the meaning is that ,richard retired from public life4 ,it might be asserted that ,richard1 the ,commonwealth1 the ,parliament are regarded as so many puppets on a stage4 ,but this is extremely doubtful4 ,make ,parliament the principal subject3 ,when ,richard retired 444 and when the ,commonwealth c4444 the ,parliament was 444 but1 falling into a dispute with c41 it was4444 ,see 7#ah7 and 7#dc74 #gb4 ,what a revolution in the military profession6 ,he began with 7a7 7#aa7 unnecessary formality1 and 7b7 7#aa7 inefficient weapons1 and ended with 7c7 7b7 7#aa7 greatly improved fire-arms4 7a7 pig-tail and pipe-clay4 7b7 ,six-pounders and flint-locks are now inefficient compared with twenty-four-pounders and breech-loaders4 7c7 ,something is wanted antithetical to 7a71 perhaps loose drill or open order4 #gc4 ,children fear to go in the dark4 ,men fear death in the same way4 ,the fear of children is increased by tales4 ,so is the fear of death4 ,the contemplation of death1 as the 'wages of sin1' and passage to another world1 is holy and religious4 ,the fear of it1 as a tribute due unto nature1 is weak4 ,in religious meditations on death there is sometimes mixture of vanity and of superstition4 ,insert connecting adverbs or conjunctions4 ,see 7#dd74 #gd4 ,i have often heard him reiterate 7#ed7 repeatedly that he would never again1 if a safe 7#ed7 and secure path was open to him1 prefer the perilous 7#ed7 road of danger1 however alluring 7#ed7 and attractive the latter might be4 #ge4 ,i thought in my dream that when my friend asked me whether ,i did not observe anything curious in the conduct of the pigeons1 ,i 7a7 7#d a7 remarked that if any one of the birds was so bold as to take an atom from a heap of grain in the midst of them1 7#ca7 7which 7b7 a detachment guarded1 and which1 being continually increased and never eaten1 seemed useless71 all the rest turned against him and pecked him to death for the 7c7 7#ej7 action4 7a7 ,point out the ambiguity4 7b7 ,this should come earlier in the sentence1 and not as a parenthesis4 ,i noticed a heap of grain in the midst of them1 guarded by 444 ,being continually 4441 to all appearance1 useless3 yet4 7c7 theft4 #gf4 ,if this low view of the royal office becomes generally adopted1 then sovereigns who 7#h7 have always hitherto commanded the respect of ,englishmen will by degrees fall into disrespect4 ,point out the ambiguity4 ,show how it might be removed 7a7 by punctuation1 7b7 by altering who4 #gg4 ,i struck the man in self-defence4 ,i explained this to the magistrate4 ,he would not believe me4 ,witnesses were called to support my statements4 ,he committed me to prison4 ,he had the right to do this4 ,it is a right that is rarely exercised in such circumstances4 ,i remonstrated4 ,see 7#dd74 ,insert conjunctions or connecting adverbs4 #gh4 ,he attained a very distinguished position by mere 7#ae7 perseverance and common sense1 which 7#eb7 7#aj a7 qualities are perhaps mostly underrated1 7#cj7 though he was deficient in tact and not remarkable for general ability4 #gi4 ,vindictiveness1 which 7a7 7#ej7 is a fault1 7b7 and which may be defined as anger 7#aj a7 which is caused not by sin nor by crime but by personal injury1 ought to be carefully distinguished from resentment1 which 7a7 7#ej7 is a virtue1 7b7 and which is anger 7#di7 which is natural and 7c7 right caused by an act 7d7 which is unjust1 because it is unjust1 7#cj a7 not because it is inconvenient4 7a7 ,the fault of vindictiveness2 the virtue of resentment4 7b7 ,omit 7c7 ,right cannot be used as an adjective1 but righteous can4 7d7 an act of injustice4 #hj4 7a7 ,he told his friend that 7a7 his brother was surprised that 7a7 he had given so small a contribution1 for 7a7 he was 7b7 7#ab7 a very rich man1 in spite of 7a7 his recent losses and the bad state of trade1 7#ai7 7#cj7 compared with himself4 7a7 ,use 7#f74 7b7 ,what ,asian king was proverbial for wealth8 #ha4 7a7 7#ae b7 ,it must be indeed wrong to 7a7 crucify a ,roman citizen if to 7b7 7#cb7 slay one is almost parricide1 to 7b7 scourge him is a monstrous crime1 and to 7b7 bind him is an outrage4 7a7 ,what must it be4448 7b7 ,see 7#dj74 #hb4 ,the universal 7#ed7 opinion of all the citizens was that the citadel had been 7#ae7 betrayed1 7#cj7 having been captured in broad daylight by a very small number of the enemy1 and those unprovided with scaling ladders1 and admitted by a postern gate1 7#ae a7 and much wearied by a long march4 ,in any case betrayed must come at the end of a sentence4 ,the sentence may be converted into two sentences3 ,the citadel had been captured4444 ,naturally therefore 4442 or1 ,the opinion 444 for it had been captured4444 ,else1 if one sentence be used1 write ,as the citadel had been captured c4 #hc4 ,this author surpassed all those who were living 7a7 at the same time with him in the forcible 7b7 manner in which he could address 7c7 an appeal to the popular sympathy1 and in the ease with which he could draw towards 7a7 himself the hearts of his readers4 7a7 ,express in one word4 7b7 force with4 7c7 ,omit4 #hd4 ,this great statesman was indeed a pillar of commerce1 and a star in the financial world4 ,he guided or impelled the people from the quicksands of ,protection and false political economy to the safe harbour of ,free ,trade2 and 7a7 7#ad a7 saved the country several millions4 7a7 ,it would be well to literalize the preceding metaphors4 ,else the literal statement must be changed into a metaphor4 #he4 ,the ministers were most unwilling to meet the ,houses1 7a7 7#dc7 7#ea7 because even the boldest of them 7though their counsels were lawless 7#ae7 and desperate7 had too much value for his 7b7 7#aa7 personal safety to think of resorting to the 7c7 7#ab7 unlawful modes of extortion that had been familiar to the preceding age4 7a7 ,begin a new sentence with ,lawless and desperate though their counsels had been c4 7b7 neck4 7c7 ,insert some of these unlawful modes1 benevolences1 ship-money1 and the other c4 #hf4 ,we will not 7a7 7#ae7 pretend to guess what our grandchildren may think of the character of ,lord ,byron1 as exhibited in 7#ae a7 his poetry4 ,no writer ever had the whole eloquence of scorn1 misanthropy1 and 7a7 7#ae7 despair 7#ae a7 so completely at his command4 ,that fountain 7b7 7#ab7 of bitterness was never dry4 7a7 ,we will not pretend to guess and despair are intended by the author to be emphatic4 7b7 ,marah4 #hg4 ,the captain asked to be allowed fifty men1 a supply of food1 and one hundred and fifty breech-loaders4 7#dd7 ,the general replied coldly that he could not let his subordinate have 7a7 7#d7 anything that he wanted4 7#dd7 ,the captain was forced to set out 7#cd7 with an insufficient force1 spite of the superabundance of soldiers doing nothing in the camp 7#cd71 and with every obstacle put in his way by a general who from the first had resolved not even to give him ordinary assistance1 7b7 7#aj a'7 which the captain had for some time anticipated4 7a7 ,point out and remove the ambiguity4 7b7 ,write1 according to the meaning1 444 assistance that or 444 a resolution that4 #hh4 ,i am a practical man1 and disbelieve in everything 7#h7 which is not practical2 theories 7a7 which amuse philosophers and pedants have no attractions for me1 7#cj7 for this reason4 7a7 ,what difference in the meaning would be caused by the use of that for the second which8 #hi4 ,yet1 when that discovery drew no other severity but the 7#aa a7 turning 7a7 him out of office1 and the 7#aa a7 passing a sentence 7b7 condemning him to die for it 7#ca7 7which was presently pardoned1 and he was after a short confinement restored to his liberty71 all men believed that the king knew of the letter1 7c7 7#dc7 and that 7#f b7 the pretended confession of the secretary was only collusion to lay the jealousies of the king's 7d7 7#aa a7 favouring popery1 7e7 7#dc7 which still hung upon him1 7#cj7 notwithstanding his 7e7 writing on the ,revelation1 and his 7e7 affecting to enter on all occasions into controversy1 7e7 asserting in particular that the ,pope was ,antichrist4 7a7 expulsion from4 7b7 a pretended sentence to death--a pretence that was soon manifested by his pardon and liberation4 7c7 ,begin a new sentence3 ',the secretary's pretended confession1' it was said1 'was c4' 7d7 the suspicion that the king favoured ,popery4 7e7 ,the juxtaposition of the two verbal nouns1 writing and affecting1 with the participle asserting1 is harsh4 ,write1 ,for1 notwithstanding that he affected controversy1 and attacked the ,pope as ,antichrist in his treatise on the ,book of ,revelation1 the king was still suspected4 #ij4 ,the opinion that the sun is fixed was once too 7a7 7#a7 universal to be easily shaken1 and a similar prejudice has often 7b7 rendered the progress of new inventions 7#ae a7 very slow1 7#ai7 arising from the numbers of the believers1 and not 7#cf7 the reasonableness of the belief4 7a7 ,write general4 ,show the absurdity of appending too to universal4 7b7 ,what single word can be substituted for rendered slow8 #ia4 ,the rest of the generals were willing to surrender unconditionally1 7#cj7 depressed by this unforeseen calamity2 7#d7 only the young colonel1 who retained his presence of mind1 represented to them that they were increasing the difficulties of a position in itself very difficult 7#ai7 7#ae1 a7 by their conduct4 #ib4 ,to 7a7 7#ca7 an author who is1 in his expression of any sentiment1 wavering between the 7b7 demands of perspicuity and energy 7of which the 7c7 7#dj a7 former of course requires the first care1 lest 7#dj a7 he should fail of both71 and 7#cg7 doubting whether the 7d7 phrase which 7#h7 has 7e7 the most force and brevity will be 7f7 readily taken 7g7 in1 it may 7h7 7#c7 be recommended to use both 7d7 expressions2 first1 7h7 to expound the sense sufficiently to be clearly understood1 and then 7i7 to contract it into the most compendious and striking form4 7a7 ,write ,when an author c4 7b7 ,can be omitted4 7c7 ,assimilate the constructions3 ,of which the former must1 of course1 be aimed at first1 lest both be missed4 7d7 ,use expression or else phrase in both places4 7e7 ,assimilate the construction to what follows2 write that is most forcible and brief4 7f7 ,insert also4 7g7 understood4 7h7 let him use 4442 first let him expound4 7i7 ,omit4 #ic4 ,when ,i say 'a great man1' ,i not 7#bb7 only mean a man intellectually great but also morally1 7#ch7 who 7#h7 has no preference for diplomacy 7a7 7#bc7 at all events which 7#aj a7 is mean1 petty1 and underhanded to secure ends which 7#h7 can be secured by an honest policy equally 7#bj7 well1 7#ch7 who 7#h7 does not resemble ,polonius1 7b7 who prefers to get at truth by untruthful tricks1 and 7b7 who considers truth a carp which 7#aj g7 is to be caught by the bait falsehood4 ,we cannot call a petty intriguer great 7c71 7#cj7 though we may be forced to call an unscrupulous man by that 7#ae a7 name4 7a7 at all events no preference4 7b7 ,why is who right here8 ,if you like1 you can write1 does not1 like ,polonius1 prefer 444 and consider4 7c7 ,end with we cannot give the name to a petty intriguer4 #id4 ,i regret that ,i have some 7a7 7#c7 intelligence which 7#aj a7 is of a most 7#c7 painful nature1 and which ,i must tell you at once1 though 7b7 ,i should like to defer it on 7c7 7#dj a7 account of your ill-health1 and because 7c7 7#dj a7 you have already had many troubles1 and 7#dj a7 owing to the natural dislike which 7#h7 a friend must always feel to say that 7#aj f7 which is unpleasant4 ,many old friends in this district have turned against you3 ,i scarcely like to write the words3 only 7#ba7 ,i remain faithful to you1 and ,i am sure you will believe that ,i am doing that 7#aj f7 which is best for your interests4 7a7 news4 7b7 ,in a letter these words should remain is they are2 but if a period is desired1 they must 7#cj7 come last1 after unpleasant4 7c7 ,write because of your ill-health 444 and the troubles 444 and because of4444 #ie4 ,the general at once sent back word that the enemy had suddenly appeared on the other side of the river1 and 7#ce7 or 7#cg7 then 7a7 retreated4 7b7 ,it was thought that 7b7 it would have shown more 7c7 7#a7 fortitude on his 7#c7 part if he had attacked the fortifications1 7d7 which were not tenable for more than a week at all events4 ,such was the 7#ed7 universal opinion1 at 7#bc7 least1 of 7#ed7 all the soldiers4 7a7 ,point out the ambiguity4 7b7 ,it was thought he would have shown c4 7c7 ,distinguish between fortitude and bravery4 7d7 ,what would be the meaning if that were substituted for which8 ,it will be perhaps better to substitute for which1 since they4 #if4 ,a notion has sprung up that the ,premier1 though he can legislate1 cannot govern1 and has attained an influence which renders it imperative1 if this ,ministry is to go on1 that 7a7 it should be dispersed4 7a7 ,who or what has attained8 ,write and this notion has become so powerful that1 unless it is dispersed4444 #ig4 ,those who are habitually silent 7a7 7#c7 by disposition and morose are less liable to the fault of exaggerating than those who are habitually 7a7 7#c7 fond of talking1 and 7#dj a7 of 7a7 7#c7 a pleasant disposition4 7a7 ,each of these periphrases must be condensed into a single adjective4 #ih4 ,this author1 7a7 7#ca7 though he is not 7b7 altogether 7c7 guiltless of 7b7 occasional 7c7 faults of exaggeration1 which are to be found as plentifully in his latest works as in those which he 7d7 published when he was beginning his career as an author1 yet1 notwithstanding these 7e7 defects1 surpassed all those who were living at the 7f7 same time with him in the clear 7g7 manner in which he could1 as it were1 see into the feelings of the people at large1 and in the power--a power that indeed could not be 7f7 resisted--with which he drew 7f7 toward himself the sympathy of those who 7f7 perused his works4 ,see 7#ed74 7a7 ,convert the parenthesis into a separate sentence4 7b7 ,one of these words is unnecessary4 7c7 ,one of these is unnecessary4 7d7 ,condense3 his earliest4 7e7 ,omit these words as unnecessary4 7f7 ,express all this in one word4 7g7 clearness with4 #ii4 ,among the ,north 7a7 7#bc7 ,american ,indians ,i had indeed heard of the perpetration of similar atrocities2 but it seemed intolerable that such things should occur in a civilized land3 and ,i rushed from the room at once1 leaving the wretch where he stood1 with his tale half told1 7#cj7 horror-stricken at his crime4 7a7 ,make it evident whether the speaker once lived among the ,north ,american ,indians1 or not1 and show who is horror-stricken4 #ajj4 ,his 7#a7 bravery under this painful operation and the 7#a7 fortitude he had shown in heading the last charge in the recent action1 7#cj7 though he was wounded at the time and had been unable to use his right arm1 and was the only officer left in his regiment1 out of twenty who were alive the day before1 7#ai7 inspired every one with admiration4 ,begin1 ,out of twenty officers c4444 ,though wounded c4444 he had headed4 ,the bravery he had then shown and4444 #aja4 ,moral as well as 7#da7 other considerations must have weight when we are selecting an officer 7a7 that 7#aj b7 will be placed in a position that will task his intelligence 7b7 7#ah7 and his fidelity4 7a7 ,the repetition of that is objectionable4 ,use to fill4 7b7 and can be replaced by some other conjunction to suit what precedes4 #ajb4 ,it happened that at this time there were a few ,radicals in the ,house who 7#h7 could not forgive the ,prime ,minister for being a ,christian4 ,point out the difference of meaning1 according as we read who or that4 #ajc4 ,it cannot be doubted 7#ae b7 that the minds of a vast number of men would be left poor shrunken things1 full of melancholy and indisposition1 and unpleasing to themselves1 if 7#cb7 there were taken out of men's minds vain opinions1 false valuations1 imaginations as one 7a7 would1 and the 7#ae a7 like4 7a7 ,the meaning 7which cannot easily be more tersely expressed than in the original7 is castles in the air1 pleasant fancies4 #ajd4 ,god never wrought a miracle to refute atheism1 because ,his ordinary works refute it4 7a7 ,a little philosophy inclines man's mind to atheism3 depth in philosophy brings men's minds back to religion4 7#dd7 ,while the mind of man looks upon second causes scattered1 it may sometimes rest in them2 7#dd7 when it beholds the chain of them confederate and linked together1 it must needs acknowledge a ,providence4 7#dd7 ,that school which is most accused of atheism most clearly demonstrates the truth of religion4 7a7 ,insert a suspensive conjunction4 ,see 7#cd74 #aje4 ,the spirit of ,liberty and the spirit of ,nationality were once for all dead2 7a7 7#e7 it might be for a time a pious duty1 but it could not continue always expedient or 7c7 7#ae7 7#ah7 profitable to 7b7 7#ac7 mourn 7c7 7#ae a7 for their loss4 ,yet this is the 7b7 7#ac7 feeling of the age of ,trajan4 7a7 ,omit4 7b7 ,to sit weeping by their grave2 attitude4 7c7 ,notice that expedient or profitable are emphatic1 as is shown by yet in the next sentence4 ,make it evident therefore1 by their position1 that these words are more emphatic than to mourn c4 #ajf4 7a7 ,if we ask 7#ae b7 what was the nature of the force by which this change was effected1 7a7 we find it to have been 7b7 the force that had seemed almost dead for many generations--7#ch7 of theology4 7a7 ,omit these words4 7b7 ,begin a new sentence3 ,it was a force c4 #ajg4 ,i remember ,longinus highly recommends a description of a storm by ,homer1 because 7a7 7#e7 7c7 he has not amused himself with little fancies upon the occasion1 as authors of an inferior genius1 whom he mentions1 7b7 7#ae a7 have done1 7#cj7 but 7c7 because he has gathered together those 7d7 7#a7 events which are the most apt to terrify the imagination1 and 7#ce7 really happen in the raging of a tempest4 7a7 ,the poet4 7b7 ,omit have done and write like some authors4 7c7 ,suspend the sentence by writing the poet 444 instead of 444 has4 7d7 ,what is the word for that which happens around one1 or in connection with some central object8 #ajh4 ,to have passed 7a7 7#c7 in a self-satisfied manner through twenty years of office1 letting things take their own course2 to have 7b7 sailed with consummate sagacity1 never against the tide of popular 7c7 judgement2 to have left on record as the sole title to distinction among ,english ministers a peculiar art of 7d7 sporting with the heavy1 the awful responsibility of a nation's destiny with the jaunty grace of a juggler 7#aa7 7e7 playing with his golden ball2 to have joked and intrigued1 and bribed and 7f7 deceived1 with the result of having done nothing 7g71 7h7 either for the poor1 7h7 or for religion 7for 7i7 which indeed he did worse than nothing71 7h7 or for art and science1 7h7 or for the honour or concord or even the financial prosperity of the nation1 7#ch7 is surely a miserable basis on which the reputation of a great 7#ae7 statesman can be 7k7 7#ae a7 founded4 7a7 complacently4 7b7 ,sail implies will and effort3 use a word peculiar to a helpless ship1 so as to contrast paradoxically with sagacity4 7c7 ,use a word implying less thought and deliberation4 7d7 ,with is too often repeated2 write bearing so as to introduce the illustration abruptly4 7e7 tossing4 7f7 ,use a word implying a particular kind of deceit1 not lying1 but the next thing to lying4 7g7 ,insert the word with a preceding and intensifying adverb1 absolutely nothing4 7h7 ,instead of either1 or1 repeat nothing4 7i7 ,the parenthesis breaks the rhythm4 ,write nothing1 or worse than nothing4 7k7 to found4 #aji4 ,a glance at the clock will make you 7#a7 conscious that it is nearly three in the morning1 and ,i therefore ask you1 gentlemen1 instead of wasting more time1 to put this question to yourselves1 ',are we1 or are we not1 here1 for the purpose of 7#a7 eliminating the truth8' #aaj4 ,the speech of the ,right ,honourable member1 so far from unravelling 7#ad7 the obscurities of this knotty question1 is eminently calculated to mislead his supporters 7a7 7#h a7 who have not made a special study of it4 ,it may be 7b7 7#bc7 almost asserted of every statement 7#h7 which he has made that the very 7#a7 converse is the fact4 7a7 ,the meaning appears to be1 not all his supporters1 but those of his supporters who3 the convenience of writing his supporters that is so great that ,i should be disposed to use that4 7b7 ,every1 not asserted1 requires the juxtaposition of almost4 #aaa4 ,the provisions of the treaty which 7#h7 require the consent of the ,parliament of ,canada await its assembling4 ,point out the meaning conveyed by which1 and by that4 #aab4 ,mrs4 ,smith demonstrated 7#bf71 in opposition to the general dictum of the press1 that 7a7 there had been a reaction against woman's suffrage1 that there had really been a gain of one vote in the ,house of ,commons4 7a7 ,substitute instead of1 and erase the second that4 #aac4 ,the practice of smoking hangs like a gigantic 7#ad a7 cloud of evil over the country4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,that which treats of the thirteenth century4 ,,continuous ,,exercises4 ,,clearness4 ,the following exercises consist of extracts from ,burnet1 ,butler1 and ,clarendon1 modernized and altered with a view to remove obscurity and ambiguity4 ,the modernized version will necessarily be inferior to the original in unity of style1 and in some other respects4 ,the charm of the author's individuality1 and the pleasant ring of the old-fashioned ,english1 are lost4 ,it is highly necessary that the student should recognize this1 and should bear in mind that the sole object is to show how the meaning in each case might have been more clearly expressed4 ,occasionally expressions have been altered1 not as being in themselves obscure or objectionable1 but as indicating a habit of which beginners should beware4 ,for example1 in the extract from ,burnet1 he is often altered1 not because1 in the particular context1 the pronoun presents any obscurity1 but because ,burnet's habit of repeating he is faulty4 ,these exercises can be used in two ways4 ,the pupil may either have his book open and be questioned on the reasons for each alteration1 or1 after studying the two versions1 he may have the original version dictated to him1 and then he may reproduce the parallel version1 or something like it1 on paper4 ,,lord ,,clarendon4 ,the principal faults in this style are1 long heterogeneous sentences 7#dc71 use of phrases for words 7#dg a71 ambiguous use of pronouns 7#e71 excessive separation of words grammatically connected together 7#ai74 ,,original ,,version4 ,,parallel ,,version4 7#dd7 ,it will not be impertinent ,and now1 in order to explain1 as nor unnatural to this 7#ej7 far as possible1 how so prodigious present discourse1 to set down an alteration could take place in in this place the present temper so short a time1 and how the#ai and constitution of both ,houses royal power could fall so low as of ,parliament1 and 7#cd7 of the to be unable to support itself1 court itself1 7#cj7 that 7#e7 it its dignity1 or its faithful may be the less wondered at1 that servants1 it will be of use to set so prodigious an alteration should down here1 where it comes most be made in so short a time1 and naturally1 some account of the#bj 7#cg7 the crown fallen so low1 that present temper and composition1 it could neither support itself not only of both ,houses of nor its own majesty1 nor those ,parliament1 but also of the court who would 7#dg a7 appear itself4 faithful to it4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 7,here follows a description of the ,house of ,lords47 ,in the ,house of ,commons were many ,in the ,house of ,commons persons of wisdom and gravity1 who there were many men of wisdom 7#g7 being possessed of great and and judgment whose high plentiful fortunes1 though they position and great wealth disposed were undevoted enough to the them1 in spite of their indifference court1 7#ai7 had all imaginable to the court1 to feel duty for the king1 and affection a most loyal respect for the to the government established7#dg king1 and a great affection for a7 by law or ancient custom2 the ancient constitutional 7#dc7 and without doubt1 the major government of the country4 ,indeed1 part of that 7#ed7 body it cannot be doubted that consisted of men who had no mind the majority had no intention to to break the peace of the kingdom1 break the peace of the kingdom or to make any considerable or to make any considerable alteration in the government of alteration in ,church or ,state4 ,church or ,state3 7#dc7 and ,consequently1 from the very therefore 7#ah7 all inventions outset1 it was necessary to resort were set on foot from the 7#ae7 to every conceivable device beginning to work upon 7#e7 for the purpose of perverting them1 and 7#aa7 corrupt 7#e7 this honest majority into rebellion4 them1 7#dc7 7#de7 by suggestions of the dangers 7#h7 which ,with some1 the appeal was threatened all that was precious addressed to their patriotism4 to the subject 7#ai7 in their ,they were warned of the liberty and their property1 by dangers that threatened all overthrowing 7#dg a7 or that was precious in the liberty overmastering the law1 and 7#dg and property of the subject1 a7 subjecting it to an if the laws were to be made arbitrary 7#dg;a7 power1 and by subservient to despotism1 and countenancing ,popery to the if ,popery was to be encouraged subversion of the ,protestant to the subversion of the ,protestant religion1 and then1 by religion4 infusing terrible apprehensions into some1 and so working upon ,the fears of others were appealed their fears1 7#f b7 of 7#aa a7 to4 ,there was danger1 so#ba it being called in question for was said1 that they might be somewhat they had done1 by which called to account for something 7#e7 they would stand in need of they had done1 and they would then 7#e7 their protection2 and 7#dc7 stand in need of the help of those 7#de7 raising the hopes of others1 who were now giving them this that1 by concurring 7#dg a7 timely warning4 ,in others1 hopes with 7#e7 them 7#e7 they were excited1 and offices1 should be sure to obtain offices honours1 and preferments were held and honours and any kind of out as the reward of adhesion4 preferment4 ,though there were too ,too many were led away by one or many corrupted and misled by these other of these temptations1 and several temptations1 and 7#ai7 indeed some needed no other others 7#dj a7 who needed no temptation than their innate other temptations than from the fierceness and barbarity and the fierceness and barbarity of malice they had contracted against their 7#dg a7 own natures1 and the ,church and the court4 ,but the the malice they had contracted leaders of the conspiracy were not against the ,church and against the many4 ,the flock was large and court2 7#dc7 yet the number was not submissive1 but the shepherds were great of those in whom the very few4 government of the rest 7#dg a7 was vested1 nor were there many who had the absolute authority 7#ac7 to lead1 though there were a multitude 7#ac7 that was disposed to follow4 7#dd7 7#cj7 ,mr4 ,pym was looked upon ,of these1 ,mr4 ,pym was thought as the man of greatest experience superior to all the rest in in parliaments1 where he had parliamentary experience4 ,to this 7#ej7 served very long1 and was advantage he added habits of always 7#ej7 a man of business1 business acquired from his 7#g7 being an officer in the continuous service in the ,exchequer1 7#dc7 and of a good ,exchequer4 ,he had also a good reputation generally1 7#cj7 though reputation generally2 for1 though known to be inclined to the known to be inclined to the ,puritan party2 yet not of those ,puritan party1 yet he was not so furious resolutions against the fanatically set against the ,church ,church as the other leading men as the other leaders4 ,in this were1 and 7#dd7 wholly devoted to respect he resembled the ,earl of the ,earl of ,bedford1 who had ,bedford1 to whom he was nothing of that spirit4 thoroughly devoted4 7,here follow descriptions of ,hampden and ,saint ,john47 ,it was generally believed that ,these three persons1 with the these three persons1 with the three peers mentioned before1 were other three lords mentioned united in the closest confidence1 before1 were of the most intimate and formed the mainspring of the and entire trust with each other1 party4 ,such at least was the and made the engine which 7#dg general belief4 ,but it was clear a7 moved all the rest2 7#cj7 that they also admitted to their yet it was visible1 that 7#ae7 unreserved confidence two others1 ,nathaniel ,fiennes1 the second son 7#de7 whom ,i will now of the ,lord ,say1 and ,sir ,harry describe1--,nathaniel ,fiennes1 ,vane1 eldest son to the ,secretary1 second son of ,lord ,say1 and ,sir and ,treasurer of the ,house1 were ,harry ,vane1 eldest son of the received by them with full ,secretary1 and ,treasurer of the confidence and without reserve4 ,house4 ,the former1 being a man of good ,nathaniel ,fiennes1 a man of good parts of learning1 and after some parts1 was educated at ,new years spent in ,new ,college in ,college1 ,oxford1 where#bb his ,oxford1 7#dc7 of which his father family claimed and enjoyed some had been formerly fellow1 7#dc7 privileges in virtue of their that family pretending#bc and kindred to the founder1 and enjoying many privileges there1 as where#bb his father had formerly of kin to the founder1 7#dc7 7#ai7 been a fellow4 ,he afterwards spent had spent his time abroad in some time in ,geneva and in the ,geneva and amongst the cantons of cantons of ,switzerland1 where#bb ,switzerland1 7#cj7 where he he increased that natural improved his disinclination to the antipathy to the ,church which he ,church1 with which milk he had had imbibed almost with his been nursed4 ,from his travels he mother's milk4#bd ,by a singular returned through ,scotland 7#eb7 coincidence1 he came home through 7which#bd few travellers took in ,scotland 7not a very common route their way home7 at the time when for returning travellers7 just 7#e7 that rebellion was in bud3 when the ,scotch rebellion was in 7#cj7 7#dc7 7#dd7 and was very little bud4 ,for some time he was scarcely known1 except amongst 7#e7 that known beyond the narrow and people1 which conversed 7#dg a7 exclusive circle of his sect1 wholly amongst themselves1 until until at last he appeared in he was now 7#ae7 found in ,parliament4 ,then1 indeed1 it was ,parliament1 7#cj7 7#dc7 7#dd7 when quickly discovered that he was it was quickly discovered that1 likely to fulfil even the fond as he was the darling of his hopes of his father and the high father1 so 7#e7 he was like to promise of many years4 make good whatsoever he had for many years promised4 7#e7 ,the other1 ,sir ,h4 ,vane1 was ,fiennes' coadjutor1 ,sir ,h4 ,vane1 a man of great natural parts#be was a man of great natural 7#de7 and of very profound ability4#be ,quick in understanding dissimulation1 of a quick and impenetrable in dissembling1 conception1 and of very ready1 he could also speak with sharp1 and weighty expression4 ,he promptness1 point1 and weight4 ,his had an 7#ej7 unusual aspect1 which1 singular appearance1 though it though it might naturally proceed might naturally proceed from his from his father and mother1 parents1 who were not noted for neither of which were beautiful their beauty1 yet impressed men persons1 yet 7#ai7 made men think with the belief that he had in him there was somewhat in him of something extraordinary1 an extraordinary3 and 7#eb7 his whole impression that was confirmed by life made good that imagination4 the whole of his life4 ,his ,within a very short time after he behaviour at ,oxford1 where he returned from his studies in studied at ,magdalen ,college1 was ,magdalen ,college in ,oxford1 where1 not characterized1 in spite of the 7#dc7 though he was under the care supervision of a very worthy of a very worthy tutor1 he lived tutor1 by a severe morality4 ,soon not with great exactness1 7#dc7 he after leaving ,oxford he spent some spent some little time in ,france1 little time in ,france1 and more in and more in ,geneva1 and1 7#dc7 ,geneva4 ,after returning to after his return into ,england1 ,england1 he conceived an intense 7#ch7 contracted a full prejudice hatred not only against the and bitterness against the ,church1 government of the ,church1 which both against the form of the was disliked by many1 but also government and the ,liturgy1 7#dc7 against the ,liturgy1 which was which was generally in great held in great and general reverence1 7#ae a7 even with reverence4 many of those who were not friends to 7#e7 the other4 ,in ,incurring or seeming to incur1 by his giddiness1 which then much his giddiness1 the displeasure of displeased1 or seemed to his father1 who at that time1 displease1 7#cj7 7#dc7 his father1 beside strictly conforming to the who still appeared highly ,church himself1 was very bitter conformable1 and exceedingly sharp against ,nonconformists1 the young against those who were not1 ,vane left his home for ,new 7#e7 he transported himself into ,england4 ,new ,england1 7#dc7 a colony within few years before planted by a ,this colony had been planted a few mixture of all religions1#bf which years before by men of all sorts of disposed the professors to dislike religions1 and their the government of the ,church2 who differences#bf disposed them to 7#cj7 7#dc7 7#dd7 were qualified by dislike the government of the the king's charter to choose their ,church4 ,now1 it happened that their own government and governors1 privilege 7accorded by the king's under the obligation1 that every charter7 of choosing their own man should take the oaths of government and governors was allegiance and supremacy2 7#cj7 subject to this obligation1 that 7#dc7 7#e7 which all the first every man should take the oaths of planters did1 when they received allegiance and supremacy4 ,these their charter1 before they oaths had been taken1 not only by transported themselves from hence1 all the original planters1 on nor was there in many years after receiving their charter1 before the least scruple amongst them of leaving ,england1 but also for many complying with those obligations3 years afterwards1 without exciting so far men were1 in the infancy the slightest scruple4 ,indeed1 7#ae7 of their schism1 from scruples against lawful oaths were refusing to take lawful oaths4 unknown#bg in the infancy of the 7#de7 ,he was no sooner landed ,english schism4 ,but with the there1 but his parts made him arrival of ,vane all this was quickly taken notice of1 7#bf7 and changed4 ,no sooner had he landed very probably his quality1 being than his ability1 and perhaps to the eldest son of a some extent his position1 as eldest ,privy-councillor1 might give him son of a ,privy-councillor1 some advantage2 insomuch 7#ea7 recommended him to notice3 and at that1 when the next season came the next election he was chosen for the election of their ,governor4 magistrates1 he was chosen their governor3 7#cj7 7#de7 7#dc7 in which ,in his new post1 his restless and place he had so ill fortune 7#bf7 unquiet imagination found 7his working and unquiet fancy opportunity for creating and raising and infusing a thousand diffusing a thousand conscientious scruples of conscience1 which 7#e7 scruples that had not been brought they had not brought over with over1 or ever even heard of1 by the them1 nor heard of before7 7#ai7 colonists4 ,his government proved a that he unsatisfied with failure3 and1 mutually them and they with him1 dissatisfied1 7#de7 governed and he retransported himself governor parted4 ,vane returned into ,england2 7#cj7 7#dc7 7#dd7 to ,england1 but not till he had having sowed such seed of accomplished his mischievous task1 dissension there1 as grew up too not till he had sown the seeds of prosperously1 and miserably those miserable dissensions which divided the poor colony into afterwards grew only too several factions1 and divisions prosperously1 till they split the and persecutions of each 7#ae a7 wretched colony into distinct1 other1 7#cj7 7#dc7 which still hostile1 and mutually persecuting continue to the great 7#ed7 factions4 ,his handiwork still prejudice of that plantation3 remains1 and it is owing to 7#ae7 insomuch as some of 7#e7 them1 him that some of the colonists1 upon the ground of their first on the pretext of liberty of expedition1 liberty of conscience1 conscience1 the original cause of have withdrawn themselves from 7#e7 their emigration1 have withdrawn their jurisdiction1 and obtained themselves from the old colonial other charters from the king1 by jurisdiction and have obtained which1 7#cj7 7#dc7 in other forms of fresh charters from the king4 government1 they have enlarged ,these men have established new their plantations1 within new forms of government1 unduly limits adjacent to 7#e7 7#ae a7 enlarged their boundaries1 and set the other4their plantations1 up rival settlements on the within new limits adjacent to 7#e7 borders of the original colony4 7#ae a7 the other4 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,the original metaphor uses the crown as a prop1 which seems a confusion4 ,though the metaphor is so common as scarcely to be regarded as a metaphor1 it is better to avoid the appearance of confusion4 #bj ,we sometimes say1 briefly but not perhaps idiomatically1 the then sovereign1 the then temper1 c4 #ba ,the personality of the tempters and organizers of the conspiracy is purposely kept in the background4 #bb ,the relative is retained in the first two cases1 because it conveys the reason why ,fiennes was educated at ,new ,college2 and in the third case1 because the increased antipathy is regarded as the natural consequence of the residence in ,calvinistic ,geneva4 #bc ,claiming4 #bd ,an insinuation of sedition seems intended4 #be ,this sentence is a preliminary summary of what follows4 #bf ,if which is used here according to ,rule 7#h71 the meaning is1 7a7 and their differences2 if it is used for that1 the meaning will be1 7b7 all religions that were of a nature to dispose c4 ,i believe 7a7 is the meaning2 but ,i have found difference of opinion on the question4 #bg ,the following words appear to be emphatic1 bringing out the difference between the infancy and the development of schism4 ,,burnet4 ,the principal faults in ,burnet's style are 7a7 the use of heterogeneous sentences 7see #dc72 7b7 the want of suspense 7see #cj72 7c7 the ambiguous use of pronouns 7see #e72 7d7 the omission of connecting adverbs and conjunctions1 and an excessive use of and 7see #dd72 and 7e7 an abruptness in passing from one topic to another 7see #de74 ,the correction of these faults necessarily lengthens the altered version4 ,,original ,,version4 ,,parallel ,,version4 ,and his maintaining the honour of ,he also gratified the ,english the nation in all foreign feeling of self-respect by countries gratified the 7#a7 maintaining the honour of the vanity which is very natural nation in all foreign countries4 7#ej7 to ,englishmen2 7#cj7 7#dc7 of ,so jealous was he on this point which he was so 7#ae7 7#ag a7 that1 though he was not a crowned careful that1 though he was not head1 he yet secured for his a crowned head1 yet his 7#dj a7 ambassadors all the respect that ambassadors had all the respects had been paid to the ambassadors paid them which our 7#ae7 kings' of our kings4 ,the king1 he said1 ambassadors ever had3 he said 7#f received respect simply as the b7 the dignity of the crown nation's representative head1 was upon the account of the and1 since the nation was the nation1 of which the king was same1 the same respect should 7#ej7 only the representative be paid to the#bh nation's head2 so1 the nation being the ministers4 same1 he would have the same regards paid to 7#da7 his ministers4 ,another#bi instance of 7#e7 this ,the following instance of jealousy pleased him much4 ,blake with the for the national honour pleased fleet happened 7#ej7 to be at him much4 ,when ,blake was at ,malaga ,malaga before he made war upon with his fleet1 before his war ,spain3 7#dd7 and some of his with ,spain1 it happened that some seamen went ashore1 and met the of his sailors going ashore and ,host carried about2 7#dd7 and not meeting the procession of the only paid no respect to it1 but ,host1 not only paid no respect to laughed at those who did2 7#dc7 it1 but even laughed at those who 7#cj7 7#ea7 so one of the priests did4 ,incited by one of the priests put the people upon resenting this to resent the indignity1 the indignity2 and they fell upon people fell on the scoffers and 7#e7 them and beat them severely4 beat them severely4 ,on their ,when they returned to their ship return to the ship the seamen 7#e7 they complained of 7#e7 complained of this ill-usage1 this usage2 and upon that ,blake whereupon ,blake sent a messenger sent a trumpet to the viceroy to to the viceroy to demand the demand the priest who was the priest who was the instigator of chief 7#a7 instrument in that the outrage4 ,the viceroy answered ill-usage4 ,the viceroy answered that he could not touch him1 as he he had no authority over the had no authority over the priests4 7#ae7 priests1 and so could not ,to this ,blake replied1 that he did dispose of him4 ,blake upon that not intend to inquire to whom the sent him word that he would not authority belonged1 but1 if the inquire who had the 7#a7 power to priest were not sent within three send the priest to him1 but if hours1 he would burn the town4 ,the he were not sent within three townspeople being in no condition hours1 he would burn their town2 to resist1 the priest was at once 7#dc7 and 7#e7 they1 being in no sent4 ,on his arrival1 he defended condition to resist him1 sent himself1 alleging the insolence of the priest to him1 7#dc7 7#dd7 who the sailors4 ,but the ,english 7#ej7 justified himself upon the ,admiral replied that a complaint petulant behaviour of the seamen4 should have been forwarded to him1 and then he would have punished 7#dd7 ,blake answered that1 if 7#e7 them severely1 for none of his he had sent a complaint to 7#e7 sailors should be allowed to him of7#e7 it1 7#e7 he would affront the established religion have punished them severely1 since of any place where they touched4 7#e7 he would not suffer his ,but1 he added1 ,i take it ill men to affront the established that you should set on your religion of any place at which 7#e7 countrymen to do my work2 for ,i he touched2 but 7#e7 7#f7 he will have all the world know that took it ill1 that he set on the an ,englishman is only to be ,spaniards to do 7#e7 it2 for he punished1 by an ,englishman4 ,then1 would have all the world to know satisfied with having had the 7#ej7 that an ,englishman was only to be offender at his mercy1 ,blake punished by an ,englishman2 7#dc7 entertained him civilly and sent 7#dd7 and so he treated the priest him back4 civilly1 and sent him back 7#cj71 being satisfied that he had him at his mercy4 ,cromwell was much delighted with ,cromwell was much delighted with 7#e7 this1 7#dc7 and read the ,blake's conduct4 ,reading the letters in council with great letters in council with great satisfaction2 and said he 7#f7 satisfaction1 he said1 ,i hope ,i hoped he should make the name of shall make the name of an an ,englishman as great as ever ,englishman as much respected as that of a ,roman 7#ae a7 had ever was the name of ,roman4 been4 7#dd7 ,the ,states of ,holland ,among other countries the ,states were in such dread of 7#e7 him that of ,holland were in such dread of they took care to give him no sort ,cromwell that they took care to of umbrage2 7#dc7 7#dd7 and when give him no sort of umbrage4 at any time the king or his ,accordingly1 whenever the king or brothers came to see their sister his brothers came to see the the ,princess ,royal1 7#bc7 within a ,princess ,royal their sister1 they day or two after1 7#e7 they used were always warned in a day or two to send a deputation to let them by a deputation that ,cromwell had know that ,cromwell had required of required of the ,states to give the ,states that 7#e7 they should them no harbourage4 give them no harbour4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,cromwell's favourite alliance was ,the free kingdom of ,sweden was ,sweden4#cj 7#dd7 ,carolus ,gustavus ,cromwell's favourite ally2 not and he lived in great conjunction only under ,charles ,gustavus1 with of counsels4 7#dd7 ,even ,algernon whom he was on most confidential ,sydney1 7#aj a7 who was not terms1 but also under ,christina4 inclined to think or speak well of ,both these sovereigns had just kings1 commended him 7#e7 to me2 notions of public liberty2 at and said he 7#e7 had just least1 ,algernon ,sydney1 a man notions of public liberty2 7#dd7 certainly not prejudiced in favour 7#dc7 and added1 that ,queen of royalty1 assured me this was ,christina seemed to have them true of ,gustavus4 ,he also held the likewise4 ,but 7#dd7 she was same opinion of ,queen ,christina2 much changed from that1 when but1 if so1 she was much changed ,i waited on her at ,rome2 for when ,i waited on her at ,rome2 for she complained of us as a factious she then complained of the factious nation1 that did not readily and unruly spirit of our nation4 comply with the commands 7#dg a7 of our princes4 7#dd7 ,all ,italy ,all ,italy1 no less than trembled at the name of ,cromwell1 ,holland1#ca trembled at the name and seemed under a 7#a7 panic as of ,cromwell1 and dreaded him till long as he lived2 7#dc7 his fleet he died4 ,nor durst the ,turks scoured the ,mediterranean2 and the offend the great 7#ej7 ,protector ,turks durst not offend him2 but whose fleet scoured the delivered up ,hyde1 who kept up the ,mediterranean2 and they even gave character of an ambassador from up ,hyde1 who1 for keeping up in the king there 7#bc7 7#dc71 and was ,turkey the character of ambassador brought over and executed for 7#e7 from the king1 was brought to it4 ,england and executed4 7#dd7 7#aa a7 ,the putting the ,in another instance of severity brother of the king of ,portugal's towards foreigners--the execution ambassador to death for murder1 of the brother of the ,portuguese was 7#aa a7 carrying justice ambassador for murder--,cromwell very far2 7#dc7 since1 though in carried justice very far4 ,for1 the strictness of the law of though in strictness the law of nations1 it is only the nations exempts from foreign ambassador's own person that is jurisdiction the ambassador alone1 exempted from 7#d7 any authority yet in practice the exemption has 7#dg a7 but his master's that extended to the whole of the sends him1 yet the practice has ambassador's suite4 gone in favour of all that the ambassador owned 7#dg a7 to ,successful abroad1 ,cromwell was no belong to him4 7#da7 7#dd7 ,cromwell less successful at home in showed his good 7#aa7 selecting able and worthy men for understanding in nothing more public duties1 especially for the than in seeking#cb out capable courts of law4 ,in nothing did he and worthy men for all employments1 show more clearly his great but most particularly for the natural insight1 and nothing courts of law1 7#dc7 7#cj a7 contributed more to his popularity4 7#aj a7 which gave a general satisfaction4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,the meaning is his1 and therefore the nation's1 ministers4 ,there is a kind of antithesis between the nation and the nation's ministers4 #bi ,no instance has yet been mentioned4 #cj ,the thought that is implied1 and should be expressed1 by the words1 is this3 ,cromwell's favourite ally was a free country4 #ca ,the remarks about ,christina are a digression1 and ,burnet is now returning to the respect in which ,cromwell was held by foreign nations4 #cb ,he not only sought1 but sought successfully4 ,that find is not necessarily implied by seek out seems proved by the use of the word in the ,authorized ,version1 #b ,tim4 ii4 #ag3 ,he sought me out very diligently1 and found me4 ,,bishop ,,butler4 ,the principal faults in this style are 7a7 a vague use of pronouns 7#e71 and sometimes 7b7 the use of a phrase1 where a word would be enough 7#dg a74 ,,original ,,version4 ,,parallel ,,version4 ,some persons1 7#ae7 upon ,some persons avowedly reject all pretence#cc of the sufficiency of revelation as#cd;essentially the light of ,nature1 avowedly incredible and necessarily reject all revelation as1 in its fictitious1 on the ground that the 7#dg a7 very notion1 light of ,nature is in itself incredible1 and what 7#dg a7 sufficient4 ,and assuredly1 had the must be fictitious4 ,and indeed light of ,nature been sufficient in 7#cb7 it is certain that no such a sense as to render revelation would have been given1 revelation needless or useless1 no 7#cb7 had the light of ,nature been revelation would ever have been sufficient in such a sense as to given4 ,but let any man consider render 7#e7 one not#ce wanting1 the spiritual darkness that once or useless4 ,but no 7#ae b7 man in 7#da7 prevailed in the heathen seriousness and simplicity can world before revelation1 and that possibly think it 7#e7 so1 who 7#da7 still prevails in those considers the state of religion in regions that have not yet received the heathen world before the light of revealed truth2 above revelation1 and its 7#e7 present all1 let him mark not merely the state in those 7#aa7 places 7#h7 natural inattention and ignorance which have borrowed no light of the masses1 but also the from 7#e7 it2 particularly 7#ai7 the doubtful language held even by a doubtfulness of some of the 7#ab7 ,socrates on even so vital a greatest men concerning things of subject as#cf the immortality of the utmost 7#aa7 importance1 as the soul2 and then can he in well as the 7#ae a7 natural seriousness and sincerity maintain inattention and ignorance of that the light of ,nature is mankind in general4 ,it is 7#cd7 sufficient8 impossible to say 7#ab7 who would have been able to have reasoned ,it is of course impossible to deny out that whole system which we that some second#cf ,aristotle call natural religion1 7#cj7 in its might have reasoned out1 in its genuine simplicity1 clear of genuine simplicity and without superstition2 but there is a touch of superstition1 the certainly no ground to affirm whole of that system which we that the generality could4 call natural religion4 ,but there 7#dd7 ,if they could1 there is is certainly no ground for no sort of probability that affirming that this complicated they would4 7#dd7 ,admitting there process would have been possible were1 they would highly want a for ordinary men4 ,even if they had standing admonition to remind them had the power1 there is no of 7#e7 it1 and inculcate it upon probability that they would have them4 ,and further still1 were 7#e7 had the inclination2 and1 even if they as much disposed 7#dg a7 we admit the probable inclination1 to attend to religion as the they would still need some better sort of men 7#ae a7 are2 standing admonition1 whereby yet1 even upon this supposition1 natural religion might be there would be various occasions suggested and inculcated4 ,still for supernatural instruction and further1 even if we suppose these assistance1 and the greatest ordinary men to be as attentive to advantages 7#ej7 might be religion as men of a better sort1 afforded 7#ae a7 by 7#e7 yet even then there would be them4 ,so that1 to say revelation various occasions when is a thing superfluous1 what supernatural instruction and there 7#dg a7 was no need of1 assistance might be most and what can be of 7#dg a7 no beneficially bestowed4 service1 is1 ,i think1 to talk wildly and at random4 ,nor would it ,therefore1 to call revelation be more extravagant to affirm that superfluous1 needless1 and 7#dj a7 mankind is so entirely useless1 is1 in my opinion1 to 7#dj a7 at ease in the present talk wildly and at random4 ,a man state1 and 7#dj a7 life so might as reasonably assert that we completely 7#dj a7 happy1 that are so entirely at ease and so 7#e7 it is a contradiction to completely happy in this present suppose 7#dj a7 our condition life that our condition cannot capable of being in any respect without contradiction be supposed 7#dg a7 better4--7,analogy of capable of being in any way ,religion1 part ii4 chap4 #a47 improved4 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,to pretend once meant to put forward1 maintain4 #cd ,it has been suggested1 however1 that by in its very notion incredible1 is meant inconceivable4 #ce ,wanting is used for modern wanted4 #cf ,this use of the particular for the general would be out of place in ,butler's style1 but it adds clearness4 ,,brevity4 ,,sir ,,archibald ,,alison4 ,the following extract exhibits examples of tautology and lengthiness4 ,the implied statement 7#ej7 can often be used as a remedy1 but1 more often1 the best remedy is omission4 ,,original ,,version4 ,,parallel ,,version4 ,the ,russian empire is 7#ej7 a ,russia1 with her vast strength and state of 7#ed7 such vast boundless resources1 is obviously strength and boundless destined to exercise on the course resources1 that it is of history a great and lasting obviously destined to make a influence4 ,the slowness of her great and lasting impression on progress only renders her human affairs4 ,its 7#ej7 progress durability more probable4 ,the has been slow1 but 7#e7 it#cg is ,russian ,empire has not1 like the only on that account the more empires of ,alexander the ,great and likely to be durable4 7#e7 ,it has ,napoleon1 been raised to sudden not suddenly risen to greatness1 greatness by the genius of like the empire of ,alexander in individuals or the accidents of ancient 7#ai7 7#ca71 or that of fortune1 but has been slowly ,napoleon in modern1 times1 from enlarged and firmly consolidated the force of individual genius1 or by well-guided ambition and the accidents of 7#ed7 casual persevering energy1#ch during a fortune1 but has slowly advanced1 long succession of ages4 and 7#dj a7 been firmly consolidated 7#ae7 during a succession of ages1 from the combined influence of ambition skilfully directed and energy 7#ae a7 perseveringly applied4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,the extent and fertility of the ,the extent and fertility of her ,russian territory are such 7#ed7 territory furnish unparalleled as to furnish facilities of facilities for the increase of her increase and elements of strength population and power4 ,european which no nation 7#dg a7 in the ,russia1 that is1 ,russia to the world enjoys4 ,european west of the ,ural ,mountains1 ,russia--that is1 ,russia to the contains one million two hundred westward of the ,ural thousand square geographical ,mountains--contains a hundred and miles1 or ten times the surface of fifty thousand four hundred square ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 marine leagues1 or about one million two hundred thousand square geographical miles1 being ten times the surface of the ,british ,islands1 which contain1 including ,ireland1 one hundred and twenty-two thousand4 ,great part1 ,this vast territory is intersected no doubt1 of this immense 7#ed1 by no mountain ranges1 no arid see below7 territory is covered deserts2 and though much of it is with forests1 or 7#dj a7 lies rendered almost unproductive of so far to the north as to be food either by the denseness of almost unproductive of food2 but forests1 or by the severity of the no ranges of mountains or arid northern winter1 yet almost all1 deserts intersect the vast 7#ed1 except that part which touches see above7 extent1 and almost the ,arctic snows1 is capable of the whole1 excepting that which yielding something for the use touches the ,arctic snows1 is of man4 capable of yielding something for the use of man4 ,the 7#c7 7#ed7 ,the steppes of the south present boundless steppes of the south an inexhaustible pasturage to present 7#ed7 inexhaustible those nomad tribes whose numerous fields of pasturage1 and give and incomparable horsemen form the birth to those nomad tribes1 in chief defence of the empire4 whose numerous and incomparable horsemen the chief defence of the empire1#ci as of all ,oriental states1 7#ae a7 is to be found4 ,the rich arable lands in the heart ,the rich arable lands in the of the 7#ed7 empire produce an interior produce grain enough to 7#b7 incalculable quantity of support four times the present grain1 capable not only of population of the empire1 and yet maintaining four times 7#e7 its leave a vast surplus to be present inhabitants1 but affording transported by the ,dnieper1 the a vast surplus for exportation by ,volga1 and their tributaries1 into the ,dnieper1 the ,volga1 and their the ,euxine or other seas4 tributary streams1 7#cj7 which form so many 7#ed7 natural outlets into the ,euxine or other seas2 7#dd7 while the cold and ,lastly1 the cold bleak plains shivering plains which stretch stretching towards ,archangel and towards ,archangel and the shores towards the shores of the ,white of the ,white ,sea are 7#dh7 covered ,sea1 and covered with immense with immense forests of fir and forests of oak and fir1 furnish oak1 furnishing at once 7#ed7dj materials for shipbuilding and inexhaustible materials for supplies of fuel that will for shipbuilding and supplies of fuel4 many generations supersede the 7#ed7 ,these ample stores for many necessity of searching for coal4 generations will supersede the necessity of searching in the 7#ad a7 bowels of the earth for the purposes of 7#ed7 warmth or manufacture4 ,formidable as the power of ,russia ,much as we may dread ,russia for is from the vast extent of its the vastness of her territory and territory1 and the great and of her rapidly increasing numbers1 rapidly increasing number of there is greater cause for fear its 7#ed7 subjects1 7#e7 it is in the military spirit and the still more 7#e7 so from the docility of her people4 military spirit and docile disposition by which they are 7#ed7da distinguished4 ,the prevailing 7#ed7 passion of the ,a burning thirst for conquest is nation is the 7#ed7 love of as prevalent a passion in ,russia conquest1 and this 7#ed7 ardent as democratic ambition in the free 7#ed7 desire1 which 7#ed7 burns states of ,western ,europe4 ,this as 7#ed7 fiercely in them as passion is the unseen spring#b democratic ambition does in the which1 while it retains the free states of ,western ,europe1 is ,russians in the strictest the unseen spring#db which both discipline1 unceasingly impels retains them submissive 7#ed7 their united forces against all under the standard of their adjoining states4 chief and impels their accumulated forces in ceaseless ,the national energy1 which is as violence over all the adjoining great as the national territory1 states4 ,the energies of the rarely wastes itself in disputes people1 great as#dc the territory about domestic grievances4 ,for all they inhabit1 are rarely wasted in internal evils1 how great soever1 internal disputes4 ,domestic the ,russians hope to find a grievances1 how great soever1 are compensation1 and more than a 7#ed7 overlooked in the thirst for compensation1 in the conquest of foreign aggrandizement4 7#ae7 ,in the world4 the conquest of the world the people hope to find a compensation1 and more than a compensation1 7#ae a7 for all the evils of their interior administration4 ,,footnotes3 #cg ,apparently it means1 not progress1 but the ,russian empire4 #ch ,not energy1 but a long succession of ages1 needs to be emphasized4 #ci ,there is nothing in the context that requires the words1 as of all ,oriental states4 #dj ,if they were really inexhaustible1 the necessity of searching in the bowels of the earth would be superseded1 not for many1 but for all generations4 #da ,the words can be implied1 and besides they are expressed in the following sentence4 #db ,the metaphor is questionable2 for a spring1 qua spring1 does not retain at all2 and besides1 a passion ought not to burn in one line1 and be a spring in the next4 #dc ,the meaning appears not to be1 great as 7is71 i4e4 though the territory is great4 ,,the ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,english ,,lessons ,,for ,,english ,,people4 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,,edwin ,a4 ,,abbott1 ,m4,a41 ,,head ,,master ,,of ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,london ,,school2 ,,and ,j4 ,r4 ,,seeley1 ,m4,a41 ,,professor ,,of ,,modern ,,history ,,in ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,cambridge4 ,it is not so much a merit to know ,english as it is a shame not to know it2 and ,i look upon this knowledge as essential for an ,englishman1 and not merely for a fine speaker4--,,adapted ,,from ,,cicero4 ,,boston3 ,,roberts ,,brothers4 #ahhc4 ,illustration3 ,,qui ,,legit ,,regit ,,university ,,press3 ,,john ,,wilson ,,son1 ,,cambridge4 ,,to ,,the ,,rev4 ,g4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,mortimer1 ,d4,d41 ,prebendary of ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral1 late ,head ,master of the ,city of ,london ,school4 ,,dear ,,doctor ,,mortimer1 ,we have other motives1 beside the respect and gratitude which must be felt for you by all those of your old pupils who are capable of appreciating the work you did at the ,city of ,london ,school1 for asking you to let us dedicate to you a little book which we have entitled ,english ,lessons for ,english ,people4 ,looking back upon our school life1 we both feel that among the many educational advantages which we enjoyed under your care1 there was none more important than the study of the works of ,shakspeare1 to which we and our school-fellows were stimulated by the special prizes of the ,beaufoy ,endowment4 ,we owe you a debt of gratitude not always owed by pupils to their teachers4 ,many who have passed into a life of engrossing activity without having been taught at school to use rightly1 or to appreciate the right use of1 their native tongue1 feeling themselves foreigners amid the language of their country1 may turn with some point against their teachers the reproach of banished ,bolingbroke3-- ,my tongue's use is to me no more ,than an unstringed viol or a harp1 ,or like a cunning instrument cased up1 ,or1 being open1 put into his hands ,that knows no touch to tune the harmony2 ,within my mouth you have engaoled my tongue1 ,doubly portcullis'd with my teeth and lips1 ,and dull1 unfeeling1 barren ignorance ,is made my gaoler to attend on me4 ,i am too old to fawn upon a nurse1 ,too far in years to be a pupil now4 ,it is our pleasant duty1 on the contrary1 to thank you for encouraging us to study the cunning instrument of our native tongue4 ,our sense of the benefits which we derived from this study1 and our recollection that the study was at that time optional1 and did not affect more than a small number of the pupils1 lead us to anticipate that when once the ,english language and literature become recognized1 not as an optional but as a regular part of our educational course1 the advantages will be so great as to constitute nothing short of a national benefit4 ,the present seems to be a critical moment for ,english instruction4 ,the subject has excited much attention of late years2 many schools have already taken it up2 others are on the point of doing so2 it forms an important part of most ,government and other examinations4 ,but there is a complaint from many teachers that they cannot teach ,english for want of text-books and manuals2 and1 as the study of ,english becomes year by year more general1 this complaint makes itself more and more distinctly heard4 ,to meet this want we have written the following pages4 ,if we had had more time1 we might perhaps have been tempted to aim at producing a more learned and exhaustive book on the subject2 but1 setting aside want of leisure1 we feel that a practical text-book1 and not a learned or exhaustive treatise1 is what is wanted at the present crisis4 ,we feel sure that you will give a kindly welcome to our little book1 as an attempt1 however imperfect1 to hand on the torch which you have handed to us2 we beg you also to accept it as a token of our sincere gratitude for more than ordinary kindnesses1 and to believe us ,your affectionate pupils1 ,j4 ,r4 ,,seeley4 ,,edwin ,a4 ,,abbott4 99 99 99 99 99 ,messrs4 ,roberts ,brothers' ,publications4 ,,english ,,lessons ,,for ,,english ,,people4 ,by ,rev4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,abbott1 ,m4,a41 and ,prof4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,seeley1 ,m4,a4 ,part ,i4--,vocabulary4 ,part ,,ii--,diction4 ,part ,,iii4--,metre4 ,part ,,iv4--,hints on ,selection and ,arrangement4 ,appendix4 #afmo4 ,price #a4ej4 ,from the ,london ,athenaeum4 ,the object of this book is evidently a practical one4 ,it is intended for ordinary use by a large circle of readers2 and though designed principally for boys1 may be read with advantage by many of more advanced years4 ,one of the lessons which it professes to teach1 to use the right word in the right place1 is one which no one should despise4 ,the accomplishment is a rare one1 and many of the hints here given are truly admirable4 ,from the ,southern ,review4 ,the study of ,language can never be exhausted4 ,every time it is looked at by a man of real ability and culture1 some new phase starts into view4 ,the origin of ,language2 its relations to the mind2 its history2 its laws2 its development2 its struggles2 its triumphs2 its devices2 its puzzles2 its ethics1--every thing about it is full of interest4 ,here is a delightful book1 by two men of recognized authority1--the head ,master of ,london ,school1 and the ,professor of ,modern ,history in the ,university of ,cambridge1 the notable author of ,ecce ,homo4 ,the book is so comprehensive in its scope that it seems almost miscellaneous4 ,it treats of the vocabulary of the ,english ,language2 ,diction as appropriate to this or that sort of composition2 selection and arguments of topics2 ,metre1 and an ,appendix on ,logic4 ,all this in less than three hundred pages4 ,within this space so many subjects cannot be treated exhaustively2 and no one is1 unless we may except ,metre1 to which about eighty pages are devoted1 and about which all seems to be said that is worth saying1--possibly more4 ,but on each topic some of the best things are said in a very stimulating way4 ,the student will desire to study more thoroughly the subject into which such pleasant openings are here given2 and the best prepared teacher will be thankful for the number of striking illustrations gathered up to his hand4 ,the abundance and freshness of the quotations makes the volume very attractive reading1 without reference to its didactic value4 ,sold by all booksellers4 ,mailed1 postpaid1 by the ,publishers1 ,,roberts ,,brothers1 ,,boston4 ,,preface4 ,this book is not intended to supply the place of an ,english ,grammar4 ,it presupposes a knowledge of ,grammar and of ,english idiom in its readers1 and does not address itself to foreigners1 but to those who1 having already a familiar knowledge of ,english1 need help to write it with taste and exactness4 ,some degree of knowledge is presumed in the reader2 nevertheless we do not presume that he possesses so much as to render him incapable of profiting from lessons4 ,our object is1 if possible1 not merely to interest1 but to teach2 to write lessons1 not essays1--lessons that may perhaps prove interesting to some who have passed beyond the routine of school life1 but still lessons1 in the strictest sense1 adapted for school classes4 ,aiming at practical utility1 the book deals only with those difficulties which1 in the course of teaching1 we have found to be most common and most serious4 ,for there are many difficulties1 even when grammatical accuracy has been attained1 in the way of ,english persons attempting to write and speak correctly4 ,first1 there is the cramping restriction of an insufficient vocabulary2 not merely a loose and inexact apprehension of many words that are commonly used1 and a consequent difficulty in using them accurately1 but also a total ignorance of many other words1 and an inability to use them at all2 and these last are1 as a rule1 the very words which are absolutely necessary for the comprehension and expression of any thought that deals with something more than the most ordinary concrete notions4 ,there is also a very common inability to appreciate the differences between words that are at all similar4 ,lastly1 where the pupil has studied ,latin1 and trusts too much for his knowledge of ,english words to his knowledge of their ,latin roots1 there is the possibility of misderiving and misunderstanding a word1 owing to ignorance of the changes of letters introduced in the process of derivation2 and1 on the other hand1 there is the danger of misunderstanding and pedantically misusing words correctly derived1 from an ignorance of the changes of meaning which a word almost always experiences in passing from one language to another4 ,the result of all this non-understanding or slovenly half-understanding of words is a habit of slovenly reading and slovenly writing1 which when once acquired is very hard to shake off4 ,then1 following on the difficulties attending the use of words1 there are others attending the choice and arrangement of words4 ,there is the danger of falling into poetic prose1 of thinking it necessary to write steed or charger instead of horse1 ire instead of anger1 and the like2 and every teacher1 who has had much experience in looking over examination papers1 will admit that this is a danger to which beginners are very liable4 ,again1 there is the temptation to shrink with a senseless fear from using a plain word twice in the same page1 and often from using a plain word at all4 ,this unmanly dread of simplicity1 and of what is called tautology1 gives rise to a patchwork made up of scraps of poetic quotations1 unmeaning periphrases1 and would-be humorous circumlocutions1--a style of all styles perhaps the most objectionable and offensive1 which may be known and avoided by the name of ,fine ,writing4 ,lastly1 there is the danger of obscurity1 a fault which cannot be avoided without extreme care1 owing to the uninflected nature of our language4 ,all these difficulties and dangers are quite as real1 and require as much attention1 and are fit subjects for practical teaching in our schools1 quite as much as many points which1 at present1 receive perhaps an excessive attention in some of our text-books4 ,to use the right word in the right place is an accomplishment not less valuable than the knowledge of the truth 7carefully recorded in most ,english ,grammars1 and often inflicted as a task upon younger pupils7 that the plural of cherub is cherubim1 and the feminine of bull is cow4 ,to smooth the reader's way through these difficulties is the object of the first three ,parts of this book4 ,difficulties connected with ,vocabulary are considered first4 ,the student is introduced1 almost at once1 to ,synonyms4 ,he is taught how to define a word1 with and without the aid of its synonyms4 ,he is shown how to eliminate from a word whatever is not essential to its meaning4 ,the processes of ,definition and ,elimination are carefully explained3 a system or scheme is laid down which he can exactly follow2 and examples are subjoined1 worked out to illustrate the method which he is to pursue4 ,a system is also given by which the reader may enlarge his vocabulary1 and furnish himself easily and naturally with those general or abstract terms which are often misunderstood and misused1 and still more often not understood and not used at all4 ,some information is also given to help the reader to connect words with their roots1 and at the same time to caution him against supposing that1 because he knows the roots of a word1 he necessarily knows the meaning of the word itself4 ,exercises are interspersed throughout this ,part which can be worked out with1 or without1 an ,english ,etymological ,dictionary1#dd as the nature of the case may require4 ,the exercises have not been selected at random2 many of them have been subjected to the practical test of experience1 and have been used in class teaching4 ,the ,second ,part deals with ,diction4 ,it attempts to illustrate with some detail the distinction--often ignored by those who are beginning to write ,english1 and sometimes by others also--between the ,diction of ,prose1 and that of ,poetry4 ,it endeavors to dissipate that excessive and vulgar dread of tautology which1 together with a fondness for misplaced pleasantry1 gives rise to the vicious style described above4 ,it gives some practical rules for writing a long sentence clearly and impressively2 and it also examines the difference between slang1 conversation1 and written prose4 ,both for translating from foreign languages into ,english1 and for writing original ,english composition1 these rules have been used in teaching1 and1 we venture to think1 with encouraging results4 ,a ,chapter on ,simile and ,metaphor concludes the subject of ,diction4 ,we have found1 in the course of teaching1 that a great deal of confusion in speaking and writing1 and still more in reading and attempting to understand the works of our classical ,english authors1 arises from the inability to express the literal meaning conveyed in a ,metaphor4 ,the application of the principle of ,proportion to the explanation of ,metaphor has been found to dissipate much of this confusion4 ,the youngest pupils readily learn how to expand a ,metaphor into its ,simile2 and it is really astonishing to see how many difficulties that perplex young heads1 and sometimes old ones too1 vanish at once when the key of expansion is applied4 ,more important still1 perhaps1 is the exactness of thought introduced by this method4 ,the pupil knows that1 if he cannot expand a metaphor1 he does not understand it4 ,all teachers will admit that to force a pupil to see that he does not understand any thing is a great stride of progress4 ,it is difficult to exaggerate the value of a process which makes it impossible for a pupil to delude himself into the belief that he understands when he does not understand4 ,metre is the subject of the ,third ,part4 ,the object of this ,part 7as also1 in a great measure1 of the ,chapter just mentioned belonging to the ,second ,part7 is to enable the pupil to read ,english ,poetry with intelligence1 interest1 and appreciation4 ,to teach any one how to read a verse so as to mark the metre on the one hand1 without on the other hand converting the metrical line into a monotonous doggerel1 is not so easy a task as might be supposed4 ,many of the rules stated in this ,part have been found of practical utility in teaching pupils to hit the mean4 ,rules and illustrations have therefore been given1 and the different kinds of metre and varieties of the same metre have been explained at considerable length4 ,this ,chapter may seem to some to enter rather too much into detail4 ,we desire1 however1 to urge as an explanation1 that in all probability the study of ,english metre will rapidly assume more importance in ,english schools4 ,at present1 very little is generally taught1 and perhaps known1 about this subject4 ,in a recent elaborate edition of the works of ,pope1 the skill of that consummate master of the art of epigrammatic versification is impugned because in one of his lines he suffers the to receive the metrical accent4 ,when one of the commonest customs 7for it is in no sense a license7 of ,english poets--a custom sanctioned by ,shakspeare1 ,dryden1 ,milton1 ,wordsworth1 ,byron1 ,shelley1 and ,tennyson--can be censured as a fault1 and this in a leading edition of a leading poet of our literature1 it must be evident that much still remains to be done in teaching ,english ,metre4 ,at present this ,part may seem too detailed4 ,probably1 some few years hence1 when a knowledge of ,english ,metre has become more widely diffused1 it will seem not detailed enough4 ,the ,fourth ,part 7like the ,chapter on ,metaphor7 is concerned not more with ,english than with other languages4 ,it treats of the different ,styles of ,composition1 the appropriate subjects for each1 and the arrangement of the subject-matter4 ,we hope that this may be of some interest to the general reader1 as well as of practical utility in the higher classes of schools4 ,it seems desirable that before pupils begin to write essays1 imaginary dialogues1 speeches1 and poems1 they should receive some instruction as to the difference of arrangement in a poem1 a speech1 a conversation1 and an essay4 ,an ,appendix adds a few hints on some ,errors in ,reasoning4 ,this addition may interfere with the symmetry of the book2 but if it is found of use1 the utility will be ample compensation4 ,in reading literature1 pupils are continually meeting instances of false reasoning1 which1 if passed over without comment1 do harm1 and1 if commented upon1 require some little basis of knowledge in the pupil to enable him to understand the explanation4 ,without entering into the details of formal ,logic1 we have found it possible to give pupils some few hints which have appeared to help them4 ,the hints are so elementary1 and so few1 that they cannot possibly delude the youngest reader into imagining that they are any thing more than hints4 ,they may induce him hereafter to study the subject thoroughly in a complete treatise1 when he has leisure and opportunity2 but1 in any case1 a boy will leave school all the better prepared for the work of life1 whatever that work may be1 if he knows the meaning of induction1 and has been cautioned against the error1 post hoc1 ergo propter hoc4 ,no lesson1 so far as our experience in teaching goes1 interests and stimulates pupils more than this2 and our experience of debating societies1 in the higher forms of schools1 forces upon us the conviction that such lessons are not more interesting than necessary4 ,questions on the different paragraphs have been added at the end of the book1 for the purpose of enabling the student to test his knowledge of the contents1 and also to serve as home lessons to be prepared by pupils in classes4#de ,a desire1 expressed by some teachers of experience1 that these lessons should be published as soon as possible1 has rather accelerated the publication4 ,some misprints and other inaccuracies may possibly be found in the following pages1 in consequence of the short time ,which has been allowed us for correcting them4 ,our thanks are due to several friends who have kindly assisted us in this task1 and who have also aided us with many valuable and practical suggestions4 ,among these we desire to mention ,mr4 ,joseph ,payne1 whose labors on ,norman ,french are well known2 ,mr4 ,t4,g4 ,philpotts1 late ,fellow of ,new ,college1 ,oxford1 and one of the ,assistant ,masters of ,rugby ,school2 ,mr4 ,edwin ,abbott1 ,head ,master of the ,philological ,school2 ,mr4 ,howard ,candler1 ,mathematical ,master of ,uppingham ,school2 and the ,rev4 ,r4 ,h4 ,quick1 one of the ,assistant ,masters of ,harrow ,school4 ,in conclusion1 we repeat that we do not wish our book to be regarded as an exhaustive treatise1 or as adapted for the use of foreigners4 ,it is intended primarily for boys1 but1 in the present unsatisfactory state of ,english education1 we entertain a hope that it may possibly be found not unfit for some who have passed the age of boyhood2 and in this hope we have ventured to give it the title of ,english ,lessons for ,english ,people4 ,,footnotes3 #dd ,an ,etymological ,dictionary is necessary for pupils studying the ,first ,part4 ,chambers's or ,ogilvie's will answer the purpose4 #de ,some of the passages quoted to illustrate style are intended to be committed to memory and used as repetition-lessons4--,see pp4 #ahj1 #aha1 #bab1 #bcg1 #bch1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,the ,,right ,,use ,,of ,,books4 ,a ,,lecture4 ,by ,,william ,p4 ,,atkinson1 ,professor of ,english and ,history in the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology4 #afmo4 ,cloth4 ,price #ej cents4 ,full of good sense1 sound taste1 and quiet humor4444 ,it is the easiest thing in the world to waste time over books1 which are merely tools of knowledge like any other tools4444 ,it is the function of a good book not only to fructify1 but to inspire1 not only to fill the memory with evanescent treasures1 but to enrich the imagination with forms of beauty and goodness which leave a lasting impression on the character4--,n4 ,y4 ,tribune4 ,contains so many wise suggestions concerning methods in study and so excellent a summary of the nature and principles of a really liberal education that it well deserves publication for the benefit of the reading public4 ,though it makes only a slight volume1 its quality in thought and style is so admirable that all who are interested in the subject of good education will give to it a prominent and honorable position among the many books upon education which have recently been published4 ,for it takes only a brief reading to perceive that in this single lecture the results of wide experience in teaching and of long study of the true principles of education are generalized and presented in a few pages1 each one of which contains so much that it might be easily expanded into an excellent chapter4--,the ,library ,table4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,reading ,,as ,a ,,fine ,,art4 ,by ,,ernest ,,legouve1 of the ,academie ,francaise4 ,translated from the ,ninth ,edition by ,,abby ,,langdon ,,alger4 #afmo4 ,cloth4 #ej cents4 7,dedication47 ,,to ,,the ,,scholars ,,of ,,the ,,high ,,and ,,normal ,,school4 ,for you this sketch was written3 permit me to dedicate it to you1 in fact1 to intrust it to your care4 ,pupils to-day1 to-morrow you will be teachers2 to-morrow1 generation after generation of youth will pass through your guardian hands4 ,an idea received by you must of necessity reach thousands of minds4 ,help me1 then1 to spread abroad the work in which you have some share1 and allow me to add to the great pleasure of having numbered you among my hearers the still greater happiness of calling you my assistants4 ,e4 ,,legouve4 ,we commend this valuable little book to the attention of teachers and others interested in the instruction of the pupils of our public schools4 ,it treats of the ,first ,steps in ,reading1 ,learning to ,read1 ,should we read as we talk1 ,the ,use and ,management of the ,voice1 ,the ,art of ,breathing1 ,pronunciation1 ,stuttering1 ,punctuation1 ,readers and ,speakers1 ,reading as a ,means of ,criticism1 ,on ,reading ,poetry1 c41 and makes a strong claim as to the value of reading aloud1 as being the most wholesome of gymnastics1 for to strengthen the voice is to strengthen the whole system and develop vocal power4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,how ,,to ,,parse4 ,,an ,,attempt ,,to ,,apply ,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,scholarship ,,to ,,english ,,grammar4 ,with ,appendixes in ,analysis1 ,spelling1 and ,punctuation4 ,by ,,edwin ,a4 ,,abbott1 ,m4,a41 ,head ,master of the ,city of ,london ,school4 #afmo4 ,cloth4 ,price #a4jj4 ,we recommend this little book to the careful attention of teachers and others interested in instruction4 ,in the hands of an able teacher1 the book should help to relieve parsing from the reproach of being the bane of the school-room4 ,the ,etymological ,glossary of ,grammatical ,terms will also supply a long-felt want4 ,n4,y4 ,nation4 ',how to ,parse' is likely to prove to teachers a valuable1 and to scholars an agreeable1 substitute for most of the grammars in common use4--,boston ,daily ,advertiser4 ,the ,rev4 ,e4,a4 ,abbott1 whose books1 ',english ,lessons for ,english ,people1' and ',how to ,write ,clearly1' have been accepted as standard text-books on both sides of the ocean1 has added another work to his list of sensible treatises on the use of ,english4 ,it is called ',how to ,parse1' and is best described by the further title1 ',an ,attempt to apply the ,principles of ,scholarship to ,english ,grammar1 with ,appendices on ,analysis1 ,spelling1 and ,punctuation4' ,the little book is so sensible and so simple that the greater number of its readers will perhaps forget to observe that it is profoundly philosophical also1 but it is so in the best sense of the term4--,n4 ,y4 ,evening ,post4 ,of all subjects of study1 it may be safely admitted that grammar possesses as a rule the fewest attractions for the youthful mind4 ,to prepare a work capable of imparting a thorough knowledge of this important part of education in an attractive and entertaining form1 to many may appear extremely difficult1 if not impossible2 nevertheless1 the task has been accomplished in a highly successful manner by ,edwin ,a4 ,abbott1 ,head ,master of the ,city of ,london ,school1 in a neat little volume entitled ',how to ,parse4' ,the author has succeeded admirably in combining with the exercises a vast amount of useful information1 which impacts to the principles and rules of the main subject a degree of interest that renders the study as attractive as history or fiction4 ,the value of the book is greatly increased by an excellent glossary of grammatical forms and a nicely arranged index4 ,the work deserves the attention and consideration of teachers and pupils1 and will doubtless prove a highly popular addition to the list of school-books4--,n4,y4 ,graphic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,messrs4 ,roberts ,brothers' ,publications4 ,,goethe',s ,,hermann ,,and ,,dorothea4 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,german ,,by ,,ellen ,,frothingham4 ,,with ,,illustrations4 ,thin #hvo1 cloth1 gilt1 bevelled boards4 ,price #b4jj4 ,a cheaper edition1 #afmo1 cloth4 ,price #a4jj4 ,miss ,frothingham's translation is something to be glad of3 it lends itself kindly to perusal1 and it presents ,goethe's charming poem in the metre of the original4444 ,it is not a poem which could be profitably used in an argument for the enlargement of the sphere of woman3 it teaches her subjection1 indeed1 from the lips of a beautiful girl1 which are always so fatally convincing2 but it has its charm1 nevertheless1 and will serve at least for an agreeable picture of an age when the ideal woman was a creature around which grew the beauty and comfort and security of home4--,atlantic ,monthly4 ,the poem itself is bewitching4 ,of the same metre as ,longfellow's ',evangeline1' its sweet and measured cadences carry the reader onward with a real pleasure as he becomes more and more absorbed in this descriptive wooing song4 ,it is a sweet volume to read aloud in a select circle of intelligent friends4--,providence ,press4 ,miss ,frothingham has done a good service1 and done it well1 in translating this famous idyl1 which has been justly called 'one of the most faultless poems of modern times4' ,nothing can surpass the simplicity1 tenderness1 and grace of the original1 and these have been well preserved in ,miss ,frothingham's version4 ,her success is worthy of the highest praise1 and the mere ,english reader can scarcely fail to read the poem with the same delight with which it has always been read by those familiar with the ,german4 ,its charming pictures of domestic life1 the strength and delicacy of its characterization1 the purity of tone and ardent love of country which breathe through it1 must always make it one of the most admired of ,goethe's works4--,boston ,christian ,register4 ,sold everywhere4 ,mailed1 postpaid1 by the ,publishers1 ,,roberts ,,brothers1 ,,boston 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,,abbott',s ,,works4 ,,how ,,to ,,parse4 ,an ,attempt to ,apply the ,principles of ,scholarship to ,english ,grammar4 ,with ,appendixes on ,analysis1 ,spelling1 and ,punctuation4 #afmo4 ,cloth4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,,how ,,to ,,tell ,,the ,,parts ,,of ,,speech4 ,an ,introduction to ,english ,grammar4 ,american edition1 revised and enlarged by ,prof4 ,,john ,g4 ,r4 ,mc,e,l,r,o,y1 of the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 #afmo4 ,cloth4 ,price1 #ge cents4 ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,clearly4 ,rules and ,exercises in ,english ,composition4 #afmo4 ,cloth4 ,price1 #fj cents4 ,,english ,,lessons ,,for ,,english ,,people4 ,jointly by ,dr4 ,,abbott and ,prof4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,seeley1 ,m4,a41 of ,cambridge ,university1 ,eng4 #afmo4 ,cloth4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,roberts ,,brothers1 ,,publishers1 ,boston4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible1 including obsolete and variant spellings and other inconsistencies4 ,the transcriber made the following changes to the text to correct obvious errors3 #a4 p4 #ij1 inpugned -- impugned #b4 p4 #ea1 to qualify enemy4 -- to qualify enemy4 ,text set in bold print is indicated by asterisks1 i4e41 99,bold994 ,it is common to have footnotes referenced multiple times in the text4 ,advertisements for ,dr4 ,abbott's other works published by ,roberts ,brothers have been moved from the front of the book to the end4 ,end of ,transcriber's ,notes