,transcrib]'s note3 ,page numb]s 9 ?is book are indicat$ by numb]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 #ii4 ,!y h be5 locat$ :]e page breaks occurr$ 9 ! orig9al book4 ,= its ,index1 a page numb] has be5 plac$ only at ! />t ( t section4 ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t by ! ,,rev4 ,,leighton ,,pullan ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/'s ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,if y *oose to obey y\r ,bibles1 y w nev] c>e :o attacks !m4--,,rusk94 ,f\r? ,edition ,revis$ ,riv+tons #cd ,k+ ,/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,london #aiab v ,,preface ,?is book is int5d$ to meet ! widely preval5t ne$ ( an introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* is nei!r a m]e h&-book nor an elaborate treatise = speciali/s4 ,x is writt5 9 a cons]vative _s1 & at ! same "t an ample use has be5 made ( rec5t critical inve/igation4 ,x has be5 impossible to give an exhau/ive pro( ( ! position ma9ta9$1 b no matt] ( great importance has be5 ov]look$4 ,! argum5ts w be intelligible to educat$ p]sons :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! ,greek language4 ,! au?or has sometimes d]iv$ mu* help f ! articles 9 ,dr4 ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ! ,bible4 ,! dates :i* h be5 adopt$ are 9 mo/ cases ^? adopt$ 9 vi t ,diction>y by ,dr4 ,s&ay & ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,turn]4 ,8 be/ ?anks are due to ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,w4 ,pullan1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,briscoe1 & ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,corbett1 = ! k9d help :i* !y h giv5 him 9 ! prep>ation ( ! book4 vii ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,,table ,,( ,,approximate ,,dates 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 x ,i4 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,gospels 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #i ,,iii4 ,,! ,,gospel ,,accord+ ,,to ,,/4 ,,mat!w 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cc ,,iv4 ,,! ,,gospel ,,accord+ ,,to ,,/4 ,,m>k 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #di ,v4 ,,! ,,gospel ,,accord+ ,,to ,,/4 ,,luke 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fd ,,vi4 ,,! ,,gospel ,,accord+ ,,to ,,/4 ,,john 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hj ,,vii4 ,,! ,,acts ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajb ,,viii4 ,,! ,,epi/les ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aaf ,,ix4 #a ,,& #b ,,!ssalonians 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abe ,x4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,cor9?ians 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #acc ,,xi4 ,,! ,,second ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,cor9?ians 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adc ,,xii4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,galatians 4 4 #aej ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,romans 4 4 4 #aeh ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,colossians--,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,to ,,philemon 4 4 4 #agj ,,xv4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,ephesians 4 4 #ahj ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,philippians #ahh ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,pa/oral ,,epi/les 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aie ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,hebrews 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bjh ,,xix4 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,epi/les 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bai ,,xx4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,epi/le ,,( ,,james 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bbc ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epi/le ,,g5]al ,,( ,,pet] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bce ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,second ,,epi/le ,,g5]al ,,( ,,pet] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bdf ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,epi/les ,,( ,,/4 ,,john 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bee ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,epi/le ,,( ,,jude 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bfe ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,revelation ,,( ,,/4 ,,john ,,! ,,div9e 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bgj ,,app5dix ,a4--,,rationali/ ,,criticism ,,on ,,/4 ,,john',s ,,writ+s #bhd ,,app5dix ,b4--,,papias ,,& ,,john ,,! ,,presbyt] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bhe ,,app5dix ,c4--,,! ,,muratorian ,,fragm5t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bhh ,,app5dix ,d4--,,"s ,,e>ly ,,witnesses ,,to ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,writ+s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bia ,,app5dix ,e4--,,books ,,recomm5d$ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bic ,,index 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #big x ,,table ,,( ,,approximate ,,dates ,,! ,,gospel ,,accord+ ,,to ,,/4 ,,mat!w 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #fi ,,/4 ,,m>k 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #fb ,,/4 ,,luke 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #gj-ge ,,/4 ,,john 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #hj-ij ,,acts 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #ge-hj ,,romans 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #ef #a ,,cor9?ians4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #ee #b ,,cor9?ians4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #ee ,,galatians 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #ef ,,ephesians 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #fj ,,philippians 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #fa ,,colossians 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #fj #a ,,!ssalonians 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #ea #b ,,!ssalonians 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #ea #a ,,timo?y 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #fc #b ,,timo?y 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #fd ,,titus 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #fc ,,philemon 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #fj ,,hebrews 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #ff ,,james 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #ej #a ,,pet] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #fd #b ,,pet] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #fe #a1 #b1 #c ,,john 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #hj-ij ,,jude 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #fc ,,revelation 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #if #a ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,sid5ote3 ,its ,"n4 ,aft] ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s ,himself1 we may ju/ly reckon ! ,new ,te/am5t z ! mo/ preci\s gift :i* our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ has giv5 s9ce ,8 ,asc5sion to ^? :o believe on ,8 ,"n4 ,! ^w te/am5t1 :i* is 9 ,lat9 te/am5tum1 corresponds ) our ^w cov5ant1 & ! phrase ,new ,te/am5t signifies ! record ( t new cov5ant 9 :i* ,god b\nd man to ,himself by ! dea? ( ,8 ,son4 ,! tru? t ?is 0 a new cov5ant1 di/9ct f ! cov5ant :i* ,god made ) ,abraham1 0 taught by our ,"l :5 ,he in/itut$ ! memorial ( ,8 dea? & said1 ,?is cup is ! new cov5ant 9 ,my ,blood4 ,we d n "k precisely at :at date ! ,*ri/ians began to call ?is record ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b we d "k t !y us$ ?is "n be=e ,a4,d4 #bjj4 ,sid5ote3 ,its ,language4 ,9 ! "t ( our ,"l ! popul> language ( ,pale/9e 0 ,aramaic1 a language :i* 0 ak9 to ,hebrew & borr[$ "s words f ,hebrew4 ,hebrew 0 kn[n by le>n$ p1 b ! language :i* ! ,son ( ,god le>n$ f ,8 bless$ "m & ,8 fo/] fa!r 0 ,aramaic1 & ,he spoke ! ,galilean dialect ( t language4 ,f a few words pres]v$ 9 ! ,gospels1 x is pla9 t ! gospel 0 fir/ prea*$ 9 t tongue4 ,9 ! #g? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 ! ,mohamm$an conqu]ors1 :o spoke ,arabic1 began to supplant #b ,aramaic by ,arabic1 & ?is is n[ ! ord9>y language ( ,pale/9e4 ,z _m p :o spoke ,aramaic 7 at "o "t hea!n1 bo? ! ,jews & ! ,*ri/ians adopt$ ! habit ( call+ _! language ,syriac r ?an ,aramaic4 ,! great c5tre ( ,*ri/ian ,syriac lit]ature 0 ,edessa1 & 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,roman ,empire ,syriac 0 ! mo/ important & mo/ elegant language next to ,greek4 ,x is /ill us$ 9 ! ,*ur* s]vices ( _m ,ori5tal ,*ri/ians1 & x is spok5 9 ord9>y conv]sation 9 p>ts ( ,nor? ,mesopotamia & ,kurdi/an4 ,fur!r we/ x is only spok5 9 a few villages ( ,anti-,libanus4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is book x w be necess>y to ref] occasionally to ! ,aramaic language4 ,x is highly probable t "s ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ+s 7 9 ,aramaic1 b all ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* we n[ possess are 9 ,greek4 ,! ,greek language 0 kn[n by _m p 9 ,pale/9e1 & x 0 spl5didly fitt$ to be ! m$ium ( ,god's revelation4 ,x 0 widely kn[n among ! civiliz$ nations ( ! "t1 & x is s ri* & expressive t religi\s ideas are bett] convey$ 9 ,greek ?an 9 almo/ any o!r tongue4 ,:]eas x 0 ess5tial t ! gospel %\ld be prea*$ fir/ 9 ,aramaic1 x 0 equally ess5tial t x %\ld be writt5 9 ,greek1 = ! b5efit ( p :o did n live 9 ,pale/9e or :o liv$ !re z /rang]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,canon4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures consi/ ( tw5ty-sev5 diff]5t books1 writt5 by n9e diff]5t au?ors4 ,ea* book has "s special *>act]i/ics correspond+ ) ! m9d ( ! writ] & ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 writt54 ,yet ^! books exhibit a manife/ unity ( purpose & doctr9e4 ,"u _m diff]5ces ( dialect & expression !re is an int]nal unity su* z we d n f9d 9 any secul> lit]ature1 & ?is unity is due to inspiration4 ,! :ole collection ( books is call$ ! ,,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?is ,greek ^w canon orig9ally meant a /raight rod1 su* z c\ld be us$ = #c rul+ or measur+1 !n x 0 employ$ to signify a rule or law1 & f9ally x meant a li/ or catalogue4 ,z appli$ to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ^w canon means ! books :i* fit ! ,*ur*'s rule ( fai?1 & :i* !mselves become a rule t measures =g]ies & f9ds !m want+4 ,! ,*ur* set ^! g5u9e books ap>t z hav+ _! orig9 9 inspiration :i* came f ,god4 ,!y 7 all ei!r writt5 by ! apo/les or by m5 :o 7 tra9$ by ! apo/les1 & ?us !y conta9 a unique acc\nt ( ! say+s ( ! ,"l ,jesus & ! tea*+ ( ^? :o receiv$ _! commission f ,him4 ,!y are !re=e docum5ts to :i* ! ,*ur* c ref]1 z a f9al c\rt ( appeal1 9 all que/ions ( fai? & conduct4 ,x 0 only by degrees t ! ,*ur* realiz$ ! importance ( plac+ all ^! tw5ty-sev5 books 9 ! canon4 ,?is 0 f9ally done 9 ! we/]n ,*ur*es ( ,*ri/5dom 9 ,a4,d4 #chb1 by a ,c\ncil held at ,rome4#a ,! disciples fir/ endeav\r$ to collect ! say+s ( our ,"l & ! record ( ,8 life4 ,?us ! f\r ,gospels con/itute ! fir/ lay] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon4 ,! canon ( our f\r ,gospels exi/$ by ,a4,d4 #aej1 z is %[n by ,h]mas & ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,! next lay] ( ! canon consi/s ( ! ?irte5 ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul & ! ,acts4 ,to ^! ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 0 g5]ally atta*$ 9 ! ea/1 ?\gh n 9 ! we/4 ,?is lay] ( ! canon 0 univ]sally recogniz$ t[>ds ! close ( ! #bnd c5tury1 & p]haps "s ye>s e>li]1 = ! books compos+ x 7 us$ & quot$ ?r\gh\t ! #bnd c5tury4 ,! ?ird lay] ( ! canon ga9$ its place m sl[ly4 ,x consi/s ( :at are call$ ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 viz4 ^? ( ,/4 ,james1 ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,john1 & ,/4 ,jude1 toge!r ) ! ,revelation or ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john4 ,a cr[d ( works circulat$ among ! ,*ri/ians ( ! #d & c5tury1 includ+ "s =g$ ,gospels & ,apocalypses1 ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,clem5t1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ie1 & ! allegory kn[n z ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #adj4 ,sev]al ( ^! works appe> to h enjoy$ a popul>ity 9 excess ( t :i* atta*$ to "s ( ! books n[ includ$ 9 ! canon4 ,nev]!less !y 7 reject$ :5 !y 7 exam9$4 ,x 0 n m]ely a wond]ful intellectual feat on ! "p ( ! ,*ur* to h sift$ out ?is mass ( lit]ature2 x 0 an action 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian _c fail to see ! h& ( ,god4 ,"o "q rema9s to be ask$ aft] draw+ ?is small sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ! canon4 ,:y is x t = sev]al g5]ations ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t v>i$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 conta9+ few] books 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r8 ,two reasons may be giv53 7i47 ,c]ta9 books at fir/ enjoy$ only a local popul>ity2 ?us ,hebrews 0 sav$ by ! value set ^u x by ! s*ol>s ( ,alex&ria1 & ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james by ! atta*m5t ( c]ta9 ,*ur*es 9 ! ,ea/4 7ii47 ,! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :5 translat$ into o!r languages1 7 n all translat$ toge!r4 ,! ,gospels 7 naturally translat$ fir/1 z conta9+ ! words ( our ,"l4 ,! o!r books foll[$ gradually4 ,int]e/+ in=mation is giv5 u ) reg>d to ! latt] fact by ! ,doctr9e ( ,addai1 a ,syriac book ( :i* ! pres5t =m dates f ab\t ,a4,d4 #djj1 b :i* appe>s to describe ! condition ( ! ,syrian ,*ur* 9 ! #crd c5tury4 ,! writ+s ( ,aphraates1 a ,syrian writ]1 ,a4,d4 #cch1 supplem5t ?is in=mation4 ,we f9d f ^! books t ab\t ,a4,d4 #afj ! ,syrian ,*ri/ians possess$ a translation ( ! ,gospels4 ,e>ly 9 ! #crd c5tury !y us$ a h>mony ( ! ,gospels ) ,acts & ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,9 ! #d? c5tury !y us$ also ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,x is fairly evid5t1 f ! ,doctr9e ( ,addai1 t only ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,gospels 7 at fir/ us$ by ! ,syrian ,*ri/ians1 & t ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les & ,acts arriv$ lat]4 ,& z late z #e ,a4,d4 #cch !y knew no?+ ( ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les & ,revelation1 ?\gh ^! books 7 well kn[n by ! ,*ri/ians :o spoke ,greek & ,lat94 ,sid5ote3 ,anci5t ,v]sions4 ,! mo/ anci5t v]sions or translations ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 9 ^? ?ree great languages spok5 by p :o t\*$ ! bord]s ( ! di/ricts :]e ,greek 0 spok54 ,^! 7 ,lat91 ,syriac1 & ! ,coptic language spok5 by ! ,egyptians4 ,x seems probable t a l>ge "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 translat$ into ^! languages )9 ab\t a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! "t ( ! apo/les4 ,! olde/ v]sion 9 any language closely ak9 to ,engli% 0 t made by ,ulphilas1 ! celebrat$ bi%op ( ! ,go?s1 :o translat$ ! ,bible f ,greek into ,go?ic ab\t ,a4,d4 #cej4 ,!re is a mo/ beautiful manuscript ( ?is v]sion pres]v$ at ,upsala1 9 ,sw$54 ,! ,go?s 7 !n settl$ 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,danube & ! ,dniep]4 ,z late z ! #ag? c5tury _! language 0 /ill spok5 9 "p ( ! s\? ( ,russia4 ,a c>efully revis$ translation ( ! ,lat9 ,bible 0 made by ,/4 ,j]ome betwe5 ,a4,d4 #chb & #djd1 & ?is v]sion came to be us$ by ! ,*ur* ?r\gh\t ! we/ ( ,europe4 ,sid5ote3 ,engli% ,v]sions4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john & p]haps ! o!r ,gospels 7 translat$ by ! pati5t hi/orian & monk1 ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 :o 0 buri$ at ,durham 9 ,a4,d4 #gca4 ,p>ts ( ! ,bible1 especially ! ,psalms1 7 soon fairly well kn[n ?r\gh translations4 ,k+ ,alfr$ 0 translat+ ! ,psalms :5 he di$1 9 ,a4,d4 #ija2 & soon aft] ,a4,d4 #ajjj1 ,ar*bi%op ,aelfric translat$ l>ge portions ( ! ,bible4 ,z ! language ( ,engl& gradually *ang$1 new v]sions ( ! ,psalms 7 made1 & mo/ ( ! ,bible 0 kn[n 9 a v]sion made be=e #acfj4 ,b p]haps !re 0 no complete v]sion ( ! ,bible 9 ,engli% until ! "t ( ,john ,wyclif 7#achj74 ,wyclif translat$ mo/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ( ?is v]sion1 & a prie/ nam$ ,h]e=d translat$ ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,wyclif held v>i\s #f op9ions :i* ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& at t "t condemn$1 & "s ( :i* %e /ill rightly condemns4 ,! result 0 t 9 #adab ,ar*bi%op ,arundel d5\nc$ ,wyclif's v]sion1 b x seems to h be5 revis$ & to h come into common use4 ,all ^! v]sions or p>tial v]sions 9 ! ,engli% language 7 made f ! ,lat94 ,b aft] ! ,turks captur$ ,con/ant9ople f ! ,greeks 9 #adec1 a numb] ( le>n$ ,greeks fl$ = refuge to ! we/ ( ,europe4 ,! result 0 t ,greek books began to be /udi$ aga91 & ! ,new ,te/am5t began to be read once m 9 ! orig9al language4 ,?ree important editions 7 pr9t$ 9 #aead1 #aeaf1 & #aeej respectively4 ,! fir/ 0 pr9t$ "u ! direction ( ! ,spani% ,c>d9al ,xim5es1 b ow+ to v>i\s causes 0 n publi%$ until #aebb4 ,! edition ( #aeaf 0 pr9t$ "u ! direction ( ! great ,dut* s*ol> ,erasmus4 ,t ( #aeej is important z be+ sub/antially ! receiv$ text :i* has appe>$ 9 ! ord9>y ,greek ,te/am5ts pr9t$ 9 ,engl& until ! pres5t day1 & z be+ ! f\ndation ( our ,engli% ,au?oris$ ,v]sion4 ,?is receiv$ text 0 pr9t$ by ,rob]t ,e/i5ne 7or ,/ephanus71 a great pr9t] ( ,p>is4 ,ab\t ! same "t a desire = a re=mation ( abuses 9 ! ,*ur* caus$ a deep] int]e/ to be tak5 9 ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,! fir/ ,engli% translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t %[s a desire = a re=mation ( a some:at extreme k9d4 ,x 0 ! v]sion ( ,william ,tyndale1 :i* 0 pr9t$ at ,worms 9 ,g]many1 9 #aebe4 ,9 #aecd ! ,convocation or ,*ur* ,p>liam5t ( ,engl& made a petition to ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 to all[ a bett] v]sion to be made4 ,! "w ( translation 0 int]rupt$ by an ord] to h an ,engli% ,bible 9 e *ur*4 ,z ! ,*ur* v]sion 0 n complet$1 a v]sion made 9 #aece by ,miles ,cov]dale _h to be us$ in/ead4 ,two o!r v]sions1 also some:at inf]ior1 appe>$ 9 #aecg & #aeci1 & !n a slightly improv$ v]sion call$ ! ,great ,bible appe>$ 9 ,april1 #aeci4 ,x is #g also call$ ,cranm]'s ,bible1 because ,ar*bi%op ,cranm] wrote a preface to ! second edition4 ,?ree o!r important v]sions 7 publi%$ be=e ! end ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,! ,calv9i/s1 :o 7 ! pr$ecessors ( ! mod]n ,presbyt]ians1 publi%$ a ,new ,te/am5t at ,g5eva 9 #aeeg1 foll[$ by ! :ole ,bible 9 #aefj4 ,! ,engli% bi%ops publi%$ :at is call$ ! ,bi%ops' ,bible 9 #aefh1 & ! ,roman ,ca?olics publi%$ an ,engli% ,new ,te/am5t at ,rheims 9 ,france1 9 #aehb4 ,we _c fail to be impress$ by ! eag] desire felt at t "t by ! p ( ,great ,brita91 ( all religi\s p>ties1 to /udy ! ,holy ,scriptures1 a desire to :i* ^! v>i\s translations be> witness4 ,all previ\s ,engli% v]sions 7 ?r[n into ! %ade by ! brilliant ,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 :i* 0 comm5c$ 9 #afjd & publi%$ 9 #afaa4 ,its beauty & accuracy are s great t ev5 ! ,presbyt]ians1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 gradually gave up ! use ( _! ,g5evan ,bible 9 fav\r ( ?is translation4 ,b s9ce #afaa hundr$s ( manuscripts h be5 discov]$ & exam9$4 ,textual criticism1 by :i* an endeav\r is made to discov] ! precise words writt5 by ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :]e discrepancies exi/ 9 ! manuscripts1 has become a sci5ce4 ,_m results ( ?is criticism h be5 embodi$ 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 publi%$ 9 #ahha4 ,! ,engli% ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion is n s musical z t ( ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 & x seems probable t a deep] k ( ! anci5t v]sions w be=e long enable u to advance ev5 beyond ! v]bal accuracy atta9$ 9 #ahha4 ,b at ! same "t we "k t bo? our mod]n ,engli% v]sions give u a noble & tru/wor?y int]pretation ( ! ,greek4 ,& criticism has made x c]ta9 t ! e>lie/ ,greek manuscripts are ess5tially ! same z ! orig9al books writt5 by ! apo/les & _! companions4 ,! manuscripts are almo/ utt]ly free f wilful corruptions4 ,& conc]n+ ! small v>iations :i* !y conta91 we #h c fitly quote ! words ( a f9e old ,engli% s*ol>1 ,b5tley3 ,ev5 put !m into ! h&s ( a knave or a fool1 & yet ) ! mo/ s9i/r\s & absurd *oice1 he %all n ext+ui% ! light ( any "o *apt]1 nor s disguise ,*ri/ianity b t e feature ( x w /ill be ! same4 ,= ! sake ( space ! works ( ! evangeli/s are (t5 ref]r$ to 9 an abbreviat$ =m2 e4g4 ,matt4 has be5 writt5 = ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w1 & ,m>k = ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,m>k4 ,b :5 ! writ]s !mselves are m5tion$1 _! names are usually giv5 9 full1 ) ! title :i* ,*ri/ian rev]5ce has be/[$ ^u ^! holy m5 ( old4 #a ,see ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,turn]1 ,j\rnal ( ,!ological ,/udies1 ,july1 #aijj4 #i ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,gospels ,sid5ote3 ,_! ,"n4 ,! mod]n ,engli% ^w ,gospel is d]iv$ f ! ,anglo-,saxon ^w ,godspell1 :i* means ,god /ory1 ! /ory ab\t ! life ( ,god 9 human fle%4 ,x does n1 !re=e1 exactly correspond ) ! ,greek "n euaggelion1 :i* means good tid+s4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times ! ,greek "n meant ! good tid+s proclaim$ by our ,"l ab\t ! ,k+dom ( ,god :i* ,he _h come to e/abli%4 ,&1 z our ,"l ,himself rules ov] ?is k+dom1 ! tid+s ab\t ! k+dom includ$ tid+s ab\t ,himself4 ,s ,*ri/ ,himself says1 = ,my sake & ! gospel's 7,m>k viii4 #ce74 ,aft] ! ,asc5sion ( our ,"l & ! disappe>ance ( ,8 visible pres5ce1 ! euaggelion came to mean ! good tid+s ab\t ,*ri/1 r ?an ! good tid+s br\ght by ,*ri/ 7see #a ,cor4 ix4 #ad & #b ,cor4 iv4 #d74 ,s ,/4 ,paul g5]ally means by euaggelion ! good news1 com+ f ,god1 ( salvation freely giv5 to man ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,:5 he speaks ( ,my gospel 7,rom4 ii4 #af71 he means my explanation ( ! gospel2 & :5 he says1 ,i _h be5 intru/$ ) ! gospel ( ! uncircumcision 7,gal4 ii4 #g71 he means t he _h be5 appo9t$ by ,god to prea* ! good tid+s to ! ,g5tiles1 ) special emphasis on ! po9ts mo/ necess>y = _! in/ruction4 ,! ^w euaggellon1 9 ! s5se ( a writt5 gospel1 is fir/ f\nd 9 ! anci5t ,*ri/ian manual call$ ! ,dida*1 or ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 9 *4 xv43 ,reprove "o #aj ano!r1 n 9 ang] b 9 peace1 z ye h x 9 ! gospel4 ,?is book 0 probably compos$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,! ^w seems to h be5 /ill m def9itely appli$ to a writt5 acc\nt ( ! life ( ,*ri/ 9 ! "t ( ! great h]etic ,m>cion1 ,a4,d4 #adj4 ,! plural ^w euaggelia1 signify+ ! ,f\r ,gospels1 is fir/ f\nd 9 a writ+ ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1#a ab\t ,a4,d4 #aeb4 ,x is important to notice t he also calls !m ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 & t he ref]s to !m collectively z ! ,gospel1 inasmu* z !y 71 9 ref]5ce to _! di/9ctive value z records ( ,*ri/1 "o book4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! ,g5u95ess4 ,! fir/ ?ree ,gospels d n conta9 ! "n ( ! writ]s 9 any connection :i* c be us$ to prove conclusively t !y 7 writt5 by ! m5 ^: names !y be>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f\r? ,gospel 9 a conclud+ passage 7,john xxi4 #bd7 conta9s an obvi\s claim to h be5 writt5 by t intimate fri5d ( ,jesus to :om ! ,*ur* has always attribut$ x4 ,b ! titles1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 accord+ to ,m>k1 accord+ to ,luke1 re/ on excell5t au?ority4 ,& !y imply t ea* book conta9s ! good news br\ght by ,*ri/ & record$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ! evangeli/ specifi$4 ,^! titles mu/1 at ! v lea/1 signify t ! ,*ri/ians :o fir/ gave ^! titles to ^! books1 meant t ea* ,gospel 0 connect$ ) "o p>ticul> p]son :o liv$ 9 ! apo/olic age1 & t x conta9$ no?+ contr>y to :at t p]son taught4 ,! titles1 tak5 by !mselves1 are !re=e compatible ) ! !ory t ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels 7 p]haps writt5 by fri5ds or disciples ( ! m5 ^: names !y be>4 ,b we %all aft]w>ds see t !re is ov]:elm+ evid5ce to %[ t ! connection betwe5 ea* book & ! specifi$ p]son is mu* clos] ?an t !ory w\ld sugge/4 ,speak+ ( ! f\r ,gospels g5]ally1 we may fir/ obs]ve t x is impossible to place any "o ( !m z late z ,a4,d4 #ajj1 #aa & t ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels mu/ h be5 writt5 long be=e t date4 ,?is is %[n by ! int]nal evid5ce1 ( :i* pro( w be giv5 9 detail 9 ! *apt]s deal+ ) ! sep>ate ,gospels4 ,! ext]nal evid5ce ( ! use ( all ! f\r ,gospels by ,*ri/ians1 & to "s ext5t by non-,*ri/ians1 supports ! int]nal evid5ce4 ,let u beg9 by not+ facts :i* are "p ( und\bt$ hi/ory1 & !n "w back to facts ( e>li] date4 ,x is n[ undisput$ t betwe5 ! ye>s #agj & #bjj aft] ,*ri/ our f\r ,gospels 7 kn[n & reg>d$ z g5u9e products ( ! apo/olic age4 ,/4 ,ir5aeus1 :o became ,bi%op ( ,lyons 9 ,france 9 ,a4,d4 #agg1 & 0 ! pupil ( ,polyc>p1 :o _h actually be5 a disciple ( ,/4 ,john1 uses & quotes ! f\r ,gospels4 ,he %[s t v>i\s semi-,*ri/ian sects appeal sev]ally to "o ( ! f\r ,gospels z support+ _! peculi> views1 b t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* accepts all f\r4 ,he lays great /ress on ! fact t ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* has always be5 ! same1 & he 0 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! /ate ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,rome1 & ,france4 ,8 evid5ce mu/ !re=e be consid]$ z c>ry+ great weight4 ,equally important is ! evid5ce ( ,tatian4 ,?is rem>kable ,syrian wrote a h>mony ( ! ,gospels ne> ,a4,d4 #afj4 ,allusions to ?is h>mony1 call$ ! ,diatess>on1 7 kn[n to exi/ 9 sev]al anci5t writ]s1 b until rec5tly x 0 /r5u\sly ma9ta9$ by sceptical writ]s t !re 0 n suffici5t evid5ce to prove t ! ,diatess>on 0 compos$ ( our pres5t ,gospels4 ,x 0 sugge/$ t x might h be5 drawn f o!r ,gospels m or less resembl+ ^? :i* we n[ possess4 ,?is idea has n[ be5 dispell$4 ,a great ,syrian fa!r1 ,ephraim1 :o di$ 9 #cgc1 wrote a comm5t>y on ! ,diatess>on4 ,?is 0 pres]v$ 9 an ,arm5ian translation :i* 0 made kn[n to ! _w 9 #ahgf4 ,! discov]y prov$ t ! ,diatess>on _h be5 drawn f our f\r ,gospels4 ,9 #ahhf an ,arabic v]sion ( ! ,diatess>on itself 0 f\nd1 & x #ab prov$ conclusively t ,tatian's ,diatess>on 0 simply a comb9ation ( our f\r canonical ,gospels4 ,ab\t ! same date z ,tatian1 a fam\s ,gno/ic writ] nam$ ,h]acleon wrote comm5t>ies on ,luke & ,john1 & x c also be %[n t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ,matt4 ,!re c !re=e be no d\bt t all our f\r ,gospels 7 well kn[n by ,a4,d4 #agj4 ,betwe5 ,a4,d4 #acj & #agj our ,gospels 7 also 9 use4 ,! mo/ important evid5ce is furni%$ by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 :o 0 born ne> ,sam>ia1 & lectur$ 9 ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #aeb4 ,he says ! apo/les h&$ d[n 9 ! ,memoirs made by !m1 :i* are call$ ,gospels2 he %[s t ^! ,memoirs 7 us$ 9 ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 & he says t !y 7 compil$ by ,*ri/'s apo/les & ^? :o compani$ ) !m4 ,?is exactly agrees ) ! fact t ! fir/ & ! f\r? ( our ,gospels are attribut$ by ! tradition ( ! ,*ur* to apo/les1 :ile ! second & ! ?ird are attribut$ to companions ( ! apo/les4 ,! quotations :i* ,ju/9 makes %[ t ^! ,memoirs 7 our f\r ,gospels4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ,ju/9 p]haps us$ "s apocryphal ,gospel 9 addition to our ,gospels1 b !re is no suffici5t pro( ( ?is4 ,we may expla9 t he uses ! t]m ,memoirs 9 ord] to make himself intelligible to non-,*ri/ian read]s :o w\ld n und]/& ! ^w ,gospel4 ,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 :i* 0 writt5 at ,rome1 probably ab\t ,a4,d4 #adj1 b p]haps e>li]1 uses expressions :i* imply an acqua9tance ) all our ,gospels1 ?\gh none ( !m are directly quot$4 ,moreov]1 ! ,%eph]d1 9 depict+ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* z seat$ on a b5* ) f\r feet1 probably ref]s to ! f\r ,gospels4 ,?is w\ld be 9 agreem5t ) ! allegorical /yle ( ! book1 & x ga9s support f ! language ( ,orig5 & ,ir5aeus4 ,! te/imony r5d]$ to ! au!nticity ( ! ,gospels by ! h]etics :o fl\ri%$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #acj & #agj is ( importance4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod1 ,basilides1 ! #ac great ,gno/ic ( ,alex&ria1 :o tri$ to replace ,*ri/ianity by a semi-,*ri/ian ,pan!ism1 appe>s to h us$ ,matt41 ,luke1 & ,john4 ,! fact t !y conta9 no?+ :i* really supports 8 peculi> t5ets1 =ms an argum5t :i* %[s t ! g5u95ess ( ^! docum5ts 0 !n too well e/abli%$ = x to be wor? 8 :ile to dispute x4 ,m>cion1 ^: tea*+ 0 half ,gno/ic & half ,ca?olic1 endeav\r$ to revive :at he imag9$ to be ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,/4 ,paul1 :om he reg>d$ z ! only true apo/le4 ,he believ$ t ,judaism 0 ! "w ( an inf]ior god1 & he !re=e reject$ ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & reta9$ only ! ,gospel writt5 by ,/4 ,luke1 ! fri5d ( ,/4 ,paul1 & t5 ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,mod]n writ]s h sometimes urg$ t ,m>cion's li/ ( ,new ,te/am5t books proves t all o!r p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 reg>d$ z d\btful ab\t ,a4,d4 #adj4 ,b x is q evid5t t ,m>cion1 unlike ^? ,gno/ics :o adapt$ uncong5ial books to _! own sy/ems by means ( allegorical explanations1 cut out ! books & v]ses :i* w\ld n correspond ) 8 own dogma4 ,9 spite ( 8 pret5d$ fidelity to ,/4 ,paul1 he mutilat$ n only ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel1 b ev5 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,s :]eas x is c]ta9 t he us$ our ,luke1 !re is no indication to %[ t he did n admit t ! o!r ,gospels 7 really ! "w ( ! writ]s ^: names !y be>4 ,9 ! p]iod betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ih1 :5 ! dea? ( ,/4 ,john probably took place1 & ,a4,d4 #acj1 we f9d sev]al signs ( acqua9tance ) ! ,gospels4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #acj1 ,papias1 ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 wrote a book call$ ,expositions ( ! ,oracles ( ! ,"l4 ,x may be reg>d$ z almo/ c]ta9 t ! ^w ,oracles signifies writt5 ,gospels1 j z 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! ^w signifies ! writt5 docum5ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he m5tions ,gospels writt5 by ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,m>k1 & we "k f ,eusebius t he made use ( #a ,john4 ,x is deeply to be regrett$ t we only h #ad a few rema9+ fragm5ts ( ! writ+s ( ?is e>ly bi%op1 :o 0 acqua9t$ ) m5 :o knew our ,"l's disciples4 ,9 ! lett]s ( ,/4 ,ignatius1 ! m>tyr$ ,bi%op ( ,antio*1 ,a4,d4 #aaj1 we f9d signs ( acqua9tance ) ,matt4 & ,john4 ,! ,epi/le writt5 by ,/4 ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians soon aft] ! dea? ( ,/4 ,ignatius conta9s quotations f ,matt4 & ,luke1 & ! quotations 9 x f #a ,john almo/ c]ta9ly imply ! au!nticity ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 z x is impossible to attribute ! ,epi/les to any writ] except ! writ] ( ! ,gospel4 ,! ,dida*1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj1 %[s acqua9tance ) ,matt4 & ,luke1 & conta9s e>ly ,eu*>i/ic pray]s ( :i* ! language closely resembles ! language ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 probably ab\t ,a4,d4 #ih1 conta9s :at is probably ! olde/ rema9+ quotation f a book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x says1 ,x is writt51 ,_m call$1 b few *os51 :i* appe>s to be a quotation f ,matt4 xxii4 #ad4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 writt5 to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,cor9? ab\t ,a4,d4 #ie1 is full ( ! phraseology ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 b conta9s no?+ t c be call$ a direct quotation f our ,gospels4 ,b x does conta9 :at are possibly traces ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 ?\gh ^! passages are p]haps quot$ f an oral ,gospel employ$ 9 ! in/ruction ( cate*um5s4 ,we mu/ conclude t1 consid]+ :at a l>ge am\nt ( e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature has p]i%$1 ! ext]nal evid5ce = ! au!nticity ( our ,gospels is rem>kably /rong4 ,!y are g5u9e writ+s ( ! apo/olic age1 & 7 receiv$ by m5 ^: lifetime ov]lapp$ ! lifetime ( "s ( ! apo/les4 ,9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature :i* rema9s1 !re is mu* :i* l5ds support to ! au!nticity ( ! ,gospels1 & no?+ :i* injures a belief 9 t au!nticity4 ,& !re are /rong reasons = ?9k+ t 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature :i* has p]i%$1 !re 0 mu* :i* w\ld h made a belief 9 _! au!nticity q inevitable4 ,x w\ld be an aid to mod]n /udy if we c\ld be c]ta9 #ae :5 & :]e ! f\r ,gospels 7 put toge!r 9 "o canon4 ,9 ! #d? & #e? c5turies x 0 believ$ by "s ,*ri/ians t ! collection _h be5 made at ,ephesus by ,/4 ,john himself1 & t he _h prefix$ ! names ( ! writ]s to ! ,gospels :5 he publi%$ 8 own ,gospel4 ,x is at pres5t impossible to discov] h[ f> ?is suppos$ fact is leg5d>y or n1 b mod]n criticism has done some?+ to corroborate ! idea t ! ,gospels 7 really collect$ fir/ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & if ,/4 ,john did n make ! collection himself1 x 0 probably made by 8 disciples soon aft] 8 dea?4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! ,div]sity4 ,if we comp>e ! f\r ,gospels toge!r1 x is z pla9 z daylight t !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels on ! "o h& & ! f\r? ,gospel on ! o!r h&4 ,! fir/ ?ree ,gospels are usually call$ ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 because !y give u "o synopsis or common view ( our ,"l's "w4 ,to a great ext5t !y record ! same ev5ts & ! same disc\rses1 & 9 _m passages !y express !mselves 9 almo/ id5tical words4 ,! acc\nt :i* !y give ( our ,"l's "w is mo/ly conf9$ to ,8 m9i/ry 9 ,galilee1 ! bir?place ( our religion1 & x includes only "o visit to ,j]usalem4 ,b ,/4 ,john's ,gospel diff]s widely 9 language f ! o!r ,gospels1 & also gives an acc\nt ( no less ?an five visits to ,j]usalem1 & *iefly describes ! sc5es connect$ ) our ,"l's m9i/ry 9 ,judaea4 ,:]eas our fir/ ?ree ,gospels c be appropriately pr9t$ 9 ?ree p>allel columns1 ! great] "p ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel _c be appropriately plac$ by ! side ( ! o!r ?ree4 ,ano!r mo/ important diff]5ce is t ,/4 ,john's ,gospel is m>k$ by a tone & tea*+ :i* are seldom to be f\nd 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,! diff]5ce 0 well express$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 :o calls ! ,synoptic ,gospels bodily & ,/4 ,john's ,gospel spiritual2 & by ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia1 :o says t ,/4 ,john decl>$ t d\btless x 0 n "r to omit #af ! facts told ) reg>d to ! soj\rn ( ,*ri/ 9 ! fle%1 b nei!r 0 x "r to omit ! words relat+ to ,8 ,div9ity4 ,= ! ,synoptic ,gospels relate ! outw>d ev5ts connect$ ) our ,"l's m9i/ry1 :ile ,/4 ,john records ! disc\rses & works :i* reveal our ,"l's heav5ly orig9 & div9e au?ority4 ,aga91 ! ,synoptic ,gospels report ,*ri/'s addresses to simple ,galilean p1 addresses consi/+ l>gely ( p>ables2 :ile ,/4 ,john reports disc\rses1 frequ5tly express$ 9 ! language ( allegory1 & utt]$ to ! ,jews ( ,j]usalem or to ,8 own intimate disciples4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,synoptic problem4 ,! ,synoptic problem consi/s 9 ! difficulties rais$ by ! fact t ! ,synoptic ,gospels %[ bo? a rem>kable simil>ity & a rem>kable dissimil>ity4 ,x is j because ! simil>ity is (t5 s a/oni%+ t we f9d x all ! m difficult to expla9 ! dissimil>ity :5 x exi/s4 ,a /udy ( ! ,synoptic problem is valuable = ! ,*ri/ian /ud5t1 inasmu* z x directs our att5tion to ! s\rces employ$ by ! evangeli/s1 & ?us leads u ne>] to ! actual ev5ts connect$ ) ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,,resemblances betwe5 ! ,synoptic ,gospels may be obs]v$ 9 ! foll[+ po9ts3-- 7a7 ,a common plan4--,! g5]al view ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts is almo/ id5tical4 ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke give sep>ate acc\nts ( ! infancy ( our ,"l1 b !y !n jo9 ) ,/4 ,m>k 9 _! acc\nt ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! baptism & temptation ( ,*ri/1 & ! beg9n+ ( ,8 m9i/ry4 ,lat] all ?ree direct _! att5tion ma9ly to ,*ri/'s "w 9 ,galilee1 :ile ,/4 ,john describes mu* t took place 9 ,judaea & ,sam>ia4 ,!y pass rapidly ov] "s consid]able space ( "t until !y come to ! la/ week ( ,8 life1 :]e all ?ree give a detail$ acc\nt4 7b7 ,a common selection ( facts4--,by f> ! l>g] numb] ( bo? ev5ts & disc\rses are f\nd 9 all ?ree ,gospels4 ,if any?+ is record$ 9 ,m>k x is g5]ally to be f\nd 9 #ag ,matt4 & ,luke1 & almo/ always 9 ei!r ,matt4 or ,luke4 ,if ! :ole numb] ( incid5ts 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels be reckon$ z eighty-eight1 ! di/ribution ( ! incid5ts %>$ by at lea/ two ,gospels is z foll[s3-- ,9 all ?ree ,gospels 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #db ,9 ,m>k & ,matt4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ab ,9 ,m>k & ,luke 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #e ,9 ,matt4 & ,luke 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ab ,if we add ! above toge!r1 we realize t sev5ty-"o incid5ts out ( a total ( eighty-eight are to be f\nd 9 m ?an "o ,gospel4 ,( ! rema9+ sev5te5 incid5ts1 ?ree are peculi> to ,m>k1 five to ,matt41 & n9e to ,luke4 7c7 ,simil> gr\ps ( incid5ts4--,n only is !re a common selection ( facts1 b deta*$ ev5ts :i* happ5$ at diff]5t times are sometimes gr\p$ toge!r 9 ! same way 9 all ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels or 9 two ( ! ?ree4 ,?us 9 all ?ree we f9d toge!r ! cure ( ! p>alytic1 ! call ( ,levi1 & ! "q ( fa/+ 7,matt4 ix4 #a-ag2 ,m>k ii4 #a-bb2 ,luke v4 #ag-ci72 s also ! pluck+ ( ! e>s ( corn & ! cure ( ! )]$ h&--ev5ts sep>at$ by at lea/ a week 7,matt4 xii4 #a-ba2 ,m>k ii4 #bc-;iii4 #f2 ,luke vi4 #a-aa74 ,?us also ! dea? ( ,john ! ,bapti/ is introduc$ bo? 9 ,matt4 xiv4 #c & 9 ,m>k vi4 #ag to expla9 ! fe> felt by ,h]od ,antipas t he _h ris5 f ! dead4 ,9 fact1 :5 a p>allel passage is f\nd 9 all ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels1 x is nev] imm$iately foll[$ 9 bo? ,matt4 & ,luke by a :ole sep>ate incid5t :i* is n 9 ,m>k4#b ,!re is a g5]al t5d5cy 9 ,matt4 & ,luke to n>rate ! same facts z ,m>k 9 ! ord] ( ,m>k4 ,& !re=e x is difficult to ?9k t ! orig9al basis ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 :e!r writt5 or unwritt51 did n co9cide closely ) ,m>k 9 ! ord] ( ev5ts4 #ah 7d7 ,simil>ity ( language4--,! ,synoptic ,gospels (t5 agree v]bally4 ,& ?is agreem5t is n m]ely f\nd 9 ! reports ( ! say+s ( our ,"l1 b ev5 9 ! n>rative ( ev5ts4 ,x ext5ds ev5 to r>e ,greek words & phrases4 ,! clauses are (t5 rem>kably simil>4 ,sometimes quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t are f\nd 9 two or ?ree ,gospels ) ! same v>iations f ! orig9al4 ,matt4 iii4 #c1 ,m>k i4 #c1 & ,luke iii4 #d h ! same quotation f ,isa4 xl4 #c1 9 :i* !y agree 9 e ^w1 al?\gh at ! end !y dep>t 9 ! same way f bo? ! ,hebrew & ! ,greek v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 = !y put ,8 pa?s in/ead ( ! pa?s ( our ,god4 ,ano!r int]e/+ in/ance is to be f\nd 9 ,matt4 xxvi4 #dg1 ,m>k xiv4 #dc1 & ,luke xxii4 #dg1 :]e all ?ree evangeli/s1 app>5tly )\t any necessity1 expla9 t ,judas 0 "o ( ! twelve4 ,aga9 9 ,matt4 xxiv4 #ae1 #af1 & ,m>k xiii4 #ad1 we h ! note or p>5!sis let him t reade? und]/&1 :i* "o evangeli/ seems to h copi$ f ! o!r4 ,! ,,diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,synoptic ,gospels may be obs]v$ 9 ! foll[+ facts3-- 7a7 ,facts peculi> to "o or two ,gospels4--,!re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! acc\nt ( ! bir? & infancy ( our ,"l giv5 9 ,matt4 & t giv5 9 ,luke4 ,9 ,matt4 we h record$ an angelic communication to ,/4 ,joseph conc]n+ ! future bir? ( ,jesus4 ,9 ,luke1 an e>li] & full] annunciation to ,/4 ,m>y is record$4 ,9 ,matt4 ! /ory ( ! infancy is c5tr$ at ,be?lehem1 9 ,luke at ,naz>e?4 ,! acc\nts giv5 ( ! appe>ances ( our ,"l aft] ! ,resurrection record diff]5t ev5ts4 ,9 ,matt4 & ,m>k ,galilee is ! sc5e ( ,8 appe>ances1 9 ,luke ! sc5e is laid 9 ,j]usalem & its neighb\rhood4 ,!re is n ! lea/ reason = reg>d+ ^! acc\nts z contradictory1 b !re is reason = inquir+ :y ! diff]5t writ]s select$ diff]5t appe>ances4 #ai 7b7 ,diff]5t acc\nts ( ! same facts4--,! ?ree di/9ct incid5ts ( ! temptation ( our ,"l are record$ 9 a diff]5t ord] 9 ,matt4 & ,luke1 & ! temptation is record$ )\t ^! incid5ts 9 ,m>k4 ,/4 ,luke's v]sion ( ! ,beatitudes is r$uc$ 9 numb]1 & is foll[$ by correspond+ d5unciations4 ,9 ,m>k x4 #df & ,matt4 x4 #bi we h ! cure ( ,b>timaeus on ! dep>ture f ,j]i*o1 9 ,luke xviii4 #ce1 xix4 #a at ! entrance ( ! city4 ,9 ,matt4 viii4 #bh !re are two demoniacs1 :ile 9 ,m>k v4 #b & ,luke viii4 #bg1 :i* seem to n>rate ! same ev5t1 only "o demoniac is m5tion$4 ,all ! ,synoptic ,gospels give slightly diff]5t acc\nts ( ! inscription on ! cross1 & ! words spok5 by ! c5turion at ! dea? ( ,jesus v>y 9 ,luke f ! words 9 ,matt4 & ,m>k4 7c7 ,diff]5ces 9 ! ord] ( words & s5t5ces4--,al?\gh ,matt4 & ,luke d n comb9e aga9/ ,m>k 9 n>rat+ a :ole incid5t 9 an ord] diff]5t f ,m>k1 x is important to notice t !re are "s cases 9 :i* ,matt4 & ,m>k agree aga9/ ,luke1 or ,m>k & ,luke agree aga9/ ,matt4 ,& we mu/ n omit a significant in/ance :]e ,matt4 & ,luke agree aga9/ ,m>k 9 ! ord] ( "p ( an incid5t4 ,9 ,matt4 iii4 #aa1 #ab & ,luke iii4 #af1 ,i inde$ baptize y ) wat]1 etc41 comes be=e1 9 ,m>k i4 #g1 #h x comes aft]1 ! description ( ,jesus z ,he t is mighti] ?an ,i4 ,no d\bt "o au?or :o copies ano!r may (t5 omit some?+ /at$ by ! fir/ au?or4 ,b1 surely1 he is n v likely to inv]t ! ord] ( ! mat]ials be=e him1 especially :5 no obvi\s purpose c be s]v$ by su* an inv]sion4 ,ano!r in/ance ( inv]sion is ?is3 9 ,m>k ix4 #ab1 #ac ! rejection ( ! ,son ( ,man is m5tion$ by our ,"l betwe5 two /atem5ts ( ,8 ab\t ,ehas1 9 ,matt4 xvii4 #ab x is m5tion$ aft] bo? /atem5ts4 ,su* inv]sions w\ld naturally take place 9 ! case ( oral transmission ( ! sacr$ /ory1 b !y w\ld be less likely 9 ! case ( "o writ] copy+ ano!r4 #bj 7d7 ,v]bal diff]5ces4--,/rik+ v]bal diff]5ces occur ev5 :5 ! g5]al resemblance is mo/ close4 ,9 ,matt4 ix4 #a-ag1 ,m>k ii4 #a-bb1 ,luke v4 #ag-ci1 !re are v]bal *anges ev5 :]e ! s5t5ces closely co9cide4 ,o!r in/ances might be quot$4 ,all ?ree evangeli/s h a /yle ( _! own1 & %[ a m>k$ pref]5ce = p>ticul> idioms & words4 ,9 n>rat+ ! say+s ( our ,"l1 !y n>rate !m ) "s v]bal diff]5ces1 & 9 ! case ( ! hi/ory ( ,8 m9i/ry1 !y n>rate x ) num]\s v]bal diff]5ces4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke1 if !y us$ ,/4 ,m>k's "w1 felt !mselves at lib]ty to deal ) x v freely4 ,! above brief acc\nt ( ! *ief resemblances & diff]5ces betwe5 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels is an attempt to give a fair ?\gh cond5s$ /atem5t ( c]ta9 facts :i* appeal ) diff]5t =ce to diff]5t m9ds4 ,h[ came ^! ,gospels to be s alike & yet s diff]5t8 ,?is is ! ,synoptic problem1 & great div]g5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to ! solution4 ,sid5ote3 ,possible solutions4 ,! mo/ important views prop\nd$ to solve ! problem are-- 7#a7 ,bo? ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke copi$ ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k1 :ile n omitt+ to make use ( o!r docum5ts4 ,9 ! case ( ,/4 ,luke1 8 acqua9tance ) e>li] writt5 /ories ab\t our ,"l is r5d]$ indisputable by 8 own /atem5t4 ,sometimes x has be5 ?\ght t ,/4 ,luke made use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w z well z ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,m>k4 ,?is !ory is mo/ appropriately call$ ! !ory ( ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ! docum5ts4 7#b7 ,! ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels put d[n 9 writ+ diff]5t1 b closely simil> =ms ( an oral tradition conc]n+ ! tea*+ ( our ,"l4 ,x is ?\ght t ! /atem5ts made by ! apo/les ab\t ,*ri/ 7 repeat$ by !m & occasionally add$ to1 & treasur$ up 9 fai?ful memories4 #ba ,! idea ( a lit]>y connection betwe5 ! ,gospels is dismiss$1 & x is held t ! me?ods ( tea*+ employ$ among ! ,jews1 & ! probable exi/5ce ( a s*ool ( tra9$ cate*i/s1 w acc\nt suffici5tly = ! fix$ =m ( ! tradition4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,synoptic ,gospels are to be expla9$ by ! necessity ( tea*+ diff]5t aspects ( ! tru? among diff]5t classes ( inquir]s1 & by ! fluctuat+ memories ( ! tea*]s4 ,?is !ory is kn[n z ! oral !ory4#c 7#c7 ,! ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels are bas$ ^u "o orig9al ,gospel writt5 9 ! ,aramaic language4 ,a l>ge numb] ( v]bal v>iations c ?us be acc\nt$ =4 ,!y might h sprung f diff]5t r5d]+s ( ! same ,aramaic orig9al1 & v>i\s passages d]iv$ f oral tradition might h be5 add$ to ! orig9al ,gospel :5 x 0 translat$4 ,x has be5 held by "s t !re 0 at lea/ an ,aramaic docum5t beh9d ,m>k1 if !re 0 n an ,aramaic orig9al employ$ by all ! ,synoptics4 ,! diff]5t =ms ( ?is hypo!sis c be describ$ z ! !ory ( an ,aramaic orig9al4 ,x is n[ g5]ally believ$ t ! ?ree evangeli/s did n employ "o orig9al ,aramaic ,gospel4 ,! agreem5t betwe5 ! ,greek words ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels is too close to be expla9$ by ! use ( an ,aramaic orig9al4 ,! real controv]sy1 !re=e1 lies betwe5 ! s*ol>s :o support !ory 7#a7 or !ory 7#b74 ,sid5ote3 ,probable conclusions4 ,on ! :ole1 x appe>s t a g5]al agreem5t is be+ arriv$ at4 ,x is becom+ evid5t t ! !ory ( ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ! docum5ts & ! oral !ory are bo? p>tly true1 & t nei!r ( !m c be held 9 an extreme =m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! resemblances betwe5 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels make x extremely probable t ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke #bb employ$ ! "w ( ,/4 ,m>k4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & ,france ! op9ion ( s*ol>s seems /eadily t5d+ t[>ds ?is conclusion4 ,! *ief reasons = x are und\bt$ly t 7i47 ! ord] ( facts 9 ,m>k is ! normal ord] ( ! :ole n>rative ( ! ,synopti/s1 & 7ii47 9 ! ma91 ! language ( ,m>k expla9s ! v]bal agreem5ts betwe5 ,matt4 & ,luke4 ,!re=e among ! probable conclusions ) reg>d to ! ,synoptic problem we mu/ reckon ! fact t ,m>k is e>li] ?an ,matt4 & ,luke1 & 0 employ$ 9 ! composition ( !m bo?4 ,?is is ! fir/ important conclusion4 ,b we mu/ also all[ room = ! influ5ce ( oral tradition4 ,we h already notic$ _m diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,synopti/s1 all ( :i* m or less sugge/ t ! ,gospels are l>gely bas$ on oral tradition4 ,we may n[ m5tion a few o!r facts :i* po9t 9 ! same direction4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* ,matt4 or ,luke has a m decid$ appe>ance ( orig9ality ?an ,m>k4 ,^! cases include words1 phrases1 & ev5 sections4 ,= in/ance1 ,matt4 employs sev]al times ! phrase ! ,fa!r :o is 9 heav51 a phrase :i* our ,"l mu/ c]ta9ly h us$1 b :i* 9 ,m>k only occurs once 7xi4 #be74 ,m>k i4 #dj-de1 ii4 #a-ab1 iii4 #a-f1 x4 #ce1 appe> less orig9al ?an ! p>allel passages 9 ! o!r ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,moreov]1 !re are /atem5ts 9 ,matt4 ( a /rik+ k9d1 :i* are n at all likely to h be5 inv5t$1 b :i* are entirely abs5t f ,m>k4 ,we may notice ! texts1 ,g n into any way ( ! ,g5tiles1 & ent] n into any city ( ! ,sam>itans2 b g r to ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel 7,matt4 x4 #e1 #f72 & aga91 ,i 0 n s5t b unto ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel 7,matt4 xv4 #bd74 ,9 bo? cases ! context has a p>allel 9 ,m>k1 b ! v]ses 9 "q d n occur 9 ^? p>allels4 ,also !re are c]ta9 passages to be f\nd 9 ,m>k :i* are 9 nei!r ,luke nor ,matt4 ,if we believe t ! ,gospels #bc are l>gely bas$ on oral tradition1 x is easy to acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( a passage 9 "o or two ( ! ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,an incid5t :i* 0 rememb]$ 9 "o place might be =gott5 9 ano!r4 ,b if we exclude ! influ5ce ( oral tradition1 !re are only two solutions ( ! problem rais$ by ^! passages4 ,ei!r 7a7 ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke 7 ignorant ( !m1 because !y 7 add$ to ,m>k lat] ?an ! date :5 !y us$ ,m>k2 or 7b7 !y knew !m & omitt$ !m4 ,9 o!r words1 we h to ask1 ,did !y use an orig9al =m ( ! second ,gospel1 a =m to :i* ,g]man s*ol>s apply ! "n ,ur-,m>cus & ,fr5* s*ol>s apply ! "n ,proto-,m>c1 or did !y omit passages 9 ,m>k :i* sugge/$ difficulties or appe>$ unnecess>y8 ,! ma9 argum5t aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( a ,proto-,m>k is t nei!r ,papias nor any kn[n ,fa!r ( ! ,*ur* pres]ves ! lea/ recollection ( x4 ,x has simply be5 inv5t$ to acc\nt = ! difficulties ( ! ,synoptic problem4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke delib]ately abbreviat$ or alt]$ ! n>rative ( ,/4 ,m>k1 we mu/ naturally inquire :y !y did s4 ,! au?ors :o ma9ta9 t !y did alt] ! mat]ial :i* lay be=e !m1 acc\nt = "s ( ! *anges z hav+ be5 made f a m]e desire to abbreviate1 or to remove a few v]ses :i* might prove h>d say+s to ,jewi% or ,g5tile ,*ri/ians respectively4 ,"s ?9k t o!r passages 9 ,m>k 7 emitt$ because ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke consid]$ !m to be d]ogatory to our ,"l's p[] or ! "* ( ,8 apo/les4 ,= in/ance1 ,/4 ,mat!w omits ! rebuke adm9i/]$ to ! apo/les 9 ,m>k viii4 #ag1 #ah1 & he does n m5tion our ,"l's use ( spittle z a means ( heal+4 ,he also 9 *4 xiii4 #ee repres5ts ! ,jews z call+ our ,"l ! c>p5t]'s son1 :]eas 9 ,m>k vi4 #c !y call ,him ! c>p5t]4 ,?is latt] l9e ( argum5t is (t5 haz>d\s & occasionally pr(ane4 ,& 9 special ref]5ce to ! po9ts j #bd describ$1 we may rem>k t ,/4 ,mat!w 9 *4 xiv4 #bh-cc does n hesitate to record ! weakness ( ev5 ,/4 ,pet]'s fai?2 & t ,/4 ,john1 al?\gh he gives ! greate/ prom95ce to ! maje/y ( our ,"l1 does 9 *4 ix4 #f record ,8 use ( spittle 9 heal+4 ,& if ,/4 ,mat!w ?\ght x irrev]5t to record ! fact t ! ,jews call$ ,jesus ! c>p5t]1 he might h naturally %runk f> m f say+1 z he does1 t !y nam$ ,him ! c>p5t]'s son1 a title :i* might seem to imply an ignor+ ( ,8 miracul\s bir?4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t we mu/ be cont5t to ackn[l$ge t we _c always det]m9e ! reasons :i* influ5c$ ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke1 b we c say t 9 "s cases !y 7 probably influ5c$ by ! m]e desire to abbreviate1 & t !y 7 also influ5c$ by ! =ms :i* ! oral tea*+ ( ! ,gospel _h assum$4 ,we may also reg>d x z almo/ c]ta9 t ,/4 ,luke sometimes alt]$ words 9 ,/4 ,m>k's n>rative simply because he pref]r$ a m elegant & less homely =m ( ,greek4 ,! textual criticism ( ! olde/ manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t also po9ts to ! fact t = a few g5]ations1 :5 rem9isc5ces ( our ,"l & ,8 apo/les 7 /ill h&$ d[n1 writ]s occasionally tri$ to make room = ^! rem9isc5ces :5 !y copi$ ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,a fam\s in/ance ( ?is is ,john vii4 #ec-viii4 #aa1 :i* 0 almo/ c]ta9ly n writt5 by ,/4 ,john1 & is almo/ c]ta9ly a g5u9e /ory :i* ! apo/le knew1 & :i* ,*ri/ians aft]w>ds ins]t$ 9 8 ,gospel4 ,we believe1 !n1 t all ! ,synoptic ,gospels are influ5c$ by oral tradition4 ,?is is ! second important conclusion4 ,?irdly1 x seems t ,matt4 & ,luke1 & p]haps ,m>k1 made use ( writt5 collections ( ,logia1 or say+s ( our ,"l4 ,evid5ce ( "o su* collection comes to u on ! high au?ority ( ,papias4 ,he says-- ,mat!w !n compos$ ! ,logia 9 ! ,hebrew tongue1 & e "o int]pret$ !m z he 0 able4 #be ,an equally important /atem5t :i* ,papias makes ) reg>d to ! composition ( ,m>k1 is made on ! au?ority ( ,john ! ,presbyt] :o _h be5 a p]sonal foll[] ( ! ,"l & 0 an eld] contempor>y ( ,papias4 ,x is at lea/ possible t ,papias d]iv$ 8 in=mation ab\t ,matt4 f ! same au?ority4 ,x is almo/ inconceivable t betwe5 ! "t ( ,papias & t ( ,ir5aeus1 ^: life probably ov]lapp$ t ( ,papias1 ! "n ( ,mat!w became wrongly affix$ to our fir/ ,gospel4 ,we may !re=e reg>d x z c]ta9 t 9 our fir/ ,gospel is conta9$ ! book ( say+s1 :i* ,/4 ,mat!w himself wrote4 ,9 our ?ird ,gospel we f9d t ,/4 ,luke has ins]t$ mu* in=mation ) reg>d to our ,"l's tea*+ :i* is app>5tly d]iv$ f a v]sion ( ! ,logia4 ,! ord] ( ! say+s is m orig9al 9 ,luke ?an 9 ,matt4 ,! reason = ?is ass]tion is ! foll[+3-- ,! two evangeli/s arrange ! say+s ( our ,"l diff]5tly4 ,9 m ?an two-?irds ( ! in/ances 9 :i* !y seem to employ "s collection ( ,logia1 !y place _! mat]ials 9 a diff]5t sett+4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t ,/4 ,mat!w places ! disc\rses ( our ,"l toge!r 9 l>ge blocks1 :ile ,/4 ,luke records !m sep>ately1 & 9 _m cases records ! circum/ances :i* l$ up to !m4 ,in/ances ( ?is are--,! ,"l's ,pray] 7,matt4 vi4 #i-ac & ,luke xi4 #a-d72 ! treasure & ! he>t 7,matt4 vi4 #ai-ba & ,luke xii4 #cc1 #cd72 ,god & ,mammon 7,matt4 vi4 #bd & ,luke xvi4 #ac74 ,x w\ld !re=e seem pla9 t ei!r "o evangeli/ or ! o!r alt]$ ! places ( ^! disc\rses4 ,exam9ation makes x equally pla9 t ! alt]ation 0 made 9 ,matt4 ,mu* ( ,matt4 is arrang$ 9 num]ical =ms1 & ?is is especially true ( ^? passages :i* are n d]iv$ f ,m>k4 ,! numb]s #e1 #aj1 & #g are us$ z helps to memory4 ,?us 9 ,matt4 we f9d five *apt]s 7call$ by ! ,jews ,p]eqs7 ( ! say+s ( our ,"l1 end+ respectively at vii4 #bh2 xi4 #a2 xiii4 #ec1 xix4 #a2 xxvi4 #a4 ,! #bf numb] five 0 a fav\rite numb] ) ! ,jews 9 su* cases2 ?us we h five books ( ! ,p5tateu*1 five books ( ! ,psalms1 ! five ,megillo? or fe/ival volumes1 & ! five p>ts ( ! ,pirqe ,abo?4 ,9 *s4 viii4 & ix4 we h a collection ( t5 miracles1 9 spite ( ! fact t ?ree ( ^! miracles are plac$ else:]e by ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,luke4 ,! petitions ( ! ,"l's ,pray] are arrang$ z sev51 !re are sev5 p>ables 9 *4 xiii41 sev5 woes 9 *4 xxiii41 & ! g5ealogy ( our ,"l is arrang$ 9 ?ree f\rte5s4 ,z ^! num]ical arrangem5ts are specially *>act]i/ic ( ,matt41 & c]ta9ly appe> to be caus$ by a desire to aid oral repetition1 we are l$ to ! conclusion t ! ,logia are to be f\nd 9 a less artificial & !re=e e>li] =m 9 ,luke4 ,we are also l$ once m to ! conclusion t ?\gh we _c say t ! :ole ( ,matt4 owes its =m to oral tea*+1 yet _m sections ( x are m\ld$ by oral tea*+4 ,x mu/ la/ly be not$ t al?\gh ! collection ( ,logia employ$ 9 ,luke conta9$ mu* mat]ial :i* is also f\nd 9 ,matt41 ! p>allel passages v>y consid]ably 9 /yle & language4 ,exam9ation ( ^! passages seldom enables u to prove :at expressions 7 specially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,logia4 ,b we c ass]t ) a fair am\nt ( confid5ce t ! v]sion1 or v]sions1 ( ! ,logia s employ$1 _h a simple & ,hebraic /yle2 & t :]eas ,luke has kept ! ord] ( ! ,logia bett] ?an ,matt41 ! latt] pres]ves ! /yle m fai?fully4 ,9 addition to ,m>k & collections ( ! ,logia1 ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke employ$ o!r s\rces n[ unkn[n to u4 ,! n>ratives ( ! infancy & ! ,resurrection are indep5d5t1 & are s diff]5t t !y po9t bo? to ! fact t ! two evangeli/s 7 "h employ+ diff]5t s\rces1 & t ea* 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! ,gospel writt5 by ! o!r4 ,also1 ,/4 ,luke's acc\nt ( our ,"l's m9i/ry 9 ,p]aea & else:]e1 conta9$ 9 ix4 #ea-xix4 #bh1 is peculi> to 8 ,gospel4 ,sid5ote3 ,! relation ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel to ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! !ological tone ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel & t :i* we f9d 9 ! ,synopti/s is m5tion$ #bg 9 our acc\nt ( ! sep>ate ,gospels4 ,besides ?is diff]5ce ( tone1 !re is a decid$ diff]5ce 9 ! m>* ( ! ev5ts :i* are record$ & "s diff]5ce 9 ! n>rative ( passages :i* are p>allel4 ,! fir/ r\gh impression :i* we ga!r f ! ,synopti/s is t our ,"l did n visit ,j]usalem until %ortly be=e ! ,crucifixion4 ,mat!w & ,m>k ref] to "o ,passov] only = :i* ,jesus comes to ,j]usalem4 ,! sc5e ( ,8 m9i/ry is ,galilee4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! c5tre ( int]e/ 9 ,john is n ,galilee1 b ,j]usalem & ,judaea4 ,b a m9ute exam9ation proves t ! n>rative ( ,/4 ,john fits t ( ! ,synopti/s 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,synopti/s give u h9ts ( our ,"l's e>li] visits to ,judaea & ,j]usalem4 ,9 ,luke iv4 #dd 7see m>g9 ,r4,v47 we f9d ,him prea*+ 9 ! synagogues ( ,judaea 7cf4 ,acts x4 #cg74 ,9 ,luke v4 #ag ! pres5ce 9 ,galilee ( ,ph>isees f ,j]usalem is a te/imony to ! impression :i* ,*ri/ _h produc$ 9 ! holy city4 ,bo? ,matt4 7xxiii4 #cg7 & ,luke 7xiii4 #cd7 record ! lam5t ( our ,"l1 ,o ,j]usalem1 4 4 4 h[ (t5 w\ld ,i1 etc4 ,s f ,john iv4 #c1 #dc we le>n ( our ,"l return+ to ,galilee aft] ,8 fir/ visit to ,j]usalem4 ,?is second j\rney into ,galilee record$ by ,/4 ,john br+s u to a po9t correspond+ ) ! e>ly days ( ! m9i/ry 9 ,galilee describ$ by ! ,synopti/s4 ,9 ,john vi4-vii4 #i we h n>ratives connect$ ) ,galilee1 & ?is section belongs to an int]val ( "t betwe5 ! approa* ( ,passov] 9 ,m>* ,a4,d4 #bh & ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 9 ,septemb] ,a4,d4 #bh4 ,( ?is p]iod ! ,synopti/s give a mu* full] acc\nt4 ,! "q ( ! l5g? ( our ,"l's m9i/ry is ?us intimately connect$ ) t ( ! sc5e ( ,8 m9i/ry4 ,/4 ,john m>ks ! l5g? ( our ,"l's m9i/ry1 n by ord9>y *ronology1 b by ! m5tion ( v>i\s ,jewi% fea/s4 ,! dates ( ^! fea/s %[ t ,8 m9i/ry la/$ two ye>s & a half4 ,! abs5ce ( dates 9 ! ,synopti/s #bh has l$ to ! op9ion t !y repres5t our ,"l's m9i/ry z only ext5d+ ov] "o ye>4 ,?is op9ion may be summ>ily dismiss$4 ,! m5tion ( ripe corn 9 ,m>k ii4 #bc1 & gre5 grass 9 vi4 #ci1 implies two spr+-times be=e ! la/ ,passov]4 ,x is impossible to compress ! tea*+ :i* ! ,synoptic ,gospels relate into ! p]iod ( "o ye>1 & !y %[ a ho/ility t[>ds ,*ri/ on ! "p ( ! rul+ classes 9 ,j]usalem :i* c\ld n h suffici5tly f]m5t$ 9 ! space ( a few mon?s4 ,we may also notice t !re is a close agreem5t betwe5 ! ,synopti/s & ,/4 ,john ) reg>d to ! po9ts on :i* ! conflict betwe5 ,*ri/ & ! ,jews turn$ 7cf4 ,matt4 xvi4 #a-d1 ,m>k viii4 #aa-ac1 ,luke xi4 #af1 #bi-cb1 ) ,john ii4 #ah74 ,! ,jews specially *>g$ ,him ) be+ possess$ by a devil 7cf4 ,matt4 xii4 #bd1 ,m>k iii4 #bb1 ,luke xi4 #ae1 ) ,john viii4 #dh & x4 #ai71 & also ) break+ ! sabba? 7cf4 ,matt4 xii4 #i1 ,m>k iii4 #a1 ,luke vi4 #f1 xiii4 #aj1 ) ,john v4 #aj1 vii4 #bb1 ix4 #ad74 ,! dates ( two important incid5ts h be5 ! subjects ( mu* discussion4 ,a cleans+ ( ! temple by our ,"l is relat$ by ! ,synopti/s at ! close ( our ,"l's m9i/ry 7,m>k xi4 #ae74 ,john ii4 #ad places a cleans+ ( ! temple at ! v beg9n+ ( our ,"l's m9i/ry4 ,if we h to *oose betwe5 "o record & ! o!r1 we %\ld p]haps be incl9$ to say t ! n>rative 9 ,john is ! m probable4 ,b !re is no good reason = mak+ su* a *oice4 ,no "o :o is at all famili> ) ! hi/ory ( ! abuses :i* took place 9 "s m$iaeval *ur*es w\ld f9d a difficulty 9 believ+ t ! temple ne$$ a second cleans+ by our ,"l4 ,! fir/ cleans+ is ! natural outcome ( ,8 righte\s indignation 9 behold+ = ! fir/ "t ! holie/ place 9 ! _w giv5 up to common traffic1 ! second cleans+ is appropriate 9 ,him :o _h !n op5ly proclaim$ ,8 div9e au?ority & ,messiah%ip4 ,! day ( our ,"l's dea? is a date ab\t :i* !re is an app>5t discrepancy betwe5 ! ,synopti/s & ,/4 ,john4 #bi ,! discrepancy has be5 elevat$ into mom5t\s importance by ! sceptics ( ! la/ sixty ye>s1 & has be5 employ$ z "o ( ! mo/ =midable argum5ts aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel4 ,! argum5t employ$ by ^! critics is z foll[s3--7#a7 ,! ,synoptic ,gospels conta9 ! orig9al apo/olic tradition1 & !y agree 9 /at+ t ,jesus celebrat$ ! ord9>y ,jewi% passov] on ! ev5+ betwe5 ! #ad? & #ae? ( ! mon? ,nisan2 !y !re=e repres5t ! crucifixion z tak+ place on ! #ae?1 aft] ! passov] _h be5 eat54 7#b7 ,! f\r? ,gospel places ! ,la/ ,supp] on ! ev5+ betwe5 ! #ac? & ! #ad? ( ,nisan4 ,x !re=e repres5ts ! crucifixion z tak+ place on ! #ad?1 & tacitly d5ies t ,*ri/ ate ! usual ,jewi% passov]4 7#c7 ,! ,*ur*es ( ! prov9ce ( ,asia1 :i* 7 f\nd$ by ,/4 ,john1 7 accu/om$ 9 ! #bnd c5tury to keep _! passov] on ! #ad? ( ,nisan1 & decl>$ t !y d]iv$ _! cu/om f ,/4 ,john4 ,!y consequ5tly believ$ t ,*ri/ di$ on ! #ae?1 & t ,he ate ! usual ,jewi% ,passov]4 7#d7 ,!re=e ! f\r? ,gospel 0 n writt5 by ,/4 ,john1 b by a =g] :o wi%$ to emphasize ! break betwe5 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is argum5t c be turn$ ) fatal =ce aga9/ ! critics :o made x4 ,x is no d\bt true t ,/4 ,john by num]\s indications 7xiii4 #a2 xviii4 #bh2 xix4 #ad1 #ca7 implies t ! ,la/ ,supp] 0 eat5 ! day be=e ! usual passov]1 & t ,*ri/ di$ on ,nisan #ad4 ,b ! usage ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ,asiatic ,*ur*es 9 ! #bnd c5tury absolutely corroborates ^! indications4 ,^! ,*ur*es :5 !y celebrat$ ! passov] 7 n celebrat+ ! anniv]s>y ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 b ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 ! true ,pas*al ,lamb4 ,by do+ ?is on ,nisan #ad1 !y %[$ t !y believ$ t ,*ri/ di$ on t day1 & !re is p>ticul>ly /rong evid5ce ( a belief among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians t our ,"l did die on ,nisan #ad4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh ! acc\nt ( ! ,synopti/s is n free f #cj ambiguity1 x be>s _m te/imonies to ,/4 ,john's *ronology4 ,!y record z happ5+ on ! day ( ,*ri/'s dea? sev]al actions :i* ! ,jewi% law did n p]mit on a fea/ day su* z ,nisan #ae1 & :i* mu/ presumably h tak5 place on ,nisan #ad4 ,! ,synopti/s make ! ,sanh$rim say t !y w n arre/ ,jesus on ! fea/ day1 ! gu>ds & ,/4 ,pet] c>ry arms1 ! trial is held1 ,simon ! ,cyr5ian comes f "w1 ,joseph ( ,arima?aea buys a l95 clo?1 ! holy wom5 prep>e spices1 all ( :i* works w\ld h be5 =bidd5 on ,nisan #ae4 ,f9ally1 ! day is itself call$ ! prep>ation1 a "n :i* w\ld n be giv5 to ,nisan #ae4 ,! conclusion is irresi/ible4 ,x is t our ,"l di$ on ,nisan #ad1 t ,/4 ,john is correct1 & t ! ,synopti/s 9 mo/ ( ! passages conc]n$ corroborate ,/4 ,john4 ,! only real difficulty is rais$ by ,m>k xiv4 #ab 7cf4 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ag2 ,luke xxii4 #g71 :i* seems to imply t ! ,pas*al lamb 0 sacrific$ on ! day be=e ,*ri/ di$4 ,if s1 ?is v]se implies t ,*ri/ di$ on ,nisan #ae4 ,b we mu/ obs]ve t n "o ( ! ,synopti/s says t ! disciples ate a lamb at ! ,la/ ,supp]1 & also t1 = all c]emonial purposes1 ! day = kill+ ! lamb began on ! ev5+ ( ,nisan #ac4 ,x is !re=e d\btful :e!r !re is ev5 z mu* z "o v]bal contradiction on ?is po9t betwe5 ! ,synopti/s & ,/4 ,john4 ,! omission ( ev5ts :i* are ( importance 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels is a /rik+ feature 9 ,/4 ,john's ,gospel4 ,b ^! in/ances ( omission c be m reasonably expla9$ by ! hypo!sis t ! au?or 0 cont5t to omit facts ) :i* ! ,*ri/ians ar\nd him 7 well acqua9t$1 ?an by ! hypo!sis t he 0 a spirituali/ic writ] ( ! #bnd c5tury :o wi%$ to make 8 ,gospel fit "s fanciful !ory ( 8 own4 ,9 fact1 ! latt] hypo!sis has prov$ a signal failure4 ,! critics :o say t ! writ] omitt$ ! /ory ( our ,"l's pa9ful temptation z incompatible ) ! maje/y ( ! ,div9e ,^w1 may be ask$ #ca :y ! writ] gives no full] acc\nt ( ! glori\s transfiguration ?an ! h9t 9 i4 #ad4 ,^? :o say t s5tim5tal sup]/ition induc$ ! writ] to omit ! agony ! g>d51 may be ask$ :y ! writ] records ! we>9ess ( ,*ri/ at ,sam>ia & ,8 te>s at ! grave1 ( ,laz>us4 ,!re are gaps 9 ! evangeli/'s n>rative1 b we _c argue t ! ,gospel is !re=e a =g]y4 ,! evangeli/ is acqua9t$ ) ! ,asc5sion 7vi4 #fb71 ?\gh he does n record x2 & he kn[s t ,naz>e? 0 ! e>ly home ( ,*ri/ 7i4 #df71 ?\gh he does n n>rate ! /ory ( ! sacr$ infancy4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john is none ! less g5u9e = be+ ( ! nature ( a treatise1 int5d$ to br+ c]ta9 aspects ( ! life ( our ,"l to be> ^u ! intellectual life ( ,ephesus4 ,mu* has be5 made ( ! fact t he says no?+ ( ! in/itution ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,nor does he record ! comm& ( ,jesus to baptize4 ,are we to suppose t a writ] :o has told u h[ ! ,^w 0 made fle% s %rank f believ+ mat]ial ?+s to be connect$ ) a spiritual efficacy t he reject$ ! sacram5ts8 ,is x n m probable t among p :o 7 p]fectly famili> ) bo? ,baptism & ! ,eu*>i/ he pref]r$ to tell :at ,*ri/ _h said ab\t be+ born aga9 7iii471 & ab\t ! assimilation ( ,8 life by ! believ] 7vi478 ,?is seems to u m reasonable4 ,! f\r? ,gospel1 ?\gh x has a "* & purpose ( its own1 & might ev5 h be5 writt5 if !re _h be5 no o!r ,gospel1 yet 0 int5d$ to supplem5t ei!r ! ,synoptic ,gospels or else a body ( tea*+ correspond+ ) t conta9$ 9 ^? ,gospels4 ,! facts :i* ,/4 ,john records 9 common ) ! ,synopti/s be=e ! ,la/ ,supp]1 ! ,passion1 & ! ,resurrection are--! ,baptism ( ,john 7i4 #bf71 ! ,fe$+ ( ! #ejjj 7vi4 #aj71 ! ,walk+ on ! ,sea 7vi4 #ai71 ! ,ano9t+ at ,be?any1 ) ! action ( ,judas 7xii4 #a71 ! ,triumphal ,entry into ,j]usalem 7xii4 #ab74 ,ev5 9 connection ) ^! incid5ts ,/4 ,john gives 8 additional details1 & #cb !re=e ! "* ( 8 "w is "h1 z else:]e1 bo? indep5d5t & supplem5tal4 ,x rema9s to ask :e!r any words us$ by ,/4 ,john seem to %[ t he borr[$ expressions f ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,! foll[+ passages may be notic$3 ,john v4 #h f4 7,m>k ii4 #aa f471 vi4 #g1 #aj1 #ai f4 7,m>k vi4 #cg1 #dj1 #di f471 xii4 #c1 #e1 #g f4 7,m>k xiv4 #c-f71 xiii4 #ba 7,m>k xiv4 #ah71 xviii4 #ah1 #ag 7,m>k xiv4 #ed1 #fi71 xviii4 #bb 7,m>k xiv4 #fe74 ,= ! quotation f ,ze*>iah 9 xii4 #ae1 cf4 ,matt4 xxi4 #e4 ,! words ( our ,"l 9 ,john xv4 #ah-xvi4 #b h be5 comp>$ ) ^? 9 ,matt4 x4 #ag-bb4 ,sometimes ,john has m po9ts ( contact ) ,luke ?an ) ! o!r ,synopti/s2 e4g4 !re is ! j\rney ( ,*ri/ to ,galilee be=e ! dea? ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! fact t ! sc\rg+ ( ,*ri/ by ,pilate 0 int5d$ to re/ra9 ! ,jews f dem&+ ,8 dea?1 & ! visit ( ,/4 ,pet] to ! sepul*re4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ,john xii4 #c is bas$ ^u ,luke vii4 #ch4 ,! ano9t+ ( our ,"l's feet 9 bo? is c]ta9ly rem>kable4 ,sometimes ,john agrees ) ,matt4 & ,m>k & n ,luke1 z 9 record+ ! b9d+ ( ,jesus1 ! cr[n ( ?orns1 ! purple robe1 & ! cu/om ( releas+ a malefactor at ! fea/4 ,su* co9cid5ces betwe5 ,john & ! ,synoptic ,gospels are s slight & disconnect$ t x seems d\btful :e!r ! =m] uses any mat]ial drawn f ! latt]4 ,nev]!less1 ! /ory conta9$ 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ?\gh n quot$1 is presuppos$4 ,a good in/ance is 9 ,john vi4 #e1 :]e ,/4 ,john does n /op to expla9 t ! h\r 0 late & ! p !re=e hungry4 #a ,apol4 i4 #ff4 #b ,! longe/ in/ance ( a passage 9 ,matt4 & ,luke be+ p>allel 9 ^! ,gospels & )\t a p>allel 9 ,m>k is ! %ort passage1 ,matt4 iii4 #g-aj1 ,luke iii4 #g-i4 #c ,?is !ory 0 fir/ cle>ly exp\nd$ 9 #ahah by ,giesel]1 a celebrat$ ,g]man ,prote/ant ,*ur* hi/orian4 ,x has be5 m popul> 9 ,engl& ?an 9 ,g]many4 #cc ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,gospel ,,accord+ ,,to ,,/4 ,,mat!w ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,/4 ,mat!w is "o ( ! lea/ kn[n ( ! ,apo/les4 ,he 0 fir/ call$ ,levi ! son ( ,alphaeus1 & 0 a publican or collector ( cu/oms at ,cap]naum4 ,at ! call ( ,jesus1 he =sook all1 & rose up & foll[$ ,him4 ,he !n made a great fea/1 to :i* he invit$ 8 old companions1 no d\bt t !y too might come "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,"l4 ,aft] ! appo9tm5t ( ! twelve ,apo/les1 he 0 put 9 ! second ( ! ?ree gr\ps ( ,apo/les4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t gives u no fur!r in=mation conc]n+ him4 ,an e>ly tradition n>rates t ! ,apo/les rema9$ at ,j]usalem until twelve ye>s aft] ! ,asc5sion1 & c]ta9ly ,/4 ,paul does n seem to h f\nd any ( ! ,apo/les at ,j]usalem :5 he 0 !re 9 ,a4,d4 #ef 7,acts xxi4 #ag74 ,accord+ to ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,a4,d4 #aij1 ,/4 ,mat!w l$ a rigor\sly ascetic life1 su* z is also record$ ( ,/4 ,james4 ,no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n ( 8 mission>y lab\rs4 ,p>?ia1 ,e?iopia1 & ,india 7 believ$ 9 ! #d? & #e? c5turies to h be5 visit$ by ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,we le>n f ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria t he did n suff] m>tyrdom4#a ,! fact t he disappe>s almo/ completely f ! realm ( hi/ory is an additional reason = believ+ ! tradition :i* connects our fir/ ,gospel ) 8 "n4 ,a false tradition w\ld h probably connect$ x ) "o ( ! m fav\rite figures ( e>ly ,*ri/ian /ory4 #cd ,x is repeat$ly ass]t$ by ! ,fa!rs t ,/4 ,mat!w wrote 8 ,gospel 9 ,hebrew1 :i* may ei!r mean ! sacr$ language ( ! synagogues1 or ! popul> language ( ,pale/9e :i* we n[ call ,aramaic4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ,papias1 our e>lie/ au?ority1 describes ,/4 ,mat!w's composition by ! ^w ,logia1 :i* seems to po9t to a li/ ( sacr$ say+s or oracles ( our ,"l1 r ?an to a hi/orical n>rative4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #abe1 ,papias writes3 ,mat!w !n compos$ ! ,logia 9 ! ,hebrew tongue1 & e "o int]pret$ !m z he 0 able4 #b ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahe1 ,/4 ,ir5aeus writes3 ,mat!w publi%$ a ,gospel among ! ,hebrews 9 _! own dialect4 #c ,orig5 & ,eusebius make simil> /atem5ts4 ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 ,a4,d4 #cib1 writes3 ,mat!w1 also call$ ,levi1 :o f be+ a publican became an apo/le1 fir/ wrote a ,gospel ( ,*ri/ 9 ,judaea1 & 9 ,hebrew lett]s & words = ! b5efit ( ^? ( ! circumcision :o believ$4 ,:o aft]w>ds translat$ x into ,greek is n q c]ta94 #d ,we naturally inquire :at became ( ?is ,hebrew ,gospel8 ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 ,a4,d4 #cib1 believ$ t he _h f\nd x4 ,he says t x 0 /ill pres]v$ at ,caes>ea1 & t ! ,naz>5es1 a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian sect ( ,pale/9e1 all[$ him to transcribe a copy ( x at ,b]oea 7n[ ,aleppo74 ,9 ,a4,d4 #cih1 he says t he _h translat$ ?is ,gospel into ,greek & ,lat94 ,x is kn[n t x 0 us$ by ! ,naz>5es & by ! ,ebionites1 a ,jewi% sect :i* admitt$ t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 b d5i$ t ,he 0 div9e4 ,la/ly1 we f9d ,/4 ,epiphanius1 ab\t ! same "t z ,/4 ,j]ome1 describ+ ! ,hebrew ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews z ! ,gospel writt5 by ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,s at ! end ( ! #d? c5tury x 0 g5]ally believ$ t ! ,gospel us$ by ! ,naz>5es1 & ord9>ily kn[n z ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 0 ! orig9al #ce ,hebrew v]sion ( ,matt4 ,! op9ion arose f ! two simple facts t x 0 kn[n t 7#a7 ,/4 ,mat!w orig9ally wrote 9 ,hebrew1 & t 7#b7 ! ,naz>5es possess$ a ,gospel 9 ,hebrew4 ,! conclusion 0 natural1 b x 0 false4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,orig51 :o quote ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 d n repres5t x z ! "w ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,/4 ,j]ome himself felt d\bts4 ,:5 he fir/ discov]$ ! ,hebrew ,gospel1 he felt ! en?usiasm ( a critic :o has made an important f9d4 ,he believ$ t he _h discov]$ ! orig9al ,gospel4 ,he aft]w>ds became m cauti\s4 ,8 lat] allusions to ! ,gospel say t x is call$ by mo/ ! orig9al ,mat!w1 #e & t x is ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,apo/les or1 z mo/ suppose1 accord+ to ,mat!w4 #f ,9 fact1 ?is ,hebrew ,gospel1 :i* bore sometimes ! title ( ! ,hebrews1 sometimes ! ,apo/les1 sometimes ,/4 ,mat!w1 0 n ! ,hebrew orig9al ( our pres5t ,mat!w1 nor c\ld x h be5 writt5 by an ,apo/le4 ,! fragm5ts ( x :i* n[ rema9 come f two v]sions4 ,bo? v]sions %[ traces ( a mix$ ,jewi% & ,gno/ic h]esy1 & are pla9ly apocryphal4 ,! ,holy ,_s is call$ ! "m ( ,jesus1 & repres5t$ z transport+ ,him by a hair ( ,8 head to ,m\nt ,tabor1 & our ,"l is repres5t$ z h&+ ,8 grave-clo!s to ! s]vant ( ! high-prie/ z soon z ,he 0 ris5 f ! dead4 ,! ,gospel c]ta9ly seems n only to be a =g]y1 b to betray a k bo? ( our ,greek ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w & t accord+ to ,/4 ,john4#g ,we are oblig$ to conclude t x ?r[s no light on ! orig9 ( our ,matt41 & t ! orig9al ,hebrew ,matt4 0 lo/ at an e>ly date4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is c]ta9 t our ,greek ,matt4 0 #cf reg>d$ z au!ntic 9 ! #bnd c5tury1 & x is pla9 t x records ! say+s ( ,*ri/ ) peculi> fulness4 ,we mu/ n[ return to :at 0 /at$ 9 our previ\s *apt] :5 deal+ ) ! ,synoptic problem4 ,we !re saw t !re is a great mass ( common mat]ial 9 all ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels1 & saw t ,m>k 0 probably us$ z a gr\ndwork = ,matt4 & ,luke4 ,we !re=e are l$ to ! conclusion t ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w is a comb9ation ( a ,greek v]sion ( ,/4 ,mat!w's orig9al ,hebrew ,logia--,/4 ,mat!w possibly wrote a ,greek v]sion ( x z well z ! ,hebrew--) ! ,gospel writt5 by ,/4 ,m>k4 ,! comb9ation 0 app>5tly made ei!r by ! apo/le himself1 or by a disciple ( ! apo/le z ! result ( 8 directions4 ,! ,ca?olic ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 kn[+ t ! ,gospel conta9$ ,/4 ,mat!w's own ,logia1 & t ! re/ ( ! ,gospel 0 9 accordance ) 8 tea*+ z deliv]$ to !m1 call$ x ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w4 ,! less or?odox ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 z we h se51 inv5t$ a ,gospel ( _! own4 ,a little help is giv5 u by ! int]nal evid5ce af=d$ by ,matt4 ,! au?or appe>s to be writ+ = ,greek-speak+ conv]ts f ,judaism1 :o ne$ to h ,hebrew words int]pret$ to !m4 ,?us he int]prets ,immanuel 7i4 #bc71 ,golgo?a 7xxvii4 #cc71 & ! words ( our ,"l on ! cross 7xxvii4 #df74 ,! num]\s quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t h = a long "t ex]cis$ ! +5uity ( s*ol>s1 :o h believ$ t !y enable u to det]m9e h[ ! ,gospel 0 writt54 ,on ! :ole ^! quotations sugge/ two conclusions3 7#a7 ,t ! evangeli/ knew bo? ,greek & ,aramaic1 7#b7 t ! ,gospel is n a m]e translation f ! ,aramaic or ,hebrew4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! quotations :i* ,/4 ,mat!w has 9 common ) ! o!r ,synopti/s are f ! ,greek 7,septuag9t7 v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :ile ^? :i* are peculi> to 8 #cg ,gospel %[ t ! ,hebrew has be5 consult$4 ,altoge!r ! quotations numb] #de4 ,( ^! !re are #aa :i* are texts quot$ by ! evangeli/ himself to illu/rate ! ,messianic "w ( our ,"l1 & #i ( ! #aa seem to imply a k ( ,hebrew4 ,!y are i4 #bc2 ii4 #ae1 iv4 #ae-af1 viii4 #ag1 xii4 #ah-ba2 xiii4 #ad-ae2 xiii4 #ce;b2 xxi4 #e2 xxvii4 #i1 #aj4 ,! o!r #cd texts comprise ! quotations :i* are made 9 ! disc\rses ( our ,"l1 & !y are sometimes call$ context-quotations or cyclic quotations1 z com+ 9 ! cycle ( disc\rses4 ,p]haps #f or #g ( ^! #cd texts imply a k ( ! ,hebrew4 ,b x is c]ta9 t ?is class ( quotations is f> ne>] to ! ,septuag9t ?an ! o!r class4 ,?is conclusion rema9s good 9 spite ( ! fact t ev5 ! ,messianic quotations %[ ! influ5ce ( ! ,septuag9t1 e4g4 9 i4 #bc ! writ] uses ! ,septuag9t1 inasmu* z ! ,greek ^w translat$ virg9 necess>ily implies ! unique condition ( ! "m ( our ,"l1 :]eas ! correspond+ ,hebrew ^w does n necess>ily imply ! same condition4 ,n[1 x is pla9 t if ! ,gospel _h be5 translat$ f ! ,hebrew1 ! context-quotations w\ld probably h be5 z ne> to ! ,hebrew z ! quotations made by ! evangeli/ himself4 ,?is is n ! case4 ,! quotations 9 ,matt4 %[ t ! writ] knew ,hebrew b wrote 9 ,greek1 & bas$ "p ( 8 "w on a ,greek docum5t4 ,! fact t ! ,gospel 0 writt5 9 ,greek does n prove t x 0 n writt5 9 ,pale/9e4 ,x has be5 urg$ t x _c h be5 writt5 9 ,pale/9e1 because 9 ix4 #bf1 #ca we f9d ,pale/9e call$ t l&1 b ! phrase may ref] only to a "p ( ,pale/9e1 & !re=e c h>dly be urg$ z prov+ any?+4 ,x is well kn[n t educat$ p]sons 9 ,pale/9e 7 acqua9t$ ) ,greek1 al?\gh ! majority spoke ,aramaic4 ,! two languages exi/$ side by side1 v mu* z ,wel% & ,engli% exi/ side by side 9 ,nor? ,wales4 ,if ! ,gospel 0 n writt5 9 ,pale/9e1 x 0 probably writt5 9 ,s\? ,syria4 #ch ,sid5ote3 ,date4 ,! date mu/ be %ortly be=e ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,a fav\rite argum5t ( mod]n sceptics is t x conta9s a ref]5ce 7xxii4 #g7 to ! burn+ ( ,j]usalem by ! ,romans 9 ,a4,d4 #gj1 & !re=e mu/ h be5 writt5 aft] t ev5t4 ,! argum5t re/s ^u ! assumption t our ,"l c\ld n h =ese5 ! ev5t pr$ict$--an assumption :i* no ,*ri/ian c accept4 ,ev5 ! fav\r$ s]vants ( ,god 9 lat] ages h sometimes possess$ ! gift ( prophecy4 ,savon>ola c]ta9ly =etold ! fall ( ,rome1 :i* took place 9 ,a4,d4 #aebg1 & ! prophecy 0 pr9t$ long be=e ! ev5t seem$ cr$ible4 ,mu* m might ! ,son ( ,god h =etold ! fall ( t city :i* _h s signally neglect$ ,8 summons4 ,su* expressions z ! holy city1 ! holy place1 ! city ( ! great ,k+1 sugge/ t :5 ! ,gospel 0 writt5 x _h n yet become ! home ( ! abom9ation ( desolation4 ,& a f> /rong] pro( is af=d$ by ! caution ( ! writ] 9 xxiv4 #ae1 let him t reade? und]/&4 ,?is is an editorial note ins]t$ by ! evangeli/1 z by ,/4 ,m>k1 be=e our ,"l's w>n+ to flee f ,judaea4 ,we le>n f ! e>ly hi/orians ( ! ,*ur* t ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians took w>n+ f ?is /atem5t to flee f ,judaea to ,p]aea be=e ! ,romans inve/$ ! holy city 9 ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,n[1 x w\ld h be5 absurd = ! evangeli/ to ins]t ?is note aft] ! ,roman =ces _h begun ! siege1 z absurd z x w\ld h be5 to w>n ! ,p>isians to flee to ,engl& aft] ,p>is _h be5 surr\nd$ by ! ,prussians 9 #ahgj1 or to w>n ! ,engli% to leave ,ladysmi? 9 #aijj aft] x 0 surr\nd$ by ! ,bo]s4 ,ano!r & f9al pro( t ! ,gospel 0 writt5 be=e ,a4,d4 #gj is giv5 by ! =m 9 :i* ! evangeli/ has record$ our ,"l's prophecy ( ! end ( ! _w 7! s-call$ es*atological disc\rse 9 *s4 xxiv4-xxv474 ,! prophecy ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & t ( ! la/ com+ ( ! ,"l are plac$ side by side ) no p]ceptible break4 ,*4 xxiv4 #bi-ca ref]s to ! #ci la/ com+ ( ,*ri/1 :]eas ! v]ses :i* imm$iately prec$e x ref] to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & s d v]s4 #cb-cd4 ,x is impossible to resi/ ! conclusion t ! evangeli/ believ$ t ! judgm5t ^u ,j]usalem w\ld be imm$iately foll[$ by ! la/ judgm5t ( ! _w4 ,he kn[s t our ,"l =etold bo?1 & bo? ev5ts loom l>ge 9 8 m9d4 ,z a travell] 9 a valley sees be=e him two great m\nta9s :i* appe> close to "o ano!r1 ?\gh really sep>at$ by _m miles1 s ! evangeli/ sees ^! two ev5ts toge!r4 ,aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem he w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h made a def9ite break betwe5 ! two subjects4 ,sid5ote3 ,lit]>y ,/yle4 ,we h already notic$ 9 *4 ii4 ! fondness = num]ical arrangem5t1 :i* is a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! /yle ( ?is ,gospel4 ,!re are o!r pro(s ( ! fact t ?is ,gospel is m ,hebrew 9 tone ?an ! o!rs4 ,9 ! o!r ,gospels we f9d ! expression ! k+dom ( ,god1 b "h we f9d x call$ ! k+dom ( heav51 an in/ance ( ! peculi>ly ,jewi% rev]5ce :i* %rank f utt]+ ! "n ( ,god4 ,!re are a few ,aramaic words f\nd 9 ?is ,gospel--raca 7v4 #bb71 geh5na 7v4 #bb71 mammon 7vi4 #bd72 & we %\ld add ! peculi> use ( righte\sness 9 vi4 #a1 :]e ! ^w is us$ 9 ! s5se ( alms 9 accordance ) a ,jewi% idiom4 ,b ! ,greek phrases are (t5 neat & cle>-cut4 ,!y sometimes seem to imply a play ^u words1 e4g4 9 vi4 #af & xxiv4 #cj4 ,?is is ano!r indication t ! ,gospel1 z x /&s1 0 fir/ writt5 9 ,greek4 ,! ,greek is smoo!r ?an t ( ,/4 ,m>k1 ?\gh n s vivid4 ,! evangeli/ writes ) a joy\s int]e/ 9 8 "w4 ,! hi/orical p>ts ( x are full ( beauty1 b he uses !m ma9ly z a framework = ! disc\rses ( ,jesus1 :i* he pres]ves ) lov+ fidelity4 ,9 ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel ! ,old ,te/am5t is frequ5tly quot$1 t ! read] may see t ,jesus is ! realization ( #dj ! hopes ( ! ,jewi% prophets4 ,) set purpose ! fair picture ( ! ,s]vant ( ,jehovah drawn by ,isaiah is plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! ,gospel 7xii4 #ah-ba71 t we may recognize x z ! true portrait ( ,*ri/4 ,close to x on ei!r side ! blasphemies ( ! ,ph>isees are skilfully depict$ z a foil to ,8 div9e beauty4 ,we h already notic$ ! be>+ ( ^! quotations on ! orig9 ( ! ,gospel1 b we mu/ speak fur!r ( _! be>+ on ! evangeli/'s view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,8 ,messianic quotations are introduc$ by su* phrases z t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ! prophet1 or1 !n 0 fulfill$1 etc4 ,! t5d5cy ( mod]n scepticism to ridicule ! sup]natural elem5t 9 prophecy has caus$ "s writ]s to depreciate ?is me?od ( quotation4 ,& we f9d ev5 a ?\ghtful ,roman ,ca?olic writ] speak+ ( x z giv+ ! impression t ! supple & liv+ /ory ( ! life ( ,jesus is only a *a9 ( debts :i* fall due1 & fulfilm5ts :i* _c be avoid$4 #h ,9 p>ticul>1 x has be5 alleg$ t ! ,greek ^w translat$ t1 or 9 ord] t1 & prefix$ to ^! quotations1 implies ?is fatali/ic necessity4 ,b ?is p>ticul> argum5t is mi/ak54 ,9 lat] ,greek ! use ( ! ^w 0 vagu] ?an x _h be5 =m]ly4#i ,x _c be n>r[$ d[n s z to prove t ! evangeli/ ?\ght t ev5ts 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t only took place 9 ord] to be types :i* ! ,son ( ,god con/ra9$ ,himself to fulfil4 ,&1 speak+ m g5]ally1 we may say t ! evangeli/ %[s an exquisite ta/e 9 8 selection ( ,messianic quotations4 ,conv9c$ t ,jesus sums up ! hi/ory ( ,israel1 he does n hesitate to quote passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :e!r !y directly ref] to ! ,messianic ,k+1 or only call up "s picture :i* has a c\nt]p>t 9 ! life ( ,*ri/4 #da ,?us ! quotations 9 i4 #bc & ii4 #f directly ref] to "o :o is ! expect$ ,k+1 t 9 viii4 #ag to "o :o is ! ideal m>tyr$ ,s]vant1 t 9 ii4 #ae to ,israel conceiv$ ( z ! peculi> *ild ( ,god & s a type ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ii4 #bc ! evangeli/ f9ds 9 ! "n ( ,naz>e? an e*o ( ! anci5t ,messianic title ,netz] 7a bran*74 ,9 ii4 #ah we see t ! tomb ( ,ra*el ne> ,be?lehem rem9ds him ( ! mo!rs ( ,israel weep+ ov] ! dea? ( _! *ildr5 at ! h&s ( ! ,babylonians2 & z ,j]emiah poetically conceiv$ ( ,ra*el weep+ ) ! mo!rs ( 8 own day1 s ,/4 ,mat!w conceives ( h] z f9d+ h] cr[n+ sorr[ 9 ! massacre ( ! ,holy ,innoc5ts4 ,?ree o!r quotations des]ve special notice3 7#a7 ,t 9 xxvii4 #i1 :i* ! evangeli/ quotes f ,j]emiah4 ,x is (t5 said t ?is is a m]e mi/ake = ,ze*>iah4 ,b x is a quotation comb9$1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% me?od kn[n z ! ,*>az1 or /r+ ( pe>ls1 f ,ze*4 xi4 #ab & ,j]4 xix4 #a1 #b1 #f1 ! valley ( ! son ( ,h9nom be+ reg>d$ z typical ( ! field ( blood4 7#b7 ,t 9 xxvii4 #cd1 f ,ps4 lxix4 #ba4 ,x is said t ! evangeli/1 9 ord] to make our ,"l's action correspond ) ! words ( ! ,psalmi/1 makes ,him dr9k gall in/ead ( myrrh 7,m>k xv4 #bc71 & ?us repres5ts ! soldi]s z cruelly giv+ ,him a nauseat+ draught in/ead ( a draught to dull ,8 pa94 ,! argum5t w h>dly hold good1 = ! ,greek ^w translat$ gall c also signify a /upefy+ drug1 & ?us ,matt4 & ,m>k agree4 7#c7 ,t 9 xxi4 #b-g1 :]e our ,"l is repres5t$ z mak+ use ( bo? an ass & a colt = ,8 triumphal entry into ,j]usalem4 ,! o!r ,synopti/s m5tion a colt only1 & x is suppos$ t ! evangeli/ alt]$ 8 n>rative ( ! fact 9 ord] to make x agree ) a too lit]al int]pretation ( ,ze*4 ix4 #i4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! acc\nt 9 ,m>k & ,luke has an air ( great] probability1 & x has ! support ( ! brief acc\nt 9 ,john4 ,b !re is n a decisive contradiction betwe5 ,matt4 & ! o!r ,gospels1 & x is !re=e unreasonable to pass an unfav\rable v]dict on any ( !m4 ,! /ory 9 ,matt4 _c be discr$it$ z conta9+ an apocryphal miracle1 & ! m]e fact t x is s indep5d5t ( ! o!r ,gospels sugge/s t x is really primitive4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ?is ,gospel is ! repres5tation ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah 9 :om 0 fulfill$ ! #db ,law & ! prophets4 ,x 0 probably plac$ fir/ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t because ?is ,messianic doctr9e is ! po9t ( union betwe5 ! old cov5ant & ! new4 ,/4 ,mat!w's repres5tation ( ! ,messiah is ! result ( v c>eful reflection1 & x %[s t ! evangeli/ wrote 9 a _s :i* 0 philosophical & 9 "o s5se controv]sial4 ,he is philosophic because he is n a m]e annali/4 ,he gr\ps incid5ts & disc\rses toge!r 9 a mann] :i* br+s out _! significance z illu/rat+ ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus & ! maje/ic =w>d movem5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,he is 9 "o s5se controv]sial because he wi%es 8 picture ( ,*ri/ to correct t false idea ( ! ,messiah & ,8 reign :i* 0 ru9+ ! ,jewi% p4 ,! be/ k9d ( controv]sy is t :i* is int5t ^u expla9+ ! tru? r ?an eag] to expose & ridicule :at is false4 ,s ! evangeli/ pres5ts to 8 read]s ,jesus z ! ,"l's ,ano9t$ ) inspir$ p[]s ( p]suasion4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he records our ,"l's urg5t w>n+s aga9/ go+ aft] false ,jewi% ,messiahs at ! "t :5 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem %\ld draw ne>1 is a witness to ! dep? ( 8 convictions4 ,l ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 :o wrote %ortly be=e him1 he _c endure ! ?\ght ( any wav]]s or des]t]s4 ,! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian mu/ be loyal to ,jesus1 ev5 al?\gh ! invasion ( ! holy l& by ,g5tiles may sorely tempt him to ?r[ 9 8 lot ) 8 patriotic b unbeliev+ k9sm54 ,! v fir/ v]se sugge/s ! nature ( ! ,gospel--,! book ( ! g5]ation 7i4e4 ! g5ealogical tree7 ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! son ( ,david1 ! son ( ,abraham4 ,?is book includes ! fir/ #ag v]ses ( ! ,gospel4 ,:ile ,/4 ,luke traces ! g5ealogy ( our ,"l back to ,adam1 ! head ( ! human race1 ,/4 ,mat!w desires to %[ t our ,"l1 z ! son ( ,abraham1 is ! *ild ( promise 9 :om all ! families ( ! e>? %all be bless$1 &1 z ! son ( ,david1 #dc is heir to ! k+dom ( spiritual ,israel4 ,! g5ealogy is p>tly bas$ on t ( ! ,greek v]sion ( #a ,*ron4 i4-iii41 & is int5d$ to tea* c]ta9 special tru?s4 ,x is arrang$ s z to be a k9d ( summ>y ( ! hi/ory ( ! p ( ,god1 ea* gr\p ( #ad names end+ ) a crisis4 ,jesus is ! fl[] & fulfilm5t ( t hi/ory4 ,x furni%es a reply to ,jewi% critics4 ,!y w\ld say t ,jesus c\ld n be ,messiah unless ,joseph1 8 suppos$ fa!r1 0 desc5d$ f ,david4 ,/4 ,mat!w %[s t ,/4 ,joseph 0 ( ,davidic desc5t4 ,aga91 ! ,jews w\ld say t 9 any case ! ,messiah w\ld n be likely to be connect$ ) a humble c>p5t] & 8 folk4 ,! evangeli/'s reply is t ,david himself 0 desc5d$ f comp>atively undi/+ui%$ m5 & f wom5 :o 7 despis$4 ,?us ,/4 ,mat!w meets bo? po9ts rais$ by ! ,jews4 ,( rec5t ye>s ano!r criticism has be5 pass$ on ?is p$igree ( our ,"l4 ,a copy ( ! ,old ,syriac v]sion ( ! ,gospels1 discov]$ at ,s9ai & publi%$ 9 #ahid1 says t ,joseph begat ,jesus1 & 9 ?is way d5ies t ,jesus 0 born ( a pure virg94 ,"s writ]s :o wi% to believe t our ,"l 0 br\ght into ! _w 9 ! same mann] z ourselves1 h said t ?is ,syriac v]sion repres5ts :at 0 actually ! fact4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no reason = believ+ any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,!re is no gr\nd = ! notion t ! ,syriac g5ealogy 0 tak5 f a primitive ,jewi% regi/]4 ,x is m]ely a translation ( ! ,greek1 probably f "s ,we/]n ,greek manuscript :i* _h ,joseph begat ,jesus4 ,:5 ! evangeli/ wrote ! g5ealogy1 he c only h meant t ,joseph 0 by ,jewi% law reg>d$ z ! fa!r ( ,jesus2 = 8 :ole n>rative ( our ,"l's infancy assumes t ,he 0 born ( a virg9 "m4 ,! tru? t our ,"l 0 born miracul\sly is ass]t$ by ,/4 ,luke z well z by ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,x is assum$ by ,/4 ,paul1 :5 he argues t ! second ,adam 0 free f ! ta9t ( s9 :i* affect$ ! re/ ( ! fir/ ,adam's desc5dants4 ,x #dd 0 also *]i%$ f ! e>lie/ times 9 e "p ( ! ,*ri/ian _w :]e ! tea*+ ( ! apo/les 0 reta9$1 & 0 only d5i$ by a few h]etics :o _h op5ly reject$ ! tea*+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t on o!r subjects4 ,connect$ ) ! repres5tation ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah is ! record ( ,8 cont9ual tea*+ ab\t ! k+dom ( heav54 ,! k+dom ( heav5 or k+dom ( ,god signifies ! reign & influ5ce ( ,god4 ,! mean+ ( x is be/ express$ by ! words 9 ! ,"l's ,pray]3 ,?y k+dom come4 ,?y w be done1 z 9 heav51 s on e>? 7,matt4 vi4 #aj74 ,! second petition expla9s ! fir/4 ,! k+dom comes 9 proportion z ! righte\s w ( our lov+ ,fa!r is done among m54 ,! k+dom !re=e includes ! influ5ce ( ,god 9 ! he>t ( ! believ]1 or 9 great movem5ts 9 ! _w1 or 9 ! organization & gr[? ( ,8 ,*ur* 7xvi4 #ah2 xviii4 #ag74 ,! k+dom has bo? a pres5t & a future aspect4 ,9 xii4 #bh our ,"l says to ,8 he>]s t x is come ^u y1 & 9 xxi4 #ca ,he speaks ( p :o 7 ent]+ into x at ! "t4 ,b ! night be=e ,he di$ ,he spoke ( x z /ill future 7xxvi4 #bi74 ,x is pla9 t ,he taught t x 0 already pres5t1 ?\gh its consummation is yet to come4 ,! k+dom is spiritual1 n ( ?is _w1 x is univ]sal1 = ?\gh ! ,jews 7 ! sons ( ! k+dom 7viii4 #ab7 by privilege1 x is free to o!rs4 ,! wor/ s9n] might come 9 7xxi4 #ca71 if he came ) rep5tance1 humility1 & purity ( he>t4 ,! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ ) reg>d to ! k+dom 0 bas$ ^u an idea ( ,god's p]sonal rule1 :i* runs ?r\gh ne>ly all ! ,old ,te/am5t1 beg9n+ ) ! ,books ( ,samuel & reveal+ itself 9 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 & ,daniel4 ,b our ,"l's tea*+ is orig9al & di/9ctive4 ,& x is m di/ant f ! popul> ,jewi% idea ( a ,hebrew c\nt]p>t to ! ,roman empire ?an ! ea/ is di/ant f ! we/4 ,n[h]e else is our ,"l %[n to h giv5 su* an unmi/akable sanction to ! ,law4 ,x is "h only t we #de read1 ,?9k n t ,i came to de/roy ! ,law1 or ! prophets3 ,i came n to de/roy1 b to fulfil 7v4 #ag74aj ,"h1 too1 we f9d an allusion to ! obs]vance ( ! sabba? aft] ! ,asc5sion 7xxiv4 #bj71 a tempor>y prohibition ( prea*+ to ! ,g5tiles & ,sam>itans 7x4 #e71 & ! /atem5t ( our ,"l1 ,i 0 n s5t b unto ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel 7xv4 #bd74 ,mo/ rem>kable ( all is ! direction to obey ! scribes & ,ph>isees 7xxiii4 #c74 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a rigor\s d5unciation ( ! rabb9ical additions to ! ,jewi% ,law4 ,m]cy is pref]able to sacrifice 7xii4 #g71 ! ,son ( man is ,"l ( ! sabba? 7xii4 #h71 moral defilem5t does n come f a failure to obs]ve c]emonial 7xv4 #aa71 ! k+dom w be transf]r$ to a m fai?ful nation 7xxi4 #dc71 ev5 ! /rang]s f ! ea/ & ! we/ 7viii4 #aa71 ! ,gospel w be = all p 7xxiv4 #ad71 & ! scribes & ,ph>isees are specially d5\nc$ 7xxiii4 #ac74 ,x has be5 said t !re is an absolute opposition betwe5 ^! two classes ( say+s2 t ei!r ,jesus contradict$ ,himself1 or ! evangeli/ drew f "o s\rce :i* 0 ( a ,judaiz+ "*1 & f ano!r s\rce :i* taught ,/4 ,paul's pr9ciple ( ju/ification by fai? v]sus ju/ification by ! ,law4 ,b ! same div9e p>adox ( tru? :i* we f9d 9 ,matt4 runs ?r\gh mo/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & is f\nd pla9ly 9 ,/4 ,paul4 ,9 ! ,epi/le :]e he exposes ! failure ( contempor>y ,judaism mo/ remorselessly1 he ass]ts t we e/abli% ! ,law4 ,! true inn] mean+ ( ! div9e revelation grant$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is fulfill$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,n only s1 b ,*ri/ ,himself 0 ! s]vant ( ! circumcision1 liv+ "u ! ,law4 ,! limits :i* ,he impos$ ^u ,8 own m9i/ry 7xv4 #bd7 & t ( ,8 apo/les 7x4 #e7 7 entirely fitt+ until ,*ri/ at ,8 resurrection laid aside all t 0 peculi>ly ,jewi% ) its limits & humiliations4 #df ,,analysis#aa ,! infancy ( our ,"l3 i4 #a-;ii4 #bc4--;,g5ealogy f ,abraham1 ann\ncem5t to ,joseph1 bir?1 visit ( ,magi1 flight into ,egypt1 massacre ( innoc5ts1 settlem5t at ,naz>e?4 ,a4 ,w9t] ,a4,d4 #bf till aft] ,p5teco/ #bg4 ,! prep>ation = ! m9i/ry3 iii4 #a-;iv4 #aa4-- ,! m9i/ry ( ,john ! ,bapti/ & ! baptism ( ,jesus1 ! ?reefold temptation4 ,b4 ,p5teco/ ,a4,d4 #bg till be=e ,passov] #bh4 ,! prea*+ ( ! k+dom ( ,god by ,jesus 9 ,galilee3 iv4 #ab-xiii4 #eh4--,! call ( ! f\r fi%]m51 ,jesus prea*es & heals 7iv474 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt--,jesus fulfils ! law1 ! deep] tea*+ conc]n+ ! comm&m5ts 7v474 ,false & true almsgiv+1 pray] & fa/+1 worldl9ess1 tru/ 9 ,god 7vi474 ,c5sori\sness1 discrim9ation 9 tea*+1 enc\ragem5ts to pray]1 false prophets1 ! two h\ses 7vii474 ,! m9i/ry at ,cap]naum & by ! lake is illu/rat$ by ! record ( _m works ( ,messianic heal+ p[] 7viii4-ix471 ! apo/les are *os5 & receive a *>ge 7x471 & ! m9i/ry is illu/rat$ by words & p>ables ( ,messianic wisdom 7xi4-xiii474 ,we f9d a gr[+ ho/ility on ! "p ( ! scribes & ,ph>isees 7ix4 #aa2 ix4 #cd2 xii4 #b1 xii4 #ad2 xii4 #bd74 ,jesus returns to ,naz>e? 7xiii4 #ec-eh74 ,p]plexity ( ,h]od & dea? ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 xiv4 #a-ab4 #dg ,c4 ,passov] ,a4,d4 #bh till be=e ,tab]nacles #bh4 ,climax ( mission>y "w 9 ,galilee3 xiv4 #ac-xviii4 #ce4--;,*ri/ fe$s ! #ejjj1 walks on ! sea1 heals ! sick 9 ,g5nes>et 7xiv474 ,*ri/ n[ lab\rs *iefly 9 ! dom9ions ( ,h]od ,philip1 ! j\rneys are m pla9ly m>k$ 9 ,m>k4 ,tea*+ ab\t defilem5t1 ! ,canaanite woman1 ,*ri/ fe$s ! #djjj 7xv474 ,leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 ,pet]'s confession ( ,*ri/1 ,*ri/'s fir/ pr$iction ( ,8 dea? 7xvi474 ,transfiguration1 lunatic boy cur$1 second pr$iction ( dea?1 ! %ekel 9 ! fi%'s m\? 7xvii474 ,treatm5t ( *ildr51 ,*ri/ sav+ lo/ %eep1 =giv5ess 7xviii474 ,d4 ,tab]nacles1 ,septemb] ,a4,d4 #bh until e>ly #bi4 ,! m9i/ry 9 ,p]aea2 xix4 i-xx4 #cd4--;,*ri/ =bids divorce1 ,he blesses *ildr51 ! ri* "y man1 ! difficulties ( ! ri* 7xix474 ,p>able ( ! lab\r]s1 ,*ri/'s ?ird pr$iction ( ,8 dea?1 ! reque/ ( ! "m ( ,zeb$ee's *ildr51 ! two bl9d m5 ( ,j]i*o 7xx474 ,e4 ,passov] ,a4,d4 #bi4 ,la/ days at ,j]usalem1 & aft]w>ds3 xxi4 #a-xxviii4 #bj4--;,entry into ,j]usalem1 ! cleans+ ( ! temple1 ! )]$ fig tree1 ,*ri/ *all5g$1 p>able ( ! v9ey>d 7xxi474 ,! m>riage fea/1 ?ree que/ions to entrap ,*ri/1 ,8 "q 7xxii474 ,on n seek+ *ief places1 d5unciation ( scribes & ,ph>isees1 lam5t ov] ,j]usalem 7xxiii474 ,pr$ictions ( de/ruction ( temple1 siege ( ,j]usalem1 ! second com+ 7xxiv471 ?ree disc\rses on ! judgm5t 7xxv474 #dh ,! ,c\ncil discuss h[ !y may arre/ ,jesus1 ! woman ) ! o9tm5t1 ,judas' b>ga91 ! ,passov]1 ,ge?semane1 ! betrayal1 ! trial be=e ,caiaphas1 ,pet]'s d5ial 7xxvi474 ,jesus deliv]$ to ,pilate1 ,judas' suicide1 ,jesus tri$ by ,pilate1 ,jesus & ,b>abbas1 ! mock]y1 crucifixion1 burial by ,joseph ( ,arima?aea1 gu>d grant$ by ,pilate 7xxvii474 ,! wom5 at ! sepul*re1 ! angel1 ,jesus meets !m1 ! gu>d brib$1 ,jesus meets ! elev5 9 ,galilee1 ,8 commission to baptize & tea* 7xxviii474 ,note on ! ,date ( ,mat!w4--,ir5aeus1 app>5tly foll[+ ,papias1 says1 ,mat!w publi%$ a writt5 ,gospel among ! ,hebrews 9 _! own dialect1 ,pet] & ,paul prea*+ ! ,gospel at ,rome 7,adv4 ,ha]4 iii4 #a74 ,?is w\ld fix ! date ( ! ,hebrew ,matt4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fc1 if x 0 ! int5tion ( ,ir5aeus to give *ronological in=mation 9 ?is s5t5ce4 ,b ! context makes x m probable t ?is is n ! case1 & t he simply wi%$ to make x cle> t ! tea*+ ( ! f\r *ief apo/les1 ,pet] & ,paul1 ,mat!w & ,john1 has come d[n to u 9 writ+4 ,t ( ,mat!w & ,john survives 9 _! ,gospels1 t ( ,pet] & ,paul1 ?\gh !y wrote no ,gospels1 survives 9 ,m>k & ,luke4 ,eusebius1 9 8 ,*ronicle dates ! composition 9 ,a4,d4 #da4 ,?is he probably does 9 ord] to make x fit ) ! suppos$ dep>ture ( ! apo/les f ,j]usalem aft] twelve ye>s f ! ,crucifixion4 ,8 /atem5t is v improbable4 ,at any rate our ,greek ,matt4 mu/ h be5 writt5 aft] ,m>k4 ,! frequ5t quotations f x 9 primitive lit]ature f ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas & ! ,dida* onw>ds1 be> witness bo? to its e>ly date & its high au?ority4 ,int]nal evid5ce po9ts to ! same conclusion4 ,9 addition to :at is said above 7p4 #ch71 we may note "s passages likely to p]plex ! read]4 ,su* are ii4 #bc1 ! ass & ! colt 9 xxi4 #g1 ! ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! belly ( ! :ale m5tion$ z typical ( ,*ri/'s re/ 9 ! tomb 7xii4 #dj71 ! abs5ce ( all ref]5ce to ! burn+ ( ! temple 9 xxiv4 #b1 ! ref]5ce to ,za*>iah ! son ( ,b>a*iah 7xxiii4 #ce2 contra/ #b ,*ron4 xxiv4 #bj74 ,su* v]ses w\ld probably h be5 alt]$ if ! ,gospel _h n ga9$ an au?oritative position at a v e>ly date4 #a ,/rom4 iv4 #i4 #b ,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #ci4 #c ,adv4 ,ha]4 iii4 #a4 #d ,de ,vir1 ,ill4 #c4 #e ,9 ,matt4 xii4 #ac4 #f ,con4 ,pelag4 iii4 #a4 #g ,s ,pr(4 ,armitage ,rob9son1 ,expositor1 ,m>*1 #ahig4 #h ,batiffol1 ,six ,leons sur les ,evangiles1 p4 #dh4 #i ,burton1 ,syntax ( ! ,moods & ,t5ses ( ,new ,te/am5t ,greek1 pp4 #ib-ie4 #aj ,9 ?is ,gospel only is s9 call$ lawlessness4 #aa ,^! analyses ( ! ,gospels are n complete1 b are arrang$ ) ! hope t ! read]s1 by /udy+ all ! f\r1 may ga9 a cle>] conception ( ! life ( our ,"l4 #di ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,gospel ,,accord+ ,,to ,,/4 ,,m>k ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,john ,m>k 0 ! son ( a ,m>y :o 0 an influ5tial memb] ( ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem1 z ! ,*ur* met 9 h] h\se 7,acts xii4 #ab74 ,he 0 a c\s9 ( ,b>nabas 7,col4 iv4 #aj71 :o _h be5 a man ( "s prop]ty4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ,m>k 0 ! "y man ref]r$ to 9 ! acc\nt giv5 by ?is ,gospel ( ! arre/ ( ,jesus 9 ! g>d54 ,to o!rs ! incid5t w\ld probably h appe>$ insignificant4 ,he liv$ at ,j]usalem dur+ ! fam9e 9 ,a4,d4 #de1 & ,b>nabas took him to ,antio* on return+ ?i!r f ,j]usalem at t "t4 ,he accompani$ ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,b>nabas on ,/4 ,paul's fir/ mission>y j\rney1 & lab\r$ ) !m at ,salamis 9 ,cyprus4 ,x is possible t ,acts xiii4 #e means t ,john ,m>k _h be5 a m9i/] ( ! synagogue at ,salamis4 ,at any rate1 ! ,greek c be s int]pret$4 ,aft] cross+ f ,paphos to ! ma9l& ( ,asia ,m9or1 ! mission>ies arriv$ at ,p]ga4 ,"h ,/4 ,paul made ! great resolve to ext5d ! gospel beyond ! ,taurus m\nta9s4 ,/4 ,m>k det]m9$ to leave him4 ,p]haps he 0 n prep>$ = s magnific5t an und]tak+ z a "w :i* includ$ ! conv]sion ( ! ,g5tiles 7,acts xiv4 #bg71 or = ! sub/itution ( ! lead]%ip ( ,/4 ,paul = t ( ,/4 ,b>nabas4 ,/4 ,m>k return$ to ,j]usalem1 & 0 aga9 at ,antio* ab\t ! "t ( ,/4 ,paul's rebuke ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,possibly ,/4 ,m>k foll[$ ! example ( mo/ ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians at ,antio* 9 induc+ ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,b>nabas to )draw f #ej fell[%ip ) ! ,g5tile conv]ts4 ,:e!r he did s or n1 x is c]ta9 t ,/4 ,paul refus$ to take ,/4 ,m>k ) him on 8 second mission>y j\rney1 ,a4,d4 #di4 ,/4 ,b>nabas !n w5t home to ,cyprus ) ,/4 ,m>k4 ,we he> no m ( ! future evangeli/ until ,a4,d4 #fj1 :5 we f9d t he is ) ,/4 ,paul 9 ,rome1 & completely reconcil$ to him4 ,he is ! apo/le's fell[-work] & 8 com=t 7,col4 iv4 #aa2 ,philem4 #bd74 ,ab\t f\r ye>s lat]1 ,/4 ,paul1 9 writ+ %ortly be=e 8 m>tyrdom to ,timo?y1 reque/s him to come to ,rome by ! %orte/ r\te1 & to take up ,m>k on ! way1 = he is useful to me = m9i/]+ 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #aa74 ,! la/ notice t we h ( ,/4 ,m>k 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t illu/rates h[ complete a h>mony _h be5 effect$ betwe5 ! expansive !ology ( ,/4 ,paul & ! once cramp$ policy ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,m>k4 ,9 8 ,fir/ ,epi/le ,/4 ,pet] ref]s to ,m>k1 my son1 & 8 words make x c]ta9 t ! two fri5ds 7 !n toge!r at ,babylon1 i4e4 ,rome4 ,9 ! #d? c5tury x 0 widely believ$ t ,/4 ,m>k 0 ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,alex&ria1 & ! fir/ bi%op ( ! see :i* 0 aft]w>ds rul$ by ,/4 ,a?anasius & ,/4 ,cyril4 ,x is important to notice t ?is tradition appe>s fir/ 9 ,eusebius1 & is n m5tion$ 9 ! extant works ( ,clem5t & ,orig51 ! great lum9>ies ( ! e>ly ,alex&rian ,*ur*4 ,b x seems to be too well support$ by ! great writ]s ( ! #d? c5tury = u to reg>d x z a fabrication4 ,if ! tale is true1 ,/4 ,m>k mu/ h br\ght ,*ri/ianity to ,alex&ria ei!r aft] ! dea? ( ,/4 ,pet] ab\t ,a4,d4 #fe1 or ab\t ,a4,d4 #ee1 9 ! int]val betwe5 8 sep>ation f ,/4 ,paul & 8 /ay ) him at ,rome4 ,! e>ly ,fa!rs1 s f> z _! te/imony rema9s1 are unanim\s 9 ascrib+ ?is ,gospel to ,/4 ,m>k1 & !y are equally unanim\s 9 trac+ ! "w ( ,/4 ,m>k to ! influ5ce ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr speaks ( ! ,memoirs ( ,pet] :5 ref]r+ to a /atem5t :i* we f9d 9 #ea ,m>k iii4 #ag4 ,papias closely associates ! two sa9ts 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,gospel1 & gives u 8 in=mation on ! au?ority ( ,john ! ,presbyt]1 :o 0 a disciple ( ! ,"l4 ,ir5aeus1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,t]tullian1 & ,orig5 say practically ! same ?+4 ,?is evid5ce is ov]:elm+1 & x is uncontradict$ by any e>ly au?ority4 ,! /atem5t ( ,papias is z foll[s3 ,& ! eld] said ?is also3 ,m>k1 hav+ become ! int]pret] ( ,pet]1 wrote d[n accurately ev]y?+ t he rememb]$ ( ! ?+s t 7 ei!r said or done by ,*ri/2 b1 h[ev]1 n 9 ord]4 ,= nei!r did he he> ! ,"l1 nor did he foll[ ,him2 b aft]w>ds1 z ,i said1 he att5d$ ,pet]1 :o adapt$ 8 in/ructions to ! ne$s ( 8 he>]s1 b _h no design ( giv+ a connect$ acc\nt ( ! ,"l's words4 ,s !n ,m>k committ$ no error 9 ?us writ+ d[n c]ta9 ?+s z he rememb]$ !m2 = he made x 8 special c>e n to omit any?+ t he he>d1 or to set d[n any false /atem5t !re94 #a ,by call+ ,/4 ,m>k an int]pret]1 ,papias p]haps means t he translat$ /atem5ts made 9 ,aramaic into ,greek1 :i* 0 ! language mo/ us$ by ! ,*ri/ians ( ,rome until ! #crd c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,by say+ t ,/4 ,m>k wrote n 9 ord]1 ,papias probably means t ! ,gospel is n a sy/ematic hi/ory ( all our ,"l's m9i/ry1 or an ord]ly arrangem5t ( subjects plac$ toge!r ) a view to in/ruction l ^? 9 ,mat!w4 ,s f> z we are able to te/ !m1 ! facts are relat$ *ronologically 9 ! great majority ( cases4 ,papias does n tell u :5 ,/4 ,m>k wrote 8 ,gospel4 ,ir5aeus writes3 ,mat!w also publi%$ a writt5 ,gospel among ! ,hebrews 9 _! own dialect1 ,pet] & ,paul prea*+ ! ,gospel at ,rome1 & lay+ ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ur*4 ,aft] _! dep>ture1 ,m>k1 ! disciple & int]pret] ( ,pet]1 deliv]$ to u 9 writ+ ! ?+s t _h be5 prea*$ by ,pet]4 #b #eb ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul probably di$ n lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #fe4 ,eusebius quotes f ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria t ,pet] hav+ publicly prea*$ ! ^w at ,rome1 & hav+ spok5 ! ,gospel by ! ,_s1 _m pres5t exhort$ ,m>k to write ! ?+s :i* _h be5 spok51 s9ce he _h long accompani$ ,pet]1 & rememb]$ :at he _h said2 & t :5 he _h compos$ ! ,gospel1 he deliv]$ x to !m :o _h ask$ x ( him1 :i* :5 ,pet] knew1 he nei!r =bad nor enc\rag$ x4 #c ,clem5t is "h rely+ ^u ! presbyt]s ( old1 & ! antiquity ( ! tradition is prov$ by ! fact t x does n claim ,/4 ,pet]'s direct sanction = ! ,gospel4 ,bo? ,ir5aeus & ,clem5t 7 probably born ab\t ,a4,d4 #acj1 or e>li]4 ,ir5aeus 0 acqua9t$ ) ,rome1 :]e ,/4 ,pet] taught1 :ile ,clem5t liv$ at ,alex&ria1 :]e ,/4 ,m>k 0 probably bi%op4 ,moreov]1 ,clem5t's (fice ( head-cate*i/ at ,alex&ria _h be5 previ\sly held by at lea/ ?ree pr$ecessors1 :o mu/ h h&$ d[n traditions ( fir/-rate value4 ,! te/imony ( ,clem5t ) reg>d to ,/4 ,m>k is n inconsi/5t ) t ( ,ir5aeus4 ,! ,gospel 0 probably writt5 :ile ,/4 ,pet] 0 alive1 & :5 he 0 dead1 0 giv5 to ! ,*ur*4 ,possibly x und]w5t "s revision be=e publication4 ,n[1 z ,/4 ,pet] evid5tly _h n taught 9 ,rome :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans 9 ,a4,d4 #ef1 & z ,/4 ,m>k 0 9 ,rome :5 he wrote ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians 9 ,a4,d4 #fj1 we may reasonably date ?is ,gospel ab\t ,a4,d4 #fb4 ,x seems to be lat] ?an ,colossians1 z !re is no indication ( ,/4 ,pet]'s be+ 9 ,rome :5 t ,epi/le 0 writt54 ,sid5ote3 ,lit]>y ,/yle4 ,! int]nal evid5ce af=d$ by ! ,gospel /rongly corroborates ! belief t x 0 bas$ ^u ! disc\rses ( "o :o _h be5 ) our ,"l dur+ ,8 m9i/ry4 ,x is m>k$ by a vivid & dramatic realism4 ,!re is a fondness = rapid transitions f "o sc5e to ano!r1 z may be illu/rat$ by ! #ec fact t ! ,greek ^w = imm$iately occurs no less ?an =ty-"o times4 ,9 i4 #bg ! actual =m ( an orig9al dialogue is %[n 9 ! abrupt & brok5 s5t5ces employ$4 ,/4 ,m>k uses diff]5t t5ses ( ! ,greek v]b--pres5t1 p]fect1 imp]fect1 & aori/--) s+ul> fre$om1 n because he did n "k ,greek well en\gh to write ) m regul>ity1 b because he is c>ri$ away by 8 int]e/ 9 ! facts :i* he relates4 ,! /ud5t w f9d good in/ances ( ?is int]*ange ( t5ses 9 v4 #ae ff42 vi4 #ad ff42 viii4 #ce2 ix4 #cd ff4 ,/4 ,m>k's language %[s t he 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,greek v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* has ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce on 8 /yle4 ,!re are _m picturesque phrases1 su* z ! heav5s r5t 7i4 #aj7 & dev\r h\ses 7xii4 #dj74 ,!re are little r$undancies 9 :i* ! au?or repeats 8 ?\ghts ) a fre% %ade ( mean+1 z at ev51 :5 ! sun did set 7i4 #cb72 he look$ /eadfa/ly1 & 0 re/or$1 & saw all ?+s cle>ly 7viii4 #be72 all t %e _h1 ev5 all h] liv+ 7xii4 #dd74 ,!re is a frequ5t use ( popul> dim9utives1 su* z words = little boat1 little daught]1 little dog4 ,?is is probably due to prov9cial ,cu/om1 & may be comp>$ ) ! fondness %[n 9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl& = words su* z boatie1 lassie or lassock1 etc4 ,!re are sev]al ,hebraisms4 ,"s ( ! ,greek words are frankly plebeian1 su* z a =eign] w\ld pick up )\t realiz+ t !y 7 inelegant4 ,!re are also "s ,aramaic words & phrases :i* ! writ] ins]ts ) a true arti/ic s5se & !n int]prets--,boan]ges 7iii4 #ag71 ,tali?a cumi 7v4 #da71 ,corban 7vii4 #aa71 ,ephpha?a 7vii4 #cd71 ,abba 7xiv4 #cf71 & ,eloi1 ,eloi1 lama saba*?ani#d 7xv4 #cd74 ,! ,greek also conta9s num]\s grammatical irregul>ities :i* betray ! h& ( a =eign]1 #ed z 9 ii4 #bf2 iv4 #bb2 vi4 #eb2 vii4 #d1 #ai2 ix4 #ah1 xi4#cb2 xiii4 #cd4 ,! use ( p>ticiples is clumsy1 especially 9 ! acc\nt ( ! woman ) ! issue ( blood 7v4 #be ff474 ,f9ally1 !re are m ,lat9 words & idioms ?an 9 any ( ! o!r ,gospels4 ,lat9 idioms may be se5 9 v4 #bc & xv4 #ae1 & in/ances ( ,lat9 words are speculator 7vi4 #bg71 c5turion 7xv4 #ci71 sext>ius 7vii4 #d71 d5>ius 7vi4 #cg71 quadrans 7xii4 #db74 ,9 xii4 #db1 xv4 #af1 ,greek words are expla9$ 9 ,lat94 ,^! facts corroborate ! tradition t ! writ] 0 a ,pale/9ian :o /ay$ 9 ,rome1 & knew p]sonally "s "o :o _h exceptional k ( our ,"l's actual words4 ,! n>rative is p>ticul>ly fre%1 & ab\nds 9 vivid details su* z w\ld h be5 likely to l+] 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s memory4 ,! gre5 grass :]eon ! cr[ds sat1 & ! appe>ance ( fl[]-b$s :i* !y pres5t$ 9 _! gay co/ume 7vi4 #ci1 #dj72 ! /]n ( ! boat1 & ! pill[ :]eon our ,"l slept 7iv4 #ch72 ! ,g]as5e demoniac cutt+ himself ) /ones 7v4 #e72 ! woman :o 0 a ,syro-,pho5ician b spoke ,greek 7vii4 #bf72 ,jesus tak+ *ildr5 9 ,8 arms 7ix4 #cf2 x4 #af72 ! /reet :]e ! colt 0 ti$ 7xi4 #d72 ! two occasions on :i* ! cock crew 7xiv4 #fh1 #gb72 & ,/4 ,pet] w>m+ himself 9 ! light ( ! fire 7xiv4 #ed72--su* are "s ( ! in/ances ( ! writ]'s fidelity 9 record+ ! impressions ( 8 tea*]4 ,?is ,gospel also ab\nds 9 prop] names1 bo? ( places & p]sons4 ,among ! latt] may be m5tion$ ! "n ( ,b>timaeus1 ! bl9d begg> 7x4 #df72 ! names ( ,alex&] & ,rufus1 ! sons ( ,simon ( ,cyr5e 7xv4 #ba72 ,salome1 ! "m ( ,zeb$ee's *ildr5 7xv4 #dj72 & ,boan]ges1 _! surname 7iii4 #ag74 ,equally rem>kable is ! mann] 9 :i* ! emotions ( our ,"l & o!rs are record$4 ,we notice ! indignation & grief :i* ,he felt 9 ! synagogue 7iii4 #e72 ,8 compassion = ! un%eph]d$ p 7vi4 #cd72 ,8 deep sigh at ! sceptical dem& = a sign f heav5 7viii4 #ab71 #ee ,8 displeasure at ! disciples = keep+ ! *ildr5 f ,him 7x4 #ad72 ,8 undisguis$ love = ! ri* "y man :o yet lack$ "o ?+ 7x4 #ba72 ,8 tragic walk 9 front ( ! apo/les 7x4 #cb72 ! int5sity ( feel+ ) :i* ,he 0 driv5 into ! wild]ness 7i4 #ab71 & ov]turn$ ! tables & seats 9 ! temple 7xi4 #ae74 ,/4 ,m>k always seems to be pa9t+ our ,"l f ! life4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ,/4 ,m>k %[s t he knew well h[ to compress ! mat]ial :i* 0 at 8 disposal1 !re is h>dly a /ory :i* he n>rates 9 common ) ! o!r synopti/s )\t "s special feature4 ,we may notice ! implor+ words ( ! fa!r ( ! lunatic boy 7ix4 #b71 ! spok5 bless+ on little *ildr5 7x4 #af71 ! view ( ! temple 7xiii4 #c71 & ,pilate's "q ( ! c5turion 7xv4 #dd74 ,none ( ^! ?+s are n>rat$ 9 ! o!r ,gospels4 ,9 ix4 #b-ac we h ! /ory ( ! ,transfiguration1 ) ! /atem5t t ! g>m5ts ( our ,"l became gli/]+1 exce$+ :ite2 s z no full] on e>? c :it5 !m4 ,we are also told t ,/4 ,pet] !n address$ our ,"l z ,rabbi1 & t he wi/ n :at to answ]4 ,! same significant phrase1 !y wi/ n :at to answ] ,him1 occurs 9 ,/4 ,m>k's acc\nt ( ! agony 9 ! g>d5 7xiv4 #dj74 ,^! are only a few in/ances out ( _m :i* %[ ,/4 ,m>k's orig9ality1 & !y are j su* p]sonal rem9isc5ces z we might expect ,/4 ,pet] to reta94 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,j z ! /yle is reali/ic & ! n>rative circum/antial1 s ! cont5ts are practical4 ,he w5t ab\t do+ good is ! impression :i* ?is ,gospel gives u ( our ,"l4 ,! tea*+ :i* ,he ann\nc$ to ! p is made less prom95t ?an 9 ,matt4 ,if we c\nt ev5 ! %orte/ similitudes z p>ables1 we f9d only n9e p>ables 9 ,m>k4 ,equally rem>kable is ! abs5ce ( quotations made by ! writ]4 ,he records num]\s ref]5ces made by our ,"l to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh few] ?an ,matt4 or ,luke1 b ! only quotations made by ,/4 ,m>k #ef himself are 9 i4 #b1 #c 7,mal4 iii4 #a2 ,isa4 xl4 #c7 & xv4 #bh 7,isa4 liii4 #ab74 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d eighte5 miracles1 only two less ?an 9 ! mu* long] ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,! !ological tone ( ,m>k may be describ$ z neutral4 ,!re is no trace ( ! innoc5t pref]5ces :i* ,matt4 & ,luke %[ t[>d ?is or t aspect ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,9 ,m>k we d n f9d s /rong an approval ( ! m p]man5t p>ts ( ! ,jewi% ,law1 or s /rong a d5unciation ( ! ,ph>isees :o exalt$ ! ext]nal adjuncts ( ! ,law1 z we f9d 9 ,matt4 ,nor d we f9d su* p>ables z ! ,good ,sam>itan & ! ,prodigal ,son1 by :i* ,luke lays emphasis ^u ! tru? t ! ,jews h no monopoly ( hol9ess1 & t ! outca/ is welcome to ! gospel4 ,m>k is less ,jewi% ?an ,matt41 less ,g5tile & ,paul9e ?an ,luke4 ,x us$ to be said t ?is 0 ! result ( trimm+1 & int5d$ to bridge ov] ! diff]5ces betwe5 two diff]5t s*ools ( !ology4 ,b ! *>ge has brok5 d[n4 ,/4 ,m>k1 ?\gh n anti-,jewi%1 reg>ds ,*ri/ z above ! law ( ! sabba? 7ii4 #bh71 & tea*es ! necessity ( new ext]nal religi\s =ms 7ii4 #bb74 ,?\gh he is n ,jewi%1 & ?\gh he omits ! /atem5t made 9 ,matt4 xv4 #bd1 a /atem5t indicat+ t ! ,jews _h ! fir/ "r to be taught by ! ,messiah1 he does record1 l ,matt41 ! /ill h>d] /atem5t ( ! same fact made to ! ,syro-,pho5ician woman 7vii4 #bg74 ,! tru? is t ,/4 ,m>k is neutral simply 9 ! s5se t he fai?fully records a /ory :i* 0 m\ld$ be=e doctr9al conflicts _h tak5 place betwe5 ,*ri/ian believ]s4 ,! doctr9e ( ,/4 ,m>k is ar*aic4 ,"o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive features ( ?is ,gospel is ! decisive cle>ness ) :i* x %[s h[ ,jesus tra9$ & educat$ ,8 disciples4 ,! simplicity ) :i* ,/4 ,m>k describes ! faults ( ! fri5ds ( our ,"l is z rem>kable z ! vig\r ) :i* ! ge/ures & feel+s ( our ,"l are portray$4 ,/4 ,m>k relates h[ t e>ly 9 ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus1 ,8 fri5ds 7iii4 #ba7 said t ,he 0 mad1 & t ,8 #eg "m & ,8 bre?r5 7iii4 #ca7 s\ght to br+ ,him back4 ,! discipl9e & education ( ! disciples are record$ ) a pla9 revelation ( _! mi/akes & _! spiritual dulness4 ,:5 !y _h settl$ 9 ,cap]naum ,*ri/ %[s !m t ,he mu/ f9d a wid] sph]e ( "w 7i4 #ch72 ,he meets ) a significant sil5ce _! obtrusive remon/rance :5 ! woman ) ! issue ( blood caus$ ,him to ask1 ,:o t\*$ ,my clo!s8 7v4 #cj1 #ca72 ,he tells !m ) affectionate c>e to re/ a :ile1 :5 !y _h be5 too busy ev5 to eat 7vi4 #ca72 ,he rebukes !m gravely :5 !y put a *ildi% int]pretation ^u ,8 comm& to bew>e ( ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees & ( ,h]od1 ! =mali/s & ! ,era/ian 7viii4 #ag72 !y are un9tellig5t & un9quir+ :5 ,he prophesies ,8 dea? & resurrection 7ix4 #cb71 & aft] ?is prophecy !y actually dispute ab\t _! own prec$5ce 7ix4 #cd72 :5 ,*ri/ goes boldly =w>d to ,j]usalem1 !y foll[ ) fe> & hesitation 7x4 #cb72 ,he rebukes ! nigg>dly criticism ( ^? :o 7 indignant ) ! wa/e ( ! p]fume p\r$ ^u ,8 head 7xiv4 #f72 & 9 ,ge?semane !y all left ,him & fl$ 7xiv4 #ej74 ,among ^! disciples1 ,/4 ,pet] is prom95t1 & ?\gh 8 confession ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus is record$1 a confession :i* is necess>ily c5tral 9 ! ,gospel 7viii4 #bi71 ,/4 ,m>k nei!r records t our ,"l design$ him z ! rock1 nor 8 commission to fe$ ! ,"l's lambs & %eep4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,/4 ,m>k ins]ts ?+s :i* 7 (t5 ( a nature to humble ,/4 ,pet]4 ,he records ! cru%+ reprim& :i* he receiv$ :5 he criticiz$ ! ,"l's mission 7viii4 #cc72 x 0 ,pet]'s fanciful plan to erect ?ree tab]nacles on ! sc5e ( ! ,transfiguration 7ix4 #e71 x 0 ,pet] :o in=m$ ! ,"l t ! fig tree _h )]$ aft] ,8 curse 7xi4 #ba71 x 0 ,pet] :om ,*ri/ awoke 9 ,ge?semane by utt]+ 8 "n ,simon 7xiv4 #cg72 & ,pet]'s d5ial appe>s d\bly guilty 9 ?is ,gospel1 inasmu* z he did n rep5t until ! cock crew twice 7xiv4 #fh1 #gb74 ,at ! #eh beg9n+ 7iii4 #af7 & at ! end 7xvi4 #g7 ,pet] occupies a special position4 ,b ! conduct ( ,pet] is n>rat$ 9 a fa%ion :i* r5d]s ! notion ( fiction q impossible4 ,! ,gospel _c h be5 writt5 by a h]o-wor%ipp] wi%+ to glorify a sa9t ( old1 b mu/ surely h be5 writt5 by ! int]pret] ( ,pet]4 ,9 comp>+ ! cont5ts ( ,m>k ) ^? ( ,matt4 & ,luke1 we are /ruck by ! abs5ce ( _m ( our ,"l's disc\rses4 ,yet we f9d an es*atological disc\rse ab\t ! second com+ 9 xiii41 ?\gh mu* %ort] ?an ^? 9 ,matt4 xxiv4 & xxv4 ,! g5u95ess ( ,m>k xiii4 has be5 assail$1 & x has be5 describ$ z an apocalyptic fly-%eet1 :i* 0 someh[ ins]t$ 9 ! ,gospel4 ,!re is no reason = believ+ ?is !ory to be true4 ,! *apt] 0 9 ,m>k :5 x 0 incorporat$ into ,mat!w1 & its tea*+ agrees ) t attribut$ to our ,"l 9 ! collections ( ,logia4 ,we h also ! beg9n+ ( ! *>ge giv5 to ! apo/les 7vi4 #g-aa2 cf4 ,matt4 x474 ,!re are a few e*oes ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & only a specim5 ( ! f9al d5unciation ( ! ,ph>isees1 :i* occupies a :ole *apt] 9 ,matt4 7,m>k xii4 #ch-dj1 cf4 ,matt4 xxiii474 ,we f9d a few /atem5ts made by our ,"l :i* are peculi> to ?is ,gospel3 e4g4--! sabba? 0 made = man1 & n man = ! sabba? 7ii4 #bg71 fooli%ness com+ f ! he>t 7vii4 #bb72 e sacrifice %all be salt$ ) salt 7ix4 #di72 ,fa!r1 all ?+s are possible unto ,!e1 9 ! t\*+ filial appeal dur+ ! agony 7xiv4 #cf74 ,"h alone h we ! t9y p>able ab\t ! gr[? ( ! blade ( corn 7iv4 #bf71 & t ( ! port] comm&$ to wat* until ! ma/]'s return 7xiii4 #cd74 ,!re are two miracles peculi> to ,m>k1 ! cure ( ! deaf-mute 7vii4 #cb7 & ( ! bl9d man at ,be?saida 7viii4 #bb74 ,among ! miracles record$ 9 ,m>k1 ! cures ( demoniacs are prom95t4 ,?is is 9 peculi> contra/ ) ,john1 :]e we f9d no cure ( demoniacs record$4 ,9 m>k$ contra/ to ,/4 ,luke1 ,/4 ,m>k appe>s indiff]5t #ei to ! political conditions ( ! c\ntries :]e our ,"l work$4 ,?us ,h]od ,antipas is simply call$ ! k+ 7vi4 #ad71 :]eas bo? 9 ,matt4 & ,luke he is correctly call$ by ! title ( tetr>*1 :i* only implies gov]nor%ip ( a portion ( a c\ntry4 ,yet ! n>rative ( ,/4 ,m>k %[s t he 0 q aw>e ( facts :i* c only be expla9$ by ! political conditions :i* he does n describe4 ,he kn[s t ,tyre & ,sidon1 ,caes>ea ,philippi & ,be?saida1 :i* 7 n "u ,h]od ,antipas1 7 m safe = our ,"l ?an ,cap]naum4 ,& he kn[s t 9 travell+ to ,j]usalem ,he 0 9 great] dang] ?an :ile ,he rema9$ 9 ,galilee1 & 0 meet+ ,8 doom at ! s5t5ce ( ,g5tile (ficials4 ,al?\gh ,/4 ,m>k is sil5t z to ! names ( _m ( ! places :i* our ,"l visit$1 he gives u num]\s indications ( ! v>i\s sc5es ( our ,"l's lab\rs4 ,we are ?us able to fix ! geographical surr\nd+s ( ne>ly all ! m important ev5ts1 & con/ruct an intelligible plan ( our ,"l's m9i/ry4 ,we c see h[ ,he made ! %ores ( ! lake ( ,g5nes>et ! focus ( ,8 mission1 & w5t on evangeli/ic j\rneys f ,cap]naum into ,galilee4 ,! "t ( ^! j\rneys 0 l>gely det]m9$ by circum/ances1 su* z ! unregulat$ en?usiasm ( ! mob1 ! spite ( ! scribes at ,cap]naum1 or ! ang] ( ,h]od's c\rt at ,tib]ias4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! m9i/ry 9 ,galilee our ,"l devot$ ,himself to ! deep] in/ruction ( ,8 ,apo/les & _! initiation into ! my/]y ( ,8 dea? 7vii4 #bd ff42 viii4 #bg ff474 ,= su* tea*+ ! m\nta9 slopes ( ,lebanon & ,h]mon af=d$ sc5es ( p]fect calm & beauty4 #fj ,,analysis ,a4 ,w9t] ,a4,d4 #bf till aft] ,p5teco/ #bg4 ,! prep>ation = ! m9i/ry2 i4 #a-ac4--,! mission ( ,john ! ,bapti/ & ! baptism ( ,jesus1 ! temptation4 ,b4 ,p5teco/ ,a4,d4 #bg till be=e ,passov] #bh4 ,! m9i/ry ( ,jesus 9 ,galilee1 j\rneys f ,cap]naum2 i4 #ad-vi4 #ac4--,! call ( ! f\r fi%]m51 ,jesus prea*es & heals at ,cap]naum 7i4 #ad-cd74 ,fir/ mission>y j\rney1 9 t[ns ( ,galilee3 lep] cleans$1 return to ,cap]naum 7i4 #ch-;ii4 #a74 ,"w 9 ,cap]naum1 five gr\nds ( (f5ce aga9/ ,jesus1 ,jesus foll[$ by cr[ds ( he>]s on ! sea-%ore 7ii4 #b-;iii4 #ab74 ,appo9tm5t ( ! twelve1 ,*ri/ accus$ ( alliance ) ,satan1 ! unp>donable s91 ,*ri/'s relation to ,8 "m & bre?r54 ,he beg9s to tea* 9 p>ables ab\t ! k+dom 7iii4 #ac-;iv4 #cd74 ,second mission>y j\rney1 on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! lake ( ,g5nes>et3 ! /orm calm$1 ,g]as5e demoniac & sw9e 7iv4 #ce-v4 #bj74 ,return to ! we/]n %ore1 ! cure ( ! woman :o t\*$ ,8 g>m5t1 ,jairus' daught] rais$ 7v4 #ba-dc74 ,?ird mission>y j\rney1 9 ! we/]n highl&s1 includ+ ,naz>e?1 :]e ,he is reject$1 & adjac5t villages1 ! mission ( ! twelve 7vi4 #a-ac74 ,p]plexity ( ,h]od & dea? ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 vi4 #ad-bi4 #fa ,c4 ,passov] ,a4,d4 #bh till be=e ,tab]nacles #bh4 ,climax ( mission>y "w 9 ,galilee1 j\rneys f ,cap]naum2 vi4 #cj-;ix4 #ej4--;,*ri/ 9 a des]t place fe$s ! #ejjj1 visits ,be?saida1 walks on ! sea1 returns to ,g5nes>et1 heals _m 7vi4 #cj-ef74 ,tea*+ ab\t defilem5t 7vii4 #a-bc74 ,f\r? mission>y j\rney1 to ! nor?-we/ into ,pho5icia3 ! ,syro-,pho5ician woman1 dep>ture f ,tyre & ,sidon1 approa* to ! sea ( ,galilee ?r\gh ,decapolis1 cure ( ! deaf-mute 7vii4 #bd-cg74 ,*ri/ fe$s ! #djjj 7viii4 #a-i7 ,*ri/ takes %ip to ,dalmanu?a1 ,ph>isees seek a sign1 ,jesus takes %ip to ! o!r side1 ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees & ( ,h]od1 cure ( a bl9d man at ,be?saida 7viii4 #aj-bf74 ,fif? j\rney1 to t[ns ( ,caes>ea ,philippi1 special tea*+ ( ! select few3 ,pet]'s confession ( ,*ri/1 ,*ri/'s fir/ pr$iction ( ,8 dea? 7viii4 #bg-;ix4 #a74 ,transfiguration1 lunatic boy cur$1 j\rney ?r\gh ,galilee1 second pr$iction ( dea?1 arrival at ,cap]naum1 ! value ( a *ild's example1 ! dang] ( caus+ "o to /umble 7ix4 #b-ej74 ,d4 ,tab]nacles1 ,septemb] ,a4,d4 #bh until e>ly #bi4 ,j\rney to ,j]usalem ?r\gh ,p]aea3 x4--,*ri/ =bids divorce1 blesses *ildr51 ! ri* "y man1 ! difficulties ( ! ri*1 ,*ri/'s ?ird pr$iction ( ,8 dea?1 ! reque/ ( ,zeb$ee's sons1 ,*ri/'s ann\ncem5t ( ,8 mission to s]ve1 bl9d ,b>timaeus cur$ at ,j]i*o4 #fb ,e4 ,passov] ,a4,d4 #bi4 ,la/ days at ,j]usalem1 & aft]w>ds2 xi4 #a-xvi4 #bj4--;,entry into ,j]usalem1 ! )]$ fig-tree1 cleans+ ( ! temple1 ! duty ( =giv5ess1 ,*ri/ *all5g$ 7xi474 ,! p>able ( ! v9ey>d1 ?ree que/ions to entrap ,*ri/1 ,8 "q1 d5unciation ( scribes1 ! wid['s mites 7xii474 ,pr$ictions ( de/ruction ( temple1 ( woes & ( ! second com+ 7xiii474 ,! ,c\ncil discuss h[ !y may arre/ ,jesus1 ! woman ) ! o9tm5t1 ,judas' b>ga91 ! ,passov]1 ,ge?semane1 ! betrayal1 ! trial be=e ! ,c\ncil1 ,pet]'s d5ial 7xiv474 ,jesus deliv]$ to ,pilate1 trial1 ,jesus & ,b>abbas1 ! mock]y1 crucifixion1 burial by ,joseph ( ,arima?aea 7xv474 ,! wom5 at ! sepul*re1 ! angel 7xvi4 #a-h74 ,app5dix ) summ>y ( appe>ances ( ! ,"l 7xvi4 #i-bj74 ,note on ! ,conclud+ ,section4--,! orig9 ( xvi4 #i-bj is "o ( ! mo/ difficult ( que/ions1 7a7 ,! section is n f\nd 9 ! two fam\s ,greek ,,mss41 ! ,vatican & ! ,s9aitic1 nor is x f\nd 9 ! v anci5t ,s9aitic ,syriac ,,ms4 ,x is also lack+ 9 "o ,lat9 ,,ms4 7k71 :i* repres5ts ! ,lat9 v]sion us$ be=e ,/4 ,j]ome made ! ,vulgate translation1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #chd4 ,! great s*ol> ,eusebius1 ,a4,d4 #cbj1 omitt$ x f 8 canons1 :i* conta9 p>allel passages f ! ?ree ,gospels4 7b7 ,! language does n resemble ! ,greek employ$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,gospels1 diff]+ f x 9 "s small p>ticul>s :i* mo/ /rongly sugge/ div]sity ( au?or%ip4 7c7 ,mu* ( ! section might h be5 con/ruct$ out ( ! o!r ,gospels & ,acts2 e4g4 v]4 #i is ?\ght to be d]iv$ f ,john xx4 #ad1 & v]4 #ad f ,john xx4 #bf-bi4 7d7 ,m>y ,magdal5e is introduc$ z ?\gh %e _h n be5 m5tion$ previ\sly2 b %e has already appe>$ ?rice 9 ,m>k 7xv4 #dj1 #dg2 xvi4 #a74 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is obvi\s t ! ,gospel c\ld nev] h end$ ) ! words = !y #fc 7 afraid1 9 v]4 #h4 ,all ! old ,lat9 ,,mss4 conta9 ! pres5t section except k1 & p]haps orig9ally ,a4 ,! evid5ce ( ! ,vatican & ! ,s9aitic ,,mss4 is n s /rong z x appe>s to be at fir/ sight4 ,! end ( ,m>k 9 ! ,s9aitic 0 actually writt5 by ! same scribe z ! man :o wrote ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! ,vatican ,,ms4 ,& ! way 9 :i* he has arrang$ ! conclusion ( ! ,gospel 9 bo? ,,mss4 sugge/s t ! ,,mss4 f :i* ! ,s9aitic & ! ,vatican 7 copi$1 bo? conta9$ ?is or a simil> section4 ,moreov]1 !re is consid]able reason = ?9k+ t he act$ "u ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ,eusebius4 ,! v]ses are atte/$ by ,ir5aeus1 & app>5tly by ,ju/9 & ,h]mas1 & 7 !re=e reg>d$ z au!ntic1 or at lea/ z tru?ful1 by educat$ m5 at ,lyons & ,rome1 9 ! #bnd c5tury4 ,a possible solution is (f]$ by an ,arm5ian ,,ms4 7,a4,d4 #ihf71 :i* assigns ! section to ! presbyt] ,ari/on4 ,?is is probably ! presbyt] ,ari/ion :om ,papias describes z a disciple ( ! ,"l 7,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #ci74 ,! conclusion ( ,/4 ,m>k's ,,ms4 probably became accid5tally deta*$1 & vani%$ soon aft] 8 dea?1 & ! ,*ur* may well h reque/$ "o :o knew ! ,"l to supply ! defici5cy4 #a ,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #ci4 #b ,op4 cit4 iii4 #ci4 #c ,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e4 vi4 #ad4 #d ,also 9 ,matt4 xxvii4 #df4 ,obs]ve also ! explanation ( ,beelzebub 7iii4 #bb71 ,geh5na 7ix4 #dc71 ,b>timaeus 7x4 #df71 ,golgo?a 7xv4 #bb74 ,also ! explanation ( ,jewi% cu/oms 9 vii4 #c1 #d2 xiv4 #ab4 #fd ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,gospel ,,accord+ ,,to ,,/4 ,,luke ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,! evid5ce = believ+ t ! ?ird ,gospel 0 writt5 by ,/4 ,luke1 ! fri5d ( ,/4 ,paul1 is v /rong4 ,9 ! #bnd c5tury bo? ?is ,gospel & ,acts 7 attribut$ to him4 ,/4 ,ir5aeus1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahe1 writes3 ,luke1 also1 ! companion ( ,paul1 record$ 9 a book ! gospel prea*$ by him4 #a ,a few ye>s e>li] ! au?or ( ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t wrote ! words1 ,! ?ird book ( ! ,gospel1 t accord+ to ,luke4 ,accord+ to ,eusebius & ,j]ome & an unkn[n writ] ( ! #crd c5tury1 ,/4 ,luke 0 a native ( ,antio* 9 ,syria4 ,( ?is we seem to h confirmation 9 ! full acc\nt giv5 9 ,acts ( ! ,*ur* at ,antio*4 ,x is %[n by ,col4 iv4 #ad t he 0 a ,g5tile1 z !re is a di/9ction drawn betwe5 him & ^? ( ! circumcision4 ,f ! same passage we le>n t he 0 a physician4 ,traces ( 8 pr(ession h be5 discov]$ 9 ! frequ5cy ) :i* he describes ! heal+ wr\ght by ,*ri/ & ,8 apo/les 7iv4 #ah1 #bc2 ix4 #a1 #b1 #f2 x4 #i2 xxii4 #ea71 & ! occasional use ( t]ms :i* a physician 0 m likely to employ ?an o!r p 7iv4 #ch2 v4 #ab2 vi4 #ai2 xxii4 #dd74 ,x is v possible t x is ,/4 ,luke :o is describ$ 7#b ,cor4 viii4 #ah7 z ! bro!r ^: praise 9 ! gospel is spread ?r\gh all ! ,*ur*es4 ,?is tradition c be trac$ z f> back z ,orig54 ,! fact t he 0 a de> fri5d ( ,/4 ,paul is #fe %[n by ! epi!t belov$ 9 ,col4 iv4 #ad2 by ! fact t he is "o ( ! fell[-work]s :o s5d greet+s f ,rome :5 ,/4 ,paul1 :o 0 imprison$ !re1 wrote to ,philemon2 & by ! t\*+ /atem5t 9 #b ,tim4 iv4 #aa1 :]e ,/4 ,paul1 z he awaits 8 dea?1 writes1 ,only ,luke is ) me4 ,/4 ,luke's relations ) ,/4 ,paul are fur!r illu/rat$ f ,acts4 ,! lit]>y resemblances betwe5 ?is ,gospel & ,acts are s num]\s & s subtle t ! tradition :i* ascribes bo? books to "o au?or _c reasonably be controv]t$4 ,! passages 9 ,acts :i* conta9 ! ^w we %[ t ! writ] ( ,acts accompani$ ,/4 ,paul f ,troas to ,philippi 9 ,a4,d4 #ej1 :5 ! apo/le made 8 fir/ mission>y j\rney 9 ,europe 7,acts xvi4 #aj-ag74 ,! apo/le left him at ,philippi4 ,ab\t six ye>s aft]w>ds ,/4 ,paul 0 aga9 at ,philippi1 & !re met ,/4 ,luke1 :o travell$ ) him to ,j]usalem 7,acts xx4 #e-xxi4 #ah72 he also 0 ) ! apo/le :5 he made ! voyage to ,rome1 & 0 %ipwreck$ ) him at ,malta4 ,a writ] ( ! #crd c5tury 7quot$ 9 ,wordswor?'s ,vulgate1 p4 #bfi7 tells u t ,/4 ,luke _h nei!r wife nor *ildr51 & di$ 9 ,bi?ynia at ! age ( sev5ty-f\r4 ,a writ] ( ! #f? c5tury ass]ts t ,/4 ,luke 0 a pa9t]1 & attributes to him a c]ta9 picture ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,ano!r su* picture is pres]v$ 9 ! great *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore at ,rome4 ,! leg5d f9ds no support 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,at ! same "t1 x be>s witness to ! fact t ?is ,gospel conta9s ! elem5ts ( beauty 9 especial ri*ness4 ,x is ! "w ( ,/4 ,luke t inspir$ ,fra ,angelico's pictures ( ! ,annunciation1 & ! ,engli% hymn ,abide ) me4 ,al?\gh ,/4 ,ir5aeus is ! fir/ writ] :o names ,/4 ,luke z ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel1 ! ,gospel is quot$ by e>li] writ]s4 ,special m5tion mu/ be made ( 7#a7 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,he records sev]al facts only f\nd 9 ?is ,gospel1 e4g4 ,elisabe? z ! "m ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! c5sus #ff "u ,quir9ius1 & ! cry1 ,fa!r1 into ,?y h&s ,i comm5d ,my _s4 7#b7 ,celsus1 ! pagan philosoph]1 :o oppos$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,he ref]s to ! g5ealogy :i* n>rates t ,jesus 0 desc5d$ f ! fir/ man4 7#c7 ,! ,lett] ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,lyons & ,vi5ne1 writt5 9 ,a4,d4 #agg4 7#d7 ,m>cion4 ,he endeav\r$ to f\nd a sy/em ( !ology :i* he pret5d$ to be 9 accordance ) ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,he reject$ ! ,old ,te/am5t z ! "w ( an evil god1 & ass]t$ t ,/4 ,paul 0 ! only apo/le :o 0 free f ! ta9t ( ,judaism4 ,! only ,gospel :i* he kept 0 t accord+ to ,/4 ,luke1 :i* he reta9$ z agree+ ) ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! cont5ts ( ,m>cion's ,gospel c be l>gely discov]$ 9 ,t]tullian4 ,! diff]5ces :i* exi/$ betwe5 ,m>cion's ,gospel & our ,luke c be easily acc\nt$ =4 ,"h1 z 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 he simply alt]$ ! passages :i* did n agree ) 8 own int]pretation ( ,/4 ,paul's doctr9e4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,luke xiii4 #bh1 in/ead ( ,abraham1 & ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 he put ! righte\s4 ,! acc\nt ( our ,"l's bir? & infancy he omitt$1 because he did n believe t our ,"l's human body 0 ?or\ghly human & real4 ,an int]e/+ mod]n p>allel to ,m>cion's ,new ,te/am5t c be f\nd 9 ,engl&4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury ! ,engli% ,unit>ians circulat$ l>ge numb]s ( an ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 :i* 7 alt]$ all ! passages 9 ! ,engli% ,au?oris$ ,v]sion :i* imply t ,jesus is ,god4 ,! translators ( ?is ,unit>ian v]sion accept$ ! ,gospels ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z g5u9e1 al?\gh !y us$ unscrupul\s me?ods to support _! ass]tion t ! ,new ,te/am5t is ,unit>ian4 ,9 ! same way ,m>cion1 al?\gh he made unscrupul\s alt]ations 9 ,luke 9 ord] to prove t x 0 really ,m>cionite1 obvi\sly accept$ x z a g5u9e "w ( ! apo/olic age4 ,! ,preface ( ! ,gospel beg9s ) a c]emoni\s d$ication to a p]son ( high rank1 nam$ ,!ophilus4 ,he is #fg call$ by ! title mo/ excell5t1 :i* ord9>ily implies t ! p]son s designat$ is a memb] ( ! eque/rian ord]4 ,! evangeli/ tells ,!ophilus t _m _h tak5 9 h& to draw up a n>rative ( ^? ?+s :i* are mo/ surely believ$ among u4 ,! preface %[s u t _m attempts to give an acc\nt 9 ord] ( :at our ,"l did & said _h already be5 made4 ,! lit]>y activity ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians is ?us demon/rat$ to u4 ,! preface sugge/s to u t sub/antial accuracy m>k$ ^! e>ly ef=ts1 &1 9 a /ill high] degree1 ,/4 ,luke's own ,gospel4 ,he does n speak ( ! e>li] works z inaccurate1 & he does di/9ctly give 8 read] to und]/& t he possesses peculi> qualifications = 8 task4 ,he ass]ts t 8 in=mation is d]iv$ f eye-witnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ,^w1 & t he has himself trac$ ! c\rse ( all ?+s accurately f ! fir/4 ,?is preface c]ta9ly %[s u t ! writ] took real pa9s 9 writ+1 & t he _h p]sonally kn[n m5 :o accompani$ our ,"l4 ,! date c h>dly be lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #hj1 unless ! evangeli/ wrote 9 extreme old age4 ,& ! date mu/ be e>li] ?an ,acts1 z ! ,gospel is ref]r$ to 9 t "w 7,acts i4 #a1 #b74 ,c we fix ! date m accurately ?an ?is8 ,_m critics ?9k t we c4 ,!y say t x mu/ be lat] ?an ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,x is said t ! ,gospel presupposes t ,j]usalem 0 already de/roy$4 ,! argum5ts = ?is are3 7#a7 ,9 ,luke xxi4 #bj-bd ! utt] de/ruction ( ,j]usalem is =etold ) peculi> cle>ness4 ,we h already se5 t a simil> argum5t is employ$ by _m 9 speak+ ( ,matt41 an argum5t :i* seems to imply t our ,"l did n =etell t de/ruction because ,he c\ld n4 ,?is argum5t mu/ be dismiss$4 7#b7 ,9 ,luke xxi4 #bj !re is no editorial note l t 9 ,matt4 xxiv4 #ae1 to emphasize ! necessity ( pay+ peculi> att5tion to our ,"l's w>n+ ab\t ! com+ de/ruction1 & 9 ,luke xxi4 #be ! f9al judgm5t is n s #fh cle>ly connect$ ) ! fall ( ,j]usalem z 9 ,matt4 xxiv4 #bi1 :]e x is =etold z com+ imm$iately1 aft] ! tribulation ( ^? days4 ,moreov]1 xxi4 #bd sugge/s t ! writ] 0 well aw>e t an int]val mu/ elapse betwe5 ! two great ev5ts4 ,?is is ! only good argum5t = plac+ ,luke lat] ?an ,matt41 & x c]ta9ly des]ves c>eful att5tion4 ,at ! same "t1 we mu/ obs]ve ! foll[+ facts3 7a7 ,/4 ,luke probably did n "k ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel1 o!rwise he w\ld n h giv5 su* v diff]5t1 ?\gh n contradictory1 acc\nts ( ! infancy & ! resurrection ( our ,"l2 7b7 ,/4 ,luke may p]haps owe ! sup]ior accuracy ( 8 report ( ! es*atological disc\rse ( ,*ri/ to p]sons :om he knew at ,j]usalem 9 ,a4,d4 #ef2 7c7 ,/4 ,luke himself possibly ?\ght t ! end ( ! _w w\ld foll[ soon aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 = 9 xxi4 #cb he seems to connect ! f9al judgm5t ) 8 own g5]ation4 ,b ! /atem5t is n s /rong z 9 ,matt4 & ,m>k4 ,= ,/4 ,luke says1 ,?is g5]ation %all n pass away till all be accompli%$1 :ile ,matt4 & ,m>k say1 until all ^! ?+s be accompli%$1 evid5tly includ+ ! f9al judgm5t4 ,on ! :ole1 x seems reasonable to date ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,luke soon aft] ,a4,d4 #gj1 b x conta9s s _m primitive t\*es t x may be r e>li]4 ,x has be5 urg$ t bo? ! ,gospel & ,acts betray a k ( ! ,antiquities ( ,josephus1 & mu/ !re=e be lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #id4 ,?is !ory rema9s :olly unprov$1 & ! small evid5ce :i* c be br\ght to support x is f> outweigh$ by ! e>ly features :i* m>k ,/4 ,luke's books4 ,sid5ote3 ,lit]>y ,/yle4 ,! /yle is m>k$ by great delicacy & p[]4 ,x is 9 bett] ,greek ?an ! o!r ,synoptic ,gospels1 & ! evangeli/ seems to delib]ately avoid "s ( ! racy1 popul> words :i* are employ$ by ,/4 ,m>k4 ,b ! beg9n] %\ld be w>n$ t ?is ,gospel is n v easy to translate1 = x conta9s a good #fi _m words ) :i* he is n likely to be famili>4 ,! language ( ,/4 ,luke conta9s _m pro(s t he is writ+ z a ,g5tile = ,g5tiles4 ,?us he calls ! ,apo/le ,simon1 :o belong$ to ! fanatically dev\t p>ty kn[n z ! ,cananaeans1 by ! correspond+ ,greek "n ,zealot 7vi4 #ae72 he seldom uses ! ,hebrew ^w ,am51 & he nev] uses ! ^w ,rabbi z a =m ( address4 ,he adds ! ^w unclean be=e ! ^w devil 7iv4 #cc71 z ! ,greeks believ$ t "s devils 7 good & k9d1 :ile ! ,jews believ$ all devils to be evil4 ,he also sub/itutes ! ^w lawy] = scribe4 ,b :ile ! preface is writt5 9 :at is p]haps ! be/ ,greek 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! evangeli/ all[s 8 language to be p5etrat$ by 8 visions ( ,jewi% sc5es4 ,p>tly f 8 /udy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p>tly f 8 k ( ! books & ! lives 9 :i* he f\nd a te/imony to ,jesus1 he acquir$ ! art ( brea?+ into 8 ,greek ! simple mann] & ! sweet tone ( a ,hebrew /ory4 ,!re is no?+ 9 all lit]ature m p]fectly told ?an ! /ory ( ! walk to ,emmaus4 ,no?+ c be bett] ?an ! del9eation ( "* :i* is sugge/$ to u 9 ! /ory ( ,za*>ias1 or ( ,anna1 or ( ,zac*aeus4 ,!re is always a fre%ness to rem9d u t ! ,gospel is good tid+s ( great joy 7ii4 #aj71 & ! ,magnificat 7i4 #df-ee71 ! ,b5$ictus 7i4 #fh-gi71 ! ,gloria 9 ,excelsis 7ii4 #ad71 & ! ,nunc ,dimittis 7ii4 #bi-cb71 h become = ev] "p ( ! praises ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,m (t5 ?an 9 any o!r ,gospel we f9d su* expressions z glorify+ ,god1 prais+ ,god1 bless+ ,god4 ,aga91 ,/4 ,luke1 9 *oos+ incid5ts f ! life ( home1 & m especially 9 *oos+ incid5ts 9 :i* wom5 are prom95t1 gives a new solemnity to a life :i* m5 _h hi!rto despis$4 ,we always ?9k ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 z highly fav\r$1 ( ,m>?a cumb]$ ab\t mu* s]v+ 7x4 #dj71 ( ! wid[ ) ! two mites1 ( ! daught]s ( ,j]usalem weep+ on ! way ( ! cross 7xxiii4 #bh71 ( ! d\ble joy ( ,elisabe? #gj to be> a son 9 h] old age & to be visit$ by ! "m ( h] ,"l 7i4 #dc72 & we ?9k all ?is because ,/4 ,luke has told u _! /ory4 ,^! passages ) _! smiles & te>s1 _! simplicity & _! dep?1 are a div9e contra/ to ! grotesque passage 9 ! ,jewi% liturgy1 :]e ! m5 ?ank ,god t !y are n wom54 ,! la/ po9t 9 ,/4 ,luke's lit]>y /yle is 8 use ( phrases :i* resemble phrases 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,he writes z a man :o has liv$ 9 famili> int]c\rse ) ,/4 ,paul4 ,!re is a /rik+ simil>ity betwe5 ! words attribut$ to our ,"l 9 ! in/itution ( ! ,eu*>i/ 7xxii4 #ai1 #bj7 & ^? 9 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bd1 #be1 a simil>ity :i* is probably to be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ,/4 ,luke mu/ (t5 h he>d ! apo/le use ^! words 9 celebrat+ ?is ,sacram5t4 ,besides ?is1 !re are phrases :i* are p>allel ) phrases 9 e ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,a few in/ances are--,luke vi4 #cf 7#b ,cor4 i4 #c72 ,luke vi4 #ci 7,rom4 ii4 #ai72 ,luke viii4 #ac 7#a ,!ss4 i4 #f72 ,luke x4 #bj 7,phil4 iv4 #c72 ,luke xii4 #ce 7,eph4 vi4 #ad72 ,luke xxi4 #bd 7,rom4 xi4 #be72 ,luke xxii4 #ec 7,col4 i4 #ac74 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,x has be5 well said t ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel is 9 a peculi> s5se ,messianic1 ,/4 ,m>k's is 9 a peculi> s5se reali/ic1 & ,/4 ,luke's is 9 a peculi> s5se ,ca?olic4 ,& :ile ,/4 ,mat!w takes pa9s to connect ,*ri/ianity ) ! religion ( ! pa/1 & ,/4 ,m>k all[s 8 int]e/ 9 ! pa/ & ! future to be ov]%ad[$ by 8 resolve to speak ( ,jesus z actually work+ m>vels1 ,/4 ,luke seems1 l ,/4 ,paul1 to be ess5tially progressive & to h a wid] horizon ?an 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he does n manife/ ! lea/ antipa?y t[>ds ,judaism4 ,he has none ( t intol]ance :i* s (t5 m>ks ! m5 :o adv]tise _! own bread? ( view4 ,he repres5ts our ,"l z fulfill+ ! ,law1 z quot+ ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & decl>+ t x is easi] = heav5 & e>? to pass away ?an = "o tittle ( ! ,law to fail 7xvi4 #ag74 ,b he writes z a repres5tative ,g5tile #ga conv]t4 ,he takes pleasure 9 record+ all t c attract to ,*ri/ t ,g5tile _w :i* 0 beg9n+ to le>n ( ! new religion4 ,we may note ! foll[+ po9ts :i* illu/rate ?is fact3 7#a7 ,luke traces ! g5ealogy ( our ,"l1 n l ,matt4 by ! legal l9e to ,abraham1 ! fa!r ( ! ,jews1 b by ! natural l9e to ,adam1 ! fa!r ( humanity 7iii4 #ch71 ?us %[+ ,jesus to be ! eld] ,bro!r & ! ,r$eem] ( e human be+4 7#b7 ,:ile ! true ,godhead ( our ,"l is taught ?r\gh\t1 ,8 true manhood is br\ght into prom95ce ) peculi> pa?os4 ,we note ,8 condesc5sion 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages ( a *ild's life 7ii4 #d-g1 #ba1 #bb1 #dj1 #db1 #ea1 #eb71 ! cont9uance ( ,8 temptations dur+ ,8 m9i/ry 7xxii4 #bh71 ,8 con/ant rec\rse to pray] 9 ! great crises ( ,8 life1 ,8 deep sobb+ ov] ,j]usalem 7xix4 #da71 ,8 sweat l drops ( blood dur+ ,8 agony 9 ,ge?semane 7xxii4 #dd71 a fact record$ by none ( ! o!r evangeli/s4 ,/4 ,luke seems to be fill$ ) a s5se ( ! div9e compassion ( ,jesus1 & ?us he relates ! facts :i* prove ! reality ( ! grace1 ! undes]v$ lov+k9dness1 ( ,god to man4 ,rightly did ! poet ,dante call him ! scribe ( ! g5tl5ess ( ,*ri/4 7#c7 ,correspond+ ) ?is human "* ( ! inc>nate ,son ( ,god1 we f9d ! (f] ( univ]sal salvation4 ,/4 ,luke alone--= ! words are wrongly ins]t$ 9 ,matt4--records ! t5d] words ( ,jesus1 ,! ,son ( man came to seek & to save t :i* 0 lo/ 7xix4 #aj74 ,/4 ,paul knew no di/9ction betwe5 ,jew & ,greek1 ri* & poor1 b taught t to be ju/ifi$ by ,god is a privilege :i* c be claim$ n by bir? b by fai?2 & :at ,/4 ,paul en=ces by /]n argum5ts :i* conv9ce our m9ds1 ,/4 ,luke in/ils by ! sweet p>ables & /ories :i* conv9ce our he>ts4 ,x is "h t we f9d k9dness %[n to ! ,g5tile 7iv4 #be-bg2 xiii4 #bh1 #bi71 & ! ,sam>itan 7ix4 #ea-ef2 xvii4 #aa-ai72 "h we are told ( ! publican :o 0 ju/ifi$ r ?an ! ,ph>isee 7xviii4 #i71 ! /ory ( ! p5it5t #gb ?ief :o _h no "t to produce ! good works :i* 8 fai? w\ld h prompt$ 7xxiii4 #dc71 ( ! good ,sam>itan :o1 s*ismatic ?\gh he 01 %[$ ! _s ( a *ild ( ,god 7x4 #cj74 ,la/1 & be/1 !re is ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son 7xv4 #aa71 & ! /ory ( ! woman :o 0 a s9n] 7vii4 #cg74 ,to h] ,*ri/ says1 ,?y fai? ha? sav$ !e1 & to ,8 ho/ ,he says1 ,h] s9s1 :i* are _m1 are =giv51 = %e lov$ mu*--words :i* no "o b ! ,son ( ,god c\ld d>e to say ( any woman :o 0 9 ! city1 a s9n]4 ,9 record+ ^! words1 ,/4 ,luke proves t ,jesus ,*ri/ ,himself taught ! ,paul9e doctr9e t man is sav$ by fai?2 & yet n by an empty fai?1 b by fai? work+ ?r\gh love 7,gal4 v4 #f74 ,9 ?is ,gospel ,jesus is especially ! ,refuge ( s9n]s1 & ! tea*+ ( our ,"l may be be/ describ$ by ! happy phrase :i* records ,8 address 9 ! synagogue ( ,naz>e?3 words ( grace4 ,x is important to notice t 9 no ,gospel d we f9d su* an especial sympa?y %[n = ! poor4 ,! pov]ty ( ! holy family 7ii4 #g1 #h1 #bd72 ! beatitude on ! poor#b 7vi4 #bj71 ) ! correspond+ woes pron\nc$ ^u ! ri* 7vi4 #bd ff472 ! p>able ( ,dives & ,laz>us 7xvi4 #ai71 ! invitation ( ! poor to ! supp] ( ! ,k+ 7xiv4 #ba71 %[ ?is sympa?y4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel has be5 said to %[ an ,ebionite t5d5cy4 ,b ! ^w is mislead+4 ,x is possible t "s e>ly ,*ri/ians may h call$ !mselves by ! "n ,ebionim1 a ,hebrew ^w :i* designat$ ! poor & oppress$ s]vants ( ,god4 ,& x is kn[n t 9 ! #bnd c5tury & aft]w>ds !re 0 a h]etical semi-,*ri/ian ,jewi% sect ( t "n4 ,b ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel is utt]ly oppos$ to ! ma9 t5ets ( ^! h]etics1 :i* 7 a repudiation ( ,*ri/'s real ,div9ity & an insi/5ce ^u ! necessity ( circumcision = all ,*ri/ians4 #gc ,p]haps x is ! g5tl5ess ( ! evangeli/1 & 8 pref]5ce = all t is t5d] & graci\s1 :i* causes 8 acc\nt ( ! twelve apo/les to diff] consid]ably f t 9 ,m>k4 ,_! sl[ness1 _! weakness ( fai?1 _! rivalries1 are set 9 a subdu$ light4 ,he does n tell u t ,*ri/ once call$ ,/4 ,pet] ,satan1 or t ,pet] curs$ & swore :5 he d5i$ ,*ri/4 ,he omits ! rebuke adm9i/]$ to ! disciples 9 ! conv]sation conc]n+ ! leav5 7,m>k viii4 #ag71 ! ambiti\s reque/ ( ! two sons ( ,zeb$ee1 & ! indignation ( ! disciples at ,m>y's co/ly gift ( o9tm5t 7,matt xxvi4 #h74 ,:5 ,/4 ,m>k speaks ( ! failure ( ! disciples to keep awake :ile _! ,ma/] 0 9 ,ge?semane1 he says t !y 7 asleep1 = _! eyes 7 heavy 7xiv4 #dj74 ,:5 ,/4 ,luke speaks ( x1 he says t !y 7 sleep+ = sorr[ 7xxii4 #de74 ,d\btless bo? acc\nts are true1 & we c rev]5tly wond] bo? at ! rugg$ hone/y ) :i* ,/4 ,pet] mu/ h told ,/4 ,m>k ab\t ! faults ( himself & 8 fri5ds1 & at ! consid]ation %[n by ,/4 ,luke t[>ds ! twelve 9 spite ( ! fact t he 0 m closely connect$ ) ,/4 ,paul ?an ) !m4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ?is ,gospel is peculi> to itself1 consi/+ ma9ly ( ! l>ge section1 ix4 #ea-xviii4 #ad4 ,/4 ,luke "h seems to h us$ an ,aramaic docum5t2 ! beg9n+ ( ! section is full ( ,aramaic idioms4 ,9 places :]e ,/4 ,luke records ! same facts z ! o!r ,synopti/s1 he sometimes adds slight b significant t\*es4 ,! )]$ h& re/or$ on ! sabba? is ! "r h& 7vi4 #f72 ! c5turion's s]vant is "o de> to him 7vii4 #b72 & ! daught] ( ,jairus an only daught] 7viii4 #db2 cf4 ! son ( ! wid[ at ,na91 an only son1 vii4 #ab74 ,among ! rem>kable omissions 9 ?is ,gospel we may notice two say+s :i* are f\nd 9 ,matt4 & ,m>k1 & :i* seem to u to h be5 peculi>ly appropriate = ,/4 ,luke's g5]al purpose4 ,! fir/ is ! say+ ( ,*ri/ t ,he _h come n to be m9i/]$ unto1 #gd b to m9i/]1 & to give ,8 life a ransom = _m 7,matt4 xx4 #bh2 ,m>k x4 #de74 ,! second is ! /atem5t t ! ,gospel %all be prea*$ 9 ! :ole _w 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ac2 ,m>k xiv4 #i74 ,) ! omission ( ^! say+s we may comp>e ! omission ( any record ( ! visit ( ! ,g5tile wise m5 to ! cradle ( ! infant ,savi\r ( ! _w--an incid5t :i* w\ld probably h appeal$ mo/ /rongly to ! he>t ( ,/4 ,luke1 if he _h kn[n x4 ,its abs5ce f ?is ,gospel is "o ( ! _m pro(s t ,/4 ,luke 0 n famili> ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,we h already notic$ t mu* ( ! fre%ness ( ?is ,gospel is due to its be+ 9 a peculi> s5se ! ,gospel ( praise & ?anksgiv+4 ,x is also peculi>ly ! ,gospel ( pray]4 ,all ! ?ree ,synopti/s record t ,*ri/ pray$ 9 ,ge?semane4 ,b on sev5 occasions ,/4 ,luke is alone 9 record+ pray]s :i* ,jesus (f]$ at ! crises ( ,8 life3 at ,8 baptism 7iii4 #ba72 be=e ,8 fir/ conflict ) ! ,ph>isees & scribes 7v4 #af72 be=e *oos+ ! ,twelve 7vi4 #ab72 be=e ! fir/ pr$iction ( ,8 ,passion 7ix4 #ah72 at ! ,transfiguration 7ix4 #bi72 be=e tea*+ ! ,"l's ,pray] 7xi4 #a72 & on ! ,cross 7xxiii4 #cd1 #df74 ,/4 ,luke m5tions ,8 insi/5ce on ! duty ( pray] 9 two p>ables :i* no o!r evangeli/ has record$ 7xi4 #e-ac2 xviii4 #a-h74 ,he alone relates ! decl>ation ( ,jesus t ,he _h made supplication = ,pet]1 & ,8 *>ge to ! ,twelve1 ,pray t ye ent] n into temptation 7xxii4 #cb1 #dj74 ,z ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,luke is m ri* 9 p>ables ?an any o!r ,gospel1 we may conclude by giv+ a few words ( explanation conc]n+ our ,"l's p>ables4 ,! ^w p>able means a comp>ison1 or1 m /rictly1 a plac+ ( "o ?+ beside ano!r ) a view to comp>+ !m4 ,9 ! ,gospels ! ^w is g5]ally appli$ to a p>ticul> =m ( tea*+4 ,t is to say1 x means a /ory ab\t e>?ly ?+s told 9 su* a mann] z to tea* a #ge spiritual tru?4 ,! ,jews 7 famili> ) p>ables4 ,!re are "s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,book ( ,isaiah conta9+ two 7v4 #a-f2 xxviii4 #bd-bh74 ,! rabb9ical writ+s ( ! ,jews are full ( !m4 ,b ! ,jewi% p>able 0 only an illu/ration ( a tru? :i* _h already be5 made kn[n4 ,! p>ables ( our ,"l are (t5 means ( convey+ tru?s :i* 7 n kn[n4 ,!y mu/ be di/+ui%$ f 7a7 fables1 7b7 allegories1 7c7 my?s4 ,a fable tea*es worldly wisdom & prud5ce1 n spiritual wisdom1 & x is put into some:at *ildi% =ms 9 :i* foxes & birds conv]se toge!r4 ,an allegory puts ! /ory & its int]pretation side by side1 & ea* "p ( ! /ory usually has "s special significance4 ,a my? takes ! =m ( hi/ory1 b x relates ?+s :i* happ5$ be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory1 z !y appe> to ! *ild-m9d ( primitive m54 ,! p>ables ( our ,"l 7 int5d$ to tea* ! secrets ( ! k+dom ( ,god 7see p4 #dd74 ,!y unfold ^! secrets & at ! same "t veil !m 9 ! illu/rations :i* are employ$4 ,^! illu/rations attract ! att5tion & inquiry ( ^? :o are spiritually receptive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o are unwor?y or h>d5$ d n recognize ! tru?4 ,nev]!less1 ! p>ables 7 su* miracles ( simplicity & p[]1 7 s easy to rememb]1 & s closely connect$ ) ev]yday objects1 t ev5 ! dulle/ man w\ld awake to ! tru? if he reta9$ a sp>k ( life4 ,x is difficult to divide ! p>ables into sep>ate gr\ps4 ,b !y may p]haps be divid$ into two gr\ps4 ,! fir/ gr\p is drawn f man's relations ) ! _w ( nature & f 8 simpl] exp]i5ces1 & ! second is drawn f man's relations ) 8 fell[-m51 relations :i* involve m complicat$ exp]i5ces4 ,! p>ables ( ! second gr\p 7 sometimes spok5 9 answ] to que/ions address$ to our ,"l 9 private2 su* is ! p>able ( ! good ,sam>itan1 & t ( ! ri* fool4 ,if we desire to /udy ! p>ables 9 special relation to ! k+dom ( ,god1 #gf we c divide !m into ?ree gr\ps4 ,! fir/ consi/s ( ^? collect$ 9 ,matt4 xiii41 deliv]$ 9 & ne> ,cap]naum1 & ref]r+ to ! k+dom ( ,god z a :ole4 ,! second consi/s ( ^? collect$ 9 ,luke x4-xviii41 deliv]$ on ,*ri/'s j\rneys f ,galilee to ,j]usalem1 & ref]r+ to ! "* ( ! individual memb]s ( ! k+dom4 ,! ?ird consi/s ( p>ables spok5 dur+ our ,"l's la/ days at ,j]usalem1 & ref]r+ to ! judgm5t ( memb]s ( ! k+dom4 ,x is difficult to decide :e!r "s ( ! %ort] p>ables ought to be reg>d$ z p>ables or n1 b ! numb] is usually e/imat$ at ab\t ?irty1 ( :i* eighte5 are peculi> to ,luke4 ,9 ,john !re are no p>ables1 /rictly s call$1 & ,/4 ,john nev] uses ! ^w p>able4 ,b he uses ! ^w p>oimia1 or prov]b1 & records sev]al prov]bial say+s ( our ,"l :i* are r l p>ables 7,john iv4 #cd2 x4 i-#c2 xii4 #bd2 xv4 #a-f2 xvi4 #ba74 ,,analysis ,! infancy ( our ,"l3 i4 #a-;ii4 #eb4--,simil>ity & contra/ betwe5 ! pr$ictions ( ! bir? ( ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,jesus1 & also betwe5 _! bir?4 ,! circumcision1 ! visit ( ,jesus to ! temple 9 boyhood4 ,a4 ,w9t] ,a4,d4 #bf till aft] ,p5teco/ #bg4 ,! prep>ation = ! m9i/ry3 iii4 #a-;iv4 #ac4--,! m9i/ry ( ,john ! ,bapti/ & ! baptism ( ,jesus1 ! g5ealogy f ,adam1 ! ?reefold temptation4 ,b4 ,p5teco/ ,a4,d4 #bg till be=e ,passov] #bh4 ,mission>y "w ( ,jesus 9 ,galilee3 iv4 #ad-;ix4 #f4--;,jesus prea*es1 is reject$ at ,naz>e?1 goes to ,cap]naum1 v>i\s miracles 7iv474 ,call ( ,simon1 lep] cleans$1 five #gg gr\nds ( (f5ce aga9/ ,jesus 7v4-vi4 #aa74 ,appo9tm5t ( ! twelve1 ! s]mon 7vi474 ,! c5turion's s]vant1 ! wid['s son1 ,*ri/'s description ( ,john & ( ! age1 ! p5it5t 7vii474 ,p>ables1 ,*ri/'s relation to ,8 "m & bre?r51 v>i\s miracles 7viii474 ,! mission ( ! twelve 7ix4 #a-f74 ,p]plexity ( ,h]od1 ix4 #g-i4 ,c4 ,passov] ,a4,d4 #bh till be=e ,tab]nacles #bh4 ,climax ( mission>y "w 9 ,galilee3 ix4 #aj-ej4--;,*ri/ fe$s ! multitude1 ,pet]'s confession1 ,*ri/'s fir/ pr$iction ( ,8 dea?1 transfiguration1 lunatic boy cur$1 second pr$iction ( dea?1 two rebukes to apo/les4 ,d4 ,tab]nacles1 ,septemb] ,a4,d4 #bh until e>ly #bi4 ,lat] m9i/ry1 *iefly 9 ,p]aea3 ix4 #ea-xix4 #bh4--;,jesus reject$ by ,sam>itans1 disc\ragem5ts 7ix474 ,mission ( ! sev5ty1 lam5t ov] cities ( ,galilee1 ! good ,sam>itan1 ,m>y & ,m>?a 7x474 ,pray] & ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ,jesus accus$ ( alliance ) ,beelzebub1 ,8 say+ ab\t ,8 "m1 d5unciation ( a g5]ation :i* w n believe )\t signs1 & ( ! ,ph>isees & lawy]s 7xi474 ,! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees1 confid5ce 9 ,god1 w>n+s aga9/ covet\sness1 anxiety & lack ( wat*fulness1 ,*ri/'s com+ baptism1 signs ( ! times 7xii474 ,! mean+ ( calamities1 p>able ( ! fig tree1 cure on ! sabba?1 ! mu/>d se$ & ! leav51 ,g5tiles to replace ,jews1 ! ,ph>isees try to p]suade ,jesus to leave ! dom9ions ( ,h]od1 ,*ri/'s fir/ lam5t ov] ,j]usalem 7xiii474 ,lawfulness ( heal+ on ! sabba?1 humility1 invit+ ! poor1 ! ,k+'s supp]1 c\nt+ ! co/ 7xiv474 ,p>ables to #gh illu/rate ,*ri/'s c>e = ! lo/ 7xv474 ,! use & abuse ( money 7xvi474 ,occasions ( /umbl+1 ! increase ( fai?1 ! tru? t we _c pur*ase ,god's fav\r by do+ m ?an ,he comm&s1 ! t5 lep]s1 ! com+ ( ! ,son ( man 7xvii474 ,answ] to pray]1 ! ,ph>isee & publican1 little *ildr51 ! ri* "y man1 ,*ri/'s ?ird pr$iction ( ,8 dea?1 ! bl9d begg> at ,j]i*o 7xviii474 ,zac*aeus1 ! p>able ( ! p\nds 7xix4 #a-bh74 ,e4 ,passov] ,a4,d4 #bi4 ,la/ days at ,j]usalem1 & aft]w>ds3 xix4 #bi-xxiv4 #ec4--;,entry into ,j]usalem1 ,*ri/'s second lam5t ov] ,j]usalem1 cleans+ ( ! temple 7xix4 #bi-xx474 ,*ri/ *all5g$1 p>able ( ! v9ey>d1 two que/ions to entrap ,*ri/1 ,8 "q 7xx474 ,! wid['s mites1 pr$ictions ( ! de/ruction ( ! temple1 siege ( ,j]usalem1 ! second com+ 7xxi474 ,judas' b>ga91 ! ,passov]1 agony on ! m\nt ( ,olives1 ! betrayal1 ,pet]'s d5ial1 ,jesus tri$ be=e ! eld]s 7xxii474 ,jesus be=e ,pilate1 ,h]od1 ,pilate aga91 ,simon ( ,cyr5e1 ! daught]s ( ,j]usalem1 ! crucifixion1 burial by ,joseph ( ,arima?aea 7xxiii474 ,! wom5 at ! sepul*re1 & ,pet]1 ! walk to ,emmaus1 ,jesus appe>s to ! disciples & eats1 ,8 commission1 ! ,asc5sion 7xxiv474 ,! ,date ( our ,"l's ,bir?4--,x is fairly well kn[n t ! dates ( our ,"l's ,bir? & ( ,8 ,dea? are bo?1 9 all probability1 misrepres5t$ 9 popul> *ronology4 ,! be/ anci5t *ronology fixes ! date ( ! ,crucifixion 9 ,a4,d4 #bi4 ,! ,bir? 0 probably ab\t six ye>s be=e ! comm5cem5t ( our pres5t era4 ,v>i\s reasons make ?is date probable1 includ+ ! fact t !re 0 at t "t a conjunction ( ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ,m>s1 :i* mu/ h pres5t$ a mo/ brilliant appe>ance 9 ! sky1 & w\ld #gi c]ta9ly h attract$ ! />-lov+ sages ( ! ,ea/4 ,! great a/ronom] ,kepl] 0 ( op9ion t ?is conjunction 0 foll[$ by ! brief appe>ance ( a new />1 :i* is ! /> m5tion$ 9 ,matt4 ii4 #b4 ,?is is ( importance 9 consid]+ ! /atem5ts ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,sev]al objections h be5 made to 8 acc\nt ( ! c5sus held "u ,quir9ius4 7#a7 ,x is said t ,quir9ius 0 n gov]nor ( ,syria :5 ,jesus 0 born2 8 adm9i/ration 0 f ,a4,d4 #f to ,a4,d4 #i1 & ,qu9ctilius ,v>us 0 gov]nor 9 ,a4,d4 #a4 ,b ,/4 ,luke _c be prov$ to say t ,quir9ius 0 gov]nor2 he describes 8 (fice by a p>ticiple :i* may mean act+ z lead]1 & !re is pro( t ,quir9ius 0 engag$ 9 a milit>y comm& 9 ! "t ( ,h]od1 & also pro( t "s high (ficial twice gov]n$ ,syria 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,/4 ,luke's expression might fit ei!r ( ^! two facts4 7#b7 ,x is said t ,h]od 0 reign+ z k+ 9 ,pale/9e1 & t 8 subjects w\ld n be includ$ 9 a ,roman c5sus4 ,b 9 ! ye> #h-g ,b4,c4 ,augu/us wrote to ,h]od1 say+ t he w\ld h5ce=? treat him z a subject4 ,8 dom9ions mu/ h5ce=? h be5 treat$ l ! re/ ( ! dom9ions ( ,augu/us4 7#c7 ,x is said t no c5sus took place at t "t1 & t if !re _h be5 a c5sus1 x w\ld h be5 c>ri$ out by h\seholds1 accord+ to ,roman cu/om1 & n by families4 ,b !re seems to h be5 a c5sus 9 ,egypt & ,syria 9 ,b4,c4 #h1 & aft] ,augu/us det]m9$ to put ,h]od "u 8 au?ority1 ! c5sus w\ld naturally be ext5d$ to ,judaea4 ,h]od w\ld probably be all[$ to c>ry out ! c5sus on 8 own l9es1 s long z x 0 really c>ri$ out4 ,& he w\ld pla9ly pref] to d x 9 ! ,jewi% fa%ion1 s z to irritate ! ,jews z little z might be4 ,! "q is /ill involv$ 9 "s obscurity1 b ,/4 ,luke's accuracy has n be5 9 ! lea/ disprov$ by ! controv]sy4 ,he is ! only evangeli/ :o connects 8 n>rative ) ! hi/ory ( ,syria & ( ! ,roman empire1 & we h e reason to believe t he did 8 "w ) c>e z well z sympa?y4 #a ,adv4 ,h>4 iii4 #a4 #b ,matt4 v4 #c has poor 9 _s4 ,! same ,aramaic ^w might be us$ = bo? poor & poor 9 _s4 #hj ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,gospel ,,accord+ ,,to ,,/4 ,,john ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,we le>n f ! ,gospels t ,/4 ,john 0 ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 a ,galilean fi%]man1 & 0 a foll[] ( ! ,bapti/ be=e he jo9$ our ,"l4 ,! ,synopti/s %[ t he 0 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t & intimate ( our ,"l's foll[]s4 ,) ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,james he 0 p]mitt$ to witness ! rais+ ( ,jairus' daught]1 & to be pres5t at ! ,transfiguration1 & ) !m 0 ne>e/ to ,*ri/ at ! agony 9 ,ge?semane4 ,) ,/4 ,pet] he 0 s5t to prep>e ! la/ ,passov]4 ,l 8 bro!r ,/4 ,james1 he %>$ 9 ! f]v\r ( 8 "m1 ,salome1 :o begg$ = !m a special place ( dignity 9 ! k+dom ( ,*ri/4 ,!y bo? wi%$ to call d[n fire on a ,sam>itan village1 & ,/4 ,john ask$ ,jesus :at 0 to be done ) ! man :om !y f\nd ca/+ out devils 9 ,8 "n4 ,_! fi]y temp]am5t caus$ our ,"l to give !m ! surname ( ,boan]ges 7sons ( ?und]74 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel ! "n ( ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee is nev] m5tion$1 b !re are sev]al ref]5ces to an apo/le ^: "n is n record$1 b c be int5d$ = no o!r ?an ,/4 ,john4 ,at ! crucifixion ?is apo/le 0 bidd5 by our ,"l to reg>d ,m>y z h5ce=? 8 "m1 & ! writ] claims to h be5 an eye-witness ( ! crucifixion4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] v simil> words are us$ to ass]t t ! writ] is he :om ,jesus lov$4 ,9 ,acts ,/4 ,john appe>s ) ,/4 ,pet] z heal+ ! lame #ha man at ! ,beautiful ,gate ( ! temple1 & ) ,/4 ,pet] he goes to ,sam>ia to be/[ ! ,holy ,gho/ on ^? :om ,philip _h baptiz$4 ,he 0 rev]$ z "o ( ! pill>s ( ! ,*ur* :5 ,/4 ,paul visit$ ,j]usalem 9 ,a4,d4 #di 7,gal4 ii4 #i74 ,x is rem>kable t ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ! f\r? ,gospel1 ,acts1 & ,galatians1 all %[ ,/4 ,john 9 close connection ) ,/4 ,pet]4 ,/4 ,john's "n occurs 9 ! ,revelation1 :i* has be5 attribut$ to him s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! #bnd c5tury4 ,num]\s fragm5ts ( tradition conc]n+ ,/4 ,john are pres]v$ by e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,t]tullian1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #bjj1 says t ,/4 ,john came to ,rome1 & 0 miracul\sly pres]v$ f dea? :5 an attempt 0 made to kill him 9 a cauldron ( boil+ oil4 ,t]tullian & ,eusebius bo? say t he 0 bani%$ to an isl&1 & ,eusebius tells u t ! isl& 0 ,patmos1 & t ! bani%m5t took place 9 ! "t ( ,domitian4 ,on ! accession ( ,n]va1 ,/4 ,john remov$ f ,patmos to ,ephesus1 :]e he surviv$ until ! "t ( ,trajan1 :o became emp]or 9 ,a4,d4 #ih4 ,polycrates1 ,bi%op ( ,ephesus1 writ+ ab\t ,a4,d4 #aij1 speaks ( ,/4 ,john's tomb 9 t city1 & says t he wore ! petalon1 ! high prie/'s mitre us$ 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,we are told by o!r writ]s h[ he reclaim$ a robb]1 h[ he play$ ) a tame p>tridge1 h[ :5 too old to prea* he 0 c>ri$ into *ur* & w\ld repeat aga9 & aga91 ,little *ildr51 love "o ano!r4 ,on "o occasion a sp>k ( 8 y\?ful fire 0 se54 ,x 0 :5 ! old man indignantly refus$ to /ay "u ! ro( ( ! same public ba?s z ,c]9?us1 ! h]etic :o d5i$ t ,m>y 0 a virg9 :5 %e bore our ,"l1 & ass]t$ t ! ,div9ity ( ,jesus 0 only a p[] :i* came ^u ,him & w5t f ,him4 ,! resid5ce ( ,/4 ,john at ,ephesus is atte/$ by ! ,revelation4 ,ev5 if t book 7 a =g]y1 no =g] at ! close ( ! #a/ c5tury w\ld h v5tur$ to place ! h]o ( 8 book 9 a neighb\rhood :]e he _h n liv$4 #hb ,_m ?reads ( evid5ce lead u back to ! /atem5t made by ,polycrates ab\t ! apo/le's tomb4 ,x 0 n until long aft] t date t ! ,*ri/ians began to c>ry ! relics ( sa9ts f place to place1 & *ur*es rivall$ "o ano!r 9 produc+ %r9es = ! sev]$ memb]s ( "o body4 ,!re is !re=e no reason :atev] to d\bt t ! tomb at ,ephesus m>k$ ! re/+-place ( ! apo/le4 ,x 0 kn[n two hundr$ ye>s lat] 9 ! "t ( ,j]ome1 & visit$ 9 #dca by ! memb]s ( ! great ,*ur* ,c\ncil :i* met at ,ephesus4 ,! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian built a sumptu\s *ur* on ! site1 & ne> a mod]n ,turki% mosque may /ill be se5 ! remnants ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,john4 ,until ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury ! au?or%ip ( ?is ,gospel 0 n s]i\sly *all5g$4 ,! only p>ty :i* ev] d5i$ t x 0 writt5 by ! ,apo/le ,/4 ,john 0 an ignorant & insignificant body ( p m5tion$ by ,ir5aeus & ,epiphanius4 ,!y 7 kn[n z ! ,alogi1 or unbeliev]s 9 ! ,^w4 ,_! views 9 no wise und]m9e ! tradition ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,= ! ,alogi ass]t$ t ?is ,gospel 0 writt5 by ,c]9?us1 :o liv$ at ,ephesus :]e ,/4 ,john liv$1 & 0 himself a contempor>y ( ,/4 ,john4 ,we h suffici5t k ( ! tea*+ ( ,c]9?us to be p]fectly c]ta9 t he c\ld n h writt5 a ,gospel :i* s completely contradicts 8 own !ories4 ,!re=e ! op9ion ( ! ,alogi is absolutely wor?less :]e x negatives ! tradition ( ! ,*ur*1 & on ! o!r h& x agrees ) t tradition 9 ass]t+ t ! book 0 writt5 9 ! apo/olic age4 ,dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ! m5 :o d5y t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 truly ,god ( ,god1 ,light ( ,light1 h /ra9$ e n]ve to prove t ! f\r? ,gospel 0 n writt5 by ,/4 ,john4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 almo/ impossible t !y %\ld admit t ! writ] 0 an apo/le & an hone/ man & cont9ue to d5y t ! ,*ri/ :om he depicts claim$ to be ! ,"l & ,mak] ( all ?+s4 ,dur+ ! controv]sy #hc :i* has be5 wag$ dur+ ! la/ ?ree g5]ations ) reg>d to ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 x has be5 evid5t ?r\gh\t t ! ,gospel has be5 reject$ = ?is v reason4 ,! book has driv5 a w$ge into ! :ole b& ( ,new ,te/am5t /ud5ts4 ,! critics :o d5y t ,jesus 0 ,god1 b are will+ to grant t ,he 0 ! mo/ holy & ! mo/ div9e ( m51 h be5 =c$ to side ) ^? :o are op5ly ,a!i/s or ,agno/ics4 ,! clue to _! !ories 0 ungu>d$ly expos$ by ,weizsck]1 :o said1 ) reg>d to ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 ,x is impossible to imag9e any p[] ( fai? & philosophy s great z ?us to oblit]ate ! recollection ( ! real life1 & to sub/itute = x ?is m>vell\s picture ( a ,div9e ,be+4 #a ,?is rem>k %[s u t ! critic approa*$ ! ,gospel ) a prejudice aga9/ ! doctr9e ( our ,"l's ,div9ity1 & reject$ ! ,gospel ma9ly because x w\ld n agree ) 8 own prejudice4 ,b ! det]m9ation to fight to ! utt]mo/ aga9/ ! conv]g+ l9es ( ,*ri/ian evid5ce has n[ driv5 su* critics into a corn]4 ,_m h already ab&on$ ! position t ! book is a semi-,gno/ic =g]y writt5 9 ! middle ( ! #bnd c5tury1 & !y are n[ endeav\r+ to ma9ta9 t x 0 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj by a c]ta9 ,john ! ,presbyt]1 :om !y ass]t to h be5 aft]w>ds conf\nd$ ) ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,( ,john ! ,presbyt] v little inde$ is kn[n4 ,papias1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #acj1 says t he 01 l ,ari/ion1 a disciple ( ! ,"l1 & t he _h himself made oral inquiries z to 8 tea*+4 ,he seems to h be5 an eld] contempor>y ( ,papias4 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #bej1 m5tions t !re 7 two monum5ts 9 ,ephesus be>+ ! "n ( ,john1 & we may reasonably suppose t "o ( ^! 0 9 memory ( ! presbyt] m5tion$ by ,papias4 ,b a little reflection w soon conv9ce u t no?+ has be5 ga9$ by ! conjecture t ?is ,john wrote ! ,gospel4 ,if ,john #hd ! ,presbyt] 0 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) our ,"l1 z "s writ]s und]/& ,papias to mean1 !n ! sceptics are =c$ to admit t "o :o p]sonally knew ,jesus1 describes ,jesus z a m ?an human ,be+--z1 9 fact1 ! ,div9e ,creator4 ,?is is ! precise fact :i* keeps ^! writ]s f admitt+ t an apo/le wrote ! ,gospel4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y suppose1 z "s d1 t ,john ! ,presbyt] 0 v mu* y\ng] ?an ! apo/les1 ! sceptics are confront$ ) ! foll[+ difficulties3-- 7a7 ,!re is ! important ext]nal evid5ce :i* %[s h[ widely ! ,gospel 0 reg>d$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* z ! "w ( ,/4 ,john4 7b7 ,!re is ! m9ute k display$ ( ! topography1 cu/oms1 & op9ions ( ,j]usalem & ! ,holy ,l& z !y exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/4 7c7 ,!re is ! impossibility ( suppos+ t ,ir5aeus1 :o 0 probably n born a ye> lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #acj1 w\ld n h kn[n t ! ,gospel 0 writt5 by ,john ! ,presbyt]4 7d7 ,!re is ! fact t ! evid5ce = ,/4 ,john hav+ liv$ 9 ,ephesus is bett] ?an ! evid5ce = a r5[n$ presbyt] ( ! same "n hav+ liv$ 9 ,ephesus4 ,?is has be5 wisely po9t$ out by ,jli*]1 ev5 ?\gh he himself d5ies t ! apo/le wrote ,/4 ,john's ,gospel4 ,& ! ju/ice ( ?is argum5t proves t x is %e] p>adox to ma9ta91 z "s n[ ma9ta91 t ! only ,john :o liv$ 9 ,ephesus 0 ! ,presbyt]4 ,x is con/antly urg$ by ! oppon5ts ( ! au!nticity ( ?is ,gospel t1 z x 0 publi%$ at ,ephesus at a late p]iod1 x _c be ! "w ( ! apo/le1 because he nev] w5t to ,ephesus1 & di$ e>ly z a m>tyr4 #b ,?is is a mo/ unscrupul\s use ( an inexact quotation made by "s lat] ,greek writ]s f a lo/ book ( ,papias4 ,x c be #he trac$ to ,philip ( ,side 7#e? c5tury71 & x is to ! effect t ,john ! ,div9e & ,james 8 bro!r 7 kill$ by ! ,jews4 ,papias does n say t !y di$ toge!r1 & 8 /atem5t is compatible ) ! belief t ,/4 ,john surviv$ 8 bro!r v _m ye>s4 ,we "k f ,gal4 ii4 #i t he 0 alive "s "t aft] 8 bro!r's dea?1 :i* 0 ab\t ,a4,d4 #dd4 ,& ,george ,ham>tolus1 "o ( ! ,greek writ]s :o quote ! above passage 9 ,papias1 expressly says t ! ,emp]or ,n]va 7,a4,d4 #if7 recall$ ,john f ,patmos1 & dismiss$ him to live 9 ,ephesus4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,ext]nal ,evid5ce4 ,! ext]nal evid5ce = ! au!nticity ( ?is ,gospel is 9 "s respects /rong] ?an t :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! case ( ! o!r ,gospels4 ,?us ! ,*ri/ian may recognize ) gratitude t 8 ,div9e ,ma/] has especially add$ ! witness ( ! ,*ur* to ! "w ( ,8 belov$ disciple4 ,all ?r\gh ! #bnd c5tury we h ! l9ks ( a *a9 ( evid5ce1 & aft] ,a4,d4 #bjj ! canon ( ! ,gospels is kn[n to h be5 s fix$ t no def5d] ( ! fai? is call$ ^u to %[ :at t canon 04 ,! e>lie/ traces ( ! phraseology ( ,/4 ,john are to be discov]$ 9 ! ,dida*1 :i* 0 probably writt5 9 ,ea/]n ,pale/9e or ,syria ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,! pray]s :i* are provid$ 9 ?is book = use at ! ,eu*>i/ are pla9ly ( a ,johann9e type1 & are probably d]iv$ f oral tea*+ giv5 by ! apo/le himself be=e he liv$ at ,ephesus4 ,9 any case1 ! ,dida* seems suffici5t to disprove ! sceptical ass]tion t !ological language ( a ,johann9e "* 0 unkn[n 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,! lett]s attribut$ to ,/4 ,ignatius1 ! m>tyr bi%op ( ,antio*1 are n[ univ]sally admitt$ to be g5u9e by compet5t s*ol>s4 ,!y may mo/ reasonably be dat$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaj1 & !y are deeply imbu$ ) ?\ght ( a ,johann9e type4 ,x has be5 lately sugge/$ t ?is t5d5cy ( ?\ght does n prove an actual acqua9tance ) ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,b :5 we f9d ,*ri/ #hf call$ ! ,^w1 & ! devil call$ ! pr9ce ( ?is _w1 & read su* a phrase z ! bread ( ,god :i* is ! fle% ( ,*ri/1 x is almo/ impossible to d5y t ! lett]s ( ,ignatius conta9 actual rem9isc5ces ( ,/4 ,john's language4 ,nor is !re ! lea/ reason :y ,ignatius %\ld n h be5 acqua9t$ ) ?is ,gospel4 ,8 y\ng] contempor>y ,/4 ,polyc>p1 ^: lett] to ! ,philippians 0 also writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaj1 quotes f ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john4 ,& ,papias1 :o probably wrote ab\t ,a4,d4 #acj1 & collect$ 8 mat]ials _m ye>s e>li]1 also quot$ t ,epi/le1 z we le>n f ,eusebius4 ,n[1 ! connection betwe5 ! ,gospel & ! ,epi/le is1 z has be5 clev]ly rem>k$1 l ! connection betwe5 a /> & its satellite4 ,!y are obvi\sly ! "w ( ! same au?or4 ,if ,polyc>p1 :o _h himself se5 ,/4 ,john1 knew t ! ,epi/le 0 g5u9e1 he mu/ h kn[n t ! ,gospel 0 g5u9e4 ,! evid5ce :i* c def9itely be dat$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #abj & ,a4,d4 #agj is ( extreme int]e/4 ,x proves conclusively t a belief 9 ! au!nticity ( ?is ,gospel 0 s firmly engra9$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian m9d t m5 hold+ ! mo/ opposite op9ions appeal$ to its au?ority4 ,x is true t ! irrational ,alogi reject$ x1 & t ,m>cion repudiat$ x1 n because x 0 n by an apo/le1 b because ,/4 ,paul 0 ! only apo/le :om he admir$4 ,b x 0 us$ by ! ,ca?olics1 ! ,gno/ics1 & ! ,montani/s4 ,/4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 0 acqua9t$ ) x1 & be=e he wrote1 ,basilides1 ! great ,gno/ic ( ,alex&ria1 borr[$ f x "s mat]ials = 8 doctr9e4 ,! equally celebrat$ ,gno/ic ,val5t9us us$ x1 & 8 foll[]s also rev]$ x4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj ,h]acleon1 an em95t ,val5t9ian1 wrote a comm5t>y ^u ?is ,gospel1 ( :i* comm5t>y "s fragm5ts /ill rema94 ,! ,montani/s arose 9 ,phrygia ab\t ,a4,d4 #aeg4 ,montanus1 _! f\nd]1 endeav\r$ to revive ! p[] ( prophecy1 & 8 foll[]s ma9ta9$ t ! ,p>aclete said m ?+s 9 ,montanus ?an ,*ri/ #hg utt]$ 9 ! ,gospel4 ,x c easily be prov$ t _! tea*+ 0 an attempt to realize "s ( ! promises ( our ,"l conta9$ 9 ,/4 ,john's ,gospel4 ,& ! fact t ! ,montani/s 7 /rongly oppos$ to ! ,gno/ics makes x all ! m rem>kable t bo? sects reg>d$ ?is ,gospel z s important4 ,some:at be=e ,a4,d4 #agj ,/4 ,john's ,gospel 0 ins]t$ by ! great ,syrian apologi/1 ,tatian1 9 8 ,diatess>on1 or h>mony ( ! ,gospels1 & ! apocryphal ,acts ( ,john compos$ ne> ! same date conta9 unmi/akable allusions to ?is ,gospel4 ,! evid5ce ( ,ir5aeus is ! culm9at+ pro( ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,john4 ,he became ,bi%op ( ,lyons 9 ,a4,d4 #agg1 & rememb]$ ,polyc>p1 :o suff]$ m>tyrdom at ,smyrna 9 ,a4,d4 #aef1 at ! age ( eighty-six4 ,ir5aeus1 9 writ+ to 8 fri5d ,flor9us1 says1 ,i c describe ! v place 9 :i* ! bless$ ,polyc>p us$ to sit :5 he disc\rs$1 & 8 go+s-out & 8 com+s-91 & 8 mann] ( life1 & 8 p]sonal appe>ance1 & ! disc\rses :i* he held be=e ! p1 & h[ he w\ld describe 8 int]c\rse ) ,john & ! re/ :o _h se5 ! ,"l1 & h[ he w\ld relate _! words4 ,& :atsoev] ?+s he _h he>d f !m ab\t ! ,"l & ab\t ,8 miracles1 ,polyc>p1 z hav+ receiv$ !m f eye-witnesses ( ! life ( ! ,^w1 w\ld relate1 altoge!r 9 accordance ) ! ,scriptures4 #c ,n[1 x is p]fectly c]ta9 t ,ir5aeus1 l 8 contempor>ies ,h]acleon & ,tatian1 accept$ ! f\r? ,gospel z ! "w ( ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,& c we believe t he w\ld h ?us accept$ x1 if x _h n be5 ackn[l$g$ by 8 tea*] ,polyc>p1 :o knew ,/4 ,john1 & 0 ne>ly ?irty ye>s old at ! "t ( ,/4 ,john's dea?8 #hh ,sid5ote3 ,! ,int]nal ,evid5ce4 ,! ,gospel itself conta9s manife/ tok5s t x 0 writt5 by a ,jew ( ,pale/9e1 by "o :o held no ,gno/ic h]esy1 & by a contempor>y ( our ,"l4 ,i4 ,! au?or 0 a ,jew & n a ,g5tile4 ,he makes frequ5t quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & "s ( ^! quotations imply an acqua9tance ) ! ,hebrew4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 ! v]se f ! #da/ ,psalm 7xiii4 #ah71 & 9 t 7xix4 #cg7 f ,ze*4 xii4 #aj1 ,!y %all look on ,him :om !y pi]c$4 ,! ,septuag9t ( ,ze*4 xii4 #aj1 translat+ f a diff]5t =m ( ! ,hebrew1 has1 in/ead ( ! words :om !y pi]c$1 because !y mock$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 pla9 t ,john xiii4 #ah is n d]iv$ f ! ,septuag9t4 ,! ,gospel is also ,hebraic 9 /yle4 ,! s5t5ces are brok5 up 9 a mann] :i* is at v>iance ) ,greek idiom4 ,:]eas 9 ,/4 ,luke's two writ+s ! /yle becomes m ,greek or m ,hebraic 9 proportion to 8 writ+ indep5d5tly or employ+ ! writ+s ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 ! /yle ( ?is ,gospel is ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,we may p>ticul>ly notice ! ,hebraic use ( ! ^w & to signify bo? & & b 7e4g4 9 v4 #ci1 #dj1 :]e & ye w n come means b ye w n come74 ,we may also notice ! correct use ( c]ta9 ,hebrew prop] names3 e4g4 ,judas is call$ ! son ( ,isc>iot1 %[+ t ! writ] did n reg>d ! ^w ,isc>iot z ! fix$ "n ( ,judas only1 b knew t x might be appli$ to any man ( ,k]io?4 ,9 fact1 ! ,greek ( ,/4 ,john is exactly l ! ,engli% ( a ,scotti% ,highl&] :o has only spok5 ,gaelic 9 8 e>li] days1 &1 :5 he has acquir$ ,engli%1 %[s 8 orig9 by ! cont9u$ use ( a few ,gaelic idioms & 8 k ( ,highl& prop] names4 ,he %[s a m9ute acqua9tance ) ,jewi% social & c]emonial cu/oms4 ,we may notice iii4 #be2 iv4 #i1 #bg2 vii4 #b1 #bc1 #cg2 x4 #bb2 xi4 #dd2 xix4 #g1 #ca2 & especially ! wat]pots 7ii4 #f71 ! purification previ\s to ! ,passov] 7xi4 #ee71 ! fe> #hi ( our ,"l's accus]s to defile !mselves by ent]+ ! praetorium 7xviii4 #bh71 & ! ,jewi% me?od ( embalm+ 7xix4 #dj74 ,jewi% op9ions are fai?fully reflect$1 e4g4 z to ! importance atta*$ to ! religi\s s*ools 7vii4 #ae72 ! disp>agem5t ( ! ,jews ( ! disp]sion 7vii4 #ce72 ! scorn felt by _m ,jews = ! prov9cials ( ,galilee 7i4 #df2 vii4 #da1 #eb71 & ! idea ( ! s\l's pre-exi/5ce 7ix4 #b74 ,,ii4 ,! au?or 0 a ,jew ( ,pale/9e4 ,he %[s a m9ute acqua9tance ) ! geography ( ! ,holy ,l&4 ,at ! pres5t day elaborate guide-books & hi/ories make x possible = a v clev] writ] to disguise ! fact t he has n visit$ ! l& 9 :i* he lays ! sc5e ( 8 /ory4 ,b ev5 at ! pres5t day su* proc$ure is dang]\s1 & likely to be detect$4 ,9 anci5t times x 0 almo/ impossible4 ,yet no "o has ev] detect$ an error 9 ! geography ( ?is ,gospel4 ,! writ] m5tions ,cana ( ,galilee 7ii4 #a1 #aa71 a place n notic$ by any e>li] writ]1 & ,be?any beyond ,jordan 7i4 #bh72 he kn[s ! exact di/ance f ,j]usalem to ! bett]-kn[n ,be?any 7xi4 #ah72 ! deep well ( ,jacob at ,sy*> 7iv4 #aa72 ! city ( ,ephraim ne> ! wild]ness 7xi4 #ed72 ,a5on ne> to ,salim1 :]e ,john baptiz$ 7iii4 #bc74 ,?is ^w ,a5on is an ,aramaic ^w signify+ spr+s1 & ev5 ,r5an ridicules ! notion ( su* a "n hav+ be5 inv5t$ by ,greek-speak+ sect>ies at ,ephesus4 ,! place 0 too obscure to be kn[n to ord9>y travell]s1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 su* a "n _c h be5 inv5t$ by a ,g5tile4 ,! topography ( ,j]usalem is describ$ ) equal nicety4 ,we may notice viii4 #bj2 ix4 #g2 x4 #bc2 xviii4 #a1 #ae2 xix4 #ag1 #da2 & p>ticul>ly ! pool ne> ! %eep-gate1 hav+ five por*es 7v4 #b71 & ! place :i* is call$ ! ,pavem5t1 b 9 ! ,hebrew ,gabba?a 7xix4 #ac74 ,ev5 a p]son :o _h he>d ( ,solomon's por* & ( ,golgo?a might well h be5 ignorant ( ! %eep-gate & ! ,pavem5t1 unless he _h be5 9 ,j]usalem4 ,la/ly1 ! writ] %[s an acqua9tance n only ) ! #ij ,jewi% fea/s1 b also ) facts connect$ ) !m :i* imply special k on 8 "p4 ,he c\ld n h ga!r$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t ! fact t ! lat] ,jews 7 9 ! habit ( keep+ a fea/ 9 hon\r ( ! d$ication ( ! temple aft] its pr(anation by ,antio*us ,epiphanes 7x4 #bb71 nor w\ld he h le>n$ h[ to introduce an allusion to ! rite ( p\r+ =? wat] f ! pool at ,siloam at ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 7vii4 #cg74 ,! only important argum5t :i* c be urg$ aga9/ ! au?or hav+ be5 a ,jew is t f\nd$ on ! use ( ! phrase ! ,jews1 :i* is said to imply t ! writ] 0 n a ,jew4 ,n[1 9 "s passages 7z vii4 #a71 ! ,jews may mean ! inhabitants ( ,judaea1 z di/9ct f ^? ( ,galilee1 & su* passages are !re=e indecisive4 ,b 9 o!r passages ! phrase ! ,jews does n admit ?is int]pretation1 & is us$ ) a decid$ sugge/ion ( dislike4 ,b :5 we rememb] ! bitt] ho/ility :i* ! ,jews soon manife/$ t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians1 & rememb] t 9 ,asia ,m9or ?is ho/ility 0 active1 ! phrase pres5ts no real difficulty4 ,/4 ,paul 0 pr\d to reckon himself a ,jew1 b long be=e ! ,jews _h %[n _! full antagonism to ,*ri/ianity1 ,/4 ,paul spoke ( ! ,jews 7#a ,!ss4 ii4 #ad-af7 ) ! same condemnation z ! writ] ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! only important argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! au?or hav+ absorb$ ,gno/ic views are drawn3 7#a7 ,f ! alleg$ ,dualism ( ! ,gospel4 ,9 !ology ! ^w ,dualism signifies ! doctr9e t ! _w is n only ! battle-gr\nd ( two oppos+ =ces1 "o good & ! o!r evil1 b also t ! mat]ial _w is itself ess5tially evil4 ,su* 0 ! doctr9e ( ! great ,gno/ic sects ( ! #bnd c5tury4 ,b ?is ,gospel1 9 spite ( ! /rong contra/ :i* x draws betwe5 ,god & ! _w1 light & d>kness1 is n ,duali/4 ,x tea*es t !re is "o ,god1 t ! _w 0 made by ! ,^w :o is ,god1 t ?is ,^w 0 made fle% & came to save ! _w4 ,9 ?us tea*+ t ! mat]ial _w 0 made by ! good ,god1 & t ,god took a mat]ial human body1 ?is ,gospel opposes ! fundam5tal t5et ( ,gno/ic ,dualism4 7#b7 ,f ! alleg$ condemnation ( ! ,jewi% prophets by ,*ri/ 9 x4 #h4 ,o!r passages make x p]fectly pla9 t ?is is n a condemnation ( ! ,jewi% prophets1 b ( any religi\s pret5d]s :o claim$ div9e au?ority4 ,9 ?is ,gospel an appeal is made to ,moses 7v4 #df71 to ,abraham 7viii4 #ef71 to ,isaiah #ia 7xii4 #da71 &1 :at is mo/ rem>kable ( all1 our ,"l says1 ,salvation is ( ! ,jews1 i4e4 ! k & ! orig9 ( religi\s tru? came f ! ,jews4 ,! ,jewi% ,scriptures are ratifi$ 7v4 #ci2 x4 #ce74 ,x is impossible to f9d a %r$ ( ! anti-,jewi% !ories :i* ! ,gno/ics taught4 ,& ?\gh x is true t "s ,gno/ics 7 fond ( us+ su* words z life & light 9 _! religi\s phraseology1 x is mu* m probable t !y 7 influ5c$ by ! f\r? ,gospel ?an t ?is ,gospel 0 t+$ ) ,gno/icism4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t ! au?or 0 a ,jew ( ,pale/9e1 & t he 0 n a ,g5tile or 9 any s5se a ,gno/ic4 ,,iii4 ,! au?or 0 a contempor>y & an eye-witness ( ! ev5ts describ$4 ,8 k ( ,j]usalem & ( ! temple1 :i* we h already notic$1 /rongly sugge/s t he knew ! city be=e its de/ruction 9 ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,s f> z c be te/$1 8 treatm5t ( ! ,messianic ideas ( ! p is exactly accurate1 & ( a k9d :i* x w\ld h be5 difficult = a lat] writ] to exhibit4 ,?is ,gospel repres5ts ! p z p]vad$ by a nationali/ notion ( ! ,messiah z ( a k+ :o w\ld deliv] !m f =eign p[]s 7vi4 #ae1 xi4 #dh2 xix4 #ab71 a notion :i* 0 dispell$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gj1 & app>5tly did n revive until ! ris+ ( ,b> ,ko*eba 9 ,a4,d4 #ace1 a date :i* is n[ almo/ univ]sally recogniz$ z too late = ?is ,gospel to h be5 writt54 ,we also f9d ! two contradictory ideas z to ! place ( ! ,messiah's orig9 !n curr5t 7vii4 #bg1 #db71 & ! writ] di/+ui%es ! prophet 7i4 #ba1 #be2 vi4 #ad2 vii4 #dj71 :o 0 expect$ to prec$e ,*ri/1 f ,*ri/ ,himself4 ,at a v e>ly date ! ,*ri/ians id5tifi$ ! prophet ) ,*ri/1 & x is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t any b a contempor>y ( our ,"l w\ld h be5 aw>e ( ?is *ange ( belief4 ,x is claim$ t ! au?or is an eye-witness 9 i4 #ad2 xix4 #ce2 & xxi4 #bd4 ,we may add #a ,john i4 #a1 = ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le 0 obvi\sly ! au?or ( ! ,gospel4 ,num]\s details1 especially ! frequ5t notes ( "t1 sugge/ ! h& #ib ( an eye-witness4 ,& ! delicate descriptions ( ! inn] life ( ! disciples & ( ,*ri/ ,himself po9t to ! same conclusion4 ,! description ( ! ,la/ ,supp] & ! words spok5 at x sugge/ ) ov]:elm+ =ce t ! writ] knew ! peculi> mann] ( seat+ employ$ at ?is c]emony4 ,ano!r ,jew w\ld h kn[n :]e ! celebrant sat1 b he w\ld sc>cely h be5 able to make ! actions ( our ,"l & ,judas1 ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,pet]1 fit _! places at ! table ) su* p]fection4#d ,! ,gospel claims t ! disciple :o wrote ^! ?+s is ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 & :o recl9$ 9 ,jesus' bosom at ! ,supp]4 ,x 0 n ,pet]1 = ,pet] did n recl9e 9 ,jesus' bosom4 ,! presumption !re=e is t x 0 ei!r ,james or ,john1 ^! two be+ ) ,pet] ! close/ fri5ds ( ,jesus4 ,x c\ld h>dly h be5 ,james1 :o 0 m>tyr$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dd1 z ! :ole weight ( tradition & ext]nal evid5ce is aga9/ ?is4 ,x mu/1 !n1 h be5 ,john1 or a =g] :o wi%$ to pass = t apo/le4 ,& to suppose t an unkn[n =g]1 born two g5]ations1 or ev5 "o g5]ation1 lat] ?an ! apo/les1 c\ld inv5t su* sublime doctr9e1 & ins]t x 9 s reali/ic a /ory1 & completely deceive ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w1 includ+ ! di/rict :]e ,/4 ,john liv$ & di$1 is to %[ a cr$ulity :i* is )\t p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization4#e ,n[ t we h review$ ! int]nal evid5ce = ! au!nticity1 we are able to return ) r5ew$ vig\r to deal ) ! popul> rationali/ic hypo!sis t ! au?or 0 a ,*ri/ian :o _h le>n$ "s g5u9e /ories ab\t ,jesus curr5t 9 ! ,*ur* at ,ephesus1 & !n wove !m into a n>rative ( 8 own compos+4 ,we h obs]v$ t ! m>ks ( an eye-witness & contempor>y ( ,jesus are #ic scatt]$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! ,gospel4 ,if ! ,gospel is n by ,/4 ,john1 only "o o!r explanation is possible4 ,x mu/ be compos$ ( ?ree di/9ct elem5ts3 7a7 "s g5u9e traditions1 7b7 num]\s fictions1 7c7 a consci\s manipulation ( ! n>rative conta9$ 9 ! ,synopti/s4 ,b ! int]nal evid5ce is absolutely oppos$ to any su* !ory4 ,we c trace no manipulation ( ! ,synoptic n>rative4 ,! writ] seems to be aw>e ( ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel1 & possibly ! o!r two1 b he evid5tly did n write ) !m actually be=e him4 ,he pla9ly _h a :olly indep5d5t plan & an indep5d5t s\rce ( in=mation4 ,& if we turn to ! passages :i* tell u facts n record$ by ! ,synopti/s1 x is q impossible to sep>ate ! suppos$ fictions f ! suppos$ g5u9e traditions4 ,bo? /yle & matt] proce$ f "o & ! same individuality4 ,"o passage alone c be sep>at$ f ! re/ )\t int]rupt+ ! fl[ ( ! /ory1 & t passage is abs5t 9 ! be/ manuscripts4 ,x is ! /ory ( ! woman tak5 9 adult]y 7vii4 #ec-viii4 #aa74 ,x seems to h be5 orig9ally plac$ aft] ,luke xxi4 #cf1 & 0 ins]t$ into ,/4 ,john's ,gospel aft] x 0 complet$4 ,we _c apply ! same process to any o!r passage 9 ! ,gospel4 ,x is an organic :ole1 z mu* z any play ( ,%akespe>e or poem ( ,t5nyson4 ,& ov] ! :ole book we f9d ! same morsels ( hi/ory & geography4 ,!y are ( a k9d :i* tradition nev] h&s d[n unimpair$1 & :i* no ,ephesian disciple ( an apo/le w\ld be likely to commit to memory4 ,9 spite ( all attempts to divide ! ,gospel into p>ts d]iv$ /raight f an apo/le & p>ts inv5t$ by lat] m9ds1 ! ,gospel rema9s l ! seamless coat :i* once clo!d ! =m ( ! ,son ( man4 ,sid5ote3 ,date4 ,x is important to obs]ve t ev5 ! mo/ ho/ile criticism has t5d$ to rec$e 9 its attempt to f9d a probable date = ?is ,gospel4 ,baur fix$ x ab\t ,a4,d4 #afj-agj1 ,pfleid]] at #adj1 ,hilg5feld #acj-adj2 ,jli*] & ,h>nack w n date x lat] ?an #aaj1 #id & ! latt] grants t x may be z e>ly z #hj4 ,! ye> #hj is z e>ly a date z ! mo/ or?odox ,*ri/ian ne$ desire1 & we c reasonably believe t x 0 writt5 by ! apo/le at ,ephesus betwe5 ,a4,d4 #hj & ,a4,d4 #ij4 ,we le>n f ,ir5aeus t ,/4 ,john surviv$ until ,a4,d4 #ih4 ,sid5ote3 ,lit]>y ,/yle4 ,sev]al po9ts 9 ! lit]>y /yle ( ! apo/le h be5 notic$ 9 deal+ ) ! int]nal evid5ce :i* !y af=d to ! au!nticity ( 8 ,gospel4 ,b x is necess>y to add some?+ m1 = !re is no writ] to :om we c m fitly apply ! pr(\nd say+ t ! /yle is ! man4 ,! language ( ,/4 ,john is ! result ( a long & impassion$ contemplation4 ,:e!r he writes d[n 8 own words1 or records ! words & de$s ( our ,"l1 8 language %[s ! result ( c>eful reflection4 ,! tea*+ ( ,jesus exhibits a developm5t diff]5t f t 9 ! ,synopti/s4 ,we f9d 9 *s4 ii41 iii41 & iv4 t our ,"l def9itely taught t ,he 0 ! ,son ( ,god & ,messiah q e>ly 9 ,8 m9i/ry1 :ile 9 ! e>li] "p ( ,m>k our ,"l's tea*+ ab\t ,8 ,messiah%ip is f> less def9ite4 ,& ! me?od ( tea*+ is also diff]5t4 ,9 ! ,synopti/s we f9d picturesque p>ables & po9t$ prov]bs1 :ile 9 ,john we f9d long disc\rses & argum5ts4 ,9 ! ,synopti/s ! tea*+ is g5]ally practical1 9 ,john x is mu* m op5ly !ological4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,synopti/s & ,/4 ,john c be p>tly acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ,/4 ,john's ,gospel conta9s mu* m ( ! in/ruction giv5 by our ,"l to ,8 intimate fri5ds1 & t ?is in/ruction 0 naturally m pr(\nd ?an t :i* 0 giv5 to ! multitude4 ,b !re is ano!r reason = ! diff]5ce4 ,if we att5d to su* passages z xiv4 #ae-ba1 #be-bf2 xv4 #bf-bg1 we see t our ,"l tea*es t !re are two manife/ations ( ,8 ,p]son1 "o dur+ ! "t betwe5 ,8 bir? & ,8 dea?1 & ! o!r aft] ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! ,_s is n a sub/itute #ie = an abs5t ,*ri/2 ,8 com+ br+s ) x an inw>d pres5ce ( ,*ri/ )9 ! ,*ri/ian s\l 7xiv4 #ah74 ,by ! aid ( ! ,_s1 ,/4 ,john cond5ses & int]prets ! language ( our ,"l 9 a mann] :i* c be und]/ood by ! simple/ ( simple s\ls :o live ! inn] life4 ,9 ,/4 ,john we f9d a writ] :o is writ+ :5 ,jesus spoke no long] 9 p>ables & prov]bs1 b pla9ly 7xvi4 #be1 #bi74 ,he records ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 z x _h %ap$ itself 9 8 own m9d1 b n s mu* by 8 own m9d z by p]petual communion ) ! asc5d$ ,*ri/4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,we h not$ on p4 #ca ! fact t ,/4 ,john's ,gospel %[s t he 0 acqua9t$ ) facts 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels :i* he does n himself n>rate4 ,yet ! broad diff]5ce betwe5 ! "* ( ! ,synoptic writ]s & t ( ,/4 ,john is t ! ,synopti/s are hi/orical1 he is my/ical4 ,we d n mean t ,/4 ,john does n tr\ble ab\t hi/orical accuracy4 ,8 hi/ory is (t5 m m9ute ?an t ( ! ,synopti/s4 ,b 8 purpose is to br+ 8 read]s into deep] life ?r\gh union ) ! ,god :o is 9 ,*ri/ & is ,*ri/4 ,! true my/ic ev] desires to ma9ta9 ! k ( ?is inw>d union 9 life ) ,god4 ,x is a k :i* is made possible by ob$i5ce1 made p]fect by love1 & causes n new ec/asies1 b a new "*4 ,/4 ,john adju/s all 8 mat]ial to ?is "o purpose4 ,^! are writt5 t ye may believe t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god2 & t believ+ ye may h life 9 ,8 "n 7xx4 #ca74 ,! ,introduction or ,prologue 7i4 #a-ah7 tea*es t ,jesus ,*ri/ is t p]sonal manife/ation ( ,god to :om ! ,jews _h giv5 ! "n ( ! ,^w4 ,! ,pale/9ian ,jews 7 accu/om$ to describe ,god act+ ^u ! _w by ! "n ,memra1 or ,^w ( ! ,"l4 ,! ,alex&rian ,jews also 7 9 ! habit ( giv+ ! title ,logos1 :i* means bo? ,^w & ,reason1 to an idea ( ,god :i* p]fectly express$ all t ,god is4 ,! ,greek ,/oics _h #if us$ ! "n 9 a simil> s5se1 & ?us ,/4 ,john1 hav+ realiz$ t ,jesus is truly ,god made manife/1 call$ ,him by a "n :i* e educat$ ,jew & ,greek w\ld und]/&4 ,unlike ,philo1 ! great ,alex&rian ,jew :o tri$ to comb9e ,greek philosophy ) ,jewi% religion1 ,/4 ,john tea*es t ?is div9e ,^w is a ,p]son1 & took human fle% & reveal$ ,himself z ! ,messiah4 ,! :ole ,gospel %[s h[ ?is revelation met ) increas+ fai? on ! "p ( "s1 & increas+ unbelief & hatr$ on ! "p ( o!rs4 ,! crises ( ?is unbelief are repres5t$ *iefly 9 connection ) our ,"l's visits to ,j]usalem1 :5 ,he made ,8 claims be=e ! religi\s lead]s ( ,judaism4 ,8 revelation is att5d$ by v>i\s =ms ( witness4 ,!re is t ( ! apo/le himself 7i4 #ad72 t ( ! o!r apo/les :o also witness$ ,8 glory1 z display$ by ,8 miracles 7ii4 #aa74 ,!re is t ( ,john ! ,bapti/ 7i4 #cd72 & :5 we rememb] t !re _h exi/$ at ,ephesus an incomplete ,*ri/ianity :i* _h only kn[n ! baptism giv5 by ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,acts xix4 #c71 we see h[ fit x 0 t ! apo/le %\ld record ! ,bapti/'s te/imony to ,*ri/'s sup]iority4 ,!re is ! witness ( ,8 works1 & t :i* ! ,fa!r ,himself bore 7v4 #cd-cf74 ,we %\ld notice t ! miracles are call$ signs1 & are c>efully select$ s z to give evid5ce to ! read] conc]n+ p>ticul> aspects ( our ,"l's glory4#f ,ev5 ! ,passion is describ$ z conta9+ an elem5t ( glory 7xii4 #bh1 #cb71 x conta9s a secret div9e triumph 7cf4 ,col4 ii4 #ae71 & is a /age t[>ds ! glory ( ! ,asc5sion4 ,! d>kness cont5ds ) ! #ig div9e light1 b _c suppress x4 ,aft] ! _w has done its wor/1 ! f9al victory ( fai? is se5 9 ! confession ( ,/4 ,?omas1 ,my ,"l & my ,god 7xx4 #bh74 ,we f9d o!r po9ts ( doctr9e correspond+ ) ! my/ical tea*+ t et]nal life does n beg9 aft] ! la/ judgm5t1 b may be enjoy$ "h & n[ by kn[+ ,god & ,jesus ,*ri/ :om ,he ha? s5t 7xvii4 #c74 ,?us ! judgm5t is %[n to be execut$ 9 "o s5se by ! m]e division :i* takes place among m5 :5 !y come 9 contact ) ,*ri/1 accord+ z !y are good or bad 7v4 #cj2 viii4 #af2 ix4 #ci74 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is moral te/+ is made pla9 9 iii4 #ai4 ,^? :o /& ! te/1 & believe 9 ,*ri/1 und]go a resurrection "h 7xi4 #bf74 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is also a future judgm5t 7v4 #bb1 #bi7 & a future consummation 7v4 #bh1 #bi2 vi4 #ci f41 xiv4 #c74 ,simil> beautiful p>adoxes are f\nd 9 ! tea*+ t ! "w :i* ,god requires ( u is to believe 9 ,8 ,son 7vi4 #bh1 #bi72 & t to fulfil ,god's w is ! m>k n ( s]vants b ( fri5ds 7xv4 #ad74 ,& ^? :o hope t !y are numb]$ among ! fri5ds ( ,jesus w f9d 9 ?is ,gospel all ! deepe/ exp]i5ces ( ! s\l--! new bir?1 ! f9d+ ( ! liv+ wat] & ! true light1 & t abid+ 9 ,*ri/ :i* is made complete by ! eat+ ( ,8 fle% & ! dr9k+ ( ,8 blood4 ,to realize ! mean+ ( ,jesus x is necess>y to foll[ ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! ,synopti/s tell u comp>atively little ( ,8 "w1 ?\gh !y %[ u ! ,_s desc5d+ on ,*ri/ at ,8 baptism1 driv+ ,him into ! wild]ness to be tempt$1 speak+ 9 ,8 disciples1 p]vad+ ,8 "w 7,luke iv4 #ah71 & possess$ ( a p]sonality into :i* ! ,*ri/ian is baptiz$ 7,matt4 xxviii4 #ai71 & aga9/ :i* blasphemy is unp>donable 7,luke xii4 #aj74 ,9 ,john we f9d a mu* full] doctr9e ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! fact t ,he is n a m]e imp]sonal influ5ce ( ,god is v cle>ly %[n4 ,& x is impossible to accept ! mod]n rationali/ic #ih hypo!sis t ! ,holy ,_s is only a phrase = describ+ ! idea :i* ! apo/les _h ab\t ! invisible pres5ce ( ,*ri/4 ,he is call$ ano!r ,advocate 7xiv4 #af74 ,*ri/ 0 an ,advocate or ,help]2 ! ,_s w be ano!r4 ,aga91 x is ! "w ( ! ,_s to refre% ! memory & /r5g!n ! appreh5sion ( ! disciples conc]n+ ,*ri/ 7xiv4 #bf72 & our ,"l def9itely says1 ,if ,i g1 ,i w s5d ,him unto y 7xvi4 #g74 ,) reg>d to ! unbeliev+ _w1 ! ,_s w prove ! s9fulness ( opposition to ,*ri/1 w conv9ce ! _w ( ,8 righte\sness z te/ifi$ by ! ,fa!r's approval manife/$ 9 ! ,asc5sion1 & w procure ! v]dict ( hi/ory t by ! crucifixion ! evil _s :o inspires worldl9ess 0 condemn$ 7xvi4 #h-aa74 ,! ,_s's "w is ! same 9 k9d z ! "w ( ,*ri/1 b ! two ,p]sons are di/9ct4 ,t ,*ri/ cont9ues ,8 adv5t & ,8 "w 9 ! _w ?r\gh ! ,_s implies nei!r t ! ,_s is an imp]sonal influ5ce nor t ,he is p]sonally id5tical ) ,*ri/4 ,?is ,gospel gives u invaluable help 9 det]m9+ ! *ronology ( our ,"l's m9i/ry4 ,8 m9i/ry is connect$ ) six ,jewi% fea/s 7ii4 #ac2 v4 #a2 vi4 #d2 vii4 #b2 x4 #bb2 xii4 #a74 ,all are nam$ except t 9 v4 #a1 :i* is probably ,p5teco/1 ,a4,d4 #bg4 ,! =ty-six ye>s 9 ii4 #bj are correct4 ,h]od began to rebuild ! temple 9 #bj-ai ,b4,c4 ,!re=e ! ,passov] 9 ii4 #ac _c be be=e ,a4,d4 #bg4 ,,analysis ,introduction3 i4 #a--;i4 #ah4--,! ,^w ev] ) ,god & ,himself ,god1 manife/$ 9 creation1 9 consci5ce1 9 ! inc>nation4 ,a4 ,w9t] ,a4,d4 #bf till aft] ,passov] #bg4 ,! prep>ation & beg9n+ ( ! m9i/ry3 i4 #ai-;iv4 #ed4--,! te/imony ( ,john ! ,bapti/ to ,jesus #ii & 8 baptism ( ,jesus1 8 disciples come to ,jesus1 ! ga!r+ ( o!r disciples1 ! promise ( see+ heav5 op5$ 7i474 ,jesus & ,m>y at ! m>riage at ,cana1 ! disciples believe4 ,jesus at ,cap]naum4 ,at ! ,passov] ,jesus goes to ,j]usalem & cleanses ! temple 7ii74 ,at ,j]usalem ,jesus tea*es ,nicodemus ( ! new bir?1 ,he lab\rs 9 ,judaea :ile ,john is at ,a5on 7iii474 ,! woman ( ,sam>ia conv]t$2 ,jesus returns & is welcom$ 9 ,galilee1 is aga9 at ,cana1 cures ! ,cap]naum nobleman's son 7iv474 ,b4 ,p5teco/ ,a4,d4 #bg till be=e ,passov] #bh4 ,! increas$ self-revelation ( ,jesus at ,j]usalem3 v4--,jesus cures ! infirm man at ! pool ( ,be!sda1 is accus$ ( sabba?-break+4 ,he co-ord9ates ,8 "w & ,8 hon\r ) ! "w & hon\r ( ! ,fa!r1 claims to give life n[ & execute judgm5t1 claims ! te/imony ( ,john1 ( ,8 own miracles1 ( ! ,scriptures4 ,c4 ,passov] ,a4,d4 #bh till be=e ,tab]nacles #bh4 ,full self-revelation ( ,jesus 9 ,galilee3 vi4--,*ri/ su/a9s physical life by fe$+ ! #ejjj1 ! p wi% to make ,him ,k+4 ,he aga9 %[s p[] ov] nature by walk+ on ! sea4 ,he reveals ,himself z ! ,bread su/a9+ all spiritual life1 comm&s ! eat+ ( ,8 fle% & dr9k+ ( ,8 blood4 ,! effect ( ?is tea*+ is increas$ enmity1 ! des]tion by nom9al disciples1 & int5sifi$ fai? z %[n by ,pet]'s confession4 ,d4 ,tab]nacles1 ,septemb] ,a4,d4 #bh till e>ly #bi4 ,fur!r self-revelation at ,j]usalem3 conflict3 j\rney to ,p]aea2 vii4 #a-xi4 #eg4--;,jesus at ! fea/1 #ajj is accus$ ( hav+ a devil1 def5ds ,8 =m] action on ! sabba?1 attempt to seize ,him1 ,8 invitation to all :o ?ir/1 ! p divid$1 ! (fic]s refuse to arre/ ,him 7vii474 ,int]polat$ /ory ( ! woman tak5 9 adult]y1 vii4 #ec-viii4 #aa4 ,jesus reveals ,himself z ! ,light ( ! _w1 ! ,jews no long] ,abraham's *ildr51 ! ,jews reject ,8 claim to pre-exi/5ce1 & attempt to /one ,him 7viii474 ,jesus gives sight to ! bl9d man at ,siloam1 discussion ab\t heal+ on ! sabba? 7ix474 ,jesus ! good ,%eph]d1 at ! fea/ ( ! ,d$ication 9 ,decemb] ! ,jews try to /one ,him & ,he goes ea/ ( ,jordan 7x474 ,jesus z ,conqu]or ( dea? goes to ,be?any1 raises ,laz>us & proclaims ,himself z ! ,resurrection & ! ,life4 ,on ! advice ( ,caiaphas1 ! ,c\ncil propose to put ,jesus to dea?4 ,aft] rais+ ,laz>us ,jesus retires to ,ephraim1 a city on ! edge ( ! wild]ness to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,j]usalem 7xi474 ,e4 ,passov] ,a4,d4 #bi4 ,la/ public m9i/ry at ,j]usalem3 xii4--,m>y ano9ts ,jesus = burial1 ! entry into ,j]usalem1 ! ,greeks :o desire to see ,jesus1 a voice f heav5 promises to glorify ,him4 ,reject+ or receiv+ ,*ri/4 ,full self-revelation ( ,jesus to ,8 apo/les3 xiii4-xvii4--,at ! ,passov] ,he wa%es ! disciples' feet4 ,judas po9t$ out & dep>ts4 ,! "q ( ,pet] 7xiii4 #cg71 ( ,?omas 7xiv4 #e71 ( ,philip 7xiv4 #h71 ( ,judas 7xiv4 #bb74 ,! "w ( ! ,advocate :o is to come 7xiv4 #bf74 ,abid+ 9 ,*ri/1 ! new comm&m5t to love "o ano!r1 ! hatr$ ( ! _w1 future te/imony ( ! ,_s ( tru? 7xv474 ,! ,_s w convict ! _w1 guide ! disciples4 ,sorr[ only = a little :ile1 f9al assurances1 w>m expression ( fai? on ! "p ( ! apo/les1 ,*ri/'s w>n+ 7xvi474 ,*ri/'s int]cession 7xvii474 #aja ,! dea? ( ,jesus1 ! app>5t triumph ( unbelief3 xviii4-xix4--,betrayal 9 ! g>d51 trial be=e ,annas & ,caiaphas1 ,pet]'s d5ial1 trial be=e ,pilate1 ,jesus or ,b>abbas 7xviii474 ,! sc\rg+1 ,pilate's futile endeav\r to release ,jesus1 8 political fe>s1 ! crucifixion1 behold ?y "m1 ! spe>-?ru/1 ! writ]'s p]sonal te/imony1 ! burial by ,joseph ( ,arima?aea 7xix474 ,! resurrection1 ! victory ov] unbelief3 xx4--,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,pet] & ! writ] at ! sepul*re1 ! writ] records 8 own conviction4 ,jesus manife/s ,himself to ! ,magdal5e1 to ! t5 disciples1 mo/ ( :om _h des]t$ ,him1 & to ,?omas :o d\bt$4 ,?omas is conv9c$ ( ! ,div9ity ( ,jesus1 ! writ] /ates t ?is ,gospel 0 writt5 t ye might believe4 ,epilogue3 xxi4--,! manife/ation ( ,jesus by ! sea ( ,galilee1 ! solemn *>ge to ,pet]4 ,! editors ( ! ,gospel ass]t t ! au?or 0 ! belov$ disciple4 7,john xxi4 #bd 0 probably writt5 by ! ,ephesian presbyt]s :o knew ,/4 ,john4 ,! re/ ( ! *apt] is evid5tly by ! apo/le himself1 al?\gh1 x may h be5 add$ at a "t lat] ?an ! re/ ( ! ,gospel1 :i* seems to come to an end ) ! impressive words 9 xx4 #ca4 ,! mo/ contradictory hypo!ses h be5 broa*$ by writ]s :o h d5i$ ! au!nticity ( *4 xxi4 ,"s h held t x 0 add$ 9 ord] to exalt ,/4 ,john1 ! apo/le ( ,asia ,m9or1 ov] ,/4 ,pet]1 ! patron ( ,rome4 ,o!rs h held t x 0 add$ to exalt ,/4 ,pet]4 ,^? :o d5y ! au!nticity ( ! :ole ,gospel are compell$ to reg>d *4 xxi4 #bd z delib]ate false witness47 ,/4 ,john's ,oral ,tea*+4--,x seems t be=e ,/4 ,john wrote 8 ,gospel1 he _h adapt$ x to oral tea*+4 ,?is is %[n by ! arrangem5t ( facts 9 comb9ations ( #c1 possibly sugge/$ by ! #c manife/ations ( ! ,^w record$ 9 ! ,introduction4 ,!re are #c ,passov]s record$1 #c fea/s besides ! ,passov]s1 #c j\rneys to ,judaea1 #c disc\rses on ! la/ day ( ,tab]nacles be=e ! address to believ+ ,jews 7viii4 #ca71 #c say+s f ! ,cross4 ,if we reg>d *4 xxi4 z add$ lat] by ,/4 ,john1 we f9d 9 ! re/ ( ! ,gospel #c miracles 9 ,judaea1 #c 9 ,galilee1 & #c appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,"l4 #a ,apo/olic ,age ( ! ,*ur*1 vol4 ii4 p4 #baa4 7,engli% translation47 #b ,dr4 ,james ,m(fat1 ,introduction to ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 p4 #fja4 #c ,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e4 v4 #bj4 ,x is wor? not+ t ,dr4 ,m(fat1 op4 cit4 p4 #fji1 admits t if ,ir5aeus is correct1 8 te/imony to ,john ! ,apo/le is ( fir/-rate importance4 ,s he adds1 he mu/ be held to h mi/ak5 :at ,polyk>p said1 & to h confus$ ,john ! ,presbyt] ) ,john ! ,apo/le4 #d ,see ,ed]%eim1 ,life & ,times ( ,jesus ! ,messiah1 vol4 ii4 p4 #did4 #e ,! difficulties :i* arise f ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! hi/ory ( our ,"l's m9i/ry z giv5 by ,/4 ,john1 & by ! ,synopti/s1 h be5 discuss$ on p4 #bg1 ff4 #f ,he *anges ! good into bett] 7ii4 #i72 saves ! dy+ 7iv4 #ej72 gives p[] 7v4 #h72 gives food 7vi4 #aa72 gives sight 7ix4 #g72 is ,"l ov] dea? 7xi4 #dd72 blesses ! "w done 9 fai? 7xxi4 #aa74 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ,/4 ,john nev] m5tions t our ,"l cur$ any "o possess$ ) a devil1 :i* accord+ to ! ,synopti/s 0 a common k9d ( miracle4 ,b ,/4 ,john does n !re=e contradict ! o!r evangeli/s4 ,he recognizes t !re are visible works ( ! devil 7viii4 #da2 cf4 #a ,john iii4 #h71 & m5tions ! pr9ce ( ?is _w z caus+ ! trials ( our ,"l4 #ajb ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,acts ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has nev] attribut$ ! ,book ( ,acts to any o!r writ] ?an ,/4 ,luke4 ,! ext]nal pro(s ( ! primitive date ( ! book are important1 & po9t to ! apo/olic age z ! date ( its composition4 ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ie1 9 ref]r+ to ,ps4 lxxxviii4 #bj1 quotes x 9 words :i* are almo/ c]ta9ly bas$ on ,acts xiii4 #bb4 ,!re are two app>5t quotations f ,acts 9 ! lett]s ( ,/4 ,ignatius & "o 9 ! lett] ( ,/4 ,polyc>p4 ,x is also quot$ 9 ! works ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,tatian1 & ,a!nagoras1 & 9 ! lett] ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons writt5 9 ,a4,d4 #agg4 ,x 0 evid5tly read ?r\gh\t ! #bnd c5tury1 & x is def9itely assign$ to ,/4 ,luke by ,ir5aeus1 ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t1 ,t]tullian1 & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,9 opposition to ?is tradition1 a p]si/5t ef=t has be5 made to prove t ! book belongs to ! e>ly "p ( ! & c5tury4 ,!re are c]ta9 passages 9 :i* ! writ] uses ! fir/ p]son plural1 imply+ t he 0 p]sonally pres5t on ! occasions describ$4 ,! sections ( ! book 9 :i* t peculi>ity is f\nd are ord9>ily call$ ! we sections1 & x has be5 ass]t$ t ?\gh ! we sections are primitive !y h be5 work$ into ! n>rative ( a lat] writ]4#a ,fur!rmore x is ass]t$ t #ajc ! book 0 delib]ately int5d$ to be a fictiti\s acc\nt ( ! primitive ,*ur*1 & t its special purpose 0 to balance ! /ory ( ,/4 ,pet] ) t ( ,/4 ,paul 9 su* a mann] z to completely disguise ! fundam5tal antagonism ( ! two apo/les4 ,! =ce ( ?is argum5t has be5 weak5$ by ! g5]al admission ( non-,*ri/ian writ]s t ! diff]5ces ( op9ion betwe5 ! two apo/les 7 grossly exagg]at$ by ! critics ( fifty ye>s ago4 ,x is !re=e grant$ t !re 0 less necessity = ! =g]y ?an !re 0 said to be by ! critics 9 "q4 ,x is also v obvi\s t we _c fairly *>ge a hi/orian ) di%one/y because he wi%es to balance "o great "* ) ano!r4 ,no "o w\ld ass]t t a mod]n writ] 0 a p>tisan or a li> because he devot$ 9 ! same book tw5ty appreciative pages to ! ,evangelical ,revival & tw5ty appreciative pages to ! ,ox=d ,movem5t4 ,9 spite ( ?is fact1 ! tru/wor?y "* ( ! book is /ill vigor\sly assail$4 ,x is said t no /atem5t 9 ! book des]ves ready belief except ! we sections1 t ^? sections 7 writt5 by an unkn[n companion ( ,/4 ,paul1 & impud5tly appropriat$ by a ,*ri/ian :o wrote betwe5 ,a4,d4 #aje & ,a4,d4 #acj4 ,?is argum5t ab\t ! we sections c be completely ov]?r[n by a consid]ation ( ! l+ui/ic evid5ce ( ,acts4 ,if language implies any?+1 ! peculi>ities ( ,acts imply t ! au?or ( ! we sections1 :o 0 a companion ( ,/4 ,paul1 0 ! au?or ( ! :ole book4 ,& !y also %[ t ! au?or ( ! :ole book 0 ! p]son :o wrote ! ?ird ,gospel4 ,!re are _m words & phrases f\nd only 9 ! we sections & 9 ! re/ ( ,acts4 ,!re is1 too1 a l>ge numb] ( words & phrases 9 ! we sections :i* are r>ely us$ 9 ^? books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* are n attribut$ to ,/4 ,luke1 & occur frequ5tly 9 ! re/ ( ,acts & 9 ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel4 ,if #ajd we comp>e ,acts ) ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel1 we f9d t ,acts conta9s #ajh out ( #adj :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ?is ,gospel1 :]eas x conta9s only ab\t a half ( ^? :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ,matt4 & ,m>k4 ,!re are #eh ,greek words :i* are f\nd 9 bo? ,acts & ,luke & n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4#b ,among ! t]ms :i* s]ve z connect+ l9ks betwe5 ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel & ,acts1 includ+ ! we sections1 occur v>i\s m$ical phrases4 ,x is becom+ m & m widely recogniz$ t ^! phrases imply t ! writ] 0 a physician1 su* z we "k ,/4 ,luke to h be5 7,col4 iv4 #ad74 ,x is all ! m rem>kable t _m ( ! words peculi> to ,acts are f\nd 9 ,/4 ,luke's contempor>y1 ! physician ,dioscorides4 ,x is true t ! sections tak5 f ,m>k %[ num]\s ,lucan *>act]i/ics z !y appe> 9 our ?ird ,gospel1 b ^! *>act]i/ics are due to ! ?ird evangeli/1 & n to ,/4 ,m>k4 ,s1 x c be urg$1 ! ,lucan *>act]i/ics 9 ! we sections are due n to ! au?or1 b to an exp]t editor ( a lat] "t4 ,9 reply1 we c answ] t ! cases are n /rictly p>allel4 ,= if ! we sections are n by ! writ] ( ,acts1 he mu/ h almo/ entirely rewritt5 !m1 &1 at ! same "t1 h be5 guilty ( a gross fraud1 :i* he /upidly dropp$ 9 passages :]e x c\ld h be5 effectively us$4 ,to ?is l+ui/ic evid5ce ( au!nticity we c add ar*aeological evid5ce4 ,! discov]ies ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s h greatly confirm$ ! accuracy ( ! writ] 9 po9ts :]e a writ] ( ! #bnd c5tury w\ld h betray$ 8 ignorance4 ,9 fact1 we are able to comp>e 8 accuracy ) ! inaccuracy ( ! writ+ kn[n z ! ,acts ( ,paul & ,!cla1 a #bnd c5tury bl5d ( s5sationalism & piety bas$ on a docum5t ( ! #a/ c5tury4 ,n[1 9 almo/ e po9t :]e we are able to te/ ! k possess$ by ! au?or ( ,acts ) reg>d to ! topography ( ,asia #aje ,m9or & ! details ( ,roman gov]nm5t1 x c be pron\nc$ correct4 ,?is has be5 admirably %[n by ,pr(4 ,ramsay's works on ,! ,*ur* 9 ! ,roman ,empire & ,/4 ,paul4 ,/4 ,luke kn[s t ,cyprus 0 gov]n$ by a pro-consul1 :i* _h ceas$ to be ! case e>ly 9 ! #bnd c5tury2 t ! magi/rates at ,philippi 7 call$ /rategoi1 & 7 att5d$ by lictors1 :ile ^? at ,!ssalonica 7 call$ polit>*ai 7xvii4 #f71 a title :i* has be5 v]ifi$ by inscriptions4 ,he is aw>e t ! gov]nor ( ,malta 0 only call$ ! head-man 7xxviii4 #g74 ,he kn[s t ,d]be & ,ly/ra1 b n ,iconium1 7 cities ( ,lycaonia1 & t great ,artemis 0 ! cry us$ at ,ephesus 9 invok+ ! patronal goddess ( ! city 7xix4 #bh74 ,we mu/ n ass]t t ^! & simil> details absolutely prove t ! writ] 0 a companion ( ,/4 ,paul2 b we c say t he 0 peculi>ly well acqua9t$ ) ! life ( t p]iod4 ,! acc\nt ( ,/4 ,paul's voyage & %ipwreck is equally accurate4 ,a v fav\rite argum5t aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ,acts is t ,acts xv41 9 its acc\nt ( ,/4 ,paul's ?ird visit to ,j]usalem1 ,a4,d4 #di1 is inconsi/5t ) ,gal4 ii4 ,x is ass]t$ t ! au?or delib]ately falsifi$ ! /ory 9 ord] to repres5t ! old] apo/les z promot+ ! union ( ,g5tile & ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 "s mod]n critics assum+ t ! apo/les w\ld nev] h done any?+ s ,ca?olic4 ,b !re is no real discrepancy betwe5 ! two acc\nts1 if we are ready to believe t ,/4 ,luke gives ! public & ext]ior view ( ! proce$+s1 :ile ,/4 ,paul1 z is natural1 describes ! p]sonal aspect ( ^? proce$+s4 ,accord+ to ,acts xv4 #b1 ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,b>nabas 7 deput$ to g to ,j]usalem by ! ,*ur* at ,antio*2 accord+ to ,gal4 ii4 #b1 ,/4 ,paul w5t !re by revelation4 ,! int]nal motive is surely compatible ) ! ext]nal4 ,aga91 bo? ,acts xv4 & ,gal4 ii4 %[ t ! mom5t\s ,c\ncil at ,j]usalem includ$ private & public meet+s4 ,! two acc\nts fit "o ano!r all ! bett] 9 consequ5ce ( ! fact t ,acts #ajf lays /ress ^u ! public settlem5t 7xv4 #g f47 & ,galatians ^u a private conf]5ce 7ii4 #b74 ,acts %[s t !re 0 mu* dispute1 & ,galatians %[s t ! dispute includ$ opposition to ,/4 ,paul's me?ods4 ,acts %[s t ,/4 ,paul greatly desir$ to be on good t]ms ) ! old] apo/les1 ,galatians %[s t !y gave him ! "r h& ( fell[%ip4 ,! hi/orical situation1 ! occasion ( dispute 7viz4 ! attempt to impose circumcision on ! ,g5tiles71 ! *ief p]sons conc]n$ & ! feel+s :i* !y ent]ta9$1 are ! same 9 bo? books4#c ,z to ! fact t ,/4 ,paul 9 ,galatians makes no m5tion ( a second visit to ,j]usalem ab\t ,a4,d4 #df1 he ignores x because x 0 devot$ to ! specific bus9ess m5tion$ 9 ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be4 ,no?+ arose out ( x affect+ 8 relations ) ! fir/ apo/les or 8 own apo/le%ip4 ,a description ( ?is visit 0 !re=e q beside ! argum5t ( ,galatians4 ,we _c !re=e say t its omission 9 ,galatians proves t x 0 an inv5tion ( ! au?or ( ,acts4 ,! fact t ,acts does n dep5d ^u ,/4 ,paul's writ+s & nev]!less %[s _m undesign$ po9ts ( contact ) !m1 leads u to a v important conclusion4 ,?is conclusion is t ! writ] ( ,acts 0 a companion ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,x is incr$ible t a lat] writ]1 :o took an eag] int]e/ 9 ,/4 ,paul's adv5tures1 %\ld h made no use ( ,/4 ,paul's lett]s4 ,^? lett]s made a deep impression ^u ,/4 ,paul's contempor>ies 7cf4 #b ,cor4 x4 #aj71 & !y 7 c>efully treasur$ by all succe$+ g5]ations4 ,we c only expla9 ! relation betwe5 ,acts & ! ,paul9e ,epi/les by ! !ory t ! au?or ( ,acts 0 suffici5tly intimate ) ! apo/le to be able to write 8 book )\t feel+ ! necessity ( enri*+ x by ref]5ces to ^? ,epi/les4 ,! !ory1 !n1 fits ) ! !ory :i* is sugge/$ to u by ! we sections4 ,! only rema9+ "q is :e!r ?is companion 01 or 0 n1 ,/4 ,luke4 #ajg ,he 0 evid5tly ) ,/4 ,paul at ,rome1 & ?is makes x impossible to attribute ! au?or%ip ( ,acts to ,titus1 z !re is no h9t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ( ,titus be+ !re4 ,nor 0 ! au?or ,silas1 = ,silas 0 n ) ,/4 ,paul on ! ?ird mission>y j\rney1 :ile ! au?or ( ,acts 04 ,acts xx4 #e1 #f seems to prove t ! book 0 n writt5 by ,timo?y4 ,no "o seems s likely to h be5 ! au?or z ,/4 ,luke4 ,= ! writ] ( ,acts xxvii4 #a-xxviii4 #af evid5tly accompani$ ,/4 ,paul to ,rome1 & we le>n f ,col4 iv4 #ad & ,philem4 #bd t ,/4 ,luke 0 ) ! apo/le dur+ 8 fir/ imprisonm5t 9 t city4 ,we may !re=e say t e l9e ( evid5ce po9ts to ! tru? ( ! anci5t tradition t ,/4 ,luke wrote ,acts4 ,! s\rces ( in=mation employ$ by ,/4 ,luke c sometimes be det]m9$ ) a high degree ( probability4 ,:]e he did n draw ^u 8 own recollections he c\ld (t5 rely ^u ^? ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! apo/le 01 z we %\ld expect1 9 ! habit ( n>rat+ 8 own exp]i5ces 7cf4 #b ,cor4 i4 #h-aj2 xii4 #i2 ,gal4 i4 #aa-;ii4 #ad2 ,phil4 iii4 #c-g2 ,rom4 xv4 #af-cb74 ,acts xxi4 #ai2 xiv4 #bg2 xv4 #c1 #ab1 #bf1 %[ h[ ,/4 ,paul relat$ 8 travels4 ,acts i4-v4 probably incorporates an e>ly ,jewi% ,*ri/ian docum5t1 & conta9s features :i* unmi/akably po9t to ! tru?fulness ( ! record4 ,a good deal ( in=mation 0 probably obta9$ f ,john ,m>k3 x 0 to ! h\se ( ,m>k's "m t ,/4 ,pet] made 8 way aft] 8 escape f prison record$ 9 *4 xii4 ,z ,/4 ,m>k 0 ) ,/4 ,luke & ,/4 ,paul at ,rome1 & act$ z ,/4 ,pet]'s int]pret]1 ,/4 ,luke _h ! opportunity ( le>n+ f him _m facts conc]n+ ,/4 ,pet]4 ,/4 ,b>nabas also p]haps furni%$ "s details conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly ,*ur* at ,j]usalem4 ,"s ( ! conv]ts :o fl$ f ,judaea to ,antio* 7xi4 #ai7 7 probably m5 :o witness$ ! wond]s ( ! ,day ( ,p5teco/4 ,& if ,/4 ,luke 0 a ,*ri/ian ( ,antio*1 z tradition says1 he may h made inquiries ( ^! conv]ts4 #ajh ,f ,philip ! evangeli/1 ,/4 ,luke may h le>nt ! hi/ory ( ev5ts ) :i* ,philip 0 conc]n$1 z he /ay$ ) him at ,caes>ea 7xxi4 #h-ab71 & he also knew ,mnason1 :o 0 "o ( ! orig9al disciples ( ,p5teco/ 7xxi4 #af74 ,f9ally1 we notice t ,/4 ,luke _h int]c\rse ) ,/4 ,james1 ! ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 himself 7xxi4 #ah74 ,sid5ote3 ,date4 ,we h se5 above 7p4 #fh7 t ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel 0 probably writt5 soon aft] ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,z ,acts i4 #a %[s t ,acts 0 writt5 lat] ?an ! ,gospel1 & z !re is j en\gh diff]5ce 9 /yle betwe5 ! two books to enc\rage ! idea t ,acts 0 n writt5 imm$iately aft] ! ,gospel1 we may reasonably place ,acts betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ge & #hj4 ,"o obvi\s objection to plac+ ! date ( ,acts s late is ! fact t ! writ] does n record ! dea? ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,?is is c]ta9ly />tl+1 = ! m>tyrdom ( ! great apo/le w\ld h =m$ an impressive conclusion to ! book4 ,b !re are sev]al reasons :i* may be appropriately sugge/$ to acc\nt = ! omission4 ,possibly ! au?or int5d$ to write a ?ird treatise1 9 :i* ! /ory ( ! m>tyrdom ( 8 two great h]oes1 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 w\ld be rec\nt$2 possibly ,acts1 :i* ends v abruptly1 0 nev] complet$ by ! au?or4 ,x is also possible t1 aft] %[+ t ! ,roman civil p[] _h g5]ally be5 tol]ant t[>ds ,*ri/ianity1 he did n wi% to endang] ! circulation ( 8 book by giv+ an acc\nt ( ,n]o's brutal p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,if ! book _h conta9$ any su* hi/ory1 ! possession ( x w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z no small (f5ce by ! civil au?orities4 ,sev]al ye>s lat]1 :5 ! ,*ur* 0 probably mu* /rong]1 ,/4 ,john1 9 writ+ ! ,revelation1 disguis$ 8 description ( ,n]o 9 symbolical language4 ,9 any case1 ,/4 ,luke may h wi%$ bo? to %[ ,!ophilus t ,*ri/ianity 0 compatible ) loyalty to ! gov]nm5t1 #aji & t ! gov]nm5t _h = a long "t be5 tol]ant t[>ds ,*ri/ianity4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,! g5]al plan ( ! book may easily be se5 by a glance at ! ,analysis pr9t$ bel[4 ,we may describe x by say+ t ! rul+ ideas are ! progress & ! cont9uity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,t is to say1 ,/4 ,luke %[s h[ ! ,*ur*1 ! div9ely organiz$ society :i* promotes ! k+dom ( ,god1 lives & develops ?r\gh v>i\s /ages & crises4 ,x spreads f "o upp] room 9 ,j]usalem to ,rome1 ! _w's mightie/ city4 ,f ! election ( ,mat?ias1 ! new apo/le1 until ! decision rea*$ by ! ,c\ncil at ,j]usalem tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 & record$ 9 *4 xv41 we behold a sl[ b sure progress4 ,! secret ( ?is progress is dep5d5ce ^u ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,we _c conceive h[ ! apo/les c\ld ev] h come out ( ! p]plexity & dismay caus$ by ! dea? ( _! ,"l1 & lab\r$ ) su* en?usiasm1 unless !y 7 c]ta9 t ! ,"l 0 inde$ ris54 ,)\t ! resurrection1 ! ,*ur* w\ld h collaps$ at once4 ,kn[+ t x c\ld n be possibly disprov$1 ! apo/les appeal to x z _! reason = advanc+ out ( ,judaism4 ,two po9ts ) reg>d to ! doctr9e impli$ 9 *s4 i4-xv4 des]ve special att5tion4 7#a7 ,! doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s ,p]son4 ,! doctr9e is ( ! simple/ k9d1 b ! facts ass]t$ by ! apo/les imply t ,he is div9e4 ,he is ! ,messiah1 ano9t$ by ,god1 & ! ,holy ,"o1 & ,he is 9 a special s5se ! ,holy ,s]vant or ,*ild ( ,god 7iii4 #ad2 iv4 #bg74 ,he is seat$ at ! "r h& ( ,god 7v4 #ca71 ,he is ,pr9ce & ,savi\r4 ,he fulfils div9e functions4 ,x is ,he :o has p\r$ out ! ,holy ,_s 7ii4 #cc74 ,he is ! object ( man's fai?1 & ,8 "n or reveal$ p]sonality is decl>$ to h j re/or$ a lame man to s\ndness 7iii4 #af72 signs & wond]s are expect$ to be done ?r\gh ,him 7iv4 #cj74 ,!re is salvation 9 none o!r 7iv4 #ab71 & ,he is to be ! ,judge ( quick & dead #aaj 7x4 #db74 ,/4 ,/eph5 9 dy+ prays to ,him4 ,he is p]petually call$ ,"l1 & ! fact t ! same "n is appli$ to ,jehovah 9 ! ,septuag9t makes x impossible to suppose t ,*ri/ is n reg>d$ z possess$ ( div9e attributes4 7#b7 ,! doctr9e ( ! salvation ( ! _w4 ,rationali/ critics h ass]t$ t ! fir/ apo/les _h no idea t ! gospel 0 meant = ! _w1 & t !y limit$ its light to ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham4 ,! unfairness ( ?is ass]tion is %[n by ! consi/5t mann] 9 :i* ! same doctr9e ( ! salvation ( all m5 is int]wov5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,acts1 includ+ ! e>ly *apt]s1 :i* are g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be d]iv$ f an e>ly ,jewi% ,*ri/ian s\rce4 ,! doctr9e is t salvation is (f]$ to ! ,jews fir/ 7iii4 #bf71 b all t are af> (f may %>e 9 x 7ii4 #ci2 iii4 #be74 ,?is is exactly ! doctr9e express$ by ,/4 ,paul 9 ,rom4 i4 #af4 ,& ! conv]sion ( ,g5tiles ( diff]5t classes1 z record$ 9 ,acts1 te/ifies t ! apo/les act$ up to ! doctr9e4 ,!y did n d\bt t ! ,g5tiles _h a "r to ! gospel4 ,! po9t :i* did agitate !m 01 h[ mu* ( ! ,jewi% c]emonial ought ! ,g5tiles to be requir$ to obs]ve4 ,:5 ! ,g5tile conv]ts became num]\s ! "q became acute1 be+ %>p5$ by ! dem& ( c]ta9 ,jewi% ,*ri/ians t all conv]ts %\ld be circumcis$4 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,james set _! faces aga9/ ?is dem&1 & x 0 det]m9$ on _! advice t ! ,g5tiles %\ld only be requir$ to ab/a9 f meats (f]$ to idols1 & f blood1 & f ?+s /rangl$1 & f =nication 7xv4 #bi74 ,! rule 0 prim>ily meant = ,antio*1 ,syria1 & ,cilicia4 ,x prohibits complicity 9 idolatry1 & 9 ! immorality ) :i* ,syrian idolatry _h be5 hi/orically associat$4 ,& x prohibits ! eat+ ( blood & ?+s /rangl$1 a practice :i* might cause friction 9 ! pres5ce ( ,jewi% communities4 ,no?+ is said ab\t circumcision or ! sabba?4 ,x is impossible to reconcile ,acts xv4 ) ! #aaa !ory t ! orig9al apo/les 7 m]ely ,jewi% ,unit>ians :o dete/$ ,/4 ,paul4 ,& ! ,rationali/s :o h propagat$ ?is !ory ga9 no help ei!r f ,galatians or f ,acts xxi4 ,= ,/4 ,paul1 9 writ+ to ! ,galatians1 ass]ts ! two c5tral facts :i* we f9d 9 ,acts xv41 viz4 7i47 t 8 policy ( an op5 gospel 0 oppos$ by a p>ty :i* appeal$ to ! orig9al apo/les1 7ii47 t ! orig9al apo/les gave him ! h& ( fell[%ip & repudiat$ ! ,judaiz]s4 ,9 ,acts xxi4 #bd we f9d ,/4 ,paul himself p]=m+ a ,jewi% c]emonial act at ! reque/ ( ,/4 ,james4 ,! reque/ 0 made 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! falsehood t he _h be5 try+ to make ! ,hebrew conv]ts des]t ! old ,jewi% cu/oms4 ,x _c be int]pret$ z a pro( ( ! suppos$ bl9d ,judaism ( ,/4 ,james4 ,= ,/4 ,paul volunt>ily p]=m$ a simil> act at ,c5*reae1 & we h no gr\nd = believ+ t he always claim$ = himself t entire fre$om f ,jewi% usages :i* he always claim$ = 8 ,g5tile conv]ts4 ,8 own words contradict su* a notion emphatically 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #bj74 ,! tru? is t x is only by do+ viol5ce to all ! evid5ce :i* we possess1 t any?+ c be done to support ei!r ! !ory ( ,baur & 8 s*ool t ! apo/les ( ! ,*ur* 7 divid$ ) reg>d to ! ,law1 or ! m rec5t !ory ( ,h>nack & o!rs t !y 7 divid$ ) reg>d to ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,all ! apo/les believ$ t ! gospel 0 = all m5 on equal t]ms1 & t ,*ri/ 0 ! div9e ,"l ( all4 ,9 addition to ^! po9ts1 x is necess>y to say a few words ab\t ! m9i/ry ( ! ,*ur* :i* is describ$ 9 ,acts4 ,x is ass]t$ by su* writ]s z ,m>t9eau1 ,sabati]1 & ,s*mi$el1 t ! /ate ( ! ,*ur* & ! m9i/ry 9 ,acts betrays ! fact t ! au?or did n write 9 ! apo/olic age4 ,x is said t hi]>*ical ideas or hi]>*ical pret5sions c be detect$ 9 su* passages z i4 #ag1 #bj2 viii4 #ad-ag2 xv4 #bh2 xx4 #bh1 & t su* ideas #aab c\ld n h be5 ent]ta9$ by ! apo/les4 ,x is n possible to give a full discussion ( su* a !ory 9 ?is book4#d ,we mu/ be cont5t ) not+ t1 9 ord] to give x any appe>ance ( validity1 x is necess>y to reject e "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* does n happ5 to agree ) x4 ,s*mi$el1 :o places ,acts betwe5 ,a4,d4 #aaj & #acj1 says t ,acts xx4 #ah-ce has _m ideas 9 common ) ^? ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 b t ! au?or has n yet rea*$ ! /age 9 ! developm5t ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t :i* *>act]izes ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y4 #e ,he says ?is simply because t ,epi/le1 :i* he reg>ds z a late =g]y1 %[s a =m ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t practically id5tical ) ,episcopacy1 :ile he ?9ks t ,acts xx4 %[s a =m ( gov]nm5t int]m$iate betwe5 ! g5u9e apo/olic =m & ,episcopacy4 ,to ?is we may make two answ]s2 7a7 t ! ,*ur* gov]nm5t 9 ,acts & #a ,timo?y is practically ! same1 ! "w ( ! apo/le be+ 9 r ,timo?y p>tly delegat$ to an apo/olic vic>2 7b7 z !re is excell5t evid5ce = reg>d+ #a ,timo?y z a g5u9e writ+ ( ,/4 ,paul1 x gives u an additional cause = believ+ t ! description ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t 9 ,acts is n fictiti\s4 ,,analysis ,! outl9e ( ! book is laid d[n 9 ! words ( our ,"l quot$ 9 i4 #h1 ,ye %all receive p[] aft] t ! ,holy ,gho/ is come ^u y3 & ye %all be ,my witnesses bo? 9 ,j]usalem1 & 9 all ,judaea1 & ,sam>ia1 & unto ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>?4 #aac ,a4 ,f ,a4,d4 #bi to 8 #cd1 ,! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem3 i4-viii4 #a4--;,introduction2 ! commission to ! apo/les1 ! ,asc5sion1 *oice ( ,mat?ias 9 place ( ,judas 7i474 ,outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,_s at ,p5teco/1 ,pet]'s spee*1 ! unity ( ! ,*ur* 7ii474 ,cure ( a lame man1 ,pet]'s spee* on ! occasion 7iii474 ,pet] & ,john imprison$ & be=e ! ,c\ncil1 _! dismissal & return to ! ,*ur*1 community ( goods 9 ! ,*ur* 7iv474 ,ananias & ,sapphira1 miracles ( heal+1 especially by ,pet]1 second imprisonm5t ( ,pet] & ,john1 ,pet]'s spee*1 ,gamaliel's advice to refra9 f p]secution 7v474 ,appo9tm5t ( ! sev5 deacons1 ,/eph5's m9i/ry & arre/ 7vi474 ,/eph5's def5ce1 9 :i* he %[s t ! ,jews h always oppos$ ! *ief s]vants ( ,god & t true wor%ip is indep5d5t ( ! ,jewi% temple1 ,/eph5's m>tyrdom 7vii4-viii4 #a74 ,b4 ,f ,a4,d4 8 #cd to #df4 ,*ri/ianity spreads ?r\gh ,judaea & ,sam>ia & to ! ,g5tiles1 ,/4 ,paul's conv]sion3 viii4-xii4--,*ur* scatt]$ by p]secution1 ,philip 9 ,sam>ia1 ,simon ,magus1 ,pet] & ,john at ,sam>ia1 ,philip baptizes an ,e?iopian proselyte to ,judaism 7viii474 ,conv]sion ( ,paul1 8 baptism1 he is introduc$ to ! apo/les1 ,pet] at ,joppa & ,lydda1 rais+ ( ,tabi?a by ,pet] 7ix474 ,pet] & ,cornelius1 ,pet]'s trance1 he eats ) & has baptiz$ ,g5tiles :o _h previ\sly believ$ 9 ,god b 7 uncircumcis$ 7x474 ,he expla9s 8 conduct & ! ,*ur* approves 7xi4 #a-ah74 ,*ri/ianity spreads to ,pho5icia1 ,cyprus1 & ,antio*1 :]e x is prea*$ to pagan ,greeks 7xi4 #ai-cj74 ,h]od's #aad p]secution1 murd] ( ,james1 ,pet]'s ?ird imprisonm5t & escape1 dea? ( ,h]od 9 ,a4,d4 #dd1 ,paul returns f 8 second visit to ,j]usalem 7xii474 ,c4 ,f ,a4,d4 #dg to #di4 ,/4 ,paul's ,fir/ ,mission>y ,j\rney3 xiii4 #a-xv4 #ce4--;,b>nabas & ,paul receive ! lay+ on ( h&s at ,antio*1 j\rney ?r\gh ,cyprus1 ,elymas ! sorc]] bl9d$1 visit to ,antio* 9 ,pisidia1 ,paul's spee* 9 ! synagogue1 he turns to ! ,g5tiles 7xiii474 ,paul prea*es at ,iconium1 cures lame man at ,ly/ra1 is /on$1 returns to ,antio* 7xiv474 ,p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians by ,jews4 ,! ,j]usalem ,*ur* ,c\ncil decides t ,g5tiles ne$ n be circumcis$ 7xv4 #a-ce74 ,d4 ,f ,a4,d4 #di to #eb4 ,/4 ,paul's ,second ,mission>y ,j\rney3 xv4 #cf-xviii4 #bb4--,paul ) ,silas visits ! ,*ur*es f\nd$ dur+ ! fir/ j\rney1 ,timo?y circumcis$ 7xv4 #cf-xvi4 #e74 ,paul crosses to ,europe1 imprison$ at ,philippi1 conv]sion ( ! jailor 7xvi474 ,at ,!ssalonica & ,b]oea1 at ,a!ns1 ,paul's spee* at ! ,areopagus 7xvii474 ,at ,cor9?1 br\ght be=e ,gallic ! ,roman proconsul1 travels by ,ephesus & ,caes>ea to ,j]usalem & ,antio* 7xviii4 #a-bb74 ,p]secution by ,jews1 or by ,g5tiles ^: pockets are affect$ 7xvi4 #ai74 ,e4 ,f ,a4,d4 #eb to #ef4 ,/4 ,paul's ,?ird ,mission>y ,j\rney3 xviii4 #bc-xxi4 #af4--,paul revisits ,galatia & ,phrygia2 ,apollos1 a conv]t$ #aae ,jew1 def5ds ,*ri/ianity at ,cor9? 7xviii4 #bc-bh74 ,paul /ays at ,ephesus1 great riot 7xix474 ,roman (ficials tol]ant to ,*ri/ianity1 craftsm5 ^: pockets are affect$ %[ viol5ce4 ,j\rney to ,mac$onia & ,greece1 ,paul at ,troas1 ,euty*us' fall & cure1 j\rney to ,miletus :]e ,paul meets ! presbyt]s ( ,ephesus 7xx474 ,voyage to ,tyre & ,caes>ea 7xxi4 #a-af74 ,f4 ,f ,a4,d4 #ef to #fa4 ,/4 ,paul arre/$ at ,j]usalem1 imprison$ at ,caes>ea1 voyage to ,rome3 xxi4 #ag-xxviii4 #ca4--,paul visits ,james & ! presbyt]s1 ! ,jews try to kill him1 he is rescu$ & tak5 to ! ca/le 7xxi4 #ag-dj74 ,8 spee* to ! ,jews1 is remov$ by ! *ief capta9 7xxii474 ,8 spee* be=e ! ,jewi% ,c\ncil1 is tak5 to ,caes>ea 7xxiii474 ,appe>s be=e ! procurator ,felix 7xxiv474 ,appe>s be=e ! procurator ,fe/us1 appeals to ! emp]or1 speaks be=e ,agrippa 7xxv41 xxvi474 ,roman (ficials /ill tol]ant1 b oblig$ to int]f]e4 ,! voyage & %ipwreck 7xxvii474 ,paul at ,melita 7xxviii4 #a-aj74 ,he j\rneys to ,rome & exp\nds ! gospel at ,rome1 :]e ! ,jews _h n previ\sly he>d any?+ aga9/ him4 ,he prea*es ! k+dom ( ,god = two ye>s 7xxviii4 #aa-ca74 ,simil> ,*>act]i/ics ( ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel & ,acts4--,among su* are ! cont9u$ int]e/ 9 ,sam>itans 7,acts i4 #h2 viii4 #e-be7 ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,acts i4 #bb2 x4 #cg2 xiii4 #bd2 xviii4 #be2 xix4 #c71 wom5 7,acts i4 #ad2 ix4 #cf2 xii4 #ab2 xvii4 #d71 ! poor 7,acts ii4 #de2 iii4 #c2 iv4 #cb2 ix4 #ci1 etc474 ,9 bo? books ,*ri/ is specially call$ ,"l1 & is ! great ,prophet 7,luke vii4 #af1 #ci2 xxiv4 #ai-bg2 cf4 ,acts iii4 #bb2 vii4 #cg71 also ! suff]+ ,s]vant 7,luke xxiv4 #cf1 #de2 cf4 ,acts iii4 #ac1 #ah2 iv4 #bg2 viii4 #cb74 ,notice1 too1 9 bo? books ! long reports ( pray]s & spee*es4 #a ,! we sections conta9 #ig v]ses4 ,!y are xvi4 #aj-ag1 xx4 #e-ae2 xxi4 #a-ah1 xxvii4 #a-xxviii4 #af4 #b ,see ,rev4 ,sir ,john ,c4 ,hawk9s1 ,b>t41 ,m4,a41 ,horae ,synopticae4 #c ,see ,lightfoot1 ,comm5t>y on ,galatians4 #d ,! read] is ref]r$ to ,dr4 ,gore1 ,! ,*ur* & ! ,m9i/ry1 p4 #bcd f4 7f\r? edition74 #e ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 vol4 i4 p4 #di4 #aaf ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,epi/les ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul ,al?\gh ! ,*ri/ian _c reg>d ! ,epi/les conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t z hav+ q ! same importance z ! ,gospels :i* record ! life & say+s ( 8 ,div9e ,ma/]1 he mu/ reg>d !m z hav+ a pr(\nd significance4 ,!y deal ) ! cre$ & ! conduct ( ! ,*ur* ) an inspir$ insight :i* gives !m an undy+ value1 & !y are m>k$ by a p]sonal affection :i* gives !m an undy+ *>m4 ,!y l5d1 too1 a mo/ p[]ful support to ! hi/orical evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we h already notic$ t ! e>lie/ ,gospel 0 probably n writt5 be=e ,a4,d4 #fb1 :ile ,/4 ,john's ,gospel is probably z late z ,a4,d4 #he4 ,b sev]al ( ! tw5ty-"o ,epi/les 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t are c]ta9ly e>li] ?an ,a4,d4 #fb1 & out ( ! :ole numb] only ! ?ree by ,/4 ,john c be confid5tly plac$ at a lat] date ?an ,/4 ,john's ,gospel4 ,n[1 ^! tw5ty-"o ,epi/les assume ! tru? ( ! /ory conta9$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,!y d m ?an ?is4 ,= !y prove t dur+ ! lifetime ( m5 :o _h p]sonally kn[n ,jesus ,*ri/1 !re 7 l>ge numb]s ( e>ne/ m5 & wom5 :o 7 at home ) ! same ideas z ^? :i* ,*ri/ians h *]i%$ until mod]n times4 ,"s ( ^! ideas expla9 :at we f9d 9 ! ,gospels4 ,= in/ance1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t is m pla9ly exp\nd$ 9 ! ,epi/les ?an 9 ! ,gospels4 ,?is doctr9e1 toge!r ) ^? :i* conc]n ! ,p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,holy #aag ,tr9ity1 ! sacram5ts1 ! ,*ur*1 & ! m9i/ry1 c\ld be %[n to h exi/$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #fj1 ev5 if ! ,gospels _h p]i%$ or 7 prov$ to be =g]ies4 ,! indirect evid5ce :i* ! ,epi/les give to ! life & tea*+ ( our ,"l is !re=e ( imm5se importance4 ,if ! infidel says t ^! doctr9es are m]e !ories1 we c ask him h[ ^! !ories arose1 & *all5ge him to produce a cause :i* s adequately acc\nts = !m z ! inc>nation ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,! orig9 ( spiritual lett]s or epi/les 0 p]haps due to ! wisdom & orig9ality ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,at any rate1 !re is no?+ improbable 9 ?is conjecture1 nor ne$ x draw u into any sympa?y ) ! rec5t attempts to use x z a means = discr$it+ ^? ,epi/les 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* be> ! names ( o!r au?ors4 ,x is possible t ! e>lie/ ,epi/le is t ( ,/4 ,james1 & we h no means ( tell+ :e!r ,/4 ,paul did or did n anticipate him 9 writ+ ,epi/les4 ,9 any case1 if ,/4 ,paul is n ! pione]1 he is ! capta9 ( epi/le-writ]s4 ,/4 ,cyprian1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 & 9 mod]n times ,ar*bi%op ,f5elon & ,dr4 ,pusey1 h illu/rat$ ! p[] ( mak+ a lett] ! vehicle ( mom5t\s tru?s4 ,b on ! greate/ ( !m !re has fall5 only a portion ( ! mantle ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,we possess ?irte5 ,epi/les writt5 by ,/4 ,paul4 ,!re is no real reason = d\bt+ ! g5u95ess ( any ( !m1 & a rem>kable *ange has lately tak5 place 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! oppon5ts ( or?odox ,*ri/ianity h treat$ !m4 ,:5 ! +5i\s attempt 0 made1 sixty ye>s ago1 to prove t ,/4 ,paul inv5t$ a type ( ,*ri/ianity :i* 0 n taught by ,*ri/1 x 0 held t only ,galatians1 ,romans1 & #a & #b ,cor9?ians 7 g5u9e4 ,! o!r ,epi/les attribut$ to ,/4 ,paul 7 said to be =g]ies writt5 aft] ,/4 ,paul's dea?1 & int5d$ to act z c]tificates = ! ,ca?olic fai? ( ! #bnd c5tury4 ,s9ce !n criticism has gr[n wis]4 ,! g5u95ess ( ,philippians & #a ,!ssalonians 0 fir/ conc$$4 ,!n x became necess>y to #aah admit ! g5u95ess ( ,colossians & ,philemon2 & #b ,!ssalonians & ,ephesians are n[ be+ plac$ 9 ! same li/ ev5 by "s extreme critics4 ,9 fact1 ! use made ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les 9 ! #bnd c5tury1 & ! impossibility ( f9d+ any "o :o _h ! g5ius to p]sonate ! great apo/le1 are two ?+s :i* h disabl$ fancy-criticism4 ,! ,epi/les to ,timo?y & ,titus are /ill confid5tly reject$ by "s au?ors1 b ?is confid5ce is be+ und]m9$4 ,"s special att5tion is giv5 to ! "q ( _! g5u95ess 9 ?is book4 ,! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul fall into f\r gr\ps1 ea* gr\p be+ %ap$ by some?+ :i* is unmi/akably novel & by some?+ :i* x has 9 common ) ! o!r gr\ps4 ,i4 ,a4,d4 #ea4 #a & #b ,!ssalonians4 ,,ii4 ,a4,d4 #ee-ef4 #a & #b ,cor9?ians1 ,galatians1 ,romans4 ,,iii4 ,a4,d4 #ei-fa4 ,colossians1 ,philemon1 ,ephesians1 ,philippians4 ,,iv4 ,a4,d4 #fa-fd4 #a ,timo?y1 ,titus1 #b ,timo?y4 ,/4 ,paul 0 9 ! habit ( dictat+ 8 lett]s4 ,9 ,rom4 xvi4 #bb occurs ! "n ( ,t]tius1 :o 0 !n act+ z 8 secret>y4 ,b ,/4 ,paul wrote ! little lett] to ,philemon himself1 & 9 ,gal4 vi4 #aa-ah we f9d a po/script :i* ! apo/le wrote 9 8 own l>ge h&writ+4 ,simil> in/ances are f\nd 9 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #ba-bd & ,col4 iv4 #ah1 :ile 9 #b ,!ss4 iii4 #ag he %[s u t he sometimes made ^! additions 9 ord] to protect 8 conv]ts f be+ deceiv$ by =g$ lett]s writt5 9 8 "n4 ,9 ord] to ent] into ! _s ( ,/4 ,paul's lett]s x is necess>y to und]/& 8 hi/ory1 a brief outl9e ( :i* w n[ be giv54 ,saul1 :o *ang$ 8 "n to ,paul1 0 born at ,t>sus 9 ,cilicia1 a city :i* prid$ itself ^u its good education4 ,! language ( ! city 0 ,greek2 ,saul's fa!r 0 a ,jew & a ,roman citiz54 ,he 0 tra9$ at ,j]usalem by #aai ,gamaliel1 a r5[n$ ,ph>isee4 ,! future apo/le 0 !re=e born a memb] ( ! mo/ religi\s race 9 ! _w1 spoke ! language ( ! mo/ cultivat$ race 9 ! _w1 & liv$ "u ! mo/ ma/]ly & fully organiz$ gov]nm5t4 ,all ^! ?ree influ5ces left _! m>k on a s\l :i* 0 always impressible t[>ds ev]y?+ great & noble4 ,b 8 nature 0 n only impressible2 x 0 end[$ z well by ,god ) a /rong pure heat :i* c\ld fuse tru?s toge!r into an ord]ly & well-proportion$ =m1 & purge away ! falsehoods :i* clung to tru?s4 ,x is pla9 t he 0 n a ,ph>isee ( ! bas] sort1 ev5 :5 he believ$ t ! ,messiah 0 a pret5d]4 ,righte\sness 0 8 ideal1 & because he hat$ s91 a /ruggle rag$ betwe5 8 consci5ce & 8 l[] in/9cts 7,rom4 vii4 #g-be74 ,he fi]cely p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians1 :om he reg>d$ z traitors to _! race & _! religion4 ,on 8 way f ,j]usalem to ,damascus ) a w>rant f ! high prie/ to arre/ ! ,*ri/ians1 he 0 conv]t$ 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #ce7 by a direct int]position ( ! ris5 ,"l4 ,e ef=t has be5 made by mod]n rationali/s to expla9 ?is revelation z ei!r an imag9>y vision or an inw>d light 9 8 consci5ce4 ,! fact rema9s t ,/4 ,paul nev] speaks ( x z a m]ely inw>d reality1 t he does n numb] 8 conv]sion among ! ec/atic /ates to :i* he 0 subject 7#b ,cor4 xii4 #a71 & t he reckons ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/ to himself z an outw>d appe>ance l ! appe>ances to ! old] apo/les 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #e-h74 ,we _c get beh9d ! /atem5ts made by ,/4 ,paul & ^? made 9 ,acts by 8 fri5d1 ,/4 ,luke4 ,!y %[ t he 0 met & conqu]$ by ,*ri/4 ,! appe>ance ( ,*ri/ *ang$ 8 :ole c>e]1 trans=m$ 8 "*1 conv9c$ him t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 & t salvation c only be obta9$ by fai? 9 ,him--t is1 by a devot$ adh]5ce to ,8 ,p]son & ,8 tea*+4 ,aft] prea*+ ,*ri/ 9 ,damascus1 he retir$ into ! ke5 air & inspir+ solitude ( ! ,arabian des]t4 #abj ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! outl9e ( 8 cre$ seems to h gr[n cle> & def9ite4 ,x aft]w>ds exp&$ & develop$1 z truly z y\? passes into manhood1 b !re is no evid5ce = any mat]ial alt]ation hav+ tak5 place aft] 8 return f ,arabia4 ,_m ,*ri/ians d\bt$ ! s9c]ity ( 8 conv]sion1 b ,/4 ,b>nabas1 a conciliatory & k9d evangeli/1 introduc$ him to ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,james at ,j]usalem1 ,a4,d4 #ch4 ,8 life be+ ?reat5$ by ! ,greek-speak+ ,jews1 he dep>t$ = ,t>sus4 ,9 due "t he 0 br\ght by ,/4 ,b>nabas to aid ! new mission to ! ,g5tiles at ,antio*1 a l>ge & spl5did city1 admirably adapt$ = ! fir/ propagation ( ! gospel among ! hea!n4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #df he paid ) ,b>nabas a second visit to ,j]usalem1 tak+ ?i!r a contribution f ,antio* to relieve ! fam9e :i* rag$ !re4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dg he w5t f ,antio* 9 company ) ,b>nabas on 8 fir/ mission>y t\r1 visit+ ,cyprus & "p ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,on 8 return1 ,a4,d4 #di1 he att5d$ ! ,c\ncil at ,j]usalem 7,acts xv42 ,gal4 ii471 at :i* he insi/$ t conv]ts f paganism %\ld n be requir$ to submit to circumcision & ! o!r c]emonial rules ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,only once aga9 has any ,c\ncil ( ! ,*ur* _h to discuss su* a burn+ & weighty "q1 & t once 0 at ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea 9 #cbe1 :5 x 0 det]m9$ to describe ! fact t ,jesus is ,god 9 language :i* w\ld admit ( no possible mi/ake or juggl]y4 ,at ,j]usalem1 9 ,a4,d4 #di1 ! ,*ur* _h to det]m9e :e!r x 0 suffici5t = a man to be a ,*ri/ian1 or necess>y = him to become a ,jew & a ,*ri/ian simultane\sly4 ,"s ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ians ma9ta9$ ! latt]4 ,fai?ful to ! tea*+ ( our ,"l1 :o laid on no ,g5tile ! necessity ( adopt+ ,judaism1 ! ,*ur* decid$ t ,g5tile conv]ts ne$ n be circumcis$4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #di1 soon aft] ! ,c\ncil at ,j]usalem1 ,/4 ,paul began a second mission>y j\rney1 & cross$ ov] into ,europe1 :]e he f\nd$ sev]al ,*ur*es1 includ+ ^? ( ,philippi & ,!ssalonica4 ,at ,a!ns he seems to h made #aba b little impression1 b at ,cor9?1 ! busy & pr(ligate c5tre ( ,greek comm]ce1 he 0 m successful4 ,he /ay$ !re = eighte5 mon?s1 & dur+ ?is /ay he wrote ! ,epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians4 ,!y are m>k$ by ! att5tion giv5 to es*atology1 or doctr9e ( ! la/ ?+s--! second com+ ( ,*ri/1 ! resurrection ( mank9d1 & ! judgm5t4 ,?is second j\rney clos$ ) a visit to ,j]usalem1 & 0 foll[$ by an incid5t :i* %[s t ! apo/le's long w>f>e ) ,judaism 0 n ov]4 ,! ,judaiz]s _h be5 defeat$ at ! ,c\ncil ( ,j]usalem1 & !y 7 aw>e t ! ,g5tiles 7 p\r+ into ! ,*ur*4 ,s !y attempt$ a new & artful plan = secur+ _! own pr$om9ance4 ,!y no long] d5i$ t uncircumcis$ ,*ri/ians 7 ,*ri/ians1 b !y tri$ to ga9 a high] /atus = ! circumcis$4 ,!y ass]t$ t special pr]ogatives belong$ to ! ,messiah's own p1 & to ! apo/les :om ,he _h *os5 :ile ,he 0 on e>?4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul w5t f ,j]usalem to ,antio* 9 ,a4,d4 #eb1 ,/4 ,pet]1 fe>+ to (f5d ^! ,judaiz]s1 0 guilty ( pret5d+ to believe t he agre$ ) !m4#a ,he refus$ to eat ) ,g5tile 7uncircumcis$7 ,*ri/ians4 ,he !reby tri$ to compel ! ,g5tiles to ,judaize 7,gal4 ii4 #ad71 treat+ !m z if !y 7 an inf]ior ca/e4 ,/4 ,b>nabas 0 c>ri$ away by ,/4 ,pet]'s example4 ,/4 ,paul !n op5ly rebuk$ ! lead] ( ! apo/les4 ,x is on ?is incid5t t ,f4 ,c4 ,baur & ! ,tb+5 s*ool f\nd$ _! fictiti\s hi/ory ( a doctr9al /ruggle betwe5 ,/4 ,paul & ! orig9al apo/les4 ,! fundam5tal falsehood ( ?is hi/ory lies 9 ! fact t !re 0 no real diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4 ,! latt] rebuk$ ! =m] = dissembl+1 i4e4 = act+ on a special occasion 9 a #abb mann] contr>y to 8 convictions & op5ly pr(ess$ pr9ciples4 ,! ,judaiz+ p>ty n only tri$ to inoculate ! ,*ur* ) ,judaism1 b /ra9$ e n]ve to und]m9e ! au?ority ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,!y said t he _h no au?ority to prea* ,*ri/ unless x 0 d]iv$ ?r\gh ! ,twelve1 & !y %[$ lett]s ( comm5dation 7,gal4 ii4 #ab2 #b ,cor4 iii4 #a71 to ! effect t !y repres5t$ ! fir/ apo/les & came to supply ! defects ( ,/4 ,paul's tea*+4 ,) ^! oppon5ts he 0 9 conflict dur+ 8 ?ird mission>y j\rney1 :i* began ab\t ,augu/1 ,a4,d4 #eb4 ,on ?is j\rney he revisit$ ,galatia & ,phrygia1 made a long /ay at ,ephesus1 & w5t to ,mac$onia & ,greece4 ,dur+ ?is ?ird mission>y j\rney he wrote #a & #b ,cor9?ians1 ,galatians1 & ,romans4 ,x is h>d to det]m9e ! exact ord] 9 :i* !y 7 writt51 z ,galatians may h be5 writt5 be=e #a ,cor9?ians4 ,^! ,epi/les are ! noble/ "w ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! p]si/5t ef=ts ( 8 oppon5ts compel him to def5d bo? 8 pr9ciples & 8 "*4 ,amid ! p]plexity ( ! "t1 8 cle> & cl>ify+ m9d =mulat$ ,*ri/ian doctr9e s p]fectly t he compels 8 read]s to see :at he sees4 ,?is gr\p ( ,epi/les is ma9ly devot$ to sot]iology1 or ! me?od by :i* ,god saves man4 ,x conta9s abundant tea*+ ab\t ,god's purpose ( sav+ u1 ! use ( ! ,jewi% law1 ! /ruggle betwe5 our fle% & our _s1 ! "w ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 dy+ & ris+ = u1 ! "w ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & ! morals & wor%ip ( ! ,*ur*4 ,/4 ,paul's argum5ts are ma9ly address$ to believ+ ,*ri/ians1 :om he wi%es to pres]ve f ,jewi% or hea!n error4 ,!y are m>k$ by ! /ronge/ light & %ade4 ,n[h]e does s9 appe> m awful1 & ! love ( ,god to undes]v+ man appe> m g5]\s4 ,at "o mom5t ! apo/le writes z a logician1 at ano!r z a my/ic4 ,n[ he is /]n1 & n[ he is pa!tic4 ,9 compass1 9 v>iety1 9 dep?1 ^! f\r ,epi/les are great works ( art1 & all ! great] #abc because ! writ] e/eems 8 intellectual p[]s z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! /ory ( ! ,cross4 ,9 ,may1 ,a4,d4 #ef1 ,/4 ,paul 0 arre/$ at ,j]usalem1 aft] :i* he 0 deta9$ by ! ,roman procurator ,felix = two ye>s at ,caes>ea1 & !n s5t to ,rome because he appeal$ to h 8 case tri$ by ! emp]or4 ,he arriv$ at ,rome e>ly 9 ,a4,d4 #ei1 & 0 imprison$ = two ye>s 9 8 own hir$ h\se be=e 8 trial4 ,dur+ ?is imprisonm5t he wrote ! ,epi/les to ! ,colossians1 ,ephesians1 & ,philippians1 & ! exquisite private lett] to ,philemon4 ,9 ,philippians !re is a /rong reprim& ( ! infatuation ( tru/+ 9 ,jewi% privileges1 b x is pla9 f ,colossians & ,ephesians t ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity 0 already firmly e/abli%$1 & t 9 ,asia ,m9or ! ,judaiz+ h]esies 7 becom+ fa9t] & m fanciful4 ,/4 ,paul criticizes a ,judaic ,gno/icism1 a morbid mixture ( ,jewi% ritual ) t ,ori5tal spiritualism :i* fasc9at$ _m devotees 9 ! ,roman empire at ?is p]iod4 ,! ,philippians d n seem to h be5 infect$ ) ! same religi\s mal>ia z ! ,*ri/ians :o dwelt 9 ! valley ( ! ,lycus4 ,b ,/4 ,paul 9 writ+ to !m1 z to ! ,colossians & ,ephesians1 takes great pa9s to %[ :o ,*ri/ is & :at our relation t[>ds ,him ought to be4 ,?is gr\p is !re=e di/+ui%$ by its ,*ri/ology4 ,/4 ,paul 0 releas$ f 8 fir/ imprisonm5t at ,rome1 ?\gh we "k no details ( 8 release4 ,he aga9 resum$ 8 mission>y life1 & wrote ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y & t to ,titus4 ,accord+ to a tradition ( v great antiquity1 he visit$ ,spa94 ,b ! *ang$ attitude ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians soon cut %ort 8 "w4 ,e>li] 9 8 c>e] ! ,roman (ficials _h reg>d$ ! new religion ) easy ?\gh some:at sup]cili\s tol]ation4 ,9 #b ,!ssalonians we f9d ,/4 ,paul app>5tly describ+ ! ,roman au?orities z ! re/ra9+ p[] :i* h9d]$ ! malice ( anti*ri/ian ,judaism f work+ rev5ge ^u #abd ! ,*ur*4 ,at ,ephesus he _h be5 p]sonally protect$ f ! mob by ! m5 :o 7 responsible = ! public wor%ip ( ! ,roman emp]or4 ,b "u ,n]o an active p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 set on foot1 & ,/4 ,paul 0 aga9 imprison$ at ,rome4 ,dur+ ?is la/ imprisonm5t he wrote 8 ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y4 ,?is lett]1 l ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y & t to ,titus1 deals specially ) ! organization & m9i/ry ( ! ,*ur*1 & 0 int5d$ to consolidate ! ,*ur* be=e ! apo/le's dea?4 ,! m>tyrdom ( ! apo/le probably took place 9 ,a4,d4 #fd4 ,8 tomb1 m>k$ by an inscription ( ! #d? c5tury1 /ill rema9s at ,rome 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,paul outside ! walls1 :i* /&s ne> ! sc5e ( 8 m>tyrdom4 ,unless ! relics 7 de/roy$ by ! ,s>ac5s :o sack$ ,rome 9 #hdf1 !y probably rema9 9 ?is tomb4 ,! fe/ival ( ,june #bi1 :i* 9 m$iaeval times 0 kept 9 hon\r ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 & :i* 9 our pres5t ,engli% ,pray]-book is wrongly d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet] only1 is probably n ! day on :i* ei!r ( ! apo/les suff]$4 ,x is ! day on :i* _! relics 7 remov$ = safety to ! catacombs 9 ! "t ( ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians by ! ,emp]or ,decius1 ,a4,d4 #beh4 #a ,! above acc\nt places ! dispute at ,antio* be=e ! ?ird mission>y j\rney4 ,"s writ]s ( des]v$ repute place x 9 ! w9t] ( ,a4,d4 #dh1 be=e ! ,c\ncil ( ,j]usalem4 #abe ,,*apt] ,,ix #a ,,& #b ,,!ssalonians ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,!ssalonians ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,among all s*ools ( ?\ght !re has be5 an increas+ conviction t ?is ,epi/le is g5u9e4 ,x 0 includ$ 9 ,m>cion's ,apo/olicon1 or li/ ( ,paul9e writ+s1 x is conta9$ 9 ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t1 x is quot$ by ! great ,fa!rs ( ! close ( ! #bnd c5tury1 & is f\nd 9 ! ,old ,lat9 & ,pe%itta ,syriac v]sions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! e>ne/ & affectionate tone ( ! ,epi/le is ?or\ghly ,paul9e1 & ! argum5t t x is n g5u9e because x does n conta9 ! same pron\nc$ anti-,jewi% tea*+ z we f9d 9 ,romans is prec>i\s1 ?\gh x has seem$ to "s sceptics to be conv5i5t4 ,! argum5t might be turn$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,= x w\ld be j z reasonable to say t ! abs5ce ( anti-,jewi% doctr9e proves t ! ,epi/le 0 writt5 be=e ! great conflict ) ! semi-,*ri/ian ,jews began1 z to say t x proves t x 0 writt5 by a =g] aft] ! conflict 0 ov]4 ,"o p>agraph 9 ! ,epi/le po9ts decisively to an e>ly date4 ,9 iv4 #ac-ah we f9d t "s ,!ssalonians 7 "u ! delusion t x w\ld be an exceptional ?+ = a ,*ri/ian to die be=e ! second com+ ( our ,"l1 & t ^? :o did s die w\ld miss "s ( ! felicity appo9t$ = ! re/4 ,su* a delusion mu/ h be5 dispell$ at a v e>ly date4 ,moreov]1 ! #abf com=t :i* ,/4 ,paul adm9i/]s to ^? :o are agitat$ by ?is notion gives u ! idea t he expect$ ,*ri/ to return 9 8 own lifetime4 ,9 ?is respect he writes to ! ,!ssalonians some?+ v diff]5t f :at he writes 9 8 lat] ,epi/les 7,phil4 i4 #ba-bd2 #b ,tim4 iv4 #f71 or ev5 9 #b ,cor4 v4 #a4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$ t ,god left ! great apo/le 9 ignorance ( an ev5t :i* x is n giv5 ev5 to ! angels to und]/& 7,matt4 xxiv4 #cf74 ,b a =g]1 liv+ aft] ! apo/le's dea?1 w\ld n be at all likely to repres5t 8 h]o z fall+ into su* a mi/ake4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,!ssalonica1 ! mod]n ,saloniki1 0 ! capital ( "p ( ,mac$onia1 situat$ 9 ! middle ( ! b5d ( ! ,!rmaic ,gulf1 & n f> f ,m\nt ,olympus1 ! sn[-clad home ( ! gods ( ,greece4 ,x 0 a busy m]cantile t[n1 & 9 ready communication ) ,italy1 z ! great road call$ ,via ,egnatia pass$ ?r\gh its walls4 ,x conta9$ !n1 z n[1 a consid]able numb] ( ,jews among its inhabitants4 ,9 ,*ri/ian times x became a great ecclesia/ical c5tre1 & 0 influ5tial 9 ! conv]sion ( ! ,slavs & ,bulg>ians4 ,x is /ill fam\s = its spl5did ,byzant9e *ur*es1 ?\gh ! f9e/ h long s9ce be5 conv]t$ into mosques by ! ,turks4 ,! ,*ur* 0 plant$ !re by ,/4 ,paul on 8 second mission>y j\rney1 9 ,a4,d4 #ej 7,acts xvii474 ,he prea*$ fir/ to ! ,jews1 & aft] 8 ?ird visit to ! synagogue he 0 reject$ by ! ,jews1 & he turn$ to ! ,g5tiles4 ,"s ( ^! ,?racian ,g5tiles 7 conv]ts to ,judaism1 b !y 7 p ^: "* c\ld be tru/$4 ,9 ! mean "t 8 ,philippian conv]ts twice s5t aid to him 7,phil4 iv4 #af74 ,previ\s to ?is ! apo/le _h be5 e>n+ 8 own bread1 no d\bt by t5t-mak+4 ,/4 ,paul 0 =c$ to leave ,!ssalonica 9 consequ5ce ( a riot /irr$ up by ! ,jews4 ,he visit$ x aga9 be=e 8 la/ j\rney to ,j]usalem 9 ,a4,d4 #ef4 #a ,!ss4 i4 #i %[s t ! majority ( ! ,*ri/ians _h #abg be5 ,g5tile idolat]s1 ?\gh !re 7 a few ( ,jewi% blood4 ,x 0 among ! /urdy p ( ,mac$onia t ,/4 ,paul won 8 /eadie/ recruits = ,*ri/4 ,"h1 z 9 ! lett] to ,philippi1 we f9d t he uses words ( m ?an ord9>y affection4 ,^! conv]ts are to ,/4 ,paul 8 joy & cr[n 7#a ,!ss4 ii4 #ai2 ,phil4 iv4 #a74 ,he comp>es 8 relation ) !m to t ( a nurse ) h] own *ildr5 7#a ,!ss4 ii4 #g74 ,:5 he wrote to ! ,cor9?ians he display$ 8 ,mac$onians z brilliant examples ( ,*ri/ian lib]ality & ,*ri/ian loyalty 7#b ,cor4 viii4 #a-e74 ,9 ?is passage he alludes to _! pov]ty1 & ^! ,epi/les %[ t !y _h to "w = _! bread4 ,!y 7 expos$ to bitt] & cont9u\s p]secution f ,jews1 :o 7 capable ( incit+ ! r\ghs ( ! t[n to set on ,/4 ,paul 7,acts xvii4 #e74 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,! ,epi/le 0 writt5 f ,cor9? on ! occasion ( ,/4 ,paul's fir/ visit !re4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul _h to leave ,b]oea 9 ,a4,d4 #ej1 ,silas & ,timo?y rema9$ 7,acts xvii4 #ad1 #ae2 xviii4 #e74 ,he s5t = !m to meet him at ,a!ns1 & :5 !y _h come1 he despat*$ ,timo?y to ,!ssalonica 7#a ,!ss4 iii4 #b74 ,9 ,octob] ,a4,d4 #ej1 ,/4 ,paul arriv$ at ,cor9? f ,a!ns3 ,timo?y & ,silas rejo9$ him at ,cor9?1 & ! lett] 0 writt5 soon aft]w>ds1 probably e>ly 9 ,a4,d4 #ea4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,! imm$iate cause ( ! ,epi/le 0 ! arrival ( ,timo?y ) news f ,!ssalonica4 ,! apo/le's reasons = writ+ 73 7a7 to calm & enc\rage ! conv]ts :om he _h s abruptly left2 7b7 to urge !m to p]=m _! ord9>y duties4 ,!y _h fall5 into a /ate bord]+ on religi\s hy/]ia4 ,q det]m9$ to be true to ,*ri/1 !y _h be5 demoraliz$ by ! /ra9 ( fac+ con/ant ho/ility4 ,!y _h begun to take excessive int]e/ 9 unfulfill$ prophecy & es*atological speculation4 ,! result 0 t individuals _h become c>eless z to ! p]=mance ( simple duties4 ,! apo/le com=ts ! ,!ssalonians by rem9d+ !m #abh ( ! happ9ess & reality ( _! own spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,he wi%es !m to see pla9ly ! work+ ( ,god bo? 9 8 own prea*+ ( ! gospel & _! acceptance ( x4 ,on ! "o h&1 he gladly recognizes ! fai?1 *>ity1 hope1 & con/ancy "u p]secution3 ! /ory ( _! conv]sion1 z x _h be5 kn[n ev]y:]e1 has won _m fri5ds = ! ,fai? 7i474 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,/4 ,paul is aw>e t 8 own conduct has n be5 unwor?y ( an apo/le4 ,probably to v9dicate himself aga9/ ,jewi% calumnies1 he decl>es t 8 m9i/ry at ,!ssalonica 0 bold1 pure1 hone/1 & g5tle4 ,moreov]1 he did n qu>t] himself ^u 8 conv]ts2 he work$ ) 8 h&s1 & 0 j & fa!rly 7ii4 #a-ab74 ,aft] a ?anksgiv+ = ! mann] 9 :i* !y receiv$ ! ^w ( ,god1 he speaks ( 8 eag] wi% to see 8 fri5ds aga94 ,he _h s5t ,timo?y t he might com=t !m1 & ,timo?y has return$ ) glad tid+s4 ,he prays = _! e/abli%m5t 9 hol9ess 7ii4 #ac-;iii4 #ac74 ,he goes on to exhort !m to avoid impurity & "w quietly1 & !n he speaks ( ! es*atological difficulties4 ,! ,!ssalonians wond]$ :e!r ! ,*ri/ians already dead w\ld miss a %>e 9 ! joy ( ,*ri/'s second com+4 ,/4 ,paul replies t ^? :o are alive at ,*ri/'s appe>+ w h no advantage ov] ! dead 7iv4 #ae74 ,on ! contr>y1 ! dead w rise fir/1 & !n ! liv+ ,*ri/ians w be caught up toge!r ) !m to meet ! ,"l4 ,! day w come ) surprise1 & w t]rify ! unprep>$ 7iv4 #a-v4 #c74 ,he !n calls !m to wat*fulness & sobriety4 ,!re foll[s an exhortation to obey ! cl]gy1 & ! e>ly date ( ! ,epi/le is aga9 sugge/$ by ! fact t ! titles :i* are us$ 9 8 lat] epi/les are n giv5 to ! cl]gy ( ,!ssalonica4 ,! exi/5ce ( an ord] ( prophets seems impli$ 7v4 #bj74 ,! ,epi/le has a special bless+ = ^! tr\bl$ ,*ri/ians :o look s wi/fully = ! com+ ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 #abi ,,analysis ,salutation1 ?anksgiv+1 & congratulation4 ,! good fruit borne by ,*ri/ianity at ,!ssalonica is kn[n ( ?r\gh all ,mac$onia & ,a*aia 7i474 ,! "* ( ! apo/le's m9i/ry !re1 a fre% ?anksgiv+1 ! apo/le desires to see 8 fri5ds1 b is h9d]$ by ,satan work+ ?r\gh adv]se circum/ances 7ii474 ,timo?y's exp$ition1 a pray] 7iii474 ,enc\ragem5t to ob$i5ce1 exhortation aga9/ impurity & to "w2 ! bless$ dead & ,*ri/'s second com+4 ,! sudd5 com+ ( ! ,"l 7iv4 #a-v4 #c74 ,practical conclusion bas$ on ! above doctr9e 7v4 #d-bh74 ,,! ,,second ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,!ssalonians ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,! ext]nal evid5ce = ! g5u95ess ( ! ,second ,epi/le is ev5 /rong] ?an t ( ! ,fir/4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,polyc>p1#a & app>5tly by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4#b ,x is also support$ by ! same v]sions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & by ! same ,fa!rs z ! ,fir/ ,epi/le4 ,9 mod]n times x has be5 reject$ ev5 by "s :o accept #a ,!ssalonians4 ,"s ( ! objections :i* h be5 rais$ are almo/ too trivial to des]ve att5tion4 ,b ! prophetic & apocalyptic passage 9 ii4 #a-ab has be5 reg>d$ by _m critics z a s]i\s /umbl+-block4 ,x has be5 urg$ 7a7 t #a ,!ssalonians implies t ,/4 ,paul believ$ ,*ri/ w\ld return imm$iately1 :]eas #b ,!ssalonians implies t c]ta9 important occurr5ces mu/ fir/ int]v5e4 ,b !re is no real contradiction4 ,= #a ,!ssalonians repres5ts ! return ( ,*ri/ z c]ta9ly sudd5 #acj & possibly soon2 x does n repres5t x z c]ta9ly imm$iate4 ,a ?ief may come sudd5ly 9 ! night1 & yet ! man :o gives w>n+ t ! ?ief w come1 does n necess>ily mean t ! ?ief is com+ )\t delay4 ,x has be5 urg$ 7b7 t ! doctr9e ( ,anti*ri/ 9 #b ,!ssalonians is un-,paul9e1 & dep5ds on ! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,b !re is n ! lea/ improbability 9 suppos+ t ,/4 ,paul 0 9 t\* ) ^! ideas ab\t ! end ( ! _w4 ,we "k t su* ideas 7 common among ! ,jews at ?is p]iod4 ,nor is !re any pro( t ! tea*+ ( #b ,!ssalonians on ?is subject is d]iv$ f ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john4 ,moreov]1 on ! lea/ ,*ri/ian view ) reg>d to ,*ri/ & ! ,gospels1 x is irrational to d5y t our ,"l made v>i\s pr$ictions ab\t ,8 second com+4 ,we f9d a li/ ( su* pr$ictions 9 ,matt4 xxiv4 & 9 ! p>allel passages ( ! o!r ,gospels4 ,x is !re=e natural to f9d ,/4 ,paul speak+ ab\t ! end ( ! _w 9 language :i* resembles t us$ by our ,"l1 or t f\nd 9 ,daniel1 ,ezekiel1 & ! lat] ,jewi% ,apocalypses4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,/4 ,paul s5t ?is ,epi/le f ,cor9?1 probably t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> #ea4 ,sev]al mod]n writ]s h dat$ #b ,!ssalonians e>li] ?an #a ,!ssalonians4 ,! gr\nds = ?is view are ! ref]5ces 9 ?is ,epi/le to ! tea*+ lately giv5 by ,/4 ,paul :ile at ,!ssalonica4 ,b al?\gh ^! ref]5ces w\ld be natural 9 any ,epi/le writt5 fir/ aft] 8 dep>ture f t place1 !y d n necess>ily imply t #b ,!ssalonians 0 ! fir/4 ,moreov]1 ii4 #b probably conta9s a ref]5ce to ! ,fir/ ,epi/le1 & ?is lett] 0 app>5tly writt5 to cle> up a difficulty :i* ! ,fir/ ,epi/le did n solve4 ,p]secution _h cont9u$ at ,!ssalonica1 & high] excitem5t & wid] confusion prevail$4 ,! ,!ssalonians 7 m sure ?an ev] t ,*ri/'s adv5t 0 com+ imm$iately1 on ! /r5g?1 p]haps1 ( "s words 9 ,/4 ,paul's e>li] lett] to !m1 #aca support$ by a =g$ lett] :i* pret5d$ to be 8 & by feign$ revelations4 ,! result 0 entire neglect ( daily duties4 ,!re is no reason1 m5 said1 :y ,i %\ld "w = my liv+ or try to be provid5t1 because ! ,"l is sure to come to-day or to-morr[4 ,z ! circum/ances are s simil> to ^? 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le1 & z ,silvanus 7o!rwise ,silas7 & ,timo?y are /ill ) ! apo/le1 we may be sure t #b ,!ssalonians 0 writt5 dur+ ,/4 ,paul's fir/ /ay at ,cor9?4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,! ,epi/le consi/s ( in/ruction & exhortation4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic passage is ii4 #a-ab4 ,! apo/le decl>es t he nev] taught t ! day ( ! ,"l is ab\t to dawn imm$iately 7ii4 #b74 ,x mu/ be prec$$ by sev]al ev5ts4 ,!re w be an apo/asy1 ! revelation ( ! man ( s91 ! son ( p]dition1 :o w assume equality ) ,god & sit 9 ! temple ( ,god4 ,ov] aga9/ ?is man ( s9 we f9d plac$ "o t re/ra9e? n[4 ,_m /range int]pretations ( ^! two phrases h be5 devis$1 & ! fancy ( comm5tators has rang$ ov] v>i\s hi/orical mon/]s f ,mohamm$ to ,napoleon ,bonap>te4 ,"o fav\rite idea is t ! description ( ! man ( s9 sett+ himself =? z ,god ref]s to ! wor%ip (f]$ to ! ,roman emp]ors1 & to ! attempt made by ,caligula 9 ,a4,d4 #ci to place 8 /atue 9 ! temple at ,j]usalem4 ,b x seems f> bett] to reg>d ! man ( s9 z ho/ile ,judaism1 p]sonifi$ 9 an ,anti*ri/ :o pret5ds to be ! repres5tative ( ,god =etold 9 ,mal4 iii4 #a4 ,! o!r =ce :i* ,/4 ,paul p]sonifies is ! curb+ p[] ( a /rong gov]nm5t z !n se5 9 ! adm9i/rative sy/em ( ! ,roman empire4 ,! p[] ( ,rome protect$ him aga9/ ,jewi% fanaticism at ?is p]iod 7,acts xix4 #ce-da2 xxii4 #bb-bi71 b 9 ?is truly irreligi\s fanaticism he disc]n$ a lat5t my/]i\s evil 7ii4 #g7 :i* w\ld aft]w>ds reveal itself 9 hide\s excesses4 ,:ile ! man ( s91 or #acb wick$ "o1 ?us wreaks 8 w1 ,*ri/ w come & consume him ) ! brea? ( ,8 m\?4 ,/4 ,paul und]/ood ! real g5ius ( ! anti*ri/ian ,jews4 ,e>ly 9 ! #bnd c5tury !y began a s]ies ( rebellions aga9/ ! p[] ( ,rome1 committ+ horrible atrocities4 ,^! rebellions culm9at$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #acb & #ace4 ,! ,jews !n ralli$ r\nd a pret5d$ ,messiah1 ,simon ,b> ,ko*eba1 :om !y nam$ ,pr9ce ( ,israel2 !y kill$ ! ,*ri/ians :o refus$ to blaspheme ,jesus1 & !y captur$ ,j]usalem f ! ,romans4 ,aft] a fi]ce /ruggle ! ,romans took ,j]usalem aga91 & cr[ds ( ,jews 7 ei!r massacr$1 or sold z slaves by ! oak ( ,abraham at ,hebron & 9 ! m>kets ( ,egypt4 ,,analysis ,salutation1 ?anksgiv+ = fai?1 *>ity1 /eadfa/ness1 ! c]ta9ty ( ,*ri/'s com+ to r5d] v5geance & to be glorifi$ 9 ,8 sa9ts 7i474 ,apocalyptic passage1 r5ew$ ?anksgiv+1 exhortation to hold ! traditions already receiv$1 invocation ( ,*ri/ & our ,fa!r to com=t & /abli% ! conv]ts 7ii474 ,/4 ,paul reque/s _! pray]s = himself1 anticipates _! ,*ri/ian progress1 excommunication ( disord]ly bre?r5 comm&$4 ,! apo/le _h work$ = 8 liv+1 !y mu/ d likewise4 ,he comm5ds !m to ! ,"l1 & app5ds a salutation 9 8 own h& z a seal ( au!nticity 7iii474 #a ,ad ,phil4 ii4 #b ,trypho1 #aaj4 #acc ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,cor9?ians ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,! g5u95ess ( #a & #b ,cor9?ians1 ,galatians1 & ,romans is admitt$ by almo/ e mod]n critic1 ,*ri/ian or n ,*ri/ian4 ,x 0 always ackn[l$g$ by ,f4 ,c4 ,baur1 :o reject$ all ! ,epi/les be>+ ! "n ( ,/4 ,paul except ^! f\r4 ,?is ,epi/le is ref]r$ to 9 sev]al writ+s ( ! #bnd c5tury1 & is unmi/akably m5tion$ 9 ! lett] writt5 to ! ,cor9?ians by ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #ie4 ,he says1 ,take up ! ,epi/le ( ! bless$ ,paul ! apo/le4 ,:at did he fir/ write to y 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,gospel8 ,( a tru? he s5t a lett] to y by ! ,_s conc]n+ himself1 & also ,cephas & ,apollos1 because y _h ev5 !n =m$ p>ties 7cf4 #a ,cor4 i4 #ab74 ,! /yle ( ! ,epi/le is spontane\s1 vivid1 & coh]5t4 ,! au!nticity is only disput$ by a t9y gr\p ( infidel writ]s :o1 9 reaction aga9/ ,baur1 h endeav\r$ to make good _! unbelief by ass]t+ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,scriptures :i* ,baur reject$1 & reject+ :at ,baur def5d$4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,unto ! ,*ur* ( ,god :i* is at ,cor9? 7i4 #b74 ,9 =m] times ,cor9? _h be5 ! mo/ important city 9 ,greece aft] ,a!ns itself4 ,x 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ homes ( ,greek art1 & its position made x s fav\rable = comm]ce t x attract$ a colony ( ,pho5ician trad]s at a v remote p]iod4 ,:5 its art decl9$1 x rema9$ celebrat$ = its weal? & its #acd extreme lic5ti\sness4 ,! patron deity ( ! ,cor9?ians 0 ,aphrodite1 :o 0 no o!r ?an ! f\l ,pho5ician ,a/>te4 ,h] temple on ! rock ( ! ,acrocor9?us dom9at$ ! city bel[1 & f x !re came a /ream ( impure1 influ5ces to turn m5 into sw9e4 ,9 ,b4,c4 #adf ! city 0 captur$ by ! ,roman g5]al ,mummius4 ,x 0 left desolate until ,b4,c4 #df1 :5 ,julius ,caes> ref\nd$ x z a ,roman colony4 ,! ,romans call$ ! :ole ( ,greece ! prov9ce ( ,a*aia1 & con/itut$ ,cor9? ! capital ( x4 ,:ile ,a!ns 0 /ill ! seat ( ! greate/ univ]sity 9 ! _w1 :]e liv$ mo/ vigor\sly ! glori\s memories ( bygone ,greece1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! prov9ce 0 direct$ f ,cor9?4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul visit$ x1 x 0 "u a proconsul1 ,junius ,gallio1 ! bro!r ( ! philosoph] ,s5eca4 ,! possession ( two good h>b\rs1 & its position on ! quicke/ r\te f ,rome to ! ,ea/1 caus$ a rapid revival ( ,cor9?ian weal? & ,cor9?ian mann]s4 ,!re 0 also a good deal ( lit]>y & philosophic culture4 ,9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,paul ! desc5dants ( ! orig9al ,roman coloni/s probably =m$ a small ari/ocracy among ! mass ( ,greek dwell]s at ,cor9?1 & "s settlem5ts ( v>i\s nationalities1 includ+ "o ( ,jews1 7 liv+ !re4 ,a few miles away1 at ! %r9e ( ,poseidon1 7 held ! a?letic ,i/hmian games1 & /ill by ! sea-%ore !re gr[ ! p9e trees1 su* z furni%$ ! quickly )]+ wrea?s :i* 7 giv5 to ! victors 9 ! race4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,cor9? 0 f\nd$ by ,/4 ,paul on 8 second mission>y j\rney1 dur+ 8 fir/ visit to ,europe4 ,8 /ay at ,cor9? la/$ = eighte5 mon?s4 ,!re is an acc\nt ( x 9 ,acts xviii4 ,he lab\r$ at t5t-mak+1 & f\nd a home ) a dev\t ,jewi% c\ple1 ,aquila & ,priscilla4 ,at fir/ he prea*$ 9 ! synagogue1 :]e he conv]t$ ! rul] ( ! synagogue1 ,crispus4 ,be+ reject$ by ! ,jews1 he turn$ to ! ,g5tiles1 & held 8 meet+s #ace 9 ! h\se ( ,ju/us1 a conv]t$ proselyte4 ,! ,jews prosecut$ ,/4 ,paul be=e ,gallio1 :o1 h[ev]1 dismiss$ ! case ) contemptu\s indiff]5ce4 ,! conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity 7 num]\s4 ,!y 7 mo/ly ,g5tiles 7#a ,cor4 xii4 #b71 b !re 7 a few influ5tial ,jewi% ,*ri/ians & "s ,g5tiles :o _h be5 proselytes ( ,judaism4 ,x is cle> t ! ,*ur* conta9$ a few m5 ( good bir? & education 7#a ,cor4 i4 #bf71 b ! majority 7 f ! poor] classes4 ,! ,cor9?ians z ,*ri/ians 7 by no means entirely free f ! *>act]i/ics :i* _h m>k$ !m z citiz5s4 ,!y 7 ready to =m cliques & qu>rel 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/1 & !y /ill %[$ ! same qu>relsome mood 9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,clem5t4 ,!y f\nd x h>d to hate ! s5suality :i* 9 _! e>li] days !y _h reg>d$ z div9e4 ,!y 7 puff$ up ) eloqu5ce & philosophic speculation1 & =got t !re is no sweetness & light comp>able to ! ,gospel4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,?is ,epi/le 0 writt5 f ,ephesus 9 ! spr+ ( ,a4,d4 #ee4 ,! note at ! end ( ! ,epi/le to ! effect t x 0 writt5 f ,philippi1 ?\gh anci5t1 is incorrect1 & is due to a misund]/&+ ( xvi4 #e4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul left ,cor9? 9 ,april1 ,a4,d4 #eb1 to g to ,j]usalem1 ,apollos came to take 8 place1 & prea*$ ) mu* success 7,acts xviii4 #bg74 ,/4 ,paul return$ to ,ephesus at ! end ( ! summ] ( #eb1 & ,apollos left ,cor9? & jo9$ ,/4 ,paul4 ,soon "s ,judaiz+ tea*]s appe>$ at ,cor9?1 & ! apo/le 0 oblig$ to g ?i!r1 ?\gh 9 sorr[ 7#b ,cor4 ii4 #a2 cf4 #b ,cor4 xii4 #ad2 xiii4 #a74 ,aft] ?is discipl9>y visit he return$ to ,ephesus1 & s5t ! ,cor9?ians a %>p lett]1 n[ lo/1 ab\t ! relations :i* !y %\ld h ) op5 & notori\s evil-liv]s 7#a ,cor4 v4 #i74 ,/4 ,paul's next news f ,cor9? caus$ him to write ?is lett]4 ,"s memb]s ( ,*loe's h\sehold told him ( ! developm5t ( factions !re2 & a lett] 0 s5t1 p]haps #acf by ! h&s ( ,/ephanas1 ,=tunatus1 & ,a*aicus 7xvi4 #ae-ah71 ask+ = advice ab\t matt]s ( grave importance1 includ+ litigation betwe5 ,*ri/ians & an unseemly fre$om 9 public wor%ip4 ,realiz+ ! s]i\s /ate ( affairs1 ,/4 ,paul det]m9$ to visit ,cor9? a ?ird "t1 & s5t ,timo?y z 8 repres5tative to prep>e = 8 com+ 7#a ,cor4 iv4 #ag1 xvi4 #aj74 ,aft] ,timo?y's dep>ture he wrote ?is ,epi/le4 ,! above acc\nt assumes t ,/4 ,paul's second visit to ,cor9? 0 paid be=e #a ,cor9?ians 0 writt51 b x is ?\ght by "s writ]s ( repute t x 0 paid aft] #a ,cor9?ians 0 writt5 & be=e #b ,cor9?ians4 ,sid5ote ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,?is ,epi/le1 l ea* ( ! ?ree o!r ,epi/les belong+ to ! same gr\p1 has a p]fectly di/9ct "* ( its own4 ,x exp\nds ! doctr9e ( a crucifi$ ,*ri/ z appli$ to social difficulties4 ,:at ,romans does z a !ological treatise1 & ,galatians z a controv]sial admonition1 & #b ,cor9?ians z a record ( p]sonal exp]i5ce & vocation1 ?is #a ,cor9?ians does z an in/ruction = influ5c+ a corrupt urban life ) ! leav5 ( ! gospel4 ,x is v practical 9 tone1 & ! doctr9e :i* x conta9s is n /at$ sep>ately1 b is ?r\gh\t wov5 into ! cords ( ! apo/le's argum5t4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t equal to ?is ,epi/le 9 its p[] ( br++ u close to ! difficulties ( ! ,*ur* 9 an anci5t city4 ,we seem to see ! m5 & wom5 :o compos$ x--_! eag]ness = religi\s novelties1 _! debas$ surr\nd+s1 _! an>*ic divisions1 _! frail s5se ( moral responsibility4 ,& a mod]n read] w probably lay ! lett] d[n ) a conviction t our great mod]n cities h mu* to le>n f ! words writt5 by ,/4 ,paul to ,cor9?1 ! light ( ,greece4 ,! ,epi/le is v old]ly 9 arrangem5t4 ,x deals fir/ ) ! report :i* ,/4 ,paul _h receiv$ ab\t ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur* 7i4-vi472 !n x answ]s v>i\s que/ions #acg :i* ! ,cor9?ians _h submitt$ to him 7vii4-xi4 #a74 ,!n foll[ directions bas$ on ! report & ! que/ions4 ,! lett] op5s ) a significant salutation & ?anksgiv+ 7i4 #a-i74 ,/4 ,paul !n proce$s to rebuke ! ,cor9?ian t5d5cy to p>ty _s4 ,!re 7 app>5tly f\r p>ties 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! fir/ ass]t$ t !y 7 foll[]s ( ,paul2 ! second pref]r$ ! rhetorical prea*+ ( ,apollos to ,paul's simplicity2 ! ?ird--probably ,judaiz]s--rang$ !mselves "u ! "n ( ,cephas z ! lead] ( ! orig9al apo/les2 ! f\r? repudiat$ human lead]s1 & arrogantly nam$ _! clique t ( ,*ri/1 !reby ins9uat+ t ! o!r p>ties 7 less ,*ri/ian ?an !mselves4 ,x is evid5t t all ^! f\r names 7 really us$ z p>ty wat*words4 ,/4 ,paul says t he has transf]r$ by a fiction 7iv4 #f7 ! action ( ! wrangl]s to himself & ,apollos4 ,he means by ?is1 n t ! ,cor9?ians did n employ ^! names 9 _! /rife1 b t he & ,apollos 7 9 no s5se responsible = ! /rife4 ,"s p]plexity has be5 caus$ by ! "n ( ! ,*ri/-p>ty4 ,x is ?\ght by "s t !y 7 rigid ,jewi% ,*ri/ians f ,j]usalem 7#b ,cor4 iii4 #a2 xi4 #bb74 ,b x is m probable t !y 7 only a body ( ,*ri/ians :o prote/$ aga9/ ! p>ties nam$ aft] human lead]s1 & say+1 ,we are ! p1 made a new p>ty ( _! own4 ,/4 ,paul %[s t ?is sect>ian _s is entirely ali5 to ! :ole pr9ciple & hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,t fai?1 ?\gh x is a wisdom :i* comes f ,god1 does n l5d itself to pride ( intellect4 ,x is delib]ately cont5t to be c\nt$ fooli% by ! _w2 its sign is ! cross1 its conv]ts are ! poor & insignificant ,cor9?ians1 its eloqu5ce ! unpoli%$ speak+ ( ! apo/le himself4 ,& z to _! p]sonal pref]5ces = receiv+ spiritual b5efits f "o ,*ri/ian tea*] r ?an ano!r1 ?is %[s a complete misconception z to ! s\rce ( ! b5efit & ! position ( ! tea*]4 ,?is is expla9$ 9 iii4 #a-;iv4 #e4 ,all spiritual #ach increase comes f ,god4 ,*ri/ is ! ,f\ndation4 ,human tea*]s are n figure-heads ( diff]5t s*ools1 b ! in/rum5ts & ! /ew>ds ?r\gh :om ,god disp5ses ,8 gifts4 ,x is n ! duty ( ,*ri/ian tea*]s to put =w>d orig9al ideas on religion4 ,!n ! apo/le1 aft] ref]r+ to _! o/5tati\s self-righte\sness1 pa!tically %[s ! unfitness ( pitt+ aga9/ "o ano!r tea*]s :o %>e 9 an equality ( =lorn de/itution & contempt 7iv4 #f-ac74 ,he concludes ?is section ) an affectionate b au?oritative spee*3 he says t he has s5t ,timo?y to ,cor9?1 & hopes %ortly to come himself 7iv4 #ad-ba74 ,! apo/le proce$s ) %>p decision to deal ) a case ( ince/4 ,! ,cor9?ians _h treat$ ?is gross (f5ce almo/ ) levity1 b ,/4 ,paul decl>es t ! (f5d] %all be excommunicat$ & %all be puni%$ by disease 7v4 #a-h74 ,aft] expla9+ "s advice ( 8 e>li] lett] 7v4 #i-ac71 he goes on to rebuke a ?ird abuse--litigation betwe5 ,*ri/ians 9 pagan law-c\rts4 ,! love ( law-suits 0 mis*iev\s 9 itself1 z involv+ a brea* ( ,*ri/ian bro!rhood4 ,x 0 also sc&al\s 9 its effects1 z expos+ ! bick]+s ( ! disciples ( ,*ri/ to ! ridicule ( unbeliev]s4 ,a /]n rebuke ( vice foll[s 7vi4 #a-aa74 ,!n comes an indignant & l(ty argum5t aga9/ =nication1 :i* is a defilem5t ( ! temple ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7vi4 #ab-bj74 ,/4 ,paul n[ turns to ! v>i\s que/ions t ! ,cor9?ians h ask$ him4 ,he fir/ gives "s advice ab\t matrimony1 c>efully di/+ui%+ betwe5 /atem5ts :i* he makes on 8 own au?ority1 & rules laid d[n by ,*ri/1 & also betwe5 c\nsels ( p]fection & ! obligations ( ord9>y ,*ri/ians4 ,x is excell5t to lead a s+le life1 b 9 view ( prevail+ s5suality1 he recomm5ds m>riage z g5]ally m prud5t4 ,he advises t :5 p d m>ry1 !re %\ld be a fulfilm5t ( conjugal duties except = #aci occasional devotion unto pray]4 ,"o p]man5tly important ass]tion 9 ! apo/le's tea*+ is t bo? m>riage & celibacy imply a gift f ,god4 ,/4 ,paul w\ld h _h no sympa?y ) ei!r any m$iaeval depreciation ( m>ri$ life1 or ! mod]n ,engli% notion t a man has n settl$ d[n until he has m>ri$ 7vii4 #a-dj74 ,! next "q is :e!r conv]ts may eat meat t has be5 (f]$ to idols4 ,) /rong common-s5se1 ! apo/le po9ts out t !re is "h no alt]native betwe5 ess5tial "r & wrong4 ,y may eat x1 because an idol is no?+1 b y mu/ take c>e n to hurt ! consci5ces ( o!r ,*ri/ians 7viii474 ,y may eat any?+ t y buy 9 ! m>ket-place1 b y mu/ n att5d an idolatr\s fea/ 9 a temple1 & if y are at a private h\se y mu/ n eat food (f]$ to idols if y\r att5tion has be5 directly call$ to its "* 7x4 #bc-cb74 ,/4 ,paul illu/rates 8 mean+ by ref]5ce to 8 own self-d5ial--! policy he _h at ,cor9? ( exact+ no paym5t = 8 m9i/ry1 8 tactful caution1 8 sev]e self-control 7ix474 ,! ne$ ( su* self-control is prov$ by ! fact t ! anci5t ,jews1 9 spite ( _! high privileges1 fell into c>elessness & s9 7x4 #a-ac74 ,! ,cor9?ians mu/ n be l ! ,jews4 ,! nature ( ! ,eu*>i/ w>ns !m to be scrupul\sly c>eful ab\t temple fea/s4 ,!re _c be a dr9k+ ( ! *alice ( ,*ri/ & ( ! cup ( devils 7x4 #ad-bb74 ,*apt] xi4 deals ) public wor%ip4 ,/4 ,paul gives directions = wom5 to cov] ! head 9 *ur*1 & !n comes a ref]5ce to ! ,holy ,eu*>i/ :i* is ( extreme int]e/ & importance4 ,x 0 ! cu/om = ,*ri/ians to meet toge!r be=e ! ,eu*>i/ = a common meal call$ ! ,agap1 :i* 0 int5d$ to commemorate ! ,"l's ,la/ ,supp]4 ,/4 ,paul compla9s t ?is meal has be5 made an occasion ( s9 among ! ,cor9?ians3 ! ri*] p _h ov]eat5 !mselves1 :ile ! poor 7 left hungry & a%am$4 ,! apo/le sets (f ! unfitness ( #adj ?is conduct by a brief exposition ( ! ,eu*>i/2 ! prelim9>y meal1 s mu* misus$ by ^! ungraci\s & ung5]\s ,*ri/ians1 0 int5d$ to be a prep>ation = ! ineffable ,fea/1 at :i* ! ,f>e 0 ! v ,body & ,blood ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & at :i* ,8 dea? 0 solemnly repres5t$ 7xi4 #b-cd74 ,/4 ,paul deals next ) spiritual gifts1 say+ t !y come f ,god1 & s give no gr\nd = boa/+1 & t ! ex]cise ( !m is only pleas+ to ,god if x be jo9$ ) *>ity4 ,aft] a sublime *apt] on *>ity1 he lays d[n "s regulations = ^? :o possess$ ^! abnormal gifts1 :i*1 x is evid5t1 7 already ! cause ( disord]s 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,cor9?ians1 ) _! crav+ = ! miracul\s1 t5d$ to set a high value on speak+ ) tongues1 b ,/4 ,paul upholds ! sup]iority ( ! m intelligible & useful gift ( prophecy 7xii4-xiv474 ,! ,epi/le concludes ) a spl5did argum5t = ! reality ( ! ,resurrection4 ,x is direct$ aga9/ "s false philosophy4 ,/4 ,paul claims = ! fact ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ ! witness ( ,scripture1 ( _m hone/ & intellig5t ,*ri/ians1 & ( himself4 ,!n he goes on to %[ to ! ,cor9?ian objectors :at a d5ial ( ! resurrection ( ! dead involves4 ,x means t ,*ri/ did n rise1 t ,i am prea*+ deceit1 t y are believ+ a lie1 t ! dead 9 ,*ri/ h no exi/5ce except z memories1 t we :o h =egone ! pleasures ( ?is life h done s 9 pursuit ( a delusive phantom4 ,b x _c be s4 ,*ri/ is really ris54 ,& ,/4 ,paul passes on to demon/rate ! happy consequ5ces :i* foll[ f ?is4 ,! ,resurrection is ! e>ne/ ( all t ,*ri/ w d = man2 & 9 ! light ( x ,*ri/ian baptism = ! sake ( ! dead#a & ,*ri/ian h]oism h _! mean+ 7xv4 #a-cd74 #ada ,9 ord] to remove difficulties f ! m9d ( an objector1 ,/4 ,paul discusses ! k9d ( body :i* we %all h at ! ,resurrection4 ,he %[s by analogies f nature 7a7 t ,god is able to effect ! trans=mation ( a se$-gra9 into a new product1 & c !re=e trans=m u :ile reta9+ a connection betwe5 our pres5t & future body2 7b7 t ,god is able to create a v>iety ( embodim5ts1 & c !re=e give u a high] embodim5t ?an we n[ possess4 ,!re w be a spiritual body adapt$ to ! spiritual _w1 z truly z our natural body is adapt$ to life 9 ?is _w4 ,?us ! gospel is truly a gospel = ! body z well z = ! _s4 ,our :ole p]sonality w be sav$1 & no?+ w be disc>d$ 7xv4 #ce-eh74 ,/4 ,paul concludes ) an ord] = ! collection ( alms on behalf ( ! fai?ful 9 ,j]usalem1 & says t he hopes to come soon to ,cor9?4 ,aft] "s p]sonal matt]s1 he *>act]i/ically app5ds ) 8 own h& a curse on ^? :o d n love ! ,"l1 & a pray] & lov+ message = ! fai?ful4 ,,analysis ,salutation1 ?anksgiv+ 7i4 #a-i74 7#a7 ,evils 9 ! ,*ur*3 i4 #aj-vi4 #bj4--,sect>ianism4 ,?is is rebuk$ on ! gr\nd t all ! apo/les1 etc41 are work+ = "o end1 & all _! p[] is ,god's4 ,*ri/ is supreme ov] all 7i4 #aj-;iv4 #ba74 ,ince/4 ,! ,*ur* is to deliv] ! s9n] to ,satan 7! sev]e/ =m ( excommunication74 ,/4 ,paul m5tions a previ\s w>n+ n to associate ) immoral ,*ri/ians 7v474 #adb ,go+ to law ) a ,*ri/ian 9 ! pagan c\rts is rebuk$4 ,w>n+ aga9/ pr(ligacy 7vi474 7#b7 ,answ]s to a lett] f ! ,cor9?ians3 vii4 #a-xi4 #a4--,m>riage & celibacy4 ,x is well to avoid m>riage4 ,b ! m>ri$ mu/ n sep>ate4 ,"u pres5t circum/ances1 ! apo/le w\ld pref] o!rs to be un5cumb]$ z he is 7vii474 ,food (f]$ to idols4 ,*ri/ian lib]ty 7viii474 ,/4 ,paul's example 9 n claim+ "o's own rights 7ix474 ,dang] ( ?9k+ t we /&4 ,we are "o bread1 & mu/ seek ea* o!r's good 7x4-xi4 #a74 7#c7 ,o!r evils 9 ! ,*ur*3 xi4 #b-cd4--,wom5 to be cov]$4 ,conduct at ! ,eu*>i/ & ! ,agap4 ,an acc\nt ( ! in/itution ( ! ,eu*>i/4 7#d7 ,answ] to a "q conc]n+ spiritual gifts3 xii4-xiv4--,unity 9 div]sity 7xii474 ,*>ity ! greate/ gift 7xiii474 ,prophesy+ & tongues comp>$ 7xiv474 7#e7 ,v9dication ( ! ,resurrection3 xv4--,! evid5ce = ,*ri/'s resurrection4#b ,! nature ( our resurrection4 7#f7 ,"s directions & p]sonal details3 xvi4 #a #a ,cor4 xv4 #bi4 ,?is v]se is v obscure4 ,x has be5 int]pret$ z mean+ t :5 a conv]t di$ be=e x 0 possible = him to be baptiz$1 x 0 a cu/om ( ! ,cor9?ians to all[ a fri5d to und]go baptism 9 8 /ead4 ,b p]haps x simply means be+ baptiz$ = ! sake ( "s de> "o :o 0 a s9c]e ,*ri/ian1 & begg$ t 8 or h] surviv+ relatives w\ld be baptiz$ & meet him or h] h]eaft]4 #b ,x is important to notice t ,/4 ,paul1 9 writ+ ( ! dea? & resurrection ( our ,"l1 gives p[]ful evid5ce 9 support ( ,/4 ,john's ass]tion t our ,"l di$ on ,nisan #ad 7see above1 p4 #bi74 ,9 #a ,cor4 v4 #g1 #h he says1 ,our ,passov] also ha? be5 sacrific$1 ev5 ,*ri/3 :]e=e let u keep ! fea/2 & 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #bj he calls ,*ri/ ! fir/-fruits ( !m t are asleep4 ,n[1 if ,*ri/ di$ on ,nisan #ad1 :5 ! ,passov] lamb 0 sacrific$ = a fea/1 & if ,he rose on ,nisan #af1 :5 ! ,passov] fir/fruits 7 (f]$ 9 ! temple1 ?is d\ble comp>ison is exquisitely appropriate4 ,b if ! /atem5t 9 ,john is false1 ,/4 ,paul's comp>ison is =c$ & unnatural4 #adc ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,second ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,cor9?ians ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,! g5u95ess ( ?is ,epi/le is almo/ univ]sally admitt$1 al?\gh x is n quot$ q z e>ly z ! ,fir/ ,epi/le4 ,! two ,epi/les are int]wov5 ) ea* o!r by sev]al ?reads ( ?\ght1 su* z ,/4 ,paul's int5tion to visit ,mac$onia1 8 decision ) reg>d to ! ince/u\s man1 & 8 direction to collect alms = ! ,*ri/ians ( ,j]usalem4 ,moreov]1 ?is ,epi/le agrees ) ! ,book ( ,acts1 & at ! same "t is pla9ly indep5d5t ( x4 ,acts does n m5tion ,titus1 ^: "n is prom95t 9 #b ,cor9?ians1 & at ! same "t ,acts xx4 #e1 #f corroborates ! acc\nt ( ! visit to ,troas 9 #b ,cor4 ii4 #ab1 #ac4 ,! :ole /yle ( ! ,epi/le is s natural & impassion$1 s wond]ful 9 its light & gloom1 t !re is only "o au?or to :om we c possibly attribute x4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a difficulty ) reg>d to ! la/ f\r *apt]s4 ,x is ?\ght by "s critics t !y are a sep>ate ,epi/le writt5 by ,/4 ,paul to ! ,cor9?ians1 & aft]w>ds jo9$ to *s4 i4-ix4 ,^! writ]s are usually ( ! op9ion t ! la/ f\r *apt]s 7 writt5 be=e i4-ix41 & t _! !ory w acc\nt = ! fact t !y are m sev]e & depress$ 9 tone4 ,n[1 x is true t i4-ix4 seem m hopeful ?an x4-xiii41 & also t i4-ix4 conta9 two ref]5ces to a previ\s lett] 7ii4 #d2 vii4 #h1 #i74 ,we f9d1 too1 9 #b #add ,cor4 i4 #bc2 ii4 #a1 #d1 t ! apo/le %[s a %r9k+ f ! ?\ght ( ano!r visit to ,cor9?1 :ile 9 #a ,cor9?ians no su* feel+ is manife/$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 #b ,cor4 x4-xiii4 _h be5 writt5 9 ! int]val1 ! feel+ is n unreasonable4 ,b ! facts ( ! case seem to be mo/ easily expla9$ by ! belief t !re 0 a lett] writt5 betwe5 #a & #b ,cor9?ians1 b t ?is lett] has be5 lo/4 ,9 spite ( ! diff]5ce 9 tone betwe5 ! two p>ts ( #b ,cor9?ians1 !re is suffici5t cont9uity ( !me to make u hesitate to deta* !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,unto ! ,*ur* ( ,god :i* is at ,cor9?1 ) all ! sa9ts :i* are 9 ! :ole ( ,a*aia4 ,! latt] "p ( ! address %[s u t ,/4 ,paul felt x necess>y to v9dicate himself to all ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,greece 7,hellas74 ,8 oppon5ts _h evid5tly be5 extremely active4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,! ,epi/le 0 writt5 9 ,a4,d4 #ee1 a few mon?s aft] #a ,cor9?ians1 f "s t[n 9 ,mac$onia1 probably ,philippi4 ,x 0 s5t by ! h&s ( ,titus & p]haps ,/4 ,luke 7#b ,cor4 viii4 #ah-bc74 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le 0 receiv$ submissively by ! ,cor9?ians1 ! /rife ( p>ties subsid$1 & ! case ( ince/ 0 dealt ) z ! apo/le requir$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is happy result1 x seems t ,/4 ,paul decid$ to visit ! ,cor9?ians on 8 way to ,mac$onia1 sail+ /raight to ,cor9? f ,ephesus 7#b ,cor4 i4 #ae71 z well z to pay !m ! visit :i* he _h promis$ be=e 7#a ,cor4 xvi4 #e74 ,timo?y1 :o _h arriv$ at ,cor9? 9 accordance ) ,/4 ,paul's previ\s wi% 7#a ,cor4 iv4 #ag2 xvi4 #aj71 soon return$ to ,ephesus ) news ( a second & m s]i\s crisis4 ,we d n "k :at caus$ x1 or :at 0 precisely its "*1 b x is c]ta9 t ,/4 ,paul's motives & au?ority 7 h>%ly & op5ly *all5g$4 ,p]haps ,timo?y himself 0 insult$1 & !re=e1 indirectly1 ! apo/le :o gave him 8 commission & au?ority4 ,/4 ,paul wrote at once a #ade v %>p lett]1 :i* is ! second lo/ lett] to ! ,cor9?ians1 & he resolv$ to return to 8 e>li] plan ( visit+ !m only z he came s\? f ,mac$onia4 ,he made ?is resolution to sp>e !m = ! pres5t ! pa9 ( meet+ him4 ,?is lo/ lett] 0 probably s5t by ,titus 7#b ,cor4 xii4 #ah71 :o also c>ri$ in/ructions ) reg>d to ! collection = ! poor at ,j]usalem4 ,app>5tly ,/4 ,paul ?\ght t x w\ld be wis] n to entru/ ,timo?y ) ! delicate task ( aga9 calm+ ! ,cor9?ian wrangl]s4 ,z soon z ,titus left1 ,/4 ,paul 0 full ( n]v\s appreh5sion z to ! effect :i* ?is lett] w\ld produce4 ,he set out f ,ephesus 7#b ,cor4 i4 #h-aj7 9 great anxiety1 8 dep>ture be+ p]haps precipitat$ by ! riot s graphically describ$ 9 ,acts4 ,he tells u himself t :5 he came to ,troas he _h /ill no relief = 8 _s--no news f ,cor9?4 ,?\gh he f\nd an op5+ = ! gospel at ,troas1 he hurri$ on into ,mac$onia1 & at la/ ,titus came ) joyful news ( ! p5it5ce & submission ( ! ,cor9?ians4 ,/4 ,paul !n wrote ?is ,epi/le4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ,decemb]1 ,a4,d4 #ee1 he rea*$ ,cor9?1 :]e he /ay$ = ?ree mon?s4 ,! ,book ( ,acts fits p]fectly ) ! ,epi/les4 ,f ,acts xx4 #a-c we see t ,/4 ,paul did visit ,mac$onia & ,greece at ! close ( 8 /ay at ,ephesus1 & f ,acts xix4 #bb we see t he s5t ,timo?y be=e him4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,! ,epi/le has ! nature ( a lett] s5t by a spiritual fa!r to 8 *ildr5 r ?an ( a doctr9al treatise ) an argum5t c>efully built up4 ,its value = u lies *iefly 9 ! vivid reality ) :i* x reflects ! p]sonality ( ! writ]1 8 love = 8 conv]ts1 8 int5se conviction t 8 apo/olic commission & p[] are entirely g5u9e--a conviction :i* is set (f by 8 wi% always to associate himself ) ! weakness & fragility ( ord9>y human nature4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,epi/le !re are scatt]$ allusions to ,*ri/ian doctr9e :i* are ( ! v highe/ importance4 ,be=e giv+ an outl9e ( ! #adf ,epi/le1 we may notice "o or two doctr9al passages ( special importance4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to ! ,resurrection4 ,! tea*+ ( #a ,cor9?ians is fur!r expla9$4 ,/4 ,paul %[s h[ entirely he has ?r[n (f ! feel+ ( t]ror :i* environ$ ! ord9>y ,jewi% idea ( dea?4 ,! s5se ( union ) ,god by :i* a few ,jews 9 "s r>e fla%es ( inspiration knew t !y w\ld live aft] dea?1 is "h triumphant4 ,/4 ,paul reg>ds dea? z a portal to t happy exi/5ce :i* c only be describ$ z be+ at home ) ! ,"l 7#b ,cor4 v4 #a-h2 cf4 ,phil4 i4 #bc74 ,union ) ,*ri/ n[ absolutely gu>antees union ) ,him h]eaft]4 ,! resurrection-body :i* 9 #a ,cor9?ians he describ$ z a spiritual body1 he poetically calls ! h\se f heav5 :i* ,god w provide = ! r$eem$ _s4 ,!n he ?9ks ( ?is new body z a robe4 ,& z he hopes t ,*ri/ w come aga9 be=e we h put (f our pres5t body 9 dea?1 he says t he desires to be clo!d ) ! new body ov] 8 pres5t body1 if s be t be+ clo!d we %all n be f\nd nak$4 ,! la/ phrase is obscure1 b x probably is a fre% rebuke ( ^? ,cor9?ians :o d5i$ ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,if s1 x means assum+1 z is inde$ ! case1 t we %all really be f\nd clo!d ) a body at ,*ri/'s com+1 & n nak$ 7i4e4 bodiless spirits74 ,secondly1 ) reg>d to ! "w ( ,*ri/4 ,9 #b ,cor4 iv4 #d ,he is call$ ! image ( ,god4 ,n[1 ,/4 ,paul tea*es t we m5 may reflect ! lik5ess ( ,*ri/ to ,god3 ,! tru? 9 ,god's brea/ ,lies trace = trace ^u ours impress$3 ,?\gh ,he is s bright & we s dim1 ,we are made 9 ,8 image to witness ,him4 ,b ,/4 ,paul also tea*es t ! relation betwe5 ! ,son & ! ,fa!r is unique4 ,he means t ,*ri/ reveals ! ,fa!r completely 9 virtue ( ?is et]nal relation betwe5 !m4 ,we are made to become l ,god1 b ! ,son is n #adg made2 ,he does n belong to ! class ( creat$ ?+s 7#a ,cor4 viii4 #f74 ,& ,/4 ,paul nev] speaks ( ,*ri/ becom+ ! ,son ( ,god4 ,he reg>ds ,*ri/ z hav+ always be5 ! ,son1 ex]cis+ div9e functions1 & !re=e z ,god bless$ = ev] 7,rom4 ix4 #e74 ,9 #b ,cor4 iii4 #ag1 #ah he ass]ts t ! ,"l is ! div9e ,_s :o animates ! new disp5sation4 ,! old ,jewi% disp5sation is describ$ z lett]1 because x 0 a sy/em ( outw>d comm&m5ts2 ! ,gospel disp5sation is describ$ z _s1 because x is a sy/em ( spiritual pr9ciples :i* are summ$ up 9 ,*ri/4 ,we by reflect+ ,8 glory are trans=m$ into ! same image by successive /ages ( glory4 ,?is glory comes f ! ,"l ,jesus1 :o is ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ianity 7#b ,cor4 iii4 #ah74 ,x is important to notice t ,/4 ,paul does n confuse ! ,second ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity ) ! ,?ird ,p]son1 & t = _m ye>s ! ,*ri/ians us$ occasionally to describe ! div9e nature ( ! ,son by ! ^w ,_s4 ,!y gradually gave up ?is mann] ( speak+1 z x 0 ambigu\s4 ,9 #b ,cor4 v4 #ah-ba !re is an important /atem5t on ! ,atonem5t4 ,! close connection betwe5 ! ,atonem5t & ! ,inc>nation is %[n 9 ! ass]tion t ,god 0 9 ,*ri/1 reconcil+ ! _w unto ,himself1 & ! love ( bo? ! ,fa!r & ! ,son is %[n 9 ! words t ,he made ,him to be s9 on our behalf4 ,! fir/ /atem5t saves u f ! idea t ,god select$ a holy man to reveal ,8 w1 & !n gave up ?is be/ ( m5 to unimag9able suff]+4 ,no6 x 0 ,god ,himself :o came 9 ! ,p]son ( ! ,suff]]4 ,! second /atem5t implies t ,*ri/1 ?\gh s9less1 0 treat$ z a s9n]4 ,he ?us by dy+ accompli%$ ! end :i* our puni%m5t w\ld accompli%1 namely1 ! expression ( ,god's hatr$ ( s9 & love ( righte\sness4 ,! ,epi/le op5s ) an introduction & ?anksgiv+1 9 :i* !re seems to be a note ( sadness1 m>k+ ! effect :i* ! crisis 9 ,cor9? has left on ! m9d ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,he proce$s to give a p]sonal explanation4 ,! visit to ! #adh ,cor9?ians on ! way to ,mac$onia 0 ab&on$ only because ( ! pa9 :i* x w\ld h giv5 !m2 ! %>p lett] 0 n writt5 9 wra?1 b 9 sorr[ful love 7i4 #bc-;ii4 #a-d74 ,/4 ,paul goes on to ask p>don = ! man :o caus$ ! rec5t di/urbance 7ii4 #e-aa74 ,!n1 :il/ he is describ+ 8 j\rney to ,mac$onia 7ii4 #ab-ag71 he breaks (f sudd5ly into a digression1 9 :i* he describes ! dignity ( ! apo/olic m9i/ry1 its sup]iority ov] ! ,mosaic m9i/ry1 ! nature ( its commission1 & ! seal ( x 9 a life :i* is always m>tyrdom 7iii4 #a-vi4 #ac74 ,/4 ,paul concludes ?is section ) a %ort appeal to ! ,cor9?ians to avoid contam9ation f hea!nism 7vi4 #ad-vii4 #a74 ,he !n returns to ! situation ( ii4 #ac4 ,he tells u ) h[ mu* joy he receiv$ ! news t ,titus br\ght him--joy = ! ,cor9?ians1 = ,titus1 & = himself4 ,! next two *apt]s 7viii41 ix47 conta9 in/ructions & exhortations respect+ ! fund m5tion$ 9 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #a4 ,! la/ f\r *apt]s foll[ q naturally4 ,! apo/le speaks ) pla9 sev]ity to rebuke ^? :o creat$ ! rec5t di/urbance1 & to w>n any !re may be ^: submission p]haps has n be5 q entire4 ,! prevail+ tone is t ( pa!tic & sorr[ful expo/ulation4 ,/4 ,paul repeats ! unk9d ?+s t h be5 said ( him--h[ unimpos+ 8 pres5ce1 t he dep5ds on alms1 t he is only eloqu5t ) 8 p54 ,b he def5ds 8 apo/le%ip ) absolute ?\gh v humble confid5ce1 c\nt+ up ! ?+s t he c say = himself--8 %>e 9 ,jewi% privileges1 8 suff]+s = ,*ri/1 ! revelations t ,god has s5t him1 ! signs ( 8 success1 ! cont9ual weakness t ,*ri/ gives & blesses4 ,truly1 ! apo/le is ev5 great] ?an 8 grief4 ,! ,epi/le concludes ) a b5$iction1 9 :i* ,/4 ,paul co-ord9ates ! ,?ree ,p]sons ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity4 ,f primitive times ^! words h be5 us$ z ! introduction to ! mo/ solemn "p ( ! ,greek liturgy1 f :i* !y 7 tak5 into ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 #adi ,,analysis 7#a7 ,/4 ,paul's ?ankfulness & exhortation3 i4 #a-;ii4 #ag4--,salutation1 ?anksgiv+1 ! promis$ visit po/pon$1 ! previ\s lett]1 ! p5it5t (f5d]4 ,/4 ,paul's j\rney to ,mac$onia1 triumph 9 ,*ri/4 7#b7 ,! ,apo/le's m9i/ry3 iii4 #a-vii4 #a4--;,8 conv]ts are 8 lett]s ( comm5dation1 ! sup]iority ( ?is m9i/ry ( ! gospel above t ( ! ,mosaic disp5sation 7iii474 ,*ri/ ! subject ( 8 prea*+1 pres5t light affliction result+ 9 et]nal glory 7iv474 ,inspir+ hopes ( ! resurrection1 con/ra9+ love ( ,*ri/1 ! m9i/ry ( reconciliation bas$ on ! atonem5t 7v474 ,he p]suades & suff]s 7vi4 #a-ac74 ,w>n+ aga9/ be+ yok$ ) unbeliev]s 7vi4 #ad-vii4 #a74 7#c7 ,! ,cor9?ian ,*ur* & ,titus3 vii4 #b-;ix4 #ae4--,! visit ( ,titus to ,cor9?1 ! godly sorr[ t foll[$ 7vii4 #b-af74 ,! collection = ! poor at ,j]usalem1 ,mac$onian g5]osity1 praise ( ,titus 7viii474 ,exhortation to a g5]osity l t ( ! ,mac$onians 7ix474 7#d7 ,a sorr[ful expo/ulation3 x4-xiii4--,a w>n+ to ^? :o despise 8 au?ority 7x474 ,8 rights & 8 suff]+s = ,*ri/ 7xi474 ,revelations giv51 b also a ?orn 9 ! fle%1 ! signs ( an apo/le1 h[ he & ,titus _h dealt ) ! ,cor9?ians 7xii474 ,he repeats t he w come to ,cor9? a ?ird "t1 exhortation1 b5$iction 7xiii474 #aej ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,galatians ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,?is ,epi/le1 be+ "o ( ! f\r ,epi/les :i* are almo/ univ]sally unque/ion$1 requires little or no def5ce4 ,! ,paul9e au?or%ip has nev] be5 call$ 9 "q by a critic ( fir/-rate importance1 & until rec5tly has nev] be5 call$ 9 "q at all4 ,! writ+s ( ^? ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* :o liv$ ne>e/ to ! apo/olic age conta9 sev]al possible allusions to x1 & x is expressly nam$ by ,ir5aeus1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & ,t]tullian4 ,! int]nal evid5ce %[s t x mu/ belong to ! "t ( ! apo/les1 = ! errors :i* are criticiz$ 9 x are diff]5t f ! ,ebionite ideas :i* exi/$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! #bnd c5tury1 & f ! ,gno/icism :i* exi/$ ev5 be=e ! apo/les 7 all dead4 ,!y are evid5tly e>li] ?an ^! h]esies4 ,/ill m conv9c+ is ! vehem5t & pa!tic en]gy :i* m>ks ?is ,epi/le4 ,!re is a r+ ( reality 9 its brok5 s5t5ces & e>ne/ appeals4 ,x displays none ( ! c>eful pat*work :i* we %\ld expect f a =g]2 x consi/s only ( ! quick hot words ( a man :o is v deeply mov$4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,unto ! ,*ur*es ( ,galatia4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! "n ,galatia8 ,/ud5ts are /ill divid$ on ! "q4 ,if ! ^w ,galatia is us$ 9 a popul> s5se to describe ! c\ntry inhabit$ by ! ,galatai1 !n x means ,nor? ,galatia1 a di/rict 9 #aea ! extreme nor? ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,x 0 ma9ly inhabit$ by ,celts1 :o came ?i!r f ,europe 9 ! #crd c5tury ,b4,c41 & spoke a ,celtic language z late z ! #bnd & ev5 #d? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,?is language is m5tion$ by ,pausanias1 & ,/4 ,j]ome says t x 0 a dialect only slightly v>y+ f t us$ 9 ,gaul by ! ,trev]i4 ,b if ! ^w ,galatia is us$ 9 a political s5se1 signify+ a p>ticul> prov9ce ( ! ,roman empire1 !n x means a l>ge area mu* fur!r s\?1 includ+ ,pisidia1 ,lycaonia1 & "p ( ,phrygia4 ,9 ?is prov9ce 7 ,pisidian ,antio*1 ,d]be1 ,iconium1 & ,ly/ra1 :]e ,/4 ,paul f\nd$ ,*ur*es 9 ,a4,d4 #dg1 on 8 fir/ mission>y j\rney4 ,! latt] explanation is almo/ c]ta9ly correct4 ,no good argum5t c be br\ght =w>d 9 fav\r ( ,nor? ,galatia :i* _c be balanc$ by a bett] argum5t 9 fav\r ( ,s\? ,galatia4 ,= in/ance1 ?\gh ,/4 ,luke 9 ,acts uses ! popul> & n ! political names = di/ricts1 ?is _c be urg$ 9 fav\r ( ,/4 ,paul's adopt+ ! same usage4 ,on ! contr>y1 he uses ,asia1 ,mac$onia1 & ,a*aia 9 _! political s5se1 & s we may suppose t he w\ld d ! same 9 ! case ( ,galatia4 ,aga91 ?\gh !re 7 9 ,nor? ,galatia ,jews :o w\ld tempt ! conv]ts to ,jewi% obs]vances1 !re 7 ,jews 9 pl5ty 9 ,s\? ,galatia also4 ,& :ile _m writ]s h said t ! ,celtic blood ( ^! recalcitrant ,*ri/ians is prov$ by ! en?usiasm1 fickl5ess1 sup]/ition1 love ( /rife1 & vanity :i* ,/4 ,paul rebukes1 we may reasonably urge t ^! defects are n conf9$ to ! ,celts4 ,! ,phrygians dot$ on a sombre & my/]i\s religion4 ,9 hea!n times !y lov$ ! wor%ip ( ,cybele1 ) its excit+ c]emonial & cruel mutilations4 ,& :5 !y adopt$ ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh _! morality 0 g5]ally au/]e1 _! cr$ulity 0 int5se4 ,9 ! #bnd c5tury _m ( !m embrac$ ! new revelations ( ,montanus1 & 9 ! #d? !y l>gely affect$ ! h>d ,puritanism ( ,novatian4 ,9 religi\s matt]s ! ,celts are v little #aeb incl9$ to fickl5ess1 & _! sup]/itions are m closely connect$ ) dream9ess ?an ) vehem5ce4 ,! foll[+ facts also des]ve att5tion2 7#a7 ,x w\ld be /range if ,acts gave u no acc\nt ( ,*ur*es 9 :i* ,/4 ,paul took s mu* int]e/4 ,if ,galatia be ,nor? ,galatia1 !re is no su* acc\nt 9 ,acts4 ,if x be ,s\? ,galatia !re is1 & ! polite & natural mann] ( address+ ! inhabitants ( ! cities ( ,antio*1 ,d]be1 etc41 w\ld be ,galatians4 ,_! bond ( union 0 association 9 "o ,roman prov9ce4 7#b7 ,x is improbable t ,/4 ,paul w\ld take ! v difficult j\rney necess>y = visit+ ! ,celtic ,galatians4 ,8 usual plan 0 to travel on ,roman high-roads to ! big c5tres ( population4 ,nor? ,galatia 0 bo? isolat$ & half-civiliz$4 ,also1 he says t he visit$ ! ,galatians on acc\nt ( an illness 7iv4 #ac74 ,x is incr$ible t he w\ld h *os5 ! long unheal?y j\rney to ,nor? ,galatia :5 he 0 ill4 ,b x is extremely probable t he left ! damp l[l&s ( ,pamphylia = ! brac+ air ( ,pisidian ,antio*4 ,! malady 0 probably ! mal>ial neuralgia & fev] :i* are contract$ 9 ^? l[l&s4 7#c7 ,! ,epi/le conta9s te*nical legal t]ms = adoption1 cov5ant1 & tutor1 :i* seem to be us$ n 9 ! ,roman b 9 ! ,greek s5se4#a ,!y w\ld h>dly be intelligible except 9 cities l ^? ( ,s\? ,galatia :]e ! in/itutions 7 ma9ly ,greek4 ,assum+ t ! ,galatians are ^? ( ,s\? ,galatia1 we note t 9 ,gal4 iv4 #ac ,/4 ,paul speaks ( prea*+ to !m ! fir/ "t4 ,?is fir/ "t mu/ be ! occasion m5tion$ 9 ,acts xiii41 xiv4 ,! second "t is t 9 ,acts xvi4 #a-f4 ,! ,*ri/ians 7 ma9ly conv]ts f hea!nism 7iv4 #h2 v4 #b2 vi4 #ab71 b "s 7 no d\bt ,jews or proselytes4 #aec ,aft] ! second visit ( ,/4 ,paul1 8 conv]ts 7 tamp]$ )4 ,"s ,judaiz]s _h put a p]v]se con/ruction ^u 8 action 9 promulgat+ ! decrees ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,j]usalem ( ,a4,d4 #di1 & 9 circumcis+ ,timo?y4 ,!y urg$ t ,/4 ,paul _h !reby ackn[l$g$ 8 inf]iority to ! o!r apo/les1 & practically advocat$ a return to ,jewi% c]emonial4 ,in/igat$ by o!r ,judaiz]s f ,j]usalem1 ! ,galatians _h *ang$ _! ,*ri/ianity into a semi-,judaism1 & ?is all ! m readily because ( _! previ\s famili>ity ) ! ,jewi% religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,! place & date are bo? unc]ta94 ,! words1 ,i m>vel t ye are s quickly remov+ f ,him t call$ y 7i4 #f71 sugge/ t x 0 writt5 n long aft] ! conv]sion ( ! ,galatians4 ,b we _c place x1 z "s writ]s h done1 be=e #a & #b ,!ssalonians4 ,its /yle is alli$ ) t ( #a & #b ,cor9?ians & ,romans4 ,x mu/ be e>li] ?an ,romans1 z x is l a r\gh model ( t ,epi/le4 ,if writt5 soon be=e ,romans1 x 0 probably compos$ at ,cor9? e>ly 9 ,a4,d4 #ef4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 h be5 writt5 z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #eb1 be=e ,/4 ,paul's ?ird mission>y j\rney4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,! ,epi/le is int5d$ to recall ! ,galatians to ,/4 ,paul's true gospel4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 he v9dicates 8 own apo/olic au?ority to prea* x1 & exp\nds its great pr9ciple--ju/ification by fai?1 & n by obs]vance ( ! ,jewi% law4 ,aft] a salutation1 )\t ! congratulations :i* ! apo/le ord9>ily (f]s1 ,/4 ,paul expresses 8 a/oni%m5t at _! p]v]sion1 & vehem5tly ass]ts t if any "o d>es to prea* a gospel o!r ?an t :i* ! ,galatians fir/ receiv$1 let him be ana!ma 7i4 #a-aj74 ,! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,paul's reception ( ! gospel is !n set out4 ,x came to him by revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/3 ?is is at once ! demon/ration ( its unique au?ority1 & ! decisive fact :i* settles ! relation ( ,/4 ,paul to ! o!r apo/les4 ,he did #aed n receive f !m ! gospel he prea*$1 &1 to emphasize ?is1 ,/4 ,paul c\nts up ! v>i\s opportunities he _h ( int]c\rse ) !m1 & says :at use he made ( ea* 7i4 #aa-;ii4 #aj74 ,! be/ illu/ration ( ! indep5d5ce ( 8 position is ! attitude :i* he adopt$ t[>ds ,/4 ,pet]1 ! pr9ce ( ! apo/les1 :5 at ,antio* he deceitfully took ! same sort ( l9e ) respect to ,jewi% c]emonial t ! ,galatians are tak+ n[ 7ii4 #aa-ac74b ,/4 ,paul describes ! spee* he made 9 opposition to ,/4 ,pet]1 b :ile he is dictat+ x1 he is c>ri$ away by an orator's en?usiasm3 he =gets t he is tell+ ! /ory only ( an old debate1 & at "s po9ts we _c confid5tly di/+ui% ! rebuke to ,/4 ,pet] f ! exhortation to ! ,galatians 7ii4 #ad-ba74 ,!n1 /ill z if he 7 mak+ a spee*1 ! apo/le proce$s to argue z he does lat] 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,he recalls to ! bewit*$ ,galatians ! happy memories ( ! days :5 !y fir/ he>d ( ,*ri/--! out-p\r+ ( ! ,_s1 ! fir/ %>p p]secution endur$ s well4 ,did n all ?is happ5 :5 !y 7 "u ! gospel ( ,fai? 7iii4 #b-e78 ,! true sons ( ,abraham are ^? :o accept ! gospel 7iii4 #f-i74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p :o /ill desire to be "u ! ,law c only avoid be+ "u a curse by keep+ ! :ole ,law--& ?is is impossible 7iii4 #aj74 ,god's w is pla93 ,he has said1 ,! righte\s %all live by fai? 7iii4 #aa1 #ab74 ,moreov]1 :atev] claim ! ,law _h on u is n[ dis*>g$ by ! satisfaction made by ,*ri/ 7iii4 #ac1 #ad74 ,n[ ,/4 ,paul goes on to %[ t ! promise made by ,god to ,abraham b9ds ,him /ill4 ,j z no subsequ5t transaction c nullify a ,greek cov5ant1 i4e4 w1 s ! ,law _c nullify ! e>li] promise ( ,god 7iii4 #ae-ah74c ,!n he comp>es ! promise made to #aee ,abraham ) ! ,law4 ,! latt] 0 a contract1 a mutual agreem5t betwe5 two p>ties involv+ mutual obligations2 if ! ,jews did n keep ! ,law1 ,god 0 n b\nd to bless !m4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! promise1 !re is no sugge/ion ( contract4 ,!n1 le/ 8 read]s %\ld suppose t !re 0 an inconsi/5cy 9 ! fact t ,god 0 ! ,au?or ( bo? ! ,law & ! promise1 ,/4 ,paul adds an explanation 7iii4 #ai-bb74 ,! ,law w\ld h be5 contr>y to ! promise if x _h be5 int5d$ to produce ! same result z ! promise by ano!r me?od4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,law 0 add$ z a p>5!sis 9 ord] to make kn[n transgressions1 & ) ! result t x increas$ !m 7iii4 #ai74 ,scripture %ut up all mank9d 9 ! fold ( s91 t !y might look =w>d to ! reign ( fai? z ! only means ( escape4 ,to emphasize fur!r ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,law & ! promise1 ,/4 ,paul ass]ts t ! ,law did n come direct f ,god to man4 ,x came1 z ,jewi% traditions said1 f ,god & ! angels to ,moses1 ! m$iator1 & f him to ! ,hebrews4 ,! ,law _h a m$iator1 !re=e x involv$ two p>ties--,god & ! ,hebrew p4 ,b !re 0 no su* m$iator 9 ! case ( ! promise4 ,god spoke directly to ,abraham4 ,& ,god 9 ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ spoke directly to mank9d4 ,?us ! promises are great] & m graci\s ?an ! ,law4 ,x is important to obs]ve t ! argum5t implies ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,be=e ,fai? came1 ! ,law play$ ! "p ( a ,greek tutor1 i4e4 a tru/$ s]vant :o att5d$ a *ild4 ,he took ! *ild to ! h\se :]e he 0 taught1 & kept him f h>m & mis*ief4 ,& we1 if we wi% to be /ill "u ! ,law1 %all be z fooli% z a gr[n-up son :o wi%es to be "u a /ew>d & a gu>dian4 ,we mu/ leave ! m]e rudim5ts ( religion n[ t we h rea*$ a /age at :i* we h be5 taught t ,god is inde$ our ,fa!r 7iii4 #bc-;iv4 #aa74 ,/4 ,paul supports ?is conclusion f 8 argum5ts by a #aef t\*+ appeal1 9 :i* he gratefully recalls ! k9dness he receiv$ f ! ,galatians :5 he came to !m 9 all ! weakness & di/ress ( fev] 7iv4 #ab-bj74 ,!n he int]prets = !m ! /ory ( ,hag>1 probably 9 answ] to a ref]5ce 9 a lett] :i* !y _h s5t him 7iv4 #ba-v4 #a74 ,! ,jew is 9 bondage l ,hag>'s *ild1 ! ,*ri/ian is free l ,s>ah's *ild4 ,aft] ?is we h ano!r appeal1 a m$ley ( exhortation1 w>n+1 d5unciation1 & pa!tic entreaty3 ! apo/le1 himself s appreciative ( great ideas1 tries to make ! unaspir+ ,galatians und]/& t !y are call$ to ! p]fect fre$om :i* is ! s]vice ( ,god 7v4 #b-bf74 ,! ,epi/le closes ) "s pla9 words :i* ! apo/le wrote ) 8 own h& 9 l>ge *>act]s s z to emphasize !m = 8 read]s4 ,! motive ( ! ,judaiz]s is boldly labell$4 ,!n1 z if !re _h be5 a "q ( 8 own humility1 he associates himself ) ! crucifi$ ,*ri/1 = ^: sake he be>s 9 8 fle% ! eloqu5t m>ks ( ! ,roman rods & ! /ones ( ! ,jews4 ,x 0 ! cruel cu/om 9 ,asia ,m9or1 a cu/om n yet ext9ct1 = ma/]s to w\nd _! slaves ) m>ks :i* made x impossible = !m to escape recognition4 ,& s ,/4 ,paul glories 9 ! pitiful sc>s on 8 body1 because !y prove ,^: he is & ,:om he s]ves4 #aeg ,,analysis ,salutation1 rebuke 7i4 #a-aj74 7#a7 ,/4 ,paul def5ds 8 apo/le%ip3 i4 #aa-;ii4 #ba4--;,he 0 call$ by ,god 9 spite ( 8 fanatical ,judaism1 ,god's ,son 0 reveal$ 9 him1 he conf]r$ ) no man1 b retir$ to ,arabia1 !n ?ree ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion he /ay$ fifte5 days ) ,cephas1 & aft]w>ds prea*$ 9 ,syria & ,cilicia 7i474 ,f\rte5 ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion#d he aga9 w5t to ,j]usalem by revelation4 ,false bre?r5 attempt$ to get ,titus circumcis$1 b 9 va94 ,james1 ,cephas1 & ,john 7 mo/ fri5dly to ,paul & ,b>nabas1 agree+ t !y %\ld g to ! ,g5tiles :ile rememb]+ ! poor 9 ,j]usalem4 ,cephas rebuk$ at ,antio* by ,/4 ,paul 7ii474 7#b7 ,/4 ,paul def5ds ju/ification by fai?3 iii4 #a-v4 #a4--;,galatian fickl5ess1 ev5 ,abraham 0 ju/ifi$ by fai?1 & 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! righte\s live by fai?1 ! ,jewi% ,law m]ely a p>5!sis betwe5 ,god's promise & its fulfilm5t1 ! ,law a tutor to br+ u to ,*ri/ 7iii474 ,judaism is ! /ate ( a son :o is a m9or1 ,*ri/ianity is ! /ate ( a son :o has atta9$ 8 majority4 ,:y return to ! begg>ly rudim5ts ( k8 ,! ,jew is l ! *ild ( ,hag>1 ! ,*ri/ian is l ! *ild ( ,s>ah 7iv4-v4 #a74 7#c7 ,practical exhortation3 v4 #b-vi4 #ah4--;,circumcision useless1 fre$om & love are ! allies ( ! true ,law1 ! works ( ! fle% & ! fruits ( ! ,_s 7v474 ,be>+ "o ano!r's burd5s1 support+ our tea*]s4 ,a conclusion 9 ,/4 ,paul's h&writ+ 7vi474 #a ,! law impli$ 9 ,gal4 iv4 #b is 9 accordance ) ,syrian law4 ,if a fa!r di$1 he left 8 son "u ! au?ority ( a /ew>d until he 0 f\rte51 & left 8 prop]ty 9 ! h&s ( a gu>dian until he 0 tw5ty-five4 ,x is probable t 9 ,s\? ,galatia z 9 ,syria ?is law 0 made "u ! reign ( ! ,seleucids4 #b ,= ! explanation ( ?is qu>rel1 see p4 #aba4 #c ,! argum5t ab\t se$s & se$1 9 iii4 #af1 looks l a m]e v]bal quibble 9 ,engli%4 ,b x becomes q intelligible :5 we rememb] t 9 rabb9ical ,hebrew ! ^w se$s 0 us$ 9 ! s5se ( desc5dants4 #d ,see ,gal4 ii4 #a1 at an int]val ( f\rte5 ye>s4 ,?is ?ird visit to ,j]usalem 7! second m5tion$ "h7 0 9 ,a4,d4 #di4 ,! v]se probably means f\rte5 ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion1 & elev5 ye>s aft] 8 fir/ visit4 ,if we reckon ! f\rte5 ye>s f 8 fir/ visit to ,j]usalem1 ! fir/ visit w\ld be 9 ,a4,d4 #cc4 ,?is w n agree ) ,acts ix4 #be1 #bf2 #b ,cor4 xi4 #cb1 :i* %[ u t ! fir/ visit 0 made :ile ,aretas rul$ at ,damascus4 ,aretas became ma/] ( ,damascus 9 ,a4,d4 #cg4 #aeh ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,romans ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,! g5u95ess ( ?is ,epi/le1 l t ( ,galatians & #a & #b ,cor9?ians1 is practically undisput$4 ,no "o ev] seems to h que/ion$ x betwe5 ! "t t ,m>cion drew up 8 ,apo/olicon1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #adj1 & ,a4,d4 #agib4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,m>cion x is quot$ by ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,/4 ,ignatius1 & ,/4 ,polyc>p4 ,& !re seem to be "s rem9isc5ces ( x 9 #a ,pet]4 ,x is fir/ def9itely m5tion$ by "n 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,ir5aeus1 :o quotes x sev]al times4 ,?is e>ly & frequ5t use po/ulates = ! ,epi/le a v au?oritative s\rce4 ,!re is no "o t we "k ( among ! fir/ ,*ri/ians :o c\ld h writt5 x except ,/4 ,paul4 ,:at he tells ! ,romans ab\t 8 p]sonal wi%es & int5tions is exactly consonant ) :at he says else:]e4 ,! notices t he gives !m ( 8 movem5ts p]fectly accord ) ! notices 9 ,acts4 ,! prim>y conceptions ( ! ,epi/le are m or less common to all ,/4 ,paul's works4 ,!y are conc]n$ ) ! guilt & ! p[] ( s91 ! et]nal purpose :i* ,god has = man1 ! mean+ ( ,*ri/'s dea? & ! effect ( ,8 resurrection1 ! nature ( our acquittal by ,god & our new spiritual life4 ,! only s]i\s "q ) reg>d to ! criticism ( ! outw>d lett] ( ! ,epi/le1 is connect$ ) ! la/ two *apt]s 7xv41 xvi474 ,baur reject$ bo? z spuri\s compilations1 #aei int5d$ to reconcile ,paul9ism ) ! m ,jewi% s*ool ( e>ly ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,b ,baur's habit ( pron\nc+ spuri\s e book or "p ( a book :i* did n agree ) 8 peculi> e/imate ( ,/4 ,paul1 is n[ discr$it$4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 _m critics ?9k t xv4 & xvi4 d n belong to ?is ,epi/le4 ,!y are g5]ally admitt$ to be by ,/4 ,paul1 b x is ?\ght t !y are simply pages :i* h become deta*$ f "s o!r writ+s ( ! apo/le4 ,*apt] xvi4 9 p>ticul> is suppos$ to be a fragm5t ( an ,epi/le to ,ephesus4 ,x ab\nds 9 p]sonal greet+s to intimate fri5ds2 & yet x is difficult to believe t ,/4 ,paul _h _m fri5ds 9 ,rome be=e he visit$ x4 ,& among ^! fri5ds are ,prisca & ,aquila 7xvi4 #c71 :o c]ta9ly /ay$ at ,ephesus1 :]e ,/4 ,paul _h lab\r$ = two ye>s & mu/ h _h _m fri5ds4 ,! tone ( xvi4 #ag-bj is ?\ght to imply sect>ian divisions :i* ! re/ ( ! ,epi/le ignores4 ,& ! f9al doxology appe>s 9 diff]5t places 9 diff]5t ,,mss41 a fact :i* sugge/s t ! e>ly ,*ur* d\bt$ :]e ! ,epi/le end$4 ,no real importance ne$ be atta*$ to ano!r argum5t us$ by "s critics1 viz4 t ,m>cion omitt$ xv4 & xvi4 ,he w\ld h reject$ !m1 :e!r g5u9e or n1 on acc\nt ( ! sanction giv5 to ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 xv4 #d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! integrity ( ! ,epi/le is ma9ta9$ by "s ( ! be/ rec5t critics1 includ+ ,s&ay1 ,zahn1 & ,godet4 ,! be/ ,,mss4 place ! f9al doxology 9 its pres5t position4 ,! fact t ! majority ( cursive ,,mss4 & "s valuable v]sions1 su* z ! lat] ,syriac & ! ,arm5ian1 place x at ! end ( xiv4 seems to be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! la/ two *apt]s 7 (t5 omitt$ 9 ! lessons read 9 *ur*1 be+ consid]$ unimportant = ! purposes ( g5]al edification4 ,! fact t ! ,epi/le seems to come to an end at xv4 #cc1 & also at xvi4 #bj1 be=e ! f9al doxology 9 xvi4 #bg1 sugge/s ! be/ solution4 ,x is t ! apo/le1 aft] conclud+ ! argum5t ( ! ,epi/le1 made v>i\s #afj additions ( a p]sonal nature ) ref]5ce to himself & 8 fri5ds z !y occurr$ to 8 m9d4 ,he !n summ$ up ! :ole argum5t 9 xvi4 #be-bg1 :]e ! ob$i5ce ( fai? is /at$ to be ! purpose ( ,god's f9al revelation4 ,! numb] ( fri5ds m5tion$ 9 xvi4 is n incr$ibly l>ge :5 we rememb] ! easy & frequ5t int]c\rse :i* exi/$ betwe5 ,rome & ! ea/4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,to all t are 9 ,rome1 belov$ by ,god1 call$ to be sa9ts4 ,x has be5 well said t ! univ]sality ( ! gospel made ,/4 ,paul desire to prea* x 9 ! univ]sal city4 ,he long$ to see ,rome2 he 0 consci\s t ,*ri/ _h call$ him to be> witness at ,rome4 ,he himself _h ! fre$om ( ! city ( ,rome1 & he 0 inspir$ ) ! hope1 :i* 0 fulfill$ ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds1 t ! religion ( ,*ri/ w\ld be ! religion ( ! ,roman empire4 ,! t]ritory !n rul$ by ,rome m ne>ly embrac$ ! :ole ( ! civiliz$ _w ?an any empire t has s9ce be5 se54 ,x includ$ ,london & ,tol$o1 ,con/ant9ople & ,j]usalem4 ,roman soldi]s kept _! wat* on ! blue ,danube1 & 7 plant+ outpo/s on ! f>-(f grey ,euphrates4 ,! city ( ,rome itself conta9$ ab\t a million & a half ( inhabitants4 ,x 0 well gov]n$ & sumptu\sly adorn$4 ,a real belief 9 ! homely vulg> gods ( _! =efa!rs _h decl9$ among educat$ p1 & ! humane pr9ciples ( ,/oic philosophy 7 in/ill+ a new reg>d = ! less =tunate classes ( mank9d4 ,/range =eign devotions 7 satisfy+ "s ( ! ye>n+s :i* f\nd no n\ri%m5t 9 ! h>d old ,roman paganism4 ,m5 :o took no int]e/ 9 ,jupit] 7 attract$ by ,mi?ras1 ! ,ea/]n god ( ! light4 ,wom5 :o c\ld obta9 no entrance into ! exclusive si/]hood ( ! ,ve/al ,virg9s1 c\ld f9d occupation 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,egyptian ,isis4 ,"s vague belief 9 a ,div9e ,"o 0 ris+ 9 m9ds :o ?\ght t ,jupit] ,mi?ras & ,isis 7 only symbols ( a p[] beh9d ! mi/s ( human wisdom4 ,jews #afa ( all classes 7 num]\s1 ?\gh ! majority 7 z poor z ^? ( ,ea/ ,london4 ,!y made "s conv]ts1 & ,poppaea1 ! mi/ress ( ,n]o 9 ,a4,d4 #eh1 dalli$ ) ,judaism z ) a new s5sation4 ,m5 & wom5 ( e race 7 includ$ among ! slaves ( ,rome1 & ! arts & elegance ( ,greek & ,syrian slaves (t5 prov$ a /aircase by :i* new religions f\nd a way into ! *amb]s ( ! great & weal?y4 ,9 spite ( "s signs ( moral vig\r1 society 0 cank]$ ) pride ( class & ) self-indulg5ce4 ,x possess$ no reg5]at+ =ce capable ( *eck+ ! repulsive vice :i* 0 enc\rag$ by ! obsc5ity ( actors & ! frivolity ( sceptics4 ,we are told t soj\rn]s f ,rome1 bo? ,jews & proselytes1 7 9 ! cr[d :i* li/5$ to ,/4 ,pet]'s address on ! ,day ( ,p5teco/ 7,acts ii4 #aj74 ,x is possible t ^! m5 br\ght news ( ! gospel to ! l>ge body 9 ,rome ( ,jews1 & ( ,g5tiles influ5c$ by ,jewi% ideas4 ,9 any case1 communication betwe5 ! *ief cities ( ! empire 0 at ?is "t s frequ5t t we may be sure t ! pr9ciples & attractions ( ,*ri/ianity 7 soon he>d ( at ,rome4 ,gradually a small b& =m$ !re ( p :o 7 int]e/$ & pleas$ by :at !y _h le>nt ( ,*ri/2 x is probable t ,/4 ,paul s5t ,aquila & ,prisca f ,ephesus to give !m def9ite in/ruction4 ,x does n seem t !y _h be5 visit$ by an apo/le 7xv4 #bj74 ,! ,epi/le is address$ to a community consi/+ ( ,jews & ,g5tiles1 b ! ,g5tiles are by f> ! m num]\s4 ,! apo/le's claim 9 *4 i4 to address ?is ,*ur* z )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 8 direct appeal to ! ,g5tiles 9 xi4 #ac1 & ! /atem5t ( 8 prie/ly (fice ex]cis$ ov] ! ,g5tiles 9 xv4 #af1 %[ t ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 0 ,g5tile 9 "*4 ,! prop] names 9 ! ,epi/le af=d u little indication ( ! proportion ( ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,! majority ( ! names are ,greek1 & f\r names are ,lat92 b ! ,jews ( t "t1 l ! #afb ,jews ( ! pres5t day1 (t5 pass$ "u ,g5tile names4 ,we "k h[ ! ,engli% ,jews n[ disguise ,moses z ,moss ,judah z ,leo1 & ,levi z ,lewis4 ,! majority ( ! conv]ts 7 probably 9 a humble social position4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul wrote to ! ,philippians1 !re 7 ,*ri/ians 9 ! imp]ial h\sehold itself1 & x is possible t ! ,n>cissus m5tion$ 9 ,romans may be ! fre$man ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius1 put to dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #ed4 ,ord9>y slaves & fre$m5 seem to h be5 ! pr9cipal elem5t among ^? :o 7 fir/ call$ to be sa9ts at ,rome1 b be=e long !re 7 p ( good bir? & cultur$ intellig5ce :o turn$ gladly f ! lifeless old ,roman religion & ! fanta/ic new-fa%ion$ ,ea/]n cults to ?is orig9al fai? 9 ! inc>nate ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,/4 ,paul wrote ?is lett] t[>ds ! end ( 8 /ay at ,cor9?1 at ! close ( ,a4,d4 #ee or ! beg9n+ ( ,a4,d4 #ef 7see xvi4 #a2 xv4 #bc-bf1 & ,acts xix4 #ba74 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,/4 ,paul writes z ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles to ! ,*ri/ians ( ! greate/ ( all ,g5tile cities4 ,he does s ) a solemn s5se ( special responsibility4 ,pr(\ndly impress$ ) ! gr&eur ( ! ,roman "n1 ! position ( ?is promiscu\s little body ( conv]ts is to him enorm\sly significant4 ,!y are ! repres5tatives ( ! fai? ( ,jesus 9 ! capital ( ! _w2 !y are ! fir/ memb]s ( a ,*ur* to :i* ,god seems to give ! mo/ magnific5t ( all opportunities4 ,& ! ?\ght is sc>cely abs5t f 8 m9d t ?is may be ! la/ ,epi/le he w ev] s5d4 ,he is go+ to ,j]usalem1 & has a sad =ebod+ ( :at may await him !re 7xv4 #ca74 ,! mann] & /yle :i* give ! ,epi/le a unique place among ! works ( ,/4 ,paul are caus$ by ^! consid]ations4 ,he wi%es to tell ! ,roman ,*ri/ians 8 v be/ ideas 9 ! v be/ way3 ?is may be 8 la/ *ance ( do+ s4 ,he puts aside1 !n1 all clam\r ( p]sonal debate1 & sets #afc himself to produce an ord]$ !ological treatise4 ,nev] else:]e does ! apo/le write ) s c>eful me?od1 s p[]ful conc5tration1 s effective m>%all+ ( argum5ts1 s /irr+ yet measur$ eloqu5ce4 ,! ,epi/le op5s ) a brief introduction4 ,paul1 ! apo/le ( ,*ri/1 wi%es to prea* ! gospel to ^? 9 ,rome :om ,*ri/ has call$4 ,!n he beg9s at once to describe ! set ( circum/ances :i* ! gospel is int5d$ to meet4 ,! ,g5tiles h n be5 true to su* k z !y _h ( ,god1 & by an inevitable process !y h pass$ on to unnatural & vici\s excess 7i4 #ah-cb74 ,& :5 ,/4 ,paul turns to ! ,jews1 he f9ds !y are 9 no bett] case4 ,) full] k !y h s9n$ sc>cely less4 ,/rict ju/ice w be met$ out by ,god to all1 ! ,jew com+ fir/ & !n ! ,g5tile4 ,! ,g5tile w n escape1 = ! ,g5tiles1 :om we conceive ( z hav+ no law1 h a law 9 t moral s5se :i* makes !m in/9ctively put 9 practice ! precepts ( ! ,law1 & _! inw>d ?\ghts accuse or def5d !m 7ii4 #a-af74 ,! ,jew may boa/ ( 8 ,law & 8 k ( revelation1 b he is no bett] 9 practice ?an a ,g5tile4 ,& z = 8 circumcision1 x is wor?less unless he is also spiritually circumcis$ 9 ! he>t 7ii4 #ag-bi74 ,aft] a p>5!tical discussion ( difficulties sugge/$ by a possible ,jewi% oppon5t 7iii4 #a-h71 ,/4 ,paul %[s t ! ,jews are n 9 a worse case ?an ! ,g5tiles4 ,bo? are "u ! dom9ion ( s91 & ,scripture says s4 ,! :ole sy/em ( ,law is a failure4 ,law does no?+ b give a cle> k ( s9 7iii4 #i-bj74 ,/4 ,paul !n br+s =w>d 8 great rem$y--! answ] ( ,god to ! ne$ :i* is repres5t$ by univ]sal human s9fulness4 ,man has fail$ to correspond to ! sugge/ions ( consci5ce1 he has fail$ to fulfil ! requirem5ts ( ! writt5 ,law1 b n[ he may come into a "r relation ) ,god by id5tify+ himself ) ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,he may be ju/ifi$ 7i4e4 accept$ z righte\s7 by an act ( ,god's grace 7i4e4 by an #afd undes]v$ act ( ,god's love7 on acc\nt ( ! r$emption wr\ght by ,*ri/1 :om ,god has set =? z a propitiation to %[ ,8 own righte\sness4 ,god c\ld no long] all[ man to mi/ake ,8 pati5ce ) our s9s = slack indiff]5ce4 ,man mu/ no long] seek to be ju/ifi$ be=e ,god on ! /r5g? ( :at he himself has done1 b on ! /r5g? ( 8 fai? 9 ,*ri/1 i4e4 8 devot$ p]sonal adhesion to ,*ri/ 7iii4 #ba-bf74 ,/4 ,paul tells ! ,romans t ?is ju/ify+ fai? excludes glory+1 c be realiz$ by ,g5tile z well z ,jew2 t by x we e/abli% ! ,law 7iii4 #bg-ca71 z ! ,jewi% disp5sation1 rightly und]/ood1 te/ifies to its necessity4 ,9 fact1 ,abraham himself 0 ju/ifi$ by fai? 7iv47 ,!n ,/4 ,paul sets =? 9 gl[+ & /ately words :at are ! consequ5ces = u :i* foll[ f be+ s ju/ifi$4 ,we are at peace ) ,god1 & %>e 9 ,8 love1 & ?is is ! secure gr\nd ( ,*ri/ian hope = life & aft] dea? 7v4 #a-aa74 ,! effects ( ,*ri/'s dea? are comput$ by an argum5tum a =tiori f ! results ( ,adam's fall 7v4 #ab-ba74 ,! apo/le n[ c>efully refutes ! notion t ! doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai? enc\rages ,ant9omianism4 ,lib]ty does n mean lic5ce4 ,/4 ,paul 0 q alive to ! fact t skilful oppon5ts & bra9less admir]s w\ld misrepres5t 8 doctr9e1 :i* 0 also ,*ri/'s4 ,he !re=e takes great pa9s to %[ t ! connection betwe5 ! righte\sness ( ,*ri/ & ! righte\sness ( a ,*ri/ian is n arbitr>y or fictiti\s4 ,8 argum5t ?r\gh\t implies t man actually receives ! righte\sness ( ,god1 t is1 ! righte\sness :i* is inh]5t 9 ,god1 & is be/[$ by ,god ^u man :5 he unites himself ) ,*ri/ 7vi4-viii474 ,%all ,i g on s9n+ t ,god's m]cy may be all ! great] 9 =giv+ me8 ,god =bid3 = :5 ,i w5t d[n into ! wat]s ( baptism1 ,i %>$ 9 ! dea? ( ,*ri/2 & :5 ,i rose f !m1 ,i rose z a %>] 9 ,8 ris5 life4 ,because ,i am unit$ ?us to ! life ( ,*ri/1 s9 is =eign to my nature 7vi4 #a-ad74 ,i am no long] "u law1 b "u grace3 b #afe to be ! slave ( s9 & be occupi$ ) uncleanness1 & to ga9 ! wages ( dea?1 is inconsi/5t ) be+ ! slave ( righte\sness1 occupi$ 9 a c\rse ( purification & rew>d$ ) ! gift ( life 7vi4 #ae-bc74 ,next1 ,/4 ,paul asks :y x is t we are no long] "u ! ,law8 ,because we h no connection ) t /ate ( s9 to :i* ! ,law 0 applicable4 ,our s\l is l a wife ^: lawful husb& is dead4 ,or1 to put ! tru? into ano!r =m1 our old /ate 0 kill$ by our id5tification ) ,*ri/ crucifi$1 & we are esp\s$ to ,*ri/ ris5 7vii4 #a-f74 ,:at1 !n1 %all we ?9k ( ! ,law8 ,is x s98 ,no4 ,x reveals ! s9fulness ( s91 & x irritates dormant s9 into activity4 ,a ?+ _c be id5tical ) ano!r ?+ :i* x exposes & irritates4 ,b :y did ,god p]mit ! ,law1 :i* is holy1 to prove fatal to my s\l 7vii4 #ac78 ,he did n4 ,! ,law 0 n fatal1 ?\gh s9 0 all b fatal4 ,s9 0 p]mitt$ to d its wor/ t its real hide\sness might be app>5t4 ,?is is :at took place4 ,! ,law gave me an ideal1 b my bett] self1 :i* corresponds to ! ,law1 c\ld n keep me f d+ wrong or make me d "r4 ,i became involv$ 9 a t]rible conflict4 ,?is 0 ! opportunity ( ,*ri/4 ,he has deliv]$ me f t /ate ( ! body :i* involv$ me 9 s9 & dea?4 ,)\t ,him1 ,i %\ld /ill be s]v+ ! ,law ( ,god ) my consci5ce1 & ! law ( s9 ) my body 7vii4 #be74 ,:]e ! ,law ( ,moses fail$1 ,*ri/ spl5didly succe$s4 ,he n only sets be=e m5 an ideal1 b also helps !m to atta9 x1 & fulfil ! righte\s claims ( ! moral ,law1 by unit+ ,himself ) !m by ! ,_s 7viii4 #a-aj74 ,m5 are n[ 9 a new relation to ,god3 !y call ,him ,fa!r1 ,he sees 9 !m ,8 sons4 ,?\gh ) all creation we wait /ill 9 fruitful pa9 = ! fulness ( r$emption1 we wait ) confid5t hope4 ,! ,_s is ) u to help & to pray1 we rememb] ,god's high purpose = u1 we h kn[n ,8 love 9 ! pa/1 ,jesus 9 inf9ite exaltation is int]c$+ = u2 #aff :o1 !n1 %all ev] be able to sep>ate u f ! love ( ,god 7viii4 #aa-ci78 ,/4 ,paul turns n[ to a p>5!tical discussion :i* necess>ily sugge/s itself "h4 ,x has practically happ5$ t ,god's own p1 ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham1 9 spite ( _! privileges1 are exclud$ f ?is new salvation :i* comes f acceptance ( ,*ri/4 ,?is does n mean t ,god has be5 unfai?ful4 ,/4 ,paul v9dicates ,8 action t[>d !m1 & he %[s t x has be5 consi/5t ) ,8 previ\s action t[>ds ! ,israelites 7ix4 #f-ac71 righte\s 7ix4 #ad-ba71 & m]ciful 7ix4 #bb-bi74 ,god has always %[n t ,he is free to select :om he likes to c>ry out ,8 purpose 9 ! _w4#a ,! ,jews are reject$ because !y seek to be ju/ifi$1 on ! /r5g? ( _! own works 7ix4 #cj-cc2 x4 #a-c73 n[1 ! me?od ( ! ,law has be5 sup]s$$ by ,*ri/'s1 :i* is an easi] me?od 7x4 #d-aj7 & univ]sal 7x4 #aa-ac74 ,& ! ,jews h _h e opportunity = he>+ ( x 7x4 #ad-ba74 ,b ,god has n reject$ !m entirely or f9ally 7xi4 #a-aj72 & if _! fall has l$ to ! prea*+ ( ! gospel to ! ,g5tiles1 h[ mu* m happily fruitful w be _! reception into ! ,*ur* 7xi4 #aa-ae76 ,we may hope = ?is ultimate acceptance ( ! gospel by bo? ,jew & ,g5tile because ( ! orig9al hol9ess ( ! ,jewi% /ock4 ,! ,g5tiles are graft$ into t3 j z we may be cut (f f x if we s91 s ! ,jews m easily may be graft$ 9 aga9 if !y w 7xi4 #af-bd74 ,/4 ,paul n[ %[s h[ ! h>d5+ ( ! ,jews & ! disob$i5ce ( ! ,g5tiles alike h s]v$ ! purposes ( ,god4 ,israel z a nation %all be sav$ by ! ,messiah4 ,! *apt] closes #afg ) words ( rev]5t admiration = ! wond]ful work+s ( ! ,div9e ,provid5ce 7xi4 #be-cf74 ,aft] ?is long doctr9al argum5t1 ,/4 ,paul insi/s ^u c]ta9 practical duties 7xii4-xv4 #ac74 ,we may notice 9 xiii4 #b ff4 ! emphasis :i* is laid ^u ! dignity ( ! civil gov]nm5t1 a dignity :i* 0 immeasurably degrad$ t5 ye>s lat] by ! wanton p]secution ( ! ,roman ,*ri/ians4 ,& xiii4 #ac is a v]se ev] to be rememb]$ by ! ,*ur* z ! v]se by :i* ,god br\ght ,augu/9e f free ?9k+ & lic5ti\s liv+ to be numb]$ among ! sa9ts4 ,9 xiv4 beg9s "s consid]ate advice ab\t c]ta9 ,*ri/ians weak 9 fai?4 ,!y seem to h =m$ a p>ty1 b n a p>ty :i* c be id5tifi$ ) any o!r religi\s clique m5tion$ by ! apo/le4 ,_! veget>ianism & _! obs]vance ( p>ticul> holy days h sugge/$ ! !ory t !y 7 ,*ri/ians :o foll[$ ! ascetic practices ( ! ,jewi% sect ( ,ess5es4 ,! !ory t !y 7 ,g5tiles :o affect$ ! cu/oms ( ! ,py?agoreans has comm5d$ itself to o!r writ]s4 ,on ! :ole1 ! numb] ( ,jews 9 ,rome supports ! !ory t ^! 7 ,jewi% ,*ri/ians4 ,/4 ,paul deals v t5d]ly ) ^! total ab/a9]s f meat & w9e4 ,he evid5tly does n put !m on ! same level z ! sect>ies ( ,galatia or ,colossae4 ,! ,epi/le closes ) v>i\s ref]5ces to p]sonal matt]s1 includ+ ! expression ( a desire to visit ,spa9 & ,rome 7xv4 #cd74 #afh ,,analysis ,salutation & introduction 7i4 #a-ae74 7#a7 ,,doctr9al4--,! subject ( ! ,epi/le4 ,h[ is righte\sness to be atta9$8 ,n by man's "w1 b by ,god's gift1 ?r\gh fai?1 i4e4 p]sonal atta*m5t to ,*ri/ 7i4 #af1 #ag74 ,a4 ,righte\sness z a /ate ( man 9 ! sight ( ,god 7,ju/ification73 i4 #ah-v4 #ba4 a4 ,righte\sness 0 nev] atta9$ be=e ,*ri/ came4 ,! ,g5tiles neglect$ _! consci5ce until !y sank into abom9able s9s2 future judgm5t w c]ta9ly come on all m5 )\t respect ( p]sons2 ! ,jews1 too1 h no "r to criticize ! ,g5tiles--!y _h ! ,law ( ,moses1 :ile ! ,g5tiles only _h ! unwritt5 law ( consci5ce1 yet !y fail$4 ,! ,jewi% quibble t !re 0 no good 9 be+ a ,jew if ,god condemn$ him1 is refut$4 ,! witness ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! univ]sality ( s9 is quot$ 7i4 #ah-;iii4 #bj74 b4 ,exposition ( ! new me?od ( atta9+ righte\sness4 ,x is indep5d5t ( ! ,law1 is univ]sal1 is obta9able ?r\gh ,*ri/'s dea? :i* manife/s ,god's righte\sness4 ,?is me?od excludes human boa/+1 & c be exp]i5c$ by ,jew & ,g5tile alike 7iii4 #ba-ca74 c4 ,! relation ( ?is new me?od to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,abraham1 ! typical sa9t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 0 n ju/ifi$ because ( works1 or circumcision1 or law4 ,8 fai? %[s t ! ,old ,te/am5t supports ! ,*ri/ian me?od ( salvation 7iv474 d4 ,! bless$ /ate ( ! ju/ifi$ ,*ri/ian4 ,he is fill$ ) hope1 & ?is hope is gu>ante$ by ! prov$ love ( ,god4 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 ?is bless$ness & ! effects ( ,adam's fall6 ,! "w ( ,*ri/ resembles t ( ,adam1 because x passes f "o man to all m53 x diff]s greatly1 because ,adam's fall br\ght s91 our condemnation1 our dea?4 ,*ri/'s gift br+s grace1 our acquittal1 our life4 ,! ,fall br\ght s91 ,law increas$ s92 ,grace is great] ?an s9 7v474 #afi ,b4 ,righte\sness z necess>ily involv+ moral progress 7,sanctification72 vi4-viii4 a4 ,refutation ( ! !ory t we may cont9ue to s9 9 ord] to give ,god fre% opportunities ( display+ ,8 lov+k9dness4 ,our baptism implies union ) ! s9less ,*ri/4 ,refutation ( ! !ory t we may z well s9 z n s9 because we are no long] "u ! ,law4 ,our m>riage to ,*ri/ mu/ be fruitful 7vi4 #a-vii4 #f74 ,! ,law is n to be disp>ag$1 ?\gh x is impot5t to rescue me 9 ! t]rible moral conflict "u :i* ,i %\ld suff]1 if x 7 n = ,*ri/ 7vii4 #f-be74 ,b4 ,:]e ! ,law ( ,moses fail$1 ! inc>nation ( ,*ri/ succe$s4 ,! life ( ,*ri/ian righte\sness is rul$ by ! ,holy ,_s4 ,x implies filial confid5ce 9 ,god1 a glori\s inh]itance1 div9e assi/ance1 inviolable security 7viii474 ,c4 ,! problem rais$ by ! fate ( ! ,jews3 ix4-xi4 a4 ,_! rejection f _! privileg$ position a sad contra/ to _! high de/9y2 ! entire ju/ice ( ,god 9 =m+ a new ,israel ( ,jews & ,g5tiles alike 7ix474 b4 ,! cause ( _! rejection 0 t !y s\ght to be ju/ifi$ 9 _! own way & n 9 ,god's way1 & ?is 9 spite ( ,*ri/ian opportunities & prophetic w>n+s 7x474 c4 ,consolations :i* qualify ! sev]ity ( _! fate4 ,_! unbelief is only p>tial & tempor>y1 & ,god's purpose is to re/ore all4 ,doxology 7xi474 7#b7 ,,practical4--,! ,*ri/ian sacrifice1 & ! duties ( a ,*ri/ian 7xii474 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ! law ( love1 ! approa*+ judgm5t 7xiii474 ,tol]ation = weak & ecc5tric ,*ri/ians2 veget>ians1 obs]v]s ( private holy days & total ab/a9]s1 n to be di/urb$2 we mu/ d no?+ t makes a bro!r /umble4 ,*ri/ pleas$ n ,himself2 ,he 0 bo? a m9i/] ( ! circumcision & ! hope ( ! ,g5tiles 7xiv4 #a-xv4 #ac74 ,p]sonal conclusion 7xv4 #ad-xvi4 #bg74 #a ,! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 z taught 9 ! writ+s ( ,calv9 & 9 ! ,presbyt]ian ,we/m9/] ,confession1 is a complete p]v]sion ( ,/4 ,paul's tea*+4 ,calv9 tea*es a pr$e/9ation to heav5 or hell2 ,/4 ,paul "h speaks ( an appo9tm5t to c]ta9 duties on e>?4 ,! ,calv9i/s ass]t$ t "s m5 _c be sav$2 ,/4 ,paul tea*es t ,god s act$ 9 ord] t ,he might h m]cy ^u all 7xi4 #cb74 #agj ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,colossians--,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,to ,,philemon ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,colossians ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,!re is no good reason = d\bt+ t ?is beautiful ,epi/le is ! "w ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,x is full ( ,paul9e ?\ght1 & is well atte/$ by ext]nal evid5ce4 ,x is app>5tly quot$ 9 ! v anci5t "w kn[n z ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 & ,ju/9 ,m>tyr quotes ! title ( ,*ri/ ! fir/born ( all creation 7,col4 i4 #ae74 ,x is includ$ 9 ,m>cion's canon & 9 ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t1 z well z 9 ! ,old ,lat9 & ,pe%itta ,syriac v]sions4 ,! notion t x is only a weak reflection ( ,ephesians seems incr$ible1 = nei!r ( ! two ,epi/les is appreciably inf]ior to ! o!r1 & 9 ea* "o !re are sev]al unique passages :i* repres5t z high a level ( intellectual & spiritual atta9m5t z ! passages :i* are 9 "s degree common to ! two4 ,moreov]1 we _c trace any def9ite me?od accord+ to :i* ! "o writ+ has be5 us$ = ! o!r1 & de/ructive critics h only de/roy$ "o ano!r's argum5ts 9 _! attempts to %[ :i* ( ! two ,epi/les is g5u9e1 or :y !y bo? are =g$4 ,x is also important to consid] ! association ( ?is ,epi/le ) t to ,philemon3 ! transp>5t g5u95ess ( ! latt] makes x practically c]ta9 t ,colossians is g5u9e z well4 ,objections to ! au!nticity ( ,colossians h be5 #aga /eadily gr[+ fa9t]4 ,x 0 d5i$ by ,may]h(f 9 #ahch1 & by ! :ole ,tb+5 s*ool1 9 spite ( v /rong ext]nal evid5ce4 7#a7 ,! h]esy oppos$ by ,/4 ,paul 0 said to be a =m ( #bnd-c5tury ,gno/icism2 b ! aff9ities :i* x %[s ) ,judaism po9t r to ! #a/ c5tury4 7#b7 ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( words :i* ,/4 ,paul uses n[h]e else1 ?irty-f\r be+ f\nd 9 no o!r "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 b sev]al ( ^! words are call$ =? by ! special error :i* ,/4 ,paul rebukes1 & ! ,epi/le does conta9 elev5 ,paul9e words us$ by no o!r ,new ,te/am5t writ]4 7#c7 ,! doctr9e has be5 decl>$ to be n ,paul9e1 b a fur!r developm5t ( ,/4 ,paul's doctr9e ( ! dignity ( ,*ri/4 ,?is objection re/s entirely on ! hypo!sis t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 n ,god1 b 0 gradually deifi$ by successive g5]ations ( ,8 foll[]s4 ,! critics :o decl>$ t no apo/le believ$ ,*ri/ to be m ?an an ideal or half-div9e man1 & said t ,/4 ,john's writ+s are =g]ies ( ! #bnd c5tury1 describ$ ! doctr9e ( ,colossians z a transition f ! true ,paul9e doctr9e to ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos conta9$ 9 ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,b ,/4 ,paul /ates no?+ ab\t ,*ri/ 9 ?is ,epi/le :i* is n impli$ 9 e>li] ,epi/les4 ,he only makes fre% /atem5ts ( tru? 9 view ( fre% errors4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,colossae 0 ! lea/ important t[n to :i* any ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,paul :i* n[ rema9s 0 address$4 ,! place 0 on ! riv] ,lycus 9 ,phrygia1 ab\t t5 miles f ,laodicea & ?irte5 f ,hi]apolis1 & ?us ! ?ree t[ns 7 ! sph]e ( ! mission>y "w ( ! ,colossian ,epaphras 7,col4 iv4 #ab1 #ac74 ,colossae _h be5 fl\ri%+ en\gh 9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus1 b n[1 ov]%ad[$ by great] neighb\rs--,laodicea1 ,hi]apolis1 & ,*onae--& p]haps %ak5 by recurr+ e>?quakes1 x 0 s9k+ fa/ into decay4 ,/ill x d]iv$ importance f its situation on ! great ma9 road :i* connect$ ,rome ) ! ea/]n prov9ces1 ! road by #agb :i* ,x]xes _h l$ 8 great armam5t aga9/ ,greece4 ,& z ! p _h a special way ( _! own = produc+ a ri* dye nam$ ,coloss9us1 x reta9$ a fair am\nt ( trade4 ,we may acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( ,jews at ,colossae :i* is sugge/$ 9 ! ,epi/le1 by rememb]+ its conv5i5t position & its trade speciality4 ,! p 7 ma9ly ! desc5dants ( ,greek settl]s & ,phrygian natives1 & ! intellectual atmosph]e 0 ! same z t ( :i* we h evid5ce 9 o!r p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or3 e "o 0 infect$ ) ! ,greek ke5ness = subtle speculation1 & ! usual ,phrygian t5d5cy to sup]/ition & fanaticism4 ,?irte5 miles away1 at ,hi]apolis1 0 gr[+ into manhood ! slave ,epictetus1 :o lat] on w set out "s ( ! mo/ noble & l(ty ( pagan ?\ghts4 ,! p]si/5t love ( ! p ( ?is neighb\rhood = ! angel-wor%ip :i* ,/4 ,paul rebukes1 is illu/rat$ by ! facts t 9 ! #d? c5tury a ,*ur* ,c\ncil at ,laodicea condemn$ ! wor%ip ( angels1 & t1 9 spite ( ?is1 9 ! #i? & #aj? c5turies ! di/rict 0 ! c5tre ( ! wor%ip ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 :o 0 believ$ to h op5$ ! *asm ( ! ,lycus1 & s sav$ ! p ( ,*onae f an inundation4 ,colossae1 be+ expos$ to ! raids ( ! ,moslem ,s>ac5s1 disappe>$ f hi/ory 9 ! #h? c5tury4 ,! ,*ur* at ,colossae 0 n f\nd$ by ,/4 ,paul1 & he 0 n p]sonally acqua9t$ ) x 7,col4 ii4 #a74 ,b we c h>dly g s f> z to say t he _h nev] se5 ! t[n at all4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,/4 ,paul s5t ?is lett]1 toge!r ) t to ,philemon & ! circul> :i* we call ,ephesians1 by ,ty*icus f ,rome1 probably 9 ,a4,d4 #fj4 ,he alludes to 8 imprisonm5t twice incid5tally1 & aga9 ) pa!tic simplicity 9 ! po/script add$ by 8 own h&1 ,rememb] my bonds4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,"s difficulties are connect$ ) ! h]esy taught by ! religi\s agitators at ,colossae4 ,x is pla9 t _! #agc tea*+ affect$ bo? doctr9e & practice4 ,!y appeal$ to visions & a k ( ! cele/ial _w 7ii4 #ah71 & !re=e set up a wor%ip ( angels :i* t5d$ to ?ru/ ,*ri/ f ,8 true position 9 ! cre$ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!y treat$ ! body ) unsp>+ sev]ity 7ii4 #bc71 !y ab/a9$ f meat & dr9k1 & paid a punctili\s att5tion to fe/ivals1 new moons1 & sabba?s 7ii4 #af74 ,/4 ,paul calls ^! practices mat]ial rudim5ts 7ii4 #h71 elem5t>y me?ods n[ sup]s$$ by fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,moreov]1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t lit]al circumcision 0 practis$ 7ii4 #aa74 ,^! ?+s po9t to ,judaism4 ,& yet ,/4 ,paul does n seem to be rebuk+ a return to ! ,judaism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he c\ld h>dly h describ$ a compliance ) ,old ,te/am5t injunctions z an arbitr>y religion & doctr9es ( m5 7ii4 #a1 #bb1 #bc74 ,x might be ,ph>isaism1 b if we look 9 ! direction ( ,judaism1 x is mo/ natural t we %\ld ?9k ( a ,judaism resembl+ t ( ! ,ess5es4 ,! ,ess5es 7 veget>ians1 !y avoid$ w9e1 !y kept ! sabba? ) special scrupul\sness1 & _h "s secret tea*+ ab\t ! angels4 ,^! resemblances h tempt$ "s comm5tators to id5tify ! false tea*]s ) ! ,ess5es4 ,b !re is no?+ to prove t ! ,ess5es wor%ipp$ ! angels1 & ,/4 ,paul makes no m5tion ( ! ,ess5e v5]ation = ! sun1 or _! mona/ic life1 or _! elaborate process ( initiation4 ,besides ?is1 ! pr9cipal community ( ,ess5es dwelt by ! ,dead ,sea1 & x is v d\btful if any exi/$ 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,x is be/ to confess our ignorance4 ,all t we c say is t ! scruple-mong]s at ,colossae taught doctr9es :i* _h po9ts ( contact ) ,ess5ism4 ,!y employ$ "s affect$ int]pretation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!y also 7 influ5c$ by hea!nism 9 _! conception ( half-div9e be+s int]m$iate betwe5 ,god & ! _w4 ,h[ f> !y held any def9itely duali/ic view ( matt] we _c tell4 #agd ,b _! sy/em 0 a mis*iev\s !osophy1 :i* !y endeav\r$ to popul>ize "u cat*words l wisdom & philosophy4 ,! fact t !re 0 at ?is "t su* a widespread t5d5cy to adopt an exagg]at$ asceticism & !ories ab\t m$iatorial spirits1 makes x unnecess>y to suppose t ! ,colossian h]esy ne$ be affiliat$ to any p>ticul> s*ool ( speculation4 ,! ,epi/le consi/s ma9ly ( a m or less indirect argum5t aga9/ ! insidi\s philosophy ( ! h]etics1 ) an exhortation & p]sonal notes4 ,p]haps we acc\nt mo/ naturally = ! brok5 ord] & lax coh]5ce ( ?is lett]1 by ! sugge/ion t1 z ,/4 ,paul dictat$ x1 !re 0 pres5t ) him a s5se ( almo/ n]v\s hesitation4 ,he has exactly a g5tleman's reluctance to d an ungraci\s action3 :ile he kn[s t x is 8 duty to w>n ! ,colossians ( a s]i\s dang]1 he kn[s t unless he does s ) mu* tactful delicacy1 !y w res5t 8 int]f]5ce4 ,s he beg9s by say+ :at polite ?+s he c ab\t !m1 & in/ead ( go+ on at once to talk ( ! h]esy1 he fir/ says ) pla9 significance t he p]petually prays = _! p]fection 9 k1 activity1 & con/ancy4 ,an incid5tal allusion to ,god's me?od = human salvation gives ,/4 ,paul an opportunity = mak+ a digression--"o ( ! mo/ important /atem5ts 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t--conc]n+ ! nature & "w ( ,*ri/ 7i4 #ad-bj74 ,he %[s ! ,colossians :at views !y ought to hold conc]n+ ,him4 ,?is w\ld keep !m f giv+ to ! angels :at is due to ,*ri/ alone4 ,*ri/ is ! ,r$eem]4 ,he 0 born prior to all creation1 ev5 ! angels1 & all creation coh]es ?r\gh union ) ,him 7i4 #ae-ag74 ,he is ! ,head ( ! ,*ur* 9 virtue ( ,8 resurrection1 & z embody+ ! full numb] ( div9e attributes 7i4 #ah1 #ai74 ,he is ! ,savi\r ( angels & m5 by ,8 dea?1 & 9 ?is salvation ! ,colossians ought to %>e 7i4 #bj-bc74 ,x seems t n[ he w deal ) ! h]esy1 b aga9 he #age po/pones x4 ,he breaks 9 ) a digression ( a pa/oral "*4 ,he speaks ( 8 commission to prea* 7i4 #bd-bi71 8 anxiety ev5 = ,*ur*es t he has nev] visit$ 7ii4 #a-e71 & he exhorts ! ,colossians to cont9ue 9 _! orig9al fai? 7ii4 #f1 #g74 ,at la/ he ent]s ^u ! ma9 bus9ess ( ! ,epi/le & beg9s dogmatic controv]sy4 ,aft] a w>n+ aga9/ spuri\s philosophy1 he ass]ts t ,*ri/ is ! sole inc>nation ( ,deity1 to :om all spirits are subject 7ii4 #i1 #aj74 ,?is is ! true doctr9e3 ,god has n divid$ ,8 attributes among a gr\p ( angels2 all are to be f\nd 9 ,*ri/4 ,& ! true me?od ( salvation is simply t union ) ,*ri/ :i* beg9s ) baptism1 ! ,*ri/ian's circumcision4 ,9 x we receive t =giv5ess :i* 0 won = u :5 ,*ri/ di$1 & bo? blott$ out ! ,law & triumph$ ov] evil angels 7ii4 #ac-ae74 ,! apo/le !n directly condemns ! practices ( ! false tea*]s--_! anxi\s & me*anical conduct ) reg>d to food & seasons1 _! intrusion into cele/ial secrets & _! doctr9e ( angel-wor%ip1 _! loose hold on ,*ri/ ! ,head1 symptoms ( an affect$ humility :i* is no real *eck aga9/ ! indulg5ce ( ! fle% 7ii4 #af-bc74 ,he !n turns to practical exhortation4 ,9 ! brac+ words made famili> to u by ! ,epi/le = ,ea/] ,day1 ,/4 ,paul bids ! ,colossians leave ! g5tly /imulat+ ex]cise ( intellectual !oriz+ & li/5 to ! /]n dem&s made by ,*ri/ on life & "*4 ,!y h ris5 to a life hid ) ,*ri/ 9 ,god2 !y mu/ make dead ! faculties ( s5sual action1 angry ?9k+1 & evil speak+3 ?is is impli$ 9 =sak+ hea!nism = ! univ]sal ,*ri/ 7iii4 #a-aa74 ,live quietly 9 peace & love1 %[ a graci\s life 9 a graci\s wor%ip1 consecrate y\r words & de$s by do+ all 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l ,jesus 7iii4 #ab-ag74 ,!n ! special duties ( wives & husb&s1 *ildr5 & fa!rs1 slaves & ma/]s1 are dealt )4 ,pray] & ?anksgiv+ are enjo9$ on all alike1 & ! ,*ri/ians are bidd5 #agf to buy up ! opportunity ( fur!r+ ! cause ( ,god 9 _! deal+s ) ! out] _w1 hav+ _! spee* season$ ) ! salt ( :olesome wisdom 7iii4 #ah-;iv4 #f74 ,a few words are said ab\t ,ty*icus1 ,onesimus1 & o!r fri5ds1 includ+ ,luke1 ! belov$ physician1 & ! ,epi/le ends ) a f>ewell :i* ,/4 ,paul wrote ) 8 own h&4 ,be=e writ+ x1 ! apo/le directs t ?is lett] %\ld be read at ,laodicea1 & t ! ,colossians %\ld procure ano!r lett] :i* _h be5 left 9 t city4 ,?is 0 probably ! s-call$ ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians4 ,,analysis ,salutation1 ?anksgiv+1 ! apo/le's pray] = ! read]s 7i4 #a-ac74 ,*ri/1 :o r$eem$ u1 is pre-em95t 9 ,p]son1 be+ ! ,head ( ! natural creation1 & ( ! spiritual creation1 because ! sum ( div9e attributes dwells 9 ,him 7i4 #ad-ai74 ,he is pre-em95t 9 "w1 hav+ reconcil$ u to ,god 7i4 #bj-bc74 ,/4 ,paul's own commission & 8 anxiety 7i4 #bd-;ii4 #g74 ,w>n+ aga9/ ! delusion ( a false philosophy4 ,! fulness is 9 ,*ri/1 !re=e ! ,colossians mu/ avoid semi-,jewi% practices & also avoid ! wor%ip ( angels 7ii4 #h-ai74 ,! conv]ts h di$ ) ,*ri/ to _! old life & e>?ly ord9ances 7ii4 #bj-be74 ,! conv]ts h ris5 ) ,*ri/ to a new life & heav5ly pr9ciples1 vices mu/ be made dead1 virtues mu/ be put on 7iii4 #a-ag74 ,obligations ( wives & husb&s1 *ildr5 & p>5ts1 slaves & ma/]s 7iii4 #ah-;iv4 #a74 ,! duty ( pray] & ?anksgiv+1 & "r behavi\r t[>ds ! unconv]t$ 7iv4 #b-f74 ,p]sonal conclusion1 & a message relat+ to an ,epi/le f ,laodicea 7iv4 #g-ah74 #agg ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,to ,,philemon ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,! g5u95ess ( ?is w9n+ little lett] c\ld nev] be d\bt$ except by ! mo/ dryasdu/ ( p$ants4 ,x is no pro( ( acut5ess to detect ! artifice ( a =g] 9 its e>ne/ simplicity1 its ?\ghtful tact1 & affectionate anxiety4 ,!re is ab\t x a vivacity & directness :i* at once & decisively /amp x z g5u9e4 ,& ext]nal evid5ce %[s t x 0 includ$ 9 ! e>lie/ li/s ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,x 0 accept$ by ,m>cion1 includ$ 9 ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t1 & expressly attribut$ to ,/4 ,paul by ,orig54 ,x %[s a numb] ( co9cid5ces ) ,colossians1 ,ephesians1 & ,philippians1 & x is especially connect$ ) ,colossians by ! prop] names :i* x conta9s1 su* z ,ar*ippus1 ,ari/>*us1 ,m>k1 & ,luke4 ,no evid5ce exi/s to %[ t any e>ly ,*ri/ians d5i$ ?is ,epi/le to be by ,/4 ,paul4 ,b x does appe> t "s ( !m half dislik$ its inclusion 9 ! ,canon1 ?9k+ x too trivial to be numb]$ ) ! ,scriptures4 ,to mod]n read]s x manife/s a great treatm5t ( little ?+s1 :i* is "o ( ! sure/ pro(s ( inspiration4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,! ,epi/le is address$ to ,philemon1 a sub/antial citiz5 ( ,colossae4 ,he has be5 conv]t$ by ,/4 ,paul1 :o writes ) deep appreciation ( 8 fai? 9 ,*ri/1 & ( ! k9dness t he has %[n to ! sa9ts4 ,he gives him ! hon\rable title ( fell[-work]4 ,religi\s s]vices & ! social ga!r+s ( ,*ri/ians are held 9 ,philemon's h\se4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,?is ,epi/le 0 writt5 dur+ ,/4 ,paul's fir/ imprisonm5t 9 ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #ei-fa4 ,9 v]4 #aj ,/4 ,paul alludes to 8 bonds4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,philemon _h a ,phrygian slave nam$ ,onesimus1 :o fir/ #agh robb$ him & !n ran away4 ,onesimus 0 able )\t mu* difficulty to get to ,rome1 & "h he met ! apo/le1 :o receiv$ him into ! ,*ur*4 ,! "y conv]t s]v$ him ) su* eag] will+ness t ,/4 ,paul w\ld h be5 glad to keep him ) him1 b he decides to s5d him back to ,philemon ) ?is lett] to ensure 8 =giv5ess4 ,we h1 !re=e1 9 ?is lett] a picture ( ,/4 ,paul 9 a new relation4 ,!re is no o!r lett] 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ( su* a private nature except #c ,john4 ,! great apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles is tak+ 8 p5 to provide a di%one/ runaway slave ) a note t %all %ield him f ! j ang] ( 8 ma/]4 ,he writes bo? ) a /rong s5se ( ju/ice & ) 8 own p]fect diplomatic in/9ct4 ,! lett] is at once au?oritative1 confid5t1 & mo/ g5tle4 ,he does n comm& or insi/1 yet x is q cle> t ,philemon mu/ d j :at he asks4 ,!re is no viol5t attack ^u slav]y z an in/itution4 ,any su* attack w\ld h be5 bo? fooli% & crim9al4 ,= x w\ld h enc\rag$ slaves to make ,*ri/ianity a cloak = revolt1 & precipitat$ horrors f> worse ?an ^? :i* x c\ld h pr(ess$ to remove4 ,b ,/4 ,paul ass]ts a pr9ciple :i* w ev5tually prove fatal to slav]y4 ,:5 he tells ,philemon to receive ,onesimus z a bro!r belov$1 he is really say+ t our e/imate ( m5 mu/ n be bas$ on _! social class1 b r on _! relation to ,god4 ,?is lett] has be5 comp>$ ) a lett] writt5 "u simil> circum/ances by ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 "o ( ! be/ ( ! pagan g5tlem5 ( ,rome4 ,b :ile ! lett] ( ,pl9y is m elegant 9 language1 ! lett] ( ,/4 ,paul is a f9] ma/]piece ( feel+4 ,a ,roman slave 0 /ill all[$ no rights & no family relation%ip1 & = ! smalle/ (f5ce he might be tortur$ & kill$4 ,9 ! next c5tury ! ,emp]or ,hadrian fir/ took away f ma/]s ! p[] ( life & dea? ov] _! slaves1 & x 0 n until ! "t #agi ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 :o e/abli%$ ,*ri/ianity1 t ! laws affect+ slav]y po9t$ to ! future triumph ( emancipation4 ,b ! anci5t conception ( slav]y 0 doom$ z soon z slave-girls l ,bl&9a 9 ,gaul1 or ,felicitas 9 ,africa1 hav+ won = !mselves ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom1 7 celebrat$ 9 ! fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur* ) hon\rs d5i$ to ! mo/ p[]ful & noble/ born ( mank9d4 #a ,,analysis ,salutation f ,paul & ,timo?y to ,philemon & ,apphia 78 wife71 to ,ar*ippus & ! ,*ur* 9 ,philemon's h\se2 ?anksgiv+ = ,philemon's fai?2 a plea = ! p>don ( ,onesimus1 ,/4 ,paul promises to be responsible = :at 0 /ol52 a lodg+ to be prep>$ = ,/4 ,paul2 conclud+ salutations1 b5$iction4 #a ,lightfoot1 ,colossians & ,philemon1 p4 #cbe4 #ahj ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,ephesians ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,! ,paul9e au?or%ip ( ?is ,epi/le is well atte/$ by ext]nal evid5ce4 ,be=e #aej we h pro( ( its wide use among bo? h]etics & ,ca?olics2 x is quot$ probably by ,/4 ,clem5t & ,/4 ,polyc>p1 & "s ( its *>act]i/ic ideas are to be f\nd 9 a m develop$ =m 9 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas4 ,!re is "o cle> ref]5ce to x 9 ,/4 ,ignatius1 & two o!r possible ref]5ces4 ,we trace an int]e/+ connection betwe5 ! ?\ght ( ?is ,epi/le & t ( ! ,revelation & ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john 7e4g4 *4 xvii47 & ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,p]haps we may acc\nt = x by accept+ ,r5an's sugge/ion t ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,john1 & ,/4 ,paul 7 9 ,rome toge!r4 ,! /ronge/ argum5t = ! ,paul9e au?or%ip lies 9 ! undesign$ co9cid5ces betwe5 ,ephesians & ,romans4 ,9 bo? we notice ! same c\rtesy ( mann] & s5sitive frankness1 ! same sett+ =? ( ,god's me?od ( salvation1 ! same valuation ( ! relative position ( ,jews & ,g5tiles1 & ( _! union 9 ,jesus ,*ri/2 ! same ?\ght ( ,god's et]nal & un*ang+ purpose v gradually reveal$1 & ext5d+ 9 its ultimate op]ation to all creation4 ,x has be5 well said t ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians is requir$ to give complet5ess to ! argum5t ( ,rom4 xv4 ,?\gh we d n f9d "h ! controv]sial reason+ ( ! e>li] ,epi/le1 we h "s ( ^? *>act]i/ic passages 9 :i* ! #aha writ]1 c>ri$ away by emotion1 leaves /atem5t = pray] or praise 7cf4 ,rom4 xi4 #cc & ,eph4 iii4 #bj74 ,we h1 inde$1 9 ?is ,epi/le evid5ce :i* po9ts to a date lat] ?an t ( "s ( 8 ,epi/les4 ,we miss ! expectation ( ,*ri/'s imm$iate com+2 ! ,g5tiles are n[ q secure 9 ! ,*ur*2 !re is pro( ( ! gr[? ( ,*ri/ian hymns 7v4 #ad1 #ai74 ,b ! names ( ! m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur* seem v primitive1 ! words presbyt] & episkopos n be+ m5tion$4 ,& words su* z worlds1 fulness1 g5]ations1 :i* 7 us$ 9 a special s5se by ! ,gno/ics ( ! #bnd c5tury1 are "h us$ 9 an e>li] & less te*nical mean+4 ,x has be5 argu$ t ,ephesians is a =g$ imitation ( ,colossians1 because ab\t half ( its v]ses h p>allels 9 ,colossians4 ,?is argum5t has brok5 d[n1 s9ce x has be5 %[n t x is equally easy to prove t ,colossians is bas$ ^u ,ephesians4 ,& !re is no?+ /range 9 ! idea t ,/4 ,paul wrote two simil> lett]s at ! same "t to ,*ur*es 9 simil> difficulties4 ,! two ,epi/les resemble "o ano!r j z two lett]s writt5 by "o man to two diff]5t fri5ds dur+ ! same week4 ,! phrase holy apo/les 7iii4 #e7 is also said to be a =mula :i* ,/4 ,paul w\ld n h employ$4 ,b ! ^w holy is us$ 9 8 writ+s almo/ 9 ! s5se ( ,*ri/ian2 x signifies consecration r ?an p]sonal p]fection4 ,!re w\ld1 !re=e1 be no vanity 9 ! apo/le apply+ su* a title to himself4 ,! attempt to make ! /yle furni% an argum5t aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le has also fail$4 ,!re are ?irty-two words us$ only 9 ?is ,epi/le1 b !re are also eighte5 :i* are f\nd 9 ,paul9e ,epi/les & n else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! assumption ( "s sceptical writ]s t an apo/le mu/ h be5 too un9tellig5t to enri* 8 vocabul>y1 sc>cely des]ves s]i\s exam9ation4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( apply+ ! same rule to a ,greek classical writ]1 & if he attempt$ to d s1 he w\ld f9d t ,x5ophon v>ies 8 language z mu* z ,/4 ,paul4 #ahb ,! real reason :y ! au!nticity ( ?is ,epi/le has be5 attack$ is ?is4 ,ephesians tea*es t ! ,*ur* is a univ]sal society1 visibly unit$ by baptism & ! m9i/ry1 embrac+ ,jew & ,g5tile on equal t]ms4 ,b1 accord+ to ,baur1 ?is conception ( ! ,*ur* is a product ( ! #bnd c5tury4 ,he assum$ t ,/4 ,paul c\ld n include ! twelve "u ! "n ( ! holy apo/les1 or tea* a ,ca?olic doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*4#a ,! pres5t s*ool ( rationali/s is incl9+ to admit t ,ephesians is g5u9e4 ,b x is h>d to see h[ !y w be able to d ?is )\t also admitt+ t ! ,epi/le implies t ! o!r holy apo/les held1 l ,/4 ,paul1 t ,*ri/ is div9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,x is almo/ c]ta9ly n prim>ily a lett] to ,ephesus1 b a circul> lett] to sev]al ,*ur*es 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,9 i4 #a we read ! words to ! sa9ts :i* are 9 ,ephesus4 ,b ! words 9 ,ephesus are omitt$ 9 ! two great ,,mss4 ,k & ,b4 ,orig5 also implies t ^! words 7 abs5t 9 "s ,,mss41 & ,/4 ,basil def9itely says s4 ,& z ! ,epi/le conta9s no salutation to any individual1 x is difficult to imag9e t x 0 specially address$ to ,ephesus1 :]e ,/4 ,paul's fri5ds 7 num]\s & de> 7see ,acts xx4 #ag-ch74 ,9 "s passages ,/4 ,paul speaks z if he & ^? to :om he writes knew ea* o!r only ?r\gh ?ird p]sons 7i4 #ae2 iii4 #b74 ,?is sugge/s t ! ,epi/le 0 writt5 prim>ily to a ,*ur* l t ( ,colossae :i* he _h nev] visit$4 ,! probable solution is t x 0 writt5 to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,laodicea 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,t]tullian says t ,m>cion _h copies ) ,ad ,laodic5os z ! title4 ,n[1 9 ?is case ,m>cion _h no?+ to ga9 by fraud1 & we may !re=e suppose t he _h hone/ gr\nds = us+ ?is title4 ,! same title ga9s "s support f ,col4 ii4 #a2 iv4 #ac1 #af4 ,! la/ v]se sugge/s t x 0 to be pass$ on f ,laodicea4 ,p]haps sev]al copies ( ! lett] 7 writt5 at #ahc ,laodicea1 & a blank space left 9 !m = ! ins]tion ( ! v>i\s addresses4 ,no d\bt ! lett] w\ld be =w>d$ to ,ephesus 9 "t4 ,laodicea1 at pres5t call$ ,eski-,hiss> 7! old =tress71 is n[ utt]ly des]t$4 ,x 0 probably f\nd$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #bej by ,antio*us ,,ii4 ,!os1 & nam$ aft] 8 wife ,laodike4 ,x 0 di/ant elev5 miles f ,colossae4 ,! population includ$ "s ,syrians & ,jews4 ,x rose to great weal? "u ! ,roman p[]1 & 0 s ri* t :5 x 0 de/roy$ by an e>?quake 9 ,a4,d4 #fj x scorn$ to seek pecuni>y aid f ! emp]or4 ,x 0 9 a c5tral position on ! great trade r\te f ! ea/1 & 0 fam\s = its bank+ bus9ess1 its manufacture ( f9e g>m5ts ( black wool1 & its ,phrygian p[d] = weak eyes4 ,9 ,rev4 iii4 #ah !re appe>s to be a veil$ allusion to ea* ( ^! ?ree s\rces ( prosp]ity4 ,timo?y1 ,m>k1 & ,epaphras 7,col4 i4 #g7 7 in/rum5tal 9 spread+ ,*ri/ianity 9 ?is region4 ,laodicea 0 ! lead+ bi%opric ( ,phrygia ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian p]iod4 ,ephesus 0 ! capital ( ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,asia4 ,) ,antio* 9 ,syria & ,alex&ria 9 ,egypt1 x rank$ z "o ( ! greate/ cities ( ! ,ea/ ,m$it]ranean l&s4 ,plant$ amid ! hills ne> ! m\? ( ! riv] ,cay/]1 x 0 excell5tly fitt$ to become a great m>t1 & 0 ! comm]cial c5tre = ! :ole c\ntry on ! ,roman side ( ,m\nt ,taurus4 ,! sub/ratum ( ! population 0 ,asiatic1 b ! progress & ent]prise ( ! city belong$ to ! ,greeks4 ,!re1 z 9 ! ,flor5ce ( ! ,m$ici1 we f9d comm]cial a/ut5ess jo9$ ) int5se delight 9 graceful culture4 ,"s ( ! be/ "w ( ! greate/ ,greek sculptors & pa9t]s 0 treasur$ at ,ephesus4 ,a spl5did b s5su\s wor%ip c5tr$ r\nd ! gross figure ( ! goddess ,artemis1 ^: temple 0 "o ( ! greate/ triumphs ( anci5t art4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum are pres]v$ "s fragm5ts ( ! old temple built by ,croesus1 ,k+ ( ,lydia1 9 ,b4,c4 #eej4 ,! va/ #ahd temple :i* replac$ ?is old] /ructure 0 built ab\t ,b4,c4 #cej1 ) ! help ( contributions f ! :ole ( ,asia4 ,! weal? ( ! city 0 increas$ by ! cr[ds :i* att5d$ ! fe/ivals1 & _m trades 7 ma9ly dep5d5t ^u ! pilgrims1 :o requir$ food1 victims1 images1 & %r9es4 ,9 ,/4 ,paul's "t ! city conta9$ "o temple devot$ to ! wor%ip ( a ,roman emp]or4 ,ephesus 0 also a home ( magical arts1 & 0 fam\s = ! production ( magical =mulae kn[n z ,ephesian lett]s4 ,! actual f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ,ephesus may be ascrib$ to ,priscilla & ,aquila1 :om ,/4 ,paul left !re on 8 fir/ visit 7,acts xviii4 #ai71 ,on 8 return to ,ephesus he /ay$ !re = two ye>s 7,acts xix4 #a1 #aj71 & ! opposition ( ! tradesm5 to a cre$ :i* affect$ ! ve/$ int]e/s ( idolatry 0 ! cause ( ! riot s vigor\sly describ$ by ,/4 ,luke4 ,ev5 aft] ! riot ! sup]/itions ( ! mob 7 a s]i\s dang] to ,/4 ,paul 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #cb2 xvi4 #i2 #b ,cor4 i4 #h-aj74 ,at a lat] p]iod ,ephesus became ! resid5ce ( ,/4 ,john4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,/4 ,paul wrote ?is ,epi/le dur+ 8 imprisonm5t at ,rome1 :i* began 9 ,a4,d4 #ei 7see iii4 #a1 #ac2 iv4 #a1 vi4 #bb74 ,rome is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,epi/le1 b ! connection betwe5 ,ephesians1 ,colossians1 ,philemon1 & ,philippians po9ts to ! high probability t !y 7 all writt5 f ! same place4 ,?is place is mu* m likely to h be5 ,rome ?an ,caes>ea1 ! only o!r possible locality4 ,ephesians 0 app>5tly writt5 lat] ?an ,colossians1 = x %[s an emphasis on new po9ts ( doctr9e--! cont9uity ( ! ,*ur*1 ! "w ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ! analogy betwe5 family life & ! ,*ur*1 & ! simile ( ! spiritual arm\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,! ,epi/le is ( ! nature ( a s]mon1 full ( closely int]lac$ doctr9al argum5ts on ! greatness ( t "o ,gospel & t "o ,*ur* by :i* all di/9ctions 9 mank9d are bridg$ ov] & salvation is made sure4 ,! writ] #ahe fe>s t !re w be "s lack ( unity 9 ! ,*ur*1 & t ! moral tone ( 8 conv]ts w s9k4 ,he wi%es = a ,*ri/ianity bo? ,ca?olic & deep4 ,s he pres5ts 8 read]s ) ! portrait ( a ,*ur* pr$e/9$ be=e all ages1 appo9t$ to la/ ?r\gh all ages1 9 :i* all m5 w be unit$ 9 hol9ess & love4 ,if ,galatians & ,cor9?ians are m vivid1 ,romans m ri*1 & ,philippians m affectionate1 ,ephesians gives u ,/4 ,paul's mo/ mature & complete picture ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,/4 ,paul expla9s h[ 8 ,g5tile read]s came to _! pres5t position 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,!y are n to reg>d x z a matt] ( *ance4 ,!y 7 call$ to ,*ri/ z ! result ( an et]nal c\nsel ( ,god4 ,god int5d$ f et]nity to adopt !m 9 union ) ,8 ,son4 ,?is int5tion 0 n[ made kn[n1 to sum up all ?+s aga9 9 ,*ri/ 7i4 #aj74 ,! apo/le prays = 8 read]s t !y may receive enlight5m5t1 & gr[ 9 k1 p>ticul>ly conc]n+ ! p[] ( ,god %[n 9 ! resurrection & asc5sion ( ,*ri/ & 8 consequ5t relation to ! ,*ur*4#b ,! unity ( all ?+s 9 ! ,son ( ,god is expla9$ 9 ,colossians z hav+ be5 involv$ 9 ,8 creation ( !m4 ,9 ,ephesians ,/4 ,paul assumes ?is relation1 & %[s t x is l>gely 9 abeyance ?r\gh s94 ,e/rangem5t has come betwe5 man & 8 ,god1 involv+ man 9 dea? & 9 ! wra? ( ,god 7ii4 #c-e74 ,a wall ( division has also be5 made betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile 7ii4 #ad74 ,?is division 0 visibly embodi$ 9 ! ,jewi% ord9ances4 ,b ,jew & #ahf ,g5tile alike h n[ be5 reconcil$ to ,god1 & 9 be+ reunit$ ) ,god are reunit$ ) ea* o!r4 ,?is mom5t\s *ange 0 effect$ by ! %$d+ ( ,*ri/'s blood on ! cross4 ,! read]s are to rememb] t !y are be+ built into ,god's own habitation1 ( :i* ,*ri/ is ! ,corn]-,/one 7ii4 #bj74 ,to ! end t !y may be fill$ 9 _! degree ) ,god's attributes1 ! writ] b[s 8 knees 7iii4 #ad7 unto ! ,fa!r4 ,he prays = _! /r5g!n+ because he has a special *>ge ov] ! ,g5tiles4 ,?is *>ge involves ! /ew>d%ip ( a secret 7iii4 #c71 viz4 ! inclusion ( ! ,g5tiles 9 ! promise ( ,god4 ,he1 ! lea/ ( all sa9ts1 has be5 all[$ to proclaim ?is secret1 a "w :i* %[s to ! heav5ly p[]s ! wisdom ( ,god correspond+ ) ,8 et]nal purpose 7iii4 #aj1 #aa74 ,?is b\nty ( ,god w ev] be prais$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 :i* is ! monum5t ( t b\nty 7iii4 #ba74 ,*apt]s iv4-vi4 are l>gely practical4 ,!y set out rules ( conduct4 ,b ev5 "h doctr9e is br\ght 9 to en=ce practical advice4 ,! read]s are to walk wor?ily ( _! call+4 ,to d ?is1 !y mu/ realize unity4 ,! pr9ciples ( unity are magnific5tly summ$ up 7iv4 #d-f74 ,!n ! apo/le m5tions "s means :i* ,god has appo9t$ = ! ma9t5ance ( unity4 ,*ri/ians h v>i\s gifts f ! asc5d$ ,*ri/ 7iv4 #g-h71 & "s are specially gift$ = ecclesia/ical (fices 7iv4 #i-ac74 ,^! gifts make = ! complet5ess ( ! ,*ur*1 ( :i* ,*ri/ is ! ,head & ! ,life4 ,to walk wor?ily also means t ev]y?+ connect$ ) hea!n habits mu/ be s$ul\sly r5\nc$4 ,! old self mu/ be *ang$ = ! new4 ,a basis = social life mu/ be f\nd 9 tru?fulness1 uprightness1 & k9dl9ess 7iv4 #be-cb74 ,purity mu/ specially be pres]v$1 impurity be+ contra/$ ) love4 ,light & d>kness are !n contra/$1 & ! sob] gaiety ( ! ,*ri/ian ) hea!n folly & excess 7v4 #a-ba74 ,/4 ,paul passes on to speak ( ! ,*ri/ian h\sehold--! #ahg duties ( husb&1 wife1 *ildr51 slaves4 ,he seems to pron\nce a great b5$iction ov] family life z he comp>es ! union ( m>riage to ! association ( ,*ri/ ) ,8 ,*ur*4 ,j z 9 call+ ,*ri/ ! ,head ( :i* ! ,*ur* is ! body1 he sugge/s ! entire dep5d5ce ( ! ,*ur* ^u ,*ri/1 s n[ 9 describ+ ! ,*ur* z ! sp\se ( ,*ri/1 he sugge/s t ?is dep5d5ce mu/ imply a volunt>y & consci\s submission4 ,! f9al exhortation vividly describes ! ,*ri/ian's conflict ) evil3 to fight victori\sly he w ne$ to be well arm\r$ ) ! :ole panoply ( ,god 7vi4 #aj-bj74 ,!re is a %ort p]sonal conclusion 9 :i* ,/4 ,paul describes himself z ,*ri/'s ambassador 9 *a9s4 ,,analysis ,salutation 7i4 #a1 #b74 ,exposition ( ,god's purpose 9 adopt+ ! ,g5tiles z ,8 sons1 *os5 by ! ,fa!r1 r$eem$ by ! ,son1 seal$ by ! ,_s4 ,a pray] = ! read]s 7i474 ,_! new /ate z sav$ by grace ?r\gh fai?2 reconciliation ( ,jews & ,g5tiles 9 ,*ri/ 7ii474 ,paul 0 made a m9i/] to disp5se ! grace ( ,god to ! ,g5tiles4 ,he prays = _! spiritual progress 7iii474 ,! unity ( ,*ri/ians 9 ! ,*ur* comb9$ ) div]sity ( gifts & (fices1 a w>n+ aga9/ hea!n vices1 & advice z to duty t[>ds "o's neighb\r 7iv474 ,*ri/ian love1 hea!n uncleanness1 light & d>kness1 walk+ circumspectly1 sobriety & song 7v4 #a-ba74 ,! union ( husb&s & wives l t ( ,*ri/ & ,8 ,*ur* 7v4 #bb1 #bc74 ,duties ( *ildr5 & p>5ts1 s]vants & ma/]s 7vi4 #a-i74 ,wre/l+ aga9/ evil p[]s ) ! :ole arm\r ( ,god 7vi4 #aj-ah74 ,p]sonal conclusion & b5$iction 7vi4 #ai-bd74 #a ,see ,baur's ,paul1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agg 7,engli% translation74 #b ,eph4 i4 #bc4 ,! ,*ur* is said to be ! fulness ( ,him t fille? all 9 all4 ,! ^w fulness is d]iv$ f philosophy1 & means t ! ,*ur* is1 or r is ! realization (1 ! sum ( ! sacr$ attributes ( ,*ri/1 :o fills ! :ole univ]se ) all k9ds ( gifts4 ,"s comm5tators translate fulness z if x meant ! receptacle ( ,*ri/'s attributes1 & o!rs z if x meant ! completion ( ,*ri/4 ,b ! ^w is us$ 9 a philosophical & n 9 a lit]al s5se4 ,see ,lightfoot1 ,colossians1 p4 #bei4 #ahh ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,philippians ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,! g5u95ess ( ?is ,epi/le is n[ admitt$ by critics ( v diff]5t s*ools ( ?\ght1 includ+ "s extreme rationali/s4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaj ,/4 ,polyc>p1 9 8 lett] to ! ,philippians1 speaks ( ! lett]s :i* !y _h receiv$ f ! bless$ & glori\s ,paul4 ,al?\gh he seems to ref] to a numb] ( lett]s1 we may be sure t ?is lett] 0 among t numb]4 ,o!rwise x w\ld n h be5 s univ]sally reg>d$ z g5u9e dur+ ! #bnd c5tury4 ,x is 9 ,m>cion's canon1 9 ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t1 ! ,pe%itta ,syriac & ,old ,lat9 v]sions4 ,x is also quot$ 9 ! lett] ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,lyons & ,vi5ne1 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,diognetus1 & by ,ir5aeus & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,x 0 reject$ by ,baur & o!rs on v>i\s gr\nds4 ,x 0 urg$ 7#a7 t ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s self-surr5d] or self-empty+ 9 ,phil4 ii4 #g is d]iv$ f ! ,val5t9ian ,gno/ics ( ! #bnd c5tury1 :o taught t ! ,_s ,sophia fell f ! fulness ( div9e spirits 9 heav5 to ! empt9ess ( ! l[] _w4 ,?is objection is too fanta/ic to des]ve s]i\s refutation4 ,x is1 9 fact1 little m ?an a play ^u words4 ,x 0 urg$ 7#b7 t 9 ,phil4 ii4 #g ! manhood ( ,*ri/ is said to h come into exi/5ce at ! inc>nation1 :]eas 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #dg-di x is said to h exi/$ 9 heav5 be=e ! inc>nation4 ,?is idea re/s on a false int]pretation2 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 ,*ri/ is call$ ( heav5 #ahi because ,8 manhood became heav5ly at ,8 asc5sion4 ,x 0 urg$ 7#c7 t 9 ,phil4 iii4 #f ! writ] says t he _h be51 z t\*+ ! righte\sness :i* is 9 ! ,law1 f\nd blameless1 :]eas ,/4 ,paul 9 ,rom4 vii4 speaks ( 8 revolt aga9/ ! ,law4 ,b x seems t 9 ,phil4 iii4 ,/4 ,paul is lay+ /ress r on 8 ext]nal privileges & ext]nal con=mity1 :ile 9 ,rom4 vii4 he speaks ( :at is inw>d & secret4 ,x 0 urg$ 7#d7 t ! m5tion ( bi%ops 7or r episkopoi7 & deacons 9 ,phil4 i4 #a %[s t ! ,epi/le 0 n writt5 9 ! apo/olic age4 ,b !re is no?+ to make x impossible t su* (fices did exi/ at t p]iod1 & !re is mu* evid5ce 9 fav\r ( !m4 ,*ri/ians :o are atta*$ to ! hi/orical =m ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t w n[ note ) int]e/ t1 s9ce ! g5u95ess ( ?is ,epi/le has be5 practically demon/rat$1 "s writ]s h sugge/$ t ^! words d n ref] to special ecclesia/ical (fices6#a ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,philippi 0 nam$ aft] ,philip1 ,k+ ( ,mac$on1 9 ! #d? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x 0 9 ,ea/]n ,mac$onia1 on a /eep hill at ! edge ( a pla92 its seaport1 ,neapolis1 0 ab\t eight miles di/ant4 ,x 0 on ! ,egnatian road1 ! great high-road :i* connect$ ! ,aegean & ! ,adriatic seas1 & !re=e connect$ ,asia ) ,europe4 ,x 0 made into a ,roman colony1 ) ! title ,colonia ,augu/a ,julia ,philipp5sium1 aft] ! victory ( ,antony & ,octavian ov] ,brutus & ,cassius4 ,its new "n 01 !re=e1 a memorial ( ! murd]$ b av5g$ ,julius ,caes>4 ,/4 ,paul br\ght ,*ri/ianity to ,philippi e>ly 9 ,a4,d4 #ej1 dur+ 8 second mission>y j\rney4 ,/4 ,paul's fir/ visit "h is describ$ 9 ,acts xvi4 #ab-dj1 & x has a special int]e/ z ! /ory ( ! apo/le's fir/ prea*+ 9 a ,european t[n4 ,! ,jews _h no synagogue1 only a spot by ! riv]-side 9 ! suburbs1 :]e a few met toge!r on ! sabba?4 ,8 fir/ conv]t 0 ,lydia ( ,?yatira1 :o 0 a sell] ( purple-dy$ #aij goods2 h] h\se became ! c5tre ( ! ,philippian ,*ur*4 ,! imprisonm5t ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,silas 9 consequ5ce ( ,/4 ,paul's exorcis+ a hea!n slave-girl :o pr(ess$ to be inspir$1 is "o ( ! mo/ dramatic incid5ts 9 ,acts4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul 0 releas$ he left ! t[n1 b return$ !re1 9 all probability1 9 ,a4,d4 #ee1 on 8 ?ird j\rney :ile travell+ to ,cor9?4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #ef he 0 !re once m1 & ! la/ ,ea/] be=e 8 imprisonm5t 0 sp5t ) ^! belov$ conv]ts 7,acts xx4 #f74 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ,philippi 7 pre-em95t 9 ! affections ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,he calls !m1 l ! ,!ssalonians1 8 joy & cr[n 7iv4 #a71 & !y alone ( 8 *ildr5 _h ! privilege ( m9i/]+ to 8 p]sonal necessities4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,x may be reg>d$ z almo/ c]ta9 t ,/4 ,paul wrote ?is ,epi/le 9 ,rome4 ,he 0 a prison]1 z we see 9 ,phil4 i4 #g1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag4 ,he s5ds greet+ f ^? ( ,caes>'s h\sehold 7iv4 #bb74 ,! fir/ & la/ *apt]s imply t he is 9 ! mid/ ( an active ,*ur*1 & t he is ! c5tre to :i* mess5g]s come & f :i* !y g4 ,?is accords ) ! apo/le's treatm5t at ,rome4 ,"o phrase1 h[ev]1 has be5 ?\ght to sugge/ ,caes>ea r ?an ,rome4 ,x is ! :ole praetorium 7i4 #ac74 ,?is might mean ! praetorium or palace ( ,h]od ,agrippa ,,ii4 at ,caes>ea1 b x is possible t x has q a diff]5t mean+4 ,x may ei!r be ! imp]ial gu>d or ! supreme imp]ial c\rt be=e :i* ,/4 ,paul _h to be judg$4 ,! latt] int]pretation is t sugge/$ by ! great hi/orian ,momms51 & seems to be ! mo/ satisfactory explanation4 ,! mean+ ( ! phrase has an important be>+ ^u ! date ( ! ,epi/le4 ,if x 0 n writt5 at ,caes>ea1 x mu/ h be5 writt5 at ,rome betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ei & ,a4,d4 #fa4 ,b ! critics :o are agre$ t x 0 compos$ at ,rome1 are divid$ z to ! place :i* x occupies among ! ,epi/les :i* ,/4 ,paul wrote dur+ 8 imprisonm5t4 ,"s #aia place x fir/1 because ! vigor\s /yle1 & _m ( ! phrases1 sugge/ t x 0 writt5 n v long aft] ,romans4 ,o!rs1 ) great] probability1 place x la/ among ! ,epi/les ( ! captivity4 ,= ev5 if x 0 writt5 fir/ among ^? ,epi/les1 x 0 writt5 m ?an ?ree ye>s aft] ,romans4 ,& ! ,epi/le conta9s sev]al indications ( be+ writt5 late 9 ! captivity4 ,if praetorium means ! imp]ial gu>d1 "s "t w\ld h to elapse be=e su* a l>ge body ( m5 c\ld "k mu* ab\t ,/4 ,paul2 & if x means ! imp]ial c\rt1 ! v]se implies t he _h already appe>$ be=e 8 judges4 ,phil4 ii4 #bd %[s t he 0 expect+ a spe$y decision on 8 case4 ,epaphroditus1 probably n ! ,colossian ,epaphras :o 0 ) ,/4 ,paul at ,rome 7,col4 iv4 #ab71 _h come z a delegate f ! ,philippians1 br++ _! alms to ! apo/le 7ii4 #be2 iv4 #ah74 ,aft] 8 arrival 9 ,rome he 0 ill & homesick1 & n[ he is return+ to ,philippi be>+ ?is lett] ( ?anks4 ,?is all seems to imply t ,philippians 0 writt5 a consid]able "t aft] ! apo/le's imprisonm5t began1 & we c !re=e reasonably place x aft] ,colossians & ,ephesians1 & date x e>ly 9 ,a4,d4 #fa4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,) ! exception ( #b ,cor9?ians1 ?is is ! mo/ p]sonal & intimate ( ,/4 ,paul's writ+s4 ,9 bo? he lays b>e 8 he>t4 ,b ! tone ( ! two ,epi/les is absolutely diff]5t4 ,9 #b ,cor9?ians he writes z a man :o has be5 bitt]ly injur$2 he ass]ts 8 claims to fickle believ]s ^: e>s h be5 *>m$ by 8 unscrupul\s oppon5ts4 ,9 ,philippians we *iefly obs]ve a note ( frank & lov+ confid5ce2 buffet$ by ! _w1 ! apo/le f9ds refre%m5t 9 ! affection ( 8 fri5ds at ,philippi4 ,aft] a salutation to all ! sa9ts at ,philippi1 includ+ especially ! episkopoi & deacons1 ! apo/le speaks ( ! joy :i* he feels 9 pray+ = !m1 & begs ( ,god t _! love may ab\nd1 & t !y may approve ! ?+s #aib t are excell5t1 be+ fill$ ) ! fruits ( righte\sness 7i4 #a-aa74 ,!n ,/4 ,paul tells h[ 8 captivity has be5 a means ( spread+ ! gospel 9 ! praetorium & else:]e4 ,ev5 ! malici\s activity ( 8 oppon5ts has be5 a means ( proclaim+ ,*ri/1 & ) true gr&eur ( s\l ! apo/le rejoices 9 ! fact4 ,s f> z he is conc]n$1 dea? w\ld be a m attractive prospect ?an life1 = dea? w\ld mean admission into ! pres5ce ( ,*ri/1 b = ! sake ( ! ,philippians he is glad to live4 ,) wond]ful *e]fulness he says t he is glad if 8 blood is to be (f]$ l a libation p\r$ ov] ! liv+ sacrifice ( ! s\ls & bodies :i* ! ,philippians (f] to ,god 7ii4 #ag74 ,be=e he speaks ( ?is libation ( 8 blood he makes a t5d] appeal to 8 conv]ts to imitate ! l[l9ess ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,he puts into ! language ( !ology ! /ory ( ! inc>nation :i* 8 fri5d ,/4 ,luke draws ) an arti/'s p5 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s ( 8 ,gospel4 ,he speaks to !m ( ! m9d ( ,*ri/ ,jesus1 ^: life on e>? 0 self-sacrifice 9 detail4 ,*ri/ _h be=e ! inc>nation ! =m or ess5tial attributes ( ,god1 b ,he did n set any /ore on ,8 equality ) ,god1 z ?\gh x 7 a prize1#b b /ripp$ ,himself 9 self-surr5d]1 & took ! =m or nature ( a bond-s]vant4 ,he look$ l m5 z !y actually are1 & if m5 recogniz$ ,8 outw>d fa%ion1 !y w\ld only h tak5 ,him = a man4 ,& !n ,he made ,himself ob$i5t to ,god up to ,8 v dea?1 & t ! dea? ( ! cross4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ,8 exaltation1 & wor%ip is n[ paid to ,him 9 ,8 glorifi$ humanity 7ii4 #a-aa74 ,9 ii4 #ai ,/4 ,paul returns to p]sonal matt]s conc]n+ ,timo?y & ,epaphroditus2 !n he seems on ! po9t ( conclud+ ! ,epi/le 7iii4 #a74 ,b he sudd5ly breaks into #aic an abrupt & passionate w>n+ aga9/ ! ,judaiz]s4 ,! passage almo/ looks z if x 7 a page f ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,! ,judaiz]s are call$ dogs1 & z _! circumcision 0 no long] ! sign ( a cov5ant ) ,god1 ! apo/le calls x a m]e outw>d mutilation ( ! fle% 7iii4 #b74 ,x is unlikely t ,jewi% influ5ces 7 pot5t at ,philippi4 ,! explanation ( ?is passage appe>s to be t ! apo/le1 be=e complet+ 8 lett]1 le>nt ( "s new & successful plot ( ! ,judaiz]s at ,rome or else:]e4 ,n]v\sly dread+ le/ !y %\ld invade 8 belov$ ,philippian ,*ur*1 he speaks ) great sev]ity ( ^! conspirators4 ,! conclusion ( ! *apt] is app>5tly direct$ aga9/ ! lic5ce ( c]ta9 ,g5tile conv]ts4 ,^! seem to h be5 enemies ( ! cross ( ,*ri/ 9 ! loos5ess ( _! lives r ?an 9 ! corruptness ( _! cre$4 ,x is difficult 9 ?is case1 z 9 t ( ! ,judaiz]s1 to "k :e!r ^! errors already exi/$ at ,philippi or n4 ,! passage concludes ) an exhortation to /eadfa/ness 7iii4 #b-;iv4 #a74 ,two wom51 ,euodia & ,synty*e1 are exhort$ to be ( ! same m9d4 ,a true yokefell[ ( ! apo/le1 possibly ,epaphroditus1 & a c]ta9 ,clem5t1 possibly ! ,clem5t :o 0 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,rome1 are exhort$ to try to br+ ab\t _! reconciliation4 ,all are exhort$ to rejoice 9 ! ,"l1 & are told t ! peace ( ,god1 :i* passe? und]/&+1 %all /& s5t9el ov] _! he>ts & ?\ghts4 ,be=e return+ aga9 to p]sonal matt]s & ?ank+ ! ,philippians = _! gifts1 ,/4 ,paul urges !m to foll[ :atsoev] is true & lovely4 ,8 language "h seems to consecrate all t 0 p]man5tly valuable 9 ! say+s ( ! ,greek philosoph]s4 ,x recalls to u ! words ( ! anci5t ,*ur* hi/orian1 ,socrates3 ,! beautiful1 :]ev] x may be1 is ! prop]ty ( tru?4 #aid ,,analysis ,salutation1 ?anksgiv+1 pray] 7i4 #a-aa74 ,! position ( affairs at ,rome4 ,8 imprisonm5t has /imulat$ ! prea*+ ( ! gospel2 8 own feel+s are divid$ betwe5 ! desire = dea? & a will+ness to live = _! sakes2 an exhortation to boldness 7i4 #ab-cj74 ,an exhortation to imitate ! humility ( ,*ri/1 :o took ! =m ( man & 0 will+ to die1 & 0 aft] ?is abasem5t exalt$ above e creat$ be+ 7ii4 #a-aa74 ,an exhortation to ob$i5ce1 quietness1 purity1 mission & comm5dation ( ,timo?y & ,epaphroditus2 f>ewell 7ii4 #ab-;iii4 #a74 ,/rong w>n+ aga9/ ,judaism1 en=c$ by 8 own example2 aga9/ claim to p]fection1 also en=c$ by 8 own example2 aga9/ ,ant9omian lic5ce z unwor?y ( citiz5s ( heav51 exhortation to /eadfa/ness 7iii4 #b-;iv4 #a74 ,advice to ,euodia1 ,synty*e1 & o!rs2 exhortation to ?9k ( all ?+s true & lovely 7iv4 #b-i74 ,! apo/le expresses 8 joy at ! _s %[n by ! (f]+s s5t to him f ,philippi4 ,doxology4 ,salutation 7iv4 #aj-bc74 #a ,s ,e4 ,haupt1 ,die ,gefang5s*aftsbriefe1 p4 #c4 #b ,! ,greek is ord9>ily translat$ z a prize to be grasp$1 b x seems q possible to translate ! passage1 ,he consid]$ n equality ) ,god to involve a process ( grasp+4 #aie ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,pa/oral ,,epi/les ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 #a & #b ,timo?y & ,titus =m ! f\r? & la/ gr\p ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 & are kn[n z ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1#a because !y deal s l>gely ) ! duties & qualifications ( ! m5 entru/$ ) ! pa/oral c>e ( ! ,*ur*4 ,/4 ,paul "h tea*es ! tea*]s4 ,_! g5u95ess is m frequ5tly d5i$ ?an t ( any o!r ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 & ?is attack ^u _! g5u95ess has be5 mo/ly bas$ ^u ! "* ( _! tea*+ ab\t ! (fice-be>]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,attempts h sometimes be5 made to sep>ate "s fragm5ts suppos$ to be g5u9e f ! rema9+ portions4 ,all su* attempts h fail$4 ,^! ,epi/les mu/ ei!r be reject$ entirely or accept$ entirely4 ,o!rwise we become involv$ 9 a hopeless tangle ( conjectures4 ,! ext]nal evid5ce is excell5t4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! ,syriac & ,old ,lat9 v]sions1 & 9 ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t4 ,!y are all quot$ by ,ir5aeus1 & also by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,t]tullian4 ,_! au!nticity 0 !re=e reg>d$ z a c]ta9 fact 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #bnd c5tury1 & e>ly 9 ! #d? c5tury ,eusebius 0 unaw>e t any d\bts conc]n+ !m exi/$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,moreov]1 ,/4 ,polyc>p1 ,a4,d4 #aaj1 quotes bo? #a & #b ,timo?y4 ,! #aif comb9$ evid5ce ( ^! writ]s =ms a v sub/antial argum5t4 ,aga9/ x we sometimes f9d urg$ ! fact t ! h]etic ,m>cion reject$ !m4 ,su* an objection bord]s on frivolity4 ,m>cion held a def9ite doctr9al h]esy1 & reject$ ev]y?+ :i* he c\ld n make to co9cide ) 8 own belief4 ,! value :i* is set on ! ,old ,te/am5t 7e4g4 #b ,tim4 iii4 #af71 ! ass]tion ( a real inc>nation 7e4g4 #a ,tim4 ii4 #e71 & ! su/a9$ opposition to a false spiritualism1 :i* ^! ,epi/les exhibit1 mu/ h be5 int5sely di/a/eful to ,m>cion4 ,we h !re=e no reason = believ+ t he w\ld hesitate to reject !m1 :ile kn[+ !m to be g5u9e1 any m ?an he hesitat$ to reject all ! ,gospels except ,luke4 ,! int]nal evid5ce is call$ 9 "q = ! foll[+ reasons4 #a4 ,hi/orical difficulties4--,we _c place ! j\rney ref]r$ to 9 #a ,tim4 i4 #c dur+ ! ?ree ye>s' /ay at ,ephesus m5tion$ 9 ,acts4 ,! visit to ,miletus 9 #b ,tim4 iv4 #bj _c h tak5 place on ! j\rney to ,j]usalem 9 ,acts xx41 because ,trophimus 0 ) ! apo/le :5 he rea*$ t city 7,acts xxi4 #bi74 ,aga91 9 #b ,tim4 iv4 #bj ,era/us abode at ,cor9?4 ,b he _h n be5 to ,cor9? = a long "t be=e ! j\rney to ,rome record$ 9 ,acts4 ,9 ,tit4 i4 #e we see ,titus left by ,/4 ,paul at ,crete2 he is to jo9 ! apo/le 9 ,nicopolis 7iii4 #ab74 ,b ,acts all[s no room = ?is1 & ! ref]5ce to ,apollos 7iii4 #ac7 implies a lat] p]iod ?an ,/4 ,paul's /ay at ,cor9? 7,acts xviii474 ,answ]4--,all ?ree ,epi/les may q well be lat] ?an ! hi/ory relat$ 9 ,acts4 ,!re is no reason = d5y+ t ,/4 ,paul 0 set free aft] 8 trial at ,rome1 & arre/$ aga9 at a lat] date4 ,assum+ t ?is lib]ation did take place1 all hi/orical difficulties vani%4 ,!re are sev]al po9ts 9 fav\r ( ?is lib]ation4 ,fir/1 ! attitude ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t t[>ds ,*ri/ianity 0 fairly tol]ant until ,n]o began 8 p]secution 9 ,a4,d4 #fd1 & ! /ate ( ! law w\ld #aig h all[$ ,/4 ,paul's acquittal4 ,secondly1 x 0 believ$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* t ,/4 ,paul 0 set free4 ,! ,muratorian ,fragm5t says t he w5t to ,spa91 & ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 writ+ f ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #ie1 says t he w5t to ! b\nd>y ( ! we/1 :i* seems to po9t to ,spa94 ,?irdly1 ! *ronology impli$ 9 ! anci5t li/ ( ! bi%ops ( ,rome w n all[ u to put ,/4 ,paul's m>tyrdom e>li] ?an ,a4,d4 #fd4 ,f\r?ly1 ! apo/le himself expect$ to be set free 7,phil4 ii4 #bd2 ,philem4 #bb74 ,!re is !re=e no hi/orical reason = d5y+ t ,/4 ,paul 0 set free f ! imprisonm5t 9 :i* ,acts leaves him4 #b4 ,ref]5ces to h]esies4--,x has be5 said t ^! ,epi/les conta9 ref]5ces to h]esies lat] ?an ! apo/olic age1 su* z ! ,gno/icism ( ! #bnd c5tury4 ,m especially1 x is said t #a ,tim4 vi4 #bj1 :i* speaks ( oppositions ( gnosis falsely s call$1 ref]s to a "w by ,m>cion call$ ! ,oppositions 7,anti!ses71 9 :i* he tri$ to demon/rate t ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 antagoni/ic to ! ,new4 ,answ]4--,! h]esies "h rebuk$ are n s def9itely describ$ t we c det]m9e _! precise "*4 ,?is fact is 9 fav\r ( ! idea t ! h]esies belong to ! #a/ c5tury r ?an to ! #bnd4 ,/ress has be5 laid ^u /atem5ts :i* seem to imply ,gno/ic h]esy1 & h]esy ( a ,docetic "*1 i4e4 tea*+ a d5ial ( ! reality ( our ,"l's human nature4 ,b !re is c]ta9ly no?+ :i* sugge/s t ! error "h rebuk$ 0 z develop$ z ! h]esy rebuk$ by ,/4 ,ignatius1 or ev5 t d5\nc$ by ,/4 ,john4 ,x is mo/ unlikely t ! ^w oppositions c ref] to a book be>+ t title4 ,! passage #a ,tim4 vi4 #bj does n sugge/ ?is4 ,& if ,m>cion is really quot$ 9 #a ,tim41 h[ c\ld ,polyc>p h quot$ #a ,tim41 z he does1 be=e ,m>cion's book 0 writt58 ,some?+ ( a ,gno/ic t5d5cy is betok5$ by ! scorn ( mat]ial life & ! human body %[n 9 #a ,tim4 iv4 #c1 #h & #b ,tim4 ii4 #ah4 ,b ! error is ma9ly ,jewi%4 ,! false #aih tea*]s pr(ess$ to be tea*]s ( ! ,law 7#a ,tim4 i4 #g71 :i* 0 exactly ! title claim$ by ! ,jewi% rabbis 7see ,luke v4 #ag74 ,! g5]al "* ( _! tea*+ 0 va9 talk+ 7#a ,tim4 i4 #f2 cf4 ,tit4 i4 #aj2 iii4 #i74 ,x consi/s ( pr(ane babbl+s 7#a ,tim4 vi4 #bj2 #b ,tim4 ii4 #af74 ,x is fur!r *>act]iz$ z fooli% que/ion+s1 & g5ealogies1 & /rifes1 & fight+s ab\t ! law 4 4 4 unpr(itable & va9 7,tit4 iii4 #i74 ,x is summ$ up 9 ! phrases old wives' fables 7#a ,tim4 iv4 #g71 ,jewi% fables 7,tit4 i4 #ad74 ,all ?is %[s t ! error 0 n a def9ite ,gno/ic h]esy ) a fundam5tally false view ( ,god4 ,x 0 some?+ intr9sically ridicul\s4 ,!re=e ! endless g5ealogies 7#a ,tim4 i4 #d7 c h>dly be ,gno/ic g5ealogies ( ! semi-div9e be+s :o took "p 9 ! creation4 ,!y are ,jewi% tales ab\t ! h]oes ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! error is1 9 fact1 primitive1 & does n belong to ! #bnd c5tury4 #c4 ,*ur* organization4--,x is said t ^! ,epi/les lay d[n ! rules = an organization ( ! ,*ur* :i* is lat] ?an ! apo/olic age1 & resembles ! ,episcopal sy/em1 su* z we f9d x 9 ! #bnd c5tury4 ,titus & ,timo?y act z delegates ( ! apo/le1 & z ! highe/ (ficials ( ! m9i/ry1 & !y appo9t presbyt]s & deacons4 ,we ?us f9d a ?reefold m9i/ry :i* d]ives its sacr$ au?ority ?r\gh ! apo/olate4 ,! apo/le lays 8 h&s ^u 8 delegate 7#b ,tim4 i4 #f71 & ?is delegate lays 8 h&s ^u o!rs 7#a ,tim4 v4 #bb74 ,answ]4--,x is p]fectly true t !re is a ?reefold m9i/ry m5tion$ 9 ^! ,epi/les4 ,b !re is no suffici5t reason = d5y+ t su* a m9i/ry is ( apo/olic orig94 ,x seems q c]ta9 t at ,j]usalem ! presbyt]s & deacons 7 "u ! au?ority ( ,/4 ,james1 & aft] 8 dea? "u t ( ,symeon4 ,! same =m ( gov]nm5t c also be trac$ back 9 o!r places to apo/olic times4 ,moreov]1 ! organization :i* is m5tion$ 9 ,acts is fundam5tally ! same z t 9 ^! ,epi/les4 ,9 ,acts we #aii f9d ! apo/les fir/ appo9t+ deacons & !n presbyt]s4 ,all ! additional evid5ce :i* has lately be5 discov]$ to support ! g5u95ess ( ,acts !re=e fav\rs ! g5u95ess ( ^! ,epi/les4 ,f9ally1 we mu/ notice t ! titles ( ! m9i/ry 9 ^! ,epi/les d n correspond ) ! titles us$ 9 ! #bnd c5tury4 ,! gov]nm5t is sub/antially ,episcopal1 b ! title episkopos 0 9 ! #bnd c5tury only appli$ to ! *ief dignit>y :o rul$ ov] ! presbyt]s4 ,b "h ! title episkopos is appli$ to ! presbyt]s !mselves z ! ov]se]s ( ! congregation4 ,we f9d ! same ?+ 9 ! lett] ( ,/4 ,clem5t1 ,a4,d4 #ie4 ,/4 ,clem5t1 al?\gh ,bi%op ( ,rome1 /ill gives ! title ( episkopos to ! presbyt]s4 ,?is inconv5i5t practice 0 giv5 up soon aft] t date1 = we f9d t ,/4 ,ignatius1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaj1 applies ! title episkopos only to ! highe/ m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t :ile ! organization ( ! ,*ur* describ$ 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les supports ! belief t ! ?reefold m9i/ry1 :i* we n[ call ,episcopal organization1 is ( apo/olic orig91 x does n prove t ^! ,epi/les are =g]ies4 ,& x is natural t ,/4 ,paul1 kn[+ t 8 dea? mu/ be=e long come to pass1 %\ld devote a l>ge measure ( att5tion to que/ions ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t & discipl9e4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! #bnd & #crd c5turies proves to u t ! organization ( ! ,*ur* 0 almo/ z important z ! inspiration ( ! ,*ur*4 #d4 ,language4--,?is is an important difficulty4 ,!re are 9 ^! ,epi/les _m words & phrases :i* d n occur 9 ! o!r ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,we f9d diff]5t ,greek words us$ = ,"l & = ! second adv5t1 & a fondness = ! words :olesome1 godl9ess1 & fai?ful say+4 ,! new elem5t is mo/ prom95t 9 #a ,tim4 & ,titus4 ,answ]4--,private lett]s to individuals & fri5ds 9 ref]5ce to "o p>ticul> subject are n likely to resemble public lett]s :i* 7 writt5 9 ref]5ce to o!r subjects4 ,x #bjj w\ld !re=e be unreasonable to expect t ! /yle ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les %\ld be ca/ 9 ! same m\ld z t ( ! o!r ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,nev]!less1 ! objection w\ld h consid]able weight1 if ,/4 ,paul's aptitude = v>y+ 8 vocabul>y c\ld n be %[n4 ,b x c be %[n2 = 8 o!r ,epi/les are m>k$ by an a/oni%+ v>iation 9 ! ,greek4 ,b5ea? ?is div]sity !re exi/s a unity4 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les h _m ,paul9e phrases1#b _m graphic t\*es1 _m =cible & orig9al /atem5ts1 & gl[ ) t p]sonal devotion to ,*ri/ comb9$ ) a practical capacity = guid+ ,*ri/ians :i* ,/4 ,paul possess$ 9 s s+ul> a degree4 ,if ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les are spuri\s1 or if !y are composite productions writt5 by a =g] :o ins]t$ "s notes ( ,/4 ,paul 9 8 own effusions1 x becomes almo/ impossible to acc\nt = ! fact t #b ,tim4 diff]s delicately bo? 9 language & subject f #a ,tim4 & ,titus4 ,9 view ( ?is fact we c admire ! sagacity ( a rec5t oppon5t ( _! au!nticity :o deprecates ! possibility ( extricat+ ! ,paul9e f ! traditional & editorial mat]ial6 #c ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,timo?y ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,reasons h already be5 giv5 = reject+ ! argum5ts :i* h be5 alleg$ aga9/ ! ,paul9e au?or%ip ( ?is ,epi/le4 ,we may add t x is unlikely t a =g] w\ld h ins]t$ ! ^w m]cy 7i4 #b7 9 ! usual ,paul9e greet+ grace & peace4 ,! ref]5ce to ,timo?y's y\? 7iv4 #ab2 cf4 #b ,tim4 ii4 #bb7 has seem$ /range to _m4 ,b al?\gh #bja ,/4 ,paul _h be5 acqua9t$ ) ,timo?y = ab\t twelve ye>s1 ,timo?y mu/ h be5 greatly ! junior ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,ev5 if ,timo?y 0 z old z ?irty-five1 ! ^w y\? w\ld be q natural f ! p5 ( an old man writ+ to a pupil1 :om he _h kn[n z a v "y man1 & :om he 0 n[ putt+ 9 au?ority ov] m5 old en\gh to be 8 own fa!r4 ,we c attribute ?is ,epi/le to ,/4 ,paul )\t hesitation4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,timo?y 0 "o ( ! apo/le's own conv]ts1 8 *ild 9 fai?4 ,we le>n f ,acts xvi4 #a t he 0 ! son ( a ,greek-speak+ ,g5tile fa!r & a ,jewi% "m4 ,he _h receiv$ a /rictly religi\s ,jewi% tra9+ f 8 "m ,eunice & 8 gr&mo!r ,lois 7#b ,tim4 i4 #a-e2 iii4 #ad1 #ae74 ,he 0 conv]t$ by ,/4 ,paul on 8 fir/ mission>y j\rney1 at ,ly/ra or ,d]be4 ,on ,/4 ,paul's second visit to t di/rict1 ,timo?y 0 s well report$ ( t he 0 ?\ght wor?y ( be+ associat$ ) ! apo/le 9 8 "w4 ,be=e employ+ him z a colleague1 ,/4 ,paul _h him circumcis$1 t he might be able to "w among ,jews z well z ,g5tiles 7,acts xvi4 #c74 ,"s ,*ri/ian prophets po9t$ him out z de/9$ = 8 sacr$ (fice 7#a ,tim4 i4 #ah74 ,he 0 orda9$ by ! lay+ on ( ! h&s ( ,/4 ,paul himself & ! presbyt]s ( ! ,*ur* 7#a ,tim4 iv4 #ad2 #b ,tim4 i4 #f74 ,he 0 frequ5tly associat$ ) ! apo/le 9 travell+ & 9 ! writ+ ( ,epi/les4 ,8 "n occurs z s5d+ a salutation 9 ,rom4 xvi4 #ba1 & z ! fell[-s5d] ( six ( ! apo/le's lett]s4 ,he 0 ) ! apo/le dur+ 8 fir/ imprisonm5t at ,rome 7see ,phil41 ,col41 & ,philemon74 ,f ?is ,epi/le we le>n t aft] ! apo/le's release he 0 left 9 *>ge ( ! important ,*ur* at ,ephesus4 ,:ile he 0 9 ?is position1 ! two ,epi/les :i* be> 8 "n 7 writt5 to him4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,x is impossible to asc]ta9 ! precise direction ( ,/4 ,paul's j\rneys aft] 8 release1 & x is wise/ to refra9 f m]e conjecture4 ,be=e writ+ ?is lett] he _h be5 rec5tly #bjb at ,ephesus & _h be5 call$ away to ,mac$onia 7i4 #c74 ,he int5d$ to return be=e long1 b _h be5 unexpect$ly delay$ 7iii4 #ad1 #ae74 ,?is delay r5d]$ x necess>y = him to s5d directions to ,timo?y4 ,! precise date _c be exactly fix$4 ,if ,/4 ,paul's m>tyrdom 0 z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #fd1 & 8 release z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #fa1 we may reasonably put ?is lett] 9 ,a4,d4 #fc4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,! lett] is p]sonal1 b x is also (ficial4 ,x is int5d$ to guide ,timo?y 9 8 "w ( apo/olic delegate4 ,9 speak+ to ! presbyt]s ( ,ephesus at ,miletus 7,acts xx4 #bi1 #cj71 ,/4 ,paul _h already express$ fe>s ab\t ! future ( ! ,*ur*1 & ^! fe>s n[ seem to h be5 p>tly realiz$4 ,ephesus 0 a meet+-place ( ea/ & we/1 a place :]e religi\s speculations & religi\s divisions 7 likely to increase1 & :]e wise sup]vision ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 ess5tial4 ,! cont5ts ( ! ,epi/le !re=e ma9ly consi/ ( w>n+s aga9/ ,judaism & false k1 & directions z to ! duties ( v>i\s classes ( ,*ri/ians1 & especially ! cl]gy4 ,,analysis ,! dang] ( ,jewi% & ,gno/ic h]esy 7i474 ,! ord] ( common pray] 7ii474 ,! qualifications ( episkopoi 7translat$ bi%ops 9 ! ,engli% v]sions7 & deacons 7iii474 ,condemnation ( ,gno/ic asceticism & ! duty ( ,timo?y t[>ds h]esy 7iv474 ,c\nsels z to ! treatm5t ( presbyt]s 7translat$ eld]s 9 ! ,engli% v]sions7 & wid[s 7v474 ,w>n+s aga9/ disob$i5ce t[>ds ma/]s1 va9 disputations1 covet\sness1 & a wrong use ( weal?--conclud+ ) a direct appeal to ,timo?y 7vi474 #bjc ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,to ,,titus ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,?is is exactly ! k9d ( lett] :i* we %\ld expect to be writt5 by a writ] ( /rong individuality address+ a disciple entru/$ ) ! duty ( rul+ a ,*ur* ?reat5$ by ! same tr\bles z ! ,*ur* :i* 0 "u ! sup]vision ( ,timo?y4 ,x is attribut$ to ,/4 ,paul by ,ir5aeus1 & is amply support$ by o!r e>ly writ]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,to ,titus1 my true *ild aft] a common fai? 7i4 #d74 ,titus 0 conv]t$ by ,/4 ,paul 7i4 #d71 & 0 an uncircumcis$ ,g5tile 7,gal4 ii4 #c74 ,he mu/ h be5 conv]t$ at an e>ly p]iod 9 ! apo/le's c>e]1 = he 0 ) ,paul & ,b>nabas on _! visit f ,antio* to ,j]usalem 9 ,a4,d4 #di4 ,he 0 !re=e pres5t dur+ ! great crisis :5 ! fre$om ( ! ,g5tiles f ! c]emonial "p ( ! ,jewi% law 0 v9dicat$4 ,x is sugge/$ by ,gal4 ii4 t ,titus 0 p]sonally kn[n to ! ,galatians1 & possibly he 0 himself a ,galatian4 ,titus 0 prom95t at ano!r important crisis4 ,:5 ! ,*ur* at ,cor9? 0 involv$ 9 /rife1 ,titus 0 s5t ?i!r4 ,8 ef=ts 7 att5d$ ) success1 & he 0 able to report good news on return+ to ,/4 ,paul 9 ,mac$onia 7#b ,cor4 vii4 #f1 #g1 #ac-ae74 ,he c>ri$ ! ,second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians to ,cor9?4 ,we he> no m ( him until ! p]iod :5 ?is ,epi/le 0 writt54 ,aft] ,/4 ,paul's release f 8 fir/ imprisonm5t1 ,titus 0 ) him 9 ,crete1 & 0 left by ! apo/le to direct ! affairs ( ! ,*ur* 9 t isl& 7,tit4 i4 #e74 ,x is pla9 t ! tact & wisdom :i* he _h %[n at ,cor9? _h n fail$ him 9 ! int]val1 & t ,/4 ,paul /ill reg>d$ him z a wor?y delegate & a true evangeli/ ( ! gospel ( peace4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,! simil>ity to #a ,timo?y makes x almo/ c]ta9 t ,titus 0 writt5 ab\t ! same "t1 & be=e #b ,timo?y4 #bjd ,! apo/le is expect+ to w9t] at ,nicopolis1 probably ! ,nicopolis 9 ,epirus4 ,! lett] 0 !re=e possibly writt5 f ,greece4 ,x seems f iii4 #ac t ,z5as1 a =m] tea*] ( ! ,jewi% law1 & ,apollos1 _h occasion to travel by ,crete1 & ,/4 ,paul takes ! opportunity to s5d a lett] ) !m to ,titus4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,! greet+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,epi/le & ! "* ( its g5]al cont5ts %[ t ?is lett] is (ficial z well z private4 ,possibly ! gospel 0 fir/ br\ght to ,crete by ^? ,jews or proselytes f ,crete :o saw ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,_s at ,j]usalem on ! ,day ( ,p5teco/ 7,acts ii4 #aa47 ,fully ?irty ye>s _h pass$ s9ce !n1 b ! ,*ur* _h n hi!rto be5 suffici5tly organiz$ to be indep5d5t ( ! apo/le4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! apo/olic delegate w be able to orda9 ! presbyt]s requir$ 9 e city4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! episkopoi are m5tion$ imm$iately aft]w>ds 7i4 #e1 #g7 /rongly fav\rs ! idea t ! "n episkopos is "h us$ z a title ( ! presbyt]s1 z 9 ,acts xx4 ,!y =m ! ord] "u ! apo/le's delegate4 ,useless speculations ( a ,jewi% "* _h invad$ ! ,*ur* 7i4 #aj-ad2 iii4 #i74 ,! tea*]s ( ^! fables 7 influ5c$ by love ( fil?y lucre4 ,/4 ,paul quotes ! say+ t ! ,cretans are li>s1 evil bea/s1 idle gluttons1 & attributes x to "o ( !mselves1 a prophet ( _! own4 ,! say+ is by ! poet ,epim5ides1 c4 ,b4,c4 #fjj4 ,he 0 a native ( ,cnossus 9 ,crete1 :o 0 reg>d$ z a se]1 & 8 reputation = second-sight is te/ifi$ by ,plato giv+ him ! epi!t div9e4 ,/4 ,paul seems conv9c$ t ! ,cretan "* 0 z prone to s5suality z 9 ! days ( ,epim5ides1 & x is imm$iately aft] allud+ to _! dang]s t he utt]s ! memorable words1 unto ! pure all ?+s are pure4 ,! apo/le's exhortation to ma9ta9 good works 7iii4 #h7 is "o ( ! v]ses :i* h be5 absurdly alleg$ to be out ( h>mony ) #bje ,/4 ,paul's insi/5ce ^u ! importance ( ju/ification by fai?4 ,!re is a def9ite allusion to baptismal reg5]ation 9 iii4 #e4 ,,analysis ,titus to orda9 eld]s2 ! requisite "* ( episkopoi1 ,judaiz+ talk]s to be *eck$ 7i474 ,duties ( ag$ m5 & wom52 "y wom5 & m52 s]vants2 ! grace ( ,god & ! hope inspir$ by x 7ii474 ,duty t[>ds rul]s & all m52 ! k9dness ( ,god2 fooli% discussions to be avoid$2 h[ to deal ) a h]etic2 p]sonal notes 7iii474 ,,! ,,second ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,timo?y ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,x is g5]ally consid]$ t ! au!nticity ( ?is ,epi/le /&s or falls ) t ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le4 ,b x be>s its own peculi> m>ks ( g5u95ess4 ,"o ?or\ghly ,paul9e feature is ?anksgiv+ at ! beg9n+1 a feature :i* is f\nd 9 eight ( 8 o!r ,epi/les1 b n 9 ! two o!r ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 ,a =g] might h _h ! critical insight :i* w\ld lead him to compose ?is ?anksgiv+4 ,b x is highly improbable t a =g] w\ld h put tw5ty-?ree prop] names into ! ,epi/le )\t tamely copy+ names :i* occur else:]e1 or )\t betray+ any wi% to glorify "s sa9t :o became popul> aft] ! dea? ( ! apo/le4 ,nei!r ( ^! two suspici\s tok5s c be detect$ "h4 ,= in/ance1 ,demas1 conc]n+ :om no?+ t is discr$itable is n>rat$ else:]e1 is "h rebuk$ ) a pa!tic regret 7iv4 #aj2 cf4 ,col4 iv4 #ad72 :ile ,l9us1 aft]w>ds a fam\s bi%op & m>tyr ( ,rome1 is m5tion$ )\t any hon\rable di/9ction at all4 ,ev5 if ! ,l9us ( ?is ,epi/le is n ! bi%op ( t "n #bjf ! argum5t /ill holds good4 ,= a =g]1 if he ins]t$ ! "n ( any ,l9us1 w\ld h be5 almo/ c]ta9 to m5tion ! ,l9us & no o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,to ,timo?y1 my belov$ *ild 7i4 #b74 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,x 0 writt5 f ,rome1 :]e ,/4 ,paul is aga9 a prison]1 ! reason ( 8 imprisonm5t be+ ! witness t he has borne to ,*ri/ 7i4 #h1 #ab1 #ag74 ,8 imprisonm5t _h already la/$ "s "t1 = x 0 kn[n at ,ephesus4 ,! apo/le _h app>5tly reque/$ two ( 8 fri5ds1 ,phygellus & ,h]mog5es1 to come to him at ,rome1 b !y _h decl9$4 ,! ,ephesian ,onesiphorus _h act$ o!rwise1 & :5 9 ,rome _h s\ght him out4 ,/4 ,paul anticipates dea?4 ,8 case has already _h a fir/ he>+1 :5 no witness appe>$ 9 8 def5ce 7iv4 #af74 ,he is n[ ready to be (f]$ up4 ,b he does n anticipate an imm$iate m>tyrdom1 z he urges ,timo?y to come to ,rome be=e w9t]4 ,! date is !re=e probably "s weeks or mon?s be=e ,/4 ,paul's m>tyrdom4 ,! ye> is ei!r ,a4,d4 #fd or v soon aft]w>ds4 ,sid5ote ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,?is ,epi/le is ! apo/le's f>ewell pa/oral *>ge4 ,he looks =w>d to 8 fate ) c\rage & confid5ce4 ,he has f\ght a good fight1 & is sure ( ! cr[n ( righte\sness :i* ! ,"l w give him4 ,b he sees t a d>k future is 9 /ore = ! ,*ur*4 ,"s pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians h already des]t$ him1 o!rs h p]v]t$ ! fai?4 ,among ! latt] are ,hym5seus & ,philetus1 :o ass]t t ! resurrection is pa/ already4 ,x is probable t !y 7 influ5c$ by "s ,gno/ic dislike ( ! human body1 & taught t ! only resurrection possible = a ,*ri/ian 0 ! spiritual resurrection ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) _! own ,gno/ic doctr9e4 ,su* a h]esy is describ$ by ,ir5aeus4 ,/4 ,paul w>ns ,timo?y t !re are griev\s times to come 7iii4 #a74 ,scripture w be a means ( security aga9/ ! mis*ief-mak]s4 #bjg ,! v>i\s exhortations giv5 to ,timo?y are ( great =ce & beauty2 he is to endure h>d%ip l a good soldi]1 & is *>g$ be=e ,god to prea* & rebuke ) long-suff]+4 ,! solemnity ( ^! words is equall$ by ! pung5t s>casm ) :i* ! writ] alludes to ! s*ismatics :o lead captive silly wom5 or w heap to !mselves tea*]s1 hav+ it*+ e>s4 ,we may notice t ii4 #aa-ac seems to conta9 "p ( a ,*ri/ian hymn1 t iii4 #h conta9s a ref]5ce to a ,jewi% /ory n f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & t i4 #ah is p]haps a pray] = ! dead4 ,! ,second ,book ( ,maccabees xii4 #dd %[s t 9 ! c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era ! ,jews 7 wont to pray = ! dep>t$4 ,,analysis ,exhortation to en]gy1 ! failure ( fri5ds1 ! fidelity ( ,onesiphorus 7i474 ,exhortation to endurance z ,*ri/'s soldi]1 pr(ane discussions to be %unn$2 ! error ( ,hym5seus & ,philetus2 v>ieties ( "* l v>ieties ( vessels2 ! way to become a vessel ( hon\r 7ii474 ,com+ corruption1 ! creep+ mis*ief-mak]s2 ,timo?y is rem9d$ ( ,/4 ,paul's mann] ( life & ( ! value ( ,scripture 7iii474 ,exhortation to fidelity 9 m9i/]ial "w2 ! apo/le's c\rse draw+ to an end1 ,timo?y urg$ to come2 p]sonal notes 7iv474 #a ,?is title seems to h be5 fir/ appli$ to !m 9 #ahaj by ,wegs*eid]4 #b ,cf4 accord+ to my gospel 7#b ,tim4 ii4 #h2 ,rom4 ii4 #af72 ! gospel ( ! glory 7#a ,tim4 i4 #aa2 #b ,cor4 iv4 #d74 ,! ,greek phrase = give occasion to 7#a ,tim4 v4 #ad7 is f\nd 9 #b ,cor4 v4 #ab1 & n[h]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t except 9 ,/4 ,paul4 #c ,b4 ,w4 ,bacon1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 p4 #adj4 #bjh ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,hebrews ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,! "q ( ! au?or%ip ( ?is ,epi/le is "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ problems rais$ by ! criticism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x does n 9 ! lea/ involve any *>ge ( =g]y1 su* z is involv$ 9 a consid]ation ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel or ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians4 ,nor does x involve ! fact ( an au?or absorb+ ! "w ( a previ\s writ]1 su* z we f9d 9 ! case ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,! "w is "o complete & orig9al composition ( great f9i% & p]fection1 & yet ?is p]fect "w conta9s h>dly a h9t z to its au?or4 ,! title :i* is plac$ above x 9 our ,bibles des]ves s]i\s consid]ation1 z x repres5ts an op9ion :i* 0 held 9 _m p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom 9 ! #d? c5tury1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom ev5 9 ! #bnd c5tury4 ,b x by no means repres5ts ! univ]sal judgm5t ( ! ,*ur*1 & is contradict$ by good evid5ce1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal4 ,a rem>kable div]g5ce ( op9ion on ! subject exi/$ betwe5 ! ,*ur*es ( ! ea/ & ^? ( ! we/4 ,alex&ria appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ c5tre ( ! belief t ?is ,epi/le 0 writt5 by ,/4 ,paul4 ,we f9d t ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj1 ,panta5us1 ! head ( ! cate*etical s*ool at ,alex&ria1 attribut$ x to ,/4 ,paul4 ,8 successor ,clem5t agrees ) ?is1 b /ates t x 0 writt5 9 ,hebrew & translat$ by ,/4 ,luke into ,greek--a /atem5t :i* implies t s*ol>s 7 consci\s t ! /yle ( ,hebrews is n #bji ! /yle ord9>ily us$ by ,/4 ,paul4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #bdj1 ,orig51 ! successor ( ,clem5t1 def5ds ! ,paul9e au?or%ip--a def5ce :i* %[s t ! au?or%ip 0 disput$4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #bde ,orig5 _h le>nt to d\bt ! validity ( 8 =m] def5ce1 & /ates t ! writ] 0 a disciple ( ,paul1 b :o wrote ! ,epi/le ,god only kn[s4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #bfi ! fam\s h]etic ,paul ( ,samosata quot$ ,hebrews z ! "w ( ,/4 ,paul 9 a lett] read at ! ,synod ( ,antio* :i* depos$ him f 8 bi%opric4 ,e>ly 9 ! next c5tury ,eusebius quotes ! ,epi/le z by ,/4 ,paul1 b he %[s ! same p]plexity z ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 = he ?9ks t x 0 translat$ f ! ,hebrew1 possibly by ,clem5t ( ,rome4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,eusebius ! ,greek ,fa!rs all ascribe x to ,/4 ,paul4 ,we c !re=e sum up ! evid5ce ( ! ,greek ,*ur*es by say+ t ?\gh x mo/ly fav\rs "o !ory1 x is n s cog5t z to remove all our suspicions4 ,moreov]1 ! complete abs5ce ( ref]5ces to ?is ,epi/le 9 ! extant writ+s ( ,ir5aeus#a almo/ compels u to ask if ! ,greek ,*ur*es ( ,s\!rn ,gaul & ,asia ,m9or reg>d$ ?is ,epi/le z ,paul9e4 ,ir5aeus might naturally omit to quote a %ort & comp>atively unimportant ,epi/le1 b 8 omission ( a long ,epi/le1 well adapt$ to 8 argum5ts1 incl9es u to place him 9 a rank opposite to 8 contempor>y1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,a ,greek writ] ( ! #f? c5tury actually says t ,ir5aeus1 9 a passage n[ lo/1 d5i$ t ,/4 ,paul wrote ! ,epi/le4#b ,! ,lat9 ,*ur*es ( ! we/ seem to h be5 = ?ree c5turies "u ! conviction t ?is ,epi/le 0 n by ,/4 ,paul4 ,x is quot$ by ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #ie1 a fact :i* #baj alone is suffici5t to prove its e>ly date & its sacr$ "*4 ,b ,clem5t makes no /atem5t z to its au?or%ip4 ,caius ( ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #bjj1 excludes x f ! li/ ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 & ! same hesitation ) reg>d to x exi/$ 9 ! great ,lat9-speak+ ,*ur* ( ,c>?age4 ,/4 ,cyprian1 ,a4,d4 #bej1 does n include ,hebrews among ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,no ,lat9 ,fa!r attributes x to ,/4 ,paul be=e ,hil>y ( ,poicti]s 9 ,a4,d4 #cfh1 & ,hil>y 0 9 close contact ) ! ,ea/4 ,at ! end ( ! #d? c5tury ,/4 ,j]ome %[s di/9ct hesitation 9 attribut+ x to ,/4 ,paul1 & x 0 n commonly attribut$ to him 9 ! we/ until ! "t ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o di$ 9 #dcb4 ,int]nal evid5ce agrees ) ! ext]nal evid5ce 9 mak+ x v difficult = u to believe t ,/4 ,paul wrote ,hebrews4 7#a7 ,! ,greek is m elegant ?an t ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,! /yles are widely diff]5t4 ,t ( ,/4 ,paul is abrupt & vehem5t l a m\nta9-torr5t1 t ( ,hebrews is calm & smoo? l a riv] runn+ ?r\gh a mead[4 7#b7 ,! quotations are v unlike ,/4 ,paul's4 ,!y are all f ! ,greek v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ) ! exception ( t 9 x4 #cj1 :i* occurs 9 ! same =m 9 ,rom4 xii4 #ai4 ,x _h probably tak5 ?is %ape 9 popul> use4 ,! quotations are introduc$ by phrases su* z ,god sai?1 or ! ,holy ,_s sai?4 ,b ,/4 ,paul (t5 %[s a k ( ! ,hebrew :5 he makes quotations1 & he uses su* phrases z x is writt51 or ! ,scripture sai?1 or ,moses sai?4 7#c7 ,!re is no salutation su* z is usual 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 7#d7 ,9 ,hebrews ! inc>nate ,son is call$ ,jesus1 or ,*ri/1 or ! ,"l4 ,9 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les we f9d full] titles employ$1 su* z our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 7#e7 ,! !ological diff]5ces are important4 ,! tea*+ ( ! au?or h>monizes ) t ( ,/4 ,paul1 b ?r\gh\t ! ,epi/le we feel t ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity are be+ exp\nd$ to u by "o ^: p]sonal hi/ory is diff]5t #baa f t ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! au?or />ts f ! fact ( ! p]fection ( ,*ri/'s sacrifice1 & 9 8 doctr9e ab\t ! ,law he looks at x f t fact4 ,/4 ,paul1 on ! o!r h&1 />ts f ! doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai?1 & looks at ! ,law f ! po9t ( t doctr9e4 ,aga91 ! au?or takes a g5]al view ( fai? z h]oic belief 9 unse5 facts2 :ile ,/4 ,paul1 ?\gh he sometimes does ! same1 pref]s to use ! ^w fai? 9 ! s5se ( devot$1 p]sonal1 adhesion to ,*ri/4 7#f7 ,9 ii4 #c1 #d ! au?or seems to imply t he _h n p]sonally se5 ! ,"l4 ,_m conjectures h be5 made z to ! real au?or4 ,few ( ^! conjectures des]ve s]i\s consid]ation4 ,lu!r sugge/$ ,apollos1 & ! sugge/ion has be5 accept$ by _m writ]s4 ,9 fav\r ( x are3 7#a7 he 0 a fri5d ( ,/4 ,paul2 7#b7 he 0 mighty 9 ! ,scriptures1 & ,hebrews deals ) ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 a ma/]ly way2 7#c7 he 0 an ,alex&rian ,jew1 & ,hebrews 0 pla9ly writt5 by a ,jew1 & app>5tly by "o acqua9t$ ) ,philo & o!r ,alex&rian au?ors4#c ,aga9/ ?is !ory is ! complete abs5ce ( traditional support1 & ! fact t ,apollos 0 taught by ,aquila & ,priscilla1 :]eas ! au?or ( ,hebrews implies t he 0 taught by a p]sonal disciple ( ,*ri/4 ,on ! :ole1 ,/4 ,b>nabas seems to h ! be/ claim4 ,t]tullian n only speaks ( x z ! "w ( ,b>nabas1 b also %[s by 8 words t ! ,*ur* ( ,nor? ,africa reg>d$ x z 8 "w4#d ,he is n1 !re=e1 mak+ a conjecture1 b assum+ a tradition4 ,8 evid5ce is ! m valuable1 because ! ,*ur* ( ,nor? ,africa 0 important & 0 9 close contact ) ,rome1 :]e ! ,epi/le 0 v5]at$ at lea/ z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #ie4 ,9 fav\r #bab ( ! tradition we c note3 7#a7 ,/4 ,b>nabas 0 an influ5tial companion ( ,/4 ,paul2 7#b7 he 0 a ,levite1 & w\ld be int]e/$ 9 ,levitical wor%ip2 7#c7 he 0 a native ( ,cyprus1 :i* 0 9 close communication ) ,alex&ria2 7#d7 he _h be5 9 ! regions to :i* ! ,epi/le 0 probably address$4 ,aga9/ ! !ory t ,/4 ,b>nabas 0 ! au?or1 x is said t ! au?or makes surpris+ errors ) reg>d to ! ,temple ritual1 :i* ,/4 ,b>nabas 0 n likely to d4 ,! s-call$ errors are3 7a7 ! high prie/ sacrific+ daily 7vii4 #bg2 x4 #aa7--;b ! high prie/ 0 free to d ?is2 7b7 ! pot ( manna & ,a>on's rod plac$ 9 ! ark 7ix4 #d71 ?\gh n s describ$ 9 #a ,k+s viii4 #i--;b 9 ! tab]nacle !y 7 at lea/ close to ! ark 7,exod4 xvi4 #cd2 ,numb4 xvii4 #aj72 7c7 ! alt> ( inc5se is said to belong to ! holie/ place 7ix4 #d7--;b x did belong to x 9 ! s5se ( sanctify+ ! approa* to x1 ?\gh x 0 plac$ outside x3 see #a ,k+s vi4 #bb4 ,no "o c reasonably say t ^! /atem5ts are ( su* a nature z to prove t ! ,epi/le 0 n writt5 by a ,levite4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,! title says ,to ! ,hebrews4 ,! "* ( ! ,epi/le sugge/s ?is4 ,x 0 pla9ly writt5 = ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 & app>5tly = "s p>ticul> community ( !m 7v4 #aa1 #ab2 vi4 #i1 #aj2 x4 #cb-cd2 xiii4 #a1 #g1 #ai1 #bc74 ,:i* community1 x is difficult to say4 ,! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians ( ,rome h be5 sugge/$1 & 9 support ( ?is ! ref]5ce to ,italian ,*ri/ians 7xiii4 #bd7 has be5 quot$4 ,x is a /range fact t ?is !ory ab\t ! de/9ation ( ! ,epi/le is fav\r$ by "s critics :o assign x to a late date4 ,= if x 0 really writt5 to ,rome1 ! date mu/ be e>ly4 ,x is almo/ inconceivable t ! au?or %\ld h said1 ,ye h n yet resi/$ unto blood1 to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,rome aft] ! p]secution ( ,a4,d4 #fd-fe4 ,"s t[n 9 ,syria or ,pale/9e is m likely ?an ,rome1 & ,antio* seems a probable de/9ation = ! ,epi/le4 ,! community mu/ h be5 #bac famili> ) ,greek1 & at ! same "t mu/ h be5 "u /rong temptations to relapse into ,judaism4 ,!y _h = ! sake ( ,*ri/ left ! w>m social life ( ,judaism4 ,!y felt isolat$ & depress$4 ,! spl5d\r ( ! temple wor%ip & ! zeal ( ,jewi% patriotism 7 lur+ !m back to _! old religion4 ,!y felt t !y _h p]haps des]t$ a magnific5t reality = a %ad[y hope4 ,su* circum/ances fit ) ! !ory t ! community dwelt 9 ,pale/9e or ,syria1 & ! same !ory is support$ by ! fact t ^! ,*ri/ians _h be5 conv]t$ long ago 7v4 #ab71 & _h he>d ! apo/les 7ii4 #c74 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,probably f ,italy1 z %[n by xiii4 #bd4 ,! date may be put ab\t ,a4,d4 #ff4 ,a g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians _h pass$ away 7xiii4 #b74 ,! doom ( ,j]usalem 0 approa*+ 7x4 #be2 viii4 #ac2 xiii4 #ac74 ,! frequ5t ref]5ce to ! ,levitical wor%ip1 z ex]t+ an attractive =ce1 mu/ imply t ! temple 0 /ill /&+4 ,! ,epi/le mu/ !re=e be e>li] ?an #gj4 ,x is true t ! ref]5ces to ! ,levitical wor%ip are sometimes m appropriate to ! anci5t tab]nacle ?an to ! temple1 & ?is fact is urg$ by ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! temple 0 already de/roy$ :5 ! ,epi/le 0 writt54 ,b ?is is no answ] to ! fact t ! ,jewi% wor%ip is ?r\gh\t assum$ to be 9 exi/5ce4 ,! au?or is n oppos+ ! propag&a ( ,jewi% rabbis or ! attractions ( synagogues :i* 7 connect$ ) ! temple by tradition only4 ,he is oppos+ a great liv+ sy/em ) its prie/hood & its ritual4 ,& 9 ord] to criticize ,judaism he deals ) ! tab]nacle1 conc]n+ :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t gave def9ite directions4 ,?is 0 a m effective me?od ?an discuss+ ! temple :i* sup]s$$ ! tab]nacle4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & cont5ts4 ,hebrews is m>k$ by a complete unity ( argum5t4 ,?\gh ! ?read ( ! argum5t is sometimes dropp$ = ! sake ( practical exhortation1 x is soon resum$ & logically c>ri$ on4 #bad ,*ri/ z ! ,son ( ,god is a manife/ation ( ,god sup]ior to all o!r manife/ations4 ,he is f> above ! prophets1 & above ! angels1 :o nei!r creat$ ! mat]ial _w nor h ! _w to come subject unto !m4 ,he t[]s above ,moses1 :o 0 only a s]vant & a /one 9 ! h\se ( ,god1 = ,he is ! ,son1 & built ! h\se4 ,he is above ,jo%ua2 = ,he has won a re/ = ! p ( ,god1 ( :i* ! re/ ( ,canaan 0 a m]e type4 ,nei!r "u ,jo%ua nor "u ,david did ! p ( ,god rea* ! ideal sabba? re/ :i* ,god has promis$ 7i4-iv4 #ac74 ,*ri/ z ,high ,prie/ is above ! ,a>onic prie/hood1 = ,he is aft] ! ord] ( ,mel*iz$ek 7,ps4 ex4 #d7 7iv4 #ad-v4 #aj74 ,!n ! writ]1 be=e giv+ ! full int]pretation ( ,*ri/'s high prie/hood1 makes a digression to urge ! ne$ ( great] spiritual insight on ! "p ( 8 read]s 7v4 #aa-vi4 #ab74 ,!y c be sure ( ,god's bless+ if !y h fai? & pati5ce 7vi4 #ac-bj74 ,! unique position ( ,mel*iz$ek is !n exp\nd$4 ,9 ,g54 xiv4 no?+ is said ( ,mel*iz$ek's desc5t or ( 8 dea?4 ,?us he /&s =? 9 contra/ to ! ,levitical prie/s ^: desc5t is describ$1 & :o die & are succe$$ by o!rs4 ,he 0 also sup]ior to ^? prie/s1 because ,levi1 9 ! p]son ( 8 fa!r ,abraham1 paid ti!s to ,mel*iz$ek4 ,s9ce ,mel*iz$ek's prie/hood is sup]ior to t ( ! ,levitical prie/s1 mu* m is t ( ,*ri/1 ( :om ,mel*iz$ek1 great z he 01 is only a type4 ,!n ! au?or %[s t ! rise ( a new prie/hood mu/ imply ! bir? ( a new religi\s sy/em4 ,*ri/ ha? ,8 prie/hood un*angeable1 b ne$s n to repeat ,8 sacrifice 7vii474 ,!n ! au?or %[s t ! new liturgy & ! new sanctu>y ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* are sup]ior to ! liturgy & ! sanctu>y ( ,judaism4 ,?\gh ,*ri/'s blood 0 %$ only once1 ,he reta9s ! "* ( ,prie/ 7viii4 #c72 ,he ha? some:at to (f]1 viz4 ,himself 9 ,8 sacr$ manhood 9 heav54 ,he ?us acts z a ,m$iator ( ! new cov5ant #bae promis$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7viii4 #f-ac74 ,! tab]nacle 0 only a tempor>y p>able2 ,*ri/ acts z ,high ,prie/ 9 ! holy ( holies1 ! actual pres5ce ( ,god typifi$ by ! tab]nacle2 ,he has consecrat$ ! new cov5ant betwe5 man & ,god by ,8 own blood 7ix474 ,! repetition ( ! ,levitical sacrifices proves _! impot5ce4 ,b t ( ,*ri/ is adequate4 ,x is an (f]+ ( inh]5t value1 be+ ! (f]+ ( ! w ( ,*ri/1 in/ead ( ! (f]+ ( unconsci\s bea/s4 ,& we ne$ no o!r atonem5t1 = ,8 unique (f]+ has a p]petual value 7x4 #a-ah74 ,! writ] !n proce$s to insi/ ^u ! appropriation & application ( ! tru?s :i* he has exp\nd$4 ,x is our privilege to h full confid5ce1 & our duty to assemble = wor%ip3 apo/asy is mo/ s]i\s 7x4 #ai-ci74 ,! writ] next describes ! nature ( fai?1 :i* is a faculty :i* makes ! future z if x 7 pres5t1 & ! unse5 z if x 7 visible4 ,x is illu/rat$ by a magnific5t roll-call ( h]oes f ,abel to ! ,inc>nation4 ,^! h]oes1 :o saw bo? worlds1 & realiz$ h[ petty ! mat]ial _w is comp>$ ) ! spiritual1 _h real insight 7xi474 ,emulate _! example1 endur+ p]secution1 kn[+ t our ,m\nt ,zion is sup]ior to ,s9ai1 & our com+ to *ur* a reunion ) angels & sa9ts 7xii474 ,! ,epi/le closes ) a practical exhortation conc]n+ bro!rly love1 hospitality1 prison]s1 m>riage1 & cont5tm5t4 ,! m9i/]s :o _h =m]ly _h rule ov] ! read]s are to be rememb]$4 ,we are n to be unsettl$ by /range tea*+s4 ,we h an alt> ( :i* ! ,jewi% prie/s may n p>take4 ,our s9 (f]+1 ,jesus1 is giv5 to u z food4 ,we mu/ g to ,him outside ! camp ( ,judaism4 ,aft] an injunction to obey ! cl]gy & a reque/ = pray]s1 ! ,epi/le concludes4 ,j be=e ! end x is /at$ t our bro!r ,timo?y ha? be5 set at lib]ty 7xiii474 ,! :ole ,epi/le is peculi>ly dignifi$1 eloqu5t1 & #baf p]suasive1 & its elegant ,greek & delicate ,alex&rian philosophy make x a lit]>y treasure4 ,we may conclude ) "s fur!r rem>ks on ! writ]'s doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s ,p]son & ( ! ,jewi% ,law4 ,kn[+ t ^! ,*ri/ians 7 9 dang] ( drift+ away f ,*ri/1 ! writ] calls _! special att5tion to ,8 ,p]son1 9 ord] t !y may c>efully consid] :o ,he is be=e decid+ to "p f ,him4 ,! doctr9e corresponds mo/ exactly ) t :i* we f9d 9 ,colossians & 9 ,john4 ,x is decl>$ 9 ! mo/ positive mann] t ,*ri/ is ess5tially div9e4 ,he reflects ,8 ,fa!r's glory1 is ! expression ( ,8 ess5ce1 & ! ,su/a9] ( ! univ]se 7i4 #c74 ,he is ! ,god ^: ?rone is et]nal1 & ! ,"l :o made ! e>? 7i4 #h1 #aj74 ,yet ,he became a little l[] ?an ! angels 7ii4 #i71 &1 ?\gh entirely s9less1 ,he 0 s truly human z to become ! patt]n ( ob$i5ce 7x4 #g71 humility 7v4 #e71 rev]5t piety 7v4 #g71 & fidelity 7iii4 #b74 ,by ! discipl9e ( suff]+ ,he 0 made p]fect = ,8 r$eem+ "w 7v4 #h1 #i74 ,x is made evid5t t ?is process ( p]fection did n consi/ 9 ! dim9ution ( s91 b 9 ! developm5t ( goodness4 ,n[h]e d we f9d a m pr(\nd view ( suff]+ & virtue1 or a m pa!tic del9eation ( ! "* ( ,jesus4 ,x has already be5 h9t$ t ! au?or reg>ds ! ,jewi% ,law diff]5tly f ,/4 ,paul4 ,! latt] _h liv$ "u ! goad ( a ,ph>isaic int]pretation ( ! ,law ( ,moses1 :i* laid d[n s _m regulations z to :at ought to be done1 & gave s little assi/ance t[>ds do+ x1 t escape f su* a sy/em 0 l an escape f p5al s]vitude4 ,:5 he speaks ( ! ,law1 he reg>ds x prim>ily z a sy/em ( /]n moral requirem5ts4 ,b ! au?or ( ,hebrews reg>ds ! ,law z prim>ily a sy/em ( wor%ip4 ,he implies t x 0 9 "s s5se a good tid+s 7iv4 #b74 ,he tea*es t ! ,law 0 a %ad[ ( ^? real good ?+s :i* con/itute ! _w ( tru? 9 heav51 :ile ! ,gospel is ! #bag image or adequate repres5tation ( ^? holy realities4 ,! ,law is !re=e a r\gh unsub/antial outl9e ( tru?1 :ile ! ,gospel is exact & solid4 ,bo? writ]s reg>d ! ,law z div9e 9 orig91 & bo? reg>d x z insuffici5t & rudim5t>y 7vii4 #af2 cf4 ,gal4 iv4 #c1 #i74 ,b ,/4 ,paul ?9ks ( ! ,law z weak ?r\gh ! fle%1 unable to ov]come ! resi/ance :i* x enc\nt]s f man's l[] in/9cts1 :ile ! au?or ( ,hebrews ?9ks ( x z unable to cleanse & make p]fect ! human consci5ce4 ,,analysis ,! subject ( ! ,epi/le3 ,,*ri/ianity ,,z ,,! ,,f9al ,,religion4 ,! contra/ ( ! ,old ,revelation & ! ,new 9 me?od1 "t1 & mess5g]s2 ! div9e p]sonality & inc>nation ( ! ,son 7i4 #a-d74 ,a4 ,! sup]iority ( ! ,son1 ! ,m$iator ( ! ,new ,revelation1 to ! angels1 & to ! human f\nd]s ( ! ,jewi% polity3 i4 #e-;iv4 #ac4 a4 ,scripture %[s ! ,son to be above ! angels 7i4 #e-ad74 b4 ,! dang] ( reject+ ! ,son's revelation 7ii4 #a-d74 c4 ,! ,son ( ,man ?r\gh suff]+ fulfils ! high de/9y ( mank9d 7ii4 #e-ah74 d4 ,! dignity ( ,jesus is f> above t ( ,moses1 ,he is ! ,mak] & ,son1 ,moses repres5ts ! h\se 9 :i* he is a s]vant 7iii4 #a-f74 e4 ,fai? is necess>y if we w\ld ent] ! promis$ l& ( re/ 7iii4 #g-ai74 f4 ,enc\ragem5t z well z w>n+ c be bas$ on ! failure ( ! ,israelites4 ,"u ,jo%ua !y did n rea* _! re/4 ,! promise ( x rema9s = u 7iv4 #a-ac74 #bah ,b4 ,! high-prie/hood ( ,*ri/1 sup]ior to t ( ,a>on's l9e1 univ]sal & royal3 iv4 #ad-vii4 #bh4 a4 ,transition to ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s high prie/hood 7iv4 #ad-af74 b4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( a high prie/1 human sympa?y & div9e appo9tm5t1 fulfill$ 9 ,*ri/ 7v4 #a-aj74 c4 ,a digression to urge ! read]s to advance2 ! writ]'s hope = ! ,hebrews1 ,god's bless+ is assur$ 7v4 #aa-vi4 #bj74 d4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ,*ri/1 z p]fect & univ]sal ,high ,prie/1 %ad[$ =? by ,mel*iz$ek 7vii474 ,c4 ,! liturgy & sanctu>y ( ,*ri/ sup]ior to ^? ( ,judaism3 viii4 i-x4 #ah4 a4 ,*ri/ (f]s sacrifice 9 heav5 7viii4 #a-f74 b4 ,?us ,he ma9ta9s ! ,new ,cov5ant betwe5 ,god & man promis$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7viii4 #g-ac74 c4 ,! sanctu>y & prie/s ( ! ,old ,cov5ant 7ix4 #a-aj74 d4 ,full] explanation ( ! aton+ "w ( ,*ri/ "u ! ,new ,cov5ant 7ix4 #aa-bh74 e4 ,! inadequacy ( ! old sacrifices1 ! abid+ efficacy ( ,*ri/'s "o sacrifice 7x4 #a-ah74 ,d4 ,! appropriation & application ( ! above tru?s3 x4 #ai-xiii4 #be4 a4 ,! privilege ( ent]+ ! holy place ) confid5ce1 ! duty ( public wor%ip 7x4 #ai-ci74 b4 ,! pa/ triumphs ( h]oes ( ! fai? 7xi474 c4 ,exhortation to en]gy1 endurance1 fidelity to our ,m\nt ,zion & its div9e utt]ances 7xii474 d4 ,detail$ in/ructions 7xiii474 #a ,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e4 v4 #bf1 says t ,ir5aeus m5tions ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews & ! s-call$ ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 comp>+ c]ta9 expressions f !m4 ,eusebius does n say t ,ir5aeus attribut$ x to ,/4 ,paul4 ,we c comp>e words 9 ,heb4 i4 #a ) ,wisd4 vii4 #bb2 ,heb4 i4 #c ) ,wisd4 xvi4 #ba2 ,heb4 xii4 #ag ) ,wisd4 xii4 #aj2 ,heb4 xiii4 #g ) ,wisd4 ii4 #ag4 #b ,/eph5 ,gob>1 9 a passage pres]v$ by ,photius1 ,cod4 #bcb4 #c ,! ^w effulg5ce 7,heb4 i4 #c7 is a fav\rite ^w ) ,philo4 ,! int]pretation ( ,k+ ( ,salem z ,k+ ( peace 7,heb4 vii4 #b7 occurs 9 ,philo1 & ,heb4 xiii4 #e has a quotation f ,jo%4 i4 #e exactly resembl+ 9 =m a quotation 9 ,philo1 ,de conf4 l+41 #cc4 #d ,de ,pudic1 #bj4 #abi ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,epi/les ,! ,new ,te/am5t conta9s sev5 lett]s kn[n z ,ca?olic1 viz4 t ( ,james1 #a & #b ,pet]1 #a1 #b1 & #c ,john1 & t ( ,jude4 ,^! lett]s 7 add$ to ! ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t lat] ?an ! re/ ( its cont5ts4 ,9 anci5t manuscripts1 v]sions1 & catalogues _! position 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t v>ies1 & = a long "t !y 7 (t5 plac$ betwe5 ,acts & ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 #a ,pet] & #a ,john 7 ! fir/ to be univ]sally receiv$4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #cjj all sev5 7 kn[n & receiv$ 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*es1 b ne>ly z late z ,a4,d4 #cej ! ,syrian ,*ur* 0 unacqua9t$ ) any ( !m except ,james4 ,aft] ?is ! ,syrian ,*ur* adopt$ #a ,pet] & #a ,john1 & f9ally ! :ole sev54 ,?is fact ) reg>d to ! ,syrian ,*ur* is ( peculi> importance4 ,x %[s u t we mu/ take c>e n to argue t an ,epi/le is probably a =g]y because an important ,*ri/ian community 0 unacqua9t$ ) x at a comp>atively late date4 ,= ! evid5ce = ! g5u95ess ( #a ,pet] & #a ,john is ev5 /rong] ?an ! evid5ce = ! g5u95ess ( ,james4 ,yet at a "t :5 ! be/ ,greek critics 7 entirely satisfi$ z to ! g5u95ess ( #a ,pet] & #a ,john1 ! ,syrians did n recognize !m4 ,! only reasonable explanation ( ?is is ! simple/ explanation1 namely1 t "s ,epi/les 7 translat$ at a lat] date ?an o!rs4 ,among ,syrian writ]s we f9d two di/9ct t5d5cies4 ,writ]s :o 7 entirely at home ) ,greek lit]ature1 & 9 communion ) ! or?odox ,greek ,*ur*1 l ,/4 ,ephraim or ,/4 ,john ( ,damascus1 us$ ! same ,ca?olic #bbj ,epi/les z ! ,*ri/ians ( ,alex&ria or ,j]usalem4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,*ri/ians :o 7 cut (f by s*ism f ! ma9 body ( ,*ri/5dom cont9u$ = c5turies to use exactly ! same ,canon ( ,scripture z t :i* _h be5 employ$ by _! ance/ors be=e ! s*ism4 ,?us ,eb$ ,jesu1 ,metropolitan ( ,nisibis1 & ! la/ prelate ( ! ,ne/orian sect :o wrote important works 9 ,syriac1 di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #acah4 ,b we f9d t he only uses ! ?ree ,ca?olic ,epi/les conta9$ 9 ! ,pe%itta ,syriac v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 probably complet$ soon aft] ,a4,d4 #djj4 ,if we pass f ! extreme ea/ to ! extreme we/ ( anci5t ,*ri/5dom1 we f9d ourselves confront$ ) simil> b n id5tical facts4 ,we f9d t a sup]ior degree ( au?ority 0 all[$ to belong to #a ,pet] & #a ,john4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 all ! great c5tres ( ,*ri/ian life outside ,syria ^! two ,epi/les 7 9 ! ,canon by ! ye> #bjj4 ,! ,muratorian ,fragm5t1 writt5 9 ,italy ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj1 m5tions two ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john & t ( ,/4 ,jude4 ,x conta9s no m5tion ( #a ,pet]1 b !re are gr\nds = believ+ t !re 0 a ref]5ce to x 9 ! lo/ portion :i* 0 devot$ to ,m>k4 ,x conta9s no m5tion ( ,james1 ?\gh t ,epi/le seems to be quot$ 9 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 writt5 at ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #adj4 ,x 0 long be=e ,james 0 univ]sally reg>d$ z "p ( ! ,canon4 ,x is quot$ z ,scripture by ,orig5 ( ,alex&ria e>ly 9 ! #crd c5tury1 b a hundr$ ye>s lat] ,eusebius says t x 0 disput$ by a m9ority4 ,x is accept$ by ,eusebius himself4 ,! v private "* ( #b & #c ,john acc\nts = ! sl[ness ) :i* !y won acceptance z "p ( ! ^w ( ,god1 yet #b ,john is back$ by ! high au?ority ( ,ir5aeus1 & bo? ,epi/les are obvi\sly ! "w ( ! same au?or4 ,! ,second ,epi/le :i* be>s ! "n ( ,/4 ,pet] is connect$ ) peculi> difficulties1 & possesses less evid5ce 9 its fav\r ?an any ( ! o!r ,ca?olic ,epi/les4 ,we _c d bett] ?an quote ! admirable words 9 #bba :i* ,dr4 ,s&ay has sket*$ ! adv5tures ( su* books4 ,an ,epi/le lodg$ 9 ! ar*ives ( a great & cultur$ ,*ur* l ! ,*ur* ( ,rome w\ld be "o ?+1 & an ,epi/le /ray+ ab\t among ! small] communities ( ,bi?ynia or ,pontus w\ld be ano!r2 :ile an ,epi/le writt5 to an individual l ! ,gaius ( #c ,/4 ,john w\ld h worse *ances /ill4 ,!re 7 busy1 c>eless1 neglectful1 & unme?odical p 9 ^? days z well z n[2 & we c easily imag9e "o ( ^! preci\s rolls f\nd ) glad surprise1 cov]$ ) du/ 9 "s =gott5 hid+-place1 & br\ght out to ! view ( a g5]ation :i* _h le>nt to be m c>eful ( its treasures4 ,b ev5 !n1 once (f ! ma9 roads1 circulation 0 n rapid2 an obscure prov9cial ,*ur* might take "s "t 9 mak+ its voice he>d1 & ! au?orities at headqu>t]s might receive ! report$ discov]y ) suspicion4 ,!y might1 or !y might n1 z x happ5$4 #a ,b by degrees ! cu/oms ( ! diff]5t ,*ur*es 7 levell$4 ,be=e ! end ( ! #d? c5tury all ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les 7 accept$ z canonical 9 ,europe1 & 9 a l>ge "p ( ! ,*ri/ian _w :i* lay beyond ,europe4 ,?is leads u to inquire :y ^! ,epi/les be> ! "n ( ,ca?olic4 ,! answ] seems to be t ! "n ,ca?olic or ,g5]al 0 giv5 to ! m important ( ! sev51 because !y 7 address$ to ! ,*ur* ,univ]sal1 or to gr\ps ( ,*ur*es1 & n to individuals or to s+le ,*ur*es4 ,! words ,ca?olic ,epi/les !re=e signify ,circul> or ,encyclical ,lett]s4 ,orig5 gives ! "n ( ,ca?olic to #a ,pet]1 #a ,john1 & ,jude4 ,by ! #d? c5tury ! "n 0 appli$ to all ! sev54 ,!re c be little d\bt t #b & #c ,john are n ,ca?olic 9 ! s5se ( be+ ,circul> or ,encyclical4 ,b !y 7 numb]$ ) ! o!rs = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 be+ naturally associat$ ) ! fir/ & m important lett] by ,/4 ,john4 #bbb ,! foll[+ table gives an idea ( ! gradual incorporation ( ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les into ! ,canon4 ,an 99 d5otes a direct quotation or ! expression ( almo/ no d\bt2 a 8 notes t ! writ] is aw>e ( decid$ d\bts1 a 77 m>ks an unc]ta9 ref]5ce4 #a #b ,j ,p ,p #a #b #c a e e ,j ,j ,j ,j m t t o o o u e e e h h h d s r r n n n e ,i4 ,,c\ncils-- ,laodicea1 ,a4,d4 #cfc 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #chb 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,c>?age1 ,a4,d4 #cig 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,,ea/]n ,,li/s-- 7a7 ,syria4 ,ephraim1 ,a4,d4 #cgj 4 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,*ryso/om1 ,a4,d4 #djj 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 ,pe%itta v]sion1 8 ,a4,d4 #daj 99 99 99 ,junilius1 ,a4,d4 #eej 4 4 4 4 4 8 99 8 99 8 8 8 ,john ( ,damascus1 ,a4,d4 #gej 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,eb$ ,jesu1 ,a4,d4 #acjj 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 7b7 ,pale/9e4 ,eusebius1 ,a4,d4 #ccj 4 4 4 4 4 8 99 8 99 8 8 8 ,cyril1 ,a4,d4 #cdh 4 4 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 7c7 ,alex&ria4 ,clem5t1 ,a4,d4 #aij 4 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 99 ,orig51 ,a4,d4 #bbj 4 4 4 4 4 4 99 99 8 99 8 8 99 ,a?anasius1 ,a4,d4 #cfg 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 7d7 ,asia ,m9or4 ,polyc>p1 ,a4,d4 #aaj 4 4 4 4 4 99 99 ,amphilo*ius1 ,a4,d4 #chj 4 4 4 99 99 8 99 8 8 8 ,gregory ,nazianz51 ,a4,d4 #chj 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii4 ,,we/]n ,,li/s-- 7a7 ,italy4 ,muratorian1 ,a4,d4 #ahj 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 ,hippolytus1 ,a4,d4 #bbj 4 4 4 4 99 7 7 99 7b7 ,gaul4 ,ir5aeus1 ,a4,d4 #ahj 4 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 7c7 ,roman ,africa4 ,t]tullian1 ,a4,d4 #bjj 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 #a ,inspiration1 p4 #cfh4 #bbc ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,g5]al ,,epi/le ,,( ,,james ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or ,9 ! #d? c5tury ?is ,epi/le 0 reckon$ among ! au!ntic docum5ts ( ! apo/olic p]iod4 ,x does n seem to h be5 univ]sally kn[n 9 ! ,*ur* at an e>li] p]iod4 ,x is n 9 ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t4 ,b x is pla9ly quot$ by ,ir5aeus1 ?\gh he does n m5tion ! au?or's "n4 ,! same is true ) reg>d to ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 :i* 0 writt5 at ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #adj4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr quotes ! words ! devils %udd] 7,james ii4 #ai1 ,trypho1 #di74 ,polyc>p seems to quote ,james i4 #bg1 & #a ,pet] seems to %[ traces ( its influ5ce4 ,! fir/ writ] :o bo? quotes x & m5tions ! au?or is ,orig54 ,x op5s ) ! "n ( ,james1 a s]vant ( ,god & ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t ?is is ,james ! ,"l's bro!r4 ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee 0 kill$ z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #dd1 be=e :i* date x is unlikely t ! ,epi/le 0 writt54 ,we h no reason to attribute ! ,epi/le to ! ,apo/le ,james ! ,little4 ,he does n seem to h be5 ( suffici5t prom95ce to write an au?oritative lett] to ! twelve tribes :i* are ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,b su* an action w\ld h be5 exce$+ly natural on ! "p ( a sa9t :o 0 bi%op ( ! "m ( ,*ur*es1 ,j]usalem itself4 ,x w be conv5i5t to po/pone ! consid]ation ( su* evid5ce z we possess = ! =ego+ conclusion until we h discuss$ ! exact relation ( ,/4 ,james to our ,"l4 #bbd ,?ree important !ories mu/ be m5tion$ z (f]+ a solution ( ! difficult problem z to ?is relation%ip-- 7a7 ,t ,james1 ,joses1 ,simon1 & ,jude1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospels z ! bre?r5 ( our ,"l1 7 ,8 fir/ c\s9s on ,8 "m's side4 7b7 ,t !y 7 ! *ildr5 ( ,joseph & ,m>y4 7c7 ,t !y 7 ! *ildr5 ( ,joseph by a =m] wife4 ,! !ory ( ,/4 ,j]ome 7a7 may be p]haps disc>d$ )\t any fur!r comm5t ?an t ,/4 ,j]ome app>5tly inv5t$ x1 t he claim$ no traditional sanction = x1 he did n hold x consi/5tly himself 9 8 lat] writ+s1 & x is v difficult to reconcile x ) ,scripture4 ,! !ory ( ,helvidius 7b71 :i* call$ =? ,/4 ,j]ome's attempt$ refutation1 answ]s "s v]bal requirem5ts ( ! ,gospel n>rative1 & has f\nd "s skilful mod]n advocates4 ,b ) ! possible exception ( ,t]tullian1 no ,*ri/ian seems to h held x be=e ,helvidius1 & ! !ory t ,m>y _h o!r *ildr5 besides ,jesus gave a pr(\nd %ock to ,*ri/ian s5tim5t4 ,no argum5t c be br\ght aga9/ 7c71 ! !ory def5d$1 ?\gh n orig9at$1 by ,/4 ,epiphanius1 t ! bre?r5 ( our ,"l 7 *ildr5 ( ,/4 ,joseph by a =m] wife4 ,x is 9 keep+ ) ! /rong tradition :i* ma9ta9$ ! p]petual virg9ity ( ! ,bless$ ,virg92 x helps to expla9 ! attitude ( unbelief record$ 9 ! ,gospels ( ,*ri/'s bre?r51 & at ! same "t requires no di/ortion ( ! lit]alness ( ! passages 9 :i* !y are m5tion$4 ,!re is h>dly suffici5t evid5ce to %[ t fir/ c\s9s 7 ev] call$ bre?r54 ,b x w\ld h be5 q natural = ^? :o call$ ,/4 ,joseph ! fa!r ( ,jesus to call ,/4 ,joseph's sons ! bro!rs ( ,jesus4 ,& aga91 ! supposition t ! ,bless$ ,virg9 _h no o!r son1 seems /rongly support$ by ! fact t at ! crucifixion our ,"l comm5d$ h] to ,8 belov$ disciple1 & n to "o ( ,/4 ,joseph's family4 #bbe ,?is !ory ( ,/4 ,epiphanius is mu* old] ?an ! #d? c5tury4 ,x is sometimes urg$ aga9/ x t ,orig5 d]iv$ x f ! ,apocryphal ,gospels ( ! #bnd c5tury1 & t its popul>ity 9 ! ,*ur* 0 ow+ to ,orig5's influ5ce4 ,b ?\gh ! ,apocryphal ,gospels (t5 conta9$ fictions1 we _c argue t ev]y?+ 9 !m is fictiti\s4 ,! tradition agrees ) ! words ( ,scripture1 & ga9s support f "s fragm5ts ( ,hegesippus1 a cultur$ ,pale/9ian ,*ri/ian1 born ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,he /ates directly t ,symeon1 ! second bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 0 ! c\s9 ( our ,"l1 because son ( ,clopas :o 0 ! bro!r ( ,joseph4 ,he also calls ,james ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 & 9 ano!r passage speaks ( ,jude z call$ bro!r ( ! ,"l4 ,he !re=e pla9ly di/+ui%es ! c\s9s f ! s-call$ bre?r54 ,we !n get ! foll[+ g5ealogy3-- ,jacob ---------------------------------------- ,joseph ,m>y ,clopas 7or ,alphaeus7 ------------ -- ,james ,,jesus -- ,joses ,james ,joses ,symeon -- ,jude 7! ,little7 -- ,simon -- ,si/]s ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t ,/4 ,james 0 ! son ( ,/4 ,joseph4 ,! writ] ( ! ,epi/le frequ5tly col\rs 8 s5t5ces ) words f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & assumes a k ( x among 8 read]s4 ,he makes no allusion to ! ,g5tiles4 ,he writes 9 a tone ( au?ority & )\t any self-adv]tisem5t4 ,he briefly uses = illu/ration c]ta9 natural ph5om5a :i* w\ld be famili> to ! p ( ,pale/9e1 su* z allusions to ! e>ly & latt] ra9 7v4 #g71 ! effect on vegetation ( ! burn+ w9d 7i4 #aa71 ! exi/5ce ( salt or bitt] spr+s 7iii4 #aa71 ! cultivation #bbf ( figs & olives 7iii4 #ab71 & ! neighb\rhood ( ! sea 7i4 #f2 iii4 #d74 ,f su* a cursory view ( ! "* ( ?is ,epi/le1 x w\ld seem reasonable to admit t x 0 writt5 by a ,pale/9ian ,jewi% ,*ri/ian = ! edification ( ,*ri/ians ( ! same race & locality4 ,we get ! same impression :5 we /udy :at is said by ! writ] ab\t ! read]s4 ,he speaks z ?\gh !y _h be5 "u a law ( bondage1 b are n[ "u a law ( lib]ty 7i4 #be2 ii4 #ab74 ,!y are 9 t\* ) m5 :o are unbeliev]s1 :o blaspheme ,*ri/ & p]secute ,*ri/ians 7ii4 #f1 #g74 ,! believ]s are mo/ly poor 7ii4 #e72 ! few ri* :o are ,*ri/ians are 9 dang] ( fall+ away ?r\gh covet\sness & pride 7iv4 #c-f1 #ac-af74 ,! ri* appe> z oppressors1 :o luxuri\sly n\ri% _! he>ts 9 a day ( slaught]1 & _h ev5 kill$ ! righte\s 7v4 #e1 #f74 ,! ,*ur* is rul$ by eld]s 7v4 #ad7 l ! ,jewi% synagogues1 & ! ,*ri/ian synagogue is occasionally frequ5t$ by ri* /rang]s 7ii4 #b74 ,all ?is is well suit$ to ! conditions ( ,*ri/ian life 9 ,pale/9e4 ,& x is difficult to f9d any locality equally appropriate4 ,ev5 z late z ! fir/ "p ( ! #bnd c5tury ri* ,g5tiles 7 reluctant to p]secute ,*ri/ians1 & to describe !m z blasphem+ ! "n ( ,*ri/ at any "t )9 or ne> ! apo/olic age w\ld be almo/ impossible4 ,!y reg>d$ ,*ri/ianity ) good-natur$ contempt1 n ) blasphem\s ho/ility4 ,we h only to read ,acts to see t among ! ,g5tiles x 0 ! poor & ignorant r ?an ! ri* :o began ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we turn to ! ,jews1 we f9d t ! ri* 7 ! lead]s ( p]secution4 ,x 0 ! weal?y ,sadducee p>ty 9 union ) ! influ5tial ,ph>isees :i* h>ri$ ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,gospels & ,acts give repeat$ evid5ce on ?is po9t1 & ! evid5ce ( ! ,jewi% hi/orian ,josephus supplies ! key/one ( t evid5ce4 ,aga9/ ! ,pale/9ian orig9 ( ! ,epi/le x is urg$ t #bbg ! ,greek is too correct & rhetorical4 ,! /yle is vivaci\s & =cible4 ,x conta9s _m r unusual ,greek words1 includ+ six :i* are nei!r 9 ! ,septuag9t v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t nor 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a long li/ ( words :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,septuag9t & n 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & sev5 r>e classical or late ,greek words4 ,! :ole "q ( ! /yle ( ! ,epi/le requires ! mo/ delicate h&l+4 ,b ! /yle is di/9ctly unfav\rable to ! !ory t ! ,epi/le 0 writt5 at a late date 9 a c5tre ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,greek is nei!r ! fl[+ ,greek ( a ,greek1 nor ! r\gh prov9cial ,greek :i* ,/4 ,paul spoke & wrote4 ,x is sl[ & c>eful1 ) %ort s5t5ces l9k$ by repetitions4 ,"o epi!t is pil$ effectively on ano!r 7e4g4 iii4 #ae1 #ag71 & ab/ract /atem5ts are avoid$4 ,galilee 0 /udd$ ) ,greek t[ns1 & 9 ,j]usalem ,greek 0 well kn[n4 ,! ,epi/le might well h be5 writt5 by a ,jew ( ,pale/9e :o _h made a good use ( 8 opportunities4 ,& ! introduction ( "s r>e words 9 ! mid/ ( a simple moral exhortation is by no means a pro( ( complete ma/]y ov] ,greek4 ,x po9ts1 n to a ma/]y ov] ! language1 b to a pa9/ak+ famili>ity ) x4 ,^! facts seem compatible ) ! few details :i* we "k ab\t ,/4 ,james4 ,_! full significance c only be appreciat$ :5 we "k ! difficulties :i* h beset ! comm5tators :o assign to ! ,epi/le a date outside 8 lifetime4 ,be=e consid]+ ! "q ( ! date m m9utely1 we may collect toge!r "s po9ts ( int]e/ connect$ ) ,/4 ,james4 ,/4 ,james1 l ! o!r bre?r5 ( our ,"l1 wat*$ ! developm5t ( our ,"l's c>e]1 b 0 unconv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ,8 mission4 ,aft] ! ,resurrection1 our ,"l1 ,/4 ,paul tells u1 0 se5 ( ,james4 ,p]haps ?is 0 ! turn+-po9t ( 8 life1 he1 l ,/4 ,?omas1 saw & #bbh believ$4 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 "o ( ! olde/ ( ! ,apocryphal ,gospels1 says t our ,"l1 aft] ,8 ,resurrection1 w5t to ,james & appe>$ to him--= ,james _h sworn t he w\ld n eat bread f t h\r 9 :i* he drank ! cup ( ! ,"l1 until he saw ,him ris+ f ! dead2--& aga9 aft] a little :ile4 ',br+ hi!r1 sai? ! ,"l1 a table & bread4' 4 4 4 ,he br\ght bread1 & bless$ & brake x1 & gave x to ,james ! ,j1 & said unto him1 ',my bro!r1 eat ?y bread1 = ! ,son ( man ha? ris5 f ! dead4' ,!re are o!r v]sions ( ! /ory :i* make ! v[ to be tak5 aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,9 spite ( "s absurdities 9 ?is ,apocryphal ,gospel1 x is possible t ! leg5d is true1 & t ! sublime dea? ( ! ,r$eem] began to effect ! rep5tance ( ,8 bro!r4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 be=e ,p5teco/1 ,a4,d4 #bi1 we f9d him jo9$ to ! ,*ri/ian community at ,j]usalem1 :]e he aft]w>ds atta9$ a =emo/ position4 ,9 ,gal4 i4 we f9d t ,/4 ,paul visit$ ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,pet] at ,j]usalem4 ,9 ,acts xii4 #ag ,/4 ,pet]1 on escap+ f prison 9 ,a4,d4 #dd1 desires t news ( 8 escape %\ld be tak5 to ,/4 ,james4 ,9 ,gal4 ii4 ,/4 ,paul speaks ( ,james & ,cephas & ,john z pill>s ( ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem4 ,f ,acts xv4 we f9d t at ?is "t1 ,a4,d4 #di1 ,/4 ,james act$ z presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil :i* det]m9$ h[ f> ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians ne$ con=m to ! cu/oms ( ! ,jews4 ,x is rem>kable t ! spee* ( ,/4 ,james 9 ,acts xv4 & ! circul> despat*$ f ! ,c\ncil %[ sev]al co9cid5ces ( /yle ) ! ,epi/le4 ,if ^! co9cid5ces are due to =g]y1 ! =g] has c]ta9ly us$ consummate self-re/ra9t & skill4 ,aga91 :5 ,/4 ,paul paid 8 la/ visit to ,j]usalem1 9 ,a4,d4 #ef1 & ! ,jews accus$ him ( advocat+ ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,law ( ,moses & ! cu/oms1 x is ,/4 ,james & 8 presbyt]s :o advise him to g up to ! ,temple & purify himself ) f\r ,nazirites1 & s reassure ! myriads ( ,*ri/ian ,jews :o 7 zeal\s = ! ,law4 #bbi ,once m we _c help obs]v+ h[ well ?is anxiety ( ,/4 ,james agrees ) ! v cauti\s tone ( ! ,epi/le ) reg>d to di/9ctively ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,! end ( ,/4 ,james is record$ by ,hegesippus & by ,josephus4 ,hegesippus repres5ts him liv+ z a /rict ,nazirite1 always frequ5t+ ! ,temple1 ) knees z h>d z a camel's because ( 8 p]petual pray]s4#a ,he tells u t ,/4 ,james 0 ?r[n f a p9nacle ( ! ,temple1 /on$1 & clubb$ to dea? at ! ord] ( ! scribes & ,ph>isees = ass]t+ t ,jesus 0 on ! "r h& ( ,god4 ,f ,josephus we le>n t 8 m>tyrdom took place :5 a vacancy 9 ! procurator%ip caus$ by ! dea? ( ,fe/us 79 ,a4,d4 #fb7 gave ! ,sadducees ! opportunity :i* !y desir$4 ,he 0 dragg$ be=e ! ,sanh$rim1 condemn$ & /on$4 ,josephus also gives u to und]/& t ! m mod]ate ,jews 7 n 9 sympa?y ) su* a ?or\ghly uncon/itutional proce$+1 & t ,agrippa depriv$ ,ananus1 ! high prie/1 ( 8 (fice = invad+ ! rights ( ! civil p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,! twelve tribes ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,we might suppose t ! writ] _h 9 8 m9d all ! ,jews :o 7 disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 b came to ,j]usalem to (f] sacrifice :5 !y 7 able1 & :o 7 all b\nd by ! religi\s obligation to pay ! ye>ly tribute to ! temple4 ,!re _h be5 sev]al disp]sions 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *os5 p1 to ,assyria "u ,%almanes]1 to ,babylon & ,egypt 9 ! "t ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 & to ,rome "u ,pompeius4 ,b *4 ii4 #a %[s t ! ,epi/le 0 writt5 to m5 :o ackn[l$g$ ,jesus z ,"l4 ,x is !re=e natural to ?9k t x 0 writt5 only to m5 :o 7 bo? ,*ri/ians & ( ,jewi% orig94 ,b !re is ano!r int]pretation ( ! phrase ! twelve tribes4 ,"s ?9k t x is m]ely a symbolical "n = ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* compos$ bo? ( ,jews & ,g5tiles1 & #bcj =m+ ! new & spiritual ,israel4 ,/rong argum5ts h be5 br\ght =w>d 9 fav\r ( ea* ( ^! views1 b ! =m] seems to be ! s\nd]4 ,! argum5t t ! ,jews at ?is p]iod c\ld n h be5 call$ twelve tribes :5 only two _h return$ f ! captivity1 is disprov$ by ! fact t ! phrase is unque/ionably us$ 9 ?is mean+ 9 ,acts xxvi4 #g4 ,we mu/ frankly admit t ,/4 ,paul speaks ( ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians z =m+ "p ( ! new ,israel ( ,god1 b he nev] alludes to !m z "p ( twelve tribes4 ,9 ,rev4 vii4 ! twelve tribes /ill mean ,*ri/ian ,jews 9 contra/ ) ! great multitude ( r$eem$ ,g5tiles4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr speaks ( y\r twelve tribes 9 address+ ,trypho#b ! ,jew1 & sev]al in/ances are to be f\nd 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature :]e ! words are us$ 9 ?is lit]al s5se4 ,we may !re=e re/ cont5t ) ?is lit]al mean+4 ,b we mu/ ma9ta9 x ) res]ve 9 view ( ! fact t ,/4 ,pet] applies ! ^w disp]sion to ! new & ideal ,israel4 ,& we mu/ bew>e ( argu+ t ! ^w synagogue 7ii4 #b7 proves t ! read]s 7 necess>ily ,jews4 ,! ^w synagogue 0 = a long "t occasionally appli$ to ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ian congregations1 z we f9d 9 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas#c 7,a4,d4 #adj7 & ,!ophilus#d 7,a4,d4 #ahj74 ,sid5ote3 ,:5 & :]e writt54 ,we h already se5 t ,pale/9e is ! mo/ likely place1 & z ,/4 ,james liv$ at ,j]usalem1 ! ,epi/le 0 probably writt5 !re4 ,! date has always be5 a hopeless problem to ^? :o reject ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/le4 ,t x 0 writt5 by a h]etic 9 ,pale/9e ab\t ,a4,d4 #gj1 or by a ,ca?olic at ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #ij1 or t x repres5ts a ,ca?oliciz$ ,paul9ism ( ,a4,d4 #adj1 or t x is a pat*work ( homilies writt5 soon aft] ,a4,d4 #abj1 are guesses :i* h be5 made b n sub/antiat$4 ,! fact t x 0 writt5 be=e ,a4,d4 #fb is #bca self-evid5t if we admit t x 0 writt5 by ,/4 ,james4 ,b x is also corroborat$ by ! fact t #a ,pet]1 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fd1 seems to %[ a k ( ?is ,epi/le4 ,f> m complicat$ is ! "q z to :e!r ,/4 ,james %[s any k ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,he insi/s s po9t$ly on ! ne$ ( be+ ju/ifi$ by works t "s writ]s h ?\ght t he is attack+ ,/4 ,paul's doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai?4 ,! idea mu/ be dismiss$4 ,su* a ma/]ly writ] w\ld n h attack$ :at an apo/le did n really hold4 ,/4 ,james1 9 attack+ a !ory ( ju/ification by fai?1 is condemn+ a fai? :i* means only or?odox intellectual ass5t4 ,/4 ,paul1 9 def5d+ 8 doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai?1 is uphold+ a fai? :i* implies en]getic & lov+ s]vice4 ,! two doctr9es simply supplem5t "o ano!r4 ,:5 ,lu!r call$ ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians 8 wife & call$ ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james an ,epi/le ( /raw1 he simply %[$ t he und]/ood nei!r4 ,/4 ,james is n only n criticiz+ ,/4 ,paul2 he is p]haps n ev5 criticiz+ a popul> p]v]sion ( ,/4 ,paul's doctr9e4 ,! "q ( ! ju/ification ( ,abraham 0 a fav\rite subject ( discussion among ! ,jews1 & ! tea*+ ( our ,"l _h %[n ! sup]iority ( a liv+ fai? ov] dead works4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 suppos+ t "s ,jewi% believ]s 7 confus$ ) reg>d to ^! great matt]s be=e !y _h read a ^w ( ,/4 ,paul's lett]s4 ,& to su* m5 ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james might be ( ! highe/ value4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 !re (t5 seems to be a v]bal connection betwe5 ?is ,epi/le & ^? ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! connection is admitt$ by critics ( ! mo/ diff]5t s*ools4 ,moreov]1 "s are ( op9ion t !re is a connection betwe5 ,james & ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 *4 xi4 ,^! connections h be5 exagg]at$1 b !y are h>d to d5y4 ,n[1 if ,/4 ,james _h borr[$ f any ( ^! ,epi/les1 x w\ld be v difficult = u to acc\nt = ! extreme simplicity ( 8 #bcb doctr9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no difficulty 9 ! fact t !y put 8 words 9 a m elaborate sett+4 ,& z ,/4 ,paul's oppon5ts decl>$ t !y 7 back$ by ,/4 ,james1 we may be sure t ,/4 ,paul w\ld eag]ly read any?+ writt5 by ,/4 ,james4 ,we may !re=e place ?is ,epi/le e>li] ?an ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les to ,cor9? & ,rome1 & p]haps e>li] ?an any ( 8 extant ,epi/les4 ,x is sometimes object$ to ?is t x is grotesque to suppose t ,/4 ,james w\ld h orig9at$ ! practice ( writ+ religi\s ,epi/les4 ,x is said t ! practice mu/ h be5 begun by an apo/le ( supreme orig9ality1 & "o :o travell$ widely1 !re=e by ,/4 ,paul4 ,b we h no means ( decid+ ! "q4 ,& z ,/4 ,paul may h writt5 ,epi/les be=e he wrote ^? n[ extant1 we may /ill hold t ,/4 ,paul began ! practice1 & t ?is ,epi/le is nev]!less old] ?an ! works ( ,/4 ,paul :i* we n[ possess4 ,we c1 !re=e1 see no good reason = d5y+ t ?is ,epi/le is z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #ej4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,! ,epi/le is int5sely practical1 & ?\gh x is 9 no s5se anti-doctr9al1 x does n discuss doctr9e4 ,! evils aga9/ :i* x cont5ds all conc]n conduct4 ,! good :i* x recomm5ds is p]si/5t well-do+ 9 accordance ) ! new moral law ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! sole validity ( ! law ( love 7ii4 #h71 ! gift ( a new bir? by ! ^w ( tru?1 mak+ u heirs ( ,god 7i4 #ah2 ii4 #e71 ! m5tion ( ! au?or's s]vitude to ,*ri/ 7i4 #a71 & ! ascription ( div9e p[] to ,8 "n 7v4 #ad71 %[ conclusively t ! writ+ is n1 z "s say1 ( ,jewi% orig94 ,! tone is au/]e1 & ! ,epi/le conta9s no ^w ( praise = ! read]s4 ,a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le is furni%$ by ! num]\s p>allels :i* x pres5ts to ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,^! p>allels are n quotations f ! ,gospels1 b !y %[ t ! writ] 0 saturat$ ) ! k9d ( tea*+ :i* ! ,gospels record4 ,! #bcc connection ) ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt z record$ by ,/4 ,mat!w is p>ticul>ly pla94 ,among ! num]\s pro(s ( ?is connection we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) notic+ ! agreem5t z to ! spiritual view ( ! ,law 7,jas4 i4 #be2 ii4 #h1 #ab1 #ac2 ,matt4 v4 #ag-dd71 ! bless+s ( adv]sity 7,jas4 i4 #b1 #ac2 ii4 #e2 v4 #g1 #h2 ,matt4 v4 #c-ab71 ! dang]s ( weal? 7,jas4 i4 #aj1 #aa2 ii4 #f1 #g2 iv4 #ac-af2 v4 #a-f2 ,matt4 vi4 #ai-ba1 #bd-cd71 ! true nature ( pray] 7,jas4 i4 #e-h2 iv4 #c2 v4 #ac-ah2 ,matt4 vi4 #f-ac71 ! necessity ( =giv+ o!rs 7,jas4 ii4 #ac2 ,matt4 vi4 #ad1 #ae71 ! tree kn[n by its fruits 7,jas4 iii4 #aa1 #ab2 ,matt4 vii4 #af-bj71 ! prohibition ( oa?s 7,jas4 v4 #ab2 ,matt4 v4 #cd-cg71 ! ,judge be=e ! door 7,jas4 v4 #i2 ,matt4 xxiv4 #cc74 ,_m o!r co9cid5ces c be f\nd4 ,! p]fect law upheld by ,/4 ,james1 a law bo? free & royal1 irresi/ibly rem9ds u ( ! legislation ( ! ,messianic ,k+ 9 our fir/ ,gospel4 ,9 v4 #ad-af we h a direction giv5 ) reg>d to ! ano9t+ ( ! sick by ! presbyt]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is rite1 p]v]t$ by ! ,gno/ics 9 ! #bnd c5tury1 surviv$ t p]v]sion4 ,! fir/ full directions = x 9 a ,ca?olic docum5t are 9 ! pray]s ( ,bi%op ,s>apion ( ,?muis 9 ,egypt1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cej4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* ! oil us$ = ?is purpose may be consecrat$ by presbyt]s1 contr>y to ! usual practice ( ! ,we/1 :i* requires x to be consecrat$ by a bi%op4 #bcd ,,analysis ,salutation 7i4 #a74 ,human trial & ! wisdom :i* enables u to pr(it by x1 a w>n+ aga9/ d\ble-m9d$ness1 ,*ri/ianity exalts ! l[ly1 ri*es are transitory1 trial br+s bless+1 trial due to lu/ is n a trial f ,god b f self1 ,god is ! ,s\rce ( all our good 7i4 #b-ah74 ,we mu/ receive ! div9e ^w ) humility & act ^u x1 k9dness & purity are ! be/ c]emonial 7i4 #ai-bg74 ,*ri/ian behavi\r t[>ds ri* & poor to be bas$ on ! royal law ( love2 violation ( t law is a brea* ( ,god's comm&1 :i* embraces motive z well z action 7ii4 #a-ac74 ,intellectual fai? is no sub/itute = godly works1 ,abraham & ,rahab 7 ju/ifi$ by works 7ii4 #ac-bf74 ,! responsibility ( tea*+1 ! difficulty & importance ( controll+ ! tongue 7iii4 #a-ab74 ,*ri/ian wisdom contra/$ ) ! animal wisdom ( faction 7iii4 #ac-ah74 ,! cause ( qu>rell+ is selfi% desire1 :i* infects ev5 y\r pray]s1 ! adult]y ( a s\l :i* indulges 9 worldl9ess & pride1 cease f f9d+ fault1 worldl9ess is %[n 9 bus9ess plans made )\t ref]5ce to ,god 7iv474 ,luxuri\s weal? d5\nc$1 x is ! ri* :o h p]secut$ ! righte\s1 pati5ce is comm5d$ 7v4 #a-aa74 ,swe> n1 pray] & praise1 ! ano9t+ ( ! sick ) pray]1 mutual confession ( s9s & pray]1 ! bless+ on ^? :o conv]t a s9n] 7v4 #ab-bj74 #a ,quot$ by ,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e4 ii4 #bc4 #b ,trypho4 #abf4 #c ,m&4 xi4 #i4 #d ,ad ,autol4 i4 #ad4 #bce ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epi/le ,,g5]al ,,( ,,pet] ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,! au?or describes himself z ,pet]1 an apo/le ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7i4 #a74 ,few books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are s well atte/$ z ?is ,epi/le4 ,! ext]nal evid5ce = its au!nticity is /rong1 & /rong] ?an t = any o!r ,ca?olic ,epi/le except #a ,john4 ,x seems to be quot$ 9 ,dida*1 i4 #d4 ,! lett] ( ,polyc>p writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaj %[s a complete famili>ity ) #a ,pet]4 ,he evid5tly reg>d$ x z a lett] ( ! highe/ au?ority4 ,8 contempor>y ,papias 0 acqua9t$ ) x1 & s f> z we c det]m9e f ,eusebius1 he ref]r$ to x directly z ! "w ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ! date ( :i* is unc]ta91 b :i* is probably z old z ,a4,d4 #ih or ev5 old]1 quotes #a ,pet4 ii4 #e4 ,aga91 x seems c]ta9 t ! ,epi/le is quot$1 ?\gh n by "n1 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #ie4 ,x is q unnecess>y = u to po9t to important ref]5ces 9 writ]s ( ! latt] "p ( ! #bnd c5tury & onw>ds4 ,an ,epi/le :i* has ! triple support ( ,clem5t1 ,polyc>p1 & ,papias is1 s f> z ext]nal evid5ce is conc]n$1 beyond ! rea* ( any sob] criticism4 ,! apo/le 0 fir/ call$ ,simon1 ! son ( ,john 7accord+ to ! correct read+ 9 ,john xxi4 #ae1 #af1 #ag71 & 0 a fi%]man ( ,be?saida4 ,he 0 br\ght to ,jesus by 8 bro!r ,&rew1 &1 l him1 _h be5 a disciple ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,our ,"l at once disc]n$ 8 capacity1 & gave #bcf him ! surname ( ,cephas 7,aramaic7 or ,pet] 7,greek71 signify+ a rock or /one4 ,pet] 0 ! fir/ disciple to confess ! ,messiah%ip ( our ,"l1 & 0 rew>d$ by ! promise ( ! keys ( ! k+dom ( heav5 7,matt4 xvi4 #ac-ai74 ,) ,john & ,james he 0 admitt$ to a peculi>ly close relation%ip ) ,jesus 7,m>k v4 #cg2 ,matt4 xvii4 #a2 xxvi4 #cg2 cf4 ,m>k iii4 #af1 #ag74 ,he ?rice d5i$ t he 0 a disciple ( ,jesus on ! night :5 ,jesus 0 tri$ & condemn$4 ,he bitt]ly rep5t$1 & on ! ?ird day aft] ! ,crucifixion he1 aga9 9 ! company ( ,john1 ha/5$ to ! sepul*re & f\nd x empty4 ,he 0 p]mitt$ sev]al times to see ! ris5 ,"l1 :o cancell$ 8 ?reefold d5ial by graci\sly draw+ f him a ?reefold confession ( 8 love1 & comm&$ him to fe$ ,8 lambs & ,8 %eep4 ,our ,"l also pr$ict$ 8 m>tyrdom 7,john xx4 & xxi42 ,luke xxiv4 #cc1 #cd2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #e74 ,9 ,acts ,/4 ,pet] appe>s z ! lead] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,at ! election ( ,mat?ias 9 place ( ,judas1 at ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ at ,p5teco/1 at ! admission ( ! ,g5tiles 9 ! p]son ( ,cornelius & 8 family to ! privileges ( ! new cov5ant1 at ! emancipation ( ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians f ! ,jewi% c]emonial law at ! ,c\ncil ( ,j]usalem1 ,/4 ,pet] is =emo/ 7,acts i4 #ae-bf2 ii4 #a-db2 x42 xv4 #f-aa74 ,soon aft] ! ,c\ncil ,/4 ,pet] 0 at ,antio*1 & weakly dissembl$ by disguis+ 8 belief 9 ! tru? t ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians 7 on ! same spiritual level z ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians4 ,he 0 rebuk$ by ,/4 ,paul 7,gal4 ii4 #aa-ad74 ,he does n seem to h lab\r$ 9 ,rome until ne> ! end ( 8 life4 ,! ,roman tradition t he 0 bi%op ( t city = tw5ty-five ye>s is almo/ c]ta9ly a leg5d1 bas$ on ! fact t tw5ty-five ye>s elaps$ betwe5 ! ye> :5 ! apo/les 7 believ$ to h tempor>ily left ,j]usalem 7twelve ye>s aft] ! ,crucifixion7 & ! date ( 8 m>tyrdom4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no gr\nd = disput+ ! fact t #bcg he di$ at ,rome dur+ ! ,n]onian p]secution4 ,!re are sev]al reasons = ?9k+ t he surviv$ ,/4 ,paul = a %ort p]iod1 ?\gh ,/4 ,augu/9e ass]ts t he 0 m>tyr$ be=e ,/4 ,paul4 ,he 0 crucifi$ ne> ! middle ( ! circus ( ,n]o1 on a spot aft]w>ds m>k$ by a *apel ( ! crucifixion4 ,he 0 buri$ nigh at h&4 ,8 tomb1 probably 9 ! =m ( a cella or op5 apse1 is m5tion$ by ,caius ( ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #bjj4 ,a huge basilica 0 built ov] x by ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 & rema9$ until x 0 replac$ 9 ! #af? c5tury by ! pres5t ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,9 spite ( 8 unique position1 ,/4 ,pet] 9 #a ,pet4 v4 #a speaks ( himself z a presbyt]1 z ,/4 ,john does 9 #b ,john #a & #c ,john #a 7comp>e also #a ,tim4 iv4 #ad1 :]e ,/4 ,paul reckons himself z a memb] ( ! presbyt]y74 ,at ?is p]iod1 & = _m ye>s lat]1 ! ^w presbyt] 0 vague en\gh to be appli$ to ! highe/ (fic]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! int]nal evid5ce af=d$ by ! ,epi/le is 9 h>mony ) ,/4 ,pet]'s exp]i5ce4 7#a7 ,! writ] claims to h be5 a witness ( ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ 7v4 #a71 & contra/s himself & 8 read]s 9 say+ 7i4 #h71 ,:om n hav+ se5 ye love4 7#b7 ,he lays /ress ^u ! pa/oral aspect ( our ,"l's "w 7ii4 #be2 v4 #b-d71 z ?\gh writ+ "u a s5se ( ! special pa/oral *>ge giv5 to him by our ,"l4 7#c7 ,8 injunction1 all ( y gird y\rselves ) humility--lit]ally1 put on humility l a slave's apron--seems to be a rem9isc5ce ( ! action ( our ,"l t a/oni%$ ,/4 ,pet] :5 ,he took a t[el & gird$ ,himself at ! ,la/ ,supp]4 7#d7 ,!re are po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! ,epi/le & ! spee*es deliv]$ by ,/4 ,pet] 9 ,acts4 7#e7 ,! appeal to ,old ,te/am5t pr$ictions ( ,*ri/'s suff]+s 7#a ,pet4 i4 #aa2 ,acts iii4 #ah71 ! ref]5ce to ! /one t 0 reject$ by ! build]s 7#a ,pet4 ii4 #g1 #h2 ,acts iv4 #aa71 ! description ( ! cross z ! tree 7#a ,pet4 ii4 #bd2 ,acts v4 #cj71 are co9cid5ces :i* sugge/ a common au?or%ip :ile !y seem too small to be design$4 7#f7 ,! graphic & #bch pictorial /yle ( ! ,epi/le be>s resemblance to ! /yle ( ,m>k1 :i* is bas$ on ,/4 ,pet]'s prea*+4 ,we may m5tion ! ^w put to sil5ce 7ii4 #ae7--lit]ally1 muzzle--:i* ,/4 ,m>k 7i4 #be2 iv4 #ci7 applies to ! subdu+ ( an unclean _s & ! /ill+ ( a r\gh sea4 ,aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/le x is sometimes said t x is improbable t ,/4 ,pet]1 ^: mission 0 to ! ,jews1 w\ld address ,*ur*es 9 :i* ,/4 ,paul _h lab\r$1 & :i* 7 l>gely compos$ ( ,g5tiles4 ,b 9 no case c\ld su* action on ! "p ( ,/4 ,pet] be ?\ght incr$ible4 ,& if ,/4 ,pet] surviv$ ,/4 ,paul1 z he v probably did1 x w\ld be p>ticul>ly fitt+ = him to write to !m aft] ,/4 ,paul's m>tyrdom4 ,_m critics h be5 incl9$ to pron\nce ! ,epi/le spuri\s on ! gr\nd t x seems to be s /rongly influ5c$ by ,/4 ,paul's tea*+ z to repres5t ,/4 ,paul's own s*ool ( ?\ght4 ,we f9d1 z 9 ,/4 ,paul's writ+s1 ! phrase 9 ,*ri/ 7iii4 #af2 v4 #aj1 #ad71 & ! second adv5t ( ,*ri/ call$ by ! "n revelation 7i4 #g1 #ac2 iv4 #ac74 ,moreov]1 !re are num]\s v]ses :i* c be comp>$ ) v]ses 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,romans & ,ephesians4#a ,we mu/ n fail to notice 9 pass+1 t if ?is ,epi/le1 :i* manife/ly belongs to ! #a/ c5tury1 does actually quote ,ephesians1 z "s affirm1 ! au!nticity ( ,ephesians is !reby v /rongly corroborat$4 ,b 9 any case ! simil>ity betwe5 ! ,epi/le & ,/4 ,paul's writ+s _c be reasonably urg$ aga9/ its g5u95ess4 ,! once popul> !ory t ,/4 ,paul held a fundam5tally diff]5t conception ( ,*ri/ianity f t held by ,/4 ,pet] has completely brok5 d[n4 ,!re is n a %r$ ( evid5ce = believ+ t ! semi-,*ri/ian ,jews :o liv$ 9 ,pale/9e 9 ! #bnd c5tury repres5t$ ,/4 ,pet]'s #bci type ( ,*ri/ianity1 or t ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,pet] exclud$ ! deep tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,he 0 susceptible to ext]nal influ5ces1 & he may h caught ! tone ( ,/4 ,paul :ile liv+ 9 a community :i* ,/4 ,paul _h s pr(\ndly influ5c$4 ,?is tone seems to m>k #a ,pet]4 ,b a fur!r po9t mu/ be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection4 ,mod]n writ]s h too readily adopt$ ! habit ( labell+ c]ta9 expressions & doctr9es z ,paul9e & assum+ t ,/4 ,paul orig9at$ !m4 ,no d\bt ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles possess$ a m9d z orig9al z x 0 f]tile4 ,b x is at lea/ reasonable to suppose t a common cre$ & a common tra9+ produc$ simil> habits ( ?\ght 9 _m cultivat$ & eag] m9ds4 ,/4 ,paul himself frequ5tly writes z if 8 read]s1 ev5 ^? :o _h n se5 8 face1 7 q famili> ) a treasury ( words & ideas :i* he employs4 ,we _c legitimately argue t he 0 ! fir/ & only co9] ( su* words & ideas4 ,= in/ance1 ! phrase 9 ,*ri/1 :i* we h quot$ above1 is (t5 said to h be5 directly borr[$ f ,/4 ,paul4 ,b ! idea ( abid+ 9 ,*ri/ is impli$ 9 ,matt4 & ,m>k1 & exp\nd$ 9 ,john4 ,x rea*es back to ! ,old ,te/am5t idea ( abid+ 9 ,god 7,ps4 lvi4 #d2 lxii4 #g2 ,isa4 xlv4 #be74 ,x w\ld be q natural 9 any ,*ri/ian :o _h adequately realiz$ ! tru? ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,we c !re=e repudiate )\t hesitation ! ass]tion t ! writ] is m affect$ by ! tea*+ ( ,paul ?an ( ,jesus4 ,! imag]y employ$ by ! writ] is ( a di/9ctive "*4 ,x is almo/ entirely d]iv$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & is n>r[] 9 its range ?an t ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! figures are drawn f bir? & family life 7i4 #c1 #ad1 #ag1 #bb2 ii4 #b71 nomadic life 7i4 #a1 #ag2 ii4 #aa71 temple & wor%ip 7ii4 #c2 iii4 #ae71 build+ 7ii4 #d71 fields & pa/oral life 7i4 #d2 v4 #b1 #h71 milit>y life 7i4 #e2 ii4 #aa1 iv4 #a71 pa9t+ 7ii4 #ba71 work+ 9 metals 7i4 #g2 iv4 #ab74 ,"s ( ^! figures sugge/ t ! au?or 0 a ,jew by bir?1 & also t he 0 n a m]e copyi/ ( ,/4 ,paul4 #bdj ,aga91 we mu/ notice t #a ,pet] %[s a dep5d5ce ^u ,james4#b ,:ile we !re=e grant t ! au?or ( ?is ,epi/le seems to h made use ( ,/4 ,paul's writ+s1 we mu/ be prep>$ to grant t he also made use ( a docum5t writt5 by "o :o has be5 frequ5tly decl>$ by mod]n critics to h be5 antagoni/ic to ,/4 ,paul4 ,a tradition f\nd z e>ly z ,orig51 & 9 itself extremely probable1 repres5ts ,/4 ,pet] z hav+ organiz$ ! ,*ur* at ,antio*1 & ,/4 ,pet] probably became acqua9t$ ) ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james :ile at ,antio* & be=e 8 arrival at ,rome4 ,9 any case1 ! au?or %[s himself by no means exclusively indebt$ to ,/4 ,paul1 & ! c&id /ud5t mu/ !re=e admit t x is unreasonable to discr$it ?is ,epi/le on ! gr\nd t x repres5ts ,/4 ,pet] z prea*+ ,paul9ism4 ,x is also ass]t$ t ! ,greek is too fl[+ to h be5 writt5 by ,/4 ,pet]1 especially if ,papias is "r 9 say+ t ,/4 ,pet] requir$ ! s]vices ( ,/4 ,m>k z int]pret]4 ,! /yle ( ! ,greek is1 inde$1 good4 ,x conta9s a consid]able numb] ( classical ,greek words1 ?\gh x is also saturat$ ) ! language ( ! ,septuag9t4 ,x is simple1 correct1 & impressive4 ,b ! l>ge ext5t to :i* ,greek 0 spok5 9 ,pale/9e1 & ! fact t x 0 ! language ( ,antio*1 make x q possible t ,/4 ,pet] obta9$ a consid]able ma/]y ov] ,greek4 ,we _c atta* a q def9ite mean+ to ! ^w int]pret]4 ,x ne$ n imply t ,/4 ,pet] always1 or ev5 at any "t 9 8 lat] life1 requir$ 8 ,aramaic to be translat$ into ,greek4 ,x is n unusual = a clev] mod]n mission>y to lecture & write 9 correct ,*9ese aft] a v few ye>s ( practice1 & !re w\ld be no?+ /range if ,/4 ,pet] soon acquir$ a comp>atively easy language su* z ,hell5i/ic ,greek4 ,x is !re=e q unnecess>y = #bda "s half-he>t$ apologi/s to sugge/ t ! ,epi/le 0 ma9ly or entirely writt5 = ,/4 ,pet] by 8 secret>y1 ,silvanus 7#a ,pet4 v4 #ab74 ,! expression & connection ( ! ideas conta9$ 9 x are f> too natural & easy = u to ?9k t two h&s 7 conc]n$ 9 its composition1 & ! tone ( au?ority us$ 9 v4 #a c only be expla9$ on ! !ory t ,/4 ,pet] or a =g] wrote ! ,epi/le4 ,! language ( *4 v4 is mo/ easily expla9$ by ! !ory t ,silvanus1 a tru/$ fri5d & delegate ( ,/4 ,pet]1 c>ri$ ! lett]4 ,! lett] 0 purposely made %ort 7v4 #ab7 because its lessons 7 to be en=c$ by ,silvanus4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,to ! elect :o are soj\rn]s ( ! ,disp]sion 9 ,pontus1 ,galatia1 ,cappadocia1 ,asia1 & ,bi?ynia4 ,consid]able difficulty is atta*$ to ?is address4 ,at fir/ sight x seems to mean ^? ,*ri/ians ( ,asia ,m9or nor? ( ! ,taurus m\nta9s :o _h be5 conv]t$ f ,judaism4 ,b !re are "s v]ses 9 ! ,epi/le :i* seem to imply t ! read]s _h be5 pagans4 ,^! v]ses are i4 #ad2 ii4 #i1 #aj2 iii4 #f2 iv4 #c4 ,!y sugge/ t ! read]s _h l$ a lic5ti\s hea!n life1 & _h be5 only rec5tly admitt$ to any cov5ant ) ,god4 ,! be>+ ( "s ( !m is a little unc]ta94 ,= in/ance1 ii4 #aj says t ! conv]ts 9 "t pa/ 7 no p1 b n[ are ! p ( ,god--! same v]se t ,/4 ,paul 9 ,rom4 ix4 #be applies to ! call+ ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,?is v]se is ?\ght to furni% a /rong argum5t = ^? s*ol>s :o hold t ! ,epi/le is address$ to ,g5tiles1 & t soj\rn]s ( ! ,disp]sion mu/ be tak5 9 a figurative s5se1 mean+ ,*ri/ians :o are exil$ f ! heav5ly ,canaan4 ,b z ! v]se is f ,hos4 i4 #aj1 & is appli$ by ,hosea himself to ! ,jews1 x is c]ta9ly possible to hold t ,/4 ,pet] also applies x to ,jews4 ,9 ?is case ! ^w ,disp]sion w\ld reta9 its lit]al mean+1 & ! ,epi/le w\ld be writt5 to conv]ts f ,judaism4 ,b ! ref]5ce to idolatries 9 iv4 #c _c be appli$ to ,jews4 ,& x #bdb w\ld be q unnatural = ,/4 ,pet] to speak ab\t ! hea!n ?9k+ x /range t conv]t$ ,jews refus$ to jo9 9 _! idolatr\s excesses4 ,! ^w y 9 i4 #ab sugge/s t ! read]s belong$ to a diff]5t race f ! ,hebrew prophets4 ,f9ally1 ! phrase elect ( ! ,disp]sion mu/ be comp>$ ) 9 ,babylon1 elect 7v4 #ac74 ,l ! "n ,babylon = ,rome1 ! ^w ,disp]sion is a ,jewi% phrase tak5 ov] by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,we agree1 !n1 ) ,/4 ,j]ome & ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 hold+ t ?is ,epi/le 0 writt5 to ,g5tiles4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,! ,epi/le says1 ,%e t is 9 ,babylon1 elect toge!r ) y1 salute? y 7v4 #ac74 ,?is means ! ,*ur* 9 ,rome4 ,! "n ,babylon is appli$ to ,rome 9 ! ,revelation1 & f an e>ly p]iod ! ,*ri/ians w\ld naturally be incl9$ to give ?is "n to a city :i* _h become1 l ,babylon ( old1 ! c5tre ( worldl9ess & oppression4 ,x is practically c]ta9 t ,/4 ,pet] sp5t 8 la/ days 9 ,rome4 ,moreov]1 ,/4 ,m>k 0 ) ,/4 ,pet] :5 ?is ,epi/le 0 writt5 7v4 #ac71 & f #b ,tim4 iv4 #aa we "k t ,/4 ,m>k 0 invit$ to ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #fd4 ,x is mo/ improbable t ,babylon signifies ei!r ! ,babylon ne> ,cairo1 or ! great city on ! ,euphrates4 ,?ree facts enable u to det]m9e ! date3 7#a7 ,! pres5ce ( ,m>k 9 ,rome4 7#b7 ,! fact t ,/4 ,pet] appe>s nev] to h be5 9 ,rome :5 ,colossians 0 writt5 9 ,a4,d4 #fj--s t ! ,epi/le _c be e>li] ?an ,a4,d4 #fj4 7#c7 ,! allusion 9 iv4 #ac-ae to ! fact t ,*ri/ians are already puni%$ = be+ nam$ ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ! p]iod describ$ 9 ,acts !y are n yet puni%$ m]ely = be+ ,*ri/ians1 b = specific crimes alleg$ aga9/ !m by _! oppon5ts4 ,x is (t5 ass]t$ t ?is ,epi/le mu/ be lat] ?an ! "t ( ,n]o1 on ! gr\nd t x 0 aft] ,n]o's "t t ! "n ,*ri/ian ensur$ ! legal condemnation ( any "o :o bore x4 ,b ?is ass]tion is n support$ by ! ,roman hi/orians ,tacitus & ,suetonius4 ,_! words support ! cont5tion #bdc t ! k9d ( p]secution m5tion$ 9 ?is ,epi/le began "u ,n]o 9 ,a4,d4 #fd4 ,:5 ! ,epi/le 0 writt5 ?is p]secution _h probably begun1 b x _h n yet assum$ its mo/ savage =m4#c 7#d7 ,/4 ,pet] himself suff]$ "u ,n]o1 n lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #fg4 ,we may !re=e confid5tly date ! ,epi/le ab\t ,a4,d4 #fd4 ,x appe>s f v4 #ab t 9 writ+ ?is ,epi/le ,/4 ,pet] 0 assi/$ by ,silvanus1 our fai?ful bro!r1 z an amanu5sis4 ,he is probably ! ,silas 7ano!r =m ( ! same "n7 m5tion$ 9 ,acts xv4 #bb1 #cb1 #dj1 & ! ,silvanus 9 #a ,!ss4 i4 #a2 #b ,!ss4 i4 #a1 #b ,cor4 i4 #ai4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,?is ,epi/le is highly practical1 & ?\gh x is ri* 9 doctr9al elem5ts1 x endeav\rs to in/ruct ! read]s 9 conduct r ?an doctr9e4 ,! two key-words ( ! ,epi/le are suff]+ & hope1 & ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ & ! glories :i* cr[n$ !m furni% ,/4 ,pet] ) enc\ragem5t4 ,?\gh he writes 9 pla9 sympa?y ) ! lib]al ,*ri/ianity ( ,/4 ,paul1 8 language ?r\gh\t be>s ! impress ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,*ri/ is ! lamb 7i4 #ai7 & ! corn]-/one 7ii4 #f72 ,*ri/ians are ! elect race 7ii4 #i7 & ! royal prie/hood 7ii4 #i74 ,)\t discuss+ ! problems rais$ by ,god's pr$e/9ation ( ! ,jews1 he says t !y 7 appo9t$ unto /umbl+1 & _! /umbl+ seems to be reg>d$ z ! puni%m5t :i* ,god atta*$ to _! disob$i5ce4 ,! fact t 9 i4 #b ! names ( ! ,?ree ,p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity are giv5 9 an ord] :i* does n correspond ) ! ord] ( _! revelation 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 indicates t !y are reg>d$ z coequal4 ,we may note t 9 iv4 #ai ! ,fa!r is call$ fai?ful ,creator1 a unique expression4 ,! tea*+ ab\t ! "w ( ,*ri/ is full4 ,he is (t5 #bdd simply call$ ,*ri/ )\t ! "n ,jesus4 ,he is call$ ,"l1 & ,8 special div9e ,son%ip is impli$ 7i4 #c74 ,! real exi/5ce ( our ,"l be=e ,8 bir? on e>? is also impli$4 ,x has be5 said t i4 #bj signifies t ,he 0 only kn[n to ! ,fa!r z de/9$ to exi/ 9 ! future4 ,?is int]pretation is exclud$ by i4 #aa1 :i* %[s t ,8 ,_s inspir$ ! prophets be=e ,8 bir?4 ,x is /ill m def9itely exclud$ by iii4 #ah1 #ai4 ,"h x is %[n t ,8 p]sonality resid$ nei!r 9 ,8 fle%1 nor 9 ,8 human _s clo!d 9 :i* ,he prea*$ to ! dead4 ,?is _s 0 !re=e tak5 by a p]sonality :i* exi/$ previ\s to ! creation ( ! _s4 ,! ,atonem5t is prom95t4 ,*ri/'s dea? is bo? an example & a r$emption :i* procur$ ,god's grace4 ,he di$ = ! unrighte\s4 ,he c>ri$ our s9s 9 ,8 body to ! cross 7ii4 #bd74 ,! ,resurrection is "o ( ! glories :i* foll[$ ,8 suff]+s 7i4 #aa74 ,x is a unique motive to our fai? 7i4 #ba71 & ! cause ( ! efficacy ( our baptism 7iii4 #ba74 ,! ,asc5sion is ! fact :i* gu>antees to u ! pres5t rule ( ,*ri/ 7iii4 #bb74 ,9 iv4 #f we h an important /atem5t ) reg>d to ! dead1 :i* mu/ be /udi$ 9 relation to iii4 #ah-bj4 ,! purpose ( ,*ri/'s prea*+ to ^? :o di$ be=e ! gospel came 0 t ?\gh judg$ !y yet might live4 ,bless+s :i* !y _h n kn[n on e>? 7 (f]$ to !m by ! dead b liv+ ,*ri/4 ,! practical side ( ! ,epi/le is simple b solemn4 ,x deals ) ! privileges 7i4 #c-;ii4 #aj71 duties 7ii4 #aa-;iv4 #aa71 & trials 7iv4 #ab-v4 #aa7 ( ! bre?r54 ,x seems to be writt5 ) ! hope t ! ,*ri/ians may p]haps dis>m p]secution if !y ab/a9 f va9ly attempt+ to set e "o to rights & are scrupul\sly loyal to ! ,gov]nm5t 7ii4 #ad-ag74 #bde ,,analysis ,salutation 7i4 #a1 #b74 ,! joy ( salvation1 a joy :i* spr+s f fai?2 ?is salvation 0 =etold by ! prophets3 ! fruits ( salvation1 s]i\sness1 love t[>ds o!rs1 gr[?1 ! privilege ( be+ built ^u ,*ri/3 ,*ri/ians are ! true ,israel 7i4 #c-;ii4 #aj74 ,! ,*ri/ian bro!rhood & its duties1 submission to civil magi/rates1 slaves mu/ obey ev5 unreasonable ma/]s1 wives if good & g5tle may w9 _! husb&s1 husb&s mu/ rev]5ce _! wives3 k9dness mu/ be ! ,*ri/ian's rule1 !re mu/ be no return ( evil = evil2 suff]+1 if wrongfully endur$1 has its rew>d4 ,*ri/'s suff]+s issu$ 9 bless+1 9 ,8 m9i/]ial j\rney to ,hades & ,8 triumphant j\rney into heav53 ,*ri/ our ,example1 our rule is ! w ( ,god3 ,*ri/ian life mu/ be guid$ 9 view ( ! approa*+ end ( all ?+s1 ea* ( our gifts is to be us$ = ! good ( ! :ole ,*ur* 7ii4 #aa-;iv4 #aa74 ,! trials ( ! bre?r51 tru/ 9 ,god 9 ! mid/ ( suff]+1 rejoice 9 y\r p>ticipation 9 ,*ri/'s suff]+1 be> ! reproa* t fell on ,him1 to suff] z a ,*ri/ian is cause = ?anksgiv+1 suff]+ to be expect$1 judgm5t is beg9n+3 ! relation ( pa/ors & p1 ! presbyt]s n to act z slaves1 hirel+s1 or tyrants3 f9al c\nsels to humility & firmness 7iv4 #ab-v4 #aa74 ,comm5dation ( ! be>]1 & salutations 7v4 #ab-ad74 #a ,comp>e #a ,pet4 i4 #ad ) ,rom4 xii4 #b2 #a ,pet4 i4 #ba ) ,rom4 iv4 #bd2 #a ,pet4 ii4 #e ) ,rom4 xii4 #a2 #a ,pet4 ii4 #f1 #g ) ,rom4 ix4 #cc2 #a ,pet4 ii4 #aj ) ,rom4 ix4 #be1 #bf2 #a ,pet4 ii4 #ah ) ,eph4 vi4 #e2 #a ,pet4 iii4 #a ) ,eph4 v4 #bb2 #a ,pet4 v4 #e ) ,eph4 v4 #ba4 #b ,comp>e #a ,pet4 i4 #a ) ,jas4 i4 #a2 #a ,pet4 i4 #f f4 ) ,jas4 i4 #b f41 #ab2 #a ,pet4 i4 #bc ) ,jas4 i4 #ah2 #a ,pet4 ii4 #a ) ,jas4 i4 #ba2 #a ,pet4 ii4 #aa ) ,jas4 iv4 #a2 #a ,pet4 v4 #f ) ,jas4 iv4 #g1 #aj2 #a ,pet4 v4 #i ) ,jas4 iv4 #g2 & ! quotation 9 #a ,pet4 v4 #e ) ,jas4 iv4 #f4 #c ,= ! p]secution & its be>+ on ! date ( ?is ,epi/le1 see ,leighton ,pullan1 ,hi/ory ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #aje ff4 7,s]vice & ,paton1 #ahih74 #bdf ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,second ,,epi/le ,,g5]al ,,( ,,pet] ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,! difficulties :i* are connect$ ) ! au?or%ip ( ?is ,epi/le are great] ?an ^? connect$ ) ! au?or%ip ( any o!r book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,a multitude ( objections h be5 rais$ aga9/ its g5u95ess1 & x has be5 pron\nc$ spuri\s by a consid]able numb] ev5 ( ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,b :ile fully admitt+ t ! problem is complicat$1 we c lawfully simplify x by at once dismiss+ "s ( ! weak] objections4 ,= in/ance1 ! /atem5t t #b ,pet] quotes f ,josephus1 ! celebrat$ ,jewi% hi/orian1 :o di$ c4 ,a4,d4 #ajc1 is utt]ly unprov$4 ,aga91 ! (t5-repeat$ /atem5t t ! doctr9e ( man be+ made a p>tak] ( ! div9e nature 7#b ,pet4 i4 #d7 is a doctr9e :i* 0 n taught until aft] ! apo/olic age1 is unw>rantable1 unless we repudiate :olesale _m books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* we h e reason to reg>d z apo/olic4 ,= ! indwell+ ( ! ,fa!r 9 ,*ri/ & 9 ! believ] ?r\gh ,*ri/ is impli$ by ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,john1 ,/4 ,james1 & ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! writ]1 9 lay+ /ress ^u ! importance ( spiritual k1 is once m 9 agreem5t ) ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john4 ,he pla9ly does n mean m]e intellectual k1 & ! doctr9e :i* he tea*es is ( a v simple k9d4 ,! slight ref]5ce made to ! ,r$emption 7ii4 #a7 & ! sil5ce manife/$ z to ! ,resurrection _c be consid]$ s crucial z "s s*ol>s believe !m to be4 ,read]s ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le c\ld h>dly fail to h ^! #bdg facts pr9t$ 9 _! v s\ls4 ,!y w\ld n require to h !m repeat$ 9 a second lett]4 ,! language ( ! ,epi/le1 especially 9 ! v]ses :i* d n dep5d ^u ,jude1 %[s sev]al small co9cid5ces ) #a ,pet] & ) ! spee*es ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 ,acts4 ,we may comp>e ! phrases 9 #b ,pet4 ii4 #ae ) ,acts i4 #ah1 & #b ,pet4 iii4 #aj ) ,acts ii4 #ai1 & ,comp>e #b ,pet4 i4 #g ) #a ,pet4 i4 #bb1 iii4 #h4 i4 #ai1 #bj i4 #aj-ab4 ii4 #a i4 #ah iii4 #f iii4 #bj4 iii4 #ad i4 #ai4 ,! writ] ab/a9s f copy+ ! designation ( ! apo/le conta9$ 9 #a ,pet]1 & does n record ! words spok5 f heav5 at ! ,transfiguration exactly z !y are report$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,9 bo? ^! po9ts a =g] w\ld v probably h act$ o!rwise4 ,on ! :ole1 ! words employ$ 9 #b ,pet] seem indecisive ) reg>d to ! au?or%ip4 ,!re is suffici5t v>iation to all[ u to believe t x 0 writt5 or n writt5 by ! apo/le4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable words 9 #b ,pet] is t employ$ 9 i4 #af = an eye-witness4 ,x is a ^w us$ 9 ! ,greek hea!n my/]ies1 & "s critics ?9k t su* a ^w w\ld n h be5 us$ by an or?odox writ] until an age :5 ! ,*ur* _h le>nt to borr[ ,greek religi\s t]ms f ! ,gno/ic h]etics4 ,x is a suffici5t pro( ( ! weakness ( ?is argum5t t ! ,greek v]b d]iv$ f ?is n\n is f\nd 9 #a ,pet4 ii4 #ab4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 fair to say t ! /yle ( #b ,pet] is less simple & less closely connect$ ) ! ,old ,te/am5t ?an t ( #a ,pet]4 ,m s]i\s objections are 7#a7 ! lack ( ext]nal evid5ce 9 ! writ]s ( ! #bnd & #crd c5turies2 7#b7 ! int]nal evid5ce t ! ,epi/le is bas$ ^u ,jude1 & p]haps on ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet]4 #bdh ,eusebius is evid5tly 9 d\bt ab\t x4 ,he says1 ,we h n inde$ receiv$ x by tradition to be 9 ! ,canon1 yet z x appe>$ useful to _m1 x 0 /udi\sly read ) ! o!r ,scriptures4 #a ,x is n m5tion$ by ,ir5aeus1 nor is x 9 ! li/ giv5 9 ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t4 ,b x seems to h be5 comm5t$ on by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ?\gh x is n quot$ 9 8 extant works4 ,orig5 does m5tion x 9 8 orig9al ,greek works1 b 9 a mann] :i* %[s t x 0 disput$ 9 8 "t4 ,9 ,ruf9us' ,lat9 translation ( ,orig5 !re are sev]al quotations f #b ,pet]1 b aga9/ ?is fact x is sometimes urg$ t ,ruf9us em5d$ ,orig51 & t we _c be absolutely c]ta9 t ^! quotations are g5u9e4 ,! ,epi/le seems to h be5 kn[n to ,orig5's great contempor>y ,hippolytus 7,refut4 ix4 #g2 x4 #bj & else:]e74 ,!re are1 moreov]1 passages 9 /ill e>li] writ]s :i* are p]haps bas$ on #b ,pet]4 ,^! are 9 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #ie1 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,a4,d4 #aeb1 & ! docum5t :i* is wrongly call$ ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,clem5t1 & is really a ,roman homily ( ab\t ,a4,d4 #adj4 ,! evid5ce ( ^! passages is n positive1 b if ev5 "o ( !m is quot$ f #b ,pet]1 x becomes q impossible to assign #b ,pet] to ,a4,d4 #aej-agj1 :i* is ! date mo/ fav\r$ by ^? :o d5y its au!nticity4 ,nor is ! omission ( any m5tion ( x 9 ,ir5aeus & ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t a v de/ructive fact4 ,! ,muratorian ,fragm5t is only a fragm5t1 & does n m5tion #a ,pet]1 & !re is no passage 9 ,ir5aeus quot$ f ,james4 ,yet x is c]ta9 t ^? two ,epi/les belong to ! apo/olic age4 ,! fact is t su* a v l>ge am\nt ( ! lit]ature ( ! #bnd c5tury has be5 de/roy$1 t x is always prec>i\s to argue f omissions 9 ! books :i* are /ill extant4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ! evid5ce ( writ]s ( ! #bnd & #crd c5turies is c]ta9ly meagre 9 ! case ( #b ,pet]1 we _c argue t comp>ative lack ( evid5ce means positively ho/ile evid5ce4 ,a #bdi notable /ep t[>ds ! det]m9ation ( ! problem w be made if s*ol>s ev5tually agree to assign a v e>ly date to ! two great ,egyptian v]sions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,bo? ^! v]sions conta9 #b ,pet]4 ,z to ! connection betwe5 #b ,pet] & ,jude1 x may be reg>d$ z c]ta9 t ei!r !y bo? dep5d on "s previ\s docum5t1 or t "o ( !m dep5ds on ! o!r4 ,comp>e ,jude #f ) #b ,pet4 ii4 #d4 #g ii4 #f4 #h ii4 #aj4 #aj ii4 #ab4 #aa ii4 #ae4 #ab1 #ac ii4 #ac1 #ag4 #af ii4 #ah4 #ag1 #ah iii4 #a-c4 ,an exam9ation ( ^! passages seems to prove t #a ,pet] borr[s f ,jude & n ,jude f #b ,pet]4#b ,9 ,jude ! connection ( ideas seems m simple & direct4 ,v>i\s v]ses 9 #b ,pet] become m intelligible 9 ! light ?r[n ^u !m by ! correspond+ v]ses 9 ,jude4 ,?us ,jude #aj alludes to ! immorality :i* expla9s :y ! h]etics are call$ animals to be de/roy$ 9 #b ,pet4 ii4 #ab4 ,jude #ac1 by call+ ! h]etics w&]+ />s1 expla9s :y d>kness is said to be res]v$ = !m 9 #b ,pet4 ii4 #ag4 ,betwe5 #b ,pet4 ii4 #ag & #ah !re is no direct allusion to ,eno* z 9 ,jude #ad1 b "s ( ! mat]ial tak5 f ! ,book ( ,eno* /ill rema9s4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is connection ) ,jude is conf9$ to #b ,pet4 ii4 #a-;iii4 #g4 ,n[1 ?is passage mu/ h be5 ei!r ins]t$ 9 "s anci5t manuscript ( ?is ,epi/le1 or x 0 orig9ally "p ( ! ,epi/le4 ,if x has be5 ins]t$1 ! "q ( ! au!nticity ( ! re/ ( ! ,epi/le obvi\sly rema9s #bej unt\*$4 ,b if x orig9ally =m$ "p ( ! ,epi/le1 z appe>s to be ! case1 c we reg>d ?is z a conclusive pro( t ,/4 ,pet] did n write x8 ,surely n4#c ,! fact t ,/4 ,luke ins]ts mo/ ( ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k is n consid]$ to be any argum5t aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ,/4 ,luke's "w4 ,bo? 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new we are occasionally confront$ by ! same ph5om5on4 ,writ]s repeat :at has be5 said by o!r writ]s :5 _! words appe> to !m to be ! be/ possible words = en=c+ a p>ticul> lesson4 ,! "q ( ! au!nticity ( #b ,pet] has lately become /ill fur!r complicat$4 ,!re has rec5tly be5 discov]$ "p ( ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet] m5tion$ 9 ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t4 ,?is ,apocalypse is usually ?\ght to h be5 =g$ 9 ,egypt 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #bnd c5tury4 ,x pres5ts c]ta9 po9ts ( resemblance ) #b ,pet]4 ,^! po9ts ( resemblance affect ! fir/ *apt] ( #b ,pet] z well z ! second *apt]4 ,!y !re=e furni% an argum5t aga9/ ! !ory t *4 ii4 is a late int]polation into a g5u9e ,epi/le1 & !y sugge/ t ! ,epi/le is ei!r :olly g5u9e or :olly =g$4 ,b ! solution ( ! problem is n s easy z x seems to _m s*ol>s4 ,if we c\ld positively say t ! ,apocalypse 0 writt5 9 ! #bnd c5tury1 & positively say t #b ,pet] borr[s f x1 ! "q w\ld be settl$ once = all4 ,b ?is is ! v ?+ :i* we _c d ) confid5ce4 ,"s critics ( great ability hold x c]ta9 t #b ,pet] 0 =g$ by "s "o :o borr[$ f ! ,apocalypse4 ,"s ?9k t ! same writ] =g$ !m bo?4 ,o!rs ?9k t ! ,apocalypse is p>tly d]iv$ f #b ,pet]4 ,!y c /rongly support _! view by ! fact t :5 ,*ri/ians 7 famili> ) bo? writ+s1 x 0 decid$ to reject ! ,apocalypse & #bea keep ! ,epi/le4 ,la/ly1 x might be reasonably held t ! co9cid5ces 9 bo? writ+s are due to ! use ( "o e>li] docum5t or a common /ock ( ideas & phrases4 ,! popul>ity ( ,apocalyptic lit]ature at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era makes ?is !ory cr$ible4 ,we may sum up ! evid5ce = & aga9/ #b ,pet] z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! ext]nal evid5ce is meagre4 #b4 ,! int]nal evid5ce is p]plex+1 & may reasonably be consid]$ adv]se4 ,on ! o!r h&3-- #a4 ,! ext]nal evid5ce is n def9itely adv]se4 #b4 ,no conv9c+ reason c be assign$ = =g+ su* an ,epi/le4 ,! critics :o believe x to be =g$1 hold t x 0 writt5 9 ,egypt 9 ord] to oppose ! ,gno/icism ( c4 ,a4,d4 #aej or #afj4 ,b ! ,gno/icism rebuk$ 9 #b ,pet] _c def9itely be assign$ to ! #bnd c5tury4 ,& x is v difficult to say t ! h]esy rebuk$ 9 #b ,pet] belongs to ! #bnd c5tury )\t also ma9ta9+ t ! h]esy rebuk$ 9 ,jude belongs to ! #bnd c5tury4#d ,yet sev]al facts 9 ,jude po9t s decid$ly to ! #a/ c5tury t "s ( ! able/ writ]s :o d5y ! au!nticity ( #b ,pet] /rongly ass]t ! g5u95ess ( ,jude4 ,we c only conclude by d\bt+ :e!r we "k m ab\t ! problem ( #b ,pet] ?an ! ,*ur* ( ! #crd & #d? c5turies knew4 ,p]haps we d n "k ne>ly z mu*4 ,& "u ^! circum/ances we _c effectively criticize ! judgm5t ( ! ,*ur* :i* decid$ to admit #b ,pet] into ! ,canon4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,to ! same read]s z ! ,fir/ ,epi/le 7iii4 #a74 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,x 0 probably writt5 9 ,rome1 & "s ( ! e>lie/ ref]5ces to x are by writ]s :o liv$ 9 ,rome4 #beb ,ju/9 ,m>tyr liv$ 9 ,rome1 & if ! ref]5ces 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr & o!r writ]s be=e ,hippolytus be consid]$ d\btful1 ,hippolytus is a ,roman witness ( ! fir/ importance4 ,! date is p]haps betwe5 ,a4,d4 #fc & #fg4 ,if x 7 lat] ?an #gj1 we might reasonably expect to f9d a ref]5ce to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem aft] ! allusion to ,god's retribution on ! p ( ,sodom & o!r malefactors ( old times4 ,! errors :i* are d5\nc$ are ak9 to ^? :i* are d5\nc$ 9 #a & #b ,timo?y4 ,! allusion to ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les 9 iii4 #af sugge/s t "s collection ( ^! ,epi/les already exi/$1 & t ,/4 ,paul 0 already dead4 ,x has be5 urg$ aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le t x includes ! ,paul9e ,epi/les 9 ,scripture 7iii4 #af71 & t ?is w\ld h be5 impossible 9 ! apo/olic age4 ,b ! /atem5t ne$ n necess>ily mean m ?an t ! ,epi/les 7 on ! m>g9 ( a ,canon :i* 0 9 process ( =mation4 ,!re is good reason = believ+ t ! ,paul9e ,epi/les occupi$ ?is position at a "t :5 m5 :o _h kn[n "s ( ! apo/les 7 /ill liv+1 & p]haps e>li]4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,/4 ,pet] has made use ( ,/4 ,paul's "w 9 8 ,fir/ ,epi/le1 makes x q possible = u to ?9k t he believ$ 9 ! peculi> inspiration ( 8 great comrade4 ,& x is an int]e/+ fact t ! ,syriac ,doctr9e ( ,addai 9 speak+ ( ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 adds1 :i* ,simon ,pet] s5t u f ! city ( ,rome4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,! key-^w to ! ,epi/le is n hope1 z 9 #a ,pet]1 b k 7i4 #c1 #h2 ii4 #bj74 ,we f9d1 z 9 #a ,pet]1 a fondness or ! ^w glory4 ,b 9 #a ,pet] glory seems to be repres5t$ z giv5 to ,*ri/ aft] ,8 suff]+s1 & promis$ to ,*ri/ians 9 ! future aft] _! suff]+s 7#a ,pet4 i4 #aa2 iv4 #ac2 v4 #a74 ,"h glory is r spok5 ( z manife/$ 9 all ! new disp5sation1 & especially at ! ,transfiguration 7i4 #c1 #ag74 ,! apo/le #bec appeals to ! fact t he witness$ ! ,transfiguration z a gu>antee ( 8 prophecy ( ! second com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,he f9ds ano!r w>rant 9 ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ass]ts t prophecy is n a matt] = a man's own private unaid$ int]pretation1 inasmu* z x 0 an utt]ance prompt$ by ! ,holy ,_s 7i4 #ai-ba74 ,?is description ( true religi\s k is foll[$ by an arraignm5t ( false prophets & speculative h]esy4 ,x is possible t ! tea*+ ( def9itely false doctr9e 0 already comb9$ ) previ\sly exi/+ immoral practice4 ,! v]se 7ii4 #a7 9 :i* ! writ] speaks ( false tea*]s1 ref]s to ! rise ( ^! h]etics z future4 ,b 9 o!r v]ses ( ! *apt] ! self-will$ tea*]s are spok5 ( z already active4 ,we ga!r f iii4 #af t ! lic5ce :i* is s /]nly rebuk$ 0 a sy/em 9 :i* ,/4 ,paul's doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai? 0 repres5t$ z a ju/ification ( vile indulg5ce4 ,al?\gh ?is "p ( ! ,epi/le is a p>aphrase ( ,jude1 x is n a m]e reproduction4 ,a new feature 9 #b ,pet] is t ! h]etics 7 sceptical conc]n+ ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ 7iii4 #d74 ,!y argu$ t s9ce ! dea? ( ! fa!rs1 i4e4 ! fir/ foll[]s ( ,*ri/1 ! _w cont9u$ z be=e4 ,/4 ,pet] urges t ! deluge came1 ?\gh its com+ 0 d\bt$1 & also t x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,"l does n reckon "t z m5 d4 ,a p]iod :i* is long to u is n long to ,him4 ,! day ( ! ,"l w come sudd5ly z a ?ief 9 ! night1 & 9 view ( judgm5t ! read]s are exhort$ to hol9ess & pati5ce4 #bed ,,analysis ,salutation1 a li/ ( ,*ri/ian graces :i* are to be successively bl5d$ ) fai?1 a rem9d] ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity z te/ifi$ by ! words ( ,god at ! ,transfiguration1 & by ! light ( prophecy 7i474 ,d5unciation ( ! false tea*]s :o are guilty ( gross s9 & bl9dly foll[ _! l[] in/9cts 7ii474 ,allusion to ! =m] lett]1 rebuke ( ^? :o disbelieve 9 ! la/ judgm5t1 ! com+ ( ! day ( ! ,"l & ! de/ruction ( ! _w1 exhortations to hol9ess1 dilig5ce ne$$1 ! long-suff]+ ( ,*ri/ witness$ to by ,paul1 gr[? 9 grace 7iii474 #a ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #c4 #b ,! priority ( #b ,pet] is /rongly def5d$ by ,spitta1 9 8 ,d] ,zweite ,brief d4 ,petrus1 #ahhe4 #c ,?is is v cle>ly /at$ by ,dr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,/ev5s 9 8 valuable ,!ology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 al?\gh he decides aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( #b ,pet]4 #d ,?is is done by ,h>nack1 :o places ,jude betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ajj & #acj4 #bee ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,epi/les ,,( ,,/4 ,,john ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epi/le ,,g5]al ,,( ,,john ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,! au!nticity ( ?is ,epi/le is b\nd up ) ! au!nticity ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel4 ,l ! ,gospel1 x does n conta9 any /atem5t z to ! "n ( ! au?or4 ,l ! ,gospel1 x is attribut$ by a v anci5t tradition to ! ne>e/ fri5d ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! ext]nal evid5ce is p>ticul>ly good4 ,we le>n f ! unimpea*able te/imony ( ,eusebius#a t x 0 us$ by ,papias1 :o 0 a disciple ( ,/4 ,john4 ,polyc>p1 ano!r disciple ( ,/4 ,john1 directly quotes #a ,john iv4 #c 9 8 /ill extant lett]4 ,x is quot$ by ,ir5aeus1 ! pupil ( ,polyc>p1 & 0 recogniz$ z g5u9e 9 widely di/ant ,*ur*es at ! close ( ! #bnd c5tury4 ,! int]nal evid5ce %[s t ! writ] claims to be an eye-witness & intimate p]sonal fri5d ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7i4 #a-c74b ,& ?is eye-witness mu/ be ,/4 ,john1 if ! f\r? ,gospel 0 writt5 by ,/4 ,john4 ,! /yle is simil>1 & ! ideas are ! same4 ,x is true t ,*ri/ is n call$ our propitiation 9 ! ,gospel z 9 ?is ,epi/le 7ii4 #b2 iv4 #aj71 t 9 ! ,gospel !re is no m5tion ( anti*ri/s 7z 9 #bef ii4 #h71 & t ! ^w ,p>aclete is 9 ! ,gospel appli$ to ! ,holy ,gho/1 :ile x is "h appli$ to our ,"l 7ii4 #a74 ,b ! idea ( propitiation is express$ 9 ! description ( our ,"l z ! ,lamb ( ,god 7,john i4 #bi71 ! m5tion ( anti*ri/s is uncall$ = 9 ! ,gospel1 & by nam+ ! ,holy ,gho/ ano!r ,p>aclete our ,"l gave ,/4 ,john ! be/ possible reason = call+ ,*ri/ ,himself by ! same title4 ,! description ( our ,"l z ! only begott5 ,son 7iv4 #i7 is an important po9t ( contact ) ,john i4 #ad1 #ah4 ,! language ab\t light & d>kness1 ,god & ! _w1 ! new comm&m5t1 ! love ( ,god1 be+ born ( ,god1 et]nal life1 abid+ 9 ,*ri/1 recalls ! ,gospel at e turn4 ,! ,epi/le1 h[ev]1 does conta9 "s phrases & ideas :i* are n to be f\nd 9 ! ,gospel4 ,su* are love p]fect$1 a s9 unto dea?1 ! lu/ ( ! eyes1 to come 9 ! fle%1 to walk 9 ! light1 to d lawlessness1 to be f above4 ,yet !y fit q naturally ) ! language & !ology ( ! ,gospel4 ,!re=e !re does n seem to be any suffici5t reason = hold+ t x 0 ! "w ( ano!r writ]4 ,f4 ,c4 ,baur & ,hilg5feld ?\ght x to be ! "w ( a second =g] ( t my/]i\s b& to :i* !y attribut$ su* v]satility & success4 ,& sev]al m rec5t critics :o h d5i$ ! au!nticity ( ! ,gospel1 h ma9ta9$ ) ,baur t ! ,epi/le is ! "w ( a second =g]4 ,b ^! negations h l$ to no assur$ result4 ,!y are se5 to be fruitless z soon z we realize t ^! critics h be5 q unable to agree :e!r ! ,epi/le 0 compos$ be=e ! ,gospel or aft] x4 ,"s consid] t x 0 a !ological balloon s5t to try ! cr$ulity ( ,*ri/ian read]s be=e ! ,gospel 0 despat*$4 ,o!rs consid] t !re are ov]:elm+ indications to prove t ! ,epi/le is only a poor imitation ( ! ,gospel4 ,r5an & ,davidson fav\r$ ! =m] view1 ,f4 ,c4 ,baur & ,c4 ,weizsck] ! latt]4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! majority #beg ( critics1 bo? ,*ri/ian & non-,*ri/ian1 believe t x 0 writt5 by ! writ] ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,x seems to be a pa/oral lett] address$ to all ! memb]s ( ! apo/le's flock1 int5d$ !re=e = ! ,*ri/ians ( ,asia 9 & ar\nd ,ephesus4 ,x is a /range fact t ,/4 ,augu/9e1 9 quot+ iii4 #b1 describes ! passage z said by ,john 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,p>?ians4 ,?is /atem5t is a riddle :i* no comm5tator has be5 able to answ] satisfactorily4 ,z ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*es _h little or no k ( ?is title1 we are compell$ to reg>d x z a mi/ake4 ,x may h aris5 f "s scribe fail+ to read a p>tially illegible manuscript 9 :i* ,/4 ,john may h be5 giv5 ! title ( p>!nos or virg94 ,b x is mo/ likely t x arose f a confusion ) ! ,second ,epi/le1 :i* 0 ?\ght 9 ! "t ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria to be address$ to p>!noi or virg9s4 ,! abs5ce ( quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! comm& gu>d y\rselves f idols 7v4 #ba71 solemnly giv5 at ! v end ( ! ,epi/le1 sugge/ t ! recipi5ts ( ! lett] 7 conv]ts f hea!nism4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ,ephesus1 ! "m-city ( ,asiatic idolatry1 7 peculi>ly 9 ne$ ( su* an exhortation4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,we c h>dly d\bt t x 0 writt5 at ,ephesus1 :]e ! apo/le sp5t 8 la/ ye>s4 ,! ass]tion t ,/4 ,john did n live at ,ephesus is 9 direct contradiction ) ! be/ & e>lie/ traditions4 ,b x has be5 repeat$ at int]vals dur+ ! la/ sixty ye>s by sev]al critics1 :o f\nd t !y w\ld be compell$ to admit ! g5u95ess ( ! ,revelation if !y grant$ t ,/4 ,john liv$ at ,ephesus1 :]e ! ,revelation 0 evid5tly publi%$4#c ,aga9/ su* criticism we c confid5tly m>%al ! express & indep5d5t /atem5ts ( ,apollonius ( ,ephesus 7,a4,d4 #aif71 ,polycrates ( ,ephesus 7,a4,d4 #aij71 #beh ,ir5aeus ( ,lyons 7,a4,d4 #ahe71 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,a4,d4 #aij71 ,t]tullian ( ,c>?age 7,a4,d4 #bjj71 n to m5tion "s valuable indirect evid5ce ( e>li] date4 ,if we are to reject su* evid5ce z ?is1 ! sci5ce ( hi/ory mu/ be laid 9 ! tomb4 ,! "q z to ! exact date is v important = ^? :o believe t ! ,epi/le 0 n writt5 by ! au?or ( ! ,gospel4 ,!y are involv$ 9 ! mo/ intricate que/ions ab\t ! reproduction ( ! ,gospel 9 ! ,epi/le or ( ! ,epi/le 9 ! ,gospel4 ,= ^? :o d n believe 9 a div]sity ( au?or%ip ! problem is f> less vital4 ,! apo/le 0 evid5tly advanc$ 9 ye>s4 ,he includes all 8 p "u ! affectionate "n my little *ildr5 7ii4 #a74 ,on ! :ole1 x seems probable t x 0 writt5 r lat] ?an ! ,gospel4 ,?is is sugge/$ by ! tea*+ ab\t ! second com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,bo? 9 ! ,gospel & 9 ! ,epi/le we f9d m5tion$ or impli$ a pres5t & a future pass+ f dea? to life1 & a spiritual pres5ce ( ,*ri/ n[ & ano!r h]eaft]4 ,b 9 ! ,epi/le x is ! future com+ ( ,*ri/ :i* is m prom95t 7ii4 #bh2 iii4 #b2 iv4 #ag74 ,9 ! ,revelation1 ,a4,d4 #if1 x is /ill m prom95t4 ,! ,epi/le sugge/s t ,/4 ,john's read]s 7 already acqua9t$ ) ! disc\rses 9 8 ,gospel4 ,! h]esy describ$1 & ! fact t ! h]etics are already outside ! ,*ur*1 po9t to a comp>atively late date4 ,we c h>dly place x be=e ,a4,d4 #he4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,?is ,epi/le conta9s no ref]5ce to any outw>d dang]s4 ,domitian's p]secution _h n yet affect$ ! ,*ur*1 & ! controv]sy ) ,judaism _h clos$4 ,!re is no trace ( any conflict betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile1 & ,/4 ,john1 9 ass]t+ ! tru? ( ! inc>nation ( ! ,son ( ,god1 is n oppos+ any h]esy resembl+ t ( ^? semi-,*ri/ian ,jews ( ! #bnd c5tury :o decl>$ ,*ri/ to be m]ely ! be/ ( m54 ,he is combat+ a =m ( error taught by ,c]9?us1 :o said t #bei ,jesus 0 a man born ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 & t on ?is man !re desc5d$ a div9e elem5t nam$ ,*ri/1 :o left him be=e ! crucifixion4 ,?us ,*ri/ nev] suff]$1 ?\gh ! ,jesus :o seem$ to be ,*ri/ did suff]4 ,9 face ( ^! false views ,/4 ,john ass]ts ! tru?4 ,he ass]ts t ,"o :o is bo? ,jesus & ,*ri/ came 9 ! fle% 7iv4 #b71 & t ,he came1 t is1 0 manife/$ z ,*ri/1 bo? 9 ! wat] ( ,8 baptism & ! blood ( ,8 cross 7v4 #f74 ,by ?is blood ,he cleanses man f s9 7i4 #g74 ,we may be sure ( ,8 help1 = ,he lives z our ,advocate ) ! ,fa!r4 ,to d5y t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/ is to d5y ! ,fa!r1 to d5y ,god altoge!r 7ii4 #bb2 iv4 #c74 ,/4 ,ignatius & ,/4 ,polyc>p inveigh 9 simil> language aga9/ ! ,doceti/s1 :o fl\ri%$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #aaj & #abj4 ,x is important to notice t ,/4 ,john's oppon5ts d n appe> to h be5 ,ant9omian 9 conduct4 ,he says1 ,e "o t doe? s91 doe? also lawlessness2 & s9 is lawlessness 7iii4 #d74 ,if he _h be5 blam+ ,ant9omianism x w\ld h be5 m natural to say1 ,e "o t doe? lawlessness1 doe? also s94 ,! ma9 !me ( ! ,epi/le is n controv]sial4 ,x is to %[ t 9 fai? & love is ! gu>antee ( our fell[%ip ) ,god & ( our salvation4 ,s9ce ?is fell[%ip implies t ,he abides 9 u1 x may be recogniz$ by ,8 ,_s be+ 9 u 7iii4 #bd74 ,?is ,_s is di/+ui%$ f ! _s ( error by ! confession ( ,*ri/2 s to he> ! apo/le's tea*+ ab\t ,*ri/ is a sign ( ! pres5ce ( ,god )9 u4 ,! moral & ! religi\s life are summ$ up 9 ! words ,god & ,love1 & ^? :o love "o ano!r are born ( ,god4 ,love 9 action corresponds ) a confession ( ! inc>nation 9 ! intellect 7iv4 #g-ab74 ,x is :olly incompatible ) s9 7iii4 #f71 & is !re=e righte\s t[>ds ,god & man4 ,e "o :o1 z a *ild ( ,god1 hopes to gr[ l ,god1 purifies himself z ,*ri/ is pure4 ,he _c love ! _w1 :i* is a sy/em ( selfi%ness4 ,/4 ,john speaks ( ! possibility ( committ+ a s9 unto dea?4 ,?is #bfj is an old ,jewi% expression = a s9 des]v+ natural dea?4 ,b ! apo/le lifts ! phrase to a high] level & slightly alt]s x4 ,8 words lit]ally mean a s9 t5d+ unto dea?4 ,x is any s9 :i* by its v nature excludes a man f fell[%ip ) ,*ri/ians4 ,x is a s9 :i* requires *a/isem5t be=e =giv5ess1 & ,/4 ,john does n enjo91 ?\gh he does n =bid1 pray] = ^? ^: s9 makes !m unable to %>e 9 ! privileges ( ! common life ( ! ,*ur*4 ,beh9d ! practical tea*+ ( ! ,epi/le lies t great conception ( ! ,fa!r :i* ! writ] _h ga9$ f int]c\rse ) ! only-begott5 ,son4 ,god is ,love 7iv4 #h1 #af71 & has giv5 u ! greate/ ( all gifts 7iv4 #i72 ,god is ,light 7i4 #e71 & dispels all moral d>kness 7i4 #f72 ,god is ,life 7v4 #bj71 imp>t+ ,8 own exi/5ce to man 7iii4 #i72 ,god is ,fa!r 7ii4 #a2 iii4 #a7--?\gh our relation%ip ) ,him is =feit$ by s91 p]fect & fe>less intimacy may be ga9$ ?r\gh ,*ri/ 7iv4 #ae1 #ah74 ,,analysis ,a promise to imp>t k ( ! inc>nate ,^w2 ,god is ,light1 fell[%ip ) ,god & =giv5ess ( s9 7i474 ,*ri/ our propitiation1 love ( our bro!r a necess>y condition ( walk+ 9 ! light1 messages to *ildr51 fa!rs1 "y m51 ! love ( ! _w1 ,anti*ri/ & ! d5ial ( ,*ri/1 abid+ 9 ! ,son & 9 ! ,fa!r 7ii474 ,! love ( ,god 9 call+ u ,8 *ildr51 ! manife/ation ( ,*ri/ to take away s91 love ( our bro!r ! sign t we are spiritually *ang$1 to believe 9 ,*ri/ & love "o ano!r ! comm&m5t ( ,god 7iii474 ,ackn[l$gm5t ( ! inc>nation is ! te/ ( spirits1 to love "o ano!r is to be l ,god1 p]fect love loses fe> 7iv474 ,fai? 9 ! inc>nation ov]comes ! _w1 ! ?ree #bfa witnesses to ! inc>nation1 et]nal life possess$ if we h ! ,son1 pray]1 fre$om f s91 k ?r\gh ,jesus1 :o is ! true ,god & et]nal life 7v474 ,,! ,,second ,,epi/le ,,( ,,john ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,! writ] does n ins]t 8 "n 9 ! ,epi/le1 b simply describes himself z ! eld]4 ,"s writ]s h !re=e suppos$ t x 0 writt5 by ! presbyt] nam$ ,john1 :o liv$ at ,ephesus ab\t ! close ( ! apo/olic age4 ,b ,ir5aeus1 :o 0 n likely to be mi/ak5 9 su* a matt]1 c]ta9ly reg>d$ x z ! "w ( ! apo/le1 & ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t app>5tly s reg>ds x4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 0 c]ta9ly acqua9t$ ) m ?an "o ,epi/le by ,/4 ,john1 & a ,lat9 translation ( 8 ,hypotyposes def9itely says1 ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,john1 writt5 to virg9s1 is v simple4 ,moreov]1 ! title eld] or presbyt] is by no means incompatible ) apo/olic au?or%ip4 ,/4 ,pet] 9 #a ,pet4 v4 #a expressly describes himself by ?is title1 nor does ! title appe> to h become conf9$ to ! presbyt]s or prie/s ( ! ,*ur* until ab\t ,a4,d4 #bjj4 ,! simil>ity to ! ,fir/ ,epi/le is /rong1 sev5 ( ! ?irte5 v]ses hav+ p>allels 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le4 ,if ! ,epi/le 7 a =g]y1 x is probable t ! writ] w\ld h claim$ to be an apo/le 9 unmi/akable language4 ,& if ! au?or 7 n a =g]1 b ! presbyt] :o 0 = "s ye>s a contempor>y ( ! apo/le1 x is h>dly likely t he w\ld h be5 cont5t to write ?is dim9utive lett]1 :i* does little m ?an sum up "p ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le4 ,! language ( ! ,second ,epi/le be>s almo/ ! same relation to t ( ! fir/ z ! fir/ be>s to t ( ! ,gospel4 ,!re is a fundam5tal lik5ess comb9$ ) a few fre% expressions1 su* z walk accord+ to1 com+ 9 ! fle% in/ead ( come 9 ! fle%1 to h ,god4 #bfb ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,unto ! elect lady & h] *ildr54 ,! int]pretation ( ^! words is a notori\s difficulty4 ,at fir/ sight ! lady w\ld be suppos$ to be a private individual4 ,b if s1 :y is n ! individual's "n m5tion$1 l ! "n ( ! recipi5t ( ! ,?ird ,epi/le8 ,p]haps x is m5tion$1 = ! words translat$ ! elect lady may mean ! elect ,kyria4 ,! h\se ( ! lady 7v]4 #aj7 also sugge/s t ! lady is an individual4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 suppos$ t ! lady is a symbolical "n = a local ,*ur*4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is int]pretation is ! fact t ! writ] speaks1 n only ( ! *ildr5 ( ! lady :o are ) h]1 b also ( o!rs :om he has met 7v]4 #d71 & 9 a mann] :i* sugge/s a l>ge numb] ( p]sons4 ,! same int]pretation c be put ^u ! elect si/] m5tion$ 9 ! la/ v]se ( ! ,epi/le4 ,writ]s ( des]v$ repute accept ?is symbolical int]pretation4 ,b :5 a lit]al mean+ & a symbolical mean+ are support$ by equally good argum5ts1 x seems prud5t to accept ! simpl]1 i4e4 ! lit]al int]pretation4 ,x is h>d to believe t ,/4 ,j]ome & ,hilg5feld are "r 9 ?9k+ t x is address$ to ! :ole ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,?is is surely exclud$ by ! m5tion ( an elect si/]4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,probably f ,ephesus1 & ! cont5ts sugge/ t x 0 writt5 lat] ?an ! fir/ ,epi/le4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,! lett] conta9s an affectionate expression ( happ9ess due to ! /eadfa/ ,*ri/ianity ( ! *ildr5 ( ! elect lady4 ,b its ma9 object is to utt] a w>n+ aga9/ ! deceiv]s :o d5y t ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%4 ,^! deceiv]s 7 evid5tly ,doceti/s4 ,9 ord] to appreciate ! necessity = su* a w>n+ we mu/ rememb] ! extraord9>y attraction :i* _m p]sons :o lik$ a dilettante ,*ri/ianity f\nd 9 ! !ory t ,*ri/ 0 a div9e ,_s :o clo!d ,himself ) fle% 9 :i* ,he did n suff]4 ,at ! close ( ! apo/olic age1 & #bfc = _m g5]ations aft]w>ds1 or?odox ,*ri/ianity 0 (t5 reg>d$ z too mat]iali/ic = advanc$ ?9k]s4 ,!y endeav\r$ to make ,*ri/ianity keep pace ) ! times by infus+ into x ! decad5t ,greek or ,ori5tal my/icism :i* depreciat$ our human body4 ,,analysis ,salutation1 ?anksgiv+ = c]ta9 ( ! elect lady's *ildr51 rem9d] ( ! comm&m5ts to love & obey1 ! deceiv]s :o d5y ! inc>nation n to be welcom$2 ! writ]1 expect+ to visit 8 correspond5ts1 closes 8 lett]4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,epi/le ,,( ,,john ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$1 bo? by ^? :o d5y & ^? :o accept ! au!nticity ( ! works ( ,/4 ,john1 t ?is ,epi/le 0 writt5 by ! au?or ( #b ,john4 ,x pres5ts sev]al close p>allels bo? ) #b ,john & ) ! ,gospel4 ,its obvi\sly private "* acc\nts = ! fact t x is seldom quot$ 9 e>ly lit]ature4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ?\gh n 9 ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t4 ,x 0 kn[n to ,orig5 & ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria4 ,eusebius places x among ! ,antilegom5a 7,h4 ,e4 iii4 #be71 b x 0 g5]ally accept$ 9 ! #d? c5tury4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,unto ,gaius ! belov$4 ,! "n 0 a common "o1 be+ a =m ( ! ,lat9 ,caius4 ,!re is no reason = id5tify+ ?is ,gaius ) "o ( ! p]sons ( ! same "n :o are m5tion$ z liv+ 9 ,cor9?1 ,mac$onia1 & ,d]be respectively1 all ( :om may h be5 dead at ! late p]iod :5 ?is lett] 0 writt54 ,! ,gaius ( ?is ,epi/le 0 evid5tly a fai?ful & hospitable ,*ri/ian4 ,baur display$ m ?an ev5 8 #bfd usual p[]s ( inv5tion by sugge/+ t ,gaius 0 a ,montani/ ( ! latt] "p ( ! #bnd c5tury1 & ,diotrephes a symbolical "n = "o ( ! ,ca?olic bi%ops ( ,rome oppos$ to ,montanism4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,probably at ,ephesus2 subsequ5tly to ! ,fir/ ,epi/le1 & probably v soon aft] ! ,second4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,?is little lett] gives u a few brief glimpses ( ! life ( ! ,*ur* ne> ! end ( ! #a/ c5tury4 ,! purpose ( ! lett] is to comm5d a ,*ri/ian ( good "*1 nam$ ,demetrius1 to ! hospitable c>e ( ,gaius4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 to be "o ( ^? lett]s ( comm5dation :i* are m5tion$ by ,/4 ,paul 9 #b ,cor4 iii4 #a1 & 7 common 9 lat] times4 ,by ! side ( ?is pleasantness !re is di/ress4 ,connect$ ) ! ,*ur* to :i* ,gaius belongs !re is an ambiti\s s*ismatic nam$ ,diotrephes1 :o refuses to admit ! au?ority ( ! apo/le4 ,! fact t he 0 guilty ( ca/+ ! fri5ds ( ! apo/le out ( ! ,*ur* 7v]4 #aj71 sugge/s t ,diotrephes 0 at lea/ a presbyt]1 & p]haps a bi%op appo9t$ by ! apo/le4 ,we are told by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria t ,/4 ,john appo9t$ bi%ops 9 ,asia1 & !re is no reason = d\bt+ t episcopacy dates back to ?is p]iod4 ,! apo/le evid5tly int5ds to puni% ,diotrephes = 8 malice :5 he visits ! di/rict aga94 ,x is j possible t ! lett] to ! ,*ur* 7v]4 #i7 :i* ,diotrephes repudiat$ is our ,second ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john4 ,?is !ory w w9 acceptance ) "s ( ^? :o ?9k t ! ,second ,epi/le 0 n writt5 to an individual1 b to a ,*ur*4 ,,analysis ,salutations to ,gaius1 congratulations t he is walk+ 9 ! tru?1 8 hospitality to travell+ ,*ri/ians1 ! tyranny ( ,diotrephes1 recomm5dation ( ,demetrius1 p]sonal matt]s4 #a ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #ci4 #b ,x is impossible to accept ! rec5t ,rationali/ hypo!sis t ^! words 7 writt5 by a pi\s ,*ri/ian :o _h n se5 ,jesus1 b wi%$ to emphasize ! tru? t ! hi/orical ,*ur* 0 intimately connect$ ) ! hi/orical ,jesus4 #c ,among ^! critics mu/ be numb]$ ,ltzelb]g] 7#ahdj71 ,keim 7#ahfg71 ,b\sset 7#ahii74 #bfe ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,,g5]al ,,epi/le ,,( ,,jude ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,judas1 a s]vant ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & bro!r ( ,james4 ,we c be sure t ! ,james "h m5tion$ is ! ,james :o act$ z ! fir/ bi%op ( ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem4 ,! au?or's designation ( himself w\ld n be intelligible unless he meant t he 0 relat$ to a v prom95t man ( t "n4 ,! writ] _c be ! ,apo/le ,jude4 ,he does n claim to be an apo/le1 & he seems indirectly to repudiate ! au?ority ( an apo/le by describ+ himself only 9 relation to 8 bro!r & by ref]r+ to ! apo/les ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 a mann] :i* seems to di/+ui% !m = himself4 ,if ! ,apo/le ,jude 0 ! son ( ,james 7z _m s*ol>s ?9k71 ?is ,jude 0 cle>ly ano!r man4 ,if ! ,apo/le 0 ! bro!r ( ,james 7z ! ,engli% ,au?oris$ ,v]sion holds71 !n 8 id5tification ) ?is ,jude is /ill d\btful4 ,jude 0 a son ( ,/4 ,joseph4 ,at fir/ he did n believe 9 our ,"l 7,john vii4 #e71 b 0 conv9c$ by ! ,resurrection 7,acts i4 #ad74 ,he 0 m>ri$ 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #e74 ,hegesippus1 a writ] ( ! #bnd c5tury1 tells u t two ( 8 gr&sons 7 tak5 be=e ! ,emp]or ,domitian z be+ ( ! royal h\se ( ,david1 & !re=e dang]\s to ! empire4#a ,he f\nd !m to be poor r\gh-h&$ m51 & dismiss$ !m ) good-hum\r$ contempt :5 !y describ$ ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ z heav5ly4 ,philip ( ,side1 ab\t #dbe1 says #bff t ,hegesippus gave ! names ( ^! two m5 z ,zoc] & ,james4 ,! ,epi/le 0 kn[n to ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,t]tullian1 & is 9 ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t4 ,! *ief objections to ! au!nticity ( ?is ,epi/le fall "u ?ree heads4 ,x is said t 7a7 a late date is indicat$ by ! allusion to ! tea*+ ( ! apo/les 9 v]4 #ag4 ,b ! allusion seems to correspond exactly ) a late date 9 ! apo/olic age1 = v]s4 #ag & #ah assume t ! read]s rememb] :at ! apo/les _h said4 ,x is said t 7b7 ! phrase 9 v]4 #c1 ! fai? :i* 0 once = all deliv]$ unto ! sa9ts1 indicates t a def9ite body ( doctr9e 0 recogniz$ by ! ,*ri/ians ( ! p]iod1 & t ! ,*ri/ians ( ! apo/olic age did n use ! ^w fai? 9 ?is s5se4 ,b x is n difficult to suppose t ! ^w w\ld be soon ext5d$ f ! act ( believ+ to ! facts believ$4 ,& 9 su* e>ly passages z ,gal4 i4 #bc & ,rom4 x4 #h we f9d ! ^w closely approximat+ to ! latt] s5se4 ,x is said t 7c7 ! h]esy :i* is describ$ is a h]esy ( ! #bnd c5tury1 & implies a def9ite ,gno/ic sy/em4 ,b ! fact t ! ,epi/le does n describe su* a def9ite sy/em is conv9c+ly %[n by ! inability ( c]ta9 critics to det]m9e :o ! h]etics are4 ,! ,balaamites ( ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,c>pocratians ( ,egypt1 & "s obscure sects ( ,syria1 are all sugge/$4 ,!re is no evid5ce to %[ t ! errors "h describ$ c\ld n h gr[n up 9 apo/olic times1 & ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul conta9 sev]al passages :i* po9t to simil> p]v]sions ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ^w s5sual 9 v]4 #ai 0 an insult+ t]m appli$ to ord9>y ,*ri/ians by ! ,gno/ics ( ! #bnd c5tury1 b ,/4 ,jude's use ( x betrays no consci\sness ( ?is lat] application4 ,! /yle ( ! lett] makes x practically c]ta9 t x 0 writt5 by "s "o :o _h be5 a ,jew4 ,! ,greek is =cible4 ,x %[s a consid]able k ( ,greek words1 #bfg includ+ v>i\s poetical & ar*aic expressions4 ,b ! mann] is /iff1 & ! s5t5ces are l9k$ toge!r ) difficulty4 ,sev]al phrases come f ! ,septuag9t1 "s ( !m be+ tak5 f ! ,book ( ,wisdom4 ,x is probable t ! au?or 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,hebrew ,old ,te/am5t1 z v]4 #ab 7f ,ezek4 xxxiv4 #b7 & v]4 #bb f4 7f ,ze*4 iii4 #b f47 sugge/ ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,to :om writt54 ,! ,epi/le is simply address$ to !m t are call$1 belov$ 9 ,god ! ,fa!r1 & kept = ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,x seems t ^! ,*ri/ians mu/ h be5 natives ( ,pale/9e or ,syria4 ,!y _h be5 p]sonally in/ruct$ by ! apo/les 7v]4 #ag71 :i* makes ?is region probable4 ,no place seems m likely ?an ,antio* & its neighb\rhood4 ,! lib]t9ism :i* 0 endang]+ ! ,*ur* w\ld n be likely to arise except 9 a di/rict :]e ! ,*ri/ians 7 9 close contact ) hea!nism4 ,extreme critics n[ usually ma9ta9 t x 0 writt5 ei!r 9 ,asia or 9 ,egypt4 ,if writt5 9 ,asia1 x c h>dly h be5 writt5 by ! ,"l's bro!r1 z we "k t 8 desc5dants liv$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,if writt5 9 ,egypt1 x c h>dly belong to ! age ( ! apo/les4 ,^! two sceptical !ories z to ! place :]e ! ,epi/le 0 writt5 contradict "o ano!r effectively4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e & :5 writt54 ,! /yle & cont5ts ( ! lett] %[ t x 0 probably writt5 9 ,pale/9e & at ,j]usalem4 ,! date is probably soon aft] ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,james 9 ,a4,d4 #fb4 ,/4 ,jude 0 dead be=e 8 gr&sons _h _! int]view ) ,domitian4 ,! ,epi/le mu/ !re=e be be=e ,a4,d4 #ha4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,! ,epi/le is rem>kable z conta9+ ref]5ces to two ,jewi% books ( an apocalyptic "* :i* are n m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,?is caus$ "s writ]s 9 e>ly days to hesitate to ascribe ! ,epi/le to a bro!r ( ,/4 ,james1 & 9 rec5t times ! same argum5t has be5 reviv$ 9 a new #bfh =m4 ,b ^! quotations seem q compatible ) a belief 9 ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le4 ,! books quot$ 7 9 exi/5ce 9 ! apo/olic age1 & w\ld be likely to be valu$ by a dev\t ,jew4 ,9 v]4 #i !re is ref]5ce to ,mi*ael1 :i* ,orig5 says 0 d]iv$ f ! ,assumption ( ,moses1 a ,jewi% "w writt5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,9 #b ,pet4 ii4 #aa ! allusion to ,mi*ael is s modifi$1 t ! orig9 ( ! ref]5ce is no long] obvi\s4 ,9 v]s4 #d1 #f1 & #ad1 !re are quotations f ! ,book ( ,eno*1 a ,jewi% book compos$ ( sections writt5 at v>i\s dates1 ! late/ be+ writt5 9 ! c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,! purpose ( ! ,epi/le is to w>n ! ,*ur* aga9/ c]ta9 deprav]s ( ,god's grace :o d5i$ our only ,ma/] & ,"l1 ,jesus ,*ri/ 7v]4 #d74 ,! au?or sees fit to rem9d 8 read]s ( anci5t examples ( unfai?fulness & impurity1 & %[s t !y mu/ be compassionate t[>ds ! wav]+1 & try to save ! wor/ by a desp]ate ef=t4 ,x is pla9 t ! false tea*]s 7 guilty ( gross & unnatural vice1 t !y 7 gre$y1 & de/itute ( godly fe>4 ,!y also1 l ! evil ,*ri/ians at ,cor9?1 br\ght discr$it ^u ! ,agap 7v]4 #ab71 a social meal :i* ! ,*ri/ians 7 fir/ wont to p>take ( be=e ! ,eu*>i/1 & at a lat] date aft] ! ,eu*>i/4 ,! lic5ce :i* is rebuk$ by ,/4 ,jude probably arose f a p]v]sion ( ! doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai? :i* _h be5 taught by our ,"l4 ,*ri/ians :o _h be5 taught t !y c\ld be sav$ )\t obs]v+ ! ,jewi% c]emonial law1 imag9$ t !y c\ld be sav$ )\t any self-discipl9e or self-re/ra9t4 ,_m p>allels to su* errors h be5 f\nd 9 mod]n times1 ! wor/ example be+ t af=d$ by ! ,anabapti/s1 :o arose 9 ,g]many at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4 ,x is wor? notic+ t1 9 spite ( ! un!ological "* ( ?is ,epi/le1 ! writ] %[s 8 belief 9 ! ,holy ,tr9ity by ! mann] 9 :i* he ref]s to ! ,fa!r #bfi & ,jesus ,*ri/ 7v]4 #a7 & ! ,holy ,gho/ 7v]4 #bj74 ,! ,epi/le gives no enc\ragem5t to ! !ory t ! fir/ ,jewi% ,*ri/ians 7 ,unit>ians4 ,,analysis ,salutation & *>ge to ma9ta9 ! fai? 7#a-d74 ,w>n+s f ! puni%m5t ( ! ,israelites1 ( ! angels1 ( ,sodom & ,gomorrha 7#e-g74 ,rail+ at dignities rebuk$ 7#h-aj74 ,d5unciation ( ^? :o imitate ,ca9 7murd]71 ,balaam 7enc\ragem5t ( impurity71 ,korah 7s*ism71 & spoil ! ,agap 7#aa-ac74 ,^! sect>ies =etold by ,eno* 7#ad-af74 ,& by ! apo/les 7#ag-ai74 ,duty ( edify+ believ]s1 & sav+ s9n]s 7#bj-bc74 ,doxology 7#bd1 #be74 #a ,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #bj4 #bgj ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,! ,,revelation ,,( ,,/4 ,,john ,,! ,,div9e ,sid5ote3 ,! ,au?or4 ,l ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john1 ! ,revelation has p>ticul>ly /rong ext]nal evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #aej ,ju/9 ,m>tyr speaks ( x z ! "w ( ,john1 "o ( ! apo/les ( ,*ri/1 9 8 dialogue held ) ,trypho1 a ,jew1 at ,ephesus1 :]e ,/4 ,john _h liv$4 ,/ill e>li]1 ,papias look$ ^u ! book z inspir$1 & bore te/imony to its g5u95ess4 ,ir5aeus1 ! pupil ( ,polyc>p1 ! disciple ( ,/4 ,john1 quotes x z writt5 by ,john1 ! disciple ( ! ,"l4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj ,melito ( ,s>dis1 "o ( ! places to :i* "p ( ! book 0 specially address$1 wrote a comm5t>y ^u x4 ,x 0 accept$ by ! ,*ur*es ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons 9 ,gaul 9 ,a4,d4 #agg1 = !y wrote ( x z ,scripture 9 _! lett] to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,ne> ! same date ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t m5tions x twice4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is evid5ce is n only good1 b x is also mo/ly drawn f s\rces :i* 7 mo/ closely connect$ ) ,/4 ,john4 ,! evid5ce ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons w\ld be important1 ev5 if x /ood alone4 ,= ^! ,greek-speak+ ,*ur*es 7 alli$ ) ! ,*ur* ( ,ephesus1 & 7 n likely to be mi/ak5 ab\t ?is "q4 ,& ! evid5ce ( ,ir5aeus & ,melito is /ill m weighty4 ,/range to say1 ! belief 9 ! au!nticity ( ! ,revelation began to wav] z "t w5t on4 ,we ne$ pay little he$ to ! sect kn[n z ! ,alogi1 :o attribut$ bo? ,/4 ,john's #bga ,gospel & ! ,revelation to ,c]9?us1 because !y dislik$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos conta9$ 9 ^! two books4 ,!y 7 too ignorant to h be5 influ5c$ by any real critical k4 ,b x is an important fact t ab\t ,a4,d4 #bdh ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria /at$ t x 0 probably writt5 by ,john ! ,presbyt]1 & t ! great ,eusebius seems at "o "t to h be5 incl9$ to accept ! op9ion ( ,dionysius4#a ,s f> z we c discov]1 ,dionysius f\nd$ 8 op9ion solely on ! diff]5ce ( /yle :i* c be obs]v$ z sep>at+ ! ,revelation f ! ,gospel4 ,he does n seem to h be5 9 possession ( any facts :i* gave hi/orical support to 8 !ory4 ,nev]!less1 we c legitimately ?9k t !re 0 ano!r reason :i* induc$ or?odox ,*ri/ians to reg>d ! ,revelation ) less confid5ce4 ,! ,montani/ sect1 :i* arose 9 ! latt] half ( ! #bnd c5tury & became p[]ful 9 ,asia ,m9or & ,nor? ,africa1 taught an extravagant doctr9e ab\t ! mill5nium :5 ,*ri/ w\ld return to reign on e>?4 ,?is doctr9e 0 p>tly f\nd$ on ,rev4 xx41 & 0 support$ by pret5d$ prophecies4 ,x caus$ or?odox ,*ri/ians to be m suspici\s ab\t ! /atem5ts ( ,*ri/ian prophets1 & probably made !m less anxi\s to translate & circulate ! ,revelation4 ,?is hesitation 0 soon ov]rul$1 & ,eusebius1 9 spite ( 8 own slight d\bts1 reckons x z receiv$ among ! undisput$ books ( ! ,canon4 ,?is 0 c4 ,a4,d4 #cbj4 ,9 mod]n times ! controv]sy ab\t ! au?or%ip has be5 reviv$4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s ago a s*ool ( critics took up ! argum5t ( ,dionysius4 ,!y urg$ t ! ,gospel & ! ,revelation mu/ h be5 writt5 by two diff]5t au?ors1 ! ,revelation be+ mu* m ,hebrew 9 /yle ?an ! ,gospel4 ,! argum5t 0 elaborat$ by ,f4 ,c4 ,baur & ! ,tb+5 ,s*ool4 ,z !y 7 det]m9$ to d5y ! g5u95ess ( ! ,gospel :i* s cle>ly tea*es #bgb t ,jesus is ,god1 !y tri$ to discr$it ! ,gospel by insi/+ ^u ! au!nticity ( ! ,revelation4 ,! successors ( ^! critics soon f\nd !mselves on ! horns ( a dilemma4 ,a clos] exam9ation ( ! ,revelation made x cle>] t on _m important po9ts ! !ology ( ! ,revelation is ! same z t ( ! ,gospel4 ,if !y admit t ,/4 ,john wrote bo? ! books or "o ( !m1 !y w be =c$ to admit t ! apo/le taught def9ite or?odox ,*ri/ian !ology4#b ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y affirm t bo? ! books 7 writt5 by ,john ! ,presbyt]1 !y w %att] ! old argum5t t div]sity ( /yle proves div]sity ( au?or%ip4 ,x w !re=e surprise no "o to le>n t !y are n[ engag$ 9 cont9u\s disputes ) reg>d to ! id5tity ( ! au?or1 & ! mat]ials1 ,jewi% or o!rwise1 :i* he is suppos$ to h us$ 9 compil+ 8 book4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! writ]s :o hold ! ,revelation to h be5 writt5 by v>i\s au?ors1 are divid$ into no less ?an f\r camps1 :ile ! rationali/s :o hold t x 0 writt5 by "o au?or _c agree :o t au?or 04 ,x is extremely significant t1 9 spite ( 8 conviction t ! book 0 n all writt5 at ! same date1 ! critic :o is n[ by f> ! able/ oppon5t ( or?odox ,*ri/ianity1 holds t ! ,revelation 0 7i47 publi%$ 9 ! "t ( ,domitian1 z ! tradition ( ! ,*ur* affirms2 7ii47 publi%$ by ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 ?\gh n by ! real ,/4 ,john4#c ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! /yle ( ! book is m ,hebrew & less ,greek ?an t ( ! ,gospel4 ,b "s argum5ts may be reasonably alleg$ aga9/ ! !ory t #bgc ?is proves ! ,revelation to be by a diff]5t au?or4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! scope & orig9 ( ! two books acc\nt 9 a l>ge measure = ! diff]5ces ( vocabul>y & /yle4 ,no book 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is s /eep$ z ! ,revelation 9 ! imag]y ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ,daniel1 ,isaiah1 ,ezekiel1 & ,ze*>iah are con/antly us$4 ,! ?or\ghness ) :i* _! _s has be5 assimilat$1 & _! ideas comb9$ by ! writ]1 w\ld create a ,hebrew t5d5cy 9 8 language4 ,:e!r ,/4 ,john made use ( ! mat]ial furni%$ by non-canonical apocalypses is unc]ta94 ,if he did1 _! /yle w\ld also influ5ce him 9 ! same way4 ,we mu/ also bew>e ( exagg]at+ ! contra/ 9 /yle :i* does exi/ betwe5 ! ,gospel & ! ,revelation4 ,! ,gospel is n always 9 correct ,greek1 & nev] %[s a ?or\gh ma/]y ( t language4 ,b ! ,revelation is c]ta9ly 9 mu* r\gh] ,greek4 ,! writ] uses ! nom9ative case = ! accusative 7vii4 #i2 xiv4 #f72 simil> in/ances are 9 iii4 #ab2 xiv4 #ab4 ,?is rugg$ usage is introduc$ ) magnific5t1 & p]haps int5tional1 effect 9 i4 #d1 :]e ! au?or emphasizes ! et]nity ( ,god by us+ an entirely ungrammatical con/ruction4#d ,ap>t f ! "q ( gramm>1 ! language ( ! ,apocalypse %[s a rem>kable aff9ity ) ,/4 ,john's ,gospel4 ,we may obs]ve ! use ( su* words z witness1 true1 tab]nacle1 h "p1 keep ! ^w1 & ov]come4 ,! !ology ( ! two books is 9 close agreem5t4 ,?is c easily be %[n 9 ! case ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s ,p]son4 ,he is call$ ! ,lamb #e 9 ! ,gospel 7i4 #bi1 #cf7 & 9 ! ,revelation 7v4 #f1 #h1 #ab1 etc474 ,he is call$ ! ,^w 9 ! ,gospel 7i4 #a1 etc47 & 9 ! ,revelation 7xix4 #ac74 ,he is taught to be et]nal & div9e4 ,he is ! ,alpha & #bgd ! ,omega1 ! fir/ & ! la/ 7xxii4 #ac2 cf4 ,isa4 xliv4 #f74 ,he %>es ! ?rone ( ,god 7xxii4 #a1 #c72 ,he det]m9es :o %all be releas$ f ! realm ( dea? 7i4 #ah72 ,he jo9s 9 ! judgm5t 7vi4 #af72 ,he is wor%ipp$ by ! eld]s & ! angels 7v4 #h1 #aa74 ,he is ! ,bridegroom ( ! ,*ur* 7xix4 #g2 xxi4 #b1 cf4 ,john iii4 #bi74 ,! attitude t[>ds ,judaism is ! same z t 9 ! ,gospel4 ,! ,jews :o oppose ,jesus are /rongly d5\nc$ 7iii4 #i71 & ?\gh ! ,*ur* is a new ,j]usalem1 x is compos$ ( p ga!r$ out ( e nation 7vii4 #i74 ,! necessity ( good works is /r5u\sly upheld 7ii4 #e1 #ai72 b !y are n works ( rabb9ical righte\sness1 b works ( ,jesus 7ii4 #bf71 & ! righte\s acts ( ! sa9ts 7xix4 #h7 are bas$ on ! fai? ( ,jesus 7xiv4 #ab74 ,salvation is ! free gift ( ,*ri/ 7xxi4 #f2 xxii4 #ag74 ,! sa9ts :o ov]come1 conqu] n by rely+ ^u _! own righte\sness1 b because ( ! blood ( ! ,lamb 7xii4 #aa74 ,9 ! ,revelation 7ii4 #ag7 ,jesus promises to believ]s ! hidd5 manna2 9 ! ,gospel1 ref]r+ also to ! manna1 ,he promises ! true bread f heav5 7,john vi4 #cb74 ,9 ! ,revelation 7xxii4 #ag7 ,jesus says1 ,let him t is a?ir/ come1 & :osoev] w1 let him take ( ! wat] ( life freely2 9 ! ,gospel ,he says1 ,if any man ?ir/1 let him come unto ,me & dr9k 7,john vii4 #cg74 ,if1 !n1 ! ,revelation is full ( ,hebrew expressions1 x is ess5tially & pr(\ndly ,*ri/ian1 & l9k$ ) ! o!r ,johann9e books by ! close/ k9%ip4 ,! !ology & ! /yle ( ! ,revelation are ! same ?r\gh\t4#f ,we c !re=e reject )\t hesitation ! rec5t hypo!sis t x is "o l>ge ,jewi% "w ) num]\s ,*ri/ian int]polations4 ,! difficulty ( suppos+ t ! book 0 ev] a purely ,jewi% ,apocalypse #bge c quickly be realiz$ by any "o :o und]takes to /rike out all ! ,*ri/ian allusions 9 ! book4 ,! au?or /ates t he is ,john1 9 ! /ronge/ fa%ion bo? 9 ! beg9n+ & end 7i4 #d1 #i2 xxii4 #h71 & 8 attitude t[>ds ! sev5 ,*ur*es is inexplicable unless ! writ] held a position ( ! highe/ ecclesia/ical importance4 ,sid5ote3 ,= :om writt54 ,pla9ly = ! :ole ,*ur*1 z repres5t$ by ! sev5 ,*ur*es :i* are 9 ,asia 7i4 #d74 ,sid5ote3 ,date4 ,f i4 #i we le>n t ! revelation 0 made to ,john :5 he 0 9 ! isle t is call$ ,patmos 79 ! ,aegean ,sea7 = ! ^w ( ,god & ! te/imony ( ,jesus4 ,ir5aeus expressly says t ! date ( ?is bani%m5t 0 at ! end ( ! reign ( ,domitian 7,emp]or #ha-if ,a4,d471 & !re=e he says x 0 almo/ )9 8 own g5]ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s mod]n writ]s h assign$ "p or ! :ole ( ! book to ! "t ( ,n]o 7#ed-fh71 or a little lat]4 ,b ?\gh "s p>ts ( x seem e>li] ?an ,domitian1 ! f9al =m ( ! book is unque/ionably late4 ,a late date is indicat$ by ! corruptions exi/+ 9 "s ( ! ,*ur*es address$1 by ! expression ! ,"l's day 7i4 #aj7 in/ead ( ! old] expression fir/ day ( ! week1 by ! /rong opposition to ,judaism :i* is call$ ! synagogue ( ,satan 7ii4 #i2 iii4 #i71 & above all by ! attitude ( ! writ] t[>ds ,rome4 ,! imp]ial rule is no long] reg>d$ ) ! tol]ance :i* we f9d 9 ,acts & 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,x is no long] ! re/ra9+ & protect+ p[]4 ,x is d5\nc$ z cruel & aggressive1 & n only is ! wor%ip (f]$ to ! ,roman emp]or m5tion$ z widespread1 b also ! wor%ip (f]$ to ,rome4 ,! city is call$ ! ,great ,h>lot1 because 9 prophetical language idolatry is describ$ z an act ( =nication1 be+ a violation ( ! pure love :i* %\ld be felt by man t[>ds 8 ,creator4 ,! wor%ip ( ,rome does n seem to h become common 9 #bgf ,asia until late 9 ! #a/ c5tury1 & x is n ev5 m5tion$ once 9 ,acts4 ,! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem is def9itely m5tion$ 9 xi4 #b1 :]e ! e>?ly ,j]usalem is symboliz$ z ! c\rt :i* is )\t ! temple1 ! temple :i* ! prophet measures be+ ! heav5ly temple only 7xi4 #ai74 ,?is *apt] seems to imply t ,j]usalem is already de/roy$1 & is f\nd$ on ,ezek4 xl41 :5 ! prophet measures ! ideal city1 n ! city :i* _h be5 de/roy$ previ\sly4 ,we are !re=e po9t$ to a date lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,! same seems to be sugge/$ by xiii4 #a & xvii4 #aj4 ,= ! bea/ 9 xiii4 #a is ! pagan ,roman ,/ate z typifi$ by ,n]o1 & s is ! numb] #fff 9 xiii4 #ah2 = if ! words ,n]o ,caes> are writt5 9 ,hebrew lett]s1 & ! num]ical values ( ! lett]s are add$ toge!r1 ! result is #fff4 ,9 xvii4 #h ,n]o is describ$ z dead1 & 9 xvii4 #aj ,vespasian is ! six? emp]or1 ,titus ! sev5?1 & ! eigh?1 9 xvii4 #aa1 is ,domitian1 :o plays ! ,satanic "p ( ,n]o4 ,! six? emp]or is describ$ z /ill liv+1 & we !re=e seem compell$ to assign "p ( ?is passage to ,vespasian's reign4 ,nev]!less1 !re is abundant int]nal evid5ce = ?9k+ t ! book 0 n complet$ until ! "t ( ,domitian4 ,x is wor? not+ t ,domitian exact$ a m extravagant wor%ip ( 8 own p]son ?an any previ\s emp]or1 & t 8 policy !re=e made ! publication ( ! book d\bly appropriate4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* & ,cont5ts4 ,!re 7 a numb] ( ,jewi% books call$ by ! "n ( ,revelation or ,apocalypse 7i4e4 revelation or unveil+74 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t an ,apocalypse is to be f\nd 9 ! second "p ( ,daniel1 & !re is a f9e %ort ,apocalypse 9 ,isa4 xxiv4-xxvii41 :]e we f9d /rik+ passages relat+ to ! resurrection & et]nal life4 ,! ,book ( ,eno* & ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u* are lat] examples ( ?is class ( lit]ature4 ,^! books 7 g5]ally writt5 ) ! special purpose ( giv+ enc\ragem5t to ! #bgg s]vants ( ,god 9 times ( di/ress & p]secution4 ,! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john 0 writt5 "u simil> circum/ances1 b is by f> ! mo/ sublime ( ^! writ+s4 ,! int]pretation ( ! ,revelation appe>s to h always be5 a /&+ difficulty1 9 spite ( ! fact t !re has be5 no age ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* :i* has n be5 able to draw consolation & vig\r f its beautiful pages1 all illum9at$ z !y are ) gl[+ pictures4 ,! "q z to :e!r diff]5t portions ( ! book 7 writt5 at diff]5t dates1 & aft]w>ds edit$ 9 "o volume by ! writ]1 does n necess>ily int]f]e ) ! int]pretation4 ,= ! book is "o "w1 ! mat]ials h be5 fitt$ into "o /ructure4 ,! connection betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts is organic & int]nal4 ,n only is ! doctr9al /&po9t ! same ?r\gh\t1 b ! :ole book has an imm5se numb] ( connect+ ?\ghts & words4 ,! lett]s to ! sev5 ,*ur*es conta9 /atem5ts :i* are tak5 up 9 ! visions :i* foll[4 ,among su* we may comp>e ii4 #g ) xxii4 #b2 ii4 #aa ) xx4 #f2 ii4 #bf ) xii4 #e1 ii4 #bh ) xxii4 #af2 iii4 #e ) xix4 #h2 iii4 #ab ) xxi4 #b4 ,! description ( ! glorifi$ ,r$eem] 9 i4 #aj-ah is reflect$ 9 num]\s passages1 & ! /rong ass]tion ( ! au?or's p]sonality 9 i4 #i is aga9 pres5t$ 9 xxii4 #h4 ,& ! mean+ ( ! book rapidly becomes cle>] to ! read] if he sees 7a7 t ! notices ( contempor>y hi/ory 9 ea* ( ! sev5 p>ts ( ! book are arrang$ *ronologically 9 ref]5ce to :at is conta9$ 9 t "p2 7b7 t ^! sev5 p>ts are n relat$ to "o ano!r 9 ! ord] ( temporal succession3 ea* "p is complete 9 itself1 & is a full pres5tation ( "o aspect ( ! :ole subject4 ,?is is exactly :at we f9d 9 ,isaiah1 ,amos1 & ,ze*>iah4 ,?is leads u to ano!r fact4 ,"s writ]s h held t ! ,revelation is to be int]pret$ simply on hi/orical l9es1 z ?\gh x conta9$ a li/ ( ev5ts occurr+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( hi/ory s9ce ! "t ( ,/4 ,john4 ,o!r writ]s #bgh h held t little or no hi/orical mean+ c be f\nd 9 ! book1 & t x is to be int]pret$ on ideal l9es1 z tea*+ c]ta9 pr9ciples ( religion4 ,! tru? seems to be t ^! two me?ods ( int]pretation are bo? p>tly true4 ,c]ta9 hi/orical facts1 su* z ! ,asc5sion ( our ,"l1 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ! p]secution ( ! ,*ur*1 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! ,roman empire1 are tak5 z a basis4 ,c]ta9 great pr9ciples ( ,god's deal+s ) ! _w1 & ( ! cont9u$ conflict betwe5 good & evil1 are !n illu/rat$ 9 connection ) ^! facts1 & ! :ole is knit toge!r by ! fix$ expectation t ,*ri/ w come aga9 to vanqui% ! wick$ & rescue ! good4 ,:ile ea* division ( ! book ?us possesses a real mean+1 x seems h>dly possible to atta* a significance to ea* detail 9 ! imag]y :i* is employ$4 ,_m items & ev5 numb]s appe> to be introduc$ 9 ord] to make ! sc5es cle> to ! m9d's eye r ?an imp>t a k ( indep5d5t ev5ts4 ,9 aft]-ages ,dante1 l ,/4 ,john1 %[$ ?is c>e = m9ute imag]y 9 ! mid/ ( v]ses ( my/ic vision4 ,! book is ! highe/ example ( ,*ri/ian imag9ation l$ & inspir$ by ! ,holy ,_s1 & al?\gh at is writt5 9 prose x is ( ! nature ( a poem4 ,! book conta9s sev5 revelations1 :i* are prec$$ by a prologue conc]n+ ! div9e ,son ( ,man & ! sev5 ,*ur*es ( ,asia4 ,( ^! sev5 revelations1 ! f\r? is c5tral bo? 9 place & mean+4 ,x repres5ts ! k+dom ( ! _w becom+ ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ z ! result ( ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 born ( t glori\s "m1 ! woman ^: se$ w>s aga9/ ! s]p5t 7,g54 iii4 #ae71 & ! maid5 :o be>s ,immanuel 7,isa4 vii4 #ad71 & :o also repres5ts ! ,*ur* bani%$ to ! wild]ness4 ,on ea* side are ?ree revelations1 :i* correspond ) "o ano!r l ! petals ( a my/ical rose4 ,! ?ird1 :i* deals ) ! div9e judgm5t ^u ,j]usalem1 corresponds ) ! fif?1 :i* conta9s ,god's judgm5t ^u #bgi ,rome4 ,"h we see ! triumph ( ,god ov] corrupt religion & corrupt imp]ialism4 ,! second1 :i* describes ! p[]s ( div9e judgm5t kept 9 *eck1 & ! seal ( ,god impr9t$ on ! sa9ts ( ! new ,israel1 corresponds ) ! six?1 :i* describes ! w> ( ! ,^w ( ,god ) ! ,bea/1 & ev5ts :i* end ) ! univ]sal judgm5t4 ,! fir/1 :i* describes ! ,lamb t 0 sla9 & ! book ( de/9y :i* ,he alone c\ld op51 corresponds ) ! sev5?1 :i* describes ! ,bride ( ! ,lamb1 ! ,new ,j]usalem 9 heav54 ,?us ! f9al glory ( ! ,*ur* corresponds ) ! glory :i* ! asc5d$ ,jesus already receives 9 heav54 ,! :ole closes ) a %ort epilogue4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! book conta9s sev5 *oric songs4 ,! fir/ revelation conta9s two su* songs1 "o aft] ea* division4 ,! second1 ?ird1 & fif? revelation1 ea* close ) a song4 ,! f\r? & c5tral revelation conta9s two songs2 "o is sung by ! bodygu>d ( ! ,lamb be=e !y g to w>1 ! o!r is sung aft] ! victory is ga9$4 ,! sev5? & la/ *orus celebrates ! fall ( ,babylon 7,rome71 & u%]s 9 ! m>riage ( ! ,lamb4 ,x comes at ! end ( ! fif? revelation4 ,its =m is d\ble1 & x sums up ! rema9+ action ( ! book4 ,two m facts mu/ be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection4 ,! fir/ is t ! words ( ! song ( ! bodygu>d ( ! ,lamb 7xiv4 #c7 are n told2 x c only be le>n$ by ! r$eem$4 ,x beg9s ) ! voice ( ,*ri/1 ! voice ( _m wat]s1 & x is tak5 up by ! ?und] ( ! *]ubim & ! h>ps ( ! eld]s4 ,! second is t !re is no song betwe5 ! six? & sev5? revelation4 ,x is simply ! voice out ( ! ?rone itself1 ! voice ( ! *]ubim :o uphold ! ?rone ( ,god 7see iv4 #f71 :i* proclaims t ! tab]nacle ( ,god is n[ ) m51 & t ,he %all wipe away e te> 7xxi4 #d74 ,! exquisite art ( ?is arrangem5t ( ! songs is manife/4 #bhj ,,analysis ,title & description 7i4 #a-c74 ,prologue 7i4 #d-;iii4 #bb74 ,! vision ( ! ,son ( ,man 7i4 #d-bj74 ,! message to ea* ( ! sev5 ,*ur*es ( ,asia 7ii41 iii474 ,a g5]al idea ( conflict is pres5t 9 ?is introduction4 ,! ,*ur*es ( ,asia h special temptations aga9/ :i* !y mu/ fight1 e4g4 coldness at ,ephesus1 false prophecy at ,?yatira1 emp]or wor%ip at ,p]gamum4 ,i4 ,revelation ( ! ,book ( ,de/9y3 iv4-v4--,! ?rone ( ,god is manife/$1 surr\nd$ by ! eld]s & by ! f\r liv+ creatures :o repres5t ! creat$ univ]se1 *orus ( creation 7iv474 ,! seal$ book :i* none c op5 b ! ,lamb1 *orus ( r$emption 7v474 ,,ii4 ,revelation ( ! ,seals3 vi4-viii4 #a4--,! fir/ f\r seals ( ! book are op5$4 ,*ri/ appe>s rid+ on a :ite horse1 & is foll[$ by f\r symbolic p[]s ( evil3 7a7 ,apollyon1 :o rides on a r$ horse2 7b7 ! ,/ew>d1 :o rides on a black horse1 & disp5ses corn at a de> price1 repres5t+ a p]v]t$ m9i/ry ( ! ,^w1 :i* nev]!less _c hurt ! unction giv5 to ! ,*ri/ian nor ! w9e ( ,*ri/'s ,passion2 7c7 ,dea? on a pale horse2 & 7d7 8 companion ,hell4 ,:5 ! fif? sc5e is op5$1 ! m>tyrs :o are "u ! alt> :i* is be=e ! ?rone cry 9 expectancy4 ,) ! six? seal !re is a w>n+ ( prophetic horrors4 ,! day ( ,god's wra? all b comes4 ,b judgm5t is re/ra9$ = a season 7vi474 ,*a/isem5t is susp5d$ until #add1jjj ( ,israelites are seal$1 !n a multitude ( all nations1 *orus ( salvation 7vii474 ,! sev5? seal1 :i* discloses a w> aga9/ ,god1 c n[ be op5$2 sil5ce 7viii4 #a74 #bha ,,iii4 ,revelation ( ! ,trumpets3 viii4 #b-xi4 #ah4--,sev5 angels receive trumpets1 inc5se (f]$4 ,) ! s\nd+ ( ea* ( ! fir/ f\r trumpets a *a/isem5t is s5t f above to r\se rep5tance 7viii474 ,) ! fif?1 *a/isem5t asc5ds f ! pit2 ) ! six?1 angels & t]rific horsem5 come f ! ,euphrates2 b m5 rep5t n 7ix474 ,be=e ! sev5? trumpet s\nds1 an angel tells ! se] t :5 x has s\nd$ ! my/]y ( ,god z decl>$ to ! prophets w be f9i%$ 7x474 ,two prophets resembl+ ,elijah & ,moses appe> z ! symbols ( ,*ri/ian prophecy2 !y are sla9 9 ,j]usalem :]e our ,"l 0 crucifi$1 !y asc5d l ,*ri/ amid ! wreck ( a t5? ( ! city4 ,! city confesses ,god4 ,!n ! sev5? trumpet proclaims ! subject ( ! next revelation3 ! k+doms ( ! _w becom+ ! k+doms ( ,*ri/1 *orus ( ,god reign+ 7xi4 #a-ah74 ,,iv4 ,revelation ( ! ,lamb's ,r$emption3 xi4 #ai-xv4 #d4--,! ark itself is reveal$ to %[ t ! com+ revelation manife/s :at is mo/ sacr$ & mo/ pr(\nd4 ,! conflict betwe5 ,*ri/ & evil is %[n fir/ z ! conflict ( ! ,*ild ( ! ,woman aga9/ ! dragon1 !n z ! conflict ( ,mi*ael & 8 angels aga9/ ! dragon1 !n z ! conflict ( ! dragon aga9/ ! woman's se$ 7xii474 ,next come ! allies ( ! dragon1 ! bea/ out ( ! sea1 :i* is imp]ial pagan ,rome2 & ! bea/ out ( ! e>?1 :i* is ! prie/hood ( ,asia appo9t$ to promote ! wor%ip ( ! emp]or 7xiii474 ,!n !re is se5 on ,m\nt ,zion ! ,lamb ) ,8 bodygu>d ( #add1jjj1 s++ ! incommunicable *orus4 ,an angel proclaims ! et]nal gospel2 ano!r tells t ,babylon1 i4e4 pagan ,rome1 has fall52 ano!r proclaims ! et]nal puni%m5t ( ^? :o wor%ip ! bea/4 ,!n a voice f heav5 ann\nces ! bless$ness ( ! dead 9 ,*ri/4 ,! ,son ( ,man is se5 ) a sickle2 !n comes ! h>ve/ ( ! good1 & ! v9tage ( ^? :o #bhb are to suff] 9 ! w9epress ( ,god's wra? 7xiv474 ,sev5 angels appe>1 & ! victors ov] ! bea/ s+ ! *orus ,( ,moses & ! ,lamb 7xv4 #a-d74 ,v4 ,revelation ( ! ,b[ls3 xv4 #e-xix4 #aj4--,! heav5ly temple op5s1 & ! sev5 angels come to p\r out ! sev5 la/ puni%m5ts f ! gold5 b[ls 7xv4 #f-h74 ,!re is a plague1 & ! turn+ ( ! sea1 & !n ( ! riv]s1 into blood1 !n ! sun's heat is int5sifi$1 !n d>kness is p\r$ ov] ,rome4 ,!n1 9 con=mity ) ,revelation ,,iii41 we are %[n ! ,euphrates4 ,x is dri$ up t ! k+s ( ! ,ea/1 probably conceiv$ ( z ,p>?ians1 may m>* to de/roy ,babylon4 ,o!r k+s come to aid ! bea/4 ,!y mu/] at ,h>-,mag$on4 ,! sev5? b[l is p\r$ on ! air4 ,babylon breaks into ?ree p>ts4 ,/orms 7xvi474 ,!n an angel %[s ,john ,babylon rid+ triumphantly ^u a bea/ z ! "m ( h>lots1 drunk5 ) ! blood ( ! m>tyrs1 & he expla9s h[ %e %all be de/roy$ by h] subject k+s 7xvii474 ,!re foll[s a solemn dirge on ,babylon 7xviii474 ,!n comes a triumphant *orus = ! judgm5t ( ! city 7xix4 #a-h74 ,john is =bidd5 to wor%ip 8 angel-guide 7xix4 #aj74 ,,vi4 ,revelation ( ! ,^w ( ,god & ! univ]sal ,judgm5t3 xix4 #aa-xx4 #ae4--;,x is n[ %[n t judgm5t is ! "w ( ! ,^w ( ,god ,himself4 ,z 9 ,revelation ,,ii41 ,he appe>s ^u a :ite horse4 ,brief sections display ! complete ov]?r[ ( ! great enemies ( ,*ri/1 ! bea/1 ! false prophet1 & ! dragon4 ,!n comes ! mill5nium1 :5 ! m>tyrs ( ,jesus reign ) ,*ri/ :ile ,satan is b\nd4 ,satan is !n loos$1 & ) ,gog & ,magog1 :o are lead]s ( nations ho/ile to ,god's p1 he is f9ally vanqui%$4 ,! f9al judgm5t takes place1 & ,dea? & ,hell are ca/ into fire4 #bhc ,,vii4 ,revelation ( ! ,new ,j]usalem3 xxi4 i-xxii4 #e4--;,f a m\nta9-top is se5 ! ,*ur*1 ! holy city1 ,new ,j]usalem1 ! ,bride prep>$ = ,jesus4 ,its lum9>y & /ructure are describ$4 ,x rises on a va/ rock ( jewels4 ,! ?rone ( ,god is no long] remote f man1 b 9 ! mid/ ( ! city4 ,f ! ?rone p\rs ! riv] ( life ?r\gh ! v he>t ( ! city4 ,! riv] is %ad$ on bo? sides by ! tree or wood ( life1 ) its p]petual v>iety ( fruit4 ,?is is 9 contra/ ) ! "o tree & its =bidd5 fruit :i* 0 ! means ( ! ,fall4 ,epilogue 7xxii4 #f-ba74 ,! atte/ation ( ! angel1 ! wat*word ( ,jesus1 ,john aga9 =bidd5 to wor%ip ! angel4 ,! book to rema9 unclos$4 ,! wat*word repeat$4 ,! atte/ation ( ,jesus to ,himself & ! angel1 to ,8 ,bride1 to ! book1 to ,8 adv5t4 ,! response ( ,john to ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,salutation4 #a ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #be1 #ci2 vii4 #be4 #b ,! det]m9ation to d5y t ,/4 ,john c\ld h believ$ 9 ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/ made ,zell] ma9ta9 t 9 ! ,revelation ,*ri/ is call$ ! ,^w ( ,god z a m]e honor>y title4 ,davidson int]pret$ x z mean+ ! highe/ creature4 ,r5an tri$ to extricate himself f ! difficulty by say+ t ,/4 ,john did n write ! ,revelation1 b1 hav+ approv$ ( x1 saw x circulate "u 8 "n )\t displeasure 7,l',anti*ri/1 p4 xli474 #c ,h>nack1 ,*ronologie1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bde1 #bdf1 #fgi4 #d ,_m ( ! suppos$ wrong con/ructions 9 ! ,revelation are capable ( ju/ification 7,dr4 ,b5son1 ,! ,apocalypse1 p4 #aca ff474 #e ,x is true t a diff]5t ,greek ^w = ,lamb is us$ 9 ! ,revelation f t 9 ! ,gospel1 b ! v>iation c be acc\nt$ = by ! au?or's desire to use a ^w simil> 9 =m to ! ^w us$ = ! ,bea/1 :o is contra/$ ) ! ,lamb4 #f ,! attempt to divide a suppos$ ,judaiz+ elem5t 9 ! book f a m ,ca?olic elem5t has l$ to ! ass]tion t vii4 #a-h is inconsi/5t ) vii4 #i-ag4 ,!re is no m incongruity betwe5 ^! two passages ?an 9 ! /atem5t ( ,/4 ,paul 9 ,rom4 i4 #af1 t ! gospel is a p[] unto salvation to ! ,jew fir/1 & also to ! ,greek4 #bhd ,,app5dix ,a ,,rationali/ ,,criticism ,,on ,,/4 ,,john',s ,,writ+s ,! foll[+ table w illu/rate ! po9ts ( agreem5t arriv$ at by ! m prom95t ,rationali/ critics ( ! la/ sixty ye>s3-- ,,! ,,gospel4 #a ,,john4 #b ,,& #c ,,john4 ,,revelation4 ,f4 ,c4 ,baur1 ,by a =g]1 ,by a ,by a ,by ,/4 #ahdg4 #agj ,a4,d4 second ?ird ,john4 =g]4 =g]4 ,?4 ,keim1 ,by ! same =g]1 ---- ,n by #ahfg4 #ajj-aag ,a4,d4 ,/4 ,john4 ,a4 ,hilg5- ,by a =g]1 ,all by a second =g]1 ,by ,/4 ,john4 feld1 #ahge4 #abj-adj ,a4,d4 #acj ,a4,d4 ,e4 ,r5an1 ,by ! ,presbyt] ,john & o!rs1 :o ,n by ,/4 #ahgi4 pret5d$ t !y 7 by ,/4 ,john1 ,john1 b #abj ,a4,d4 circulat$ by him4 ,c4 ,weizsc- ,by a disciple ,n by ,/4 ,john nor by ! ,n by k]1 #ahhf4 ( ,/4 ,john4 au?or ( ! ,gospel4 ,/4 ,john4 ,a4 ,h>nack1 ,! ,gospel & ,epi/les all probably by ,by ! #ahig4 ! ,presbyt] ,john1 :o did n pret5d ,presbyt] t !y 7 by ,/4 ,john1 ,john1 #hj-aaj ,a4,d4 #if ,a4,d4 ,a4 ,c4 ,unc]ta94 ,by ! ,unc]ta94 ,possibly ,mc,giffert1 au?or by ! #ahig4 ( ! ,presbyt] ,gospel4 ,john4 ,b4 ,w4 ,by an ,all by ano!r unkn[n ,by ,/4 ,bacon1 unkn[n writ]1 ,a4,d4 #ie-ajj ,a4,d4 ,john4 #aijj4 writ]1 #ajj-aaj ,a4,d4 ,p4 ,w4 ,n by ,/4 ,by a ,by a ?ird ,possibly ,s*mi$el1 ,john1 nor second =g]4 by ! #aija4 by ! =g]4 ,presbyt] ,presbyt]4 ,john4 #bhe ,,app5dix ,b ,,papias ,,& ,,john ,,! ,,presbyt] ,papias1 a ,phrygian by bir?1 & ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis 9 ,phrygia1 wrote 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #bnd c5tury a book call$ ,expositions ( ,oracles ( ! ,"l4 ,among ! ,eld]s :om ,ir5aeus quotes1 ,papias & ,polyc>p alone are call$ anci5t 7ar*aios--,adv4 ,ha]4 v4 #cc74 ,?is helps u to fix ! date ( ,papias4 ,= ,polyc>p di$ ei!r 9 ,a4,d4 #aee or #aef4 ,he _h be5 a ,*ri/ian = eighty-six ye>s1 & 0 !re=e born 9 ,a4,d4 #gj at ! v late/4 ,papias 0 !re=e probably born ab\t ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,we "k f ,ir5aeus t ,polyc>p 0 a disciple ( ,/4 ,john1 & sev]al anci5t writ]s1 includ+ ,ir5aeus1 expressly ass]t t ,papias also 0 a he>] ( ,/4 ,john4 ,eusebius 7,h4 ,e4 iii4 #ci7 says t 9 8 preface ,papias does n decl>e t he 0 an eye-witness ( ! holy apo/les4 ,b ,eusebius 9 8 ,*ronicle 7,syncell4 #fee1 #ad7 pla9ly says t ,papias1 l ,polyc>p1 0 a he>] ( ,john ! ,div9e & ,apo/le4 ,! preface ( ,papias1 :i* ,eusebius transcribes1 m5tions ,john ! ,presbyt]4 ,! foll[+ is a lit]al translation ( x3-- ,b = y\r advantage ,i w n hesitate to put side by side ) my int]pretations ev]y?+ t 9 "t pa/ ,i le>nt well f ! ,eld]s1 & rememb]$ well1 gu>antee+ its tru?4 ,=1 unlike ! _m1 ,i did n take pleasure 9 ^? :o say mu*1 b 9 ^? :o tea* ! tru?2 nor 9 ^? :o relate ali5 comm&m5ts1 b 9 ^? :o relate su* z 7 giv5 f ! ,"l to ! ,fai?1 & are d]iv$ f '! ,tru?' itself4 ,& aga91 on any occasion :5 a p]son came :o _h be5 a foll[] ( ! ,eld]s1 ,i w\ld inquire ab\t ! disc\rses ( ! ,eld]s--:at ,&rew or :at ,pet] said1 or :at ,philip or :at ,?omas or ,james1 or :at ,john or ,mat!w or any o!r ( ! disciples ( ! ,"l1 & ! ?+s :i* ,ari/ion & ,john ! ,presbyt] 7,eld]71 ! disciples ( ! ,"l1 say4 ,= ,i did #bhf n suppose t ! cont5ts ( books w\ld pr(it me s mu* z ! utt]ances ( a liv+ & abid+ voice4 ,! exact mean+ ( ?is passage is disput$1 b mu* ( x is p]fectly cle>4 ,x is pla9 t ,papias is ref]r+ to 8 action at a "t long pa/ 7pote71 probably ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,x is also pla9 t he _h no direct access at t date to ! apo/les ab\t ^: say+s he inquir$4 ,!y 7 already dead1 _! spee* 0 a ?+ ( ! pa/ 7eip574 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ari/ion & ,john ! ,presbyt] 7 !n liv+1 _! spee* 0 a ?+ ( ! pres5t 7leg\s974 ,!y surviv$ at ! "t ( 8 inquiries1 & we _c accept ! hypo!sis t ,papias only meant t he inquir$ :at ,ari/ion & ,john ! ,presbyt] said 9 _! books4 ,he record$ :at !y said to 8 fri5ds1 & he quot$ !m bo? s freely t ,eusebius believ$ t ,papias also wrote d[n words :i* ,ari/ion & ,john ! ,presbyt] said 9 8 own he>+4 ,b :e!r he he>d !m or only he>d ab\t !m1 x is evid5t t he _h rea*$ manhood be=e !y 7 dead4 ,x is also c]ta9 t he calls !m disciples ( ! ,"l4 ,he mu/ mean by ?is t !y _h be5 p]sonally 9 contact ) ,*ri/1 l ! apo/les :om he has j m5tion$4 ,we !re=e c only draw ! conclusion t ,papias believ$ t ^! two m5 _h kn[n ! ,"l 9 _! boyhood1 & ! fact t he m5tions only two su* m5 fav\rs ?is int]pretation4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r ,eld]s1 ! "q at once arises1 ,did ,papias include among ^? ,eld]s ! apo/les :om he m5tions8 ,if he did n include !m1 he means t he inquir$ ( travell]s :at !y _h he>d f ,eld]s :o _h kn[n ! apo/les4 ,?is seems incr$ible2 ! in=mation ga9$ w\ld be f> inf]ior to t conta9$ 9 books1 :]eas ,papias speaks ( x z sup]ior4 ,moreov]1 x w\ld imply t ! k possess$ by ,papias ab\t ^? :o _h kn[n ! ,"l 0 less direct ?an t possess$ by ,ir5aeus6 ,= ,ir5aeus 7#a7 knew ,polyc>p 7#b7 & o!rs1 :o knew ,/4 ,john & o!rs :o _h se5 ! ,"l4 ,:]eas1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 ,papias 7#a7 0 in/ruct$ by travell]s 7#b71 :o _h he>d ! ,eld]s 7#c7 speak ab\t ! apo/les4 ,if ,papias _h no bett] k ?an ?is1 ,ir5aeus w\ld n h ref]r$ to ,papias ) su* m>k$ def]5ce4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t ,papias us$ ! ^w ,eld]s to d5ote ,*ri/ians :o _h actually se5 ! ,"l1 includ+ ! apo/les :om he m5tions4 ,?is int]pretation is #bhg support$ by ! fact t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t bo? ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,john give !mselves ?is v title4 ,if ! above views are correct1 !y h an important be>+ on ! au!nticity ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel4 ,! lifetime ( ,papias1 l t ( ,polyc>p1 cov]s ! :ole p]iod ( dates to :i* mod]n ,rationali/s n[ assign t ,gospel4 ,if x 0 n writt5 by ! apo/le1 x is h>d inde$ to suppose t ,papias did n "k ! tru?1 & record x4 ,& x is equally h>d to believe t 8 /atem5ts ab\t x w\ld n h be5 copi$ by su* m5 z ,ir5aeus1 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 & ,eusebius4 #bhh ,,app5dix ,c ,,! ,,muratorian ,,fragm5t ,! ,muratorian ,fragm5t is "p ( a ,lat9 li/ ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 nam$ aft] ,muratori1 ! libr>ian at ,milan1 :o publi%$ x 9 ,a4,d4 #agdj4 ,! ,canon ( :i* ! ,fragm5t is a "p 0 probably writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj4 ,x beg9s 9 ! mid/ ( a s5t5ce relat+ to ,/4 ,m>k-- ,sid5ote3 ,! ,gospels4 4 4 4 at "s ?+s1 h[ev]1 he 0 pres5t1 & has ?us record$ !m4 ,! ?ird book ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke1 ,luke compil$ 9 8 own "n f report1 ! physician :om ,paul took ) him aft] ! asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 = a companion z devot$ to ! law3 h[ev] he did n himself see ! ,"l 9 ! fle%1 & h5ce beg9s 8 acc\nt ) ! bir? ( ,john z he 0 able to trace 7matt]s7 up4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john4 ,( ! f\r? ( ! ,gospels 7! au?or is7 ,john1 "o ( ! disciples4 ,at ! in/ance ( 8 fell[-disciples & bi%ops he said1 ',fa/ ) me to-day = ?ree days1 & :atev] %all be reveal$ to ea*1 let u relate x to "o ano!r4' ,! same night x 0 reveal$ to ,&rew1 "o ( ! apo/les1 t ,john %\ld write all 9 8 own "n1 ! re/ revis+4 4 4 4 ,& !re=e1 al?\gh v>y+ ideas may be taught 9 ! sev]al books ( ! ,evangeli/s1 !re is no diff]5ce 9 t :i* p]ta9s to ! fai? ( believ]s1 s9ce by "o ,sov]eign ,_s 9 all are decl>$ all ?+s t relate to ! nativity 7( ! ,"l71 ,8 passion1 resurrection1 int]c\rse ) ,8 disciples1 & conc]n+ ,8 d\ble adv5t1 ! fir/ 9 humble guise1 :i* has tak5 place1 ! second spl5did ) royal p[]1 :i* is yet to be4 4 4 4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 if ,john 9 8 ,epi/les also1 speak+ ( 8 own au?or%ip1 s boldly advances ea* #bhi detail1 say+1 ',:at we h se5 ) our eyes1 & h he>d ) our e>s1 & our h&s h h&l$1 ^! ?+s we h writt5 unto y4' ,= ?us he pr(esses himself n only an eye-witness1 b a he>]1 yea1 & a writ] z well1 ( all ! wond]s done by ! ,"l 9 _! ord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,acts4 ,b ! ,acts ( all ! ,apo/les are writt5 9 a s+le book1 ,luke relates !m excell5tly to ,!ophilus1 conf9+ himself to su* z fell "u 8 own notice1 z he pla9ly %[s by ! omission ( all ref]5ce ei!r to ! m>tyrdom ( ,pet] or ! j\rney ( ,paul f ,rome to ,spa94 4 4 4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,b ! lett]s ( ,paul !mselves make kn[n to ^? :o w\ld "k bo? :at !y are1 & f :at place1 or :at occasion !y 7 s5t4 ,at consid]able l5g? he wrote to ! ,cor9?ians fir/1 =bidd+ s*ismatic divisions1 !n to ! ,galatians 7=bidd+7 circumcision1 & to ! ,romans 7exp\nd+7 ! g5]al t5or ( ! ,scriptures1 %[+1 h[ev]1 t ,*ri/ is ! ess5ce ( _! tea*+2 to ^! 7,epi/les7 we mu/ devote sep>ate discussion2 = ! bless$ ,apo/le ,paul himself1 foll[+ ! example ( 8 pr$ecessor ,john1 wrote by "n to sev5 ,*ur*es only 9 ?is ord]3 ,fir/ to ! ,cor9?ians1 second to ! ,ephesians1 ?ird to ! ,philippians1 f\r? to ! ,colossians1 fif? to ! ,galatians1 six? to ! ,!ssalonians1 sev5? to ! ,romans4 ,true1 he wrote twice to ! ,cor9?ians & ,!ssalonians = _! correction1 b he %[s !reby#a ! unity ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*2 = ,john also 9 ! ,apocalypse1 ?\gh he writes to sev5 ,*ur*es only1 yet speaks to all4 ,he also writes "o to ,philemon1 "o to ,titus1 & two to ,timo?y1 out ( p]sonal reg>d & affection1 b ^! too are hall[$ 9 ! respect ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* = ! arrangem5t ( ecclesia/ical discipl9e4 ,moreov]1 !re is 9 circulation an ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1 ano!r to ! ,alex&rians =g$ "u ! "n ( ,paul1 look+ t[>ds ! h]esy ( ,m>cion1 & sev]al o!rs :i* _c be receiv$ into ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 = gall %\ld n be mix$ ) honey4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,epi/le ( ,jude1 & two ( ,john ! above nam$1 are receiv$ among ,ca?olics4 ,also ! ,book ( ,wisdom writt5 by ! fri5ds ( ,solomon 9 8 hon\r4 #bij ,sid5ote3 ,apocalypses4 ,we receive1 moreov]1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,john & ,pet] only1 ?\gh "s ( our body w n h ! latt] read 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,%eph]d inde$ 0 writt5 q rec5tly 9 our own times 9 ! city ( ,rome by ,h]mas1 :ile 8 bro!r ,pius occupi$ ! seat ( ,bi%op ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome2 :]e=e ! private read+ ( x is inde$ comm5dable1 b x c nev] be publicly read to ! p 9 ! ,*ur* :e!r among ! ,prophets 4 4 4 or among ! ,apo/les4 ,we receive no?+ :atev] ( ! ,ars9oite1 or ,val5t9us1 or ( ,mitias 787 4 4 4 :o also 7 ! compil]s ( ! new ,book ( ,psalms 787 = ,m>cion1 toge!r ) ,basilides4 4 4 4 #a ,z symboliz$ by ! numb] sev54 #bia ,,app5dix ,d ,,"s ,,e>ly ,,witnesses ,,to ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,writ+s#a ,,clem5t ,,( ,,rome4 ,bi%op ( ,rome4 ,epi/le to ,cor9?ians 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 c4 ,a4,d4 #ie ,,b>nabas4 ,epi/le (1 n by ! ,b>nabas :o 0 ,/4 ,paul's companion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 c4 ,a4,d4 #ih ,,dida*4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 a manual ( ,*ur* regulations 4 4 4 4 c4 ,a4,d4 #ajj ,,ignatius4 ,bi%op ( ,antio* & ,m>tyr4 #g ,epi/les 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 c4 ,a4,d4 #aaj ,,polyc>p4 ,bi%op ( ,smyrna & ,m>tyr4 ,epi/le to ,philippians 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 c4 ,a4,d4 #aaj ,,papias4 ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis4 ,expositions ( ! ,oracles ( ! ,"l 7fragm5ts are pres]v$ by ,eusebius7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 c4 ,a4,d4 #acj ,,h]mas4 ,! ,%eph]d1 an allegory 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 c4 ,a4,d4 #adj ,,m>cion4 ,h]etic f ,pontus at ,rome 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 c4 ,a4,d4 #add ,,ju/9 ,,m>tyr4 ,apologi/4 #a & #b ,apologies & ,dialogue ) ,trypho 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #aeb-aeg ,,epi/le ,,to ,,diognetus4 ,anonym\s def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 c4 ,a4,d4 #afj ,,tatian4 ,syrian ,apologi/1 disciple ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,diatess>on1 a h>mony ( ! ,gospels ,a4,d4 #afj-agj ,,!ophilus4 ,apologi/ ( ,antio*4 ,ad ,autolycum c4 ,a4,d4 #ahj ,,ir5aeus4 ,bi%op ( ,lyons4 ,aga9/ ,h]esies c4 ,a4,d4 #ahe #a ,9 ! case ( mo/ ( ^! witnesses ! date "h giv5 is t ( _! *ief lit]>y activity4 #bib ,,clem5t ,,( ,,alex&ria4 ,head ( ! ,cate*etical ,s*ool4 ,pa$agogus1 ,hypotyposes1 etc4 4 4 4 4 c4 ,a4,d4 #aij ,,t]tullian4 ,( ,c>?age4 ,apologi/ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #bjj ,,hippolytus4 ,presbyt] at ,rome4 ,refutation ( ,all ,h]esies & num]\s comm5t>ies 4 4 4 4 4 c4 ,a4,d4 #bbj ,,orig54 ,( ,alex&ria4 ,successor ( ,clem5t1 great philosoph] & writ] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 c4 ,a4,d4 #bcj ,,dionysius4 ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #bdh ,,eusebius4 ,bi%op ( ,caes>ea4 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 etc4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #cbj ,,aphraates4 ,syrian writ] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #cch ,,a?anasius4 ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #cbh-cgc ,,epiphanius4 ,bi%op ( ,salamis 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #chj ,,j]ome4 ,au?or ( ! revis$ or ,vulgate ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,bible 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a4,d4 #cij #bic ,,app5dix ,e ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,9 ?is li/ are includ$ ! mo/ useful books writt5 9 ,engli% or translat$ into ,engli%4 ,an 99 is plac$ be=e ^? comm5t>ies :i* conta9 ! :ole ,greek text ( ! books indicat$1 or :i* comm5t mu* on ! ,greek text4 #a4 ,,canon-- ,*>t]is 7,pr(4 ,a4 ,h471 ,canonicity1 #ahs4 ,s&ay 7,dr4 ,w471 ,inspiration1 #fs4 #f;d4 7,longmans47 ,we/cott 7,bi%op71 ,hi/ory ( ! ,canon1 #ajs4 #f;d4 7,macmillan47 #b4 ,,text-- ,! ,greek ,text ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 v>i\s prices4 7,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press47 ,concordance to ! ,greek ,te/am5t1 by ,m\lton 7,w4 ,f47 & ,g$5 7,a4 ,s471 #bfs4 7,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k47 #c4 ,,textual ,,criticism-- ,lake 7,pr(4 ,k471 ,! ,text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #as4 net4 ,ox=d ,*ur* ,text ,books4 7,riv+tons47 ,ne/le 7,e471 ,textual ,criticism ( ! ,greek ,new ,te/am5t1 #ajs4 #f;d4 7,williams & ,norgate47 #d4 ,,introduction-- ,zahn 7,pr(4 ,?471 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #c vols41 ,engli% ,translation1 #cfs4 7,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k47 ,salmon 7,pr(4 ,g471 ,hi/orical ,introduction to ! ,books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #is4 7,murray47 ,godet 7,f471 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,"p ,i4 ,! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 #abs4 #f;d4 7,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k47 #e4 ,,! ,,gospels ,,& ,,! ,,synoptic ,,problem-- ,burkitt 7,pr(4 ,f4 ,c471 ,! ,e>lie/ ,s\rces = ! ,life ( ,jesus1 #as4 net4 7,con/able47 ,s&ay 7,dr4 ,w471 ,/udies 9 ! ,synoptic ,problem1 #abs4 #f;d4 7,ox=d ,cl>5don ,press47 ,wright 7,dr4 ,a471 99,a ,synopsis ( ! ,gospels 9 ,greek1 #ajs4 7,macmillan47 ,campbell 7,dr4 ,col971 99,! ,fir/ ,?ree ,gospels 9 ,greek1 #es4 7,williams & ,norgate47 #bid ,hawk9s 7,sir ,j4 ,c471 99,horae ,synopticae1 #gs4 #f;d4 7,ox=d ,cl>5don ,press47 ,ru%brooke 7,w4 ,g471 99,synopticon1 #ces4 7,macmillan47 ,we/cott 7,bi%op71 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,gospels1 #ajs4 #f;d4 7,macmillan47 ,/anton 7,dr4 ,v4 ,h471 ,! ,gospels z ,hi/orical ,docum5ts1 ,"p ,i4 #gs4 #f;d41 ,"p ,,ii4 #ajs4 7,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press47 #f4 ,,comm5t>ies-- ,/4 ,mat!w4--,godet 7,f471 ,! ,collection ( ! ,f\r ,gospels & ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 #fs4 7,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k47 ,all5 7,v54 ,w4 ,c471 99,comm5t>y1 #abs4 7,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k47 ,plumm] 7,dr4 ,a471 99,exegetical ,comm5t>y on ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w1 #abs4 7,elliot ,/ock47 ,c>r 7,a471 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w1 #ds4 #f;d4 7,cambridge ,greek ,te/am5t = ,s*ools & ,colleges47 ,/4 ,m>k4--,swete 7,pr(4 ,h4 ,b471 99,greek ,text ) ,notes1 #aes4 7,macmillan47 ,macle> 7,g4 ,f471 99,! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,m>k1 #ds4 #f;d4 7,cambridge ,greek ,te/am5t = ,s*ools & ,colleges47 ,/4 ,luke4--,plumm] 7,dr4 ,a471 99,comm5t>y1 #abs4 7,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k47 ,/4 ,john4--,godet 7,f471 ,comm5t>y1 #c vols41 #cas4 #f;d4 7,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k47 ,we/cott 7,bi%op71 ,comm5t>y1 #ajs4 #f;d4 7,murray47 ,lightfoot 7,bi%op71 ,biblical ,essays1 #abs4 7,macmillan4 ,s&ay 7,dr4 ,w471 ,! ,criticism ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #gs4 #f;d4 7,longmans47 ,acts4--,kn[l+ 7,dr4 ,r4 ,j471 9 99,expositor's ,greek ,te/am5t1 vol4 ii41 #bhs4 7,hodd] & ,/\ghton47 ,rackham 7,r4 ,b471 #abs4 #f;d4 7,me?u547 ,ramsay 7,pr(4 ,w4 ,m471 ,! ,*ur* 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 #abs4 7,hodd] & ,/\ghton47 ,ramsay 7,pr(4 ,w4 ,m471 ,/4 ,paul ! ,travell] & ! ,roman ,citiz51 #ajs4 #f;d4 7,hodd] & ,/\ghton47 ,romans4--,s&ay 7,dr4 ,w47 & ,headlam 7,a4 ,c471 99,comm5t>y1 #abs4 7,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k47 ,liddon 7,dr4 ,h4 ,p471 99,analysis1 #ads4 7,longmans47 ,gore 7,bi%op71 ,exposition1 #b vols41 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 7,murray47 #bie #a ,cor9?ians4--,g\dge 7,h4 ,l471 9 ,we/m9/] ,comm5t>ies1 #fs4 7,me?u547 ,f9dlay 7,g4 ,g471 9 99,expositor's ,greek ,te/am5t1 vol4 ii4 #b ,cor9?ians4--,mey]'s 99,critical ,comm5t>y on ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #a & #b ,cor41 9 #b vols41 #ajs4 #f;d4 ea*4 7,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k47 ,galatians4--,lightfoot 7,bi%op71 99,text ) ,introduction1 #abs4 7,macmillan47 ,ramsay 7,pr(4 ,w4 ,m471 ,hi/orical ,comm5t>y1 #abs4 7,hodd] & ,/\ghton47 ,ephesians4--,abbott 7,t4 ,k471 99,comm5t>y on ,ephesians & ,colossians1 #ajs4 #f;d4 7,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k47 ,rob9son 7,dr4 ,j4 ,armitage71 99,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 #abs4 7,macmillan47 ,we/cott 7,bi%op71 99,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 #ajs4 #f;d4 7,macmillan47 ,gore 7,bi%op71 ,exposition1 #cs4 #f;d4 7,murray47 ,philippians4--,lightfoot 7,bi%op71 ,text ) ,introduction1 #abs4 7,macmillan47 ,colossians & ,philemon4--,lightfoot 7,bi%op71 99,text ) ,introduction1 #abs4 7,macmillan47 #a & #b ,!ssalonians4--,milligan 7,dr4 ,g471 99,comm5t>y1 #abs4 7,macmillan47 ,ellicott 7,bi%op71 99,comm5t>y1 #gs4 #f;d4 7,longmans47 #a & #b ,timo?y1 ,titus4--,b]n>d 7,dr4 ,j4 ,h471 99,cambridge ,greek ,te/am5t1 #cs4 #f;d4 7,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press47 ,hebrews4--,we/cott 7,bi%op71 99,greek ,text ) ,notes4 #ads4 7,macmillan47 ,davidson 7,pr(4 ,a4 ,b471 ,h&book1 #bs4 #f;d4 7,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k47 ,/4 ,james4--,mayor 7,dr4 ,j4 ,b471 99,greek ,text ) ,notes41 #abs4 7,macmillan47 ,c>r 7,a471 99,! ,g5]al ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james1 #bs4 #f;d4 7,cambridge ,greek ,te/am5t = ,s*ools & ,colleges47 #a & #b ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,jude4--,bigg 7,dr4 ,c471 99,comm5t>y1 #ajs4 #f;d4 7,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k47 ,mayor 7,dr4 ,j4 ,b471 99,! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,jude & ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet]1 #ads4 7,macmillan47 #a1 #b1 #c ,/4 ,john4--,we/cott 7,bi%op71 99,greek ,text ) ,notes1 #abs4 #f;d4 7,macmillan47 #bif ,revelation4--,ramsay 7,pr(4 ,w4 ,m471 ,lett]s to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 #abs4 7,hodd] & ,/\ghton47 ,simcox 7,w4 ,h471 99,! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john ! ,div9e1 #es4 7,cambridge ,greek ,te/am5t = ,s*ools & ,colleges47 ,milligan 7,pr(4 ,w471 ,lectures on ! ,apocalypse1 #es4 7,macmillan47 ,swete 7,pr(4 ,h4 ,b471 99,! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john1 #aes4 7,macmillan47 #big ,,index ,acts1 ,book (1 #ajb ,agap1 or ,love-fea/1 #aci1 #bfi ,alex&ria1 ,/4 ,m>k at1 #ej2 philosophy (1 #ie ,alogi1 reject$ ,/4 ,john's writ+s1 #hb ,anti*ri/1 9 #b ,!ss41 #aca2 9 #a ,john1 #bee ,antilegom5a1 or disput$ books1 #bbb1 #bga ,antio*1 9 ,syria1 collision betwe5 ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul at1 #aba1 #aeg ,antio*1 ,pisidian1 #aeb ,apocalypse4 ,see ,revelation ,apocalyptic tea*+1 9 ,/4 ,matt41 #ch2 9 #b ,!ss41 #aca2 g5]al nature (1 #bgf ,apollos1 8 p>tisans at ,cor9?1 #ace1 #acg2 suppos$ au?or ( ,hebrews1 #baa ,aramaic language1 #a2 orig9al ( ,/4 ,matt41 #cd ,ari/ion 7au?or ( ,/4 ,m>k xvi4 #i-bj71 #fc1 #bhe ,babylon 9 ,n4 ,t41 #bdb1 #bgi ,balaamites1 #bff ,baptism1 ,/4 ,paul's doctr9e (1 #afd1 #age1 #bje2 = ! dead1 #adj ,b>nabas1 ,/41 au?or 787 ( ,hebrews1 #baa ,b>nabas1 s-call$ ,epi/le (1 #ad ,baur1 ,f4 ,c41 8 misrepres5tation ( ! apo/les1 #aaa1 #aba2 :at ,epi/les accept$ by1 #acc2 repudiation ( ,rom4 xv41 xvi41 #aeh2 ( ,colossians1 #aga2 ( ,ephesians1 #ahb2 ( ,philippians1 #ahh ,bea/ 9 ,revelation1 #bgf1 #bha ,b\sset1 ,w41 d5ies ,/4 ,john's resid5ce at ,ephesus1 #beg ,bre?r5 ( our ,"l1 #bbd ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 n ,paul9e1 #aff ,canon1 =mation (1 #b1 #bbj ,ca?olic ,epp41 #bai2 gradual ins]tion 9 ,canon1 #c1 #bba ,c5sus 9 ,/4 ,luke1 #gi ,*ri/ology1 or doctr9e ab\t ,*ri/'s ,p]son1 9 ,/4 ,matt41 #dj2 9 ,/4 ,m>k1 #ed1 #ef2 9 ,/4 ,luke1 #ga2 9 ,/4 ,john1 human side (1 #ca1 div9e side (1 #hb1 #ie2 9 ,acts1 #aji2 ( ,/4 ,paul1 #abc1 #adf1 #agd1 #ahe1 #aib ,*ur*1 doctr9e (1 9 ,/4 ,matt41 #dd2 9 ,/4 ,paul1 #ahe ,clem5t1 ,/41 ( ,rome1 quotes ,synoptic n>rative1 #ad2 quotes ! ,epi/les1 #acc1 #bce ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 on date ( ,/4 ,m>k1 #eb2 on #b ,pet]1 #bdh ,colossians1 ,ep4 to1 #agj2 h]esy (1 #agc ,cor9?ians1 ,epp4 to1 #acc1 #adc2 fir/ lo/ ,ep4 to1 #ace2 second lo/ ,ep4 to1 #ade2 factions among1 #acg2 doctr9e ( resurrection 9 ,epp41 #adj1 #adf ,date ( ,n4 ,t4 books1 p4 x42 ( ,*ri/'s nativity1 #gh ,date ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 #bh2 ,/4 ,john support$ by ,/4 ,luke z to1 #cj2 & by ,/4 ,paul1 #adb ,davidson1 ,s41 on ,i ,john1 #bef2 on ,*ri/ology ( ,revelation1 #bgb ,diaspora1 or ,disp]sion1 #bbi1 #bda ,diatess>on ( ,tatian1 #aa ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria on ,revelation1 #bga ,diotrephes1 #bfd ,disput$ books1 #bbb1 #bga ,docetic h]esy1 #aig1 #bei1 #bfb ,domitian1 8 treatm5t ( ,*ri/ians1 #bfe1 #bgf ,ebionites1 _! ,gospel1 #cd2 ,/4 ,luke n influ5c$ by1 #gb ,eno*1 ,book (1 #bdi1 #bfh1 #bgf ,epaphroditus or ,epaphras1 #aga1 #aia ,ephesians1 ,ep4 to1 #ahj ,ephesus1 ,/4 ,john at1 #ha1 #beg ,epiphanius on ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews1 #cd ,es*atology1 9 ,/4 ,matt41 #ch2 9 ,/4 ,m>k1 #eh2 9 ,/4 ,luke1 #fg2 9 ,/4 ,john1 #ig2 9 ,/4 ,paul1 #aba1 #aca1 #adf ,ess5es1 sect (1 possible influ5ce at ,rome1 #afg2 at ,colossae1 #agc ,eu*>i/1 9 ,/4 ,luke1 #gj2 9 #a ,cor41 #aci ,eusebius1 on ,hebrews1 #bji2 on ,ca?olic ,epp41 #bbb2 on #b ,pet]1 #bdh2 on ,revelation1 #bga ,fai?1 ,/4 ,paul's doctr9e (1 #aed1 #afd2 9 ,hebrews1 #baa2 9 ,/4 ,james1 #bca2 9 ,/4 ,jude1 #bff ,fea/s1 ,jewi%1 9 ,/4 ,john1 #ih ,felix1 ,antonius1 procurator ( ,judaea1 #aae ,fe/us1 ,porcius1 procurator ( ,judaea1 #aae ,flor9us1 lett] ( ,ir5aeus to1 #hg ,galatia1 ,nor? or ,s\? 7871 #aea ,galatians1 ,ep4 to1 #aej ,gallic1 #acd ,giesel]1 ,j4 ,k4 ,l41 on ! ,synoptic problem1 #ba ,gno/icism1 suppos$ influ5ce on ,ep4 to ,philippians1 #ahh2 rebuk$ 9 ,pa/oral ,epp41 #aig2 9 #b ,pet] & ,jude1 #bea1 #bff ,godet1 ,f41 writ+s (1 #bic1 #bid ,gospels1 ! f\r1 #i1 ,/4 ,matt41 #cc2 ,/4 ,m>k1 #di2 ,/4 ,luke1 #fd2 ,/4 ,john1 #hj ,h>nack1 ,a41 on ,/4 ,john1 #ic1 ,app5dix ,a2 on ! apo/les' doctr9e1 #aaa2 on ,revelation1 #bgb ,hebrews1 ,apocryphal ,gospel (1 #ce ,hebrews1 ,ep4 to1 #bjh2 its connection ) ,philo1 #baa ,hegesippus1 on ,/4 ,james1 #bbe1 #bbi2 on ,/4 ,jude's gr&sons1 #bfe ,h]esies 9 ,n4 ,t4 times1 #abj1 #acg1 #aec1 #agb1 #aig1 #bea1 #beh1 #bff ,h]od ! ,great1 #gi ,h]od ,agrippa ,i41 #aad ,h]od ,agrippa ,,ii41 #aae1 #aij ,hilg5feld1 ,a41 on ,/4 ,john's writ+s1 ,app5dix ,a ,idols1 eat+ meat (f]$ to1 #aci ,ignatius1 ,/41 relation to ,/4 ,matt41 #ad2 to ,/4 ,john1 #ad1 #he2 h]esy rebuk$ by1 #aig1 #bei ,ir5aeus1 ,/41 on ,canon ( ! ,gospels1 #aa2 on ,/4 ,luke1 #fd2 on ,/4 ,john1 #hd1 #hg2 on ,ca?olic ,epp41 #bbb ,james1 ,/41 ,ep4 (1 #bbc ,j]ome1 ,/41 au?or ( ! ,vulgate1 #e2 on ! ,hebrew ( ,/4 ,matt41 #cd2 on #b ,john1 #bfb ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity1 #cd1 #abj1 #acg1 #aec1 #agb ,john ! ,presbyt]1 n ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 #hc2 ,papias on1 ,app5dix ,b ,john1 ,/41 ,gospel (1 #ae1 #bg1 #hj2 relation to ,synopti/s1 #bg2 does n quote !m1 #cb2 ,epi/les (1 #bee2 ,revelation (1 #bgj2 rationali/ criticism ( 8 writ+s1 #hc1 ,app5dix ,a ,john1 ,/41 ! 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