,,! ,,ar5a4  ,no4 ,,xxii4  ,,septemb]1  
#ahia4     ,illu/ration3 ,geo4 ,c4      
,lorim]4 7sign$ ,y\rs' ,respectfully1   
,geo4 ,c4 ,lorim]7     ,,! ,,new]       
,,h]esies4  ,,by ,,rev4 ,,geo4 ,c4      
,,lorim]1 ,d4 ,d4   ,x is a good ?+ t ! 
,inquisition1 ,/>-*amb]1 & o!r          
compulsory in/itutions ( ! d>k pa/ h    
dep>t$ f ,europe1 & h nev] be5 tol]at$ 9
 ,am]ica4 ,7 x n s1 at ! pres5t "t !re  
w\ld be mu* excell5t "w = ! rack1 !     
?umbscrew1 & ! faggot4 ,h]esy is 9 !    
air1 especially 9 ! nor!rn latitudes ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we inhale x ) ! morn+  
breezes1 x /imulates u to m5tal activity
 dur+ ! noon h\r1 & at times /ifles u z 
by ! sultry atmosph]e ( a bli/]+ day4   
,ev]y:]e x is be+ discuss$1 & by e k9d (
 individual1 qualifi$ or unqualifi$ =   
su* high cont5tions4 ,daily j\rnals1    
hi!rto nev] rem>kable = or?odoxy1 h     
sudd5ly gr[n anxi\s z to ! future ( !   
fai?2 & o!r j\rnals1 t h always         
antagoniz$ or?odoxy1 are1 figuratively  
speak+1 rubb+ _! h&s mo/ gleefully &    

smil+ ?r\gh _! editorial columns ) a mo/
 p]ceptible ,i told y s2 :ile religi\s  
pap]s1 repres5t+ z !y d1 ! cons]vative  
elem5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 are app>5tly /agg]$
 at ! inroads :i* ! s-call$ high]       
criticism has made ( late4 ,ag$ p       
om9\sly %ake _! heads1 & /ripl+s ( !    
limp-back ,bible type are amaz$ at ! /ir
 :i* ideas are mak+ 9 ! community1 & :i*
 ?reat5 to di/urb ! peace & quiet ( _!  
m$iocre godl9ess2 & pi\s wom5 engag$ on 
crazy quilts1 9 ! int]e/ ( noble        
b5efactions1 /op ) punctur$ & ble$+ f+]s
 to prote/ aga9/ all dep>tures f anci5t 
doctr9al symbols4  ,suspects are num]\s1
 &1 z 9 ! days ( ! wor?y ,c\ncil ( ,t5 9
 ,v5ice1 no prom95t p]son1 especially a 
tea*]1 is beyond surveillance4 ,if he   
adv5tures j a little f ! beat5 pa?1 ev5 
?\gh x may be to ga!r a ?\ght1 :i*1 l a 
wild field daisy1 giv5 by ! b\nty ( !   
,inf9ite ,"o = ! delight ( 8 creatures1 
he has f\nd gr[+ on ! w9d-swept pla9 (  
natural religion1 honor$ possibly by    
hea!n se]s & philosoph]s1 he is likely  

to be summon$ be=e ! black drap$1 gloomy
 c\ncillors & famili>s ( mod]n          
inquisitorial cons]vatism4  ,9 my op9ion
 !re is no real ne$ = ! morbid anxiety t
 n[ prevails 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s1 & surely no
 s]i\s al>m %\ld be felt = ! p]petuity &
 /ability ( tru?4 ,tru? is tru?1 & all !
 bad capta9s t ev] sail$ t b>k1 & all ! 
bad navigators t ev] misdirect$ its     
c\rse1 h nev] be5 able to run x on ! lee
 %ore1 or br+ x to f9al %ipwreck1 & nev]
 c2 = ov] & above all human devices &   
guid+s !re is a div9e h& t upholds &    
%ields t :i*1 next to 8 ,inf9ite ,self1 
is ! mo/ preci\s bless+ yet conf]r$ ^u !
 human m9d4  ,let u rememb] t ! h]esies 
( ! h\r are n ( ! damnable sort :i*1 z  
,pet] decl>$1 d5y ! ,"l :o b\ght u2     
nei!r are !y mix$ ) su* immoralities z  
,paul condemns 9 8 lett] to !           
,galatians4 ,& if we may believe t !    
words ( t same apo/le h any p]t95cy 9   
our times1 !n1 :5 he decl>es t h]esies  
or s*isms mu/ arise among u t !y :i* are
 prov$ may be made manife/1 we may      

confid5tly expect t out ( ! pres5t      
discussions & ! jangl+ ( sweet notes out
 ( tune "s broad] ?\ght & "s nobl]      
conception ( div9e tea*+s1 reveal$ to u 
9 ,holy ,scripture1 w assur$ly come to !
 *ur* & to ! _w4  ,i ?9k t ! lead]s :o  
are solicit\s = ! ark ( ,god ought to   
try to *>act]ize ! op9ions :i* h giv5   
rise1 9 ^! latt] days1 to ?reat5$ trials
 = het]odoxy4 ,x is s easy to say t a   
man :o diff]s f ourselves is n or?odox1 
& to avoid an actual & exact /atem5t (  
:at we mean2 :5 9 fact we deal unju/ly )
 him1 & produce a wrong impression on ! 
community at l>ge4  ,let u notice ! ?ree
 di/9ctive & discrim9at+ m>ks ( s-call$ 
h]esy 9 evangelical *ur*es1 & ,i ?9k y w
 be p]suad$ t x is unwise = u to be     
al>mi/s1 & imprud5t to brea! out        
?reat5+s & slaught]s4  ,x w be obs]v$ t 
! new] h]esies d n *all5ge ! tru? (     
,scripture inspiration1 only ! =m &     
philosophy ( su* inspiration4 ,! m5 :o  
are suspect$ ( ent]ta9+ errone\s op9ions
 conc]n+ ! me?od ( ,div9e imp>tation (  

tru? are ! /r5u\s advocates ( ! moral   
gr&eur1 spiritual au?ority1 &           
fai?-suffici5cy ( ! heav5ly oracles4    
,!y1 x is true1 d5y :at has be5 kn[n z !
 v]bal !ory--a !ory :i* owes m to !     
po/-re=m]s' fe> ( an infallible pope1   
?an to any real1 intellig5t cause--b by 
no recogniz$ c\ncil or decree1 ackn[l$g$
 by ,prote/ants1 has t me*anical        
conception ev] be5 made b9d+ on !       
consci5ce4 ,mod]n s*ol>%ip is simply    
lead+ u to recognize a m rational       
criticism ?an 0 possible to our fa!rs2 a
 mode ( criticism :i* almo/ e           
,sunday-s*ool tea*]1 9 8 humble way1    
adopts1 & :i* is common1 & has be5 9 !  
mo/ or?odox pulpits = unnumb]$ ye>s1 e  
man br++ ! passage he is discuss+ to !  
te/ ( k t he has acquir$ &1 9 a s5se1 to
 ! te/ ev5 ( 8 reason4 ,i d n say t     
s*ol>s h utt]$ ! f9al ^w ^u ?is great   
subject1 nor is x possible = su* a ^w to
 be pron\nc$ at ! pres5t /age (         
inve/igation1 b ,i d insi/ t we %\ld    
recognize ! au?ority ( enlight5m5t1 & t 

we %\ld n c>elessly br& z het]odox m5 ( 
em95t atta9m5ts1 :o are m]ely seek+ to  
guide u to f\ndations :i*1 9 ! long run1
 %all prove absolutely inde/ructible4   
,we h to decide :e!r ! ,*ri/ianity ( !  
imm$iate future %all be gov]n$ supremely
 by intellig5ce or ignorance4 ,if       
ignorance is to rule supreme1 !n let u  
f\nd no m univ]sities1 nor op5 any new  
!ological sem9>ies4 ,let u n g ?r\gh !  
f>ce ( in/ruct+1 unless x be m]ely to   
insi/ on ! assimilat+ by /ud5ts ( dogmas
 t mu/ nev] be que/ion$1 & f :i* !y w   
swe> by ! et]nities !y w nev] dep>t1    
ei!r 9 _s or 9 lett]4 ,b1 if we believe 
t education means ! quick5+ ( a man's   
nature s t he w inve/igate1 & if we     
really believe t ,god has m light yet to
 break 9 ^u ! _w1 ?r\gh ! casem5ts &    
w9d[s ( holy scriptures1 !n1 9 8 ,div9e 
,"n1 let u n be al>m$ :51 "h & !re1 aft]
 inf9ite we>9ess & labor1 a little ray  
p5etrates ! d>kness ( ! ages & promises 
to give u a noonday view ( ! orig9 &    
influ5ce ( ,god's ,^w4  ,x %\ld also be 

consid]$ t ! new] h]esies are n prim>ily
 defections f ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 only f !
 cre$s :i* assume au?oritatively to     
def9e su* doctr9e4 ,public tea*]s are   
be+ arraign$ = _! dep>ture f c]ta9      
/&>ds1 su* z ! ,?irty-,n9e ,articles1 ! 
,we/m9/] ,confession1 & ! lugubri\s     
compilation kn[n z ! ,new ,hamp%ire     
,confession ( ,fai?4 ,^! docum5ts1 )    
:atev] excell5cy !y may be accr$it$1 7  
prep>$ by fallible m5--"s ( !m1 inde$1  
exce$+ly fallible--:o 7 h>dly qualifi$ 9
 _! day to def9e ! fai? ( ,*ri/ = !     
guidance ( future ages1 & 7 adopt$ 9 mo/
 cases by meagre majorities4 ,:y we %\ld
 suppose _! /atem5ts are to be reg>d$ z 
infallible1 & :y ?9k]s ( our times %\ld 
be /rictly held to _! =mulas1 is some?+ 
t no "o yet has _h c\rage or intellig5ce
 suffici5t to expla94 ,:at "r has any   
body ( m5 to insi/ on con=mity to a cre$
 prep>$ by be+s l !mselves1 ev5 ?\gh x  
has be5 v5]at$ = a c5tury or two8 ,:o is
 ,melanc?on1 & :o is ,lu!r1 & :o are !  
,we/m9/] div9es b m5 by :om we h        

believ$8 ,b are we b\nd to _! ^w1 or are
 we /rictly held to ! ,^w ( our common  
,"l & ,div9e ,tea*]8 ,is ,*ill+wor?'s   
cry1 ! ,bible1 ! :ole ,bible1 & no?+ b !
 ,bible ! religion ( ,prote/ants1 a m]e 
illusion8 ,x c]ta9ly is1 & ! sacr$ idea 
conc]n+ ! "r ( private judgm5t1 if ! )]$
 h& ( m5 long dead is to hold ! bra9 ( !
 pres5t 9 ! grasp ( dea?2 if we respect 
ourselves & our av[$ belief 9 ! adequacy
 ( ,scripture z a rule ( fai?1 !n we _h 
bett] make "o huge bonfire ( all !      
antiquat$ cre$s1 ?an d5\nce ! s-call$   
h]etics :o are1 9 reality1 try+ to br+ u
 back to ! position ( ! primitive sa9ts 
:o all[$ no human ^w to obscure or d>k5 
! div9e ,^w giv5 by revelation4  ,i ?9k 
t e c&id s\l w admit1 9 addition to :at 
,i h /at$1 t ! new] h]esies are n       
revolts f ! scriptural high ideal (     
,*ri/ian life1 only a noble prote/ aga9/
 n>r[ int]pretations ( t life4 ,! m5 :o 
h rec5tly be5 arraign$ be=e ! tribunals 
( v>i\s d5om9ations are em95t = _!      
uprightness1 _! consci5ti\s c&or &      

tol]ance4 ,no ^w has ev] be5 utt]$ to _!
 moral detrim5t2 !y are1 9 ?is blameful 
age1 among ! mo/ blameless ( its p4 ,!y 
insi/1 h[ev]1 t all doctr9e %\ld be     
reg>d$ m]ely z m\lds 9 :i* ! life %\ld  
be ca/1 & are valuable only 9 s f> z !y 
are able to %ape ! life 9 patt]n ( t "o 
c>e] :i* has excit$ ! admiration ( !    
ages & ! ador+ wond] ( ! heav5s4  ,x    
h>dly seems 9 accord ) any j conception 
( our ,ma/]'s fai? t m5 & wom5 :o are   
try+ to s]ve ,god & _! g5]ation %\ld be 
br&$ ) f\l names1 %\ld be sne]$ at z    
reckless & dang]\s guides1 & z ev5 d5y+ 
! ,"l :om !y rev]5ce & wor%ip4 ,let u be
 c>eful4 ,het]odoxy ( conduct is a      
great] evil ?an het]odoxy ( cre$1 & ,i  
am free to say1 ?\gh ,i may n1 ) my     
convictions reg>d+ ! atonem5t ( ,*ri/1  
und]/& h[ "s em95tly philan?ropic p c   
ent] ! gold5 gates1 yet ,i %\ld h>dly   
myself appreciate a place beyond _!     
?re%old if ,god c\ld n plan1 9 "s way   
consi/5t ) ,8 honor1 to f9d a radiant   
seat ( glory = !m4  ,i write ^! ?+s     

because ,i am n a h]etic4 ,i d n1 (     
c\rse1 agree ) ! fa!rs1 =1 l o!r        
,scot*m51 ,i _c agree ) anybody else 9 !
 _w2 b ,i am p]fectly satisfi$ ) my own 
or?odoxy4  ,occasionally ,i h be5 />tl$ 
to f9d "s adv5tur\s s\l giv+ utt]ance to
 views1 z be+ novel & haz>d\s1 :i* ,i h 
ent]ta9$1 )\t any p]turbation ( _s1 =   
ne>ly tw5ty ye>s4 ,i 0 some:at amus$1 n 
long s9ce1 on he>+ a v5]able !ological  
pr(essor1 ) te>s 9 8 eyes1 p]spiration  
on 8 br[1 & angui% 9 8 voice1 relate h[1
 aft] a fe>ful /ruggle1 he _h emancipat$
 himself f c]ta9 ( ,calv9's dictums2 b  
:ile "s cl]gym5 pres5t seem$ a/\nd$1 ,i 
rem>k$ at ! close ( ! meet+ t ,i _h     
accompli%$ t feat = myself "s qu>t] ( a 
c5tury agone1 & :at is m1 ?\gh ,i did n 
say ?is to him1 ,i did s )\t any te>s1 &
 )\t any angui% :atev]4 ,^! p]sonal     
ref]5ces are m]ely to %[ t 9 tak+ up !  
cause ( ! new] h]etics ,i am n 9 any    
wise biass$ by a misdirect$ m9d 9 _!    
favor4  ,let u h fre$om4 ,let u ?9k x   
out4 ,let ! /ruggle g on1 & let u n1 )  

pallid faces & /rid5t voices1 cry out 9 
fe>2 = ! only tribunal t c righte\sly   
adjudicate ! lightness ( human ?\ght is 
! tribunal1 z ,s*ill] has x1 ( hi/ory1  
:i* unque/ionably is on e>? ! tribunal (
 ! inf9ite ,god4 ,he rules 9 ! _w ( m9d 
z well z 9 ! globe ( matt]1 & eighte5   
c5turies ought to conv9ce u t tru? sl[ly
 em]ges f w>r+ op9ions1 conflict+       
!ories1 & especially f pa!tic long+s ( !
 human s\l to discov] its hidd5 mean+s &
 its wide/ & gr&e/ applications4 ,alas6 
p]haps our ignorance & intol]ance may   
r5d] x necess>y t n[1 z 9 ! pa/1 !      
prophets ( ,god mu/ fir/ be /on$ to dea?
 be=e we w give he$ to _! message or    
commemorate _! greatness by ! homage (  
our m9d4 ,b s]i\sly1 ,i w\ld advise all 
:o h any reg>d = _! own com=t1 happ9ess1
 & ev5 self-respect1 to h z little to d 
) ?is wret*$ /on+ bus9ess z possible2 = 
,i h nev] yet be5 able to discov] :at   
satisfaction !re c possibly be 9 help+ a
 de> bro!r or si/] to a m>tyr's cr[n at 
! exp5se ( "o's own fairness & k9dly    

*>ity4     ,,h>ve/ ,,& ,,labor]s ,,9 ,,!
 ,,psy*ical ,,field4  ,,by ,,fr$]ic ,w4 
,h4 ,,my]s4   ,!re is no liv+ savant1 "o
 may say ) little fe> ( contradiction1  
:o surpasses ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace 9    
g5]\s read9ess to e/eem at its full wor?
 ! "w ( o!r m54 ,& "o may add t ?is     
habit ( m9d1 s attractive 9 a man (     
ackn[l$g$ em95ce1 is z a rule n         
attractive only1 b actively s]viceable  
to sci5ce2 t x /imulates ef=t1 & creates
 an atmosph]e 9 :i* good "w is zeal\sly 
done4  ,yet !re may be cases 9 :i* ?is  
ready appreciativ5ess may prove a       
h9drance to progress r ?an a help4 ,if  
wrongly receiv$1 x may lead m5 :o h done
 little to ?9k t !y h done mu*2 x may   
det] o!rs f emb>k+ on ne$ful tasks :i*  
!y may suppose to h be5 already amply   
p]=m$4  ,9 two pap]s 9 ,,! ,,ar5a =     
,janu>y & ,febru>y1 #ahia1 ,mr4 ,wallace
 dwelt1 p>tly ) criticism1 & p>tly )    
praise1 on ! "w already done by !       
,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*4 ,to 8     
criticisms ,i make no demur2 !y are     

legitimate & int]e/+2 & inde$ :]e ,mr4  
,wallace's op9ions div]ge f ^? :i* ,i h 
myself set =?1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t we
 are b look+ on ! two sides ( !         
%ield1--a %ield emboss$ on ei!r side )  
devices s m>vell\s t no man's           
int]pretation c z yet suffice to        
unriddle !m4  ,b on ! o!r h&1 ,i _c let 
pass )\t prote/ ! s5t5ce 7,,ar5a1       
,janu>y1 p4 #acj7 9 :i* ,mr4 ,wallace   
speaks ( ! ?anks due to ! ,society =    
,psy*ical ,rese>*1 = hav+ pres5t$ !     
evid5ce 9 su* a way t ! facts to be     
int]pret$ are n[ g5]ally accept$ z facts
 by all :o h tak5 any tr\ble to inquire 
into ! am\nt & "* ( ! te/imony = !m1--! 
op9ion ( ^? :o h n tak5 t tr\ble be+    
altoge!r wor?less4 ,n[ 9 ! fir/ place ,i
 d n ?9k t all ^? :o h /udi$ our        
te/imony are conv9c$ by x4 ,i receiv$ a 
lett] 7= in/ance7 n long ago1 f a       
di/+ui%$ ,am]ican1 an old fri5d ( m9e1  
:o wrote 9 ! mo/ cordial t]ms to say t  
out ( p]sonal reg>d = me he _h read     
,phantasms ( ! ,liv+ f beg9n+ to end1 & 

t he did n believe a ^w ( x4 ,our       
read]s' scepticism is p]haps seldom q s 
robu/2 b nev]!less ,i %\ld say t !      
attitude ( at lea/ half ( !m is be/     
describ$ by say+ n t !y accept our      
evid5ce ex animo1 b t !y h n yet exactly
 manag$ to see _! way to upsett+ x4     
,nor c ,i possibly treat z unimportant !
 attitude ( t great majority ( savants  
:o h paid no att5tion at all to ! matt]4
 ,naturally1 _! op9ion ( our evid5ce    
does n affect my own op9ion !re(1 b x   
decid$ly affects my view z to :at l9es  
our "w ought to foll[4 ,:y is x t ^! m5 
h n /udi$ our ,proce$+s8 ,x w n d to    
talk ab\t indol5ce & prejudice4 ,all m5 
are m or less indol5t & prejudic$2 b    
savants z a class are c]ta9ly less      
indol5t1 & probably less prejudic$1 ?an 
any o!r class t "o c\ld "n4 ,we mu/ n   
c\nt ^u f9d+ our savant semp] vacuum1   
semp] amabilem1 any m ?an ,horace f\nd 8
 "y ladies always 9 t condition (       
affable receptivity4 ,! ma9 reason :y s 
_m em95t m5 neglect our "w may be /at$ 9

 a mu* less (f5sive way4 ,! m9ds ( all (
 u move 9 c]ta9 orbits1 f :i* we are    
s5sibly deflect$ only by ! approa* ( "s 
new body ( adequate mass4 ,n[ our       
psy*ical exp]im5ts & obs]vations h      
pla9ly n z yet atta9$ suffici5t mass to 
be able to deflect ! majority ( ^? great
 bodies1 ! lum9>ies ( sci5ce1 f _!      
accu/om$ pa?s ?r\gh ! heav5s4 ,tides1   
inde$1 we d create2 !re is a reflu5t    
wa%+ to & fro ( magaz9e articles ab\t   
our topic2 b we h n yet g5]at$ t        
:olesale p]turbation ( ! sci5tific sy/em
 :i* our facts1 if facts !y be1 mu/ 9 "t
 inevitably effect4  ,"s ( ! be/ work]s 
9 ! ,society1 says ,mr4 ,wallace aga91  
/ill urge t ! evid5ce is v defici5t1 bo?
 9 am\nt & 9 quality1 & t mu* m mu/ be  
obta9$ be=e x c be treat$ z really      
conclusive4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 he adds1  
appe>s to me to be an altoge!r errone\s 
"o4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i v5ture to say1 ?is
 ass]tion ( ! ne$ ( m "w1 & consequ5tly 
( m work]s1 is ( absolutely prim>y1     
absolutely urg5t importance4 ,:at w\ld h

 become ( ! evolution !ory itself 7if ,i
 may use an argum5tum ad hom9em ( no    
disrespectful k9d71 :at w\ld h become ( 
t !ory itself1 ?\gh urg$ at fir/ by     
savants ( su* surpass+ m]it1 _h no "o   
be5 able to repeat & confirm _!         
obs]vations8 ,& we :o are deal+1 n )    
plants & animals :i* c be held fa/ &    
obs]v$1 b1 = ! mo/ "p at any rate1 )    
phantasmal sights1 subjective           
impressions1--surely we mu/ feel a      
t5fold ne$ ( ! multiplication ( c5tres (
 exp]im5t & obs]vation1 ( ! =mation (   
fre% bodies ( record 9 e c\ntry1 & 9 ea*
 ye> t passes by4 ,no s+le small gr\p c 
ev] ga9 lev]age en\gh to div]t ! _w's   
preval5t modes ( ?\ght1 unless x is     
gradually re9=c$ by fell[-work]s en\gh  
to make ! possible mi/akes or possible  
dea? ( a few p]sons q unimportant to !  
g5]al result4  ,x has be5 sugge/$ by    
,mr4 ,wallace & by o!r critics t we h   
be5 too exclusively preoccupi$ ) ! idea 
( telepa?y1 t we h tri$ to =ce into t   
category ph5om5a :i* ne$ a diff]5t or a 

fur!r explanation4 ,consid]+ !          
complexity ( ^! ph5om5a !re may well be 
"s tru? 9 ?is criticism1 yet we %\ld    
surely be unwise if we relax$ our       
insi/5ce on ! importance ( telepa?y1 or 
! transf]5ce ( ?\ght or feel+ f m9d to  
m9d )\t ! ag5cy ( ! recogniz$ organs (  
s5se z ! v root & basis bo? ( exp]im5t &
 ( !ory z conc]n+ an unse5 _w4 ,no "o1 (
 c\rse1 c suppose t ! inf9itely complex 
laws ( :i* we are j n[ obta9+ a         
precursory glimpse & fir/ fa9t          
intimation1 c possibly be summ>iz$ 9 any
 s+le expression4 ,b ! prime importance 
( telepa?y lies 9 ! fact t "h1 at la/1  
is an action ( unse51 uncompreh5d$ =ces 
:i* c be made ! subject ( actual        
exp]im5t4 ,nay1 m1 ! v fact t 9 ?is     
special direction exp]im5t turns out to 
be possible1 is 9 itself an augury t we 
are on a true sci5tific track2 = x      
involves a rem>kable co9cid5ce betwe5 a 
!oretical conclusion & a practical      
discov]y4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u try to
 realize !oretically :at is involv$ 9 ! 

supposition t any sort ( invisible      
intellig5ce c become 9 any way kn[n to  
u4 ,i speak ( ! me?ods ( communication  
only1 )\t ref]5ce to ! nature ( !       
suppos$ intellig5ce1 beyond ! m]e fact (
 its habitual invisibility4 ,x is pla91 
,i ?9k1 t ! said intellig5ce mu/ ei!r s 
act ^u visible matt] z to affect our    
s5se-organs 9 ! ord9>y way1 or else mu/ 
convey messages to our m9ds by "s       
director process1 n dep5d+ on !         
int]v5tion ( our organs ( s5se4  ,n[    
probably no "o w assume t ! fir/ me?od w
 alone be employ$4 ,ev5 ^? :o insi/1 )  
,mr4 ,wallace1 on ! objectivity (       
app>itions1 d n1 ,i ?9k1 ma9ta9 t x is  
only by mov+ mat]ial objects t unse5    
intellig5ces affect our m9ds4 ,few w    
d\bt t if !re be communication f unse5  
be+s at all1 x w probably be at lea/    
p>tly 9 ! second ( ! two modes already  
specifi$1 t is1 t x w rea* our m9ds 9 "s
 way m intimate & direct ?an by ord9>y  
s5se-p]ception4 ,b if ?is be s1 !n !re  
mu/ be 9 our m9ds a c]ta9 p[] (         

reciprocity4 ,we mu/ be able to receive 
! message 9 ! same impalpable way 9 :i* 
! unse5 intellig5ce communicates x4  ,b 
if we suppose t man possesses ?is p[] ( 
receiv+ direct or telepa?ic messages f  
unembodi$ or invisible intellig5ces1 x  
is natural to inquire :e!r he is capable
 ( receiv+ simil> messages f embodi$ or 
visible intellig5ces4 ,if we _c f9d t he
 is ?us capable1 our belief 9 ! suppos$ 
messages f ! unse5 w be d\bly difficult2
 = we %all h to po/ulate bo? ! new =ms (
 intellig5ce & ! new mode ( int]c\rse4  
,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 we c %[ t ! mode (  
int]c\rse "h ne$$ does already exi/1 &  
appe>s 9 man's relations ) 8 fell[-m51  
!n ! transition to messages f ! unse5 w 
be s mu* ! less viol5t4 ,we %all only be
 suppos+ t man c receive f ! disembodi$ 
a k9d ( message :i* he already receives 
f ! embodi$1 & :i* has no obvi\s        
dep5d5ce on a corporeal embodim5t4 ,"o  
s+le prov$ transmission1 direct f m9d to
 m9d1 ( ! mo/ trivial fact or p]cept1 w 
d m to make communion ) ! unse5         

sci5tifically conceivable1--,i d n say m
 to make x morally conceivable1--?an all
 ! poetry & all ! rhetoric :i* has ev]  
/irr$ ! he>ts ( m54  ,su*1 on ! "o side1
 is my d$uctive argum5t f ! v conception
 ( communication ) unse5 intellig5ces4  
,& d we1 on ! o!r h&1 f9d1 by empirical 
obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a ar\nd u1 any?+   
:i* indicates ! exi/5ce ( a sup]normal  
p]ceptivity su* z !ory w\ld sugge/8 ,x  
is kn[n to read]s ( ! ,society =        
,psy*ical ,rese>* ,proce$+s t we d f9d  
su* indications1 scatt]$ at fir/1 &     
appe>+ uns\ght-= amid ! ph5om5a (       
mesm]ic or somnambulic /ates2 b n[ to "s
 slight ext5t isolat$ into di/9ctness1 &
 br\ght "u exp]im5tal control4  ,to "s  
slight ext5t only1 ,i repeat2 = !       
exp]im5ts ?us f> made1 al?\gh completely
 conv9c+ to ^? :o1 l myself1 h witness$ 
_m ( !m1 "u v v>i$ conditions1 h        
nev]!less n yet pass$ into t desir$ /age
 at :i* "o may be able to repeat !m be=e
 any obs]v]1 at any mom5t4 ,at pres5t !y
 are prov$ by ! same k9d ( evid5ce z    

c]ta9 r>e pa?ological ph5om5a 7,i d n ( 
c\rse mean t telepa?y is itself 9 any   
way a morbid product7--ph5om5a su* z ^? 
surpris+ rises & falls ( ! human        
temp]ature :i* are unpr$ictable1        
sporadic1 & transitory1 & mu/ re/ = _!  
evid5ce on ! good fai? & accuracy (     
comp>atively few obs]v]s4  ,yet ^!      
telepa?ic exp]im5ts h a v hopeful side4 
,exp]i5ce has already %[n t ! ph5om5a   
may be develop$ at any mom5t1 betwe5 q  
normal p]sons1 & ) no bad effects ( any 
sort :atev]4 ,only we _c tell except by 
actual trial1 & trial ( a pati5t &      
c>eful k9d1 betwe5 :i* p]sons1 out ( all
 mank9d1 ^! telepa?ic messages c be made
 to run4  ,:at we desire1 !n1 :at we ask
 ( all :o sympa?ize ) our ef=ts1 is     
nei!r premature praise nor equally      
premature !oriz+1 b active co-op]ation 9
 our endeavor to improve & ext5d our    
exp]im5ts 9 ?\ght-transf]5ce4 ,we want  
to get our telepa?ic transmissions      
di/ant1 def9ite1 & reproducible4  ,x is 
desirable to get !m at long di/ances1--n

 because x is really m m>vell\s t ?\ght 
%\ld ?us travel a million miles ?an t x 
%\ld travel a millimetre1--b = ! m]ely  
practical reason t at long di/ances x is
 easy to avoid two ma9 s\rces ( error1  
namely1 hyp]ae/hesia1 :i* may be q      
unconsci\s1 & fraudul5t codes1 :i* may  
be h>d to detect4 ,mo/1 nay1 probably   
all1 ( ! s-call$ exp]im5ts 9            
?\ght-transf]5ce :i* h be5 (f]$ by      
?\ght-read]s1 etc41 f ! public plat=m1 h
 really _h no?+ at all to d )           
?\ght-transf]5ce1 h dep5d$ ei!r on      
abnormal delicacy ( tactile & o!r s5sory
 p]ception1 or on ! adroit use (        
preconc]t$ signals4 ,x is only :5 !     
obs]v] has complete control ( !         
conditions 7:i* he nev] has 9 any public
 exhibition71 t x is wor? :ile to       
conduct exp]im5ts betwe5 two p]sons 9 ! 
same room4  ,& ev5 9 cases :]e ! good   
fai?--! consci\s good fai?--( ev]yone   
conc]n$ is above suspicion1 x mu/ be    
rememb]$ t !re are bo? unconsci\s       
actions & unconsci\s p]ceptions :i* may 

:olly vitiate an exp]im5t4 ,! rule %\ld 
be s to arrange ! exp]im5t t ! p]cipi5t 
_c pr(it by unconsci\s indications2 t he
 _c 7= example7 see ! expression ( !    
ag5t's face1 or he> ! s\nd ( 8 p5cil z  
he writes d[n a numb] to be guess$4 ,su*
 precautions %\ld be a matt] ( c\rse2 & 
:5 !y are tak51 ^! exp]im5ts ne> at h&  
are c]ta9ly ! easie/ & be/ = private    
exp]im5t]s to beg9 )1 al?\gh !          
desirability ( gradually increas+ !     
di/ance betwe5 ! p]sons conc]n$ %\ld    
always be kept 9 view4  ,let ,a & ,p    
beg9 _! trial1 !n1 9 quiet & calm ( m9d2
 let ,a1 ! ag5t1 sit beh9d ,p1 !        
p]cipi5t1 & n 9 contact4 ,let ,a be     
provid$ ) a full pack ( c>ds1 9 :i* he  
replaces ! c>d drawn1 aft] ea* trial1 or
 ) a bag ( kn[n numb]s--say f t5 to "o  
hundr$--a range conv5i5t =              
computation--9 :i* bag he replaces &    
%uffles up ! numb] drawn1 aft] ea*      
trial4 ,let him draw a c>d 7to take c>ds
 z our example7 say1 ,n[6 & gaze fix$ly 
at x4 ,let ,p keep 8 m9d z blank z      

possible1 & make 8 guess only :5 "s k9d 
( image ( color1 suit1 or pips1 9 "s way
 floats into 8 m9d4 ,8 fir/ guess only  
mu/ be c\nt$1 & mu/ be receiv$ 9 sil5ce4
 ,let ,a cont9ue ?is process = "s       
pre>rang$ numb] ( times1 say t5 times1 &
 record accurately all ! exp]im5ts made4
 ,let him r5ew ! process1 ) int]vals (  
h\rs or days betwe5 ea* bat* ( trials1  
until he has "s hundr$s ( results to    
analyze4 ,!n let him s5d 8 results1 )   
description ( ! conditions "u :i* !     
trials 7 made1 to ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,hodgson1 
#e ,boyl/on ,place1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,dr4 
,hodgson w tell him if x is wor? 8 :ile 
to g on1 & w advise z to modifications 9
 ! =m ( exp]im5t4  ,^! h9ts mu/ "h      
suffice z to exp]im5ts made close at h&4
 ,b exp]im5t1 or obs]vation v]g+ into   
exp]im5t1 is (t5 possible at long       
di/ances z well4 ,x (t5 happ5s t "s "o  
tells me t he 7or %e7 has s peculi> a   
sympa?y ) "s giv5 fri5d t :at "o ( !    
pair is actually feel+ or ?9k+ at a     
di/ance is reproduc$ by ! s5sation or   

?\ght ( ! o!r4 ,to su* communications my
 inv>iable reply is1 ,keep a 'psy*ical' 
di>y4 ,put d[n !re9 at once e incid5t   
:i* y int5d to c\nt1 if x turns out 7s  
to say7 a telepa?ic success1 & no       
incid5t :i* y d n int5d to c\nt4 ,let   
y\r fri5d keep a simil> di>y1 )\t %[+ x 
to y2 aft] a few mon?s let me comp>e !  
two di>ies ) "o ano!r4  ,i am n arm$ )  
sup]natural1 or ev5 ) /atutory p[]s2 &  
my in=mants h = ! mo/ "p ?\ght t !y _h  
oblig$ me q en\gh if !y promis$ to d z  
,i told !m4 ,b j z ,i 0 beg9n+ to       
imitate ! dictum1 ,miracles d n happ51 )
 ! dictum1 ,psy*ical di>ies are n kept1 
! lady t]m$ ,miss ,x----1 9 ,proce$+s   
,,xiv4 & ,,xvi41 came to furni% an      
exception1 to my rule4 ,i %all n attempt
 to summ>ize ! ,record ( ,telepa?ic &   
,o!r ,exp]i5ces 9 ,proce$+s ,,xvi42 b ,i
 tru/ t x may be ! prototype ( _m simil>
 records1 :i* c be kept ! m easily n[ t 
?is example has be5 set4  ,i w give 9   
brief1 "o ,am]ican example 7to be f\nd  
at l5g? 9 ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 ,proce$+s         

,,xviii47 ( well-record$ telepa?ic      
transmission4 ,! incid5t ?us transf]r$  
is trivial & ev5 ludicr\s2 ! fact ( !   
transf]5ce 0 absolutely useless4 ,b !   
case is n only none ! worse = ?is2 x is 
all ! bett]4 ,:5 we are try+ to prove t 
su* transmission exi/s1 we want to keep 
cle>1 if we c1 ( emotional              
complications4 ,if ,p is brood+ ov] ,a's
 approa*+ dea?1 & sees a figure ( ,a1   
!n1 ev5 if ! h\r co9cides1 we _c help a 
suspicion t ! brood+ may h produc$ !    
figure4 ,b few1 ,i ?9k1 w expla9 !      
foll[+ incid5t z a m]e outcome ( morbid 
s5tim5tality4 ,we owe x to ! k9dness (  
,dr4 ,elliott ,c\es1 :o kn[s bo? ladies 
conc]n$1 & happ5$ to call on ,mrs4      
,c---- ! v day on :i* t lady receiv$ !  
foll[+ lett] f h] fri5d1 ,mrs4 ,b----4  
,monday ,ev5+1 ,janu>y #ad1 #ahhi4      
,,my ,,de> ,,fri5d1--,i "k y w be       
surpris$ to receive a note      f me s  
soon1 b n m s ?an ,i 0 to-day1 :5 y 7   
%[n to me clairvoyantly1 9 a some:at    
emb>rass$ position4 ,i      d\bt v mu*  

if !re 0 any tru? 9 x2 nev]!less1 w     
relate x1 & leave y to laugh at ! idea (
 x4       ,i 0 sitt+ 9 my room sew+1 ?is
 aft]noon1 ab\t two      o'clock1 :5 :at
 %\ld ,i see b y\r own de> self2 b1     
heav5s6 9 :at a position4 ,n[1 ,i don't 
want to excite y\r      curiosity too   
mu*1 or try y\r pati5ce too long1 s w   
come      to ! po9t at once4 ,y 7 fall+ 
up ! front /eps 9 !      y>d4 ,y _h on  
y\r black skirt & velvet wai/1 y\r      
little      /raw bonnet1 & 9 y\r h& 7 "s
 pap]s4 ,:5 y fell1      y\r hat w5t 9  
"o direction & ! pap]s 9 ano!r4 ,y got  
up v quickly1 put on y\r bonnet1 pick$  
up ! pap]s1 &      lo/ no "t gett+ into 
! h\se4 ,y did n appe> to be      hurt1 
b look$ some:at mortifi$4 ,x 0 all s    
pla9 to me      t ,i _h t5 to "o notions
 to dress myself & come ov] &      see  
if x 7 true1 b f9ally conclud$ t a sob]1
      indu/ri\s woman l y\rself w\ld n  
be /umbl+ ar\nd at      t rate1 & ?\ght 
,i'd be/ n g on a wild goose *ase4      
,n[1 :at d y ?9k ( su* a vision z t8 ,is

 !re any      possible tru? 9 x8 ,i feel
 almo/ ready to scream ) laught]        
:5ev] ,i ?9k ( x2 y did look too funny1 
spread+      y\rself out 9 ! front y>d4 
,great 0 ! fall !re(4  ,?is lett] came  
to u 9 an envelope address$3 ,mrs4 ,e4  
,a4 ,c----1 #bag ,del4 ,ave41 ,n4 ,e41  
,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 & ) ! po/m>ks1       
,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,jan4 #ae1 #g ,a4    
,m41 #ahhi1 & ,wa%+ton1 ,n4 ,e4 ,c4 ,s41
 ,jan4 #ae1 #h ,a4 ,m4 ,"s fur!r lett]s 
9 ! po/m>ks are illegible4  ,n[ ! po9t  
is t e detail 9 ?is telepa?ic vision 0  
correct4 ,mrs4 ,c---- _h actually 7z %e 
tells me 9 a lett] dat$ ,m>* #g1 #ahhi7 
fall5 9 ?is way1 at ?is place1 9 ! dress
 describ$1 at #b4da1 on ,janu>y #ad4 ,! 
co9cid5ce c h>dly h be5 due to *ance4   
,if we suppose t ! vision prec$$ !      
accid5t1 we %all h an additional m>vel1 
:i*1 h[ev]1 ,i d n ?9k t we ne$ "h face4
 ,ab\t #b1 9 a lett] ( ?is k9d1 may q   
conceivably h meant #b4da4  ,!          
def9it5ess ( ! details "h reproduc$1 is 
all1 ,i ?9k1 t we c reasonably desire4  

,b mo/ important1 & ,i fe>1 mo/         
difficult to obta91 ( all ! qualities ( 
our ideal telepa?ic exp]im5t1 is t (    
reproducibility4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 a     
difficulty :i* inh]es 9 ! v nature ( !  
ph5om5on itself4 ,we are ma9ly conc]n$  
"h ) ! p[]s n ( ! wak+ or empirical1 b (
 ! subm]g$ or unconsci\s self4 ,!       
transf]5ce ( ! telepa?ic message1 ?\gh x
 may be help$ by consci\s conc5tration1 
takes place 7z ,i hold7 ma9ly 9 /rata ( 
our be+ :i* lie bel[ ! ?re%old ( ord9>y 
consci\sness4 ,x seems z ?\gh ! influ5ce
 ( ! p]cipi5t's consci\s self1 at any   
rate1 7 m]ely hurtful to ! exp]im5t1 s t
 to get ! p]cipi5t at 8 be/ we h to cat*
 him 9 a /ate ( orig9al innoc5ce :i* he 
_c long ma9ta94 ,x too (t5 has happ5$ t 
s soon z 8 own curiosity 0 r\s$1 s soon 
z he began to speculate on ! process :i*
 0 go+ on1 & to wond] h[ he caught !    
impression1 s soon did ! impression     
cease to travel1 & 8 unconsci\s self    
c\ld s5d its message upw>ds no m4  ,i am
 dispos$ to ?9k t = ! pres5t x is to    

hypnotism t we mu/ look = cases :]e !   
telepa?ic message c be s5t repeat$ly &  
at w4 ,x is 9 ! r>e cases ( sommeil a   
di/ance1 or su* cases z ^? ( ,mrs4      
,p9hey1 ,dr4 ,h]ic\rt1 & ,dr4 ,gley1    
report$ 9 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ( ,phantasms ( !  
,liv+1 t !re has z yet be5 ! ne>e/      
approa* to t clock-"w regul>ity &       
repeatability :i* is ! exp]im5tal ideal4
 ,x is1 !re=e1 on ! m$ical pr(ession t  
,i w\ld urge ! importance ( wat*+ =     
cases ( ?is sort1 :i* are likely to be  
f\nd m frequ5tly z ! !rapeutic use (    
hypnotism ext5ds4  ,i h m5tion$ sev]al  
diff]5t =ms 9 :i* ^! telepa?ic messages 
may be obs]v$ by c>eful seek]s4 ,i      
c]ta9ly d n ass]t t ! p[] or ag5cy      
op]ative 9 ea* ( ^! cases is precisely !
 same4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i ?9k x probable 
t !re are v>ieties & complexities q     
beyond our pres5t speculation4 ,b at    
lea/ ^! cases fall = u "u ! same prim>y 
or obvi\s category2 !y are all cases :]e
 a ?\ght1 a feel+1 an impulse1 a        
picture1 has be5 transf]r$ f "o m9d to  

ano!r )\t ! ag5cy ( ! recogniz$ organs (
 s5se4  ,!re are "s1 bo? among fri5ds & 
among oppon5ts1 :o are incl9$ to        
repres5t telepa?ic exp]im5t z a petty   
?+4 ,:at does x come to1 say ! oppon5ts1
 ev5 ?\gh y d get a few silly ?\ghts or 
mean+less numb]s out ( "o head into     
ano!r8 ,en\gh ( telepa?y6 say ! fri5ds2 
g on to some?+ ( va/] scope6  ,^! fri5ds
 & ^! oppon5ts are n ^? :o h be/ realiz$
 ! import ( ! telepa?ic claim4 ,! true1 
! sci5tific opposition is ( a q diff]5t 
type4 ,x ass]ts1 n t ! alleg$ discov]y  
is a trifle :i* may be admitt$ ) a sne]1
 b t x involves a new dep>ture 9 sci5ce 
great] ?an its advocates c probably     
conceive1 or h z yet come ne> to ju/ify4
 ,bru%+ aside all our fur!r ext5sions ( 
!ory1 !y take _! /& simply & decid$ly   
aga9/ telepa?y itself2 & wisely s1 = if 
telepa?y be once admitt$1 !re is1 z     
seems to me1 no logical halt+-place     
until we rea* a f>-(f po9t :i* ,i w n   
confuse my pres5t argum5t by attempt+ to
 specify4  ,& ov] all ?is f>-/ret*+     

field !re is a h>ve/ ( exp]im5t1 a h>ve/
 ( obs]vation1 :i* only ne$s labor]s to 
cut & c>ry1 to ?re% & w9n[ x4 ,!        
reality1 ! ext5t1 ! importance ( !      
ph5om5a :i* lie ar\nd u1 unnot$ &       
unexpla9$1 are m fully recogniz$ z ea*  
ye>'s "w adds at once to our k & to our 
correspond+ consci\sness ( ignorance4   
,su* recognition1 ,i say1 is beg9n+ to  
spread2 b x has ?us f> br\ght ) x all   
too little ( active co-op]ation 9 ! "w (
 inquiry1 t "w :i* 9 ,am]ica ,dr4       
,hodgson1 back$ by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,james &   
,pr(4 ,w4 ,s4 ,langley1 pu%es =w>d at   
once ) caution & ) en]gy4 ,^? :o wi% our
 "w to succe$ mu/ 9 "s way help t[>ds   
its success4 ,no ent]prise1 ,i ?9k1 c\ld
 promise m fairly4 ,b we are /ill at !  
beg9n+ ( t great "w & ! end is f>4      
,,fa%ion',s ,,slaves4  ,,by ,b4 ,o4     
,,fl[]4   ,! la/ session ( !            
,int]national ,c\ncil ( ,wom5 discuss$  
no "q ( great] importance to            
civilization ?an t ( dress re=m4 ,! fact
 t ?is _w's congress1 repres5t+ ! mo/   

?\ghtful1 consci5ti\s1 & broad-m9d$ wom5
 ( our age1 has tak5 up ?is subject ) a 
firm det]m9ation to accompli% a         
revolution :i* %all mean heal? &        
happ9ess to ! oncom+ g5]ation1 is itself
 a prophecy pregnant ) promise ( a      
sub/antial & endur+ re=m4 ,x w n be     
surpris+ if 9 ! ne> future x is f\nd t  
?is e>ne/ ?\gh some:at timid discussion 
m>k$ a di/9ct /ep 9 ! _w's progress2    
c]ta9ly x 0 ! mo/ significant &         
au?oritative utt]ance f unit$ womanhood 
t has yet be5 made t\*+ a problem :i*   
mo/ vitally affects civilization4  ,to !
 /ud5t ( sociology no?+ is m p]plex+ or 
disc\rag+ ?an society's p]si/5cy 9      
bl9dly cl++ to old /&>ds & outgr[n      
ideals :i* c no long] be def5d$ by      
reason2 & ?is is n[h]e m m>k$ ?an 9 !   
social _w :]e fa%ion has successfully   
defi$ all true /&>ds ( art1 pr9ciples ( 
common s5se1 rules ( hygi5e & :at is    
/ill m important1 ! laws ( e?ics :i*    
und]lie all /able or endur+             
civilizations4  ,at ! v ?re%old ( ?is   

discussion1 ,i ask ! read] to1 z f> z   
possible1 dive/ 8 m9d ( all prejudice   
aris+ f preconceiv$ op9ions1 & view 9 a 
p]fectly c&id & judicial mann] ?is      
problem ^u :i* ! la/ ^w w n be spok5    
until woman is emancipat$4 ,z long z    
free discussion is taboo$ & cons]vatism 
f9ds x possible to dismiss ! "q ) a     
flippant je/1 a ribald joke1 or a basely
 unju/ imputation1 ! old ord] w /&2     
p>tly because woman feels h]            
helplessness & l>gely because s few p   
/op to trace cause & effect or pati5tly 
reason ^u results ( ! mo/ s]i\s "*4     
,cons]vatism is /rongly entr5*$ 9 ! m9ds
 ( ! millions1 & to a c]ta9 degree m5tal
 le?>gy broods ov] ! _w4 ,x is true t 9 
woman's sph]e to-day m5tal activity is m
 m>k$ ?an 9 any o!r age1 & ! be/ bra9s &
 mo/ ?\ghtful wom5 ( our "t are boldly  
d5\nc+ ! bondage ( fa%ion & bravely     
plead+ = su* radical re=ms 9 dress z w  
secure to womanhood heal? & com=t1 :ile 
be+ g5u9ely arti/ic & graceful1 brea?+  
true ref9em5t & con=m+ to ae/hetic      

pr9ciples r ?an ! caprice ( fa%ion4 ,to 
me !re is some?+ inf9itely pa!tic 9 !   
brave prote/s t h f "t to "t fla%$ f !  
outrag$ s5sibilities ( ^? :o repres5t ! 
v fl[] ( ,am]ican womanhood1 :5 discuss+
 ?is subject1 = runn+ ?r\gh _! almo/ e  
utt]ance is ! pla9tive note (           
helplessness1 m+l$ ) ! consci\sness ( ! 
ju/ice ( ! cause = :i* !y plead4 ,!     
tal5t$ & univ]sally respect$ ,mrs4 ,abba
 ,woolson ,g\ld "s ye>s ago ?us gave    
expression to h] feel+s :5 writ+ ( !    
long1 heavy1 disease-produc+ skirts (   
wom53       ,d :at we w ) !m1 !y /ill   
add enorm\sly to !      weight ( clo?+1 
prev5t cleanl9ess ( attire ab\t !       
ankles1 ov]heat by _! tops ! l[] portion
 ( ! body1      imp$e locomotion1 &     
invite accid5ts4 ,9 %ort1 !y are        
uncom=table1 unheal?y1 unsafe1 &        
unmanageable4 ,conv9c$ (      ?is fact  
by pati5t & almo/ fruitless attempts to 
remove      _! objectionable qualities1 
! e>ne/ dress-re=m] is      loa? to     
believe t skirts hang+ bel[ ! knee are n

      transitory features 9 woman's     
attire1 z simil> features h      be5 9 !
 dress ( m51 & surely de/9$ to disappe> 
)      ! tight h\r-glass wai/s & o!r    
mon/rosities ( !      pres5t co/ume4444 
,any *anges ! wise/ ( u c to-day        
propose are only a mitigation ( an evil 
:i* c nev] be done      away till wom5  
em]ge f ?is va/ sway+1 undef9$1 &       
indef9able mass ( drap]y into ! %ape    
,god gave to ,8 human      be+s4  ,m>y  
,a4 ,liv]more voices a sad & t]rible    
tru? :5 %e obs]ves3       ,! invalidism 
( "y girls is usually attribut$ to e    
cause b ! "r "o2 to h>d                 
/udy--co-education--:i*1 x      is said1
 compels ov]work t ! girl /ud5t may keep
 up )      ! "y m5 ( h] class2 too mu*  
ex]cise1 or lack ( re/      & quiet at  
c]ta9 p]iods :5 nature dem&s x4 ,all !  
:ile ! physician is sil5t conc]n+ !     
glove-fitt+1      /eel-clasp$ corset1 ! 
heavy1 dragg+ skirts1 ! b&s      engird+
 ! body1 ! p9*+1 de=m+ boot1 & ! ru9\s  
social dissipation ( fa%ionable society4

 ,^! w acc\nt =      mu* ( ! feebl5ess (
 "y wom5 & girls4 ,= !y exhau/          
n]v\s =ce1 make fre$om ( movem5t a      
pa9ful impossibility1      & frequ5tly  
%ipwreck ! "y girl be=e %e is out (     
port4       ,we h a !ory1 g5]ally       
accept$ 9 civiliz$ society1 :i*      we 
nev] =mulate 9 spee* b to :i* we are v  
loyal 9      practical life4 ,?is !ory1 
put 9 pla9 language1 is z      foll[s3  
,god kn[s h[ to make boys2 &1 :5 ,he    
s5ds a boy      into ! _w1 x is safe to 
all[ him to gr[ to manhood z ,god       
made him4 ,he may be too tall or too    
%ort1 = our notions1 too      /\t or too
 ?91 too light or too d>k4 ,nev]!less1 x
 is      "r1 = ,god kn[s h[ to make     
boys4 ,b :5 ,god s5ds a girl      into !
 _w1 x is n safe to all[ h] to gr[ to   
womanhood      z ,he has made h]4 ,"s "o
 mu/ take h] & improve h]      figure1 &
 give h] ! %ape 9 :i* x is prop] = h] to
      gr[4       ,accord+ly1 ! "y girl  
comes "s day f ! dressmak]      ) ?is   
dem&3 ,mme4 ---- 7! dressmak]7 says t ,i

 am      gett+ into horrid %ape1 & mu/ h
 a pair ( corsets      imm$iately4 ,!   
corsets are b\ght & worn1 & ! physical  
det]ioration beg9s4  ,miss ,frances ,e4 
,will>d ?us t\*+ly ref]s to ! bondage ( 
fa%ion3       ,b !re came a day--alas6 !
 day ( my y\?--on :i* ,i 0      z       
lit]ally caught out ( ! fields & pa/ures
 z 0 ev] a      "y colt2 confront$ by a 
long dress t _h be5 made = me1          
corsets & high-heel$ %oes t _h be5      
b\ght1 hair-p9s &      ribbons = my     
/ray+ locks1 & ,i 0 told t x simply     
'w\ldn't answ]' to 'run wild' ano!r day4
 ,company f !      city 0 expect$2 ,i   
mu/ be made pres5table2 ',i _h got to   
look l o!r folks4'       ,t 0 a long "t 
ago1 b ,i h nev] kn[n a s+le            
physically reasonable day s9ce t sweet  
,may morn+1 :5 ,i      cri$ 9 va9 =     
long] lease ( lib]ty4  ,mrs4 ,frances   
,e4 ,russell1 ^: significant pap] read  
at ! ,woman's ,c\ncil elicit$ univ]sal  
approbation1 9 ! foll[+ extract f h]    
able essay 9 ,,! ,,ar5a s\nds a m       

hopeful note ?an h] illu/ri\s           
pr$ecessors1 = %e is ne>] ! dawn1 & !   
horizon ( woman's fre$om is broad5+3    
,! fiction t wom5 h no legs is n[ fully 
discr$it$1 =      9 ! %[ w9d[s ( ! l>ge/
 dry goods /ores /& dummies      ( !    
female figure dress$ only 9 ! comb9ation
 und]suit      made ( wool or silk      
tights1 cov]+ ! :ole body1 except      !
 head1 h&s1 & feet4 ,by ?is "t ev]yone  
mu/ "k t      woman1 l man1 is a bip$4  
,c anyone give a good reason :y      %e 
mu/ lift an unnecess>y weight ( clo?+ ) 
e /ep      %e takes1--pu%+ =w>d folds ( 
re/rict+ drap]y &      us+ almo/        
con/antly1 n only h] h&s1 b h] m5tal p[]
      & n]v\s en]gy to keep h] skirts   
neat & out ( ! way (      h>m to h]self 
& o!rs8       ,mu* discussion has be5   
wa/$ ov] ! "q :e!r a woman      %\ld    
c>ry ! burd5 ( h] volum9\s drap]y f !   
%\ld]s or ! hips4 ,:y mu/ %e c>ry ?is   
unnecess>y weight      at all8       ,n[
 let u jo9 h&s1 all lov]s ( lib]ty1 9   
e>ne/      co-op]ation to free ,am]ican 

wom5 f ! dom9ion ( =eign      fa%ion4   
,let u1 z intellig5t wom51 ) ! aid &    
enc\ragem5t ( all good m51 take ?is     
important matt] into      our own h&s & 
provide ourselves ) conv5i5t g>m5ts2 a  
co/ume t %all say to all behold]s t we  
are equipp$ =      reasonable s]vice to 
humanity4  ,cons]vative critics h s     
frequ5tly misrepres5t$ ^? :o h hone/ly  
plead$ = dress re=m1 t x is no long]    
safe to be frank1 & ?is fact alone has  
con/ra9$ numb]s ( e>ne/ writ]s f        
express+ _! s5tim5ts :o h felt x _! duty
 to speak 9 behalf ( heal?1 beauty1 &   
common s5se2 inde$ s c]ta9 is "o to be  
misrepres5t$ :o h&les ?is subject 9     
any?+ l a reasonable & unconv5tional    
mann]1 & s surely w 8 views be assail$ z
 improp]1 ow+ to ! age-long ca/ (       
conv5tional ?\ght1 t 7 x n t ?is "q s   
intimately affects fundam5tal1 e?ical1 &
 hygi5ic laws1 & be>s su* a vitally     
important relation to true progress1 ,i 
frankly admit t ,i d\bt :e!r ,i %\ld h !
 c\rage to discuss x4 ,b ,i f9d x       

impossible to rema9 sil5t1 believ+ z ,i 
d mo/ pr(\ndly t ! baleful artificial   
/&>ds s long tol]at$ mu/ be aboli%$1 t !
 feti% ( ! n9ete5? c5tury civilization  
mu/ be ov]?r[n1 & t x is all-important t
 p be ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! f>-rea*+ &  
basic significance ( ?is problem1 ?r\gh 
c\rage\s & p]si/5t agitation &          
education1 9 ord] t manhood & womanhood 
be br\ght up to ! e?ical plane :i* m>ks 
endur+ civilization4 ,9 ! exam9ation (  
?is subject ,i desire to v briefly      
notice x f ae/hetic1 hygi5ic1 & e?ical  
po9ts ( view4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t e    
ef=t made t[>d a heal?ful & common s5se 
re=m 9 woman's app>el has be5 assail$ z 
in>ti/ic or immoral2 :ile fa%ions at    
once disgu/+1 indec5t1 de/ructive to    
life & heal?1 & degrad+ to womanhood h  
be5 readily sanction$ by conv5tionalism4
 ,?is antagoni/ic attitude t[>d any     
movem5t = an improvem5t 9 woman's attire
 f\nd$ on ! laws ( heal?1 art1 com=t1 & 
common s5se 0 *>act]i/ically express$ 9 
a rec5t editorial 9 a lead+ ,bo/on      

daily1 :]e9 ! writ] solemnly obs]v$3    
,! simple tru? is1 ! great majority ( ! 
wom5 appreciate      ! fact t x is _!   
mission to be beautiful1 & !      dress 
re=m]s h nev] yet devis$ any g>m5t to   
assi/ !      wom5 9 fulfill+ ?is        
mission4  ,illu/ration3 ,f #ahfj to     
#ahfe4 ,! era ( hoop-skirts4            
,illu/ration3 ,f #ahfj to #ahfe4 ,!     
hoop-skirt era4 ,! difficult feat ( ty+ 
on a bonnet4  ,! au?or ( ! above fairly 
repres5ts ! attitude ( conv5tional      
?\ght1--its s]vility to fa%ion1 its     
antagonism to re=mative moves4 ,! impli$
 falsehood t fa%ion repres5ts beauty &  
art1 or is ! s]vant ( ae/heticism has   
be5 reit]at$ s (t5 t ?\s&s h accept$ x z
 tru?4  ,illu/ration3 #ahgj to #ahge4 ,!
 era ( ! enorm\s bu/le & tra9 ( sweep+  
dim5sions4  ,illu/ration3 #ahgj to      
#ahge4 ,! era ( ! enorm\s bu/le & tra9 (
 sweep+ dim5sions4  ,9 ord] to expose   
its falsity1 ,i h reproduc$ 9 ?is pap]  
plates tak5 f lead+ ,am]ican & ,engli%  
fa%ion mon?lies dur+ ! pa/ ?ree decades1

 9 ea* ( :i* x is noticeable t extremes 
h be5 rea*$4 ,9 #ahfj-fe1 ! hoop-skirt  
held sway1 & ! wasp wai/ 0 typical (    
beauty4 ,!n no lady 0 correctly attir$  
accord+ to ! prevail+ idea :o did n     
pres5t a spectacle curi\sly sugge/ive ( 
a mov+ circus t5t4 ,dur+ ?is era f\r or 
five fa%ionably dress$ wom5 completely  
fill$ an ord9>y draw+-room2 :ile !      
sidewalk 0 (t5 practically monopoliz$ by
 mov+ mon/rosities1 save :5 9 front or  
beh9d ! =midable sw++ cages mov$        
escorts1 :o ) no less s]vility ?an      
,am]ican womanhood b[$ to ! frivol\s &  
crim9al caprice ( ! mod]n ,babylon4  ,b 
fa%ion is no?+ if n *angeable2 fancy n  
art guides h] m9d4 ,:at to-day types    
beauty1 is by h] own voice to-morr[ vot$
 indec5t & absurd4 ,?us we f9d 9 ! p]iod
 ext5d+ f #ahgj to #ahge an entirely new
 b none ! less ridicul\s or injuri\s    
extreme prevails4 ,! wond]ful sw++ cage1
 ! diamet] ( :i* at ! base (t5 equal$ ! 
height ( ! encas$ figure1 has disappe>$1
 be+ no long] consid]$ desirable or     

ae/hetic1 & 9 its place we h prodigi\s  
bu/les & imm5se tra9s1 by :i* an a/oni%+
 quantity ( mat]ial is ?r[n beh9d !     
body1 sugge/+ 9 "s in/ances a toboggan  
slide1 9 o!rs ! unseemly hump on ! back 
( a camel4 ,?is is ! era ( ! enorm\s    
bu/le & ! tra9 ( sweep+ dim5sions4#a    
#a ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! +5uity ( man came  
to woman's           rescue1 by !       
inv5tion ( an int]e/+1 &1 judg+ by      
its popul>ity1 exce$+ly s]viceable      
contrivance kn[n z           a dress    
elevator1 :i* enabl$ ladies to in/antly 
elevate           _! enorm\s tra9s :5 !y
 came to a p>ticul>ly muddy           & 
fil?y cross+4  ,:5 we exam9e ! prevail+ 
/yles :i* m>k$ ?is p]iod1 we are /ruck )
 amazem5t at ! p[] ex]t$ by fa%ion ov] !
 intellect & judgm5t ( society4 ,imag9e 
! %ame & humiliation ( a woman ( fa%ion1
 end[$ by nature or afflict$ by disease 
) su* an unsightly hump on ! back z     
*>act]iz$ ! fa%ionable toilet ( ?is     
p]iod6  ,illu/ration3 #ahgj to #ahge3   
,sugge/+ 9 "s in/ances a toboggan slide2

 9 o!rs1 ! unseemly hump on ! back ( a  
camel4  ,t[>d ! end ( ! sev5ties1 we f9d
 ano!r extreme rea*$1 :i* if possible 0 
m absurd & injuri\s ?an ^? :i* m>k$ !   
e>ly days ( ?is decade4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod (
 ! tie-back1 or n>r[ skirts & enorm\s   
tra9s4 ,z 9 #ahfj fa%ion's slaves vi$ ) 
"o ano!r 9 _! ef=t to cov] ! l>ge/      
possible circul> space1 n[ _! ambitions 
lay 9 ! direction ( ! opposite          
extreme3#b ! skirts mu/ be z n>r[ z     
possible ev5 ?\gh x greatly imp$$ walk+1
 = z w be readily obs]v$ all free use ( 
! l[] limbs 0 out ( ! "q dur+ ! reign ( 
! tie-back4        #b ,x 0 9 ! mid/ ( ! 
p]iod ( ! tie-backs t           ,h>p]'s 
,baz> publi%$ two /rik+ c>toons         
illu/rat+ ! poem giv5 bel[4 ,"o         
repres5t$ a poor           man's wife1  
,! slave ( toil1 & 0 pa!tically         
p[]ful 9 its fidelity to tru?2 ! o!r1   
drawn by !           p[]ful ,na/1       
repres5t$ a society lady ( ! day attir$ 
9 ! reign+ tie-back1 measur+ at ! hips a
 little           m ?an d\ble ! wid? a  

%ort di/ance bel[ ! knees4              
,?is slave 0 *a9$ to fa%ion's column4   
,,si/] ,,slaves4            ,y ?9k !re  
is little ( k9%ip betwe5 !m8            
,p]haps n 9 blood1 yet !re's lik5ess (  
s\l2           ,& 9 bondage 'tis pat5t  
to all :o h se5 !m             ,t bo?   
are fa/ held "u iron control4           
,! simp]+ girl1 ) h] airs & h] graces1  
,is si/] at he>t to ! h>d-work+ drudge2 
,two types ( to-day1 z !y /& 9 _!       
places2             ,^: lot is ! sadd]  
,i leave y to judge4            ,"o *a9$
 to ! block is ! victim ( ,fa%ion2      
,h] object 9 life to be p]fectly dress$2
           ,too silly = reason1 too     
%all[ = passion1             ,%e passes 
h] days 'nea? a tyrant's behe/4         
,?us p9ion$ & fett]$1 & w>ily mov+1     
,le/ loop+ %\ld fail h]1 or b& come     
ap>t3           ,:at room is !re left h]
 = ?9k+ or lov+8             ,:at noble 
ambition c ent] h] he>t8            ,&  
"o1 ! worn wife ( a grizzl$ old f>m]2   
,%e kneads ! great loaves = ! m5-folks  

to eat4           ,9 ! :eat-fields !    
gre5 blades are spr++ l armor2          
,af> 9 ! =e/s ! fl[]s are sweet4        
,%e lifts n h] eyes4 ,)9 kit*5 walls    
n>r[             ,h] life is p5t up4 ,! 
mo/ hopeless ( slaves1           ,?\gh  
we>y & jad$ 9 s9ew & m>r[1              
,%e nev] compla9s4 ,wom5 re/ 9 _!       
graves4            ,tw9 victims1 = :i* h
 we t5d]e/ pity--             ,= "m &   
wife toil+ on till %e dies1             
,or ! frivol\s butt]fly *ild ( ! city1  
,all bl9d to ! glory ( e>? & ( skies8   
,is x fate1 or ill =tune1 ha? wov5 ab\t 
y             ,/rong me%es :i* ye are   
too helpless to break8           ,%all  
we scornfully wond]1 or angrily fl\t y1 
,or /rive f _! torpor y\r m9ds to awake8
            ,yet1 ,v5us ( old1 ) y\r    
que5ly d]ision1             ,h[ y w\ld  
disda9 ! belle's tawdry array6          
,free foot/eps untrammell$1 cool h& (   
decision1             ,sweet laugh l    
bells peal+1 7 y\rs 9 ! day             
,:5 y reign$ ov] m5 by ! might ( y\r    

beauty2             ,no fett]s 7 o'er y 
9 body or bra92           ,! _w w\ld b[ 
d[n 9 ! gladness ( duty                 
,c\ld y b awake 9 y\r spl5dor aga94     
,&1 ,pallas & ,v5us1 if n[ y 7 hold+    
,a talk ov] womanhood1 :at w\ld y say1  
,! words ( wise c\nsel :ile y 7 unfold+1
             ,if "s "o %\ld %[ y ^!     
pictures to-day8           ,i dream (   
y\r faces3 div9e/ compassion            
,w\ld ye>n ! poor toil] to pity & save2 
,& y\r l>g5ess ( scorn w\ld desc5d on ! 
fa%ion             ,:i* b9ds1 unresi/+1 
! idl] a slave4  ,illu/ration3 #ahgh4 ,!
 p]iod ( ! tie-back1 n>r[ skirts1 &     
enorm\s tra9s4  ,! reaction 9 favor ( a 
m s5sible dress :i* foll[$ 0 ( brief    
duration4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! long   
tra9s 7 seldom se51 & ?\ghtful wom5     
began to hope t ! arbitr>y rule ( fa%ion
 0 ov]4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 be=e ! pani]
 p]iod arriv$1 & :at 0 popul>ly kn[n z !
 pull-back 0 accept$ z ! correct /yle 9 
fa%ion's _w4 ,( ?is latt] conceit little
 ne$ be said1 = x has s rec5tly pass$ f 

view t all rememb] its peculi>ity1 :i*  
to ! ord9>y obs]v] seem$ to be a settl$ 
det]m9ation on ! "p ( its orig9ators to 
r5d] walk+ z difficult & fatigu+ z      
possible1 :ile fully expos+ ! outl9e ( !
 we>]'s body bel[ ! wai/ at e /ep4 ,:at 
9 '#fj or '#gj w\ld h be5 acc\nt$ !     
height ( indec5cy1 is 9 ! eighties      
p]fectly prop] 9 ! fa%ionable _w4 ,dur+ 
?is "t x 0 n en\gh to h ! skirts v n>r[1
 !y mu/ at e /ep give ! outl9e ( ! limbs
 or z our ,m9nesota solon w\ld put x1   
ne!r limbs1 h5ce we f9d ! pull-backs 9  
:i* two %y knees appe>$ clad 9 a s+le   
tr\s]4  ,illu/ration3 ,! tie-backs (    
#ahgh & #ahgi4  ,illu/ration3 ,!        
pull-back ( #ahhf4  ,illu/ration3       
,fa%ionable walk+ co/ume e>ly 9 !       
sev5ties4 ,woman appreciat+ ! fact t x  
is h] mission to be beautiful4 ,see page
 #dje4  ,illu/ration3 ,fa%ionable walk+ 
co/ume 9 ! e>ly sixties4 ,woman         
appreciat+ ! fact t x is h] mission to  
be beautiful4 ,see page #dje4  ,su* h   
be5 ! inconsi/5cies1 incongruities1 &   

absurdities ( fa%ion z illu/rat$ 9 ! pa/
 ?ree decades1 9 view ( :i* "o may well 
ask :e!r 9 fa%ion's eyes wom5 are su*   
p>agons ( ugl9ess t ^! ev]-v>y+ /yles   
7introduc$1 we are s]i\sly in=m$1 to    
cons]ve to h] beauty17 are absolutely   
ess5tial1 & by :at rule ( art c we      
expla9 ! fact t ! pond]\s hoopskirt 0 ! 
ess5tial requirem5t ( beauty 9 ! sixties
 & ! enorm\s bu/les dem&$ 9 ! sev5ties4 
,! tru? is1 fa%ion is supremely         
indiff]5t alike to all laws ( art &     
beauty1 heal? & life1 dec5cy &          
propriety--a fact t mu/ be pat5t to any 
?\ghtful p]son :o exam9es ! prevail+    
/yles ( a g5]ation4 ,i submit t ! wilde/
 extremes to :i* well-mean+ b injudici\s
 dress re=m]s h gone 9 ! pa/ h be5 m>k$ 
by no?+ m in>ti/ic ?an ! co/ume ( !     
reign+ belle 9 #ahfj4 ,ea* successive   
decade has be5 m>k$ by an extreme :i*1  
survey$ f ! vantage gr\nd ( ! pres5t1 is
 z ridicul\sly absurd z x has be5 want+ 
9 beauty ,n[h]e h ! laws ( true art be5 
s sev]ely ignor$ z 9 ! realm ( fa%ion4  

,yet ?is view ( ! problem palls into    
insignificance :5 we come to exam9e ! "q
 f ! /&po9t ( heal? & life4  ,"o w\ld   
?9k t aft] ?\s&s ( ye>s ( sickness &    
dea?1 ) all ! advantages ( increas$     
education & a broad5+ intellectual      
horizon1 we w\ld h arriv$ at su* an     
appreciation ( ! value ( heal? & !      
solemn duty we owe to po/]ity1 z to     
compel ?is consid]ation to ent] into our
 ?\ghts :5 we adopt$ /yles ( dress2 yet 
n[h]e is ! weakness ( our pres5t        
civilization m m>k$ or its holl[ness s  
visible1 ev5 to ! sup]ficial ?9k]1 z 9 !
 realm ( fa%ion1 :]e e consid]ation (   
heal? & ev5 ( life1 & all s5se (        
responsibility to future g5]ations are  
bru%$ aside z trivialities n to be      
s]i\sly consid]$4 ,9 va9 h physicians & 
physiologi/s writt51 lectur$1 &         
demon/rat$ ! fatal results ( yield+ to  
fa%ion4 ,! le>n$ ,doctor ,trall 9 writ+ 
on ?is subject wisely obs]ves3       ,! 
evil effects ( tight-lac+1 or ( lac+ at 
all1 & (      b9d+ ! clo?+ ar\nd ! hips1

 in/ead ( susp5d+ x      f ! %\ld]s1 c  
nev] be fully realiz$ )\t a      ?or\gh 
education 9 anatomy & physiology4 ,& if 
!      illu/rations#c "h pres5t$ %\ld   
effect ! ne$$ re=m      9 fa%ionable    
dress1 ! result+ heal? & happ9ess to !  
human race w\ld be incalculable2 = !    
heal? ( ! mo!rs      ( ea* g5]ation     
det]m9es1 9 a v l>ge measure1 ! vital   
/am9a ( ! next4 ,x is obvi\s t1 if !    
diamet] ( !      *e/1 at its l[] &      
broad] "p1 is dim9i%$ by lac+1 or       
any o!r cause1 to ! ext5t ( "o f\r? or  
"o half1 !      lungs ,b1 ,b1 are press$
 9 t[>ds ! he>t1 ,a1 ! l[] ribs      are
 drawn toge!r & press on ! liv]1 ,c1 &  
sple51 ,e1      :ile ! abdom9al organs  
are press$ d[nw>d on ! pelvic           
visc]a4 ,! /oma*1 ,d1 is compress$ 9 its
 transv]se      diamet]2 bo? ! /oma*1   
upp] inte/9es1 & liv] are      press$   
d[nw>d on ! kidneys1 ,m1 ,m1 & on ! l[] 
portions      ( ! b[els ! inte/9al tube 
is d5ot$ by ! lett]s f1      j1 & k1    
:ile ! b[els are cr[d$ d[n on ! ut]us1  

i1      & bladd]1 g4 ,?us e vital organ 
is ei!r functionally      ob/ruct$ or   
me*anically disord]$1 & diseases m or   
less      aggravat$1 ! condition ( all4 
,9 po/-mortem exam9ations !      liv]   
has be5 f\nd deeply ind5t$ by ! con/ant 
&      prolong$ pressure ( ! ribs1 9    
consequ5ce ( tight-lac+4      ,!        
bra9-organ1 protect$ by a bony          
inclosure1 has n yet be5      di/ort$   
ext]nally by ! contrivances ( mill9]s & 
mantuamak]s2 b1 lac+ ! *e/1 by int]rupt+
 !      circulation ( ! blood1 prev5ts  
its free return f !      vessel ( !     
bra91 & s p]man5t conge/ion ( t organ1  
) con/ant liability to heada*e1 v]tigo1 
or worse      affections1 becomes a     
second nature4 ,! vital res\rces (      
e p]son1 & all available p[]s ( m9d &   
body1 are      measurable by !          
respiration4 ,precisely z ! brea?+ is   
less5$1 ! l5g? ( life is %ort5$2 n only 
?is1 b      life is r5d]$ correspond+ly 
useless & mis]able :ile x      does     
exi/4 ,x is impossible = any *ild1 ^: "m

 has      dim9i%$ h] brea?+ capacity by 
lac+1 to h a s\nd &      vigor\s        
organization4 ,if girls w p]si/ 9 ru9+  
_!      vital organs z !y gr[ up to     
womanhood1 & if wom5 w      cont9ue ?is 
de/ructive habit1 ! race mu/ inevitably 
det]iorate4 ,x may be ass]t$1 !re=e1 )\t
 exagg]ation1      t n only ! welf>e ( !
 future g5]ations1 b !      salvation ( 
! race dep5ds on ! correction ( ?is evil
      habit4 ,! pa?ological consequ5ces 
( cont9u$ & prolong$      pressure on   
any vital /ructure are innutrition1     
conge/ion1      inflammation1 &         
ulc]ation1 result+ 9 weakness1 wa/e (   
sub/ance1 & de/ruction ( tissue4 ,!     
normal s5sibility (      ! "p is also   
de/roy$4 ,no woman c ev] =get ! pa9 %e  
endur$ :5 %e fir/ appli$ ! corsets2 b 9 
"t !      compress$ organs become       
torpid2 ! muscles lose _!               
contractile p[]1 & %e feels dep5d5t on !
 me*anical      support ( ! corset4 ,b !
 mis*ief is n limit$ to local           
weakness & ins5sibility4 ,! g5]al /r5g? 

& g5]al      s5sibility correspond ) !  
brea?+ capacity4 ,if %e has      dim9i%$
 h] brea? ( life1 %e has j to t ext5t   
de/roy$ all normal s5sibility4 ,%e c    
nei!r feel nor ?9k      normally4 ,b 9  
place ( pleasurable s5sations & ennobl+ 
?\ghts1 are an indescribable array (    
a*es1 pa9s1 weaknesses1                 
irritations1 & nameless di/resses (     
body1 ) dreamy      vag>ies1 fitful     
impulses1 & morbid s5tim5talities ( m9d4
      ,& yet ano!r evil is to be m5tion$
 to r5d] ! catalogue      complete4 ,e  
p>ticle ( food mu/ be a]at$ 9 ! lungs   
be=e x c be assimilat$4 ,x foll[s1      
!re=e1 t no "o      c be well n\ri%$ :o 
has n a full1 free1 & unimp$$           
action ( ! lungs4 ,9 ! contract$ *e/1 ! 
ext]nal      measurem5t is r$uc$ "o     
half2 b z ! upp] portions ( !      lungs
 _c be fully inflat$ until ! l[]        
portions are fully      exp&$1 x foll[s 
t ! brea?+ capacity is dim9i%$      m   
?an "o half4 ,x is wond]ful h[ anyone c 
endure      exi/5ce1 or long survive1 9 

?is devitaliz$ condition2 yet1          
?\s&s d1 & ) c>eful nurs+1 manage to br+
 into !      _w sev]al sickly *ildr54 ,!
 sp9al di/ortion is "o (      ! ord9>y  
consequ5ces ( lac+4 ,no "o :o laces     
habitually      c h a /raight or /rong  
back4 ,! muscles be+ unbalanc$          
become flabby or contract$1 unable to   
support ! trunk ( !      body erect1 & a
 curvature1 usually a d\ble curvature1 (
 !      sp9e is ! consequ5ce4 ,& if     
any?+ 7 ne$$ to      aggravate ! sp9al  
curvature1 int5sify ! compression ( !   
int]nal visc]a1 & add to ! g5]al        
de=mity1 x is f\nd      9 ! mod]n       
contrivance ( /ilt$ gait]s4 ,^! are made
 )      heels s high & n>r[ t locomotion
 is awkw>d & pa9ful1      ! c5tre (     
gravity is %ift$ to p>ts unkn[n1 & !    
head      is ?r[n =w>ds & ! hips        
project$ backw>ds to ma9ta9             
p]p5dicul>ity4        #c ,i h reproduc$ 
! admirable cuts f\nd 9 ,dr4            
,trall's physiology1 z !y 7 ess5tial to 
!           und]/&+ ( ! text quot$1 &   

also because !y           convey m      
vividly ?an words ! injury necess>ily   
su/a9$ by ^? :o p]si/ 9 outrag+ nature &
           violat+ ! laws ( _! be+ by   
improp] dress4  ,illu/ration3 ,! int]nal
 visc]a4  ,illu/ration3 ,ant]ior view ( 
?orax 9 ! ,v5us ( ,m$icis4              
,illu/ration3 ,! same 9 a fa%ionable    
corset-we>+ lady ( to-day4  ,9 speak+ ( 
! de/ructiv5ess to heal? caus$ by       
woman's dress1 ,pr(4 ,osc> ,b4 ,moss1   
,m4 ,d41 decl>es3       ,al?\gh ! corset
 is ! *ief s\rce ( con/ra9t to !        
kidneys1 liv]1 /oma*1 pancreas1 & sple51
 =c+ !m      upw>d to encroa* ^u !      
diaphragm & compress+ ! lungs      &    
he>t1 its evils are rivall$ by ^?       
result+ f      susp5d+ ! skirts f ! wai/
 & hips1 by :i* means !      pelvic     
organs are =c$ d[nw>d & (t5 p]man5tly   
displac$4 ,n[1 add to ^! errors a belt  
drawn snugly ar\nd      ! wai/1 & we h  
be=e u a comb9ation ( ! mo/             
malignant elem5ts ( dress :i* x w\ld be 
possible to inv5t4       ,! wai/ belt   

en=ces ! evils :i* ! corset & skirts    
inaugurate4 ,e proposition ( anatomy &  
physiology be>+      ^u ?is subject     
appeals to reason4 ,did ! abdom9al      
organs      require = _! well-be+ less  
room ?an we f9d 9 !      economy (      
nature1 less room w\ld h be5 provid$4   
,nature      be/[s n grudg+ly1 nei!r    
does %e lavi% beyond !      requirem5ts 
( p]fect heal?4       ,! same laws :i*  
gov]n ! nutrition ( muscles1 apply also 
to ! vital organs4 ,pressure t imp$es   
circulation ( blood      ?r\gh !m mu/   
suppress _! functions proportionally4 ,)
      ! lungs1 he>t1 & dige/ive organs  
impair$ by ext]nal      devices1 :i* =ce
 !m into abnormal relations1 heal? is   
impossible4 ,e o!r "p ( ! body--nay1    
life      itself--dep5ds ^u ! p]fection 
( ^! organs4 ,! anci5ts      fitt+ly    
call$ !m ! tripod ( life4               
,consumption1 he>t disease1 dyspepsia1 &
 ! multi=m phases      ( ut]9e & ov>ian 
diseases are among ! natural &          
frequ5t consequ5ces ( compress+ !       

int]nal organs4 ,m5      c\ld n endure  
su* physical indignities z wom5 inflict 
^u      !mselves4 ,%\ld !y attempt to d 
s1 !y w\ld n long      hold ! pr\d      
position ( bread w9n]s1 :i* is n[ !irs  
by virtue ( _! m robu/ qualities4       
,illu/ration3 ,/reet co/ume4 ,spr+1     
#ahhd4  ,illu/ration3 ,/reet co/ume4    
,summ]1 #ahia4 7,comp>e wai/ ) ant]ior  
view ( ?orax ( corset-we>+ lady (       
to-day47 ,see page #dab4  ,x is         
difficult to imag9e a slav]y m s5seless1
 cruel1 or f>-rea*+ 9 its injuri\s      
consequ5ces ?an t impos$ by fa%ion on   
civiliz$ womanhood dur+ ! pa/ g5]ation4 
,h] heal? has be5 sacrific$1 & 9        
c\ntless in/ances h] life has paid !    
p5alty2 :ile po/]ity has be5 dw>f$1     
maim$1 & en]vat$1 & 9 body1 m9d1 & s\l  
de=m$ at its behe/s4 ,9 turn e "p ( h]  
body has be5 tortur$4 ,on h] head at    
fa%ion's caprice ! hair ( ! dead has be5
 pil$4 ,hats & bonnets1 wraps & g[ns    
lad5 ) heavy beads & jet h z s]i\sly    
impair$ h] heal? z !y h r5d]$ h]        

mis]able2 ! tight lac+ requir$ by ! wasp
 wai/s has produc$ g5]ations ( invalids 
& bequea!d to po/]ity suff]+ t w n vani%
 = _m decades4 ,by x1 z has be5 po9t$   
out by ! au?orities cit$1 e vital organ 
9 ! body has be5 s]i\sly affect$4 ,!    
he>t & lungs1 by nature protect$ by a   
cage ( bone1 h be5 abnormally cru%$ 9 a 
space s contract$ z to absolutely       
prohibit ! free action ^u :i* heal?     
dep5d$2 :ile ! d[nw>d pressure 0        
necess>ily equally injuri\s to h]       
delicate organism4 ,! tightly drawn     
corset has prov$ an unmitigat$ curse to 
! liv+ & a legacy ( mis]y & disease to  
po/]ity4 ,& ?is cruel de=m+ ( ! mo/     
beautiful ( ,god's creations 0 said to  
be beautiful simply because fa%ion will$
 x4 ,nor 0 ?is all2 enorm\s bu/les &    
skirts ( prodigi\s dim5sion h borne _!  
weight l>gely ^u t "p ( h] body :i*     
above all else %\ld be absolutely free f
 pressure4 ,by ?is means ! mo/ s5sitive 
organs h be5 ru?lessly subject$ to d[n  
press+ weights :i* = exquisite torture &

 = ! absolute c]ta9ty ( ! long tra9 (   
agony t mu/ result1 rival ! he>tless    
+5uity ( ! ,inquisition ( ! ,middle     
,ages4 ,beyond ?is g5]ation ( debilitat$
 & invalid$ mo!rs1 rises a c\ntless     
po/]ity robb$ ( its bir?right ( heal?   
:ile yet unborn4#d ,a possible g5ius    
de=m$ & dw>f$ by ! weight ( a fa%ionable
 dress2 a bra9 :i* might h be5 brilliant
 r5d]$ idiotic by ! con/ant pressure ( a
 corset1 & ! we>isome weight ( a /yli%  
dress press+ ab\t ! hips2 a *ild ^:     
natural capacity might h c>ri$ him to ! 
seat ( a ,web/] or into ! laboratory (  
an ,edison1 condemn$ to drag a weakly1  
diseas$1 or de=m$ body ?r\gh life1 ) m9d
 ev] *a9$ to ! fle%1 ?r\gh ! he>tless   
imposition :i* fa%ion impos$ on 8 "m6   
,:at ?\ght c be m appall+ to a          
consci5ti\s woman8 ,yet until a         
revolution is accompli%$ & a reign (    
reason & common s5se inaugurat$1 ?is    
crime aga9/ ! unborn w cont9ue4 ,b "s   
argue ! days ( ^! extremes are pa/4     
#d ,9 discuss+ ! solemn duty mo!rs owe  

to _!           (fspr+1 ,mrs4 ,annie    
,j5ness ,mill] s5sibly obs]ves3--       
,are wom5 ignorant ( ! mis*ief !y d to  
_!           (fspr+1 or are !y indiff]5t
 to consequ5ces8 ,has !           true  
mat]nal love become ext9ct1 9 ?is age ( 
advanc$           civilization1 t wom5  
ignore all ! laws ( nature :ile         
anticipat+ ! glory ( mo!rhood8 ,we "k n2
 yet we           (t5 see :at causes a  
?rill ( pity 9 our s\l = !              
future ( ! *ild yet unborn3 a "m lac$ )9
 /iff           bones & /eel1 :ile ! v  
in/9cts ( be+ cry out           aga9/ ! 
s9 ( x4 ,surely e *ild has a "r to be   
well born6 ,weal? may be a gr&          
inh]itance1 b heal? is           a bett]
 "o1 z any poor suff]+ creature w       
te/ify1           ^: mis]y ! mo/        
exp5sive doctors h be5 call$            
^u to alleviate )\t avail4 ,& h[ c a    
*ild be well           born unless its  
p>5ts obs]ve ! laws ( life be>+         
^u ! bir? & re>+ ( *ildr58 ,x is        
impossible4 ,if           a "m w s clo! 

h]self t ! vitality :i*                 
prop]ly belongs to h] baby becomes      
exhau/$ &           de/roy$1 ! *ild is  
robb$1 z a natural consequ5ce1          
& p]haps ! weak5$1 puny1 di/ort$1       
fretful little           creature1 :o is
 innoc5t ( ! cause ( its own            
suff]+s1 w live to become a curse to !  
_w in/ead           ( ! bless+ t x w\ld 
h be5 _h rational           conditions  
be5 obs]v$ be=e its bir?4               
99       99       99       99       99  
,tight corsets grudg+ly loos5$ a qu>t] (
 an in* at a           "t1 heavy skirts1
 & all ! evil conditions we are s       
famili> )1 are /ill reta9$ z ! mon?s    
pass1           br++ ev] ne>] :at %\ld  
be ! v happie/ h\r           ( woman's  
exi/5ce--t 9 :i* %e is to be intru/$    
) ! keep+1 tra9+1 & guidance ( a new    
human           s\l4 ,p]haps h] baby    
comes into ! _w dead or           de=m$1
 p]haps depriv$ ( c]ta9 ( its faculties2
 or           x may be t x possesses    
life & all ( its special           s5ses

 & organs 9 su* a dim9i%$ degree t !    
:ole           ( its future becomes a   
pa9 r ?an a joy1 :ile its               
mis]able1 puny /ructure rema9s a la/+   
reproa* to its           p>5ts z long z 
!y live4  ,illu/ration3 ,,vag>ies ,,(   
,,fa%ion4 ,,prevail+ ,,/yles ,,9 ,,walk+
 ,,co/umes ,,dur+ ,,! ,,pa/ ,,?irty     
,,ye>s4 7,f\r images = ! ye>s #ahfj1    
#ahgb1 #ahgh1 & #ahhf47  ,i answ] n pa/1
 b !y are assum+ o!r =ms4 ,s9ce #ahij   
dawn$1 ! evils 9 "s respects h be5      
aggravat$2 = x mu/ n be =gott5 t !      
daught]s ( ! pres5t decade h1 9 ord] to 
be fa%ionable1 compress$ beyond all     
heal?ful b\nds ! fle% ( _! arms1 ret>d+ 
circulation & invit+ pneumonia & o!r    
ills4 ,& 9 ord] to look /yli%1 ?\s&s (  
wom5 we> dress wai/s s tight t no free  
movem5t ( ! upp] body is possible2 inde$
 9 numb]s ( in/ances ladies are compell$
 to put _! bonnets on be=e attempt+ !   
pa9ful ordeal ( gett+ into _!           
glove-fitt+ dress wai/s4 ,_m "y wom5    
to-day1 yield+ to ! spell ( fa%ion1     

place ! corset next to _! fle%1 :ile a  
/ill great] numb] h m]ely ! ?9ne/       
possible und]%irt betwe5 ! fle% & !     
corset1 aft] :i* !y tightly draw ! dress
 wai/ until x meets4 ,?is seems         
incr$ible1 b x is v\*$ = by sev]al      
ladies ( my acqua9tance1 among :om are  
physicians ^: l>ge practice among _!    
si/]s gives !m peculi> facilities = kn[+
 ! absolute facts4 ,heal?1 po/]ity1 &   
all ! in/9cts ( ! high] self are        
ru?lessly sacrific$ to ! fickle folly ( 
fa%ion's crim9al caprice4 ,& we mu/ n   
=get t ev5 n[ ! sweep+ tra9 is com+ 9   
vogue & correctly attir$ ladies mu/     
cons5t to c>ry ! g]ms ( dea? )          
quantities ( fil? f ! /reets ( our      
metropolitan cities into _! homes (     
weal? & ref9em5t4 ,! corset & high-heel$
 %oes1 ! two mo/ deadly foes to mat]nity
 & po/]ity1 are also se5 at ! pres5t "t1
 on e h&4  ,if outrag$ nature c\ld %[ ! 
procession ( mo!rs sacrific$ on fa%ion's
 alt> dur+ ! pa/ g5]ation1 or unveil !  
suff]+ & de=mity be+ borne by po/]ity at

 ! pres5t "t1 ?r\gh ?is slav]y1 ! _w    
w\ld be ?rill$ ) an indescribable       
horror4 ,heal?1 com=t1 & human life h   
paid ! p5alty ( a crim9al s]vitude to ! 
mod]n jugg]naut1 be=e ^: c> millions (  
our wom5 are b[+ 9 abject s]vility1 kn[+
 full well t at ea* turn ( its :eel new 
pa9s or fre% diseases w be inflict$4 ,& 
:at p[] controls & gives life to ?is    
mi/ress ( mod]n civilization8 ,at ^:    
behe/ is ?is crime aga9/ reason1 life1 &
 po/]ity p]petrat$8 ,! cupidity ( !     
%rewd & unscrupul\s & ! caprice ( !     
%all[ & frivol\s4  ,illu/ration3        
,vag>ies ( ,fa%ion4 ,a belle 9 !        
eighties4  ,illu/ration3 ,vag>ies (     
,fa%ion4 ,a belle e>ly 9 ! sixties4  ,! 
moral aspect ( ?is subject is ev5 m     
grave ?an ! hygi5ic4 ,any?+ :i* injures 
! physical body1 :e!r x be lic5ti\sness1
 intemp]ance1 gluttony1 or vici\s modes 
( dress1 is necess>ily evil f an e?ical 
po9t ( view4 ,n simply because ! law (  
our be+ decrees t :atev] dra9s or       
de/roys ! physical vitality mu/ soon] or

 lat] sap ! vital =ces ( ! bra92 b also 
because any?+ is e?ically de/ructive :i*
 *a9s ! m9d to ! realm ( animality1 :51 
unfett]$1 x %\ld be unfold+ 9 spiritual 
/r5g? & glory4 ,?us x w be readily se5 t
 any article ( clo?+ :i* presses ^u !   
vitals ( ! body s z to cause displacem5t
 ( ! delicate organism1 or s cumb]some z
 to cause g5]al fatigue1 any?+1 z is !  
case ) high heels1 :i* ?r[s ! body out (
 its equilibrium1 or any article ( dress
 :i* makes ! m9d ev] consci\s ( ! body  
by virtue ( its uncom=tabl5ess1 is      
injuri\s f an e?ical po9t ( view4 ,?is  
fact :i* has be5 s g5]ally ov]look$ w   
become m app>5t1 if = ! sake (          
illu/ration we suppose = a mom5t t a    
plant is end[$ ) reason & s5sation1 &   
obey+ ! g5]al law ( its be+1 & !        
p]suasive & inspir+ influ5ce ( ! sun &  
ra91 is /ruggl+ to rise heav5w>d1 & give
 to ! radiant _w above its impe>l$      
weal?--its gorge\s bloom1 its m>vell\s  
fragrance & fruit2 b by virtue ( ! bonds
 ( a prison-h\se bel[1--a small pot or a

 rocky encasem5t1 its lifework is ?w>t$1
 its bloom1 p]fume1 & fruit1 if !y come 
at all1 are /unt$1 limit$1 & imp]fect4  
,= g5]ations woman's condition has be5 l
 t ( ! plant1 ! weal? ( h] nature has   
be5 dw>f$1 ! m>vell\s ri*ness ( h] life 
has be5 m>r$ by ! imprison$ conditions (
 h] body1 & inf9itely m sad & f>-rea*+ h
 be5 ! baleful consequ5ces ^u millions (
 h] (fspr+1 dw>f$1 weakly1 sickly1      
enfeebl$ 9 body & s\l4 ,a "m ^: ?\ghts h
 volunt>ily or involunt>ily be5 held 9 !
 atmosph]e ( ! physical nature1         
necess>ily imp>ts to h] *ild a legacy ( 
animality :i*1 l ! corpse ( a dead be+1 
cl+s to ! s\l ?r\gh\t its pilgrimage4   
,t]rible z h be5 fa%ion's ravages on    
woman's physical heal?1 ! curse :i* %e  
has ex]t$ :5 ! e?ical aspect ( ! case is
 ent]ta9$1 f> transc5ds x4  ,x is a     
curi\s fact t almo/ all ! opposition f  
wom5 to propos$ re=ms 9 woman's dress   
comes f two extremes 9 society4 ,^? :o d
 no indep5d5t ?9k+1 tak+ all _! ?\ghts &
 op9ions f ! express$ views ( ! m5 ) :om

 !y associate1 & ! pr(\ndly e>ne/ &     
?\ghtful1 b cons]vative wom5 ( society4 
,! opposition ( ! =m] class is m]ely !  
e*o ( husb&s1 bro!rs1 fa!rs1 & lov]s2 b 
! o!rs are mov$ by conviction1 & = ?is  
reason _! views are wor?y (             
consid]ation4 ,!y fe> t any radical     
*ange w ex]t an immoral influ5ce4 ,_!   
m9ds are sway$ by anci5t ?\ght :i*      
?r\gh\t all ages has ca/ its baleful    
%ad[ ov] ! bra9 ( ! _w4 ,!y are held "u 
! spell ( a cons]vatism :i* unque/ion+ly
 tol]ates e/abli%$ in/itutions & exi/+  
ord]s1 b has no confid5ce 9 aught t     
proposes to break ) ^!1 ev5 ?\gh ! new  
has reason & common s5se cle>ly on its  
side4 ,?us "t & aga9 fa%ions h be5      
tol]at$1 al?\gh kn[n to be morally      
en]vat+ & s+ul>ly repulsive to all ref9$
 s5sibilities2 :ile proposals f )\t =   
re=ms bas$ on ! laws ( heal? & beauty h 
call$ =? ! mo/ det]m9$ opposition f ?is 
consci5ti\s class1 m]ely because !      
propos$ innovations h n con=m$ to ideas 
ent]ta9$ by virtue ( prevail+ fa%ions1 &

 h be5 !re=e reg>d$ immoral4 ,& h]e9    
lies an important po9t to be consid]$4  
,any?+ :i* is radically unlike prevail+ 
/&>ds or /yles to :i* we h become       
accu/om$ w impress mo/ p]sons z be+     
immode/ or indec5t4 ,! unusual 9 dress  
is usually d5\nc$ z immoral because we  
are all prone to all[ our prejudice to  
obscure our reason & o'ersway our       
judgm5t4 ,?is po9t mu/ be recogniz$ be=e
 any real re=m c be accompli%$4 ,:5     
humanity has gr[n suffici5tly wise to   
reason broadly & view problems on _! own
 m]its1 aside f preconceiv$ op9ion or   
inh]it$ prejudice1 real in/ead ( false  
/&>ds ( morality w prevail1 & we %all   
cease to condemn any?+ z p]nici\s simply
 because x is unusual1 radically unlike 
t to :i* we h be5 accu/om$ or           
revolution>y 9 its t5d5cy4 ,let me make 
?is if possible m app>5t by an          
illu/ration1 because x be>s su* an      
important relation to ! ma9 issue4 ,if  
m5 _h = ages worn long fl[+ robes1      
completely envelop+ _! bodies1 b on a   

c]ta9 day ) "o accord ex*ang$ !m = a    
co/ume simil> to t n[ se5 ?r\gh\t !     
civiliz$ _w1 society w\ld exp]i5ce a    
di/9ct %ock2 immoral1 indec5t1 p]nici\s1
 & vulg> w\ld mildly express ! s5tim5t (
 conv5tional ?\ght1 until ! same society
 _h become accu/om$ to ! *ange4 ,to u at
 ! pres5t "t x is difficult to conceive 
h[ wom5 ( s5se & ref9em5t submitt$ to ! 
sw++-cage p>aph]nalia ( ! sixties1 or ! 
,grecian b5d ( a lat] date4 ,yet 9 ^?   
days ! sev]ely pla9 skirts ( ! pres5t   
w\ld h seem$ positively indec5t4 ,x has 
be5 necess>y to dwell on ?is ?\ght 9    
ord] to suffici5tly remove exi/+        
prejudice to enable a fair consid]ation 
( ! "q 9 its broad] aspects4 ,i h also  
introduc$ fair examples ( prevail+      
fa%ions dur+ ! pa/ g5]ation &           
reproductions ( ,greek1 ,%akespe>ian &  
o!r simple co/umes worn at ! pres5t "t  
by ! que5s ( ! /age1 to %[ by comp>ison 
h[ inf9itely m graceful1 beautiful1     
com=table1 heal?ful1 & by _! v elem5ts (
 com=t & heal?fulness1 e?ically sup]ior1

 are ^! co/umes to ^? :i* conv5tionalism
 sanction$ 9 ! sixties1 sev5ties1 &     
eighties4 ,is !re any?+ immode/1        
indec5t1 or sugge/ive ( impropriety 9   
,m>y ,&]son 9 ! graceful ,grecian co/ume
 ( ,p>!nia1 pres5t$ on ! prec$+ page8 ,(
 ! t5s ( ?\s&s ( p :o h witness$ !      
p]=mances ( ,madame ,modjeska1 ,miss    
,&]son1 ,julia ,m>l[e1 or ,m>g>et ,ma!r 
9 ! co/umes giv5 9 ?is pap]1 x is n     
probable t a p]ceptible numb] h se5     
aught improp] or ev5 injuri\sly         
sugge/ive1 not)/&+ !y are s radically   
unconv5tional4 ,surely no m9d accu/om$  
to ?9k broadly & view problems on all   
sides1 & unaccu/om$ to revel 9 ! sew] ( 
s5sualism w\ld see 9 ! attire ( ^!      
e/imable ladies aught b co/umes at once 
graceful1 ref9$1 & app>5tly inf9itely m 
com=table & heal?ful ?an ^? repres5t$ 9 
any ( ! fa%ion plates ,i h reproduc$1 & 
:i* millions ( wom5 ( good s5se h "u !  
/ress ( conv5tionalism be5 compell$ to  
we>4 ,let u comp>e ,miss ,&]son's       
,grecian co/ume ) ! dress ( a society   

belle 9 ! sev5ties1 :i* requir$ f tw5ty 
to ?irty y>ds ( mat]ial1 & :5 complet$ &
 fitt$ trans=m$ ! we>] into a mon/rosity
 ) an unsightly hump on ! back1 & a     
/reet clean] ( imm5se dim5sions trail+ =
 sev]al feet 9 h] re>4  ,illu/ration    
,illu/ration3 ,f copyright$ photo by    
,s>ony4 ,,m>y ,,&]son ,,z ,,p>!nia4  ,f 
arti/ic1 hygi5ic1 economical1 & e?ical  
po9ts ( view1 to say no?+ ( common s5se 
& com=t1 is n ! simple & beautiful      
co/ume ( ,p>!nia incomp>ably sup]ior to 
t :i* m>k$ ! second decade ( ! pa/      
g5]ation8 ,w\ld n woman to-day clo!d 9  
close-fitt+ g>m5ts ( silk or wooll5     
fabric1 ) an out] robe or loose dress   
fa%ion$ some?+ aft] ! ord] ( ! anci5t   
,grecian or ,roman patt]n1 be f> m      
beautiful ?an %e is z a slave to        
fa%ion's fickle fancy1 :ile !           
requirem5ts ( life1 heal?1 & com=t w\ld 
be fully met8 ,aga91 let u comp>e "o ( !
 plates ( ! sixties ) its wond]ful      
expanse ( skirt to ! simple1 graceful   
attire ( ,miss ,m>l[e z ,viola 9 !      

,twelf? ,night1 & lay+ aside all        
preconceiv$ op9ions 7) ! influ5ce :i* we
 h se5 ! unusual plays 9 fa%ion+ our    
ideas ( propriety17 does n our reason & 
common s5se su/a9 ! view t ! latt] is f>
 m ref9$1 simple1 & less vulg>ly        
o/5tati\s ?an ! inflat$ g>m5t ( ! e>ly  
sixties8 ,or if we comp>e ! pictures (  
,modjeska & ,miss ,m>l[e 9 ,%akespe>ian 
roles1 or t ( ! =m] 9 ! neat & graceful 
ga!r$ g[n1 & ,miss ,ma!r 9 ! simple     
peasant dress1 are !y n "o & all f> m   
*a/e1 arti/ic1 s5sible1 & heal?ful ?an !
 hoop-skirt1 bu/le1 & tra91 or !        
tie-back8 ,d n1 h[ev]1 und]/& t ,i      
advocate ! introduction ( any ( ^!      
co/umes4 ,x is = woman & woman alone to 
decide :at %e w we>1 & 9 ?is pap] ,i am 
m]ely seek+ to second ! spl5did "w t has
 by h] be5 inaugurat$1 & by speak+ z "o 
( ! y\ng] m5 ( ?is decade1 to voice :at 
,i believe ,am]ican womanhood w f9d to  
be ! s5tim5t ( ! ris+ g5]ation1 :5ev] %e
 makes a conc]t$ ef=t to emancipate     
h]self f ! slav]y ( ,p>isian fa%ions4   

,!re are _m evid5ces t ! h\r is ripe = a
 s5sible revolt1 & t if ! movem5t is    
guid$ by wise & judici\s m9ds x w be a  
success4 ,two ?+s seem to me to be (    
p>am\nt importance4  ,illu/ration3 ,f   
copyright$ photo by ,falk1 ,n4 ,y4      
,,julia ,,m>l[e4  ,illu/ration3 ,,hel5a 
,,modjeska4  ,illu/ration3 ,,m>g>et     
,,ma!r4  ,illu/ration3 ,,hel5a          
,,modjeska4  7#a47 ,! commission ( wom5 
act+ = ! ,c\ncil %\ld decide def9itely  
^u ! nature & ext5t ( *anges desir$4 ,! 
ideal co/ume %\ld be cle>ly def9$ & ev] 
pres5t 9 _! m9d4 ,b x w\ld be exce$+ly  
unwise to attempt any radical *ange at  
once4 ,?is has be5 m ?an any?+ ! secret 
( ! p>tial or total failures ( !        
movem5ts ( ?is "* 9 ! pa/4 ,! *anges    
%\ld be gradually made4 ,e spr+ & autumn
 let an advance /ep be tak51 & 9 ord] to
 d ?is an ,am]ican fa%ion commission or 
bureau %\ld be e/abli%$1 "u ! auspices (
 ! dress re=m committee ( ! ,wom5's     
,c\ncil1 :i* at /at$ int]vals %\ld issue
 bullet9s & illu/rat$ fa%ion plates4 ,if

 ! ideal is kept con/antly 9 view1 & e  
season slight *anges are made t[>d !    
desir$ g>m5t1 ! victory w1 ,i believe1  
be a comp>atively easy "o1 = ! spl5did  
common s5se ( ! ,am]ican wom5 & m5 w    
cordially second ! movem5t4 ,conc]t$    
action1 a cle>ly def9$ ideal t[>d :i* to
 move1 & gradual *anges--^! are po9ts   
:i* x seems to me are vitally important4
 ,"o reason :y ! mo/ ridicul\s &        
in>ti/ic extremes 9 fa%ion h be5 g5]ally
 adopt$ is f\nd 9 ?is policy ( gradual  
introduction1 a fact :i* mu/ impress    
anyone :o c>efully exam9es ! fa%ions ( !
 pa/4 ,fir/ !re has be5 a slight        
alt]ation1 %ortly becom+ m pron\nc$1 & )
 ea* season x has gr[n m m>k$1 al?\gh   
p]haps n = f\r or six ye>s has ! extreme
 be5 rea*$4 ,at e /ep !re h be5         
compla9ts f v>i\s qu>t]s1 b /eadily &   
p]si/5tly has ! fa%ion be5 pu%$ until x 
rea*$ its climax1 aft] :i* we h _h its  
gradual decl9e4 ,?is 0 ! hi/ory ( ! hoop
 skirt & ! ,grecian b5d1 & has be5 t (  
mo/ ( ! extremes :i* h m>k$ ! pa/1 & we 

c readily believe t 9 no o!r way c\ld   
womanhood h be5 insn>$ by su* supreme & 
crim9al folly z has *>act]iz$ fa%ion's  
caprices 9 unnumb]$ in/ances4           
,illu/ration3 ,f copyright$ photo by    
,falk1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,miss ,,m>l[e ,,z       
,,viola4  7#b47 ,ano!r v ess5tial po9t  
is ! prop] education ( ! girls ( to-day1
 = to !m w fall1 9 its ri*e/ fruition1 !
 bless+s ( ?is spl5did re=m if x be     
prop]ly c>ri$ on1 & if !y be ev]y:]e    
in/ruct$ to set heal? above fa%ion1 &   
seek ! beauty ( ,v5us de ,m$ici r ?an ! 
pseudo beauty ( ! wret*$1 de=m$ invalid1
 :o at ! dictates ( ! mod]n ,babylon has
 trampl$ reason & common s5se1 heal? &  
com=t1 ! happ9ess ( self & ! enjoym5t ( 
h] po/]ity "u foot4 ,tea* ! girls to be 
,am]ican2 to be indep5d5t2 to scorn to  
copy fa%ion1 mann]s1 or habits t come f 
decay+ civilizations1 & :i* outrage all 
s5tim5t ( ref9em5t1 laws ( life1 or     
pr9ciples ( common s5se4 ,! ,am]ican    
girl is naturally indep5d5t & well end[$
 ) reason & common s5se4 ,once %[n !    

wisdom & importance ( ?is ,am]ican      
movem5t1 & %e w n be sl[ to cordially   
embrace x4 ,9 _m respects ! h\r is mo/  
propiti\s1 ow+ to a comb9ation ( causes 
nev] be=e pres5t1 among :i* may be      
m5tion$ ! gr[+ indep5d5ce ( ,am]ican    
womanhood2 ! enl>g$ vision t has come to
 h] ?r\gh ! wond]fully div]se           
occupations & pr(essions :i* %e has     
rec5tly embrac$2 ! gr[+ consci\sness (  
h] ability to succe$ 9 almo/ e vocation 
( life4 ,! latitude enjoy$ by h] 9      
matt]s ( dress 9 ! m\nta9s & sea%ore    
resorts2 ! gr[? ( wom5's gymnasiums2 !  
emphasis giv5 to hygi5ic in/ruction 9   
s*ools1 & ! rec5t quiet introduction ( a
 p]fectly com=table app>el = morn+ we>1 
:i*1 /range to say1 has orig9at$ :]e "o 
w\ld lea/ expect1 among ! mo/ fa%ionable
 belles ( ! ,empire city4#e ,?is        
significant innovation :i* is report$ by
 ! daily press1 z becom+ q popul> among 
! "y ladies ( ! weal?y di/ricts ( ,new  
,york1 consi/s ( a com=table bl\se worn 
ov] knick]bock] tr\s]s4 ,clad 9 ?is     

com=table attire1 ! belles come to      
breakfa/1 nor d !y subsequ5tly *ange _! 
dress dur+ ! morn+ if !y int5d rema9+   
indoors4 ,if a s$ate or fa/idi\s call]  
is ann\nc$1 a beautiful tea-g[n1 :i* is 
at h&1 is slipp$ into1 & ! "y lady is   
appropriately clad to suit ev5          
conv5tional requirem5ts4 ,! bicycle &   
lawn t5nis co/umes n[ becom+ s popul>   
also ex]cise a subtile b m>k$ influ5ce 9
 favor ( rational dress re=m1 n only    
giv+ "y ladies ! wond]ful com=t &       
heal?-giv+ fre$om :i* = ages h be5 d5i$ 
h] sex1 b also by accu/om+ !m to ^!     
radically unconv5tional co/umes4#f      
#e ,9 speak+ ( ?is practical dress re=m 
on ! "p           ( ! belles ( ,new     
,york1 ! ,bo/on ,daily ,globe rec5tly   
obs]v$ editorially3 ,! great "q n[      
agitat+ !           fa%ionable wom5 (   
,fif? ,av5ue is3 ,d y we>               
knick]bock]s8            ,/ripp$ ( all  
apologetic circumlocution1 knick]bock]s 
are simply loose1 easy tr\s]s1 above :i*
 is worn a           becom+ bl\se wai/1 

& ?us attir$1 ! belles ( ,new           
,york come d[n to breakfa/4 ,nor are !  
tr\s]s           subsequ5tly remov$ :ile
 ! ladies are ab\t ! h\se1              
unless "s cons]vative call] is ann\nc$1 
:5 a /yli%           tea-g[n c be jump$ 
into 9 a second1 & ! lady is 9          
faultless female co/ume4            ,t  
wom5 %\ld be h&icapp$ 9 _! locomotion 9 
_! own homes is simply a relic ( ori5tal
 slav]y &           prud]y1 & ! revolt  
aga9/ x is s5sible &           :olesome4
 ,t !y h come to /ay is evid5t1 :ile    
improv$ co/umes = %op girls1 & o!r wom5 
engag$ 9           bus9ess e day 9 !    
ye>1 are c]ta9 to foll[ 9 !             
ord] ( progress4--,bo/on ,globe4        
,x might be well also = ! c\ncil to     
recomm5d !           =mation ( societies
 9 ea* community :]e social or          
society ga!r+s ( ^? int]e/$ might be    
held at           /at$ int]vals1 at :i* 
all memb]s w\ld appe> 9                 
dresses made ) special reg>d to heal?1  
com=t1 &           beauty1 & 9 :i* all  

g>m5ts w\ld con=m to !           g5]al  
ideal recomm5d$ by ! c\ncil4        #f  
,z ! pap] is be+ set up my att5tion has 
be5 attract$           to a rem>kably   
s5sible sign$ editorial 9 ! ,bo/on      
,sunday ,globe1 ( ,july #bf1 by !       
brilliant writ] &           s5sible     
?9k]1 ,adelaide ,a4 ,claft91 f :i* ,i   
extract           ! foll[+3             
,bi%op ,coxe's fulm9ation aga9/ ! rid+ (
 bicycles by           wom5 has attract$
 consid]able att5tion1 b to !           
/ud5t ( social movem5ts x is n /range t 
,bi%op           ,coxe %\ld object4 ,!  
real oddity is t sc>cely anybody        
else1 app>5tly1 has object$4            
,t "y girls f ! be/ families %\ld )9 a  
%ort "t h betak5 !mselves to :irl+ ?r\gh
 !           public ?or\ghf>es1 l s _m  
boys1 is c]ta9ly a new                  
dep>ture f all old fa%ion$ canons (     
fem99e decorum1           at lea/ z     
/>tl+ z _m t h br\ght d[n all           
sorts ( ?und]bolts f pulpit & press4 ,_h
 x be5 a           pr]equisite t an     

am5dm5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates              
,con/itution1 or ev5 a /atute ( a ,/ate 
,legislature           %\ld be obta9$1 !
 girls w\ld d\btless h _h to            
wait _m a we>y ye>4            ,x is n  
long s9ce ano!r *ur* dignit>y1 ,dr4     
,morgan           ,dix1 object$ to !    
entrance ( girls into univ]sities1      
because x 0 n prop] = "y wom5 to be     
expos$ to           ! gaze ( "y m51 _m (
 :om 7 less b5t ^u           le>n+ ?an  
^u amusem5t4            ,h[ev] little %e
 may realize x1 e girl :o rides h]      
/eel horse is a vivid illu/ration ( "o (
 ! greate/           waves ( progress ( 
?is c5tury1 ! advancem5t ( wom5         
9 fre$om & opportunity4            ,a   
wise physician once said t ! op9ion t a 
good           woman %\ld /ay closely at
 home _h kill$ m wom5 ?an           any 
o!r "o cause4 ,9 ! days ( our gr&mo!rs !
           sugge/ion ( regul> gymna/ic  
tra9+ or a?letics =           girls w\ld
 h be5 receiv$ ) horror4 ,x 0 h>dly     
prop] = a woman to h any k ( !          

con/ruction           ( h] physical     
sy/em4            ,x is a curi\s        
hi/orical fact t ! fir/ wom5            
lectur]s ^u physiology 7 wom5's rights  
wom51 &           view$ by ! majority ( 
p z dang]\s to female           mode/y1 
:ile ! ,ladies' ,physiological ,in/itute
 9 ,bo/on           0 at fir/ mu*       
disapprov$ ( by ! cl]gy4 ,s long1       
too1 z old-fa%ion$ /ays 7lac$ up        
sometimes by ! aid           ( equally  
old-fa%ion$ b$-po/s7 rema9$ 9 vogue1    
nei!r physiology nor a?letics /ood mu*  
*ance )           wom54            ,b ! 
(t5 d]id$ dress re=m] has _h h] way1 to 
a           great ext5t4 ,ba?+ dresses1 
gymna/ic & t5nis suits           :i*    
w\ld h fright5$ an eighte5? c5tury dame 
into           "o ( h] favorite fa9t+   
fits4            ,mean:ile ! girls h    
m\nt$ _! bicycles4 ,bless y1            
my *ildr52 :at endless vi/as ( good     
times are be=e           y6 ,:at glori\s
 l&scape views & ocean moonrises1 :at   
fre$om1 :at fre%1 airy delight 9 "y life

 &           /r5g?6            ,already 
"o "y doctor has dep>t$ ) 8 bride on a  
w$d+ t\r to ,texas1 ea* ^u a bicycle4   
,o!r /range           affairs w no d\bt 
take place4 ,by & by ! bi%ops w         
see no m irrev]5ce 9 bidd+ ,godspe$ to  
girls           />t+ on a j\rney to     
,cali=nia ^u bicycles ?an to            
girls dep>t+ to ,europe on a /eam%ip4   
,ano!r enc\rag+ sign ( ! times is !     
increas+ dem& on ! great & fa%ionable   
h\se ( ,lib]ty  ,co41 ( ,london1 = !    
,greek & o!r simple co/umes by          
fa%ionable ladies1 :o are us+ !m l>gely 
= home we>4 ,i h reproduc$ two rec5t    
/yles ( dresses made by ,lib]ty4 ,all   
fabrics us$ are ri*1 s(t1 & elegant1 & !
 effect is said to be gratify+ to lov]s 
( art1 z well z f> m heal?ful &         
com=table ?an ! conv5tional dress4 ,!   
mo/ important fact1 h[ev]1 is ! effect  
or influ5ce :i* is sure to foll[ ?is    
break+ away f ! rul+ fa%ions 9 weal?y   
circles4 ,:5 conv5tionalism 9 dress is  
fully discr$it$1 practical re=m is c]ta9

 to foll[4 ,! knell ( ! "o means !      
triumph ( ! o!r4  ,illu/ration3 ,"s (   
,lib]ty's rec5t dresses4 ,! ,grecian    
,co/ume4  ,illu/ration3 ,"s ( ,lib]ty's 
rec5t dresses4 ,! ,juliet4  ,believ+ z  
,i d t ! cycle ( woman has dawn$1 & t   
?r\gh h] humanity w rea* a high] & nobl]
 civilization ?an ! _w has yet kn[n1 ,i 
feel ! mo/ pr(\nd int]e/ 9 all t affects
 h] heal?1 com=t1 & happ9ess2 = z ,i h  
be=e obs]v$1 h] exaltation means !      
elevation ( ! race4 ,a broad] lib]ty & m
 lib]al me$ ( ju/ice = h] mean a high]  
civilization1 & ! solution ( weighty &  
fundam5tal problems :i* w nev] be       
equitably adju/$ until we h br\ght into 
political & social life m ( ! spl5did _s
 ( altruism1 :i* is "o ( h] mo/         
conspicu\s *>act]i/ics4 ,i believe t    
morality1 education1 practical re=m1 &  
endur+ progress wait ^u h] complete     
emancipation f ! bondage ( fa%ion1      
prejudice1 sup]/ition1 & cons]vatism4   
,,un-,,am]ican ,,t5d5cies4  ,,by ,,rev4 
,,c>los ,,m>tyn1 ,d4 ,d4   ,! mon>*ial  

conception is t a few are born boot$ &  
spurr$ to ride1 & t ! _m are born saddl$
 & bridl$ to be ridd54 ,! republican    
!ory is t ,ev]ybody is clev]] ?an       
anybody1 to quote ! epigram attribut$ to
 ,talleyr&2 & t gov]nm5t1 9 ,l9coln's   
phrase1 %\ld be ( ! p1 by ! p1 & = ! p4 
,! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! only nation 9     
hi/ory :i* has d>$ to base itself ^u an 
absolute tru/ 9 ! p4  ,!re h be5        
republics 7s-call$7 ad inf9itum & ad    
nauseam4 ,greece1 cries "o ( ! =emo/ (  
our orators1 _h h] republics1 b !y 7 !  
republics ( "o freeman & t5 slaves2 & ! 
battle ( ,m>a?on 0 f\ght by slaves      
un*a9$ f ! doorpo/s ( _! ma/]'s h\ses4  
,italy _h h] republics2 !y 7 ! republics
 ( weal? & skill & family1 limit$ &     
ari/ocratic4 ,holl& _h h] republic1 !   
republic ( guilds & l&hold]s1 tru/+ !   
helm ( /ate to prop]ty & education4 ,!  
,swiss republics 7 gr\ps ( c\s9s4 ,& all
 ^! :i*1 at _! be/1 held b a million or 
two )9 _! n>r[ limits1 h gone d[n 9 !   
ocean ( "t4  ,! ,spani%-,am]ican        

,republics are nondescripts4 ,!y owe _! 
exi/5ce to pronunciami5tos4 ,!y are !   
puppets ( successful soldi]s1 & are     
adm9i/]$ by g5]als :o foll[ "o ano!r l !
 gho/s t walk$ 9 ! vision ( ,ri*>d      
,?ird1 & d n hold (fice long en\gh to be
 photograph$4 ,!y are bas$ on mongrel   
races1 /eep$ 9 ignorance1 cramp$ by     
sup]/ition1 & physically rott5 be=e !y  
get ripe4  ,our fa!rs built a           
commonweal? on ! f\ndation ( manhood4   
,!y recogniz$ no o!r qualification1 save
 = a p]iod ( inconsi/5cy1 color2 :i*1   
happily1 is n[ wip$ out ( ! fundam5tal  
law1 ?\gh n entirely out ( popul>       
prejudice4  ,! fai? 9 ! p :i* ,jeff]son1
 ,sam ,adams1 & ! m5 ( '#gf *]i%$ z !   
di/9ctive t5et ( _! political cre$1 has 
be5 ju/ifi$ by results4 ,_! gigantic    
creation laun*es into ! second decade ( 
its second c5tury1 belt$ ) p[]1 aggr&iz$
 ) ,el ,dorados1 ! amazem5t ( ! _w1 !   
,arabian ,nights translat$ into e-day   
reality4  ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 9 ! face 
( ?is unprec$5t$ record ( prosp]ity1    

c]ta9 un-republican t5d5cies beg9 to    
exhibit !mselves among u4 ,^! may well  
give ?\ghtful patriots />tl$ conc]n4    
,half a c5tury ago1 be=e "t _h be5      
annihilat$ by ! telegraph1 & di/ance    
aboli%$ by /eam1 nations 7 comp>atively 
isolat$2 & ! ,am]ican mo/ ( all4 ,europe
 0 ?ree ?\s& miles away4 ,n[-a-days1 !  
old _w is next-door neighbor to ! new4  
,sa9t ,john's apocalyptic vision is     
realiz$2 !re is no m sea4 ,x is bridg$  
by /eam]s1 & fla%$ out ( exi/5ce by !   
electric cable4 ,:at is ! consequ5ce8 ,!
 consequ5ce is t :ile ,europe borr[s _m 
( our ideas1 ,am]ica borr[s m ( h]s4 ,) 
! increase ( travel1 ! gr[? ( weal?1 !  
enl>gem5t ( our leisurely class1 !re is 
an ap+ ( ,engli% & ,g]man habits ( ?\ght
 & modes ( life :i* are utt]ly repugnant
 to republican in/itutions4 ,:ile       
,europe %\ld seem to be almo/ ready to  
disc>d baby-h\se di/9ctions & !         
embroid]$ rags ( ari/ocracy1 ,am]ica1   
/range to say1 appe>s will+ to put on & 
we> ! disreputable f9]y4 ,we are becom+ 

disagreeably famili> ) :at ,mr4         
,glad/one *>act]izes 9 an inspir$       
phrase1 z ! classes 9 contra/ ) !       
masses4  ,?is int]*ange ( national      
cu/oms comes inevitably f ! facilitat$  
int]c\rse ( our day1 f ! intimacy       
begott5 by int]-m>riage1 by comm]ce1 by 
travel4 ,b x is sad if we are to borr[ m
 ?an we l5d1 & if ! balance ( trade is  
to be p]petually aga9/ u4 ,we mu/ f9d or
 inv5t a rem$y if republicanism is to   
survive4 ,! widespread al>m felt among  
our humbl] citiz5s %[s h[ real ! dang]  
is4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! gr[+ di/ru/ (   
univ]sal suffrage manife/$ by our       
cultivat$ classes4 ,c]ta9 j\rnals1 !    
organs ( weal? & monopoly2 social-sci5ce
 conv5tions1 compos$ ( p]t speciali/s   
poison$ by ca/e feel+2 ev5 pulpits1 :i* 
%\ld be ! gu>dians & expon5ts (         
democracy1--cauti\sly1 t5tatively1 b z  
positively z !y d>e1 discuss ! propriety
 ( re/ra9+ ! ballot1 & sigh = a prop]ty 
or an educational qualification4  ,n[1  
if !re be "o feature ( ,am]ican         

republicanism :i* is supremely          
*>act]i/ic1 x is univ]sal suffrage4 ,?is
 int]p5etrates our political sy/em z    
ve9s run ?r\gh a block ( m>ble4 ,!      
patriots & sages :o fram$ our           
,con/itution gr\t$ x ) ?is pr9ciple4 ,!y
 believ$ & decl>$ t x 0 safe to tru/ m5 
) self-gov]nm5t4 ,!y recogniz$1 ( c\rse1
 ! fact t 9 e community !re w\ld be an  
elem5t ( ignorance & ineffici5cy4 ,b by 
putt+ ! ballot 9 e h& !y delib]ately    
took bonds ( weal? & culture to enlight5
 ?is ignorance & tra9 ?is ineffici5cy4  
,!y enli/$ ! self-int]e/ ( !            
,commonweal? on ! side ( popul>         
education4 ,!y said1 practically1 to !  
well-to-d & to ^? :o _h int]e/s at /ake3
 ,see to x1 if y w\ld save y\r          
possessions1 t y %>e !m ) ! poore/ & !  
l[e/1 at lea/ to ! ext5t ( lift+ !m to !
 level ( self-control & self-respect4 ,9
 fact1 ?is is ! mean+ ( our free s*ools1
 ( trial by jury1 & ( ! ballot-box4     
,tocqueville1 ^: insight into republican
 in/itutions 0 m>vell\s1 di/9ctly traces

 our prosp]ity1 9 8 survey ( ,am]ican   
democracy1 to univ]sal suffrage1 ) all t
 x necessitates4 ,s on ! o!r side ( !   
wat]1 :51 9 #ahfg1 ,p>liam5t d\bl$ !    
,engli% fran*ise1 ,rob]t ,l[e leap$ to 8
 feet & cri$1 amid ! *e]s ( ! ,h\se (   
,commons3 ,n[ ! fir/ int]e/ & duty ( e  
,engli%man is to educate ! masses4      
,previ\sly1 if ! ,c\rt ( ,/4 ,james     
/oop$ to put intellig5ce on "o side &   
morality on ! o!r side ( ! cradle rock$ 
by pov]ty & vice1 x 0 pity t dictat$ !  
graci\s act4 ,n[ x is self-pres]vation4 
,:o does n "k h[ mu* /rong] self-int]e/ 
is ?an pity z a motive8 ,:o _c see !    
f>-sight$ wisdom ( our fa!rs 9 ?us      
+raft+ ?is p[]ful motive ^u ! fundam5tal
 law8  ,moreov]1 univ]sal suffrage is   
educational 9 itself4 ,responsibility   
educates4 ,no?+ else does4 ,by ?r[+ !   
responsibility ^u ! p !y are necess>ily 
lift$1 sob]$1 broad5$4 ,our wom5 d n    
vote4 ,:at is ! result8 ,n "o woman 9 a 
?\s& has any int]e/ 91 & n "o 9 two ?\s&
 has any acqua9tance )1 political       

affairs4 ,_! ignorance w\ld be laughable
 7 x n sad4 ,e fa!r1 husb&1 bro!r1 c    
te/ify to ! imp5etrable ignorance ( 8   
fem99e belong+s conc]n+ matt]s ( public 
mom5t4 ,x =ms ! topic ( univ]sal comm5t 
9 male circles4 ,x is n because wom5 are
 naturally incapable4 ,x is because hav+
 no responsibility !y naturally h no    
int]e/4 ,:y %\ld a woman in=m h]self (  
:at does n conc]n h]8 ,occasionally1 "s 
woman1 exceptionally plac$1 or born ) a 
g5ius = politics1 /udies & ma/]s        
/ate-craft4 ,b exceptions d n           
invalidate1 !y prove rules4 ,wom51 l m51
 _c be expect$ to take any intellig5t   
int]e/ 9 affairs t lie outside ( _!     
life4  ,our m51 on ! contr>y1 are       
politicians d[n to ! infant 9 ! cradle4 
,a boy baby cries1 ,mr4 ,*airman6 z soon
 z he c talk1 & calls ! next crib to    
ord]4 ,m5 "k t ! matur+ ( politics1 !   
selection ( adm9i/rations1 ! di/ribution
 ( (fices1 ! adju/m5t ( taxes1 are _!   
function4 ,?is k :ets ! edge ( int]e/4  
,! significant fact is t x is n ! p :o  

are indiff]5t to politics4 ,?is         
indiff]5ce is f\nd among m]*ants :o are 
too busy mak+ money to att5d to ! public
 weal2 among s*ol>s buri$ alive 9 _!    
books1 ) no int]e/ 9 any "q t is n mu/y2
 among m5 ( leisure1 ap+ old _w         
ari/ocracy1 & out ( t\* ) democracy2    
among ^? :o say t all m5 are equal & are
 afraid !y w be1--nev] among ! p4  ,!   
pla9] m5 are ! great] is _! political   
int]e/4 ,our naturaliz$ citiz5s1 %ut out
 9 _! native l& f all p>ticipation 9    
gov]nm5t1 & h5ce appreciat+ citiz5%ip   
"h1 are among ! mo/ al]t4 ,^! are !y :o 
cr[d ! halls dur+ ! recurr+ canvasses1 &
 :o are always e>ly at ! polls4 ,& is x 
possible to ov]rate ! in/ruction !y get 
at meet+s :]e !y he> great que/ions     
discuss$ by ma/] m9ds1 :5 issues are    
torn op5 & riddl$ ) light8 ,?us univ]sal
 suffrage is itself a normal s*ool1 !   
p's college4  ,x is (t5 said t1 judg$ by
 its p[] to gov]n great cities1 univ]sal
 suffrage is a failure4 ,?is is true4 ,!
 failure1 h[ev]1 is due to local causes4

 ,x does n come f ! inh]5t incapacity ( 
! masses1 b is ! spawn ( accid5tal &    
removable evils4 ,*ief among ^! is !    
corn] grog-%op4 ,?is is ! blaz+ ligh?\se
 ( hell4 ,"h x is t morals & mann]s are 
debau*$4 ,x is ov] ?is c\nt] t :at an   
old poet calls liquid damnation is dealt
 out4 ,if ! quid-nuncs1 in/ead ( rail+  
at univ]sal suffrage1 w\ld comb9e to    
help %ut t door1 republicanism w\ld     
spe$ily lose its reproa*4 ,! con/itu5cy 
( ! grog sell] is ! ready made tool ( ! 
demagogue4 ,a true democracy c only exi/
 on ! basis ( sobriety4 ,a drunk5 p _c  
be tru/$ ) ! de>e/ rights & mo/ vital   
possessions ( freem54 ,bett] ! m]ciless 
tyranny ( ! ,cz>1 or ! milit>y despotism
 ( ! ,kais]1 f> bett] ! class rule (    
,engl&1 ?an ! /agg]+1 hicc\gh+1 b$evill$
 gov]nm5t ( ! grogg]y6  ,aside f ! great
 c5tres ( population1 ! common p are m  
tru/wor?y ?an ! corporations1 !         
colleges1 or ! newspap]s4 ,! selfi%ness1
 ! preoccupation1 ! anti-republicanism (
 ^!1 are prov]bial4 ,we "k t editors are

 e*oes1 n lead]s1 pr9t+ :at w sell1 n   
:at is true4 ,l&or decl>$ t !re is a    
spice ( ! sc\ndrel 9 mo/ lit]>y m54     
,ev]ybody und]/&s t a corporation's     
gospel is a good fat divid5d4 ,:o w\ld  
ex*ange univ]sal suffrage = college     
suffrage1 or corporation suffrage1 or   
newspap] suffrage8  ,our dang] to-day   
does n lie 9 univ]sal suffrage4 ,x lies 
9 ! /eady encroa*m5ts ( weal?1 9 !      
multiplication ( monopolies1 9 ! too    
rapid gr[? ( fungus millionnaires1 9 !  
increas+ numb] ( well educat$ idl]s1 9 !
 s9i/] prom95ce ( ! saloon 9 politics1 9
 ! t5d5cy ( ! c\ntry to submit to       
bureaucracy1 9 ! trans=mation ( !       
national ,s5ate into a club ( ri* m51   
h\s$ & f$ at ! national exp5se1 9 !     
*ange ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives into a
 huddle ( cl]ks to regi/] ! decrees (   
gre$y capital1 9 ! *ronic di/ru/ ( ! p  
felt among book-educat$ & pr(essional   
m52 9 "o ^w1 9 ! appall+ gravitation    
t[>ds gov]nm5t by boodle 9 ! h&s (      
unscrupul\s m9orities4  ,! only hope (  

deliv]ance lies 9 ! p1--9 _! hone/y1    
fair play1 & decision1 ,no2 x is n      
univ]sal suffrage t has br\ght disgrace 
on ! c\ntry4 ,if ! rancor ( p>ty _s1 if 
! dry-rot ( legislative corruption1 if !
 tyranny ( incorporat$ weal?1 if !      
diabolism ( intemp]ance are to be curb$1
 x is univ]sal suffrage :i* mu/ hold !  
re9s4 ,talk ( tak+ ! ballot out ( ! h& (
 ! poor citiz56 ,z well fl+ ! revolv]   
out ( w9d[ :5 ! burgl> is 9 ! h\se4 ,"o 
( ! ke5e/ critics ( ,am]ican life has   
said3 ,corruption does n s mu* rot !    
masses2 x poisons ,congress4 ,cr$it     
mobili] & money r+s are n h\s$ "u ?at*$ 
ro(s2 !y flaunt at ! capital4 ,! real   
scum is ! s-call$ bett] class4 ,if      
anybody is to be depriv$ ( a vote1 x    
%\ld be ! railroad k+1 ! mill own]1 !   
indiff]5t trad]1 & ! ,europeaniz$       
,yankee :o sp5ds abroad :at 8 fa!r e>n$ 
at home1 & mi/akes ,p>is = ,p>adise4  ,z
 ano!r illu/ration ( ! un-republican    
tr5d1 obs]ve ! obsequi\s attitude ( our 
gov]nm5t t[>ds mon>*s & mon>*ies4 ,we   

are to-day *eek by j[l ) ! despots (    
,europe4 ,in/ead ( be+ ! tor* be>] (    
fre$om we occupy a position ( apology = 
:at we are & ( gap+ admiration = :at !y 
are4 ,:5 an opportunity (f]$ ! o!r day  
to recognize ! new ,republic ( ,brazil1 
! toadies at ,wa%+ton equivocat$ &      
po/pon$4 ,"o w\ld suppose t !           
disappe>ance ( ! la/ mon>*y f ! new _w  
w\ld h be5 greet$ 9 ! great ,republic ) 
! r++ ( bells & ! blaze ( bonfires--w\ld
 h be5 answ]$ by a regul> ,f\r? ( ,july 
outbur/4 ,bless y1 no6 ,! ,cz> 0        
displeas$4 ,! ,emp]or ( ,g]many 0 9 !   
sulks4 ,que5 ,victoria put on m\rn+4 ,:y
 %\ld ! ,dons at ,wa%+ton be out (      
fa%ion8  ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ,c>los ,i4 0  
cr[n$ at ,lisbon la/ ,decemb]1 !        
,am]ican ,squadron ( ,evolution 0 9 !   
h>bor1 & behold6 ! (fic]s ( !           
,republic's w>-%ips p>ad$ side by side )
 ! o!r flunkies ( royalty 9 honor ( !   
coronation--?us %[+ t !y belong$ to !   
,squadron ( ,reaction4 ,= s misrepres5t+
 _! c\ntry !y ought to be ca%i]$4       

,republicans refus+ to recognize a new  
republic1 b ha/5+ to recognize a new k+6
 ,:at a spectacle6 ,spirits ( ,otis &   
,frankl91 ( ,jeff]son & ,hamilton1 :at  
?9k ye ( su* democracy z ?is8  ,no "o   
w\ld h ! ,unit$ ,/ates play ! role ( a  
bully1 or enact ! demagogue4 ,b surely  
!re is a m$ium betwe5 t & ! despicable  
inconsi/5cy ( unfri5dl9ess t[>ds ^? (   
our own political fai?1 & ( lackey      
s]viceabl5ess t[>ds a cr[n$ head4 ,k+s d
 n hesitate to disc\rage republicanism  
ev]y:]e4 ,a republic %\ld n hesitate to 
enc\rage x any:]e4 ,self-respect 9 su* a
 matt] w\ld w9 ! respect ( ! _w by      
des]v+ x4 ,b :5 ,am]icans sell _!       
daught]s to ,european pr(ligates = a    
title1 & pay millions to boot2 :5       
republicans 9 pr(ession become          
tuft-hunt]s 9 practice1 & haunt ! back  
/airs ( palaces2 :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
gov]nm5t1 ! elde/ born & gu>dian (      
democracy1 decr$its its own political   
cre$ & p>ades 9 royal processions1--is x
 n "t to cry a halt8  ,we ne$ 9 ?is     

c\ntry a revival ( republicanism4 ,!re  
is a t5d5cy to flunkeyism at ! bottom ( 
human nature4 ,mo/ m5 de>ly love a "l1 z
 ,burns affirm$4 ,h5ce1 a full-fl$g$    
ari/ocrat attracts flunkies z a magnet  
draws iron fil+s4 ,lucian tells ( an    
exhibition 9 ,rome 9 :i* monkeys _h be5 
tra9$ to play a human "p2 :i* !y did    
p]fectly1 be=e ! beauty & fa%ion ( !    
city--until a wag1 9 ! mid/ ( !         
p]=mance1 flung a h&ful ( nuts ^u !     
/age1 & /raightway ! actors 7 monkeys   
aga94 ,"s ( our republicans are monkeys 
9 human attire4 ,!y get on well en\gh   
until ! nuts ( class di/9ction are flung
 among !m1--!n !y are on all f\rs4  ,let
 u make democracy ! fa%ion4 ,s5d        
devitaliz$ ,am]icans to ,cov5try4 ,make 
an unrepublican ^w or de$ ! unp>donable 
political s94 ,d ?is3 or else %ip !     
/atue ( ,lib]ty ,enlight5+ ! ,_w back to
 ,france1 & ask h] to set x 9 ! h>bor ( 
,m>seilles4  ,ano!r ( ^! un-republican  
t5d5cies is ! curr5t movem5t = civil    
s]vice re=m4 ,e ?\ghtful citiz5 p]ceives

 & lam5ts ! evils att5dant on ! pres5t  
spoils sy/em4 ,x is ! qu>t]+ ( !        
conqu]ors ^u ! conqu]$4 ,x makes public 
(fice ! rew>d ( p>ty s]vice4 ,x loads   
half a doz5 m5 7! ,presid5t & 8         
,secret>ies7 ) ! responsible b          
impossible duty ( fill+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s 
( (fices1 on ! grab-bag pr9ciple4  ,) ! 
be/ int5tions1 ! civil s]vice re=m]s    
w\ld make a bad matt] worse4 ,on _!     
plan1 ! un-,am]ican me?od ( fix$ t5ure  
by competitive exam9ation & appo9tm5t by
 irresponsible cabals w\ld replace !    
me?od ( political appo9tm5t = p>ty      
s]vice4 ,?us !y w\ld fa/5 ^u ! c\ntry a 
great army ( p]man5t (ficials4 ,x is out
 ( h>mony ) our :ole sy/em4 ,e o!r (fic]
 is elect$1 & = a specifi$ t]m4 ,:y1 ev5
 9 ! m9i/ry1 ! t5d5cy is to break up !  
life-pa/orate4 ,! l>ge/ ( our religi\s  
d5om9ations has delib]ately adopt$ !    
pr9ciple ( rotation4 ,& ! o!r bodies1   
:ile nom9ally reta9+ ! life !ory1 h     
practically borr[$ ! ,me?odi/ plan4  ,no
 wond] civil s]vice re=m is unpopul>4 ,x

 goes to "w at ! wrong end--works away f
 in/ead ( t[>ds republicanism4 ,9       
,engl&1 9 ,g]many1 :]e families reign1 &
 :]e gov]nm5tal s]vants might consi/5tly
 hold (fice = life1 su* a sy/em has a   
w>rant--?\gh ev5 !re x is f\nd to be    
ob/ructive & reaction>y4 ,b 9 a         
republic1 :]e univ]sal suffrage is !    
law1 no?+ m intol]able c\ld be conceiv$4
 ,! idea ( creat+ a class di/9ct f all  
o!r classes1 indep5d5t ( ! adm9i/ration 
& unacc\ntable to ! vot]s1 fix$ &       
immovable save = causes prov5--:y1 x is1
 n a /ep1 x is a /ride t[>ds absolutism4
 ,su* a proposition1 l ,hamlet's case1  
----makes u r be> ^? ills we h1     ,?an
 fly to o!rs t we "k n (4  ,t ! civil   
s]vice ne$s re=m goes )\t ! say+4 ,b !  
re=m %\ld be pu%$ along consi/5tly      
republican l9es4 ,! prop]1 ! democratic 
me?od w\ld be a fur!r & broad]          
application ( univ]sal suffrage4 ,make  
all ! (fices elective4  ,in/ead (       
appo9t+ ,cu/om-,h\se (ficials &         
po/ma/]s1 elect !m4 ,put !              

responsibility :]e x belongs ^u !       
respective communities !y s]ve4 ,!n1 m5 
t are locally kn[n & respect$ w\ld be   
select$4 ,if ! p are capable ( elect+ _!
 own presid5ts1 gov]nors1 repres5tatives
 & judges1 surely !y might be tru/$ to  
elect ,cu/om-,h\se (fic]s & po/ma/]s6   
,o!rwise1 our republicanism is a humbug4
 ,?is w\ld aboli% ! ,wa%+ton grab-bag4  
,x w\ld also avoid ! creation ( a class 
( life-(ficials ?an :i* no?+ c\ld be m  
dang]\s & unsavory4  ,if our fa!rs1 ) no
 prec$5ts on ! file1 c\ld ann\nce _!    
sublime fai? t all m5 are end[$ by _!   
,creator ) ! "r to life1 lib]ty1 & !    
pursuit ( happ9ess2 if !y c\ld disc>d ! 
probate-c\rt idea1 & adopt univ]sal     
suffrage2 if1 9 spite ( inconsi/5cies & 
imp]fections1 _! conception has fl[]$ 9 
! be/1 & happie/1 & mo/ prosp]\s nation 
on ! globe1--_c _! *ildr5 %[ a fai? z   
s]5e1 a c\rage z brave8 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91
 ! ,european exp]im5t has fail$1 :ile   
ours is a miracle ( success--& mo/      
successful :5 mo/ consi/5tly work$ out4 

,9 su* circum/ances1 %all we ex*ange ?is
 = t1 & g back f ! n9ete5? c5tury to !  
f\rte5?8  ,:5 ,hume d]id$ 8 "m's fai?1 &
 exhort$ h] to get rid ( h] ,*ri/ian    
prejudices1 %e answ]$3 ,my son1 c y %[  
me any?+ bett]8     ,,extr9sic          
,,significance ,,( ,,con/itutional      
,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,japan4  ,,by ,,kuma    
,,oi%i1 ,a4 ,m4   ,all /ud5ts ( hi/ory  
are aw>e t ! revolution ( #afhh succe$$ 
9 consolidat+ con/itutional gov]nm5t 9  
,engl&2 t1 ?\gh t[>d ! middle ( ! la/   
c5tury x _h n yet assum$ its pres5t     
admirable aspect1 ! ,engli% idea (      
political lib]ty & religi\s tol]ation   
attract$ ! att5tion ( ,montesquieu &    
,voltaire1 :o introduc$ x to _! c\ntry2 
& t1 s9ce !n1 accel]at$ by ! e/abli%m5t 
( ! f$]al gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica1 & !       
triumph ( ! revolution>y pr9ciple 9     
,france1 ! !ory has spread ov] ! cont95t
 ) a/oni%+ rapidity4  ,n[ t             
con/itutional gov]nm5t is e/abli%$ 9    
,japan1 w %e n ex]cise ! same influ5ce  
ov] ! ,asiatic cont95t z t :i* ,engl&   

has ex]cis$ ov] ! ,european8 ,to ?is1   
?ree great objections may be rais$4 ,i4 
,! p]vad+ cons]vatism ( ,asia4 ,,ii4 ,! 
prevail+ ignorance among ! ,asiatic     
nations4 ,,iii4 ,! d\btfulness z to _!  
adaptability to ! repres5tative =m (    
gov]nm5t4 ,we %all try to answ] ^!      
objections 9 ! above ord]4  ,i4 ,if x be
 argu$ t ! ,asiatic p are conspicu\sly  
*>act]iz$ by ! cons]vative _s1 t !y seem
 well satisfi$ ) _! pres5t social &     
political organizations1 su* z !y are1 x
 mu/ be rememb]$ at ! same "t1 t ?is 0  
also ! appe>ance :i* ! ,fr5* p pres5t$1 
be=e _! att5tion 0 call$ to ! political 
sup]iority ( ,engl&4 ,9 g5]al1 says     
,lecky1 !re runs ?r\gh ! great ,fr5*    
lit]ature ( ! sev5te5? c5tury a pr(\nd  
cont5t ) ! exi/+ ord] 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1  
an entire abs5ce ( ! _s ( disquiet1     
scepticism1 & innovation t leads to     
organic *ange4#g        #g ,lecky's     
,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ,vol4 ,v41 p4 #cja4   
,illu/ration3 ,kuma ,oi%i 7sign$        
,cordially y\rs1 ,kuma ,oi%i7  ,t !     

cons]vative _s & ! seem+ cont5tm5t ( "s 
( ! ,asiatic nations are n 9 !mselves   
=ces /rong en\gh1 :5 ! "t comes1 to     
dispel ! *>m1 z x 71 possess$ by ! !ory 
( repres5tative gov]nm5t1 t 9 %ort1     
cons]vatism is no mat* = progress1 z su*
 a movem5t is popul>ly call$1 c be      
illu/rat$ by ! hi/ory1 n ( ! ,european  
nations alone1 b ( "s ,asiatic nations  
!mselves4 ,to ! g5]al cons]vative t5d5cy
 ( ,asia1 ,japan 0 no exception until   
ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,no rational  
be+ w\ld h !n believ$ t 9 ! c\rse ( a   
few ye>s1 ,japan w\ld become "o ( ! mo/ 
progressive nations on ! face ( ! e>?4  
,! revolution ( #ahfg1 f :i* ! bir? (   
,new ,japan is dat$1 0 orig9ally a      
dispute betwe5 ! ,mikado & ! ,%ogun = ! 
de facto sov]eignty1 & n ! /ruggle ( !  
l[] classes to rise to political em95ce4
 ,! tott]+ dyna/y ( ! ,%oguns came to an
 end1 n because !y 7 tyrannical1 n      
because ! p felt ! special ne$ ( social 
amelioration1 b because !y saw t !      
,%ogunate _h be5 ! in/rum5tality (      

usurp+ ! imp]ial au?ority1 :ile ! nom9al
 ,emp]or 0 %ut up 9 8 palace1 & closely 
wat*$ by ! ag5ts ( ! ,%ogun4 ,9 ,japan  
loyalty & patriotism meant "o & ! same  
?+2 !re=e ! p c\ld n long tol]ate ?is   
/ate ( affairs4 ,!y ne$$ only an        
occasion to deprive ! ,%ogun ( 8        
political p[]1 & to re/ore x to !       
,emp]or4 ,at la/ ! occasion came4 ,!    
dem& ( ! ,we/]n nations to op5 c]ta9    
seaports ( ! c\ntry1 accompani$ by !    
?reats ( arm$ =ce1 compell$ ! ,%ogun to 
yield4 ,b ?is /ep prov$ fatal to him4   
,if ! p 7 oppos$ to ! ,%ogun's          
usurpation1 !y 7 /ill m oppos$ to 8 new 
policy1 simply because x 0 new4 ,!y 7   
bl9d to ! innum]able advantages t c\ld  
be d]iv$ f int]national comm]ce &       
communication4 ,z a h]mit nation1 ! p   
look$ d[n ^u ! =eign]s ) m+l$ di/ru/ &  
disda94 ,kn[+ no?+ ( ! ,we/]n           
civilization !y 7 det]m9$ t no savage   
/rang]s %\ld /ep ^u ! sacr$ l& ( gods4  
,to !m ! admission ( ! =eign]s signifi$ 
no?+ less ?an unprec$5t$ disgrace &     

possibly m--a prey to ! ambition &      
trea*]y ( ! =eign devils4 ,! cons]vative
 _s ( ! p c>ri$ !m to a pit* ( excitem5t
 z high z ! exactly opposite pr9ciple   
c>ri$ ! ,fr5* p dur+ ! revolution4 ,!   
,emp]or became d\bly de> to !m1 because 
he 0 a sov]eign de jure1 & because he 0 
oppos$ to ! new policy4 ,?us !          
revolution :i* foll[$ owes its triumph  
to ! cons]vatism ( ! p4 ,ev5 ) _! zeal\s
 atta*m5t to ! ,emp]or1 & _! deep hatr$ 
( ! ,%ogun1 x is an op5 "q :e!r ev5ts   
w\ld h tak5 ! same c\rse1 if ! ,mikado  
_h advocat$ & ! ,%ogun oppos$ ! new     
policy1 s /rong 0 prejudice ( ! p4 ,no m
 unfavorable condition & "t c\ld h be5  
*os5 = ! introduction ( ! ,european     
civilization4 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( _!      
abhorr5ce ( ! ,we/]n p1 ! ,we/]n ideas &
 cu/oms1 9 spite ( all _! ef=ts to %ut  
!m out1 ! appe>ance ( "s =midable       
m5-(-w>1 float+ ! flags ( diff]5t       
nations1 compell$ ,japan to ent] into ! 
t]ms ( treaty ) !m4 ,tw5ty ye>s h pass$ 
s9ce !n1 & )9 t %ort p]iod1 ! nation has

 und]gone a m>vell\s trans=mation "u !  
magic t\* ( progress4 ,x w\ld be tell+  
an old /ory to enum]ate ! s]ies (       
innovations t h be5 writt5 socially &   
politically1 until ! promulgation ( !   
new con/itution1 9 :i* culm9at$ !       
national pride ( ! p4 ,! matt] to be    
not$ "h is t ! ,european civilization   
enc\nt]$ b a few ob/acles1 not)/&+ its  
inopportune introduction1 & 0 soon      
adopt$ ) det]m9$ zeal4 ,! l progressive 
ph5om5on on a small] scale is also      
recurr+ 9 ,korea1 b ( ?is lat]4  ,,ii4  
,hav+ ?us se5 f well kn[n hi/orical     
examples 9 ,europe & ,asia t !          
cons]vatism is n 9 itself a =ce /rong   
en\gh to resi/ progress1 :i* leads to ! 
e/abli%m5t ( con/itutional gov]nm5t1 let
 u proce$ to meet ! second objection1   
namely3 ! prevail+ ignorance among !    
,asiatic nations4 ,"h ! nature ( our    
inquiry involves ?ree di/9ct topics4 #a4
 ,0 ! g5]al intellig5ce ( ! ,japanese p1
 be=e !y came into contact ) ! ,we/]n   
civilization1 high] ?an t ( ! o!r       

,asiatic nations8 #b4 ,is !re n a       
peculi> *>act]i/ic among ! ,japanese :i*
 impels !m to progress8 #c4 ,consequ5t  
^u ! exposition ( ^! two topics1        
inve/igation mu/ also be made z to :y ! 
,*9ese ,empire does n %[ a simil>       
progressive t5d5cy4  #a4 ,besides be+ ! 
mo/ dang]\s enemy ( repres5tative       
gov]nm5t aft] its e/abli%m5t1 ignorance 
is mo/ ho/ile to its e/abli%m5t4 ,prima 
facie1 p mu/ possess a c]ta9 degree (   
capacity1 m5tal & moral1 to und]/& :at  
civilization is & :at repres5tative     
gov]nm5t is4 ,! ,batta ( ,sumatra may h 
_! own alphabet1 & ! ,fans ( ! ,we/     
,coa/ may excel 9 iron "w1#h b ev5 ^!   
fall %ort ( ! pre-requisites1 n         
intellectually only1 b morally also4 ,we
 _c conceive ( !m1 seat$ ar\nd a        
camp-fire1 discuss+ ! m]its ( two *amb]s
 sy/em1 or def9+ ! rights & duties ( a  
citiz51 :ile _! vile lips are /a9$ ) !  
blood ( _! fell[-man1 ^: fle% !y h j    
dev\r$4 ,n to expatiate fur!r on ?is    
self-evid5t fact1 x is c]ta9 t !        

,japanese p 7 suffici5tly intellig5t to 
und]/& & appreciate ! ,we/]n ideas1 :5  
!y 7 ?ru/ to _! notice4 ,c]ta91 too1 t 9
 "s bran*es ( ae/hetic art1 !y 7 some:at
 sup]ior to ! neighbor+ nations4 ,b     
beyond ?is1 ?irty ye>s ago1 a c>eful    
obs]v] c\ld h detect$ 9 ! ,japanese p no
 conspicu\s intellectual atta9m5t1      
except1 ( c\rse1 su* po9ts (            
dissimil>ity z exi/ betwe5 any two      
nations equally civiliz$4 ,japan1       
,korea1 & ,*9a _h ! same sy/em (        
education & ! same classics1 & ea* 0    
compos$ ( foll[]s ( ,confucius &        
believ]s 9 ,buddhism4 ,true1 ,japan 0 !n
 "u ! feudal sy/em1 & ,*9a & ,korea 7 & 
/ill are "u mon>*y1 b 9 po9t (          
absolutism1 _! gov]nm5ts 7 all alike4 ,!
 great] diff]5tiations 7 ! facts t !    
,japanese _h _! own sy/em ( religi\s    
belief besides1 call$ ,%9toism1 t !     
,japanese & ! ,koreans ea* _h1 9        
addition to ! ,*9ese *>act]s1 _! own    
syllables1 & t ! /yles ( _! dress 7     
diff]5t 9 no small degree4 ,b ! =m]1 be+

 a belief1 pr9cipally conc]n$ ) !       
h]eaft]1 has no m connection ?an ! latt]
 two ) ! subject ( our inquiry1 :i*     
relates to ! intellectual phases ( ^! p 
only 9 s f> z !y influ5ce _! political  
ideas4        #h ,pes*el's1 ,! ,races ( 
,man1 p4 #afc4  #b4 ,nor c we f9d any   
peculi> *>act]i/ic 9 ! ,japanese p1 to  
:i* we may ascribe _! progressive       
t5d5cy4 ,! only pr$om9ant *>act]i/ic t  
we "k is _! imitative p[]4 ,?is !y h    
rem>kably exhibit$ 9 _! adoption ( !    
,*9ese civilization1 :i* !y modifi$ &   
made _! own1 & m rem>kably 9 _! rec5t   
adoption ( ! ,we/]n civilization4 ,let u
 exam9e :at relation ?is be>s to !      
cons]vative & ! progressive _s ( ! p4   
,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] attributes two       
motives to imitation1 ei!r rev]5tial or 
competitive4#i ,x is ) ! latt] t we are 
conc]n$4 ,?is1 com+ z x does f a desire 
( an imitator to ass]t 8 equality ) ! "o
 imitat$1 implies ! recognition (       
sup]iority ( ! latt]1 & ! ackn[l$gm5t ( 
inf]iority ( ! =m]4 ,cons]vatism1 9 !   

s5se we h be5 us+ ! t]m1 defies any     
recognition & ackn[l$gm5t ( ?is sort2   
!re=e x defies imitation4 ,9 o!r words1 
a man does n imitate :at he dislikes or 
scorns1 & s9ce cons]vatism is av]sion   
to1 or contempt =1 say a new political  
in/itution1 ! imitative trait has no "p 
to play1 :ile t av]sion or contempt     
cont9ues4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 ! imitative p[]
 ( ! ,japanese 0 n ! =ce :i* s]v$ to    
make ! cons]vative p progressive2 only  
:5 cons]vatism gives way1 & admiration =
 :at is new is awak5$1 c ?is p[] assume 
its full activity4        #i ,8         
,pr9ciple ( ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 
#bji4  ,7 we to admit = ! sake ( argum5t
 t ! ,japanese p 7 f> sup]ior 9         
intellig5ce to ! o!r p ( ,asia1 or t !y 
possess$ a peculi> *>act]i/ic :i*       
impell$ !m to ! adoption ( ! ,we/]n     
civilization1 or ev5 bo?1 our position w
 n be alt]$1 = ! progressive idea (     
,japan has already rea*$ across ! sea to
 ! cont95t ( ,asia1 giv+ rise to an ev5t
 9 ,korea4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahhd1 ! two    

political factions ( t c\ntry1 "o ( :i* 
0 lib]al & ! o!r cons]vative1           
respectively1 repres5t+ ! ,japanese & ! 
,*9ese pr9ciples1 disput$ = supremacy4  
,! positive & negative curr5ts1 z (     
electricity1 met at ! p59sula1 & produc$
 a sp>k ( revolution4#aj       #aj ,!re 
0 ano!r agitation 9 ,korea 9 #ahhb1 b   
?is 0           a m]e upris+ ( ! mob    
aga9/ ! ,japanese /ay+ 9           t    
c\ntry1 & n ( grave political           
importance4 ,=           ! details ( bo?
 ^! ev5ts1 ! read] is ref]r$ to         
,a ,korean ,c\p ,d' ,etat1 an ent]ta9+  
article by           ,p]ceval ,l[ell1   
,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,novemb]1 #ahhf4 ,?is
           pov]ty-/rick5 c\ntry1 ) an   
imbecile sov]eign at !           helm ( 
/ate1 & ) no organiz$ array1 is         
practically           "u ! control ( !  
,*9ese gov]nm5t1 ?\gh           nom9ally
 %e is indep5d5t4 ,"s ,european p[]s1 :o
 seem           to consid] t ! greatness
 ( a nation is comm5surate           )  
its success 9 its t]ritorial aggr&izem5t

 are           ca/+ eyes at h]1 9 va9   
let u hope1 = ! sake (           ,korea4
 ,:ile ! influ5ce ( ,*9a is s pr$om9ant1
 %e           _c accompli% mu*4 ,a c\p  
d' etat might be ne$$ a           few   
times m1 be=e %e c become an indep5d5t  
nation           9 ! fulle/ s5se ( !    
words4 ,at any rate1 h] prospect        
is dubi\s en\gh at pres5t4  ,al?\gh1    
un=tunately = ,korea1 ! lib]als 7       
vanqui%$1 & its *ief lead]s 7 bani%$ f  
_! native c\ntry1 ! significance ( !    
ph5om5on does n lose its weight on t    
acc\nt4 ,! tidal wave ( progress1 once  
repuls$1 is n likely to subside =ev]4   
,meantime1 x is wor? :ile to notice1 t  
ev5 "u ! undisput$ adm9i/ration ( !     
victori\s cons]vatives1 ! nation c\ld n 
rema9 alo( f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,besides     
ent]+ into treaties ) "s we/]n & ea/]n  
nations1 ,korea is avail+ h]self ( !    
s]vices ( ,european abilities1 = !      
purpose ( int]nal improvem5t4  #c4 ,b1  
"s "o may ask1 if ! e/abli%m5t (        
con/itutional gov]nm5t 9 ,japan is due  

pr9cipally to ! inh]5t excell5ce ( !    
in/itution itself1 & n to ! sup]ior     
intellig5ce ( ! ,japanese p1 nor yet to 
_! peculi> *>act]i/ic1 h[ c !           
non-progressive t5d5cy ( ,*9a be acc\nt$
 =8 ,! va/ ext5t ( h] dom9ion1#aa !     
imm5se numb] ( h] population1#ab & h]   
almo/ inexhau/ible national res\rces1   
all comb9e to make ! "q 9 reg>d to h]   
future policy a mom5t\s "o4 ,) ! be/ =m 
( gov]nm5t1 & "u ! guidance ( an able   
/atesman1 x is )9 h] p[] to promote !   
advancem5t ( :ole ,asia1 & m\ld ! de/9y 
( ! _w4 ,yet1 to all practical int5ts & 
purposes1 %e is evid5tly indiff]5t to ! 
possibility ( su* a noble mission4 ,nay1
 m2 %e ignores x4 ,%e rem9ds u ( an     
opium smok]4 ,! _w is awake1 b %e       
reposes 9 pr(\nd slumb]1 & little does  
%e c>e :at o!rs are do+4 ,! doctr9e (   
,laissez-,faire is ! s9ew ( h] policy   
t[>d ! ,european /ates4 ,%e lets !m     
alone s long z !y let h] alone1 leav+ !m
 to wond] = :at %e 0 born4 ,:5 "s "o    
comes & /rikes h] on ! face1 %e /&s up1 

/ill half asleep1 sl[ly ga!rs :atev]    
/r5g? is 9 h]1 returns bl[ = bl[1 b !   
mom5t h] enemy disappe>s torpidity aga9 
ov]takes h]1 %e relapses into dreamy    
indiff]5ce4 ,( :at is ?is opium compos$ 
t %e smokes8       #aa ,ab\t #d1agi1eei 
sq4 miles4--,! ,/atesman's ,ye>book1    
#ahia4       #ab ,ab\t                  
#djd1ahj1jjj4--;,ibid4  ,i mu/ n be     
und]/ood to mean absolute irresi/ibility
 ( con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,already ,i h
 t\*$ ^u "o exception1 viz3 inadequate  
capacity1 m5tal & moral1 ( p4 ,in/ead ( 
except+ ,japan f ! p]vad+ cons]vatism ( 
,asia1 ,i am incl9$ to make causes      
resi/+ or ret>d+ ! e/abli%m5t (         
con/itutional gov]nm5t 9 ,*9a exceptions
 to its irresi/ibility1 side by side )  
ignorance4 ,su* causes are1 d\btless1   
multitud9\s4 ,nev]!less1 a c>eful obs]v]
 w be able to s+le out two pr9cipal ones
 among _m o!rs3 t]ritorial &            
intellectual4  ,we h se5 t ! av]age     
intellig5ce ( ! ,*9ese p is n mu*       
inf]ior1 if at all1 to t ( ! ,japanese1 

previ\s to ! revolution4 ,ev5 ^? ,*9ese 
:o come to ?is c\ntry = manual labor1 c 
read & write to "s ext5t4 ,und\bt$ly !re
 is a l>ge numb] ( illit]ate & brutal   
outca/s1 :o are a /&+ disgrace to       
humanity at l>ge1 b !y c be f\nd 9 e    
nation at pres5t4 ,! av]age intellig5ce 
( ! middle class 9 ,*9a is1 next to     
,japan1 p]haps1 ! highe/ among !        
,asiatic nations4 ,b ! greate/ evil f   
:i* ,*9ese intellect is suff]+ is its   
bomba/ic antiqu>ianism4 ,?is diff]s f   
cons]vatism1 9 t x is n ! cauti\s di/ru/
 ( new in/itutions = ! improvem5t ( !   
exi/+ ones1 b an ef=t to move backw>d1 &
 to revive ! anci5t ord] ( ?+s1 :i*     
crumbl$ into du/ a ?\s& ye>s be=e1 f its
 inadaptability4 ,! goal t[>d :i* mod]n 
civilization is /riv+1 is ! atta9m5t (  
ju/ice1 ! security ( prop]ty & ( ! lives
 ( individuals4 ,! ideal society ( !    
,*9ese is "o 9 :i* ! simplicity (       
primitive tribes makes ! adm9i/ration ( 
ju/ice unnecess>y1 9 :i* ! possession ( 
prop]ty & ! protection ( lives are      

unkn[n4 ,eulogies are lavi%$ ?r\gh\t _! 
lit]ature to ! peaceful reigns ( !      
primitive k+s1 :5 no "o lock$ 8 h\se at 
night1 or t\*$ ano!r's article :i* he   
happ5$ to f9d on 8 way4 ,to !m antiquity
 is adorable in/ead ( v5]able4 ,!y      
consid] !mselves insignificant by ! side
 ( _! godly ance/ors4 ,no d\bt ! doctr9e
 ( ,confucius1 :i* ! ,*9ese p endeavor  
to c>ry out to a lett]1 has play$ a l>ge
 "p 9 produc+ ?is effect4 ,in/ead (     
unfold+ ! possibilities ( ! future1 he  
recapitulat$ ! virtues & a*ievem5ts ( ! 
pa/4 ,i am n attempt+ to depreciate !   
ine/imable s]vice1 :i* 8 sy/em (        
philosophy has r5d]$ t[>d enhanc+ ! /&>d
 ( rectitude among 8 disciples4 ,b = him
 ,asia might h sunk into ! dep?s ( moral
 *aos4 ,?is mu* at lea/ mu/ be said 9   
ju/ification ( 8 doctr9e1 t evid5tly x 0
 n 8 int5tion to reproduce an exact     
duplicate ( ! primitive ,*9ese          
civilization4 ,let ea* day br+ a new    
ord] ( ?+s1 & ,a sage's pr9ciples *ange 
z "t1 are among ! precepts he enunciat$4

 ,b ^! aphorisms1 ^u :i* !              
,anglo-,saxons w\ld h laid a great      
/ress1 h be5 set at naught by 8 foll[]s 
to ! detrim5t ( _! own welf>e4  ,?is    
antiqu>ianism also exi/$ 9 ,japan1 be=e 
! introduction ( ! ,european            
civilization1 b "h x _h lack$ mu* ( its 
int5sity1 ?r\gh its non-orig9ality4 ,!  
,japanese _h no inv5tive pride1 & x 0 ) 
little reluctance t !y ab&on$ _! old    
!ories :i* !y borr[$ f ,*9a1 & adopt$   
new civilization ( ! ,we/4 ,! ,*9ese _c 
=get t :atev] civilization !y possess is
 _! own1 & t1 at "o "t1 !irs 0 !        
,cele/ial ,empire1 :i* gave law1        
lit]ature1 & art to ! neighbor+ nations4
 ,e "o kn[s t all ! p /ill believe _!   
civilization f> sup]ior to t ( ,europe4 
,& s9ce !y d n c>e to compete ) !       
civilization :i* !y reg>d z inf]ior1 !y 
are /riv+ to model !mselves aft] !      
features ( _! own anci5t civilization1  
:i*1 = aught we "k1 might h be5 pur]    
because y\ng]1 b :i*1 exi/+ 9 ! less    
develop$ /age ( society1 mu/ h be5      

necess>ily crud]4 ,!y are n aw>e t a    
society develop$ to any ext5t is a      
composite organism2 t an orig9ally      
simple clu/] ( p _h gr[n into a complex 
community1 ?r\gh d\ble me?ods1 !        
multiplication ( its own (fspr+s1 & its 
union ) ano!r clu/] or clu/]s ( p4#ac   
,?is gradual gr[? ( a society is foll[$ 
by a correspond+ div]sity 9 ! division (
 labor1 ?us mak+ ! social /ructure also 
complex4#ad ,:atev] else !y c d1 !      
,*9ese w nev] realize _! ideal ( anci5t 
simplicity1 ) _! pres5t complex social  
/ructure & sy/em4 ,a human society c    
ei!r fall backw>d or progress =w>d1 b x 
_c progress backw>d4 ,9 ,*9a ! active   
movem5t = social & political            
amelioration is re/ra9$ by ! errone\s   
idea t !y w aggravate evils & increase !
 di/ance betwe5 ! pres5t & ! pa/4 ,!    
unemploy$ en]gy ( ! nation1 l an        
unemploy$ human muscle1 is los+ its     
vitality4 ,unable to g backw>d1 unwill+ 
to g =w>d1 ! nation is at /&/ill1 & its 
civilization is /agnant ) vices ( ! wor/

 sort1 ! gr[? ( :i* is *eck$ by no iron 
h&s ( h]oic re=m]s4       #ac ,sp5c]'s  
,pr9ciple ( ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4
 #dcf-deh4       #ad ,ibid1 pp4         
#dei-dgb4  ,ano!r cause act+ aga9/ !    
susceptibility ( ,*9a to ! ,european    
civilization is ! va/ness ( h] t]ritory4
 ,! p[] ( resi/ance be+ equal1 a =ce    
requires long] "t to travel l>g]        
di/ance1 b :5 ! p[] ( resi/ance aga9/ ! 
=ce ( civilization is mu* /rong]1 z 9 ! 
case ( ,*9a1 9 comp>ison ) ,japan1 !    
requir$ l5g? ( "t becomes /ill great]4  
,! va/ & ?ickly populat$ ,empire ( ,*9a 
naturally conta9s ! v>i\s aggregates (  
p1 ) div]se incl9ations & antagoni/ic   
int]e/s1 :i* makes _! jo9t ef=t = any   
a*ievem5t extremely difficult1          
especially :5 ! c5tral au?ority is weak4
 ,! disadvantages are fur!r multipli$ by
 ! difficulty ( travell+ &              
communication4 ,on acc\nt ( ^!          
h9drances1 ! ,we/]n civilization has n z
 yet "t to p]meate ! :ole ,empire (     
,*9a1 & give ! p an impetus =           

progressive movem5t4 ,x may be well     
que/ion$ :e!r ! fa!rs c\ld h succe$$ 9  
organiz+ ! f$]al gov]nm5t1 if ! colonies
 7 z l>ge1 & conta9$ z great a          
population z ! pres5t ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z 
x 01 sev]al ,/ates refus$ to ent] into !
 conf$]ation at fir/4#ae ,tak+ into     
consid]ation h] bett] facility =        
communication1 & h] proximity to ! o!r  
,european p[]s1 p]haps ,russia owes to !
 size ( h] t]ritory1 ! successful       
ma9t5ance ( h] absolute mon>*y z mu* z  
,*9a4 ,b "h ! decisive battle is already
 imp5d+4 ,at ?is mom5t %e is trembl+ )  
appreh5sion le/ ! palace ( ! ,cz> be at 
any mom5t levell$ to its f\ndation by ! 
t]rible explosion ( a nihili/'s bomb4 ,!
 m ! employm5t ( =ce is resort$ to z !  
means ( suppression1 ! great] ! viol5ce 
( resi/ance4 ,x may take ! ,*9ese p     
g5]ations be=e !y are seiz$ ) su*       
political fanaticism1 b judg+ f         
prec$5ts1 x is a rational probability t 
! absolute mon>*y ( ,*9a may yet become 
! object ( furi\s attack by h] n[ in]t &

 abject populace1 app>5tly 9 happy      
ignorance ( ! nature ( sov]eign         
au?ority1 ! free & unre/ra9$ ex]cise (  
:i* !y may le>n to covet too soon4      
#ae ,new ,york1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1
 & ,rhode ,isl&4           ,bryce's ,!  
,am]ican ,commonweal?1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4    
#cb4  ,ignorance1 antiqu>ianism1 & l>ge 
t]ritory1 !n1 are "s pr9cipal causes :i*
 ret>d ! m>* ( progress4 ,!re rema9s    
only ! ?ird & la/ objection to be met--!
 adaptability ( ! ,asiatic p to !       
repres5tative =m ( gov]nm5t4  ,,iii4 ,if
 two ?\s& ye>s ( ,asiatic despotism has 
giv5 h] p "o lesson1 t lesson is        
ob$i5ce1 & ob$i5ce is1 accord+ to ,john 
,/u>t ,mill1 a quality ess5tial to ! p  
"u con/itutional gov]nm5t4#af ,n only !y
 mu/ be obey$1 b also !y mu/ obey4 ,law1
 :i* is con/itutional1 comm&s _!        
ob$i5ce1 s long z x is n repeal$1 :e!r x
 promotes1 or is detrim5tal to1 _!      
welf>e4 ,?is is especially ! case 9     
,engl&1 :]e p>liam5t is supreme & n !   
con/itution1 z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh 9

 bo? c\ntries vox populi w tell 9 ! end4
 ,on ! o!r h& x may be disput$ t if long
 despotism taught ! ,asiatic p to be    
subs]vi5t to public au?orities1 x also  
made !m meek & slavi%1 entirely         
eradicat+ ! _s ( indep5d5ce1            
indisp5sable to self-gov]n+ p4 ,grant$1 
b h[ %all ?is defect be rem$i$8 ,because
 !y are too slavi% & n suffici5tly      
indep5d5t1 are !y to crawl "u absolute  
despotism = ano!r two ?\s& ye>s1 :i*    
w\ld make !m all ! m slavi%1 & all !    
less indep5d5t8 ,slavi%ness is ob$i5ce  
plus some?+ m4 ,if political lib]ty 7   
giv5 ! ,asiatic p1 :5 !y _h j le>n$ to  
obey1 slavi%ness w\ld nev] h become _!  
fault4 ,! v fact ( _! be+ slavi% proves 
t despotism %\ld h ceas$ to exi/ long   
be=e1 & %\ld cease n[1 9 ord] to cure !m
 ( ?is despicable disease4 ,z f> z ?is  
"q is conc]n$1 !n1 ! slavi%ness ( !     
,asiatic p1 in/ead ( be+ aga9/ _!       
adaptability to con/itutional gov]nm5t1 
is = x4 ,9 ! words ( ,macaulay1 ,if m5  
are to wait = lib]ty until !y become    

wise & good 9 slav]y1 !y may inde$ wait 
=ev]4#ag       #af ,8 ,repres5tative    
,gov]nm5t1 pp4 #he1 #hf4       #ag ,8   
,essay on ,milton4  ,!re may be a ?\s&  
o!r infirmities among ^! p1 b mo/ ( !m  
d\btless are1 or 71 f\nd among ! highly 
civiliz$ p ( to-day4 ,e nation c po9t ) 
pride to "s m5 ( admirable a*ievem5t1 ( 
brilliant g5ius1 ( sa9tly virtues1 b t  
same nation also conta9s ! c\ntless     
numb] ( inebriates1 robb]s1 & murd]]s4  
,diff]5ces 9 environm5ts & 9 ! /age (   
civilization h contribut$ mu* 9         
diff]5tiat+ ! inhabitants ( ! globe1 b  
we mu/ be> 9 m9d t !y are all made by ! 
same h& ( ! ,creator1 & are1 9 g5]al1   
/riv+ to d good accord+ to ! dictates ( 
_! consci5ce4 ,:at *>act]izes           
civilization is n s mu* ! quality (     
goodness reveal$1 z its quantity4       
,betwe5 aborig9es & highly advanc$ p1   
!re exi/s a wide gulf1 b t gulf becomes 
p]ceptibly n>r[] betwe5 ! s-call$       
semi-civiliz$ & ! civiliz$1 mu* n>r[]   
?an ! ^w semi indicates ) ! =ce (       

sci5tific exactness4 ,b beh9d all ^!    
argum5ts1 !re lays ! mo/ fundam5tal     
condition ( ! adaptability1 namely3 t ! 
p %\ld be desir\s ( e/abli%+ x4 ,no o!r 
,asiatic nations beside ,japan h        
express$ _! desire to ?is end1 ei!r by  
words or by action1 & !re=e !y are      
incapacitat$4  ,?is objection w\ld be   
fatal1 if we 7 advocat+ t ! ,asiatic p  
ought to h con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,b we
 h n be54 ,we h be5 argu+ t s9ce        
con/itutional gov]nm5t has irresi/ible  
attraction to ^? :o c und]/& :at x is1 &
 s9ce x has already be5 e/abli%$ 9      
,japan1 ! o!r ,asiatic nations w beg9 to
 desire x1 not)/&+ _! seem+ ignorance & 
cons]vatism2 & because !y are adapt$ = x
 9 all ! respects b "o1 ! want ( desire 
to e/abli% x1 :5 t desire is enk9dl$ )9 
_! brea/s1 !n a great democratic        
revolution1 :i* ,de ,tocqueville said 0 
go+ on 9 ,europe1#ah & :i* is /ill go+  
on !re1 w also g on 9 ,asia4 ,we may    
obs]ve 9 pass+1 t ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e's    
argum5ts aga9/ ! irresi/ibility ( popul>

 gov]nm5t#ai h no connection ) our      
position1 be+ direct$ aga9/ !           
ultra-democratic t5d5cy ( mod]n times   
:i* is beyond ! scope ( our pres5t      
discussion4       #ah ,8 ,democracy 9   
,am]ica1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #b4       #ai ,8 
,popul> ,gov]nm5t1 pp4 #gj-gd4  ,b w ?is
 new in/itution ( ,japan possess        
p]man5cy8 ,con/itutional gov]nm5t has   
%[n 9 _m cases ! lack ( /ability4 ,9    
,france & ,spa9 especially x has be5    
e/abli%$ & ov]?r[n aga9 & aga94#bj ,c   
,tei ,koku ,gi ,kai#ba prove itself     
above su* frailty & /& = ages a maje/ic 
monum5t ( ! p capable ( self-gov]nm5t8  
,or mu/ x pass away 9 ignom9y & gloom   
?r\gh its own weakness1 or ( !          
con/itution1 or ( ! p1 or ( all ^!      
comb9$8 ,hi!rto we h be5 discuss+ !     
extr9sic significance ( con/itutional   
gov]nm5t 9 ,japan1 b ?is important "q   
introduces u into ! field ( its intr9sic
 excell5ce4 ,to answ] ! "q we mu/ exam9e
 ! con/itution itself 9 its details1    
besides trac+ ! /eps :i* l$ to its      

promulgation4 ,p]haps a volume may be   
necess>y = ?is mo/ int]e/+ & pr(itable  
/udy4 ,at any rate1 ! space :i* we h    
already occupi$ r5d]s a fur!r discussion
 ( ! subject impossible = ! pres5t4 ,b  
we _c lay aside our p5 )\t express+ our 
fonde/ anticipation1 & mo/ e>ne/ desire1
 t guid$ by /atesm5 ( g5ius1 & support$ 
by ! prud5t & patriotic p1 ?is fir/     
in/itution ev] f\nd$ on ! ,asiatic soil 
= ! developm5t ( political lib]ty1 may  
be cr[n$ ) brilliant success1 n only = !
 sake ( ,japan1 b = ! sake ( all ,asia1 
^: myriad sons x is h] noble duty1 z    
well z privilege1 to rescue f ! yoke (  
ev]-dete/able bondage4       #bj ,ibid1 
pp4 #ag1 #ah4       #ba ,lit]ally1 ,!   
,deliv]ative ,assembly ( ! ,empire1 be+ 
! compreh5sive "n = ! two legislative   
*amb]s (           ,japan1 correspond+  
to ,p>liam5t ( ,engl& or ,congress (    
! ,unit$ ,/ates4     ,,univ]sity        
,,ext5sion4  ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,willis       
,,b\ghton1 ,,( ,,ohio ,,/ate            
,,univ]sity4   ,univ]sity ext5sion is a 

movem5t int5d$ to br+ ! p at l>ge into  
clos] communion ) ! college & !         
univ]sity4 ,?\gh x _h a l[ly bir? 9     
,engl&1 x has become a great in/itution 
p]man5tly w$d$ to ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,=
 "s ye>s ! idea has be5 gr[+ t our      
,am]ican colleges ought to be do+ some?+
 9 ?is same l9e4 ,! _w is full ( /ud5ts 
:o are unable to att5d ! univ]sity2 "s  
are prev5t$ by family ties1 & "s by     
bus9ess relations2 b mature ?\gh !y be1 
!re are ev]y:]e real /ud5ts :o are      
lam5t+ ! fact t !y seem =ev] %ut out f !
 light ( k z x is %$ abroad f our high] 
educational in/itutions4 ,to su* are    
add$ ^? "y p :o h be5 by circum/ances   
e>ly =c$ into indu/rial pursuits1 b :o  
are hungry aft] su* tra9+ z w enable !m 
to comm& bett] situations & bett]       
sal>ies4 ,! success ( ! ,*autauqua      
movem5t indicates h[ _m !re are t are   
b5t ^u improv+ !mselves4  ,?is          
,*autauqua movem5t is only an attempt to
 ,am]icanize univ]sity ext5sion4 ,9     
v>i\s ways1 h[ev]1 x fails to p]=m !    

full function ( ! latt] in/itution4     
,:ile ,*autauqua "w is c>efully plann$1 
x is elem5t>y2 ! /ud5t is left almo/    
entirely to 8 own1 (t5 misdirect$1      
ef=ts2 & !re is little or no *ance ( 8  
com+ into p]sonal contact ) ! exp]i5c$  
educator & speciali/s4 ,?\gh ! circles  
h1 ?r\gh lack ( direction1 sometimes    
neglect$ education = ent]ta9m5t1 !      
organization z a :ole has accompli%$ a  
wond]ful "w 9 ! elevation & ! in/ruction
 ( great numb]s ( p4  ,univ]sity        
ext5sion1 on ! o!r h&1 pr(it+ by !      
exp]i5ce ( ,*autauqua1 proposes n only  
to plan c\rses ( /udy1 b to direct1     
sup]vise1 & te/ ! "w ( its /ud5ts z     
well4 ,9 do+ all ?is1 x employs !       
lectur]1 ! syllabus1 ! class1 ! travell+
 libr>y1 & ! exam9ation4 ,x has adopt$  
me?ods :]eby x c rea* p ( z v>i$        
occupations z ^? rea*$ by ,*autauqua1 & 
x c ?us furni% !m ) in=mation hav+ a    
positive educational value4  ,! lectur]s
 are college-br$ m5 or wom51 &          
speciali/s 9 diff]5t l9es ( educational 

"w4 ,if actively engag$ 9 tea*+ at "s   
reputable college or univ]sity1 _!      
*ances ( success are great]1 & ! "* ( _!
 "w is ( a bett] grade4 ,x promises well
 = ! future ( univ]sity ext5sion to     
record t "s ( ,am]ica's mo/ popul> &    
celebrat$ pr(essors h add$ to _! already
 heavy duties ! burd5s ( "s l9e (       
ext5sion tea*+4 ,b all college pr(essors
 are n adapt$ to ?is "w4 ,! successful  
ext5sion lectur] mu/ be ( a v]satile    
nature--a good lectur]1 an e>ne/ /ud5t1 
a practical tea*]4 ,x is 8 duty to      
int]e/ a mix$1 popul> audi5ce 9 an      
educational subject1 & to inspire numb]s
 ( 8 he>]s ) a det]m9ation to ent] ^u a 
sy/ematic & ?or\gh c\rse ( /udy4 ,!     
tea*] :o c d s mu/ h )9 him ! _s ( !    
re=m]1 & ! e>ne/ness t w enable him to  
ar\se & to en?use to action ! numb]s t  
are dy+ ( le?>gy & ennui4 ,! tea*] :o c 
d ?is has "h a field ( labor ext5sive   
en\gh = ! highe/ ambition1 & may be     
repaid by a success gr&] ?an c be atta9$
 9 ! limit$ circle ( ! college or !     

univ]sity4  ,! "w ( ! lectur] arranges  
itself into unit c\rses4 ,! unit c\rse  
consi/s ( a s]ies ( six relat$ lectur]s1
 s arrang$ t !y w cov] a def9ite field (
 /udy4 ,?\gh less compreh5sive1 ! unit  
c\rse may be comp>$ to a c\rse ( /udy 9 
a college curriculum4 ,z ext5sion /ud5ts
 are ! busy p ( ?is _w1 ^! lectures     
occur only at int]vals ( "o week1 ?us   
giv+ ! /ud5t "t = ! extra read+ & /udy t
 he is ask$ to d4 ,a unit c\rse1 !n1 w  
cov] a p]iod ( six weeks2 & f\r unit    
c\rses1 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r  
weeks1 con/itute an ext5sion ye>4 ,x is 
sup]flu\s to attempt to e/imate h[ mu* !
 e>ne/ solit>y /ud5t may accompli% 9 a  
ye> ?r\gh ! assi/ance & ! impetus ?us   
giv5 8 ef=ts4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 dep5ds ^u !  
p]sonal ef=t ( ! /ud5t1 & ! syllabus is 
int5d$ to direct 8 private /udy4  ,!    
syllabus is mu* m ?an a c>efully prep>$ 
outl9e ( a unit c\rse4 ,x mu/ =m a      
skeleton = ! /ud5t's dilig5t "w2 x mu/  
recall & elaborate ! po9ts br\ght out 9 
ea* lecture2 x mu/ give a compreh5sive  

li/ ( ref]5ce books ^u ! c\rse--a       
bibliography ( ! subject--) in=mation z 
to ! be/ editions & z to h[ to use !    
books to ! be/ advantage2 x mu/ sugge/  
l9es ( rese>*--comp>isons & p>allelisms2
 x mu/ outl9e = ! /ud5t pap] "w ) full  
in/ructions z to h[ to write ^u !       
subject2 x mu/1 9 %ort1 be a sort (     
tea*]1 full ( me?ods & ( sugge/ions1    
supplem5t+ ! "w ( ! class4  ,! class    
imm$iately foll[s ! lecture & is        
conduct$ by ! lectur] himself4 ,x is "h 
t ! /ud5t comes into ! mo/ direct       
contact ) ! educator4 ,j z ! lecture is 
= ! popul> audi5ce1 _m ( :om seek       
pleasure r ?an in=mation1 s ! class is  
preem95tly ! e>ne/ /ud5t's work%op4 ,x  
is "h t he has ! privilege ( turn+      
que/ion] & ( putt+ to ! lectur] su*     
qu]ies z h puzzl$ him 9 8 private "w4 ,!
 pap]s t h be5 prep>$ dur+ ! week are   
criticis$ & discuss$1 & exp]i5c$        
lectur]s claim t "s ext5sion /ud5ts c & 
d prep>e pap]s :i* %[ z deep an insight 
& z broad an und]/&+ ( ! subject z are  

manife/$ by ! ord9>y college /ud5t4 ,!  
class !n is1 f ! /ud5t po9t ( view1 !   
select portion ( ! audi5ce1 & /ill x (t5
 happ5s t only a small proportion ( ?is 
class ev5 c be induc$ to d sy/ematic &  
?or\gh "w2 !y are reg>d$ z ! fruit ( !  
lecture & measure ! speak]'s ability to 
int]e/ a popul> audi5ce4  ,z an adjunct 
to class "w1 ! travell+ libr>y is       
propos$4 ,9 ord] to d effective "w1 !   
/ud5t mu/ h books1 & univ]sity ext5sion 
proposes to arrange ) public libr>ies s 
t ! necess>y volumes c be furni%$ !     
isolat$ /ud5t at a co/ little 9 excess (
 t ( transportation4 ,!re is su*        
competition among express companies t   
!re w be little tr\ble 9 gett+ rates (  
transportation :i* w r5d] ?is feature ( 
ext5sion tea*+ practicable4 ,:at        
,mudie's ,circulat+ ,libr>y is to       
,engl&1 ! ext5sion travell+ libr>y may  
be to ,am]ica4 ,! result w be to place 9
 ! rea* ( all ! be/ copyright$ books1 & 
to /rangle ! repr9ts ( wor?less         
publications t are b\ght only because !y

 are *eap4  ,f9ally !re comes !         
exam9ation4 ,= ! assurance ( timid &    
s5sitive p]sons1 x may be /at$ t        
ext5sion "w is optional1 & may be c>ri$ 
to any desir$ /age ( completion4 ,! _m  
ent] ^u ! "w because x is popul> &      
int]e/+2 & z soon z x assumes ! "* (    
/udy1 ! class w (t5 dw9dle d[n to a     
small portion ( ! audi5ce4 ,!           
requirem5ts = an exam9ation w we$ ?is   
rema9d] until !re is f\nd b a h&ful t w 
submit to ! te/4 ,^! work]s are usually 
mature1 & (t5 prove !mselves to be      
?or\gh & pr(ici5t /ud5ts4 ,! exam9ation 
is int5d$ to be a ?or\gh te/1 & if x    
proves ! "w to h be5 cr$itably done1 a  
c]tificate to t effect is aw>d$4  ,any  
community t arranges = "o or m unit     
c\rses is t]m$ a local c5tre4 ,9 ord] to
 introduce & conduct ?is plan ( "w1 !re 
mu/ be "s k9d ( a local organization4   
,(t5 !re already exi/s1 ev5 9 a small   
t[n1 "s lit]>y club or o!r society      
organiz$ = purposes ( education or      
culture4 ,su* societies1 if 9 a ?rifty  

condition1 may be utiliz$ = ext5sion    
purposes4 ,if !y prove to be responsible
 = ! exp5se ( "o or m unit c\rses1 no   
fur!r organization is ne$$2 b 9 t[ns :]e
 no su* society exi/s1 a local c5tre may
 be =m$ by ! co-op]ation ( a few        
citiz5s4 ,a public meet+ may be conv5$  
or o!r means tak5 to elect a local      
committee consi/+ ( a half doz5 memb]s1 
) at lea/ a *airman1 a secret>y1 & a    
treasur] z its (ficial bo>d4 ,! fir/ "w 
( ! committee is to raise a gu>antee    
fund to cov] ! exp5se ( "o or m unit    
c\rses4 ,responsible p]sons are will+   
en\gh to subscribe to su* a fund ^u !   
assurance t x w n be us$ except 9 case (
 a defici5cy caus$ by a limit$ sale (   
/ud5t or c\rse tickets4 ,exp]i5ce 9     
,philadelphia has prov$ t1 ord9>ily1    
en\gh tickets w be sold to m ?an cov] ! 
exp5se ( ! c\rse4  ,! gu>antee fund     
rais$1 ! local committee is ready to    
secure ! s]vices ( a lectur]1 & is      
br\ght into bus9ess connections ) !     
ne>e/ bran*1 z ! next high] /age 9 !    

sy/em is d5om9at$4 ,! bran* is locat$ at
 a railroad c5tre1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( "s   
college or univ]sity4 ,= example1 !     
,philadelphia bran* is ! bus9ess c5tre =
 ! entire region )9 a radius ( fifty    
miles4 ,x draws its lectur]s f !        
faculties ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1
 ,pr9ceton1 ,bryn ,mawr1 ,hav]=d1 &     
,sw>?more4 ,! bran* acts z ! middle man 
betwe5 ! college & ! local c5tre4 ,its  
functions are to supply a compet5t corps
 ( lectur]s1 to sy/ematize ! "w )9 its  
jurisdiction1 & to organize new local   
c5tres4 ,already ! ,philadelphia bran*  
has =m$ tw5ty-five local c5tres1 "s (   
:i* ano!r season w give a full ye>'s "w 
consi/+ ( f\r unit c\rses4  ,locat$ 9   
,philadelphia 9 ! mid/ ( colleges1 ?is  
organization is purely national 9 its   
aims4 ,x br+s ) x sy/em out ( *aos4     
,:ile univ]sity ext5sion 0 grop+        
aimlessly ab\t1 x came to ! att5tion (  
"o ( ! lead+ educators ( our c\ntry4 ,z 
provo/ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1   
,dr4 ,william ,pepp] has prov$ himself  

to be a man ( great executive ability4  
,compreh5d+ to ! fulle/ ext5t ! future (
 our educational sy/em1 ) wond]ful      
=esight1 he saw 9 ! ext5sion movem5t a  
future f> m important ?an = a m]e matt] 
( mission>y div]sion = c]ta9 *>itably   
incl9$ pr(essors4 ,he at once sugge/$   
plans = unit+ ! ef=ts ( ^? engag$ 9 ! "w
 & ( h>moniz+ !m ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4      
,accord+ly ,mr4 ,george ,h5d]son 0 s5t  
to ,engl& to /udy ! movem5t 9 all ( its 
be>+s1 & to ga9 a ?or\gh insight into ! 
,engli% sy/em4 ,^u 8 return ! ,am]ican  
,society 0 organiz$ ) ,dr4 ,pepp] z     
presid5t1 & ,mr4 ,h5d]son z ,secret>y4  
,b ,dr4 ,pepp]1 already burd5$ ) !      
executive duties ( a great univ]sity1 z 
well z ) ! labors ( an ext5sive         
pr(ession1 0 soon oblig$ to )draw f !   
active presid5cy1 & ,dr4 ,edmund ,j4    
,james 0 elect$ to t (fice4 ,su*1 9     
brief1 is ! orig9 ( ! ,national         
,society4  ,?is ,am]ican ,society comes 
9 z a helpmate to ! local c5tre1 !      
bran*1 ! college1 & ! univ]sity4 ,its   

functions are di/9ct & v>i\s4 ,com+ =w>d
 ) ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( a qu>t]      
c5tury 9 ,engl&1 x c enable ext5sion    
work]s 9 ?is c\ntry to pr(it !reby4 ,x  
has employ$ a corps ( practical bus9ess 
m5 to sy/ematize ! "w1 & to att5d to !  
necess>y details2 x is publi%+ a mon?ly 
j\rnal call$ ,univ]sity ,ext5sion1 = !  
purpose ( ga!r+ & dissem9at+ in=mation  
reg>d+ ! movem5t2 x publi%es syllabi &  
furni%es !m to ! /ud5t & to ! public at 
! l[e/ possible co/2 & employs organiz]s
 to help 9 ! =mation ( local c5tres1 &  
to get !m 9 work+ ord]4 ,x mu/ be       
recogniz$ at once t no s+le educational 
in/itution c d ?is g5]al "w1 & t !      
,am]ican ,society1 in/ead ( becom+ a    
competitor ) ! univ]sity 9 ext5sion "w1 
r5d]s x practical = ev5 ! small]        
colleges to ent] ?is field ( usefulness4
  ,9 ! p]=mance ( its functions1 !n1 !  
,national ,society mu/ ord9>ily deal ) !
 great] c5tres ( organization2 /ill :5 x
 is impracticable to =m a bran*1 x may  
deal directly ) ! local c5tre4 ,nor is  

its influ5ce b\nd$ by any conv5tional   
b>ri]s4 ,x c ent] ! home :]e ! solit>y  
/ud5t sits by 8 ev5+ lamp1 & direct 8   
"w4 ,9 ?is home "w1 ( c\rse1 ! /ud5t    
r>ely comes into direct contact ) !     
educator1 b ?r\gh sy/ematiz$            
correspond5ce 8 "w may be direct$ &     
f9ally te/$4 ,x c ?us be giv5 a true    
educational value4 ,x mu/ n be ignor$ t 
a />tl+ proportion ( our great bus9ess  
m5 are :at are t]m$ self-educat$4 ,s w x
 be 9 ! future2 b x is f> f vision>y to 
believe t univ]sity ext5sion w op5 pa?s 
:]eby ! solit>y /ud5t ne$ no long]      
employ an exp5sive tutor nor wa/e 8 "t1 
grop+ 9 ! labyr9? pa?s ( k1 )\t a ?read1
 at lea/1 to direct 8 w&]+s to pleasant]
 fields ( light & le>n+4  ,:ile ?is     
sy/em ( /udy is popul>1 & has all !     
glitt] ( novelty1 _m ins9c]e p]sons w   
enroll _! names4 ,"s w seek only        
ent]ta9m5t1 & w be satisfi$ ) ! popul>  
lecture alone4 ,o!rs1 ?r\gh timidity &  
lack ( self-confid5ce1 may att5d ! class
 b w n attempt ! pap] "w or !           

exam9ation4 ,b 9 e community are scores 
( e>ne/1 hungry /ud5ts anxi\s to le>n b 
kn[+ n h[ to get ! k t !y crave1--mature
 /ud5ts settl$ 9 homes & 9 bus9ess1--to 
su* univ]sity ext5sion (f]s *ances =    
improvem5t & refre%+ labor t 7 nev] kn[n
 be=e4 ,!n x is no long] imp]ative to   
reside 9 ! vic9ity ( ! univ]sity1 or to 
=ev] rema9 ignorant ( univ]sity le>n+1 =
 :]ev] a score or m ( /ud5ts may        
congregate1 !re c be br\ght f college   
halls a ma/] workman to direct ! "w4  ,x
 is easy1 !n1 to realize ! scope ( !    
,am]ican society4 ,x c /ret* its        
influ5ce into e corn] ( ! c\ntry2 x c   
ent] e t[n & city2 x c ent] ev5 !       
isolat$ home4 ,ord9>ily colleges &      
univ]sities ( ! c\ntry are anxi\s to "w 
) ! ,national ,society1 = 9 ?is way ev5 
! small college becomes a l9k 9 ?is     
great *a9 ( organization1 & ! ef=ts (   
its faculty may be> fruit1 :]eas        
unsy/ematiz$ "w is little bett] ?an a   
failure4 ,by su* co-op]ation ! "w (     
ext5sion tea*+ may h come to h su* a    

positive educational value t its        
c]tificates1 :5 aw>d$ by ! memb]s ( a   
college faculty1 may1 9 t in/itution1 at
 lea/1 pass curr5t = a def9ite am\nt ( !
 "w requir$ = a degree4 ,at ,cambridge1 
,engl&1 /ud5ts f c5tres t are 9         
affiliation ) t in/itution c ?us save "o
 ye>'s resid5ce at ! univ]sity4 ,is x1  
!n1 vision>y to expect z mu* "h8        
,univ]sity ext5sion1 h[ev]1 (f]s no     
royal road to le>n+2 x is z yet1 z x 71 
lay+ ! ties = a broad gauge track :]e   
only ^? t h ! /r5g? to "w _! passage may
 travel4 ,b :5 op]at$ by ! ,am]ican     
,society1 x is f> 9 advance ( ! ov]l& or
 ,panama r\tes ( ! =ty-n9]s 9 ext5sion  
travel4 ,?is society seems to h solv$ ! 
problem1 & promises to become ! great   
,am]ican ,univ]sity t ,wa%+ton propos$1 
,jeff]son plann$1 & scores h1 s9ce !    
f\nd+ ( our gov]nm5t1 prophesi$ &       
await$4     ,,pope ,,leo ,,on ,,labor4  
,,by ,,?omas ,b4 ,,pre/on4   ,9 read+ ! 
encyclical lett] ( ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 on
 ! condition ( labor1 "o is *iefly /ruck

 by 8 e>ne/ desire = ! welf>e ( all     
mank9d1 8 cle> recognition ( ! exi/5ce (
 a grave social problem1 & ! s+ul> want 
( logic :i* he exhibits 9 8 attempt to  
solve x4 ,8 views on ?is subject c]ta9ly
 des]ve c>eful & ?\ghtful analysis on   
acc\nt ( ! influ5ce :i* !y are b\nd to  
ex]t 9 ! _w1 ow+ to 8 peculi> position z
 head ( ! l>ge/ ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,!y
 %\ld be read )\t bias1 ea* argum5t be+ 
giv5 its due weight irrespective ( any  
conclusions b ^? ( common s5se & "r     
reason4 ,un=tunately !re is mu* division
 ( op9ion z to ! value ( ! docum5t4 ,^? 
,ca?olics :o are sup]/iti\s give to ^!  
op9ions ( ! ,pope ! =ce ( a revelation f
 ,god4 ,& on ! o!r h& !re are _m s-call$
 lib]als :o reg>d ^! utt]ances z ! words
 ( a crafty old man1 ambiti\s ( acquir+ 
weal?1 p[]1 & fame 9 ! _w = himself & = 
! hi]>*y ( 8 ,*ur*4 ,putt+ aside all    
prejudice ( ei!r k9d1 let u exam9e :at  
,pope ,leo says 9 ! light ( reason1 hav+
 fai? en\gh to believe t ! int]e/s (    
true religion _c suff] 9 ! slighte/     

degree f su* an exam9ation4  ,9 8 op5+  
s5t5ces ! ,pope speaks 9 a tone ( regret
 ( ! _s ( revolution>y *ange pr$om9ant 9
 ! nations1 & seems to connect x ) a    
g5]al moral det]ioration4 ,he does n    
appe> to h consid]$ t ! *ange may be    
evolution>y r ?an revolution>y1 & t !   
g5]al moral det]ioration is q z mu* due 
to ! ef=ts ( reaction>y politicians &   
*ur*m5 :o aim to reta9 = ! classes all !
 con/antly increas+ weal?-produc+ p[] ( 
! _w1 keep+ ! masses d[n to ! same b>e  
level ( subsi/5ce z =m]ly1 :ile _!      
capacity = enjoym5t has be5 va/ly enl>g$
 ?r\gh ! increas$ g5]al av]age (        
civilization & ref9em5t4 ,?is naturally 
produces on ! "o side ! pil$-up         
accumulations ( individuals g>n]$ by !  
few1 an inord9ate display ( weal? &     
luxury1 & ! vices ( intemp]ance &       
immorality2 :ile on ! o!r1 madd5$ & />v+
 cr[ds are likely to resort to viol5ce1 
& ! poor] population to indulge :5ev] !y
 get a *ance 9 ! same pleasures z ! ri*4
 ,b ) all ^! disadvantages 9 ! mod]n    

economic situation x may fairly be      
que/ion$ :e!r ! g5]al moral det]ioration
 is z great z 9 ! good old times1 ! ages
 ( fai?1 :5 ! ,inquisition fl\ri%$ along
 ) ! ,borgias1 ! droit du seigneur 0 a  
recogniz$ cu/om1 & brib]y & viol5ce 7   
ev]y:]e preval5t4  ,public in/itutions &
 ! laws1 says ,pope ,leo1 h repudiat$ ! 
anci5t religion4 ,b is n ?is repudiation
 9 l>ge "p due to ! refusal ( ! m9i/]s (
 ! anci5t religion to accommodate       
!mselves to new conditions 9 ! _w's     
hi/ory1 s t ) ! gr[? ( mod]n            
civilization ! _w has mov$ m rapidly ?an
 ! ,*ur*1 & ! latt] has become          
dissociat$ f ! masses1 *iefly ow+ to !  
ignorance & int5se cons]vatism ( h]     
rul]s & _! entirely unnecess>y di/ru/ ( 
! discov]ies ( sci5ce8 ,pope ,leo admits
 t ?is is an age ( great] in/ruction1 ( 
diff]5t cu/oms1 & ( m num]\s requirem5ts
 9 daily life1 b he _c dive/ himself ( !
 trammels ( ecclesia/icism :i* seem to  
m\ld 8 ?\ghts & lead him to consid] x   
ess5tial 9 ^! times ( covet\s gre$ to   

keep ! multitude )9 ! l9e ( duty4 ,) him
 x is ! multitude :o seem possess$ ( an 
insane desire to break out ( ! l9e (    
duty4 ,8 !ory is l t ( ! man :o acc\nt$ 
= ! ov]cr[d+ 9 l>ge cities on ! gr\nd t 
! poor & un=tunate _h a /range &        
uncontrollable prop5sity = sw>m+ 9      
t5em5t-h\ses4 ,he does n give suffici5t 
=ce to ! influ5ce ( conditions ^u human 
acts1 & app>5tly is *iefly anxi\s t     
/rife %\ld cease1 =gett+ t until ju/ice 
be done ! wor/ ?+ t c\ld happ5 w\ld be !
 cessation ( /rife4  ,! flatt]+         
surr\nd+s & ari/ocratic tra9+ ( ,pope   
,leo _c1 h[ev]1 dull ! g5]\s sympa?ies (
 8 he>t1 or bl9d 8 cle> vision ( ! mis]y
 & wret*$ness :i* press s heavily at ?is
 mom5t on ! l>ge majority ( ! v poor4   
,he says3 ,! condition ( ! work+        
population is ! "q ( ! h\r4 ,?is w be a 
rude awak5+ to ^? cons]vative ,ca?olic  
*ur*m5 :o h 9 rec5t ye>s be5 insi/+ t   
?+s z !y are 7 altoge!r lovely1 & t !   
talk ab\t ! mis]y ( ! poor 0 only !     
exagg]ation ( a few cunn+ agitators :o  

want$ to excite ! p s t 9 a g5]al       
upheaval ^! agitators !mselves might    
p]sonally pr(it4 ,pope ,leo's voice (   
sympa?y is he>d decl>+ t !re is a social
 problem1 & t x is %ameful & inhuman to 
treat m5 l *attels to make money by or  
to look ^u !m m]ely z s mu* muscle or   
physical p[]4  ,*>ity1 z ,pope ,leo     
frequ5tly und]/&s x1 w\ld inde$ effect a
 wond]ful amelioration 9 ! _w4 ,b x is t
 *>ity :i* is always ready to sacrifice 
itself = o!rs' sake & ! *ief *>act]i/ic 
( :i* is ! love ( ju/ice4 ,x has be5    
degrad$ 9 ^! lat] ye>s into ! s5se (    
alms-giv+1 s t ! ,*ri/ian pulpits ( e   
d5om9ation h too (t5 ?us be5 prea*+     
*>ity :ile ignor+ ju/ice4  ,is x any    
wond] ! _w rebell$8 ,! victories ( !    
,*ur* 7 won :5 %e possess$ ! sublime    
/r5g? ( weakness1 & :5 h] m>tyrs & sa9ts
 9 language only mat*$ by t ( ! radicals
 ( to-day 7 proclaim+ ! ess5tial lib]ty1
 frat]nity1 & equality ( all m51 &      
d5\nc+ ! iniquities ( imp]ial ,rome4 ,b 
:5 %e took ! fatu\s /ep1 & plac$ on h]  

own br[ ! cr[n ( ! ,caes>s1 !n %e too   
became cons]vative1 !n ! words ( h]     
popes began to be regulat$ by policy1 !n
 *>ity became alms-giv+1 & piety        
deg5]at$ into ecclesia/icism4 ,au?ority 
0 /ra9$ until x snapp$1 & a suff]+ _w   
revolt$ f ! outrage\s assumptions (     
ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,a return to         
,*ri/ianity is1 inde$1 ne$$1 b ! ,*ur* w
 h q z mu* ( a j\rney to g z ! _w1 s f> 
z h] me?ods are conc]n$4  ,) reg>d to ! 
position ( ! family 9 ! /ate1 ,pope ,leo
 is ! advocate ( fre$om z aga9/ !       
int]f]5ce ( public au?ority 9 dome/ic   
affairs4 ,he admits1 h[ev]1 t ! /ate    
%\ld int]f]e 9 cases ( family di/urbance
 to =ce ea* p>ty to give ! o!r :at is   
due1 h]e9 diff]+ f ! philosophical      
an>*i/s4 ,he disc]ns cle>ly t ! int]e/s 
( labor & ( capital are n antagoni/ic1 b
 :at he does n see is t ! int]e/s (     
labor & capital may bo? be antagoni/ic  
to ! int]e/s ( monopoly1 & t until !    
latt] is de/roy$ ! two =m] w be         
cont9ually =c$ into positions ( seem+   

antagonism4 ,he d5\nces rapaci\s usury1 
& says t x 0 m ?an once condemn$ by !   
,*ur*1 conv5i5tly ov]look+ ! fact t !   
usuria1 :i* 0 condemn$1 0 n only        
rapaci\s b 0 all tak+ ( money = ! use ( 
money1 all int]e/ on loans--a           
condemnation :i*1 if insi/$ ^u by !     
,*ur* to-day1 w\ld soon empty h]        
sanctu>ies4 ,he ref]s to ! gre$ (       
unre/ra9$ competition b does n grasp !  
idea t "u conditions ( ju/ice unre/ra9$ 
competition w\ld be an advantage1       
con/antly lead+ m5 to emulate ea* o!r1 &
 becom+ a sure gu>antee ( progress4 ,x  
is ! competition ( ^? :o h no?+ b _!    
labor1 or _! bra9s1 or _! capital to    
sell ) ! own]s ( va/ monopolies :o exact
 f production an ev]-increas+ toll t    
ne$s to be re/ra9$1 & ?is n by aboli%+ !
 cu/om ( work+ by contract1 or by /ate  
int]f]5ce & legislative t9k]+1 to :i* ! 
,pope leans 9 spite ( 8 prote/s aga9/   
socialism1 b by ! abolition ( !         
monopolies or _! absorption into !      
functions ( ! /ate4  ,! ,pope is almo/ a

 ,sp5c]ian 9 8 bias t[>ds individualism1
 b he =gets t individualism c nev] be   
ma9ta9$ 9 practice except ?r\gh !       
assumption by ! /ate ( ^? monopolies    
:i*1 if left 9 private h&s1 w\ld b5efit 
! few at ! exp5se ( ! _m4 ,true         
individualism requires equality (       
opportunity4 ,! in/ant ! idea ( monopoly
 ent]s1 equality ( opportunity becomes  
impossible1 & individualism is de/roy$4 
,x is ?r\gh want ( see+ ?is fact t !    
,pope1 9 common ) mo/ political         
economi/s1 goes fl\nd]+ r\nd 9 a sea (  
contradictions1 n[ proclaim+ pr9ciples  
almo/ l ^? ( ! an>*i/s1 & aga9 favor+   
extreme socialism1 :ile all ! "t imag9+ 
himself an individuali/4 ,_! !ories     
rem9d "o ( ! labor$ attempts to expla9 !
 sol> sy/em by ! old ,ptolemaic me?od ( 
epicycles & def]5ts1 :5 ! "o simple law 
( c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ce 0 en\gh to
 acc\nt = all ! maje/ic movem5ts ( !    
univ]se4 ,:at o!r outcome c !re be ( ?is
 want ( a regulator 9 economics--l a    
gov]nor 9 ma*9]y--?an an endeavor to    

pat* up ! ma*9e ( humanity1 add+ a      
little "h1 tak+ (f a little !re1 do+ !  
be/ t occasion seems to all[1 & all !   
:ile impress$ ) a pr(\nd & sad          
conviction t ! ma*9e is 9 a bad way1 &  
c]ta9 to sma% up1 :atev] is done8       
,consequ5tly we h j su* weak docum5ts z 
?is encyclical lett]1 emanat+ n[ f an   
em95t agno/ic sci5ti/1 n[ f a           
millionnaire philan?ropi/ & n[ f !      
,pope--all conflict+ ) ea* o!r1 ! fir/  
d5y+ t man has any m rights ?an a       
rattlesnake1 ! second laud+ a triumphant
 democracy :i* has n ! c\rage to attack 
! monopolies ?r\gh :i* he has acquir$ 8 
millions1 ! ?ird writ+ a long pap] full 
( pi\s platitudes & injunctions to ! ri*
 to give to ! poor1 & to ! poor to be   
cont5t$1 & !n ev]y?+ w be lovely4  ,!   
ma9 portion ( ! encyclical lett] is     
direct$ aga9/ socialism1 & ! ,pope's    
argum5ts are effective z aga9/ :at he   
evid5tly means by socialism4 ,!y are    
sadly weak5$1 h[ev]1 by 8 want ( a      
logical conception ( :at con/itutes     

private prop]ty4 ,he %[s 9 m ?an "o     
place t he believes private prop]ty to  
be only ! result ( human labor1 b :5 he 
comes to apply 8 ideas1 he admits ( its 
ext5sion to l& & o!r monopolies1 )\t    
realiz+ t because su* monopolies are n !
 creation ( human labor !y _c !re=e be  
rightfully consid]$ z private prop]ty4  
,he is l ! man :o w\ld divide ! human   
race into m51 wom51 & poets1 or 9       
enum]at+ ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates w\ld      
include ,bo/on aft] hav+ m5tion$        
,massa*usetts4 ,8 argum5ts are /ill     
fur!r weak5$ by 8 evid5t lean+ t[>ds    
compulsory ,sunday re/1 & an eight-h\r  
day1 trades-unionism1 & regulation by   
*ur* societies1 all ( :i* savor ( ! v   
socialism :i* he is combatt+4  ,he      
argues well1 h[ev]1 aga9/ ! !ory :i*    
proposes t ! /ate %\ld adm9i/]          
individual prop]ty z common prop]ty = ! 
b5efit ( all4 ,?is w\ld be m correctly  
t]m$ /ate socialism or1 9 its extreme   
=m1 communism4 ,b ! ,pope fails to      
recognize t !re is su* a ?+ z public    

prop]ty1 creat$ by ! m]e pres5ce ( l>ge 
communities1 & :i* ^? communities h a   
p]fect "r to adm9i/]4 ,:ile endeavor+ to
 uphold ! rights ( private prop]ty1 he  
impugns :at ,fa!r ,william ,b>ry call$ 9
 a rec5t review article1 ,! ,rights (   
,public ,prop]ty4 ,8 ,hol9ess' ignorance
 on ?is po9t c be be/ %[n by a          
quotation3--  ,if "o man hires out to   
ano!r 8 /r5g? or 8 indu/ry1 he does ?is 
= ! purpose ( receiv+ 9 return :at is   
necess>y = food & liv+2 he !reby        
expressly proposes to acquire a full &  
real "r1 n only to ! remun]ation1 b also
 to ! disposal ( t remun]ation z he     
pleases4 ,?us1 if he lives sp>+ly1 saves
 money1 & inve/s 8 sav+s1 = great]      
security1 9 l&1 ! l& 9 su* a case is    
only 8 wages 9 ano!r =m2 &1 consequ5tly1
 a work+man's little e/ate ?us pur*as$  
%\ld be z completely at 8 own disposal z
 ! wages he receives = 8 labor4  ,x w\ld
 be int]e/+ to "k :at ! ,pope w\ld say  
if ! work+man inve/$ 8 sav+s 9 a slave1 
& :e!r ! ,holy ,fa!r w\ld consid] !     

slave only ! work+man's wages 9 ano!r   
=m4 ,pope ,leo c]ta9ly nev] c\ld h      
int5d$ to /ate t ! m]e pur*ase ( a ?+ 0 
suffici5t to convey own]%ip4 ,yet t is j
 :at ! la/ s5t5ce quot$ am\nts to4 ,!   
ju/ice ( ! own]%ip dep5ds entirely ^u   
:e!r ! ?+ pur*as$ be rightfully capable 
( own]%ip1 9 ! fir/ place1 & :e!r x be  
obta9$ f ! rightful own]1 9 ! second4   
,z effects foll[ _! cause1 ,pope ,leo   
says a little fur!r on1 s x is j & "r t 
! results ( labor %\ld belong to him :o 
has labor$4  ,!re he /rikes ! key-note (
 ! "r ( prop]ty upheld alike by ! be/   
*ur*m5 & economi/s 9 all ages4 ,t is !  
natural law ( labor4 ,x is oppos$ to !  
!ory ( ,/ate socialism1 & to :at _m 9   
?is c\ntry und]/& by nationalism4 ,if ! 
,pope _h adh]$ to t proposition1 he w\ld
 h be5 sav$ f 8 illogical position4 ,x  
is und\bt$ly true t a man is entitl$ to 
t ( :i* he is ! produc+ cause4 ,& 9 "s  
bran*es ( labor :i* are m intimately    
associat$ ) ! e>? ?an o!rs1 su* z       
agricultural op]ations1 x is true t !   

results ( labor1 & ! improvem5ts made ^u
 l&1 become physically insep>able f ! l&
 itself1 s t he :o w\ld own :at 8 labor 
has produc$ mu/ also h security ( t5ure1
 & exclusive possession ( t portion (   
nature's field :i* he cultivates4  ,x is
 = want ( di/+ui%+ c>efully betwe5      
possession & own]%ip t ! ,pope falls    
into 8 ludicr\s economic blund]s4 ,?is  
"p ( 8 encyclical is absolutely         
self-contradictory4 ,he is argu+ = !    
secur+ to ! labor] ( ! fruits ( 8 labor4
 ,! workman on l& mu/ h own]%ip ( ^? ?+s
 he has produc$1 & h5ce mu/ h exclusive 
possession ( t "p ( ! e>? :i* he tills4 
,he mu/ h su* disposal ( x z w enable   
him by ! ex]tion ( 8 labor to secure a  
proportionate rew>d4 ,b ?is is n        
own]%ip4 ,own]%ip c>ries ) x some?+ m   
?an ?is4 ,once divide ! e>? among       
private own]s1 z ! ,pope puts x1 & y h  
?is condition ( ?+s3 t ^? :o d n happ5  
to be among ! private own]s mu/ compete 
= ! privilege ( liv+ on ! e>?1 !y mu/   
pay a "p ( ! results ( _! labor =       

p]mission to "w1 & on ! o!r h& ! =tunate
 own]s receive some?+ = :i* !y !mselves 
r5d] no labor4 ,x is /range t ! ,pope   
did n see ! absurdities ( 8 own         
propositions4 ,he says3--  ,moreov] !   
e>?1 ?\gh divid$ among private own]s1   
ceases n !reby to m9i/] to ! ne$s ( all2
 = !re is no "o :o does n live on :at ! 
l& br+s =?4 ,^? :o d n possess ! soil   
contribute _! labor2 s t x may be truly 
said t all human subsi/5ce is d]iv$ ei!r
 f labor on "o's own l&1 or f "s        
labori\s indu/ry :i* is paid = ei!r 9 ! 
produce ( ! l& itself or 9 t :i* is     
ex*ang$ = :at ! l& br+s =?4  ,pope ,leo 
is mi/ak54 ,all human subsi/5ce is n    
d]iv$ ei!r f labor on "o's own l& or f  
"s labori\s indu/ry4 ,"s human          
subsi/5ce1 z ! ,pope says1 is d]iv$ f   
labor on "o's own l&4 ,"s human         
subsi/5ce is d]iv$ f labori\s indu/ry on
 ! l& ( o!rs4 ,&--:at ! ,pope seems to  
ignore--"s human subsi/5ce is d]iv$ by  
own+ l& & lett+ o!rs "w ^u x1 tak+ f !m 
"p ( ! fruits ( _! labor 9 ex*ange = !  

m]e p]mission to labor4 ,by no          
con/ruction c su* own]%ip be class$ z a 
labori\s indu/ry4 ,yet su* own]s g5]ally
 enjoy ! v be/ ( human subsi/5ce4       
,nev]!less1 a few s5t5ces fur!r on1 !   
,pope naively asks3 ,is x j t ! fruit ( 
a man's sweat & labor %\ld be enjoy$ by 
ano!r8 ,_h ! ,pope pond]$ ov] t "q m    
pr(\ndly1 he might h come to f> diff]5t 
conclusions f ^? :i* he seems to h      
rea*$4  ,x is un=tunate t ! ,pope ?r\gh 
a desire to uphold ! j rights ( prop]ty 
%\ld h be5 l$ to ma9ta9 ! privileges (  
monopoly1 & /ill m un=tunate t s _m     
,ca?olics w consid] 8 blund] an article 
( fai? & feel x b9d+ ^u _! consci5ces to
 oppose all fur!r ef=ts to impair       
private own]%ip ( l& by taxation--! only
 way 9 :i* individual possession c be   
reconcil$ ) ! common "r ( all mank9d to 
! e>?4  ,9 "o place ! ,pope seems to    
d\bt ! ext5t to :i* ! pr9ciple ( private
 own]%ip is applicable to l&1 = he says3
 ,! limits ( private possession h be5   
left to be fix$ by man's own indu/ry & !

 laws ( individual peoples4 ,b if ! laws
 %\ld tax ! monopoly value out ( l&1 !n 
! hold] ( l& w\ld n be able to get any  
pr(it out ( x except by 8 own labor4 ,x 
w\ld be no long] su* own]%ip z exi/s    
to-day :i* all[s private own]s to       
confiscate ! results ( o!r's labor4 ,!  
,pope "h ab&ons ! unqualifi$ own]%ip :i*
 he else:]e ma9ta9s4 ,x might well be   
ask$ if he is prep>$ to excommunicate ! 
legislators & assessors :o1 9 ne>ly e   
civiliz$ c\ntry to-day1 d tax l&1 & ?us 
to a c]ta9 ext5t impair own]%ip4 ,& if !
 same pr9ciple 7 ext5d$ s t ! tax w\ld  
equal ! entire r5tal value !re w\ld be  
no *ance = ! l& monopoli/ to exploit !  
e>n+s ( labor4 ,man's means %\ld n be   
dra9$ & exhau/$ by excessive taxation1 z
 ! ,pope seems to fe>1 %[+ t he has a   
vague idea ( ! me?od by :i* x is propos$
 to de/roy own]%ip4 ,b z ! r5tal value  
to-day is already paid by labor1 !      
propos$ plan c\ld n dra9 or exhau/ labor
 any m ?an at pres5t1 :ile su* a tax    
fall+ ^u l&s held = speculation w\ld    

cause _! ab&onm5t1 & ?us op5 new fields 
= labor4 ,work+m5 w\ld !n be really     
enc\rag$ to look =w>d to obta9+ a %>e 9 
! l&1 & t prosp]ity :i* ! ,pope hopes = 
w\ld result4 ,he seems to be ignorant ( 
! fact t tax+ l&1 unlike a tax ^u any   
product ( labor1 makes x *eap] & easi]  
to obta9 = possession & use4  ,m ?an all
 does he =get t :at labor ne$s is n !   
protect+ arm ( ,*ur* or ,/ate1 b equal  
opportunity & ! fulle/ possible fre$om (
 access to ,nature's b\nties4 ,he is    
untrue to himself & talks l ! v]ie/     
sociali/ :5 he says3 ,among ! purposes (
 a society %\ld be to try to arrange = a
 cont9u\s supply ( "w at all times &    
seasons4 ,b\ntiful nature 9 ! great     
/oreh\se ( ! e>? has provid$ a cont9u\s 
supply ( "w = ! :ole human race = all   
future ages4 ,make monopoly1 by         
taxation1 loos5 h] grip ^u ! e>?1 &     
labor w\ld h abundant opportunity = all 
"t to come )\t ! necessity = pat]nal1   
sociali/ic t9k]+ on ! "p ( ei!r ,/ate or
 ,*ur*4     ,,! ,,au/rian ,,po/al       

,,bank+ ,,sy/em4  ,,by ,,sylve/]        
,,baxt]4   ,!re is a possibility t !    
plan = ! e/abli%m5t ( po/al sav+s banks1
 s ably advocat$ by ! po/ma/]-g5]al1 may
 result 9 a radical *ange 9 our entire  
bank+ sy/em4 ,! dem& = po/al sav+s-banks
 is s popul> t x is n likely t !re w be 
mu* fur!r delay on ! "p ( ,congress 9   
realiz+ ! project4 ,n[ x happ5s t among 
! new political issues t h aris51 ! "q (
 ! curr5cy has assum$ a mo/ prom95t     
place4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! int5sity ( 
! feel+ t has develop$ aga9/ ! national 
banks1 :i* h suppli$ a l>ge proportion (
 ! circulat+ m$ium s9ce ! w>1 & ! dem& =
 a curr5cy issu$ directly by ! gov]nm5t1
 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! banks1 is gr[+ bo?
 9 volume & 9 =ce4  ,! s5se ( !         
inadequacy ( ! national banks to !      
f9ancial necessities ( ! c\ntry is by no
 means conf9$ to ^? :o1 by !ory or      
exp]i5ce1 h be5 made ho/ile to !m1 &    
reg>d !m z detrim5tal to our            
in/itutions1 & z dang]\s in/rum5ts = !  
oppression ( ! common p4 ,x ext5ds to ^?

 :o recognize t ! national banks h be5 (
 invaluable s]vice to ! c\ntry1 & are a 
va/ improvem5t ov] ! bank+ sy/em t      
prec$$ !m4 ,nev]!less !y feel t grave   
defects are %[+ !mselves1 & t = !       
security ( ! community some?+ bett] is  
ne$$4 ,!re is n ! confid5ce on ! "p ( ! 
bus9ess community t !re %\ld be1 & ev5ts
 l ! rec5t occurr5ces 9 connection ) !  
,key/one ,national ,bank1 9             
,philadelphia1 are n likely to enhance t
 confid5ce4 ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t (       
surmises is z to h[ _m simil> cases !re 
may be1 & a v commonly he>d qu]y is t z 
to ! /ate ( affairs t a g5]al f9ancial  
panic might reveal1 ) ! banks load$ )   
collat]al ^u :i* x w\ld be h>dly        
possible to realize at su* a "t4  ,!n   
!re is ! moral aspect ( ! case1 s well  
express$ 9 an essay#bb by "o ( ! s\nde/ 
philosophical & political ?9k]s :om     
,am]ica has kn[n1 ! late ,david ,atwood 
,wasson4 ,said he3 ,at pres5t ! gov]nm5t
 p]mits itself to become                
indirectly1--or1 if we speak ( ! ,/ate  

gov]nm5ts1 worse1 sometimes1 ?an        
indirectly1--conf$]ate ) ^? :o amass    
=tunes by mak+ cr$it prec>i\s1 & =c+ !  
haz>ds ( ! gam+-table into all !        
legitimate op]ations ( bus9ess4 ,!      
comptroll] ( ! curr5cy has publicly said
 t ab\t "o half1 on an av]age1 ( ! means
 ( ! national banks1 9 "o *ief          
city--in/itutions1 obs]ve1 creat$ by    
gov]nm5t1 & *>g$1 9 effect1 ) "o ( its  
mo/ di/9ctive functions1 t ( supply+ a  
m$ium ( ex*ange--are loan$ to           
speculators2 t is1 to m5 :o subsi/      
l>gely on artificial di/urbances (      
cr$it1 ^u corn]s 9 ! /ock m>ket & money 
m>ket1 ^u alt]nations ( inflation &     
/r+5cy1 ! ups & d[ns ( a disord]$       
con/itution4 ,)\t go+ into ! matt]      
closely1 :i* is aside f my pres5t       
purpose1 ,i leave be=e ! read] ! ma9    
facts ( ! case3 t ! sy/em ( cr$it c5tr$ 
9 ! mod]n bank+ sy/em plays a va/ &     
increas+ role 9 our civilization2 t :ile
 ( a utility n easily ov]/at$1 x af=ds  
peculi> opportunities ( fraud &         

exaction2 t aside f ^!1 its unregulat$  
condition is dang]\s1 result+ 9         
alt]nations ( inflation & depression1 l 
! alt]nate extremes ( fev] & ague2 t va/
 & gr[+ comb9ations exi/ = produc+      
artificially ?is disord]2 t ^?          
in/itutions :i* cr$it has creat$ "u !   
express sanction ( gov]nm5t1 at once to 
supply its necessities & hold x heal?ily
 9 *eck1 are manag$ only z private      
prop]ty2 t mu* oppression1 alike ( labor
 & capital1 & also1 ,i fe>1 mu*         
demoralization--:i* is an int]ior &     
worse oppression--are suff]$ 9          
consequ5ce2 & t hi!rto our /atesman%ip  
wants ! /udi\s leisure1 & our me?od (   
gov]nm5t ! /ability & precision (       
op]ation1 :i* ^! exig5cies dem&4        
#bb ,! ,new ,type ( ,oppression1 9      
,essays3 ,religi\s1 ,social1            
,political4 ,lee  ,%ep>d1 ,bo/on4  ,a   
tru] /atem5t ( ! case nev] 0 made1 & ^! 
words %\ld be well pond]$ by patriotic  
citiz5s4  ,probably ! reason :y ! feel+ 
aga9/ our pres5t bank+ sy/em has n yet  

tak5 %ape 9 legislation is because no   
s\nd con/ructive measures h be5 propos$4
 ,faulty z ! sy/em is1 :at is !re bett] 
t c take its place8 is ask$1 & to ?is no
 satisfactory reply has be5 giv54 ,ev5  
?\gh ! notes ( ! national banks %\ld be 
retir$1 & curr5cy issu$ directly f !    
national treasury %\ld take _! place1 we
 mu/ h bank+ facilities ( "s k9d4       
,absolute security ( bank deposits is   
:at is desir$1 & any measure t w\ld     
secure t end c\ld h>dly fail to be      
joyfully welcom$ by ! bus9ess community1
 ) ! exception ( ! small m9ority ei!r   
selfi%ly int]e/$ 9 pres5t bank+         
corporations1 or ^: prosp]ity is d]iv$ f
 op]ations bas$ ^u a /ate ( insecurity4 
,p[]ful z ^! int]e/s are1 !re is no     
reason :y !y %\ld be p]mitt$ to /& 9 !  
way ( ! realization ( a bett] condition 
( affairs1 %\ld t prove atta9able4  ,!  
lead+ m]it ( ! national bank+ sy/em     
comes f ! absolute security ( its       
circulat+ m$ium1 proce$+ f ! gov]nm5tal 
gu>antee4 ,mean:ile ! int]e/s ( !       

depositors1 9 supply+ ^: conv5i5ce !    
bank d]ives its bus9ess1 rema9          
inadequately gu>d$4 ,is n "s sy/em      
possible :]eby 9 place ( ?is p>tial     
gu>antee we may h a complete gu>antee1  
cov]+ bo? circulat+ m$ium & deposit8    
,=tunately1 ) ! exp]i5ces ( o!r c\ntries
 furni%+ examples s available z !y d    
n[adays1 we are n left entirely to our  
own res\rces 9 devis+ solutions =       
problems t confront u4 ,we h b to look  
to ,au/ria = a mo/ successful example ( 
a truly national bank+ sy/em1 t         
completely meets ! dem&4 ,:5 ,au/ria    
e/abli%$ its po/al sav+s bank1 9 #ahhb1 
a regul> *eck & cle>+ sy/em 0 made a    
feature !re(4 ,?is1 (f]+ sub/antially ! 
same conv5i5ce z our ord9>y private or  
national banks 9 ?is c\ntry1 toge!r ) ! 
additional advantages ( absolute        
security ( deposits1 & *ecks good 9 all 
p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 has become enorm\sly   
popul> ) ! m]cantile public1 s t !      
regul> bank+ dep>tm5t has q ov]%ad[$ !  
sav+s dep>tm5t1 important z ! latt] is4 

,e po/-(fice 9 ,au/ria1 !re=e1 has !    
function ( bo? a sav+s-bank & a bank (  
deposit4 ,a p]man5t deposit ( "o hundr$ 
flor9s1 or =ty doll>s1 is suffici5t to  
make a p]son a memb] ( ! *eck & cle>+   
dep>tm5t4 ,no limit is plac$ on ! am\nt 
t may be deposit$1 b a s+le *eck _c be  
drawn = m ?an t5 ?\s& flor9s f\r ?\s&   
doll>s4 ,int]e/ is paid on deposits at a
 rate n exce$+ two p] c5t41 :ile !      
int]e/ on sav+s may n exce$ ?ree p] c5t4
 ,a *>ge ( two kreutz]s eight mills is  
made = ea* entry1 toge!r ) a commission 
( "o f\r? p] mille4 ,ano!r function ( ! 
po/al bank is ! buy+ & sell+ ( gov]nm5t 
securities1 = :i* a commission ( two p] 
mille is *>g$1 ) a commission ( "o p]   
mille = ! ca%+ ( c\pons4  ,x is int]e/+ 
to le>n t two ye>s be=e ! adoption ( ?is
 sy/em by ,au/ria1 a v simil> plan 0    
advocat$ by an able ,am]ican /ud5t (    
f9ance1 ! ,hon4 ,l4 ,v4 ,m\lton1 ( ,gr& 
,rapids1 ,mi*igan4 ,9 8 book1 ,! ,sci5ce
 ( ,money & ,am]ican ,f9ances1 publi%$ 9
 #ahhj1 he said3 ,! gov]nm5t ought to   

provide a deposit sy/em ( absolute      
safety to depositors = all :o *oose to  
avail !mselves ( x4 ,a sy/em ( po/al    
sav+s-banks some:at simil> to ! ,briti% 
%\ld be adopt$4 ,! gov]nm5t receiv+ a   
deposit1 & all[+ ! depositor to *eck out
 at ! same or any o!r (fice1 pay+ no    
int]e/ & do+ no loan+1 receiv+ ! use ( !
 funds :ile on deposit1 z comp5sation = 
/orage & transportation ( funds4 ,no    
actual transportation w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be 
requir$1 except to settle balances      
betwe5 (fices4 ,?is w\ld be ! safe/     
possible deposit & mo/ conv5i5t ex*ange 
sy/em1 & is q z prop] = ! gov]nm5t to   
und]take z ! po/al or money-ord]        
bus9ess4 ,z x is1 ! gov]nm5t co9s money 
& transf]s money1 b w n take x on       
/orage1 :i* is absurd1 & =ces ! p to    
deposit ) loan & disc\nt conc]ns1 liable
 to explode at any "t & leave !m        
p5niless4  ,al?\gh int]e/ on deposits is
 paid 9 ,au/ria1 !re appe>s to be no    
good reason :y x %\ld be paid 7 ! sy/em 
adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re is no ne$ ( x 

z an inducem5t1 = ! absolute security & 
! greatly increas$ conv5i5ce ( ! sy/em  
w\ld be suffici5t = t4 ,! pres5t        
national banks pay no int]e/ on         
deposits1 ! facilities af=d$ be+        
adequate to secure all ! deposits ne$$4 
,x appe>s desirable1 h[ev]1 to pay      
int]e/ on deposits ( sav+s4 ,9 ! bill   
prep>$ by ,po/ma/]-,g5]al ,wanamak]1 x  
is provid$ t ?is %all n exce$ #b4d p]   
c5t4 ,?is l[ rate is fix$ ^u 9 ord] t ! 
int]e/ may be consid]ably less ?an !    
av]age paid by private bank]s to        
depositors4 ,! great ob/acle to !       
e/abli%m5t ( po/al sav+s-banks 9 ?is    
c\ntry has be5 ! lack ( available means 
= ! inve/m5t ( ! funds1 ! rapidly       
decreas+ national debt mak+ gov]nm5t    
bonds out ( ! "q = ! purpose4 ,mr4      
,wanamak] proposes to ov]come ?is       
ob/acle by loan+ ! funds to national    
banks )9 ! ,/ate :]e ! deposits are     
made4 ,! objection to ?is c\rse lies 9 !
 objection to ! national banks !mselves1
 z h]et(ore /at$4 ,to give !m           

disposition ov] su* a va/ am\nt--x is   
e/imat$ t ! deposits 9 ! po/al          
sav+s-banks w\ld soon rea*              
#ejj1jjj1jjj--w\ld be to increase va/ly 
_! p[] = h>m4  ,mr4 ,wanamak]'s         
alt]native proposition1 to utilize !    
funds 9 ! direction ( great] & mu* ne$$ 
exp5ditures = public build+s1 p>ticul>ly
 po/-(fice /ructures1 is1 on ! o!r h&1 a
 s\nd "o4 ,!y might also be employ$ to  
advantage 9 provid+ ! means = ! mu* ne$$
 ext5sion ( ! po/al s]vice n[ s widely  
dem&$1 z 9 ! adoption ( a p>cels po/    
equal to t ( ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & o!r     
c\ntries1 & 9 nationaliz+ ! telegraph & 
telephone & incorporat+ !m into ! po/al 
dep>tm5t4  ,! deposits 9 ! propos$ *eck 
& cle>+ dep>tm5t w\ld place an enorm\s  
am\nt at ! disposal ( ! gov]nm5t1 9     
addition to ! po/al sav+s-bank funds4   
,pay+ no int]e/ on ^! deposits1 !       
gov]nm5t might utilize ! money 9 its own
 exp5ditures1 & ?us to a consid]able    
ext5t r$uce taxation4 ,or1 j z ! ord9>y 
banks loan _! deposits1 ! gov]nm5t might

 loan ?is money = mortgages on l& & on  
/aple products1 some:at z dem&$ 9 rec5t 
agitations4  ,a p]son s em95t 9 !       
discussion ( ^! que/ions z ,mr4 ,edw>d  
,atk9son has rec5tly /at$1 9 sub/ance1  
t1 increase ! volume ( ! curr5cy z we   
may1 /ill x w\ld n be adequate to c]ta9 
exig5cies ( regul> recurr5ce1 l ! annual
 mov+ ( ! crops4 ,he ?us practically    
conc$es ! ju/ice ( ! f>m]s' dem&1 z     
=mulat$ 9 _! sub-treasury project1 b he 
w\ld supply ?is want ?r\gh private bank+
 in/itutions organiz$ expressly to loan 
money = ?is purpose4  ,su* in/itutions  
w\ld1 h[ev]1 naturally take advantage ( 
! necessities ( ! f>m]s by obta9+ !     
highe/ rates ( int]e/ possible1 :ile !  
und]ly+ purpose ( ! o!r plan w\ld be t (
 mak+ ! loans at ! l[e/ rates consi/5t )
 ! exp5se ( ! transactions4 ,is x n     
bett]1 x may be ask$1 & m 9 accordance )
 ! pr9ciples ( true self-help1 = ! p ?us
 to supply _! own f9ancial ne$s 9 !     
*eape/ way possible ?r\gh !             
in/rum5tality ( _! gov]nm5tal           

organization1 r ?an dep5d ^u private    
ent]prise organiz$ to take advantage (  
_! necessities = its own pr(it8  ,at    
fir/ glance !re might seem to be an     
objection 9 ! fact t1 :ile ! gov]nm5t 0 
l5d+ money at two p] c5t4 x 0 pay+ on   
sav+s deposits int]e/ possibly z high z 
#b4d p] c5t41 :i* w\ld appe> to be an   
unbus9ess-l & unpr(itable proce$+4 ,b on
 /rik+ an av]age betwe5 ! sums on :i* x 
0 pay+ t rate & ! l>ge am\nts on :i* x 0
 pay+ no int]e/1 b receiv+ two p] c5t41 
x w\ld probably be f\nd t x 0 gett+ !   
:ole at a rate consid]able less ?an two 
p] c5t4  ,a m valid objection to ! l5d+ 
( money by ! gov]nm5t at a fix$ l[ rate 
( int]e/1 in/ead ( at :atev] rates x    
might obta9 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! money 
m>ket1 z private bank+ in/itutions w\ld 
d1 might be f\nd 9 ! liability t !      
p>ties to :om x 0 loan$ might reloan x  
at high] rates1 & ?us use ! good (fices 
( ! gov]nm5t z a means ( p]sonal pr(it4 
,! measure c\ld h>dly fail1 h[ev]1 to   
l[] v greatly ! g5]al rate ( int]e/ 9 ! 

bus9ess _w4 ,x w\ld be important1 (     
c\rse1 to keep ?is l>ge sum 9           
circulation1 & ?us avoid ! evils aris+ f
 ho>d+4 ,its utilization = ! regul>     
exp5ditures ( ! gov]nm5t w\ld be likely 
to d ?is1 & ! consequ5t r$uction (      
taxation w\ld be a great public         
advantage4 ,al?\gh ! idea ( loan+ money 
at fix$ l[ rates ^u c]ta9 securities1   
su* z l& & /aple products1 might prove  
impracticable f v>i\s                   
consid]ations--su*1 = in/ance1 z !      
inju/ice ( discrim9at+ 9 favor ( any    
p>ticul> classes 9 ! community1 z su* a 
s*eme w\ld appe> to d--!re %\ld be no   
difficulty 9 devis+ "s practicable sy/em
 = us+ to ! advantage ( ! entire public 
! ext5sive funds :i* ?us w\ld be plac$  
at ! disposal ( ! gov]nm5t4  ,! po/al   
banks w\ld d\btless v l>gely take !     
place ( pres5t in/itutions ( deposit4   
,to :at ext5t ?is w\ld be ! case1 x is1 
( c\rse1 impossible to say4 ,= all      
ord9>y purposes1 & = ! ne$s ( ! av]age  
bus9ess man1 _! advantages c\ld n fail  

to be great4 ,_! effect w\ld probably be
 to )draw f ! m>ket l>ge sums n[        
available = speculative purposes1 &     
div]t !m to legitimate uses4 ,!         
speculative t5d5cy w\ld1 !re=e1 be      
likely to be disc\rag$ by s mu*4        
,necess>y limitations might make ! po/al
 banks unavailable = ^? ^: f9ancial     
transactions are conduct$ on a great    
scale1 & _! wants w\ld cont9ue to be met
 by private in/itutions1 :i* w\ld (f]   
special inducem5ts to l>ge depositors1 j
 z ! tru/ companies n[ (f] special      
inducem5ts ov] ! pres5t national banks  
by pay+ int]e/ on deposits4     ,,ano!r 
,,view ,,( ,,newman4  ,,by ,,wm4 ,m4    
,,salt]4   ,i suppose ,i %\ld nev] h    
felt t[>d ,c>d9al ,john ,h5ry ,newman z 
,i d1 _h ,i n be5 once 9 a c]ta9 /ate ( 
m9d4 ,x 0 my lot1 z a div9ity /ud5t1 to 
feel "u ! necessity ( exam9+ into !     
gr\nds ( my religi\s belief4 ,i c\ld n  
accept :at my tea*]s gave me1 simply    
because x 0 taught1 mu* z ,i rev]$ "s ( 
!m4 ,i _h to te/1 exam9e1 & conclude =  

myself4 ,i evid5tly felt ! difficulties 
( belief1 z mo/ ( my fell[-/ud5ts did n4
 ,at ,new ,hav5 ! ma9 outl9es (         
evangelical or?odoxy1 at ,cambridge !   
fundam5tal ideas ( !ism1 7 accept$1 z a 
rule1 )\t s]i\s "q4 ,i envi$ my fell[s  
_! assurance2 ,i1 too1 crav$ assurance1 
b ,i _h to get x 9 my own way1 & ,i 0   
plung$ into inve/igations1 & beset by   
d\bts t did n seem to occupy or p]plex  
!m4 ,! "q 01 :]e c\ld ,i f9d a po9t to  
/>t f2 n :at 0 ! :ole tru?1 b :at 0 !   
tru? ,i c\ld be imm$iately sure (1--:at 
0 light t ,i c\ld n "q 7or1 at lea/1    
reasonably "q78 ,=1 once 9 possession ( 
t1 o!r ?+s might naturally & logically  
foll[4 ,x seem$ to me1 t if !re 0 any   
sure gr\nd = ! ,*ri/ian believ]1 x 0 to 
be f\nd 9 ,*ri/ himself2 t if ev] a     
voice f ano!r _w _h spok5 to ?is1 x _h  
be5 ?r\gh him4 ,! fundam5tal problem 01 
,0 8 consci\sness to be tru/$8 ,x 0 aft]
 ?ree ye>s ( exam9ation into ! orig9 &  
tru/wor?9ess ( ! gospel records1 ( ef=t 
to =m a fai?ful picture ( ,jesus' m9d1 (

 weigh+ ( probabilities z to :e!r he    
c\ld h be5 mi/ak51 & a decision t he    
c\ld n h be51 & t he 01 "u ,god1 my     
appo9t$ ,"l1 & ,savi\r1 & ,judge1 z he 0
 t ( all m51--x 0 at ?is "t t ,i fell 9 
) ! writ+s ( ,newman1 & t he began to   
ex]cise a *>m ov] me1 :i*1 amid all my  
subsequ5t *anges ( ?\ght1 ,i h nev] be5 
will+ to dis[n4  ,i felt 9 ! fir/ place 
t he _h a pr(\nd s5se ( ! difficulties (
 fai?4 ,!re 0 no evid5ce t c]ta9        
que/ions _h ev] be5 op5 que/ions to him 
7su* z ! be+ ( ,god & ! reality ( a     
revelation71 b he seem$ to be z ke5ly   
aw>e ( ! difficulties att5d+ !m z if !y 
_h be54 ,he believ$ & yet he knew ! o!r 
side4 ,few are ! apologi/s :o h d>$ to  
say :at he has said2 few are !          
unbeliev]s :o c\ld /ate _! case m       
/rongly ?an he has /at$ x = !m4 ,x 0 ?is
 wid? ( imag9ation t1 = "o ?+1 sep>at$  
him f ! ord9>y !ologian4 ,"o ( 8        
precepts to a zeal\s foll[] 01 ,be sure 
y grasp fully any view :i* y seek to    
combat4 ,let me illu/rate4 ,newman      

admitt$ 9 s _m words t x 0 a great "q   
:e!r a!ism 0 n z philosophically        
consi/5t ) ! ph5om5a ( ! physical _w z !
 doctr9e ( a creative & gov]n+ p[]4 ,he 
all[$ ,hume's argum5t aga9/ miracles to 
be valid f a purely sci5tific aspect (  
?+s1 & d\bt$ ! conclusiv5ess ( ! design 
argum5t 7?\gh n ! argum5t f ord]7 = !   
be+ ( ,god4 ,he knew to ! full h[ h>d x 
0 to hold "o's fai? 9 ,god 9 face ( all 
t seems amiss & awry1 purposeless1 bl9d1
 & cruel 9 ! _w4 ,he held ?is fai?1 he  
believ$ !re 7 reasons = x 7*iefly 9     
man's consci5ce71 x 0 ! />t+-po9t ( 8   
religi\s sy/em1 & yet :5 he look$ out ( 
himself into ! _w ( m51 ! lie seem$ to  
be giv5 to x & ! effect 0 z confus+1 he 
said1 z if x 7 d5i$ t he 0 9 exi/5ce    
himself4 ,if ,i look$ into a mirror ^!  
are 8 words & did n see my face1 ,i %\ld
 h ! sort ( feel+ :i* actually comes ^u 
me :5 ,i look into ?is liv+1 busy _w &  
see no reflex ( its ,creator4444 ,7 x n 
= ! voice speak+ s cle>ly 9 my consci5ce
 & my he>t1 ,i %\ld be an ,a!i/1 or a   

,pan!i/1 or a ,poly!i/4444 ,to consid] !
 _w 9 its l5g? & bread?1 its v>i\s      
hi/ory1 ! _m races ( m51 _! />ts1 _!    
=tunes1 _! mutual ali5ation1 _!         
conflicts2 & !n _! ways1 habits1        
gov]nm5ts1 =ms ( wor%ip1 _! ent]prises1 
_! aimless c\rses1 _! r&om a*ievem5ts & 
acquirem5ts1 ! impot5t conclusion (     
long-/&+ facts1 ! tok5s s fa9t & brok5 (
 a sup]9t5d+ design1 ! bl9d evolution ( 
:at turn out to be great p[]s or tru?s2 
! progress ( ?+s1 z if f unreason+      
elem5ts1 n t[>ds f9al causes2 !         
greatness & littl5ess ( man1 8 f>-rea*+ 
aims1 8 %ort duration1 ! curta9 hung ov]
 8 futurity2 ! disappo9tm5ts ( life1 !  
defeat ( good1 ! success ( evil1 !      
p]vad+ idolatries1 ! corruptions1 !     
dre>y1 hopeless irreligion1 t condition 
( ! :ole race s fe>fully yet exactly    
describ$ 9 ! apo/le's words1 ',hav+ no  
hope & )\t ,god 9 ?is _w'2 all ?is is a 
vision to dizzy & appall1 & inflicts ^u 
! m9d a s5se ( pr(\nd my/]y :i* is      
absolutely beyond human solution4 ,to h 

"o's d\bts1 "o's misgiv+s1 "o's own     
blank confusion portray$ ) su*          
appreciation & 9 su* vivid detail by    
ano!r--h[ c\ld x fail to p[]fully affect
 me8 ,surely1 ,i said to myself1 :e!r   
?is man's fai? 0 true or n1 he did n    
hold x because ! trem5d\s ob/acles 9 !  
way ( x _h n be5 br\ght home to him4    
,simil>ly he appreciat$ ! difficulties 9
 connection ) revelation itself1 z :5 he
 said t ,god has giv5 u doctr9es :i* are
 b obscurely ga!r$ f scripture1 & a     
scripture :i* is b obscurely ga!r$ f    
hi/ory1 z :5 he admitt$ ! real ob/acles 
9 ! way ( ! ,jews admitt+ t ,jesus 0 _! 
,messiah4  ,b ,i w n l+] ov] ?is po9t1 &
 pass on to say t ,newman impress$ me z 
"o ( ^? few m51 9 any age1 :o h an      
intellectual life ( _! own4 ,8 0 no     
h]$it>y belief2 he _h fac$ ! problems ( 
religion = himself4 ,:at looks l fai? 9 
_m cases1 he himself said1 0 a m]e      
h]$it>y p]suasion1 n a p]sonal pr9ciple1
 a habit le>n$ 9 ! nurs]y1 :i* is       
scatt]$ & disappe>s l a mi/ be=e ! light

 ( reason4 ,8 own admiration w5t out    
evid5tly to ! bold unworldl9ess &       
vigor\s indep5d5ce ( m9d %[n by "o ( 8  
e>ly tea*]s1 ,?os4 ,scott2 to ! type (  
m9d illu/rat$ by an ,ox=d associate1 :o 
_h an intellect1 he says1 z critical &  
logical z x 0 speculative & bold4       
,:ately1 he records1 _h taught him to   
see ) 8 own eyes & to walk ) 8 own feet2
 he ?\ght ( d$icat+ 8 fir/ book to him1 
9 words to ! effect t he _h n only      
taught him to ?9k1 b to ?9k = himself4  
,x 0 a fir/ h& deal+ ) almo/ all !      
problems he took up1 t ,i _h ! s5se ( 9 
read+ ,newman's pages1 h[ev] f> ahead he
 0 ( me 9 ! l9e ( 7:at seem$ !n7        
religi\s advance4  ,& because he _h     
?\ght1 he _h mov$1 he _h _h a hi/ory4   
,he />t$ ) c]ta9 tru?s 7z he suppos$ !m 
to be71 b in/ead ( accept+ !m           
me*anically1 he ?\ght !m out2 he /udi$  
to see :at !y impli$1 :at o!r tru?s 7   
consi/5t ) !m & :at 7 n2 9 o!r words1 he
 gradually work$ 8 way out to some?+ l a
 sy/em1 & !re9 consi/$ 8 hi/ory4 ,!     

ord9>y idea ( ,newman 7leav+ ! pa/ t5se 
= ! mom5t7 seems to be t he sacrific$ 8 
intellect1 t out ( we>9ess he ?rew      
himself into ! ,ca?olic fold4 ,su* may  
be a true acc\nt ( "s conv]sions1 b x is
 a pitiable trave/y ( ! facts 9 ! case (
 ,newman4 ,newman w5t into ! ,*ur*      
because x seem$ rational to him to d s2 
& x is /ill ! great "q1 :e!r once assum+
 c]ta9 fundam5tal ideas held by         
,prote/ant & ,ca?olic alike1 any o!r    
c\rse is rational4 ,! tr\ble ) ,newman1 
z ) 8 bro!r ,francis 79 "s ways also a  
rem>kable man71 0 simply t1 z ! ,london 
,tru? bant]+ly said1 nei!r 0 able to    
swall[ ! ,a?anasian cre$ 9 a com=table &
 prosaic way1 z good ,britons %\ld2 or1 
z ! ,saturday ,review 9 all s]i\sness   
urg$1 t he did n hold z 8 supreme       
pr9ciple pride 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& z su*1
 det]m9ation to /& %\ld] to %\ld] ) o!rs
 9 resi/+ ! =eign]1 :e!r he came f ,rome
 or f ,g5eva1 f ,tueb+5 or f ,sa9t      
,sulpice2 9 o!r words1 t he op5$ ! w9d[s
 ( 8 m9d1 in/ead ( keep+ !m %ut2 t he   

set out on liv+ a life ( reason in/ead (
 "o ( prejudice2 t he det]m9$ to seek   
out & foll[ ! tru? on :atev] %ores t    
que/ %\ld l& him4  ,mo/ m5 9 ?is c\ntry1
 ,newman once wrote1 l op9ions to be    
br\ght to !m1 r ?an to be at ! pa9s to g
 out & seek = !m4 ,b ,newman himself 0  
ca/ 9 ano!r m\ld2 rationality1          
consi/5cy1 7 an imp]ative crav+ ) him2 &
 feel+ t ! popul> religi\s cre$ lack$ ^!
 ?+s1 he w5t 9 se>* ( !m & />t$1 z x 71 
on a j\rney4 ,a memor&um1 writt5 d[n at 
! age ( tw5ty-eight1 speaks ( himself z 
n[ 9 my room 9 ,orell ,college1 sl[ly   
advanc+1 etc41 & l$ on by ,god's h&     
bl9dly1 n kn[+ :i!r ,he is tak+ me4 ,8  
t\*+ v]ses1 beg9n+ ,lead1 k9dly ,light1 
betray ! same feel+4 ,gloom did encircle
 him1 b 9 ! mid/ ( x !re 0 a light1 :i* 
he /rove & crav$ to foll[4 ,?\gh        
my/ical1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 by temp]am5t1  
he resolv$1 he tells u1 to be guid$1 n  
by 8 imag9ation1 b by 8 reason4 ,he _h  
once a /range emotional exp]i5ce1 b :5 x
 0 ov] he wi%$ t x %\ld n unduly        

influ5ce him4 ,i _h to det]m9e its      
logical value1 he says1 & its be>+ on my
 duty4 ,:at are we do+ all ?r\gh life1  
bo? z a necessity & z a duty1 he wrote  
_m ye>s aft]w>ds1 b unle>n+ ! _w's      
poetry & atta9+ to its prose8 ,?is is   
our education z boys & z m51 9 ! action 
( life & 9 ! closet or libr>y2 9 our    
affections1 9 our aims1 9 our hopes1 & 9
 our memories4 ,& 9 l mann] x is !      
education ( our intellect4 ,?is is      
little m ?an say+ t ! supreme rule (    
life is reason1 t x is our life-task to 
br+ all ! v>i$ motions ( our m9ds into  
h>mony ) ?is ideal4 ,! fact is t he     
became ultimately p]suad$ t ! ,ca?olic  
cre$ 0 t rational & consi/5t cre$ ( :i* 
he 0 9 se>*--rational & consi/5t t is1 9
 ! s5se ( be+ 9 h>mony )1 & an outgr[?  
(1 ^? fundam5tal ideas ( a ,god & ( a   
revelation ) :i* he />t$2 & 9 address+  
o!rs aft] he became a ,ca?olic1 he said1
 ,be conv9c$ 9 y\r reason t ! ,ca?olic  
,*ur* is a tea*] s5t to y f ,god1 & x is
 en\gh4 ,i d n wi% y to jo9 h] till y   

are4  ,yet :ile he 0 9 se>* ( ! tru?1   
:ile he 0 on ! j\rney1 he excit$ no     
little suspicion & di/ru/4 ,! v ?+ t    
l5ds him *>m to ^? :o love to see       
intellectual movem5t & developm5t all[$ 
apo/les ( prejudice & good1 b n>r[-m9d$1
 m5 to ?9k ( him z insidi\s1 lead+ 8    
disciples on to conclusions to :i* he   
design$ to br+ !m1 :ile 8 purpose 0     
veil$4 ,b1 says ,fr\de1 :o tells u ?is1 
& 0 himself at ,ox=d 9 ^? e>ly days1 he 
0 on ! contr>y ! mo/ transp>5t ( m54 ,he
 told u :at he believ$ to be true4 ,he  
did n "k :]e x w\ld c>ry him4 ,no "o :o 
has ev] ris5 to any great height 9 ! _w 
refuses to move till he kn[s :i!r he is 
go+4 ,su* are ! words ( "o :o1 ?\gh he  
felt ! spell ( ,newman1 soon /ruck on a 
diff]5t intellectual pa?4 ,mat!w        
,arnold1 too1 exp]i5c$ ! spell4 ,:o c\ld
 resi/1 he says 9 a lecture on ,em]son1 
! *>m ( t spiritual app>ition1 glid+ 9 !
 dim aft]noon light ?r\gh ! aisles ( ,/4
 ,m>y's1 ris+ into ! pulpit1 & !n 9 !   
mo/ entranc+ ( voices1 break+ ! sil5ce )

 words & ?\ghts :i* 7 a religi\s        
music--subtile1 sweet1 m\rnful4 ,to     
,arnold1 he 0 a man nev] to be nam$ by a
 son ( ,ox=d )\t sympa?y2 & ?is1 ?\gh   
,arnold1 too1 reg>d$ 8 solution = !     
d\bts & difficulties :i* beset m5's m9ds
 to-day z impossible4 ,once ,*>les      
,k+sley br\ght aga9/ him a *>ge (       
intellectual di%one/y & falsity2 b1 z   
,mr4 ,conway rem>ks1 ,k+sley's sword    
broke 9 8 h&s & on all sides !          
demolition :i* he receiv$ 9 ,newman's   
reply 7! ,apologia pro ,vita ,sua7 has  
be5 reg>d$ z complete4 ,ev5 ! ,saturday 
,review says1 ,8 conv]sion 0 transp>5tly
 hone/2 no "o1 save ! mo/ contemptible (
 p>ty scribes1 c ev] h9t a d\bt ( t4 ,he
 delib]ately %ut 8 eyes1 an intellectual
 suicide1 8 sympa?ies & s5sibilities 7  
always 8 ultimate te/ ( "r ?\ght &      
action4 ,su* are ! comm5ts ( a rec5t    
review]2 b on ! morn+ ( ! day 9 :i*     
,newman 0 receiv$ into ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1
 he wrote to a fri5d1 ,may ,i h only "o 
t5? "p z mu* fai? z ,i h intellectual   

conviction :]e ! tru? lies6 ,i d n      
suppose any "o c h _h su* comb9$ reasons
 p\r+ 9 ^u him t he is do+ "r4  ,b h[ c 
,newman h _h reasons = 8 c\rse8 we may  
incr$ul\sly ask4 ,& "h ,i rev]t to my   
p>ticul> /ate ( m9d ye>s ago4 ,! "q = me
 01 hold+ z ,i did t 9 ,jesus1 ,god _h  
spok5 to ! _w1 & t "u ,god he 0 ! ,"l1 &
 ,savi\r1 & ,judge ( m51 c\ld ,i rema9  
/&+ 9 su* a position8 ,x 0 a />t+-po9t1 
b did x n lead some:]e8 ,hold+ s mu*1   
despite ! difficulties1 0 x n possible t
 consi/5tly !re)1 ,i mu/ hold m1 despite
 fur!r difficulties8 ,look+ ab\t me     
among ,unit>ians1 ) :om ,i 0 !n         
associat$1 ,i felt t ev5 ?is fai? _h    
scant acceptance among !m4 ,= example1  
tak+ a c\ntry *ur* = a ye>1 ,i f\nd t n 
9 a decade or m _h !re be5 any additions
 to ! *ur* memb]%ip1 or ev5 ef=ts 9 t   
direction2 ! *ur* 01 practically1 simply
 an assemblage ( pew-hold]s4 ,my own    
ef=ts to induce p]sons to confess ,jesus
 z _! ,"l1 to take 8 "n1 to become 8    
av[$ foll[] be=e ! _w 7i4 e4 to jo9 8   

*ur*71 7 some?+ novel2 yet a *ur*1 an   
assembly ( foll[]s1 0 ess5tial to my    
idea ( ,*ri/ianity1--,jesus hav+ said1  
,:oev] w confess me be=e m51 him w ,i   
confess be=e my ,fa!r :o is 9 heav51 & a
 k+ )\t a k+dom 7or "r to a k+dom7 be+ 9
 itself absurd4 ,i c\ld n help ! =ebod+ 
t ,unit>ianism 0 n a f9ality or m ?an a 
camp = a night2 nay1 ! "q 0 :e!r        
,unit>ianism 0 n do+ m to dissipate     
,*ri/ianity1 ?an to build x up 9 any    
hi/orical s5se ( ! t]m4  ,moreov]1      
,prote/ant or?odoxy did n h any firm    
hold on "s fundam5tal p>ts & evid5t     
implications ( ! fai? ,i already held1 &
 0 /ruggl+ to keep4 ,! idea ( ! ,*ur*   
itself 0 weak 9 mo/ ,prote/ant m9d2 !y  
spiritualiz$ x1 z !y said2 b :5 ,jesus  
spoke ( confess+ him be=e m51 he        
evid5tly laid ! f\ndations ( a visible  
,*ur*4 ,aga91 ,jesus felt t he spoke )  
,div9e au?ority1 & z he 0 commission$1 s
 he commission$ o!rs to /& = him be=e ! 
_w1 & to speak 9 8 "n4 ,he left !m to be
 8 witnesses1 to cont9ue 8 message & 8  

"w aft] he %\ld be gone4 ,he _h ! p[] to
 =give s9s1 = example1 & he convey$ x to
 o!rs1 solemnly say+ t :atev] 0 b\nd or 
loos$ on e>?1 %\ld be b\nd or loos$ 9   
heav54 ,0 x exactly natural1 ,i ask$    
myself1 t div9e light & guidance &      
=giv5ess %\ld be ?us pres5t1 z x 71 on  
e>? = a few ye>s1 & !n become entirely a
 matt] ( hi/ory & antiqu>ian rese>*8 ,if
 !re 0 reason = ,jesus' commission+ !   
apo/les1 0 !re n equal reason = !       
apo/les commission+ o!rs :o %\ld take _!
 places8 ,prote/ants said ! revelation 0
 9 a book2 b ,jesus nev] spoke ( a book4
 ,if some?+ else 0 au?oritative 9 !     
apo/olic days1 :at absurdity 0 !re 9    
suppos+ t some?+ else might be          
au?oritative 9 lat] days8 ,& yet1 no    
,prote/ant *ur* or synod or c\ncil ev]  
claim$ to be su* a liv+ witness ( ,god  
on ! e>?4 ,! mo/ zeal\s ,prote/ants 7   
c>eful to say t !y gave only _! human1  
fallible int]pretations ( ! di/ant      
revelation2 t x 0 ev5 blasphem\s = a man
 to claim to =give s9s2 t ! ,bible1 & ! 

,bible only1 0 _! religion4 ,& yet1 !   
,bible1 x 0 sev]ally claim$1 gave !     
basis to ! ,presbyt]ian cre$1 to !      
,me?odi/ cre$1 to1 "o might say1 a      
hundr$ cre$s1 ev5 includ+ ! sl5d] "o (  
,unit>ians4 ,h[ c]ta9 words ( ,newman   
came home to me 9 ! mid/ ( su*          
reflections6 ,!re is an ov]p[]+ antec$5t
 improbability 9 ,almighty ,god's       
ann\nc+ t ,he has reveal$ some?+1 & !n  
reveal+ no?+2 !re is no antec$5t        
improbability 9 ,8 reveal+ x else:]e ?an
 9 an inspir$ volume4 ,i d n mean to say
 t ,i 0 conv]t$ by ,newman2 b ,i 0 op5  
to light on t side4 ,i did n %ut my m9d1
 z mo/ ,prote/ants seem$ to1 & ,i dimly 
felt1 ,i _h a sort ( =ebod+ t1 if :at ,i
 already held 0 true1 reason might be on
 8 side4 ,& x 0 reason--! dem& = a set (
 views t %\ld be h>moni\s & consi/5t--t 
made me dissatisfi$2 & s ,i c\ld give   
cr$it to ! idea t ,newman 9 8 *anges1 & 
9 8 f9al act1 0 influ5c$ by reason4  ,to
 ,newman1 ! ma9 difficulty ( all lay 9 !
 be+ ( ,god4 ,if !re 0 a ,god1 x seem$  

rational to him t !re %\ld be a         
revelation1 tak+ into acc\nt ! actual   
condition ( m54 ,if !re 0 a revelation1 
! ,ca?olic ,*ur* pres5t$ m signs ( be+  
its be>] & cu/odian ?an any o!r body or 
in/itution ( m54 ,i ?9k if we are       
dispos$ to "q ! rationality ( 8 c\rse1  
we %all f9d1 if we exam9e ! matt]       
c>efully1 t x is because we "q 8        
po/ulates1 n 8 reason+ or results4      
,grant$ t !re is a ,god1 z m5 ord9>ily  
und]/& t t]m1 & ,i ?9k t a revelation is
 antec$5tly probable2 grant$ t a        
revelation has be5 made1 z ,prote/ants  
7save ,unit>ians7 are agre$1 & ,i ?9k x 
b reasonable to suppose t "s su* body z 
! ,ca?olic ,*ur* claims to be %\ld be   
its be>] & un]r+ int]pret] to m54 ,we   
are mi/ak5 if we ?9k t ,newman devis$   
any %ort-cut to m5tal peace1 or us$ any 
o!r in/rum5t or me?od = arriv+ at 8     
results ?an we ord9>ily employ 9 s\nd   
reason+s ( e day4 ,he claim$ no         
intuitions1 no vision ( !ological tru?1 
& he 0 less arbitr>y & fanciful 9 def5d+

 ,ca?olic dogma ?an ,i h kn[n           
philosoph]s to be 9 def5d+ ! be+ ( ,god 
& ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,he tells u 9 8
 ,apologia t he believ$ 9 a ,god on a   
gr\nd ( probability1 t he believ$ 9     
,*ri/ianity on a probability1 & t he    
believ$ 9 ,ca?olicism on a probability1 
& t ^! ?ree gr\nds ( probability1 di/9ct
 f ea* o!r 9 subject-matt]1 7 /ill1 all 
( !m1 "o & ! same 9 nature ( pro(1 z be+
 probabilities--probabilities ( a       
special k9d1 a cumulative1 a transc5d5t 
probability1 b /ill probability4  ,b did
 he n by "s magical metamorphosis turn  
^! probabilities into a c]ta9ty8 ,no2 he
 simply claim$ t !y 7 suffici5t to      
produce c]titude1 :i* is a diff]5t      
matt]4 ,c]titude1 he held1 0 a quality  
or habit ( m9d2 c]ta9ty1 a quality (    
propositions2 & probabilities t did n   
rea* to logical c]ta9ty might suffice = 
a m5tal c]titude4 ,we are m5tally sure  
almo/ e day ( _m ?+s :i* c\ld n be      
demon/ratively prov$2 we are practically
 z sure ( !m z if !y c\ld be prov$2 we  

are ready to act on ! basis ( !m1 & t is
 ! te/ ( practical c]titude4 ,! ^w ( a  
fri5d on a matt] ( :i* we are ignorant  
is an example2 we may be z sure ( :at he
 tells u z if we _h se5 x ourselves2 yet
 he may be mi/ak52 /rictly speak+1 8 ^w 
is only probable evid5ce4 ,b did n      
,newman sub/itute fai? = reason8 ,yes1 9
 a s5se2 b n 9 a s5se 9 :i* x is (      
itself irrational to d s4 ,h[ mu* c\ld !
 reason ( any ( u tell u ( ,c5tral      
,africa8 ,we "k ( x by te/imony1 d we n8
 n by reason4 ,f our own notions alone  
we c\ld n tell :e!r x 0 a des]t or a    
=e/2 :e!r x 0 inhabit$ or un9habit$2    
:e!r full-gr[n human be+s or dw>fs liv$ 
!re2 b a ,liv+/one1 a ,du ,*aillu1 a    
,/anley1 tell u1 & we accept _! ^w4 ,!  
fact is1 t tru/ 9 te/imony is :at we    
daily practise4 ,we le>n ( :at is go+ on
 9 a neighbor+ t[n1 ( mu* 9 our own t[n1
 ( mu* 9 our own h\se 7unless we are !re
 all ! "t1 & 9 e "p ( x at ! same "t7 n 
by reason+ ab\t x1 any m ?an by sight1 b
 by fai? 9 :at o!rs tell u4 ,:y %\ld we 

be unwill+ to g by fai?8 asks ,newman4  
,we d all ?+s 9 ?is _w by fai? 9 ! ^w ( 
o!rs4 ,by fai? only we "k our positions 
9 ! _w1 our circum/ances1 our rights &  
privileges1 our =tunes1 our p>5ts1 our  
bro!rs & si/]s1 our age1 our mortality2 
:y %\ld religion be an exception8 ,:y   
%\ld we be will+ to use = heav5ly       
objects :at we daily use = e>?ly8 ,!re  
is really no?+ my/ical ab\t fai?2 x is n
 peculi>ly a religi\s pr9ciple1 nor is x
 ! ideal way ( gett+ k4 ,z ,newman says1
 ,! ^w ( ano!r is 9 itself a fa9t       
evid5ce comp>$ ) t ( sight or reason4 ,x
 is influ5tial only :5 we _c d )\t x4   
,n[ x may be difficult to suppose t ,god
 has ev] spok5 9 ! _w4 ,b if we ?9k ,he 
has1 x _c be irrational to take ,8 ^w & 
believe x2 x _c be absurd to tru/ a     
,div9e message1 :5 we are e day tru/+   
human messages4 ,& "o ?+ fur!r4 ,:5 we  
tru/ a fri5d's report1 we d n make our  
previ\s ideas ( :at is probable1 a te/ (
 h[ mu* we %all believe ( :at he says4  
,if we 7 already compet5t to say :at    

happ5$1 we %\ld n g to him = in=mation4 
,unless x is impossible1 or aga9/ all ! 
laws ( probability1 we ass5t to :at he  
says1 h[ev] mu* x may surprise1 or      
/>tle1 or al>m u2 if we _c d ?is1 we h n
 real tru/4 ,b tru/+ x is irrational to 
pick & *oose2 to say ?is we w accept & t
 we w reject1 accord+ z x seems         
antec$5tly likely or n4 ,surely ?is mu/ 
be also true ( div9e te/imony4 ,if ,god1
 ! p]fect1 ! un]r+ intellig5ce1 speaks1 
we are at lea/ to give ,him ! same      
respect we %\ld %[ to a fell[-man2 we   
are n to say1 ?is is cr$ible & ,i accept
 x2 t is /range1 my/]i\s1 & ,i mu/      
reject x4 ,if we knew be=eh& :at 0 true1
 to :at end w\ld ,god give ! revelation8
 ,& if we d ?us sit 9 judgm5t1 we simply
 %[ 7unless we are di%one/7 t we d n    
believe t ,god has spok54 ,h5ce1 :at is 
call$ ! submission ( reason1 :i*1 9 !   
l>ge s5se ( ! ^w1 x is only rational to 
give1 if ,god has inde$ giv5 a message  
to ! _w4 ,prote/ants s submit to !      
tea*+s ( ! ,bible2 ,ca?olics d to !     

tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,if ,god really speaks
 9 ei!r1 x is z rational to d s z x is  
to tru/ ,/anley's reports ( ! lakes &   
jungles1 ! weird =e/s & /range          
inhabitants ( ,c5tral ,africa--yes1 z   
mu* m s z ,/anley is a man1 & ,god is   
,god4 ,mo/ simply & frankly does ,newman
 say1 9 speak+ ( e>ly conv]ts1 ,! ,*ur* 
0 _! tea*]2 !y did n come to argue1 to  
exam9e1 to pick & *oose1 b to accept    
:atev] 0 put be=e !m4 ,?is attitude (   
argu+1 exam9+1 pick+1 & *oos+ 9 relation
 to ?+s ( :i* we really "k no?+1 & c "k 
no?+1 9 our mortal /ate 7?\gh suppos$ly 
,god kn[s & has giv5 a c]ta9 am\nt (    
light7 ,newman calls ,rationalism2 & if 
,god has spok51 surely su* ,rationalism 
is irrational4 ,! doctr9e t !re is no   
positive tru? 9 religion1 t "o cre$ is z
 good z ano!r1 & t all is op9ion1       
,newman calls ,lib]alism2 b if ,god has 
reveal$ ! tru? su* ,lib]alism is false4 
,9 writ+ ( ,newman z ,i h1 ,i h be5 mov$
 by old atta*m5t & p]sonal v5]ation4 ,b 
if ,i h incid5tally contribut$ to %[ t a

 ,ca?olic ne$ n necess>ily be ei!r a    
weak man or a di%one/ "o1 z is sometimes
 tak5 = grant$ among ,lib]als1 ,i %all n
 be sorry4 ,my op9ion is t ,newman      
diff]$ f ! /ock ,prote/antism ( 8 day1  
l>gely because he s\ght out light &     
s\ght x ) a m9d :i* = eag]ness1 ke5ness1
 subtlety1 dep?1 has r>ely be5 surpass$2
 t he left ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& because x 0 
nei!r fi% nor f[l--& rationality &      
consi/5cy 7 n 9 x2 t he w5t to ,rome1   
because1 tak+ 8 premises = grant$1      
reason po9t$ t way4 ,& yet ! gu>d$ way 9
 :i* ,i h spok5 has probably be5 notic$ 
by my read]s4 ,i h n said t reason1     
ab/ractly speak+1 0 on 8 side1 b t />t+ 
f 8 premises 8 c\rse 0 reasonable--8    
premises be+ ^? to :i* mo/ ,*ri/ians    
hold4 ,! diff]5ce 0 t he took !m s]i\sly
 & !y became liv+ pr9ciples1 g]ms (     
ample gr[? 9 8 m9d1 :ile o!rs held !m   
un?9k+ly2 t he _h ! r>e p[] ( realiz+ 8 
ideas1 :ile o!rs took !m z me*anically z
 we (t5 take ! />s at night--po9ts (    
light !y are to u & no?+ m4 ,b :e!r 8   

premises 7 really s\nd is ano!r "q4 ,my 
mature judgm5t is t !y 7 n2 _h ,i be5   
able to hold my ,*ri/ian fai? z ,i once 
held x1 c\ld ,i h resi/$ ! solv5ts t    
sci5ce1 & criticism1 & philosophy 7 br++
 to be> ^u x1 ,i %\ld h gone ,i "k n    
:]e2 z x is1 ,i am a ,lib]al 7?\gh n 9  
,newman's s5se74 ,! ord9>y idea ( ,god  
,i _c hold1 nor does x seem likely t ,i 
%all ev] hold an idea ( ,god ) :i* !    
idea ( a special revelation w\ld be     
congru\s2 & ev5 7 ! ord9>y idea ( ,god a
 true "o1 ,i ?9k t ! matt]-(-fact       
evid5ce ( a revelation ?r\gh ,jesus is  
insuffici5t4 ,reluctant z ,i 0 to admit 
x1 /ruggle z ,i might aga9/ x1 ! %>e (  
,jesus 9 ! errors & illusions ( 8 "t 7! 
s5se ( :i* grew ^u me7 made x impossible
 = me at la/ to absolutely tru/ 8       
consci\sness2 h[ev] great1 h[ev] sublime
 a figure he 01 x appe>$ t he belong$   
aft] all to our fallible humanity4 ,h5ce
 9 my view we 7 ?r[n back on ourselves2 
we may h great & consol+ beliefs ab\t   
life & its purpose1 ab\t dea? & :at lies

 beyond1 ab\t ! fa?omless ,p[] f :i* we 
come & on ^: bosom we re/2 b a          
revelation we h n2 !y are beliefs :i* we
 ourselves =m & d n receive f )\t4      
,rationalism1 ?\gh n 9 ! s5se 9 :i*     
,newman us$ x1 becomes ! only me?od2 &  
,lib]alism1 9 ! s5se t :atev] cre$ "o   
may hold none c claim to be infallible1 
or ( exclusive div9e au?ority1 & t good 
m5 ( diff]5t cre$s %\ld respect &       
tol]ate "o ano!r1 becomes at once a     
necessity & a duty4  ,newman has tak5 8 
way2 o!r m51 let u tru/1 ) ! root (     
piety 9 !m z truly z x 0 9 him1 h tak5  
!irs2 ! ways are f> ap>t--:i* is tru]1  
"t1 ! future1 p]haps ! ages alone c     
tell4 ,b we are b\nd n to revile him1 z 
he 9 sob] tru? nev] revil$ u4           
,,int]-,,migration4  ,,by ,,rabbi       
,,solomon ,,s*9dl]4   ,! immigration    
problem1 :i* ,i h be5 discuss+ 9 previ\s
 numb]s ( ,,! ,,ar5a1 _c be unravell$   
)\t consid]+ "o important ?read :i* adds
 to ! entanglem5t4 ,i %all apply to x ! 
t]m ,int]-migration1 a ^w n f\nd 9 !    

diction>y1 because x is fre%ly co9$ = ! 
purpose4 ,let me try to def9e its mean+4
  ,a p]son is said to migrate :5 he     
leaves 8 native l&1 seek+ a new home 9  
"s o!r c\ntry4 ,ar\nd ! ^w emigrant or  
immigrant hov]s always ! idea ( an      
ex*ange ( habits1 cu/oms1 & language (  
"o c\ntry ) ^? ( ano!r4 ,! immigrant1 :5
 he arrives at ! place :i* he has *os5 =
 8 new settlem5t1 appe>s by 8 dress1 8  
language1 8 mann]s1 yea1 ev5 by 8       
features1 a /rang]2 "o :o has app>5tly  
no "r to press himself ^u ! community2  
"o :o mu/ n feel (f5d$ if he is mi/ru/$1
 until he has %[n t 8 arrival w n prove 
dang]\s to ! old settl]s4 ,ar\nd ! ^w   
emigrant hov]s ! idea ( di/ance2 he     
comes f f>-(f c\ntries1 f a place :i* _c
 be easily rea*$1 or f :i* in=mation    
conc]n+ himself _c be readily obta9$4   
,we call a p]son an immigrant :o comes  
to u f a di/ance ( at lea/ a few ?\s&   
miles1 & f a c\ntry t diff]s f ours 9 ! 
=ms ( gov]nm5t z well z 9 cu/oms &      
mann]s4 ,we w\ld surely n call a p]son  

an immigrant :o comes f a village (     
,ma9e or ,new ,hamp%ire to ,bo/on1 nor  
ev5 if he %\ld come f ! f> ,s\? or f !  
extreme ,we/4  ,yet1 :at is ! diff]5ce8 
,he is a p]son :o has left 8 native     
home1 :o is z mu* a /rang] among u z !  
"o :o comes across ! ocean4 ,8 mann]s   
may be z diff]5t f ours1 8 features may 
%[ at a glance1 :e!r he is a s\!rn]1 a  
we/]n man1 or :e!r he comes f d[n ea/2  
ev5 8 language may be /range on acc\nt (
 ! peculi> acc5t :i* he gives 8 words1 &
 ! idioms :i* he uses4 ,x may frequ5tly 
happ5 t two p1 :o bo? ?9k !y speak !    
,engli% language w be unable to und]/&  
ea* o!r1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce 9       
dialect4 ,! new-com] may prove to be z  
mu*1 or ev5 m1 ( an undesirable elem5t  
among u1 z ! "o :o comes f ,irel& or    
,*9a2 8 pres5ce 9 ! labor m>ket may t5d 
z well to r$uce ! rates ( wages z if he 
_h come f ,hung>ia or ,bulg>ia4 ,!re is 
no d5y+ ! fact t a locomotion has tak5  
place1 t an individual has transplant$  
himself f "o place to ! o!r1 ei!r on    

acc\nt ( ! urg+ ( 8 v5turesome _s1 or = 
! sake ( f9d+ a bett] m>ket = 8         
abilities1 or driv5 out by =ce ( adv]se 
conditions4 ,!re is little diff]5ce :e!r
 a p]son leaves ,russia on acc\nt ( 8   
dissatisfaction ) ! gov]nm5t1 or an     
arbitr>y legislation :i* deprives him ( 
8 opportunities2 or :e!r he leaves a    
village 9 ,nebraska because he f9ds he  
is unable long] to )/& ! gr9d+ process (
 ! l& %>ks1 or ! sweat+ sy/em ( !       
factory own]s4 ,8 int5tions are to bett]
 8 condition2 precisely ! same z are ^? 
( him :o crosses ! ,atlantic4 ,! "o w   
sell 8 all to pay 8 passage on ! /eam]1 
! o!r to pay = 8 railroad ticket1 & bo? 
w arrive p5niless4 ,yet ! "o is call$ an
 emigrant or immigrant1 & ! o!r is n1   
al?\gh ! di/ance f :i* ! latt] comes may
 be ! same or ev5 great] ?an t f :i* !  
=m] hails4  ,9 ord] to di/+ui% betwe5 ^!
 two classes ( migration1 ,i call ?is   
latt] "o ,int]-migration1 & desire ! t]m
 to /& = a *ange ( habitation occurr+ )9
 ! b\nd>ies ( a l& t is "u ! same       

gov]nm5t4  ,int]-migration1 al?\gh x has
 nev] be=e rea*$ ! developm5t to :i* x  
has ris5 9 ! pres5t1 is n a new =m ( !  
migratory habit ( peoples4 ,anci5t      
records tell u t a =c$ int]-migration   
has frequ5tly tak5 place4 ,! conqu]ors (
 old1 desir\s ( mak+ "o nation out ( !  
_m peoples !y subdu$ by _! valiant      
sword1 w\ld transplant l>ge numb]s (    
individuals f "o prov9ce to ano!r di/ant
 "o1 giv+ _! l& & _! possessions 9      
ex*ange to settl]s1 :om !y drew f "s o!r
 c\ntry4 ,_! s*eme1 h[ev]1 r>ely        
succe$$1 because ! difficulties ( a long
 j\rney made x impossible = !m to       
transplant a suffici5tly l>ge numb] ( p2
 ! masses rema9$ undi/urb$1 ! few       
new-com]s 7 soon absorb$ by !m1 & !     
desir$ *ange ( s5tim5t 0 n produc$4 ,!  
mom5t ! gov]nm5t 0 attack$ by a new     
conqu]or1 all prov9ces w\ld at once rise
 9 revolt1 & ?us ha/5 ! d[nfall (       
empires1 su* z 01 = in/ance1 ! ,p]sian1 
be=e ! onslaught ( s small an army z t )
 :i* ,alex&] ! ,great cross$ !          

,hellespont4  ,! gold5 era ( ! ,roman   
,empire1 & ! prosp]ity & ! culture :i*  
!n prevail$1 7 made possible solely     
?r\gh ! facilities :i* 7 giv5 to        
int]-migration4 ,good roads connect$ !  
ends & dissect$ ! wid? & bread? ( !     
great ,roman ,empire4 ,travel 0 well    
protect$4 ,a well-drill$ army suppress$ 
highway robb]y1 & an excell5t navy put  
d[n piracy4 ,a resid5t ( ,gaul c\ld )   
ease settle 9 ,syria1 :ile ! ,syrian1 if
 he s desir$1 c\ld f9d ) ease a home 9  
,gaul4 ,! resid5ts ( ,brittania &       
,greece c\ld ) comp>ative ease          
int]-migrate1 & _h n ! floods ( b>b>ians
 :i* delug$ ! ,roman ,empire put an end 
to civilization1 & ) x ! possibilities (
 int]-migration1 we might /& to-day on a
 mu* high] r\nd ( culture1 & our k might
 h be5 mu* great] ?an x is4  ,if !      
inv5tions ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h made     
possible emigration to su* an ext5t     
to-day z nev] be=e exi/$1 x has /ill m  
facilitat$ int]-migration4 ,x has almo/ 
de/roy$ ! equilibrium betwe5 !          

c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces1 giv+ !    
advantages to ! latt]4 ,! facilities (  
locomotion h made p re/less2 ! times h  
pass$ by :5 gr&*ildr5 w\ld live 9 ! same
 h\se 9 :i* _! gr&p>5ts liv$ or :5 !y   
consid] x a h>d%ip & mis=tune to move   
out ( su* a habitation1 or to see x     
*ange own]s2 "t has be51 :5 only !      
adv5tur] left 8 native place1 & :5 x 0  
consid]$ dang]\s to g into ! _w1 :i* at 
t "t c\ld be circumscrib$ by a radius ( 
a few miles2 "t has be51 :5 p liv$ =    
g5]ations 9 ! same h\se1 9 ! same /reet1
 9 ! same village or t[n1 :5 ev5 !      
h\sehold furniture became v5]able on    
acc\nt ( its antiquity & ! remembrances 
connect$ ) x4 ,:at boy or girl 9 our day
 plays ar\nd ! *air :i* _! great-gr&fa!r
 us$ to occupy8 ,to sell "o h\se & move 
into ano!r2 to leave "o city & seek     
settlem5t 9 ano!r1 is n[ ! rule & n !   
exception2 & x is ma9ly ?is             
int]-migration1 /irr+ up ! masses1 to   
:i* is due our increas$ prosp]ity & our 
progress 9 all bran*es ( k4             

,int]-migration keeps u f /agnation2 x  
removes %yness & fe> at ! sight ( a     
/rang]1 accu/oms u to an int]c\rse )    
diff]5t p1 removes prejudices &         
sup]/itions1 & facilitates ! ex*ange (  
?\ghts & ideas4  ,on ! o!r h&1 x _c be  
d5i$ t int]migration has also its       
drawbacks2 t x w easily flood ! labor   
m>ket s z to screw d[n wages2 x w fo/] !
 v5turesome _s1 induce p to risk a      
c]ta9ty = an unc]ta9ty1 & especially has
 x t5d$ to draw p f ! rural di/ricts to 
! l>ge cities4  ,all ! compla9ts he>d   
aga9/ immigration1 & all ! pressure t is
 br\ght to be> ^u ! gov]nm5t to re/rict 
x1 d n come f ! rural di/ricts1 b f !   
l>ge cities2 & x is g5]ally ov]look$ t !
 competition1 :i* presses d[n !         
comp5sation = labor to su* a degree t ! 
wages e>n$ = h>d "w are sometimes n     
suffici5t to support "o p]son1 & f> less
 a family1 is n br\ght ab\t solely by ! 
immigrant :o comes f abroad1 b is1 to a 
v great ext5t1 ! consequ5ce (           
int]-migration1 ( ! influx ( villag]s   

into ! cities4 ,:ile 9 c\ntry places !re
 is a sc>city ( labor1 ?us 9 ,new       
,engl&1 = example1 :ile _m f>ms are     
vacant1 !re are p />v+ 9 ! cities1      
unable to obta9 "w4 ,! increase ( l>ge  
cities & ( _! population is beyond !    
proportion 9 :i* x =m]ly /ood to t ( !  
c\ntry4 ,?is has ar\s$ ! ?\ghts ( _m    
long-head$ p1 & inve/igations are be+   
made on e h&1 especially because "s p   
are mov$ by fe> t city life w corrupt   
morality4 ,!y take x = grant$ t c\ntry p
 are virtu\s1 & t vice f9ds its domicile
 only 9 ! l>ge c5tres ( population1 &   
hav+ e/abli%$ ^! premises1 !y argue t ! 
t5d5cy ( c\ntry p to move into cities   
%[s a deg5]acy on _! "p1 or t ! abnormal
 gr[? ( cities is a sure tok5 ( ! moral 
depravity :i* has tak5 hold ( ! p4 ,?is1
 h[ev]1 is n true4 ,!re is z mu*        
iniquity 9 proportion 9 small           
communities z 9 l>ge ones1 & n          
unfrequ5tly wick$ness & vici\sness are  
attribut$ to actions :i*1 aft] all1 are 
nei!r wick$ nor vici\s1 b m]ely /range  

to "o :o is n accu/om$ to !m4 ,! tide ( 
int]-migration1 :i* swells ! population 
( ! cities1 has its natural causes1 (   
:i* moral corruption is ! lea/4  ,!     
philosoph]s ( ! individuali/ic s*ool w  
take exception1 :5 ,i "n z ! fir/ cause 
( ! t5d5cy to leave ! village = ! city1 
! fact t ! m society becomes organiz$1 !
 m ea* individual becomes a "p ( a      
sy/em1 ! easi] x is to obta9 com=t1 & t1
 hav+ f\nd ! prop] place1 "o c m easily 
excel 9 t sph]e ( life4 ,true1 a man    
liv+ 9 a village may be able to secure =
 himself1 )\t excessive labor1 food t   
w\ld keep him f />vation1 & raim5t &    
fuel to protect him aga9/ ! inclem5cy ( 
! wea!r2 b man ne$s m ?an bread & meat1 
a coat & a pair ( %oes4 ,!re are a ?\s& 
o!r ?+s :i* br+ *e] to him & make 8 life
 wor? liv+1 t he _c obta9 9 rural       
solitude4 ,he claims a "r to ^! com=ts1 
& tries to obta9 !m by seek+ !m :]e !y  
are to be f\nd4 ,if simple support1 :i* 
ru/ic life insures1 0 pref]able to !    
insecurity ( e>n+ a livelihood 9 ! city2

 if pl5ty ( co>se food & ! heal?i]      
habitation :i* ! village (f]s1 7        
suffici5t to induce ! ov]-work$1        
half-/>v$1 & ill-t5ant$ city labor] to  
give up = !m ! o!r com=ts :i* city life 
(f]s him1 we %\ld soon behold an exodus 
f ! city to c\ntry places1 in/ead (     
obs]v+ ! gr[? ( ! c5tres ( population4  
,x is ! t5d5cy to "w 9 a sy/em & ) a    
sy/em :i* increases z ! human be+ rises 
9 culture & civilization4 ,?is is !     
magnet :i* draws p to l>ge cities1 &    
holds !m !re1 despite ! _m drawbacks :i*
 naturally adh]e to x4  ,! facility (   
locomotion & ( transportation h made    
possible an int]*ange ( commodities :i* 
has nev] be5 s be=e4 ,! _w has become "o
 m>ketplace1 ^u :i* ! commodities are   
?r[n1 & 9 :i* he :o is able to sell an  
article ( ! same quality at ! l[e/ rate 
w h mo/ cu/om]s4 ,:5 gra9 c be produc$ 9
 l>ge quantities 9 ! ,we/1 s t x c be   
sold at a l[] rate 9 ! ,ea/ ?an ! co/ ( 
its production w\ld be !re1 x is q      
natural t ! ,ea/]n f>m] mu/ g to ! wall1

 & x is no wond] he des]ts 8 f>m4 ,!    
less ! raw mat]ial c be us$ 9 its       
natural /ate1 & ! m our ref9em5t dem&s a
 long process ( conv]t+ x into a        
commodity1 ! m does x require sy/ematic1
 organiz$1 skill$ labor to p]=m t       
conv]sion4 ,) suffici5t l& a few p c    
raise su* an abundance ( raw mat]ial t !
 labor ( ?\s&s ( p w be call$ = to *ange
 x into useful articles4 ,x is ! sy/em1 
! develop$ social organization1 :i*     
draws ! villag] to ! city1 & z an       
illu/ration ,i %all po9t to ! sudd5 &   
unp>ellel$ gr[? ( ! city ( ,b]l94       
,tw5ty-five ye>s ago ,b]l9 0 n q z l>ge 
9 population z is ,bo/on to-day1 & its  
area 0 mu* small]4 ,b]l9 is situat$ 9 a 
s&y1 /]ile c\ntry2 s to say1 9 a des]t4 
,!re is no navigable riv] to connect x )
 ! ocean1 nor are m9]als or coal f\nd 9 
its imm$iate neighborhood4 ,:5 ,b]l9 0  
made ! seat ( ! ,g]man gov]nm5t1 ! fir/ 
result 0 t ?\s&s ( gov]nm5t (ficials 7  
remov$ f o!r places to ?is city2 !n !   
g>rison 0 enl>g$4 ,m commodi\s roads 7  

built to connect ! capital ) ! prov9ces4
 ,?is attract$ bus9ess m51 z well z     
?\s&s ^: s]vices 9 all bran*es ( life 7 
requir$4 ,! manufactur] soon foll[$1 &  
,b]l9 became 9 a %ort "t a comm]cial    
c5tre4 ,leipsic lo/ its pre/ige &       
,nuremb]g its r5[n4 ,! organiz$ net-"w (
 labor makes x possible n[ = a million &
 a half ( p to live & prosp] on t /]ile 
gr\nd4 ,let ,b]l9 cease to be ! capital 
( ,g]many1 ?r\gh any un=ese5 ev5t1 & its
 population w melt away at once4 ,l iron
 fil+s hang+ on a magnet1 9 :i* "o      
p>ticle attracts & holds ! o!r1 ?us are 
p attract$ to & held 9 places :]e       
society1 & ) x labor1 is organiz$4      
,ano!r & weighty reason to acc\nt =     
int]-migration1 & especially = !        
increase ( population 9 cities1 is t    
agriculture1 too1 has und]gone a *ange4 
,! inv5tive g5ius ( our age1 :i* keeps  
on creat+ labor-sav+ ma*9]y1 has n left 
?is bran* ( occupation unt\*$4 ,z !     
me*anic _h to g 9 ord] to be replac$ by 
! factory own]1 ?us ! small f>m] c no   

long] exi/ beside a syndicate :i* w     
sy/ematically cultivate l>ge tracts (   
l&4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! "t is to apply sy/em  
also to agricultural pursuits1 to take t
 art out ( ! sph]e ( in/9ct & to        
transplant x into ! sph]e ( sci5ce4  ,9 
?is pap] ,i h m]ely s\ght to br+ be=e ! 
m9d ( ! read] important facts :i* are   
usually ov]look$ 9 ! discussion ( !     
problem "u consid]ation1 believ+ x to be
 necess>y to adduce all ! important     
evid5ce :i* be>s ^u ! subject 9 ord] t  
he may =m a j & enlight5$ op9ion on a   
great liv+ "q ( ! fir/ magnitude1 z a   
frank /atem5t ( a problem is ( f> great]
 value to ! hone/ inve/igator ?an any   
am\nt ( +5i\s reason+s f a n>r[ or      
di/ort$ po9t ( view4     ,,he ,,came ,,&
 ,,w5t ,,aga94  ,,by ,,w ,n4 ,,h>b54    
,he 0 ! humble/ man 9 ! _w4 ,he wore    
ragg$ clo?+ & liv$ 9 ! fil?ie/          
t5em5t-h\se 9 ,new ,york4 ,he 0         
unlett]$1 _h nev] op5$ a book1 & seem$  
to "k little ( ! ways ( m54 ,8 hair &   
be>d 7 long1 & l gold5 silk2 8 eyes held

 ! blue ( inf9ite space4  ,:5 weal?y p  
pass$ him !y %ook _! heads & said1 ,he  
is dem5t$2 b ! poor1 :o knew him1 l[]$  
_! voices :5 he 0 ne> & :isp]$ t he     
belong$ to a bett] _w1 = 9 8 eyes !y saw
 a /range light ( et]nal k9dness4  ,:y  
are y s good to me8 ! poor w\ld ask1    
m>vell+ ov] 8 te>s ( sympa?y4  ,because 
,i love y1 he w\ld answ]1 & love is ! "m
 ( all t is good4 ,if y w love m5 z ,i d
 y\r way ( life w be /rewn ) roses f    
heav5 & y\r vision "k no end4  ,he _h   
nev] be5 9 a *ur* nor he>d "o ^w 9 !    
,bible1 & yet1 ) a f>-away light 9 8    
eyes1 he us$ to talk ( immortality &    
inf9ite love4 ,love is ev]la/+ life1 he 
w\ld say1 love is et]nal4  ,8 poor old  
"m did n und]/& him1 & %e 0 (t5 tr\bl$  
on 8 behalf4 ,%e us$ to plead ) him to  
/ay ) h] m & n to give up 8 life s      
completely to o!rs4  ,:y1 %e w\ld argue 
pla9tively1 ev5 ! great cl]gym5 :o prea*
 9 ! gr& *ur*es1 & :o are said to be !  
be/ ( m51 d n risk _! lives & love o!rs 
z y d4 ,!y seldom come "h :]e ev]ybody  

is s poor4 ,once he ask$ h] to tell him 
:at ! cl]gym5 taught1 & :5 %e tri$ to   
expla9 ! cre$s ( ! diff]5t d5om9ations1 
he %ook 8 head & turn$ pale ) p]plexity 
& pa94  ,i _c und]/&1 he said           
sorr[fully4 ,x all makes my he>t a*e4 ,x
 seems to me t ! *ur*-memb]s1 too1 are 9
 ! d>k4 ,love is food = ! s\l & !y are  
/>v+4 ,p ev]y:]e are dy+ 9 crime & pa9 &
 no "o (f]s to help !m4  ,"o day1 aft]  
he _h be5 labor+ = a week )\t suffici5t 
food & sleep among ! fev]-/rick5 poor1  
he fell ill1 & 8 "m ?\ght he 0 ab\t to  
die4 ,%e ran1 h] gray locks /ream+ 9 !  
w9d1 to ! p>sonage ( a little *ur* ne>  
by & inquir$ = ! m9i/]1 b 0 told by 8   
wife t he _h be5 gone = sev]al weeks to 
a wat]+ place 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,! old woman 
ran on fur!r1 till %e came to a great   
*ur* ^: maje/ic spire seem$ to t\* !    
cl\ds4 ,a /ately rectory 0 ne>4 ,s(t    
music1 m+l$ ) m]ry voices1 came out to  
h] ?r\gh ! op5 doors4 ,awkw>dly &       
trembl+ly %e w5t up ! poli%$ m>ble /eps 
& rang4 ,a s]vant 9 liv]y told h]       

gruffly t 8 ma/] 0 d9+ ) 8 bi%op & o!r  
di/+ui%$ p]sonages1 & t %e w\ld h to    
wait4  ,%e repli$ ) a groan t %e fe>$ h]
 son 0 dy+4 ,! man w5t to 8 ma/] & came 
back say+1 ,he _c see y n[4  ,%e sat d[n
 9 ! great hall & tri$ to pray4 ,be=e h]
 hung a co/ly pa9t+ repres5t+ ,jesus ) a
 *ild 9 8 arms1 a lamb at 8 side4 ,%e   
smelt ! fragrance ( fl[]s1 & he>d !     
cl9k+ ( w9e-glasses1 ! t9kl+ ( silv] &  
r>e *9a1 %ort spee*es & laught]4  ,!    
dean1 x seems1 %e he>d ! bi%op say1 0   
reprov+ "o ( ! "y cl]gym5 = becom+      
intoxicat$4 ,! "y scamp's reply q took !
 dean (f 8 feet4 ',if ,i mi/ake n1 sir1'
 said ! "y prie/1 '! liquor ,i drank    
came f y\r celebrat$ art-gall]y &       
b>-room4'  ,?is /ory 0 greet$ by he>ty  
laught]1 & !n ! old woman he>d ! bi%op  
giv+ a description ( a new ya*t :i* he  
_h j b\ght4 ,by & by ! rector came out4 
,8 *eeks 7 slightly flu%$1 8 mann]      
betray$ impati5ce4  ,well1 said he to   
h]1 :at is x8 ,i am v busy4  ,i am      
afraid my son is dy+1 %e said timidly1  

aba%$ by ! spl5dor ( 8 dress & abrupt   
mann]4 ,i ?\ght "s m9i/] ought to see   
him4  ,:]e d y att5d *ur*8 he ask$1     
look+ d[n at h] tatt]$ attire4  ,i d n g
 to any1 %e falt]$4  ,i h z mu* z ,i c  
att5d to 9 my own p>i%1 he fr[n$2       
besides my bi%op is "h z my gue/2 !re is
 a "y !ological /ud5t ) me :o w g4 ,& he
 w5t back to ! d9+-room & s5t a "y man  
out to h]4  ,%[ me ! way1 said ! /ud5t1 
& he %rugg$ 8 %\ld]s1 & blu%$ because ! 
footman seem$ to compreh5d ! situation4 
,)\t a ^w %e l$ him ?r\gh ! squalid     
/reets to ! h\se1 & up ! n>r[ /airs to  
h] mis]able room4 ,! sick man lay alone 
on a h>d c\*4  ,:at c ,i d = y8 ask$ !  
visitor4  ,a look ( hope came into !    
pallid features ( ! "o address$4 ,8     
voice 0 l[ & eag] :5 he repli$3--  ,a   
poor woman d[n/airs has fall5 & brok5 h]
 sp9e4 ,i fe> %e is )\t att5tion1 ,i 0  
try+ to rea* h] :5 ,i fell ill4 ,p]haps 
y w g to see h]2 ,i ne$ no?+4  ,8 m9d is
 w&]+1 said ! /ud5t1 turn+ to ! "m4 ,he 
c\ld n compreh5d any?+ ,i might read or 

say n[4 ,he ne$s m$ical treatm5t4 ,y    
%\ld apply to ! public *>ities4 ,& he   
w5t away1 bru%+ ! sleeve ( 8 coat :i* _h
 caught a cobweb4  ,at h] son's reque/ !
 "m w5t bel[4 ,pres5tly %e return$ ) !  
in=mation t ! injur$ woman's ne$s _h be5
 att5d$ to4 ,!n %e got a ,bible & began 
to read to him = ! fir/ "t 9 life4 ,:5  
%e _h read a few passages he ask$ h] :at
 x 01 & %e repli$3--  ,!y say x is ! ,^w
 ( ,god1 & t x %[s u h[ to live4  ,:5 %e
 0 read+ ( ! life ( ,*ri/ he li/5$ ) a  
pr(\nd look ( p]plexity on 8 pale face4 
,b :5 %e pron\nc$ ! words1 ,love ?y     
neighbor z ?yself1 he utt]$ an          
exclamation ( surprise1 & sat up 9 8 b$4
  ,i h spok5 ^? words be=e6 he cri$1 b 9
 a diff]5t language4 ,x 0 9 ano!r life  
:i* seems l a dream4 ,i liv$ long1 long 
ago1 9 a f>-away l&4 ,i _h ano!r "m !re1
 ,m>y 0 h] "n1 & a good fa!r :om ! p    
call$ ,joseph4 ,i liv$ !re z ,i d "h1 b 
! _w mock$ me because ,i tri$ to tea* !m
 to love "o ano!r--!y c\ld n und]/&4 ,!y
 put me to dea?4 ,!y made a cross1 &    

hung me on x1 on a hill 9 ! direction ( 
! sett+ sun f ,j]usalem4 ,a multitude   
ga!r$ to see me die4  ,amaz$ at 8       
radiant & trans=m$ c\nt5ance1 :i* held 9
 x ! light ( et]nity1 %e fell d[n be=e  
him cry+3--  ,my ,"l6 ,my ,ma/]6  ,he   
lift$ h] up1 8 weakness gone4  ,rise1   
said he g5tly4 ,call me n ',ma/]1' = ,i 
am b ! son ( ,god1 z y are ,8 daught]4  
,! ,fa!r ( u all1 9 ,8 love1 is n bett] 
?an ! humble/ ( ,8 *ildr54  ,%e 0 go+   
out to cry al\d 9 ! /reets t ,jesus1 !  
son ( ,god1 _h come to e>?1 b he prev5t$
 h]4  ,speak n ( me to !m1 he said      
s(tly2 !y c\ld n und]/&2 x w\ld be ev5 z
 x 0 be=e4  ,t v day he w5t ab\t accord+
 to 8 humble wont1 among ! poor & !     
mis]able1 spread+ joy & com=t ev]y:]e4  
,wan-fac$ c\rtesans1 ) dea? & hate 9 _! 
eyes1 despair+ ?ieves1 murd]]s1 &       
w\ld-be suicides1 li/5$ to 8 words (    
hope & began life anew4 ,he w5t to !    
h\ses ( ! weal?y & plead 9 ! behalf (   
suff]+ m5 & wom51 misguid$ *ildr51 &    
mi/reat$ animals1 b 0 call$ a tramp &   

s5t away4  ,"o day 8 "m lead him to !   
corpse ( a dead fri5d4 ,make him live   
aga91 %e :isp]$4  ,he look$ d[n at !    
dead & smil$ inf9itely4 ,he took a fl[] 
f a vase1 & put x into ! h& t 0 cold4   
,?is is ! bir?day ( our fri5d1 he said4 
,%\ld ,i wi% to alt] ! "w ( my ,fa!r1 9 
^: eyes all ?+s are p]fect8 ,our fri5d  
is ?is day deliv]$ f ! womb ( e>?ly     
travail4  ,"o bright morn+ %e came &    
laid h]self at 8 feet4  ,i h he>d /range
 ?+s to-day1 %e said1 ?+s ,i h n le>n$  
be=e because ,i am s ignorant4 ,!y say t
 all ! great & good *ur*es 9 ,*ri/5dom h
 gr[n up ^u ! tea*+s ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4
  ,naz>e?1 he repeat$ dreamily1 ,i liv$ 
9 ,naz>e?4  ,!y wor%ip him t 0 crucifi$ 
on ,calv>y2 ah6 !y w\ld li/5 to y n[1 my
 ,ma/]4 ,y h liv$ 9 _! memories =       
c5turies4 ,he>1 ! bells are r++4 ,x is !
 ,sabba?1 ! ,"l's day6  ,my ,fa!r's day 
has nei!r beg9n+ nor end4  ,come1 g )   
me1 w5t on ! woman eag]ly1 we %all he>  
!m praise y\r "n4  ,i w g ) y1 said he1 
a /range look 9 8 eyes4  ,%e ran f !    

room & pres5tly came back ) a suit ( new
 clo!s :i* %e _h borr[$ f a deal]3 ,h]  
face 0 agl[ ) pride & joy z %e spread !m
 be=e him4  ,:at are !y =8 he ask$ 9    
g5tle surprise4  ,= y1 %e said1 t y may 
g into ! h\se ( ! ,"l rob$ z--z o!rs    
are4  ,a bl5d$ look ( wond] & pa9 pass$ 
ov] 8 face4  ,! _s ( ! man is n clo!d ) 
! wool ( ! %eep t 0 sla91 he said g5tly4
 ,i w g z ,i am1 & fe> naught 9 my      
,fa!r's pres5ce4  ,%e l$ him d[n sev]al 
/reets till !y rea*$ a gr& ?or\ghf>e4   
,along ?is !y w5t side by side1 jo/l$ by
 ! fa%ionable ?rong1 till !y came to a  
/ately *ur*4 ,go+ up ! broad /one /eps  
!y ent]$ ! great ,go?ic doors4 ,a gr\p (
 m5 9 ! ve/ibule laugh$ at 8 long hair &
 ragg$ attire4 ,elegantly dress$ u%]s 7 
seat+ ! p z !y ent]$4 ,!y did n speak to
 ! woman & h] son1 b smil$ at "o ano!r1 
& pass$ "s je/s 9 und]tones4 ,aft] a:ile
 "o ( !m drew ne>1 & said to h]3--  ,h y
 n made a mi/ake1 my good woman8 ,?is is
 ,/4 ---- ,*ur*4 ,/4 ----'s is ! next   
bel[4  ,te>s 7 9 h] eyes z %e l$ h] son 

away4 ,by & by !y came to ano!r edifice4
 ,9 a ni*e 9 ! /one wall ne> ! entrance 
0 ! figure ( ,jesus on a cross4 ,he     
paus$ & look$ at x = sev]al m9utes1     
murmur+1 ,/range6 ,/range6  ,9 !        
ve/ibule %e 0 s aw$ by ! impos+ int]ior 
( ! /ructure & ! fa%ionable             
congregation1 t %e drew him to "o side4 
,p]haps we _h bett] /& "h1 %e :isp]$4   
,we seem to be unlike ! re/4 ,we %all n 
be 9 ! way out "h1 & ?r\gh ! door we c  
see & he> ! s]vice4  ,he made no answ]4 
,he 0 look+ at a gr& w9d[ on :i* /ood a 
repres5tation ( ,jesus1 9 a /ream (     
light f heav51 be>+ ! words1 ,?is is my 
belov$ son1 9 :om ,i am well pleas$4    
,/range1 v /range6 %e he>d him :isp]1 & 
te>s 7 9 8 eyes4  ,no "o (f]$ to give !m
 seats1 & !y rema9$ /&+ 9 ! ve/ibule    
aga9/ a wall4 ,a gr& organ began to peal
 out ! music ( ,g\nod's ,sa9t ,cecilia  
,mass4 ,pres5tly x di$ d[n2 !re 0 a %ort
 pause1 !n1 l ! ris+ ( a musical /orm   
came ! subdu$ voices ( ! *ori/]s f !    
clos$ ve/ry4 ,! door 0 gradually op5$1 &

 ! music swell$ out into ! *ur*4 ,!     
crucif]1 a beautiful lad1 attir$ 9 a    
blood-r$ cassock & a :ite1 lace-trimm$  
cotta1 ent]$4 ,beh9d him1 *ant+1 came a 
long tra9 ( *oir-boys1 foll[$ by two    
acolytes :o swung by *a9s ( brass c5s]s 
f :i* rose cl\ds ( fragrant smoke4 ,two 
prie/s br\ght up ! re>2 "o1 ! celebrant 
( ! ,holy ,communion1 0 magnific5tly    
g>b$4 ,he wore a trail+ black cassock ( 
ri*e/ silk1 & ov] x a %ort lawn cotta   
trimm$ ) priceless lace1 an enorm\s     
clo?-(-gold cope on ! back ( :i* blaz$ a
 cross wr\ght 9 jewels4 ,ab\t 8 neck he 
_h a :ite /ole1 ov] an arm a sn[y       
maniple1 ^u 8 head a prie/ly b]etta4    
,is x n beautiful8 ask$ ! poor woman (  
h] son4 ,b he did n he> h]4 ,8 eyes1    
bl9d$ by te>s ( inf9ite sorr[1 7 re/+ on
 ! :ite /atue ( ! ,virg9 ne> ! sn[y alt>
 ( m>ble1 on :i* burnt a con/ellation ( 
tap]s & c&les ar\nd ! r$ lamp ( ! ,holy 
,pres5ce4  ,8 brea/ heav$2 a sob escap$ 
him1 & 8 head sank ^u 8 *e/4  ,& !y d   
?is 9 ! "n ( love1 he said1 z if 9      

pray]4 ,!y make an idol ( my memory :ile
 my bro!rs & si/]s are dy+ = ! lack (   
love & k9dness4 ,!y d all ?is to praise 
me :om !y h s little und]/ood4 ,o ,god1 
my ,fa!r1 let ?is trial pass1 or make me
 z y are t ,i may1 ?is "t1 set !m "r1 = 
,i suff] pa/ endurance4  ,! %ort s]mon  
end$4 ,! celebration ( ,mass began4 ,!  
waf] & ! w9e 7 consecrat$4 ,! prie/     
rais$ ! waf] be=e ! eyes ( !            
congregation & said1 ,?is is my body1 & 
all heads b[$ l[4  ,at ! v in/ant y he> 
! bell /rike1 :isp]$ a man to a boy ne> 
! "m & son1 at t v in/ant ! ,savi\r w be
 !re--li/56  ,fa!r1 =give !m1 ! woman   
he>d h] son say1 & %e foll[$ him out ( !
 *ur*4 ,!y _h rea*$ ! /reet :5 ?ree     
/rokes f a silv] bell 0 he>d4  ,a few   
m9utes lat]1 z !y 7 pass+ ?r\gh a       
squalid /reet on ! way home1 !y came to 
a little *ur*4 ,he read h] wi%es 9 h]   
face1 & !y w5t 94 ,a man approa*$ & %[$ 
!m to a back seat4 ,on a plat=m a prea*]
 0 /rid+ to & fro %\t+1 s++ snat*es (   
hymns1 & pray+4 ,9 8 excitem5t he w\ld  

fall on 8 knees & raise 8 h&s heav5w>d2 
aga9 he w\ld spr+ up & beat himself ) 8 
h&s1 & viol5tly kick ! floor1 prea*+1   
s++1 & pray+ alt]nately4  ,save         
y\rselves f ! et]nal wra? ( an angry    
,god6 he cri$4 ,i tell y t hell is yawn+
 = y2 ! burn+ brea? ( c\ntless devils is
 ab\t y4 ,*ri/ di$ to save y2 w y n tru/
 9 him8 ,n[ is ! only "t2 to-morr[ x may
 be too late6  ,aft] a:ile !            
congregation began to s+ a hymn1 & !    
prea*] w5t on3 ,come =w>d all :o want ! 
pray]s ( ! *ur*4 ,come n[1 & embrace    
salvation6 ,& m51 wom51 & *ildr5 trembl+
 ) fe>1 & weep+ & groan+1 w5t to ! alt> 
& ?rew !mselves on _! knees4  ,! poor   
woman look$ at h] son4 ,8 face 0 pale & 
set z ) ! agony ( dea?4 ,%e glanc$ ov] !
 congregation4 ,p sat !re wre/l+ ) !    
greate/ problem ( _! lives1 _! faces    
:ite1 _! eyes dilat$4 ,o!rs 7 smil+ z if
 highly amus$ at ! prea*]'s actions4    
,memb]s ( rituali/ic *ur*es1 :o _h come 
out ( curiosity1 7 fr[n+ contemptu\sly1 
& congratulat+ !mselves on ! dignity (  

_! own =m ( wor%ip4  ,i mu/ g1 said !   
son to 8 "m4 ,i mu/ be ) ^? t ne$ me4   
,"h !y tea* t ! ,et]nal ,fa!r hates ,8  
*ildr54 ,if only !y knew ,him !y w\ld n 
be afraid4  ,he nev] ent]$ a *ur* aga94 
,he cont9u$ 8 life z he _h begun x1     
tea*+ human love & g5tl5ess to all he   
knew4 ,once he 0 try+ to save a         
half-dem5t$ drunk>d f be+ beat5 by an   
inhuman policeman1 & 0 put into prison4 
,:ile he 0 !re 8 "m di$1 & :5 he 0      
releas$1 8 heal? 0 brok54  ,a week pass$
 9 :i* he c\ld get no food to eat4 ,he 0
 />v+4 ,"o moonlit night he rose &      
/agg]$ out to se>* = bread1 suff]+      
indescribable tortures4 ,8 voice _h     
gone4 ,he /ood on ! corn] ( a /reet1 &  
mutely held out 8 h&s to pass]s-by1 b !y
 paid no he$ to him4 ,along ! /reet he  
tott]$ till he came to a brightly light$
 build+4 ,a *ur* 0 hold+ a fe/ival4     
,beautiful wom5 9 ! height ( fa%ion1    
*ildr5 9 ! da9tie/ ( dresses1 7 prom5ad+
 ab\t4 ,he look$ 9 at ! door1 & :5 he   
saw ! long tables fill$ ) eatables1 8   

eyes gleam$ ) ! desire ( a fami%$       
animal4 ,he /agg]$ across ! ?re%old1 b 0
 /opp$ by ! door-keep]4 ,ticket1 said ! 
man4 ,! outca/ did n und]/&1 he c\ld see
 no?+ b ! food )94 ,a policeman /epp$   
=w>d & laid 8 h& on 8 arm4  ,?is is no  
place = y1 he said r\ghly4 ,y h no      
money1 move on6  ,he looks hungry1 wait6
 said a little girl1 :o 0 p9n+ "s fl[]s 
on ! lapel ( a "y m9i/]'s coat1 & %e ran
 to a table & br\ght a piece ( bread to 
! />v+ man4 ,he hugg$ x 9 8 arms1 &     
tott]$ out into ! night1 *uckl+ to      
himself 9 joy4 ,a squ>e :]e trees &     
fl[]s grew 0 be=e him4 ,he ent]$ x1 &   
sank on to a b5* ne> a f\nta94 ,he look$
 at ! bread1 & a savage cont5t captur$ 8
 features4 ,he 0 ab\t to break x :5 a   
man arose f a seat across a walk1 & came
 & sat d[n beside him1 eye+ ! food      
covet\sly4 ,he t\*$ ! ?9 h& t held x1 & 
! two m5 look$ into ea* o!r's eyes4  ,i 
am />v+1 said ! breadless "o4 ,i h no   
means4 ,i belong to a family :o h       
desc5d$ f k+s2 ,i _c beg4 ,i ?\ght y    

look$ z if y did n want x4 ,i am dy+4   
,! o!r clut*$ ! food tightly 9 bo? 8 h&s
 = an in/ant4 ,a look ( f]oci\s desire  
wrung 8 face1 & he rais$ x to 8 lips4   
,!n a div9e smile dawn$ 9 8 eyes1 & he  
pr(f]$ x to ! o!r4 ,! man took x eag]ly1
 & slipp$ into ! d>kness1 t he might eat
 x unse54 ,z he turn$ away ! head ( !   
giv] sank sl[ly to 8 brea/4  ,brightly  
light$ /reets /ret*$ away 9 sev]al      
directions4 ,a procession ( m5 & wom5   
be>+ bann]s & beat+ drums & tamb\r9es   
pass$ along1 s++ hymns1 & paus+ n[ & !n 
to kneel on ! cobble/ones to pray or to 
urge ! little clu/]s ( idl]s to jo9 !m 9
 _! m>* to safety4 ,above ! wondr\s />s 
& moon 7 %9+ z !y _h %one at ! dawn (   
et]nal ?\ght4 ,!y %one on ! ,vatican at 
,rome1 ! imp]ial cradle ( sa9ts2 on !   
com=table homes ( m9i/]s 9 ! *ur*2 on ! 
palaces ( g5tle-blood$ bi%ops2 on       
assemblages ( m5 :o 7 wrangl+ ov] cre$s2
 on ga!r+s :]e e>ne/ se>*]s aft] tru? 7 
be+ tri$ = h]esy2 on prisons :]e inmates
 ( d>k1 sil5t cells 7 pray+ = a gleam ( 

light1 = b ! voice ( an insect to keep  
madness f _! tortur$ bra9s2 on millions 
( suff]+ human be+s--on ! cold1 dead =m 
( "o :o und]/ood naught b love4     ,o  
,,?\ ,,:o ,,sighe/ ,,= ,a ,,broad]      
,,field4  ,,julia ,,anna ,,wolcott4     
,o ?\ :o sighe/ = a broad] field        
,:]e9 to s[ ! se$s ( tru? & "r1     ,:o 
fa9 a nobl]1 wid] p[] w\ld/ wield       
,o'er human s\ls t langui% = ! light2   
,se>* well ! realm t ev5 n[ is ?9e6     
,can/ n ?\ 9 "s f>-(f corn] f9d     ,a  
he>t1 s9-b\nd1 z tree ) sapp+ v9e1      
,t waite? help its burd5s to unb9d8     
,"s human plant1 p]*ance b5ea? ?9e eyes1
       ,pi]c$ ?r\gh by hidd5 ?orns (    
idle fe>s2     ,or1 droop+ l[ = ne$ (   
light f skies       ,obscur$ by         
d\bt-cl\ds1 ra9+ poison te>s8      ,"s  
bruis$ s\l ! balm ( love w\ld heal8     
,"s timid _s fai? w\ld c\rage give8     
,or maim$ bro!r :o1 ?\gh brave & leal1  
,/ill ne$e? !e to rightly walk & live8  
,oh1 :ile "o s\l ?\ f9d'/ t ha? n kn[n  
,! fulle/ help ?y s\l ha? p[] to give1  

,sigh n = fields /ill broad] ?an ?9e    
own1       ,b1 /eadfa/1 9 ?9e own m     
broadly live6     ,,an ,,ev5+ ,,at ,,!  
,,corn] ,,groc]y4  ,a ,,we/]n ,,"*      
,,sket*4  ,,by ,,haml9 ,,g>l&4          
,colonel ,peavy _h j begun ! rubb] )    
,judge ,gordon ( ,c]ro-,gordo ,c\nty4   
,!y 7 seat$ 9 ,robie's groc]y1 beh9d !  
ru/y old cannon /ove1 ! *eck]-bo>d      
spread out on _! knees4 ,! ,colonel 0   
gr9n+ 9 great glee1 wr++ 8 bony yell[   
h&s 9 n]v\s excitem5t1 9 /rong contra/  
to ! /olid calm ( ! fat ,judge4  ,!     
,colonel _h won ! la/ game by a l>ge    
m>g91 & 0 sure he _h 8 oppon5t's dodges 
well 9 h&4 ,x 0 e>ly 9 ! ev5+1 & !      
groc]y 0 comp>atively empty4 ,robie 0   
figur+ at a desk1 & old ,judge ,br[n    
/ood 9 legal gravity w>m+ 8 legs at !   
r$-hot /ove1 & sway+ g5tly back & =? 9  
spee*less cont5t4 ,x 0 a t\gh night     
outside1 "o ( ! t\ghe/ = ye>s4 ,! fro/  
_h completely %ut ! w9d[ panes z ) ?ick 
blankets ( sn[4 ,! /reets 7 sil5t4  ,i  
don't "k1 said ! ,judge1 reflectively1  

to ,robie1 break+ ! sil5ce 9 8 rasp+1   
judicial bass1 ,i don't "k z !re has be5
 su* a night z ?is s9ce ! night (       
,febru>y #b;d1 '#ei1 t 0 ! night ,james 
,kirk w5t "u--,honorable ,kirk1 y       
rememb]1--knew him well4 ,brilliant     
fell[1 ornam5t to we/]n b>4 ,b :iskey   
d[n$ him4 ,x'll beat ! olde/ man--,i    
wond] :]e ! boys all are to-night8      
,don't seem to be anyone /irr+ on !     
/reet4 ,a9t fright5$ out by ! cold8     
,%\ldn't wond]4 ,robie 0 busy at 8 desk1
 & n 9 humor = conv]sation on rem9isc5t 
l9es4 ,! two old w>-dogs at ! bo>d _h   
settl$ d[n to "o ( ^? long1 sil5t       
/ruggles1 :i* ensue :5 two *ampions     
meet4 ,9 ! sil5ce :i* foll[$1 ! ,judge 0
 look+ att5tively at ! back ( !         
,colonel1 & ?9k+ t ! old ?ief 0 gett+   
ab\t d[n to sk9 & bone4 ,he turn$ ) a   
yawn to ,robie1 say+3--  ,?is cold wea!r
 mu/ take hold ( ! old ,colonel t]ribly1
 he's s damnably ?9 & bald1 y "k1--bald 
z a babe4 ,! fact is1 ! old ,colonel a9t
 long = ?is _w1 anyway2 ?9k s1 ,hank8   

,robie mak+ no reply1 ! ,judge relaps$  
into sil5ce = a :ile1 wat*+ ! cat       
7p]il\sly walk+ along ! edge ( ! upp]   
%elf7 & li/5+ to ! occasional hurry+    
foot/eps outside4 ,i don't "k :5 ,i've  
se5 ! w9d[s clos$ up s1 ,hank2 g d[n to 
?irty bel[ to-night2 devili% /rong w9d  
bl[+1 too2 t\gh night on ! prairies1    
,hank4  ,y bet1 repli$ ,hank1 briefly4  
,! ,colonel 0 pla9ly gett+ excit$4 ,8   
razor-l back curv$ %>p] ?an ev] z he    
pe]$ into ! intricacies ( ! bo>d to spy 
! trap :i* ! fat ,judge _h set = him4   
,at ?is po9t ! squeal ( boots on ! icy  
walk outside paus$1 & a mom5t lat] ,amos
 ,rid+s ent]$1 ) :isk]s cov]$ ) ice1 &  
look+ l a huge be> 9 8 buffalo coat4    
,by ,josephus6 x's cold1 he ro>$1 z he  
took (f 8 gloves & began to w>m 8 face &
 h&s at ! fire4  ,is x8 ask$ ! ,judge1  
com=tably1 ris+ on 8 tiptoes1 only to   
fall back into 8 usual attitude1 legal  
legs well spread1 %\ld]s ?r[n back4  ,y 
bet x is6 repli$ ,amos4 ,i'd'"k :5 ,i've
 felt ! cold m'n ,i h t'-day4 ,x's je/  

snifty2 d\bles me up l a jack-knife1    
,judge4 ,h[ d' y /& x8  ,toll]ble1      
toll]ble1 ,amos4 ,b we're age9'1 we a9t 
:at we 7 once4 ,cold takes hold ( u4    
,t's a fact1 answ]$ ,amos to !          
retrospective mus+s ( ! ,judge4 ,"t 0 y 
an' me w\ld g t' s++-s*ool or           
sleigh-rid+ ) ! girls on a night l ?is &
 nev] notice x4  ,yes1 sir2 yes1 sir6   
said ! ,judge ) a sigh4 ,x 0 a little   
unc]ta9 9 ,robie's m9d :e!r ! ,judge 0  
regrett+ ! lo/ ability to /& ! cold1 or 
! lo/ pleasure ( rid+ ) ! girls4  ,great
 days1 ^?1 g5tlem56 ,liv$ 9 ,v]mont !n4 
,hot-blood$--lungs l an ox4 ,i rememb]1 
,sallie ,de>born & ,i us$ to g a-foot to
 s++ s*ool d[n ! valley f\r miles4 ,b   
n[1 w\ldn't g rid+ to-night ) ! h&some/ 
woman 9 ,am]ica1 & ! be/ cutt] 9 ,rock  
,riv]4  ,oh6 y've got bo? feet 9 ! grave
 up t' ! ankles1 anyway1 said ,robie f 8
 desk1 b ! ,judge immovably gaz$ at !   
upp] %elf on ! o!r side ( ! room :]e !  
boil]s1 & pans1 & wa%bo>ds 7 /or$4  ,!  
,judge is a little on ! s5tim5tal ord]  

to-night1 said ,amos4  ,hold on1        
,colonel6 hold on4 ,y've got 'o jump4   
,he6 he6 ro>$ ,gordon f ! *eck]-bo>d4   
,t's "r1 t's "r6 he end$1 z ! ,colonel  
compli$ reluctantly4  ,sock x to ! old  
cuss1 comm5t$ ,amos4 ,:at ,i 0 go+ to   
say1 he resum$1 roll+ d[n ! coll> ( 8   
coat1 01 t :5 my wife help$ me bundle up
 t' night1 %e said ,i 0 gitt'n' t' be an
 old granny4 ,we are age9'1 ,judge1 !'s 
no d5y9' x4 ,we're bo? gray z ,norway   
rats n[4 ,an' speak+ ( u age+ rem9ds    
me1--h y' notic$ h[ bald ! old ,ky]nel's
 gitt'n'8  ,i h1 ,amos1 answ]$ ! ,judge1
 m\rnfully4 ,! old man's head is %[+    
age1 %[+ age6 ,gett+ ?9 up !re1 a9t x8  
,! old ,colonel b5t to 8 "w )\t reply1 &
 ev5 :5 ,amos said1 judicially1 aft]    
long scrut9y1 ,yes1 he'll soon be z bald
 z a plate1 he only lift$ "o yell[1     
freckl$1 bony h&1 & bru%$ 8 c>roty gr[? 
( hair across ! spot "u discussion4     
,gordon %ook 8 fat paun* 9 sil5t        
laught]1 ne>ly displac+ ! bo>d4  ,i 0 j 
tell+ ,robie1 pursu$ ,br[n1 /ill reta9+ 

8 rem9isc5t intonation1 t ?is /orm takes
 ! cake ov] any?+--  ,at ?is po9t ,/eve 
,roa* & ano!r fell[ ent]$4 ,/eve 0      
,rid+s' hir$ h&1 a h]culean fell[1 ) a  
drawl1 & a liability = tak+ (f5ce q z   
rem>kable4  ,say6 g5ts1 ,i'm no spr+    
roo/]1 b ?is je/ gits away ) any?+ 9 l9e
 ( cold ,i ev] see4  ,:ile ?is          
communication 0 be+ receiv$ 9 rum9ative 
sil5ce1 ,/eve 0 hold+ 8 e>s 9 8 h& &    
gaz+ at ! int5t *ampions at ! bo>d4 ,!re
 !y sat2 ! old ,judge pant+ & :eez+ 9 8 
excitem5t1 = he 0 plann+ a great snap on
 ! ,colonel1 ^: r$ & freckl$ nose almo/ 
t\*$ ! bo>d4 ,x 0 a solemn battle h\r4  
,! w9d h[l$ m\rnfully outside1 ! timb]s 
( ! /ove creak$ 9 ! cold1 & ! huge      
cannon /ove ro>$ 9 /eady bass4  ,speak+ 
ab\t e>s1 said ,/eve1 aft] a sil5ce1    
dumn$ if ,i'd l t' be q s' b>e 'r\nd !  
e>s z ,k]nel !re4 ,i wond] if any o' y  
fell]s has notic$ h[ ! ol' fell]'s lo/  
hair ?is la/ summ]4 ,he's gitt9' bald1  
!y's no cov]9' x up--gitt9' bald z a    
plate4  ,y're "r1 ,/eph51 said ! ,judge1

 z he gravely took 8 /& beh9d 8 bro!r   
advocate1 & /udi$1 ) ! eye ( an adept1 !
 field ( battle4 ,we 7 notic+ x :5 y    
came 94 ,x's a sad ?+1 b x mu/ be       
admitt$4  ,x's ! ,ky]nel's bra9s we>9'  
up ?r\gh 8 hair1 ,i take x1 comm5t$     
,amos1 z he help$ himself to a h&ful (  
peanuts out ( a bag beh9d ! c\nt]4 ,say1
 ,/eve1 did y' /uff up t hole 9 front ( 
ol' ,b>ney8  ,a %\t 0 he>d outside1 & !n
 a ru% aga9/ ! door1 & imm$iately two "y
 fell[s bur/ 91 foll[$ by a fi]ce gu/ ( 
sn[4 ,"o 0 ,pr(essor ,knapp1 ! o!r      
,editor ,fo/]1 ( ! ,morn+ ,call4  ,well1
 g5ts1 h['s ?is = high8 said ,fo/] 9 a  
peculi> tone ( voice1 at :i* all began  
to smile4 ,he 0 a sl5d] fell[ )         
close-clipp$1 ass]tive r$ hair4 ,9 ?is  
company we n[ h ! maje/y ( ! law1 ! p[] 
( ! press1 & ! und]p9n+ ( ! ,am]ican    
civilization all repres5t$4 ,hello6 ,!re
 are a c\ple ( old roo/]s ) _! heads    
toge!r4 ,gordon1 my old enemy1 h[ are y8
  ,gordon wav$ him (f ) a smile & a     
:eeze4 ,don't bo!r me n[4 ,i've got 'im4

 ,i'm lay+ f'r ! old dog4 ,:i/6  ,got   
no?+6 sn>l$ ! ,colonel4 ,y try t on if y
 want to4 ,j sw+ t man 9 !re if y ?9k   
x's heal?y = him4 ,j z l z n1 y'll slip 
up on t little trick4  ,ha6 ,say y s1   
old ,true ,p5ny8 ,! ,kunnel has met a   
foeman wor?y ( 8 /eel1 said ,fo/] 9     
great glee1 z he b5t above ! ,colonel4  
,i "k4 ,h[ d ,i "k8 quo?a4 ,by ! curve  
on ! ,kunnel's back4 ,! size ( ! p>abola
 describ$ by t backbone accurately      
gauges 8 adv]s>y's skill4 ,b1 by ! way1 
g5tlem51 h y--b t's a nice po9t1 & ,i   
ref] all nice po9ts to ,pr(essor ,knapp4
 ,pr(essor1 is x 9 good ta/e to make    
rem>ks conc]n+ ! dress or features (    
ano!r8  ,c]ta9ly n1 answ]$ ,knapp1 a    
h&some "y fell[ ) a yell[ mu/a*e4  ,n :5
 ! p]son is an e/eem$ public "*1 l !    
,colonel "h8 ,:at ,i 0 ab\t to rem>k1 if
 x _h be5 prop]1 0 t ! old fell[ is     
gett+ w(ully bald4 ,he'll soon be bald z
 an egg4  ,say6 ask$ ! ,colonel1 ,i want
 to "k h[ long y're go+ to keep ?is ?+  
up4 ,somebody's dumn$ sure t' get hurt  

soon4  ,!re1 !re6 ,colonel1 said ,br[n  
soo?+ly1 don't get excit$1 y'll lose !  
rubb]4 ,don't m9d 'em4 ,keep cool4      
,yes1 keep cool1 ,kunnel1 x's only our  
solicitude = y\r welf>e1 *ipp$ 9 ,fo/]4 
,!n address+ ! cr[d 9 a g5]al sort ( way
 he speculat$1 ,curi\s h[ a man1 a pla9 
,am]ican citiz5 l ,colonel ,peavy1 w9s a
 place 9 ! inn]mo/ affections ( a :ole  
p4  ,t's s6 murmur$ ! re/4 ,he c't gr[  
bald )\t deep sympa?y f 8 fell[-citiz5s4
 ,! old ,colonel gl>$ 9 spee*less wra?4 
,say6 g5ts1 plead$ ,gordon1 let up on ! 
old man = ! pres5t4 ,he's go+ to ne$ all
 ( himself if he gets out o' ! trap he's
 9 n[4 ,he wav$ 8 fat h& ov] !          
,colonel's head1 & smil$ bl&ly at ! cr[d
 hugg+ ! /ove4  ,my head may be bald1   
grat$ ! old man ) a dea?'s-head gr91    
indescribably f]oci\s1 b x's got bra9s  
en\gh 9 x to 'skunk' any man 9 ?is cr[d 
?ree games out o' five4  ,! ol' man r   
gits ! laugh on y' !re1 g5ts1 call$     
,robie f ! back side ( ! c\nt]4 ,i ha9t 
se5 ! old skeesix play bett]'n he did   

la/ night 9 ye>s4  ,n s9ce 8 return f   
,canada1 aft] ! w>1 ,i reckon1 said     
,amos f ! k]os5e b>rel4  ,hold on1      
,amos1 put 9 ! ,judge w>n+ly1 t's       
out-law$4 ,talk+ ab\t be+ bald & ! w>   
rem9ds me ( ! night ,walt]s & ,i-- ,by !
 way1 :]e is ,walt]s to-night8  ,sick1  
put 9 ! ,colonel1 /raight5+ up          
exultantly4 ,i wax$ him ?ree /raight    
games la/ night4 ,y won't see him aga9  
till spr+4 ,skunk$ him once1 & beat him 
twice4  ,oh git out4  ,he> ! old se$    
twitt]6  ,did y ev] notice1 g5tlem51 h[ 
ly+ & baldness g toge!r8 qu]i$ ,fo/]    
reflectively4  ,no6 ,d !y8  ,inv>iably4 
,i've kn[n _m colossal li>s1 & !y 7 all 
z bald z apples4  ,! ,colonel 0 gett+   
n]v\s1 & 0 s sl[ t ev5 ,gordon 7:o c\ld 
sit & />e at ! bo>d a full half h\r )\t 
mov+7 began to be impati5t4  ,come6     
,colonel1 m>%al y\r =ces a little m     
promptly4 ,if y're go+ at me e*elon1    
s\nd y'r bugle2 ,i'm ready4  ,don't     
worry1 answ]$ ! ,colonel1 9 8 calme/    
nasal1 ,i'll accommodate y ) all ! fight

 y want4  ,did x ev] occur to y1 began !
 ,judge aga91 address+ ! cr[d g5]ally1 z
 he mov$ back to ! /ove & lit ano!r     
cig>1 did x ev] occur to y t x is a     
little s+ul> a man %\ld get bald on !   
top ( 8 head fir/8 ,curi\s fact4 ,s     
accu/om$ to x we no long] wond] at x4   
,n[ see ! ,colonel !re4 ,q a gr[? ( hair
 on 8 clap-bo>d+1 z x 71 b devili% ?9 on
 8 ro(4  ,"h ! ,colonel look$ up & tri$ 
to say some?+1 b ! ,judge w5t on        
imp]turbably4  ,n[ ,i take x t x's      
/rictly provid5tial t a man gets bald on
 top ( 8 head fir/1 because if he mu/   
get bald x is be/ to get bald :]e x c be
 cov]$ up4  ,by j9ks1 t's a fact6 said !
 re/ 9 high admiration ( ! ,judge's     
ratioc9ation4 ,/eve 0 specially pleas$1 
& draw+ a neck-yoke f a b>rel /&+ ne>1  
p\nd$ ! floor vigor\sly4  ,talk+ ab\t   
be+ bald1 put 9 ,fo/]1 rem9ds me ( a    
s*eme ( m9e1 :i* is to s5d no "o out to 
fight ,indians b bald m54 ,?9k h[       
p[]less !y'd--  ,! talk n[ drift$ (f to 
,indians1 politics1 & religion1 edg$    

r\nd to ! w> :5 ! grave ,judge 0 tell+  
,rid+s & ,robie j h[ ,kilpatrick *>g$   
along ! ,granny ,:ite ,turnpike1 & on a 
%eet ( wrapp+ pap] 0 %[+ :]e ,major     
,john ,dilrigg fell4 ,i 0 on 8 left ab\t
 ?irty y>ds1 :5 ,i saw him ?r[ up 8 h&--
  ,fo/] 9 a l[ voice 0 tell+ some?+ to !
 ,pr(essor1 & two or ?ree o!rs1 :i* made
 !m :oop ) uncontrollable m]rim5t1 :5 ! 
ro>+ voice ( big ,sam ,walt]s 0 he>d    
outside1 & a mom5t lat] he roll$ into ! 
room1 fill+ x ) 8 noise4 ,lottridge1 !  
wat*mak]1 & ,erlb]g1 ! ,g]man bak]1 came
 9 ) him4  ,hello1 hello1 hello6 ,all   
"h1 are yeh8  ,all "h wait+ = y--& !    
turnkey1 said ,fo/]4  ,well1 "h ,i am4  
,always on h& l a sore ?umb 9 husk9'    
season4 ,:at's go9' on "h8 ,a game1 hey8
 ,hello1 ,gordon1 x's y1 is x8 ,colonel1
 ,i owe y sev]al = la/ night4 ,b :at !  
devil yo' got y\r cap on fur1 ,colonel8 
,a9t x w>m en\gh "h = yeh8  ,! desp]ate 
,colonel :o _h snat*$ up 8 cap :5 he    
he>d ,walt]s com+1 gr9n$ pa9fully1 pull+
 8 /raggly r$ & :ite be>d n]v\sly4 ,!   

/ra9 0 beg9n+ to tell on 8 iron n]ves4  
,he remov$ ! cap1 & ) a few mutt]$ words
 w5t back to ! game1 b !re 0 a dang]\s  
gleam 9 8 fi%y blue eyes1 & ! grizzl$   
tufts ( r$ hair above 8 eyes l[]$       
?reat5+ly4 ,a man :o is gett+ swamp$ 9 a
 game ( *eck]s is n 9 a mood to be>     
pleasantly any rem>ks on 8 bald head4   
,oh6 don't take x (f1 ,colonel1 w5t on 8
 torm5tor hospitably4 ,:5 a man gets z  
old z y are1 he's privileg$ to we> 8    
cap4 ,i wond] if any ( y fell]s h notic$
 h[ ! ,colonel is %$d+ 8 hair4  ,! old  
man leap$ up1 scatt]+ ! m5 on !         
*eck]-bo>d :i* flew up & /ruck ,judge   
,gordon 9 ! face1 knock+ him (f 8 /ool4 
,! old ,colonel 0 a%y pale1 & 8 eyes    
gl>$ out f "u 8 huge br[ l sapphires lit
 by flame4 ,8 sp>e =m clo!d 9 a se$y    
,pr9ce ,alb]t frock t[]$ ) a s+ul>      
dignity4 ,8 features work$ convulsively 
a mom5t1 & !n he bur/ =? l ! explosion (
 a safety valve3--  ,%uttup1 dumyeh6  ,&
 !n ! cr[d :oop$1 ro>$1 & roll$ on !    
c\nt]s & b>rels1 & ro>$ & :oop$ aga94   

,!y /amp$ & yell$1 & ran ar\nd l fi5ds1 
kick+ ! boxes & bang+ ! coal-scuttle 9 a
 p]fect p&emonium ( mir?1 leav+ ! old   
man /&+ !re helpless 9 8 wra?1 mad en\gh
 to %oot4 ,/eve 0 j prep>+ to seize !   
old man f beh9d1 :5 ,judge ,gordon1     
/ruggl+ to 8 feet among ! spittoons1    
cri$ out1 9 ! voice ( a ,colonel ( ,f\r?
 ( ,july militia3--  ,h-,o-,l-,d6       
,sil5ce 0 re/or$1 & all /ood ar\nd 9    
expectant attitudes to he> ! ,judge's   
explanation4 ,he squ>$ 8 elb[s1 %ov$ up 
8 sleeves1 puff$ out 8 fat *eeks1 moi/5$
 8 lips1 & began pomp\sly3--  ,g5tlem5--
  ,y've hit x2 t's u1 said "s ( ! cr[d 9
 applause4  ,g5tlem5 ( ,rock ,riv]1 :5 9
 ! c\rse ( human ev5ts1 rumor _h bl['d  
to my e>s ! hi/ory ( ! *eck]-play+ (    
,rock ,riv]1 & :5 ,i _h wax$            
,c]ro-,gordo1 & ,claiborne1 & ,m[]1 !n1 
:5 ,i say to my e>s 0 borne ! cla% (    
res\nd+ arms 9 ,rock ,riv]1 ! emporium (
 ,rock ,c\nty1 !n did ,i ye>n = m worlds
 to conqu]1 & behold1 ,i buckl$ on my   
armor & ,i am "h4  ,behold1 he is "h1   

said ,fo/]1 9 confirmation ( ! /atem5t4 
,good = y1 ,judge1 git brea? & g = u "s 
m4  ,hurrah = ! ,judge1 etc4  ,i came   
seek9' :om ,i might dev\r l a rag+ lion4
 ,i s\ght foem5 wor?y ( my /eel4 ,i     
leap$ into ! ar5a & blew my *all5ge to !
 f\r qu>t]s ( ,rock--  ,good f'r y1     
settemupag96 ,g x1 y old balloon1 !y all
 applaud$4  ,kn[+ my pr[ess ,i s\ght a  
fair f\t & no favors4 ,i met ! enemy &  
he 0 m9e4 ,*ampion aft] *ampion w5t d[n 
be=e me l--w5t d[n l--,ahem6 w5t d[n    
be=e me l grass be=e ! mighty cyclone ( 
! ,&es4  ,li/5 to ! old bl[-h>d1 said   
,/eve4  ,put him out1 said ! speak]1    
imp]turbably4 ,g5tlem51 h ,i ! floor8   
,y h1 repli$ ,br[n1 b come to ! po9t4 ,!
 ,colonel is anxi\s to beg9 %oot+4 ,!   
,colonel1 :o began to suspect himself   
victimiz$1 /ood wond]+ :at "u heav5 !y 7
 go+ to d next6  ,i'm a gitt'n' !re1    
said ! orator ) a broad & sunny         
condesc5sion4  ,i f\nd y\r *ampions an' 
laid 'em l[4 ,i wax$ ,walt]s1 & !n ,i   
tackl$ ! ,colonel4 ,i tri$ ! e*elon1 !  

'g5]al advanc$1' !n ! 'give away' &     
'flank' movem5ts4 ,b ! ,colonel 0 !re4  
,till ?is la/ game x 0 a fair field & no
 favor4 ,& n[1 g5tlem5 ( ,rock1 ,i      
desire t' /ate to my deeply respect$    
oppon5t1 t he is /ill *ampion ( ,rock1 &
 ,i'm n sure b ( ,nor!rn ,i[a4  ,?ree   
*e]s = ! ,kunnel6  ,& :ile !y 7 be+ giv5
 ! ,colonel's br[s relax$1 & ! *ampion (
 ,c]ro-,gordo cont9u$ e>ne/ly3--  ,& n[ 
,i wi% to /ate to ,colonel ! solemn fact
 t ,i _h no?+ to d ) ! job put up on him
 to-night4 ,i scorn to use su* means 9 a
 battle4 ,colonel1 y may be z bald z an 
apple1 or an egg1 yes1 or a plate1 b y c
 play m *eck]s ?an any man ,i ev] met1 m
 *eck]s ?an any o!r man on ,god's gre5  
foot/ool4--,) "o-s+le1 lone             
exception--myself4  ,at ?is mom5t1      
somebody hit ! dead-beat f ,c]ro-,gordo 
) a decay$ apple1 & z ! cr[d %\t$ &     
groan$ ,robie turn$ d[n ! lights on !   
tumult4 ,! old ,colonel seiz$ !         
opportunity = putt+ a h&ful ( salt d[n  
,walt]s' neck1 & slipp$ out ( ! door l a

 gho/4 ,z ! cr[d sw>m$ out on ! icy     
walk1 ,editor ,fo/] yell$3--  ,g5ts6 let
 me give y a po9t]4 ,keep y\r eye peel$ 
= ! next edition ( ! ,rock ,riv] ,morn+ 
,call4 ,& ! bitt] w9d swept away !      
answ]+ %\ts ( ! gang4         99        
99       99       99       99           
,transcrib]'s ,notes3  ,e ef=t has be5  
made to replicate ?is text z fai?fully z
 possible1 includ+ obsolete & v>iant    
spell+s & o!r inconsi/5cies4 ,!         
transcrib] made ! foll[+ *anges to !    
text to correct obvi\s errors by !      
publi%]3  #a4 p4 #dab1 tranv]se *ang$ to
 transv]se  ,also1 sev]al occurr5ces (  
mismat*$ quotes rema9 z publi%$4  ,end (
 ,transcrib]'s ,notes