,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,,incorporat$ ,affiliat$ ) ,! ,am]ican ,horticultural ,society ,?irty-f\r? ,annual ,report #aidc ,,cont5ts ,(fic]s & committees #c ,/ate ,vice-,presid5ts #d ,li/ ( memb]s #e ,con/itution #ah ,by-,laws #ai ,=eword--,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ #bj ,report ( ! ,secret>y = #aidb-dc #bj ,report ( ! ,treasur] = #aidb-dc #ba ,! ,/atus ( ,nut ,gr[+ 9 #aidc4 ,survey ,report #bb ,john ,davidson1 ,*airman ( ,committee4 ,side-lights on ! #aidc-dd ,survey #dg ,seasonal ,zone ,map ( ,unit$ ,/ates #ea ,juglone3 ,! active ,ag5t 9 ,walnut ,toxicity--,george ,a4 ,gries #eb ,possible ,black ,walnut ,toxicity on ,tomato & ,cabbage--,otto ,re9k+ #ef ,prelim9>y ,/udies on ,catk9 ,=c+ & ,poll5 ,/orage ( ,corylus & ,juglans--,l4 ,g4 ,cox #eh ,/orage & ,g]m9ation ( ,nuts ( ,sev]al ,species ( ,juglans--,w4 ,c4 ,mu5s*] & ,babette ,i4 ,br[n #fa ,a ,key to ,"s ,se$l+s ( ,walnuts 7,juglans7--,w4 ,c4 ,mu5s*] & ,babette ,i4 ,br[n #fb ,fur!r ,te/s ) ,black ,walnut ,v>ieties--,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels & ,j4 ,e4 ,wilde #fd ,%ell+ ,black ,walnuts--,g4 ,j4 ,korn #hc ,bett] ,butt]nuts1 ,please--,s4 ,h4 ,graham #he ,! ,use ( ,f]tiliz] 9 a ,walnut ,or*>d--,l4 ,k4 ,ho/ett] #hh ,lime & ,f]tiliz]s = our ,black ,walnut ,trees--,sew>d ,b]h[ #hi ,! ,propagation ( ,black ,walnuts ?r\gh ,budd+--,/]l+ ,smi? #hi ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[+--,joseph ,g]>di #ia ,nut ,putt]+ 9 an ,(f ,ye>--,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ #id ,nut ,nurs]y ,notes--,h4 ,f4 ,/oke #if ,report f ! ,t5nessee ,valley--,?omas ,g4 ,z>g] #ih ,report f ,m9nesota--,c>l ,wes*cke #ii ,be ,?rifty ) ,nut ,trees--,c>l ,wes*cke #ajd ,report ( ,season #aidc--;,george ,hebd5 ,corsan #aje ,am]ican ,walnut ,manufactur]s ,association ,c>ries out ,indu/rial ,=e/ry ,program--,w4 ,c4 ,f9ley #ajf ,! ,cra? ,c>pa?ian ,walnut 9 ,ill9ois--,a4 ,s4 ,colby #ajg ,ohio ,nut ,gr[]s' ,meet+--,g4 ,j4 ,korn #aaj ,walnut & ,he>tnut ,v>ieties2 ,notes & ,rem>ks--,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly #aab ,lett]s #aaf ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,inve/igates ,tree ,believ$ to be ! ,olde/ ,*e/nut 9 ,connecticut #abj ,report ( ,committee ( ,ohio ,nut ,gr[]s--,a4 ,a4 ,bung>t #abb ,dr4 ,john ,h>vey ,kellogg--,obitu>y #abf ,,(fic]s ,,( ,,! ,,association ,presid5t--,,c>l ,,wes*cke1 #if ,,s\? ,,waba%a ,,/41 ,,/4 ,,paul1 ,,m9n4 ,vice-,presid5t--,,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,macdaniels1 ,,cornell ,,univ]sity1 ,,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,secret>y--,,george ,l4 ,,slate1 ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation1 ,,g5eva1 ,n4,y4 ,treasur]--,d4 ,c4 ,,snyd]1 ,,c5t] ,,po9t1 ,,i[a4 ,,directors ,,! ,,(fic]s--& ,j4 ,f4 ,,wilk9son1 ,,rockport1 ,,indiana1 & ,,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,colby1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ill9ois1 ,,urbana1 ,,ill9ois4 ,,committees ,audit+--,,dr4 ,,william ,,rohrba*]1 ,,*airman4 ,f9ance--,,c>l ,f4 ,,walk]1 ,,*airman1 ,,z5as ,h4 ,,ellis1 ,,h>ry ,r4 ,,web]4 ,press & ,publication--,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+1 ,,*airman1 ,,mrs4 ,,alan ,,buckwalt]1 ,,cl>5ce ,a4 ,,re$1 ,,george ,l4 ,,slate1 ,,dr4 ,l4 ,e4 ,,!iss4 ,v>ieties & ,conte/--,,alan ,r4 ,,buckwalt]1 ,,*airman1 ,,john ,w4 ,,h]%ey1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,re$1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,snyd]1 ,h4 ,f4 ,,/oke4 ,survey--,,john ,,davidson1 ,,*airman4 ,exhibits--,g4 ,h4 ,,corsan1 ,,*airman1 ,,gilb]t ,,beck]1 ,,paul ,c4 ,,cra?1 ,s4 ,h4 ,,graham1 ,,hom] ,l4 ,,jacobs1 ,g4 ,j4 ,,korn1 ,o4 ,c4 ,,l\nsb]ry1 ,,s>g5t ,h4 ,,wellman4 ,program--,,gilb]t ,,beck]1 ,,*airman1 ,,john ,,bregg]1 ,,sp5c] ,b4 ,,*ase1 ,,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,crane1 ,g4 ,j4 ,,korn1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,mckay1 ,,cl>5ce ,,re$1 ,g4 ,h4 ,,corsan1 ,,pr(4 ,r4 ,b4 ,,?omson1 ,w4 ,j4 ,,/rong1 ,,dr4 ,,conelly1 ,,pr(4 ,,:ite1 ,,pr(4 ,,dwight4 ,memb]%ip--,,dr4 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smi?1 ,,*airman1 ,l4 ,v4 ,,kl9e1 ,,sp5c] ,b4 ,,*ase1 ,,miss ,,mildr$ ,,jones1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,wilk9son1 ,,miss ,,amelia ,,riehl1 ,h4 ,f4 ,,/oke1 ,s4 ,h4 ,,graham1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,snyd]1 ,,c>l ,,wes*cke1 ,,john ,w4 ,,h]%ey1 ,,gilb]t ,,beck]1 ,,h>ry ,r4 ,,web]4 ,,dean ,,( ,,! ,,association ,,dr4 ,,rob]t ,t4 ,,morris1 ,,/am=d1 ,,connecticut4 ,,field ,,secret>y ,,z5as ,h4 ,,ellis1 ,,fairhav51 ,,v]mont4 ,,editor ,,( ,,publications ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+1 ,,lit*field1 ,,conn4 ,,(ficial ,,j\rnal ,,am]ican ,,fruit ,,gr[]1 #aggj ,,ont>io ,,/reet1 ,,clevel&1 ,,ohio4 ,/ate ,vice ,presid5ts ,arkansas ,pr(4 ,n4 ,f4 ,drake ,alb]ta1 ,canada ,a4 ,l4 ,"y ,briti% ,columbia1 ,canada ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly ,cali=nia ,w ,j4 ,?orpe ,canal ,zone ,l4 ,c4 ,leighton ,connecticut ,george ,d4 ,pratt1 ,jr4 ,di/rict ( ,columbia ,l4 ,h4 ,mit*ell ,georgia ,walt] ,p4 ,pike ,ill9ois ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby ,indiana ,hon4 ,hugh ,d4 ,wick5s ,i[a ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd] ,kansas ,frank ,e4 ,bor/ ,k5tucky ,e4 ,c4 ,rice ,ma9e ,h]man ,g4 ,p]k9s ,m>yl& ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane ,massa*usetts ,s>g5t ,h4 ,wellman ,mexico ,julio ,gr&jean ,mi*igan ,h>ry ,burg>t ,m9nesota ,c>l ,wes*cke ,miss\ri ,victor ,h4 ,s*midt ,nebraska ,william ,caha ,new ,hamp%ire ,pr(4 ,l4 ,p4 ,latim] ,new ,j]sey ,a4 ,r4 ,buckwalt] ,new ,york ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,d4 ,r4 ,dun/an ,ohio ,h>ry ,r4 ,web] ,ont>io1 ,canada ,rev4 ,paul ,c4 ,cra? ,oregon ,c4 ,e4 ,s*u/] ,p5nsylvania ,john ,rick ,quebec1 ,canada ,dr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,mc,kibben ,rhode ,isl& ,phillip ,all5 ,s\? ,am]ica ,cel$onio ,v4 ,p]$a ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,john ,t4 ,bregg] ,t5nessee ,l4 ,v4 ,kl9e ,texas ,y4 ,d4 ,c>roll ,v]mont ,z5as ,h4 ,ellis ,virg9ia ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi? ,wa%+ton ,major ,h4 ,b4 ,f]ris ,we/ ,virg9ia ,dr4 ,john ,e4 ,cannaday ,wiscons9 ,m>v9 ,dopk9s ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,memb]s z ( ,may #ai1 #aidd ,,alabama ,mc,daniel1 ,john1 ,mc,daniel ,nurs]y ,specialties ,co41 ,h>tselle ,orr1 ,lovie1 ,p5n-,orr-,mc,daniel ,or*>ds1 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,danville ,ri*>ds1 ,paul ,n41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,box #cjh1 ,birm+ham ,,arkansas 99,drake1 ,pr(4 ,n4 ,f41 ,fayetteville4 ,johnson1 ,se>les1 ,japton ,williams1 ,j]ry ,f41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,viola ,,cali=nia ,arm/rong ,nurs]ies1 #djh ,no4 ,euclid ,ave41 ,ont>io ,gray1 ,g4 ,a41 #aejg #aa? ,/41 ,santa ,monica ,haig1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,r41 #ccdd ,h4 ,/41 ,sacram5to ,kemple1 ,w4 ,h41 #bbb ,we/ ,ral/on ,/41 ,ont>io ,mey]1 ,james ,r41 ,guayale ,rese>* ,project1 ,box #agjh1 ,sal9as ,p>sons1 ,*as4 ,e41 ,felix ,gillet ,nurs]y1 ,nevada ,city ,?orpe1 ,william ,j41 #cbjc ,anna ,/41 ,san ,francisco ,welby1 ,h>ry ,s41 #ejj ,bu*anan ,/41 ,taft ,,canada ,cook1 ,c41 #fbbf ,v9e ,/41 ,vanc\v]1 ,b4 ,c4 ,corsan1 ,george ,h41 ,e*o ,valley1 ,isl+ton1 ,ont>io ,cra?1 ,rev4 ,paul ,c41 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,conn+ton1 ,ont>io ,cre$1 ,fr$ ,h41 #bgf ,s&wi* ,/4 ,w41 ,w9dsor1 ,ont>io ,filman1 ,o41 ,ald]%ot1 ,ont>io ,gellatly1 ,j4 ,u41 ,we/bank1 ,b4 ,c4 ,gieg]i*1 ,h4 ,c41 ,con-,m9e1 ,yell[ ,knife1 ,n ,w ,t ,h\ss]1 ,levi1 ,beamsville1 ,ont>io 99 ,neilson1 ,mrs4 ,ell51 ,box #heb1 ,guelph1 ,ont>io ,papple1 ,elton ,e41 ,r4 ,no4 #c1 ,ga9esville1 ,ont>io ,port]1 ,gordon1 ,y4,m4,c4,a41 ,w9dsor1 ,ont>io ,som]s1 ,gordon ,l41 #cg ,london ,/41 ,%]brooke1 ,quebec ,/eph5son1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,h41 ,nor? ,b5d1 ,b4 ,c4 ,trayl+1 ,e4 ,j41 #eji ,ri*>ds ,/41 ,vanc\v]1 ,b4 ,c4 ,tr\p1 ,alex1 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,jordon ,/ation1 ,ont>io ,wagn]1 ,a4 ,s41 ,delhi1 ,ont>io ,wood1 ,c4 ,f41 c_/o ,hobbs ,glass ,limit$1 #fhi ,notre ,dame ,/41 ,we/ ,montreal1 ,p4 ,q4 ,yates1 ,j41 #baej ,e4 #fe? ,ave41 ,vanc\v]1 ,b4 ,c4 ,"y1 ,a4 ,l41 ,brooks1 ,alta4 ,,canal ,,zone ,leighton1 ,l4 ,c41 ,box #adeb1 ,cri/obal ,,colorado ,colt1 ,w4 ,a41 ,lyons ,wild]1 ,w4 ,e41 #iae ,we/ #d?1 ,la ,junta ,williams1 ,erasmus ,w41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #iff1 ,durango ,,connecticut ,biology ,dep>tm5t1 ,avon ,old ,f>ms1 ,avon ,coote1 ,alb]t ,w41 #aajd ,f>m+ton ,ave41 ,we/ ,h>t=d4 ,david1 ,alex&] ,m41 #dhj ,s4 ,ma9 ,/41 ,we/ ,h>t=d ,dawley1 ,ar?ur ,e41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,norwi* ,dem+1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c41 ,lit*field ,frueh1 ,alfr$ ,j41 ,we/ ,cornwall or 7#cd ,p]ry ,/41 ,n4,y41 ,n4,y47 99 ,hunt+ton1 ,a4 ,m41 ,/an]igg ,f>ms1 ,be!l ,j5n+s1 ,clyde1 #cj ,we/ ,ma9 ,/41 ,wat]bury ,lehr1 ,fr$]ick ,l41 #de ,elihu ,/41 ,hamd5 ,lobdell1 ,mrs4 ,frank ,c41 #bbe ,v]na ,hill ,rd41 ,fairfield ,milde1 ,k>l ,f41 ,t[n ,f>m ,rd41 ,lit*field 99 ,morris1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,t41 ,,rfd41 ,/am=d 99 ,newmak]1 ,adolph1 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,rockville ,page1 ,donald ,t41 ,box #bbh1 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,danielson ,pratt1 ,george ,d41 ,jr41 ,bridgewat] ,r\rke1 ,rob]t ,u41 ,r4 #a1 ,pomfret ,c5t]1 ,conn4 ,s5ior1 ,sam ,p41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,bridgeport ,wal%1 ,james ,a41 c_/o ,arm/rong ,rubb] ,co41 ,we/ ,hav5 ,:ite1 ,hea? ,e41 ,box #fcj1 ,we/port ,:ite1 ,george ,e41 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,&ov] ,,delaw>e ,lake1 ,edw>d ,c41 ,%>pless ,rd41 ,hockess9 ,,di/rict ,,( ,,columbia ,am]ican ,pota% ,in/41 ,inc41 ,libr>ian1 #aaee #af? ,/41 ,n4 ,w41 ,wa%+ton ,bu%1 ,dr4 ,vannev>1 #dija ,hillbrook ,lane1 ,wa%+ton ,littlepage1 ,?omas ,p41 ,union ,tru/ ,bldg41 ,wa%+ton ,mit*ell1 ,col4 ,l5n>d ,h41 #bfeg ,woodley ,rd4 ,n4 ,w41 ,wa%+ton ,,florida ,cook1 ,dr4 ,erne/ ,a41 c_/o ,c\nty ,heal? ,dept41 ,qu9cy ,mc,daniel1 ,j4 ,c41 ,box #aaaa1 ,ha9es ,city ,,georgia ,eidson1 ,g4 ,clyde1 #agjj ,we/wood ,ave4 ,s4 ,w41 ,atlanta ,hunt]1 ,h4 ,reid1 #efa ,lake%ore ,dr4 ,n4 ,e41 ,atlanta ,skyl& ,f>ms1 ,s4 ,c4 ,nol& ,c4 ,h4 ,craw=d1 ,prop41 #afa ,spr+ ,/4 ,n4 ,w41 ,atlanta ,,idaho ,dryd51 ,lynn1 ,peck ,swayne1 ,samuel ,f41 ,or(9o ,,ill9ois ,a*5ba*1 ,w4 ,n41 #daj ,n4 ,mi*igan ,ave41 ,*icago ,adams1 ,james ,s41 ,r4 #a1 ,h9sdale ,all51 ,!odore ,r41 ,delavan ,an?ony1 ,a4 ,b41 ,r4 ,no4 #c1 ,/]l+ ,bab]1 ,ad91 ,kansas ,be/1 ,r4 ,b41 ,eldr$ ,bolle1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c41 #cbd ,e4 ,/ate ,/41 ,jacksonville ,bontz1 ,mrs4 ,lillian1 #afa ,w4 ,mass4 ,ave41 ,peoria ,bronson1 ,e>l ,a41 #hjj ,simpson ,/41 ,evan/on ,*ur*ill1 ,wood=d ,m41 #dbej ,drexel ,blvd41 ,*icago ,colby1 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,s41 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,urbana ,coleh\r1 ,francis ,h41 #daa ,br[n ,bldg41 ,rock=d ,d9telman1 ,l4 ,f41 ,belleville ,duis1 ,j4 ,g41 ,%attuc ,edmunds1 ,mrs4 ,palm] ,d41 ,la ,hogue ,frey1 ,mrs4 ,frank ,h41 #bcae ,we/ #ajh? ,place1 ,*icago ,frey1 ,frank ,h41 #bcae ,we/ #ajh? ,place1 ,*icago ,fri]di*1 ,fr$1 #cijg ,w4 ,ma9 ,/41 ,belleville ,g]>di1 ,joseph1 ,o',fallon ,gott1 ,lawr5ce ,e41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box ,no4 #ajd1 ,enfield ,gusl]1 ,c>l1 #bac ,n4 ,taylor ,ave41 ,oak ,p>k ,haesel]1 ,l4 ,m41 #aiei ,w4 ,madison ,/41 ,*icago ,helmle1 ,h]man ,c41 #abc ,n4 ,walnut ,/41 ,spr+field ,jungk1 ,adolph1 #hag ,wa%+ton ,ave41 ,alton ,kiln]1 ,f4 ,r41 c_/o ,am]ican ,nurs]yman1 #ejh ,s4 ,de>born ,/41 ,*icago ,k9sel1 ,dr4 ,o4 ,a41 ,box #ec1 ,morrison ,knoblo*1 ,miss ,m>g>et1 ,ar?ur ,kreid]1 ,ralph1 ,jr41 ,hammond ,liv]more1 ,ogd51 #hja ,=e/ ,ave41 ,evan/on ,logan1 ,george ,f41 ,dallas ,city ,love1 ,w4 ,wray1 #fja ,e4 ,boone ,/41 ,salem ,maxwell1 ,l]oy ,o41 #cab ,w4 ,avondale ,/41 ,*ampaign ,oakes1 ,royal1 ,bluffs ,pet]son1 ,dr4 ,joel ,a41 #fjb ,univ]sity ,ave41 ,urbana ,p[ell1 ,*>les ,a41 ,hickory ,/41 ,j]seyville ,remaly1 ,h[>d ,a41 #aabj ,e4 ,maple ,/41 ,kankakee ,riehl1 ,miss ,amelia1 ,ev]gre5 ,heights1 ,godfrey ,trobaugh1 ,frank ,e41 ,we/ ,frank=t ,valley ,l&scape ,co41 ,box #fhh1 ,elg9 ,van ,cleave1 ,bruce1 #ajdi ,*atfield ,rd41 ,w9netka ,walantas1 ,john1 #cdfd ,lituanica ,ave41 ,*icago ,w]n]1 ,edw>d ,h41 #bhb ,ridgel& ,ave41 ,elmhur/ ,:it=d1 ,a4 ,m41 ,f>9a ,,indiana ,behr1 ,j4 ,e41 ,laconia ,boy]1 ,clyde ,c41 ,nabb ,g5try1 ,h]b]t ,m41 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,noblesville ,m9ton1 ,*>les ,f41 ,r4 ,no4 #e1 ,hunt+ton ,morey1 ,b4 ,f41 #dec ,s4 #e? ,/41 ,cl9ton ,olson1 ,alb]t ,l41 #abcj ,nuttman ,ave41 ,=t ,wayne ,prell1 ,c>l ,f41 #hjc ,we/ ,colfax ,ave41 ,s\? ,b5d ,sk9n]1 ,dr4 ,*as4 ,h41 ,indiana ,univ]sity1 ,bloom+ton ,sly1 ,donald ,r41 ,r4 ,no4 #c1 ,rockport ,tormohl51 ,will>d1 #cba ,clevel& ,/41 ,g>y ,wallick1 ,=d1 ,r4 ,no4 #d1 ,p]u ,w>r51 ,e4 ,l41 ,new ,ri*mond ,wilk9son1 ,j4 ,f41 ,indiana ,nut ,nurs]y1 ,rockport ,,i[a ,&rew1 ,dr4 ,e>l ,v41 ,maquoketa ,beeghly1 ,dale1 ,pi]son ,b]h[1 ,s41 ,b]h[ ,nurs]ies1 ,huxley ,boice1 ,r4 ,h41 ,r4 #a1 ,na%ua ,c]v5y1 ,frank ,l41 ,r4 ,no4 #d1 ,c$> ,rapids ,*ri/5s51 ,ev]ett ,g41 ,gilmore ,city ,crumley1 ,joe ,f41 #bba ,p>k ,rd41 ,i[a ,city ,f]ris1 ,wayne1 ,hampton ,g>dn]1 ,cl>k1 c_/o ,g>dn] ,nurs]ies1 ,osage ,h>rison1 ,l4 ,e41 ,na%ua ,hill1 ,cl>5ce ,s41 ,hilburn ,/ock ,f>m1 ,m9burn ,hu51 ,e4 ,f41 ,eldora ,i[a ,/ate ,horticultural ,society1 ,/ate ,h\se1 ,des ,mo9es ,kivell1 ,ivan ,e41 ,r4 ,no4 #c1 ,gre5e ,lehmann1 ,f4 ,w41 ,jr41 #cbbj ,john ,lynde ,rd41 ,des ,mo9es ,l\nsb]ry1 ,c4 ,c41 #bji ,h[>d ,ave41 ,ames ,mahon1 ,milton1 ,blakesburg ,mc,leran1 ,h>old ,f41 ,mt4 ,pleasant ,rohrba*]1 ,dr4 ,wm41 #haa ,ea/ ,college ,/41 ,i[a ,city ,s*lag5bus* ,bros41 ,r4 ,no4 #c1 ,ft4 ,madison ,s*lanbus*1 ,dr4 ,o4 ,e41 #cej ,mag[an ,ave41 ,i[a ,city ,snyd]1 ,d4 ,c41 ,c5t] ,po9t ,/eff51 ,r4 ,f41 ,box #fb1 ,si\x ,city ,van ,met]1 ,w4 ,l41 ,adel ,wade1 ,miss ,ida ,may1 #adaj ,avalon ,ave41 ,wat]loo ,w+]t1 ,john ,o41 ,dallas ,c5t] ,wood1 ,roy ,a41 ,ca/ana ,,kansas ,bor/1 ,frank ,e41 #agjd ,%awnee ,/41 ,leav5wor? ,boyd1 ,elm]1 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,box #ie1 ,oskaloosa ,funk1 ,m4 ,d41 #aeja ,n4 ,tyl] ,/41 ,topeka ,h(man1 ,rayburn1 ,r4 ,no4 #e1 ,manhattan ,leav5wor? ,nurs]ies1 ,r4 ,no4 #c1 ,leav5wor? ,s*ro$]1 ,emmett ,h41 #hjj ,w4 #ag?1 ,hut*9son ,wise1 ,h4 ,s41 #egi ,w4 ,d\glas ,ave41 ,wi*ita ,,k5tucky ,alves1 ,rob]t ,h41 c_/o ,nehi ,bottl+ ,co41 ,h5d]son ,baughn1 ,cullie1 ,r4 ,no4 #f1 ,box #a1 ,frankl9 ,bureau ( ,s*ool ,s]vice1 ,univ]sity ( ,k5tucky1 ,lex+ton ,cornett1 ,le/]1 ,box #eff1 ,lyn* ,goo*1 ,p]ry1 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,oakville ,moss1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,a41 ,williamsburg ,rice1 ,e4 ,c41 ,ab%] ,tatum1 ,w4 ,g41 ,no4 ,r4 #d1 ,lebanon ,watt1 ,r4 ,m41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,lex+ton ,:itt+hill1 ,lonnie ,m41 ,box #aj1 ,love ,,l\isiana ,fullilove1 ,j4 ,hill41 ,box #aeg1 ,%reveport ,l\isiana ,/ate ,univ]sity & ,a4 ,m4 ,college1 ,g5]al ,libr>y1 ,univ]sity ,,ma9e ,pike1 ,radcliffe ,b41 ,lubec ,,m>yl& ,crane1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l41 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville ,gravatt1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f41 ,=e/ ,pa?ology1 ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,,usda1 ,beltsville ,hodgson1 ,wm4 ,c41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,:ite ,hall ,hoopes1 ,wilm]1 ,=e/ ,hill ,kemp1 ,hom] ,s41 ,b\ntiful ,ridge ,nurs]ies1 ,pr9cess ,anne ,k+sville ,nurs]ies1 ,k+sville ,lewis1 ,dean1 ,bel ,air ,mc,collum1 ,bla9e1 ,:ite ,hall ,mc,kay1 ,j4 ,w41 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville ,nogus1 ,mrs4 ,h]b]t1 #dead #cbnd ,/41 ,mt4 ,ra9i] ,port]1 ,john ,j41 #aaii ,! ,t]race1 ,hag]/[n ,purnell1 ,j4 ,edg>1 ,spr+ ,hill ,rd41 ,salisbury ,re$1 ,c4 ,a41 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville ,%am]1 ,dr4 ,maurice ,e41 #ccjj ,w4 ,nor? ,ave41 ,baltimore ,,massa*usetts ,all51 ,edw>d ,e41 ,hotel ,ambassador1 ,cambridge ,beau*amp1 ,a4 ,a41 #fjc ,boyl/on ,/41 ,bo/on ,booson1 ,campbell1 #cj ,/ate ,/41 ,bo/on ,br[n1 ,daniel ,l41 #fj ,/ate ,/41 ,bo/on ,*att]ton1 ,r4 ,m41 #dd ,c$> ,/41 ,mald5 ,fitts1 ,walt] ,h41 #ci ,bak] ,/41 ,foxboro ,fritze1 ,e41 ,o/]ville ,g>lock1 ,mott ,a41 #ag ,arl+ton ,rd41 ,longmead[ ,gau?i]1 ,l\is ,r41 ,wood ,hill ,rd41 ,monson ,gr(f1 ,george ,h41 #df ,*e/nut ,/41 ,brookl9e ,kaan1 ,dr4 ,hel5 ,w41 ,wellesley ,college1 ,wellesley ,k5dall1 ,h5ry ,p41 ,moose ,hill ,f>m1 ,%>on ,kibrick1 ,i4 ,s41 #ajf ,ma9 ,/41 ,brockton ,la,beau1 ,h5ry ,a41 #aeef ,massa*usetts ,ave41 ,nor? ,adams ,mc,tavish1 ,w4 ,c41 #ej ,congress ,/41 ,bo/on ,p]ells1 ,walt] ,j41 ,nor?-,falm\? ,rice1 ,horace ,j41 #e ,elm ,/41 ,spr+field 99,russell1 ,mrs4 ,newton ,h41 #ab ,burnett ,ave41 ,s\? ,hadley ,sw>tz1 ,h4 ,p41 #bjf ,*ecopee ,/41 ,*ecopee ,%ort1 ,i4 ,w41 #bii ,wa%+ton ,/41 ,taunton ,/ew>t1 ,o4 ,w41 #ge ,milton ,ave41 ,hyde ,p>k ,trudeau1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,e41 #ad ,railroad ,/41 ,holyoke ,van ,met]1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,a41 ,fr5* ,hall1 ,m4 ,s4 ,c41 ,amh]/ ,wellman1 ,s>g5t ,h41 ,w9dridge1 ,topsfield ,we/cott1 ,samuel ,k41 #gi ,ri*view ,ave41 ,nor? ,adams ,we/on ,nurs]ies1 ,inc41 ,br[n ,w9t] ,/s41 ,we/on ,weym\?1 ,paul ,w41 #ahc ,plym\? ,/41 ,holbrook ,,mexico ,gr&jean1 ,julio1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #gdh1 ,mexico1 ,d4 ,f4 ,,mi*igan ,&]s51 ,*>les1 ,&]s5 ,ev]gre5 ,nurs]ies1 ,scottville ,ayleswor?1 ,c4 ,f41 #ibj ,p9ecre/ ,dr41 ,f]ndale ,b>l[1 ,alfr$ ,l41 #acjgi ,fl&]s ,ave41 ,detroit1 #e ,beck]1 ,gilb]t1 ,climax ,b9d]1 ,*>les1 #cd ,e4 ,mi*igan ,ave41 ,battle ,creek ,boylan1 ,p4 ,b41 ,clov]dale ,bradley1 ,l4 ,j41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,spr+port ,buell1 ,dr4 ,m4 ,f41 ,dept4 ( ,heal? ,recreation1 ,de>born ,buml]1 ,malcolm ,r41 #ajhi ,lakeview1 ,detroit ,burg>t1 ,h>ry1 ,mi*igan ,nut ,nurs]y1 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,union ,city ,burgess1 ,e4 ,h41 ,burgess ,se$ ,plant ,co41 ,galesburg ,c>d9ell1 ,h4 ,a41 ,mi*igan ,/ate ,college1 ,e4 ,lans+ ,corsan1 ,h4 ,h41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,hillsdale ,daub5mey]1 ,h41 #gfdg ,sylve/]1 ,detroit ,em]son1 ,ralph1 #afa ,cortl& ,ave41 ,highl& ,p>k1 #c ,f>r+ton1 ,rob]t ,a41 ,*itt5d5 ,nurs]y1 ,u4 ,s4 ,f4 ,a41 ,well/on ,gage1 ,n9a ,m41 #fddj ,k5s+ton ,rd41 ,wixom ,hay1 ,francis ,h41 ,ivanhoe ,place1 ,lawr5ce ,healey1 ,scott1 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,otsego ,hewetson1 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,n41 ,mi*igan ,/ate ,college1 ,ea/ ,lans+ 9999,kellogg1 ,w4 ,k41 ,battle ,creek ,korn1 ,g4 ,j41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,ri*l& ,lee1 ,mi*ael1 ,lape] ,lemke1 ,edw9 ,w41 #bdcb ,t[ns5d ,ave41 ,detroit1 #ad ,lewis1 ,clayton ,a41 #abai ,p9e ,/41 ,port ,huron ,mann1 ,*>les ,w41 #bba ,cutl] ,/41 ,allegan ,mason1 ,h>old ,e41 #aehj ,montie1 ,l9coln ,p>k ,mc,shane1 ,g]ald1 #acbj ,frankl9 ,/4 ,s4 ,e41 ,gr& ,rapids ,mc,millan1 ,v9c5t ,u41 #agibf ,woodw>d ,ave41 ,detroit1 #c ,mill]1 ,l\is1 #acjj ,o',keefe1 ,cassopolis ,rick]1 ,john ,e41 #adfdb ,m>l[e ,ave41 ,detroit ,sc(ield1 ,mr4 & ,mrs41 ,box #bae1 ,woodl& ,/ock+1 ,fr$]ick ,n41 ,h>risville ,/otz1 ,raleigh ,r41 #aedf ,frankl9 ,s4 ,e41 ,gr& ,rapids1 #f ,tate1 ,d4 ,l41 #iei ,we/*e/] ,way1 ,birm+ham ,wise1 ,c4 ,e41 ,r4 ,no4 #c1 ,mil=d ,,m9nesota ,&rews1 ,miss ,frances ,e41 #dh ,p>k ,view ,t]race1 ,m9neapolis ,co?ran1 ,john ,c41 #eab ,n4 #ai? ,ave4 ,e41 ,dulu? ,gros*1 ,rob]t ,h41 #bgcb ,drew ,ave4 ,s41 ,m9neapolis ,hodgson1 ,r4 ,e41 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 ,s4 ,e4 ,exp4 ,/ation1 ,waseca ,skrukrud1 ,baldw91 ,sacr$ ,he>t ,vaux1 ,h>old ,c41 ,r4 ,no4 #d1 ,f>ibault ,wes*cke1 ,c>l1 #if ,s4 ,waba%a ,/41 ,/4 ,paul ,,miss\ri ,b>nes1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,m41 ,jr41 #dieb ,m>yl& ,ave41 ,/4 ,l\is ,bucksa?1 ,*>les ,e41 ,dalton ,fi%]1 ,j4 ,b41 ,r4 ,r4 ,h4 #a1 ,pacific ,hay1 ,le&]1 ,gilliam ,johns1 ,jeannette ,f41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,fe/us ,o*s1 ,c4 ,t41 ,box #bia1 ,salem ,ow51 ,dr4 ,lyle1 ,branson ,ri*t]kess+1 ,ralph1 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,/4 ,*>les ,s*midt1 ,victor ,h41 #ehba ,virg9ia1 ,kansas ,city ,/ev5son1 ,hugh1 ,elsb]ry ,?ompson1 ,j4 ,d41 #fjj ,we/ #crd ,/41 ,kansas ,city ,,nebraska ,br&1 ,george1 ,r4 ,no4 #e1 ,box #fj1 ,l9coln ,caha1 ,william1 ,wahoo ,cl>k1 ,ivan ,e41 ,concord ,de,long1 ,f4 ,s41 #aeaj #bnd ,corso1 ,nebraska ,city ,f]guson1 ,alb]t ,b41 ,dunb> ,hess1 ,h>vey ,w41 ,! ,arr[head ,g>d51 ,box #bji1 ,hebron ,hoy]1 ,l4 ,b41 #geed ,maple ,/41 ,omaha ,lydick1 ,j4 ,j41 ,craig ,wev]1 ,francis ,e41 ,box #cab1 ,su!rl& ,:ite1 ,b]?a ,g41 #gfae ,leighton ,ave41 ,l9coln ,,new ,,hamp%ire ,lahti1 ,mat!w1 ,locu/ ,lane ,f>m1 ,wolfeboro ,latim]1 ,pr(4 ,l4 ,p41 ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture1 ,durham ,ryan1 ,miss ,agnes1 ,mill ,rd41 ,durham ,vannev>1 ,dr4 ,bu%1 ,e4 ,jaffrey or 7#dija ,hillbrook ,lane1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c47 ,,new ,,j]sey ,blake1 ,h>old1 ,box #ic1 ,saddle ,riv] ,brew]1 ,j4 ,l41 #aj ,all5 ,place1 ,fair ,lawn ,bottom1 ,r4 ,j41 #da ,rob]tson ,rd41 ,we/ ,orange ,bu*1 ,philip ,o41 #ajf ,rockaway ,ave41 ,rockaway ,buckwalt]1 ,alan ,r41 ,flem+ton ,buckwalt]1 ,mrs4 ,alan ,r41 ,flem+ton ,case1 ,lynn ,b41 ,m\nta9 ,ave4 ,pi$mont ,dr41 ,b\nd ,brook ,coll9s1 ,joseph ,n41 #gfi ,fir/ ,/41 ,we/field ,cumb]l& ,nurs]y1 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,millville ,donnelly1 ,john ,h41 ,m\nta9 ,ice ,co41 #ea ,new>k ,/41 ,hobok5 ,d\gh]ty1 ,wm4 ,h41 ,broadacres-on-,b$5s1 ,box #dbe1 ,pr9ceton ,fuhlbruegge1 ,edw>d1 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,box #ba1 ,pitt/[n ,g>d5i]1 ,dr4 ,h>old ,c41 ,we/wood ,gotte91 ,l\is1 #ajha ,s4 ,cl9ton ,ave41 ,tr5ton 99,jacques1 ,lee ,w41 #gd ,wav]ly ,place1 ,j]sey ,city ,jewett1 ,edmund ,gale1 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,port ,murray ,mc,culloch1 ,j4 ,d41 #gc ,george ,/41 ,freehold ,muell]1 ,r41 ,r4 #a1 ,box #ha1 ,we/wood ,rit*ie1 ,walt] ,m41 #djb ,/4 ,george ,/41 ,rahway ,rock]1 ,l\is ,p41 ,! ,rock] ,f>m1 ,&ov] ,szalay1 ,dr4 ,s41 #ica ,g>rison ,ave41 ,teaneck ,t]hune1 ,gilb]t ,v4 ,p41 ,apple ,acres1 ,newf\ndl& ,todd1 ,e4 ,murray1 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,matawan ,tolley1 ,fr$ ,c41 #bbc ,b]keley ,ave41 ,bloomfield ,van ,dor51 ,dur& ,h41 #caj ,r$mond ,rd41 ,s\? ,orange ,:ite1 ,co4 ,j4 ,h41 ,jr41 ,picat9ny ,ars5al1 ,dov] ,williams1 ,h>old ,g41 ,box #cdd1 ,ramsey ,y\ngb]g1 ,h>ry ,w41 #cjd ,hillside ,ave41 ,nutley ,,new ,,mexico ,bryan1 ,lawr5ce1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ajec1 ,artesia ,williams1 ,erasmus ,d41 ,box ,no4 #f1 ,wagon ,m\nd ,,new ,,york ,b5ton1 ,william ,a41 ,wassaic ,b]na?'s ,nurs]y1 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,p\ghkeepsie ,bixby1 ,h5ry ,d41 ,ea/ ,drive1 ,halesite1 ,l4 ,i4 ,bixby1 ,mrs4 ,will>d ,g41 #cb ,gr& ,ave41 ,baldw9 ,black1 ,mrs4 ,william ,a41 #dej ,w4 #bd? ,/41 ,new ,york ,br9ck](f1 ,john ,h41 #aej-ji ,hillside ,ave41 ,jamaica ,brook1 ,victor1 #aga ,rock+ham ,/41 ,ro*e/] ,brooks1 ,william ,g41 ,monroe ,coll9s1 ,james ,f41 ,cold ,spr+ ,rd41 ,/an=dville ,c[an1 ,h>old1 #fdc ,s\!rn ,bldg41 ,! ,bronx1 ,new ,york ,davis1 ,clair1 #adj ,broadway1 ,lynbrook ,de ,s*au5see1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,m41 ,ea/]hill ,f>m1 ,*e/] ,dutton1 ,walt]1 #bfd ,t]race ,p>k1 ,ro*e/] ,ellwang]1 ,mrs4 ,william ,d41 #eaj ,ea/ ,ave41 ,ro*e/] ,fagley1 ,ri*>d ,m41 #bi ,p]ry ,/41 ,new ,york1 #ad ,feil1 ,h>ry1 #abgj ,hilton-,sp5c]port ,rd41 ,hilton ,flanig51 ,*>les ,f41 #af ,gre5field ,/41 ,buffalo ,fre]1 ,h4 ,j41 #bj ,midvale ,rd41 ,fairport ,g>cia1 ,m41 #fb ,rugby ,rd41 ,brooklyn ,graham1 ,s4 ,h41 ,r4 ,no4 #e1 ,i?aca ,graves1 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,h41 ,botanic ,g>d51 ,brooklyn ,gressel1 ,h5ry1 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,mohawk ,guillaume1 ,ronald ,p41 #ebaj ,ma9e ,/41 ,wmsville ,gw9n1 ,ralph ,w41 #ebb #e? ,ave41 ,new ,york ,hasbr\ck1 ,walt]1 ,jr41 ,new ,paltz ,heckelman1 ,edw>d1 #bde ,s4 ,frankl9 ,/41 ,hemp/ead ,hubbell1 ,james ,f41 ,mayro ,bldg41 ,utica ,idd+s1 ,william1 #afe ,ludl[ ,/41 ,new ,york ,kelly1 ,mortim] ,b41 #ag ,batt]y ,place1 ,new ,york ,kir/e91 ,edw>d ,k41 #hi ,we/m9/] ,rd41 ,ro*e/] 99,lewis1 ,cl>5ce1 #ajjj ,p>k ,ave41 ,new ,york ,little1 ,george1 ,ripley 99,mac,daniels1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h41 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,i?aca ,maloney ,bros4 ,nurs]y ,co41 ,inc41 ,danville ,mevius1 ,william ,e41 ,ea/ ,*ur* ,/41 ,ed5 ,mill]1 ,j4 ,e41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,naples 99,montgom]y1 ,rob]t ,h41 #a ,e4 #dd? ,/41 ,new ,york ,newell1 ,p4 ,f41 #ec ,elm ,/41 ,nassau ,o$]1 ,dr4 ,lamb]t ,r41 #eea ,fif? ,ave41 ,new ,york ,ohligor1 ,l\is ,h41 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,new ,city ,phillips1 ,clyde ,f41 #aa ,olive ,ave41 ,batavia ,pickh>dt1 ,dr4 ,otto ,c41 #aag ,ea/ #hj? ,/41 ,new ,york ,pom]oy1 ,rob]t ,watson1 ,wassaic ,pott]1 ,wilson1 ,jr41 ,pomona ,c\ntry ,club1 ,suff]n ,price1 ,j41 #che ,arbuckle ,ave41 ,c$>hur/1 ,l4 ,i4 ,rebill>d1 ,fr$]ick1 #afd ,l>k ,/41 ,albany ,salz]1 ,george1 #afi ,g>=d ,rd41 ,ro*e/] ,s*legel1 ,*>les ,p41 #iij ,s\? ,ave41 ,ro*e/] ,s*midt1 ,c>l ,w41 #ahj ,l9wood ,ave41 ,buffalo ,s*w>tz1 ,mortim] ,l41 #abdc ,boynton ,ave41 ,bronx1 ,new ,york ,slate1 ,pr(4 ,george ,l41 ,/ate ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/a41 ,g5eva ,smi?1 ,gilb]t ,l41 ,/ate ,s*ool1 ,wassaic ,smi?1 ,jay ,l41 ,*e/] ,/eig]1 ,h>wood1 ,r$ ,hook ,/]n-,montegny1 ,hub]t1 ,erbonia ,f>m1 ,g>d9] ,sucsy1 ,emil ,j41 ,we/ ,nyack ,w>r51 ,h]b]t ,e41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #aji1 ,norwi* ,wilson1 ,mrs4 ,ida ,j41 ,c&or1 ,new ,york ,w9dis*1 ,ri*>d ,p41 ,w4 ,e4 ,burnet ,co41 #aa ,wall ,/41 ,new ,york 99,wissman1 ,mrs4 ,f4 de ,r41 #i ,w4 #ed? ,/41 ,new ,york ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,dun/an1 ,r4 ,t41 ,gre5boro ,college1 ,gre5boro ,malcolm1 ,van ,r41 ,celo ,p4 ,o41 ,yancey ,c\nty ,p>ks1 ,c4 ,h41 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,a%eville ,,oklahoma ,billups1 ,ri*>d ,a41 ,hales ,bldg41 ,oklahoma ,city ,clifton1 ,edw>d ,c41 #acbe ,ea/ #ff? ,/41 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,tulsa ,hirs*i's ,nurs]y1 #dad ,n4 ,rob9son1 ,oklahoma ,city ,hughes1 ,c4 ,v41 #efjj ,n4 ,w4 #af1 ,r4 ,no4 #e1 ,oklahoma ,city ,j>rett1 ,c4 ,f41 #bbjh ,w4 #dj? ,/41 ,tulsa ,meek1 ,e4 ,b41 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,wynnewood ,swan1 ,osc> ,e41 ,jr41 #adca ,e4 #ce? ,/41 ,tulsa ,,ohio ,bung>t1 ,a4 ,a41 ,avon ,c9adr1 ,mrs4 ,ka!r9e1 #acead ,coa? ,ave41 ,clevel&1 #bj ,cole1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,r41 #afc ,woodl& ,ave41 ,columbus ,cook1 ,h4 ,c41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,box #abe1 ,leetonia ,cranz1 ,eug5e ,f41 ,m\nt ,tom ,f>m1 ,ira ,crooks1 ,john ,l41 #dfjj ,*e/]1 ,clevel& ,davidson1 ,john1 #bcd ,e4 #bnd ,/41 ,x5ia ,dill]1 ,oliv] ,d41 ,dept4 ( ,=e/ry1 ,exp]im5t ,/a41 ,woo/] ,dubois1 ,wilb]1 ,son1 ,madisonville1 ,c9c9nati1 #bg ,emeh1 ,frank1 ,g5oa ,fickes1 ,w4 ,r41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,woo/] ,franks1 ,m4 ,l41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,montpeli] ,g>d5 ,c5t] ( ,great] ,clevel&1 #aaij ,ea/ ,blvd41 ,clevel& ,gauly1 ,dr4 ,edw>d1 #aaaj ,euclid ,ave41 ,clevel& ,g]b]1 ,e4 ,p41 ,kidron ,g]h>dt1 ,gu/ave ,a41 #acabe ,jeff]son ,ave41 ,c9c9nati ,g]/5maf]1 ,john ,a41 #ah ,pond ,s4 ,w41 ,massillon ,ho*1 ,gordon ,f41 #fbib ,glade ,ave41 ,c9c9nati ,hill1 ,dr4 ,alb]t ,a41 #dahg ,pe>l ,rd41 ,clevel& ,iri%1 ,*>les ,f41 #dah #aje? ,/41 ,clevel& ,jacobs1 ,hom] ,l41 c_/o ,davey ,tree ,exp]t ,co41 ,k5t ,jacobs1 ,mason1 #cjjc ,jacobs ,rd41 ,y\ng/[n ,kappel1 ,ow51 ,boliv> ,k9tzel1 ,frank ,m41 #bejf ,bri>cliffe ,ave41 ,c9c9nati1 #ac ,kirby1 ,r4 ,l41 ,box #aca1 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,%>onville ,kratz]1 ,george1 ,kidron ,lacknett1 ,g4 ,s41 #eaj ,e4 ,ma9 ,/41 ,new>k ,lehmann1 ,c>l1 ,union ,tru/ ,bldg41 ,c9c9nati ,madison1 ,ar?ur ,e41 #acfjh #e? ,ave4 ,e41 ,clevel& ,mc,bride1 ,william ,b41 #bcih ,br&on ,rd41 ,columbus1 #h ,meikle1 ,william ,j41 #gcj ,?ornhill ,dr41 ,clevel& ,metzg]1 ,a4 ,j41 #gbd ,euclid ,ave41 ,tol$o ,o*s1 ,c4 ,t41 ,box #bia1 ,salem ,o*s1 ,norman ,m41 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,brunswick ,osborn1 ,frank ,c41 #djdj ,w4 #afj? ,/41 ,clevel& ,ransbottom1 ,e>l ,a41 #ajeg ,w4 ,m>ket ,/41 ,lima ,sc>ff's ,sons1 ,w4 ,n41 ,new ,c>lisle ,%elton1 ,e4 ,m41 #adfh ,w4 ,clifton ,blvd41 ,lakewood1 #g ,%essl]1 ,sylve/] ,m41 ,g5oa ,silvis1 ,raymond ,e41 #agbe ,l9db]g ,ave4 ,n4 ,e41 ,massillon ,smi?1 ,/]l+ ,a41 #fcj ,w4 ,s\? ,/41 ,v]million ,spr+ ,hill ,nurs]ies ,co41 ,tipp ,city ,toops1 ,h]b]t ,a41 #adcj ,cambridge ,blvd41 ,columbus ,van ,voorhis1 ,j4 ,f41 #bae ,hudson ,ave41 ,apt4 ,b-#a1 ,new>k ,walk]1 ,c>l ,f41 #bcea ,e4 ,ov]look ,rd41 ,clevel& 99,web]1 ,h>ry ,r41 #abc ,ea/ #f? ,/41 ,c9c9nati ,web]1 ,m>?a ,r41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,morgan ,rd41 ,cloves ,willett1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,p41 ,elmore ,wis*hus51 ,j4 ,f41 #aejca ,%ore ,acres ,dr4 ,n4 ,e41 ,clevel& ,,oregon ,c>lton ,nurs]y ,co41 ,c>lton ,doh>ian1 ,s4 ,h41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #cdf1 ,eug5e ,flanagan1 ,george ,c41 #iji ,t]m9al ,sales ,bldg41 ,portl& ,mill]1 ,john ,e41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,box #cab-;,a1 ,oswego ,russ1 ,e41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,halsey ,s*u/]1 ,c4 ,e41 ,horticulturi/1 ,corvallis ,,p5nsylvania ,allaman1 ,r4 ,p41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,h>risburg ,all51 ,lt4 ,col4 ,?omas ,h41 ,/4 ,?omas ,banks1 ,h4 ,c41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,hollort[n ,b>nh>t1 ,emm]t ,m41 ,r4 ,no4 #d1 ,waynesboro ,baum1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,l41 ,boy]t[n ,be>d1 ,h4 ,k41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,%]idan ,blair1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,d41 #gjb ,n4 ,homewood ,ave41 ,pittsburgh ,b[51 ,john ,c41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,macungie ,br5neman1 ,john ,e41 ,r4 ,no4 #f1 ,lanca/] ,br[n1 ,morrison1 ,c>son ,long ,milit>y ,academy1 ,new ,bloomfleld ,creasy1 ,lu!r ,p41 ,catawissa ,dewey1 ,ri*>d1 ,box #da1 ,peckville ,driv]1 ,w>r5 ,m41 ,r4 ,no4 #d1 ,be?lehem ,dief5d]f]1 ,c4 ,e41 #iah #crd ,/41 ,full]ton ,duckham1 ,william ,c41 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,allison ,p>k ,ebl+1 ,a>on ,l41 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,read+ ,ell5b]g]1 ,h]man ,a41 #ccc ,s4 ,burr[s ,/41 ,/ate ,college ,ett]1 ,fayette1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #eg1 ,lema/]s ,gebh>dt1 ,f4 ,c41 #adj ,ea/ #bi? ,/41 ,erie ,heckl]1 ,george ,snyd]1 ,hatfield ,heilman1 ,r4 ,h41 #bcjc ,bee*wood ,blvd41 ,pittsburgh ,h]%ey1 ,john ,w41 ,nut ,tree ,nurs]ies1 ,d[n+t[n ,high ,tor ,nurs]y1 ,r4 ,no4 #f1 ,pittsburgh ,ho/ett]1 ,c4 ,f41 ,bird-,9-,h& ,ho/ett]1 ,l4 ,k41 ,r4 ,no4 #c1 ,lanca/] ,jackson1 ,s*uyl]1 ,new ,hope ,johnson1 ,rob]t ,f41 ,r4 ,no4 #e1 ,box #ef1 ,crafton ,jones1 ,dr4 ,truman ,w41 ,coatesville ,jones1 ,miss ,mildr$1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #cef1 ,lanca/] ,kaufman1 ,m4 ,m41 ,cl>ion ,kirk1 ,de,nard ,b41 ,=e/ ,grove ,kl9e1 ,dr4 ,flor5ce ,m41 #iji ,arl+ton ,apts41 ,corn] ,ack5 & ,c5t] ,aves41 ,pittsburgh ,lea*1 ,w1 ,c\rt ,h\se1 ,scranton ,long1 ,c>leton ,c41 #ada ,walnut ,/41 ,beav] ,los*1 ,walt]1 #acc ,e4 ,high ,/41 ,top/on ,lutz1 ,/anley ,w41 ,egypt ,mattoon1 ,h4 ,gleason1 #ajjh ,comm]cial ,tru/ ,bldg41 ,philadelphia ,mc,cartney1 ,t4 ,lupton1 ,room #a1 ,horticultural ,bldg41 ,/ate ,college ,mill]1 ,rob]t ,o41 #crd & ,ridge ,/41 ,emmaus ,moy]1 ,philip ,s41 ,union ,tru/ ,bldg41 ,h>risburg ,ow5s1 ,g4 ,f41 #gjj ,e4 ,l9e ,ave41 ,ellwood ,city ,reidl]1 ,paul ,g41 ,a%l& ,rial1 ,john1 #ebh ,h>rison ,ave41 ,gre5sburg 99,rick1 ,john1 #dci ,p5nsylvania ,sq41 ,read+ ,ru*1 ,george1 ,hunt+don ,valley ,rupp1 ,edw>d ,e41 ,jr41 #eg ,w4 ,pomfret ,/41 ,c>lisle ,same?1 ,sigmund1 ,gr&eval ,f>m1 ,r4 ,no4 #c1 ,kutzt[n ,s*aible1 ,p]cy1 ,upp] ,black ,eddy ,s*midt1 ,alb]t ,j41 #ecd ,smi?field ,/41 ,pittsburgh ,siebley1 ,j4 ,w41 ,/> ,r\te1 ,l&isburg ,%elly1 ,david ,b41 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,elizabe?t[n ,sil91 ,i4 ,j41 ,e*o ,m\nta91 ,fairview ,smi?1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell1 #eej ,elm ,ave41 ,sw>?more ,s\?ampton ,nurs]ies1 ,s\?ampton ,/oeb5]1 ,h>ry ,w41 #fbbg ,p5n4 ,ave41 ,pittsburgh ,!iss1 ,dr4 ,lewis ,e41 ,bucknell ,univ]sity1 ,lewisburg ,waggon]1 ,*>les ,w41 #dcb ,h>mony ,ave41 ,ro*e/] 99,wi/]1 ,john ,c41 ,cl>kson ,ave4 & ,wi/] ,/41 ,g]mant[n ,wood1 ,wayne1 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,newville ,wright1 ,ross ,pi]1 #bce ,we/ #f? ,/41 ,eric ,,rhode ,,isl& 9999,all51 ,philip1 #agh ,dorance ,/41 ,provid5ce ,r4 ,i4 ,/ate ,college1 ,libr>y ,dept41 ,gre5 ,hall1 ,k+/on ,,s\? ,,am]ica ,p]$a1 ,cel$onia ,v41 ,arroyo #aadb1 ,bu5os ,aires1 ,arg5t9a ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a ,bregg]1 ,john ,t41 ,clemson ,,s\? ,,dakota ,bradley1 ,hom] ,l41 ,lacreek ,national ,wildlife ,refuge1 ,m>t9 ,,t5nessee ,*ase1 ,capt4 ,sp5c] ,b41 ,hqs4 ,det4 ,/a4 ,camp1 ,camp ,tyson ,kirk1 ,*>les ,h41 ,oak ,ridge ,h[ell ,nurs]ies1 ,sweetwat] ,mc,daniel1 ,j4 ,c41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #cca1 ,br[nsville ,rhodes1 ,g4 ,b41 ,r4 #b1 ,cov+ton ,z>g]1 ,?omas ,g41 ,norris ,,texas ,c>roll1 ,y4 ,d41 #bjic ,mc,fadden ,/41 ,beaumont ,florida1 ,kaufman1 ,box #aed1 ,rotan ,price1 ,w4 ,s41 ,jr41 ,gu/9e ,,utah ,oleson1 ,granville1 #abaj ,laird ,ave41 ,salt ,lake ,city1 #e ,pett]son1 ,h>lan ,d41 #bafd ,jeff]son ,ave41 ,ogd5 ,,v]mont ,aldri*1 ,a4 ,w41 ,r4 ,no4 #c1 ,spr+field 99,ellis1 ,z5as ,h41 ,fair ,hav5 ,fo/]1 ,=e/ ,k41 ,we/ ,top%am ,,virg9ia ,ack]1 ,e4 ,d41 ,co41 ,broadway ,brew/]1 ,/anley ,,ii41 ,c]ro ,cordo1 ,ga9esville ,burton1 ,geo4 ,l41 #gbh ,college ,/41 ,b$=d ,c>ey1 ,graham1 ,fair ,hav5 ,dick]son1 ,t4 ,c41 #caf #ef? ,/41 ,newport ,news ,gibbs1 ,h4 ,r41 ,mc,lean ,johnson1 ,dr4 ,walt ,r41 #bfjb ,b4 ,monum5t ,ave41 ,ri*mond ,l&ess1 ,s4 ,s41 #bajc ,n4 ,quantico ,/41 ,arl+ton ,lewis1 ,pvt4 ,hewlett ,w41 ,h4 ,h4 ,co41 #ich ,engr4 ,avn4 ,cam4 ,bn41 ,a4 ,a4 ,b41 ,ri*mond ,morse1 ,*&l]1 ,valross1 ,r4 ,no4 #e1 ,alex&ria ,nix1 ,rob]t ,w41 ,jr41 ,lucketts ,pet]s1 ,john ,rog]s1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #cg1 ,mc,lean ,p]tz(f1 ,dr4 ,v4 ,a41 ,c>t]'s ,bridge ,/oke1 ,h4 ,f41 #adbj ,watts ,ave41 ,roanoke ,/oke1 ,dr4 ,john ,h41 #djh-aj ,boxley ,bldg41 ,roanoke ,v>city ,products ,co41 #e ,middlebrook ,ave41 ,/aunton ,webb1 ,john1 ,hillsville ,zimm]man1 ,ru?1 ,bridgewat] ,,wa%+ton ,altman1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,e41 ,c$>brook ,nut ,f>m1 ,nooksack ,b>?1 ,j4 ,h41 ,box #ahbg1 ,r4 ,no4 #c1 ,spokane ,c>ey1 ,joseph ,e41 #dbai ,letona ,ave41 ,seattle ,cl>k1 ,r4 ,w41 #dbba ,ph9ney ,ave41 ,seattle ,d5man1 ,george ,l41 #acai ,ea/ ,n9a ,ave41 ,spokane ,f]ris1 ,major ,hiram ,b41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #gd1 ,spokane ,kl+1 ,william ,l41 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,box #bcj1 ,cl>k/on ,l9klett]1 ,f4 ,d41 #hjcd #ce? ,ave4 ,n4 ,e41 ,seattle ,lynn ,tuttle ,nurs]y1 ,! ,heights1 ,cl>k/on ,m>t91 ,fr$ ,a41 ,/> ,r\te1 ,*elan ,nad]man1 ,g4 ,w41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,box #cgj1 ,olympia ,%ane ,bros41 ,va%on ,wilson1 ,john ,a41 ,ea/ #aeag #af? ,ave41 ,spokane ,,we/ ,,virg9ia ,cannaday1 ,dr4 ,john ,e41 ,*>le/on ,g5]al ,hospital1 ,*>le/on ,hoov]1 ,w5dell ,w41 ,web/] ,spr+s ,slotk91 ,mey] ,s41 #afga #f? ,ave41 ,hunt+ton1 #a ,,wiscons9 ,aoppl]1 ,c ,w41 ,box #bci1 ,oconom[oc ,bassett1 ,w4 ,s41 #aebb ,ma9 ,/41 ,la ,crosse ,dopk9s1 ,m>v91 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,riv] ,falls ,d[ns1 ,m4 ,l41 #ajbd ,n4 ,lem9wah ,/41 ,appleton ,koels*1 ,norman1 ,jackson ,z9n1 ,walt] ,g41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #gdg1 ,milwaukee 99,life ,memb] 9999,contribut+ ,memb] ,,con/itution ,,article ,i ,"n--,?is ,society %all be kn[n z ! ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association1 ,,incorporat$4 ,,article ,,ii ,object--,its object %all be ! promotion ( int]e/ 9 nut-be>+ plants1 _! products & _! culture4 ,,article ,,iii ,memb]%ip--,memb]%ip 9 ?is society %all be op5 to all p]sons :o desire to fur!r nut culture1 )\t ref]5ce to place ( resid5ce or nationality1 subject to ! rules & regulations ( ! committee on memb]%ip4 ,,article ,,iv ,(fic]s--,!re %all be a presid5t1 a vice-presid5t1 a secret>y & a treasur]1 :o %all be elect$ by ballot at ! annual meet+2 & a bo>d ( directors consi/+ ( six p]sons1 ( :i* ! presid5t1 ! two la/ retir+ presid5ts1 ! vice-presid5t1 ! secret>y & ! treasur] %all be memb]s4 ,!re %all be a /ate vice-presid5t f ea* /ate1 dep5d5cy1 or c\ntry repres5t$ 9 ! memb]%ip ( ! association1 :o %all be appo9t$ by ! presid5t4 ,,article ,v ,election ( ,(fic]s--,a committee ( five memb]s %all be elect$ at ! annual meet+ = ! purpose ( nom9at+ (fic]s = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,,article ,,vi ,meet+s--,! place & "t ( ! annual meet+ %all be select$ by ! memb]%ip 9 session or1 9 ! ev5t ( no selection be+ made at ?is "t1 ! bo>d ( directors %all *oose ! place & "t = ! hold+ ( ! annual conv5tion4 ,su* o!r meet+s z may seem desirable may be call$ by ! presid5t & bo>d ( directors4 ,,article ,,vii ,quorum--,t5 memb]s ( ! ,association %all con/itute a quorum b mu/ include two ( ! f\r elect$ (fic]s4 ,,article ,,viii ,am5dm5ts--,?is con/itution may be am5d$ by a two-?irds vote ( ! memb]s pres5t at any annual meet+1 notice ( su* am5dm5t hav+ be5 read at ! previ\s annual meet+1 or copy ( ! propos$ am5dm5t hav+ be5 mail$ by any memb] to ea* memb] ?irty days be=e ! date ( ! annual meet+4 ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i ,committees--,! ,association %all appo9t /&+ committees z foll[s3 ,on memb]%ip1 on f9ance1 on programme1 on press & publication1 on exhibits1 on v>ieties & conte/s1 on survey1 & an audit+ committee4 ,! committee on memb]%ip may make recomm5dations to ! ,association z to ! discipl9e or expulsion ( any memb]4 ,,article ,,ii ,fees--,annual memb]s %all pay two doll>s annually4 ,contribut+ memb]s %all pay t5 doll>s annually4 ,life memb]s %all make "o paym5t ( fifty doll>s & %all be exempt f fur!r dues & %all be entitl$ to ! same b5efits z annual memb]s4 ,honor>y memb]s %all be exempt f dues4 ,p]petual memb]%ip is eligible to any "o :o leaves at lea/ five hundr$ doll>s to ! ,association & su* memb]%ip on paym5t ( said sum to ! ,association %all entitle ! "n ( ! deceas$ to be =ev] enroll$ 9 ! li/ ( memb]s z ,p]petual ) ! words ,9 ,memoriam add$ !reto4 ,funds receiv$ !re= %all be inve/$ by ! ,treasur] 9 int]e/ be>+ securities legal = tru/ funds 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,only ! int]e/ %all be exp5d$ by ! ,association4 ,:5 su* funds are 9 ! treasury ! ,treasur] %all be bond$4 ,provid$ t 9 ! ev5t ! ,association becomes defunct or dissolves !n1 9 t ev5t1 ! ,treasur] %all turn ov] any funds held 9 8 h&s = ?is purpose = su* uses1 individuals or companies t ! donor may designate at ! "t he makes ! beque/ or ! donation4 ,,article ,,iii ,memb]%ip--,all annual memb]%ips %all beg9 ,octob] #a/4 ,annual dues receiv$ f new memb]s aft] ,april fir/ %all entitle ! new memb] to full memb]%ip until ,octob] fir/ ( t ye> & a cr$it ( "o-half annual dues = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,,article ,,iv ,am5dm5ts--,by-laws may be am5d$ by a two-?irds vote ( memb]s pres5t at any meet+4 ,,article ,v ,memb]s %all be s5t a notification ( annual dues at ! "t !y are due &1 if n paid )9 two mon?s1 !y %all be s5t a second notice1 tell+ !m t !y are n 9 good /&+ on acc\nt ( non-paym5t ( dues & are n entitl$ to receive ! annual report4 ,at ! end ( ?irty days f ! s5d+ ( ! second notice1 a ?ird notice %all be s5t notify+ su* memb]s t1 unless dues are paid )9 t5 days f ! receipt ( ?is notice1 _! names w be dropp$ f ! rolls = non-paym5t ( dues4 ,,annual ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association ,,incorporat$ ,= ! ?ird "t 9 ! =ty-f\r ye>s ( our exi/5ce our annual conv5tion has be5 omitt$4 ,ea* "t ?is has be5 due to w> conditions4 ,! fir/ 0 9 #aiah1 ! o!rs 9 #aidb & #aidc4 ,no report 0 issu$ = #aiah b "o 0 compil$ = la/ ye>1 & ?is pres5t little volume w %[ t y\r memb]s & (fic]s are /ill function+4 ,we h great hope = ! future4 ,an important "p ( ?is report is ! result ( ! "w ( ! ,*airman ( ! ,survey ,committee1 ,mr4 ,john ,davidson1 a good job well done4 ,consid]+ ! /ill elem5t>y /ate ( nut gr[+ x is rem>kable--a really imm5se und]tak+4 ,! responses to ?is survey %[ en?usiasm t is enc\rag+4 ,! w> & its emphasis on food seems to h increas$ int]e/ 9 nut culture4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+4 ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,secret>y ,,= #aidb-dc ,! ,association has _h a successful ye> 9 spite ( ! w> & ! cessation ( our annual meet+s because ( ! re/rictions on w>time travel4 ,int]e/ 9 ! ,association & nut culture appe>s to be well-ma9ta9$4 ,! program committee assembl$ a report = #aidb & is already work+ on "o = #aidc4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> ! memb]%ip increas$ f #djj z ( ,augu/ #aj1 #aidb to #dff z ( ,july #a1 #aidc4 ,if ?is rate ( increase cont9ues1 we %all pass ! #ejj m>k be=e ! end ( #aidd4 ,9 ! #aicb report #acd memb]s 7 li/$ & ea* ye> s9ce !n has %[n a sub/antial increase4 ,accompany+ ?is lett] is a que/ionnaire f ! survey committee :i* is design$ to extract z mu* in=mation z possible f ! memb]s4 ,! secret>y is especially int]e/$ 9 ! section on p]sonal in=mation z x %\ld give "s idea z to ! int]e/s ( ! memb]s & indicate h[ !y may be/ be s]v$ by ! (fic]s & committees4 ,! program committee c also use ?is in=mation 9 prep>+ programs4 ,presid5t ,wes*cke ann\nces t ! committees & /ate vice-presid5ts = #aidb w cont9ue = ano!r ye>4 ,! memb]%ip circul>s :i* conta9 ! li/ ( nut nurs]ies & a li/ ( publications on nut culture may be _h f ! secret>y by all :o wi% to di/ribute x4 ,! sets ( reports z n[ sold lack ! report = #aice4 ,! few rema9+ copies are be+ res]v$ = agricultural libr>ies4 ,if memb]s h copies ( ?is report = :i* !y no long] h any use _! return to ! secret>y's (fice w be appreciat$ z x may make possible ! supply+ ( complete sets to libr>ies4 ,treasur]'s ,report ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,treasur]--,,aug4 #ae1 #aidb to ,,sept4 #a1 #aidc ,receipts3 ,memb]%ips #ggd4ae 7,philip ,all5 #aj4jj7 7,ex*ange 4#ae7 ,sale ( ,reports #ajb4he ,sale ( ,index 4#ge ,sale ( ,adv]tis+ 7#aida ,report7 #e4jj ,c>l ,wes*cke ,contribution #ej4jj ------- #icb4ge #icb4ge ,disbursem5ts3 ,fruit ,gr[] ,subscriptions #ga4bj ,pr9t+ & ,mail+ #aidb ,report #cbh4cg ,report+ #aida ,conv5tion #cb4ej ,exp5se ( ,presid5t ,none ,exp5se ( ,secret>y #gd4jb ,exp5se ( ,treasur] #bf4ch ,supplies & ,miscellane\s #bf4ga ------- #eei4ah #eei4ah ------- ------- ,excess ( ,receipts ov] ,exp5ditures #cgc4eg ,balance on ,h& ,aug4 #ae1 #aidb #baf4je ------- ,balance on ,h& ,sept4 #a1 #aidc 9 ,nor? ,l9n ,sav+s ,bank #ehi4fb ,d4 ,c4 ,,snyd]1 ,treasur] ,! ,/atus ( ,nut ,gr[+ 9 #aidc ,,survey ,,report ,,john ,,davidson1 ,*airman ( ,committee ,?is survey ( nut tree gr[+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada is a cross section ( ! indu/ry & has be5 conduct$ ?r\gh ! memb]%ip ( our ,association4 ,que/ionnaires 7 submitt$ to all memb]s1 ( :om a v satisfactory p]c5tage respond$ ) reports :i* usually 7 z complete z ! age ( ! plant$ trees made possible4 ,our ?anks are due to all :o _h ! pati5ce to reply to s se>*+ a que/ionnaire4 ,_! rew>d1 we hope1 w be increas$ by nuggets ( in=mation f o!rs4 ,! survey committee is indebt$ to ! (fic]s ( ! ,association1 to ,mr4 ,slate p>ticul>ly1 :o took c>e ( ! multigraph+ & mail+ drudg]y1 & to ! exp]i5c$ m5 :o l5t invaluable aid 9 =mulat+ & revis+ ! exhau/ive & detail$ que/ions4 ,! results are "h set =? 9 ?ree sections3 ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canadian4 ,x is evid5t t trees :i* d well 9 ! s\? may act v diff]5tly 9 ! nor?2 yet1 to a c]ta9 & v important ext5t1 ! exp]i5ce ( ! s\? has a be>+ ^u conditions 9 ! nor?4 ,= example1 ! pawpaw1 ?\gh n a nut tree1 has seem$ to edge itself into ! affections & int]e/ ( _m nut tree m54 ,x is 9 reality a tropical fruit :i* has adapt$ itself to nor!rn latitudes4 ,! pecan seems to be try+ to d ! same ?+4 ,bo? illu/rate a way ( work+ t nature practices m or less ) all species4 ,by cross poll9ation & selection1 human h&s are hav+ a "p 9 spe$+ up ?is process ( adaptation 9 pecans1 ,p]sian walnuts & o!r t5d] species4 ,9 fact1 ?is is "o ( ! jobs to :i* ! ,association is d$icat$4 ,we wi% "h to pay tribute to ! nurs]ym5 ( ?is ,association4 ,mo/ nurs]ym5 are intellig5t & hone/ b sometimes !y h a t\gh "t ( x4 ,_! wor/ competitor is a nurs]yman :o sells se$l+s = nam$ v>ieties1 :o adv]tises widely & prosp]s ^u ! "w ( o!rs4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! pa9/ak+ c>e ( ! hone/ nurs]yman1 ( 8 days ( drudg]y1 ( ! ?\s&s ( fail$ exp]im5tal trees & plants t he de/roys1 ( ! s]vice he r5d]s 8 fell[s1 we "k t we %\ld make sl[ progress )\t 8 help4 ,! consci5ti\s work] 9 ! exp]im5t /ations is 9 ! same category4 ,he does 8 be/ "w l>gely = love ( x4 ,9 addition to _m lett]s & o!r valuable s\rces ( in=mation ?is survey cov]s reports f m ?an #aej plant]s ( nam$ v>ieties ( nut trees4 ,_m are also plant]s ( se$l+s f select$ & nam$ v>ieties ) :i* !y are exp]im5t+ & f :i* !y are mak+ selections = future te/s4 ,"s are exp]im5t+ ) cross poll9ation4 ,z "o example ( c>eful "w1 we h n[ on file blue pr9ts f ! ,new ,j]sey ,dep>tm5t ( ,cons]vation & ,developm5t1 f ,g]ald ,a4 ,mill]1 ( ,tr5ton1 %[+ exact locations by "n & numb] ( "o ( ! l>ge/ v>iety collections ( hybrid walnut trees 9 ! _w4 ,f ! ,brooklyn ,botanic ,g>d5s1 ,ar?ur ,h4 ,graves1 ,curator1 we h valuable records ( ! bre$+ ( *e/nut trees1 ) selections made prim>ily = tree gr[? & timb] production4 ,!re is also hope = "s good nuts f ! trees4 ,! timb]1 9 money value1 is ( c\rse m important ?an ! nuts4 ,if successful1 we %all aga9 h bo?4 ,x is difficult to int]e/ hurry-up ,am]icans 9 plant+ trees = future g5]ations4 ,!y want results n[4 ,b ! soon] we develop reliable & adaptable fruit+ trees = g5]al plant+1 ! soon] w ?\s&s ( p beg9 to plant trees4 ,! late rapid gr[? ( memb]%ip 9 ?is ,association %[s an awak5$ int]e/ t c\ld be swoll5 into a mighty flood ( tree plant]s if good trees 7 available4 ,if !re 7 m ag5cies l ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority1 m trees ( ! bett] sort w\ld be develop$4 ,its tree crop activities h n[ be5 transf]r$ to a ,=e/ ,res\rces ,division "u ! sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,cumm+s1 & its te/+ & selection "w is go+ ahead /eadily4 ,?omas ,g4 ,z>g]1 ,jr41 ,botani/1 is h&l+ ! black walnut "w 9 connection ) o!r inve/igations ( ,m9or ,=e/ ,products4 ,! headqu>t]s is at ,norris1 ,t5nessee4 ,*>les ,v4 ,kl9e1 n[ ,assi/ant ,*ief ( ! ,wat]%$ ,protection ,division1 /ill keeps 8 old int]e/ 9 ! black walnut & tree crop program4 ,def9ite & important results are b\nd to foll[ f s su/a9$ & well organiz$ a project4 ,mo/ /ate ag5cies compla9 ( lack ( appropriations & help4 ,! real tr\ble lies 9 lack ( vision & k ^u ! "p ( legislators4 ,! ,presid5t has propos$ an imm5se program ( communications & highway developm5t z a po/-w> project4 ,we sugge/ t fruitful l& is /ill m important1 & t highways ?r\gh des]t c\ntries are almo/ unkn[n except z means = gett+ f "o fruitful l& to ano!r4 ,p]haps ?is ,association c\ld d m ?an x has done t[>d spread+ ! gospel among legislatures4 ,! l>ge/ s\rce ( contribution to ! survey is1 ( c\rse1 f ! ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,= purposes ( tabulation1 we h includ$ ev]y?+ nor? ( ,c5tral ,t5nessee 9 ?is class4 ,ne>ly "o hundr$ plant]s ( nut trees contribute _! exp]i5ces 9 ?is section4 ,( ! lot1 only f\rte5 ( !m plant trees = sale z nurs]ym54 ,today we c\ld keep m ( !m ) /ocks sold out4 ,sev5ty-six are int]e/$ 9 plant+ prim>ily = ! production ( nuts2 fifty-sev51 9 graft+ & budd+ trees f nam$ v>ieties2 =ty-five 9 plant+ se$ f ! bett] v>ieties1 ei!r = production ( /ocks ^u :i* to graft or1 9 l>ge quantities1 = obs]vation & selection4 ,z _m z tw5ty-six are do+ important "w 9 hybridiz+4 ,fifty-"o are top-work+ "y trees to bett] v>ieties4 ,only tw5ty-"o c\nt ^u ! gr[? ( timb] = a "p ( _! pr(it4 ,b c]ta9ly ! gr[? ( timb]1 especially black walnut1 is n an item to be left out ( consid]ation4 ,mu*1 "h1 dep5ds ^u ! mann] ( plant+1 :e!r 9 or*>d or =e/ =mation4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 9 or*>d plant+s1 ! /umps alone are valuable = beautifully patt]n$ v5e]s4 ,fifty-sev5 correspond5ts tell u t !y are te/+ /&>d v>ieties1 :ile =ty-two are int]e/$ 9 discov]+ & develop+ new v>ieties1 c]ta9ly an index to ! pione]+ & creative urge :i* dom9ates _m ( our memb]s4 ,z is to be expect$1 mo/ ( our new] memb]s are ?us f> feel+ _! way by gr[+ a few ( ! bett] v>ieties = home use4 ,only n9e ( ! :ole numb] say t !y are work+ ) nut trees at an exp]im5t /ation4 ,z to ! species ( trees be+ plant$1 black walnut heads ! li/ ) eighty-n9e plant]s4 ,p]sian walnuts are next ) sev5ty-?ree1 includ+ five :o specify ,c>pa?ians or ,circassians4 ,sixty-eight are plant+ ,*9ese *e/nuts1 & sixty-f\r hickories4 ,filb]ts & pecans are ti$ ) fifty plant]s ea*2 =ty-eight say !y are plant+ hazels2 =ty-?ree he>tnuts2 & =ty-two p]simmons--if we may include ^! trees = ! "t be+ among ! nuts4 ,?irty-eight are plant+ butt]nuts2 ?irty-two1 ,japanese ,walnuts2 tw5ty-eight1 pawpaws2 tw5ty-sev51 mulb]ries2 tw5ty-f\r1 ,japanese *e/nuts4 ,aft] ^!1 9 ord]1 come almonds along ! s\!rn bord]s1 bee* t[>d ! nor?1 hicans1 tree hazels1 oaks1 ,japanese p]simmons1 honey-locu/1 jujube1 black locu/ 7! correspond5t expla9s1 = bees & *ick5s71 ,man*urian walnuts1 & f9ally1 coral & s]vice b]ries4 ,z an indication ( ! adaptation ( species & v>ieties to ! climates 9 :i* ^! m51 & sev]al wom51 are work+1 !y li/$ at out reque/ ! foll[+ native trees f\nd mo/ pl5tifully 9 _! sections4 ,black walnuts & hickories /& at ! head ( ! li/1 z report$ by sev5ty-five correspond5ts ea*4 ,!n foll[ 9 ord]1 butt]nuts1 hazel1 bee*1 oaks 7probably ov]look$ by _m71 pecans & *e/nuts4 ,( nut trees f\nd sp>+ly 9 ^! sections1 butt]nut trees1 surpris+ly1 take fir/ place1 indicat+ broad adaptation b a c]ta9 weakness1 p]haps a sl[ susceptibility to blight or fungi1 :i* prev5ts ?is tree f be+ f\nd pl5tifully4 ,x is significant t x is f\nd mo/ pl5tifully 9 ! m rigor\s areas ( ,new ,engl& :]e fung\s ravages are disc\rag$ by cold4 ,add *9quap9s to ! numb] ( sc>ce trees1 & ! li/ is complete4 ,z a fur!r gauge ( climatic conditions1 fifty report$ t pea*es are reliably h>dy 9 _! sections1 :ile fifty said !y are n4 ,?is1 accord+ to ! late ,?omas ,p4 ,littlepage1 is a fairly reliable index to ! climatic adaptability ( pres5t v>ieties ( nor!rn gr[n pecans4 ,n9ety-two plant]s report$ t _! seasons are long en\gh to mature ,concord grapes4 ,only f\r said no4 ,= ,catawba grapes8 ,yes1 said =ty-two2 ,no1 f\rte54 ,= field corn8 ,yes1 n9ety-?ree2 ,no1 f\r4 ,?is "q 0 improp]ly ask$4 ,field corn v>ies too widely 9 l5g? ( maturity = accuracy 9 ?is respect4 ,l[e/ temp]atures expect$ range f #h deg4,f above to #cj deg4,f bel[ z]o1 ) ! usual l[] range 9 ! great] portion ( ! nor!rn /ates1 f z]o to #ab deg4 bel[4 ,l[e/ kn[n temp]atures range all ! way f #aj deg4 to #eb deg4 bel[1 b 9 mo/ portions f #ae deg4 to #ce deg4 bel[4 ,returns indicate t w9t] injury is n always1 nor ev5 usually1 ! result ( l[ temp]atures b1 r1 to ! condition 9 :i* ! trees ent] ! w9t]4 ,if late excessive gr[? leaves !m ) wood n :olly dormant1 !y suff]4 ,if n1 !y w /& extraord9>y l[ temp]atures ) little or no damage4 ,"o way to gu>d aga9/ ?is damage is by prev5t+ late gr[?4 ,a means ( do+ ?is w be f\nd 9 an important contribution by ,mr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,burg>t1 ( ,union ,city1 ,mi*igan4 ,mr4 ,burg>t says3 ,aft] #ba ye>s ( exp]i5ce ) gr[+1 sell+ & plant+ nut trees1 ,i h _h to h a neighbor %[ me ! be/ way to c>e successfully = !m4 ,i h /udi$ & practic$ ,mr4 ,baad's me?ods1 & 9 comp>+ !m ) my =m] practice1 & ) ! practice ( o!rs :o h fail$ ) _! trees1 ,i w sugge/ ! foll[+ cultural proc$ure to be giv5 all plant+s :5 possible1 & to be cont9u$ = at lea/ ?ree ye>s1 or ev5 long] = be/ nut production4 ,nut trees %\ld be giv5 clean cultivation "r aft] be+ plant$ 79 ! spr+7 & until ,augu/ #a/4 ,?is enc\rages root gr[? & cons]ves moi/ure4 ,!n s[ a cov] crop ( rye1 c[ peas or soy beans to take up moi/ure1 sl[ up gr[? & prev5t ! late sappy condition t is (t5 responsible = w9t] injury4 ,leave ! cov] crop ov] w9t] & turn x "u 9 ! spr+ = humus4 ,be=e turn+ "u1 a light application ( "s k9d ( manure1 along ) "s sup]phosphate & pota%1 %\ld be spr9kl$ ar\nd ea* tree4 ,!n ?or\gh cultivation aga9 until ,augu/1 & repeat4 ,soil = nut trees %\ld be te/$ = acidity1 nitrog51 phosphate & pota%4 ,x has be5 det]m9$ t mo/ nut trees pref] a p,h range ( #f4j to #h4j2 b ,i h frequ5tly f\nd p plant+ trees on soils ( #d4j & #e4j1 :]e no?+ b sickly gr[? c\ld be expect$4 ,:]e x is n possible to "w all ( ! gr\nd betwe5 nut trees1 cultivation %\ld beg9 ) a ?ree or f\r foot circle ar\nd ea* tree1 annually increas+ ?is space ) ! gr[? ( ! bran*es4 ,cultivation1 ) att5tion to humus & f]tility1 are necess>y to prop] tree gr[? & nut production4 ,sod culture w nev] d4 ,mr4 ,burg>t's me?od has ! advantage n only ( gu>d+ ! trees f excessive w9t] injury b at ! same "t adds an almo/ imm$iately available s\rce ( humus & nutri5ts to ! soil = spr+ gr[?4 ,if foll[$1 x %\ld greatly r$uce ! numb] ( reports ( w9t] injury1 failure to />t1 & ( weak gr[? aft]w>d4 ,excessive summ] heat is n s great a problem 9 mo/ portions ( ! nor!rn /ates4 ,! highe/ expect$ temp]atures range1 9 our reports1 f #hf deg4 to #aaj deg42 mo/ly f #ij deg4 to #ajj deg44 ,! highe/ kn[n are report$ to be all ! way f #ie deg4 to #abj deg41 b mo/ly f #ajj deg4 to #aaj deg44 ,a me?od ( gu>d+ aga9/ heat damage w be f\nd 9 a communication f ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ( ,roanoke1 ,va41 :i* appe>s lat] 9 ?is report4 ,dr\? & hot1 dry w9ds are m dang]\s enemies ?an ei!r cold or heat4 ,x is some:at om9\s t1 out ( eighty-?ree reports1 =ty-two1 orig9at+ all ! way f ,ma9e to ,oregon & f ,canada to ,t5nessee1 report ! occurr5ce today ( frequ5t dr\?s1 :ile =ty report hot1 dry w9ds4 ,surely ! ne$ = tree plant+ is imm$iate & urg5t4 ,mul*+1 & ! protection ( rec5tly plant$ trees by wrapp+ _! trunks1 are prev5tives ( "s damage1 b c n /& up =ev] aga9/ ! long] & long] p]iods ( dr\? n[ be+ report$1 dur+ :i* ! wat] table is gradually be+ l[]$ beyond ! rea* ( tree roots4 ,! l5g? ( ! fro/-free season has an important be>+ ^u ! production ( nuts aft] ! trees are matur$4 ,?is is true 9 ! s\? z well z 9 ! nor?4 ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5tly report$ causes ( loss ( nut production 9 s\!rn sections is an e>ly spr+1 induc+ gr[? ( buds & blossoms1 foll[$ by a fro/4 ,no protection seems to h be5 f\nd aga9/ ?is damage except by use ( heavy smudges4 ,l>ge or*>di/s protect !mselves1 b plant]s ( small groves r>ely d s4 ,?is expla9s ! autumn scramble1 report$ by _m memb]s1 9 se>* ( e>ly fall5 nuts4 ,we %\ld cont9ue our se>* = trees :i* produce nuts ( e>ly maturity4 ,?us f> ! se>* has n be5 too successful among mo/ species1 b "s progress has be5 made & ! future is m enc\rag+ 9 ?is respect ?an x 0 a decade or two ago4 ,"s e>ly matur+ nuts h be5 f\nd & poll5 f ! trees is be+ us$ = cross-poll9ation ) bett] kn[n nut produc]s4 ,9 ! nor!rn /ates1 dates ( ! late/ spr+ fro/s range f ,april #a to ,june #a1 ) ! av]age ar\nd ,may #ae4 ,! e>lie/ fall fro/s come f ,sept4 #e to ,oct4 #ae1 ) ! av]age ab\t ,sept4 #ae to #bj4 ,:]e ! fro/s fall mu* outside ^! limits--too late 9 ! spr+ or too e>ly 9 ! fall--protective measures w help b w n always prev5t damage4 ,soil ,conditions4 ,!re is a slight prepond]ance ( clay soils ov] loam among ! returns f plant]s4 ,loams & s&y loams are ti$ = second place4 ,a small] numb] report t ^! top soils lie %all[ ov] h>d-pan or rock4 ,few] /ill report a soil und]laid ) s& or gravel4 ,by f> ! be/ gr[? = mo/ k9ds ( nut trees1 z well z ! be/ production ( nuts1 is to be f\nd :]e trees are plant$ 9 deep loam4 ,next come ! trees 9 clay loam2 !n come trees 9 s&y loam & 9 clay ov] s& or gravel4 ,num]\s compla9ts ( poor gr[? come f memb]s :o h trees set 9 a soil :i* is %all[ ov] rock or h>d-pan4 ,"s ( ! hazels & butt]nuts are report$ z able1 = a "t at lea/1 to e/abli% !mselves 9 su* soils1 b _! fight = survival seems prec>i\s & is app>5tly %ort-liv$4 ,black walnuts1 p>ticul>ly1 require deep1 ri* soils into :i* _! long taproots c easily p5etrate4 ,?is is "o ( ! few nut tree facts s def9itely e/abli%$ t !re c no long] be any d\bt ab\t x4 ,! reports %[ t ! plant+ ( black walnuts 9 any b good deep soil %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,x leads only to disappo9tm5t & (t5 to loss ( int]e/4 ,a some:at s&y soil1 p>ticul>ly if loamy1 seems adapt$ to ! plant+ ( *e/nuts & to su* trees z d well on gr\nd t w successfully gr[ pea* trees4 ,if su* soil is f\nd ^u a hillside or hill top1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,all su* soils1 ( c\rse1 require m att5tion to f]tility ma9t5ance1 = !y lea* out m quickly ?an soils ) m ( a clay con/itu5t4 ,d any ( ! nut tree species pref] an acid to an alkal9e soil8 ,?is is a "q our que/ionnaire does n answ]4 ,?irty correspond5ts say _! trees are set 9 a lime soil1 f\rte5 9 an alkal9e soil 7:i* may or may n1 9 ! commonly accept$ usage ( t t]m1 h lime z a s\rce ( alkal9ity74 ,sixty-"o report an acid soil4 ,only eight ( ?is gr\p report ! use ( lime1 two ! use ( bone meal1 & "o ( wood a% z acid correctives4 ,un=tunately1 we did n ask def9itely ab\t ! reaction ( trees to ! use or non-use ( lime4 ,puzzl$ by ?is comp>ative neglect ( lime z a corrective on acid soils1 we ask$ ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ( ,roanoke1 ,va41 a v accurate & acute obs]v]1 :o _h report$ plant+s 9 bo? k9ds ( soils1 :at 8 exp]i5ce _h be54 ,also we ask$ ,miss ,mildr$ ,jones1 ^: exp]i5ce ) nut trees is second to none1 ! same "q4 ,_! replies foll[3 ,mr4 ,/oke says3 ,9 response to y\r inquiry1 ',:at nut trees1 if any1 d be/ 9 acid soils8' ,i %\ld reply t ! *e/nut leads ! li/1 foll[$ closely by ! mock]nut hickory4 ,?r\gh\t its native habitat ! heavie/ /&s ( ! native *e/nuts are to be f\nd on acid soils ov] granitic & s&/one =mations1 r ?an on lime/one ridges4 ,! be/ /&s are on granite ridges1 p>tly due1 no d\bt1 to ! pov]ty ( s&/one soils4 ,! mock]nut hickory occurs ab\t any:]e on ! poor1 acid1 clay soils ( ! s\?1 its vigor dep5d+ on f]tility4 ,%agb>k does n occur on ! acid 7granitic7 ,blue ,ridge m\nta9s1 b is f\nd on ! lime/one ,alleghanies runn+ p>allel only a few miles away4 ,i h nev] se5 a %agb>k hickory betwe5 ,roanoke & ! coa/1 m ?an #bjj miles away1 b x occurs freely to )9 two or ?ree miles on ! we/4 ,! diff]5ce is n 9 elevation or ra9fall1 b 9 ! soil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 black walnut occurs on bo? acid & lime/one soils1 b seems to pref] ! latt]4 ,"p ( its pref]5ce may be due to ! g5]ally great] f]tility & bett] dra9age to be f\nd 9 lime/one soil4 ,p]sian walnut1 ,i believe1 :5 on its own roots1 is m or less all]gic to acid soil4 ,wild hazels gr[ "h on bo? lime/one & granite soils4 ,frankly1 ,i believe ! matt] ( soil acidity1 z su*1 is r ov]-emphasiz$4 ,!re are o!r factors ent]+ into ! problem t are ( z great or great] importance4 ,i d\bt if !re 0 actually any really alkal9e soil1 9 its native /ate1 9 ! humid region ly+ ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,9 ! glaciat$ region ly+ to ! nor?1 ! soil seems to h be5 m ne>ly neutral 7p,h #g74 ,su* 0 ! case 9 ,i[a & 9 ,m9nesota :]e ,i home/ead$ _m ye>s ago4 ,?r\gh\t ! s\? ! soil av]ages mu* m acid1 ev5 mu* lime/one soil be+ greatly b5efitt$ by lim+4 ,nor? or s\?1 soil acidity is greatly affect$ by dra9age & by ! result+ native vegetation4 ,peat or muck soils are notably acid2 also !y are notably defici5t 9 pota%4 ,! addition ( wood a%es greatly b5efits su* soils 9 two ways4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! addition ( wood a%es to a soil already alkal9e might be h>mful ev5 ?\gh 9 ne$ ( pota%4 ,9 ! la/ sev]al ye>s ,i h be5 mak+ "s soil exp]im5ts t ,i may write up :5 ,i am sure ,i "k :at ,i am talk+ ab\t4 ,9 g5]al1 ,i may say ,i %\ld pref] a soil slightly on ! acid side = any & all tree & f>m crops if ,i _h an eye to future f]tility4 ,lime breaks d[n vegetable matt] & makes its con/itu5t plant foods quickly available1 b prev5ts a build-up ( humus 9 ! soil4 ,! effect is v pron\nc$ 9 times ( dr\ght1 ! alkal9e soil crops dry+ up mu* m quickly ?an d ^? on acid soil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* soil elem5ts z phosphorus seem to require ! lime z a flux to prev5t ! phosphates f becom+ fix$ & unavailable to crops4 ,9 reg>d to peat moss1 x is und\bt$ly acid1 b x is b5eficial 9 its wat]-hold+ prop]ties & 9 ! comp>atively sl[ release ( its nutritive elem5ts4 ,lime add$ to ! peat w break x d[n rapidly & make x m available z a f]tiliz]1 b until ! decomposition rea*es a c]ta9 po9t2 its effect is to impov]i% r ?an to enri* ! mixture4 ,?is seem+ p>adox c p]haps be/ be expla9$ by "s exp]im5ts ,i h be5 mak+ ) sawdu/4 ,a numb] ( plots 7 prep>$ & giv5 v>i\s treatm5ts1 includ+ mix+ "o surface-in* ( sawdu/ ) ! soil1 & :eat 0 s[n on ! area4 ,:eat s[n on ! te/ plot )\t any treatm5t or f]tiliz] 0 normal = ! poor clay soil on :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,:]e sawdu/1 only1 0 add$1 ! :eat came up b sick5$ & produc$ no fill$ heads4 ,! same 0 true :]e lime 0 add$ to ! sawdu/4 ,:]e heavy applications ( nitrate ( soda 7 add$ to ! sawdu/ treat$ plots1 bo? ) & )\t lime1 ! 'sickness' disappe>$ & :eat 0 matur$4 ,my analysis ( ?is1 c\pl$ ) exp]im5ts 9 compo/+1 leads to ! foll[+ conclusion3 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( decomposition ( ! sawdu/ 7ha/5$1 no d\bt1 by ! lime71 ! bact]ia ( decomposition f$ s heavily on ! nitrates 9 ! soil t ! plants 7 />v$4 ,:5 ! mat]ial _h rea*$ ! condition ( humus1 ! bact]ial activity decreas$ to ! po9t :]e f]tility 0 re/or$4 ,! above analysis acc\nts = ! fact t co>se vegetable mat]ial1 injures crops1 :5 pl[$ "u1 = ! curr5t season4 ,fre% succul5t mat]ial decays s quickly t x becomes almo/ imm$iately available1 releas+ its con/itu5t plant food4 ,) prop] conditions ( moi/ure & a]ation1 sawdu/1 :5 mix$ ) quickly decay+ mat]ial l kit*5 g>bage1 c be r$uc$ to an excell5t1 usable humus 9 ?ree summ] mon?s4 ,9 fact1 x is !n bett] mat]ial ?an if p]mitt$ to lie out 9 ! wea!r = fifte5 ye>s4 ,!re is ano!r factor ,i ?9k important 9 tree gr[?1 especially :]e summ]s are hot1 & t is soil temp]ature4 ,= any ( our nut trees ,i %\ld say t an acidity te/ ( p,h #f to #g w\ld be entirely satisfactory4 ,if ! soil is inf]tile1 "s =m ( humus %\ld be work$ 9 at ! "t ( plant+4 ,if mu* su* mat]ial is us$1 "s lime may be add$4 ,bett] yet1 wood a%es & bone meal w furni% pota%1 phosphorus1 & ! lime necess>y to correct acidity & ma9ta9 ! phosphorus 9 an available condition4 ,add to ?is1 prop] dra9age & cool soil a*iev$ by1 fir/1 cultivation1 & lat] by heavy mul*+1 artificial %ad+1 or %rubby und]gr[? ext5d$ outside ! root area1 & y\r tree %\ld 'g to t[n4' ,:5 ! tree is l>ge en\gh to %ade its own root area x w take c>e ( its own soil refrig]ation4 ,nature knew :at %e 0 ab\t :5 %e plant$ trees 9 =e/s4 ,trees require w>m heads 7sun%9e7 & cool feet 7%ade71 j ! opposite f u humans4 ,mr4 ,/oke's lett] recalls a v anci5t ,arabian prov]b connect$ ) ! date palm4 ,! date palm tree mu/ h 8 head 9 hell & 8 feet 9 wat]4 ,we are indebt$ bo? to ,mr4 ,/oke & to ! ,arab sci5ti/s = _m ?+s4 ,miss ,mildr$ ,jones' reply1 =tunately1 goes into o!r & equally important phases ( ! same subject4 ,%e says3 ,anyone :o is go+ to lime & f]tilize nut trees %\ld take at lea/ a five ye> p]iod = 8 "w1 us+ lime & f]tiliz] ea* ye>1 & n dump x all 9 "o ye>1 !n wait = results4 ,he %\ld /udy ! return on a five ye> basis4 ,"o ye> is too %ort a t]m4 ,wea!r conditions c upset a program to ! ext5t t bo? lime & f]tiliz] may n h _! effect until ! foll[+ ye>4 ,let ^? :o really want to "k1 make graphs ( gr[? 9 "y trees & ( nut production f old] trees1 9 p\nds1 = five ye>s1 z aga9/ five ( ! same ye>s dur+ :i* trees simil>ly situat$ receiv$ no f]tiliz] or lime4 ,i %\ldn't be at all surpris$ if ^? :o /ate 9 reports to y t !y h an acid soil1 m]ely h a top acid soil4 ,!y may be gr[+ _! trees 9 basic lime/one soils4 ,walnut trees gr[ 9 ?is environm5t v well1 because !y are f\nd gr[+ wild 9 woods :]e laurel & o!r types ( plants lov+ an acid condition gr[4 ,?is is true "h 9 our c\nty1 b ^! soils are n s]i\sly acid4 ,!y gr[ good g>d5 crops4 ,gr\nd1 or pulv]iz$1 lime/one is ! safe/ type ( lime to apply to trees or crops1 9 my e/imation4 ,"s ( x is gr\nd s f9e t x looks l hydrat$ lime & is us$ = m$ic9al purposes4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t any reports y receiv$ t not$ injury f ! use ( lime may h be5 due to ! use ( burn$ lime 7calcium oxide7 :i* is cau/ic :5 wet4 ,?is type ( lime may be us$ 9 w9t]1 b dur+ ! gr[+ season1 or too close to ! gr[+ season1 may injure trees4 ,i believe su* injury dep5ds entirely ^u wea!r conditions1 b x is a good ?+ to be on ! safe side & use a lime :i* w n h ! hot reaction t burn$ lime has4 ,y\r reports w s]ve an excell5t purpose if !y lead to gett+ a ye>ly record by plant]s on be>+ & tree gr[? ( _! v>ieties4 ,few p "k en\gh to g into ! matt] ( soils & treatm5ts intellig5tly4 ,"o c h>dly blame !m4 ,x is a baffl+ subject4 ,an unbalance 9 "o elem5t w lock up ano!r elem5t until "o has q a "t unlock+ !m aga94 ,x seems t a cons]vative middle c\rse is ab\t ! be/ to advise4 ,^u reflection1 x seems likely t if our que/ionnaire _h ask$ specifically ab\t ! use ( lime1 _m m reports w\ld h be5 receiv$ ( its use4 ,9 response to an inquiry z to h[ we$ competition ne> "y trees is controll$1 ! replies are enc\rag+4 ,=ty-sev5 practic$ mul*+2 =ty-five1 m[+2 ?irty-f\r1 occasional cultivation2 tw5ty1 regul> cultivation1 & a few o!rs1 slag or c9d]s ar\nd ! trees4 ,z is evid5t1 "s us$ sev]al ( ! above me?ods4 ,a few us$ none & suff]$ losses4 ,_! hone/y is admir$1 & _! exp]i5ce1 disappo9t+ z x is1 is useful in=mation4 ,z to f]tiliz+1 =ty-?ree report$ ! use ( manure 9 "s =m z ! pr9cipal mat]ial2 tw5ty-eight us$ nitrog5\s f]tiliz]2 tw5ty-"o1 a complete f]tiliz]4 ,o!r mat]ials 71 9 ord]1 lime1 compo/1 bone meal1 ammonium sulphate1 wood a%1 tankage4 ,"o us$ a mixture ( muck & manure & got results 9 excell5t gr[? :]e ! use ( muck alone produc$ unsatisfactory gr[?4 ,sev]al report$ injury f too mu* f]tiliz] or f too late an application4 ,tree gr[? 0 ?us pu%$ on into late fall2 ! trees 7 too sappy to /& ! w9t] freezes & suff]$ f w9t] kill+4 ,! same result 0 report$ f ov]-cultivation4 ,9 ?is connection1 we ref] back to ! lett] f ,mr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,burg>t1 ( ,mi*igan1 ^: sugge/ions on cultivation & f]tiliz+ are well wor? c>eful /udy & practice by all :o h _h ?is tr\ble4 ,x is possible t "s plant]s1 especially ^? ^: trees are set on hillsides1 :]e erosion is a robb] ( f]tility1 w\ld modify ,mr4 ,burg>t's practice ( turn+ "u ! gre5 crop 9 ! spr+4 ,!y might pref]1 z inde$ might o!rs :o w\ld l to see _! gre5 manure ne>] ! top ( ! soil1 to disk 9 ! gre5 crop r ?an bury x deeply ) m\ldbo>d pl[s4 ,!y w\ld ( c\rse foll[ x up ) repeat$ disk+s until ! "t came = s[+ ano!r cov] crop4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 entirely 9 l9e ) ,mr4 ,burg>t's recomm5dations4 ,pursu+ ?is subject to its conclusion1 we next ask$3 ,:5 "y trees fail$ to gr[ ) y1 :at p]c5tage ( ^! failures 0 due to 444 7v>i\s causes enum]at$ bel[78 ,! "q 0 misund]/ood4 ,_m evid5tly gave p]c5tages ( all trees plant$4 ,o!rs1 correctly1 gave p]c5tages m]ely ( ! trees :i* fail$ to gr[4 ,z ne>ly z c\ld be arriv$ at1 ab\t #cj p]c5t ( losses 7 among trees t fail$ ev5 to />t2 #dj p]c5t fail$ f weak gr[? ! fir/ ye> or two2 #aj p]c5t f failure to ma9ta9 lat] gr[?2 #af p]c5t 7 w9t] kill$1 & #c or #d p]c5t di$ f rod5t or simil> 7mole1 goph]1 de]1 be>7 injury4 ,x is evid5t t by f> ! greate/ losses 7 suff]$ )9 ! fir/ two ye>s--n less ?an sev5ty p]c5t4 ,probably m4 ,x w\ld seem t two ye>s ( int5sive c>e %\ld n be too burd5some a /9t = a rew>d :i* la/s a lifetime4 ,rod5t & simil> injuries 7 no d\bt kept l[ because ( extra protective c>e4 ,h>dw>e clo? 7galvaniz$ wire #a_/d me%1 #bd high1 pref]r$7 ar\nd ea* tree prov$ ! mo/ common & effective prev5tive4 ,foll[+ ?is1 9 ord] ( use1 73 wrapp+ ! trunks 7includ+ wrapp+s ( t> pap]72 m\nd+ ) e>? or a%es2 poison bait1 dogs & cats1 clean cultivation2 res9\s pa9t2 spray 7) ,purdue =mula m5tion$72 &1 f9ally1 hogs1 aga9/ mice4 ,anti-rod5t treatm5ts :i* prov$ injuri\s to trees 7 report$ to be2 t> pap] wrapp+s2 coal t> wa%es2 close-set creosot$ po/s2 oil sprays2 any pa9t2 any *emical to sme> on trunks2 root+ cem5t4 ,= ^? :o are locat$ 9 regions :]e de] are a s\rce ( injury1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 ( ,we/ ,bank1 ,b4 ,c41 reports ! successful use ( an old & h]oic ,russian =mula4 ,spray or pa9t all bran*es ) manure wat]1 us+ hog or human (fal4 ,de] w /ay away4 ,naturally4 ,next come answ]s to "s p]sonal que/ions z to exp]i5ces f :i* ! read] may glean a wide v>iety ( sugge/ions4 ,! fir/ ( ^! que/ions is3 ,:at is y\r ,,"o greate/ s\rce ( success8 ,! answ]s seem to %[ _m royal roads1 ea* ( :i* 0 ! "o road = someone4 ,! answ]s3 ,mul*+ "y trees2 wat]+ c>e2 plant+ se$s2 plant+ "o-ye> se$l+s2 wrapp+-) pap]2 #ej moi/ peat mix$ ) e>? 9 transplant+2 manure2 sod 9 bottom ( plant+ hole & use ( nitrog5 lat]2 sett+ trees at bottom ( slopes2 clean cultivation until ,augu/ !n s[+ rye1 soy beans or c[ peas z cov] crops to turn "u 9 spr+2 topwork+ hickories2 graft+ 9 cool1 moi/ spr+ wea!r2 pigs 9 or*>d2 *ick5s 9 or*>d2 plant+ #ab-ad-;foot trees sev]ely cut back1 burlap wrapp$1 heavily mul*$4 ,x seems a pity t limitations ( space d n p]mit ! tell+ ( ! v>i\s /ories connect$ ) ! above glimpses ( successful solutions4 ,ea* repres5ts a little or a big success /ory connect$ ) an individual problem4 ,x is suffici5t1 p]haps1 to "k t someone some:]e f\nd t ea* 0 ! answ] to 8 own difficulties4 ,! next "q br+s out ! rev]se side ( ! plant]s' "w3 ,:at is y\r *ief s\rce ( failure8 ,! answ] mo/ (t5 giv5 0 ! hone/ "o1 lack ( att5tion4 ,we c all convict ourselves "h1 ei!r involunt>ily or o!rwise4 ,especially dur+ ?is p]iod ( w>f>e1 :5 s _m h be5 tak5 away f _! plant+s & h be5 unable to get help1 !re is no "q b t our trees h suff]$4 ,! next 9 frequ5cy is unsuitable soil4 ,foll[+ ?is come3 lack ( wat]2 poor plant+2 plant+ too big a tree2 spr+ plant+ ( nut trees2 buy+ #e to #g ye>-old trees2 climate2 transplant+ failures2 graft+2 graft+ 9 dry1 hot1 spr+s2 top-work+ old trees2 /9k bugs on filb]ts 7nuts72 lack ( dra9age2 =c+ ) nitrog5\s f]tiliz]2 f]tiliz+ "y trees too mu*2 birds break+ (f top gr[?4 ,x _h be5 ! int5tion to conf9e ?is "q to "y trees1 b x 0 n s phras$1 s we %all let ! answ]s /& z !y are4 ,x is a bit ironical t "s f\nd _! *ief s\rce ( failure exactly :]e o!rs _h made _! be/ success4 ,! explanation mu/ lie 9 diff]5ces 9 te*nique1 9 soil or 9 "s o!r local condition4 ,skill1 k1 & p]si/5ce mu/ always play a great "p 9 any success4 ,we next ask$1 ,:at h be5 y\r *ief difficulties ) e/abli%$1 be>+ trees8 ,! difficulties "h %ift f matt]s ( soil1 rod5t protection & ! l to o!r types2 cat]pill>s1 neglect1 w9t] injury1 limit$ crops1 failure ( nuts to fill1 disappo9t+ quality ( nuts1 bag & t5t worms1 blight1 blight due to dr\ght1 too e>ly leaf fall1 insects 9 e>ly spr+1 trees dr[n$ out 9 flood$ bottom l&s4 ,x is probable t ?is la/ disa/] happ5$ to y\ng] trees4 ,z to ! species ( trees *iefly damag$ by ^! causes1 black walnut comes fir/ 7possibly because m ( ^! trees h be5 plant$71 !n hickories1 ,p]sian walnuts1 *e/nuts 7blight71 he>tnuts1 pecans1 filb]ts1 butt]nuts1 & f9ally butt]nuts 9 ! s\? areas f fungus tr\bles4 ,trees report$ to h be5 lea/ damag$ 71 fir/1 butt]nuts1 !n hazels & filb]ts1 black walnuts1 hickories1 ,man*urian walnuts1 ,jap4 walnuts1 he>tnuts1 *e/nuts1 pecans1 ,p]sian walnuts4 ,9 response to ! specific "q1 ,:at insects damag$ ! trees81 we f\nd t walnut cat]pill>s 7 m common ?an any o!rs1 foll[$ closely by web or t5t worms4 ,! ,japanese beetle is a close second & is broad5+ its entr5*$ positions /eadily4 ,o!rs are flat-head$ apple bor]s1 lace-w+ fly1 aphis1 leaf hopp]s4 ,to ?is li/ two report]s add$ sapsuck]s among ! insects4 ,^! birds w\ld almo/ girdle "s ( ! bran*es ) punctures4 ,insect damage 0 report$ z s]i\s by eight report]s1 z slight or occasional by six1 & ( ye>ly occurr5ce by ne>ly all4 ,o!rs report$ damage z s]i\s if n controll$4 ,:at d y d to control ! insects8 0 !n ask$4 ,mo/ ( ! answ]s ref]r$ to clu/]+ types ( insects & involv$ removal ( ! clu/]s by burn+1 by cutt+ (f ! infe/$ twigs1 or by scrap+ (f ! clu/]s f ! trunks 9 ! e>ly morn+ or late ev5+4 ,o!rs spray$ ) lead ars5ate1 spray$ 9 late summ] ) lead ars5ate1 spray$ ) nicot9e sulphate = aphis & lice4 ,o!r me?ods m5tion$ 7 e>ly cultivation1 %ak+ ! tree ) a pole e>ly & (t51 & *ick5s 9 ! grove4 ,"s ( ^! means are adapt$ manife/ly1 to small plant+s & o!rs to l>g] groves4 ,none m5tion$ ! attract+ ( birds by plant+s ( trees or %rubs t be> b]ries or small se$s4 ,:5 trees are tall en\gh to be beyond rea* ( poles or sprays1 ! birds become m ess5tial z insect de/roy]s4 ,:at insects damage ! nuts8 ,weevil1 by long odds4 ,next come husk maggots or %ock worms1 codl+ mo? l>vae1 bor]s1 /9k bugs on filb]ts1 butt]nut curculio4 ,no cure is giv5 = ?is tr\ble except ! v valuable "o ( keep+ *ick5s1 or1 bett] /ill1 turkeys runn+ freely 9 ! plantation4 ,clean cultivation w1 ( c\rse1 de/roy _m l>vae t hib]nate "u tra%4 ,:at species are mo/ injur$ by disease8 ,none are immune1 app>5tly1 ?\gh ?ree report]s 9 favor$ regions answ] none are injur$4 ,black walnuts suff] f leaf-spot1 blight1 or cank]1 especially 9 seasons :5 ! trees h be5 weak5$ by dr\ght4 ,hazels & filb]ts are next1 !n ,p]sian walnuts1 butt]nuts1 native *e/nuts1 ,*9ese *e/nuts1 pecans4 ,blight 9 *e/nuts1 nectria cank] & blight 9 black walnuts1 blight 9 filb]ts 7,cryptosporella71 scab 9 pecans1 & die-back ,melanconium oblongum 9 butt]nuts4 ,^! are ! k9ds ( diseases mo/ to be fe>$ among nut trees4 ,sprays1 *iefly ) ,bordeaux mixture & copp] base solutions1 are recomm5d$4 ,if nut or*>ds 7 g5]ally z well spray$ z apple & pea* or*>ds1 we %\ld he> less ( disease among nut trees4 ,z x is1 nut trees are 9 g5]al f> m resi/ant by nature to disease ?an fruit trees1 b x w n d to take unlimit$ resi/ance = grant$4 ,z progress is gradually made 9 ! selection ( v>ieties = bett] nut production1 x is v likely t !re w be a weak5+ ( ?is resi/ance to disease4 ,bett] cultural me?ods1 result+ 9 m robu/ gr[?1 w build up resi/ance4 ,bett] sprays & m spray+ w act z a b>ri] n only to disease b to mo/ insect enemies z well4 ,:at disease1 if any1 affects ! nuts8 ,=tunately1 v few diseases are report$4 ,none1 say mo/ ( our report]s4 ,a scab is report$ = ! fir/ "t ?is ye> 9 "s sections on pecans4 ,galls are report$ on "s hickories4 ,a husk blight appe>s to affect ,p]sian walnuts 9 "s places1 & nut production is v s]i\sly affect$ among black walnuts by defoliation prematurely1 ei!r because ( dr\ght or leaf-spot4 ,! cure is und\bt$ly ! same z = disease affect+ ! trees1 namely spray+4 ,:at proportion ( nuts are tak5 by ! squirrels8 ,! answ]s to ?is "q range all ! way f all if all[$ to none if prev5t$4 ,if ! nut trees are locat$ ne> a =e/1 ! proportion w be l>ge2 if n1 mu* small]4 ,mo/ correspond5ts say t ! proportion is v small1 b ne>ly a ?ird ( ^? :o make any report on ?is at all1 say su* losses are r heavy4 ,9 ! extreme nor?1 !re seem to be no squirrels to bo!r4 ,sev]al report !fts1 p>ticul>ly ( filb]ts1 by *ipmunks1 :ile "o compla9s ab\t bo? mice & jaybirds z filb]t lov]s4 ,! mo/ effective squirrel control is ! rifle or %otgun4 ,rat traps1 us+ black walnuts z bait1 are second *oice & said to be effective4 ,! b&+ ( isolat$ trees ) t9 7"o says cotton batt+7 w prev5t squirrels f climb+4 ,a good cat or sev]al ( !m w be useful1 say sev]al report]s4 ,"o judici\s correspond5t says t1 9 g5]al1 !re are two popul> ways ( h&l+ ! situation2 "o by %oot+1 ! o!r by cuss+--mo/ practic$1 lea/ effective4 ,"o gr[]1 n to be outdone by ! pati5t ,*9aman or ,japanese1 9 ,septemb] ties up ea* *e/nut burr 9 a clo? sack4 ,take y\r *oice2 b x w be well1 if y wi% to rema9 9 good /&+ ) ! law1 ei!r to d y\r %oot+ dur+ ! op5 hunt+ season or1 if at o!r times1 cat* y\r ?ief 9 ! act &1 wa/efully1 let him lie :]e he falls :5 %ot4 ,s says ! law1 at lea/ 9 "s /ates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m :o w say1 ) "o report]3 ,i d no?+ ab\t x4 ,i l squirrels4 ,?is note by *airman--n ,w4 ,c4 ,d46 ,! ,m>ket+ ( ,nuts6 ,! purpose ( ?is section 0 n to inquire into me?ods ( m>ket+ b m]ely to det]m9e1 if possible1 :at m>ket+ ( nuts is n[ be+ done4 ,x is little en\gh4 ,*e/nut lov]s h all b =gott5 ! ta/e ( good *e/nuts4 ,black walnut buy]s1 confection]s1 bak]s1 report t x is next to impossible1 at lea/ = ! duration ( ! w>1 to get deliv]ies ( nuts1 especially %ell$ nuts4 ,! m>ket = a good product is be/ only :5 ! product is easily & pl5tifully obta9able4 ,=ty-"o gr[]s report$ t !y sell nuts comm]cially4 ,! o!rs d n because !y h no surplus to sell4 ,only six sell k]nels4 ,! o!rs sell :ole nuts4 ,ow+ to a misread+ ( ! "q1 few report$ on pr(itable v>ieties4 ,^? :o did1 report$ ,?omas z fir/1 !n ,/abl] & ,ohio4 ,( pecans1 ,major fir/1 !n ,gre5riv]1 ,buss]on1 ,indiana1 ,niblack4 ,( *e/nuts1 ,hobson is ! only "o m5tion$1 & ( filb]ts only ! ,jones hybrid4 ,mo/ gr[]s report$ on species in/ead ( v>ieties4 ,( ^!1 black walnuts /& fir/1 !n pecans1 *e/nuts & filb]ts4 ,9 ! f> nor?we/1 filb]ts /& fir/4 ,mo/ gr[]s h ! feel+ t ! hybrid *e/nut1 mollissima x d5tata1 is com+ fa/ & (f]s "o ( ! be/ *ances = pr(itable comm]cial plant+4 ,at pres5t only ?ree report]s :o specifically commit !mselves on ! subject say !y c\nt ^u ! sale ( nuts z an important item 9 _! income4 ,fifty-"o d n4 ,fifte5 def9itely expect1 & sixte5 o!rs h hopes1 t nuts may "s day become1 at lea/ to an ext5t1 good income produc]s = !m4 ,practically all express !mselves z will+ to sell or ex*ange ei!r nuts or cions = propagation purposes4 ,discov]y ( ,promis+ ,nut ,trees4 ,"s ?irty-odd wild trees :i* be> nuts ( unusual promise h be5 report$ by discov]]s 9 _! answ]s to ?is survey4 ,x is m ?an likely t "s ( !m h be5 previ\sly report$4 ,! committee has no means ( kn[+4 ,h[ev]1 x is hop$ t1 out ( ! lot1 "o or two may be good en\gh = propagat+ or = contributions ( poll5 = cross-poll9ation4 ,! names & locations ( ! own]s ( ^! trees h be5 turn$ ov] to ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,associate ,pomologi/1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a41 ,beltsville1 ,md41 = fur!r inve/igation4 ,x has be5 f\nd t su* in=mation %\ld n be prematurely publi%$1 s9ce x leads to tr\ble = ! own]s & to possible undue valuations be+ plac$ ^u ! trees 9 "q4 ,,rat+ ,,( ,,v>ieties4 ,fir/1 x w be be/ to /ate h[ ! committee arriv$ at a rat+4 ,c]ta9 well-kn[n v>ieties 7 pr9t$ by "n1 & blanks 7 left to be fill$1 if desir$1 ) names ( special favorites ( ! report]4 ,^? li/$ by "n 7 n all good1 b 7 widely plant$4 ,we wi%$ to "k exactly :at ! plant]s' exp]i5ce _h be5 n only ) ! bett] v>ieties b ) o!r old /&-bys :i* 7 suspect$ ( be+ bel[ /&>d4 ,we ask$ report]s to m>k _! %eets ) ! foll[+ scale symbols3 ,,xxxx = be/2 ,,xxx1 v good2 ,,xx1 good2 ,x1 av]age4 ,o1 poor2 ,,oo1 failure4 ,9 tabulat+ f9al summ>ies1 ! committee valu$ ! ,,xxxx symbol at #ajj2 ,,xxx1 #ge2 ,,xx1 #ej2 ,x1 #be2 ,o1 ,o2 ,,oo1 m9us #bj4 ,tw5ty p]c5t 0 arbitr>ily d$uct$ f any #ajj rat+1 & #aj f any less] rat+1 9 case no o!r reports on ! same tree 7 receiv$ f o!r report]s4 ,qualities ^u :i* rat+s 7 made 7 h>d9ess1 av]age yield 7rat+71 yield 9 p\nds p] tree or acre1 age ( olde/ trees1 age at fir/ crop1 p]c5tage fill$ nuts1 husk+ quality1 crack+ quality1 size ( nuts1 weight ( k]nels1 quality ( k]nel4 ,naturally1 n all report]s 7 able to evaluate all ( ^! qualities1 s _m spaces 7 left blank4 ,= in/ance1 h>d9ess c\ld be rat$ = a v "y tree1 b n yield4 ,9 any future survey1 we %\ld advocate includ+ a rat+ on e>ly maturity ( nuts1 s9ce ?is is a quality ess5tial 9 trees plant$ f>!/ nor?4 ,black ,walnuts4 ,six names ( well-kn[n v>ieties 7 pr9t$ ^u our %eets &1 ( c\rse1 mo/ ( ! reports are c5t]$ ar\nd ^! trees4 ,tw5ty-f\r v>ieties 7 volunt>ily writt5 9 & report$ on by correspond5ts4 ,no d\bt "s ( ^! v>ieties w 9 "t replace "s ( ! old] ones4 ,reports on !m are n[ too scatt]$ & too mu* uncorroborat$ to enable u to d !m ju/ice "h4 ,= ! pres5t we %all h to cont5t ourselves ) ^? :i* h suffici5t evid5ce4 ,( ! pr9t$ li/1 ,?omas takes fir/ place ) rat+ ( #hj4a1 :i* is a cumulative p]c5tage ( all p]c5tages e>n$ on ! mo/ desirable black walnut qualities4 ,! me?od ( obta9+ ?is ,?omas ov]all p]c5tage is z foll[s3 ,add all ! ,?omas p]c5tages 9 ! p>agraph bel[4 ,_! av]age w be f\nd to be #gh4 ,reports f ,canada & ! s\!rn area br+ ?is av]age up to #hj4a1 z /at$4 ,/ambaugh is second ) a rat+ ( #gb4 ,rohw] rates #gf2 ,ohio1 #eg2 ,/abl]1 #di1 & ,t5 ,eycke1 #de4 ,! la/ ?ree seem to /& 9 jeop>dy ( replacem5t by o!r v>ieties4 ,break+ ^! p]c5tages d[n accord+ to _! qualities1 ! trees 9 ! nor!rn ,u4 ,s4 area 7 rat$ z foll[s1 us+ ! valuations not$ 9 ! second p>agraph at ?is section entitl$ ,rat+ ( ,v>ieties3 ,9 h>d9ess ,?omas rates #hj2 ,/ambaugh1 #gj2 ,rohw]1 #ge2 ,ohio1 #gj2 ,/abl]1 #fj2 ,t5 ,eycke1 #fe4 ,9 yield1 ,?omas rates #fa2 ,/ambaugh1 #ci2 ,t5 ,eycke1 #ch2 ,rohw]1 #cg2 ,ohio1 #cf2 ,/abl]1 #ac4 ,yield p] tree or p] acre 0 n well en\gh report$ to w>rant reliable rat+s4 ,9 p]c5tage ( fill$ nuts1 ,?omas rat$ #hb2 ,/ambaugh1 #hh2 ,rohw]1 #ia2 ,ohio1 #hg2 ,/abl]1 #fg2 ,t5 ,eycke1 #fh4 ,9 husk+ quality1 ,?omas1 #ga2 ,/ambaugh1 #fg2 ,rohw]1 #ff2 ,ohio1 #g2 ,/abl]1 #ba2 ,t5 ,eycke1 #ac4 ,9 crack+ quality1 ,?omas rat$ #ha2 ,/ambaugh1 #gi2 ,rohw]1 #eg2 ,ohio1 #eg2 ,/abl]1 #fa2 ,t5 ,eycke1 #ej4 ,9 size ( nuts1 ,?omas rat$ #ib2 ,/ambaugh rat$ #eg2 ,rohw]1 #eh2 ,ohio1 #ee2 ,/abl]1 #ci2 ,t5 ,eycke1 #db4 ,9 weight ( k]nels1 ,?omas rat$ #gi2 ,/ambaugh1 #hg2 ,rohw]1 #fb2 ,ohio1 #ee2 ,/abl]1 #ej2 ,t5 ,eycke1 #ca4 ,9 quality ( k]nels1 ,?omas rat$ #gg2 ,/ambaugh1 #eh2 ,rohw]1 #fj2 ,ohio1 #fh2 ,/abl]1 #dd2 ,t5 ,eyck1 #dg4 ,x w\ld h be5 m accurate1 ( c\rse1 to h aga9 divid$ ^! returns accord+ to ! w>m] & cool] regions f :i* !y came1 b ! report has c]ta9 limits :i* c n be ov]-/epp$4 ,all ^! v>ieties are repres5t$ by "s trees tw5ty ye>s old or old]4 ,?omas 0 report$ to be ! y\nge/ to be>4 ,its av]age age at fir/ crop 0 exactly five ye>s2 ,/ambaugh1 #f ye>s2 ,rohw]1 #e4eg ye>s2 ,ohio1 #e4ag2 ,/abl]1 #e4g2 & ,t5 ,eyck1 #e4ag ye>s4 ,o!r v>ieties1 ! names ( :i* 7 writt5 91 are ea* sponsor$ by "o or m correspond5ts :o 7 attract$ by _! out/&+ excell5ce ) respect to ! foll[+ qualities3 ,h>d9ess3 ,creitz1 ,homel&1 ,m9tle1 ,elm] ,my]s1 ,ta/]ight1 ,p9ecre/1 ,patt]son1 ,horton1 ,v&]sloot1 ,lamb1 ,dem+ ,purple1 ,br[n1 ,tritton1 ,cole1 ,sif=d & ,korn4 ,yield3 ,creitz1 ,homel&1 ,m9tle1 ,cozad1 ,v&]sloot1 ,br[n4 ,fill$ ,nuts3 ,homel&1 ,m9tle1 ,cornell1 ,ni$]haus]1 ,cozad1 ,v&]sloot1 ,br[n1 ,tritton1 ,cole1 ,sif=d4 ,husk+ ,quality3 ,creitz1 ,homel&1 ,m9tle1 ,patt]son1 ,todd1 ,snyd]1 ,cozad1 ,horton1 ,v&]sloot1 ,lamb1 ,dem+ ,purple1 ,br[n1 ,tritton1 ,cole1 ,sif=d4 ,crack+ ,quality3 ,eureka1 ,snyd]1 ,m9tle1 ,patt]son1 ,br[n1 ,tritton4 ,size ( ,nuts3 ,homel&1 ,todd4 ,weight ( ,k]nels3 ,m9tle1 ,todd1 ,snyd]1 ,cornell1 ,ni$]haus]4 ,k]nel ,quality3 ,creitz1 ,homel&1 ,m9tle1 ,korn1 ,snyd]1 ,cornell4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 _c be a complete li/1 b we give x z report$ to u4 ,x w be well to keep an eye on sev]al ( !m4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,k4 ,ho/ett]1 ,lanca/]1 ,pa41 s5ds u ! only report :i* gives a ye>-by-ye> record ( nut production f black walnut trees4 ,he says3 ,i am especially int]e/$ 9 p]simmons1 s]vice-b]ries1 wild *]ry1 mulb]ry & eld]b]ry4 ,( ab\t #ae v>ieties ( p]simmon "h ,i consid] ,e>ly ,gold5 & ,joseph9e ! be/4 ,( #bj or m v>ieties ( mulb]ries ,i consid] ,d[n+ & ,p>adise ! be/4 ,p>adise is a l>ge purple mulb]ry ,i f\nd ne> "h4 ,x has an exceptionally good flavor4 ,foll[+ is a record ( my crops ( black walnuts1 graft$ v>ieties3 #aica1 #b bu42 #aicb1 #c bu42 #aicc1 #d bu42 #aicd1 #h bu42 #aice1 #ab bu42 #aicf1 #ah bu42 #aicg1 #cg bu42 #aich1 #ed bu42 #aici1 #eb bu42 #aidj1 #cjj bu42 #aida1 #bj bu42 #aidb1 #abe bu42 #aidc1 #gj bu4 ,mr4 ,ho/ett] sells 8 nuts bo? z k]nels & 9 ! %ell4 ,he says t he c n[ c\nt ^u ?is crop = a sub/antial contribution to 8 annual income4 ,se$l+ ,*e/nuts4 ,none b ,*9ese & ,japanese v>ieties 7 report$ on4 ,m ( ! ,*9ese se$l+s h be5 plant$ ?an ( ! ,japs4 ,! latt] excel 9 h>d9ess1 yield1 size ( nuts1 b ! ,*9ese h a bett] p]c5tage ( fill$ nuts1 h bett] husk+ quality & mu* bett] quality ( k]nel1 accord+ to gr[]s4 ,( c\rse1 be+ se$l+s1 nei!r is entirely dep5dable 9 any ( ^! qualities4 ,! be/ t c be said is t ! plant] ( a ,*9ese se$l+ has a bett] *ance ?an ! plant] ( a ,jap se$l+ if he is aft] nut quality4 ,nam$ ,*e/nuts4 ,outside ( ! report on h>d9ess1 ! returns on ^! v>ieties are too meagre to enable "o to arrive at a corroborat$ conclusion4 ,9 h>d9ess1 ! ,hobson /&s fir/ ) a rat+ ( #ie4 ,zimm]man & ,c>r are ti$ at #fj2 ,yankee rates #ej4 ,reliable seems to be little plant$ b also seems to rate well 9 h>d9ess4 ,hobson aga9 /&s fir/ 9 yield1 ) ,c>r & ,zimm]man second4 ,! rat+s are #hj & #fj respectively4 ,reliable comes next1 !n ,yankee4 ,9 e>ly be>+1 ,hobson /&s fir/1 ,c>r next4 ,all seem to fill well1 also h good husk+ quality4 ,c>r is said to be> ! l>ge/ nut1 ) ,hobson & ,zimm]man next4 ,9 quality ( k]nel1 ,hobson & ,reliable /& out f ! o!rs4 ,hobson1 on ! returns1 has mu* ! be/ ( x 9 g5]al excell5ce4 ,h[ev]1 ! la/ ^w has by no means be5 said 9 connection ) hybrid *e/nuts4 ,9 no field ( nut culture is s mu* hybridiz+ be+ done4 ,we expect to see _m cont5d]s = preem95ce 9 ?is mo/ promis+ bran* ( ! indu/ry4 ,pecans4 ,! returns on pecans are also v incomplete aft] we g beyond ! "y tree age4 ,p]haps "o reason = ?is is t "y or*>ds ( pecans require a long] "t = gr[? ?an _m o!r species be=e !y beg9 to be>4 ,! reports confirm ?is view4 ,records ( crops f pres5t plant+s are none too num]\s4 ,9 ! reports on h>d9ess among ! pecans1 ,major /&s fir/ ) a p]c5tage score ( #he2 ,gre5riv] #hc2 ,buss]on1 ,indiana & ,giles are ti$ at #hj2 ,posey #ge2 ,butt]ick #dj4 ,records ( yields are n num]\s en\gh to be conclusive1 b ,major1 ,buss]on & ,butt]ick lead4 ,?is is 9 ! abs5ce ( reports on ,gre5riv]1 ,posey1 ,niblack1 & o!r important v>ieties4 ,hybrid ,pecans4 ,! records = h>d9ess "h1 z ) o!r pecans1 are m>r$ by lack ( good report+4 ,s f> z ! record %[s1 ,pleas--,hican v>4 7hickory x pecan7 is ! out/&+ v>iety = h>d9ess 9 regions nor? ( its orig94 ,x scores #he2 ,norton & ,rockville1 #hj ea*2 ,g]>di1 #ge2 ,burl+ton1 #fj2 ,bixby1 ,des ,mo9es & ,mc,callister1 #ej ea*4 ,records ( yields are n =?com+4 ,su* records z we h ( fill$ nuts %[ !m to be 9 g5]al1 unsatisfactory4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 no reliable conclusion c be rea*$ f a /udy ( ! pecan reports unless x %\ld be--a sad "o--t ! que/ionnaire or ! que/ionees fell d[n "h4 ,filb]ts4 ,! /ory bright5s4 ,_m are work+ ) filb]ts4 ,9 ! nor?we/1 ! gr[+ ( filb]ts is develop+ into a comm]cial ent]prise ( good proportions4 ,our records are correspond+ly m complete ?\gh !y %[ t !re is pl5ty ( room = improvem5t 9 ! developm5t ( v>ieties ( desirable quality4 ,9 h>d9ess1 ,w9kl] leads 9 ! reports ) a score ( #ga4df1 ) ,jones hybrid a v close second at #ga4ae4 ,bixby is next1 !n ,bu*anan4 ,( ! writt5-9 v>ieties1 excell5t h>d9ess is report$ = ,cos=d1 ,hazelb]t1 ,k5ti% ,cob1 ,e>ly ,globe1 ,burkh>dt's ,zell]1 ,comet1 ,gellatly ,no4 #a1 ,*9ese ,corylus1 ,brixnut & ,longfell[4 ,yields rule be/ ) ,ru% & ,jones hybrid4 ,w9kl]1 ,bixby & ,bu*anan foll[ closely4 ,failures 9 ?is respect are not$ = ,b>celona1 ,du,chilly1 ,italian ,r$ & ,:ite ,avel9e4 ,cos=d has a good report4 ,ru% & ,jones hybrid fill well1 z d ,cos=d1 ,hazelb]t1 ,bu*anan &1 usually1 ,w9kl]4 ,husk+ qualities are q good = all v>ieties nam$ except ,w9kl] &1 9 "s places1 ,ru%4 ,crack+ qualities are fairly uni=m 9 all v>ieties report$4 ,9 size ( nuts1 ,jones hybrid & ,w9kl] h a m uni=mly good record1 ) ,hazelb]t1 ,du,chilly1 ,:ite ,avel9e1 ,b>celona1 ,brixnut & ,longfell[ foll[+ closely4 ,9 k]nel quality1 ,ru%1 ,w9kl]1 ,cos=d1 ,du,chilly1 ,bixby1 ,bu*anan & ,longfell[ are nam$ z among ! be/4 ,butt]nuts4 ,! record is v scant4 ,wes*cke1 ,%]wood & ,buckley1 accord+ to ^! reports1 are h>dy4 ,wes*cke & ,craxezy yield well4 ,%]wood is ! mo/ precoci\s 9 e>ly be>+ ) ,wes*cke close up4 ,%]wood1 ,craxezy & ,wes*cke fill well & ! latt] two crack well4 ,buckley leads 9 size ( nuts1 ) ,%]wood close1 & all h good k]nel quality4 ,we h no reports on ,aik51 ,dem+ or ,devon4 ,p]sian ,walnuts4 ,9 mo/ portions ( ! nor?1 ! reports %[ t ,franquette1 ,mayette1 ,pom]oy & ,ru% are n adapt$ to our climate--too t5d]4 ,broadview has ! be/ record = h>d9ess1 foll[$ by "o or two ( ! ,cra? ,c>pa?ian numb]s1 & ) ,breslau1 ,lanca/] & ,b$=d %[+ up well4 ,9 yields1 ,broadview & ,payne h ! be/ reports1 foll[$ by ,breslau1 ,lanca/] & ,b$=d4 ,9 size ( nuts1 ,breslau1 ,lanca/] & ,franquette are fir/2 ,broadview & ,payne next4 ,9 quality ( k]nel1 ,b$=d1 ,franquette1 ,lanca/] & ,payne1 9 t ord]1 are claim$ z be/1 ) ,mayette1 ,breslau1 ,cra?1 ,pom]oy & ,broadview foll[+4 ,s9ce k]nel quality is a matt] ( ta/e1 x seems unlikely t any rat+ on x w prove satisfactory to ev]ybody4 ,hickories4 ,returns are num]\s & well di/ribut$4 ,9 h>d9ess1 ,/rat=d leads ) a rat+ ( #hd2 ,glov] rates #hc2 ,fairbanks1 #gi2 ,romig1 #ge2 ,weik]1 #ga2 ,k5tucky1 #fe4 ,o!rs1 writt5 91 ) be/ rat+s by _! gr[]s1 are1 9 ! foll[+ ord]2 ,beav]1 ,hales1 ,b>nes1 ,cl>k1 ,caldwell1 ,taylor1 ,wes*cke1 ,beem51 ,bridgewat]4 ,s*9n]l+1 ,hag5 & ,abscota are close up4 ,be/ yields are report+ = ,/rat=d & ,fairbanks4 ,close up are ,b>nes1 ,glov] & ,s*9n]l+4 ,wes*cke1 ,glov]1 ,weik]1 ,beeman & ,bridgewat] are mo/ precoci\s 9 e>ly be>+4 ,be/ fill$ nuts are report$1 9 ord] ( prec$5ce1 = ,/rat=d1 ,fairbanks1 ,walt]s1 ,beav]1 ,hag51 ,wes*cke1 ,beeman & ,bridgewat]4 ,husk+ quality3 ,reports 7 inadequate4 ,crack+ quality1 9 ord] or rank1 ,glov]1 ,/rat=d1 ,hag51 ,beeman1 ,wes*cke1 ,s*9n]l+1 ,kirtl&1 ,weik]1 ,bridgewat]4 ,size ( nuts3 ,9 ord] ( rat+1 ,weik]1 ,bridgewat>1 ,fairbanks1 ,wes*cke1 ,/rat=d1 ,beeman1 ,s*9n]l+1 ,hag54 ,9 weight ( k]nel3 fir/1 ,abscota1 !n ,b>nes1 ,glov]1 ,fairbanks1 ,k5tucky1 ,kirtl&4 ,quality ( k]nel3 ,9 ord] ( pref]5ce1 ,kirtl&1 ,glov]1 ,wes*cke1 ,hag51 ,/rat=d1 ,bridgewat]1 ,weik]1 ,abscota1 ,s*9n]l+1 ,k5tucky1 ,beeman1 ,/rat=d1 ,beav]4 ,too mu* dep5d5ce %\ld n be plac$ ^u ! ord] ( prec$5ce 9 ! above li/s aft] ! fir/ two or ?ree1 s9ce1 9 _m in/ances1 !re is n suffici5t corroboration f sep>ate s\rces to w>rant m ?an a t5tative position1 especially = "s ( ! v>ieties li/$ at ! ends ( ! classes4 ,he>tnuts4 ,! h>die/1 9 ! ord] report$1 are ,walt]s1 ,fod]mai]1 ,gellatly1 ,fau/1 ,bates4 ,lanca/]1 does n be> well & is n h>dy 9 ! nor!rn areas4 ,be/ yields report$ are f ,walt]s & ,bates4 ,o!r reports are inadequate or abs5t4 ,mo/ precoci\s1 ,bates & ,gellatly4 ,be/ fill$ he>tnuts1 ) be/ husk+ & crack+ qualities z well z be/ quality ( k]nels2 returns are ab\t equally divid$ betwe5 ,gellatly1 ,walt]s & ,bates1 ) ,walt]s & ,gellatly some:at l>g] 9 size4 ,x is to be regrett$ t reports are incomplete or abs5t 9 connection ) _m v>ieties ( nuts4 ,we feel1 h[ev]1 t1 9 ! ma91 ! above rat+s1 especially :5 arriv$ at f cumulative evid5ce1 reflect ) fair accuracy1 ! pres5t /atus ( nut tree conditions 9 nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,canada4 ,9 all its *ief *>act]i/ics1 ! ,canadian nut gr[+ exp]i5ce foll[s ! patt]n ( nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! reports receiv$ f ,canada numb]$ ab\t "o-t5? ^? receiv$ f ! nor!rn /ates--^u ! :ole1 a satisfactory cross section4 ,9 summ>iz+ ^! reports x w be necess>y only to call att5tion to su* practices & exp]i5ces 9 ,canada z are at v>iance ) ^? already report$ f ! nor!rn /ates4 ,= example1 9 response to ! "q1 ,:at species are y plant+ exp]im5tally or comm]cially8 we f9d1 surpris+ly1 t ,p]sian walnuts displace black walnuts f fir/ place1 at lea/ 9 ^! reports1 & t filb]ts & he>tnuts come next4 ,!n come black walnuts1 butt]nuts1 hickories1 hazels1 ,*9ese *e/nuts1 p]simmons1 ,jap walnuts1 almonds & a scatt]+ ( o!r species4 ,lead+ native wild trees are1 fir/ hazels1 !n black walnuts1 hickories & butt]nuts4 ,w9t] climate is widely v>i$1 be+ temp]ate along ,puget ,s\nd & close to ! s\!rn ti] ( ! ,great ,lakes1 b subject to great extremes 9 ! prairie prov9ces4 ,l[] w9t] temp]atures 9 ^! prov9ces av]age f z]o to #de deg4 bel[1 :ile ! l[e/ record$ is report$ to h be5 #fb deg4 bel[4 ,x is evid5t t ,canadians h widely v>iable problems1 9 spite ( :i* ?ree ,canadians1 exactly ! numb] report$ f ! nor!rn /ates1 tell u t ! sale ( nuts is an important item 9 _! annual incomes4 ,x looks z ?\gh1 9 comp>ison1 nor!rn ,u4 ,s4 gr[]s c\ld d bett]4 ,) an av]age fro/-free season ( less ?an five mon?s 7f ,may #g to ,oct4 #b71 ,canadians d ?is4 ,! normal dates ( late/ spr+ fro/s av]age f ,april #bj to ,may #bd1 & ( e>lie/ fall fro/s1 f ,sept4 #aj to ,oct4 #ab4 ,extremes at ei!r end (t5 %ort5 ! season some:at4 ,soil conditions are g5]ally good1 ) pl5ty ( loam & s&y-loam1 half lime1 half acid2 b dr\ght is s]i\s 9 places1 necessitat+ irrigation4 ,"o wond]s :e!r1 if m ( u 7 pu%$ to x1 we might n f9d irrigation s pr(itable t we w\ld nev] aga9 be )\t x4 ,cultural & soil corrective practices are1 9 g5]al1 simil> to ^? previ\sly report$4 ,less tr\ble is exp]i5c$ f rod5ts--mice1 rabbits1 squirrels--b m f de]4 ,wrapp+ ! trunks ( "y trees is m g5]ally practic$ ?an ) u ( m s\!rn latitudes1 & disk cultivation is m g5]ally favor$4 ,9 reply to ! "q1 ,:at 0 y\r "o greate/ s\rce ( success81 ! answ]s include1 poll9ation by h&1 ! use ( good trees1 disk+1 plant+ h>dy se$1 & budd+ ,p]sians on black walnut /ocks4 ,failures 7 due mo/ly to ! inevitable causes1 cold1 dr\ght1 weak gr[?4 ,alkal9e soil is m5tion$ 9 "o report z a *ief difficulty4 ,bud worms1 ,june beetle1 leaf hopp]s & walnut cat]pill>s are also enemies1 b ,canada seems free f "s ( ! o!r pe/s t h invad$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! mo/ pr(itable species report$ by ,canadians are filb]ts1 black walnuts1 ) s(t-%ell$ walnuts m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,gellatly1 ( ,we/ ,bank1 ,b4 ,c4 ,f ,ont>io1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,wagn]1 ( ,delhi1 writes1 ,we are collect+ 7nuts7 n[ to make te/s ( v>i\s types ( black walnuts ?is w9t]4 ,!re are "o or two plantations ( #ajjj trees :i* w soon be be>+1 & ! future looks int]e/+4 ,black ,walnuts4 ,f\r v>ieties appe> 9 ,canadian reports :i* h n be5 m5tion$ previ\sly3 ,impit1 ,tr\p1 ,gif=d & ,neilson4 ,gif=d & ,neilson are said by ,mr4 ,corsan1 ( ,ont>io1 to be heavy cropp]s 9 ,canada1 ,neilson ,v heavy4 ,impit is a spl5did1 upright-gr[+ tree :i* %\ld d well = timb] production z well z = nuts4 ,all trees pr9t$ 9 ! que/ionnaire1 ,ohio1 ,rohw]1 ,/abl]1 ,/ambaugh1 ,t5 ,eyck & ,?omas1 are giv5 good rat+s = h>d9ess except ,?omas :i* is fair4 ,gibson be>s l>ge nuts ( good crack+ quality4 ,nei!r ,japanese *e/nuts nor pecans are report$ on f ,canada4 ,*9ese *e/nuts & hybrid *e/nuts are report$ z plant$ & h>dy1 ?us f>1 b h yet to be>4 ,filb]ts4 ,hold51 ,craig1 ,fir/ola1 ,comet & ,brag %[ up z h>dy & be> good crops ( nuts ( good quality4 ,o!r promis+ v>ieties are ,petoka 7new v>iety1 small1 ?9 %ell17 ,daviana1 ,*ur*velt--significant "n6 ,b>celona1 ,du,chilly1 ,italian ,r$1 ,ru%1 ,:ite ,avel9e & ,bixby are report$ to be n h>dy4 ,w9kl] is h>dy4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 ( ,we/ ,bank1 is work+ ) a numb] ( tree hazels1 ,*9ese1 ,indian1 ,turki% & a cork-b>k$ v>iety4 ,all are rat$ by him z h>dy 9 8 area4 ,!y are "y trees1 n yet report$ 9 be>+4 ,butt]nuts4 ,9 addition to previ\sly nam$ v>ieties1 ,edge is add$ & is giv5 a =emo/ rat+ 9 all dep>tm5ts1 ,! rat+ on o!rs is n conclusive4 ,p]sian ,walnuts4 ,no new light is ?r[n on ! p]=mance ( v>ieties already li/$4 ,broadview is "o ( ! h>die/1 a good produc] ( fair nuts4 ,watt produces a l>ge nut ( f9e/ flavor4 ,geloka is a good nut1 & ,corsan is h>dy b be>s a small] nut ( less] k]nel quality4 ,hickories d n seem to int]e/ ,canadians4 ,/rat=d1 fir/1 & ,weik]1 second1 are lead]s4 ,/rat=d be>s heavily b its quality 9 ,canada is n up to p>4 ,he>tnuts are a ,canadian specialty4 ,gellatly1 ( all v>ieties 9 ! pr9t$ li/1 is report$ z be/ 9 all dep>tm5ts4 ,( ! twelve v>ieties writt5 9 by report]s z wor?y ( special m5tion1 x is difficult to make a j appraisal4 ,ok&a1 ,o4 ,k41 & ,cr(t] are report$ p]fectly h>dy ?r\gh m9us #bj deg4 ( cold4 ,o!rs1 h>dy & good 9 all dep>tm5ts1 are1 ,mack5zie1 ,canoka1 ,walt]s1 ,rov]1 ,cal5d> & ,smy?4 ,/rang] seems n q s h>dy1 b ,mr4 ,corsan calls x ! be/ he>tnut gr[n1 spl5did 9 flavor1 ?9 %ell$1 a little small b ) a bett] ?an usual p]c5tage ( k]nel4 ,if he>tnuts h a future1 :i* seems almo/ inevitable1 x looks z ?\gh ,canada1 if x cont9ues z x has />t$1 w be "o ( ! ma9 s\rces ( supply = v>ieties4 ,! ,canadians are do+ a creative job4 ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,area4 ,!re are no nurs]ym5 :o report f ! s\!rn area4 ,practically all are int]e/$ 9 ! production ( nuts1 b !y are m alive ?an _! nor!rn neighbors to ! value ( timb]1 & m ( !m c\nt ^u x = a "p ( _! pr(it f ! plant+ ( nut trees4 ,int]e/ is ab\t equally divid$ betwe5 me?ods ( propagation1 graft+1 budd+1 top-work+1 plant+ se$ ( bett] v>ieties1 artificial cross-poll9ation1 & se>*+ _! neighborhoods = wild trees t %[ promise ( sup]iority4 ,! species be+ plant$ exp]im5tally or comm]cially are1 9 ord] ( prec$5ce1 black walnut1 p]simmon1 pecan1 ,p]sian walnut1 ,*9ese *e/nut1 hickories1 filb]ts1 hazels1 he>tnuts1 ,jap *e/nuts1 almonds1 mulb]ry1 native *e/nuts1 ,jap walnuts1 pawpaws & bee*4 ,species ( wild trees f\nd locally foll[ closely ! patt]n ( plant+ m5tion$ above1 :i* is z x %\ld be4 ,climatic conditions are1 9-g5]al1 favorable4 ,pea*es are 9 mo/ places reliably h>dy4 ,l[e/ temp]atures normally expect$ range f #bb deg4 above to #bj deg4 bel[ z]o2 & ! highe/ normal summ] temp]atures range f #ij deg4 to #aae deg44 ,dates ( normal late spr+ fro/s h a v wide spread1 be+ all ! way f ,m>* #a to ,may #ab4 ,normal e>ly fro/ expectancy is f ,oct4 #aj to ,nov4 #ae4 ,all long-season crops mature well4 ,! *ief climatic enemies are dr\ght & hot1 dry w9ds4 ,z to gr[? conditions1 clay soils pr$om9ate1 b ) pl5ty ( loamy bottom l& = nut plant+4 ,acid soils pr$om9ate some:at ov] lime soils1 gr[+ m unfavorably alkal9e 9 ! s\?-we/4 ,cultural practices are g5]ally ! same z 9 ! nor?1 b ) a great] proportionate use ( m[+ & mul*+1 no d\bt induc$ by ! ne$ = protection aga9/ great] heat1 z well z = cons]vative ( moi/ure4 ,a great] proportionate failure ( "y trees to />t fir/ ye>'s gr[? is also probably due to heat injury 9 ! spr+ & summ] foll[+ plant+4 ,tree wrapp+ seems to be ! corrective *iefly indicat$4 ,! difficulties pr9cipally m5tion$ ) matur$ trees are aga9 mo/ly climatic2 dr\ght1 sun-scald1 e>ly adv5t ( spr+ foll[$ by late fro/s1 delay$ dormancy 9 ! fall1 poor fill+ 9 dry seasons1 & bi5nial fruit+4 ,insect enemies :i* damage bo? trees & nuts are practically ! same z 9 ! nor? only !re are m ( !m4 ,rod5t damage & squirrel !ft seem less tr\blesome !re ow+1 p]haps1 to protective measures & to ! well develop$ hunt+ in/9ct among s\!rn f>m boys4 ,a l>g] proportion ( gr[]s ?an are report$ 9 ! nor? sell nuts comm]cially1 ) pecans1 walnuts1 & *e/nuts li/$ z ! mo/ pr(itable species4 ,! practice is /ill limit$ z an important s\rce ( income1 b a mu* great] proportion ( plant]s look confid5tly =w>d t[>d pr(itable op]ations 9 ! future4 ,black ,walnuts4 ,x is evid5t t 9 "s ( ! w>m] p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,cali=nia1 = in/ance1 ! ^w h>d9ess takes on a c]ta9 connotation t we %\ld und]/& bett] 9 ! nor?4 ,its mean+ !re is resi/ance to delay$ dormancy1 z "o ,cali=nia report /ates x4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x might be advisable = u all ev]y:]e to ?9k ( h>d9ess 9 ^! t]ms4 ,delay$ dormancy is haz>d\s 9 any tree1 :e!r natural to x or induc$ artificially by late summ] or e>ly fall cultivation & f]tiliz+1 & :e!r ! tree is locat$ 9 ! nor? or 9 ! s\?4 ,:5 a tree goes into ! w9t] ) sappy wood1 x is injur$1 & we say x is n h>dy4 ,t ?is is true 9 ! s\? z well z 9 ! nor? is well atte/$ by ! returns on black walnut trees ( ! s\?4 ,!re1 ! tree gives u a picture surpris+ly simil> to t ( ! nor?4 ,9 ! s\?1 if ! tree's dormancy is delay$1 x does n get its prop] re/ betwe5 crops & x dies or is /unt$1 9 "o way or ano!r1 = "s "t !reaft]4 ,9 ! nor?1 if ! foll[+ w9t] is sev]e1 x simply dies4 ,p]haps ! w9t] kill$ x4 ,or p]haps we kill$ x ) unseasonable pamp]+4 ,reports %[ t 9 ! s\?1 ,rohw]1 ,/ambaugh1 & ,t5 ,eyck lead 9 h>d9ess 9 ! pr9t$ li/ ( black walnuts1 ) a score ( #hj ea*4 ,ohio1 ,/abl] & ,?omas ea* av]age #ge4 ,( ! writt5-9 names1 ,sif=d & ,beck are report$ h>dy1 foll[$ by ,creitz4 ,elm] ,my]s has only "o report1 :i* is r unfavorable 9 ?is respect4 ,9 yield1 ,creitz has ! be/ rat+1 !n ,?omas1 ,/ambaugh1 ,sif=d1 ,/abl] & ,beck1 9 t ord]4 ,?omas is ! mo/ precoci\s 9 e>ly be>+4 ,"o report has x t ,?omas kills itself1 sometimes1 by ov]do+ x 9 ?is respect4 ,/abl]1 ,sif=d1 ,creitz & ,beck come next4 ,all ( ^! v>ieties are report$ z hav+ well fill$ nuts1 ) ,/abl] 9 ! lead1 :i* may come z a surprise to _m4 ,o!r qualities1 su* z husk+ & crack+1 size1 & quality ( k]nel1 are report$ to be ! same z 9 ! nor? except t ,/abl] leads 9 crack+ quality1 ) ,?omas a r poor second1 ow+1 p]haps1 to a %ell too well fill$ = crack+ )\t %att]+ ! k]nels4 ,se$l+ ,*e/nuts4 ,m ,*9ese *e/nuts are plant$ ?an ,japs4 ,!y are h>di]1 yield bett] crops1 are m precoci\s1 & h a f> bett] quality ( k]nel4 ,! ,japs excel only 9 size4 ,nam$ ,*e/nuts4 ,hobson is h>dy & an extremely precoci\s be>] ( f9e/ quality4 ,c>r foll[s4 ,reports on ^! v>ieties1 h[ev]1 are n num]\s en\gh to enable "o to rea* a satisfactory appraisal4 ,two ,m>ron /ra9s are m5tion$ z produc]s ( v l>ge nuts2 o!rwise ?is v>iety's record is n impressive4 ,pecans4 ,posey & ,gre5riv] are giv5 top m5tion = h>d9ess1 ) ,buss]on1 ,major1 & ,niblack next4 ,9 ! m s\!rn areas1 ( c\rse1 ! m t5d] v>ieties are favor$1 su* z ,mahan1 ,success1 ,bur*ett1 ,s*ley & ,/u>t4 ,mahan seems to be ! "o mo/ favor$ = g5]al excell5ce 9 yield1 flavor1 & crack+ qualities4 ,x mu/ be said1 h[ev]1 t1 9 flavor1 ^! l>g] pecans are inf]ior to ! be/ pecans ( ! indig5\s nor!rn v>ieties :i* are n[ be+ propagat$4 ,b because ( _! size1 beauty1 & productiv5ess1 !y w probably ma9ta9 _! pres5t lead]%ip comm]cially4 ,hybrid ,pecans1 ,filb]ts1 ,butt]nuts4 ,reports f ! s\? are inadequate = appraisal4 ,! inf]5ce "o mu/ draw is t !y are n be+ plant$ ext5sively !re4 ,p]sian ,walnuts4 ,! object ( ! inquiry1 ( c\rse1 0 prim>ily to get in=mation ab\t v>ieties :i* might be capable ( exp&+ _! range t[>d ! nor?4 ,9 ?is1 s f> z ! s\!rn reports are conc]n$1 we h n be5 successful4 ,plac5tia & ,eureka are m5tion$ 9 "o report b _! records1 z report$1 are n p>ticul>ly good4 ,corroborative evid5ce is ne$$4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! s\?1 /rangely en\gh1 seems n to be ! place to look = ,p]sian walnuts = ! nor?4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ! v>ieties ( ,p]sians1 ,juglans regia ,l41 are well root$ to ! gr\nd4 ,!y object to m nor!rn locations4 ,?is may n be entirely true ( ano!r species1 ,j4 h9dsii1 :i* 9 ! pa/ has %[n a t5d5cy to cross ) o!r memb]s ( ! juglans tribe4 ,cross$ ) ! native black walnut1 ! hybrid kn[n z ,royal 0 develop$1 a robu/ gr[] :i* be>s little4 ,cross$ ) ! ,p]sian1 ,p>adox 0 produc$4 ,we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,h>ry ,s4 ,welby1 ( ,taft1 ,calif41 = "s int]e/+ ,j4 h9dsii v>ieties ( good size & r l>ge1 well fill$ k]nel capacity4 ,^u _! ext]ior1 ! nuts resemble ! ,p]sians1 & ! k]nel has ! ,p]sian flavor4 ,inside ! %ell1 ! /ructure is t ( ! ,am]ican black1 ) a sub/antial woody cross-brace1 & ! %ell itself calls = a hamm] = crack+4 ,nei!r ,p>adox nor ,royal h prov$ ( value except = /ocks ^u :i* ! gr[]s graft or bud _! comm]cial cions4 ,mu* exp]im5t+ has be5 done 9 hybridiz+ ,j4 h9dsii1 ?us f> )\t produc+ m ?an comp>atively /]ile mules1 b1 ! t5d5cy to cross hav+ be5 demon/rat$1 ?is "w %\ld be cont9u$4 ,mr4 ,welby's samples h be5 s5t to ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 at ! ,beltsville ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 = evaluation4 ,p]haps someone w "k1 says ,mr4 ,welby1 ! limit ( cold ,j4 h9dsii w /&4 ,mr4 ,welby's comm5ts accompany+ 8 report are too int]e/+ to omit4 ,he says3 ,on ! gr\nds ( an oilfield camp1 ,i h c>ri$ on collaboration ) ! ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,bureau ( ,plant ,introduction = tw5ty ye>s4 ,! importation ( graftwood ( ea/]n s(t %ell black walnuts has be5 on my own4 ,( black walnuts we h be>+ trees among ornam5tal plant+s4 ,!re has be5 a m>k$ *ange ( attitude f ! e>ly days :5 ,i 0 m or less look$ ^u z a freak = work+ ) !m4 ,! nuts are valu$ today4 ,! orig9al objective has be5 atta9$4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,i h pur*as$1 #dej miles nor? ( "h1 a tw5ty2 h f5c$ & plant$ x to a br& ( p]man5t pa/ure grasses kn[n z ,ev]gre51 furni%$ by a grass speciali/1 ,dale ,butl]1 ( ,fresno4 ,prior to ! grass1 black walnuts1 graft$ & ungraft$ _h gone 94 ,a /rip bord]+ ! highway 0 res]v$ = trees1 we hope pi/a*io4 ,!re are n[ ?irty ( t v>iety1 be>+1 9 an int]ior block4 ,we h = ye>s pur*as$ black walnut meats 9 ! ,*ico area4 ,t w\ld be a p>adise = a black walnut man4 ,& ye>s ago ,i visit$ ,teh>na1 a des]t$ village f ! /orybook1 a =m] pony express /ation--wond]ful black walnuts6 ,^u plac+ my cam]a ^u a /ump ( a tree t grew 9 ! /reet-p>k+1 :i* _h be5 logg$1 ,i brac$ ! cam]a ) a *ip ( ?is f\r-foot /ump & discov]$ t ! tree _h be5 a curly walnut4 ,! trees !re are n ,j4 h9dsii1 b ,miss\ri blacks plant$ by =ty-n9]s4 ,conc]n+ pi/a*io3 ,i d\bt1 consid]+ ! p]c5tage ( memb]s :o w\ld be int]e/$1 :e!r ,i %\ld br+ ?is up1 b !re is ne$ = j su* an organization z ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 beh9d ?is tree4 ,x does n l5d itself to common nurs]y practice4 ,x %\ld be rais$ f se$1 pott$ or 9 cans1 re>$ )\t baby+ = sev]al ye>s1 a horticulturi/ br\ght 91 & y\r pi/a*io v]a male & female blossoms work$ to ,p4 atlantica or *95sis4 ,lots ( "w b x is wor? ! tr\ble4 ,x is decidu\s ) a hickory-l foliage2 clu/]s ( nuts clo!d 9 p9k-*eek$ hulls4 ,bailey reports be/ nuts come f ,sicily4 ,p]haps k ( !m w be m widely dissem9at$ :5 ! boys return4 ,hickories4 ,?is species seems n to be ( great int]e/ to ! s\?4 ,! old v>ieties are n m5tion$ 9 ! reports4 ,nugget is m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,dock]y1 ( ,/eele1 ,ala41 z "o ( ! be/4 ,x gr[s well1 yields well1 its k]nels h a good size & _! quality is unusually good4 ,( he>tnuts1 only "o is m5tion$1 ! ,lanca/]1 :i* leaves mu* to be desir$ 9 p]=mance 9 ! s\?4 ,sugge/ions & ,reque/s4 ,9 response to ! que/ions1 ,is !re any s]vice t ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 c\ld r5d] y n n[ be+ met8 & ,h y any sugge/ions = future "w81 a numb] ( responses 7 receiv$ :i* are wor? not+4 ,dr4 ,o4 ,d4 ,dill]1 ,/ate ,exp]4 ,/a41 ,woo/]1 ,o41 ,we are ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( ano!r /ate wide nut conte/ 9 ! fall ( #aidd4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! la/ ,ohio conte/ br\ght ! ,br[n & ,tritton trees to light4 ,bo? are mak+ fri5ds by good production ( good nuts4 ,?is is a sugge/ion = promotion 9 o!r /ates4 ,sylve/] ,%essl]1 ,g5oa1 ,o43 ,plant$ #aj nuts f ,tritton p>5t tree 9 #aice4 ,"o se$l+ bore a l>g] nut ?an ! p>5t tree4 ,sev]al o!rs bore v small nuts b all well fill$4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 ,sw>?more1 ,pa41 ,urge ! memb]s to run local conte/s = good nuts4 ,x may br+ memb]s if n nuts1 & y may f9d "s good new neighbors y didn't "k ab\t4 7,"o easily work$ plan is to see ! secret>y ( y\r c\nty fair bo>d1 (f] to pay half or all prize money = be/ nuts f a s+le tree 9 y\r own & surr\nd+ c\nties4 ,see t judg+ is done by someone :o kn[s h[ or d x y\rself47 ,alfr$ ,j4 ,frueh1 ,w4 ,cornwall1 ,conn41 ,h _h q a lot ( w9t] injury on ! s\?-we/ side ( black walnut trunks graft$ ne> ! gr\nd4 ,note t se$l+ walnuts h a ridg$1 corky b>k on ! trunk already ! second ye>1 :]eas a graft$ trunk ma9ta9s its smoo? b>k = #f to #h ye>s4 ,am n[ graft+ on se$l+ /ock #e to #f feet above ! gr\nd & mu* ( ! w9t] injury is ?us elim9at$4 ,a4 ,b4 ,an?ony1 ,/]l+1 ,ill41 ,if !y c be _h disease free1 promote ! plant+ ( a few ( ! mo/ *oice *e/nuts 9 widely scatt]$ regions :]e no "o gr[s su* trees4 ,possibly our *ildr5 c get back to *e/nut gr[+4 ,sew>d ,b]h[1 ,huxley1 ,ia41 ,9 a sep>ate 7pamphlet7 or includ$ 9 an e>ly report1 give a complete li/ ( all nam$ v>ieties1 especially black walnuts1 "n ( nut1 "n & address ( orig9ator1 location ( orig9al tree1 nor? latitude1 ye> discov]$1 nuts p] p\nd1 score = crack+1 k]nel1 prizes won4 ,?is w\ld be v valuable = quick ref]5ce4 ,! ,t4 ,v4 ,a4 has issu$ a pamphlet giv+ mu* ( ?is in=mation4 ,also1 we believe1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$ is at "w on a book :i* w be wor? wait+ =4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 ,we/bank1 ,b4 ,c43 ,c\ld n ! ,association supply samples ( recomm5d$ nuts or p]haps give li/s ( ^? :o w\ld sell small 7#c or #d7 nut samples4 ,i h s5t out su* samples ( #b or #c ea* ( v>ieties ,i h on h& up to #i or #ab k9ds1 at #ej c5ts p] package1 po/ paid4 ,?is is n en\gh to pay = ! "t consum$ b is a good adv]tis+ practice4 ,h>ry ,s4 ,welby1 ,taft1 ,calif43 ,! gr\nd squirrel is a pe/ "h4 ,black walnut z bait w attract !m 9 w9t] :5 fruits are sc>ce4 ,at t "t ,i h _h "s success ) a box trap treadl$ by an electric contrivance in/ead ( figure #d4 ,c anyone tell me any exp]i5ce ) sc5t baits :i* ,i believe ,biological ,survey trapp]s sometimes use8 ,x may be a delicate "q1 b ,i %\ld be int]e/$ 9 kn[+ m if ! in=mation is available4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dun/an1 ,gre5sboro ,college1 ,gre5sboro1 ,n4 ,c43 ,i w\ld be happy if ?is survey br+s to light in=mation on ! behavior ( ! be/ & m rec5tly discov]$ hickories4 7,if n17 ,i believe an article on p]=mance ( su* v>ieties z ,:itney1 ,gra+]1 ,b]gor1 ,davis1 ,wilcox1 ,s*9n]l+1 etc41 p]haps simil> to t by ,re$ 9 #aich ,proce$+s1 w\ld be highly valuable & welcome4 ,p]haps a report on ,t4 ,v4 ,a4's nut tree "w 9 rec5t ye>s w\ld also be wor? :ile4 ,c4 ,h4 ,p>ks1 ,a%eville1 ,n4 ,c43 ,w\ld be int]e/$ 9 a *e/nut t w gr[ 9 s\!rn ,appala*ian regions4 7,see ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke's report above4 ,*airman47 ,h>old ,g4 ,williams1 ,ramsey1 ,n4 ,j43 ,i believe t mo/ useful trees1 bo? fruit & nut1 t are n[ comm]cially important1 7 develop$ f select$ se$l+s gr[n 9 ! area 9 :i* !y are be+ us$4 ,i h a sugge/ion4 ,h[ ab\t a conc]t$ bre$+ program = nut trees ) full memb]%ip p>ticipation8 ,! be/ p>5t trees %\ld be select$ f pres5t plant+s ( graft$1 nam$ v>ieties4 ,%ip ^! se$s1 or "o or two ye> old se$l+s f !m1 to ea* memb] on a subscription basis4 ,let ea* memb] make a trial plant+ ( z _m trees z he c4 ,:5 ^! trees come into be>+ !re w be a bett] *ance ( f9d+ sup]ior /ra9s t are adapt$ to _! environm5t4 ,hybridiz+ by cross poll9ation requires m "t & skill ?an _m ( our memb]s possess4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 memb]s :o n[ own or*>ds conta9+ "s ( ! be/ v>ieties1 su*1 = in/ance 7among ! black walnuts7 z ,?omas1 ,/abl]1 ,/ambaugh1 & p]haps ,elm] ,my]s1 plant$ 9 su* close proximity z to all[ = cross poll9ation4 ,se$ c\ld be pur*as$ f !m & resold to memb]s = _! plant+2 co/s to be kept fairly l[1 ) annual reports requir$ z to c>e1 cultivation1 f]tiliz+ & gr[?4 ,an alt]nate plan w\ld be to turn ov] su* se$ to ,h]%ey1 ,smi?1 & o!r memb] nurs]ym5 to plant1 gr[ ! "y se$l+s "u be/ conditions1 & furni% to memb] coop]ators ^: pl$g$ subscriptions are to take c>e ( ! co/4 ,?is w\ld give ! coop]at+ nurs]ies a piece ( bus9ess t c\ld be dep5d$ ^u 7( a k9d t w\ld take comp>atively little "t z comp>$ ) t requir$ = graft$ trees71 9 return = _! support4 ,^! trees c\ld be plant$ fairly close1 s9ce mo/ ( !m w\ld prove to be useless z nut produc]s4 ,if an out/&+ v>iety is f\nd1 ev]y?+ ar\nd x %\ld be *opp$ d[n to give x room = developm5t4 ,i p]sonally w\ld raise & report ^u "s two doz5 trees ( ?is k9d1 & if a l>ge gr\p jo9$ 9 ! "w1 hundr$s ( tree c\ld be te/$4 ,comm5t3 ,t ! *airman ( ?is committee ?9ks ! above sugge/ion a good "o1 & ! project a good gamble1 is evid5c$ by ! fact t he has ab\t a ?\s& ( su* trees n[ gr[+4 ,se$ 0 b\ght f ,mr4 ,h>ry ,web]'s1 ,rockport1 ,ind41 & ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,ho/ett]'s ,bird-9-,h&1 ,pa41 plantations 9 ! fall ( #aicg & plant$ at once4 ,mo/ ( ! se$ 0 f ,?omas trees :i* _h be5 flank$ 9 ! plantations ) ,/abl]s & o!r nam$ trees1 & f ,/abl]s simil>ly flank$4 ,! trees h n[ _h six ye>s' gr[?4 ,he hopes = fir/ nuts 9 #aidd f se$l+s plant$ 9 deep loam only4 ,gr[? else:]e has be5 negligible4 ,if no out/&+ nut produc]s are f\nd1 !re w at lea/ be "s spl5did timb]1 already assur$4 ,x %\ld be /at$ at once1 h[ev]1 t ^? ^: object is ! assur$ production ( nuts1 r ?an ! discov]y or developm5t ( a new v>iety1 %\ld nev] plant any?+ b ! be/ graft$ trees b\ght f reliable nurs]ym54 ,y\r decision %\ld be gov]n$ by y\r int]e/4 ,if y wi% to be sure ( nuts ( a c]ta9 quality = home use1 buy graft$ trees ( t quality4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y h ! urge to probe into ! unkn[n & possibly create a new type1 ! above project w appeal to y1 especially if y %\ld lack tra9+ & "t = m pa9/ak+ "w4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is an example ( ! latt] k9d4 ,ar?ur ,h4 ,graves1 ,curator1 ,brooklyn ,botanic ,g>d51 says3 ,we are bre$+ *e/nuts = ! purpose ( obta9+ a disease-resi/ant timb] tree /ock simil> to ! old *e/nut tree :i* has n[ ne>ly disappe>$ on acc\nt ( ! blight4 ,we />t$ bre$+ *e/nuts "h at ! ,botanic ,g>d5 9 #aicj1 & n[ aft] ?irte5 ye>s ( "w1 h on our plantation at ,hamd51 ,conn41 ,lit*field1 ,conn41 :]e ! ,:ite ,memorial ,f\ndation is coop]at+ ) u1 & ,r$d+ ,ridge1 ,conn41 :]e ,mr4 ,ar*] ,m4 ,hunt+ton & ! ,connecticut ,agr4 ,exp't ,/ation are coop]at+1 ab\t #ajjj hybrids1 a l>ge numb] ( comb9ations ( ,*9ese1 ,japanese & ,am]ican *e/nuts1 _m ( !m n[ 9 ! ?ird g5]ation f ! beg9n+ ( ! bre$+ p]iod 9 #aicj4 ,we are c>ry+ out our bre$+ program 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,we h select$ ! ,*9ese & ,japanese species to cross ) ! ,am]ican because ! ,asiatic species are disease-resi/ant1 & we hope to incorporate ?is quality ( disease-resi/ance ) ! tall timb] gr[? ( ! ,am]ican4 ,we f9d t ! ,*9ese are 9 g5]al m disease-resi/ant ?an ! ,japanese4 ,o!r /ocks :i* h be5 incorporat$ 9 our hybrids are ! ,european ,c4 sativa1 ! s\!rn *9quap9s ,c4 pumilia1 ,c4 oz>k5sis1 ,c4 floridana1 & ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's old hybrid1 presumably ( ,c4 cr5ata & ,c4 pumila1 :i* goes "u ! "n ( ,s#h1 & ,c4 segu9ii4 ,aft] ! hybrids become old en\gh1 we inoculate ! talle/ ( !m ) ! blight fungus 9 ord] to get an index ( _! disease resi/ance4 ,! mo/ disease-resi/ant are br$ toge!r & ( _! (fspr+ ! talle/ are select$1 inoculat$1 & ! mo/ disease-resi/ant are br$ toge!r aga94 ,= example1 ?is ye> we _h #cej hybrids f la/ ye>'s bre$+ exp]im5ts set out 9 a special nurs]y at ,hamd5 & c>efully t5d$ dur+ ! season4 ,( ^! #cej we h select$ #ej :i* are ! talle/ & /raighte/1 t is1 #bj in*es & ov]4 ,! o!rs 7 s5t to ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 :]e ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 is work+ along a simil> l9e1 b ) m att5tion to ! nut phase ( ! problem4 ,our ultimate aim1 ( c\rse1 is to e/abli% a race ( *e/nut trees :i* %all replace our n[ practically ext9ct ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,! loss 9 money value f ?is timb] tree has am\nt$ to millions ( doll>s 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! value ( its nut crops is v small inde$4 ,h[ev]1 we are int]e/$ 9 ! nut problem1 & :5ev] any p>ticul>ly f9e nuts appe> we note ! fact4 ,we h n[ a /ra9 ( ,*9ese *e/nut :i* has n yet come into be>+ :i* we believe w h nuts z sweet z ! old ,am]ican *e/nut1 b mu* l>g]4 ,) ?is =w>d-look+ note we close our report4 ,we h a f\ndation ^u :i* to build t is sub/antial & tri$4 ,! pione]+ "w ( a pati5t1 f>-sight$1 & di/+ui%$ gr\p ( work]s has %[n u mu* ( :at to d & :at n to d4 ,x is n[ up to u1 ! f>m]s1 ! plant]s1 to multiply _! "w & cont9ue x4 ,side-lights on ! #aidc-d ,survey ,v _m int]e/+ bits ( in=mation h be5 includ$ 9 ! survey reports2 s _m t ! committee has regretfully omitt$ "s t h>dly seem$ prop]ly to belong ) ! mat]ial ( a survey1 :i* aft] all mu/ h "s limits4 ,"o su* item is f ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ( ,ha9es ,city1 ,fla41 & has a special int]e/ = memb]s ( ?is ,association4 ,he says3 ,p]haps y w be int]e/$ 9 data on "o ( ,am]ica's l>ge/ ,*9ese *e/nut trees1 ev5 if x does gr[ 9 ,florida1 at ,monticello4 ,x /&s adjac5t to a lot 9 :i* ! late ,j4 ,f4 ,jones _h a nurs]y = a %ort "t 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ?is c5tury1 & app>5tly 0 plant$ at t "t1 ar\nd =ty ye>s ago4 ,! trunk is n[ m ?an #be in*es 9 diamet] bel[ :]e x divides #f feet above ! gr\nd4 ,f ?is level1 ! tree bran*es pr(usely & has a symmetrical1 r\nd$ cr[n4 ,x is heal?y1 n hav+ a sign ( ! b>k disease1 al?\gh a native *9kap9 #ajj feet away is badly infe/$4 ,x has abundant bloom & sets heavy crops ( burrs b1 lack+ ano!r v>iety = poll9ation1 ! numb] ( nuts matur$ is small4 ,nuts are ab\t av]age size = ! species1 ( typical sweet flavor1 & sep>ate readily f ! pellicle4 ,_m ( !m become infe/$1 be=e rip5+1 ) a fungus :i* rots ! k]nel1 app>5tly ! same "o :i* infe/s *e/nuts & *9kap9s at ,savannah & ,albany1 ,georgia4 ,mr4 ,paul ,goldb]g1 ( ,monticello1 ! pres5t own]1 /ates t ! tree has be5 be>+ annually dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s 8 family has own$ x4 ,?is nut-rot among ! ori5tal *e/nuts is "o ( ! diseases t h become tr\blesome else:]e4 ,x is be+ /udi$ & ef=ts are be+ made to combat x4 ,?us f>1 s f> z we "k1 no effective cure has be5 f\nd4 ,a report ^u pres5t progress w\ld be wor? :ile4 ,osc> ,e4 ,swan1 ,jr41 ,tulsa1 ,okla41 reports an enviable situation4 ,he says3 ,my nut trees are gr[+ on a f>m :]e m ?an #cj ye>s ( cultivation h fail$ to kill ! native pecan spr\ts4 ,!y come up ye> aft] ye> f ! top roots4 ,s9ce acquir+ ! place 9 #aicf1 ,i h all[$ ! pecan spr\ts & ! few native walnuts to gr[ un*eck$ except :]e necess>y to cut !m out to avoid cr[d+4 ,! gr[? ( ^! spr\ts is q vigor\s1 & !y are ideal = top-work+4 ,i h top-work$ a few trees e spr+ & n[ h ab\t #cjj graft$ trees all ! way f #f to #cj feet tall4 ,_m are too close toge!r = full gr[n trees & ,i plan to ?9 !m4 ,my problems1 s f>1 are ! me*anical ones ( top-work+4 ,i h settl$ ^u a modification ( ! ,bi$]man b>k graft1 :i* gives v good results4 ,aft] ! grafts are well e/abli%$1 ! trees get v little att5tion except = cutt+ out ! cr[d+ trees4 ,!y are lit]ally gr[+ 'wild'1 yet ! gr[? has be5 bett] ?an transplant$ trees w\ld h made ) ! be/ ( c>e1 because ! root sy/ems are well e/abli%$ 9 a situation :i* suits !m4 ,?is sy/em ( neglect probably expla9s :y ,i h fail$ ) "s species & v>ieties su* z ! butt]nut & "s ( ! hickories4 ,occasionally ,i am pleasantly surpris$1 z 9 ! case ( "s se$l+ ,c>pa?ian walnuts :i*1 graft$ ^u "s e/abli%$ black walnut spr\ts1 came ?r\gh ! sev]e #aidc dr\? 9 f9e %ape )\t b5efit ( mul*1 cultivation1 f]tiliz]1 or wat]+4 ,! same applies to ! ,helmick hybrid4 7,a two ye> old tree1 a hybrid walnut1 graft$ & gr[+ well on black walnut /ock1 & :i* ,mr4 ,swan says w bloom next ye>47 ,i h pamp]$ my ,*9ese *e/nut trees ) cultivation1 mul* & manure1 z !y are locat$ 9 poor]1 dri] soil4 ,!y 7 badly hit by ! dr\?4 ,"s di$ 9 spite ( ! att5tion4 ,z to v>ieties1 ,i am f> en\gh s\? to gr[ all ! /&>d s\!rn pecan v>ieties1 al?\gh sev]al d n h a long en\gh season to mature _! nuts4 ,i am try+ ! nor!rn v>ieties &1 s f>1 am well pleas$ ) _! gr[? z comp>$ ) ! s\!rn k9ds4 ,x w be a few ye>s be=e ,i c report on ! size & quality ( _! nuts4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel aga93 ,s\rce & v>iety ( se$ 9 ,*9ese *e/nuts h a great influ5ce on ! p]=mance ( se$l+s4 ,num]\s se$l+s f ! orig9al ,hobson tree began fruit+ 9 _! second season ( gr[?1 & half ( ! ones ,i h are fruit+ dur+ _! f\r? season4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i h a tree f import$ se$ :i* grew n9e seasons be=e sett+ & rip5+ its fir/ burr4 ,! above data ref] to my plant+ ne> ,h>tselle1 ,morgan ,c\nty1 ,ala41 & t vic9ity4 ,i h sev]al black walnut trees "u obs]vation1 native trees1 on :i* data are n yet complete en\gh = evaluation4 ,if any man des]ves a bright ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 m$al1 x is ,a4 ,l4 ,"y1 ( ,brooks1 ,alb]ta4 ,l[e/ temp]ature expect$ 9 w9t]1 #de deg4 bel[2 l[e/ kn[n1 #fb deg4 bel[4 ,highe/ expect$ 9 summ]1 #aja deg44 ,frequ5t dr\?s8 ,yes4 ,hot1 dry w9ds8 ,yes4 ,native nuts f\nd pl5tifully8 ,none4 ,sp>+ly8 ,none4 ,yet ,mr4 ,"y plants nut trees4 ,x is m5 l t :o h made ,canada :at x is4 ,x takes m ?an m]e wea!r to /op !m4 ,! nev]-say-die _s ( pione]s speaks ?r\gh\t 8 report3 ,black walnuts1 butt]nuts1 "s oaks1 hazels & ,am]ican *e/nuts 7,ohio buckeyes7 all came ?r\gh la/ w9t] well4 ,h[ev]1 late fro/s r$uc$ ! nut crop4 ,( ^! species1 filb]ts are n gett+ any:]e4 ,w9kl]1 ,i believe1 w ev5tually make a g ( x4 ,he>tnuts got a r\gh deal la/ w9t]1 & ,european buckeye *e/nuts 7 hurt a little by late spr+ fro/s4 ,"s ,man*urian walnuts also got a setback ) spr+ fro/s1 & "s did n4 ,c>pa?ian walnuts kill$ back q a lot1 s did mo/ ( my hybrid walnuts4 ,hybrid hazels seem p]fectly h>dy4 ,pecans1 bee*nuts & sweet *e/nuts almo/ pass$ out ( ! picture la/ w9t]4 ,giant hickory f ,ont>io seems h>dy b p>ticul> ab\t ! k9d ( soil & conditions4 ,:5 irrigat$1 too mu* wat] w kill !m4 ,& ?is is true also ( walnut & butt]nut se$l+s4 ,i h no acreage ( nut trees4 ,i gr[ se$l+s & plant !m :]ev] ,i f9d a place protect$ f ! /ock & )9 rea* ( moi/ure f ! irrigation dit*1 z ?is is a des]t1 cactus c\ntry4 ,i always h a /ock ( se$l+ trees on h&1 & :5ev] visitors %[ any int]e/1 ,i give or s5d !m fruit or nut trees & a few p]5nial fl[]s4 ,s !re are sure to be a few nut trees1 "s day1 gr[+ successfully ?r\gh\t ,alb]ta4 ,!re is m b5efit f ?is nor!rn se$1 especially z ,i am us+ a comm]cial poll5 ) ! hope ( gett+ a h>dy :ite walnut ) possibly a co>se b>k l ! black to w>d (f sun-scald 9 ?is climate4 ,!y are on _! way4 ,i don't "k :5 we'll be eat+ ^! imag9>y nuts4 ,h[ev]1 x is n s long ago t fruit gr[+ on ! cattle range 0 a dream4 ,i grew ! fir/ pe>s 9 ,alb]ta1 s f> z we "k4 ,n[ we are insult$ if !re is n a crop ( fruit e ye>4 ,i h _m se$l+s ( /&>d apples1 unnam$1 t are really *oice fruit1 &1 ( c\rse1 a few nam$ v>ieties t are do+ fairly well4 ,m9nesota has done great "w 9 apple & plum bre$+ = ! nor?4 ,we are enjoy+ "s ( !m "r "h4 ,i am sorry t ,i h no data on husk+1 crack+1 etc4 ,really ev5 ! h>die/1 be/ trees be> nuts t1 :ile ( fair size1 d n h fle%y k]nels1 & "s h ?ree sections in/ead ( two4 ,butt]nuts are v sweet ) fair size k]nels4 ,i 0 surpris$1 aft] a long h>d w9t]1 to f9d ! ,g9kgo trees /ill alive & ga9+ gr[?4 ,cr$it "s or all ?is result to ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly & ,paul ,cra? = supply+ me ) se$1 se$l+s1 & poll5 to c>ry on )4 ,i am greatly oblig$ to !m & also to ,george ,corsan ( ,e*o ,valley1 ,isl+ton1 :o has a weal? ( nut int]e/4 ,we h _h a mighty dry ye> "h1 s1 betwe5 irrigat+ & t5d+ ! l>ge/ h]d ( ,ayr%ire cattle 9 ! prairie prov9ces1 ,i h be5 busy4 ,! t[n ( ,brooks is probably ! only t[n 9 ,canada on /raight ,ayr%ire milk2 & ! *ange 9 ,brooks f a box-c> on a sid+ ye>s ago to ! ,brooks ( today1 ) its hundr$s ( heal?y *ildr5 n[ on ! /reets1 is ! m>vel ( a man's lifetime4 ,george ,h4 ,corsan1 ,e*o ,valley1 ,isl+ton1 ,ont43 ,la/ w9t]1 #aidb-dc1 0 by f> ! colde/ ev] record$4 ,no damage to filb]ts4 ,a few in*es ( twigs 7 hurt on c]ta9 ,engli% walnuts4 ,! ,/rang] he>tnut1 a t5d] v>iety1 pass$ ?r\gh unsca!d4 ,p]simmons & pawpaws pass$ )\t a bud kill$4 ,^! are p]fectly h>dy v>ieties4 ,jujubes pass$ ,o4 ,k41 b t may be due to ! v deep sn[s4 ,dr4 ,oliv] ,d4 ,dill]1 ,associate ,=e/]1 ,ohio ,exp]im5t ,/a41 ,woo/]1 ,ohio3 ,y w be glad to "k t ! exp]im5t /ation has set aside "s l& = improv$ v>ieties ( nut trees4 ,if y f9d "s promis+ walnuts :i* might be te/$ 9 ?is "p ( ! /ate1 we %\ld be glad to h y keep u 9 m9d4 ,?is is inde$ welcome news & w be appreciat$ by all gr[]s 9 ?is area4 ,j4 ,g4 ,duis1 ,%attuc1 ,ill43 ,a *ick5 y>d is "o ( ! be/ places to gr[ nut trees4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly3 ,i d n believe 9 sell+ nuts = se$ purposes except on a v l>ge scale4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel3 ,a neighbor lo/ "s #e ye> old ,*9ese *e/nut trees foll[+ a summ] dr\? on silty loam soil1 r %all[ to h>d-pan4 ,x is my obs]vation t deep]1 s&i] soils 7n too extremely s&y7 are be/ = *e/nuts 9 ! coa/al pla9 & o!r regions subject to summ] dr\?s4 ,9 ! m\nta9s :]e summ] ra9fall is m uni=m1 !y ?rive also 9 clay soils4 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan3 ,be/ success 9 graft+ 7hickories7 has be5 9 juicy1 wet spr+s4 ,he>tnuts mu/ n be budd$ until late ,augu/ 79 ,isl+ton1 ,ont>io74 ,he>tnuts mu/ n be prun$4 ,a4 ,l4 ,"y1 ,alb]ta3 ,!re is a dem& = "y walnuts = pickl+4 7,does anyone "k ! details--:5 to pick1 h[ to pickle87 7,note by ,ed4 ,sev]al recipes & me?ods 9 ,am4 ,nut ,j\rnal n[ out ( pr9t b index$ by ,ed4 ,copies ( ?is index 9 8 h&s & ^? ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$ at ,wa%+ton4 ,also recipes 9 #ccrd ,ann4 ,report p4 #ie74 ,/]l+ ,a4 ,smi?1 ,v]millon1 ,o43 ,) me1 summ] budd+ is ! mo/ successful means ( propagat+ black walnuts4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?3 ,*9ese *e/nuts w blight "s if "u-n\ri%$4 ,:i* includes ! wrong k9ds ( soil1 if uncorrect$4 ,does anyone "k = sure h[ to get pawpaw se$ to g]m9ate8 ,sev]al h ask$ ?is "q4 ,! *airman has _h ! same tr\ble1 s c n answ]4 7,note by ,ed4 ,see ,nut ,putt]+ 9 an ,(fye> 9 ?is report47 ,s f> z ! correspond5ce %[s1 no /ate or f$]al dep>tm5t buys se$ on a l>ge scale 7) ! exception1 n[1 ( *e/nut se$7 f trees ( ! bett] nam$ v>ieties ) :i* to gr[ se$l+s = di/ribution by /ate nurs]ies = =e/ plant+4 ,all nut se$ seems to be ga!r$ haphaz>dly4 ,w4 ,g4 ,tatum1 ,lebanon1 ,ky43 ,a nut tree ) pl5ty ( root1 top cut back "o ?ird1 promptly set1 roots protect$1 /em wrapp$1 #d in*es1 mul* appli$1 set ei!r spr+ or fall1 gr[s = me #ii ( ! "t4 ,failures are n wor? m5tion+ if ! above conditions are met4 ,c>l ,wes*cke1 ,/4 ,paul1 has a doz5 or s extra h>dy ,p]sian walnuts by selection f "s #ab1jjj se$l+s4 ,also is introduc+ ! h>dy ,hazelb]t1 result ( crosses betwe5 wild v>ieties & filb]ts4 ,dip wire scre5 gu>ds 9 r$ lead & !y w be good = tw5ty ye>s4 ,?omas & ,/ambaugh1 among ! black walnuts1 are1 ) ju/ice1 entr5*$ lead]s1 b x w be well to wat* ,patt]son1 ,m9tle1 ,elm] ,my]s1 ,eureka1 ,creitz1 ,todd1 & o!r promis+ new ones less well kn[n4 ,?omas is m prolific 9 ! s\? 7g5]ally7 ?an 9 ! nor?1 :i* indicates t its bloom may possibly be out ne>ly en\gh to suff] 9 ! nor? f late fro/s4 ,among *e/nuts1 ! weight ( evid5ce favors ,hobson1 ,c>r & ,reliable1 ?\gh ,j4 ,russell ,smi? says he has some?+ he likes bett] ?an ! fir/ two4 ,among pecans1 ,major1 ,gre5riv]1 ,pleas2 among filb]ts & hazels1 ,w9kl]1 ,jones hybrid1 ,cos=d1 ,gellatly1 ,brixnut2 among ,p]sian walnuts1 ,broadview1 "o or two ,cra? v>ieties1 ,payne1 ,breslau2 among hickories1 ,/rat=d1 ,fairbanks1 ,b>nes1 ,glov]1 ,wes*cke4 ,^! seem1 s f> z ! returns %[1 to h out/&+ po9ts ( sup]iority4 ,9 any su* survey1 inju/ice is b\nd to be done to "s n fully report$4 ,outside ( filb]ts 9 ! nor?we/1 no nor!rn gr[n nut c yet be said to h rea*$ ! /atus ( a pr(itable comm]cial crop4 7,exception3 ,! n>r[ pecan belt along ! s\!rn t]m9us ( ! ,ohio riv] valley2 mo/ly wild trees47 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois says1 ,! report f ! ,/ate ,/ati/ician at ,spr+field indicat$ a crop ( #ege1jjj p\nds ( pecans = ,ill9ois 9 #aidc4 ,i don't "k j :]e !y came f4 ,%ort crops 7 report$ 9 ,calh\n & ,gallat91 lead+ nut produc+ c\nties4 ,no reports h be5 receiv$ z to ! size ( pecan crops 9 ! ,k5tucky & s\!rn ,indiana portions ( ! same belt4 ,! se>* = bett] v>ieties mu/ cont9ue1 b x is also altoge!r likely t ) an or*>di/'s att5tion1 ) cultivation1 mul*+1 f]tiliz+1 spray+ "o to ?ree times ye>ly ) ,bordeaux & lead sprays1 we might approa* ! comm]cial goal m closely ) :at we h today4 ,is anyone treat+ a be>+ nut or*>d z well z he w\ld treat an apple or*>d8 ,t's ! te/4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham ( ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 says3 ,! ,ohio is commonly reg>d$ z h>d to hull4 ,) a *a9$ tire husk] x hulls z well z any4 ,he rates x = h>d9ess & a p]c5tage ( #ij to #ajj = fill$ nuts1 :ile ,?omas yields only #j to #ij4 ,illu/ration3 ,seasonal ,zones ,compil$ f ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,records1 ,bas$ on ! ,av]age ,date ( ! ,la/ ,kill+ ,fro/ 9 ,spr+ ,juglone--,! ,active ,ag5t 9 ,walnut ,toxicity ,by ,,george ,a4 ,,gries1 ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,! problem ( walnut toxicity dates back at lea/ to ! writ+s ( ,pl9y4 ,9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory1 ?is ,roman philosoph] /at$ t ! %ad[ ( walnut trees is poison to all plants )9 its compass & t x kills :atev] x t\*es4 ,! fir/ rebuttal to ! exi/5ce ( su* a toxicity 0 =w>d$ by ,evelyn 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,?is au?or discuss$ ! high reg>d 9 :i* walnuts 7 held 9 ,burgundy z field trees4 ,! roots ( ^! trees 7 bel[ ! pl[ sole & ?us did n affect ei!r cultivation nor ! gr[?1 ( grasses & c]eals b5ea? !m4 ,! pros & cons ( ! problem h be5 review$ sev]al times 9 ! rec5t proce$+s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 7,gre5e1 #aicj2 ,mac,daniels & ,mu5s*]1 #aidb2 ,br[n1 #aidc47 ,t ! roots ( walnut trees are toxic to ! roots ( c]ta9 crop plants 9 direct contact ) !m is widely accept$4 ,9 nature ?is toxicity seems to be limit$ to plants ) tap root sy/ems su* z tomato & alfalfa 7,davis1 #aibc7 & ^? ) o!r types ( deep root sy/ems su* z apple trees 7,s*neid]han1 #aibg71 rhodod5drons 7,pirone1 #aich71 & privet4 ,?is toxicity is exhibit$ only :5 !re is a direct contact betwe5 ! roots ( ! two plants involv$4 7,jones1 #aijc2 ,massey1 #aibe74 ,t ! wilt+ obs]v$ "u walnuts is due to a toxic product f ! b>k ( ! walnut1 & does n result f a lack ( wat]1 is sub/antiat$ by ! fact t ! vascul> or wat] conduct+ sy/em is discolor$ = sev]al in*es above ! po9t ( contact ) ! walnut root4 ,?is symptom is v simil> to t produc$ by vascul> disease fungi4 ,no su* discoloration results f wilt+ due to competition = wat]4 ,?is symptom ( toxicity has be5 ov]look$ by _m work]s 9 ! field4 ,massey 7#aibe7 sugge/$ t ! toxic compon5t ( walnuts might be juglone4 ,?is idea 0 fur!r support$ by ,davis 7#aibh74 ,today ?is concept is widely held4 ,*emically ?is sub/ance is kn[n z #e1 hydroxy-#a1 #d1 naph?o-qu9one & belongs to a gr\p ( /rong oxidiz+ ag5ts ) comm]cial uses1 includ+ tann+ ag5ts1 m$ic9als1 poisons1 etc4 ,a k ( ! physiology ( juglone 9 ! walnut is ess5tial to an und]/&+ ( ! div]g5t results obta9$ by v>i\s exp]im5t]s4 ,juglone1 z su*1 occurs probably only 9 m9ute quantities 9 ! inn] root b>k1 & 9 ! gre5 husks ( ! nuts4 ,^! regions are1 h[ev]1 ri* 9 a sub/ance kn[n z hydrojuglone4 ,?is comp\nd1 ! colorless1 non-toxic1 r$uc$ =m ( juglone is imm$iately oxidiz$ to its toxic =m ^u exposure to ! air or "s oxidiz+ sub/ance f ! roots ( o!r plants4 ,^u /&+ 9 ! air juglone aga9 disappe>s1 be+ ei!r *ang$ back to hydrojuglone or brok5 d[n into o!r non-toxic sub/ances4 ,?is sequ5ce ( ev5ts may be not$ 9 a fre% gre5 husk ( a black walnut4 ,:5 ! fre% husk is cut1 ! int]ior is :ite b imm$iately turns yell[ z ! colorless hydrojuglone is trans=m$ into ! yell[ juglone4 ,^u /&+ or dry+ ! husk becomes black z fur!r *emical *anges occur4 ,x is impossible to extract juglone f ^! dri$ husks )\t fir/ reoxidiz+ !m4 ,x n[ becomes possible = u to und]/& "s ( ! discrepancies 9 ! /udies on walnut toxicity4 ,if walnut b>k or o!r plant p>ts are all[$ to become desiccat$1 no toxicity may be f\nd4 ,if ! roots ( plants d n contact plant p>ts conta9+ juglone or hydrojuglone1 _! oxidiz+ ability c n produce ! tox94 ,fur!r ! relative am\nts ( juglone 9 v>i\s species ( ,juglans has n be5 completely inve/igat$4 ,x does occur def9itely 9 ,j4 nigra & ,j4 c9]ea & has be5 report$ z be+ 9 ,j4 regia4 ,o!r species ne$ inve/igation be=e be+ includ$ z s\rces ( juglone4 ,x is kn[n t _m plants are n adv]sely affect$ :5 gr[n "u or ne> walnut trees4 ,"s ( ^! h root sy/ems too %all[ to contact ! roots ( ! walnuts1 especially 9 pl[$ gr\nd4 ,"s plants may s5d out suffici5t surface roots to keep ! plant alive 9 spite ( injury to ! deep] roots4 ,! possibility t ! roots ( "s plants are capable ( )/&+ ! oxidiz+ p[] ( ! juglone is curr5tly "u /udy4 ,9 e>ly ,am]ican folklore1 ! inn] b>k & ! husks ( ! nuts 7 us$ z a s\rce ( a yell[ dye = clo?4 ,?is yell[ dye is juglone4 ,! anci5ts also us$ ?is me?od ( dy+ bo? clo? & hair4 ,ano!r prop]ty ( juglone is its toxicity to fi%4 ,a few ye>s ago x 0 a common practice 9 ! ,s\? to cut ! husks f "y nuts & ?r[ !m imm$iately into a /ill pond ( wat]4 ,! fi%1 /unn$ by ! juglone1 w\ld rise to ! surface & 7 collect$ & eat54 ,no "o seem$ to worry ab\t ! effects ( su* poison$ food on ! consum]s4 ,juglone is toxic to fungi & bact]ia4 ,( all ! m$ic9al p[]s attribut$ to walnuts by ! ,greeks & ,romans1 its use 9 cur+ c]ta9 sk9 diseases includ+ r+worm has held up ?r\gh ! ages until _m today c recall ! use ( ! gre5 husks = control ( r+worms4 ,brissemoret & ,mi*aud 7#aiag7 report$ ! use ( juglone 9 cl9ical cases = ! cure ( eczema1 psoriasis1 impetigo & o!r sk9 diseases & conclud$ t juglone des]ves ext5sive use 9 d]matology4 ,to our k ! m$ical pr(ession has n foll[$ up ! possibilities :i* ?is sub/ance (f]s4 ,! au?or is famili> ) "o case 9 :i* pure juglone 0 appli$ to a p]si/5t r+worm infection4 ,! infection disappe>$ )9 a mon? aft] treatm5t 0 begun4 ,?\gh conclusions c n be drawn on a s+le case1 c]ta9ly ?is obs]vation l5ds cr$5ce to ! m$ic9al lore ( ! anci5ts & ! ,am]ican pione]s4 ,dur+ ! fall & w9t] ( #aidb-dc1 inve/igations on juglone 7 />t$ at ! ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation 9 conjunction ) /udies ( ! effect ( o!r plant tox9s on ! roots ( high] plants4 ,:5 ! toxicity ( ?is oxidiz+ comp\nd 0 e/abli%$1 x 0 produc$ 9 "s quantity bo? by extraction f walnuts aft] ! me?od ( ,combes 7#aijg7 & by syn!sis aft] ! me?od ( ,b]n?s5 & ,semp] 7#ahhg74 ,work+ on ! assumption t ! kill+ ( g]m9at+ fungus spores & root hairs are simil> ph5om5a1 juglone 0 subject$ to /&>diz$ laboratory te/s = fungicidal value4 ,9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ?is comp\nd prov$ to be equally toxic ) ! copp] 9 ,bordeaux mixture4 ,su* a high degree ( toxicity 0 deem$ wor? fur!r inve/igation1 s juglone 0 te/$ z a se$ protectant & z a spray 9 field trials = ! control ( black spot ( roses4 ,z a se$ protectant1 juglone fail$ mis]ably4 ,x's toxicity to ! noncut9iz$ surfaces ( root tissues 0 s great t g]m9ation 0 abnormal & greatly impair$4 ,! injury not$ "h 0 app>5tly ! same z t discuss$ by ,br[n 7#aidc7 & t :i* occurs normally 9 ! field4 ,9 field te/s on ! control ( black spot ( roses juglone /ood up well4 ,no phytotoxic activity c\ld be not$ on ! cut9iz$ /em & leaf surfaces4 ,on ! v>iety ,george ,ahr5s1 juglone gave equal control ) #b-a_/b times z mu* #cbe me% sulfur1 ! /&>d control = ?is disease4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions walnut trees exhibit toxicity to ^? plants ^: roots are 9 intimate contact ) ! roots ( ! walnut4 #b4 ,?is toxicity is due to ! action ( juglone1 ! oxidiz$ =m ( hydrojuglone1 a non-toxic sub/ance occurr+ 9 ! inn] b>k & gre5 husk ( walnuts4 #c4 ,juglone has be5 us$ 9 d]matology to cure v>i\s sk9 disord]s includ+ bo? bact]ial & fungus diseases4 #d4 ,z a se$ protectant1 juglone is unsuitable because ( its inh]5t toxicity to ! non-cut9z$ root surfaces4 #e4 ,laboratory & field te/s h %[n juglone to be an excell5t fungicide ,,lit]ature ,,cit$ #a4 ,b]n?s51 ,a4 & ,a4 ,semp] ,ueb] die ,con/itution des ,juglons und se9e ,syn!se aus ,naphtal94 ,b]4 d4 deuts*4 ,*em4 ,gesells*4 #bj3 #icd-ida4 #ahhg4 #b4 ,brissemoret et ,mi*aud ,sur une n\velle classe de m$icam5ts de la peau2 les qu9ones p]oxydes4 ,j\r4 ph>m4 et *im4 #g;e s]4 #af3bhc-bhe4 #aiag4 #c4 ,br[n1 ,babette ,i4 ,injuri\s influ5ce ( b>k ( black walnut on se$l+s ( tomato & alfalfa4 ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,assn41 ,proc4 #aidb3ig-ajb4 #aidc1 #d4 ,combes1 ,r4 ,sur un proc$e de prep>ation et de purification des d]ives oxyan?raqu9oniques et oxynap?oqu9oniques en g5]al1 du juglon et de l'emod9e en p>ticuli]4 ,bull4 soc4 *im4 #d;c s]4 #a3 #hjj-haf4 #aijg4 #e4 ,cook1 ,mel ,t4 ,wilt+ caus$ by walnut trees4 ,phytopa?ology #aa3cdf4 #aiba4 #f4 ,davis1 ,ev]ett4 ,! toxic pr9ciple ( ,juglans nigra z id5tifi$ ) syn!tic juglone1 & its toxic effects on tomato & alfalfa plants4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,bot4 #ae3 #fbj4 #aibh4 #g4 ,gre5e1 ,k4,w4 ,! toxic 787 effect ( ! black walnut3 ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,assn41 ,proc4 #aibi3 #aeb-aef4 #aicj4 #h4 ,jones1 ,l4 ,r4 & ,w4 ,j4 ,morse ,! %rubby c9quefoil z a we$4 #af? ,ann4 ,rpt1 ,vt1 ,agr4 ,expt4 ,/a4 #ahh-aij4 #aijb-jc4 #i4 ,mac,daniels1 ,l4 ,h4 & ,w4 ,c4 ,mu5s*] ,black walnut toxicity4 ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,assn41 ,proc4 #aidj #agb-agi4 #aida4 #aj4 ,massey1 ,a4 ,b4 ,antagonism ( ! walnuts 7,juglans nigra ,i4 & ,j4 c9]ea47 9 c]ta9 plant associations4 ,phytopa?ology #ae3 #ggc-ghd4 #aibe4 #aa4 ,pirone1 ,p4 ,p4 ,! detrim5tal effect ( walnut to ,rhodod5drons & o!r ornam5tals4 ,nurs]y ,disease ,notes #aa2 #a-d4 #aich4 #ab4 ,pl9ius ,secundus1 ,c4 ,! hi/orie ( ! _w4 ,engli% translation by ,p4 ,holl&1 ,a4 ,islip1 ,london4 #afja4 #ac4 ,s*neid]han1 ,f4 ,j4 ,! black walnut 7,juglans nigra ,l47 z a cause ( dea? to apple trees4 ,phytopa?ology #ag3 #ebi-edj4 #aibg4 ,possible ,black ,walnut ,toxicity on ,tomato & ,cabbage ,by ,,otto ,a4 ,,re9k+ ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,! toxicity or antagonism ( black walnut roots & ^? ( c]ta9 o!r plants has be5 a controv]sial "q4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels & ,w4 ,c4 ,mu5s*] 9 a report on page #agb ( ! ,?irty-fir/ ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association held 9 #aidj cit$ evid5ce pro & con relative to ! toxic effect ( black walnut on v>i\s crops4 ,!y conclud$ t because ( conflict+ evid5ce1 ! problem ( walnut toxicity 0 /ill unsolv$ & ne$$ fur!r inve/igation4 ,9 #aidb1 ,babette ,i4 ,br[n report$ on page #ig ( ! ,?irty-?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association1 on ! injuri\s influ5ce ( b>k ( black walnut roots on se$l+s ( tomato & alfalfa4 ,x 0 conclud$1 f c>efully conduct$ te/s1 t walnut roots produce a sub/ance t may be injuri\s to c]ta9 o!r plants4 ,exp]im5tation %[$ t ! walnut root b>k produces a sub/ance t is injuri\s to alfalfa & tomato se$l+s4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye>s1 a numb] ( in/ances ( /unt+ & wilt+ ( tomato plants 9 ! vic9ity ( black walnut trees has be5 obs]v$4 ,9 #aidb1 a v def9ite case ( wilt+ & /unt+ 0 not$ 9 cabbage plants gr[+ 9 ! vic9ity ( a black walnut tree4 ,sev]ely wilt$ tomato plants 7 obs]v$ on ,july #cj1 #aidc1 9 a field ( tomatoes ne> ,egypt1 ,new ,york4 ,?is case 0 typical ( o!rs obs]v$ 9 tomato fields 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! wilt+ & /unt+ 7 all locat$ 9 "o corn] ( ! field1 on bo? sides ( :i* l>ge black walnut trees 7 gr[+1 & ext5d$ out 9 ! field = a di/ance some:at great] ?an ! height ( ! trees4 ,! re/ ( ! field plant$ ) ! same /ock ( tomatoes 0 entirely heal?y4 ,! field _h be5 plant$ to beans 9 #aidb & prior to t _h be5 9 grass = at lea/ #g ye>s4 ,! vascul> bundles ( affect$ plants 7 br[n$ z 9 ,v]ticillium or ,fus>ium wilt & 9 "s bact]ial diseases4 ,no cank]s or discolorations 7 obs]v$ on ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! plants4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r or n ! wilt+ 0 caus$ by a fungus or bact]ium1 plants 7 collect$ = microscopic exam9ation & = cultur+ to %[ possible pres5ce ( pa?og5s4 ,! microscopic exam9ations %[$ ! abs5ce ( fungi or bact]ia 9 ! vascul> sy/em or o!r plant tissues4 ,! br[n+ 9 ! vascul> bundles appe>$ to be conf9$ to ! phloem tissue4 ,all attempts to culture a pa?og5ic fungus or bact]ium f affect$ tissue 0 negative4 ,portions ( diseas$ plants ) discolor$ vascul> bundles 7 plac$ 9 a damp *amb] & no fungus or bact]ial gr[? develop$ f ! vascul> sy/em4 ,f ^! field & laboratory /udies1 x 0 conclud$ t ! wilt+ & /unt+ 7 n produc$ by a plant pa?og54 ,s9ce ! affect$ plants 9 ! field 7 all conf9$ to ! area adjac5t to black walnut trees1 & ! fact t x _h be5 %[n t ! b>k ( ?is tree does produce a sub/ance t is toxic to c]ta9 plants1 x 0 conclud$ by circum/antial evid5ce alone t ! wilt+ possibly 0 due to black walnut toxicity or antagonism ( "s sort4 ,9 ,augu/ ( #aidb1 /udies 7 made on wilt$ & /unt$ cabbage plants gr[+ 9 a semicircle on "o side ( a field adjac5t to a walnut tree 7,fig4 #a74 ,! field 0 locat$ ne> ,hall1 ,new ,york1 9 a region kn[n to be infe/$ ) cabbage yell[s4 ,f a di/ance1 ! affect$ plants appe>$ to h yell[s1 b ^u close /udy1 x 0 f\nd t !y 7 m]ely wilt$ & /unt$ & did n %[ ! o!r typical symptoms ( ! yell[s disease4 ,! root sy/ems ( wilt$ plants did n %[ ! pres5ce ( club root or black rot infection4 ,! plants 9 ! field 7 all ( "o v>iety & came f ! same se$ b$4 ,microscopic /udies & attempts to culture a fungus f ! vascul> bundles ( affect$ plants %[$ ! abs5ce ( any fungus t might h caus$1 ! disease4 ,s9ce ! affect$ plants %[$ no symptoms ( kn[n cabbage diseases & z !y 7 gr[+ 9 a semicircle adjac5t to a walnut tree1 x 0 conclud$ t ! pres5ce ( ! root sy/em ( ?is tree might h be5 ! cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,wilt$ & /unt$ cabbage plants gr[+ 9 a semicircle adjac5t to a black walnut tree4 ,note l>ge1 heal?y plants 9 =egr\nd1 side & backgr\nd ab\t a semicircle ( small]1 wilt$ plants1 gr[+ 9 an area affect$ by ! root sy/em ( ! black walnut tree4 ,^! two in/ances ( wilt+ & /unt+ ( plants 9 ! vic9ity ( walnut trees give fur!r circum/antial evid5ce t ! tr\ble might h be5 caus$ by ! toxicity or antagonism ( black walnut roots4 ,detail$ exp]im5ts ) ! plants 9 "q w\ld h to be run to prove ?is assumption4 ,prelim9>y ,/udies on ,catk9 ,=c+ & ,poll5 ,/orage ( ,corylus & ,juglans ,l4 ,g4 ,,cox1 ,cornell ,univ]sity ,me?ods ( collect+ & /or+ poll5 are ( great int]e/ to ^? engag$ 9 plant bre$+4 ,v little reliable in=mation is available = ! v>i\s nut species comp>$ ) _m o!r horticultural plants4 ,! foll[+ prelim9>y exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ to obta9 data on g]m9ation m$ia1 =c+ me?ods1 & /orage conditions = ,corylus & ,juglans ,sieboldiana poll54 ,! =m] 0 mo/ly f hybrid plants produc$ by cross+ ! ,ru% filb]t 7,corylus am]icana7 ) ,european v>ieties4 ,! optimum temp]ature & sug> conc5tration = g]m9ation ( ,corylus poll54 ,! cut ends ( ,corylus bran*es ) mature catk9s collect$ ,m>* #a1 #aidb 7 imm]s$ 9 wat] & =c$ into %$d+ poll5 9 a room at a temp]ature ( approximately #bj deg4 c5tigrade4 ,! collect$ poll5 0 sift$ ^u ! surface ( a ?9 lay] ( sug>-ag> 9 petri di%es4 ,comm]cial cane sug> 0 us$ 9 pref]5ce to purifi$ sucrose1 because o!r /udies h %[n x to conta9 impurities :i* /imulate poll5 g]m9ation4 ,a range 9 sug> conc5tration f #e to #ee by weight 9 #e int]vals 0 made up 9 di/ill$ wat] conta9+ #a4e ag>1 heat$ to boil+ & p\r$ into ! petri di%es4 ,! poll5 0 incubat$ at #aj deg4 ,c4 & at #be deg4 ,c4 on ! ag> m$ium = #dh & #bd h\rs respectively prior to mak+ ! g]m9ation c\nts4 ,poll5 0 assum$ to h g]m9at$ if ! l5g? ( ! poll5 tube exce$$ ! diamet] ( ! poll5 gra94 ,at #be deg4 ,c4 g]m9ation 0 prompt & uni=m ) a maximum ( #ai4e at #be sug> conc5tration4 ,at #aj deg4 ,c4 ! rate ( g]m9ation 0 v sl[ & incomplete at ! end ( #dh h\rs ) a maximum ( #i g]m9ation at #ce sug> conc5tration4 ,= subsequ5t "w a temp]ature ( #be deg4 ,c4 & a sug> conc5tration ( #be by weight 0 tak5 z a /&>d4 ,! effect ( temp]ature & humidity dur+ =c+ on ! viability ( ! poll5 ,poll5 %$ f catk9s =c$ 9 a w>m1 dry room 7ab\t #ge deg4 ,f471 & 9 a cool1 humid gre5h\se 7#fj deg4 ,f47 gave poll5 g]m9at+ #cf & #fi respectively1 :i* indicat$ t ! air temp]ature & humidity surr\nd+ ! develop+ catk9s may h consid]able effect on ! viability ( ! matur+ poll54 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ by =c+ ! catk9s at #aj deg4 ,c41 #ah-bj deg4 ,c41 & #bd-bf deg4 ,c41 at two humidity levels4 ,! l[ humidity level correspond$ to ! natural room humidity1 ab\t #be & ! high] level ( ne>ly #ajj 0 a*iev$ by enclos+ ! bran*es ) catk9s 9 l>ge seal$ cans ov] a wat] surface4 ,z soon z a majority ( ! catk9s began to %$ _! poll5 or to absciss _! full develop$ an!rs1 ! catk9s 7 remov$ & dri$ on a %eet ( smoo? pap] at room temp]ature until ! poll5 0 %$4 ,! poll5 0 !n collect$ & /or$ at #d deg4 ,c4 until us$4 ,! results obta9$ are giv5 9 table #a4 ,table #a4 ,p]c5tage g]m9ation aft] #bd h\rs ( ,filb]t poll5 =c$ at diff]5t temp]atures & humidities4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,temp]ature #aj deg4 ,c4 #ah-bj deg4 ,c4 #bd-bf deg4 ,c4 ,l[ humidity #hj #ca #g ,high humidity #if #fj #ab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,lat] exp]im5ts indicate t ! poll5 viability is greatly l[]$ if ! catk9s are remov$ f ! high] humidities prior to ! maturity ( ! an!rs z indicat$ by _! t5d5cy to %$ _! poll54 ,app>5tly ! high humidity h9d]s ! dehisc5ce ( an!rs & %$d+ ( ! poll5 gra9s4 ,effect ( catk9s extracts on poll5 g]m9ation ,! failure ( poll5 to g]m9ate 9 ! catk9s at #ajj humidity sugge/$ ! possibility t ! catk9 tissue might conta9 "s sub/ance :i* prev5t$ g]m9ation ( ! mature poll5 gra9s until aft] x 0 %$4 ,two mature catk9s plus remnants ( _! un%$ poll5 7 gr\nd 9 a mort> ) a small am\nt ( wat] 9 cle> qu>tz s&4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ! result+ turbid susp5sion 0 add$ to #aj cc4 ( w>m fluid ag> & mix$ by rotat+ ! petri di%4 ,poll5 :i* gave a #ia g]m9ation on ! /&>d m$ium %[$ only #ej g]m9ation on ?is catk9 extract4 ,g]m9ation 0 di/9ctly abnormal ) %ort /ubby poll5 tubes1 (t5 ) num]\s nodul> swell+s4 ,9 g5]al ! poll5 tube grew up into ! air away f ! surface ( ! ag>1 r ?an d[n into x or p>allel ) ! surface z 9 normal g]m9ation4 ,/orage ( ,corylus & ,juglans ,sieboldiana poll5 ,sulphuric acid solutions to give humidities f #aj to #ajj 9 #aj int]vals 7 made up4 ,! /orage *amb]s consi/$ ( ,atlas "o-p9t1 wide-m\? fruit j>s4 ,9 ! bottom ( ea* 0 plac$ a small #a-oz4 bottle conta9+ #bj cc4 ( ! sulphuric acid solution4 ,! poll5 0 plac$ 9 small glass vials loosely /opp]$ ) cotton4 ,two lots ( ,corylus poll5 ( #hj-a_/b & #if-a_/b initial viability respectively1 & "o lot ( ,juglans ,sieboldiana poll5 ( well ov] #ej viability 7 us$ 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,/orage temp]atures ( #j deg4 #dj deg4 & #aj deg4 7 us$4 ,! ,corylus poll5 0 plac$ 9 /orage ,m>* #bj1 #aidb1 & ! ,juglans ,april #ab1 #aidb4 ,! poll5 0 tak5 out ( /orage ,novemb] #bh1 #aidb & g]m9at$ on ! /&>d ag>-sug> m$ium at #be deg4 ,c4 = #bd h\rs4 ,results are giv5 9 table ,,ii4 ,table ,,ii4 ,! effect ( /orage temp]ature & humidity on p]c5tage g]m9ation ( ,corylus & ,juglans poll5 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,k9d ( ,temp]ature ,degrees ,p] c5t relative humidity ,poll5 ,c5tigrade #aj #bj #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,corylus #aj deg4 #j #j #j #j #j #j #j -- ,juglans -- #j -- #j #c #j #j -- ,corylus #d deg4 #j #j #j #j #i4j #j -- #j ,juglans -- #j -- #j -- #j #j #j ,corylus #j deg4 #c4j #a4j #d4e #h4e #j #j #j #j ,juglans -- #j -- #ab4j -- #ab4j #j #j ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,?is prelim9>y "w indicates t ,corylus poll5 c be/ be /or$ at #j deg4 ,c4 at #cj to #dj relative humidity & ,juglans poll5 at #j deg4 ,c4 at #dj to #fj relative humidity4 ,summ>y #a4 ,! optimum sug> conc5tration = g]m9ation ( ,corylus poll5 is ar\nd #be by weight 9 #a4e p] c5t ag> at #be deg4 ,c4 #b4 ,=c+ ! catk9s at a l[ temp]ature 7#d deg4 ,c47 & at high relative humidity 7#hj7 favors ! developm5t ( a high p]c5tage ( viable poll54 #c4 ,! catk9s conta9 "s sub/ance :i* :5 add$ to ! g]m9ation m$ia inhibits poll5 g]m9ation & causes abnormal types ( g]m9ation4 #d4 ,prelim9>y results on poll5 /orage indicate t ,corylus am]icana poll5 c be /or$ = eight mon?s or m 9 a viable condition at #j deg4 ,c4 ) a range ( #cj to #dj relative humidity4 ,juglans ,sieboldiana poll5 c be /or$ at #j deg4 ,c4 at #dj to #fj relative humidity4 ,:e!r or n poll5 /or$ = ?is l5g? ( "t w\ld be effective 9 plant bre$+ %\ld be te/$ by actual trial4 ,! supposition bas$ ^u /udies ) o!r poll5s is t g]m9ation te/s are a reliable indication ( ! effectiv5ess ( poll5 9 f]tilization4 ,/orage & ,g]m9ation ( ,nuts ( ,sev]al ,species ( ,juglans ,w4 ,c4 ,,mu5s*] ,,& ,,babette ,i4 ,,br[n ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,:ile work+ on ! g5]al problem ( ! possible toxic effect ( ! roots ( species ( ,walnut 7,juglans7 ^u o!r plants we h _h occasion to g]m9ate ! nuts to produce se$l+s = exp]im5tal use4#a ,! /orage treatm5t employ$ previ\s to plant+ ! nuts provid$ a successful me?od ( supply+ viable nuts4 ,! simple treatm5t us$1 a modification ( t sugge/$ by ,b>ton17#b7 is briefly describ$ & ! results t may be obta9$ are indicat$ 9 a report ( "s g]m9ation data f ! plant+s ( #aidc4 ,! nuts 7 h>ve/$ aft] !y _h fall5 f ! trees & 7 /or$ 9 a cool place z soon z possible !reaft] until ! "t :5 ! husks 7 remov$4 ,^? h>ve/$ at ,i?aca 7 put 9 cold /orage at once2 ^? h>ve/$ 9 ,cali=nia or ,texas 7 delay$ a few weeks dur+ %ipm5t4 ,! husk$ nuts 7 /ratifi$ betwe5 lay]s ( moi/ peat #b cm4 ?ick 9 two-or five-gallon crocks4 ,! upp]mo/ lay] ( nuts 0 cov]$ ) peat to a dep? ( ab\t #aj cm4 ,! nuts 7 plac$ 9 a cold room at #a to #c deg4 ,c4 9 late autumn & left until !y 7 plant$1 betwe5 ,april #ae & ,june #b4 ,ne>ly all species us$ g]m9at$ well aft] ab\t five to six mon?s ( cold /orage4 ,table #a %[s ! results obta9$ f treat$ nuts ( t5 species ( ,juglans :5 !y 7 plant$ 9 ! op5 field1 9 soil 9 ! gre5h\se or 9 moi/ sphagnum 9 ! gre5h\se4 ,:ile "s v>iation 9 g]m9ation is obs]v$1 mo/ ( ! species gave a good g]m9ation "u all treatm5ts4 ,! field plant$ se$s 7 some:at sl[] 9 appe>+ above ! soil surface ?an ^? plant$ 9 ! gre5h\se4 ,?is delay may h be5 caus$ by ! cold ra9y wea!r soon aft] plant+4 ,! firmness ( ! soil1 a clay loam1 may also h ret>d$ ! em]g5ce ( ! se$l+s4 ,! g]m9ation p]c5tages are bas$ ^u lots ( #ajj nuts except 9 a few species 9 :i* only #ej nuts 7 us$4 ,diff]5ces 9 ! p]c5tage ( g]m9ation obta9$ f v>i\s plant+s ( ! same species are slight 9 mo/ species4 ,ev5 ! l>g] diff]5ces 9 g]m9ation obta9$ 9 a few species _c be consid]$ significant b probably indicate v>iations 9 ! quality ( ! orig9al lots us$4 ,summ>y ,walnuts husk$ soon aft] h>ve/1 be=e !y are completely air-dri$1 & /or$ 9 moi/ peat at #a to #c deg4 ,c4 = five to six mon?s h _! dormancy brok5 & rema9 viable = at lea/ ?ree mon?s !reaft]4 ,?is treatm5t is effective = all t5 species te/$4 ,x is probably effective = all species ( ,juglans4 ,?is me?od ( h&l+ ! nuts has ! advantage ov] outdoor /ratify+ or autumn plant+ :i* (t5 result 9 mu* damage or loss ( nuts f ! activities ( rod5ts4 ,table #a4 ,g]m9ation ( nuts ( ,juglans spp4 aft] /ratify+ 9 peat ov] w9t]1 at #a-c deg4,c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,p] c5t g]m9ation ------------------------------------- ,date ,plant$ 9 ,plant$ ,k9d ,s\rce ent]$soil 9 ,plant$ 9 9 gre5h\se9 fieldsphagnum /orage,april #ae ,april #bd;,june #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- nigra 7,cornell7 ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,oct4 #a #gj #hj #fh nigra 7,cayuga7 ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,oct4 #a #ajj -- #hj c9]ea--,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,oct4 #a #fj #dd #h regia 7,sorr5t9a7 ,*ico1 ,calif4 ,nov4 #i #ff #dh #h regia 7,franquette7 ,*ico1 ,calif4 ,nov4 #i #hj #cf -- regia--,*ico1 ,calif4 ,nov4 #i #ge #df -- ,sieboldiana--,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,oct4 #a #ajj #dj -- honorei--,*ico1 ,calif4 ,dec4 #ah #fj #ee #df pyri=mis--,riv]side1 ,calif4 ,nov4 #i #aj #ed #ca rupe/ris--,alp9e1 ,texas ,oct4 #a #dj #hc #ej major--,riv]side1 ,calif4 ,nov4 #i #ij #ib #ff cali=nica--,pomona1 ,calif4 ,nov4 #i #fb #hd #ia cali=nica qu]c9a--,*ico1 ,calif4,dec4 #ah -- #ah #be h9dsii--,riv]side1 ,calif4 ,nov4 #i #ej #ef #eb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,ref]5ces-- #a4 ,br[n1 ,babette ,i4 ,injuri\s ,influ5ce ( ,b>k ( ,black ,walnut ,roots on ,se$l+s ( ,tomato & ,alfalfa4 ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 #aidb3 #ig-aja4 #aidc4 #b4 ,b>ton1 ,lela ,v4 ,se$l+ ,production 9 ,c>ya ovata4 ,juglans c9]ea & ,juglans nigra4 ,contr4 ,boyce ,?ompson ,in/4 #h3 7#a7 #a-e4 #aicf ,a ,key to ,"s ,se$l+s ( ,walnuts ,w4 ,c4 ,,mu5s*] ,,& ,,babette ,i4 ,,br[n ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,:ile work+ ) ! se$l+s ( sev]al species ( walnuts c]ta9 diagno/ic *>act]s1 by :i* ! common species c be sep>at$1 became evid5t4 ,^! *>act]s h be5 us$ to make a key to se$l+s f "o to ?ree mon?s ( age4 ,?is key has be5 f\nd helpful to u & x is "h pres5t$ 9 ! hope t x may prove useful to o!rs :o ne$ to h&le & det]m9e walnuts 9 ! se$l+ /age4 ,! key has two ma9 divisions bas$ ^u ! types ( leaves on ! ma9 axis4 ,! fir/ division includes ?ree species1 ,juglans sieboldiana1 ,japanese butt]nut1 ,j4 c9]ea1 ,am]ican butt]nut1 & ,j4 regia1 ,p]sian or ,engli% walnut1 all ( :i* h only comp\nd gre5 leaves4 ,9 addition1 "o or m pairs ( m9ute simple scales or buds occur on ! l[] "p ( ! /em b above ! cotyl$ons4 ,! second ma9 division includes species 9 :i* ! se$l+s h sev]al simple1 alt]nate1 scale-l leaves foll[$ successively by s]rate1 lob$ & f9ally comp\nd leaves =m+ a gradual s]ies4 ,?is gr\p includes ,juglans rupe/ris1 ,texas black walnut1 ,j4 nigra1 ea/]n black walnut1 ,j4 honorei1 ,ecuador walnut1 ,j4 pyri=mis1 ,mexican walnut1 ,j4 major1 ,arizona black walnut1 ,j4 cali=nica1 ,cali=nia black walnut1 & ,j4 h9dsii1 ,h9d's black walnut4 ,x is important t ! leaves on ! prim>y axis aris+ f ! plumule are exam9$4 ,if ! prim>y axis is injur$ second>y %oots may arise f ! axils ( ! cotyl$ons4 ,^! may develop v>i\s types ( leaves n necess>ily l ^? ( ! prim>y axis4 ,! key is bas$ ^u se$l+s gr[n 9 ! field & 9 ! gre5h\se at ,i?aca1 ,new ,york4 ,a ,key to se$l+s ( "s species ( ,juglans #a4 ,leaves on ! prim>y axis all comp\nd2 #a to #d pairs ( opposite or subopposite r$uc$ scales or buds sometimes pres5t on ! l[] axis b above ! cotyl$ons4 #b4 ,scales or buds want+ betwe5 ! l[e/ comp\nd leaves & ! leaves & ! cotyl$ons ,j4 sieboldiana #b4 ,scales or buds 9 pairs on #a to #d nodes bel[ ! comp\nd leaves4 #c4 ,/em ) #a pair ( opposite scales or buds ne> ! base2 leaflets hairy1 s]rate ,j4 c9]ea #c4 ,/em ) #b to #d pairs ( opposite scales or buds bel[ ! comp\nd leaves2 leaflets glabr\s1 entire or d5ticulate ,j4 regia #a4 ,leaves on ! prim>y axis alt]nate1 =m+ a gradual s]ies f simple1 entire scales to comp\nd leaves2 ! l[] #c to #h leaves simple4 #d4 ,lat]al ve9s ( leaflets all or mo/ly all t]m9at+ 9 ! not*es betwe5 m>g9al tee? ,j4 rupe/ris #d4 ,lat]al ve9s ( leaflets or _! ma9 bran*es all or mo/ly all t]m9at+ 9 ! apex ( m>g9al tee?4 #e4 ,midrib ( leaflets gl&ul> hairy4 #f4 ,gl&ul> hairs on midrib ( "y leaflets int]sp]s$ ) /ellate clu/]s ( gray gl&less hairs2 lat]al leaflets ovate to broadly lanceolate1 rugose ,j4 nigra #f4 ,gl&ul> hairs on midrib ( "y leaflets int]sp]s$ ) sessile1 usually yell[ gl&s2 lat]al leaflets lanceolate1 n rugose ,j4 honorei #e4 ,midrib ( leaflets glabr\s or ne>ly s1 sometimes ) scatt]$1 sessile gl&s4 #g4 ,leaflets lanceolate1 ) acum9ate apex2 rha*is glabr\s4 #h4 ,leaflets wide/ ne> middle2 ve9-islets prom95tly rais$2 free ends ( ve9s want+ or if pres5t di/9ct to ! apex & mo/ly unbran*$ ,j4 pyri=mis #h4 ,leaflets mo/ly wide/ bel[ ! middle2 ve9-islets n prom95tly rais$2 free ends ( ve9s sl5d]1 t]m9at+ 9 indi/9ct bran*es ,j4 major #g4 ,leaflets ovate or ne>ly s1 ) obtuse or acute apex2 rha*is some:at pubesc5t4 #i4 ,petioles ( ! #c l[] comp\nd leaves less ?an #a cm4 long2 leaves cr[d$ on a %ort axis ,j4 cali=nica #i4 ,petioles ( ! l[] comp\nd leaves f #a to #c cm4 long2 leaves m di/ant on an elongat$ axis ,j4 h9dsii ,fur!r ,te/s ) ,black ,walnut ,v>ieties ,l4 ,h4 ,,macdaniels & ,j4 ,e4 ,,wilde1 ,cornell ,univ]sity ,9 #aicg ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association committee on v>ieties & judg+ /&>ds propos$ a t5tative s*$ule = ! judg+ & evaluation ( black walnut v>ieties7#a74 ,x 0 po9t$ out at t "t t = "o reason or ano!r none ( ! s*$ules :i* _h be5 us$ 9 judg+ walnuts 7 satisfactory & usable 9 giv+ an accurate e/imate ( ! crack+ quality & value ( a v>iety4 ,x 0 recogniz$ also t ! s*$ule propos$ 0 only t5tative & t x w\ld ne$ to be modifi$ 9 ! light ( future te/+ & exp]i5ce4 ,9 #aici ! "q 0 aga9 consid]$7#b7 & on ! basis ( te/s :i* _h be5 made1 *anges 7 propos$ :i* w\ld make ! s*$ule m reali/ic4 ,s9ce !n _m te/s h be5 made us+ ! modifi$ s*$ule4 ,! purpose ( ?is pap],a is to give ! data secur$ 9 ^! te/s & to consid] aga9 ! value ( ! s*$ule & possibilities ( improvem5t4 ,footnote ,a3 ,! au?ors are indebt$ to _m p]sons = furni%+ samples = te/+ & = mak+ duplicate te/s4 ,?is coop]ation is gratefully ackn[l$g$ ) ?anks4 ,rec5tly a numb] ( pap]s h be5 publi%$ deal+ ) ! evaluation ( black walnut v>ieties4 ,9 #aida ,kl9e & ,*ase7#c7 compil$ ! available publi%$ data & additional te/s made by ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority on nut weight & k]nel p]c5tage ( black walnut selections4 ,two hundr$ & twelve clones & #cce te/s are report$4 ,z w\ld be expect$ ! samples ( ! same v>iety f diff]5t localities %[ v>iation 9 weight p] nut & 9 total p] c5t k]nel4 ,= example1 9 #ab samples ( ! v>iety ,ohio ! weight p] nut v>ies f #ad4h grams to #ah4g & ! p] c5t k]nel f #af4f to #cb4i4 ,tw5ty-"o te/s ( ,?omas %[ v>iations 9 s+le nut weight f #af4g to #be4j grams & 9 p] c5t k]nel f #ai4j to #cj4j4 ,9 g5]al ! samples gr[n 9 ! nor? 7 made up ( small] nuts ) less p] c5t k]nel1 indicat+ t ! v>ieties 7 n suit$ to t latitude4 ,9 #aidb ,kl9e7#d7 work$ out a some:at te*nical me?od ( evaluat+ walnut v>ieties on ! basis ( ca% return p] h\r ( labor sp5t 9 crack+ ) a h& op]at$ crack]4 ,a =mula is propos$ 9 :i* ! v>iables ( price & o!r factors may be sub/itut$4 ,! approa* is on a comm]cial basis & ! me?od is n int5d$ = use 9 evaluat+ small samples4 ,! pap] repres5ts _m te/s & e/abli%es or affirms by /ati/ically treat$ data sev]al po9ts ( g5]al int]e/ 9 walnut te/+1 namely1 7#a7 t a #be nut sample is l>ge en\gh to %[ v>ietal or o!r diff]5ces ( a gram 9 total weight or #a p] c5t ( k]nel weight1 7#b7 t unless extreme accuracy is desir$1 moi/ure cont5t may be ignor$ 9 mak+ te/s ( #be nut samples if ! nuts h be5 hull$ & air dri$ = ab\t two mon?s & 7#c7 t ! mean weight p] nut & p] c5t k]nel ( nuts f ! same tree may v>y appreciably f ye> to ye>1 = example a v>iation ( #d4i grams p] nut & #c4c p] c5t 9 k]nel weight is report$ = ,snyd]4 ,su* v>iation is recogniz$ & emphasizes ! necessity ( te/+ a v>iety 9 any locality = a numb] ( ye>s if correct valuation is to be made4 ,9 ,kl9e's pap] e>n+s p] h\r = fifte5 black walnut selections are giv5 %[+ a maximum ( #j4bgi = ! v>iety ,norris1 #j4bde = ,ohio d[n to #j4ab = an unnam$ se$l+4 ,l\nsb]ry7#e7 publi%$ k]nel cavity measurem5ts = #fd clonal selections & relat$ ^! to k]nel weight p] nut4 ,measurem5ts ( ! ?ickness ( ! p>tition sep>at+ ! halves ( ! k]nel are also giv54 ,he does n relate ^! *>act]s to scor+ or crack+ quality4 ,! purpose ( ! scor+ sy/em "u discussion 9 ?is pap] is to provide a reali/ic me?od ( judg+ ! relative m]it ( diff]5t clones ( black walnuts t c be us$ mo/ly by memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association or o!rs hav+ "s skill 9 crack+ te*nique4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! ,association has little reliable in=mation ei!r z to ! p]=mance ( diff]5t v>ieties "u diff]5t conditions 9 any "o locality1 f ye> to ye> on ! same tree1 or ! suitability ( any "o v>iety gr[+ 9 f> diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is important t su* in=mation be available & a workable basis ( evaluation w\ld be ( ! greate/ value 9 obta9+ x4 ,mu* ( our in=mation at ! pres5t "t is f ! _m te/s made by ,n4 ,f4 ,drake7#f1 #g1 #h7 :i* are ( great value 9 rat+ v>ieties4 ,8 s*$ule is an improvem5t ov] any previ\sly propos$ b fails to provide /&>d sampl+ & crack+ proc$ure & includes ! items ( flavor & color :i* are 9 no way objective *>act]s4 ,! use ( a po9t score bas$ on ! concept ( a p]fect nut is cumb]some & consid]$ undesirable by ! committee4 ,x is recogniz$ t ! value ( a v>iety dep5ds also ^u ! be>+ habit ( ! tree1 ! nature ( ! husk1 disease resi/ance & o!r *>act]s4 ,x has be5 five ye>s s9ce ! pres5t s*$ule 0 propos$ & en\gh te/s h be5 made to give a basis = judgm5t z to ! m]its & weaknesses ( ! s*$ule4 ,z /at$ 9 ! orig9al committee report x is g5]ally agre$ t ! be/ measure ( ! value ( a nut ( any clone is ! am\nt ( usable or m>ketable k]nels t c be obta9$ f a giv5 weight ( %uck$ nuts ) ! lea/ labor4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! nuts t contribute to ?is value are recogniz$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,! size ( ! individual nut4 #b4 ,! p] c5t ( k]nel ( total sample weight recov]$ )\t recrack+ & )\t ! use ( a pick4 #c4 ,! total p] c5t ( k]nel ( total weight ( sample4 #d4 ,! numb] ( qu>t]s4 #e4 ,! plumpness ( ! k]nels4 #f4 ,! numb] ( empty nuts or nuts ) %rivell$ k]nels 9 ! sample4 ,flavor & color may be important b are s dep5d5t ^u p]sonal pref]5ce & on ! treatm5t ( ! samples be=e te/+ t !y _c be rat$ num]ically4 ,9 consid]+ ! value ( any s*$ule ! foll[+ que/ions are p]t95t3 #a4 ,is x possible = "o op]ator te/+ "o lot ( nuts to obta9 ! same score ) replicate r&om samples8 #b4 ,is x possible = diff]5t op]ators to obta9 approximately ! same score on replicate samples8 #c4 ,does ! score give an accurate evaluation ( ! v>iation ( a v>iety f ye> to ye> 9 "o locality or 9 ! same ye> 9 diff]5t localities8 ,! latt] is v important 9 det]m9+ ! regions to :i* ! v>iety is be/ adapt$ & ! p]=mance ( ! v>iety 9 any "o locality4 #d4 ,:at are ! causes ( v>iation 9 ! scores obta9$8 ,:i* ( ^! reflect ! inh]5t wor? ( ! sample & :i* are relat$ to te*nique1 p]sonal equation & me?ods ( h&l+ ! sample8 #e4 ,:at *anges may be made 9 ! s*$ule to weight ! v>i\s factors to give a m reali/ic score ( :at *anges 9 proc$ure w make ! s*$ule m reali/ic8 ,table #a gives data on replicate samples te/$ by ! same op]ator4 ,9 ! samples ( ,spe>1 numb]s #a-f ! v>iation is z foll[s3 weight ( s+le nut #a4c grams1 p] c5t k]nel fir/ crack #b4i1 total p] c5t k]nel #b4f1 numb] ( qu>t]s #c1 p5alties #d4e po9ts1 score #i4b po9ts4 ,9 scores figur$ )\t p5alty ! v>iation is #e4d po9ts4 ,sample ,no4 #g 0 crack$ ,novemb] #d be=e ! nuts 7 dry & h5ce is n comp>able ) o!rs4 ,analysis ( ^! diff]5ces indicates t ! v>iation 9 nut weight is closely relat$ to ! numb] ( %runk5 & empty nuts 9 ! sample4 ,?is is a difficult factor to evaluate 9 a practical way4 ,at ! "t ( ! #aici report x 0 sugge/$ t ! score %\ld be figur$ on ! basis ( fill$ nuts4 ,?is _c be arrang$ easily 9 te/+ because if ! op]ator cracks ! nuts be=e weigh+ !re is almo/ sure to be loss ( fragm5ts ( %ell4 ,try+ to correct ! orig9al weight 9 any way is necess>ily inaccurate4 ,decid+ :e!r or n ! k]nel ( a nut is suffici5tly %rivell$ to des]ve a p5alty is a matt] ( judgm5t :i* is a p]sonal matt]4 ,! v>iation 9 p] c5t k]nel fir/ crack & total p] c5t k]nel probably repres5ts fairly ! diff]5ce 9 ! samples4 ,! total p] c5t is a :olly objective value & v>ies practically z mu* z ! p] c5t fir/ crack4 ,uni=mity 9 ! numb] ( qu>t]s is /rik+4 ,?is l>ge numb] is und\bt$ly relat$ to ! fact t _m ( ! k]nels 7 %runk5 en\gh to be p5aliz$ & o!rs 7 p]haps %runk5 en\gh s t !y did n tightly fill ! %ell cavity4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t ! m tightly ! k]nels fill ! %ell ! m difficult x is to extract l>ge pieces4 ,?us hav+ ! k]nels a little %runk5 b n en\gh to s]i\sly r$uce _! weight favors a high] score4 ,( c\rse1 9 "s v>ieties ! k]nels may he plump & /ill n fill ! %ell tight en\gh to make crack+ difficult4 ,?is is a desirable condition4 ,v>iability 9 p5alties is m important 7i4 e4 #d4e po9ts7 ?an any o!r factor 9 influ5c+ ! f9al score4 ,)\t ! p5alties ! scores ( samples #a to #f w\ld be #hg4e1 #hd4j1 #hc4f1 #hc4g1 #hb4a & #hb4h respectively :i* is fairly uni=m4 ,/ati/ically ! pres5ce ( empty or %rivell$ nuts 9 a lot f :i* samples are tak5 increases ! numb] requir$ to make a satisfactory sample by greatly increas+ ! individual v>iation ( ! s+le nut4 ,,table #a ,v>iation 9 ! score ( te/s ( duplicate samples made by ! same op]ators4 ,tw5ty-five nut samples4 ,nuts gr[n at ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 #aidb4 ,black ,walnuts4 ,,key3 ,a3 ,wt4 #a nut grams ,b3 k]nel #a/ crack ,c3 k]nel total ,d3 ,qu>t]s numb] ,e3 ,p5alty ,f3 ,score ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,v>iety ,treatm5t ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,spe> ,no4 #a ,s #ah h\rs #ad4f #bd4i #bh4j #ia -#c4e #hd4j #a empty1 #e %r4 ,d #ae h\rs ,spe> ,no4 #b ,d #ae h\rs #ae4g #bd4j #bf4h #id -#f4a #gg4i #c empty1 #f %r4 ,spe> ,no4 #c ,d #ae h\rs #ae4i #bb4i #be4d #ib -#c4e #hj4a #a empty1 #e %r4 ,spe> ,no4 #d ,dry #ae4j #bc4c #be4d #id -#e4j #gh4g #a empty1 #h %r4 ,spe> ,no4 #e ,dry #ae4d #bb4j #bf4h #ic -#d4e #gg4f #a empty1 #g %r41 #bj bnd4 qtrs4 ,spe> ,no4 #f ,dry #ad4g #bb4g #bf4f #id -#h4j #gd4h #d empty1 #h %r41 #af bnd4 qtrs4 ,spe> ,no4 #g ,nov4 #d #af4g #bg4i #bh4h #ih #if4g only p>tly dri$1 #af halves ,snyd] ,no4 #a ,dry #af4h #bc4a #bf4j #hg -#d4j #hj4g #h %r41 #i bnd4 qtrs4 ,snyd] ,no4 #b ,dry #af4j #bd4j #bf4c #gd -#c4e #ha4j #a empty1 #e %r41 #ac bnd4 qtrs4 ,snyd] ,no4 #c ,soak$ #ae4h #bd4a #be4h #hf -#d4j #gg4e #a empty1 #f %r41 #h bnd4 qtrs4 ,snyd] ,no4 #d ,soak$ #af4b #bc4a #be4f #gh -#g4e #ge4e #c empty1 #i %r41 #h bnd4 qtrs4 ,snyd] ,no4 #e ,dry #ah4b #ai4i #bf4d #ij -#c4e #gf4g #g %r41 bnd4 ,snyd] ,no4 #f ,nov4 #d #ba4b #bg4f #bi4h #ie #ajj4h qtrs4 ,eldridge ,dry #bj4h #ai4c #bc4a #ih #hj4g #ac halves1 n ,g5eva1 ,n4,y4 well dri$ out ,dry #bj4f #bj4j #bb4f #ib #ha4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,) ! v>iety ,snyd] a diff]5ce ( #b4d grams 9 weight p] nut 9 samples #a to #e sugge/s poor sampl+ te*nique z ?is is an objective value4 ,a diff]5ce ( #d4b p] c5t 9 fir/ crack sugge/s c>elessness on ! "p ( ! op]ator 9 crack+ or diff]5ce 9 soak+ z ?is is q out ( l9e ) ! v>iation ( 4#h p] c5t 9 p] c5t weight ( total k]nel4 ,! diff]5ce ( #af qu>t]s is consid]able b repres5ts only #a4f score po9ts4 ,z ) ! ,spe> ! v>iation 9 p5alty ( #d po9ts is great] ?an o!r factors except p] c5t fir/ crack 7i4e4 #d4b po9ts74 ,! diff]5ce 9 score ( #e4e po9ts is obvi\sly great] ?an desirable1 b probably indicates ! relative value ( ! samples4 ,)\t p5alties ! diff]5ce is #d4e po9ts4 ,sample #g ( ,spe> & numb] #f ( ,snyd] 7 crack$ ,novemb] #d? :5 only p>tly cur$ & %[ ! importance ( cur+ 9 obta9+ an accurate rat+ = a sample4 ,! score ( ea* v>iety 0 increas$ mat]ially 9 all *>act]i/ics & no %rivell+ 0 app>5t4 ,z a practical means ( recov]+ ! k]nels 9 l>ge pieces1 crack+ be=e ! nuts are dri$ out is a decid$ advantage provid$ ! k]nels are cur$ be=e !y are /or$4 ,! duplicate samples ( ,eldridge *eck v closely & %[ no significant diff]5ces4 ,9 ,table #b are giv5 ! results ( t5 te/s on c>efully replicat$ r&om samples ( ,snyd] black walnuts4 ,9 mak+ ^! samples ! nuts 7 spread 9 a s+le lay] on ! floor & lots ( #be cut (f ! edges ( ?is lay] )\t selection ( any k9d4 ,ev5 ) su* selection !re is a v>iation ( #a4b grams 9 ! av]age weight ( s+le nuts f diff]5t samples4 ,p] c5t k]nel fir/ crack %[s a m9imum ( #ba4h & a maximum ( #bf4i 9 ! t5 samples4 ,?is diff]5ce is relat$ mo/ly to ! pres5ce ( #c empty nuts 9 ! l[ scor+ sample z comp>$ ) none 9 ! high scor+ sample4 ,! high score is also 9 "p due to soak+4 ,?is v>iability is ab\t ! same z ) total p] c5t k]nel indicat+ t crack+ te*nique 0 uni=m4 ,comp>+ samples #a & #b 9 m detail x is f\nd t ! diff]5ce ( #aa4f po9ts 9 ! score is caus$ by ! pres5ce ( empty nuts 9 ! sample4 ,! av]age weight ( k]nels p] s+le nut 9 sample #a is #d4i grams4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! weights ( ! k]nels ( ! two samples is #ae grams or ab\t ! weight ( ! k]nels ( #c nuts4 ,^! empties also r$uce ! score by r$uc+ ! numb] ( qu>t]s recov]$4 ,:]e empty nuts are involv$1 x is d\btful if r&om sampl+ w r$uce v>iation unless ! size ( ! sample is greatly increas$1 a practice :i* is n a practical solution 9 t a #be nut sample is ab\t z l>ge z c be h&l$ ) any facility4 ,x w\ld seem t ?is diff]5ce 9 scores 0 a fair indication ( ! m]it ( ! two samples4 ,! scores ( ! o!r samples %[ a fair degree ( uni=mity4 ,! high score ( sample #d is probably relat$ to ! soak+ treatm5t ?\gh ! scores ( sample #c also soak$ is l[] ?an t ( sample #f :i* 0 n soak$4 ,x seems t :5 ^! conditions & ) ?is v>iety /or$ 9 a fairly high humidity1 soak+ _h little effect except to increase ! numb] ( halves recov]$4 ,,table #b ,crack+ te/s by s+le op]ator ) #aj r&om replicate samples ( ,snyd] black walnuts4 #aidb crop4 #be nut samples4 ,,key3 ,a3 ,wt4 #a nut grams ,b3 k]nel #a/ crack ,c3 k]nel total ,d3 ,qu>t]s numb] ,e3 ,p5alty ,f3 ,score ,sample ,treatm5t ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- #a ,dry z receiv$ #ah4a #ba4h #bc4a #he -#i4j #gb4g #c empty1 #ab %r4 #b ,dry z receiv$ #ah4e #bd4j #be4h #ii -#e4j #hd4c #aj %r4 #c ,soak$ #i hrs41 dri$ #ad hrs4 #ah4f #be4g #bh4j #id -#f4j #hg4d #a empty1 #aj %r41 #h bnd4 qtrs41 #af hvs4 #d ,soak$ z above #ah4c #bf4i #bh4d #ii -#d4e #ia4g #i %r41 #e bnd4 qtrs41 #ai hvs4 #e ,held 9 cell> #d days #ah4j #bd4d #be4g #ij -#f4e #hb4a #a empty1 #aa %r41 7high humidity7 #h bnd4 qtrs4 #f ,held 9 cell> #g days #ai4j #be4f #bg4b #ii -#e4j #hh4g #aj %r41 #g bnd4 qtrs41 #c hvs4 #g ,held 9 cell> #g days #ah4d #bc4i #bf4a #if -#f4e #hb4c #a empty1 #aa %r41 #i bnd4 qtrs4 #h ,held 9 cell> #d days #ai4b #bd4h #bf4f #ih -#e4e #hf4d #aa %r41 #d bnd4 qtrs4 #i ,held 9 cell> #d days #ah4d #bc4g #bf4g #ib -#g4e #ha4f #b black c\nt$ z empty1 #aa %r41 #ab bnd4 qtrs4 #aj ,held 9 cell> #d days #ah4f #bc4e #be4i #id -#e4e #hc4d #a empty1 #i %r41 #aj bnd4 qtrs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,ano!r lot ( #bd r&om replicate #be nut samples ( ,ohio black walnut f ! orig9al tree 0 made by scoop+ ! nuts out ( a bag ) a qu>t b]ry box :i* held ab\t #be nuts4 ,c>e 0 us$ n to select ! samples 9 any way4 ,! lighte/ sample #c weigh$ #che grams1 ! heavie/ #bb weigh$ #dcd grams or a diff]5ce ( #b grams p] nut4 ,! score ( ^! two samples 0 #he4j & #he4d respectively app>5tly because !re 7 no empty nuts 9 ei!r sample4 ,! results ( te/s on #ah ( ^! replicate samples ( ,ohio are giv5 9 ,table #c4 ,! nuts 7 app>5tly a uni=m lot4 ,! k]nels :ile ( good quality 7 9 mo/ cases n q plump & did n fill ! cavities ( ! %ell tightly4 ,?is d\btless acc\nts = ! l>ge numb] ( qu>t]s recov]$4 ,! k]nels on ! :ole 7 plump] ?an ) ! v>iety ,snyd] report$ 9 ,table #b & !re 7 few] empty nuts4 ,( ! samples t 7 n soak$ ! v>iation ( #d4c p] c5t 9 ! p] c5t fir/ crack is ( ! same ord] z v>iation ( #c4f p] c5t = total p] c5t k]nel & indicates uni=m crack+ te*nique4 ,! data 9 ,table #c gives evid5ce ( ! effect ( treatm5ts be=e crack+4 ,! fir/ n9e samples m>k$ ) an a/]isk 7 held = sev]al weeks 9 a damp cell> & h an av]age te/ score ( #hf4f4 ,! la/ sev5 samples 7 held 9 a dry b unheat$ room = a week be=e crack+ & %[ an av]age te/ score ( #hc4g4 ,! av]age score = ! two soak$ samples 0 #ic4i4 ,soak+ also increas$ ! numb] ( halves & qu>t]s recov]$ 9 ! same way z %[n ) v>iety ,snyd] 9 ,table #b4 ,none ( ^! samples 0 excessively dry4 ,9 ?is table ! l[e/ score 7sample #ai7 is directly relat$ to ! pres5ce ( #c empty nuts 9 ! sample4 ,! l[ score ( sample #ba is mo/ly relat$ to l[ p] c5t fir/ crack :i* is caus$ by l>ge numb] ( b\nd qu>t]s & ! high p5alty relat$ to empty nuts & %rivell$ k]nels4 ,^! scores seem to indicate ! value ( ! samples b br+ out ! difficulty ( obta9+ equal scores f su* replicate samples4 ,! o!r scores 9 ! table are probably z close to ea* o!r z c be expect$ ) samples ( ?is sort4 ,9 ?is & ! prec$+ tables ! numb] ( b\nd qu>t]s is giv5 z an indication ( crack+ te*nique4 ,) ! ,h]%ey crack] ! nuts ( _m v>ieties w split into f\r qu>t]s )\t releas+ ! k]nels4 ,! numb] ( su* b\nd qu>t]s is increas$ if ! op]ator does n put suffici5t pressure on ! anvils to cru% ! %\ld]s ( ! nut & free ! k]nel4 ,on ! o!r h& if too mu* pressure is us$ & ! anvils br\ght too close toge!r ! k]nels w be cru%$ & ! score affect$ adv]sely4 ,) "s v>ieties1 = example1 ! ,adams z %[n 9 samples #a & #b 9 table #e1 ! nuts are s po9t$ at ea* end t ! /&>d anvils d n /rike ! %\ld]s ( ! nut & _m b\nd qu>t]s result4 ,) su* v>ieties crack+ ) a hamm] w\ld probably give a bett] score4 ,anvils ) deep] cavities 9 ! ends w\ld be an advantage = su* nuts4 ,,table #c ,te/s by ! same op]ator ( duplicate samples ( ,ohio black walnuts1 treat$ 9 v>i\s ways be=e crack+4 #be nut samples4 #aidb crop4 ,,key3 ,a3 ,wt4 #a nut grams ,b3 k]nel #a/ crack ,c3 k]nel total ,d3 ,qu>t]s numb] ,e3 ,p5alty ,f3 ,score ,sample ,treatm5t ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #i 99,dry #af4i #be4h #bg4a #ih -#j4e #ia4c #a %r41 #e bnd4 qtrs41 #g halves #aj 99,dry #af4h #bc4h #be4b #ie -#c4j #hc4e #a empty1 #d %r41 #g bnd4 qtrs4 #ab 99,dry #af4b #bd4e #bf4e #ig -#b4j #hf4a #d %r41 #h bnd4 qtrs41 #ac halves #bd 99,dry #af4b #bd4h #be4g #hf -#c4j #hd4b #b empty1 #b %r41 #d bnd4 qtrs41 #h halves #ag 99,dry #ag4c #bd4h #bg4c #ig -#j4e #hi4g #a %r41 #i bnd4 qtrs41 #ab halves #ba 99,dry #ae4i #bb4j #be4e #if -#d4j #gh4b #a empty1 #f %r41 #ad bnd4 qtrs41 #ag halves #h 99,dry #af4f #be4b #bf4i #ii -#a4e #hh4h #c %r41 #f bnd4 qtrs41 #aj halves #ae 99,dry #af4f #be4e #bf4g #ii -#a4e #hi4h #c %r41 #e bnd4 qtrs41 #ab halves #bc 99,dry #af4d #be4b #bf4b #if -#c4j #hg4j #f %r41 #d bnd4 qtrs41 #aj halves #aa ,soak$ #af4i #bg4j #bh4b #ajj -#a4e #ic4e ,soak$ #a hr41 moi/ #ah1 dri$ #ab hrs41 #c %r41 #e bnd4 qtrs41 #be halves #af ,soak$ #af4h #bg4a #bh4b #ajj -#j4h #id4c ,soak$ z above1 #a %r41 #e bnd4 qtrs41 #af halves #d ,dry #af4b #bc4f #bf4d #ih -#c4e #hb4i #g %r41 #aj bnd4 qtrs41 #ae halves #e ,dry #ag4a #bc4f #be4j #ic -#c4j #hc4a #a empty1 #f %r41 #e bnd4 qtrs41 #aj halves #ah ,dry #ag4j #be4c #bf4f #ig -#b4j #hh4f #d %r41 #f bnd4 qtrs41 #h halves #ai ,dry #af4c #ba4e #bc4g #he -#d4e #ge4a #c empty1 #c %r41 #i bnd4 qtrs41 #h halves #c ,dry #ae4d #bd4g #bg4j #ig -#c4j #he4j #f %r41 #h bnd4 qtrs41 #e halves #g ,dry #af4j #be4g #be4g #id -#c4e #hf4a #g %r41 #f halves1 end rev]s$ 9 crack+ #bb ,dry #ag4d #bd4a #be4h #id -#b4e #he4d #e %r41 #h bnd4 qtrs4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,table #d ,v>iation 9 score ( replicate samples ( #c v>ieties ( ,black ,walnuts te/$ by diff]5t op]ators & ( same v>ieties f diff]5t s\rces ,wt4 #a k]nel nut #a/ k]nel ,qu>t]s ,v>iety ,s\rce grams crack total numb] ,score ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,op]ator #a ,?omas--,web]1 ,ind4 #bj4d #bj4h #bd4b #ge #ha4f ,?omas--,jones1 ,pa4 #ad4f #bh4h #cj4c #ie #if4h ,?omas--,baum1 ,pa4 #ad4c #be4f #bg4j #ajj #hi4j ,?omas--,worton1 ,md4 #af4d #bh4b #cj4h #id #ig4f ,av]age #af4d #be4h #bh4a #ia4j #ia4b ,op]ator #b ,?omas--,web]1 ,ind4 #bb4j #bb4b #bc4h #dg #hc4j ,?omas--,jones1 ,pa4 #ag4e #bf4g #ca4d #ee #ib4a ,?omas--,baum1 ,pa4 #ag4j #bd4j #bf4e #gb #he4e ,?omas--,worton1 ,md4 #af4g #ai4e #bf4d #fd #ge4c ,av]age #ah4c #bc4a #bg4j #ei4e #hc4i ,op]ator #c ,?omas--,jones1 ,pa4 #ah4a #af4b #bg4a #eb #fi4b ,?omas--,baum1 ,pa4 #af4a #ai4a #bf4f #fh #gd4d ,?omas--,worton1 ,md4 #ah4j #ag4h #bg4b #fa #gc4c ,av]age #ag4d #ag4g #bg4j #fj4c #gb4c ,op]ator #a ,t5 ,eyck--,web]1 ,ind4 #ah4j #bj4e #bg4e #eg #gh4e ,t5 ,eyck--,jones1 ,pa4 #ae4d #ba4a #bc4b #ii #gi4a ,t5 ,eyck--,baum1 ,pa4 #ad4c #bf4c #cj4b #ic #ia4c ,t5 ,eyck--,worton1 ,md4 #ae4j #bh4j #ca4j #hc #id4h ,av]age #ae4g #bd4j #bh4j #hc4j #he4i ,op]ator #b ,t5 ,eyck--,web]1 ,ind4 #ai4a #bd4d #bf4e #ch #hd4h ,t5 ,eyck--,jones1 ,pa4 #af4d #bd4f #bd4f #fd #hd4c ,t5 ,eyck--,baum1 ,pa4 #ae4h #be4g #bf4e #ed #hf4j ,t5 ,eyck--,worton1 ,md4 #ae4d #be4e #bh4g #ee #hf4b ,av]age #af4g #be4j #bf4f #eb4g #he4c ,op]ator #c ,t5 ,eyck--,web]1 ,ind4 #af4h #ag4c #bd4f #eg #fi4d ,t5 ,eyck--,jones1 ,pa4 #ae4b #ba4a #bc4c #hd #gg4d ,t5 ,eyck--,baum1 ,pa4 #ae4j #ah4c #ai4g #fi #fh4d ,t5 ,eyck--,worton1 ,md4 #ae4g #be4b #cj4a #gf #hh4e ,av]age #ae4g #bj4e #bd4d #ga4e #ge4i ,op]ator #a ,ohio--,web]1 ,ind4 #ag4b #bh4e #bi4g #hi #ih4j ,ohio--,jones1 ,pa4 #af4d #bh4g #bi4i #if #ii4b ,ohio--,baum1 ,pa4 #ad4b #ca4a #ca4a #ii #aja4i ,ohio--,worton1 ,md4 #ac4g #cj4h #cj4h #hh #ii4e ,av]age #ae4d #bi4h #cj4d #ic4j #ii4f ,op]ator #b ,ohio--,web]1 ,ind4 #ai4a #be4a #bh4c #ei #hi4c ,ohio--,jones1 ,pa4 #ag4b #bg4c #bg4e #fd #ia4i ,ohio--,baum1 ,pa4 #ae4j #bg4d #bh4a #fc #ij4a ,ohio--,worton1 ,md4 #ad4i #bf4a #bi4a #eh #hg4d ,av]age #af4e #bf4e #bh4b #fa4j #hi4g ,op]ator #c ,ohio--,web]1 ,ind4 #ag4g #ba4d #bg4g #fe #hj4h ,ohio--,jones1 ,pa4 #ag4b #bb4i #bh4b #gd #hd4e ,ohio--,baum1 ,pa4 #ae4j #bd4i #bi4c #ha #hg4e ,ohio--,worton1 ,md4 #ad4f #bb4d #bh4g #ff #hj4c ,av]age #af4a #bb4i #bh4e #ga4e #hc4c ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,table #d gives ! results ( te/s ( simil> samples ( ?ree v>ieties f f\r diff]5t s\rces by ?ree diff]5t op]ators4 ,! te/s are n satisfactory because pretreatm5t 0 n uni=m & !re is insuffici5t data on p5alties :i* are omitt$4 ,"s samples ( ! v>ieties ,t5 ,eyck & ,?omas conta9$ empty nuts & %rivell$ k]nels :i* w\ld preclude equal scores4 ,! v>iety ,ohio 0 uni=mly fill$ f all s\rces4 ,9 ! v>iety ,t5 ,eyck !re is a diff]5ce ( #aj4e p] c5t 9 total p] c5t k]nel 9 samples f ! ,baum or*>d4 ,?is 0 relat$ to #f empty nuts 9 ! sample crack$ by op]ator #c4 ,9 ! v>iety ,ohio 9 :i* ! k]nels 7 plump ! greate/ v>iation betwe5 duplicate samples 9 total p] c5t k]nel is #c or only ab\t #aj p] c5t ( av]age total p] c5t k]nel4 ,an exam9ation ( ^! data %[ ! foll[+ po9ts ( int]e/3 7#a7 t ! duplicate samples %[$ consid]able v>iation 9 weight ( s+le nut & total p] c5t k]nel1 *>act]s n dep5d5t on p]sonal skill or judgm5t4 ,op]ator #b did n crack ! :ole sample ( #be & may h select$ ! l>g] nuts1 ?us secur+ a great] weight p] nut ) all v>ieties4 ,! sup]ior fill+ ( ! nuts ( ,ohio appe>s to be relat$ to ! fact t 9 ! or*>ds 9 "q ?is v>iety 0 obs]v$ to hold its leaves long] ?an ! o!rs :i* lo/ _! leaves 9 late summ] be=e h>ve/ by leaf blight4 ,%runk5 k]nels are a logical result ( e>ly defoliation4 ,9 ! p] c5t ( k]nel obta9$ 9 fir/ crack op]ator #a recov]$ a high] p] c5t ?an op]ator #c 9 all ( ! elev5 possible comp>isons & high] ?an op]ator #b 9 #i out ( #ab possible comp>isons4 ,?is probably is ! result ( soak+ ! samples by op]ator #a & n by ! o!rs or possibly due to great] skill or c>e 9 crack+4 ,! numb] ( qu>t]s recov]$ by op]ator #a is great] 9 all cases ?an t obta9$ by ei!r op]ator #b or #c4 ,?is is also a result ( soak+ or skill or bo?4 ,! score ( op]ator #a 0 9 all te/s ( duplicate samples high] ?an t obta9$ by op]ator #c & high] ?an ! scores ( op]ator #b 9 #i out ( #ab comp>isons4 ,! scores ( ! diff]5t samples are app>5tly ma9ly det]m9$ by ! p] c5t recov]$ at fir/ crack & ! numb] ( qu>t]s1 at lea/ ! only cases :]e ! scores ( op]ator #b exce$ ^? ( op]ator #a are :]e ! p] c5t fir/ crack & ! numb] ( qu>t]s are great] = op]ator #b4 ,?is is relat$ to ! pres5ce ( empty nuts4 ,! data obta9$ = ! v>iety ,?omas by op]ator #a & #b %[ = ! mo/ "p ! same relative scor+ ( samples f diff]5t s\rces4 ,= example ) bo? op]ators ! score ( ! samples f ! ,web] or*>d 0 l[] ?an t f ! ,jones & ,baum or*>ds & ! sample f ! ,jones or*>d scor$ high] ?an t f ! ,baum or*>d4 ,9 ! samples f ! ,worton or*>d ! relative scores are rev]s$4 ,! scores o,l op]ator #c are q out ( l9e4 ,) ! v>iety ,t5 ,eyck ! diff]5ces betwe5 scores ( samples f diff]5t s\rces are n consi/5t4 ,op]ator #b obta9$ scores t 7 ess5tially alike = all f\r samples :]eas ! scores ( op]ator #a %[ diff]5ces ( m ?an #aj po9ts4 ,?is is relat$ to empty nuts 9 ! sample4 ,) ! v>iety ,ohio !re is reasonable uni=mity 9 ! scores obta9$ by all op]ators4 ,?is 0 ! only v>iety ) well fill$ nuts & = t reason alone ! score w\ld be less v>iable4 ,,table #e ,te/s by diff]5t op]ators on duplicate samples ( black walnuts1 soak$ & unsoak$4 #be nut samples4 #aidb crop4 ,,key3 ,a3 ,treatm5t ,b3 ,wt4 #a nut grams ,c3 k]nel #a/ crack ,d3 k]nel total ,e3 ,qu>t]s numb] ,f3 ,p5alty ,g3 ,score ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,sample ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,op]ator #a ,ohio ,no4 #a ,dry #af4h #bf4a #bg4f #ig -#d4 #hh4e #e bnd4 qtrs41 #ah %r41 #h halves ,ohio ,no4 #b ,soak$ #af4g #bg4c #bg4h #ii -#a4e #ic4e #b bnd4 qtrs41 #a %r41 #a empty ,op]ator #b ,ohio ,no4 #f ,dry #ae4i #bf4c #bf4g #ic -#a4 #ij4b #a empty ,ohio ,no4 #ac ,soak$ #ae4i #be4h #bf4d #ic -#a4 #hi4j #a empty ,ohio ,no4 #ad ,soak$ #ae4g #be4b #bf4c #if - 4#e #hh4d #a %rivel$ ,ohio ,no4 #bj ,dry #af4g #be4c #bf4d #id -#a4 #hh4i #a empty ,op]ator #a ,grundy ,no4 #a ,dry #bc4h #bd4a #bd4f #ii - 4#e #ic4g #a %rivel$1 #b bnd4 qu>t]s ,grundy ,no4 #b ,soak$ #bc4b #bd4b #bd4b #ajj - 4#e #ig4b ,all out #a/ crack1 #e halves ,op]ator #b ,grundy ,no4 #c #bb4d #bd4j #bd4j #hh -#b4 #hi4b ,empty ,grundy ,no4 #d ,dry #bc4e #bd4g #be4e #ih - 4#e #ie4j #a %rivel$ ,op]ator #a ,adams ,no4 #a ,dry #ad4b #ah4c #bd4e #gj #j4 #gj4j #ce bnd4 qtrs41 well fill$1 good quality ,adams ,no4 #b ,soak$ #ad4d #ag4c #bc4g #gh -#b4e #fg4a #b empty1 #bj bund4 qtrs41 #a %r4 ,op]ator #b ,adams ,no4 #c ,dry #ad4f #ah4a #bd4j #gg -#c4 #fg4e #c empty ,adams ,no4 #d #ad4c #ai4f #be4d #gh -#b4 #gb4c #b empty ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,! av]age scores ( all samples ( ea* v>iety are ,ohio #ij4j1 ,?omas #hc4d1 & ,t5 ,eyck #hb4d4 ,^! are n out ( l9e ei!r ) ! scores obta9$ = ^! v>ieties else:]e or ! relative m]it ( ! v>ieties4 ,because ( ! v>iability obta9$ 9 ! te/s %[n 9 ,table #d1 ano!r s]ies ( te/s ( simil> samples by diff]5t op]ators 0 arrang$ 9 ! summ] ( #aidc4 ,! samples ( ,ohio 7 "s ( ! same lot report$ 9 ,table #c4 ,! v>ieties ,grundy & ,adams gr[n 9 ,mi*igan 7 c>efully sampl$ to give comp>able lots4 ,! results ( ^! te/s giv5 9 ,table #e %[ no great] v>iability betwe5 ! scores ( ! two op]ators = any "o v>iety ?an betwe5 te/s by ! same op]ator & indicate t x is possible = diff]5t op]ators to obta9 comp>able scores on duplicate samples provid$ great c>e is us$ 9 treat+ & crack+ ! samples4 ,! diff]5ces 9 av]age score betwe5 ! diff]5t v>ieties is consi/5t & app>5tly gives a correct indication ( _! relative m]it4 ,grundy %[s an av]age score ( #ic4g1 ,ohio #hi4g & ,adams #fi4b4 ,! high score ( ,grundy is relat$ to ! l>ge size ( nut & high p] c5t fir/ crack4 ,! l[ score ( ,adams is relat$ to small size ( nut & l[ p] c5t fir/ crack result+ f a l>ge numb] ( b\nd qu>t]s4 ,! k]nels ( ?is v>iety 7 plump1 fill+ ! cavity ( ! %ell full & %att]$ on crack+4 ,9 ,table #f are giv5 ! results ( #ed te/s ( #ch selections or clones4 ,9 g5]al x appe>s t ! score is a fair indication ( ! wor? ( ! sample4 ,l[ scores are relat$ mo/ly to l[ p] c5t fir/ crack & to ! pres5ce ( empty nuts or %rivell$ k]nels 9 ! sample4 ,x is evid5t also t if a sample is too dry ) _m v>ieties a l[ score w result4 ,j :at soak+ treatm5t is mo/ exp$i5t is n too cle>4 ,soak+ #ab h\rs & dry+ #bd prov$ to be a satisfactory practice4 ,! me?od foll[$ by ,mr4 ,/oke ( soak+ = #e m9utes & keep+ ! sample 9 a wet burlap sack = #bd h\rs is all "r b is cumb]some if _m samples are to be te/$4 ,soak+ "o h\r & hold+ #bd h\rs 9 a clos$ conta9] l a c(fee c give good results b p]c5tage %\ld be figur$ on dry weight & k]nels %\ld be air dri$ = #bd h\rs be=e weigh+4 ,"o weakness 9 ! s*$ule is t x t5ds to give a small nut an advantage if ! p] c5t k]nel obta9$ 9 fir/ crack is high4 ,?us a sample ( ! ,m9tle gr[n 9 ,i[a :i* weigh$ b #ac4f grams p] nut & total p] c5t k]nel ( #cb scor$ #aja4a po9ts *iefly because ! p] c5t fir/ crack 0 #ca4e4 ,! same v>iety gr[n at ,i?aca weigh+ #ac4g grams p] nut b ) #bc4i p] c5t fir/ crack & #bd4c total scor$ #hc4h4 ,possibly a p5alty c\ld be tak5 = nuts weigh+ less ?an #ah grams4 ,on ! o!r h& a l>ge nut l ! ,grundy weigh+ ab\t #bc grams w\ld h a #aj po9t score advantage ov] ,m9tle & ?is may be en\gh = ?is "*4 ,! six samples ( ,?omas gr[n on diff]5t trees 9 ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 9 #aidb %[ great v>iation 9 score z has be5 ! case 9 o!r ye>s4 ,poor scores are relat$ to %runk5 k]nels & su* samples come f trees t are mak+ poor gr[? because ( poor soil conditions & competition ) we$s4 ,also %rivel$ k]nels are ! result ( defoliation by e>ly fro/s :i* may be v local & affect "s trees & n o!rs4 ,,table #f ,te/s & ,scores ( ,black ,walnut ,v>ieties f ,v>i\s ,s\rces4 #be nut samples unless o!rwise indicat$4 ,all scores figur$ on basis ( #be nuts4 ,,key3 ,a - 99,treatm5t ,d--,dry ,s--,soak$ ,no4--,h\rs dri$ or soak$ ,b - ,wt4 #a nut grams ,c - k]nel #a/ crack ,d - k]nel total ,e - ,qu>t]s numb] ,f - ,p5alty ,g - ,score ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,v>iety ,s\rce ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,adams ,beck]1 ,mi*4 ,d #ad4g #aa4c #ba4d #dd #eb4d ,poor2 #fb b\nd qu>t]s '#db ,b5ton ,smi?1 ,wassaic1 ,s-#e #ac4b #bf4h #bh4b #id -#b4j #hh4e ,plump k]nels1 good flavor1 ,n4,y4 #b empty ,sample ,no4 '#db ,d-#h nuts #a 7#bc7 ,sample ,no4 ,d #ab4i #bc4a #bc4f #gd -#c4j #ge4c #c empty nuts #b 7#bd7 ,bontz ,snyd]1 ,i[a ,s-#ab #ah4g #bj4c #bb4j #he -#aj4j #fh4h ,nut long l ,ohio4 ,%ell '#dj ,d-#ab *amb] smoo?4 ,ne>ly all k]nels %runk54 ,prom95t spur2 oily2 poor to m$4 extr42 few %runk5 ,boo! ,/oke1 ,va4 ,s-#af #ae4c #bd4e #bi4b #hg -#b4e #he4a ,good quality2 flavor good1 #bh '#dj ,d-#aj bl9d qtrs42 ext4 poor ,burr[s ,snyd]1 ,i[a ,s-#ab #ag4e #ac4e #bd4d #ce -#j4c #ei4i ,no data '#dj ,d-#d ,calh\n ,beck]1 ,mi*4 ,d #ae4d #bf4j #bh4e #id #ij4f ,end cracks1 #b empty nuts1 '#db #c %r4 ,cayuga ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab #ac4h #bf4a #bf4g #ajj -#c4e #he4i k]nels1 good extr4 middle '#db ,d-#bd tree ,climax ,beck]1 ,mi*4 ,d #ag4b #be4c #bg4c #ij #ij4h ,"s %runk5 k]nels '#db ,cornell ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab #af4e #bd4i #be4a #hj #hi4j 7#bj7 '#db ,d-#bd #ajj ,no empty nuts1 k]nels full1 ,creitz ,/oke1 ,va4 ,s-#ae #ah4h #bb4j #bc4h #ajj -#a4c #hc4d v good extr41 good color '#dj #d-d ,excell5t crack]4 ,%ell ?92 ,cresco ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,s #af4g #ae4i #ba4j #hj #fg4j ?92 good nut2 flavor mild 7#f7 '#db ,eldridge ,g5eva1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab ,n promis+ at ,i?aca 7#ae7 '#db ,d-#bd #ba4a #bd4j #bd4e #if -#aj4 #hj4j ,dri$ 9 husk2 k]nels %runk5 ,f9ney ,snyd]1 ,i[a ,s-#ab #ai4e #ah4j #bb4d #hb -#ab4e #fb4d ,%ell ?ick2 k]nels %r41 '#dj ,d-#dh spurs prom95t4 ,t\gh to crack ,freel ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,s #ab4a #ag4i #ai4f #hj #fe4g ,%ell ?ick1 k]nel ?94 ,n 7#f7 '#db a good nut ,gall[ay ,snyd]1 ,i[a ,s-#ab #af4d #bb4c #bc4b #id -#j4c #ha4g ,k]nel smoo?1 flavor good4 '#dj ,d-#bd ,extraction good ,h>ris ,snyd]1 ,i[a ,s-#ab #ah4e #bc4h #be4f #ajj -#ab4e #gf4d ,d>k color4 ,all k]nels '#dj ,d-#ab )]$4 ,flavor poor4 ,extraction v good ,homel& ,/oke1 ,va4 ,s- #e #ai4a #bj4d #be4h #hi #ha4g ,smoo? k]nels2 flavor good2 7#ai7 '#dj ,d-#af clos$ suture ,k>nes ,/oke1 ,va4 ,s-#af #bj4c #be4f #bi4d #ef #ia4h ,tight 9 %ell4 ,k]nels oily1 '#dj ,d- #g %att]4 ,flavor good4 ,%9+ pellicle ,korn ,korn1 ,mi*4 ,d #af4h #ai4j #bg4i #fb #gd4i ,k]nels fill cavity v full4 '#ci ,%att] ,mc,coy ,snyd]1 ,i[a ,s-#ab #ai4d #bj4g #ba4b #ij -#j4h #gi4f ,smoo? k]nel2 "s slight '#dj ,d-#d %r9k+4 ,?ick %ell ,mc,gee ,beck]1 ,mi*4 ,d #ac4g #af4b #bf4h #hc #fg4h ,b\nd qtrs41 h>d po9t$ '#db nuts1 h>d crack+ ,mi*igan ,korn1 ,mi*4 '#ci ,d #bj4j #bc4j #cj4c #ij #ij4a ,k]nels plump1 v good nut ,m9tle ,snyd]1 ,i[a ,s-#ab #ac4f #ca4e #cb4j #ie -#a4j #aja4a ,flavor mild1 extr4 v good4 '#dj ,d-#ab ,v good nut1 smoo? %ell ,m9tle ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab #ac4g #bc4i #bd4c #ajj #hc4h ,no empty nuts1 k]nels plump1 '#db ,d-#bd good extraction ,ohio ,snyd]1 ,i[a ,s-#ab #ah4e #bd4j #bg4d #gi -#a4c #hf4h ,%ell *amb] smoo?4 ,flavor '#dj ,d-#bd %>p4 ,extraction fair4 ,rohw] ,snyd]1 ,i[a ,s-#ab #ba4e #bd4j #bh4b #hd #ib4j ,k]nel smoo?1 extr4 fair4 '#dj ,d-#dh ,k]nels plump4 ,rohw] ,/oke1 ,va4 ,s-#ae #ah4e #ah4j #bb4d #gi - 4#c #gc4c ,fair extraction2 flavor fair4 '#dj ,d- #c ,spur prom95t4 #aa bl9d qtrs4 ,s*w>tz ,snyd]1 ,i[a ,s- #f #bj4c #ba4h #be4f #hf -#c4j #hb4b ,end crack$4 ,spurs prom95t4 '#dj ,d-#ad ,"s %r9k+4 ,n too good4 #aa bl9d qtr4 ,sif=d ,/okes1 ,va4 ,s-#af #bc4f #bc4g #be4f #ajj -#aa4j #hb4h ,l>ge nut4 ,good extr4 ,k]nels '#dj ,d-#g %runk5 ,snyd] ,jacobs1 ,ohio ,d #ai4f #bf4a #bh4j #id #ie4d ,n entirely cur$ 7#d7 '#db ,snyd] ,smi?1 ,wassaic1 ,d #ba4i #bb4j #bf4d #ia #hh4b #aa b\nd qtrs4 ,k]nels lg4 7#ad7 ,n4 ,y4 '#db r d>k1 a good nut ,sp>r[ ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab #ae4e #bj4g #bb4d #db -#ad4e #fc4b #a empty1 all %runk51 end 7#aa7 '#db ,d-#bd #if cracks2 poor quality ,sp>r[ ,smi?1 ,wassaic1 ,d #af4e #ba4f #bh4b #he #hb4c ,well fill$1 k]nels bright1 7#aj7 ,n4,y4 '#db good flavor1 good nut ,sp>r[ ,snyd]1 ,i[a ,s- #f #af4a #be4a #ca4b #hd #ij4c ,flavor good2 smoo? nut1 spur '#dj ,d-#ai m$ium prom95t4 #ac bl9d qtrs4 ,sp] ,beck]1 ,mi*4 '#db ,d #af4b #bj4j #be4f #ij #gh4j ,k]nels some:at %runk5 ,d #af4g #bg4i #bh4g #ih #if4f ,no4 #d1 #aidb n completely ,sp] dri$4 ,n reclean$ ,/abl] ,/oke1 ,va4 ,s- #e #ad4e #bj4b #bb4h #hj -#i4j #fe4c ,flavor mild4 ,easy extr4 #ab '#dj ,d-#bj bl9d qtrs4 ,_m %runk5 ,/abl] ,wilk9son1 ,ind4 ,s-#ab #ad4i #be4g #bg4b #gg -#c4j #hd4f ,end cracks2 #f b\nd qtrs4 #b '#dj ,d-#bd empty nuts1 #b %r4 k]nels ,/ambaugh ,graham1 ,i?aca1 7#g7 ,n4,y4 reclean$ #ai4c #bd4j #bd4j #bh -#ab4e #fa4c ,all k]nels %runk54 ,poor ,s-#ab ,d-#bd #ajj quality ,/]l+ ,korn1 ,mi*4 ,d #ai4h #be4b #be4i #ig #ib4h ,k]nels plump4 ,v good nut '#ci ,ta/]ite ,graham1 ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 7#d7 ,n4 ,y 4 reclean$ #ac4e #be4j #be4j #ajj #hf4j ,all k]nels plump2 quality '#db ,s-#ab ,d-#bd fair ,?omas ,snyd]1 ,i[a ,s-#ab #ag4b #bb4i #be4f #ia -#a4j #hc4i ,good extraction4 ,"s '#dj ,d-#ab %runk5 ,?omas ,wilk9son1 ,ind4 ,s-#ab #ah4e #ba4e #bg4a #bf #gg4g ,end cracks2 #ba b\nd qtrs41 '#dj ,d-#bd ,k]nels plump2 oily1 cl++ ,?omas ,no4 ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,d #bj4f #ai4a #bb4a #if #gi4d ,"s %runk5 #a '#db ,tree #a ,?omas ,no4 ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#a-a_/b #bj4f #ad4d #ah4b #ia -#a4j #fg4f #a empty nut2 "s %runk5 #b ,no4 #b '#db ,d-#f ,?omas ,no4 ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,d #bj4d #ai4a #bb4a #if #gi4b #c ,no4 #c '#db ,?omas ,no4 ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,d #bj4a #ae4e #af4h #hb -#af4j #cf4b #d empty nuts2 all %runk5 #d '#db ,no4 #d ,?omas ,no4 ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab #bj4e #bc4d #bd4j #ij -#h4j #hj4e #d empty nuts2 #h %r4 k]nels2 #e 7#bd7 #b bl9d qtrs4 ,?omas ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab #ai4h #ag4f #ah4d #id -#aj4j #fc4g #b empty nuts2 #af %r4 k]nels 7#bj7 ,no4 #f '#db ,d-#bd ,?omas ,wilk9son1 ,ind4 ,s-#ab #bj4e #ba4a #be4d #fi -#g4j #ge4c #c empty nuts2 #d %r4 k]nels1 '#dj ,d-#bd #bc b\nd qtrs4 ,tr\p ,graham1 ,i?aca1 ,s-#ab #af4j #af4j #ah4j #af -#bj4j #ea4j ,all k]nels %r41 #b empty 7#d7 ,n4,y4 '#db ,d-#bd #ajj nuts1 quality poor ,vail ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab #ae4c #bj4h #ba4h #cj #d empty nuts1 #f %r4 k]n41 7#h7 '#db ,d-#bd #id-ag4j #fj4b #b bl9d qtrs41 end cracks ,v&]sloot ,s-#ab #bg4e #ac4d #af4f #eh -#c4j #fd4d #a empty nut1 #d %r4 k]n41 ,d-#bd #aa b\nd qtrs41 ext4 poor ,wi>d ,snyd]1 ,i[a ,s-#ab #ah4h #bf4h #bi4d #hc #ie4d ,"o ( be/1 well fill$4 '#dj ,d-#ab ,smoo? k]nel1 good flavor1 good extraction ,,discussion ,9 ! light ( ! data pres5t$ "s conclusions c be drawn on ! v>i\s que/ions rais$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is pap]4 ,x is evid5t t if approximately ! same score is to be obta9$ by "o op]ator on duplicate or replicate r&om samples1 great c>e mu/ be us$ 9 sampl+4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 tak+ samples to pick out ! l>g] nuts or 9 "s o!r way fail to take a good r&om sample4 ,selections submitt$ = conte/s are likely to be q mislead+ z to ! value ( ! v>iety & reflect 9 consid]able "p ! conte/ant's skill 9 selection r ?an ! m]it ( ! clone4 ,! ,freel walnut seems to be an example ( ?is4 ,at lea/ z gr[n at ,i?aca x is v disappo9t+4 ,x is evid5t t if comp>able scores are to be obta9$ ! samples receive ! same treatm5t p>ticul>ly z reg>ds moi/ure cont5t4 ,samples %\ld be dri$ suffici5tly to %[ ! %r9kage ( poorly develop$ k]nels b 9 no case be all[$ to dry to ! po9t ( *eck+ ! %ells4 ,uni=m soak+ practice is a /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,a gre5 or p>tially dri$ nut w te/ mu* high] ?an "o prop]ly cur$ z evid5c$ by ,snyd]1 sample #f & ,spe>1 sample #g 9 ,table #a4 ,x seems probable t no s*$ule c be devis$ t w elim9ate ! necessity = skill on ! "p ( ! op]ator4 ,to obta9 satisfactory uni=mity 9 scores1 x is ess5tial t ! op]ator be skill$ 9 ! use ( ! crack+ ma*9e & use cont9u\s c>e 9 apply+ ! necess>y pressure & 9 hold+ ! nut 9 ! anvils4 ,und]crack+ or ov]crack+1 rev]s+ ! ends ( ! nut 9 ! anvil or failure to hold ! nut v]tical may affect ! score4 ,! pres5ce ( empty or poorly fill$ nuts 9 a lot ( nuts f :i* samples are tak5 at r&om introduces great] v>iability 9 ! samples ?an t f\nd 9 lots ) all nuts fill$4 ,?is is true because ! *ances ( gett+ an equal numb] ( empty nuts 9 #be nut samples are small & ! pres5ce ( ea* empty nut decreases ! p] c5t k]nel & also ! numb]s ( qu>t]s possible4 ,v>iations due to empty nuts c\ld be elim9at$ by greatly increas+ ! numb] ( nuts 9 ! sample b ?is is n practical = ! purposes ?is s*$ule is int5d$ to s]ve4 ,! "q ( :e!r or n x is possible = diff]5t op]ators to obta9 equal scores on duplicate samples is n satisfactorily answ]$ by ! data 9 table #d4 ,z ! data /& ! scores are f> f equal4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a consi/5cy 9 ! scor+ ( ea* op]ator & x is q probable t ) m uni=m treatm5t ( nuts be=e crack+ & m c>eful sampl+ bett] agreem5t w\ld be a*iev$4 ,?is is borne out 9 ! data giv5 9 table #e 9 :i* ! v>iation 9 scores betwe5 ! two op]ators 0 no great] ?an t obta9$ by ! same op]ator4 ,f a /udy ( ! data secur$ x appe>s t ! causes ( v>iation 9 ! scores ( duplicate or replicate samples are ! result ( 7#a7 lack ( c>e 9 mak+ replicate r&om samples1 7#b7 diff]5ces 9 treatm5t ( samples be=e crack+1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds moi/ure cont5t1 7#c7 diff]5ces 9 ! skill or c>e ( ! op]ator mak+ ! te/s1 7#d7 pres5ce ( empty nuts or %rivell$ k]nels 9 ! sample :i* introduces v>iation n comp5sat$ = 9 a #be nut sample & fur!r complicates ! matt] because assign+ p5alties = %rivell$ k]nels involves p]sonal judgm5t4 ,! fir/ ?ree ( ^! c be m9imiz$ or elim9at$ by c>e & skill4 ,! f\r? item is n s easy b proc$ure c at lea/ be /&>diz$4 ,increas+ ! size ( ! sample is n practical if mu* te/+ is to be done4 ,all ?+s consid]$ x w\ld seem t ! scores indicate fairly well b n accurately ! relative m]it ( ! samples & ?us c be reli$ ^u to det]m9e ! relative m]it ( a v>iety or clone1 ! suitability ( ! v>iety = gr[+ 9 a giv5 locality & ! v>iability ( a v>iety gr[n 9 ! same region b "u diff]5t conditions4 ,to det]m9e ! m]it ( a v>iety z comp>$ to ano!r bo? mu/ be gr[n "u ! same conditions4 ,! ov]-all value ( a v>iety c only be det]m9$ f samples ( well fill$ nuts4 ,9 any case ! m samples te/$ ! bett]4 ,! foll[+ sugge/ions are made z to proc$ure3 #a4 ,9 tak+ a r&om sample no selection z to size1 uni=mity1 or any o!r quality %\ld be made4 ,sugge/$ proc$ure w\ld be to scoop up ab\t #be nuts 9 a b]ry basket or ) ! h&s f ! ma9 supply & r$uce ! sample to #be )\t consci\s selection4 ,:at we 9 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association want is a measure ( ! m]it ( ! crop ( ! tree or v>iety 9 "q & n ! value ( a highly select$ sample4 #b4 ,x is n practical to br+ samples to a uni=m moi/ure cont5t be=e crack+ is done4 ,! foll[+ precautions1 h[ev]1 may be foll[$3 7a7 ,take c>e to see t nuts are reasonably well clean$ & free f fragm5ts ( husk4 ,scrubb+ or beat+ ! nuts toge!r 9 a sack w usually remove mo/ ( ! loose mat]ial4 ,( c\rse ! be/ practice is to wa% ! nuts imm$iately aft] %uck+4 7b7 ,cure samples until !y are dry en\gh n to lose m weight pref]ably 9 an unheat$ room4 ,?is takes at lea/ a mon? or #f weeks4 7c7 ,avoid /or+ ! samples 9 a heat$ room :]e !y w become s dry t ! %ells w *eck or crack4 ,if ?is occurs ! normal crack+ fracture ( ! %ell is de/roy$ & a satisfactory te/ _c be made4 7d7 ,nuts t h become s dry t ! k]nels %att] may be moi/5$ by soak+ ab\t #b h\rs 9 cold or lukew>m wat] !n hold+ !m 9 a moi/ condition = #ah-bd h\rs1 foll[$ by dry+ = #aj-ab h\rs be=e crack+4 ,nuts t are to be soak$ %\ld be weigh$ be=e soak+ & ! dry weight us$ 9 figur+ p]c5tages4 ,! k]nels ( soak$ nuts %\ld be dri$ = #bd h\rs be=e weigh+1 pref]ably "u ! same conditions 9 :i* ! samples 7 /or$ be=e weigh+4 #c4 ,c>e & skill on ! "p ( ! op]ator are ( ! greate/ importance1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ?or\ghness ( crack+4 ,! mo/ important v>iable 9 ! score is ! p] c5t k]nel recov]$ at fir/ crack+4 ,! score is r$uc$ by und]crack+ ! nut s z to leave ! qu>t]s b\nd or by ov]crack+ to ! po9t ( sma%+ ! k]nels4 ,if ! nuts h a long po9t s t ! rims ( ! anvils d n contact ! %\ld]s ( ! nut1 poor crack+ w result4 ,at ! pres5t "t a crack] ) int]*angeable anvils is n available4 ,us+ diff]5t siz$ iron pipe c\pl+s 9 a vise may help solve ! problem4 ,"s v>ieties w crack bett] ) a hamm] ?an ) a crack] ( ! ,h]%ey type ) /&>d anvils4 ,9 crack+ a sample = te/ ! op]ator %\ld try to recov] ! mo/ possible out ( ! fir/ crack )\t us+ a pick or recrack+4 #d4 ,! empty nut problem is probably ! mo/ difficult & is n satisfactorily solv$ by crack+ nuts 9 excess ( #be until #bf fill$ nuts are secur$4 ,?is necessitates weigh+ ! sample aft] ! nuts are crack$ :i* is usually impracticable because ( loss ( p>ts ( %ells 9 crack+ & because additional nuts are n available4 ,empty or %rivell$ nuts 9 a sample are a s]i\s defect :i* %\ld c\nt heavily aga9/ x4 ,on ! basis ( exp]i5ce x seems t a bett] me?od is to crack ! r&om sample ( #be nuts & let ! empty nuts & %rivell$ k]nels affect ! score z r$uc$ weight p] nut1 r$uc$ p] c5t k]nel & ! p5alty z well4 ,%rivell+ t is obvi\s & :i* adv]sely affects ! appe>ance ( ! k]nels %\ld be p5aliz$4 ,possibly fur!r exp]i5ce w sugge/ a bett] way ( h&l+ ?is problem4 ,! propos$ score ( a sample is made up z foll[s3 #a4 ,! weight ( a s+le nut 9 grams4 #b4 ,! p] c5t k]nel ( total weight ( sample recov]$ aft] fir/ crack x #b4 #c4 ,! total p] c5t k]nel ( total weight ( sample divid$ by #b4 #d4 ,"o t5? po9t = ea* :ole qu>t] recov]$4 #e4 ,p5alty ( "o score po9t = ea* empty nut 9 ! sample4 #f4 ,p5alty ( #a_/b po9t = e nut ) %rivell$ k]nel4 ,! makeup ( ?is score does n diff] f t previ\sly us$ except 9 ! matt] ( proc$ure ) empty nuts4 ,x is felt t ! items includ$ are weigh$ 9 a reali/ic mann] & t difficulties 9 scor+ h be5 due to me?ods ( h&l+ ! samples r ?an 9 ! scor+ s*$ule itself4 ,x does n seem likely t ?is s*$ule or any s*$ule w be valuable unless us$ by exp]i5c$ op]ators :o are will+ to take ! precautions indicat$4 ,also x is app>5t t :]ev] possible m ?an "o sample ( a lot to be scor$ %\ld be te/$ & ! av]age score us$4 ,,ref]5ces ,,cit$ #a4 ,mac,daniels1 ,l4 ,h4 ,report ( committee on v>ieties & judg+ /&>ds4 ,no4 ,nut ,gr[]s ,assn4 ,proc4 #bh3 #bj-bc4 #aicg4 #b4 ,mac,daniels1 ,l4 ,h4 ,is x possible to devise a satisfactory judg+ s*$ule = black walnuts8 ,no4 ,nut ,gr[]s ,assn4 ,proc4 #cj3 #bd-bg4 #aici4 #c4 ,kl9e1 ,l4 ,v41 & ,s4 ,b4 ,*ase4 ,compilation ( data on nut weight & k]nel p]c5tage ( black walnut selections4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 ,proc4 #ch3 #aff-agd4 #aida4 #d4 ,kl9e1 ,l4 ,v4 ,a me?od ( evaluat+ ! nuts ( black walnut v>ieties4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 ,proc4 #da3 #acf-add4 #aidb4 #e4 ,l\nsb]ry1 ,c4 ,c4 ,measurem5ts ( walnuts ( ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no4 ,nut ,gr[]s ,assn4 ,proc4 #ca3 #afb-afg4 #aidj4 #f4 ,drake1 ,n4 ,f4 ,judg+ black walnuts4 ,no4 ,nut ,gr[]s ,assn4 ,proc4 #bb3 #acj-acg4 #aica4 #g4 ,drake1 ,n4 ,f4 ,black walnut v>ieties4 ,no4 ,nut ,gr[]s' ,assn4 ,proc4 #bf3 #ff-ga4 #aice4 ,nut ,gr[]s ,assn4 ,proc4 #cj3 #ha-hc4 #aici4 ,%ell+ ,black ,walnuts ,by ,g4 ,j4 ,,korn1 ,b]ri5 ,spr+s1 ,mi*igan ,! me?ods us$ 9 ! %ell+ ( black walnuts by "o ( ! comm]cial gr[]s 9 s\!a/]n ,p5nsylvania may be ( int]e/ to "s ( our ,,nnga memb]s4 ,= ! la/ ?ree seasons ,i h help$ ?is gr[] ) ! h>ve/+ & %ell+ ( 8 crop4 ,! ,?omas v>iety pr$om9at$ 9 8 #dj-;acre nut or*>d4 ,?is v>iety is truly a v out/&+ nut :5 prop]ly gr[n4 ,! ,?omas is l>ge1 cracks well1 its k]nels may be readily remov$ 9 l>ge pieces1 mo/ly qu>t]s1 & !y are ( excell5t flavor & color4 ,c>e 9 select+ ! or*>d site1 soils1 me?ods ( cultivation1 f]tiliz+ & spray+ appe> to be ( prime importance 9 ! production ( high quality nuts4 ,! matt]s ,i %all speak ( 9 ?is article1 h[ev]1 w h to d mo/ly ) ! h>ve/+1 husk+1 cur+ & crack+ ( ! walnuts & pick+ _! k]nels4 ,:5 ! walnut husks may be easily d5t$ ) ! ?umb !y are ready to ga!r4 ,?is is usually ab\t ,octob] #e 9 t locality4 ,! h>ve/+ is begun imm$iately1 z ! k]nels w become some:at damag$ z to flavor & color if ! husks are all[$ to d>k5 & decompose4 ,:5 ! nuts h rip5$ !y d n rema9 9 prime condition = h>ve/+ = m ?an ab\t #aj to #ae days4 ,by ?is "t ! husks w h begun to decompose & d>k5 ! k]nels4 ,j z soon z ! nuts are ripe !y are %ak5 f ! trees4 ,! nuts are ga!r$ into bu%el baskets & haul$ 9 a pick-up truck to ! husk]4 ,"o ( ! old cannon type corn %ell]s1 once q common 9 ,p5nsylvania1 is us$ to husk ! nuts4 ,a f>m tractor furni%es ! p[] to run ! husk]4 ,! nuts are run ?r\gh ! husk] a c\ple ( times to assure a clean job ( husk+4 ,! cleanly husk$ nuts drop into a basket at ! end ( ! husk]4 ,only #c m9utes or slightly m "t is requir$ to turn out a bu%el ( husk$ nuts4 ,! fre%ly husk$ nuts are wa%$ 9 a l>ge copp] kettle ( wat] by vigor\sly /irr+ !m a few m9utes ) a common g>d5 hoe4 ,ab\t #a-a_/b bu%els ( nuts are wa%$ 9 ea* bat*4 ,all nuts t float lightly on ! wat] are skimm$ (f & disc>d$4 ,! nuts are !n spread out ab\t #b or #c nuts deep on trays to dry4 ,! frames ( ! trays are made ( #ax#c in* lumb] & are #a-a_/b feet wide & #c-a_/b feet long2 #c_/d in* me% galvaniz$ *ick5 wire nett+ =ms ! bottoms ( ! trays4 ,walnuts dri$ indoors 9 ! %ade produce light] color$ & f9] flavor$ k]nels ?an d ^? dri$ outdoors 9 ! sun & ra94 ,:5 nuts are be+ dri$ indoors1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t !y h a good circulation ( air or ! nuts may />t mold+ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! cur+4 ,al?\gh ! outside ( ! walnut %ells may dry (f q rapidly1 x takes consid]able m "t = ! inside ( ! nut to cure prop]ly = /or+4 ,! nuts %\ld be left on ! trays = a few weeks to insure ?or\gh cur+4 ,illu/ration ,! crack+ ( ! nuts is done ) "o ( ! small me*anical crack]s t is to be f\nd on ! m>ket4 ,! m c>e ex]cis$ 9 ! crack+ at ! nuts1 ! less "w & "t w be requir$ 9 sep>at+ ! k]nels4 ,aft] crack+ ! nuts !y are sift$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( scre5s4 ,?is helps v mat]ially 9 prep>+ !m = rapidly pick+ _! k]nels4 ,x is q important t ?is op]ation be done prop]ly if ! k]nel pick+ is to be made simple & rapid4 ,! crack$ nuts are fir/ sift$ ?r\gh a scre5 made ( #a-;in* me% *ick5 wire nett+4 ,next ! nuts are sift$ ?r\gh a scre5 made ( #a_/b-;in* me% h>dw>e clo?4 ,all mat]ial :i* w n pass ?r\gh ?is scre5 %\ld be kept sep>ate4 ,"s ( ^! pieces w require recrack+ & k]nel pick+ ) ! f+]s4 ,! mat]ial :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! #a_/b-;in* me% scre5 is n[ sift$ on a h>dw>e clo? scre5 ) #e me%es to ! in*4 ,only ! v f9e mat]ial w pass ?r\gh ?is scre5 :i* is n suitable = fur!r k]nel recov]y4 ,! mat]ial :i* rema9s on ! #a_/b-;in* me% scre5 is n[ plac$ on ! table especially made = k]nel pick+4 ,?is table is %[n 9 ! accompany+ sket*4 ,! table is ( suitable size to all[ two p to use x at ! same "t4 ,! op]ators sit on /ools ab\t #bj in*es 9 height1 & "w f ! l[ side ( ! table4 ,a small am\nt ( ! mat]ial is br\ght =w>d & spread out v ?9ly be=e ! op]ator4 ,a piece ( #a_/b-;in* s(twood d[el ab\t #e in*es long ) #d ,no4 #i sew+ ne$les imb$d$ 9 "o end is us$ to pick up ! k]nels4 ,! ne$les are plac$ 9 ! =m ( a squ>e & %\ld be only ab\t #c_/cb ( an in* ap>t to d ! be/ "w4 ,! picks %\ld n be us$ to pry k]nels f ! %ell1 z ! ne$les w\ld soon become b5t & wor?less4 ,! picks are meant to be us$ only to pick up ! k]nels f among ! %ells4 ,z soon z ! op]ator has remov$ all ! k]nels f ! small am\nt ( mat]ial he has br\ght =w>d f ! re> ( ! table1 he %oves ! %ells into ! hole at ! edge ( ! table & !y drop into a receptacle4 ,! pick is us$ ) ! "r h&1 & ! k]nels are remov$ f ! pick ) & into ! left h&4 ,z soon z a conv5i5t h&ful ( k]nels has be5 obta9$1 !y are dropp$ into a small pan :i* sets on ! table ne> ! op]ator's left h&4 ,! rapidity ) :i* k]nels may be pick$ by us+ ^! me?ods is surpris+4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to moi/5 ! nuts & hold !m 9 ?is condition = #b or #c days be=e crack+ !m1 to keep ! k]nels f %att]+ unduly4 ,aft] ! k]nels are pick$ out !y are dri$ v ?or\ghly4 ,trays ^: bottoms are l9$ ) scre5+ some:at f9] 9 me% ?an t us$ = w9d[s1 are us$ to dry ! k]nels4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to n ov]heat ! k]nels1 or _! flavor & color w be impair$4 ,good clean l>d or simil> cans ) tight fitt+ cov]s are us$ = /or+ ! k]nels4 ,! k]nels are /or$ 9 a cool dry place4 ,any k]nels :i* are to be kept ov] ! summ] mon?s1 are plac$ 9 cold /orage4 ,bett] ,butt]nuts1 ,please ,s4 ,h4 ,,graham1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,z to palatability1 !re are _m p]sons :o w\ld be dispos$ to place ! butt]nut at ! v head ( edible nuts4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,lu!r ,burbank 9 ,vol4 ,,xi1 page #cb1 ( ,lu!r ,burbank1 ,8 ,me?ods & ,discov]ies4 ,! butt]nut tree is notewor?y z be+ at home 9 a great] v>iety ( soils ?an ! blackwalnut z well z be+ h>di] ?an ! black walnut or ! hickory4 ,x rip5s s e>ly t ! nuts always h pl5ty ( "t to mature :ile ! ri*ly flavor$ k]nels are r>ely %runk5 & nev] a/r+5t4 ,despite ^! good qualities1 a se>* ?r\gh ! publications ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association = ! pa/ ?irty ye>s proves t comp>atively little int]e/ has be5 manife/$ 9 x4 ,x w\ld seem q 9 ord] to inquire into ! reasons = ?is neglect4 ,five ( !m come to m9d3 #a4 ,too e>ly bloom+4 #b4 ,difficulty ( propagation4 #c4 ,curculios4 #d4 ,melanconis disease4 #e4 ,lack ( suffici5tly good v>ieties4 ,! butt]nut too (t5 blooms s e>ly t its blossoms are caught by fro/4 ,! filb]t has ! same fault & s1 to a less ext5t1 has ! ,p]sian walnut4 ,late bloom+ v>ieties ( ea* h already be5 select$4 ,x does n seem too mu* to hope t late bloom+ v>ieties ( butt]nut may also be f\nd4 ,i "k ( "o butt]nut t has _h good crops e ye> b "o = ! la/ t5 ye>s b h nev] visit$ x at ! "r "t to obs]ve its bloom+ habit4 ,presid5t ,wes*cke reports t butt]nuts on black walnut /ocks h _! bloom+ ret>d$ = a few days4 ,_m exp]i5c$ nut tree propagators h little success 9 graft+ ! butt]nut4 ,b ,mr4 ,h>ry ,burg>t ( ,mi*igan1 has f\nd t nurs]y trees may be successfully graft$ if ! op]ation is p]=m$ at a po9t ?ree or f\r feet f ! gr\nd1 :ile ! late ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimm]man ( ,p5nsylvania1 f\nd t v e>ly graft+ gave him ! be/ results4 ,he report$ t 8 be/ cat* 0 f grafts set ,m>* t5?4 ,"s mod]ately successful propagators d n pay c>eful att5tion to outside temp]atures :5 !y cut _! scions4 ,9 contra/ to ?is let u see :at ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ?\ght ab\t x4 ,he 0 und\bt$ly ! mo/ successful nut tree propagator 9 ! ,ea/ & he 0 always z g5]\s 9 %>+ 8 h>d e>n$ k z he 0 skillful 9 its application 9 8 own comm]cial nurs]y4 ,note ?is f 8 pap] 9 ! #aibj annual report4 ,9 ! case ( trees t ble$ freely :5 cut1 we mu/ gu>d aga9/ tak+ scions aft] h>d freez+ wea!r & be=e ! tree has fully recup]at$4 ,?is semi-sappy conditions foll[+ l[ temp]atures t freeze ! wood seems to be a provision ( nature to re/ore ! sap lo/ by evaporation4 ,we always try to avoid tak+ scions ( any k9d soon aft] h>d freez+ wea!r4 ,i h f\nd scions ( ,engli% & ,japanese walnuts1 cut f trees 9 ?is condition1 to be practically wor?less = propagation1 al?\gh !y may h be5 cut 9 late w9t] long be=e ! sap gets up 9 ! tree naturally4 ,?is w>n+ w\ld und\bt$ly apply to ! butt]nut z x ble$s freely :5 cut4 ,ano!r pitfall = ! inexp]i5c$ propagator lies 9 /or+ scions 9 pack+ mat]ial t is too moi/4 ,sphagnum is commonly us$4 ,x %\ld be no m ?an slightly moi/ to ! t\*4 ,if left to run wild1 ! butt]nut curculios are a s]i\s m5ace to ! butt]nut1 ! ,japanese walnut & ! ,p]sian walnut4 ,_! life hi/ory z describ$ at l5g? 9 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 bullet9 #ajff1 is briefly z foll[s3 ,! beetles 7call$ elephant bugs by "s because ! side view resembles ! elephant7 sp5d ! w9t] 9 ! gr\nd4 ,z soon z new gr[? appe>s on ! ho/ tree !y beg9 fe$+ on ! t5d] leaves & /ems4 ,soon !y beg9 lay+ _! eggs 9 cresc5t %ap$ punctures :i* !y cut 9 ! new %oots & nutlets4 ,! l>vae hat* 9 a few days & tunnel ?r\gh ! pi? ( ! %oots s]i\sly injur+ & /unt+ _! gr[? :ile ! infe/$ nuts soon fall f ! tree4 ,! eggs may be laid f late ,may to e>ly ,augu/4 ,!y hat* 9 a few days4 ,! l>vae complete _! gr[? 9 f\r or five weeks :5 !y ent] ! gr\nd to pupate4 ,9 ab\t a mon? !y em]ge z adult beetles & beg9 fe$+ on leaves & leaf /ems z _! p>5ts did 9 ! spr+1 b !y w d no egg lay+ until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,poison spray appli$ 9 e>ly spr+ & aga9 9 late ,augu/ & ,septemb] %\ld s r$uce _! numb]s t !y w n become a s]i\s pe/4 ,our ,/ate ,exp]im5t ,/ation sugge/s ! use ( a cryolite spray z x is m effective aga9/ curculios ?an ars5ical sprays & less likely to injure t5d] walnut foliage4 ,! ,mit*ell hybrid1 7butt]nut x he>tnut7 ) u1 appe>s to h natural immunity to ! curculio4 ,?is br+s to m9d a second>y b v important reason = f9d+ bett] butt]nuts1--namely t !y may be us$ z a />t+ po9t = ! sup] v>iety t someone %\ld give ! _w f 8 long r[s ( crosses betwe5 ! be/ butt]nuts & ! be/ he>tnuts4 ,! nut gr[]s ( ?is c\ntry are indebt$ to ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,h4 ,graves ( ! ,brooklyn ,botanic ,g>d5 = a complete /udy ( ! ,melanconis disease ( ! butt]nut4 ,?is /udy 0 begun 9 ,new ,york ,city b has s9ce be5 widely ext5d$4 ,he ?9ks t ! disease is probably pres5t ?r\gh\t ! entire range ( ! butt]nut & is usually responsible = ! dead limbs t are s (t5 se5 9 butt]nut trees4 ,! ,japanese walnut is also susceptible4 ,! disease usually ent]s ! tree ?r\gh twigs t h be5 injur$ 9 "s way4 ,8 conclusions1 aft] ?or\gh sci5tific laboratory & field "w cov]+ a p]iod ( ov] tw5ty ye>s1 is t x is caus$ by a weak p>asitic fungus attack+ rapidly only :5 ! ho/ tree is 9 a weak5$ condition2 t x may lie practically dormant 9 vigor\s trees & t x may be successfully combatt$ by f]tiliz+1 mul*+1 provid+ necess>y wat] 9 "t ( dr\ght & avoidance ( any condition t might weak5 ! tree4 ,all dead twigs & all twigs %[+ fruit+ bodies ( ! fungus %\ld be prun$ (f "s di/ance bel[ ! app>5t infection z soon z discov]$ & ! prun+ w\nds pa9t$4 ,dr4 ,graves ?9ks x possible t butt]nuts graft$ on black walnut /ocks may h _! vigor increas$ suffici5tly to help 9 w>d+ (f ! disease4 ,mr4 ,wes*cke says t1 al?\gh ! ,melanconis disease is preval5t 9 8 locality1 !re has nev] be5 ! slighte/ indication ( x on ! butt]nut trees :i* he has gr[+ on black walnut /ocks4 ,if kept free ( disease ! butt]nut may rea* great size4 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,t4 ,morris has /at$ t :5 he 0 a boy !re 7 magnific5t butt]nut trees ov] ! great] "p ( ,connecticut4 ,!re /ill rema9s ! /umbl+ block ( lack ( really out/&+ v>ieties be>+ nuts ( good size1 l>ge p]c5tage ( k]nel & p]fect %ell+ quality ) heavy & regul> be>+4 ,?is is a l>ge ord] to fill b x is a fair guess t some:]e !re are wild trees bett] ?an any ?us f> br\ght to light4 ,try+ to locate !m %\ld be an excit+ assignm5t = a nut tree en?usia/4 ,d n ?9k lightly ( a butt]nut tree j because x looks small & un?rifty4 ,x may be t ! fault lies 9 an unfavorable location4 ,only an appraisal ( ! nut w e/abli% its value4 ,! butt]nut is fairly abundant ?r\gh\t its range :i* ext5ds well up into ,canada4 ,9 c5tral ,new ,york !re are unc\nt$ ?\s&s ( butt]nut trees along f5ce r[s1 9 ! l>ge & small valleys & along little /reams4 ,"o p]son ) limit$ "t c h>dly hope to exam9e m ?an a small proportion ( !m dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! nuts are ripe4 ,! sc\t = bett] nuts %\ld lose no opportunity to tell 8 err& to ! p t he meets4 ,i h f\nd ! av]age /rang] int]e/$ & coop]ative4 ,he may direct y to a sup]ior tree t y w\ld nev] o!rwise f9d4 ,= ?is "w "o mu/ be able1 l ! successful inv5tor1 to hold 8 en?usiasm aft] _m disappo9tm5ts4 ,if ! covet$ v>iety is n f\nd1 "o at lea/ has be5 out 9 ! woods & fields dur+ a wond]ful "t ( ye>4 ,! ,use ( ,f]tiliz] 9 a ,walnut ,or*>d ,by ,l4 ,k4 ,,ho/ett]1 ,p5nsylvania ,sometime 9 ! fall ( #aida ,pr(essor ,fagan ( ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college1 & ,mr4 ,graham ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 call$ on me & propos$ to make "s f]tiliz] te/s 9 my walnut or*>d4 ,! foll[+ spr+ ,pr(essor ,fagan s5t me #af bags ( f]tiliz]1 "o bag = ea* tree4 ,^! te/s 7 divid$ into ?ree p>ts & ea* "p _h "o tree t receiv$ nitrog51 sup]phosphate & pota%1 "o t receiv$ nitrog5 & sup]phosphate1 "o nitrog5 & pota%1 "o sup]phosphate only & "o pota% only & a six? tree t receiv$ no f]tiliz]4 ,9 ! fir/ gr\p all ! trees receiv$ a lib]al am\nt ( mul*4 ,9 ! second gr\p !y receiv$ no mul* b ! same f]tiliz] z ! fir/ gr\p & 9 ! ?ird gr\p !y receiv$ ! same f]tiliz]1 no mul* b raw lime 0 add$ to ! f]tiliz]4 ,"o tree receiv$ lime only4 ,!re 0 a heavy sod 9 ! "p ( ! field :]e ^! te/s 7 to be made4 ,?is sod 0 torn up ) a spr+too? h>r[ 7we$ hog7 ab\t ,m>* #ae? & ! f]tiliz] 0 appli$ on ,may #f?4 ,t ye> 0 a v poor "o 9 :i* to make ^! te/s1 = dur+ all ( ,july & ,augu/ we _h cont9u\s ra9y & cl\dy wea!r & by ! fir/ ( ,septemb] all ( ! leaves _h turn$ yell[ & dropp$4 ,mo/ ( ! trees _h a big crop ( walnuts :i* 7 ga!r$ ab\t ,octob] #aj?1 ! nuts f ea* tree be+ kept sep>ate4 ,aft] !y 7 crack$ ! k]nels 7 weigh$ & grad$ & believe x or n1 ! tree t receiv$ lime only _h ! be/ grade ( k]nels1 & second be/ 7 "o t receiv$ lime & pota% & ano!r lime1 nitrog5 & pota%4 ,! tree t receiv$ mul* & pota% also _h a v good grade ( k]nels4 ,9 #aidc ! same te/s 7 repeat$4 ,?is 0 aga9 a poor ye> = we _h v little ra9 dur+ all ( ,augu/ & ,septemb] j :5 ! trees ne$$ x mo/4 ,! tree t receiv$ no?+ _h ! be/ quality ( k]nels & aga9 all ! trees t receiv$ pota% _h good k]nels4 ,9 #aida ,i grew two acres ( tobacco & ! foll[+ spr+ ! /alks 7 cut 9 "o-in* pieces & put on ab\t tw5ty-five trees4 ,! fir/ ye> ,i c\ld n see t x did any good b ?is pa/ summ] all ! k]nels f ^! trees 7 j p]fect4 ,x surely is a pleasure to crack walnuts :5 at lea/ #ih ( ! k]nels are p]fect4 ,lime & ,f]tiliz]s = ,our ,black ,walnut ,trees ,by ,,sew>d ,,b]h[1 ,i[a ,9 #aida-aidb-aidc black walnut crops f trees gr[+ 9 timb]l& 9 competition ) o!r trees 7 ne>ly a total failure4 ,! nuts 7 fair 9 numb] b n fill$1 ! k]nels badly %rivel$1 t\gh1 lack+ greatly 9 flavor & discolor$4 ,"s ( ^! black walnut trees h be5 be>+ = #ej ye>s4 ,are !y ?r\gh1 due to hav+ us$ up all ! soil f]tility8 ,wild or native black walnut trees1 gr[+ on good soil & n cr[d$ h done bett]4 ,x looks to me z if x is "t our exp]im5t /ations1 p>ticul>ly ^? hav+ black walnut trees on or ne> _! gr\nds %\ld />t /udy+ ! cultural requirem5ts ( nut trees 9 ! way ( lime & f]tiliz] = bett] nuts4 ,i h exp]im5t$ by apply+ lime & f]tiliz] to a few be>+ trees ) v good results4 ,b we ne$ to "k ! prop] am\nts to be us$ = all sizes ( trees f ! transplants to ! be>+ trees ( diff]5t sizes4 ,su* inve/igations c be/ be conduct$ by our exp]im5t /ations4 ,!re is a v sub/antial increas$ dem& = graft$ nut trees ea* ye>4 ,?is is evid5ce t we %\ld make a /udy ( our nut tree culture & c>e4 ,! ,propagation ( ,black ,walnuts ,?r\gh ,budd+ ,by ,,/]l+ ,,smi?1 ,ohio ,! propagation ( black walnuts by budd+ has prov5 a highly successful exp]i5ce4 ,by foll[+ ?is me?od ov] a p]iod ( sev]al ye>s1 "u normal wea!r conditions1 ! results h be5 fairly uni=m4 ,/ocks1 ^u :i* to bud1 may ei!r be secur$ f private nurs]ies1 /ate =e/ry dep>tm5ts1 or by plant+ ! se$ ( vigor\s native nut trees4 ,if "o desires to produce 8 own /ock1 ! nut se$s %\ld be plant$ soon aft] !y are ga!r$4 ,a g>d5 nurs]y r[ makes a desirable place = small plant+s4 ,if a l>ge scale increase is contemplat$ x is be/ to plant ! se$s :]e ! trees may be left to gr[ to maturity4 ,plant two or ?ree se$s a few in*es ap>t 7)9 a hill7 & space ^! hills z ! l& available w w>rant1 any:]e f tw5ty-five to fifty feet ap>t4 ,%\ld all ! nuts spr\t !re w be a ?ree-to-"o *ance = a heal?y tree1 & if m ?an "o good tree is produc$ 9 ea* hill ! excess /ock may be transplant$4 ,aft] ! /ock has gr[n = "o ye> x %\ld be cut back to )9 f\r in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,su* /ock makes good mat]ial = exp]im5tal graft+4 ,by prun+ ! /ock 9 ! spr+ x =ces new gr[? ^u :i* to place buds lat] 9 ! season4 ,9 ! budd+ process ! ,jones pat* budd] has be5 v successfully us$4 ,along ! s\!rn %ore ( ,lake ,erie ! fir/ week 9 ,july is a favorable "t to beg9 ?is proc$ure4 ,due to ! fact t ! nor!a/ side ( ! tree is ! coole/ & %adie/ ! great] "p ( ! day1 !re ! buds %\ld be set4 ,) ! budd+ tool cut ?r\gh ! b>k ( ! /ock1 sev]al in*es above ! />t ( ! new gr[?4 ,d n remove ! b>k4 ,?is produces a ga!r+ ( callus-=m+ mat]ial at ?is po9t & aids 9 ! heal+ 9 ( ! bud :i* is to be lat] plac$ !re4 ,my exp]i5ce %[s successful results 9 _m in/ances :]e ,i _h fail$ to make ?is previ\s cut4 ,bud wood %\ld be new & vigor\s gr[?1 ! fir/ five or six buds ne>e/ ! spot f :i* ! gr[? />t$ be+ ! be/4 ,:5 ! bud wood is available cut (f ! fir/ f\r or five leaf /alks close to ! buds4 ,by ! "t ! buds are ready = use ! rema9d] ( ! leaf /alk w h rip5$ or dri$ & fall5 (f1 & ! b>k und]nea? h>d5$ (f4 ,if ?is is n ! case ! b>k is apt to rot at ?is po9t1 :i* is directly b5ea? ! bud itself4 ,bud wood1 procur$ f any s\rce1 %\ld be trimm$ ) ! /ub ( ! leaf /alk cut z closely z possible to ! b>k4 ,if ! budd+ is n done imm$iately ^? cutt+s may be wrapp$ & /or$ 9 a cool place 7ab\t #dj deg4 ,f47 = sev]al days be=e us+4 ,9 a hot1 dry season ! actual budd+ %\ld be />t$ soon aft] ! middle ( ,july4 ,due to ! excessive am\nt ( ra9fall dur+ #aidc1 buds :i* 7 set on ,july #bd? yield$ poor results1 :ile ^? appli$ lat] 9 ! summ]1 ab\t ,augu/ #ab?1 heal$ 9 "o hundr$ p] c5t4 ,proc$ure3 ,cut ! pat* bud f ! bud /ick ) ! bud 9 ! c5t] ( ! pat*4 ,place ?is pat* bud betwe5 ! lips1 z ?is is a clean & conv5i5t place to hold x4 ,next1 cut ! pat*1 :i* has be5 previ\sly m>k$ out1 & quickly place ! new pat* 9 ! op5+1 ty+ 9 place4 ,z _m z ?ree or f\r buds may be simil>ly set be=e !y are coat$ ) wax4 ,p>ap9 wax 7a p>aff9 & p9e gum mixture7 is an excell5t sub/ance = coat+ ! buds1 due to its rubb]-l1 non-crack+ qualities4 ,a conv5i5t homemade contrivance = melt+ ! wax may be made by sold]+ a small c into ! top ( a railroad lant]n4 ,rubb] b&s ( good quality h be5 made especially = budd+ by sev]al l>ge rubb] companies4 ,^! are ideal = ty+ ! buds 9 place & may be reus$ sev]al seasons4 ,treekote1 an asphalt emulsion1 has prov5 a successful sub/ance = coat+ ! new "w4 ,aft] ! buds h set = two weeks remove ! rubb] b&s & exam9e4 ,:]e buds h fail$ to heal 9 prop]ly1 & room rema9s on ! /ock1 new buds may be appli$ j bel[ ! sc>4 ,:5 ! trees %[ signs ( gr[?1 ! foll[+ spr+1 cut !m back to ! top ( ! bud pat*1 cov] ! cut ) ,treekote & prev5t all gr[? on ! orig9al /ock f develop+4 ,! plac$ buds are frequ5tly sl[] 9 />t+ ?an ! natural buds4 ,a /ake driv5 beside ! "y /ock makes a conv5i5t support = ! rapid new gr[?1 :i* %\ld be ti$ to prev5t break+ by /rong w9ds4 ,trees />t$ 9 ! nurs]y may be transplant$ to p]man5t locations ! foll[+ spr+1 inasmu* z ! spr+ ( ! ye> has prov5 a m satisfactory "t = transplant+ ?an ! fall4 ,to atta9 success 9 transplant+ ! newly dug tree1 roots %\ld be expos$ z little z possible to ! air4 ,prep>e ! holes be=e digg+ ! trees1 mov+ "o tree at a "t = be/ results4 ,move z mu* ( ! root /ock z possible1 usually ab\t #ah to #bd in*es4 ,trim roots ) a %>p knife1 mak+ a clean cut fac+ d[nw>d4 ,remove at lea/ half ( ! top gr[? ( ! tree & plant at once1 tamp+ ! loose dirt firmly ab\t ! roots4 ,wat] g5]\sly & sl[ly ar\nd ! loose soil to aid 9 wa%+ ! dirt ?or\ghly ar\nd ! newly di/urb$ roots4 ,) sev]e prun+1 trees may be transplant$ aft] new gr[? has />t$4 ,dur+ p]iods ( dr\ght ! soil ar\nd ! trees %\ld be ?or\ghly soak$ f "t to "t4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be said t due to v>y+ conditions ( soil1 climate & locality1 = be/ results ! prop] "t to bud may be ei!r e>li] or lat] 9 localities o!r ?an nor!rn ,ohio4 ,v>i\s factors may alt] ! proc$ure 9 ^? localities due to ! individual op]ator's exp]im5tation1 f :i* he has devis$ me?ods giv+ him ! be/ results4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note3 ,! trade-"n items m5tion$ 9 ?is article may be obta9$ f any reliable nurs]y supply h\se4 ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[+ ,by ,,joseph ,,g]>di1 ,ill9ois ,judg+ f ! dem& = nut trees ! public is fa/ becom+ aw>e ( ! possibilities ( gr[+ its own nuts4 ,h]et(ore nut gr[+ has be5 conf9$ to two favorable sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! we/ coa/ & ! s\!rn pecan groves4 ,b1 n[ we c safely plant ! pecan z f> nor? z ,spr+field1 ,ill9ois1 & f all indications "s trees f\nd 9 ,cass ,c\nty w ext5d ! nor!rn limit ano!r "o hundr$ miles4 ,! pecan is ! favorite nut ( ne>ly ev]yone1 9 fact x is pref]r$ to any o!r nut = its pleas+ flavor & easy crack+4 ,wild nuts us$ to be ga!r$ f native trees )\t consult+ ! own]1 b s9ce !y are sell+ at good prices ! own]s ( trees ga!r !m !mselves4 ,=tunately1 ?r\gh ef=ts ( f>-see+ individuals "s v good pecans h be5 f\nd t c be gr[n successfully mu* f>!r nor? ?an ! s\!rn pecan belt4 ,our nut en?usia/1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 has drawn ! att5tion ( ! writ] to ?ree promis+ pecans t he locat$ 9 ,cass ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois4 ,?is ext5ds ! nor!rn pecan limit mu* f>!r nor? ?an we =mally consid]$ !m adaptable4 ,= ?is locality we c n[ boa/ ( q a li/ ( pecans t h be5 do+ well4 ,( ! old] introductions ,gre5riv] & ,buss]on c safely be recomm5d$1 & ( c\rse1 ! local f9ds are all good "h1 at lea/ ! p>5t trees are do+ s well t ! public is plant+ !m 9 pref]5ce to ! old] introductions4 ,we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] ,giles1 ,cl>kville & ,norton c be recomm5d$4 ,prospective pecan plant]s %\ld be> ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 m9d4 ,environm5t has a decid$ influ5ce on ! behavior ( plants & ! nut tree is no exception4 ,z !y are tak5 f>!r nor? ( _! orig9al habitat ! nuts become small] & d n fill z well4 ,! black walnut may be consid]$ an exception to ?is /atem5t4 ,_m local f9ds & "s s\!rn pecans are p]fectly h>dy z f> nor? z ,*icago & ,ont>io1 b c n be expect$ to rip5 any ( _! nuts4 ,_m s\!rn pecan trees 9 ?is locality are wond]ful lawn trees b z be>]s !y are wor?less4 ,! ,black ,walnut ,! li/ ( black walnuts is altoge!r too long4 ,( ! num]\s introductions only a few are reta9+ _! popul>ity4 ,9 ?is section ,i w\ld /ill plant ,/ambaugh = its crack+ & be>+ qualities & its ?9 %ell1 b its flavor does n equal t ( ,?omas & ,m9tle4 ,! ,m9tle is small] b a mu* bett] crack] ?an ,?omas4 ,x is also a "y & heavy be>]1 gr[s fa/ & /raight z a c&le & grafts easily4 ,! ,elm] ,my]s w become ! mo/ popul> black walnut 9 sections :]e x does well1 provid$ its ?9 %ell w )/& ma*9]y hull+ )\t injury to ! nuts4 ,we h n fruit$ ! ,my]s z yet4 ,! black walnut is fa/ rival+ ! pecan1 & = confection surpasses x because x reta9s its flavor aft] be+ cook$ or bak$4 ,p]sian ,walnuts ,! ,p]sian walnut 9 spite ( its popul>ity does n appeal to me4 ,its flavor c n comp>e ) t ( ! pecan1 hickory1 or black walnut4 ,besides1 x is too exact+ z to climate & soil4 ,we h tri$ all ! suppos$ly h>dy ones b s f> only "o w )/& our *angeable climate4 ,?is "o came f a ,new ,york nurs]y & ! "n 0 lo/4 ,we li/ x z ! ,s*midt = ! man :o owns ! tree4 ,?is tree is n[ "s tw5ty ye>s old & be>+ well4 ,s f> x is rema9+ heal?y z also are ! trees graft$ f x4 ,our tr\ble ) all o!r v>ieties ( ?is species is t !y make a second gr[? 9 fall & !n succumb to fro/4 ,( all ! ,broadviews1 ,%af]s1 ,pek9s & ,cra? se$l+s we h graft$ 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s n "o is n[ alive 9 ?is locality4 ,some?+ puzzl+ to me is t two ,broadview se$l+s we n[ h gr[+ f se$ ,i obta9$ f ,mr4 ,corsan ( ,isl+ton1 ,ont>io1 are gr[+ sl[ly b are /ill heal?y aft] ! '#dj & '#da seasons4 ,all ! re/ ( ! trees f ?is same se$ succumb$4 ,filb]ts1 ,hazels & ,_! ,hybrids ,! ,w9kl] hazel fail$ to be> ! pa/ season ! fir/ "t 9 #ae ye>s4 ,all pure filb]ts we h tri$ 9 ?is locality are a failure4 ,( ! hybrids1 ,bixby & ,bu*anan are promis+4 ,*e/nuts ,! ,mollissima *e/nut is v promis+ 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,! tree requires protection 9 ?is locality z x sun scalds badly if n protect$4 ,no d\bt _m or*>ds w be plant$ 9 ! future4 ,propagat+ ,nut ,trees ,?is is a fasc9at+ subject full ( disappo9tm5ts4 ,we h our ups & d[ns z does ev]yone else :o attempts x4 ,i get num]\s lett]s tell+ ( _! exp]i5ce & tr\bles ask+ = details j h[ to g ab\t x4 ,:at makes x s fasc9at+ is t 9 c]ta9 seasons we h fabul\s success & !m aga9 9 o!rs almo/ complete failure4 ,fall ( '#da & spr+ ( '#db we av]ag$ #ge cat*es 9 budd+ *e/nuts4 ,fall ( '#db & spr+ ( '#dc our *e/nut budd+ 0 j ab\t nil1 only #c or #d cat*es1 & ,i am at a loss h[ to acc\nt = ?is v>iance4 ,a budd$ *e/nut tree is mu* sup]ior to a graft$ "o z f> z ! union is conc]n$4 ,graft$ trees usually d n knit well ! fir/ season :ile at two ye>s ! union is good4 ,s we also mu/ le>n our *e/nut propagation all ov] aga94 ,i h a lett] be=e me f ,bro!r ,bor/ ask+ :y 8 walnut buds took s well & n "o ( !m vegetat$ 9 spr+4 ,?is happ5$ to u a numb] ( times on bo? walnuts & hickories4 ,also1 9 ! same season1 we h _h "o or two v>ieties1 ( :i* we did n set _m buds or grafts1 to %[ #ajj cat*es1 :ile o!r v>ieties set ! same day w\ld be #ajj failure4 ,app>5tly all scions us$ 7 9 prime condition4 ,:y !n ?is great v>iance8 ,:ile we us$ ! d\ble-blad$ knife = budd+ & ! side graft = graft+1 o!r me?ods are j z successful "u skill$ h&s4 ,! skill ( ! op]ator has mu* to d ) x4 ,fall budd+ ( p]simmons4 ,! p]simmon has only ab\t t5 days 9 :i* x w fall bud4 ,be=e or aft] ?is p]iod budd+ w n succe$4 ,x also is important t ! scions be tak5 f ?rifty trees a numb] ( ye>s old4 ,! ord9>y ,t %ield budd+ gives good success on ! p]simmon ei!r spr+ or fall4 ,! spr+ bud /icks %\ld be p]fectly dormant4 ,butt]nut & ,japanese ,walnuts & ,_! ,hybrids ,none ( ^! are wor? ! space !y occupy 9 ?is locality4 #a-ah on :i* ,i report$ la/ ye> didn't set a nut ?is season4 ,( all ! he>tnuts ,i am acqua9t$ ) none are satisfactory4 ,!re is a siebold tree 9 ,/4 ,l\is t s f> we h be5 unable to graft t promises to be adapt$ to ?is vic9ity4 ,x is good be>]1 good crack] & pleasant flavor4 ,?is class ( nuts is adopt$ to ! nor? :]e ! pecan is unsatisfactory4 ,! ,hicans & ,hickories ,! hicans are num]\s 9 ?is & adjac5t c\nties4 ,:ile a numb] ( !m are good1 ,i h locat$ none t c comp>e favorably ) ,bixby1 ,g]>di1 & ,pleas = ?is locality4 ,! ,pleas is a bitt]nut hybrid & has "s bitt]ness 9 ! k]nel1 b no m ?an ! ,engli% walnut & p l x4 ,( ! tw5ty hicans we h tri$ ! above ?ree only are satisfactory4 ,9 ?is latitude ! hicans are unque/ionably ! mo/ satisfactory nut trees to plant4 ,!y gr[ fa/1 be> "y1 h a high flavor1 crack well & are unsurpass$ z %ade or lawn trees4 ,"h ! ,g]>di & ,bixby are ! be/ s f> fruit$4 ,! ,pleas is v ornam5tal b lacks flavor4 ,! ,burl+ton & ,fairbanks are adapt$ to ! nor? b "h are n satisfactory be>]s4 ,i h reports on ab\t #be ,g]>di hican se$l+s4 ,!y are all wor?less1 small] 9 nut ?an ei!r pecans or hickories4 ,! peculi> ?+ is t "s ( ! pecans are decid$ly bitt] 9 flavor z also are "s ( ! hickories4 ,two ( ! se$l+s %[ %ellb>k blood4 ,h&l+ ! nut weevil & plum curculio4 ,two ye>s ago ! few nuts ! ,g]>di hican _h 7 all wormy4 ,la/ spr+ ,i cultivat$ ! gr\nd ) a "o-horse cultivator & gave our *ick5s free access to ! fea/4 ,!y made s good a job ( x t n a s+le nut 0 /ung ?is season4 ,:]e ! gr\nd c be flood$ = sev]al days ?is w also ext]m9ate ! weevil4 ,! same treatm5t applies to plum curculio4 ,cultivation %\ld be done be=e gr[? />ts 9 spr+1 or q late 9 fall4 ,if anyone ev] got a ,pleas hybrid nut to gr[ ,i w\ld appreciate ev] s mu* to he> f him4 ,s f> all my trials to g]m9ate ! nuts h fail$4 ,i may add t 9 my e/imation no l& on ?is globe is bless$ ) a nut flora t equals t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,nut ,putt]+ 9 an ,(f ,ye> ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+1 ,connecticut ,i did manage to get ov] to ,avon ,old ,f>ms1 ! boys' s*ool1 & topwork a few hickory trees4 ,all grew1 ab\t a doz51 except ?ree scions ( "o k9d t ,i put 9 "o tree4 ,?is is ! ?ird ye> t ,i h graft$ hickories on ! gr\nds ( ?is s*ool1 "s ?ree ?\s& acres4 ,! s*ool 0 plann$ & built by ,mrs4 ,!odate ,pope ,riddle1 & ,i 0 told !re t x co/ sev5 million doll>s4 ,x is a beautiful & orig9al gr\p ( build+s 9 ! lovely ,f>m+ton ,riv] ,valley1 well wor? visit+4 ,mr4 ,sp]ry ! sci5ce tea*]1 is deeply int]e/$ 9 ! nut trees4 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,h>m\nt ,graves & ,i h bo? giv5 him a numb] ( *e/nut trees1 & ,i h add$ a v>iety ( o!rs1 walnuts1 p]simmons1 papaws1 pecans1 filb]ts & o!rs z well z ! topwork$ se$l+ hickories4 ,! trees h be5 giv5 reasonably good & intellig5t c>e4 ,_m trees 7 badly w9t] kill$ or injur$ la/ w9t] :5 ! temp]ature dropp$ to tw5ty-f\r bel[ z]o 9 ,h>t=d1 (ficial1 & is said to h rea*$ =ty bel[ 9 ,lit*field c\nty4 ,japanese *e/nuts 7 especially badly injur$4 ,b hybrids hav+ an ,am]ican /ra9 seem$ g5]ally to be little injur$4 ,filb]ts also %[$ bad injury4 ,pecans1 p]simmons & a papaw seem$ to h wea!r$ ! w9t]1 ?\gh !y %\ld be fur!r obs]v$ be=e decid+4 ,! nut trees h be5 set out 9 or*>d =m ov] tracts ( a numb] ( acres & well f]tiliz$4 ,! l& is good4 ,incid5tally ,mr4 ,sp]ry express$ ! ?anks ( ! s*ool ) m ?an "o bottle--( f9e maple syrup :i* he & ! boys make e spr+4 ,! mollissima *e/nut tree 9 my y>d at ,lit*field1 :i* ,dr4 ,graves consid]s rem>kable because x be>s a mod]ate crop ( f]tile nuts e ye> )\t app>5t b5efit ( outside poll9ation1 0 /ripp$ almo/ b>e ( bran*es by an ice /orm4 ,x _h rea*$ ?irty five feet 9 height1 ma9ly1 p]haps because pretty well surr\nd$ by tall] trees4 ,n[ x has to />t ov] aga9 f a mu* l[] height4 ,x bore a few nuts on ! rema9+ bran*es ?is ye>4 ,on acc\nt ( ! re/rictions on driv+ ,i did n visit ,mr4 ,beeman at ,new ,pre/on1 b he wrote me t he _h a few qu>ts ( hickory nuts1 *iefly ,glov] f "o ( 8 l>ge topwork$ trees4 ,he has a c\ple ( acres set out to graft$ hickories1 "s ( :i* h be5 be>+ = sev]al ye>s4 ,pretty good = a man n[ #hf :o began nut gr[+ less ?an t5 ye>s ago & :o has s]i\s physical h&icaps4 ,he is ! man1 z _m ( y d n "k1 :o1 :5 he began ) nut trees1 built scaffolds #dj feet high ab\t ea* ( two hickory trees 9 8 y>d1 & topwork$ !m almo/ to ! la/ bran* by a me?od ( 8 own ,"o reason = 8 success is t he is a viol9 mak] ) a record ( p]haps fifty viol9s1 violas & 'cellos1 & he makes 8 own tools4 ,he is a mode/ man :om x is a privilege to "k4 ,i h _h "s int]e/+ exp]i5ces ) papaws ?is ye>4 ,= ! fir/ "t ,i h succe$$ 9 gr[+ ! se$ int5tionally4 ,! only o!r "t :5 ,i h _h se$l+s 0 :5 a bun* ( !m came up by !mselves 9 ! y>d z ?ick z hair on a dog4 ,la/ ye> 7#aidb7 9 ! fall1 ,i scatt]$ a lot o,l se$ 9 a p]5nial b$ & pok$ !m 9 ) a cane & also 9 a re5trant angle ( a h\se look+ to ! nor!a/1 beh9d "s r luxuriant ,*ri/mas roses 7helleborus nig]7 :]e !re wore also lilies-(-!-valley & jack-9-!-pulpits & ! soil _h be5 r heavily enri*$4 ,9 bo? places ! papaws came up q freely1 especially 9 ! angle ( ! h\se :]e ! sun /ruck only a %ort "t ea* day4 ,! *ief reason1 h[ev]1 0 probably ! ri*1 deep soil4 ,^! se$l+s ) taproots #f to #h in*es long 7 easily transplant$ ) _! leaves on4 ,i br\ght f\r ( !m to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,florida4 ,!y are said to be native 9 upp] ,florida4 ,dr4 ,zimm]man1 :o 0 our au?ority on papaws1 said t he ?\ght h& poll9ation 0 necess>y = good crops4 ,i h be5 mak+ obs]vations on ?is = sev]al ye>s & 9 #aidb obta9$ confirmatory results4 ,la/ spr+ 7#aidc7 ,i h&-poll9at$ a tree ab\t #ah feet high us+ poll5 f a numb] ( o!r trees4 ,?is 0 ! same tree on :i* ,i _h _h good results 9 #aidb ov] ! limit$ "p ( ! tree t ,i _h be5 able to rea* f ! gr\nd4 ,?is ye> ,i us$ a /epladd]4 ,also1 because ! tree 0 close to a tool h\se1 on ! gr\nds ( ! p>k sup]9t5d5t1 ,i 0 able to rea* ! top ( ! tree f ! ro( ( ! tool h\se4 ,f ?is tree ,i ga!r$ ab\t #ajj fruits1 all b two p]fect1 weigh+ toge!r #bc p\nds4 ,!re 7 sev]al bun*es ( ?ree & f\r & "o ( six4 ,! quality ,i did n ?9k z good z "s4 ,b x seem$ a pretty good demon/ration ( ! value ( h& poll9at+4 ,9 ! y>d ( a h\se 9 ,h>t=d1 belong+ to ! wid[ ( a high s*ool classmate ( m9e1 ,i f\nd a numb] ( papaw trees1 "s ( !m z big z !y (t5 gr[1 p]haps =ty feet high & up to a foot 9 diamet]4 ,! lady told me t !y us$ to be> abundantly :5 h] neighbor j ov] ! f5ce kept bees4 ,s9ce ^! are gone %e has _h v few or no fruit at all & ! squirrels got !m1 if !re 7 any4 ,i poll9at$ a lot ( blossoms t ,i c\ld rea* f ! gr\nd & 9 ! fall !y 7 q load$ ) clu/]s ( fruit1 b mu* small] ?an ^? on ! fir/ tree describ$4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 ( bett] quality4 ,!re 0 also a small numb] ( fruit 9 ! high bran*es ( ! trees & "s ( ^! ! squirrels cut (f1 b app>5tly j = fun z ,i did n see any sign ( _! eat+ !m4 ,i am writ+ ?is 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,florida4 ,i bo>d$ fir/ ) a man :o describes himself on 8 c>d z a tree surgeon do+ graft+ & budd+1 spray+1 f]tiliz+ & prun+4 ,?is ye> he took ! ag5cy = ! ,mahan pecan & has sold q a numb] at #e ea*1 ) "o ord] = tw5ty trees4 ,^! are put out by ! ,monticello1 ,florida nurs]y4 ,! hi/ory ( _! buy+ ! ,mahan pecan tree1 & a picture ( ! p>5t tree 9 its orig9al home1 is giv5 9 ! files ( ! ,am]ican ,nut ,j\rnal1 an index ( ! sev5te5 volumes ( :i* ,i complet$ ?is ye>4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t sets out all ! trees he sells & is meticul\s 9 do+ s4 ,ne>by is a good siz$ ,mahan tree ) /ill q a crop ( nuts 79 ,novemb]7 aft] a good _m h be5 ga!r$4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t speaks well ( ?is pecan tree z a good be>]1 ) nuts well-fill$ & ( good quality4 ,i hav5't crack$ en\gh ( !m to v]ify ^! /atem5ts b !y are (f]$ by ! ,monticello ,nurs]y 9 fifty-p\nd lots4 ,!y sell at ,webb's 9 ?is city = #fe c5ts a p\nd4 ,s*leys ,i believe sell = #de c5ts at ! same place4 ,! ,mahan is1 ,i ?9k1 ! l>ge/ pure pecan1 ab\t a ?ird l>g] ?an ! ,s*ley & ^? ,i h se5 7 equally ?9-%ell$4 ,i m5tion ?is because ,i _h suppos$ t pecans did n d well z f> s\? z ?is4 ,yet ,i see _m trees ab\t ! city1 "s ) fair crops on !m & "s 9 good foliage1 ?\gh _m1 or all ( !m ,i h obs]v$1 are p>tially defoliat$ by ! fall web worm4 ,i saw "o f9e tree t ,i 0 told 0 a ,/u>t4 ,! ,moneymak] also is said to d well "h4 ,i speak p>ticul>ly ( ! ,mahan because x has n1 s f> z ,i "k1 _h ! unqualifi$ approval ( ! exp]ts4 ,b :at has8 ,& ,i don't "k t x des]ves x4 ,x is a joy to be among ! _m citrus fruit trees1 ! guavas1 papayas1 avocadoes1 loquats1 sur9am *]ries1 new & /range fruits & fl[]s ( _m k9ds 9 ,florida4 ,! ,au/ralian or ,que5sl& nut1 ,macadamia t]nifolia1 gr[ & be> well "h1 ,i am told--b ! squirrels got all ! nuts6 ,b ! greate/ joy ( all is ! fre$om f ice & sn[4 ,nut ,nurs]y ,notes ,by ,h4 ,f4 ,,/oke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,! pres5t season has se5 an increase ( int]e/ 9 nut tree plant+ t is new 9 my exp]i5ce4 ,?is int]e/ is app>5t n only 9 retail ord]s1 b is reflect$ 9 inquiries receiv$ f l>ge g5]al nurs]ies1 _m ( :i* h n be5 li/+ nut trees4 ,i d n believe t ?is int]e/ 9 food-produc+ trees is a pass+ phase ( ! w>1 b t x w cont9ue if hone/ly cat]$ to & wisely direct$4 ,) apologies = p]sonal ref]5ce1 ! dem&s ( my small comm]cial nurs]y on my "t & att5tion h become s heavy t ,i am fac$ ) ! necessity ( ei!r build+ a p]man5t organization ( skill$ work]s or dropp+ out altoge!r4 ,due to advanc+ ye>s & o!r consid]ations ,i am *oos+ ! latt] c\rse4 ,because ( ?is ,i feel free to make c]ta9 rem>ks z to ! future ( nut tree production t ,i w\ld hesitate to make if ,i 7 /ill 9 ! bus9ess4 ,)\t d\bt _m ( ! l>ge comm]cial g5]al nurs]ies w take up ! gr[+ & sell+ ( nut trees4 ,we :o h pione]$ 9 ?is "w1 %\ld welcome ! increas$ public int]e/ t w result f ! m ext5sive adv]tis+ & catalog+ ( nut trees4 ,! speciali/ :o has work$ out propagation1 poll9ation & v>iety problems %\ld be m ?an able to hold 8 own aga9/ ! competition ( newcom]s 9 8 field1 h[ev] l>ge4 ,z all old-tim]s "k1 !re are c]ta9 factors 9 ! gr[+ ( nut nurs]y /ock t d n l5d !mselves to ! mass-production me?ods ( ! l>ge g5]al nurs]ies4 ,/ocks1 g5]ally1 take long] to produce4 ,x may take z mu* z six ye>s to produce a saleable hickory tree f ! "t ! se$ is plant$4 ,failures 9 graft+ & budd+ walnuts run high1 especially ) beg9n]s4 ,a cat* ( tw5ty-five p] c5t means ei!r selective h& digg+ mu/ be resort$ to or sev5ty-five p] c5t ( ! se$l+ /ock mu/ be sacrific$ if p[] digg+ is us$4 ,suitable graft+ /ock = *e/nuts is /ill a matt] ( controv]sy4 ,good au?orities claim t ,*9ese *e/nut is unreliable z a root /ock :ile o!rs1 includ+ myself1 z /\tly ma9ta9 t ! ma9 ne$ is = prop] te*nique 9 graft+ & budd+4 ,^! & o!r consid]ations1 includ+ ! tra9+ ( work]s 9 improv$ te*nique1 (f] c]ta9 ob/acles to ! newcom] :i*1 9 turn1 (f] c]ta9 temptations t may result 9 h>m to ! :ole movem5t t[>d nut tree plant+4 ,to be specific1 ! difficulty ( produc+ good graft$ or budd$ trees ( nam$ v>ieties may readily tempt ! less scrupul\s to sell any k9d ( nondescript se$l+1 :ile at ! same "t giv+ ! public ! impression t sup]ior /ock is be+ (f]$4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 already be+ done4 ,i h be=e me ! catalogues ( ?ree l>ge g5]al nurs]ies4 ,"o ( !m (f]s :at are obvi\sly se$l+ ,*9ese *e/nuts 9 ^! words3 ,only two ye>s f n[1 "r on y\r own gr\nds1 y c pick up big1 fat1 ta/y *e/nuts f ! trees y plant ?is ye>4 ,( ,engli% walnuts--no v>iety "n giv5 & q obvi\sly se$l+s--! foll[+ description is giv53 ,?9-%ell$1 l>ge1 delici\s nuts1 produc+ heavy crops & dem&+ good prices4 ,9 bo? ^! cases ! prices ask$ are z high or high] ?an good1 graft$1 nam$ v>ieties c be b\ght = else:]e4 ,! second catalogue (f]s se$l+ black walnuts1 n s designat$1 & also ,?omas ,improv$ black walnuts at a high] price4 ,se$l+ ,engli% walnuts1 n /at$ z su*1 are (f]$ z hav+ comm]cial possibilities & be+ z good 9 quality z ^? gr[n else:]e4 ,! ?ird catalogue is entirely e?ical & legitimate4 ,x li/s a limit$ assortm5t ( well-select$ v>ieties "u _! true names4 ,:5 misguid$ buy]s pur*ase a se$l+ *e/nut tree ) ! expectation ( pick+ up big1 fat1 ta/y *e/nuts 9 two ye>s f plant+ & realize a h&ful ( nuts aft] t5 ye>s ( wait+1 or no?+ b empty burrs because ( lack ( poll9ation1 nut tree plant+ gets a black eye4 ,! same is true :5 ! buy] t5d]ly nurses a weak-root$ ,engli% walnut se$l+ = fifte5 ye>s be=e he gets a few small1 ?ick-%ell$1 a/r+5t nuts4 ,:5 nurs]ies t %[ hone/y 9 _! adv]tis+ write me = in=mation ,i give !m ! be/ ,i h4 ,:5 _! adv]tis+ is o!rwise ,i d n tr\ble to answ]4 ,"o p>ty1 aft] ask+ _m que/ions1 w\nd up by say+ he want$ to get 9 on ?is nut game4 ,my impression 0 t if he _h said %ell game he w\ld h m accurately /at$ 8 case4 ,buy]s %\ld be on _! gu>d n to be deceiv$ by fl[]y1 b vague descriptions4 ,if catalogues li/ nut trees by recogniz$ v>iety names x is pretty safe to assume t ! trees are z repres5t$4 ,if recogniz$ v>iety names are omitt$ ! trees may safely be consid]$ to be se$l+s & t !y w produce a :olly unkn[n quantity1 no matt] h[ allur+ ! adv]tis+4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is n int5d$ to disc\rage ! plant+ ( new v>ieties (f]$ by nurs]ies ( kn[n reputation = integrity1 nor ( su* /ra9s z ! ,cra? ,c>pa?ian walnut importations1 f :i* new v>ieties are em]g+4 ,z a practical note ,i wi% to /ate t ! black walnut is by f> ! mo/ satisfactory /ock on :i* to graft walnuts ( any species4 ,n infrequ5tly se$l+ ,engli% walnut trees take f t5 to fifte5 or m ye>s to come into be>+4 ,i h fruit$ fifte5 or m v>ieties by graft+ on black /ocks1 & 9 no case has x requir$ m ?an five ye>s = ! trees to be>4 ,frequ5tly !y h borne 9 two or ?ree ye>s4 ,! ,engli% walnut is also a m vigor\s gr[] on black walnut roots ?an on its own4 ,! ,%]wood butt]nut graft$ five or six ye>s ago on butt]nut /ocks has n borne yet2 graft$ on a small black walnut 9 ! nurs]y r[ 9 #aidb x bore "o nut 9 #aidc & has _m /am9ate buds = #aidd visible at ! pres5t "t4 ,walt]s he>tnut be>s ! second or ?ird ye> on black walnut2 x has n borne = me on butt]nut aft] sev5 ye>s4 ,! same holds good = ! o!r he>tnuts4 ,9 ! graft+ ( *e/nuts1 defective 7incompatible87 unions c g5]ally be spott$ ! fir/ ye>4 ,!y develop ) a transv]se fissure into :i* ! b>k +r[s4 ,good unions %[ new tissue entirely ar\nd ! clos+ w\nd2 ! f9al sc> z heal+ approa*es completion be+ v]tical1 i4 e4 longitud9al ) ! /ock4 ,?is result c be obta9$ by prop] te*nique4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,association c d mu* to fur!r ! cause ( nut tree plant+ by discrim9ation 9 recogniz+ ! e>-m>ks ( hone/ adv]tis+ & enc\rag+ _! fri5ds to make _! pur*ases f consci5ti\s1 responsible nurs]ym54 ,our ,association nurs]y li/ is a valuable help 9 ?is direction4 ,report f ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,by ,,?omas ,g4 ,,z>g]1 ,,tva1 ,norris1 ,t5nessee ,black ,walnut ,indu/ry--9 ! e>ly fall ( #aidc1 a survey 0 made ( ! black walnut indu/ry 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley & ,na%ville ,bas94 ,f\r comm]cial crack+ plants _h %ell$ #aj million p\nds ( nuts pur*as$ 9 #aidb4 ,?is ye>1 crack+ plants h (f]$ to buy unlimit$ quantities ( nuts 9 ! %ell at ! relatively good price ( #d4ej p] #ajj p\nds4 ,because ( ! manp[] %ortage1 especially on ! f>m1 ! collection ( nuts has n exce$$ ! prec$+ ye>4 ,pa/euriz+ plants _h process$ a qu>t] ( a million p\nds ( k]nels pur*as$ 9 #aidb4 ,?is ye> only ?ree pa/euriz+ plants w op]ate1 & a small] quantity ( k]nels w be process$4 ,! k]nel supply f ! home-crack+ indu/ry has decreas$ because ! sanitation requirem5ts ( ! ,f$]al ,food & ,drug ,adm9i/ration are difficult to meet 9 ! homes4 ,be>+ ,habits ( ,wild ,black ,walnut--,look+ =w>d to a full] utilization ( ! wild black walnut crop1 ! be>+ habits ( ! black walnut tree is be+ inve/igat$4 ,f\r-ye> records are n[ available on tree gr[?1 nut yield1 & nut quality ( sample trees locat$ ?r\gh\t ! ,t5nessee ,valley4 ,= #aba trees1 ) a range 9 diamet] f #d to #bh in*es total dry nut yield1 9 p\nds1 av]ag$ z foll[s3 #aidj1 #ca2 #aida1 #bd2 #aidb1 #ch2 #aidc1 #bi4 ,!re is "s evid5ce ( alt]nate be>+1 ) a heavy crop foll[$ by a v light crop4 ,h[ mu* l>g] nut crop a l>g] tree is expect$ to be> 0 f\nd to increase on an av]age tr5d f #j p\nds ( fill$ nuts = a tree ( #d-;in* diamet] to #fe p\nds = a #bd-;in* tree4 ,judg$ on ! basis ( nut quality1 only "o ( ! sample trees comp>$ favorably ) /&>d propagat$ v>ieties ( black walnut4 ,fill$ nuts on ! av]age1 am\nt$ to #hc p]c5t ( total nut crop weight1 & _h a total k]nel p]c5tage ( #ba4 ,recov]y ( m>ketable k]nels av]ag$ #ag p]c5t ( total nut weight4 ,9 ord] to le>n /ill m ab\t ! be>+ habits ( ! black walnut1 records on all sample trees w be c>ri$ on = two m ye>s4 ,mac$onia ,black ,walnut--,a sample ( black walnuts f a tree gr[+ on ! home place ( ,mr4 ,n4 ,u4 ,turp5 at ! ,mac$onia ,community at ,cl>ksville1 ,georgia1 7 s5t to u = evaluation 9 #aici4 ,! nuts 7 ?\ght to be two ye>s old--f ! #aicg crop4 ,:5 te/$1 ! k]nel cont5t av]ag$ ab\t #dj p]c5t--! highe/ on record = a black walnut4 ,! tree1 suppos$ to be ! "o :i* bore ! nuts we te/$1 _h n borne any appreciable am\nt s9ce #aicg4 ,s9ce ! tree yield$ good crops 9 #aidb & #aidc1 we are n[ 9 a position to report fur!r on ! ,mac$onia walnut4 ,bas$ on crack+ te/s ( nut samples1 ! av]age nut weight & k]nel p]c5tage 7 #af4h grams & #bh p]c5t 9 #aidb2 & #af4d grams & #bi p]c5t 9 #aidc4 ,x is app>5t t ! ,mac$onia black walnut has n exhibit$ ^? exceptional *>act]i/ics ( ?9ness ( %ell & high k]nel p]c5t :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! orig9al sample te/$4 ,report f ,m9nesota--,lett] f ,c>l ,wes*cke to ,miss ,mildr$ ,jones ,! w9t] ( #aidb-dc 0 ! mo/ damag+ on fruit & nut trees )9 my exp]i5ce ( #be ye>s 9 ,riv] ,falls1 ,wiscons94 ,! ma9 reason 0 t we _h a long wet fall & all vegetation 0 9 a succul5t gre5 condition :5 our fir/ sn[ /orm ( ,septemb] #be? hit u4 ,= o!r details ( ?is w9t] & ! ,armi/ice ,day /orm ( #aida1 ! second 9 its delet]i\s effect on horticultural v>ieties1 please write ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,/ratton1 ,coop4 ,obs]v]1 ( ,riv] ,falls1 ,wiscons91 :o is 9 *>ge ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t wea!r bureau !re4 ,mr4 ,/ratton furni%$ me ) an affidavit %[+ "o ( our v colde/ w9t]s 9 :i* ! temp]ature w5t d[n1 9 ,febru>y1 to #dg deg4 bel[ z]o4 ,?is 0 9 #aicf4 ,?is w9t] ( extreme cold did v little damage to trees1 & an apricot on :i* ,i _h tak5 out a plant pat5t1 subsequ5tly call$ ! ,h>riet apricot1 w5t ?r\gh ?is w9t] )\t any damage & bore fruit ! next ye>4 ,?is gave me su* confid5ce 9 its h>d9ess t ,i began to propagate x = sale4 ,! w9t] ( #aidb-dc wip$ out practically all ( ! apricot trees ( ?is v>iety & all ( ! e>ly ,ri*mond *]ries t _h be5 gr[+ on my f>m = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s4 ,x kill$ m ?an half ( ! catalpa trees :i* 7 ne>ly z old4 ,x also kill$ outright a l>ge ,/abl] black walnut :i* _h be5 graft$ on a ,m9nesota se$l+ ne>ly tw5ty ye>s previ\s4 ,?is 0 a f9e l>ge fl\ri%+ tree t bore ea* ye> & ,i _h ?\ght because ( ?is behavior t ,/abl] 0 to be consid]$ "o ( ! h>die/ ( ! black walnuts4 ,x _h /ood up bett] ?an ,?omas _m w9t]s4 ,i c\ld g on enum]at+ failures ( _m o!r v>ieties & species b x is a long /ory & a sad "o4 ,to make ?is report m concise ,i w n[ give y my op9ion z to :at is h>dy "u ^! sev]e te/s4 ,to beg9 )1 "o ( y\r fa!r's hazel hybrids1 ( :i* ,i h two bu%es1 /ood all ( ?is v well4 ,^! bu%es1 :i* are p]haps fifte5 ye>s old1 are /ill fl\ri%+1 al?\gh ! ma9 trunks are decay+ rapidly4 ,sev]al ( ! spr\ts are blossom+ freely4 ,^! two bu%es h borne only "o crop ( nuts1 al?\gh !y blossom freely1 & ! catk9s are ab\t z h>dy z any?+ 9 ! filb]t l9e t ,i h se54 ,! reason = _! n be>+ is lack ( poll9ation4 ,i nev] did f9d out :at 0 satisfactory1 ev5 at ! "t t ,i h&-poll9at$ !m to get a crop ( nuts4 ,! nuts are mu* m satisfactory ?an ,w9kl] or ,ru% hazels4 ,! ,ru% is absolutely wor?less "h2 is subject to blight & is v t5d] to our w9t]s4 ,! ,w9kl] is a v h>dy v>iety1 be>s some?+ e ye>4 ,! tr\ble ) ! ,w9kl] is t x matures its nuts s late1 mu* lat] ?an ! ,jones' hybrid4 ,i nev] h propagat$ y\r fa!r's hybrid = sale z ,i did n "k a h>dy poll9iz] = x4 ,i h sold a few ,w9kl]s1 recomm5d+ !m = prop] locations4 ,i h "o ,w9kl] plant$ by a small lake cottage up at ,delta1 ,wiscons94 ,?is is ab\t ?irty miles we/ ( ,a%l&1 ,wiscons94 ,?is t]ritory is v unc]ta9 = successful corn rais+ s ! ,w9kl] is q a h>dy bu%4 ,f\r hybrid plants t be> wor?:ile nuts1 :i* grew f se$ plant$ 9 #aicc & #aicd1 are p]fectly h>dy1 almo/ z h>dy z ! native wild hazel & h>di] ?an any o!r wor?:ile filb]t or hybrid t we h4 ,?is h>d9ess is no d\bt due to ! fact t ! "m plant 0 an ord9>y wild ,wiscons9 hazel4 ,^! hybrids1 f ! native hazels1 we call ,hazilb]ts1 & h obta9$ a ,unit$ ,/ates tradem>k on all plants produc$ aft] ?is mann]4 ,"h aga9 ,i h n recomm5d$ nor sold any ( ^! because ( my lack ( k z to ! correct poll9iz]2 ?is has yet to be develop$4 ,!y d n poll9ize !mselves nor d !y poll9ize ea* o!r satisfactorily4 ,!y h all ! f9e/ *>act]i/ics t y c\ld ask = except prolificacy :i* may be due to ! lack ( a prop] poll9iz]4 ,!y are ! mo/ resi/ant to ! hazel blight ( any?+ t ,i h work$ ) s f> 9 #be ye>s4 ,h>d w9t]s1 su* z we h _h rec5tly1 h no delet]i\s effect on !m4 ,!y blossom & d n lose any ( _! wood & app>5tly !re is no injury4 ,!y are v vigor\s plants & c be tra9$ to a s+le tree /&>d or !y make v tall-gr[+ vigor\s bu%es4 ,i h plac$ ^! filb]ts & _! hybrids fir/ on my li/ ( recomm5d$ trees because !y are go+ to be ! backbone ( nut tree production4 ,i h ne>ly "o hundr$ exp]im5tal ,european filb]ts1 mo/ly ( wild v>ieties1 ( :i* ab\t a doz5 are h>dy bo? 9 pi/illate & /am9ate bloom1 ev5 9 our mo/ sev]e w9t]s1 al?\gh ( ?is doz5 only ab\t two or ?ree h nuts :i* c\ld possibly be consid]$ comm]cial4 ,practically all ( ^! are be+ injur$ 9 "o way or ano!r by ! blight4 ,_m h pass$ out ( exi/5ce & only two or ?ree h be5 able to resi/ ! blight s t x doesn't seem to make any headway4 ,i d n d any?+ = a blight$ filb]t--x mu/ take c>e ( itself4 ,i h exp]im5t$ along ^! l9es1 h[ev]1 us+ *emicals & o!r means ( protection4 ,i d n "k ( any?+ adequate except to build resi/ance 9 ! plant itself ?r\gh cross-bre$+4 ,! next really successful plant is ! ,wes*cke butt]nut4 ,?is is a native butt]nut :i* ,i discov]$ on my own f>m4 ,e local woods has butt]nut trees 9 x4 ,we mu/ h at lea/ five hundr$ butt]nut trees 9 our woods2 !y are subject to "s k9d ( a b>k disease b ?is seems to encroa* on ! life ( ! tree v sl[ly s9ce trees t ,i rememb] %[+ signs ( ?is disease ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ago are /ill liv+4 ,!y are awful look+ sights1 h[ev]1 by ?is "t4 ,su* l>ge trees t h develop$ ?is blight are possibly 9 ! neighborhood ( fifty ye>s old4 ,! ,wes*cke butt]nut is a m$ium size to small butt]nut4 ,its great value lies 9 ! fact t x splits exactly 9 half & ! %ell /ructure is s %all[ t by m]ely turn+ ! nut upside d[n ! k]nel falls out--no?+ to hold x 9 ! %ell4 ,v frequ5tly ! k]nel /ays absolutely intact1 its w+s be+ held toge!r by ! little t5d] neck jo9+ !m at ! po9t ( ! nut4 ,! nut k]nel is t5d] & light color$4 ,! difficulty "h is graft+ !m on black walnut roots2 aft] !y are graft$ !y gr[ v rapidly & be> at once4 ,i h _h !m be> ! fir/ ye> graft$4 ,next 9 l9e ( h>d9ess & reliability is ! ,wes*cke hickory4 ,?is is n[ an old-tim]2 s9ce its successful graft+ 9 #aicd x has borne an ev]-increas+ crop e ye>4 ,?is is n to be measur$ 9 bu%els1 h[ev]1 b 9 p\nds4 ,no o!r hickory nut has begun to t\* x1 9 its regul>ity1 reliability & its quality3 t is1 no hickory s f> nor?4 ,x is ! ?9ne/ %ell$ hickory ( any t ,i h ev] te/$ out1 & releases its k]nels ab\t ! be/ ( any4 ,x has "o fault1 h[ev]2 ! /am9ate blossom is abortive1 nev] produces any poll54 ,x ne$s a poll9iz] & we h be5 recomm5d+ ! ,bridgewat] & ! ,kirtl& :i* we "k by actual exp]im5ts h produc$ poll5 9 l>ge am\nts1 suffici5t = poll9ization ( ?is tree4 ,ev5 be=e ,kirtl& & ,bridgewat] poll5s 7 available ^? trees1 graft$ to ! ,wes*cke1 bore hickory nuts e ye>1 b 9 v small quantities4 ,i am n[ q sure t !y borr[$ poll5 f ! wild bitt]nut trees :i* are 9 abundance ne>by4 ,!re is also ! o!r possibility1 :i* has n be5 conclusively prov$1 t ?is v>iety is a p>!nog54 ,innum]able h>d fro/s 9 e>ly spr+s h de/roy$ butt]nut crops & walnut crops1 b ^! hickory nuts inv>iably come ?r\gh su* seasons & escape ! e>ly fall fro/s1 :i* come 9 ,septemb]1 = ! reason t ! nuts are matur$ usually ! second week 9 ,septemb]4 ,we !re=e c recomm5d ! ,wes*cke hickory freely4 ,we h n det]m9$ h[ f> nor? x c live1 b ,i believe ! #de? p>allel is v safe1 & z f> we/ z ! ,dakota l9e4 ,x orig9at$ at ,fayette1 ,i[a1 & probably w\ld ?rive f> into ! s\?4 ,x grafts extremely well on ! wild bitt]nut hickory root :i* is ab\t ! h>die/ kn[n4 ,y\r fa!r 0 v p>tial t[>d x z a /ock4 ,?is root sy/em does n h&le all hickories by any means4 ,9 all my trials us+ pecan scions ! only pecan :i* grafts well on x & survives indef9itely1 is ! ,hope4 ,?is is also a v h>dy tree b we _c recomm5d x z a nut tree because we h nev] se5 ! p>5t tree be> any nuts4 ,! p>5t tree is n[ tw5ty ye>s old4 ,q a l>ge tree b no nuts4 ,x is gr[+ 9 an unfavorable location = be>+ s9ce x is %ad$ by mu* l>g] trees4 ,x is gr[+ "r "h 9 ,/4 ,paul4 ,! ,bridgewat] & ! ,beeman are two m hickories :i* are v h>dy & :i* come into be>+ quickly1 also are successfully graft$ on bitt]nut root4 ,!y d n mature _! nuts s reliably nor s e>ly by any means z ! ,wes*cke4 ,= a little fur!r s\? !y might be v reliable4 ,!y are fully z h>dy & satisfactory 9 e o!r respect4 ,! hickories t h prov$ to be fairly h>dy b h produc$ v few nuts are ! ,c$>apids & ! ,kirtl&4 ,! ,beav] hybrid hickory is probably next = nut production satisfaction1 grafts well on bitt]nut root b does n seem to h a long life4 ,! trees t ,i b\ght f y\r fa!r ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ago are n[ dead al?\gh !y liv$ to become l>ge f9e trees & bore 9 "s seasons v nice crops ( nuts4 ,! ,fairbanks hickories1 graft$ "s sev5te5 or eighte5 ye>s ago1 are /ill surviv+1 b be> v few nuts1 "s seasons practically no?+ at all4 ,!y v seldom rip5 z !y mature v mu* lat] ?an ! natives or ! o!r v>ieties m5tion$ above4 ,i d n consid] ! ,fairbanks a v edible nut anyway z !y become v rancid aft] a c\ple ( mon?s4 ,! ,beav] is n a good keep] ei!r4 ,?is is r an important *>act]i/ic 9 a nut & "o 9 :i* ! ,wes*cke excels1 z 9 ord9>y (fice temp]ature x usually keeps two or ?ree ye>s4 ,i believe t ?is is p>tly due to ! ?9 %ell4 ,my !ory is t ! ?9 %ell exp&s & contracts ) heat & moi/ure conditions )\t crack+4 ,?is prev5ts air f gett+ at ! k]nel1 & s9ce x is ! oxyg5 :i* is mo/ly responsible = rancidity1 ?is exclusion ( air probably acc\nts = ! fre% /ate t ^! nuts ma9ta9 = a long "t4 ,i h notic$ t ?ick-%ell$ %ellb>ks &1 to a less] degree ! %agb>ks1 crack op51 9 m9ute hairl9e cracks1 & ^! nuts :i* split l ?is inv>iably soon become rancid4 ,n[ ! black walnuts are next 9 ord]4 ,= _m ye>s ,i consid]$ ! ,ohio a wor?less v>iety4 ,!y w\ld seldom mature any ( ! nuts1 & al?\gh !y 7 regul> be>]s ! ?ick hull 0 a nuisance4 ,i h _h tw5ty ye>s' exp]i5ce ) ?is v>iety & !y are ! h>die/ ( all ! old ones4 ,!y /& up v well & ea* ye> ! nuts become a little m satisfactory4 ,evid5tly ! trees h ! ability to acclimatize !mselves & !y /& up bett] ?an ,?omas1 ,/abl] or ,t5 ,eyck ( ! old v>ieties t ,i h te/$4 ,m rec5t v>ieties :i* ,i h te/$ & h prov$ satisfactory1 are ! ,pat]son & ! ,rohw]2 ,i recomm5d ^! two above all o!r black walnuts4 ,i h two se$l+s :i* ,i am wat*+ ) a great deal ( int]e/4 ,"o is f ,m9nesota & ! o!r is a fail$ graft$ tree :i* sprang up f ! root & s f> is beg9n+ to be> prolifically a m$ium siz$ nut ) a r ?ick %ell :i* does n crack out v well b ! quality is sup]b4 ,x has a ?9 hull :i* y c pop (f by m]ely press+ y\r ?umb aga9/ x aft] x is ?or\ghly dry1 com+ (f v clean leav+ a good look+ nut4 ,! k]nel is v light /raw-color$ & y c g5]ally get !m out 9 good pieces1 ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! :ole k]nel4 ,above all x matures v e>ly1 ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb] or soon]1 & ?is is ! decid+ factor = any nut1 because1 no matt] h[ well ,x cracks1 h[ prolific x may be1 or h>dy1 if y d n get a ripe nut y h no?+ = "h 9 ! nor?4 ,i feel q c]ta9 t ?is is go+ to be ! /&>d black walnut = ! nor?4 ,= want ( a bett] "n ,i h be5 call+ x ! ,ruffy because ! hull1 :5 gre51 has a pimply surface & a r\gh appe>ance4 ,! o!r black walnut t ,i am wat*+ is a se$l+ result+ f t5 bu%els plant$ ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ago1 ! only tree to be> because ( ! cr[d$ condition ( all ^! walnuts plant$ s close toge!r4 ,i h be5 wat*+ x = six or sev5 ye>s & 0 nev] able to get a mature nut until ?is ye>4 ,reason 0 t 9 mo/ ( ! seasons ! nuts 7 empty2 o!r times ,i did n wait until !y 7 fully ripe1 be+ too anxi\s to f9d out :at 0 inside4 ,?is tree ,i h nam$ ! ,walbut because x seem$ to me x might be a cross betwe5 a butt]nut & a walnut4 ,! k]nel is v light color$4 ,x cracks out ! be/ ( any walnut ,i h ev] te/$4 ,x is difficult to graft1 s f> 9 my exp]i5ce4 ,i h no liv+ grafts f x al?\gh ,i h tri$ aga9 & aga9 to graft x on o!r l>ge isolat$ /ocks 9 ! or*>d4 ,x has a squ>e %ape1 ) deep ind5tations ne> ! po9t4 ,x is some?+ to wat*1 & "w ) al?\gh x does n seem to be extra h>dy 9 spite ( ! fact t x is a native tree4 ,at pres5t x is m]ely an int]e/+ v>iety to exp]im5t ) & x may possibly be ( "s use lat] on4 ,! bran*es h %[n curi\s little birdseye m>k+s--x has a habit ( develop+ buds :i* die & =m little br[n /ructures 9 ! wood & x is possible t ! tree may be a fancy timb] tree4 ,! %ell has only "o /ructure d[n ! c5t]1 !reby insur+ t ! halves come out :ole4 ,an ornam5tal kn[n z ! lace-leaf walnut is v h>dy "h1 doesn't w9t] kill at all b s f> has n borne any nuts4 ,! ,dem+ ,purple is n h>dy2 ! ,/abl] is v unreliable consid]+ ! la/ few ye>s2 ! ,?omas is /ill "o ( ! be/ except x suff]s f w9t] injury occasionally2 ! ,t5 ,eyck v seldom be>s any nuts al?\gh we h sev]al v l>ge trees n[4 ,! ,elm] ,my]s possibly has a *ance2 x is /ill liv+4 ,! ,snyd] has surviv$ ! la/ few w9t]s & 9 my op9ion x is "o ( ! be/ nuts ,i h ev] se54 ,! grafts h borne a few nuts already 9 ! second ye> ( graft+4 ,!y set a c\ple ( nuts ev5 aft] a sev]e w9t] la/ ye>1 b !y fell (f dur+ ! summ]1 mu* ! same z ! ,?omas & _m ( ! ,ohio did4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ to practically all ( my hybrid hazels1 also ! ,w9kl] & ev5 ! wild hazel kept cont9ually dropp+ ! nuts until !re 0 practically no?+ left4 ,no d\bt ?is effect 0 produc$ by a peculi> season4 ,we %\ld n hold x aga9/ ! nut trees s9ce x 0 a univ]sal condition4 ,la/ summ] ab\t "o-half doz5 ( ! pecan trees :i* ,i _h be5 play+ ar\nd ) = tw5ty ye>s1 />t$ to blossom b only _h /am9ate bloom1 ,!re might possibly be a crop ( pecans ?is com+ ye>--,i d n h any hopes t any ( ^! se$l+s w be able to mature _! nuts1 b !re is always a possibility & !y are c]ta9ly h>dy4 ,none ( !m t ,i h tri$ to graft w live on bitt]nut roots4 ,*e/nuts are difficult to get />t$ b once !y are />t$ !y gr[ v well al?\gh !re are only a few surviv+ out ( _m ?\s&s ( se$s plant$4 ,e ye> "o or m comes into be>+--!y g5]ally d n mature _! nuts1 & :at ,i h ta/$ ( !m are n any?+ to brag ab\t except t !y are sweet2 ! size is insignificant & !y evid5tly h mu* ( ! native *e/nut blood4 ,i am /ill te/+ su* v>ieties z ! ,c>r1 ,zimm]man1 & ,connecticut ,yankee4 ,s f> ^! h %[n !mselves to be q t5d] v>ieties4 ,i d n consid] ! *e/nut wor?:ile because ( ! con/ant ?reat t if a grove %\ld be />t$ x might soon h ! blight 9 x4 ,i h sev]al ,*9ese *e/nut se$l+s :i* are mak+ a fairly good gr[? & 9 "t may become productive trees4 ,we h "o hybrid :ite oak :i* has an edible k]nel b out ( ab\t "o hundr$ nuts y might get "o :olesome "o free f weevils4 ,! tree is v old & is rapidly decl9+4 ,! nut is small b ! tree is q prolific4 ,i m]ely m5tion x to %[ t !re are possibilities 9 develop+ ! oak4 ,i ?9k our mutual fri5d1 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 w\ld probably l to he> ?is z he advocates ! use ( oaks1 & ,i agree ) him t !re are possibilities = human food to be us$ fir/-h&4 ,i am all out ( sympa?y ) second-h& food production z pork or beef or any meat products1 z y "k4 ,"o reason is t x is economically wrong z x takes _m times m acreage to produce meat ?an vegetables = ! same am\nt ( food en]gy to be d]iv$4 ,my au?ority1 ! ,encyclop$ia ,brittanica1 :i* says x takes #fd p\nds ( dry fodd] to produce #a p\nd ( dry beef1 & #cb p\nds ( dry fodd] to produce #a p\nd ( dry mutton1 etc41 etc4 ,be ,?rifty ) ,nut ,trees ,by ,,c>l ,,wes*cke1 ,m9nesota ,!re has be5 too mu* acc5t put on ! pr(it to be made on nut production4 ,no matt] h[ mu* income a man may receive1 if he has n le>n$ to save out ( t income he w nev] be bett] (f = hav+ receiv$ x4 ,n[1 nut trees (f] a p>ticul>ly practical way ( sav+ out ( income4 ,if "o has a l>ge family to fe$ ! sav+ may am\nt to a hundr$ doll>s or m a ye>4 ,:5 ?is f9e food1 conta9$ 9 ! k]nels ( nuts1 is us$ "r 9 y\r own family1 & supplies ! family's entire requirem5ts ( nuts1 y w f9d t y h made v sub/antial sav+s 9 y\r family food budget4 ,fir/ ( all1 x is diff]5t f income f ! sale ( nuts because :5 y sell nuts !y mu/ be sold 9 ! competitive m>ket1 & usually to ! :olesal] if y h a consid]able am\nt to dispose (4 ,!re=e y save ! pr(it made by ! :olesal] & ! retail] by us+ y\r nut crop r ?an sell+ x4 ,?is is really be+ ?rifty4 ,if y h a l>ge crop ( nuts y w f9d t y c easily increase ! uses 9 comb9ation ) o!r foods s t less o!r food has to be pur*as$ 9 ord] to meet ! family ne$s4 ,& ) ! high] prices ( ord9>y foods y c easily visualize :at a trem5d\s sav+ ?is might be4 ,nuts are a f9e luxury food1 b 9 a way !y c quickly become a necess>y food by be+ us$ z a replacem5t = meat4 ,i don't l to use ! t]m sub/itute = meat z x implies t nuts are inf]ior to meat1 & no?+ c\ld be fur!r f ! tru?4 ,nuts are m ,n,u,tricious ?an any meat1 p\nd = p\nd1 & :at meat c y /ore away t w keep z sweet & edible z a nut = s long a "t6 ,plant nut trees to save y\r income n to increase x4 ,y w nev] h to pay a tax on t sav+4 ,report ( ,season #aidc ,by ,,george ,,hebd51 ,corsan1 ,canada ,! w9t] ( #aidb-dc 0 "o ( ! colde/ ev] kn[n "h4 ,"o day x 0 #cc deg4 bel[ z]o & ano!r x 0 #ch deg4 bel[4 ,filb]ts did n seem to take any notice ( ! sev]e cold & my ,/rang] ,jap he>tnuts t are said to be t5d] w5t ?r\gh ) fly+ colors4 ,"o or two v>ieties ( ,russian walnuts 7,j4 regia7 froze to ! gr\nd z did all ! ,pom]oys4 ,"s ( ! ,cra? walnuts froze f a few in*es to a y>d1 b ! majority did n lose a bud4 ,/range to say all ! extremely l>ge v>ieties ( ,j4 regia came ?r\gh unsca!d z did my ,*9ese4 ,asiatic tree hazels miss$ cropp+ b came ?r\gh unsca!d4 ,w9kl] & ,ru% hazels 7 n h>m$1 ?\gh ! ,ru% is a bit t5d] & succumb$ ! w9t] ( #aicc-cd4 ,9 fact #aicc-cd 0 a h>d] w9t] on trees ?an #aidb-dc z t w9t] all b my ,daviana filb]ts 7 hit m or less4 ,la/ fall 7#aidc7 all trees w5t into _! w9t]'s sleep 9 mo/ excell5t condition & ! twigs are h>d to ! top buds4 ,signs on twig t]m9als indicate a l>ge crop ( nuts = ! fall ( #aidd4 ,?us ,i hope to be able to h on display = ! conv5tion-to-be a mo/ int]e/+ %[4 ,besides nuts ( all ! h>dy v>ieties ,i always h a real big %[ ( h>dy & tropical wat] lilies & lotus1 a complete collection4 ,also a complete collection ( grapes & _m o!r horticultural curios r>ely se54 ,i 0 _m ye>s f9d+ p]simmons h>dy en\gh to survive our w9t]s1 b at la/ ,i h at lea/ #b & maybe #c v>ieties t pass$ la/ w9t] 9 p]fect condition4 ,i am nor? ( ,lake ,ont>io & j a mile we/ ( ,toronto4 ,i d\bt t nor!rn pecans1 big we/]n %ellb>ks & hicans w h a long en\gh season to rip54 ,! ,weik] hickory1 :i* is a cross betwe5 %agb>k 7,c>ya ovata7 & %ellb>k 7,c4 lac9iosa7 hickories1 rip5s completely ea* season4 ,catawba grapes won't rip5 except 9 a r long summ]4 ,j across ! lake ! gold5 muscatel grapes h rip5$ two or ?ree times 9 my memory4 ,b>celona & ,k5ti% cob seem to be ! only two filb]ts t are t5d] ) me4 ,du ,*illy & ,italian r$ live & crop regul>ly4 ,i h sev]al v l>ge new v>ieties ( se$l+ filb]ts4 ,i l to gr[ se$l+ filb]ts1 !y %[ wond]ful v>iations 9 fruit+4 ,! same ) he>tnuts4 ,i nev] lose a se$l+ he>tnut = if ! tree yields an unsatisfactory nut ,i promptly bud x to a ,/rang] :i* is ! mo/ regul> & heavie/ cropp+ he>tnut ,i "k (4 ,yes1 e ye> a mon/] crop ( nuts ^: meats come out :ole4 ,our hybrid ,jap he>tnut x native butt]nut crosses are ( ?ree types & all excell5t & w hold _! own ) any nut t gr[s4 ,no nut c beat our butt]nut = eat+4 ,b ! %ells are too ?ick1 ! trees crop only ab\t e #d ye>s1 are unheal?y & %$ _! leaves soon aft] ,septemb] #a/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! hybrid outlooks x1 outcrops x & outlives x & our fri5dly neighbor ,russia is v greatly intrigu$ ) ^! new nuts develop$ "h at ,e*o ,valley4 ,!y are ?9-%ell$1 v easy to crack1 meats come out easily1 trees h a tropical look1 crop e>ly1 gr[ fa/ & v l>ge1 leaves hang on gre5 almo/ to ,novemb] & ! crop rip5s e>ly1 j aft] ! filb]ts :i* are ! fir/ nuts to rip5 ) me1 :ile ! ,w9kl] hazels are ! la/1 ?\gh ! hybrid filb]t-hazels are almo/ z late4 ,a v beautiful sight "h are ! _m diff]5t nut trees gr[+ on black walnut /ock to be se5 all ov] ! #bj acres4 ,!y are he>tnuts1 ,jap walnuts1 hybrids1 ,engli% walnuts & butt]nuts1 z well z sup]ior nam$ black walnuts4 ,p don't want beautiful trees ne>ly z mu* z !y d trees t gr[ nuts4 ,= in/ance1 !y don't buy pecans f me1 because ?\gh !y are q h>dy & beautiful1 yet ! nor!rn pecans don't mature _! crop suffici5tly 9 our %ort season4 ,d[n 9 extreme s\?we/]n ,ont>io ! pecan has cropp$ & rip5$4 ,"o mi/ake we mu/ n make is n to be too sure ( ! value ( a nut because x is l>ge1 ?9-%ell$ & has a f9e flavor b is a poor cropp]4 ,! nut t produces a v heavy crop is ! valuable nut4 ,?us ,mc,allister hican & ! ,/abl] black are wor?less because ( _! extremely ?9 crop4 ,ano!r nut t looks l>ge & excell5t on ! tree is ! ,ohio black walnut1 ^: huge dirty hull & small nut condemns x4 ,i l ?9-hull$ nuts t come out clean4 ,am]ican ,walnut ,manufactur]s ,association ,c>ries ,out ,indu/rial ,=e/ry ,program ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,f9ley1 ,=e/] ,! =e/ry program n[ 9 op]ation is ambiti\s 9 scope1 & has z its objectives ! promotion ( =e/ practices :i* w enc\rage gr[+ & h>ve/+ ,am]ican ,walnut z a p]man5t crop4 ,"o ( ! greate/ evils :i* we are attempt+ to eradicate is ! cutt+ ( small diamet] trees4 ,! ,walnut ,indu/ry has express$ a desire to cons]ve small diamet] fa/ gr[+ walnut trees = future use & is advocat+ t f>m]s1 timb]l& own]s & log produc]s leave ^! trees 9 ! woodlots to gr[ into high quality timb]4 ,we are try+ to educate ! f>m]1 timb] own] & log produc] 9 =e/ry practices :i* w s]ve n only _! be/ int]e/s1 b :i* 9 ! f9al analysis1 w s]ve ! lumb] indu/ry z a :ole4 ,trees less ?an #ad in*es d4b4h4 if cut con/itute a real loss 9 pot5tial high quality & m valuable logs because ! logs !y produce are too small to be us$ advantage\sly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 trees ( #ad in* d4 b4 h4 & up are 9 dem& & are play+ a patriotic role 9 furni%+ mat]ial = use by ! arm$ =ces1 namely gun/ocks4 ,! public 9 g5]al1 & tree f>m]s & timb] own]s 9 p>ticul>1 mu/ be made aw>e ( ! fact t :ile ! pres5t walnut timb] supply is adequate1 cons]vation ( immature trees mu/ be practic$ to ! full to assure ! indu/ry ) suffici5t raw mat]ials = future use4 ,success 9 ?is p>ticul> phase ( our program is be+ enhanc$ greatly ?r\gh ! excell5t coop]ation ( ,ext5sion ,=e/]s1 ,/ate ,=e/]s1 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,timb] ,production ,w> ,project ,=e/]s1 ,=e/]s ( ! ,soil ,cons]vation ,s]vice & ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority ,=e/]s4 ,^! v>i\s ag5cies are work+ h& 9 h& ) u on ^? objectives ( our program :i*1 9 a measure1 dovetail ) v>i\s phases ( _! own programs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ aspects ( our program is our "w ) #d-;,h ,clubs4 ,we are sponsor+ a conte/ among ^? memb]s :o are int]e/$ 9 =e/ry4 ,ea* conte/ant is requir$ to plant #be se$l+s1 record c]ta9 data & write a /ory ab\t 8 woodlot giv+ specific in=mation4 ,two w9n]s w be *os5 f ea* c\nty p>ticipat+4 ,w9n]s w be *os5 on ! basis ( ! be/ /ory submitt$2 judges w be #d-;,h (ficials & ! ,ext5sion ,=e/] f ea* /ate4 ,! rew>d to be pres5t$ w9n]s w be "o week's vacation at #d-;,h ,summ] ,camp ) all exp5ses paid by ! ,am]ican ,walnut ,manufactur]s ,association4 ,?is conte/ is op5 to all #d-;,h ,club memb]s 9 ! ,/ates ( ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 ,kansas1 ,k5tucky1 ,mi*igan1 ,miss\ri1 ,ohio & ,t5nessee4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! ,association ,=e/] w conduct a "o day =e/ry program at ! summ] camps at :i* "t he w pres5t ! w9n]s ) special c]tificates4 ,! program 0 plann$ by ! ,association's ,=e/ry ,committee1 consi/+ ( ,*e/] ,b4 ,/em1 ,c4 ,b4 ,/em1 ,inc41 ,new ,albany1 ,indiana1 ,*airman2 ,b4 ,f4 ,swa91 ,national ,v5e] & ,lumb] ,company1 ,indianapolis1 & ,seym\r1 ,indiana2 ,cl>5ce ,a4 ,swords1 ,sword-,morton ,v5e] ,company1 ,indianapolis1 ,indiana & ,burdett ,gre51 ,secret>y-,manag] ( ! ,am]ican ,walnut ,manufactur]s ,association1 ,*icago1 ,ill9ois4 ,! committee work$ 9 close coop]ation ) ,h>ris ,coll+wood1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,=e/] = ! lumb] indu/ry4 ,( especial help 7 sev]al ( ! ,midwe/'s out/&+ =e/]s f regional & /ate (fices ( ! v>i\s gov]nm5tal =e/ry ag5cies--m5 :o h _h ye>s ( woods exp]i5ce 9 ! areas :]e mo/ ( ! ,walnut ,association's =e/ry activities w be c>ri$ on4 ,! ,cra? ,c>pa?ian ,walnut 9 ,ill9ois ,by ,a4 ,s4 ,,colby ,! ,p]sian walnut 7,juglans regia71 usually & incorrectly call$ ! ,engli% walnut1 has be5 highly priz$ bo? = ! beauty ( ! tree & ! quality ( its nuts s9ce anci5t times4 ,! species fl\ri%es 9 ,s\!rn ,asia & ,europe & 9 our ,s\?we/]n & ,pacific ,coa/ ,/ates1 b mo/ ( ! attempts t h be5 made to fruit x 9 ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n sections h fail$4 ,! v>ieties or /ra9s tri$ !re 7 = ! mo/ "p native to sections ( ! ,old ,_w :]e ! w9t]s are comp>atively mild & !y 7 !re=e n able to survive our cold] & m *angeable climate4 ,! late ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl1 ( ,alton1 ,ill9ois1 tri$ repeat$ly to gr[ nam$ v>ieties ( ?is nut :i* are successful 9 ,cali=nia1 b (t5 /at$ t ! species _h no future 9 ,ill9ois4 ,9 extreme s\!rn ,ill9ois1 at ,rob]t ,endicott's place1 9 ,villa ,ridge1 sev]al ,p]sian walnut trees are gr[+ b _! be>+ habits are disappo9t+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ promis+ rec5t developm5ts 9 ,nor!rn nut culture is ! introduction into ,am]ica ( h>di] /ra9s ( ! ,p]sian walnut1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,rev4 ,paul ,c4 ,cra?1 ( ,toronto1 ,canada1 a native ( ,pol&1 & ^: fa!r 0 ! head ( ! ,agricultural ,college 9 ! ,ukra9e4 ,he w5t back to 8 own c\ntry z a mission>y 9 ! e>ly #aicj's1 & !re notic$ ! h>d9ess ( ! ,p]sian walnuts gr[+ 9 t sev]e climate4 ,realiz+ ! possibilities ( ^! /ra9s = fruit+ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 he comb$ t ri* ,russian agricultural region 9 ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s = se$ = exp]im5tal plant+ ov] "h1 h>ve/+ x f trees un9jur$ at temp]atures ( -#dj deg4 ,f4 ,^! p>5t trees 7 c>efully select$ = regul> production ( good crops ( ?9-%ell$1 easily-crack$ nuts ( good quality4 ,! trees 7 gr[+ at su* di/ances f o!rs t cross-poll9ation 0 avoid$4 ,rev4 ,cra? _h obs]v$ t se$l+s f su* self-poll9at$ trees usually bore nuts t closely resembl$ ^? ( ! p>5t4 ,ea* tree f :i* nuts 7 sav$ 0 giv5 a numb] 9 ord] to keep future records /raight4 ,! nuts 7 plant$ 9 a nurs]y e/abli%$ by ,rev4 ,cra? ne> ,toronto4 ,wi%+ "s po9t 9 ?is c\ntry :]e 8 trees c\ld be di/ribut$ )\t ! difficulty & delay incurr$ 9 mov+ small %ipm5ts across ! bord]1 ,rev4 ,cra? arrang$ ) ,mr4 ,samuel ,h4 ,graham1 ( ,i?aca1 ,new ,york1 to take sole *>ge ( _! di/ribution 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,consid]able int]e/ has be5 ar\s$ 9 ! possibilities ( ^! /ra9s & _! di/ribution has be5 wide-spread1 ) ov] #b1jjj se$l+s s5t to _m ,nor!rn ,/ates s9ce #aicg4 ,9 a few m ye>s1 aft] a consid]able proportion ( ^! numb]$ se$l+s h come into be>+1 we %all h "s valuable in=mation reg>d+ _! possibilities 9 sections ( ! c\ntry :]e previ\sly x _h n be5 consid]$ possible to gr[ ,p]sian walnuts4 ,sev]al ,ill9ois horticulturi/s h plant$ se$l+s ( ^! /ra9s & h already br\ght "o or m ( !m into be>+4 ,o!rs h us$ scion wood ( ! ,cra? types 9 top-work+ black walnut trees4 ,! sample ,cra? ,c>pa?ian walnut ,no4 #a on display at ! #aidb meet+ ( ! ,ill9ois ,horticultural ,society at ,qu9cy 0 gr[n by ,mr4 ,royal ,oakes1 ( ,bluffs1 ,ill9ois4 ,mr4 ,oakes topwork$ a black walnut ) ,cra? ,se$l+ ,no4 #a scions 9 #aich & h>ve/$ six nuts 9 #aidb4 ,at ! ,ill9ois ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,urbana1 we h ov] #bj ,cra? se$l+s "u numb]1 plant$ 9 #aicg & #aici4 ,!y are all heal?y & vigor\s1 & sev]al bore pi/illate fl[]s 9 #aidb4 ,comp>atively little is kn[n ab\t ! be>+ habits ( ! ,cra? walnut /ra9s4 ,sev]al gr[]s h not$ t _! trees began to be> pi/illate fl[]s )9 a few ye>s aft] plant+ b set no nuts4 ,evid5tly ! /am9ate catk9s necess>y = poll5 production are some:at sl[] 9 appe>+4 ,o!r /ra9s ( ,p]sian walnuts are said to be sl[ 9 ?is reg>d1 usually beg9n+ to be> female fl[]s f #c to #e ye>s be=e male fl[]s are produc$4 ,x is ?\ght possible t ,p]sian walnut pi/ils w accept black walnut poll54 ,mr4 ,oakes reports t !re 7 no /am9ate fl[]s on ! ,cra? 7f :i* he pick$ ! nuts he exhibit$ at ,qu9cy71 b black walnut poll5 0 abundant ne>by at t "t & = good measure he also br\ght 9 butt]nut b\quets4 ,z he /ates1 some?+ work$4 ,! prospective plant] %\ld und]/& t ^! new walnut /ra9s are z yet only 9 ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,x is believ$ t "s ( !m h consid]able promise1 at lea/ 9 ! s\!rn & ! c5tral1 & possibly 9 ! nor!rn1 p>ts ( ?is /ate4 ,h[ev]1 !y mu/ be prop]ly plant$ & c>$ = if "o expects !m to gr[ & be>4 ,too close plant+ %\ld be avoid$ & "s att5tion mu/ be giv5 to =m+ ! head :5 ! tree is "y4 ,no "o kn[s exactly :5 !y w be>1 h[ mu*1 & h[ long4 ,9 _! native c\ntry1 trees h be5 obs]v$ e/imat$ to be ov] #cjj ye>s old4 ,mo/ ( u c expect to enjoy nuts f trees we plant1 ) m = our gr&*ildr5 & great-gr&*ildr54 ,"o might ask also 9 ?is connection1 z does "o nut nurs]yman1 ,h[ soon w a ,*9ese elm or s(t maple be> nuts8 ,illu/ration3 ,p>5t tree ( ,ohio black walnut1 on ! f>m ( ,*>les ,arboga/1 #a-a_/b miles nor?we/ ( ,mc,cutchenville1 ,ohio4 ,! tree is #b-a_/b feet 9 diamet] & v vigor\s4 ,x is said to be> heavy crops 9 alt]nate ye>s4 ,photograph by ,o4 ,d4 ,dill]1 ,ohio ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,oct4 #h1 #aidc4 ,illu/ration ,ohio ,nut ,gr[]s' ,meet+ ,by ,g4 ,j4 ,,korn1 ,,b]ri5 ,,spr+s1 ,,mi*4 ,a meet+ ( ,ohio nut gr[]s 0 held at ! ,woo/]1 ,ohio1 ,exp]im5t ,/ation on ,septemb] #e1 #aidc4 ,a v pleasant & pr(itable aft]noon 0 _h 9 ! ex*ange ( ideas & reports on ! gr[+ ( nut trees4 ,mo/ ( ^? pres5t 7 memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,z ! annual meet+ ( t organization _h be5 cancell$ = ! duration ( ! w>1 ! ,ohio memb]s decid$ to hold a meet+ ( _! own at ,woo/]4 ,! gr[]s pres5t$ reports on ! v>ieties ) :i* !y are work+ & evaluat$ _! m]its & p]=mance4 ,z an example1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,bung>t ( ,avon1 said he _h sp5t a good %>e ( 8 sp>e "t = two summ]s 9 exam9ation ( sev]al hundr$ native black walnut trees1 & has nev] f\nd a nut z good z ! v>ieties ,todd or ,?omas4 ,he /ill feels1 h[ev]1 t !re are sup]ior walnuts gr[+ wild & t cont9u$ se>* = !m is well w>rant$4 ,sev]al o!r k9ds ( nut trees are be+ gr[n by ,mr4 ,bung>t1 su* z filb]ts1 ,*9ese *e/nuts1 & ,cra? ,p]sian walnuts4 ,9 a summ>y ( 8 report he said1 ,9 view+ ! gr[+ ( nut trees1 ,i am conv9c$ t x is a wond]ful hobby1 & t ! contributions ( v>i\s individuals & gr\ps w ev5tually e/abli% nut gr[+ 9 ! nor!rn /ates on a comm]cial basis4 ,mr4 ,eug5e ,cranz ( ,ira also gave a v int]e/+ report4 ,?is pa/ summ] ,mr4 ,cranz pass$ 8 eighty-fir/ bir?day1 & = _m ye>s has be5 ke5ly int]e/$ 9 g5]al =e/ry practices4 ,"o ( 8 p>ticul> int]e/s is nut culture2 a v sup]ior hickory tree gr[s on 8 place1 :i* be>s a v high quality nut4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 rem>ks1 he express$ great optimism 9 ! matt] ( develop+ ! ,*9ese *e/nut into a valuable comm]cial nut crop4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,le/] ,hawk ,son ( ,bea* ,city1 concurr$ 9 ,mr4 ,cranz's op9ion on ?is matt]1 & cit$ z an example ! #b ,hobson ,*9ese *e/nuts :i* !y plant$ on _! prop]ty 9 #aiag4 ,^! two trees h be5 be>+ crops ( well-=m$ ta/y nuts = a p]iod ( #bj ye>s4 ,mr4 ,hawk reports t he _h sold sev]al hundr$ se$l+ trees f ^! trees la/ ye>1 & reports t he has ab\t #b1ejj "o-ye> se$l+ trees 9 8 nurs]y at ! pres5t "t4 ,_m o!r int]e/+ reports 7 giv5 on cultural practices & on ! m]its ( v>i\s types ( nut trees adaptable to nor!rn conditions4 ,m5tion %\ld be made ( ! especially f9e illu/rat$ talk giv5 by ,l4 ,walt] ,%]man1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,mahon+ ,c\nty ,exp]im5t ,f>m at ,canfield4 ,color$ slides 7 %[n by ,mr4 ,%]man1 ( 8 graft+ te*nique & ( individual trees ?r\gh\t ! /ate f :i* he has collect$ scions4 ,?ree acres ( ! ,mahon+ ,c\nty ,f>m are be+ devot$ to nut gr[+ & rese>* at ! pres5t "t4 ,?is plant+ includes #ba diff]5t v>ieties ( black walnut4 ,mr4 ,%]man is keep+ an accurate record ( ! trees z !y develop1 _! s\rce ( scions1 & o!r items t may be ( int]e/4 ,besides record+ ?is data1 he is also mak+ color slides ( 8 cultural me?ods & progressive /ages ( ! trees' gr[?4 ,9 spite ( unavoidable int]ruptions to _! individual ef=ts occasion$ by ! w>1 ^? 9 att5dance express$ ! belief t real progress is be+ made 9 ?is p>ticul> field4 ,a committee 0 *os5 to draft t5tative plans = a #bj-ye> rese>* program on nut culture 9 ,ohio4 ,! great en?usiasm %[n at ?is initial meet+ indicates t a meet+ ( ,ohio nut gr[]s is likely to become an annual ev5t4 ,on my return home to ,mi*igan f att5d+ ! ,ohio meet+1 ,i /opp$ (f ne> ,mc,cutchenville1 ,ohio1 to visit ! p>5t ,ohio black walnut tree4 ,! accompany+ photos tak5 by ,mr4 ,o4 ,d4 ,dill]1 ,dept4 ( ,=e/ry1 ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,woo/]1 ,ohio1 %[ ! maje/y & beauty ( ?is great tree4 ,walnut & ,he>tnut ,v>ieties ,notes & ,rem>ks ,by ,j4 ,u4 ,,gellatly1 ,we/brook1 ,b4 ,c4 ,,b>lee ,,black ,,walnut--#aice crop gr[n 9 ,kel[na1 ,b4 ,c4--#a nut--#dd4j p] lb41 #a k]nel--#bjf4a p] lb41 #ba4cf k]nel4 ,,broadview ,,nuts--#aida crop1 #e nuts--#bi4e p] lb41 #fh4g k]nels p] lb41 #a be/ k]nel #fd4h p] lb41 #ea4e %ells p] lb41 #db4he k]nel4 ,,call&] ,,he>t ,,nut--#bj ,nuts--#abd4h p] lb41 #bj k]nels--#cib4g k]nels p] lb4--#ca4h k]nel4 ,,canoka ,,he>t ,,nut--#aida crop--#a nut--#gi4f p] lb41 #bd-a_/b k]nel1 #aje4e %ells p] lb41 #cbd4j k]nels p] lb4 ,,canoka ,,he>t--#aida crop--#e nuts av]age--#ij4d p] lb41 #abc4c %ells p] lb41 #cch4e k]nels p] lb41 #bf4g k]nel4 ,,*9ese ,,or ,,man*urian ,,walnuts #aida crop gr[n ,o4 ,k4 ,valley--#e nuts--#bg4a p] lb41 #e k]nels--#fb4j p] lb41 #e %ells--#dh4a p] lb41 #dc4gc k]nel4 ,k]nels v f9e flav\r4 ,,coglan ,,walnut--f ,coglan1 ,b4 ,c4--#a nut--#dg4g p] lb41 #a k]nel--#aac4d p] lb41 #a %ell--#hb4e p] lb41 #db4a k]nel4 ,a v good ?9 %ell nut ( ,franquette type4 ,,franquette ,,walnuts #aida crop--outside dry /orage or unheat$ %$4 #e nuts--#cj4j p] lb41 #a l>ge/ nut--#bf4d p] lb41 k]nel ( ?is nut #gh4b p] lb41 #a small k]nel #ada4ge p] lb41 #a m$ium k]nel--#gi4f p] lb41 #e k]nels--#id4a p] lb41 #e %ells--#de4c p] lb4 #cb4dh k]nels4 ,k]nels be/ ( flav\r4 ,,gellatly ,,he>t ,,nut--#aici crop--#bj nuts--#fd4b p] lb41 #beb4j k]nels p] lb41 #be4e k]nel4 ,%ell heavy--crack+ only fair4 ,,he>t ,,nut--f ,r4 ,p4 ,wright1 ,erie1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4--#a nut--#hd4j p] lb41 #bff4h k]nels p] lb41 #abb4f %ells p] lb41 #ca4dh k]nel4 ,,impit ,,black ,,walnut--#aida crop--#a nut--#be4b p] lb41 #a k]nel--#ada4h p] lb41 #ag4gh k]nel4 #b nuts--#be4f p] lb41--#b k]nels--#acg4e p] lb41 #ah4fd k]nel4 ,,impit ,,black ,,walnut--#aida crop--#aj nuts--#be4b p] lb41 #aj k]nels--#aaj4d p] lb41 #bh4h k]nel4 ,crack+ "t #ab m9utes to crack ) hamm]4 ,,mack5zie ,,he>t ,,nut--#bj nuts--#dh4c p] lb41 #bj k]nels--#aic4j k]nels p] lb41 #be k]nel--extract+ & op5+ ) knife--#d m9utes4 ,,nor? ,,/> ,,walnut--#aida crop gr[n 9 ,o4 ,k4 ,valley--#e nuts--#bh4h p] lb41 #e k]nels--#gf4i p] lb41 #e %ells--#df4a p] lb41 #cg4dh k]nel4 ,,nursoka ,,he>t ,,nut--#aidj crop gr[n at ,pea*l&1 ,b4 ,c4--#a nut--#gb4j p] lb41 #ajc4a %ells p] lb41 #bch4g k]nels p] lb41 #cj4b k]nel4 ,extract+ "t #f m9utes4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,o4 ,k4 ,,he>t ,,nut--#aicc crop gr[n at ,kel[na1 ,b4 ,c--#bj nuts--#ajc4a p] lb41 #chb4h k]nels p] lb41 #bf4i k]nel4 #c4e m9utes to op5 & extract ) small p5knife4 ,,p5oka ,,he>t ,,nut--#aici crop--#a nut--#if4e p] lb41 #dab4d k]nels p] lb41 #bc4d k]nel4 ,,rov] ,,he>t ,,nut--#aida crop--#aj nuts1 av]age--#gi4d p] lb41 #ih4f %ells p] lb41 #djh4f k]nels p] lb41 #ai4d k]nel4 ,,rov] ,,he>t ,,nut--#aici crop--#a nut--#if4f p] lb1 #cgh4j k]nels p] lb41 #be4ec k]nel4 ,,rov] ,,he>t ,,nut--#aice crop--#bj nuts--#ij4g p] lb41 #cjb4d k]nels p] lb41 #cj k]nel4 ,,smy! ,,he>t ,,nut--#e nuts--#ie4g p] lb41 #e k]nels--#bgf4f p] lb41 #cd4f k]nel4 ,well seal$ b easy to op54 ,,spreadoka ,,walnut ,j4 ,,regia--#e nuts--#di4c p] lb41 #e k]nels--#aje4j p] lb41 #e %ells--#ib4ie p] lb41 #df4ie k]nel4 ,,?ack] ,,he>t ,,nut--#aidb crop--#aj nuts--#ajc4a p] lb41 #cbd k]nels p] lb41 #ca4h k]nel4 ,,vaux ,,engli% ,,walnut--#aidj crop--a new se$l+ on ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly's lot4 ,l>ge nuts--heavy %ell4 #a nut--#cf4c p] lb41 #a k]nel--#ij4g p] lb41 #fi4h %ells p] lb41 #dj k]nel4 ,,wal% ,,walnuts--#aida crop gr[n 9 ,o4 ,k4 ,valley--#e nuts #bd4c p] lb41 #e k]nels--#eg4g p] lb41 #e %ells--#db4b p] lb41 #db4bf k]nels4 ,k]nels bl& flav\r4 ,,walt]s ,,he>t ,,nut--#aicd crop--#bj nuts--#dg4b p] lb41 #ahj4d k]nels p] lb41 #bf4b k]nel4 #ac m9utes to op5 & extract ) p5knife4 ,,walt]s ,,he>t ,,nut--#aidj crop--#a nut--#eh4b p] lb41 #bbf4h k]nels p] lb41 #gh4b %ells p]4 lb41 #be4fd k]nel4 ,,no4 ,e4 #af--;,f ,ross ,pi] ,wright--#bce ,we/ #f? ,/41 ,erie1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #a nut--#fa4c p] lb41 #bcb4f k]nels p] lb41 #hc4b %ells p] lb41 #bf4ce k]nel4 ,,watt ,,walnut--f ,himalayan ,mts41 ,india1 ,b4 ,c4--gr[n #aidj4 #a l>ge nut--#ce4d p] lb41 #a k]nel--#ge4f p] lb41 #a %ell--#ff4g4 p] lb41 #df4hgf k]nel4 ,lett]s ,ab/ract ( lett] f ,?omas ,mit*ell1 #bei ,w4 #bi? ,/41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 to ,julio ,p4 ,gr&jean1 ,box #gdh1 ,mexico1 ,d4 ,f4 ,i am a tree bre$] int]e/$ 9 creat+ hybrid crop trees1 oaks &1 if possible1 bi-g5]ic hybrids ( c>ob ) honey locu/ & ) mesquite4 ,i h1 9 ! pa/ sev5 ye>s1 made ov] a ?\s& crosses ( popl>s & ab\t #fjj int]-specific oak crosses4 ,?is spr+ ,i made #bej oak crosses at ! ,arnold ,arboretum1 ( :i* ab\t #bj seem to be rip5+ viable acorns4 ,i h a li/ ( #ij v>ieties ( hybrid oaks & ab\t #fj v>ieties ( ,am]ican ,asiatic & ,european species :i* are available "h or at ! ,arboretum4 ,i w s5d ?is li/ to any "o :o is int]e/$ 9 try+ to graft !m on native oak se$l+s1 & w s5d scions to any "o will+ to s5d me acorns1 scions or poll54 ,i believe ! oak tree to be1 pot5tially1 m valuable ?an any o!r crop tree4 ,ab/ract ( lett] f ,w4 ,g4 ,tatum1 ,lebanon1 ,k5tucky1 to ! ,*airman ( ! ,survey ,committee4 ,we h _h reports f ,e4 ,c4 ,rice ( ,ab%]1 ,ky41 b 8 "w ) trees & 8 wond]ful p]sonality are n well en\gh kn[n to u4 ,besides 8 l>ge plant+s ( nut & fruit trees he does g5]al f>m+4 ,he has almo/ all ( ! f9] v>ieties ( nut trees1 _m ( !m l>ge1 9 be>+ & do+ well4 ,lewis ,edmunds ( ,glasg[1 ,ky41 discov]] ( ! ,edmunds black walnut1 is a g5]al f>m] ^: plant+s ( nut tree1 :ile n l>ge1 include _m ( ! old] & bett] kn[n sorts1 z well z lat] discov]ies ( 8 own1 includ+ a v ?9 %ell$ walnut1 %agb>k hickories1 a se$less p]simmon2 & he is plann+ a l>ge plant+ ( *e/nuts4 ,he has a ,/u>t pecan t be>s well-fill$ nuts e ye>1 app>5tly )\t b5efit ( poll5 f ano!r tree4 ,our exp]im5t /ation has issu$ a new leaflet on nut gr[+ 9 ,k5tucky & our ,/ate ,=e/]1 ,mr4 ,jackson has giv5 radio talks on ! subject4 ,i am plann+ & plant+ all ! "t & h at lea/ a small />t ( mo/ ( ! bett] /ra9s ( all v>ieties4 ,i h a little nurs]y :]e ,i gr[ & graft my own trees4 ,i consid] ,edmunds a v f9e black walnut4 ,i ?9k t m free ex*ange ( graftwood %\ld be enc\rag$ among our memb]s1 & we %\ld enc\rage & help newcom]s 9 le>n+ ! art ( graft+4 ,i got #ij ( my ,/ambaugh grafts to gr[ ?is season1 9 a r[ ( /ocks runn+ f ! size ( a lead p5cil to t ( ! av]age man's little f+]1 us+ scions ne> to ! size ( ! /ocks1 graft$ by ! :ip & tongue splice me?od4 ,lett] f ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke to ,miss ,mildr$ ,jones3 ,i am pleas$ to comply ) y\r reque/ to report on ^? v>ieties t h giv5 me ! be/ results 9 ?is locality4 ,x is p]haps un=tunate t "s ( !m are unkn[n or obscure v>ieties t are n g5]ally 9 ! h&s ( ! nurs]y trade4 7,z an aside1 ,i am quitt+ ! nurs]y bus9ess1 s :at ,i say is )\t prejudice or any p]sonal bias47 ,i am li/+ ! v>ieties 9 ord] ( my e/imate ( !m = ?is locality bas$ on my own p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,i am becom+ increas+ly h>d boil$ 9 my judgm5ts bas$ on two consid]ations3 fir/1 t a nut tree %\ld be> )9 a reasonable "t & t ! crops %\ld be regul> & reasonably abundant2 second1 t ! nuts %\ld be fit to eat aft] !y h be5 gr[n4 ,^! two consid]ations knock out _m v>ieties t h be5 highly t\t$4 ,filb]ts4 ,! ,bu*anan & its second g5]ation se$l+s h be5 bett] fill$ & m productive ?an any ( ! ,european hazels4 ,italian r$ comes next4 ,brixnut & ,longfell[ are /rong1 heal?y gr[]s1 b ! =m] does n fill well & ! latt] be>s sp>sely4 ,b>celona is out4 ,*9ese *e/nut4 ,hobson1 ,c>r1 ,zimm]man1 ,reliable4 ,hobson heads ! li/ z mo/ precoci\s & productive4 ,x requires a poll5iz]4 ,c>r w be> p>tial crops )\t cross-poll9ation4 ,zimm]man is almo/ z productive z ,c>r1 b its ne$ ( cross-poll9ation is unkn[n to me4 ,reliable is ! smalle/ ( ! f\r1 ( high quality & a /eady be>] ( mod]ate crops4 ,poll9ation requirem5ts n kn[n4 7,! orig9al ,zimm]man s5t me by ,dr4 ,zimm]man 0 wor?less4 ,! pres5t ,zimm]man1 furni%$ me by ,dr4 ,smi?1 is a satisfactory nut47 ,japanese *e/nut4 ,au/9 is ! be/ ( ! lot4 ,hybrid *e/nut4 ,"o ( ,dr4 ,colby's hybrids is promis+ b has n be5 releas$ & %\ld n be li/$ )\t 8 p]mission4 ,! hybrid ,i h be5 sell+ z ,/oke is a bett] nut ?an any ( ! ,japs1 includ+ ,au/94 ,a mod]ate produc] ( mod]ate crops ( beautiful1 high quality nuts rip5+ ! fir/ ( ,septemb]4 ,! ,gov]nm5t's ,s#h ,van ,fleet hybrid is a v prolific hybrid ( r poor quality4 ,x %\ld be satisfactory = p :o cook _! *e/nuts4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$ %\ld be consult$ be=e li/+4 ,s#h w outyield any *e/nut ,i "k (4 ,tree is less vigor\s ?an ,/oke & m subject to blight4 ,black walnut4 ,homel&1 ,creitz1 ,m9tle1 ,?omas4 ,homel& is a local nut & is unkn[n to ! trade4 ,x makes a poor te/ score1 p>tly because ( its po9t$ %ape1 p>tly because ( ! plumpness & t5d]ness ( ! k]nel4 ,x fills out mu* bett] ?an ,?omas gr[+ beside x3 be>s mod]ate crops e ye>1 bo? on ! p>5t & on graft$ trees4 ,x is a nice1 upright1 heal?y gr[]2 new gr[? t+$ ) purple4 ,i consid] quality fir/ class4 ,creitz be>s regul>ly & well2 nuts v l ,ohio b husks ?9 & x cleans mu* bett]4 ,k]nels apt to be %rivell$ some:at4 ,m9tle good be>]1 plump] ?an ,creitz1 pellicle some:at (f color4 ,?omas does n fill s well1 especially if giv5 mu* nitrog51 :i* ,homel& w /&4 ,/abl] wor?less "h4 ,engli% walnut4 ,b$=d1 ,lanca/]1 ,payne1 ,franquette4 ,b$=d is a local nut f\nd on an ab&on$ f>m 9 ,b$=d ,c\nty1 ,va4 ,a regul> be>] ( high quality nuts ( ! ,mayette type4 ,blossoms late1 a little be=e ,mayette & ,franquette4 ,! only "o ( fifte5 v>ieties t ,i h fruit$ t c be dep5d$ on to poll9ize itself2 m$ium size1 well seal$1 cures well1 no bitt]ness to pellicle1 no /icktite nor moldy nuts4 ,lanca/]1 v l>ge1 v vigor\s tree1 precoci\s1 prolific1 quality ( nuts good b n be/2 /am9ate blossoms e>ly1 pi/illate late4 ,requires a poll9iz]4 ,franquette1 ,mayette & ,b$=d %\ld answ]4 ,payne w n /& w9t] temp]atures mu* bel[ z]o2 requires cross-poll9ation2 ne$s seem+ly met by ,cra? & ,broadview4 ,good nut ( good size & quality1 precoci\s & v prolific4 ,mod]ate gr[]4 ,wor/ fault />ts too e>ly 9 spr+4 ,good = s\? & upp] s\?4 ,i =got to m5tion t "o ( ! wor/ faults ( ,lanca/] is t ! nuts mu/ be dri$ promptly on rip5+2 sometimes ! k]nels mold be=e ! nuts fall f ! tree4 ,franquette %\ld rank ) ,b$=d except t x usually be>s poorly1 al?\gh r>ely x be>s a good crop4 ,always blossoms freely4 ,tr\ble seems to be poll9ation4 ,b$=d may be ! answ]2 ,mayette is n1 & also be>s v poorly4 ,k+ & ,*amb]s1 recomm5d$ by ,c>roll ,bu% z poll9iz]s = ,franquette1 produce _! /am9ates too e>ly "h4 ,broadview is vigor\s1 precoci\s1 prolific1 l>ge ) a pellicle too bitt] = human consumption4 ,nuts sometimes spoil on ! tree1 l ,lanca/]4 ,he>tnut4 ,l mo/ ,engli% walnuts he>tnuts blossom too e>ly 9 ! spr+ & are usually kill$ back by late fro/s "h4 ,walt]s is ! only "o t blossoms late en\gh to produce usually a crop4 ,i /ill ?9k t a well-fill$ ,sif=d is ! be/ black walnut ,i h se51 b ! p>5t tree g5]ally produces poorly-fill$ nuts1 & ! "y trees h be5 v sl[ to come into be>+1 s ,i h left x (f ! li/4 ,e>ly defoliation appe>s to be ! cause ( poor fill+ 9 wet seasons4 ,:5 well fill$ x runs #cb k]nel4 ,any & all ( ! nuts li/$1 ( all species1 are p]fectly w9t]-h>dy "h1 except t ,payne ,engli% walnut 0 injur$ by a temp]ature ( #aj bel[ z]o "s ye>s ago4 ,all ,engli% walnuts1 except ,franquette & mo/ se$l+ ,*9ese *e/nuts lo/ _! crops la/ spr+ by a freeze ,may #e?4 ,hobson1 ,c>r1 ,zimm]man & ,reliable came ?r\gh ) crops4 ,x w be mo/ un=tunate if ! _m nurs]ies t1 9 my op9ion1 w g into nut tree production %\ld boo/ se$l+ trees j because !y d n h or _c produce ! nam$ v>ieties4 ,if ! public c be at ?is "t educat$ to dem& select v>ieties x w influ5ce ! plant+ ( nut trees favorably = ! next hundr$ ye>s4 ,if !y get %unt$ (f on to se$l+s x w take ano!r tw5ty-five ye>s to awak5 ! pres5t int]e/4 ,"o might z well expect an apple gr[+ indu/ry to spr+ f ! indiscrim9ate plant+ ( se$l+ apple or*>ds4 ,?is goes especially = ! ,engli% walnut & ! ,*9ese *e/nut4 ,ab/ract ( lett] f ,rev4 ,p4 ,c4 ,cra?1 ,cann+ton1 ,ont>io4 ,only a limit$ report is possible ?is ye>4 ,9 ,toronto !re are f\r ,c>pa?ian walnut trees #bj to #be feet high :i* be> nuts regul>ly4 ,"o ( ^! be>s nuts ( huge size1 ano!r small] nuts ) v ?9 %ell & ) ! flavor ( ! ,ca%ew nut4 ,! o!r two trees produce regul>ly m$ium siz$ nuts ) ?9 %ells4 ,9 ,isl+ton1 ne> ,toronto1 ,c>pa?ian ,no4 #cd belong+ to ,mr4 ,j4 ,robson cont9ues be>+4 ,mr4 ,robson di$ la/ spr+ & ,i am nam+ ?is tree ,no4 #cd ! ,robson 9 8 memory4 ,! eight ,c>pa?ians along ! ,well& ,canal are do+ well & be> e ye>4 ,! tree 9 ! y>d ( ! ,rev4 ,fo/] at ,well& is a nice big tree & be>s e season b squirrels c>ry (f all ! crop4 ,9 ,ont>io until ! pres5t "t ! curculio has n attack$ ,c>pa?ian walnuts4 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,t4 ,currelly ( ,canton has "s nice big trees ( 8 own graft+4 ,"o ( ^! is ( ! ,l&yga type t 9 its sev5? ye> n[ has nev] %[n any cold injury4 ,we c feel assur$ t ! ,l&yga type is ! be/ = ! cold regions ( ,ont>io4 ,a tall & beautiful ,no4 #df t _h a bact]iological cank] ne> ! root has ?or\ghly heal$4 ,o!r ,no4 #df trees on ! same e/ate are do+ f9e4 ,! orig9al ,no4 #cd 7n[ ,robson7 on ,pr(4 ,currelly's f>m is do+ exceptionally well4 ,x is ! type ( a good m>ket walnut4 ,! ,h>bey ,c>pa?ians1 belong+ to ,j4 regia maxima1 ) v ?9 %ells are also do+ well4 ,my ,ukra9ian & ,turki% filb]ts on ,currelly's e/ate h n[ become small bu%es1 #dj 9 numb] be>+ abundantly4 ,ab/ract ( lett] f ,sylve/] ,m4 ,s*essl]1 ,g5oa1 ,ohio4 ,to keep scionwood ,i place /icks1 su* z eld]1 on a cem5t floor1 lay ! scions crosswise on ^!1 cov] !m ) sawdu/ & ?r[ an oilclo? ov] ?is4 ,9 ,may ,i graft by ! slotb>k me?od nail+ ! scion & ty+ ) /r+ or rubb] b&s & wax ) ,acme ,graft+ ,comp\nd put on cold4 ,i cov] ) a two p\nd pap] sack & lat] /ake up ! new gr[?4 ,i l fair siz$ scion wood cut f ne> ! base ( ! new gr[? & (t5 graft ) two ye> old wood c>ry+ "s "o ye> wood4 ,i w ex*ange graft wood & h sev]al v>ieties ( ,ohio prize w9n]s be>+ nuts4 ,i also d budd+ by ! pat* me?od4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,inve/igates ,tree ,believ$ to be ! ,olde/ ,*e/nut 9 ,connecticut ,progress ,report f ,connecticut ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,dat$ ,novemb] #ae1 #aidc ,_m ye>s ago1 at a "t :5 ! ,am]ican *e/nut 0 /ill ! k+ ( ! woods1 a f>m] set out a small or*>d ( nut trees on ! bank ( ! ,connecticut ,riv] flood pla9 nor? ( ,h>t=d4 ,n[1 "s #fj ye>s lat]1 "o lone ,japanese *e/nut survives4 ,dr4 ,donald ,f4 ,jones ( ! ,agricultural ,/ation 9 ,new ,hav51 :o rec5tly inve/igat$ ! tree1 believes x is by f> ! olde/ liv+ *e/nut 9 ! ,/ate4 ,& ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ ab\t ! tree is t x %[s no signs ( blight1 ! disease t de/roy$ all ! native *e/nuts4 ,dr4 ,jones' att5tion 0 call$ to ! tree late la/ fall by a hunt] :o notic$ a deposit ( *e/nut hulls 9 ! riv] bank4 ,on inve/igation1 ! man discov]$ ! tree & 0 impress$ by its size4 ,?is fall ! tree 0 visit$ 9 se>* ( nuts4 ,!re1 ris+ above ! bru% & brambles ( :at is n[ a tobacco field1 /ood ! *e/nut1 #cj foot high & #ah in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! m5 7 able to rescue only six nuts1 _! visit be+ a little late = ! ma9 h>ve/4 ,! nuts 7 among ! l>ge/ ,dr4 ,jones has se54 ,!y h be5 plant$ at ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation f>m 9 ,m\nt ,c>mel4 ,inquiry 9 ! neighborhood ( ! *e/nut reveal$ t two or ?ree p knew ab\t ! tree & _h ga!r$ ! nuts t are produc$ pr(usely e o!r ye>4 ,"o ( ! neighbors recall$ t #fj ye>s or m ago1 :5 he 0 b #ab ye>s old1 a man nam$ ,john ,p4 ,jones _h set out ! nut trees4 ,b ! orig9al s\rce ( ! trees is unkn[n & x rema9s a "q :e!r ! plant] got ! trees f a nurs]y 9 ?is c\ntry or directly f ! ,ori5t4 ,?\gh ! lone survivor is some:at neglect$1 ) sev]al dead bran*es t h be5 left untrimm$1 a neighbor 0 int]e/$ en\gh 9 its possibilities to plant "s ( ! nuts4 ,?is result$ 9 "o six-ye>-old se$l+ tree4 ,un=tunately1 ?is already %[s blight & is app>5tly ! result ( poll9ation by "s blight$ ,am]ican se$l+ or spr\t 9 ! neighborhood4 ,! nuts collect$ ?is fall may also give disappo9t+ results b %\ld transmit to lat] g5]ations ! blight-resi/ance ( ?is ,japanese p>5t4 ,9 addition to plant+ ! nuts1 ,dr4 ,jones w take scions f ! tree = graft+ on "y trees at ! ,/ation's ,m\nt ,c>mel f>m4 ,^? %\ld produce results m quickly ?an ! se$s4 ,next summ] poll5 w be collect$ f ! tree = use 9 hybridiz+ "s ( ! "y trees already gr[+ "h4 ,dr4 ,jones has = _m ye>s be5 int]e/$ 9 ! developm5t ( a useful *e/nut = ,connecticut conditions4 ,"s ( ! "y trees1 crosses betwe5 ,am]ican & ,asiatic types1 %[ promise b w take sev]al ye>s ( te/+ to prove _! value4 ,! new f9d may be ( consid]able help 9 %ort5+ ! l5g? ( "t necess>y to get a tree t is blight resi/ant1 ( l>ge fruit+ habit & ( good timb] quality4 7,note by ,editor--,?is tree has be5 kn[n to me = probably fifte5 ye>s4 ,x 0 br\ght to my att5tion by ,mr4 ,*>les ,vib]t ( ,ea/ ,h>t=d & nam$ by me ! ,vibb]t1 ) two b's to insure ! "r pron\nciation4 ,! "n has be5 publi%$ & ,i h s5t scions to a numb] ( p & graft$ trees myself4 ,! tree be>s a v l>ge nut1 twelve select$ ones weigh+ ov] a p\nd4 ,i h ga!r$ a good _m qu>ts ( !m & exhibit$ !m 9 ,h>t=d & ,lit*field4 ,s f> z my obs]vation goes ?is l>ge size is at lea/ p>tly due to ! fact t !re is only "o fill$ nut 9 a burr1 ! o!r two be+ abort$4 ,?is fact1 & ! fact t ! crops are small1 ,i h attribut$ to ! p>tial ineffici5cy ( self-poll9ation1 !re be+ no evid5t outside s\rce ( poll54 ,"o ye> ,i graft$ sev]al o!r v>ieties into ! top ( ! tree4 ,mo/ ( ^? grew a ye> or two b !n di$4 ,i h believ$ t ?is 0 due to blight4 ,!re has be5 mu* dead wood 9 ! tree ev] s9ce ,i h kn[n x & ,i _h suppos$ t ?is 0 blight47 ,report ( ,committee ( ,ohio ,nut ,gr[]s ,a4 ,a4 ,,bung>t1 ,*airman ,on ,septemb] #e1 #aidc1 memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association liv+ 9 ,nor!rn ,ohio met at ! ,woo/] ,exp]im5t ,f>m to discuss nut gr[+ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,at ?is meet+ a committee 0 =m$ to "w out plans & sugge/ions = a tw5ty-ye> nut gr[+ program4 ,x 0 felt t great] progress w\ld result if some?+ m def9ite 7 done by way ( coord9at+ ! "w ( ! ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5t ) ! ef=t ( individuals4 ,! committee1 meet+ "h on ,octob] #ca1 #aidc1 submits ! foll[+ report4 ,! *airman has attempt$ to incorporate mo/ ( ! mat]ial submitt$ by memb]s ( ! committee & by o!rs4 ,! committee recomm5ds ! appo9tm5t ( a full "t rese>* man 9 nut culture1 or two "p-"t work]s4 ,?is man1 or m51 w\ld =m ! hub ar\nd :i* ! #bj ye> program w\ld be built4 ,!re %\ld be a division ( labor3 c]ta9 individuals already emb>k$ on a program ( _! own %\ld cont9ue _! "w & coord9ate x ) a speciali/ at ,woo/]1 or :atev] place is designat$ z headqu>t]s4 ,= example1 ,mr4 ,silvis favors ! hickory ov] all o!r nut trees4 ,z a "y man he c reasonably look =w>d to _m ye>s ( exp]im5tation ) v>i\s v>ieties & "u diff]5t conditions4 ,mr4 ,davidson is foll[+ a plan ( plant+ l>ge numb]s ( black walnut se$ f blocks ( trees 9 :i* natural cross+ might comb9e ! desirable *>act]i/ics ( sev]al bett]-?an-av]age nam$ v>ieties4 ,mr4 ,%]man has collect$ ,engli% walnuts f trees 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! /ate4 ,already he has se$l+s ( _m v>ieties gr[+ at ,canfield4 ,n[1 ea* ( ^! projects is excell5t & %\ld be enc\rag$ 9 e way4 ,:5ev] memb]s ( our organization f9d new & bett] nuts ( ^? species1 !y %\ld s5d nuts1 or scions or data ab\t ! trees1 to ^! g5tlem54 ,z "t goes on !re %\ld be opportunities to f>m out projects to individual gr[]s4 ,mr4 ,fickes1 = example1 by exp]i5ce & because ( 8 favorable location c\ld well c>ry out exp]im5t sugge/$ by a speciali/1 7or z a rese>* work] to help ) "o ( 8 own47 ,x w\ld seem1 ap>t f l>ge scale op]ations to be m5tion$ lat]1 t ! speciali/ or exp]t %\ld make 8 headqu>t]s a cle>+ h\se = in=mation s5t by memb]s4 ,x %\ld be 8 job to /udy "s ( ! sci5tific phases ( nut culture1 su* z artificial cross+1 poll5iz+ data on v>i\s species & v>ieties ( nut trees1 g5etic inve/igations1 value ( ! prop] root /ocks1 &1 z "t & in=mation w\ld w>rant1 ! publi%+ ( monographs on phases ( nut gr[+4 ,f9ally su* speciali/ might consid] broadly ! problems ( secur+ an increas$ food supply f ,ohio =e/s4 #b4 ,devote ! #i acres at ,apple ,creek to nut tree plant+4 ,plant two or ?ree trees ( ea* v>iety t has especially good traits4 ,also set out numb]s ( se$l+ /ock ^u :i* to graft scions ( promis+ trees4 ,by hav+ ! ma9 plant+ ne> ! ,exp]im5t ,f>m1 ! plant bre$] at ,woo/] %\ld also att5d to nut trees4 #c4 ,! ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5t %\ld procure se$ ( h>dy ,engli% walnuts & ( o!r nut trees2 gr[ "o-ye> se$l+s & di/ribute ^! 9 small numb]s 7n ov] five or six7 to p :o w plant !m 9 good locations4 ,su* action %\ld be />t$ at once2 9 tw5ty ye>s or less some?+ good might result4 #d4 ,cont9ue ! plant+ ( all promis+ v>ieties ( ! diff]5t species ( nut trees at ,mahon+ s t ! be>+ habits1 production1 etc41 c\ld be "u /rict obs]vation & /udy1 & s t a supply ( scion wood might be available = o!r plant+s & = comm]cial propagation4 #e4 ,e/abli% a simil> project 9 "s o!r section ( ,ohio2 ! s\!a/]n section w\ld seem to be ! logical place :5 nut gr[+ becomes a comm]cial indu/ry 9 ,ohio4 #f4 a4 ,graft promis+ hickories 9 ! tops ( e/abli%$ hickory se$l+ trees4 ,!re is a volunte] /& ( su* hickories on ! l&s ( ! ,mahon+ ,valley ,sanit>y ,di/rict t w\ld be ideal = su* top-work+4 ,no d\bt _m o!r su* places c\ld be locat$4 b4 ,same z a b us+ black walnuts4 c4 ,same z a b us+ ,engli% walnuts4 ,suitable black walnut se$l+s are n[ gr[+ on ! ,mahon+ ,valley ,sanit>y ,di/rict = projects #f;b & c4 #g4 ,enc\rage ! plant+ by ! ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5t ( bett] se$ f ! be/ nam$ v>ieties4 ,:ile ?is w\ld be a long-range program x w\ld be preem95tly wor? :ile4 ,! =e/s ( ,ohio h all b disappe>$4 ,organizations ) vision & unselfi%ness mu/ beg9 to replace !m4 #h4 ,urge a program ( education4 ,nut trees require good soil & prop] c>e4 ,x w\ld be folly = an organization to sponsor a program = nut tree plant+1 unless ! gr[]s are provid$ ) prop] cultural directions4 ,! t5d5cy 9 ! pa/ has be5 to plant nut trees 9 out-(-!-way places1 & let nature take h] c\rse4 ,nature took h] c\rse2 ! result1 scrubby trees & disgruntl$ plant]s4 #i4 ,initiate future nut conte/s = ! purpose ( ar\s+ public int]e/s 9 nut gr[+ & = br++ to light new v>ieties4 ,f\r-,h clubs1 c\nty ag5ts1 boy sc\t troops1 sport clubs1 all might be urg$ to co-op]ate ) ! ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5t1 or ) our own organizations1 9 mak+ a /ate-wide survey = bett] nuts4 ,"o memb] ( ! committee ?9ks t ! ,ohio ,f>m] conte/ did n br+ to light all ! good wild trees1 al?\gh e nut gr[] is indebt$ to t spl5did pap] = its coop]ation 9 ! pa/4 #aj4 ,favor a mod]ate am\nt ( publicity4 ,any plans1 developm5ts1 or discov]ies %\ld be put be=e ! public 9 sci5tific j\rnals1 f>m pap]s1 & ! daily press4 ,b propag&a ( a s5sational ( exagg]at$ nature ought to be disc\rag$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! committee ?9ks t false claims & high pressure publicity on new v>ieties w\ld d m h>m ?an good4 #aa4 ,/udy ! poll5iz+ problems ( all ! bett] v>ieties ( nut trees1 especially ! black walnut1 *e/nut & hickory species1 & te/ ! bett] v>ieties to f9d ^? be/ suit$ to ,ohio conditions4 #ab4 ,develop & p]fect a simplifi$ means ( propagat+ nut trees & incorporate ?is in=mation 9 a bullet9 = all :o are int]e/$ 9 nut trees4 ,_m f>m]s & fruit gr[]s %y f nurs]y prices = nut trees4 ,if !y c\ld propagate _! own !y w\ld be m likely to plant !m4 #ac4 a4 ,urge a means ( develop+ bett] k9ds ( nut trees & nut hybrids = ,ohio4 ,specifically1 emb>k ^u a program ( artificial cross+ & hybridiz+4 ,:ile "s might object to ! l5g? ( "t requir$ to *eck results1 ! committee ?9ks x possible to *eck ?ree g5]ations )9 a #bj ye> program4 ,?is c\ld be exp$it$ by budd+ or graft+ ! cross$ se$l+ ^u ! /ock ( a be>+ tree4 ,! orig9al se$l+ %\ld be sav$ to *eck its gr[?1 %ape & o!r *>act]i/ics n app>5t 9 ! graft$ bran*4 ,a ,?omas-,elm] ,my]s cross might possibly comb9e ! desirable traits ( bo? p>5ts1 or a ,mc,allister-%agb>k cross might increase ! productivity ( ! =m]4 ,a nut1 = example1 hav+ ! crack+ qualities ( ! ,engli% walnut1 & ! h>d9ess & ret5tion ( flavor :5 cook$ or bak$ ( a black walnut1 w\ld be a wor?y a*ievem5t4 ,also1 secur+ poll5 f a hybrid ,engli% black walnut & back cross+ ) ei!r species might produce ! dream tree4 ,n4 ,b4 ,hybrid vigor might be a bless+ = ! quick] gr[? ( all =e/ trees4 ,exp]im5ts 9 nut trees might be appli$ to o!r species4 #ac4 b4 ,e/abli% 9 ! same tree two v>ieties suitable = cross+4 ,?is se$ %\ld be di/ribut$ = propagation by ! ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5t to public in/itutions & to o!rs = re=e/ation on wa/e l&s or wat]-%$ project or private gr\nds4 ,by select+ isolat$ trees = ?is mat+1 ! nuts w\ld ei!r be self-poll9at$ or a cross ( ! desirable v>ieties4 ,?is x w\ld seem w\ld yield bett] nuts ?an ! hit-an-miss me?ods ( nature4 #ad4 ,use a new y>d /ick = measur+ ! value ( nut trees = comm]cial production4 ,size ( nut1 ?ickness ( %ell1 crack+ qualities are desirable traits b !y might n be decid+ factors 9 evaluat+ a tree4 ,o!r factors equally important p]haps ev5 m s1 are size ( nut clu/]s1 rate ( gr[?1 consi/5cy 9 be>+ annual cross1 yield p] tree ( %uck$ nuts1 resi/ance to blights & insect ne/s4 #ae4 ,compile a li/ ( ! be/ articles t h appe>$ 9 ! ,n4,n4,g4,a4 reports & pr9t !m 9 pamphlet =m = di/ribution to ,ohio gr[]s4 ,all ! articles on black walnuts w\ld be f\nd 9 ! "o booklet1 & s on = all o!r trees 9 :i* ,ohioans w\ld be int]e/$4 #af4 ,*eck c>efully ! exp]i5ces & obs]vations ( all ! memb]s s z to assemble data on ! behavior ( nut trees4 ,?is in=mation w\ld be m useful 9 det]m9+ :at crosses w\ld be desirable4 ,! ,?omas nut1 = example1 has be5 bo? prais$ & condemn$4 ,:at w\ld be ! conc5sus ( op9ion on ! m]its ( ?is mu* debat$ v>iety8 #ag4 ,make nor!rn ,ohio ! nucleus ( ! ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,geographically & climatically1 ?is section ( ! /ate repres5ts an ideal spot = nut tree exp]im5tation1 9 ! nor!rn /ates4 ,! exp]im5t f>ms at ,woo/] & ,canfield1 ! ,f9dley ,/ate ,=e/1 ! v>i\s /ate prop]ties1 all c\ld be br\ght into a closely knit function+ project4 ,,conclusion ,! committee ?9ks t a #bj ye> program along ^! #ag l9es1 or a modification ( !m1 w ev5tually prove successful4 ,if su* an organization c (f] f>m]s & all o!rs int]e/$ 9 nuts & cons]vation a bett] walnut1 filb]t1 hickory or *e/nut suitable = ,ohio soils & ,ohio climate ! ef=t w\ld seem wor? :ile4 ,s f> p int]e/$ 9 nut culture h be5 call$ nuts4 ,practical-m9d$ p are apt to smile at su* nut exp]im5ts1 b a glimpse at our /ate proves t nut en?usia/s h vision1 & a fai? 9 ! future2 t !y are mod]n ,johnny ,applese$s ) m ( ,johnny's me?ods b less ( 8 madness4 ,! hi/ory ( our /ate is a hi/ory ( squ&]$ natural res\rces1 ( get-ri*-quick me?ods1 ( wanton de/ruction ( all =ms ( plant & animal life4 ,if ?is organization c 9 a small way /op ! erosion ( gulli$ hillsides1 *eck ! rampage ( swoll5 riv]s1 arre/ ! f]tility ( ,ohio f>ms f float+ to ! ,gulf or ! ,ocean1 if x c f9d "s sub/itute = ! magnific5t *e/nut trees n[ gone =ev]1 if x c make bett] nuts gr[ :]e none or poor ones gr[ n[1 if x c sell cons]vation & a love ( trees to e f>m] 9 ,ohio1 ?is organization or any o!r w be conf]r+ a ri* legacy ^u future ,ohioans4 ,,obitu>y ,dr4 ,john ,h>vey ,kellogg di$ at ! age ( #ia at 8 home 9 ,battle ,creek1 ,mi*igan1 on ,decemb] #ad1 #aidc1 f pneumonia4 ,until 8 dea? he 0 "o ( our two honor>y memb]s1 ! o!r be+ 8 bro!r1 ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg4 ,our only o!r honor>y memb]s h be5 ,h5ry ,hales1 ,h4 ,e4 ,van ,deman1 & ,dr4 ,walt] ,van ,fleet4 ,! ,kelloggs 7 ?us honor$ because ( _! l>ge gifts to ! association1 _! ent]ta9m5t ( ! association twice at ,battle ,creek1 & ! num]\s pap]s on nuts z food s5t to ! association by ,dr4 ,kellogg4 ,he once gave u #ejj z prizes = a nut conte/4 ,he 0 pres5t at our ,/am=d meet+ & at ^? 9 ,battle ,creek4 ,a full acc\nt ( 8 life & works 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,n4,y4 ,times = ,decemb] #af1 #aidc2 & f a m$ical /&po9t1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association = ,decemb] #be1 #aidc1 p4 #aacb4 ,o!r acc\nts may be f\nd 9 ! ,mi*igan newspap]s & else:]e4 ,he 0 c]ta9ly "o ( our mo/ em95t memb]s4 ,he 0 resolute & s9c]e 9 8 beliefs1 =ceful & p]si/5t 9 advocat+ !m ?\gh !y diff]$ q radically f ! beliefs ( mo/ ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,he w\ld n p]mit 8 pati5ts to use alcohol1 tobacco1 meat 9 any =m1 or tea & c(fee4 ,^? :o _h be5 excessive us]s ( ^! ?+s 7 (t5 imm5sely b5efitt$ by a /ay 9 a ,kellogg sanitorium4 ,he jo9$ our association on acc\nt ( 8 advocacy ( nuts z food to replace 9 "p ! abs5ce ( meat4 ,( late ye>s he _h laid m emphasis on soy beans4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( 8 radical views on food !re c be no d\bt t he did an imm5se am\nt ( good n only by 8 treatm5t ( individual pati5ts b also by ! wide dissem9ation ( 8 tea*+ & 8 inv5tion ( _m useful =ms ( s-call$ heal? foods4 ,pr9t$ by ,,! ,,corse ,,press1 ,inc41 ,s&y ,creek1 ,n4,y4