,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is text is int5d$ = us]s ^: text read]s _c use ! real 7unicode_/utf-#h7 v]sion ( ! file4 ,*>act]s t c\ld n be fully display$ h be5 unpack$ & %[n betwe5 braces3 -a1 a31 -e1 -,i1 -o1 -,u 7long v[els7 7a1 7e1 7i1 7oo 7%ort v[els7 ,! flat symbol is %[n z b4 ,%>ps are %[n ) ! numb] sign 4 ,9 ! pr9t$ text1 all musical ref]5ces--includ+ s+le notes %[+ pit*--7 %[n on a musical /aff4 ,9 ?is e-text1 ^! brief passages are %[n 9 brackets z ,music3 e' e''1 :]e c'-c'' is ! octave beg9n+ at middle ,c4 ,durations are n significant & h g5]ally be5 omitt$4 ,)9 illu/rations1 text 9 braces 0 add$ by ! transcrib]4 ,typographical errors are li/$ at ! end ( ! e-text4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,*ild-,,voice ,,9 ,,s++ ,treat$ ,f ,a ,physiological & a ,practical ,/&po9t & ,especially ,adapt$ to ,s*ools & ,boy ,*oirs ,by ,,francis ,e4 ,,h[>d ,sup]visor ( ,music 9 ! ,public ,s*ools & ,*oirma/] ( ,/4 ,john's & ,tr9ity ,*ur*es1 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,,new ,,& ,,revis$ ,,edition ,new ,york3 ,! ,h4 ,w4 ,gray ,co4 ,sole ,ag5ts ,= ,,novello ,,co41 ,ltd41 ,london ,made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,copyright1 #ahie ,by ,f4 ,e4 ,,h[>d ,copyright1 #ahih ,by ,,novello1 ,,ew] ,,co4 ,copyright r5ew$1 #aibc ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,"o ( ! mo/ enc\rag+ signs ( ! gr[? ( musical ta/e & und]/&+ at ! pres5t "t z reg>ds ! s++ ( *ildr51 is ! almo/ unanim\s acquiesc5ce ( *oirma/]s1 sup]visors1 tea*]s1 & o!rs 9 ! idea t *ildr5 %\ld s+ s(tly1 & avoid l\d & h>% tones2 & ! au?or v5tures to hope t ! fir/ edition ( ?is book has help$1 9 a measure at lea/1 to br+ ab\t ?is /ate ( op9ion4 ,x is true t = a long "t ! art ( tra9+ *ildr5's voices has be5 well und]/ood by *oirma/]s ( ve/$ *oirs1 & by _m o!rs1 b its basis 0 purely empirical4 ,some?+ m1 h[ev]1 ?an ! dictum ( individual ta/e & judgm5t is ne$$ to conv9ce ! educators ( our s*ools ( ! wisdom ( any dep>ture f e/abli%$ cu/oms & practices4 ,! prim>y end1 !n1 ( ! au?or has be5 to %[ a sci5tific basis = ! use ( :at is h]e9 call$ ! head-voice ( ! *ild1 & to adduce1 f a /udy ( ! anatomy & physiology ( ! l>ynx & vocal organs1 safe pr9ciples = ! guidance ( ^? :o tea* *ildr5 to s+4 ,! conditions "u :i* music is taught 9 s*ools call = an appeal to ! und]/&+ fir/1 & ta/e aft]w>d4 ,^! conditions are3 ,fir/1 ! actual tea*+ ( music is done by class-room or grade tea*]s4 ,! special tea*]1 :o usually sup]vises also1 visits ea* room1 x may be z (t5 z once a week1 b 9 mo/ t[ns & cities n (t5] ?an once 9 ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,at any rate ! class =m _! ideals & habits f ! daily lessons1 :i* are giv5 by _! grade tea*]4 ,second1 ^! tea*]s 9 ! great majority ( cases acquire _! k ( music ?r\gh tea*+ x1 & mu/ also1 x c easily be und]/ood1 develop a s5se ( discrim9ation 9 musical matt]s 9 ! same way4 ,!re is a /rong natural t5d5cy 9 ! s*ool-rooms to emphasize ! tea*+ ( music1 or tea*+ ab\t music1 z contra/$ ) actual s++4 ,! importance ( us+ ! voice prop]ly w n sugge/ itself to _m tea*]s4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 t ?is1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( all in/ruction 9 vocal music1 %\ld be br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! va/ army ( in/ructors 9 our public s*ools 9 z conv9c+ a way z is possible4 ,n[ ! be/1 & 9 fact ! only way to secure ! ass5t ( our educators to a new idea 9 s*ool "w1 is to prove its tru?4 ,x is useless to dispute ab\t ta/es1 & s ! less said ab\t h>% tone to a tea*] accu/om$ to he> x daily1 & to l x1 ! bett]2 b prove to ?is tea*] t ! h>% tone is physically hurtful to ! *ild1 & t = physiological reasons ! voice %\ld be us$ s(tly & g5tly1 & y h won a conv]t1 "o1 too1 :o w quickly recognize ! ae/hetic phase ( ! *ange 9 voice use4 ,! au?or kn[s f obs]vation & exp]i5ce t *ildr5 9 ! public s*ools c1 "u exi/+ conditions1 be taught good habits ( voice use4 ,!re are wond]ful possibilities ( musical developm5t1 9 ! /udy ( music 9 s*ools1 & ! active int]e/ ( e musician & music lov] %\ld be ex]cis$ to ! end t its /&>d may be kept high4 ,,preface4 ,x w be g5]ally admitt$ by ^? :o are able to judge1 t ! s++ ( *ildr5 is m (t5 disagreeable ?an pleasant1 & yet ! *>m ( *ildhood & ! effect ( cu/om are s pot5t t _m :o are ke5ly alive to any defici5cy 9 ! adult s+]1 li/5 ) tol]ance1 & x w\ld seem ) a degree ( pleasure ev51 to ! h>% tones ( *ildr54 ,?is tol]ance ( r\gh1 /rid5t s++ by *ildr5 is z /range z ! s++4 ,x _c be "r = *ildr5 to s+ ) ! co>se1 h>% tone t is s common1 & x is n "r1 al?\gh !re is a preval5t idea t su* s++ is natural1 t is1 unavoidable4 ,?is idea is false4 ,! *ild s++-voice is n r\gh & h>% unless x is misus$4 ,! tru? ( ?is /atem5t c be easily demon/rat$4 ,if x 7 n true x w\ld be difficult to ju/ify ! tea*+ ( vocal music 9 s*ools1 or ! employm5t ( boy sopranos 9 *ur* *oirs4 ,x seems to ! au?or t ! *ief difficulty exp]i5c$ by tea*]s & in/ructors ( s++1 9 deal+ ) *ildr51 lies 9 ! assumption1 express$ or impli$1 t _! voices are to be treat$ z we treat ! voices ( adults-- adult wom52 b ! vocal organs ( ! *ild diff] widely f ^? ( ! adult 9 /ructure1 /r5g? & g5]al "*4 ,z a consequ5ce1 !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 voice4 ,vocal music has be5 v g5]ally introduc$ into ! s*ools ( our c\ntry dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 & !re is evid5tly a v g5]al & e>ne/ desire t *ildr5 be taught to s+4 ,x is also ! wi% ( ^? :o are tea*]s to d _! "w well4 ,:ile !re are _m books to aid educators ^u e o!r subject taught 9 public s*ools1 ! lit]ature on ! voice1 p>ticul>ly ! s++-voice1 is meagre1 & x is believ$ t "s direct1 practical h9ts on ?is topic may be welcome4 ,! foll[+ pages are ! result ( sev]al ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 tea*+1 & ( c>eful /udy ( *ildr5's voices4 ,! au?or has attempt$ to describe ! physiological *>act]i/ics ( ! *ild-voice & to give "s practical h9ts reg>d+ its managem5t4 ,x is s9c]ely hop$ t :at is h]e9 writt5 may be useful & helpful to ^? engag$ 9 tea*+ *ildr5 to s+4 ,,francis ,e4 ,,h[>d1 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,decemb]1 #ahie ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,preface to ! ,second ,edition1 #c ,preface1 #g ,,*apt] ,i4 ,physiology ( ! ,voice1 #ac ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,regi/]s ( ! ,voice1 #be ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,h[ ,to ,secure ,good ,tone1 #dd ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,compass ( ! ,*ild-,voice1 #gb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,position1 ,brea?+1 ,attack1 ,tone-,=mation1 #ha ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,v[els1 ,consonants1 ,articulation1 #ie ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,mutation ( ! ,voice1 #aab ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,alto ,voice 9 ,male ,*oirs1 #abe ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks1 #acb ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,voice4 ,9 =m] times ! culture ( ! s++-voice 0 conduct$ ^u purely empirical gr\nds4 ,tea*]s foll[$ a few good rules :i* _h be5 logically evolv$ f ! exp]i5ce ( _m s*ools ( s++4 ,we are indebt$ to mod]n sci5ce1 aid$ by ! l>yngoscope1 = _m facts conc]n+ ! action ( ! l>ynx1 & m especially ! vocal cords 9 tone-production4 ,:ile ! e>ly discov]ies reg>d+ ! me*anism ( ! voice 7 hopefully believ$ to h solv$ all problems conc]n+ its cultivation1 exp]i5ce has %[n ! futility ( attempt+ to =mulate a set ( rules = voice-culture bas$ alone ^u ! incomplete data furni%$ by ! l>yngoscope4 ,?is in/rum5t is a small1 r\nd mirror :i* is introduc$ into ! ?roat at su* an angle1 t if horizontal rays ( light are ?r[n ^u x1 ! l>ynx1 :i* lies directly b5ea?1 is illum9at$ & reflect$ 9 ! mirror at ! back ( ! m\?-- ! l>yngoscope4 ,v _m s+]s & tea*]s1 ( :om ,manuel ,g>cia 0 ! fir/1 h made use ( ?is in/rum5t to obs]ve ! action ( _! vocal b&s 9 ! act ( s++1 & ! results ( ^! obs]vations are ( ! greate/ value4 ,/ill1 z be=e said1 ! l>yngoscope does n reveal all ! secrets ( voice-production4 ,:ile x tells un]r+ly ( any dep>ture f ! normal1 or ( pa?ological *ange 9 ! l>ynx1 x does n tell :e!r ! l>ynx belongs to ! greate/ liv+ s+] or to "o absolutely un5d[$ ) ! p[] ( song4 ,also1 ! subject ( vocal regi/]s is z vex+ to-day z ev]4 ,:ile1 !n1 we may confid5tly expect fur!r & m complete elucidation ( ! physiology ( ! voice1 !re is yet suffici5t data to guide u safely 9 vocal tra9+1 if we neglect n ! empirical rules :i* ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ has e/abli%$4 ,! organ by :i* ! s++-voice is produc$ is ! l>ynx4 ,x =ms ! upp] extremity ( ! w9dpipe1 :i* aga9 is ! upp] portion & beg9n+ ( ! bron*ial tubes1 :i*1 ext5d+ d[nw>d1 bran* (f f its l[] "p to ei!r side ( ! *e/ & cont9ually subdivide until !y become l little twigs1 ar\nd :i* clu/] ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! lungs1 :i* =m ! bell[s = ! supply ( air necess>y to ! p]=mance ( vocal functions4 ,above1 ! l>ynx op5s into ! ?roat & ! cavities ( ! ph>ynx1 m\?1 nose1 & its accessory cavities1 :i* con/itute ! resonator = vocal vibrations set up )9 ! l>ynx4 ,! l>ynx itself consi/s ( a framework ( c>tilages jo9$ by ela/ic membranes or ligam5ts1 & jo9ts4 ,^! c>tilages move freely t[>d & ^u ea* o!r by means ( atta*$ muscles4 ,also ! l>ynx z a :ole c be mov$ 9 v>i\s directions by means ( extr9sic muscles jo9$ to po9ts above & bel[4 ,! vocal b&s are two ligam5ts or folds ( muc\s membrane atta*$ 9 front to ! l>ge/ c>tilage ( ! l>ynx1 call$ ! ?yroid1 & :i* =ms 9 man ! protub]ance commonly call$ ,adam's apple2 &1 ext5d+ horizontally backw>d1 are ins]t$ po/]iorly into ! aryt5oid c>tilages1 ! "r vocal b& into ! "r aryt5oid c>tilage & ! left b& into ! left c>tilage4 ,^! aryt5oid c>tilages1 by means ( an articulation or jo9t1 move freely ^u ! cricoid1 ! second l>ge c>tilage ( ! l>ynx1 =m+ its base1 & sometimes call$ ! r+ c>tilage1 f its resemblance 9 %ape to a seal r+4 ,! vocal b&s are compos$ ( numb]less ela/ic fibres runn+ 9 "p p>allel to ea* o!r1 & 9 "p int]wov5 9 v>i\s directions ) ea* o!r4 ,! fibres also v>y 9 l5g?2 "s are ins]t$ into ! ext5d+ projections1 call$ processes ( ! aryt5oid c>tilages1 & "s ext5d fur!r back & are ins]t$ into ! body ( ! c>tilages4 ,! vocal b&s1 !n1 lie opposite ea* o!r1 on a level1 rais$ a little 9 front1 & ) a n>r[ slit betwe51 call$ ! glottis4 ,! muscles controll+ ! action ( ! vocal b&s1 & :i* regulate ! me*anism produc+ s\nd1 are ( ?ree gr\ps1 viz41 abductors 7draw+-ap>t muscles71 adductors 7draw+-toge!r muscles71 & t5sors4 ,! abductors act to keep ! b&s ap>t dur+ respiration1 :ile ! function ( ! adductors & t5sors is to br+ ! b&s into position = spee* or s++4 ,!y are1 s9ce phonation is at w1 volunt>y muscles2 b x is an int]e/+ fact t ! l>yngeal muscles ( ei!r side inv>iably act toge!r4 ,x has be5 %[n t x is n possible to move "o vocal cord )\t ! o!r at ! same "t execut+ ! same movem5t4 ,x is ?us %[n t ! l>yngeal muscles are1 to a less ext5t1 "u ! control ( ! w ?an are ^? ( ei!r h& or eye4 ,! rational tra9+ ( ! s++-voice _c1 !re=e1 proce$ ^u any !ory bas$ ^u ! volunt>y tra9+ ( ! muscles controll+ ! movem5ts ( ! vocal cords4 ,! muc\s membrane :i* l9es ! l>ynx is lib]ally suppli$ ) secret+ gl&s1 ^: function is to keep ! p>ts moi/4 ,above ! vocal b&s1 ano!r pair ( membran\s ligam5ts are /ret*$ across ! l>ynx =m+1 ) its sides & ! vocal b&s1 a p\* or pocket4 ,! upp] ligam5ts are sometimes call$ ! false vocal cords1 b are m prop]ly t]m$ v5tricul> b&s4 ,_! function has occasion$ mu* speculation1 b :atev] modification ( tone !y may be suppos$ to produce1 !y no d\bt protect ! true vocal b&s & p]mit _! free vibration4 ,! l>ynx1 9 ! production ( s\nd1 may be comp>$ to an organ-pipe4 ,! two vocal cords :i* act simultane\sly & are anatomically alike1 :5 set 9 vibration by ! bla/ ( air com+ f ! lungs1 correspond to ! re$ ( ! organ-pipe2 ! vibration ( ! cords1 produc+ s\nd1 :i* is communicat$ to ! air enclos$ 9 ! cavities ( ! *e/ & head4 ,pit* ( tone is det]m9$ by ! rapidity ( vibrations ( ! b&s1 accord+ to ac\/ical law1 & ! l5g?1 size1 & t5sion ( ! cords w det]m9e ! numb] ( vibrations p] second1 i4e41 _! rapidity4 ,/r5g? or l\dness ( tone is det]m9$ prim>ily by ! wid? or amplitude ( ! vibrations ( ! vocal membrane1 & quality or timbre is det]m9$ by ! =m ( ! vibration4 ,! inf9itely v>y+ anatomical div]g5cies 9 ! =m & /ructure ( ! nasal1 ph>yngeal & ?roat cavities1 & possibly ! composition ( ! vocal b&s1 modifies1 9 numb]less ways1 ! "* ( tone 9 spee* or song4 ,x is a fasc9at+ topic1 b mu/ be dismiss$ "h ) ! rem>k t1 z ^? anatomical diff]5ces 9 /ructure are f> less m>k$ 9 *ildr5 ?an 9 adults1 _! voices are1 9 consequ5ce1 m alike 9 quality & /r5g?4 ,x takes long1 pati5t tra9+ to bl5d adult voices1 b *ildr5's voices1 :5 prop]ly us$1 are homog5e\s 9 tone4 ,! voices ( boys & girls1 prior to ! age ( pub]ty1 are alike4 ,! gr[? ( ! l>ynx1 :i* 9 ea* is q rapid up to ! age ( six ye>s1 !n1 accord+ to all au?orities ) :i* ! writ] is conv]sant1 ceases1 & ! vocal b&s nei!r l5g!n nor ?ick51 to any appreciable ext5t1 be=e ! "t ( *ange ( voice1 :i* occurs at ! age ( pub]ty4 ,x is sc>cely possible1 h[ev]1 t ! l>ynx lit]ally rema9s un*ang$ ?r\gh ! p]iod ( ! *ild's life1 ext5d+ f ! age ( six to f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 au?orities ^u ! subject ref] only to ! lack ( gr[? & developm5t 9 size ( ! l>ynx dur+ ! p]iod2 b und\bt$ly1 dur+ ^! ye>s1 !re is a con/ant ga9+ ( firmness & /r5g?1 9 bo? ! c>tilages & _! connect+ membranes & muscles4 ,none ( ! books writt5 ^u ! voice h ev5 m5tion$ ?is mo/ important fact4 ,x be>s ) great significance ^u que/ions relat+ to ! capacities ( ! *ild's voice at diff]5t ages1 & expla9s t ph5om5on call$ ! movable break1 :i* has puzzl$ s _m 9 _! inve/igations ( ! regi/]s ( ! *ild's voice4 ,! con/ant1 ?\gh ( c\rse extremely sl[1 h>d5+ ( ! c>tilag9\s portions ( ! l>ynx1 & ! /eady increase 9 ! /r5g? ( its muscles & ligam5ts is n 9 ! lea/ inconsi/5t ) ! previ\sly not$ fact1 t ! vocal b&s dur+ ?is "t increase to no appreciable ext5t 9 l5g?2 =1 x may be obs]v$1 aft] ! *ange ( voice1 :i* (t5 occurs ) great rapidity1 & dur+ :i* ! vocal b&s increase to d\ble _! previ\s l5g? 9 males1 t1 ?\gh ! pit* ( ! voice1 ow+ to increas$ l5g? ( ! b&s1 sudd5ly l[]s1 yet n until full maturity is rea*$1 d ! l>yngeal c>tilages atta9 t rigidity1 or ! vocal b&s t ready ela/icity ess5tial to ! production ( pure1 resonant voice4 ,yet1 dur+ ^! ye>s1 :ile ! voice is develop+1 ! vocal b&s rema9 un*ang$ 9 l5g?4 ,ev5 9 ^? cases :]e ! voice *anges sl[ly 9 consequ5ce ( ! sl[ gr[? 9 l5g? & ?ickness ( ! vocal cords1 x takes sev]al ye>s1 aft] l>yngeal developm5t has ceas$1 = ! voice to atta9 its full size & resonance4 ,fur!rmore1 ! cont9ual increase 9 /r5g? & firmness ( ! l>ynx f six ye>s onw>d to pub]ty1 is consi/5t ) ! con/ant gr[? 9 /r5g? & firmness ( tissue *>act]iz+ ! entire body4 ,x is aga9 prov5 by ! cont9ual improvem5t 9 ! p[] & timbre ( ! tone ?r\gh ?is p]iod1 always premis+1 be x und]/ood1 t ! voice is us$ prop]ly1 & nev] =c$ beyond its natural capabilities4 ,! voice1 at ! age ( elev5 or twelve1 is f> /rong]1 & is capable ( m su/a9$ ef=t ?an at ! age ( six or sev5 ye>s1 &1 = ! ye> or two prec$+ ! break ( voice1 ! brilliance & p[] ( boys' voices1 especially 9 ! high] tones1 is (t5 ph5om5al1 & 9 all cases is f> sup]ior to t ( previ\s ye>s4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! voices ( boys & girls1 a resemblance :i* am\nts to id5tity1 save t ! voices ( boys are /rong] & m brilliant 9 quality1 disappe>s at pub]ty4 ,among ! physical *anges :i* occur at ?is p]iod is a m>k$ gr[? ( ! l>ynx1 suffici5t to alt] entirely ! pit* & "* ( ! boy's voice4 ,z a female l>ynx is affect$ to a less] ext5t1 ! voices ( girls und]go little *ange 9 pit*1 b become ev5tually m p[]ful1 & ri*] 9 tone4 ,?is break ( ! voice1 z x is call$1 occurs at ab\t ! age ( fifte5 ye>s 9 ?is climate1 b (t5 a ye> or two e>li]1 & n infrequ5tly a ye> or two lat]4 ,! gr[? ( ! l>ynx goes on1 ) great] or less rapidity1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t individuals1 = f six mon?s to two or ?ree ye>s1 until x atta9s its f9al size4 ,9 boys1 ! l>ynx d\bles 9 size1 & ! vocal b&s increase 9 ! proportion ( five to t5 9 l5g?4 ,?is great ga9 9 ! l5g? ( ! vocal cords is due to ! lat]al developm5t ( ! l>ynx1 = ! male l>ynx1 9 its entirety1 increases m 9 dep? ?an 9 height4 ,! result is a drop ( an octave 9 ! av]age boy's voice1 ! long] b&s produc+ l[] tones4 ,! *ange 9 size 9 ! female l>ynx is 9 ! proportion ( five to sev51 & ! increase is 9 height in/ead ( dep? or wid? z 9 ! male l>ynx4 ,! vocal cords ( wom5 are1 !re=e1 %ort]1 ?9n] & n>r[] ?an are ^? ( m54 ,! reason assign$ = ! peculi> antics ( ! boy's voice1 dur+ ! break1 is unequal rapidity 9 ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! c>tilages & ( ! muscles ( ! l>ynx4 ,! muscles develop m sl[ly ?an d ! c>tilages1 & s abnormal physical conditions produce abnormal results 9 phonation4 ,no fur!r *anges occur 9 ! l>yngeal /ructure until middle life1 :5 ossification ( ! c>tilages comm5ces4 ,! ?yroid is fir/ affect$1 !n ! cricoid1 & ! aryt5oids mu* lat]4 ,! consequ5t rigidity ( ! l>ynx occasions dim9i%$ compass ( ! s++-voice1 ! notes ( ! upp] regi/] be+ ! fir/ to disappe>4 ,9 "s few cases ( arre/$ developm5t1 ! voice ( ! man reta9s ! soprano compass ( ! boy ?r\gh life4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,regi/]s ,,( ,,! ,,voice4 ,x may be obs]v$1 9 li/5+ to an asc5d+ s]ies ( tones sung by an untra9$ or by a badly-tra9$ adult voice1 t at c]ta9 pit*es ! tone-quality und]goes a radical *ange2 :ile a well-tra9$ s+] w s+ ! same s]ies ( tones )\t %[+ any appreciable break or *ange 9 tone-quality1 al?\gh ! highe/ note w pres5t a m>k$ contra/ 9 timbre to ! l[e/4 ,! breaks or *anges 9 regi/] s noticeable 9 ! untra9$ voice are cov]$ or equaliz$ 9 ! voice tra9$ by correct me?ods4 ,^! breaks 9 bo? male & female voices occur at c]ta9 pit*es :]e ! tone-produc+ me*anism ( ! l>ynx *anges action1 & br+s ! vocal b&s into a new vibratory =m4 ,a regi/] consi/s ( a s]ies ( tones produc$ by ! same me*anism4-- ,emil ,behnke 9 ,voice1 ,song1 & ,spee*4 ,g4 ,edw>d ,/ubbs1 9 comm5t+ ^u ! above def9ition1 says3 ,by me*anism is meant ! action ( ! l>ynx :i* produces diff]5t sets ( vibrations1 & by regi/] is meant ! range ( voice conf9$ to a giv5 set ( vibrations4 ,9 pass+ ! voice f "o regi/] to ano!r1 ! l>ynx *anges its me*anism & calls into play a diff]5t =m ( vibration4 ,! numb] ( vocal regi/]s1 or vibratory =ms1 :i* ! vocal b&s assume1 is /ill a matt] ( dispute1 & _! nom5clature is equally unsettl$4 ,! old ,italian s++-ma/]s gave names to p>ts ( ! vocal compass correspond+ to ! real or imag9>y bodily s5sations exp]i5c$ 9 s++ !m2 z *e/-voice1 ?roat-voice1 head-voice4 ,madame ,seil]1 9 ,! ,voice 9 ,s++1 gives z ! result ( orig9al inve/igations ) ! l>yngoscope five diff]5t actions ( ! vocal b&s :i* %e classifies z fir/ & second s]ies ( ! *e/-regi/]1 fir/ & second s]ies ( ! falsetto regi/] & head-regi/]4 ,br[ne & ,behnke1 9 ,voice1 ,song1 & ,spee*1 divide ! male voice into ?ree regi/]s1 & ! female into five4 ,!y are t]m$ l[] ?ick1 upp] ?ick1 l[] ?91 upp] ?9 & small4 ,o!r writ]s speak ( ?ree regi/]s1 *e/1 m$ium & head1 & /ill o!rs ( two only1 viz41 ! *e/ & ! head4 ,mod]n rese>* has %[n :at 0 aft] all und]/ood be=e1 t1 if ! vibratory =m assum$ by ! vocal b&s = ! natural production ( a c]ta9 set ( tones is pu%$ by muscul> ex]tion above ! po9t :]e x %\ld cease1 inflammation & weak5+ ( ! vocal organs w result1 :ile voice-det]ioration is sure to foll[4 ,a physiological basis has re9=c$ ! empirical d$uctions ( ! old ,italian s*ool4 ,9 deal+ ) *ildr5's voices1 x is necess>y to recognize only two regi/]s1 ! ?ick1 or *e/-regi/]1 & ! ?91 or head-regi/]4 ,fur!r subdivisions w only complicate ! subject )\t assi/+ 9 ! practical managem5t ( _! voices4 ,tones sung 9 ! ?ick or *e/-regi/] are produc$ by ! full1 free vibration ( ! vocal b&s 9 _! entire l5g?1 bread? & ?ickness4 ,! tones ( ! ?9 or head-regi/] result f ! vibration ( ! vocal b&s along _! inn] edges alone4 ,we may !n conclude f ! =ego+ t *ildr5 up to ! age ( pub]ty1 at lea/ 9 class or *orus s++1 %\ld use ! ?9 or head-regi/] only4 #a/4 ,x is f a physiological /&po9t entirely safe4 ,! use ( ?is regi/] w n /ra9 or ov]work ! delicate vocal organs ( *ildhood4 #b;d4 ,its tones are musical1 pure & sweet1 & _! use promotes ! gr[? ( musical s5sibility & an appreciation ( beauty 9 tone4 #c;d4 ,! use ( ! ?ick or *e/-voice 9 class-s++ is dang]\s4 ,x is wellnigh impossible to conf9e x )9 prop] limits4 ,x is unnecess>y to discuss ! second po9t4 ,anyone :o has not$ ! contra/ betwe5 ! h>% quality ( tone emitt$ f *ildi% ?roats :5 us+ ! *e/-voice1 & ! pure1 flute-l s\nd produc$ :5 ! head-tones are sung w agree t ! la/ is music & ! fir/ noise1 or at any rate v noisy1 b>b>ic music4 ,! ?ird po9t1 if true1 e/abli%es ! fir/1 =1 if ! *e/-voice _c be safely us$1 x foll[s t *ildr5 mu/ use ! head-regi/] or /op s++4 ,x mu/ be said1 be=e proce$+ fur!r1 t x is n d5i$ t ! ?ick voice c be us$ by *ildr5 )\t injury1 if prop]ly manag$2 t is1 if ! s++ be n too l\d1 & if x be n c>ri$ too high4 ,x is also fully recogniz$1 t1 :5 !oretically ! head-voice alone is us$1 x yet1 :5 c>ri$ to ! l[] tones1 ins5sibly bl5ds into ! ?ick regi/]2 b if ?is equalization ( regi/]s is obta9$ s completely t no p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 quality ( voice c be obs]v$1 :y !n ! :ole compass is practically ! ?9 or head-regi/]4 ,n[1 c ! ?ick voice be us$ 9 s*ool-s++1 & conf9$ to ! l[] notes8 ,& is x fairly easy to secure s(t & pure vocalizations 9 ?is regi/]8 ,let ! exp]i5ce ( ?\s&s ( tea*]s 9 ! public s*ools ( ?is & o!r l&s answ] ! la/ "q4 ,x w\ld be z easy to /op ! gr[? ( ! av]age boy ) a ^w1 or to p]suade a cr[d ( y\ng/]s to speak s(tly at a game ( baseball1 z to induce !m1 or girls ei!r = t matt]1 to use ! voice g5tly1 :5 s++ ) t regi/] 9 :i* x is possible to pu% ! tone & %\t4 ,!re %\ld be "s good physiological reason = ! habitual rec\rse to ! /rid5t *e/-voice s common ) boys1 & ne>ly z usual ) girls4 ,& !re is a good reason4 ,x is lack ( rigidity 9 ! voice-box or l>ynx4 ,its c>tilages h>d5 sl[ly1 & ev5 j be=e ! age ( pub]ty ! l>ynx falls f> %ort ( ! firmness & rigidity ( /ructure1 t *>act]ize ! organ 9 adult life4 ,x is physically v difficult = ! adult to =ce ! *e/-voice beyond its natural limits1 :i* become fix$ :5 full maturity ( bodily developm5t is rea*$1 b ! *ild1 ^: l>yngeal c>tilages are f> m flexible1 & move t[>d & ^u ea* o!r ) great] fre$om1 c =ce ! *e/-voice up ) great ease4 ,! altitude ( pit* :i* is atta9$ be=e break+ into ! ?9 regi/] is ) "y *ildr5 regulat$ by ! am\nt ( muscul> ex]tion !y put =?4 ,ev5 up to ! *ange ( voice1 boys c (t5 =ce ! ?ick regi/] sev]al notes high] ?an wom5 sopranos4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ?ick voice is produc$ by ! full1 free vibrations ( ! vocal b&s 9 _! entire l5g?1 bread? & ?ickness4 ,imag9e *ildr5 six ye>s ( age c>ry+ tones =m$ 9 ?is mann] to ! extreme limit ( _! voice2 yet !y d x4 ,! tone ( infant classes 9 ,sunday-s*ools1 & ! tone ( ! prim>y s*ools1 z !y s+ _! morn+ hymns or songs = recreation1 is produc$ 9 n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e cases out ( a ?\s& 9 exactly ! way set =?4 ,if ! vocal b&s ( *ildr5 7 less ela/ic1 if !y 7 compos$ ( /rong] fibres1 & protect$ f undue ex]tion by firm connect+ c>tilage2 9 %ort1 if *ildr5 7 n *ildr51 su* =c+ w\ld n be possible4 ,if x 7 n = ! wond]ful recup]ative p[] ( *ildhood1 s]i\s effects w\ld foll[ su* vocal habits4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to und]/& t common ph5om5on ( ! *ild-voice1 t]m$ ! movable break4 ,e public s*ool tea*] :o has _h exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ s++ mu/ be famili> ) ! mean+ ( ! t]m1 ?\gh possibly unaw>e ( x4 ,allusion has already be5 made to ! fact t1 9 prim>y grades1 ! ?ick quality1 if p]mitt$1 w be c>ri$ z high z ! *ildr5 s+1 to ,music3 e'' = example4 ,if !y are requir$ to s+ ! high] tones lightly1 !n ! ?ree or f\r tones1 j bel[ ! pit* indicat$1 w be sung 9 a ?9 quality ( voice4 ,! place ( ! break or ! abs5ce ( any break at all w dep5d ^u ! degree ( l\dness p]mitt$4 ,pass n[ to a grade 9 :i* ! pupils av]age elev5 ye>s ( age4 ,^! c use ! ?ick tones z high z ,music3 d'' e'' only ) great ex]tion1 &1 if requir$ to s+ s(tly1 w pass into ! ?9 regi/] at a l[] pit* ?an ! prim>y class4 ,n[1 g to a room :]e ! *ildr5 range 9 age f ?irte5 to fifte5 ye>s4 ,! girls w /ill use ?ick tones up to ,music3 b' c'' d'' ,! pit* at :i* ! break occurs w v>y 9 individual cases accord+ to physique or ambition to s+ well2 b ! boys 7exclud+ ^? ^: voices h begun to break7 w manife/ ! utmo/ repugnance to s++ ! high] notes4 ,c't s+ high w be ! reply :5 y ask !m :y !y d n s+4 ,& !y are correct4 ,!y _c1 n ) ! ?ick voice4 ,ev5 :5 putt+ =? consid]able ex]tion1 !y w pass to ! ?9 voice at ,music3 g' or a' & l[]1 if !y s+ s(tly4 ,?is ph5om5on1 !n1 is ! movable break ( ! *ild-voice4 ,! pit* at :i* ! *ild-voice passes f ! ?ick to ! ?9 voice dep5ds fir/ ^u ! age2 second1 ^u ! am\nt ( physical en]gy employ$1 & ?ird1 ^u ! bodily vigor ( ! *ild4 ,x may also be add$ t boys' voices break l[] ?an girls' dur+ ! ye> or two prec$+ *ange ( voice4 ,:51 n[1 x is rememb]$ t ! adult female voice leaves ! *e/-regi/] at ,music3 f' f' x w be admitt$ by ev]yone :o has _h actual exp]i5ce 9 class s++ 9 s*ools or else:]e1 t ! facts set =? 9 ref]5ce to ! ability ( ! *ild to c>ry ! ?ick voice f "o to eight tones high] ?an ! adult1 has a v important be>+ on ! subject ( tra9+ *ildr5's voices4 ,b1 is x physically injuri\s8 ,x may be said t1 z reg>ds upw>d =c+ ( ! vocal regi/]1 au?orities ^u ! adult voice are unit$4 ,leo ,k(l]1 9 ,! ,art ( ,brea?+1 p4 #afh1 says3 ,i h met female trebles t us$ ?is means ( =c+ up ! *e/-tones z high z middle ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & 7"o c h>dly conceive ( ! physical possibility ( s do+7 ev5 z f> z ,d & ,e flat4 ,! reason :y ?is practice is s dang]\s lies 9 ! unnatural way 9 :i* ! l>ynx is held d[n 9 ! ?roat1 & 9 ! =ce t is ex]cis$ by ! t5sion muscles ( ! vocal ligam5ts & ! h>d pressure ( ! muscles ( ! tongue-bone4444 ,i h exam9$ ) ! l>yngoscope _m ladies :o _h ! habit ( s++ ! *e/-tones too high1 &1 )\t exception1 ,i h f\nd _! ?roats 9 a m or less diseas$ condition4 ,l>yngitis1 ei!r alone or complicat$ ) ph>yngitis1 relaxation ( ! vocal ligam5ts1 & sometimes p>alysis ( "o ( !m1 are ! mo/ frequ5t results ( ?is bad habit4 ,if a s+] is afflict$ ) cat>rhal tr\ble1 x is always aggravat$ by ?is abom9able me?od ( s++4 ,emma ,seil]1 9 ,! ,voice 9 ,s++1 p4 #ed1 aft] describ+ ! action ( ! vocal ligam5ts 9 ! production ( ! *e/-voice & allud+ to ! fact t su* action c be cont9u$ sev]al tones high] ?an ! prop] transitional po9t1 goes on3 ,b su* tones1 especially 9 ! female voice1 h t r\gh & common timbre1 :i* we are too (t5 compell$ to he> 9 our female s+]s4 ,! glottis also 9 ?is case1 z well z p>ts ( ! l>ynx ne> ! glottis1 betrays ! ef=t v pla9ly2 z ! tones asc5d1 !y gr[ m & m r$4 ,?us1 z at ?is place 9 ! *e/-regi/]1 !re occurs a visible & s5sible /ra9+ ( ! organs1 s also is x 9 all ! rema9+ transitions1 z soon z ! attempt is made to ext5d ! action by :i* ! l[] tones are =m$ beyond ! giv5 limits ( ! same4 ,& aga93 ,9 ! ignorance exi/+ conc]n+ ! natural transitions ( ! regi/]s1 & 9 ! unnatural =c+ ( ! voice1 is f\nd a *ief cause ( ! decl9e 9 ! art ( s++1 & ! pres5t inability to pres]ve ! voice is ! consequ5ce ( a me?od ( tea*+ unnatural1 &1 !re=e1 impos+ too great a /ra9 ^u ! voice4 ,quotations innum]able might be made1 to give m emphasis1 7 x ne$$1 to ! evils ( regi/] =c+4 ,! only po9t rema9+ is ! "o v (t5 rais$4 ,is x n natural = *ildr5 to use ! *e/ or ?ick voice8 ,if _! vocal organs are s flexible1 may !y n c>ry su* tones high] ?an adults1 & y\ng] *ildr5 high] ?an ^? a little old]1 & s on8 ,x is q obvi\s1 = reasons h]e9 set =?1 t *ildr5 d n exp]i5ce ! same degree ( difficulty 9 cont9u+ ! use ( ! ?ick voice to _! high] tones z d adults1 b z to ! effect ^u _! vocal organs !re ne$ be no reasonable d\bt4 ,a4 ,b4 ,ba*1 9 ,pr9ciples ( ,s++1 p4 #adb1 says3 ,if *ildr5 are all[$ to s+ _! high] notes =te1 be=e ! voice is prop]ly equaliz$1 x w become h>d1 h>% & ho>se1 & !y w fail 9 correct intonation4 ,a mi/ake 9 ?is direction n only ru9s ! middle regi/] b de/roys ! voice altoge!r4 ,! consequ5ce ( enc\rag+ =te s++ is to *ange a soprano rapidly to an alto2 & !y w g5]ally s+ alto equally =te because _! vocal cords h lo/ _! ela/icity ?r\gh ov]/ra9+ & ! notes w no long] answ] to piano4 4 4 4 4 ,! fact is t reckless s++ (t5 breaks t5d] voices & breaks !m =ev]4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ! writ] cit$ evid5tly accepts ! same classification 9 regi/] = *ildr5 & adult wom5's voices1 b ?is does n make ! above extract any less applicable4 ,! baneful effects ( =c+ ! voice is cle>ly set =?4 ,h[ to avoid x is ano!r matt]4 ,leo ,k(l]1 9 ! "w previ\sly m5tion$1 p4 #afh1 ref]s to ?is po9t z foll[s3 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! tones ( ! l[] range1 or ! s-call$ *e/-tones1 are =c$ up too high into ! middle range4 ,?is bad habit is (t5 contract$ :ile ! s+]s are q "y4 ,boy trebles h ?is habit to an un5durable degree1 usually scream+ ^? horrible *e/-tones up to middle ,c4 ,( all bad habits1 ?is "o is ! mo/ liable to injure a voice & to detract f arti/ic s++4 ,to cite ,madame ,seil] once m1 p4 #agf3 ,:ile x (t5 happ5s t at ! mo/ critical age :ile ! vocal organs are be+ develop$1 *ildr5 s+ ) all ! /r5g? !y c comm&4 ,boys1 h[ev]1 9 :om ! l>ynx at a c]ta9 p]iod und]goes an entire trans=mation1 rea* only ) difficulty ! high] soprano or contralto tones1 b are n assign$ a l[] "p until p]ceiv+ !mselves ! impossibility ( s++ 9 ?is way1 !y beg ! tea*] = ! *ange1 (t5 too late1 unhappily1 to prev5t an irrep>able injury4 ,mod]ate s++ )\t ex]tion1 & above all ?+s1 )9 ! natural limits ( ! voice & its regi/]s1 w\ld ev5 dur+ ! p]iod ( gr[? be z little hurtful z speak+1 laugh+ or any o!r ex]cise :i* _c be =bidd5 to ! vocal organs4 ,br[ne & ,behnke1 :o sep>ately & toge!r h giv5 mo/ valuable additions to ! lit]ature ( ! voice1 9 a small book entitl$ ,! ,*ild-,voice1 h collat$ a l>ge numb] ( answ]s f di/+ui%$ s+]s1 tea*]s & *oir-tra9]s to v>i\s que/ions relat+ to ! subject4 ,! foll[+ citation is f ?is int]e/+ "w1 p4 #ci3 ,! necessity ( limit+ ! compass ( *ildr5's voices is frequ5tly insi/$ ^u1 no att5tion :atev] be+ paid to regi/]s2 & yet 9 f9itely m mis*ief is done by =c+ ! regi/]s ?an w\ld be accompli%$ by all[+ *ildr5 to exce$ ! compass g5]ally assign$ to !m1 always provid$ t ! s++ be ! result ( us+ ! me*anism set ap>t by nature = diff]5t p>ts ( ! voice4 ,!re c really be no d\bt t ! use ( ! *e/ or ?ick voice ^u ! high] tones is injuri\s to a *ild ( six ye>s1 or t5 ye>s1 or ( any o!r age4 ,! !ory t 9 ! *ild-voice ! breaks occur at high] fix$ pit*es ?an 9 ! adult is %[n to be unt5able4 ,! fact w\ld seem to be t comp>isons betwe5 ! regi/]s ( ! *ild & ! adult voice are mislead+1 s9ce ! adult voice has fix$ po9ts ( *ange 9 ! vocal me*anism1 :i* c be transc5d$ only ) great difficulty1 :ile ! *ild-voice has no fix$ po9ts ( *ange 9 its vocal regi/]s4 ,?is po9t mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,x is ! mo/ important fact connect$ ) ! *ild-voice 9 spee* or song4 ,x is ! fundam5tal idea ( ?is "w & is ! basis = :atev] sugge/ions are h]e9 conta9$ ^u ! managem5t ( ! *ild-voice4 ,! rigidity ( ! adult l>ynx1 ! /r5g? ( ! t5sor & adductor muscles & ! ela/ic firmness ( ! vocal ligam5ts1 are to ^? ( ! *ild z ! solid bony framework & /rongly set muscles ( maturity are to ! imp]fectly h>d5$ bones & s(t muscles ( *ildhood4 ,nature makes no fix$ limits ( ! vocal regi/]s until full maturity is rea*$4 ,a fix$ regi/] 9 a *ildi% ?roat involv+ a completely develop$ l>ynx w\ld be a />tl+ anomaly4 ,! l>yngeal muscles ( *ildhood are n /rong4 ,!y are weak4 ,mo/ ( ! talk ab\t /r5g? ( voice 9 *ildr5 is utt] nons5se4 ,:5 ! muscles & o!r p>ts conc]n$ 9 tone-production p]=m _! physiological functions 9 a heal?y mann]1 t is1 9 su* a way t no conge/ion1 or inflammation or undue we>9ess w result1 ! s++-tone ( ! *ild w nev] be l\d4 ,high or l[1 "u ^! conditions x mu/ p]=ce be s(t1 & if prop] directions be foll[$ ! quality w be z good z ! voice is capable (4 ,ev]yone :o has obs]v$ has also notic$ ! contra/ 9 ! l[] tones ( *ildr5 & wom54 ,! *e/-voice ( ! woman1 :i* %e uses 9 s++ h] l[] regi/]1 is normally v beautiful 9 its quality4 ,its tones are ! product ( a p]fectly develop$1 full-gr[n organ4 ,! *e/-voice ( ! *ild is an abnormal product ( a weak1 gr[+1 undevelop$ organ4 ,x possesses1 ev5 :5 us$ c>efully1 little ( ! tone t9ts ( ! adult voice4 ,! *e/-voice belongs to adult life1 n to *ildhood4 ,! s-call$ *e/-voice ( *ildr5 is only embryonic4 ,x _c be musical1 = ! l>ynx has n rea*$ t /age ( gr[? & developm5t :]e x c produce ^! tones musically4 ,! con/ant use ( ?is hybrid regi/] ) *ildr5 is injuri\s 9 _m ways4 ,its use is ju/ifi$ 9 s*ools m]ely ?r\gh cu/om1 & x c n be d\bt$ t z soon z ! att5tion ( tea*]s is call$ to its evils1 !y w no long] tol]ate its use4 ,! usual analogies !n :i* are drawn betwe5 ! adult female voice & ! *ild-voice1 9 s f> z !y imply a simil> physiological condition ( ! vocal organ & simil> vocal tra9+1 are n only useless1 b mislead+4 ,he :o tries to tra9 ! av]age *ild-voice on ! !ory ( two1 ?ree or five cle>ly-def9$ breaks1 or natural *anges 9 ! =ms = vocal vibration assum$ by ! vocal b&s w get v little help f nature4 ,) due consid]ation x is said t x is a h>d] task to tra9 *ildr5's voices prop]ly ?an to tra9 ! voices ( adults4 ,:]e nature is s %ifty 9 h] ways1 x requires ke5 p5etration to discov] h] ends4 ,! *ild-voice is a delicate in/rum5t4 ,x ought n to be play$ ^u by e blacksmi?4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,secure ,,good ,,tone4 ,! practical application ( ! tea*+ ( ! two prec$+ *apt]s may at fir/ ?\ght seem to be difficult4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is q easy4 ,we h favorable conditions 9 s*ools2 grad$ c\rses 9 music1 regul> att5dance1 discipl9e1 & wom5 & m5 9 *>ge :o are accu/om$ to tea*4 ,no m favorable conditions = tea*+ vocal music exi/ ?an are to be f\nd 9 a well-organiz$ & well-discipl9$ s*ool4 ,! environm5ts ( bo? pupils & tea*]s are exactly adapt$ to ! ready reception ( ideas1 on ! "o h&1 & ! skilful imp>t+ ( !m1 on ! o!r4 ,! abilities ( ! tra9$ tea*]s ( to-day are n half appreciat$4 ,!y (t5 possess pr(essional skill ( ! highe/ ord]1 & ! sup]visor ( music 9 ! public s*ools may c\nt himself exce$+ly =tunate 9 ! means he has at h& = c>ry+ on 8 "w4 ,b k ( voice is no m evolv$ f "o's inn] consci\sness ?an is k ( musical notation1 or ( ! ,greek alphabet2 !re=e1 if regul> tea*]s 9 ! s*ool p]mit s++ :i* is unmusical & hurtful1 x is *iefly because !y are foll[+ ! usual cu/oms1 & _! e>s h !reby become dull$1 or x may be t ev5 if ! s++ is unpleasant to !m1 t !y d n "k h[ to make x bett]4 ,z be=e said1 all en]gies h s f> be5 direct$ to ! tea*+ ( music read+4 ,tone has be5 neglect$1 =gott51 or at mo/ its improvem5t has be5 s\ght spasmodically4 ,! c>elessness reg>d+ tone1 :i* is s preval5t1 is due to an almo/ entire abs5ce ( good tea*+ on ! subject ( ! *ild-voice-- to ignorance1 let u say-- n altoge!r inexcusable4 ,n[ & !n1 :5 li/5+ to ! soprani ( "s well-tra9$ boy-*oir1 s\nd+ s(t & mell[ on ! l[] notes & r++ cle> & flutey on ! high]1 x may h dimly occurr$ to ! tea*] ( public s*ool music t !re might be ?+s z yet unhe>d ( 9 8 musical philosophy1 a vague wond] & dissatisfaction1 :i* has sl[ly disappe>$ "u ! pressure ( r\t9e "w4 ,:5 "o reflects ^u ! results :i* ! pati5ce & skill ( our regul> tea*]s h accompli%$ 9 tea*+ pupils to read music2 x c nev] be reasonably d\bt$ t ! same pati5ce & skill1 if rightly direct$1 w be equally successful 9 tea*+ a correct use ( ! voice4 ,two pr9ciples =m ! basis ( good tone-production z appli$ to *ildr5's voices4 #a/4 ,!y mu/ s+ s(tly4 #b;d4 ,!y mu/ be re/rict$ 9 compass ( voice4 ,if ^! two rules are correctly appli$ 9 ea* grade1 if pupils s+ s(tly en\gh1 & c>ry _! tones nei!r too high nor too l[1 always tak+ into acc\nt ! grade or av]age age ( ! class1 !n ! voice w be us$ only 9 ! ?9 or head-regi/]1 & ! tones ( ! ?ick or *e/-regi/] w nev] be he>d4 ,b ! two rules mu/ be z "o1 = if s(t s++ be c>ri$ too l[ ) infant voices1 !y are =c$ to use ! ?ick tones2 & *ildr5 ( all ages1 ev5 if s++ )9 ! "r compass ( voice1 w use ! ?ick regi/] if p]mitt$ to s+ too l\d4 ,!re is no?+ p>ticul>ly orig9al 9 insi/+ ^u s(t s++ f *ildr54 ,! writ] has nev] se5 a book ( s*ool music t does n m5tion its desirability1 nor h>dly a ref]5ce to ! *ild-voice 9 ! /&>d works or writ+s ( ! day ( :i* ?is idea has n =m$ a "p4 ,! g5]al direction ,s+ s(tly is good s f> z x goes1 b is1 fir/1 indef9ite4 ,s(tly & l\dly are relative t]ms1 & subject to wide div]sity ( int]pretation4 ,! pianissimo ( a cultivat$ s+] is sil5ce comp>$ to ! tone emitt$ by vocali/s ( ! ma9 /r5g? ord]1 :5 requir$ to produce s(t tone4 ,secondly1 ! direction is seldom or nev] f\nd c\pl$ ) in/ruction ^u ! vocal compass ( *ildr54 ,h5ce1 x does n seem v /range t ! injunction ,s+ s(tly has n correct$ vocal errors 9 s*ool s++4 ,x is n easy1 x is ev5 impossible1 to accurately def9e s(t s++1 & no attempt w be made fur!r ?an to describe z cle>ly z may be ! degree ( s(tness :i* x is necess>y to insi/ ^u if we w\ld secure ! use ( ! ?9 or head regi/]4 ,! subject ( regi/] has already be5 discuss$1 b x may n be amiss to repeat j "h t 9 ! *ild l>ynx z 9 ! adult ! head-regi/] is t s]ies ( tones :i* are produc$ by ! vibration ( ! ?91 inn] edges ( ! vocal b&4 ,if brea?+ is natural1 & if ! ?roat is op5 & relax$1 no /ra9 9 s++ ?is tone is possible4 ,x is evid5t 9 a mom5t t *ildr5 ) _! ?91 delicate vocal ligam5ts c make ?is tone ev5 m easily ?an adult sopranos1 ^: vocal ligam5ts are long] & ?ick]2 & x is also p]fectly evid5t t no dang] ( /ra9 to ! vocal b&s is incurr$ :5 ?is voice is us$1 = all ! muscles & ligam5ts ( ! l>ynx are "u f> less t5sion ?an is requir$ = ! production ( tones 9 ! ?ick regi/]4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ 9 connection ) ?is fact1 t *ildr5 (t5 ent] s*ool at five ye>s ( age1 & t accord+ to physiologi/s ! l>ynx does n rea* ! full gr[? 9 size1 incid5tal to *ildhood until ! age ( six ye>s4 ,we mu/ !n be p>ticul>ly c>eful ) infant classes-- = ! vocal b&s ( *ildr5 prior to six ye>s ( age are v1 v weak4 ,speak+ ( infant voices1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,mill]1 9 ,br[ne & ,behnke's a=e-m5tion$ "w1 ,! ,*ild-,voice1 is quot$ z say+2 ,voice-tra9+ _c be attempt$1 b voice-de/ruction may be prev5t$4 ,s(t s++ is ! cure = all ! ills ( ! vocal organs4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a m t]se or tru?ful /atem5t ?an ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! above z reg>ds ! voices ( little *ildr5 f five to sev5 or eight ye>s ( age4 ,x is unmitigat$ fooli%ness to talk ab\t vocal tra9+ z appli$ to *ildr5 ( t age4 ,! voice-culture :i* is suit$ to little *ildr5 is t sort ( culture :i* promotes gr[?-- food & sleep & play4 ,z well tra9 a six mon?s' old colt = ! race track1 z attempt to develop ! voice ( a *ild ( six or sev5 ye>s ) ex]cises on o1 & ah1 pianissimo & =tissimo1 cresc5do1 dim9u5do & swell4 ,_! voices mu/ be us$ 9 s++ z lightly z possible4 ,?is answ]s ! "q1 h[ s(tly %\ld !y s+8 ,*ildr5 dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s ( s*ool-life may be p]mitt$ to s+ f ,music3 e' e'' or if ! new pit* is us$ f ,music3 f' f'' ,two or ?ree practical difficulties w at once occur to ! tea*] ) ref]5ce to songs & ex]cises :i* range l[] ?an ,e fir/ l9e1 & ) ref]5ce to ! cu/om>y tea*+ ( ! scale ( ,c z ! initial /ep 9 s++4 ,! subject ( compass ( *ildr5's voices w be discuss$ at "s l5g? 9 a foll[+ *apt]1 b = ! pres5t x may be said t ! difficulty ) songs & ex]cises rang+ bel[ ! pit* indicat$ may be ov]come easily by pit*+ ! songs1 etc41 a tone or two high]4 ,if !y !n range too high1 don't s+ !m1 s+ some?+ else4 ,9 tea*+ ! scale1 take ,e or ,f z ! keynote1 & s+ ei!r "o or ! o!r ( ^? scales fir/4 ,! *ildr5 mu/ s+ z s(tly z possible 9 all _! s++ ex]cises1 :e!r songs or note drill4 ,!y %\ld be taught to op5 _! m\?s well1 to sit or /& erect z ! case may be1 & "u no circum/ances %\ld ! in/ructor s+ ) !m4 ,too mu* importance c h>dly be giv5 to ?is la/ /atem5t4 ,if tea*]s p]si/ 9 lead+ ! songs ) _! own voices & 9 s++ ex]cises ) ! *ildr51 !y c & mo/ probably w defeat all ef=ts to secure ! "r tone 9 ei!r ! fir/1 or any grade up to t 9 :i* *ang$ voices are f\nd4 ,?is s\nds r cynical1 & might seem to imply t in/ructors _c s+ well4 ,! mean+1 h[ev]1 is q diff]5t4 ,! quality or timbre ( ! adult woman's voice is :olly unlike t ( ! *ild's ?9 regi/]4 ,h] m$ium tones1 ev5 :5 sung s(tly1 h a full] & m resonant quality1 & if %e lead 9 songs1 etc41 ! pupils1 ) ! prov]bial aptitude = imitation1 w inevitably endeavor to imitate h] tone-quality4 ,!y c only d s by us+ ! ?ick regi/]1 :i* x is s desirable to utt]ly avoid4 ,x is worse yet = a man to lead ! s++4 ,nei!r %\ld "o ( ! pupils be all[$ to lead1 = n only w ! "o lead+ =ce ! voice 9 ! ef=t1 b a *ance is (f]$ to any ambiti\s y\ng/] to pit* 9 & outs+ ! lead]2 f all ( :i* foll[s naturally ! idea t all prom95ce ( individual voice mu/ be disc\rag$1 =bidd5 ev54 ,! songs & ex]cises mu/ be l$1 x is true1 b by ! tea*] & sil5tly4 ,!n1 aga91 unless ! tea*] is sil5t %e _c be a good critic4 ,?9k ( a voice-tra9] s++ ea* solfeggio & song ) 8 pupil dur+ ! lesson4 ,c]ta9ly x is (t5 necess>y = ! tea*] to s+1 b only to illu/rate or correct1 or to tea* a song4 ,9 ! la/1 if ! tea*] w rema9 sil5t :ile ! class repeat ! l9e sung to !m1 & w proce$ 9 ! same way until ! :ole is memoriz$ by ! class1 n only w "t be economiz$1 b ! tone c be kept z s(t z is desir$ & individual %\t]s *eck$4 ,once m x mu/ be insi/$ t s(t1 v s(t s++ only1 c be all[$4 ,& ?is applies to ! entire compass us$4 ,*ildr5 ( ! ages m5tion$ c1 z has already be5 %[n1 break f ! ?9 to ! ?ick voice at any pit*1 x only requir+ a little extra pu% = ! upp] tones4 ,f9ally1 z an excell5t te/ to settle if ! tone is s(t en\gh to ensure ! use ( ! ?9 regi/] beyond d\bt1 require ! class to s+ s t no p>ticul> voice c be di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs1 :i* w make ! tone z t ( "o voice1 & p]haps lead y to d\bt if all are s++1 until conv9c$ by ! movem5t ( _! m\?s4 ,! tone w seem pretty light & ?91 b w be sweet z ! trill ( a bird4 ,to ,di/+ui% ,regi/]s4 ,! difficulty :i* may be exp]i5c$ 9 attempt+ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two regi/]s mu/ n be disreg>d$4 ,if ! voices ( *ildr5 7 nev] entru/$ to any save pr(essional voice-tea*]s1 a v few h9ts ^u _! managem5t w\ld p]haps suffice1 = ! e> ( ! tea*] ( voice & s++ is presumably tra9$ 9 ! diff]5tiation 9 tone-quality occasion$ by *anges 9 ! action ( ! vocal me*anism4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we reflect t ( ! ?\s&s ( tea*]s 9 our public s*ools v few1 inde$1 h ev] he>d ( voice-regi/]s1 & mu* less be5 accu/om$ to note di/9ctions 9 tone-timbre betwe5 !m1 ! ne$ ( a detail$ plan ( proc$ure is se54 ,x is safe to ass]t t anyone ) a musical e> c ) a little pati5ce le>n to di/+ui% "o regi/] f ano!r4 ,!re is no vocal transition s m>k$ z ! *ange f ?ick to ?9 regi/] 9 ! *ild-voice1 unless x be ! *ange f ! *e/ to ! head or falsetto 9 ! man's voice4 ,suppose we take a class ( say twelve f ! f\r? ye> av]ag+ n9e ye>s ( age4 ,give !m ! pit* ( ,c4 ,music3 c' ,require !m to s+ up ! scale l\dly4 ,z !y rea* ! upp] tone ,music3 c'' /op !m & ask !m to s+ t1 & ! two tones above v s(tly4 ,! *ange 9 tone w be q app>5t4 ,! tone us$ 9 asc5d+ ! scale ( ,c1 s++ l\dly1 w be re$y1 ?ick & h>%-- ! ?ick regi/]4 ,! tone ^u ,music3 c'' d'' e'' s++ v s(tly1 w be flute-l1 ?9 & cle>-- ! ?9 regi/]4 ,aga91 let !m s+ ,e fir/ l9e ) full /r5g? ( voice & !n ! octave lightly1 or h !m s+ ,g second l9e1 fir/ s(tly & !n l\dly1 or1 aga91 let !m asc5d ! scale ( ,e s++ z light a tone z possible1 & !n desc5d s++ z l\d z !y c4 ,9 ea* case ! *ange f ?ick to ?9 voice1 or vice v]sa1 w be illu/rat$2 & 9 s++ ! scale ( ,e z sugge/$1 ! break ( voice a little high] or l[] 9 individual cases w be notic$4 ,x is q possible t "s memb]s ( ! class may use ! ?ick voice on ea* tone ( ! desc5d+ scale beg9n+ ) ! highe/4 ,c>e mu/ always be tak5 t 9 s++ s(tly ! m\? be well op5$4 ,! t5d5cy w be to close x :5 requir$ to s+ lightly1 b ! tone1 !n1 w be no?+ b a humm+ noise4 ,x may z well be said "h t a great deal ( future tr\ble & labor may be avoid$1 if1 f ! fir/1 pupils are taught to keep ! m\? fairly well op5$1 & ! lips suffici5tly ap>t to p]mit ! free emission ( tone4 ,let ! l[] jaw h a loose h+e1 s to speak4 ,x is well en\gh to po9t out also t :5 ! l[] jaw drops1 ! tongue goes d[n ) x1 & %\ld rema9 ext5d$ along ! floor ( ! m\? ) ! tip aga9/ ! tee? :ile v[el-s\nds are sung4 ,!re are _m o!r ways ?an ^? already sugge/$1 9 :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 ! regi/]s may be %[n4 ,let ! :ole class s+ ,music3 d'' c'' b' s(tly1 & !n ! next l[] tone or tones l\dly4 ,! ?ick quality w be he>d easily en\gh4 ,or f ! room select a pupil1 "o ( ! class :o has1 9 ! phraseology ( ! s*oolroom1 a good voice1 to s+ ! scale ( ,d asc5d+ & desc5d+4 ,if ! pupil be n timid1 & ! k9d ref]r$ to are n usually1 & if l\d s++ has be5 cu/om>y1 ! tone w be co>se & re$y ?r\gh\t4 ,n[ let ano!r pupil :o has :at is call$ a light voice1 & :o daily sits mode/ly 9 ! %ade ( 8 boi/]\s bro!r1 s+ ! same scale4 ,! tone 9 all likelihood w be pure & flutey1 at lea/ ^u ! high] notes4 ,take ! scale ( ,e n[ & h ea* pupil 9 ! room s+ x alone4 ,!re may c]ta9ly be "s :o _c s+ ! scale1 & if ! daily s++ has be5 h>%1 ! numb] may be l>ge1 b po/pon+ ! consid]ation ( ^! s-call$ monotones & direct+ ! att5tion :olly to ! quality or timbre ( tone us$ by ! diff]5t pupils1 x may be obs]v$ t "s use ! ?ick voice only1 "s use ! ?9 voice1 o!rs break f ! ?ick voice into ! ?9 at "o pit* z !y asc5d1 & f ! ?9 to ?ick voice at a l[] pit* z !y desc5d2 & if requir$ to s+ aga91 may p]haps pass f "o voice to ! o!r at diff]5t pit*es4 ,o!rs aga9 may exhibit a bl5d+ ( ! two voices at c]ta9 pit*es4 ,9 fact1 unless ! degree ( p[] is sudd5ly *ang$1 a break f ! ?ick tone ^u "o note to ! ?9 tone ^u ! next note or vice v]sa seldom occurs4 ,! same illu/rative te/s may be appli$ to *ildr5 ( any grade1 or ( any age up to ! p]iod :5 ! voice *anges1 only ! break w occur l[] ) old] pupils4 ,suppose1 n[1 ! tea*] has obta9$ a tol]ably cle> idea ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! regi/]s2 %e %\ld !n ar\se a p]ception ( tone-quality 9 h] pupils4 ,let ! beauty ( s(t1 light tone z contra/$ ) l\d1 h>% tone be once cle>ly demon/rat$ to a class1 & ! int]e/ & be/ ef=ts ( e girl or boy :o has ! g]m ( music )9 !m w be enli/$4 ,^? :o grumble because !y may n s+ out good & l\d may be disreg>d$1 & ) a cle> consci5ce4 ,! future w mo/ likely reveal su* incipi5t lov]s ( noisy music z p\nd]s ( drums & bl[]s ( brass4 ,select n[ a numb] ( ! class :o ^u trial h be5 f\nd to h light1 cle> voices & :o are n prone to %\t4 ,let !m s+ ,music3 e'' or f'' & !n sl[ly desc5d ! scale ( ,e or ,f1 s++ ea* tone s(tly1 & ^? bel[ ,c ,music3 c'' v lightly4 ,?is w insure ! un9t]rupt$ use ( ! ?9 regi/] to ! l[e/ note4 ,let !m n[ s+ up & d[n ! scale sev]al times1 obs]v+ ! same caution :5 notes bel[ ,c or ,b are sung1 & also insi/+ t no pu% be giv5 to ! upp] notes4 ,n[1 fir/ excus+ monotones1 let ! o!r pupils 9 ! room s+ fir/ d[n ! scale & !n up1 imitat+ ! quality & s(tness ( tone ( ! pick$ class4 ,recollect1 y are ask+ some?+ ( y\r pupils :i* x is p]fectly easy = !m to d4 ,x may be t ! /r5g? ( well-=m$ habits /&s oppos$ to ! *ange1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 e musical in/9ct lat5t1 or p>tly awak5$1 is becom+ al]t & prov+ ! tru? ( y\r tea*+ bett] & fa/] ?an c any f9espun reason+4 ,illu/rate ! diff]5ce 9 tone-quality betwe5 ! ?ick & ?9 regi/] z (t5 z x is necess>y1 to %[ y\r pupils :at y wi% to avoid & h[ y wi% !m to s+4 ,:5 9 d\bt :e!r or n ! ?9 quality is be+ sung1 require s(t] s++ until y are sure4 ,x is bett] to err ^u ! side ( s(t s++ ?an to take any *ances4 ,9 "t tea*]s w become quick to detect ! *ange 9 regi/]1 & 9 "t also ! pupils :o are tra9$ to s+ 9 ! ?9 voice w yield to ! =ce ( good habit1 z !y once did to bad habit1 & seldom (f5d by too l\d or too h>% tone4 ,! inquiry may naturally h aris5 ere ?is3 ,are syllables1 i4e41 d1 re1 mi1 etc41 to be us$1 or ! v[el-s\nds8 ,x is immat]ial f ! /&po9t ( tone-production1 :e!r ei!r or bo? are us$4 ,until *ildr5 are ?or\ghly accu/om$ to s+ s(tly1 !y w be kept ^u ! ?9 regi/] m easily :5 s++ ) a v[el-s\nd1 ?an :5 us+ ! syllables4 ,! reason is t ! articulation ( ! initial consonants ( ! syllables requires consid]able movem5t ( ! organs ( spee*1 viz41 ! tongue1 lips1 etc41 & ^! movem5ts are accompani$ by a cont9ually-increas+ outru% ( air f ! lungs1 occasion+ a correspond+ increase 9 ! volume ( s\nd4 ,adult voices %[ ! same t5d5cy to increase ! volume ( tone :5 fir/ apply+ words to a passage practic$ pianissimo ) a v[el-s\nd4 ,x is advisable !n to s+ scales & drill ^u !m ) a v[el-s\nd1 & to recur to ! same drill = a corrective1 :5 a t5d5cy to use ! ?ick voice 9 s++ note ex]cises appe>s4 ,scale drill may be c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,if ! scales are writt5 ^u a blackbo>d /aff1 !y may f day to day be 9 diff]5t keys4 ,x is a v easy matt] to ext5d ! scale nei!r above nor bel[ ! pit*es )9 :i* x is desir$ to conf9e ! voice4 ,= example1 ! scale ( ,e or ,f may be writt5 complete1 t ( ,g z foll[s3 ,music3 scale 9 ,g runn+ d[n to e' & up to e'' or ,a ,music3 scale 9 ,a runn+ d[n to e' & up to f'' or ,bb ,music3 scale 9 ,bb runn+ d[n to eb' & up to f'' & s on4 ,n[ let ! tea*] ) a po9t] direct ! s++ ( ! class ^u ! select$ scale 9 su* a mann] z to secure ! desir$ result 9 tone1 & incid5tally a famili>ity ) pit* relations1 etc4 ,( c\rse1 if *>ts are us$ ! tr\ble ( writ+ scales is sav$1 only x is advis$ t ! notes ly+ outside ! prescrib$ compass be omitt$ 9 ! l[] grades entirely1 & 9 ! upp] until ! habit ( good tone is e/abli%$1 :51 ( c\rse1 ! tones may be c>ri$ bel[ ,e ) safety4 ,! ext5t & v>iety ( vocal drill :i* c be giv5 ) a po9t] & a scale ( notes is wond]ful2 b no?+ m ne$ be n[ sugge/$1 ?an ^? ex]cises :i* are peculi>ly int5d$ to secure good tone1 & fix good vocal habits1 al?\gh x mu/ be evid5t t all su* drill is v f>-rea*+ 9 its effects4 ,a few ex]cises :i* are v simple are "h sugge/$4 ,fir/1 tak+ ! scale ( ,music3 scale 9 ,f runn+ d[n to e' & up to f'' = example4 ,let ! tea*]1 aft] ! pit* ( ! keynote is giv5 to ! class1 place ! po9t] ^u ,f1 & sl[ly mov+ x f note to note1 asc5d & desc5d ! scale1 ! class s++ a cont9u\s tone ^u "s v[el1 o = in/ance4 ,! po9t] %\ld be pass$ f note to note 9 su* a mann] t ! eye c easily foll[ x4 ,if ! notes are indicat$ to ! class by a s]ies ( dabs at ! *>t or blackbo>d1 ! po9t] ea* "t be+ c>ri$ away f ! note sev]al in*es1 & !n aim$ at ! next note & s on1 ! eye becomes we>y 9 try+ to foll[ its movem5ts1 & ! m5tal en]gy ( ! pupils1 :i* %\ld be conc5trat$ ^u tone1 is wa/$ 9 wat*+ ! gyrations ( ! po9t]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! po9t] is made to glide f note to note1 pass+ v quickly ov] int]v5+ spaces1 !n ! eye is n we>i$ 9 try+ to foll[ x4 ,^! directions may seem pretty trivial1 b practical exp]i5ce has prov$ _! importance4 ,! v[el o is sugge/$ because x has be5 f\nd easi] to secure ! use ( ! head-regi/] ) ?is v[el ?an ) ah1 :5 x is s\ght to break up ! habit ( s++ l\dly & co>sely4 ,! t]m cont9u\s tone us$ to describe ! /yle ( s++ desir$ is meant lit]ally4 ,if ! class 9 ?is scale-drill all /op & take brea? at ! same "t1 mak+ frequ5t breaks 9 ! cont9uity ( ! tone1 !re w be f\nd ) ea* new attack a t5d5cy to increase 9 volume ( s\nd4 ,= c]ta9 reasons1 :i* w be expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on brea?-managem5t1 ! attack ( tone w become m & m explosive1 dem&+ con/ant repression4 ,?is irritat+ t5d5cy may1 9 a %ort "t1 be almo/ entirely ov]come1 if1 in/ead ( lett+ ! class take brea? & attack simultane\sly1 ea* pupil is told to take brea? only :5 he or %e is oblig$ to1 & !n at once & s(tly to jo9 aga9 ) ! o!rs4 ,?is w effect ! cont9u\s tone1 useful n alone z a corrective = ! t5d5cies to l\d s++1 b also to e/abli% good brea?+-habits4 ,?is same swift1 sil5t brea?-tak+ & succe$+ s(t attack ( tone mu/ be insi/$ ^u 9 all s*ool s++4 ,! ex]cise already sugge/$ is sl[ s++ or rapid s++ ( ! scale ) ! v[el o s(tly1 & ) cont9u\s tones4 ,o!r simple ex]cises are obta9$ by repetitions ( ! foll[+ ex]cise figures at high] or l[] pit*es ?r\gh\t an entire scale1 or p>ts ( a scale1 asc5d+ & desc5d+ progressively3 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! ex]cises 9 ,figure ,i are 9 ! key ( ,f 9 #d_/d "t2 ^? 9 ,figure ,,ii are 9 ,e1 #f_/h "t2 & ^? 9 ,figure ,,iii are 9 ,bb1 #d_/d "t on eigh? notes4 ,all text is f ! orig9al4 ,,figure ,i4 ,music3 ,asc5d+4 7,same figure tone high]47 7,aga9 rais$47 etc4 ,music3 ,desc5d+4 7,same figure tone l[]47 7,aga9 l[]$7 etc4 ,! next figure1 9 :i* ! voice asc5ds or desc5ds f\r tones at ea* progressive repetition1 has a diff]5t rhy?m4 ,,figure ,,ii4 ,music3 ,asc5d+4 7,same figure rais$47 7,aga9 rais$47 etc4 ,music3 ,desc5d+4 7,same1 tone l[]47 7,/ill l[]47 etc4 ,ano!r ex]cise figure is to use five asc5d+ & desc5d+ tones4 ,9 ! illu/ration :i* foll[s1 9 ! key ( ,b flat1 x is %[n h[ ! ex]cises may be sung1 beg9n+ ^u ! keynote1 & keep+ )9 ! voice-compass4 ,music3 ,,figure ,,iii4 etc4 ,music3 7,same ,ex4 inv]t$47 etc4 ,^! ex]cises are to be sung ) v[el-s\nds1 s(tly1 f\r measures ) "o brea?1 if possible1 & 9 /rict "t4 ,only s _m ( ^! tone-gr\ps may be sung 9 any "o scale1 z lie )9 ! extremes ( pit* set = ! grade1 b if diff]5t scales & upw>d & d[nw>d ext5sions ( ! same be us$1 !n all possible comb9ations ( tones 9 ! major scale may be sung1 t is1 ^! ex]cise figures may ^u a piano be repeat$ sev5 times 9 any key1 9 phrases ( f\r measures ea*1 bo? asc5d+ & desc5d+1 b1 ow+ to ! limitations ( ! vocal compass1 only a c]ta9 numb] ( asc5d+ or desc5d+ phrases c be sung 9 any "o key4 ,:ile x is sugge/$ t drill ^u ^! musical figures or gr\ps ( tones may be giv5 f scales1 ! tea*] trac+ out ! tones ) a po9t] ) a rhy?mical movem5t1 yet x is /ill bett] to practice ^! gr\ps or "s ( !m f memory1 ! tea*] keep+ "t = & direct+ ! class4 ,,note4--,! directions giv5 are = rooms 9 :i* ! tea*] has only a pit* pipe or tun+-=k to get pit* f4 ,if !re is a piano ! drill "w = tone w be conduct$ a little diff]5tly4 ,pages ( musical phrases adapt$ to vocal drill might be giv51 b to :at end except to produce confusion4 ,our greate/ s+]s use b few ex]cises to keep _! voices 9 good condition1 b !y practice !m v (t54 ,! ex]cises sugge/$ are int5d$ = daily practice1 & ! few] 9 numb] & simpl] 9 =m !y are1 ! bett] w be ! results 9 tone4 ,?is vocal drill :i* %\ld prec$e or beg9 ! daily music lesson mu/ n be = ov] five m9utes at mo/4 ,half ( t "t is en\gh1 if x be sp5t 9 s++1 & n fritt]$ away 9 useless talk1 & que/ions & answ]s4 ,a practical application ( ! vocal drill is to be made to ! note-s++ f ! book & *>t1 & to ! s*ool rep]toire ( songs4 ,! phrases voice-culture1 voice-tra9+1 voice-developm5t1 etc41 h be5 avoid$ 9 treat+ ! subject ( *ildr5's voices1 because ( possible misappreh5sion ( _! int5d$ mean+4 ,! t]ms are n1 ( c\rse1 inapplicable to *ildr5's voices1 b !y mu/ convey q a diff]5t significance ?an !y d :5 appli$ to ! adult voice4 ,9 ea* case1 ! end ( voice-culture is ! =mation ( correct vocal habits2 b x w\ld seem1 t :ile x is possible to develop ! adult voice v consid]ably 9 p[]1 range & flexibility1 we ought1 9 deal+ ) *ildr5's voices1 to adopt ^? me?ods :i* w protect weak & gr[+ organs4 ,! aim is n m p[]1 b beauty & purity r4 ,x %\ld n be inf]r$ t beauty ( tone is n equally ! aim 9 culture ( ! adult voice1 b 9 t case x is consi/5t ) developm5t ( /r5g? & brilliancy ( voice1 :ile ) "y *ildr5 x is n4 ,if ! tone is cle>1 beautiful1 well pois$1 & "u ! s+]'s control1 !n ! tra9+ is along safe l9es4 ,if ! tone is bad1 h>%1 p9*$ or ?roaty1 !n ! tra9+ is along unsafe l9es4 ,:5 ! p>ts act h>moni\sly toge!r1 & !re is a prop] & normal adju/m5t ( all ! organs conc]n$ 9 ! production ( tone1 ! result is good4 ,bad tone foll[s f ! ill-adju/m5t ( ! p>ts conc]n$ 9 voice production4 ,x is ! (fice ( ! tea*] to correct ?is ill-adju/m5t & br+ ab\t a p]fect1 or ne>ly p]fect functional action4 ,! tea*] mu/ judge ( ! prop] or improp] action ( ! p>ts conc]n$ 9 tone production by ! s5se ( he>+4 ,no accumulation ( sci5tific k c take ! place ( a c>eful & al]t critical faculty 9 tra9+ voice4 ,tone color mu/ guide ! s*ool tea*] 9 det]m9+ regi/] z x does ! pr(essional voice tra9]4 ,b we c also call ! m5tal p]ceptions ( ! *ild to our aid1 & w f9d a m lively s5se ( discrim9ation 9 tone quality ?an ! av]age adult %[s4 ,we c enc\rage ! gr[? ( high ideals ( tone-beauty4 ,we c cultivate nice discrim9ation4 ,we c1 9 %ort1 use music 9 our s*ools n to dull1 b to quick51 ! musical s5sibilities ( *ildhood4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,compass ,,( ,,! ,,*ild-,,voice4 ,!re is ! greate/ div]sity ( op9ion ^u ?is subject among ^? :o h any op9ion at all4 ,x might be suppos$ t1 among ! ?\s&s ( educators :o are int]e/$ 9 s*ool music & 9 ! s++ ( *ildr5 g5]ally1 _m might be f\nd :o h giv5 ! subject c>eful att5tion1 b su* does n appe> to be ! case4 ,if we consult ! musical lit]ature publi%$ = *ildr51 ! preval5ce ( songs suit$ to ! contralto voice is noticeable1 indicat+ app>5tly t ! compass ( infant voices at lea/ is ab\t ! same z t ( ! adult contralto4 ,if !re is any g5]ally recogniz$ !ory ^u ! subject1 x w\ld seem to be ?is2 b f a physiological /&po9t ! voices ( *ildr5 are totally unlike ! woman contralto1 & especially is ?is true ( *ildr5 ( f six to eight ye>s ( age ^: songs are usually writt5 s l[ 9 range4 ,an error1 />t$ any:]e or at any "t1 ( !ory or ( practice1 if x once become incorporat$ into ! lit]ature ( a subject1 is liable to be frequ5tly copi$1 & enjoy a long & useless life4 ,s ) ?is treatm5t ( ! *ild-voice4 ,! error is 9 suppos+ t x consi/s ( a limit$ numb] ( q l[ tones4 ,x has its orig9 9 ! sole use ( ! s-call$ *e/-voice ( ! *ild1 & :5 ! evid5t /ra9 "u :i* a *ild ( six or sev5 ye>s labors to s+ up is obs]v$1 ! conclusion seems safe t !y _c s+ high4 ,:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !y manage ) app>5t ease to s+ d[n ev5 z l[ z ,music3 a ,?is conception has 9 div]s ways s imb$d$ itself into ! musical lit]ature = little *ildr51 t all ef=ts to uproot x h s f> be5 app>5tly futile4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 v _m sup]visors ( s*ool music1 & ! numb] is gr[+1 :o h recogniz$ t ?is treatm5t ( little *ildr5's voices is a vocal b>b>ity1 & ! device ( pit*+ songs high] ?an !y are writt5 to ov]come ! difficulty is m common ?an might be suppos$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 a %ort "t ! practice ( c>ry+ ! tones ( little *ildr5 ?ree & f\r notes bel[ ! fir/ l9e ( ! /aff w n be tol]at$4 ,! common1 ev5 univ]sal1 t5d5cy ( prim>y classes to drop 9 pit* :5 s++ ) ! usual ?ick tone might %[ anyone t ! voice 0 be+ us$ 9 an abnormal mann]4 ,fur!rmore1 ! intonation ( *ildr5 ( any age is some?+ horrible :5 ! ?ick voice is us$4 ,ev5 c>efully-select$ & tra9$ boy *ori/]s1 if !y use ?is voice1 are frequ5tly (f ! key ev5 :5 support$ by m5's voices & ! organ4 ,s 9 addition to o!r reasons = us+ ! ?9 regi/] may be add$ ?is1 t habits ( faulty intonation are surely fo/]$ by ! use ( ! ?ick voice4 ,picture to y\rself ! %ort1 ?91 weak vocal b&s ( a *ild ( six or sev5 ye>s atta*$ to c>tilag9\s walls s devoid ( rigidity t 9 t dread$ disease ( *ildhood-- cr\p-- !y (t5 collapse4 ,t is n an in/rum5t = ! production ( tones 9 ! contralto compass4 ,no wond] ! pit* is wav]+4 ,if infant classes are to s+ ) ! usual tones1 ! common advice to make ! s++-ex]cise %ort is extremely judici\s4 ,x w\ld be bett] to omit x4 ,! intimation t ! la/ ^w c n[ be said on ?is subject is n = a mom5t int5d$1 b exp]i5ce has giv5 "s tol]ably safe h9ts 9 ref]5ce to ! compass ( ! *ild-voice 9 ! ?9 regi/] at ! ages m5tion$1 & x is advis$ nev] to c>ry ! compass l[] ?an ,e fir/ l9e1 nor high] ?an ,f fif? l9e ( ! /aff1 & ! upp] extreme mu/ be sung sp>+ly4 ,! easie/ tones lie f ,music3 f' d'' ,! injunction to s+ v s(tly ne$ h>dly be repeat$4 ,pass+ n[ to *ildr5 :o range 9 age f n9e to elev5 ye>s1 :o are f\nd 9 ! f\r? & fif? ye>s ( s*ool-life1 x may be obs]v$ t !re is q a m>k$ increase 9 ! ev5ness & firmness ( _! tones4 ,x is q possible1 especially at ! age ( ab\t elev5 ye>s1 to ext5t ! compass to ,g above ! /aff & to ,d or ,c bel[2 b if x does no h>m1 x s]ves no p>ticul> good end ei!r1 & unless c>e is tak51 ! *ildr5 w pu% ! highe/ tones4 ,all ( ! necess>y music drill c be kept )9 ! sugge/$ range1 & x is j z well to keep on ! safe side4 ,!n aga91 ! extremes 9 age betwe5 *ildr5 ( ! same class gr[ f>!r ap>t z we asc5d 9 grade1 & ! compass mu/ be kept )9 ! vocal p[]s ( ! y\nge/1 &1 f a voice-/&po9t1 weake/ pupils4 ,protect ! voice1 & nature w att5d to its developm5t4 ,f ! "t *ildr5 pass ! age ( twelve ye>s on to ! p]iod ( pub]ty1 ! *ild-voice is at its be/1 & if ! use ( ! ?9 regi/] has be5 fai?fully adh]$ to 9 ! l[] grades1 ! s++-tone w n[ be bo? pure & brilliant4 ,x w be f\nd n at all difficult to c>ry ! same voice z l[ or l[] ?an middle ,c )\t any p]ceptible *ange 9 tone-quality1 & ,g above ! /aff w be sung ) absolute ease4 ,h[ mu* high]1 if any1 ! compass may be c>ri$ is op5 to discussion4 ,x is n at all necess>y 9 s*ool music to g any high]1 =1 ev5 :]e x is deem$ be/ to raise ! pit* ( ! song or ex]cise to avoid too l[ tones1 ! pit* ( ! highe/ note w seldom be above ,g-- space above4 ,/ill1 x is ! practice ( *oirma/]s to c>ry ! tone ( soprano boys mu* high] 9 v[el-practice1 z high ev5 z ,music3 c''' & al?\gh t is a pretty altitud9\s pit*1 !re are v few *oir-boys :o1 :5 taught to brea! prop]ly1 etc41 w n take x occasionally ) p]fect ease4 ,! head-regi/]1 ev5 9 woman's voice1 is capable ( great expansion1 if good habits ( tone-production are foll[$4 ,b aga9 x is well to be on ! safe side2 & *oir-boys1 :o are select$ because !y h good vocal organs1 & :o are drill$ f> m ?an s*ool *ildr51 are h>dly a crit]ion to g by4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! ?9 voice c be pu%$ & =c$4 ,good judgm5t mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 controll+ ! p[] ( voice1 or *ildr5 w /ra9 ! vocal me*anism 9 try+ to outs+ ea* o!r on high tones4 ,! "q1 ,h[ high may boys or girls s+ :o h pass$ twelve ye>s ( age & ^: voices %[ no signs ( break1 is n s v important aft] all1 = if !y h be5 well tra9$ 9 s(t tone1 no dang] ( vocal /ra9 ne$ be fe>$ ev5 if an occasional high ,a or ,b flat is /ruck4 ,! reason = ! ease ) :i* *ildr5 s+ ! high head-tones is f\nd 9 ! /ructure ( ! vocal b&s4 ,!y are ?94 ,consequ5tly1 !re is1 comp>$ to ! entire sub/ance ( ! vocal b&s1 a l>g] portion proportionately set 9 vibration ?an = ! production ( ! head-tone 9 woman's voice4 ,& :5 ! *ild-voice is s us$ t no /ra9 ( ! l>yngeal /ructure is occasion$1 t is1 :5 ! vocal ligam5ts are ex]cis$ 9 a normal mann]1 x _c b happ5 t ! muscles controll+ ! vocal b&s w increase 9 /r5g?1 & t ! b&s !mselves1 compos$ z !y are ( numb]less ela/ic fibres1 w improve 9 g5]al tone & ela/icity4 ,! sugge/ions made 9 reg>d to ! compass ( voice are1 be x said1 simply sugge/ions bas$ on exp]im5tal tea*+ & are su* z x is believ$ may be foll[$ ) safety 9 s*ool s++4 ,if !y d n squ>e ) ! music ( books & *>ts1 :y1 z be=e said1 x is a v simple matt] to give a high] key = any ex]cise1 ?an ! "o 9 :i* x is writt54 ,a sup]visor1 by m>k+ ! ex]cises 9 ! desk copy1 c ensure ! use ( ! key he desires4 ,if x is object$ t ! tones !n sung w n repres5t ! real pit* ( ! writt5 notes1 :y t is at once admitt$4 ,:at !n8 ,! idea ( tea*+ absolute pit* is a *im]a4 ,pianos are n alike 9 pit*1 nei!r are tun+-=ks4 ,classes w (t5 = "o cause or ano!r end a half tone or a tone l[] ?an !y began ev5 if ! pit* z writt5 is giv54 ,x may n be desirable to s+ 9 "o key music t is read 9 ano!r1 b x c]ta9ly is less objectionable 9 e way ?an is an unsafe use ( ! voice4 ,! correct use ( ! voice mu/ transc5d all consid]ations 9 vocal music1 & no sort ( practice :i* misuses ! vocal organs c be excus$ = a mom5t4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,position1 ,,brea?+1 ,,attack1 ,,tone ,,=mation4 ,"o way to secure good position is to require ! pupils to /&4 ,unless ! s++-p]iod directly foll[s a recess1 or ! drill 9 physical ex]cises1 ! pupils w welcome ! opportunity4 ,z soon z /&+ becomes irksome resume ! seats4 ,no fur!r direction 9 reg>d to sitt+ position is necess>y ?an t ! body %\ld be held n /iffly1 b easily erect & self-support+1 re/+ nei!r ^u ! back ( *air nor ^u ! desk 9 front4 ,a d\bl$-up1 cramp$ position is1 ( c\rse1 all wrong1 & may be avoid$ if ! pupils are p]mitt$ to alt]nate betwe5 sitt+ & /&+ positions2 b1 if requir$ to sit z sugge/$ = too long a "t1 ! rule w soon be honor$ m 9 ! brea* ?an 9 ! obs]vance4 ,?is br+s u to ! consid]ation ( ,brea?+1 = ! latt] 9 its relations to vocalization dep5ds mu* ^u position4 ,! brea? is ! motive p[] ( ! voice 9 spee* or song1 & ! fundam5tal importance ( manag+ x aright has be5 und]/ood by e tea*] ( voice s9ce ! "t ( ,porpora4 ,h[ = s++ purposes brea? %all be tak51 h[ exhal$1 h[ manag$ 9 %ort1 is n yet entirely settl$ & presumably nev] w be1 = p are n born wise1 & "s nev] acquire wisdom1 ( :om a few tea* music4 ,br[ne & ,behnke1 9 ,voice1 ,song1 & ,spee*1 p4 #ach-adb1 describe ! process ( brea?+ z foll[s3 ,!re are ?ree ways ( c>ry+ on ! process ( respiration1 namely1 midriff brea?+1 rib-brea?+1 & coll>-bone brea?+4 ,^! ?ree ways are n :olly indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,!y ov]lap or p>tly ext5d into "o ano!r4 ,nev]!less1 !y are suffici5tly di/9ct & x is a g5]al & conv5i5t practice to give to ea* a sep>ate "n1 accord+ to ! means by :i* x is *iefly call$ into exi/5ce4 ,! comb9$ =ms ( midriff & ( rib-brea?+ con/itute ! "r way1 & coll>-bone brea?+ is totally wrong & vici\s1 & %\ld n 9 a /ate ( heal? be made "u any circum/ances4 ,:5 enl>g+ our *e/s by ! desc5t ( ! midriff1 we inflate our lungs :]e !y are l>ge/ & :]e consequ5tly we c get ! l>ge/ am\nt ( air into !m4 ,:5 exp&+ our *e/s by rais+ ! %\ld]s & coll>-bones1 we inflate ! lungs :]e !y are smalle/ & :]e1 consequ5tly1 we get ! smalle/ am\nt ( air into !m4 ,! crit]ion ( correct inspiration is an increase ( size ( ! abdom5 & ! l[] "p ( ! *e/4 ,:oev] draws 9 ! abdom5 & raises ! upp] "p ( ! *e/ brea!s wrongly4 ,9 normal brea?+ ! body at inspiration increases 9 gir? at ! wai/1 & ! abdom5 moves slightly outw>d z ! visc]a are =c$ d[nw>d by ! desc5t ( ! diaphragm4 ,! diaphragm is a l>ge muscle :i* s]ves z a p>tition betwe5 ! ?orax or *e/-cavity & ! abdom54 ,:5 relax$ its middle portion is ext5d$ upw>d into ! *e/-cavity1 pres5t+ a concave surface to ! abdom54 ,at inspiration x contracts1 desc5d+ s z to assume v ne>ly a plane figure4 ,at expiration ! process is rev]s$1 ! diaphragm relaxes & ! abdom9al visc]a1 releas$ f its pressure & =c$ by ! abdom9al muscles :i* contract z ! diaphragm relaxes1 moves upw>d & inw>d4 ,?is k9d ( brea?+ 9 :i* ! muscul> contraction ( ! diaphragm calls 9 op]ation atmosph]ic pressure1 supplies ! body1 :5 tranquil1 ) ne>ly or q en\gh air4 ,:5 = any reason a l>g] quantity ( air is dem&$1 x may be secur$ by rais+ ! ribs1 !reby increas+ ! *e/-cavity4 ,9 s++1 ! brea? mu/ be manag$ s t ! air pass+ ?r\gh ! l>ynx at expiration %all be set into vibration at ! vocal b&s4 ,expiration1 !n1 :i* ord9>ily occurs v quickly mu/ be ret>d$ by sl[ly relax+ ! muscles :i* contract at inspiration4 ,at ! same "t ! ?roat mu/ be op51 & ! muscles surr\nd+ ! resonance cavities relax$ to all[ free movem5t ( ! s\nd-waves set up at ! vocal b&s4 ,any upw>d movem5t ( ! %\ld]s & *e/ at inspiration involv+ ! contraction ( _m p[]ful muscles ( back & neck w occasion a /iff5+ ( ! ?roat1 :i* prev5ts free vibration ( ! vocal b&s & s]i\sly int]f]es ) ! resonance ( tone4 ,! conclusion ( ! :ole matt] is1 t 9 s++ we %\ld take brea? exactly z 9 ! ord9>y quiet respiration1 & avoid any lift+ ( ! %\ld]s4 ,?is is at lea/ en\gh to say to a class ( *ildr5 ^u ! subject4 ,! means adopt$ 9 education %\ld be z simple & direct z possible4 ,x w be f\nd unnecess>y to say v mu* ab\t brea?+ 9 deal+ ) classes ( *ildr54 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! mom5t ! subject is broa*$ & ! direction take a good brea? or a simil> "o giv51 ea* *ild w draw up ! *e/ & %\ld]s prep>$ = a mighty ef=t2 :ile1 if no?+ is said ab\t x1 position alone be+ att5d$ to1 ! brea?+ w be all "r4 ,& aga91 :ile adult s+]s = v>i\s reasons1 "o ( :i* may be ! supposition t ! m en]gy put =? ! bett] ! tone1 (t5 pres5t !mselves to ! voice-tea*] ) a f9e assortm5t ( bad brea?+-habits1 *ildr51 on ! contr>y1 are s5t to s*ool at s "y an age t a little wat*fulness on ! "p ( ! tea*] only is necess>y to avoid improp] ways ( tak+ brea? & e/abli% good habits4 ,if "y *ildr51 !n1 are n p]mitt$ to raise ! %\ld]s1 !y w p]=ce brea! prop]ly4 ,x seems inadvisable also to give any in/ruction reg>d+ ! emission ( air f ! lungs 9 s++4 ,none b cultivat$ s+]s1 aft] long practice & ?r\gh a complete comm& ( ! muscles conc]n$1 c vocalize all ! air at ! vocal b&s4 ,! absolute purity ( tone :i* is ?us secur$ is a result t may or may n be rea*$ 9 any p>ticul> case4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! m5tal & physical organization ( ! pupil z well z ^u ! me?od ( ! tea*]4 ,ex]cises :i* are adapt$ to ! =mation ( good brea?+-habits are mu* m to ! po9t 9 practical tea*+ ?an ef=ts at explanation4 ,!re=e1 a few h9ts are giv51 :i*1 x is hop$1 may be ( practical value1 = x is v important t good brea?+-habits be =m$ 9 s*ool s++4 ,! *ange 9 /ructure :i* ! l>ynx und]goes at pub]ty1 demoli%+ z x does ! boy-voice1 & r5d]+ ( no avail ! tra9+ ( *ildhood 9 s f> z x affects ! l>ynx1 does n ext5d 9 its effects to ! brea?+-app>atus4 ,s1 a habit ( brea?-managem5t1 good or bad1 =m$ 9 s*ool may cont9ue ?r\gh adult life4 ,special brea?+-ex]cises are sometimes recomm5d$1 b _! efficacy may be d\bt$1 ev5 if ! l5g? ( "t devot$ to ! music lesson p]mits !m4 ,! incl9ation ( pupils 9 su* ex]cises is to raise ! *e/ & fill ! lungs too full ( air4 ,! result is too mu* air pressure at ! vocal b&s1 & a /iff5+ ( ?roat & jaw muscles4 ,! tone !n w be l\d2 9 fact1 /rong pressure ( air at ! vocal b&s is almo/ sure to =ce !m into ! fulle/ vibration2 t is1 into ! ?ick regi/]1 &1 z a result ( contract$ ?roat1 ! tone w be p9*$1 or ?roaty4 ,x is recogniz$1 h[ev]1 t x is j z easy to tea* good habits ( brea?+ z bad4 ,?is ex]cise may occasionally be giv53 ,! pupils fir/ /&+1 %\ld]s well set1 b ) no pu%+ out ( *e/1 place h&s at ! wai/ s t ! movem5ts ( normal brea?+ may be felt4 ,n[ let ! pupils take a little brea? quickly4 ,! movem5t at ! wai/ mu/ be outw>d & d[nw>d1 nev] inw>d1 at inspiration4 ,! brea? may be held a few seconds by keep+ ! wai/ exp&$-- keep+ an imag9>y belt fill$1 = in/ance-- & !n let g by relax+ at ! wai/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is any /iff5+ ( ! ?roat1 z if x 7 ?\ght to cork up ! air 9 ! lungs1 ! object ( ! ex]cise1 9 s f> z x relates to ! =mation ( good brea?+-habits suitable = easy vocalization1 is defeat$4 ,e tea*] mu/ use 8 judgm5t 9 ?is matt] ( brea?-managem5t 9 s++4 ,if pupils are1 unguid$1 us+ correct1 easy me?ods1 !re is !n no ne$ to int]f]e4 ,if "s are incl9$ to take too mu* brea? & lift ! %\ld]s1 a few h9ts may put !m on ! "r track4 ,l\d s++ & _h brea?+-habits g toge!r4 ,if ! fir/ is desir$1 ! lungs mu/ "w at full capacity1 & h>d bl[+ f ! lungs =ces ! voice4 ,on ! contr>y1 s(t s++ promotes quiet habits ( brea?+2 &1 if ! pressure ( air at ! l>ynx is mod]ate1 s(t tone is possible4 ,if ?91 s(t s++ alone be all[$1 quiet deep brea?+ w be practic$ in/9ctively4 ,! easy control ( ! muscles ^: relaxation p]mits ! exhalation ( air f ! lungs is1 z already said1 ga9$ by _! prop] ex]cise 9 speak+ & s++1 = ! same me*anism is call$ into op]ation 9 spee* z 9 song4 ,9 *ildhood ! lungs c nei!r hold z mu*1 nor reta9 x s long & easily z 9 adult life4 ,!re is no bett] way1 p]haps1 to acquire ! ability to regulate ! air-pressure at ! vocal b&s ?an by s(t1 su/a9$ s++4 ,! cont9u\s tone describ$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 secur$ 9 scale drill by lett+ ea* *ild brea! at w1 is an excell5t ex]cise = develop+ good brea?+-habits4 ,z !re is no n]v\s t5sion :atev]1 ea* pupil w naturally su/a9 tone until ! ne$ ( ano!r brea? is felt1 :5 x w be tak5 quickly & ! tone at once resum$4 ,to sum up3 ,sit or /& 9 good position1 ! *e/ nei!r pu%$ out nor 9 a /ate ( collapse4 ,avoid any1 ev5 ! slighte/1 upw>d movem5t ( ! %\ld]s4 ,po9t out ! movem5ts at wai/ occurr+ at inspiration & at expiration if necess>y1 n o!rwise4 ,let ! brea? be tak5 quickly1 n too mu* at a "t1 & z (t5 z ne$ be1 & s+ s(tly4 ,attack4 ,! beg9n+ ( ea* tone is call$ attack4 ,! common faults ( attack 9 class-s++ are slid+ to ! pit* in/ead ( /rik+ x accurately1 & beg9n+ to s+ ) ! m\? /ill clos$1 or only p>tly op54 ,:5 ! attack pres5ts ! comb9$ effects ( ^! two common habits1 a q reali/ic cat]waul is ! result4 ,bo? faults may be g5]ally ov]come or prev5t$ by call+ att5tion to !m4 ,good m5tal att5tion is ! mo/ infallible cure = slov5ly habits ( attack4 ,x may be t !re are 9 all s*ools a c]ta9 proportion ( ! pupils :o h v weak & imp]fect vocal organs2 9 _! cases1 ev5 good att5tion _c ov]come physical inability4 ,9 repose ! vocal b&s are sep>at$ to all[ ! free passage ( air to & f ! lungs4 ,at phonation ! b&s are drawn t[>d ea* o!r1 meet+ j z x comm5ces4 ,!re ne$ be no prelim9>y escape ( air4 ,also ! resonance cavities above %\ld be op51 t ! vibrations g5]at$ at ! vocal b&s may f9d expansion & resonance4 ,! m\? & ?roat %\ld !n be op5$ a mom5t be=e tone is attack$1 :51 if ! pit* to be sung is cle>ly pictur$ 9 ! m9d1 bo? ! slide & hum w be avoid$4 ,tone-,=mation4 ,beauty ( tone implies abs5ce ( disagreeable qualities1 & fre$om f unpleasant s\nds4 ,faulty tones are call$ nasal1 guttural1 palatal1 ?roaty1 muffl$1 & s on1 ! peculi> timbre ( ea* sugge/+ ! "n4 ,if ! ?roat is relax$1 & if ! s(t p>ts ( ! vocal tube ly+ betwe5 ! l>ynx & ! tee? are kept out ( ! way1 mo/ ( ! disagreeable qualities ( voice enum]at$ disappe>4 ,c]ta9 requisites are necess>y to good tone-=mation4 ,fir/1 a movable l[] jaw4 ,x is a/oni%+ t s _m ( "y & old w1 :5 !y wi% to op5 ! m\? = song1 try to keep x clos$4 ,p>adoxical z ! /atem5t is1 x nev]!less describes a v common ph5om5on-- ! fix$ jaw1 x may be call$4 ,z soon z ! tee? are p>t$ slightly1 ! muscles ( ! face & neck :i* control ! movem5t ( ! l[] jaw contract1 hold+ x 9 a fix$ position1 & incid5tally tight5+ ! muscles ( ! ?roat until ! l>ynx is 9 a grip z ( rubb] b&s4 ,! m\? mu/ n be held op5 z if ! jaws 7 pri$ ap>t4 ,x is op5$ by ! relaxation ( ! clos+ muscles & %\ld hang by its own weight1 z x 74 ,if !n ! l[] jaw drops easily1 & ) no accompany+ muscul> contraction ( face or ?roat1 ! tone may be =m$ or %ap$ well =w>d 9 ! m\?1 unless ! s(t p>ts ref]r$ to ob/ruct x4 ,^! s(t p>ts are ! tongue & ! s(t-palate4 ,! s(t-palate is a /ructure :i* hangs f ! po/]ior edge ( ! h>d-palate4 ,! uvula1 ! pill>s ( ! palate1 & ! tonsils are p>ts ( ! /ructure4 ,! tongue :i*1 :5 ! m\? is clos$1 ne>ly fills x1 %\ld 9 vocalization lie z mu* out ( ! way z is possible4 ,if ! tip be press$ aga9/ ! l[] tee? & its sides ^u ! mol>s1 x =ms a floor to ! cavity ( ! m\?4 ,if ! tip turns t[>d ! ro( ( ! m\?1 or if x is drawn back & "u1 s z to ar* ! tongue1 tone is s]i\sly int]f]$ )1 :ile if ! root ( ! tongue is drawn backw>d1 ! tone is %ut 94 ,if ! s(t-palate is n rais$ 9 s++1 ! tone is div]t$ into ! cavities ( ! nose1 & t color giv5 to ! tone call$ nasal4 ,if ! l[] jaw is held too high1 ! tone is aga9 =c$ ?r\gh ! nose4 ,a nasal quality c be modifi$ by op5+ ! m\?4 ,! muffl$ voice is sometimes ! result ( ! tongue's unruly behavior4 ,! ?roaty1 p9*$ voice1 due to a /iff & p9*$ ?roat1 w h>dly appe> if good conditions z reg>ds position1 brea?+1 s(t tone1 op5 m\?1 etc41 are ma9ta9$4 ,! tone %\ld n be swall[$ nor1 on ! o!r h&1 bl[n out ( ! m\?4 ,x %\ld be =m$ 9 ! m\? & kept vibrat+ )9 x4 ,:5 ! "r conditions are hit ^u1 ! tone seems to s+ itself4 ,:e!r s(t or l\d1 ! tone %\ld fill ! m\?1 s to speak4 ,x mu/ n[ be rememb]$ t beauty ( tone improves along ) gr[? ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,enc\rage discrim9ation 9 tone-quality & help 9 any way advisable ! gr[? ( good ideals1 & v]ily %alt ?\ be rew>d$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,v[els1 ,,consonants1 ,,articulation4 ,s\nd-vibrations g5]at$ at ! l>ynx are modifi$ z to _! =m1 by ! size & %ape ( ! resonat+ cavities ( ! m\? & ph>ynx4 ,?r\gh ! movem5ts ( ! s(t-palate1 tongue1 l[] jaw & lips1 ! %ape & size ( ! m\? c1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 be *ang$ at w4 ,z e v[el-s\nd requires a peculi> =m ( ! resonat+ cavity = its production1 x w be easily und]/ood t ea* v[el-s\nd ( :i* ! human voice is capable c be made by a prop] adju/m5t ( ! movable p>ts ( ! vocal organs4 ,z all s++-tone is vocal or v[el 9 its "*1 ! production ( ! v>i\s v[el-s\nds takes prec$5ce 9 ! /udy ( vocal music4 ,j h[ mu* ( ?is /udy c be c>ri$ on 9 s*ool music w dep5d ^u circum/ances1 ! *ief ( :i* is ! "t assign$ = music4 ,x is v easy to sugge/ t if ! "t giv5 is n en\gh1 t long] lesson p]iods be dem&$2 b x is q probable t1 ow+ to ! pressure ( elaborate c\rses ( /udy1 ! reque/ w\ld be seldom grant$4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 = ^? 9 *>ge ( s*ool music to exp$ite _! "w by means ( simple & direct me?ods4 ,ea* division ( ! music "w mu/ be c>ri$ s z to secure unity ( result4 ,! vocal drill1 oral or writt51 w tra9 ! eye & e> = sight-s++1 & ! sight-s++ be a practical application ( correct vocal drill4 ,! /udy & practice ( ! diff]5t v[el-s\nds mu/ !n fit 9 ) ! s*eme ( /udy4 ,! practice ( s++ ! v[els by "n z1 a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 is n to be recomm5d$1 z only "o1 namely e1 /&s = a s+le s\nd-elem5t2 nor is x probable t ! results w ju/ify ext5sive drill ^u ! m obscure v[el-elem5ts1 if ! t]m may be appli$ to ^? s\nds :i* are diff]5tiat$ only slightly f ! m pron\nc$ v[el-s\nds4 ,!re are "s tw5ty v[el-s\nds t are us$ 9 ,engli% spee*1 b = v>i\s reasons a less numb] are employ$ 9 song4 ,=1 :ile x is desirable to give to ea* ^w & syllable its correct v[el-s\nd 9 s++1 ^? :i* are unfavorable to good tone are usually approximat$ to ! s\nd ( ^? m favorable to good tone4 ,if too m>k$ di/9ctions 9 ! v[el-s\nds are made by ! s+]1 ! result is disagreeable2 :ile if ! voice pres]ves a simil> hue or tone-color ?r\gh\t1 ! effect is pleas+4 ,! li/5] is unaw>e ( ! slight deviations f ! spok5 v[el-s\nd :i* ! s+] makes1 t ! requirem5ts ( tonal beauty may be met4 ,x is advisable 9 v[el-practice to avoid lett]s or symbols :i* repres5t two s\nds1 an initial & a vani%2 & to use simple v[el elem5ts in/ead4 ,! comb9ations ( diff]5t elem5ts repres5t$ by c]ta9 lett]s & diph?ongs may easily be expla9$ :5 !y appe> 9 ! words ( a song1 if1 inde$1 ! /udy ( phonics has n already cle>$ away all difficulties4 ,9 s++1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to und]/& :i* ( ! two s\nds1 ! initial or ! vani%1 is to be su/a9$4 ,9 -a1 = in/ance1 :i* is ehe1 if ! vani% e is su/a9$ 9 a ^w l day ! effect is deh-ee4 ,! fir/ s\nd %\ld be su/a9$1 & ! vani% e be he>d only slightly z ! m\? p>tly closes at ! end ( ! tone4 -,i1 aga91 :i* is equival5t to ahe1 is (t5 sung by prolong+ ! e in/ead ( ! initial ah1 z light--li-eet4 -,o is a comp\nd s\nd -o-o-o1 b ! t5d5cy to s+ ! fir/ s\nd %ort & prolong ! second is v slight usually4 ,o1 !n1 c be us$ to repres5t a simple elem5t4 -,u1 :i* equals eoo1 is be/ sung by mak+ ! initial s\nd %ort & ! vani% ! long] tone4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ( ! five v[el names1 a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 e only /&s = "o s\nd1 ?\gh ! two s\nds ( o are s closely alli$ t ! vani% is (t5 imp]ceptible4 ,! s\nd ( -a 9 7at is ! mo/ unfavorable s\nd = song 9 ! language1 & ^? extremely consi/5t s+]s :o wi% to use x c d s4 ,! nasal twang ( ,yanke$om is a plant t ne$s no n\ri%+4 ,its roots are gr[n wide & deep2 s mu* s1 t ^? :o love x ne$ n fe> t x w p9e away & die1 if x be>s no fruit ( song1 b only t ( spee*4 ,! s\nd ( 7a w survive ev5 if x is unus$ 9 song4 ,x %\ld 9 s++ be broad5$ ne>ly to ! s\nd ( ah4 ,a numb] ( simple elem5ts are sugge/$ :i* may be us$ 9 v>i\s ways 9 vocal drill4 ,!y are -e1 7i1 7e1 3a1 a31 -o1 7oo4 ,or -e 7z 9 be71 7i 7z 9 x71 eh1 ah1 aw1 -o 7z 9 g71 7oo4 ,! v[el-elem5ts rema9+ are ea* s closely alli$ to "s ( ^? indicat$ t ! attempt to diff]5tiate !m f ! above 9 v[el-drill is h>dly wor? :ile4 ,9 fact1 ! use ( 7i-- i z 9 x-- may be omitt$ if pupils h le>n$ to s+ -e ) fair bread? ( s\nd1 & oo may be dropp$ 9 grades above ! prim>y4 ,x is ! f9al s\nd ( -o1 z be=e said4 ,?is leaves five v[el-elem5ts4 ,e4 ,?is v[el is (t5 badly sung1 & its =m is none too favorable to good tone ev5 :5 made z l>ge z di/9ctness w all[4 ,! lips mu/ be drawn a little away f ! tee? z 9 a smile1 b don't ov]do x1 & ! tee? slightly p>t$4 ,! lips %\ld n be drawn back1 expos+ ! tee? & gums1 nor %\ld !y be contract$ & press$ aga9/ ! tee?4 ,9 e & 9 all v[el s++ ! lips %\ld be relax$1 n contract$1 & kept ab\t z f> f ! tee? z !y are 9 repose4 ,if ! op5+ ( ! m\?1 t is1 if ! cavity back ( ! tee? is kept too small & n>r[1 ! tone w be nasal & twangy4 ,! m\? mu/ be op5$ en\gh to p]mit purity ( tone & free emission4 ,! s\nd %\ld v]ge t[>d i 9 x4 ,i4 ,?is s\nd is -e broad5$4 ,! tee? may be a little f>!r ap>t ?an :5 -e is sung4 7,e or ,,eh4 ,?is is ! s\nd ( e 9 ! ^w get4 ,x is also ! initial s\nd ( ! v[el -a or long a4 ,x is true t ?is s\nd is n usually s giv51 b if -a is sung ) ?is s\nd z its initial s\nd1 & ! "o to be prolong$1 ! v be/ vocal results c be obta9$4 ,! v[el 7a is m (t5 poorly sung ?an o!rwise4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 = ! reason t comp>atively few s+]s recognize t long a /&s = two s\nds1 & t ! fir/1 :i* may be spell$ eh1 c be sung ) l>ge =m & plac$ well =w>d 9 ! m\?1 :ile ! second s\nd -e is small 9 =m1 & n adapt$ to ! f9e/ tone-effects4 ,9 s++ ?is elem5t1 ! jaw %\ld drop mu* l[] ?an = 7i & ne>ly z l[ z = ah4 3,a or ,,ah4 ,?is is ! tone univ]sally accept$ z ! be/ = voice-developm5t2 b 9 s*ool-s++ x is n p]missible to use ! voice except 9 ! lighte/ mann]1 !re=e purity ( tone mu/ cont5t our ambitions2 p[] c come lat] 9 life4 ,! m\? op5s widely = ?is tone & ! :ole ?roat is exp&$4 ,a3 or ,,aw4 ,?is elem5t is =m$ v mu* l ah4 ,x is ah broad5$ a little4 ,! jaw drops to a l[] po9t & ! m\?-cavity deep5s1 :ile at ! same "t ! ext5sion f side to side n>r[s a little4 -,o & ,,oo4 ,^! s\nds are bett] adapt$ to secur+ ! use ( ! ?9 voice1 :]e pupils h be5 accu/om$ to ! use ( ! ?ick voice1 ?an any o!r v[el-elem5t4 ,! m\? is well op5$ back ( ! lips1 :i* %\ld n be puck]$ z if to :i/le1 b relax$ in/ead4 ,9 actual practice !re may be obs]v$ a t5d5cy1 m or less m>k$1 b pretty sure to manife/ itself if practice on "o s\nd is cont9u$ too long at a "t1 to deviate f any "o t[>d "s o!r v[el-elem5t1 z 7i to -e1 eh to 7i1 ah to er or er or uh1 aw to uh1 -o to oo4 ,if ?is t5d5cy to deviate f ! "r tone be p]mitt$1 ! mo/ slov5ly habits w be =m$1 & all di/9ctions 9 v[el-s\nd disappe>4 ,v[el-practice _h bett] be omitt$ f class-"w unless c>efully & consci5ti\sly taught4 ,if ! c\rse ( music embraces drill ^u scales1 v[el-practice may be incorporat$ into ! c\rse easily4 ,= in/ance1 ! drill outl9$ ^u p4 #gj may "o day be giv5 ) e = a few mom5ts1 !n ) o4 ,on ano!r day ! drill may be ^u ah1 foll[$ by eh1 & s on4 ,x is unnecess>y to p>ticul>ize4 ,e tea*] w at once see h[ to apply practically v[el-s++ to 8 music c\rse4 ,! ex]cises & songs may be sung ) v[el-s\nds4 ,ne>ly all books advise ! use ( la1 lo1 etc41 9 vocal ex]cises2 b :ile t me?od ( s++ is unobjectionable1 ! vocalization ( solfeggii1 x may be obs]v$1 is e/abli%$ by ! sanction ( "t & ! exp]i5ce ( ?\s&s ( voice-tra9]s ! _w ov]4 ,! advantages :i* fl[ f vocaliz+ ex]cises & songs on a s+le v[el-s\nd are too _m to be describ$ 9 a ^w4 ,no sup]visor or tea*] ( music c af=d to use d1 re1 mi1 exclusively4 ,ano!r class ( ex]cises is n[ sugge/$ :i* may be sung ^u "o brea?4 ,!y w be f\nd especially adapt$ to develop flexibility & a ready adju/m5t ( ! movable p>ts ( ! vocal tube to ! positions suit$ to ! =mation ( ! diff]5t v[el-s\nds4 ,if ?ree s\nds are us$ z "h giv51 !y mu/ be sung q sl[ly1 ! *ange f "o s\nd to ! next be+ made by a quick1 easy *ange ( position ( ! jaw1 tongue1 etc41 b )\t int]rupt+ ! cont9uity ( ! tone4 ,suffici5t pause to obta9 a new brea? mu/ be made at ! end ( ea* gr\p1 & ! m\? op5$ prop]ly = ! production ( ! fir/ s\nd ( ! next gr\p be=e x is attack$4 ,! "t %\ld be ,music3 f' f' f' sung on o1 e1 o q sl[ & z 9 illu/ration1 or ! brea? w n be us$1 & at ea* succe$+ gr\p ( tones ! lungs w become too full ( air4 ,! attack w !n be explosive1 & ! tone too l\d1 if1 inde$1 ! ef=t to control ! brea? does n contract & p9* ! ?roat4 ,eight gr\ps are giv5 = asc5d+ a scale & eight = desc5d+3 -o -e -o -o -e 7i -o 7i -o -o -e oo -o ah -o o ah e -o eh -o -o ah eh -o aw -o -o ah aw -o -e eh -o ah 7i -o -e ah -o ah oo -o -e aw -o eh -e ,x w be obs]v$ t a c]ta9 sy/em ( arrangem5t ( ! v[el-elem5ts is foll[$4 ,fir/1 !re are five gr\ps1 ( :i* o is ! fir/ & la/ s\nd1 ! o!rs be+ plac$ betwe54 ,!n o is ! fir/ tone ) e z ! second1 ! o!r s\nds 9 turn end+ ! gr\p4 ,next ah is ! second s\nd1 !n eh1 i1 oo & ah might be us$ z ! second v[el-elem5t1 mak+ ?irty-five comb9ations ) o z ! initial s\nd ( ea* gr\p4 ,! same numb] ( comb9ations c be made ) ah z ! fir/ tone1 & s on ) ea* ( ! sev5 v[el-elem5ts4 ,sixte5 ( ^! gr\ps1 *ang$ f "t to "t z may be desir$1 c be writt5 ^u ! blackbo>d & sung by ! class 9 ! way set =?1 ! tea*] mean:ile keep+ "t = & direct+ ! class4 ,x may be obs]v$ 9 ?is connection1 t1 z ! voice asc5ds 9 pit*1 !re is a t5d5cy to bl5d ! v>i\s v[el-s\nds into "o s\nd4 ,z ! tones gr[ high] ! s\nd-waves are focus$ at high] po9ts ^u ! h>d-palate1 ! s\nd+-bo>d ( ! resonance cavities1 & m difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 m\ld+ ^! s\nd-waves into ! =ms *>act]i/ic ( ! diff]5t v[el-elem5ts4 ,z ! p>ts conc]n$ 9 tone-=mation ga9 9 flexibility1 ! result appe>s 9 ! ease ) :i* ! alt]ations 9 %ape ( ! resonance tube are made at high] pit*es4 ,fads & devices :i* div]t att5tion f ! subject & ret>d r ?an accel]ate ! progress ( pupils are common en\gh 9 s*ools1 b ! foll[+ simple illu/rations ( diff]5t v[el-=ms may be f\nd useful3 ,illu/ration3 m\? %apes -e 7i eh m\? %apes ah aw o oo ,! base l9e repres5ts ! floor or base ( ! m\?-cavity1 & ! ar*1 ! height & wid? ( ! m\? = ea* s\nd2 ! dep? is n indicat$4 ,! wid? ( ! m\? f side to side is repres5t$ z greate/ 9 -e1 7i & eh1 :ile ! height is great] 9 ah & aw1 o is pictur$ z ne>ly r\nd1 & oo ! same1 only small4 ,x is n cont5d$ t ^! diagrams picture ! actual =m assum$ by ! resonance cavities v accurately4 ,! v>i\s positions :i* ! tongue & ! s(t-palate assume are n %[n at all1 nor1 p]haps1 is x necess>y2 = if ! pupil is taught to drop ! l[] jaw to ! "r position = ea* s\nd1 & to keep ! tongue prone 9 ! m\?1 a m5tal picture ( ea* tone w be =m$1 & ! ?\ght w regulate ! action4 ,:5 ! pupil c ?9k ! s\nd desir$1 ! conditions = its =mation w be met by ! vocal organs4 ,! usefulness ( diagrams w !n cease4 ,consonants & ,articulation4 ,consonants are ! bones ( spee*4 ,by means ( consonants we articulate our words2 t is1 we give !m jo9ts4 ,we utt] v[els1 we articulate consonants4 ,if we utt] a s+le v[el-s\nd & int]rupt x by a consonant1 we get an articulation4 ,consonants1 !n1 n only give spee* its articulation or jo9ts1 b !y help words to /& & h =m1 j z a skeleton keeps ! animal f fall+ into a %apeless mass ( fle%2 !re=e1 consonants are ! bones ( spee*4 ,! consonant is ! di/+ui%+ elem5t ( human spee*4 ,man has be5 def9$ 9 v>i\s ways accord+ to v>i\s attributes1 functions & habits4 ,he might well be call$ ! consonant-us+ animal4 ,he alone ( all animals uses consonants4 ,x is ! consonant :i* makes ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! cries ( bea/s & ! spee* ( man4 --,ri*>d ,grant ,:ite4 ,consonants are n to be sung4 ,! ef=t s common among s+]s to pron\nce1 by su/a9+ consonant s\nds1 is entirely misdirect$4 ,m1 n & ng1 :i* are made by %utt+ (f ! escape ( ! air-curr5t at ei!r ! lips or ! h>d-palate1 & s =c+ x ?r\gh ! nose1 are (t5 su/a9$ to ! detrim5t ( beauty ( tone & cle> pronunciation z well4 ,articulation1 :i* is ! pronunciation ( a consonantal s\nd1 is accompli%$ by int]rupt+ ! air-curr5t1 :e!r vibratory or n1 at c]ta9 po9ts4 ,! int]ruptions are made by ! meet+ ( ! lips ) ea* o!r or ) ! tee?1 by ! tongue ) ! tee? or h>d-palate1 & ! root ( ! tongue ) ! s(t-palate4 ,! int]ruption may be complete1 z 9 p or t1 or only p>tial1 z 9 ?4 ,! s\nd ( ! consonant results f ! slight explosion or puff :i* foll[s ! recoil ( ! movable p>ts f ! po9t ( contact4 ,all consonants may = s++ purposes be consid]$ z prec$+ or foll[+ "s v[el-s\nd4 ,if prec$+1 !n aft] ! s\nd is made ! vocal organs mu/ be adju/$ at once = ! prop] =mation ( ! succe$+ v[el4 ,if ! consonant s\nd foll[s a v[el-tone1 ! movem5t ( ! vocal organs to ! int]rupt+ po9t mu/ be quick & vocalization at once cease2 = if ! v[el-s\nd is prolong$ aft] ! production ( ! consonant1 ! effect w be an add$ syllable to ! ^w z at-at-er1 up-up-pah1 etc4 ,! movem5ts ( ! organs ( spee* = bo? contact & recoil mu/ be m rapid 9 s++ to produce di/9ct articulation ?an 9 spok5 language4 ,slov5ly habits ( articulation 9 spee* w reappe> 9 song1 & ! conv]se is also true4 ,! /udy & practice ( phonics1 :i* is n[ g5]al 9 s*ools1 is ( ! highe/ practical importance 9 s++1 z well z 9 read+ or speak+4 ,z consonant s\nds _c be sung1 !y are be/ taught 9 spok5 language4 ,! application ( ! k & skill ?us ga9$ is readily appli$ to ! pronunciation ( words 9 s++4 ,if ! v[el-elem5ts h be5 c>efully practic$ 9 vocalizes1 !re w be little ef=t requir$ to secure ! correct =mation ( all ! v[el-s\nds ( words4 ,! nasal twang mu/1 h[ev]1 be ru?lessly suppress$4 ,z be=e sugge/$1 ?is w frequ5tly appe> 9 words conta9+ ! s\nd ( a z 9 at1 pa/1 fa/1 etc4 ,x is recomm5d$ t su* words be sung ) a z 9 fa!r1 or if n q z broadly1 at lea/ approa*+ ! s\nd ( ah4 ,if ! movem5ts ( ! vocal organs are quick1 flexible & )\t muscul> t5sion or /iffness1 & if ! m\? op5s nei!r too mu* nor too little = ea* v[el-s\nd1 words may be sung & und]/ood :ile beauty ( tone is n sacrific$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,mutation ,,( ,,! ,,voice4 ,! anatomical & physiological *anges :i* occur 9 ! l>ynx at pub]ty h be5 describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,physiology ( ! ,voice4 ,x may be add$ t at ?is p]iod ! resonance cavities also und]go consid]able alt]ation 9 size & =m4 ,z *ildhood is left beh9d ! individual em]ges4 ,div]g5ces 9 face1 9 =m & 9 m5tal *>act]i/ics become emphasiz$4 ,! traits ( race & family are manife/$ & self-consci\sness becomes m acute4 ,?is p]iod ( developm5t1 br++ z x does s mu* di/urbance to ! vocal organs1 is p>ticul>ly inimical to s++2 & yet public s*ool music is expect$ to produce its mo/ elaborate results 9 ^? grades :]e ! pupils are j ab\t to ent]1 or are pass+ ?r\gh ?is p]iod ( rapid gr[? & *ange4 ,! s++ 9 su* grades may be discuss$ ) ref]5ce fir/ to ! s++ ( girls & !n to t ( boys4 ,! vocal organs ( girls (t5 develop s gradually 9 size1 & ) s little conge/ion ( ! l>yngeal sub/ance1 t no av]sion is manife/$ to s++4 ,9 o!r cases ! inflam$ condition ( ! vocal organs is %[n by ! ho>s5ess :i* foll[s _! use1 & ! husk9ess ( ! s++-tone4 ,! voices ( ne>ly all dur+ ! mutation p]iod %[ m volume ( tone on ! l[] tones & evid5ces ( /ra9 at ! high] tones4 ,x is a good plan to put girls :o %[ ?roat-weakness1 *>act]i/ic ( _! age1 ^u t "p :i* requires only a m$ium range ( tones1 & to repress all incl9ation to =ce & pu% ! voice4 ,! desire :i* girls (t5 express to s+ ! upp] soprano ne$ n affect ! tea*] to any great ext5t4 ,a multitude ( /rong & con/antly-%ift+ ambitions are ?rong+ ?r\gh _! m9ds4 ,"s wi% to s+ ! highe/ "p because x seems to !m to be ! mo/ prom95t "p2 "s wi% to s+ x because !y c d s ) ! lea/ m5tal ef=t1 & s on4 ,^! :ims & wi%es mu/ be treat$ tactfully1 b if ! tea*] is sure t a c]ta9 c\rse is "r1 !re is no alt]native b to c>ry x out1 ) z little friction z may be4 ,l>ge voices1 t is1 voices t proce$ f l>ge resonance cavities1 are (t5 badly /ra9$ at ?is p]iod ( life by too l\d & too high s++4 ,x mu/ n = a mom5t be =gott5 t ! age is a critical "o = vocal ef=t1 & a /ra9 t ! adult woman's voice w endure ) app>5t impunity may produce la/+ evil effects on ! voice ( a girl ( f f\rte5 to sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,if ! requirem5ts ( ! music are su* t pit*es above ,f1 ! fif? l9e ,g clef1 mu/ be occasionally sung1 let ! voices ^u ! "p s+ lightly4 ,if "s ( ! girls are put ^u ! l[] ( ?ree p>ts1 d n let !m use ! *e/-voice1 :i* is j beg9n+ to develop1 o!rwise ?an lightly also4 ,! boy's voice may *ange f ! soprano to a light bass ( eight or twelve tones 9 compass 9 a few mon?s1 or ! *ange may ext5d ov] two or ?ree ye>s2 t is1 two or ?ree ye>s may elapse aft] ! fir/ di/9ct break be=e !re is any c]ta9ty ( vocal action 9 ! newly-acquir$ compass4 ,:5 ! voice *anges rapidly1 all s++ %\ld be /opp$4 ,really1 9 su* cases1 boys _c s+ ev5 if !y attempt to d s4 ,!y are s ho>se1 & ! pit* alt]nates s unexpect$ly betwe5 an une>?ly treble & a pret]natural bass t a boy c usually s+ only 9 monotone1 if1 ) c\rage pro( aga9/ ! ridicule occasion$ by 8 uncontrollable vocal antics1 he tries to jo9 94 ,9 ^? cases1 :]e ! l>ynx und]goes a sl[ *ange 9 gr[?1 x is (t5 possible = ! boy to s+ all ?r\gh ! p]iod ( *ange4 ,! upp] tones may be lo/1 :ile !re is a correspond+ ga9 ( l[] tones4 ,?is process1 9 _m cases1 goes on sl[ly & ) s little active conge/ion ( ! l>ynx t ! voice *anges f soprano to alto1 & !nce to t5or almo/ imp]ceptibly4 ,voices :i* *ange 9 ?is way (t5 become t5or1 b n inv>iably4 ,! "q n[ arises1 ,%\ld ^? boys :o c s+ :ile ! voice is break+ be requir$ to take "p 9 s*ool s++ ex]cises8 ,9 ,br[ne & ,behnke's "w1 ,! ,*ild ,voice1 to :i* allusion has be5 made1 !re is giv5 a resume ( #aeb replies to ! "q3 ,h y ev] kn[n ( boys be+ made to s+ ?r\gh ! p]iod ( pub]ty1 &1 if s1 ) :at result8 ,! answ]s 73 ,=ty correspond5ts h no k4 ,five ?9k ! voice is improv$ by ! exp]im5t4 ,t5 quote solit>y in/ances :]e no h>m has aris54 ,t5 "k ( ! exp]im5t hav+ be5 made1 & consid] x has caus$ no h>m to ! voice4 ,eight m5tion results s v>iable z to admit ( no conclusion4 ,sev5ty-n9e say ! exp]im5t causes c]ta9 injury1 det]ioration or ru9 to ! aft] voice1 & ( ?is numb] t5 obs]ve t !y h suff]$ disa/r\s effects 9 _! own p]son4 ,^! answ]s 7 f ,engli% *oirma/]s1 organi/s1 music tea*]s1 s+]s1 etc4 ,x w be notic$ t only fifte5 ( ^? :o give a positive op9ion ^u ! subject ?9k t boys c s+ ?r\gh ! p]iod ( break safely2 :ile sev5ty-n9e are positive t ! result is unsafe4 ,! o!r replies are vague4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t _m ( ! op9ions are ^? ( in/ructors 9 ca!dral s*ools1 :]e "o or two rehe>sals & a daily *ur* s]vice means a great deal ( s++2 :ile o!r answ]s come f *oirma/]s :o require ( _! boys equally h>d "w1 ?\gh less 9 quantity4 ,e individual voice mu/ be judg$ by itself1 if su* dem&s z *oir-s++ are made ^u x2 &1 :ile !re are "s cases1 z e *oirma/] w probably agree1 :]e no p]ceptible injury results f s++ dur+ ! *ange1 ! rule is t ev5 :5 possible1 x is v unsafe4 ,b ! daily "t giv5 to s++ 9 s*ools is v %ort2 ! "w be>s no comp>ison ) *oir-s++4 ,x might almo/ be ?\ght z necess>y to =bid read+ & talk+ dur+ ! break ( voice z to =bid its use 9 a daily drill ( fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes 9 s++4 ,c]ta9ly x is absurd to advocate entire non-use ( ! voice at ?is p]iod 9 ei!r spee* or song4 ,x is r correct to gu>d aga9/ its misuse4 ,if boys h up to ?is "t us$ only ! ?ick regi/]1 !y w 9 s++ ?r\gh ! break int5sify _! bad habits2 ?roat9ess1 h>%ness1 nasality w become *ronic4 ,?is w\ld be bad en\gh1 b ea* bad vocal habit results f ! abnormal use ( ! vocal organs1 & occasions ho>s5ess1 *ronic sore ?roat1 cat>rh1 etc4 ,x is q cu/om>y 9 s*ool music to assign ! boys to ! l[] "p1 9 "p music4 ,?is practice cont9u$ f ! "t "p-s++ beg9s 9 ! music c\rse1 compels ! boys to use ! ?ick regi/]4 ,z ! l>ynx ga9s 9 firmness f ye> to ye>1 !y exp]i5ce m & m difficulty ) _! upp] tones-- ^? ly+ f ,f to ,c4 ,hav+ us$ only ! ?ick voice 9 all _! s*ool s++1 !y "k ( no o!r1 & v likely consid] ! ?9 voice :i* !y are n[ oblig$ to use 9 s++ ! high] tones z altoge!r too girli% = ! prospective heirs ( manly bass tones4 ,! reluctance ( boys to s+ ! soprano w\ld be amus+ 7 x n1 9 ! light ( utt]ly false tra9+1 s pitiful4 ,s*ool music is educational2 its scope is controll$ by ^? 9 *>ge4 ,! public expects good educational1 r ?an %[ "w1 & employs ^? to sup]vise & tea* :o are suppos$ to "k :at good educational "w is 9 vocal music4 ,! supposition t *ildr5's voices c1 ow+ to individual diff]5ces analog\s to ^? exi/+ among adults1 be divid$ into alto & soprano voices1 is errone\s2 *ildr5 c mo/ assur$ly s+ 9 p>ts1 b ! quality ( tone :i* 9 ! woman's voice is call$ alto or contralto _c be secur$ = c]ta9 physical reasons previ\sly expla9$2 & ! use ( ! *e/-tone1 :i* resembles ! adult woman's *e/-voice z a cl>9et resembles a viola1 is :olly objectionable4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! voices h be5 tra9$ 9 ! use ( ! ?9 regi/] only1 ! managem5t ( ! boy's voice dur+ ! *ange is simplifi$2 ! influ5ce ( good vocal habits w be felt2 ! vocal b&s :i* h nev] be5 /ra9$ w respond :5 _! condition admits ( tone-production4 ,! boy :o has be5 accu/om$ to s+ ) an easy action ( ! vocal ligam5ts & ) op5 ?roat w at once become consci\s ( any unusual /ra9 or wrong adju/m5t 9 ! vocal organs4 ,if he has le>n$ to s+ well1 he has also le>n$ n to s+ badly4 ,! te/ to apply to ! subject ( boys' s++ 9 s*ool dur+ ! break may be3 ,c !y s+ )\t /ra9 or pu%8 ,c !y s+ easily1 or does x hurt8 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( humbug 9 boys t mu/ be all[$ =1 b x does n affect calculations z to _! s++-p[]s m ?an ^u _! o!r abilities1 if s++ is well taught4 ,! speak+-voice also indicates ! /ate ( ! vocal organs1 & %[s ! effect ( ! break soon] ?an does ! s++-voice4 ,if ! tones 9 spee* are /eady 9 pit*1 s++ is possible 9 all probability4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! speak+-voice is croaky & wav]+1 s++ is difficult1 if n impossible4 ,z ! object ( ! /udy ( vocal music 9 ! public s*ools1 9 s f> z x relates to ! treatm5t ( ! voice1 is to develop good vocal habits1 n bad ones1 x foll[s t if boys s+ dur+ ! break x mu/ be only ^u ^? tones :i* lie )9 _! compass at any "t1 & t ! vocal organs mu/ be us$ lightly1 & )\t /ra94 ,9 ne>ly e upp] grade room !re w be a p]c5tage ( boys ^: voices are 9 a transition /age1 "s ( :om c s+ & o!rs ( :om _c4 ,x requires judgm5t & tact to h&le ^! voices1 b if boys h sung z !y %\ld up to ?is p]iod1 & h tak5 pleasure 9 x1 ! mutual good und]/&+ betwe5 !m & _! tea*] ne$ n be di/urb$4 ,!y are likely to d _! be/4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be said1 t really x may be d\bt$ if ! common practice ( assign+ all boys1 ^: voices %[ signs ( break+1 to ! bass "p1 is "r4 ,if boys h be5 kept ^u ! l[] "p1 9 all "p s++ & h nev] us$ o!r ?an ! ?ick *e/ voice1 !n1 :5 ! voice beg9s to break up1 x may be t !y mu/ s+ bass or n s+ at all4 ,boys tra9$ 9 ?is way h nev] us$ ! soprano head regi/] & s if !y s+ alto1 x w be ) ! ?ick *e/ voice ( boyhood1 :i* w n[ be ! upp] tones ( ! develop+ man's voice4 ,s++ alto at ! mutation p]iod 9 ?is mann]1 /ra9s ! vocal b&s beyond reason1 & %\ld n "u any circum/ances be all[$4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood !n 9 :at foll[s1 t s++ alto 9 ?is1 ! *e/ voice1 ei!r be=e or dur+ ! break1 is unqualifi$ly condemn$4 ,b we w suppose n[ t boys h be5 p]mitt$ to s+ only 9 ! head regi/]1 t !y h be5 assign$ to ! upp] "p 9 "p s++1 = not)/&+ t usage is to ! contr>y1 ?is is :at %\ld be done4 ,z has already be5 sugge/$ ! voices ( girls *ange less1 & at a y\ng] age ?an d boys1 & !y beg9 to %[ weight ( tone & increas$ volume1 at an age :5 boys are at _! be/ z sopranos4 ,girls at ?is p]iod %\ld s+ ! middle & l[] p>ts1 b x mu/ be said 9 pass+ t mu* ( ! music conta9$ 9 our text-books ranges too l[ 9 pit* = !m1 or any voice except a l[ contralto or a t5or4 ,!y mu/ n be p]mitt$ to use _! voices at full /r5g?1 & special c>e %\ld be tak5 ( ^? :o at ?is age %[ ho>s5ess4 ,) girls z ) boys1 ! *ange is accompani$ ) p]iods ( great relaxation ( ! vocal b&s1 & dur+ ^! p]iods ! s++ tone is ei!r v light1 or v l\d4 ,return+ to ! subject ( treatm5t ( boys' voices dur+ mutation1 & premis+ t !y h sung only 9 ! head voice dur+ *ildhood1 ! "q arises :e!r !y are n 9 _m cases set to s++ bass prematurely4 ,x is obvi\s t dur+ ?is p]iod ! voice is actually brok51 divid$ 9 two4 ,! l[] notes are produc$ 9 ! *e/ or man's regi/]1 :ile m or less ( ! boy's voice rema9s z upp] tones4 ,^! tones1 by ! way1 nev] are lo/1 !y rema9 z ! falsetto or head voice ( ! man4 ,n[ ! vibratory action ( ! vocal ligam5ts is mu* l>g] = ! *e/ voice ?an = ! head1 or z we ord9>ily call x1 ! falsetto4 ,!re is !n no "q t dur+ mutation a boy c conf9e himself to ! use ( 8 old voice1 or s mu* ( x z is available at any "t ) v little /ra94 ,! tone w be light1 9 fact1 dur+ ! active p]iods ( l>yngeal gr[? :i* *>act]ize mutation1 !re w p]haps be no voice at all1 ow+ to ! conge/ion ( ! p>ts1 b 9 ! p]iods ( re/ sep>at+ ! p]iods ( gr[?1 ! vocal b&s w respond4 ,! compass ( ! head voice at ?is "t v>ies l>gely1 b x corresponds pretty closely to t ( ! second soprano1 9 ?ree "p ex]cises1 or f ,c to ,c4 ,if x is attempt$ to c>ry ! voice d[n x *anges to ! *e/ regi/] unless us$ v lightly4 ,)\t attempt+ !n to lay d[n positive rules = treat+ a voice :i* consi/s ( fragm5ts ( voices1 ! above sugge/ions are made 9 ! hope t !y may receive ! consid]ation ( tea*]s & musicians4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,alto ,,voice ,,9 ,,male ,,*oirs4 ,! sugge/ions ( ! prec$+ *apt]s are address$ directly to ^? :o tea* vocal music 9 public or private s*ools1 b ! g5]al pr9ciples & rules are equally applicable to ! tra9+ ( soprano *oir boys4 ,! results 9 beauty & p[] ( tone :i* may be obta9$ f c>efully select$ *oir boys c seldom be equall$ 9 ! s*ool-room1 fir/1 because tra9+ is requir$ to develop voices 9 /r5g? & purity ( tone1 & ! "t devot$ g5]ally to s*ool s++1 "o h\r a week possibly1 is no m ?an t giv5 to a s+le rehe>sal ( *ori/]s4 ,aga9 s*ool s++ includes all memb]s ( ! class1 & :ile x is true t !re may be b few pupils 9 ea* room :o _c s+1 yet !re are likely to be "s4 ,^! voices1 :i* we call monotones disappe> almo/ entirely :5 pupils are tra9$ to use ! head voice4 ,/ill1 !re is a p]c5tage 9 e class 9 s*ool1 ^: inh]it$ musical p]ceptions are v feeble1 & _! sl[ness _c b ret>d ! g5]al progress4 ,_m ( ! difficulties t beset ! tea*] ( music 9 s*ools1 !n1 are elim9at$ at ! />t by ! *oir tra9]1 :5 he selects boys ) good voices1 :o s+ 9 tune naturally4 ,! increase 9 ! numb] ( ve/$ *oirs 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 v rapid dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 & =tunately1 ! ideas :i* h prevail$ among ! majority ( *oir-ma/]s on ! subject ( ! boy voice1 h be5 j4 ,?is is easily und]/ood :5 we reflect t we h made ! be/ ,engli% /&>ds our ideal4 ,! leav5 ( s\nd doctr9e on ! boy voice is work+ rapidly1 & !re are _m *oirs bo? 9 our l>ge & small cities t are excell5t examples ( well-tra9$ soprano boys4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o problem ( male *oir tra9+ :i* is n yet satisfactorily solv$1 at lea/ x is tr\blesome to ^? *oirs :i* h a small or mod]ate appropriation = music4 ,boy sopranos are pl5tiful1 basses & t5ors are easily obta9$1 b good male altos1 m51 n boys1 are almo/ unkn[n outside ( a few l>ge cities4 ,?is /ate ( affair has l$1 9 _m cases1 to ! employm5t ( boys z altos1 & !y h ( c\rse sung ) ! ?ick or *e/ voice4 ,x is an unmanageable & unmusical voice1 x is h>%1 unsympa!tic1 h>d to keep 9 tune1 its pres5ce 9 a *oir is a con/ant m5ace to ! soprano tone1 & 7 x n = ! idea t !re is no rec\rse f ?is voice1 save 9 ! employm5t ( woman altos1 x w\ld n be tol]at$ by musicians4 ,!re is a rec\rse1 h[ev]1 & x is at ! comm& ( e *oir tra9] ^: sopranos h be5 taught to s+ ) ! head voice alone4 ,x is to select c]ta9 sopranos1 & :5 ! voice breaks1 let !m pass to ! alto "p1 & cont9ue to use ! head voice4 ,! objection :i* w naturally occur1 is1 t no s++ %\ld be p]mitt$ dur+ ! break4 ,well1 let u consid]4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* ! voice1 9 common p>lance1 is break+1 is a p]iod ( l>yngeal gr[?1 j z inevitable & natural1 z is ! gr[? ( ! body g5]ally4 ,! voice may be fractur$1 b ! l>ynx is n4 ,e *oir tra9] mu/ h obs]v$ ! prelim9>ies to ?is p]iod4 ,a boy = in/ance1 %[s all at once a sudd5 increase ( volume & f9ds x difficult to s+ unless q l\dly or s(tly4 ,?is %[s t ! vocal b&s are relax$4 ,foll[+ ?is1 ! speak+ voice w l[] 9 pit*1 & %[ ho>s5ess at times4 ,z soon ?\gh1 z ?is ho>s5ess passes away1 t is1 :5 ! conge/ion at ! l>ynx has pass$1 ! voice is bett] p]haps ?an be=e4 ,!n comes ano!r break1 z we say1 t is1 a p]iod ( sore ?roat & ho>s5ess4 ,aft] ?is has pass$1 x may be t ! boy has lo/ 8 upp] notes1 b c s+ ! l[] ones ) ease2 ! tone too1 is *ang$ 9 timbre4 ,x has ! color ( ! man's head voice2 or x may be t ! boy c /ill s+ 8 high notes1 b t ! l[] ones are unc]ta94 ,voice mutation is n "o cont9u\s p]iod ( gr[? ( vocal b&s & l>yngeal c>tilages4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! p]iods ( vocal di/urbance are sep>at$ by int]vals :5 ! ?roat is comp>atively free f irritation4 ,^! int]vals may be long or %ort4 ,x evid5tly dep5ds ^u ! rapidity or sl[ness ( ! g5]al gr[? & developm5t4 ,!re c be no d\bt n[1 t dur+ a "t :5 ! voice is unc]ta9 & ho>se f ! irritation ( ! vocal b&s & surr\nd+ p>ts1 t s++ is positively h>mful1 b dur+ ! int]vals sep>at+ ^! p]iods1 especially :]e !y ext5d1 z 9 _m cases1 ov] sev]al mon?s1 x w\ld seem t ! s++ voice might be us$4 ,ea* individual case mu/ be obs]v$ & judg$ by itself4 ,?is is entirely possible 9 *oirs4 ,if !n ! *oir-ma/] is c>eful to obs]ve & to humor ! *ang+ voice at all critical times2 if he w insi/ t ! boy s+ v lightly or n at all if x hurts him1 & if he w resolutely *eck any t5d5cy to break into ! t5or or *e/ quality1 he c tra9 9 a %ort "t a good alto =ce f 8 *oir1 & ^! "y m5 s tra9$ may become effici5t male alto s+]s4 ,x is true t 9 _m cases boys may be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! mutation p]iod1 & at ! end %[ su* light tone ^u ! falsetto or head voice z to be ( no value4 ,! /r5g? & timbre ( ! male falsetto dep5ds p>tly ^u ! "* ( ! vocal b&s & p>tly ( c\rse ^u ! size & %ape ( ! resonance cavities4 ,m5 :o h voices ( wide range & good volume 9 ! *e/ or usual s++ voice1 g5]ally possess /rong head or falsetto tones1 & x may be t soprano boys :o possess l>ge voices1 t is ^? :i* %[ volume ( tone along ) purity1 ^: resonance cavities are l>ge1 w prove to develop a bett] falsetto1 z m51 ?an ^? boys ^: voices are ?9n]4 ,"o o!r po9t rema9s to be dispos$ (4 ,w ! use ( ?is voice by y\? or adult1 injure 8 o!r voice1 be x naturally bass1 b>itone1 or t5or8 ,no1 x w n1 & yet ! av]age *oir-ma/] w mo/ assur$ly be met ) ?is objection or fe>4 ,x is surpris+ t s _m ( ^? :o are 9 ! bus9ess ( try+ to tea* voice1 %\ld be ignorant ( ! "* & range ( ! male falsetto or head voice1 b 9 spite ( ?is ignorance1 & m or less prejudice aga9/ its use1 ! fe> t by us+ x "o impairs ! tones ( ! *e/ regi/] or ! usual s++ voice1 is utt]ly unf\nd$4 ,x is produc$ ) f> less ef=t & t5sion ( ! vocal b&s ?an is ! *e/ voice1 & is physiologically p]fectly safe4 ,! me*anism :i* ! l>ynx employs to produce ! falsetto is j z natural z ! me*anism employ$ to produce ! *e/ voice4 ,t x is an unusual voice ) u is due to circum/ances ( musical developm5t4 ,! adv5t ( ! male ve/$ *oir has1 h[ev]1 creat$ a dem& = x1 & x may be met z indicat$1 by keep+ boys ^u ! head voice dur+ mutation or s mu* ( ! "t z is safe1 & aft]w>d1 :5 ! age ( adolesc5ce is pa/1 ev5 if "s pref] to s+ bass or t5or1 ! numb] ( ^? available = ! alto p>ts w be suffici5t to meet all requirem5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 deal+ z !y d ) special subjects or subdivisions ( ! ma9 topic1 ! ef=t has be5 to po9t out & to sugge/ "s ways 9 :i* good vocal habits may be taught1 & simple & effective vocal tra9+ c>ri$ on ) :atev] mat]ials !re may be at h& 9 ! %ape ( books1 *>ts1 blackbo>ds1 /aves1 etc4 ,! lead+ idea is ! correct use ( ! voice2 ! p>ticul> song or ex]cise :i* maybe sung is ( no special importance2 ! way 9 :i* x is sung is ev]y?+4 ,! b5efits ( tea*+ music read+ 9 ! s*ools are a matt] ( daily comm5t4 ,is x1 !n1 likely t ! good result+ f ! =mation ( correct habits 9 ! use ( ! voice w fail ( recognition8 ,n s4 ,= ! effect ( good vocal tra9+ 9 s*ool music w\ld be s g5]al & s b5efic5t t ev5 unfri5dly critics might be sil5c$4 ,! fir/ effect ^u s++ :5 ! ?ick tone is =bidd5 & ! attempt made to sub/itute ! use ( ! voice 9 ! ?9 or head regi/] may be disappo9t+4 ,x w seem to take away all life & vigor f ! s++4 ,tea*]s :o enjoy he>ty s++ w get n]v\s2 !y w d\bt ! value ( ! innovation4 ,9 ^? grades :]e *ildr5 range 9 age f twelve to f\rte5 ye>s1 ! app>5t loss 9 vocal p[] w disconc]t ! pupils ev54 ,nev] m9d2 ! use ( ! ?9 regi/] w demon/rate its excell5ces1 & x w1 if sl[ly yet surely1 increase 9 brilliance & tell+ quality ( tone4 ,aga91 ! compass d[nw>d ne$s to be m re/rict$ at fir/ ?an aft] ! *ildr5 h become habituat$ to its use4 ,z long z !re is any m>k$ t5d5cy to break into ! *e/-voice at c]ta9 pit*es1 ! compass %\ld be kept above !m2 z ! t5d5cy weak5s1 ! voice may ) due caution be c>ri$ to ! l[] tones1 9 high] grades be x und]/ood4 ,! tone %\ld gr[ s(t] z ! voice desc5ds :5 ! l[] notes w s\nd mell[ & sweet4 ,at fir/ !y may be q brea?y1 b z ! vocal b&s become accu/om$ to ! new action1 ! brea?9ess w disappe>4 ,"o ?+ at a "t is en\gh to attempt 9 music1 & :ile a *ange 9 ! use ( ! voice is be+ s\ght1 x may happ5 t sacrifices mu/ be made 9 o!r directions2 "p-s++1 until ! voices become equaliz$1 t is1 ( a simil> tone-quality ?r\gh\t ! entire compass1 may1 z x requires ! s++ ( tones s l[ z to occasion easy recurr5ce to ! ?ick voice1 be s antagoni/ic to ! desir$ end t x mu/ be dropp$ = a "t4 ,aft] ! use ( ! ?9 voice has become firmly e/abli%$1 "p-s++ may be resum$4 ,h[ l[ 9 pit* ! l[] "p may ) safety be c>ri$ dep5ds p>tly ^u ! age ( ! pupils2 b until ! *e/-voice beg9s to develop at pub]ty1 all "p-s++ mu/ be sung v lightly z to ! l[] "p or voice4 ,!re is a class ( pupils always to be f\nd 9 our s*ools :o _c s+ 9 tune2 !y v>y 9 ! degree ( _! inability f ^? :o c s+ only 9 monotone1 to ^? :o c s+ 9 tune :5 s++ ) ^? ^: s5se ( pit* is good1 b alone1 _c4 ,:ile ! numb] ( entire or p>tial monotone voices decreases "u daily drill & in/ruction1 yet !re always rema9s a tr\blesome few1 ins5sible to di/9ctions 9 pit*2 x is1 9 view ( ! possible improvem5t !y may make1 a difficult matt] to deal ) !m2 = if !y are =bidd5 to s+1 ! *ance to improve is d5i$ !m1 & if !y s+ & con/antly drag d[n ! pit*1 :y ! intonation ( ^? :o w\ld o!rwise s+ true is injuri\sly affect$4 ,_m :o s+ monotone :5 ! ?ick voice is us$1 d s because ! ?roat is weak & _c easily su/a9 ! muscul> /ra92 if !y are tra9$ to ! use ( ! light1 ?9 tone1 !y c s+ 9 tune4 ,aft] *ildr5 h be5 "u daily music drill = two or ?ree ye>s 9 s*ool1 if !y /ill s+ monotone1 x w\ld seem inadvisable to let !m p>ticipate ) ! class 9 s++4 ,!y d !mselves no good1 & !y c]ta9ly injure ! s++ ( ! o!rs2 =1 z be=e sugge/$1 con/ant fall+ f pit* w 9 "t dull ! musical p]ceptions ( ^? mo/ gift$ by nature4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( s*ool-life ! pupils may (t5 s+ out ( tune because ! vocal b&s & controll+ muscles are v weak4 ,x is an excell5t idea to sep>ate ! pupils into two classes3 ,fir/1 ^? :o c s+ ) reasonably good intonation2 & second1 ^? :o c s+ only a few tones1 or only "o4 ,let ! second class frequ5tly li/5 :ile ! o!rs s+4 ,!y w ?us be taught to note bo? tone & pit*1 & if any musical s5se is dormant1 ?is %\ld ar\se x2 b1 if aft] long & pati5t ef=t a pupil _c s+1 let him rema9 sil5t dur+ ! s++ p]iod4 ,e possible ef=t %\ld c]ta9ly be put =? to tea* *ildr5 to s+ 9 tune1 b yet x is n[1 & w d\btless rema9 true1 t a small p] c5t4 _c be s taught4 ,! prim>y causes ( monotone s++ may be physical or m5tal2 9 _m cases1 weak vocal organs & feeble n]v\s p[]1 9 o!rs lack ( pit*-p]ception-- tonal bl9dness4 ,! second>y causes include ! influ5ces ( environm5t & h]$ity4 ,! contempt 9 :i* music has be5 held by a portion ( ! ,engli%-speak+ p f ! "t ( ! ,re=mation until q rec5tly1 or %all we say until ev5 n[1 has made its p[]ful impress ^u op9ions1 ta/es1 & natural p[]s4 ,s++1 ) a "p ( our population1 is lit]ally a lo/ art1 lo/ ?r\gh g5]ations ( disuse4 ,x is (t5 urg$ by educators t ea* /udy mu/ help o!r /udies4 ,! v>i\s subjects :i* are taught mu/ move along1 z x 71 l ! p>ts 9 a musical composition1 dep5d5t ^u1 su/a9+1 & h>moni\s ) ea* o!r4 ,n[1 :ile x is n )9 ! scope ( ?is "w to discuss ! relation ( music to o!r /udies 9 all ( its be>+s1 x is yet cle>ly 9 l9e ) its g5]al t5or to sugge/ t ! tone 9 s++ w react ^u ! speak+-voice1 & vice v]sa4 ,n[1 if pupils recite & speak ) a noisy1 r\gh tone1 x w n be easy to secure sweet1 pure tone f !m :5 !y s+2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile !y may be specially tra9$ 9 good s++-tone1 x w n1 z a result1 foll[ t ! speak+-voice w be simil>ly modifi$4 ,special att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ?is also2 b if *ildr5 inv>iably s+ ) pure tone1 x mu/ be v easy to direct !m into good vocal habits 9 speak+ & read+4 ,x is no m necess>y = *ildr5 to recite 9 t horrible1 rasp+ tone sometimes he>d1 ?an x is to s+ ) h>% tone2 & if ! same pr9ciples are appli$ to ! speak+-voice z are h]e9 giv5 = ! managem5t ( ! s++-voice1 9 s f> z !y may be applicable1 ?is h>%ness & co>s5ess may be avoid$4 ,x is ! pu%$1 =c$ tone 9 spee* or song t is disagreeable4 ,if tea*]s w consign to well-m]it$ oblivion ^? two phrases1 speak up & s+ out1 & w1 in/ead1 secure purity & easy production ( tone1 ) di/9ctness ( articulation1 !y w d wisely4 ,let u n hesitate to tea* our pupils to "k & to feel t :i* is beautiful1 & good1 & true1 t our s*ools may promote ! gr[? ( good ta/e1 & /& = ! highe/ morality & ! be/ culture4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,errors & ,inconsi/5cies3 to ju/ify ! tea*+ ( vocal music 9 s*ools is s*ools ins]t$ po/]iorly into ! aryt5oid c>tilages aryt5iod =?4 ,ev5 up to ! *ange ( voice comma = p]iod to s+ ! high] tones lightly to s+ ! ! -,i1 aga91 :i* is equival5t to ahe ,i n italiciz$ light--li-eet text un*ang$3 error = lah-eet8 ah to er or er or uh text un*ang$3 "o er may be an error = eh ! vocalization ( solfeggii spell+ un*ang$ he tries to jo9 9 trys ,! "q1 ,h[ high may boys or girls s+ p>agraph n ind5t$