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,ave41 ,seattle ,denman1 ,george ,l41 #acai ,east ,nina ,ave41 ,spokane ,ferris1 ,major ,hiram ,b41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #gd1 ,spokane ,kling1 ,william ,l41 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,box #bcj1 ,clarkston ,linkletter1 ,f4 ,d41 #hjcd #ceth ,ave4 ,n4 ,e41 ,seattle ,lynn ,tuttle ,nursery1 ,the ,heights1 ,clarkston ,martin1 ,fred ,a41 ,star ,route1 ,chelan ,naderman1 ,g4 ,w41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,box #cgj1 ,olympia ,shane ,bros41 ,vashon ,wilson1 ,john ,a41 ,east #aeag #afth ,ave41 ,spokane ,,west ,,virginia ,cannaday1 ,dr4 ,john ,e41 ,charleston ,general ,hospital1 ,charleston ,hoover1 ,wendell ,w41 ,webster ,springs ,slotkin1 ,meyer ,s41 #afga #fth ,ave41 ,huntington1 #a ,,wisconsin ,aoppler1 ,c ,w41 ,box #bci1 ,oconomowoc ,bassett1 ,w4 ,s41 #aebb ,main ,st41 ,la ,crosse ,dopkins1 ,marvin1 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,river ,falls ,downs1 ,m4 ,l41 #ajbd ,n4 ,leminwah ,st41 ,appleton ,koelsch1 ,norman1 ,jackson ,zinn1 ,walter ,g41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #gdg1 ,milwaukee 99,life ,member 9999,contributing ,member ,,constitution ,,article ,i ,name--,this ,society shall be known as the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association1 ,,incorporated4 ,,article ,,ii ,object--,its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership--,membership in this society shall be open to all persons who desire to further nut culture1 without reference to place of residence or nationality1 subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on membership4 ,,article ,,iv ,officers--,there shall be a president1 a vice-president1 a secretary and a treasurer1 who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting2 and a board of directors consisting of six persons1 of which the president1 the two last retiring presidents1 the vice-president1 the secretary and the treasurer shall be members4 ,there shall be a state vice-president from each state1 dependency1 or country represented in the membership of the association1 who shall be appointed by the president4 ,,article ,v ,election of ,officers--,a committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the following year4 ,,article ,,vi ,meetings--,the place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the board of directors shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the president and board of directors4 ,,article ,,vii ,quorum--,ten members of the ,association shall constitute a quorum but must include two of the four elected officers4 ,,article ,,viii ,amendments--,this constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting1 notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting1 or copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting4 ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i ,committees--,the ,association shall appoint standing committees as follows3 ,on membership1 on finance1 on programme1 on press and publication1 on exhibits1 on varieties and contests1 on survey1 and an auditing committee4 ,the committee on membership may make recommendations to the ,association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member4 ,,article ,,ii ,fees--,annual members shall pay two dollars annually4 ,contributing members shall pay ten dollars annually4 ,life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars and shall be exempt from further dues and shall be entitled to the same benefits as annual members4 ,honorary members shall be exempt from dues4 ,perpetual membership is eligible to any one who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the ,association and such membership on payment of said sum to the ,association shall entitle the name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as ,perpetual with the words ,in ,memoriam added thereto4 ,funds received therefor shall be invested by the ,treasurer in interest bearing securities legal for trust funds in the ,district of ,columbia4 ,only the interest shall be expended by the ,association4 ,when such funds are in the treasury the ,treasurer shall be bonded4 ,provided that in the event the ,association becomes defunct or dissolves then1 in that event1 the ,treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose for such uses1 individuals or companies that the donor may designate at the time he makes the bequest or the donation4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership--,all annual memberships shall begin ,october #ast4 ,annual dues received from new members after ,april first shall entitle the new member to full membership until ,october first of that year and a credit of one-half annual dues for the following year4 ,,article ,,iv ,amendments--,by-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any meeting4 ,,article ,v ,members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are due and1 if not paid within two months1 they shall be sent a second notice1 telling them that they are not in good standing on account of non-payment of dues and are not entitled to receive the annual report4 ,at the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice1 a third notice shall be sent notifying such members that1 unless dues are paid within ten days from the receipt of this notice1 their names will be dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues4 ,,annual ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,incorporated ,for the third time in the forty-four years of our existence our annual convention has been omitted4 ,each time this has been due to war conditions4 ,the first was in #aiah1 the others in #aidb and #aidc4 ,no report was issued for #aiah but one was compiled for last year1 and this present little volume will show that your members and officers are still functioning4 ,we have great hope for the future4 ,an important part of this report is the result of the work of the ,chairman of the ,survey ,committee1 ,mr4 ,john ,davidson1 a good job well done4 ,considering the still elementary state of nut growing it is remarkable--a really immense undertaking4 ,the responses to this survey show enthusiasm that is encouraging4 ,the war and its emphasis on food seems to have increased interest in nut culture4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,secretary ,,for #aidb-dc ,the ,association has had a successful year in spite of the war and the cessation of our annual meetings because of the restrictions on wartime travel4 ,interest in the ,association and nut culture appears to be well-maintained4 ,the program committee assembled a report for #aidb and is already working on one for #aidc4 ,during the past year the membership increased from #djj as of ,august #aj1 #aidb to #dff as of ,july #a1 #aidc4 ,if this rate of increase continues1 we shall pass the #ejj mark before the end of #aidd4 ,in the #aicb report #acd members were listed and each year since then has shown a substantial increase4 ,accompanying this letter is a questionnaire from the survey committee which is designed to extract as much information as possible from the members4 ,the secretary is especially interested in the section on personal information as it should give some idea as to the interests of the members and indicate how they may best be served by the officers and committees4 ,the program committee can also use this information in preparing programs4 ,president ,weschcke announces that the committees and state vice-presidents for #aidb will continue for another year4 ,the membership circulars which contain the list of nut nurseries and a list of publications on nut culture may be had from the secretary by all who wish to distribute it4 ,the sets of reports as now sold lack the report for #aice4 ,the few remaining copies are being reserved for agricultural libraries4 ,if members have copies of this report for which they no longer have any use their return to the secretary's office will be appreciated as it may make possible the supplying of complete sets to libraries4 ,treasurer's ,report ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,treasurer--,,aug4 #ae1 #aidb to ,,sept4 #a1 #aidc ,receipts3 ,memberships #ggd4ae 7,philip ,allen #aj4jj7 7,exchange 4#ae7 ,sale of ,reports #ajb4he ,sale of ,index 4#ge ,sale of ,advertising 7#aida ,report7 #e4jj ,carl ,weschcke ,contribution #ej4jj ------- #icb4ge #icb4ge ,disbursements3 ,fruit ,grower ,subscriptions #ga4bj ,printing and ,mailing #aidb ,report #cbh4cg ,reporting #aida ,convention #cb4ej ,expense of ,president ,none ,expense of ,secretary #gd4jb ,expense of ,treasurer #bf4ch ,supplies and ,miscellaneous #bf4ga ------- #eei4ah #eei4ah ------- ------- ,excess of ,receipts over ,expenditures #cgc4eg ,balance on ,hand ,aug4 #ae1 #aidb #baf4je ------- ,balance on ,hand ,sept4 #a1 #aidc in ,north ,linn ,savings ,bank #ehi4fb ,d4 ,c4 ,,snyder1 ,treasurer ,the ,status of ,nut ,growing in #aidc ,,survey ,,report ,,john ,,davidson1 ,chairman of ,committee ,this survey of nut tree growing in the ,united ,states and ,canada is a cross section of the industry and has been conducted through the membership of our ,association4 ,questionnaires were submitted to all members1 of whom a very satisfactory percentage responded with reports which usually were as complete as the age of the planted trees made possible4 ,our thanks are due to all who had the patience to reply to so searching a questionnaire4 ,their reward1 we hope1 will be increased by nuggets of information from others4 ,the survey committee is indebted to the officers of the ,association1 to ,mr4 ,slate particularly1 who took care of the multigraphing and mailing drudgery1 and to the experienced men who lent invaluable aid in formulating and revising the exhaustive and detailed questions4 ,the results are here set forth in three sections3 ,northern ,united ,states1 ,southern ,united ,states and ,canadian4 ,it is evident that trees which do well in the south may act very differently in the north2 yet1 to a certain and very important extent1 the experience of the south has a bearing upon conditions in the north4 ,for example1 the pawpaw1 though not a nut tree1 has seemed to edge itself into the affections and interest of many nut tree men4 ,it is in reality a tropical fruit which has adapted itself to northern latitudes4 ,the pecan seems to be trying to do the same thing4 ,both illustrate a way of working that nature practices more or less with all species4 ,by cross pollination and selection1 human hands are having a part in speeding up this process of adaptation in pecans1 ,persian walnuts and other tender species4 ,in fact1 this is one of the jobs to which the ,association is dedicated4 ,we wish here to pay tribute to the nurserymen of this ,association4 ,most nurserymen are intelligent and honest but sometimes they have a tough time of it4 ,their worst competitor is a nurseryman who sells seedlings for named varieties1 who advertises widely and prospers upon the work of others4 ,when we think of the painstaking care of the honest nurseryman1 of his days of drudgery1 of the thousands of failed experimental trees and plants that he destroys1 of the service he renders his fellows1 we know that we should make slow progress without his help4 ,the conscientious worker in the experiment stations is in the same category4 ,he does his best work largely for love of it4 ,in addition to many letters and other valuable sources of information this survey covers reports from more than #aej planters of named varieties of nut trees4 ,many are also planters of seedlings from selected and named varieties with which they are experimenting and from which they are making selections for future tests4 ,some are experimenting with cross pollination4 ,as one example of careful work1 we have now on file blue prints from the ,new ,jersey ,department of ,conservation and ,development1 from ,gerald ,a4 ,miller1 of ,trenton1 showing exact locations by name and number of one of the largest variety collections of hybrid walnut trees in the world4 ,from the ,brooklyn ,botanic ,gardens1 ,arthur ,h4 ,graves1 ,curator1 we have valuable records of the breeding of chestnut trees1 with selections made primarily for tree growth and timber production4 ,there is also hope for some good nuts from the trees4 ,the timber1 in money value1 is of course more important than the nuts4 ,if successful1 we shall again have both4 ,it is difficult to interest hurry-up ,americans in planting trees for future generations4 ,they want results now4 ,but the sooner we develop reliable and adaptable fruiting trees for general planting1 the sooner will thousands of people begin to plant trees4 ,the late rapid growth of membership in this ,association shows an awakened interest that could be swollen into a mighty flood of tree planters if good trees were available4 ,if there were more agencies like the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority1 more trees of the better sort would be developed4 ,its tree crop activities have now been transferred to a ,forest ,resources ,division under the supervision of ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,cummings1 and its testing and selection work is going ahead steadily4 ,thomas ,g4 ,zarger1 ,jr41 ,botanist1 is handling the black walnut work in connection with other investigations of ,minor ,forest ,products4 ,the headquarters is at ,norris1 ,tennessee4 ,charles ,v4 ,kline1 now ,assistant ,chief of the ,watershed ,protection ,division1 still keeps his old interest in the black walnut and tree crop program4 ,definite and important results are bound to follow from so sustained and well organized a project4 ,most state agencies complain of lack of appropriations and help4 ,the real trouble lies in lack of vision and knowledge upon the part of legislators4 ,the ,president has proposed an immense program of communications and highway development as a post-war project4 ,we suggest that fruitful land is still more important1 and that highways through desert countries are almost unknown except as means for getting from one fruitful land to another4 ,perhaps this ,association could do more than it has done toward spreading the gospel among legislatures4 ,the largest source of contribution to the survey is1 of course1 from the ,northern ,united ,states4 ,for purposes of tabulation1 we have included everything north of ,central ,tennessee in this class4 ,nearly one hundred planters of nut trees contribute their experiences in this section4 ,of the lot1 only fourteen of them plant trees for sale as nurserymen4 ,today we could keep more of them with stocks sold out4 ,seventy-six are interested in planting primarily for the production of nuts2 fifty-seven1 in grafting and budding trees from named varieties2 forty-five in planting seed from the better varieties1 either for production of stocks upon which to graft or1 in large quantities1 for observation and selection4 ,as many as twenty-six are doing important work in hybridizing4 ,fifty-one are top-working young trees to better varieties4 ,only twenty-one count upon the growth of timber for a part of their profit4 ,but certainly the growth of timber1 especially black walnut1 is not an item to be left out of consideration4 ,much1 here1 depends upon the manner of planting1 whether in orchard or forest formation4 ,however1 even in orchard plantings1 the stumps alone are valuable for beautifully patterned veneers4 ,fifty-seven correspondents tell us that they are testing standard varieties1 while forty-two are interested in discovering and developing new varieties1 certainly an index to the pioneering and creative urge which dominates many of our members4 ,as is to be expected1 most of our newer members are thus far feeling their way by growing a few of the better varieties for home use4 ,only nine of the whole number say that they are working with nut trees at an experiment station4 ,as to the species of trees being planted1 black walnut heads the list with eighty-nine planters4 ,persian walnuts are next with seventy-three1 including five who specify ,carpathians or ,circassians4 ,sixty-eight are planting ,chinese chestnuts1 and sixty-four hickories4 ,filberts and pecans are tied with fifty planters each2 forty-eight say they are planting hazels2 forty-three heartnuts2 and forty-two persimmons--if we may include these trees for the time being among the nuts4 ,thirty-eight are planting butternuts2 thirty-two1 ,japanese ,walnuts2 twenty-eight1 pawpaws2 twenty-seven1 mulberries2 twenty-four1 ,japanese chestnuts4 ,after these1 in order1 come almonds along the southern borders1 beech toward the north1 hicans1 tree hazels1 oaks1 ,japanese persimmons1 honey-locust1 jujube1 black locust 7the correspondent explains1 for bees and chickens71 ,manchurian walnuts1 and finally1 coral and service berries4 ,as an indication of the adaptation of species and varieties to the climates in which these men1 and several women1 are working1 they listed at out request the following native trees found most plentifully in their sections4 ,black walnuts and hickories stand at the head of the list1 as reported by seventy-five correspondents each4 ,then follow in order1 butternuts1 hazel1 beech1 oaks 7probably overlooked by many71 pecans and chestnuts4 ,of nut trees found sparingly in these sections1 butternut trees1 surprisingly1 take first place1 indicating broad adaptation but a certain weakness1 perhaps a slow susceptibility to blight or fungi1 which prevents this tree from being found plentifully4 ,it is significant that it is found most plentifully in the more rigorous areas of ,new ,england where fungous ravages are discouraged by cold4 ,add chinquapins to the number of scarce trees1 and the list is complete4 ,as a further gauge of climatic conditions1 fifty reported that peaches are reliably hardy in their sections1 while fifty said they are not4 ,this1 according to the late ,thomas ,p4 ,littlepage1 is a fairly reliable index to the climatic adaptability of present varieties of northern grown pecans4 ,ninety-two planters reported that their seasons are long enough to mature ,concord grapes4 ,only four said no4 ,for ,catawba grapes8 ,yes1 said forty-two2 ,no1 fourteen4 ,for field corn8 ,yes1 ninety-three2 ,no1 four4 ,this question was improperly asked4 ,field corn varies too widely in length of maturity for accuracy in this respect4 ,lowest temperatures expected range from #h deg4,f above to #cj deg4,f below zero1 with the usual lower range in the greater portion of the northern states1 from zero to #ab deg4 below4 ,lowest known temperatures range all the way from #aj deg4 to #eb deg4 below1 but in most portions from #ae deg4 to #ce deg4 below4 ,returns indicate that winter injury is not always1 nor even usually1 the result of low temperatures but1 rather1 to the condition in which the trees enter the winter4 ,if late excessive growth leaves them with wood not wholly dormant1 they suffer4 ,if not1 they will stand extraordinary low temperatures with little or no damage4 ,one way to guard against this damage is by preventing late growth4 ,a means of doing this will be found in an important contribution by ,mr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,burgart1 of ,union ,city1 ,michigan4 ,mr4 ,burgart says3 ,after #ba years of experience with growing1 selling and planting nut trees1 ,i have had to have a neighbor show me the best way to care successfully for them4 ,i have studied and practiced ,mr4 ,baad's methods1 and in comparing them with my former practice1 and with the practice of others who have failed with their trees1 ,i will suggest the following cultural procedure to be given all plantings when possible1 and to be continued for at least three years1 or even longer for best nut production4 ,nut trees should be given clean cultivation right after being planted 7in the spring7 and until ,august #ast4 ,this encourages root growth and conserves moisture4 ,then sow a cover crop of rye1 cow peas or soy beans to take up moisture1 slow up growth and prevent the late sappy condition that is often responsible for winter injury4 ,leave the cover crop over winter and turn it under in the spring for humus4 ,before turning under1 a light application of some kind of manure1 along with some superphosphate and potash1 should be sprinkled around each tree4 ,then thorough cultivation again until ,august1 and repeat4 ,soil for nut trees should be tested for acidity1 nitrogen1 phosphate and potash4 ,it has been determined that most nut trees prefer a p,h range of #f4j to #h4j2 but ,i have frequently found people planting trees on soils of #d4j and #e4j1 where nothing but sickly growth could be expected4 ,where it is not possible to work all of the ground between nut trees1 cultivation should begin with a three or four foot circle around each tree1 annually increasing this space with the growth of the branches4 ,cultivation1 with attention to humus and fertility1 are necessary to proper tree growth and nut production4 ,sod culture will never do4 ,mr4 ,burgart's method has the advantage not only of guarding the trees from excessive winter injury but at the same time adds an almost immediately available source of humus and nutrients to the soil for spring growth4 ,if followed1 it should greatly reduce the number of reports of winter injury1 failure to start1 and of weak growth afterward4 ,excessive summer heat is not so great a problem in most portions of the northern states4 ,the highest expected temperatures range1 in our reports1 from #hf deg4 to #aaj deg42 mostly from #ij deg4 to #ajj deg44 ,the highest known are reported to be all the way from #ie deg4 to #abj deg41 but mostly from #ajj deg4 to #aaj deg44 ,a method of guarding against heat damage will be found in a communication from ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 of ,roanoke1 ,va41 which appears later in this report4 ,drouth and hot1 dry winds are more dangerous enemies than either cold or heat4 ,it is somewhat ominous that1 out of eighty-three reports1 forty-two1 originating all the way from ,maine to ,oregon and from ,canada to ,tennessee1 report the occurrence today of frequent drouths1 while forty report hot1 dry winds4 ,surely the need for tree planting is immediate and urgent4 ,mulching1 and the protection of recently planted trees by wrapping their trunks1 are preventives of some damage1 but can not stand up forever against the longer and longer periods of drouth now being reported1 during which the water table is gradually being lowered beyond the reach of tree roots4 ,the length of the frost-free season has an important bearing upon the production of nuts after the trees are matured4 ,this is true in the south as well as in the north4 ,one of the most frequently reported causes of loss of nut production in southern sections is an early spring1 inducing growth of buds and blossoms1 followed by a frost4 ,no protection seems to have been found against this damage except by use of heavy smudges4 ,large orchardists protect themselves1 but planters of small groves rarely do so4 ,this explains the autumn scramble1 reported by many members1 in search of early fallen nuts4 ,we should continue our search for trees which produce nuts of early maturity4 ,thus far the search has not been too successful among most species1 but some progress has been made and the future is more encouraging in this respect than it was a decade or two ago4 ,some early maturing nuts have been found and pollen from the trees is being used for cross-pollination with better known nut producers4 ,in the northern states1 dates of the latest spring frosts range from ,april #a to ,june #a1 with the average around ,may #ae4 ,the earliest fall frosts come from ,sept4 #e to ,oct4 #ae1 with the average about ,sept4 #ae to #bj4 ,where the frosts fall much outside these limits--too late in the spring or too early in the fall--protective measures will help but will not always prevent damage4 ,soil ,conditions4 ,there is a slight preponderance of clay soils over loam among the returns from planters4 ,loams and sandy loams are tied for second place4 ,a smaller number report that these top soils lie shallow over hard-pan or rock4 ,fewer still report a soil underlaid with sand or gravel4 ,by far the best growth for most kinds of nut trees1 as well as the best production of nuts1 is to be found where trees are planted in deep loam4 ,next come the trees in clay loam2 then come trees in sandy loam and in clay over sand or gravel4 ,numerous complaints of poor growth come from members who have trees set in a soil which is shallow over rock or hard-pan4 ,some of the hazels and butternuts are reported as able1 for a time at least1 to establish themselves in such soils1 but their fight for survival seems precarious and is apparently short-lived4 ,black walnuts1 particularly1 require deep1 rich soils into which their long taproots can easily penetrate4 ,this is one of the few nut tree facts so definitely established that there can no longer be any doubt about it4 ,the reports show that the planting of black walnuts in any but good deep soil should be discouraged4 ,it leads only to disappointment and often to loss of interest4 ,a somewhat sandy soil1 particularly if loamy1 seems adapted to the planting of chestnuts and to such trees as do well on ground that will successfully grow peach trees4 ,if such soil is found upon a hillside or hill top1 so much the better4 ,all such soils1 of course1 require more attention to fertility maintenance1 for they leach out more quickly than soils with more of a clay constituent4 ,do any of the nut tree species prefer an acid to an alkaline soil8 ,this is a question our questionnaire does not answer4 ,thirty correspondents say their trees are set in a lime soil1 fourteen in an alkaline soil 7which may or may not1 in the commonly accepted usage of that term1 have lime as a source of alkalinity74 ,sixty-one report an acid soil4 ,only eight of this group report the use of lime1 two the use of bone meal1 and one of wood ash as acid correctives4 ,unfortunately1 we did not ask definitely about the reaction of trees to the use or non-use of lime4 ,puzzled by this comparative neglect of lime as a corrective on acid soils1 we asked ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 of ,roanoke1 ,va41 a very accurate and acute observer1 who had reported plantings in both kinds of soils1 what his experience had been4 ,also we asked ,miss ,mildred ,jones1 whose experience with nut trees is second to none1 the same question4 ,their replies follow3 ,mr4 ,stoke says3 ,in response to your inquiry1 ',what nut trees1 if any1 do best in acid soils8' ,i should reply that the chestnut leads the list1 followed closely by the mockernut hickory4 ,throughout its native habitat the heaviest stands of the native chestnuts are to be found on acid soils over granitic and sandstone formations1 rather than on limestone ridges4 ,the best stands are on granite ridges1 partly due1 no doubt1 to the poverty of sandstone soils4 ,the mockernut hickory occurs about anywhere on the poor1 acid1 clay soils of the south1 its vigor depending on fertility4 ,shagbark does not occur on the acid 7granitic7 ,blue ,ridge mountains1 but is found on the limestone ,alleghanies running parallel only a few miles away4 ,i have never seen a shagbark hickory between ,roanoke and the coast1 more than #bjj miles away1 but it occurs freely to within two or three miles on the west4 ,the difference is not in elevation or rainfall1 but in the soil4 ,on the other hand1 black walnut occurs on both acid and limestone soils1 but seems to prefer the latter4 ,part of its preference may be due to the generally greater fertility and better drainage to be found in limestone soil4 ,persian walnut1 ,i believe1 when on its own roots1 is more or less allergic to acid soil4 ,wild hazels grow here on both limestone and granite soils4 ,frankly1 ,i believe the matter of soil acidity1 as such1 is rather over-emphasized4 ,there are other factors entering into the problem that are of as great or greater importance4 ,i doubt if there was actually any really alkaline soil1 in its native state1 in the humid region lying east of the ,mississippi ,river4 ,in the glaciated region lying to the north1 the soil seems to have been more nearly neutral 7p,h #g74 ,such was the case in ,iowa and in ,minnesota where ,i homesteaded many years ago4 ,throughout the south the soil averages much more acid1 even much limestone soil being greatly benefitted by liming4 ,north or south1 soil acidity is greatly affected by drainage and by the resulting native vegetation4 ,peat or muck soils are notably acid2 also they are notably deficient in potash4 ,the addition of wood ashes greatly benefits such soils in two ways4 ,on the other hand1 the addition of wood ashes to a soil already alkaline might be harmful even though in need of potash4 ,in the last several years ,i have been making some soil experiments that ,i may write up when ,i am sure ,i know what ,i am talking about4 ,in general1 ,i may say ,i should prefer a soil slightly on the acid side for any and all tree and farm crops if ,i had an eye to future fertility4 ,lime breaks down vegetable matter and makes its constituent plant foods quickly available1 but prevents a build-up of humus in the soil4 ,the effect is very pronounced in times of drought1 the alkaline soil crops drying up much more quickly than do those on acid soil4 ,on the other hand1 such soil elements as phosphorus seem to require the lime as a flux to prevent the phosphates from becoming fixed and unavailable to crops4 ,in regard to peat moss1 it is undoubtedly acid1 but it is beneficial in its water-holding properties and in the comparatively slow release of its nutritive elements4 ,lime added to the peat will break it down rapidly and make it more available as a fertilizer1 but until the decomposition reaches a certain point2 its effect is to impoverish rather than to enrich the mixture4 ,this seeming paradox can perhaps best be explained by some experiments ,i have been making with sawdust4 ,a number of plots were prepared and given various treatments1 including mixing one surface-inch of sawdust with the soil1 and wheat was sown on the area4 ,wheat sown on the test plot without any treatment or fertilizer was normal for the poor clay soil on which the experiments were made4 ,where sawdust1 only1 was added1 the wheat came up but sickened and produced no filled heads4 ,the same was true where lime was added to the sawdust4 ,where heavy applications of nitrate of soda were added to the sawdust treated plots1 both with and without lime1 the 'sickness' disappeared and wheat was matured4 ,my analysis of this1 coupled with experiments in composting1 leads to the following conclusion3 ,during the period of decomposition of the sawdust 7hastened1 no doubt1 by the lime71 the bacteria of decomposition fed so heavily on the nitrates in the soil that the plants were starved4 ,when the material had reached the condition of humus1 the bacterial activity decreased to the point where fertility was restored4 ,the above analysis accounts for the fact that coarse vegetable material1 injures crops1 when plowed under1 for the current season4 ,fresh succulent material decays so quickly that it becomes almost immediately available1 releasing its constituent plant food4 ,with proper conditions of moisture and aeration1 sawdust1 when mixed with quickly decaying material like kitchen garbage1 can be reduced to an excellent1 usable humus in three summer months4 ,in fact1 it is then better material than if permitted to lie out in the weather for fifteen years4 ,there is another factor ,i think important in tree growth1 especially where summers are hot1 and that is soil temperature4 ,for any of our nut trees ,i should say that an acidity test of p,h #f to #g would be entirely satisfactory4 ,if the soil is infertile1 some form of humus should be worked in at the time of planting4 ,if much such material is used1 some lime may be added4 ,better yet1 wood ashes and bone meal will furnish potash1 phosphorus1 and the lime necessary to correct acidity and maintain the phosphorus in an available condition4 ,add to this1 proper drainage and cool soil achieved by1 first1 cultivation1 and later by heavy mulching1 artificial shading1 or shrubby undergrowth extended outside the root area1 and your tree should 'go to town4' ,when the tree is large enough to shade its own root area it will take care of its own soil refrigeration4 ,nature knew what she was about when she planted trees in forests4 ,trees require warm heads 7sunshine7 and cool feet 7shade71 just the opposite from us humans4 ,mr4 ,stoke's letter recalls a very ancient ,arabian proverb connected with the date palm4 ,the date palm tree must have his head in hell and his feet in water4 ,we are indebted both to ,mr4 ,stoke and to the ,arab scientists for many things4 ,miss ,mildred ,jones' reply1 fortunately1 goes into other and equally important phases of the same subject4 ,she says3 ,anyone who is going to lime and fertilize nut trees should take at least a five year period for his work1 using lime and fertilizer each year1 and not dump it all in one year1 then wait for results4 ,he should study the return on a five year basis4 ,one year is too short a term4 ,weather conditions can upset a program to the extent that both lime and fertilizer may not have their effect until the following year4 ,let those who really want to know1 make graphs of growth in young trees and of nut production from older trees1 in pounds1 for five years1 as against five of the same years during which trees similarly situated received no fertilizer or lime4 ,i shouldn't be at all surprised if those who state in reports to you that they have an acid soil1 merely have a top acid soil4 ,they may be growing their trees in basic limestone soils4 ,walnut trees grow in this environment very well1 because they are found growing wild in woods where laurel and other types of plants loving an acid condition grow4 ,this is true here in our county1 but these soils are not seriously acid4 ,they grow good garden crops4 ,ground1 or pulverized1 limestone is the safest type of lime to apply to trees or crops1 in my estimation4 ,some of it is ground so fine that it looks like hydrated lime and is used for medicinal purposes4 ,i am inclined to think that any reports you received that noted injury from the use of lime may have been due to the use of burned lime 7calcium oxide7 which is caustic when wet4 ,this type of lime may be used in winter1 but during the growing season1 or too close to the growing season1 may injure trees4 ,i believe such injury depends entirely upon weather conditions1 but it is a good thing to be on the safe side and use a lime which will not have the hot reaction that burned lime has4 ,your reports will serve an excellent purpose if they lead to getting a yearly record by planters on bearing and tree growth of their varieties4 ,few people know enough to go into the matter of soils and treatments intelligently4 ,one can hardly blame them4 ,it is a baffling subject4 ,an unbalance in one element will lock up another element until one has quite a time unlocking them again4 ,it seems that a conservative middle course is about the best to advise4 ,upon reflection1 it seems likely that if our questionnaire had asked specifically about the use of lime1 many more reports would have been received of its use4 ,in response to an inquiry as to how weed competition near young trees is controlled1 the replies are encouraging4 ,forty-seven practiced mulching2 forty-five1 mowing2 thirty-four1 occasional cultivation2 twenty1 regular cultivation1 and a few others1 slag or cinders around the trees4 ,as is evident1 some used several of the above methods4 ,a few used none and suffered losses4 ,their honesty is admired1 and their experience1 disappointing as it is1 is useful information4 ,as to fertilizing1 forty-three reported the use of manure in some form as the principal material2 twenty-eight used nitrogenous fertilizer2 twenty-one1 a complete fertilizer4 ,other materials were1 in order1 lime1 compost1 bone meal1 ammonium sulphate1 wood ash1 tankage4 ,one used a mixture of muck and manure and got results in excellent growth where the use of muck alone produced unsatisfactory growth4 ,several reported injury from too much fertilizer or from too late an application4 ,tree growth was thus pushed on into late fall2 the trees were too sappy to stand the winter freezes and suffered from winter killing4 ,the same result was reported from over-cultivation4 ,in this connection1 we refer back to the letter from ,mr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,burgart1 of ,michigan1 whose suggestions on cultivation and fertilizing are well worth careful study and practice by all who have had this trouble4 ,it is possible that some planters1 especially those whose trees are set on hillsides1 where erosion is a robber of fertility1 would modify ,mr4 ,burgart's practice of turning under the green crop in the spring4 ,they might prefer1 as indeed might others who would like to see their green manure nearer the top of the soil1 to disk in the green crop rather than bury it deeply with mouldboard plows4 ,they would of course follow it up with repeated diskings until the time came for sowing another cover crop4 ,this is1 however1 entirely in line with ,mr4 ,burgart's recommendations4 ,pursuing this subject to its conclusion1 we next asked3 ,when young trees failed to grow with you1 what percentage of these failures was due to 444 7various causes enumerated below78 ,the question was misunderstood4 ,many evidently gave percentages of all trees planted4 ,others1 correctly1 gave percentages merely of the trees which failed to grow4 ,as nearly as could be arrived at1 about #cj percent of losses were among trees that failed even to start2 #dj percent failed from weak growth the first year or two2 #aj percent from failure to maintain later growth2 #af percent were winter killed1 and #c or #d percent died from rodent or similar 7mole1 gopher1 deer1 bear7 injury4 ,it is evident that by far the greatest losses were suffered within the first two years--not less than seventy percent4 ,probably more4 ,it would seem that two years of intensive care should not be too burdensome a stint for a reward which lasts a lifetime4 ,rodent and similar injuries were no doubt kept low because of extra protective care4 ,hardware cloth 7galvanized wire #a_/d mesh1 #bd high1 preferred7 around each tree proved the most common and effective preventive4 ,following this1 in order of use1 were3 wrapping the trunks 7including wrappings of tar paper72 mounding with earth or ashes2 poison bait1 dogs and cats1 clean cultivation2 resinous paint2 spray 7with ,purdue formula mentioned72 and1 finally1 hogs1 against mice4 ,anti-rodent treatments which proved injurious to trees were reported to be2 tar paper wrappings2 coal tar washes2 close-set creosoted posts2 oil sprays2 any paint2 any chemical to smear on trunks2 rooting cement4 ,for those who are located in regions where deer are a source of injury1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 of ,west ,bank1 ,b4 ,c41 reports the successful use of an old and heroic ,russian formula4 ,spray or paint all branches with manure water1 using hog or human offal4 ,deer will stay away4 ,naturally4 ,next come answers to some personal questions as to experiences from which the reader may glean a wide variety of suggestions4 ,the first of these questions is3 ,what is your ,,one greatest source of success8 ,the answers seem to show many royal roads1 each of which was the one road for someone4 ,the answers3 ,mulching young trees2 watering care2 planting seeds2 planting one-year seedlings2 wrapping-with paper2 #ej moist peat mixed with earth in transplanting2 manure2 sod in bottom of planting hole and use of nitrogen later2 setting trees at bottom of slopes2 clean cultivation until ,august then sowing rye1 soy beans or cow peas as cover crops to turn under in spring2 topworking hickories2 grafting in cool1 moist spring weather2 pigs in orchard2 chickens in orchard2 planting #ab-ad-;foot trees severely cut back1 burlap wrapped1 heavily mulched4 ,it seems a pity that limitations of space do not permit the telling of the various stories connected with the above glimpses of successful solutions4 ,each represents a little or a big success story connected with an individual problem4 ,it is sufficient1 perhaps1 to know that someone somewhere found that each was the answer to his own difficulties4 ,the next question brings out the reverse side of the planters' work3 ,what is your chief source of failure8 ,the answer most often given was the honest one1 lack of attention4 ,we can all convict ourselves here1 either involuntarily or otherwise4 ,especially during this period of warfare1 when so many have been taken away from their plantings and have been unable to get help1 there is no question but that our trees have suffered4 ,the next in frequency is unsuitable soil4 ,following this come3 lack of water2 poor planting2 planting too big a tree2 spring planting of nut trees2 buying #e to #g year-old trees2 climate2 transplanting failures2 grafting2 grafting in dry1 hot1 springs2 top-working old trees2 stink bugs on filberts 7nuts72 lack of drainage2 forcing with nitrogenous fertilizer2 fertilizing young trees too much2 birds breaking off top growth4 ,it had been the intention to confine this question to young trees1 but it was not so phrased1 so we shall let the answers stand as they are4 ,it is a bit ironical that some found their chief source of failure exactly where others had made their best success4 ,the explanation must lie in differences in technique1 in soil or in some other local condition4 ,skill1 knowledge1 and persistence must always play a great part in any success4 ,we next asked1 ,what have been your chief difficulties with established1 bearing trees8 ,the difficulties here shift from matters of soil1 rodent protection and the like to other types2 caterpillars1 neglect1 winter injury1 limited crops1 failure of nuts to fill1 disappointing quality of nuts1 bag and tent worms1 blight1 blight due to drought1 too early leaf fall1 insects in early spring1 trees drowned out in flooded bottom lands4 ,it is probable that this last disaster happened to younger trees4 ,as to the species of trees chiefly damaged by these causes1 black walnut comes first 7possibly because more of these trees have been planted71 then hickories1 ,persian walnuts1 chestnuts 7blight71 heartnuts1 pecans1 filberts1 butternuts1 and finally butternuts in the south areas from fungus troubles4 ,trees reported to have been least damaged were1 first1 butternuts1 then hazels and filberts1 black walnuts1 hickories1 ,manchurian walnuts1 ,jap4 walnuts1 heartnuts1 chestnuts1 pecans1 ,persian walnuts4 ,in response to the specific question1 ,what insects damaged the trees81 we found that walnut caterpillars were more common than any others1 followed closely by web or tent worms4 ,the ,japanese beetle is a close second and is broadening its entrenched positions steadily4 ,others are flat-headed apple borers1 lace-wing fly1 aphis1 leaf hoppers4 ,to this list two reporters added sapsuckers among the insects4 ,these birds would almost girdle some of the branches with punctures4 ,insect damage was reported as serious by eight reporters1 as slight or occasional by six1 and of yearly occurrence by nearly all4 ,others reported damage as serious if not controlled4 ,what do you do to control the insects8 was then asked4 ,most of the answers referred to clustering types of insects and involved removal of the clusters by burning1 by cutting off the infested twigs1 or by scraping off the clusters from the trunks in the early morning or late evening4 ,others sprayed with lead arsenate1 sprayed in late summer with lead arsenate1 sprayed with nicotine sulphate for aphis and lice4 ,other methods mentioned were early cultivation1 shaking the tree with a pole early and often1 and chickens in the grove4 ,some of these means are adapted manifestly1 to small plantings and others to larger groves4 ,none mentioned the attracting of birds by plantings of trees or shrubs that bear berries or small seeds4 ,when trees are tall enough to be beyond reach of poles or sprays1 the birds become more essential as insect destroyers4 ,what insects damage the nuts8 ,weevil1 by long odds4 ,next come husk maggots or shock worms1 codling moth larvae1 borers1 stink bugs on filberts1 butternut curculio4 ,no cure is given for this trouble except the very valuable one of keeping chickens1 or1 better still1 turkeys running freely in the plantation4 ,clean cultivation will1 of course1 destroy many larvae that hibernate under trash4 ,what species are most injured by disease8 ,none are immune1 apparently1 though three reporters in favored regions answer none are injured4 ,black walnuts suffer from leaf-spot1 blight1 or canker1 especially in seasons when the trees have been weakened by drought4 ,hazels and filberts are next1 then ,persian walnuts1 butternuts1 native chestnuts1 ,chinese chestnuts1 pecans4 ,blight in chestnuts1 nectria canker and blight in black walnuts1 blight in filberts 7,cryptosporella71 scab in pecans1 and die-back ,melanconium oblongum in butternuts4 ,these are the kinds of diseases most to be feared among nut trees4 ,sprays1 chiefly with ,bordeaux mixture and copper base solutions1 are recommended4 ,if nut orchards were generally as well sprayed as apple and peach orchards1 we should hear less of disease among nut trees4 ,as it is1 nut trees are in general far more resistant by nature to disease than fruit trees1 but it will not do to take unlimited resistance for granted4 ,as progress is gradually made in the selection of varieties for better nut production1 it is very likely that there will be a weakening of this resistance to disease4 ,better cultural methods1 resulting in more robust growth1 will build up resistance4 ,better sprays and more spraying will act as a barrier not only to disease but to most insect enemies as well4 ,what disease1 if any1 affects the nuts8 ,fortunately1 very few diseases are reported4 ,none1 say most of our reporters4 ,a scab is reported for the first time this year in some sections on pecans4 ,galls are reported on some hickories4 ,a husk blight appears to affect ,persian walnuts in some places1 and nut production is very seriously affected among black walnuts by defoliation prematurely1 either because of drought or leaf-spot4 ,the cure is undoubtedly the same as for disease affecting the trees1 namely spraying4 ,what proportion of nuts are taken by the squirrels8 ,the answers to this question range all the way from all if allowed to none if prevented4 ,if the nut trees are located near a forest1 the proportion will be large2 if not1 much smaller4 ,most correspondents say that the proportion is very small1 but nearly a third of those who make any report on this at all1 say such losses are rather heavy4 ,in the extreme north1 there seem to be no squirrels to bother4 ,several report thefts1 particularly of filberts1 by chipmunks1 while one complains about both mice and jaybirds as filbert lovers4 ,the most effective squirrel control is the rifle or shotgun4 ,rat traps1 using black walnuts as bait1 are second choice and said to be effective4 ,the banding of isolated trees with tin 7one says cotton batting7 will prevent squirrels from climbing4 ,a good cat or several of them will be useful1 say several reporters4 ,one judicious correspondent says that1 in general1 there are two popular ways of handling the situation2 one by shooting1 the other by cussing--most practiced1 least effective4 ,one grower1 not to be outdone by the patient ,chinaman or ,japanese1 in ,september ties up each chestnut burr in a cloth sack4 ,take your choice2 but it will be well1 if you wish to remain in good standing with the law1 either to do your shooting during the open hunting season or1 if at other times1 catch your thief in the act and1 wastefully1 let him lie where he falls when shot4 ,so says the law1 at least in some states4 ,on the other hand1 there are many who will say1 with one reporter3 ,i do nothing about it4 ,i like squirrels4 ,this note by chairman--not ,w4 ,c4 ,d46 ,the ,marketing of ,nuts6 ,the purpose of this section was not to inquire into methods of marketing but merely to determine1 if possible1 what marketing of nuts is now being done4 ,it is little enough4 ,chestnut lovers have all but forgotten the taste of good chestnuts4 ,black walnut buyers1 confectioners1 bakers1 report that it is next to impossible1 at least for the duration of the war1 to get deliveries of nuts1 especially shelled nuts4 ,the market for a good product is best only when the product is easily and plentifully obtainable4 ,forty-one growers reported that they sell nuts commercially4 ,the others do not because they have no surplus to sell4 ,only six sell kernels4 ,the others sell whole nuts4 ,owing to a misreading of the question1 few reported on profitable varieties4 ,those who did1 reported ,thomas as first1 then ,stabler and ,ohio4 ,of pecans1 ,major first1 then ,greenriver1 ,busseron1 ,indiana1 ,niblack4 ,of chestnuts1 ,hobson is the only one mentioned1 and of filberts only the ,jones hybrid4 ,most growers reported on species instead of varieties4 ,of these1 black walnuts stand first1 then pecans1 chestnuts and filberts4 ,in the far northwest1 filberts stand first4 ,most growers have the feeling that the hybrid chestnut1 mollissima x dentata1 is coming fast and offers one of the best chances for profitable commercial planting4 ,at present only three reporters who specifically commit themselves on the subject say they count upon the sale of nuts as an important item in their income4 ,fifty-one do not4 ,fifteen definitely expect1 and sixteen others have hopes1 that nuts may some day become1 at least to an extent1 good income producers for them4 ,practically all express themselves as willing to sell or exchange either nuts or cions for propagation purposes4 ,discovery of ,promising ,nut ,trees4 ,some thirty-odd wild trees which bear nuts of unusual promise have been reported by discoverers in their answers to this survey4 ,it is more than likely that some of them have been previously reported4 ,the committee has no means of knowing4 ,however1 it is hoped that1 out of the lot1 one or two may be good enough for propagating or for contributions of pollen for cross-pollination4 ,the names and locations of the owners of these trees have been turned over to ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,associate ,pomologist1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a41 ,beltsville1 ,md41 for further investigation4 ,it has been found that such information should not be prematurely published1 since it leads to trouble for the owners and to possible undue valuations being placed upon the trees in question4 ,,rating ,,of ,,varieties4 ,first1 it will be best to state how the committee arrived at a rating4 ,certain well-known varieties were printed by name1 and blanks were left to be filled1 if desired1 with names of special favorites of the reporter4 ,those listed by name were not all good1 but were widely planted4 ,we wished to know exactly what the planters' experience had been not only with the better varieties but with other old stand-bys which were suspected of being below standard4 ,we asked reporters to mark their sheets with the following scale symbols3 ,,xxxx for best2 ,,xxx1 very good2 ,,xx1 good2 ,x1 average4 ,o1 poor2 ,,oo1 failure4 ,in tabulating final summaries1 the committee valued the ,,xxxx symbol at #ajj2 ,,xxx1 #ge2 ,,xx1 #ej2 ,x1 #be2 ,o1 ,o2 ,,oo1 minus #bj4 ,twenty percent was arbitrarily deducted from any #ajj rating1 and #aj from any lesser rating1 in case no other reports on the same tree were received from other reporters4 ,qualities upon which ratings were made were hardiness1 average yield 7rating71 yield in pounds per tree or acre1 age of oldest trees1 age at first crop1 percentage filled nuts1 husking quality1 cracking quality1 size of nuts1 weight of kernels1 quality of kernel4 ,naturally1 not all reporters were able to evaluate all of these qualities1 so many spaces were left blank4 ,for instance1 hardiness could be rated for a very young tree1 but not yield4 ,in any future survey1 we should advocate including a rating on early maturity of nuts1 since this is a quality essential in trees planted farthest north4 ,black ,walnuts4 ,six names of well-known varieties were printed upon our sheets and1 of course1 most of the reports are centered around these trees4 ,twenty-four varieties were voluntarily written in and reported on by correspondents4 ,no doubt some of these varieties will in time replace some of the older ones4 ,reports on them are now too scattered and too much uncorroborated to enable us to do them justice here4 ,for the present we shall have to content ourselves with those which have sufficient evidence4 ,of the printed list1 ,thomas takes first place with rating of #hj4a1 which is a cumulative percentage of all percentages earned on the most desirable black walnut qualities4 ,the method of obtaining this ,thomas overall percentage is as follows3 ,add all the ,thomas percentages in the paragraph below4 ,their average will be found to be #gh4 ,reports from ,canada and the southern area bring this average up to #hj4a1 as stated4 ,stambaugh is second with a rating of #gb4 ,rohwer rates #gf2 ,ohio1 #eg2 ,stabler1 #di1 and ,ten ,eycke1 #de4 ,the last three seem to stand in jeopardy of replacement by other varieties4 ,breaking these percentages down according to their qualities1 the trees in the northern ,u4 ,s4 area were rated as follows1 using the valuations noted in the second paragraph at this section entitled ,rating of ,varieties3 ,in hardiness ,thomas rates #hj2 ,stambaugh1 #gj2 ,rohwer1 #ge2 ,ohio1 #gj2 ,stabler1 #fj2 ,ten ,eycke1 #fe4 ,in yield1 ,thomas rates #fa2 ,stambaugh1 #ci2 ,ten ,eycke1 #ch2 ,rohwer1 #cg2 ,ohio1 #cf2 ,stabler1 #ac4 ,yield per tree or per acre was not well enough reported to warrant reliable ratings4 ,in percentage of filled nuts1 ,thomas rated #hb2 ,stambaugh1 #hh2 ,rohwer1 #ia2 ,ohio1 #hg2 ,stabler1 #fg2 ,ten ,eycke1 #fh4 ,in husking quality1 ,thomas1 #ga2 ,stambaugh1 #fg2 ,rohwer1 #ff2 ,ohio1 #g2 ,stabler1 #ba2 ,ten ,eycke1 #ac4 ,in cracking quality1 ,thomas rated #ha2 ,stambaugh1 #gi2 ,rohwer1 #eg2 ,ohio1 #eg2 ,stabler1 #fa2 ,ten ,eycke1 #ej4 ,in size of nuts1 ,thomas rated #ib2 ,stambaugh rated #eg2 ,rohwer1 #eh2 ,ohio1 #ee2 ,stabler1 #ci2 ,ten ,eycke1 #db4 ,in weight of kernels1 ,thomas rated #gi2 ,stambaugh1 #hg2 ,rohwer1 #fb2 ,ohio1 #ee2 ,stabler1 #ej2 ,ten ,eycke1 #ca4 ,in quality of kernels1 ,thomas rated #gg2 ,stambaugh1 #eh2 ,rohwer1 #fj2 ,ohio1 #fh2 ,stabler1 #dd2 ,ten ,eyck1 #dg4 ,it would have been more accurate1 of course1 to have again divided these returns according to the warmer and cooler regions from which they came1 but the report has certain limits which can not be over-stepped4 ,all these varieties are represented by some trees twenty years old or older4 ,thomas was reported to be the youngest to bear4 ,its average age at first crop was exactly five years2 ,stambaugh1 #f years2 ,rohwer1 #e4eg years2 ,ohio1 #e4ag2 ,stabler1 #e4g2 and ,ten ,eyck1 #e4ag years4 ,other varieties1 the names of which were written in1 are each sponsored by one or more correspondents who were attracted by their outstanding excellence with respect to the following qualities3 ,hardiness3 ,creitz1 ,homeland1 ,mintle1 ,elmer ,myers1 ,tasteright1 ,pinecrest1 ,patterson1 ,horton1 ,vandersloot1 ,lamb1 ,deming ,purple1 ,brown1 ,tritton1 ,cole1 ,sifford and ,korn4 ,yield3 ,creitz1 ,homeland1 ,mintle1 ,cozad1 ,vandersloot1 ,brown4 ,filled ,nuts3 ,homeland1 ,mintle1 ,cornell1 ,niederhauser1 ,cozad1 ,vandersloot1 ,brown1 ,tritton1 ,cole1 ,sifford4 ,husking ,quality3 ,creitz1 ,homeland1 ,mintle1 ,patterson1 ,todd1 ,snyder1 ,cozad1 ,horton1 ,vandersloot1 ,lamb1 ,deming ,purple1 ,brown1 ,tritton1 ,cole1 ,sifford4 ,cracking ,quality3 ,eureka1 ,snyder1 ,mintle1 ,patterson1 ,brown1 ,tritton4 ,size of ,nuts3 ,homeland1 ,todd4 ,weight of ,kernels3 ,mintle1 ,todd1 ,snyder1 ,cornell1 ,niederhauser4 ,kernel ,quality3 ,creitz1 ,homeland1 ,mintle1 ,korn1 ,snyder1 ,cornell4 ,this1 of course1 cannot be a complete list1 but we give it as reported to us4 ,it will be well to keep an eye on several of them4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,k4 ,hostetter1 ,lancaster1 ,pa41 sends us the only report which gives a year-by-year record of nut production from black walnut trees4 ,he says3 ,i am especially interested in persimmons1 service-berries1 wild cherry1 mulberry and elderberry4 ,of about #ae varieties of persimmon here ,i consider ,early ,golden and ,josephine the best4 ,of #bj or more varieties of mulberries ,i consider ,downing and ,paradise the best4 ,paradise is a large purple mulberry ,i found near here4 ,it has an exceptionally good flavor4 ,following is a record of my crops of black walnuts1 grafted varieties3 #aica1 #b bu42 #aicb1 #c bu42 #aicc1 #d bu42 #aicd1 #h bu42 #aice1 #ab bu42 #aicf1 #ah bu42 #aicg1 #cg bu42 #aich1 #ed bu42 #aici1 #eb bu42 #aidj1 #cjj bu42 #aida1 #bj bu42 #aidb1 #abe bu42 #aidc1 #gj bu4 ,mr4 ,hostetter sells his nuts both as kernels and in the shell4 ,he says that he can now count upon this crop for a substantial contribution to his annual income4 ,seedling ,chestnuts4 ,none but ,chinese and ,japanese varieties were reported on4 ,more of the ,chinese seedlings have been planted than of the ,japs4 ,the latter excel in hardiness1 yield1 size of nuts1 but the ,chinese have a better percentage of filled nuts1 have better husking quality and much better quality of kernel1 according to growers4 ,of course1 being seedlings1 neither is entirely dependable in any of these qualities4 ,the best that can be said is that the planter of a ,chinese seedling has a better chance than the planter of a ,jap seedling if he is after nut quality4 ,named ,chestnuts4 ,outside of the report on hardiness1 the returns on these varieties are too meagre to enable one to arrive at a corroborated conclusion4 ,in hardiness1 the ,hobson stands first with a rating of #ie4 ,zimmerman and ,carr are tied at #fj2 ,yankee rates #ej4 ,reliable seems to be little planted but also seems to rate well in hardiness4 ,hobson again stands first in yield1 with ,carr and ,zimmerman second4 ,the ratings are #hj and #fj respectively4 ,reliable comes next1 then ,yankee4 ,in early bearing1 ,hobson stands first1 ,carr next4 ,all seem to fill well1 also have good husking quality4 ,carr is said to bear the largest nut1 with ,hobson and ,zimmerman next4 ,in quality of kernel1 ,hobson and ,reliable stand out from the others4 ,hobson1 on the returns1 has much the best of it in general excellence4 ,however1 the last word has by no means been said in connection with hybrid chestnuts4 ,in no field of nut culture is so much hybridizing being done4 ,we expect to see many contenders for preeminence in this most promising branch of the industry4 ,pecans4 ,the returns on pecans are also very incomplete after we go beyond the young tree age4 ,perhaps one reason for this is that young orchards of pecans require a longer time for growth than many other species before they begin to bear4 ,the reports confirm this view4 ,records of crops from present plantings are none too numerous4 ,in the reports on hardiness among the pecans1 ,major stands first with a percentage score of #he2 ,greenriver #hc2 ,busseron1 ,indiana and ,giles are tied at #hj2 ,posey #ge2 ,butterick #dj4 ,records of yields are not numerous enough to be conclusive1 but ,major1 ,busseron and ,butterick lead4 ,this is in the absence of reports on ,greenriver1 ,posey1 ,niblack1 and other important varieties4 ,hybrid ,pecans4 ,the records for hardiness here1 as with other pecans1 are marred by lack of good reporting4 ,so far as the record shows1 ,pleas--,hican var4 7hickory x pecan7 is the outstanding variety for hardiness in regions north of its origin4 ,it scores #he2 ,norton and ,rockville1 #hj each2 ,gerardi1 #ge2 ,burlington1 #fj2 ,bixby1 ,des ,moines and ,mc,callister1 #ej each4 ,records of yields are not forthcoming4 ,such records as we have of filled nuts show them to be in general1 unsatisfactory4 ,in fact1 however1 no reliable conclusion can be reached from a study of the pecan reports unless it should be--a sad one--that the questionnaire or the questionees fell down here4 ,filberts4 ,the story brightens4 ,many are working with filberts4 ,in the northwest1 the growing of filberts is developing into a commercial enterprise of good proportions4 ,our records are correspondingly more complete though they show that there is plenty of room for improvement in the development of varieties of desirable quality4 ,in hardiness1 ,winkler leads in the reports with a score of #ga4df1 with ,jones hybrid a very close second at #ga4ae4 ,bixby is next1 then ,buchanan4 ,of the written-in varieties1 excellent hardiness is reported for ,cosford1 ,hazelbert1 ,kentish ,cob1 ,early ,globe1 ,burkhardt's ,zeller1 ,comet1 ,gellatly ,no4 #a1 ,chinese ,corylus1 ,brixnut and ,longfellow4 ,yields rule best with ,rush and ,jones hybrid4 ,winkler1 ,bixby and ,buchanan follow closely4 ,failures in this respect are noted for ,barcelona1 ,du,chilly1 ,italian ,red and ,white ,aveline4 ,cosford has a good report4 ,rush and ,jones hybrid fill well1 as do ,cosford1 ,hazelbert1 ,buchanan and1 usually1 ,winkler4 ,husking qualities are quite good for all varieties named except ,winkler and1 in some places1 ,rush4 ,cracking qualities are fairly uniform in all varieties reported4 ,in size of nuts1 ,jones hybrid and ,winkler have a more uniformly good record1 with ,hazelbert1 ,du,chilly1 ,white ,aveline1 ,barcelona1 ,brixnut and ,longfellow following closely4 ,in kernel quality1 ,rush1 ,winkler1 ,cosford1 ,du,chilly1 ,bixby1 ,buchanan and ,longfellow are named as among the best4 ,butternuts4 ,the record is very scant4 ,weschcke1 ,sherwood and ,buckley1 according to these reports1 are hardy4 ,weschcke and ,craxezy yield well4 ,sherwood is the most precocious in early bearing with ,weschcke close up4 ,sherwood1 ,craxezy and ,weschcke fill well and the latter two crack well4 ,buckley leads in size of nuts1 with ,sherwood close1 and all have good kernel quality4 ,we have no reports on ,aiken1 ,deming or ,devon4 ,persian ,walnuts4 ,in most portions of the north1 the reports show that ,franquette1 ,mayette1 ,pomeroy and ,rush are not adapted to our climate--too tender4 ,broadview has the best record for hardiness1 followed by one or two of the ,crath ,carpathian numbers1 and with ,breslau1 ,lancaster and ,bedford showing up well4 ,in yields1 ,broadview and ,payne have the best reports1 followed by ,breslau1 ,lancaster and ,bedford4 ,in size of nuts1 ,breslau1 ,lancaster and ,franquette are first2 ,broadview and ,payne next4 ,in quality of kernel1 ,bedford1 ,franquette1 ,lancaster and ,payne1 in that order1 are claimed as best1 with ,mayette1 ,breslau1 ,crath1 ,pomeroy and ,broadview following4 ,since kernel quality is a matter of taste1 it seems unlikely that any rating on it will prove satisfactory to everybody4 ,hickories4 ,returns are numerous and well distributed4 ,in hardiness1 ,stratford leads with a rating of #hd2 ,glover rates #hc2 ,fairbanks1 #gi2 ,romig1 #ge2 ,weiker1 #ga2 ,kentucky1 #fe4 ,others1 written in1 with best ratings by their growers1 are1 in the following order2 ,beaver1 ,hales1 ,barnes1 ,clark1 ,caldwell1 ,taylor1 ,weschcke1 ,beemen1 ,bridgewater4 ,schinnerling1 ,hagen and ,abscota are close up4 ,best yields are reporting for ,stratford and ,fairbanks4 ,close up are ,barnes1 ,glover and ,schinnerling4 ,weschcke1 ,glover1 ,weiker1 ,beeman and ,bridgewater are most precocious in early bearing4 ,best filled nuts are reported1 in order of precedence1 for ,stratford1 ,fairbanks1 ,walters1 ,beaver1 ,hagen1 ,weschcke1 ,beeman and ,bridgewater4 ,husking quality3 ,reports were inadequate4 ,cracking quality1 in order or rank1 ,glover1 ,stratford1 ,hagen1 ,beeman1 ,weschcke1 ,schinnerling1 ,kirtland1 ,weiker1 ,bridgewater4 ,size of nuts3 ,in order of rating1 ,weiker1 ,bridgewatar1 ,fairbanks1 ,weschcke1 ,stratford1 ,beeman1 ,schinnerling1 ,hagen4 ,in weight of kernel3 first1 ,abscota1 then ,barnes1 ,glover1 ,fairbanks1 ,kentucky1 ,kirtland4 ,quality of kernel3 ,in order of preference1 ,kirtland1 ,glover1 ,weschcke1 ,hagen1 ,stratford1 ,bridgewater1 ,weiker1 ,abscota1 ,schinnerling1 ,kentucky1 ,beeman1 ,stratford1 ,beaver4 ,too much dependence should not be placed upon the order of precedence in the above lists after the first two or three1 since1 in many instances1 there is not sufficient corroboration from separate sources to warrant more than a tentative position1 especially for some of the varieties listed at the ends of the classes4 ,heartnuts4 ,the hardiest1 in the order reported1 are ,walters1 ,fodermaier1 ,gellatly1 ,faust1 ,bates4 ,lancaster1 does not bear well and is not hardy in the northern areas4 ,best yields reported are from ,walters and ,bates4 ,other reports are inadequate or absent4 ,most precocious1 ,bates and ,gellatly4 ,best filled heartnuts1 with best husking and cracking qualities as well as best quality of kernels2 returns are about equally divided between ,gellatly1 ,walters and ,bates1 with ,walters and ,gellatly somewhat larger in size4 ,it is to be regretted that reports are incomplete or absent in connection with many varieties of nuts4 ,we feel1 however1 that1 in the main1 the above ratings1 especially when arrived at from cumulative evidence1 reflect with fair accuracy1 the present status of nut tree conditions in northern ,united ,states4 ,,canada4 ,in all its chief characteristics1 the ,canadian nut growing experience follows the pattern of northern ,united ,states4 ,the reports received from ,canada numbered about one-tenth those received from the northern states--upon the whole1 a satisfactory cross section4 ,in summarizing these reports it will be necessary only to call attention to such practices and experiences in ,canada as are at variance with those already reported from the northern states4 ,for example1 in response to the question1 ,what species are you planting experimentally or commercially8 we find1 surprisingly1 that ,persian walnuts displace black walnuts from first place1 at least in these reports1 and that filberts and heartnuts come next4 ,then come black walnuts1 butternuts1 hickories1 hazels1 ,chinese chestnuts1 persimmons1 ,jap walnuts1 almonds and a scattering of other species4 ,leading native wild trees are1 first hazels1 then black walnuts1 hickories and butternuts4 ,winter climate is widely varied1 being temperate along ,puget ,sound and close to the southern tier of the ,great ,lakes1 but subject to great extremes in the prairie provinces4 ,lower winter temperatures in these provinces average from zero to #de deg4 below1 while the lowest recorded is reported to have been #fb deg4 below4 ,it is evident that ,canadians have widely variable problems1 in spite of which three ,canadians1 exactly the number reported from the northern states1 tell us that the sale of nuts is an important item in their annual incomes4 ,it looks as though1 in comparison1 northern ,u4 ,s4 growers could do better4 ,with an average frost-free season of less than five months 7from ,may #g to ,oct4 #b71 ,canadians do this4 ,the normal dates of latest spring frosts average from ,april #bj to ,may #bd1 and of earliest fall frosts1 from ,sept4 #aj to ,oct4 #ab4 ,extremes at either end often shorten the season somewhat4 ,soil conditions are generally good1 with plenty of loam and sandy-loam1 half lime1 half acid2 but drought is serious in places1 necessitating irrigation4 ,one wonders whether1 if more of us were pushed to it1 we might not find irrigation so profitable that we would never again be without it4 ,cultural and soil corrective practices are1 in general1 similar to those previously reported4 ,less trouble is experienced from rodents--mice1 rabbits1 squirrels--but more from deer4 ,wrapping the trunks of young trees is more generally practiced than with us of more southern latitudes1 and disk cultivation is more generally favored4 ,in reply to the question1 ,what was your one greatest source of success81 the answers include1 pollination by hand1 the use of good trees1 disking1 planting hardy seed1 and budding ,persians on black walnut stocks4 ,failures were due mostly to the inevitable causes1 cold1 drought1 weak growth4 ,alkaline soil is mentioned in one report as a chief difficulty4 ,bud worms1 ,june beetle1 leaf hoppers and walnut caterpillars are also enemies1 but ,canada seems free from some of the other pests that have invaded the ,united ,states4 ,the most profitable species reported by ,canadians are filberts1 black walnuts1 with soft-shelled walnuts mentioned by ,mr4 ,gellatly1 of ,west ,bank1 ,b4 ,c4 ,from ,ontario1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,wagner1 of ,delhi1 writes1 ,we are collecting 7nuts7 now to make tests of various types of black walnuts this winter4 ,there are one or two plantations of #ajjj trees which will soon be bearing1 and the future looks interesting4 ,black ,walnuts4 ,four varieties appear in ,canadian reports which have not been mentioned previously3 ,impit1 ,troup1 ,gifford and ,neilson4 ,gifford and ,neilson are said by ,mr4 ,corsan1 of ,ontario1 to be heavy croppers in ,canada1 ,neilson ,very heavy4 ,impit is a splendid1 upright-growing tree which should do well for timber production as well as for nuts4 ,all trees printed in the questionnaire1 ,ohio1 ,rohwer1 ,stabler1 ,stambaugh1 ,ten ,eyck and ,thomas1 are given good ratings for hardiness except ,thomas which is fair4 ,gibson bears large nuts of good cracking quality4 ,neither ,japanese chestnuts nor pecans are reported on from ,canada4 ,chinese chestnuts and hybrid chestnuts are reported as planted and hardy1 thus far1 but have yet to bear4 ,filberts4 ,holden1 ,craig1 ,firstola1 ,comet and ,brag show up as hardy and bear good crops of nuts of good quality4 ,other promising varieties are ,petoka 7new variety1 small1 thin shell17 ,daviana1 ,churchvelt--significant name6 ,barcelona1 ,du,chilly1 ,italian ,red1 ,rush1 ,white ,aveline and ,bixby are reported to be not hardy4 ,winkler is hardy4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 of ,west ,bank1 is working with a number of tree hazels1 ,chinese1 ,indian1 ,turkish and a cork-barked variety4 ,all are rated by him as hardy in his area4 ,they are young trees1 not yet reported in bearing4 ,butternuts4 ,in addition to previously named varieties1 ,edge is added and is given a foremost rating in all departments1 ,the rating on others is not conclusive4 ,persian ,walnuts4 ,no new light is thrown on the performance of varieties already listed4 ,broadview is one of the hardiest1 a good producer of fair nuts4 ,watt produces a large nut of finest flavor4 ,geloka is a good nut1 and ,corsan is hardy but bears a smaller nut of lesser kernel quality4 ,hickories do not seem to interest ,canadians4 ,stratford1 first1 and ,weiker1 second1 are leaders4 ,stratford bears heavily but its quality in ,canada is not up to par4 ,heartnuts are a ,canadian specialty4 ,gellatly1 of all varieties in the printed list1 is reported as best in all departments4 ,of the twelve varieties written in by reporters as worthy of special mention1 it is difficult to make a just appraisal4 ,okanda1 ,o4 ,k41 and ,crofter are reported perfectly hardy through minus #bj deg4 of cold4 ,others1 hardy and good in all departments1 are1 ,mackenzie1 ,canoka1 ,walters1 ,rover1 ,calendar and ,smyth4 ,stranger seems not quite so hardy1 but ,mr4 ,corsan calls it the best heartnut grown1 splendid in flavor1 thin shelled1 a little small but with a better than usual percentage of kernel4 ,if heartnuts have a future1 which seems almost inevitable1 it looks as though ,canada1 if it continues as it has started1 will be one of the main sources of supply for varieties4 ,the ,canadians are doing a creative job4 ,,the ,,southern ,,area4 ,there are no nurserymen who report from the southern area4 ,practically all are interested in the production of nuts1 but they are more alive than their northern neighbors to the value of timber1 and more of them count upon it for a part of their profit from the planting of nut trees4 ,interest is about equally divided between methods of propagation1 grafting1 budding1 top-working1 planting seed of better varieties1 artificial cross-pollination1 and searching their neighborhoods for wild trees that show promise of superiority4 ,the species being planted experimentally or commercially are1 in order of precedence1 black walnut1 persimmon1 pecan1 ,persian walnut1 ,chinese chestnut1 hickories1 filberts1 hazels1 heartnuts1 ,jap chestnuts1 almonds1 mulberry1 native chestnuts1 ,jap walnuts1 pawpaws and beech4 ,species of wild trees found locally follow closely the pattern of planting mentioned above1 which is as it should be4 ,climatic conditions are1 in-general1 favorable4 ,peaches are in most places reliably hardy4 ,lowest temperatures normally expected range from #bb deg4 above to #bj deg4 below zero2 and the highest normal summer temperatures range from #ij deg4 to #aae deg44 ,dates of normal late spring frosts have a very wide spread1 being all the way from ,march #a to ,may #ab4 ,normal early frost expectancy is from ,oct4 #aj to ,nov4 #ae4 ,all long-season crops mature well4 ,the chief climatic enemies are drought and hot1 dry winds4 ,as to growth conditions1 clay soils predominate1 but with plenty of loamy bottom land for nut planting4 ,acid soils predominate somewhat over lime soils1 growing more unfavorably alkaline in the south-west4 ,cultural practices are generally the same as in the north1 but with a greater proportionate use of mowing and mulching1 no doubt induced by the need for protection against greater heat1 as well as for conservative of moisture4 ,a greater proportionate failure of young trees to start first year's growth is also probably due to heat injury in the spring and summer following planting4 ,tree wrapping seems to be the corrective chiefly indicated4 ,the difficulties principally mentioned with matured trees are again mostly climatic2 drought1 sun-scald1 early advent of spring followed by late frosts1 delayed dormancy in the fall1 poor filling in dry seasons1 and biennial fruiting4 ,insect enemies which damage both trees and nuts are practically the same as in the north only there are more of them4 ,rodent damage and squirrel theft seem less troublesome there owing1 perhaps1 to protective measures and to the well developed hunting instinct among southern farm boys4 ,a larger proportion of growers than are reported in the north sell nuts commercially1 with pecans1 walnuts1 and chestnuts listed as the most profitable species4 ,the practice is still limited as an important source of income1 but a much greater proportion of planters look confidently forward toward profitable operations in the future4 ,black ,walnuts4 ,it is evident that in some of the warmer parts of the ,united ,states1 ,california1 for instance1 the word hardiness takes on a certain connotation that we should understand better in the north4 ,its meaning there is resistance to delayed dormancy1 as one ,california report states it4 ,as a matter of fact1 it might be advisable for us all everywhere to think of hardiness in these terms4 ,delayed dormancy is hazardous in any tree1 whether natural to it or induced artificially by late summer or early fall cultivation and fertilizing1 and whether the tree is located in the north or in the south4 ,when a tree goes into the winter with sappy wood1 it is injured1 and we say it is not hardy4 ,that this is true in the south as well as in the north is well attested by the returns on black walnut trees of the south4 ,there1 the tree gives us a picture surprisingly similar to that of the north4 ,in the south1 if the tree's dormancy is delayed1 it does not get its proper rest between crops and it dies or is stunted1 in one way or another1 for some time thereafter4 ,in the north1 if the following winter is severe1 it simply dies4 ,perhaps the winter killed it4 ,or perhaps we killed it with unseasonable pampering4 ,reports show that in the south1 ,rohwer1 ,stambaugh1 and ,ten ,eyck lead in hardiness in the printed list of black walnuts1 with a score of #hj each4 ,ohio1 ,stabler and ,thomas each average #ge4 ,of the written-in names1 ,sifford and ,beck are reported hardy1 followed by ,creitz4 ,elmer ,myers has only one report1 which is rather unfavorable in this respect4 ,in yield1 ,creitz has the best rating1 then ,thomas1 ,stambaugh1 ,sifford1 ,stabler and ,beck1 in that order4 ,thomas is the most precocious in early bearing4 ,one report has it that ,thomas kills itself1 sometimes1 by overdoing it in this respect4 ,stabler1 ,sifford1 ,creitz and ,beck come next4 ,all of these varieties are reported as having well filled nuts1 with ,stabler in the lead1 which may come as a surprise to many4 ,other qualities1 such as husking and cracking1 size1 and quality of kernel1 are reported to be the same as in the north except that ,stabler leads in cracking quality1 with ,thomas a rather poor second1 owing1 perhaps1 to a shell too well filled for cracking without shattering the kernels4 ,seedling ,chestnuts4 ,more ,chinese chestnuts are planted than ,japs4 ,they are hardier1 yield better crops1 are more precocious1 and have a far better quality of kernel4 ,the ,japs excel only in size4 ,named ,chestnuts4 ,hobson is hardy and an extremely precocious bearer of finest quality4 ,carr follows4 ,reports on these varieties1 however1 are not numerous enough to enable one to reach a satisfactory appraisal4 ,two ,marron strains are mentioned as producers of very large nuts2 otherwise this variety's record is not impressive4 ,pecans4 ,posey and ,greenriver are given top mention for hardiness1 with ,busseron1 ,major1 and ,niblack next4 ,in the more southern areas1 of course1 the more tender varieties are favored1 such as ,mahan1 ,success1 ,burchett1 ,schley and ,stuart4 ,mahan seems to be the one most favored for general excellence in yield1 flavor1 and cracking qualities4 ,it must be said1 however1 that1 in flavor1 these larger pecans are inferior to the best pecans of the indigenous northern varieties which are now being propagated4 ,but because of their size1 beauty1 and productiveness1 they will probably maintain their present leadership commercially4 ,hybrid ,pecans1 ,filberts1 ,butternuts4 ,reports from the south are inadequate for appraisal4 ,the inference one must draw is that they are not being planted extensively there4 ,persian ,walnuts4 ,the object of the inquiry1 of course1 was primarily to get information about varieties which might be capable of expanding their range toward the north4 ,in this1 so far as the southern reports are concerned1 we have not been successful4 ,placentia and ,eureka are mentioned in one report but their records1 as reported1 are not particularly good4 ,corroborative evidence is needed4 ,upon the whole1 the south1 strangely enough1 seems not to be the place to look for ,persian walnuts for the north4 ,in ,california1 the varieties of ,persians1 ,juglans regia ,l41 are well rooted to the ground4 ,they object to more northern locations4 ,this may not be entirely true of another species1 ,j4 hindsii1 which in the past has shown a tendency to cross with other members of the juglans tribe4 ,crossed with the native black walnut1 the hybrid known as ,royal was developed1 a robust grower which bears little4 ,crossed with the ,persian1 ,paradox was produced4 ,we are indebted to ,mr4 ,harry ,s4 ,welby1 of ,taft1 ,calif41 for some interesting ,j4 hindsii varieties of good size and rather large1 well filled kernel capacity4 ,upon their exterior1 the nuts resemble the ,persians1 and the kernel has the ,persian flavor4 ,inside the shell1 the structure is that of the ,american black1 with a substantial woody cross-brace1 and the shell itself calls for a hammer for cracking4 ,neither ,paradox nor ,royal have proved of value except for stocks upon which the growers graft or bud their commercial cions4 ,much experimenting has been done in hybridizing ,j4 hindsii1 thus far without producing more than comparatively sterile mules1 but1 the tendency to cross having been demonstrated1 this work should be continued4 ,mr4 ,welby's samples have been sent to ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 at the ,beltsville ,experiment ,station1 for evaluation4 ,perhaps someone will know1 says ,mr4 ,welby1 the limit of cold ,j4 hindsii will stand4 ,mr4 ,welby's comments accompanying his report are too interesting to omit4 ,he says3 ,on the grounds of an oilfield camp1 ,i have carried on collaboration with the ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,bureau of ,plant ,introduction for twenty years4 ,the importation of graftwood of eastern soft shell black walnuts has been on my own4 ,of black walnuts we have bearing trees among ornamental plantings4 ,there has been a marked change of attitude from the early days when ,i was more or less looked upon as a freak for working with them4 ,the nuts are valued today4 ,the original objective has been attained4 ,in the meantime1 ,i have purchased1 #dej miles north of here1 a twenty2 have fenced and planted it to a brand of permanent pasture grasses known as ,evergreen1 furnished by a grass specialist1 ,dale ,butler1 of ,fresno4 ,prior to the grass1 black walnuts1 grafted and ungrafted had gone in4 ,a strip bordering the highway was reserved for trees1 we hope pistachio4 ,there are now thirty of that variety1 bearing1 in an interior block4 ,we have for years purchased black walnut meats in the ,chico area4 ,that would be a paradise for a black walnut man4 ,and years ago ,i visited ,teharna1 a deserted village from the storybook1 a former pony express station--wonderful black walnuts6 ,upon placing my camera upon a stump of a tree that grew in the street-parking1 which had been logged1 ,i braced the camera with a chip of this four-foot stump and discovered that the tree had been a curly walnut4 ,the trees there are not ,j4 hindsii1 but ,missouri blacks planted by forty-niners4 ,concerning pistachio3 ,i doubt1 considering the percentage of members who would be interested1 whether ,i should bring this up1 but there is need for just such an organization as the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 behind this tree4 ,it does not lend itself to common nursery practice4 ,it should be raised from seed1 potted or in cans1 reared without babying for several years1 a horticulturist brought in1 and your pistachio vera male and female blossoms worked to ,p4 atlantica or chinensis4 ,lots of work but it is worth the trouble4 ,it is deciduous with a hickory-like foliage2 clusters of nuts clothed in pink-cheeked hulls4 ,bailey reports best nuts come from ,sicily4 ,perhaps knowledge of them will be more widely disseminated when the boys return4 ,hickories4 ,this species seems not to be of great interest to the south4 ,the old varieties are not mentioned in the reports4 ,nugget is mentioned by ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,dockery1 of ,steele1 ,ala41 as one of the best4 ,it grows well1 yields well1 its kernels have a good size and their quality is unusually good4 ,of heartnuts1 only one is mentioned1 the ,lancaster1 which leaves much to be desired in performance in the south4 ,suggestions and ,requests4 ,in response to the questions1 ,is there any service that ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 could render you not now being met8 and ,have you any suggestions for future work81 a number of responses were received which are worth noting4 ,dr4 ,o4 ,d4 ,diller1 ,state ,exper4 ,sta41 ,wooster1 ,o41 ,we are thinking in terms of another state wide nut contest in the fall of #aidd4 ,it will be remembered that the last ,ohio contest brought the ,brown and ,tritton trees to light4 ,both are making friends by good production of good nuts4 ,this is a suggestion for promotion in other states4 ,sylvester ,shessler1 ,genoa1 ,o43 ,planted #aj nuts from ,tritton parent tree in #aice4 ,one seedling bore a larger nut than the parent tree4 ,several others bore very small nuts but all well filled4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,swarthmore1 ,pa41 ,urge the members to run local contests for good nuts4 ,it may bring members if not nuts1 and you may find some good new neighbors you didn't know about4 7,one easily worked plan is to see the secretary of your county fair board1 offer to pay half or all prize money for best nuts from a single tree in your own and surrounding counties4 ,see that judging is done by someone who knows how or do it yourself47 ,alfred ,j4 ,frueh1 ,w4 ,cornwall1 ,conn41 ,have had quite a lot of winter injury on the south-west side of black walnut trunks grafted near the ground4 ,note that seedling walnuts have a ridged1 corky bark on the trunk already the second year1 whereas a grafted trunk maintains its smooth bark for #f to #h years4 ,am now grafting on seedling stock #e to #f feet above the ground and much of the winter injury is thus eliminated4 ,a4 ,b4 ,anthony1 ,sterling1 ,ill41 ,if they can be had disease free1 promote the planting of a few of the most choice chestnuts in widely scattered regions where no one grows such trees4 ,possibly our children can get back to chestnut growing4 ,seward ,berhow1 ,huxley1 ,ia41 ,in a separate 7pamphlet7 or included in an early report1 give a complete list of all named varieties1 especially black walnuts1 name of nut1 name and address of originator1 location of original tree1 north latitude1 year discovered1 nuts per pound1 score for cracking1 kernel1 prizes won4 ,this would be very valuable for quick reference4 ,the ,t4 ,v4 ,a4 has issued a pamphlet giving much of this information4 ,also1 we believe1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed is at work on a book which will be worth waiting for4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 ,westbank1 ,b4 ,c43 ,could not the ,association supply samples of recommended nuts or perhaps give lists of those who would sell small 7#c or #d7 nut samples4 ,i have sent out such samples of #b or #c each of varieties ,i have on hand up to #i or #ab kinds1 at #ej cents per package1 post paid4 ,this is not enough to pay for the time consumed but is a good advertising practice4 ,harry ,s4 ,welby1 ,taft1 ,calif43 ,the ground squirrel is a pest here4 ,black walnut as bait will attract them in winter when fruits are scarce4 ,at that time ,i have had some success with a box trap treadled by an electric contrivance instead of figure #d4 ,can anyone tell me any experience with scent baits which ,i believe ,biological ,survey trappers sometimes use8 ,it may be a delicate question1 but ,i should be interested in knowing more if the information is available4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dunstan1 ,greensboro ,college1 ,greensboro1 ,n4 ,c43 ,i would be happy if this survey brings to light information on the behavior of the best and more recently discovered hickories4 7,if not17 ,i believe an article on performance of such varieties as ,whitney1 ,grainger1 ,bergor1 ,davis1 ,wilcox1 ,schinnerling1 etc41 perhaps similar to that by ,reed in #aich ,proceedings1 would be highly valuable and welcome4 ,perhaps a report on ,t4 ,v4 ,a4's nut tree work in recent years would also be worth while4 ,c4 ,h4 ,parks1 ,asheville1 ,n4 ,c43 ,would be interested in a chestnut that will grow in southern ,appalachian regions4 7,see ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke's report above4 ,chairman47 ,harold ,g4 ,williams1 ,ramsey1 ,n4 ,j43 ,i believe that most useful trees1 both fruit and nut1 that are now commercially important1 were developed from selected seedlings grown in the area in which they are being used4 ,i have a suggestion4 ,how about a concerted breeding program for nut trees with full membership participation8 ,the best parent trees should be selected from present plantings of grafted1 named varieties4 ,ship these seeds1 or one or two year old seedlings from them1 to each member on a subscription basis4 ,let each member make a trial planting of as many trees as he can4 ,when these trees come into bearing there will be a better chance of finding superior strains that are adapted to their environment4 ,hybridizing by cross pollination requires more time and skill than many of our members possess4 ,there are1 however1 members who now own orchards containing some of the best varieties1 such1 for instance 7among the black walnuts7 as ,thomas1 ,stabler1 ,stambaugh1 and perhaps ,elmer ,myers1 planted in such close proximity as to allow for cross pollination4 ,seed could be purchased from them and resold to members for their planting2 costs to be kept fairly low1 with annual reports required as to care1 cultivation1 fertilizing and growth4 ,an alternate plan would be to turn over such seed to ,hershey1 ,smith1 and other member nurserymen to plant1 grow the young seedlings under best conditions1 and furnish to member cooperators whose pledged subscriptions are to take care of the cost4 ,this would give the cooperating nurseries a piece of business that could be depended upon 7of a kind that would take comparatively little time as compared with that required for grafted trees71 in return for their support4 ,these trees could be planted fairly close1 since most of them would prove to be useless as nut producers4 ,if an outstanding variety is found1 everything around it should be chopped down to give it room for development4 ,i personally would raise and report upon some two dozen trees of this kind1 and if a large group joined in the work1 hundreds of tree could be tested4 ,comment3 ,that the chairman of this committee thinks the above suggestion a good one1 and the project a good gamble1 is evidenced by the fact that he has about a thousand of such trees now growing4 ,seed was bought from ,mr4 ,harry ,weber's1 ,rockport1 ,ind41 and ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,hostetter's ,bird-in-,hand1 ,pa41 plantations in the fall of #aicg and planted at once4 ,most of the seed was from ,thomas trees which had been flanked in the plantations with ,stablers and other named trees1 and from ,stablers similarly flanked4 ,the trees have now had six years' growth4 ,he hopes for first nuts in #aidd from seedlings planted in deep loam only4 ,growth elsewhere has been negligible4 ,if no outstanding nut producers are found1 there will at least be some splendid timber1 already assured4 ,it should be stated at once1 however1 that those whose object is the assured production of nuts1 rather than the discovery or development of a new variety1 should never plant anything but the best grafted trees bought from reliable nurserymen4 ,your decision should be governed by your interest4 ,if you wish to be sure of nuts of a certain quality for home use1 buy grafted trees of that quality4 ,if1 on the other hand1 you have the urge to probe into the unknown and possibly create a new type1 the above project will appeal to you1 especially if you should lack training and time for more painstaking work4 ,the following account is an example of the latter kind4 ,arthur ,h4 ,graves1 ,curator1 ,brooklyn ,botanic ,garden1 says3 ,we are breeding chestnuts for the purpose of obtaining a disease-resistant timber tree stock similar to the old chestnut tree which has now nearly disappeared on account of the blight4 ,we started breeding chestnuts here at the ,botanic ,garden in #aicj1 and now after thirteen years of work1 have on our plantation at ,hamden1 ,conn41 ,litchfield1 ,conn41 where the ,white ,memorial ,foundation is cooperating with us1 and ,redding ,ridge1 ,conn41 where ,mr4 ,archer ,m4 ,huntington and the ,connecticut ,agr4 ,exp't ,station are cooperating1 about #ajjj hybrids1 a large number of combinations of ,chinese1 ,japanese and ,american chestnuts1 many of them now in the third generation from the beginning of the breeding period in #aicj4 ,we are carrying out our breeding program in the following way3 ,we have selected the ,chinese and ,japanese species to cross with the ,american because the ,asiatic species are disease-resistant1 and we hope to incorporate this quality of disease-resistance with the tall timber growth of the ,american4 ,we find that the ,chinese are in general more disease-resistant than the ,japanese4 ,other stocks which have been incorporated in our hybrids are the ,european ,c4 sativa1 the southern chinquapins ,c4 pumilia1 ,c4 ozarkensis1 ,c4 floridana1 and ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's old hybrid1 presumably of ,c4 crenata and ,c4 pumila1 which goes under the name of ,s#h1 and ,c4 seguinii4 ,after the hybrids become old enough1 we inoculate the tallest of them with the blight fungus in order to get an index of their disease resistance4 ,the most disease-resistant are bred together and of their offspring the tallest are selected1 inoculated1 and the most disease-resistant are bred together again4 ,for example1 this year we had #cej hybrids from last year's breeding experiments set out in a special nursery at ,hamden and carefully tended during the season4 ,of these #cej we have selected #ej which are the tallest and straightest1 that is1 #bj inches and over4 ,the others were sent to ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 where the ,division of ,forest ,pathology1 ,department of ,agriculture1 is working along a similar line1 but with more attention to the nut phase of the problem4 ,our ultimate aim1 of course1 is to establish a race of chestnut trees which shall replace our now practically extinct ,american chestnut4 ,the loss in money value from this timber tree has amounted to millions of dollars in comparison with which the value of its nut crops is very small indeed4 ,however1 we are interested in the nut problem1 and whenever any particularly fine nuts appear we note the fact4 ,we have now a strain of ,chinese chestnut which has not yet come into bearing which we believe will have nuts as sweet as the old ,american chestnut1 but much larger4 ,with this forward-looking note we close our report4 ,we have a foundation upon which to build that is substantial and tried4 ,the pioneering work of a patient1 far-sighted1 and distinguished group of workers has shown us much of what to do and what not to do4 ,it is now up to us1 the farmers1 the planters1 to multiply their work and continue it4 ,side-lights on the #aidc-d ,survey ,very many interesting bits of information have been included in the survey reports2 so many that the committee has regretfully omitted some that hardly seemed properly to belong with the material of a survey1 which after all must have some limits4 ,one such item is from ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 of ,haines ,city1 ,fla41 and has a special interest for members of this ,association4 ,he says3 ,perhaps you will be interested in data on one of ,america's largest ,chinese chestnut trees1 even if it does grow in ,florida1 at ,monticello4 ,it stands adjacent to a lot in which the late ,j4 ,f4 ,jones had a nursery for a short time in the early years of this century1 and apparently was planted at that time1 around forty years ago4 ,the trunk is now more than #be inches in diameter below where it divides #f feet above the ground4 ,from this level1 the tree branches profusely and has a symmetrical1 rounded crown4 ,it is healthy1 not having a sign of the bark disease1 although a native chinkapin #ajj feet away is badly infested4 ,it has abundant bloom and sets heavy crops of burrs but1 lacking another variety for pollination1 the number of nuts matured is small4 ,nuts are about average size for the species1 of typical sweet flavor1 and separate readily from the pellicle4 ,many of them become infested1 before ripening1 with a fungus which rots the kernel1 apparently the same one which infests chestnuts and chinkapins at ,savannah and ,albany1 ,georgia4 ,mr4 ,paul ,goldberg1 of ,monticello1 the present owner1 states that the tree has been bearing annually during the twenty years his family has owned it4 ,this nut-rot among the oriental chestnuts is one of the diseases that have become troublesome elsewhere4 ,it is being studied and efforts are being made to combat it4 ,thus far1 so far as we know1 no effective cure has been found4 ,a report upon present progress would be worth while4 ,oscar ,e4 ,swan1 ,jr41 ,tulsa1 ,okla41 reports an enviable situation4 ,he says3 ,my nut trees are growing on a farm where more than #cj years of cultivation have failed to kill the native pecan sprouts4 ,they come up year after year from the top roots4 ,since acquiring the place in #aicf1 ,i have allowed the pecan sprouts and the few native walnuts to grow unchecked except where necessary to cut them out to avoid crowding4 ,the growth of these sprouts is quite vigorous1 and they are ideal for top-working4 ,i have top-worked a few trees every spring and now have about #cjj grafted trees all the way from #f to #cj feet tall4 ,many are too close together for full grown trees and ,i plan to thin them4 ,my problems1 so far1 are the mechanical ones of top-working4 ,i have settled upon a modification of the ,biederman bark graft1 which gives very good results4 ,after the grafts are well established1 the trees get very little attention except for cutting out the crowding trees4 ,they are literally growing 'wild'1 yet the growth has been better than transplanted trees would have made with the best of care1 because the root systems are well established in a situation which suits them4 ,this system of neglect probably explains why ,i have failed with some species and varieties such as the butternut and some of the hickories4 ,occasionally ,i am pleasantly surprised1 as in the case of some seedling ,carpathian walnuts which1 grafted upon some established black walnut sprouts1 came through the severe #aidc drouth in fine shape without benefit of mulch1 cultivation1 fertilizer1 or watering4 ,the same applies to the ,helmick hybrid4 7,a two year old tree1 a hybrid walnut1 grafted and growing well on black walnut stock1 and which ,mr4 ,swan says will bloom next year47 ,i have pampered my ,chinese chestnut trees with cultivation1 mulch and manure1 as they are located in poorer1 drier soil4 ,they were badly hit by the drouth4 ,some died in spite of the attention4 ,as to varieties1 ,i am far enough south to grow all the standard southern pecan varieties1 although several do not have a long enough season to mature their nuts4 ,i am trying the northern varieties and1 so far1 am well pleased with their growth as compared with the southern kinds4 ,it will be a few years before ,i can report on the size and quality of their nuts4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel again3 ,source and variety of seed in ,chinese chestnuts have a great influence on the performance of seedlings4 ,numerous seedlings from the original ,hobson tree began fruiting in their second season of growth1 and half of the ones ,i have are fruiting during their fourth season4 ,on the other hand1 ,i have a tree from imported seed which grew nine seasons before setting and ripening its first burr4 ,the above data refer to my planting near ,hartselle1 ,morgan ,county1 ,ala41 and that vicinity4 ,i have several black walnut trees under observation1 native trees1 on which data are not yet complete enough for evaluation4 ,if any man deserves a bright ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 medal1 it is ,a4 ,l4 ,young1 of ,brooks1 ,alberta4 ,lowest temperature expected in winter1 #de deg4 below2 lowest known1 #fb deg4 below4 ,highest expected in summer1 #aja deg44 ,frequent drouths8 ,yes4 ,hot1 dry winds8 ,yes4 ,native nuts found plentifully8 ,none4 ,sparingly8 ,none4 ,yet ,mr4 ,young plants nut trees4 ,it is men like that who have made ,canada what it is4 ,it takes more than mere weather to stop them4 ,the never-say-die spirit of pioneers speaks throughout his report3 ,black walnuts1 butternuts1 some oaks1 hazels and ,american chestnuts 7,ohio buckeyes7 all came through last winter well4 ,however1 late frosts reduced the nut crop4 ,of these species1 filberts are not getting anywhere4 ,winkler1 ,i believe1 will eventually make a go of it4 ,heartnuts got a rough deal last winter1 and ,european buckeye chestnuts were hurt a little by late spring frosts4 ,some ,manchurian walnuts also got a setback with spring frosts1 and some did not4 ,carpathian walnuts killed back quite a lot1 so did most of my hybrid walnuts4 ,hybrid hazels seem perfectly hardy4 ,pecans1 beechnuts and sweet chestnuts almost passed out of the picture last winter4 ,giant hickory from ,ontario seems hardy but particular about the kind of soil and conditions4 ,when irrigated1 too much water will kill them4 ,and this is true also of walnut and butternut seedlings4 ,i have no acreage of nut trees4 ,i grow seedlings and plant them wherever ,i find a place protected from the stock and within reach of moisture from the irrigation ditch1 as this is a desert1 cactus country4 ,i always have a stock of seedling trees on hand1 and whenever visitors show any interest1 ,i give or send them fruit or nut trees and a few perennial flowers4 ,so there are sure to be a few nut trees1 some day1 growing successfully throughout ,alberta4 ,there is more benefit from this northern seed1 especially as ,i am using a commercial pollen with the hope of getting a hardy white walnut with possibly a coarse bark like the black to ward off sun-scald in this climate4 ,they are on their way4 ,i don't know when we'll be eating these imaginary nuts4 ,however1 it is not so long ago that fruit growing on the cattle range was a dream4 ,i grew the first pears in ,alberta1 so far as we know4 ,now we are insulted if there is not a crop of fruit every year4 ,i have many seedlings of standard apples1 unnamed1 that are really choice fruit1 and1 of course1 a few named varieties that are doing fairly well4 ,minnesota has done great work in apple and plum breeding for the north4 ,we are enjoying some of them right here4 ,i am sorry that ,i have no data on husking1 cracking1 etc4 ,really even the hardiest1 best trees bear nuts that1 while of fair size1 do not have fleshy kernels1 and some have three sections instead of two4 ,butternuts are very sweet with fair size kernels4 ,i was surprised1 after a long hard winter1 to find the ,ginkgo trees still alive and gaining growth4 ,credit some or all this result to ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly and ,paul ,crath for supplying me with seed1 seedlings1 and pollen to carry on with4 ,i am greatly obliged to them and also to ,george ,corsan of ,echo ,valley1 ,islington1 who has a wealth of nut interest4 ,we have had a mighty dry year here1 so1 between irrigating and tending the largest herd of ,ayrshire cattle in the prairie provinces1 ,i have been busy4 ,the town of ,brooks is probably the only town in ,canada on straight ,ayrshire milk2 and the change in ,brooks from a box-car on a siding years ago to the ,brooks of today1 with its hundreds of healthy children now on the streets1 is the marvel of a man's lifetime4 ,george ,h4 ,corsan1 ,echo ,valley1 ,islington1 ,ont43 ,last winter1 #aidb-dc1 was by far the coldest ever recorded4 ,no damage to filberts4 ,a few inches of twigs were hurt on certain ,english walnuts4 ,the ,stranger heartnut1 a tender variety1 passed through unscathed4 ,persimmons and pawpaws passed without a bud killed4 ,these are perfectly hardy varieties4 ,jujubes passed ,o4 ,k41 but that may be due to the very deep snows4 ,dr4 ,oliver ,d4 ,diller1 ,associate ,forester1 ,ohio ,experiment ,sta41 ,wooster1 ,ohio3 ,you will be glad to know that the experiment station has set aside some land for improved varieties of nut trees4 ,if you find some promising walnuts which might be tested in this part of the state1 we should be glad to have you keep us in mind4 ,this is indeed welcome news and will be appreciated by all growers in this area4 ,j4 ,g4 ,duis1 ,shattuc1 ,ill43 ,a chicken yard is one of the best places to grow nut trees4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly3 ,i do not believe in selling nuts for seed purposes except on a very large scale4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel3 ,a neighbor lost some #e year old ,chinese chestnut trees following a summer drouth on silty loam soil1 rather shallow to hard-pan4 ,it is my observation that deeper1 sandier soils 7not too extremely sandy7 are best for chestnuts in the coastal plain and other regions subject to summer drouths4 ,in the mountains where summer rainfall is more uniform1 they thrive also in clay soils4 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan3 ,best success in grafting 7hickories7 has been in juicy1 wet springs4 ,heartnuts must not be budded until late ,august 7in ,islington1 ,ontario74 ,heartnuts must not be pruned4 ,a4 ,l4 ,young1 ,alberta3 ,there is a demand for young walnuts for pickling4 7,does anyone know the details--when to pick1 how to pickle87 7,note by ,ed4 ,several recipes and methods in ,am4 ,nut ,journal now out of print but indexed by ,ed4 ,copies of this index in his hands and those of ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed at ,washington4 ,also recipes in #ccrd ,ann4 ,report p4 #ie74 ,sterling ,a4 ,smith1 ,vermillon1 ,o43 ,with me1 summer budding is the most successful means of propagating black walnuts4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith3 ,chinese chestnuts will blight some if under-nourished4 ,which includes the wrong kinds of soil1 if uncorrected4 ,does anyone know for sure how to get pawpaw seed to germinate8 ,several have asked this question4 ,the chairman has had the same trouble1 so can not answer4 7,note by ,ed4 ,see ,nut ,puttering in an ,offyear in this report47 ,so far as the correspondence shows1 no state or federal department buys seed on a large scale 7with the exception1 now1 of chestnut seed7 from trees of the better named varieties with which to grow seedlings for distribution by state nurseries for forest planting4 ,all nut seed seems to be gathered haphazardly4 ,w4 ,g4 ,tatum1 ,lebanon1 ,ky43 ,a nut tree with plenty of root1 top cut back one third1 promptly set1 roots protected1 stem wrapped1 #d inches1 mulch applied1 set either spring or fall1 grows for me #ii of the time4 ,failures are not worth mentioning if the above conditions are met4 ,carl ,weschcke1 ,st4 ,paul1 has a dozen or so extra hardy ,persian walnuts by selection from some #ab1jjj seedlings4 ,also is introducing the hardy ,hazelbert1 result of crosses between wild varieties and filberts4 ,dip wire screen guards in red lead and they will be good for twenty years4 ,thomas and ,stambaugh1 among the black walnuts1 are1 with justice1 entrenched leaders1 but it will be well to watch ,patterson1 ,mintle1 ,elmer ,myers1 ,eureka1 ,creitz1 ,todd1 and other promising new ones less well known4 ,thomas is more prolific in the south 7generally7 than in the north1 which indicates that its bloom may possibly be out nearly enough to suffer in the north from late frosts4 ,among chestnuts1 the weight of evidence favors ,hobson1 ,carr and ,reliable1 though ,j4 ,russell ,smith says he has something he likes better than the first two4 ,among pecans1 ,major1 ,greenriver1 ,pleas2 among filberts and hazels1 ,winkler1 ,jones hybrid1 ,cosford1 ,gellatly1 ,brixnut2 among ,persian walnuts1 ,broadview1 one or two ,crath varieties1 ,payne1 ,breslau2 among hickories1 ,stratford1 ,fairbanks1 ,barnes1 ,glover1 ,weschcke4 ,these seem1 so far as the returns show1 to have outstanding points of superiority4 ,in any such survey1 injustice is bound to be done to some not fully reported4 ,outside of filberts in the northwest1 no northern grown nut can yet be said to have reached the status of a profitable commercial crop4 7,exception3 ,the narrow pecan belt along the southern terminus of the ,ohio river valley2 mostly wild trees47 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,university of ,illinois says1 ,the report from the ,state ,statistician at ,springfield indicated a crop of #ege1jjj pounds of pecans for ,illinois in #aidc4 ,i don't know just where they came from4 ,short crops were reported in ,calhoun and ,gallatin1 leading nut producing counties4 ,no reports have been received as to the size of pecan crops in the ,kentucky and southern ,indiana portions of the same belt4 ,the search for better varieties must continue1 but it is also altogether likely that with an orchardist's attention1 with cultivation1 mulching1 fertilizing1 spraying one to three times yearly with ,bordeaux and lead sprays1 we might approach the commercial goal more closely with what we have today4 ,is anyone treating a bearing nut orchard as well as he would treat an apple orchard8 ,that's the test4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham of ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 says3 ,the ,ohio is commonly regarded as hard to hull4 ,with a chained tire husker it hulls as well as any4 ,he rates it for hardiness and a percentage of #ij to #ajj for filled nuts1 while ,thomas yields only #j to #ij4 ,illustration3 ,seasonal ,zones ,compiled from the ,u4,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,records1 ,based on the ,average ,date of the ,last ,killing ,frost in ,spring ,juglone--,the ,active ,agent in ,walnut ,toxicity ,by ,,george ,a4 ,,gries1 ,connecticut ,agricultural ,experiment ,station ,the problem of walnut toxicity dates back at least to the writings of ,pliny4 ,in his ,natural ,history1 this ,roman philosopher stated that the shadow of walnut trees is poison to all plants within its compass and that it kills whatever it touches4 ,the first rebuttal to the existence of such a toxicity was forwarded by ,evelyn in the #agth century4 ,this author discussed the high regard in which walnuts were held in ,burgundy as field trees4 ,the roots of these trees were below the plow sole and thus did not affect either cultivation nor the growth1 of grasses and cereals beneath them4 ,the pros and cons of the problem have been reviewed several times in the recent proceedings of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 7,greene1 #aicj2 ,mac,daniels and ,muenscher1 #aidb2 ,brown1 #aidc47 ,that the roots of walnut trees are toxic to the roots of certain crop plants in direct contact with them is widely accepted4 ,in nature this toxicity seems to be limited to plants with tap root systems such as tomato and alfalfa 7,davis1 #aibc7 and those with other types of deep root systems such as apple trees 7,schneiderhan1 #aibg71 rhododendrons 7,pirone1 #aich71 and privet4 ,this toxicity is exhibited only when there is a direct contact between the roots of the two plants involved4 7,jones1 #aijc2 ,massey1 #aibe74 ,that the wilting observed under walnuts is due to a toxic product from the bark of the walnut1 and does not result from a lack of water1 is substantiated by the fact that the vascular or water conducting system is discolored for several inches above the point of contact with the walnut root4 ,this symptom is very similar to that produced by vascular disease fungi4 ,no such discoloration results from wilting due to competition for water4 ,this symptom of toxicity has been overlooked by many workers in the field4 ,massey 7#aibe7 suggested that the toxic component of walnuts might be juglone4 ,this idea was further supported by ,davis 7#aibh74 ,today this concept is widely held4 ,chemically this substance is known as #e1 hydroxy-#a1 #d1 naphtho-quinone and belongs to a group of strong oxidizing agents with commercial uses1 including tanning agents1 medicinals1 poisons1 etc4 ,a knowledge of the physiology of juglone in the walnut is essential to an understanding of the divergent results obtained by various experimenters4 ,juglone1 as such1 occurs probably only in minute quantities in the inner root bark1 and in the green husks of the nuts4 ,these regions are1 however1 rich in a substance known as hydrojuglone4 ,this compound1 the colorless1 non-toxic1 reduced form of juglone is immediately oxidized to its toxic form upon exposure to the air or some oxidizing substance from the roots of other plants4 ,upon standing in the air juglone again disappears1 being either changed back to hydrojuglone or broken down into other non-toxic substances4 ,this sequence of events may be noted in a fresh green husk of a black walnut4 ,when the fresh husk is cut1 the interior is white but immediately turns yellow as the colorless hydrojuglone is transformed into the yellow juglone4 ,upon standing or drying the husk becomes black as further chemical changes occur4 ,it is impossible to extract juglone from these dried husks without first reoxidizing them4 ,it now becomes possible for us to understand some of the discrepancies in the studies on walnut toxicity4 ,if walnut bark or other plant parts are allowed to become desiccated1 no toxicity may be found4 ,if the roots of plants do not contact plant parts containing juglone or hydrojuglone1 their oxidizing ability can not produce the toxin4 ,further the relative amounts of juglone in various species of ,juglans has not been completely investigated4 ,it does occur definitely in ,j4 nigra and ,j4 cinerea and has been reported as being in ,j4 regia4 ,other species need investigation before being included as sources of juglone4 ,it is known that many plants are not adversely affected when grown under or near walnut trees4 ,some of these have root systems too shallow to contact the roots of the walnuts1 especially in plowed ground4 ,some plants may send out sufficient surface roots to keep the plant alive in spite of injury to the deeper roots4 ,the possibility that the roots of some plants are capable of withstanding the oxidizing power of the juglone is currently under study4 ,in early ,american folklore1 the inner bark and the husks of the nuts were used as a source of a yellow dye for cloth4 ,this yellow dye is juglone4 ,the ancients also used this method of dying both cloth and hair4 ,another property of juglone is its toxicity to fish4 ,a few years ago it was a common practice in the ,south to cut the husks from young nuts and throw them immediately into a still pond of water4 ,the fish1 stunned by the juglone1 would rise to the surface and were collected and eaten4 ,no one seemed to worry about the effects of such poisoned food on the consumers4 ,juglone is toxic to fungi and bacteria4 ,of all the medicinal powers attributed to walnuts by the ,greeks and ,romans1 its use in curing certain skin diseases including ringworm has held up through the ages until many today can recall the use of the green husks for control of ringworms4 ,brissemoret and ,michaud 7#aiag7 reported the use of juglone in clinical cases for the cure of eczema1 psoriasis1 impetigo and other skin diseases and concluded that juglone deserves extensive use in dermatology4 ,to our knowledge the medical profession has not followed up the possibilities which this substance offers4 ,the author is familiar with one case in which pure juglone was applied to a persistent ringworm infection4 ,the infection disappeared within a month after treatment was begun4 ,though conclusions can not be drawn on a single case1 certainly this observation lends credence to the medicinal lore of the ancients and the ,american pioneers4 ,during the fall and winter of #aidb-dc1 investigations on juglone were started at the ,connecticut ,agricultural ,experiment ,station in conjunction with studies of the effect of other plant toxins on the roots of higher plants4 ,when the toxicity of this oxidizing compound was established1 it was produced in some quantity both by extraction from walnuts after the method of ,combes 7#aijg7 and by synthesis after the method of ,bernthsen and ,semper 7#ahhg74 ,working on the assumption that the killing of germinating fungus spores and root hairs are similar phenomena1 juglone was subjected to standardized laboratory tests for fungicidal value4 ,in a series of experiments1 this compound proved to be equally toxic with the copper in ,bordeaux mixture4 ,such a high degree of toxicity was deemed worth further investigation1 so juglone was tested as a seed protectant and as a spray in field trials for the control of black spot of roses4 ,as a seed protectant1 juglone failed miserably4 ,it's toxicity to the noncutinized surfaces of root tissues was so great that germination was abnormal and greatly impaired4 ,the injury noted here was apparently the same as that discussed by ,brown 7#aidc7 and that which occurs normally in the field4 ,in field tests on the control of black spot of roses juglone stood up well4 ,no phytotoxic activity could be noted on the cutinized stem and leaf surfaces4 ,on the variety ,george ,ahrens1 juglone gave equal control with #b-a_/b times as much #cbe mesh sulfur1 the standard control for this disease4 ,,summary #a4 ,under certain conditions walnut trees exhibit toxicity to those plants whose roots are in intimate contact with the roots of the walnut4 #b4 ,this toxicity is due to the action of juglone1 the oxidized form of hydrojuglone1 a non-toxic substance occurring in the inner bark and green husk of walnuts4 #c4 ,juglone has been used in dermatology to cure various skin disorders including both bacterial and fungus diseases4 #d4 ,as a seed protectant1 juglone is unsuitable because of its inherent toxicity to the non-cutinzed root surfaces4 #e4 ,laboratory and field tests have shown juglone to be an excellent fungicide ,,literature ,,cited #a4 ,bernthsen1 ,a4 and ,a4 ,semper ,ueber die ,constitution des ,juglons und seine ,synthese aus ,naphtalin4 ,ber4 d4 deutsch4 ,chem4 ,gesellsch4 #bj3 #icd-ida4 #ahhg4 #b4 ,brissemoret et ,michaud ,sur une nouvelle classe de medicaments de la peau2 les quinones peroxydes4 ,jour4 pharm4 et chim4 #g;e ser4 #af3bhc-bhe4 #aiag4 #c4 ,brown1 ,babette ,i4 ,injurious influence of bark of black walnut on seedlings of tomato and alfalfa4 ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,assn41 ,proc4 #aidb3ig-ajb4 #aidc1 #d4 ,combes1 ,r4 ,sur un procede de preparation et de purification des derives oxyanthraquinoniques et oxynapthoquinoniques en general1 du juglon et de l'emodine en particulier4 ,bull4 soc4 chim4 #d;c ser4 #a3 #hjj-haf4 #aijg4 #e4 ,cook1 ,mel ,t4 ,wilting caused by walnut trees4 ,phytopathology #aa3cdf4 #aiba4 #f4 ,davis1 ,everett4 ,the toxic principle of ,juglans nigra as identified with synthetic juglone1 and its toxic effects on tomato and alfalfa plants4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,bot4 #ae3 #fbj4 #aibh4 #g4 ,greene1 ,k4,w4 ,the toxic 787 effect of the black walnut3 ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,assn41 ,proc4 #aibi3 #aeb-aef4 #aicj4 #h4 ,jones1 ,l4 ,r4 and ,w4 ,j4 ,morse ,the shrubby cinquefoil as a weed4 #afth ,ann4 ,rpt1 ,vt1 ,agr4 ,expt4 ,sta4 #ahh-aij4 #aijb-jc4 #i4 ,mac,daniels1 ,l4 ,h4 and ,w4 ,c4 ,muenscher ,black walnut toxicity4 ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,assn41 ,proc4 #aidj #agb-agi4 #aida4 #aj4 ,massey1 ,a4 ,b4 ,antagonism of the walnuts 7,juglans nigra ,i4 and ,j4 cinerea47 in certain plant associations4 ,phytopathology #ae3 #ggc-ghd4 #aibe4 #aa4 ,pirone1 ,p4 ,p4 ,the detrimental effect of walnut to ,rhododendrons and other ornamentals4 ,nursery ,disease ,notes #aa2 #a-d4 #aich4 #ab4 ,plinius ,secundus1 ,c4 ,the historie of the world4 ,english translation by ,p4 ,holland1 ,a4 ,islip1 ,london4 #afja4 #ac4 ,schneiderhan1 ,f4 ,j4 ,the black walnut 7,juglans nigra ,l47 as a cause of death to apple trees4 ,phytopathology #ag3 #ebi-edj4 #aibg4 ,possible ,black ,walnut ,toxicity on ,tomato and ,cabbage ,by ,,otto ,a4 ,,reinking ,new ,york ,state ,agricultural ,experiment ,station ,the toxicity or antagonism of black walnut roots and those of certain other plants has been a controversial question4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels and ,w4 ,c4 ,muenscher in a report on page #agb of the ,thirty-first ,annual ,meeting of the ,nut ,growers' ,association held in #aidj cited evidence pro and con relative to the toxic effect of black walnut on various crops4 ,they concluded that because of conflicting evidence1 the problem of walnut toxicity was still unsolved and needed further investigation4 ,in #aidb1 ,babette ,i4 ,brown reported on page #ig of the ,thirty-third ,annual ,report of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 on the injurious influence of bark of black walnut roots on seedlings of tomato and alfalfa4 ,it was concluded1 from carefully conducted tests1 that walnut roots produce a substance that may be injurious to certain other plants4 ,experimentation showed that the walnut root bark produces a substance that is injurious to alfalfa and tomato seedlings4 ,during the past years1 a number of instances of stunting and wilting of tomato plants in the vicinity of black walnut trees has been observed4 ,in #aidb1 a very definite case of wilting and stunting was noted in cabbage plants growing in the vicinity of a black walnut tree4 ,severely wilted tomato plants were observed on ,july #cj1 #aidc1 in a field of tomatoes near ,egypt1 ,new ,york4 ,this case was typical of others observed in tomato fields in recent years4 ,the wilting and stunting were all located in one corner of the field1 on both sides of which large black walnut trees were growing1 and extended out in the field for a distance somewhat greater than the height of the trees4 ,the rest of the field planted with the same stock of tomatoes was entirely healthy4 ,the field had been planted to beans in #aidb and prior to that had been in grass for at least #g years4 ,the vascular bundles of affected plants were browned as in ,verticillium or ,fusarium wilt and in some bacterial diseases4 ,no cankers or discolorations were observed on the external parts of the plants4 ,in order to determine whether or not the wilting was caused by a fungus or bacterium1 plants were collected for microscopic examination and for culturing to show possible presence of pathogens4 ,the microscopic examinations showed the absence of fungi or bacteria in the vascular system or other plant tissues4 ,the browning in the vascular bundles appeared to be confined to the phloem tissue4 ,all attempts to culture a pathogenic fungus or bacterium from affected tissue was negative4 ,portions of diseased plants with discolored vascular bundles were placed in a damp chamber and no fungus or bacterial growth developed from the vascular system4 ,from these field and laboratory studies1 it was concluded that the wilting and stunting were not produced by a plant pathogen4 ,since the affected plants in the field were all confined to the area adjacent to black walnut trees1 and the fact that it had been shown that the bark of this tree does produce a substance that is toxic to certain plants1 it was concluded by circumstantial evidence alone that the wilting possibly was due to black walnut toxicity or antagonism of some sort4 ,in ,august of #aidb1 studies were made on wilted and stunted cabbage plants growing in a semicircle on one side of a field adjacent to a walnut tree 7,fig4 #a74 ,the field was located near ,hall1 ,new ,york1 in a region known to be infested with cabbage yellows4 ,from a distance1 the affected plants appeared to have yellows1 but upon close study1 it was found that they were merely wilted and stunted and did not show the other typical symptoms of the yellows disease4 ,the root systems of wilted plants did not show the presence of club root or black rot infection4 ,the plants in the field were all of one variety and came from the same seed bed4 ,microscopic studies and attempts to culture a fungus from the vascular bundles of affected plants showed the absence of any fungus that might have caused1 the disease4 ,since the affected plants showed no symptoms of known cabbage diseases and as they were growing in a semicircle adjacent to a walnut tree1 it was concluded that the presence of the root system of this tree might have been the cause of the trouble4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,wilted and stunted cabbage plants growing in a semicircle adjacent to a black walnut tree4 ,note large1 healthy plants in foreground1 side and background about a semicircle of smaller1 wilted plants1 growing in an area affected by the root system of the black walnut tree4 ,these two instances of wilting and stunting of plants in the vicinity of walnut trees give further circumstantial evidence that the trouble might have been caused by the toxicity or antagonism of black walnut roots4 ,detailed experiments with the plants in question would have to be run to prove this assumption4 ,preliminary ,studies on ,catkin ,forcing and ,pollen ,storage of ,corylus and ,juglans ,l4 ,g4 ,,cox1 ,cornell ,university ,methods of collecting and storing pollen are of great interest to those engaged in plant breeding4 ,very little reliable information is available for the various nut species compared with many other horticultural plants4 ,the following preliminary experiments were conducted to obtain data on germination media1 forcing methods1 and storage conditions for ,corylus and ,juglans ,sieboldiana pollen4 ,the former was mostly from hybrid plants produced by crossing the ,rush filbert 7,corylus americana7 with ,european varieties4 ,the optimum temperature and sugar concentration for germination of ,corylus pollen4 ,the cut ends of ,corylus branches with mature catkins collected ,march #a1 #aidb were immersed in water and forced into shedding pollen in a room at a temperature of approximately #bj deg4 centigrade4 ,the collected pollen was sifted upon the surface of a thin layer of sugar-agar in petri dishes4 ,commercial cane sugar was used in preference to purified sucrose1 because other studies have shown it to contain impurities which stimulate pollen germination4 ,a range in sugar concentration from #e to #ee by weight in #e intervals was made up in distilled water containing #a4e agar1 heated to boiling and poured into the petri dishes4 ,the pollen was incubated at #aj deg4 ,c4 and at #be deg4 ,c4 on the agar medium for #dh and #bd hours respectively prior to making the germination counts4 ,pollen was assumed to have germinated if the length of the pollen tube exceeded the diameter of the pollen grain4 ,at #be deg4 ,c4 germination was prompt and uniform with a maximum of #ai4e at #be sugar concentration4 ,at #aj deg4 ,c4 the rate of germination was very slow and incomplete at the end of #dh hours with a maximum of #i germination at #ce sugar concentration4 ,for subsequent work a temperature of #be deg4 ,c4 and a sugar concentration of #be by weight was taken as a standard4 ,the effect of temperature and humidity during forcing on the viability of the pollen ,pollen shed from catkins forced in a warm1 dry room 7about #ge deg4 ,f471 and in a cool1 humid greenhouse 7#fj deg4 ,f47 gave pollen germinating #cf and #fi respectively1 which indicated that the air temperature and humidity surrounding the developing catkins may have considerable effect on the viability of the maturing pollen4 ,the experiment was repeated by forcing the catkins at #aj deg4 ,c41 #ah-bj deg4 ,c41 and #bd-bf deg4 ,c41 at two humidity levels4 ,the low humidity level corresponded to the natural room humidity1 about #be and the higher level of nearly #ajj was achieved by enclosing the branches with catkins in large sealed cans over a water surface4 ,as soon as a majority of the catkins began to shed their pollen or to absciss their full developed anthers1 the catkins were removed and dried on a sheet of smooth paper at room temperature until the pollen was shed4 ,the pollen was then collected and stored at #d deg4 ,c4 until used4 ,the results obtained are given in table #a4 ,table #a4 ,percentage germination after #bd hours of ,filbert pollen forced at different temperatures and humidities4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,temperature #aj deg4 ,c4 #ah-bj deg4 ,c4 #bd-bf deg4 ,c4 ,low humidity #hj #ca #g ,high humidity #if #fj #ab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,later experiments indicate that the pollen viability is greatly lowered if the catkins are removed from the higher humidities prior to the maturity of the anthers as indicated by their tendency to shed their pollen4 ,apparently the high humidity hinders the dehiscence of anthers and shedding of the pollen grains4 ,effect of catkins extracts on pollen germination ,the failure of pollen to germinate in the catkins at #ajj humidity suggested the possibility that the catkin tissue might contain some substance which prevented germination of the mature pollen grains until after it was shed4 ,two mature catkins plus remnants of their unshed pollen were ground in a mortar with a small amount of water in clear quartz sand4 ,one cubic centimeter of the resulting turbid suspension was added to #aj cc4 of warm fluid agar and mixed by rotating the petri dish4 ,pollen which gave a #ia germination on the standard medium showed only #ej germination on this catkin extract4 ,germination was distinctly abnormal with short stubby pollen tubes1 often with numerous nodular swellings4 ,in general the pollen tube grew up into the air away from the surface of the agar1 rather than down into it or parallel with the surface as in normal germination4 ,storage of ,corylus and ,juglans ,sieboldiana pollen ,sulphuric acid solutions to give humidities from #aj to #ajj in #aj intervals were made up4 ,the storage chambers consisted of ,atlas one-pint1 wide-mouth fruit jars4 ,in the bottom of each was placed a small #a-oz4 bottle containing #bj cc4 of the sulphuric acid solution4 ,the pollen was placed in small glass vials loosely stoppered with cotton4 ,two lots of ,corylus pollen of #hj-a_/b and #if-a_/b initial viability respectively1 and one lot of ,juglans ,sieboldiana pollen of well over #ej viability were used in the experiment4 ,storage temperatures of #j deg4 #dj deg4 and #aj deg4 were used4 ,the ,corylus pollen was placed in storage ,march #bj1 #aidb1 and the ,juglans ,april #ab1 #aidb4 ,the pollen was taken out of storage ,november #bh1 #aidb and germinated on the standard agar-sugar medium at #be deg4 ,c4 for #bd hours4 ,results are given in table ,,ii4 ,table ,,ii4 ,the effect of storage temperature and humidity on percentage germination of ,corylus and ,juglans pollen ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,kind of ,temperature ,degrees ,per cent relative humidity ,pollen ,centigrade #aj #bj #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,corylus #aj deg4 #j #j #j #j #j #j #j -- ,juglans -- #j -- #j #c #j #j -- ,corylus #d deg4 #j #j #j #j #i4j #j -- #j ,juglans -- #j -- #j -- #j #j #j ,corylus #j deg4 #c4j #a4j #d4e #h4e #j #j #j #j ,juglans -- #j -- #ab4j -- #ab4j #j #j ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,this preliminary work indicates that ,corylus pollen can best be stored at #j deg4 ,c4 at #cj to #dj relative humidity and ,juglans pollen at #j deg4 ,c4 at #dj to #fj relative humidity4 ,summary #a4 ,the optimum sugar concentration for germination of ,corylus pollen is around #be by weight in #a4e per cent agar at #be deg4 ,c4 #b4 ,forcing the catkins at a low temperature 7#d deg4 ,c47 and at high relative humidity 7#hj7 favors the development of a high percentage of viable pollen4 #c4 ,the catkins contain some substance which when added to the germination media inhibits pollen germination and causes abnormal types of germination4 #d4 ,preliminary results on pollen storage indicate that ,corylus americana pollen can be stored for eight months or more in a viable condition at #j deg4 ,c4 with a range of #cj to #dj relative humidity4 ,juglans ,sieboldiana pollen can be stored at #j deg4 ,c4 at #dj to #fj relative humidity4 ,whether or not pollen stored for this length of time would be effective in plant breeding should be tested by actual trial4 ,the supposition based upon studies with other pollens is that germination tests are a reliable indication of the effectiveness of pollen in fertilization4 ,storage and ,germination of ,nuts of ,several ,species of ,juglans ,w4 ,c4 ,,muenscher ,,and ,,babette ,i4 ,,brown ,cornell ,university1 ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,while working on the general problem of the possible toxic effect of the roots of species of ,walnut 7,juglans7 upon other plants we have had occasion to germinate the nuts to produce seedlings for experimental use4#a ,the storage treatment employed previous to planting the nuts provided a successful method of supplying viable nuts4 ,the simple treatment used1 a modification of that suggested by ,barton17#b7 is briefly described and the results that may be obtained are indicated in a report of some germination data from the plantings of #aidc4 ,the nuts were harvested after they had fallen from the trees and were stored in a cool place as soon as possible thereafter until the time when the husks were removed4 ,those harvested at ,ithaca were put in cold storage at once2 those harvested in ,california or ,texas were delayed a few weeks during shipment4 ,the husked nuts were stratified between layers of moist peat #b cm4 thick in two-or five-gallon crocks4 ,the uppermost layer of nuts was covered with peat to a depth of about #aj cm4 ,the nuts were placed in a cold room at #a to #c deg4 ,c4 in late autumn and left until they were planted1 between ,april #ae and ,june #b4 ,nearly all species used germinated well after about five to six months of cold storage4 ,table #a shows the results obtained from treated nuts of ten species of ,juglans when they were planted in the open field1 in soil in the greenhouse or in moist sphagnum in the greenhouse4 ,while some variation in germination is observed1 most of the species gave a good germination under all treatments4 ,the field planted seeds were somewhat slower in appearing above the soil surface than those planted in the greenhouse4 ,this delay may have been caused by the cold rainy weather soon after planting4 ,the firmness of the soil1 a clay loam1 may also have retarded the emergence of the seedlings4 ,the germination percentages are based upon lots of #ajj nuts except in a few species in which only #ej nuts were used4 ,differences in the percentage of germination obtained from various plantings of the same species are slight in most species4 ,even the larger differences in germination obtained in a few species cannot be considered significant but probably indicate variations in the quality of the original lots used4 ,summary ,walnuts husked soon after harvest1 before they are completely air-dried1 and stored in moist peat at #a to #c deg4 ,c4 for five to six months have their dormancy broken and remain viable for at least three months thereafter4 ,this treatment is effective for all ten species tested4 ,it is probably effective for all species of ,juglans4 ,this method of handling the nuts has the advantage over outdoor stratifying or autumn planting which often result in much damage or loss of nuts from the activities of rodents4 ,table #a4 ,germination of nuts of ,juglans spp4 after stratifying in peat over winter1 at #a-c deg4,c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,per cent germination ------------------------------------- ,date ,planted in ,planted ,kind ,source enteredsoil in ,planted in in greenhousein fieldsphagnum storage,april #ae ,april #bd;,june #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- nigra 7,cornell7 ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,oct4 #a #gj #hj #fh nigra 7,cayuga7 ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,oct4 #a #ajj -- #hj cinerea--,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,oct4 #a #fj #dd #h regia 7,sorrentina7 ,chico1 ,calif4 ,nov4 #i #ff #dh #h regia 7,franquette7 ,chico1 ,calif4 ,nov4 #i #hj #cf -- regia--,chico1 ,calif4 ,nov4 #i #ge #df -- ,sieboldiana--,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,oct4 #a #ajj #dj -- honorei--,chico1 ,calif4 ,dec4 #ah #fj #ee #df pyriformis--,riverside1 ,calif4 ,nov4 #i #aj #ed #ca rupestris--,alpine1 ,texas ,oct4 #a #dj #hc #ej major--,riverside1 ,calif4 ,nov4 #i #ij #ib #ff californica--,pomona1 ,calif4 ,nov4 #i #fb #hd #ia californica quercina--,chico1 ,calif4,dec4 #ah -- #ah #be hindsii--,riverside1 ,calif4 ,nov4 #i #ej #ef #eb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,references-- #a4 ,brown1 ,babette ,i4 ,injurious ,influence of ,bark of ,black ,walnut ,roots on ,seedlings of ,tomato and ,alfalfa4 ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 #aidb3 #ig-aja4 #aidc4 #b4 ,barton1 ,lela ,v4 ,seedling ,production in ,carya ovata4 ,juglans cinerea and ,juglans nigra4 ,contr4 ,boyce ,thompson ,inst4 #h3 7#a7 #a-e4 #aicf ,a ,key to ,some ,seedlings of ,walnuts ,w4 ,c4 ,,muenscher ,,and ,,babette ,i4 ,,brown ,cornell ,university1 ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,while working with the seedlings of several species of walnuts certain diagnostic characters1 by which the common species can be separated1 became evident4 ,these characters have been used to make a key to seedlings from one to three months of age4 ,this key has been found helpful to us and it is here presented in the hope that it may prove useful to others who need to handle and determine walnuts in the seedling stage4 ,the key has two main divisions based upon the types of leaves on the main axis4 ,the first division includes three species1 ,juglans sieboldiana1 ,japanese butternut1 ,j4 cinerea1 ,american butternut1 and ,j4 regia1 ,persian or ,english walnut1 all of which have only compound green leaves4 ,in addition1 one or more pairs of minute simple scales or buds occur on the lower part of the stem but above the cotyledons4 ,the second main division includes species in which the seedlings have several simple1 alternate1 scale-like leaves followed successively by serrate1 lobed and finally compound leaves forming a gradual series4 ,this group includes ,juglans rupestris1 ,texas black walnut1 ,j4 nigra1 eastern black walnut1 ,j4 honorei1 ,ecuador walnut1 ,j4 pyriformis1 ,mexican walnut1 ,j4 major1 ,arizona black walnut1 ,j4 californica1 ,california black walnut1 and ,j4 hindsii1 ,hind's black walnut4 ,it is important that the leaves on the primary axis arising from the plumule are examined4 ,if the primary axis is injured secondary shoots may arise from the axils of the cotyledons4 ,these may develop various types of leaves not necessarily like those of the primary axis4 ,the key is based upon seedlings grown in the field and in the greenhouse at ,ithaca1 ,new ,york4 ,a ,key to seedlings of some species of ,juglans #a4 ,leaves on the primary axis all compound2 #a to #d pairs of opposite or subopposite reduced scales or buds sometimes present on the lower axis but above the cotyledons4 #b4 ,scales or buds wanting between the lowest compound leaves and the leaves and the cotyledons ,j4 sieboldiana #b4 ,scales or buds in pairs on #a to #d nodes below the compound leaves4 #c4 ,stem with #a pair of opposite scales or buds near the base2 leaflets hairy1 serrate ,j4 cinerea #c4 ,stem with #b to #d pairs of opposite scales or buds below the compound leaves2 leaflets glabrous1 entire or denticulate ,j4 regia #a4 ,leaves on the primary axis alternate1 forming a gradual series from simple1 entire scales to compound leaves2 the lower #c to #h leaves simple4 #d4 ,lateral veins of leaflets all or mostly all terminating in the notches between marginal teeth ,j4 rupestris #d4 ,lateral veins of leaflets or their main branches all or mostly all terminating in the apex of marginal teeth4 #e4 ,midrib of leaflets glandular hairy4 #f4 ,glandular hairs on midrib of young leaflets interspersed with stellate clusters of gray glandless hairs2 lateral leaflets ovate to broadly lanceolate1 rugose ,j4 nigra #f4 ,glandular hairs on midrib of young leaflets interspersed with sessile1 usually yellow glands2 lateral leaflets lanceolate1 not rugose ,j4 honorei #e4 ,midrib of leaflets glabrous or nearly so1 sometimes with scattered1 sessile glands4 #g4 ,leaflets lanceolate1 with acuminate apex2 rhachis glabrous4 #h4 ,leaflets widest near middle2 vein-islets prominently raised2 free ends of veins wanting or if present distinct to the apex and mostly unbranched ,j4 pyriformis #h4 ,leaflets mostly widest below the middle2 vein-islets not prominently raised2 free ends of veins slender1 terminating in indistinct branches ,j4 major #g4 ,leaflets ovate or nearly so1 with obtuse or acute apex2 rhachis somewhat pubescent4 #i4 ,petioles of the #c lower compound leaves less than #a cm4 long2 leaves crowded on a short axis ,j4 californica #i4 ,petioles of the lower compound leaves from #a to #c cm4 long2 leaves more distant on an elongated axis ,j4 hindsii ,further ,tests with ,black ,walnut ,varieties ,l4 ,h4 ,,macdaniels and ,j4 ,e4 ,,wilde1 ,cornell ,university ,in #aicg the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association committee on varieties and judging standards proposed a tentative schedule for the judging and evaluation of black walnut varieties7#a74 ,it was pointed out at that time that for one reason or another none of the schedules which had been used in judging walnuts were satisfactory and usable in giving an accurate estimate of the cracking quality and value of a variety4 ,it was recognized also that the schedule proposed was only tentative and that it would need to be modified in the light of future testing and experience4 ,in #aici the question was again considered7#b7 and on the basis of tests which had been made1 changes were proposed which would make the schedule more realistic4 ,since then many tests have been made using the modified schedule4 ,the purpose of this paper,a is to give the data secured in these tests and to consider again the value of the schedule and possibilities of improvement4 ,footnote ,a3 ,the authors are indebted to many persons for furnishing samples for testing and for making duplicate tests4 ,this cooperation is gratefully acknowledged with thanks4 ,recently a number of papers have been published dealing with the evaluation of black walnut varieties4 ,in #aida ,kline and ,chase7#c7 compiled the available published data and additional tests made by the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority on nut weight and kernel percentage of black walnut selections4 ,two hundred and twelve clones and #cce tests are reported4 ,as would be expected the samples of the same variety from different localities show variation in weight per nut and in total per cent kernel4 ,for example1 in #ab samples of the variety ,ohio the weight per nut varies from #ad4h grams to #ah4g and the per cent kernel from #af4f to #cb4i4 ,twenty-one tests of ,thomas show variations in single nut weight from #af4g to #be4j grams and in per cent kernel from #ai4j to #cj4j4 ,in general the samples grown in the north were made up of smaller nuts with less per cent kernel1 indicating that the varieties were not suited to that latitude4 ,in #aidb ,kline7#d7 worked out a somewhat technical method of evaluating walnut varieties on the basis of cash return per hour of labor spent in cracking with a hand operated cracker4 ,a formula is proposed in which the variables of price and other factors may be substituted4 ,the approach is on a commercial basis and the method is not intended for use in evaluating small samples4 ,the paper represents many tests and establishes or affirms by statistically treated data several points of general interest in walnut testing1 namely1 7#a7 that a #be nut sample is large enough to show varietal or other differences of a gram in total weight or #a per cent of kernel weight1 7#b7 that unless extreme accuracy is desired1 moisture content may be ignored in making tests of #be nut samples if the nuts have been hulled and air dried for about two months and 7#c7 that the mean weight per nut and per cent kernel of nuts from the same tree may vary appreciably from year to year1 for example a variation of #d4i grams per nut and #c4c per cent in kernel weight is reported for ,snyder4 ,such variation is recognized and emphasizes the necessity of testing a variety in any locality for a number of years if correct valuation is to be made4 ,in ,kline's paper earnings per hour for fifteen black walnut selections are given showing a maximum of #j4bgi for the variety ,norris1 #j4bde for ,ohio down to #j4ab for an unnamed seedling4 ,lounsberry7#e7 published kernel cavity measurements for #fd clonal selections and related these to kernel weight per nut4 ,measurements of the thickness of the partition separating the halves of the kernel are also given4 ,he does not relate these characters to scoring or cracking quality4 ,the purpose of the scoring system under discussion in this paper is to provide a realistic method of judging the relative merit of different clones of black walnuts that can be used mostly by members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association or others having some skill in cracking technique4 ,at the present time the ,association has little reliable information either as to the performance of different varieties under different conditions in any one locality1 from year to year on the same tree1 or the suitability of any one variety growing in far different parts of the ,united ,states4 ,it is important that such information be available and a workable basis of evaluation would be of the greatest value in obtaining it4 ,much of our information at the present time is from the many tests made by ,n4 ,f4 ,drake7#f1 #g1 #h7 which are of great value in rating varieties4 ,his schedule is an improvement over any previously proposed but fails to provide standard sampling and cracking procedure and includes the items of flavor and color which are in no way objective characters4 ,the use of a point score based on the concept of a perfect nut is cumbersome and considered undesirable by the committee4 ,it is recognized that the value of a variety depends also upon the bearing habit of the tree1 the nature of the husk1 disease resistance and other characters4 ,it has been five years since the present schedule was proposed and enough tests have been made to give a basis for judgment as to the merits and weaknesses of the schedule4 ,as stated in the original committee report it is generally agreed that the best measure of the value of a nut of any clone is the amount of usable or marketable kernels that can be obtained from a given weight of shucked nuts with the least labor4 ,the characteristics of the nuts that contribute to this value are recognized as follows3 #a4 ,the size of the individual nut4 #b4 ,the per cent of kernel of total sample weight recovered without recracking and without the use of a pick4 #c4 ,the total per cent of kernel of total weight of sample4 #d4 ,the number of quarters4 #e4 ,the plumpness of the kernels4 #f4 ,the number of empty nuts or nuts with shrivelled kernels in the sample4 ,flavor and color may be important but are so dependent upon personal preference and on the treatment of the samples before testing that they cannot be rated numerically4 ,in considering the value of any schedule the following questions are pertinent3 #a4 ,is it possible for one operator testing one lot of nuts to obtain the same score with replicate random samples8 #b4 ,is it possible for different operators to obtain approximately the same score on replicate samples8 #c4 ,does the score give an accurate evaluation of the variation of a variety from year to year in one locality or in the same year in different localities8 ,the latter is very important in determining the regions to which the variety is best adapted and the performance of the variety in any one locality4 #d4 ,what are the causes of variation in the scores obtained8 ,which of these reflect the inherent worth of the sample and which are related to technique1 personal equation and methods of handling the sample8 #e4 ,what changes may be made in the schedule to weight the various factors to give a more realistic score of what changes in procedure will make the schedule more realistic8 ,table #a gives data on replicate samples tested by the same operator4 ,in the samples of ,spear1 numbers #a-f the variation is as follows3 weight of single nut #a4c grams1 per cent kernel first crack #b4i1 total per cent kernel #b4f1 number of quarters #c1 penalties #d4e points1 score #i4b points4 ,in scores figured without penalty the variation is #e4d points4 ,sample ,no4 #g was cracked ,november #d before the nuts were dry and hence is not comparable with others4 ,analysis of these differences indicates that the variation in nut weight is closely related to the number of shrunken and empty nuts in the sample4 ,this is a difficult factor to evaluate in a practical way4 ,at the time of the #aici report it was suggested that the score should be figured on the basis of filled nuts4 ,this cannot be arranged easily in testing because if the operator cracks the nuts before weighing there is almost sure to be loss of fragments of shell4 ,trying to correct the original weight in any way is necessarily inaccurate4 ,deciding whether or not the kernel of a nut is sufficiently shrivelled to deserve a penalty is a matter of judgment which is a personal matter4 ,the variation in per cent kernel first crack and total per cent kernel probably represents fairly the difference in the samples4 ,the total per cent is a wholly objective value and varies practically as much as the per cent first crack4 ,uniformity in the number of quarters is striking4 ,this large number is undoubtedly related to the fact that many of the kernels were shrunken enough to be penalized and others were perhaps shrunken enough so that they did not tightly fill the shell cavity4 ,in general it may be said that the more tightly the kernels fill the shell the more difficult it is to extract large pieces4 ,thus having the kernels a little shrunken but not enough to seriously reduce their weight favors a higher score4 ,of course1 in some varieties the kernels may he plump and still not fill the shell tight enough to make cracking difficult4 ,this is a desirable condition4 ,variability in penalties is more important 7i4 e4 #d4e points7 than any other factor in influencing the final score4 ,without the penalties the scores of samples #a to #f would be #hg4e1 #hd4j1 #hc4f1 #hc4g1 #hb4a and #hb4h respectively which is fairly uniform4 ,statistically the presence of empty or shrivelled nuts in a lot from which samples are taken increases the number required to make a satisfactory sample by greatly increasing the individual variation of the single nut4 ,,table #a ,variation in the score of tests of duplicate samples made by the same operators4 ,twenty-five nut samples4 ,nuts grown at ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 #aidb4 ,black ,walnuts4 ,,key3 ,a3 ,wt4 #a nut grams ,b3 kernel #ast crack ,c3 kernel total ,d3 ,quarters number ,e3 ,penalty ,f3 ,score ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,variety ,treatment ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,remarks ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,spear ,no4 #a ,s #ah hours #ad4f #bd4i #bh4j #ia -#c4e #hd4j #a empty1 #e shr4 ,d #ae hours ,spear ,no4 #b ,d #ae hours #ae4g #bd4j #bf4h #id -#f4a #gg4i #c empty1 #f shr4 ,spear ,no4 #c ,d #ae hours #ae4i #bb4i #be4d #ib -#c4e #hj4a #a empty1 #e shr4 ,spear ,no4 #d ,dry #ae4j #bc4c #be4d #id -#e4j #gh4g #a empty1 #h shr4 ,spear ,no4 #e ,dry #ae4d #bb4j #bf4h #ic -#d4e #gg4f #a empty1 #g shr41 #bj bnd4 qtrs4 ,spear ,no4 #f ,dry #ad4g #bb4g #bf4f #id -#h4j #gd4h #d empty1 #h shr41 #af bnd4 qtrs4 ,spear ,no4 #g ,nov4 #d #af4g #bg4i #bh4h #ih #if4g only partly dried1 #af halves ,snyder ,no4 #a ,dry #af4h #bc4a #bf4j #hg -#d4j #hj4g #h shr41 #i bnd4 qtrs4 ,snyder ,no4 #b ,dry #af4j #bd4j #bf4c #gd -#c4e #ha4j #a empty1 #e shr41 #ac bnd4 qtrs4 ,snyder ,no4 #c ,soaked #ae4h #bd4a #be4h #hf -#d4j #gg4e #a empty1 #f shr41 #h bnd4 qtrs4 ,snyder ,no4 #d ,soaked #af4b #bc4a #be4f #gh -#g4e #ge4e #c empty1 #i shr41 #h bnd4 qtrs4 ,snyder ,no4 #e ,dry #ah4b #ai4i #bf4d #ij -#c4e #gf4g #g shr41 bnd4 ,snyder ,no4 #f ,nov4 #d #ba4b #bg4f #bi4h #ie #ajj4h qtrs4 ,eldridge ,dry #bj4h #ai4c #bc4a #ih #hj4g #ac halves1 not ,geneva1 ,n4,y4 well dried out ,dry #bj4f #bj4j #bb4f #ib #ha4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,with the variety ,snyder a difference of #b4d grams in weight per nut in samples #a to #e suggests poor sampling technique as this is an objective value4 ,a difference of #d4b per cent in first crack suggests carelessness on the part of the operator in cracking or difference in soaking as this is quite out of line with the variation of 4#h per cent in per cent weight of total kernel4 ,the difference of #af quarters is considerable but represents only #a4f score points4 ,as with the ,spear the variation in penalty of #d points is greater than other factors except per cent first crack 7i4e4 #d4b points74 ,the difference in score of #e4e points is obviously greater than desirable1 but probably indicates the relative value of the samples4 ,without penalties the difference is #d4e points4 ,sample #g of ,spear and number #f of ,snyder were cracked ,november #dth when only partly cured and show the importance of curing in obtaining an accurate rating for a sample4 ,the score of each variety was increased materially in all characteristics and no shrivelling was apparent4 ,as a practical means of recovering the kernels in large pieces1 cracking before the nuts are dried out is a decided advantage provided the kernels are cured before they are stored4 ,the duplicate samples of ,eldridge check very closely and show no significant differences4 ,in ,table #b are given the results of ten tests on carefully replicated random samples of ,snyder black walnuts4 ,in making these samples the nuts were spread in a single layer on the floor and lots of #be cut off the edges of this layer without selection of any kind4 ,even with such selection there is a variation of #a4b grams in the average weight of single nuts from different samples4 ,per cent kernel first crack shows a minimum of #ba4h and a maximum of #bf4i in the ten samples4 ,this difference is related mostly to the presence of #c empty nuts in the low scoring sample as compared with none in the high scoring sample4 ,the high score is also in part due to soaking4 ,this variability is about the same as with total per cent kernel indicating that cracking technique was uniform4 ,comparing samples #a and #b in more detail it is found that the difference of #aa4f points in the score is caused by the presence of empty nuts in the sample4 ,the average weight of kernels per single nut in sample #a is #d4i grams4 ,the difference in the weights of the kernels of the two samples is #ae grams or about the weight of the kernels of #c nuts4 ,these empties also reduce the score by reducing the number of quarters recovered4 ,where empty nuts are involved1 it is doubtful if random sampling will reduce variation unless the size of the sample is greatly increased1 a practice which is not a practical solution in that a #be nut sample is about as large as can be handled with any facility4 ,it would seem that this difference in scores was a fair indication of the merit of the two samples4 ,the scores of the other samples show a fair degree of uniformity4 ,the high score of sample #d is probably related to the soaking treatment though the scores of sample #c also soaked is lower than that of sample #f which was not soaked4 ,it seems that when these conditions and with this variety stored in a fairly high humidity1 soaking had little effect except to increase the number of halves recovered4 ,,table #b ,cracking tests by single operator with #aj random replicate samples of ,snyder black walnuts4 #aidb crop4 #be nut samples4 ,,key3 ,a3 ,wt4 #a nut grams ,b3 kernel #ast crack ,c3 kernel total ,d3 ,quarters number ,e3 ,penalty ,f3 ,score ,sample ,treatment ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,remarks ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- #a ,dry as received #ah4a #ba4h #bc4a #he -#i4j #gb4g #c empty1 #ab shr4 #b ,dry as received #ah4e #bd4j #be4h #ii -#e4j #hd4c #aj shr4 #c ,soaked #i hrs41 dried #ad hrs4 #ah4f #be4g #bh4j #id -#f4j #hg4d #a empty1 #aj shr41 #h bnd4 qtrs41 #af hvs4 #d ,soaked as above #ah4c #bf4i #bh4d #ii -#d4e #ia4g #i shr41 #e bnd4 qtrs41 #ai hvs4 #e ,held in cellar #d days #ah4j #bd4d #be4g #ij -#f4e #hb4a #a empty1 #aa shr41 7high humidity7 #h bnd4 qtrs4 #f ,held in cellar #g days #ai4j #be4f #bg4b #ii -#e4j #hh4g #aj shr41 #g bnd4 qtrs41 #c hvs4 #g ,held in cellar #g days #ah4d #bc4i #bf4a #if -#f4e #hb4c #a empty1 #aa shr41 #i bnd4 qtrs4 #h ,held in cellar #d days #ai4b #bd4h #bf4f #ih -#e4e #hf4d #aa shr41 #d bnd4 qtrs4 #i ,held in cellar #d days #ah4d #bc4g #bf4g #ib -#g4e #ha4f #b black counted as empty1 #aa shr41 #ab bnd4 qtrs4 #aj ,held in cellar #d days #ah4f #bc4e #be4i #id -#e4e #hc4d #a empty1 #i shr41 #aj bnd4 qtrs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,another lot of #bd random replicate #be nut samples of ,ohio black walnut from the original tree was made by scooping the nuts out of a bag with a quart berry box which held about #be nuts4 ,care was used not to select the samples in any way4 ,the lightest sample #c weighed #che grams1 the heaviest #bb weighed #dcd grams or a difference of #b grams per nut4 ,the score of these two samples was #he4j and #he4d respectively apparently because there were no empty nuts in either sample4 ,the results of tests on #ah of these replicate samples of ,ohio are given in ,table #c4 ,the nuts were apparently a uniform lot4 ,the kernels while of good quality were in most cases not quite plump and did not fill the cavities of the shell tightly4 ,this doubtless accounts for the large number of quarters recovered4 ,the kernels on the whole were plumper than with the variety ,snyder reported in ,table #b and there were fewer empty nuts4 ,of the samples that were not soaked the variation of #d4c per cent in the per cent first crack is of the same order as variation of #c4f per cent for total per cent kernel and indicates uniform cracking technique4 ,the data in ,table #c gives evidence of the effect of treatments before cracking4 ,the first nine samples marked with an asterisk were held for several weeks in a damp cellar and have an average test score of #hf4f4 ,the last seven samples were held in a dry but unheated room for a week before cracking and show an average test score of #hc4g4 ,the average score for the two soaked samples was #ic4i4 ,soaking also increased the number of halves and quarters recovered in the same way as shown with variety ,snyder in ,table #b4 ,none of these samples was excessively dry4 ,in this table the lowest score 7sample #ai7 is directly related to the presence of #c empty nuts in the sample4 ,the low score of sample #ba is mostly related to low per cent first crack which is caused by large number of bound quarters and the high penalty related to empty nuts and shrivelled kernels4 ,these scores seem to indicate the value of the samples but bring out the difficulty of obtaining equal scores from such replicate samples4 ,the other scores in the table are probably as close to each other as can be expected with samples of this sort4 ,in this and the preceding tables the number of bound quarters is given as an indication of cracking technique4 ,with the ,hershey cracker the nuts of many varieties will split into four quarters without releasing the kernels4 ,the number of such bound quarters is increased if the operator does not put sufficient pressure on the anvils to crush the shoulders of the nut and free the kernel4 ,on the other hand if too much pressure is used and the anvils brought too close together the kernels will be crushed and the score affected adversely4 ,with some varieties1 for example1 the ,adams as shown in samples #a and #b in table #e1 the nuts are so pointed at each end that the standard anvils do not strike the shoulders of the nut and many bound quarters result4 ,with such varieties cracking with a hammer would probably give a better score4 ,anvils with deeper cavities in the ends would be an advantage for such nuts4 ,,table #c ,tests by the same operator of duplicate samples of ,ohio black walnuts1 treated in various ways before cracking4 #be nut samples4 #aidb crop4 ,,key3 ,a3 ,wt4 #a nut grams ,b3 kernel #ast crack ,c3 kernel total ,d3 ,quarters number ,e3 ,penalty ,f3 ,score ,sample ,treatment ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,remarks ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #i 99,dry #af4i #be4h #bg4a #ih -#j4e #ia4c #a shr41 #e bnd4 qtrs41 #g halves #aj 99,dry #af4h #bc4h #be4b #ie -#c4j #hc4e #a empty1 #d shr41 #g bnd4 qtrs4 #ab 99,dry #af4b #bd4e #bf4e #ig -#b4j #hf4a #d shr41 #h bnd4 qtrs41 #ac halves #bd 99,dry #af4b #bd4h #be4g #hf -#c4j #hd4b #b empty1 #b shr41 #d bnd4 qtrs41 #h halves #ag 99,dry #ag4c #bd4h #bg4c #ig -#j4e #hi4g #a shr41 #i bnd4 qtrs41 #ab halves #ba 99,dry #ae4i #bb4j #be4e #if -#d4j #gh4b #a empty1 #f shr41 #ad bnd4 qtrs41 #ag halves #h 99,dry #af4f #be4b #bf4i #ii -#a4e #hh4h #c shr41 #f bnd4 qtrs41 #aj halves #ae 99,dry #af4f #be4e #bf4g #ii -#a4e #hi4h #c shr41 #e bnd4 qtrs41 #ab halves #bc 99,dry #af4d #be4b #bf4b #if -#c4j #hg4j #f shr41 #d bnd4 qtrs41 #aj halves #aa ,soaked #af4i #bg4j #bh4b #ajj -#a4e #ic4e ,soaked #a hr41 moist #ah1 dried #ab hrs41 #c shr41 #e bnd4 qtrs41 #be halves #af ,soaked #af4h #bg4a #bh4b #ajj -#j4h #id4c ,soaked as above1 #a shr41 #e bnd4 qtrs41 #af halves #d ,dry #af4b #bc4f #bf4d #ih -#c4e #hb4i #g shr41 #aj bnd4 qtrs41 #ae halves #e ,dry #ag4a #bc4f #be4j #ic -#c4j #hc4a #a empty1 #f shr41 #e bnd4 qtrs41 #aj halves #ah ,dry #ag4j #be4c #bf4f #ig -#b4j #hh4f #d shr41 #f bnd4 qtrs41 #h halves #ai ,dry #af4c #ba4e #bc4g #he -#d4e #ge4a #c empty1 #c shr41 #i bnd4 qtrs41 #h halves #c ,dry #ae4d #bd4g #bg4j #ig -#c4j #he4j #f shr41 #h bnd4 qtrs41 #e halves #g ,dry #af4j #be4g #be4g #id -#c4e #hf4a #g shr41 #f halves1 end reversed in cracking #bb ,dry #ag4d #bd4a #be4h #id -#b4e #he4d #e shr41 #h bnd4 qtrs4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,table #d ,variation in score of replicate samples of #c varieties of ,black ,walnuts tested by different operators and of same varieties from different sources ,wt4 #a kernel nut #ast kernel ,quarters ,variety ,source grams crack total number ,score ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,operator #a ,thomas--,weber1 ,ind4 #bj4d #bj4h #bd4b #ge #ha4f ,thomas--,jones1 ,pa4 #ad4f #bh4h #cj4c #ie #if4h ,thomas--,baum1 ,pa4 #ad4c #be4f #bg4j #ajj #hi4j ,thomas--,worton1 ,md4 #af4d #bh4b #cj4h #id #ig4f ,average #af4d #be4h #bh4a #ia4j #ia4b ,operator #b ,thomas--,weber1 ,ind4 #bb4j #bb4b #bc4h #dg #hc4j ,thomas--,jones1 ,pa4 #ag4e #bf4g #ca4d #ee #ib4a ,thomas--,baum1 ,pa4 #ag4j #bd4j #bf4e #gb #he4e ,thomas--,worton1 ,md4 #af4g #ai4e #bf4d #fd #ge4c ,average #ah4c #bc4a #bg4j #ei4e #hc4i ,operator #c ,thomas--,jones1 ,pa4 #ah4a #af4b #bg4a #eb #fi4b ,thomas--,baum1 ,pa4 #af4a #ai4a #bf4f #fh #gd4d ,thomas--,worton1 ,md4 #ah4j #ag4h #bg4b #fa #gc4c ,average #ag4d #ag4g #bg4j #fj4c #gb4c ,operator #a ,ten ,eyck--,weber1 ,ind4 #ah4j #bj4e #bg4e #eg #gh4e ,ten ,eyck--,jones1 ,pa4 #ae4d #ba4a #bc4b #ii #gi4a ,ten ,eyck--,baum1 ,pa4 #ad4c #bf4c #cj4b #ic #ia4c ,ten ,eyck--,worton1 ,md4 #ae4j #bh4j #ca4j #hc #id4h ,average #ae4g #bd4j #bh4j #hc4j #he4i ,operator #b ,ten ,eyck--,weber1 ,ind4 #ai4a #bd4d #bf4e #ch #hd4h ,ten ,eyck--,jones1 ,pa4 #af4d #bd4f #bd4f #fd #hd4c ,ten ,eyck--,baum1 ,pa4 #ae4h #be4g #bf4e #ed #hf4j ,ten ,eyck--,worton1 ,md4 #ae4d #be4e #bh4g #ee #hf4b ,average #af4g #be4j #bf4f #eb4g #he4c ,operator #c ,ten ,eyck--,weber1 ,ind4 #af4h #ag4c #bd4f #eg #fi4d ,ten ,eyck--,jones1 ,pa4 #ae4b #ba4a #bc4c #hd #gg4d ,ten ,eyck--,baum1 ,pa4 #ae4j #ah4c #ai4g #fi #fh4d ,ten ,eyck--,worton1 ,md4 #ae4g #be4b #cj4a #gf #hh4e ,average #ae4g #bj4e #bd4d #ga4e #ge4i ,operator #a ,ohio--,weber1 ,ind4 #ag4b #bh4e #bi4g #hi #ih4j ,ohio--,jones1 ,pa4 #af4d #bh4g #bi4i #if #ii4b ,ohio--,baum1 ,pa4 #ad4b #ca4a #ca4a #ii #aja4i ,ohio--,worton1 ,md4 #ac4g #cj4h #cj4h #hh #ii4e ,average #ae4d #bi4h #cj4d #ic4j #ii4f ,operator #b ,ohio--,weber1 ,ind4 #ai4a #be4a #bh4c #ei #hi4c ,ohio--,jones1 ,pa4 #ag4b #bg4c #bg4e #fd #ia4i ,ohio--,baum1 ,pa4 #ae4j #bg4d #bh4a #fc #ij4a ,ohio--,worton1 ,md4 #ad4i #bf4a #bi4a #eh #hg4d ,average #af4e #bf4e #bh4b #fa4j #hi4g ,operator #c ,ohio--,weber1 ,ind4 #ag4g #ba4d #bg4g #fe #hj4h ,ohio--,jones1 ,pa4 #ag4b #bb4i #bh4b #gd #hd4e ,ohio--,baum1 ,pa4 #ae4j #bd4i #bi4c #ha #hg4e ,ohio--,worton1 ,md4 #ad4f #bb4d #bh4g #ff #hj4c ,average #af4a #bb4i #bh4e #ga4e #hc4c ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,table #d gives the results of tests of similar samples of three varieties from four different sources by three different operators4 ,the tests are not satisfactory because pretreatment was not uniform and there is insufficient data on penalties which are omitted4 ,some samples of the varieties ,ten ,eyck and ,thomas contained empty nuts and shrivelled kernels which would preclude equal scores4 ,the variety ,ohio was uniformly filled from all sources4 ,in the variety ,ten ,eyck there is a difference of #aj4e per cent in total per cent kernel in samples from the ,baum orchard4 ,this was related to #f empty nuts in the sample cracked by operator #c4 ,in the variety ,ohio in which the kernels were plump the greatest variation between duplicate samples in total per cent kernel is #c or only about #aj per cent of average total per cent kernel4 ,an examination of these data show the following points of interest3 7#a7 that the duplicate samples showed considerable variation in weight of single nut and total per cent kernel1 characters not dependent on personal skill or judgment4 ,operator #b did not crack the whole sample of #be and may have selected the larger nuts1 thus securing a greater weight per nut with all varieties4 ,the superior filling of the nuts of ,ohio appears to be related to the fact that in the orchards in question this variety was observed to hold its leaves longer than the others which lost their leaves in late summer before harvest by leaf blight4 ,shrunken kernels are a logical result of early defoliation4 ,in the per cent of kernel obtained in first crack operator #a recovered a higher per cent than operator #c in all of the eleven possible comparisons and higher than operator #b in #i out of #ab possible comparisons4 ,this probably is the result of soaking the samples by operator #a and not by the others or possibly due to greater skill or care in cracking4 ,the number of quarters recovered by operator #a is greater in all cases than that obtained by either operator #b or #c4 ,this is also a result of soaking or skill or both4 ,the score of operator #a was in all tests of duplicate samples higher than that obtained by operator #c and higher than the scores of operator #b in #i out of #ab comparisons4 ,the scores of the different samples are apparently mainly determined by the per cent recovered at first crack and the number of quarters1 at least the only cases where the scores of operator #b exceed those of operator #a are where the per cent first crack and the number of quarters are greater for operator #b4 ,this is related to the presence of empty nuts4 ,the data obtained for the variety ,thomas by operator #a and #b show for the most part the same relative scoring of samples from different sources4 ,for example with both operators the score of the samples from the ,weber orchard was lower than that from the ,jones and ,baum orchards and the sample from the ,jones orchard scored higher than that from the ,baum orchard4 ,in the samples from the ,worton orchard the relative scores are reversed4 ,the scores o,l operator #c are quite out of line4 ,with the variety ,ten ,eyck the differences between scores of samples from different sources are not consistent4 ,operator #b obtained scores that were essentially alike for all four samples whereas the scores of operator #a show differences of more than #aj points4 ,this is related to empty nuts in the sample4 ,with the variety ,ohio there is reasonable uniformity in the scores obtained by all operators4 ,this was the only variety with well filled nuts and for that reason alone the score would be less variable4 ,,table #e ,tests by different operators on duplicate samples of black walnuts1 soaked and unsoaked4 #be nut samples4 #aidb crop4 ,,key3 ,a3 ,treatment ,b3 ,wt4 #a nut grams ,c3 kernel #ast crack ,d3 kernel total ,e3 ,quarters number ,f3 ,penalty ,g3 ,score ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,sample ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,remarks ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,operator #a ,ohio ,no4 #a ,dry #af4h #bf4a #bg4f #ig -#d4 #hh4e #e bnd4 qtrs41 #ah shr41 #h halves ,ohio ,no4 #b ,soaked #af4g #bg4c #bg4h #ii -#a4e #ic4e #b bnd4 qtrs41 #a shr41 #a empty ,operator #b ,ohio ,no4 #f ,dry #ae4i #bf4c #bf4g #ic -#a4 #ij4b #a empty ,ohio ,no4 #ac ,soaked #ae4i #be4h #bf4d #ic -#a4 #hi4j #a empty ,ohio ,no4 #ad ,soaked #ae4g #be4b #bf4c #if - 4#e #hh4d #a shriveled ,ohio ,no4 #bj ,dry #af4g #be4c #bf4d #id -#a4 #hh4i #a empty ,operator #a ,grundy ,no4 #a ,dry #bc4h #bd4a #bd4f #ii - 4#e #ic4g #a shriveled1 #b bnd4 quarters ,grundy ,no4 #b ,soaked #bc4b #bd4b #bd4b #ajj - 4#e #ig4b ,all out #ast crack1 #e halves ,operator #b ,grundy ,no4 #c #bb4d #bd4j #bd4j #hh -#b4 #hi4b ,empty ,grundy ,no4 #d ,dry #bc4e #bd4g #be4e #ih - 4#e #ie4j #a shriveled ,operator #a ,adams ,no4 #a ,dry #ad4b #ah4c #bd4e #gj #j4 #gj4j #ce bnd4 qtrs41 well filled1 good quality ,adams ,no4 #b ,soaked #ad4d #ag4c #bc4g #gh -#b4e #fg4a #b empty1 #bj bund4 qtrs41 #a shr4 ,operator #b ,adams ,no4 #c ,dry #ad4f #ah4a #bd4j #gg -#c4 #fg4e #c empty ,adams ,no4 #d #ad4c #ai4f #be4d #gh -#b4 #gb4c #b empty ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,the average scores of all samples of each variety are ,ohio #ij4j1 ,thomas #hc4d1 and ,ten ,eyck #hb4d4 ,these are not out of line either with the scores obtained for these varieties elsewhere or the relative merit of the varieties4 ,because of the variability obtained in the tests shown in ,table #d1 another series of tests of similar samples by different operators was arranged in the summer of #aidc4 ,the samples of ,ohio were some of the same lot reported in ,table #c4 ,the varieties ,grundy and ,adams grown in ,michigan were carefully sampled to give comparable lots4 ,the results of these tests given in ,table #e show no greater variability between the scores of the two operators for any one variety than between tests by the same operator and indicate that it is possible for different operators to obtain comparable scores on duplicate samples provided great care is used in treating and cracking the samples4 ,the differences in average score between the different varieties is consistent and apparently gives a correct indication of their relative merit4 ,grundy shows an average score of #ic4g1 ,ohio #hi4g and ,adams #fi4b4 ,the high score of ,grundy is related to the large size of nut and high per cent first crack4 ,the low score of ,adams is related to small size of nut and low per cent first crack resulting from a large number of bound quarters4 ,the kernels of this variety were plump1 filling the cavity of the shell full and shattered on cracking4 ,in ,table #f are given the results of #ed tests of #ch selections or clones4 ,in general it appears that the score is a fair indication of the worth of the sample4 ,low scores are related mostly to low per cent first crack and to the presence of empty nuts or shrivelled kernels in the sample4 ,it is evident also that if a sample is too dry with many varieties a low score will result4 ,just what soaking treatment is most expedient is not too clear4 ,soaking #ab hours and drying #bd proved to be a satisfactory practice4 ,the method followed by ,mr4 ,stoke of soaking for #e minutes and keeping the sample in a wet burlap sack for #bd hours is all right but is cumbersome if many samples are to be tested4 ,soaking one hour and holding #bd hours in a closed container like a coffee can give good results but percentage should be figured on dry weight and kernels should be air dried for #bd hours before weighing4 ,one weakness in the schedule is that it tends to give a small nut an advantage if the per cent kernel obtained in first crack is high4 ,thus a sample of the ,mintle grown in ,iowa which weighed but #ac4f grams per nut and total per cent kernel of #cb scored #aja4a points chiefly because the per cent first crack was #ca4e4 ,the same variety grown at ,ithaca weighing #ac4g grams per nut but with #bc4i per cent first crack and #bd4c total scored #hc4h4 ,possibly a penalty could be taken for nuts weighing less than #ah grams4 ,on the other hand a large nut like the ,grundy weighing about #bc grams would have a #aj point score advantage over ,mintle and this may be enough for this character4 ,the six samples of ,thomas grown on different trees in ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 in #aidb show great variation in score as has been the case in other years4 ,poor scores are related to shrunken kernels and such samples come from trees that are making poor growth because of poor soil conditions and competition with weeds4 ,also shriveled kernels are the result of defoliation by early frosts which may be very local and affect some trees and not others4 ,,table #f ,tests and ,scores of ,black ,walnut ,varieties from ,various ,sources4 #be nut samples unless otherwise indicated4 ,all scores figured on basis of #be nuts4 ,,key3 ,a - 99,treatment ,d--,dry ,s--,soaked ,no4--,hours dried or soaked ,b - ,wt4 #a nut grams ,c - kernel #ast crack ,d - kernel total ,e - ,quarters number ,f - ,penalty ,g - ,score ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,variety ,source ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,remarks ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,adams ,becker1 ,mich4 ,d #ad4g #aa4c #ba4d #dd #eb4d ,poor2 #fb bound quarters '#db ,benton ,smith1 ,wassaic1 ,s-#e #ac4b #bf4h #bh4b #id -#b4j #hh4e ,plump kernels1 good flavor1 ,n4,y4 #b empty ,sample ,no4 '#db ,d-#h nuts #a 7#bc7 ,sample ,no4 ,d #ab4i #bc4a #bc4f #gd -#c4j #ge4c #c empty nuts #b 7#bd7 ,bontz ,snyder1 ,iowa ,s-#ab #ah4g #bj4c #bb4j #he -#aj4j #fh4h ,nut long like ,ohio4 ,shell '#dj ,d-#ab chamber smooth4 ,nearly all kernels shrunken4 ,prominent spur2 oily2 poor to med4 extr42 few shrunken ,boothe ,stoke1 ,va4 ,s-#af #ae4c #bd4e #bi4b #hg -#b4e #he4a ,good quality2 flavor good1 #bh '#dj ,d-#aj blind qtrs42 ext4 poor ,burrows ,snyder1 ,iowa ,s-#ab #ag4e #ac4e #bd4d #ce -#j4c #ei4i ,no data '#dj ,d-#d ,calhoun ,becker1 ,mich4 ,d #ae4d #bf4j #bh4e #id #ij4f ,end cracks1 #b empty nuts1 '#db #c shr4 ,cayuga ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab #ac4h #bf4a #bf4g #ajj -#c4e #he4i kernels1 good extr4 middle '#db ,d-#bd tree ,climax ,becker1 ,mich4 ,d #ag4b #be4c #bg4c #ij #ij4h ,some shrunken kernels '#db ,cornell ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab #af4e #bd4i #be4a #hj #hi4j 7#bj7 '#db ,d-#bd #ajj ,no empty nuts1 kernels full1 ,creitz ,stoke1 ,va4 ,s-#ae #ah4h #bb4j #bc4h #ajj -#a4c #hc4d very good extr41 good color '#dj #d-d ,excellent cracker4 ,shell thin2 ,cresco ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,s #af4g #ae4i #ba4j #hj #fg4j thin2 good nut2 flavor mild 7#f7 '#db ,eldridge ,geneva1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab ,not promising at ,ithaca 7#ae7 '#db ,d-#bd #ba4a #bd4j #bd4e #if -#aj4 #hj4j ,dried in husk2 kernels shrunken ,finney ,snyder1 ,iowa ,s-#ab #ai4e #ah4j #bb4d #hb -#ab4e #fb4d ,shell thick2 kernels shr41 '#dj ,d-#dh spurs prominent4 ,tough to crack ,freel ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,s #ab4a #ag4i #ai4f #hj #fe4g ,shell thick1 kernel thin4 ,not 7#f7 '#db a good nut ,galloway ,snyder1 ,iowa ,s-#ab #af4d #bb4c #bc4b #id -#j4c #ha4g ,kernel smooth1 flavor good4 '#dj ,d-#bd ,extraction good ,harris ,snyder1 ,iowa ,s-#ab #ah4e #bc4h #be4f #ajj -#ab4e #gf4d ,dark color4 ,all kernels '#dj ,d-#ab withered4 ,flavor poor4 ,extraction very good ,homeland ,stoke1 ,va4 ,s- #e #ai4a #bj4d #be4h #hi #ha4g ,smooth kernels2 flavor good2 7#ai7 '#dj ,d-#af closed suture ,karnes ,stoke1 ,va4 ,s-#af #bj4c #be4f #bi4d #ef #ia4h ,tight in shell4 ,kernels oily1 '#dj ,d- #g shatter4 ,flavor good4 ,shining pellicle ,korn ,korn1 ,mich4 ,d #af4h #ai4j #bg4i #fb #gd4i ,kernels fill cavity very full4 '#ci ,shatter ,mc,coy ,snyder1 ,iowa ,s-#ab #ai4d #bj4g #ba4b #ij -#j4h #gi4f ,smooth kernel2 some slight '#dj ,d-#d shrinking4 ,thick shell ,mc,gee ,becker1 ,mich4 ,d #ac4g #af4b #bf4h #hc #fg4h ,bound qtrs41 hard pointed '#db nuts1 hard cracking ,michigan ,korn1 ,mich4 '#ci ,d #bj4j #bc4j #cj4c #ij #ij4a ,kernels plump1 very good nut ,mintle ,snyder1 ,iowa ,s-#ab #ac4f #ca4e #cb4j #ie -#a4j #aja4a ,flavor mild1 extr4 very good4 '#dj ,d-#ab ,very good nut1 smooth shell ,mintle ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab #ac4g #bc4i #bd4c #ajj #hc4h ,no empty nuts1 kernels plump1 '#db ,d-#bd good extraction ,ohio ,snyder1 ,iowa ,s-#ab #ah4e #bd4j #bg4d #gi -#a4c #hf4h ,shell chamber smooth4 ,flavor '#dj ,d-#bd sharp4 ,extraction fair4 ,rohwer ,snyder1 ,iowa ,s-#ab #ba4e #bd4j #bh4b #hd #ib4j ,kernel smooth1 extr4 fair4 '#dj ,d-#dh ,kernels plump4 ,rohwer ,stoke1 ,va4 ,s-#ae #ah4e #ah4j #bb4d #gi - 4#c #gc4c ,fair extraction2 flavor fair4 '#dj ,d- #c ,spur prominent4 #aa blind qtrs4 ,schwartz ,snyder1 ,iowa ,s- #f #bj4c #ba4h #be4f #hf -#c4j #hb4b ,end cracked4 ,spurs prominent4 '#dj ,d-#ad ,some shrinking4 ,not too good4 #aa blind qtr4 ,sifford ,stokes1 ,va4 ,s-#af #bc4f #bc4g #be4f #ajj -#aa4j #hb4h ,large nut4 ,good extr4 ,kernels '#dj ,d-#g shrunken ,snyder ,jacobs1 ,ohio ,d #ai4f #bf4a #bh4j #id #ie4d ,not entirely cured 7#d7 '#db ,snyder ,smith1 ,wassaic1 ,d #ba4i #bb4j #bf4d #ia #hh4b #aa bound qtrs4 ,kernels lg4 7#ad7 ,n4 ,y4 '#db rather dark1 a good nut ,sparrow ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab #ae4e #bj4g #bb4d #db -#ad4e #fc4b #a empty1 all shrunken1 end 7#aa7 '#db ,d-#bd #if cracks2 poor quality ,sparrow ,smith1 ,wassaic1 ,d #af4e #ba4f #bh4b #he #hb4c ,well filled1 kernels bright1 7#aj7 ,n4,y4 '#db good flavor1 good nut ,sparrow ,snyder1 ,iowa ,s- #f #af4a #be4a #ca4b #hd #ij4c ,flavor good2 smooth nut1 spur '#dj ,d-#ai medium prominent4 #ac blind qtrs4 ,sper ,becker1 ,mich4 '#db ,d #af4b #bj4j #be4f #ij #gh4j ,kernels somewhat shrunken ,d #af4g #bg4i #bh4g #ih #if4f ,no4 #d1 #aidb not completely ,sper dried4 ,not recleaned ,stabler ,stoke1 ,va4 ,s- #e #ad4e #bj4b #bb4h #hj -#i4j #fe4c ,flavor mild4 ,easy extr4 #ab '#dj ,d-#bj blind qtrs4 ,many shrunken ,stabler ,wilkinson1 ,ind4 ,s-#ab #ad4i #be4g #bg4b #gg -#c4j #hd4f ,end cracks2 #f bound qtrs4 #b '#dj ,d-#bd empty nuts1 #b shr4 kernels ,stambaugh ,graham1 ,ithaca1 7#g7 ,n4,y4 recleaned #ai4c #bd4j #bd4j #bh -#ab4e #fa4c ,all kernels shrunken4 ,poor ,s-#ab ,d-#bd #ajj quality ,sterling ,korn1 ,mich4 ,d #ai4h #be4b #be4i #ig #ib4h ,kernels plump4 ,very good nut '#ci ,tasterite ,graham1 ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 7#d7 ,n4 ,y 4 recleaned #ac4e #be4j #be4j #ajj #hf4j ,all kernels plump2 quality '#db ,s-#ab ,d-#bd fair ,thomas ,snyder1 ,iowa ,s-#ab #ag4b #bb4i #be4f #ia -#a4j #hc4i ,good extraction4 ,some '#dj ,d-#ab shrunken ,thomas ,wilkinson1 ,ind4 ,s-#ab #ah4e #ba4e #bg4a #bf #gg4g ,end cracks2 #ba bound qtrs41 '#dj ,d-#bd ,kernels plump2 oily1 clinging ,thomas ,no4 ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,d #bj4f #ai4a #bb4a #if #gi4d ,some shrunken #a '#db ,tree #a ,thomas ,no4 ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#a-a_/b #bj4f #ad4d #ah4b #ia -#a4j #fg4f #a empty nut2 some shrunken #b ,no4 #b '#db ,d-#f ,thomas ,no4 ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,d #bj4d #ai4a #bb4a #if #gi4b #c ,no4 #c '#db ,thomas ,no4 ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,d #bj4a #ae4e #af4h #hb -#af4j #cf4b #d empty nuts2 all shrunken #d '#db ,no4 #d ,thomas ,no4 ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab #bj4e #bc4d #bd4j #ij -#h4j #hj4e #d empty nuts2 #h shr4 kernels2 #e 7#bd7 #b blind qtrs4 ,thomas ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab #ai4h #ag4f #ah4d #id -#aj4j #fc4g #b empty nuts2 #af shr4 kernels 7#bj7 ,no4 #f '#db ,d-#bd ,thomas ,wilkinson1 ,ind4 ,s-#ab #bj4e #ba4a #be4d #fi -#g4j #ge4c #c empty nuts2 #d shr4 kernels1 '#dj ,d-#bd #bc bound qtrs4 ,troup ,graham1 ,ithaca1 ,s-#ab #af4j #af4j #ah4j #af -#bj4j #ea4j ,all kernels shr41 #b empty 7#d7 ,n4,y4 '#db ,d-#bd #ajj nuts1 quality poor ,vail ,ithaca1 ,n4,y4 ,s-#ab #ae4c #bj4h #ba4h #cj #d empty nuts1 #f shr4 kern41 7#h7 '#db ,d-#bd #id-ag4j #fj4b #b blind qtrs41 end cracks ,vandersloot ,s-#ab #bg4e #ac4d #af4f #eh -#c4j #fd4d #a empty nut1 #d shr4 kern41 ,d-#bd #aa bound qtrs41 ext4 poor ,wiard ,snyder1 ,iowa ,s-#ab #ah4h #bf4h #bi4d #hc #ie4d ,one of best1 well filled4 '#dj ,d-#ab ,smooth kernel1 good flavor1 good extraction ,,discussion ,in the light of the data presented some conclusions can be drawn on the various questions raised at the beginning of this paper4 ,it is evident that if approximately the same score is to be obtained by one operator on duplicate or replicate random samples1 great care must be used in sampling4 ,there is a tendency in taking samples to pick out the larger nuts or in some other way fail to take a good random sample4 ,selections submitted for contests are likely to be quite misleading as to the value of the variety and reflect in considerable part the contestant's skill in selection rather than the merit of the clone4 ,the ,freel walnut seems to be an example of this4 ,at least as grown at ,ithaca it is very disappointing4 ,it is evident that if comparable scores are to be obtained the samples receive the same treatment particularly as regards moisture content4 ,samples should be dried sufficiently to show the shrinkage of poorly developed kernels but in no case be allowed to dry to the point of checking the shells4 ,uniform soaking practice is a step in the right direction4 ,a green or partially dried nut will test much higher than one properly cured as evidenced by ,snyder1 sample #f and ,spear1 sample #g in ,table #a4 ,it seems probable that no schedule can be devised that will eliminate the necessity for skill on the part of the operator4 ,to obtain satisfactory uniformity in scores1 it is essential that the operator be skilled in the use of the cracking machine and use continuous care in applying the necessary pressure and in holding the nut in the anvils4 ,undercracking or overcracking1 reversing the ends of the nut in the anvil or failure to hold the nut vertical may affect the score4 ,the presence of empty or poorly filled nuts in a lot of nuts from which samples are taken at random introduces greater variability in the samples than that found in lots with all nuts filled4 ,this is true because the chances of getting an equal number of empty nuts in #be nut samples are small and the presence of each empty nut decreases the per cent kernel and also the numbers of quarters possible4 ,variations due to empty nuts could be eliminated by greatly increasing the number of nuts in the sample but this is not practical for the purposes this schedule is intended to serve4 ,the question of whether or not it is possible for different operators to obtain equal scores on duplicate samples is not satisfactorily answered by the data in table #d4 ,as the data stand the scores are far from equal4 ,there is1 however1 a consistency in the scoring of each operator and it is quite probable that with more uniform treatment of nuts before cracking and more careful sampling better agreement would be achieved4 ,this is borne out in the data given in table #e in which the variation in scores between the two operators was no greater than that obtained by the same operator4 ,from a study of the data secured it appears that the causes of variation in the scores of duplicate or replicate samples are the result of 7#a7 lack of care in making replicate random samples1 7#b7 differences in treatment of samples before cracking1 particularly as regards moisture content1 7#c7 differences in the skill or care of the operator making the tests1 7#d7 presence of empty nuts or shrivelled kernels in the sample which introduces variation not compensated for in a #be nut sample and further complicates the matter because assigning penalties for shrivelled kernels involves personal judgment4 ,the first three of these can be minimized or eliminated by care and skill4 ,the fourth item is not so easy but procedure can at least be standardized4 ,increasing the size of the sample is not practical if much testing is to be done4 ,all things considered it would seem that the scores indicate fairly well but not accurately the relative merit of the samples and thus can be relied upon to determine the relative merit of a variety or clone1 the suitability of the variety for growing in a given locality and the variability of a variety grown in the same region but under different conditions4 ,to determine the merit of a variety as compared to another both must be grown under the same conditions4 ,the over-all value of a variety can only be determined from samples of well filled nuts4 ,in any case the more samples tested the better4 ,the following suggestions are made as to procedure3 #a4 ,in taking a random sample no selection as to size1 uniformity1 or any other quality should be made4 ,suggested procedure would be to scoop up about #be nuts in a berry basket or with the hands from the main supply and reduce the sample to #be without conscious selection4 ,what we in the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association want is a measure of the merit of the crop of the tree or variety in question and not the value of a highly selected sample4 #b4 ,it is not practical to bring samples to a uniform moisture content before cracking is done4 ,the following precautions1 however1 may be followed3 7a7 ,take care to see that nuts are reasonably well cleaned and free from fragments of husk4 ,scrubbing or beating the nuts together in a sack will usually remove most of the loose material4 ,of course the best practice is to wash the nuts immediately after shucking4 7b7 ,cure samples until they are dry enough not to lose more weight preferably in an unheated room4 ,this takes at least a month or #f weeks4 7c7 ,avoid storing the samples in a heated room where they will become so dry that the shells will check or crack4 ,if this occurs the normal cracking fracture of the shell is destroyed and a satisfactory test cannot be made4 7d7 ,nuts that have become so dry that the kernels shatter may be moistened by soaking about #b hours in cold or lukewarm water then holding them in a moist condition for #ah-bd hours1 followed by drying for #aj-ab hours before cracking4 ,nuts that are to be soaked should be weighed before soaking and the dry weight used in figuring percentages4 ,the kernels of soaked nuts should be dried for #bd hours before weighing1 preferably under the same conditions in which the samples were stored before weighing4 #c4 ,care and skill on the part of the operator are of the greatest importance1 particularly in the thoroughness of cracking4 ,the most important variable in the score is the per cent kernel recovered at first cracking4 ,the score is reduced by undercracking the nut so as to leave the quarters bound or by overcracking to the point of smashing the kernels4 ,if the nuts have a long point so that the rims of the anvils do not contact the shoulders of the nut1 poor cracking will result4 ,at the present time a cracker with interchangeable anvils is not available4 ,using different sized iron pipe couplings in a vise may help solve the problem4 ,some varieties will crack better with a hammer than with a cracker of the ,hershey type with standard anvils4 ,in cracking a sample for test the operator should try to recover the most possible out of the first crack without using a pick or recracking4 #d4 ,the empty nut problem is probably the most difficult and is not satisfactorily solved by cracking nuts in excess of #be until #bf filled nuts are secured4 ,this necessitates weighing the sample after the nuts are cracked which is usually impracticable because of loss of parts of shells in cracking and because additional nuts are not available4 ,empty or shrivelled nuts in a sample are a serious defect which should count heavily against it4 ,on the basis of experience it seems that a better method is to crack the random sample of #be nuts and let the empty nuts and shrivelled kernels affect the score as reduced weight per nut1 reduced per cent kernel and the penalty as well4 ,shrivelling that is obvious and which adversely affects the appearance of the kernels should be penalized4 ,possibly further experience will suggest a better way of handling this problem4 ,the proposed score of a sample is made up as follows3 #a4 ,the weight of a single nut in grams4 #b4 ,the per cent kernel of total weight of sample recovered after first crack x #b4 #c4 ,the total per cent kernel of total weight of sample divided by #b4 #d4 ,one tenth point for each whole quarter recovered4 #e4 ,penalty of one score point for each empty nut in the sample4 #f4 ,penalty of #a_/b point for every nut with shrivelled kernel4 ,the makeup of this score does not differ from that previously used except in the matter of procedure with empty nuts4 ,it is felt that the items included are weighed in a realistic manner and that difficulties in scoring have been due to methods of handling the samples rather than in the scoring schedule itself4 ,it does not seem likely that this schedule or any schedule will be valuable unless used by experienced operators who are willing to take the precautions indicated4 ,also it is apparent that wherever possible more than one sample of a lot to be scored should be tested and the average score used4 ,,references ,,cited #a4 ,mac,daniels1 ,l4 ,h4 ,report of committee on varieties and judging standards4 ,no4 ,nut ,growers ,assn4 ,proc4 #bh3 #bj-bc4 #aicg4 #b4 ,mac,daniels1 ,l4 ,h4 ,is it possible to devise a satisfactory judging schedule for black walnuts8 ,no4 ,nut ,growers ,assn4 ,proc4 #cj3 #bd-bg4 #aici4 #c4 ,kline1 ,l4 ,v41 and ,s4 ,b4 ,chase4 ,compilation of data on nut weight and kernel percentage of black walnut selections4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 ,proc4 #ch3 #aff-agd4 #aida4 #d4 ,kline1 ,l4 ,v4 ,a method of evaluating the nuts of black walnut varieties4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 ,proc4 #da3 #acf-add4 #aidb4 #e4 ,lounsberry1 ,c4 ,c4 ,measurements of walnuts of ,united ,states4 ,no4 ,nut ,growers ,assn4 ,proc4 #ca3 #afb-afg4 #aidj4 #f4 ,drake1 ,n4 ,f4 ,judging black walnuts4 ,no4 ,nut ,growers ,assn4 ,proc4 #bb3 #acj-acg4 #aica4 #g4 ,drake1 ,n4 ,f4 ,black walnut varieties4 ,no4 ,nut ,growers' ,assn4 ,proc4 #bf3 #ff-ga4 #aice4 ,nut ,growers ,assn4 ,proc4 #cj3 #ha-hc4 #aici4 ,shelling ,black ,walnuts ,by ,g4 ,j4 ,,korn1 ,berrien ,springs1 ,michigan ,the methods used in the shelling of black walnuts by one of the commercial growers in southeastern ,pennsylvania may be of interest to some of our ,,nnga members4 ,for the last three seasons ,i have helped this grower with the harvesting and shelling of his crop4 ,the ,thomas variety predominated in his #dj-;acre nut orchard4 ,this variety is truly a very outstanding nut when properly grown4 ,the ,thomas is large1 cracks well1 its kernels may be readily removed in large pieces1 mostly quarters1 and they are of excellent flavor and color4 ,care in selecting the orchard site1 soils1 methods of cultivation1 fertilizing and spraying appear to be of prime importance in the production of high quality nuts4 ,the matters ,i shall speak of in this article1 however1 will have to do mostly with the harvesting1 husking1 curing and cracking of the walnuts and picking their kernels4 ,when the walnut husks may be easily dented with the thumb they are ready to gather4 ,this is usually about ,october #e in that locality4 ,the harvesting is begun immediately1 as the kernels will become somewhat damaged as to flavor and color if the husks are allowed to darken and decompose4 ,when the nuts have ripened they do not remain in prime condition for harvesting for more than about #aj to #ae days4 ,by this time the husks will have begun to decompose and darken the kernels4 ,just as soon as the nuts are ripe they are shaken from the trees4 ,the nuts are gathered into bushel baskets and hauled in a pick-up truck to the husker4 ,one of the old cannon type corn shellers1 once quite common in ,pennsylvania1 is used to husk the nuts4 ,a farm tractor furnishes the power to run the husker4 ,the nuts are run through the husker a couple of times to assure a clean job of husking4 ,the cleanly husked nuts drop into a basket at the end of the husker4 ,only #c minutes or slightly more time is required to turn out a bushel of husked nuts4 ,the freshly husked nuts are washed in a large copper kettle of water by vigorously stirring them a few minutes with a common garden hoe4 ,about #a-a_/b bushels of nuts are washed in each batch4 ,all nuts that float lightly on the water are skimmed off and discarded4 ,the nuts are then spread out about #b or #c nuts deep on trays to dry4 ,the frames of the trays are made of #ax#c inch lumber and are #a-a_/b feet wide and #c-a_/b feet long2 #c_/d inch mesh galvanized chicken wire netting forms the bottoms of the trays4 ,walnuts dried indoors in the shade produce lighter colored and finer flavored kernels than do those dried outdoors in the sun and rain4 ,when nuts are being dried indoors1 care should be taken to see that they have a good circulation of air or the nuts may start molding in the early stages of their curing4 ,although the outside of the walnut shells may dry off quite rapidly1 it takes considerable more time for the inside of the nut to cure properly for storing4 ,the nuts should be left on the trays for a few weeks to insure thorough curing4 ,illustration ,the cracking of the nuts is done with one of the small mechanical crackers that is to be found on the market4 ,the more care exercised in the cracking at the nuts1 the less work and time will be required in separating the kernels4 ,after cracking the nuts they are sifted through a series of screens4 ,this helps very materially in preparing them for rapidly picking their kernels4 ,it is quite important that this operation be done properly if the kernel picking is to be made simple and rapid4 ,the cracked nuts are first sifted through a screen made of #a-;inch mesh chicken wire netting4 ,next the nuts are sifted through a screen made of #a_/b-;inch mesh hardware cloth4 ,all material which will not pass through this screen should be kept separate4 ,some of these pieces will require recracking and kernel picking with the fingers4 ,the material which has passed through the #a_/b-;inch mesh screen is now sifted on a hardware cloth screen with #e meshes to the inch4 ,only the very fine material will pass through this screen which is not suitable for further kernel recovery4 ,the material which remains on the #a_/b-;inch mesh screen is now placed on the table especially made for kernel picking4 ,this table is shown in the accompanying sketch4 ,the table is of suitable size to allow two people to use it at the same time4 ,the operators sit on stools about #bj inches in height1 and work from the low side of the table4 ,a small amount of the material is brought forward and spread out very thinly before the operator4 ,a piece of #a_/b-;inch softwood dowel about #e inches long with #d ,no4 #i sewing needles imbedded in one end is used to pick up the kernels4 ,the needles are placed in the form of a square and should be only about #c_/cb of an inch apart to do the best work4 ,the picks should not be used to pry kernels from the shell1 as the needles would soon become bent and worthless4 ,the picks are meant to be used only to pick up the kernels from among the shells4 ,as soon as the operator has removed all the kernels from the small amount of material he has brought forward from the rear of the table1 he shoves the shells into the hole at the edge of the table and they drop into a receptacle4 ,the pick is used with the right hand1 and the kernels are removed from the pick with and into the left hand4 ,as soon as a convenient handful of kernels has been obtained1 they are dropped into a small pan which sets on the table near the operator's left hand4 ,the rapidity with which kernels may be picked by using these methods is surprising4 ,it is sometimes necessary to moisten the nuts and hold them in this condition for #b or #c days before cracking them1 to keep the kernels from shattering unduly4 ,after the kernels are picked out they are dried very thoroughly4 ,trays whose bottoms are lined with screening somewhat finer in mesh than that used for windows1 are used to dry the kernels4 ,care should be taken to not overheat the kernels1 or their flavor and color will be impaired4 ,good clean lard or similar cans with tight fitting covers are used for storing the kernels4 ,the kernels are stored in a cool dry place4 ,any kernels which are to be kept over the summer months1 are placed in cold storage4 ,better ,butternuts1 ,please ,s4 ,h4 ,,graham1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,as to palatability1 there are many persons who would be disposed to place the butternut at the very head of edible nuts4 ,this is the opinion of ,luther ,burbank in ,vol4 ,,xi1 page #cb1 of ,luther ,burbank1 ,his ,methods and ,discoveries4 ,the butternut tree is noteworthy as being at home in a greater variety of soils than the blackwalnut as well as being hardier than the black walnut or the hickory4 ,it ripens so early that the nuts always have plenty of time to mature while the richly flavored kernels are rarely shrunken and never astringent4 ,despite these good qualities1 a search through the publications of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association for the past thirty years proves that comparatively little interest has been manifested in it4 ,it would seem quite in order to inquire into the reasons for this neglect4 ,five of them come to mind3 #a4 ,too early blooming4 #b4 ,difficulty of propagation4 #c4 ,curculios4 #d4 ,melanconis disease4 #e4 ,lack of sufficiently good varieties4 ,the butternut too often blooms so early that its blossoms are caught by frost4 ,the filbert has the same fault and so1 to a less extent1 has the ,persian walnut4 ,late blooming varieties of each have already been selected4 ,it does not seem too much to hope that late blooming varieties of butternut may also be found4 ,i know of one butternut that has had good crops every year but one for the last ten years but have never visited it at the right time to observe its blooming habit4 ,president ,weschcke reports that butternuts on black walnut stocks have their blooming retarded for a few days4 ,many experienced nut tree propagators have little success in grafting the butternut4 ,but ,mr4 ,harry ,burgart of ,michigan1 has found that nursery trees may be successfully grafted if the operation is performed at a point three or four feet from the ground1 while the late ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman of ,pennsylvania1 found that very early grafting gave him the best results4 ,he reported that his best catch was from grafts set ,march tenth4 ,some moderately successful propagators do not pay careful attention to outside temperatures when they cut their scions4 ,in contrast to this let us see what ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones thought about it4 ,he was undoubtedly the most successful nut tree propagator in the ,east and he was always as generous in sharing his hard earned knowledge as he was skillful in its application in his own commercial nursery4 ,note this from his paper in the #aibj annual report4 ,in the case of trees that bleed freely when cut1 we must guard against taking scions after hard freezing weather and before the tree has fully recuperated4 ,this semi-sappy conditions following low temperatures that freeze the wood seems to be a provision of nature to restore the sap lost by evaporation4 ,we always try to avoid taking scions of any kind soon after hard freezing weather4 ,i have found scions of ,english and ,japanese walnuts1 cut from trees in this condition1 to be practically worthless for propagation1 although they may have been cut in late winter long before the sap gets up in the tree naturally4 ,this warning would undoubtedly apply to the butternut as it bleeds freely when cut4 ,another pitfall for the inexperienced propagator lies in storing scions in packing material that is too moist4 ,sphagnum is commonly used4 ,it should be no more than slightly moist to the touch4 ,if left to run wild1 the butternut curculios are a serious menace to the butternut1 the ,japanese walnut and the ,persian walnut4 ,their life history as described at length in ,u4,s4,d4,a4 bulletin #ajff1 is briefly as follows3 ,the beetles 7called elephant bugs by some because the side view resembles the elephant7 spend the winter in the ground4 ,as soon as new growth appears on the host tree they begin feeding on the tender leaves and stems4 ,soon they begin laying their eggs in crescent shaped punctures which they cut in the new shoots and nutlets4 ,the larvae hatch in a few days and tunnel through the pith of the shoots seriously injuring and stunting their growth while the infested nuts soon fall from the tree4 ,the eggs may be laid from late ,may to early ,august4 ,they hatch in a few days4 ,the larvae complete their growth in four or five weeks when they enter the ground to pupate4 ,in about a month they emerge as adult beetles and begin feeding on leaves and leaf stems as their parents did in the spring1 but they will do no egg laying until the following spring4 ,poison spray applied in early spring and again in late ,august and ,september should so reduce their numbers that they will not become a serious pest4 ,our ,state ,experiment ,station suggests the use of a cryolite spray as it is more effective against curculios than arsenical sprays and less likely to injure tender walnut foliage4 ,the ,mitchell hybrid1 7butternut x heartnut7 with us1 appears to have natural immunity to the curculio4 ,this brings to mind a secondary but very important reason for finding better butternuts1--namely that they may be used as a starting point for the super variety that someone should give the world from his long rows of crosses between the best butternuts and the best heartnuts4 ,the nut growers of this country are indebted to ,dr4 ,arthur ,h4 ,graves of the ,brooklyn ,botanic ,garden for a complete study of the ,melanconis disease of the butternut4 ,this study was begun in ,new ,york ,city but has since been widely extended4 ,he thinks that the disease is probably present throughout the entire range of the butternut and is usually responsible for the dead limbs that are so often seen in butternut trees4 ,the ,japanese walnut is also susceptible4 ,the disease usually enters the tree through twigs that have been injured in some way4 ,his conclusions1 after thorough scientific laboratory and field work covering a period of over twenty years1 is that it is caused by a weak parasitic fungus attacking rapidly only when the host tree is in a weakened condition2 that it may lie practically dormant in vigorous trees and that it may be successfully combatted by fertilizing1 mulching1 providing necessary water in time of drought and avoidance of any condition that might weaken the tree4 ,all dead twigs and all twigs showing fruiting bodies of the fungus should be pruned off some distance below the apparent infection as soon as discovered and the pruning wounds painted4 ,dr4 ,graves thinks it possible that butternuts grafted on black walnut stocks may have their vigor increased sufficiently to help in warding off the disease4 ,mr4 ,weschcke says that1 although the ,melanconis disease is prevalent in his locality1 there has never been the slightest indication of it on the butternut trees which he has growing on black walnut stocks4 ,if kept free of disease the butternut may reach great size4 ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris has stated that when he was a boy there were magnificent butternut trees over the greater part of ,connecticut4 ,there still remains the stumbling block of lack of really outstanding varieties bearing nuts of good size1 large percentage of kernel and perfect shelling quality with heavy and regular bearing4 ,this is a large order to fill but it is a fair guess that somewhere there are wild trees better than any thus far brought to light4 ,trying to locate them should be an exciting assignment for a nut tree enthusiast4 ,do not think lightly of a butternut tree just because it looks small and unthrifty4 ,it may be that the fault lies in an unfavorable location4 ,only an appraisal of the nut will establish its value4 ,the butternut is fairly abundant throughout its range which extends well up into ,canada4 ,in central ,new ,york there are uncounted thousands of butternut trees along fence rows1 in the large and small valleys and along little streams4 ,one person with limited time can hardly hope to examine more than a small proportion of them during the period when the nuts are ripe4 ,the scout for better nuts should lose no opportunity to tell his errand to the people that he meets4 ,i have found the average stranger interested and cooperative4 ,he may direct you to a superior tree that you would never otherwise find4 ,for this work one must be able1 like the successful inventor1 to hold his enthusiasm after many disappointments4 ,if the coveted variety is not found1 one at least has been out in the woods and fields during a wonderful time of year4 ,the ,use of ,fertilizer in a ,walnut ,orchard ,by ,l4 ,k4 ,,hostetter1 ,pennsylvania ,sometime in the fall of #aida ,professor ,fagan of ,pennsylvania ,state ,college1 and ,mr4 ,graham of ,cornell ,university1 called on me and proposed to make some fertilizer tests in my walnut orchard4 ,the following spring ,professor ,fagan sent me #af bags of fertilizer1 one bag for each tree4 ,these tests were divided into three parts and each part had one tree that received nitrogen1 superphosphate and potash1 one that received nitrogen and superphosphate1 one nitrogen and potash1 one superphosphate only and one potash only and a sixth tree that received no fertilizer4 ,in the first group all the trees received a liberal amount of mulch4 ,in the second group they received no mulch but the same fertilizer as the first group and in the third group they received the same fertilizer1 no mulch but raw lime was added to the fertilizer4 ,one tree received lime only4 ,there was a heavy sod in the part of the field where these tests were to be made4 ,this sod was torn up with a springtooth harrow 7weed hog7 about ,march #aeth and the fertilizer was applied on ,may #fth4 ,that year was a very poor one in which to make these tests1 for during all of ,july and ,august we had continuous rainy and cloudy weather and by the first of ,september all of the leaves had turned yellow and dropped4 ,most of the trees had a big crop of walnuts which were gathered about ,october #ajth1 the nuts from each tree being kept separate4 ,after they were cracked the kernels were weighed and graded and believe it or not1 the tree that received lime only had the best grade of kernels1 and second best were one that received lime and potash and another lime1 nitrogen and potash4 ,the tree that received mulch and potash also had a very good grade of kernels4 ,in #aidc the same tests were repeated4 ,this was again a poor year for we had very little rain during all of ,august and ,september just when the trees needed it most4 ,the tree that received nothing had the best quality of kernels and again all the trees that received potash had good kernels4 ,in #aida ,i grew two acres of tobacco and the following spring the stalks were cut in one-inch pieces and put on about twenty-five trees4 ,the first year ,i could not see that it did any good but this past summer all the kernels from these trees were just perfect4 ,it surely is a pleasure to crack walnuts when at least #ih of the kernels are perfect4 ,lime and ,fertilizers for ,our ,black ,walnut ,trees ,by ,,seward ,,berhow1 ,iowa ,in #aida-aidb-aidc black walnut crops from trees growing in timberland in competition with other trees were nearly a total failure4 ,the nuts were fair in number but not filled1 the kernels badly shriveled1 tough1 lacking greatly in flavor and discolored4 ,some of these black walnut trees have been bearing for #ej years4 ,are they through1 due to having used up all the soil fertility8 ,wild or native black walnut trees1 growing on good soil and not crowded have done better4 ,it looks to me as if it is time our experiment stations1 particularly those having black walnut trees on or near their grounds should start studying the cultural requirements of nut trees in the way of lime and fertilizer for better nuts4 ,i have experimented by applying lime and fertilizer to a few bearing trees with very good results4 ,but we need to know the proper amounts to be used for all sizes of trees from the transplants to the bearing trees of different sizes4 ,such investigations can best be conducted by our experiment stations4 ,there is a very substantial increased demand for grafted nut trees each year4 ,this is evidence that we should make a study of our nut tree culture and care4 ,the ,propagation of ,black ,walnuts ,through ,budding ,by ,,sterling ,,smith1 ,ohio ,the propagation of black walnuts by budding has proven a highly successful experience4 ,by following this method over a period of several years1 under normal weather conditions1 the results have been fairly uniform4 ,stocks1 upon which to bud1 may either be secured from private nurseries1 state forestry departments1 or by planting the seed of vigorous native nut trees4 ,if one desires to produce his own stock1 the nut seeds should be planted soon after they are gathered4 ,a garden nursery row makes a desirable place for small plantings4 ,if a large scale increase is contemplated it is best to plant the seeds where the trees may be left to grow to maturity4 ,plant two or three seeds a few inches apart 7within a hill7 and space these hills as the land available will warrant1 anywhere from twenty-five to fifty feet apart4 ,should all the nuts sprout there will be a three-to-one chance for a healthy tree1 and if more than one good tree is produced in each hill the excess stock may be transplanted4 ,after the stock has grown for one year it should be cut back to within four inches from the ground4 ,such stock makes good material for experimental grafting4 ,by pruning the stock in the spring it forces new growth upon which to place buds later in the season4 ,in the budding process the ,jones patch budder has been very successfully used4 ,along the southern shore of ,lake ,erie the first week in ,july is a favorable time to begin this procedure4 ,due to the fact that the northeast side of the tree is the coolest and shadiest the greater part of the day1 there the buds should be set4 ,with the budding tool cut through the bark of the stock1 several inches above the start of the new growth4 ,do not remove the bark4 ,this produces a gathering of callus-forming material at this point and aids in the healing in of the bud which is to be later placed there4 ,my experience shows successful results in many instances where ,i had failed to make this previous cut4 ,bud wood should be new and vigorous growth1 the first five or six buds nearest the spot from which the growth started being the best4 ,when the bud wood is available cut off the first four or five leaf stalks close to the buds4 ,by the time the buds are ready for use the remainder of the leaf stalk will have ripened or dried and fallen off1 and the bark underneath hardened off4 ,if this is not the case the bark is apt to rot at this point1 which is directly beneath the bud itself4 ,bud wood1 procured from any source1 should be trimmed with the stub of the leaf stalk cut as closely as possible to the bark4 ,if the budding is not done immediately those cuttings may be wrapped and stored in a cool place 7about #dj deg4 ,f47 for several days before using4 ,in a hot1 dry season the actual budding should be started soon after the middle of ,july4 ,due to the excessive amount of rainfall during #aidc1 buds which were set on ,july #bdth yielded poor results1 while those applied later in the summer1 about ,august #abth1 healed in one hundred per cent4 ,procedure3 ,cut the patch bud from the bud stick with the bud in the center of the patch4 ,place this patch bud between the lips1 as this is a clean and convenient place to hold it4 ,next1 cut the patch1 which has been previously marked out1 and quickly place the new patch in the opening1 tying in place4 ,as many as three or four buds may be similarly set before they are coated with wax4 ,parapin wax 7a paraffin and pine gum mixture7 is an excellent substance for coating the buds1 due to its rubber-like1 non-cracking qualities4 ,a convenient homemade contrivance for melting the wax may be made by soldering a small can into the top of a railroad lantern4 ,rubber bands of good quality have been made especially for budding by several large rubber companies4 ,these are ideal for tying the buds in place and may be reused several seasons4 ,treekote1 an asphalt emulsion1 has proven a successful substance for coating the new work4 ,after the buds have set for two weeks remove the rubber bands and examine4 ,where buds have failed to heal in properly1 and room remains on the stock1 new buds may be applied just below the scar4 ,when the trees show signs of growth1 the following spring1 cut them back to the top of the bud patch1 cover the cut with ,treekote and prevent all growth on the original stock from developing4 ,the placed buds are frequently slower in starting than the natural buds4 ,a stake driven beside the young stock makes a convenient support for the rapid new growth1 which should be tied to prevent breaking by strong winds4 ,trees started in the nursery may be transplanted to permanent locations the following spring1 inasmuch as the spring of the year has proven a more satisfactory time for transplanting than the fall4 ,to attain success in transplanting the newly dug tree1 roots should be exposed as little as possible to the air4 ,prepare the holes before digging the trees1 moving one tree at a time for best results4 ,move as much of the root stock as possible1 usually about #ah to #bd inches4 ,trim roots with a sharp knife1 making a clean cut facing downward4 ,remove at least half of the top growth of the tree and plant at once1 tamping the loose dirt firmly about the roots4 ,water generously and slowly around the loose soil to aid in washing the dirt thoroughly around the newly disturbed roots4 ,with severe pruning1 trees may be transplanted after new growth has started4 ,during periods of drought the soil around the trees should be thoroughly soaked from time to time4 ,in conclusion1 it may be said that due to varying conditions of soil1 climate and locality1 for best results the proper time to bud may be either earlier or later in localities other than northern ,ohio4 ,various factors may alter the procedure in those localities due to the individual operator's experimentation1 from which he has devised methods giving him the best results4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note3 ,the trade-name items mentioned in this article may be obtained from any reliable nursery supply house4 ,northern ,nut ,growing ,by ,,joseph ,,gerardi1 ,illinois ,judging from the demand for nut trees the public is fast becoming aware of the possibilities of growing its own nuts4 ,heretofore nut growing has been confined to two favorable sections of the ,united ,states1 the west coast and the southern pecan groves4 ,but1 now we can safely plant the pecan as far north as ,springfield1 ,illinois1 and from all indications some trees found in ,cass ,county will extend the northern limit another one hundred miles4 ,the pecan is the favorite nut of nearly everyone1 in fact it is preferred to any other nut for its pleasing flavor and easy cracking4 ,wild nuts used to be gathered from native trees without consulting the owner1 but since they are selling at good prices the owners of trees gather them themselves4 ,fortunately1 through efforts of far-seeing individuals some very good pecans have been found that can be grown successfully much farther north than the southern pecan belt4 ,our nut enthusiast1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 has drawn the attention of the writer to three promising pecans that he located in ,cass ,county1 ,illinois4 ,this extends the northern pecan limit much farther north than we formally considered them adaptable4 ,for this locality we can now boast of quite a list of pecans that have been doing well4 ,of the older introductions ,greenriver and ,busseron can safely be recommended1 and of course1 the local finds are all good here1 at least the parent trees are doing so well that the public is planting them in preference to the older introductions4 ,west of the ,mississippi ,river ,giles1 ,clarkville and ,norton can be recommended4 ,prospective pecan planters should bear the following remarks in mind4 ,environment has a decided influence on the behavior of plants and the nut tree is no exception4 ,as they are taken farther north of their original habitat the nuts become smaller and do not fill as well4 ,the black walnut may be considered an exception to this statement4 ,many local finds and some southern pecans are perfectly hardy as far north as ,chicago and ,ontario1 but can not be expected to ripen any of their nuts4 ,many southern pecan trees in this locality are wonderful lawn trees but as bearers they are worthless4 ,the ,black ,walnut ,the list of black walnuts is altogether too long4 ,of the numerous introductions only a few are retaining their popularity4 ,in this section ,i would still plant ,stambaugh for its cracking and bearing qualities and its thin shell1 but its flavor does not equal that of ,thomas and ,mintle4 ,the ,mintle is smaller but a much better cracker than ,thomas4 ,it is also a young and heavy bearer1 grows fast and straight as a candle and grafts easily4 ,the ,elmer ,myers will become the most popular black walnut in sections where it does well1 provided its thin shell will withstand machinery hulling without injury to the nuts4 ,we have not fruited the ,myers as yet4 ,the black walnut is fast rivaling the pecan1 and for confection surpasses it because it retains its flavor after being cooked or baked4 ,persian ,walnuts ,the ,persian walnut in spite of its popularity does not appeal to me4 ,its flavor can not compare with that of the pecan1 hickory1 or black walnut4 ,besides1 it is too exacting as to climate and soil4 ,we have tried all the supposedly hardy ones but so far only one will withstand our changeable climate4 ,this one came from a ,new ,york nursery and the name was lost4 ,we list it as the ,schmidt for the man who owns the tree4 ,this tree is now some twenty years old and bearing well4 ,so far it is remaining healthy as also are the trees grafted from it4 ,our trouble with all other varieties of this species is that they make a second growth in fall and then succumb to frost4 ,of all the ,broadviews1 ,shafers1 ,pekins and ,crath seedlings we have grafted in the last ten years not one is now alive in this locality4 ,something puzzling to me is that two ,broadview seedlings we now have growing from seed ,i obtained from ,mr4 ,corsan of ,islington1 ,ontario1 are growing slowly but are still healthy after the '#dj and '#da seasons4 ,all the rest of the trees from this same seed succumbed4 ,filberts1 ,hazels and ,their ,hybrids ,the ,winkler hazel failed to bear the past season the first time in #ae years4 ,all pure filberts we have tried in this locality are a failure4 ,of the hybrids1 ,bixby and ,buchanan are promising4 ,chestnuts ,the ,mollissima chestnut is very promising in southern ,illinois4 ,the tree requires protection in this locality as it sun scalds badly if not protected4 ,no doubt many orchards will be planted in the future4 ,propagating ,nut ,trees ,this is a fascinating subject full of disappointments4 ,we have our ups and downs as does everyone else who attempts it4 ,i get numerous letters telling of their experience and troubles asking for details just how to go about it4 ,what makes it so fascinating is that in certain seasons we have fabulous success and them again in others almost complete failure4 ,fall of '#da and spring of '#db we averaged #ge catches in budding chestnuts4 ,fall of '#db and spring of '#dc our chestnut budding was just about nil1 only #c or #d catches1 and ,i am at a loss how to account for this variance4 ,a budded chestnut tree is much superior to a grafted one as far as the union is concerned4 ,grafted trees usually do not knit well the first season while at two years the union is good4 ,so we also must learn our chestnut propagation all over again4 ,i have a letter before me from ,brother ,borst asking why his walnut buds took so well and not one of them vegetated in spring4 ,this happened to us a number of times on both walnuts and hickories4 ,also1 in the same season1 we have had one or two varieties1 of which we did not set many buds or grafts1 to show #ajj catches1 while other varieties set the same day would be #ajj failure4 ,apparently all scions used were in prime condition4 ,why then this great variance8 ,while we used the double-bladed knife for budding and the side graft for grafting1 other methods are just as successful under skilled hands4 ,the skill of the operator has much to do with it4 ,fall budding of persimmons4 ,the persimmon has only about ten days in which it will fall bud4 ,before or after this period budding will not succeed4 ,it also is important that the scions be taken from thrifty trees a number of years old4 ,the ordinary ,t shield budding gives good success on the persimmon either spring or fall4 ,the spring bud sticks should be perfectly dormant4 ,butternut and ,japanese ,walnuts and ,their ,hybrids ,none of these are worth the space they occupy in this locality4 #a-ah on which ,i reported last year didn't set a nut this season4 ,of all the heartnuts ,i am acquainted with none are satisfactory4 ,there is a siebold tree in ,st4 ,louis that so far we have been unable to graft that promises to be adapted to this vicinity4 ,it is good bearer1 good cracker and pleasant flavor4 ,this class of nuts is adopted to the north where the pecan is unsatisfactory4 ,the ,hicans and ,hickories ,the hicans are numerous in this and adjacent counties4 ,while a number of them are good1 ,i have located none that can compare favorably with ,bixby1 ,gerardi1 and ,pleas for this locality4 ,the ,pleas is a bitternut hybrid and has some bitterness in the kernel1 but no more than the ,english walnut and people like it4 ,of the twenty hicans we have tried the above three only are satisfactory4 ,in this latitude the hicans are unquestionably the most satisfactory nut trees to plant4 ,they grow fast1 bear young1 have a high flavor1 crack well and are unsurpassed as shade or lawn trees4 ,here the ,gerardi and ,bixby are the best so far fruited4 ,the ,pleas is very ornamental but lacks flavor4 ,the ,burlington and ,fairbanks are adapted to the north but here are not satisfactory bearers4 ,i have reports on about #be ,gerardi hican seedlings4 ,they are all worthless1 smaller in nut than either pecans or hickories4 ,the peculiar thing is that some of the pecans are decidedly bitter in flavor as also are some of the hickories4 ,two of the seedlings show shellbark blood4 ,handling the nut weevil and plum curculio4 ,two years ago the few nuts the ,gerardi hican had were all wormy4 ,last spring ,i cultivated the ground with a one-horse cultivator and gave our chickens free access to the feast4 ,they made so good a job of it that not a single nut was stung this season4 ,where the ground can be flooded for several days this will also exterminate the weevil4 ,the same treatment applies to plum curculio4 ,cultivation should be done before growth starts in spring1 or quite late in fall4 ,if anyone ever got a ,pleas hybrid nut to grow ,i would appreciate ever so much to hear from him4 ,so far all my trials to germinate the nuts have failed4 ,i may add that in my estimation no land on this globe is blessed with a nut flora that equals that of the ,united ,states4 ,nut ,puttering in an ,off ,year ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,connecticut ,i did manage to get over to ,avon ,old ,farms1 the boys' school1 and topwork a few hickory trees4 ,all grew1 about a dozen1 except three scions of one kind that ,i put in one tree4 ,this is the third year that ,i have grafted hickories on the grounds of this school1 some three thousand acres4 ,the school was planned and built by ,mrs4 ,theodate ,pope ,riddle1 and ,i was told there that it cost seven million dollars4 ,it is a beautiful and original group of buildings in the lovely ,farmington ,river ,valley1 well worth visiting4 ,mr4 ,sperry the science teacher1 is deeply interested in the nut trees4 ,dr4 ,arthur ,harmount ,graves and ,i have both given him a number of chestnut trees1 and ,i have added a variety of others1 walnuts1 persimmons1 papaws1 pecans1 filberts and others as well as the topworked seedling hickories4 ,the trees have been given reasonably good and intelligent care4 ,many trees were badly winter killed or injured last winter when the temperature dropped to twenty-four below zero in ,hartford1 official1 and is said to have reached forty below in ,litchfield county4 ,japanese chestnuts were especially badly injured4 ,but hybrids having an ,american strain seemed generally to be little injured4 ,filberts also showed bad injury4 ,pecans1 persimmons and a papaw seemed to have weathered the winter1 though they should be further observed before deciding4 ,the nut trees have been set out in orchard form over tracts of a number of acres and well fertilized4 ,the land is good4 ,incidentally ,mr4 ,sperry expressed the thanks of the school with more than one bottle--of fine maple syrup which he and the boys make every spring4 ,the mollissima chestnut tree in my yard at ,litchfield1 which ,dr4 ,graves considers remarkable because it bears a moderate crop of fertile nuts every year without apparent benefit of outside pollination1 was stripped almost bare of branches by an ice storm4 ,it had reached thirty five feet in height1 mainly1 perhaps because pretty well surrounded by taller trees4 ,now it has to start over again from a much lower height4 ,it bore a few nuts on the remaining branches this year4 ,on account of the restrictions on driving ,i did not visit ,mr4 ,beeman at ,new ,preston1 but he wrote me that he had a few quarts of hickory nuts1 chiefly ,glover from one of his large topworked trees4 ,he has a couple of acres set out to grafted hickories1 some of which have been bearing for several years4 ,pretty good for a man now #hf who began nut growing less than ten years ago and who has serious physical handicaps4 ,he is the man1 as many of you do not know1 who1 when he began with nut trees1 built scaffolds #dj feet high about each of two hickory trees in his yard1 and topworked them almost to the last branch by a method of his own ,one reason for his success is that he is a violin maker with a record of perhaps fifty violins1 violas and 'cellos1 and he makes his own tools4 ,he is a modest man whom it is a privilege to know4 ,i have had some interesting experiences with papaws this year4 ,for the first time ,i have succeeded in growing the seed intentionally4 ,the only other time when ,i have had seedlings was when a bunch of them came up by themselves in the yard as thick as hair on a dog4 ,last year 7#aidb7 in the fall1 ,i scattered a lot o,l seed in a perennial bed and poked them in with a cane and also in a reentrant angle of a house looking to the northeast1 behind some rather luxuriant ,christmas roses 7helleborus niger7 where there wore also lilies-of-the-valley and jack-in-the-pulpits and the soil had been rather heavily enriched4 ,in both places the papaws came up quite freely1 especially in the angle of the house where the sun struck only a short time each day4 ,the chief reason1 however1 was probably the rich1 deep soil4 ,these seedlings with taproots #f to #h inches long were easily transplanted with their leaves on4 ,i brought four of them to ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,florida4 ,they are said to be native in upper ,florida4 ,dr4 ,zimmerman1 who was our authority on papaws1 said that he thought hand pollination was necessary for good crops4 ,i have been making observations on this for several years and in #aidb obtained confirmatory results4 ,last spring 7#aidc7 ,i hand-pollinated a tree about #ah feet high using pollen from a number of other trees4 ,this was the same tree on which ,i had had good results in #aidb over the limited part of the tree that ,i had been able to reach from the ground4 ,this year ,i used a stepladder4 ,also1 because the tree was close to a tool house1 on the grounds of the park superintendent1 ,i was able to reach the top of the tree from the roof of the tool house4 ,from this tree ,i gathered about #ajj fruits1 all but two perfect1 weighing together #bc pounds4 ,there were several bunches of three and four and one of six4 ,the quality ,i did not think as good as some4 ,but it seemed a pretty good demonstration of the value of hand pollinating4 ,in the yard of a house in ,hartford1 belonging to the widow of a high school classmate of mine1 ,i found a number of papaw trees1 some of them as big as they often grow1 perhaps forty feet high and up to a foot in diameter4 ,the lady told me that they used to bear abundantly when her neighbor just over the fence kept bees4 ,since these are gone she has had very few or no fruit at all and the squirrels got them1 if there were any4 ,i pollinated a lot of blossoms that ,i could reach from the ground and in the fall they were quite loaded with clusters of fruit1 but much smaller than those on the first tree described4 ,they were1 however1 of better quality4 ,there was also a small number of fruit in the high branches of the trees and some of these the squirrels cut off1 but apparently just for fun as ,i did not see any sign of their eating them4 ,i am writing this in ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,florida4 ,i boarded first with a man who describes himself on his card as a tree surgeon doing grafting and budding1 spraying1 fertilizing and pruning4 ,this year he took the agency for the ,mahan pecan and has sold quite a number at #e each1 with one order for twenty trees4 ,these are put out by the ,monticello1 ,florida nursery4 ,the history of their buying the ,mahan pecan tree1 and a picture of the parent tree in its original home1 is given in the files of the ,american ,nut ,journal1 an index of the seventeen volumes of which ,i completed this year4 ,mr4 ,stewart sets out all the trees he sells and is meticulous in doing so4 ,nearby is a good sized ,mahan tree with still quite a crop of nuts 7in ,november7 after a good many have been gathered4 ,mr4 ,stewart speaks well of this pecan tree as a good bearer1 with nuts well-filled and of good quality4 ,i haven't cracked enough of them to verify these statements but they are offered by the ,monticello ,nursery in fifty-pound lots4 ,they sell at ,webb's in this city for #fe cents a pound4 ,schleys ,i believe sell for #de cents at the same place4 ,the ,mahan is1 ,i think1 the largest pure pecan1 about a third larger than the ,schley and those ,i have seen were equally thin-shelled4 ,i mention this because ,i had supposed that pecans did not do well as far south as this4 ,yet ,i see many trees about the city1 some with fair crops on them and some in good foliage1 though many1 or all of them ,i have observed1 are partially defoliated by the fall web worm4 ,i saw one fine tree that ,i was told was a ,stuart4 ,the ,moneymaker also is said to do well here4 ,i speak particularly of the ,mahan because it has not1 so far as ,i know1 had the unqualified approval of the experts4 ,but what has8 ,and ,i don't know that it deserves it4 ,it is a joy to be among the many citrus fruit trees1 the guavas1 papayas1 avocadoes1 loquats1 surinam cherries1 new and strange fruits and flowers of many kinds in ,florida4 ,the ,australian or ,queensland nut1 ,macadamia ternifolia1 grow and bear well here1 ,i am told--but the squirrels got all the nuts6 ,but the greatest joy of all is the freedom from ice and snow4 ,nut ,nursery ,notes ,by ,h4 ,f4 ,,stoke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,the present season has seen an increase of interest in nut tree planting that is new in my experience4 ,this interest is apparent not only in retail orders1 but is reflected in inquiries received from large general nurseries1 many of which have not been listing nut trees4 ,i do not believe that this interest in food-producing trees is a passing phase of the war1 but that it will continue if honestly catered to and wisely directed4 ,with apologies for personal reference1 the demands of my small commercial nursery on my time and attention have become so heavy that ,i am faced with the necessity of either building a permanent organization of skilled workers or dropping out altogether4 ,due to advancing years and other considerations ,i am choosing the latter course4 ,because of this ,i feel free to make certain remarks as to the future of nut tree production that ,i would hesitate to make if ,i were still in the business4 ,without doubt many of the large commercial general nurseries will take up the growing and selling of nut trees4 ,we who have pioneered in this work1 should welcome the increased public interest that will result from the more extensive advertising and cataloging of nut trees4 ,the specialist who has worked out propagation1 pollination and variety problems should be more than able to hold his own against the competition of newcomers in his field1 however large4 ,as all old-timers know1 there are certain factors in the growing of nut nursery stock that do not lend themselves to the mass-production methods of the large general nurseries4 ,stocks1 generally1 take longer to produce4 ,it may take as much as six years to produce a saleable hickory tree from the time the seed is planted4 ,failures in grafting and budding walnuts run high1 especially with beginners4 ,a catch of twenty-five per cent means either selective hand digging must be resorted to or seventy-five per cent of the seedling stock must be sacrificed if power digging is used4 ,suitable grafting stock for chestnuts is still a matter of controversy4 ,good authorities claim that ,chinese chestnut is unreliable as a root stock while others1 including myself1 as stoutly maintain that the main need is for proper technique in grafting and budding4 ,these and other considerations1 including the training of workers in improved technique1 offer certain obstacles to the newcomer which1 in turn1 offer certain temptations that may result in harm to the whole movement toward nut tree planting4 ,to be specific1 the difficulty of producing good grafted or budded trees of named varieties may readily tempt the less scrupulous to sell any kind of nondescript seedling1 while at the same time giving the public the impression that superior stock is being offered4 ,this is1 in fact1 already being done4 ,i have before me the catalogues of three large general nurseries4 ,one of them offers what are obviously seedling ,chinese chestnuts in these words3 ,only two years from now1 right on your own grounds1 you can pick up big1 fat1 tasty chestnuts from the trees you plant this year4 ,of ,english walnuts--no variety name given and quite obviously seedlings--the following description is given3 ,thin-shelled1 large1 delicious nuts1 producing heavy crops and demanding good prices4 ,in both these cases the prices asked are as high or higher than good1 grafted1 named varieties can be bought for elsewhere4 ,the second catalogue offers seedling black walnuts1 not so designated1 and also ,thomas ,improved black walnuts at a higher price4 ,seedling ,english walnuts1 not stated as such1 are offered as having commercial possibilities and being as good in quality as those grown elsewhere4 ,the third catalogue is entirely ethical and legitimate4 ,it lists a limited assortment of well-selected varieties under their true names4 ,when misguided buyers purchase a seedling chestnut tree with the expectation of picking up big1 fat1 tasty chestnuts in two years from planting and realize a handful of nuts after ten years of waiting1 or nothing but empty burrs because of lack of pollination1 nut tree planting gets a black eye4 ,the same is true when the buyer tenderly nurses a weak-rooted ,english walnut seedling for fifteen years before he gets a few small1 thick-shelled1 astringent nuts4 ,when nurseries that show honesty in their advertising write me for information ,i give them the best ,i have4 ,when their advertising is otherwise ,i do not trouble to answer4 ,one party1 after asking many questions1 wound up by saying he wanted to get in on this nut game4 ,my impression was that if he had said shell game he would have more accurately stated his case4 ,buyers should be on their guard not to be deceived by flowery1 but vague descriptions4 ,if catalogues list nut trees by recognized variety names it is pretty safe to assume that the trees are as represented4 ,if recognized variety names are omitted the trees may safely be considered to be seedlings and that they will produce a wholly unknown quantity1 no matter how alluring the advertising4 ,of course1 this is not intended to discourage the planting of new varieties offered by nurseries of known reputation for integrity1 nor of such strains as the ,crath ,carpathian walnut importations1 from which new varieties are emerging4 ,as a practical note ,i wish to state that the black walnut is by far the most satisfactory stock on which to graft walnuts of any species4 ,not infrequently seedling ,english walnut trees take from ten to fifteen or more years to come into bearing4 ,i have fruited fifteen or more varieties by grafting on black stocks1 and in no case has it required more than five years for the trees to bear4 ,frequently they have borne in two or three years4 ,the ,english walnut is also a more vigorous grower on black walnut roots than on its own4 ,the ,sherwood butternut grafted five or six years ago on butternut stocks has not borne yet2 grafted on a small black walnut in the nursery row in #aidb it bore one nut in #aidc and has many staminate buds for #aidd visible at the present time4 ,walters heartnut bears the second or third year on black walnut2 it has not borne for me on butternut after seven years4 ,the same holds good for the other heartnuts4 ,in the grafting of chestnuts1 defective 7incompatible87 unions can generally be spotted the first year4 ,they develop with a transverse fissure into which the bark ingrows4 ,good unions show new tissue entirely around the closing wound2 the final scar as healing approaches completion being vertical1 i4 e4 longitudinal with the stock4 ,this result can be obtained by proper technique4 ,the members of the ,association can do much to further the cause of nut tree planting by discrimination in recognizing the ear-marks of honest advertising and encouraging their friends to make their purchases from conscientious1 responsible nurserymen4 ,our ,association nursery list is a valuable help in this direction4 ,report from the ,tennessee ,valley ,by ,,thomas ,g4 ,,zarger1 ,,tva1 ,norris1 ,tennessee ,black ,walnut ,industry--in the early fall of #aidc1 a survey was made of the black walnut industry in the ,tennessee ,valley and ,nashville ,basin4 ,four commercial cracking plants had shelled #aj million pounds of nuts purchased in #aidb4 ,this year1 cracking plants have offered to buy unlimited quantities of nuts in the shell at the relatively good price of #d4ej per #ajj pounds4 ,because of the manpower shortage1 especially on the farm1 the collection of nuts has not exceeded the preceding year4 ,pasteurizing plants had processed a quarter of a million pounds of kernels purchased in #aidb4 ,this year only three pasteurizing plants will operate1 and a smaller quantity of kernels will be processed4 ,the kernel supply from the home-cracking industry has decreased because the sanitation requirements of the ,federal ,food and ,drug ,administration are difficult to meet in the homes4 ,bearing ,habits of ,wild ,black ,walnut--,looking forward to a fuller utilization of the wild black walnut crop1 the bearing habits of the black walnut tree is being investigated4 ,four-year records are now available on tree growth1 nut yield1 and nut quality of sample trees located throughout the ,tennessee ,valley4 ,for #aba trees1 with a range in diameter from #d to #bh inches total dry nut yield1 in pounds1 averaged as follows3 #aidj1 #ca2 #aida1 #bd2 #aidb1 #ch2 #aidc1 #bi4 ,there is some evidence of alternate bearing1 with a heavy crop followed by a very light crop4 ,how much larger nut crop a larger tree is expected to bear was found to increase on an average trend from #j pounds of filled nuts for a tree of #d-;inch diameter to #fe pounds for a #bd-;inch tree4 ,judged on the basis of nut quality1 only one of the sample trees compared favorably with standard propagated varieties of black walnut4 ,filled nuts on the average1 amounted to #hc percent of total nut crop weight1 and had a total kernel percentage of #ba4 ,recovery of marketable kernels averaged #ag percent of total nut weight4 ,in order to learn still more about the bearing habits of the black walnut1 records on all sample trees will be carried on for two more years4 ,macedonia ,black ,walnut--,a sample of black walnuts from a tree growing on the home place of ,mr4 ,n4 ,u4 ,turpen at the ,macedonia ,community at ,clarksville1 ,georgia1 were sent to us for evaluation in #aici4 ,the nuts were thought to be two years old--from the #aicg crop4 ,when tested1 the kernel content averaged about #dj percent--the highest on record for a black walnut4 ,the tree1 supposed to be the one which bore the nuts we tested1 had not borne any appreciable amount since #aicg4 ,since the tree yielded good crops in #aidb and #aidc1 we are now in a position to report further on the ,macedonia walnut4 ,based on cracking tests of nut samples1 the average nut weight and kernel percentage were #af4h grams and #bh percent in #aidb2 and #af4d grams and #bi percent in #aidc4 ,it is apparent that the ,macedonia black walnut has not exhibited those exceptional characteristics of thinness of shell and high kernel percent which were found in the original sample tested4 ,report from ,minnesota--,letter from ,carl ,weschcke to ,miss ,mildred ,jones ,the winter of #aidb-dc was the most damaging on fruit and nut trees within my experience of #be years in ,river ,falls1 ,wisconsin4 ,the main reason was that we had a long wet fall and all vegetation was in a succulent green condition when our first snow storm of ,september #beth hit us4 ,for other details of this winter and the ,armistice ,day storm of #aida1 the second in its deleterious effect on horticultural varieties1 please write ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,stratton1 ,coop4 ,observer1 of ,river ,falls1 ,wisconsin1 who is in charge of the ,u4 ,s4 ,government weather bureau there4 ,mr4 ,stratton furnished me with an affidavit showing one of our very coldest winters in which the temperature went down1 in ,february1 to #dg deg4 below zero4 ,this was in #aicf4 ,this winter of extreme cold did very little damage to trees1 and an apricot on which ,i had taken out a plant patent1 subsequently called the ,harriet apricot1 went through this winter without any damage and bore fruit the next year4 ,this gave me such confidence in its hardiness that ,i began to propagate it for sale4 ,the winter of #aidb-dc wiped out practically all of the apricot trees of this variety and all of the early ,richmond cherries that had been growing on my farm for nearly twenty years4 ,it killed more than half of the catalpa trees which were nearly as old4 ,it also killed outright a large ,stabler black walnut which had been grafted on a ,minnesota seedling nearly twenty years previous4 ,this was a fine large flourishing tree that bore each year and ,i had thought because of this behavior that ,stabler was to be considered one of the hardiest of the black walnuts4 ,it had stood up better than ,thomas many winters4 ,i could go on enumerating failures of many other varieties and species but it is a long story and a sad one4 ,to make this report more concise ,i will now give you my opinion as to what is hardy under these severe tests4 ,to begin with1 one of your father's hazel hybrids1 of which ,i have two bushes1 stood all of this very well4 ,these bushes1 which are perhaps fifteen years old1 are still flourishing1 although the main trunks are decaying rapidly4 ,several of the sprouts are blossoming freely4 ,these two bushes have borne only one crop of nuts1 although they blossom freely1 and the catkins are about as hardy as anything in the filbert line that ,i have seen4 ,the reason for their not bearing is lack of pollination4 ,i never did find out what was satisfactory1 even at the time that ,i hand-pollinated them to get a crop of nuts4 ,the nuts are much more satisfactory than ,winkler or ,rush hazels4 ,the ,rush is absolutely worthless here2 is subject to blight and is very tender to our winters4 ,the ,winkler is a very hardy variety1 bears something every year4 ,the trouble with the ,winkler is that it matures its nuts so late1 much later than the ,jones' hybrid4 ,i never have propagated your father's hybrid for sale as ,i did not know a hardy pollinizer for it4 ,i have sold a few ,winklers1 recommending them for proper locations4 ,i have one ,winkler planted by a small lake cottage up at ,delta1 ,wisconsin4 ,this is about thirty miles west of ,ashland1 ,wisconsin4 ,this territory is very uncertain for successful corn raising so the ,winkler is quite a hardy bush4 ,four hybrid plants that bear worthwhile nuts1 which grew from seed planted in #aicc and #aicd1 are perfectly hardy1 almost as hardy as the native wild hazel and hardier than any other worthwhile filbert or hybrid that we have4 ,this hardiness is no doubt due to the fact that the mother plant was an ordinary wild ,wisconsin hazel4 ,these hybrids1 from the native hazels1 we call ,hazilberts1 and have obtained a ,united ,states trademark on all plants produced after this manner4 ,here again ,i have not recommended nor sold any of these because of my lack of knowledge as to the correct pollinizer2 this has yet to be developed4 ,they do not pollinize themselves nor do they pollinize each other satisfactorily4 ,they have all the finest characteristics that you could ask for except prolificacy which may be due to the lack of a proper pollinizer4 ,they are the most resistant to the hazel blight of anything that ,i have worked with so far in #be years4 ,hard winters1 such as we have had recently1 have no deleterious effect on them4 ,they blossom and do not lose any of their wood and apparently there is no injury4 ,they are very vigorous plants and can be trained to a single tree standard or they make very tall-growing vigorous bushes4 ,i have placed these filberts and their hybrids first on my list of recommended trees because they are going to be the backbone of nut tree production4 ,i have nearly one hundred experimental ,european filberts1 mostly of wild varieties1 of which about a dozen are hardy both in pistillate and staminate bloom1 even in our most severe winters1 although of this dozen only about two or three have nuts which could possibly be considered commercial4 ,practically all of these are being injured in one way or another by the blight4 ,many have passed out of existence and only two or three have been able to resist the blight so that it doesn't seem to make any headway4 ,i do not do anything for a blighted filbert--it must take care of itself4 ,i have experimented along these lines1 however1 using chemicals and other means of protection4 ,i do not know of anything adequate except to build resistance in the plant itself through cross-breeding4 ,the next really successful plant is the ,weschcke butternut4 ,this is a native butternut which ,i discovered on my own farm4 ,every local woods has butternut trees in it4 ,we must have at least five hundred butternut trees in our woods2 they are subject to some kind of a bark disease but this seems to encroach on the life of the tree very slowly since trees that ,i remember showing signs of this disease nearly twenty years ago are still living4 ,they are awful looking sights1 however1 by this time4 ,such large trees that have developed this blight are possibly in the neighborhood of fifty years old4 ,the ,weschcke butternut is a medium size to small butternut4 ,its great value lies in the fact that it splits exactly in half and the shell structure is so shallow that by merely turning the nut upside down the kernel falls out--nothing to hold it in the shell4 ,very frequently the kernel stays absolutely intact1 its wings being held together by the little tender neck joining them at the point of the nut4 ,the nut kernel is tender and light colored4 ,the difficulty here is grafting them on black walnut roots2 after they are grafted they grow very rapidly and bear at once4 ,i have had them bear the first year grafted4 ,next in line of hardiness and reliability is the ,weschcke hickory4 ,this is now an old-timer2 since its successful grafting in #aicd it has borne an ever-increasing crop every year4 ,this is not to be measured in bushels1 however1 but in pounds4 ,no other hickory nut has begun to touch it1 in its regularity1 reliability and its quality3 that is1 no hickory so far north4 ,it is the thinnest shelled hickory of any that ,i have ever tested out1 and releases its kernels about the best of any4 ,it has one fault1 however2 the staminate blossom is abortive1 never produces any pollen4 ,it needs a pollinizer and we have been recommending the ,bridgewater and the ,kirtland which we know by actual experiments have produced pollen in large amounts1 sufficient for pollinization of this tree4 ,even before ,kirtland and ,bridgewater pollens were available those trees1 grafted to the ,weschcke1 bore hickory nuts every year1 but in very small quantities4 ,i am now quite sure that they borrowed pollen from the wild bitternut trees which are in abundance nearby4 ,there is also the other possibility1 which has not been conclusively proved1 that this variety is a parthenogen4 ,innumerable hard frosts in early springs have destroyed butternut crops and walnut crops1 but these hickory nuts invariably come through such seasons and escape the early fall frosts1 which come in ,september1 for the reason that the nuts are matured usually the second week in ,september4 ,we therefore can recommend the ,weschcke hickory freely4 ,we have not determined how far north it can live1 but ,i believe the #deth parallel is very safe1 and as far west as the ,dakota line4 ,it originated at ,fayette1 ,iowa1 and probably would thrive far into the south4 ,it grafts extremely well on the wild bitternut hickory root which is about the hardiest known4 ,your father was very partial toward it as a stock4 ,this root system does not handle all hickories by any means4 ,in all my trials using pecan scions the only pecan which grafts well on it and survives indefinitely1 is the ,hope4 ,this is also a very hardy tree but we cannot recommend it as a nut tree because we have never seen the parent tree bear any nuts4 ,the parent tree is now twenty years old4 ,quite a large tree but no nuts4 ,it is growing in an unfavorable location for bearing since it is shaded by much larger trees4 ,it is growing right here in ,st4 ,paul4 ,the ,bridgewater and the ,beeman are two more hickories which are very hardy and which come into bearing quickly1 also are successfully grafted on bitternut root4 ,they do not mature their nuts so reliably nor so early by any means as the ,weschcke4 ,for a little further south they might be very reliable4 ,they are fully as hardy and satisfactory in every other respect4 ,the hickories that have proved to be fairly hardy but have produced very few nuts are the ,cedarapids and the ,kirtland4 ,the ,beaver hybrid hickory is probably next for nut production satisfaction1 grafts well on bitternut root but does not seem to have a long life4 ,the trees that ,i bought from your father nearly twenty years ago are now dead although they lived to become large fine trees and bore in some seasons very nice crops of nuts4 ,the ,fairbanks hickories1 grafted some seventeen or eighteen years ago1 are still surviving1 but bear very few nuts1 some seasons practically nothing at all4 ,they very seldom ripen as they mature very much later than the natives or the other varieties mentioned above4 ,i do not consider the ,fairbanks a very edible nut anyway as they become very rancid after a couple of months4 ,the ,beaver is not a good keeper either4 ,this is rather an important characteristic in a nut and one in which the ,weschcke excels1 as in ordinary office temperature it usually keeps two or three years4 ,i believe that this is partly due to the thin shell4 ,my theory is that the thin shell expands and contracts with heat and moisture conditions without cracking4 ,this prevents air from getting at the kernel1 and since it is the oxygen which is mostly responsible for rancidity1 this exclusion of air probably accounts for the fresh state that these nuts maintain for a long time4 ,i have noticed that thick-shelled shellbarks and1 to a lesser degree the shagbarks1 crack open1 in minute hairline cracks1 and these nuts which split like this invariably soon become rancid4 ,now the black walnuts are next in order4 ,for many years ,i considered the ,ohio a worthless variety4 ,they would seldom mature any of the nuts1 and although they were regular bearers the thick hull was a nuisance4 ,i have had twenty years' experience with this variety and they are the hardiest of all the old ones4 ,they stand up very well and each year the nuts become a little more satisfactory4 ,evidently the trees have the ability to acclimatize themselves and they stand up better than ,thomas1 ,stabler or ,ten ,eyck of the old varieties that ,i have tested4 ,more recent varieties which ,i have tested and have proved satisfactory1 are the ,paterson and the ,rohwer2 ,i recommend these two above all other black walnuts4 ,i have two seedlings which ,i am watching with a great deal of interest4 ,one is from ,minnesota and the other is a failed grafted tree which sprang up from the root and so far is beginning to bear prolifically a medium sized nut with a rather thick shell which does not crack out very well but the quality is superb4 ,it has a thin hull which you can pop off by merely pressing your thumb against it after it is thoroughly dry1 coming off very clean leaving a good looking nut4 ,the kernel is very light straw-colored and you can generally get them out in good pieces1 about one-quarter of the whole kernel4 ,above all it matures very early1 about the middle of ,september or sooner1 and this is the deciding factor for any nut1 because1 no matter how well ,it cracks1 how prolific it may be1 or hardy1 if you do not get a ripe nut you have nothing for here in the north4 ,i feel quite certain that this is going to be the standard black walnut for the north4 ,for want of a better name ,i have been calling it the ,ruffy because the hull1 when green1 has a pimply surface and a rough appearance4 ,the other black walnut that ,i am watching is a seedling resulting from ten bushels planted nearly twenty years ago1 the only tree to bear because of the crowded condition of all these walnuts planted so close together4 ,i have been watching it for six or seven years and was never able to get a mature nut until this year4 ,reason was that in most of the seasons the nuts were empty2 other times ,i did not wait until they were fully ripe1 being too anxious to find out what was inside4 ,this tree ,i have named the ,walbut because it seemed to me it might be a cross between a butternut and a walnut4 ,the kernel is very light colored4 ,it cracks out the best of any walnut ,i have ever tested4 ,it is difficult to graft1 so far in my experience4 ,i have no living grafts from it although ,i have tried again and again to graft it on other large isolated stocks in the orchard4 ,it has a square shape1 with deep indentations near the point4 ,it is something to watch1 and work with although it does not seem to be extra hardy in spite of the fact that it is a native tree4 ,at present it is merely an interesting variety to experiment with and it may possibly be of some use later on4 ,the branches have shown curious little birdseye markings--it has a habit of developing buds which die and form little brown structures in the wood and it is possible that the tree may be a fancy timber tree4 ,the shell has only one structure down the center1 thereby insuring that the halves come out whole4 ,an ornamental known as the lace-leaf walnut is very hardy here1 doesn't winter kill at all but so far has not borne any nuts4 ,the ,deming ,purple is not hardy2 the ,stabler is very unreliable considering the last few years2 the ,thomas is still one of the best except it suffers from winter injury occasionally2 the ,ten ,eyck very seldom bears any nuts although we have several very large trees now4 ,the ,elmer ,myers possibly has a chance2 it is still living4 ,the ,snyder has survived the last few winters and in my opinion it is one of the best nuts ,i have ever seen4 ,the grafts have borne a few nuts already in the second year of grafting4 ,they set a couple of nuts even after a severe winter last year1 but they fell off during the summer1 much the same as the ,thomas and many of the ,ohio did4 ,the same thing happened to practically all of my hybrid hazels1 also the ,winkler and even the wild hazel kept continually dropping the nuts until there was practically nothing left4 ,no doubt this effect was produced by a peculiar season4 ,we should not hold it against the nut trees since it was a universal condition4 ,last summer about one-half dozen of the pecan trees which ,i had been playing around with for twenty years1 started to blossom but only had staminate bloom1 ,there might possibly be a crop of pecans this coming year--,i do not have any hopes that any of these seedlings will be able to mature their nuts1 but there is always a possibility and they are certainly hardy4 ,none of them that ,i have tried to graft will live on bitternut roots4 ,chestnuts are difficult to get started but once they are started they grow very well although there are only a few surviving out of many thousands of seeds planted4 ,every year one or more comes into bearing--they generally do not mature their nuts1 and what ,i have tasted of them are not anything to brag about except that they are sweet2 the size is insignificant and they evidently have much of the native chestnut blood4 ,i am still testing such varieties as the ,carr1 ,zimmerman1 and ,connecticut ,yankee4 ,so far these have shown themselves to be quite tender varieties4 ,i do not consider the chestnut worthwhile because of the constant threat that if a grove should be started it might soon have the blight in it4 ,i have several ,chinese chestnut seedlings which are making a fairly good growth and in time may become productive trees4 ,we have one hybrid white oak which has an edible kernel but out of about one hundred nuts you might get one wholesome one free from weevils4 ,the tree is very old and is rapidly declining4 ,the nut is small but the tree is quite prolific4 ,i merely mention it to show that there are possibilities in developing the oak4 ,i think our mutual friend1 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 would probably like to hear this as he advocates the use of oaks1 and ,i agree with him that there are possibilities for human food to be used first-hand4 ,i am all out of sympathy with second-hand food production as pork or beef or any meat products1 as you know4 ,one reason is that it is economically wrong as it takes many times more acreage to produce meat than vegetables for the same amount of food energy to be derived4 ,my authority1 the ,encyclopedia ,brittanica1 which says it takes #fd pounds of dry fodder to produce #a pound of dry beef1 and #cb pounds of dry fodder to produce #a pound of dry mutton1 etc41 etc4 ,be ,thrifty with ,nut ,trees ,by ,,carl ,,weschcke1 ,minnesota ,there has been too much accent put on the profit to be made on nut production4 ,no matter how much income a man may receive1 if he has not learned to save out of that income he will never be better off for having received it4 ,now1 nut trees offer a particularly practical way of saving out of income4 ,if one has a large family to feed the saving may amount to a hundred dollars or more a year4 ,when this fine food1 contained in the kernels of nuts1 is used right in your own family1 and supplies the family's entire requirements of nuts1 you will find that you have made very substantial savings in your family food budget4 ,first of all1 it is different from income from the sale of nuts because when you sell nuts they must be sold in the competitive market1 and usually to the wholesaler if you have a considerable amount to dispose of4 ,therefore you save the profit made by the wholesaler and the retailer by using your nut crop rather than selling it4 ,this is really being thrifty4 ,if you have a large crop of nuts you will find that you can easily increase the uses in combination with other foods so that less other food has to be purchased in order to meet the family needs4 ,and with the higher prices of ordinary foods you can easily visualize what a tremendous saving this might be4 ,nuts are a fine luxury food1 but in a way they can quickly become a necessary food by being used as a replacement for meat4 ,i don't like to use the term substitute for meat as it implies that nuts are inferior to meat1 and nothing could be further from the truth4 ,nuts are more ,n,u,tricious than any meat1 pound for pound1 and what meat can you store away that will keep as sweet and edible as a nut for so long a time6 ,plant nut trees to save your income not to increase it4 ,you will never have to pay a tax on that saving4 ,report of ,season #aidc ,by ,,george ,,hebden1 ,corsan1 ,canada ,the winter of #aidb-dc was one of the coldest ever known here4 ,one day it was #cc deg4 below zero and another it was #ch deg4 below4 ,filberts did not seem to take any notice of the severe cold and my ,stranger ,jap heartnuts that are said to be tender went through with flying colors4 ,one or two varieties of ,russian walnuts 7,j4 regia7 froze to the ground as did all the ,pomeroys4 ,some of the ,crath walnuts froze from a few inches to a yard1 but the majority did not lose a bud4 ,strange to say all the extremely large varieties of ,j4 regia came through unscathed as did my ,chinese4 ,asiatic tree hazels missed cropping but came through unscathed4 ,winkler and ,rush hazels were not harmed1 though the ,rush is a bit tender and succumbed the winter of #aicc-cd4 ,in fact #aicc-cd was a harder winter on trees than #aidb-dc as that winter all but my ,daviana filberts were hit more or less4 ,last fall 7#aidc7 all trees went into their winter's sleep in most excellent condition and the twigs are hard to the top buds4 ,signs on twig terminals indicate a large crop of nuts for the fall of #aidd4 ,thus ,i hope to be able to have on display for the convention-to-be a most interesting show4 ,besides nuts of all the hardy varieties ,i always have a real big show of hardy and tropical water lilies and lotus1 a complete collection4 ,also a complete collection of grapes and many other horticultural curios rarely seen4 ,i was many years finding persimmons hardy enough to survive our winters1 but at last ,i have at least #b and maybe #c varieties that passed last winter in perfect condition4 ,i am north of ,lake ,ontario and just a mile west of ,toronto4 ,i doubt that northern pecans1 big western shellbarks and hicans will have a long enough season to ripen4 ,the ,weiker hickory1 which is a cross between shagbark 7,carya ovata7 and shellbark 7,c4 laciniosa7 hickories1 ripens completely each season4 ,catawba grapes won't ripen except in a rather long summer4 ,just across the lake the golden muscatel grapes have ripened two or three times in my memory4 ,barcelona and ,kentish cob seem to be the only two filberts that are tender with me4 ,du ,chilly and ,italian red live and crop regularly4 ,i have several very large new varieties of seedling filberts4 ,i like to grow seedling filberts1 they show wonderful variations in fruiting4 ,the same with heartnuts4 ,i never lose a seedling heartnut for if the tree yields an unsatisfactory nut ,i promptly bud it to a ,stranger which is the most regular and heaviest cropping heartnut ,i know of4 ,yes1 every year a monster crop of nuts whose meats come out whole4 ,our hybrid ,jap heartnut x native butternut crosses are of three types and all excellent and will hold their own with any nut that grows4 ,no nut can beat our butternut for eating4 ,but the shells are too thick1 the trees crop only about every #d years1 are unhealthy and shed their leaves soon after ,september #ast4 ,on the other hand1 the hybrid outlooks it1 outcrops it and outlives it and our friendly neighbor ,russia is very greatly intrigued with these new nuts developed here at ,echo ,valley4 ,they are thin-shelled1 very easy to crack1 meats come out easily1 trees have a tropical look1 crop early1 grow fast and very large1 leaves hang on green almost to ,november and the crop ripens early1 just after the filberts which are the first nuts to ripen with me1 while the ,winkler hazels are the last1 though the hybrid filbert-hazels are almost as late4 ,a very beautiful sight here are the many different nut trees growing on black walnut stock to be seen all over the #bj acres4 ,they are heartnuts1 ,jap walnuts1 hybrids1 ,english walnuts and butternuts1 as well as superior named black walnuts4 ,people don't want beautiful trees nearly as much as they do trees that grow nuts4 ,for instance1 they don't buy pecans from me1 because though they are quite hardy and beautiful1 yet the northern pecans don't mature their crop sufficiently in our short season4 ,down in extreme southwestern ,ontario the pecan has cropped and ripened4 ,one mistake we must not make is not to be too sure of the value of a nut because it is large1 thin-shelled and has a fine flavor but is a poor cropper4 ,the nut that produces a very heavy crop is the valuable nut4 ,thus ,mc,allister hican and the ,stabler black are worthless because of their extremely thin crop4 ,another nut that looks large and excellent on the tree is the ,ohio black walnut1 whose huge dirty hull and small nut condemns it4 ,i like thin-hulled nuts that come out clean4 ,american ,walnut ,manufacturers ,association ,carries ,out ,industrial ,forestry ,program ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,finley1 ,forester ,the forestry program now in operation is ambitious in scope1 and has as its objectives the promotion of forest practices which will encourage growing and harvesting ,american ,walnut as a permanent crop4 ,one of the greatest evils which we are attempting to eradicate is the cutting of small diameter trees4 ,the ,walnut ,industry has expressed a desire to conserve small diameter fast growing walnut trees for future use and is advocating that farmers1 timberland owners and log producers leave these trees in the woodlots to grow into high quality timber4 ,we are trying to educate the farmer1 timber owner and log producer in forestry practices which will serve not only their best interests1 but which in the final analysis1 will serve the lumber industry as a whole4 ,trees less than #ad inches d4b4h4 if cut constitute a real loss in potential high quality and more valuable logs because the logs they produce are too small to be used advantageously4 ,on the other hand1 trees of #ad inch d4 b4 h4 and up are in demand and are playing a patriotic role in furnishing material for use by the armed forces1 namely gunstocks4 ,the public in general1 and tree farmers and timber owners in particular1 must be made aware of the fact that while the present walnut timber supply is adequate1 conservation of immature trees must be practiced to the full to assure the industry with sufficient raw materials for future use4 ,success in this particular phase of our program is being enhanced greatly through the excellent cooperation of ,extension ,foresters1 ,state ,foresters1 ,u4 ,s4 ,forest ,service1 ,timber ,production ,war ,project ,foresters1 ,foresters of the ,soil ,conservation ,service and ,tennessee ,valley ,authority ,foresters4 ,these various agencies are working hand in hand with us on those objectives of our program which1 in a measure1 dovetail with various phases of their own programs4 ,one of the most interesting aspects of our program is our work with #d-;,h ,clubs4 ,we are sponsoring a contest among those members who are interested in forestry4 ,each contestant is required to plant #be seedlings1 record certain data and write a story about his woodlot giving specific information4 ,two winners will be chosen from each county participating4 ,winners will be chosen on the basis of the best story submitted2 judges will be #d-;,h officials and the ,extension ,forester from each state4 ,the reward to be presented winners will be one week's vacation at #d-;,h ,summer ,camp with all expenses paid by the ,american ,walnut ,manufacturers ,association4 ,this contest is open to all #d-;,h ,club members in the ,states of ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,iowa1 ,kansas1 ,kentucky1 ,michigan1 ,missouri1 ,ohio and ,tennessee4 ,in addition to this1 the ,association ,forester will conduct a one day forestry program at the summer camps at which time he will present the winners with special certificates4 ,the program was planned by the ,association's ,forestry ,committee1 consisting of ,chester ,b4 ,stem1 ,c4 ,b4 ,stem1 ,inc41 ,new ,albany1 ,indiana1 ,chairman2 ,b4 ,f4 ,swain1 ,national ,veneer and ,lumber ,company1 ,indianapolis1 and ,seymour1 ,indiana2 ,clarence ,a4 ,swords1 ,sword-,morton ,veneer ,company1 ,indianapolis1 ,indiana and ,burdett ,green1 ,secretary-,manager of the ,american ,walnut ,manufacturers ,association1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,the committee worked in close cooperation with ,harris ,collingwood1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,forester for the lumber industry4 ,of especial help were several of the ,midwest's outstanding foresters from regional and state offices of the various governmental forestry agencies--men who have had years of woods experience in the areas where most of the ,walnut ,association's forestry activities will be carried on4 ,the ,crath ,carpathian ,walnut in ,illinois ,by ,a4 ,s4 ,,colby ,the ,persian walnut 7,juglans regia71 usually and incorrectly called the ,english walnut1 has been highly prized both for the beauty of the tree and the quality of its nuts since ancient times4 ,the species flourishes in ,southern ,asia and ,europe and in our ,southwestern and ,pacific ,coast ,states1 but most of the attempts that have been made to fruit it in ,northern and ,eastern sections have failed4 ,the varieties or strains tried there were for the most part native to sections of the ,old ,world where the winters are comparatively mild and they were therefore not able to survive our colder and more changeable climate4 ,the late ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl1 of ,alton1 ,illinois1 tried repeatedly to grow named varieties of this nut which are successful in ,california1 but often stated that the species had no future in ,illinois4 ,in extreme southern ,illinois1 at ,robert ,endicott's place1 in ,villa ,ridge1 several ,persian walnut trees are growing but their bearing habits are disappointing4 ,one of the most promising recent developments in ,northern nut culture is the introduction into ,america of hardier strains of the ,persian walnut1 through the efforts of ,rev4 ,paul ,c4 ,crath1 of ,toronto1 ,canada1 a native of ,poland1 and whose father was the head of the ,agricultural ,college in the ,ukraine4 ,he went back to his own country as a missionary in the early #aicj's1 and there noticed the hardiness of the ,persian walnuts growing in that severe climate4 ,realizing the possibilities of these strains for fruiting in ,north ,america1 he combed that rich ,russian agricultural region in the ,carpathian ,mountains for seed for experimental planting over here1 harvesting it from trees uninjured at temperatures of -#dj deg4 ,f4 ,these parent trees were carefully selected for regular production of good crops of thin-shelled1 easily-cracked nuts of good quality4 ,the trees were growing at such distances from others that cross-pollination was avoided4 ,rev4 ,crath had observed that seedlings from such self-pollinated trees usually bore nuts that closely resembled those of the parent4 ,each tree from which nuts were saved was given a number in order to keep future records straight4 ,the nuts were planted in a nursery established by ,rev4 ,crath near ,toronto4 ,wishing some point in this country where his trees could be distributed without the difficulty and delay incurred in moving small shipments across the border1 ,rev4 ,crath arranged with ,mr4 ,samuel ,h4 ,graham1 of ,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 to take sole charge of their distribution in the ,united ,states4 ,considerable interest has been aroused in the possibilities of these strains and their distribution has been wide-spread1 with over #b1jjj seedlings sent to many ,northern ,states since #aicg4 ,in a few more years1 after a considerable proportion of these numbered seedlings have come into bearing1 we shall have some valuable information regarding their possibilities in sections of the country where previously it had not been considered possible to grow ,persian walnuts4 ,several ,illinois horticulturists have planted seedlings of these strains and have already brought one or more of them into bearing4 ,others have used scion wood of the ,crath types in top-working black walnut trees4 ,the sample ,crath ,carpathian walnut ,no4 #a on display at the #aidb meeting of the ,illinois ,horticultural ,society at ,quincy was grown by ,mr4 ,royal ,oakes1 of ,bluffs1 ,illinois4 ,mr4 ,oakes topworked a black walnut with ,crath ,seedling ,no4 #a scions in #aich and harvested six nuts in #aidb4 ,at the ,illinois ,agricultural ,experiment ,station at ,urbana1 we have over #bj ,crath seedlings under number1 planted in #aicg and #aici4 ,they are all healthy and vigorous1 and several bore pistillate flowers in #aidb4 ,comparatively little is known about the bearing habits of the ,crath walnut strains4 ,several growers have noted that their trees began to bear pistillate flowers within a few years after planting but set no nuts4 ,evidently the staminate catkins necessary for pollen production are somewhat slower in appearing4 ,other strains of ,persian walnuts are said to be slow in this regard1 usually beginning to bear female flowers from #c to #e years before male flowers are produced4 ,it is thought possible that ,persian walnut pistils will accept black walnut pollen4 ,mr4 ,oakes reports that there were no staminate flowers on the ,crath 7from which he picked the nuts he exhibited at ,quincy71 but black walnut pollen was abundant nearby at that time and for good measure he also brought in butternut bouquets4 ,as he states1 something worked4 ,the prospective planter should understand that these new walnut strains are as yet only in the experimental stage4 ,it is believed that some of them have considerable promise1 at least in the southern and the central1 and possibly in the northern1 parts of this state4 ,however1 they must be properly planted and cared for if one expects them to grow and bear4 ,too close planting should be avoided and some attention must be given to forming the head when the tree is young4 ,no one knows exactly when they will bear1 how much1 and how long4 ,in their native country1 trees have been observed estimated to be over #cjj years old4 ,most of us can expect to enjoy nuts from trees we plant1 with more for our grandchildren and great-grandchildren4 ,one might ask also in this connection1 as does one nut nurseryman1 ,how soon will a ,chinese elm or soft maple bear nuts8 ,illustration3 ,parent tree of ,ohio black walnut1 on the farm of ,charles ,arbogast1 #a-a_/b miles northwest of ,mc,cutchenville1 ,ohio4 ,the tree is #b-a_/b feet in diameter and very vigorous4 ,it is said to bear heavy crops in alternate years4 ,photograph by ,o4 ,d4 ,diller1 ,ohio ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,oct4 #h1 #aidc4 ,illustration ,ohio ,nut ,growers' ,meeting ,by ,g4 ,j4 ,,korn1 ,,berrien ,,springs1 ,,mich4 ,a meeting of ,ohio nut growers was held at the ,wooster1 ,ohio1 ,experiment ,station on ,september #e1 #aidc4 ,a very pleasant and profitable afternoon was had in the exchange of ideas and reports on the growing of nut trees4 ,most of those present were members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association4 ,as the annual meeting of that organization had been cancelled for the duration of the war1 the ,ohio members decided to hold a meeting of their own at ,wooster4 ,the growers presented reports on the varieties with which they are working and evaluated their merits and performance4 ,as an example1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,bungart of ,avon1 said he had spent a good share of his spare time for two summers in examination of several hundred native black walnut trees1 and has never found a nut as good as the varieties ,todd or ,thomas4 ,he still feels1 however1 that there are superior walnuts growing wild and that continued search for them is well warranted4 ,several other kinds of nut trees are being grown by ,mr4 ,bungart1 such as filberts1 ,chinese chestnuts1 and ,crath ,persian walnuts4 ,in a summary of his report he said1 ,in viewing the growing of nut trees1 ,i am convinced that it is a wonderful hobby1 and that the contributions of various individuals and groups will eventually establish nut growing in the northern states on a commercial basis4 ,mr4 ,eugene ,cranz of ,ira also gave a very interesting report4 ,this past summer ,mr4 ,cranz passed his eighty-first birthday1 and for many years has been keenly interested in general forestry practices4 ,one of his particular interests is nut culture2 a very superior hickory tree grows on his place1 which bears a very high quality nut4 ,during the course of his remarks1 he expressed great optimism in the matter of developing the ,chinese chestnut into a valuable commercial nut crop4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,lester ,hawk ,son of ,beach ,city1 concurred in ,mr4 ,cranz's opinion on this matter1 and cited as an example the #b ,hobson ,chinese chestnuts which they planted on their property in #aiag4 ,these two trees have been bearing crops of well-formed tasty nuts for a period of #bj years4 ,mr4 ,hawk reports that he had sold several hundred seedling trees from these trees last year1 and reports that he has about #b1ejj one-year seedling trees in his nursery at the present time4 ,many other interesting reports were given on cultural practices and on the merits of various types of nut trees adaptable to northern conditions4 ,mention should be made of the especially fine illustrated talk given by ,l4 ,walter ,sherman1 superintendent of the ,mahoning ,county ,experiment ,farm at ,canfield4 ,colored slides were shown by ,mr4 ,sherman1 of his grafting technique and of individual trees throughout the state from which he has collected scions4 ,three acres of the ,mahoning ,county ,farm are being devoted to nut growing and research at the present time4 ,this planting includes #ba different varieties of black walnut4 ,mr4 ,sherman is keeping an accurate record of the trees as they develop1 their source of scions1 and other items that may be of interest4 ,besides recording this data1 he is also making color slides of his cultural methods and progressive stages of the trees' growth4 ,in spite of unavoidable interruptions to their individual efforts occasioned by the war1 those in attendance expressed the belief that real progress is being made in this particular field4 ,a committee was chosen to draft tentative plans for a #bj-year research program on nut culture in ,ohio4 ,the great enthusiasm shown at this initial meeting indicates that a meeting of ,ohio nut growers is likely to become an annual event4 ,on my return home to ,michigan from attending the ,ohio meeting1 ,i stopped off near ,mc,cutchenville1 ,ohio1 to visit the parent ,ohio black walnut tree4 ,the accompanying photos taken by ,mr4 ,o4 ,d4 ,diller1 ,dept4 of ,forestry1 ,experiment ,station1 ,wooster1 ,ohio1 show the majesty and beauty of this great tree4 ,walnut and ,heartnut ,varieties ,notes and ,remarks ,by ,j4 ,u4 ,,gellatly1 ,westbrook1 ,b4 ,c4 ,,barlee ,,black ,,walnut--#aice crop grown in ,kelowna1 ,b4 ,c4--#a nut--#dd4j per lb41 #a kernel--#bjf4a per lb41 #ba4cf kernel4 ,,broadview ,,nuts--#aida crop1 #e nuts--#bi4e per lb41 #fh4g kernels per lb41 #a best kernel #fd4h per lb41 #ea4e shells per lb41 #db4he kernel4 ,,callander ,,heart ,,nut--#bj ,nuts--#abd4h per lb41 #bj kernels--#cib4g kernels per lb4--#ca4h kernel4 ,,canoka ,,heart ,,nut--#aida crop--#a nut--#gi4f per lb41 #bd-a_/b kernel1 #aje4e shells per lb41 #cbd4j kernels per lb4 ,,canoka ,,heart--#aida crop--#e nuts average--#ij4d per lb41 #abc4c shells per lb41 #cch4e kernels per lb41 #bf4g kernel4 ,,chinese ,,or ,,manchurian ,,walnuts #aida crop grown ,o4 ,k4 ,valley--#e nuts--#bg4a per lb41 #e kernels--#fb4j per lb41 #e shells--#dh4a per lb41 #dc4gc kernel4 ,kernels very fine flavour4 ,,coglan ,,walnut--from ,coglan1 ,b4 ,c4--#a nut--#dg4g per lb41 #a kernel--#aac4d per lb41 #a shell--#hb4e per lb41 #db4a kernel4 ,a very good thin shell nut of ,franquette type4 ,,franquette ,,walnuts #aida crop--outside dry storage or unheated shed4 #e nuts--#cj4j per lb41 #a largest nut--#bf4d per lb41 kernel of this nut #gh4b per lb41 #a small kernel #ada4ge per lb41 #a medium kernel--#gi4f per lb41 #e kernels--#id4a per lb41 #e shells--#de4c per lb4 #cb4dh kernels4 ,kernels best of flavour4 ,,gellatly ,,heart ,,nut--#aici crop--#bj nuts--#fd4b per lb41 #beb4j kernels per lb41 #be4e kernel4 ,shell heavy--cracking only fair4 ,,heart ,,nut--from ,r4 ,p4 ,wright1 ,erie1 ,pennsylvania1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4--#a nut--#hd4j per lb41 #bff4h kernels per lb41 #abb4f shells per lb41 #ca4dh kernel4 ,,impit ,,black ,,walnut--#aida crop--#a nut--#be4b per lb41 #a kernel--#ada4h per lb41 #ag4gh kernel4 #b nuts--#be4f per lb41--#b kernels--#acg4e per lb41 #ah4fd kernel4 ,,impit ,,black ,,walnut--#aida crop--#aj nuts--#be4b per lb41 #aj kernels--#aaj4d per lb41 #bh4h kernel4 ,cracking time #ab minutes to crack with hammer4 ,,mackenzie ,,heart ,,nut--#bj nuts--#dh4c per lb41 #bj kernels--#aic4j kernels per lb41 #be kernel--extracting and opening with knife--#d minutes4 ,,north ,,star ,,walnut--#aida crop grown in ,o4 ,k4 ,valley--#e nuts--#bh4h per lb41 #e kernels--#gf4i per lb41 #e shells--#df4a per lb41 #cg4dh kernel4 ,,nursoka ,,heart ,,nut--#aidj crop grown at ,peachland1 ,b4 ,c4--#a nut--#gb4j per lb41 #ajc4a shells per lb41 #bch4g kernels per lb41 #cj4b kernel4 ,extracting time #f minutes4 ,illustration ,illustration ,o4 ,k4 ,,heart ,,nut--#aicc crop grown at ,kelowna1 ,b4 ,c--#bj nuts--#ajc4a per lb41 #chb4h kernels per lb41 #bf4i kernel4 #c4e minutes to open and extract with small penknife4 ,,penoka ,,heart ,,nut--#aici crop--#a nut--#if4e per lb41 #dab4d kernels per lb41 #bc4d kernel4 ,,rover ,,heart ,,nut--#aida crop--#aj nuts1 average--#gi4d per lb41 #ih4f shells per lb41 #djh4f kernels per lb41 #ai4d kernel4 ,,rover ,,heart ,,nut--#aici crop--#a nut--#if4f per lb1 #cgh4j kernels per lb41 #be4ec kernel4 ,,rover ,,heart ,,nut--#aice crop--#bj nuts--#ij4g per lb41 #cjb4d kernels per lb41 #cj kernel4 ,,smythe ,,heart ,,nut--#e nuts--#ie4g per lb41 #e kernels--#bgf4f per lb41 #cd4f kernel4 ,well sealed but easy to open4 ,,spreadoka ,,walnut ,j4 ,,regia--#e nuts--#di4c per lb41 #e kernels--#aje4j per lb41 #e shells--#ib4ie per lb41 #df4ie kernel4 ,,thacker ,,heart ,,nut--#aidb crop--#aj nuts--#ajc4a per lb41 #cbd kernels per lb41 #ca4h kernel4 ,,vaux ,,english ,,walnut--#aidj crop--a new seedling on ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly's lot4 ,large nuts--heavy shell4 #a nut--#cf4c per lb41 #a kernel--#ij4g per lb41 #fi4h shells per lb41 #dj kernel4 ,,walsh ,,walnuts--#aida crop grown in ,o4 ,k4 ,valley--#e nuts #bd4c per lb41 #e kernels--#eg4g per lb41 #e shells--#db4b per lb41 #db4bf kernels4 ,kernels bland flavour4 ,,walters ,,heart ,,nut--#aicd crop--#bj nuts--#dg4b per lb41 #ahj4d kernels per lb41 #bf4b kernel4 #ac minutes to open and extract with penknife4 ,,walters ,,heart ,,nut--#aidj crop--#a nut--#eh4b per lb41 #bbf4h kernels per lb41 #gh4b shells per4 lb41 #be4fd kernel4 ,,no4 ,e4 #af--;,from ,ross ,pier ,wright--#bce ,west #fth ,st41 ,erie1 ,pennsylvania1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #a nut--#fa4c per lb41 #bcb4f kernels per lb41 #hc4b shells per lb41 #bf4ce kernel4 ,,watt ,,walnut--from ,himalayan ,mts41 ,india1 ,b4 ,c4--grown #aidj4 #a large nut--#ce4d per lb41 #a kernel--#ge4f per lb41 #a shell--#ff4g4 per lb41 #df4hgf kernel4 ,letters ,abstract of letter from ,thomas ,mitchell1 #bei ,w4 #bith ,st41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 to ,julio ,p4 ,grandjean1 ,box #gdh1 ,mexico1 ,d4 ,f4 ,i am a tree breeder interested in creating hybrid crop trees1 oaks and1 if possible1 bi-generic hybrids of carob with honey locust and with mesquite4 ,i have1 in the past seven years1 made over a thousand crosses of poplars and about #fjj inter-specific oak crosses4 ,this spring ,i made #bej oak crosses at the ,arnold ,arboretum1 of which about #bj seem to be ripening viable acorns4 ,i have a list of #ij varieties of hybrid oaks and about #fj varieties of ,american ,asiatic and ,european species which are available here or at the ,arboretum4 ,i will send this list to any one who is interested in trying to graft them on native oak seedlings1 and will send scions to any one willing to send me acorns1 scions or pollen4 ,i believe the oak tree to be1 potentially1 more valuable than any other crop tree4 ,abstract of letter from ,w4 ,g4 ,tatum1 ,lebanon1 ,kentucky1 to the ,chairman of the ,survey ,committee4 ,we have had reports from ,e4 ,c4 ,rice of ,absher1 ,ky41 but his work with trees and his wonderful personality are not well enough known to us4 ,besides his large plantings of nut and fruit trees he does general farming4 ,he has almost all of the finer varieties of nut trees1 many of them large1 in bearing and doing well4 ,lewis ,edmunds of ,glasgow1 ,ky41 discoverer of the ,edmunds black walnut1 is a general farmer whose plantings of nut tree1 while not large1 include many of the older and better known sorts1 as well as later discoveries of his own1 including a very thin shelled walnut1 shagbark hickories1 a seedless persimmon2 and he is planning a large planting of chestnuts4 ,he has a ,stuart pecan that bears well-filled nuts every year1 apparently without benefit of pollen from another tree4 ,our experiment station has issued a new leaflet on nut growing in ,kentucky and our ,state ,forester1 ,mr4 ,jackson has given radio talks on the subject4 ,i am planning and planting all the time and have at least a small start of most of the better strains of all varieties4 ,i have a little nursery where ,i grow and graft my own trees4 ,i consider ,edmunds a very fine black walnut4 ,i think that more free exchange of graftwood should be encouraged among our members1 and we should encourage and help newcomers in learning the art of grafting4 ,i got #ij of my ,stambaugh grafts to grow this season1 in a row of stocks running from the size of a lead pencil to that of the average man's little finger1 using scions near to the size of the stocks1 grafted by the whip and tongue splice method4 ,letter from ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke to ,miss ,mildred ,jones3 ,i am pleased to comply with your request to report on those varieties that have given me the best results in this locality4 ,it is perhaps unfortunate that some of them are unknown or obscure varieties that are not generally in the hands of the nursery trade4 7,as an aside1 ,i am quitting the nursery business1 so what ,i say is without prejudice or any personal bias47 ,i am listing the varieties in order of my estimate of them for this locality based on my own personal experience4 ,i am becoming increasingly hard boiled in my judgments based on two considerations3 first1 that a nut tree should bear within a reasonable time and that the crops should be regular and reasonably abundant2 second1 that the nuts should be fit to eat after they have been grown4 ,these two considerations knock out many varieties that have been highly touted4 ,filberts4 ,the ,buchanan and its second generation seedlings have been better filled and more productive than any of the ,european hazels4 ,italian red comes next4 ,brixnut and ,longfellow are strong1 healthy growers1 but the former does not fill well and the latter bears sparsely4 ,barcelona is out4 ,chinese chestnut4 ,hobson1 ,carr1 ,zimmerman1 ,reliable4 ,hobson heads the list as most precocious and productive4 ,it requires a pollenizer4 ,carr will bear partial crops without cross-pollination4 ,zimmerman is almost as productive as ,carr1 but its need of cross-pollination is unknown to me4 ,reliable is the smallest of the four1 of high quality and a steady bearer of moderate crops4 ,pollination requirements not known4 7,the original ,zimmerman sent me by ,dr4 ,zimmerman was worthless4 ,the present ,zimmerman1 furnished me by ,dr4 ,smith1 is a satisfactory nut47 ,japanese chestnut4 ,austin is the best of the lot4 ,hybrid chestnut4 ,one of ,dr4 ,colby's hybrids is promising but has not been released and should not be listed without his permission4 ,the hybrid ,i have been selling as ,stoke is a better nut than any of the ,japs1 including ,austin4 ,a moderate producer of moderate crops of beautiful1 high quality nuts ripening the first of ,september4 ,the ,government's ,s#h ,van ,fleet hybrid is a very prolific hybrid of rather poor quality4 ,it should be satisfactory for people who cook their chestnuts4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed should be consulted before listing4 ,s#h will outyield any chestnut ,i know of4 ,tree is less vigorous than ,stoke and more subject to blight4 ,black walnut4 ,homeland1 ,creitz1 ,mintle1 ,thomas4 ,homeland is a local nut and is unknown to the trade4 ,it makes a poor test score1 partly because of its pointed shape1 partly because of the plumpness and tenderness of the kernel4 ,it fills out much better than ,thomas growing beside it3 bears moderate crops every year1 both on the parent and on grafted trees4 ,it is a nice1 upright1 healthy grower2 new growth tinged with purple4 ,i consider quality first class4 ,creitz bears regularly and well2 nuts very like ,ohio but husks thin and it cleans much better4 ,kernels apt to be shrivelled somewhat4 ,mintle good bearer1 plumper than ,creitz1 pellicle somewhat off color4 ,thomas does not fill so well1 especially if given much nitrogen1 which ,homeland will stand4 ,stabler worthless here4 ,english walnut4 ,bedford1 ,lancaster1 ,payne1 ,franquette4 ,bedford is a local nut found on an abandoned farm in ,bedford ,county1 ,va4 ,a regular bearer of high quality nuts of the ,mayette type4 ,blossoms late1 a little before ,mayette and ,franquette4 ,the only one of fifteen varieties that ,i have fruited that can be depended on to pollinize itself2 medium size1 well sealed1 cures well1 no bitterness to pellicle1 no sticktite nor moldy nuts4 ,lancaster1 very large1 very vigorous tree1 precocious1 prolific1 quality of nuts good but not best2 staminate blossoms early1 pistillate late4 ,requires a pollinizer4 ,franquette1 ,mayette and ,bedford should answer4 ,payne will not stand winter temperatures much below zero2 requires cross-pollination2 needs seemingly met by ,crath and ,broadview4 ,good nut of good size and quality1 precocious and very prolific4 ,moderate grower4 ,worst fault starts too early in spring4 ,good for south and upper south4 ,i forgot to mention that one of the worst faults of ,lancaster is that the nuts must be dried promptly on ripening2 sometimes the kernels mold before the nuts fall from the tree4 ,franquette should rank with ,bedford except that it usually bears poorly1 although rarely it bears a good crop4 ,always blossoms freely4 ,trouble seems to be pollination4 ,bedford may be the answer2 ,mayette is not1 and also bears very poorly4 ,king and ,chambers1 recommended by ,carroll ,bush as pollinizers for ,franquette1 produce their staminates too early here4 ,broadview is vigorous1 precocious1 prolific1 large with a pellicle too bitter for human consumption4 ,nuts sometimes spoil on the tree1 like ,lancaster4 ,heartnut4 ,like most ,english walnuts heartnuts blossom too early in the spring and are usually killed back by late frosts here4 ,walters is the only one that blossoms late enough to produce usually a crop4 ,i still think that a well-filled ,sifford is the best black walnut ,i have seen1 but the parent tree generally produces poorly-filled nuts1 and the young trees have been very slow to come into bearing1 so ,i have left it off the list4 ,early defoliation appears to be the cause of poor filling in wet seasons4 ,when well filled it runs #cb kernel4 ,any and all of the nuts listed1 of all species1 are perfectly winter-hardy here1 except that ,payne ,english walnut was injured by a temperature of #aj below zero some years ago4 ,all ,english walnuts1 except ,franquette and most seedling ,chinese chestnuts lost their crops last spring by a freeze ,may #eth4 ,hobson1 ,carr1 ,zimmerman and ,reliable came through with crops4 ,it will be most unfortunate if the many nurseries that1 in my opinion1 will go into nut tree production should boost seedling trees just because they do not have or cannot produce the named varieties4 ,if the public can be at this time educated to demand select varieties it will influence the planting of nut trees favorably for the next hundred years4 ,if they get shunted off on to seedlings it will take another twenty-five years to awaken the present interest4 ,one might as well expect an apple growing industry to spring from the indiscriminate planting of seedling apple orchards4 ,this goes especially for the ,english walnut and the ,chinese chestnut4 ,abstract of letter from ,rev4 ,p4 ,c4 ,crath1 ,cannington1 ,ontario4 ,only a limited report is possible this year4 ,in ,toronto there are four ,carpathian walnut trees #bj to #be feet high which bear nuts regularly4 ,one of these bears nuts of huge size1 another smaller nuts with very thin shell and with the flavor of the ,cashew nut4 ,the other two trees produce regularly medium sized nuts with thin shells4 ,in ,islington1 near ,toronto1 ,carpathian ,no4 #cd belonging to ,mr4 ,j4 ,robson continues bearing4 ,mr4 ,robson died last spring and ,i am naming this tree ,no4 #cd the ,robson in his memory4 ,the eight ,carpathians along the ,welland ,canal are doing well and bear every year4 ,the tree in the yard of the ,rev4 ,foster at ,welland is a nice big tree and bears every season but squirrels carry off all the crop4 ,in ,ontario until the present time the curculio has not attacked ,carpathian walnuts4 ,prof4 ,c4 ,t4 ,currelly of ,canton has some nice big trees of his own grafting4 ,one of these is of the ,landyga type that in its seventh year now has never shown any cold injury4 ,we can feel assured that the ,landyga type is the best for the cold regions of ,ontario4 ,a tall and beautiful ,no4 #df that had a bacteriological canker near the root has thoroughly healed4 ,other ,no4 #df trees on the same estate are doing fine4 ,the original ,no4 #cd 7now ,robson7 on ,prof4 ,currelly's farm is doing exceptionally well4 ,it is the type of a good market walnut4 ,the ,harbey ,carpathians1 belonging to ,j4 regia maxima1 with very thin shells are also doing well4 ,my ,ukrainian and ,turkish filberts on ,currelly's estate have now become small bushes1 #dj in number bearing abundantly4 ,abstract of letter from ,sylvester ,m4 ,schessler1 ,genoa1 ,ohio4 ,to keep scionwood ,i place sticks1 such as elder1 on a cement floor1 lay the scions crosswise on these1 cover them with sawdust and throw an oilcloth over this4 ,in ,may ,i graft by the slotbark method nailing the scion and tying with string or rubber bands and wax with ,acme ,grafting ,compound put on cold4 ,i cover with a two pound paper sack and later stake up the new growth4 ,i like fair sized scion wood cut from near the base of the new growth and often graft with two year old wood carrying some one year wood4 ,i will exchange graft wood and have several varieties of ,ohio prize winners bearing nuts4 ,i also do budding by the patch method4 ,experiment ,station ,investigates ,tree ,believed to be the ,oldest ,chestnut in ,connecticut ,progress ,report from ,connecticut ,experiment ,station1 ,dated ,november #ae1 #aidc ,many years ago1 at a time when the ,american chestnut was still the king of the woods1 a farmer set out a small orchard of nut trees on the bank of the ,connecticut ,river flood plain north of ,hartford4 ,now1 some #fj years later1 one lone ,japanese chestnut survives4 ,dr4 ,donald ,f4 ,jones of the ,agricultural ,station in ,new ,haven1 who recently investigated the tree1 believes it is by far the oldest living chestnut in the ,state4 ,and the most interesting thing about the tree is that it shows no signs of blight1 the disease that destroyed all the native chestnuts4 ,dr4 ,jones' attention was called to the tree late last fall by a hunter who noticed a deposit of chestnut hulls in the river bank4 ,on investigation1 the man discovered the tree and was impressed by its size4 ,this fall the tree was visited in search of nuts4 ,there1 rising above the brush and brambles of what is now a tobacco field1 stood the chestnut1 #cj foot high and #ah inches in diameter4 ,the men were able to rescue only six nuts1 their visit being a little late for the main harvest4 ,the nuts were among the largest ,dr4 ,jones has seen4 ,they have been planted at the ,experiment ,station farm in ,mount ,carmel4 ,inquiry in the neighborhood of the chestnut revealed that two or three people knew about the tree and had gathered the nuts that are produced profusely every other year4 ,one of the neighbors recalled that #fj years or more ago1 when he was but #ab years old1 a man named ,john ,p4 ,jones had set out the nut trees4 ,but the original source of the trees is unknown and it remains a question whether the planter got the trees from a nursery in this country or directly from the ,orient4 ,though the lone survivor is somewhat neglected1 with several dead branches that have been left untrimmed1 a neighbor was interested enough in its possibilities to plant some of the nuts4 ,this resulted in one six-year-old seedling tree4 ,unfortunately1 this already shows blight and is apparently the result of pollination by some blighted ,american seedling or sprout in the neighborhood4 ,the nuts collected this fall may also give disappointing results but should transmit to later generations the blight-resistance of this ,japanese parent4 ,in addition to planting the nuts1 ,dr4 ,jones will take scions from the tree for grafting on young trees at the ,station's ,mount ,carmel farm4 ,those should produce results more quickly than the seeds4 ,next summer pollen will be collected from the tree for use in hybridizing some of the young trees already growing here4 ,dr4 ,jones has for many years been interested in the development of a useful chestnut for ,connecticut conditions4 ,some of the young trees1 crosses between ,american and ,asiatic types1 show promise but will take several years of testing to prove their value4 ,the new find may be of considerable help in shortening the length of time necessary to get a tree that is blight resistant1 of large fruiting habit and of good timber quality4 7,note by ,editor--,this tree has been known to me for probably fifteen years4 ,it was brought to my attention by ,mr4 ,charles ,vibert of ,east ,hartford and named by me the ,vibbert1 with two b's to insure the right pronounciation4 ,the name has been published and ,i have sent scions to a number of people and grafted trees myself4 ,the tree bears a very large nut1 twelve selected ones weighing over a pound4 ,i have gathered a good many quarts of them and exhibited them in ,hartford and ,litchfield4 ,so far as my observation goes this large size is at least partly due to the fact that there is only one filled nut in a burr1 the other two being aborted4 ,this fact1 and the fact that the crops are small1 ,i have attributed to the partial inefficiency of self-pollination1 there being no evident outside source of pollen4 ,one year ,i grafted several other varieties into the top of the tree4 ,most of those grew a year or two but then died4 ,i have believed that this was due to blight4 ,there has been much dead wood in the tree ever since ,i have known it and ,i had supposed that this was blight47 ,report of ,committee of ,ohio ,nut ,growers ,a4 ,a4 ,,bungart1 ,chairman ,on ,september #e1 #aidc1 members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association living in ,northern ,ohio met at the ,wooster ,experiment ,farm to discuss nut growing in the ,state4 ,at this meeting a committee was formed to work out plans and suggestions for a twenty-year nut growing program4 ,it was felt that greater progress would result if something more definite were done by way of coordinating the work of the ,forestry ,department with the effort of individuals4 ,the committee1 meeting here on ,october #ca1 #aidc1 submits the following report4 ,the chairman has attempted to incorporate most of the material submitted by members of the committee and by others4 ,the committee recommends the appointment of a full time research man in nut culture1 or two part-time workers4 ,this man1 or men1 would form the hub around which the #bj year program would be built4 ,there should be a division of labor3 certain individuals already embarked on a program of their own should continue their work and coordinate it with a specialist at ,wooster1 or whatever place is designated as headquarters4 ,for example1 ,mr4 ,silvis favors the hickory over all other nut trees4 ,as a young man he can reasonably look forward to many years of experimentation with various varieties and under different conditions4 ,mr4 ,davidson is following a plan of planting large numbers of black walnut seed from blocks of trees in which natural crossing might combine the desirable characteristics of several better-than-average named varieties4 ,mr4 ,sherman has collected ,english walnuts from trees in the northern part of the state4 ,already he has seedlings of many varieties growing at ,canfield4 ,now1 each of these projects is excellent and should be encouraged in every way4 ,whenever members of our organization find new and better nuts of those species1 they should send nuts1 or scions or data about the trees1 to these gentlemen4 ,as time goes on there should be opportunities to farm out projects to individual growers4 ,mr4 ,fickes1 for example1 by experience and because of his favorable location could well carry out experiment suggested by a specialist1 7or as a research worker to help with one of his own47 ,it would seem1 apart from large scale operations to be mentioned later1 that the specialist or expert should make his headquarters a clearing house for information sent by members4 ,it should be his job to study some of the scientific phases of nut culture1 such as artificial crossing1 pollenizing data on various species and varieties of nut trees1 genetic investigations1 value of the proper root stocks1 and1 as time and information would warrant1 the publishing of monographs on phases of nut growing4 ,finally such specialist might consider broadly the problems of securing an increased food supply from ,ohio forests4 #b4 ,devote the #i acres at ,apple ,creek to nut tree planting4 ,plant two or three trees of each variety that has especially good traits4 ,also set out numbers of seedling stock upon which to graft scions of promising trees4 ,by having the main planting near the ,experiment ,farm1 the plant breeder at ,wooster should also attend to nut trees4 #c4 ,the ,forestry ,department should procure seed of hardy ,english walnuts and of other nut trees2 grow one-year seedlings and distribute these in small numbers 7not over five or six7 to people who will plant them in good locations4 ,such action should be started at once2 in twenty years or less something good might result4 #d4 ,continue the planting of all promising varieties of the different species of nut trees at ,mahoning so that the bearing habits1 production1 etc41 could be under strict observation and study1 and so that a supply of scion wood might be available for other plantings and for commercial propagation4 #e4 ,establish a similar project in some other section of ,ohio2 the southeastern section would seem to be the logical place when nut growing becomes a commercial industry in ,ohio4 #f4 a4 ,graft promising hickories in the tops of established hickory seedling trees4 ,there is a volunteer stand of such hickories on the lands of the ,mahoning ,valley ,sanitary ,district that would be ideal for such top-working4 ,no doubt many other such places could be located4 b4 ,same as a but using black walnuts4 c4 ,same as a but using ,english walnuts4 ,suitable black walnut seedlings are now growing on the ,mahoning ,valley ,sanitary ,district for projects #f;b and c4 #g4 ,encourage the planting by the ,forestry ,department of better seed from the best named varieties4 ,while this would be a long-range program it would be preeminently worth while4 ,the forests of ,ohio have all but disappeared4 ,organizations with vision and unselfishness must begin to replace them4 #h4 ,urge a program of education4 ,nut trees require good soil and proper care4 ,it would be folly for an organization to sponsor a program for nut tree planting1 unless the growers are provided with proper cultural directions4 ,the tendency in the past has been to plant nut trees in out-of-the-way places1 and let nature take her course4 ,nature took her course2 the result1 scrubby trees and disgruntled planters4 #i4 ,initiate future nut contests for the purpose of arousing public interests in nut growing and for bringing to light new varieties4 ,four-,h clubs1 county agents1 boy scout troops1 sport clubs1 all might be urged to co-operate with the ,forestry ,department1 or with our own organizations1 in making a state-wide survey for better nuts4 ,one member of the committee thinks that the ,ohio ,farmer contest did not bring to light all the good wild trees1 although every nut grower is indebted to that splendid paper for its cooperation in the past4 #aj4 ,favor a moderate amount of publicity4 ,any plans1 developments1 or discoveries should be put before the public in scientific journals1 farm papers1 and the daily press4 ,but propaganda of a sensational of exaggerated nature ought to be discouraged4 ,in other words1 the committee thinks that false claims and high pressure publicity on new varieties would do more harm than good4 #aa4 ,study the pollenizing problems of all the better varieties of nut trees1 especially the black walnut1 chestnut and hickory species1 and test the better varieties to find those best suited to ,ohio conditions4 #ab4 ,develop and perfect a simplified means of propagating nut trees and incorporate this information in a bulletin for all who are interested in nut trees4 ,many farmers and fruit growers shy from nursery prices for nut trees4 ,if they could propagate their own they would be more likely to plant them4 #ac4 a4 ,urge a means of developing better kinds of nut trees and nut hybrids for ,ohio4 ,specifically1 embark upon a program of artificial crossing and hybridizing4 ,while some might object to the length of time required to check results1 the committee thinks it possible to check three generations within a #bj year program4 ,this could be expedited by budding or grafting the crossed seedling upon the stock of a bearing tree4 ,the original seedling should be saved to check its growth1 shape and other characteristics not apparent in the grafted branch4 ,a ,thomas-,elmer ,myers cross might possibly combine the desirable traits of both parents1 or a ,mc,allister-shagbark cross might increase the productivity of the former4 ,a nut1 for example1 having the cracking qualities of the ,english walnut1 and the hardiness and retention of flavor when cooked or baked of a black walnut1 would be a worthy achievement4 ,also1 securing pollen from a hybrid ,english black walnut and back crossing with either species might produce the dream tree4 ,n4 ,b4 ,hybrid vigor might be a blessing for the quicker growth of all forest trees4 ,experiments in nut trees might be applied to other species4 #ac4 b4 ,establish in the same tree two varieties suitable for crossing4 ,this seed should be distributed for propagation by the ,forestry ,department to public institutions and to others for reforestation on waste lands or water-shed project or private grounds4 ,by selecting isolated trees for this mating1 the nuts would either be self-pollinated or a cross of the desirable varieties4 ,this it would seem would yield better nuts than the hit-an-miss methods of nature4 #ad4 ,use a new yard stick for measuring the value of nut trees for commercial production4 ,size of nut1 thickness of shell1 cracking qualities are desirable traits but they might not be deciding factors in evaluating a tree4 ,other factors equally important perhaps even more so1 are size of nut clusters1 rate of growth1 consistency in bearing annual cross1 yield per tree of shucked nuts1 resistance to blights and insect nests4 #ae4 ,compile a list of the best articles that have appeared in the ,n4,n4,g4,a4 reports and print them in pamphlet form for distribution to ,ohio growers4 ,all the articles on black walnuts would be found in the one booklet1 and so on for all other trees in which ,ohioans would be interested4 #af4 ,check carefully the experiences and observations of all the members so as to assemble data on the behavior of nut trees4 ,this information would be more useful in determining what crosses would be desirable4 ,the ,thomas nut1 for example1 has been both praised and condemned4 ,what would be the concensus of opinion on the merits of this much debated variety8 #ag4 ,make northern ,ohio the nucleus of the ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,geographically and climatically1 this section of the state represents an ideal spot for nut tree experimentation1 in the northern states4 ,the experiment farms at ,wooster and ,canfield1 the ,findley ,state ,forest1 the various state properties1 all could be brought into a closely knit functioning project4 ,,conclusion ,the committee thinks that a #bj year program along these #ag lines1 or a modification of them1 will eventually prove successful4 ,if such an organization can offer farmers and all others interested in nuts and conservation a better walnut1 filbert1 hickory or chestnut suitable for ,ohio soils and ,ohio climate the effort would seem worth while4 ,so far people interested in nut culture have been called nuts4 ,practical-minded people are apt to smile at such nut experiments1 but a glimpse at our state proves that nut enthusiasts have vision1 and a faith in the future2 that they are modern ,johnny ,appleseeds with more of ,johnny's methods but less of his madness4 ,the history of our state is a history of squandered natural resources1 of get-rich-quick methods1 of wanton destruction of all forms of plant and animal life4 ,if this organization can in a small way stop the erosion of gullied hillsides1 check the rampage of swollen rivers1 arrest the fertility of ,ohio farms from floating to the ,gulf or the ,ocean1 if it can find some substitute for the magnificent chestnut trees now gone forever1 if it can make better nuts grow where none or poor ones grow now1 if it can sell conservation and a love of trees to every farmer in ,ohio1 this organization or any other will be conferring a rich legacy upon future ,ohioans4 ,,obituary ,dr4 ,john ,harvey ,kellogg died at the age of #ia at his home in ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan1 on ,december #ad1 #aidc1 from pneumonia4 ,until his death he was one of our two honorary members1 the other being his brother1 ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg4 ,our only other honorary members have been ,henry ,hales1 ,h4 ,e4 ,van ,deman1 and ,dr4 ,walter ,van ,fleet4 ,the ,kelloggs were thus honored because of their large gifts to the association1 their entertainment of the association twice at ,battle ,creek1 and the numerous papers on nuts as food sent to the association by ,dr4 ,kellogg4 ,he once gave us #ejj as prizes for a nut contest4 ,he was present at our ,stamford meeting and at those in ,battle ,creek4 ,a full account of his life and works was printed in the ,n4,y4 ,times for ,december #af1 #aidc2 and from a medical standpoint1 in the ,journal of the ,american ,medical ,association for ,december #be1 #aidc1 p4 #aacb4 ,other accounts may be found in the ,michigan newspapers and elsewhere4 ,he was certainly one of our most eminent members4 ,he was resolute and sincere in his beliefs1 forceful and persistent in advocating them though they differed quite radically from the beliefs of most of the medical profession4 ,he would not permit his patients to use alcohol1 tobacco1 meat in any form1 or tea and coffee4 ,those who had been excessive users of these things were often immensely benefitted by a stay in a ,kellogg sanitorium4 ,he joined our association on account of his advocacy of nuts as food to replace in part the absence of meat4 ,of late years he had laid more emphasis on soy beans4 ,whatever may be thought of his radical views on food there can be no doubt that he did an immense amount of good not only by his treatment of individual patients but also by the wide dissemination of his teaching and his invention of many useful forms of so-called health foods4 ,printed by ,,the ,,corse ,,press1 ,inc41 ,sandy ,creek1 ,n4,y4