,,! ,,v]bali/3 ,a ,,manual ,,devot$ ,,to ,,brief ,,discussions ,,( ,,! ,,"r ,,& ,,! ,,wrong ,,use ,,( ,,words ,,& ,,to ,,"s ,,o!r ,,matt]s ,,( ,,int]e/ ,,to ,,^? ,,:o ,,w\ld ,,speak ,,& ,,write ,,) ,,propriety4 ,,by ,,alfr$ ,,ayres4 ,we rema9 %ackl$ by timidity till we h le>n$ to speak ) propriety4--,,johnson4 ,z a man is kn[n by 8 company1 s a man's company may be kn[n by 8 mann] ( express+ himself4--,,swift4 ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 #a1 #c1 ,,& #e ,,bond ,,/reet4 #ahhg4 ,,copyright ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 #ahha ,transcrib]'s ,note ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,ar*aic spell+s h be5 reta9$ z pr9t$4 ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,! title-page suffici5tly sets =? ! end ?is little book is int5d$ to s]ve4 ,= conv5i5ce' sake ,i h arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord] ! subjects treat$ (1 & = economy's sake ,i h kept 9 m9d t he t uses _m words = ! expla9+ ( any subject do?1 l ! cuttle-fi%1 hide himself 9 8 own ink4 ,! curi\s inquir] :o sets himself to look = ! le>n+ 9 ! book is advis$ t he w be/ f9d x 9 su* works z ,george ,p4 ,m>%'s ,lectures on ! ,engli% ,language1 ,fitz$w>d ,hall's ,rec5t ,exemplifications ( ,false ,philology1 & ,mod]n ,engli%1 ,ri*>d ,grant ,:ite's ,words & ,_! ,uses1 ,edw>d ,s4 ,g\ld's ,good ,engli%1 ,william ,ma!ws' ,words3 _! ,use & ,abuse1 ,dean ,al=d's ,! ,que5's ,engli%1 ,george ,wa%+ton ,moon's ,bad ,engli%1 & ,! ,dean's ,engli%1 ,blank's ,vulg>isms & ,o!r ,errors ( ,spee*1 ,alex&] ,ba9's ,engli% ,composition & ,rhetoric1 ,ba9's ,high] ,engli% ,gramm>1 ,ba9's ,composition ,gramm>1 ,quack5bos' ,composition & ,rhetoric1 ,john ,ni*ol's ,engli% ,composition1 ,william ,cobbett's ,engli% ,gramm>1 ,pet] ,bullions' ,engli% ,gramm>1 ,goold ,br[n's ,gramm> ( ,engli% ,gramm>s1 ,graham's ,engli% ,synonymes1 ,crabb's ,engli% ,synonymes1 ,bigel['s ,h&book ( ,punctuation1 & o!r k9dr$ works4 ,sugge/ions & criticisms are solicit$1 ) ! view ( pr(it+ by !m 9 future editions4 ,if ,! ,v]bali/ receive z k9dly a welcome z its companion volume1 ,! ,or?opi/1 has receiv$1 ,i %all be cont5t4 ,a4 ,a4 ,,new ,,york1 ,octob]1 #ahha4 ,es*ew f9e words z y w\ld r\ge4--,,h>e4 ,cant is prop]ly a d\ble-di/ill$ lie2 ! second p[] ( a lie4--,,c>lyle4 ,if a g5tleman be to /udy any language1 x ought to be t ( 8 own c\ntry4--,,locke4 ,9 language ! unkn[n is g5]ally tak5 = ! magnific5t4--,,ri*>d ,,grant ,,:ite4 ,he :o has a sup]lative = ev]y?+1 wants a measure = ! great or small4--,,lavat]4 ,inaccurate writ+ is g5]ally ! expression ( inaccurate ?9k+4--,,ri*>d ,,grant ,,:ite4 ,to acquire a few tongues is ! labor ( a few ye>s2 b to be eloqu5t 9 "o is ! labor ( a life4--,,anonym\s4 ,words & ?\ghts are s insep>ably connect$ t an arti/ 9 words is necess>ily an arti/ 9 ?\ghts4-,,wilson ,,flagg4 ,x is an inv>iable maxim t words :i* add no?+ to ! s5se or to ! cle>ness mu/ dim9i% ! =ce ( ! expression4--,,campbell4 ,propriety ( ?\ght & propriety ( diction are commonly f\nd toge!r4 ,obscurity ( expression g5]ally spr+s f confusion ( ideas4--,,macaulay4 ,he :o writes badly ?9ks badly4 ,confus$ness 9 words c proce$ f no?+ b confus$ness 9 ! ?\ghts :i* give rise to !m4--,,cobbett4 ,,! ,,v]bali/4 ,a--,,an4 ,! second =m ( ! indef9ite article is us$ = ! sake ( euphony only4 ,h]e9 ev]ybody agrees1 b :at ev]ybody does n agree 9 is1 t x is euphoni\s to use an be=e a ^w beg9n+ ) an aspirat$ h1 :5 ! acc5t$ syllable ( ! ^w is ! second4 ,= myself1 s long z ,i cont9ue to aspirate ! h's 9 su* words z h]oic1 h>angue1 & hi/orical1 ,i %all cont9ue to use a be=e !m2 & :5 ,i adopt ! ,cockney mode ( pron\nc+ su* words1 !n ,i %all use an be=e !m4 ,to my e> x is j z euphoni\s to say1 ,i w crop (f f ! top ( 8 "y twigs a t5d] "o1 & w plant x ^u an high m\nta9 & em95t1 z x is to say an h>angue1 an h]oic1 or an hi/orical4 ,an is well en\gh be=e ! d\btful ,briti% aspiration1 b be=e ! di/9ct ,am]ican aspiration x is :olly out ( place4 ,! reply w p]haps be1 ,b ^! h's are sil5t2 ! *ange ( acc5t f ! fir/ syllable to ! second neutralizes _! aspiration4 ,h[ev] true ?is may be 9 ,engl&1 x is n at all true 9 ,am]ica2 h5ce we ,am]icans %\ld use a & n an be=e su* h's until we decide to ape ! ,cockney mode ( pron\nc+ !m4 ,errors are n unfrequ5tly made by omitt+ to repeat ! article 9 a s5t5ce4 ,x %\ld always be repeat$ :5 a n\n or an adjective ref]r+ to a di/9ct ?+ is introduc$2 take1 = example1 ! s5t5ce1 ,he has a black & :ite horse4 ,if two horses are meant1 x is cle> t x %\ld be1 ,he has a black & a :ite horse4 ,see ,,!4 ,,ability--,,capacity4 ,! di/9ctions betwe5 ^! two words are n always obs]v$ by ^? :o use !m4 ,capacity is ! p[] ( receiv+ & reta9+ k ) facility2 ability is ! p[] ( apply+ k to practical purposes4 ,bo? ^! faculties are requisite to =m a great "*3 capacity to conceive1 & ability to execute designs4 ,capacity is %[n 9 quickness ( appreh5sion4 ,ability supposes some?+ done2 some?+ by :i* ! m5tal p[] is ex]cis$ 9 execut+1 or p]=m+1 :at has be5 p]ceiv$ by ! capacity4--,graham's ,engli% ,synonymes4 ,,abortive4 ,an outl&i% use ( ?is ^w may be occasionally met )1 especially 9 ! newspap]s4 ,a lad 0 ye/]day caught 9 ! act ( abortively appropriat+ a pair ( %oes4 ,t is abortive t is untimely1 t has n be5 borne its full "t1 t is immature4 ,we (t5 he> abortion us$ 9 ! s5se ( failure1 b nev] by ^? t /udy to express !mselves 9 *a/e ,engli%4 ,,above4 ,!re is little au?ority = us+ ?is ^w z an adjective4 ,in/ead (1 ! above /atem5t1 say1 ! =ego+ /atem5t4 ,above is also us$ v inelegantly = m ?an2 z1 above a mile1 above a ?\s&2 also1 = beyond2 z1 above 8 /r5g?4 ,,accid5t4 ,see ,,casualty4 ,,accord4 ,he ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury 0 %[n ?r\gh ! build+1 & ! in=mation he desir$ 0 accord$ him4--,report]s' ,engli%4 ,! h]oes pray$1 & ,pallas f ! skies ,accords _! v[4--,pope4 ,! goddess ( wisdom1 :5 %e grant$ ! pray]s ( h] wor%ip]s1 may be said to h accord$2 n s1 h[ev]1 :5 ! cl]ks ( our ,sub-,treasury answ] ! inquiries ( _! *ief4 ,,accuse4 ,see ,,blame ,,x ,,on4 ,,acqua9tance4 ,see ,,fri5d4 ,,ad4 ,?is abbreviation = ! ^w adv]tisem5t is v ju/ly consid]$ a gross vulg>ism4 ,x is d\btful :e!r x is p]missible "u any circum/ances4 ,,adapt--,,dramatize4 ,9 speak+ & 9 writ+ ( /age matt]s1 ^! words are (t5 misus$4 ,to adapt a play is to modify its con/ruction ) ! view ( improv+ its =m = repres5tation4 ,plays translat$ f "o language into ano!r are usually m or less adapt$2 i4 e41 alt]$ to suit ! ta/e ( ! public be=e :i* ! translation is to be repres5t$4 ,to dramatize is to *ange ! =m ( a /ory f ! n>rative to ! dramatic2 i4 e41 to make a drama out ( a /ory4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! product ( ! playwright's labor is call$ an adaptation2 9 ! second1 a dramatization4 ,,adjectives4 ,v (t5 adjectives /& :]e adv]bs might be expect$2 z1 'dr9k deep1' '?is looks /range1' '/&+ erect4' ,we h also examples ( "o adjective qualify+ ano!r adjective2 z1 'wide op51' 'r$ hot1' '! pale blue sky4' ,sometimes ! correspond+ adv]b is us$1 b ) a diff]5t mean+2 z1 ',i f\nd ! way easy--easily'2 'x appe>s cle>--cle>ly4' ,al?\gh !re is a propriety 9 ! employm5t ( ! adjective 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 yet su* =ms z 'indiff]5t well1' 'extreme bad1' are grammatical errors4 ',he 0 int]rogat$ relative to t circum/ance1' %\ld be relatively1 or 9 relation to4 ,x is n unusual to say1 ',i w\ld h done x indep5d5t ( t circum/ance1' b indep5d5tly is ! prop] con/ruction4 ,! employm5t ( adjectives = adv]bs is acc\nt$ = by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 7#a47 ,9 ! classical languages ! neut] adjective may be us$ z an adv]b1 & ! analogy w\ld appe> to h be5 ext5d$ to ,engli%4 7#b47 ,9 ! olde/ ,engli% ! adv]b 0 regul>ly =m$ f ! adjective by add+ 'e1' z 's(t1 s(te1' & ! dropp+ ( ! 'e' left ! adv]b 9 ! adjective =m2 ?us1 'clne1' adv]b1 became 'clean1' & appe>s 9 ! phrase 'clean gone'2 'f/e1 fa/1' 'to /ick fa/4' ,by a false analogy1 _m adjectives t nev] =m$ adv]bs 9 -e 7 freely us$ z adv]bs 9 ! age ( ,elizabe?3 ',?\ did/ x excell5t1' 'equal 7= equally7 good1' 'excell5t well4' ,?is gives prec$5t = su* errors z ^? m5tion$ above4 7#c47 ,!re are cases :]e ! subject is qualifi$ r ?an ! v]b1 z ) v]bs ( incomplete pr$ication1 'be+1' 'seem+1' 'arriv+1' etc4 ,9 '! matt] seems cle>1' 'cle>' is "p ( ! pr$icate ( 'matt]4' ',!y arriv$ safe'3 'safe' does n qualify 'arriv$1' b goes ) x to complete ! pr$icate4 ,s1 'he sat sil5t1' 'he /ood firm4' ',x comes beautiful' & 'x comes beautifully' h diff]5t mean+s4 ,?is explanation applies especially to ! use ( p>ticiples z adv]bs1 z 9 ,s\!y's l9es on ,lodore2 ! p>ticipial epi!ts appli$ !re1 al?\gh appe>+ to modify 'came1' are really additional pr$ications ab\t '! wat]1' 9 elegantly %ort5$ =m4 ',! *ur* /ood gleam+ ?r\gh ! trees'3 'gleam+' is a %ort5$ pr$icate ( '*ur*'2 & ! full =m w\ld be1 '! *ur* /ood & gleam$4' ,! p>ticiple reta9s its =ce z su*1 :ile act+ ! "p ( a cord9at+ adjective1 complem5t to '/ood'2 '/ood gleam+' is little m ?an 'gleam$4' ,! feel+ ( adv]bial =ce 9 'gleam+' arises f ! subord9ate p>ticipial =m jo9$ ) a v]b1 '/ood1' t seems capable ( pr$icat+ by itself4 ',pass+ /range' is elliptical3 'pass+ 7surpass+7 :at is /range4'--,ba94 ,! comp>ative adjectives wis]1 bett]1 l>g]1 etc41 & ! contra/+ adjectives diff]5t1 o!r1 etc41 are (t5 s plac$ z to r5d] ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce awkw>d2 z1 ',t is a mu* bett] /atem5t ( ! case ?an y\rs1' in/ead (1 ',t /atem5t ( ! case is mu* bett] ?an y\rs'2 ',y\rs is a l>g] plot ( gr\nd ?an ,john's1' in/ead (1 ',y\r plot ( gr\nd is l>g] ?an ,john's'2 ',?is is a diff]5t c\rse ( proce$+ f :at ,i expect$1' in/ead (1 ',?is c\rse ( proce$+ is diff]5t f :at ,i expect$'2 ',i c\ld take no o!r me?od ( sil5c+ him ?an ! "o ,i took1' in/ead (1 ',i c\ld take no me?od ( sil5c+ him o!r ?an ! "o ,i took4'--,g\ld's ,good ,engli%1 p4 #fi4 ,,adm9i/]4 ,c>son di$ f bl[s adm9i/]$ by policeman ,johnson4--,new ,york ,times4 ,if policeman ,johnson 0 z b>b>\s z is ?is use ( ! v]b to adm9i/]1 x is to be hop$ t he 0 hang$4 ,gov]nm5ts1 oa?s1 m$ic9e1 affairs--su* z ! affairs ( ! /ate--are adm9i/]$1 b n bl[s3 !y are dealt4 ,,adopt4 ,?is ^w is (t5 us$ in/ead ( to decide ^u1 & ( to take2 ?us1 ,! measures adopt$ by ,p>liam5t1 z ! result ( ?is inquiry1 w be productive ( good4 ,bett]1 ,! measures decid$ ^u1 etc4 ,in/ead (1 ,:at c\rse %all y adopt to get y\r pay8 say1 ,:at c\rse %all y take1 etc4 ,adopt is prop]ly us$ 9 a s5t5ce l ?is3 ,! c\rse 7or measures7 propos$ by ,mr4 ,blank 0 adopt$ by ! committee4 ,t is1 :at 0 ,blank's 0 adopt$ by ! committee--a correct use ( ! ^w1 z to adopt1 means1 to assume z "o's own4 ,adopt is sometimes s misus$ t its mean+ is inv]t$4 ,want$ to adopt1 9 ! head+ ( adv]tisem5ts1 n unfrequ5tly is int5d$ to mean t ! adv]tis] wi%es to be reliev$ ( ! c>e ( a *ild1 n t he wi%es to assume ! c>e ( "o4 ,,aggravate4 ,?is ^w is (t5 us$ :5 ! speak] means to provoke1 irritate1 or ang]4 ,?us1 ,x aggravates provokes me to be cont9ually f\nd fault )2 ,he is easily aggravat$ irritat$4 ,to aggravate means to make worse1 to height54 ,we !re=e v prop]ly speak ( aggravat+ circum/ances4 ,to say ( a p]son t he is aggravat$ is z incorrect z to say t he is palliat$4 ,,agriculturi/4 ,?is ^w is to be pref]r$ to agriculturali/4 ,see ,,conv]sationi/4 ,,alike4 ,?is ^w is (t5 mo/ bungl+ly c\pl$ ) bo?4 ,?us1 ,^! bonnets are bo? alike1 or1 worse /ill1 if possible1 bo? j alike4 ,?is rem9ds "o ( ! /ory ( ,sam & ,jem1 :o 7 v l ea* o!r1 especially ,sam4 ,,all4 ,see ,,univ]sal4 ,,all ,,ov]4 ,! disease spread all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,x is m logical & m emphatic to say1 ,! disease spread ov] all ! c\ntry4 ,,allegory4 ,an elaborat$ metaphor is call$ an allegory2 bo? are figurative repres5tations1 ! words us$ signify+ some?+ beyond _! lit]al mean+4 ,?us1 9 ! eightie? ,psalm1 ! ,jews are repres5t$ "u ! symbol ( a v9e3 ,?\ ha/ br\ght a v9e out ( ,egypt3 ?\ ha/ ca/ out ! hea!n1 & plant$ x4 ,?\ prep>$/ room be=e x1 & did/ cause x to take deep root1 & x fill$ ! l&4 ,! hills 7 cov]$ ) ! %ad[ ( x1 & ! b\ghs !re( 7 l ! goodly c$>s4 ,%e s5t out h] b\ghs unto ! sea1 & h] bran*es unto ! riv]4 ,:y ha/ ?\ !n brok5 d[n h] h$ges1 s t all !y :i* pass by ! way d pluck h]8 ,! bo> out ( ! wood do? wa/e x1 & ! wild bea/ ( ! field do? dev\r x4 ,an allegory is sometimes s ext5d$ t x makes a volume2 z 9 ! case ( ,swift's ,tale ( a ,tub1 ,arbu?not's ,john ,bull1 ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress1 etc4 ,fables & p>ables are %ort allegories4 ,,all[4 ,?is ^w is frequ5tly misus$ 9 ! ,we/ & ,s\?1 :]e x is made to d s]vice = ass]t or to be ( op9ion4 ,?us1 ,he all[s t he has ! f9e/ horse 9 ! c\ntry4 ,,allude4 ,! treatm5t ?is ^w has receiv$ is to be specially regrett$1 z its misuse has well-nigh robb$ x ( its true mean+1 :i* is1 to intimate delicately1 to ref] to )\t m5tion+ directly4 ,allude is n[ v r>ely us$ 9 any o!r s5se ?an t ( to speak (1 to m5tion1 to "n1 :i* is a long way f be+ its legitimate signification4 ,?is degradation is d\btless a direct outcome ( untutor$ desire to be f9e & to use big words4 ,,alone4 ,?is ^w is (t5 improp]ly us$ = only4 ,t is alone :i* is unaccompani$2 t is only ( :i* !re is no o!r4 ,virtue alone makes u happy1 means t virtue unaid$ suffices to make u happy2 ,virtue only makes u happy1 means t no?+ else c d x--t t1 & t only 7n alone71 c d x4 ,?is means ( communication is employ$ by man alone4 ,dr4 ,quack5bos %\ld h writt51 ,by man only4 ,see also ,,only4 ,,amateur--,,novice4 ,!re is mu* confusion 9 ! use ( ^! two words1 al?\gh !y are entirely di/9ct f ea* o!r 9 mean+4 ,an amateur is "o v]s$ 91 or a lov] & practic] (1 any p>ticul> pursuit1 art1 or sci5ce1 b n engag$ 9 x pr(essionally4 ,a novice is "o :o is new or inexp]i5c$ 9 any art or bus9ess--a beg9n]1 a tyro4 ,a pr(essional actor1 !n1 :o is new & unskill$ 9 8 art1 is a novice & n an amateur4 ,an amateur may be an arti/ ( great exp]i5ce & extraord9>y skill4 ,,ameliorate4 ,! heal? ( ! ,empress ( ,g]many is greatly ameliorat$4 ,:y n say improv$8 ,,among4 ,see ,,betwe54 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,p]fection4 ,! obs]vant read] ( p]iodical lit]ature (t5 notes =ms ( expression :i* are p]haps be/ *>act]iz$ by ! ^w biz>re4 ,( ^! que] locutions1 am\nt ( p]fection is a v good example4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,watts1 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 says1 ,an am\nt ( p]fection has be5 rea*$ :i* ,i 0 by no means prep>$ =4 ,:at ,mr4 ,watts meant to say 01 d\btless1 t a degree ( excell5ce _h be5 rea*$4 ,!re are n a few :o1 9 _! prepossession = ev]y?+ transatlantic1 seem to be ( op9ion t ! ,engli% language is g5]ally bett] writt5 9 ,engl& ?an x is 9 ,am]ica4 ,^? :o ?9k s are c\nsel$ to exam9e ! diction ( "s ( ! mo/ not$ ,engli% critics & essayi/s1 beg9n+1 if !y w1 ) ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,,&4 ,few vulg>isms are m common ?an ! use ( & = to4 ,examples3 ,come & see me be=e y g2 ,try & d :at y c = him2 ,g & see y\r bro!r1 if y c4 ,9 su* s5t5ces z ^!1 ! prop] p>ticle to use is cle>ly to & n &4 ,& is sometimes improp]ly us$ in/ead ( or2 ?us1 ,x is obvi\s t a language l ! ,greek & ,lat9 7language871 etc41 %\ld be1 a language l ! ,greek or ! ,lat9 7language71 etc4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a ,greek & ,lat9 language4 ,,answ]--,,reply4 ,^! two words %\ld n be us$ indiscrim9ately4 ,an answ] is giv5 to a "q2 a reply1 to an ass]tion4 ,:5 we are address$1 we answ]2 :5 we are accus$1 we reply4 ,we answ] lett]s1 & reply to any argum5ts1 /atem5ts1 or accusations !y may conta94 ,crabb is 9 error 9 say+ t replies are us$ 9 p]sonal disc\rse only4 ,replies1 z well z answ]s1 are writt54 ,we v prop]ly write1 ,i h n[1 ,i believe1 answ]$ all y\r que/ions & repli$ to all y\r argum5ts4 ,a rejo9d] is made to a reply4 ,:o goes !re8 he cri$2 &1 receiv+ no answ]1 he fir$4 ,! advocate repli$ to ! *>ges made aga9/ 8 cli5t4 ,,anticipate4 ,lov]s ( big words h a fondness = mak+ ?is v]b d duty = expect4 ,anticipate is d]iv$ f two ,lat9 words mean+ be=e & to take1 &1 :5 prop]ly us$1 means1 to take be=eh&2 to g be=e s z to preclude ano!r2 to get ! />t or ahead (2 to enjoy1 possess1 or suff]1 9 expectation2 to =eta/e4 ,x is1 !re=e1 misus$ 9 su* s5t5ces z1 ,h] dea? is h\rly anticipat$2 ,by ?is means x is anticipat$ t ! "t f ,europe w be less5$ two days4 ,,anti!sis4 ,a phrase t opposes contr>ies is call$ an anti!sis4 ,i see a *ief :o leads my *os5 sons1 ,all arm$ ) po9ts1 anti!ses1 & puns4 ,! foll[+ are examples3 ,?\gh g5tle1 yet n dull2 ,/rong1 )\t rage2 )\t o'erfl[+1 full4 ,contra/$ faults ?r\gh all _! mann]s reign2 ,?\gh poor1 luxuri\s2 ?\gh submissive1 va92 ,?\gh grave1 yet trifl+2 zeal\s1 yet untrue2 ,& e'en 9 p5ance plann+ s9s anew4 ,! foll[+ is an excell5t example ( p]sonification & anti!sis comb9$3 ,tal5t conv9ces2 ,g5ius b excites3 ,t tasks ! reason2 ?is ! s\l delights4 ,tal5t f sob] judgm5t takes its bir?1 ,& reconciles ! p9ion to ! e>?2 ,g5ius unsettles ) desires ! m9d1 ,cont5t$ n till e>? be left beh9d4 ,9 ! foll[+ extract f ,johnson's ,life ( ,pope1 individual peculi>ities are contra/$ by means ( anti!ses3 ,( g5ius--t p[] :i* con/itutes a poet2 t quality )\t :i* judgm5t is cold1 & k is in]t2 t en]gy :i* collects1 comb9es1 amplifies1 & animates--! sup]iority mu/1 ) "s hesitation1 be all[$ to ,dryd54 ,x is n to be inf]r$ t ( ?is poetical vigor ,pope _h only a little1 because ,dryd5 _h m2 = e o!r writ]1 s9ce ,milton1 mu/ give place to ,pope2 & ev5 ( ,dryd5 x mu/ be said t1 if he has bright] p>agraphs1 he has n bett] poems4 ,dryd5's p]=mances 7 always ha/y1 ei!r excit$ by "s ext]nal occasion or extort$ by dome/ic necessity2 he compos$ )\t consid]ation & publi%$ )\t correction4 ,:at 8 m9d c\ld supply at call or ga!r 9 "o excursion 0 all t he s\ght & all t he gave4 ,! dilatory caution ( ,pope enabl$ him to cond5se 8 s5tim5ts1 to multiply 8 images1 & to accumulate all t /udy might produce or *ance might supply4 ,if ! flights ( ,dryd51 !re=e1 are high]1 ,pope cont9ues long] on ! w+4 ,if ( ,dryd5's fire ! blaze is bright]1 ( ,pope's ! heat is m regul> & con/ant4 ,dryd5 (t5 surpasses expectation1 & ,pope nev] falls bel[ x4 ,dryd5 is read ) frequ5t a/oni%m5t1 & ,pope ) p]petual delight4 ,dryd5's page is a natural field1 ris+ into inequalities1 & div]sifi$ by ! v>i$ exub]ance ( abundant vegetation2 ,pope's is a velvet lawn1 %av5 by ! scy!1 & level$ by ! roll]4 ,!re are =ms ( anti!sis 9 :i* ! contra/ is only ( a second>y k9d4 ,,any4 ,?is ^w is sometimes made to d s]vice = at all4 ,we say prop]ly1 ,%e is n any bett]2 b we c n prop]ly say1 ,%e does n see any1 mean+ t %e is bl9d4 ,,anybody ,,else4 ,public ,s*ool ,tea*]s are in=m$ t anybody else's is correct4--,new ,york ,times1 ,sunday1 ,july #ca1 #ahha4 ,an ,engli% writ] says3 ,9 su* phrases z anybody else1 & ! l1 else is (t5 put 9 ! possessive case2 z1 'anybody else's s]vant'2 & "s gramm>ians def5d ?is use ( ! possessive case1 argu+ t somebody else is a comp\nd n\n4 ,x is bett] gramm> & m euphoni\s to consid] else z be+ an adjective1 & to =m ! possessive by add+ ! apo/rophe & s to ! ^w t else qualifies2 ?us1 anybody's else1 nobody's else1 somebody's else4 ,,anyh[4 ,an exce$+ly vulg> phrase1 says ,pr(essor ,ma!ws1 9 8 ,words3 ,_! ,use & ,abuse4 ,its use1 9 any mann]1 by "o :o pr(esses to write & speak ! ,engli% tongue ) purity1 is unp>donable4 ,pr(essor ,ma!ws seems to h a special dislike = ?is colloquialism4 ,x is recogniz$ by ! lexicograph]s1 & ,i ?9k is g5]ally acc\nt$1 ev5 by ! c>eful1 p]missible 9 conv]sation1 ?\gh incompatible ) dignifi$ diction4 ,,anxiety ,,( ,,m9d4 ,see ,,equanimity ,,( ,,m9d4 ,,apo/rophe4 ,turn+ f ! p]son or p]sons to :om a disc\rse is address$ & appeal+ to "s p]son or ?+ abs5t1 con/itutes :at1 9 rhetoric1 is call$ ! apo/rophe4 ,! foll[+ are "s examples3 ,o g5tle sleep1 ,nature's s(t nurse1 h[ h ,i fright$ !e1 ,t ?\ no m wilt weigh my eyelids d[n1 ,& /eep my s5ses 9 =getfulness8 ,sail on1 ?\ lone imp]ial bird ,( qu5*less eye & tireless w+6 ,help1 angels1 make assay6 ,b[1 /ubborn knees6 & he>t ) /r+s ( /eel1 ,be s(t z s9ews ( ! new-born babe3 ,all may yet be well6 ,,appe>4 ,see ,,seem4 ,,appreciate4 ,if any ^w 9 ! language has cause to compla9 ( ill-treatm5t1 ?is "o has4 ,appreciate means1 to e/imate ju/ly--to set ! true value on m5 or ?+s1 _! wor?1 beauty1 or advantages ( any sort :atsoev]4 ,?us1 an ov]e/imate is no m appreciation ?an is an und]e/imate2 h5ce x foll[s t su* expressions z1 ,i appreciate x1 or h]1 or him1 highly1 c n be correct4 ,we value1 or prize1 ?+s highly1 n appreciate !m highly4 ,?is ^w is also v improp]ly made to d s]vice = rise1 or increase1 9 value2 ?us1 ,l& appreciates rapidly 9 ! ,we/4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,t4 ,t[ns5d blund]s 9 ! use ( appreciate 9 8 ,art ( ,spee*1 vol4 i1 p4 #adb1 ?us3 ,! laws ( h>mony 444 may all[ copi\sness 444 9 p>ts ( a disc\rse 444 9 ord] t ! cond5sation ( o!r p>ts may be ! m highly appreciat$4 ,,appreh5d--,,compreh5d4 ,! ,engli% (t5 use ! fir/ ( ^! two words :]e we use ! second4 ,bo? express an ef=t ( ! ?9k+ faculty2 b to appreh5d is simply to take an idea into ! m9d--x is ! m9d's fir/ ef=t--:ile to compreh5d is fully to und]/&4 ,we are dull or quick ( appreh5sion4 ,*ildr5 appreh5d mu* t !y d n compreh5d4 ,tr5* says3 ,we appreh5d _m tru?s :i* we d n compreh5d4 ,appreh5d1 says ,crabb1 expresses ! weake/ k9d ( belief1 ! hav+ ( ! lea/ idea ( ! pres5ce ( a ?+4 ,,apt4 ,(t5 misus$ = likely1 & sometimes = liable4 ,:at is he apt to be do+8 ,:]e %all ,i be apt to f9d him8 ,if prop]ly direct$1 x w be apt to rea* me4 ,9 su* s5t5ces z ^!1 likely is ! prop] ^w to use4 ,if y g !re1 y w be apt to get into tr\ble4 ,"h ei!r likely or liable is ! prop] ^w1 accord+ to ! ?\ght ! speak] w\ld convey4 ,,arctics4 ,see ,,rubb]s4 ,,arti/4 ,( late ye>s ?is ^w has be5 appropriat$ by ! memb]s ( s _m crafts1 t x has well-nigh be5 despoil$ ( its mean+4 ,y\r cook1 y\r b>b]1 y\r tailor1 y\r boot-mak]1 & s on to satiety1 are all arti/s4 ,pa9t]s1 sculptors1 ar*itects1 actors1 & s+]s1 n[adays1 g5]ally pref] be+ ?us call$1 r ?an to be spok5 ( z arti/s4 ,,z4 ,n z ,i "k3 read1 n t ,i "k4 ,?is is n z good z ! la/3 read1 n s good4 ,x may be complete s f> z ! specification is conc]n$3 correctly1 z f> z4 ,z1 prec$$ by su* or by same1 has ! =ce ( a relative apply+ to p]sons or to ?+s4 ,he (f]$ me ! same conditions z he (f]$ y4 ,! same conditions t w\ld be equally prop]4 ,see1 also1 ,,l4 ,,ascribe4 ,see ,,impute4 ,,at4 ,?+s are sold by1 n at1 auction4 ,! sc5e is m beautiful at night ?an by day3 say1 by night4 ,,at ,,all4 ,x is n /range1 = my uncle is ,k+ ( ,d5m>k4 ,_h ,%akespe>e writt51 ,x is n at all /range1 x is cle> t 8 diction w\ld h be5 mu* less =cible4 ,i d n wi% = any at all2 ,i saw no "o at all2 ,if he _h any desire at all to see me1 he w\ld come :]e ,i am4 ,! at all 9 s5t5ces l ^! is sup]flu\s4 ,yet !re are in/ances 9 :i* ! phrase is c]ta9ly a v conv5i5t "o1 & seems to be unobjectionable4 ,x is mu* us$1 & by good writ]s4 ,,at ,,be/4 ,in/ead ( at be/ & at wor/1 we %\ld say at ! be/ & at ! wor/4 ,,at ,,la/4 ,see ,,at ,,l5g?4 ,,at ,,lea/4 ,?is adv]bial phrase is (t5 misplac$4 ',! ,romans und]/ood lib]ty at lea/ z well z we4' ,?is mu/ be int]pret$ to mean1 ',! ,romans und]/ood lib]ty z well z we und]/& lib]ty4' ,! int5d$ mean+ is1 't :atev] ?+s ! ,romans fail$ to und]/&1 !y und]/ood lib]ty4' ,to express ?is mean+ we might put x ?us3 ',! ,romans und]/ood at lea/ lib]ty z well z we d'2 'lib]ty1 at lea/1 ! ,romans und]/ood z well z we d4' ',a te>1 at lea/1 is due to ! unhappy'2 'at lea/ a te> is due to ! unhappy'2 'a te> is due at lea/ to ! unhappy'2 'a te> is due to ! unhappy at lea/'--all express diff]5t mean+s4 ',?is c n1 (t5 at lea/1 be done'2 '?is c n be done (t51 at lea/4' 7#a4 ',x (t5 happ5s t ?is c n be done4' #b4 ',x does n (t5 happ5 t ?is c be done4'7 ,s1 'man is always capable ( laugh+'2 'man is capable ( laugh+ always4'--,ba94 ,,at ,,l5g?4 ,?is phrase is (t5 us$ in/ead ( at la/4 ,at l5g? we manag$ to get away3 read1 at la/4 ,at l5g? we he>d f him4 ,to he> f any "o at l5g? is to he> fully2 i4 e41 9 detail4 ,,au?oress4 ,) reg>d to ! use ( ?is & c]ta9 o!r words ( l =mation1 ,mr4 ,g\ld1 9 8 ,good ,engli%1 says3 ,poet means simply a p]son :o writes poetry2 & au?or1 9 ! s5se "u consid]ation1 a p]son :o writes poetry or prose--n a man :o writes1 b a p]son :o writes4 ,no?+ 9 ei!r ^w indicates sex2 & ev]ybody kn[s t ! functions ( bo? poets & au?ors are common to bo? sexes4 ,h5ce1 au?oress & poetess are sup]flu\s4 ,& !y are sup]flu\s1 also1 9 ano!r respect--t !y are v r>ely us$1 inde$ !y h>dly c be us$1 indep5d5tly ( ! "n ( ! writ]1 z ,mrs41 or ,miss1 or a female ,*ri/ian "n4 ,!y are1 besides1 philological absurdities1 because !y are fabricat$ on ! false assumption t _! prim>ies indicate m54 ,!y are1 moreov]1 liable to ! *>ge ( affectation & prett9ess1 to say no?+ ( p$antic pret5sion to accuracy4 ,if ! ess is to be p]mitt$1 !re is no reason = exclud+ x f any n\n t indicates a p]son2 & ! next editions ( our diction>ies may be made complete by ! addition ( writress1 (fic]ess1 manag]ess1 sup]9t5d5tess1 secret>yess1 treasur]ess1 walk]ess1 talk]ess1 & s on to ! end ( ! vocabul>y4 ,,avocation4 ,see ,,vocation4 ,,bad ,,cold4 ,inasmu* z colds are nev] good1 :y say a bad cold8 ,we may talk ab\t slight colds & sev]e colds1 b n ab\t bad colds4 ,,baggage4 ,see ,,luggage4 ,,balance4 ,?is ^w is v frequ5tly & v errone\sly us$ 9 ! s5se ( re/1 rema9d]4 ,x prop]ly means ! excess ( "o ?+ ov] ano!r1 & 9 ?is s5se & 9 no o!r %\ld x be us$4 ,h5ce x is improp] to talk ab\t ! balance ( ! edition1 ( ! ev5+1 ( ! money1 ( ! toa/s1 ( ! m51 etc4 ,9 su* cases we %\ld say ! re/ or ! rema9d]4 ,,b>b>ism4 ,def9$ z an (f5se aga9/ good usage1 by ! use ( an improp] ^w1 i4 e41 a ^w t is antiquat$ or improp]ly =m$4 ,prev5tative1 en?use1 agriculturali/1 donate1 etc41 are b>b>isms4 ,see also ,,solecism4 ,,be5 ,,to4 ,we n unfrequ5tly he> a sup]flu\s to tack$ to a s5t5ce2 ?us1 ,:]e h y be5 to8 ,,beg4 ,we (t5 see lett]s beg9 ) ! words1 ,i beg to ackn[l$ge ! receipt ( y\r favor1 etc4 ,we %\ld write1 ,i beg leave to ackn[l$ge1 etc4 ,no "o w\ld say1 ,i beg to tell y1 in/ead (1 ,i beg leave to tell y4 ,,beg9--,,comm5ce4 ,^! words h ! same mean+2 c>eful speak]s1 h[ev]1 g5]ally pref] to use ! =m]4 ,inde$1 !re is r>ely any good reason = giv+ ! pref]5ce to ! latt]4 ,see also ,,comm5ce4 ,,be+ ,,built4 ,see ,,is ,,be+ ,,built4 ,,belong+s4 ,an old idiomatic expression n[ com+ into use aga94 ,,beside--,,besides4 ,9 ! lat] unabridg$ editions ( ,web/]'s diction>y we f9d ! foll[+ rem>ks conc]n+ ! use ( ^! two words3 ,beside & besides1 :e!r us$ z prepositions or adv]bs1 h be5 consid]$ synonym\s f an e>ly p]iod ( our lit]ature1 & h be5 freely int]*ang$ by our be/ writ]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a t5d5cy 9 pres5t usage to make ! foll[+ di/9ction betwe5 !m3 #a4 ,t beside be us$ only & always z a preposition1 ) ! orig9al mean+ by ! side (2 z1 to sit beside a f\nta92 or ) ! closely alli$ mean+ aside f1 or out (2 z1 ?is is beside our pres5t purpose3 ',paul1 ?\ art beside ?yself4' ,! adv]bial s5se to be :olly transf]r$ to ! cognate ^w4 #b4 ,t besides1 z a preposition1 take ! rema9+ s5se1 9 addition to2 z1 besides all ?is2 besides ! consid]ation "h (f]$3 ',!re 0 a fam9e 9 ! l& besides ! fir/ fam9e4' ,& t x also take ! adv]bial s5se ( moreov]1 beyond1 etc41 :i* _h be5 divid$ betwe5 ! words2 z1 besides1 !re are o!r consid]ations :i* belong to ?is case4 ,,be/4 ,see ,,at ,,be/4 ,,betwe54 ,?is ^w is (t5 misus$ = among2 ?us1 ,! ^w fell[1 h[ev] mu* 9 use x may be betwe5 m51 s\nds v objectionable f ! lips ( wom54--,london ,que54 ,%\ld be1 among m54 ,betwe5 is us$ 9 ref]5ce to two ?+s1 p>ties1 or p]sons2 among1 9 ref]5ce to a great] numb]4 ,ca/or & ,pollux ) "o s\l betwe5 !m4 ,y h among y _m a pur*as$ slave4 ,,blame ,,x ,,on4 ,"h is a gross vulg>ism :i* we sometimes he> f p]sons ( consid]able culture4 ,!y use x 9 ! s5se ( accuse or suspect2 ?us1 ,he blames x on 8 bro!r1 mean+ t he accuses or suspects 8 bro!r ( hav+ done x1 or ( be+ at fault = x4 ,,bogus4 ,a colloquial t]m incompatible ) dignifi$ diction4 ,,bo?4 ,we sometimes he> su* absurd s5t5ces z1 ,!y bo? resemble ea* o!r v mu*2 ,!y are bo? alike2 ,!y bo? met 9 ! /reet4 ,bo? is likewise r$undant 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,x p]=ms at ! same "t ! (fices bo? ( ! nom9ative & objective cases4 ,,b\nd4 ,! use ( ?is ^w 9 ! s5se ( det]m9$ is n only inelegant b indef5sible4 ,i am b\nd to h x1 %\ld be1 ,i am det]m9$ to h x4 ,,brav]y--,,c\rage4 ,! c>eless (t5 use ^! two words z ?\gh !y 7 int]*angeable4 ,brav]y is inborn1 is in/9ctive2 c\rage is ! product ( reason1 calculation4 ,!re is mu* m]it 9 be+ c\rage\s1 little m]it 9 be+ brave4 ,m5 :o are simply brave are c>eless1 :ile ! c\rage\s man is always cauti\s4 ,brav]y (t5 deg5]ates into tem]ity4 ,moral c\rage is t firmness ( pr9ciple :i* enables a man to d :at he deems to be 8 duty1 al?\gh 8 action may subject him to adv]se criticism4 ,true moral c\rage is "o ( ! r>e/ & mo/ admirable ( virtues4 ,alfr$ ! ,great1 9 resi/+ ! attacks ( ! ,danes1 display$ brav]y2 9 ent]+ _! camp z a spy1 he display$ c\rage4 ,,br+--,,fet*--,,c>ry4 ,! indiscrim9ate use ( ^! ?ree words is v common4 ,to br+ is to convey to or t[>d--a simple act2 to fet* means to g & br+--a comp\nd act2 to c>ry (t5 implies motion f ! speak]1 & is foll[$ by away or (f1 & ?us is oppos$ to br+ & fet*4 ,yet "o he>s su* expressions z1 ,g to ,mrs4 ,d4's & br+ h] ?is bundle2 & "h1 y may fet* h] ?is book also4 ,we use ! words correctly ?us3 ,fet*1 or g br+1 me an apple f ! cell>2 ,:5 y come home br+ "s lemons2 ,c>ry ?is book home ) y4 ,,briti% ,,aga9/ ,,am]ican ,,engli%4 ,! mo/ important peculi>ity ( ,am]ican ,engli% is a laxity1 irregul>ity1 & confusion 9 ! use ( p>ticles4 ,! same ?+ is1 inde$1 obs]vable 9 ,engl&1 b n to ! same ext5t1 ?\gh "s gross dep>tures f idiomatic propriety1 su* z diff]5t to = diff]5t f1 are common 9 ,engl&1 :i* none b v ignorant p]sons w\ld be guilty ( 9 ,am]ica4444 ,9 ! t5ses ( ! v]bs1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t well-educat$ ,am]icans con=m m closely to grammatical propriety ?an ! correspond+ class 9 ,engl&4444 ,9 g5]al1 ,i ?9k we may say t1 9 po9t ( nak$ syntactical accuracy1 ! ,engli% ( ,am]ica is n at all inf]ior to t ( ,engl&2 b we d n discrim9ate s precisely 9 ! mean+ ( words1 nor d we habitually1 9 ei!r conv]sation or 9 writ+1 express ourselves s gracefully1 or employ s classic a diction1 z ! ,engli%4 ,our ta/e 9 language is less fa/idi\s1 & our lic5ses & inaccuracies are m frequ5tly ( a "* indicative ( want ( ref9em5t & elegant culture ?an ^? we he> 9 educat$ society 9 ,engl&4--,george ,p4 ,m>%4 ,,briti% ,,aga9/ ,,am]ican ,,or?o,,py4 ,! causes ( ! diff]5ces 9 pronunciation betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,am]icans are p>tly physical1 & !re=e difficult1 if n impossible1 to resi/2 & p>tly ow+ to a diff]5ce ( circum/ances4 ,( ?is latt] class ( influ5ces1 ! univ]sality ( read+ 9 ,am]ica is ! mo/ obvi\s & important4 ,! mo/ m>k$ diff]5ce is1 p]haps1 9 ! l5g? or prosodical quantity ( ! v[els2 & bo? ( ! causes ,i h m5tion$ concur to produce ?is effect4 ,we are said to drawl our words by protract+ ! v[els & giv+ !m a m diph?ongal s\nd ?an ! ,engli%4 ,n[1 an ,engli%man :o reads w habitually utt] 8 v[els m fully & di/9ctly ?an 8 c\ntryman :o does n2 &1 ^u ! same pr9ciple1 a nation ( read]s1 l ! ,am]icans1 w pron\nce m delib]ately & cle>ly ?an a p s l>ge a proportion ( :om are unable to read1 z 9 ,engl&4 ,f our univ]sal habit ( read+1 !re results n only a great] di/9ctness ( articulation1 b a /rong t5d5cy to assimilate ! spok5 to ! writt5 language4 ,?us1 ,am]icans incl9e to give to e syllable ( a writt5 ^w a di/9ct enunciation2 & ! popul> habit is to say dic-tion-ar-y1 mil-x-ar-y1 ) a second>y acc5t on ! p5ultimate1 in/ead ( s9k+ ! ?ird syllable1 z is s common 9 ,engl&4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 some?+ disagreeably /iff 9 an anxi\s & affect$ con=mity to ! v lett] ( or?ography2 & to ^? accu/om$ to a m hurri$ utt]ance we may seem to drawl1 :5 we are only giv+ a full expression to lett]s :i*1 ?\gh etymologically important1 ! ,engli% habitually slur ov]1 sputt]+ out1 z a ,sw$i% satiri/ says1 "o half ( ! ^w1 & swall[+ ! o!r4 ,! t5d5cy to make ! long v[els diph?ongal is notic$ by =eign]s z a peculi>ity ( ! or?opy ( our language2 & ?is t5d5cy w1 ( c\rse1 be /r5g!n$ by any cause :i* produces great] sl[ness & fullness ( articulation4 ,besides ! influ5ce ( ! habit ( read+1 !re is "s reason to ?9k t climate is affect+ our articulation4 ,9 spite ( ! coldness ( our w9t]s1 our flora %[s t ! climate ( ev5 our ,nor!rn ,/ates belongs1 ^u ! :ole1 to a m s\!rn type ?an t ( ,engl&4 ,9 s\!rn latitudes1 at lea/ )9 ! temp]ate zone1 articulation is g5]ally mu* m di/9ct ?an 9 ! nor!rn regions4 ,witness ! pronunciation ( ,spani%1 ,italian1 ,turki%1 z comp>$ ) ,engli%1 ,dani%1 & ,g]man4 ,p>ticipat+1 !n1 9 ! physical influ5ces ( a s\!rn climate1 we h contract$ some?+ ( ! m di/9ct articulation t belongs to a dry atmosph]e & a cle> sky4 ,& ?is view ( ! case is confirm$ by ! fact t ! inhabitants ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates incl9e1 l ! p ( s\!rn ,europe1 to ?r[ ! acc5t t[>d ! end ( ! ^w1 & ?us1 l all nations t use t acc5tuation1 br+ out all ! syllables4 ,?is we obs]ve v commonly 9 ! comp>ative ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn pronunciation ( prop] names4 ,i might exemplify by cit+ famili> in/ances2 b1 le/ t %\ld seem invidi\s1 x may suffice to say t1 n to m5tion m important *anges1 _m a ,nor!rn memb] ( ,congress goes to ,wa%+ton a dactyl or a tro*ee1 & comes home an amphibra* or an iambus4 ,:y or h[ ext]nal physical causes1 z climate & modes ( life1 %\ld affect pronunciation1 we c n say2 b x is evid5t t mat]ial influ5ces ( "s sort are produc+ a *ange 9 our bodily con/itution1 & we are fa/ acquir+ a di/9ct national ,anglo-,am]ican type4 ,t ! delicate organs ( articulation %\ld p>ticipate 9 su* t5d5cies is altoge!r natural2 & ! op]ation ( ! causes :i* give rise to !m is palpable ev5 9 our h&writ+1 :i*1 if n uni=m ) itself1 is g5]ally1 nev]!less1 s unlike common ,engli% script z to be readily di/+ui%$ f x4 ,to ! jo9t op]ation1 !n1 ( ^! two causes--univ]sal read+ & climatic influ5ces--we mu/ ascribe our habit ( dwell+ ^u v[el & diph?ongal s\nds1 or ( drawl+1 if t t]m is insi/$ ^u4444 ,b x is (t5 notic$ by =eign]s z bo? mak+ u m readily und]/ood by !m :5 speak+ our own tongue1 & z connect$ ) a flexibility ( organ1 :i* enables u to acquire a bett] pronunciation ( o!r languages ?an is usual ) ,engli%m54 ,9 any case1 z1 9 spite ( ! old adage1 spee* is giv5 u t we may make ourselves und]/ood1 our drawl+1 h[ev] prolong$1 is pref]able to ! nause\s1 foggy1 mumbl+ ?ickness ( articulation :i* *>act]izes ! cockney1 & is n unfrequ5tly affect$ by ,engli%m5 ( a bett] class4--,george ,p4 ,m>%4 ,,bryant',s ,,prohibit$ ,,words4 ,see ,,index ,,expurgatorius4 ,,b4 ,?is ^w is misus$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,i d n d\bt b he w be "h3 read1 d\bt t4 ,i %\ld n wond] b3 read1 if4 ,i h no d\bt b t he w g3 suppress b4 ,i d n d\bt b t x is true3 suppress b4 ,!re c be no d\bt b t ! burgl>y is ! "w ( pr(essional cracksm54--,new ,york ,h]ald4 ,d\bt t1 & n b t4 ,a c>eful canvass leaves no d\bt b t ! nom9ation1 etc43 suppress b4 ,!re is no reasonable d\bt b t x is all x pr(esses to be3 suppress b4 ,! m9d no soon] ent]ta9s any proposition b x pres5tly ha/5s1 etc43 read1 ?an4 ,no o!r res\rce b ?is 0 all[$ him3 read1 ?an4 ,,by4 ,see ,,at4 ,,calculate4 ,?is ^w means to asc]ta9 by computation1 to reckon1 to e/imate2 &1 say "s ( ! puri/s1 x nev] means any?+ else :5 prop]ly us$4 ,if ?is is true1 we c n say a ?+ is calculat$ to d h>m1 b mu/1 if we are ambiti\s to h our ,engli% irreproa*able1 *oose "s o!r =m ( expression1 or at lea/ "s o!r ^w1 likely or apt1 = example4 ,cobbett1 h[ev]1 says1 ,t1 to ,h]1 ^: great example is s well calculat$ to inspire1 etc42 &1 ,! fir/ two ( ! ?ree s5t5ces are well en\gh calculat$ = u%]+1 etc4 ,calculate is sometimes vulg>ly us$ = int5d1 purpose1 expect2 z1 ,he calculates to get (f to-morr[4 ,,calib]4 ,?is ^w is sometimes us$ v absurdly2 z1 ,br[n's ,essays are ( a mu* high] calib] ?an ,smi?'s4 ,x is pla9 t ! prop] ^w to use "h is ord]4 ,,cant4 ,cant is a k9d ( affectation2 affectation is an ef=t to sail "u false colors2 an ef=t to sail "u false colors is a k9d ( falsehood2 & falsehood is a t]m ( ,lat9 orig9 :i* we (t5 use in/ead ( ! /rong] ,saxon t]m ,,ly+6 ,:o is n famili>1 writes ,dr4 ,william ,mat!ws1 ) scores ( pet phrases & cant t]ms :i* are repeat$ at ?is day app>5tly )\t a ?\ght ( _! mean+8 ,:o ev] att5d$ a mission>y meet+ )\t he>+ '! ,mac$onian cry1' & an acc\nt ( "s 'little int]e/' & 'fields :ite = ! h>ve/'8 ,:o is n we>y ( ! d+-dong ( 'our ,zion1' & ! solecism ( '9 our mid/'2 & :o does n long = a v]bal mill5nium :5 ,*ri/ians %all no long] 'feel to take' & 'grant to give'8 ,h[ mu* ,i regret1 says ,col]idge1 t s _m religi\s p]sons ( ! pres5t day ?9k x necess>y to adopt a c]ta9 cant ( mann] & phraseology & ( tone ( voice z a tok5 to ea* o!r "o ano!r6 ,!y improve ?is & t text1 & !y mu/ d s & s 9 a pray]ful way2 & s on4 ,,capacity4 ,see ,,ability4 ,,caption4 ,?is ^w is (t5 us$ = head+1 b1 ?us us$1 x is condemn$ by c>eful writ]s4 ,! true mean+ ( caption is a seizure1 an arre/4 ,x does n come f a ,lat9 ^w mean+ a head1 b f a ,lat9 ^w mean+ to seize4 ,,c>et4 ,cobbett writes ( ! c>et to 8 son3 ,! la/ ?+ ,i %all m5tion "u ?is head is ! c>et 1 :i* is us$ to po9t upw>d to a "p :i* has be5 omitt$1 & :i* is ins]t$ betwe5 ! l9e :]e ! c>et is plac$ & ! l9e above x4 ,?+s %\ld be call$ by _! "r names1 & ?is %\ld be call$ ! blund]-m>k4 ,i w\ld h y1 my de> ,james1 scorn ! use ( ! ?+4 ,?9k be=e y write2 let x be y\r cu/om to write correctly & 9 a pla9 h&4 ,be c>eful t neatness1 gramm>1 & s5se prevail :5 y write to a blacksmi? ab\t %oe+ a horse z :5 y write on ! mo/ important subjects4 ,habit is p[]ful 9 all cases2 b its p[] 9 ?is case is truly wond]ful4 ,:5 y write1 be> con/antly 9 m9d t "s "o is to read & to und]/& :at y write4 ,?is w make y\r h&writ+ & also y\r mean+ pla94 ,f>1 ,i hope1 f my de> ,james w be ! ridicul\s1 ! contemptible affectation ( writ+ 9 a slov5ly or illegible h&1 or t ( sign+ 8 "n o!rwise ?an 9 pla9 lett]s4 ,,c>ry4 ,see ,,br+4 ,,case4 ,_m p]sons ( consid]able culture cont9ually make mi/akes 9 conv]sation 9 ! use ( ! cases1 & we sometimes meet ) gross errors ( ?is k9d 9 ! writ+s ( au?ors ( repute4 ,witness ! foll[+3 ,& ev]ybody is to "k him except ,i4--,george ,m]ide? 9 ,! ,tragic ,com$ies1 ,eng4 ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #cc4 ,let's y & ,i g3 say1 me4 ,we c n say1 ,let ,i g4 ,prop]ly1 ,let's g1 i4 e41 let u g1 or1 let y & me g4 ,he is z good z me3 say1 z ,i4 ,%e is z tall z him3 say1 z he4 ,y are old] ?an me3 say1 ?an ,i4 ,nobody said s b he3 say1 b him4 ,e "o c ma/] a grief b he t ha? x3 correctly1 b him4 ,john w5t out ) ,james & ,i3 say1 & me4 ,y are /rong] ?an him3 say1 ?an he4 ,betwe5 y & ,i3 say1 & me4 ,betwe5 y & !y3 say1 & !m4 ,he gave x to ,john & ,i3 say1 & me4 ,y told ,john & ,i3 say1 & me4 ,he sat betwe5 him & ,i3 say1 & me4 ,he expects to see y & ,i3 say1 & me4 ,y 7 a dunce to d x4 ,:o8 me8 say1 ,i4 ,supply ! ellipsis1 & we %\ld h1 ,:o8 me a dunce to d x8 ,:]e are y go+8 ,:o8 me8 say1 ,i4 ,we c't say1 me go+4 ,:o d y mean8 say1 :om4 ,0 x !m8 say1 !y4 ,if ,i 0 him1 ,i w\ld d x3 say1 7 he4 ,if ,i 0 h]1 ,i w\ld n g3 say1 7 %e4 ,0 x him8 say1 he4 ,0 x h]8 say1 %e4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :om he ?\ght 7 8 fri5ds3 say1 :o4 ,?is error is n easy to detect on acc\nt ( ! p>5!tical words t foll[ x4 ,if we drop !m1 ! mi/ake is v app>5t2 ?us1 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :om 7 8 fri5ds4 ,on ! supposition1 says ,ba91 t ! int]rogative :o has :om = its objective1 ! foll[+ are errors3 ':o d y take me to be8' ':o %\ld ,i meet ! o!r day8' ':o is x by8' ':o did y give x to8' ':o to8' ':o =8' ,b1 consid]+ t ^! expressions occur ) ! be/ writ]s & speak]s1 t !y are m en]getic ?an ! o!r =m1 & t !y lead to no ambiguity1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r gramm>ians h n exce$$ _! prov9ce 9 condemn+ !m4 ,cobbett1 9 writ+ ( ! pron\ns1 says3 ,:5 ! relatives are plac$ 9 ! s5t5ce at a di/ance f _! antec$5ts or v]bs or prepositions1 ! e> gives u no assi/ance4 ',:o1 ( all ! m5 9 ! _w1 d y ?9k ,i saw to-day8' ',:o1 = ! sake ( num]\s s]vices1 ! (fice 0 giv5 to4' ,9 bo? ^! cases x %\ld be :om4 ,br+ ! v]b 9 ! fir/ & ! preposition 9 ! second case clos] to ! relative1 z1 :o ,i saw1 to :o ! (fice 0 giv51 & y see ! error at once4 ,b take c>e6 ',:om1 ( all ! m5 9 ! _w1 d y ?9k1 0 *os5 to be s5t z an ambassador8' ',:om1 = ! sake ( 8 num]\s s]vices1 _h an (fice ( honor be/[$ ^u him4' ,^! are nom9ative cases1 & ought to h :o2 t is to say1 :o 0 *os51 :o _h an (fice4 ,mo/ gramm>ians1 says ,dr4 ,ba91 9 8 ,high] ,engli% ,gramm>1 h laid d[n ?is rule3 ',! v]b to be has ! same case aft] z be=e x4' ,macaulay c5sures ! foll[+ z a solecism3 ',x 0 him t ,horace ,walpole call$ a man :o nev] made a bad figure b z an au?or4' ,?ack]ay simil>ly adv]ts to ! same deviation f ! rule3 ',is t him8 said ! lady 9 que/ionable gramm>4' ,b1 not)/&+ ?is1 cont9ues ,dr4 ,ba91 we c]ta9ly he> 9 ! actual spee* ( all classes ( society su* expressions z 'x 0 me1' 'x 0 him1' 'x 0 h]1' m frequ5tly ?an ! prescrib$ =m4#a ',?is %y creature1 my bro!r says1 is me'2 '7 x me1 ,i'd %[ him ! diff]5ce4'--,cl>issa ,h>l[e4 ',x is n me#b y are 9 love )4'--,addison4 ',if !re is "o "* m base ?an ano!r1 x is him :o1' etc4--,sydney ,smi?4 ',if ,i 7 him'2 'if ,i _h be5 h]1' etc4 ,! au?ority ( good writ]s is /rong on ! side ( objective =ms4 ,!re is also ! analogy ( ! ,fr5* language2 = :ile ',i am "h' is je suis ici1 ! answ] to ':o is !re8' is moi 7me72 & c'e/ moi 7x is me7 is ! legitimate phrase--nev] c'e/ je 7x is ,i74 ,b moi1 accord+ to all ,fr5* gramm>ians1 is v (t5 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,moi is 9 ! nom9ative case :5 us$ 9 reply to ,:o is !re8 & also 9 ! phrase ,c'e/ moi1 :i* makes ,x is ,i ! correct translation ( ! phrase1 & n ,x is me4 ,! ,fr5* equival5t ( ,i6 ,i am "h1 is ,moi6 je suis ici4 ,! ,fr5*man uses moi 9 ! nom9ative case :5 je w\ld be inh>moni\s4 ,euphony ) him is a matt] ( m importance ?an grammatical correctness4 ,bes*]elle gives _m examples ( moi 9 ! nom9ative4 ,"h are two ( !m3 ,mon avocat et moi sommes de cet avis4 ,qui veut all] avec lui8 ,moi4 ,if we use su* phraseology z ,x is me1 we mu/ d z ! ,fr5* d--consid] me z be+ 9 ! nom9ative case1 & (f] euphony z our reason = ?us us+ x4 ,:5 %all we put n\ns 7or pron\ns7 prec$+ v]bal1 or p>ticipial1 n\ns1 z !y are call$ by "s gramm>ians--inf9itives 9 +1 z !y are call$ by o!rs--9 ! possessive case8 ',i am surpris$ at ,john's 7or 81 y\r1 etc47 refus+ to g4' ',i am surpris$ at ,john 7or him1 y1 etc47 refus+ to g4' ,9 ! latt] s5t5ce refus+ is a p>ticiple4 ,! latt] con/ruction is n s common ) pron\ns z ) n\ns1 especially ) su* n\ns z d n readily take ! possessive =m4 ',!y prev5t$ him go+ =w>d'3 bett]1 ',!y prev5t$ 8 go+ =w>d4' ',he 0 dismiss$ )\t any reason be+ assign$4' ',! boy di$ ?r\gh 8 clo!s be+ burn$4' ',we he> little ( any connection be+ kept up betwe5 ! two nations4' ',! m5 r[$ vigor\sly = fe> ( ! tide turn+ aga9/ u4' ,b mo/ examples ( ! con/ruction )\t ! possessive =m are ,,obvi\sly ,,due ,,to ,,m]e ,,slov5l9ess4444 ',9 case ( y\r be+ abs5t'3 "h be+ is an inf9itive v]bal1 or p>ticipial1 n\n qualifi$ by ! possessive y\r4 ',9 case ( y be+ pres5t'3 "h be+ w\ld h to be con/ru$ z a p>ticiple4 ,! possessive con/ruction is1 9 ?is case1 ! primitive & regul> con/ruction2 ,,! ,,o!r ,,is ,a ,,m]e ,,lapse4 ,! difficulty ( adh]+ to ! possessive =m occurs :5 ! subject is n a p]son3 ',x does n seem safe to rely on ! rule ( dem& creat+ supply'3 9 /rictness1 ',dem&'s creat+ supply4' ',a petition 0 pres5t$ aga9/ ! lic5se be+ grant$4' ,b = ! awkw>dness ( ext5d+ ! possessive to imp]sonal subjects1 x w\ld be "r to say1 'aga9/ ! lic5se's be+ grant$4' ',he _h conduct$ ! ball )\t any compla9t be+ urg$ aga9/ him4' ,! possessive w\ld be suitable1 b undesirable & unnecess>y4--,pr(essor ,alex&] ,ba94 ,?\gh ! ord9>y syntax ( ! possessive case is suffici5tly pla9 & easy1 !re is1 p]haps1 among all ! puzzl+ & disputable po9ts ( gramm>1 no?+ m difficult ( decision ?an are "s que/ions t occur respect+ ! "r managem5t ( ?is case4 ,! obs]vations t h be5 made %[ t possessives be=e p>ticiples are seldom to be approv$4 ,! foll[+ example is manife/ly inconsi/5t ) itself2 &1 9 my op9ion1 ! ?ree possessives are all wrong3 ',! kit*51 too1 n[ beg9s to give dreadful note ( prep>ation2 n f armor]s accompli%+ ! knights1 b f ! %opmaid's *opp+ =ce-meat1 ! appr5tice's clean+ knives1 & ! j\rneyman's receiv+ a practical lesson 9 ! art ( wait+ at table4' ',! daily in/ances ( m5's dy+ ar\nd u4' ,say r1 ',( m5 dy+ ar\nd u4' ,! lead+ ^w 9 s5se ought n to be made ! adjunct 9 con/ruction4--,goold ,br[n4 ,,casualty4 ,?is ^w is (t5 he>d ) ! incorrect addition ( a syllable1 casuality1 :i* is n recogniz$ by ! lexicograph]s4 ,"s writ]s object to ! ^w casualty1 & always use its synonym accid5t4 ,,celebrity4 ,a numb] ( celebrities witness$ ! fir/ repres5tation4 ,?is ^w is frequ5tly us$1 especially 9 ! newspap]s1 z a concrete t]m2 b x w\ld be bett] to use x 9 its ab/ract s5se only1 & 9 s5t5ces l ! "o above to say di/+ui%$ p]sons4 ,,"*--,,reputation4 ,^! two words are n synonyms1 ?\gh (t5 us$ z su*4 ,"* means ! sum ( di/+ui%+ qualities4 ,actions1 looks1 words1 /eps1 =m ! alphabet by :i* y may spell *>act]s4--,lavat]4 ,reputation means ! e/imation 9 :i* "o is held4 ,"o's reputation1 !n1 is :at is ?\ght ( "o's "*2 consequ5tly1 "o may h a good reputation & a bad "*1 or a good "* & a bad reputation4 ,calumny may injure reputation1 b n "*4 ,sir ,pet] does n leave 8 "* beh9d him1 b 8 reputation--8 good "n4 ,,*eap4 ,! diction>ies def9e ?is adjective z mean+1 be>+ a l[ price1 or to be _h at a l[ price2 b n[adays good usage makes x mean t a ?+ may be _h1 or has be5 sold1 at a b>ga94 ,h5ce1 9 ord] to make sure ( be+ und]/ood1 x is bett] to say l[-pric$1 :5 "o means l[-pric$1 ?an to use ! ^w *eap4 ,:at is l[-pric$1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 is (t5 de>1 & :at is high-pric$ is (t5 *eap4 ,a diamond necklace might be *eap at t5 ?\s& doll>s1 & a p9*beck necklace de> at t5 doll>s4 ,,*]ubim4 ,! ,hebrew plural ( *]ub4 ,we are au?oriz$1 says ,dr4 ,campbell1 bo? by use & analogy1 to say ei!r *]ubs & s]aphs1 accord+ to ! ,engli% idiom1 or *]ubim & s]aphim1 accord+ to ! ,ori5tal4 ,! =m] suits bett] ! famili>1 ! latt] ! solemn1 /yle4 ,z ! words *]ubim & s]aphim are plural1 ! t]ms *]ubims & s]aphims1 z express+ ! plural1 are q improp]4--,philosophy ( ,rhetoric4 ,,citiz54 ,?is ^w prop]ly means "o :o has c]ta9 political rights2 :51 !re=e1 x is us$1 z x (t5 is1 to designate p]sons :o may be ali5s1 x1 to say ! lea/1 betrays a want ( c>e 9 ! selection ( words4 ,sev]al citiz5s 7 injur$ by ! explosion4 ,"h "s o!r ^w--p]sons1 = example--%\ld be us$4 ,,clev]4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! ^w clev] is mo/ improp]ly us$ 9 ! s5se ( good-natur$1 well-dispos$1 good-he>t$4 ,x is prop]ly us$ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we are wont mo/ inelegantly to use ! ^w sm>t1 ?\gh x is a less colloquial t]m1 & is ( wid] application4 ,9 ,engl& ! phrase a clev] man is ! equival5t ( ! ,fr5* phrase1 un homme d'esprit4 ,! ^w is prop]ly us$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,e "w ( ,ar*bi%op ,:ately mu/ be an object ( int]e/ to ! admir]s ( clev] reason+2 ,cobbett's lett] 444 v clev]1 b v mis*iev\s2 ,bonap>te 0 c]ta9ly z clev] a man z ev] liv$4 ,,climax4 ,a clause1 a s5t5ce1 a p>agraph1 or any lit]>y composition :atsoev]1 is said to end ) a climax :51 by an arti/ic arrangem5t1 ! m effective is made to foll[ ! less effective 9 regul> gradation4 ,any great dep>ture f ! ord] ( asc5d+ /r5g? is call$ an anti-climax4 ,"h are "s examples ( climax3 ,give all dilig5ce2 add to y\r fai?1 virtue2 & to virtue1 k2 & to k1 temp]ance2 & to temp]ance1 pati5ce2 & to pati5ce1 godl9ess2 & to godl9ess1 bro!rly k9dness2 & to bro!rly k9dness1 *>ity4 ,:at is e ye> ( a wise man's life b a criticism on ! pa/6 ,^? ^: life is ! %orte/ live long en\gh to laugh at "o half ( x2 ! boy despises ! infant1 ! man ! boy1 ! sage bo?1 & ! ,*ri/ian all4 ,:at a piece ( "w is man6 h[ noble 9 reason6 h[ inf9ite 9 faculties6 9 =m & mov+1 h[ express & admirable6 9 action1 h[ l an angel6 9 appreh5sion1 h[ l a god6 ,,co4 ,! prefix co %\ld be us$ only :5 ! ^w to :i* x is jo9$ beg9s ) a v[el1 z 9 co-eval1 co-incid5t1 co-op]ate1 etc4 ,con is us$ :5 ! ^w beg9s ) a consonant1 z 9 con-tempor>y1 con-junction1 etc4 ,co-p>tn] is an exception to ! rule4 ,,comm5ce4 ,! ,britons use or misuse ?is ^w 9 a mann] peculi> to !mselves4 ,!y say1 = example1 comm5c$ m]*ant1 comm5c$ actor1 comm5c$ politician1 & s on4 ,dr4 ,hall tells u t comm5ce has be5 employ$ 9 ! s5se ( beg9 to be1 become1 set up z1 by fir/-class writ]s1 = m ?an two c5turies4 ,c>eful speak]s make small use ( comm5ce 9 any s5se2 !y pref] to use its ,saxon equival5t1 beg94 ,see1 also1 ,,beg94 ,,comp>ison4 ,:5 only two objects are comp>$1 ! comp>ative & n ! sup]lative degree %\ld be us$2 ?us1 ,m>y is ! old] ( ! two2 ,john is ! /rong] ( ! two2 ,br[n is ! ri*] ( ! two1 & ! ri*e/ man 9 ! city2 ,:i* is ! m desirable1 heal? or weal?8 ,:i* is ! mo/ desirable1 heal?1 weal?1 or g5ius8 ,( two su* lessons1 :y =get ,! nobl] & ! manli] "o8 ,,complet$4 ,?is ^w is (t5 incorrectly us$ = f9i%$4 ,t is complete :i* lacks no?+2 t is f9i%$ :i* has _h all done to x t 0 int5d$4 ,! build] ( a h\se may f9i% x & yet leave x v incomplete4 ,,condign4 ,x is safe to say t mo/ ( ^? :o use ?is ^w d n "k its mean+1 :i* is1 suitable1 des]v$1 m]it$1 prop]4 ,8 endeavors %all n lack condign praise2 i4 e41 8 endeavors %all n lack prop] or _! m]it$ praise4 ,a villa9 condignly puni%$ is a villa9 puni%$ accord+ to 8 des]ts4 ,to use condign 9 ! s5se ( sev]e is j z incorrect z x w\ld be to use des]v$ or m]it$ 9 ! s5se ( sev]e4 ,,confirm$ ,,invalid4 ,?is phrase is a conv5i5t mode ( express+ ! idea x conveys1 b x is difficult to def5d1 inasmu* z confirm$ means /r5g!n$1 e/abli%$4 ,,consequ5ce4 ,?is ^w is sometimes us$ in/ead ( importance or mom5t2 z1 ,!y 7 all p]sons ( m or less consequ5ce3 read1 ( m or less importance4 ,x is a matt] ( no consequ5ce3 read1 ( no mom5t4 ,,consid]4 ,?is ^w1 says ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,grant ,:ite1 9 8 ,words & ,_! ,uses1 is p]v]t$ f its true mean+ by mo/ ( ^? :o use x4 ,consid] means1 to m$itate1 to delib]ate1 to reflect1 to revolve 9 ! m9d2 & yet x is made to d s]vice = ?9k1 suppose1 & reg>d4 ,?us3 ,i consid] 8 c\rse v unju/ifiable2 ,i h always consid]$ x my duty1 etc42 ,i consid] him z be+ ! clev]e/ man ( my acqua9tance4 ,,contemptible4 ,?is ^w is sometimes us$ = contemptu\s4 ,an old /ory says t a man once said to ,dr4 ,p>r1 ,sir1 ,i h a contemptible op9ion ( y4 ,t does n surprise me1 return$ ! ,doctor2 all y\r op9ions are contemptible4 ,:at is wor?less or weak is contemptible4 ,despicable is a ^w t expresses a /ill m int5se degree ( ! contemptible4 ,a traitor is a despicable "*1 :ile a poltroon is only contemptible4 ,,cont9ually4 ,see ,,p]petually4 ,,cont9ue ,,on4 ,! on 9 ?is phrase is g5]ally sup]flu\s4 ,we cont9u$ on our way is idiomatic ,engli%1 & is m euphoni\s ?an ! s5t5ce w\ld be )\t ! p>ticle4 ,! mean+ is1 ,we cont9u$ to travel on our way4 ,9 su* s5t5ces1 h[ev]1 z ,cont9ue on1 ,he cont9u$ to read on1 ,! fev] cont9u$ on = "s h\rs1 & ! l1 ! on g5]ally s]ves no purpose4 ,,conv]sationi/4 ,?is ^w is to be pref]r$ to conv]sationali/4 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,grant ,:ite says t conv]sationali/ & agriculturali/ are inadmissible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,fitz$w>d ,hall says3 ,z = conv]sationi/ & conv]sationali/1 agriculturi/ & agriculturali/1 z all are alike legitimate =mations1 x is = conv5tion to decide :i* we are to pref]4 ,,convoke--,,conv5e4 ,at "o "t & ano!r !re has be5 "s discussion ) reg>d to ! correct use ( ^! two words4 ,accord+ to ,crabb1 ,!re is no?+ imp]ative on ! "p ( ^? t assemble1 or conv5e1 & no?+ b9d+ on ^? assembl$1 or conv5$3 "o assembles1 or conv5es1 by invitation or reque/2 "o att5ds to ! notice or n1 at pleasure4 ,convoke1 on ! o!r h&1 is an act ( au?ority2 x is ! call ( "o :o has ! au?ority to give ! call2 x is he$$ by ^? :o feel !mselves b\nd to att5d4 ,prop]ly1 !n1 ,presid5t ,ar?ur convokes1 n conv5es1 ! ,s5ate4 ,,corporeal--,,corporal4 ,^! adjectives1 ?\gh reg>d$ z synonyms1 are n us$ indiscrim9ately4 ,corporal is us$ 9 ref]5ce to ! body1 or animal frame1 9 its prop] s5se2 corporeal1 to ! animal sub/ance 9 an ext5d$ s5se--oppos$ to spiritual4 ,corporal puni%m5t2 corporeal or mat]ial =m or sub/ance4 ,t to corporeal sub/ances c\ld add ,spe$ mo/ spiritual4--,milton4 ,:at seem$ corporal ,melt$ z brea? into ! w9d4--,%akespe>e4 ,,c\ple4 ,9 its primitive signification1 ?is ^w does n mean simply two1 b two t are unit$ by "s bond2 su* z1 = example1 ! tie t unites ! sexes4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 s long us$ to mean two ( a k9d consid]$ toge!r1 t 9 ?is s5se x may be deem$ p]missible1 ?\gh ! sub/itution ( ! ^w two = x w\ld (t5 mat]ially improve ! diction4 ,,c\rage4 ,see ,,brav]y4 ,,crime--,,vice--,,s94 ,! confusion t exi/s 9 ! use ( ^! words is due l>gely to an imp]fect und]/&+ ( _! respective mean+s4 ,crime is ! violation ( ! law ( a /ate2 h5ce1 z ! laws ( /ates diff]1 :at is crime 9 "o /ate may n be crime 9 ano!r4 ,vice is a c\rse ( wrong-do+1 & is n modifi$ ei!r by c\ntry1 religion1 or condition4 ,z = s91 x is v difficult to def9e :at x is1 z :at is s9ful 9 ! eyes ( "o man may n be s9ful 9 ! eyes ( ano!r2 :at is s9ful 9 ! eyes ( a ,jew may n be s9ful 9 ! eyes ( a ,*ri/ian2 & :at is s9ful 9 ! eyes ( a ,*ri/ian ( "o c\ntry may n be s9ful 9 ! eyes ( a ,*ri/ian ( ano!r c\ntry4 ,9 ! days ( slav]y1 to h>bor a runaway slave 0 a crime1 b x 01 9 ! eyes ( mo/ p1 nei!r a vice nor a s94 ,,cru%$ ,,out4 ,! rebellion 0 f9ally cru%$ out4 ,out ( :at8 ,we may cru% ! life out ( a man1 or cru% a man to dea?1 & cru%1 n cru% out1 a rebellion4 ,,cultur$4 ,?is ^w is said to be a product ( ,bo/on--an excell5t place = anybody or any?+ to come f4 ,_m p]sons object to its use on ! gr\nd t !re c be no su* p>ticipial adjective1 because !re is no v]b 9 use f :i* to =m x4 ,we h 9 use ! sub/antive culture1 b1 ?\gh ! diction>ies recognize ! v]b to culture1 we d n use x4 ,be ?is objection valid or be x n1 cultur$ hav+ b two syllables1 :ile its synonym cultivat$ has f\r1 x is likely to f9d favor ) ^? :o employ %ort words :5 !y convey _! mean+ z well z long ones4 ,o!r adjectives ( ?is k9d are1 money$1 :isk]$1 slipp]$1 lett]$1 tal5t$1 cottag$1 lili$1 angui%$1 gift$1 & s =?4 ,,curi\s4 ,?is ^w is (t5 us$ in/ead ( /range or rem>kable4 ,a curi\s fact3 bett]1 a rem>kable fact4 ,a curi\s proce$+3 bett]1 a /range proce$+4 ,,dang]\s4 ,he is pretty sick1 b n dang]\s4 ,dang]\s p are g5]ally mo/ dang]\s :5 !y are mo/ vigor\s4 ,say1 r1 ,he is sick1 b n 9 dang]4 ,,de>e/4 ,a g5tleman once began a lett] to 8 bride ?us3 ',my de>e/ ,m>ia4' ,! lady repli$3 ',my de> ,john1 ,i beg t y w m5d ei!r y\r morals or y\r gramm>4 ,y call me y\r de>e/ ,m>ia2 am ,i to und]/& t y h o!r ,m>ias'8--,moon's ,bad ,engli%4 ,,deceiv+4 ,y are deceiv+ me4 ,n unfrequ5tly deceiv+ is us$ :5 ! speak] means try+ to deceive4 ,x is :5 we d n suspect deception t we are deceiv$4 ,,decimate4 ,?is ^w1 mean+ z x prop]ly does to ti!1 to take ! t5? "p1 is h>dly p]missible 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is us$ 9 su* s5t5ces z1 ,! regim5t held its position1 ?\gh t]ribly decimat$ by ! enemy's artill]y4 ,?\gh t]ribly ti!d w\ld be equally correct4 ,,demean4 ,?is ^w is sometimes errone\sly us$ 9 ! s5se ( to debase1 to disgrace1 to humble4 ,x is a reflexive v]b1 & its true mean+ is to behave1 to c>ry1 to conduct2 z1 ,he demeans himself 9 a g5tlemanly mann]1 i4 e41 ,he behaves1 or c>ries1 or conducts1 himself 9 a g5tlemanly mann]4 ,,d5ude4 ,! vulture1 says ,br&e1 has "s "p ( ! head & sometimes ( ! neck d5ud$ ( fea!rs4 ,mo/ birds might be d5ud$ ( ! fea!rs on _! heads2 n s1 h[ev]1 ! vulture1 = 8 head is always fea!rless4 ,a ?+ c n be d5ud$ ( :at x does n h4 ,d5ud+ a vulture's head & neck ( ! fea!rs is l d5ud+ an eel ( its scales4 ,,deprecate4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ?is ^w is (t5 us$ 9 ! s5se ( disapprove1 c5sure1 condemn2 z1 ,he deprecates ! :ole proce$+2 ,y\r c\rse1 f fir/ to la/1 is univ]sally deprecat$4 ,b1 accord+ to ! au?orities1 ! ^w really means1 to endeavor to av]t by pray]2 to pray exemption or deliv]ance f2 to beg (f2 to entreat2 to urge aga9/4 ,daniel kneel$ ^u 8 knees to deprecate ! captivity ( 8 p4--,hewyt4 ,,despite4 ,?is ^w is (t5 incorrectly prec$$ by 9 & foll[$ by (2 ?us1 ,9 despite ( all our ef=ts to deta9 him1 he set out2 :i* %\ld be1 ,despite all our ef=ts1 etc41 or ,9 spite ( all our ef=ts1 etc4 ,,det]m9$4 ,see ,,b\nd4 ,,diction4 ,?is is a g5]al t]m1 & is applicable to a s+le s5t5ce or to a connect$ composition4 ,bad diction may be due to errors 9 gramm>1 to a confus$ disposition ( words1 or to an improp] use ( words4 ,diction1 to be good1 requires to be only correct & cle>4 ,( excell5t examples ( bad diction !re are v _m 9 a little "w by ,dr4 ,l4 ,t4 ,t[ns5d1 ,pr(essor ( ,sacr$ ,rhetoric 9 ,bo/on ,univ]sity1 ! fir/ volume ( :i* has lately come "u my notice4 ,! fir/ t5 l9es ( ,dr4 ,t[ns5d's preface are3 ,! lead+ g5ius#a ( ! ,p's ,college at ,*autauqua ,lake1 ) a !8 view ( provid+ = 8 c\rse#b a text-book1 ask$ = ! publication ( ! foll[+ laws & pr9ciples ( spee*4#c ,! au?or1 n see+ suffici5t reason#d = )hold+ :at _h be5 ( mu* practical b5efit#e to himself1 cons5t$4#f ,! subject-matt] h]e9 conta9$ is an outgr[? f#g occasional in/ructions#h giv5#i :ile occupy+ ! *air#aj ( ,sacr$ ,rhetoric4 #a4 ,! phrase lead+ g5ius is badly *os54 ,f\nd]1 projector1 head1 organiz]1 pr9cipal1 or presid5t--"s "o ( ^! t]ms w\ld probably h be5 appropriate4 #b4 ,:at c\rse8 ,race-c\rse1 c\rse ( e?ics1 /hetics1 rhetoric1 or :at8#c #c4 ,! foll[+ laws & pr9ciples ( spee*4 ,& h[ came ^! laws & pr9ciples 9 exi/5ce8 ,:o made !m8 ,we are to inf]1 x w\ld seem1 t ,pr(essor ,t[ns5d made !m1 & t ! _w w\ld h _h to g )\t ! laws t gov]n language & ! pr9ciples on :i* language is =m$ _h x pleas$ ,pr(essor ,t[ns5d to )hold !m4 #d4 ,suffici5t reason6 ,!n !re 7 reasons :y ,pr(essor ,t[ns5d ought to h kept ^! good ?+s all to himself2 only1 !y 7 n suffici5t4 #e4 ,practical b5efit6 ,is !re any su* ?+ z impractical b5efit8 ,are n all b5efits practical8 &1 if !y are1 :at purpose does ! epi!t practical s]ve8 #f4 ,cons5t$ to :at8 ,x is easy to see t ! ,doctor means acc$$ to ! reque/1 b he is a long way f say+ s4 ,! object writ]s usually h 9 view is to convey ?\ght1 n to set _! read]s to guess+4 #g4 ,! outgr[? ( w\ld be ,engli%4 #h4 ,occasional in/ructions6 ,v vague1 & well calculat$ to set ! read] to guess+ aga94 #i4 ,giv5 to :om8 #aj4 ,! *air4 ,! def9ite article made x necess>y = ! writ] to specify :at p>ticul> *air ( ,sacr$ ,rhetoric he meant4 ,^! t5 l9es are a fair specim5 ( ! diction ( ! entire volume4 ,page #aca4 ,to r5d] a giv5 ambigu\s or un9telligible s5t5ce transp>5t1 ! foll[+ sugge/ions are recomm5d$4 ,! words 9 italics are unnecess>y1 s9ce :at is ambigu\s is un9telligible4 ,!n :o has ev] he>d ( recomm5d+ sugge/ions8 ,dr4 ,t[ns5d speaks ( ma/]+ a subject be=e publi%+ x4 ,publi%+ a subject8 ,page #acc4 ,violations ( simplicity1 :atev] ! type1 %[ ei!r t ! m9d ( ! writ] is ta9t$ ) affectation1 or else t an ef=t is mak+ to conceal consci\s pov]ty ( s5tim5t "u l(t9ess ( expression4 ,"h is an example ( a k9d ( s5t5ce t c be m5d$ 9 only "o way--by rewrit+1 :i* might be done ?us3 ,violations ( simplicity1 :atev] ! type1 %[ ei!r t ! writ] is ta9t$ ) affectation1 or t he is mak+ an ef=t to conceal pov]ty ( ?\ght "u l(t9ess ( expression4 ,page #adc4 ,?is quality is fully /at$ & recomm5d$1 etc4 ,:o has ev] he>d ( /at+ a quality8 ,on page #ade ,dr4 ,t[ns5d says3 ,a p]son c n read a s+le book ( poor /yle )\t hav+ 8 own /yle vitiat$4 ,a book ( poor /yle is an awkw>d expression1 to say ! lea/4 ,a s+le badly-writt5 book w\ld h be5 unobjectionable4 ,page #afj4 ,! pres5t$ picture produces in/antly a def9ite effect4 ,:y ?is unusual disposition ( words8 ,:y n say1 9 accordance ) ! idiom ( ! language1 ,! picture pres5t$ in/antly produces1 etc48 ,page #afa4 ,! boy /udies 444 geography & hates ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! sea & l&4 ,:y ! boy8 ,z !re are few ?+s besides seals & turtles t are connect$ ) ! sea & l&1 ! boy 9 "q has few ?+s to hate4 ,on page #age1 ,dr4 ,t[ns5d heads a *apt] ?us3 ,art ( acquir+ ,skill 9 ! use ( ,poetic ,spee*4 ,?is rem9ds "o ( ! man :o tri$ to lift himself ov] a f5ce by tak+ hold ( ! seat ( 8 bree*es4 ,h[ to acquire skill is probably :at is meant4 ,on page #bcb1 ,j]emy ,taylor is among ! be/ models ( long s5t5ces :i* are bo? cle> & logical4 ,j]emy ,taylor is a cle> & logical long s5t5ce86 ,true1 our le>n$ rhetorician says s1 b he doesn't mean x4 ,he means1 ,9 ,j]emy ,taylor we f9d "s ( ! be/ examples ( long s5t5ces :i* are at once cle> & logical4 ,s9ce ! =ego+ 0 writt51 ! second volume ( ,pr(essor ,t[ns5d's ,art ( ,spee* has be5 publi%$4 ,9 ! brief preface to ?is volume we f9d ?is *>act]i/ic s5t5ce3 ,! au?or has felt t cl]gym5 m ?an ^? ( o!r pr(essions w /udy ?is treatise4 ,! antec$5t ( ! relative ^? be+ cl]gym51 ! s5t5ce1 x w be p]ceiv$1 says3 ,! au?or has felt t cl]gym5 m ?an cl]gym5 ( o!r pr(essions w /udy ?is treatise4 ,comm5t on su* art z ,pr(essor ,t[ns5d's is n necess>y4 ,i f9d sev]al notewor?y examples ( bad diction 9 an article 9 a rec5t numb] ( an ,au/ralian magaz9e4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( !m3 ,l>ge capital always manages to make itself ma/] ( ! situation2 x is ! small capitali/ & ! small l&hold] t w\ld suff]1 etc4 ,%\ld be1 ,! l>ge capitali/ 444 himself1 etc4 ,aga93 ,! small f>m] w\ld 444 be despoil$ 444 ( ! meag] pr(it :i* /r5u\s labor _h conqu]$ f ! reluctant soil4 ,n only are ! epi!ts 9 italics sup]flu\s1 & consequ5tly weak5+ 9 _! effect1 b idiom does n p]mit /r5u\s to be us$ to qualify labor3 h>d labor & /r5u\s ef=t4 ,aga93 ,capital has always ! *oice ( a l>ge field4 ,%\ld be1 ! *oice (f]$ by a l>ge field4 ,aga93 ,%\ld capital be )drawn1 t5em5ts w\ld soon prove insuffici5t4 ,%\ld be1 ! numb] ( t5em5ts w\ld1 etc4 ,aga93 ,m5 ( weal?1 !re=e1 w\ld f9d _! ,fif? ,av5ue mansions & _! summ] villas a little m burd5$ ) taxes1 b ) ?is increase happily balanc$ by ! exemption ( _! bonds & mortgages1 _! plate & furniture4 ,! ?\ght "h is s simple t we easily div9e x2 b1 if we look at ! s5t5ce at all c>efully1 we f9d t1 ?\gh we supply ! ellipses 9 ! mo/ *>itable mann] possible1 ! s5t5ce really says3 ,m5 w\ld f9d _! mansions m burd5$1 b w\ld f9d !m ) ?is increas$ burd5 happily balanc$ by ! exemption1 etc4 ,! s5t5ce %\ld h be5 fram$ some:at 9 ?is wise3 ,m5 444 w\ld f9d _! 444 mansions 444 m burd5$ ) taxes1 b ?is increase 9 ! taxes on _! real e/ate w\ld be happily balanc$ by ! exemption f taxation ( _! bonds1 mortgages1 plate1 & furniture4 ,aga93 ,m5 g5]ally 444 w\ld be incl9$ to laugh at ! idea ( intru/+ ! mod]n politician ) su* gigantic opportunities = enri*+ 8 favorites4 ,we d n intru/ "o ano!r ) opportunities4 ,to enri* w\ld bett] ! diction4 ,aga93 ,! value ( l& t has accru$ f labor is n 444 a j object = confiscation4 ,correctly3 ,! value ( l& t has result$ f labor is n ju/ly 444 an object ( confiscation4 ,accrue is prop]ly us$ m 9 ! s5se ( spontane\s gr[?4 ,aga93 ,if ! /ate attempts to confiscate ?is increase by means ( taxes1 ei!r r5tals w increase correspond+ly1 or su* a *eck w be put ^u ! gr[? ( ea* place & all ! ent]prises connect$ ) x t great] injury w\ld be done ?an if ?+s _h be5 left unt\*$4 ,we h "h1 x w be obs]v$1 a confusion ( moods2 ! s5t5ce beg9s 9 ! indicative & ends 9 ! conditional4 ,! words 9 italics are worse ?an sup]flu\s4 ,rewritt53 ,if ! /ate %\ld attempt to confiscate ?is increase by means ( taxes1 ei!r r5tals w\ld increase correspond+ly1 or su* a *eck w\ld be put ^u gr[? & ent]prise t great] injury w\ld1 etc4 ,aga93 ,! !ory t l& 444 is a boon ( ,nature1 to :i* e p]son has an inali5able "r equal to e o!r p]son1 is n new4 ,! words !ory & boon are "h misus$4 ,a !ory is a sy/em ( suppositions4 ,! ?+s man receives f ,nature are gifts1 n boons3 ! gift ( reason1 ! gift ( spee*1 etc4 ,! s5t5ce %\ld be3 ,! decl>ation 7or ass]tion7 t l& 444 is a gift ( ,nature1 to :i* e p]son has an inali5able "r equal to t ( any o!r p]son1 is n new4 ,or1 m simply & q z =cibly3 444 to :i* "o p]son has an inali5able "r equal to t ( ano!r1 is n new4 ,or1 m simply /ill1 & m =cibly3 444 to :i* "o man has z good a "r z ano!r1 is n new4 ,by sub/itut+ ! ^w man = p]son1 we h a ^w ( "o syllable t expresses1 9 ?is connection1 all t ! long] ^w expresses4 ,! few] ! syllables1 if ! ?\ght be fully express$1 ! m vigor\s ! diction4 ,inali5ability be+ =eign to ! discussion1 ! long ^w inali5able only encumb]s ! s5t5ce4 ,we h ?us#a pass$ 9 review#b ! *anges & improvem5ts#c :i* ! revision conta9s#d 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,x has#e n1 inde$1#f be5 possible to ref] to#g !m all2 b s _m illu/rations#h h be5 giv5 9#i ! sev]al classes describ$ t ! read] w h#aj a satisfactory#aa survey ( ! :ole subject4 ,:atev] may be said ( o!r portions#ab ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we ?9k x w be g5]ally admitt$ t 9 ?is ,epi/le ! *anges h improv$ ! old#ac translation4 ,!y are su* z#ad make ! ,engli% v]sion#ae con=m m completely#af to ! ,greek orig9al4 ,if ?is be#ag true1 ! revis]s h done a good "w = ! ,*ur*4#ah ,if x be true#ai ) reg>d to all ! ,new ,te/am5t books1 ! "w :i* !y h done w rema9#bj a bless+ to ! read]s ( ^? books =#ba g5]ations to come4 ,b ! bless+ w be only 9 ! cle>] pres5tation ( ! ,div9e tru?1 &1 !re=e1 x w be only to ! glory ( ,god4 ,?is a/oni%+ly slip%od bit ( composition is f ! p5 ( ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,timo?y ,dwight4 ,if ! le>n$ ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity 9 ,yale ,college deem$ x wor? :ile to give a little ?\ght to mann] z well z to matt]1 x is probable t 8 diction w\ld be v diff]5t f :at x is2 &1 if he 7 to give a few m9utes to ! mak+ ( v]bal corrections 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph1 he w\ld1 p]haps1 d some?+ l ?is3 #a1 *ange ?us to n[2 #b1 write "s ( ! *anges2 #c1 /rike out & improvem5ts2 #d1 = conta9s *anges sub/itute "s o!r =m ( expression2 #e1 in/ead ( has be51 write 02 #f1 /rike out inde$2 #g1 in/ead ( ref] to1 write cite2 #h1 *ange illu/rations to examples2 #i1 in/ead ( 91 write (2 #aj1 in/ead ( ! read] w h1 write ! read] w be able to get2 #aa1 *ange satisfactory to tol]able2 #ab1 *ange portions to p>ts2 #ac1 n talk ( ! old translation1 z we h no new "o2 #ad1 /rike out z sup]flu\s ! words are su* z2 #ae1 *ange v]sion to text2 #af1 sub/itute ne>ly = completely1 :i* does n admit ( comp>ison2 #ag1 sub/itute ! indicative = ! conditional2 #ah1 end s5t5ce ) ! ^w "w2 #ai1 introduce also aft] be2 #bj1 in/ead ( rema91 9 ! s5se ( be1 use be2 #ba1 introduce ! aft] =4 ,z = ! la/ s5t5ce1 x rem9ds "o ( ,m5delssohn's ,songs )\t ,words1 ?\gh "h we h1 in/ead ( a song & no words1 words & no song1 or r no mean+4 ,z is (t5 true ( cant1 we h "h simply a syntactical arrangem5t ( words signify+--no?+4 ,if ,pr(essor ,dwight 7 ( ^? :o1 9 common ) ! ,addisons & ,macaulays & ,newmans1 ?9k x wor? :ile to give "s att5tion to diction1 ! ?\ght convey$ 9 ! p>agraph "u consid]ation w\ld1 p]haps1 h be5 express$ some:at 9 ?is wise3 ,we h n[ pass$ 9 review "s ( ! *anges t1 9 ! revision1 h be5 made 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,x 0 n possible to cite !m all1 b a suffici5t numb] ( examples ( ! sev]al classes describ$ h be5 giv5 to enable ! read] to get a tol]able survey ( ! :ole subject4 ,:atev] may be said ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we ?9k x w be g5]ally admitt$ t 9 ?is ,epi/le ! *anges h improv$ ! translation4 ,!y make ! ,engli% text con=m m ne>ly to ! ,greek4 ,?is be+ true1 ! revis]s h done a good "w2 &1 if x be also true ) reg>d to all ! ,new ,te/am5t books1 ! "w :i* !y h done w be a bless+ to ! read]s ( ^! books = ! g5]ations to come4 ,,die ,,)4 ,man & brute die (1 & n )1 fev]s1 consumption1 ! plague1 pneumonia1 old age1 & s on4 ,,diff]4 ,writ]s diff] f "o ano!r 9 op9ion ) reg>d to ! p>ticle we %\ld use ) ?is v]b4 ,"s say !y diff] )1 o!rs t !y diff] f1 _! neighbors 9 op9ion4 ,! weight ( au?ority is on ! side ( always us+ f1 ?\gh ,a may diff] ) ,c f ,d 9 op9ion ) reg>d1 say1 to ! size ( ! fix$ />s4 ,i diff]1 z to ?is matt]1 f ,bi%op ,l[?4--,cobbett4 ,diff]5t to is he>d sometimes in/ead ( diff]5t f4 ,,directly4 ,! ,britons h a way ( us+ ?is ^w 9 ! s5se ( :51 z soon z4 ,?is is q =eign to its true mean+1 :i* is imm$iately1 at once1 /raightway4 ,!y say1 = example1 ,directly he rea*$ ! city1 he w5t to 8 bro!r's4 ,directly he ! sa9t 0 dead1 ! ,arabs s5t 8 wool5 %irt to ! sov]eign4--,london ,news4 ,dr4 ,hall says ( its use 9 ! s5se ( z soon z3 ,b1 aft] all1 x may simply anticipate on ! ,engli% ( ! future4 ,,dirt4 ,?is ^w means fil? or any?+ t r5d]s f\l & unclean1 & means no?+ else4 ,x is (t5 improp]ly us$ = e>? or loam1 & sometimes ev5 = s& or gravel4 ,we n unfrequ5tly he> ( a dirt road :5 an unpav$ road is meant4 ,,discommode4 ,?is ^w is r>ely us$2 incommode is acc\nt$ ! bett] =m4 ,,disrememb]4 ,?is is a ^w vulg>ly us$ 9 ! s5se ( =get4 ,x is said to be m frequ5tly he>d 9 ! ,s\? ?an 9 ! ,nor?4 ,,di/+ui%4 ,?is v]b is sometimes improp]ly us$ = discrim9ate4 ,we di/+ui% by means ( ! s5ses z well z ( ! und]/&+2 we discrim9ate by means ( ! und]/&+ only4 ,x is difficult1 9 "s cases1 to di/+ui% betwe51 etc43 %\ld be1 ,x is difficult1 9 "s cases1 to discrim9ate betwe51 etc4 ,we di/+ui% "o ?+ f ano!r1 & discrim9ate betwe5 two or m ?+s4 ,,dock--,,:>f4 ,! fir/ ( ^! words is (t5 improp]ly us$ = ! second4 ,( docks !re are sev]al k9ds3 a naval dock is a place = ! keep+ ( naval /ores1 timb]1 & mat]ials = %ip-build+2 a dry dock is a place :]e vessels are drawn out ( ! wat] = repairs2 a wet dock is a place :]e vessels are kept afloat at a c]ta9 level :ile !y are load$ & unload$2 a sectional dock is a contrivance = rais+ vessels out ( ! wat] on a s]ies ( air-tight boxes4 ,a dock1 !n1 is a place into :i* ?+s are receiv$2 h5ce1 a man might fall into a dock1 b c\ld no m fall (f a dock ?an he c\ld fall (f a hole4 ,a :>f is a sort ( quay built by ! side ( ! wat]4 ,a simil> /ructure built at a "r angle ) ! %ore is g5]ally call$ a pi]4 ,vessels lie at :>ves & pi]s1 n at docks4 ,,donate4 ,?is ^w1 :i* is def9$ z mean+ to give1 to contribute1 is look$ ^u by mo/ *ampions ( good ,engli% z be+ an abom9ation4 ,donation is also little us$ by c>eful writ]s4 ,donate1 says ,mr4 ,g\ld1 may be dismiss$ ) ?is rem>k3 s long z its place is occupi$ by give1 be/[1 grant1 pres5t1 etc41 x is n ne$$2 & x %\ld be unc]emoni\sly b[$ out1 or ?ru/ out1 ( ! seat into :i* x has1 tempor>ily1 intrud$4 ,,done4 ,?is pa/ p>ticiple is (t5 v inelegantly1 if n improp]ly1 us$ ?us3 ,he did n cry out z "s h done aga9/ x1 :i* %\ld read1 ,he did n cry out z "s h aga9/ x2 i4 e41 z "s h cri$ out aga9/ x4 ,done is frequ5tly a v great (f5d] aga9/ gramm>1 says ,cobbett4 ,to d is ! act ( do+4 ,we see p write1 ',i did n speak ye/]day s well z ,i wi%$ to h done4' ,n[1 :at is meant by ! writ]8 ,he means to say t he did n speak s well z he !n wi%$1 or 0 wi%+1 to speak4 ,!re=e1 ! s5t5ce %\ld be1 ',i did n speak ye/]day s well z ,i wi%$ to d4' ,t is to say1 's well z ,i wi%$ to d x'2 t is to say1 to d or to p]=m ! act ( speak+4 ,take great c>e n to be too free 9 y\r use ( ! v]b to d 9 any ( its times or modes4 ,x is a nice little h&y ^w1 &1 l our oppress$ x1 x is made use ( v (t5 :5 ! writ] is at a loss = :at to put d[n4 ,to d is to act1 & !re=e x nev] c1 9 any ( its p>ts1 supply ! place ( a neut] v]b4 ',h[ d y d8' ,"h d ref]s to ! /ate1 & is ess5tially passive or neut]4 ,yet1 to employ x = ?is purpose is v common4 ,dr4 ,blair1 9 8 #bc;d ,lecture1 says3 ',x is some:at un=tunate t ?is ,numb] ( ! ,spectator did n end1 z x might h done1 ) ! =m] beautiful p]iod4' ,t is to say1 done x4 ,& !n we ask1 ,done :at8 ,n ! act ( end+1 because 9 ?is case !re is no action at all4 ,! v]b means to come to an end1 to cease1 n to g any fur!r4 ,?is same v]b to end is sometimes an active v]b3 ',i end my s5t5ce'2 !n ! v]b to d may supply its place2 z1 ',i h n end$ my s5t5ce s well z ,i might h done'2 t is1 done x2 t is1 done1 or p]=m$1 ! act ( end+4 ,b ! ,numb] ( ! ',spectator' 0 no actor2 x 0 expect$ to p]=m no?+2 x 01 by ! ,doctor1 wi%$ to h ceas$ to proce$4 ',did n end z x v well might h end$4444' ,?is w\ld h be5 correct2 b ! ,doctor wi%$ to avoid ! repetition1 & ?us he fell into bad gramm>4 ',mr4 ,speak]1 ,i d n feel s well satisfi$ z ,i %\ld h done if ! ,"r ,honorable ,g5tleman _h expla9$ ! matt] m fully4' ,to feel satisfi$ is--:5 ! satisfaction is to arise f conviction produc$ by fact or reason+--a s5seless expression2 & to supply its place1 :5 x is1 z 9 ?is case1 a neut] v]b1 by to d1 is z s5seless4 ,done :at8 ,done ! act ( feel+6 ',i d n feel s well satisfi$ z ,i %\ld h done1 or execut$1 or p]=m$ ! act ( feel+'6 ,:at incompreh5sible words6 ,,don',t4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t don't is a contraction ( d n1 & t doesn't is a contraction ( does n2 & yet ne>ly ev]ybody is guilty ( us+ don't :5 he %\ld use doesn't4 ,s y don't g2 ,john doesn't ei!r1 ,i he>4 ,,d\ble ,,g5itive4 ,an anecdote ( ,mr4 ,l9coln--an anecdote ( ,mr4 ,l9coln's4 ,we see at a glance t ^! two phrases are v diff]5t 9 mean+4 ,s1 also1 a portrait ( ,br[n--a portrait ( ,br[n's4 ,no precise rule has ev] be5 giv5 to guide u 9 our *oice betwe5 ^! two =ms ( ! possessive case4 ,sometimes x is n mat]ial :i* =m is employ$2 :]e1 h[ev]1 x is mat]ial--& x g5]ally is--we mu/ consid] ! ?\ght we wi% to express1 & rely on our discrim9ation4 ,,dramatize4 ,see ,,adapt4 ,,draw+-,,room4 ,see ,,p>lor4 ,,dress--,,g[n4 ,)9 ! memory ( _m p]sons ! out] g>m5t worn by wom5 0 prop]ly call$ a g[n by ev]ybody1 in/ead ( be+ improp]ly call$ a dress1 z x n[ is by ne>ly ev]ybody4 ,,drive4 ,see ,,ride4 ,,due--,,ow+4 ,^! two words1 ?\gh close synonyms1 %\ld n be us$ indiscrim9ately4 ,! mi/ake usually made is 9 us+ due in/ead ( ow+4 ,t is due :i* ought to be paid z a debt2 t is ow+ :i* is to be ref]r$ to z a s\rce4 ,x 0 ow+ to 8 ex]tions t ! s*eme succe$$4 ,x 0 ow+ to y\r neglig5ce t ! accid5t happ5$4 ,a c]ta9 respect is due to m5's prejudices4 ,?is 0 ow+ to an indiff]5ce to ! pleasures ( life4 ,x is due to ! public t ,i %\ld tell all ,i "k ( ! matt]4 ,,ea* ,,o!r4 ,_! great au?ors address !mselves1 n to _! c\ntry1 b to ea* o!r4--,buckle4 ,ea* o!r is prop]ly appli$ to two only2 "o ano!r mu/ be us$ :5 ! numb] consid]$ exce$s two4 ,buckle %\ld h writt5 "o ano!r & n ea* o!r1 unless he meant to intimate t ! ,g]mans _h only two great au?ors1 :i* is n probable4 ,,eat4 ,gramm>ians diff] v widely ) reg>d to ! conjugation ( ?is v]b2 !re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t f e po9t ( view ! pref]able =ms = ! pret]ite & pa/ p>ticiple are respectively ate & eat54 ,to ref9$ e>s ! o!r =ms smack ( vulg>ity1 al?\gh support$ by good au?ority4 ,i ate an apple4 ,i h eat5 d9n]4 ,john ate supp] ) me4 ,z soon z y h eat5 breakfa/ we w set out4 ,,editorial4 ,! use ( ?is adjective z a sub/antive is said to be an ,am]icanism4 ,,education4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ misus$ ( words4 ,a man may be well acqua9t$ ) ! cont5ts ( text-books1 & yet be a p]son ( little education2 on ! o!r h&1 a man may be a p]son ( good education1 & yet "k little ( ! cont5ts ( text-books4 ,abraham ,l9coln & ,edw9 ,=re/ knew comp>atively little ( :at is g5]ally le>n$ 9 s*ools2 /ill !y 7 m5 ( culture1 m5 ( education4 ,a man may h ev] s mu* book-k & /ill be a boor2 b a man c n be a p]son ( good education & n be--s f> z mann] is conc]n$--a g5tleman4 ,education1 !n1 is a :ole ( :i* ,in/ruction & ,bre$+ are ! p>ts4 ,! man or ! woman--ev5 9 ?is democratic c\ntry ( ours--:o des]ves ! title ( g5tleman or lady is always a p]son ( education2 i4 e41 he or %e has a suffici5t acqua9tance ) books & ) ! usages ( social int]c\rse to acquit himself or h]self cr$itably 9 ! society ( cultivat$ p4 ,n moral wor?1 nor le>n+1 nor weal?1 nor all ?ree comb9$1 c unaid$ make a g5tleman1 = ) all ?ree a man might be un$ucat$--i4 e41 co>se1 unbr$1 uns*ool$ 9 ^? ?+s :i* alone make m5 welcome 9 ! society ( ! ref9$4 ,,effectuate4 ,?is ^w1 toge!r ) ratioc9ate & ev5tuate1 is said to be a great favorite ) ! rural memb]s ( ! ,arkansas legislature4 ,,effluvium4 ,! plural ( ?is ^w is effluvia4 ,x is a common error ) ^? :o h no k ( ,lat9 to speak ( a disagreeable effluvia1 :i* is z incorrect z x w\ld be to talk ab\t a disagreeable vapors4 ,,ef=t ,,)\t ,,effect4 ,"s writ]s deal 9 expletives to a degree t tires ! e> & (f5ds ! und]/&+4 ,) !m ev]y?+ is excessively1 or imm5sely1 or extremely1 or va/ly1 or surpris+ly1 or wond]fully1 or abundantly1 or ! l4 ,! notion ( su* writ]s is t ^! words give /r5g? to :at !y are say+4 ,?is is a great error4 ,/r5g? mu/ be f\nd 9 ! ?\ght1 or x w nev] be f\nd 9 ! words4 ,big-s\nd+ words1 )\t ?\ghts correspond+1 are ef=t )\t effect4--,william ,cobbett4 ,see ,,=cible-,,feeble4 ,,egoi/4 ,"o ( a class ( philosoph]s :o pr(ess$ to be sure ( no?+ b _! own exi/5ce4--,reid4 ,,egoti/4 ,"o :o talks mu* ( himself4 ,a tribe ( egoti/s = :om ,i h always _h a mortal av]sion4--,spectator4 ,,ei!r4 ,?is ^w means1 /rictly1 ! "o or ! o!r ( two4 ,unlike bo?1 :i* means two tak5 collectively1 ei!r1 l ea*1 may mean two consid]$ sep>ately2 b 9 ?is s5se ea* is ! bett] ^w to use4 ,give me ei!r ( !m means1 ,give me ! "o or ! o!r ( two4 ,he has a f>m on ei!r side ( ! riv] w\ld mean t he has two f>ms1 "o on ea* 7or ei!r7 side ( ! riv]4 ,he has a f>m on bo? sides ( ! riv] w\ld mean t 8 f>m lies p>tly on ! "o side ( ! riv] & p>tly on ! o!r4 ,! use ( ei!r 9 ! s5se ( ea*1 ?\gh biblical & def5sible1 may be acc\nt$ little if any bett] ?an an affectation4 ,nei!r is ! negative ( ei!r4 ,ei!r is respond$ to by or1 nei!r by nor2 z1 ei!r ?is or t1 nei!r ?is nor t4 ,ei!r & nei!r %\ld n--/rictly--be us$ 9 relation to m ?an two objects4 ,b1 ?\gh bo? ei!r & nei!r are /rictly applicable to two only1 !y h be5 = a v long "t us$ 9 relation to m ?an two by _m good writ]s2 &1 z x is (t5 conv5i5t s to use !m1 x seems probable t ! cu/om w prevail4 ,:5 m ?an two ?+s are ref]r$ to1 any & none %\ld be us$ in/ead ( ei!r & nei!r2 z1 any ( ! ?ree1 n1 ei!r ( ! ?ree2 none ( ! f\r1 n1 nei!r ( ! f\r4 ,,ei!r ,,alt]native4 ,! ^w alt]native means a *oice (f]$ betwe5 two ?+s4 ,an alt]native writ1 = example1 (f]s ! alt]native ( *oos+ betwe5 ! do+ ( a specifi$ act or ( %[+ cause :y x is n done4 ,su* propositions1 !re=e1 z1 ,y are at lib]ty to *oose ei!r alt]native1 ,two alt]natives are pres5t$ to me1 ,sev]al alt]natives pres5t$ !mselves1 & ! l1 are n correct ,engli%4 ,! ^w is correctly us$ ?us3 ,i am confront$ ) a h>d alt]native3 ,i mu/ ei!r d5\nce a fri5d or betray my tru/4 ,we r>ely he> ! ^w alt]nate or any ( its d]ivatives correctly pron\nc$4 ,,eld]4 ,see ,,old]4 ,,elegant4 ,pr(essor ,proctor says3 ,if y say to an ,am]ican1 ',?is is a f9e morn+1' he is likely to reply1 ',x is an elegant morn+1' or p]haps (t5] by us+ simply ! ^w elegant4 ,?is is n a pleas+ use ( ! ^w4 ,?is is n ,am]ican ,engli%1 ,pr(essor1 b pop9jay ,engli%4 ,,ellipsis4 ,! omission ( a ^w or ( words necess>y to complete ! grammatical con/ruction1 b n necess>y to make ! mean+ cle>1 is call$ an ellipsis4 ,we almo/ always1 :e!r 9 speak+ or 9 writ+1 leave out "s ( ! words necess>y to ! full expression ( our mean+4 ,= example1 9 dat+ a lett] to-day1 we %\ld write1 ,new ,york1 ,augu/ #be1 #ahha1 :i* w\ld be1 if fully writt5 out1 ,i am n[ writ+ 9 ! city ( ,new ,york2 ?is is ! tw5ty-fif? day ( ,augu/1 & ?is mon? is 9 ! "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eighty-fir/ ye> ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,i am go+ to ,wallack's means1 ,i am go+ to ,wallack's !atre4 ,i %all sp5d ! summ] at my aunt's2 i4 e41 at my aunt's h\se4 ,by supply+ ! ellipses we c (t5 discov] ! errors 9 a s5t5ce1 if !re are any4 ,,enjoy ,,bad ,,heal?4 ,z no "o has ev] be5 kn[n to enjoy bad heal?1 x is bett] to employ "s o!r =m ( expression ?an ?is4 ,say1 = example1 he is 9 feeble1 or delicate1 heal?4 ,,en?use4 ,?is is a ^w t is occasionally he>d 9 conv]sation1 & is sometimes met ) 9 pr9t2 b x has n z yet made its appe>ance 9 ! diction>ies4 ,:at its ultimate fate w be1 ( c\rse1 no "o c tell2 = ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 x is /udi\sly %unn$ by ^? :o are at all c>eful 9 ! selection ( _! language4 ,x is said to be mo/ us$ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! writ] has nev] se5 x any:]e 9 ! ,nor? b 9 ! columns ( ! ,bo/on ,congregationali/4 ,,epigram4 ,! ^w epigram signifi$ orig9ally an inscription on a monum5t4 ,x next came to mean a %ort poem conta9+ "s s+le ?\ght po9t$ly express$1 ! subjects be+ v v>i\s--amatory1 convivial1 moral1 eulogi/ic1 satirical1 humor\s1 etc4 ,( ! v>i\s devices = brevity & po9t employ$ 9 su* compositions1 especially 9 mod]n times1 ! mo/ frequ5t is a play ^u words4444 ,9 ! epigram ! m9d is r\s$ by a conflict or contradiction betwe5 ! =m ( ! language & ! mean+ really convey$4--,ba94 ,"s examples are3 ,:5 y h no?+ to say1 say x4 ,we c n see ! wood = ! trees2 t is1 we c n get a g5]al view because we are s engross$ ) ! details4 ,v]bosity is cur$ by a l>ge vocabul>y2 t is1 he :o comm&s a l>ge vocabul>y is able to select words t w give 8 mean+ t]sely4 ,by indignities m5 come to dignities4 ,"s p are too fooli% to commit follies4 ,he w5t to 8 imag9ation = 8 facts1 & to 8 memory = 8 tropes4 ,,epi!t4 ,_m p]sons use ?is ^w :o are 9 error ) reg>d to its mean+2 !y ?9k t to apply epi!ts to a p]son is to vilify & insult him4 ,n at all4 ,an epi!t is a ^w t expresses a quality1 good or bad2 a t]m t expresses an attribute4 ,all adjectives are epi!ts1 b all epi!ts are n adjectives1 says ,crabb2 ?us1 9 ,virgil's ,pat] neas1 ! pat] is an epi!t1 b n an adjective4 ,epi!t is ! te*nical t]m ( ! rhetorician2 adjective1 t ( ! gramm>ian4 ,,equally ,,z ,,well4 ,a r$undant =m ( expression1 z any "o w see :o = a mom5t consid]s x4 ,z well1 or equally well1 expresses q z mu* z equally z well4 ,,equanimity ,,( ,,m9d4 ,?is phrase is tautological1 & expresses no m ?an does equanimity 7lit]ally1 equalm9d$ness7 alone2 h5ce1 ( m9d is sup]flu\s1 & consequ5tly inelegant4 ,anxiety ( m9d is a sc>cely less r$undant =m ( expression4 ,a caprici\s m9d is 9 ! same category4 ,,erratum4 ,plural1 errata4 ,,esquire4 ,an esquire 0 orig9ally ! %ield-be>] ( a knight4 ,x is mu*1 &1 9 ! op9ion ( "s1 r absurdly1 us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,grant ,:ite says on ! subject ( its use3 ,i h yet to discov] :at a man means :5 he addresses a lett] to ,john ,da%1 ,esqr4 ,he means no m nor less ?an :5 he writes ,mr4 7ma/]74 ,! use ( ,esq4 is q z preval5t 9 ,engl& z 9 ,am]ica1 & has little m mean+ !re ?an "h4 ,x simply belongs to our /ock ( c\rte\s epi!ts4 ,,euphemism4 ,a description :i* describes 9 in(f5sive language t :i* is ( itself (f5sive1 or a figure :i* uses agreeable phraseology :5 ! lit]al w\ld be (f5sive1 is call$ a euphemism4 ,,ev5tuate4 ,see ,,effectuate4 ,,ev]la/+ly4 ,?is adv]b is misus$ 9 ! ,s\? 9 a mann] t is v apt to excite ! risibility ( "o to :om ! peculi> misuse is new4 ,! writ] rec5tly visit$ ! upp] "p ( ,new ,york ) a di/+ui%$ ,s\!rn poet & j\rnali/4 ,x 0 ! g5tleman's fir/ ride ov] an elevat$ road4 ,:5 we 7 fairly "u way1 9 admiration ( ! rate ( spe$ at :i* ! c>s 7 mov+1 he exclaim$1 ,well1 !y d j ev]la/+ly %oot along1 don't !y6 ,,e4 ,?is ^w1 :i* means simply ea* or all tak5 sep>ately1 is ( late ye>s frequ5tly made1 by slip%od speak]s1 to d duty = p]fect1 entire1 great1 or all possible4 ,?us we h su* expressions z e pa9s1 e confid5ce1 e praise1 e *>ity1 & s on4 ,we also h su* diction z1 ,e "o has ?is 9 common2 mean+1 ,all ( u h ?is 9 common4 ,,e-,,day ,,lat94 ,a =tiori3 ) /rong] reason4 ,a po/]iori3 f ! effect to ! cause4 ,a priori3 f ! cause to ! effect4 ,bona fide3 9 good fai?2 9 reality4 ,c]tior>i3 to be made m c]ta94 ,cet]is p>ibus3 o!r circum/ances be+ equal4 ,de facto3 9 fact2 9 reality4 ,de jure3 9 "r2 9 law4 ,ecce homo3 behold ! man4 ,ergo3 !re=e4 ,et cet]a3 & ! re/2 & s on4 ,exc]pta3 extracts4 ,exempli gratia3 by way ( example2 abbreviat$1 e4 g41 & ex4 gr4 ,ex (ficio3 by virtue ( 8 (fice4 ,ex p>te3 on "o side2 an ex p>te /atem5t is a /atem5t on "o side only4 ,ibidem3 9 ! same place2 abbreviat$1 ibid4 ,idem3 ! same4 ,id e/3 t is2 abbreviat$1 i4 e4 ,imprimis3 9 ! fir/ place4 ,9 /atu quo3 9 ! =m] /ate2 j z x 04 ,9 /atu quo ante bellum3 9 ! same /ate z be=e ! w>4 ,9 transitu3 9 pass+4 ,index expurgatorius3 a purify+ index4 ,9 extremis3 at ! po9t ( dea?4 ,9 memoriam3 9 memory4 ,ipse dixit3 on 8 sole ass]tion4 ,item3 also4 ,labor omnia v9cit3 labor ov]comes e difficulty4 ,locus sigilli3 ! place ( ! seal4 ,multum 9 p>vo3 mu* 9 little4 ,mutatis mut&is3 aft] mak+ ! necess>y *anges4 ,ne plus ultra3 no?+ beyond2 ! utmo/ po9t4 ,nol5s vol5s3 will+ or unwill+4 ,nota b5e3 m>k well2 take p>ticul> notice4 ,omnes3 all4 ,o tempora1 ,o mores6 ,o ! times & ! mann]s6 ,otium cum dignitate3 ease ) dignity4 ,otium s9e dignitate3 ease )\t dignity4 ,p>ticeps crim9is3 an accomplice4 ,peccavi3 ,i h s9n$4 ,p] se3 by itself4 ,prima facie3 on ! fir/ view or appe>ance2 at fir/ sight4 ,pro bono publico3 = ! public good4 ,quid nunc3 :at n[8 ,quid pro quo3 "o ?+ = ano!r2 an equival5t4 ,quondam3 =m]ly4 ,r>a avis3 a r>e bird2 a prodigy4 ,resurgam3 ,i %all rise aga94 ,s]iatim3 9 ord]4 ,s9e die3 )\t specify+ any p>ticul> day2 to an indef9ite "t4 ,s9e qua non3 an indisp5sable condition4 ,sui g5]is3 ( its own k9d4 ,vade mecum3 g ) me4 ,v]batim3 ^w by ^w4 ,v]sus3 aga9/4 ,vale3 f>e-well4 ,via3 by ! way (4 ,vice3 9 ! place (4 ,vide3 see4 ,vi et armis3 by ma9 =ce4 ,viva voce3 orally2 by ^w ( m\?4 ,vox populi1 vox ,dei3 ! voice ( ! p is ! voice ( ,god4 ,,evid5ce--,,te/imony4 ,^! words1 ?\gh diff]+ widely 9 mean+1 are (t5 us$ indiscrim9ately by c>eless speak]s4 ,evid5ce is t :i* t5ds to conv9ce2 te/imony is t :i* is int5d$ to conv9ce4 ,9 a judicial inve/igation1 = example1 !re might be a great deal ( te/imony--a great deal ( te/ify+--& v little evid5ce2 & ! evid5ce might be q ! rev]se ( ! te/imony4 ,see ,,pro(4 ,,exagg]ation4 ,weak m9ds1 feeble writ]s & speak]s delight 9 sup]latives4 ,see ,,ef=t ,,)\t ,,effect4 ,,except4 ,no "o ne$ apply except he is ?or\ghly famili> ) ! bus9ess1 %\ld be1 ,no "o ne$ apply unless1 etc4 ,,excessively4 ,t class ( p]sons :o are nev] cont5t ) any =m ( expression t falls %ort ( ! sup]lative1 frequ5tly use excessively :5 exce$+ly or ev5 ! little ^w v w\ld s]ve _! turn bett]4 ,!y say1 = example1 t ! wea!r is excessively hot1 :5 !y %\ld cont5t !mselves ) say+ simply t ! wea!r is v w>m1 or1 if ! ^w suits !m bett]1 hot4 ,intemp]ance 9 ! use ( language is z mu* to be c5sur$ z intemp]ance 9 any?+ else2 l intemp]ance 9 o!r ?+s1 its effect is vulg>iz+4 ,,execute4 ,?is ^w means to foll[ out to ! end1 to c>ry into effect1 to accompli%1 to fulfill1 to p]=m2 z1 to execute an ord]1 to execute a purpose4 ,& ! diction>ies & almo/ univ]sal usage say t x also means to put to dea? 9 con=mity ) a judicial s5t5ce2 z1 to execute a crim9al4 ,"s ( our c>eful speak]s1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 t ! use ( ! ^w 9 ?is s5se is indef5sible4 ,!y say t laws & s5t5ces are execut$1 b n crim9als1 & t _! execution only r>ely results 9 ! dea? ( ! p]sons ^u :om !y are execut$4 ,9 ! hang+ ( a crim9al1 x is1 !n1 n ! crim9al :o is execut$1 b ! law & ! s5t5ce4 ,! crim9al is hang$4 ,,expect4 ,?is v]b always has ref]5ce to :at is to come1 nev] to :at is pa/4 ,we c n expect backw>d4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( say+1 ,i expect1 y ?\ght ,i w\ld come to see y ye/]day1 we %\ld say1 ,i suppose1 etc4 ,,exp]i5ce4 ,we exp]i5ce great difficulty 9 gett+ him to take 8 m$ic9e4 ,! ^w h ought to be big en\gh1 9 a s5t5ce l ?is1 = anybody4 ,we exp]i5c$ great h>d%ips4 ,bett]1 ,we suff]$4 ,,ext5d4 ,?is v]b1 ! prim>y mean+ ( :i* is to /ret* out1 is us$1 especially by lov]s ( big words1 9 connections :]e to give1 to %[1 or to (f] w\ld be pref]able4 ,= example1 x is c]ta9ly bett] to say1 ,!y %[$ me e c\rtesy1 ?an ,!y ext5d$ e c\rtesy to me4 ,see ,,e4 ,,false ,,gramm>4 ,"s examples ( false gramm> w %[ :at e "o is ! bett] = kn[+3 t 9 lit]ature no?+ %\ld be tak5 on tru/2 t errors ( gramm> ev5 are f\nd :]e we %\ld lea/ expect !m4 ,i d n "k :e!r ! imputation 7 j or n4--,em]son4 ,i proce$$ to inquire if ! 'extract' 444 7 a v]itable quotation4--,em]son4 ,%\ld be 0 9 bo? cases4 ,h[ sweet ! moonlight sleeps6--,t[ns5d1 ,art ( ,spee*1 vol4 i1 p4 #aad4 ,%\ld be sweetly4 ,!re is no "q b ^! arts 444 w greatly aid him1 etc4--,ibid41 p4 #acj4 ,%\ld be t4 ,ne>ly all :o h be5 di/+ui%$ 9 lit]ature or oratory h made 444 ! g5]\s confession t _! atta9m5ts h be5 rea*$ ?r\gh pati5t & labori\s indu/ry4 ,!y h decl>$ t speak+ & writ+1 ?\gh once difficult = !m1 h become well-nigh recreations4--,ibid41 p4 #adc4 ,! h be5 %\ld be 71 & ! h become %\ld be became4 ,_m pronom9al adv]bs are correlatives ( ea* o!r4--,h>kness's ,new ,lat9 ,gramm>1 p4 #adg4 ,%\ld be "o ano!r4 ,hot & cold spr+s1 boil+ spr+s1 & quiet spr+s lie )9 a few feet ( ea* o!r1 b none ( !m are prop]ly geys]s4--,appletons' ,cond5s$ ,cyclopdia1 vol4 ii1 p4 #dad4 ,%\ld be "o ano!r1 & n "o ( !m is prop]ly a geys]4 ,h[ mu* bett] = y z sell] & ! nation z buy] 444 ?an to s9k 444 9 cutt+ "o ano!r's ?roats4 ,%\ld be ea* o!r's4 ,a m9i/]1 not$ = prolixity ( /yle1 0 once prea*+ be=e ! inmates ( a lunatic asylum4 ,9 "o ( 8 illu/rations he pa9t$ a sc5e ( a man condemn$ to be hung1 b repriev$ "u ! gall[s4 ,^! two s5t5ces are s faulty t ! only way to m5d !m is to rewrite !m4 ,!y are f a "w t pr(esses to tea* ! art ( spee*4 ,m5d$3 ,a m9i/]1 not$ = 8 prolixity1 once prea*$ be=e ! inmates ( a lunatic asylum4 ,by way ( illu/ration he pa9t$ a sc5e 9 :i* a man1 :o _h be5 condemn$ to be hang$1 0 repriev$ "u ! gall[s4 ,,female4 ,! t]ms male & female are n unfrequ5tly us$ :]e good ta/e w\ld sugge/ "s o!r ^w4 ,= example1 we see ov] ! doors ( s*ool-h\ses1 ,entrance = males1 ,entrance = females4 ,n[ bucks & bulls are males z well z boys & m51 & c[s & s[s are females z well z girls & wom54 ,,fet*4 ,see ,,br+4 ,,few]4 ,see ,,less4 ,,f9al ,,completion4 ,if !re 7 su* a ?+ z a plurality or a s]ies ( completions1 !re w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be su* a ?+ z ! f9al completion2 b1 z e completion is f9al1 to talk ab\t a f9al completion is z absurd z x w\ld be to talk ab\t a f9al f9ality4 ,,fir/ ,,rate4 ,!re are p :o object to ?is phrase1 & yet x is well en\gh :5 prop]ly plac$1 z x is1 = example1 9 su* a s5t5ce z ?is3 ,he's a 'fir/ class' fell[1 & ,i l him fir/ rate2 if ,i didn't1 'y bet' ,i'd j give him 'hail ,columbia' = 'bl[+' ! ?+ all r\nd t[n l ! big fool t he is4 ,,fir/ly4 ,george ,wa%+ton ,moon says 9 def5se ( fir/ly3 ,i d n object to ! occasional use ( fir/ z an adv]b2 b1 9 s5t5ces :]e x w\ld be foll[$ by secondly1 ?irdly1 etc41 ,i ?9k t ! adv]bial =m is pref]able4 ,to ?is1 "o ( ,mr4 ,moon's critics replies3 ,h[ev] desirable x may be to employ ! ^w fir/ly on c]ta9 occasions1 ! fact rema9s t ! employm5t ( x on any occasion is n ! be/ usage4 ,web/] ins]ts fir/ly1 b rem>ks1 ,improp]ly us$ = fir/4 ,,flee--,,fly4 ,^! v]bs1 ?\gh ne> ( k91 are n int]*angeable4 ,= example1 we c n say1 ,he flew ! city1 ,he flew f 8 enemies1 ,he flew at ! approa* ( dang]1 flew be+ ! imp]fect t5se ( to fly1 :i* is prop]ly us$ to express ! action ( birds on ! w+1 ( kites1 arr[s1 etc4 ,! imp]fect t5se ( to flee is fl$2 h5ce1 ,he fl$ ! city1 etc4 ,,=cible-,,feeble4 ,?is is a novicy k9d ( diction 9 :i* ! w\ld-be =cible writ] defeats 8 object by ! ov]use ( expletives4 ,examples3 ,& yet ! great c5tralization ( weal? is "o ( ! great evils ( ! day4 ,all t ,mr4 ---- utt]s says ^u ?is po9t is =cible & j4 ,?is c5tralization is due to ! enorm\s reproductive p[] ( capital1 to ! imm5se advantage t co/ly & complicat$ ma*9]y gives to great l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 & to ! m>k$ diff]5ce ( p]sonal =ce among m54 ,! fir/ great is misplac$2 ! ^w utt]s is misus$2 ! second great is ill-*os54 ,! o!r words 9 italics only enfeeble ! s5t5ce4 ,aga93 ,9 c\ntries :]e imm5se l>ge e/ates exi/1 a break+ up ( ^! va/ demesnes into _m m9or freeholds w\ld no d\bt be a ( v great advantage4 ,sub/itute l>ge = imm5se1 & take out va/1 _m1 & v1 & ! language becomes mu* m =cible4 ,aga93 ,! v fir/ effect ( ! ---- taxation plan w\ld be de/ructive to ! int]e/s ( ?is great multitude class2 x w\ld impov]i% our innum]able f>m]s1 x w\ld confiscate ! e>n+s ( our indu/ri\s tradesm5 & artisans1 x w\ld & p>alyze ! hopes ( /ruggl+ millions4 ,:at a wa/e ( portly expletives is "h6 ,) !m ! s5t5ce is high-fl[n & weak2 take !m out1 & introduce ! words inclos$ 9 brackets1 & x becomes simple & =cible4 ,,fri5d--,,acqua9tance4 ,"s philosoph] has said t he :o has half a doz5 fri5ds 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life may e/eem himself =tunate2 & yet1 to judge f _m p's talk1 "o w\ld suppose !y _h fri5ds by ! score4 ,no man kn[s :e!r he has any fri5ds or n until he has _! adoption tri$2 h5ce1 he :o is desir\s to call ?+s by _! "r names w1 z a rule1 use ! ^w acqua9tance in/ead ( fri5d4 ,y\r fri5d is a favorite & v objectionable way _m p1 especially "y p1 h ( writ+ !mselves at ! bottom ( _! lett]s4 ,9 ?is way ! obscure /ripl+ prote/s himself ! ,,fri5d ( ! fir/ man 9 ! l&1 & t1 too1 :5 he is1 p]haps1 a comp>ative /rang] & ask+ a favor4 ,,galsome4 ,"h is a good1 sonor\s ,anglo-,saxon ^w--mean+ malignant1 v5om\s1 *urli%--t has fall5 into disuse4 ,,g5tleman4 ,few ?+s are 9 worse ta/e ?an to use ! t]m g5tleman1 :e!r 9 ! s+ul> or plural1 to designate ! sex4 ,if ,i 0 a g5tleman1 says ,miss ,snooks4 ,g5tlem5 h j z mu* curiosity z ladies1 says ,mrs4 ,j5k9s4 ,g5tlem5 h s mu* m lib]ty ?an we ladies h1 says ,mrs4 ,p>v5ue4 ,n[1 if ^! ladies 7 ladies1 !y w\ld 9 ea* ( ^! cases use ! ^w man in/ead ( g5tleman1 & woman in/ead ( lady2 fur!r1 ,miss ,snooks w\ld say1 ,if ,i 74 ,well-br$ m51 m5 ( culture & ref9em5t--g5tlem51 9 %ort--use ! t]ms lady & g5tleman comp>atively little1 & !y are especially c>eful n to call !mselves g5tlem5 :5 !y c avoid x4 ,a g5tleman1 = example1 does n say1 ,i1 ) "s o!r g5tlem51 w5t1 etc42 he is c>eful to leave out ! ^w o!r4 ,! m5 :o use ^! t]ms mo/1 & especially ^? :o lose no opportunity to proclaim !mselves g5tlem51 belong to t class ( m5 :o cock _! hats on "o side ( _! heads1 & (t5 we> !m :5 & :]e g5tlem5 w\ld remove !m2 :o pride !mselves on _! famili>ity ) ! late/ slang2 :o proclaim _! indep5d5ce by %[+ ! lea/ possible consid]ation = o!rs2 :o laugh long & l\d at _! own wit2 :o we> a pr(usion ( *eap f9]y1 su* z outl&i% wat*-*a9s hook$ 9 ! l[e/ button-hole ( _! ve/s1 ,brazilian diamonds 9 _! %irt-bosoms1 & big seal-r+s on _! little f+]s2 :o use bad gramm> & int]l>d _! conv]sation ) big oa?s4 ,9 bus9ess correspond5ce ,smi? is address$ z ,sir1 :ile ,smi? ,br[n are (t5 address$ z ,g5tlem5--or1 vulg>ly1 z ,g5ts4 ,bett]1 mu*1 is x to address !m z ,sirs4 ,s9ce writ+ ! =ego+1 ,i h met ) ! foll[+ p>agraph 9 ! ,london publication1 ,all ! ,ye> ,r\nd3 ,socially1 ! t]m 'g5tleman' has become almo/ vulg>4 ,x is c]ta9ly less employ$ by g5tlem5 ?an by inf]ior p]sons4 ,! "o speaks ( 'a man ,i "k1' ! o!r ( 'a g5tleman ,i "k4' ,9 ! "o case ! g5tleman is tak5 = grant$1 9 ! o!r x seems to ne$ specification4 ,aga91 z reg>ds ! t]m 'lady4' ,x is q 9 accordance ) ! usages ( society to speak ( y\r acqua9tance ! du*ess z 'a v nice p]son4' ,p :o w\ld say 'v nice lady' are n g5]ally ( a social class :i* has mu* to d ) du*esses2 & if y speak ( "o ( ^! z a 'p]son1' y w soon be made to feel y\r mi/ake4 ,,g5ts4 ,( all vulg>isms1 ?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ (f5sive4 ,if we say g5ts1 :y n say lades8 ,,g]und4 ',i h "w to d1' '!re is no m to say1' are phrases :]e ! v]b is n 9 ! common inf9itive1 b 9 ! =m ( ! g]und4 ',he is ! man to d x1 or = do+ x4' ',a h\se to let1' '! c\rse to /e] by1' 'a place to lie 91' 'a ?+ to be done1' 'a city to take refuge 91' '! means to d ill de$s1' are adjective g]unds2 !y may be exp&$ into clauses3 'a h\se t ! own] lets or w let'2 '! c\rse t we %\ld /e] by'2 'a ?+ t %\ld be done'2 'a city :]e9 "o may take refuge'2 '! means :]eby ill de$s may be done4' ,:5 ! to ceas$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury to be a di/9ctive m>k ( ! dative inf9itive or g]und1 = 0 introduc$ to make ! writ]'s int5tion cle>4 ,h5ce ! famili> =m 9 ':at w5t ye out = to see8' '!y came = to %[ him ! temple4'--,ba94 ,,get4 ,9 s5t5ces express+ simple possession--z1 ,i h got a book1 ,:at has he got !re8 ,h y got any news8 ,!y h got a new h\se1 etc4--got is entirely sup]flu\s1 if n1 z "s writ]s cont5d1 absolutely incorrect4 ,possession is completely express$ by h4 ,foxes h holes2 ! birds ( ! air h ne/s2 n1 ,foxes h got holes2 ! birds ( ! air h got ne/s4 ,=m]ly ! imp]fect t5se ( ?is v]b 0 gat1 :i* is n[ obsolete1 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 0 gott51 :i*1 "s gramm>ians say1 is gr[+ obsolete4 ,if ?is be true1 !re is no good reason = x4 ,if we say eat51 writt51 /riv51 =gott51 :y n say gott51 :]e ?is =m ( ! p>ticiple is m euphoni\s--z x (t5 is--?an got8 ,,goods4 ,?is t]m1 l o!r t]ms us$ 9 trade1 %\ld be re/rict$ to ! vocabul>y ( comm]ce4 ,messrs4 ,arnold ,con/able1 9 common ) ! ,wa%+ton ,m>ket huck/]1 v prop]ly speak ( _! w>es z _! goods2 b ,mrs4 ,arnold & ,mrs4 ,con/able %\ld1 & ,i d\bt n d1 speak ( _! g[ns z be+ made ( f9e or co>se silk1 ca%m]e1 musl91 or :atev] ! mat]ial may be4 ,,g\ld ,,aga9/ ,,al=d4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,s4 ,g\ld1 9 8 review ( ,dean ,al=d's ,que5's ,engli%1 rem>ks1 on page #aca ( 8 ,good ,engli%3 ,& n[1 z to ! /yle#d ( ! ,dean's book1 tak5 z a :ole4 ,he mu/ be held responsible = e error 9 x2 because1 z has be5 %[n1 he has _h full leisure = its revision4#e ,! errors are1 nev]!less1 num]\s2 & ! %orte/ way to exhibit !m is#f 9 tabul> =m4 ,9 sev]al in/ances ,mr4 ,g\ld w\ld n h tak5 ! ,dean to task _h he kn[n ,engli% bett]4 ,! foll[+ are a few ( ,mr4 ,g\ld's corrections 9 :i* he is cle>ly 9 ! "r3 ,p>agraph #d4 ,into ano!r l& ?an2 %\ld be1 into a l& o!r ?an4 #af4 ,we d n foll[ rule 9 spell+ o!r words1 b cu/om2 %\ld be1 we d n foll[ rule1 b cu/om1 9 spell+1 etc4 #ah4 ,! di/9ction is obs]v$ 9 ,fr5*1 b nev] appe>s to h be5 made1 etc42 read1 appe>s nev] to h be5 made4 #fa4 ,r to aspirate m ?an less2 %\ld be1 to aspirate m r ?an less4 #i4 ,x is said also only to occur ?ree times1 etc42 read1 occur only ?ree times4 #dd4 ,?is d\bl+ only takes place 9 a syllable1 etc42 read1 takes place only4 #adb4 ,:i* c only be decid$ :5 ^? circum/ances are kn[n2 read1 c be decid$ only :51 etc4 #aff4 ,i w only say t x produces1 etc42 read1 ,i w say only1 etc4 #agj4 ,x is said t ?is c only be fill$ 9 ?us2 read1 c be fill$ 9 only ?us4 #cfh4 ,i c only deal ) ! compla9t 9 a g5]al way2 read1 deal ) ! compla9t only1 etc4 #hf4 ,9 s f> z !y are idiomatic1 etc4 ,:at is ! use ( 98 #aga4 ,try ! exp]im5t2 tri$ ! exp]im5t4 ,read1 make & made4 #cde4 ,x is mo/ g5]ally us$ ( t v sect1 etc4 ,:y mo/8 #cfb4 ,! jo9+ toge!r two clauses ) a ?ird1 etc42 read1 ( two clauses1 etc4 ,,g[n4 ,see ,,dress4 ,,graduat$4 ,/ud5ts d n graduate2 !y are graduat$4 ,h5ce mo/ writ]s n[adays say1 ,i 01 he 01 or !y 7 graduat$2 & ask1 ,:5 7 y1 or 0 he1 graduat$8 ,,grammatical ,,errors4 ,! correctness ( ! expression grammatical errors has be5 disput$4 ',h[1' x has be5 ask$1 'c an error be grammatical8' ,h[1 x may be repli$1 c we ) propriety say1 grammatically incorrect8 ,yet we c d s4 ,no "o w "q ! propriety ( say+ grammatically correct4 ,yet ! expression is ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ?+s grammatically ,i,ncorrect4 ,likewise ! phrase grammatical correctness implies ! exi/5ce ( grammatical ,i,ncorrectness4 ,if1 !n1 a s5t5ce is grammatically incorrect1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 has grammatical incorrectness1 x includes a ,,grammatical ,,error4 ,grammatically incorrect signifies ,,incorrect ,,) ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,gramm>4 ,grammatical errors signifies ,,errors ,,) ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,gramm>4 ,!y :o ridicule ! phrase grammatical errors1 & sub/itute ! phrase errors 9 gramm>1 make an egregi\s mi/ake4 ,c !re1 x may be ask$ ) "s %[ ( reason1 be an error 9 gramm>8 ,:y1 gramm> is a sci5ce f\nd$ 9 our nature1 ref]able to our ideas ( "t1 relation1 me?od2 imp]fect1 d\btless1 z to ! sy/em by :i* x is repres5t$2 b surely we c speak ( error 9 t :i* is error's crit]ion6 ,all ?is is hyp]critical1 b hyp]criticism mu/ be met ) its own weapons4 ,( ! two expressions--a grammatical error1 & an error 9 gramm>--! =m] is pref]able4 ,if "o's judgm5t c accept nei!r1 "o mu/ rel9qui% ! belief 9 ! possibility ( t]sely express+ ! idea ( an (f5se aga9/ grammatical rules4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be difficult to express ! idea ev5 by circumlocution4 ,%\ld "s "o say1 ',?is s5t5ce is1 accord+ to ! rules ( gramm>1 incorrect4' ',:at6' ! hyp]critic may exclaim1 'incorrect6 & accord+ to ! rules ( gramm>6' ',?is s5t5ce1 !n1' ! correct$ p]son w\ld reply1 'conta9s an error 9 gramm>4' ',nons5se6' ! hyp]critic may %\t1 'gramm> is a sci5ce2 y may be wrong 9 its int]pretation1 b pr9ciples are immutable6' ,aft] ?is1 x ne$ sc>cely be add$ t1 grammatically1 no "o c make a mi/ake1 t !re c be no grammatical mi/ake1 t !re c be no bad gramm>1 &1 consequ5tly1 no bad ,engli%2 a v pleasant conclusion1 :i* w\ld save u a great am\nt ( tr\ble if x did n lack ! insignificant quality ( be+ true4--,vulg>isms & ,o!r ,errors ( ,spee*4 ,,gratuit\s4 ,!re are ^? :o object to ! use ( ?is ^w 9 ! s5se ( unf\nd$1 unw>rant$1 unreasonable1 untrue4 ,its use 9 ?is s5se1 h[ev]1 has ! sanction ( abundant au?ority4 ,weak & gratuit\s conjectures4--,porson4 ,a gratuit\s assumption4--,godw94 ,! gratuit\s !ory4--,s\!y4 ,a gratuit\s inv5tion4--,de ,qu9cey4 ,b x is ne$less to dwell on ! improbability ( a hypo!sis :i* has be5 %[n to be altoge!r gratuit\s4--,dr4 ,newman4 ,,gr[4 ,?is v]b orig9ally meant to increase 9 size1 b has normally come to be also us$ to express a *ange f "o /ate or condition to ano!r2 z1 to gr[ d>k1 to gr[ weak or /rong1 to gr[ fa9t1 etc4 ,b x is d\btful :e!r :at is l>ge c prop]ly be said to gr[ small4 ,9 ?is s5se1 become w\ld seem to be ! bett] ^w4 ,,gums4 ,see ,,rubb]s4 ,,_h ,,h4 ,no?+ c\ld be m incorrect ?an ! br++ toge!r ( ^! two auxili>y v]bs 9 ?is mann]2 & yet we occasionally f9d x 9 writ]s ( repute4 ,in/ead ( ,_h ,i kn[n x1 ,_h y se5 x1 ,_h we be5 !re1 we he>1 ,_h ,i h kn[n x1 ,_h y h se5 x1 ,_h we h be5 !re4 ,,_h ,,ought4 ,?is is a vulg>ism ( ! wor/ description1 yet we he> p1 :o w\ld be highly indignant if any "o %\ld intimate t !y 7 n ladies & g5tlem51 say1 ,he _h ought to g4 ,a fitt+ reply w\ld be1 ,yes1 ,i ?9k he bett] _h4 ,ought says all t _h ought says4 ,,_h ,,r4 ,?is expression & _h bett] are mu* us$1 b1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 are indef5sible4 ,we he> !m 9 su* s5t5ces z1 ,i _h r n d x1 ,y _h bett] g home4 ,n[1 :at t5se1 x is ask$1 is _h d & _h g8 ,if we transpose ! words ?us1 ,y _h d bett] 7to7 g home1 x becomes at once app>5t1 x is ass]t$1 t ! prop] ^w to use 9 connection ) r & bett] is n _h1 b w\ld2 ?us1 ,i w\ld r n d x1 ,y w\ld bett] g home4 ,examples ( ?is use ( _h c be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( our be/ au?ors4 ,= :at ,pr(essor ,ba9 has to say on ?is subject 9 8 ,composition ,gramm>1 see ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,half4 ,x might h be5 express$ 9 "o half ! space4 ,we see at a glance t "o "h is sup]flu\s4 ,,hang$--,,hung4 ,! irregul> =m1 hung1 ( ! pa/ p>ticiple ( ! v]b to hang is mo/ us$2 b1 :5 ! ^w d5otes susp5sion by ! neck = ! purpose ( de/roy+ life1 ! regul> =m1 hang$1 is always us$ by c>eful writ]s & speak]s4 ,,ha/e4 ,see ,,hurry4 ,,head+4 ,see ,,caption4 ,,heal?y--,,:olesome4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two words is (t5 improp]ly us$ = ! second2 z1 ,onions are a heal?y vegetable4 ,a man1 if he is 9 good heal?1 is heal?y2 ! food he eats1 if x is n delet]i\s1 is :olesome4 ,a heal?y ox makes :olesome food4 ,we speak ( heal?y surr\nd+s1 a heal?y climate1 situation1 employm5t1 & ( :olesome food1 advice1 examples4 ,heal?ful is g5]ally us$ 9 ! s5se ( conducive to heal?1 virtue1 morality2 z1 heal?ful ex]cise1 ! heal?ful _s ( ! community--mean+ t ! _s t prevails 9 ! community is conducive to virtue & good morals4 ,,helpmate4 ,! diction>ies sugge/ t ?is ^w is a corruption ( help & meet1 z we f9d ^! words us$ 9 ,g54 ii1 #ah1 ,i w make him a help meet = him1 & t ! prop] ^w is helpmeet4 ,if1 z is possible1 ! words 9 ,g5esis mean1 ,i w make him a help1 meet suitable = him1 !n nei!r helpmate nor helpmeet has any raison d'tre4 ,,highfalut94 ,?is is a /yle ( writ+ (t5 call$ ! fre%man /yle4 ,x is mu* indulg$ 9 by v "y m51 & by a class ( old] m5 :o in/9ctively try to make up 9 clatt] = :at !y lack 9 matt]4 ,examples ( ?is k9d ( writ+ are abundant 9 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,t4 ,t[ns5d's ,art ( ,spee*1 :i*1 z examples1 are all ! bett] = n be+ ( t exagg]at$ description sometimes met )9 ! newspap]s4 ,vol4 i1 p4 #aca3 ,v (t5 adv]bs1 prepositions1 & relatives drift s f> f _! moor+s z to lose !mselves1 or make atta*m5ts :]e !y d n belong4 ,aga91 p4 #ace3 ,e law ( spee* en=ces ! /atem5t t !re is no excuse = su* inflat$ & defective /yle4 ,su* /yle6 ,to speak ?us is treason 9 ! realms & "u ! laws ( language4 ,aga91 p4 #age3 ,cultivate figure-mak+ habitudes4 ,?is is done by ask+ ! spiritual import ( e physical object se52 also by =m+ ! habit ( con/antly metaphoriz+4 ,knock at ! door ( any?+ met :i* int]e/s1 & ask1 ',:o lives "h8' ,! process is to look1 !n close ! eyes1 !n look )94 ,! blund]+ inanity ( ?is k9d ( writ+ is equal$ only by its bumpti\s gr&iloqu5ce4 ,on p4 #acg ,dr4 ,t[ns5d quotes ?is :olesome admonition f ,col]idge3 ,if m5 w\ld only say :at !y h to say 9 pla9 t]ms1 h[ mu* m eloqu5t !y w\ld be6 ,z an example ( reportorial highfalut91 ,i submit ! foll[+3 ,! _s ( dep>t$ day _h jo9$ communion ) ! myriad gho/s ( c5turies1 & f\r full h\rs fl$ into et]nity be=e ! citiz5s ( _m p>ts ( ! t[n f\nd out !re 0 a fre%et "h at all4 ,,h9ts4 ,nev] write ab\t any matt] t y d n well und]/&4 ,if y cle>ly und]/& all ab\t y\r matt]1 y w nev] want ?\ghts1 & ?\ghts in/antly become words4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ( all faults 9 writ+ & 9 speak+ is ?is3 ! us+ ( _m words to say little4 ,9 ord] to gu>d y\rself aga9/ ?is fault1 inquire :at is ! sub/ance1 or am\nt1 ( :at y h said4 ,take a long spee* ( "s talk+ ,"l & put d[n ^u pap] :at ! am\nt ( x is4 ,y w mo/ likely f9d t ! am\nt is v small2 b at any rate1 :5 y get x1 y w !n be able to exam9e x & to tell :at x is wor?4 ,a v few exam9ations ( ! sort w s fright5 y t y w be = ev] aft] ^u y\r gu>d aga9/ talk+ a great deal & say+ little4--,cobbett4 ,be simple1 be unaffect$1 be hone/ 9 y\r speak+ & writ+4 ,nev] use a long ^w :]e a %ort "o w d4 ,call a spade a spade1 n a well-kn[n oblong in/rum5t ( manual husb&ry2 let home be home1 n a resid5ce2 a place a place1 n a locality2 & s ( ! re/4 ,:]e a %ort ^w w d1 y always lose by us+ a long "o4 ,y lose 9 cle>ness2 y lose 9 hone/ expression ( y\r mean+2 &1 9 ! e/imation ( all m5 :o are qualifi$ to judge1 y lose 9 reputation = ability4 ,! only true way to %9e1 ev5 9 ?is false _w1 is to be mode/ & unassum+4 ,falsehood may be a v ?ick cru/1 b1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 tru? w f9d a place to break ?r\gh4 ,elegance ( language may n be 9 ! p[] ( all ( u2 b simplicity & /raight=w>dness are4 ,write mu* z y w\ld speak2 speak z y ?9k4 ,if ) y\r inf]iors1 speak no co>s] ?an usual2 if ) y\r sup]iors1 no f9]4 ,be :at y say2 &1 )9 ! rules ( prud5ce1 say :at y are4--,dean ,al=d4 ,g critically ov] :at y h writt51 & /rike out e ^w1 phrase1 & clause :i* x is f\nd w leave ! s5t5ce nei!r less cle> nor less =cible ?an x is )\t !m4--,sw9ton4 ,) all wat*fulness1 x is a/oni%+ :at slips are made1 ev5 by good writ]s1 9 ! employm5t ( an inappropriate ^w4 ,9 ,gibbon's ',rise & ,fall1' ! foll[+ in/ance occurs3 ',( n9ete5 tyrants :o />t$ up aft] ! reign ( ,galli5us1 !re 0 n "o :o enjoy$ a life ( peace or a natural dea?4' ,alison1 9 8 ',hi/ory ( ,europe1' writes3 ',two great s9s--"o ( omission & "o ( commission--h be5 committ$ by ! /ates ( ,europe 9 mod]n times4' ,& n long s9ce a wor?y ,scot* m9i/]1 at ! close ( ! s]vices1 intimat$ 8 int5tion ( visit+ "s ( 8 p z foll[s3 ',i int5d1 dur+ ?is week1 to visit 9 ,mr4 ,m----'s di/rict1 & w on ?is occasion take ! opportunity ( embrac+ all ! s]vants 9 ! di/rict4' ,:5 wor?ies su* z ^! (f5d1 :o %all call ! bellman 9 "q z he cries1 ',lo/1 a silv]-h&l$ silk lady's p>asol'8 ,! prop] arrangem5t ( words into s5t5ces & p>agraphs gives cle>ness & /r5g?4 ,to atta9 a cle> & pi?y /yle1 x may be necess>y to cut d[n1 to re>range1 & to rewrite :ole passages ( an essay4 ,gibbon wrote 8 ',memoirs' six times1 & ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 ',hi/ory' ?ree times4 ,beg9n]s are always sl[ to prune or ca/ away any ?\ght or expression :i* may h co/ labor4 ,!y =get t brevity is no sign ( ?\ghtlessness4 ,mu* consid]ation is ne$$ to compress ! details ( any subject into small compass4 ,ess5ces are m difficult to prep>e1 & !re=e m valuable1 ?an weak solutions4 ,pl9y wrote to "o ( 8 fri5ds1 ',i h n "t to write y a %ort lett]1 !re=e ,i h writt5 y a long "o4' ,app>5t elaborat5ess is always di/a/eful & weak4 ,vividness & /r5g? are ! product ( an easy comm& ( ^? small tr5*ant ,saxon monosyllables :i* ab\nd 9 ! ,engli% language4--,leisure ,h\r4 ,z a rule1 ! /ud5t w d well to bani% = ! pres5t all ?\ght ( ornam5t or elegance1 & to aim only at express+ himself pla9ly & cle>ly4 ,! be/ ornam5t is always t :i* comes uns\ght4 ,let him n beat ab\t ! bu%1 b g /raight to ! po9t4 ,let him rememb] t :at is writt5 is meant to be read2 t "t is %ort2 & t--o!r ?+s be+ equal--! few] words ! bett]4444 ,repetition is a f> less s]i\s fault ?an obscurity4 ,"y writ]s are (t5 unduly afraid ( repeat+ ! same ^w1 & require to be rem9d$ t x is always bett] to use ! "r ^w ov] aga9 ?an to replace x by a wrong "o--& a ^w :i* is liable to be misund]/ood is a wrong "o4 ,a frank repetition ( a ^w has ev5 sometimes a k9d ( *>m--z be>+ ! /amp ( tru?1 ! f\ndation ( all excell5ce ( /yle4--,hall4 ,a "y writ] is afraid to be simple2 he has no fai? 9 beauty unadorn$1 h5ce he cr[ds 8 s5t5ces ) sup]latives4 ,9 8 e/imation1 turgidity passes = eloqu5ce1 & simplicity is b ano!r "n = t :i* is weak & unmean+4--,george ,wa%+ton ,moon4 ,,honorable4 ,see ,,rev]5d4 ,,h[4 ,i h he>d h[ 9 ,italy "o is beset on all sides by begg>s3 read1 he>d t4 ,i h he>d h[ "s critics h be5 pacifi$ ) cl>et & a supp]1 & o!rs laid asleep ) s(t notes ( flatt]y4--,dr4 ,johnson4 ,! h[ 9 ?is s5t5ce also %\ld be t4 ,h[ means ! mann] 9 :i*4 ,we may1 !re=e1 say1 ,i h he>d h[ he w5t ab\t x to circumv5t y4 ,& x is good judgm5t alone c dictate h[ f> to proce$ 9 x & :5 to /op4 ,cobbett comm5ts on ?is s5t5ce 9 ?is wise3 ,dr4 ,watts is speak+ "h ( writ+4 ,9 su* a case1 an adv]b1 l h[ f>1 expressive ( longitud9al space1 introduces a rhetorical figure2 = ! pla9 mean+ is1 t judgm5t w dictate h[ mu* to write on x & n h[ f> to proce$ 9 x4 ,! figure1 h[ev]1 is v prop] & mu* bett] ?an ! lit]al words4 ,b :5 a figure is begun x %\ld be c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t1 :i* is n ! case "h2 = ! ,doctor beg9s ) a figure ( longitud9al space & ends ) a figure ( "t4 ,x %\ld h be51 :]e to /op4 ,or1 h[ long to proce$ 9 x & :5 to /op4 ,to tell a man h[ f> he is to g into ! ,we/]n c\ntries ( ,am]ica1 & :5 he is to /op1 is a v diff]5t ?+ f tell+ him h[ f> he is to g & :]e he is to /op4 ,i h dwelt ?us on ?is di/9ction = ! purpose ( putt+ y on ! wat* & gu>d+ y aga9/ conf\nd+ figures4 ,! less y use !m ! bett]1 till y und]/& m ab\t !m4 ,,humanit>ianism4 ,?is ^w1 9 its orig9al1 !ological s5se1 means ! doctr9e t d5ies ! godhead ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & av]s t he 0 possess$ ( a human nature only2 a humanit>ian1 !re=e1 9 ! !ological s5se1 is "o :o believes ?is doctr9e4 ,! ^w & its d]ivatives are1 h[ev]1 n[adays1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,engl&1 mo/ us$ 9 a humane1 philan?ropic s5se2 ?us1 ,! audi5ce en?usia/ically endors$ ! humanit>ianism ( 8 eloqu5t disc\rse4--,hatton4 ,,hung4 ,see ,,hang$4 ,,hurry4 ,?\gh widely diff]5t 9 mean+1 bo? ! v]b & ! n\n hurry are cont9ually us$ = ha/e & ha/54 ,hurry implies n only ha/e1 b ha/e ) confusion1 flurry2 :ile ha/e implies only rapidity ( action1 an eag] desire to make progress1 &1 unlike hurry1 is n incompatible ) delib]ation & dignity4 ,x is (t5 wise to ha/5 9 ! affairs ( life2 b1 z x is nev] wise to proce$ )\t =e?\ght & me?od1 x is nev] wise to hurry4 ,s5sible p1 !n1 may be (t5 9 ha/e1 b are nev] 9 a hurry2 & we tell o!rs to make ha/e1 & n to hurry up4 ,,hyp]bole4 ,! magnify+ ( ?+s beyond _! natural limits is call$ hyp]bole4 ,language t signifies1 lit]ally1 m ?an ! exact tru?1 m ?an is really int5d$ to be repres5t$1 by :i* a ?+ is repres5t$ great] or less1 bett] or worse ?an x really is1 is said to be hyp]bolical4 ,hyp]bole is exagg]ation4 ,our common =ms ( complim5t are almo/ all ( !m extravagant hyp]boles4--,blair4 ,"s examples are ! foll[+3 ,riv]s ( blood & hills ( sla94 ,!y 7 swift] ?an eagles2 !y 7 /rong] ?an lions4 ,! sky %runk upw>d ) unusual dread1 ,& trembl+ ,tib] div'd b5ea? 8 b$4 ,s fr[n$ ! mighty combatants1 t hell ,grew d>k] at _! fr[n4 ,i saw _! *ief tall z a rock ( ice2 8 spe> ! bla/$ fir2 8 %ield ! ris+ moon2 he sat on ! %ore l a cl\d ( mi/ on a hill4 ,,ice-,,cream--,,ice-,,wat]4 ,z = ice-cream1 !re is no su* ?+1 z ice-cream w\ld be ! product ( froz5 cream1 i4 e41 cream made f ice by melt+4 ,:at is call$ ice-cream is cream ic$2 h5ce1 prop]ly1 ic$ cream & n ice-cream4 ,! product ( melt$ ice is ice-wat]1 :e!r x be cold or w>m2 b wat] made cold ) ice is ic$ wat]1 & n ice-wat]4 ,,if4 ,i d\bt if ?is w ev] rea* y3 say1 ,i d\bt :e!r ?is w ev] rea* y4 ,,ill4 ,see ,,sick4 ,,illy4 ,x w a/oni% n a few to le>n t !re is no su* ^w z illy4 ,! =m ( ! adv]b1 z well z ( ! adjective & ! n\n1 is ill4 ,a ?+ is ill =m$1 or ill done1 or ill made1 or ill con/ruct$1 or ill put toge!r4 ,ill f>es ! l&1 to ha/5+ ills a prey1 ,:]e weal? accumulates & m5 decay4--,goldsmi?4 ,,immode/4 ,?is adjective & its synonyms1 indec5t & indelicate1 are (t5 us$ )\t prop] discrim9ation be+ made 9 _! respective mean+s4 ,indec5cy & immode/y are oppos$ to morality3 ! =m] 9 ext]nals1 z dress1 words1 & looks2 ! latt] 9 conduct & disposition4 ,indec5cy1 says ,crabb1 may be a p>tial1 immode/y is a positive & entire brea* ( ! moral law4 ,indec5cy is less ?an immode/y1 b m ?an indelicacy4 ,x is indec5t = a man to m>ry aga9 v soon aft] ! dea? ( 8 wife4 ,x is indelicate = any "o to obtrude himself ^u ano!r's retirem5t4 ,x is indec5t = wom5 to expose _! p]sons z d "s :om we c n call immode/4 ,immode/ words admit ( no def5se1 ,= want ( dec5cy is want ( s5se4 --,e>l ( ,roscommon4 ,,impropriety4 ,z a rhetorical t]m1 def9$ z an error 9 us+ words 9 a s5se diff]5t f _! recogniz$ signification4 ,,impute4 ,non-pa9/ak+ writ]s n unfrequ5tly use impute in/ead ( ascribe4 ,! numb]s ( blund]s t h be5 imput$ to him are endless4--,appletons' ,j\rnal4 ,! use ( impute 9 ?is connection is by no means indef5sible2 /ill x w\ld h be5 bett] to use ascribe4 ,,9 ,,our ,,mid/4 ,! phrases 9 our mid/ & 9 _! mid/ are g5]ally suppos$ to be ( rec5t introduction2 &1 ?\gh !y h be5 us$ by "s respectable writ]s1 !y nev]!less f9d no favor ) ^? :o /udy propriety 9 ! use ( language4 ,to ! phrase 9 ! mid/ no "o objects4 ,jesus came & /ood 9 ! mid/4 ,!re 0 a hut 9 ! mid/ ( ! =e/4 ,,9 ,,respect ,,(4 ,! delib]ate introduction ( incorrect =ms1 :e!r by ! co9age ( new or ! revival ( obsolete & inexpressive syntactical comb9ations1 ought to be resi/$ ev5 9 trifles1 especially :]e x leads to ! confusion ( di/9ct ideas4 ,an example ( ?is is ! rec5t use ( ! adv]bial phrases 9 respect (1 9 reg>d (1 = 9 or ) respect to1 or reg>d to4 ,?is innovation is )\t any syntactical gr\nd1 & ought to be condemn$ & avoid$ z a m]e grammatical crot*et4--,george ,p4 ,m>%1 ,lectures on ! ,engli% ,language1 p4 #ffj4 ,,9 ,,s ,,f> ,,z4 ,a phrase (t5 met )1 & 9 :i* ! 9 is sup]flu\s4 ,a want ( prop] opportunity w\ld suffice1 9 s f> z ! want c\ld be %[n4 ,we are to act up to ! ext5t ( our k2 b1 9 s f> z our k falls %ort1 etc4 ,,inaugurate4 ,?is ^w1 :i* means to in/all 9 (fice ) c]ta9 c]emonies1 is made1 by _m lov]s ( big words1 to d s]vice = beg92 b ! soon] ^! rhetorical high-fli]s /op inaugurat+ & cont5t !mselves ) simply beg9n+ ! ?+s !y are call$ ^u to d 9 ! ord9>y r\t9e ( daily life1 ! soon] !y w cease to set a v bad example4 ,,indec5t4 ,see ,,immode/4 ,,index ,,expurgatorius4 ,william ,cull5 ,bryant1 :o 0 a c>eful /ud5t ( ,engli%1 :ile he 0 editor ( ! ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/1 s\ght to prev5t ! writ]s = t pap] f us+ ov] & above 7= 'm ?an'72 arti/e 7= 'arti/'72 aspirant2 au?oress2 beat 7= 'defeat'72 bagg+ 7= 'captur+'72 balance 7= 'rema9d]'72 banquet 7= 'd9n]' or 'supp]'72 bogus2 casket 7= 'c(f9'72 claim$ 7= 'ass]t$'72 collid$2 comm5ce 7= 'beg9'72 compete2 cortge 7= 'procession'72 cotempor>y 7= 'contempor>y'72 c\ple 7= 'two'72 d>ky 7= 'negro'72 day be=e ye/]day 7= '! day be=e ye/]day'72 db2 decrease 7z a v]b72 democracy 7appli$ to a political p>ty72 develop 7= 'expose'72 dev\r+ elem5t 7= 'fire'72 donate2 employ2 enact$ 7= 'act$'72 indorse 7= 'approve'72 en r\te2 esq42 graduate 7= 'is graduat$'72 g5ts 7= 'g5tlem5'72 ',hon4'2 ,h\se 7= ',h\se ( ,repres5tatives'72 humbug2 inaugurate 7= 'beg9'72 9 our mid/2 item 7= 'p>ticle1 extract1 or p>agraph'72 is be+ done1 & all passives ( ?is =m2 jeop>dize2 jubilant 7= 'rejoic+'72 juv5ile 7= 'boy'72 lady 7= 'wife'72 la/ 7= 'late/'72 l5g?y 7= 'long'72 l5i5cy 7= 'l5ity'72 loaf]2 loan or loan$ 7= 'l5d' or 'l5t'72 locat$2 majority 7relat+ to places or circum/ances1 = 'mo/'72 ,mrs4 ,presid5t1 ,mrs4 ,gov]nor1 ,mrs4 ,g5]al1 & all simil> titles2 mutual 7= 'common'72 (ficial 7= '(fic]'72 ovation2 on ye/]day2 ov] 8 signature2 pants 7= 'pantaloons'72 p>ties 7= 'p]sons'72 p>tially 7= 'p>tly'72 pa/ two weeks 7= 'la/ two weeks1' & all simil> expressions relat+ to a def9ite "t72 poetess2 portion 7= '"p'72 po/$ 7= 'in=m$'72 progress 7= 'advance'72 reliable 7= 'tru/wor?y'72 r5dition 7= 'p]=mance'72 repudiate 7= 'reject' or 'dis[n'72 retire 7z an active v]b72 ,rev4 7= '! ,rev4'72 rle 7= '"p'72 r\ghs2 r[dies2 sece%2 s5sation 7= 'notewor?y ev5t'72 /&po9t 7= 'po9t ( view'72 />t1 9 ! s5se ( sett+ out2 /ate 7= 'say'72 taboo2 tal5t 7= 'tal5ts' or 'ability'72 tal5t$2 tapis2 ! deceas$2 w> 7= 'dispute' or 'disagreem5t'74 ,?is index is (f]$ "h z a curiosity r ?an z a guide1 ?\gh 9 ! ma9 x might safely be us$ z su*4 ,no valid reason1 h[ev]1 c be urg$ = disc\rag+ ! use ( sev]al words 9 ! li/2 ! words aspirant1 banquet1 casket1 compete1 decrease1 progress1 />t1 tal5t$1 & deceas$1 = example4 ,,indicative ,,& ,,subjunctive4 ',i see ! signal1' is unconditional2 'if ,i see ! signal1' is ! same fact express$ 9 ! =m ( a condition4 ,! "o =m is said to be 9 ! indicative mood1 ! mood t simply /ates or indicates ! action2 ! o!r =m is 9 ! subjunctive1 conditional1 or conjunctive mood4 ,!re is sometimes a slight v>iation made 9 ,engli%1 to %[ t an affirmation is made z a condition4 ,! mood is call$ 'subjunctive1' because ! affirmation is subjo9$ to ano!r affirmation3 ',if ,i see ! signal1 ,i w call out4' ,su* =ms z ',i may see1' ',i c see1' h sometimes be5 consid]$ z a v>iety ( mood1 to :i* ! "n ',pot5tial' is giv54 ,b ?is c n prop]ly be ma9ta9$4 ,!re is no trace ( any inflection correspond+ to ?is mean+1 z we f9d ) ! subjunctive4 ,moreov]1 su* a mood w\ld h itself to be subdivid$ into indicative & subjunctive =ms3 ',i may g1' 'if ,i may g4' ,& fur!r1 we might proce$ to con/itute o!r moods on ! same analogy1 z1 = example1 an obligatory mood--',i mu/ g1' or ',i ought to g'2 a mood ( resolution--',i w g1 y %all g'2 a mood ( gratification--',i am delight$ to g'2 ( deprecation--',i am griev$ to g4' ,! only diff]5ce 9 ! two la/ in/ances is ! use ( ! sign ( ! inf9itive 'to1' :i* does n occur aft] 'may1' 'c1' 'mu/1' 'ought1' etc42 b t is n an ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,"s gramm>ians consid] ! =m ',i d g' a sep>ate mood1 & t]m x ! emphatic mood4 ,b all ! above objections apply to x likewise1 z well z _m o!rs4--,ba94 ,see ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,individual4 ,?is ^w is (t5 mo/ improp]ly us$ = p]son2 z1 ,! individual ,i saw 0 n ov] =ty2 ,!re 7 sev]al individuals on bo>d t ,i _h nev] se5 be=e4 ,individual means1 etymologically1 t :i* c n be divid$1 & is us$1 9 speak+ ( ?+s z well z ( p]sons1 to express unity4 ,x is oppos$ to ! :ole1 or t :i* is divisible into p>ts4 ,,indorse4 ,c>eful writ]s g5]ally disc\nt5ance ! use ( indorse 9 ! s5se ( sanction1 approve1 applaud4 ,9 ?is signification x is on ! li/ ( prohibit$ words 9 "s ( our newspap] (fices4 ,! foll[+ rules are indors$ by ne>ly all writ]s ^u ?is subject4--,dr4 ,t[ns5d4 ,x is pla9 t ! "r ^w to use "h is approv$4 ,! public w he>tily indorse ! s5tim5ts utt]$ by ! c\rt4--,new ,york ,ev5+ ,telegram4 ,! public w he>tily approve ! s5tim5ts express$ by ! c\rt1 is :at ! s5t5ce %\ld be4 ,,inf9itive ,,mood4 ,:5 we c *oose1 x is g5]ally bett] to use ! v]b 9 ! inf9itive ?an 9 ! p>ticipial =m4 ,ability be+ 9 g5]al ! p[] ( do+1 etc4 ,say1 to d4 ,i desire to reply 444 to ! proposal ( sub/itut+ a tax ^u l& values 444 & mak+ ?is tax1 z ne> ne>ly z may be1 equal to r5t1 etc4 ,say1 to sub/itute & to make4 ,?is quality is ( prime importance :5 ! *ief object is ! imp>t+ ( k4 ,say1 to imp>t4 ,,initiate4 ,?is is a pret5ti\s ^w1 :i*1 ) its d]ivatives1 _m p]sons--especially ^? :o l to be gr&iloqu5t--use1 :5 homely ,engli% w\ld s]ve _! turn mu* bett]4 ,,innum]able ,,numb]4 ,a repetitional expression to be avoid$4 ,we may say innum]able times1 or numb]less times1 b we %\ld n say an innum]able numb] ( times4 ,,int]rogation4 ,! rhetorical figure t asks a "q 9 ord] to emphasize ! rev]se ( :at is ask$ is call$ int]rogation2 z1 ,d we mean to submit to ?is measure8 ,d we mean to submit1 & cons5t t we ourselves1 our c\ntry & its rights1 %all be trampl$ on8 ,do? ,god p]v]t judgm5t8 or do? ! ,almighty p]v]t ju/ice8 ,,introduce4 ,see ,,pres5t4 ,,irony4 ,t mode ( spee* 9 :i* :at is meant is contr>y to ! lit]al mean+ ( ! words--9 :i* praise is be/[$ :5 c5sure is int5d$--is call$ irony4 ,irony is a k9d ( delicate s>casm or satire--raill]y1 mock]y4 ,9 writ+s ( humor1 figures are sometimes us$ ( s delicate a nature t x %all (t5 happ5 t "s p w see ?+s 9 a direct contr>y s5se to :at ! au?or & ! majority ( ! read]s und]/& !m3 to su* ! mo/ innoc5t irony may appe> irreligion4--,cambridge4 ,,irritate4 ,see ,,aggravate4 ,,is ,,be+ ,,built4 ,a tol]able idea ( ! /ate ( ! discussion reg>d+ ! propriety ( us+ ! locution is be+ built1 & all l expressions1 w1 x is hop$1 be obta9$ f ! foll[+ extracts4 ,! ,rev4 ,pet] ,bullions1 9 8 ,gramm> ( ! ,engli% ,language1 says3 ,!re is prop]ly no passive =m1 9 ,engli%1 correspond+ to ! progressive =m 9 ! active voice1 except :]e x is made by ! p>ticiple +1 9 a passive s5se2 ?us1 ',! h\se is build+'2 ',! g>m5ts are mak+'2 ',:eat is sell+1' etc4 ,an attempt has be5 made by "s gramm>ians1 ( late1 to bani% su* expressions f ! language1 ?\gh !y h be5 us$ 9 all "t pa/ by ! be/ writ]s1 & to ju/ify & def5d a clumsy solecism1 :i* has be5 rec5tly introduc$ *iefly ?r\gh ! newspap] press1 b :i* has ga9$ su* curr5cy1 & is becom+ s famili> to ! e>1 t x seems likely to prevail1 ) all its unc\?ness & de=mity4 ,i ref] to su* expressions z ',! h\se is be+ built'2 ',! lett] is be+ writt5'2 ',! m9e is be+ work$'2 ',! news is be+ telegraph$1' etc41 etc4 ,?is mode ( expression _h no exi/5ce 9 ! language till )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s4#g ,?is1 inde$1 w\ld n make ! expression wrong1 7 x o!rwise unexceptionable2 b its rec5t orig9 %[s t x is n1 z is pret5d$1 a necess>y =m4 ,?is =m ( expression1 :5 analyz$1 is f\nd n to express :at x is int5d$ to express1 & w\ld be us$ only by su* z are ei!r ignorant ( its import or are c>eless & loose 9 _! use ( language4 ,to make ?is manife/1 let x be consid]$1 fir/1 t !re is no progressive =m ( ! v]b to be1 & no ne$ ( x2 h5ce1 !re is no su* expression 9 ,engli% z is be+4 ,( c\rse ! expression 'is be+ built1' = example1 is n a comp\nd ( is be+ & built1 b ( is & be+ built2 t is1 ( ! v]b to be & ! pres5t p>ticiple passive4 ,n[1 let x be obs]v$ t ! only v]bs 9 :i* ! pres5t p>ticiple passive expresses a cont9u$ action are ^? m5tion$ above z ! fir/ class1 9 :i* ! regul> passive =m expresses a cont9uance ( ! action2 z1 is lov$1 is desir$1 etc41 & 9 :i*1 ( c\rse1 ! =m 9 "q 7is be+ built7 is n requir$4 ,nobody w\ld ?9k ( say+1 ',he is be+ lov$'2 ',?is result is be+ desir$4' ,! use ( ?is =m is ju/ifi$ only by condemn+ an e/abli%$ usage ( ! language2 namely1 ! passive s5se 9 "s v]bs ( ! p>ticiple 9 +4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is x is flippantly ask$1 ',:at does ! h\se build8' ',:at does ! lett] write8' etc4--tak+ = grant$1 )\t attempt+ to prove1 t ! p>ticiple 9 + c n h a passive s5se 9 any v]b4 ,! foll[+ are a few examples f writ]s ( ! be/ reputation1 :i* ?is novelty w\ld condemn3 ',:ile ! c]emony 0 p]=m+4'--,tom4 ,br[n4 ',! c\rt 0 !n hold+4'--,sir ,g4 ,mc,kenzie4 ',& /ill be do+1 nev] done4'--,butl]4 ',! books are sell+4'--,all5's ',gramm>4' ',to "k no?+ ( :at is transact+ 9 ! regions above u4'--,dr4 ,blair4 ',! spot :]e ?is new & /range trag$y 0 act+4'--,e4 ,ev]ett4 ',! =tress 0 build+4'--,irv+4 ',an attempt is mak+ 9 ! ,engli% p>liam5t4'--,d4 ,web/]4 ',! *ur* n[ erect+ 9 ! city ( ,new ,york4'--',n4 ,a4 ,review4' ',^! ?+s 7 transact+ 9 ,engl&4'--,bancr(t4 ,?is new doctr9e is 9 opposition to ! almo/ unanim\s judgm5t ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ gramm>ians & critics1 :o h consid]$ ! subject1 & express$ _! views conc]n+ x4 ,! foll[+ are a specim53 ',expressions ( ?is k9d are condemn$ by "s critics2 b ! usage is unque/ionably ( f> bett] au?ority1 & 7accord+ to my appreh5sion7 9 f> bett] ta/e1 ?an ! m complex phraseology :i* "s late writ]s adopt 9 its /ead2 z1 ,! books are n[ be+ sold4'--,goold ,br[n4 ',z to ! notion ( introduc+ a new & m complex passive =m ( conjugation1 z1 ,! bridge is be+ built1 ,! bridge 0 be+ built1 & s =?1 x is "o ( ! mo/ absurd & mon/r\s innovations ev] ?\ght (4 ,! "w is n[ be+ publi%$1 is c]ta9ly no bett] ,engli% ?an1 ,! "w 0 be+ publi%$1 has be5 be+ publi%$1 _h be5 be+ publi%$1 %all or w be be+ publi%$1 %all or w h be5 be+ publi%$1 & s on ?r\gh all ! moods & t5ses4 ,:at a language %all we h :5 our v]bs are ?us conjugat$6'--,br[n's ',gr4 ( ,eng4 ,gr41' p4 #cfa4 ,de ,w> obs]ves3 ',! p>ticiple 9 + is also passive 9 _m in/ances2 z1 ,! h\se is build+1 ,i he>d ( a plan =m+1' etc4--,quot$ 9 ',frazee's ,gramm>1' p4 #di4 ',x w\ld be an absurdity1 inde$1 to give up ! only way we h ( d5ot+ ! incomplete /ate ( action by a passive =m 7viz41 by ! p>ticiple 9 + 9 ! passive s5se74'--,arnold's ',engli% ,gramm>1' p4 #df4 ',! pres5t p>ticiple is (t5 us$ passively2 z1 ,! %ip is build+4 ,! =m ( expression1 is be+ built1 is be+ committ$1 etc41 is almo/ univ]sally condemn$ by gramm>ians1 b x is sometimes met ) 9 respectable writ]s2 x occurs mo/ frequ5tly 9 newspap] p>agraphs & 9 ha/y compositions4 ,see ,worce/]'s ,univ]sal & ,critical ,diction>y4'--,weld's ',gramm>1' pp4 #aah & #ahj4 ',:5 we say1 ,! h\se is build+1 ! advocates ( ! new !ory ask1 ,build+ :at8 ,we might ask1 9 turn1 :5 y say1 ,! field pl\ghs well1--,pl\ghs :at8 ,:eat sells well1--,sells :at8 ,if usage all[s u to say1 ,:eat sells at a doll>1 9 a s5se t is n active1 :y may we n say1 ,:eat is sell+ at a doll>1 9 a s5se t is n active8'--,h>t's ',gramm>1' p4 #gf4 ',! prevail+ practice ( ! be/ au?ors is 9 favor ( ! simple =m2 z1 ,! h\se is build+4'--,wells' ',s*ool ,gramm>1' p4 #adh4 ',sev]al o!r expressions ( ?is sort n[ & !n occur1 su* z ! newfangl$ & mo/ unc\? solecism is be+ done1 = ! good old ,engli% idiom is do+--an absurd p]iphrasis driv+ out a po9t$ & pi?y turn ( ! ,engli% language4'--',n4 ,a4 ,review1' quot$ by ,mr4 ,wells1 p4 #adh4 ',! phrase1 is be+ built1 & o!rs ( a simil> k9d1 h be5 = a few ye>s ins9uat+ !mselves into our language2 /ill !y are n ,engli%4'--,h>rison's ',rise1 ,progress1 & ,pres5t ,/ructure ( ! ,engli% ,language4' ',?is mode ( expression ! h\se is be+ built is becom+ q common4 ,x is liable1 h[ev]1 to sev]al important objections4 ,x appe>s =mal & p$antic4 ,x has n1 z f> z ,i "k1 ! support ( any respectable gramm>ian4 ,! easy & natural expression is1 ,! h\se is build+4'--,pr(4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gibbs4 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,grant ,:ite1 9 8 ,words & ,_! ,uses1 expresses 8 op9ion ( ! locution is be+ 9 ?is wise3 ,9 bad em95ce1 at ! head ( ^? intrud]s 9 language :i* to _m p]sons seem to be ( e/abli%$ respectability1 b ! "r ( :i* to be at all is n fully admitt$1 /&s out ! =m ( spee* is be+ done1 or r1 is be+1 :i*1 ab\t sev5ty or eighty ye>s ago1 began to affront ! eye1 torm5t ! e>1 & assault ! common s5se ( ! speak] ( pla9 & idiomatic ,engli%4 ,mr4 ,:ite devotes ?irty pages ( 8 book to ! discussion ( ! subject1 & adduces evid5ce t is m ?an suffici5t to conv9ce ^? :o are cont5t ) an ex p>te exam9ation t x c h>dly be t su* an incongru\s & ridicul\s =m ( spee* z is be+ done 0 contriv$ by a man :o1 by any /ret* ( ! "n1 %\ld be includ$ among gramm>ians4 ,mr4 ,george ,p4 ,m>%1 9 8 ,lectures on ! ,engli% ,language1 says t ! devis] ( ! locution 9 "q 0 "s grammatical pret5d]1 & t x is an awkw>d neologism1 :i* nei!r conv5i5ce1 intelligibility1 nor syntactical congruity dem&s4 ,to ^! g5tlem51 & to ^? :o are ( _! way ( ?9k+ ) reg>d to is be+1 ,dr4 ,fitz$w>d ,hall replies at "s l5g?1 9 an article publi%$ 9 ,scribn]'s ,mon?ly = ,april1 #ahgb4 ,dr4 ,hall writes3 ',all really well educat$ 9 ! ,engli% tongue lam5t ! _m innovations introduc$ into our language f ,am]ica2 & ,i d\bt if m ?an "o ( ^! novelties des]ve acceptation4 ,t "o is1 sub/itut+ a comp\nd p>ticiple = an active v]b us$ 9 a neut] signification3 = in/ance1 ,! h\se is be+ built1 in/ead (1 ,! h\se is build+4' ,su* is ! ass]tion & su* is ! op9ion ( "s anonym\s lum9>y1#h :o1 = 8 lib]ality 9 welcom+ a suppos$ ,am]icanism1 is some:at 9 advance ( ! h]d ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,almo/ any popul> expression :i* is consid]$ z a novelty1 a ,briton is pretty c]ta9 to assume1 (f-h&1 to h orig9at$ on our side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,( ! ass]tion ,i h quot$1 no pro( is (f]$2 & !re is little probability t its au?or _h any to (f]4 ',are be+1' 9 ! phrase 'are be+ ?r[n up1'#i is spok5 ( 9 ',! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review'#aj z 'an outrage ^u ,engli% idiom1 to be dete/$1 abhorr$1 execrat$1 & giv5 ov] to six ?\s& p5ny-pap] editors'2 & ! fact is1 t phrases ( ! =m "h po9t$ at h hi!rto enjoy$ v mu* less favor ) u ?an ) ! ,engli%4 ,z lately z #ahfj1 ,dr4 ,worce/]1 ref]r+ to is be+ built1 etc41 :ile ackn[l$g+ t '?is new =m has be5 us$ by "s respectable writ]s1' speaks ( x z hav+ 'be5 introduc$' ')9 a few ye>s4' ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,grant ,:ite1 by a mo/ peculi> process ( ratioc9ation1 endeavors to prove t :at ,dr4 ,worce/] calls '?is new =m' came into exi/5ce j fifty-six ye>s ago4 ,he premises t 9 ,j>vis's translation ( ',don ,quixote1' publi%$ 9 #agdb1 !re occurs '7 c>ry+1' & t ?is1 9 ! edition ( #ahah1 is sophi/icat$ into '7 be+ c>ri$4' ',?is *ange1' cont9ues our logician1 '& ! appe>ance ( is be+ ) a p]fect p>ticiple 9 a v few books publi%$ betwe5 ,a4 ,d4 #ahae & #ahbj1 indicate ! =m] p]iod z t ( ! orig9 ( ?is phraseology1 :i*1 al?\gh m ?an half a c5tury old1 is /ill pron\nc$ a novelty z well z a nuisance4' ,:o1 9 ! next place1 devis$ our mod]n imp]fects passive8 ,! "q is n1 orig9ally1 ( my ask+2 b1 z ! le>n$ are at op5 feud on ! subject1 x %\ld n be pass$ by 9 sil5ce4 ,its devis] is1 m ?an likely1 z undiscov]able z ! "n ( ! valiant ant$iluvian :o fir/ ta/$ an oy/]4 ,b ! d$uctive "* ( ! miscreant is ano!r ?+2 & h]eon !re is a w> betwe5 ! philosoph]s4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,p4 ,m>%1 z if he _h actually spott$ ! wret*$ creature1 passionately & categorically d5\nces him z '"s grammatical pret5d]4' ',b1' replies ,mr4 ,:ite1 't x is ! "w ( any gramm>ian is m ?an d\btful4 ,gramm>ians1 ) all _! faults1 d n de=m language ) fanta/ic solecisms1 or ev5 seek to enri* x ) new & />tl+ v]bal comb9ations4 ,!y r resi/ novelty1 & devote !mselves to =mulat+ t :i* use has already e/abli%$4' ,9 ! same page ) ?is1 ,mr4 ,:ite complim5ts ! great unkn[n z '"s precise & feeble-m9d$ s\l1' & else:]e calls him '"s p$antic writ] ( ! la/ g5]ation4' ,to add ev5 "o ^w t[>d a solution ( ! knotty po9t "h indicat$ transc5ds1 ,i confess1 my utmo/ compet5ce4 ,x is pa9ful to picture to "o's self ! agoniz+ emotions ) :i* c]ta9 philologi/s w\ld contemplate an au!ntic effigy ( ! ,attila ( spee* :o1 by 8 is be+ built or is be+ done1 fir/ (f]$ viol5ce to ! :ole circle ( ! proprieties4 ,s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 ! fir/ gramm> t exhibits !m is t ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,skill]n1 ,m4 ,a41 ! fir/ edition ( :i* 0 publi%$ at ,gl\ce/] 9 #ahjb4 ,rob]t ,s\!y _h n1 on ! #i? ( ,octob]1 #agie1 be5 out ( 8 m9ority q two mon?s :51 evid5tly deliv]+ himself 9 a way t _h already become famili> en\gh1 he wrote ( 'a fell[ ^: utt]mo/ upp] gr9d] is be+ torn out by ! roots by a mutton-fi/$ b>b]4'#aa ,?is is 9 a lett]4 ,b repeat$ in/ances ( ! same k9d ( expression are se5 9 ,s\!y's grav] writ+s4 ,?us1 9 8 ',colloquies1' etc41#ab we read ( 'su* nunn]ies z at ?is "t are be+ re/abli%$4' ',:ile my h& 0 be+ dre/ by ,mr4 ,"y1 ,i spoke = ! fir/ "t1' wrote ,col]idge1 9 ,m>*1 #agig4 ,*>les ,lamb speaks ( realities :i* 'are be+ act$ be=e u1' & ( 'a man :o is be+ /rangl$4' ,walt] ,savage ,l&or1 9 an imag9>y conv]sation1 repres5ts ,pitt z say+3 ',! man :o possesses !m may read ,sw$5borg & ,kant :ile he is be+ toss$ 9 a blanket4' ,aga93 ',i h se5 nobles1 m5 & wom51 kneel+ 9 ! /reet be=e ^! bi%ops1 :5 no c]emony ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 0 be+ p]=m$4' ,also1 9 a translation f ,catullus3 ',"s crim9al is be+ tri$ = murd]4' ,nor does ,mr4 ,de ,qu9cey scruple at su* ,engli% z 'made & be+ made1' '! bride t 0 be+ m>ri$ to him1' & '! %afts ( ,heav5 7 ev5 n[ be+ =g$4' ,on "o occasion he writes1 ',n done1 n ev5 7accord+ to mod]n purism7 be+ done'2 z if 'purism' meant exactness1 r ?an ! avoidance ( neot]ism4 ,i ne$1 surely1 "n no m1 among ! dead1 :o f\nd is be+ built1 or ! l1 acceptable4 ',simple-m9d$ common p & ^? ( culture 7 alike protect$ aga9/ x by _! atta*m5t to ! idiom ( _! "m tongue1 ) :i* !y felt x to be directly at v>iance4' ,s ,mr4 ,:ite in=ms u4 ,b ! writ]s :om ,i h quot$ are =midable exceptions4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,:ite w sc>cely d5y to !m ! title ( 'p ( culture4' ,s mu* = (f5d]s pa/ rep5tance2 & we all "k t ! sort ( phraseology "u consid]ation is daily becom+ m & m common4 ,! be/ writt5 ( ! ,engli% reviews1 magaz9es1 & j\rnals are p]petually m>k$ by x2 & "s ( ! *oice/ ( liv+ ,engli% writ]s employ x freely4 ,among ^!1 x is en\gh if ,i specify ,bi%op ,wilb]=ce & ,mr4 ,*>les ,reade4#ac ,extracts f ,bi%op ,jewel d[nw>d be+ also giv51 ,"l ,macaulay1 ,mr4 ,dick5s1 ',! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1' & ',! ,brooklyn ,eagle' are alleg$ by ,mr4 ,:ite 9 pro( t p /ill use su* phrases z ',*elsea ,hospital 0 build+1' & '! tra9 0 prep>+4' ',h5ce we see1' he adds1#ad 't ! =m is be+ done1 is be+ made1 is be+ built1 lacks ! support ( au?oritative usage f ! p]iod ( ! e>lie/ classical ,engli% to ! pres5t day4' ,i fully concur ) ,mr4 ,:ite 9 reg>d+ 'nei!r ,! ,brooklyn ,eagle nor ,mr4 ,dick5s z a v high au?ority 9 ! use ( language'2 yet1 :5 he has r5\nc$ ! aid ( ^! contemn$ /raws1 :at has he to re/ 8 inf]5ce on1 z to ! pres5t day1 b ! practice ( ,"l ,macaulay & ',! ,atlantic ,mon?ly'8 ,^? :o ?9k fit w b[ to ! dictator%ip "h prescrib$ to !m2 b !re may be ^? ) :om ! classic sanction ( ,s\!y1 ,col]idge1 & ,l&or w n be :olly void ( weight4 ,all s*ol>s are aw>e t1 to convey ! s5se ( ! imp]fects passive1 our ance/ors1 c5turies ago1 prefix$1 ) is1 etc41 91 aft]w>d corrupt$ into a1 to a v]bal sub/antive4 ',! h\se is 9 build+' c\ld be tak5 to mean no?+ b des dificantur2 &1 :5 ! 9 gave place to a1#ae x 0 /ill manife/ en\gh1 f ! context1 t build+ 0 gov]n$ by a preposition4 ,! second /age ( *ange1 h[ev]1 namely1 :5 ! a 0 omitt$1 entail$1 9 _m cases1 great dang] ( confusion4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 ,engli% 0 und]go+ :at 0 !n ?\ght to be purification1 ! polite _w sub/antially resign$ is a-build+ to ! vulg>4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! same c5tury1 :51 "u ! influ5ce ( free ?\ght1 x began to be felt t ev5 ideas _h a "r to fai?ful & unequivocal repres5tation1 a j res5tm5t ( ambiguity 0 evid5c$ 9 ! creation ( is be+ built4 ,! lam5t is too late t ! in/9ct ( re=mation did n re/ore ! old =m4 ,x has gone =ev]2 & we are n[ to make ! be/ ( its successors4 ',! brass is =g+1' 9 ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 is 'a vici\s expression1 probably corrupt$ f a phrase m pure1 b n[ some:at obsolete1 444 ! brass is a-=g+4' ,yet1 ) a true ,tory's timidity & av]sion to *ange1 x is n surpris+ t he w5t on pref]r+ :at he f\nd e/abli%$1 vici\s z x confess$ly 01 to ! end4 ,b 0 ! expression 'vici\s' solely because x 0 a corruption8 ,9 #aghg ,william ,beck=d wrote z foll[s ( ! =tune-tell]s ( ,lisbon3 ',i saw "o dragg+ into light1 z ,i pass$ by ! ru9s ( a palace ?r[n d[n by ! e>?quake4 ,:e!r a famili> ( ! ,inquisition 0 grip+ h] 9 8 clut*es1 or :e!r %e 0 tak+ to acc\nt by "s disappo9t$ vot>y1 ,i w n pret5d to answ]4' ,are ! expressions "h italiciz$ ei!r p]spicu\s or graceful8 ,:atev] we are to h 9 _! place1 we %\ld be ?ankful to get quit ( !m4 ,inasmu* z1 concurr5tly ) build+ = ! active p>ticiple1 & be+ built = ! correspond+ passive p>ticiple1 we possess$ ! =m]1 ) is prefix$1 z ! active pres5t imp]fect1 x is 9 rigid accordance ) ! symmetry ( our v]b t1 to con/ruct ! passive pres5t-imp]fect1 we prefix is to ! latt]1 produc+ ! =m is be+ built4 ,su*1 9 its greate/ simplicity1 is ! proc$ure :i*1 z w be se51 has provok$ a v levant] ( ire & vilification4 ,b any?+ t is new w be except$ to by m9ds ( a c]ta9 ord]4 ,_! tremul\s & impati5t dread ( remov+ anci5t l&m>ks ev5 disqualifies !m = ?or\ghly inve/igat+ its "* & pret5sions4 ,9 has built & w build1 we f9d ! active p>ticiple p]fect & ! active inf9itive subjo9$ to auxili>ies2 & s1 9 has be5 built & w be built1 ! passive p>ticiple p]fect & ! passive inf9itive are subjo9$ to auxili>ies4 ,9 is build+ & is be+ built1 we h1 9 /rict h>mony ) ! con/itution ( ! p]fect & future t5ses1 an auxili>y foll[$ by ! active p>ticiple pres5t & ! passive p>ticiple pres5t4 ,built is det]m9$ z active or passive by ! v]bs :i* qualify x1 h & be2 & ! gramm>ians are "r 9 consid]+ x1 :5 embodi$ 9 has built1 z active1 s9ce its analogue1 embodi$ 9 has be5 built1 is ! exclusively passive be5 built4 ,besides ?is1 has be5 built w\ld signify some?+ l has exi/$1 built1#af :i* is pla9ly neut]4 ,we are deb>r$1 !re=e1 f su* an analysis2 &1 by p>ity ( reason+1 we may n resolve is be+ built into is be+ built4 ,x mu/ h be5 an inspiration ( analogy1 felt or unfelt1 t sugge/$ ! =m ,i am discuss+4 ,is be+ built1 z x c mean1 pretty ne>ly1 only exi/s1 built1 w\ld nev] h be5 propos$ z adequate to convey any b a neut] s5se2 :]eas x 0 p]fectly natural = a p]son aim+ to express a passive s5se to prefix is to ! passive concretion be+ built4#ag ,! analogical ju/ification ( is be+ built :i* ,i h br\ght =w>d is s obvi\s t1 z x occurr$ to myself m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 s x mu/ h occurr$ spontane\sly to hundr$s besides4 ,x is v s+ul> t ^? :o1 l ,mr4 ,m>% & ,mr4 ,:ite1 h pond]$ long & pa9fully ov] locutions typifi$ by is be+ built1 %\ld h miss$ ! real gr\nd ( _! grammatical def5sibl5ess1 & %\ld h w>m$ !mselves1 9 _! opposition to !m1 into utt]+ op9ions :i* no calm judgm5t c accept4 ',"o :o is be+ beat5' is1 to ,ar*bi%op ,:ately1 'unc\? ,engli%4' ',! bridge is be+ built1 & o!r phrases ( ! l k9d1 h pa9$ ! eye' ( ,mr4 ,david ,boo?4 ,su* phrases1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,m4 ,h>rison1 'are n ,engli%4' ,to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,w4 ,gibbs '?is mode ( expression 444 appe>s =mal & p$antic'2 & '! easy & natural expression is1 ,! h\se is build+4'#ah ,9 all ?is1 little or no?+ is disc]nible beyond %e] prejudice1 ! prejudice ( ^? :o resolve to take _! /& aga9/ an innovation1 reg>dless ( its utility1 & :o are ready to f9d an argum5t aga9/ x 9 any r&om epi!t ( disp>agem5t provok$ by unreason+ av]sion4 ,& ! m rec5t d5\nc]s 9 ! same l9e h no m reason on _! side ?an _! eld] bre?r54 ,9 ,mr4 ,m>%'s e/imation1 is be+ built illu/rates 'corruption ( language'2 x is 'clumsy & unidiomatic'2 x is 'at be/ b a philological coxcombry'2 x 'is an awkw>d neologism1 :i* nei!r conv5i5ce1 intelligibility1 nor syntactical congruity dem&s1 & ! use ( :i* ought1 !re=e1 to be disc\nt5anc$1 z an attempt at ! artificial improvem5t ( ! language 9 a po9t :i* ne$$ no am5dm5t4' ,aga91 ',to reject' is build+ 9 favor ( ! mod]n phrase 'is to violate ! laws ( language by an arbitr>y *ange2 &1 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! propos$ sub/itute is at w> ) ! g5ius ( ! ,engli% tongue4' ,mr4 ,m>% seems to h fanci$ t1 :]ev] he po9ts out a beauty 9 is build+1 he po9ts out1 inclusively1 a blemi% 9 is be+ built4 ,! f]vor & feel+ ) :i* ,mr4 ,:ite advances to ! *>ge are altoge!r tropical4 ',! full absurdity ( ?is phrase1 ! ess5ce ( its nons5se1 seems n to h be5 hi!rto po9t$ out4' ,x is n 'consi/5t ) reason'2 & x is n 'con=m$ to ! normal developm5t ( ! language4' ,x is 'a mon/rosity1 ! illogical1 confus+1 inaccurate1 unidiomatic "* ( :i* ,i h at "s l5g?1 b yet imp]fectly1 set =?4' ,f9ally1 ',9 fact1 x means no?+1 & is ! mo/ incongru\s comb9ation ( words & ideas t ev] atta9$ respectable usage 9 any civiliz$ language4' ,^! be 'prave 'ords'2 & x seems a pity t s mu* /]l+ vitup]ative ammunition %\ld be exp5d$ 9 va94 ,& t x is s exp5d$ ?9ks ,mr4 ,:ite himself2 =1 ?\gh pass+ s5t5ce 9 ! _s ( a ,jeffreys1 he is n really on ! judgm5t-seat1 b on ! l[e/ hassock ( despair4 ,z conc]ns ! mode ( expression exemplifi$ by is be+ built1 he owns t 'to *eck its diffusion w\ld be a hopeless und]tak+4' ,if s1 :y n res]ve himself = s]vice aga9/ "s evil n av[$ly beyond rem$y8 ,aga9 we read1 ',"s precise & feeble-m9d$ s\l1 hav+ be5 taught t !re is a passive voice 9 ,engli%1 & t1 = in/ance1 build+ is an active p>ticiple1 & build$ or built a passive1 felt consci5ti\s scruples at say+ ! h\se is build+4 ,= :at c\ld ! h\se build8' ,z *ildr5 say at play1 ,mr4 ,:ite burns "h4 ,if x _h occurr$ to him t ! 'consci5ti\s scruples' ( 8 hypo!tical1 'precise1 & feeble-m9d$ s\l' 7 r\s$ by be5 built1 n by built1 ,i suspect 8 *apt] on is be+ built w\ld h be5 mu* %ort] ?an x is at pres5t1 & v diff]5t4 ',! fatal absurdity 9 ?is phrase consi/s1' he tells u1 '9 ! comb9ation ( is ) be+2 9 ! mak+ ( ! v]b to be a supplem5t1 or1 9 gramm>ians' phrase1 an auxili>y to itself--an absurdity s palpable1 s mon/r\s1 s ridicul\s1 t x %\ld ne$ only to be po9t$ out to be sc\t$4'#ai ,la/ly1 ',! "q is ?us n>r[$ simply to ?is1 ,does to be be+ 7esse ens7 mean any?+ m or o!r ?an to be8' ,hav+ convict$ ,mr4 ,:ite ( a mi/ak5 analysis1 ,i am n conc]n$ ) ! obs]vations :i* he f\nds on 8 mi/ake4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 if 8 analysis _h be5 correct1 "s ( 8 argum5ts w\ld avail him no?+4 ,= in/ance1 is be+ built1 on 8 und]/&+ ( x1 t is to say1 is be+ built1 he repres5ts by ens dificatus e/1 z '! suppos$ correspond+ ,lat9 phrase4'#bj ,! ,lat9 is illegitimate2 & he inf]s t1 !re=e1 ! ,engli% is ! same4 ,b dificans e/1 a translation1 on ! model :i* he (f]s1 ( ! active is build+1 is q z illegitimate z ens edificatus e/4 ,by p>ity ( non-sequitur1 we are1 !re=e1 to surr5d] ! active is build+4 ,assume t a phrase 9 a giv5 language is indef5sible unless x has its c\nt]p>t 9 "s o!r language2 f ! v conception & def9ition ( an idiom e idiom is illegitimate4 ,i n[ pass to ano!r po9t4 ',to be & to exi/ are1' to ,mr4 ,:ite's appreh5sion1 'p]fect synonyms1 or m ne>ly p]fect1 p]haps1 ?an any two v]bs 9 ! language4 ,9 "s ( _! mean+s !re is a %ade ( diff]5ce1 b 9 o!rs !re is none :atev]2 & ! latt] are ^? :i* s]ve our pres5t purpose4 ,:5 we say1 ,he1 be+ =ew>n$ ( dang]1 fl$1 we say1 ,he1 exi/+ =ew>n$ ( dang]1 fl$4 ,:5 we say t a ?+ is done1 we say t x exi/s done4444 ,is be+ done is simply exi/s exi/+ done4' ,b1 s9ce is & exi/s are equipoll5t1 & s be+ & exi/+1 is be+ is ! same z ! unimpea*able is exi/+4 ,q4 non ,e4 ,d4 ,is exi/+ ought1 ( c\rse1 to be no less objectionable to ,mr4 ,:ite ?an is be+4 ,j z absurd1 too1 %\ld he reckon ! ,italian sono /ato1 era /ato1 sia /ato1 fossi /ato1 s>o /ato1 s>ei /ato1 ess]e /ato1 & ess5do /ato4 ,= 9 ,italian bo? ess]e & />e are requir$ to make up ! v]b sub/antive1 z 9 ,lat9 bo? esse & ! (fspr+ ( fu]e are requir$2 & />e1 prim>ily 'to /&1' is modifi$ into a true auxili>y4 ,! alleg$ 'full absurdity ( ?is phrase1' to wit1 is be+ built1 '! ess5ce ( its nons5se1' vani%es ?us into ?9 air4 ,s ,i 0 ab\t to comm5t bluntly1 n =gett+ to regret t any g5tleman's cultivation ( logic %\ld fructify 9 ! %ape ( irrepressible t5d5cies to suicide4 ,b ?is w\ld be precipitate4 ,agreeably to "o ( ,mr4 ,:ite's judicial placita1 :i* ,i make no apology = cit+ twice1 'no man :o has pres]v$ all 8 s5ses w d\bt = a mom5t t to exi/ a ma/iff or a mule is absolutely ! same z to be a ma/iff or a mule4' ,decl9+ to admit _! id5tity1 ,i h n pres]v$ all my s5ses2 &1 accord+ly--?\gh x may be 9 me ! v sup]fetation ( lunacy--,i w\ld caution ! read] to keep a %>p eye on my argum5ts1 h]eab\ts p>ticul>ly4 ,! ,cretan1 :o1 9 decl>+ all ,cretans to be li>s1 left ! "q ( 8 v]acity d\btful to all et]nity1 fell into a pit ( 8 own digg+4 ,n unlike ! un=tunate ,cretan1 ,mr4 ,:ite has tumbl$ headlong into 8 own sn>e4 ,x 01 = ! re/1 entirely unavail+ t he insi/$ on ! insanity ( ^? :o %\ld ga9say 8 fundam5tal po/ulate4 ,sanity1 ( a crude sort1 may accept x2 & sanity may put x to a use o!r ?an its prop\nd]'s4 ,mr4 ,m>%1 aft] sett+ =? ! all-suffici5cy ( is build+1 9 ! passive s5se1 goes on to say3 ',! re=m]s :o object to ! phrase ,i am def5d+ mu/1 9 consi/5cy1 employ ! propos$ sub/itute ) all passive p>ticiples1 & 9 o!r t5ses z well z ! pres5t4 ,!y mu/ say1 !re=e1 ,! subscription-pap] is be+ miss$1 b ,i "k t a consid]able sum is be+ want$ to make up ! am\nt2 ! great ,victoria ,bridge has be5 be+ built m ?an two ye>s2 :5 ,i rea* ,london1 ! %ip ,levia?an w be be+ built2 if my ord]s _h be5 foll[$1 ! coat w\ld h be5 be+ made ye/]day2 if ! h\se _h !n be5 be+ built1 ! mort> w\ld h be5 be+ mix$4' ,we may reply t1 :ile awkw>d in/ances ( ! old =m are mo/ abundant 9 our lit]ature1 !re is no fe> t ! repulsive elaborations :i* h be5 work$ out 9 ridicule ( ! new =ms w prove to h be5 anticipations ( future usage4 ,!re 0 a "t :51 z to _! adv]bs1 p comp>$ !m1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ) -er & -e/1 or ) m & mo/1 j z _! e> or pleasure dictat$4 ,!y wrote pla9li] & pla9lie/1 or m pla9ly & mo/ pla9ly2 & "s adv]bs1 z e>ly1 late1 (t51 seldom1 & soon1 we /ill comp>e 9 a way n[ become anomal\s4 ,& z our =efa!rs treat$ _! adv]bs we /ill treat _m adjectives4 ,fur!rmore1 oblig+ness1 prep>$ness1 & design$ly seem q natural2 yet we d n feel t !y au?orize u to talk ( '! see+ness ( ! eye1' '! und]/oodness ( a s5t5ce1' or ( 'a /atem5t ackn[l$g$ly correct4' ',! n[ too notori\s fact' is tol]able2 b '! nev] to be suffici5tly execrat$ mon/] ,bonap>te' is intol]able4 ,! sun may be %orn ( 8 spl5dor2 b we d n all[ cl\dy wea!r to %e> him ( x4 ,h[1 !n1 c any "o claim t a man :o pref]s to say is be+ built %\ld say has be5 be+ built8 ,are n awkw>d in/ances ( ! old =m1 typifi$ by is build+1 z easily to be pick$ out ( extant lit]ature z su* in/ances ( ! new =m1 likely ev] to be us$1 are to be inv5t$8 ,& '! re=m]s' h n =sworn _! e>s4 ,mr4 ,m>%1 at p4 #ace ( 8 admirable ',lectures1' lays d[n t '! adjective reliable1 9 ! s5se ( wor?y ( confid5ce1 is altoge!r unidiomatic'2 & yet1 at p4 #aab1 he writes 'reliable evid5ce4' ,aga91 at p4 #cif ( ! same "w1 he rules t ^:1 9 ',i pass$ a h\se ^: w9d[s 7 op51' is 'by no means yet fully e/abli%$'2 & at p4 #ade ( 8 v le>n$ ',man & ,nature' he writes 'a quadrangul> pyramid1 ! p]p5dicul> ( ^: sides1' etc4 ,really1 if 8 own judgm5ts sit s v loose on 8 practical consci5ce1 we may1 )\t be+ *>geable ) exaction1 ask ( him to relax a little ! rigor ( 8 requirem5ts at ! h&s ( 8 neighbors4 ,beck=d's ,lisbon =tune-tell]1 be=e _h into c\rt1 0 'dragg+ into light1' &1 p]*ance1 '0 tak+ to acc\nt4' ,_m mod]ns w\ld say & write 'be+ dragg$ into light1' & '0 be+ tak5 to acc\nt4' ,b1 if we are to tru/ ! cons]vative critics1 9 comp>ison ) expressions ( ! =m] patt]n1 ^? ( ! latt] are 'unc\?1' 'clumsy1' 'awkw>d neologisms1' 'philological coxcombries1' '=mal & p$antic1' 'incongru\s & ridicul\s =ms ( spee*1' 'illogical1 confus+1 inaccurate mon/rosities4' ,moreov]1 !y are nei!r 'consi/5t ) reason' nor 'con=m$ to ! normal developm5t ( ! language'2 !y are 'at w> ) ! g5ius ( ! ,engli% tongue'2 !y are 'unidiomatic'2 !y are 'n ,engli%4' ,9 pass+1 if ,mr4 ,m>% w s def9e ! t]m unidiomatic z to ev9ce t x has any applicability to ! case 9 h&1 or if he w arre/ & photograph '! g5ius ( ! ,engli% tongue1' s t we may "k ! orig9al :5 we meet ) x1 he w conf] a public favor4 ,& n[ ,i submit = consid]ation :e!r ! sole /r5g? ( ^? :o decry is be+ built & its cong5]s does n consi/ 9 _! tal5t = call+ h>d names4 ,if !y h n an uneasy subconsci\sness t _! cause is weak1 !y w\ld1 at lea/1 d well 9 es*ew+ ! viol5ce to :i*1 = want ( some?+ bett]1 ! advocates ( weak causes prov]bially resort4 ,i once _h a fri5d :o1 = "s microscopic p5umbra ( h]esy1 0 *>g$1 9 ! words ( 8 accus]1 ) 'z ne> an approa* to ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ z is practicable to human infirmity4' ,simil>ly1 on "o view1 ! feeble pot5cies ( philological turpitude seem to h exhibit$ _! mo/ consummate realization 9 eng5d]+ is be+ built4 ,! suppos$ enormity p]petrat$ 9 its production1 provid$ x _h fall5 )9 ! sph]e ( e?ics1 w\ld1 at ! lea/1 h rank$1 ) its d5unciators1 z a br&-new exemplification ( total depravity4 ,b1 aft] all1 :at inconte/able defect 9 x has any "o succe$$ 9 demon/rat+8 ,mr4 ,:ite1 9 oppos+ to ! expression objections bas$ on an errone\s analysis1 simply lays a phantom ( 8 own evok+2 &1 s f> z ,i am in=m$1 o!r impugn]s ( is be+ built h1 absolutely1 no argum5t :atev] aga9/ x ov] & beyond _! repugnance to novelty4 ,subject$ to a little untr\bl$ contemplation1 x w\ld1 ,i am confid5t1 h ceas$ long ago to be matt] ( controv]sy2 b ! du/ ( prejudice & passion1 :i* s di/emp]s ! intellectual vision ( !ologians & politicians1 is se5 to make1 ) ru?less imp>tiality1 no exception ( ! p]spicacity ( philologi/s4 ,prior to ! evolution ( is be+ built & 0 be+ built1 we possess$ no discrim9ate equival5ts to dificatur & dificabatur2 is built & 0 built1 by :i* !y 7 r5d]$1 correspond+ exactly to dificatus e/ & dificatus erat4 ,cum dific>etur 0 to u ! same z dificabatur4 ,on ! weal? ( ! ,greek 9 expressions ( imp]fect passive ,i ne$ n dwell4 ,) r>e exceptions1 ! ,romans 7 satisfi$ ) ! pres5t-imp]fect & ! pa/-imp]fect2 & we1 on ! comp>atively few occasions :i* pres5t !mselves = express+ o!r imp]fects1 %all be sure to h rec\rse to ! old =ms r ?an to ! new1 or else to use p]iphrases4#ba ,! puri/s may1 accord+ly1 dismiss _! appreh5sions1 especially z ! neot]i/s h1 cle>ly1 a ke5] horror ( phraseological unga9l9ess ?an !mselves4 ,"o may h no hesitation ab\t say+ '! h\se is be+ built1' & may yet recoil f say+ t 'x %\ld h be5 be+ built la/ ,*ri/mas'2 & ! same p]son--j z1 provid$ he did n feel a h>%ness1 inadequacy1 & ambiguity 9 ! passive '! h\se is build+1' he w\ld use ! expression--w1 m likely ?an n1 elect is 9 prep>ation pref]5tially to is be+ prep>$4 ,if !re are any :o1 9 _! zealotry = ! congru\s1 *oose to adh]e to ! new =m 9 its entire range ( ex*angeability = ! old1 let x be hop$ t !y w f9d1 9 ,mr4 ,m>%'s speculative approbation ( consi/5cy1 full am5ds = ! discom=t ( enc\nt]+ smiles or fr[ns4 ,at ! same "t1 let !m be m9dful ( ! c>e] ( ,mr4 ,:ite1 ) 8 black flag & no qu>t]4 ,! dead ,polonius 01 9 ,hamlet's phrase1 at supp]1 'n :]e he eats1 b :]e he is eat54' ,%akespe>e1 to ,mr4 ,:ite's ?9k+1 9 ?is wise express$ himself at ! be/1 & des]ves n only admiration !re=1 b to be imitat$4 ',:ile ! ark 0 built1' ':ile ! ark 0 prep>$1' writes ,mr4 ,:ite himself4#bb ,%akespe>e is comm5d$ = 8 ambigu\s is eat51 ?\gh 9 eat+ or an eat+ w\ld h be5 n only correct 9 8 day1 b1 :]e !y w\ld h come 9 8 s5t5ce1 univocal4 ,) equal reason a man w\ld be entitl$ to comm5dation = te>+ 8 mutton-*ops ) 8 f+]s1 :5 he might cut !m up ) a knife & =k4 ',is eat51' says ,mr4 ,:ite1 'does n mean has be5 eat54' ,v true2 b a cont9u\s unf9i%$ passion--,polonius's /ill und]go+ m&ucation1 to speak ,johnsonese--0 9 ,%akespe>e's m9d2 & 8 words describe a passion no long] 9 g5]ation4 ,! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k's "l *amb]la9 _h no prec$5t 9 ,h]od1 :5 'he 0 eat5 ( worms'2 ! orig9al1 1 yield+1 b = its p>ticiple1 'he became worm-eat54' ,hav+ n[ done ) ,mr4 ,:ite1 ,i am anxi\s1 be=e tak+ leave ( him1 to record1 ) all emphasis1 t x w\ld be ! grosse/ inju/ice to write ( 8 elegant ',life & ,g5ius ( ,%akespe>e1' a book :i* does cr$it to ,am]ican lit]ature1 9 ! tone :i* ,i h f\nd unavoidable 9 deal+ ) 8 ',words & _! ,uses4' ,! /ud5t ( ,engli% :o has hone/ly weigh$ ! argum5ts on bo? sides ( ! "q1 mu/1 ,i believe1 be ( op9ion t our language is ! ri*] = hav+ two =ms = express+ ! ,progressive ,passive4 ,fur!r1 he mu/1 ,i believe1 be ( op9ion t 9 v _m cases he con=ms to ! mo/ approv$ usage ( our "t by employ+ ! old =m2 t1 h[ev]1 if he 7 to employ ! old =m 9 all cases1 8 mean+ w\ld sometimes be unc]ta94 ,,x4 ,cobbett disc\rses ( ?is little neut] pron\n 9 ?is wise3 ,! ^w x is ! greate/ tr\bl] t ,i "k ( 9 language4 ,x is s small & s conv5i5t t few are c>eful en\gh 9 us+ x4 ,writ]s seldom sp>e ?is ^w4 ,:5ev] !y are at a loss = ei!r a nom9ative or an objective to _! s5t5ce1 !y1 )\t any k9d ( c]emony1 clap 9 an x4 ,a v rem>kable in/ance ( ?is press+ ( poor x into actual s]vice1 contr>y to ! laws ( gramm> & ( s5se1 occurs 9 a piece ( composition1 :]e we might1 ) ju/ice1 insi/ on correctness4 ,?is piece is on ! subject ( gramm>2 x is a piece writt5 by a ,doctor ( ,div9ity & read by him to /ud5ts 9 gramm> & language 9 an academy2 & ! v s5t5ce t ,i am n[ ab\t to quote is select$ by ! au?or ( a gramm> z te/imony ( high au?ority 9 favor ( ! excell5ce ( 8 "w4 ,surely1 if correctness be ev] to be expect$1 x mu/ be 9 a case l ?is4 ,i allude to two s5t5ces 9 ! ',*>ge ( ! ,rev]5d ,doctor ,ab]crombie to ! ,s5ior ,class ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy1' publi%$ 9 #ahjf2 :i* s5t5ces h be5 select$ & publi%$ by ,mr4 ,l9dley ,murray z a te/imonial ( ! m]its ( 8 gramm>2 & :i* s5t5ces are by ,mr4 ,murray giv5 to u 9 ! foll[+ words3 ',! unwe>i$ ex]tions ( ?is g5tleman h done m t[>d elucidat+ ! obscurities & embelli%+ ! /ructure ( our language ?an any o!r writ] on ! subject4 ,su* a "w has long be5 want$1 & f ! success ) :i* x is execut$1 c n be too highly appreciat$4' ,z 9 ! le>n$ ,doctor's op9ion obscurities c be elucidat$1 & z 9 ! same op9ion ,mr4 ,murray is an able h& at ?is k9d ( "w1 x w\ld n be amiss 7 ! gramm>ian to try 8 skill ^u ?is article f ! h& ( 8 dignifi$ eulogi/2 = "h is1 if "o may use ! expression1 a con/ellation ( obscurities4 ,our poor oppress$ x1 :i* we f9d =c$ into ! ,doctor's s]vice 9 ! second s5t5ce1 relates to 'su* a "w1' ?\gh ?is "w is no?+ t has an exi/5ce1 not)/&+ x is said to be 'execut$4' ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! 'ex]tions' become1 all ( a sudd51 a 'writ]'3 ! ex]tions h done m ?an 'any o!r writ]'2 =1 m9d y1 x is n ! g5tleman t has done any?+2 x is '! ex]tions' t h done :at is said to be done4 ,! ^w g5tleman is 9 ! possessive case1 & has no?+ to d ) ! action ( ! s5t5ce4 ,let u give ! s5t5ce a turn1 & ! ,doctor & ! gramm>ian w he> h[ x w s\nd4 ',?is g5tleman's ex]tions h done m ?an any o!r writ]4' ,?is is on a level ) ',?is g5tleman's dog has kill$ m h>es ?an any o!r sportsman4' ,no d\bt ,doctor ,ab]crombie meant to say1 ',! ex]tions ( ?is g5tleman h done m ?an ^? ( any o!r writ]4 ,su* a "w z ?is g5tleman's has long be5 want$2 8 "w1 see+ ! successful mann] ( its execution1 c n be too highly comm5d$4' ,meant6 ,no d\bt at all ( t6 ,& :5 we he> a ,hamp%ire pl\ghboy say1 ',poll ,*]ry*eek h giv'd a ?ick h&ke*]1' we "k v well t he means to say1 ',poll ,*]ry*eek has giv5 me ?is h&k]*ief'2 & yet we are too apt to laugh at him & to call him ignorant2 :i* is wrong1 because he has no pret5sions to a k ( gramm>1 & he may be v skillful z a pl\ghboy4 ,h[ev]1 we w n laugh at ,doctor ,ab]crombie1 :om ,i knew1 _m ye>s ago1 = a v k9d & wor?y man4 ,b1 if we may1 9 any case1 be all[$ to laugh at ! ignorance ( our fell[-creatures1 t case c]ta9ly does arise :5 we see a pr(ess$ gramm>ian1 ! au?or ( volum9\s precepts & examples on ! subject ( gramm>1 produc+1 9 imitation ( ! possessors ( valuable m$ical secrets1 te/imonials v\*+ = ! efficacy ( 8 lit]>y panacea1 & :51 9 ^? te/imonials1 we f9d mo/ flagrant in/ances ( bad gramm>4 ,h[ev]1 my de> ,james1 let ?is /rong & /rik+ in/ance ( ! misuse ( ! ^w x s]ve y 9 ! way ( caution4 ,nev] put an x ^u pap] )\t ?9k+ well ( :at y are ab\t4 ,:5 ,i see _m its 9 a page1 ,i always tremble = ! writ]4 ,,jeop>dize4 ,?is is a mod]n ^w :i* we c\ld easily d )\t1 z x means nei!r m nor less ?an its v5]able prog5itor to jeop>d1 :i* is greatly pref]r$ by all c>eful writ]s4 ,,j ,,go+ ,,to4 ,in/ead ( ,i am j go+ to g1 x is bett] to say1 ,i am j ab\t to g4 ,,kids4 ,?is is ano!r vile contraction4 ,habit bl9ds p to ! unseeml9ess ( a t]m l ?is4 ,h[ w\ld x s\nd if "o %\ld speak ( silk gloves z silks8 ,,k9d4 ,see ,,polite4 ,,knights ,,templ>s4 ,! "n ( ?is anci5t body has be5 adopt$ by a bran* ( ! ,masonic frat]nity1 b 9 a p]v]t$ =m--,knights ,templ>2 & ?is =m is commonly se5 9 pr9t1 :e!r ref]r+ to ! old knights or to _! mod]n imitators4 ,?is d\btless is due to ! errone\s impression t ,templ> is an adjective1 & s c n take ! plural =m2 :ile 9 fact x is a case ( two n\ns 9 apposition--a d\ble designation--mean+ ,knights ( ! ord] ( ,templ>s4 ,h5ce ! plural %\ld be ,knights ,templ>s1 & n ,knights ,templ>4 ,memb]s ( ! contemporane\s ord] ( ,/4 ,john ( ,j]usalem 7 commonly call$ ,knights ,hospitall]s4 ,,lady4 ,to use ! t]m lady1 :e!r 9 ! s+ul> or 9 ! plural1 simply to designate ! sex1 is 9 ! wor/ possible ta/e4 ,!re is a k9d ( p9-fea!r g5tility :i* seems to h a settl$ av]sion to us+ ! t]ms man & woman4 ,g5tlem5 & ladies e/abli% _! claims to be+ call$ su* by _! be>+1 & n by arrogat+ to !mselves1 ev5 indirectly1 ! titles4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! title lady is prop]ly correlative to "l2 b !re1 z 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is us$ z a t]m ( complaisance1 & is appropriately appli$ to wom5 ^: lives are exempl>y1 & :o h receiv$ t s*ool & home education :i* enables !m to appe> to advantage 9 ! bett] circles ( society4 ,su* expressions z ,%e is a f9e lady1 a clev] lady1 a well-dress$ lady1 a good lady1 a mode/ lady1 a *>itable lady1 an amiable lady1 a h&some lady1 a fasc9at+ lady1 & ! l1 are /udi\sly avoid$ by p]sons ( ref9em5t4 ,ladies say1 we wom51 ! wom5 ( ,am]ica1 wom5's app>el1 & s on2 vulg> wom5 talk ab\t u ladies1 ! ladies ( ,am]ica1 ladies' app>el1 & s on4 ,if a woman ( culture & ref9em5t--9 %ort1 a lady--is compell$ f any cause soev] to "w 9 a /ore1 %e is q cont5t to be call$ a sales-woman2 n s1 h[ev]1 ) y\r "y woman :o1 be+ 9 a /ore1 is 9 a bett] position ?an ev] be=e4 ,%e1 ,heav5 bless h]6 boils ) indignation if %e is n d5om9at$ a sales-lady4 ,lady is (t5 ! prop] t]m to use1 & !n x w\ld be v improp] to use any o!r2 b x is v c]ta9 t ! t]ms lady & g5tleman are lea/ us$ by ^? p]sons :o are mo/ wor?y ( be+ designat$ by !m4 ,) a nice discrim9ation wor?y ( special notice1 "o ( our daily pap]s rec5tly said3 ,miss ,j5nie ,hal/ead1 daught] ( ! proprietor ( ! ',c9c9nati ,comm]cial1' is "o ( ! mo/ brilliant "y wom5 9 ,ohio4 ,9 a late numb] ( ! ,london ,que5 0 ! foll[+3 ,! t]ms ladies & g5tlem5 become 9 !mselves vulg>isms :5 misappli$1 & ! improp] application ( ! wrong t]m at ! wrong "t makes all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w to e>s polite4 ,?us1 call+ a man a g5tleman :5 he %\ld be call$ a man1 or speak+ ( a man z a man :5 he %\ld be spok5 ( z a g5tleman2 or allud+ to a lady z a woman :5 %e %\ld be allud$ to z a lady1 or speak+ ( a woman z a lady :5 %e %\ld prop]ly be t]m$ a woman4 ,tact & a s5se ( ! fitness ( ?+s decide ^! po9ts1 !re be+ no fix$ rule to g ^u to det]m9e :5 a man is a man or :5 he is a g5tleman2 &1 al?\gh he is f> (t5] t]m$ ! "o ?an ! o!r1 he does n !reby lose 8 attributes ( a g5tleman4 ,9 common p>lance1 a man is always a man to a man1 & nev] a g5tleman2 to a woman1 he is occasionally a man & occasionally a g5tleman2 b a man w\ld f> (t5] t]m a woman a woman ?an he w\ld t]m h] a lady4 ,:5 a man makes use ( an adjective 9 speak+ ( a lady1 he almo/ inv>iably calls h] a woman4 ,?us1 he w\ld say1 ',i met a r agreeable woman at d9n] la/ night'2 b he w\ld n say1 ',i met an agreeable lady'2 b he might say1 ',a lady1 a fri5d ( m9e1 told me1' etc41 :5 he w\ld n say1 ',a woman1 a fri5d ( m9e1 told me1' etc4 ,aga91 a man w\ld say1 ',:i* ( ! ladies did y take 9 to d9n]8' ,he w\ld c]ta9ly n say1 ',:i* ( ! wom51' etc4 ,speak+ ( p en masse1 x w\ld be to belong to a v advanc$ s*ool to ref] to !m 9 conv]sation z 'm5 & wom51' :ile x w\ld be all b vulg> to /yle !m 'ladies & g5tlem51' ! compromise betwe5 ! two be+ to speak ( !m z 'ladies & m54' ,?us a lady w\ld say1 ',i h ask$ two or ?ree ladies & sev]al m5'2 %e w\ld n say1 ',i h ask$ sev]al m5 & wom5'2 nei!r w\ld %e say1 ',i h ask$ sev]al ladies & g5tlem54' ,&1 speak+ ( numb]s1 x w\ld be v usual to say1 ',!re 7 a great _m ladies1 & b v few m5 pres5t1' or1 ',! ladies 7 9 ! majority1 s few m5 be+ pres5t4' ,aga91 a lady w\ld n say1 ',i expect two or ?ree m51' b %e w\ld say1 ',i expect two or ?ree g5tlem54' ,:5 p are on c]emony ) ea* o!r "o ano!r1 !y might1 p]haps1 9 speak+ ( a man1 call him a g5tleman2 b1 o!rwise1 x w\ld be m usual to speak ( him z a man4 ,ladies1 :5 speak+ ( ea* o!r "o ano!r1 usually employ ! t]m woman 9 pref]5ce to t ( lady4 ,?us !y w\ld say1 ',%e is a v good-natur$ woman1' ',:at sort ( a woman is %e8' ! t]m lady be+ entirely out ( place "u su* circum/ances4 ,aga91 ! t]m "y lady gives place z f> z possible to ! t]m girl1 al?\gh x greatly dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( intimacy exi/+ z to :i* t]m is employ$4 ,,language4 ,a note 9 ,worce/]'s ,diction>y says3 ,language is a v g5]al t]m1 & is n /rictly conf9$ to utt]ance by words1 z x is also express$ by ! c\nt5ance1 by ! eyes1 & by signs4 ,tongue ref]s especially to an orig9al language2 z1 '! ,hebrew tongue4' ,! mod]n languages are d]iv$ f ! orig9al tongues4 ,if ?is be correct1 !n he :o speaks ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,engli%1 ,spani%1 & ,italian1 may prop]ly say t he speaks five languages1 b only "o tongue4 ,,lay--,,lie4 ,errors are frequ5t 9 ! use ( ^! two irregul> v]bs4 ,lay is (t5 us$ = lie1 & lie is sometimes us$ = lay4 ,?is confusion 9 _! use is due 9 "s measure1 d\btless1 to ! circum/ance t lay appe>s 9 bo? v]bs1 x be+ ! imp]fect t5se ( to lie4 ,we say1 ,a mason lays bricks1 ,a %ip lies at an*or1 etc4 ,i mu/ lie d[n2 ,i mu/ lay myself d[n2 ,i mu/ lay ?is book on ! table2 ,he lies on ! grass2 ,he lays 8 plans well2 ,he lay on ! grass2 ,he laid x away2 ,he has la9 9 b$ long en\gh2 ,he has laid up "s money1 9 a /ock1 d[n ! law2 ,he is lay+ out ! gr\nds2 ,%ips lie at ! :>f2 ,h5s lay eggs2 ,! %ip lay at an*or2 ,! h5 laid an egg4 ,x w be se5 t lay always expresses transitive action1 & t lie expresses re/4 ,"h lies our sov]eign "l1 ! k+1 ,^: ^w no man relies on2 ,he nev] says a fooli% ?+1 ,nor ev] does a wise "o4 --,writt5 on ! b$*amb] door ( ,*>les ,,ii1 by ! ,e>l ( ,ro*e/]4 ,,le>n4 ,?is v]b 0 long ago us$ z a synonym ( tea*1 b 9 ?is s5se x is n[ obsolete4 ,to tea* is to give in/ruction2 to le>n is to take in/ruction4 ,i w le>n1 if y w tea* me4 ,see ,,tea*4 ,,leave4 ,!re are gramm>ians :o insi/ t ?is v]b %\ld n be us$ )\t an object1 z1 = example1 x is us$ 9 su* s5t5ces z1 ,:5 d y leave8 ,i leave to-morr[4 ,! object ( ! v]b--home1 t[n1 or :atev] x may be--is1 ( c\rse1 und]/ood2 b ?is1 say ^! g5tlem51 is n p]missible4 ,on ?is po9t op9ions w1 ,i ?9k1 diff]2 !y w1 h[ev]1 n diff] ) reg>d to ! vulg>ity ( us+ leave 9 ! s5se ( let2 ?us1 ,leave me be2 ,leave x alone2 ,leave h] be--don't bo!r h]2 ,leave me see x4 ,,l5d4 ,see ,,loan4 ,,l5g?y4 ,?is ^w is ( comp>atively rec5t orig91 &1 ?\gh x is said to be an ,am]icanism1 x is a good deal us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! mo/ c>eful writ]s1 h[ev]1 bo? "h & else:]e1 mu* pref] ! ^w long3 a long discussion1 a long disc\rse1 etc4 ,,l5i5cy4 ,mr4 ,g\ld calls ?is ^w & l5i5ce two philological abortions4 ,l5ity is und\bt$ly ! prop] ^w to use1 ?\gh bo? ,web/] & ,worce/] d recognize l5i5cy & l5i5ce4 ,,less4 ,?is ^w is mu* us$ in/ead ( few]4 ,less relates to quantity2 few] to numb]4 ,in/ead (1 ,!re 7 n less ?an tw5ty p]sons pres5t1 we %\ld say1 ,!re 7 n few] ?an tw5ty p]sons pres5t4 ,,less]4 ,?is =m ( ! comp>ative ( little is acc\nt$ a corruption ( less4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be us$ in/ead ( less ) propriety 9 v]se1 & also1 9 "s cases1 9 prose4 ,we may say1 = example1 ,( two evils *oose ! less1 or ! less]4 ,! latt] =m1 9 s5t5ces l ?is1 is ! m euphoni\s4 ,,liable4 ,ri*>d ,grant ,:ite1 9 inveigh+ aga9/ ! misuse ( ?is ^w1 cites ! example ( a memb] f a rural di/rict1 :o call$ out to a man :om he met 9 ! village1 :]e he 0 9 ! habit ( mak+ little pur*ases3 ,i say1 mi/]1 k9 y] tell me :> ,i'd be li'ble to f9d "s beans8 ,see1 also1 ,,apt4 ,,lie4 ,see ,,lay4 ,,l--,,z4 ,bo? ^! words express simil>ity2 l 7adjective7 comp>+ ?+s1 z 7adv]b7 comp>+ action1 exi/5ce1 or quality4 ,l is foll[$ by an object only1 & does n admit ( a v]b 9 ! same con/ruction4 ,z mu/ be foll[$ by a v]b express$ or und]/ood4 ,we say1 ,he looks l 8 bro!r1 or ,he looks z 8 bro!r looks4 ,d z ,i d1 n l ,i d4 ,y mu/ speak z ,james does1 n l ,james does4 ,he di$ z he _h liv$1 l a dog4 ,x is z blue z indigo2 i4 e41 z indigo is4 ,,l1 ,,to4 ,see ,,love4 ,,likely4 ,see ,,apt4 ,,lit4 ,?is =m ( ! pa/ p>ticiple ( ! v]b to light is n[ obsolete4 ,h y light$ ! fire8 ,! gas is light$4 ,het = heat$ is a simil>1 b mu* great]1 vulg>ism4 ,,loan--,,l5d4 ,!re are ^? :o cont5d t !re is no su* v]b z to loan1 al?\gh x has be5 f\nd 9 our lit]ature = m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,:e!r !re is prop]ly su* a v]b or n1 x is q c]ta9 t x is only ^? hav+ a vulg> p5*ant = big words :o w pref] x to its synonym l5d4 ,bett] f> to say ,l5d me y\r umbrella ?an ,loan me y\r umbrella4 ,,locate--,,settle4 ,! use ( ! v]b to locate 9 ! s5se ( to settle is said to be an ,am]icanism4 ,al?\gh ! diction>ies recognize to locate z a neut] v]b1 z su* x is m>k$ r>ely us$1 &1 9 ! s5se ( to settle1 x is among ! vulg>isms t c>eful speak]s & writ]s are /udi\s to avoid4 ,a man settles1 n locates1 9 ,nebraska4 ,:]e d y int5d to settle8 n locate4 ,see1 also1 ,,settle4 ,,logg]heads4 ,9 ! mean "t ,france is at logg]heads int]nally4--,new ,york ,h]ald1 ,april #bi1 #ahha4 ,logg]heads int]nally86 ,,looks ,,beautifully4 ,x is sometimes int]e/+ to note ! diff]5ce betwe5 vulg> bad gramm> & g5teel bad gramm>1 or1 m prop]ly1 betwe5 non-pa9/ak+ & pa9/ak+ bad gramm>4 ,! =m] uses1 = example1 adjectives in/ead ( adv]bs2 ! latt] uses adv]bs in/ead ( adjectives4 ,! =m] says1 ,?is bonnet is trimm$ %ock+2 ! latt] says1 ,?is bonnet looks %ock+ly4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ! epi!t qualifies ! v]b is trimm$1 & consequ5tly %\ld h its adv]bial =m--%ock+ly2 9 ! second s5t5ce ! epi!t qualifies ! appe>ance--a n\n--( ! bonnet1 & consequ5tly %\ld h its adjectival =m--%ock+4 ,! second s5t5ce means to say1 ,?is bonnet pres5ts a %ock+ appe>ance4 ,! bonnet c]ta9ly does n really look2 x is look$ at1 & to ! look] its appe>ance is %ock+4 ,s we say1 9 l mann]1 ( a p]son1 t he or %e looks sweet1 or *>m+1 or beautiful1 or h&some1 or horrid1 or graceful1 or timid1 & s on1 always us+ an adjective4 ,miss ,coghlan1 z ,lady ,teazle1 look$ *>m+ly4 ,! gramm> ( ! ,new ,york ,h]ald w\ld n h be5 any m incorrect if x _h said t ,miss ,coghlan look$ gladly1 or sadly1 or madly1 or delight$ly1 or pleas$ly4 ,a p]son may look sick or sickly1 b 9 bo? cases ! qualify+ ^w is an adjective4 ,! v]bs to smell1 to feel1 to s\nd1 & to appe> are also f\nd 9 s5t5ces 9 :i* ! qualify+ ^w mu/ be an adjective & n an adv]b4 ,we say1 = example1 ,! rose smells sweet2 ,! butt] smells good1 or bad1 or fre%2 ,i feel glad1 or sad1 or bad1 or despond5t1 or annoy$1 or n]v\s2 ,?is con/ruction s\nds h>%2 ,h[ delightful ! c\ntry appe>s6 ,on ! o!r h&1 to look1 to feel1 to smell1 to s\nd1 & to appe> are f\nd 9 s5t5ces :]e ! qualify+ ^w mu/ be an adv]b2 ?us1 ,he feels 8 loss ke5ly2 ,! k+ look$ graci\sly on h]2 ,i smell x fa9tly4 ,we might also say1 ,he feels sad adjective1 because he feels 8 loss ke5ly 7adv]b72 ,he appe>s well 7adv]b74 ,! expression1 ,%e seem$ confus$ly1 or timidly1 is n a :it m incorrect ?an ,%e look$ beautifully1 or *>m+ly4 ,see ,,adjectives4 ,,love--,,l4 ,m5 :o are at all c>eful 9 ! selection ( language to express _! ?\ghts1 & h n an undue lean+ t[>d ! sup]lative1 love few ?+s3 _! wives1 _! swee!>ts1 _! k9sm51 tru?1 ju/ice1 & _! c\ntry4 ,wom51 on ! contr>y1 z a rule1 love a multitude ( ?+s1 &1 among _! loves1 ! ?+ !y p]haps love mo/ is--taffy4 ,,luggage--,,baggage4 ,! =m] ( ^! words is g5]ally us$ 9 ,engl&1 ! latt] 9 ,am]ica4 ,,lun*4 ,?is ^w1 :5 us$ z a sub/antive1 may at ! be/ be acc\nt$ an inelegant abbreviation ( lun*eon4 ,! diction>ies b>ely recognize x4 ,! prop] phraseology to use is1 ,h y lun*$8 or1 ,h y _h y\r lun*eon8 or1 bett]1 ,h y _h lun*eon8 z we may 9 mo/ cases presuppose t ! p]son address$ w\ld h>dly take anybody's else lun*eon4 ,,luxuri\s--,,luxuriant4 ,! l9e is drawn mu* m %>ply betwe5 ^! two words n[ ?an x 0 =m]ly4 ,luxuri\s 0 once us$1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 9 ! s5se ( rank gr[?1 b n[ all c>eful writ]s & speak]s use x 9 ! s5se ( indulg+ or delight+ 9 luxury4 ,we talk ( a luxuri\s table1 a luxuri\s liv]1 luxuri\s ease1 luxuri\s fre$om4 ,luxuriant1 on ! o!r h&1 is re/rict$ to ! s5se ( rank1 or excessive1 gr[? or production2 ?us1 luxuriant we$s1 luxuriant foliage or bran*es1 luxuriant gr[?4 ,prune ! luxuriant1 ! unc\? ref9e1 ,b %[ no m]cy to an empty l9e4--,pope4 ,,mad4 ,pr(essor ,ri*>d ,a4 ,proctor1 9 a rec5t numb] ( ,! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 says3 ,! ^w mad 9 ,am]ica seems ne>ly always to mean angry4 ,= mad1 z we use ! ^w1 ,am]icans say crazy4 ,h]e9 !y h manife/ly impair$ ! language4 ,h !y8 ,n[1 9 fai?1 ,gratiano1 ,y give y\r wife too unk9d a cause ( grief2 ,an 'tw]e1 to me1 ,i w\ld be mad at x4 --,m]*ant ( ,v5ice4 ,& be+ exce$+ly mad aga9/ !m1 ,i p]secut$ !m ev5 unto /range cities4--,acts xxvi1 ,,ii4 ,,make ,a ,,visit4 ,! phrase make a visit1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,hall1 :atev] x once 01 is no long] ,engli%4 ,,male4 ,see ,,female4 ,,m>ry4 ,!re has be5 "s discussion1 at "o "t & ano!r1 ) reg>d to ! use ( ?is ^w4 ,is ,john ,jones m>ri$ to ,sally ,br[n or ) ,sally ,br[n1 or are !y m>ri$ to ea* o!r8 ,inasmu* z ! woman loses h] "n 9 t ( ! man to :om %e is w$d$1 & becomes a memb] ( 8 family1 n he ( h]s--inasmu* z1 ) few exceptions1 x is h] life t is m]g$ 9 8--x w\ld seem t1 prop]ly1 ,sally ,br[n is m>ri$ to ,john ,jones1 & t ?is w\ld be ! prop] way to make ! ann\ncem5t ( _! hav+ be5 w$d$1 & n ,john ,jones to ,sally ,br[n4 ,!re is also a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r ! active or ! passive =m is pref]able 9 ref]r+ to a p]son's w$d$ /ate4 ,9 speak+ def9itely ( ! act ( m>riage1 ! passive =m is necess>ily us$ ) ref]5ce to ei!r sp\se4 ,john ,jones 0 m>ri$ to ,sally ,br[n on ,dec4 #a1 #ahha2 n1 ,john ,jones m>ri$ ,sally ,br[n on su* a date1 = 7unless !y 7 ,quak]s7 "s ?ird p]son m>ri$ him to h] & h] to him4 ,b1 9 speak+ indef9itely ( ! fact ( m>riage1 ! active =m is a matt] ( c\rse4 ,:om did ,john ,jones m>ry8 ,he m>ri$ ,sally ,br[n4 ,john ,jones1 :5 he _h s[n 8 wild oats1 m>ri$ m>ri$ himself1 z ! ,fr5* say & settl$ d[n4 ,got m>ri$ is a vulg>ism4 ,,may4 ,9 ! s5se ( c1 may1 9 a negative clause1 has become obsolete4 ,?\gh we may say a horse1 we may n say a ox4 ,! fir/ may "h is p]missible2 n s1 h[ev]1 ! second1 :i* %\ld be c4 ,,meat4 ,at table1 we ask = & (f] beef1 mutton1 veal1 /eak1 turkey1 duck1 etc41 & d n ask = nor (f] meat1 :i*1 to say ! lea/1 is inelegant4 ,w y h n1 take ano!r piece ( beef n1 ( ! beef8 n1 ,w y h ano!r piece ( meat8 ,,memor&um4 ,! plural is memor&a1 except :5 ! s+ul> means a book2 !n ! plural is memor&ums4 ,,m]e4 ,?is ^w is n unfrequ5tly misplac$1 & sometimes1 z 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ misplac$1 x is *ang$ to an adv]b3 ,x is true ( m5 z ( ,god1 t words m]ely meet ) no response4 ,:at ! writ] evid5tly int5d$ to say is1 t m]e words meet ) no response4 ,,metaphor4 ,an impli$ comp>ison is call$ a metaphor2 x is a m t]se =m ( expression ?an ! simile4 ,take1 = example1 ?is s5t5ce f ,sp5s]'s ,philosophy ( ,/yle3 ,z1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! cry/al1 beams ( :ite light are decompos$ into ! colors ( ! ra9b[2 s1 9 trav]s+ ! s\l ( ! poet1 ! colorless rays ( tru? are trans=m$ into brightly-t9t$ poetry4 ,express$ 9 metaphors1 ?is becomes3 ,! :ite light ( tru?1 9 trav]s+ ! _m-sid$1 transp>5t s\l ( ! poet1 is refract$ into iris-hu$ poetry4 ,worce/]'s def9ition ( a metaphor is3 ,a figure ( spee* f\nd$ on ! resemblance :i* "o object is suppos$ to be>1 9 "s respect1 to ano!r1 or a figure by :i* a ^w is transf]r$ f a subject to :i* x prop]ly belongs to ano!r1 9 su* a mann] t a comp>ison is impli$1 ?\gh n =mally express$2 a comp>ison or simile compris$ 9 a ^w2 z1 ',?y ^w is a lamp to my feet4' ,a metaphor diff]s f a simile 9 be+ express$ )\t any sign ( comp>ison2 ?us1 ! silv] moon is a metaphor2 ! moon is bright z silv] is a simile4 ,examples3 ,b look1 ! morn1 9 russet mantle clad1 ,walks o'er ! dew ( yon high ea/]n hill4 ,can/ ?\ n m9i/] to a m9d diseas$-- ,pluck f ! memory a root$ sorr[8 ,at l5g? ,erasmus ,/emm$ ! wild torr5t ( a b>b>\s age1 ,& drove ^? holy ,v&als (f ! /age4 ,c5sure is ! tax a man pays to ! public = be+ em95t4 ,,metonymy4 ,! rhetorical figure t puts ! effect = ! cause1 ! cause = ! effect1 ! conta9] = ! ?+ conta9$1 ! sign1 or symbol1 = ! ?+ signifi$1 or ! in/rum5t = ! ag5t1 is call$ metonymy4 ,"o v common species ( metonymy is1 :5 ! badge is put = ! (fice4 ,?us we say ! mit] = ! prie/hood2 ! cr[n = royalty2 = milit>y occupation we say ! sword2 & = ! lit]>y pr(essions1 ^? especially ( !ology1 law1 & physic1 ! common expression is ! g[n4--,campbell4 ,dr4 ,quack5bos1 9 8 ,c\rse ( ,composition & ,rhetoric1 says3 ,metonymy is ! ex*ange ( names betwe5 ?+s relat$4 ,x is f\nd$1 n on resemblance1 b on ! relation (1 #a4 ,cause & effect2 z1',!y h ,moses & ! prophets1' i4 e41 _! writ+s2 ',gray hairs %\ld be respect$1' i4 e41 old age4 #b4 ,prog5itor & po/]ity2 z1 ',he>1 ,o ,israel6' i4 e41 desc5dants ( ,israel4 #c4 ,subject & attribute2 z1 ',y\? & beauty %all be laid 9 du/1' i4 e41 ! "y & beautiful4 #d4 ,place & inhabitant2 z1 ',:at l& is s b>b>\s z to all[ ?is inju/ice8' i4 e41 :at p4 #e4 ,conta9] & ?+ conta9$2 z1 ',our %ips next op5$ fire1' i4 e41 our sailors4 #f4 ,sign & ?+ signifi$2 z1 ',! scept] %all n dep>t f ,judah1' i4 e41 k+ly p[]4 #g4 ,mat]ial & ?+ made ( x2 z1 ',8 /eel gleam$ on high1' i4 e41 8 sword4 ,petitions hav+ prov$ unsuccessful1 x 0 det]m9$ to approa* ! ?rone m boldly4 ,,mid/1 ,,!4 ,see ,,9 ,,our ,,mid/4 ,,m9d--,,caprici\s4 ,"l ,salisbury's m9d is caprici\s4--,tribune1 ,april #c1 #ahha4 ,see ,,equanimity ,,( ,,m9d4 ,,misplac$ ,,clauses4 ,9 writ+ & speak+1 x is z important to give ea* clause its prop] place z x is to place ! words prop]ly4 ,! foll[+ are a few in/ances ( misplac$ clauses & adjuncts3 ,all ^! circum/ances br\ght close to u a /ate ( ?+s :i* we nev] ?\ght to h witness$ to witness 9 peaceful ,engl&4 ,9 ! si/] isl&1 inde$1 we _h read ( su* horrors1 b n[ !y 7 br\ght home to our v h\sehold he>?4--,swift4 ,bett]3 ,we _h read1 inde$1 ( su* horrors occurr+ 9 ! si/] isl&1 etc4 ,! savage p 9 _m places 9 ,am]ica1 except ! gov]nm5t ( families1 h no gov]nm5t at all1 & live at ?is day 9 t savage mann] z ,i h said be=e4--,hobbes4 ,bett]3 ,! savage p 444 9 ,am]ica h no gov]nm5t at all1 except ! gov]nm5t ( families1 etc4 ,i %all h a com$y = y1 9 a season or two at f>!/1 t ,i believe w be wor? y\r acceptance4--,goldsmi?4 ,bett]$3 ,9 a season or two at f>!/1 ,i %all h a com$y = y t ,i believe w be wor? y\r acceptance4 ,among ! foll[+ examples ( ! wrong plac+ ( words & clauses1 !re are "s t are z amus+ z !y are in/ructive3 ,?is or?ography is reg>d$ z normal 9 ,engl&4 ,:at ! writ] int5d$ 01 9 ,engl& z normal--a v diff]5t ?\ght4 ,! ,normal ,s*ool is a commodi\s build+ capable ( accommodat+ ?ree hundr$ /ud5ts f\r /ories high4 ,,h\sekeep]4--,a highly respectable middle-ag$ ,p]son :o has be5 fill+ ! above ,situation ) a g5tleman = upw>ds ( elev5 ye>s & :o is n[ deceas$ is anxi\s to meet a simil> "o4 ,,to ,,piano-,,=te ,,mak]s4--,a lady keep+ a fir/-class s*ool requir+ a good piano1 is desir\s ( receiv+ a daught] ( ! above 9 ex*ange = ! same4 ,! ,moor1 seiz+ a bol/] boil+ ov] ) rage & jeal\sy1 smo!rs h]4 ,! ,dy+ ,z\ave ! mo/ wond]ful me*anical repres5tation ev] se5 ( ! la/ brea? ( life be+ %ot 9 ! brea/ & life's blood leav+ ! w\nd4 ,mr4 ,t---- pres5ts 8 complim5ts to ,mr4 ,h----1 & ,i h got a hat t is n 81 &1 if he h a hat t is n y\rs1 no d\bt !y are ! expectant ones4 ,see ,,only4 ,,misplac$ ,,words4 ,( all ! faults to be f\nd 9 writ+1 says ,cobbett1 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ common1 & p]haps x leads to ! greate/ numb] ( misconceptions4 ,all ! words may be ! prop] words to be us$ ^u ! occasion1 & yet1 by a misplac+ ( a "p ( !m1 ! mean+ may be :olly de/roy$2 & ev5 made to be ! contr>y ( :at x ought to be4 ,i ask$ ! "q ) no o!r int5tion ?an to set ! g5tleman free f ! necessity ( sil5ce1 & to give him an opportunity ( m+l+ on equal t]ms ) a polite assembly f :i*1 h[ev] uneasy1 he c\ld n !n escape1 by a k9d introduction ( ! only subject on :i* ,i believ$ him to be able to speak ) propriety4--,dr4 ,johnson4 ,?is1 says ,cobbett1 is a v bad s5t5ce altoge!r4 ',h[ev] uneasy' applies to assembly & n to g5tleman4 ,only obs]ve h[ easily ?is might h be5 avoid$4 ',f :i* he1 h[ev] uneasy1 c\ld n !n escape4' ,aft] ?is we h1 'he c\ld n !n escape1 by a k9d introduction4' ,we "k :at is meant2 b ! ,doctor1 ) all 8 commas1 leaves ! s5t5ce confus$4 ,let u see :e!r we c n make x cle>4 ',i ask$ ! "q ) no o!r int5tion ?an1 by a k9d introduction ( ! only subject on :i* ,i believ$ him to be able to speak ) propriety1 to set ! g5tleman free f ! necessity ( sil5ce1 & to give him an opportunity ( m+l+ on equal t]ms ) a polite assembly f :i* he1 h[ev] uneasy1 c\ld n !n escape4' ,reason is ! glory ( human nature1 & "o ( ! *ief em95ces :]eby we are rais$ above our fell[-creatures1 ! brutes1 9 ?is l[] _w4--,doctor ,watts' ,logic4 ,i h be=e %[$ an error1 ,cobbett rem>ks1 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ,doctor ,watts' "w4 ,?is is ! second s5t5ce4 ,! words 9 ?is l[] _w are n words misplac$ only2 !y are :olly unnecess>y1 & !y d great h>m2 = !y d ^! two ?+s3 fir/1 !y imply t !re are brutes 9 ! high] _w2 &1 second1 !y excite a d\bt :e!r we are rais$ above ^? brutes4 ,i might greatly ext5d ! numb] ( my extracts f ^! au?ors2 b "h1 ,i tru/1 are en\gh4 ,i _h not$ d[n ab\t two hundr$ errors 9 ,dr4 ,johnson's ',lives ( ! ,poets'2 b1 aft]w>d p]ceiv+ t he _h revis$ & correct$ ',! ,rambl]' ) extraord9>y c>e1 ,i *ose to make my extracts f t "w r ?an f ! ',lives ( ! ,poets4' ,! position ( ! adv]b %\ld be z ne> z possible to ! ^w x qualifies4 ,sometimes we place x be=e ! auxili>y & sometimes aft] x1 accord+ to ! ?\ght we wi% to express4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,! fi% %\ld prop]ly be broil$ & ,! fi% %\ld be prop]ly broil$ is app>5t at a glance4 ,! colon may be prop]ly us$ 9 ! foll[+ cases3 %\ld be1 may prop]ly be us$4 ,?is mode ( expression r suits a famili> ?an a grave /yle3 %\ld be1 suits a famili> r ?an a grave /yle4 ,x is a frequ5t error 9 ! writ+s ev5 ( "s good au?ors3 %\ld be1 9 ! writ+s ( ev5 "s good au?ors4 ,bo? ! circum/ances ( cont+5cy & futurity are necess>y3 %\ld be1 ,! circum/ances ( cont+5cy & futurity are bo? necess>y4 ,he has made *>ges 444 :i* he has fail$ utt]ly to su/a94--,new ,york ,tribune4 ,"h x is unc]ta9 at fir/ sight :i* v]b ! adv]b is int5d$ to qualify2 b ! nature ( ! case makes x probable t ! writ] meant has utt]ly fail$ to su/a94 ,,mi/ak54 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 y are 9 ! wrong3 say1 ,if ,i mi/ake n4 ,i tell y1 y are mi/ak54 ,"h mi/ak5 means1 ,y are wrong2 y d n und]/&2 b x might be tak5 to mean1 ,i mi/ake y4 ,= y are mi/ak51 say1 y mi/ake4 ,if1 z ,horace & ,pr(essor ,davidson av]1 usage 9 language makes "r1 !n ! gramm>ians ought long ago to h inv5t$ "s !ory ^u :i* ! locution y are mi/ak5 c\ld be def5d$4 ,until !y d inv5t su* a !ory1 x w be bett] to say y mi/ake1 he mi/akes1 & s on2 or y are1 or he is--z ! case may be--9 error4 ,,m ,,p]fect4 ,su* expressions z1 ! m p]fect ( ! two1 ! mo/ p]fect ?+ ( ! k9d ,i h ev] se51 ! mo/ complete cook+-/ove ev] inv5t$1 & ! l1 c n be def5d$ logically1 z no?+ c be m p]fect ?an p]fection1 or m complete ?an complet5ess4 ,/ill su* phrases are1 & probably w cont9ue to be1 us$ by good writ]s4 ,,mo/4 ,ev]ybody abuses ?is ^w1 says ,mr4 ,g\ld 9 8 ,good ,engli%2 & !n1 9 ano!r p>agraph1 he adds3 ,if a man w\ld cross out mo/ :]ev] he c f9d x 9 any book 9 ! ,engli% language1 he w\ld 9 almo/ e in/ance improve ! /yle ( ! book4 ,t ?is /atem5t may appe> )9 b\nds1 he gives _m examples f good au?ors1 "s ( :i* are ! foll[+3 a mo/ pr(\nd sil5ce2 a mo/ j idea2 a mo/ complete orator2 ?is 0 mo/ extraord9>y2 an object ( mo/ p]fect e/eem2 a mo/ ext5sive erudition2 he gave x mo/ lib]ally away2 x is1 mo/ assur$ly1 n because ,i value 8 s]vices lea/2 w\ld mo/ s]i\sly affect u2 t su* a sy/em mu/ mo/ widely & mo/ p[]fully1 etc42 x is mo/ effectually nail$ to ! c\nt]2 x is mo/ und5iable t1 etc4 ,?is ^w is mu*1 & v errone\sly1 us$ = almo/4 ,he comes "h mo/ e day4 ,! us] ( su* a s5t5ce z ?is means to say t he comes ne>ly e day1 b he really says1 if he says any?+1 t he comes m e day ?an he does e night4 ,9 su* s5t5ces almo/1 & n mo/1 is ! ^w to use4 ,,mutual4 ,?is ^w is mu* misus$ 9 ! phrase our mutual fri5d4 ,macaulay says3 ,mutual fri5d is a l[ vulg>ism = common fri5d4 ,mutual prop]ly relates to two p]sons1 & implies reciprocity ( s5tim5t--s5tim5t1 be x :at x may1 receiv$ & return$4 ,?us1 we say prop]ly1 ,john & ,james h a mutual affection1 or a mutual av]sion1 i4 e41 !y l or dislike ea* o!r2 or1 ,john & ,james are mutually dep5d5t1 i4 e41 !y are dep5d5t on ea* o!r4 ,9 us+ ! ^w mutual1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to add ! words = ea* o!r or on ea* o!r1 ! ?\ght convey$ by ^! words be+ already express$ 9 ! ^w mutual4 ,dep5d5t on ea* o!r is ! exact equival5t ( mutually dep5d5t2 h5ce1 say+ t ,john & ,james are mutually dep5d5t on ea* o!r is z r$undant 9 =m z x w\ld be to say t ! editors ( ,! ,great ,vilifi] are ! bigge/1 greate/ mud-sl+]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,,myself4 ,?is =m ( ! p]sonal pron\n is prop]ly us$ 9 ! nom9ative case only :]e increas$ emphasis is aim$ at4 ,i _h z lief n be z live to be ,9 awe ( su* a ?+ z ,i myself4 ,i w d x myself1 ,i saw x myself4 ,x is1 !re=e1 incorrect to say1 ,mrs4 ,br[n & myself 7 bo? v mu* pleas$4 ,,"n4 ,?is ^w is sometimes improp]ly us$ = m5tion2 ?us1 ,i nev] nam$ ! matt] to any "o3 %\ld be1 ,i nev] m5tion$ ! matt] to any "o4 ,,neighborhood4 ,see ,,vic9ity4 ,,nei!r4 ,see ,,ei!r4 ,,nei!r--,,nor4 ,he w\ld nei!r give w9e1 nor oil1 nor money4--,?ack]ay4 ,! conjunction %\ld be plac$ be=e ! exclud$ object2 nei!r give implies nei!r "s o!r v]b1 a mean+ n int5d$4 ,re>range ?us1 tak+ all ! common p>ts ( ! contract$ s5t5ces toge!r3 ,he w\ld give nei!r w9e1 nor oil1 nor money4 ,s1 ,%e c nei!r help h] beauty1 nor h] c\rage1 nor h] cruelty 7,?ack]ay71 %\ld be1 ,%e c help nei!r1 etc4 ,he _h nei!r "t to int]cept nor to /op h] 7,scott71 %\ld be1 ,he _h "t nei!r to int]cept1 etc4 ,"s nei!r c = wits nor critics pass 7,pope71 %\ld be1 ,"s c nei!r = wits nor critics pass4 ,,nev]4 ,gramm>ians diff] ) reg>d to ! correctness ( us+ nev] 9 su* s5t5ces z1 ,he is 9 error1 ?\gh nev] s wise1 ,*>m he nev] s wisely4 ,9 s5t5ces l ^!1 to say ! lea/1 x is bett]1 9 common ) ! great majority ( writ]s1 to use ev]4 ,,new4 ,?is adjective is (t5 misplac$4 ,he has a new suit ( clo!s & a new pair ( gloves4 ,x is n ! suit & ! pair t are new1 b ! clo!s & ! gloves4 ,,nice4 ,ar*deacon ,h>e rem>ks ( ! use1 or r misuse1 ( ?is ^w3 ,t /upid vulg>ism by :i* we use ! ^w nice to d5ote almo/ e mode ( approbation1 = almo/ e v>iety ( quality1 &1 f %e] pov]ty ( ?\ght1 or fe> ( say+ any?+ def9ite1 wrap up ev]y?+ indiscrim9ately 9 ?is *>act]less dom9o1 speak+ at ! same brea? ( a nice *eese-cake1 a nice trag$y1 a nice s]mon1 a nice day1 a nice c\ntry1 z if a univ]sal deluge ( niais]ie--= nice seems orig9ally to h be5 only niais--_h :elm$ ! :ole isl&4 ,nice is z good a ^w z any o!r 9 its place1 b its place is n ev]y:]e4 ,we talk v prop]ly ab\t a nice di/9ction1 a nice discrim9ation1 a nice calculation1 a nice po9t1 & ab\t a p]son's be+ nice1 & ov]-nice1 & ! l2 b we c]ta9ly ought n to talk ab\t ,o!llo's be+ a nice trag$y1 ab\t ,salv9i's be+ a nice actor1 or ,new ,york bay's be+ a nice h>bor4#bc ,,nicely4 ,! v qu9tess5ce ( pop9jay vulg>ity is rea*$ :5 nicely is made to d s]vice = well1 9 ?is wise3 ,h[ d y d8 ,nicely4 ,h[ are y8 ,nicely4 ,,no4 ,?is ^w ( negation is respond$ to by nor 9 s5t5ces l ?is3 ,let y\r mean+ be obscure1 & no grace ( diction nor any music ( well-turn$ s5t5ces w make am5ds4 ,:e!r he is !re or no4 ,supply ! ellipsis1 & we h1 ,:e!r he is !re or no !re4 ,cle>ly1 ! ^w to use 9 s5t5ces l ?is is n no1 b n4 ,& yet our be/ writ]s sometimes inadv]t5tly use no ) :e!r4 ,example3 ,b p]haps "s p are q indiff]5t :e!r or no x is said1 etc4--,ri*>d ,grant ,:ite1 9 ,words & ,_! ,uses1 p4 #hd4 ,supply ! ellipsis1 & we h1 said or no said4 ,9 a little book entitl$ ,live & ,le>n1 ,i f9d1 ,no less ?an fifty p]sons 7 !re2 ,no few]1 etc4 ,9 correct+ "o mi/ake1 ! writ] himself makes "o4 ,x %\ld be1 ,n few]1 etc4 ,if we ask1 ,!re 7 fifty p]sons !re1 7 !re or 7 !re n8 ! reply cle>ly w\ld be1 ,!re 7 n few] ?an fifty4 ,!re 0 no "o ( !m :o w\ld n h be5 pr\d1 etc41 %\ld be1 ,!re 0 n "o ( !m4 ,,n4 ,! correlative ( n1 :5 x /&s 9 ! fir/ memb] ( a s5t5ce1 is nor or nei!r4 ,n = ?y ivory nor ?y gold w ,i unb9d ?y *a94 ,i w n d x1 nei!r %all y4 ,! wrong plac+ ( n (t5 gives rise to an imp]fect negation2 ?us1 ,john & ,james 7 n !re1 means t ,john & ,james 7 n !re 9 company4 ,x does n exclude ! pres5ce ( "o ( !m4 ,! negative %\ld prec$e 9 ?is case3 ,nei!r ,john nor ,james 0 !re4 ,our company 0 n pres5t 7z a company1 b "s ( u might h be571 %\ld be1 ,no memb] ( our company 0 pres5t4 ,,n--,,b ,,only4 ,errors frequ5tly arise 9 ! use ( n--b only1 to und]/& :i* we mu/ att5d to ! =ce ( ! :ole expression4 ',he did n pret5d to extirpate ,fr5* music1 b only to cultivate & civilize x4' ,"h ! n is obvi\sly misplac$4 ',he pret5d$1 or pr(ess$1 n to extirpate4'--,ba94 ,,notori\s4 ,?\gh ?is ^w c n be prop]ly us$ 9 any b a bad s5se1 we sometimes see x us$ in/ead ( not$1 :i* may be us$ 9 ei!r a good or a bad s5se4 ,notori\s *>act]s are always p]sons to be %unn$1 :]eas not$ *>act]s may or may n be p]sons to be %unn$4 ,?is is ! tax a man mu/ pay = 8 virtues--!y hold up a tor* to 8 vices & r5d] ^? frailties notori\s 9 him :i* w\ld pass )\t obs]vation 9 ano!r4--,lacon4 ,,novice4 ,see ,,amateur4 ,,numb]4 ,x is n an uncommon ?+ = a pron\n 9 ! plural numb] to be us$ 9 connection ) an antec$5t 9 ! s+ul>4 ,at pres5t1 ! foll[+ notice may be se5 9 "s ( our ,broadway omnibuses3 ,fifty doll>s rew>d = ! conviction ( any p]son caught collect+ or keep+ f>es giv5 to !m to deposit 9 ! box4 ,%\ld be1 to him4 ,a p]son may be v ne>-sight$ if !y c n recognize an acqua9tance t5 feet (f4 ,%\ld be1 if he4 ,! v]b to be is (t5 us$ 9 ! s+ul> in/ead ( 9 ! plural2 ?us1 ,!re is sev]al reasons :y x w\ld be bett]3 say1 are4 ,h[ _m is !re8 say1 are4 ,!re is f\r3 say1 are4 ,0 !re _m8 say1 74 ,no matt] h[ _m !re 03 say1 74 ,a v]b %\ld agree 9 numb] ) its subject1 & n ) its pr$icate4 ,we say1 = example1 ,dea? is ! wages ( s91 & ,! wages ( s9 are dea?4 ,:5 s+ul> n\ns connect$ by & are prec$$ by ea*1 e1 or no1 ! v]b mu/ be s+ul>4 ,we say1 = example1 ,ea* boy & ea* girl /udies4 ,e leaf1 & e twig1 & e drop ( wat] teems ) life4 ,no book & no pap] 0 arrang$4 ,ea* be+ s+ul>1 a pron\n or v]b to agree ) x mu/ also be s+ul>2 ?us1 ,let !m dep5d ea* on 8 own ex]tions2 ,ea* city has its peculi> privileges2 ,ev]ybody has a "r to look aft] 8 own int]e/4 ,errors are (t5 ! result ( n repeat+ ! v]b2 ?us1 ,its significance is z v>i$ z ! passions3 correctly1 z are ! passions4 ,! words are z incapable ( analysis z ! ?+ signifi$3 correctly1 z is ! ?+ signifi$4 ,,obs]ve4 ,! diction>ies au?orize ! use ( ?is ^w z a synonym ( say & rem>k2 z1 = example1 ,:at did y obs]ve8 = ,:at did y say1 or rem>k8 ,9 ?is s5se1 h[ev]1 x is bett] to leave obs]ve to ! exclusive use ( ^? :o delight 9 be+ f9e4 ,o',,clock4 ,x is a qu>t] to t5 o'clock4 ,:at does ?is /atem5t mean1 lit]ally8 ,we und]/& by x t x lacks a qu>t] ( t51 i4 e41 ( be+ t52 b x does n really mean t4 ,inasmu* z to means t[>d1 x really means a qu>t] aft] n9e4 ,we %\ld say1 !n1 a qu>t] (1 :i* means1 lit]ally1 a qu>t] out ( t54 ,,( ,,all ,,o!rs4 ,! vice ( covet\sness1 ( all o!rs1 ent]s deepe/ into ! s\l4 ,?is s5t5ce says t covet\sness is "o ( ! o!r vices4 ,a ?+ c n be ano!r ?+1 nor c x be "o ( a numb] ( o!r ?+s4 ,! s5t5ce %\ld be1 ,( all ! vices1 covet\sness ent]s deepe/ into ! s\l2 or1 ,! vice ( covet\sness1 ( all ! vices1 ent]s1 etc42 or1 ,! vice ( covet\sness1 above all o!rs1 ent]s1 etc4 ,,( ,,any4 ,?is phrase is (t5 us$ :5 ( all is meant2 ?us1 ,?is is ! l>ge/ ( any ,i h se54 ,%\ld be1 ! l>ge/ ( all1 etc4 ,,(f ,,(4 ,9 su* s5t5ces z1 ,give me a y>d (f ( ?is piece ( calico1 ei!r ! (f or ! ( is vulg>ly sup]flu\s4 ,! s5t5ce w\ld be correct ) ei!r "o1 b n ) bo? ( !m4 ,! apples fell (f ( ! tree3 read1 fell (f ! tree4 ,,(t54 ,?is adv]b is prop]ly comp>$ by *ang+ its t]m9ation3 (t51 (t5]1 (t5e/4 ,:y "s writ]s use m & mo/ to comp>e x1 x is n easy to see2 ?is mode ( comp>+ x is c]ta9ly n euphoni\s4 ,,oh--,o4 ,x is only ! mo/ c>eful writ]s :o use ^! two int]jections ) prop] discrim9ation4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 !m is said to be mod]n4 ,oh is simply an exclamation1 & %\ld always be foll[$ by "s m>k ( punctuation1 usually by an exclamation po9t4 ,oh6 y are come at la/4 ,oh1 help him1 y sweet heav5s6 ,oh1 woe is me6 ,oh6 ,i die1 ,horatio4 ,o1 9 addition to be+ an exclamation1 d5otes a call+ to or adjuration2 ?us1 ,he>1 ,o heav5s1 & give e>1 ,o e>?6 ,o grave1 :]e is ?y victory8 ,o heav5ly p[]s1 re/ore him6 ,o %ame6 :]e is ?y blu%8 ,,old]--,,eld]4 ,he is ! old] man ( ! two1 & ! olde/ 9 ! neighborhood4 ,he is ! eld] ( ! two sons1 & ! elde/ ( ! family4 ,! eld] son is heir to ! e/ate2 he is old] ?an 8 bro!r by t5 ye>s4 ,,on ,,to4 ,we get on a *air1 on an omnibus1 on a /ump1 & on a spree1 & n on to4 ,,"o4 ,c]ta9 pron\ns ( demon/rative signification are call$ indef9ite because !y ref] to no p>ticul> subject4 ,?is is "o ( !m4 ,if we 7 putt+ a supposition by way ( argum5t or illu/ration1 we might say1 ,suppose ,i 7 to lose my way 9 a wood2 or1 ,suppose y 7 to lose y\r way 9 a wood2 or1 ,suppose "o 7 to lose "o's way 9 a wood4 ,all ^! =ms are us$1 b1 z a rule1 ! la/ is to be pref]r$4 ,! fir/ v]ges on egotism1 & ! second makes free ) ano!r's p]son1 :]eas ! ?ird is indiff]5t4 ,if "o's hone/y 7 impea*$1 :at %\ld "o d8 is m c\rtly ?an to take ei!r "o's self or ! p]son address$ = ! example4 ,"o %\ld be foll[$ by "o1 & n by he4 ,! bett] acqua9t$ "o is ) any k9d ( rhetorical trick1 ! less liable he is to be misl$ by x4 ,%\ld be1 ! less liable "o is to be misl$ by x4 ,9 ! phrase1 any ( ! little ones1 "o is ! num]al employ$ 9 ! mann] ( a pron\n1 by indicat+ some?+ t has gone be=e1 or1 p]haps1 has to come aft]4 ,i l pea*es1 b ,i mu/ h a ripe "o1 or ripe ones4 ,pr(essor ,ba9 says1 9 8 ,composition ,gramm>3 ,?is pron\n cont9ually l&s writ]s 9 difficulties4 ,engli% idiom requires t1 :5 ! pron\n has to be aga9 ref]r$ to1 x %\ld be us$ itself a second "t4 ,! correct usage is %[n by ,pope3 ',"o may be a%am$ to consume half "o's days 9 br++ s5se & rhyme toge!r4' ,x w\ld be aga9/ idiom to say 'half 8 days4' ,/ill1 ! repetition ( ! pron\n is (t5 felt to be heavy1 & writ]s h rec\rse to v>i\s sub/itutions4 ,ev5 an e> accu/om$ to ! idiom c sc>cely accept ) unmix$ pleasure ?is in/ance f ,br[n+3 ',alack6 "o lies oneself ,ev5 9 ! /at+ t "o's end 0 tru?1 ,tru? only1 if "o /ates s mu* 9 words4' ,! repres5tative ',i' or 'we' occasionally acts ! "p ( '"o4' ,! foll[+ s5t5ce pres5ts a curi\s alt]nation ( 'we' ) '"o'--possibly n accid5tal 7,george ,eliot73 ',x's a desp]ately vexati\s ?+ t1 aft] all "o's reflections & quiet det]m9ations1 we %\ld be rul$ by moods t "o c't calculate on be=eh&4' ,by ! use ( 'we' "h1 a m po9t$ ref]5ce is sugge/$1 :ile ! vagu5ess actually rema9s4 ,f5imore ,coop]1 l ,scott1 is n v p>ticul>2 an example may be quot$3 ',mode/y is a poor man's weal?2 b1 z we gr[ sub/antial 9 ! _w1 patroon1 "o c af=d to beg9 to speak tru? ( himself z well z ( 8 neighbor4' ,7 ,coop] a c>eful writ]1 we might p]suade ourselves t he *ose 'we' & '"o' ) a purpose3 'we' might indicate t ! speak] _h himself & ! patroon directly 9 8 eye1 al?\gh at ! same "t he want$ to put x g5]ally2 & '"o' might h9t t mode/y succe$$ 9 gett+ ! bett] ( him4 ,b 'himself' & '8' w\ld alone %[ t su* speculations are too ref9$ = ! occasion4 ,! =m 'a man1' :i* 0 at "o "t common1 seems to be reviv+4 ,9 ',adam ,b$e' we h1 ',a man c nev] d any?+ at v>iance ) 8 own nature4' ,we might sub/itute '"o4' ',m5' 0 m frequ5t 9 good writ+ =m]ly ?an n[4 ',nei!r d m5 light a c&le1 & put x "u a bu%el4' ',d m5 ga!r grapes ( ?orns8' ,hume is fond ( express+ a g5]al subject by 'm54' ',small birds are mu* m expos$ to ! cold ?an l>ge ones4' ,?is usage is h>dly 'indef9ite'2 & x ne$s no fur!r exemplification4 ,,only4 ,?is ^w1 :5 us$ z an adjective1 is m frequ5tly misplac$ ?an any o!r ^w 9 ! language4 ,inde$1 ,i am confid5t t x is n correctly plac$ half ! "t1 ei!r 9 conv]sation or 9 writ+4 ,?us1 ,9 its pages1 pap]s ( /]l+ m]it only w only appe> 7,miss ,braddon72 ,?+s are gett+ dull d[n 9 ,texas2 !y only %ot only ?ree m5 d[n !re la/ week2 ,i h only got only ?ree4 ,only is sometimes improp]ly us$ = except or unless2 ?us1 ,! tra9s w n /op only :5 ! bell r+s4 ,! mean+ "h is cle>ly except :5 ! bell r+s4 ,dr4 ,ba91 9 8 ,high] ,engli% ,gramm>1 speak+ ( ! ord] ( words1 says3 ,! ^w requir+ mo/ att5tion is only4 ,accord+ to ! position ( only1 ! same words may be made to express v diff]5t mean+s4 ',he only liv$ = _! sakes4' ,"h only mu/ be held z qualify+ 'liv$ = _! sakes1' ! emphasis be+ on liv$1 ! ^w imm$iately adjo9+4 ,! mean+ !n is 'he liv$1' b did n "w1 did n die1 did n d any o!r ?+ = _! sakes4 ',he liv$ only = _! sakes4' ,only n[ qualifies '= _! sakes1' & ! s5t5ce means he liv$ = ?is "o reason1 namely1 = _! sakes1 & n = any o!r reason4 ',he liv$ = _! sakes only4' ,! =ce ( ! ^w :5 plac$ at ! end is peculi>4 ,!n x (t5 has a dim9utive or disp>ag+ signification4 ',he liv$ = _! sakes1' & n = any m wor?y reason4 ',he gave sixp5ce only1' is an ins9uation t m 0 expect$4 ,by ! use ( alone1 in/ead ( only1 o!r mean+s are express$4 ',he alone liv$ = _! sakes'2 t is1 he1 & nobody else1 did s4 ',he liv$ = _! sakes alone1' or1 '= ! sake ( !m alone'2 t is1 n = ! sake ( any o!r p]sons4 ',x 0 alone by ! help ( ! ,conf$]ates t any su* design c\ld be c>ri$ out4' ,bett] only4 ',:5 m5 gr[ virtu\s 9 _! old age1 !y only make a sacrifice to ,god ( ! devil's leav+s4'--,pope4 ,"h only is rightly plac$4 ',?9k only ( ! pa/ z its remembrance gives y pleasure1' %\ld be1 '?9k ( ! pa/1 only z its remembrance1' etc4 ',z he did n leave 8 "n1 x 0 only kn[n t a g5tleman _h call$ on bus9ess'3 x 0 kn[n only4 ',i c only refute ! accusation by lay+ be=e y ! :ole'3 ?is w\ld mean1 '! only ?+ ,i am able to d is to refute2 ,i may n retaliate1 or let x drop1 ,i mu/ refute x4' ',! negroes are to appe> at *ur* only 9 boots'2 t is1 :5 ! negroes g to *ur* !y are to h no clo?+ b boots4 ',! negroes are to appe> only at *ur* 9 boots' might mean t !y are n to appe> any:]e b at *ur*1 :e!r 9 boots or out ( !m4 ,! prop] arrangem5t w\ld be to connect ! adv]bial adjunct1 9 boots1 ) its v]b1 appe>1 & to make only qualify at *ur* & no m3 '! negroes are to appe> 9 boots only at *ur*4' ,x ?us appe>s v pla9 t we %\ld look well to our onlys4 ,,ought--,,%\ld4 ,^! two words1 ?\gh !y bo? imply obligation1 %\ld n be us$ indiscrim9ately4 ,ought is ! /rong] t]m2 :at we ought to d1 we are morally b\nd to d4 ,we ought to be tru?ful & hone/1 & %\ld be respectful to our eld]s & k9d to our inf]iors4 ,,ov]fl[n4 ,fl[n is ! pa/ p>ticiple ( to fly1 & fl[$ ( to fl[4 ,z1 !re=e1 a riv] does n fly ov] its banks1 b fl[s ov] !m1 we %\ld say ( x t x has ov]fl[$1 & n t x has ov]fl[n4 ,,ov]ly4 ,?is ^w is n[ us$ only by ! uns*ool$4 ,,ow+4 ,see ,,due4 ,,pants4 ,?is abbreviation is n us$ by ^? :o are c>eful 9 ! *oice ( words4 ,! puri/ does n use ! ^w pantaloons ev51 b tr\s]s4 ,pants are worn by g5ts :o eat lun*es & op5 w9e1 & tr\s]s are worn by g5tlem5 :o eat lun*eons & ord] w9e4 ,,p>aph]nalia4 ,?is is a law t]m4 ,9 ,roman law1 x meant ! goods :i* a woman br\ght to h] husb& besides h] d[ry4 ,9 ,engli% law1 x means ! goods :i* a woman is all[$ to h aft] ! dea? ( h] husb&1 besides h] d[]1 consi/+ ( h] app>el & ornam5ts suitable to h] rank4 ,:5 us$ 9 speak+ ( ! affairs ( e-day life1 x is g5]ally misus$4 ,,p>lor4 ,?is ^w1 9 ! s5se ( draw+-room1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,hall1 except 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & "s ( ! ,engli% colonies1 is obsolete4 ,,p>take4 ,?is is a v f9e ^w to use = eat2 j ! ^w = "y wom5 :o hobble on ,fr5* heels4 ,,p>tially--,,p>tly4 ,x is only p>tially done4 ,?is use ( ! adv]b p>tially is sanction$ by high au?ority1 b t does n make x correct4 ,a ?+ done 9 "p is p>tly1 n p>tially1 done4 ,,p>ticiples4 ,:5 ! pres5t p>ticiple is us$ sub/antively1 9 s5t5ces l ! foll[+1 x is prec$$ by ! def9ite article & foll[$ by ! preposition (4 ,! omitt+ ( ! preposition is a common error4 ,?us1 ,or1 x is ! draw+ a conclusion :i* 0 be=e ei!r unkn[n or d>k1 %\ld be1 ! draw+ ( a conclusion4 ,prompt$ by ! mo/ extreme vanity1 he p]si/$ 9 ! writ+ bad v]ses1 %\ld be1 9 writ+ bad v]ses1 or 9 ! writ+ ( bad v]ses4 ,!re is a misuse ( ! article a :i* is v common4 ,x is ! us+ x be=e ! ^w mo/4--,moon4 ,mo/ writ]s w\ld h said ! us+ ( x4 ,mr4 ,moon argues = 8 con/ruction4 ,,p>ticles4 ,no?+ b /udy ( ! be/ writ]s & practice 9 composition w enable u to decide :at are ! prepositions & conjunctions t ought to g ) c]ta9 v]bs4 ,! foll[+ examples illu/rate "s common blund]s3 ',x 0 *>act]iz$ ) eloqu5ce'3 read1 'by4' ',a te/imonial ( ! m]its ( 8 gramm>'3 read1 'to4' ',x 0 an example ( ! love to =m comp>isons'3 read1 '( =m+4' ',repetition is always to be pref]r$ be=e obscurity'3 read1 'to4' ',he made an ef=t = meet+ !m'3 read1 'to meet4' ',!y h no o!r object b to come'3 read1 'o!r object ?an1' or omit 'o!r4' ,two v]bs are n unfrequ5tly foll[$ by a s+le preposition1 :i* accords ) "o only2 e4 g41 ',?is duty is repeat$ & inculcat$ ^u ! read]4' ',repeat ^u' is nons5se2 we mu/ read 'is repeat$ to & inculcat$ ^u4'--,ni*ol's ,engli% ,composition1 p4 #ci4 ,we (t5 see = us$ ) ! sub/antive sympa?y2 ! be/ practice1 h[ev]1 uses )2 ?us1 ,words c n express ! deep sympa?y ,i feel ) y4--,que5 ,victoria4 ,,p>ty4 ,?is is a v good ^w 9 its place1 b x is v mu* out ( its place :5 us$--z x (t5 is by ! vulg>--:]e good ta/e w\ld use ! ^w p]son4 ,,patronize4 ,?is ^w & its d]ivatives w\ld be mu* less us$ by ! ,am]ican tradesman ?an !y are1 if he 7 bett] acqua9t$ ) _! true mean+4 ,!n he w\ld solicit 8 neighbors' cu/om1 n _! patronage4 ,a man c h no patrons )\t incurr+ obligations--)\t becom+ a protg2 :ile a man may h cu/om]s innum]able1 &1 in/ead ( plac+ himself "u obligations to !m1 he may place !m "u obligations to him4 ,pr9ces are ! patrons ( ^? tradesm5 :om !y all[ to call !mselves _! purveyors2 z1 ,john ,smi?1 ,hab]da%] to ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,"h ! ,pr9ce patronizes ,john ,smi?4 ,,pell-,,mell4 ,?is adv]b means mix$ or m+l$ toge!r2 z1 ,m51 horses1 *>iots1 cr[d$ pell-mell4 ,x c n prop]ly be appli$ to an individual4 ,to say1 = example1 ,he ru%$ pell-mell d[n ! /airs1 is z incorrect z x w\ld be to say1 ,he ru%$ d[n ! /airs mix$ toge!r4 ,,p]4 ,?is ,lat9 preposition is a good deal us$ 9 ,engli%1 z1 = example1 9 su* phrases z p] day1 p] man1 p] p\nd1 p] ton1 & s on4 ,9 all su* cases x is bett] to use pla9 ,engli%1 & say1 a day1 a man1 a p\nd1 a ton1 etc4 ,p] is correct be=e ,lat9 n\ns only2 z1 p] annum1 p] diem1 p] c5t41 etc4 ,,p]=m4 ,%e p]=ms on ! piano beautifully4 ,9 h[ mu* bett] ta/e x is to say simply1 ,%e plays ! piano well1 or1 m sup]latively1 exce$+ly well1 or admirably6 ,if we talk ab\t p]=m+ on musical in/rum5ts1 to be consi/5t1 we %\ld call ^? :o p]=m1 piano-p]=m]s1 cornet-p]=m]s1 viol9-p]=m]s1 & s on4 ,,p]petually4 ,?is ^w is sometimes misus$ = cont9ually4 ,dr4 ,william ,ma!ws1 9 8 ,words1 _! ,use & ,abuse1 says3 ,! ,iri% are p]petually us+ %all = w4 ,p]petual means nev] ceas+1 cont9u+ )\t int]mission1 un9t]rupt$2 :ile cont9ual means t :i* is con/antly r5ew$ & recurr+ ) p]haps frequ5t /ops & int]ruptions4 ,z ! ,iri% d some?+ besides misuse %all1 ! ,doctor %\ld h said t !y cont9ually use %all = w4 ,i might p]haps v5ture to intimate t p]petually is likewise misus$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 :i* ,i copy f ! ,london ,que51 if ,i 7 n consci\s t ! mon/] :o c write & pr9t su* a s5t5ce w\ld n hesitate to cable a ?und]bolt at an (f5d] on ! slighte/ provocation4 ,judge1 if my fe>s are gr\ndless3 ,b "s few p contract ! ugly habit ( mak+ use ( ^! expressions unconsci\sly & cont9u\sly1 p]petually int]l>d+ _! conv]sation ) !m4 ,,p]son4 ,see ,,p>ty2 also1 ,,individual4 ,,p]sonalty4 ,?is ^w does n1 z "s p]sons ?9k1 mean ! articles worn on "o's p]son4 ,x is prop]ly a law t]m1 & means p]sonal prop]ty4 ,!re is b "o case on record ( a pe] ( ,engl& leav+ ov] #g1ejj1jjj p]sonalty4 ,,p]sonification4 ,t rhetorical figure :i* attributes sex1 life1 or action to inanimate objects1 or ascribes to objects & brutes ! acts & qualities ( rational be+s1 is call$ p]sonification or prosopopia4 ,! m\nta9s s+ toge!r1 ! hills rejoice & clap _! h&s4 ,! worm1 aw>e ( 8 int5t1 h>angu$ him ?us4 ,see1 ,w9t] comes to rule ! v>i$ ye>1 ,sull5 & sad ) all 8 ris+ tra94--,?omson4 ,s say+1 h] ra% h&1 9 evil h\r1 ,=? rea*+ to ! fruit1 %e pluck$1 %e ate6 ,e>? felt ! w\nd2 & ,nature f h] seat1 ,sigh+ ?r\gh all h] works1 gave signs ( woe1 ,t all 0 lo/4--,milton4 ,w> & ,love are /range compe]s4 ,w> %$s blood1 & ,love %$s te>s2 ,w> has swords1 & ,love has d>ts2 ,w> breaks heads1 & ,love breaks he>ts4 ,levity is (t5 less fooli% & gravity less wise ?an ea* ( !m appe>s4 ,! ,engli% language1 by res]v+ ! di/9ction ( g5d] = liv+ be+s t h sex1 gives especial scope = p]sonification4 ,! highe/ =m ( p]sonification %\ld be us$ seldom1 & only :5 ju/ifi$ by ! pres5ce ( /rong feel+4--,ba94 ,k & wisdom1 f> f be+ "o1 ,h (ttimes no connection4 ,k dwells ,9 heads replete ) ?\ghts ( o!r m52 ,wisdom 9 m9ds att5tive to _! own4 ,k is pr\d t he has le>n$ s mu*2 ,wisdom is humble t he kn[s no m4--,c[p]4 ,,ph5om5on4 ,plural1 ph5om5a4 ,,plead4 ,! imp]fect t5se & ! p]fect p>ticiple ( ! v]b to plead are bo? plead$ & n plead4 ,he plead$ n guilty4 ,y %\ld h plead$ y\r cause ) m f]vor4 ,,pl5ty4 ,9 ,worce/]'s ,diction>y we f9d ! foll[+ note3 ,pl5ty is mu* us$ colloquially z an adjective1 9 ! s5se ( pl5tiful1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,engl&2 & ?is use is support$ by respectable au?orities1 ?\gh x is condemn$ by v>i\s critics4 ,johnson says3 ',x is us$ b>b>\sly1 ,i ?9k1 = pl5tiful'2 & ,dr4 ,campbell1 9 8 ',philosophy ( ,rhetoric1' says3 ',pl5ty = pl5tiful appe>s to me s gross a vulg>ism t ,i %\ld n h ?\ght x wor?y ( a place "h if ,i _h n sometimes f\nd x 9 works ( consid]able m]it4' ,we %\ld say1 !n1 t money is pl5tiful1 & n t x is pl5ty4 ,,pleonasm4 ,r$undancy or pleonasm is ! use ( m words ?an are necess>y to express ! ?\ght cle>ly4 ,!y return$ back aga9 to ! same city f :5ce !y came =?3 ! five words 9 italics are r$undant or pleona/ic4 ,! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce & ( art mutually reflect light on ea* o!r3 ei!r ( ! expressions 9 italics embodies ! :ole idea4 ,! univ]sal op9ion ( all m5 is a pleona/ic expression (t5 he>d4 ,i wrote y a lett] ye/]day3 "h a lett] is r$undant4 ,r$undancy is sometimes p]missible = ! sur] conveyance ( mean+1 = emphasis1 & 9 ! language ( poetic embelli%m5t4 ,,polite4 ,?is ^w is mu* us$ by p]sons ( d\btful culture1 :]e ^? ( ! bett] sort use ! ^w k9d4 ,we accept k9d1 n polite invitations2 &1 :5 any "o has be5 oblig+1 we tell him t he has be5 k9d2 &1 :5 an int]view+ report] tells u ( 8 hav+ met ) a polite reception1 we may be sure t ! p]son by :om he has be5 receiv$ des]ves well = 8 consid]ate k9dness4 ,i ?ank y & ,mrs4 ,pope = my k9d reception4--,att]bury4 ,,portion4 ,?is ^w is (t5 incorrectly us$ = "p4 ,a portion is prop]ly a "p assign$1 allott$1 set aside = a special purpose2 a %>e1 a division4 ,! v]b to portion means to divide1 to p>cel1 to end[4 ,we ask1 !re=e1 ,9 :at "p n1 9 :at portion ( ! c\ntry1 /ate1 c\nty1 t[n1 or /reet d y live8--or1 if we pref] gr&iloqu5ce to correctness1 reside4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,a l>ge portion ( ! l& is unfill$1 ! "r ^w w\ld be ei!r "p or proportion1 accord+ to ! int5tion ( ! writ]4 ,,po/$4 ,a ^w v mu* & v inelegantly us$ = in=m$4 ,su* expressions z1 ,i w po/ y1 ,i mu/ po/ myself up1 ,if ,i _h be5 bett] po/$1 & ! l1 are1 at ! be/1 b "o remove f slang4 ,,pr$icate4 ,?is ^w is (t5 v incorrectly us$ 9 ! s5se ( to base2 z1 ,he pr$icates 8 op9ion on insuffici5t data4 ,!n we sometimes he> p talk ab\t pr$icat+ an action ^u c]ta9 in=mation or ^u somebody's /atem5t4 ,to pr$icate means prim>ily to speak be=e1 & has come to be prop]ly us$ 9 ! s5se ( assum$ or believ$ to be ! consequ5ce (4 ,examples3 ,cont5tm5t is pr$icat$ ( virtue2 ,good heal? may be pr$icat$ ( a good con/itution4 ,he :o is n v sure t he uses ! ^w correctly w\ld d bett] n to use x at all4 ,,prejudice--,,prepossess4 ,bo? ^! words mean1 to incl9e 9 "o direction or ! o!r = "s reason n f\nd$ 9 ju/ice2 b by common cons5t prejudice has come to be us$ 9 an unfavorable s5se1 & prepossess 9 a favorable "o4 ,?us1 we say1 ,he is prejudic$ aga9/ him1 & ,he is prepossess$ 9 8 favor4 ,we sometimes he> ! expression1 ,he is prejudic$ 9 8 favor1 b ?is c n be acc\nt$ a good use ( ! ^w4 ,,prepositions4 ,! errors made 9 ! use ( ! prepositions are v num]\s4 ,! indol5t *ild is "o :o t8 has a /rong av]sion f action ( any sort4--,graham's ,engli% ,synonymes1 p4 #bcf4 ,! prevail+ & be/ mod]n usage is 9 favor ( to in/ead ( f aft] av]se & av]sion1 & be=e ! object4 ,cle>ness 444 enables ! read] to see ?\ghts )\t notic+ ! language ) :i* !y are clo!d4--,t[ns5d's ,art ( ,spee*4 ,we clo! ?\ghts 9 language4 ,%akespe>e 444 & ! ,bible are 444 models = ! ,engli%-speak+ tongue4--,ibid4 ,if ?is means models ( ,engli%1 !n x %\ld be (2 b if x means models = ,engli% organs ( spee* to practice on1 !n x %\ld be =2 or if x means models to model ,engli% tongues aft]1 !n also x %\ld be =4 ,if ! resemblance is too fa9t1 ! m9d is fatigu$ :ile attempt+ to trace ! analogies4 ,ari/otle is 9 error :ile ?us describ+ gov]nm5ts4--,ibid4 ,"h we h two examples1 n ( ! misuse ( ! preposition1 b ( ! errone\s use ( ! adv]b :ile in/ead ( ! preposition 94 ,= my "p ,i c n ?9k t ,%elley's poetry1 except by snat*es & fragm5ts1 has ! value ( ! good "w ( ,wordswor? or ,byron4--,mat!w ,arnold4 ,%\ld be1 except 9 snat*es4 ,taxes ) u are collect$ ne>ly almo/ solely f real & p]sonal e/ate4--,appletons' ,j\rnal4 ,taxes are levi$ on e/ates & collect$ f ! own]s4 ,if ,i am n comm5d$ = ! beauty ( my works1 ,i may hope to be p>don$ = _! brevity4 ,cobbett comm5ts on ?is s5t5ce z foll[s3 ,we may comm5d him = ! beauty ( 8 works1 & we may p>don him = _! brevity1 if we deem ! brevity a fault2 b ?is is n :at he means4 ,he means t1 at any rate1 he %all h ! m]it ( brevity4 ',if ,i am n comm5d$ = ! beauty ( my works1 ,i may hope to be p>don$ on acc\nt ( _! brevity4' ,?is is :at ! ,doctor meant2 b ?is w\ld h m>r$ a little ! anti!sis3 x w\ld h unsettl$ a little ( ! balance ( t seesaw 9 :i* ,dr4 ,johnson s mu* delight$1 & :i*1 fall+ into ! h&s ( novel-writ]s & ( memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 has1 by mov+ un5cumb]$ ) any ( ! ,doctor's reason or s5se1 lull$ s _m ?\s&s asleep6 ,dr4 ,johnson creat$ a race ( writ]s & speak]s4 ',mr4 ,speak]1 t ! /ate ( ! nation is v critical1 all m5 w all[2 b t x is :olly desp]ate1 few w believe4' ,:5 y he> or see a s5t5ce l ?is1 be sure t ! p]son :o speaks or writes x has be5 read+ ,dr4 ,johnson1 or "s ( 8 imitators4 ,b1 obs]ve1 ^! imitators g no fur!r ?an ! frame ( ! s5t5ces4 ,!y1 9 g5]al1 take c>e n to imitate ! ,doctor 9 k & reason+4 ,! rhetoricians w\ld h u avoid su* =ms ( expression z1 ,! boy w5t to & ask$ ! advice ( 8 tea*]2 ,i call$ on & _h a conv]sation ) my bro!r4 ,v (t5 ! preposition is n repeat$ 9 a s5t5ce1 :5 x %\ld be4 ,we say prop]ly1 ,he comes f ,ohio or f ,indiana2 or1 ,he comes ei!r f ,ohio or ,indiana4 ,,prepossess4 ,see ,,prejudice4 ,,pres5t--,,introduce4 ,few errors are m common1 especially among ^? :o are always /ra9+ to be f9e1 ?an t ( us+ pres5t1 9 ! social _w1 in/ead ( introduce4 ,pres5t means to place 9 ! pres5ce ( a sup]ior2 introduce1 to br+ to be acqua9t$4 ,a p]son is pres5t$ at c\rt1 & on an (ficial occasion to our ,presid5t2 b p]sons :o are unkn[n to ea* o!r are introduc$ by a common acqua9tance4 ,& 9 ^! introductions1 x is ! y\ng] :o is introduc$ to ! old]2 ! l[] to ! high] 9 place or social position2 ! g5tleman to ! lady4 ,a lady %\ld say1 z a rule1 t ,mr4 ,blank 0 introduc$ to h]1 n t %e 0 introduc$ to ,mr4 ,blank4 ,,presumptive4 ,?is ^w is sometimes misus$ by ! c>eless = presumptu\s4 ,,prev5tive4 ,a useless & unw>rant$ syllable is sometimes add$ to ?is ^w--prev5tative4 ,,previ\s4 ,?is adjective is mu* us$ 9 an adv]bial s5se2 ?us1 ,previ\s to my return1 etc4 ,until previ\s is recogniz$ z an adv]b1 if we w\ld speak grammatically1 we mu/ say1 ,previ\sly to my return4 ,previ\sly to my leav+ ,engl&1 ,i call$ on 8 lord%ip4 ,,procure4 ,?is is a ^w mu* us$ by p :o /rive to be f9e4 ,:]e did y get x8 ) !m is1 ,:]e did y procure x8 ,,pr(anity4 ,! ext5t to :i* "s m5 habitually int]l>d _! talk ) oa?s is disgu/+ ev5 to _m :o1 on occasion1 d n !mselves hesitate to give expression to _! feel+s 9 oa?s portly & unctu\s4 ,if ^! fell[s c\ld be made to "k h[ (f5sive to dec5cy !y make !mselves1 !y w\ld1 p]haps1 be less pr(ane4 ,,promise4 ,?is ^w is sometimes v improp]ly us$ = assure2 ?us1 ,i promise y ,i 0 v mu* a/oni%$4 ,,pron\ns ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]son4 ,! ord9>y uses ( ',i' & 'we1' z ! s+ul> & plural pron\ns ( ! fir/ p]son1 w\ld appe> to be above all ambiguity1 unc]ta9ty1 or dispute4 ,yet :5 we consid] ! =ce ( ! plural 'we1' we are met ) a contradiction2 =1 z a rule1 only "o p]son c speak at ! same "t to ! same audi5ce4 ,x is only by "s exceptional arrangem5t1 or "s latitude or lic5se ( expression1 t sev]al p]sons c be conjo9t speak]s4 ,= example1 a plurality may s+ toge!r 9 *orus1 & may jo9 9 ! responses at *ur*1 or 9 ! simultane\s repetition ( ! ,"l's ,pray] or ! ,cre$4 ,aga91 "o p]son may be ! au?oriz$ spokesman 9 deliv]+ a judgm5t or op9ion held by a numb] ( p]sons 9 common4 ,f9ally1 9 writt5 compositions1 ! 'we' is n unsuitable1 because a plurality ( p]sons may app5d _! names to a docum5t4 ,a speak] us+ 'we' may speak = himself & "o or m o!rs2 commonly he /&s =w>d z ! repres5tative ( a class1 m or less compreh5sive4 ',z soon z my companion & ,i _h ent]$ ! field1 we saw a man com+ t[>d u'2 'we l our new curate'2 'y d u poets ! greate/ inju/ice'2 'we mu/ see to ! effici5cy ( our =ces4' ,! wide/ use ( ! pron\n w be m5tion$ pres5tly4 ',we' is us$ = ',i' 9 ! decrees ( p]sons 9 au?ority2 z :5 ,k+ ,le> says3 ',"k t we h divid$ ,9 ?ree our k+dom4' ,by ! fiction ( plurality a veil ( mode/y is ?r[n ov] ! assumption ( va/ sup]iority ov] human be+s g5]ally4 ,or1 'we' may be reg>d$ z an (ficial =m :]eby ! speak] p]sonally is magnifi$ or enabl$ to rise to ! dignity ( ! occasion4 ,! editorial 'we' is to be und]/ood on ! same pr9ciple4 ,an au?or us+ 'we' appe>s z if he 7 n alone1 b %>+ ) o!r p]sons ! responsibility ( 8 views4 ,?is repres5tative position is at its utmo/ /ret* 9 ! practice ( us+ 'we' = human be+s g5]ally2 z 9 disc\rs+ on ! laws ( human nature4 ,! prea*]1 ! noveli/1 or ! philosoph]1 9 dwell+ ^u ! peculi>ity ( our common con/itution1 be+ himself an example ( :at he is speak+ (1 associates ! re/ ( mank9d ) him1 & speaks collectively by means ( 'we4' ',we are weak & fallible'2 'we are ( ye/]day'2 'we are doom$ to dissolution4' ',"h h we no cont9u+ city1 b we seek "o to come4' ,x is n unfrequ5t to h 9 "o s5t5ce1 or 9 close proximity1 bo? ! editorial & ! repres5tative mean+1 ! effect be+ ambiguity & confusion4 ',let u ! au?or n[ consid] :y we humanity g5]ally ov]rate di/ant good4' ,9 su* a case ! au?or %\ld fall back ^u ! s+ul> = himself--',i w n[ consid]--4' ',we speak] ?9k we himself & he>]s toge!r %\ld come to ! conclusion4' ,say1 ei!r ',i ?9k1' or 'y w\ld4' ,! foll[+ extract f ,butl] exemplifies a simil> confusion3 ',suppose we repres5tative are capable ( happ9ess & ( mis]y 9 degrees equally int5se & extreme1 yet we rep4 are capable ( ! latt] = a mu* long] "t1 beyond all comp>ison4 ,we *ange ( subject to a limit$ class see m5 9 ! tortures ( pa9--4 ,su* is our back to repres5tative make t any?+ may become ! in/rum5t ( pa9 & sorr[ to u4' ,! 'we' at ! comm5cem5t ( ! second s5t5ce--',we see m5 9 ! tortures'--c\ld be advantage\sly *ang$ to 'y1' or ! passive con/ruction c\ld be sub/itut$2 ! rema9+ we's w\ld !n be consi/5tly repres5tative4 ,f ! great] emphasis ( s+ul>ity1 en]getic speak]s & writ]s sometimes use ',i' z repres5tative ( mank9d at l>ge4 ,?us3 ',! curr5t impressions receiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses are n volunt>y 9 orig94 ,:at ,i see 9 walk+ is se5 because ,i h an organ ( vision4' ,! "q ( g5]al moral obligation is =cibly /at$ by ,paley 9 ! individual =m1 ',:y am ,i oblig$ to keep my ^w8' ,x is sometimes well to conf9e ! att5tion ( ! he>] or read] to 8 own relation to ! matt] "u consid]ation1 m especially 9 difficult or non-popul> argum5t or exposition4 ,! speak]1 by us+ ',i1' does ! action himself1 or makes himself ! example1 ! he>] be+ expect$ to put himself 9 ! same position4--,ba9's ,composition ,gramm>4 ,,pron\ns ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,p]son4 ,anomal\s usages h sprung up 9 connection ) ^! pron\ns4 ,! plural =m has almo/ :olly sup]s$$ ! s+ul>2 a usage m ?an five c5turies old4#bd ,! motive is c\rtesy4 ,! s+l+ out ( "o p]son = address is suppos$ to be a lib]ty or an excess ( famili>ity2 & ! effect is s(t5$ or dilut$ by ! fiction ( tak+ 9 o!rs4 ,if our address is uncomplim5t>y1 ! /+ is less5$ by ! plural =m2 & if ! rev]se1 ! %ock to mode/y is n s great4 ,?is is a ref9em5t t 0 unkn[n to ! anci5t languages4 ,! orators ( ,greece delight$ 9 ! /rong1 po9t$1 p]sonal appeal impli$ 9 ! s+ul> '?\4' ,9 mod]n ,g]man1 '?\' 7du7 is ! address ( famili>ity & intimacy2 :ile ! ord9>y pron\n is ! curi\sly indirect '!y' 7,sie74 ,on solemn occasions1 we may rev]t to '?\4' ,cato1 9 8 m$itative soliloquy on read+ ,plato's views on ! immortality ( ! s\l be=e kill+ himself1 says3 ',plato1 ?\ reasone/ well4' ,s 9 ! ,comm&m5ts1 '?\' addresses to ea* individual an unavoidable appeal3 ',?\ %all n----4' ,b our ord9>y means ( mak+ ! p]sonal appeal is1 'y1 sir1' 'y1 madam1' 'my ,"l1 y----1' etc42 we res]ve '?\' = ! special case ( address+ ! ,deity4 ,! application ( ! motive ( c\rtesy is "h rev]s$2 x w\ld be irrev]5t to m]ge ?is va/ p]sonality 9 a promiscu\s assemblage4 ',y' is n unfrequ5tly employ$1 l 'we1' z a repres5tative pron\n4 ,! action is repres5t$ ) great vividness1 :5 ! p]son or p]sons address$ may be put =w>d z ! p]=m]s3 ',!re is su* an e*o among ! old ru9s1 & vaults1 t if y /amp a little l\d] ?an ord9>y1 y he> ! s\nd repeat$'2 ',"s practice is requir$ to see ^! animals 9 ! ?ick =e/1 ev5 :5 y he> !m close by y4' ,!re %\ld n be a mixture ( '?\' & 'y' 9 ! same passage4 ,?us1 ,?ack]ay 7,adv5tures ( ,philip73 ',s1 z ?y sun rises1 fri5d1 ov] ! humble h\se-tops r\nd ab\t y\r home1 %all y wake _m & _m a day to duty & labor4' ,s1 ,coop] 7,wat]-,wit*73 ',?\ ha/ bo? ma/] & mi/ress8 ,y h told u ( ! latt]1 b we w\ld "k some?+ ( ! =m]4 ,:o is ?y ma/]8' ,%akespe>e1 ,scott1 & o!rs might also be quot$4 ',ye' & 'y' 7 at "o "t /rictly di/+ui%$ z diff]5t cases2 'ye' 0 nom9ative1 'y' objective 7dative or accusative74 ,b ! ,elizabe?an dramati/s conf\nd$ ! =ms irr$eemably2 & 'y' has gradually ou/$ 'ye' f ord9>y use4 ',ye' is re/rict$ to ! expression ( /rong feel+1 & 9 ?is employm5t occurs *iefly 9 ! poets4--,ba9's ,composition ,gramm>4 ,,pro(4 ,?is ^w is mu* & v improp]ly us$ = evid5ce1 :i* is only ! m$ium ( pro(1 pro( be+ ! effect ( evid5ce4 ,:at evid5ce h y to (f] 9 pro( ( ! tru? ( y\r /atem5t8 ,see also ,,evid5ce4 ,,propose--,,purpose4 ,writ]s & speak]s (t5 fail to discrim9ate prop]ly betwe5 ! respective mean+s ( ^! two v]bs4 ,propose1 correctly us$1 means1 to put =w>d or to (f] = ! consid]ation ( o!rs2 h5ce1 a proposal is a s*eme or design (f]$ = acceptance or consid]ation1 a proposition4 ,purpose means1 to int5d1 to design1 to resolve2 h5ce1 a purpose is an int5tion1 an aim1 t :i* "o sets be=e "o's self4 ,examples3 ,:at d y purpose do+ 9 ! matt]8 ,:at d y propose t we %all d 9 ! matt]8 ,i w d means ,i purpose do+1 or to d4 ,i purpose to write a hi/ory ( ,engl& f ! accession ( ,k+ ,james ! ,second d[n to a "t :i* is )9 ! memory ( m5 /ill liv+4--,macaulay4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,macaulay says1 ,i purpose to write & n1 ,i purpose writ+1 us+ ! v]b 9 ! inf9itive r ?an 9 ! p>ticipial =m4 ,on :i* he purpos$ to m\nt "o ( 8 little guns4 ,see ,,inf9itive4 ,,proposition4 ,?is ^w is (t5 us$ :5 proposal w\ld be bett]1 = ! reason t proposal has b "o mean+1 & is %ort] by "o syllable4 ,he demon/rat$ ! proposition ( ,euclid1 & reject$ ! proposal ( 8 fri5d4 ,,prosai/4 ,dr4 ,hall is ( op9ion t ?is is a ^w we %all d well to enc\rage4 ,x is us$ by good writ]s4 ,,prov54 ,?is =m = ! pa/ p>ticiple ( ! v]b to prove is said to be a ,scotticism4 ,x is n us$ by c>eful writ]s & speak]s4 ,! correct =m is prov$4 ,,provid+4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple ( ! v]b to provide is sometimes vulg>ly us$ = ! conjunction provid$1 z 9 ?is s5t5ce f ! ,london ,que53 ,society may be congratulat$1 444 provid+ t1 etc4 ,,provoke4 ,see ,,aggravate4 ,,punctuation4 ,! importance ( punctuation c n be ov]e/imat$2 x n only helps to make pla9 ! mean+ ( :at "o writes1 b x may prev5t "o's be+ miscon/ru$4 ,?\gh no two writ]s c\ld be f\nd :o punctuate j alike1 /ill 9 ! ma9 ^? :o pay att5tion to ! art put 9 _! /ops 9 ess5tially ! same mann]4 ,! diff]5ce t punctuation may make 9 ! mean+ ( language is well illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ anecdote3 ,at ,ramessa !re liv$ a b5evol5t & hospitable prior1 :o caus$ ^! l9es to be pa9t$ ov] 8 door3 ,be op5 ev]more1 ,o ?\ my door6 ,to none be %ut--to hone/ or to poor6 ,9 "t ! good prior 0 succe$$ by a man z selfi% z 8 pr$ecessor 0 g5]\s4 ,! l9es ov] ! door ( ! priory 7 all[$ to rema92 "o /op1 h[ev]1 0 alt]$1 :i* made !m read ?us3 ,be op5 ev]more1 ,o ?\ my door6 ,to none--be %ut to hone/ or to poor6 ,he punctuates be/ :o makes 8 punctuation contribute mo/ to ! cle> expression ( 8 ?\ght2 & t con/ruction is be/ t has lea/ ne$ ( be+ punctuat$4 ,,! ,,comma4--,! *ief diff]5ce 9 ! punctuation ( diff]5t writ]s is usually 9 _! use ( ! comma1 9 reg>d to :i* !re is a good deal ( latitude2 mu* is left to individual ta/e4 ,n[adays ! be/ practice uses x sp>+ly4 ,an idea ( ! ext5t to :i* op9ions diff] ) reg>d to ! use ( ! comma may be =m$ f ! foll[+ exc]pt f a pap] prep>$ = private use3 ,9 ! foll[+ examples1 ga!r$ f v>i\s s\rces--*iefly f /&>d books--! sup]flu\s commas are inclos$ 9 p>5!ses3 #a4 ',x rema9s717 p]haps717 to be said717 t1 if any lesson at all717 z to ^! delicate matt]s717 is ne$$717 9 ?is p]iod1 x is n s mu* a lesson1' etc4 #b4 ',! ob$i5ce is n due to ! p[] ( a "r au?ority1 b to ! _s ( fe>1 &717 !re=e717 is717 9 reality717 no ob$i5ce at all4' #c4 ',! patriot di/urbances 9 ,canada 444 awak5$ deep int]e/ among ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates717 :o liv$ adjac5t to ! fronti]4' #d4 ',obs]v]s717 :o h rec5tly inve/igat$ ?is po9t717 d n all agree1' etc4 #e4 ',! w9d did717 9 an in/ant717 :at man & /eam toge!r _h fail$ to d 9 h\rs4' #f4 ',all ! cab9 pass5g]s717 situat$ beyond ! c5t] ( ! boat717 7 sav$4' #g4 ',no o!r writ] has depict$717 ) s mu* art or s mu* accuracy717 ! habits1 ! mann]s1' etc4 #h4 ',if x %all give satisfaction to ^? :o h717 9 any way717 befri5d$ x1 ! au?or w feel1' etc4 #i4 ',=m$717 or consi/+ (717 clay4' #aj4 ',! subject wit*craft grew int]e/+2 &717 to exam9e ,s>ah ,cloyce & ,elizabe? ,proctor1 ! deputy-gov]nor717 & five o!r magi/rates717 w5t to ,salem4' #aa4 ',! ,lusitanians717 :o _h n left _! home717 rose z a man1' etc4 #ab4 ',vague reports 444 _h prec$$ him to ,wa%+ton1 & 8 ,mississippi fri5ds717 :o *anc$ to be at ! capital717 7 n backw>d to make _! boa/ ( him4' #ac4 ',our fai? has acquir$ a new vigor717 & a cle>] vision4' #ad4 ',9 #ahai717 he remov$ to ,cambridge4' #ae4 ',dor 0 born at ,/rasburg717 9 #ahcb1 & labors1' etc4 #af4 ',we %\ld nev] apply dry compresses1 *>pie1 or wadd+717 to ! w\nd4' #ag4 '--to /& idle1 to look1 act1 or ?9k717 9 a leisurely way4' #ah4 '--portraits tak5 f ! f>m]s1 s*oolma/]s1 & peasantry717 ( ! neighborhood4' #ai4 '--gladly welcom$ pa9t]s ( ,fl&]s1 ,holl&1 & ,spa9717 to _! %ores4' ,9 all ^! cases1 ! clauses betwe5 or foll[+ ! inclos$ commas are s closely connect$ grammatically ) ! imm$iately prec$+ words or phrases1 t !y %\ld be read )\t a p]ceptible pause1 or ) only a slight "o = brea?1 )\t *ange ( voice4 ,"s ( ! commas w\ld grossly p]v]t ! mean+ if /rictly con/ru$4 ,?us1 f ,no4 #c x w\ld appe> t ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 g5]al liv$ adjac5t to ! fronti]2 f ,no4 #d1 t all obs]v]s h rec5tly inve/igat$ ! po9t 9 "q2 f ,no4 #f1 t all ! cab9 pass5g]s 7 s situat$ t !y 7 sav$1 :]eas x is meant t only a c]ta9 small proportion ( !m 7 sav$2 f ,no4 #aj 7,bancr(t71 t somebody ^: "n is accid5tally omitt$ w5t to ,salem 'to exam9e ,s>ah ,cloyce & ,elizabe? ,proctor1 ! deputy-gov]nor1 & five o!r magi/rates'2 f ,no4 #aa1 t none ( ! ,lusitanians _h left _! home1 :]eas x 0 ! slaught] by ! ,romans ( a great numb] ( !m :o _h left _! home t caus$ ! ris+4 ,commas are frequ5tly omitt$1 & 9 c]ta9 positions v g5]ally1 :]e ! s5se & correct read+ require a pause4 ,9 ! foll[+ examples1 su* commas1 omitt$ 9 ! works f :i* !y 7 tak51 are inclos$ 9 brackets3 #a4 ',! modes ( ?\ght1 & ! types ( "* :i* ^? modes produce1 are ess5tially & univ]sally trans=m$4' #b4 ',tak5 by itself1 ?is doctr9e c\ld h no effect :atev]2 inde$1 x w\ld am\nt to no?+ b a v]bal proposition4' #c4 ',f> bel[1 ! little /ream ( ! ,od] foam$ ov] ! rocks4' #d4 ',:5 ! day return$1 ! pr(essor1 ! arti/1 & ,i r[$ to )9 a hundr$ y>ds ( ! %ore4' #e4 ',proce$+ into ! int]ior ( ,india1 !y pass$ ?r\gh ,belgaum4' #f4 ',if ,lor+ is defeat$ 9 ! ,six? ,di/rict1 x c be borne4' ,9 ,no4 #c1 ! read] naturally enunciates '! little /ream ( ! ,od]' z 9 ! objective case aft] 'bel['2 b !re he comes to a pr$icate :i* compels him to g back & read diff]5tly4 ,9 ,no4 #d1 x appe>s t '! day return$ ! pr(essor1' & !n '! arti/ & ,i r[$1' etc4 ,all clauses %\ld g5]ally be isolat$ by commas2 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! connection is v close or ! clause is v %ort1 no po9t may be necess>y4 ,b 8 pride is great] ?an 8 ignorance1 & :at he wants 9 k he supplies by suffici5cy4 ,a man ( polite imag9ation c conv]se ) a picture1 & f9d an agreeable companion 9 a /atue4 ,?\gh he slay me1 yet w ,i tru/ him4 ,! pr9ce1 8 fa!r be+ dead1 succe$$4 ,to confess ! tru?1 ,i 0 mu* at fault4 ,z ! he>t pante? aft] ! wat]-brooks1 s pante? my s\l aft] !e4 ,:]e ! bee sucks1 !re suck ,i4 ,8 fa!r dy+1 he succe$$ to ! e/ate4 ,! little t is kn[n1 & ! circum/ance t little is kn[n1 mu/ be consid]$ z honorable to him4 ,! comma is us$ be=e & aft] a phrase :5 cord9at+ & n re/rictive4 ,! jury1 hav+ retir$ = half an h\r1 br\ght 9 a v]dict4 ,! /rang]1 unwill+ to obtrude himself on our notice1 left 9 ! morn+4 ,rome1 ! city ( ! ,emp]ors1 became ! city ( ! ,popes4 ,8 /ories1 :i* made ev]ybody laugh1 7 (t5 made to ord]4 ,he did n come1 :i* ,i greatly regret4 ,! y\ng]1 :o 0 yet a boy1 _h no?+ /rik+ 9 8 appe>ance4 ,!y pass$ ! cup to ! /rang]1 :o drank he>tily4 ,peace at any price1 :i* ^! orators seem to advocate1 means w> at any co/4 ,sailors1 :o are g5]ally sup]/iti\s1 say x is unlucky to emb>k on ,friday4 ,adv]bs & %ort phrases1 :5 !y break ! connection1 %\ld be betwe5 commas4 ,"s ( ! mo/ common words & phrases s us$ are ! foll[+3 ,also1 too1 !re1 inde$1 p]haps1 surely1 moreov]1 likewise1 h[ev]1 f9ally1 namely1 !re=e1 app>5tly1 mean:ile1 consequ5tly1 unque/ionably1 accord+ly1 not)/&+1 9 tru?1 9 fact1 9 %ort1 9 g5]al1 9 reality1 no d\bt1 ( c\rse1 z x 71 at all ev5ts1 to be brief1 to be sure1 n[ & !n1 on ! contr>y1 9 a ^w1 by *ance1 9 t case1 9 ! mean "t1 = ! mo/ "p4 ,hi/ory1 9 a ^w1 is replete ) moral lessons4 ,z an orator1 h[ev]1 he 0 n great4 ,!re is1 rememb]1 a limit at :i* =be>ance ceases to be a virtue4 ,our civilization1 !re=e1 is n an unmix$ good4 ,?is1 ,i grant y1 is n ( great importance4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! adv]b does n break ! connection1 b readily coalesces ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce1 ! commas are omitt$4 ,morn+ w come at la/1 h[ev] d>k ! night may be4 ,we !n proce$$ on our way4 ,our civilization is !re=e n an unmix$ good4 ,pati5ce1 ,i say2 y\r m9d p]haps may *ange4 ,adv]bial phrases & clauses beg9n+ a s5t5ce are set (f by commas4 ,9 tru?1 ,i c\ld n tell4 ,to sum up1 ! matt] is ?is4 ,ev]y?+ be+ ready1 !y set out4 ,by look+ a little deep]1 ! reason w be f\nd4 ,f9ally1 let me sum up ! argum5t4 ,if ! premises 7 admitt$1 ,i %\ld d5y ! conclusion4 ,:]e y\r treasure is1 !re w y\r he>t be also4 ,words us$ 9 apposition %\ld be isolat$ by commas4 ,newton1 ! great ma!matician1 0 v mode/4 ,& he1 _! pr9ce1 %all rank among my pe]s4 ,9 su* s5t5ces1 h[ev]1 z1 ,! ma!matician ,newton 0 v mode/1 & ,! ,emp]or ,napoleon 0 a great soldi]1 commas are n us$4 ,! "n or designation ( a p]son address$ is isolat$ by commas4 ,x t\*es y1 my "l1 z well z me4 ,john1 come "h4 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 my object is peace4 ,tell me1 boy1 :]e d y live8 ,yes1 sir1 ,i w d z y say4 ,mr4 ,br[n1 :at is y\r numb]8 ,pairs ( words4--,old & "y1 ri* & poor1 wise & fooli%1 7 involv$4 ,s9k or swim1 live or die1 survive or p]i%1 ,i give my h& & he>t to ?is vote4 ,int]e/ & ambition1 honor & %ame1 fri5d%ip & enmity1 gratitude & rev5ge1 are ! prime mov]s 9 public transactions4 ,a re/rictive clause is n sep>at$ by a comma f ! n\n4 ,e "o mu/ love a boy :o t is att5tive & docile4 ,he prea*es sublimely :o t lives a holy life4 ,! ?+s :i* t are se5 are temporal4 ,a k+ dep5d+ on ! support ( 8 subjects c n ra%ly g to w>4 ,! sailor :o t is n sup]/iti\s w emb>k any day4 ,! comma is us$ aft] adjectives1 n\ns1 & v]bs 9 s5t5ces l ! foll[+3 ,are all ?y conque/s1 glories1 triumphs1 spoils ,%runk to ?is little measure8 ,he fills1 he b\nds1 connects & equals all4 ,:o to ! enraptur$ he>t1 & e>1 & eye ,tea* beauty1 virtue1 tru?1 & love1 & melody4#be ,he rew>d$ 8 fri5ds1 *a/is$ 8 foes1 set ,ju/ice on h] seat1 & made 8 conque/ secure4 ,! comma is us$ to sep>ate adjectives 9 opposition1 b closely connect$4 ,?\gh deep1 yet cle>2 ?\gh g5tle1 yet n dull4 ,lib]al1 n lavi%1 is k9d ,nature's h&4 ,?\gh black1 yet comely2 & ?\gh ra%1 b5ign4 ,aft] a nom9ative1 :]e ! v]b is und]/ood4 ,to err is human2 to =give1 div9e4 ,a wise man seeks to %9e 9 himself2 a fool1 9 o!rs4 ,conv]sation makes a ready man2 writ+1 an exact man2 read+1 a full man4 ,a long subject is (t5 sep>at$ f ! pr$icate by a comma4 ,any "o t refuses to e>n an hone/ livelihood1 is n an object ( *>ity4 ,! circum/ance ( 8 be+ unprep>$ to adopt imm$iate & decisive measures1 0 repres5t$ to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,t he _h p]si/5tly disreg>d$ e w>n+ & p]sev]$ 9 8 reckless c\rse1 _h n yet und]m9$ 8 cr$it ) 8 dupes4 ,t ! "w ( =m+ & p]fect+ ! "* is difficult1 is g5]ally all[$4 ,9 a s]ies ( adjectives t prec$e _! n\n1 a comma is plac$ aft] ea* except ! la/2 !re usage omits ! po9t4 ,a beautiful1 tall1 will[y1 sprightly girl4 ,a quick1 brilliant1 /udi\s1 le>n$ man4#bf ,a comma is plac$ betwe5 %ort memb]s ( comp\nd s5t5ces1 connect$ by &1 b1 =1 nor1 or1 because1 :]eas1 t express+ purpose 7s t1 9 ord] t71 & o!r conjunctions4 ,be virtu\s1 t y may be respect$4 ,love n sleep1 le/ y come to pov]ty4 ,man proposes1 b ,god disposes4 ,a comma mu/ n be plac$ be=e t except :5 x is equival5t to 9 ord] t4 ,he says t he w be "h4 ,a comma mu/ n be plac$ be=e & :5 x connects two words only4 ,"t & tide wait = no man4 ,a ri* & prosp]\s p4 ,pla9 & hone/ tru? wants no artificial cov]+4 ,a comma is sometimes necess>y to prev5t ambiguity4 ,he :o pursues pleasure only defeats ! object ( 8 creation4 ,)\t a comma be=e or aft] only1 ! mean+ ( ?is s5t5ce is d\btful4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces pres5t "s miscellane\s examples ( ! use ( ! comma by writ]s on punctuation3 ,indu/ry1 z well z g5ius1 is ess5tial to ! production ( great works4 ,prosp]ity is secur$ to a /ate1 n by ! acquisition ( t]ritory or ri*es1 b by ! enc\ragem5t ( indu/ry4 ,y\r mann]s are affable1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 pleas+4#bg ,h[ev] fairly a bad man may appe> to act1 we di/ru/ him4 ,:y1 ?is is rank inju/ice4 ,well1 foll[ ! dictates ( y\r incl9ation4 ,! comma may be omitt$ 9 ! case ( too1 also1 !re=e1 & p]haps1 :5 introduc$ s z n to int]f]e ) ! h>moni\s fl[ ( ! p]iod2 &1 p>ticul>ly1 :5 ! s5t5ce is %ort4#bh ,rob]t ,horton1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,to ^? :o labor1 sleep is d\bly pleasant2 ,sleep is d\bly pleasant to ^? :o labor4 ,^? :o p]sev]e1 succe$4 ,to be ov]look$1 slight$1 & neglect$2 to be misund]/ood1 misrepres5t$1 & sl&]$2 to be trampl$ "u foot by ! envi\s1 ! ignorant1 & ! vile2 to be cru%$ by foes1 & to be di/ru/$ & betray$ ev5 by fri5ds--su* is too (t5 ! fate ( g5ius4 ,%e is tall1 ?\gh n s h&some z h] si/]4 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y4 ,:atev] is1 is "r4 ,:at is =eorda9$ to be1 w be4 ,! ,emp]or ,augu/us 0 a patron ( ! f9e arts4 ,augu/us1 ! ,emp]or1 0 a patron ( ! f9e arts4 ,unit$1 we /&2 divid$1 we fall4 ,god said1 ,let !re be light4 ,july #ba1 #ahha4 ,presid5t ,g>field 0 %ot1 ,saturday morn+1 ,july #b1 #ahha2 he di$1 ,monday night1 ,sept4 #ai1 #ahha4 ,i am1 sir1 v respectfully1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,john ,jones4 ,new ,york1 ,augu/1 #ahha4 ,room #bj1 ,equitable ,build+1 ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,:5 y are 9 d\bt z to ! propriety ( ins]t+ commas1 omit !m2 ,,x ,,is ,,bett] ,,to ,,h ,,too ,,few ,,?an ,,too ,,_m4--,quack5bos4 ,,! ,,semicolon4--,reasons are prec$$ by semicolons2 ,economy is no disgrace2 = x is bett] to live on a little ?an to outlive a great deal4 ,clauses 9 opposition are sep>at$ by a semicolon :5 ! second is introduc$ by an adv]sative3 ,/raws swim at ! surface2 b pe>ls lie at ! bottom2 ,ly+ lips are an abom9ation to ! ,"l2 b !y t deal truly are 8 delight4 ,)\t ! adv]sative1 ! colon is to be pref]r$3 ,prosp]ity %[e? vice3 adv]sity1 virtue4 ,! great divisions ( a s5t5ce mu/ be po9t$ ) a semicolon :5 ! m9or divisions are po9t$ ) commas3 ,mir? %\ld be ! embroid]y ( conv]sation1 n ! web2 & wit ! ornam5t ( ! m9d1 n ! furniture4 ,! ?+s enum]at$ mu/ be sep>at$ by semicolons1 :5 ! enunciation ( p>ticul>s is prec$$ by a colon3 ,! value ( a maxim dep5ds on f\r ?+s3 ! correctness ( ! pr9ciple x embodies2 ! subject to :i* x relates2 ! ext5t ( its application2 & ! ease ) :i* x may be practically c>ri$ out4 ,:5 z introduces an example1 x is prec$$ by a semicolon4 ,:5 sev]al successive clauses h a common connection ) a prec$+ or foll[+ clause1 !y are sep>at$ by semicolons2 z1 ,*ildr51 z !y gambol$ on ! bea*2 reap]s1 z !y ga!r$ ! h>ve/2 m[]s1 z !y re/$ f us+ ! scy!2 mo!rs1 z !y busi$ !mselves ab\t ! h\sehold--7 victims to an enemy1 :o disappe>$ ! mom5t a bl[ 0 /ruck4 ,reason z we may1 x is impossible n to read 9 su* a fate mu* t we "k n h[ to int]pret2 mu* ( provocation to cruel de$s & deep res5tm5t2 mu* ( apology = wrong & p]fidy2 mu* ( d\bt & misgiv+ z to ! pa/2 mu* ( pa9ful recollections2 mu* ( d>k =ebod+4 ,philosoph]s ass]t t ,nature is unlimit$2 t h] treasures are endless2 t ! increase ( k w nev] cease4 ,,! ,,colon4--,?is po9t is less us$ n[ ?an =m]ly3 its place is suppli$ by ! p]iod1 ! semicolon1 or ! da%2 & sometimes1 ev5 by ! comma4 ,! colon is us$ v diff]5tly by diff]5t writ]s4 ,he 0 he>d to say1 ',i h done ) ?is _w4' ,"s writ]s w\ld put a colon1 "s a comma1 aft] say4 ,:5 ! quot$ passage is br\ght 9 )\t any introductory ^w1 if %ort1 says ,quack5bos1 x is g5]ally prec$$ by a comma2 if long1 by a colon2 z1 ',a simpleton1 meet+ a philosoph]1 ask$ him1 ,:at af=ds wise m5 ! greate/ pleasure8 ,turn+ on 8 heel1 ! sage repli$1 ,to get rid ( fools4' ,=mal enum]ations ( p>ticul>s1 & direct quotations1 :5 introduc$ by su* phrases z 9 ^! words1 z foll[s1 ! foll[+1 namely1 ?is1 ^!1 ?us1 etc41 are prop]ly prec$$ by a colon4 ,we hold ^! tru?s to be self-evid5t3 t all m5 are creat$ equal2 t !y are end[$ by _! ,creator ) c]ta9 inali5able rights2 t among ^! are life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,"l ,bacon has summ$ up ! :ole matt] 9 ! foll[+ words3 ',a little philosophy incl9e? m5's m9ds to a!ism2 b dep? 9 philosophy br+e? m5's m9ds to religion4' ,! human family is compos$ ( five races3 fir/1 ! ,caucasian2 second1 ! ,mongolian2 ?ird1 !1 etc4 ,all 7 att5tive to ! godlike man ,:5 f 8 l(ty c\* he ?us began3 ',great que51' etc4--,dryd54 ,:5 ! quotation1 or o!r matt]1 beg9s a new p>agraph1 ! colon is1 by _m writ]s1 foll[$ ) a da%2 z1 ,! clo? be+ remov$1 ! ,presid5t rose & said3-- ',ladies & g5tlem51 we are1' etc4 ,! colon is us$ to m>k ! great] breaks 9 s5t5ces1 :5 ! less] breaks are m>k$ by semicolons4 ,y h call$ y\rself an atom 9 ! univ]se2 y h said t y are b an insect 9 ! sol> blaze3 is y\r pres5t pride consi/5t ) ^! pr(essions8 ,a clause is ei!r indep5d5t or dep5d5t3 indep5d5t1 if x =ms an ass]tion by itself2 dep5d5t1 if x ent]s into "s o!r clause ) ! value ( a "p ( spee*4 ,a colon is sometimes us$ in/ead ( a p]iod to sep>ate two %ort s5t5ces1 :i* are closely connect$4 ,nev] flatt] p3 leave t to su* z mean to betray !m4 ,"s ?+s we c1 & o!rs we c n d3 we c walk1 b we c n fly4 ,,! ,,p]iod4--,complete s5t5ces are always foll[$ ei!r by a p]iod1 or by an exclamation or an int]rogation po9t4#bi ,! p]iod is also us$ aft] abbreviations2 z1 ,r4 ,d4 ,van ,no/r&1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo42 ,jno4 ,b4 ,morris1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,london1 ,eng42 ,jas4 ,w4 ,wallack1 ,jr41 ,new ,york ,city1 ,n4 ,y42 ,jas4 ,b4 ,rob]ts1 ,elocutioni/1 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,,int]rogation-,,po9t4--,?is po9t is us$ aft] que/ions put by ! writ]1 & aft] que/ions report$ directly4 ,:at c ,i d = y8 ,:]e are y go+8 ,:at d y say8 cri$ ! ,g5]al4 ,! *ild /ill lives8 ,x %\ld n be us$ :5 ! "q is report$ indirectly4 ,he ask$ me :]e ,i 0 go+4 ,! ,judge ask$ ! witness if he believ$ ! man to be guilty4 ,,exclamation-,,po9t4--,?is m>k is plac$ aft] int]jections1 aft] s5t5ces & clauses ( s5t5ces ( passionate import1 & aft] solemn invocations & addresses4 ,z\nds6 ! man's 9 e>ne/4 ,p%aw6 :at c we d8 ,bah6 :at's t to me8 ,inde$6 !n ,i mu/ look to x4 ,look1 my "l1 x comes6 ,re/1 re/1 p]turb$ _s6 ,o heat1 dry up my bra9s6 ,de> maid1 k9d si/]1 sweet ,ophelia6 ,:ile 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 ,i once m revisit$--&1 alas1 ) :at melan*oly pres5tim5ts6--! home ( my y\?4 ,o rose ( ,may6 ,oh1 f ?is "t =?1 my ?\ghts be bloody or be no?+ wor?6 ,o heav5s6 die two mon?s ago1 & n =gott5 yet8 ,night1 sable goddess6 f h] ebon ?rone1 ,9 rayless maje/y n[ /ret*es =? ,h] lead5 scept] o'er a slumb]+ _w4 ,sil5ce1 h[ dead6 & d>kness1 h[ pr(\nd6--,"y4 ,hail1 holy light6 (fspr+ ( heav5 j born6--,milton4 ,b ?\1 ,o ,hope6 ) eyes s fair1 ,:at 0 ?y delight$ measure8--,coll9s4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! int]jection ,o is an exception to ! rule3 x is (t5 foll[$ by a comma1 b nev] by an exclamation-po9t4 ,an exclamation-po9t sometimes gives ! same words q ano!r mean+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,:at's t8 & ,:at's t6 is obvi\s4 ,,! ,,da%4--,cobbett did n favor ! use ( ?is m>k1 z we see f ! foll[+3 ,let me caution y aga9/ ! use ( :at1 by "s1 is call$ ! da%4 ,! da% is a /roke along ! l9e2 ?us1 ',i am ri*--,i 0 poor--,i %all be poor aga94' ,?is is wild "w inde$6 ,:o is to "k :at is int5d$ by ^! da%es8 ,^? :o h ?\ght prop]1 l ,mr4 ,l9dley ,murray1 to place ! da% among/ ! grammatical po9ts1 ought to give u "s rule relative to its diff]5t longitud9al dim5sions 9 diff]5t cases4 ,! in*1 ! ?ree-qu>t]-in*1 ! half-in*1 ! qu>t]-in*3 ^! w\ld be some?+ det]m9ate2 b '! da%1' )\t measure1 mu/ be a p]il\s ?+ = ! "y gramm>ian to h&le4 ,9 %ort1 '! da%' is a cov] = ignorance z to ! use ( po9ts1 & x c answ] no o!r purpose4 ,?is is "o ( ! few in/ances 9 :i* ,cobbett 0 wrong4 ,! da% is ! prop] po9t ) :i* to m>k an unexpect$ or emphatic pause1 or a sudd5 break or transition4 ,x is v (t5 prec$$ by ano!r po9t4 ,& ,huitzilopo*tli--a sweet "n to roll "u "o's tongue--= h[ _m ye>s has ?is v5]able w>-god bl9k$ 9 ! noonday sun6 ,cr[ds ga!r$ ab\t ! newspap] bullet9s1 recall+ ! fev]i% sc5es t occurr$ :5 ! ,presid5t's life 0 ?\ght to be hang+ by a ?read4 ',w\ldn't x be too bad1' said "o1 'if1 aft] all--no1 ,i won't all[ myself to ?9k ( x4' ,0 !re ev]--b ,i scorn to boa/4 ,y are--no1 ,i'll n tell y :at y are4 ,he suff]$--b 8 pangs are o'er2 ,enjoy$--b 8 delights are fl$2 ,_h fri5ds--8 fri5ds are n[ no m2 ,& foes--8 foes are dead4--,montgom]y4 ,greece1 ,c>?age1 ,rome1--:]e are !y8 ,he *a/5s2--b he *a/5s to save4 ,da%es are mu* us$ :]e p>5!ses 7 =m]ly employ$4 ,9 ! days ( ,twe$ ! expression to divide fair--=cible1 if n grammatical--acquir$ mu* curr5cy4 ,9 tru?1 ! "* ( ! great *ief 0 depict$ two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 bir?1 & depict$--su* is ! p[] ( g5ius--9 colors :i* w be fre% z _m ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,to r5d] ! ,con/itution p]petual--:i* ,god grant x may be6--x is necess>y t its b5efits %\ld be practically felt by all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,,p>5!sis4--,?is m>k is comp>atively little us$ n[adays4 ,! da% is pref]r$1 probably because x disfigures ! page less4 ,! (fice ( ! p>5!sis is to isolate a phrase :i* is m]ely incid5tal1 & :i* might be omitt$ )\t detrim5t to ! grammatical con/ruction4 ,"k !n ?is tru? 7en\gh = man to "k71 ,virtue alone is happ9ess bel[4--,pope4 ,! bliss ( man 7c\ld pride t bless+ f9d7 ,is n to act or ?9k beyond mank9d4 ,,brackets4--,?is m>k is us$ pr9cipally to inclose words improp]ly omitt$ by ! writ]1 or words introduc$ = ! purpose ( explanation or to correct an error4 ,! bracket is (t5 us$ 9 ?is book4 ,,! ,,apo/rophe4--,?is po9t is us$ to d5ote ! omission ( lett]s & sometimes ( figures2 z1 ,jan'y1 '#ha2 ,i've = ,i h2 y'll = y w2 'tis = x is2 don't = d n2 c't = c n2 ,x 0 9 ! ye> '#ic2 ! _s ( '#gf2 ,x 0 9 ! ye>s #ahab1 '#ac1 & '#ad4 ,also to d5ote ! possessive case2 z1 ,br[n's h\se2 ! k+'s comm&2 ,moses' /aff2 = consci5ce' sake2 ! boys' g>d54 ,also ) s to d5ote ! plural ( lett]s1 figures1 & signs2 z1 ,cross y\r t's1 dot y\r i's1 & m9d y\r p's & q's2 make y\r #e's bett]1 & take out ! x's4 ,,capitals4--,a capital lett] %\ld beg9 e s5t5ce1 e l9e ( v]se1 & e direct quotation4 ,all names ( ! ,deity1 ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ( ! ,tr9ity1 & ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y mu/ beg9 ) a capital4 ,pron\ns are usually capitaliz$ :5 !y ref] to ! ,deity4 ,prop] names1 & n\ns & adjectives =m$ f prop] names1 names ( /reets1 ( ! mon?s1 ( ! days ( ! week1 & ( ! holidays1 are capitaliz$4 ,titles ( nobility & ( high (fice1 :5 us$ to designate p>ticul> p]sons1 are capitaliz$2 z1 ! ,e>l ( ,dunrav51 ! ,mayor ( ,bo/on1 ! ,b>on repli$1 ! ,c>d9al presid$4 ,,! ,,p>agraph4--,9 writ+ = ! press1 ! division ( matt] into p>agraphs is (t5 q arbitr>y2 9 lett]-writ+1 on ! contr>y1 ! sev]al topics treat$ ( %\ld1 z a rule1 be isolat$ by p>agraphic divisions4 ,^! divisions give "o's lett]s a %apely appe>ance t !y o!rwise nev] h4 ,,pur*ase4 ,?is ^w is mu* pref]r$ to its synonym buy1 by t class ( p :o pref] ! ^w reside to live1 procure to get1 inaugurate to beg91 & s on4 ,!y are g5]ally ( ^? :o are great 9 pret5se1 & :o w\ld be great] /ill if !y 7 to pret5d to all !y h to pret5d to4 ,,purpose4 ,see ,,propose4 ,,quantity4 ,?is ^w is (t5 improp]ly us$ = numb]4 ,quantity %\ld be us$ 9 speak+ ( :at is measur$ or weigh$2 numb]1 ( :at is c\nt$4 ,examples3 ,:at quantity ( apples h y1 & :at numb] ( p9eapples8 ,delaw>e produces a l>ge quantity ( pea*es & a l>ge numb] ( melons4 ,,quit4--,?is ^w means1 prop]ly1 to leave1 to g away f1 to =sake2 z1 ,avaunt6 quit my sight4 ,?is is ! only s5se 9 :i* ! ,engli% use x4 ,9 ,am]ica1 x is g5]ally us$ 9 ! s5se ( to leave (f1 to /op2 z1 ,quit y\r nons5se2 ,quit laugh+2 ,quit y\r noise2 ,he has quit smok+1 & s on4 ,,q4 ,?is ^w orig9ally meant completely1 p]fectly1 totally1 entirely1 fully2 & ?is is ! s5se 9 :i* x 0 us$ by ! e>ly writ]s ( ,engli%4 ,x is n[ (t5 us$ 9 ! s5se ( r2 z1 ,x is q w>m2 ,%e is q tall2 ,he is q pr(ici5t4 ,sometimes x is incorrectly us$ 9 ! s5se ( consid]able2 z1 q an am\nt1 q a numb]1 q a =tune4 ,q1 accord+ to good mod]n usage1 may qualify an adjective1 b n a n\n4 ,%e is q ! lady1 is a vile phrase1 mean+1 ,%e is v or q ladylike4 ,,railroad ,,depot4 ,few ?+s are m (f5sive to fa/idi\s e>s ?an to he> a railway /ation call$ a depot4 ,a depot is prop]ly a place :]e goods or /ores ( any k9d are kept2 & ! places at :i* ! tra9s ( a railroad--or1 bett]1 railway--/op = pass5g]s1 or ! po9ts f :i* !y />t & at :i* !y arrive1 are1 prop]ly1 ! /ations4 ,,railway4 ,! ,engli% pref] ?is ^w to railroad4 ,,raise ,,! ,,r5t4 ,an expression incorrectly us$ = increase ! r5t4 ,,r>ely4 ,x is no uncommon ?+ to see ?is adv]b improp]ly us$ 9 su* s5t5ces z1 ,x is v r>ely t ! puppets ( ! romanc] assume1 etc4--,appletons' ,j\rnal1 ,febru>y1 #ahha1 p4 #agg4 ,b1 says ! def5d] ( ?is phraseology1 r>ely qualifies a v]b--! v]b to be4 ,n at all4 ,! s5t5ce1 if writt5 out 9 full1 w\ld be1 ,x is a v r>e ?+ t1 etc41 or ,! circum/ance is a v r>e "o t1 etc41 or ,x is a v r>e occurr5ce t1 etc4 ,to ^? :o cont5d = ,x is v r>ely t1 etc41 ,i w\ld say1 ,x is v sadly t p]sons ( culture w write & !n def5d--or r try to def5d--su* gramm>4 ,,ratioc9ate4 ,see ,,effectuate4 ,,real4--,?is adjective is (t5 vulg>ly us$ 9 ! s5se ( ! adv]b v2 ?us1 real nice1 real pretty1 real angry1 real cute1 & s on4 ,,recomm5d4 ,?is ^w1 :i* means to comm5d or praise to ano!r1 to decl>e wor?y ( e/eem1 tru/1 or favor1 is sometimes put to /range uses4 ,example3 ,resolv$1 t ! tax-pay]s ( ! c\nty be recomm5d$ to meet1 etc4 ,:at ! resolv+ g5tlem5 meant 01 t ! tax-pay]s %\ld be c\nsel$ to meet4 ,,r$undancy4 ,see ,,pleonasm4 ,,reliable4 ,?is is a mod]n ^w :i* is (t5 met )2 b x is n us$ by our c>eful writ]s4 ,!y pref] its synonym tru/wor?y1 & argue t1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ ill-=m$1 reliable c n possibly h ! signification 9 :i* x is us$4 ,,rema9d]4 ,see ,,balance4 ,,r5dition4 ,?is ^w is mu* misus$ = r5d]+4 ,example3 ,! excell5ce ( ,mr4 ,gilb]t's r5dition ( c]ta9 *>act]s1 ,sir ,pet] & ,sir ,antony1 = in/ance1 is n equal$1 etc4 ,r5dition means ! act ( yield+ possession1 surr5d]1 z ! r5dition ( a t[n or =tress4 ,! s5t5ce above %\ld read1 ,! excell5ce ( ,mr4 ,gilb]t's r5d]+1 etc4 ,r5dition is also sometimes improp]ly us$ = p]=mance4 ,,reply4 ,see ,,answ]4 ,,reputation4 ,see ,,"*4 ,,reside4 ,a big ^w t ,mr4 ,w\ldbe uses :]e ,mr4 ,is uses ! little ^w live4 ,,resid5ce4 ,9 speak+ ( a man's domicile1 x is n only 9 bett] ta/e b m correct to use ! t]m h\se ?an resid5ce4 ,a man has a resid5ce 9 ,new ,york1 :5 he has liv$ "h long en\gh to h ! "r to ex]cise ! fran*ise "h2 & he may h a h\se 9 ,fif? ,av5ue :]e he lives4 ,p :o are live 9 h\ses2 p :o w\ld be reside 9 resid5ces4 ,! =m] buy ?+s2 ! latt] pur*ase !m4 ,,re/4 ,see ,,balance4 ,,re/ive4 ,"s ( ! diction>ies1 ,ri*>d ,grant ,:ite1 & "s o!r writ]s1 cont5d t ?is ^w1 :5 prop]ly us$1 means unwill+ to g1 /&+ /ill /ubbornly1 ob/9ate1 /ubborn1 & no?+ else4 ,9 combat+ ?is op9ion1 ,fitz$w>d ,hall says3 ,v few in/ances1 ,i appreh5d1 c be produc$1 f our lit]ature1 ( ?is use ( re/ive4 ,web/] gives impati5t1 uneasy1 z a second mean+2 & ?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is ne>ly always us$4 ,,retire4 ,x is only ! ov]-nice :o use retire 9 ! s5se ( g to b$4 ,,rev]5d--,,honorable4 ,_m p]sons are 9 d\bt :e!r !y %\ld or %\ld n put ! be=e ^! adjectives4 ,emphatically1 yes1 !y %\ld4 ,see ,words & ,_! ,uses1 by ,ri*>d ,grant ,:ite1 = a full discussion ( ! "q2 also ,good ,engli%1 by ,edw>d ,s4 ,g\ld4 ,,rhetoric4 ,! art :i* has = its object ! r5d]+ ( language effective is call$ rhetoric4 ,)\t "s /udy ( ! art ( composition1 no "o c expect to write well1 or to judge ! lit]>y "w ( o!rs4 ,true ease 9 writ+ comes f art1 n *ance1 ,z ^? move easie/ :o h le>n$ to dance4 ,,ride--,,drive4 ,fa%ion1 bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ?is c\ntry1 says t we mu/ always use ! second ( ^! words :5 we speak ( go+ out 9 a c>riage1 al?\gh ride means1 accord+ to all ! lexicograph]s1 to be c>ri$ on a horse or o!r animal1 or 9 any k9d ( vehicle or c>riage4 ,,"r4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 ?is ^w is made1 by "s p1 to d s]vice = ought1 9 duty b\nd1 "u obligation to2 ?us1 ,y _h a "r to tell me1 mean+1 ,y %\ld h told me4 ,! ,coloni/s cont5d$ t !y _h no "r to pay taxes1 mean+1 ,!y 7 "u no obligation to pay taxes1 i4 e41 t x 0 unju/ to tax !m4 ,,"r ,,"h4 ,! expressions "r "h & "r !re are ,am]icanisms4 ,correctly1 j "h & j !re4 ,,roll+4 ,! use ( ?is p>ticipial adjective 9 ! s5se ( undulat+ is said to be an ,am]icanism4 ,:e!r an ,am]icanism or n1 x w\ld seem to be q unobjectionable4 ,,rubb]s4 ,?is ^w1 9 common ) gums & arctics1 is (t51 9 defiance ( good ta/e1 us$ = ov]%oes4 ,,sabba?4 ,?is t]m 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,engli% = ,sunday1 or ,"l's day1 by ! ,puritans4 ,n[adays x is little us$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,! ^w to use is ,sunday4 ,,s>casm4 ,ba9 says t s>casm is vitup]ation s(t5$ 9 ! outw>d expression by ! arts & figures ( disguise--epigram1 innu5do1 irony--& embelli%$ ) ! figures ( illu/ration4 ,crabb says t s>casm is ! indulg5ce only ( p]sonal res5tm5t1 & is nev] ju/ifiable4 ,,satire4 ,! hold+ up to ridicule ( ! follies & weaknesses ( mank9d1 by way ( rebuke1 is call$ satire4 ,satire is g5]al r ?an individual1 its object be+ ! re=mation ( abuses4 ,a lampoon1 :i* has be5 def9$ z a p]sonal satire1 attacks ! individual r ?an 8 fault1 & is int5d$ to injure r ?an to re=m4 ,said ,%]idan3 ,satires & lampoons on p>ticul> p circulate m by giv+ copies 9 confid5ce to ! fri5ds ( ! p>ties ?an by pr9t+ !m4 ,,saw4 ,! imp]fect t5se ( ! v]b to see is c>elessly us$ by good writ]s & speak]s :5 !y %\ld use ! p]fect2 ?us1 ,i nev] saw any?+ l x be=e1 :5 ! mean+ int5d$ is1 ,i h nev] 9 all my life se5 any?+ l x be=e until n[4 ,we say prop]ly1 ,i nev] saw any?+ l x :5 ,i 0 9 ,p>is2 b1 :5 ! p]iod ( "t ref]r$ to ext5ds to ! "t :5 ! /atem5t is made1 x mu/ be h se54 ,l mi/akes are made 9 ! use ( o!r v]bs1 b !y are h>dly z common2 yet we (t5 he> su* expressions z1 ,i 0 nev] 9 ,philadelphia1 ,i nev] w5t to ! !atre 9 my life1 in/ead ( h be5 9 ,philadelphia1 & h gone to ! !atre4 ,,section4 ,! use ( ?is ^w = region1 neighborhood1 vic9ity1 "p 7( ! t[n or c\ntry71 is said to be a ,we/]nism4 ,a section is a division ( ! public l&s conta9+ six hundr$ & =ty acres4 ,,seem--,,appe>4 ,graham1 9 8 ,engli% ,synonymes1 says ( ^! two words3 ,:at seems is 9 ! m9d2 :at appe>s is ext]nal4 ,?+s appe> z !y pres5t !mselves to ! eye2 !y seem z !y are repres5t$ to ! m9d4 ,?+s appe> good or bad1 z f> z we c judge by our s5ses4 ,?+s seem "r or wrong z we det]m9e by reflection4 ,p]ception & s5sation h to d ) appe>+2 reflection & comp>ison1 ) seem+4 ,:5 ?+s are n :at !y appe>1 our s5ses are deceiv$2 :5 ?+s are n :at !y seem1 our judgm5t is at fault4 ,no man _h ev] a great] p[] ov] himself1 or 0 less ! man he seem$ to be1 :i* %ortly aft] appe>$ to ev]ybody1 :5 he c>$ less to keep on ! mask4--,cl>5don4 ,,seldom ,,or ,,ev]4 ,?is phrase %\ld be seldom if ev]1 or seldom or nev]4 ,,s]aphim4 ,?is is ! plural ( s]aph4 ,"o ( ! s]aphim4 ,to ,!e *]ubim & s]aphim cont9ually d cry4 ,see ,,*]ubim4 ,,set--,,sit4 ,! =m] ( ^! two v]bs is (t5 incorrectly us$ = ! latt]4 ,to set2 imp]fect t5se1 set2 p>ticiples1 sett+1 set4 ,to sit2 imp]fect t5se1 sat2 p>ticiples1 sitt+1 sat4 ,to set means to put1 to place1 to plant2 to put 9 any place1 condition1 /ate1 or po/ure4 ,we say1 to set ab\t1 to set aga9/1 to set out1 to set go+1 to set ap>t1 to set aside1 to set d[n 7to put 9 writ+74 ,to sit means to re/ on ! l[] "p ( ! body1 to repose on a seat1 to p]*1 z a bird1 etc4 ,we say1 ,sit up1 i4 e41 rise f ly+ to sitt+2 ,we w sit up1 i4 e41 w n g to b$2 ,sit d[n1 i4 e41 place y\rself on a seat4 ,we sit a horse & we sit = a portrait4 ,g>m5ts sit well or o!rwise4 ,congress sits1 s does a c\rt4 ,i h sat up long en\gh4 ,i h set x on ! table4 ,we set d[n figures1 b we sit d[n on ! gr\nd4 ,we set a h51 & a h5 sits on eggs4 ,we %\ld say1 !re=e1 z cross z a sitt+ n1 z a sett+ h54 ,,settle4 ,?is ^w is (t5 inelegantly1 if n incorrectly1 us$ = pay4 ,we pay our way1 pay our f>e1 pay our hotel-bills1 & ! l4 ,see1 also1 ,,locate4 ,,%all ,,& ,,w4 ,! nice di/9ctions t %\ld be made betwe5 ^! two auxili>ies are1 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,engli%-speak+ _w1 (t5 disreg>d$1 & t1 too1 by p]sons ( high culture4 ,! prop] use ( %all & w c mu* bett] be le>n$ f example ?an f precept4 ,_m p]sons :o use !m1 & also %\ld & w\ld1 ) well-nigh un]r+ correctness1 d s unconsci\sly2 x is simply habit ) !m1 & !y1 ?\gh _! culture may be limit$1 w receive a sort ( v]bal %ock f ,biddy's inquiry1 ,w ,i put ! kettle on1 ma'am8 :5 y\r ,iri% or ,scot* c\ntess w\ld n be 9 ! lea/ di/urb$ by x4 ,,%all1 9 an affirmative s5t5ce1 9 ! fir/ p]son1 & ,,w 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons1 m]ely ann\nce future action4 ,?us1 ,i %all g to t[n to-morr[4 ,i %all n2 ,i %all wait = bett] wea!r4 ,we %all be glad to see y4 ,i %all soon be tw5ty4 ,we %all set out e>ly1 & %all try to arrive by noon4 ,y w be pleas$4 ,y w soon be tw5ty4 ,y w f9d him hone/4 ,he w g ) u4 ,,%all1 9 an affirmative s5t5ce1 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons1 ann\nces ! speak]'s int5tion to control4 ,?us1 ,y %all he> me out4 ,y %all g1 sick or well4 ,he %all be my heir4 ,!y %all g1 :e!r !y want to g or n4 ,,w1 9 ! fir/ p]son1 expresses a promise1 ann\nces ! speak]'s int5tion to control1 proclaims a det]m9ation4 ,?us1 ,i w ,i promise to assi/ y4 ,i w ,i am det]m9$ to h my "r4 ,we w we promise to come to y 9 ! morn+4 ,,%all1 9 an int]rogative s5t5ce1 9 ! fir/ & ?ird p]sons1 consults ! w or judgm5t ( ano!r2 9 ! second p]son1 x inquires conc]n+ ! int5tion or future action ( ano!r4 ,?us1 ,%all ,i g ) y8 ,:5 %all we see y aga98 ,:5 %all ,i receive x8 ,:5 %all ,i get well8 ,:5 %all we get !re8 ,%all he come ) u8 ,%all y dem& indemnity8 ,%all y g to t[n to-morr[8 ,:at %all y d ab\t x8 ,,w1 9 an int]rogative s5t5ce1 9 ! second p]son1 asks conc]n+ ! wi%1 &1 9 ! ?ird p]son1 conc]n+ ! purpose or future action ( o!rs4 ,?us1 ,w y h an apple8 ,w y g ) me to my uncle's8 ,w he be ( ! p>ty8 ,w !y be will+ to receive u8 ,:5 w he be "h8 ,w c n be us$ int]rogatively 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul> or plural4 ,we c n say1 ,w ,i g8 ,w ,i help y8 ,w ,i be late8 ,w we get !re 9 "t8 ,w we see y aga9 soon8 ,(ficial c\rtesy1 9 ord] to avoid ! semblance ( compulsion1 conveys its comm&s 9 ! y-w =m in/ead ( ! /rictly grammatical y-%all =m4 ,x says1 = example1 ,y w proce$ to ,key ,we/1 :]e y w f9d fur!r in/ructions await+ y4 ,a clev] writ] on ! use ( %all & w says t :atev] conc]ns "o's beliefs1 hopes1 fe>s1 likes1 or dislikes1 c n be express$ 9 conjunction ) ,i w4 ,are !re no exceptions to ?is rule8 ,if ,i say1 ,i ?9k ,i %all g to ,philadelphia to-morr[1 ,i convey ! impression t my go+ dep5ds ^u circum/ances beyond my control2 b if ,i say1 ,i ?9k ,i w g to ,philadelphia to-morr[1 ,i convey ! impression t my go+ dep5ds ^u circum/ances )9 my control--t my go+ or n dep5ds on m]e incl9ation4 ,we c]ta9ly mu/ say1 ,i fe> t ,i %all lose x2 ,i hope t ,i %all be well2 ,i believe t ,i %all h ! ague2 ,i hope t ,i %all n be left alone2 ,i fe> t we %all h bad wea!r2 ,i %all dislike ! c\ntry2 ,i %all l ! p]=mance4 ,! writ] ref]r$ to asks1 ,h[ c "o say1 ',i w h ! heada*e'8 ,i answ]1 ,v easily1 z e "y woman kn[s4 ,let u see3 ,m>y1 y "k y promis$ ,john to drive out ) him to-morr[2 h[ %all y get out ( x8 ,oh1 ,i w h ! heada*e6 ,we reque/ t p w d ?us or s1 & n t !y %all4 ,?us1 ,x is reque/$ t no "o w leave ! room4 ,%all is r>ely1 if ev]1 us$ = w2 x is w t is us$ = %all4 ,expressions l ! foll[+ are common3 ,:]e w y be next week8 ,i w be at home4 ,we w h d9n] at six o'clock4 ,h[ w y g ab\t x8 ,:5 w y beg98 ,:5 w y set out8 ,:at w y d ) x8 ,9 all su* expressions1 :5 x is a "q ( m]e future action on ! "p ( ! p]son speak+ or spok5 to1 ! auxili>y mu/ be %all1 & n w4 ,%\ld & w\ld foll[ ! regim5 ( %all & w4 ,w\ld is (t5 us$ = %\ld2 %\ld r>ely = w\ld4 ,correct speak]s say1 ,i %\ld g to t[n to-morr[ if ,i _h a horse4 ,i %\ld n2 ,i %\ld wait = bett] wea!r4 ,we %\ld be glad to see y4 ,we %\ld h />t$ e>li]1 if ! wea!r _h be5 cle>4 ,i %\ld l to g to t[n1 & w\ld g if ,i c\ld4 ,i w\ld assi/ y if ,i c\ld4 ,i %\ld h be5 ill if ,i _h gone4 ,i w\ld ,i 7 home aga96 ,i %\ld g fi%+ to-day if ,i 7 home4 ,i %\ld s l to g to ,europe6 ,i %\ld pref] to see x fir/4 ,i %\ld be delight$4 ,i %\ld be glad to h y sup ) me4 ,i knew t ,i %\ld be ill4 ,i fe>$ t ,i %\ld lose x4 ,i hop$ t ,i %\ld see him4 ,i ?\ght ,i %\ld h ! ague4 ,i hop$ t ,i %\ld n be left alone4 ,i 0 afraid t we %\ld h bad wea!r4 ,i knew ,i %\ld dislike ! c\ntry4 ,i %\ld n l to d x1 & w n det]m9ation unless compell$ to4 ,,%immy4 ,we d]ive f ! ,fr5* language our ^w *emise--pron\nc$ %emmeeze4 ,9 ,fr5*1 ! ^w d5otes a man's %irt1 z well z ! "u g>m5t worn by wom54 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 x is (t5 pron\nc$ by p :o %\ld "k bett]--%immy4 ,r ?an call x %immy1 resume ! use ( ! old ,engli% words %ift & smock4 ,good usage unqualifi$ly condemns g5ts1 pants1 kids1 gums1 & %immy4--,vulg>isms & ,o!r ,errors ( ,spee*4 ,,%\ld4 ,see ,,ought4 ,,sick--,,ill4 ,^! words are (t5 us$ indiscrim9ately4 ,sick1 h[ev]1 is ! /rong] ^w1 & g5]ally ! bett] ^w to use4 ,ill is us$ 9 ,engl& m ?an ) u3 !re sick is g5]ally limit$ to ! express+ ( nausea2 z1 sick at ! /oma*4 ,,signature1 ,,ov] ,,or ,,"u8 ,a man writes "u1 n ov]1 a signature4 ,*>les ,dick5s wrote "u ! signature ( ,boz2 ,mr4 ,samuel ,l4 ,clem5s writes "u ! signature ( ,m>k ,twa94 ,! reason giv5 9 ,web/]'s ,diction>y = pref]r+ ! use ( "u is absurd2 viz41 t ! pap] is "u ! h& 9 writ+4 ,! expression is elliptical1 & has no ref]5ce to ! position ei!r ( ! signature or ( ! pap]4 ,giv5 "u my h& & seal means "u ! gu>antee ( my signature & my seal4 ,"u 8 own signature or "n means "u 8 own "*1 )\t disguise4 ,"u ! signature ( ,boz means "u ! disguise ( ! assum$ "n ,boz4 ,we always write "u a c]ta9 date1 ?\gh ! date be plac$1 z x (t5 is1 at ! bottom ( ! page4 ,,signs4 ,9 "o ( ! pr9cipal bus9ess /reets ( ,new ,york !re is a sign :i* reads1 ,g]man ,lace ,/ore4 ,n[1 :e!r ?is is a /ore t makes a specialty ( ,g]man laces1 or :e!r x is a /ore :]e all k9ds ( lace are sold1 kept by a ,g]man or aft] ! ,g]man fa%ion1 is some?+ t ! sign d\btless means to tell u1 b1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( a hyph5 7,g]man-,lace ,/ore1 or ,g]man ,lace-,/ore71 does n tell u4 ,no?+ is m common ?an errone\s punctuation 9 signs1 & gross mi/akes by ! unlett]$ 9 ! word+ ( ! simple/ pr9t$ matt]4 ,! bad ta/e1 incorrect punctuation1 false gramm>1 & ridicul\s nons5se met ) on signs & plac>ds1 & 9 adv]tisem5ts1 are really surpris+4 ,an adv]tisem5t tells u t a pill[ :i* assi/s 9 procur+ sleep is a b5$iction2 a plac>d1 t !y h ,*>lotte de ,russe = sale )91 :i* means1 if x means any?+1 t !y h = sale somebody or some?+ call$ ,*>lotte ( ,russian2 &1 !n1 on h[ _m signs d we see ! possessive case :5 ! plural numb] is int5d$6 ,,simile4 ,9 rhetoric1 a direct & =mal comp>ison is call$ a simile4 ,x is g5]ally d5ot$ by l1 z1 or s2 z1 ,i h v5tur$1 ,l little wanton boys t swim on bladd]s1 ,^! _m summ]s 9 a sea ( glory4 ,?y smile is z ! dawn ( v]nal day4--,%akespe>e4 ,z1 d[n 9 ! sunless retreats ( ! ocean1 ,sweet fl['rets are spr++ no mortal c see2 ,s1 deep 9 my bosom1 ! pray] ( devotion1 ,unhe>d by ! _w1 rises sil5t to !e4--,moore4 ',tis ) our judgm5ts z ) our wat*es2 none ,g j alike1 yet ea* believes 8 own4--,pope4 ,grace abus$ br+s =? ! f\le/ de$s1 ,z ri*e/ soil ! mo/ luxuriant we$s4--,c[p]4 ,z no roads are s r\gh z ^? t h j be5 m5d$1 s no s9n]s are s intol]ant z ^? :o h j turn$ sa9ts4--,lacon4 ,,s94 ,see ,,crime4 ,,s9ce--,,ago4 ,dr4 ,johnson says ( ^! two adv]bs3 ,reckon+ "t t[>d ! pres5t1 we use s9ce2 z1 ',x is a ye> s9ce x happ5$'3 reckon+ f ! pres5t1 we use ago2 z1 ',x is a ye> ago4' ,?is is n1 p]haps1 always obs]v$4 ,dr4 ,johnson's rule w h>dly suffice z a sure guide4 ,s9ce is (t5 us$ = ago1 b ago nev] = s9ce4 ,ago is d]iv$ f ! p>ticiple agone1 :ile s9ce comes f a preposition4 ,we say prop]ly1 n long or "s "t ago agone4 ,s9ce requires a v]bal clause aft] x2 z1 ,s9ce ,i saw y2 ,s9ce he 0 "h4 ,,s+4 ,( ! two =ms--sang & sung--= ! imp]fect t5se ( ! v]b to s+1 ! =m]--sang--is to be pref]r$4 ,,sit4 ,see ,,set4 ,,slang4 ,! slang t is he>d among respectable p is made up ( g5u9e words1 to :i* an arbitr>y mean+ is giv54 ,x is always l[1 g5]ally co>se1 & n unfrequ5tly fooli%4 ,) ! exception ( cant1 !re is no?+ t is m to be %unn$4 ,we sometimes meet ) p]sons ( consid]able culture :o int]l>d _! talk ) slang expressions1 b x is safe to ass]t t !y are always p]sons ( co>se natures4 ,,sm>t4 ,see ,,clev]4 ,,smell ,,(4 ,see ,,ta/e ,,(4 ,,s4 ,see ,,z2 ,,su*2 ,,t4 ,,s ,,mu* ,,s4 ,! %ipm5ts by ! coa/ /eam]s are v l>ge1 s mu* s l>ge8 z to tax ! capacity ( ! diff]5t l9es4--,telegram1 ,septemb] #ai1 #ahha4 ,! s5t5ce %\ld be1 ,! %ipm5ts by ! coa/ /eam]s are v l>ge1 s l>ge z to tax1 etc4 ,,solecism4 ,9 rhetoric1 a solecism is def9$ z an (f5se aga9/ ! rules ( gramm> by ! use ( words 9 a wrong con/ruction2 false syntax4 ,mod]n gramm>ians designate by solecism any ^w or expression :i* does n agree ) ! e/abli%$ usage ( writ+ or speak+4 ,b1 z cu/oms *ange1 t :i* at "o "t is consid]$ a solecism may at ano!r be reg>d$ z correct language4 ,a solecism1 !re=e1 diff]s f a b>b>ism1 inasmu* z ! latt] consi/s 9 ! use ( a ^w or expression :i* is altoge!r contr>y to ! _s ( ! language1 & c1 prop]ly speak+1 nev] become e/abli%$ z correct language4--,p5ny ,cyclopdia4 ,see1 also1 ,,b>b>ism4 ,,"s4 ,?is ^w is n unfrequ5tly misus$ = some:at2 ?us1 ,%e is "s bett] to-day4 ,x is likewise (t5 misus$ = ab\t2 ?us1 ,i ?9k x is "s t5 miles f "h3 read1 ab\t t5 miles f "h4 ,,specialty4 ,?is =m has )9 a rec5t p]iod be5 g5]ally sub/itut$ = speciality4 ,!re is no app>5t reason1 h[ev]1 :y ! i %\ld be dropp$1 s9ce x is requir$ by ! etymology ( ! ^w1 & is reta9$ 9 ne>ly all o!r words ( ! same =mation4 ,,speci\s ,,fallacy4 ,a fallacy is a sophism1 a logical artifice1 a deceitful or false appe>ance2 :ile speci\s means hav+ ! appe>ance ( tru?1 plausible4 ,h5ce we see t ! v ess5ce ( a fallacy is its speci\sness4 ,we may v prop]ly say t a fallacy is m or less speci\s1 b we c n prop]ly say t a fallacy is speci\s1 s9ce )\t speci\sness we c h no fallacies4 ,,spl5did4 ,?is poor ^w is us$ by ! g5tl] sex to qualify well-nigh ev]y?+ t has _! approval1 f a sug>-plum to ! national capitol4 ,9 fact1 spl5did & awful seem to be ab\t ! only adjectives "s ( our sup]lative "y wom5 h 9 _! vocabul>ies4 ,,/&po9t4 ,?is is a ^w to :i* _m /ud5ts ( ,engli% s]i\sly object1 & among !m are ! editors ( "s ( our daily pap]s1 :o d n all[ x to appe> 9 _! columns4 ,! phrase to :i* no "o objects is1 po9t ( view4 ,,/ate4 ,?is ^w1 :i* prop]ly means to make kn[n specifically1 to expla9 p>ticul>ly1 is (t5 misus$ = say4 ,:5 say says all "o wants to say1 :y use a m pret5ti\s ^w8 ,,/op4 ,:]e are y /opp+8 ,at ! ,metropolitan4 ,! prop] ^w to use "h is /ay+4 ,to /op means to cease to g =w>d1 to leave (f2 & to /ay means to abide1 to t>ry1 to dwell1 to soj\rn4 ,we /ay1 n /op1 at home1 at a hotel1 or ) a fri5d1 z ! case may be4 ,,/orm4 ,_m p]sons indulge 9 a c>eless use ( ?is ^w1 us+ x :5 !y mean to say simply t x ra9s or sn[s4 ,to a /orm a viol5t commotion ( ! atmosph]e is indisp5sable4 ,a v high w9d con/itutes a /orm1 ?\gh x be dry4 ,,/raightway4 ,"h is a good ,anglo-,saxon ^w ( two syllables ^: place1 )\t any good reason1 is be+ usurp$ by ! ,lat9 ^w imm$iately1 ( five syllables4 ,,/reet4 ,we live 91 n on--meet our acqua9tances 91 n on--?+s occur 91 n on--h\ses are built 91 n on1 ! /reet1 & s =?4 ,,/yle4 ,?is is a t]m t is us$ to *>act]ize ! peculi>ities t di/+ui% a writ] or a composition4 ,correctness & cle>ness prop]ly belong to ! doma9 ( diction2 simplicity1 concis5ess1 gravity1 elegance1 diffus5ess1 floridity1 =ce1 feebl5ess1 co>s5ess1 etc41 belong to ! doma9 ( /yle4 ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,?is mood is unpopul> ) n a few n[-a-day gramm>ians4 ,"o says t x is rapidly fall+ into disuse2 t1 9 fact1 !re is good reason to suppose x w soon become obsolete4 ,ano!r says t x w\ld1 p]haps1 be bett] to aboli% x entirely1 z its use is a cont9ual s\rce ( dispute among gramm>ians & ( p]plexity to s*ools4 ,ano!r says t x is a univ]sal /umbl+-block2 t nobody seems to und]/& x1 al?\gh almo/ ev]ybody attempts to use x4 ,t ! subjunctive mood is mu* less us$ n[ ?an x 0 a hundr$ ye>s ago is c]ta91 b t x is obsolesc5t is v f> f c]ta94 ,x w\ld n be easy1 ,i ?9k1 to f9d a s+le contempor>y writ] :o does n use x4 ,t x is n always easy to det]m9e :at =m ( x we %\ld employ is v true2 b if we are ju/ifi$ 9 aboli%+ x altoge!r1 z ,mr4 ,*&l] sugge/s1 because its correct use is n always easy1 !n we are also ju/ifi$ 9 aboli%+ ! use ( %all & w1 & ( ! prepositions1 = surely _! "r use is likewise at times mo/ puzzl+4 ,mean:ile1 mo/ p]sons w ?9k x well to le>n to use ! subjunctive mood prop]ly4 ,) t object 9 view1 "o c n1 p]haps1 d bett] ?an to att5d to :at ,dr4 ,alex&] ,ba91 ,pr(essor ( ,logic 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de51 says ^u ! subject4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,ba9's ,high] ,engli% ,gramm> we f9d3 ,9 subord9ate clauses4--,9 a clause express+ a condition1 & introduc$ by a conjunction ( condition1 ! v]b is sometimes1 b n always1 9 ! subjunctive mood3 ',if ,i be able1' 'if ,i 7 /rong en\gh1' 'if ?\ %\ld come4' ,! subjunctive inflexions h be5 :olly lo/4 ,! s5se t some?+ is want+ appe>s to h l$ _m writ]s to use indicative =ms :]e ! subjunctive might be expect$4 ,! t5d5cy appe>s /ronge/ 9 ! case ( 'w]t1' :i* is n[ us$ z indicative 7= 'wa/'7 only 9 poetical or elevat$ language4 ,! foll[+ is ! rule giv5 = ! use ( ! subjunctive mood3 ,:5 9 a conditional clause x is int5d$ to express d\bt or d5ial1 use ! subjunctive mood4#cj ',if ,i 7 sure ( :at y tell me1 ,i w\ld g4' ,:5 ! conditional clause is affirmative & c]ta91 ! v]b is indicative3 ',if t is ! case' 7z y n[ tell me1 & z ,i believe71 ',i c und]/& y4' ,?is is equival5t to a clause ( assumption1 or supposition3 ',t be+ ! case1' 'inasmu* z t is ! case1' etc4 ,z futurity is by its nature unc]ta91 ! subjunctive is ext5sively us$ = future conditionality3 ',if x ra91 we %all n be able to g'2 'if ,i be well'2 'if he come %ortly'2 'if ?\ return at all 9 peace'2 '?\gh he slay me1 yet w ,i tru/ 9 him4' ,^! ev5ts are all 9 ! unc]ta9 future1 & are put 9 ! subjunctive4#ca ,a future result or consequ5ce is express$ by ! subjunctive 9 su* in/ances z ^!3 ',i w wait till he return'2 'no fe> le/ d9n] cool'2 '?\ %alt /one him ) /ones1 t he die'2 'take he$ le/ at any "t y\r he>ts be ov]*>g$ ) surfeit+4' ,unc]ta9ty z to a pa/ ev5t may arise f our own ignorance1 9 :i* case ! subjunctive is prop]ly employ$1 & s]ves ! useful purpose ( di/+ui%+ our ignorance f our k4 ',if any ( my read]s has look$ ) s little att5tion ^u ! _w ar\nd him'2 ?is w\ld mean--'z ,i "k t !y h4' ,! mean+ int5d$ is probably--'z ,i d n "k :e!r !y h or n1' & !re=e ! subjunctive 'h' is pref]able4 ',if ignorance is bliss1' :i* ,i 7ironically7 admit4 ,_h ,gray be5 speak+ s]i\sly1 he w\ld h said1 'if ignorance be bliss1' he himself diss5t+ f ! proposition4 ,a wi% contr>y to ! fact takes ! subjunctive3 ',i wi% he 7 "h' 7:i* he is n74 ,an int5tion n yet c>ri$ out is also subjunctive3 ',! s5t5ce is t y be imprison$4' ,! only correct =m ( ! future subjunctive is--'if ,i %\ld4' ,we may say1 ',i d n "k :e!r or n ,i %all come'2 b 'if ,i %all come1' express+ a condition1 is n an ,engli% con/ruction4 ',if he w' has a real mean+1 z be+ ! pres5t subjunctive ( ! v]b 'w'3 'if he be will+1' 'if he h ! w4' ,x is 9 accordance ) good usage to express a future subjunctive mean+ by a pres5t t5se2 b 9 t case ! =m mu/ be /rictly subjunctive1 & n indicative4 ',if any memb] abs5ts himself1 he %all =feit a p5ny = ! use ( ! club'2 ?is ought to be ei!r 'abs5t1' or '%\ld abs5t4' ',if ?\ neglecte/ or doe/ unwill+ly :at ,i comm& !e1 ,i w rack !e ) old cramps'2 bett]1 'if ?\ neglect or d unwill+ly1' or 'if ?\ %\ld neglect4' ,! indicative w\ld be ju/ifi$ by ! speak]'s belief t ! supposition is sure to turn out to be ! fact4 ,! pa/ subjunctive may imply d5ial2 z1 'if ! book 7 9 ! libr>y 7z x is n71 x %\ld be at y\r s]vice4' ',if ! book be 9 ! libr>y1' means1 ',i d n "k :e!r x be or n4' ,we h ?us ! p[] ( discrim9at+ ?ree diff]5t suppositions4 ',if ! book is 9 ! libr>y' 7z ,i "k x is72 'if x be' 7,i am unc]ta972 'if x 7' 7z ,i "k x is n74 ,s1 'if x ra9s1' 'if x ra91' 'if x ra9$4' ',nay1 & ! villa9s m>* wide betwe5 ! legs1 z if !y _h gyves on1' imply+ t !y _h n4 ,! same p[] ( ! pa/ t5se is exemplifi$ 9 'if ,i c\ld1 ,i w\ld1' :i* means1 ',i c n'2 :]eas1 'if ,i c1 ,i w1' means ',i d n "k4' ,! pa/ subjunctive may be express$ by an inv]sion3 ',_h ,i ! p[]1' '7 ,i z ,i h be54' ,9 ,pr9cipal ,clauses4--,! pr9cipal clause 9 a conditional /atem5t also takes ! subjunctive =m :5 x ref]s to :at is future & cont+5t1 & :5 x ref]s to :at is pa/ & unc]ta91 or d5i$4 ',if he %\ld try1 he w\ld succe$'2 'if ,i _h se5 him1 ,i %\ld h ask$ him4' ,! usual =ms ( ! subjunctive 9 ! pr9cipal clause are 'w\ld1' '%\ld1' 'w\ld h1' '%\ld h'2 & x is to be not$ t 9 ?is application ! second p]sons take ! inflexional end+ ( ! indicative3 '%\ld/1' 'w\ld/4' ',if 'tw]e done :5 'tis done1 !n 't7 7w\ld be7 well ,x 7 7%\ld be7 done quickly4' ,! ,engli% idiom appe>s sometimes to p]mit ! use ( an indicative :]e we %\ld expect a subjunctive =m4 ',_m acts1 t _h be5 o!rwise blamable1 7 employ$'2 ',i _h fa9t$1 unless ,i _h believ$1' etc4 ',:i* else lie furl$ & %r\d$ 9 ! s\l4' ,9 'else' !re is impli$ a conditional clause t w\ld suit 'lie'2 or ! pres5t may be reg>d$ z a m vivid =m ( expression4 ',_h' may be indicative2 j z we sometimes f9d plup]fect indicative = plup]fect subjunctive 9 ! same circum/ances 9 ,lat94 ,we may ref] x to ! g5]al t5d5cy1 z already se5 9 ! uses ( 'c\ld1' 'w\ld1' '%\ld1' etc41 to express conditionality by a pa/ t5se2 or ! indicative may be us$ z a m direct & vivid mode4 ',_h' may be subjunctive2 ',i _h fa9t$' is1 9 con/ruction1 analog\s to ',i %\ld h fa9t$'2 ! ^w = futurity1 '%all1' n be+ necess>y to ! s5se1 is )drawn1 & its pa/ inflexion transf]r$ to 'h4' ,comp>e ,g]m4 wrde hab5 & htte4 ,9 addition to ! =ego+1 we f9d 9 ,pr(essor ,ba9's ,composition ,gramm> ! foll[+3 ,! case mo/ suit$ to ! subjunctive is cont+5t futurity1 or ! expression ( an ev5t unkn[n absolutely1 z be+ /ill 9 ! future3 ',if to-morr[ be f9e1 ,i w walk ) y4' ',unless ,i 7 prep>$1' ins9uates pretty /rongly t ,i am or am n prep>$1 accord+ to ! mann] ( ! pr9cipal clause4 ',:at's a tall man unless he fight8' ',! sword ha? end$ him3 s %all x !e1 ,unless ?\ yield !e z my prison]4' ',:o b mu/ laugh1 if su* a man !re be8 ,:o w\ld n weep1 if ,atticus 7 he8' ',i am to second ,ion if he fail'2 ! fail+ is left q d\btful4 ',i %\ld v imp]fectly execute ! task :i* ,i h und]tak5 if ,i 7 m]ely to treat ( battles & sieges4' ,macaulay ?us implies t ! scope ( 8 "w is to be wid] ?an m]e battles & sieges4 ,! subjunctive appe>s 9 "s o!r con/ructions4 ',i hope to see ! exhibition be=e x close'2 'wait till he return'2 '?\ %all /& by ! riv]'s br9k aga9/ he come'2 'take he$ le/ passion sway ?y judgm5t'2 'speak to me1 ?\gh x be 9 wra?'2 'if he smite him ) an in/rum5t ( iron s t he die1 he is a murd]]'2 'bew>e ?is night t ?\ cross n my foot/eps' 7,%elley74 ,aga94 ',:atev] ?is be'2 ':oev] he be'2 'h[e'er x be' 7,t5nyson72 & su* l4 ',& z long1 ,o ,god1 z %e ,h a gra9 ( love = me1 ,s long1 no d\bt1 no d\bt1 ,%all ,i nurse 9 my d>k he>t1 ,h[ev] we>y1 a sp>k ( w ,n to be trampl$ out4' ,! ,future ,subjunctive is giv5 9 our s*eme ( ! v]b z '%\ld' 9 all p]sons3 ',if ,i %\ld1 if ?\ %\ld1 if he %\ld4' ,9 old ,engli%1 we h '?\ %\ld/'3 'if ?\1 ,"l1 %\ld/ m>k iniquities4' ,an inv]t$ conditional =m has tak5 deep root 9 our language1 & may be reg>d$ z an elegant & =cible v>iety4 ,:ile disp5s+ ) ! conjunction1 x does n cause ambiguity2 nev]!less1 conditionality is well m>k$4 ',if y %\ld ab&on y\r ,p5elope & y\r home = ,calypso1 ----'3 '%\ld y ab&on ----4' ',g n my horse ! bett]1 ,i mu/ become a borr[] ( ! night ,= a d>k h\r or twa94' ',"h _h we n[ our c\ntry's honor ro('d ,7 ! grac$ p]son ( our ,banquo pres5t4' ',be ?\ a _s ( heal? or gobl9 damn'd1 ,br+ ) !e airs f heav5 or bla/s f hell1 ,be ?y int5ts wick$ or *>itable1 ,?\ com'/ 9 su* a que/ionable %ape ,t ,i w speak to !e4' ',come "o1 come all1 ?is rock %all fly ,f its firm base z soon z ,i4'--,scott4 ,! foll[+ examples are giv5 by ,mtzn]3 ',v>ney's communications1 be !y :at !y might1 7 op]at+ 9 8 favor4'--,scott4 ',gov]n+ p]sons1 7 !y nev] s insignificant intr9sically1 h = mo/ "p pl5ty ( ,memoir-writ]s4'--,c>lyle4 ',ev5 7 ,i dispos$1 ,i c\ld n gratify ! read]4'--,w>r54 ',br+ !m back to me1 co/ :at x may4'--,col]idge1 ',wall5/e94' ',& w y1 nill y1 ,i w m>ry y4'--',tam+ ( ! ,%rew4' ,7 is us$ 9 ! pr9cipal clause = '%\ld be' or 'w\ld be4'#cb ',i 7 7%\ld be7 a fool1 n less ?an if a pan!r ,7 panic-/rick5 by ! antelope's eye1 ,if %e escape me4'--,%elley4 ',7 y b rid+ =? to air y\rself1 ,su* p>t+ 7 too petty4' ',he 7 7w\ld be7 no lion1 7 n ,romans h9ds4' ',%\ld he be r\s$ out ( 8 sleep to-night1 444 ,x 7 n well2 inde$ x 7 n well4'--,%elley4 ,_h is sometimes us$ 9 ! pr9cipal clause = '%\ld h' or 'w\ld h4'#cc ',_h ,i kn[n ?is be=e we set out1 ,i ?9k ,i _h 7 w\ld h7 rema9$ at home4'--,scott4 ',had/ ?\ be5 kill'd :5 fir/ ?\ did/ presume1 ,?\ had/ n liv$ to kill a son ( m9e4' ',if he ,_h kill$ me1 he _h done a k9d] de$4' ',= once he _h be5 ta'en or sla91 ,an x _h n be5 8 m9i/ry4'--,scott4 ',if ?\ had/ said him nay1 x _h be5 s94'#cd ',_h bett]1 r1 be/1 z lief1 z well1 etc41' is a =m t is expla9$ "u ?is head+4 ',_h' /&s = 'w\ld h4' ,! explod$ notion t '_h' is a corrupt$ 'w\ld' mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ',i _h z lief n be4' ,t is--',i w\ld z lief h n 7to7 be' ',i w\ld z will+ly 7or z soon7 h non-exi/5ce4' ',_h y r ,cs> 7 liv+----8' ',w\ld y r h 7w\ld y pref] t7 ,cs> 7 liv+8' ',he _h bett] reconsid] ! matt]' is 'he w\ld bett] h 7to7 reconsid] ! matt]4' ',i _h r be a kitt5 & cry mew ,?an "o ( ^! same metre ballad-mong]s2 ,i _h r he> a braz5 can/ick turn$4' ,let u comp>e ?is =m ) ano!r t appe>s side by side ) x 9 e>ly writ]s4 7,cp4 ,lat4 'habeo' & 'mihi e/4'7 ,! con/ruction ( '_h' is ?us illu/rat$ 9 ,*auc]1 z 9--,nonne ,pre/es ,tale1 #cjj3 ',by ,god1 ,i hadde lev]e ?an my s*]te1 ,t ye hadde rad 8 leg5d1 z ,i h4' ,comp>e n[3 ',ah me 7 lev]e ) lawe loose my lyf ,!n s to fote hem falle4'--,wright1 ',polit4 ,s4' ,"h '7' is unque/ionably = 'w\ld be'2 & ! :ole expression might be giv5 by '_h1' ?us3 ',ah1 ,i hadde lev]e ----1' '7to7 loose' & '7to7 falle1' *ang+ f subjects ( '7' to objects ( 'hadde4' ,s1 9 ! ,*auc] example above1 if we sub/itute 'be' = 'h1' we %all get ! same mean+1 ?us3 ',by ,god1 me 7 lev]e ----4' ,! int]*ange helps u to see m cle>ly t 'hadde' is to be expla9$ z subjunctive = 'w\ld h4' ,see ,,indicative ,,& ,,subjunctive4 ,,su*4 ,i h nev] be=e se5 su* a l>ge ox4 ,by a little transpos+ ( ! words ( ?is s5t5ce1 we h1 ,i h nev] be=e se5 an ox su* l>ge1 :i* makes x q cle> t we %\ld say s l>ge an ox & n su* a l>ge ox4 ,z pro( t ?is error 9 ! use ( su* is common1 we f9d 9 ,mr4 ,george ,wa%+ton ,moon's ,dean's ,engli% & ,bad ,engli%1 ! s5t5ce1 ,) all due def]5ce to su* a high au?ority on su* a v important matt]4 ,) a little transpos+1 ?is s5t5ce is made to read1 ,) all due def]5ce to an au?ority su* high on a matt] su* v important4 ,x is cle> t ! s5t5ce %\ld read1 ,) all due def]5ce to s high an au?ority on s v important a matt]4 ,! phrases1 su* a h&some1 su* a lovely1 su* a long1 su* n>r[1 etc41 are incorrect1 & %\ld be s h&some1 s lovely1 s long1 & s on4 ,,summon4 ,?is v]b comes 9 = its full %>e ( maul+4 ,we (t5 he> su* expressions z ,i w summons him1 in/ead ( summon him2 & ,he 0 summons$1 in/ead ( summon$4 ,,sup]flu\s ,,words4 ,:5ev] ,i try to write well1 ,i always f9d ,i c d x4 ,i %all h f9i%$ by ! latt] end ( ! week4 ,iron s9ks d[n 9 wat]4 ,he comb9$ toge!r all ! facts4 ,my bro!r call$ on me1 & we bo? took a walk4 ,i c d x equally z well z he4 ,we c\ld n =be> f do+ x4 ,be=e ,i g1 ,i mu/ fir/ be paid4 ,we 7 compell$ to return back4 ,we =c$ !m to retreat back fully a mile4 ,8 conduct 0 approv$ ( by ev]ybody4 ,!y conv]s$ toge!r = a long "t4 ,! balloon rose up v rapidly4 ,give me ano!r "o4 ,come home z soon z ev] y c4 ,:o f9ds him 9 money8 ,he came 9 la/ ( all4 ,he has got all he c c>ry4 ,:at h y got8 ,no matt] :at ,i h got4 ,i h got ! heada*e4 ,h y got any bro!rs8 ,no1 b ,i h got a si/]4 ,all ! words 9 italics are sup]flu\s4 ,,sup]ior4 ,?is ^w is n unfrequ5tly us$ = able1 excell5t1 gift$2 z1 ,%e is a sup]ior woman1 mean+ an excell5t woman2 ,he is a sup]ior man1 mean+ an able man4 ,! expression an inf]ior man is n less objectionable4 ,,supposititi\s4 ,?is ^w is prop]ly us$ 9 ! s5se ( put by a trick into ! place or "* belong+ to ano!r1 spuri\s1 c\nt]feit1 n g5u9e2 & improp]ly 9 ! s5se ( conjectural1 hypo!tical1 imag9>y1 presumptive2 z1 ,?is is a supposititi\s case1 mean+ an imag9>y or presumptive case4 ,! ,engli% critic d]iv$ 8 mat]ials f a /ray copy ( "s supposititi\s indexes devis$ by "o ( ! ',po/' report]s4--,nation4 ,"h is a correct use ( ! ^w4 ,,swo%4 ,!re is a k9d ( ill-balanc$ bra9 9 :i* ! reflective & ! imag9ative v mu* outweight ! p]ceptive4 ,m5 to :om ?is k9d ( an organization has be5 giv5 g5]ally h active m9ds1 b _! m9ds nev] pres5t any?+ cle>ly4 ,to _! m5tal vision all is ill-def9$1 *aotic4 ,!y see ev]y?+ 9 a haze4 ,:e!r su* m5 talk or write1 !y are v]bose1 illogical1 intangible1 w-o'-!-wispi%4 ,_! ?\ghts are phantomlike2 l %ad[s1 !y cont9ually escape _! grasp4 ,9 _! talk !y w1 aft] long diss]tations1 tell y t !y h n said j :at !y w\ld l to say2 !re is always a subtle1 lurk+ some?+ /ill unexpress$1 :i* some?+ is ! real ess5ce ( ! matt]1 & :i* y\r p5etration is expect$ to div9e4 ,9 _! writ+s !y are ecc5tric1 vague1 labyr9?9e1 pret5ti\s1 transc5d5tal1#ce & frequ5tly ungrammatical4 ,^! m51 if write !y mu/1 %\ld conf9e !mselves to ! descriptive2 = :5 !y ent] ! essayi/'s doma91 :i* !y are v prone to d1 !y write :at ,i w v5ture to call swo%4 ,we f9d examples 9 pl5ty ( ?is k9d ( writ+ 9 ! essays ( ,mr4 ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son4 ,inde$1 ! imp>tial critic :o w take ! tr\ble to exam9e any ( ,mr4 ,em]son's essays at all c>efully1 is q sure to come to ! conclusion t ,mr4 ,em]son has se5 ev]y?+ he has ev] made ! subject ( 8 essays v mu* z ,london is se5 f ! top ( ,sa9t ,paul's 9 a fog4 ,mr4 ,em]son's def9ition ( ,nature runs ?us3 ,philosophically consid]$1 ! univ]se is compos$ ( ,nature & ! ,s\l4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re=e1 all t is sep>ate f u1 all :i* philosophy di/+ui%es f ! ,n ,me--t is1 bo? ,nature & ,art1 & all o!r m51 & my own body--mu/ be rank$ "u ?is "n ',,nature4' ,9 enum]at+ ! values ( ,nature & ca/+ up _! sum1 ,i %all use ! ^w 9 bo? s5ses--9 its common & 9 its philosophical import4 ,9 inquiries s g5]al z our pres5t "o1 ! inaccuracy is n mat]ial2 no confusion ( ?\ght w occur4 ,nature1 9 ! common s5se1 ref]s to ess5ces un*ang$ by man3 space1 ! air1 ! riv]1 ! leaf4 ,art is appli$ to ! mixture ( 8 w ) ! same ?+s1 z 9 a h\se1 a canal1 a picture1 a /atue4 ,b 8 op]ations1 tak5 toge!r1 are s insignificant--a little *ipp+1 bak+1 pat*+1 & wa%+--t 9 an impression s gr& z t ( ! _w on ! human m9d !y d n v>y ! result4 ,9 ,lett]s & ,social ,aims ,mr4 ,em]son writes3 ,eloqu5ce is ! p[] to translate a tru? into language p]fectly intelligible to ! p]son to :om y speak4 ,he :o w\ld conv9ce ! wor?y ,mr4 ,dund]head ( any tru? :i* ,dund]head does n see1 mu/ be a ma/] ( 8 art4 ,declamation is common2 b su* possession ( ?\ght z is "h requir$1 su* practical *emi/ry z ! conv]sion ( a tru? writt5 9 ,god's language into a tru? 9 ,dund]head's language1 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & cog5t weapons t is =g$ 9 ! %op ( ! ,div9e ,artific]4 ,! fir/ p>agraph ( ,mr4 ,em]son's ,essay on ,art reads3 ,all dep>tm5ts ( life at ! pres5t day--,trade1 ,politics1 ,lett]s1 ,sci5ce1 or ,religion--seem to feel1 & to labor to express1 ! id5tity ( _! law4 ,!y are rays ( "o sun2 !y translate ea* into a new language ! s5se ( ! o!r4 ,!y are sublime :5 se5 z emanations ( a ,necessity contradi/+ui%$ f ! vulg> ,fate by be+ in/ant & alive1 & dissolv+ man1 z well z 8 works1 9 its fl[+ b5efic5ce4 ,?is influ5ce is conspicu\sly visible 9 ! pr9ciples & hi/ory ( ,art4 ,ano!r p>agraph f ,mr4 ,em]son's ,essay on ,eloqu5ce3 ,! orator1 z we h se51 mu/ be a sub/antial p]sonality4 ,!n1 fir/1 he mu/ h p[] ( /atem5t--mu/ h ! fact1 & "k h[ to tell x4 ,9 a knot ( m5 conv]s+ on any subject1 ! p]son :o kn[s mo/ ab\t x w h ! e> ( ! company1 if he wi%es x1 & lead ! conv]sation1 no matt] :at g5ius or di/9ction o!r m5 !re pres5t may h2 &1 9 any public assembly1 him :o has ! facts1 & c & w /ate !m1 p w li/5 to1 ?\gh he is o!rwise ignorant1 ?\gh he is ho>se & ungrateful1 ?\gh he /utt]s & screams4 ,mr4 ,em]son1 9 8 ,essay on ,prud5ce1 writes3 ,!re are all degrees ( pr(ici5cy 9 k ( ! _w4 ,x is suffici5t to our pres5t purpose to indicate ?ree4 ,"o class live to ! utility ( ! symbol1 e/eem+ heal? & weal? a f9al good4 ,ano!r class live above ?is m>k to ! beauty ( ! symbol1 z ! poet & arti/1 & ! naturali/ & man ( sci5ce4 ,a ?ird class live above ! beauty ( ! symbol to ! beauty ( ! ?+ signifi$2 ^! are wise m54 ,! fir/ class h common s5se2 ! second1 ta/e2 & ! ?ird1 spiritual p]ception4 ,once 9 a long "t a man trav]ses ! :ole scale1 & sees & enjoys ! symbol solidly2 !n1 also1 has a cle> eye = its beauty2 &1 la/ly1 :il/ he pit*es 8 t5t on ?is sacr$ volcanic isle ( nature1 does n (f] to build h\ses & b>ns !reon1 rev]5c+ ! spl5dor ( ,god :i* he sees bur/+ ?r\gh ea* *9k & cranny4 ,^? :o are wont to accept o!rs at _! self-assessm5t & to see ?+s ?r\gh o!r p's eyes--& !re are _m su*--are 9 dang] ( ?9k+ ?is k9d ( writ+ v f9e1 :5 9 fact x is n only ! v]ie/ swo%1 b t k9d ( swo% t excites at lea/ an occasional d\bt ) reg>d to ! writ]'s sanity4 ,we c make no great] mi/ake ?an to suppose t ! reason we d n und]/& ^! rhetorical contortioni/s is because !y are s subtle & pr(\nd4 ,we und]/& !m q z well z !y und]/& !mselves4 ,at _! v be/1 !y are b incoh]5t dilut]s ( o!r m5's ideas4 ,!y h b "o ?+ to recomm5d !m--hone/y4 ,!y believe 9 !mselves4 ,:atev] is d>k is deep4 ,/ir a puddle1 & x is deep] ?an a well4--,swift4 ,,synecdo*e4 ,! us+ ( ! "n ( a "p = t ( ! :ole1 ! "n ( ! :ole = t ( a "p1 or ! us+ ( a def9ite numb] = an indef9ite1 is call$1 9 rhetoric1 synecdo*e4 ,! bay 0 cov]$ ) sails2 i4 e41 ) %ips4 ,! man 0 old1 c>eworn1 & gray2 i4 e41 lit]ally1 8 hair1 n ! man1 0 gray4 ,n9e t5?s ( e man's happ9ess dep5ds on ! reception he meets ) 9 ! _w4 ,he _h se5 sev5ty w9t]s4 ,?us spoke ! tempt]3 "h ! "p ( ! "* is nam$ t suits ! occasion4 ,8 ro( 0 at ! s]vice ( ! outca/2 ! un=tunate ev] f\nd a welcome at 8 ?re%old4 ,,take4 ,i copy f ! ,london ,que53 ,! v]b to take is op5 to be+ consid]$ a vulg> v]b :5 us$ 9 ref]5ce to d9n]1 tea1 or to refre%m5ts ( any k9d4 ',w y take' is n consid]$ comme il faut2 ! v]b 9 favor = ! (f]+ ( civilities be+ to h4 ,accord+ to ,! ,que51 !n1 we mu/ say1 ,w y h "s d9n]1 tea1 c(fee1 w9e1 fi%1 beef1 salad1 etc4 ,,ta/e ,,(4 ,! r$undant (1 (t5 us$1 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 connection ) ! transitive v]bs to ta/e & to smell1 is a ,yankeeism4 ,we ta/e or smell a ?+1 n ta/e ( nor smell ( a ?+4 ,! neut] v]bs to ta/e & to smell are (t5 foll[$ by (4 ,if butt] ta/es ( brass4 ,= age b ta/es ( pleasures4 ,y %all /ifle 9 y\r own report1 & smell ( calumny4--,%akespe>e4 ,,tautology4 ,among ! ?+s to be avoid$ 9 writ+ is tautology1 :i* is ! repeat+ ( ! same ?\ght1 :e!r 9 ! same or 9 diff]5t words4 ,,tautophony4 ,a reg>d = h>mony requires u1 9 ! progress ( a s5t5ce1 to avoid repeat+ a s\nd by employ+ ! same ^w m ?an once1 or us+1 9 contigu\s words1 simil> comb9ations ( lett]s4 ,?is fault is kn[n z tautology4--,dr4 ,g4 ,p4 ,quack5bos1 ,advanc$ ,c\rse ( ,composition & ,rhetoric1 p4 #cjj4 ,dr4 ,quack5bos is 9 error4 ,! repetition ( ! same s5se is tautology1 & ! repetition ( ! same s\nd1 or1 z ,dr4 ,quack5bos has x1 ! repeat+ ( a s\nd by employ+ ! same ^w m ?an once1 or by us+ 9 contigu\s words simil> comb9ations ( lett]s1 is tautophony4 ,,tea*4 ,to imp>t k1 to in=m1 to in/ruct2 z1 ,tea* me h[ to d x2 ,tea* me to swim2 ,he taught me to write4 ,! uncultur$ (t5 misuse le>n = tea*4 ,see ,,le>n4 ,,t5se4 ,! errors made 9 ! use ( ! t5ses are manifold4 ,! "o mo/ frequ5tly made by p]sons ( culture--! "o t ev]ybody makes w\ld1 p]haps1 be ne>] ! fact--is t ( us+ ! imp]fect in/ead ( ! p]fect t5se2 ?us1 ,i nev] saw x play$ b once3 say1 h se54 ,he 0 ! l>ge/ man ,i ev] saw3 say1 h se54 ,i nev] 9 my life _h su* tr\ble3 say1 h _h4 ,ano!r frequ5t error1 ! mak+ ( :i* is n conf9$ to ! uns*ool$1 is t ( us+ two v]bs 9 a pa/ t5se :5 only "o %\ld be 9 t "t2 ?us1 ,i int5d$ to h gone3 say1 to g4 ,x 0 my int5tion to h come3 say1 to come4 ,i expect$ to h f\nd y "h3 say1 to f9d4 ,i 0 v desir\s to h gone3 say1 to g4 ,he 0 bett] ?an ,i expect$ to h f\nd him3 say1 to f9d4 ,among o!r common errors are ! foll[+3 ,i se5 him :5 he done x3 say1 ,i saw him :5 he did x4 ,i %\ld h w5t home3 say1 gone4 ,if he _h w5t3 say1 gone4 ,i wi% y _h w5t3 say1 gone4 ,he has w5t out3 say1 gone4 ,i come to t[n ?is morn+3 say1 came4 ,he come to me = advice3 say1 came4 ,x begun v late3 say1 began4 ,x _h already began3 say1 begun4 ,! foll[+ toa/s 7 drank3 say1 drunk4 ,8 text 0 t ,god 0 love3 say1 is love4 ,ano!r error is made 9 su* s5t5ces z ^!3 ,if ,i _h h kn[n3 say1 _h kn[n4 ,if he _h h come z he promis$3 say1 _h come4 ,if y _h h told me3 say1 _h told4 ,,te/imony4 ,see ,,evid5ce4 ,,?an4 ,?an & z imply+ comp>ison h ! same case aft] z be=e !m4 ,he owes m ?an me3 read1 ?an ,i--i4 e41 m ?an ,i owe4 ,john is n s old z h]3 read1 z %e--i4 e41 z %e is4 ,we %\ld say1 !n1 ,he is /rong] ?an %e1 ,%e is old] ?an he1 ,y are ri*] ?an ,i1 etc4 ,b x does n always happ5 t ! nom9ative case comes aft] ?an or z4 ,i love y m ?an him1 ,i give y m ?an him1 ,i love y z well z him2 t is to say1 ,i love y m ?an ,i love him1 ,i give y m ?an ,i give him1 ,i love y z well z ,i love him4 ,take away him & put he 9 all ^! cases1 & ! gramm> is j z good1 b ! mean+ is q diff]5t4 ,i love y z well z him1 means t ,i love y z well z ,i love him2 b1 ,i love y z well z he1 means t ,i love y z well z he loves y4 ,,?an ,,:om4 ,cobbett1 9 8 ,gramm> ( ! ,engli% ,language1 says3 ,!re is an errone\s way ( employ+ :om1 :i* ,i mu/ po9t out to y\r p>ticul> att5tion1 because x is s (t5 se5 9 v good writ]s1 & because x is v deceiv+4 ',! ,duke ( ,argyll1 ?an :om no man 0 m he>ty 9 ! cause4' ',cromwell1 ?an :om no man 0 bett] skill$ 9 artifice4' ,a hundr$ su* phrases might be collect$ f ,hume1 ,black/one1 & ev5 f ,drs4 ,blair & ,johnson4 ,yet !y are bad gramm>4 ,9 all su* cases1 :o %\ld be made use (3 = x is nom9ative & n objective4 ',no man 0 m he>ty 9 ! cause ?an he 0'2 ',no man 0 bett] skill$ 9 artifice ?an he 04'#cf ,x is a v common ,p>liam5t-h\se phrase1 & !re=e presumably corrupt2 b x is a ,dr4 ,johnson phrase1 too3 ',pope1 ?an :om few m5 _h m vanity4' ,! ,doctor did n say1 ',myself1 ?an :om few m5 h be5 f\nd m base1 hav+1 9 my diction>y1 describ$ a p5sion] z a slave ( /ate1 & hav+ aft]w>d myself become a p5sion]4' ,i diff] 9 ?is matt] f ,bi%op ,l[?1 :o says t ',! relative :o1 hav+ ref]5ce to no v]b or preposition und]/ood1 b only to its antec$5t1 :5 x foll[s ?an1 is always 9 ! objective case2 ev5 ?\gh ! pron\n1 if sub/itut$ 9 its place1 w\ld be 9 ! nom9ative4' ,& !n he gives an in/ance f ,milton4 ',beelzebub1 ?an :om1 ,satan except1 none high] sat4' ,x is curi\s en\gh t ?is s5t5ce ( ! ,bi%op is1 itself1 ungrammatical6 ,our poor un=tunate x is s plac$ z to make x a matt] ( d\bt :e!r ! ,bi%op meant x to relate to :o or to its antec$5t4 ,h[ev]1 we "k its mean+2 b1 ?\gh he says t :o1 :5 x foll[s ?an1 is always 9 ! objective case1 he gives u no reason = ?is dep>ture f a cle> g5]al pr9ciple2 unless we are to reg>d z a reason ! example ( ,milton1 :o has committ$ _m hundr$s1 if n ?\s&s1 ( grammatical errors1 _m ( :i* ! ,bi%op himself has po9t$ out4 ,!re is a sort ( side-w9d attempt at reason 9 ! words1 'hav+ ref]5ce to no v]b or preposition und]/ood4' ,i d n see ! reason1 ev5 if ?is c\ld be2 b x appe>s to me impossible t a n\n or pron\n c exi/ 9 a grammatical /ate )\t hav+ ref]5ce to "s v]b or preposition1 ei!r express$ or und]/ood4 ,:at is meant by ,milton8 ',?an ,beelzebub1 none sat high]1 except ,satan4' ,& :51 9 ord] to avoid ! repetition ( ! ^w ,beelzebub1 ! relative becomes necess>y1 ! full con/ruction mu/ be1 'no devil sat high] ?an :o sat1 except ,satan'2 & n1 'no devil sat high] ?an :om sat4'#cg ,! supposition t !re c be a n\n or pron\n :i* has ref]5ce to no v]b & no preposition1 is c]ta9ly a mi/ake4 ,( ?is1 ,dr4 ,fitz$w>d ,hall rem>ks1 9 8 ,rec5t ,exemplifications ( ,false ,philology3 ,t any "o b ,cobbett w\ld abide ?is z ,engli% is highly improbable2 & h[ ! expression--a q classical "o--:i* he disc>ds c be ju/ifi$ grammatically1 except by call+ its ?an a preposition1 o!rs may resolve at _! leisure & pleasure4 ,,?anks4 ,!re are _m p]sons :o ?9k x 9 que/ionable ta/e to use ?anks = ?ank y4 ,,t4 ,! be/ writ]s (t5 appe> to grope aft] a sep>ate employm5t = ! sev]al relatives4 ',,t' is ! prop] re/rictive1 explicative1 limit+1 or def9+ relative4 ',t1' ! neut] ( ! def9ite article1 0 e>ly 9 use z a neut] relative4 ,all ! o!r olde/ relatives gradually dropt away1 & 't' came to be appli$ also to plural antec$5ts1 & to mascul9es & fem99es4 ,:5 'z1' ':i*1' & ':o' came =w>d to %>e ! "w ( 't1' !re seems to h aris5 n a little unc]ta9ty ab\t ! relatives1 & we f9d curi\s d\ble =ms3 ':om t1' ':i* t1' ':i* z1' etc4 ,g[] has1 ',v5us ^: prie/ t ,i am'2 ,*auc] writes--',?is ,abbot :i* t 0 an holy man1' '8 love ! :i* t he owe?4' ,by ! ,elizabe?an p]iod1 ^! d\ble =ms h disappe>$1 & all ! relatives are us$ s+ly )\t hesitation4 ,f !n till n[1 't' has be5 /ruggl+ ) ':o' & ':i*' to rega9 sup]ior favor1 ) v>y+ success4 ',:o' is us$ = p]sons1 ':i*' = ?+s1 9 bo? numb]s2 s is 't'2 & ! only opportunity ( a special application ( 't' lies 9 ! important di/9ction betwe5 cord9ation & re/riction4 ,n[1 z ':o' & ':i*' are mo/ commonly pref]r$ = cord9ation1 x w\ld be a cle> ga9 to conf9e !m to ?is s5se1 & to res]ve 't' = ! re/rictive application alone4 ,?is arrangem5t1 !n1 w\ld fall 9 ) ! mo/ g5]al use ( 't1' especially beyond ! limits ( =mal composition4 ,! use ( 't' solely z re/rictive1 ) ':o' & ':i*' solely z cord9at+1 also avoids ambiguities t (t5 att5d ! indiscrim9ate use ( ':o' & ':i*' = cord9ate & = re/rictive clauses4 ,?us1 :5 we say1 '8 conduct surpris$ 8 ,engli% fri5ds1 :o _h n kn[n him long1' we may mean ei!r t 8 ,engli% fri5ds g5]ally 7 surpris$ 7! relative be+1 9 t case1 cord9at+71 or t only a portion ( !m--namely1 ! p>ticul> portion t _h n kn[n him long--7 surpris$4 ,9 ?is la/ case ! relative is meant to def9e or expla9 ! antec$5t1 & ! d\bt w\ld be remov$ by writ+ ?us3 '8 ,engli% fri5ds t _h n kn[n him long4' ,s 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce !re is a simil> ambiguity 9 ! use ( ':i*'3 '! next w9t] :i* y w sp5d 9 t[n w give y opportunities ( mak+ a m prud5t *oice4' ,?is may mean1 ei!r 'y w sp5d next w9t] 9 t[n' 7':i*' be+ cord9at+71 or '! next ( ! w9t]s :5 y are to live 9 t[n1' let t come :5 x may4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ':i*' is ! prop] relative2 9 ! latt] case1 ! mean+ is re/rictive or def9+1 & w\ld be be/ br\ght out by 't'3 '! next w9t] t y w sp5d 9 t[n4' ,a fur!r consid]ation 9 favor ( employ+ 't' = explicative clauses is ! unpleasant effect aris+ f ! too frequ5t repetition ( ':o' & ':i*4' ,gramm>ians (t5 recomm5d 't' z a means ( v>y+ ! /yle2 b ?is end ought to be s\ght 9 subs]vi5ce to ! /ill great] end ( p]spicuity4 ,! foll[+ examples w s]ve fur!r to illu/rate ! di/9ction betwe5 t1 on ! "o h&1 & :o & :i*1 on ! o!r3 ',9 g5]al1 ,mr4 ,bur*ell 0 fonde/ ( ! company ( *ildr51 :om he us$ to call h>mless little m54' ',:om' is "h idiomatically us$1 be+ ! equival5t ( '& !m he us$ to call1' etc4 ',bacon at la/1 a mighty man1 arose1 ,:om a wise k+ & nation *ose ,"l ,*ancellor ( bo? _! laws4' ,"h1 also1 ':om' is equal to '& him4' ,9 ! foll[+ in/ance ! relative is re/rictive or def9+1 & 't' w\ld be pref]able3 '! conclusion ( ! ,iliad is l ! exit ( a great man out ( company :om he has ent]ta9$ magnific5tly4' ,comp>e ano!r ( ,addison's s5t5ces3 'a man ( polite imag9ation is let into a great _m pleasures t ! vulg> are n capable ( receiv+4' ,bo? relatives are introduc$ discrim9at+ly 9 ?is passage3--',%e _h le>n$ t f ,mrs4 ,wood1 :o _h he>d x f h] husb&1 :o _h he>d x at ! public-h\se f ! l&lord1 :o _h be5 let into ! secret by ! boy t c>ri$ ! be] to "s ( ! prison]s4' ,! foll[+ s5t5ces are ambigu\s "u ! mod]n sy/em ( us+ ':o' = bo? purposes3--',i met ! boatman :o took me across ! f]ry4' ,if ':o' is ! prop] relative "h1 ! mean+ is1 ',i met ! boatman1 & he took me across1' x be+ suppos$ t ! boatman is kn[n & def9ite4 ,b if !re be sev]al boatm51 & ,i wi% to indicate "o 9 p>ticul> by ! circum/ance t he _h tak5 me across ! f]ry1 ,i %\ld use 't4' ',! y\nge/ boy :o has le>n$ to dance is ,james4' ,?is means ei!r '! y\nge/ boy is ,james1 & he has le>n$ to dance1' or1 '( ! boys1 ! y\nge/ t has le>n$ to dance is ,james4' ,?is la/ s5se is re/rictive1 & 't' %\ld be us$4 ,turn+ n[ to ':i*1' we may h a s]ies ( p>allel examples4 ',! c\rt1 :i* gives curr5cy to mann]s1 %\ld be exempl>y'3 "h ! mean+ is '! c\rt %\ld be exempl>y1 = ! c\rt gives curr5cy to mann]s4' ',:i*' is ! idiomatic relative 9 ?is case4 ',! cat1 :i* y despise s mu*1 is a v useful animal4' ,! relative "h also is cord9at+1 & n re/rictive4 ,if x 7 int5d$ to po9t out "o individual cat specially despis$ by ! p]son address$1 't' w\ld convey ! s5se4 ',a !ory :i* does n t5d to ! improvem5t ( practice is utt]ly unwor?y ( reg>d4' ,! mean+ is re/rictive2 'a !ory t does n t5d4' ,! foll[+ s5t5ce is "o ( _m f ,goldsmi? t give 't' in/ead ( ':i*'3--',age1 t less5s ! enjoym5t ( life1 increases our desire ( liv+4' ,?ack]ay also 0 fond ( ?is usage4 ,b x is n v common4 ',_! fai? t5d$ to make !m improvid5t2 b a wise in/9ct taught !m t if !re 0 "o ?+ :i* ought n to be left to fate1 or to ! precepts ( a deceas$ prophet1 x 0 ! artill]y'2 a case :]e 't' is ! prop] relative4 ',all words1 :i* are signs ( complex ideas1 furni% matt] ( mi/ake4' ,?is gives an errone\s impression1 & %\ld be 'all words t are signs ( complex ideas4' ',9 all cases ( prescription1 ! univ]sal practice ( judges is to direct juries by analogy to ! ,/atute ( ,limitations1 to decide aga9/ incorporeal rights :i* h = _m ye>s be5 rel9qui%$'3 say in/ead1 'incorporeal rights t h = _m ye>s1' & ! s5se is cle>4 ,x is necess>y = ! prop] und]/&+ ( ':i*' to adv]t to its peculi> function ( ref]r+ to a :ole clause z ! antec$5t3 ',william ran along ! top ( ! wall1 :i* al>m$ 8 "m v mu*4' ,! antec$5t is obvi\sly n ! n\n 'wall1' b ! fact express$ by ! entire clause--',william ran1' etc4 ',he by no means wants s5se1 :i* only s]ves to aggravate 8 =m] folly'2 namely1 7n 's5se1' b7 ! circum/ance 't he does n want s5se4' ',he is nei!r ov]-exalt$ by prosp]ity1 nor too mu* depress$ by mis=tune2 :i* y mu/ all[ m>ks a great m9d4' ',we h done _m ?+s :i* we ought n to h done1' might mean 'we ought n to h done _m ?+s'2 t is1 'we ought to h done few ?+s4' ',t' w\ld give ! exact s5se int5d$3 'we h done _m ?+s t we ought n to h done4' ',he began to look aft] 8 affairs himself1 :i* 0 ! way to make !m prosp]4' ,we mu/ next allude to ! cases :]e ! relative is gov]n$ by a preposition4 ,we c use a preposition be=e ':o' & ':i*1' b :5 ! relative is 't1' ! preposition mu/ be ?r[n to ! end ( ! clause4 ,ow+ to an imp]fect appreciation ( ! g5ius ( our language1 (f5se 0 tak5 at ?is usage by "s ( our lead+ writ]s at ! beg9n+ ( la/ c5tury1 & to ?is circum/ance we mu/ ref] ! disuse ( 't' z ! relative ( re/riction4#ch ',x is curi\s t ! only circum/ance connect$ ) ,scott1 & relat$ by ,lockh>t1 ( :i* ,i 0 a witness1 is incorrectly /at$ 9 ! ,life ( ,sir ,walt]4'--,leslie's ',memoirs4' ,! relative %\ld be re/rictive3 't ,i 0 a witness (4' ',!re are _m words :i* are adjectives :i* h no?+ to d ) ! qualities ( ! n\ns to :i* !y are put4'--,cobbett4 ,bett]3 '!re are _m words t are adjectives t h no?+ to d ) ! qualities ( ! n\ns 7t7 !y are put to4' ',o!r objects1 ( :i* we h n occasion to speak s frequ5tly1 we d n designate by a "n ( _! own4' ,?is1 if am5d$1 w\ld be3 'o!r objects t we h n occasion to speak ( s frequ5tly1 we d n1' etc4 ',sorr[ = ! dead is ! only sorr[ f :i* we refuse to be divorc$'3 '! only sorr[ 7t7 we refuse to be divorc$ f4' ',:y1 !re is n a s+le s5t5ce 9 ?is play t ,i d n "k ! mean+ (4'--,addison4 ',orig9ality is a ?+ we con/antly clamor =1 & con/antly qu>rel )4'--,c>lyle4 ',a _s m amiable1 b less vigor\s1 ?an ,lu!r's w\ld h %runk back f ! dang]s :i* he brav$ & surm\nt$'3 't he brav$'2 '! dang]s brav$ & surm\nt$ by him4' ',nor is x at all improbable t ! emigrants _h be5 guilty ( ^? faults f :i* civiliz$ m5 :o settle among an unciviliz$ p are r>ely free4'--,macaulay4 ',nor is x at all improbable t ! emigrants _h be5 guilty ( ! faults t 7su* faults z7 civiliz$ m5 t settle 7settl+1 or settl$7 among an unciviliz$ p are r>ely free f4' ',prejudices are notions or op9ions :i* ! m9d ent]ta9s )\t kn[+ ! gr\nds & reasons ( !m1 & :i* are ass5t$ to )\t exam9ation4'--,b]keley4 ,! ':i*' 9 bo? cases %\ld be 't1' b ! relative may be entirely disp5s$ ) by p>ticipial conv]sion3 'prejudices are notions or op9ions ent]ta9$ by ! m9d )\t kn[+ ! gr\nds & reasons ( !m1 & ass5t$ to )\t exam9ation4' ,! too frequ5t repetition ( ':o' & ':i*' may be avoid$ by resolv+ !m into ! conjunction & p]sonal or o!r pron\n3 ',9 su* circum/ances1 ! utmo/ t ,bosquet c\ld be expect$ to d 0 to hold 8 gr\nd1 7:i*7 & ?is he did4'--,ba9's ,high] ,engli% ,gramm>4 ,?is ^w is sometimes vulg>ly us$ = s2 ?us1 ,i 0 t n]v\s ,i =got ev]y?+2 ,i 0 t fright5$ ,i c\ld h>dly /&4 ,,!4 ,bungl+ writ]s sometimes write %e] nons5se1 or say some?+ v diff]5t f :at !y h 9 _! m9ds1 by ! simple omission ( ! def9ite article2 ?us1 ,! indebt$ness ( ! ,engli% tongue to ! ,fr5*1 ,lat9 & ,greek is disclos$ 9 almo/ e s5t5ce fram$4 ,accord+ to ?is1 !re is su* a ?+ z a ,fr5*1 ,lat9 & ,greek tongue4 ,pr(essor ,t[ns5d meant to say3 ,! indebt$ness ( ! ,engli% tongue to ! ,fr5*1 ! ,lat91 & ! ,greek1 etc4 ,,!n4 ,! use ( ?is ^w z an adjective is condemn$ 9 v emphatic t]ms by "s ( our gramm>ians1 & yet ?is use ( x has ! sanction ( su* em95t writ]s z ,addison1 ,johnson1 ,:ately1 & ,sir ,j4 ,hawk9s4 ,johnson says1 ,9 8 !n situation1 :i*1 if brevity be really ! s\l ( wit1 c]ta9ly has mu* m s\l 9 x ?an ,9 ! situation he !n occupi$4 ,h[ev]1 x is d\btful :e!r !n1 z an adjective1 w ev] aga9 f9d favor ) c>eful writ]s4 ,,!nce4 ,see ,,:5ce4 ,,?9k ,,=4 ,we n unfrequ5tly he> a sup]flu\s = tack$ to a s5t5ce2 ?us1 ,y w f9d t he kn[s m ab\t ! affair ?an y ?9k =4 ,,^? ,,k9d4 ,^? k9d ( apples are be/3 read1 ,t k9d ( apples is be/4 ,x is truly rem>kable t _m p]sons :o c ju/ly lay claim to ! possession ( consid]able culture use ?is b>b>\s comb9ation4 ,x w\ld be j z correct to say1 ,^? flock ( geese1 or ,^? drove ( cattle1 z to say1 ,^? sort or k9d ( p4 ,,^? ,,:o4 ,?is phrase1 appli$ 9 a re/rictive s5se1 is ! mod]n sub/itute = ! anci5t idiom !y t1 an idiom 9 accordance ) ! true mean+ ( t4 ',!y t told me ! /ory said'2 ',bless$ are !y t m\rn'2 '& ,simon & !y t 7 ) him'2 ',i love !m t love me1 & !y t seek me e>ly %all f9d me'2 '!y t are :ole h no ne$ ( a physician'2 'h[ sweet is ! re/ ( !m t labor6' ',i c n tell :o to comp>e !m to s fitly z to !m t pick pockets 9 ! pres5ce ( ! judge'2 '!y t ent] into ! /ate ( m>riage ca/ a die ( ! greate/ cont+5cy' 7,j4 ,taylor74 ',t man ha? p]fect bless$ness ,:o walke? n a/ray1' if express$ accord+ to ! old idiom w\ld be1 '! man ha?--t walke?4' ',t' & '^?1' z demon/rative adjectives1 ref] backw>d1 & are n !re=e well suit$ = ! =w>d ref]5ce impli$ 9 mak+ use ( 't :i*' & '^? :o' z re/rictive relatives4 ,x is also v cumbr\s to say 't case to :i* y allude' = '! case 7t7 y allude to4' ,take n[ ! foll[+3 ',! ,duke ( ,well+ton is n "o ( ^? :o int]f]e ) matt]s ov] :i* he has no control'3 '! ,duke is n "o ( !m t int]f]e 9 matt]s t !y h no control ov] 7matt]s t !y c n control1 beyond _! control1 out ( _! prov9ce74' ,if '!m t' s\nds too antiquat$1 we may adopt z a conv5i5t compromise1 '! ,duke is n "o ( ^? t'2 or1 '! ,duke is n "o to int]f]e 9 matt]s out ( 8 prov9ce'2 '! duke is n "o t int]f]es ) :at he has no control ov]4'--,ba94 ,,?readb>e ,,quotations4 ,among ! ?+s t are 9 bad ta/e 9 speak+ & writ+1 ! use ( ?readb>e quotations & expressions is 9 ! front rank4 ,"s ( ^! us et casss old-tim]s are ! foll[+3 ,_! "n is legion2 ho/s ( fri5ds2 ! upp] t52 ,v>iety is ! spice ( life2 ,di/ance l5ds en*antm5t to ! view2 ,a ?+ ( beauty is a joy = ev]2 ! light fanta/ic toe2 own ! s(t impea*m5t2 fair wom5 & brave m52 revelry by night2 ,a rose by any o!r "n w\ld smell z sweet4 ,,to4 ,x is a well-e/abli%$ rule ( gramm> t to1 ! sign ( ! inf9itive mood1 %\ld n be us$ = ! inf9itive itself3 ?us1 ,he has n done x1 nor is he likely to4 ,x %\ld be1 nor is he likely to d x4 ,we (t5 f9d to1 :5 ! sign ( ! inf9itive1 sep>at$ by an adv]b f ! v]b to :i* x belongs4 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,p4 ,peabody says t no /&>d ,engli% writ] makes ?is mi/ake1 & t1 s f> z he kn[s1 x occurs frequ5tly ) b "o respectable ,am]ican writ]4 ,v (t5 to is us$ in/ead ( at2 ?us1 ,i h be5 to ! !atre1 to *ur*1 to my uncle's1 to a conc]t1 & s on4 ,9 all ^! cases1 ! preposition to use is cle>ly at1 & n to4 ,see1 also1 ,,&4 ,,to ,,! ,,=e4 ,an old idiomatic phrase1 n[ freely us$ aga94 ,,tongue4 ,mu* tongue & mu* judgm5t seldom g toge!r4--,l',e/range4 ,see ,,language4 ,,t[>d4 ,^? :o pr(ess to "k ab\t su* ?+s say t etymology furni%es no pretext = ! add+ ( s to w>d 9 su* words z backw>d1 =w>d1 t[>d1 upw>d1 onw>d1 d[nw>d1 aft]w>d1 heav5w>d1 e>?w>d1 & ! l4 ,,transf]r$ ,,epi!t4 ,?is is ! %ift+ ( a qualify+ ^w f its prop] subject to "s alli$ subject4 ,examples3 ,! little fields made gre5 ,by husb&ry ( _m ?rifty ye>s4 ,he plods 8 we>y way4 ,h5ce to y\r idle b$6 ,by ?is figure ! diction is r5d]$ m t]se & vigor\s2 x is mu* us$ 9 v]se4 ,= ! sake ( concis5ess1 x is us$ 9 prose 9 su* phrases z ! lunatic asylum1 ! crim9al c\rt1 ! condemn$ cell1 ! bl9d asylum1 ! *ol]a hospital1 ! f\ndl+ asylum1 & ! l4 ,/ill 9 h>moni\s int]c\rse !y liv$ ,! rural day1 & talk$ ! fl[+ he>t4 ,!re be "s :o1 ) ev]y?+ to make !m happy1 plod _! discont5t$ & melan*oly way ?r\gh life1 less grateful ?an ! dog t licks ! h& t fe$s x4 ,,transpire4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ frequ5tly misus$ words 9 ! language4 ,its prim>y mean+ is to evaporate ins5sibly ?r\gh ! pores1 b 9 ?is s5se x is n us$2 9 ?is s5se we use its tw9 si/] p]spire4 ,transpire is n[ prop]ly us$ 9 ! s5se ( to escape f secrecy1 to become kn[n1 to leak out2 & improp]ly us$ 9 ! s5se ( to occur1 to happ51 to come to pass1 & to elapse4 ,! ^w is correctly us$ ?us3 ,y w n let a ^w conc]n+ ! matt] transpire2 ,x transpires leaks out t ,s4 ,b4 control ! ent]prise2 ,soon aft] ! fun]al x transpir$ became kn[n t ! dead woman 0 alive2 ,x has transpir$ leak$ out t ! movem5t orig9at$ ) ,john ,blank2 ,no report ( ! proce$+s 0 all[$ to transpire2 ,x has n yet transpir$ :o ! c&idate is to be4 ,! ^w is incorrectly us$ ?us3 ,! ,mexican w> transpir$ 9 #ahdg2 ,! drill w transpire "u %elt]2 ,! accid5t transpir$ "o day la/ week2 ,ye>s w transpire be=e x w be f9i%$2 ,m ?an a c5tury transpir$ be=e x 0 revisit$ by civiliz$ man4 ,,trifl+ ,,m9uti4 ,! mean+ ( trifles & ( m9uti is s ne>ly ! same t no "o probably ev] uses ! phrase trifl+ m9uti except f ?\ghtlessness4 ,,tru/wor?y4 ,see ,,reliable4 ,,try4 ,?is ^w is (t5 improp]ly us$ = make4 ,we make exp]im5ts1 n try !m1 :i* is z incorrect z x w\ld be to say1 try ! attempt1 or ! trial4 ,,ugly4 ,9 ,engl&1 ?is ^w is re/rict$ to mean+ ill-favor$2 ) u x is (t5 us$--& n )\t au?ority--9 ! s5se ( ill-temp]$1 vici\s1 unmanageable4 ,,unbekn[n4 ,?is ^w is no long] us$ except by ! uns*ool$4 ,,und]h&$4 ,?is ^w1 ?\gh f\nd 9 ! diction>ies1 is a vulg>ism1 & z su* is to be avoid$4 ,! prop] ^w is und]h&4 ,an und]h&1 n an und]h&$1 proce$+4 ,,univ]sal--,,all4 ,he is univ]sally e/eem$ by all :o "k him4 ,if he is univ]sally e/eem$1 he mu/ be e/eem$ by all :o "k him2 &1 if he is e/eem$ by all :o "k him1 he mu/ be univ]sally e/eem$4 ,,upw>d ,,(4 ,?is phrase is (t5 us$1 if n improp]ly1 at lea/ inelegantly1 = m ?an2 ?us1 ,i h be5 "h = upw>d ( a ye>2 ,= upw>d ( ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury %e has1 etc41 mean+1 = m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury4 ,,utt]4 ,?is v]b is (t5 misus$ = say1 express4 ,to utt] means to speak1 to pron\nce2 & its d]ivative utt]ance means ! act1 mann]1 or p[] ( utt]+1 vocal expression2 z1 ! utt]ance ( articulate s\nds4 ,we utt] a cry2 express a ?\ght or s5tim5t2 speak our m9d2 &1 ?\gh pray]s are said1 !y may be utt]$ 9 a c]ta9 tone or mann]4 ,mr4 ,blank is "r 9 all he utt]s3 read1 says4 ,! c\rt utt]$ a s5tim5t t all w applaud3 read1 express$ a s5tim5t4 ,! prim>y mean+ ( ! adjective utt] is out]1 on ! outside2 b x is no long] us$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,x is n[ us$ 9 ! s5se ( complete1 total1 p]fect1 m]e1 entire2 b he :o uses x indiscrim9ately z a synonym ( ^! words w frequ5tly utt] utt] nons5se--i4 e41 he w utt] t :i* is )\t ! pale ( s5se4 ,= example1 we c n say utt] concord1 b we c say utt] discord--i4 e41 )\t ! pale ( concord4 ,,valuable4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce1 :i* rec5tly appe>$ 9 "o ( ! m fa/idi\s ( our morn+ pap]s1 is (f]$ z an example ( extreme slip%odness 9 ! use ( language3 ,sea capta9s are among ! mo/ valuable contributors to ! ,p>k avi>y4 ,:at ! writ] probably meant to say is1 ,sea capta9s are among ^? ^: contributions to ! ,p>k avi>y are ! mo/ valuable4 ,,va/4 ,?is ^w is (t5 met ) 9 =cible-feeble diction1 :]e x is us$ in/ead ( great or l>ge to qualify su* words z numb]1 majority1 multitude1 & ! l4 ,big words & expletives %\ld be us$ only :]e !y are really ne$$2 :]e !y are n really ne$$1 !y g wide ( ! object aim$ at4 ,! sportsman t hunts small game ) buck-%ot comes home empty-h&$4 ,,v]acity4 ,! loss w\ld be a small "o if we 7 to lose ?is ^w & its d]ivatives4 ,tru? & its d]ivatives w\ld supply all our ne$s4 ,9 ! phrase s (t5 he>d1 ,a man ( tru? & v]acity1 v]acity is entirely sup]flu\s1 x hav+ precisely ! same mean+ z tru?4 ,! phrase1 ,a big1 l>ge man1 is equally good diction4 ,,v]biage4 ,an unnecess>y pr(usion ( words is call$ v]biage3 v]bosity1 word9ess4 ,i ?\ght :at ,i read ( x v]biage4--,johnson4 ,sometimes a bett] "n ?an v]biage = word9ess w\ld be empt9ess4 ,witness3 ,cle>ness may be develop$ & cultivat$ 9 ?ree ways1 7a7 ,by con/antly practic+ 9 he>t & life ! ?\ghts & ways ( hone/y & frankness4 ,! fir/ s5t5ce evid5tly means1 ,cle>ness may be atta9$ 9 ?ree ways2 b :at ! second s5t5ce means--if x means any?+--is m ?an ,i c tell4 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,t4 ,t[ns5d1 ,art ( ,spee*1 vol4 i1 p4 #acj1 adds3 ,?is may be reg>d$ z ! sure/ pa? to great] transp>5cy ( /yle4 ,! transp>5cy ( ,dr4 ,t[ns5d's /yle is peculi>4 ,also1 p4 #add1 we f9d3 ,! laws & rules#a ?us f> laid d[n#b furni% ample f\ndation =#c ! g5]al /atem5t t an easy & natural#d expression1 an exact v]bal inc>nation ( "o's ?9k+1#e toge!r ) ! p[] ( us+ appropriate figures1 & ( mak+ nice discrim9ations betwe5 approximate synonyms1#f ea* be+ an important factor 9 correct /yle1 are atta9$ 9 two ways4#g 7#a7 ,?r\gh moral#h & m5tal discipl9e4 7#b7 ,?r\gh cont9u\s & intimate#i acqua9tance ) su* au?ors z be/ exemplify ^? atta9m5ts4#aj #a4 ,w\ld n laws cov] ! :ole gr\nd8 #b4 ,en passant ,i w\ld rem>k t ,dr4 ,t[ns5d did n make ^! laws1 ?\gh he s intimates4 #c4 ,i sugge/ ! ^w ju/ify 9 place ( ^! f\r4 #d4 ,:at is natural is easy2 easy1 !re=e1 is sup]flu\s4 #e4 ,if ?is means any?+1 x does n mean m ?an ! adjective cle> w\ld express1 if prop]ly us$ 9 ! s5t5ce4 #f4 ,approximate synonyms66 ,:o ev] he>d ( any antagoni/ic or ev5 ( dissimil> synonyms8 #g4 ,! transp>5cy ( ?is s5t5ce is n unlike ! transp>5cy ( corrugat$ glass4 #h4 ,:at has morality to d ) correctness8 #i4 ,an intimate acqua9tance w\ld suffice = mo/ p4 #aj4 ,^? atta9m5ts6 ,:at are !y8 ,dr4 ,t[ns5d's corrugat$ /yle makes x h>d to tell4 ,?is p>agraph is s badly conceiv$ ?r\gh\t t x is well-nigh impossible to make head1 middle1 or tail ( x2 /ill1 if ,i am at all successful 9 guess+ :at ,pr(essor ,t[ns5d want$ to say 9 x1 !n--:5 %orn ( its r$undancy & high-fl[n empt9ess--x w read some:at l ?is3 ,! laws ?us f> pres5t$ ju/ify ! g5]al /atem5t t a cle> & natural mode ( expression--toge!r ) t art ( us+ appropriate figures & t ability prop]ly to discrim9ate betwe5 synonyms :i* are necess>y to correctness--is atta9$ 9 two ways4 7#a7 ,by m5tal discipl9e4 7#b7 ,by ! /udy ( our be/ au?ors4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce is f a lead+ magaz9e3 ,if we beg9 a sy/em ( int]f]5ce1 regulat+ m5's ga9s1 bol/]+ "h1 9 ord] to /r5g!n ?is int]e/1 & repress+ else:]e !re1 9 ord] to equalize weal?1 we %all d an a imm5se deal ( mis*ief1 & )\t br++ ab\t a m agreeable condition ( ?+s ?an n[ we %all simply disc\rage ent]prise1 repress indu/ry1 & *eck mat]ial gr[? 9 all directions4 ,read )\t ! eighte5 words 9 italics & ) ! f\r inclos$4 ,no?+ disgu/s soon] ?an ! empty pomp ( language4 ,,vice4 ,see ,,crime4 ,,vic9ity4 ,?is ^w is sometimes incorrectly us$ )\t ! possessive pron\n2 ?us1 ,wa%+ton & vic9ity1 in/ead ( ,wa%+ton & its vic9ity4 ,! prim>y mean+ ( vic9ity is ne>ness1 proximity4 ,9 _m ( ! cases 9 :i* vic9ity is us$1 neighborhood w\ld be ! bett] ^w1 ?\gh vic9ity is p]haps pref]able :]e x is a "q ( m]e locality4 ,,vocation--,,avocation4 ,^! words are frequ5tly conf\nd$4 ,a man's vocation is 8 pr(ession1 8 call+1 8 bus9ess2 & 8 avocations are ! ?+s t occupy him incid5tally4 ,mademoiselle ,b]nh>dt's vocation is act+2 h] avocations are pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,! trac+ ( resemblances among ! objects & ev5ts ( ! _w is a con/ant avocation ( ! human m9d4 ,,vulg>4 ,by ! _m1 ?is ^w is probably m frequ5tly us$ improp]ly ?an prop]ly4 ,z a n\n1 x means ! common p1 ! l[] ord]s1 ! multitude1 ! _m2 z an adjective1 x means co>se1 l[1 unref9$1 z ! vulg> p4 ,! s5se 9 :i* x is misus$ is t ( immode/1 indec5t4 ,! we>+1 = example1 ( a g[n too %ort at ! top may be indec5t1 b is n vulg>4 ,,04 ,he said he _h come to ! conclusion t !re 0 no ,god4 ,! greate/ ( ,byron's works 0 8 :ole "w tak5 toge!r4--,mat!w ,arnold4 ,:at is true at all times %\ld be express$ by us+ ! v]b 9 ! pres5t t5se4 ,! s5t5ces above %\ld read is1 n 04 ,,:>f4 ,see ,,dock4 ,,:at4 ,he w\ld n believe b :at ,i did x3 read1 b t4 ,i d n d\bt b :at ,i %all g to ,bo/on to-morr[3 read1 d\bt t4 ,we say prop]ly1 ,i h no?+ b :at y see2 ,y h br\ght ev]y?+ b :at ,i want$4 ,,:5ce4 ,z ?is adv]b means--unaid$--f :at place1 s\rce1 or cause1 x is1 z ,dr4 ,johnson /yl$ x1 a vici\s mode ( spee* to say f :5ce1 ,milton to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,nor is !re any m propriety 9 ! phrase f !nce1 z !nce means--unaid$--f t place4 ,:5ce d y come8 n ,f :5ce d y come8 ,likewise1 ,he w5t h5ce1 n f h5ce4 ,,:e!r4 ,?is conjunction is (t5 improp]ly repeat$ 9 a s5t5ce2 ?us1 ,i h n decid$ :e!r ,i %all g to ,bo/on or :e!r ,i %all g to ,philadelphia4 ,,:i*4 ,?is pron\n z an int]rogative applies to p]sons z well z to ?+s2 z a relative1 x is n[ made to ref] to ?+s only4 ,:i* is employ$ 9 cord9ate s5t5ces1 :]e x1 or !y1 & a conjunction might answ] ! purpose2 ?us1 ',at s*ool ,i /udi$ geometry1 :i* 7& x7 ,i f\nd useful aft]w>d4' ,"h ! new clause is some?+ indep5d5t add$ to ! previ\s clause1 & n limit+ t clause 9 any way4 ,s 9 ! adjectival clause2 z1 ',he /ruck ! poor dog1 :i* 7& x1 or al?\gh x7 _h nev] done him h>m4' ,su* in/ances repres5t ! mo/ accurate mean+ ( :i*4 ,:o & :i* might be t]m$ ! ,,co,,rd9at+ ,,relatives4 ,:i* is likewise us$ 9 re/rictive clauses t limit or expla9 ! antec$5t2 z1 ',! h\se :i* he built /ill rema9s4' ,"h ! clause introduc$ by :i* specifies1 or po9ts out1 ! h\se t is ! subject ( ! /atem5t1 namely1 by ! circum/ance t a c]ta9 p]son built x4 ,z rem>k$ ) reg>d to :o1 our mo/ idiomatic writ]s pref] t 9 ?is p>ticul> application1 & w\ld say1 ',! h\se t he built /ill rema9s4' ,:i* sometimes has a special ref]5ce atta*+ to x1 z ! neut] relative3 ',cs> cross$ ! ,rubicon1 :i* 0 9 effect a decl>ation ( w>4' ,! antec$5t 9 ?is in/ance is n ,rubicon1 b ! entire clause4 ,!re is a peculi> usage :]e :i* may seem to be /ill regul>ly us$ 9 ref]5ce to p]sons1 z 9 ',john is a soldi]1 :i* ,i %\ld l to be1' t is1 ',& ,i %\ld l to be a soldi]4' ,see ,,t4 ,,:o4 ,!re are few p]sons1 ev5 among ! mo/ cultivat$1 :o d n make frequ5t mi/akes 9 ! use ( ?is pron\n4 ,!y say1 ,:o did y see8 ,:o did y meet8 ,:o did he m>ry8 ,:o did y he>8 ,:o did he "k8 ,:o are y writ+ to8 ,:o are y look+ at8 ,9 all ^! s5t5ces ! int]rogative pron\n is 9 ! objective case1 & %\ld be us$ 9 ! objective =m1 :i* is :om1 & n :o4 ,to %[ t ^! s5t5ces are n correct1 & are n def5sible by suppos+ any ellipsis :atsoev]1 we h only to put ! que/ions 9 ano!r =m4 ,take ! fir/ "o1 &1 in/ead ( ,:o did y see8 say1 ,:o saw y8 :i*1 if correct1 ju/ifies u 9 say+1 ,:o knew he1 :i* is ! equival5t ( ,:o did he "k8 ,b ,:o saw y8 9 ?is in/ance1 is cle>ly n correct1 s9ce x says directly ! opposite ( :at is int5d$4 ,:o 0 little us$ z a relative till ab\t ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,ba9 says3 ,9 mod]n use1 m especially 9 books1 :o is frequ5tly employ$ to introduce a clause int5d$ to re/rict1 def9e1 limit1 or expla9 a n\n 7or its equival5t72 z1 ',t is ! man :o spoke to u ye/]day4' ,"h ! clause introduc$ by :o is necess>y to def9e or expla9 ! antec$5t ! man2 )\t x1 we d n "k :o ! man is4 ,su* relative clauses are typical adjective clauses--i4 e41 !y h ! same effect z adjectives 9 limit+ n\ns4 ,?is may be call$ ! ,,re/rictive use ( ! relative4 ,n[ x w be f\nd t ! practice ( our mo/ idiomatic writ]s & speak]s is to pref] t to :o 9 ?is application4 ,:o is prop]ly us$ 9 su* cord9ate s5t5ces z1 ',i met ! wat*man1 :o told me !re _h be5 a fire4' ,"h ! two clauses are di/9ct & indep5d5t2 9 su* a case1 & he might be sub/itut$ = :o4 ,ano!r =m ( ! same use is :5 ! second clause is ( ! k9d t]m$ adv]bial1 :]e we may resolve :o into a p]sonal or demon/rative pron\n & conjunction4 ',:y %\ld we consult ,*>les1 :o 7= he1 see+ t he7 kn[s no?+ ( ! matt]8' ,:o may be reg>d$ z a mod]n objective =m1 side by side ) :om4 ,= _m good writ]s & speak]s say ':o are y talk+ (8' ':o does ! g>d5 belong to8' ':o is ?is =8' ':o f8' etc4 ,if ?is be true--if :o may be reg>d$ z a mod]n objective =m1 side by side ) :om--!n1 ( c\rse1 su* expressions z ,:o did y see8 ,:o did y meet8 ,:o did he m>ry8 ,:o 7 y )8 ,:o w y give x to8 & ! l1 are correct4 ,t !y are us$ colloquially by well-nigh ev]ybody1 no "o w dispute2 b t !y are correct1 few gramm>ians w conc$e4 ,see ,,t4 ,,:ole4 ,?is ^w is sometimes mo/ improp]ly us$ = all2 ?us1 ,! :ole ,g]mans seem to be saturat$ ) ! belief t !y are really ! greate/ p on e>?1 & t !y w\ld be univ]sally recogniz$ z be+ ! greate/1 if !y 7 n s exce$+ mode/4 ,! :ole ,russians are inspir$ ) ! belief t _! mission is to conqu] ! _w4--,alison4 ,,:olesome4 ,see ,,heal?y4 ,,^:4 ,mr4 ,george ,wa%+ton ,moon disc\nt5ances ! use ( ^: z ! possessive ( :i*4 ,he says1 ,! be/ writ]s1 :5 speak+ ( inanimate objects1 use ( :i* in/ead ( ^:4 ,! correctness ( ?is /atem5t is d\btful4 ,! tru? is1 ,i ?9k1 t good writ]s use t =m = ! possessive case ( :i* t 9 _! judgm5t is1 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 ! m euphoni\s1 giv+ ! pref]5ce1 p]haps1 to ( :i*4 ,on ?is subject ,dr4 ,campbell says3 ,! possessive ( :o is prop]ly ^:4 ,! pron\n :i*1 orig9ally indecl9able1 _h no possessive4 ,?is 0 suppli$1 9 ! common p]iphra/ic mann]1 by ! help ( ! preposition & ! article4 ,b1 z ?is c\ld n fail to enfeeble ! expression1 :5 s mu* "t 0 giv5 to m]e conjunctives1 all our be/ au?ors1 bo? 9 prose & v]se1 h n[ come regul>ly to adopt1 9 su* cases1 ! possessive ( :o1 & ?us h sub/itut$ "o syllable 9 ! room ( ?ree1 z 9 ! example foll[+3 ',philosophy1 ^: end is to in/ruct u 9 ! k ( nature1' = ',philosophy1 ! end ( :i* is to in/ruct u4' ,"s gramm>ians remon/rate2 b x ought to be rememb]$ t use1 well e/abli%$1 mu/ give law to gramm>1 & n gramm> to use4 ,pr(essor ,ba9 says3 ,^:1 al?\gh ! possessive ( :o1 & practically ( :i*1 is yet frequ5tly employ$ = ! purpose ( re/riction3 ',we are ! m likely to gu>d wat*fully aga9/ ^? faults ^: de=mity we h se5 fully display$ 9 o!rs4' ,?is is bett] ?an '! de=mity ( :i* we h se54' ',propositions ( ^: tru? we h no c]ta9 k4'--,locke4 ,dr4 ,fitz$w>d ,hall says t ! use ( ^: = ( :i*1 :]e ! antec$5t is n only irrational b inanimate1 has _h ! support ( high au?ority = sev]al hundr$ ye>s4 ,,wid[ ,,woman4 ,s9ce wid[s are always wom51 :y say a wid[ woman8 ,x w\ld be p]fectly correct to say a wid[$ woman4 ,,wid[hood4 ,!re is good au?ority = us+ ?is ^w 9 speak+ ( m5 z well z ( wom54 ,,)\t4 ,?is ^w is (t5 improp]ly us$ in/ead ( unless2 z1 ,y w nev] live to my age )\t y keep y\rself 9 brea? & ex]cise2 ,i %all n g )\t my fa!r cons5ts3 prop]ly1 unless my fa!r cons5ts1 or1 )\t my fa!r's cons5t4 ,,wor/4 ,we %\ld say at ! wor/1 n at wor/4 ,,wove4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple ( ! v]b to weave is wov54 ,:]e 0 ?is clo? wov58 n wove4 ,,y ,,are ,,mi/ak54 ,see ,,mi/ak54 ,,y ,,04 ,good usage does1 & x is to be hop$ always w1 consid] y 0 a gross vulg>ism1 c]ta9 gramm>ians to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,y is ! =m ( ! pron\n 9 ! second p]son plural1 & mu/1 if we w\ld speak correctly1 be us$ ) ! correspond+ =m ( ! v]b4 ,! argum5t t we use y 9 ! s+ul> numb] is s nons5sical t x does n m]it a mom5t's consid]ation4 ,x is a cu/om we h--& h 9 common ) o!r peoples--to speak to "o ano!r 9 ! second p]son plural1 & t is all !re is ( x4 ,! ,g]mans speak to "o ano!r 9 ! ?ird p]son plural4 ,! exact equival5t 9 ,g]man ( our ,h[ are y8 is1 ,h[ are !y8 ,^? :o w\ld say y 0 %\ld be consi/5t1 & 9 l mann] say y has & y does4 ,,y\rs1 ,c4 ,! ignorant & obtuse n unfrequ5tly pr(ess !mselves at ! bottom ( _! lett]s ,y\rs1 c4 ,& s =?6 =? :at8 ,few vulg>isms are equally (f5sive1 & none c\ld be m s4 ,9 pr9t+ correspond5ce1 ! newspap]s (t5 cont5t !mselves ) ?is %ort-h& way ( intimat+ t ! writ]'s "n 0 prec$$ by "s "o ( ! famili> =ms ( end+ lett]s2 ?is an occasional dund]head seems to ?9k is suffici5t au?ority = writ+ himself1 ,y\rs1 c4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,if ?is is true 9 ,engl&1 x is n true 9 ,am]ica4 ,n[h]e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is su* que/ionable gramm> z ?is frequ5tly he>d 9 cultivat$ circles4 #b ,x may be confid5tly affirm$ t ) good speak]s1 9 ! case ( negation1 n me is ! usual practice4--,ba94 ,?is1 ,i confid5tly affirm1 is n true 9 ,am]ica4--,a4 ,a4 #c ,%\ld be1 a text-book = 8 c\rse1 & n1 = 8 c\rse a text-book4 #d ,mr4 ,g\ld criticises ! ,dean's diction1 n 8 /yle4 #e ,bett]1 to revise x4 #f ,is to put !m 9 tabul> =m4 #g ,bullions' ,gramm> 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfg4 #h ,l4 ,w4 ,k41 ,,clk41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,,ex4 ,,s*41 ,t4 ,c41 ,d4 ,( ?is rev]5d g5tleman's p]sonality ,i "k no?+4 ,he does n say exactly :at he means2 b :at he means is1 yet1 unmi/akable4 ,! extract giv5 above is f ',public ,op9ion1' ,janu>y #bj1 #ahff4 #i ,! analysis1 tak5 = grant$ 9 ?is quotation1 ( 'are be+ ?r[n up' into 'are be+' & '?r[n up' w be dealt ) 9 ! sequel1 & %[n to be unt5able4 #aj ,vol4 xlv1 p4 #ejd 7#ahcg74 #aa ',! ,life & ,correspond5ce ( ! late ,rob]t ,s\!y1' vol4 i1 p4 #bdi4 #ab ,vol4 i1 p4 #cch4 ',a /ud5t :o is be+ cramm$'2 't v]b is et]nally be+ decl9$4'--',! ,doctor1' pp4 #ch & #dj 7mono-tome ed474 #ac ,9 ',put ,y\rself 9 8 ,place1' *apt] x1 he writes3 ',%e bask$ 9 ! pres5t delight1 & look$ z if %e 0 be+ tak5 to heav5 by an angel4' #ad ',words1' etc41 p4 #cdj4 #ae ,?omas ,full] writes3 ',at 8 arrival1 ! la/ /ake ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 on los+4'--',! ,hi/orie ( ! ,holy ,w>re1' p4 #bah 7ed4 #afdg74 #af ,i express myself 9 ?is mann] because ,i di/+ui% betwe5 be & exi/4 #ag ,samuel ,ri*>dson writes3 ',j5ny1 :o att5ds me "h1 has m ?an once h9t$ to me t ,miss ,j]vis loves to sit up late1 ei!r read+ or be+ read to by ,anne1 :o1 ?\gh %e reads well1 is n fond ( ! task4'--',sir ,*>les ,gr&ison1' vol4 iii1 p4 #df 7ed4 #aged74 ,! transition is v slight by :i* we pass f 'sits be+ read to' to 'is be+ read to4' #ah ,i am "h indebt$ to ! la/ edition ( ,dr4 ,worce/]'s ',diction>y1' preface1 p4 xxxix4 #ai ',words & _! ,uses1' p4 #cec4 #bj ',x is be+ is simply equal to x is4 ,&1 9 ! suppos$ correspond+ ,lat9 phrases1 ens factus e/1 ens dificatus e/ 7! obsolet5ess ( ens z a p>ticiple be+ grant$71 ! mon/rosity is n 9 ! use ( ens ) factus1 b 9 t ( ens ) e/4 ,! absurdity is1 9 ,lat91 j :at x is 9 ,engli%1 ! use ( is ) be+1 ! mak+ ( ! v]b to be a complem5t to itself4'--,ibid41 pp4 #ced1 #cee4 ,app>5tly1 ,mr4 ,:ite recognizes no m diff]5ce betwe5 supplem5t & complem5t ?an he recognizes betwe5 be & exi/4 ,see ! extract ,i h made above1 f p4 #cec4 #ba ',b ^? ?+s :i*1 be+ n n[ do+1 or hav+ n yet be5 done1 h a natural aptitude to exi/ h]eaft]1 may be prop]ly said to app]ta9 to ! future4'--,h>ris's ',h]mes1' book ,i1 *ap4 viii 7p4 #aee1 foot-note1 ed4 #agga74 ,= ,h>ris's be+ n n[ do+1 :i* is to translate 1 ! mod]n s*ool1 if !y pursu$ uni=mity ) m ( fidelity ?an ( ta/e1 w\ld h to put be+ n n[ be+ done4 ,!re is n mu* to *oose betwe5 ! two4 #bb ',words & _! ,uses1' p4 #cdc4 #bc ,! possessive con/ruction "h is1 9 my judgm5t1 n imp]atively dem&$4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no lack ( au?ority = putt+ ! ?ree sub/antives 9 ! accusative4 ,! possessive con/ruction seems to me1 h[ev]1 to be pref]able4 #bd ,! use ( ! plural = ! s+ul> 0 e/abli%$ z e>ly ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4--,morris1 p4 #aah1 #aec4 #be ,"s writ]s omit ! comma 9 cases :]e ! conjunction is us$4 ,b1 z ! conjunction is g5]ally employ$ 9 su* cases = emphasis1 commas ought to be us$2 al?\gh1 :]e ! words are v closely connect$1 or :]e !y con/itute a clause 9 ! mid/ ( a long s5t5ce1 !y may be omitt$4--,bigel['s ,h&book ( ,punctuation4 #bf ,?is usage violates "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( punctuation2 x indicates1 v improp]ly1 t ! n\n man is m closely connect$ ) le>n$ ?an ) ! o!r adjectives4 ,analogy & p]spicuity require a comma aft] le>n$4--,quack5bos4 #bg ,_m writ]s w\ld omit ! la/ two commas 9 ?is s5t5ce4 #bh ,! commas be=e & aft] p>ticul>ly are h>dly necess>y4 #bi ,! only exception to ?is rule is ! occasional use ( ! colon to sep>ate two %ort s5t5ces t are closely connect$4 #cj ,dr4 ,angus on ! ',engli% ,tongue1' art4 #ebg4 #ca ,9 ! foll[+ passages1 ! indicative mood w\ld be m suitable ?an ! subjunctive3 ',if ?\ be ! ,son ( ,god1 comm& t ^! /ones be made bread'2 'if ?\ be ! ,son ( ,god1 come d[n f ! cross4' ,=1 al?\gh ! address 0 n s9c]e on ! "p ( ! speak]s1 !y really meant to make ! supposition or to grant t he 0 ! ,son ( ,god2 'see+ t ?\ art ! ,son ( ,god4' ,likewise 9 ! foll[+3 ',n[ if ,*ri/ be prea*$1 t ,he rose f ! dead1 h[ say "s among y t !re is no resurrection f ! dead8' ,! mean+ is1 ',see+ n[ t ,*ri/ is prea*$4' ,9 ! cont9uation1 ! conditional clauses are ( a diff]5t "*1 & 'be' is appropriate3 ',b if !re be no resurrection f ! dead1 !n is ,*ri/ n ris54 ,& if ,*ri/ be n ris51 !n is our prea*+ va91 & y\r fai? is also va94' ,aga91 ',if ?\ br+ ?y gift to ! alt>1 & !re rememb]e/1' etc4 ,consi/5cy & correctness require 'rememb]4'--,h>rison on ! ,engli% ,language1 p4 #bhg4 #cb ,s1 9 ,g]man1 wre = wrde se94 ',htt' i* ,s*w+51 htt' i* ,flgel1 na* d5 ,hgeln zg' i* h91' = 'wrde i* zieh54' #cc ,s1 9 ,g]man1 htte occurs = wrde hab54 ',wre er da gewes51 s htt5 wir ihn geseh51' = 's wrd5 wir ihn geseh5 hab54' ,htt5 is /ill conditional1 n indicative4 ,9 ,lat91 ! plup]fect indicative is occasionally us$2 :i* is expla9$ z a m vivid =m4 #cd ,9 pr9cipal clauses ! inflection ( ! second p]son is always reta9$3 '?\ _h/1' '?\ w\ld/1 %\ld/1' etc4 ,9 ! example1 ! subord9ate clause1 al?\gh subjunctive1 %[s1 '_h/4' ,& ?is usage is exce$+ly common4 #ce ,to ^? :o are n q cle> z to :at transc5d5talism is1 ! foll[+ lucid def9ition w be welcome3 ,x is ! spiritual cognosc5ce ( psy*ological irrefragability connect$ ) concuti5t ademption ( incolumni5t spirituality & e!realiz$ cont5tion ( subsultory concretion4 ,translat$ by a ,new ,york lawy]1 x /&s ?us3 ,transc5d5talism is two holes 9 a s&-bank3 a /orm wa%es away ! s&-bank )\t di/urb+ ! holes4 #cf ,cromwell--?an he no man 0 m skill$ 9 artifice2 or1 ,cromwell--no man 0 m skill$ 9 artifice ?an he 7074 #cg ,no devil sat high] ?an he sat1 except ,satan4 #ch ,speak+ ( ,dryd51 ,hallam says1 ',8 ,essay on ,dramatic ,poesy1 publi%$ 9 #affh1 0 repr9t$ sixte5 ye>s aft]w>d1 & x is curi\s to obs]ve ! *anges :i* ,dryd5 made 9 ! expression4 ,malone has c>efully not$ all ^!2 !y %[ bo? ! c>e ! au?or took ) 8 own /yle1 & ! *ange :i* 0 gradually work+ 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,! ,anglicism ( t]m9at+ ! s5t5ce ) a preposition is reject$4 ,?us1 ,i c n ?9k s contemptibly ( ! age ,i live 91 is ex*ang$ = ! age 9 :i* ,i live4 ,a deep] expression ( belief ?an all ! actor c p]suade u to1 is alt]$1 c ins9uate into u4 ,&1 ?\gh ! old =m cont9u$ 9 use long aft] ! "t ( ,dryd51 x has ( late ye>s be5 reckon$ inelegant1 & proscrib$ 9 all cases1 p]haps ) an unnecess>y fa/idi\sness1 to :i* ,i h n uni=mly def]r$1 s9ce our language is ( ,teutonic /ructure1 & ! rules ( ,lat9 & ,fr5* gramm> are n always to b9d u4' ,! foll[+ examples1 tak5 f ,mass+]'s ',gr& ,duke ( ,flor5ce1' w %[ :at 0 ! usage ( ! ,elizabe?an writ]s3-- ',= ,i mu/ use ! fre$om ,i 0 born )4' ',9 t dumb rhetoric :i* y make use (4' '---- if ,i _h be5 heir ,( all ! globes & sceptres mank9d b[s to4' '---- ! "n ( fri5d ,:i* y are pleas$ to grace me )4' '---- wilfully ignorant 9 my op9ion ,( :at x did invite him to4' ',i look to h] z on a pr9cess ,i d>e n be ambiti\s (4' '---- a duty ,t ,i 0 born )4' ,,! ,,or?o,,pi/3 ,a ,,pron\nc+ ,,manual1 ,,conta9+ ,,ab\t ,,?ree ,,?\s& ,,five ,,hundr$ ,,words1 ,,includ+ ,a ,,consid]able ,,numb] ,,( ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,=eign ,,au?ors1 ,,arti/s1 ,,etc41 ,,t ,,are ,,(t5 ,,mispron\nc$4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,ayres4 ,,selections ,,f ,,! ,,"w4 b-dmn1 n bd-mn4 c-cre1 n -cr4 ,! or?opi/s agree t u1 prec$$ by r 9 ! same syllable1 g5]ally becomes simply oo1 z 9 rude1 rumor1 rural1 rule1 ruby4 l-lp-?y2 l-lp-?/4 r-bc1 n -rbc4 ,asia--%-1 n zh4 ay1 or aye 7mean+ yes7--4 aye 7mean+ always7--4 ,bsmrck1 n bz-4 ,at ! end ( a syllable1 s1 9 ,g]man1 has inv>iably its %>p1 hiss+ s\nd4 ,cairo--9 ,egypt1 kr2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 kr4 ,c\rbet--korb4 dcde1 n d-kd4 d-cros4 ,! au?ority is small1 & is becom+ less1 = say+ dco-ros1 :i* is really z incorrect z x w\ld be to say sno-ros4 df-ct1 n d-fx4 ds-d91 n dis-4 ds-hnor1 n dis-4 c--nm-cl1 or -c-nm-cl4 ,! fir/ is ! m>k+ ( a l>ge majority ( ! or?opi/s4 -nrvte4 ,! only au?ority = say+ ner-vte is popul> usage2 all ! or?opi/s say e-nrvte4 pch1 n pch4 ,! latt] is a ,web/]ian pronunciation1 :i* is n ev5 p]mitt$ 9 ! late editions4 fn-n-cir4 ,?is mu*-us$ ^w is r>ely pron\nc$ correctly4 ,hen1 n h9e4 ,f9al e 9 ,g]man is nev] sil5t4 hone/--ne/1 n -/1 nor -/4 ,hone/1 hone/ ,iago1 is pref]able to honu/1 honu/ ,iago1 "s ( our accid5tal ,o!llos to ! contr>y not)/&+4 s-lte1 or s-late1 n s-lt4 ,! fir/ m>k+ is ,walk]'s1 ,worce/]'s1 & ,sm>t's2 ! second1 ,web/]'s4 ,,"o ,,vol41 #ah,,mo1 ,,clo?4 ,,price1 #a4jj4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #a1 #c1 #e ,bond ,/reet4