,,practical ,,grammar ,,and ,,composition ,,by ,,thomas ,,wood1 ,a4,m41 ,,ll4,b4 ,,the ,,braddock 7,,pennsylvania7 ,,high ,,school ,d4 ,,appleton ,,and ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,chicago ,,preface ,this book was begun as a result of the author's experience in teaching some classes in ,english in the night preparatory department of the ,carnegie ,technical ,schools of ,pittsburg4 ,the pupils in those classes were all adults1 and needed only such a course as would enable them to express themselves in clear and correct ,english4 ,english ,grammar1 with them1 was not to be preliminary to the grammar of another language1 and composition was not to be studied beyond the everyday needs of the practical man4 ,great difficulty was experienced because of inability to secure a text that was suited to the needs of the class4 ,a book was needed that would be simple1 direct and dignified2 that would cover grammar1 and the essential principles of sentence structure1 choice of words1 and general composition2 that would deal particularly with the sources of frequent error1 and would omit the non-essential points2 and1 finally that would contain an abundance of exercises and practical work4 ,it is with these ends in view that this book has been prepared4 ,the parts devoted to grammar have followed a plan varying widely from that of most grammars1 and an effort has been made to secure a more sensible and effective treatment4 ,the parts devoted to composition contain brief expositions of only the essential principles of ordinary composition4 ,especial stress has been laid upon letter-writing1 since this is believed to be one of the most practical fields for actual composition work4 ,because such a style seemed best suited to the general scheme and purpose of the book1 the method of treatment has at times been intentionally rather formal4 ,abundant and varied exercises have been incorporated at frequent intervals throughout the text4 ,so far as was practicable the exercises have been kept constructive in their nature1 and upon critical points have been made very extensive4 ,the author claims little credit except for the plan of the book and for the labor that he has expended in developing the details of that plan and in devising the various exercises4 ,in the statement of principles and in the working out of details great originality would have been as undesirable as it was impossible4 ,therefore1 for these details the author has drawn from the great common stores of learning upon the subjects discussed4 ,no doubt many traces of the books that he has used in study and in teaching may be found in this volume4 ,he has1 at times1 consciously adapted matter from other texts2 but1 for the most part1 such slight borrowings as may be discovered have been made wholly unconsciously4 ,among the books to which he is aware of heavy literary obligations are the following excellent texts3 ,lockwood and ,emerson's ,composition and ,rhetoric1 ,sherwin ,cody's ,errors in ,composition1 ,a4 ,h4 ,espenshade's ,composition and ,rhetoric1 ,edwin ,c4 ,woolley's ,handbook of ,composition1 ,mc,lean1 ,blaisdell and ,morrow's ,steps in ,english1 ,huber ,gray ,buehler's ,practical ,exercises in ,english1 and ,carl ,c4 ,marshall's ,business ,english4 ,to ,messrs4 ,ginn and ,company1 publishers of ,lockwood and ,emerson's ,composition and ,rhetoric1 and to the ,goodyear-,marshall ,publishing ,company1 publishers of ,marshall's ,business ,english1 the author is indebted for their kind permission to make a rather free adaptation of certain parts of their texts4 ,not a little gratitude does the author owe to those of his friends who have encouraged and aided him in the preparation of his manuscript1 and to the careful criticisms and suggestions made by those persons who examined the completed manuscript in behalf of his publishers4 ,above all1 a great debt of gratitude is owed to ,mr4 ,grant ,norris1 ,superintendent of ,schools1 ,braddock1 ,pennsylvania1 for the encouragement and painstaking aid he has given both in preparation of the manuscript and in reading the proof of the book4 ,t4,w4 ,,braddock1 ,,pennsylvania4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,i4--,,sentences--,,parts ,,of ,,speech--,,elements ,,of ,,sentence--,,phrases ,,and ,,clauses ,,ii4--,,nouns ,common and ,proper ,inflection ,defined ,number ,the ,formation of ,plurals ,compound ,nouns ,case ,the ,formation of the ,possessive ,case ,gender ,,iii4--,,pronouns ,agreement with ,antecedents ,person ,gender ,rules ,governing ,gender ,number ,compound ,antecedents ,relative ,interrogative ,case ,forms ,rules ,governing ,use of ,cases ,compound ,personal ,compound ,relative ,adjective ,miscellaneous ,cautions ,,iv4--,,adjectives ,,and ,,adverbs ,comparison ,confusion of ,adjectives and ,adverbs ,improper ,forms of ,adjectives ,errors in ,comparison ,singular and ,plural ,adjectives ,placing of ,adverbs and ,adjectives ,double ,negatives ,the ,articles ,v4--,,verbs ,principal ,parts ,name-form ,past ,tense ,past ,participle ,transitive and ,intransitive ,verbs ,active and ,passive ,voice ,mode ,forms of the ,subjunctive ,use of ,indicative and ,subjunctive ,agreement of ,verb with its ,subject ,rules ,governing ,agreement of the ,verb ,miscellaneous ,cautions ,use of ,shall and ,will ,use of ,should and ,would ,use of ,may and ,might1 ,can and ,could ,participles and ,gerunds ,misuses of ,participles and ,gerunds ,infinitives ,sequence of ,infinitive ,tenses ,split ,infinitives ,agreement of ,verb in ,clauses ,omission of ,verb or ,parts of ,verb ,model ,conjugations ,to ,be ,to ,see ,,vi4--,,connectives3 ,,relative ,,pronouns1 ,,relative ,,adverbs1 ,,conjunctions1 ,,and ,,prepositions ,independent and ,dependent ,clauses ,case and ,number of ,relative and ,interrogative ,pronouns ,conjunctive or ,relative ,adverbs ,conjunctions ,placing of ,correlatives ,prepositions ,,questions ,,for ,,the ,,review ,,of ,,grammar ,a ,,general ,,exercise ,,on ,,grammar ,,vii4--,,sentences ,loose ,periodic ,balanced ,sentence ,length ,the ,essential ,qualities of a ,sentence ,unity ,coherence ,emphasis ,euphony ,,viii4--,,capitalization ,,and ,,punctuation ,rules for ,capitalization ,rules for ,punctuation ,,ix4--,,the ,,paragraph ,length ,paragraphing of ,speech ,indentation of the ,paragraph ,essential ,qualities of the ,paragraph ,unity ,coherence ,emphasis ,x4--,,letter-,,writing ,heading ,inside ,address ,salutation ,body of the ,letter ,close ,miscellaneous ,directions ,outside ,address ,correctly ,written ,letters ,notes in the ,third ,person ,,xi4--,,the ,,whole ,,composition ,statement of ,subject ,the ,outline ,the ,beginning ,essential ,qualities of the ,whole ,composition ,unity ,coherence ,the ,ending ,illustrative ,examples ,lincoln's ,gettysburg ,speech ,selection from ,cranford ,list of ,books for ,reading ,,xii4--,,words--,,spelling--,,pronuncia tion ,words ,good ,use ,offenses ,against ,good ,use ,solecisms ,barbarisms ,improprieties ,idioms ,choice of ,words ,how to ,improve ,one's ,vocabulary ,spelling ,pronunciation ,,glossary ,,of ,,miscellaneous ,,errors ,,practical ,,grammar ,,and ,,composition 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter ,i ,,sentences4--,,parts ,,of ,,speech4--,,elements ,,of ,,the ,,sentence4--,,phrases ,,and ,,clauses #a4 ,in thinking we arrange and associate ideas and objects together4 ,words are the symbols of ideas or objects4 ,a ,,sentence is a group of words that expresses a single complete thought4 #b4 ,,sentences are of four kinds3 #a4 ,,declarative2 a sentence that tells or declares something2 as1 ,that book is mine4 #b4 ,,imperative2 a sentence that expresses a command2 as1 ,bring me that book4 #c4 ,,interrogative2 a sentence that asks a question2 as1 ,is that book mine8 #d4 ,,exclamatory2 a declarative1 imperative1 or interrogative sentence that expresses violent emotion1 such as terror1 surprise1 or anger2 as1 ,you shall take that book6 or1 ,can that book be mine8 #c4 ,,parts ,,of ,,speech4 ,words have different uses in sentences4 ,according to their uses1 words are divided into classes called ,parts of ,speech4 ,the parts of speech are as follows3 #a4 ,,noun2 a word used as the name of something2 as1 man1 box1 ,pittsburgh1 ,harry1 silence1 justice4 #b4 ,,pronoun2 a word used instead of a noun2 as1 ,i1 he1 it1 that4 ,nouns1 pronouns1 or groups of words that are used as nouns or pronouns1 are called by the general term1 ,,substantives4 #c4 ,,adjective2 a word used to limit or qualify the meaning of a noun or a pronoun2 as1 good1 five1 tall1 many4 ,the words a1 an1 and the are words used to modify nouns or pronouns4 ,they are adjectives1 but are usually called ,,articles4 #d4 ,,verb2 a word used to state something about some person or thing2 as1 do1 see1 think1 make4 #e4 ,,adverb2 a word used to modify the meaning of a verb1 an adjective1 or another adverb2 as1 very1 slowly1 clearly1 often4 #f4 ,,preposition2 a word used to join a substantive1 as a modifier1 to some other preceding word1 and to show the relation of the substantive to that word2 as1 by1 in1 between1 beyond4 #g4 ,,conjunction2 a word used to connect words1 phrases1 clauses1 and sentences2 as1 and1 but1 if1 although1 or4 #h4 ,,interjection2 a word used to express surprise or emotion2 as1 ,oh6 ,alas6 ,hurrah6 ,bah6 ,sometimes a word adds nothing to the meaning of the sentence1 but helps to fill out its form or sound1 and serves as a device to alter its natural order4 ,such a word is called an ,,expletive4 ,in the following sentence there is an expletive3 ,,there are no such books in print4 #d4 ,a sentence is made up of distinct parts or elements4 ,the essential or ,,principal ,,elements are the ,subject and the ,predicate4 ,the ,,subject of a sentence is the part which mentions that about which something is said4 ,the ,,predicate is the part which states that which is said about the subject4 ,man walks4 ,in this sentence1 man is the subject1 and walks is the predicate4 ,the subject may be simple or modified2 that is1 may consist of the subject alone1 or of the subject with its modifiers4 ,the same is true of the predicate4 ,thus1 in the sentence1 ,man walks1 there is a simple subject and a simple predicate4 ,in the sentence1 ,the good man walks very rapidly1 there is a modified subject and a modified predicate4 ,there may be1 also1 more than one subject connected with the same predicate2 as1 ,,the ,,man ,,and ,,the ,,woman walk4 ,this is called a ,,compound ,,subject4 ,a ,,compound ,,predicate consists of more than one predicate used with the same subject2 as1 ,the man ,,both ,,walks ,,and ,,runs4 #e4 ,besides the principal elements in a sentence1 there are ,,subordinate ,,elements4 ,these are the ,attribute ,complement1 the ,object ,complement1 the ,adjective ,modifier1 and the ,adverbial ,modifier4 ,some verbs1 to complete their sense1 need to be followed by some other word or group of words4 ,these words which complement1 or complete the meanings of verbs are called ,,complements4 ,the ,,attribute ,,complement completes the meaning of the verb by stating some class1 condition1 or attribute of the subject2 as1 ,my friend is a ,,student1 ,i am ,,well1 ,the man is ,,good ,student1 well1 and good complete the meanings of their respective verbs1 by stating some class1 condition1 or attribute of the subjects of the verbs4 ,the attribute complement usually follows the verb be or its forms1 is1 are1 was1 will be1 etc4 ,the attribute complement is usually a noun1 pronoun1 or adjective1 although it may be a phrase or clause fulfilling the function of any of these parts of speech4 ,it must not be confused with an adverb or an adverbial modifier4 ,in the sentence1 ,he is ,,there1 there is an adverb1 not an attribute complement4 ,the verb used with an attribute complement1 because such verb joins the subject to its attribute1 is called the ,,copula 7to couple7 or ,,copulative ,,verb4 ,some verbs require an object to complete their meaning4 ,this object is called the ,,object ,,complement4 ,in the sentence1 ,i carry a ,,book1 the object1 book1 is required to complete the meaning of the transitive verb carry2 so1 also in the sentences1 ,i hold the ,,horse1 and ,i touch a ,,desk1 the objects horse and desk are necessary to complete the meanings of their respective verbs4 ,these verbs that require objects to complete their meaning are called ,transitive ,verbs4 ,,adjective and ,,adverbial ,,modifiers may consist simply of adjectives and adverbs1 or of phrases and clauses used as adjectives or adverbs4 #f4 ,a ,,phrase is a group of words that is used as a single part of speech and that does not contain a subject and a predicate4 ,a ,,prepositional ,,phrase1 always used as either an adjective or an adverbial modifier1 consists of a preposition with its object and the modifiers of the object2 as1 ,he lives ,,in ,,pittsburg1 ,mr4 ,smith ,,of ,,this ,,place is the manager ,,of ,,the ,,mill1 ,the letter is ,,in ,,the ,,nearest ,,desk4 ,there are also ,verb-phrases4 ,a ,,verb-,,phrase is a phrase that serves as a verb2 as1 ,i ,,am ,,coming1 ,he ,,shall ,,be ,,told1 ,he ,,ought ,,to ,,have ,,been ,,told4 #g4 ,a ,,clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate2 as1 ,the man ,,that ,i ,,saw was tall4 ,the clause1 that ,i saw1 contains both a subject1 ,i1 and a predicate1 saw4 ,this clause1 since it merely states something of minor importance in the sentence1 is called the ,,subordinate ,,clause4 ,the ,,principal ,,clause1 the one making the most important assertion1 is1 ,the man was tall4 ,clauses may be used as adjectives1 as adverbs1 and as nouns4 ,a clause used as a noun is called a ,,substantive ,,clause4 ,examine the following examples3 ,adjective ,clause3 ,the book that ,i want is a history4 ,adverbial ,clause3 ,he came when he had finished with the work4 ,noun ,clause as subject3 ,that ,i am here is true4 ,noun ,clause as object3 ,he said that ,i was mistaken4 #h4 ,sentences1 as to their composition1 are classified as follows3 ,,simple2 a sentence consisting of a single statement2 as1 ,the man walks4 ,,complex2 a sentence consisting of one principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses2 as1 ,the man that ,i saw is tall4 ,,compound2 a sentence consisting of two or more clauses of equal importance connected by conjunctions expressed or understood2 as1 ,the man is tall and walks rapidly1 and ,watch the little things2 they are important4 ,,exercise ,i ,in this and in all following exercises1 be able to give the reason for everything you do and for every conclusion you reach4 ,only intelligent and reasoning work is worth while4 ,in the following list of sentences3 7#a7 ,determine the part of speech of every word4 7#b7 ,determine the unmodified subject and the unmodified predicate2 and the modified subject and the modified predicate4 7#c7 ,pick out every attribute complement and every object complement4 7#d7 ,pick out every phrase and determine whether it is a prepositional phrase or a verb-phrase4 ,if it is a prepositional phrase1 determine whether it is used as an adjective or as an adverb4 7#e7 ,determine the principal and the subordinate clauses4 ,if they are subordinate clauses1 determine whether they are used as nouns1 adjectives1 or adverbs4 7#f7 ,classify every sentence as simple1 complex1 or compound4 #a4 ,houses are built of wood1 brick1 stone1 and other materials1 and are constructed in various styles4 #b4 ,the path of glory leads but to the grave4 #c4 ,we gladly accepted the offer which he made4 #d4 ,i am nearly ready1 and shall soon join you4 #e4 ,there are few men who do not try to be honest4 #f4 ,men may come1 and men may go1 but ,i go on forever4 #g4 ,he works hard1 and rests little4 #h4 ,she is still no better1 but we hope that there will be a change4 #i4 ,let each speak for himself4 #aj4 ,it was ,i who told him to go4 #aa4 ,to live an honest life should be the aim of every one4 #ab4 ,who it really was no one knew1 but all believed it to have been him4 #ac4 ,in city and in country people think very differently4 #ad4 ,to be or not to be1 that is the question4 #ae4 ,in truth1 ,i think that ,i saw a brother of his in that place4 #af4 ,by a great effort he managed to make headway against the current4 #ag4 ,beyond this1 ,i have nothing to say4 #ah4 ,that we are never too old to learn is a true saying4 #ai4 ,full often wished he that the wind might rage4 #bj4 ,lucky is he who has been educated to bear his fate4 #ba4 ,it is ,i whom you see4 #bb4 ,the study of history is a study that demands a well-trained memory4 #bc4 ,beyond the city limits the trains run more rapidly than they do here4 #bd4 ,alas6 ,i can travel no more4 #be4 ,a lamp that smokes is a torture to one who wants to study4 ,,exercise #b 7#a7 ,write a list of six examples of every part of speech4 7#b7 ,write eight sentences1 each containing an attribute complement4 ,use adjectives1 nouns1 and pronouns4 7#c7 ,write eight sentences1 each containing an object complement4 7#d7 ,write five sentences1 in each using some form of the verb ,,to ,,be1 followed by an adverbial modifier4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,nouns #i4 ,a noun has been defined as a word used as the name of something4 ,it may be the name of a person1 a place1 a thing1 or of some abstract quality1 such as1 justice or truth4 #aj4 ,,common ,,and ,,proper ,,nouns4 ,a ,,proper ,,noun is a noun that names some particular or special place1 person1 people1 or thing4 ,a proper noun should always begin with a capital letter2 as1 ,english1 ,rome1 ,jews1 ,john4 ,a ,,common ,,noun is a general or class name4 #aa4 ,,inflection ,,defined4 ,the variation in the forms of the different parts of speech to show grammatical relation1 is called ,,inflection4 ,though there is some inflection in ,english1 grammatical relation is usually shown by position rather than by inflection4 ,the noun is inflected to show number1 case1 and gender4 #ab4 ,,number is that quality of a word which shows whether it refers to one or to more than one4 ,,singular ,,number refers to one4 ,,plural ,,number refers to more than one4 #ac4 ,,plurals ,,of ,,singular ,,nouns ,,are ,,formed ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,following ,,rules3 #a4 ,most nouns add s to the singular2 as1 boy1 boys2 stove1 stoves4 #b4 ,nouns ending in s1 ch1 sh1 or x1 add es to the singular2 as1 fox1 foxes2 wish1 wishes2 glass1 glasses2 coach1 coaches4 #c4 ,nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel 7a1 e1 i1 o1 u7 add s2 as1 valley1 valleys1 7soliloquy1 soliloquies and colloquy1 colloquies are exceptions74 ,when y is preceded by a consonant 7any letter other than a vowel71 y is changed to i and es is added2 as1 army1 armies2 pony1 ponies2 sty1 sties4 #d4 ,most nouns ending in f or fe add s1 as1 scarf1 scarfs2 safe1 safes4 ,a few change f or fe to v and add es2 as1 wife1 wives2 self1 selves4 ,the others are3 beef1 calf1 elf1 half1 leaf1 loaf1 sheaf1 shelf1 staff1 thief1 wharf1 wolf1 life4 7,wharf has also a plural1 wharfs47 #e4 ,most nouns ending in o add s2 as1 cameo1 cameos4 ,a number of nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant add es2 as1 volcano1 volcanoes4 ,the most important of the latter class are3 buffalo1 cargo1 calico1 echo1 embargo1 flamingo1 hero1 motto1 mulatto1 negro1 potato1 tomato1 tornado1 torpedo1 veto4 #f4 ,letters1 figures1 characters1 etc41 add the apostrophe and s 7's72 as1 #f's1 c's1 t's1 that's4 #g4 ,the following common words always form their plurals in an irregular way2 as1 man1 men2 ox1 oxen2 goose1 geese2 woman1 women2 foot1 feet2 mouse1 mice2 child1 children2 tooth1 teeth2 louse1 lice4 ,,compound ,,nouns are those formed by the union of two words1 either two nouns or a noun joined to some descriptive word or phrase4 #h4 ,the principal noun of a compound noun1 whether it precedes or follows the descriptive part1 is in most cases the noun that changes in forming the plural2 as1 mothers-in-law1 knights-errant1 mouse-traps4 ,in a few compound words1 both parts take a plural form2 as1 man-servant1 men-servants2 knight-templar1 knights-templars4 #i4 ,proper names and titles generally form plurals in the same way as do other nouns2 as1 ,senators ,webster and ,clay1 the three ,henrys4 ,abbreviations of titles are little used in the plural1 except ,messrs4 7,mr471 and ,drs4 7,dr474 #aj4 ,in forming the plurals of proper names where a title is used1 either the title or the name may be put in the plural form4 ,sometimes both are made plural2 as1 ,miss ,brown1 the ,misses ,brown1 the ,miss ,browns1 the two ,mrs4 ,browns4 #aa4 ,some nouns are the same in both the singular and the plural2 as1 deer1 series1 means1 gross1 etc4 #ab4 ,some nouns used in two senses have two plural forms4 ,the most important are the following3 ,,brother brothers 7by blood7 brethren 7by association7 ,,cloth cloths 7kinds of cloth7 clothes 7garments7 ,,die dies 7for coinage7 dice 7for games7 ,,fish fishes 7separately7 fish 7collectively7 ,,genius geniuses 7men of genius7 genii 7imaginary beings7 ,,head heads 7of the body7 head 7of cattle7 ,,index indexes 7of books7 indices 7in algebra7 ,,pea peas 7separately7 pease 7collectively7 ,,penny pennies 7separately7 pence 7collectively7 ,,sail sails 7pieces of canvas7 sail 7number of vessels7 ,,shot shots 7number of discharges7 shot 7number of balls7 #ac4 ,nouns from foreign languages frequently retain in the plural the form that they have in the language from which they are taken2 as1 focus1 foci2 terminus1 termini2 alumnus1 alumni2 datum1 data2 stratum1 strata2 formula1 formul2 vortex1 vortices2 appendix1 appendices2 crisis1 crises2 oasis1 oases2 axis1 axes2 phenomenon1 phenomena2 automaton1 automata2 analysis1 analyses2 hypothesis1 hypotheses2 medium1 media2 vertebra1 vertebr2 ellipsis1 ellipses2 genus1 genera2 fungus1 fungi2 minimum1 minima2 thesis1 theses4 ,,exercise #c ,write the plural1 if any1 of every singular noun in the following list2 and the singular1 if any1 of every plural noun4 ,note those having no singular and those having no plural4 ,news1 goods1 thanks1 scissors1 proceeds1 puppy1 studio1 survey1 attorney1 arch1 belief1 chief1 charity1 half1 hero1 negro1 majority1 ,mary1 vortex1 memento1 joy1 lily1 knight-templar1 knight-errant1 why1 #d1 x1 son-in-law1 ,miss ,smith1 ,mr4 ,anderson1 country-man1 hanger-on1 major-general1 oxen1 geese1 man-servant1 brethren1 strata1 sheep1 mathematics1 pride1 money1 pea1 head1 piano1 veto1 knives1 ratios1 alumni1 feet1 wolves1 president1 sailor-boy1 spoonful1 rope-ladder1 grandmother1 attorney-general1 cupful1 go-between4 ,when in doubt respecting the form of any of the above1 consult an unabridged dictionary4 #ad4 ,,case4 ,there are three cases in ,english3 the ,nominative1 the ,possessive1 and the ,objective4 ,the ,,nominative ,,case2 the form used in address and as the subject of a verb4 ,the ,,objective ,,case2 the form used as the object of a verb or a preposition4 ,it is always the same in form as is the nominative4 ,since no error in grammar can arise in the use of the nominative or the objective cases of nouns1 no further discussion of these cases is here needed4 ,the ,,possessive ,,case2 the form used to show ownership4 ,in the forming of this case we have inflection4 #ae4 ,,the ,,following ,,are ,,the ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,forming ,,of ,,the ,,possessive ,,case3 #a4 ,most nouns form the possessive by adding the apostrophe and s 7's72 as1 man1 man's2 men1 men's2 pupil1 pupil's2 ,john1 ,john's4 #b4 ,plural nouns ending in s form the possessive by adding only the apostrophe 7'72 as1 persons1 persons'2 writers1 writers'4 ,in stating possession in the plural1 then one should say3 ,carpenters' tools sharpened here1 ,odd ,fellows' wives are invited1 etc4 #c4 ,some singular nouns ending in an s sound form the possessive by adding the apostrophe alone2 as1 for appearance' sake1 for goodness' sake4 ,but usage inclines to the adding of the apostrophe and s 7's7 even if the singular noun does end in an s sound2 as1 ,charles's book1 ,frances's dress1 the mistress's dress4 #d4 ,when a compound noun1 or a group of words treated as one name1 is used to denote possession1 the sign of the possessive is added to the last word only2 as1 ,charles and ,john's mother 7the mother of both ,charles and ,john71 ,brown and ,smith's store 7the store of the firm ,brown ,smith74 #e4 ,where the succession of possessives is unpleasant or confusing1 the substitution of a prepositional phrase should be made2 as1 the house of the mother of ,charles's partner1 instead of1 ,charles's partner's mother's house4 #f4 ,the sign of the possessive should be used with the word immediately preceding the word naming the thing possessed2 as1 ,father and mother's house1 ,smith1 the lawyer's1 office1 ,the ,senator from ,utah's seat4 #g4 ,generally1 nouns representing inanimate objects should not be used in the possessive case4 ,it is better to say the hands of the clock than the clock's hands4 ,,note4--,one should say somebody else's1 not somebody's else4 ,the expression somebody else always occurs in the one form1 and in such cases the sign of the possessive should be added to the last word4 ,similarly1 say1 no one else's1 everybody else's1 etc4 ,,exercise #d ,write the possessives of the following3 ,oxen1 ox1 brother-in-law1 ,miss ,jones1 goose1 man1 men1 men-servants1 man-servant1 ,maine1 dogs1 attorneys-at-law1 ,jackson ,jones1 ,john the student1 my friend ,john1 coat1 shoe1 boy1 boys1 ,mayor of ,cleveland4 ,,exercise #e ,write sentences illustrating the use of the possessives you have formed for the first ten words under ,exercise #d4 ,,exercise #f ,change the following expressions from the prepositional phrase form to the possessive3 #a4 ,the ships of ,germany and ,france4 #b4 ,the garden of his mother and sister4 #c4 ,the credit of ,jackson ,jones4 #d4 ,the signature of the president of the firm4 #e4 ,the coming of my grandfather4 #f4 ,the lives of our friends4 #g4 ,the dog of both ,john and ,william4 #h4 ,the dog of ,john and the dog of ,william4 #i4 ,the act of anybody else4 #aj4 ,the shortcomings of ,alice4 #aa4 ,the poems of ,robert ,burns4 #ab4 ,the wives of ,henry the ,eighth4 #ac4 ,the home of ,mary and ,martha4 #ad4 ,the novels of ,dickens and the novels of ,scott4 #ae4 ,the farm of my mother and of my father4 #af4 ,the recommendation of ,superintendent ,norris4 ,,exercise #g ,correct such of the following expressions as need correction4 ,if apostrophes are omitted1 insert them in the proper places3 #a4 ,he walked to the precipices edge4 #b4 ,both ,john and ,william's books were lost4 #c4 ,they sell boy's hats and mens' coats4 #d4 ,my friends' umbrella was stolen4 #e4 ,i shall buy a hat at ,wanamaker's ,brown's4 #f4 ,this student's lessons4 #g4 ,these students books4 #h4 ,my daughters coming4 #i4 ,john's wife's cousin4 #aj4 ,my son's wife's aunt4 #aa4 ,five years imprisonment under ,texas's law4 #ab4 ,john's books and ,williams4 #ac4 ,the ,democrat's and ,republican ,convention4 #ad4 ,france's and ,england's interests differ widely4 #ae4 ,the moons' face was hidden4 #af4 ,wine is made from the grape's juice4 #ag4 ,morton1 the principals1 signature4 #ah4 ,jones ,smith1 the lawyers1 office4 #af4 ,,gender4 ,gender in grammar is the quality of nouns or pronouns that denotes the sex of the person or thing represented4 ,those nouns or pronouns meaning males are in the ,,masculine ,,gender4 ,those meaning females are in the ,,feminine ,,gender4 ,those referring to things without sex are in the ,,neuter ,,gender4 ,in nouns gender is of little consequence4 ,the only regular inflection is the addition of the syllable-ess to certain masculine nouns to denote the change to the feminine gender2 as1 author1 authoress2 poet1 poetess4 -,ix is also sometimes added for the same purpose2 as1 administrator1 administratrix4 ,the feminine forms were formerly much used1 but their use is now being discontinued1 and the noun of masculine gender used to designate both sexes4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,pronouns #ag4 ,,pronoun ,,and ,,antecedent4 ,a ,,pronoun is a word used instead of a noun4 ,the noun in whose stead it stands is called its ,,antecedent4 ,,john took ,mary's ,,book and gave ,,it to ,,his friend4 ,in this sentence book is the antecedent of the pronoun it1 and ,john is the antecedent of his4 #ah4 ,,pronouns ,,should ,,agree ,,with ,,their ,,antecedents ,,in ,,person1 ,,gender1 ,,and ,,number4 #ai4 ,,personal ,,pronouns are those that by their form indicate the speaker1 the person spoken to1 or the person or thing spoken about4 ,pronouns of the ,,first ,,person indicate the speaker2 they are3 ,i1 me1 my1 mine1 we1 us1 our1 ours4 ,pronouns of the ,,second ,,person indicate the person or thing spoken to2 they are3 you1 your1 yours4 ,there are also the grave or solemn forms in the second person1 which are now little used2 these are3 thou1 thee1 thy1 thine1 and ye4 ,pronouns of the ,,third ,,person indicate the person or thing spoken of2 they are3 he1 his1 him1 she1 her1 hers1 they1 their1 theirs1 them1 it1 its4 ,few errors are made in the use of the proper person of the pronoun4 #bj4 ,,gender ,,of ,,pronouns4 ,the following pronouns indicate sex or gender2 ,masculine3 he1 his1 him4 ,feminine3 she1 her1 hers4 ,neuter3 it1 its4 ,,in ,,order ,,to ,,secure ,,agreement ,,in ,,gender ,,it ,,is ,,necessary ,,to ,,know ,,the ,,gender ,,of ,,the ,,noun1 ,,expressed ,,or ,,understood1 ,,to ,,which ,,the ,,pronoun ,,refers4 ,gender of nouns is important only so far as it concerns the use of pronouns4 ,study carefully the following rules in regard to gender4 ,these rules apply to the singular number only1 since all plurals of whatever gender are referred to by they1 their1 theirs1 etc4 ,,the ,,following ,,rules ,,govern ,,the ,,gender ,,of ,,pronouns3 ,,masculine2 referred to by ,,he1 ,,his1 and ,,him3 #a4 ,nouns denoting males are always masculine4 #b4 ,nouns denoting things remarkable for strength1 power1 sublimity1 or size1 when those things are regarded as if they were persons1 are masculine2 as1 ,,winter1 with ,,his chilly army1 destroyed them all4 #c4 ,singular nouns denoting persons of both sexes are masculine2 as1 ,,every ,,one brought ,,his umbrella4 ,,feminine2 referred to by ,,she1 ,,her1 or ,,hers3 #a4 ,nouns denoting females are always feminine4 #b4 ,nouns denoting objects remarkable for beauty1 gentleness1 and peace1 when spoken of as if they were persons1 are feminine2 as1 ,,sleep healed him with ,,her fostering care4 ,,neuter2 referred to by ,,it and ,,its3 #a4 ,nouns denoting objects without sex are neuter4 #b4 ,nouns denoting objects whose sex is disregarded are neuter2 as1 ,,it is a pretty child1 ,the ,,wolf is the most savage of ,,its race4 #c4 ,collective nouns referring to a group of individuals as a unit are neuter2 as1 ,the ,,jury gives its ,,verdict1 ,the ,,committee makes ,,its report4 ,an animal named may be regarded as masculine2 feminine1 or neuter1 according to the characteristics the writer fancies it to possess2 as1 ,the ,,wolf seeks ,,his prey1 ,the ,,mouse nibbled ,,her way into the box1 ,the ,,bird seeks ,,its nest4 ,certain nouns may be applied to persons of either sex4 ,they are then said to be of ,,common ,,gender4 ,there are no pronouns of common gender2 hence those nouns are referred to as follows3 #a4 ,by masculine pronouns when known to denote males2 as1 ,,my ,,class-,,mate 7known to be ,harry7 is taking ,,his examinations4 #b4 ,by feminine pronouns when known to denote females2 as1 ,,each ,,of ,,the ,,pupils of the ,girls ,high ,school brought ,,her book4 #c4 ,by masculine pronouns when there is nothing in the connection of the thought to show the sex of the object2 as1 ,let every ,,person bring his book4 #ba4 ,,number ,,of ,,pronouns4 ,a more common source of error than disagreement in gender is disagreement in number4 ,they1 their1 theirs1 and them are plural1 but are often improperly used when only singular pronouns should be used4 ,the cause of the error is failure to realize the true antecedent4 ,if ,,anybody makes that statement1 ,,they are misinformed4 ,this sentence is wrong4 ,anybody refers to only one person2 both any and body1 the parts of the word1 denote the singular4 ,the sentence should read1 ,if ,,anybody makes that statement1 ,,he is misinformed4 ,similarly1 ,let ,,everybody keep ,,their peace1 should read1 ,let ,,everybody keep ,,his peace4 #bb4 ,,compound ,,antecedents4 ,two or more antecedents connected by or or nor are frequently referred to by the plural when the singular should be used4 ,neither ,john nor ,james brought ,,their books1 should read1 ,neither ,john nor ,james brought ,,his books4 ,when a pronoun has two or more singular antecedents connected by or or nor1 the pronoun must be in the singular number2 but if one of the antecedents is plural1 the pronoun must1 also1 be in the plural2 as1 ,neither the ,mormon nor his wives denied ,,their religion4 ,when a pronoun has two or more antecedents connected by and1 the pronoun must be in the plural number2 as1 ,john and ,james brought ,,their books4 ,further treatment of number will be given under verbs4 ,,exercise #h ,fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the proper pronouns4 ,see that there is agreement in person1 gender1 and number3 #a4 ,has everybody finished ---- work4 #b4 ,if any one wishes a longer time1 let ---- hold up ---- hand4 #c4 ,the panther sprang from ---- lurking place4 #d4 ,many a man has 7have7 lost ---- money in speculation4 #e4 ,the cat came each day for ---- bit of meat4 #f4 ,everyone has to prove ---- right to a seat4 #g4 ,let every boy answer for ---- self 7selves74 #h4 ,the crowd was so great that we could hardly get through ----4 #i4 ,let any boy guess this riddle if ---- can4 #aj4 ,company ,h was greatly reduced in ---- numbers4 #aa4 ,every animal has some weapon with which ---- can defend ----self 7selves74 #ab4 ,nowhere does each dare do as ---- pleases 7please74 #ac4 ,the elephant placed ---- great foot on the man's chest4 #ad4 ,the child did not know ---- mother4 #ae4 ,death gathers ---- unfailing harvest4 #af4 ,every kind of animal has ---- natural enemies4 #ag4 ,the committee instructed ---- chairman to report the matter4 #ah4 ,two men were present1 but neither would tell what ---- saw4 #ai4 ,truth always triumphs over ---- enemies4 #bj4 ,nobody did ---- duty more readily than ,i4 #ba4 ,the cat never fails to catch ---- prey4 #bb4 ,i have used both blue crayon and red crayon1 but ---- does 7do7 not write so clearly as white4 #bc4 ,if ,john and ,henry whisper 7whispers7 ---- will be punished4 #bd4 ,if ,john or ,henry whisper 7whispers7 ---- will be punished4 #be4 ,both ,columbus and ,cabot failed to realize the importance of ---- discoveries4 #bf4 ,neither the lawyer nor the sheriff liked ---- task4 #bg4 ,the canary longed to escape from ---- cage4 #bh4 ,the rat ran to ---- hole4 #bi4 ,the dog seemed to know ---- master was dead4 #cj4 ,everyone should try to gather a host of friends about ----4 #ca4 ,if any one wishes to see me1 send ---- to the ,pierce ,building4 #cb4 ,probably everybody is discouraged at least once in ---- life4 #cc4 ,nobody should deceive ----selves 7self74 #cd4 ,let each take ---- own seat4 #ce4 ,let each girl in the class bring ---- book4 #cf4 ,let each bring ---- book4 #cg4 ,let each bring ---- sewing4 #ch4 ,the fox dropped ---- meat in the pool4 #ci4 ,the rock lay on ---- side4 #dj4 ,let sleep enter with ---- healing touch4 #da4 ,each believed that ---- had been elected a delegate to the ,mother's ,congress4 #db4 ,consumption demands each year ---- thousands of victims4 #dc4 ,summer arrays ----self 7selves7 with flowers4 #dd4 ,despair seized him in ---- powerful grasp4 #de4 ,if any boy or any girl finds the book1 let ---- bring it to me4 #df4 ,let every man and every woman speak ----mind4 #dg4 ,spring set forth ---- beauties4 #dh4 ,how does the mouse save ---- self 7selves7 from being caught8 #di4 ,the hen cackled ---- loudest4 #ej4 ,some man or boy lost ---- hat4 #ea4 ,john or ,james will favor us with ---- company4 #eb4 ,neither the captain nor the soldiers showed ----self 7selves7 during the fight4 #ec4 ,if the boys or their father come we shall be glad to see ----4 #ed4 ,every man and every boy received ---- dinner4 #ee4 ,every man or boy gave ---- offering4 ,,exercise #i ,by what gender of the pronouns would you refer to the following nouns8 ,snake1 death1 care1 mercy1 fox1 bear1 walrus1 child1 baby1 friend 7uncertain sex71 friend 7known to be ,mary71 everybody1 someone1 artist1 flower1 moon1 sun1 sorrow1 fate1 student1 foreigner1 ,harvard ,university1 earth1 ,germany8 #bc4 ,,relative ,,pronouns4 ,relative ,pronouns are pronouns used to introduce adjective or noun clauses that are not interrogative4 ,in the sentence1 ,the man ,,that ,i ,,mentioned has come1 the relative clause1 that ,i mentioned1 is an adjective clause modifying man4 ,in the sentence1 ,,whom ,,she ,,means1 ,i do not know1 the relative clause is1 whom she means1 and is a noun clause forming the object of the verb know4 ,the relative pronouns are who 7whose1 whom71 which1 that and what4 ,but and as are sometimes relative pronouns4 ,there are1 also1 compound relative pronouns1 which will be mentioned later4 #bd4 ,who 7with its possessive and objective forms1 whose and whom7 should be used when the antecedent denotes persons4 ,when the antecedent denotes things or animals1 which should be used4 ,that may be used with antecedents denoting persons1 animals or things1 and is the proper relative to use when the antecedent includes both persons and things4 ,what1 when used as a relative1 seldom properly refers to persons4 ,it always introduces a substantive clause1 and is equivalent to that which2 as1 ,it is ,,what 7that which7 he wants4 #be4 ,that is known as the ,,restrictive ,,relative1 because it should be used whenever the relative clause limits the substantive1 unless who or which is of more pleasing sound in the sentence4 ,in the sentence1 ,he is the man ,,that ,,did ,,the ,,act1 the relative clause1 that did the act1 defines what is meant by man2 without the relative clause the sentence clearly would be incomplete4 ,similarly1 in the sentence1 ,the book ,,that ,i ,,want is that red-backed history1 the restrictive relative clause is1 that ,i want1 and limits the application of book4 #bf4 ,who and which are known as the ,,explanatory or ,,non-,,restrictive ,,relatives1 and should be used ordinarily only to introduce relative clauses which add some new thought to the author's principal thought4 ,spanish1 ,,which ,,is ,,the ,,least ,,complex ,,language1 is the easiest to learn4 ,in this sentence the principal thought is1 ,spanish is the easiest language to learn4 ,the relative clause1 which is the least complex language1 is a thought1 which1 though not fully so important as the principal thought1 is more nearly cordinate than subordinate in its value4 ,it adds an additional thought of the speaker explaining the character of the ,spanish language4 ,when who and which are thus used as explanatory relatives1 we see that the relative clause may be omitted without making the sentence incomplete4 ,compare the following sentences3 ,explanatory relative clause3 ,that book1 which is about history1 has a red cover4 ,restrictive relative clause3 ,the book that is about history has a red cover4 ,explanatory relative clause3 ,lincoln1 who was one of the world's greatest men1 was killed by ,booth4 ,restrictive relative clause3 ,the ,lincoln that was killed by ,booth was one of the world's greatest men4 ,,note4--,see #aaa1 for rule as to the punctuation of relative clauses4 #bg4 ,,interrogative ,,pronouns4 ,an ,interrogative ,pronoun is a pronoun used to ask a question4 ,the interrogative pronouns are1 who 7whose1 whom71 which1 and what4 ,in respect to antecedents1 who should be used only in reference to persons2 which and what may be used with any antecedent1 persons1 animals1 or things4 ,,exercise #aj ,choose the proper relative or interrogative pronoun to be inserted in each of the following sentences4 ,insert commas where they are needed4 7,see #aaa73 #a4 ,the kindly physician ---- was so greatly loved is dead4 #b4 ,this is the man ---- all are praising4 #c4 ,john ---- is my coachman is sick4 #d4 ,the intelligence ---- he displayed was remarkable4 #e4 ,intelligence ---- he had hitherto not manifested now showed its presence4 #f4 ,he maintains that the book ---- you used is now ruined4 7,does which or that have the more pleasing sound here87 #g4 ,the pleasure ---- education gives the man ---- has it is a sufficient reward for the trouble ---- it has cost4 #h4 ,that man ---- wears a cap is a foreigner4 #i4 ,the best hotel is the one ---- is nearest the station4 #aj4 ,who is it ---- is worthy of that honor8 #aa4 ,the carriages and the drivers ---- you ordered yesterday have arrived4 #ab4 ---- thing is it ---- you want8 #ac4 ,he purchased ---- he wished4 #ad4 ,there is no cloud ---- has not its silver lining4 #ae4 ,it is the same dog ---- ,i bought4 #af4 ,the man and horse ---- you see pass here every afternoon4 #ag4 ---- did they seek8 #ah4 ,they inquired ---- he was going to do4 #ai4 ,who was it ---- lost the book8 #bj4 ,the man ---- was a ,frenchman was very much excited4 #ba4 ,it is neither the party nor its candidate ---- gains support4 #bb4 ,that is a characteristic ---- makes him seem almost rude4 #bc4 ,it is the same tool ---- ,i used all day4 #bd4 ,he is a man ---- inspires little confidence4 #be4 ---- does he expect of us8 #bf4 ,it is just such a thing ---- ,i need4 #bg4 ,there are few ---- will vote for him4 #bh4 ,the wagon and children ---- you just saw came from our town4 #bi4 ,he ---- writes out his lesson does all ---- can be expected4 #cj4 ,was it you or the cat ---- made that noise8 #ca4 ,it is the same song ---- he always sings4 #cb4 ,such ---- ,i have is yours4 #cc4 ,all the men and horses ---- we had were lost4 #cd4 ,that is ---- pleased me most and ---- everyone talked about4 #ce4 ,the horse was one ---- ,i had never ridden before4 #cf4 ,that is ---- everyone said4 #bh4 ,,case ,,forms ,,of ,,pronouns4 ,some personal1 relative1 and interrogative pronouns have distinctive forms for the different cases1 and the failure to use the proper case forms in the sentence is one of the most frequent sources of error4 ,the case to be used is to be determined by the use which the pronoun1 not its antecedent1 has in the sentence4 ,in the sentence1 ,i name ,,him1 note that him is the object of the verb name4 ,in the sentence1 ,,whom do you seek1 although coming at the first of the sentence1 whom is grammatically the object of the verb seek4 ,in the use of pronouns comes the most important need for a knowledge of when to use the different cases4 ,note the following different case forms of pronouns3 ,nominative3 ,i1 we1 you1 thou1 ye1 he1 she1 they1 it1 who4 ,objective3 me1 us1 you1 thee1 ye1 him1 her1 it1 them1 whom4 ,possessive3 my1 mine1 our1 ours1 thy1 thine1 your1 yours1 his1 her1 hers1 its1 their1 theirs1 whose4 ,it will be noted that1 while some forms are the same in both the nominative and objective cases1 ,i1 ,,we1 ,,he1 ,,she1 ,,they1 ,,thou1 ,,and ,,who ,,are ,,only ,,proper ,,where ,,the ,,nominative ,,case ,,should ,,be ,,used4 ,,me1 ,,us1 ,,him1 ,,them1 ,,thee1 ,,whom1 ,,and ,,her1 except when her is possessive1 ,,are ,,only ,,proper ,,when ,,the ,,objective ,,case ,,is ,,demanded4 ,these forms must be remembered4 ,it is only with these pronouns that mistakes are made in the use of the nominative and objective cases4 #bi4 ,,the ,,following ,,outline ,,explains ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,different ,,case ,,forms ,,of ,,the ,,pronouns4 ,the outline should be mastered4 ,,the ,,nominative ,,case ,,should ,,be ,,used3 #a4 ,when the noun or pronoun is the subject of a finite verb2 that is1 a verb other than an infinitive4 ,see #c under ,objective ,case4 #b4 ,when it is an attribute complement4 ,an attribute complement1 as explained in ,chapter ,i1 is a word used in the predicate explaining or stating something about the subject4 ,examples3 ,it is ,i1 ,the man was ,,he1 ,the people were ,,they of whom we spoke4 #c4 ,when it is used without relation to any other part of speech1 as in direct address or exclamation4 ,,the ,,objective ,,case ,,should ,,be ,,used3 #a4 ,when the noun or pronoun is the object of a verb2 as1 ,he named ,,me1 ,she deceived ,,them1 ,they watch ,,us4 #b4 ,when it is the object of a preposition1 expressed or understood3 as1 ,he spoke of ,,me1 ,for ,,whom do you take me1 ,he told 7to7 ,,me a story4 #c4 ,when it is the subject of an infinitive2 as1 ,i told ,,him to go1 ,i desire ,,her to hope4 ,the infinitives are the parts of the verb preceded by to2 as1 to go1 to see1 to be1 to have been seen1 etc4 ,the sign of the infinitive1 to1 is not always expressed4 ,the objective case is1 nevertheless1 used2 as1 ,let ,,him 7to7 go1 ,have ,,her 7to be7 told about it4 #d4 ,when it is an attribute complement of an expressed subject of the infinitive to be2 as1 ,they believed her to be ,,me1 ,he denied it to have been him4 7,see ,note #b below47 ,,the ,,possessive ,,case ,,should ,,be ,,used3 ,when the word is used as a possessive modifier2 as1 ,they spoke of ,,her being present1 ,the book is ,,his 7book71 ,it is ,,their fault4 ,,note ,i4--,when a substantive is placed by the side of another substantive and is used to explain it1 it is said to be in ,,apposition with that other substantive and takes the case of that word2 as1 ,it was given to ,john ,smith1 ,,him whom you see there4 ,,note #b4--,the attribute complement should always have the case of that subject of the verb which is expressed in the sentence4 ,thus1 in the sentence1 ,i could not wish ,john to be ,,him1 him is properly in the objective case1 since there is an expressed subject of the infinitive1 ,john1 which is in the objective case4 ,but in the sentence1 ,i should hate to be ,,he1 he is properly in the nominative case1 since the only subject that is expressed in the sentence is ,i1 in the nominative case4 ,,note #c4--,where the relative pronoun who 7whom7 is the subject of a clause that itself is the object clause of a verb or a preposition1 it is always in the nominative case4 ,thus the following sentences are both correct3 ,i delivered it to ,,who owned it1 ,bring home ,,whoever will come with you4 ,,exercise #aa ,write sentences illustrating the correct use of each of the following pronouns3 ,i1 whom1 who1 we1 me1 us1 they1 whose1 theirs1 them1 she1 him1 he1 its1 mine1 our1 thee1 thou4 ,,exercise #ab ,in the following sentences choose the proper form from the words in italics3 #a4 ,my brother and ,i me drove to the east end of the town4 #b4 ,between you and ,i me things are doubtful4 #c4 ,may ,james and ,i me go to the circus8 #d4 ,will you permit ,james and ,i me to go to the play8 #e4 ,who made that noise8 ,only ,i me4 #f4 ,he introduced us all1 ,i me among the rest4 #g4 ,he promised to bring candy to ,helen and ,i me4 #h4 ,was it ,i me that you asked for8 #i4 ,who spoke8 ,i me4 #aj4 ,i am taken to be he him4 #aa4 ,no1 it could not have been me ,i4 #ab4 ,all have gone but you and ,i me4 #ac4 ,you suffer more than me ,i4 #ad4 ,everyone has failed in the examination except you and ,i me4 #ae4 ,he asked you and ,i me to come to his office4 #af4 ,see if there is any mail for ,mary and me ,i4 #ag4 ,neither you nor ,i me can teach the class4 #ah4 ,they think it to be ,i me4 #ai4 ,this is the student whom who all are praising4 #bj4 ,the one that is he him wears a brown hat4 #ba4 ,he is a man who whom all admired4 #bb4 ,he is one of those men who whom we call snobs4 #bc4 ,i did not see that it was her she4 #bd4 ,it is in fact he him4 #be4 ,he still believes it to be them they4 #bf4 ,between you and ,i me1 it is my opinion that him he and ,john will disagree4 #bg4 ,we saw ,john and she her2 we know it was them they4 #bh4 ,i did not speak of either you or she her4 #bi4 ,our cousins and we us are going to the ,art ,gallery4 #cj4 ,aunt ,mary has asked our cousins and us we to take dinner at her house4 #ca4 ,they are more eager than we us since they have not seen her for a long time4 #cb4 ,it could not have been we us who whom you suspected4 #cc4 ,we us boys are going to the ball game4 #cd4 ,they sent letters to all who whom they thought would contribute4 #ce4 ,this money was given by ,john who whom you know is very stingy4 #cf4 ,the superintendent1 who whom1 ,i cannot doubt1 is responsible for this error1 must be discharged4 #cg4 ,the teacher told you and ,i me to stay4 #ch4 ,the teacher told you and him he to stay4 #ci4 ,the teacher told you and she her to stay4 #dj4 ,there are many miles between ,england and we us4 #da4 ,they can't play the game better than we us4 #db4 ,it is unpleasant for such as they them to witness such things4 #dc4 ,between a teacher and he him who whom he teaches there is sometimes a strong fellowship4 #dd4 ,you are nearly as strong as him he4 #de4 ,all were present but ,john and he him4 #df4 ,father believed it was she her4 #dg4 ,mother knew it to be her she4 #dh4 ,it was either he him or she her that called4 #di4 ,because of his him being young1 they tried to shield him4 #ej4 ,it was he him who whom the manager said ought to be promoted4 #ea4 ,the throne was held by a king who whom historians believe to have been insane4 #eb4 ,who whom did he say the man was8 #ec4 ,who whom did he say the judge suspected8 #ed4 ,who whom do you consider to be the brightest man8 #ee4 ,who whom do you think is the brightest man8 #ef4 ,he cannot learn from such as thou thee4 #eg4 ,if they only rob such as thou thee1 they are honest4 #eh4 ,what dost thou thee know8 #ei4 ,they do tell thee thou the truth4 #fj4 ,she told ,john and me ,i to study4 #fa4 ,my father allowed my brother and her she to go4 #fb4 ,my brother and she her were allowed to go by my father4 #fc4 ,turn not away from him he that is needy4 #fd4 ,neither ,frances nor she her was at fault4 #fe4 ,the property goes to they them4 #ff4 ,he thought it was her she1 but it was him he and ,william who did it4 #fg4 ,it was through she her that word came to me ,i4 #fh4 ,i thought it was her she4 #fi4 ,i wish you were more like he him4 #gj4 ,i thought it to be she her4 #ga4 ,it seems to be he4 ,i should hate to be he4 ,i should like to be he or she4 7,all these sentences are in the correct form47 #gb4 ,he is a man in whom who ,i have little faith4 #gc4 ,you are as skillful as she her4 #gd4 ,we escorted her mother and her she to the station4 #ge4 ,she her and ,i me are going on the boat4 #gf4 ,if any are late it will not be us we4 #gg4 ,who whom are you going to collect it from8 #gh4 ,who whom do men say that he is8 #gi4 ,who whom do you think him he to be8 #hj4 ,they them and their children have gone abroad4 #ha4 ,it was not they them4 #hb4 ,who whom am ,i said to be8 #hc4 ,i do not know to who whom to direct him4 #hd4 ,how can one tell who whom is at home now8 #he4 ,who whom is that for8 #hf4 ,choose who whom you please4 #hg4 ,do you think ,i me to be her she who whom you call ,kate8 #hh4 ,some who whom their friends expected were kept away4 #hi4 ,give it to who whom seems to want it most4 #ij4 ,who whom do you think ,i saw there8 #ia4 ,i hope it was she her who whom we saw4 #ib4 ,it could not have been him he4 #ic4 ,who whom did you say did it8 #id4 ,let them they come at once4 #ie4 ,the man on who whom ,i relied was absent4 #if4 ,i know it was they them who whom did it4 #ig4 ,will he let us we go8 #ih4 ,it came from they them who whom should not have sent it4 #ii4 ,it was not us we from who whom it came4 #ajj4 ,can it be she her8 #aja4 ,thou thee art mistaken4 #ajb4 ,let me tell thee thou1 thee thou wilt do wrong4 #ajc4 ,send who whom wants the pass to me4 #ajd4 ,tell who whom you choose to come4 #aje4 ,is he the man for who whom the city is named8 #ajf4 ,the book is for who whom needs it4 #ajg4 ,i do not know who whom the book is for4 #cj4 ,the ,,compound ,,personal ,,pronouns are formed by adding self or selves to certain of the objective and possessive personal pronouns2 as1 herself1 myself1 itself1 themselves1 etc4 ,they are used to add emphasis to an expression2 as1 ,i1 ,,myself1 did it1 ,he1 ,,himself1 said so4 ,they are also used reflexively after verbs and prepositions2 as1 ,he mentioned ,,himself1 ,he did it for ,,himself4 ,the compound personal pronouns should generally be confined to their emphatic and reflexive use4 ,do not say1 ,,myself and ,john will come1 but1 ,john and ,i will come4 ,do not say1 ,they invited ,john and ,,myself1 but1 ,they invited ,john and ,,me4 ,the compound personal pronouns have no possessive forms2 but for the sake of emphasis own with the ordinary possessive form is used2 as1 ,i have my ,,own book1 ,bring your ,,own work1 ,he has a home of his ,,own4 #ca4 ,there are no such forms as hisself1 your'n1 his'n1 her'n1 theirself1 theirselves1 their'n4 ,in place of these use simply his1 her1 their1 or your4 ,,exercise #ac ,write sentences illustrating the correct use of the following simple and compound personal pronouns3 ,myself1 me1 ,i1 them1 themselves1 him1 himself1 her1 herself1 itself1 our1 ourselves4 ,,exercise #ad ,choose the correct form in the following sentences4 ,punctuate properly4 7,see #ajh73 #a4 ,yourself you and ,john were mentioned #b4 ,she told ,mary and me myself to go with her herself4 #c4 ,the book is for you yourself and ,i me myself4 #d4 ,henry and ,i me myself are in the same class4 #e4 ,he thinks you yourself and ,i me myself should bring the books4 #f4 ,our friends and we us ourselves are going out to-night4 #g4 ,herself she and her husband have been sick4 #h4 ,they themselves and their children have gone abroad4 #i4 ,you play the violin better than he himself4 #aj4 ,the machine failed to work well1 because it itself and the engine were not properly adjusted to each other4 #aa4 ,let them do it theirselves themselves4 #ab4 ,he came by hisself himself4 #ac4 ,the teacher hisself himself could not have done better4 #ad4 ,i'll bring my gun1 and you bring your'n yours your own4 #ae4 ,that book is his'n his4 ,,exercise #ae ,fill the blanks in the following sentences with the proper emphatic or reflexive forms4 ,punctuate properly4 7,see #ajh73 #a4 ,he ---- said so4 #b4 ,i ---- will do it4 #c4 ,we ---- will look after her4 #d4 ,that1 ,i tell you1 is ---- book4 #e4 ,it belongs to me ----4 #f4 ,those books are my ----4 #g4 ,let them ---- pay for it4 #h4 ,the horse is to be for ---- use4 #i4 ,the horse is to be for the use of ----4 #aj4 ,he said it to ----4 #aa4 ,he deceived ----4 #ab4 ,i do not wish ---- to be prominent4 #cb4 ,the ,,compound ,,relative ,,pronouns are formed by adding ever1 so1 or soever to the relative pronouns1 who1 which1 and what2 as1 whoever1 whatever1 whomever1 whosoever1 whoso1 whosoever1 etc4 ,it will be noted that whoever1 whosoever1 and whoso have objective forms1 whomever1 whomsoever1 and whomso2 and possessive forms1 whosoever1 whosesoever1 and whoseso4 ,these forms must be used whenever the objective or possessive case is demanded4 ,thus1 one should say1 ,i will give it to ,,whomever ,i find there4 7,see #bi and ,note #c47 ,,exercise #af ,fill the following blanks with the proper forms of the compound relatives3 #a4 ,we will refer the question to ---- you may name4 #b4 ---- it may have been1 it was not he4 #c4 ,i shall receive presents from ---- ,i wish4 #d4 ,it was between him and ---- was with him4 #e4 ---- they may choose1 ,i will not vote for him4 #f4 ,let them name ---- they think will win4 #g4 ,give it to ---- you think needs it most4 #h4 ,he may take ---- he cares to4 #i4 ,he will take ---- property he finds there4 #aj4 ,he promised to ask the question of ---- he found there4 #aa4 ---- can have done it8 #ab4 ---- else may be said1 that is not true4 #ac4 ,there are the two chairs2 you may take ---- you like4 #ad4 ---- you take will suit me4 #ae4 ,you may have ---- you wish4 #af4 ---- is nominated1 will you vote for him8 #ag4 ---- they nominate1 ,i will vote for him4 #ah4 ---- does that is a partizan4 #ai4 ---- candidate is elected1 ,i will be satisfied4 #bj4 ,he may name ---- he thinks best4 #ba4 ---- he says is worthy of attention4 #bb4 ---- she takes after1 she is honest4 #bc4 ---- follows him will be sorry4 #bd4 ---- he may be1 he is no gentleman4 #be4 ---- they do is praised4 #cc4 ,there are certain words1 called ,,adjective ,,pronouns1 which are regarded as pronouns1 because1 although they are properly adjective in their meaning1 the nouns which they modify are never expressed2 as1 ,one 7there is a possessive form1 one's1 and a plural form1 ones71 none1 this1 that1 these1 those1 other1 former1 some1 few1 many1 etc4 #cd4 ,,some ,,miscellaneous ,,cautions ,,in ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,pronouns3 #a4 ,the pronoun ,i should always be capitalized1 and should1 when used as part of a compound subject1 be placed second2 as1 ,james and ,i were present1 not ,i and ,james were present4 #b4 ,do not use the common and grave forms of the personal pronouns in the same sentence2 as1 ,,thou wilt do this whether ,,you wish or not4 #c4 ,avoid the use of personal pronouns where they are unnecessary2 as1 ,john1 ,,he did it1 or ,mary1 ,,she said4 ,this is a frequent error in speech4 #d4 ,let the antecedent of each pronoun be clearly apparent4 ,note the uncertainty in the following sentence2 ,he sent a box of cheese1 and ,,it was made of wood4 ,the antecedent of it is not clear4 ,again1 ,a man told his son to take ,,his coat home4 ,the antecedent of his is very uncertain4 ,such errors are frequent4 ,in relative clauses this error may sometimes be avoided by placing the relative clause as near as possible to the noun it limits4 ,note the following sentence3 ,a cat was found in the ,,yard ,,which wore a blue ribbon4 ,the grammatical inference would be that the yard wore the blue ribbon4 ,the sentence might be changed to1 ,a ,,cat1 ,,which wore a blue ribbon1 was found in the yard4 #e4 ,relative clauses referring to the same thing require the same relative pronoun to introduce them2 as1 ,the book ,,that we found and the book ,,that he lost are the same4 #f4 ,use but that when ,,but is a conjunction and that introduces a noun clause2 as1 ,there is no doubt ,,but ,,that he will go4 ,use but what when but is a preposition in the sense of except2 as1 ,he has no money but 7except7 ,,what ,i gave him4 #g4 ,them is a pronoun and should never be used as an adjective4 ,those is the adjective which should be used in its place2 as1 ,those people1 not1 ,them people4 #h4 ,avoid using you and they indefinitely2 as1 ,,you seldom hear of such things1 ,,they make chairs there4 ,instead1 say1 ,,one seldom hears of such things1 ,chairs are made there4 #i4 ,which should not be used with a clause or phrase as its antecedent4 ,both the following sentences are wrong3 ,he sent me to see ,john1 ,,which ,i did4 ,their whispering became very loud1 which annoyed the preacher4 #aj4 ,never use an apostrophe with the possessive pronouns1 its1 yours1 theirs1 ours and hers4 ,,exercise #ag ,correct the following sentences so that they do not violate the cautions above stated3 #a4 ,how can you say that when thou knowest better8 #b4 ,may ,i and ,mary go to the concert8 #c4 ,he asked me to write to him1 which ,i did4 #d4 ,grant thou to us your blessing4 #e4 ,the train it was twenty minutes late4 #f4 ,mother she said ,i might go4 #g4 ,mary told her mother she was mistaken4 #h4 ,the man cannot leave his friend1 for if he should leave him he would be angry4 #i4 ,sarah asked her aunt how old she was4 #aj4 ,that is the man whom we named and that did it4 #aa4 ,mr4 ,jones went to ,mr4 ,smith and told him that his dog was lost4 #ab4 ,this is the book that we found and which he lost4 #ac4 ,she told her sister that if she could not get to the city1 she thought she had better go home4 #ad4 ,jack cannot see ,henry because he is so short4 #ae4 ,then ,jack and ,george1 they went home4 #af4 ,bring them books here4 #ag4 ,them are all wrong4 #ah4 ,there are no men in the room but that can be bought4 #ai4 ,i have no doubt but what it was done4 #bj4 ,them there should be corrected4 #ba4 ,i have faith in everything but that he says4 #bb4 ,i have no fears but what it can be done4 #bc4 ,napoleon1 he threw his armies across the ,rhine4 #bd4 ,thou knowest not what you are doing4 #be4 ,it was thought advisable to exile ,napoleon1 which was done4 #bf4 ,a grapevine had grown along the fence which was full of grapes4 #bg4 ,keep them people out of here4 #bh4 ,the two cars contained horses that were painted yellow4 #bi4 ,she is a girl who is always smiling and that all like4 #cj4 ,you never can tell about foreigners4 #ca4 ,they say that is not true4 #cb4 ,the cabin needed to be swept1 which we did4 #cc4 ,they use those methods in some schools4 #cd4 ,it is the house that is on the corner and which is painted white4 #ce4 ,you can easily learn history if you have a good memory4 #cf4 ,how can you tell but what it will rain8 #cg4 ,he does everything but what he should do4 #ch4 ,he has everything but that he needs4 #ci4 ,it was a collie dog which we had and that was stolen4 #dj4 ,aunt1 she said that she didn't know but what she would go4 #da4 ,tell ,i and ,john about it4 #db4 ,he went to his father and told him he had sinned4 #dc4 ,dost thou know what you doest8 #dd4 ,it's appearance was deceitful4 #de4 ,the chair was also their's4 #df4 ,there is a slight difference between mine and your's4 #dg4 ,which of the two is her's8 #dh4 ,they are both our's4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,adjectives ,,and ,,adverbs #ce4 ,an ,,adjective is a word used to modify a noun or a pronoun4 ,an ,,adverb is a word used to modify a verb1 an adjective1 or another adverb4 ,adjectives and adverbs are very closely related in both their forms and their use4 #cf4 ,,comparison4 ,the variation of adjectives and adverbs to indicate the degree of modification they express is called ,,comparison4 ,there are three degrees of comparison4 ,the ,,positive ,,degree indicates the mere possession of a quality2 as1 true1 good1 sweet1 fast1 lovely4 ,the ,,comparative ,,degree indicates a stronger degree of the quality than the positive2 as1 truer1 sweeter1 better1 faster1 lovelier4 ,the ,,superlative ,,degree indicates the highest degree of quality2 as1 truest1 sweetest1 best1 fastest1 loveliest4 ,where the adjectives and adverbs are compared by inflection they are said to be compared regularly4 ,in regular comparison the comparative is formed by adding er1 and the superlative by adding est4 ,if the word ends in y1 the y is changed to i before adding the ending2 as1 pretty1 prettier1 prettiest4 ,where the adjectives and adverbs have two or more syllables1 most of them are compared by the use of the adverbs more and most1 or1 if the comparison be a descending one1 by the use of less and least2 as1 beautiful1 more beautiful1 most beautiful1 and less beautiful1 least beautiful4 #cg4 ,some adjectives and adverbs are compared by changing to entirely different words in the comparative and superlative4 ,note the following3 ,,positive ,,comparative ,,superlative bad1 ill1 evil1 badly worse worst far farther1 further farthest1 furthest forth further furthest fore former foremost1 first good1 well better best hind hinder hindmost late later1 latter latest1 last little less least much1 many more most old older1 elder oldest1 eldest ,,note4--,badly and forth may be used only as adverbs4 ,well is usually an adverb2 as1 ,he talks well1 but may be used as an adjective2 as1 ,he seems well4 #ch4 ,,confusion ,,of ,,adjectives ,,and ,,adverbs4 ,an adjective is often used where an adverb is required1 and vice versa4 ,the sentence1 ,she talks ,,foolish1 is wrong1 because here the word to be modified is talks1 and since talks is a verb1 the adverb foolishly should be used4 ,the sentence1 ,she looks ,,charmingly1 means1 as it stands1 that her manner of looking at a thing is charming4 ,what is intended to be said is that she appears as if she was a charming woman4 ,to convey that meaning1 the adjective1 charming1 should have been used1 and the sentence should read1 ,she looks charming4 ,wherever the word modifies a verb or an adjective or another adverb1 an adverb should be used1 and wherever the word1 whatever its location in the sentence1 modifies a noun or pronoun1 an adjective should be used4 #ci4 ,the adjective and the adverb are sometimes alike in form4 ,thus1 both the following sentences are correct3 ,he works ,,hard 7adverb71 and ,his work is ,,hard 7adjective74 ,but1 usually1 where the adjective and the adverb correspond at all1 the adverb has the additional ending ly2 as1 ,the track is ,,smooth1 7adjective71 and ,the train runs ,,smoothly1 7adverb74 ,,exercise #ah ,in the following sentences choose from the italicized words the proper word to be used3 #a4 ,the sunset looks beautiful beautifully4 #b4 ,the man acted strange strangely4 #c4 ,write careful carefully and speak distinct distinctly4 #d4 ,speak slow slowly4 #e4 ,he acted bad badly4 #f4 ,he behaved very proper properly4 #g4 ,the boat runs smooth smoothly4 #h4 ,he is a remarkable remarkably poor writer4 #i4 ,i am in extremely extreme good health4 #aj4 ,the typewriter works good well4 #aa4 ,the bird warbles sweet sweetly4 #ab4 ,he was terrible terribly angry4 #ac4 ,he was in a terrible terribly dangerous place4 #ad4 ,he talks plainer more plainly than he ever did before4 #ae4 ,the dead ,roman looked fierce fiercely4 #af4 ,the fire burns brilliant brilliantly4 #ag4 ,you are exceeding exceedingly generous4 #ah4 ,he struggled manful manfully against the opposition4 #ai4 ,my health is poor poorly4 #bj4 ,he is sure surely a fine fellow4 #ba4 ,have everything suitable suitably decorated4 #bb4 ,that can be done easy easily4 #bc4 ,i can speak easier more easily than ,i can write4 #bd4 ,the music of the orchestra was decided decidedly poor4 #be4 ,she is a remarkable remarkably beautiful girl4 #bf4 ,the wind roared awful awfully4 #bg4 ,the roar of the wind was awful awfully4 #bh4 ,i have studied grammar previous previously to this year4 #bi4 ,i didn't study because ,i felt too bad badly to read4 #cj4 ,the roses smell sweetly sweet4 #ca4 ,they felt very bad badly at being beaten4 #cb4 ,that violin sounds different differently from this one4 #cc4 ,the soldiers fought gallant gallantly4 #cd4 ,she looks sweet sweetly in that dress4 #ce4 ,i can wear this coat easy easily4 #cf4 ,speak gentle gently to him4 #cg4 ,he talks warm warmly on that subject4 #ch4 ,he works well good and steady steadily4 #ci4 ,he stood thoughtful thoughtfully for a moment and then went quiet quietly to his tent4 #dj4 ,he walked down the street slow slowly1 but all the time looked eager eagerly about him4 #da4 ,the music sounds loud loudly4 #db4 ,that coin rings true truly4 #dc4 ,he looked angry angrily at his class4 #dd4 ,he moved silent silently about in the crowd4 #de4 ,his coat fits nice nicely4 #df4 ,that is easy easily to do4 #dg4 ,he went over the work very thorough thoroughly4 ,,exercise #ai ,the adjectives and adverbs in the following sentences are correctly used4 ,in every case show what they modify3 #a4 ,the water lay smooth in the lake4 #b4 ,she looked cold4 #c4 ,the train runs smoothly now4 #d4 ,the sun shone bright at the horizon4 #e4 ,the sun shone brightly all day4 #f4 ,she looks coldly about her4 #g4 ,be careful in your study of these sentences4 #h4 ,study these sentences carefully4 #i4 ,we found the way easy4 #aj4 ,we found the way easily4 #aa4 ,he looked good4 #ab4 ,he looked well4 #ac4 ,we arrived safe4 #ad4 ,we arrived safely4 #ae4 ,speak gently4 #af4 ,let your speech be gentle4 ,,exercise #bj ,write sentences containing the following words correctly used3 ,thoughtful1 thoughtfully1 masterful1 masterfully1 hard1 hardly1 cool1 coolly1 rapid1 rapidly1 ungainly1 careful1 carefully1 eager1 eagerly1 sweet1 sweetly1 gracious1 graciously4 #dj4 ,,improper ,,forms ,,of ,,adjectives4 ,the wrong forms in the following list of adjectives are frequently used in place of the right forms3 ,,right ,,wrong everywhere everywheres not nearly nowhere near not at all not much or not muchly ill illy first firstly thus thusly much muchly unknown unbeknown complexioned complected ,,exercise #ba ,correct the errors in the following sentences3 #a4 ,she goes everywheres4 #b4 ,hers is the most illy behaved child ,i know4 #c4 ,not muchly will ,i go4 #d4 ,use the lesser quantity first4 #e4 ,he is nowhere near so bright as ,john4 #f4 ,you do the problem thusly4 #g4 ,the causes are firstly1 ignorance1 and second1 lack of energy4 #h4 ,they came unbeknown to me4 #i4 ,he is a dark complected man4 #aj4 ,it all happened unbeknownst to them4 #aa4 ,his vote was nowhere near so large as usual4 #da4 ,,errors ,,in ,,comparison are frequently made4 ,observe carefully the following rules3 #a4 ,the superlative should not be used in comparing only two things4 ,one should say1 ,he is the ,,larger of the two1 not ,he is the ,,largest of the two4 ,but1 ,he is the largest of the three1 is right4 #b4 ,a comparison should not be attempted by adjectives that express absolute quality--adjectives that cannot be compared2 as1 round1 perfect1 equally1 universal4 ,a thing may be round or perfect1 but it cannot be more round or most round1 more perfect or most perfect4 #c4 ,when two objects are used in the comparative1 one must not be included in the other2 but1 when two objects are used in the superlative1 one must be included in the other4 ,it is wrong to say1 ,the discovery of ,america was ,,more ,,important ,,than ,,any geographical discovery1 for that is saying that the discovery of ,america was more important than itself--an absurdity4 ,but it would be right to say1 ,the discovery of ,america was more important ,,than ,,any ,,other geographical discovery4 ,one should not say1 ,he is the most honest ,,of ,,his fellow-workmen1 for he is not one of his fellow-workmen4 ,one should say1 ,he is more honest ,,than ,,any of his fellow-workmen1 or1 ,he is the most honest ,,of ,,all the workmen4 ,to say1 ,this machine is ,,better ,,than ,,any machine1 is incorrect1 but to say1 ,this machine is better ,,than ,,any ,,other machine1 is correct4 ,to say1 ,this machine is the ,,best ,,of ,,any machine 7or any other machine71 is wrong1 because all machines are meant1 not one machine or some machines4 ,to say1 ,this machine is the ,,best ,,of machines 7or the best of all machines71 is correct4 ,note the following rules in regard to the use of other in comparisons3 a4 ,after comparatives followed by than the words any and all should be followed by other4 b4 ,after superlatives followed by of1 any and other should not be used4 #d4 ,avoid mixed comparisons4 ,john is as good1 if not better than she4 ,if the clause1 if not better1 were left out1 this sentence would read1 ,john is as good than she4 ,it could be corrected to read1 ,john is as good ,,as1 if not better than she4 ,similarly1 it is wrong to say1 ,he is one of the greatest1 if not the greatest1 man in history4 ,,exercise #bb ,choose the correct word from those italicized3 #a4 ,the older oldest of the three boys was sick4 #b4 ,of ,smith and ,jones1 ,smith is the wealthiest wealthier4 #c4 ,of two burdens choose the less least4 #d4 ,which can run the fastest faster1 ,john or ,henry8 #e4 ,of the two men1 ,smith and ,jones1 the first former is the better best known4 #f4 ,which is the larger largest of the two8 #g4 ,which is the best better of the six8 #h4 ,which is the larger largest number1 six or seven #i4 ,which is the more most desirable1 health or wealth8 #aj4 ,my mother is the oldest older of four sisters4 #aa4 ,the prettier prettiest of the twins is the brighter brightest4 #ab4 ,this is the duller dullest season of the year4 #ac4 ,the other is the worse worst behaved of the two4 #ad4 ,which was the hotter hottest1 yesterday or to-day8 #ae4 ,that is the cleaner cleanest of the three streets4 ,,exercise #bc ,correct any of the following sentences that may be wrong4 ,give a valid reason for each correction3 #a4 ,he was the most active of all his friends4 #b4 ,he is the brightest of all his brothers4 #c4 ,of all the other ,american ,colleges1 this is the largest4 #d4 ,philadelphia is larger than any city in ,pennsylvania4 #e4 ,philadelphia is the largest of all other cities in ,pennsylvania4 #f4 ,no city in ,pennsylvania is so large as ,philadelphia4 #g4 ,that theory is more universally adopted4 #h4 ,he was1 of all others1 the most clever4 #i4 ,this apple is more perfect than that4 #aj4 ,no fruit is so good as the orange4 #aa4 ,the orange is better than any fruit4 #ab4 ,of all other fruits the orange is the best4 #ac4 ,the orange is the best of all the fruits4 #ad4 ,the orange is better than any other fruit4 #ae4 ,that is the most principal thing in the lesson4 #af4 ,which has been of most importance1 steam or electricity8 #ag4 ,he was more active than any other of his companions4 #ah4 ,this apple is rounder than that4 #ai4 ,this apple is more nearly round than that4 #bj4 ,paris is the most famous of any other ,european city4 #ba4 ,pennsylvania is the wealthiest of her sister states4 #bb4 ,no state is so wealthy as ,pennsylvania4 #bc4 ,pennsylvania is the wealthiest of any of the ,states4 #bd4 ,pennsylvania is wealthier than any of her other sister states4 #be4 ,new ,york is one of the largest1 if not the largest city in the world4 #bf4 ,that book is as good if not better than mine4 #bg4 ,john is taller than any other boy in his classes4 #bh4 ,john is taller than any boy in his class4 #bi4 ,iron is the most useful of all other metals4 #cj4 ,iron is the more useful of the metals4 #ca4 ,iron is the most useful of the metals4 #cb4 ,of iron and lead1 lead is the heaviest4 #cc4 ,iron is among the most useful1 if not the most useful metal4 #cd4 ,he is among the oldest if not the oldest of the men in the ,senate4 #ce4 ,that picture is more beautiful than all the pictures4 #db4 ,,singular ,,and ,,plural ,,adjectives4 ,some adjectives can be used only with singular nouns and some only with plural nouns4 ,such adjectives as one1 each1 every1 etc41 can be used only with singular nouns4 ,such adjectives as several1 various1 many1 sundry1 two1 etc41 can be used only with plural nouns4 ,in many cases1 the noun which the adjective modifies is omitted1 and the adjective thus acquires the force of a pronoun2 as1 ,,few are seen1 ,,several have come4 ,the adjective pronouns this and that have plural forms1 these and those4 ,the plurals must be used with plural nouns4 ,to say those kind is then incorrect4 ,it should be those kinds4 ,those sort of men should be that sort of men or those sorts of men4 #dc4 ,,either ,,and ,,neither are used to designate one of two objects only4 ,if more than two are referred to1 use any1 none1 any one1 no one4 ,note the following correct sentences3 ,,neither ,john nor ,henry may go4 ,,any ,,one of the three boys may go4 #dd4 ,,each ,,other should be used when referring to two2 ,,one ,,another when referring to more than two4 ,note the following correct sentences3 ,the two brothers love ,,each ,,other4 ,the four brothers love ,,one ,,another4 ,,exercise #bd ,correct such of the following sentences as are incorrect4 ,be able to give reasons3 #a4 ,he is six foot tall4 #b4 ,i like those kind of fruit4 #c4 ,he lost several pound4 #d4 ,i have not seen him this twenty year4 #e4 ,have you heard these news8 #f4 ,are they those kind of people8 #g4 ,he rode ten mile4 #h4 ,there were fifteen car-load of people4 #i4 ,these kind of books are interesting4 #aj4 ,several phenomenon marked his character4 #aa4 ,there are a few crisis in every man's career4 #ab4 ,each strata of the rock lies at an angle4 #ac4 ,the poem has six verse in it4 #ad4 ,either of the five will do4 #ae4 ,little children should love each other4 #af4 ,neither of the large cities in the ,united ,states is so large as ,london4 #ag4 ,you will be able to find it in either one of those three books4 #ah4 ,those two brothers treat one another very coldly4 #ai4 ,neither of the many newspapers published an account of it4 #bj4 ,either law or medicine is his profession4 #ba4 ,some ten box of shoes were on the train4 #bb4 ,those two statements contradict one another4 #bc4 ,the ,sahara ,desert has several oasis4 #bd4 ,how can he associate with those sort of men8 #de4 ,,placing ,,of ,,adverbs ,,and ,,adjectives4 ,in the placing of adjective elements and adverbial elements in the sentence1 one should so arrange them as to leave no doubt as to what they are intended to modify4 ,wrong3 ,a man was riding on a horse wearing gray trousers4 ,right3 ,a man wearing gray trousers was riding on a horse4 ,the adverb only requires especial attention4 ,generally only should come before the word it is intended to modify4 ,compare the following correct sentences1 and note the differences in meaning4 ,only he found the book4 ,he only found the book4 ,he found only the book4 ,he found the book only4 ,the placing of the words1 almost1 ever1 hardly1 scarcely1 merely1 and quite1 also requires care and thought4 ,,exercise #be ,correct the errors in the location of adjectives and adverbs in the following sentences3 #a4 ,i only paid five dollars4 #b4 ,i have only done six problems4 #c4 ,the clothing business is only profitable in large towns4 #d4 ,the school is only open in the evening4 #e4 ,i only need ten minutes in which to do it4 #f4 ,he had almost climbed to the top when the ladder broke4 #g4 ,i never expect to see the like again4 #h4 ,a black base-ball player's suit was found4 #i4 ,do you ever remember to have seen the man before8 #aj4 ,the building was trimmed with granite carved corners4 #aa4 ,people ceased to wonder gradually4 #ab4 ,the captain only escaped by hiding in a ditch4 #ac4 ,i never wish to think of it again4 #ad4 ,on the trip in that direction he almost went to ,philadelphia4 #ae4 ,acetylene lamps are only used now in the country4 #af4 ,he only spoke of history1 not of art4 #ag4 ,i know hardly what to say4 #ah4 ,i was merely talking of grammar1 not of ,english literature4 #ai4 ,the girls were nearly dressed in the same color4 #bj4 ,he merely wanted to see you4 #df4 ,,double ,,negatives4 ,i am here is called an affirmative statement4 ,a denial of that1 ,i am not here1 is called a negative statement4 ,the words1 not1 neither1 never1 none1 nothing1 etc41 are all negative words2 that is1 they serve to make denials of statements4 ,two negatives should never be used in the same sentence1 since the effect is then to deny the negative you wish to assert1 and an affirmative is made where a negative is intended4 ,we haven't no books1 means that we have some books4 ,the proper negative form would be1 ,we have no books1 or ,we haven't any books4 ,the mistake occurs usually where such forms as isn't1 don't1 haven't1 etc41 are used4 ,examine the following sentences3 ,wrong3 ,it isn't no use4 ,wrong3 ,there don't none of them believe it4 ,wrong3 ,we didn't do nothing4 ,hardly1 scarcely1 only1 and but 7in the sense of only7 are often incorrectly used with a negative4 ,compare the following right and wrong forms3 ,wrong3 ,it was so dark that we couldn't hardly see4 ,right3 ,it was so dark that we could hardly see4 ,wrong3 ,there wasn't only one person present4 ,right3 ,there was only one person present4 ,,exercise #bf ,correct the following sentences3 #a4 ,i can't find it nowhere4 #b4 ,for a time ,i couldn't scarcely tell where ,i was4 #c4 ,they are not allowed to go only on holidays4 #d4 ,there isn't but one person that can make the speech4 #e4 ,they didn't find no treasure4 #f4 ,it won't take but a few minutes to read it all4 #g4 ,i haven't seen but two men there4 #h4 ,there isn't no one here who knows it4 #i4 ,i didn't see no fire2 my opinion is that there wasn't no fire4 #aj4 ,i can't hardly prove that statement4 #aa4 ,i didn't feel hardly able to go4 #ab4 ,she couldn't stay only a week4 #ac4 ,i hadn't scarcely reached shelter when the storm began4 #ad4 ,you wouldn't scarcely believe that it could be done4 #ae4 ,he said that he wouldn't bring only his wife4 #af4 ,there isn't nothing in the story4 #ag4 ,he doesn't do nothing4 #ah4 ,i can't think of nothing but that4 #ai4 ,he can't hardly mean that4 #bj4 ,he isn't nowhere near so bright as ,i4 #ba4 ,he can't hardly come to-night4 #bb4 ,it is better to not think nothing about it4 #bc4 ,she can't only do that4 #bd4 ,there isn't no use of his objecting to it4 #be4 ,there shan't none of them go along with us4 #bf4 ,don't never do that again4 #bg4 ,we could not find but three specimens of the plant4 #bh4 ,he wasn't scarcely able to walk4 #bi4 ,he hasn't none of his work prepared4 #dg4 ,,the ,,articles4 ,a1 an1 and the1 are called ,articles4 ,a and an are called the ,,indefinite ,,articles1 because they are used to limit the noun to any one thing of a class2 as1 a book1 a chair4 ,but a or an is not used to denote the whole of that class2 as1 ,silence is golden1 or1 ,he was elected to the office of ,president4 ,the is called the ,,definite ,,article because it picks out some one definite individual from a class4 ,in the sentence1 ,on the street are ,a brick and ,a stone house1 the article is repeated before each adjective2 the effect of this repetition is to make the sentence mean two houses4 ,but1 in the sentence1 ,on the street is ,a brick and stone house1 since the article is used only before the first of the two adjectives1 the sentence means that there is only one house and that it is constructed of brick and stone4 ,where two nouns refer to the same object1 the article need appear only before the first of the two2 as1 ,god1 the author and creator of the universe4 ,but where the nouns refer to two different objects1 regarded as distinct from each other1 the article should appear before each2 as1 ,he bought a horse and a cow4 ,a is used before all words except those beginning with a vowel sound4 ,before those beginning with a vowel sound an is used4 ,if1 in a succession of words1 one of these forms could not be used before all of the words1 then the article must be repeated before each4 ,thus1 one should say1 ,,an ax1 ,a saw1 and ,,an adze 7not ,an ax1 saw and adze71 made up his outfit4 ,generally it is better to repeat the article in each case1 whether or not it be the same4 ,do not say1 kind of ,a ,,house4 ,since a house is singular1 it can have but one kind4 ,say instead1 a kind of house1 a sort of man1 etc4 ,,exercise #bg ,correct the following where you think correction is needed3 #a4 ,where did you get that kind of a notion8 #b4 ,she is an eager and an ambitious girl4 #c4 ,he received the degree of a ,master of ,arts4 #d4 ,the boy and girl came yesterday4 #e4 ,neither the man nor woman was here4 #f4 ,he was accompanied by a large and small man4 #g4 ,he planted an oak1 maple and ash4 #h4 ,the third of the team were hurt4 #i4 ,the noun and verb will be discussed later4 #aj4 ,i read a ,pittsburg and ,philadelphia paper4 #aa4 ,read the third and sixth sentence4 #ab4 ,read the comments in a monthly and weekly periodical4 #ac4 ,he is dying from the typhoid fever4 #ad4 ,he was elected the secretary and the treasurer of the association4 #ae4 ,what sort of a student are you8 #af4 ,he is a funny kind of a fellow4 #ag4 ,bring me a new and old chair4 #ah4 ,that is a sort of a peculiar idea4 #ai4 ,he was operated upon for the appendicitis4 #bj4 ,lock the cat and dog up4 #dh4 ,no adverb necessary to the sense should be omitted from the sentence4 ,such improper omission is frequently made when very or too are used with past participles that are not also recognized as adjectives2 as1 ,poor3 ,i am very insulted4 ,he was too wrapped in thought to notice the mistake4 ,right3 ,i am very much insulted4 ,he was too much wrapped in thought to notice the mistake4 ,,exercise #bh ,write sentences containing the following adjectives and adverbs4 ,be sure that they are used correctly4 ,both1 each1 every1 only1 evidently1 hard1 latest1 awful1 terribly1 charming1 charmingly1 lovely1 brave1 perfect1 straight1 extreme1 very1 either1 neither1 larger1 oldest1 one1 none1 hardly1 scarcely1 only1 but1 finally1 almost1 ever1 never1 new1 newly1 very4 ,,chapter ,v ,,verbs #di4 ,a ,,verb has already been defined as a word stating something about the subject4 ,verbs are inflected or changed to indicate the time of the action as past1 present1 or future2 as1 ,i talk1 ,i talked1 ,i shall talk1 etc4 ,verbs also vary to indicate completed or incompleted action2 as1 ,i have talked1 ,i shall have talked1 etc4 ,to these variations1 which indicate the time of the action1 the name ,,tense is given4 ,the full verbal statement may consist of several words2 as1 ,he ,,may ,,have ,,gone home4 ,here the verb is may have gone4 ,the last word of such a verb phrase is called the ,,principal ,,verb1 and the other words the ,,auxiliaries4 ,in the sentence above1 go 7gone7 is the principal verb1 and may and have are the auxiliaries4 #ej4 ,in constructing the full form of the verb or verb phrase there are three distinct parts from which all other forms are made4 ,these are called the ,,principal ,,parts4 ,the ,first ,principal ,part1 since it is the part by which the verb is referred to as a word1 may be called the ,,name-,,form4 ,the following are name-forms3 do1 see1 come1 walk1 pass4 ,the ,second ,principal ,part is called the ,,past ,,tense4 ,it is formed by adding ed to the name-form2 as1 walked1 pushed1 passed4 ,these verbs that add ed are called ,regular ,verbs4 ,the verb form is often entirely changed2 as1 done 7do71 saw 7see71 came 7come74 ,these verbs are called ,irregular ,verbs4 ,the ,third ,principal ,part is called the ,,past ,,participle4 ,it is used mainly in expressing completed action or in the passive voice4 ,in regular verbs the past participle is the same in form as the past tense4 ,in irregular verbs it may differ entirely from both the name-form and the past tense1 or it may resemble one or both of them4 ,examples3 done 7do1 did71 seen 7see1 saw71 come 7come1 came71 set 7set1 set74 #ea4 ,,the ,,name-,,form1 when unaccompanied by auxiliaries1 is used with all subjects1 except those in the third person singular1 to assert action in the present time or present tense2 as1 ,i go1 ,we come1 ,you see1 ,horses run4 ,the name-form is also used with various auxiliaries 7may1 might1 can1 must1 will1 should1 shall1 etc47 to assert futurity1 determination1 possibility1 possession1 etc4 ,examples3 ,i may go1 ,we shall come1 ,you can see1 ,horses should run4 ,by preceding it with the word to1 the name-form is used to form what is called the ,,present ,,infinitive2 as1 ,i wish to go1 ,i hope to see4 ,what may be called the ,s-,,form of the verb1 or the ,,singular form1 is usually constructed by adding s or es to the name-form4 ,the s-form is used with singular subjects in the third person2 as1 ,he goes1 ,she comes1 ,it runs1 ,the dog trots4 ,the s-form is found in the third personal singular of the present tense4 ,in other tenses1 if present at all1 the s-form is in the auxiliary1 where the present tense of the auxiliary is used to form some other tense of the principal verb4 ,examples3 ,he has 7present tense71 ,he has gone 7perfect tense71 ,he has been seen4 ,some verbs have no s-form2 as1 will1 shall1 may4 ,the verb be has two irregular s-forms3 ,is1 in the present tense1 and was in the past tense4 ,the s-form of have is has4 #eb4 ,the past tense always stands alone in the predicate2 i4 e41 ,,it ,,should ,,never ,,be ,,used ,,with ,,any ,,auxiliaries4 ,to use it so1 however1 is one of the most frequent errors in grammar4 ,the following are past tense forms3 went1 saw1 wore1 tore4 ,to say1 therefore1 ,i have saw1 ,i have went1 ,it was tore1 ,they were wore1 would be grossly incorrect4 #ec4 ,the third principal part1 the past participle1 on the other hand1 ,,can ,,never ,,be ,,used ,,as ,a ,,predicate ,,verb ,,without ,,an ,,auxiliary4 ,the following are distinctly past participle forms3 done1 seen1 sung1 etc4 ,one could not then properly say1 ,i seen1 ,i done1 ,i sung1 etc4 ,the distinction as to use with and without auxiliaries applies1 of course1 only to irregular verbs4 ,in regular verbs1 the past tense and past participle are always the same1 and so no error could result from their confusion4 ,the past participle is used to form the ,perfect ,infinitives2 as1 to have gone1 to have seen1 to have been seen4 #ed4 ,the following is a list of the principal parts of the most important irregular verbs4 ,the list should be mastered thoroughly4 ,the student should bear in mind always that1 ,,the ,,past ,,tense ,,form ,,should ,,never ,,be ,,used ,,with ,,an ,,auxiliary1 and that ,,the ,,past ,,participle ,,form ,,should ,,never ,,be ,,used ,,as ,a ,,predicate ,,verb ,,without ,,an ,,auxiliary4 ,in some instances verbs have been included in the list below which are always regular in their forms1 or which have both regular and irregular forms4 ,these are verbs for whose principal parts incorrect forms are often used4 ,,principal ,,parts ,,of ,,verbs ,name-form ,past ,tense ,past ,participle awake awoke or awaked awaked begin began begun beseech besought besought bid 7to order or to greet7 bade bidden or bid bid 7at auction7 bid bidden or bid blow blew blown break broke broken burst burst burst choose chose chosen chide chid chidden or chid come came come deal dealt dealt dive dived dived ,name-form ,past ,tense ,past ,participle do did done draw drew drawn drink drank drunk or drank drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen flee fled fled fly flew flown forsake forsook forsaken forget forgot forgot or forgotten freeze froze frozen get got got 7gotten7 give gave given go went gone hang 7clothes7 hung hung hang 7a man7 hanged hanged know knew known lay laid laid lie lay lain mean meant meant plead pleaded pleaded prove proved proved ride rode ridden raise raised raised rise rose risen run ran run see saw seen seek sought sought set set set shake shook shaken shed shed shed shoe shod shod sing sang sung sit sat sat slay slew slain sink sank sunk speak spoke spoken ,name-form ,past ,tense ,past ,participle steal stole stolen swim swam swum take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn throw threw thrown tread trod trod or trodden wake woke or waked woke or waked wear wore worn weave wove woven write wrote written ,,notes4--,ought has no past participle4 ,it may then never be used with an auxiliary4 ,i had ought to go is incorrect4 ,the idea would be amply expressed by ,i ought to go4 ,,model ,,conjugations of the verbs to be and to see in all forms are given under #gg at the end of this chapter4 ,,exercise #bi ,in the following sentences change the italicized verb so as to use the past tense1 and then so as to use the past participle3 ,example3 7,original sentence71 ,the guests begin to go home4 7,changed to past tense71 ,the guests began to go home4 7,changed to past participle71 ,the guests have begun to go home4 #a4 ,our books lie on the mantel4 #b4 ,john comes in and lays his books on the desk4 #c4 ,i see the parade4 #d4 ,he runs up the road4 #e4 ,they set their chairs in a row4 #f4 ,the noise wakes me4 #g4 ,csar bids him enter4 #h4 ,if they prove their innocence1 they should be discharged4 #i4 ,his friends plead strongly for him4 #aj4 ,do you know what they mean by that8 #aa4 ,i awake early every morning4 #ab4 ,he begins to think of strange things4 #ac4 ,the children beseech me to go with them4 #ad4 ,my mother bids me to say that she will be here at six4 #ae4 ,smith bids fifty dollars for the chair4 #af4 ,my servants break many dishes4 #ag4 ,they choose their associates4 #ah4 ,the box bursts open4 #ai4 ,his mother chides him for his misbehavior4 #bj4 ,he comes here every day4 #ba4 ,i deal there this week4 #bb4 ,the boys dive beautifully4 #bc4 ,you do so much more than is necessary4 #bd4 ,they draw lots for the watch4 #be4 ,jones drinks this wine very seldom4 #bf4 ,they drive over to ,milton once a week4 #bg4 ,they drive a sorrel horse4 #bh4 ,the cows eat grass4 #bi4 ,the ,gauls flee before ,csar4 #cj4 ,the swallows all fly into the chimney at evening4 #ca4 ,they forsake the cause without any reason4 #cb4 ,csar gives them no answer4 #cc4 ,they get no money for their services4 #cd4 ,you forget that we have no right to do that4 #ce4 ,water freezes at thirty-two degrees ,fahrenheit4 #cf4 ,the ball goes to the opposing team4 #cg4 ,you hang the rope on the tree4 #ch4 ,the sheriff hangs the murderer at noon4 #ci4 ,i know of nothing more worrying4 #dj4 ,she lays the knife on the table4 #da4 ,they lie in bed until eleven4 #db4 ,why they rise so late1 ,i do not know4 #dc4 ,they raise no objection4 #dd4 ,john runs very rapidly4 #de4 ,you sit very quietly4 #df4 ,csar seeks to learn the intention of the enemy4 #dg4 ,the politician vigorously shakes all hands4 #dh4 ,the roof sheds water in all storms4 #di4 ,the blacksmith shoes horses4 #ej4 ,the choir sings for each service4 #ea4 ,you speak too rapidly to be easily understood4 #eb4 ,few men steal because they want to4 #ec4 ,i swim one hundred yards very readily4 #ed4 ,they teach all the elementary branches there4 #ee4 ,you take all subscriptions for the concert4 #ef4 ,those clothes tear readily4 #eg4 ,they tread the grapes in making wine4 #eh4 ,who throws paper on the floor8 #ei4 ,i always wear old clothes in which to work4 #fj4 ,she writes to her mother daily4 #fa4 ,they weave the best rugs in ,philadelphia4 ,,exercise #cj ,write original sentences containing the following verbs1 correctly used3 ,begun1 blew1 bidden1 bad1 chose1 broke1 come1 dealt1 dived1 drew1 driven1 flew1 forsook1 froze1 given1 give1 gave1 went1 hanged1 knew1 rode1 pleaded1 ran1 seen1 saw1 shook1 shod1 sung1 slew1 spoke1 swum1 taken1 torn1 wore1 threw1 woven1 wrote1 written4 ,,exercise #ca ,insert the proper form of the verb in the following sentences4 ,the verb to be used is in black-faced type at the beginning of each group3 #a4 ,,begin4 ,he ---- to act at once4 ,the reports ---- to disturb him a little4 ,he has ---- to feel hurt over them4 #b4 ,,bid4 ,the proprietor ---- us a pleasant good day4 ,no matter how much he ---- the auctioneer will not hear him4 ,we were ---- to enter4 #c4 ,,blow4 ,the cornetist ---- with all his might4 ,the ship was ---- about all day4 ,the wind does ---- terrifically sometimes4 ,it may ---- to-night4 ,the wind ---- all last night4 #d4 ,,break4 ,he fell and ---- his leg4 ,it is well that his neck was not ----4 #e4 ,,burst4 ,during the battle the shells frequently ---- right over us4 ,oaken casks have often ----4 #f4 ,,chide4 ,he ---- us frequently about our actions4 ,he was never ---- himself4 #g4 ,,choose4 ,they ---- him president4 ,they have ---- wisely4 #h4 ,,come4 ,he ---- at nine to-day4 ,he has always ---- earlier heretofore4 ,let him ---- when he wishes4 #i4 ,,deal4 ,before explaining the game1 he ---- out the cards4 #aj4 ,,dive4 ,twice last summer he ---- off the bridge4 #aa4 ,,do4 ,thou canst not say ,i ---- it4 ,he often ---- it4 #ab4 ,,draw4 ,the picture was ---- by a famous artist4 ,he formerly ---- very well1 but ,i think that now he ---- very poorly4 #ac4 ,,drive4 ,the horse was ---- twenty miles4 ,he almost ---- it to death4 #ad4 ,,eat4 ,he ---- everything which the others had not ----4 ,how can he ---- that8 #ae4 ,,flee4 ,since the cashier has ----1 they think that a warrant would be useless4 #af4 ,,fly4 ,the air-ship ---- three hundred miles on its first trip4 ,that it has ---- so far is sufficient proof of its success4 #ag4 ,,forsake4 ,he ---- his new friends just as he had ---- all the others4 #ah4 ,,freeze4 ,the man was ---- stiff4 ,he evidently ---- to death so easily because he had been so long without food4 #ai4 ,,give4 ,she was not ---- as much as her sisters4 ,her father ---- her less because of her extravagance4 ,but1 he now ---- her enough to make it up4 #bj4 ,,go4 ,she ---- to school to-day4 ,she ---- yesterday4 ,she has ---- every day this month4 #ba4 ,,know4 ,he ---- that he cannot live4 ,as long as ,i have ---- him1 this is the first time ,i ever ---- he was married4 #bb4 ,,mean4 ,he ---- to do right1 and has always ---- to do so4 #bc4 ,,ride4 ,they ---- as if they had ---- a long distance4 ,they say that they ---- from ,larimer this morning4 #bd4 ,,plead4 ,the mother ---- an hour for her son's life4 #be4 ,,prove4 ,they ---- him a thief in the eyes of the people1 even if he was not ---- so to the satisfaction of the jury4 #bf4 ,,run4 ,john ---- the race as though he had ---- races all his life4 ,the race was ---- very rapidly4 ,soon after that race1 he ---- in another race4 #bg4 ,,see4 ,smith1 who has just arrived1 says he ---- two men skulking along the road4 ,he was not ---- by them4 ,that play is the best ,i ever ----4 #bh4 ,,seek4 ,the detectives ---- all through the slums for him4 ,now they ---- him in the better parts of the city4 ,no criminal was ever more eagerly ----4 #bi4 ,,shake4 ,during the day his hand was ---- five hundred times4 ,he ---- hands with all who came4 #cj4 ,,shoe4 ,the entire army was ---- with ,blank's shoes4 #ca4 ,,sing4 ,the choir ---- the anthem as they had never ---- it before4 ,they always ---- it well4 #cb4 ,,sink4 ,the stone ---- as soon as it is in the water4 ,the ship was ---- in forty fathoms of water4 ,they ---- the ship in #ahfa4 #cc4 ,,speak4 ,though they claimed that they always ---- to her1 she was really never ---- to by any member of the family4 #cd4 ,,steal4 ,the money was ----2 whether or not he ---- it ,i do not know4 ,everyone believes that he has frequently ---- goods from the store4 #ce4 ,,take4 ,i was ---- for him several times that day4 ,no one ever ---- me for him before4 #cf4 ,,teach4 ,john ---- school every day4 ,he has ---- for ten years4 ,he first ---- when he was eighteen years old4 #cg4 ,,tear4 ,the dog ---- at the paper until it was ---- entirely to pieces4 ,he ---- up everything he finds4 #ch4 ,,throw4 ,he was ---- by a horse which never before ---- anyone4 #ci4 ,,wear4 ,the trousers were ---- entirely out in a month1 but ,i ---- the coat and vest for six months4 #dj4 ,,weave4 ,this carpet was ---- at ,philadelphia4 ,the manufacturers say they never ---- a better one1 and they ---- the best in the country4 #da4 ,,write4 ,although he has ---- several times1 he has never ---- anything about that4 ,he ---- to me just last week4 ,he ---- at least once a month4 ,,exercise #cb ,correct the errors in the use of verbs in the following sentences3 #a4 ,he plead all day to be released4 #b4 ,the horse was rode to death4 #c4 ,the letter was wrote before he knowed the truth4 #d4 ,he was immediately threw out of the room4 #e4 ,she run around all day and then was sick the next day4 #f4 ,i never seen anything like it4 #g4 ,he was very much shook by the news4 #h4 ,the matter was took up by the committee4 #i4 ,the horse has been stole from the owner4 #aj4 ,goliath was slew by ,david4 #aa4 ,the words have been spoke in anger4 #ab4 ,i have went to church every day4 #ac4 ,was the river froze enough for skating8 #ad4 ,he begun to take notice immediately4 #ae4 ,the umbrella was blew to pieces4 #af4 ,i have broke my ruler4 #ag4 ,jones was chose as leader of the class4 #ah4 ,he said he come as soon as he could4 #ai4 ,i done it4 #bj4 ,i have never did anything so foolish4 #ba4 ,i have ate all that was in the lunch-box4 #bb4 ,the horse was drove ten miles4 ,,exercise #cc ,write sentences in which the following verb forms are properly used3 begun1 blew1 broke1 chose1 come1 came1 done1 did1 drew1 drunk1 drove1 ate1 flew1 forsook1 froze1 forgot1 gave1 give1 went1 hang1 hung1 knew1 rode1 run1 shook1 sung1 slew1 spoke1 stole1 took1 tore1 threw1 wore1 wrote4 #ee4 ,,transitive ,,and ,,intransitive ,,verbs4 ,a ,,transitive ,,verb is one in which the action of the verb goes over to a receiver2 as1 ,he ,,killed the horse1 ,i ,,keep my word4 ,in both these sentences1 the verb serves to transfer the action from the subject to the object or receiver of the action4 ,the verbs in these sentences1 and all similar verbs1 are transitive verbs4 ,all others1 in which the action does not go to a receiver1 are called ,,intransitive ,,verbs4 #ef4 ,,active ,,and ,,passive ,,voice4 ,the ,,active ,,voice represents the subject as the doer of the action2 as1 ,i tell1 ,i see1 ,he makes chairs4 ,the ,,passive ,,voice represents the subject as the receiver of the action2 as1 ,i am told1 ,i am seen1 ,i have been seen1 ,chairs are made by me4 ,since only transitive verbs can have a receiver of the action1 only transitive verbs can have both active and passive voice4 #eg4 ,there are a few special verbs in which the failure to distinguish between the transitive and the intransitive verbs leads to frequent error4 ,the most important of these verbs are the following3 sit1 set1 awake1 wake1 lie1 lay1 rise1 arise1 raise1 fell1 and fall4 ,note again the principal parts of these verbs3 wake 7to rouse another7 woke1 waked woke1 waked awake 7to cease to sleep7 awoke1 awaked awaked fell 7to strike down7 felled felled fall 7to topple over7 fell fallen lay 7to place7 laid laid lie 7to recline7 lay lain raise 7to cause to ascend7 raised raised 7a7rise 7to ascend7 7a7rose 7a7risen set 7to place7 set set sit 7to rest7 sat sat ,the first of each pair of the above verbs is transitive1 and the second is intransitive4 ,only the first1 then1 of each pair can have an object or can be used in the passive voice4 ,,notes4--,the following exceptions in the use of sit and set are1 by reason of usage1 regarded as correct3 ,the sun sets1 ,the moon sets1 ,they sat themselves down to rest1 and ,he set out for ,chicago4 ,lie1 meaning to deceive1 has for its principal parts1 lie1 lied1 lied4 ,lie1 however1 with this meaning is seldom confused with lie meaning to recline4 ,the present participle of lie is lying4 ,compare the following sentences1 and note the reasons why the second form in each case is the correct form4 ,,wrong ,,right ,awake me early to-morrow4 ,wake me early to-morrow4 ,he was awoke by the noise4 ,he was woke 7waked7 by the noise4 ,he has fallen a tree4 ,he has felled a tree4 ,i have laid down4 ,i have lain down4 ,i lay the book down 7past tense74 ,i laid the book down4 ,the river has raised4 ,the river has risen4 ,he raised in bed4 ,he rose in bed4 ,i set there4 ,i sat there4 ,i sat the chair there4 ,i set the chair there4 ,,exercise #cd ,form an original sentence showing the proper use of each of the following words3 ,lie1 lay 7to place71 sit1 set1 sat1 sitting1 setting1 lie 7to recline71 lie 7to deceive71 lying1 laying1 rise1 arose1 raised1 raise1 fell 7to topple over71 fallen1 felled1 awake1 wake1 awaked1 woke1 falling1 felling1 rising1 raising1 waking1 awaking1 lain1 laid1 lied4 ,,exercise #ce ,correct such of the following sentences as are wrong3 #a4 ,let sleeping dogs lay4 #b4 ,the sun has sat in the golden west4 #c4 ,he has laid in bed all morning4 #d4 ,he will sit out on his journey this morning4 #e4 ,let him sit there as long as he wishes4 #f4 ,he sat the chair by the table4 #g4 ,he awoke everybody at daylight4 #h4 ,he laid down to sleep4 #i4 ,let him lie there until he wakes4 #aj4 ,the shower has lain the dust4 #aa4 ,the curtain raised because it was raised by his orders4 #ab4 ,the river has risen four feet4 #ac4 ,falling trees is his amusement4 #ad4 ,to have been awaked then would have been sad4 #ae4 ,to have waked then would have been sad4 #af4 ,waking at dawn1 they renewed the journey4 #ag4 ,he has set there all day4 #ah4 ,he lay the papers before the judge4 #ai4 ,the judge laid the papers aside4 #bj4 ,lieing in the shade is his most strenuous occupation4 ,,exercise #cf ,in the following sentences fill the blanks with the proper forms of the verbs indicated3 ,,sit ,,and ,,set #a4 ,i ---- in that seat all the evening4 #b4 ,please ---- here until ,i return4 #c4 ,he was still ----ting there on my return4 #d4 ,the sun ---- in the west4 #e4 ,he ---- out for home yesterday4 #f4 ---- down and rest awhile4 #g4 ,james ---- down and talked to me4 #h4 ,he was engaged in ----ting out flowers4 #i4 ,i ---- the bucket on the rock above the bridge4 #aj4 ,last evening we ---- at the table for more than an hour4 #aa4 ---- here until ,i call my mother4 #ab4 ---- the lamp on the table4 #ac4 ,he has ---- there all day4 #ad4 ,the chair was ---- by the desk4 #ae4 ,i usually ---- up until twelve4 #af4 ,she ---- the hen on some eggs and she remained ---- there4 #ag4 ,she told me to ---- there1 and ,i ---- down4 #ah4 ,by whom has the lamp been ---- there8 #ai4 ,i ---- my chair by the window and ---- there all the afternoon4 #bj4 ,how can she ---- still for so long8 #ba4 ,the moon ---- at twelve4 ,,lay ,,and ,,lie #a4 ,i ---- down this afternoon to rest4 #b4 ,i ---- in bed until late every morning4 #c4 ,i have frequently ---- in bed until eleven4 #d4 ,he always ---- his books on the desk4 #e4 ,he just now ---- his books on the desk4 #f4 ,he has ---- them there every morning4 #g4 ,his books have sometimes ---- there all day4 #h4 ,his books have sometimes been ----ing there before ,i arrive4 #i4 ,after he ---- down he remembered that he had left a letter on his desk4 #aj4 ,will it not be well for you to ---- down for a while8 #aa4 ,i ---- on the grass yesterday for an hour or more4 #ab4 ,i have ---- down and feel much better4 #ac4 ,now ,i ---- me down to sleep4 #ad4 ,the scene of the play is ---- in rural ,pennsylvania4 #ae4 ,the tramps ---- behind the barn waiting for dawn4 #af4 ,i had ---- down to rest before 7set or sit7 ting out on my journey4 #ag4 ,the floor was ---- by an expert carpenter4 #ah4 ,she told me to ---- the matter before the teacher4 #ai4 ---- down1 ,fido4 #bj4 ,when we are weary1 we ---- down4 #ba4 ,who ---- that on the table8 #bb4 ,he has repeatedly ---- about the matter4 #bc4 ,he ---- without the slightest hesitation4 #bd4 ----ing down is a good way to rest4 #be4 ----ing is a sin4 #bf4 ,he ---- to his father1 and his father knew it4 ,,raise ,,and ,,rise 7,,arise7 #a4 ,i will ---- and go unto my father4 #b4 ,he has ---- early to-day4 #c4 ,i do not know why he ---- so early4 #d4 ---- your hand if you know4 #e4 ,everyone ---- his hand4 #f4 ,they have all ---- their hands4 #g4 ,all their hands were ---- at once4 #h4 ,the price of meat has ----4 #i4 ,the bread would not ----4 #aj4 ,i ---- in order that ,i might see better4 #aa4 ,the flag was very carefully ----4 #ab4 ,he tried to ---- himself from the condition into which he had fallen4 #ac4 ,the curtain is to ---- at eight4 ,i myself shall see to ----ing it then4 #ad4 ,the boy ---- and answers4 #ae4 ,he is ---- rapidly to prominence4 #af4 ,will you please ---- the window8 #ag4 ,the safe was ---- by means of a rope4 #ah4 ,it is like trying to ---- one's self by one's boot-straps4 #ai4 ---- and march to the front of the room4 #bj4 ,the river ---- rapidly4 ,,fell ,,and ,,fall #a4 ,gladstone1 when living1 ---- a tree each morning for exercise4 #b4 ,to ---- an ox with one blow of the fist is a feat of wonderful strength4 #c4 ,he was ---- to the earth by a blow from a club4 #d4 ,to ---- often is to be expected in learning to skate4 #e4 ----ing down is a small matter to the young4 #f4 ,he has often ---- from the roof of the porch4 #g4 ,after he ---- once1 he seemed to try to do so again4 #h4 ,i did not see him----4 #i4 ,not a shot is fired but a bird ----4 #aj4 ,let the tree be ---- across the road4 #aa4 ,it is hard to avoid ----ing on the ice4 ,,awake ,,and ,,wake #a4 ,have them ---- me very early4 #b4 ,he went upstairs and ---- his brother4 #c4 ,his brother did not wish to be ---- so early4 #d4 ,this morning ,i ---- at dawn4 #e4 ,it is unpleasant to ---- so early4 #f4 ,you say that you have never ---- after nine8 #g4 ,who ---- so early1 this morning8 #h4 ,he would not say who ---- him4 #i4 ----ing in the dead of night is unpleasant4 #aj4 ----ing everybody up by their noise is an every night occurrence4 #aa4 ,the sun ---- me early4 #ab4 ,the whole country-side seemed to ---- at once4 #ac4 ,he had himself ---- at six o'clock4 #eh4 ,,mode4 ,mode is that form of the verb which indicates the manner in which the action or state is to be regarded4 ,there are several modes in ,english1 but only between the indicative and subjunctive modes is the distinction important4 ,generally speaking1 the ,,indicative ,,mode is used when the statement is regarded as a fact or as truth1 and the ,,subjunctive ,,mode is used when the statement expresses uncertainty or implies some degree of doubt4 #ei4 ,,forms ,,of ,,the ,,subjunctive4 ,the places in which the subjunctive differs from the indicative are in the present and past tenses of the verb be1 and in the present tense of active verbs4 ,the following outline will show the difference between the indicative and the subjunctive of be3 ,,indicative ,,present ,,of ,,be ,,indicative ,,past ,,of ,,be ,i am we are ,i was we were thou art you are thou wert or wast you were he 7she1 it7 is they are he 7she1 it7 was they were ,,subjunctive ,,present ,,of ,,be ,,subjunctive ,,past ,,of ,,be ,if ,i be ,if we be ,if ,i were ,if we were ,if thou be ,if you be ,if thou were ,if you were ,if he 7she1 it7 be ,if they be ,if he 7she1 it7 were ,if they were ,if is used only as an example of the conjunctions on which the subjunctive depends4 ,other conjunctions may be used1 or the verb may precede the subject4 ,,note4--,it will be noticed that thou art and thou wast1 etc41 have been used in the second person singular4 ,strictly speaking1 these are the proper forms to be used here1 even though you are and you were1 etc41 are customarily used in addressing a single person4 ,in the subjunctive of be1 it will be noted that the form be is used throughout the present tense2 and the form were throughout the past tense4 ,in other verbs the subjunctive1 instead of having the s-form in the third person singular of the present tense1 has the name-form1 or the same form as all the other forms of the present tense2 as1 indicative1 he runs1 she sees1 it seems1 he has2 subjunctive1 if he run1 though she see1 lest it seem1 if he have4 ,,note4--,an examination of the model conjugations under #gg will give a further understanding of the forms of the subjunctive4 #fj4 ,,use ,,of ,,indicative ,,and ,,subjunctive4 ,the indicative mode would be properly used in the following sentence1 when the statement is regarded as true3 ,if that evidence is true1 then he is a criminal4 ,similarly3 ,if he is rich1 he ought to be charitable4 ,most directly declarative statements are put in the indicative mode4 ,but when the sense of the statement shows uncertainty in the speaker's mind1 or shows that the condition stated is regarded as contrary to fact or as untrue1 the subjunctive is used4 ,note the two sentences following1 in which the conditions are properly in the subjunctive3 ,if those statements be true1 then all statements are true1 ,were ,i rich1 ,i might be charitable4 ,the subjunctive is usually preceded by the conjunctions1 if1 though1 lest1 although1 or the verb precedes the subject4 ,but it must be borne in mind that these do not always indicate the subjunctive mode4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,depends ,,on ,,whether ,,the ,,condition ,,is ,,regarded ,,as ,a ,,fact ,,or ,,as ,,contrary ,,to ,,fact1 ,,certain ,,or ,,uncertain4 ,it should be added that the subjunctive is perhaps going out of use2 some of the best writers no longer use its forms4 ,this passing of the subjunctive is to be regretted and to be discouraged1 since its forms give opportunity for many fine shades of meaning4 ,,exercise #cg ,write five sentences which illustrate the correct use of ,,be in the third person singular without an auxiliary1 and five which illustrate the correct use of ,,were in the third person singular4 ,,exercise #ch ,choose the preferable form in the following sentences1 and be able to give a definite reason for your choice4 ,in some of the sentences either form may be used correctly3 #a4 ,he acts as if it were was possible always to escape death4 #b4 ,if it was were near enough1 ,i should walk4 #c4 ,if ,i was were only wealthy6 #d4 ,if ,i were was in his place1 ,i should study medicine4 #e4 ,if you are be right1 then the book is wrong4 #f4 ,if he was were ,i1 he would come4 #g4 ,though he was were very economical1 he remained poor4 #h4 ,though she was were an angel1 ,i should dislike her4 #i4 ,if he be is there1 ask him to pay the bill4 #aj4 ,if he be is there1 he makes no sign of his presence4 #aa4 ,if this be is wrong1 then all love of country is wrong4 #ab4 ,if it rains rain1 ,i stay at school4 #ac4 ,take care lest you are be deceived by appearances4 #ad4 ,would that ,i was were a bird4 #ae4 ,if it snow snows1 ,i can't come4 #af4 ,if your father comes come1 bring him to dinner4 #ag4 ,if your father was were here1 you would act differently4 #ah4 ,though he were was king over all the earth ,i should despise him4 #ai4 ,if he come comes1 he will find me at home4 #bj4 ,was were it necessary1 ,i should jump4 #ba4 ,if to-morrow be is pleasant1 we shall go driving4 #bb4 ,if my mother was were here1 she would say ,i might go4 #bc4 ,if she was were at home1 ,i did not hear of it4 #bd4 ,if that is be his motive1 he is unworthy4 #be4 ,though this seem seems improbable1 it is true4 #bf4 ,if a speech is be praised by none but literary men1 it is bad4 #bg4 ,if the father pays pay the debt1 he will be released4 #bh4 ,though ,mary be is young1 she is a writer of note4 #bi4 ,unless he takes take better care of his health1 he will die4 #cj4 ,if he be is honest1 he has not shown it4 #ca4 ,if he be is honest1 he will insist on paying me4 #cb4 ,if he ever tell tells the truth1 he conceals the fact4 #fa4 ,,agreement ,,of ,,verb ,,with ,,its ,,subject4 ,,the ,,verb ,,should ,,agree ,,with ,,its ,,subject ,,in ,,person ,,and ,,number4 ,the most frequent error is the failure of the verb to agree in number with its subject4 ,singular subjects are used with plural verbs1 and plural subjects with singular verbs4 ,these errors arise chiefly from a misapprehension of the true number of the subject4 ,the s-form of the verb is the only distinct singular form1 and occurs only in the third person1 singular1 present indicative2 as1 ,he runs1 she goes1 it moves4 ,is1 was1 and has are the singular forms of the auxiliaries4 ,am is used only with a subject in the first person1 and is not a source of confusion4 ,the other auxiliaries have no singular forms4 ,failure of the verb and its subject to agree in person seldom occurs1 and so can cause little confusion4 ,examine the following correct forms of agreement of verb and subject3 ,a barrel of clothes ,,was shipped 7not were shipped74 ,a man and a woman ,,have been here 7not has been here74 ,boxes ,,are scarce 7not is scarce74 ,when ,,were the brothers here 7not when was78 #fb4 ,,agreement ,,of ,,subject ,,and ,,verb ,,in ,,number4 ,the general rule to be borne in mind in regard to number1 is that ,,it ,,is ,,the ,,meaning ,,and ,,not ,,the ,,form ,,of ,,the ,,subject ,,that ,,determines ,,whether ,,to ,,use ,,the ,,singular ,,or ,,the ,,plural ,,form ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 ,this rule also applies to the use of singular or plural pronouns4 ,many nouns plural in form are singular in meaning2 as1 politics1 measles1 news1 etc4 ,many1 also1 are treated as plurals1 though in meaning they are singular2 as1 forceps1 tongs1 trousers4 ,some nouns1 singular in form1 are1 according to the sense in which1 they are used1 either singular or plural in meaning2 as1 committee1 family1 pair1 jury1 assembly1 means4 ,the following sentences are all correct3 ,the assembly has closed its meeting1 ,the assembly are all total abstainers1 ,the whole family is a famous one1 ,the whole family are sick4 ,in the use of the adjective pronouns1 some1 each1 etc41 the noun is often omitted4 ,when this is done1 error is often made by using the wrong number of the verb4 ,each1 either1 neither1 this1 that1 and one1 when used alone as subjects1 require singular verbs4 ,all1 those1 these1 few1 many1 always require plural verbs4 ,any1 none1 and some may take either singular or plural verbs4 ,in most of these cases1 as is true throughout the subject of agreement in number1 reason will determine the form to be used4 ,some nouns in a plural form express quantity rather than number4 ,when quantity is plainly intended the singular verb should be used4 ,examine the following sentences2 each is correct3 ,three drops of medicine is a dose1 ,ten thousand tons of coal was purchased by the firm1 ,two hundred dollars was the amount of the collection1 ,two hundred silver dollars were in the collection4 ,,exercise #ci ,in each of the following sentences1 by giving a reason1 justify the correctness of the agreement in number of the verb and the noun3 #a4 ,the jury have agreed4 #b4 ,the jury has been sent out to reconsider its verdict4 #c4 ,the committee has presented its report1 but they have differed in regard to one matter4 #d4 ,the whole tribe was destroyed4 #e4 ,the tribe were scattered through the different states4 #f4 ,the regiment were almost all sick4 #g4 ,a variety of persons was there4 #h4 ,the society meets each month4 #i4 ,the society is divided in its opinion4 #aj4 ,a number were unable to be present4 #aa4 ,a great number was present4 #ab4 ,the number present was great4 #ac4 ,what means were used to gain his vote8 #ad4 ,that means of gaining votes is corrupt4 #ae4 ,seventeen pounds was the cat's weight4 #af4 ,twenty years of his life was spent in prison4 #ag4 ,two hundred pounds was his weight4 #ah4 ,the family are all at home4 #ai4 ,the family is large4 #bj4 ,a pair of gloves has been lost4 #ba4 ,a pair of twins were sitting in the doorway4 #bb4 ,the army was defeated4 ,,exercise #dj ,construct sentences in which each of the words named below is used correctly as the subject of some one of the verbs1 ,,is1 ,,was1 ,,has1 ,,have1 ,,are1 ,,was1 ,,have1 ,,go1 ,,goes1 ,,run1 ,,runs1 ,,come1 ,,comes3 ,one1 none1 nobody1 everybody1 this1 that1 these1 those1 former1 latter1 few1 some1 many1 other1 any1 all1 such1 news1 pains1 measles1 gallows1 ashes1 dregs1 goods1 pincers1 thanks1 victuals1 vitals1 mumps1 flock1 crowd1 fleet1 group1 choir1 class1 army1 mob1 tribe1 herd1 committee1 tons1 dollars1 bushels1 carloads1 gallons1 days1 months4 ,,exercise #da ,go over each of the above sentences and determine whether ,,it or ,,they should be used in referring to the subject4 #fc4 ,,the ,,following ,,rules ,,govern ,,the ,,agreement ,,of ,,the ,,verb ,,with ,a ,,compound ,,subject3 #a4 ,when a singular noun is modified by two adjectives so as to mean two distinct things1 the verb should be in the plural2 as1 ,french and ,german literature ,,are studied4 #b4 ,when the verb applies to the different parts of the compound subject1 the plural form of the verb should be used2 as1 ,john and ,harry ,,are still to come4 #c4 ,when the verb applies to one subject and not to the others1 it should agree with that subject to which it applies2 as1 ,the employee1 and not the employers1 ,,was to blame1 ,the employers1 and not the employee1 ,,were to blame1 ,the boy1 as well as his sisters1 ,,deserves praise4 #d4 ,when the verb applies separately to several subjects1 each in the singular1 the verb should be singular2 as1 ,each book and each paper ,,was in its place1 ,no help and no hope ,,is found for him1 ,either one or the other ,,is he1 ,neither one nor the other ,,is he4 #e4 ,when the verb applies separately to several subjects1 some of which are singular and some plural1 it should agree with the subject nearest to it2 as1 ,neither the boy1 nor his sisters ,,deserve praise1 ,neither the sisters nor the boy ,,deserves praise4 #f4 ,when a verb separates its subjects1 it should agree with the first2 as1 ,the leader ,,was slain and all his men1 ,the men ,,were slain1 and also the leader4 ,,exercise #db ,choose the proper form of the verb in the following sentences3 #a4 ,hard and soft coal is are used4 #b4 ,the boy and the girl have has come4 #c4 ,neither ,james nor ,i are is to go4 #d4 ,neither ,james nor they are is to go4 #e4 ,henry1 and not his sister1 is are sure to be invited4 #f4 ,the children and their father was were on the train4 #g4 ,each man and each woman was were present4 #h4 ,either ,tennyson or ,wordsworth was were the author of that poem4 #i4 ,either the man or his children was were lost4 #aj4 ,either the children or their father was were lost4 #aa4 ,bread and milk are is frugal but wholesome fare4 #ab4 ,the teacher was were cut off by the fire1 and also her pupils4 #ac4 ,the pupils was were cut off by the fire1 and also the teacher4 #ad4 ,dogs and cats is are useless animals4 #ae4 ,neither the daughters nor their mother is are at home4 #af4 ,either the soldier or his officers is are mistaken4 #ag4 ,the cat and all her kittens was were at the door4 #ah4 ,tennyson1 not ,wordsworth1 were was the author4 #ai4 ,each of the trustees has have a vote4 #bj4 ,our success or our failure is are due solely to ourselves4 #ba4 ,neither sincerity nor cordiality characterize characterizes him4 #bb4 ,everyone of these chairs is are mine4 #bc4 ,each day and each hour bring brings new questions4 #bd4 ,the car and all its passengers was were blown up4 #be4 ,the ambition and activity of the man has have been the cause causes of his success4 #bf4 ,old and new hay is are equally good for horses4 #bg4 ,matthew or ,paul are is responsible for that belief4 #bh4 ,a man1 a woman1 and a child is are comprised in the group4 #bi4 ,the pupils and also the teacher were was embarrassed4 #cj4 ,the teacher and also the pupils were was embarrassed4 #ca4 ,neither he nor ,i are is am going4 #cb4 ,book after book was were taken from the shelves4 #cc4 ,either ,aunt ,mary or her daughters is are coming4 #cd4 ,either the daughters or ,aunt ,mary is are coming4 #ce4 ,aunt ,mary1 but not her daughters1 is are coming4 #cf4 ,the daughters1 but not ,aunt ,mary1 is are coming4 #cg4 ,both ,aunt ,mary and her daughter is are coming4 #ch4 ,mary1 and not her mother1 is are coming4 #ci4 ,no preacher and no woman is are allowed to enter4 #dj4 ,every adult man and woman has have a vote4 #da4 ,money1 if not culture1 gains gain a way4 #db4 ,brain power1 as well as money1 talk talks4 #dc4 ,each boy and girl bring brings books4 #fd4 ,,some ,,miscellaneous ,,cautions ,,in ,,regard ,,to ,,agreement ,,in ,,number3 #a4 ,do not use a plural verb after a singular subject modified by an adjective phrase2 as1 ,the thief1 with all his booty1 was captured4 #b4 ,do not use a singular form of the verb after you and they4 ,say3 ,you were1 they are1 they were1 etc41 not1 you was1 they was1 etc4 #c4 ,do not mistake a noun modifier for the noun subject4 ,in the sentence1 ,the ,,sale of boxes was increased1 sale1 not boxes1 is the subject of the verb4 #d4 ,when the subject is a relative pronoun1 the number and the person of the antecedent determine the number and the person of the verb4 ,both of the following sentences are correct3 ,he is the only one of the men ,,that ,,is to be trusted1 ,he is one of those men ,,that ,,are to be trusted4 ,it is to be remembered that the singulars and the plurals of the relative pronouns are alike in form2 that1 who1 etc41 may refer to one or more than one4 #e4 ,do not use incorrect contractions of the verb with not4 ,don't cannot be used with he or she or it1 or with any other singular subject in the third person4 ,one should say1 ,he doesn't1 not he don't2 it doesn't1 not it don't2 man doesn't1 not man don't4 ,the proper form of the verb that is being contracted in these instances is does1 not do4 ,ain't and hain't are always wrong2 no such contractions are recognized4 ,such colloquial contractions as don't1 can't1 etc41 should not be used at all in formal composition4 ,,exercise #dc ,correct such of the following sentences as are wrong3 #a4 ,the ship1 with all her crew1 were lost4 #b4 ,you was there1 ,john1 was you not8 #c4 ,they was never known to do that before4 #d4 ,a barrel of apples were sold4 #e4 ,how many were there who was there8 #f4 ,this is one of the books that is always read4 #g4 ,he don't know his own relatives4 #h4 ,i ain't coming to-night4 #i4 ,the art gallery1 with all its pictures1 was destroyed4 #aj4 ,john1 when was you in the city8 #aa4 ,the book1 with all its errors1 is valuable4 #ab4 ,who they was1 ,i couldn't tell4 #ac4 ,this is one of the mountains which are called ,the ,triplets4 #ad4 ,this is one of the eleven pictures that has gained prizes4 #ae4 ,the hands of the clock is wrong4 #af4 ,the gallery of pictures are splendid4 #ag4 ,this is one of those four metals that is valuable4 #ah4 ,this is the one of those four metals that are valuable4 #ai4 ,that answer1 as you will see1 hain't right4 #bj4 ,the whole box of books were shipped4 ,,exercise #dd ,in the following sentences correct such as are wrong3 #a4 ,cows are a common noun4 #b4 ,such crises seldom occurs4 #c4 ,fifty dollars were given him as a present4 #d4 ,there were four men1 each of which were sent by a different bank4 #e4 ,at that time the morals of men were very low4 #f4 ,mathematics are my most interesting study4 #g4 ,there was once two boys who was imprisoned in the ,tower4 #h4 ,the jury is delivering its verdict4 #i4 ,the ,virginians is a famous book4 #aj4 ,ten minutes were given him in which to answer4 #aa4 ,everyone of these farms are mine4 #ab4 ,lee1 with his whole army1 surrender4 #ac4 ,farm after farm were passed by the train4 #ad4 ,he is one of the greatest men that has ever been president4 #ae4 ,three hundred miles of wires were cut down4 #af4 ,three fourths of his time are wasted4 #ag4 ,three quarts of oats is all that is needed4 #ah4 ,a variety of sounds charms the ear4 #ai4 ,a variety of recitations were given4 #bj4 ,the committee have adjourned4 #ba4 ,washington was one of the greatest generals that has ever lived4 #bb4 ,take one of the books that is lying on the table4 #bc4 ,the house is one of those that overlooks the bay4 #bd4 ,question after question were propounded to him4 #be4 ,he was one of the best orators that has been produced by the school4 #bf4 ,he is one of those persons who are quick to learn4 #bg4 ,a black and white horse were in the ring4 #bh4 ,a black and a white horse was in the ring4 #bi4 ,the committee disagree on some points4 #cj4 ,mary1 where was you yesterday8 #ca4 ,the end and aim of his life are to get money4 #cb4 ,all the crop were lost4 #cc4 ,one of them are gone4 #cd4 ,there comes the children4 #ce4 ,were either of these men elected8 #cf4 ,the alumni of this school is not very loyal4 #cg4 ,there seem to be few here4 #ch4 ,there seems to be a few here4 #ci4 ,neither of the letters were received4 #dj4 ,in all those songs there are a sprightliness and charm4 #da4 ,the ,association of ,engineers are still flourishing4 #db4 ,neither ,john nor ,henry have come4 #dc4 ,either this book or that are wrong4 #dd4 ,this book and that is wrong4 #de4 ,this book1 not that1 is wrong4 #df4 ,either this book or those students is wrong4 #dg4 ,either those students1 or this book is wrong4 #dh4 ,this chemical with its compounds were the agents used in tanning4 #fe4 ,,use ,,of ,,shall ,,and ,,will4 ,the use of the auxiliaries1 shall and will1 with their past tenses1 is a source of very many errors4 ,the following outline will show the correct use of shall and will1 except in dependent clauses and questions3 ,to indicate simple futurity or probability3 ,use shall with ,i and we2 use will with all other subjects4 ,to indicate promise1 determination1 threat1 or command on the part of the speaker2 i4 e41 action which the speaker means to control2 ,use will with ,i and we2 use shall with all other subjects4 ,examine the following examples of the correct use of shall and will3 ,statements as to probable future events3 ,we shall probably be there4 ,i think you will want to be there4 ,it will rain before night4 ,statements of determination on the part of the speaker3 ,i will come in spite of his command4 ,you shall go home4 ,it shall not happen again1 ,i promise you4 #ff4 ,,shall ,,and ,,will ,,in ,,questions4 ,in interrogative sentences shall should always be used with the first person4 ,in the second and third persons that auxiliary should be used which is logically expected in the answer4 ,examine the agreement in the use of shall and will in the following questions and answers3 ,,questions4 ,,answers4 ,shall ,i miss the car8 ,you will miss it4 ,shall you be there8 ,i think ,i shall 7probability74 ,will he do it8 ,i think he will 7assertion74 ,shall your son obey the teacher8 ,he shall 7determination74 ,will you promise to come8 ,we will come 7promise74 #fg4 ,,shall ,,and ,,will ,,in ,,dependent ,,clauses4 ,in dependent clauses which are introduced by that1 expressed or understood1 the auxiliary should be used which would be proper if the dependent clause were a principal clause4 ,the sentence1 ,they assure us that they ,,shall come1 is wrong4 ,the direct assurance would be1 ,we ,,will come4 ,the auxiliary1 then1 in a principal clause would be will4 ,will should1 therefore1 be the auxiliary in the dependent construction1 and the sentence should read1 ,they assure us that they ,,will come4 ,further examples3 ,i suppose we shall have to pay4 ,he thinks that you will be able to do it4 ,he has decided that ,john shall replace the book4 ,in all dependent clauses expressing a condition or contingency use shall with all subjects4 ,examples2 ,if he shall go to ,europe1 it will be his tenth trip abroad4 ,if you shall go away1 who will run the farm8 ,if ,i shall die1 ,i shall die as an honest man4 ,,exercise #de ,justify the correct use of ,,shall and ,,will in the following sentences3 #a4 ,i will go if you wish4 #b4 ,i shall probably go if you wish4 #c4 ,i will have it in spite of all you can do4 #d4 ,we shall return by way of ,dover4 #e4 ,we will fight it out on this line if it takes all summer4 #f4 ,i feel that ,i shall not live long4 #g4 ,we think we shall come to-morrow4 #h4 ,i promise you1 the money shall be raised4 #i4 ,you will then go to ,philadelphia4 #aj4 ,you shall never hear from me again4 #aa4 ,he will surely come to-morrow4 #ab4 ,how shall you answer him8 #ac4 ,i think ,i shall ride4 #ad4 ,he is sure they will come4 #ae4 ,he is sure that ,i will come4 #af4 ,shall you be there8 #ag4 ,will he who fails be allowed to have a reexamination8 #ah4 ,will you be there8 #ai4 ,will all be there8 #bj4 ,he says he shall be there4 #ba4 ,he has promised that he will be there4 #bb4 ,i fear that he will fail to pass4 #bc4 ,we think she will soon be well4 #bd4 ,we are determined that they shall pay4 #be4 ,we expect that they will bring their books4 #bf4 ,i doubt that he will pay4 #bg4 ,we have promised that we will do it4 #bh4 ,if he shall ask1 shall ,i refer him to you8 ,,exercise #df ,fill the blanks in the following sentences with ,,shall or ,,will3 #a4 ,i think ,i ---- find the work easy4 #b4 ,i ---- probably be refused1 but ,i ---- go anyway4 #c4 ---- you be busy to-night8 ,yes1 ,i ---- be in class until ten4 #d4 ,i ---- probably fail to pass the examination4 #e4 ,if no one assists me1 ,i ---- drown4 #f4 ,no4 ,i ---- never sell my library4 #g4 ,if ,i fail ,i ---- be obliged to take an examination4 #h4 ---- my men begin work to-day8 #i4 ---- you stop at ,chicago on your way ,west8 ,no1 ,i don't1 think ,i ----4 #aj4 ---- you promise me to sing at the concert to-night8 ,yes1 ,i ---- sing to-night4 #aa4 ---- ,i put more wood on the fire8 #ab4 ,i ---- be lost2 no one ---- help me4 #ac4 ,it ---- be there when you need it4 #ad4 ,it is demanded that the pupils ---- be orderly and attentive4 #ae4 ,i think it ---- rain soon4 #af4 ,we ---- be disappointed4 #ag4 ---- we be permitted to go8 #ah4 ,we ---- do it for you4 #ai4 ---- ,i go or remain at home8 #bj4 ,i ---- be very grateful to you if you ---- do this4 #ba4 ,if you ---- ask her1 she ---- go with you4 #bb4 ,if you ---- stop1 ,i ---- go with you4 #bc4 ,where ---- we join you8 #bd4 ,i think we ---- be there in time4 #be4 ,i ---- go to the river for a boat ride4 #bf4 ,when ---- you be twenty years of age8 #bg4 ---- we ever see you again8 #bh4 ,perhaps we ---- return next year4 #bi4 ,we promise1 we ---- return4 #cj4 ,you ---- probably suffer for it4 #ca4 ,i ---- not impose on you in that way4 #cb4 ---- ,i ask for your mail8 #cc4 ,i hope that we ---- be there before the curtain rises4 #cd4 ---- they probably be there8 #ce4 ---- you please fetch me a paper8 #cf4 ---- we stop for you on our way downtown8 #cg4 ,when ---- ,i find you in your office8 #ch4 ,they ---- never do it if ,i can help4 #ci4 ,you ---- do as ,i say4 #dj4 ,i ---- never1 never1 go there again4 #da4 ,we ---- decide what to do about that at our next meeting which ---- be in ,october4 #db4 ---- it make any difference to you8 #dc4 ---- ,i go with you8 #dd4 ,no1 you ---- please stay here4 #de4 ,he ---- never enter this house again4 #df4 ,it is believed that they ---- probably be present4 #dg4 ,he fears that he ---- die4 #dh4 ,he requests that you ---- come to-day at seven o'clock4 #di4 ,she asks that it ---- be sent at once4 #ej4 ,it is thought that his death ---- not seriously change things4 #ea4 ,it is believed that the emperor ---- have to retract4 #eb4 ,a story is told that ---- gain little credence4 #ec4 ,i fear that ,i ---- take cold4 #ed4 ,she says that ,i ---- take cold4 #ee4 ,they say that they ---- do it in spite of anything done to prevent4 #ef4 ,he is determined that he ---- go away4 #eg4 ,she is determined that he ---- go to school4 #eh4 ,they say they ---- probably not go4 #ei4 ,john thinks he ---- probably live to be past sixty4 #fj4 ,he tells me that he thinks that he ---- be elected4 #fa4 ,they say that they ---- meet you4 #fb4 ,they assure us that we ---- find good stores in ,berlin4 #fc4 ,he says he fears he ---- miss his train4 #fd4 ,wright says his father ---- become famous4 #fe4 ,he writes that he ---- be here to-day4 #ff4 ,do you say that you ---- be present8 #fg4 ,the book says that ---- be wrong4 #fh4 ,does she say that she ---- come8 #fi4 ,i told you that ,i ---- not come4 #gj4 ,i tell you that she ---- not come4 #ga4 ,he says that he ---- go as a matter of duty4 #gb4 ,john says that ---- not happen anyway4 #gc4 ,does he say that he ---- surely come8 #gd4 ,does ,john write what he ---- promise to do in the matter8 #ge4 ---- you be sure to be there8 ,,exercise #dg ,write five sentences in which ,,shall is used in an independent clause1 and five in which ,,shall is used in a dependent clause4 ,write five sentences in which ,,will is used in an independent clause1 and five in which ,,will is used in a dependent clause4 ,write five interrogative sentences in which ,,shall is used and five in which ,,will is used4 #fh4 ,,should ,,and ,,would4 ,should and would are the past tenses of shall and will1 and have corresponding uses4 ,should is used with ,i and we1 and would with other subjects1 to express mere futurity or probability4 ,would is used with ,i and we1 and should with other subjects1 to express conditional promise or determination on the part of the speaker4 ,examples3 ,futurity3 ,i should be sorry to lose this book4 ,if we should be afraid of the storm1 we should be foolish4 ,it was expected that they would be here4 ,volition or determination3 ,if it should occur1 we would not come4 ,it was promised that it should not occur again4 ,he decided that it should be done4 ,should is sometimes used in the sense of ought1 to imply duty2 as1 ,he should have gone to her aid4 ,would is often used to indicate habitual action2 as1 ,this would often occur when he was preaching4 ,,exercise #dh ,justify the correct use of ,,should and ,,would in the following sentences3 #a4 ,i feared that they would not come4 #b4 ,he should know his duty better than that4 #c4 ,i should be displeased if he would act that way4 #d4 ,we should be ruined if we did that4 #e4 ,you should have seen his face4 #f4 ,we would often take that road4 #g4 ,he said that he would come at once4 #h4 ,if that should happen1 we should not come4 #i4 ,if you were ,i1 what should you do8 #aj4 ,i should see the president of the class4 #aa4 ,we should have been at the meeting4 #ab4 ,he said that we should have been at the meeting4 #ac4 ,he promised that he would be at the meeting4 #ad4 ,if ,i should say so1 he would dislike me4 #ae4 ,should he come1 ,i would go with him4 #af4 ,they would usually stop at the new hotel4 #ag4 ,what would they do in the city8 #ah4 ,she asked if she should write the letter4 #ai4 ,she said they would write the letter4 #bj4 ,she agreed that it would be right4 #ba4 ,she assured us that she would attend to it4 ,,exercise #di ,fill in the blanks with ,,should or ,,would in the following sentences3 #a4 ,i fear ,i ---- be drowned if ,i ---- go swimming4 #b4 ,i ---- be much pleased to meet him4 #c4 ,it was feared that they ---- not accept4 #d4 ,if it ---- storm1 we ---- not start4 #e4 ,she ---- often come to class with no books4 #f4 ,i believed that he ---- come late4 #g4 ,he ---- never have been invited4 #h4 ,if that had become known1 we ---- surely have been ruined4 #i4 ,to think that he ---- do such a thing6 #aj4 ,i ---- like to see the game4 #aa4 ,you ---- not enjoy it4 #ab4 ---- you like to see the game8 #ac4 ---- ,i bring my opera glasses8 #ad4 ,mary ---- never have known it4 #ae4 ,he ---- have easily deceived her4 #af4 ,they were anxious that we ---- not miss the train4 #ag4 ,if we ---- come late1 ---- it make any difference8 #ah4 ,if they had proposed it1 we ---- have voted it down4 #ai4 ,on what date ---- that come8 #bj4 ,i suppose ,i ---- have done it2 but1 it ---- have inconvenienced me4 #ba4 ,had ,lee known that1 he ---- never have surrendered4 #bb4 ,i ---- never have believed she ---- do such a thing4 #bc4 ,we ---- never have come4 #bd4 ---- you think him capable of such a trick8 #be4 ,i knew ,i ---- not be here on time4 #bf4 ---- they dare to attempt opposition8 #bg4 ,how ---- you go about it8 #bh4 ,lincoln1 under those circumstances1 ---- probable not have been elected4 #bi4 ,it ---- have changed our whole history4 #cj4 ,he said that it ---- have changed our whole history4 #ca4 ,he said he ---- come4 #cb4 ,she thinks they ---- not do it4 #cc4 ,we believe that we ---- like to go at once4 #cd4 ,they say it ---- be done now4 #ce4 ,i think ,i ---- like to go4 ,,exercise #ej ,write five sentences in which ,,should is used independently1 and five in which ,,should is used dependently4 ,write five sentences in which ,,would is used independently1 and five in which ,,would is used dependently4 ,write five sentences in which ,,should is used in questions1 and five in which ,,would is used in questions4 #fi4 ,,use ,,of ,,may ,,and ,,might1 ,,can ,,and ,,could4 ,may1 with its past tense1 might1 is properly used to denote permission4 ,can1 with its past tense1 could1 refers to the ability or possibility to do a thing4 ,these two words are often confused4 ,,exercise #ea ,fill the blanks in the following sentences3 #a4 ---- ,i go home8 #b4 ---- we get tickets at that store8 #c4 ---- the mountain be climbed8 #d4 ---- we come into your office8 #e4 ,you ---- stay as long as you wish4 #f4 ---- you finish the work in an hour8 #g4 ,how ---- you say such a thing8 #h4 ,several people ---- use the same book4 #i4 ,we ---- afford to delay a while4 #aj4 ---- ,john go with me8 #aa4 ,you ---- often hear the noise4 #ab4 ,what ---- not be done in a week8 #ac4 ,that ---- be true1 but it ---- not be relied on4 #ad4 ,what ---- he do to prevent it8 #ae4 ,when ---- we hand in the work8 #gj4 ,,participles ,,and ,,gerunds4 ,the past participle has already been mentioned as one of the principal parts of the verb4 ,generally1 the ,,participles are those forms of the verb that ,,are ,,used ,,adjectively2 as1 seeing1 having seen1 being seen1 having been seen1 seen1 playing1 having played1 etc4 ,in the following sentences note that the verb form in each case modifies a substantive3 ,he1 ,,having ,,been ,,invited ,,to ,,dine1 came early1 ,john1 ,,being ,,sick1 could not come4 ,the verb form in all these cases is called a participle1 and must be used in connection with either a nominative or objective case of a noun or pronoun4 ,the ,,gerund is the same as the participle in its forms1 but differs in that1 while the participle is always used adjectively1 the ,,gerund ,,is ,,always ,,used ,,substantively2 as1 ,i told ,,of ,,his ,,winning the race1 ,,after ,,his ,,asserting it1 ,i believe the statement4 #ga4 ,,misuses ,,of ,,participles ,,and ,,gerunds4 #a4 ,a participle should not be used unless it stands in a grammatical and logical relation to some substantive that is present in the sentence4 ,failure to follow this rule leads to the error known as the dangling participle4 ,it is wrong to say1 ,the dish was broken1 ,,resulting from its fall1 because resulting does not stand in grammatical relation to any word in the sentence4 ,but it would be right to say1 ,the dish was broken as a result of its fall4 ,examine1 also1 the following examples3 ,wrong3 ,i spent a week in ,virginia1 followed by a week at ,atlantic ,city4 ,right3 ,i spent a week in ,virginia1 following it by a week at ,atlantic ,city4 ,right3 ,i spent a week in ,virginia1 and then a week at ,atlantic ,city4 #b4 ,a participle should not stand at the beginning of a sentence or principal clause unless it belongs to the subject of that sentence or clause4 ,compare the following3 ,wrong3 ,having been sick1 it was decided to remain at home4 ,right3 ,having been sick1 ,i decided to remain at home4 #c4 ,a participle preceded by thus should not be used unless it modifies the subject of the preceding verb4 ,compare the following3 ,wrong3 ,he had to rewrite several pages1 thus causing him a great deal of trouble4 ,right3 ,he had to rewrite several pages1 and was thus caused a great deal of trouble4 ,right3 ,he had to rewrite several pages1 thus experiencing a great deal of trouble4 #d4 ,the gerund is often used as the object of a preposition1 and frequently has a noun or pronoun modifier4 ,owing to confusion between the gerund and the participle1 and to the failure to realize that the gerund can only be used substantively1 the objective case of a modifying noun or pronoun is often wrongly used before the gerund4 ,a substantive used with the gerund should always be in the possessive case4 ,say1 ,i heard ,,of ,,john',s ,,coming1 not1 ,i heard ,,of ,,john ,,coming4 #e4 ,when a gerund and a preposition are used1 the phrase should be in logical and immediate connection with the substantive it modifies1 and the phrase should never introduce a sentence unless it logically belongs to the subject of that sentence4 ,exception3 ,when the gerund phrase denotes a general action1 it may be used without grammatical connection to the sentence2 as1 ,in traveling1 good drinking water is essential4 ,compare the following wrong and right forms3 ,wrong3 ,after seeing his mistake1 a new start was made4 ,right3 ,after seeing his mistake1 he made a new start4 ,wrong3 ,by writing rapidly1 the work can be finished4 ,right3 ,by writing rapidly1 you can finish the work4 ,wrong3 ,in copying the exercise1 a mistake was made4 ,right3 ,in copying the exercise1 ,i made a mistake4 ,,exercise #eb ,in the following sentences1 choose the proper form of the substantive from those italicized3 #a4 ,he spoke of ,john ,john's coming down4 #b4 ,the idea of his him singing is absurd4 #c4 ,do you remember me my speaking about it8 #d4 ,what is the use of you your reading that8 #e4 ,he his him being arrested was a sufficient disgrace4 #f4 ,he him his being now of age1 sold the farm4 #g4 ,he him his selling it was very unexpected4 #h4 ,you should have heard him his telling the story4 #i4 ,you should have heard his him telling of the story4 #aj4 ,to think of them they their having been seen there6 #aa4 ,what is the object of ,mary ,mary's studying ,french8 #ab4 ,it its being ,john was a great surprise4 #ac4 ,what is the use of them they their talking so much8 #ad4 ,john ,john's going to school takes all his evenings4 #ae4 ,the beauty of ,james ,james's writing got him the position4 #af4 ,he had heard about me my coming to-day4 #ag4 ,john ,john's coming was a surprise4 ,,exercise #ec ,wherever participles or gerunds are improperly used in the following sentences1 correct the sentences so as to avoid such impropriety4 ,see #ajg for rule as to punctuation3 #a4 ,having assented to your plan1 you try to hold me responsible4 #b4 ,he asked him to make the plans1 owing to the need of an experienced architect4 #c4 ,it was decided to send his son abroad being anxious for his health4 #d4 ,on hearing that1 a new plan was made4 #e4 ,moving slowly past our window1 we saw a great load of lumber4 #f4 ,intending to go to the theater1 the whole afternoon was spent in town4 #g4 ,he was taken into the firm1 thus gaining an increased income4 #h4 ,not having the lesson prepared1 he told ,john to stay after class4 #i4 ,no letter was written for more than a week1 causing considerable anxiety4 #aj4 ,expecting us to come1 we disappointed him4 #aa4 ,after telling me the story1 ,i left him4 #ab4 ,by reading aloud to the class1 they do not gain much4 #ac4 ,he had to wait several hours for the train1 thus causing him to lose a great deal of valuable time4 #ad4 ,after listening to his lecture for an hour he became tiresome4 #ae4 ,we listened attentively to his lecture1 thus showing our interest4 #gb4 ,,infinitives4 ,the ,infinitives are formed by the word to and some part of the verb or of the verb and auxiliary4 ,for see and play as model verbs1 the infinitives are as follows3 ,,present ,,active ,,present ,,passive to see to be seen to play to be played ,,present ,,perfect ,,active ,,present ,,perfect ,,passive to have seen to have been seen to have played to have been played ,the word to is frequently omitted4 ,in general1 other verbs follow the same endings and forms as do the infinitives above4 ,it is necessary to know the difference between the two tenses1 since the misuse of tenses leads to a certain class of errors4 #gc4 ,,sequence ,,of ,,infinitive ,,tenses4 ,the wrong tense of the infinitive is frequently used4 ,the following rules should be observed3 #a4 ,if the action referred to by the infinitive is of the same time or of later time than that indicated by the predicate verb1 the ,,present ,,infinitive should be used4 #b4 ,when the action referred to by the infinitive is regarded as completed at the time indicated by the predicate verb1 the ,,perfect ,,infinitive should be used4 ,examine the following examples3 ,wrong3 ,i should have liked to have gone4 ,right3 ,i should have liked to go 7same or later time74 ,right3 ,i should like to have gone 7earlier time74 ,wrong3 ,it was bad to have been discovered4 ,right3 ,it is bad to have been discovered 7earlier time74 ,right3 ,it was bad to be discovered 7same or later time74 ,right3 ,she did not believe her son to have committed the crime 7earlier time74 ,right3 ,when he died1 he believed himself to have been defeated for the office 7earlier time47 ,,exercise #ed ,in the following sentences choose the proper form from those italicized3 #a4 ,i was sorry to have heard to hear of ,john's death4 #b4 ,should you have been willing to go to have gone with us8 #c4 ,the game was intended to be played to have been played yesterday4 #d4 ,i intended to write to have written long ago4 #e4 ,he wished to have met to meet you4 #f4 ,i should have liked to meet to have met you4 #g4 ,mary was eager to have gone to go4 #h4 ,nero was seen to have fiddled to fiddle while ,rome burned4 #i4 ,nero is said to have fiddled to fiddle while ,rome burned4 #aj4 ,this was to be done to have been done yesterday4 #aa4 ,they agreed to finish to have finished it yesterday4 #ab4 ,he was willing to sing to have sung alone4 #ac4 ,he expected to have spoken to speak here to-morrow4 #ad4 ,the ,civil ,war is said to cause to have caused more loss of life than any other war4 #ae4 ,blackstone is said to have failed to fail at the practice of law4 #af4 ,it would have been hard to accomplish to have accomplished that result4 #ag4 ,he was foolish enough to have spoiled to spoil six negatives4 #ah4 ,i wanted to have attended to attend the convention4 #ai4 ,it would be terrible to be lost to have been lost in the forest4 #bj4 ,we were asked to have waited to wait4 #ba4 ,i am eager to have seen to see it4 #bb4 ,i am pleased to meet to have met you4 #gd4 ,,split ,,infinitives4 ,in the sentence1 care should be taken to avoid as much as possible the inserting of an adverb or an adverbial modifier between the parts of the infinitive4 ,this error is called the split infinitive4 ,compare the following3 ,bad3 ,he seemed to easily learn4 ,good3 ,he seemed to learn easily4 ,bad3 ,he is said to have rapidly run along the street4 ,good3 ,he is said to have run rapidly along the street4 ,,exercise #ee ,correct the following split infinitives3 #a4 ,she is known to have hurriedly read the note4 #b4 ,mary tried to quickly call help4 #c4 ,he was asked to slowly read the next paragraph4 #d4 ,john attempted to rudely break into the conversation4 #e4 ,the plan was to secretly destroy the documents4 #f4 ,his policy was to never offend4 #g4 ,he wished to in this way gain friends4 #h4 ,he proposed to greatly decrease his son's allowance4 #ge4 ,,agreement ,,of ,,verb ,,in ,,clauses4 ,in a compound predicate1 the parts of the predicate should agree in tense2 ,,past ,,tense ,,should ,,follow ,,past ,,tense1 ,,and ,,perfect ,,tense ,,follow ,,perfect ,,tense4 ,examine the following3 ,wrong3 ,he has tried to do1 and really did everything possible to stop his son4 ,right3 ,he has tried to do1 and really has done everything possible to stop his son4 ,right3 ,he tried to do1 and really did everything possible to stop his son4 ,wrong3 ,i hoped and have worked to gain this recognition4 ,right3 ,i hoped and worked to gain this recognition4 ,right3 ,i have hoped and have worked to gain this recognition4 ,,exercise #ef ,correct the following sentences3 #a4 ,i went last week and have gone again this week4 #b4 ,i have heard of his being here1 but not saw him4 #c4 ,i saw ,john1 but ,i have not seen ,henry4 #d4 ,he desired to see ,john1 but has not wished to see ,henry4 #e4 ,john was sent for1 but has not yet arrived4 #f4 ,i endeavored to find a way of avoiding that1 but have not succeeded4 #g4 ,i have never seen its superior1 and1 in fact1 never saw its equal4 #h4 ,she has succeeded in getting his promise1 but did not succeed in getting his money4 #i4 ,i hoped and have prayed for your coming4 #aj4 ,i have believed and usually taught that theory4 #aa4 ,i intended to and have endeavored to finish the work4 #ab4 ,no one has wished to see so much and saw so little of the world as ,i4 #ac4 ,he has gained the favor of the king and was sent to ,italy4 #ad4 ,we have needed you and did our best to find you4 #gf4 ,,omission ,,of ,,the ,,verb ,,or ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 ,the verb or some of its parts are often omitted4 ,this omission sometimes makes the sentence ungrammatical or doubtful in its meaning4 ,i like him better than ,john4 ,this sentence may have the meaning shown in either of its following corrected forms3 ,i like him better than ,john ,,does1 or ,i like him better than ,i ,,like ,john4 ,as a matter of good usage1 the verb or any other part of speech should be repeated wherever its omission either makes the sentence ambiguous or gives it an incomplete sound4 ,bad3 ,he was told to go where he ought not4 ,good3 ,he was told to go where he ought not to go4 ,good3 ,he was told to go where he should not go4 ,,exercise #eg ,correct the following sentences3 #a4 ,i admire ,mary more than ,john4 #b4 ,i think she is older than ,john4 #c4 ,he should have succeeded in gaining the end he tried4 #d4 ,i asked him to do what ,i should not have4 #e4 ,i did what ,i ought not4 #f4 ,we wish him better luck than ,mary4 #g4 ,we want to see him more than ,henry4 #h4 ,i should hate him worse than you4 #i4 ,he wanted me to do what ,i didn't care to4 #aj4 ,you may1 as you please1 do it or not4 #aa4 ,she may go if she wishes or not4 #ab4 ,we think of you oftener than mother4 #gg4 ,,model ,,conjugations ,,of ,,the ,,verbs ,,to ,,be ,,and ,,to ,,see4 ,,conjugation ,,of ,,to ,,be ,,principal ,,parts3 ,,am1 ,,was1 ,,been ,,indicative ,,mode ,,present ,,tense ,person ,singular ,number ,plural ,number #a4 ,i am ,we are #b4 99,thou art 7you are7 ,you are #c4 ,he is ,they are ,footnote 993 ,the forms1 thou art1 thou wast1 thou hast1 etc41 are the proper forms in the second person singular1 but customarily the forms of the second person plural1 you are1 you were1 you have1 etc41 are used also in the second person singular4 ,these distinct second person singular forms will be used throughout the model conjugations4 ,,past ,,tense #a4 ,i was ,we were #b4 ,thou wast or wert ,you were #c4 ,he was ,they were ,,present ,,perfect ,,tense 7,have with the past participle1 been47 #a4 ,i have been ,we have been #b4 ,thou hast been ,you have been #c4 ,he has been ,they have been ,,past ,,perfect ,,tense 7,had with the past participle1 been47 #a4 ,i had been ,we had been #b4 ,thou hadst been ,you had been #c4 ,he had been ,they had been ,,future ,,tense 7,shall or will with the present infinitive1 be4997 ,person ,singular ,number ,plural ,number #a4 ,i shall be ,we shall be #b4 ,thou shalt be ,you shall be #c4 ,he shall be ,they shall be ,footnote 993 ,to determine when to use shall and when to use will in the future and future perfect tenses1 see #fe1 #ff1 and #fg4 ,in these model conjugations the forms of shall are given with the future and the forms of will with the future perfect4 ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense 7,shall or will with the perfect infinitive1 have been4997 #a4 ,i will have been ,we will have been #b4 ,thou wilt have been ,you will have been #c4 ,he will have been ,they will have been ,footnote 993 ,see ,note under ,future ,tense4 ,,subjunctive ,,mode 7,generally follows if1 though1 lest1 although1 etc4 ,see #ei47 ,,present ,,tense #a4 7,if7 ,i be 7,if7 we be #b4 7,if7 thou be 7,if7 you be #c4 7,if7 he be 7,if7 they be ,,past ,,tense #a4 7,if7 ,i were 7,if7 we were #b4 7,if7 thou were 7,if7 you were #c4 7,if7 he were 7,if7 they were ,,present ,,perfect ,,tense 7,have1 unchanged1 with the past participle1 been47 #a4 7,if7 ,i have been 7,if7 we have been #b4 7,if7 thou have been 7,if7 you have been #c4 7,if7 he have been 7,if7 they have been ,,past ,,perfect ,,tense 7,had1 unchanged1 with the past participle1 been47 ,person ,singular ,number ,plural ,number #a4 7,if7 ,i had been 7,if7 we had been #b4 7,if7 thou had been 7,if7 you had been #c4 7,if7 he had been 7,if7 they had been ,,future ,,tense 7,shall or will1 unchanged1 with present infinitive be4997 ,footnote 993 ,see ,note to ,future ,indicative4 #a4 7,if7 ,i shall be 7,if7 we shall be #b4 7,if7 thou shall be 7,if7 you shall be #c4 7,if7 he shall be 7,if7 they shall be ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense 7,shall or will1 unchanged1 with the perfect infinitive1 have been4997 #a4 7,if7 ,i shall have been 7,if7 we shall have been #b4 7,if7 thou shall have been 7,if7 you shall have been #c4 7,if7 he shall have been 7,if7 they shall have been ,,potential ,,mode99 ,footnote 993 ,the distinct potential mode is no longer used by many authorities on grammar1 and the potential forms are regarded as of the indicative mode4 ,it has1 however1 been thought best to use it in these model conjugations4 ,as to when to use the different auxiliaries of the potential mode see #fh and #fi4 ,the conjugation with must 7or ought to7 is sometimes called the ,,obligative ,,mode4 ,the conjugation with should or would is sometimes called the ,,conditional ,,mode4 ,,present ,,tense 7,may1 can1 or must1 with the present infinitive1 be47 #a4 ,i may1 can1 or must be ,we may1 can1 or must be #b4 ,thou mayst1 canst1 or must be ,you may1 can1 or must be #c4 ,he may1 can1 or must be ,they may1 can1 or must be ,,past ,,tense 7,might1 could1 would1 or should1 with the present infinitive1 be47 ,person ,singular ,number ,plural ,number #a4 ,i might1 could1 would1 or ,we might1 could1 would1 or should be should be #b4 ,thou mightst1 couldst1 ,you might1 could1 would1 or wouldst1 or shouldst be should be #c4 ,he might1 could1 would1 ,they might1 could1 would1 or or should be should be ,,present ,,perfect ,,tense 7,may1 can1 or must1 with the perfect infinitive1 have been4 ,for forms substitute have been for be in the present potential47 ,,past ,,perfect ,,tense 7,might1 could1 would1 or should1 with the perfect infinitive have been4 ,for forms substitute have been for be in the past potential47 ,,imperative ,,mode99 ,footnote 993 ,the imperative is the same in both singular and plural4 ,be ,,infinitive ,,mode ,,present ,,tense ,,present ,,perfect ,,tense ,to be ,to have been ,,participles ,,present ,,tense ,,perfect ,,tense ,being ,having been ,,gerunds 7,same as participles7 ,,conjugation ,,of ,,to ,,see ,,principal ,,parts3 ,,see1 ,,saw1 ,,seen ,,indicative ,,mode ,,present ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple ,person ,singular ,number ,plural ,number #a4 ,i see ,we see #b4 ,thou seest ,you see #c4 ,he sees ,they see ,emphatic #a4 ,i do see ,we do see #b4 ,thou dost see ,you do see #c4 ,he does see ,they do see ,progressive #a4 ,i am seeing ,we are seeing #b4 ,thou art seeing ,you are seeing #c4 ,he is seeing ,they are seeing ,,present ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice ,simple #a4 ,i am seen ,we are seen #b4 ,thou art seen ,you are seen #c4 ,he is seen ,they are seen ,progressive #a4 ,i am being seen ,we are being seen #b4 ,thou art being seen ,you are being seen #c4 ,he is being seen ,they are being seen ,,past ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple #a4 ,i saw ,we saw #b4 ,thou sawest ,you saw #c4 ,he saw ,they saw ,emphatic ,person ,singular ,number ,plural ,number #a4 ,i did see ,we did see #b4 ,thou didst see ,you did see #c4 ,he did see ,they did see ,progressive #a4 ,i was seeing ,we were seeing #b4 ,thou wast or wert seeing ,you were seeing #c4 ,he was seeing ,they were seeing ,,past ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice ,simple #a4 ,i was seen ,we were seen #b4 ,thou wast or wert seen ,you were seen #c4 ,he was seen ,they were seen ,progressive #a4 ,i was being seen ,we were being seen #b4 ,thou wert or wast being seen ,you were being seen #c4 ,he was being seen ,they were being seen ,,present ,,perfect ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple 7,substitute seen for been in the present perfect indicative of to be47 ,progressive 7,substitute been seeing for been in the present perfect indicative of to be47 ,,present ,,perfect ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice 7,substitute been seen for been in the present perfect indicative of to be47 ,,past ,,perfect ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple 7,substitute seen for been in the past perfect indicative of to be47 ,progressive 7,substitute been seeing for been in the past perfect indicative of to be47 ,,past ,,perfect ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice 7,substitute been seen for been in the past perfect indicative of to be47 ,,future ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple 7,substitute see for be in the future indicative of to be47 ,progressive 7,substitute be seeing for be in the future indicative of to be47 ,,future ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice 7,substitute be seen for be in the future indicative of to be47 ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple 7,substitute have seen for have been in the future perfect indicative of to be47 ,progressive 7,substitute have been seeing for have been in the future perfect indicative of to be47 ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice 7,substitute have been seen for have been in the future perfect indicative of to be47 ,,subjunctive ,,mode ,,present ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple ,person ,singular ,number ,plural ,number #a4 7,if7 ,i see 7,if7 we see #b4 7,if7 thou see 7,if7 you see #c4 7,if7 he see 7,if7 they see ,emphatic ,person ,singular ,number ,plural ,number #a4 7,if7 ,i do see 7,if7 we do see #b4 7,if7 thou do see 7,if7 you do see #c4 7,if7 he do see 7,if7 they do see ,progressive #a4 7,if7 ,i be seeing 7,if7 we be seeing #b4 7,if7 thou be seeing 7,if7 you be seeing #c4 7,if7 he be seeing 7,if7 they be seeing ,,present ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice #a4 7,if7 ,i be seen 7,if7 we be seen #b4 7,if7 thou be seen 7,if7 you be seen #c4 7,if7 he be seen 7,if7 they be seen ,,past ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple #a4 7,if7 ,i saw 7,if7 we saw #b4 7,if7 thou saw 7,if7 you saw #c4 7,if7 he saw 7,if7 they saw ,emphatic #a4 7,if7 ,i did see 7,if7 we did see #b4 7,if7 thou did see 7,if7 you did see #c4 7,if7 he did see 7,if7 they did see ,progressive #a4 7,if7 ,i were seeing 7,if7 we were seeing #b4 7,if7 thou were seeing 7,if7 you were seeing #c4 7,if7 he were seeing 7,if7 they were seeing ,,past ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice #a4 7,if7 ,i were seen 7,if7 we were seen #b4 7,if7 thou were seen 7,if7 you were seen #c4 7,if7 he were seen 7,if7 they were seen ,,present ,,perfect ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple 7,substitute seen for been in the present perfect subjunctive of to be47 ,progressive 7,substitute been seeing for been in the present perfect subjunctive of to be47 ,,present ,,perfect ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice 7,substitute been seen for been in the present perfect subjunctive of to be47 ,,past ,,perfect ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple 7,substitute seen for been in the past perfect subjunctive of to be47 ,progressive 7,substitute been seeing for been in the past perfect subjunctive of to be47 ,,past ,,perfect ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice 7,substitute been seen for been in the past perfect subjunctive of to be47 ,,future ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple 7,substitute see for be in the future subjunctive of to be47 ,progressive 7,substitute be seeing for be in the future subjunctive of to be47 ,,future ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice 7,substitute be seen for be in the future subjunctive of to be47 ,,future ,,perfect--,,active ,,voice ,simple 7,substitute seen for been in the future perfect subjunctive of to be47 ,progressive 7,substitute been seeing for been in the future perfect subjunctive of to be47 ,,future ,,perfect--,,passive ,,voice 7,substitute been seen for the future perfect subjunctive of to be47 ,,potential ,,mode ,,present ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple 7,substitute see for be in the present potential of to be47 ,progressive 7,substitute be seeing for be in the present potential of to be47 ,,present ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice ,simple 7,substitute be seen for be in the present potential of to be47 ,,past ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple 7,substitute see for be in the past potential of to be47 ,progressive 7,substitute be seeing for be in the past potential of to be47 ,,past ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice 7,substitute be seen for be in the past potential of to be47 ,,present ,,perfect ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple 7,substitute have seen for be in the present potential of to be47 ,progressive 7,substitute have been seeing for be in the present potential of to be47 ,,present ,,perfect ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice 7,substitute have been seen for be in the present potential of to be47 ,,past ,,perfect ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple 7,substitute have seen for be in the past potential of to be47 ,progressive 7,substitute have been seeing for be in the past potential of to be47 ,,past ,,perfect ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice 7,substitute have been seen for be in the past potential of to be47 ,,imperative ,,mode ,,active ,,voice ,simple see4 ,emphatic do see4 ,progressive be seeing4 ,,passive ,,voice be seen ,,infinitive ,,mode ,,present ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple to see4 ,progressive to be seeing4 ,,present ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice ,simple to be seen ,,perfect ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple to have seen4 ,progressive to have been seeing4 ,,perfect ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice ,simple to have been seen4 ,,participles ,,present ,,tense--,,active ,,voice seeing ,,present ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice being seen ,,past ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice99 seen ,footnote 993 ,there is no past participle in the active voice4 ,,perfect ,,tense--,,active ,,voice ,simple having seen ,progressive having been seeing ,,perfect ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice having been seen ,,gerunds ,,present ,,tense--,,active ,,voice seeing ,,present ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice being seen ,,perfect ,,tense--,,active ,,voice having seen ,,perfect ,,tense--,,passive ,,voice having been seen ,,chapter ,,vi ,,connectives3 ,,relative ,,pronouns1 ,,relative ,,adverbs1 ,,conjunctions1 ,,and ,,prepositions #gh4 ,,independent ,,and ,,dependent ,,clauses4 ,a sentence may consist of two or more independent clauses1 or it may consist of one principal clause and one or more dependent clauses4 ,,independent ,,clauses are joined by conjunctions2 such as1 hence1 but1 and1 although1 etc4 ,,dependent ,,clauses are joined to the sentence by relative adverbs2 such as1 where1 when1 etc41 or by relative pronouns2 as1 who1 what1 etc4 ,these dependent clauses may have the same office in the sentence as nouns1 pronouns1 adjectives1 or adverbs4 7,see #g47 #gi4 ,,case ,,and ,,number ,,of ,,relative ,,and ,,interrogative ,,pronouns4 ,failure to use the proper case and number of the relative pronouns has already been touched upon 7see #bi71 but a further mention of this fault may well be made here4 ,the relative pronoun has other offices in the sentence than that of connecting the dependent and principal clauses4 ,it may serve as a subject or an object in the clause4 ,the sentence1 ,i wonder ,,whom will be chosen1 is wrong1 because the relative here is the subject of will be chosen1 not the object of wonder1 and should have the nominative form who4 ,corrected1 it reads1 ,i wonder ,,who will be chosen4 ,examine the following sentences3 ,wrong3 ,we know who we mean4 ,right3 ,we know whom we mean4 ,wrong3 ,you may give it to whoever you wish4 ,right3 ,you may give it to whomever you wish4 ,wrong3 ,do you know whom it is8 ,right3 ,do you know who it is8 7,attribute complement47 ,wrong3 ,everybody who were there were disappointed4 7,disagreement in number47 ,right3 ,everybody who was there was disappointed4 ,the relative pronoun takes the case required by the clause it introduces1 not the case required by any word preceding it4 ,thus1 the sentence1 ,he gave it to ,,who had the clearest right1 is correct1 because who is the subject of the verb had1 and therefore in the nominative case4 ,give it to ,,whomever they name1 is right1 because whomever is the object of they name4 ,errors in the use of interrogative pronouns are made in the same way as in the use of the relatives4 ,the interrogative pronoun has other functions besides making an interrogation4 ,it serves also as the subject or object in the sentence4 ,care must be taken1 then1 to use the proper case4 ,say1 ,whom are you looking for8 not1 ,who are you looking for8 ,,note4 ,some writers justify the use of who in sentences like the last one on the ground that it is an idiom4 ,when1 as in this book1 the object is training in grammar1 it is deemed better to adhere to the strictly grammatical form4 ,,exercise #eh ,in the following sentences1 choose the proper forms from those italicized3 #a4 ,who whom do you wish to see8 #b4 ,you will please write out the name of whoever whomever you want4 #c4 ,i saw who whom was there4 #d4 ,who whom was it you saw8 #e4 ,who whom did you see8 #f4 ,john did not know whom who to ask4 #g4 ,why did he not ask whomever whoever was there8 #h4 ,who whom can tell the difference8 #i4 ,give it to whoever whomever you please4 #aj4 ,none of those who were was wanted was were there4 #aa4 ,the one of those who were was wanted was not there4 #ab4 ,he is one of those fellows who are is always joking4 #ac4 ,whom who was called ,the ,rail ,splitter8 #ad4 ,do you not know whom who it was8 #ae4 ,that is one of the birds that is are very rare4 #af4 ,one of the books which was were brought was one hundred years old4 #ag4 ,i am not among those who whom were was there4 #ah4 ,only one of the men who were was on board survived4 #ai4 ,everyone else who was were there was were lost4 #bj4 ,i am the one of the three men who is am are guilty4 #ba4 ,he was chosen one of the four speakers who was were to speak on ,commencement ,day4 #bb4 ,it was one of the books which were was being sought by the librarian4 #bc4 ,give it to one of the men who whom is found there4 #bd4 ,to who whom did you give it8 #be4 ,it was for whomever whoever was present4 #bf4 ,ask whomever whoever is nearest the door4 #hj4 ,,conjunctive ,,or ,,relative ,,adverbs4 ,it is better to use a ,,when ,,clause only in the subordinate part of the sentence1 to state the time of an event4 ,compare the following3 ,bad3 ,he was turning the corner1 when suddenly he saw a car approaching4 ,good3 ,when he was turning the corner1 he suddenly saw a car approaching4 ,bad3 ,when the news of the fire came1 it was still in the early morning4 ,good3 ,the news of the fire came when it was still in the early morning4 #ha4 ,do not use a ,,when or a ,,where ,,clause in defining a subject or in place of a predicate noun4 ,bad3 ,commencement is when one formally completes his school course4 ,good3 ,commencement is the formal completion of one's school course4 ,bad3 ,astronomy is where one studies about the stars4 ,good3 ,astronomy is the study of the stars4 #hb4 ,so1 then1 and also1 the conjunctive adverbs1 should not be used to unite cordinate verbs in a sentence unless and or but be used in addition to the adverb4 ,bad3 ,the boys' grades are low1 so they indicate lack of application4 ,good3 ,the boys' grades are low1 and so indicate lack of application4 ,bad3 ,he read for a while1 then fell asleep4 ,good3 ,he read for a while1 and then fell asleep4 ,bad3 ,i'll be down next week2 also ,i shall bring ,jack along4 ,good3 ,i'll be down next week2 and also ,i shall bring ,jack along4 ,,exercise #ei ,correct the following sentences3 #a4 ,anarchism is when one believes in no government4 #b4 ,i am studying ,german1 also ,french4 #c4 ,the clock had just struck five when the cab came4 #d4 ,i shall work until nine o'clock1 then ,i shall retire4 #e4 ,i was sick all day1 so ,i couldn't come to the office4 #f4 ,i was going up street yesterday when unexpectedly ,i met ,jones4 #g4 ,death is when one ceases to live4 #h4 ,dinner is ready1 so ,i shall have to cease work4 #i4 ,he told half of the story1 then he suddenly stopped4 #aj4 ,he loves good music1 also good pictures4 #aa4 ,a restaurant is where meals are served4 #hc4 ,,conjunctions4 ,there are certain conjunctions1 and also certain pairs of conjunctions that frequently cause trouble4 ,,and or ,,but should not be used to join a dependent clause to an independent clause2 as1 ,it was a new valise ,,and differing much from his old one4 ,say instead1 ,it was a new valise1 differing much from his old one1 or ,it was a new valise1 and differed very much from his old one4 ,similarly1 ,it was a new book ,,which 7not and which7 interested him very much4 ,this and which construction is a frequent error2 and which should never be used unless there is more than one relative clause1 and then never with the first one4 ,,but or ,,for should not be used to introduce both of two succeeding statements4 ,both of the following sentences are bad by reason of this error3 ,he likes geometry1 ,,but fails in algebra1 ,,but studies it hard1 ,he read all night1 ,,for the book interested him1 ,,for it was along the line of his ambition4 ,,than and ,,as should not be followed by objective pronouns in sentences like this3 ,i am as large ,,as ,,him4 ,the verb in these sentences is omitted4 ,if it is supplied1 the error will be apparent4 ,the sentence would then read1 ,i am as large as ,,him 7is large74 ,the correct form is1 ,i am as large as he 7is large74 ,similarly1 ,he is taller than ,i 7am tall71 ,she is brighter than ,,he 7is bright74 ,,as may be used as either a conjunction or an adverb4 ,he is ,,as tall ,,as ,i4 ,the first as is an adverb1 the second as is a conjunction4 ,as is properly used as an adverb when the equality is asserted1 but1 when the equality is denied1 so should be used in its place4 ,he is ,,as old ,,as ,i1 is correct1 but the denial should be1 ,he is ,,not ,,so old ,,as ,i4 ,after not do not use as when as is an adverb4 ,,neither1 when used as a conjunction1 should be followed by ,,nor2 as1 ,neither he ,,nor 7not or7 ,i can come4 ,neither should never be followed by or4 ,,either1 when used as a conjunction1 should be followed by ,,or4 #hd4 ,,placing ,,of ,,correlatives4 ,the correlatives1 such as neither--nor1 either--or1 not only--but also1 should be placed in clear relation to similar parts of speech or similar parts of the sentence4 ,one should not be directed toward a verb and the other toward some other part of speech4 ,bad3 ,he not only brought a book1 but also a pencil4 ,good3 ,he brought not only a book but also a pencil4 ,bad3 ,he would offer neither reparation nor would he apologize4 ,good3 ,neither would he offer reparation nor would he apologize4 ,good3 ,he would offer neither reparation nor apology4 #he4 ,the prepositions without1 except1 like1 and the adverb directly should not be used as conjunctions4 ,wrong3 ,without 7unless7 you attend to class-room work1 you cannot pass4 ,wrong3 ,this she would not do except 7unless7 we promised to pay at once4 ,wrong3 ,i acted just like 7as7 all the others 7did74 ,wrong3 ,directly 7as soon as7 he came1 we harnessed the horses4 ,,exercise #fj ,correct the following sentences3 #a4 ,mary is as old as her4 #b4 ,i read as much as him4 #c4 ,he either wore his coat or a sort of vest4 #d4 ,he walked to the next town1 but did not come back1 but stayed all night4 #e4 ,we are better players than them4 #f4 ,he became thoroughly under the influence of the hypnotist and doing many absurd things4 #g4 ,there we met a man named ,harmon and whom we found very entertaining4 #h4 ,they work harder than us4 #i4 ,john is not as tall as you4 #aj4 ,neither ,john or ,james is as tall as you4 #aa4 ,i admire ,mary more than she4 #ab4 ,that can't be done without you get permission from the principal4 #ac4 ,he dresses just like ,i do4 #ad4 ,directly he came we launched the canoes4 #ae4 ,this cannot be done except you are a senior4 #af4 ,neither she nor ,i was present4 #ag4 ,he not only had a trained pig but also a goose4 #ah4 ,mary is not as pretty as ,helen4 #ai4 ,the men neither interested him nor the places4 #bj4 ,he has traveled more than me4 #ba4 ,we like him very much1 for he is very interesting1 for he has traveled so much4 #bb4 ,it is a good book and which has much valuable information4 #bc4 ,it was a rough town and harboring many criminals4 #bd4 ,he took an interest neither in studies1 nor did he care for athletics4 #be4 ,he neither took an interest in studies nor athletics4 ,,exercise #fa ,construct sentences in which the following words are correctly used3 ,when1 where1 than1 as--as1 so--as1 neither--nor1 not only--but also1 either--or1 except1 like1 without1 directly4 #hf4 ,,prepositions4 ,some mistakes are made in the use of prepositions4 ,note the following brief list of words with the appropriate prepositions to be used with each3 agree with a person differ from 7person or thing7 agree to a proposition differ from or with an opinion bestow upon different from compare with 7to determine value7 glad of compare to 7because of similarity7 need of comply with part from 7a person7 confide in 7to trust in7 part with 7a thing7 confide to 7to intrust to7 profit by confer on 7to give7 prohibit from confer with 7to talk with7 reconcile to 7a person7 convenient to 7a place7 reconcile with 7a statement7 convenient for 7a purpose7 scared by dependent on think of or about ,do not use prepositions where they are unnecessary4 ,note the following improper expressions in which the preposition should be omitted3 continue on down until covered over inside of off of outside of started out where to8 wish for to come remember of more than you think for ,do not omit any preposition that is necessary to the completeness of the sentence4 ,bad3 ,he is a dealer and shipper of coal4 ,good3 ,he is a dealer in and shipper of coal4 ,,exercise #fb ,illustrate in sentences the correct use of each of the expressions listed under the first paragraph of #hf4 ,form sentences in which correct expressions are used in place of each of the incorrect expressions listed under the second paragraph of #hf4 ,,questions ,,for ,,the ,,review ,,of ,,grammar ,,sentences1 ,,parts ,,of ,,speech1 ,,and ,,sentence ,,elements4 ,what are the four kinds of sentences8 ,what are the different parts of speech8 ,define each4 ,what is the difference between a clause and a phrase8 ,what is the difference between a principal clause and a subordinate clause8 ,illustrate4 ,illustrate an adverbial clause4 ,an adjective clause4 ,illustrate an adverbial phrase4 ,an adjective phrase4 ,what is an attribute complement8 ,illustrate4 ,what is an object complement8 ,illustrate4 ,illustrate and explain the difference between simple1 complex1 and compound sentences4 ,,nouns4 ,what is the difference between singular and plural number8 ,how is the plural of most nouns formed8 ,of nouns ending in s1 ch1 sh1 x1 or z8 ,in y8 ,in f or fe8 ,in o8 ,of letters1 figures1 etc48 ,of compound nouns8 ,of proper names and titles8 ,how is the possessive case of most nouns formed8 ,of nouns ending in s or in an s sound8 ,of a compound noun or of a group of words8 ,what is gender8 ,how is the feminine gender formed from the masculine8 ,what is the difference between common and proper nouns8 ,,pronouns4 ,what is a pronoun8 ,what is the antecedent of a pronoun8 ,what is the rule for their agreement8 ,what is meant by person in pronouns8 ,name five pronouns of each person4 ,name the pronouns that indicate masculine gender4 ,feminine4 ,neuter4 ,what pronouns may be used to refer to antecedents that stand for persons of either sex8 ,to antecedents that are collective nouns of unity8 ,to animals8 ,what are nouns of common gender8 ,by what pronouns are they referred to8 ,should a singular or a plural pronoun be used after everybody8 ,after some one8 ,after some people8 ,after two nouns connected by or8 ,by nor8 ,by and8 ,what are relative pronouns8 ,name them4 ,with what kind of antecedents may each be used8 ,what is the difference between the explanatory relative and the restrictive relative8 ,illustrate4 ,what is an interrogative pronoun8 ,what pronouns may be used only in the nominative case8 ,in the objective case8 ,when should the nominative case be used8 ,the objective8 ,the possessive8 ,may thou and you be used in the same sentence8 ,when should but that be used1 and when but what8 ,may them be used adjectively8 ,may which be used with a clause as an antecedent8 ,may which and that1 or who and that be used in the same sentence with the same antecedent8 ,,adjectives ,,and ,,adverbs4 ,distinguish between adjectives and adverbs4 ,illustrate4 ,what is comparison8 ,what is the positive degree1 the comparative1 the superlative8 ,illustrate each4 ,may one say1 ,he is the largest of the two8 ,reason8 ,he is the larger of the three8 ,reason8 ,he is the largest of all8 ,reason8 ,name three adjectives which cannot be compared4 ,may one say1 ,paris is larger than any city8 ,reason8 ,paris is larger than all cities8 ,reason8 ,paris is the largest of any other city8 ,reason8 ,is a singular or plural noun demanded by every8 ,by two8 ,by various8 ,by each8 ,with how many objects may either be used8 ,neither8 ,where should the adjective or adverb be placed in the sentence8 ,what is meant by a double negative8 ,illustrate4 ,what is its effect8 ,what is the definite article8 ,,verbs4 ,what is a verb8 ,what is a principal verb8 ,an auxiliary8 ,illustrate4 ,what are the principal parts of a verb8 ,name each4 ,with what is the s-form used8 ,with which form can no auxiliary be used8 ,make a sentence using each of the principal parts of the verbs1 go1 see1 begin1 come1 drink1 write4 ,what is a transitive verb8 ,illustrate4 ,an intransitive verb8 ,illustrate4 ,what is the difference between active and passive voice8 ,does a transitive or does an intransitive verb have both voices8 ,illustrate the passive voice4 ,distinguish between the use of sit and set4 ,of lay and lie4 ,of rise and raise4 ,what is the general rule for the use of the subjunctive mode8 ,in what way and where does the subjunctive of be differ from the indicative in its forms8 ,how do other verbs differ in the form of the subjunctive8 ,in what respects should a verb agree with its subject8 ,does the form of the subject always determine its number8 ,what should be the guide in determining whether to use a singular or plural verb8 ,what class of subjects may not be used with don't1 can't1 etc48 ,what determines whether to use a singular or a plural verb after who1 which1 and that8 ,what form of the verb is used after you8 ,after they8 ,when are shall and should used with ,i and we8 ,when with other subjects8 ,what rule governs their use in questions4 ,what form is used in dependent clauses introduced by that1 expressed or understood8 ,in contingent clauses8 ,distinguish the use of may and might from can and could4 ,what is a dangling participle8 ,is it an error8 ,may the gerund be correctly used without any grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence8 ,as the object of a preposition is a participle or gerund used8 ,which is used adjectively8 ,which may be used in connection with a possessive substantive as a modifier8 ,when it is dependent on another verb1 in what case should the present infinitive be used8 ,when the perfect infinitive8 ,what is a split infinitive8 ,need the parts of a compound predicate agree in tense8 ,,connectives4 ,by what are independent clauses connected8 ,dependent clauses8 ,name two conjunctive adverbs4 ,should a when clause be used in a subordinate or in the principal part of the sentence8 ,may so1 then1 or also be used alone as conjunctive adverbs8 ,may and or but be used to join a dependent clause to a principal clause8 ,what case should follow than or as8 ,should neither be followed by nor or or8 ,a ,,general ,,exercise ,,on ,,grammar ,,exercise #fc ,correct such of the following sentences as are wrong4 ,after each sentence1 in parenthesis1 is placed the number of the paragraph in which is discussed the question involved3 #a4 ,he likes to boast of ,mary cooking4 7#ga47 #b4 ,it is an error and which can't be corrected4 7#hc47 #c4 ,he said he should come if he could4 7#fh47 #d4 ,can ,i use your pencil8 7#fi47 #e4 ,if you were ,i1 what would you do8 7#fh47 #f4 ,we would like to go4 7#fh47 #g4 ,neither the members of the committee nor the chairman is present4 7#fc-e47 #h4 ,he only spoke of history1 not of art4 7#de47 #i4 ,socialists don't have no use for trusts4 7#df47 #aj4 ,this is ,john's book4 7#ac47 #aa4 ,i feared that they should not come4 7#fh47 #ab4 ,mother's and father's death4 7#ae-d47 #ac4 ,mary was eager to have gone4 7#gc47 #ad4 ,the boys1 as well as their teacher1 is to be praised4 7#fd-a47 #ae4 ,the members of ,congress watch each other4 7#dd47 #af4 ,i fear that ,i will take cold4 7#fg47 #ag4 ,some one has forgotten their umbrella4 7#bj47 #ah4 ,neither of the three is well4 7#dc47 #ai4 ,whom do you consider to be the brighter man in the class8 7#bi7 7#da47 #bj4 ,he is determined that he shall go away4 7#fg47 #ba4 ,neither ,john nor ,james brought their books4 7#bb47 #bb4 ,whom did the man say he was8 7#bi47 #bc4 ,his clothes look prettily4 7#ch47 #bd4 ,the play progressed smooth until the last act4 7#ch47 #be4 ,henry and ,william is to come to-morrow4 7#bb47 #bf4 ,this is the lesser of the two evils4 7#dj47 #bg4 ,do you think you will stop at ,chicago8 7#ff47 #bh4 ,i am believed to be him4 7#bi47 #bi4 ,he sings very illy4 7#dj47 #cj4 ,when they come to build the bridge the stream was too deep for them to work4 7#ed47 #ca4 ,she is very discontented4 7#dh47 #cb4 ,iron is the most useful of all other metals4 7#da-c47 #cc4 ,the barrel bursted from the pressure4 7#ed47 #cd4 ,shall my work soon begin8 7#ff47 #ce4 ,he is six foot tall4 7#db47 #cf4 ,seeing his mistake1 ,i was not urged further by him4 7#ga47 #cg4 ,will the dog bite8 7#ff47 #ch4 ,i am believed to be he4 7#bi47 #ci4 ,i am eager to have seen it4 7#gc47 #dj4 ,i think it shall rain soon4 7#fg47 #da4 ,she showed the dish to ,mary and ,i4 7#bi47 #db4 ,mary asked her mother to wash her face4 7#cd-d47 #dc4 ,who did the man say he was8 7#bi47 #dd4 ,he deserved the place1 for he is well educated1 for he has been through ,oxford ,university4 7#hc47 #de4 ,choose who you please4 7#bi47 #df4 ,it don't make any difference about that4 7#fd-e47 #dg4 ,the pump was froze fast4 7#ed47 #dh4 ,a boat load of fishes was the days catch4 7#ac-ab47 #di4 ,wagner was never too rattled to play4 7#dh47 #ej4 ,it is him4 7#bi47 #ea4 ,he did it hisself4 7#ca47 #eb4 ,he eat all there was on the table4 7#ed47 #ec4 ,he sent a chest of tea1 and it was made of tin4 7#cd-d47 #ed4 ,the murderer was hung at noon4 7#ed47 #ee4 ,it is a queer kind of a book4 7#dg47 #ef4 ,you may give it to whoever you wish4 7#cb47 #eg4 ,whoever is nominated1 will you vote for him8 7#cb47 #eh4 ,i think ,i will find the work easy4 7#fg47 #ei4 ,he sent his son abroad1 being anxious for his health4 7#ga47 #fj4 ,neither they nor ,mary was there4 7#bb47 #fa4 ,brewer's the blacksmith's shop4 7#ae-f47 #fb4 ,goliath was slew by ,david4 7#ed47 #fc4 ,myself and mother are sick4 7#cj47 #fd4 ,john is as good1 if not better than she4 7#da-d47 #fe4 ,if anybody creates a disturbance1 have the police put them out4 7#ba47 #ff4 ,the paper was addressed to ,john and herself4 7#cj47 #fg4 ,john's and ,william's dog4 7#ae-d47 #fh4 ,tell the boy and girl to come here4 7#dg47 #fi4 ,everybody's else mail has came4 7#ae1 #ed47 #gj4 ,he knows nothing about it but that he has read in the paper4 7#cd-f47 #ga4 ,awake me early in the morning4 7#eg47 #gb4 ,if he be honest1 he has not shown it4 7#fj47 #gc4 ,either ,adams or ,monroe were president4 7#fc-d47 #gd4 ,washington1 the general and the president1 was born on ,february #bb;d4 7#dg47 #ge4 ,horne's and ,company's ,store4 7#ae-d47 #gf4 ,a hole had been tore in the ships' side4 7#ed47 #gg4 ,i sat my chair by the window4 7#eg47 #gh4 ,i sat myself down to rest4 7#eg47 #gi4 ,i can't hardly see to write4 7#df47 #hj4 ,john is one of the people who comes each night4 7#fd-d47 #ha4 ,he laid on the couch all day4 7#eg47 #hb4 ,death is when one ceases to live4 7#ha47 #hc4 ,i was told to set here4 7#eg47 #hd4 ,iron is more useful than any other metal4 7#da-c47 #he4 ,i not only told him1 but also ,morton4 7#hd47 #hf4 ,mc,kinley was nowhere near so strenuous as ,roosevelt4 7#dj47 #hg4 ,it weighs several ton4 7#db47 #hh4 ,john is not as bright as ,henry4 7#hc47 #hi4 ,germany and ,france's ships4 7#ae-d47 #ij4 ,john's employer's wife's friend4 7#ae-e47 #ia4 ,you had ought to go home4 7#ed47 #ib4 ,this is the man who wants the ticket4 7#bf47 #ic4 ,which is the larger of the three8 7#da-a47 #id4 ,an axe is the tool which they use4 7#bf47 #ie4 ,it is that characteristic that makes him so disagreeable4 7#bf47 #if4 ,the horse which we drove1 and the horse which you had last week are the same4 7#bf1 #cd-e47 #ig4 ,i don't like those kind of people4 7#db47 #ih4 ,i do not question but what he is right4 7#cd-f47 #ii4 ,let him lay there4 7#eg47 #ajj4 ,my friend and me drove to ,hughesville4 7#bi47 #aja4 ,american and ,english grammar is alike4 7#fc-a47 #ajb4 ,william and ,mary has to go to the city4 7#fc-b47 #ajc4 ,the boy1 and not his parents1 were wrong4 7#fc-c47 #ajd4 ,the price of meat has raised4 7#eg47 #aje4 ,this train runs slow4 7#ch47 #ajf4 ,which is the best of the two8 7#da-a47 #ajg4 ,iron is the most useful of all other metals4 7#da-c47 #ajh4 ,without the safety catch is raised1 the gun can't be discharged4 7#he47 #aji4 ,the family is all at home4 7#fb47 #aaj4 ,the horse run the mile in two minutes4 7#ed47 #aaa4 ,this suit hasn't hardly been wore4 7#df1 #ed47 #aab4 ,the knife has laid there all day4 7#eg47 #aac4 ,the noise of the street was very loud1 which kept me awake4 7#cd-i47 #aad4 ,the jury has agreed4 7#fb47 #aae4 ,such things make him terrible nervous4 7#ch47 #aaf4 ,whom do you think is the brightest man8 7#bi47 #aag4 ,the army were defeated4 7#fb47 #aah4 ,if ,i was you1 ,i should go at once4 7#fj47 #aai4 ,she may go if she wishes or not4 7#gf47 #abj4 ,everybody whom was there was given a vote4 7#gi47 #aba4 ,i like her better than you4 7#gf47 #abb4 ,who do you want8 7#gi47 #abc4 ,knox is one of the alumnuses of the college4 7#ac-ac47 #abd4 ,by law1 no one is allowed to kill more than two deers4 7#ac47 #abe4 ,the clock had just struck five when the cab came4 7#hj47 #abf4 ,when was you there8 7#fd-b47 #abg4 ,he is as tall as me4 7#hc47 #abh4 ,neither ,john nor her will come4 7#bi47 #abi4 ,you hear such statements everywheres4 7#cd-h1 #dj47 #acj4 ,you never can tell whom you will meet on the train4 7#gi47 #aca4 ,i wish you were more like she4 7#bi47 #acb4 ,winter1 with her frost1 destroyed them all4 7#bj47 #acc4 ,tell everybody to cast their vote for ,jones4 7#ba47 #acd4 ,he is the only one of the members who pay dues4 7#fd-d47 #ace4 ,was it necessary1 ,i should jump8 7#fj47 #acf4 ,the production of oranges were encouraged4 7#fd-c47 #acg4 ,the ship1 with all its passengers1 were lost4 7#fd-a47 #ach4 ,he has fell from his chair4 7#eg47 #aci4 ,i will raise and go to my father4 7#eg47 #adj4 ,the policeman failed the ruffian with his club4 7#eg47 #ada4 ,they make pottery in ,trenton4 7#cd-h47 #adb4 ,iron is more useful than all metals4 7#da-c47 #adc4 ,i intended to and have endeavored to finish the work4 7#ge47 #add4 ,he won't come1 except we pay his expenses4 7#he47 #ade4 ,neither ,german or ,french is taught there4 7#hc47 #adf4 ,we have needed you and did our best to find you4 7#ge47 #adg4 ,he awoke at nine4 7#eg47 #adh4 ,i wish ,i was a bird4 7#fj47 #adi4 ,if it rains1 ,i stay at school4 7#fj47 #aej4 ,thou shouldst pray when you are in trouble4 7#cd-b47 #aea4 ,the ,indians1 they hid behind trees4 7#cd-c47 #aeb4 ,we started out for the city at noon4 7#hf47 #aec4 ,the king1 he said they should kill him4 7#cd-c47 #aed4 ,outside of the house stood a large moving van4 7#hf47 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,sentences #hg4 ,classified as to their rhetorical construction1 sentences are considered as loose1 periodic1 and balanced4 ,the ,,loose ,,sentence is so constructed that it may be closed at two or more places and yet make complete sense2 as1 ,napoleon felt his weakness1 and tried to win back popular favor by concession after concession1 until1 at his fall1 he had nearly restored parliamentary government4 ,note that this sentence could be closed after the words4 weakness1 favor1 and concession1 as well as after government4 #hh4 ,the ,,periodic ,,sentence holds the complete thought in suspense until the close of the sentence4 ,compare the following periodic sentence with the loose sentence under #hg3 ,napoleon1 feeling his weakness1 and trying to win back popular favor by concession after concession1 had1 at his fall1 nearly restored parliamentary government4 ,both loose and periodic sentences are proper to use1 but1 since periodic sentences demand more careful and definite thought1 the untrained writer should try to use them as much as possible4 #hi4 ,the ,,balanced ,,sentence is made up of parts similar in form1 but often contrasted in meaning2 as1 ,he is a man2 ,jones is a gentleman4 #ij4 ,,sentence ,,length4 ,as to the length of the sentence there is no fixed rule4 ,frequently1 sentences are too long1 and are1 in their thought1 involved and hard to follow4 ,on the other hand1 if there is a succession of short sentences1 choppiness and roughness are the result4 ,one should carefully examine sentences which contain more than thirty or thirty-five words to see that they are clear in their meaning and accurate in their construction4 ,,exercise #fd ,compose1 or search out in your reading1 five loose sentences1 five periodic sentences1 and five balanced sentences4 ,,exercise #fe ,in the following sentences1 determine whether each sentence is loose1 periodic1 or balanced4 ,change all loose sentences to the periodic form3 #a4 ,at the same time the discontent of the artisans made the lower class fear a revolution1 and that class turned to ,napoleon1 because they felt him to be the sole hope for order and stable government4 #b4 ,the members of the council were appointed by the king1 and held office only at his pleasure4 #c4 ,a society and institutions that had been growing up for years was overturned and swept away by the ,french ,revolution4 #d4 ,galileo was summoned to ,rome1 imprisoned1 and forced publicly to adjure his teaching that the earth moved around the sun4 #e4 ,he draws and sketches with tolerable skill1 but paints abominably4 #f4 ,loose sentences may be clear2 periodic sentences may not be clear4 #g4 ,he rode up the mountains as far as he could before dismounting and continuing the ascent on foot4 #h4 ,they visited the town where their father had lived1 and while there1 procured the key to the house in which he had been born4 #i4 ,his death caused great grief and extreme financial distress in the family4 #aj4 ,there stands the ,tower of ,london in all its grimness and centuries of age1 holding within its walls the scene of many a stirring tragedy4 #aa4 ,few men dislike him1 but many would gladly see him overthrown merely as an example4 #ab4 ,germany is moving in the same direction1 although the reformers find it a hard task to influence public opinion1 and a far harder one to change the various laws prevalent in the many ,german states4 #ac4 ,is this thing we call life1 with all its troubles1 pains1 and woes1 after all1 worth living8 #ad4 ,he read much1 but advanced little intellectually1 for all the facts and philosophy of his reading found no permanent lodgment in his mind4 #ae4 ,his coming home was very unexpected1 because he had started on a trip that usually took ten days1 and that he had said would take longer this time4 #af4 ,it was during the time of the ,national ,convention that ,napoleon first became very prominent by defending the convention against a mob4 ,,exercise #ff ,combine each of the following groups of sentences into one well constructed long sentence3 #a4 ,in highly developed commercial communities banks cannot afford space in their vaults for valuables4 ,especially1 they cannot afford it merely to accommodate their patrons4 ,hence1 in such communities the furnishing of places for safe deposit has become a separate business4 #b4 ,history should be a part of the course in all schools4 ,it develops the memory4 ,it furnishes the explanation of many social phenomena4 ,it broadens the intellectual view4 ,it gives culture as no other study can give it4 #c4 ,he never desired a higher education4 ,this was possible because of the money bequeathed to him by his father4 ,it had left him no need for a great earning capacity4 ,more likely1 it was because of the inborn dulness and lethargy of his mind4 #d4 ,new ,york is the pivotal state in all national elections4 ,its great number of electors makes it always possible for it to throw the election either way4 ,therefore1 until one knows to which party ,new ,york will fall1 he cannot tell how the election will result4 #e4 ,our forefathers were devout4 ,they were easily shocked in many ways4 ,however1 they permitted many liberties in the application of sermons to particular individuals4 ,such things would nowadays be strongly disapproved or resented4 #f4 ,man's life is divided into two parts by a constantly moving point4 ,this point is called the present4 ,it divides the past from the future4 #g4 ,the ,spartans were tormented by ten thousand absurd restraints4 ,they were unable to please themselves in the choice of their wives4 ,they were unable to please themselves in their choice of food or clothing4 ,they were compelled to assume a peculiar manner1 and to talk in a peculiar style4 ,yet they gloried in their liberty4 #h4 ,the mere approach to the temperance question is through a forest of statistics4 ,this forest is formidable and complicated4 ,it causes one1 in time1 to doubt the truth of numbers4 #i4 ,they passed the old castle4 ,it was almost unrecognizable4 ,this was by reason of the scaffolding which surrounded it4 ,the castle was now being transformed into a national museum4 #aj4 ,he stood looking with curiosity at ,john ,peters4 ,peters limped slightly4 ,otherwise1 he looked well and happy4 ,he was moving about shaking hands right and left4 #aa4 ,they rushed at him with a yell4 ,he had by this time reached the base of the fountain4 ,with a sudden wonderful leap he sprang onto the railing4 ,there he was out of reach4 ,he balanced himself by touching the brackets which held the lamps4 #ab4 ,the unintelligent worker reminds one of the squirrel on the wheel4 ,the squirrel rushes round and round and round all day long4 ,at the end of the day the squirrel is still a squirrel4 ,it is still rushing round and round4 ,it is getting nowhere4 #ac4 ,the man looked at the ladder4 ,he believed he could reach it4 ,there was a sudden flash of hope in his face4 ,his face was already scorched by the fire4 #ad4 ,smith was financially embarrassed4 ,he was determined to get to his home4 ,he crawled on top of the trucks of an express car4 ,the car was about to leave the terminal4 ,he courted almost certain death4 #ae4 ,the commander again looks toward the hills4 ,he looks for a long time4 ,something seems to excite his apprehension4 ,he converses earnestly with the staff officer4 ,then the two look more than once toward a poplar tree4 ,the tree stands at the top of the hill4 ,only its top half shows4 ,the hill is on the east4 #af4 ,the most important political question has been the tariff question4 ,this has been most important for ten years4 ,it is important because it is believed to have caused high prices and trusts4 #ag4 ,the pleasantest month is ,june4 ,it has flowers4 ,it has mild weather4 ,it has a slight haze in the atmosphere4 ,these things seem to flood one's soul with peace and contentment4 #ia4 ,the essential qualities that a sentence should possess1 aside from correctness1 are those of ,unity1 ,coherence1 ,emphasis1 and ,euphony4 ,,unity4 ,unity demands that the sentence deal with but one general thought1 and that it deal with it in such a consistent and connected manner that the thought is clearly and effectively presented4 ,unity demands1 also1 that closely related thoughts should not be improperly scattered among several sentences4 #a4 ,statements having no necessary relation to one another should not be embodied in one sentence4 ,bad3 ,the house sat well back from the road1 and its owner was a married man4 ,good3 ,the house sat well back from the road4 ,its owner was a married man4 a4 ,avoid the comma blunder2 that is1 do not use a comma to divide into clauses what should be separate sentences1 or should be connected by a conjunction4 ,bad3 ,jones lives in the country1 he has a fine library4 ,good3 ,jones lives in the country4 ,he has a fine library4 ,good3 ,jones lives in the country and has a fine library4 b4 ,avoid the frequent use of the parenthesis in the sentence4 ,bad3 ,this is a city 7it is called a city1 though it has but twelve hundred people7 that has no school-house4 #b4 ,avoid all slipshod construction of sentences4 a4 ,avoid adding a clause to an apparently complete thought4 ,bad3 ,that is not an easy problem1 ,i think4 ,good3 ,that1 ,i think1 is not an easy problem4 ,good3 ,i do not think that is an easy problem4 ,bad3 ,he could not be elected mayor again under any circumstances1 at least so ,i am told4 ,good3 ,he could not1 ,i am told1 be elected mayor again under any circumstances4 ,good3 ,i am told that he could not under any circumstances be elected mayor again4 b4 ,avoid long straggling sentences4 ,poor3 ,the students often gathered to watch the practice of the team1 but1 just before the last game1 the management excluded almost all1 and only a few who had influence were allowed to enter1 and this favoritism caused much hard feeling and disgust1 so that the students were reluctant to support the team1 and lost most of their interest1 a fact which had a bad effect on the athletics of the institution4 #c4 ,unite into one sentence short sentences and clauses that are closely and logically connected with one another4 ,bad3 ,that it is a good school is not without proof4 ,its diploma admits to all colleges4 ,good3 ,that it is a good school is not without proof1 for its diploma admits to all colleges4 ,good3 ,that its diploma admits to all colleges is proof that it is a good school4 ,bad3 ,this fact was true of all of us4 ,with the exception of ,john4 ,good3 ,this fact was true of all of us1 with the exception of ,john4 ,bad3 ,edward came4 ,but ,john never appeared4 ,good3 ,edward came1 but ,john never appeared4 ,bad3 ,the town has two railroads running through it4 ,also1 three trolley lines4 ,good3 ,the town has two railroads running through it1 and also three trolley lines4 ,good3 ,the town has two railroads and three trolley lines running through it4 #d4 ,do not change the point of view4 ,bad3 ,we completed our themes1 and they were handed in to the teacher4 7,in the first part of the sentence1 the subject is we2 in the second it is themes47 ,good3 ,we completed our themes and handed them in to the teacher4 ,good3 ,our themes were completed and handed in to the teacher4 ,bad3 ,the stage took us to the foot of the hill1 and we walked from there to the top1 where our friends met us4 ,good3 ,we were taken to the foot of the hill by the stage1 and we walked from there to the top1 where we were met by our friends4 ,,exercise #fg ,revise such of the following sentences as violate the principles of unity3 #a4 ,i frequently had ridden on a bicycle1 and though the first ride made me stiff1 ,i felt little inconvenience afterwards4 #b4 ,of the firm ,jones ,smith1 ,jones is a man to be respected4 ,while ,smith is thoroughly dishonest4 #c4 ,john had plenty of energy and ambition4 ,and it is hard to understand why he didn't succeed4 #d4 ,i have taken thorough courses in history in both grade school and high school1 and ,i also worked on the farm in the summer4 #e4 ,in the ,east the people are conservative4 ,but1 in the ,west1 they are radical and progressive4 #f4 ,the news came that special rates would be given from ,chicago1 and that we could go to ,seattle and back for fifty dollars1 and so1 when our checks came1 we seized our grips and started on a trip which was so long and eventful1 but as enjoyable as any two months we had ever spent1 and gave us an experience that was very valuable in our work1 which we took up on our return in the fall4 #g4 ,the town has a fine public library1 besides there are a number of steel mills4 #h4 ,one may reach ,boston in two ways4 ,either by water or by rail4 #i4 ,women 7and ,christian ,american women1 too7 frequently try to evade the customs laws4 #aj4 ,my aunt has some of ,jefferson's silver spoons1 so she says4 #aa4 ,he graduated from college 7,i think it was ,harvard1 though ,i am not sure7 and then taught for three years4 #ab4 ,this is one of ,hugo's novels1 it is very good4 #ac4 ,he accomplishes everything he undertakes1 if it is at all possible4 #ad4 ,washington was president of the ,united ,states4 ,but ,hamilton guided its financial policy4 #ae4 ,every year they sell three hundred sets1 and ,mr4 ,west helps to write the letters4 #af4 ,the country people were the chief patrons of the store4 ,although no small amount of trade came from the town4 #ag4 ,the box sat under a tree1 and the dog1 which was a collie1 would go when he was told and sit on it1 and no one could call him away but his master who was very often cruelly slow in doing so1 but the dog never lost patience4 #ah4 ,he was one of those persons 7of whom there are so painfully many7 who never do what they promise4 #ai4 ,he then went to his room1 which was in the back of the house1 to sleep1 and his books were found there the next day4 #bj4 ,he was the man that ,i had mentioned1 who had been recommended for the position4 ,who had been refused because of his deficiencies in ,english4 #ba4 ,i can't go1 ,i don't think4 #bb4 ,he was a very big and very strong man4 ,and1 he should have made a great football player4 #bc4 ,he will surely be elected1 ,i haven't any fear4 #bd4 ,the food was good1 and the service was fine1 but we did not care to stay on account of the weather1 which was rainy most of the time1 and because it was an out-of-the-way place4 #be4 ,he converses intelligently and pleasantly1 and never gossips1 hence he is an agreeable companion4 #bf4 ,he died of smallpox1 and was ninety years old4 #bg4 ,there were twenty boys in the class4 ,each past twenty-five years of age4 #bh4 ,he is in every way honorable1 at least so far as money matters are concerned4 #bi4 ,i had not previously thought of going to college1 but now ,i was enthusiastic on the matter1 and all my time 7at least most of it7 was devoted to poring over catalogues1 of which ,i had a great number1 and many of which ,i knew by heart from having gone over them so often1 and finally a college was selected which seemed to suit me1 so ,i went there in the fall to study chemistry4 #cj4 ,he was very sensitive4 ,so that we could tease him very little without making him angry4 #ca4 ,there are a great number of stations along this short line of railroad1 these1 however1 do little business4 #cb4 ,they stopped and asked us the road to ,milton1 and it was discovered that they were going in the wrong direction1 as ,milton lay south of ,williamsport1 and we were camping twenty miles north4 #cc4 ,he will most likely be suspended1 it may perhaps be4 #cd4 ,that day my cousin went home1 and the next day ,john came to spend a few hours with me1 and in the afternoon we drove all over the valley1 but neither of us grew tired1 because there were so many things to converse about1 and so many long treasured questions to ask1 and ,john left in the evening1 and then ,i went to bed4 #ce4 ,he has been proved a gambler1 there you have it all4 #cf4 ,mrs4 ,smith 7whose husband had been killed by a falling beam in one of the buildings he was constructing7 consented to give us a room and board4 #cg4 ,he read his lesson carefully1 then he closed the book to think it over4 #ch4 ,he is the most peculiar person ,i ever met--in the last few years at least4 #ci4 ,i am reading a book1 it is very interesting4 #dj4 ,they get a great deal of amusement when he is walking 7which he does every nice day7 by whistling in time with his steps4 #da4 ,he gave me this book which you see1 and ,i have been able to get a vast amount of information out of it4 #db4 ,it was noticed by everyone that he always behaved well4 ,when he was in school4 #dc4 ,the magician was present4 ,and pleased everybody with his performances4 #dd4 ,because he liked music1 ,john was considered an odd fellow1 and his father was dead4 #ib4 ,,coherence4 ,coherence in the sentence demands that the arrangement and the construction of the sentence be clear and free from ambiguity4 #a4 ,frame the sentence so that it can have but one possible meaning4 ,wrong3 ,he owned several dogs and was greatly troubled with the mange4 ,right3 ,he owned several dogs and was greatly troubled because they had the mange4 ,right3 ,he was greatly troubled because several of his dogs had the mange4 #b4 ,see that the antecedent of every pronoun is clear and explicit4 ,wrong3 ,the dog was bitten on the front foot which has since died4 ,right3 ,the dog1 which has since died1 was bitten on the front foot4 ,right3 ,the dog was bitten on the front foot and has since died4 #c4 ,see that the word to which each modifier refers is unmistakable4 a4 ,place every modifying element as near as possible to the word which it modifies4 ,wrong3 ,he was sitting in a chair reading a book made in the mission style4 ,right3 ,he was sitting in a chair made in the mission style and was reading a book4 ,right3 ,he was sitting reading a book in a chair made in the mission style4 ,wrong3 ,the table had been inlaid by his father1 containing over fifteen hundred pieces4 ,right3 ,the table1 containing over fifteen hundred pieces1 had been inlaid by his father4 ,right3 ,the table contained over fifteen hundred pieces and had been inlaid by his father4 b4 ,avoid the squinting construction4 ,by this term is meant the placing of a clause so that it is impossible to tell whether it refers to the preceding or succeeding part of the sentence4 ,wrong3 ,it would be hard to explain1 if you were to ask me1 what the trouble was4 ,right3 ,if you were to ask me what the trouble was1 it would be hard to explain4 #d4 ,place correlatives so that there can be no doubt as to their office4 ,neither--nor1 both--and1 etc41 are frequently not placed next to the expressions they are meant to connect4 ,see #hd4 ,wrong3 ,he neither brought a trunk nor a suit-case4 ,right3 ,he brought neither a trunk nor a suit-case4 ,wrong3 ,he not only received money from his father1 but also his mother4 ,right3 ,he received money not only from his father1 but also from his mother4 ,right3 ,he not only received money from his father1 but also received it from his mother4 #e4 ,omit no word that is not accurately implied in the sentence4 ,wrong3 ,the man never has1 and never will be successful4 ,right3 ,the man never has been1 and never will be successful4 ,wrong3 ,it is no concern to him4 ,right3 ,it is of no concern to him4 #f4 ,use a summarizing word1 in general1 to collect the parts of a long complex sentence4 ,republicans1 ,democrats1 ,socialists1 ,prohibitionists1 and ,populists--all were there4 #g4 ,express similar thoughts1 when connected in the same sentence1 in a similar manner4 ,bad3 ,i decided on doing the work that night1 and to write it out on the typewriter4 ,good3 ,i decided to do the work that night and to write it out on the typewriter4 ,bad3 ,textbooks are going out of use in the modern law schools1 but some schools still use them4 ,good3 ,textbooks are going out of use in the modern law schools1 but in some they are still used4 ,good3 ,though textbooks are going out of use in modern law schools1 they are still used in some of them4 ,bad3 ,one should never try to avoid work in school1 for you always increase your trouble by doing so4 ,good3 ,one should never try to avoid work in school1 for one always increases his trouble by doing so4 ,good3 ,one usually only increases his troubles by trying to avoid work in school4 ,,exercise #fh ,point out and correct any lack of coherence that exists in the following sentences3 #a4 ,chicken lice are troubling all the farmers in the state4 #b4 ,the statute requires that one study three years1 and that you pass an examination4 #c4 ,he is home4 #d4 ,rich and poor1 old and young1 large and small1 good and bad1 were in the assemblage4 #e4 ,he both presented me with a gold piece and an increase in salary4 #f4 ,tell the doctor1 if he comes before seven1 to call4 #g4 ,when the dog came on the porch1 feeling playful1 ,i laid aside my paper4 #h4 ,i only knew ,john4 #i4 ,the cart was pulled by a man creaking under a heavy load4 #aj4 ,john told his father that his coat was too tight for him4 #aa4 ,i not only knew the president but also the whole board of directors4 #ab4 ,the boxes were full of broken glass with which we made fire4 #ac4 ,mrs4 ,smith wants washing4 #ad4 ,a young woman died very suddenly last ,sunday while ,i was away from home as a result of a druggist's mistake4 #ae4 ,he was hit in the discharge of his duty by a policeman4 #af4 ,a dog has been found by ,mrs4 ,jones with one black ear4 #ag4 ,in taking the census innumerable errors are made1 thus making the result unreliable4 #ah4 ,it was a pleasure to see them work and their good nature4 #ai4 ,the boy went to the teacher and told him that his trouble was that he used the wrong book4 #bj4 ,john was not punished because of his ill health1 and he was not entirely to blame for it4 #ba4 ,they said they saw them coming before they saw them4 #bb4 ,the officers arrested the men and they were then locked up4 #bc4 ,you made the same mistake that you now make last week4 #bd4 ,wishing to make no mistake the boy was told by him to see the professor4 #be4 ,it resulted opposite to that in which it was expected4 #bf4 ,they are required to report both on their way to work and coming home4 #bg4 ,under his direction we were taught grammar and something of composition was taken up4 #bh4 ,taking all precautions1 a watchman is on duty every night4 #bi4 ,we tried to study1 but didn't do any4 #cj4 ,i do not care either to see you or ,henry4 #ca4 ,he has a number of kennels with many dogs scattered over the farm4 #cb4 ,mrs4 ,x4 wants a picture of her children painted very badly4 #cc4 ,one of the drawbacks to the work is that time is very scarce1 in this way limiting what can be done4 #cd4 ,the bicycle was easy to learn to ride1 which ,i did4 #ce4 ,rails are placed along the sides of the bridges1 and horses are forbidden to trot over them4 #cf4 ,john told ,henry that he thought he needed help4 #cg4 ,he has to stop for rest1 and to avoid getting too far ahead4 #ch4 ,board1 room1 clothes1 laundry1 and amusements1 are higher there than here4 #ci4 ,mathematics is not only necessary1 but also languages4 #dj4 ,after having read the proof1 it is rolled up1 and you mail it back to the printer4 #da4 ,the baskets were unpacked and the girls waited upon them4 #db4 ,they knew all that was to be learned1 including ,john4 #dc4 ,we could say that the greater part of us had both seen the ,niagara ,falls and ,canada4 #dd4 ,let him wear a loose shoe that has sore feet4 #de4 ,being out of work1 and as ,i did not wish to loaf1 ,i started to school4 #df4 ,he tried to study unsuccessfully1 and in the end failed4 #dg4 ,he built a house for his wife with seven windows4 #dh4 ,he sent her an invitation to go for a ride on the back of his business card4 #di4 ,i saw five automobiles the other night sitting on our front door step4 #ej4 ,mrs4 ,smith was killed last night while cooking in a dreadful manner4 #ea4 ,post cards are both increasing in variety and beauty4 #eb4 ,he neither told ,john nor his father4 #ec4 ,mary told her mother1 if she were needed1 she would be called4 #ed4 ,he bought a horse when ten years old4 #ee4 ,the child the parent often rebuked4 #ef4 ,sitting on a chair the entire house could be watched4 #eg4 ,coming along the road a peculiar noise was heard by us4 #eh4 ,under the enforced sanitary laws people ceased to die gradually4 #ei4 ,i knew him as a physician when a boy4 #fj4 ,he came leading his dog on a bicycle4 #fa4 ,when wanted he sent me a letter4 #ic4 ,,emphasis4 ,emphasis demands that the sentence be so arranged that the principal idea shall be brought into prominence and the minor details subordinated4 #a4 ,avoid weak beginnings and weak endings in the sentence4 ,bad3 ,he was a student who did nothing right as a rule4 ,good3 ,he was a student1 who1 as a rule1 did nothing right4 #b4 ,a change from the normal order often makes a great change in emphasis4 ,normal3 ,a lonely owl shrieked from a thick tree not far back of our camp4 ,changed3 ,from a thick tree not far back of our camp a lonely owl shrieked4 #c4 ,where it is suitable1 arrange words and clauses so as to produce a climax2 i4 e41 have the most important come last4 ,bad3 ,human beings1 dogs1 cats1 horses1 all living things were destroyed4 ,good3 ,cats1 dogs1 horses1 human beings1 all living things were destroyed4 #d4 ,avoid all words which add nothing to the thought4 ,bad3 ,he is universally praised by all people4 ,good3 ,he is universally praised4 ,bad3 ,the darkness was absolutely impenetrable1 and not a thing could be seen4 ,good3 ,the darkness was absolutely impenetrable4 ,bad3 ,mr4 ,smith bids me say that he regrets that a slight indisposition in health precludes his granting himself the pleasure of accepting your invitation to come to your house to dine4 ,good3 ,mr4 ,smith bids me say that he regrets that sickness prevents his accepting your invitation to dine4 ,,exercise #fi ,reconstruct all of the following sentences that violate the principles of emphasis3 #a4 ,children1 women1 and men were slain without pity4 #b4 ,i'll prove his guilt by means of marked money1 if ,i can4 #c4 ,most of the students have done good work1 although some have not4 #d4 ,will you please start up the machine4 #e4 ,where ignorance leads to a condition of blissful happiness1 it would be folly to seek a condition of great wisdom4 #f4 ,a man having foolishly tried to board a moving train yesterday1 was killed by being run over4 #g4 ,as a maker of violins he has never had an equal before nor since4 #h4 ,all his friends were collected together4 #i4 ,the field was so wet that we could not play on it1 except occasionally4 #aj4 ,few were superior to him as a sculptor4 #aa4 ,railway companies1 trolley companies1 cable companies1 and even hack lines were affected by the change4 #ab4 ,books were his constant companions1 and he was with them always4 #ac4 ,that great1 gaunt mass of stones1 rock1 and earth1 which falls upon your vision at the edge of the horizon of your view1 is known by the appellation of ,maxon ,mountain4 #ad4 ,the noise of trains is heard ceaselessly from morning till night1 without stopping at all4 #ae4 ,he tried to do right so far as we know4 #af4 ,that knowledge is the important thing to gain beyond all else4 #id4 ,,euphony4 ,euphony demands that the sentence be of pleasing sound4 #a4 ,avoid repeating the same word in a sentence4 ,bad3 ,he commanded his son to obey his commands4 #b4 ,avoid words and combinations of words that are hard to pronounce4 ,bad3 ,he seized quickly a thick stick4 #c4 ,avoid a rhyme and the repetition of a similar syllable4 ,bad3 ,they went for a walk in order to talk4 ,,exercise #gj ,correct such of the following sentences as lack euphony3 #a4 ,in the problems1 he solved one once4 #b4 ,most of the time he does the most he can4 #c4 ,she worries about what to wear wherever she goes4 #d4 ,it is impossible for one to believe that one so changeable can be capable of such work4 #e4 ,those are our books4 #f4 ,every time there was a chance for error1 error was made4 #g4 ,it is true that the man spoke truly when he said1 ,truth is stranger than fiction4 #h4 ,the well must have been well made1 else it would not have served so well4 #i4 ,everything he said was audible throughout the auditorium4 #aj4 ,he acted very sillily4 #aa4 ,he is still worried over the ill fulfillment of ,john's promise4 #ab4 ,in his letters there is something fine in every line4 #ac4 ,they ordered the members of the order to pay their dues4 ,,exercise #ga4 ,a ,,general ,,exercise ,,on ,,sentences ,revise the following sentences4 ,in parentheses after each sentence is the number of the paragraph in which the error involved is set forth3 #a4 ,not only should we go to church1 but also prayer-meeting4 7#ib-d47 #b4 ,in the ,east1 just above the horizon1 ,mars may be readily seen in the evenings4 7#ic-a47 #c4 ,there is nothing distinctive about the style of the book1 and it tells the story of a young ,russian couple4 7#ia-a47 #d4 ,the nasal noise in his enunciation was displeasing4 7#id-b47 #e4 ,books1 papers1 records1 money1 checks1 and receipts1 were burned4 7#ib-f47 #f4 ,i tried to learn to write plainly1 and have failed4 7#ib-g47 #g4 ,he has not and never will succeed in doing that4 7#ib-e47 #h4 ,he is sick as a result of the picnic1 it may be4 7#ia-b47 #i4 ,finally they stepped from the boat into the water1 and tried to move it by all of them pushing4 7#ib-b47 #aj4 ,one is sure to become dull in mind1 and ill in health1 if you fail to exercise4 7#ic-a47 #aa4 ,the trip was comparatively quickly and easily made4 7#id-a47 #ab4 ,she was of ordinary family1 but he didn't think of criticizing that1 since his own parents were of the ,german peasantry4 7#ia-d47 #ac4 ,the man was sentenced to either be hanged or life-imprisonment4 7#ib-g47 #ad4 ,people of wealth 7and it is by no means an exception to the rule7 fail to notice the misery about them4 7#ia-a-;b47 #ae4 ,there one can see miles and miles4 ,for there are no mountains4 7#ia-c-;a47 #af4 ,she told her that she thought that she had come too soon4 7#ib-b47 #ag4 ,by the judge's mistake1 he was made a free man1 and started on a career of crime again4 7#ic-a47 #ah4 ,flora ,macdonald was a genuine heroine4 7#id-c47 #ai4 ,no criticism was made of the object1 but of the means4 7#ib-e47 #bj4 ,if you observe the relation of spelling to pronunciation1 you will have little trouble in pronunciation4 7#id-a47 #ba4 ,he threw the stone at the window4 ,and then he ran4 7#ia-c47 #bb4 ,the reading of ,poe's stories at least is entertaining1 if not elevating4 7#ib-c-;b47 #bc4 ,john the lion killed4 7#ib-c-;b47 #bd4 ,he arose suddenly upsetting the table4 7#ib-c-;b47 #be4 ,bridget was a faithful servant1 she never failed in her duties for more than five years4 7#ia-a-;a47 #bf4 ,instead of six1 now four years only are to be spent in college4 7#ib-c-;a47 #bg4 ,we started down the river toward ,harrisburg4 ,but we did not get very far4 ,for a storm soon came upon us4 7#ia-c47 #bh4 ,he says that he has the book at his home which belongs to ,anderson4 7#ib-b74 #bi4 ,i secured a horse and went for a ride1 and after my return1 we had supper4 7#ia-d47 #cj4 ,two of the company were killed in the battle4 ,the others escaped without a scratch4 7#ia-c47 #ca4 ,different from most persons1 he will not mention to any one his faults4 7#ib-b47 #cb4 ,not only is the book interesting1 but it is instructive also4 7#ic-a47 #cc4 ,may not only he be satisfied with the result1 but delighted4 7#ib-d47 #cd4 ,main ,street is very long1 and the hotels are on ,market ,street4 7#ia-a47 #ce4 ,he saw the money passing the store which had been lost4 7#ib-b47 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,capitalization ,,and ,,punctuation ,,rules ,,for ,,capitalization #ie4 ,capitalize all proper nouns and adjectives derived from proper nouns4 ,france1 ,french1 ,paris1 ,parisian1 ,john1 etc4 #if4 ,capitalize all titles when used with proper nouns4 ,capitalize1 also1 the titles of governmental officers of high rank even when used separately4 ,do not capitalize other titles when used separately4 ,uncle ,sam1 ,bishop ,anselm1 ,professor ,morton1 the ,postmaster ,general1 ,postmaster ,smith of ,kelley ,cross ,roads1 the postmaster of ,kelley ,cross ,roads4 #ig4 ,capitalize the important words in titles of books4 ,the ,master of ,ballantrae1 ,the ,trail of the ,lonesome ,pine1 ,the ,discovery of ,america4 #ih4 ,capitalize the first word of every sentence1 of every line of poetry1 and of every complete sentence that is quoted4 ,he said1 ,is it ,i whom you seek8 ,he said she was a perfect woman1 nobly planned4 #ii4 ,capitalize the words1 mother1 father1 etc41 when used with proper names of persons1 or when used without a possessive pronoun to refer to some definite person4 ,capitalize also1 common nouns in phrases used as proper nouns4 ,father ,john1 my ,uncle ,john1 my uncle1 if ,uncle writes1 if my uncle writes1 along the river1 along the ,hudson ,river1 ,madison ,square4 #ajj4 ,capitalize the names1 ,north1 ,south1 ,east1 and ,west1 when referring to parts of the country2 words used to name the ,deity2 the words1 ,bible and ,scriptures2 and the words ,i and ,o1 but not oh unless it is at the beginning of a sentence4 ,,exercise #gb ,secure five examples under each of the above rules1 except the last4 ,,rules ,,for ,,punctuation #aja4 ,punctuation should not be done for its own sake1 but simply to make the meaning clearer2 never punctuate where no punctuation is needed4 ,the following rules of punctuation are generally accepted3 ,the ,period 747 #ajb4 ,use the period after 7#a7 every complete sentence that is not interrogative nor exclamatory2 7#b7 after every abbreviation2 and 7#c7 after ,yes and ,no when used alone4 ,the ,interrogation ,point 787 #ajc4 ,use the interrogation point after every direct question4 ,the ,exclamation ,point 767 #ajd4 ,use the exclamation point after every exclamatory sentence or expression4 ,alas6 ,it is too late4 ,fire if you dare6 ,the ,comma 717 #aje4 ,use the comma after each word of a series of words that all have the same grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence1 unless conjunctions are used between all of those words4 ,ours is a red1 white1 and blue flag4 ,he talked1 smoked1 and read4 ,he talked and smoked and read4 ,do not1 however1 precede the series by a comma4 ,wrong3 ,he lectures on1 ,tuesdays1 ,thursdays1 and ,fridays4 ,right3 ,he lectures on ,tuesdays1 ,thursdays1 and ,fridays4 #ajf4 ,use the comma to separate two adjectives modifying the same noun1 but not if one modifies both the other adjective and the noun4 ,an honest1 upright man4 ,an old colored man4 ,a soiled red dress4 #ajg4 ,use the comma to set off non-emphatic introductory words or phrases1 and participial phrases4 ,john1 come here4 ,by the way1 did you see ,mary8 ,after having done this1 ,csar crossed the ,rubicon4 ,csar crossed the ,rubicon1 thus taking a decisive step4 #ajh4 ,use the comma to set off appositive expression 7see #bi1 ,note #a71 or a geographical name that limits a preceding name4 ,he was told to see ,dr4 ,morton1 the principal of the school4 ,muncy1 ,pennsylvania1 is not spelled the same as ,muncie1 ,indiana4 #aji4 ,use the comma to set off any sentence element that is placed out of its natural order4 ,if it is possible1 he will do it4 ,to most people1 this will seem absurd4 #aaj4 ,use the comma to set off slightly parenthetical remarks that are thrown into the sentence4 ,if the break is very marked1 use the dash or parenthesis4 ,that1 if you will permit me to explain1 cannot be done without permission from the police4 ,two men1 ,chase and ,arnold1 were injured4 ,he1 himself1 said it4 #aaa4 ,use the comma to set off explanatory or non-restrictive clauses1 but not to set off restrictive clauses4 7,see #be and #bf47 ,mr4 ,gardner1 who has been working in the bank1 sang at the church4 ,but3 ,the ,mr4 ,gardner whom you know is his brother4 #aab4 ,use the comma to separate cordinate clauses that are united by a simple conjunction4 ,he can sing well1 but he seldom will sing in public4 ,he doesn't wish to sing1 and ,i do not like to urge him4 #aac4 ,use the comma to separate the members of a compound sentence when those members are short and closely connected in their thought4 ,john carried the suit-case1 ,i the hat box1 and ,william the umbrella4 #aad4 ,use the comma to separate dependent and conditional clauses introduced by such words as if1 when1 though1 unless the connection be close4 ,he did not stop1 though ,i called repeatedly4 ,your solution is right in method1 even if you have made a mistake in the work4 ,but3 ,you are wrong when you say that4 #aae4 ,use the comma to set off short1 informal quotations1 unless such quotation is a word or phrase closely woven into the sentence4 ,william said1 ,good morning2 but1 ,hello1 was ,henry's greeting4 ,but3 ,he introduced the man as my distinguished friend4 #aaf4 ,use the comma to set off adverbs and adverbial phrases2 such as1 however1 then1 also1 for example1 so to speak1 etc4 ,such a man1 however1 can seldom be found4 ,this sentence1 for example1 can be improved by changing the order4 #aag4 ,use the comma whenever for any reason there is any distinct pause in the sentence that is not otherwise indicated by punctuation1 or whenever something clearly is omitted4 ,we want students1 not boys who simply come to school4 ,csar had his ,brutus2 ,charles the ,first1 his ,cromwell2 444 ,the ,semicolon 727 #aah4 ,use the semicolon to separate the clauses of a compound sentence that are long or that are not joined by conjunctions4 ,he says that he shall teach for two more years2 then he shall probably return to college4 #aai4 ,use a semicolon to separate the clauses of a compound sentence that are joined by a conjunction1 only when it is desirable to indicate a very definite pause4 ,i have told you of the theft2 but ,i have yet to tell you of the reason for it4 #abj4 ,use a semicolon to separate the parts of a compound or a complex sentence1 when some of those parts are punctuated by commas4 ,as men1 we admire the man that succeeds2 but1 as honest men1 we cannot admire the man that succeeds by dishonesty4 ,wrong3 ,he spends his money for theatres1 and dinners1 and wine1 and for his family he has not a cent4 ,right3 ,he spends his money for theatres1 and dinners1 and wine2 and for his family he has not a cent4 #aba4 ,use a semicolon before certain adverbs and adverbial expressions1 when they occur in the body of the sentence and are used conjunctively2 such as1 accordingly1 besides1 hence1 thus1 therefore1 etc4 ,i do not care to see the game2 besides1 it is too cold4 ,john is sick2 however1 ,i think he will be here4 #abb4 ,use the semicolon before the expressions1 namely1 as1 that is1 etc41 or before their abbreviations1 viz41 i4e41 etc41 when they are used to introduce a series of particular terms1 simple in form1 which are in apposition with a general term4 ,at present there are four prominent political parties2 namely1 the ,republican1 the ,democratic1 the ,prohibition1 and the ,socialist4 ,the ,colon 737 #abc4 ,use the colon after an introduction to a long or formal quotation1 before an enumeration1 or after a word1 phrase1 or sentence that constitutes an introduction to something that follows4 ,mr4 ,royer says in his letter3 ,you will remember that ,i promised to send you a copy of my latest musical composition4 ,i am mailing it to you to-day4 ,there are four essentials of a legal contract3 competent parties1 consideration1 agreement1 and legal subject matter4 #abd4 ,use the colon after the salutation of a formal letter4 7,see #afa47 ,the ,dash 7--7 #abe4 ,use the dash to indicate any sudden break in thought or construction4 ,i am pleased to meet you1 ,captain--what did you say your name is8 ,the man ,i met--,i refer to ,captain ,jones--was in the naval service4 #abf4 ,use the dash in the place of the comma to set off more definitely some part of a sentence4 ,i was always lacking what ,i needed most--money4 #abg4 ,use the dash preceded by a comma before a word which sums up the preceding part of a sentence4 ,democrats1 ,republicans1 ,prohibitionists1 ,socialists1 and ,populists1--all were there4 #abh4 ,do not use dashes where not required or in place of some other mark of punctuation4 ,the ,parenthesis ,marks 7 7 #abi4 ,use the parenthesis marks only to enclose a statement that is thrown into the sentence1 but is grammatically independent of it4 ,he belongs 7at least so it is said7 to every secret society in town4 #acj4 ,do not use a comma or other punctuation mark with the parenthesis marks unless it would be required even if there were no parenthesis4 ,when other punctuation is used it should follow the parenthesis4 ,they sent us 7as they had agreed to do7 all the papers in the case4 ,we expect ,john to bring his roommate home with him 7he has been very anxious to do so72 but we expect no one else4 ,modern usage is to avoid entirely the use of the parentheses4 ,the ,bracket #aca4 ,use the bracket to enclose some statement or word of the writer that is thrown into a quotation by way of explanation or otherwise4 ,his letter reads3 ,we have decided to get ,mr4 ,howard his cousin to deliver the address444 ,the ,quotation ,marks 7 7 #acb4 ,use quotation marks to enclose quotations of the exact language of another4 ,the ,bible says1 ,charity suffereth long4 #acc4 ,use single quotation marks 7' '7 to enclose a quotation within a quotation4 ,the speaker in closing said3 ,i can imagine no more inspiring words than those of ,nelson at ,trafalgar1 ',england expects every man to do his duty4' #acd4 ,if a quotation consists of several paragraphs1 quotation marks should precede each paragraph and follow the last4 #ace4 ,do not use quotation marks to enclose each separate sentence of a single continuous quotation4 #acf4 ,do not use quotation marks to enclose well-known nicknames1 titles of books1 proverbial phrases1 or to indicate one's own literary invention4 #acg4 ,examine the location of quotation marks and other punctuation in the following sentences3 ,wrong3 ,you may do as you wish1 he said1 if you only wish to do right4 ,right3 ,you may do as you wish1 he said1 if you only wish to do right4 ,wrong3 ,can you come1 she asked8 ,right3 ,can you come8 she asked4 ,the ,apostrophe 7'7 #ach4 ,use the apostrophe to mark certain plurals and possessives4 ,see #ac and #ae4 ,use the apostrophe to indicate the omission of letters4 ,doesn't1 ,can't1 ,what's the matter8 ,the ,hyphen 7-7 #aci4 ,use the hyphen when a word must be divided at the end of a line4 ,never divide words of one syllable1 nor short words2 such as1 though1 through1 also1 besides1 over1 etc4 ,never divide words except at the end of a syllable1 and always put the hyphen at the end of the first line1 not at the beginning of the second4 ,wrong division3 int-end1 prop-ose1 superint-endent1 expre-ssion4 ,proper division3 in-tend1 pro-pose1 superin-tendent1 expres-sion4 ,in writing it is good usage not to divide a word like expression by placing ex on one line and the rest of the word on the next line4 #adj4 ,use the hyphen to divide certain compound words4 ,no rule can be given by which to determine when compounded words demand the hyphen4 ,only custom determines4 ,always use a hyphen with to-day1 to-morrow1 and to-night4 ,,exercise #gc ,punctuate and capitalize the following selections4 ,for instructions as to paragraphing and the arrangement of conversation1 see #adc and #add3 #a4 however father had told us not to expect good accommodations because it is a very small town #b4 tomorrow if it is a clear day we will go to pittsburgh #c4 will that be satisfactory was his question #d4 it doesnt make any difference said she whether you come or not #e4 whats the matter with you john #f4 john replied i mean that poem that begins the curfew tolls the knell of parting day #g4 and that day i was only a child then ,i travelled all alone to new york city #h4 he is a member at least he claims to be of the presbyterian church #i4 the author says that the hero of waterloo wellington was a general of great military training #aj4 buddhist brahmin mohammedan christian jewish every religion was represented #aa4 his letter will tell what he wants or will attempt to do so #ab4 you will please hand in the following sentences one three seven and nine #ac4 four presidents have been unitarians namely the two adams fillmore and taft #ad4 the verse to which you refer is as follows the boast of heraldry the pomp of power all that beauty all that wealth eer gave await alike the inevitable hour the paths of glory lead but to the grave #ae4 a noun is the name of something as william france book cat #af4 the train leaves at eight therefore we shall have to rise at seven at latest #ag4 the different points discussed are these first the history of the divine right theory second the exponents of the theory and third the result of the theory #ah4 in the first problem divide in the second multiply #ai4 if the break is slight use a comma if it is more perceptible use a semicolon if it is very sharp use a period #bj4 william if you gear me answer #ba4 he told mother that he must go home at least that is what she understood #bb4 as noise it is an undoubted success as music it is a flat failure #bc4 that may be true but i still doubt it #bd4 separate the clauses by a comma unless the connection be close #be4 even though that be true it does not prove what we want proved #bf4 mary said yes but helen said no #bg4 he is called the peerless leader #bh4 such a man for example was lincoln #bi4 if as you say it ought to be done why dont you do it #cj4 that too is a mistake #ca4 that is wool not cotton as you seem to think #cb4 the english are stolid the french lively #cc4 in that case let us have war #cd4 such an opinion i may say is absurd #ce4 alas when i had noticed my mistake it was too late #cf4 the house which was built by smith is on the corner of a large lot #cg4 he means the house that has green shutters #ch4 those are all good books but none of them will do #ci4 dickens wrote nicholas nickleby hugo les miserables thackeray henry esmond #dj4 he is a good student and also a great athlete #da4 he gave me a red silk handkerchief #db4 having assigned the lesson he left the room #dc4 royers address is danville illinois #dd4 you will find it discussed in paragraphs one two and three #de4 i had classes under the president dr harris #df4 moreover naxon the cashier has fled #dg4 oh that is what you mean is it #dh4 for this you will need a piece of clean white paper #di4 the bible says the lord thy god is a jealous god #ej4 the boundary of uncle sams lands is the rio grande river #ea4 theodore roosevelt is not the only strenuous man in history #eb4 the north quickly recovered from the civil war #ec4 he told mother to write to my uncle about it #ed4 he said then why are you here #ee4 in that army old young and middle aged men served for their country could no longer raise a picked army #ef4 he was told to ask the principal professor morton #eg4 in the same town muncy lives smith now a respected man #eh4 a peasant named ali according to a good old oriental story needing badly a donkey for some urgent work decided to apply to his neighbor mehmed whose donkey ali knew to be idle in the stable that day i am sorry my dear neighbor said mehmed in reply to alis request but i cannot please you my son took the donkey this morning to the next village i assure you insisted ali i shall take the very best care of him my dear neighbor can you not take my word demanded mehmed with a show of anger i tell you the donkey is out but at this point the donkey began to bray loudly there that is the donkey braying now well said the justly indignant mehmed if you would rather take my donkeys word than my word we can be friends no longer and under no circumstances can i lend you anything4 #ei4 a coroner was called upon to hold an inquest over the body of an italian the only witness was a small boy of the same nationality who spoke no english the examination proceeded thus where do you live my boy the boy shook his head do you speak english another shake of the head do you speak french another shake do you speak german still no answer how old are you no reply have you father and mother no reply do you speak italian the boy gave no sign well said the coroner i have questioned the witness in four languages and can get no answer it is useless to proceed the court is adjourned4 ,,note4 ,further exercise in punctuation may be had by copying without the marks of punctuation selections from books1 and afterwards inserting the proper marks4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,paragraph #ada4 ,the ,,paragraph is a connected series of sentences all dealing with the development of a single topic4 ,where the general subject under discussion is very narrow1 the paragraph may constitute the whole composition2 but usually1 it forms one of a number of subtopics1 each dealing with some subdivision of the general subject4 ,for each one of these subtopics a separate paragraph should be made4 ,the purpose of the paragraph is to aid the reader to comprehend the thought to be expressed4 ,the paragraph groups in a logical way the different ideas to be communicated4 ,it gives rest to the eye of the reader1 and makes clearer the fact that there is a change of topic at each new paragraph4 #adb4 ,,paragraph ,,length4 ,there is no fixed rule governing the proper length of the paragraph1 but1 probably1 no paragraph need be more than three hundred words in length4 ,if the whole composition is not more than two hundred and fifty words in length1 it will not often need to be subdivided into paragraphs4 ,in a letter1 paragraphing should be more frequent than in other compositions4 ,paragraphing should not be too frequent4 ,if paragraphing is too frequent1 by making each minute subdivision of equal importance1 it defeats its purpose of grouping ideas about some general topic4 #adc4 ,sometimes a sentence or even a part of a sentence may be set off as a separate paragraph in order to secure greater emphasis4 ,this1 however1 is only using the paragraph for a proper purpose--to aid in gaining clearness4 #add4 ,,paragraphing ,,of ,,speech4 ,in a narrative1 each direct quotation1 together with the rest of the sentence of which it is a part1 should constitute a separate paragraph4 ,this rule should be always followed in writing a conversation4 ,examine the following3 ,a certain ,scotch family cherishes this anecdote of a trip which ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson made to ,scotland4 ,he had stopped at the house of this family for a meal1 and was helped to the national dish4 ,during the meal the hostess asked3 ,dr4 ,johnson1 what do you think of our ,scotch broth8 ,madam1 was the answer1 in my opinion it is fit only for pigs4 ,then have some more1 said the woman4 ,the only case in which the quoted words can be detached from the remainder of the sentence is where they form the end of the sentence after some introductory words1 as in the second paragraph of the example just given4 #ade4 ,,indentation ,,of ,,the ,,paragraph4 ,the first sentence of each new paragraph should be indented4 ,see example under #add4 ,no other sentence should be so indented4 #adf4 ,the essential qualities which each paragraph should have are3 ,unity1 ,coherence1 and ,emphasis4 ,,unity4 ,unity requires that the paragraph should deal with only one subject1 and should include nothing which does not have a direct bearing on that subject4 ,thus1 in the following paragraph1 the italicized sentence violates the principle of ,unity1 because1 very obviously it belongs to some other paragraph3 ,never did any race receive the ,gospel with more ardent enthusiasm than the ,irish4 ,st4 ,patrick1 a zealous priest1 was thought to have banished the snakes from the island4 ,so enthusiastic were the ,irish1 that1 not content with the religious work in ,ireland1 the ,irish ,church sent out its missionaries to ,scotland1 to ,germany1 and to the ,alps and ,apennines4 ,it founded religious houses and monasteries4444 ,separate paragraphs should not be made of matter which belongs together4 ,if the ideas can all be fairly included under one general topic1 unity demands that they be grouped in one paragraph4 ,thus1 in describing the route followed in a certain journey1 one should not use a separate paragraph for each step in the journey4 ,wrong3 ,in returning to the ,university1 ,i went from ,pittsburgh to ,cleveland4 ,then ,i took a berth for the night on one of the lake steamers running from ,cleveland to ,detroit4 ,from ,detroit ,i completed the journey to ,ann ,arbor on an early train the next morning4 ,if unity is to be secured1 not only must all the ideas brought out in the paragraph deal with the same topic1 but also1 they must be developed in some consistent1 systematic order4 ,a certain point of view should be generally maintained as to tense1 subject1 and manner of expression4 #adg4 ,,how ,,to ,,gain ,,unity4 ,careful thought before beginning the paragraph is necessary if unity is to be gained4 ,the topic of the paragraph should be determined1 and should be clearly indicated by a topic sentence4 ,usually this topic sentence should be placed near the beginning of the paragraph4 ,the first sentence is the clearest and best place for it4 ,the topic sentence need not be a formal statement of the subject to be discussed1 but may be any sentence that shows what is to be the central idea of the paragraph4 ,with the topic determined1 there are various ways of developing it4 ,it may be developed by repetition2 by adding details and specific instances to the general statement2 by presenting proof2 by illustration2 or by showing cause or effect4 #adh4 ,examine the following paragraphs4 ,each possesses the quality of unity4 ,the topic sentence in each case is italicized4 ,to rule was not enough for ,bonaparte4 ,he wanted to amaze1 to dazzle1 to overpower men's souls1 by striking1 bold1 magnificent1 and unanticipated results4 ,to govern ever so absolutely would not have satisfied him1 if he must have governed silently4 ,he wanted to reign through wonder and awe1 by the grandeur and terror of his name1 by displays of power which would rivet on him every eye1 and make him the theme of every tongue4 ,power was his supreme object2 but power which should be gazed at as well as felt1 which should strike men as a prodigy1 which should shake old thrones as an earthquake1 and1 by the suddenness of its new creations1 should awaken something of the submissive wonder which miraculous agency inspires4 ,from ,the ,character of ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 by ,channing4 ,there is something in the very season of the year that gives a charm to the festivity of ,christmas4 ,at other times we derive a great portion of our pleasures from the mere beauties of ,nature4 ,our feelings sally forth and dissipate themselves over the sunny landscape and we live abroad and everywhere4 ,the song of the bird1 the murmur of the stream1 the breathing fragrance of spring1 the soft voluptuousness of summer1 the golden pomp of autumn2 earth with its mantle of refreshing green1 and heaven with its deep delicious blue and its cloudy magnificence--all fill us with mute but exquisite delight1 and we revel in the luxury of mere sensation4 ,but in the depth of winter1 when ,nature lies despoiled of every charm1 and wrapped in her shroud of sheeted snow1 we turn our gratifications to moral sources4 ,the dreariness and desolation of the landscape1 the short gloomy days and darksome nights1 while they circumscribe our wanderings1 shut in also our feelings from rambling abroad1 and make us more keenly disposed for the pleasures of the social circle4 ,our thoughts are more concentrated2 our friendly sympathies more aroused4 ,we feel more sensibly the charm of each other's society1 and are brought more closely together by dependence on each other for enjoyment4 ,heart calleth unto heart1 and we draw our pleasures from the deep wells of living kindness which lie in the quiet recesses of our bosoms2 and which1 where resorted to1 furnish forth the pure element of domestic felicity4 ,from ,christmas1 by ,washington ,irving4 #adi4 ,,coherence4 ,coherence demands that each paragraph shall be perfectly clear in its meaning1 and that it be so constructed that it may be readily grasped by the reader4 ,the relation of sentence to sentence1 of idea to idea1 must be clearly brought out4 ,the whole fabric of the paragraph must be woven together--it must not consist of disconnected pieces4 #aej4 ,,how ,,to ,,gain ,,coherence4 ,where vividness or some other quality does not gain coherence in the sentence1 it is usually gained by the use of words or phrases which refer to or help to keep in mind the effect of the preceding sentences1 or which show the bearing of the sentence on the paragraph topic4 ,these words may be of various sorts2 as1 it1 this view1 however1 in this way1 etc4 ,sometimes the subject is repeated occasionally throughout the paragraph1 or is directly or indirectly indicated again at the end of the paragraph4 ,examine carefully the following selections4 ,note the italicized words of coherence1 and note in each case how they aid the flow of thought from sentence to sentence1 and help to keep in mind the paragraph topic4 ,i will give you my opinion and advice in regard to the two books you have named4 ,the first is interesting and easy to read4 ,it is1 also1 by no means lacking in the value of the information it presents4 ,but the second1 while it is no less interesting and equally valuable in its contents1 seems to me far more logical and scholarly in its construction4 ,in addition to this ,i think you will find it cheaper in price1 by reason of its not being so profusely illustrated4 ,therefore1 ,i should advise you to procure the second for your study4 ,either1 indeed1 will do1 but since you have a choice1 take the better one4 ,a ,husbandman who had a quarrelsome family1 after having tried in vain to reconcile them by words1 thought he might more readily prevail by an example4 ,so he called his sons and bade them lay a bundle of sticks before him4 ,then having tied them up into a fagot1 he told the lads1 one after another1 to take it up and break it4 ,they all tried1 but tried in vain4 ,then1 untying the fagot1 he gave them the sticks to break one by one4 ,this they did with the greatest ease4 ,then said the father3 ,thus1 my sons1 as long as you remain united1 you are a match for all your enemies2 but differ and separate1 and you are undone4 sop's ,fables4 ,examine also the selections under #bje and #bjf4 #aea4 ,,emphasis4 ,the third quality which a paragraph should possess is emphasis4 ,the paragraph should be so constituted as to bring into prominence the topic or the point it is intended to present4 ,the places of greatest emphasis are usually at the beginning and at the end of the paragraph4 ,in short paragraphs sufficient emphasis is generally gained by having a topic sentence at the beginning4 ,in longer paragraphs it is often well to indicate again the topic at the end by way of summary in order to impress thoroughly on the reader the effect of the paragraph4 ,,exercise #gd ,the few following suggestions for practice in paragraph construction are given by way of outline4 ,additional subjects and exercises will readily suggest themselves to teacher or student4 ,these topics are intended to apply only to isolated paragraphs--paragraph themes4 ,as has been suggested1 more latitude in the matter of unity is allowed in compositions so brief that more than one paragraph is unnecessary4 ,write paragraphs3 #a4 ,stating the refusal of a position that has been offered to you1 and giving your reasons for the refusal4 #b4 ,describing the appearance of some building4 ,give the general appearance and then the details4 #c4 ,explaining how to tie a four-in-hand necktie4 #d4 ,stating your reasons for liking or not liking some book or play4 #e4 ,describing the personal appearance of some one of your acquaintance4 #f4 ,to prove that the world is round4 #g4 ,to prove that it pays to buy good shoes4 7,develop by illustration47 #h4 ,showing by comparison that there are more advantages in city life than in country life4 ,write paragraphs on the following subjects3 #i4 ,my ,earliest ,recollection4 #aj4 ,the ,sort of ,books ,i ,like ,best4 #aa4 ,why ,i ,like to ,study ,x ,branch4 #ab4 ,my ,opinion of ,my ,relatives4 #ac4 ,the ,man ,i ,room ,with4 #ad4 ,why ,i ,was ,late to ,class4 #ae4 ,what ,i ,do on ,sundays4 #af4 ,how to ,prevent ,taking ,cold4 #ag4 ,how to ,cure a ,cold4 #ah4 ,my ,best ,teacher4 #ai4 ,my ,favorite ,town4 #bj4 ,why ,i ,go ,fishing4 #ba4 ,my ,favorite ,month4 #bb4 ,what ,becomes of ,my ,matches4 #bc4 ,baseball is a ,better ,game than ,football4 #bd4 ,the ,view from ,x ,building4 #be4 ,why ,i ,go to ,school4 #bf4 ,my ,opinion of ,rainy ,days4 #bg4 ,my ,most ,useful ,friend4 #bh4 ,why ,i ,dislike ,surprise ,parties4 #bi4 ,why ,i ,like to ,visit at ,x's4 #cj4 ,the ,police ,service of ,x ,town4 ,,chapter ,x ,,letter-,,writing ,,note ,,to ,,teacher4--,for the purpose of training in composition1 in the more elementary work1 letter-writing affords probably the most feasible and successful means4 ,letter-writing does not demand any gathering of material1 gains much interest1 and affords much latitude for individual tastes in topics and expression4 ,besides1 letter-writing is the field in which almost all written composition will be done after leaving school2 and so all training in school will be thoroughly useful4 ,for this reason1 it is suggested that letter-writing be made one of the chief fields for composition work4 ,in ,exercise #ge1 are given a number of suggestions for letter-writing4 ,others will readily occur to the teacher4 ,,the ,,heading #aeb4 ,,position ,,of ,,heading4 ,in all business letters the writer's address and the date of writing should precede the letter and be placed at the upper right hand side of the sheet not less than an inch from the top4 ,this address and date is called the ,,heading4 ,in friendly letters the parts of the heading are sometimes placed at the end of the letter on the left side a short distance below the body of the letter4 ,this is permissible1 but to place it at the beginning in all letters is more logical and customary4 ,never write part of the heading at the beginning and part at the end of the letter4 #aec4 ,,order ,,of ,,heading4 ,the parts of the heading should be sufficient to enable the accurate addressing of a reply1 and should be in the following order3 7#a7 the street address1 7#b7 the town or the city address1 7#c7 the date4 ,if all cannot be easily placed on one line1 two or even three lines should be used2 but1 in no case1 should the above order be varied4 ,examples3 ,wrong3 ,march #ca1 #aiaj1 ,red ,oaks1 ,iowa1 #baj ,semple ,street4 ,right3 #baj ,semple ,street1 ,red ,oaks1 ,iowa1 ,march #ca1 #aiaj4 ,right3 #baj ,semple ,street1 ,red ,oaks1 ,iowa1 ,march #ca1 #aiaj4 ,right3 #baj ,semple ,street1 ,red ,oaks1 ,iowa1 ,march #ca1 #aiaj4 ,if only two lines are used1 put the writer's address on the first line and the date on the second4 ,wrong3 ,january #ai1 #aiaj1 ,sharon1 ,pennsylvania1 ,the ,hotel ,lafayette4 ,right3 ,the ,hotel ,lafayette1 ,sharon1 ,pennsylvania1 ,january #ai1 #aiaj4 #aed4 ,,punctuation ,,of ,,heading4 ,place a period after each abbreviation that is used4 ,in addition to this1 place commas after the street address1 after the town address1 after the state address1 and after the number of the day of the month4 ,place a period after the number of the year4 ,examine the correct address under #aec4 #aee4 ,,faults ,,to ,,be ,,avoided ,,in ,,headings4 ,avoid the use of abbreviations in the friendly letter1 and avoid their too frequent use in the business letter4 ,it is better to avoid abbreviating any but the longer names of states4 ,avoid all such abbreviations as the following3 ,st4 for ,street2 ,ave4 for ,avenue2 ,apart4 for ,apartments2 ,chi4 for ,chicago2 ,phila4 for ,philadelphia4 ,wrong3 ,hardie ,apart41 ,pbg41 ,pa4 ,right3 ,hardie ,apartments1 ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,do not use the sign before the street number4 ,do not omit the word ,street4 ,wrong3 #bbi ,market4 ,right3 #bbi ,market ,street4 ,do not write the date thus3 #i_/aj_/aj4 ,represent the numbers by figures1 not words4 ,see #ge and #gf4 ,do not use st41 rd41 etc41 after the number of the day4 ,wrong3 #i_/h_/ji4 ,right3 ,september #h1 #aiji4 ,wrong3 ,september the ,ninth1 ,nineteen ,hundred and ,nine4 ,right3 ,september #i1 #aiji4 ,wrong3 ,march #ajth1 #aiaj4 ,right3 ,march #aj1 #aiaj4 ,,the ,,inside ,,address #aef4 ,,position ,,of ,,inside ,,address4 ,in strictly commercial letters the name and the address of the person to whom the letter is being sent should come at the beginning of the letter1 and should begin flush with the margin at the left side of the page1 and a little below the level of the heading4 ,the second line of the inside address should be set in a little from the margin4 ,see model letters under #agd4 ,in formal friendly letters and in letters of a non-commercial nature1 the inside address should stand a little below the bottom of the letter at the left side of the page4 ,in informal friendly letters the inside address may be omitted4 #aeg4 ,,punctuation ,,of ,,inside ,,address4 ,in punctuating the inside address1 place a period after each abbreviation that is used4 ,in addition to this1 place a comma after the name of the addressee1 a comma after the street address1 if one be given1 and after the name of the town or city4 ,place a period after the name of the state or country4 ,examine the correct inside address under #agd4 #aeh4 ,,faults ,,to ,,be ,,avoided ,,in ,,the ,,inside ,,address4 ,do not omit the town1 city1 or state address from the inside address4 ,wrong3 ,mr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,griffith1 ,my dear ,sir3 ,right3 ,mr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,griffith4 ,muskogee1 ,oklahoma4 ,my dear ,sir3 ,right3 ,mr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,griffith1 #bba ,fiji ,avenue1 ,muskogee1 ,oklahoma4 ,my dear ,sir3 ,do not omit proper titles4 ,wrong3 ,r4 ,r4 ,stolz1 ,muncy1 ,pennsylvania4 ,right3 ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,stolz1 ,muncy1 ,pennsylvania4 ,when two or more men are addressed1 do not omit the title ,mr41 before the name of each of the men1 unless their names constitute a partnership or trading name4 ,right3 ,jones ,smith1 7firm name7 ,new ,york ,city4 ,gentlemen3 ,right3 ,mr4 ,jones and ,mr4 ,smith1 7not a firm name7 ,new ,york ,city4 ,gentlemen3 ,avoid all abbreviations of titles preceding the name except ,mr41 ,mrs41 ,messrs41 and ,dr4 ,abbreviations of titles placed after the name1 such as1 ,esq41 ,d4,d41 ,a4,m41 etc41 are proper4 ,do not use ,mr4 and ,esq4 with the same name4 ,avoid all other abbreviations except in case of a state with a very long name4 ,in this case it is permissible to abbreviate1 but it is better form to write the name in full4 ,united ,states of ,america may be abbreviated to ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,wrong3 ,merch4 ,mfg4 ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,gentlemen3 ,right3 ,the ,merchants' ,manufacturing ,company4 ,new ,york ,city4 ,gentlemen3 ,wrong3 ,mr4 ,william ,shipp1 ,bangor1 ,me4 ,dear ,sir3 ,right3 ,mr4 ,william ,shipp1 ,bangor1 ,maine4 ,dear ,sir3 ,do not place a period after the title ,miss4 ,miss is not an abbreviation4 ,,the ,,salutation #aei4 ,,position ,,of ,,salutation4 ,the salutation should begin flush with the margin and on the line next below the inside address4 ,see correctly written letters under #agd4 #afj4 ,,form ,,of ,,salutation4 ,the salutation varies with the form of the letter and the relations between the writer and receiver of the letter4 ,where the parties are strangers or mere business acquaintances the most common salutations for individuals are1 ,dear ,sir1 ,dear ,madam1 or ,my dear ,sir1 ,my dear ,madam4 ,for a group of persons1 or for a company or a partnership1 ,gentlemen1 ,dear ,sirs1 ,dear ,madams or ,mesdames are used4 ,in less formal business letters such salutations as1 ,my dear ,mr4 ,smith1 or ,dear ,miss ,jaekel may be used4 ,in the case of informal and friendly letters1 as in business and formal letters1 the salutation to be used is largely a matter of taste4 ,the following are illustrations of proper salutations for friendly letters3 ,my dear ,doctor1 ,dear ,cousin1 ,dear ,cousin ,albert1 ,dear ,miss ,jaekel1 ,dear ,major1 ,my dear ,miss ,smith1 ,dear ,william1 ,dear ,friend1 etc4 ,it is considered more formal to prefix ,my to the salutation4 ,it is over formal to use simply ,sir or ,madam in any letter1 or to use ,dear ,sir or ,dear ,madam when writing to a familiar friend4 ,if one uses a very familiar salutation1 such as ,dear ,brown1 ,dear ,john1 etc41 it is better to put the inside address at the close of the letter1 or to omit it4 #afa4 ,,punctuation ,,of ,,salutation4 ,punctuate the salutation with a colon1 except in informal letters1 when a comma may be used4 #afb4 ,,faults ,,to ,,be ,,avoided ,,in ,,the ,,salutation4 ,use no abbreviations except ,dr41 ,mr41 ,mrs4 ,do not use the abbreviation ,dr41 when that title is used as a final word in a salutation4 ,wrong3 ,my dear ,maj4 ,wren3 ,right3 ,my dear ,major ,wren3 ,wrong3 ,my dear ,dr43 ,right3 ,my dear ,doctor3 ,do not use a name alone as a salutation4 ,wrong3 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,braker3 ,will you please inform 444 ,right3 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,braker1 ,muncy1 ,pennsylvania4 ,dear ,sir3 ,will you please inform 444 ,in the salutation capitalize only the important nouns and the first word of the salutation4 ,wrong3 ,my ,dear ,sir3 ,right3 ,my dear ,sir3 ,wrong3 ,my very ,dear ,friend3 ,right3 ,my very dear ,friend3 ,wrong3 ,dear sir3 ,right3 ,dear ,sir3 ,,the ,,body ,,of ,,the ,,letter #afc4 ,,the ,,subject ,,matter ,,of ,,the ,,letter4 ,in friendly letters much latitude is allowed in the body of the letter1 but business letters should be brief and to the point4 ,no letter1 however1 should be lacking in the courteous forms or in completeness4 #afd4 ,,form ,,of ,,body4 ,the body of the letter usually begins on the line below the salutation and is indented the same distance from the margin as any other paragraph would be indented4 ,see model letters under #agd4 ,in commercial letters paragraph divisions are made more frequently than in other composition4 ,each separate point should be made the subject of a separate paragraph4 #afe4 ,,faults ,,in ,,body ,,of ,,the ,,letter4 ,in letters that are intended to be complete and formal1 avoid the omission of articles1 pronouns1 and prepositions4 ,avoid also expressions that are grammatically incomplete4 ,only in extremely familiar and hasty letters should the telegraph style be adopted4 ,bad3 ,received yours of the #ajth4 ,have had no chance to look up man4 ,will do so soon4 ,good3 ,i have received your letter of the tenth4 ,i have had no chance as yet to look up the man1 but ,i will do so soon4 ,bad3 ,address c_/o ,john ,smith1 ,mgr4 ,penna4 ,tele4 ,good3 ,address in care of ,john ,smith1 ,manager of the ,pennsylvania ,telegraph4 ,bad3 ,in reply will say 444 ,good3 ,in reply ,i wish to say 444 ,bad3 ,yours of the #ajth at hand4 ,good3 ,your letter of the #ajth is at hand4 ,bad3 ,your favor received 444 ,good3 ,we have received your letter 444 ,bad3 ,enclose ,p4 ,o4 money order for #b4 ,good3 ,we enclose post office money order for two dollars1 7#b74 ,bad3 ,we have read your plan4 ,same is satisfactory4 ,good3 ,we have read your plan1 and it is satisfactory4 ,avoid the use of abbreviations in the letter4 ,it is well to avoid the too frequent use of the pronoun ,i in the letter1 though care must be taken not to carry this caution to extremes4 ,i1 however1 should not be omitted when necessary to the completeness of the sentence4 ,do not try to avoid its use by omitting it from the sentence1 but by substituting a different form of sentence4 ,there is no objection to beginning a letter with ,i4 ,punctuate the letter just as carefully as any other composition4 ,excepting in letters of a formal nature1 there is no objection to the use of colloquial expressions such as can't1 don't1 etc4 ,unless you have some clear reason to the contrary1 avoid the use of expressions that have been used so much that they are worn out and often almost meaningless4 ,such expressions as the following ones are not wrong1 but are often used when they are both inappropriate and unnecessary4 ,your esteemed favor is at hand4 ,in reply permit me to say 444 ,we beg leave to advise 444 ,we beg to suggest 444 ,thanking you for the favor1 we are 444 ,please find enclosed 444 ,in answer to your favor of the tenth 444 ,we take pleasure in informing you 444 ,in reply would say 444 ,we beg to acknowledge receipt of your favor 444 ,awaiting your further orders1 we are 444 ,,the ,,close #aff4 ,,final ,,words4 ,business letters frequently close with some final words1 such as1 ,thanking you again for your kind assistance1 ,i am 4441 ,a waiting your further orders1 we are 4441 etc4 ,these expressions are not wrong1 but are often used when not at all necessary4 #afg4 ,,the ,,complimentary ,,close4 ,the complimentary close should be written on a separate line near the middle of the page1 and should begin with a capital letter4 ,appropriateness is the only guide to the choice of a complimentary close4 ,the following complimentary closes are proper for business letters3 ,yours respectfully1 ,yours very truly1 ,yours truly1 ,very truly yours1 ,the following complimentary closes are proper for friendly letters3 ,yours sincerely1 ,very truly yours1 ,yours very truly1 ,your loving son1 ,yours cordially1 ,affectionately yours1 #afh4 ,,faults ,,in ,,the ,,close4 ,do not use abbreviations1 such as1 ,yrs4 respy41 yrs4 try41 etc4 #afi4 ,,the ,,signature ,,of ,,the ,,writer4 ,the letter should be so signed as to cause no doubt or embarrassment to any one addressing a reply4 ,the signature should show whether the writer is a man or a woman2 and1 if a woman1 it should indicate whether she is to be addressed as ,miss or ,mrs4 ,in formal letters it is customary for a woman to indicate how she is to be addressed by signing her name in the following manner3 ,sincerely yours1 ,caroline ,jones4 7,mrs4 ,william ,jones74 ,very truly yours1 7,miss7 ,matilda ,stephens4 ,in signing a company name write first the name of the company1 and after it the name of the writer4 ,example3 ,d4 ,appleton ,company1 per ,j4 ,w4 ,miller4 ,,miscellaneous ,,directions #agj4 ,in beginning the letter1 place the address and date an inch and a half or two inches below the top of the page4 ,leave a margin of about a half inch or more on the left side of the page4 ,indent the beginning of each paragraph about an inch or more beyond the margin4 ,in using a four-page sheet1 write on the pages in their order1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,in the correctly written forms of letters under #agd observe the indentation of the lines4 ,the first line of the inside address should be flush with the margin1 the second somewhat set in4 ,the salutation should begin flush with the margin4 ,the body of the letter should begin on the line below the salutation1 and some distance in from the margin4 ,,the ,,outside ,,address #aga4 ,,position ,,of ,,outside ,,address4 ,place the address on the envelope so that it balances well4 ,do not have it too far toward the top1 too close to the bottom1 nor too far to one side4 ,see addressed envelope under #agc4 ,place the stamp squarely in the upper right-hand corner1 not obliquely to the sides of the envelope4 #agb4 ,,punctuation ,,of ,,outside ,,address4 ,punctuation may be omitted at the end of the lines of the address4 ,if it is used1 place a period at the end of the last line1 and a comma after each preceding line4 ,within the lines punctuate just as you would in the inside address4 ,if an abbreviation ends the line1 always place a period after it1 whether the other lines are punctuated or not4 #agc4 ,,faults ,,in ,,the ,,outside ,,address4 ,avoid the use of abbreviations except those that would be proper in the inside address or in the heading4 ,see #aee and #aeh4 ,do not use the sign before the number of the street address4 ,no letters or sign at all should be used there4 ,see #aee4 ,compare the following forms of addresses3 ,bad3 ,col4 ,wm4 ,point1 #bjj ,john ,st41 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,good3 ,colonel ,william ,point1 #bjj ,john ,street1 ,trenton1 ,new ,jersey4 ,good3 ,colonel ,william ,point #bjj ,john ,street ,trenton1 ,new ,jersey ,bad3 ,chas4 ,jones1 c_/o ,edward ,furrey1 ,wilkinsburg1 ,pa4 ,good3 ,mr4 ,charles ,jones ,in care of ,mr4 ,edward ,furrey ,wilkinsburg ,pennsylvania ,bad3 ,rev4 ,walter ,bertin ,good3 ,the ,reverend ,walter ,bertin ,bad3 ,pres4 of ,bucknell ,univ4 ,good3 ,for the ,president of ,bucknell ,university4 ,a properly arranged address3 ,illustration3 ,mr4 ,robert ,d4 ,royer1 #bja ,tenth ,street1 ,danville1 ,illinois4 #agd4 ,,correctly ,,written ,,letters #bjj ,mead ,avenue1 ,wilkinsburg1 ,pennsylvania1 ,january #ab1 #aiji4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,weaver1 ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts4 ,my dear ,sir3 ,i have received your letter of inquiry about the sale of my law books4 ,i will say in answer that at present ,i have no intention of selling them4 ,you may1 however1 be able to secure what you want from ,h4 ,b4 ,wassel1 ,esquire1 ,commonwealth ,building1 ,pittsburg1 ,pennsylvania4 ,he has advertised the sale of a rather extensive list of books4 ,very truly yours1 ,charles ,m4 ,howell4 ,muncy1 ,new ,york1 ,january #ab1 #aiji4 ,my dear ,professor ,morton3 ,we are trying to establish in the school here some permanent system of keeping students' records4 ,i have been told that you have worked out a card method that operates successfully4 ,if you can give me any information in regard to your method1 ,i shall consider it a very great favor4 ,i enclose a stamped envelope for your reply4 ,very sincerely yours1 ,harris ,a4 ,plotts4 ,professor ,e4 ,a4 ,morton1 ,braddock1 ,pennsylvania4 ,braddock1 ,pennsylvania1 ,january #ab1 #aiji4 ,my dear ,mrs4 ,hagon3 ,i wish to thank you for your kind aid in securing ,captain ,howard to deliver one of the lectures in our course4 ,only your influence enabled us to get so good a man at so ,iowa price4 ,very sincerely1 ,sylvester ,d4 ,dunlop4 #agc ,state ,street1 ,detroit1 ,michigan1 ,january #bc1 #aiaj4 ,to whom it may concern3 ,it gives me great pleasure to testify to the character1 ability and attainments of ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,heidenreich4 ,he has been a trusted personal associate of mine for more than twenty years4 ,he may be counted upon to do successfully anything that he is willing to undertake4 ,harry ,b4 ,hutchins4 ,my dear ,walter3 ,i am to be in the city only a few more weeks before leaving permanently4 ,before ,i go1 ,i should like to have you come out and take dinner with me some evening4 ,how would next ,wednesday at six o'clock suit you8 ,if you can come at that time1 will you please write or telephone to me sometime before ,tuesday8 ,very cordially yours1 ,paul ,b4 ,vandine4 #feef ,broad ,street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,march #cj1 #aiji4 ,the ,lafayette1 ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,march #ca1 #aiji4 ,my dear ,paul3 ,i shall be very glad to accept your invitation to take dinner with you before you take final leave of the city4 ,the time you mention1 next ,wednesday evening1 is entirely satisfactory to me4 ,i was more than pleased to receive your invitation1 for the prospect of talking over old times with you is delightful4 ,sincerely yours1 ,walter ,powell4 ,napoleon1 ,ohio1 ,february #bh1 #aijh4 ,the ,american ,stove ,company1 ,alverton1 ,pennsylvania4 ,gentlemen3 ,with this letter ,i enclose a check for ten dollars1 for which please send me one of your small cook stoves1 of the sort listed in your catalogue on page two hundred thirty-eight4 ,it will be a great favor if you will hasten the shipment of this stove as much as possible1 since it is urgently needed in a summer cottage that ,i have for rent4 ,very truly yours1 ,ernest ,burrows4 #bbc ,siegel ,street1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,june #e1 #aiaj4 ,the ,acme ,tapestry ,company1 ,syracuse1 ,new ,york4 ,dear ,sirs3 ,will you please send me a price list and descriptive catalogue of your tapestries and carpets8 ,i have been commissioned to purchase all the tapestries and carpets that may be needed for the new ,young ,women's ,christian ,association ,building1 on ,arlington ,avenue1 this city4 ,i understand that institutions of this sort are allowed a ten per cent discount by you4 ,will you please tell me if this is true8 ,very truly yours1 ,anna ,r4 ,fleegor4 7,mrs4 ,c4 ,c4 ,fleegor47 ,lewisburg1 ,pennsylvania1 ,may #aj1 #aiaj4 ,the ,merchant's ,electric ,wiring ,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania4 ,gentlemen3 ,i am writing to ask if you can give me employment in your work for about ten weeks beginning ,june #aeth4 ,i am at present taking a course in electrical engineering at ,bucknell ,university1 and am in my sophomore year41 ,it is my plan to gain some practical experience in various sorts of electrical work during the vacations occurring in my course4 ,this summer ,i want to secure practical experience in electric wiring4 ,if you wish references as to my character and ability1 ,i would refer you to ,mr4 ,william ,r4 ,stevenson1 ,lewisburg1 ,pennsylvania1 and to ,mr4 ,harry ,e4 ,mc,cormick1 ,superintendent of the ,street ,railways ,company1 ,danville1 ,illinois4 ,salary is a very slight object to me in this work1 and ,i shall be willing to accept whatever compensation you may see fit to offer me4 ,respectfully yours1 ,harvey ,h4 ,wilkins4 ,drawsburg1 ,ohio1 ,may #ba1 #aiaj4 ,my dear ,norman3 ,i have just heard of your good fortune and hasten to assure you of my sincere pleasure in the news4 ,may you find happiness and prosperity in your new location4 ,but do not forget that your old friends are still living and will always be interested in your welfare4 ,your affectionate cousin1 ,mary ,e4 ,johnston4 #bbc ,holbrook ,avenue1 ,wilkinsburg1 ,indiana4 ,november #aj1 #aijh4 ,the ,jefferson ,life ,insurance ,company1 ,norfolk1 ,virginia4 ,gentlemen3 ,i am the holder of ,policy ,number #biai in your company4 ,in that ,policy1 which was taken out about ten years ago1 my occupation is stated to be carpenter4 ,lately ,i have changed occupations1 and am now engaged in conducting a store4 ,if1 in order to maintain the validity of my policy1 the change of occupation should be recorded on your books1 will you please have the proper entry made4 ,i should like to know if at the present time my policy has any cash surrender value1 and if so1 what that value is4 ,very truly yours1 ,arthur ,j4 ,pearse4 ,bunnell ,building1 ,scranton1 ,pennsylvania1 ,april #bj1 #aiji4 ,mr4 ,james ,r4 ,elliot1 ,germantown1 ,colorado4 ,my dear ,elliot3 ,will you please send me1 as soon as you conveniently can1 the addresses of ,george ,english1 ,ira ,s4 ,shepherd1 and ,g4 ,n4 ,wilkinson4 ,this request for addresses may lead you to think that wedding invitations are to be looked for4 ,your conclusion1 ,i am happy to say1 is a correct one2 ,i expect to be married sometime in ,june4 ,cordially your friend1 ,charles ,r4 ,harris4 ,the ,anglo-,american ,hotel1 ,vienna1 ,austria1 ,march #ai1 #aijg4 ,dear ,aunt ,emily3 ,you will no doubt be surprised when you read the heading of this letter and learn that we are now in ,vienna4 ,we had really intended1 as ,i wrote to you1 to spend the entire months of ,march and ,april in ,berlin1 but a sudden whim sent us on to this city4 ,until we came to ,vienna ,i had but a very vague idea of the city1 and thought it a place of little interest4 ,i was surprised to find it a place of so many beautiful buildings and beautiful streets4 ,still more was ,i surprised to find what a festive1 stylish place it is4 ,paris may have the reputation for fashion and frivolity1 but ,vienna lacks only the reputation2 it certainly does not lack the fashionable and frivolous air4 ,the other day in one of the shops here1 ,i discovered1 as ,i thought1 a very fine miniature4 ,i purchased it to present to you1 and have already sent it by post4 ,it ought to reach you as soon as this letter4 ,we have not received the usual letter from you this week1 but suppose it is because we so suddenly changed our address4 ,the necessity of forwarding it from ,berlin has probably caused the delay4 ,father and ,mother join in sending their love to you4 ,your affectionate niece1 ,mary4 ,,notes ,,in ,,the ,,third ,,person #age4 ,it is customary and desirable to write certain kinds of notes in the third person4 ,such a note contains nothing but the body of the note1 followed at the left side of the paper1 by the time and the place of writing4 ,use no pronoun but that of the third person4 ,never use any heading1 salutation1 or signature4 ,use no abbreviations except ,mr41 ,mrs41 or ,dr4 ,spell out all dates4 #agf4 ,,correctly ,,written ,,notes ,,in ,,the ,,third ,,person4 ,mrs4 ,harry ,moore requests the pleasure of ,mr4 ,leighou's company at dinner on ,sunday1 ,june the first1 at two o'clock4 #ajbj ,highland ,street1 ,washington1 ,pennsylvania1 ,may the twenty-fifth4 ,the ,senior ,class of ,bucknell ,university requests the pleasure of ,professor and ,mrs4 ,morton's company on ,tuesday evening1 ,june the tenth1 at a reception in honor of ,governor ,edwin ,s4 ,stuart4 ,bucknell ,university1 ,june the fifth4 ,mr4 ,leighou regrets that a previous engagement prevents his acceptance of ,mrs4 ,moore's kind invitation for ,sunday1 ,june the first4 #aaj ,braddock ,avenue1 ,may the twenty-seventh4 ,,exercise #ge ,make use of some of the following suggestions for letters4 ,have every letter complete in all its formal parts4 ,fill in details according to your own fancy3 #a4 ,a letter to the ,x ,express ,company of your town1 complaining of their delay in delivering a package to you4 #b4 ,a letter to a friend1 thanking him for the entertainment afforded you on a recent visit to his house4 #c4 ,a letter to the ,x ,book ,company1 inquiring what dictionary they publish1 the prices1 etc4 #d4 ,a letter to ,mr4 ,x1 asking him for a position in his office1 and stating your qualifications4 #e4 ,a letter congratulating a friend on some good fortune that has befallen him4 #f4 ,a letter asking a friend his opinion of some business venture that you are thinking of entering upon4 ,explain the venture4 #g4 ,a letter to your home1 describing to your parents your school4 #h4 ,a letter to a friend1 telling him of the chance meeting with some friend4 #i4 ,a letter to the ,x store ordering from them material for covering a canoe that you are building4 ,explain your needs4 #aj4 ,a letter describing experiences which you had on your vacation4 #aa4 ,a letter arranging to meet a friend at a certain place1 time1 etc4 #ab4 ,a letter explaining how to reach your home from the railway station4 ,leave no doubt4 #ac4 ,a letter describing some new acquaintance4 #ad4 ,a letter telling some humorous story that you have recently heard4 #ae4 ,a letter to a relative telling him the recent occurrences in your town4 #af4 ,a letter detailing your plans for the succeeding year4 #ag4 ,a letter describing some play which you have recently attended4 #ah4 ,a letter to your parents explaining to them why you failed in an examination4 #ai4 ,a letter inviting a friend to visit you at a certain time4 #bj4 ,a letter accepting an invitation to visit a friend4 #ba4 ,a letter stating your opinions on some public question2 as1 prohibition1 woman suffrage1 etc4 #bb4 ,a letter discussing the baseball prospects in your town or school4 #bc4 ,a letter to the ,x school1 inquiring about courses of study given1 prices1 etc4 #bd4 ,a formal third person invitation to a reception given to some organization to which you belong4 #be4 ,a formal third person acceptance of such invitation4 #bf4 ,a travel letter describing your visit to various places of interest4 #bg4 ,a letter describing a day's outing to a friend who was unable to go with you4 #bh4 ,a letter describing a house to a man who wishes to purchase it4 #bi4 ,a letter to a schoolmate describing to him various events which happened at school during his absence4 #cj4 ,a letter in reply to an inquiry from a friend as to what outfit he will need to take along on a prospective camping trip4 #ca4 ,a letter describing to a friend the appearance and characteristics of a dog which you have lately bought4 #cb4 ,a letter to your parents telling them of your boarding place1 your recent visit to the theater1 your meeting an old friend1 your work1 your new acquaintances4 ,arrange the topics and make the transition as smooth as possible4 #cc4 ,a letter telling about an intended celebration by the school of some national holiday4 #cd4 ,a letter about a lecture that you recently attended4 ,describe the place1 occasion1 lecturer1 address1 etc4 #ce4 ,a letter telling a friend the first impression you formed of your school4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,whole ,,composition #agg4 ,by the term ,,whole ,,composition or ,,theme is meant a composition consisting of a number of related paragraphs all dealing with one general subject1 whether the composition be a narration1 a description1 or an exposition4 ,the following general principles applying to the construction of the whole composition are stated for the guidance of the inexperienced writer4 #agh4 ,,statement ,,of ,,subject4 ,care should be used in the statement of the subject4 ,it should not be so stated as to be more comprehensive than the composition1 but should be limited to cover only what is discussed4 ,for a small essay1 instead of a big subject1 take some limited phase of that subject3 ,too broad3 ,college1 ,photography1 ,picnics4 ,properly limited3 ,a ,college ,education as an ,aid to ,earning ,power1 ,does ,college ,life ,make ,loafers8 ,photography as a ,recreation1 ,how ,picnics ,help the ,doctor4 #agi4 ,,the ,,outline4 ,just as in the building of a house or of a machine1 if anything creditable is to be attained1 a carefully made plan is necessary before entering on the construction2 so in the writing of an essay or theme1 there should be made some plan or outline1 which will determine what different things are to be discussed1 and what is to be the method of developing the discussion4 ,by the inexperienced writer1 at least1 a composition should never be begun until an outline has been formed for its development4 ,as soon as the material for the composition is in hand1 the outline should be made4 ,it should be an aid in the construction of the composition1 not a thing to be derived after the composition is completed4 ,only by the previous making of an outline can a logical arrangement be gained1 topics properly subordinated1 and a suitable proportion secured in their discussion4 ,in the previous chapter on the paragraph the following different subtopics1 were discussed3 ,definition of ,paragraph4 ,how to ,secure ,unity4 ,length of ,paragraph4 ,how to ,secure ,coherence4 ,the ,topic ,sentence4 ,too ,frequent ,paragraphing4 ,unity in the ,paragraph4 ,paragraphing of ,speech4 ,coherence in the ,paragraph4 ,paragraphing for ,emphasis4 ,examples of ,unity4 ,examples showing how ,unity is ,purpose of the ,paragraph4 ,destroyed4 ,emphasis in the ,paragraph4 ,the ,paragraph ,theme4 ,if the topics had been taken up in the above irregular order1 a sorry result would have been obtained4 ,compare the above list of topics with the following arrangement of the same topics in a logical outline4 ,,the ,,paragraph #a4 ,its definition and purpose4 #b4 ,its length4 ,paragraphing of speech4 ,paragraphing for emphasis4 ,too frequent paragraphing4 #c4 ,its essential qualities4 ,a4 ,unity4 ,definition4 ,examples showing how unity is destroyed4 ,how to secure unity4 ,the topic sentence4 ,development of topic sentence4 ,examples showing unity4 ,b4 ,coherence4 ,definition4 ,how to secure coherence4 ,examples showing coherence4 ,c4 ,emphasis4 ,places of emphasis in the paragraph4 #d4 ,practical construction of the paragraph4 #e4 ,the paragraph theme4 #ahj4 ,,use ,,and ,,qualities ,,of ,,the ,,outline4 ,the use of the outline is not restricted to an expository composition1 as above1 but is also necessary in narration and description4 ,usually1 in a narration1 the order of time in which events occurred1 is the best order in which to present them1 though other arrangements may frequently be followed with very good reason4 ,in a description different methods may be followed4 ,often a general description is given1 and then followed by a statement of various details4 ,thus1 in describing a building1 one might first describe in a general way its size1 its general style of architecture1 and the impression it makes on the observer4 ,then more particular description might be made of its details of arrangement and peculiarities of architecture and ornamentation4 ,the whole object of the outline is to secure clearness of statement and to avoid confusion and repetition4 ,to secure this end the outline should present a few main topics to which all others either lead up or upon which they depend4 ,these topics or subtopics should all bear some apparent and logical relation to one another4 ,the relation may be that of chronology2 that of general statement followed by details2 that of cause and effect2 or any other relation1 so long as it is a logical and natural one4 ,the outline should not be too minute and detailed4 ,it should be sufficient only to cover the various divisions of the subject-matter1 and to prevent the confusion of subtopics4 ,a too detailed outline tends to make the composition stiff and formal4 ,the outline should have proportion4 ,the essential features of the subject should be the main topics4 ,minor subjects should not be given too great prominence1 but should be subordinated to the main topics4 #aha4 ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,,the ,,composition4 ,to choose a method of beginning a composition often causes trouble4 ,usually a simple1 direct beginning is the best4 ,but sometimes an introductory paragraph is necessary in order to explain the writer's point of view1 or to indicate to what phases of the subject attention is to be given4 ,examine the following methods of beginning4 ,,the ,,industry ,,of ,,lawyer ,oddly enough1 hardly any notice is taken of an industry in which the ,united ,states towers in unapproachable supremacy above all other nations of the earth4 ,the census does not say a word about it1 nor does there exist more than the merest word about it in all the literature of ,american self-praise4 ,,my ,,childhood ,,fear ,,of ,,ghosts ,nothing stands out more keenly in the recollection of my childhood1 than the feelings of terror which ,i experienced when forced to go to bed without the protecting light of a lamp4 ,then it was that dread1 indefinite ghosts lurked behind every door1 hid in every clothes-press1 or lay in wait beneath every bed4 ,,the ,,uses ,,of ,,iron ,no other metal is put to so many uses and is so indispensable as iron4 ,the opening sentences of a composition should be able to stand alone2 their meaning or clearness should not depend upon reference to the title4 ,bad3 ,,the ,,value ,,of ,,latin ,,in ,,the ,,high ,,school ,there is a rapidly growing belief that this study has too large a place in our high-school courses of study4 ,good3 ,,the ,,value ,,of ,,latin ,,in ,,the ,,high ,,school ,there is a rapidly growing belief that ,latin has too large a place in our high school courses of study4 #ahb4 ,,unity ,,in ,,the ,,composition4 ,unity is an essential element of the whole composition as well as of the paragraph1 and its demands here are in general the same4 ,nothing must be brought into the composition which does not fall well within the limits of the subject4 ,in the different subdivisions1 also1 nothing must be discussed which properly belongs to some other division of the topic4 ,as in the paragraph1 a definite point of view should be adopted and adhered to4 ,there must not be a continual changing of relation of parts of the composition to the subject1 nor of the writer's relation to the subject4 ,a consistent point of view is especially necessary in a narrative4 ,if the writer is telling of events within his own experience1 care must be taken not to bring in any conversation or occurrence1 at which1 by his own story1 he could not have been present4 ,a continual changing back and forth between present and past tenses must also be avoided4 ,one or the other should be adopted consistently4 #ahc4 ,,coherence ,,in ,,the ,,composition4 ,a composition must also be coherent4 ,its different parts must be closely knit together and the whole closely knit to the subject4 ,just as in the paragraph1 words of reference and transition are needed1 so in the composition1 words1 or sentences of reference and transition are needed1 in order to bind the whole together and show the relation of its parts4 ,for this purpose1 the beginning of a new division or any definite change of topic should be closely marked1 so as to prevent confusion4 ,there should be transition sentences1 or sentences which show the change of topic from paragraph to paragraph1 and yet at the same time bridge the thought from paragraph to paragraph4 ,these transition sentences may come at the end of a preceding paragraph1 or at the beginning of a following one1 or at both of these places4 ,examine the following parts of paragraphs in which the words or phrases showing transition from part to part are italicized3 7,last sentence of first paragraph7 444 ,the ,american ,war was pregnant with misery of every kind4 7,second paragraph7 ,the mischief1 however1 recoiled on the unhappy people of this country1 who were made the instruments by which the wicked purposes of the authors were effected4 ,the nation was drained of its best blood1 and of its vital resources of men and money4 ,the expense of the war was enormous--much beyond any former experience4 7,third paragraph7 ,and yet1 what has the ,british nation received in return for this expense4444 444 ,i was now enabled to see the extent and aspect of my prison4 ,in its size ,i had been greatly mistaken4444 7,beginning of paragraph following one on ,unity in the paragraph7 ,the second of the essentials of the paragraph1 coherence1 demands that4444 ,frequently1 in the longer compositions1 a separate paragraph is devoted to accomplishing the transition from part to part4 ,observe the following3 7,paragraph #g7 444 ,the only other law bearing on this matter is the ,act of ,assembly of last year authorizing the receipts from the automobile taxes to be used in the construction of roads4 ,this then completes the enumeration of what has already been done toward building good roads4 7,paragraph #h4 ,transitional paragraph7 ,there are1 however1 several promising plans for the securing of this important result1 which are now being seriously discussed4 7,paragraph #i7 ,the first of these plans is 444 ,the following are a few of the words and phrases often used to indicate transition and to show relation between the paragraphs3 ,so much for1 ,it remains to mention1 ,in the next place1 ,again1 ,an additional reason1 ,therefore1 ,hence1 ,moreover1 ,as a result of this1 ,by way of exception4 ,examine the selection under #ahg4 #ahd4 ,,the ,,ending ,,of ,,the ,,composition4 ,in a longer composition1 the ending should neither be too abrupt1 nor1 on the other hand1 should it be too long drawn out4 ,it should be in proportion to the length of the composition4 ,usually1 except in the case of a story1 it should consist of a paragraph or two by way of summary or inference4 ,in a story1 however1 the ending may be abrupt or not4 ,the kind of ending depends entirely upon the nature and the scheme of development of the story4 ,examine the following endings3 ,ending of a theme on ,the ,uses of ,iron3 ,only some of the more important uses of this wonderful metal1 iron1 have been mentioned4 ,there are hundreds of other uses to which it is constantly put--uses which no other metal could fill4 ,gold may once have been called the king of metals1 but it has long since lost its claim to that title4 ,ending of a story3 ,john heard her answer1 and began to move slowly away from the gate4 ,good-bye1 he said4 ,and then he was gone1 forever4 ,suggested subjects for the making of outlines and compositions4 #a4 ,how ,i ,spent my ,vacation4 #b4 ,shall ,final ,examinations be ,abolished8 #c4 ,the ,subjects which ,should be ,taught in ,high ,schools4 #d4 ,my ,qualifications for a ,position4 #e4 ,the ,uses of ,iron4 #f4 ,paul ,revere's ,ride4 #g4 ,the ,city ,park4 #h4 ,my ,town as a ,place of ,residence4 #i4 ,the ,value of ,railroads4 #aj4 ,why ,i ,believe in ,local ,option4 #aa4 ,a ,winter's ,sleigh ,ride4 #ab4 ,shall ,foreign ,immigration be ,restricted8 #ac4 ,my ,youthful ,business ,ventures4 #ad4 ,why ,i ,belong to the ,x ,political ,party4 #ae4 ,various ,methods of ,heating a ,house4 #ahe4 ,below is given in full ,lincoln's ,gettysburg ,speech4 ,it is perfect in its ,english and its construction4 ,study it with especial reference to its coherence1 unity1 and emphasis4 ,some of the words of coherence have been italicized4 ,fourscore and seven years ago our fathers1 brought forth upon this continent a new nation1 conceived in liberty1 and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal4 ,now we are engaged in a great civil war1 testing whether that nation1 or any nation so conceived and so dedicated1 can long endure4 ,we are met on a great battle-field of that war4 ,we have come to dedicate a portion of that field as the final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live4 ,it is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this4 ,but in a larger sense we cannot dedicate1 we cannot consecrate1 we cannot hallow this ground4 ,the brave men1 living and dead1 who struggled here have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract4 ,the world will little note1 nor long remember1 what we say here2 but it can never forget what they did here4 ,it is for us1 the living1 rather1 to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced4 ,it is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us1 that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion2 that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain2 that this nation1 under ,god1 shall have a new birth of freedom1 and that government of the people1 by the people1 and for the people1 shall not perish from the earth4 #ahf4 ,small ,economies1 from ,mrs4 ,gaskell's ,cranford4 ,i have often noticed that everyone has his own individual small economies--careful habits of saving fractions of pennies in some one peculiar direction--any disturbance of which annoys him more than spending shillings or pounds on some real extravagance4 ,an old gentleman of my acquaintance1 who took the intelligence of the failure of a ,joint-,stock ,bank1 in which some of his money was invested1 with a stoical mildness1 worried his family all through a long summer's day because one of them had torn 7instead of cutting7 out the written leaves of his now useless bank-book4 ,of course1 the corresponding pages at the other end came out as well1 and this little unnecessary waste of paper 7his private economy7 chafed him more than all the loss of his money4 ,envelopes fretted his soul terribly when they first came in4 ,the only way in which he could reconcile himself to such waste of his cherished article was by patiently turning inside out all that were sent to him1 and so making them serve again4 ,even now1 though tamed by age1 ,i see him casting wistful glances at his daughters when they send a whole inside of a half-sheet of note paper1 with the three lines of acceptance to an invitation1 written on only one of the sides4 ,i am not above owning that ,i have this human weakness myself4 ,string is my foible4 ,my pockets get full of little hanks of it1 picked up and twisted together1 ready for uses that never come4 ,i am seriously annoyed if any one cuts the string of a parcel instead of patiently and faithfully undoing it fold by fold4 ,how people can bring themselves to use india-rubber bands1 which are a sort of deification of string1 as lightly as they do1 ,i cannot imagine4 ,to me an india rubber band is a precious treasure4 ,i have one which is not new--one that ,i picked up off the floor nearly six years ago4 ,i have really tried to use it1 but my heart failed me1 and ,i could not commit the extravagance4 ,small pieces of butter grieve others4 ,they cannot attend to conversation because of the annoyance occasioned by the habit which some people have of invariably taking more butter than they want4 ,have you not seen the anxious look 7almost mesmeric7 which such persons fix on the article8 ,they would feel it a relief if they might bury it out of their sight by popping it into their own mouths and swallowing it down2 and they are really made happy if the person on whose plate it lies unused suddenly breaks off a piece of toast 7which he does not want at all7 and eats up his butter4 ,they think that this is not waste4 ,now ,miss ,matty ,jenkins was chary of candles4 ,we had many devices to use as few as possible4 ,in the winter afternoons she would sit knitting for two or three hours--she could do this in the dark1 or by firelight--and when ,i asked if ,i might not ring for candles to finish stitching my wristbands1 she told me to keep blind man's holiday4 ,they were usually brought in with tea2 but we only burnt one at a time4 ,as we lived in constant preparation for a friend who might come in any evening 7but who never did71 it required some contrivance to keep our two candles of the same length1 ready to be lighted1 and to look as if we burnt two always4 ,the candles took it in turns2 and1 whatever we might be talking or doing1 ,miss ,matty's eyes were habitually fixed upon the candle1 ready to jump up and extinguish it and to light the other before they had become too uneven in length to be restored to equality in the course of the evening4 ,one night1 ,i remember this candle economy particularly annoyed me4 ,i had been very much tired of my compulsory blind man's holiday1 especially as ,miss ,matty had fallen asleep1 and ,i did not like to stir the fire and run the risk of awakening her2 and so ,i could not even sit on the rug1 and scorch myself with sewing by firelight1 according to my usual custom4444 #ahg4 ,a ,,list ,,of ,,books ,,for ,,reading4 ,these books are of a varied character and are all interesting and of recognized excellence in their ,english4 ,most of them are books that1 as a matter of general education1 should be read by everyone4 ,fiction3 ,treasure ,island--,stevenson4 ,kidnapped--,stevenson4 ,dr4 ,jekyll and ,mr4 ,hyde--,stevenson4 ,the ,scarlet ,letter--,hawthorne4 ,twice ,told ,tales--,hawthorne4 ,the ,luck of ,roaring ,camp--,bret ,harte4 ,tales of ,mystery and ,imagination--,poe4 ,silas ,marner--,eliot4 ,robinson ,crusoe--,defoe4 ,ivanhoe--,scott4 ,henry ,esmond--,thackeray4 ,pilgrim's ,progress--,bunyan4 ,the ,spy--,cooper4 ,the ,man without a ,country--,hale4 ,tales of a ,traveller--,irving4 ,the ,legend of ,sleepy ,hollow--,irving4 ,rip ,van ,winkle--,irving4 ,lorna ,doone--,blackmore4 ,uncle ,william--,lee4 ,the ,blue ,flower--,van ,dyke4 ,non-fiction3 ,sesame and ,lilies--,ruskin4 ,stones of ,venice--,ruskin4 ,the ,american ,commonwealth--,bryce4 ,a ,history of the ,english ,people--,green4 ,views ,afoot--,taylor4 ,the ,autocrat of the ,breakfast ,table--,holmes4 ,conspiracy of ,pontiac--,parkman4 ,autobiography--,franklin4 ,lincoln--,douglas ,debates4 ,critical ,periods of ,american ,history--,fiske4 ,certain ,delightful ,english ,towns--,howells4 ,the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,bunker ,hill ,oration--,webster4 ,on ,conciliation with ,america--,burke4 ,the ,sketch ,book--,irving4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,words4--,,spelling4--,,pronunciation #ahh4 ,to write and to speak good ,english1 one must have a good working vocabulary4 ,he must know words and be able to use them correctly2 he must employ only words that are in good use2 he must be able to choose words and phrases that accurately express his meaning2 and he must be able to spell and pronounce correctly the words that he uses4 ,,words #ahi4 ,,good ,,use4 ,the first essential that a word should have1 is that it be in good use4 ,a word is in good use when it is used grammatically and in its true sense1 and is also3 7#a7 ,reputable2 in use by good authors and writers in general4 ,the use of a word by one or two good writers is not sufficient to make a word reputable2 the use must be general4 7#b7 ,national2 not foreign or local in its use4 7#c7 ,present2 used by the writers of one's own time4 #aij4 ,,offenses ,,against ,,good ,,use4 ,the offenses against good use are usually said to be of three classes3 ,solecisms1 ,barbarisms1 and ,improprieties4 #aia4 ,,solecisms are the violations of the principles of grammar4 ,solecisms have been treated under the earlier chapters on grammar4 #aib4 ,,barbarisms4 ,the second offense against good use1 a barbarism1 is a word not in reputable1 present or national use4 ,the following rules may be given on this subject3 #a4 ,,avoid ,,obsolete ,,words4 ,obsolete words are words that1 once in good use1 have since passed out of general use4 ,this rule might also be made to include obsolescent words3 words that are at present time passing out of use4 ,examples of obsolete words3 methinks yesterwhiles twixt yclept afeard shoon #b4 ,,avoid ,,newly ,,coined ,,expressions ,,or ,,new ,,uses ,,of ,,old ,,expressions4 ,there are a great many words current in the newspapers and in other hasty writing that have not the sanction of general good use at the present time1 though many of these words may in time come into use4 ,a safe rule is to avoid all words that are at all doubtful4 ,examples3 an invite an expos a try enthuse a combine fake ,a common newspaper fault is the coining of a verb or adjective from a noun1 or a noun from a verb4 ,examples3 locomote suicided derailment pluralized burglarized refereed #c4 ,,avoid ,,foreign ,,words4 ,a foreign word should not be used until it has become naturalized by being in general1 reputable use4 ,since there are almost always ,english words just as expressive as the foreign words1 the use of the foreign words usually indicates affectation on the part of the one using them4 ,examples3 billet-doux 7love letter7 conversazione 7conversation7 ad nauseam 7to disgust7 distingu 7distinguished7 ad infinitum 7infinitely7 entre nous 7between us7 #d4 ,,avoid ,,provincialisms4 ,provincialisms are expressions current and well understood in one locality1 but not current or differently understood in another locality4 ,examples3 guess 7think7 reckon 7suppose7 near 7stingy7 smart 7clever7 tuckered 7tired out7 lift 7elevator7 tote 7carry7 ruination 7ruin7 #e4 ,,avoid ,,vulgarisms4 ,vulgarisms are words whose use shows vulgarity or ignorance4 ,such words as the following are always in bad taste3 chaw nigger your'n gal flustrated hadn't oughter haint dern his'n #f4 ,,avoid ,,slang4 ,slang is a form of vulgarism that is very prevalent in its use even by educated people4 ,slang words1 it is true1 sometimes come into good repute and usage1 but the process is slow4 ,the safest rule is to avoid slang expressions because of their general bad taste and because of their weakening effect on one's vocabulary of good words4 ,examples of slang3 grind swipe booze long green on a toot dough pinch peach dukes #g4 ,,avoid ,,clipped ,,or ,,abbreviated ,,words4 ,the use of such words is another form of vulgarism4 ,examples3 pard 7partner7 rep 7reputation7 doc 7doctor7 cal'late 7calculate7 musee 7museum7 a comp 7complimentary ticket7 #h4 ,,avoid ,,technical ,,or ,,professional ,,words4 ,such words are usually clearly understood only by persons of one class or profession4 ,examples3 valence hagiology allonge kilowatt sclerosis estoppel #aic4 ,,when ,,barbarisms ,,may ,,be ,,used4 ,in the foregoing rules barbarisms have been treated as at all times to be avoided4 ,this is true of their use in general composition1 and in a measure true of their use in composition of a special nature4 ,but barbarisms may sometimes be used properly4 ,obsolete words would be permissible in poetry or in historical novels1 technical words permissible in technical writing1 and even vulgarisms and provincialisms permissible in dialect stories4 ,,exercise #gf ,substitute for each of the barbarisms in the following list an expression that is in good use4 ,when in doubt consult a good dictionary3 ,chaw1 quoth1 fake1 reckon1 dern1 forsooth1 his'n1 an invite1 entre nous1 tote1 hadn't oughter1 yclept1 a combine1 ain't1 dole1 a try1 nouveau riche1 puny1 grub1 twain1 a boom1 alter ego1 a poke1 cuss1 eld1 enthused1 mesalliance1 tollable1 disremember1 locomote1 a right smart ways1 chink1 afeard1 orate1 nary a one1 yore1 pluralized1 distingu1 ruination1 complected1 mayhap1 burglarized1 mal de mer1 tuckered1 grind1 near1 suicided1 callate1 cracker-jack1 erst1 railroaded1 chic1 down town1 deceased 7verb71 a rig1 swipe1 spake1 on a toot1 knocker1 peradventure1 guess1 prof1 classy1 booze1 per se1 cute1 biz1 bug-house1 swell1 opry1 rep1 photo1 cinch1 corker1 in cahoot1 pants1 fess up1 exam1 bike1 incog1 zoo1 secondhanded1 getable1 outclassed1 gents1 mucker1 galoot1 dub1 up against it1 on tick1 to rattle1 in hock1 busted on the bum1 to watch out1 get left4 ,,exercise #gg ,make a list of such barbarisms as you yourself use1 and devise for them as many good substitute expressions as you can4 ,practice using the good expressions that you have made4 ,,exercise #gh ,correct the italicized barbarisms in the following sentences3 #a4 ,they can go everywheres4 #b4 ,he spends all his time grinding4 #c4 ,there ain't a sightlier town in the state4 #d4 ,he ate the whole hunk of cake4 #e4 ,he was treated very illy4 #f4 ,smith's new house is very showy4 #g4 ,not muchly will ,i go4 #h4 ,all were ready for breakfast before sun-up4 #i4 ,do you like light-complected people8 #aj4 ,i had never orated before4 #aa4 ,their clothes are always tasty in appearance4 #ab4 ,he has money1 but he is very near4 #ac4 ,he left the room unbeknown to his mother4 #ad4 ,if manners are any indication1 she belongs to the nouveau riche4 #ae4 ,i feel pretty tollable today4 #af4 ,i reckon all will be able to get seats4 #ag4 ,do you callate to get there before noon8 #ah4 ,if ,i had as much long green as he has1 ,i wouldn't be such a tight-wad4 #ai4 ,he was the beau ideal of soldier4 #bj4 ,john is a crazy cuss4 #ba4 ,let me say en passant we did not ask for the tickets4 #bb4 ,even at that time ,john had a bad rep4 #bc4 ,that woman is the ,countess of ,verdun1 ne ,smith4 #bd4 ,methinks you are wrong4 #be4 ,the teacher spake sharply to her4 #bf4 ,i didn't go for to do it4 #bg4 ,it will be published inside of two months4 #bh4 ,the duke and his wife were travelling incog4 #bi4 ,i hadn't thought on that4 #cj4 ,there is little difference twixt the two4 #ca4 ,come now1 fess up4 #cb4 ,it's a right smart ways to ,williamsport4 #cc4 ,you wot not what you say4 #cd4 ,he bought a poke of apples for his lunch4 #ce4 ,brown runs a pretty classy store4 #cf4 ,i finally got shut of him4 #cg4 ,i could of jumped across4 #ch4 ,that can't be done nohow4 #ci4 ,you make such dumb mistakes4 #dj4 ,i never saw such a bum show4 #aid4 ,,improprieties4 ,the third offense against good use1 an impropriety1 is the use of a proper word in an improper sense4 ,in many cases an offense against good use may be called a barbarism1 an impropriety1 or a solecism1 since the fields covered by the three terms somewhat overlap one another4 ,many improprieties have their origin in the similarities in sound1 spelling or meaning of words4 ,the following exercises deal with a number of common improprieties resulting from the confusion of two similar words4 ,,exercise #gi ,study the proper use of the words given under each of the following divisions4 ,in each group of sentences fill the blanks with the proper words3 ,,accept1 ,,except4 ,see ,glossary at end of book1 under except4 #a4 ,i cannot ---- your gift4 #b4 ,have you no books ---- these8 #c4 ,cicero was not ---- from the list of those condemned4 #d4 ,he ---- the invitation4 ,,affect1 ,,effect4 ,see ,glossary under effect4 #a4 ,will your plan ---- a reform from the present condition8 #b4 ,the sad news will seriously ---- his mother4 #c4 ,how was the bank ---- by the indictment of its president8 #d4 ,the change of schedule was ---- without a hitch4 ,,aggravate1 ,,irritate4 ,see ,glossary4 #a4 ,her manner ---- me4 #b4 ,the crime was ---- by being committed in cold blood4 #c4 ,the children do everything they can to ---- her4 #d4 ,his illness was ---- by lack of proper food4 ,,allude1 ,,mention4 ,see ,glossary4 #a4 ,he ---- 7to7 certain events which he dared not name directly4 #b4 ,the attorney ---- 7to7 no names4 #c4 ,that passage in his book delicately ---- 7to7 his mother4 #d4 ,in his speech the labor leader boldly ---- 7to7 his recent arrest4 ,,argue1 ,,augur4 ,to argue is to state reasons for one's belief4 ,to augur means to foretell1 to presage4 #a4 ,the reported quarrel ---- ill for the army4 #b4 ,he will ---- at length on any subject4 #c4 ,her darkening looks ---- a quarrel4 ,,avocation1 ,,vocation4 ,a vocation is one's principal work or calling4 ,an avocation is something aside from or subordinate to that principal calling4 #a4 ,the young physician enthusiastically pursues his ----4 #b4 ,law is his ----1 but politics is his ----4 #c4 ,the ministry should be one's ----1 never his ----4 #d4 ,while preparing for his life work1 school teaching was for a time his ----4 ,,besides1 ,,beside4 ,besides means in addition to4 ,beside refers to place2 as1 ,he sits beside you4 #a4 ---- you1 who else was there8 #b4 ,is there nothing ---- this to do8 #c4 ,john walked ---- me4 #d4 ---- me was a tree4 ,,calculate1 ,,intend4 ,to calculate means to compute1 to adjust or to adapt4 ,intend means to have formed the plan to do something4 #a4 ,he ---- to sell books this summer4 #b4 ,he ---- that the work will take ten years4 #c4 ,he ---- to finish it as soon as he can4 #d4 ,the oil is ---- to flow at the rate of a gallon a minute4 ,,character1 ,,reputation4 ,see ,glossary4 #a4 ,in this community his ---- is excellent4 #b4 ,one's friends may endow him with a good ----1 but not with a good ----4 #c4 ,slander may ruin one's ----1 but it will not destroy his ----4 #d4 ,see that your ---- is right1 and your ---- will establish itself4 ,,claim1 ,,assert4 ,to claim means to make a demand for what is one's own4 ,it should not be confused with assert4 #a4 ,i ---- that ,i am innocent4 #b4 ,john ---- the property as his4 #c4 ,they ---- their right to the land4 #d4 ,the cashier ---- the money in payment of a note4 #e4 ,do you still ---- that you were born in ,america8 ,,council1 ,,counsel1 ,,consul4 ,a council is a group of persons called in to hold consultation4 ,counsel means an adviser1 as a lawyer2 or advice that is given4 ,consul is an officer of the government4 #a4 ,in the colonies each governor had his ----4 #b4 ,the advisers gave him ---- when he desired it4 #c4 ,the ,united ,states has a ---- in every important foreign port4 #d4 ,in criminal cases the accused must be provided with ----4 #e4 ,the president's cabinet constitutes for him a sort of ----4 #f4 ,in ,rome two ---- were elected to manage the affairs of the state4 ,,emigration1 ,,immigration4 ,see ,glossary4 #a4 ,foreign ---- into the ,united ,states is greatly restricted4 #b4 ,the ---- of the citizens of the ,united ,states to ,canada is becoming a matter of concern4 #c4 ,our ---- ,bureau enforces the ,chinese ,exclusion ,act4 #d4 ,the treatment of the royalists caused a great ---- from ,france4 ,,good1 ,,well4 ,good is an adjective4 ,well is usually an adverb1 though sometimes an adjective2 as1 ,are you well to-day8 #a4 ,she talks very ----4 #b4 ,she prepares a ---- paper1 even if she does not write ----4 #c4 ,do ---- what you are doing4 #d4 ,did you have a ---- time8 #e4 ,recite it as ---- as you can4 ,,house1 ,,home4 ,house means only a building4 ,home means a place that is one's habitual place of residence4 #a4 ,he thought often of the flowers about the door of his old ----4 #b4 ,they have recently bought a ---- which they intend to make their ----4 #c4 ,mr4 ,heim lives here now1 but his ---- is in ,lewisburg4 #d4 ,he has several miserable ---- that he rents4 #e4 ,such a place is not fit to be called a ----4 ,,most1 ,,almost4 ,almost is an adverb meaning nearly4 ,most never has this meaning4 #a4 ,i was ---- injured when the machine broke4 #b4 ,it is ---- time for him to come4 #c4 ,the ---- discouraging thing was his indifference4 #d4 ,i ---- missed the car4 #e4 ---- of the books are torn4 ,,let1 ,,leave4 ,see ,glossary1 under leave4 #a4 ,will his employer ---- him go so early4 #b4 ,i shall ---- at noon4 #c4 ---- me help you with your coat4 #d4 ---- me here for a while4 #e4 ,this book ,i ---- with you4 #f4 ,do not ---- that danger disturb you4 ,,like1 ,,as4 ,like should not be used as a conjunction in the sense of as4 ,as a preposition it is correct4 ,it is wrong to say1 ,do like ,i do2 but right to say1 ,do as ,i do4 #a4 ,he looks ---- ,james4 #b4 ,read ---- ,james does4 #c4 ,does she look ---- me8 #d4 ,she thinks of it ---- ,i thought4 #e4 ,lincoln could do a thing ---- that4 #f4 ,other men could not do ---- ,lincoln did4 ,,likely1 ,,liable1 ,,probably4 ,it is better to avoid using likely as an adverb2 but it may be used as an adjective2 as1 ,he is likely to come4 ,probably refers to any sort of possibility4 ,liable refers to an unpleasant or unfavorable possibility2 it should not be used as equivalent to likely4 #a4 ,he is ---- to arrest for doing that4 #b4 ,the president's car will ---- arrive at noon4 #c4 ,it is ---- to rain to-day4 #d4 ,is he ---- to write to us8 #e4 ,continued exposure makes one more ---- to serious illness4 #f4 ,what will ---- come of it8 ,,loan1 ,,lend4 ,loan should be used only as a noun1 and lend only as a verb4 #a4 ,i wish to obtain a ---- of fifty dollars4 #b4 ,will you ---- me your knife8 #c4 ,a ---- of money loses both itself and friend4 #d4 ,a ---- is something that one ---- to another4 ,,mad1 ,,angry4 ,mad means insane1 uncontrollably excited through fear1 etc4 ,it should not be used for angry or vexed4 #a4 ,his manner of speaking makes me ----4 #b4 ,it makes one ---- to see such behavior4 #c4 ,the noise almost drove me ----4 ,,much1 ,,many4 ,much refers to quantity2 many to number4 #a4 ,sometimes they have as ---- as fifty in a class4 #b4 ---- of the trouble comes from his weak eyes4 #c4 ,do you use ---- horses on the farm8 #d4 ,how ---- marbles did the boy have8 ,,near1 ,,nearly4 ,near is an adjective2 nearly an adverb4 #a4 ,is the work ---- finished8 #b4 ,the man was ---- the end of the porch4 #c4 ,it was ---- noon when ,blucher came4 #d4 ,they are ---- insane with worry4 #e4 ,mary is not ---- so old as ,john4 ,,observation1 ,,observance4 ,observation means to watch1 to look at4 ,observance means to celebrate1 to keep4 ,observation applies to a fact or an object2 observance to a festival1 a holiday1 or a rule4 #a4 ,the ---- of the astronomer proved the theory4 #b4 ,sunday ---- is of value to one's bodily as well as to one's spiritual health4 #c4 ,the ---- of the sanitary regulations was insisted upon4 #d4 ,the scientist needs highly developed powers of ----4 ,,respectively1 ,,respectfully4 ,respectively means particularly1 relating to each4 ,respectfully means characterized by high regard4 #a4 ,these three kinds of architecture were characterized ---- as severe1 graceful1 and ornate4 #b4 ,sign your letter ,yours ----1 not yours ----4 #c4 ,their shares were ---- two hundred dollars and five hundred dollars1 #d4 ,the class ---- informed the faculty of their desire4 ,,suspect1 ,,expect4 ,suspect means to mistrust4 ,expect means to look forward to4 #a4 ,i ---- that he will come4 #b4 ,he ---- his brother of hiding his coat4 #c4 ,when do you ---- to finish the work8 #d4 ,the man was never before ---- of having done wrong4 ,,teach1 ,,learn4 ,see ,glossary under learn4 #a4 ,you must ---- him to be careful4 #b4 ,he must ---- to be careful4 #c4 ,to ---- a class to study is a difficult task4 #d4 ,who ---- your class to-day4 ,,transpire1 ,,happen4 ,transpire does not mean to happen4 ,it means to become gradually known1 to leak out4 #a4 ,she knows everything that ---- in the village4 #b4 ,it ---- that he had secretly sold the farm4 #c4 ,no more important event than this has ---- in the last ten years4 #d4 ,it has now ---- that some money was stolen4 ,,quite1 ,,very4 ,quite is not in good use in the sense of very or to a great degree4 ,it properly means entirely4 #a4 ,the book is ---- easy to study4 #b4 ,have you ---- finished your work4 #c4 ,the train ran ---- slowly for most of the distance4 #d4 ,that is ---- easy to do4 #e4 ,we were ---- unable to reach the city any sooner4 ,,exercise #hj ,the following list includes some groups of words that are often confused4 ,far the proper meaning of the words refer to a good dictionary4 ,write sentences using the words in their proper senses3 practical1 skilled sensible1 sensitive couple1 two access1 accession future1 subsequent allusion1 illusion1 delusion folk1 family conscience1 consciousness evidence1 testimony identity1 identification party1 person1 firm limit1 limitation plenty1 many1 enough of majority1 plurality portion1 part materialize1 appear solicitation1 solicitude invent1 discover human1 humane prescribe1 proscribe bound1 determined some1 somewhat1 something fix1 mend mutual1 common foot1 pay noted1 notorious creditable1 credible wait for1 wait on exceptionable1 exceptional in1 into ,,exercise #ha ,show how the use of each of the two italicized words in the following sentences would affect the meaning of the sentence3 #a4 ,we experienced a succession series of hindrances4 #b4 ,that statement assertion was made by an eye witness4 #c4 ,the student has remarkable ability capacity4 #d4 ,in my estimate estimation the cost will be higher than fifty dollars4 #e4 ,the import importance of his words is not fully understood4 #f4 ,the union unity of the clubs is remarkable4 #g4 ,the acts actions of the president were closely watched4 #h4 ,the man needed a new stimulus stimulant4 #i4 ,he was captivated captured by her unusual charms4 #aj4 ,we are quick to impute impugn motives that we think to exist4 #aa4 ,he was convinced convicted by ,john's argument4 #ab4 ,the dog's suffering was alleviated relieved by the medicine4 #ac4 ,he persuaded advised me to consult a lawyer4 #ad4 ,his behavior was funny odd4 #ae4 ,the plan seems practical practicable4 #af4 ,that is the latest last letter4 #ag4 ,that certainly was not a human humane action4 #ah4 ,he waited on waited for his mother4 #ai4 ,the completeness completion of the work brought many congratulations4 ,,exercise #hb ,supply a word which will remedy the italicized impropriety in each of the following sentences4 ,when in doubt consult a dictionary3 #a4 ,the majority of the illustrations are good4 #b4 ,no one can accurately predicate what the weather will be4 #c4 ,shall you except the invitation8 #d4 ,they claim that the assertion cannot be proved4 #e4 ,they finally located the criminal in ,dravosburg4 #f4 ,i shall leave you go at noon4 #g4 ,the balance of the essay was uninteresting4 #h4 ,by questions they tried to eliminate the true story4 #i4 ,they impugn false motives to me4 #aj4 ,he was greatly effected by the news4 #aa4 ,sabbath observation was then very strict4 #ab4 ,they expect that she wrote the letter4 #ac4 ,the invention of electricity has revolutionized all manufactures4 #ad4 ,who learned her to sing8 #ae4 ,edison discovered the phonograph4 #af4 ,one cannot comprehend the enormity of a billion of dollars4 #ag4 ,many complements were paid to her beauty4 #ah4 ,his consciousness pricked him4 #ai4 ,how could any one be guilty of such a cruel action4 #bj4 ,the advancement of the army was very slow4 #aie4 ,,idioms4 ,there are in ,english1 as in other languages1 a number of expressions that cannot be justified by the rules of grammar or rhetoric2 and yet these expressions are among the most forcible ones in the language1 and are continually used by the best writers4 ,these expressions that lie outside all rules we call idioms4 ,compare the following idiomatic expressions with the unidiomatic expressions that succeed them4 ,the second expression in each group is in accord with the strict rules of composition2 but the first1 the idiomatic1 is far more forceful4 ,idiomatic3 ,the book which ,i read about4 ,unidiomatic3 ,the book about which ,i read4 ,idiomatic3 ,more than one life was lost4 ,unidiomatic3 ,more lives than one life were lost4 ,idiomatic3 ,speak loud4 ,speak louder4 ,unidiomatic3 ,speak loudly4 ,speak more loudly4 ,idiomatic3 ,a ten-foot pole4 ,unidiomatic3 ,a ten-feet pole4 ,idiomatic3 ,he strove with might and main4 ,unidiomatic3 ,he strove with might4 7,might and main are two words of the same meaning47 ,idiomatic3 ,he lectured on every other day4 ,unidiomatic3 ,he lectured on one day out of every two4 ,idioms are not to be avoided4 ,on the contrary1 because they contribute great ease and force to composition1 their use is to be encouraged4 ,but the distinction between idiomatic and unidiomatic expressions is a fine one1 and rests solely on usage4 ,care must be taken not to go beyond the idiomatic4 ,there is probably little danger that the ordinary writer or speaker will not use idioms enough4 ,the following expressions are examples of commonly used idioms3 ,he was standing at the door in his shirt sleeves4 ,i don't think it will rain 7,i think it will not rain74 ,she walked out of the room on her father's arm4 ,john was a poor shot4 ,do you feel like a little candy8 ,see what my foolishness has brought me to4 ,what part of the city will they settle in8 ,what was the house built for8 ,john needs a match to light his pipe with4 ,that is all ,i ask for4 ,what are you driving at8 ,hard put to it4 ,by all odds4 ,must needs4 ,i must get up by noon4 ,get rid of4 ,get used to4 ,never so good4 ,whether or no4 ,i can't go either4 ,you forget yourself when you speak so harshly4 ,i can come only every other day4 ,if the bell rings answer the door4 ,i take it that you will be there too4 ,come and see me4 ,try and do it4 ,the thief took to his heels4 #aif4 ,,choice ,,of ,,words4 ,the words in which a thought is expressed may not offend against good use1 and yet still be objectionable because they do not accurately and appropriately express the thought4 ,one should choose not merely a word that will approximately express the thought1 but the one word that best expresses it4 ,the following suggestions are given to aid in the choice of words3 #a4 ,,choose ,,simple ,,english ,,words and avoid what is called fine writing4 ,young writers and newspaper writers are greatly given to this offense of fine or bombastic writing4 ,examples3 ,,fine ,,writing ,,simple ,,style ,was launched into eternity ,was hanged ,disastrous conflagration ,great fire ,called into requisition the services ,sent for the doctor of the family physician ,was accorded an ovation ,was applauded ,palatial mansion ,comfortable house ,acute auricular perceptions ,sharp ears ,a disciple of ,izaak ,walton ,a fisherman #b4 ,,distinguish ,,between ,,general ,,and ,,specific ,,terms4 ,in some cases general words may be used to advantage1 but more often specific words should be used1 since they call to the mind a definite image4 ,compare these sentences3 ,the high color of his face showed his embarrassment4 ,his crimson face showed his embarrassment4 ,he was a large man4 ,he was a fat man4 ,he was a man of large frame4 ,he was a tall1 heavily proportioned man4 ,he was a man six feet four inches tall and heavy in proportion4 ,it was an impressive building4 ,it was a building of impressive size4 ,it was a building of impressive beauty4 ,his fault was robbery4 ,his crime was robbery4 #c4 ,,avoid ,,over-,,statement ,,of ,,facts4 ,the use of words that are too strong is a fault especially characteristic of ,americans4 ,examples3 ,poor3 ,the concert was simply exquisite4 ,better3 ,the concert was very good4 ,poor3 ,she was wild over the mistake4 ,better3 ,she was much annoyed by the mistake4 #d4 ,,avoid ,,hackneyed ,,phrases2 expressions that have been worked to death4 ,examples3 ,his paternal acres4 ,the infuriated beast4 ,the gentle zephyrs of springtime4 ,was gathered to his fathers4 ,the blushing bride was led to the hymeneal altar4 ,applauded to the echo4 ,,exercise #hc ,for each of the following expressions devise the best simple ,english expression that you can3 #a4 ,individual was precipitated4 #b4 ,tendered him a banquet4 #c4 ,at the witching hour of midnight4 #d4 ,the devouring element was checked4 #e4 ,piscatorial sport4 #f4 ,pedal extremities4 #g4 ,fraught with tremendous possibilities4 #h4 ,amid the plaudits of the multitude4 #i4 ,caudal extremity4 #aj4 ,passed to his long home4 #aa4 ,dissected the ,thanksgiving bird4 #ab4 ,presided at the organ4 #ac4 ,finger of scorn pointed at him4 #ad4 ,wended his way4 #ae4 ,the green eyed monster4 #af4 ,the whole aggregation of knowledge chasers4 #ag4 ,maternal ancestor4 #ah4 ,shuffled off this mortal coil4 #ai4 ,failed to materialize at the banquet4 #bj4 ,tonsorial artist4 #ba4 ,twirler of the sphere4 #bb4 ,pugilistic encounters4 #bc4 ,performed his matutinal ablutions4 #bd4 ,partook of a magnificent collation4 #be4 ,solemnized the rites of matrimony4 ,,exercise #hd ,in the third paragraph of the selection from ,cranford 7see #ahf7 observe the use of the following words3 ,,human1 ,,weakness1 ,,hanks1 ,,twisted1 ,,annoyed1 and ,,undoing4 ,study the specific nature of these words by grouping about each of them other words of somewhat similar meaning1 and then comparing the force of the various words in each group4 ,this sort of exercise may be continued by choosing passages from any careful writer and studying the words that he has used4 ,,exercise #he ,substitute for each of the following expressions some expression that will be less general or less exaggerated3 #a4 ,she is nice looking4 #b4 ,we had a perfectly gorgeous time4 #c4 ,john is a professional man4 #d4 ,the play was simply exquisite4 #e4 ,to hear his voice makes me feel funny4 #f4 ,the opposing team was completely annihilated4 #g4 ,a noise caught our attention4 #h4 ,his manners are horrid4 #i4 ,we had a great time4 #aj4 ,such arrogance is unendurable4 #aa4 ,that is a good book4 #aig4 ,,how ,,to ,,improve ,,one',s ,,vocabulary4 ,the few following suggestions may be found helpful in the acquiring of a good vocabulary3 #a4 ,,cultivate ,,the ,,dictionary ,,habit4 ,learn the meaning1 pronunciation1 and spelling of each new word that you meet4 ,only when these three things are grasped about each word1 does one really know the word4 ,some persons have found it an invaluable aid to carry with them a small note book or card on which they note down to be looked up at a convenient time words concerning which they are in doubt4 #b4 ,,in ,,your ,,writing ,,and ,,speaking ,,use ,,as ,,much ,,as ,,possible ,,the ,,new ,,words ,,that ,,you ,,acquire4 #c4 ,,construct ,,good ,,english ,,expressions for all the slang1 fine writing1 and hackneyed phrases that you meet1 and then use the good expressions instead of the bad ones4 #d4 ,,study ,,synonyms2 words of similar form and meaning4 ,only by a knowledge of synonyms can you express fine shades of meaning4 ,crabbe's ,english ,synonyms and ,fernald's ,synonyms and ,antonyms are good books of reference for this purpose4 ,in addition to these books1 lists of synonyms will be found in many books that are designed for general reference4 #e4 ,,try ,,to ,,get ,,the ,,one ,,word that will best express the idea4 #f4 ,,read ,,good ,,books and good magazines1 and read them carefully4 #g4 ,,cultivate ,,the ,,society of those who use good language4 ,,exercise #hf ,look up the meaning of each of the words in the following groups of synonyms4 ,construct sentences in which each word is used correctly3 #a4 ,love1 like4 #b4 ,wit1 humor4 #c4 ,discover1 invent4 #d4 ,observe1 watch4 #e4 ,pride1 vanity1 conceit4 #f4 ,proof1 evidence1 testimony4 #g4 ,balance1 rest1 remainder4 #h4 ,word1 term1 expression4 #i4 ,bring1 fetch1 carry4 #aj4 ,abandon1 desert1 forsake4 #aa4 ,propose1 purpose1 intend4 #ab4 ,healthful1 healthy1 wholesome4 #ac4 ,student1 pupil1 scholar4 #ad4 ,capacity1 power1 ability4 #ae4 ,blame1 censure1 criticism4 #af4 ,accede1 agree1 yield1 acquiesce4 #ag4 ,trickery1 cunning1 chicane1 fraud4 #ah4 ,instruction1 education1 training1 tuition4 #ai4 ,hardship1 obstacle1 hindrance1 difficulty4 #bj4 ,maxim1 precept1 rule1 law #ba4 ,multitude1 crowd1 throng1 swarm4 #bb4 ,delight1 happiness1 pleasure1 joy4 #bc4 ,work1 labor1 toil1 drudgery1 task4 #bd4 ,silent1 mute1 dumb1 speechless4 #be4 ,kill1 murder1 assassinate1 slay4 #bf4 ,hatred1 enmity1 dislike1 ill-will4 #bg4 ,example1 pattern1 sample1 model4 #bh4 ,obvious1 plain1 clear1 apparent4 #bi4 ,noted1 eminent1 famous1 prominent1 notorious4 #cj4 ,old1 aged1 antique1 ancient1 antiquated1 obsolete4 ,,spelling #aih4 ,the following is a list of words that are frequently misspelled or confused4 ,where possible1 an effort has been made to arrange them in groups in order that they may be more easily remembered4 ,the word with an added ending has been used in most cases in place of the bare word itself as1 occasional instead of occasion4 ,a few rules have been included4 accede descend pressure accident fascinate misspelled accommodate mischievous possession accordance miscellaneous accuracy muscle recollection succeed susceptible dispelled occasional miscellaneous occur existence monosyllable experience intellectual across sentence parallel amount embellishment apart foregoing wholly arouse forehead woolly village already forty villain all right foreign till forfeit amateur formally perpetual grandeur formerly persuade perspiration appal fulfill apparatus willful police appetite policies approximate guardian opportunity guessing presence opposite precede disappoint imminent preceptor disappearance immediately accommodation fiend choose commission siege chosen grammar friend inflammation yielding boundary recommend elementary summary seize symmetrical receive final committee receipt finally usual ledger succeed usually legible proceed ascend assassin recede ascent dissimilar secede discerning essential accede discipline messenger intercede discontent concede discreet necessary supersede descent necessity passport #aii4 ,words ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel1 if monosyllables1 or if the last syllable is accented1 double the final consonant before the ending -ed and -ing1 but not before -ence2 as1 rob1 robbed1 robbing1 robbers4 confer1 conferred1 conferring1 conference4 transmit1 transmitted1 transmitting1 transmission4 impel1 impelled1 impelling1 impulsion4 ,similar to the above are4 defer1 infer1 prefer1 refer1 transfer1 occur 7occurrence71 abhor 7abhorrence71 omit1 remit1 permit1 commit1 beset1 impel1 compel1 repel1 excel 7excellence71 mob1 sob1 rub1 skid4 ,if these words are not accented on the last syllable1 the consonant is not doubled2 as1 benefit1 benefited1 benefiting1 beneficial4 ,similar are3 differ1 summon1 model4 #bjj4 ,words ending in silent e drop the e before a suffix beginning with a vowel2 as1 arrive1 arriving1 arrived1 arrival4 precede1 preceded1 preceding1 precedence4 receive1 received1 receiving4 ,similar are3 move1 write1 blame1 tame1 come1 receive1 believe1 relieve1 grieve1 deceive1 conceive1 perceive1 seize1 precede1 concede1 supersede1 recede1 argue1 rue1 construe1 woe1 pursue4 #bja4 ,words ending in -ge1 -ce1 or -se1 retain the e before endings3 as1 arrange1 arrangement2 arrange1 arranging4 ,similar are3 gauge1 manage1 balance1 finance1 peace1 service1 amuse1 use4 #bjb4 ,words in -dge do not retain the e before endings2 as1 acknowledge1 acknowledgment1 acknowledged1 acknowledging4 ,similar are3 nudge1 judge4 #bjc4 ,most words ending in y preceded by a consonant change y to i before all endings except-ing3 busy1 business1 busied1 busying4 ,similar are3 duty1 mercy1 penny1 pity1 vary1 weary1 study4 #bjd4 ,,words ,,of ,,similar ,,sound3 canvas 7cloth7 principle 7rule7 canvass 7all meanings except cloth7 principal 7chief7 capitol 7a building7 stationary 7immovable7 capital 7all meanings except building7 stationery 7articles7 counsel 7advice or an adviser7 miner 7a workman7 council 7a body of persons7 minor 7under age7 complement 7a completing element7 angel 7a spiritual being7 compliment 7praise7 angle 7geometrical7 #bje4 ,,miscellaneous ,,words3 annual laundry schedule awkward leisure separate beneficial lenient ,spaniard decimal license speak exhilarate mechanical specimen familiarize medival speech fiber medicine spherical fibrous militia subtle genuine motor surely gluey negotiate technical height origin tenement hideous pacified their hundredths phalanx therefore hysterical physique thinnest icicle privilege until irremediable prodigies vengeance laboratory rarefy visible laid rinse wherein larynx saucer yielding ,,pronunciation #bjf4 ,the following list is made up of words that are frequently mispronounced4 ,an effort has been made to arrange them in groups according to the most frequent source of error in their pronunciation4 ,the only marks regularly used are the signs for the long and short sounds of the vowel4 a as in hate i as in high u as in use a as in hat i as in hit u as in run e as in me o as in old oo as in boot e as in met o as in hop oo as in foot ,when sounds are not otherwise indicated take the sound that comes most naturally to the tongue4 #bjg4 a ,,as ,,in ,,hate3 ,,word ,,correct ,,pronunciation alma mater alma mater apparatus apparatus apricot apricot attach attasha' audacious audashus ballet bal'la blas blaza' blatant blatant chasten chasen ,cleopatra ,cleopatra compatriot compatriot gratis gratis or grahtis harem harem or hahrem heinous hanous hiatus hiatus implacable implakable nape nap ne na nglig naglezha' patron patron protg protazha' rsum razuma' tenacious tenashus tomato tomato or tomahto valet va'la or val'et vase vas1 vahz1 or vaz veracious verashus vivacious vivashus #bjh4 a ,,as ,,in ,,hat3 alternative alternative ,arab ,ar'ab1 not arab arid ar'id asphalt asfalt1 not fawlt bade bad catch not ketch defalcate defal'kate1 not fawl dilletante dilletan'te forbade forbad granary granary program pro'gram1 not grum rapine rap'in rational rational sacrament sacrament #bji4 ,,as ,,in ,,arm3 aunt nt behalf behf calf kf calm km half hf laugh lf psalm sm #baj4 e ,,as ,,in ,,me3 amenable amenable clique klek1 not klick creek krek1 not krick either eether 7preferable7 mediocre mediocre nave na'eve 7a as in arm7 neither neether 7preferable7 precedence prece'dence precedent prece'dent 7when an adjective7 predecessor predecessor predilection predilection premature premature quay ke resplendent resplen'dent sacrilegious sacrilegious1 not -religious series serez sleek slek1 not slick suite swet1 not like boot #baa4 e ,,as ,,in ,,met3 again agen against agenst crematory krem'atory deaf def1 not def heroine heroin1 not like hero measure mezhure1 not ma metric metrik precedent prec'edent 7noun7 prelate prel'at presentation prezentation sesame ses'ame steady stedy1 not stiddy tenet ten'et weapon wepon1 not wepon #bab4 i ,,as ,,in ,,high3 appendicitis appendicitis biennial biennial biography biography bronchitis bronkitis carbine carbine decisive decisive demise demise dynasty di'nasty finis finis grimy grimy hiatus hia'tus inquiry inqui'ry long-lived long-livd peritonitis peritonitis privacy privacy short-lived short-livd simultaneous simultaneous tiny tiny1 not teny #bac4 i ,,as ,,in ,,hit3 bicycle bi'sicle breeches briches breeching briching feminine feminin genuine genuin hypocrisy hipok'risy italic ital'ik ,italian italyan maritime maritim pretty pritty puerile pu'eril respite res'pit tribune trib'un #bad4 o ,,as ,,in ,,old3 ,adonis ,adonis apropos apropo bowsprit bowsprit brooch broch not broosh compromise compromize jowl jol1 not like owl molecular molecular ogle ogle trow tro vocable vocable zoology zoology1 not zoo #bae4 o ,,as ,,in ,,hop3 choler koler dolorous dolorous florid florid molecule molecule obelisk obelisk probity probity solecism solesism solstice solstice stolid stolid #baf4 oo ,,as ,,in ,,boot3 bouquet booka' canteloupe can'taloop coup d'tat koo data' coupon koo'pon ghoul gool hoof hoof roof roof root root route root routine rootine wound woond #bag4 u ,,as ,,in ,,use3 accurate ak'kurat culinary kulinary gubernatorial gubernatorial jugular jugular #bah4 u ,,as ,,in ,,us3 constable kunstable courtesan kur'tezan hover huver iron iurn monetary munetary nothing nuthing wont wunt 7different from won't7 #bai4 ,,miscellaneous ,,words4 adobe ado'ba algebra not bra alien alyen1 not alien ameliorate amelyorate antarctic antarktik anti not anti archangel arkangel archbishop arch1 not ark arch fiend arch1 not ark architect arkitect awkward awkward1 not ard ,beethoven batoven ,bingen ,bing'en blackguard blag'gard ,bowdoin bodn brougham broom business bizness caldron kawldron calk kawk ,cayenne kien' courtier kortyer cuckoo kookoo dilemma dilem'ma directly not directly dishevelled dishev'ld ,don ,juan ,don ,juan or hooan drought drowt drouth drowth extempore extempore 7four syllables7 familiarity familyarity gaol jal genealogy -alogy1 not -ology gemus genyus ,gloucester gloster gooseberry gooz1 not goos ,hawaiian ,hawi'yan 7a as in arm7 ,helena hel'ena 7except ,st4 ,hele'na7 inconvenience inconvenyence ,israel izrael1 not issrael jeans janes joust just or joost larynx lar'inx' or la'rinx1 not larnix literature literature1 or choor ,messrs4 meshyerz or mesyerz ,mineralogy -alogy1 not -ology nature nature1 or choor oleomargarine g is hard1 as in get orchid orkid oust owst1 not oost peculiar peculyar pecuniary pekun'yari perspiration not prespiratian prestige pres'tij or prestezh' pronunciation pronunzeashun or pronunsheashun saucy not sassy schedule skedyul semi not semi theater the'ater not thea'ter turgid turjid usage uzage usurp uzurp vermilion vermilyun wife's not wives ,xerxes zerxes #bbj4 ,,words ,,with ,a ,,silent ,,letter3 almond ahmund chasten chasen chestnut chesnut glisten glissen kiln kill often ofen ostler osler poignant poin'ant psalter sawlter salmon samun schism sism soften sofen subtle sutle sword sord thyme time toward tord #bba4 ,,works ,,chiefly ,,of ,,foreign ,,pronunciation3 ,,word ,,correct ,,pronunciation bivouac biv'wak charg d'affaires shar zha'daffar' connoisseur connissur dishabille dis'abil ennui onwe1 not ongwe finale finah'le foyer fwaya' massage masahzh nave nah'ev papier mach papya mahsha piquant pe'kant prima facie prima fa'shie pro tempore pro tem'pore rgime razhem' #bbb4 ,,words ,,often ,,pronounced ,,with ,a ,,wrong ,,number ,,of ,,syllables3 aerial aereal1 not areal athlete two sylables1 not ath e lete attacked attakt1 two syllables casualty kazh'ualte1 not ality conduit condit or kundit1 not dooit different three syllables1 not diffrunt elm not ellum helm not hel um history three syllables1 not histry honorable not honrable hygienic hy gi en' ic1 four syllables interest not intrust interesting not intrusting ivory not ivry omelet not omlet realm not rellum separable not seprable ticklish two syllables1 not tickelish valuable valuable1 not valuble vaudeville vodvil ,zeus zus1 not zeus #bbc4 ,,words ,,accented ,,on ,,the ,,first ,,syllable3 admirable ad'mirable alias a'lias applicable ap'plicable bicycle bi'sikle chastisement chas'tisement construe con'strue despicable des'picable desultory des'ultory disputant dis'putant exigency ex'ijency explicable ex'plicable exquisite ex'quisite extant ex'tant formidable for'midable ,genoa jen'oa gondola gon'dola harass har'ass hospitable hos'pitable impious im'pious1 not imp8ous industry in'dustry inventory in'ventory lamentable lam'entable mischievous mis'chievous obligatory ob'ligatory pariah pa'riah peremptory per'emptory preferable pref'erable ,romola ,rom'ola vehemence ve'hemence #bbd4 ,,words ,,accented ,,on ,,the ,,second ,,syllable3 ,,word ,,correct ,,pronunciation abdomen abdo'men acclimate accli'mate acumen acu'men albumen albu'men artificer artif'iser bitumen bitu'men chicanery shika'nery illustrate illus'trate incognito inkog'nito incomparable incom'parable indisputable indis'putable inexorable inex'orable inexplicable inex'plicable inhospitable inhos'pitable inquiry inqui'ry irrevocable irrev'ocable misconstrue miscon'strue nitrogenous nitroj'enous opponent oppo'nent pianist pian'ist refutable refut'able syllabic syllab'ic telegraphy teleg'raphy vagary vaga'ry ,yosemite yo swm' i te #bbe4 ,,words ,,accented ,,on ,,the ,,last ,,syllable3 address address' adept adept' adult adult' ally ally' commandant commandnt' 7 as in arm7 contour contour' dessert dessert' dilate dilate' excise eksiz' finance finance' grimace grimace' importune importune' occult occult' pretence pretence' research research' robust robust' romance romance' tirade tirade' #bbf4 ,,words ,,whose ,,pronunciation ,,depends ,,on ,,meaning3 accent ,accent' the first syllable4 ,place the ac'cent upon the first syllable4 aged ,an a'ged man4 ,properly aged wine 7one syllable74 blessed ,the bless'ed saints4 ,let them be blessed 7one syllable74 contrast ,the strange con'trast4 ,contrast' the two4 converse ,did you converse' with him8 ,is the con'verse true8 desert ,the sandy des'ert4 ,they desert' their friends4 learned ,he learned 7one syllable7 to sing4 ,a learn ed man4 precedent ,a prece'dent place4 ,it establishes a prec'edent4 project ,a new proj'ect4 ,to project' from4 ,,glossary ,,of ,,miscellaneous ,,errors ,,admire4 ,do not use admire in the sense of like4 ,wrong3 ,i should admire to be able to do that4 ,right3 ,i should like to be able to do that4 ,,aggravate4 ,do not use aggravate in the sense of irritate or disturb4 ,aggravate means to make worse4 ,wrong3 ,his impudence aggravates me4 ,right3 ,his impudence irritates me4 ,,ain',t4 ,ain't and hain't are never proper as contractions of am not1 is not1 or are not4 ,,allow4 ,do not use allow in the sense of assert1 say1 or intend4 ,wrong3 ,he allowed that he had better start4 ,i allow to be back before noon4 ,right3 ,he said that he had better start4 ,i intend to be back before noon4 ,,allude4 ,do not use allude in the sense of refer4 ,to allude to a thing means to refer to it in an indirect way4 ,wrong3 ,he alluded by name to ,john ,milton4 ,right3 ,he alluded to ,milton by the term ,blind ,poet4 ,,any4 ,do not use any in the sense of at all or to any degree4 ,wrong3 ,because of the injury he can not see any4 ,,as4 ,do not use as for the relative pronouns who and that4 ,wrong3 ,i am the man as digs your garden4 ,not as ,i remember4 ,right3 ,i am the man who digs your garden4 ,not that ,i remember4 ,,as4 ,do not use as in the sense of since or because4 ,wrong3 ,i cannot come as ,i am sick now4 ,right3 ,i cannot come2 ,i am sick now4 ,right3 ,i cannot come because ,i am sick now4 ,,at4 ,do not use at for in with the names of large cities ,wrong3 ,he lives at ,philadelphia4 ,right3 ,he lives in ,philadelphia4 ,,attackted4 ,do not use this form for attacked4 ,,awful1 ,,awfully4 ,these are two very much overworked words4 ,substitute other and more accurate expressions4 ,wrong3 ,we have had an awfully good time4 ,that is an awfully pretty dress4 ,right3 ,we have had an exceedingly nice time4 ,that is a very pretty dress4 ,,badly4 ,do not use badly in the sense of very much4 ,wrong3 ,she wanted badly to come4 ,right3 ,she wanted very much to come4 ,,beside1 ,,besides4 ,beside means next to4 ,besides means in addition to4 ,right3 ,john lives beside his mother4 ,right3 ,besides the daughters1 there are three sons4 ,,between4 ,do not use between when referring to more than two objects4 ,wrong3 ,there is bad feeling between the members of the class4 ,right3 ,there is bad feeling among the members of the class4 ,,blowed4 ,do not use blowed for blew or blown4 ,there is no such word4 ,,best4 ,do not use best when only two objects are referred to4 ,use better4 ,best should be used only when more than two are referred to4 ,wrong3 ,he is the best of the two brothers4 ,right3 ,he is the better of the two brothers4 ,right3 ,he is the best of the three brothers4 ,,bound4 ,do not use bound for determined4 ,wrong3 ,he was bound to go skating4 ,right3 ,he was determined to go skating4 ,right3 ,he bound himself to pay three hundred dollars4 ,,but4 ,do not use but after a negative in the sense of only4 ,see #df4 ,wrong3 ,there isn't but one apple left4 ,right3 ,there is but one apple left4 ,,calculate4 ,do not use calculate in the sense of think1 expect1 or intend4 ,,can4 ,do not use can to denote permission4 ,it denotes ability or possibility4 ,may denotes permission4 ,see #fi ,wrong3 ,can ,i speak to you for a minute8 ,right3 ,may ,i speak to you for a moment8 ,,character1 ,,reputation4 ,do not confuse these two words4 ,character means one's moral condition4 ,reputation means the morality that others believe one to possess4 ,,clum4 ,there is no such form of the verb climb4 ,,complected4 ,do not use complected for complexioned4 ,see #dj4 ,,conclude4 ,do not use conclude in the sense of forming an intention4 ,right3 ,finally1 ,i decided to go home4 ,right3 ,i was forced to conclude that ,i had made an error4 ,,considerable4 ,do not use considerable in the sense of very much4 ,wrong3 ,this lesson is considerable better than yesterday's4 ,,cute4 ,a much overworked word4 ,use some expression that is more accurate2 as1 pretty1 amusing1 etc4 ,,decease1 ,,disease4 ,do not confuse decease and disease4 ,the first means death1 the second sickness4 ,the deceased means a person who is dead4 ,wrong3 ,the diseased will be buried at four o'clock4 ,wrong3 ,the property of the diseased will be sold at auction4 ,,decease4 ,do not use decease as a verb in the sense of die4 ,wrong3 ,his father deceased last year4 ,,demand4 ,demand should not have a person as its object4 ,wrong3 ,he demanded ,john to pay4 ,right3 ,he demanded payment from ,john4 ,he demanded that ,john pay4 ,,different4 ,use the preposition from after different1 not than4 ,,don',t4 ,do not use don't with a subject in the third person singular4 ,see #fd4 ,,down4 ,do not use down as a verb in the sense of defeat or overthrow4 ,wrong3 ,our football team has downed every other team in the state4 ,right3 ,our football team has defeated every other team in the state4 ,,drownded4 ,drownded is not a proper form of the verb drown4 ,say drowned4 7,pronounced drownd47 ,,each ,,other4 ,do not use each other to refer to more than two objects4 ,see #dd4 ,wrong3 ,the members of the regiment helped each other4 ,right3 ,the members of the regiment helped one another4 ,,effect1 ,,affect4 ,do not confuse effect and affect4 ,effect means a result1 or to cause a thing to be done4 ,affect means to disturb or have an influence on4 ,wrong3 ,the news effected him seriously4 ,right3 ,the news affected him seriously4 ,wrong3 ,the affect of this news was to cause war4 ,right3 ,the effect of this news was to cause war4 ,,either4 ,do not use either with reference to more than two objects1 nor follow it by a plural verb4 ,see #dc4 ,wrong3 ,either of the three will do4 ,either you or ,john have done it4 ,right3 ,any one of the three will do4 ,either you or ,john has done it4 ,,emigrate1 ,,immigrate4 ,do not confuse emigrate and immigrate4 ,to emigrate means to go out of a place1 to immigrate means to come into a place4 ,right3 ,the ,italians emigrate from their country4 ,right3 ,of those who immigrate to ,america1 a large number are ,italians4 ,,enough4 ,do not follow enough by a clause beginning with that or so that4 ,wrong3 ,i studied enough that ,i could recite the lesson4 ,right3 ,i studied enough to recite the lesson4 ,,enthuse4 ,do not use enthuse in the sense of to create enthusiasm4 ,wrong3 ,he tried to enthuse his audience4 ,right3 ,he tried to arouse enthusiasm in his audience4 ,,etc4 ,etc4 stands for et cetera1 and means and so forth4 ,do not spell it ect4 ,do not use it in composition that is intended to be elegant4 ,,everybody4 ,everybody should not be followed by a plural verb or a plural pronoun4 ,see #ba4 ,,except1 ,,accept4 ,do not confuse these two words4 ,accept means to acknowledge4 ,except means to exclude4 ,right3 ,i cannot accept such slovenly work4 ,wrong3 ,i except your apology4 ,,except4 ,do not use except for unless4 ,see #he4 ,wrong3 ,i can not sleep except it is quiet4 ,,expect4 ,do not use expect in the sense of suppose or think4 ,wrong3 ,i expect you have read that book4 ,right3 ,i suppose you have read that book4 ,,fine4 ,do not use fine in place of some more definite word4 ,fine is a much over-worked word4 ,wrong3 ,the book is fine for class-room work4 ,right3 ,the book is well adapted for class-room work4 ,,firstly4 ,firstly should never be used4 ,say first4 ,see #dj4 ,,first-,,rate4 ,do not use first-rate as an adverb in the sense of very well4 ,wrong3 ,that does first-rate4 ,right3 ,that does very well4 ,right3 ,he is a first-rate fellow4 ,,former4 ,do not use former when more than two are referred to4 ,say first4 ,see #da4 ,,from4 ,do not use from with whence1 hence and thence4 ,wrong3 ,from whence have you come8 ,right3 ,whence have you come8 ,from where have you come8 ,,funny4 ,do not use funny for singular or strange4 ,funny is an overworked word4 ,wrong3 ,it is funny that he died4 ,right3 ,it is singular that he died4 ,,gent4 ,do not use the word at all4 ,say gentleman or man4 ,,gentleman4 ,do not use gentleman to denote sex only4 ,say man4 ,gentleman is properly used1 however1 to denote a person of refinement4 ,wrong3 ,only gentlemen are allowed to vote in ,pennsylvania4 ,right3 ,mr4 ,lincoln was a gentleman in the true sense of the word4 ,,got4 ,do not use got with have or had to indicate merely possession or obligation4 ,got means acquired through effort4 ,wrong3 ,i have got the measles4 ,you have got to do it4 ,right3 ,i have the measles4 ,you must do it4 ,right3 ,after much study ,i have got my lesson4 ,,grand4 ,do not use grand in place of some more definite and accurate expression4 ,it is another over-worked word4 ,wrong3 ,we have had a grand time this afternoon4 ,right3 ,we have had a very pleasant time this afternoon4 ,,guess4 ,do not use guess in the sense of think or suppose4 ,wrong3 ,i guess the trains are late to-day4 ,right3 ,i suppose the trains are late to-day4 ,right3 ,can you guess the riddle8 ,,had ,,ought4 ,do not use had with ought4 ,see #ed4 ,,hardly4 ,do not use hardly after a negative4 ,see #df4 ,wrong3 ,i can not hardly believe that4 ,right3 ,i can hardly believe that4 ,,have4 ,do not use have after had4 ,wrong3 ,if ,i had have been able to go4 ,right3 ,if ,i had been able to go4 ,,heighth4 ,do not use heighth for height4 ,,hung4 ,do not confuse hung and hanged4 ,hanged is the proper word to use in reference to executions4 ,wrong3 ,he was condemned to be hung4 ,right3 ,he was condemned to be hanged4 ,right3 ,the picture was hung in the parlor4 ,,humbug4 ,do not use humbug as a verb4 ,wrong3 ,he has humbugged the people for years4 ,,illy4 ,do not use illy for the adverb ill4 ,see #dj4 ,,in1 ,,into4 ,do not confuse in and into4 ,wrong3 ,he went in the house4 ,right3 ,he went into the house4 ,right3 ,he exercised in a gymnasium4 ,,kind4 ,do not precede kind by those or these4 ,wrong3 ,i do not like those kind of plays4 ,right3 ,i do not like that kind of play4 ,,kind ,,of ,a4 ,do not use a or an after kind of4 ,see #dg4 ,wrong3 ,it is one kind of a mistake4 ,right3 ,it is one kind of mistake4 ,,lady4 ,do not use lady to designate sex only4 ,it is properly used to indicate persons of refinement4 ,wrong3 ,is ,mrs4 ,johnson a colored lady8 ,right3 ,is ,mrs4 ,johnson a colored woman8 ,right3 ,mrs4 ,johnson is a colored woman1 and a lady4 ,,latter4 ,do not use latter to refer to more than two objects4 ,use last4 ,see #da4 ,,lay4 ,do not confuse lay and lie4 ,see #eg4 ,,learn4 ,do not confuse learn and teach4 ,learn means to acquire knowledge4 ,teach means to impart knowledge4 ,wrong3 ,he can learn you as much as any one can4 ,right3 ,he can teach you as much as any one can4 ,,leave4 ,do not confuse leave and let4 ,leave means to let remain4 ,let means to give permission4 ,wrong3 ,will your mother leave you go8 ,right3 ,will your mother let you go8 ,right3 ,i shall leave my trunk in my room4 ,,liable4 ,do not use liable for likely4 ,wrong3 ,it is liable to rain to-day4 ,right3 ,it is likely to rain to-day4 ,right3 ,he is liable for all that he has agreed to pay4 ,,lightning4 ,do not use lightning as a verb in place of lightens4 ,wrong3 ,during the storm1 it lightnings frequently4 ,right3 ,during the storm1 it lightens frequently4 ,,like4 ,do not use like for as4 ,like is a preposition4 ,as is a conjunction4 ,wrong3 ,he doesn't talk like he did yesterday4 ,right3 ,he doesn't talk as he did yesterday4 ,right3 ,it looks like a mahogany chair4 ,,lit ,,on4 ,do not use lit on in the sense of met with or discovered4 ,wrong3 ,i at last lit on this plan4 ,,lot4 ,do not use lot in the sense of a great number or a great deal4 ,wrong3 ,a lot of people were there1 ,she talks a lot4 ,,most4 ,do not use most for almost4 ,wrong3 ,i have most completed the book4 ,right3 ,i have almost completed the book4 ,right3 ,he has done the most of the work4 ,,mrs4 ,do not use ,mrs4 before titles2 as1 ,mrs4 ,president1 ,mrs4 ,professor1 ,mrs4 ,doctor4 ,,much4 ,do not use much for many4 ,much refers to quantity4 ,many refers to number4 ,wrong3 ,as much as five hundred people were present4 ,right3 ,as many as five hundred people were present4 ,,mutual4 ,do not confuse mutual and common4 ,mutual means interchanged4 ,wrong3 ,john and ,william had a mutual liking for ,mary4 ,right3 ,john and ,william had a common liking for ,mary4 ,right3 ,john and ,william had a mutual liking for each other4 ,,near4 ,do not use near for nearly4 ,wrong3 ,he ran near all the way to the station4 ,i came nearly making the same mistake4 ,right3 ,he ran nearly all the way to the station4 ,i came near making the same mistake4 ,,nerve4 ,do not use nerve in the sense of impudence4 ,,newsy4 ,do not use newsy in the sense of full of news4 ,,neither4 ,do not use neither with reference to more than two objects1 nor follow it by a plural verb4 ,wrong3 ,neither of the three could come4 ,neither of the two are here4 ,right3 ,no one of the three could come4 ,neither of the two is here4 ,,no ,,good4 ,do not use no good in the sense of worthless or not good4 ,wrong3 ,the book is no good4 ,,no ,,place4 ,do not use no place after a negative4 ,see #df4 ,wrong3 ,i am not going no place4 ,right3 ,i am not going anywhere4 ,i am going nowhere4 ,,notorious4 ,do not use notorious in the sense of famous or noted4 ,notorious means of evil reputation4 ,wrong3 ,gladstone was a notorious statesman of ,england4 ,right3 ,several notorious thieves were arrested4 ,,nowhere ,,near4 ,do not use nowhere near for not nearly4 ,see #dj4 ,wrong3 ,nowhere near so many people came as were expected4 ,right3 ,not nearly so many people came as were expected4 ,right3 ,james was nowhere near the scene of the fire4 ,,of4 ,do not use of for have in such expressions as could1 have1 might have1 should have1 etc4 ,wrong3 ,if ,i could of been there4 ,right3 ,if ,i could have been there4 ,,only4 ,guard against the improper use of only after a negative4 ,see #df4 ,wrong3 ,there are not only four books on that subject4 ,right3 ,there are only four books on that subject4 ,,outside ,,of4 ,do not use outside of for aside from4 ,wrong3 ,outside of ,james1 all had a good time4 ,right3 ,aside from ,james1 all had a good time4 ,,over ,,with4 ,do not use over with for over4 ,wrong3 ,i must write the letter and have it over with4 ,,pants4 ,do not use the word pants for trousers4 ,,photo4 ,do not use photo for photograph4 ,,piece4 ,do not use piece in the sense of way or distance4 ,wrong3 ,i shall walk a little piece with you4 ,right3 ,i shall walk a little way with you4 ,,place4 ,do not use place after any1 every1 no1 etc41 in the sense of anywhere1 everywhere1 nowhere1 etc4 ,wrong3 ,i can not find it any place4 ,right3 ,i can not find it anywhere4 ,,plenty4 ,do not use plenty as an adjective or an adverb4 ,wrong3 ,money is plenty4 ,he is plenty able to do it4 ,right3 ,money is plentiful4 ,he is quite able to do it4 ,,poorly4 ,do not use poorly for ill or bad4 ,wrong3 ,he feels very poorly4 ,,principle1 ,,principal4 ,do not confuse principle and principal4 ,principle means a rule or truth4 ,principal means leader1 chief1 the most important4 ,,propose4 ,do not use propose in the sense of intend4 ,wrong3 ,i propose to tell all ,i know4 ,right3 ,i intend to tell all ,i know4 ,,providing4 ,do not use providing for if or on the condition4 ,wrong3 ,i will go providing you can get tickets for three4 ,right3 ,i will go on the condition that you get the tickets4 ,,raise1 ,,rise4 ,do not confuse raise with rise4 ,see #eg4 ,,recommend1 ,,recommendation4 ,do not use recommend as a noun4 ,recommendation is the noun4 ,wrong3 ,her employer gave her a good recommend4 ,right3 ,her employer gave her a good recommendation4 ,,right ,,away1 ,,right ,,off4 ,do not use right away or right off in the sense of immediately4 ,wrong3 ,after the play we will come right off4 ,right3 ,after the play we will come at once4 ,,same4 ,do not use same as a pronoun4 ,wrong3 ,i will write the letter and mail same at once4 ,right3 ,i will write the letter and mail it at once4 ,,say4 ,do not use say in the sense of order or command4 ,wrong3 ,your mother said for you to come home at once4 ,right3 ,your mother said that you should come home at once4 ,,scarcely4 ,do not use scarcely after a negative4 ,see #df4 ,wrong3 ,there was not scarcely a pound of meat for us all4 ,right3 ,there was scarcely a pound of meat for us all4 ,,seldom ,,ever4 ,do not use seldom with ever4 ,say instead seldom or seldom1 if ever4 ,wrong3 ,fires seldom ever occur4 ,right3 ,fires seldom occur4 ,fires seldom1 if ever occur4 ,,shut ,,of4 ,do not use shut of in the sense of rid of4 ,wrong3 ,we are shut of him at last4 ,,sight4 ,do not use sight in the sense of many or much4 ,wrong3 ,a great sight of people flocked to hear him4 ,right3 ,a great many people flocked to hear him4 ,,sit1 ,,set4 ,do not confuse these two words4 ,see #eg4 ,,so4 ,do not use so alone as a conjunction4 ,say so that4 ,wrong3 ,he spoke in the open air1 so more could see and hear him4 ,right3 ,he spoke in the open air1 so that more could see and hear him4 ,,some4 ,do not use some as an adverb in the sense of somewhat or a little4 ,wrong3 ,he plays the violin some4 ,right3 ,he plays the violin a little4 ,,sort ,,of ,a4 ,do not use a after sort of4 ,see ,kind of a4 ,,sort4 ,do not precede sort by these or those4 ,see ,kind4 ,,such4 ,do not follow such by who1 which1 or that as relatives4 ,wrong3 ,all such persons who think so will soon see their mistake4 ,right3 ,all such persons as think so will soon see their mistake4 ,right3 ,he spoke with such force that we were compelled to listen4 7,that is not a relative here47 ,,tasty4 ,do not use tasty in the sense of tasteful4 ,,that4 ,do not use that as an adverb4 ,wrong3 ,i did not think the book was that small4 ,right3 ,i did not think that the book was so small4 ,,that ,,there1 ,,this ,,here1 ,,these ,,here1 ,,those ,,there4 ,there and here1 in all these expressions are worse than unnecessary4 ,,them ,,there4 ,do not use them there for those4 ,wrong3 ,bring me them there books4 ,right3 ,bring me those books4 ,,three ,,first1 ,,two ,,first1 ,,etc4 ,do not say three first1 but first three4 ,there can be only one first4 ,,too4 ,do not use too alone before a verb or a participle4 ,wrong3 ,he is too excited to listen to you4 ,right3 ,he is too much excited to listen to you4 ,,very4 ,do not use very alone before a verb or a participle4 ,wrong3 ,you are very mistaken4 ,right3 ,you are very much mistaken4 ,,wait ,,on1 ,,wait ,,for4 ,do not confuse these two expressions4 ,wait on means to serve4 ,wait for means to await4 ,wrong3 ,do not wait on me if ,i do not come at noon4 ,right3 ,do not wait for me if ,i do not come at noon4 ,,wake1 ,,awake4 ,do not confuse wake and awake4 ,see #eg4 ,,index ,references are to pages4 ,sections or subdivisions on the pages are sometimes indicated in parenthesis after the page numbers4 ,since the ,,exercises follow throughout the subjects treated1 exercises on any subject may be found by looking up that subject in this text index4 ,a1 use of article4 ,abbreviated words1 rule against4 ,abbreviations1 punctuation of 7#ajb72 use of1 in letters4 ,accept1 for except1 ,glossary4 ,active voice and passive voice1 explained2 forms of4 ,adjectives1 defined2 capitalization of proper2 confused with adverbs2 distinguished from adverbs2 errors in comparison of2 improper forms of2 list of irregular2 placing of2 adjective pronouns2 punctuation of two or more adjectives modifying same noun 7#ajf72 singular and plural4 ,admire1 for like1 ,glossary4 ,adverbs1 defined2 comparison of2 conjunctive2 confusion with adjectives2 distinguished from adjectives2 double negative2 errors in comparison2 list of irregularly compared2 omission of2 punctuation of 7#aaf71 7#aba74 sop's ,fables1 quotation from4 ,affect1 for effect1 ,glossary4 ,aggravate1 for irritate1 ,glossary4 ,agreement1 of adjective and noun2 of pronoun and antecedent2 of verb and subject2 of verb in clauses4 ,ain't1 ,glossary4 ,allow1 for assert or intend1 ,glossary4 ,allude1 for refer1 ,glossary4 ,also1 without and4 ,among1 for between1 ,glossary4 ,an1 use of article4 ,and1 use of4 ,antecedents1 of pronouns1 defined2 agreement of pronouns and2 clearness of2 compound2 indefinite2 of relative pronouns4 ,any1 for at all1 ,glossary4 ,apostrophe1 general use of2 with plural nouns2 with possessive nouns2 with possessive pronouns4 ,apposition1 explained4 ,appositives1 punctuation of 7#ajh74 ,argue1 for augur4 ,arise4 ,articles1 explained2 use of4 ,as1 as conjunction or adverb2 as a relative pronoun1 ,glossary2 for like2 for since1 ,glossary2 punctuation of 7#abb74 ,at1 for in1 ,glossary4 ,attackted1 mispronunciation of attacked1 ,glossary4 ,attribute complement1 explained2 case of 7note #b74 ,auxiliary verbs1 explained2 shall and will2 should and would2 may1 can1 might1 and could4 ,avocation1 for vocation4 ,awake1 for wake1 ,glossary4 ,awful1 for awfully1 ,glossary4 ,bad1 for badly1 ,glossary4 ,balanced sentence4 ,barbarisms1 defined2 rules for avoidance of2 when proper4 ,beginning of the composition4 ,beside1 for besides1 ,glossary4 ,best1 for better1 ,glossary4 ,between1 for among1 ,glossary4 ,bible1 capitalization of 7#ajj74 ,blowed1 for blew1 ,glossary4 ,body1 of the letter4 ,books for reading1 list of4 ,bound1 for determined1 ,glossary4 ,brackets1 use of4 ,but1 as a relative pronoun2 with a negative2 with a dependent clause2 to introduce two succeeding statements4 ,but that1 for but what4 ,calculate1 for intend4 ,can1 use of2 model conjugation of4 ,cant expressions1 in letters4 ,capitalization1 rules for4 ,cases1 classified and defined2 case forms of pronouns2 case of word in apposition2 case forms of relative pronouns2 outline for use of case forms2 rules for forming possessive4 ,character1 for reputation1 ,glossary4 ,character of ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 by ,channing1 quotation from4 ,choice of words1 rules to aid in4 ,christmas1 by ,washington ,irving1 quotation from4 ,claim1 for assert4 ,clauses1 defined2 adjective2 adverbial2 agreement1 of verb in2 principal or independent2 subordinate or dependent2 substantive2 when and where clauses4 ,climax in sentences4 ,clipped words1 rule against4 ,close of letter4 ,clum1 for climbed1 ,glossary4 ,in care of1 misuse of co for4 ,coherence1 of paragraph2 how to gain in paragraph2 illustrations of in paragraph2 of sentence2 of whole composition2 words of4 ,colon4 ,comma blunder4 ,comma4 ,common gender1 defined1 of nouns and pronouns4 ,comparative degree2 misuse of1 in reference to more than two things4 ,comparison1 degrees of2 irregular forms in2 errors in2 manner of comparing4 ,complected1 for complexioned1 ,glossary4 ,complex sentence4 ,complimentary close1 in letters4 ,compound nouns1 explained2 rules for forming plurals of4 ,compound pronouns1 personal2 relative4 ,compound sentence4 ,compound subject2 agreement of verb with4 ,compound words1 use of hyphen with 7#adj74 ,concluded1 for to form an opinion1 ,glossary4 ,conditional clauses1 punctuation of 7#aad74 ,confusion of adjectives and adverbs4 ,conjunctions1 defined2 misuses of2 correlatives4 ,considerable1 for considerably1 ,glossary4 ,consul1 for council1 or counsel4 ,contractions of not1 use of1 in formal composition4 ,co-ordinate clauses1 punctuation of 7#aab1 #aac71 7#aah1 #aai1 #abj74 ,copulative verb4 ,correctly written letters4 ,correlatives1 placing of4 ,could1 use of2 model conjugations of4 ,council1 counsel and consul confused4 ,cranford1 by ,mrs4 ,gaskell1 selection from4 ,cute1 for pretty1 clever1 etc41 ,glossary4 ,dash1 use of4 ,decease1 ,glossary4 ,definition1 by a when or where clause4 ,degrees in comparison1 classified4 ,demand1 ,glossary4 ,dependent and conditional clauses1 punctuation of 7#aad71 7#aai1 #abj74 ,dictionary1 value of its use4 ,different1 with than1 ,glossary4 ,directly1 misused as a conjunction4 ,disease1 ,glossary4 ,division of words at ends of lines 7#aci74 ,don't1 ,glossary4 ,double 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,except1 for accept1 ,glossary4 ,explanatory relative clauses1 punctuation of 7#aaa74 ,expletives4 ,expect1 for suppose4 ,fall1 for fell4 ,father1 capitalization of 7#ii74 ,fell1 for fall4 ,feminine gender1 defined2 of nouns and pronouns4 ,final words1 in letters4 ,fine-writing4 ,fine1 ,glossary4 ,firstly1 ,glossary4 ,first-rate1 ,glossary4 ,for1 used to introduce two succeeding clauses4 ,foreign words4 ,former1 ,glossary4 ,form of letters4 ,from1 ,glossary4 ,funny1 for singular1 ,glossary4 ,gender1 defined and classified formation of feminine from masculine2 gender of pronouns4 ,general terms1 use of4 ,gent1 ,glossary4 ,gentleman1 ,glossary4 ,geographical names1 punctuation of 7#ajh74 ,gerunds1 explanation of2 confusion with participle2 with noun or pronoun modifier2 placing of gerund phrase4 ,gettysburg speech1 by ,lincoln4 ,good1 for well4 ,good use of words2 offenses against4 ,got1 ,glossary4 ,grand1 ,glossary4 ,grave forms of personal pronouns1 use of4 ,guess1 for think1 ,glossary4 ,hackneyed expressions1 general rule against2 in letters4 ,had1 ought1 ,glossary4 ,hain't1 ,glossary4 ,hanged1 confused with hung1 ,glossary4 ,hardly1 placing of2 with a negative1 ,glossary4 ,have1 misuse after had1 ,glossary4 ,heading1 of letters4 ,heighth1 for height1 ,glossary4 ,here1 misuse with demonstratives1 ,glossary4 ,her'n4 ,him1 misuse with gerund4 ,hisself4 ,his'n4 ,home1 confused with house2 for at home1 ,glossary4 ,humbug1 ,glossary4 ,hung1 confused with hanged1 ,glossary4 ,hyphen1 use of4 ,i1 capitalization of 7#ajj74 ,order of4 ,in the letter4 ,idioms4 i4 e41 punctuation of 7#abb74 ,illy1 ,glossary4 ,immigration1 confused with emigration1 ,glossary4 ,imperative mode4 ,improving one's vocabulary1 rules for4 ,improprieties4 ,indentation1 of paragraph2 of paragraph1 in letters4 ,infinitives1 explanation of2 forms of2 cases used with2 rules for sequence of infinitive tenses2 split4 ,inflection1 defined4 ,in1 confused with into1 ,glossary4 ,inside address of letters4 ,interjection4 ,interrogation point1 use of4 ,interrogative pronouns4 ,intransitive verbs1 see ,transitive4 ,introductory words or phrases1 punctuation of 7#ajg74 ,kind1 with plural modifiers1 ,glossary4 ,kind of a4 ,lady1 ,glossary4 ,latter1 confused with last1 ,glossary4 ,lay1 confused with lie4 ,learn1 for teach1 ,glossary4 ,leave1 for let1 ,glossary4 ,lend1 confused with loan4 ,length1 of paragraphs2 of sentences4 ,letter writing2 body of letter2 close2 heading2 illustrations of correctly written letters2 inside address2 miscellaneous directions2 notes in third person2 outside address2 salutation4 ,liable1 for likely4 ,lie1 confused with lay4 ,lightning1 ,glossary4 ,like1 misuse as a conjunction4 ,lit on1 ,glossary4 ,loan1 confused with lend4 ,loose sentences4 ,lot for a great deal1 ,glossary4 ,mad1 for angry4 ,masculine gender1 defined2 of pronouns4 ,may2 model conjugation of4 ,messrs41 use of4 ,might2 model conjugations of4 ,mode1 definition of2 indicative2 infinitive2 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compounded antecedent2 rules for forming plurals of nouns4 ,number1 sign 1 used for4 ,o and oh1 capitalization of 7#ajj74 ,object complement1 explained4 ,objective case1 defined2 when used4 ,obligative mode 7footnote74 ,observance1 confused with observation4 ,obsolete words4 ,of1 ,glossary4 ,omission1 of adverb much2 of important words2 of prepositions2 punctuation in case of 7#aag72 7#ach72 of verbs4 ,one another1 use of4 ,only1 placing of2 with a negative1 ,glossary4 ,order of heading in letters4 ,other1 use of in comparison4 ,ought4 ,outline1 for composition2 illustration of4 ,outside address1 of letters4 ,outside of1 ,glossary4 ,over-statement of facts1 rule against4 ,over with1 ,glossary4 ,pants1 ,glossary4 ,paragraphing of letters4 ,paragraphs2 coherence in2 emphasis in2 indentation of2 in letters2 length of2 unity in4 ,parenthesis marks1 use of2 too frequent use of4 ,parts of speech1 classified4 ,passive voice and active voice explained2 forms of4 ,past participle1 explanation 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,prepositional phrase4 ,prepositions1 defined2 omission of2 proper use of2 unnecessary use of2 used as conjunctions4 ,principal1 confused with principle1 ,glossary4 ,principal parts of verbs1 explained2 classified2 list of2 rules for use of4 ,principal verbs1 explained4 ,professional words4 ,pronouns1 defined2 adjective2 antecedent of1 defined2 agreement with antecedent2 case forms of2 compound personal2 compound relative2 gender of2 interrogative2 number of2 outline of1 use of case forms of2 relative2 rules determining gender of2 with compound antecedents4 ,pronunciation1 lists of frequently mispronounced words2 words given wrong sounds2 words given wrong accent2 words of foreign pronunciation2 words of similar spelling4 ,proper adjectives1 capitalization of 7#ie74 ,proper nouns1 defined2 capitalization of 7#ie74 ,propose1 for intend1 ,glossary4 ,providing1 for if1 ,glossary4 ,provincialisms1 definition and rule against use of4 ,punctuation1 rules for2 in letters1 body2 heading2 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newly-coined2 of coherence2 professional2 pronunciation of1 provincialisms2 simple ,english2 slang2 spelling of2 technical words2 vulgarisms4 ,would1 see should4 ,yes1 punctuation of1 7#ajb74 ,you1 indefinite use of2 with singular verb4 ,yours truly and yours respectfully1 wrong abbreviation of4 ,your'n4