,mak+ ( ,am]ica ,books ,collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan's ,digital ,libr>y ,production ,s]vice 7http3_/_/www4umdl4umi*4edu_/7 ,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ! ,mak+ ( ,am]ica ,books ,collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan's ,digital ,libr>y ,production ,s]vice4 ,see http3_/_/www4hti4umi*4edu_/cgi_/t_/text_ /text-idx8cmoa2idno,,ajf#bcea4jjja4jja ,transcrib]'s note3 ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,! oe ligature has be5 transcrib$ z oe4 ,a table ( cont5ts1 ?\gh n pres5t 9 ! orig9al1 has be5 provid$ bel[3 ,,preface4 ,,introduction4 ,,pr(essional ,,e?ics4 ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,i4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,,pr(essional ,,e?ics4 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,pr(essional ,,e?ics4 by ,,george ,,%>swood4 ,id non eo tantum1 quod si vis illa dic5di malitiam in/rux]it1 nihil sit publicis privatisque rebus p]niciosius eloqu5tia3 s$ nos quoque ipsi1 qui pro virile p>te conf]re aliquid ad facultatem dic5di conati sumus1 pessime m]eamur de rebus humanis1 ,,si ,,latroni ,,comp>emus ,,haec ,,arma1 ,,non ,,militi4 ,,qu9ct4 ,,de ,,in/4 ,,or4 ,second ,edition4 ,philadelphia3 ,t4 ,j4 ,w4 ,johnson ,co41 ,law ,booksell]s & ,publi%]s1 ,no4 #ece ,*e/nut ,/reet4 #ahfj4 ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahfj1 by ,t4 ,j4 ,w4 ,johnson ,co41 9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt = ! ,ea/]n ,di/rict ( ,p5n'a4 ,c4 ,%]man ,son1 ,pr9t]s1 ,s4 ,w4 ,cor4 ,sev5? & ,*]ry ,/reets1 ,philadelphia4 ,,to ,,my ,,honor$ ,,ma/]1 ,,joseph ,r4 ,,+]soll1 ,,ll4,d41 ,,inscrib$ ,,z ,a ,,te/imony ,,( ,,respect ,,& ,,gratitude4 ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ ,essay 0 orig9ally publi%$ "u ! title ( ,a ,comp5d ( ,lectures on ! ,aims & ,duties ( ! ,pr(ession ( ! ,law1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,law ,class ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,a portion ( x _h be5 read by ! au?or z an ,introductory ,lecture at ! op5+ ( ! ,fif? ,session ( ! ,law ,dep>tm5t ( t ,in/itution1 ,octob] #b;d1 #ahed4 ,! "y g5tlem51 alumni1 & /ud5ts ( ! s*ool1 :o 7 pres5t on t occasion1 reque/$ a copy = publication1 9 ord] t ea* ( !m might possess a mem5to ( _! connection ) ! ,in/itution4 ,! au?or pref]r$ to publi% ! entire ,comp5d ?an m]ely a "p ( x4 ,he hesitat$ mu* 9 do+ s1 because ! que/ions discuss$ are difficult1 & op9ions ^u !m v>iant1 & he c\ld sc>cely hope t he _h 9 e case succe$$ 9 j discrim9ation4 ,a review ( ! matt] n[1 :5 a second edition has be5 call$ =1 has sugge/$1 h[ev]1 no important *ange 9 ! pr9ciples advanc$1 ?\gh a few additions h be5 made1 "s inaccuracies correct$1 & an introduction ^u ! importance ( ! pr(ession1 9 a public po9t ( view1 prefix$4 ,g4 ,s4 ,,introduction4 ,! dignity & importance ( ! ,pr(ession ( ! ,law1 9 a public po9t ( view1 c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$4 ,x is 9 its relation to society at l>ge t x is propos$ to consid] x4 ,?is may be done by %[+ its influ5ce ^u legislation & jurisprud5ce4 ,^! are ! "r & left h&s ( gov]nm5t 9 c>ry+ out ! great purposes ( society4 ,by legislation is meant ! mak+ ( law--its prim>y enactm5t or subsequ5t alt]ation4 ,jurisprud5ce is ! sci5ce ( :at ! law is or means1 & its practical application to cases z !y arise4 ,! prov9ce ( legislation is jus d>e--( jurisprud5ce1 jus dic]e4 ,! latt] is entirely 9 ! h&s ( lawy]s z a body--! =m] almo/ entirely4 ,legislation is inde$ a nobl] "w ?an ev5 jurisprud5ce4 ,x is ! noble/ "w 9 :i* ! intellectual p[]s ( man c be engag$1 z x resembles mo/ ne>ly ! "w ( ! ,deity4 ,x is employ$ z well 9 det]m9+ :at is "r or wrong 9 itself--! due proportion ( injuries & _! rem$ies or puni%m5ts--z 9 en=c+ :at is useful & exp$i5t4 ,h[ wide ! scope ( su* a "w6 ,! p[] ( society ov] its individual memb]s1 or1 9 o!r words1 sov]eignty1 :i* is practically ve/$ 9 ! legislature1 is a type ( ! ,div9e p[] :i* rules ! physical & moral univ]se4 ,!re is "o ,lawgiv]1 says ! ,apo/le ,james4 ,n t ! ,supreme ,be+ is ! sole univ]sal lawgiv] 9 ! s5se ( a creator ( law1 ^: w alone det]m9es ! b\nd>ies ( "r & wrong4 ,god is ! creator ( ! be+s :o are ! subjects ( law4 ,he is ! au?or ( law--! "o lawgiv]--9 ! same s5se t he1 :o fir/ discov]$ a pla9 figure1 may be said to be ! au?or ( all !orems1 :i* may be pr$icat$ ( x4 ,he :o fir/ call$ att5tion to ! curi\s curve1 made by a po9t 9 ! p]iph]y ( a :eel z x turns on ! gr\nd1 is 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! discov]] ( all ! tru?s1 :i* may be ma!matically demon/rat$ 9 respect to x4 ,law 9 its true s5se is n ! "w ( m]e w--n an act ( intellectual caprice4 ,x is a sev]e & necess>y d$uction f ! relations ( ?+s4 ,! ,div9e legislator sees & kn[s ^! relations p]fectly4 ,he c draw no wrong d$uction f !m4 ,he c make no mi/ake4 ,:atev] laws h c]ta9ly emanat$ f ,him are c]ta9ly "r4 ,?is is ! s5se 9 :i* x is true t !re is "o ,lawgiv]3 all o!rs b attempt ! "w2 ,he alone is compet5t to p]=m x4 ,!re is no ma!matical c]ta9ty 9 our reason+ on moral z !re is on physical relations4 ,we "k t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles ) an assurance we c nev] h 9 reg>d to any moral tru? :atev]4 ,! ,div9e law is a d$uction necess>ily & ma!matically c]ta9 z mu* s z any tru? 9 geometry4 ,human law c aim only at su* a probable d$uction z results f a f9ite & imp]fect k4 ,! sy/em ( law deliv]$ by ,moses to ! ,jews des]ves1 !re=e1 ! mo/ c>eful /udy at ! h&s ( all :o believe him to h be5 a div9ely commission$ lawgiv]4 ,^! laws 7 n int5d$ = any o!r p ?an ! ,israelites2 !y 7 adapt$ to _! circum/ances1 climate1 c\ntry1 neighbors1 to ! p]iod ( ! _w :5 !y 7 promulgat$1 & dur+ :i* !y 7 to prevail4 ,!y 7 c]ta9ly n meant z a model = any o!r =m ( gov]nm5t1 = any o!r p1 or = any o!r "t4 ,_m laws are to be f\nd !re :i* are unnecess>y & sup]flu\s if appli$ else:]e4 ,_m actions1 innoc5t 9 !mselves1 are prohibit$4 ,all ! mala prohibita are n mala 9 se4 ,b "o ?+ is z cle> z a sunbeam1 & t is a v important light to ! /ud5t ( ,e?ics2 if ,god 0 ! au?or ( ^! laws1 no?+ morally wrong 0 comm&$ or all[$ by !m4 ,:5 x 0 said ( ! ,jews ?r\gh ! prophet1 ,i gave !m /atutes :i* 7 n good1 x _c mean n morally good2 laws :i* x w\ld be s9ful 9 !m to obey4 ,! ^w 9 ! orig9al is n ! ^w appropriat$ 9 t language to "r1 con=mity to rule1 b to goodness 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se4 ,good /atutes mean wise & exp$i5t /atutes4 ,by no process c ! logical m9d be br\ght to ! conclusion t ! p]fectly wise & good lawgiv]1 9 fram+ a code ( laws = any p1 w\ld impose z a puni%m5t = ! h>dness ( _! he>ts1 a p5alty1 submission to :i* w\ld itself be puni%able z a s9 aga9/ ! law ( nature4 ,he might comm& or all[ z su* puni%m5t :at 9 itself 0 inexp$i5t & injuri\s to !m1 & :i* ^u ! promulgation ( a new law repeal+ ! old & prohibit+ :at x all[$1 w\ld become by ! sanction ( ! same lawgiv] !nce=? univ]sally malum prohibitum4 ,! au?ority ( ,god z a lawgiv] is c]ta9ly n conf9$ to a m]e decl>ation ( :at is "r or wrong by ! law ( ,nature4 ,!re c be no m]ely arbitr>y laws4 ,x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d t we are n[ consid]+ ! prov9ce ( ! legislator1 :o ought to enact no law )\t an end4 ,civil legislative p[]1 says ,ru!r=? 7,b4 ,,ii1 c4 vi1 s4 #aj71 is n 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w an absolute p[] ( re/ra9+ or alt]+ ! rights ( ! subjects3 x is limit$ 9 its own nature to its prop] objects1 to ^? rights only 9 :i* ! common good ( ! society or ( its sev]al p>ts requires "s re/ra9t or alt]ation4 ,s t :5ev] we call ! civil legislative p[]1 ei!r ( society 9 g5]al or ( a p>ticul> legislative body )9 any society1 an absolute legislative p[]1 we c only mean t x has no ext]nal *eck ^u x 9 fact2 = all civil legislative p[] is 9 its own nature "u an int]nal *eck ( "r3 x is a p[] ( re/ra9+ or alt]+ ! rights ( ! subjects = ! purpose ( advanc+ or secur+ ! g5]al good1 & n ( re/ra9+ or alt]+ !m = any purpose :atev]1 & mu* less = no purpose at all4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 no arbitr>y laws :i* fulfil ! end ( law4 ,d\btless ! true objects ( society & gov]nm5t may be mi/ak5 by him :o sets up to be law-mak]1 or if ^? objects are prop]ly appreciat$1 ! means = advanc+ !m may be mi/ak54 ,x is n wond]ful t 9 a matt] :i* dem&s ! highe/ wisdom1 _m %\ld try & fail4 ,x becomes important to inquire :at are ! true ends ( society & gov]nm5t8 ,man is a greg>i\s animal--a social be+4 ,he may exi/ 9 solitude1 b he _c enjoy life3 he _c p]fect 8 nature4 ,^? :o h wat*$ & /udi$ closely ! habits ( ^? irrational animals1 :o live 9 communities1 z ! ant1 ! bee1 & ! beav]1 h obs]v$ n only a settl$ sy/em & subord9ation1 b ! exi/5ce ( "s wond]ful faculty1 l articulate spee*1 by :i* communication takes place f "o to ano!r2 a p[] ess5tial to ord]4 ,man1 ! highe/ social animal 9 ! scale ( e>?ly be+1 has also ! noble/ faculty ( communication4 ,! f9al cause--! reason :y man 0 made a social be+--is t society 0 necess>y to ! p]fection ( 8 physical1 intellectual1 & moral p[]s1 9 ord] to give ! fulle/ return to ! labor ( 8 h&s & to secure ! greate/ advances 9 k & wisdom4 ,x is = no va9 national p[] or glory1 = no exp]im5tal ab/raction1 t gov]nm5ts are in/itut$ among m54 ,x is = man z an individual4 ,x is to promote 8 developm5t2 & 9 t consi/s 8 true happ9ess4 ,! proposition w\ld be /ill m accurate 7 x said1 society is con/itut$ t m5 may be free--free to develop !mselves--free to seek _! own happ9ess1 foll[+ _! own in/9cts or conclusions4 ,)\t society--& gov]nm5t1 :i* ( c\rse results f x--m5 w\ld n be free4 ,an individual 9 a /ate ( isolation might def5d himself f savage bea/s1 & m savage m51 z long z 8 /r5g? la/$1 b :5 sickness or age came on1 ! product ( ! labor ( 8 h&s1 accumulat$ by a wise =esight to meet su* a cont+5cy1 w\ld become ! prey ( ! /rong]4 ,! comp>atively weak-m9d$ & ignorant w\ld be con/antly subject to ! frauds ( ! m cunn+4 ,x is en\gh to look at ! effects ( ! division ( employm5ts & ! inv5tion ( labor-sav+ ma*9]y1 to recognize ! invaluable results ( society 9 ! developm5t ( weal? & p[]4 ,9 a /ate ( isolation a man's entire "t & /r5g? w\ld be ne$$ = ! supply ( 8 physical wants4 ,z m5 advance 9 k & wisdom ! /&>d ( _! m]e physical wants is elevat$4 ,!y dem& m spaci\s & com=table dwell+s1 m delicate vi&s & f9] clo?+4 ,all[ n nature m ?an nature ne$s1 ,man's life is *eap z bea/s'4 ,x is n true t m5 w\ld be morally bett] or happi]1 if _! /yle ( liv+ 7 r$uc$ to ! greate/ pla9ness consi/5t ) b>e com=t4 ,our ta/e 9 ?is respect1 z = ! f9e arts1 z x becomes m ref9$1 becomes m susceptible ( high enjoym5t4 ,:5 l>ge =tunes are sudd5ly made by gambl+1 or :at is equival5t !reto1 !n x is t baleful luxury is introduc$--a /yle ( liv+ beyond ! means ( ^? :o adopt x1 & spread+ ?r\gh all classes4 ,ta/e1 cultivat$ & enjoy$ at ! exp5se ( morals1 degrades & debases in/ead ( purify+ & elevat+ "*4 ,m51 :o h accumulat$ weal? sl[ly by labor ( m9d or body1 d n sp5d x extravagantly4 ,if !y use x lib]ally1 t creates no envy 9 _! poor] neighbor1 no ru9\s ef=t to equal :at is recogniz$ to be ! due rew>d ( indu/ry & economy4 ,! luxury1 :i* corrupt$ & de/roy$ ! republic ( ,rome1 0 ! result ( l>ge =tunes sudd5ly acquir$ by ! plund] ( prov9ces1 ! conque/s ( unju/ w>s4 ,! mo/ fruitful s\rce ( x1 9 our own day1 is :at has be5 well t]m$ class legislation--laws :i* ei!r directly or indirectly are meant to favor p>ticul> classes ( ! community4 ,!y are support$ by popul> reasons & speci\s argum5ts1 yet !re is "o te/ ( ! true "* ( su* laws1 an exp]im5tum crucis1 ( :i*1 9 g5]al1 !y _c be> ! application4 ,legislation1 :i* requires or :i* w pay to be bor$ or b\ght1 is unequal legislation2 & !re=e unwise & unju/4 ,b5?am's rule1 ?\gh false z ! /&>d ( "r & wrong1 is 9 g5]al ! true rule ( practical legislation1 ! greate/ good ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,x is express$ ) ! mo/ =ce & accuracy by t ma/] ( ! sci5ce1 ,bynk]%oek2 ,utilitas1 utilitas1 ju/i ,,prope mat] et aequi3 9 :i* obs]ve t ! ^w prope is emphatic4 ,legislation = classes violates ?is pla9 rule ( equal ju/ice1 & moreov] does n1 9 ! long run1 b5efit ^? = :om x is int5d$4 ,! indirect evils ^u society at l>ge are ev5 m injuri\s ?an ^? :i* are direct4 ,m5 are (t5 ?us poor to-day & ri* to-morr[4 ,! bubble1 :ile x dances 9 ! sunbeam1 glitt]s ) gold5 hues1 ?\gh de/9$ almo/ imm$iately to bur/ & be se5 no m4 ,:at gov]nm5t owes to society1 & all x owes1 is ! imp>tial adm9i/ration ( equal & j laws4 ,?is produces security ( life1 ( lib]ty1 & ( prop]ty4 ,x has become a favorite maxim1 t x is ! duty ( gov]nm5t to promote ! happ9ess ( ! p4 ,! phrase may be int]pret$ s z to mean well1 b x is a v inaccurate & unhappy "o4 ,x is ! inali5able "r ( m5 to pursue _! own happ9ess2 ea* man "u su* re/ra9ts ( law z w leave e o!r man equally free to d ! same4 ,! true & only true object ( gov]nm5t is to secure ?is "r4 ,! happ9ess ( ! p is ! happ9ess ( ! individuals :o compose ! mass4 ,speak+ n[ ) ref]5ce to ^? objects only1 :i* human laws c rea* & influ5ce1 he is ! happy man1 :o sees 8 condition 9 life con/antly & gradually1 ?\gh x may be sl[ly1 improv+4 ,let gov]nm5t keep its h&s (f--d no?+ 9 ! way ( creat+ ! subject-matt] ( speculation--& ?+s naturally fall into ?is *annel4 ,!re w be "s speculators1 z !re w be "s gambl]s2 b !y w be few4 ,! /ock m>ket is fill$ ) fancies1 :i* ! gov]nm5t has manufactur$ & cont9ues to manufacture to ord]4 ,x is ! duty ( gov]nm5t to enc\rage ! accumulation ( ! sav+s ( indu/ry4 ,! be/ way to d s is to gu>d ! /rong box f ! invasion ( o!rs1 & n itself to invade x4 ,prop]ty has an especial claim to protection aga9/ ! gov]nm5t itself4 ,! p[] ( taxation 9 ! legislature is 9 fact a "p ( ! em95t doma92 a p[] t mu/ necess>ily be repos$ 9 ! discretion ( e gov]nm5t to furni% ! means ( its own exi/5ce4 ,"o griev\s invasion ( prop]ty--& ( c\rse ultimately ( labor1 f ^: accumulations all prop]ty gr[s--is by gov]nm5t itself1 9 ! %ape ( taxation = objects n necess>y = ! common def5ce & g5]al welf>e4 ,m5 h a "r n only to be well gov]n$1 b to be *eaply gov]n$--z *eaply z is consi/5t ) ! due ma9t5ance ( t security1 = :i* society 0 =m$ & gov]nm5t in/itut$4 ,?is1 ! sole legitimate end & object ( law1 is nev] to be lo/ sight (--security to m5 9 ! free enjoym5t & developm5t ( _! capacities = happ9ess--,,security--no?+ less--b no?+ m4 ,to compel m5 to contribute ( ! e>n+s or accumulations ( indu/ry1 _! own or inh]it$1 to objects beyond ?is1 n )9 ! legitimate sph]e ( legislation1 to appropriate ! money 9 ! public treasury to su* objects1 is a p]v]sion & abuse ( ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t1 little if any?+ %ort ( legaliz$ robb]y4 ,:at is ! true prov9ce ( legislation1 ought to be bett] und]/ood4 ,x is wor? :ile to rem>k1 t 9 e new & am5d$ ,/ate con/itution1 ! bill ( rights spreads ov] a l>g] space2 new z well z m /r+5t re/rictions are plac$ ^u legislation4 ,!re is no dang] ( ?is be+ c>ri$ too f>2 z ,*ancellor ,k5t appe>s to h appreh5d$ t x might be4 ,!re is n mu* dang] ( err+ ^u ! side ( too little law4 ,! _w is notori\sly too mu* gov]n$4 ,legislators almo/ inv>iably aim at accompli%+ too mu*4 ,repres5tative democracies1 s f> f be+ exempt f ?is vice1 are f _! nature peculi>ly liable to x4 ,annual legislatures--) g5]ally two-?irds new memb]s e ye>--increase ! evil4 ,! memb]s fall into ! common mi/ake1 t _! commission is to act1 n to decide 9 ! fir/ place :e!r action is necess>y4 ,!y w\ld be blam$ & ridicul$1 if !y adj\rn$ )\t do+ some?+ important4 ,h5ce ! annual volumes ( our ,acts ( ,assembly are fe>fully gr[+ 9 bulk4 ,x is n m]ely ( ! ext5t ( local legislation1 ! va/ multiplication ( *>t]s = e imag9able purpose1 or ( ! con/antly recurr+ tamp]+ ) ! mo/ g5]al subjects ( int]e/1 f9ance1 rev5ue1 bank+1 education1 paup]ism1 c41 t !re is reason to compla92 b sc>ce a session ( "o ( our legislatures passes )\t ra% & ill-consid]$ alt]ations 9 ! civil code1 vitally affect+ private rights & relations4 ,su* laws are frequ5tly urg$ by m51 hav+ causes p5d+1 :o d>e n boldly ask t a law %\ld be made = _! p>ticul> case1 b :o d n hesitate to impose ^u ! legislature by plausible argum5ts ! adoption ( "s g5]al rule1 :i* by a retrospective con/ruction1 w h ! same op]ation4 ,x is a mo/ mon/r\s practice1 :i* lawy]s are b\nd by ! true _s ( _! oa? ( (fice1 & by a compreh5sive view ( _! duty to ! ,con/itution & laws1 :i* !y be> s l>ge a "p z well 9 mak+ z adm9i/]+1 to disc\nt5ance & prev5t4 ,x is to be fe>$1 t sometimes x is ! c\nsel ( ! p>ty :o recomm5ds & c>efully frames ! bill1 :i*1 :5 enact$ into a law1 is legislatively to decide ! cause4 ,x is "t t a resort to su* a measure %\ld be reg>d$ 9 public e/imation z a flagrant case ( pr(essional infidelity & misconduct4 ,?is brief sket* ( ! true prov9ce ( legislation is en\gh to ev9ce its va/ importance4 ,h[ great is ! influ5ce ( ! lawy]s z a class ^u legislation6 ,let any man look ^u all t has be5 done 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 & trace x to its s\rces4 ,he w ackn[l$ge t legislation1 good or bad1 spr+s f ! ,b>4 ,!re is 9 ?is c\ntry no class ( lawy]s conf9$ to ! m]e bus9ess ( ! pr(ession--no m]e attorneys--no m]e special plead]s--no m]e solicitors 9 ,*anc]y--no m]e conveyanc]s4 ,h[ev] m accurate & pr(\nd may be ! le>n+ ( m51 ^: /udies are ?us limit$ to "o p>ticul> bran*1 x is n to be regrett$ ei!r on acc\nt ( its influ5ce on ! sci5ce or ! pr(ession4 ,! ,am]ican lawy]1 consid]+ ! compass ( 8 v>i$ duties1 & ! probable call :i* w be made on him especially to ent] ! halls ( legislation1 mu/ be a ,juri/4 ,f ! ranks ( ! ,b>1 m frequ5tly ?an f any o!r pr(ession1 are m5 call$ to fill ! highe/ public /ations 9 ! s]vice ( ! c\ntry1 at home & abroad4 ,! ,am]ican lawy] mu/ ?us ext5d 8 rese>*es into all p>ts ( ! sci5ce1 :i* has = its object human gov]nm5t & law3 he mu/ /udy x 9 its gr& outl9es z well z 9 ! fill+ up ( details4 ,he is z frequ5tly call$ ^u to inquire :at ! law ought to be z :at x is4 ,:ile a broad & m>k$ l9e sep>ates1 & always ought to sep>ate ! dep>tm5ts ( ,legislation & ,jurisprud5ce1 x is a b5efit to bo? t ! same class ( m5 %\ld be engag$ 9 bo?4 ,practice w ?us be lib]aliz$ by !ory1 & !ory re/ra9$ & correct$ by practice4 ,! m]e ab/ractioni/ or doctr9aire w\ld aim at ! =mation ( a code ( great simplicity3 ! practition] sees 9 x ! p>5t ( unc]ta9ty & inju/ice4 ,legal propositions _c be fram$ ) ! c]ta9ty ( ma!matical !ories4 ,! mo/ c>efully /udi$ language /ill leaves room = int]pretation & con/ruction4 ,"t itself1 :i* works su* mighty *anges 9 all ?+s1 produces a /ate ( circum/ances n 9 ! m9d ( ! lawgiv]4 ,! exi/+ sy/em1 x may be1 is an unwieldy1 inconv5i5t /ructure1 heavy & grotesque f ! mix$ "* ( its ar*itecture outw>dly1 inw>dly its space too mu* occupi$ & its inmates emb>rass$ by passages & circuities4 ,! ab/ractioni/ w\ld at once demoli% x1 & replace x by a light1 commodi\s & airy dwell+1 m symmetrical & *a/e 9 its appe>ance1 bett] fitt$ = ! com=t & usefulness ( its inhabitants4 ,! practition]1 :o has become famili> ) x1 :o obs]ves & admires t sil5t legislation ( ! p1 :i* %[s itself n on ! pages ( ! /atute book1 & receives its recognition 9 c\rts ( ju/ice only aft] x has ceas$ to ne$ ev5 t to give x =m & vitality1 & :o und]/&s1 !re=e1 h[1 ) little inconv5i5ce1 x is made to accommodate itself to e *ange ( condition1 sits d[n to a c>eful calculation ( ! co/ & risk ( su* :olesale *ange4 ,hi/ory & practical exp]i5ce1 alike1 sugge/ to him1 t ! /ructure is a ca/le z well z a dwell+1 a place = security z well z com=t2 t its f\ndations h be5 laid deeply on ! solid rock--its masonry m firmly knit toge!r by ! "t x has endur$4 ,yet he w n d5y t :at c be done consi/5tly ) security ought to be done4 ,x is worse ?an 9 va9 to oppose all am5dm5t4 ,x w break d[n e artificial b>ri] t may be re>$ aga9/ x1 if x be n quietly & wisely direct$ 9 ^? *annels :i* x seeks at ! lea/ exp5se to security & /ability4 ,surely x is n conc$+ too mu* to ?is _s to admit1 t laws %\ld be compos$ 9 accurate b p]spicu\s language1 )\t r$undancy ( words or involution ( s5t5ces2 t ! policy ( public measures %\ld n be wrapt up 9 ! folds ( ,/ate my/]y2 & t all legislation %\ld be bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( leav+ ! greate/ lib]ty ( private judgm5t & action1 consi/5t ) public peace & private security4 ,a bl9d atta*m5t to pr9ciples ( jurisprud5ce or rules ( law because !y are anci5t1 :5 ! advancem5t ( ! useful arts1 ! new comb9ations ( trade & bus9ess1 & ! influ5ce ( m rapid & g5]al int]c\rse dem& _! repeal or modification1 is z mu* to be deprecat$ z ra% innovation & unceas+ exp]im5t4 ,inde$ x sc>cely ev] fails to defeat its own end1 & ?\gh x may ret>d = a :ile1 r5d]s ! c\rse ( re=m m de/ructive ?an x o!rwise w\ld h be54 ,true cons]vatism is gradualism--! movem5t onw>d by sl[1 cauti\s1 & firm /eps--b /ill movem5t1 & t onw>d4 ,! _w1 nei!r physically1 intellectually1 nor morally1 0 made to /& /ill4 ,z 9 h] daily revolutions on h] own axis z well z h] annual orbit r\nd ! sun1 %e nev] returns precisely to ! same po9t 9 space :i* %e has ev] be=e occupi$1 x w\ld seem to be ! lesson :i* ! ,great ,au?or ( all ,be+ w\ld mo/ deeply impress ^u m9d z he has writt5 x ^u matt]2 by ceaseless motion all t is subsi/s4 ,:at has ?us be5 v cursorily pres5t$ w ev9ce t x is ! prov9ce ( legislation1 by sl[ & cauti\s /eps1 to am5d ! laws1 to r5d] !m m equal 9 _! op]ation ^u all classes1 n favor+ ! ri* m ?an ! poor1 nor "o class ( ei!r m ?an ano!r1 provid+ an easy1 *eap1 & exp$iti\s adm9i/ration ( ju/ice by tribunals1 ^: le>n+ & imp>tiality %all be s secur$ z to possess ! confid5ce ( ! community1 & by g5]al rules = ! regulation ( conduct & ! di/ribution ( e/ates mo/ con=m$ to ! analogies ( t sy/em1 :i* is famili> to ! p 9 _! common law4 ,great z is ! influ5ce :i* ! pr(ession ( ! law c & does ex]cise ^u ! legislation ( a c\ntry1 ! actual adm9i/ration ( law is entirely 9 _! h&s4 ,to a l>ge ext5t by private c\nsel1 by ! publication ( works ( rese>* & le>n+1 by argum5ts 9 c\rts ( ju/ice to assi/ ^? :o are to det]m9e :at is ! law1 & to apply x to ! facts1 z well z 9 ! actual ex]cise ( judicature1 ?is :ole important prov9ce ( gov]nm5t1 :i* comes home s ne>ly to e man's fireside1 is intru/$ necess>ily to lawy]s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we live "u ! protection ( writt5 con/itutions2 n only s1 b writt5 con/itutions1 :i* h assum$ to place limits ^u ! p[] ( majorities1 act+ at lea/ ?r\gh _! ord9>y repres5tatives4 ,! con/ruction ( ^! con/itutions1 or con/itutional law z x is t]m$1 =ms a v important bran* ( ,am]ican jurisprud5ce4 ,!re h be51 & are1 9 o!r c\ntries1 *>t]s1 writt5 or unwritt5--organic or fundam5tal laws--b )\t ?is di/+ui%+ feature4 ,! fundam5tal laws1 ?us e/abli%$ 9 po9t ( fact1 emanate f ! gov]nm5t1 & h no sanction beyond ! oa? ( ^? intru/$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( !m1 ! =ce ( public op9ion1 & ! responsibility ( ! repres5tative to 8 con/itu5t4 ,our con/itutions emanate n f ! gov]nm5t1 b ! ,/ate1 ! society1 ! creator ( ! gov]nm5t2 & are1 !re=e1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! words1 leges legum4 ,! radical pr9ciple ( our sy/em is1 t ! act ( ! legislative body1 beyond or contr>y to ! p[] confid$ to x by ! ,con/itution1 is a nullity1 & absolutely void4 ,! c\rts mu/ s pron\nce1 & ! executive mu/ execute _! judgm5ts ) ! :ole =ce ( ! ,/ate4 ,^u su* a subject x is be/ to use ! v language--! ipsissima v]ba--( ,john ,m>%all1 z1 at ! same "t1 express+ ! doctr9e ) ! greate/ =ce & p]spicuity1 & pres5t+1 9 ! m]e /atem5t1 ! mo/ conv9c+ argum5t ( its importance4 ,x is emphatically ! prov9ce & duty ( ! judicial dep>tm5t to say :at ! law is4 ,^? :o apply ! rule to p>ticul> cases1 mu/1 ( necessity1 exp\nd & int]pret t rule4 ,if two laws conflict ) ea* o!r1 ! c\rts mu/ decide on ! op]ation ( ea*4 ,s if a law be 9 opposition to ! ,con/itution2 if bo? ! law & ! ,con/itution apply to a p>ticul> case1 s t ! c\rt mu/ ei!r decide t case con=mably to ! law1 disreg>d+ ! ,con/itution1 or con=mably to ! ,con/itution1 disreg>d+ ! law3 ! c\rt mu/ det]m9e :i* ( ^! conflict+ rules gov]ns ! case4 ,?is is ( ! v ess5ce ( judicial duty4 ,if1 !n1 ! c\rts are to reg>d ! ,con/itution1 & ! ,con/itution is sup]ior to any ord9>y act ( ! legislature1 ! ,con/itution1 & n su* ord9>y act1 mu/ gov]n ! case to :i* !y bo? apply4 ,^?1 !n1 :o controv]t ! pr9ciple t ! ,con/itution is to be consid]$ 9 c\rt z a p>am\nt law1 are r$uc$ to ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ t c\rts mu/ close _! eyes on ! ,con/itution & see only ! law4 ,?is doctr9e w\ld subv]t ! v f\ndation ( all writt5 con/itutions4 ,x w\ld decl>e t an act1 :i*1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples & !ory ( our gov]nm5t1 is entirely void1 is yet1 9 practice1 completely obligatory4 ,x w\ld decl>e t1 if ! legislature %all d :at is expressly =bidd51 su* act1 not)/&+ ! express prohibition1 is1 9 reality1 effectual4 ,x w\ld be giv+ to ! legislature a practical & real omnipot5ce ) ! same brea? :i* pr(esses to re/rict _! p[]s )9 n>r[ limits4 ,x is prescrib+ limits1 & decl>+ t ^? limits may be pass$ at pleasure4 7,m>bury v4 ,madison1 #a ,cran*1 #agg47 ,m weighty words ?an ^! h nev]1 speak+ ( human ?+s1 fall5 f ! lips ( man3 weighty 9 !mselves f _! own simple b eloqu5t conclusiv5ess--weighti] /ill f _! unspeakable importance1 ! immeasurable influ5ce !y h _h1 &1 x is to be hop$1 w ev] cont9ue to h1 ^u ! de/9ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! judici>y dep>tm5t1 ?\gh orig9at+ no?+1 b act+ only :5 invok$ by p>ties 9 ! prosecution ( _! rights1 is ?us necess>ily an important political bran* ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,t dep>tm5t spreads ! broad & impregnable %ield ( its protection ov] ! life1 limbs1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty ( ! citiz51 :5 invad$ ev5 by ! w ( ! majority4 ,our ,bills ( ,rights are1 !re=e1 n m]e enunciations ( ab/ract pr9ciples1 b solemn enactm5ts by ! p !mselves1 gu>d$ by a suffici5t sanction4 ,!y h n1 p]haps1 z yet1 c>ri$ f> en\gh _! provisions = ! security ( prop]ty f ! unju/ action ( gov]nm5t4 ,! obligation ( contracts has be5 decl>$ sacr$2 ! "r ( em95t doma9 re/rict$ by ! provision = comp5sation4 ,yet1 ev5 z to contracts1 ! legislature may /ill ex]cise dang]\s p[]s ov] ! rem$y1 %ort ( tak+ x away entirely1 & ov] ! rules ( evid5ce4 ,z to em95t doma91 !y possess an undef9$ "r to det]m9e ! "t & mann] ( asc]ta9+ ! comp5sation4 ,our con/itutions are frequ5tly und]go+ revision2 & too mu* c>e _c be ex]cis$ to /r5g!n our securities 9 ?is qu>t]4 ,p]sonal lib]ty1 trial by jury1 ! elective & o!r political fran*ises1 lib]ty ( consci5ce1 ( spee* & ( ! press1 are able to protect !mselves 9 a great measure f _! own democratic aff9ities4 ,x is true1 t !re really is no diff]5ce betwe5 wre/+ f a man ! few doll>s1 ! products or sav+s ( 8 indu/ry = any p]iod ( "t1 & depriv+ him ( 8 lib]ty1 or *a9+ him to a log1 to "w = ano!r dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,prop]ty em95tly /&s 9 ne$ ( e p>*m5t b>ri]1 :i* has be5 or c be ?r[n ar\nd x4 ,an em95t ,judge 9 our own ,/ate once ?rew out ! op9ion t !re exi/$ 9 ! ,con/itution no disaffirmance ( ! p[] ( ! legislature to take ! prop]ty ( an individual = private uses ) or )\t comp5sation4 ,! clause1 he argu$1 by :i* x is decl>$ t no man's prop]ty %all be tak5 or appli$ to public use1 )\t comp5sation made1 is a disabl+1 n an enabl+ "o1 & ! "r w\ld h exi/$ 9 full =ce )\t x4 7,h>vey v4 ,?omas1 #aj ,watts1 #fc47 ,=tunately1 ! decision ( ! c\rt 9 t case did n require a resort to t reason+1 & b little exam9ation 0 suffici5t to satisfy ! m9d t ?is obit] dictum 0 unsu/a9$ by ei!r pr9ciple or au?ority4 ,a p[] 9 ! legislature to take ! prop]ty ( ,a4 & give x to ,b4 directly1 w\ld be ( ! v ess5ce ( despotism4 ,:5 x is decl>$ 9 ! ,bill ( ,rights t no man %all be depriv$ ( 8 life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 unless by ! judgm5t ( 8 pe]s1 or ! law ( ! l&1 ?is phrase1 law ( ! l&1 does n mean m]ely an act ( ! legislature4 ,if x did1 e re/riction ^u ! legislative dep>tm5t w\ld be practically abrogat$4 ,by an au?ority z old z ,"l ,coke1 9 comm5t+ ^u ^! same words 9 ,magna ,*>ta1 !y are to be r5d]$ )\t due process ( law3 t is1 by indictm5t or pres5tm5t ( good & lawful m51 :5 su* de$s be done 9 due mann]1 or by writ orig9al ( ! common law1 )\t be+ br\ght into answ] b by due process ( ! common law4 7#b ,in/4 #ej47 ,! ,am]ican laws are num]\s & uni=m to ! po9t 7see #a ,am]ican ,law ,mag4 #cae72 & ! same em95t ,judge1 to :om ref]5ce has be5 made 9 a lat] case1 decl>$ 8 adhesion to ! s\nd & true doctr9e 9 ! mo/ emphatic language1 )\t notic+ 8 own previ\s dictum to ! contr>y4 ,x 0 deem$ necess>y1 said he1 to ins]t a special provision 9 ! ,con/itution to enable !m 7! legislature7 to take private prop]ty ev5 = public use1 & on comp5sation made2 b x 0 n deem$ necess>y to disable !m specially 9 reg>d to tak+ ! prop]ty ( an individual1 ) or )\t comp5sation1 9 ord] to give x to ano!r1 n only because ! g5]al provision 9 ! ,bill ( ,rights 0 deem$ suffici5tly explicit = t1 b because x 0 expect$ t no legislature w\ld be s reg>dless ( "r z to attempt x4 ,7 ?is reasonable expectation to be disappo9t$1 x w\ld become our pla9 & imp]ative duty to obey ! imm$iate & p>am\nt w ( ! p1 express$ by _! voices 9 ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution1 r ?an ! repugnant w ( _! delegates act+ "u a re/rict$ b transc5d$ au?ority4 7,norman v4 ,hei/1 #e ,w4 ,s4 #aga47 ,yet1 :ile ! "r ( private prop]ty _c be ?us directly invad$1 its security aga9/ ! acts ( ! legislature is n z p]fect z x might & ought to be made4 ,! legislature mu/ be all[$ a l>ge discretion 9 judg+ :at is a public use3 on t pretext mu* may be br\ght )9 its sweep unju/ly1 & ! c\rts1 9 ! abs5ce ( a con/itutional rule1 w\ld be emb>rass$ 9 def9+ its limits4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t mu* p[] to d wrong lurks "u grants by no means ess5tial to ! public good4 ,besides :at has be5 be=e ref]r$ to1 ! assumption ( judicial functions by ! ,legislature & ! broad field ( ,*anc]y jurisdiction ov] tru/ e/ates1 :i* x has be5 held t !y may ex]cise imm$iately1 if !y see fit1 in/ead ( ve/+ !m 9 appropriate tribunals1 are fraught ) s]i\s dang]4 ,! pron5ess ( bodies s con/itut$ to disemb>rass !mselves ( ! ord9>y rules ( evid5ce1 to act ^u ex p>te /atem5ts & te/imony imp]fectly au!nticat$1 z well z ! abs5ce ( all legal =ms f _! proce$+s1 & _! numb]s1 among :om ! responsibility ( giv+ due att5tion to ! case is divid$1 add to ! p]il4 ,! p[] ( legislat+ retrospectively has f> too wide a scope2 ! con/itutional inhibition ( ex po/ facto laws hav+ be5 con/ru$ to apply to crim9al or p5al cases m]ely1 re/ra9+ ! legislature f mak+ t an (f5ce :i* 0 n s at ! "t ( its commission1 or increas+ ! puni%m5t annex$ to x4 ,! c\rse ( legislation 9 ?is c\ntry amply demon/rates ! wisdom1 & ev5 necessity1 ( ext5d+ ! same prohibition to civil cases4 ,!re is no p>ticul> or p>tial inconv5i5ce1 :i* c\ld outweigh ! g5]al b5efits ( a provision t no law1 public or private1 %\ld op]ate retrospectively ^u pa/ acts2 t ! judgm5t ( ! tribunals ^u e case %\ld be accord+ to ! law z x 0 at ! "t ( ! transaction1 :i* ! p>ties 7 b\nd to "k1 & 9 accordance ) :i* !y are to be presum$ to h act$4 ,z well 9 ! doma9 ( public z ( private law1 ! great fundam5tal pr9ciple = judge & c\nsellor ought to be1 ,,t ,,au?ority ,,is ,,sacr$4 ,!re is no inconv5i5ce s great1 no private h>d%ip s imp]ative1 z to ju/ify ! application ( a diff]5t rule to ! resolution ( a case1 ?an ! exi/+ /ate ( ! law w w>rant4 ,!re is n a l9e f 8 p51 says ,mr4 ,b9ney ( ,*ief ,ju/ice ,tilghman1 t trifles ) ! sacr$ deposit 9 8 h&s by claim+ to fa%ion x accord+ to a private op9ion ( :at x ought to be4 ,judicial legislation he abhorr$1 ,i %\ld r say1 dread$1 z an implication ( 8 consci5ce4 ,8 fir/ inquiry 9 e case 0 ( ! oracles ( ! law = _! response2 & :5 he obta9$ x1 not)/&+ 8 cle> p]ception ( ! ju/ice ( ! cause1 & 8 int5se desire to rea* x1 if x 0 n ! ju/ice ( ! law1 he d>$ n to adm9i/] x4 ,he act$ ^u ! s5tim5t ( ,"l ,bacon1 t x is ! f\le/ inju/ice to remove l&m>ks1 & t to corrupt ! law is to poison ! v f\nta9s ( ju/ice4 ,) a consci\sness t to ! errors ( ! sci5ce !re are "s limits1 b none to ! evils ( a lic5ti\s invasion ( x1 he left x to our annual legislature to correct su* defects 9 ! sy/em z "t ei!r creat$ or expos$2 & bett] f\ndation 9 ! law c no man lay4 ,x is n to be d5i$ t !re is "s difficulty 9 /at+ ) accuracy ! limits ( ! rule />e decisis4 ,"o1 or ev5 m ?an "o1 rec5t prec$5t1 especially :5 x relates to ! application r ?an to ! e/abli%m5t ( a rule1 is n ( s b9d+ a "* t x mu/ be foll[$1 ev5 ?\gh contr>y to pr9ciples adjudg$ 9 old] cases3 b x is j z cle> t :5 a decision has be5 long acquiesc$ 91 :5 x has be5 appli$ 9 num]\s cases1 & become a l&m>k 9 ! bran* ( ! sci5ce to :i* x relates1 :5 m5 h dealt & made contracts on ! fai? ( x1 :e!r x relates to ! "r ( prop]ty itself1 or to ! evid5ce by :i* t "r may be sub/antiat$1 ?\gh x may appe> to u flatly absurd & unju/1 to ov]rule su* a decision is an act ( positive inju/ice1 z well z a violation ( law1 & an usurpation by "o bran* ( ! gov]nm5t ^u ! p[]s ( ano!r4 ,an example w illu/rate ?is position4 ,9 ! case ( ,walton v4 ,%elley 7#a ,t]m ,rep4 #bif71 9 #aghf1 ! ,k+'s ,b5*1 ,"l ,mansfield1 ,*ief ,ju/ice1 decid$ t a p]son is n a compet5t witness to impea* a security :i* he has giv51 ?\gh he is n int]e/$ 9 ! ev5t ( ! suit1 on ! trial ( :i* he is (f]$4 ,9 ,jorda9e v4 ,la%brooke 7#g ,t]m ,rep4 #fja71 ! same c\rt1 9 #agih1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,"l ,k5yon1 rightly ov]rul$ t decision4 ,n[ x s happ5s t ,walton v4 ,%elley 0 recogniz$ z au?ority & foll[$ 9 ,p5nsylvania1 9 #agib1 9 ,/ille v4 ,lyn* 7#b ,dall4 #aid71 be=e x _h be5 ov]rul$ 9 ,engl&3 & ?\gh limit$ z x 0 und]/ood to be 9 ,b5t v4 ,bak] 7#c ,t]m ,rep4 #cd71 to negotiable pap] 7,pleasants v4 ,pemb]ton1 #b ,dall4 #aif71 x has nev] be5 v>i$ f s9ce t "t1 ?\gh x has frequ5tly be5 admitt$ t ,walton v4 ,%elley 0 prop]ly ov]rul$4 ,x ought n n[ to be ov]rul$ 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,aft] ! decisions cit$1 says ,judge ,rog]s1 9 ,ge/ v4 ,espy 7#b ,watts1 #bfh71 ?is _c be consid]$ an op5 "q1 nor d we ?9k ourselves at lib]ty n[ to exam9e ! f\ndations ( ! rule4 ,un=tunately our ,supreme ,c\rt h n always put ?is s\nd & wise limitation ^u _! own p[]4 ,9 ! case ( ,po/ v4 ,av]y 7#e ,w4 ,s4 #eji71 !y decl>$ 9 reg>d to a rule ( m ?an ?irty ye>s' /&+1 & confirm$ by num]\s cases1 t !y _h va9ly hop$ t ! inconv5i5ce ( ! rule w\ld h attract$ ! att5tion ( ! legislature1 :o alone are compet5t to aboli% x2 b z no?+ 0 to be expect$ f t qu>t]1 !y 7 driv5 by /ress ( necessity to ov]rule a case expressly decid$ on ! au?ority ( ! rule4 7,h>t v4 ,heiln]1 #c ,rawle1 #djg47 ,& two ye>s aft]w>ds1 aft] hav+ made ! rem>kable decl>ation t ! legislature alone 0 compet5t to aboli% ! rule1 !y nev]!less pron\nc$ x explod$ altoge!r4 7,mc,clelland v4 ,mahon1 #a ,b>r1 #cfd47 ,"l ,bacon says ( retrospective laws3 ,cujus g5]is leges r>o et magna cum cautione sunt adhib5da3 neque enim placet ,janus 9 legibus4 ,)\t any sav+ clause may ! epi!t & d5unciation be appli$ to judicial laws4 ,!y are always retrospective1 b worse on _m acc\nts ?an retrospective /atutes4 ,aga9/ ! latt] we h at lea/ ! security ( ! con/itutional provision t prohibits ! passage ( any law1 :i* impairs ! obligation ( a contract1 executory or execut$2 & x has be5 well held t ?is prohibition applies to su* an alt]ation ( ! law ( evid5ce 9 =ce at ! "t ! contract 0 made1 z w\ld practically de/roy ! contract itself by de/roy+ ! only means ( en=c+ x4 ,!re is no su* con/itutional provision aga9/ judicial legislation4 ,x sweeps away a man's rights1 ve/$1 z he _h reason to ?9k1 ^u ! firme/ f\ndation1 )\t af=d+ him ! %ad[ ( r$ress4 ,nor c\ld !re1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 be any su* devis$4 ,:5 a c\rt ov]rules a previ\s decision1 x does n simply repeal x2 x mu/ pron\nce x nev] to h be5 law4 ,!re is no in/ance on record1 9 :i* a c\rt has in/itut$ ! inquiry1 ^u :at gr\nds ! suitor _h reli$ 9 inve/+ 8 prop]ty or mak+ 8 contract1 & reliev$ him f ! disa/r\s consequ5ces1 n ( 81 b ( _! mi/ake1 or ! mi/ake ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,! man :o1 on ! fai? ( ,/eele v4 ,! ,phoenix ,ins4 ,co4 7#c ,b9n4 #cjf71 decid$ 9 #ahaa1 & treat$ z s well settl$ 9 itself & all its logical consequ5ces1 t 9 #ahcb 7,h>t v4 ,heiln]1 #c ,rawle1 #djg7 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 decl9$ to he> ! c\nsel1 :o reli$ on its au?ority1 inve/$ 8 money 9 ! pur*ase ( a claim :i* c\ld be prov$ only by ! te/imony ( ! assignor1 f\nd himself /ripp$ ( 8 prop]ty by a decision 9 #ahde1 ! results ( :i* 7 broad] ?an ev5 ! legislature itself w\ld h be5 compet5t to effect1 or inde$ ! p !mselves 9 _! sov]eign capacity1 at lea/ s long z ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates cont9ues to be ! supreme law ( ! l&1 any?+ 9 ! con/itution & laws ( any ,/ate to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,b judicial is mu* worse ?an legislative retrospection 9 ano!r aspect4 ,! act ( ,assembly1 if c>efully word$1 is at lea/ a c]ta9 rule4 ,! act ( ! judicial legislature is inv>iably ! precursor ( unc]ta9ty & confusion4 ,apply to x a te/1 :i* may be set d[n z un]r+1 nev] fail+ soon to discov] ! true metal f ! base c\nt]feit3 its effect ^u litigation4 ,a decision 9 con=mity to e/abli%$ prec$5ts is ! "m ( repose on t subject2 b "o t dep>ts f !m ?r[s ! pr(essional m9d at sea )\t *>t or compass4 ,! cauti\s c\nsellor w be compell$ to say to 8 cli5t t he _c advise4 ,"o cause is ! g5]al unc]ta9ty to :i* x leads4 ,m5 w p]suade !mselves easily1 :5 x is _! int]e/ to be p]suad$1 t if "o well-e/abli%$ rule has be5 ov]?r[n1 ano!r1 believ$ to be q z wrong & p]haps n s well =tifi$ by "t & subsequ5t cases1 may %>e ! same fate4 ,%all c\nsel risk advis+ 8 cli5t n to prosecute 8 claim or def5ce1 :5 ano!r bold] ?an he1 may moot ! po9t & conduct ano!r cause re/+ ^u ! same "q to a successful t]m9ation8 ,! v f\ndations ( confid5ce & security are %ak54 ,! law becomes a lott]y1 9 :i* e man feels dispos$ to try 8 *ance4 ,ano!r cause ( ?is unc]ta9ty is m p>ticul>4 ,a c\rt sc>cely ev] makes an op5 & direct ov]?r[ ( a deeply f\nd$ rule at "o /roke4 ,x requires repeat$ bl[s4 ,x c be se5 to be 9 dang]1 b n :e!r x is f9ally to fall4 ,h5ce x frequ5tly happ5s t !re is a slid+ scale ( cases2 & :5 ! f9al ov]?r[ comes1 x is v difficult to det]m9e1 :e!r any & :i* /eps ( ! process rema94 ,%ortly aft] ! decision 9 ,po/ v4 ,av]y1 ! case ( ,fraley v4 ,bispham 0 tri$ 9 "o ( ! inf]ior c\rts2 9 :i* ! ,judge1 ?9k+ t ,po/ v4 ,av]y1 h[ev] ! int5tion may h be5 disclaim$1 did 9 fact ov]rule ,/eele v4 ,! ,phoenix1 reject$ z incompet5t "o ( ! nom9al pla9tiffs1 a retir+ p>tn]1 :o ^u dissolution _h sold out = a price bona fide paid1 all 8 int]e/ 9 ! firm to 8 cop>tn]s1 :o cont9u$ ! bus9ess4 ,a motion 0 made = a new trial1 & be=e ! rule came on to be he>d1 ,patt]son v4 ,re$ 7#g ,w4 ,s4 #add7 _h appe>$1 & ! c\rt1 on ! au?ority ( t case1 :i* decid$ t an assignm5t mu/ be colorable & made = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! assignor a witness 9 ord] to exclude him1 ord]$ a new trial4 ,be=e ! case 0 aga9 call$ = trial1 ! fir/ volume ( ,b>r's ,reports _h be5 publi%$1 9 :i* ! ,supreme ,c\rt said3 ,! "t is come1 :5 ! doctr9e ( ,/eele v4 ,! ,phoenix ,ins4 ,co4 mu/ be explod$ altoge!r4 ,! ess5tial int]e/s ( ju/ice dem& t ! decision 9 t case be no long] a prec$5t = any?+ :atev]4 7,mc,clelland v4 ,mahon1 #a ,b>r1 #cfd47 ,& ! ,judge be=e :om ! cause 0 !n tri$ _h no o!r c\rse left1 b aga9 to reject ! witness1 ! v same ?+ on acc\nt ( :i* a new trial _h be5 ord]$4 ,! case ( ,po/ v4 ,av]y is a mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( judicial legislation & its mis*iev\s results4 ,x is usual to he> x excus$ on acc\nt ( ! unequal & unju/ op]ation ( ! rule rev]s$1 by :i* "o p>ty 0 he>d b n ! o!r1 & ! temptation x held out = ! manufacture ( false claims1 to be support$ by p]jury4 ,b x is to lose sight ( ! real "q involv$ to raise su* an issue3 =1 l ! execution ( a notori\s culprit by ! exp$iti\s process ( a mob & a lamp-po/1 in/ead ( ! =malities & delays ( law & c\rts1 x may be a v good ?+ = ! community to h rid itself ( ! (f5d]1 b ! way by :i* x 0 accompli%$ 0 a heavy bl[ at ! v root ( ! tree ( public & private security4 ,!re is ano!r decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,p5nsylvania1 n s bold & av[$ an act ( judicial legislation z t j m5tion$1 b n less transp>5t1 :i* may be cit$ z /rongly illu/rat+ ! same consequ5ces ( unc]ta9ty & litigation fl[+ f a disreg>d ( ! pr9ciple adv]t$ to4 ,f ! ye> #agid1 !re _h exi/$ 9 ,p5nsylvania an act ( ,assembly limit+ ! li5 ( ! debts ( a dec$5t on 8 real e/ate1 at fir/ to sev51 aft]w>ds to five ye>s4 ,no "q ev] arose be=e ! c\rt 9 reg>d to x4 ,li5 0 consid]$ to mean li5 & n obligation3 l&s to be subject to execution = all debts ( ! own] prosecut$ to judgm5t1 & ( c\rse n b>r$ by ! ,/atute ( ,limitations2 & ! limitation ( ! li5 m]ely int5d$ = ! protection ( pur*as]s f ! heirs or devisees or _! li5 cr$itors4 ,su* 0 recogniz$ to be ! true mean+ ( ! law 9 #agie 7,hannum v4 ,spe>1 #a ,yeats1 #eff71 & s di/9ctly rul$ 9 #ahcj 7,bru* v4 ,lantz1 #b ,rawle1 #cib72 yet on gr\nds palpably only relevant to :at1 9 ! op9ion ( ! c\rt1 ! law ought to be1 x 0 held 9 #ahcb1 9 ,k]p] v4 ,ho* 7#a ,watts1 #i71 t ! p]iod nam$ 0 a limitation n ( ! li5 b ( ! debt itself1 & available 9 favor ( heirs & devisees1 volunte]s "u ! debtor & succe$+ to 8 rights cum on]e4 ,z we h se51 b two cases are to be produc$ ( litigation aris+ out ( ?is law c>ri$ to ! highe/ tribunal f #agid to #ahcb4 ,m ?an tw5ty cases are to be f\nd report$ s9ce1 9 :i* t c\rt has be5 call$ ^u to draw di/9ctions & settle ! precise ext5t ( _! own law4 ,?us a little complicat$ sy/em has gr[n up on ?is con/ruction ( ! act4 ,a volume1 inde$1 might be writt5 on ,k]p] v4 ,ho* & its satellites1 :5 if ! act _h be5 let alone to speak = itself1 & ! prior decision foll[$1 x w\ld h be5 a simple & intelligible rule ( action1 until ! legislature saw fit to alt] x4 ,x seems t ?is consid]ation press$ ^u at lea/ "o ( ! judges1 :o jo9$ 9 t decision2 = 9 a subsequ5t case1 :5 ,k]p] v4 ,ho* 0 cit$1 t ,judge1 ) *>act]i/ic c&or1 int]rupt$ ! c\nsel ) ! rem>k3 ,we w abide by ! rule1 b x 0 errone\sly decid$4 7,hock]'s ,appeal1 #d ,b>r1 #dih47 ,?is1 !n1 is ! legitimate prov9ce ( ,jurisprud5ce1 ,/>e sup] antiquas vias1 to ma9ta9 ! anci5t l&m>ks1 to respect au?ority1 to gu>d ! integrity ( ! law z a sci5ce1 t x may be a c]ta9 rule ( decision1 & promote t security ( life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty1 :i*1 z we h se51 is ! great end ( human society & gov]nm5t4 ,?us indu/ry w receive its be/ enc\ragem5t2 ?us ent]prise w be mo/ surely /imulat$2 ?us con/ant additions to capital by sav+s w be promot$2 ?us ! liv+ w be cont5t 9 ! feel+ t _! e>n+s are safely inve/$2 & ! dy+ be consol$ ) ! reflection t ! wid[ & orphan are left "u ! c>e & protection ( a gov]nm5t1 :i* adm9i/]s imp>tial ju/ice accord+ to e/abli%$ laws4 ,) jurisprud5ce1 lawy]s h ! mo/1 nay all1 to d4 ,! op9ion ( ! ,b> w make itself he>d & respect$ on ! ,b5*4 ,) s\nd views1 _! influ5ce = good 9 ?is respect may well be said to be incalculable4 ,x is inde$ ! noble/ faculty ( ! pr(ession to c\nsel ! ignorant1 def5d ! weak & oppress$1 & to /& =? on all occasions z ! bulw>k ( private rights aga9/ ! assaults ( p[]1 ev5 "u ! guise ( law2 b x has /ill o!r functions4 ,x is its (fice to diffuse s\nd pr9ciples among ! p1 t !y may intellig5tly ex]cise ! controll+ p[] plac$ 9 _! h&s1 9 ! *oice ( _! repres5tatives 9 ! ,legislature & ( ,judges1 9 decid+1 z !y are (t5 call$ ^u to d1 ^u ! mo/ important *anges 9 ! ,con/itution1 & above all 9 ! =mation ( t public op9ion :i* may be said 9 ^! times1 almo/ )\t a figure1 to be ultimate sov]eign4 ,:e!r !y seek !m or are s\ght1 lawy]s1 9 po9t ( fact1 always h fill$1 9 mu* ! l>g] proportion ov] e o!r pr(ession1 ! mo/ important public po/s4 ,!y w cont9ue to d s1 at lea/ s long z ! pr(ession holds ! high & well-m]it$ place x n[ does 9 ! public confid5ce4 ,,pr(essional ,,e?ics4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no pr(ession1 aft] t ( ! sacr$ m9i/ry1 9 :i* a high-ton$ morality is m imp]atively necess>y ?an t ( ! law4 ,!re is c]ta9ly1 )\t any exception1 no pr(ession 9 :i* s _m temptations beset ! pa? to sw]ve f ! l9e ( /rict integrity2 9 :i* s _m delicate & difficult que/ions ( duty are cont9ually aris+4 ,!re are pitfalls & man-traps at e /ep1 & ! m]e y\?1 at ! v outset ( 8 c>e]1 ne$s (t5 ! prud5ce & self-d5ial1 z well z ! moral c\rage1 :i* belong commonly to rip] ye>s4 ,high moral pr9ciple is 8 only safe guide2 ! only tor* to light 8 way amid/ d>kness & ob/ruction4 ,x is l ! spe> ( ! gu>dian angel ( ,p>adise3 ,no falsehood c endure ,t\* ( cele/ial temp]1 b returns ,( =ce to its own lik5ess4 ,! object ( ?is ,essay is to arrive at "s accurate & intelligible rules by :i* to guide & gov]n ! conduct ( pr(essional life4 ,x w\ld n be a difficult task to declaim 9 g5]al propositions--to erect a p]fect /&>d & leave ! practition] to make 8 own application to p>ticul> cases4 ,x is a difficult task1 h[ev]1 z x always is 9 practice1 to det]m9e ! precise ext5t ( a pr9ciple1 s z to "k :5 x is enc\nt]$ & ov]come by ano!r--to weigh ! respective =ce ( duties :i* appe> to come 9 conflict4 ,9 all ! walks ( life m5 h frequ5tly to d ?is3 9 none s (t5 z at ! ,b>4 ,! responsibilities1 legal & moral1 ( ! lawy]1 arise f 8 relations to ! c\rt1 to 8 pr(essional bre?r5 & to 8 cli5t4 ,x is 9 ?is ord] t x is propos$ to consid] & discuss ! v>i\s topics :i* gr[ out ( ?is subject4 ,! oa? direct$ by law 9 ?is ,/ate to be adm9i/]$ ^u ! admission ( an attorney to ! b>1 to behave himself 9 ! (fice ( attorney accord+ to ! be/ ( 8 le>n+ & ability1 & ) all good fidelity1 z well to ! c\rt z to ! cli5t2 t he w use no falsehood1 nor delay any man's cause = lucre or malice1 pres5ts a compreh5sive summ>y ( 8 duties z a practition]4#a ,fidelity to ! c\rt1 fidelity to ! cli5t1 fidelity to ! claims ( tru? & honor3 ^! are ! matt]s compris$ 9 ! oa? ( (fice4 ,x is an oa? ( (fice1 & ! practition]1 ! incumb5t ( an (fice--an (fice 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice#b--;held by au?ority f ^? :o repres5t 9 h] tribunals ! maje/y ( ! commonweal?1 a maje/y truly m augu/ ?an t ( k+s or emp]ors4 ,x is an (fice1 too1 clo!d ) _m privileges--privileges1 "s ( :i* are conc$$ to no o!r class or pr(ession4#c ,x is1 !re=e1 t ! legislature h se5 fit to require t !re %\ld be add$ to ! solemnity ( ! responsibility1 :i* e man virtually incurs :5 he ent]s ^u ! practice ( 8 pr(ession1 ! high] & m impressive sanction ( an appeal to ! ,se>*] ( all ,he>ts4 ,fidelity to ! c\rt1 requires outw>d respect 9 words & actions4 ,! oa? z x has be5 said1 und\bt$ly looks to no?+ l allegiance to ! p]son ( ! judge2 unless 9 ^? cases :]e 8 p]son is s insep>able f 8 (fice1 t an insult to ! "o1 is an indignity to ! o!r4 ,9 matt]s collat]al to (ficial duty1 ! judge is on a level ) ! memb]s ( ! b>1 z he is ) 8 fell[-citiz5s2 8 title to di/9ction & respect re/+ on no o!r f\ndation1 ?an 8 virtues & qualities z a man4#d ,!re are occasions1 no d\bt1 :5 duty to ! int]e/s confid$ to ! *>ge ( ! advocate dem&s firm & decid$ opposition to ! views express$ or ! c\rse pursu$ by ! c\rt1 nay1 ev5 manly & op5 remon/rance2 b ?is duty may be fai?fully p]=m$1 & yet t outw>d respect be pres]v$1 :i* is "h inculcat$4 ,c\nsel %\ld ev] rememb] h[ necess>y x is = ! dignifi$ & honorable adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ^u :i* ! dignity & honor ( _! pr(ession entirely dep5d1 t ! c\rts & ! memb]s ( ! c\rts1 %\ld be reg>d$ ) respect by ! suitors & p2 t on all occasions ( difficulty or dang] to t dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t1 !y %\ld h ! good op9ion & confid5ce ( ! public on _! side4 ,good m5 ( all p>ties pref] to live 9 a c\ntry1 9 :i* ju/ice accord+ to law is imp>tially adm9i/]$4 ,c\nsel %\ld be> 9 m9d also ! we>isom5ess ( a judge's (fice2 h[ mu* he sees & he>s 9 ! c\rse ( a long session1 to try 8 temp] & pati5ce4 ,"l ,campbell has rem>k$ t x is r difficult = a judge altoge!r to escape ! imputation ( disc\rtesy if he prop]ly values ! public "t2 = "o ( 8 duties is to r5d] x disagreeable to c\nsel to talk nons5se4 ,respectful submission1 nay1 mo/ frequ5tly1 ev5 *e]ful acquiesc5ce 9 a decision1 :51 z is mo/ g5]ally ! case1 no good result to 8 cause c gr[ f any o!r c\rse1 is ! "p ( true wisdom z well z civility4 ,an exception may be not$ to ! op9ion ( ! ,b5*1 z easily 9 an agreeable & polite1 z 9 a contemptu\s & insult+ mann]4 ,! excitem5t ( ! trial ( a cause caus$ by ! conflict ( te/imony1 mak+ (t5 ! probabilities ( success to vibrate backw>ds & =w>ds ) z mu* app>5t unc]ta9ty z ! *ances 9 a game ( haz>d1 is no d\bt (t5 ! reason & apology = app>5t disrespect 9 mann] & language2 b let x be obs]v$1 t petulance 9 conflicts ) ! ,b5*1 :i* r5d]s ! trial ( causes disagreeable to all conc]n$1 has mo/ g5]ally an injuri\s effect ^u ! int]e/s ( cli5ts4 ,inde$1 x is highly important t ! temp] ( an advocate %\ld be always equal4 ,he %\ld mo/ c>efully aim to repress ev]y?+ l excitability or irritability4 ,:5 passion is all[$ to prevail1 ! judgm5t is de?ron$4 ,words are spok51 or ?+s done1 :i* ! p>ties aft]w>ds wi% c\ld be unsaid or undone4 ,equanimity & self-possession are qualities ( unspeakable value4 ,an anecdote may s]ve to illu/rate ?is rem>k4 ,!re 0 a g5tleman ( ! ,b> ( ,philadelphia1 _m ye>s ago1 :o possess$ ^! qualities 9 a v rem>kable degree4 ,he all[$ no?+ t occurr$ 9 a cause to di/urb or surprise him4 ,on an occasion 9 "o ( ! neighbor+ c\nties1 ! circuit ( :i* x 0 8 cu/om to ride1 he 0 try+ a cause on a bond1 :5 a witness = def5dant 0 introduc$1 :o te/ifi$ t ! def5dant _h tak5 ! am\nt ( ! bond1 :i* 0 q a l>ge sum1 f 8 resid5ce to t ( ! obligee1 a di/ance ( sev]al miles1 & paid him 9 silv] 9 8 pres5ce4 ,! evid5ce 0 totally unexpect$2 8 cli5ts 7 orphan *ildr52 all _! =tune 0 /ak$ on ?is case4 ,! witness _h n yet committ$ himself z to h[ ! money 0 c>ri$4 ,)\t any discomposure--)\t lift+ 8 eyes or p5 f pap]--he made on ! m>g9 ( 8 notes ( trial a calculation ( :at t am\nt 9 silv] w\ld weigh2 & :5 x came 8 turn to cross-exam9e1 calmly proce$$ to make ! witness repeat 8 te/imony /ep by /ep1--:51 :]e1 h[1 & h[ f> ! money 0 c>ri$--& !n ask$ him if he knew h[ mu* t sum ( money weigh$1 & ^u nam+ ! am\nt1 s conf\nd$ ! witness1 p>ty1 & c\nsel engag$ = ! def5dant1 t ! def5ce 0 at once ab&on$1 & a v]dict = ! pla9tiff r5d]$ on ! spot4#e ,ano!r pla9 duty ( c\nsel is to pres5t e ?+ 9 ! cause to ! c\rt op5ly 9 ! c\rse ( ! public dis*>ge ( its duties4 ,x is n (t51 inde$1 t g5tlem5 ( ! ,b> s f> =get !mselves z to attempt to ex]t privately an influ5ce ^u ! judge1 to seek private int]views1 or take occasional opportunities ( accid5tal or social meet+s to make ex p>te /atem5ts1 or to endeavor to impress _! views4 ,!y "k t su* conduct is wrong 9 itself1 & has a t5d5cy to impair confid5ce 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 :i* ought n only to be pure b unsuspect$4 ,a judge w d "r to avoid social int]c\rse ) ^? :o obtrude su* unwelcome matt]s ^u 8 mom5ts ( relaxation4 ,!re is "o ?+1 h[ev]1 ( :i* g5tlem5 ( ! ,b> are n suffici5tly c>eful1--to disc\rage & prohibit _! cli5ts f pursu+ a simil> c\rse4 ,! position ( ! judge 9 relation to a cause "u su* circum/ances is v emb>rass+1 especially1 z is (t5 ! case1 if he he>s a good deal ab\t ! matt] be=e he discov]s ! nature ( ! bus9ess & object ( ! call ^u him4 ,(t5 ! ma9 purpose ( su* visits is n s mu* to plead ! cause1 z to %[ ! judge :o ! p>ty is--an acqua9tance1 p]haps--& ?us1 at lea/1 to int]e/ 8 feel+s4 ,c\nsel %\ld set _! faces aga9/ all undue influ5ces ( ! sort2 !y are unfai?ful to ! c\rt1 if !y all[ any improp] means ( ! k9d to be resort$ to4 ,judicem nec de obt95do jure or>i oportet nec de injuria exor>i4 ,x may be 9 place to rem>k "h t ! c\nsel 9 a cause ought to avoid all unnecess>y communication ) ! jurors be=e or dur+ any trial 9 :i* he may be conc]n$4 ,he %\ld en=ce ! same duty ^u 8 cli5t4 ,any attempt by an attorney to influ5ce a juror by argum5ts or o!rwise1 w1 ( c\rse1 if discov]$ & br\ght to ! notice ( ! c\rt1 lead to expulsion or susp5sion f ! ,b>1 accord+ to ! degree & quality ( ! (f5ce4 ,! fre$om ( ! jury-box f extrane\s influ5ces is a matt] ( su* vital mom5t 9 our sy/em t ! c\rts are b\nd to wat* ov] x ) jeal\s eyes4 ,x w\ld be an injury to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 says ,c4 ,j4 ,tilghman1 n to decl>e t x is gross misbehavior = any p]son to speak ) a juror1 or = a juror to p]mit any p]son to speak ) him1 respect+ ! cause he is try+1 at any "t aft] he is summon$ & be=e ! v]dict is deliv]$4 ,! words ?us utt]$1 says ,judge ,h>e1 by "o ( ! be/ m5 & pure/ magi/rates t ev] fill$ ! judicial (fice1 mu/ f9d an e*o 9 e bosom4 ,! pr9ciple :i* dictat$ !m does n require ! aid ( argum5t or elucidation2 x is native to ! consci5ce1 & w be app>5t to all :o consult ! monitor 9 _! own brea/4 ,! wrong is aggravat$ :5 ! ta9t ( p]sonal int]e/ m+les ) x1 z :5 committ$ by a p>ty to ! cause1 b appe>s 9 ! wor/ =m :5 x is ! act ( attorneys or c\nsel1 :o are ! sworn (fic]s ( ! c\rt1 ^: duty x is to act z gu>dians ( ! f\nta9s ( ju/ice1 & :o are false to _! *>ge :5 !y defile or ta9t ^? wat]s1 :i* !y are pl$g$ to keep pure & unpollut$4 ,su* conduct 9 c\nsel is a gross brea* ( tru/1 = :i* a removal f ! tru/ is b an inadequate puni%m5t4#f ,!re is ano!r duty to ! c\rt1 & t is1 to support & ma9ta9 x 9 its prop] prov9ce :]ev] x comes 9 conflict ) ! co-ord9ate tribunal--! jury4 ,! limits ( ^! two prov9ces are settl$ ) great accuracy2 & ev5 if a judge makes a mi/ake1 ! only prop] place to correct 8 error is 9 ! sup]ior tribunal1--! ,c\rt ( ,errors4 ,x has be5 held 9 a multitude ( cases1 t v]dicts aga9/ ! *>ge ( ! c\rt 9 po9t ( law1 w be set aside )\t limitation z to ! numb] ( times1 & t )\t reg>d to ! "q :e!r ! direction ( ! c\rt 9 po9t ( law 0 "r or wrong4 ,!re is a te*nical reason1 :i* makes ?is c\rse 9 all cases imp]ative4 ,! los+ p>ty1 if ! jury 7 all[$ to decide ! law = him1 w\ld be depriv$ ( 8 exception1 & ( 8 unque/ionable "r to h ! law ( 8 case pron\nc$ ^u by ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,ad que/iones juris respondeant judices1--ad que/iones facti juratores4 ,a disreg>d by ! jury ( ! law1 z laid d[n by ! judge1 is always !re=e foll[$ by additional & unnecess>y delay & exp5se1 & x is nev] an advantage to a p>ty 9 ! long run to obta9 a v]dict 9 opposition to ! direction ( ! c\rt4#g ,x is be/ = c\nsel to say 9 su* cases1 :]e no?+ is left by ! *>ge to ! jury1 t !y d n ask = a v]dict4 ,x has a fair1 c&id1 & manly aspect t[>ds c\rt1 jury1 opposite p>ty1 & ev5 cli5t4 ,in/ances ( c\nsel urg+ or endeavor+ to p]suade a jury to disreg>d ! *>ge may sometimes occur1 b !y are exce$+ly r>e :5 !re is good feel+ betwe5 ! ,b5* & ! ,b>1 & :5 ! memb]s ( ! pr(ession h j & enlight5$ views ( _! duty z well z int]e/4 ,x ne$ h>dly be add$ t a practition] ought to be p>ticul>ly cauti\s1 9 all 8 deal+s ) ! c\rt1 to use no deceit1 imposition1 or evasion--to make no /atem5ts ( facts :i* he does n "k or believe to be true--to di/+ui% c>efully :at lies 9 8 own k f :at he has m]ely d]iv$ f 8 in/ructions--to pres5t no pap]-books int5tionally g>bl$4 ,sir ,mat!w ,hale abhorr$1 says 8 biograph]1 ^? too common faults ( misrepres5t+ evid5ce1 quot+ prec$5ts or books falsely1 or ass]t+ any?+ confid5tly by :i* ignorant juries & weak judges are too (t5 wr\ght ^u4#h ,"o su* false /ep 9 a "y lawy] w d him an injury 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,b5* & ( 8 pr(essional bre?r51 :i* x w take ye>s to r$eem1 if inde$ x ev] c be entirely r$eem$4 ,a v great "p ( a man's com=t1 z well z ( 8 success at ! ,b>1 dep5ds ^u 8 relations ) 8 pr(essional bre?r54 ,) !m he is 9 daily necess>y int]c\rse1 & he mu/ h _! respect & confid5ce1 if he wi%es to sail along 9 smoo? wat]s4 ,he _c be too p>ticul> 9 keep+ fai?fully & lib]ally e promise or engagem5t he may make to !m4 ,"o ^: p]fect tru?fulness is ev5 suspect$ by 8 bre?r5 at ! ,b> has always an uneasy "t ( x4 ,he w be con/antly mortifi$ by obs]v+ precautions tak5 ) him :i* are n us$ ) o!rs4 ,x is n only morally wrong b dang]\s to mislead an oppon5t1 or put him on a wrong sc5t 9 reg>d to ! case4 ,x w\ld be go+ too f> to say t x is ev] advisable to expose ! weakness ( a cli5t's cause to an adv]s>y1 :o may be unscrupul\s 9 tak+ advantage ( x2 b x may be safely said1 t he :o sits d[n delib]ately to plot a surprise ^u 8 oppon5t1 & :i* he kn[s c succe$ only by its be+ a surprise1 des]ves to fall1 & 9 all probability w fall1 into ! trap :i* 8 own h&s h laid4 ,:oso digge? a pit1 says ! wise man1 %all fall !re91 & he t rolle? a /one1 x w return ^u him4 ,if he %\ld succe$1 he w h ga9$ ) 8 success n ! admiration & e/eem1 b ! di/ru/ & dislike ( "o ( 8 associates z long z he lives4 ,he %\ld nev] unnecess>ily h a p]sonal difficulty ) a pr(essional bro!r4 ,he %\ld nei!r give nor provoke insult4 ,n[h]e m ?an at ! ,b> is t advice valuable3 ,bew>e ,( entrance to a qu>rel2 b be+ 91 ,be> x t ! oppos$ may bew>e ( !e4 ,!re is "o m caution to be giv5 "u ?is head4 ,let him %un mo/ c>efully ! reputation ( a %>p practition]4 ,let him be lib]al to ! slips & ov]sights ( 8 oppon5t :]ev] he c d s1 & 9 pla9 cases n %elt] himself beh9d ! in/ructions ( 8 cli5t4 ,! cli5t has no "r to require him to be illib]al--& he %\ld ?r[ up 8 brief soon] ?an d :at revolts aga9/ 8 own s5se ( :at is dem&$ by honor & propriety4 ,no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t ! practition] w f9d1 9 ! long run1 ! good op9ion ( 8 pr(essional bre?r5 ( m importance ?an t ( :at is commonly call$ ! public4 ,! f\ndations ( ! reputation ( e truly great lawy] w be discov]$ to h be5 laid "h4 ,soon] or lat]1 ! real public--! bus9ess m5 ( ! community1 :o h important lawsuits1 & are valuable cli5ts--indorse ! e/imate ( a man ent]ta9$ by 8 associates ( ! ,b>1 unless inde$ !re be "s gl>+ defect ( popul> qualities4 ,! community "k t !y are bett] qualifi$ to judge ( legal atta9m5ts1 t !y h ! be/ opportunity ( judg+1 & t !y are sl[ 9 =m+ a judgm5t4 ,! good op9ion & confid5ce ( ! memb]s ( ! same pr(ession1 l ! ,k+'s "n on ! field ( battle1 is a t[] ( /r5g?2 x is ! title ( legitimacy4 ,! ambition to please ! p1 to captivate jurors1 spectators1 & l\ng]s ab\t ! c\rt room1 may mislead a "y man into p]tness1 flippancy1 & impud5ce1 ?+s :i* (t5 pass curr5t = eloqu5ce & ability ) ! masses2 b ! ambition to please ! ,b> c nev] mislead him4 ,_! good graces are only to be ga9$ by real le>n+1 by ! /ricte/ integrity & honor1 by a c\rte\s demeanor1 & by att5tion1 accuracy & punctuality 9 ! transaction ( bus9ess4 ,! topic ( fidelity to ! cli5t involves ! mo/ difficult que/ions 9 ! consid]ation ( ! duty ( a lawy]4 ,he is legally responsible to 8 cli5t only = ! want ( ord9>y c>e & ord9>y skill4 ,t con/itutes gross neglig5ce4 ,x is extremely difficult to fix ^u any rule :i* %all def9e :at is neglig5ce 9 a giv5 case4 ,! habits & practice ( m5 are widely diff]5t 9 ?is reg>d4 ,x has be5 laid d[n t if ! ord9>y & av]age degree ( dilig5ce & skill c\ld be det]m9$1 x w\ld furni% ! true rule4#i ,?\gh su* be ! ext5t ( legal liability1 t ( moral responsibility is wid]4 ,entire devotion to ! int]e/ ( ! cli5t1 w>m zeal 9 ! ma9t5ance & def5ce ( 8 rights1 & ! ex]tion ( 8 utmo/ le>n+ & ability1--^! are ! high] po9ts1 :i* c only satisfy ! truly consci5ti\s practition]4 ,b :at are ! limits ( 8 duty :5 ! legal dem&s or int]e/s ( 8 cli5t conflict ) 8 own s5se ( :at is j & "r8 ,?is is a problem by no means ( easy solution4 ,t lawy]s are z (t5 ! m9i/]s ( inju/ice z ( ju/ice is ! common accusation 9 ! m\? ( ga9say]s aga9/ ! pr(ession4 ,x is said !re mu/ be a "r & a wrong side to e lawsuit4 ,9 ! majority ( cases x mu/ be app>5t to ! advocate1 on :i* side is ! ju/ice ( ! cause2 yet he w ma9ta91 & (t5 ) ! appe>ance ( w>m? & e>ne/ness1 t side :i* he mu/ "k to be unju/1 & ! success ( :i* w be a wrong to ! opposite p>ty4 ,is he n !n a p>ticipator 9 ! inju/ice8 ,x may be answ]$ 9 g5]al3-- ,e case is to be decid$ by ! tribunal be=e :i* x is br\ght = adjudication ^u ! evid5ce1 & ^u ! pr9ciples ( law applicable to ! facts z !y appe> ^u ! evid5ce4 ,no c\rt or jury are inve/$ ) any arbitr>y discretion to det]m9e a cause accord+ to _! m]e notions ( ju/ice4 ,su* a discretion ve/$ 9 any body ( m5 w\ld con/itute ! mo/ appall+ ( despotisms4 ,law1 & ju/ice accord+ to law--?is is ! only secure pr9ciple ^u :i* ! controv]sies ( m5 c be decid$4 ,x is bett] on ! :ole t a few p>ticul> cases ( h>d%ip & inju/ice1 aris+ f defect ( evid5ce or ! unb5d+ "* ( "s /rict rule ( law1 %\ld be endur$1 ?an t g5]al insecurity %\ld p]vade ! community f ! arbitr>y discretion ( ! judge4 ,x is ?is :i* has blight$ ! c\ntries ( ! ,ea/ z mu* z cruel laws or despotic executives4 ,?us ! legislature has se5 fit 9 c]ta9 cases to assign a limit to ! p]iod )9 :i* actions %all be br\ght2 9 ord] to urge m5 to vigilance1 & to prev5t /ale claims f be+ sudd5ly reviv$ aga9/ m5 ^: v\*]s are de/roy$ or ^: witnesses are dead4 ,x is true1 9 =o consci5tiae1 a def5dant1 :o kn[s t he hone/ly owes ! debt su$ = & t ! delay has be5 caus$ by indulg5ce or confid5ce on ! "p ( 8 cr$itor1 ought n to plead ! /atute4 ,b if he does plead x1 ! judgm5t ( ! c\rt mu/ be 9 8 favor4 ,n[ ! lawy] is n m]ely ! ag5t ( ! p>ty2 he is an (fic] ( ! c\rt4 ,! p>ty has a "r to h 8 case decid$ ^u ! law & ! evid5ce1 & to h e view pres5t$ to ! m9ds ( 8 judges1 :i* c legitimately be> ^u t "q4 ,?is is ! (fice :i* ! advocate p]=ms4 ,he is n morally responsible = ! act ( ! p>ty 9 ma9ta9+ an unju/ cause1 nor = ! error ( ! c\rt1 if !y fall into error1 9 decid+ x 9 8 favor4 ,! c\rt or jury ought c]ta9ly to he> & weigh bo? sides2 & ! (fice ( ! c\nsel is to assi/ !m by do+ t1 :i* ! cli5t 9 p]son1 f want ( le>n+1 exp]i5ce1 & address1 is unable to d 9 a prop] mann]4 ,! lawy]1 :o refuses 8 pr(essional assi/ance because 9 8 judgm5t ! case is unju/ & indef5sible1 usurps ! functions ( bo? judge & jury4 ,z an answ] to any sweep+ objection made to ! pr(ession 9 g5]al1 ! view ?us pres5t$ may be q satisfactory4 ,x by no means foll[s1 h[ev]1 z a pr9ciple ( private action = ! advocate1 t all causes are to be tak5 by him indiscrim9ately & conduct$ ) a view to "o s+le end1 success4 ,x is mu* to be fe>$1 h[ev]1 t ! prevail+ tone ( pr(essional e?ics leads practically to ?is result4 ,he has an und\bt$ "r to refuse a reta9]1 & decl9e to be conc]n$ 9 any cause1 at 8 discretion4 ,x is a discretion to be wisely & ju/ly ex]cis$4 ,:5 he has once emb>k$ 9 a case1 he _c retire f x )\t ! cons5t ( 8 cli5t or ! approbation ( ! c\rt4#aj ,to come be=e ! c\rt ) a revelation ( facts1 damn+ to 8 cli5t's case1 z a gr\nd = retir+ f x1 w\ld be a pla9 brea* ( ! confid5ce repos$ 9 him1 & ! law w\ld seal 8 lips4#aa ,h[ !n is he to acquit himself8 ,"l ,br\gham1 9 8 ju/ly celebrat$ def5ce ( ! ,que51 w5t to v extravagant l5g?s ^u ?is subject2 no d\bt he 0 l$ by ! excitem5t ( s great an occasion to say :at cool reflection & sob] reason c]ta9ly nev] c approve4 ,an advocate1 said he1 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 duty kn[s b "o p]son 9 all ! _w1 & t p]son is 8 cli5t4 ,to save t cli5t by all means & exp$i5ts1 & at all haz>ds & co/s to o!r p]sons1 & among !m to himself1 is 8 fir/ & only duty2 & 9 p]=m+ ?is duty he mu/ n reg>d ! al>m1 ! torm5ts1 ! de/ruction he may br+ ^u o!rs4 ,sep>at+ ! duty ( a patriot f t ( an advocate1 he mu/ g on reckless ( consequ5ces2 ?\gh x %\ld be 8 unhappy lot to involve 8 c\ntry 9 confusion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 & z illu/rative ( ! practical difficulty1 :i* ?is "q pres5t$ to a man1 ) z nice a p]ception ( moral duty z p]haps ev] liv$1 x is said by ,bi%op ,burnet1 ( ,sir ,mat!w ,hale3 ,if he saw a cause 0 unju/1 he = a great :ile w\ld n m$dle fur!r 9 x1 b to give 8 advice t x 0 s2 if ! p>ties aft] t w\ld g on1 !y 7 to seek ano!r c\nsellor1 = he w\ld assi/ none 9 acts ( inju/ice2 if he f\nd ! cause d\btful or weak 9 po9t ( law1 he always advis$ 8 cli5ts to agree _! bus9ess4 ,yet aft]w>ds he abat$ mu* ( ! scrupulosity he _h ab\t causes t appe>$ at fir/ unju/1 ^u ?is occasion2 !re 7 two causes br\ght him1 :i* by ! ignorance ( ! p>ty or _! attorney1 7 s ill-repres5t$ to him t !y seem$ to be v bad2 b he inquir+ m n>r[ly into !m1 f\nd !y 7 really v good & j2 s aft] ?is he slack5$ mu* ( 8 =m] /rictness ( refus+ to m$dle 9 causes ^u ! ill circum/ances t appe>$ 9 !m at fir/4#ab ,x may be delicate & dang]\s gr\nd to tread ^u to und]take to desc5d to p>ticul>s ^u su* a subject4 ,e case mu/1 to a great degree1 dep5d ^u its own circum/ances1 kn[n1 p]adv5ture1 to ! c\nsel alone2 & x w (t5 be haz>d\s to condemn ei!r cli5t or c\nsel ^u :at appe>s only4 ,a h>d plea--a %>p po9t--may subs]ve :at is at bottom an hone/ claim1 or j def5ce2 ?\gh ! evid5ce may n be )9 ! p[] ( ! p>ties1 :i* w\ld make x manife/4 ,!re are a few propositions1 h[ev]1 :i* appe> to me to be s\nd 9 !mselves1 & calculat$ to solve ?is problem practically 9 ! majority ( cases3 at lea/ to assi/ ! m9d 9 com+ to a safe conclusion 9 =o consci5tiae1 9 ! dis*>ge ( pr(essional duty4 ,!re is a di/9ction to be made betwe5 ! case ( prosecution & def5ce = crimes2 betwe5 appe>+ = a pla9tiff 9 pursuit ( an unju/ claim1 & = a def5dant 9 resi/+ :at appe>s to be a j "o4 ,e man1 accus$ ( an (f5ce1 has a con/itutional "r to a trial accord+ to law3 ev5 if guilty1 he ought n to be convict$ & und]go puni%m5t unless ^u legal evid5ce2 & ) all ! =ms :i* h be5 devis$ = ! security ( life & lib]ty4 ,^! are ! panoply ( innoc5ce :5 unju/ly arraign$2 & guilt _c be depriv$ ( x1 )\t remov+ x f innoc5ce4 ,he is entitl$1 !re=e1 to ! b5efit ( c\nsel to conduct 8 def5ce1 to cross-exam9e ! witnesses = ! ,/ate1 to scan1 ) legal k1 ! =ms ( ! proce$+ aga9/ him1 to pres5t 8 def5ce 9 an intelligible %ape1 to sugge/ all ^? reasonable d\bts :i* may arise f ! evid5ce z to 8 guilt1 & to see t if he is convict$1 x is accord+ to law4 ,a circum/ance ! celebrat$ ,"l ,%aftesbury once s f9ely turn$ to 8 purpose mu/ (t5 happ5 to a prison] at 8 trial4 ,attempt+ to speak on ! bill = grant+ c\nsel to prison]s 9 cases ( high treason1 he 0 conf\nd$1 & = "s "t c\ld n proce$1 b recov]+ himself1 he said1 ,:at n[ happ5$ to him w\ld s]ve to =tify ! argum5ts = ! bill4 ,if he innoc5t & plead+ = o!rs 0 daunt$ at ! augu/ness ( su* an assembly1 :at mu/ a man be :o %\ld plead be=e !m = 8 life8#ac ,! c\rts are 9 ! habit ( assign+ c\nsel to prison]s :o are de/itute1 & :o reque/ x2 & c\nsel ?us nam$ by ! c\rt _c decl9e ! (fice4#ad ,x is n to be t]m$ scre5+ ! guilty f puni%m5t1 = ! advocate to ex]t all 8 ability1 le>n+1 & +5uity1 9 su* a def5ce1 ev5 if he %\ld be p]fectly assur$ 9 8 own m9d ( ! actual guilt ( ! prison]4#ae ,x is a diff]5t ?+ to engage z private c\nsel 9 a prosecution aga9/ a man :om he kn[s or believes to be innoc5t4 ,public prosecutions are c>ri$ on by a public (fic]1 ! ,attorney-,g5]al1 or ^? :o act 9 8 place2 & x ought to be a cle> case to induce g5tlem5 to engage on behalf ( private int]e/s or feel+s1 9 su* a prosecution4 ,x ought nev] to be done aga9/ ! c\nsel's own op9ion ( its m]its4 ,!re is no call ( pr(essional duty to balance ! scale1 z !re is 9 ! case ( a def5dant4 ,x is 9 e case b an act ( c\rtesy 9 ! ,attorney-,g5]al to all[ private c\nsel to take "p = ! ,commonweal?2 su* a favor ought n to be ask$1 unless 9 a cause believ$ to be manife/ly j4 ,! same rem>ks apply to m]e assi/ance 9 prep>+ su* a cause = trial out ( c\rt1 by gett+ ready & arrang+ ! evid5ce & o!r matt]s connect$ ) x3 z ! ,commonweal? has its own (fic]s1 x may well1 9 g5]al1 be left to !m4 ,!re is no obligation on an attorney to m9i/] to ! bad passions ( 8 cli5t2 x is b r>ely t a crim9al prosecution is pursu$ = a valuable private end1 ! re/oration ( goods1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! good "n ( ! prosecutor1 or clos+ ! m\? ( a man :o has p]jur$ himself 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,! (fice ( ,attorney-,g5]al is a public tru/1 :i* involves 9 ! dis*>ge ( x1 ! ex]tion ( an almo/ b\ndless discretion1 by an (fic] :o /&s z imp>tial z a judge4 ,! pr(essional assi/ant1 ) ! regul> deputy1 ex]cises n 8 own discretion1 b t ( ! ,attorney-,g5]al1 ^: locum t55s at suff]ance1 he is2 & he consequ5tly does s "u ! obligation ( ! (ficial oa?4#af ,on ! o!r h&1 if x 7 consid]$ t a lawy] 0 b\nd or ev5 _h a "r to refuse to und]take ! def5ce ( a man because he ?\ght him guilty1 if ! rule 7 univ]sally adopt$1 ! effect w\ld be to deprive a def5dant1 9 su* cases1 ( ! b5efit ( c\nsel altoge!r4 ,! same c\rse ( rem>k applies to civil causes4 ,a def5dant has a legal "r to require t ! pla9tiffs dem& aga9/ him %\ld be prov$ & proce$$ ) accord+ to law4 ,if x 7 ?r[n ^u ! p>ties !mselves1 !re w\ld he a v great inequality betwe5 !m1 accord+ to _! intellig5ce1 education1 & exp]i5ce1 respectively4 ,inde$1 x is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ advantages ( hav+ a le>n$ pr(ession1 :o engage z a bus9ess 9 repres5t+ p>ties 9 c\rts ( ju/ice1 t m5 are ?us br\ght ne>] to a condition ( equality1 t causes are tri$ & decid$ ^u _! m]its1 & d n dep5d ^u ! p]sonal *>act]s & qualifications ( ! imm$iate p>ties4#ag ,?us1 too1 if a suit be in/itut$ aga9/ a man to recov] damages = a tort1 ! def5dant has a "r to all ! +5uity & eloqu5ce he c comm& 9 8 def5ce1 t ev5 if he has committ$ a wrong1 ! am\nt ( ! damages may n exce$ :at ! pla9tiff is ju/ly entitl$ to recov]4 ,b ! claim ( a pla9tiff /&s ^u a some:at diff]5t foot+4 ,c\nsel h an und\bt$ "r1 & are 9 duty b\nd1 to refuse to be conc]n$ = a pla9tiff 9 ! legal pursuit ( a dem&1 :i* (f5ds 8 s5se ( :at is j & "r4 ,! c\rts are op5 to ! p>ty 9 p]son to prosecute 8 own claim1 & plead 8 own cause2 & al?\gh he ought to exam9e & be well-satisfi$ be=e he refuses to a suitor ! b5efit ( 8 pr(essional skill & le>n+1 yet x w\ld be on 8 "p an immoral act to af=d t assi/ance1 :5 8 consci5ce told him t ! cli5t 0 aim+ to p]petrate a wrong ?r\gh ! means ( "s advantage ! law may h af=d$ him4 ,x is a popul> b gross mi/ake1 says ! late ,*ief ,ju/ice ,gibson1 to suppose t a lawy] owes no fidelity to any "o except 8 cli5t1 & t ! latt] is ! keep] ( 8 pr(essional consci5ce4 ,he is expressly b\nd by 8 (ficial oa? to behave himself1 9 8 (fice ( attorney1 ) all fidelity to ! c\rt z well z ! cli5t2 & he violates x :5 he consci\sly presses = an unju/ judgm5t1 mu* m s :5 he presses = ! conviction ( an innoc5t man4444 ,! high & honorable (fice ( a c\nsel w\ld be degrad$ to t ( a m]c5>y1 7 he compell$ to d ! bidd+s ( 8 cli5t aga9/ ! dictates ( 8 consci5ce4#ah ,! s5tim5t has be5 express$ 9 fl[+ numb]s by our great comm5tator1 ,sir ,william ,black/one3-- ,to ,virtue & h] fri5ds a fri5d1 ,/ill may my voice ! weak def5d3 ,ne'er may my pro/itut$ tongue ,protect ! oppressor 9 8 wrong2 ,nor wre/ ! _s ( ! laws1 ,to sanctify ! villa9's cause4 ,ano!r proposition :i* may be advanc$ ^u ?is subject is1 t !re may & ought to be a diff]5ce made 9 ! mode ( conduct+ a def5ce aga9/ :at is believ$ to be a righte\s1 & :at is believ$ to be an unrighte\s claim4 ,a def5ce 9 ! =m] case %\ld be conduct$ ^u ! mo/ lib]al pr9ciples4 ,:5 he is cont5d+ aga9/ ! claim ( "o1 :o is seek+1 z he believes1 ?r\gh ! =ms ( law1 to d 8 cli5t an injury1 ! advocate may ju/ifiably avail himself ( e honorable gr\nd to defeat him4 ,he may beg9 at once by decl>+ to 8 oppon5t or 8 pr(essional advis]1 t he holds him at arm's l5g?1 & he may keep him s dur+ ! :ole conte/4 ,he may fall back ^u ! in/ructions ( 8 cli5t1 & refuse to yield any legal vantage gr\nd1 :i* may h be5 ga9$ ?r\gh ! ignorance or inadv]t5ce ( 8 oppon5t4 ,c\nsel1 h[ev]1 may & ev5 ought to refuse to act "u in/ructions f a cli5t to defeat :at he believes to be an hone/ & j claim1 by insi/+ ^u ! slips ( ! opposite p>ty1 by %>p practice1 or special plead+--9 %ort1 by any o!r means ?an a fair trial on ! m]its 9 op5 c\rt4 ,!re is no pr(essional duty1 no virtual engagem5t ) ! cli5t1 :i* compels an advocate to resort to su* measures1 to secure success 9 any cause1 j or unju/2 & :5 s in/ruct$1 if he believes x to be int5d$ to ga9 an unrighte\s object1 he ought to ?r[ up ! cause1 & retire f all connection ) x1 r ?an ?us he a p>ticipator 9 o!r m5's s9s4 ,moreov]1 no c\nsel c ) propriety & a good consci5ce express to c\rt or jury 8 belief 9 ! ju/ice ( 8 cli5t's cause1 contr>y to ! fact4 ,inde$1 ! occasions are v r>e 9 :i* he ought to ?r[ ! weight ( 8 own private op9ion into ! scales 9 favor ( ! side he has esp\s$4 ,if t op9ion has be5 =m$ on a /atem5t ( facts n 9 evid5ce1 x ought n to be he>d1--x w\ld be illegal & improp] 9 ! tribunal to all[ any =ce :atev] to x2 if on ! evid5ce only1 x is en\gh to %[ f t ! legal & moral gr\nds on :i* su* op9ion re/s4 ,"s v s\nd & judici\s obs]vations h be5 made by ,mr4 ,:ewell 9 a rec5t "w on ! ,elem5ts ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ce1 :i* des]ve to be quot$ at l5g?2-- ,"s morali/s1 says he1 h rank$ ) ! cases 9 :i* conv5tion sup]s$es ! g5]al rule ( tru?1 an advocate ass]t+ ! ju/ice1 or 8 belief 9 ! ju/ice1 ( 8 cli5t's cause4 ,^? :o cont5d = su* indulg5ce argue t ! pr(ession is an in/rum5t = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice3 he is to d all he c = 8 cli5t3 ! application ( laws is a matt] ( great complexity & difficulty3 t ! "r adm9i/ration ( !m 9 d\btful cases is be/ provid$ = if ! argum5ts on ea* side are urg$ ) ! utmo/ =ce4 ,! advocate is n ! judge4 ,?is may be all well1 if ! advocate let x be s und]/ood4 ,b if 9 plead+ he ass]t 8 belief t 8 cause is j :5 he believes x unju/1 he (f5ds aga9/ tru?1 z any o!r man w\ld d :o 9 l mann] made a l ass]tion4 ,e man1 :5 he advocates a case 9 :i* morality is conc]n$1 has an influ5ce ^u 8 he>]s1 :i* arises f ! belief t he %>es ! moral s5tim5ts ( all mank9d4 ,?is influ5ce ( 8 suppos$ morality is "o ( 8 possessions1 :i*1 l all 8 possessions1 he is b\nd to use = moral ends4 ,if he mix up 8 "* z an advocate ) 8 "* z a moral ag5t1 us+ 8 moral influ5ce = ! advocate's purpose1 he acts immorally4 ,he makes ! moral rule subord9ate to ! pr(essional rule4 ,he sells to 8 cli5t n only 8 skill & le>n+1 b himself4 ,he makes x ! supreme object ( 8 life to be n a good man1 b a successful lawy]4 ,!re belong to him1 moreov]1 moral ends :i* reg>d 8 pr(ession2 namely1 to make x an in/itution fitt$ to promote morality4 ,to raise & purify ! "* ( ! pr(ession1 s t x may answ] ! ends ( ju/ice )\t requir+ ins9c]ity 9 ! advocate1 is a prop] end = a good man :o is a lawy]2 a purpose on :i* he may well & wor?ily employ 8 ef=ts & influ5ce4#ai ,no?+ ne$ be add$ to en=ce :at has be5 s well said4 ,! rem>k1 h[ev]1 may be p]mitt$1 t ! expression ( private op9ion z to ! m]its ( a controv]sy (t5 puts ! c\nsel at fe>ful odds4 ,a "y man1 unkn[n to ! c\rt or ! jury1 is try+ 8 fir/ case aga9/ a vet]an ( /&+ & "*3 :at w ! assev]ation ( ! =m] weigh aga9/ t ( ! latt]8 ,9 proportion1 !n1 to ! age1 exp]i5ce1 maturity ( judgm5t1 & pr(essional "* ( ! man1 :o falsely endeavors to impress ! c\rt & jury ) ! op9ion ( 8 confid5ce 9 ! ju/ice ( 8 case1 9 t proportion is !re dang] t injury w be done & wrong inflict$--9 t proportion is !re moral del9qu5cy 9 him :o resorts to x4 ,mu* int]e/ 0 excit$ "s ye>s ago 9 ,engl&1 by ! circum/ances att5d+ ! def5ce ( ,c\rvoisi]1 indict$ = ! murd] ( ,"l ,william ,russell4 ,! crime 0 "o ( great atrocity4 ,x came out aft] 8 conviction1 t dur+ ! trial he _h confess$ 8 guilt to 8 c\nsel1 ( :om ! em95t b>ri/] ,*>les ,phillips1 ,esq41 0 "o4 ,mr4 ,phillips 0 accus$ ( hav+ endeavor$1 not)/&+ ?is confession1 to fa/5 suspicion on ! o!r s]vants 9 ! h\se1 to induce ! belief t ! police _h conspir$ ) !m to manufacture evid5ce aga9/ ! prison]1 & to impress ! jury ) 8 own p]sonal belief 9 ! innoc5ce ( 8 cli5t4 ,h[ f> ^! accusations 7 j 9 po9t ( fact 0 ! subject ( lively discussion 9 ! newspap]s & p]iodicals ( ! "t4#bj ,! language ( c\nsel1 on su* occasions1 dur+ ! excitem5t ( ! trial1 9 ! f]vor ( an address to ! jury1 is n to be calmly & nicely scann$ 9 ! pr9t$ report4 ,! te/imony ( su* a witness z ,b>on ,p>ke1 at ! "t & on ! spot1--he1 too1 aw>e ( ! exact position ( ,mr4 ,phillips--& t confirm$ by ,*ief ,ju/ice ,t9dal1 is conclusive4 ,to *>ge him ) act+ falsehood1 t is1 ) pres5t+ ! case z x appe>$ ^u ! te/imony1 e>ne/ly & confid5tly1 means t he did n d t1 :i* w\ld h be5 worse ?an retir+ f 8 po/4 ,! non-pr(essional1 z well z pr(essional public 9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 agre$ 9 say+ t he w\ld n h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 )draw+ f ! case3 he 0 /ill b\nd to def5d ! accus$ ^u ! evid5ce2 ?\gh a k ( 8 guilt1 f :atev] s\rce d]iv$1 might & ought mat]ially to influ5ce ! mode ( ! def5ce4 ,no "r-m9d$ man1 pr(essional or o!rwise1 w cont5d t x w\ld h be5 "r 9 him to h l5t himself to a def5ce1 :i* might h end$1 _h x be5 successful1 9 br++ d[n an unju/ suspicion ^u an innoc5t p]son2 or ev5 to /& up & falsely pret5d a confid5ce 9 ! tru? & ju/ice ( 8 cause1 :i* he did n feel4 ,b !re 7 ^? on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic1 :o demurr$ to ! conclusion1 t an advocate is "u a moral obligation to ma9ta9 ! def5ce ( a man :o has admitt$ to him 8 guilt4 ,m5 h be5 kn[n1 h[ev]1 "u ! influ5ce ( "s delusion1 to confess !mselves guilty ( crimes :i* !y _h n committ$3 & h5ce1 to decl9e act+ z c\nsel 9 su* a case1 is a dang]\s ref9em5t 9 morals4#ba ,no?+ seems pla9] ?an ! proposition1 t a p]son accus$ ( a crime is to be tri$ & convict$1 if convict$ at all1 ^u evid5ce1 & :e!r guilty or n guilty1 if ! evid5ce is insuffici5t to convict him1 he has a legal "r to be acquitt$4 ,! tribunal t convicts )\t suffici5t evid5ce may decide accord+ to ! fact2 b ! next jury1 act+ on ! same pr9ciple1 may condemn an innoc5t man4 ,if ?is be s1 is n ! prison] 9 e case entitl$ to h ! evid5ce c>efully sift$1 ! weak po9ts ( ! prosecution expos$1 ! reasonable d\bts pres5t$ :i* %\ld weigh 9 8 favor8 ,& :at (f5ce to tru? or morality does 8 advocate commit 9 dis*>g+ t duty to ! be/ ( 8 le>n+ & ability8 ,:at apology c he make = ?r[+ up 8 brief8 ,! tru? he _c disclose2 ! law seals 8 lips z to :at has ?us be5 communicat$ to him 9 confid5ce by 8 cli5t4 ,he has no alt]native1 !n1 b to p]=m 8 duty4 ,x is 8 duty1 h[ev]1 z an advocate m]ely1 z ,b>on ,p>ke has well express$ x1 to use ,,all ,,fair ,,argum5ts ,,aris+ ,,on ,,! ,,evid5ce4 ,beyond t1 he is n b\nd to g 9 any case2 9 a case 9 :i* he is satisfi$ 9 8 own m9d ( ! guilt ( ! accus$1 he is n ju/ifi$ 9 go+4 ,"u all circum/ances1 ! utmo/ c&or %\ld be us$ t[>ds ! cli5t4 ,?is is imp]atively dem&$ alike by consid]ations ( duty & int]e/4 ,x is mu* bett] = a man occasionally to lose a good cli5t1 ?an to fail 9 s pla9 a matt]4 ,x is no?+ b selfi%ness t c op]ate ^u a lawy] :5 consult$ to conceal f ! p>ty 8 c&id op9ion ( ! m]its1 & ! probable result4 ,x is fair t he %\ld "k x2 = he may n *oose to employ a man ^: views may op]ate to *eck 8 resort+ to all lawful means to effect success4 ,besides1 mo/ m51 :5 !y consult an attorney1 wi% a c&id op9ion2 x is :at !y ask & pay =4 ,x is true1 t x is (t5 v h>d to p]suade a man t he has n ! be/ side ( a lawsuit3 8 int]e/ bl9ds 8 judgm5t3 8 passion w n all[ him to reflect calmly1 & give due weight to oppos+ consid]ations4 ,!re are _m p]sons :o w g f lawy] to lawy] ) a case1 until !y f9d "o :o is will+ to express an op9ion :i* tallies ) _! own4 ,su* a cli5t ! lawy]1 :o acts firmly ^u ! pr9ciple to :i* ,i h adv]t$1 w n[ & !n lose2 b ev5 su* an "o1 :5 f9ally unsuccessful1 z ! great probability is t he w be1 :5 he comes to sit d[n & calculate all t he has lo/ 9 "t1 money1 & "*1 by act+ contr>y to ! advice fir/ giv51 w rev]t to ! c&id & hone/ op9ion he !n receiv$1 & det]m9e1 if ev] he gets into ano!r difficulty ( ! k9d1 to resort to t attorney1 & abide by 8 advice4 ,?us may a man build up = himself a "* f> outweigh+1 ev5 9 pecuni>y value1 all su* paltry p>ticul> losses2 x is to su* m5 t ! be/ cli5ts resort2 !y h ! mo/ important & int]e/+ lawsuits1 & enjoy by f> ! mo/ lucrative practice4 ,a v important "p ( ! advocate's duty is to mod]ate ! passions ( ! p>ty1 & :]e ! case is ( a "* to ju/ify x1 to enc\rage an amicable compromise ( ! controv]sy4 ,x happ5s too (t5 at ! close ( a protract$ litigation t x is discov]$1 :5 too late1 t ! play has n be5 wor? ! c&le1 & t x w\ld h be5 bett]1 calculat+ ev]y?+1 = ! successful p>ty nev] to h emb>k$ 9 x--to h paid ! claim1 if def5dant1 or to h rel9qui%$ x1 if he 0 pla9tiff4 ,c\nsel c v soon discov] :e!r su* is likely to be ! case1 & x _c be d\bt$ :at _! pla9 duty is "u su* circum/ances4 ,besides ?is1 ! advocate is b\nd 9 honor1 z well z duty1 to disclose to ! cli5t at ! "t ( ! reta9]1 e circum/ance ( 8 own connection ) ! p>ties or prior relation to ! controv]sy1 :i* c or may influ5ce 8 det]m9ation 9 ! selection ( him = ! (fice4 ,an attorney is b\nd to disclose to 8 cli5t e adv]se reta9]1 & ev5 e prior reta9]1 :i* may affect ! discretion ( ! latt]4 ,no man c be suppos$ to be indiff]5t to ! k ( facts1 :i* "w directly on 8 int]e/s1 or be> on ! fre$om ( 8 *oice ( c\nsel4 ,:5 a cli5t employs an attorney1 he has a "r to presume1 if ! latt] be sil5t on ! po9t1 t he has no engagem5ts :i* int]f]e1 9 any degree1 ) 8 exclusive devotion to ! cause confid$ to him2 t he has no int]e/ :i* may betray 8 judgm5t or endang] 8 fidelity4#bb ,x is 9 "s measure ! duty ( c\nsel to be ! keep] ( ! consci5ce ( ! cli5t2 n to suff] him1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 feel+s or int]e/1 to d or say any?+ wrong 9 itself1 & ( :i* he w\ld himself aft]w>ds rep5t4 ,?is gu>dian%ip may be c>efully1 & at ! same "t k9dly ex]t$4 ,"o p>ticul> w be m5tion$ 9 :i* its ex]cise is frequ5tly call$ =4 ,! cli5t w be (t5 requir$1 9 ! c\rse ( a cause1 to make affidavits ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,!re is no "p ( 8 bus9ess ) 8 cli5t1 9 :i* a lawy] %\ld be m cauti\s1 or ev5 punctili\s1 ?an ?is4 ,he %\ld be c>eful le/ he incur ! moral guilt ( subornation ( p]jury1 if n ! legal (f5ce4 ,an attorney may h communications ) 8 cli5t 9 su* a way1 9 in/ruct+ him z to :at ! law requires him to /ate "u oa? or affirmation1 9 ord] to accompli% any p>ticul> object 9 view1 z to (f] an almo/ irresi/ible temptation & p]suasion to /ret* ! consci5ce ( ! affiant up to ! requir$ po9t4 ,in/ead ( draw+ affidavits1 & p]mitt+ !m to be sworn to z a matt] ( c\rse1 z x is to be fe>$ is too (t5 ! case1 c\nsel %\ld on all occasions take c>e to treat an oa? ) great solemnity1 z a transaction to be v scrupul\sly wat*$1 because involv+ great moral p]il z well z liability to public disgrace & infamy4 ,x lies especially 9 ! way ( ! pr(ession to give a high tone to public s5tim5t ^u ?is all-important subject1 ! sacr$ness ( an oa?4 ,x is always ! wise/ & be/ c\rse1 to h an int]view ) ! cli5t1 & draw f him by que/ions1 :e!r he kn[s ! facts :i* y "k he is requir$ to /ate1 s t y may judge :e!r1 z a consci5ti\s man1 he ought to make su* affidavit4 ,ano!r p>ticul> may be adv]t$ to3 ! attempt to cov] prop]ty f ! j dem&s ( cr$itors4 ,x is to be fe>$ t g5tlem5 ( ! ,b> sometimes %ut _! eyes &1 "u ! influ5ce ( feel+s ( commis]ation = an un=tunate cli5t1 feign n to see :at is really v palpable to ev]ybody else4 ,surely !y ought nev] to sanction1 directly or indirectly su* %ams1 especially :5 ! ma*9]y ( a judicial sale is introduc$ m securely to accompli% ! object4 ,a pur*ase is made 9 ! "n ( a fri5d = ! debtor's b5efit & ) ! debtor's money1 ?\gh x may be h>d to make t appe> by legal evid5ce4 ,:5 advice is ask$1 z x sometimes is1 h[ su* a ?+ may be safely & legally done1 ! idea held prom95tly be=e ! p>ty by 8 c\nsel %\ld be1 t 8 e/ate is ! prop]ty ( 8 cr$itors1 & t no?+ b _! cons5t w ju/ify an appropriation ( any "p ( x to 8 b5efit4 ,lawy]s too may v mat]ially assi/ 9 giv+ a high tone to public s5tim5t 9 ! matt] ( /ay & exemption laws4 ,x is n e case 9 :i* a man has a legal t he has a moral "r to claim ! b5efit ( su* laws4 ,:5 a debtor ) ample means to pay only wants to h>ass & worry 8 cr$itor1 :o has resort$ to legal process & obta9$ a judgm5t1 by keep+ him out ( 8 money1 z x is (t5 express$1 z long z he c2 or :]e he wi%es to take advantage ( h>d times to make m ?an legal int]e/1 or ) conceal$ means unkn[n to ! execution pla9tiff1 claims ! exemption3 ^! are cases :i* c\nsel ought to hold up 9 _! prop] light to ^? :om !y advise1 & wa% _! h&s ( ! responsibility ( !m4 ,accord+ to ! ,jewi% law1 ! cloak or out] g>m5t1 :i* 0 g5]ally us$ by ! poor] classes z a cov]+ dur+ sleep1 c\ld n be reta9$ by ! cr$itor to :om x _h be5 giv5 9 pl$ge1 & ( c\rse 0 exempt by law f seizure = debt2 & our bless$ ,savi\r1 9 8 s]mon on ! m\nt1 has be5 suppos$ to ref] to ?is exemption law1 :5 he said3 ,& if any man w sue !e at ! law & take away ?y coat1 let him h ?y cloak also2 t is1 conf9e n y\rself 9 y\r transactions ) y\r fell[-m5 to giv+ !m simply ! /rict measure ( _! legal rights3 give !m all t is hone/ly !irs z f> z y h ability1 :e!r ! law af=ds !m a rem$y or n4 ,!re h be5 "s noble in/ances ( bankrupts :o1 ^u subsequ5tly retriev+ _! =tunes1 h fully dis*>g$ all _! old debts1 pr9cipal & int]e/1 ?\gh releas$ or b>r$ by ! ,/atute ( ,limitations2 b su* in/ances w\ld be m common if ! _s ( ! high & pure morality1 :i* brea!s ?r\gh ! s]mon on ! m\nt1 prevail$ m ext5sively4 ,an important clause 9 ! (ficial oa? is to delay no man's cause = lucre or malice4 ,x ref]s1 no d\bt1 prim>ily1 to ! cause intru/$ to ! attorney1 & prohibits him f resort+ to su* means = ! purpose ( procur+ m fees1 or ( indulg+ any feel+ he may h aga9/ 8 cli5t p]sonally4 ,su* conduct w\ld be a cle> case ( a violation ( ! oa?4 ,b x is a "q1 also1 :e!r ! case g5]ally1 9 :i* he is reta9$1 is n compreh5d$4#bc ,h[ f>1 !n1 c he safely g 9 delay+ ! cause = ! b5efit (1 & 9 pursuance ( ! in/ructions ( 8 cli5t8 ,a man comes to him & says3 ,i h no def5ce to ?is claim2 x is j & due1 b ,i h n ! means to pay x2 ,i want all ! "t y c get = me4 ,! be/ plan 9 su* in/ances1 is1 no d\bt1 at once frankly to address 8 oppon5t1 & he w g5]ally be will+ to grant all ! delay :i* he kn[s1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse c be ga9$1 & p]haps m1 z a consid]ation = 8 own "t & tr\ble sav$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 t be impracticable1 x w\ld seem t ! suitor has a "r to all ! delay1 :i* is incid5t to ! ord9>y c\rse ( ju/ice4 ,! c\nsel may take all means = ?is purpose1 :i* d n involve artifice or falsehood 9 himself or ! p>ty4 ,! =mal pleas put 9 are n to be consid]$ z false 9 ?is aspect1 except su* z are requir$ to be su/a9$ by oa?4 ,9 an ejectm5t1 = example1 an appe>ance ne$ n be ent]$ until ! second t]m1 ! legislature hav+ se5 fit to give t mu* respite to ! unju/ possessor ( real e/ate4 ,b to /& by & see a cli5t swe> (f a case on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( a mat]ial witness1 :5 he kn[s t no witness c be mat]ial2 or fur!r to make affidavit t 8 appeal or writ ( error is n int5d$ = delay1 :5 he kn[s t x is int5d$ = no?+ else1 no high-m9d$ man w be privy or cons5t to su* actions1 mu* less h any active p>ticipation 9 !m4 ,subject1 h[ev]1 to ! qualifications :i* h be5 /at$1 :5 a cause is und]tak51 ! great duty :i* ! c\nsel owes to 8 cli5t1 is an immovable fidelity4 ,e consid]ation %\ld induce an hone/ & honorable man to reg>d himself1 z f> z ! cause is conc]n$1 z completely id5tifi$ ) 8 cli5t4 ,! crim9al & disgraceful (f5ce ( tak+ fees ( two adv]s>ies1 ( all[+ himself to be approa*$ corruptly1 :e!r directly or indirectly1 ) a view to conciliation1 ought1 l p>ricide 9 ! ,a!nian law1 to be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce 9 a code ( pr(essional e?ics4#bd ,all consid]ations ( self %\ld be sunk by ! lawy] 9 8 duty to ! cause4 ,! adv]s>y may be a man ( /ation1 weal?1 & influ5ce2 8 good w may be highly valuable to him2 8 enmity may d him great injury4 ,he %\ld n p]mit su* ?\ghts to arise 9 8 m9d4 ,he %\ld d 8 duty manfully1 )\t fe>1 favor1 or affection4 ,at ! same "t1 let x be obs]v$1 t no man ought to all[ himself to be hir$ to abuse ! opposite p>ty4 ,x is n a desirable pr(essional reputation to live & die )1 t ( a r\gh tongue1 :i* makes a man to be s\ght out1 & reta9$ to gratify ! malevol5t feel+s ( a suitor 9 he>+ ! o!r side well la%$ & vilifi$4 ,an oppon5t %\ld always be treat$ ) civility & c\rtesy1 & if x be necess>y to say sev]e ?+s ( him or 8 witnesses1 let x be done 9 ! language1 & ) ! be>+1 ( a g5tleman4 ,!re is no po9t 9 :i* x becomes an advocate to be m cauti\s1 ?an 9 8 treatm5t ( ! witnesses4 ,9 g5]al1 fi]ce assaults ^u !m1 unnecess>y trifl+ ) _! feel+s1 r\gh & uncivil behavior t[>ds !m 9 cross-exam9ation1 :il/ x may sometimes exasp]ate !m to su* a pit*1 t !y w p]jure !mselves 9 ! drunk5ness ( _! passion1 /ill1 mo/ g5]ally tells badly on ! jury4 ,!y are apt to sympa?ize ) a witness "u su* circum/ances4#be ,x is z well unwise z unpr(essional1 9 c\nsel1 to accuse a witness ( hav+ =sworn himself1 unless "s good gr\nd1 o!r ?an ! m]e in/ruction ( ! cli5t1 is pres5t 9 ! evid5ce to ju/ify x4 ,he may sift mo/ se>*+ly1 & yet ) a mann] & c\rtesy :i* af=ds no gr\nd = irritation1 ei!r 9 witness or oppon5t2 & 9 su* case1 if 8 que/ions produce irritation1 x is a circum/ance :i* w weigh 9 8 favor4 ,! practition] owes to 8 cli5t1 ) un%ak5 fidelity1 ! ex]tion ( all ! indu/ry & application ( :i* he is capable to become p]fect ma/] ( ! que/ions at issue1 to look at !m 9 all _! be>+s1 to place himself 9 ! opposite int]e/1 & to consid] & be prep>$ z f> z possible1 = all t may be said or done on ! contr>y "p4 ,! duty ( full & con/ant prep>ation1 is too evid5t to require mu* elaboration4 ,x is bett]1 :5ev] x is possible to d s1 to make ?is exam9ation imm$iately ^u ! reta9]1 & n to po/pone x to lat] /ages 9 ! proce$+s4 ,! opportunity is (t5 lo/1 ( asc]ta9+ facts1 & secur+ evid5ce1 f putt+ (f till too late1 ! bus9ess ( und]/&+ ?or\ghly all t x w be necess>y to adduce on ! trial4 ,9 ?is way1 a lawy] w atta9 :at is v important1 t 8 cli5t may be always prep>$1 z well z himself1 h 8 att5tion alive to 8 case1 "k :at witnesses are important1 & keep a wat* ^u !m1 s t _! te/imony may n be lo/1 & ^u ! movem5ts ( 8 adv]s>y1 le/ he %\ld at any "t be tak5 by surprise4 ,x w\ld be an excell5t rule = him1 at %ort /at$ p]iods1 to make an exam9ation ( ! record ( e case :i* he has "u 8 *>ge4 ,x always op]ates disadvantage\sly to an attorney 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o employ him1 z well z ! public1 :5 he fails 9 consequ5ce ( "s neglect or ov]sight4 ,frequ5t applications to ! c\rt1 to relieve him f ! consequ5ces ( 8 inatt5tion1 tell badly on 8 "* & bus9ess4 ,he may be able to make v plausible excuses2 b ! public take notice1 t "s m5 ) l>ge bus9ess nev] h occasion to make su* excuses1 & t o!r m5 ) less1 are con/antly mak+ !m4 ,e in/ance ( ! k9d helps to make up su* a "*4 ,a "y man %\ld be p>ticul>ly cauti\s1 & dread su* occurr5ces z highly injuri\s to 8 prospects4 ,if he escapes ! notice & animadv]sion ( 8 con/itu5t1 & ! legal consequ5ces ( 8 neglect1 by ! int]v5tion ( ! c\rt1 or ! indulg5ce ( 8 oppon5t1 ! memb]s ( ! ,b> are lynx-ey$ 9 obs]v+ su* ?+s4 ,x may appe> l digress+ f our subject1 to speak ( su* qualities z att5tion1 accuracy1 & punctuality1 b l ! m9or morals ( common life1 !y are little rills :i* at times unite & =m great riv]s4 ,a life ( di%onor & obscurity1 if n ignom9y1 has (t5 tak5 its rise f ! f\nta9 ( a little habit ( inatt5tion & procra/9ation4 ,sy/em is ev]y?+4 ,x c accompli% wond]s4 ,by ?is alone1 z by a magic talisman1 may "t be s economiz$ t bus9ess c be att5d$ to & opportunities sav$ = /udy1 g5]al read+1 ex]cise1 recreation1 & society4 ,a man t is "y 9 ye>s1 says ,"l ,bacon1 may be old 9 h\rs1 if he has lo/ no "t4 ,hurry & confusion result f ! want ( sy/em2 & ! m9d c nev] be cle> :5 a man's pap]s & bus9ess are 9 disord]4 ,x is record$ ( ! p5sion>y ,de ,witt1 ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 :o fell a victim to ! fury ( ! populace 9 ! ye> #afgb1 t he did ! :ole bus9ess ( ! republic1 & yet _h "t left = relaxation & /udy 9 ! ev5+s4 ,:5 he 0 ask$ h[ he c\ld possibly br+ ?is to pass1 8 answ] 01 t no?+ 0 s easy2 = t x 0 only do+ "o ?+ at a "t1 & nev] putt+ (f any?+ till to-morr[ t c\ld he done to-day4 ,?is /eady & undissipat$ att5tion to "o object1 rem>ks ,"l ,*e/]field1 9 relat+ ?is anecdote1 is a sure m>k ( a sup]ior g5ius4 ,x is ( ! highe/ importance1 also1 t a lawy] %\ld 9 e>ly pr(essional life1 cultivate ! habit ( accuracy4 ,x is a great advantage ov] oppos+ c\nsel1--a great recomm5dation 9 ! eyes ( intellig5t m]cantile & bus9ess m54 ,a pr(essional note to a m]*ant c>elessly writt5 w (t5 ( itself produce an unfavorable impression on 8 m9d2 & t impression he may communicate to _m o!rs4 ,! importance ( a good h&writ+ _c be ov]rat$4 ,a pla9 legible h& e man c write :o *ooses to take ! pa9s4 ,a good h&writ+ is a passport to ! favor ( cli5ts1 & to ! good graces ( judges1 :5 pap]s come to be submitt$ to !m4 ,x w\ld be a good rule = a "y lawy]1 ?\gh at fir/ p]haps irksome & inconv5i5t1 nev] to suff] a lett] or pap] to pass f 8 h&s ) an erasure or int]l9eation4 ,! "t & tr\ble x may co/ at ! outset w be repaid 9 ! end by ! habit he w !reby acquire ( transact+ 8 bus9ess ) c>e1 neatness1 & accuracy4 ,he _c be fai?ful to 8 cli5ts unless he cont9ues to be a h>d /ud5t ( ! le>n+ ( 8 pr(ession4 ,n m]ely t he %\ld ?or\ghly inve/igate ! law applicable to e case :i* may be intru/$ to him2 ?\gh t1 besides its p>am\nt necessity to enable him to meet ! responsibility he has assum$ to t p>ticul> cli5t1 w be ! subsidi>y means ( important progress 9 8 pr(essional acquisitions4 ,let any p]son1 says ,mr4 ,pre/on1 /udy "o or two heads ( ! law fully & m9utely1 & he w h laid ! f\ndation or acquir$ ! aptitude = compreh5d+ o!r heads ( ! law4#bf ,b1 besides ?is1 he %\ld pursue ! sy/ematic /udy ( 8 pr(ession ^u "s well-matur$ plan4 ,:5 admitt$ to ! ,b>1 a "y man has b j begun1 n f9i%$1 8 legal education4 ,if he h ma/]$ "s ( ! mo/ g5]al elem5t>y pr9ciples1 & has acquir$ a ta/e = ! /udy1 x is z mu* z c be expect$ f 8 cl]k%ip4 ,!re are few "y m5 :o come to ! ,b>1 :o _c f9d ample "t 9 ! fir/ five or sev5 ye>s ( _! novitiate1 to devote to a complete acquisition ( ! sci5ce !y pr(ess1 if !y truly feel ! ne$ ( x1 & resolve to atta9 x4 ,! dang] is great t f a faulty prep>ation1--f n be+ made to see & appreciate ! dep?1 ext5t1 & v>iety ( ! k !y are to seek1 !y w mi/ake ! smatt]+ !y h acquir$ = pr(\nd atta9m5ts4 ,! anxiety ( ! "y lawy] is a natural "o at once to get bus9ess--z mu* bus9ess z he c4 ,?r[+ aside 8 books1 he resorts to ! _m means at h& ( ga9+ notoriety & attract+ public att5tion1 ) a view ( br++ cli5ts to 8 (fice4 ,su* an "o 9 "t nev] fails to le>n mu* by 8 mi/akes1 b at a sad exp5se ( "*1 feel+1 & consci5ce4 ,he at la/ f9ds t 9 law1 z 9 e bran* ( k1 a little le>n+ is a dang]\s ?+2 t :at he does n "k falsifies (t5 9 its actual application t :i* he suppos$ he c]ta9ly did "k2 & aft] ! mo/ valuable portion ( 8 life has be5 fritt]$ away ^u objects unwor?y ( 8 ambition1 he is too apt to conclude t x is n[ too late to r$eem 8 "t2 he f9ds t he has lo/ all reli% = sy/ematic /udy1 & :5 he is driv5 to ! inve/igation ( p>ticul> que/ions1 is conf\nd$ & emb>rass$--unable to ?read 8 way ?r\gh ! mazes ( au?orities1 to reconcile app>5tly conflict+ cases1 or d$uce any satisfactory conclusion f !m--9 %ort1 he has no great] aptitude1 accuracy1 & discrim9ation ?an :5 he set out 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 /udies4 ,no bett] advice c be giv5 to a "y practition]1 ?an to conf9e himself g5]ally to 8 (fice & books1 ev5 if ?is %\ld require self-d5ial & privation1 to map out = himself a c\rse ( regul> /udies1 m or less ext5d$1 accord+ to circum/ances1 to aim at ma/]+ ! works ( ! great lum9>ies ( ! sci5ce1 ,coke1 ,fe>ne1 ,pre/on1 ,p[ell1 ,sugd51 & o!rs1 n =gett+ ! maxim1 melius e/ pet]e fontes quam sect>i rivulos1 & to inve/igate = himself ! mo/ important & int]e/+ que/ions1 by an exam9ation & rese>* ( ! orig9al au?orities4 ,he t rea*e? deepe/ see? ! amiable & admirable1 secrets ( ! law1#bg & ?us may ! /ud5t proce$ 9 8 read+ ) alacrity1 & set ^u & "k h[ to "w into ) delight ^! r\gh m9es ( hidd5 treasure4#bh ,x may be all[$ "h to comm5d to mo/ s]i\s consid]ation1 ! rem>ks ( "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( ! pr(ession--,horace ,b9ney--a g5tleman ( our own ,b>1 ^: example en=ces & illu/rates _! value3 ,!re are two v diff]5t me?ods ( acquir+ a k ( ! laws ( ,engl&1 & by ea* ( !m1 m5 h succe$$ 9 public e/imation to an almo/ equal ext5t4 ,"o ( !m1 :i* may be call$ ! old way1 is a me?odical /udy ( ! g5]al sy/em ( law1 & ( its gr\nds & reasons1 beg9n+ ) ! fundam5tal law ( e/ates & t5ures1 & pursu+ ! d]ivative bran*es 9 logical succession1 & ! collat]al subjects 9 due ord]2 by :i* ! /ud5t acquires a k ( pr9ciples t rule 9 all dep>tm5ts ( ! sci5ce1 & le>ns to feel z mu* z to "k :at is 9 h>mony ) ! sy/em & :at n4 ,! o!r is1 to get an outl9e ( ! sy/em1 by ! aid ( comm5t>ies1 & to fill x up by ! desultory read+ ( treatises & reports1 accord+ to ! b5t ( ! /ud5t1 )\t mu* %ape or c]ta9ty 9 ! k s acquir$1 until x is giv5 by inve/igation 9 ! c\rse ( practice4 ,a good deal ( law may be put toge!r by a facile or flexible man1 9 ! second ( ^! modes1 & ! public are (t5 satisfi$2 b ! pr(ession itself kn[s ! fir/1 by its fruits1 to be ! mo/ effectual way ( mak+ a great lawy]4#bi ,su* a c\rse ( /udy z is "h recomm5d$1 is n ! "w ( a day or a ye>4 ,9 ! meantime let bus9ess seek ! "y attorney2 & ?\gh x may come 9 sl[ly1 & at int]vals1 & promise 9 its "* nei!r fame nor pr(it1 /ill1 if he be>s 9 m9d t x is an important "p ( 8 tra9+1 t he %\ld und]/& ! bus9ess he does ?or\ghly1 t he %\ld especially cultivate1 9 transact+ x1 habits ( neatness1 accuracy1 punctuality1 & despat*1 c&or t[>ds 8 cli5t1 & /rict honor t[>ds 8 adv]s>y1 x may be safely prophesi$ t 8 bus9ess w gr[ z fa/ z x is good = him t x %\ld gr[2 :ile he gradually becomes able to su/a9 ! l>ge/ practice1 )\t be+ bewild]$ & ov]:elm$4 ,let him be c>eful1 h[ev]1 n to settle d[n into a m]e lawy]4 ,to rea* ! highe/ walks ( ! pr(ession1 some?+ m is ne$$4 ,let polite lit]ature be cultivat$ 9 h\rs ( relaxation4 ,let him lose n 8 acqua9tance ) ! models ( anci5t ta/e & eloqu5ce4 ,he %\ld /udy languages1 z well f _! practical utility 9 a c\ntry s full ( =eign]s1 z f ! m5tal discipl9e1 & ! ri* /ores !y furni%4 ,he %\ld cultivate a pleas+ /yle1 & an easy & graceful address4 ,x may be true1 t 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 ! v]ie/ dolt t ev] /amm]$ a s5t5ce1 w\ld be m att5d$ to1 ) a case 9 po9t1 ?an ,cic]o ) all 8 eloqu5ce1 unsupport$ by au?orities1#cj yet ev5 an argum5t on a dry po9t ( law1 produces a bett] impression1 secures a m att5tive auditor 9 ! judge1 :5 x is con/ruct$ & put toge!r ) att5tion to ! rules ( ! rhetorical art2 :5 x is deliv]$1 n /amm]+ly1 b flu5tly2 :5 facts & pr9ciples1 drawn f o!r fields ( k1 are invok$ to support & adorn x2 :5 voice1 & ge/ure1 & animation1 give x all t attraction :i* e>ne/ness always & alone imp>ts4 ,!re is great dang] t law read+1 pursu$ to ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ else1 w cramp & dw>f ! m9d1 %ackle x by ! te*nicalities ) :i* x has become s famili>1 & disable x f tak+ enl>g$ & compreh5sive views ev5 ( topics fall+ )9 its compass z well z ( ^? ly+ beyond its legitimate doma94 ,an amus+ in/ance ( ?is is said to h occurr$ 9 ! debate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 on ! great "q z to ! "r ( ! ,p>liam5t ( ,great ,brita9 to tax ! ,colonies4 ,at ! close ( ! discussion1 9 :i* ,fox & ,burke1 z well z o!rs1 _h di/+ui%$ !mselves1 a le>n$ lawy] arose & said t ! real po9t on :i* ! :ole matt] turn$1 _h be5 unacc\ntably ov]look$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( deep sil5ce & anxi\s expectation f all qu>t]s ( ! ,h\se1 he proce$$ to %[ t ! l&s ( ! ,colonies _h be5 orig9ally grant$ by ! ,cr[n1 & 7 held ut de honore1 z ( ! ,manor ( ,gre5wi*1 9 ! c\nty ( ,k5t2 & !nce he conclud$ t z ! ,manor ( ,gre5wi* 0 repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 s ! l&s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,colonies 7by t5ure1 a "p ( ! ,manor7 7 repres5t$ by ! knights ( ! %ire = ,k5t4#ca ,let me rem>k1 too1 be=e ha/5+ to ano!r topic m imm$iately connect$ ) ! duties ( active pr(essional life1 t ! cultivation ( a ta/e = polite lit]ature has o!r importance besides its value z a prep>ation & qualification = practice & =5sic conte/s4 ,no?+ is s well adapt$ to fill up ! int]/ices ( bus9ess ) rational enjoym5t1 to make ev5 a solit>y life agreeable1 & to smoo? pleasantly & honorably ! d[nw>d pa? ( age4 ,! m5tal vigor ( "o :o is fond ( read+1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 becomes impair$ at a mu* lat] p]iod ( life4 ,! lov] ( books has fai?ful companions & fri5ds1 :o w nev] =sake him "u ! mo/ adv]se circum/ances4 ,z soon z ,i f\nd1 said ,sir ,samuel ,romilly1 t ,i 0 to be a busy lawy] = life1 ,i /r5u\sly resolv$ to keep up my habit ( non-pr(essional read+2 = ,i _h witness$ s mu* mis]y 9 ! la/ ye>s ( _m great lawy]s1 :om ,i _h kn[n1 f _! loss ( all ta/e = books1 t ,i reg>d$ _! fate z my w>n+4 ,mr4 ,gibbon 0 wont to say t he w\ld n ex*ange 8 love ( read+ = ! weal? ( ! ,indies4 ,x is inde$ a =tune1 ( :i* ! _w's rev]ses c nev] deprive u4 ,x =tifies ! s\l aga9/ ! calamities ( life4 ,x mod]ates1 if x is n /rong en\gh to gov]n & control ! passions4 ,x favors n ! association ( ! cup1 ! dice-box1 or ! debau*4 ,! atmosph]e ( a libr>y is uncong5ial ) !m4 ,x cl+s to home1 n\ri%es ! dome/ic affections1 & ! hopes & consolations ( religion4 ,ano!r v delicate & (t5 emb>rass+ "q 9 ! relation ( attorney & cli5t is 9 reg>d to ! subject ( comp5sation = pr(essional s]vices4 ,9 all c\ntries advanc$ 9 civilization1 & ^: laws & mann]s h atta9$ any degree ( ref9em5t1 !re has aris5 an ord] ( advocates devot$ to prosecut+ or def5d+ ! lawsuits ( o!rs4 ,be=e ! tribunals ( ,a!ns1 al?\gh ! p>ty plead$ 8 own cause1 x 0 usual to h ! oration prep>$ by "o ( an ord] ( m5 devot$ to ?is bus9ess1 & to comp5sate him lib]ally = 8 skill & le>n+4 ,_m ( ! orations ( ,isocrates1 :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u1 are b private plead+s ( ?is "*4 ,he is said to h receiv$ "o fee ( tw5ty tal5ts1 ab\t eighte5 ?\s& doll>s ( our money1 = a spee* t he wrote = ,nicocles1 k+ ( ,cyprus4 ,/ill1 f all t appe>s1 ! comp5sation ?us receiv$ 0 honor>y or gratuit\s m]ely4 ,among ! e>ly in/itutions ( ,rome1 ! relation ( patron & cli5t1 :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! patrician & plebeian1 b\nd ! =m] to r5d] ! latt] assi/ance & protection 9 8 lawsuits1 ) no o!r return ?an ! g5]al duty1 :i* ! cli5t ow$ to 8 patron4 ,z e patrician c\ld n be a suffici5tly pr(\nd lawy] to resolve all difficulties1 :i* might arise 9 ! progress ( a complex sy/em ( gov]nm5t & laws1 ?\gh he /ill might accompli% himself 9 ! art ( eloqu5ce1 !re arose soon a new ord] ( m51 ! jurisconsults4 ,!y also receiv$ no comp5sation4 ,on ! public days ( m>ket1 or assembly1 ! ma/]s ( ! art 7 se5 walk+ 9 ! =um1 ready to imp>t ! ne$ful advice to ! meane/ ( _! fell[-citiz5s1 f ^: votes on a future occasion1 !y might solicit a grateful return4 ,z _! ye>s & honors increas$1 !y seat$ !mselves at home1 on a *air or ?rone1 to expect ) pati5t gravity ! visits ( _! cli5ts1 :o at ! dawn ( day1 f ! t[n & c\ntry1 began to ?und] at _! doors4#cb ,(t51 inde$1 ! patron 0 able 9 8 own p]son to ex]cise ! (fice bo? ( advocate & c\nsellor4 ,x 0 only 9 ! m glori\s1 because ! m virtu\s1 p]iod ( ! republic1 t ! relation 0 su/a9$ ^u s honorable a f\ndation4 ,9 ! progress ( society1 ! bus9ess ( advocat+ causes became a di/9ct pr(ession2 & !n x 0 usual to pay a fee 9 advance1 :i* 0 call$ a gratuity or pres5t4 ,z ?is 0 a m]e honor>y recomp5se1 ! cli5t 0 "u no legal obligation to pay x4 ,b ! result necess>ily 01 t if ! usual pres5t 0 n giv51 ! advocate did n consid] himself b\nd 9 honor to und]take ! advocation ( ! cause be=e ! c\rts4 ,aft]w>ds1 ,m>cus ,c9cius ,alim5tus1 ! tribune ( ! p1 procur$ ! passage ( ! law kn[n z ! ,c9cian law1 prohibit+ ! patron or advocate f receiv+ any money or o!r pres5t = any cause2 & annull+ all gratuities or pres5ts made by ! cli5t to ! patron or advocate4 ,b z no p5alty 0 prescrib$ = ! brea* ( ! law1 x ( c\rse became a dead lett]4 ,! ,emp]or ,augu/us aft]w>ds re-enact$ ! ,c9cian law1 & prescrib$ p5alties = its brea*4 ,b t[>ds ! end ( 8 reign1 ! advocates 7 aga9 au?oriz$ to receive fees or pres5ts f _! cli5ts4 ,! ,emp]or ,tib]ius also p]mitt$ !m to receive su* =c$ gratuities4 ,?is l$ to ! abuse ref]r$ to by ,tacitus1 & induc$ ! ,s5ate to insi/ ^u ! en=cem5t ( ! re-enactm5t ( ! ,c9cian law1 or r a law limit+ ! am\nt ( ! fees ( advocates4#cc ,n]o revok$ ! law ( ,claudian1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly re-enact$ by ! ,emp]or ,trajan1 ) ! additional re/riction t ! advocate %\ld n be p]mitt$ to receive 8 fee or gratuity1 until ! cause 0 decid$4 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y m5tions a law1 :i* au?oriz$ ! advocate1 aft] ! plead+s 9 ! cause _h be5 made & ! judgm5t _h be5 giv51 to receive ! fee1 :i* might be volunt>ily (f]$ by ! cli5t1 ei!r 9 money or a promise to pay4 ,ersk9e1 9 8 ,in/itutes ( ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 und]/&s ! law 9 ! ,dige/ ,de ,extraord9>iis ,cognitionibus z au?oriz+ a suit = ! fee ( a physician or advocate )\t a previ\s agreem5t = a specific sum4#cd ,! consequ5ces may be be/ told 9 ! impressive language ( ! hi/orian ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,empire3 ,! noble art1 :i* _h once be5 pres]v$ z ! sacr$ inh]itance ( ! patricians1 0 fall5 into ! h&s ( fre$m5 & plebeians1 :o1 ) cunn+ r ?an ) skill1 ex]cis$ a sordid & p]nici\s trade4 ,"s ( !m procur$ admittance into families = ! purpose ( fom5t+ diff]5ces1 ( enc\rag+ suits1 & ( prep>+ a h>ve/ ( ga9 = !mselves or _! bre?r54 ,o!rs1 recluse 9 _! *amb]s1 ma9ta9$ ! dignity ( legal pr(essors1 by furni%+ a ri* cli5t ) subtleties to conf\nd ! pla9e/ tru?1 & ) argum5ts to color ! mo/ unju/ifiable pret5sions4 ,! spl5did & popul> class 0 compos$ ( ! advocates1 :o fill$ ! ,=um ) ! s\nd ( _! turgid & loquaci\s rhetoric4 ,c>eless ( fame & ( ju/ice1 !y are describ$ = ! mo/ "p1 z ignorant & rapaci\s guides1 :o conduct$ _! cli5ts ?r\gh a maze ( exp5se1 ( delay1 & ( disappo9tm5t2 f :5ce1 aft] a t$i\s s]ies ( ye>s1 !y 7 at l5g? dismiss$ :5 _! pati5ce & =tune 7 almo/ exhau/$4#ce ,is n ?is probably ! hi/ory ( ! decl9e ( ! pr(ession 9 all c\ntries f an honorable (fice to a money-mak+ trade8 ,x is ! e/abli%$ law ( ,engl&1 t a c\nsellor or b>ri/] _c ma9ta9 a suit = 8 fees4#cf ,!re is 9 t c\ntry a class ( m]e attorneys1 :o att5d to legal bus9ess out ( c\rt1 :o br+ suits & conduct !m up to issue2 b :o are n all[$ to speak 9 c\rt4 ,?is latt] privilege is conf9$ to s]jeants & b>ri/]s4 ,attorneys are regulat$ by /atute1 & are subject to _m re/rictions2 hav+ a rate ( fees1 settl$ ei!r by /atute or e/abli%$ usage2 & requir$ to be fix$ by ! taxation ( an (fic] ( ! c\rt be=e a suit c be br\ght = !m4 ,b>ri/]s are admitt$ only "u ! regulations e/abli%$ by ! v>i\s inns ( c\rt2 & ! s]jeants1 :o long _h ! monopoly ( ! ,b> ( ! ,common ,pleas1 are appo9t$ by pat5t f ! k+4 ,a b>ri/] _c be an attorney4#cg ,9 ?is c\ntry1 !re is 9 g5]al no di/9ction betwe5 attorneys & c\nsellors4 ,! same p]sons fulfil ! duties ( bo?4 ,h5ce no diff]5ce is made betwe5 _! "r to recov] comp5sation = s]vices 9 ! "o capacity or ! o!r4#ch ,9 ,p5nsylvania1 x 0 held at "o "t t an attorney c\ld n recov]1 )\t an express promise1 any?+ beyond ! trifl+ & totally inadequate sum provid$ 9 ! fee-bill4 ,t pure & em95t juri/ ,*ief ,ju/ice ,tilghman ?\ght t ! policy ( refus+ a legal rem$y = any?+ beyond t _h n be5 adopt$ )\t great consid]ation4#ci ,he /&s n alone 9 ! op9ion t x has be5 nei!r = ! honor nor pr(it ( ! ,b> to dep>t f ! anci5t rule4#dj ,x has be5 dep>t$ f 9 ?is ,/ate1 & ! e>ly decision ov]rul$1 h[ev]2 & x mu/ be frankly admitt$1 t ! curr5t ( decisions 9 our si/] ,/ates is 9 ! same way4#da ,x is suppos$ t ! anci5t rule 0 artificial 9 its /ructure1 & practically unju/1--t x is :olly inconsi/5t ) our ideas ( equality to suppose t ! bus9ess or pr(ession1 by :i* any "o e>ns ! daily bread ( himself or ( 8 family1 is s mu* m honorable ?an ! bus9ess ( o!r memb]s ( ! community z to prev5t him f receiv+ a fair comp5sation = 8 s]vices on t acc\nt4#db ,x has be5 pron\nc$ ridicul\s to attempt to p]petuate a mon/r\s legal fiction1 by :i* ! h>d-work+ lawy]s ( our day1 toil+ till midnight 9 _! (fices1 are to be reg>d$ 9 ! eye ( ! law 9 ! light ( ! patrician jurisconsults ( anci5t ,rome1 :5 ---- dulce diu fuit et solemne1 reclusa ,mane domo vigil>e1 cli5ti prom]e jura1-- & :o at daybreak receiv$ ! e>ly visits ( _! humble & dep5d5t cli5ts1 & pron\nc$ ) my/]i\s brevity ! oracles ( ! law4#dc ,^! are argum5ts :i* are m plausible ?an s\nd3 !y are impos+1 b n solid4 ,! "q really is1 :at is be/ = ! p at l>ge1--:at w be mo/ likely to secure !m a high-m9d$1 honorable ,b>8 ,x is all-important t ! pr(ession %\ld h & des]ve t "*4 ,a horde ( pettifogg+1 b>ratr\s1 cu/om-seek+1 money-mak+ lawy]s1 is "o ( ! greate/ curses ) :i* any /ate or community c be visit$4 ,:at m likely to br+ ab\t su* a result ?an a decision1 :i* /rips ! ,b> ( its "* z a le>n$ pr(ession1 on ! pr9ciple av[$ by "o c\rt1 t x is n[ a call+ z mu* z any me*anical art1--or by ano!r1 9 effect1 t ! ord] ( ?+s is 9 ! pres5t condition ( society rev]s$1 & cli5ts are really ! patrons ( _! attorneys8 ,a m plausible reason is t ! cli5t is saf] f ! oppression ( extortionate c\nsel1 by putt+ bo? ^u ! equal foot+ ( legal "r & obligation4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 bett] t ! p>ties %\ld make an express agreem5t be=e or at ! "t ( reta9]1 or t ! am\nt %\ld be left to ! ju/ice ( ! c\nsel1 & ! honor & lib]ality ( ! cli5t subsequ5tly4 ,e judge1 :o has ev] tri$ a case betwe5 attorney & cli5t1 has felt ! delicacy & difficulty ( say+ :at is ! measure ( j comp5sation4 ,x is to be graduat$1 accord+ to a high legal au?ority1 ) a prop] ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! bus9ess p]=m$ by ! c\nsel = ! cli5t1 & 8 /&+ 9 8 pr(ession = le>n+ & skill2 :]eby ! value ( 8 s]vices is enhanc$ to 8 cli5t4#dd ,is !n ! /&+ & "* ( ! c\nsel 9 8 pr(ession = le>n+ & skill to be a "q ( fact to be det]m9$ by ! jury 9 e case 9 :i* a lawy] sues 8 cli5t8 ,h[ det]m9$1 if necess>y to ! decision ( ! "q8 ,n surely by ! crude op9ions ( ! jurors2 b by te/imony ( memb]s ( ! same pr(ession on ! subject4 ,?is nev] is done2 x w\ld be a v difficult z well z delicate "q = a lawy] to pron\nce ^u ! /&+ ( a pr(essional bro!r4 ,! mo/ t c be done is to call g5tlem5 to say :at !y w\ld h consid]$ reasonable = su* s]vices1 _h !y be5 p]=m$ by !mselves4 ,"s may te/ify up to a v high po9t1 f an excusable1 ?\gh fooli% vanity2 o!rs to a v l[ "o1 f ! despicable1 desire ( attract+ cu/om to a *eap %op4#de ,no "o c ev] h se5 su* a cause tri$ )\t feel+1 t ! ,b> _h receiv$ by x an impulse d[nw>ds 9 ! eyes ( by/&]s & ! community4 ,! case is ?r[n into ! jury-box1 to be decid$ at haphaz>d1 accord+ z ! twelve m5 may *ance to ?9k or feel4 ,he1 :o n>r[ly wat*es su* controv]sies1 _c fail to see t ! "r ( a c\nsel to en=ce 8 claim = legal comp5sation is f> f be+ calculat$ to protect ! cli5t f oppression & extortion4 ,x is n wor? :ile1 h[ev]1 to qu>rel ) ! decision4 ,let u inquire r :at %\ld be ! c\rse ( c\nsel1 )\t reg>d to x4 ,he c]ta9ly owes x to 8 pr(ession1 z well z himself1 t :5 ! cli5t has ! ability1 8 s]vices %\ld be recomp5s$2 & t accord+ to a lib]al /&>d4#df ,!re are _m cases1 9 :i* x w be 8 duty1 p]haps m prop]ly 8 privilege1 to "w = no?+4 ,x is to be hop$1 t ! "t w nev] come1 at ?is or any o!r ,b> 9 ?is c\ntry1 :5 a poor man ) an hone/ cause1 ?\gh )\t a fee1 _c obta9 ! s]vices ( honorable c\nsel1 9 ! prosecution or def5ce ( 8 rights4 ,b x mu/ be an extraord9>y--a v peculi> case--t w ju/ify an attorney 9 resort+ to legal proce$+s1 to en=ce ! paym5t ( fees4 ,x is bett] t he %\ld be a los]1 ?an h a public conte/ ^u ! subject ) a cli5t4 ,! enlight5$ ,b> ( ,p>is1 h ju/ly consid]$ ! "* ( _! ord] involv$ 9 su* proce$+s2 & al?\gh by ! law ( ,france1 an advocate may recov] = 8 fees by suit1 yet !y reg>d x z di%onorable1 & ^? :o %\ld attempt to d x1 w\ld be imm$iately /rick5 f ! roll ( attorneys4#dg ,reg>d %\ld be _h to ! g5]al usage ( ! pr(ession1 especially z to ! rates ( commission to be *>g$ = ! collection ( undef5d$ claims4 ,except 9 ?is class ( cases1 agreem5ts betwe5 c\nsel & cli5t t ! comp5sation ( ! =m] %all dep5d ^u f9al success 9 ! lawsuit--9 o!r words cont+5t fees--h[ev] common su* agreem5ts may be1 are ( a v dang]\s t5d5cy1 & to be decl9$ 9 all ord9>y cases4 ,9 mak+ 8 *>ge1 aft] ! bus9ess committ$ to him has be5 complet$1 z an attorney may well take into consid]ation ! g5]al ability ( 8 cli5t to pay1 s he may also consid] ! pecuni>y b5efit1 :i* may h be5 d]iv$ f 8 s]vices4 ,= a poor man1 :o is unable to pay at all1 !re may be a g5]al und]/&+ t ! attorney is to be lib]ally comp5sat$ 9 case ( success4 ,:at is object$ to1 is an agreem5t to receive a c]ta9 "p or proportion ( ! sum1 or subject-matt]1 9 ! ev5t ( a recov]y1 & no?+ o!rwise4 ,x is unnecess>y to inquire "h :e!r su* a contract is void z *amp]t\s1 & contr>y to public policy4 ,none ( ! ,engli% /atutes on ! subject ( *amp]ty h be5 report$ z 9 =ce "h2 b x 0 once a "q :e!r x 0 n an (f5ce at common law1 indep5d5tly altoge!r1 ( any /atute enactm5t4 ,enlight5$ judges 9 sev]al ( our si/] ,/ates h s consid]$ x4 ,! pur*ase ( a lawsuit1 says ,*ancellor ,k5t1 by an attorney1 is *amp]ty 9 its mo/ odi\s =m2 & x ought equally to be condemn$ on pr9ciples ( public policy4 ,x w\ld lead to fraud1 oppression1 & corruption4 ,z a sworn m9i/] ( ! c\rts ( ju/ice1 ! attorney ought n to be p]mitt$ to avail himself ( ! k he acquires 9 8 pr(essional "*1 to speculate 9 lawsuits4 ,! prec$5t w\ld t5d to corrupt ! pr(ession1 & produce la/+ mis*ief to ! community4#dh ,?is is n ! "t nor place1 says ,*ief ,ju/ice ,gibson1 to discuss ! legality ( cont+5t fees2 ?\gh x be cle> t if ! ,briti% /atutes ( *amp]ty 7 9 =ce "h1 su* fees w\ld be prohibit$ by !m4 ,b a contract ( ! sort is c]ta9ly n to be enc\rag$ by implication1 f a que/ionable usage1 nor e/abli%$ by less ?an a positive /ipulation4#di ,a contract to all[ a comp5sation = s]vices 9 procur+ ! passage ( a private ,act ( ,assembly1 has be5 held to be unlawful & void1 z aga9/ public policy4#ej ,! practice1 said ,judge ,rog]s1 9 deliv]+ ! op9ion ( ! c\rt1 :i* has g5]ally obta9$ 9 ?is ,/ate1 to all[ a cont+5t comp5sation = legal s]vices1 has be5 a subject ( regret2 nor am ,i aw>e ( any direct decision by :i* ! practice has receiv$ judicial sanction 9 our c\rts4 ,! case ( ,ex p>te ,plitt1#ea h[ev]1 recognizes fully ! lawfulness ( cont+5t fees1 ?\gh 9 8 op9ion ,judge ,kane says3 ,x is n a practice to be g5]ally comm5d$1 expos+ honorable m5 n unfrequ5tly to misappreh5sion & illib]al rem>k1 & giv+ ! app>5t sanction ( _! example to conduct1 :i* !y w\ld be among ! =emo/ to repreh5d4 ,su* contracts may sometimes be necess>y 9 a community su* z t ( ,p5nsylvania has be51 & p]haps z x is yet2 & :5 !y h be5 made 9 abundant good fai?--ub]rima fide--)\t suppression or res]ve ( fact or exagg]ation ( appreh5d$ difficulties1 or "u influ5ce ( any sort or degree2 & :5 ! comp5sation b>ga9$ = is absolutely j & fair1 s t ! transaction is *>act]iz$ ?r\gh\t by 'all good fidelity to ! cli5t1' ! c\rt w hold su* contracts to be valid4 ,b x is unnecess>y to say1 t su* contracts1 z !y c sc>cely be except$ f ! g5]al rule1 :i* d5\nces z suspici\s ! deal+s ( fiduci>ies ) ^? "u _! protection1 mu/ und]go ! mo/ exact & jeal\s scrut9y be=e !y c expect ! judicial ratification4 ,f9ally1 ! "q ( law may be consid]$ z at re/ 9 ,p5nsylvania by ! decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ,patt5 v4 ,wilson1#eb :i* recogniz$ an agreem5t betwe5 c\nsel & cli5t to pay him out ( ! v]dict z an equitable assignm5t1 & gave effect to x z aga9/ an atta*+ cr$itor4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ) ! lawfulness1 b ) ! policy & morality ( ! practice1 t we are n[ deal+4 ,admitt+ its legality1 is x consi/5t ) t high /&>d ( moral excell5ce1 :i* ! memb]s ( ?is pr(ession %\ld ev] propose to !mselves8 ,let u look at :at w\ld be ! results ( su* a practice1 if x became g5]al4 ,if ^! are bad1 if its t5d5cy is to corrupt & degrade ! "* ( ! pr(ession1 !n1 h[ev] confid5t any man may feel 9 8 moral p[] to w>d (f its evil influ5ces f 8 own "* & conduct1 he %\ld be c>eful n to enc\rage & give c\nt5ance to x by 8 example4 ,x is "o ( t class ( actions1 :i* 9 p>ticul> in/ances may be indiff]5t2 b _! morality is to be te/$ by consid]+ :at w\ld be ! consequ5ces ( _! g5]al preval5ce4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 !n1 t su* a contract *anges entirely ! relation ( c\nsel1 to ! cause4 ,x r$uces him f 8 high position ( an (fic] ( ! c\rt & a m9i/] ( ju/ice1 to t ( a p>ty litigat+ 8 own claim4 ,hav+ n[ a deep p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! ev5t ( ! controv]sy1 he w cease to consid] himself subject to ! ord9>y rules ( pr(essional conduct4 ,he is tempt$ to make success1 at all haz>ds & by all means1 ! sole end ( 8 ex]tions4 ,he becomes bl9d to ! m]its ( ! case1 & w\ld f9d x difficult to p]suade himself1 no matt] :at /ate ( facts might be develop$ 9 ! progress ( ! proce$+s1 z to ! true "* ( ! transaction1 t x 0 8 duty to retire f x4 ,x places 8 cli5t & himself 9 a new & dang]\s relation4 ,!y are no long] attorney & cli5t1 b p>tn]s4 ,he has n[ an int]e/1 :i* gives him a "r to speak z pr9cipal1 n m]ely to advise z to ! law1 & abide by in/ructions4 ,x is ei!r unfair to him or unfair to ! cli5t4 ,if he ?9ks ! result d\btful1 he ?r[s all 8 "t1 le>n+1 & skill away ^u :at1 9 8 e/imation1 is an unc]ta9 *ance4 ,he _c "w ) ! prop] _s 9 su* a case4 ,if he believes t ! result w be success1 he secures 9 ?is way a high] comp5sation ?an he is ju/ly entitl$ to receive4 ,x is an undue enc\ragem5t to litigation4 ,m51 :o w\ld n ?9k ( ent]+ on a lawsuit1 if !y knew t !y mu/ comp5sate _! lawy] :e!r !y w9 or lose1 are ready ^u su* a cont+5t agreem5t to try _! *ances ) any k9d ( a claim4 ,x makes ! law m ( a lott]y ?an x is4 ,! wor/ consequ5ce is yet to be told1--its effect ^u1 pr(essional "*4 ,x turns lawy]s into higgl]s ) _! cli5ts4 ,( c\rse x is n meant t ^! are always its actual results2 b !y are its inevitable t5d5cies1--9 _m in/ances its practical work+4 ,to drive a favorable b>ga9 ) ! suitor 9 ! fir/ place1 ! difficulties ( ! case are magnifi$ & multipli$1 & advantage tak5 ( t v confid5ce1 :i* l$ him to intru/ 8 int]e/s to ! protection ( ! advocate4#ec ,! p>ties are necess>ily n on an equal foot+ 9 mak+ su* a b>ga94 ,a high s5se ( honor may prev5t c\nsel f abus+ 8 position & k2 b all h n su* high & nice s5se ( honor4 ,if our example goes t[>ds mak+ ! practice ( agreem5ts = cont+5t fees g5]al1 we assi/ 9 plac+ su* temptations 9 ! way ( our pr(essional bre?r5 ( all degrees--! "y1 ! inexp]i5c$1 & ! unw>y1 z well z ^? ^: age & exp]i5ce h taught !m t a lawy]'s honor is 8 brighte/ jewel1 & to be gu>d$ f be+ sulli$1 ev5 by ! brea? ( suspicion1 ) ! mo/ s$ul\s c>e4 ,a g5tleman ( ! l>ge/ exp]i5ce & highe/ "* = integrity & le>n+ at ! ,philadelphia ,b>1 ?us /rongly confirms ! views :i* h be5 "h express$ on ! subject ( cont+5t fees3 ,& fur!r1 says ,mr4 ,price 9 8 conclud+ advice to /ud5ts1 at ! close ( 8 ,essay on ,limitation & ,li51 p]mit me to advise & e>ne/ly to admoni% y1 = ! pres]vation ( pr(essional honor & integrity1 to avoid ! temptation ( b>ga9+ = fees or %>es ( any e/ate or o!r claim1 cont+5t ^u a successful recov]y4 ,! practice directly leads to a di/urbance ( ! peace ( society & to an infidelity to ! pr(essional obligation promis$ to ! c\rt1 9 :i* is impli$ an abs5ce ( desire or ef=t ( "o 9 ! m9i/ry ( ! ,temple ( ,ju/ice1 to obta9 a success t is n j z well z lawful4 ,x is true1 z a j equival5t = _m cases honorably advocat$ & incompet5tly paid by ! poor1 a comp5sation may & w be receiv$1 ! m lib]al because ( ! ability produc$ by success2 b let x be ! result ( no b>ga91 exact$ z a price be=e ! s]vice is r5d]$1 b r ! grateful return = b5efits already conf]r$4 ,if rigid 9 y\r t]ms1 9 protection ( ! "r ( ! pr(ession to a j & honorable comp5sation1 let x r be 9 ! am\nt ( ! requir$ reta9]1 :5 x w h its prop] influ5ce 9 ! disc\ragem5t ( litigation4 ,a lawy] %\ld avoid1 z f> z possible1 all transactions ( bus9ess ) 8 cli5ts1 n only 9 reg>d to matt]s 9 suit 9 8 h&s1 b 9 relation to o!r matt]s4 ,he %\ld avoid /&+ t[>d !m1 ei!r 9 ! relation ( borr[] or l5d]4 ,a "y practition] %\ld especially avoid borr[+ ( any "o4 ,let him retr5*1 seek ! humble/ employm5t ( drudg]y r ?an d x2 b1 if borr[ he mu/1 let x be ( any "o else ?an a cli5t4 ,all transactions ( bus9ess betwe5 attorney & cli5t are look$ ^u ) eyes ( suspicion & disfavor1 9 c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,x is a settl$ doctr9e ( equity1 9 ,engl&1 t an attorney _c1 :ile ! bus9ess is unf9i%$ 9 :i* he _h be5 employ$1 receive any gift f 8 cli5t1 or b9d 8 cli5t 9 any mode to make him great] comp5sation = 8 s]vices ?an he w\ld h a "r to dem& if no contract %\ld be made dur+ ! relation4 ,if an attorney accept a gift f "o ?us connect$ ) him1 x may be recov]$ 9 a c\rt ( *anc]y1 by ! donor or 8 cr$itors1 %\ld x be necess>y = !m to ass]t a "r to x to satisfy _! dem&s4 ,:5 ! relation ( solicitor & cli5t exi/s1 & a security is tak5 by ! solicitor f 8 cli5t1 ! presumption is t ! transaction is unfair2 & ! onus ( prov+ its fairness is ^u ! solicitor4#ed ,a man ought to be v c>eful ( plac+ himself 9 a position to h any ( 8 transactions reg>d$ 9 t light4 ,if x %\ld ev] come to be canvass$ 9 c\rt1 ! b&y+ ( ! phrases1 fraud & presumption ( fraud1 z appli$ to him1 may1 & probably w1 h an unfavorable effect on 8 reputation4 ,mo/ emphatically %\ld x be said1 let no?+ tempt him1 n ev5 ! k & cons5t ( ! cli5t1 to keep ! money1 :i* may h come to 8 h&s pr(essionally1 "o s+le in/ant long] ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,! consequ5ces ( any difficulty aris+ ^u ?is head1 w be fatal to 8 pr(essional "* & prospects4 ,! (ficial oa?1 to :i* ref]5ce has already m ?an once be5 made1 obliges ! attorney to use no falsehood4 ,x seems sc>cely necess>y to en=ce ?is topic4 ,tru? 9 all its simplicity--tru? to ! c\rt1 cli5t1 & adv]s>y--%\ld be inde$ ! pol> /> ( ! lawy]4 ,! influ5ce ( only slight deviations f tru?1 ^u pr(essional "*1 is v obs]vable4 ,a man may z well be detect$ 9 a great z a little lie4 ,a s+le discov]y1 among pr(essional bre?r51 ( a failure ( tru?fulness1 makes a man ! object ( di/ru/1 subjects him to con/ant mortification1 & soon ?is want ( confid5ce ext5ds itself beyond ! ,b> to ^? :o employ ! ,b>4 ,t lawy]'s case is truly pitiable1 ^u ! escut*eon ( ^: hone/y or tru?1 re/s ! slighte/ t>ni%4 ,let x be rememb]$ & treasur$ 9 ! he>t ( e /ud5t1 t no man c ev] be a truly great lawy]1 :o is n 9 e s5se ( ! ^w1 a good man4 ,a lawy]1 )\t ! mo/ /]l+ integrity1 may %9e = a :ile ) meteoric spl5dor2 b 8 light w soon g out 9 blackness ( d>kness4 ,x is n 9 e man's p[] to rise to em95ce by di/+ui%$ abilities4 ,x is 9 e man's p[]1 ) few exceptions1 to atta9 respectability1 compet5ce1 & usefulness4 ,! temptations :i* beset a "y man 9 ! outset ( 8 pr(essional life1 especially if he is 9 absolute dep5d5ce ^u bus9ess = 8 subsi/5ce1 are v great4 ,! /ricte/ pr9ciples ( integrity & honor1 are 8 only safety4 ,let him beg9 by sw]v+ f tru? or fairness1 9 small p>ticul>s1 he w f9d 8 "* gone--:isp]$ away1 be=e he kn[s x4 ,su* an "o may n inde$ be irrecov]ably lo/2 b x w be ye>s be=e he w be able to rega9 a firm foo?old4 ,!re is no pr(ession1 9 :i* moral "* is s soon fix$1 z 9 t ( ! law2 !re is none 9 :i* x is subject$ to sev]] scrut9y by ! public4 ,x is well1 t x is s4 ,! ?+s we hold de>e/ on e>?1--our =tunes1 reputations1 dome/ic peace1 ! future ( ^? de>e/ to u1 nay1 our lib]ty & life itself1 we confide to ! integrity ( our legal c\nsellors & advocates4 ,_! "* mu/ be n only )\t a /a91 b )\t suspicion4 ,f ! v comm5cem5t ( a lawy]'s c>e]1 let him cultivate1 above all ?+s1 tru?1 simplicity1 & c&or3 !y are ! c>d9al virtues ( a lawy]4 ,let him always seek to h a cle> und]/&+ ( 8 object3 be sure x is hone/ & "r1 & !n m>* directly to x4 ,! cov]t1 indirect1 & insidi\s way ( do+ any?+1 is always ! wrong way4 ,x gradually h>d5s ! moral faculties1 r5d]s obtuse ! p]ception ( "r & wrong 9 human actions1 weighs ev]y?+ 9 ! balances ( worldly policy1 & ends mo/ g5]ally1 9 ! practical adoption ( ! vile maxim1 t ! end sanctifies ! means4 ,if x be true1 z he has said1 :o1 m ?an any m]e man1 be=e or s9ce 8 day1 und]/ood ! dep?s ( human "*1 t "o ev5 may1 ,by tell+ ( x1 ,make su* a s9n] ( 8 memory2 ,to cr$it 8 own lie3-- we %\ld be c>eful nev] to speak or act1 )\t reg>d to ! morale ( our words or actions4 ,a habit may & w gr[ to be a second nature4 ,t mon/]1 cu/om1 :o all s5se do? eat1 ,( habit's devil1 is angel yet 9 ?is3 ,t to ! use ( actions fair & good ,he likewise gives a frock or liv]y ,t aptly is put on4 ,!re is no class ( m5 among :om moral del9qu5cy is m m>k$ & disgraceful ?an among lawy]s4 ,among m]*ants1 s _m hone/ m5 become involv$ ?r\gh mis=tune1 t ! rogue may hope to take %elt] 9 ! cr[d1 & be scre5$ f obs]vation4 ,n s ! lawy]4 ,if he cont9ues to seek bus9ess1 he mu/ f9d 8 employm5t 9 l[] & /ill l[] grades2 & w soon come to v]ify & illu/rate ! rem>k ( ,"l ,bol+broke1 t ! pr(ession ( ! law1 9 its nature ! noble/ & mo/ b5eficial to mank9d1 is 9 its abuse & abasem5t1 ! mo/ sordid & p]nici\s4 ,:ile su* are ! dep?s to :i* a lawy] may s9k1 look1 on ! o!r h&1 at ! noble em95ce ( honor1 usefulness1 & virtue1 to :i* he may rise4 ,:]e is ! pr(ession1 :i*1 9 ?is _w1 holds out bright] rew>ds8 ,g5ius1 inde$1 w leave its m>k 9 :atev] sph]e x may move4 ,b le>n+1 indu/ry1 & integrity1 /& n[h]e on saf] or high] gr\nd1 ?an 9 ! walks ( ! law4 ,9 all free c\ntries1 x is ! av5ue n only to weal?1 b to political influ5ce & di/9ction4 ,9 ,engl&1 a l>ge proportion ( ! h\se ( pe]s1 owe _! seats & dignities1 z well z _! possessions1 ei!r to _! own pr(essional success1 or to t ( "s "o ( _! ance/ors4#ee ,9 ?is c\ntry1 all our ,presid5ts b ?ree1 h be5 educat$ to ! ,b>4 ,( ! m5 :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ! cab9et1 9 ! halls ( legislation1 & 9 =eign diplomacy1 h[ l>ge is ! proportion ( lawy]s6 ,h[ p[]ful has always be5 ! pr(ession 9 guid+ ! popul> m9d1 9 =m+ t greate/ ( all c\nt]*ecks to bad laws & bad adm9i/ration1--public op9ion6 ,x is ! s*ool ( eloqu5ce--t1 :i* m ?an all else besides1 has sway$1 /ill sways1 & always w sway1 ! de/9ies ( free peoples4 ,let a man1 to ! possession ( ?is noble faculty1 add ! high "* ( purity & ju/ice1 integrity & honor1 & :]e are to be f\nd ! limits ( 8 moral p[] ov] 8 fell[-citiz5s8#ef ,x is well to read c>efully & frequ5tly1 ! biographies ( em95t lawy]s4 ,x is good to rise f ! p]usal ( ! /udies & labors1 ! trials & conflicts1 ! difficulties & triumphs1 ( su* m51 9 ! actual battle ( life1 ) ! secret feel+ ( dissatisfaction ) ourselves4 ,su* a sadness 9 ! bosom ( a "y /ud5t1 is l ! te>s ( ,?ucydides1 :5 he he>d ,h]odotus read 8 hi/ory at ! ,olympic ,games1 & receive ! plaudits ( assembl$ ,greece4 ,x is ! natural prelude to sev]] self-d5ial1 to m assidu\s /udy1 to m self-su/a9+ confid5ce4 ,"s "o has recomm5d$ t ,middleton's ,life ( ,cic]o %\ld be p]us$1 at frequ5t int]vals1 z ! vivid picture ( a truly great m9d1 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ /irr+ sc5es1 ev] int5t ^u its own cultivation & advancem5t1 z its only true glory2 & t 9 effect sket*$ by 8 own ma/] h&4#eg ,! autobiography ( ,edw>d ,gibbon w r\se an ambiti\s /ud5t l ! s\nd ( a trumpet4 ,b ( ,engli% biographies1 !re is no "o1 x occurs to me1 bett] adapt$ to ! purpose m5tion$1 ?an ! ,life ( ,sir ,william ,jones1 by ,"l ,teignm\?4 ,x exhibits ! wond]s1 :i* unremitt$ /udy1 upheld by ! pure & noble ambition ( do+ good1 c accompli% 9 ! space ( a %ort life4 ,he 0 a man ( ! mo/ v>i$ k4 ,an ext5sive & inde$ extraord9>y acqua9tance ) anci5t & mod]n languages1 0 p]haps 8 *ief accompli%m5t4 ,al?\gh he engag$ v late 9 life 9 ! /udy ( ! law1 su* 0 8 indu/ry & success1 t he soon occupi$ ! highe/ judicial /ation1 9 ,briti% ,india2 & ! pr(ession are indebt$ to 8 p51 = "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ! elem5t>y treatises1 :i* adorn ! lawy]'s libr>y4 ,9 8 e>ly days1 says 8 biograph]1 he seems to h ent]$ ^u 8 c>e] ( /udy1 ) ?is maxim /rongly impress$ ^u 8 m9d1 t :atev] _h be5 atta9$1 0 atta9able by him2 & x has be5 rem>k$1 t he nev] neglect$ nor ov]look$ any opportunity ( improv+ 8 intellectual faculties1 or ( acquir+ e/eem$ accompli%m5ts4 ,not)/&+ 8 num]\s occupations at ! ,b> at home1 ! on]\s duties ( 8 /ation 9 ,india1 & 8 premature dea?1 be=e he _h atta9$ 8 =ty-eigh? ye>1 he has left beh9d _m le>n$ works1 :i* illu/rate ,ori5tal languages & hi/ory1 & atte/ ! ext5t ( 8 labors & acquisitions4 ,inde$1 x might be reg>d$ z impossible1 7 we n in=m$ ( ! regul> allotm5t :i* he made ( 8 "t to p>ticul> occupations1 & 8 scrupul\s adh]5ce to ! di/ribution he _h ?us made4 ,! moral "* ( ?is em95t man1 0 no less exempl>y4 ,x is ! te/imony ( "o ( 8 contempor>ies3 ,he _h m virtues & less faults1 ?an ,i ev] yet knew 9 any human be+2 & ! goodness ( 8 head1 admirable z x 01 0 exce$$ by t ( 8 he>t4 ,8 own measure ( true greatness1 humanly speak+1 he has left beh9d him1 9 v emphatic words3 ,if ,i am ask$1 :o is ! greate/ man8 ,i answ]1 ! be/4 ,& if ,i am requir$ to say1 :o is ! be/8 ,i reply1 he t has des]v$ mo/ ( 8 fell[-creatures4#eh ,?is dep>tm5t ( ,engli% lit]ature has be5 rec5tly mu* enri*$ by ! labors ( ! pres5t ,"l ,high ,*ancellor ( ,engl&1 ,"l ,campbell4 ,9 ,am]ica we h a few well writt5 & in/ructive legal biographies1 among :i* ought especially to be nam$1 ,mr4 ,:eaton's ,life ( ,william ,p9kney1 & ,pr(essor ,p>sons' int]e/+ ,memoir ( 8 di/+ui%$ fa!r1 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,p>sons4 ,mr4 ,b9ney1 at ! close ( 8 honor$ & honorable life1 is pay+ ! debt1 :i* e man owes to 8 pr(ession1 9 animat$ _s-/irr+ sket*es ( 8 great & good contempor>ies4 ,h[ =cibly does ?is di/+ui%$ juri/ illu/rate ! rem>k ( ,cic]o 9 8 ,treatise on ,old ,age3 ,s$ videtis1 ut s5ectus non modo languida atque in]s non sit1 v]um etiam sit op]osa1 et semp] ag5s aliquid et moli5s2 tale scilicet1 quod cujusque /udium 9 sup]iore vita fuit4 ,:at a noble example might be held up1 9 ! life & "* ( ,*ief ,ju/ice ,m>%all6 ,8 biography1 :ile x w be ! record ( active patriotism & humanity1 w exhibit a c\rse ( ardu\s self-tra9+1 = ! great conflicts ( op9ion1 9 :i* x 0 8 lot aft]w>ds to appe>1 ) s mu* lu/re4 ,he _h n ! usual advantages ( a collegiate education4 ,! w> ( ! ,revolution1 9 :i* 8 ard5t love ( c\ntry1 & ( ! pr9ciples ( rational lib]ty1 l$ him to enli/1 & :]e he di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! field1 mat]ially int]f]$ )1 & ret>d$ 8 e>li] pr(essional /udies2 yet1 ! l(ty em95ce to :i* he atta9$ 9 ! op9ion ( 8 compatriots1 ev5 ( ^? :o c\ld n concur 9 "s ( 8 views ( ! ,con/itution1 ! endur+ monum5ts ( 8 greatness 9 ! decisions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 bespeak an intellect ( ! v fir/ ord]1 m5tal p[] naturally vigor\s1 b br\ght1 by prop] ex]cise1 to a degree ( /r5g? t made x t[] above ! g5]al level ( educat$ m54 ,8 op9ions d n ab\nd 9 displays ( le>n+4 ,8 simplicity1 a "* s conspicu\s 9 all 8 writ+s & actions--t fir/ & highe/ *>act]i/ic ( true greatness--l$ him to say & d j :at 0 necess>y & prop] to ! purpose 9 h&4 ,its reflect$ consequ5ces on 8 own fame z a s*ol>1 a /atesman1 or a juri/1 seem nev] once to h occurr$ to him4 ,z a judge1 ! ,old ,_w may be fairly *all5g$ to produce 8 sup]ior4 ,8 /yle is a model--simple & mascul9e4 ,8 reason+--direct1 cog5t1 demon/rative1 advanc+ ) a giant's pace & p[]1 & yet )al s easy evid5tly to him1 z to %[ cle>ly1 a m9d 9 ! con/ant habit ( su* /rong ef=ts4 ,?\gh he fill$ = s _m ye>s ! highe/ judicial position 9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ mu* 0 8 walk l ! quiet & unobtrusive /ep ( a private citiz51 consci\s ( heavy responsibilities1 & anxi\s to fulfil !m2 b unaw>e t ! eyes ( a nation--( _m nations--7 ^u him6 ,!re 0 ar\nd him none ( ! gl>e1 :i* dazzles2 b he 0 clo!d 9 t pure mell[ light ( decl9+ ev5+1 ^u :i* we love to look4 ,:]e is ! tru/ to society m sacr$1 :]e are duties m important1 or consequ5ces m ext5d$1 = individual or social weal or woe1 ?an ^? :i* atta* to ! (fice he held8 ,h[ apt1 & aptly said1 is t pray] ( ,wolsey1 :5 he is in=m$ ( ! promotion ( ,sir ,?omas ,m to ! place ( ,"l ,*ancellor3 ,may he 444 d ju/ice1 ,= tru?'s sake & 8 consci5ce2 t 8 bones1 ,:5 he has run 8 c\rse1 & sleeps 9 bless+s1 ,may h a tomb ( orphans' te>s wept on him4 ,x is surely a j subject ( national1 z well z pr(essional pride1 t an ,am]ican lawy] c ?us1 po9t+ to ! example ( su* a man z ,,john ,,m>%all1 hold up 8 "*1 8 reputation1 8 usefulness1 8 greatness1 z inc5tives to high & honorable ambition2 & especially1 8 life ( unblemi%$ virtue1 & s+le-he>t$ purity1--aft] all1 8 highe/ praise1 =1 z old ,%irley says1 ,:5 our s\ls %all leave ?is dwell+1 ,! glory ( "o fair & virtu\s action ,is above all ! scut*eons on our tomb4 ,is x possible t a be+ s fe>fully & wond]fully made z man1 & animat$ by a _s /ill m fe>ful & incompreh5sible1 0 creat$ = ! brief t]m ( a few revolutions ( ! planet he lives on8 ,%all 8 own physical & intellectual productions s long survive him8 ,! massive piles ( ,egypt h endur$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s3 flut$ column & sculptur$ ar*itrave h /ood = g5]ations1 monum5ts ( 8 labor & skill4 ,a poem ( ,hom]1 an oration ( ,demo/h5es1 an ode ( ,horace1 a lett] ( ,cic]o1 c>ry d[n to ! remote/ po/]ity ! memorial ( _! names4 ,m5 f\nd empires1 e/abli% con/itutions1 promulgate codes ( laws2 !re h be5 ,solons1 ,alex&]s1 ,ju/9ians1 & ,napoleons4 ,!re h be5 ^? ju/ly call$ ,fa!rs ( _! c\ntry1 & b5efactors ( _! race4 ,h !y1 too1 sunk to become clods ( ! valley8 ,! m9d1 :i* c look s f> be=e & aft]--c subdue to its ma/]y ! savages ( ! =e/s1 & ! fi]c] elem5ts ( ,nature--c /amp ! creation ( its g5ius ^u ! liv+ canvas1 or ! almo/ brea?+1 speak+ m>ble--c m>%al ! invisible vibrations ( air into s\l-/irr+ or s\l-subdu+ music--c p\r =? an eloqu5ce ( words1 ) magic p[] to la% ! passions ( _m he>ts into a rag+ :irlw9d1 or comm& !m ) a peace1 be /ill--c make a book1 a little book1 :i* %all outlive pyramids & temples1 cities & empires--c p]ceive & love beauty1 9 all its =ms1 & above all1 moral beauty1 & ,god1 ! inf9ite p]fection ( moral beauty1--no1 ?is m9d c nev] die4 ,its moral progress mu/ g on 9 an un5d+ exi/5ce1 ( :i* its life ( f\rscore ye>s on e>? is sc>ce ! *ildhood4 ,let u bew>e !n ( rais+ ^! objects ( ambition1 weal?1 le>n+1 honor1 & influ5ce1 wor?y ?\gh !y be1 into an undue importance2 nor 9 ! too ard5t pursuit ( :at are only means1 lose sight ( ! great end ( our be+4 ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,i4 ,,c\rvoisi]',s ,,case#ei ,on ,tuesday night1 ,may #e?1 #ahdj1 ,"l ,william ,russell1 infirm1 deaf1 & ag$1 be+ 9 8 sev5ty-?ird ye>1 0 murd]$ 9 8 b$4 ,he 0 a wid[]1 liv+ at ,no4 #ad ,norfolk ,/reet1 ,p>k ,lane1 ,london1 a small h\se1 occupi$ by only himself & ?ree s]vants1--,c\rvoisi]1 a "y ,swiss valet1 & two wom51 a cook & h\se-maid4 ,! evid5ce 0 ( a "* to %[ v cle>ly t ! crime _h be5 committ$ by "s "o 9 ! h\se2 b1 ,c\rvoisi]'s behavior ?r\gh\t _h be5 t ( an innoc5t man4 ,two exam9ations ( 8 trunk1 by ! (fic]s ( ! police1 %[$ no?+ suspici\s2 rew>ds hav+ be5 (f]$ by ! gov]nm5t & family ( ! deceas$2 = ! detection ( ! crim9al1 a ?ird exam9ation 0 made ( ,c\rvoisi]'s box1 :i* result$ 9 ! discov]y ( a pair ( :ite cotton gloves1 two pocket h&k]*iefs1 & a %irt-front1 /a9$ ) blood4 ,! prison]'s c\nsel w5t to ! trial ) a full p]suasion ( 8 innoc5ce1 & conduct$ ! cross-exam9ation closely & zeal\sly1 especially ( ,s>ah ,manc]1 "o ( ! female dome/ics1 ) a view ( %[+ t !re 0 z mu* probability t ! witness or ! o!r dome/ic 0 ! crim9al z ! prison]2 & t ! police1 incit$ by ! hopes ( ! l>ge rew>ds (f]$1 _h conspir$ to fa/5 ! suspicion unju/ly on him4 ,at ! close ( ! fir/ day's proce$+s1 ! prosecutors 7 plac$ unexpect$ly 9 possession ( a new & important item ( evid5ce3 ! discov]y ( ! plate ( ! deceas$1 :i* 0 miss$1 & t x _h be5 left by ! prison]1 at ! place :]e x 0 f\nd1 ab\t a week1 p]haps only a v few days1 be=e ! committ+ ( ! murd]4 ,! p>cel conta9$ silv] spoons1 =ks1 a pair ( gold auricles1 all unque/ionably ! prop]ty ( ! un=tunate nobleman2 & ! only "q rema9+ 01 :e!r ,c\rvoisi] 0 ! p]son :o _h s left x4 ,if he 71 x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 griev\sly = him1 increase ! probabilities t x mu/ h be5 he :o subsequ5tly committ$ ! murd]1 & ) ! object ( plund]4 ,on ! ensu+ morn+1 ! p]son :o _h made ?is discov]y 7,mrs4 ,piola9e1 ! wife ( a ,fr5*man1 :o kept a place ( ent]ta9m5t1 call$ ,l',hotel de ,dieppe1 9 ,leice/] ,place1 ,leice/] ,squ>e71 0 %[n a numb] ( prison]s 9 ! prison-y>d1 "o ( :om 0 ,c\rvoisi]1 :om %e in/antly recogniz$ z ! p]son :o _h left ! plate ) h]1 & also _h =m]ly liv$ 9 h] employ4 ,c\rvoisi] also sudd5ly recogniz$ h]1 & ) dismay4 ,! imm$iate effect ( 8 panic 0 ! confession ( 8 guilt to 8 c\nsel at ! b> ( ! c\rt1 a few m9utes aft]w>ds1 c\pl$ ) 8 desire1 nev]!less1 to be def5d$ to ! utmo/4 ,8 probable object 0 simply to prep>e 8 c\nsel aga9/ ! =?com+ evid5ce4 ,! prison] 0 convict$1 & aft]w>ds confess$ 8 crime4 ,mr4 ,phillips's conduct ( ! def5ce 0 criticiz$ at ! "t1 9 ! columns ( ! ,exam9]1 b he suff]$ x to pass 9 sil5ce4 ,9 #ahdi1 t p]iodical r5ew$ ! accusation orig9ally made1 ^u :i* ! foll[+ correspond5ce appe>$ 9 ! ,london ,times ( ,nov4 #bj?1 #ahdi4 ,,to ,,! ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,,times4 ,,sir1--,i %all e/eem x a great favor if y w all[ ! accompany+ docum5ts to appe> 9 ! ,times4 ,its univ]sal circulation af=ds me an opportunity ( annihilat+ a calumny rec5tly reviv$1 :i* has = n9e ye>s h>ass$ my fri5ds f> m ?an myself4 ,i am1 c41 ,,*>les ,,phillips4 #ci ,gordon ,squ>e4 ,,inn] ,,temple1 ,nov4 #ad1 #ahdi4 ,,my ,,de> ,,phillips1--,x 0 ) pa9 t ,i he>d ye/]day ( an accusation hav+ be5 reviv$ aga9/ y 9 ! ,exam9] newspap]1 respect+ alleg$ di%onorable & mo/ unconsci5ti\s conduct on y\r "p1 :5 def5d+ ,c\rvoisi] aga9/ ! *>ge ( hav+ murd]$ ,"l ,william ,russell4 ,consid]+ t y fill a responsible judicial (fice1 & h to leave beh9d y a "n unsulli$ by any blot or /a91 ,i ?9k y ought to lose no "t 9 (f]+1 z ,i believe y c truly d1 a public & p]emptory contradiction to ! allegations 9 "q4 ,! m]e circum/ances ( y\r hav+ be5 twice promot$ to judicial (fice by two "l *ancellors1 ,"l ,lyndhur/ & ,"l ,br\gham1 s9ce ! circulation ( ! reports to :i* ,i am allud+1 & aft] ^? reports _h be5 call$ to ! att5tion ( at lea/ "o ( ^? noble & le>n$ lords1 is suffici5t evid5ce ( ! gr\ndlessness ( su* reports4 ,"s "t ago ,i 0 d9+ ) ,"l ,d5man1 :5 ,i m5tion$ to him ! report 9 "q4 ,8 lord%ip imm$iately /at$ t he _h inquir$ into ! matt]1 & f\nd ! *>ge to be utt]ly unf\nd$2 t he _h spok5 on ! subject to ,mr4 ,b>on ,p>ke1 :o _h sat on ! ,b5* beside ,*ief ,ju/ice ,t9dal1 :o tri$ ,c\rvoisi]1 & t ,b>on ,p>ke told him he _h1 = reasons ( 8 own1 mo/ c>efully wat*$ e ^w t y utt]$1 & assur$ ,"l ,d5man t y\r address 0 p]fectly unexceptionable1 & t y made no su* /atem5ts z 7 subsequ5tly attribut$ to y4 ,"l ,d5man told me t ,i 0 at lib]ty to m5tion ?is fact to any "o2 & express$ 9 noble & g5]\s t]ms 8 conc]n at ! exi/5ce ( su* s]i\s & unf\nd$ imputations ^u y\r "* & honor4 ,bo? ,"l ,d5man & ,b>on ,p>ke are m5 ( z nice a s5se ( honor & z high a degree ( consci\sness z x is possible to conceive2 & ,i ?9k ! te/imony ( two su* di/+ui%$ judges ought to be publicly kn[n1 to ext+ui% e k9d ( suspicion on ! subject4 ,i write ?is lett] to y spontane\sly1 &1 hop+ t y w =give ! e>ne/ness ) :i* ,i entreat y to act ^u my sugge/ion1 believe me ev] y\rs s9c]ely1 ,,samuel ,,w>r54 ,,mr4 ,,commission] ,,phillips4 #ci ,,gordon ,,squ>e1 ,nov4 #bj4 ,,my ,,de> ,,w>r51--,y\r truly k9d lett] induces me to break ! contemptu\s sil5ce1 ) :i* = n9e ye>s ,i h treat$ ! calumnies1 to :i* y allude4 ,i am ! m induc$ to ?is by ! repres5tations ( "s valu$ fri5ds1 t _m honorable m9ds beg9 to believe ! sl&] because ( its repetition )\t receiv+ a contradiction4 ,x is ) disgu/ & disda91 h[ev]1 t ev5 ?us solicit$ ,i /oop to notice inv5tions too abom9able1 ,i _h hop$1 = any hone/ man to h believ$4 ,! conduct ( ,"l ,d5man is 9 e respect *>act]i/ic ( 8 noble nature4 ,too j to condemn )\t pro(1 he inve/igates ! facts1 & def5ds ! innoc5t4 ,8 delib]ate op9ion is valuable inde$1 because proce$+ f "o :o is invaluable himself4 ,my judicial appo9tm5ts by ! noblem5 y m5tion w\ld h entail$ on !m a fe>ful responsibility1 _h !re be5 any tru? 9 ! accusations ( :i* !y mu/ h be5 cognizant4 ,i _h no int]e/ :atev] ) ei!r ( ^! *ancellors1 save t d]iv$ f _! k ( my "*1 & _! obs]vation ( my conduct4 ,x is n[ five-&-tw5ty ye>s ago s9ce ,"l ,lyndhur/1 :5 ,i _h no fri5d "h1 volunt>ily t5d]$ me 8 favor & 8 influ5ce1 & 8 k9dness to me rema9s to ?is day unabat$4 ,( ,"l ,br\gham1 my ev] w>m & devot$ fri5d1 ,i =be> to speak1 because words _c express my affection or my gratitude4 ,8 fri5d%ip has soo!d "s affliction & enhanc$ e pleasure1 & :ile memory la/s w rema9 ! pr\de/ ( its recollections & ! mo/ preci\s ( its treasures4 ,?is is no va9-glori\s vaunt+4 ,! unabat$ k9dness ( ?ree ( ! greate/ m51 :o ev] adorn$ ! ,b5*1 ought1 9 itself1 to be a suffici5t answ] to my traduc]s4 ,su* m5 z ^! w\ld sc>cely h giv5 _! c\nt5ance to "o1 :o1 if :at 7 said ( him 7 true1 des]v$ _! condemnation4 ,i am n dispos$1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ,i might be well w>rant$ 9 do+ s1 to %elt] myself "u ! au?ority ( names1 no matt] h[ illu/ri\s4 ,i give to ea* & all ( ^! *>ges a solemn & indignant contradiction1 & ,i w n[ proce$ to _! refutation4 ,! *>ges are ?reefold1 & ,i %all discuss !m s]iatim4 ,fir/1 ,i am accus$ ( hav+ reta9$ ,c\rvoisi]'s brief aft] hav+ he>d 8 confession4 ,x is "r t ,i %\ld relate ! mann] ( t confession1 z x has be5 some:at misappreh5d$4 ,_m suppose x 0 made to me alone1 & made 9 ! prison4 ,i nev] 0 9 ! prison s9ce ,i 0 call$ to ! ,b>1 & b once be=e1 be+ invit$ to see x by ! !n %]iffs4 ,s /rict is ?is rule1 t ! late ,mr4 ,fauntl]oy solicit$ a consultation !re 9 va9 ) 8 o!r c\nsel & myself4 ,x 0 on ! second morn+ ( ! trial1 j be=e ! judges ent]$1 t ,c\rvoisi]1 /&+ publicly 9 front ( ! dock1 solicit$ an int]view ) 8 c\nsel4 ,my excell5t fri5d & colleague1 ,mr4 ,cl>kson1 & myself imm$iately approa*$ him4 ,i beg ( y to m>k ! pres5ce ( ,mr4 ,cl>kson1 z x w become v mat]ial pres5tly4 ,up to ?is morn+ ,i believ$ mo/ firmly 9 8 innoc5ce1 & s did _m o!rs z well z myself4 ,i h s5t = y1 g5tlem51 said he1 to tell y ,i committ$ ! murd]6 ,:5 ,i c\ld speak1 :i* 0 n imm$iately1 ,i said1 ,( c\rse !n y are go+ to plead guilty8--,no1 sir1 0 ! reply1 ,i expect y to def5d me to ! utmo/4 ,we return$ to our seats4 ,my position at ?is mom5t 01 ,i believe1 )\t p>allel 9 ! annals ( ! pr(ession4 ,i at once came to ! resolution ( ab&on+ ! case1 & s ,i told my colleague4 ,he /rongly & urg5tly remon/rat$ aga9/ x1 b 9 va94 ,at la/ he sugge/$ our obta9+ ! op9ion ( ! le>n$ judge1 :o 0 n try+ ! cause1 ^u :at he consid]$ to be ! pr(essional etiquette "u circum/ances s emb>rass+4 ,9 ?is ,i v will+ly acquiesc$4 ,we obta9$ an int]view1 & ,mr4 ,b>on ,p>ke reque/$ to "k di/9ctly :e!r ! prison] insi/$ on my def5d+ him1 &1 on he>+ t he did1 said1 ,i 0 b\nd to d s1 & to use all fair argum5ts aris+ on ! evid5ce4 ,i !re=e reta9$ ! brief1 & ,i cont5d = x1 t e argum5t ,i us$ 0 a fair comm5t>y on ! evid5ce1 ?\gh und\bt$ly z /rong z ,i c\ld make !m4 ,i believe !re is no diff]5ce ( op9ion n[ 9 ! pr(ession t ?is c\rse 0 "r4 ,x 0 n until aft] eight h\rs' public ex]tion be=e ! jury t ! prison] confess$2 & to h ab&on$ him !n w\ld h be5 virtually surr5d]+ him to dea?4 ,?is is my answ] to ! fir/ *>ge4 ,i am accus$1 secondly1 ( hav+ appeal$ to ,heav5 z to my belief 9 ,c\rvoisi]'s innoc5ce1 aft] he _h made me acqua9t$ ) 8 guilt4 ,a griev\s accusation6 ,b x is false z x is f\l1 & c>ries its own refutation on its face4 ,x is ) difficulty ,i re/ra9 ! expression ( my indignation2 b respect = my /ation =bids me to *>act]ize ?is sl&] z x des]ves4 ,x w n be> "o mom5t's analysis4 ,x is an utt] impossibility "u ! circum/ances4 ,:at6 appeal to ,heav5 = its te/imony to a lie1 & n expect to be answ]$ by its lightn+8 ,:at6 make su* an appeal1 consci\s t an honorable colleague sat beside me1 ^: valu$ fri5d%ip ,i mu/ h =ev] =feit$8 ,b above all & beyond all1 & too mon/r\s = belief1 w\ld ,i h d>$ to utt] t falsehood 9 ! v pres5ce ( ! judge to :om1 b ! day be=e1 ,i _h confid$ ! reality6 ,!re1 ^u ! ,b5* above me1 sat t "t-honor$ man--t upright magi/rate1 pure z 8 erm9e1 n>r[ly wat*+ e ^w ,i said4 ,_h ,i d>$ to make an appeal s horrible & s impi\s--_h ,i d>$ s to outrage 8 nature & my own consci5ce1 he w\ld h />t$ f 8 seat & )]$ me ) a glance4 ,no1 ,w>r51 ,i nev] made su* an appeal2 x is a malignant untru?1 & sure ,i am1 _h ! p]son :o co9$ x b kn[n :at _h previ\sly occurr$1 he nev] w\ld h utt]$ f 8 libel m9t s v clumsy & self-proclaim+ a c\nt]feit4 ,s f> = ! v]isimilitude ( ?is-*>ge4 ,b ,i w n re/ ei!r on improbability1 or argum5t1 or ev5 d5ial4 ,i h a bett] & a conclusive answ]4 ,! trial t]m9at$ on ,saturday ev5+4 ,on ,sunday ,i 0 %[n 9 a newspap] ! passage imput$ to me4 ,i took ! pap] to c\rt on ,monday1 &1 9 ! ald]m5's room1 be=e all assembl$1 aft] read+ ! p>agraph al\d1 ,i ?us address$ ! judges3--,i take ! v fir/ opportunity :i* (f]s1 my lords1 ( mo/ respectfully inquir+ ( y :e!r ,i ev] us$ any su* expression8--,y c]ta9ly did n1 ,phillips1 0 ! reply ( ! late lam5t$ ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice1 & ,i w be y\r v\*ee :5ev] y *oose to call me1--,& ,i1 said ,mr4 ,b>on ,p>ke1 happily /ill sp>$ to u1 _h a reason1 :i* ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice did n "k1 = wat*+ y n>r[ly1 & he w rememb] my say+ to him1 :5 y sat d[n1 ',bro!r ,t9dal1 did y obs]ve h[ c>efully ,phillips ab/a9$ f giv+ any p]sonal op9ion 9 ! case8' ,to ?is ! le>n$ ,*ief ,ju/ice in/antly ass5t$4 ,?is is my answ] to ! second *>ge4 ,?irdly1 & la/ly1 ,i am accus$ ( hav+ endeavor$ to ca/ ^u ! female s]vants ! guilt1 :i* ,i knew 0 attributable to ,c\rvoisi]4 ,y w obs]ve1 ( c\rse1 t ! gravam5 ( ?is consi/s 9 my hav+ done s aft] ! confession4 ,! answ] to ?is is obvi\s4 ,c\rvoisi] did n confess till ,friday3 ! cross-exam9ation took place ! day be=e1 & s f>1 !re=e1 ! accusation is dispos$ (4 ,b x may be said ,i did s 9 my address to ! jury4 ,be=e refut+ ?is let me obs]ve ^u ! di%e>t5+ circum/ances "u :i* t address 0 deliv]$4 ,at ! close ( !1 to me1 mo/ wret*$ day on :i* ! confession 0 made1 ! prison] s5t me ?is a/\nd+ message by 8 solicitor3 ,tell ,mr4 ,phillips1 my c\nsel1 t ,i consid] he has my life 9 8 h&s4 ,my answ] 01 t z he mu/ be pres5t himself1 he w\ld h an opportunity ( see+ :e!r ,i des]t$ him or n4 ,i 0 to speak on ! next morn+4 ,b :at a night prec$$ x6 ,fev]$ & horror-/rick51 ,i c\ld f9d no repose4 ,if ,i slumb]$ = a mom5t1 ! murd]]'s =m arose be=e me1 sc>+ sleep away1 n[ mutt]+ 8 awful crime1 & n[ %riek+ to me to save 8 life6 ,i did try to save x4 ,i did ev]y?+ to save x1 except t :i* is imput$ to me1 b t ,i did n1 & ,i w prove x4 ,i h s9ce pond]$ mu* ^u ?is subject1 & ,i am satisfi$ t my orig9al impression 0 errone\s4 ,i _h no "r to ?r[ up my brief1 & turn traitor to ! wret*1 wret* ?\gh he 01 :o _h confid$ 9 me4 ,! c\nsel = a prison] has no option4 ,! mom5t he accepts 8 brief1 e faculty he possesses becomes 8 cli5t's prop]ty4 ,x is an impli$ contract betwe5 him & ! man :o tru/s him4 ,out ( ! pr(ession ?is may be a moot po9t1 b x 0 ass]t$ & act$ on by two illu/ri\s advocates ( our own day1 ev5 to ! confront+ ( a k+1 &1 to ! regal honor be x spok51 ^! dauntless m5 7 aft]w>ds promot$ to ! highe/ dignities4 ,y w ask me "h :e!r ,i cont5d on ?is pr9ciple = ! "r ( do+ t ( :i* ,i am accus$1 namely1 ca/+ ! guilt ^u ! innoc5t8 ,i d no su* ?+2 & ,i d5y ! imputation altoge!r4 ,y w /ill be> 9 m9d :at ,i h said be=e1 t ,i sc>cely c\ld h d>$ to d s "u ! eye ( ,b>on ,p>ke & 9 ! pres5ce ( ,mr4 ,cl>kson4 ,to act s1 ,i mu/ h be5 insane4 ,b to set ?is matt] at re/1 ,i h ref]r$ to my address z report$ 9 ! ,times--a j\rnal ! fidelity ( ^: reports 0 nev] que/ion$4 ,y w be amaz$ to he> t ,i n only did n d t ( :i* ,i am accus$2 b t ,i did ! v rev]se4 ,fe>+ t1 n]v\s & un/rung z ,i 01 ,i might d any inju/ice 9 ! c\rse ( a l5g!n$ spee*1 by ev5 an ambigu\s expression1 ,i f9d ^! words report$ 9 ! ,times1--,mr4 ,phillips said ! prosecutors 7 b\nd to prove ! guilt ( ! prison]1 n by inf]5ce1 by reason+1 by su* subtile & ref9$ +5uity z _h be5 us$1 b by d[nright1 cle>1 op51 palpable demon/ration4 ,h[ did !y seek to d ?is8 ,:at said ,mr4 ,adolphus & 8 witness1 ,s>ah ,manc]8 ,& "h he w\ld beg ! jury n to suppose = a mom5t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! n>rative ) :i* he mu/ tr\ble !m1 t he meant to ca/ ! crime ^u ei!r ( ! female s]vants4 ,x 0 n at all necess>y to 8 case to d s4 ,x 0 nei!r 8 int]e/1 8 duty1 nor 8 policy1 to d s4 ,god =bid t any brea? ( 8 %\ld s5d ta9t$ into ! _w p]sons dep5d+ = _! subsi/5ce on _! "*4 ,surely ?is ought to be suffici5t4 ,i _c allude1 h[ev]1 to ?is giant ( ! press1 ^: might c make or unmake a reputation1 )\t gratefully ackn[l$g+ t x nev] l5t its great circulation to ^! libels4 ,x _h too mu* ju/ice4 ,! ,morn+ ,*ronicle1 ! ,morn+ ,h]ald1 & ! ,morn+ ,po/1 ! only j\rnals to :i* ,i h access1 fully corroborat$ ! ,times1 if1 inde$1 su* a j\rnal ne$$ corroboration4 ,! ,*ronicle runs ?us3--,9 ! fir/ place1 says my fri5d ,mr4 ,adolphus1 & says 8 witness ,s>ah ,manc]--& "h ,i beg to d an act ( ju/ice1 & to assure y t ,i d n = a mom5t mean to sugge/ 9 ! :ole c\rse ( my n>rative t ?is crime may h be5 committ$ by ! female s]vants ( ! deceas$ nobleman4 ,! ,morn+ ,po/ runs ?us3 ,mr4 ,adolphus call$ a witness1 ,s>ah ,manc]4 ,b let me d myself ju/ice1 & o!rs ju/ice1 by n[ /at+1 t 9 ! :ole c\rse ( my n>rative ) :i* ,i mu/ tr\ble y1 ,i beg y w\ld n suppose t ,i am 9 ! lea/ degree seek+ to ca/ ! crime ^u any ( ! witnesses4 ,god =bid t any brea? ( m9e %\ld s5d p]sons dep5d+ on ! public = subsi/5ce into ! _w ) a ta9t$ "*4 ,i f9d ! ,morn+ ,h]ald report+ me z foll[s3 ,mr4 ,adolphus call$ a witness nam$ ,s>ah ,manc]4 ,b let me d myself ju/ice & o!rs ju/ice by n[ /at+ t 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ! n>rative ) :i* ,i mu/ tr\ble y1 ,i mu/ beg t y w n suppose t ,i am 9 ! lea/ degree seek+ to ca/ blame ^u any ( ! witnesses4 ,c any disclaim] be m complete8 ,& yet1 9 ! face ( ?is1 = n9e successive ye>s has ?is mo/ unscrupul\s ( sl&]]s reit]at$ 8 *>ge4 ,n q ?ree weeks ago he recurs to x 9 ^! t]ms3 ,h[ mu* worse 0 ! attempt ( ,mr4 ,phillips to ?r[ ! suspicion ( ! murd] ( ,"l ,william ,russell on ! innoc5t female s]vants1 9 ord] to procure ! acquittal ( 8 cli5t ,c\rvoisi]1 ( ^: guilt he 0 cognizant8 ,i h read ) c>e ! :ole report 9 ! ,times ( t ?ree h\rs' spee*1 & ,i d n f9d a passage to give ?is *>ge c\nt5ance4 ,b surely1 surely1 9 ! agitat$ /ate 9 :i* ,i 01 _h ev5 an ambigu\s expression dropp$ f me1 ! above broad disclaim] w\ld h be5 its effici5t antidote4 ,su* is my answ] to ! la/ *>ge2 &1 come :at w1 x %all be my f9al answ]4 ,no env5om$ reit]ation1 no popul> delusion1 no importunity ( fri5d%ip1 %all ev] draw f me ano!r syllable4 ,i %all rema9 9 future1 z ,i h be5 h]et(ore1 auditor tantum4 ,y "k well h[ /r5u\sly & h[ repeat$ly y press$ me to my v9dication1 especially aft] ,"l ,d5man's important conv]sation ) y1 & y "k ! /]n disda9 ) :i* ,i diss5t$4 ,! m5s conscia recti1 a ?or\gh contempt = my traduc]1 ! belief t tru? w\ld 9 ! end prevail1 & a self-humiliation at /oop+ to a def5ce1 amply su/a9$ me amid ! almo/ national outcry :i* calumny _h creat$4 ,rely+ d\btless ^u ?is1 mon? aft] mon?1 = n9e successive ye>s1 my accus] has it]at$ & reit]at$ 8 libels 9 t]ms s gross1 s vulg>1 & s disgraceful1 t my mo/ valu$ fri5ds ?\ght x my duty to !m publicly to refute !m4 ,to t consid]ation1 & to t alone1 ,i h yield$2 9 def]5ce to !irs1 rel9qui%+ my own op9ions4 ,if !y suppose1 h[ev]1 t sl&]1 because answ]$1 w be sil5c$1 !y w f9d !mselves mi/ak54 ,de/roy ! web ( sophi/ry--9 va9-- ,! creature's at 8 dirty "w aga94 ,no1 no1 my de> fri5d1 inv5tion is a libell]'s exhau/less capital1 & refutation b supplies ! food on :i* he lives4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 pursue 8 vocation undi/urb$ by me4 ,8 libels & my answ] are n[ be=e ! _w1 & ,i leave !m to ! judgm5t ( all honorable m54 ,c4 ,,phillips4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,c\rse ,,( ,,legal ,,/udy#fj ,non multa s$ multum1 is ! c>d9al maxim by :i* ! /ud5t ( law %\ld be gov]n$ 9 8 read+s2 at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 /udies--9 ! (fice ( 8 legal preceptor1 ,,repetition--,,repetition--,,repetition 4 ,black/one & ,k5t1 %\ld be read--& read aga9 & aga94 ,^! elem5t>y works1 ) "s o!rs ( an imm$iately practical ca/--,tidd's ,practice1 ,/eph5's ,plead+1 ,gre5leaf's ,evid5ce1 ,leigh's ,nisi ,prius1 ,mit=d's ,equity ,plead+--well conn$1 make up ! be/ "p ( (fice read+4 ,( c\rse ! ,acts ( ,assembly %\ld be gone ov] & ov] aga94 ,i d n say t ?is is all4 ,! plan ( read+1 :i* ,i am ab\t to recomm5d1 may be begun 9 ! (fice4 ,mu* w dep5d ^u1 :at may be t]m$1 ! m5tal temp]am5t ( ! /ud5t himself1 :i* no "o b ! imm$iate preceptor c obs]ve2 & he w be gov]n$ accord+ly 9 ! selection ( works to be plac$ 9 8 h&s4 ,no lawy] does 8 duty1 :o does n frequ5tly exam9e 8 /ud5t1 n m]ely z a necess>y means ( excit+ him to att5tion1 & application2 b 9 ord] to acquire su* an acqua9tance ) ! "* ( 8 pupil's m9d--its quickness or sl[ness--its conc5trativ5ess or discursiv5ess--z to be able to =m a judgm5t :e!r he requires ! curb or ! spur4 ,x is an ine/imable advantage to a "y man to h a judici\s & exp]i5c$ fri5d wat*+ anxi\sly 8 progress1 & able to direct him1 :51 if left to himself1 he mu/ w&] 9 d>kness & dang]4 ,!re be two ?+s1 says ,"l ,coke1 to be avoid$ by him z enemies to le>n+1 praepo/]a lectio & praeprop]a praxis4 ,co4 ,litt4 #gj b4 ,i pref] pres5t+ a c]ta9 ord] ( subjects to be pursu$2 obs]v+1 h[ev]1 t x may be some:at irksome to pursue any "o bran* = too long a p]iod unv>i$4 ,:5 t is f\nd to be ! case1 ! la/ five heads may be adopt$ z collat]al /udies1 & pursu$ simultane\sly ) ! fir/ ?ree4 ,^! heads or bran*es are--#a4 ,real ,e/ate & ,equity4 #b4 ,practice1 ,plead+1 & ,evid5ce4 #c4 ,crime & ,=feitures4 #d4 ,natural & ,int]national law4 #e4 ,con/itutional ,law4 #f4 ,civil ,law4 #g4 ,p]sons & ,p]sonal ,prop]ty4 #h4 ,! ,law ( ,executors & ,adm9i/rators4 ,i4 ,,real ,,e/ate ,,& ,,equity4 ,z introductory to ?is head1 ,"l ,hale's ,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,law may be p]us$ ) advantage4 ,x 0 p]haps a m]e sket*1 int5d$ to be aft]w>ds fill$ up & complet$4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 x is a "w ( au?ority1 z inde$ is ev]y?+ :i* proce$$ f ! p5 ( its di/+ui%$ au?or4 ,he is correct & accurate to a rem>kable degree4 ,reeves' ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,law is a full & compreh5sive hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,law1 accurate & judici\s z well z full4 ,"l ,mansfield is said to h advis$ its au?or 9 reg>d to its plan & execution4 ,9 ?is "w ! /ud5t is pres5t$ ) all t is necess>y t he %\ld "k ( ! e>lie/ law-books1 ,bracton1 ,glanville1 & ,fleta1 c>efully collect$ & pres5t$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! law is sep>ately trac$ "u ! reign ( ea* k+1 & x may be ( advantage to read at ! same "t "s good hi/ory or hi/ories ( ,engl& p>allel ) ! "w4 ,reeves' ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,law1 says ,*ancellor ,k5t1 conta9s ! be/ acc\nt t we h ( ! progress ( ! law1 f ! "t ( ! ,saxons to ! reign ( ,elizabe?4 ,x cov]s ! :ole gr\nd ( ! law includ$ 9 ! old abridgm5ts1 & x is a "w des]v+ ( ! highe/ comm5dation4 ,i am at a loss :i* mo/ to admire1 ! full & accurate le>n+1 :i* x conta9s1 or ! neat1 p]spicu\s1 & sometimes elegant /yle1 9 :i* t le>n+ is convey$4 #a ,comm4 #ejh4 ,dalrymple's ,essay t[>ds a g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,feudal ,prop]ty 9 ,great ,brita91 is a brief b le>n$ & philosophical treatise1 :i* may be foll[$ by ,sullivan's ,lectures on ,feudal ,law1 a "w copi\s 9 detail & exhibit+ ably1 among o!r topics1 ! influ5ce ( ! feudal sy/em ^u ! ,mod]n ,law ( ,t5ures4 ,sir ,m>t9 ,wright's ,introduction to ! ,law ( ,t5ures is "o ( ! mo/ accurate & pr(\nd ( ! essays on ?is topic2 & is wor?y ( ! mo/ att5tive /udy4 ,craig de ,feudis 0 ?\ght by ,"l ,mansfield mu* pref]able to any judicial "w :i* ,engl& _h !n produc$4 ,) ^! legal treatises on ! feudal sy/em may be read ) great advantage1 simultane\sly1 ,rob]tson's ,hi/ory ( ,*>les ,v1 & ,hallam's ,hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,sir ,h5ry ,f9*'s ,law1 or ,nomote*nia1 z he entitl$ x1 may be tak5 up 9 ?is connection4 ,x is said t until ! publication ( ,black/one's ,comm5t>ies1 x 0 reg>d$ z ! be/ elem5t>y book to be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( law /ud5ts2 & we h ! au?ority ( ,sir ,william ,black/one = say+ t 8 me?od 0 greatly sup]ior to t 9 all ! treatises t 7 !n extant3 ,black/one's ,analysis1 ,preface1 #f4 ,8 text1 says ,*ancellor ,k5t1 0 weighty1 concise1 & n]v\s1 & 8 illu/rations apposite1 cle>1 & au!ntic2 ?\gh he adds1 ,b ! abolition ( ! feudal t5ures & ! disuse ( real actions1 h r5d]$ half ( 8 "w obsolete1 #a ,comm4 #eji2 an objection1 9 ! view we take ( legal education1 :i* %\ld r recomm5d ! "w ?an o!rwise4 ,at ! same "t ) ,f9* take ,doctor & ,/ud5t by ,/4 ,g]ma9--a little book :i* is replete ) s\nd law1 & has always be5 cit$ ) approbation z an au?ority4 ,! ,prefaces to ! sev]al volumes ( ,"l ,coke's ,reports may be read n[ ) great advantage4 ,!y conta9 mu* int]e/+ in=mation1 & /rongly impregnat$ z !y are ) ,"l ,coke's abundant le>n+ & love ( ! law z a sci5ce & pr(ession1 !y =m an admirable introduction to ,! ,fir/ ,in/itute1 or ,"l ,coke's ,comm5t>y ^u ,littleton's ,t5ures4 ,x w\ld be advisable1 ,i ?9k1 to read fir/ 9 ord] ! sections ( ,littleton's ,t5ures1 ! orig9al treatise ^u :i* ,! ,in/itute 0 a comm5t>y4 ,aft] t1 no "t or pa9s %\ld be sp>$ to ma/] completely ,! ,fir/ ,in/itute4 ,if ! c\rse n[ prescrib$ has be5 foll[$1 ! /ud5t w n require to be rem9d$1 t ev5 ^? p>ts1 :i* seem to relate to obsolete heads ( ! law1 ought to be read & und]/ood4 ,!re is n1 says ,mr4 ,butl]1 9 ! :ole ( ?is gold5 book1 a s+le l9e :i* ! /ud5t w n 9 8 pr(essional c>e]1 f9d on m ?an "o occasion em95tly useful4 ,!re may be "s extravagance 9 ?is ass]tion2 b we may nev]!less agree ) ,mr4 ,ritso t !re is no k ( ?is k9d1 :i* may n1 soon] or lat]1 be 9 fre% dem&2 !re is no l5g? ( "t or *ange ( circum/ances1 t c entirely defeat its op]ation or de/roy its intr9sic au?ority4 ,l ! old specie )drawn f circulation ^u ! introduction ( a new co9age1 x has always its inh]5t value2 ! ore is /ill /]l+ & may be m\ld$ into mod]n curr5cy4 ,! op9ions ( ,am]ican lawy]s confirm ?is conclusion4 ,x is well kn[n t ,c4 ,j4 ,p>sons 0 di/+ui%$ = 8 famili>ity ) ! pages ( ,! ,in/itute4 ,x 0 ,mr4 ,p9kney's favorite law book2 & 8 argum5ts at ! ,b>1 says 8 biograph]1 ,mr4 ,:eaton1 ab\nd$ ) p]petual recurr5ces to ! pr9ciples & analysis drawn f ?is ri* m9e ( common law le>n+4 ,mr4 ,h(fman1 9 8 ,c\rse ( ,legal ,/udy1 has also borne 8 te/imony to its importance to ! ,am]ican practition]4 ,*ancellor ,k5t seems1 z ,i h intimat$ 9 ! note1 to lean r aga9/ ,coke ^u ,littleton1 z an ,in/itute ( ,legal ,education1 al?\gh he ackn[l$ges its value & au?ority z a book ( ref]5ce4 ,x appe>s to me t aft] ,coke1 ,pre/on's ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,e/ates may be read ) advantage4 ,he is p]haps unnecess>ily diffuse & tautological2 b he ent]s l>gely into ! reasons ( ! ab/ruse doctr9es ( :i* he treats1 & 8 "w is calculat$ to lead ! /ud5t to inquire m e>ne/ly into ! philosophy ( ! sci5ce4 ,fe>ne's ,essay on ! ,le>n+ ( ,cont+5t ,rema9d]s1 %\ld !n be well /udi$4 ,if no o!r book be read ov] a second "t1 x mu/ n be omitt$ z to ?is4 ,?is volume is occupi$ 9 ! discussion ( po9ts ( great difficulty & ab/rus5ess2 yet ! /yle is rem>kable = cle>ness & p]spicuity1 & ! reason+ is logical & irresi/ible4 ,a ta/e or o!rwise1 = ?is book1 w te/ ! /ud5t's real progress4 ,aft] ,fe>ne1 take up ,%epp>d's ,t\*/one ( ,common ,assurances--a "w g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,doddridge1 & n by ,william ,%epp>d1 ^: "n x be>s4 ,x is a mo/ valuable book1 "o ( ! mo/ e/eem$ & au?oritative ( ! old treatises4 ,!re is an edition by ,mr4 ,pre/on1 b ,i d n recomm5d x4 ,_h he annotat$ 9 ! common way1 8 labors & ref]5ces w\ld no d\bt h increas$ ! value ( ! book2 b he has tak5 lib]ties ) ! text1--subdivid+ x1 occasionally *ang+ ! phraseology1 & ins]t+ matt] ( 8 own3 a c\rse ( proce$+ 9 reg>d to any "w1 except a dige/ or diction>y1 to :i* ,i _c be reconcil$4 ,! ,t\*/one may be foll[$ by ,pre/on on ,ab/racts ( ,title1 & ,pre/on's ,treatise on ,conveyanc+4 ,i ?9k t at ?is p]iod1 z a necess>y introduction to ! succe$+ /udies1 "s works on ,equity ,jurisprud5ce %\ld be tak5 9 h&2 z ! ,treatise on ,equity ( :i* ,h5ry ,ball[ is ! reput$ au?or4 ,x is ! text ( ,fonblanque's ,equity4 ,x _h bett] be read by itself4 ,disquisitional notes ( great l5g? only confuse & conf\nd ! /ud5t2 & ,mr4 ,m>v9 has well said t ,fonblanque's ,equity f9ally expir$ "u ! weight ( its own notes4 ,to ?is add ,j]emy's ,treatise on ,equity1 & ,/ory's ,comm5t>ies on ,equity ,jurisprud5ce4 ,! /ud5t may !n read ) advantage1 ,p[ell on ,mortgages1 ) ,cov5try's ,notes4 ,x is to be lam5t$ t ,mr4 ,cov5try did n prep>e an orig9al "w1 in/ead ( ov]:elm+ ! text ( ,p[ell ) 8 le>n$ & valuable labors4 ,*ancellor ,k5t has rem>k$1 t betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,am]ican editors x is some:at difficult = ! read] to "k1 )\t consid]able difficulty1 ^u :at gr\nd he /&s4 ,l ! treatise on ,equity1 x has be5 ne>ly *ok$ to dea? 9 ! embraces ( its annotators4 ,bacon's ,read+ ^u ! ,/atute ( ,uses1 is a v pr(\nd treatise on t subject1 ?\gh evid5tly left by its great au?or 9 an unf9i%$ /ate4 ,s&]s on ,uses & ,tru/s1 is a v compreh5sive & le>n$ "w1 & ! subject1 :i* may be /yl$ ! ,metaphysics ( ! ,law1 requires close att5tion4 ,hill on ,tru/ees1 is a practical treatise1 :i* may "h be read ) advantage1 z also ,lewis on ,p]petuities4 ,sugd5 on ,p[]s1 has be5 said to be second to no elem5t>y law book4 ,x is a ma/]ly elucidation ( ! subtle doctr9es ( ! law on ! subject ( ,p[]s1 & is held 9 ! highe/ e/imation4 ,x w p]haps be bett] appreciat$ & und]/ood1 if ) x1 or aft] x1 is tak5 up ,*ance's ,treatise on ,p[]s1--a "w m diffuse ?an ,mr4 ,sugd5's1 & :i* exam9es1 controv]ts1 & discusses at l>ge _m ( 8 positions4 ,sugd5 on ,v5dors & ,pur*as]s may !n foll[4 ,! titles on ,leases & ,t]ms = ,ye>s1 & ,r5t1 9 ,bacon's ,abridgm5t1 %\ld be /udi$4 ,^! 7 ! works ( ,*ief ,b>on ,gilb]t4 ,aft] ?is1 ,woodfall on ,l&lord & ,t5ant4 ,roscoe's ,treatise on ! ,law ( ,actions relat+ to ,real ,prop]ty1 may be read z a conv5i5t introduction to ,cruise on ,f9es & ,recov]ies1 & ,pigott on ,common ,recov]ies4 ,to ^!1 9 conclusion ( ?is1 by f> ! mo/ important & fundam5tal bran* ( legal /udies1 may be add$1 ,p[ell's ,essay on ! ,le>n+ ( ,devises1 & ,j>man on ,wills4 ,x w be rem>k$1 t ,i h n set d[n 9 ord]1 any ,report ,books2 x is n t ,i und]value t k9d ( /udy4 ,x appe>s to me t 9 8 regul> read+1 ! /ud5t %\ld con/antly resort to & exam9e ! pr9cipal cases ref]r$ to & comm5t$ ^u by 8 au?ors4 ,9 ?is way1 he w read !m m intellig5tly1 & !y w be bett] impress$ on 8 memory4 ,"s reports may be read ?r\gh cont9u\sly2 su* are ,pl[d51 ,hob>t1 ,v]non1 & ,i c]ta9ly ?9k1 ,johnson's ,*anc]y ,reports %\ld be ?us read4 ,smi?'s ,lead+ ,cases is an excell5t read+-book ( ?is k9d4 ,! /ud5t ( ,p5nsylvania ,law w d well n to omit ,b9ney's ,reports4 ,b ,i assign no p>ticul> place to ?is k9d ( /udy1 because ,i ?9k x may be tak5 up & laid aside at int]vals1 accord+ to ! b5t ( ! /ud5t's incl9ation4 ,:51 9 any p>ticul> "p ( 8 c\rse1 he f9ds 8 regul> read+ drags heavily--he has become fagg$ & tir$ ( a p>ticul> subject--let him turn aside = a week or two1 to "s approv$ & /&>d ,report ,book2 x w be useful read+1 & he w be able to return refre%$ to 8 prop] c\rse4 ,x w\ld ext5d ?is ,app5dix too mu*1 if ,i 7 to g ov] ! rema9+ p>ts ( ! prescrib$ plan1 ) ! same p>ticul>ity z ,i h ?is fir/ & mo/ important bran*4 ,x w be suffici5t to indicate m]ely ! books1 & ! ord] 9 :i* !y may be mo/ pr(itably read1 "u ea* division4 ,,ii4 ,,practice1 ,,plead+1 ,,& ,,evid5ce4 ,! ,introduction to ,crompton's ,practice gives a full acc\nt ( ! jurisdiction ( ! c\rts1 & ! /eps by :i* x 0 arriv$ at4 ,?is book is sometimes call$ ,sellon's ,practice1 hav+ be5 arrang$ by ,mr4 ,sellon4 ,! f\r? "p ( ,! ,in/itutes ( ,"l ,coke4 ,tidd's ,practice4 ,/eph5 on ,plead+4 ,saund]s' ,reports1 ) ,notes by ,williams4 ,broom's ,p>ties to ,actions4 ,gre5leaf on ,evid5ce4 ,selwyn's ,nisi ,prius4 ,leigh's ,nisi ,prius4 ,mit=d's ,plead+ 9 ,equity4 ,/ory's ,equity ,plead+4 ,b>ton's ,hi/orical ,treatise ( a ,suit 9 ,equity4 ,newl&'s ,*anc]y ,practice4 ,gresley on ,evid5ce 9 ,equity4 ,,iii4 ,,crimes ,,& ,,=feitures4 ,hale's ,hi/ory ( ! ,pleas ( ! ,cr[n4 ,fo/]'s ,cr[n ,law4 ,yorke's ,consid]ations on ! ,law ( ,=feiture = ,high ,treason4 ,! ?ird "p ( ,! ,in/itutes ( ,"l ,coke4 ,russell on ,crimes & ,misdemeanors4 ,*itty on ,crim9al ,law4 ,,iv4 ,,natural ,,& ,,int]national ,,law4 ,burlamaqui's ,natural & ,political ,law4 ,grotius de ,jure ,belli et ,pacis4 ,ru!r=d's ,in/itutes4 ,vattel's ,law ( ,nations4 ,bynk]%oek ,que/iones ,publici ,juris4 ,wicque=t's ,ambassador4 ,bynk]%oek de ,=o ,legatorum4 ,mc,intosh's ,disc\rse on ! ,/udy ( ! ,law ( ,nature & ,nations4 ,:eaton's ,hi/ory ( ,int]national ,law4 ,:eaton's ,int]national ,law4 ,rob9son's ,admiralty ,reports4 ,cases 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,v4 ,,con/itutional ,,law4 ,! second "p ( ,"l ,coke's ,in/itutes4 ,hallam's ,con/itutional ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,wynne's ,eunomus4 ,de ,lolme on ! ,engli% ,con/itution1 ) ,/eph5s' ,introduction & ,notes4 ,! ,f$]ali/4 ,rawle on ! ,con/itution4 ,/ory on ! ,con/itution4 ,all ! cases decid$ 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on con/itutional que/ions1 to be read me?odically1 z f> z possible4 ,,vi4 ,,civil ,,law4 ,i consid] "s /udy ( ?is head z a necess>y introduction to a ?or\gh c\rse on ! subjects ( ,p]sons & ,p]sonal ,prop]ty1 & ! topic1 :i* is s important 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( ! ,conflict ( ,laws4 ,butl]'s ,horae ,juridicae4 ,gibbon's ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall1 *ap4 #dd4 ,ju/9ian's ,in/itutes4 ,savigny's ,traite de ,droit ,roma94 ,savigny's ,hi/oire du ,droit ,roma9 au ,moy5 ,age4 ,taylor's ,elem5ts ( ! ,civil ,law4 ,mackeldy's ,comp5dium4 ,colquh\n's ,summ>y ( ! ,roman ,civil ,law4 ,domat's ,civil ,law4 ,,vii4 ,,p]sons ,,& ,,p]sonal ,,prop]ty4 ,reeves on ! ,dome/ic ,relations4 ,b+ham's ,law ( ,infancy & ,cov]ture4 ,rop] on ,husb& & ,wife4 ,angel & ,ames on ,corporations4 ,les ,,oeuvres de ,po?i]4 ,smi? on ,contracts4 ,/ory on ,bailm5ts4 ,jones on ,bailm5ts4 ,/ory on ,p>tn]%ip4 ,byles on ,bills4 ,/ory on ,promissory ,notes4 ,abbott on ,%ipp+4 ,du] on ,insurance4 ,em]igon ,traite des ,assurances4 ,b\lay-,paty ,c\r de ,droit ,comm]cial4 ,/ory on ! ,conflict ( ,laws4 ,,viii4 ,,executors ,,& ,,adm9i/rators4 ,rop] on ,legacies4 ,toll] on ,executors4 ,williams on ,executors4 ,! ,law's ,disposal1 by ,lovelass4 ,i believe t ! c\rse t ,i h ?us sket*$1 if /eadily & labori\sly pursu$1 w make a v ?or\gh lawy]4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no?+ 9 ! plan beyond ! rea* ( any "y man1 ) ord9>y indu/ry & application1 9 a p]iod ( f five to sev5 ye>s1 ) a consid]able all[ance = ! int]ruptions ( bus9ess & relaxation4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91--!re is no royal road to ,law1 any m ?an !re is to ,geometry4 ,! fruits ( /udy _c be ga!r$ )\t its toil4 ,x seems ! ord] ( ,provid5ce t !re %\ld be no?+ really valuable 9 ! _w n ga9$ by labor1 pa91 c>e1 or anxiety4 ,9 ! law1 a "y man mu/ be ! ar*itect ( 8 own "*1 z well z ( 8 own =tune4 ,! pr(ession ( ! law1 says ,mr4 ,ritso1 is t1 ( all o!rs1 :i* imposes ! mo/ ext5sive obligations ^u ^? :o h _h ! confid5ce to make *oice ( x2 & inde$ !re is no o!r pa? ( life 9 :i* ! unassum$ sup]iority ( individual m]it is m conspicu\sly di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! respective abilities ( ! p>ties4 ,! laurels t gr[ )9 ^! prec9cts are to be ga!r$ ) no vulg> h&s2 !y resi/ ! unhall[$ grasp1 l ! gold5 bran* ) :i* ! h]o ( ! ,a,eneid ?rew op5 ! adamant9e gates t l$ to ,elysium4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,b>4 ,!re are ?ree ord]s ( m5 at ! ,engli% ,b>3 #a4 ,attorneys1 or ,solicitors 9 ,*anc]y4 #b4 ,b>ri/]s2 & #c4 ,s]jeants4 #a4 ,attorneys & ,solicitors4--,acts ( ,p>liam5t h be5 made = ! regulation ( ?is class4 ,! ,/at4 #f #g ,vict4 c4 #gc1 consolidat+ & am5d+ sev]al ( ! laws relat+ to attorneys & solicitors1 prescribes ! conditions ( admission z an attorney1 ! "t & mode ( _! s]vice "u articles2 & ! oa?s to be adm9i/]$ to !m2 & au?orizes ! ,judges ( ! c\rts ( ! common law1 & ! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls to appo9t exam9]s to exam9e ! fitness & capacity ( all p]sons apply+ to be admitt$ z attorneys or solicitors2 & ! c]tificate1 ei!r ( ! common law or equity exam9]s1 w be suffici5t to entitle a p]son s exam9$ to admission 9 all ! c\rts1 exam9ation by bo? n be+ necess>y4 #c ,/ew>t's ,black/4 #bi4 #b4 ,b>ri/]s4--,! prop] legal d5om9ation ( ?is class is appr5tices1 be+ ! fir/ degree 9 ! law conf]r$ by ! inns ( c\rt4 ,spelman def9es appr5tice1 tyro1 discipulus1 novitius 9 aliqua facultate4 ,?is 0 probably ! mean+ ( ! t]m prim>ily2 b z e>ly z ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i1 x 0 employ$ to d5ote c\nsel bel[ ! /ate & degree ( s]jeant at law2 "o degree correspond+ to t ( ba*elor1 & ! o!r to t ( doctor1 9 ! univ]sities 7,pe>ce's ,hi/ory ( ! ,inns ( ,c\rt1 #bh74 ,"l ,coke in=ms u1 h[ev]1 t ?is degree 0 anci5tly pref]r$ to t ( s]jeant 7#b ,in/4 #bad74 ,!y 7 t]m$ appr5ticii ad legem1 or ad b>ras2 & h5ce arose ! cognom5 ( b>ri/]s4 ,a b>ri/] mu/ h kept twelve t]ms1 i4 e41 be5 ?ree ye>s a memb] ( an inn ( c\rt1 be=e he c be call$ to ! ,b>4 ,aft] a memb] ( an inn ( c\rt has kept twelve t]ms1 he may1 )\t be+ call$1 obta9 p]mission to practice "u ! ,b>4 ,?is class ( practition]s are call$ special plead]s or equity draftsm5 7accord+ z !y prep>e plead+s 9 ! common law or equity c\rts71 or conveyanc]s1 :o prep>e de$s4 #c ,/ew>t's ,black/4 #bf1 note4 ,^? :o are regul>ly call$1 h[ev]1 may take ^u !m ! causes ( all suitors4 ,su* ( ! b>ri/]s z h a pat5t ( prec$5ce1 z k+'s c\nsel1 sit )9 ! ,b>1 ) ! s]jeants2 all o!rs are call$ utt] or out] b>ri/]s4 #c4 ,s]jeants at law4--,s]vi5tes ad legem1 or s]jeant-c\ntors4 ,! coif or cov]+ to ! head worn by ?is ord] has also giv5 a d5om9ation to !m4 ,!re exi/s "s diff]5ces ( op9ion among judicial antiqu>ians z to ! orig9 ( ! coif4 ,x is suppos$ by "s to h be5 inv5t$ ab\t ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,iii1 = ! purpose ( conceal+ ! cl]ical tonsure1 & ?us disguis+ ^? r5egade cl]ks1 :o 7 desir\s ( elud+ ! canon1 re/ra9+ ! cl]gy f practis+ z c\nsel 9 ! secul> c\rts4 ,hort5sius1 #cdi4 ,by o!rs x is ref]r$ to a mu* e>li] p]iod1 :5 ! practice 9 ! high] c\rts 0 monopoliz$ by ! cl]gy1 & ^? :o 7 n 9 ord]s inv5t$ ! coif to conceal ! want ( cl]ical tonsure4 #a ,campbell's ,lives ( ! ,*ief ,ju/ices1 #he1 note4 ,!re are1 inde$1 sev]al circum/ances to rem9d u ( ! ecclesia/ical orig9 ( our pr(ession 9 ,engl&4 ,! t]ms--on ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,hil>y 7,bi%op ( ,poicti]s1 9 ,france1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury72 ,ea/]2 ! ,holy ,tr9ity2 & ( ! bless$ ,mi*ael1 ! ,ar*angel2--! habits ( ! judges1 _! appe>ance 9 c\rt 9 sc>let1 purple1 or black1 at p>ticul> seasons--! use ( ! ^w bro!r to d5ote s]jeant1 & laity to di/+ui% ! p at l>ge f ! pr(ession--! coif ( ! s]jeants--! b&s worn by judges1 s]jeants1 & c\nsel1 & ! g[n & hood ( graduates ( ! inns ( c\rt1--_m ( su* circum/ances raise a /rong presumption t ! legal univ]sity 0 f\nd$ be=e ! "t ( ! enactm5t ( ! canons 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iii1 compell+ ! cl]gy to ab&on ! practice ( ! law 9 ! secul> c\rts 7,pe>ce's ,hi/ory1 #bb74 ,nulles cl]icus nisi causidicus1 0 ! "* giv5 ( ! cl]gy1 soon aft] ! ,conque/1 by ,william ( ,malmsbury4 ,! judges1 !re=e1 7 usually creat$ out ( ! sacr$ ord]1 z 0 likewise ! case among ! ,normans2 & all ! inf]ior (fices 7 suppli$ by ! l[] cl]gy1 :i* has occasion$ _! successors to be /yl$ cl]ks to ?is day 7#a ,bl4 ,com4 #ag74 ,! liv+s 9 ! gift ( ! ,*ancellor 7 orig9ally int5d$ z a provision = !m1 & an ord] 0 made 9 ,p>liam5t1 #d ,edw4 ,,iii1 t ! ,*ancellor %\ld give ! liv+s 9 8 gift1 rat$ at tw5ty m>ks & "u1 to ! ,k+'s cl]ks 9 ,*anc]y1 ! ,ex*equ]1 & ! two ,b5*es1 accord+ to usage1 & to none o!rs4 #a ,campbell's ,lives ( ! ,*ancellors1 #agj1 note4 ,9 ! "t ( ,=tescue1 sixte5 ye>s' cont9uance 9 ! /udy ( ! law 0 ! p]iod ( "t consid]$ a necess>y qualification 9 c&idates = ! coif4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 nev] to h be5 a regulation to t effect2 & x is c]ta9 t p]sons h (t5 be5 advanc$ to ?is degree be=e t "t4 ,by ! common law no "o c be appo9t$ a judge ( ! sup]ior c\rts1 :o has n atta9$ ! degree ( ! coif2 :i* degree c only be conf]r$ on a b>ri/] ( "o ( ! f\r inns ( c\rt4 ,z soon z any memb] ( an inn ( c\rt is rais$ by royal writ to ! /ate1 degree1 & dignity ( a s]jeant-at-law1 he ceases to be a memb] ( ! society4 ,he removes to a new hall1 & appe>s = ! future 9 ! inn ( c\rt z a gue/ 7,pe>ce1 #eb74 ,! mo/ valuable privilege =m]ly enjoy$ by ! s]jeants 7:o1 besides ! judges1 7 limit$ to fifte5 9 numb]71 0 ! monopoly ( ! practice 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,common ,pleas4 ,a bill 0 introduc$ into ,p>liam5t 9 ! ye> #agee2 = ! purpose ( de/roy+ ?is monopoly2 b x did n pass4 ,9 #ahcd1 a w>rant "u ! sign manual ( ! ,cr[n 0 direct$ to ! ,judges ( ! ,common ,pleas1 comm&+ !m to op5 t c\rt to ! ,b> at l>ge1 on ! gr\nd t x w\ld t5d to ! g5]al dispat* ( bus9ess4 ,?is ord] 0 receiv$1 & ! c\rt act$ accord+ly4 ,b 9 #ahci ! matt] 0 br\ght be=e ! c\rt by ! s]jeants1 :5 x 0 decid$ t ! ord] 0 illegal2 ,t9dal1 ,c4 ,j41 decl>+ t1 f "t immemorial1 ! s]jeants h enjoy$ ! exclusive privilege ( practis+1 plead+2 & audi5ce 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,common ,pleas4 ,immemorial enjoym5t is ! mo/ solid ( all titles2 & we ?9k ! w>rant ( ! ,cr[n c no m deprive ! s]jeant1 :o holds an immemorial (fice1 ( ! b5efits & privileges :i* belong to x1 ?an x c\ld alt] ! adm9i/ration ( ! law )9 ! c\rt itself4 7#aj ,b+h4 #ega2 #f ,b+h4 ,n4 ,c4 #ahg1 #bcb1 #bce47 ,h[ev]1 ! ,/atute #i #aj ,vict4 c4 #ed1 has s9ce ext5d$ to all b>ri/]s ! privileges ( s]jeants 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,common ,pleas4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is oa? seems fir/ to h be5 prescrib$ by ! ,act ( ,assembly1 pass$ ,augu/ #bb;d1 #ageb3 ,an act = regulat+ & e/abli%+ fees4 7#a ,smi?'s ,laws1 #bah47 ,x has be5 copi$ into ! revis$ ,act ( #ad? ,april1 #ahcd1 s4 #fi 7,pamphlet ,laws1 #ced71 ) ! addition ( ! clause to support ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! ,con/itution ( ?is ,commonweal?4 ,9 ,engl&1 by ! ,/at4 #d ,h5ry ,,iv1 c4 #ah 7,a4 ,d4 #adjb71 x 0 provid$1 t all attorneys %all be exam9$ by ! ,ju/ices1 & by _! discretion1 _! names put 9 ! roll1 & !y t be good & virtu\s1 & ( good fame1 %all be receiv$1 & sworn well & truly to s]ve 9 _! (fices1 & especially t !y make no suit 9 a =eign c\ntry4 ,! pres5t oa? or affirmation is1 t he w truly & hone/ly demean himself 9 ! practice ( an attorney1 accord+ to ! be/ ( 8 k & ability4 ,/at4 #b ,geo4 ,,ii1 c4 #bc 7,a4 ,d4 #agbi72 ,/at4 #f #g ,vict4 c4 #gc4 ,! qualification ( a s]geant-at-law1 is giv5 at l>ge 9 #b ,in/4 #bac2 & 9 ! valuable old book1 ,! ,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 *ap4 #b1 sec4 #e1 x is said t e c\ntor is *>geable by ! oa?1 t he %all d no wrong nor falsity1 contr>y to 8 k1 b %all plead = 8 cli5t ! be/ he c1 accord+ to 8 und]/&+4 #b ,hur/'s case1 #a ,lev9s1 #gb2 #a ,sid4 #id1 #aea2 ,raym4 #ef1 #id2 #a ,keb4 #cdi1 #ced1 #chg4 #c ,see ,au/9's case1 #e ,rawle1 #bjc4 ,an attorney at law1 says ,c4 ,j4 ,gibson1 is an (fic] ( ! c\rt4 ,! t]ms ( ! oa?1 exact$ ( him at 8 admission to ! b>1 prove him to be s2 y %all behave y\rself 9 y\r (fice ( attorney1 c4 ,aga93 x is decl>$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 ,article #a/1 sec4 #ah 7,art4 #a1 sec4 #ai1 ( ! am5d$ ,con/itution ( #ahch71 t no memb] ( ,congress1 or o!r p]son hold+ any (fice 7except attorney at law1 & 9 ! militia71 %all be a memb] ( ei!r ,h\se1 c41 :i* is a direct con/itutional recognition4 ,prior to ! ,act ( #ad? ,april1 #ahcd1 :i* expressly requir$ f !m an oa? to support ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,con/itution ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,p5nsylvania1 attorneys at law 7 inv>iably held to be )9 ! provisions ( ,art4 #f1 sect4 #c1 ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ,art4 #h1 ( ! ,con/itution ( ,p5nsylvania1 requir+ all (fic]s1 executive & judicial1 to take ! oa? to support ^? con/itutions respectively4 ,9 ,wood's case 7#a ,hopk9s1 #f71 solicitors 9 *anc]y 7 held to be (fic]s1 )9 ! mean+ ( a simil> clause 9 ! ,con/itution ( ,new ,york4 ,! admission ( an attorney1 solicitor1 or c\nsellor1 says ! op9ion 9 t case1 is a g5]al appo9tm5t to conduct causes be=e ! c\rts3 ?is /ation1 ?us conf]r$ by public au?ority1 has its peculi> p[]s1 privileges1 & duties1 & ?us becomes an (fice 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,leigh's case 7#a ,mun=d1 #dfh71 9 :i* x 0 held1 t attorneys are n (fic]s1 )9 ! mean+ ( ! /atute ( ,virg9ia1 requir+ all p]sons hold+ any (fice1 or place1 "u ! commonweal?1 to take an oa? aga9/ duell+1 does n p]haps conflict ) ?is view4 ,! case ( ,byrne's ,admr's v4 ,/ew>t's ,admr's 7#c ,desaus4 #dgh71 may1 h[ev]1 be f\nd ^u exam9ation some:at at v>iance--n ! decision itself1 b ! views express$ by ,*ancellor ,watres 9 8 op9ion4 ,! case simply decid$ :at w\ld seem unque/ionable1 t ! legislature _h a "r to prohibit any public (fic]1 judicial or o!rwise1 f practis+ z an attorney or solicitor4 ,! ,*ancellor said1 ,he 7a solicitor7 c he consid]$ 9 no o!r light ?an t ( a private ag5t = ! citiz5s ( ! c\ntry1 :o may employ him to d _! legal bus9ess 9 ! c\rts2 & al?\gh ! law requires ( him c]ta9 qualifications1 & he receives a lic5se f ! judges1 yet 8 (fice is no m a public "o1 ?an w\ld be any o!r pr(ession or trade1 :i* ! legislature might *oose to subject to simil> regulations1 & :i* is ! practice 9 _m o!r c\ntries4 ,x _c be d\bt$1 t a man's trade or pr(ession is 8 prop]ty2 & if a law %\ld be pass$ av[$ly = ! purpose ( re/ra9+ any memb] ( ?is b>1 :o 0 n a public (fic]1 f ex]cis+ 8 pr(ession1 ,i %\ld decl>e su* law void4 ,?is is to assume high gr\nd2 b ! idea t a man's pr(ession or trade _c be con/itutionally int]f]$ ) by legislative enactm5ts1 seems sc>cely t5able1 & especially1 s f> z ! pr(ession ( ! law is conc]n$1 9 view ( ! absolute p[] ) :i* e c\rt is clo!d1 bo? z to ! admission ( _! attorneys1 & =ejudg+ or /rik+ !m f ! roll4 ,act ( #ad? ,april1 #ahcd1 s4 #gc 7,pamphlet ,laws1 #ced74 ,c\rts ( record & ( g5]al jurisdiction1 are ve/$ ) exclusive p[] to regulate ! conduct ( _! own (fic]s1 & 9 ?is respect _! decisions are put on ! same foot+ ) t num]\s class ( cases1 :i* is wisely confid$ to ! legal discretion & judgm5t ( ! c\rt1 hav+ jurisdiction ov] ! subject-matt]4 ,commonweal? v4 ,! ,judges1 #e ,watts ,s]g4 #bgb2 ,ex p>te ,burr1 #i ,:eat4 #eca2 ,ex p>te ,br[n1 #a ,h[>d 7,miss47 ,rep4 #cjf2 ,p]ry v4 ,/ate1 #c ,i[a1 #eej2 ,9 ! matt] ( ,wills1 #a ,mann1 #cib4 ,! p[] is "o :i* ought to be ex]cis$ ) great caution1 b :i* is1 we ?9k1 incid5tal to all c\rts1 & necess>y = ! pres]vation ( decorum & = ! respectability ( ! pr(ession4 ,m>%all ,c4 ,j4 #i ,:eat4 #eca4 #d ,p] ,gibson1 ,c4 ,j41 9 ,au/9's case1 #e ,rawle1 #bjd4 #e ,! exact weight ( "o hundr$ silv] doll>s ( ! old co9age is #he4icge ounces2 ( ! new co9age1 #hj ounces4 #f ,ex p>te ,c>t]1 #a ,philada4 ,rep4 #ejg4 ,blaike's ,lessee v4 ,*amb]s1 #a ,s]g4 ,rawle1 #afi4 #g ,c\rt & juries h _! respective sph]es assign$ to !m1 )9 :i* ea* is to act & move1 )\t encroa*+ ^u ! jurisdiction or prov9ce ( ! o!r4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 t jurors z well z o!rs may "k t ! direction & decision ( ! c\rt1 on any "q ( law aris+ 9 ! c\rse ( ! trial ( an issue ( fact1 is n to be disreg>d$1 & t a v]dict giv5 aga9/ su* direction1 :atev] x may be1 c nev] avail any?+1 unless x be to occasion additional delay1 tr\ble1 & exp5se to ! p>ties1 z also to ! public1 ! c\rse ( ! c\rt is to set ! v]dict aside1 & to ord] a new trial4 ,& a c\rt1 f ^: decisions on que/ions ( law1 an appeal lies1 by writ ( error or o!rwise1 ought nev] to dep>t f ?is c\rse2 o!rwise ! p>ty aga9/ :om ! v]dict is giv5 loses ! b5efit ( su* appeal1 & ( hav+ ! "q decid$ by ! ,appellate ,c\rt1 :i* w\ld be a mo/ unju/ & illegal deprivation ( 8 "r4 ,p] ,k5n$y1 ,j41 9 ,flemm+ v4 ,m>9e ,ins4 ,co4 #d ,:>t4 #fg4 ,aft] two concurr+ v]dicts aga9/ ! direction ( ! c\rt 9 po9t ( law1 a new trial w /ill be aw>d$4 ,commission]s ( ,b]ks ,c\nty v4 ,ross1 #c ,b9n4 #ebj4 ,pr9ciples ! mo/ firmly e/abli%$ might be ov]turn$1 because a second jury 7 ob/9ate & ra% en\gh to p]sev]e 9 ! errors ( ! fir/1 9 a matt] confess$ by all to be prop]ly )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! c\rt2 ,i mean ! con/ruction ( ! law aris+ f undisput$ facts4 ,p] ,tilghman1 ,c4 ,j41 ,ibid4 #ebd4 ,x is n necess>y to ref] to ! num]\s cases1 bo? 9 ! ,engli% & ,am]ican c\rts1 :i* accord ) ^! pr9ciples4 ,a judici\s selection ( ! lead+ ones is to be f\nd 9 ! note to #a ,:>ton's ,tr\bat ,haly1 #ebi4 ,! text & ! note are conf9$1 ( c\rse1 to civil cases4 #h ,burnet's ,life ( ,sir ,mat!w ,hale1 #gb4 #i ,an attorney is n answ]able = e error or mi/ake2 he ought n to be liable1 9 cases ( reasonable d\bt4 ,pitt v4 ,yald51 #d ,burr[s1 #bjfj4 ,he %all be protect$1 :5 he acts ) good fai?1 & to ! be/ ( 8 skill & k4 ,gilb]t v4 ,williams1 #h ,mass4 #eg4 ,! want ( ord9>y c>e & skill 9 su* a p]son is gross neglig5ce4 ,holmes v4 ,peck1 #a ,rhode ,isl&1 ,rep4 #bde2 ,cox v4 ,sullivan1 #g ,georgia1 #add2 ,p5n+ton v4 ,yell1 #f ,engl4 #bab4 ,z betwe5 ! cli5t & ! attorney1 ! responsibility ( ! latt] is z great & z /rict "h z 9 any c\ntry :5 want ( good fai? or att5tion to ! cause is alleg$2 b 9 ! ex]cise ( ! discretion>y p[] usually confid$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & especially :5 ! cli5t resides at a great di/ance1 an attorney ought n to be held liable :]e he has act$ hone/ly & 9 a way he ?\ght 0 = ! int]e/ ( 8 cli5t4 ,lyn* v4 ,! ,commonweal?1 #af ,s]g4 ,rawle1 #cfh2 ,/akely v4 ,robison1 #aj ,casey1 #cag4 ,:51 h[ev]1 an attorney disobeys ! lawful in/ructions ( 8 cli5t1 & a loss ensues1 = t loss ! attorney is responsible4 ,gilb]t v4 ,williams1 #h ,mass4 #eg4 ,if ! hold] ( a note place x 9 ! h&s ( an attorney-at-law1 ) in/ructions to br+ suit ^u x1 & ! attorney1 act+ "u ! hone/ impression t he w\ld be/ promote ! int]e/s ( 8 cli5t by n br++ suit imm$iately1 omits to d s1 & ! money is aft]w>ds lo/ by ! insolv5cy ( ! mak]1 ! attorney is liable 9 an action aga9/ him2 & ! measure ( damages is :at might h be5 recov]$ f ! mak] ( ! note1 if suit _h be5 br\ght :5 ! note 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! attorney = collection4 ,cox v4 ,liv+/on1 #b ,watts4 ,s]g4 #ajc2 ,wilcox v4 ,plumm]1 #d ,pet]s1 #agb4 ,b a cli5t has no "r to control 8 attorney 9 ! due & ord]ly conduct ( a suit1 & x is 8 duty to d :at ! c\rt w\ld ord] to be done1 ?\gh 8 cli5t in/ruct him o!rwise4 ,anon41 #a ,w5dell1 #ajh4 #aj ,an attorney is n compell$ to appe> = any "o unless he takes 8 fee or backs ! w>rant4 ,anon41 #a ,salk4 #hg4 ,! attorney _c det]m9e ! relation himself1 to 8 cli5t's detrim5t4 ,love v4 ,hall1 #c ,y]g]1 #djh4 ,:5 a solicitor appo9t$ by a p>ty has act$ z su*1 he _c be displac$ by ! appo9tm5t ( ano!r1 )\t an ord] ( ! c\rt4 ,mum=d v4 ,murray1 #a ,hopk9s1 #cfi4 ,aft] an attorney has ent]$ 8 "n ^u ! record1 he _c )draw x )\t leave ( ! c\rt2 & until s )drawn ! s]vice ( a citation ^u him 9 case ( appeal is suffici5t4 ,unit$ ,/ates v4 ,curry1 #f ,h[>d1 ,u4 ,s4 ,rep4 #ajf4 #aa ,a c\nsel1 attorney1 or solicitor1 w 9 no case be p]mitt$1 ev5 if he %\ld be will+ to d s1 to divulge any matt] :i* has be5 communicat$ to him 9 pr(essional confid5ce4 ,?is is n 8 privilege1 b ! privilege ( ! cli5t1 & none b ! cli5t c waive x4 ,j5k9son v4 ,! ,/ate1 #e ,black=d1 #dfe2 ,b5jam9 v4 ,cov5try1 #ai ,w5dell1 #cec2 ,p>k] v4 ,c>t]1 #d ,munf4 #bgc2 ,wilson v4 ,tr\p1 #g ,johns4 ,*4 ,rep4 #be2 ,crosby v4 ,b]g]1 #aa ,paige1 #cgg2 ,bank ( ,utica v4 ,m]s]eau1 #c ,b>b\r ,*4 ,rep4 #ebh2 ,aik5 v4 ,kilburne1 #bg ,ma9e1 #beb2 ,crisl] v4 ,g>l&1 #aa ,sm$es ,m>%all1 #acf2 ,*ew v4 ,! ,f>m]s' ,bank ( ,m>yl&1 #b ,m>yl& ,*4 ,decis4 #bca4 ,x w be f\nd 9 "s ( ^! cases t ?\gh ! c\nsel decl9$ to be engag$ = ! cli5t1 yet ! facts communicat$ 7 held confid5tial2 ! only exception recogniz$ be+ :]e a purpose to p]petrate 9 futuro a felony or an action malum 9 se 0 disclos$4 ,bank ( ,utica v4 ,m]s]eau1 #c ,b>b\r ,*4 ,rep4 #cgg4 ,9 ,moore v4 ,bray1 #aj ,b>r1 #eai1 x 0 held t communications ( ! object1 = :i* an assignm5t ( a mortgage 0 made1 to a c\nsel conc]n$ = ! assignee1 7 privileg$2 al?\gh no "q !n arose z to ! object ( ! assignm5t1 & ! c\nsel consid]$ ! communication 9 ! light ( a casual conv]sation4 ,! circle ( protection1 said ,bell1 ,j41 is n s n>r[ z to exclude communications a pr(essional p]son may deem unimportant to ! controv]sy1 or ! briefe/ & lighte/ talk ! cli5t may *oose to indulge ) 8 legal advis]1 provid$ he reg>ds him z su* at ! mom5t4 ,to f\nd a di/9ction on su* a gr\nd w\ld be to measure ! safety ( ! confid+ p>ty by ! ext5t ( 8 intellig5ce & k1 & to expose to betrayal ^? v anxieties1 :i* prompt ^? 9 difficulty1 to seek ! e> ( him 9 :om !y tru/ 9 season & out ( season4 #ab ,burnet's ,life ( ,hale1 #a ,hale's ,works1 #ei1 #fj4 ,he began1 says ,"l ,campbell1 ) ! speci\s b impracticable rule ( nev] plead+ except on ! "r side1 :i* w\ld make ! c\nsel to decide )\t kn[+ ei!r facts or law1 & w\ld put an end to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 #a ,"l ,campbell's ,lives ( ! ,*ief ,ju/ices1 #dab4 ,!re is ! foll[+ curi\s note by ,baxt] 9 ,burnet's ,life ( ,hale4 ,& inde$ ,judge ,hale w\ld tell me t ,bi%op ,u%] 0 mu* prejudic$ aga9/ lawy]s because ! wor/ causes f9d _! advocates2 b t he & ,mr4 ,seld5 _h conv9c$ him ( ! reasons ( x to 8 satisfaction2 & t he did by acqua9tance ) !m believe t !re 7 z _m hone/ m5 among lawy]s1 proportionably1 z among any pr(ession ( m5 9 ,engl& 7n except+ bi%ops or div9es74 #a ,hale's ,works1 #ajf4 #ac #b ,wynne's ,eunomus1 #eeg4 #ad ,al?\gh ,s]jeants h a monopoly ( practice 9 ! ,common ,pleas1 !y h a "r to practice1 & d practice1 at ?is b>2 & if we 7 to assign "o ( !m z c\nsel1 & he 7 to refuse to act1 we %\ld make bold to commit him to prison4 ,p] ,c4 ,j4 ,hale4 #b ,campbell's ,lives ( ! ,*ief ,ju/ices1 #bj2 cit+ ,freeman1 #chi2 #b ,lev4 #abi2 #c ,keble1 #dbd1 #dci1 #ddj4 #ae ,let ! circum/ances aga9/ a prison] be ev] s atroci\s1 x is /ill ! duty ( ! advocate to see t 8 cli5t is convict$ accord+ to ^? rules & =ms :i* ! wisdom ( ! legislature h e/abli%$1 z ! be/ protection ( ! lib]ty & security ( ! subject4 ,pr(essor ,*ri/ian's note to #d ,black/4 ,com4 #cef4 ,f ! mom5t t any advocate c be p]mitt$ to say t he w or w n /& betwe5 ! cr[n & ! subject arraign$ 9 ! c\rt :]e he daily sits to practise1 f t mom5t ! lib]ties ( ,engl& are at an end4 ,if ! advocate refuses to def5d f :at he may ?9k ( ! *>ge or ( ! def5ce1 he assumes ! "* ( ! judge1 nay1 he assumes x be=e ! h\r ( judgm5t2 & 9 proportion to 8 rank & reputation1 puts ! heavy influ5ce ( p]haps a mi/ak5 op9ion into ! scale aga9/ ! accus$1 9 ^: favor ! b5evol5t pr9ciple ( ,engli% law makes all presumptions1 & :i* comm&s ! v judge to be 8 c\nsel4 ,"l ,ersk9e1 #f ,campbell's ,lives ( ! ,*ancellors1 #cfa4 #af ,p] ,gibson1 ,c4 ,j41 9 ,ru% v4 ,cav5augh1 #b ,b>r1 #ahi4 #ag ,!re are _m :o "k n h[ to def5d _! causes 9 judgm5t1 & !re are _m :o d1 & !re=e plead]s are necess>y2 s t t :i* ! pla9tiffs or actors _c or "k n h[ to d by !mselves1 !y may d by _! s]jeants1 attorneys1 or fri5ds4 ,mirr4 ( ,ju/ices1 *4 #b1 sec4 v4 #ah ,ru% v4 ,cav5augh1 #b ,b>r1 #ahi4 ,if ! cli5t 9 any suit furni%es 8 attorney ) a plea :i* ! attorney f9ds to be false1 s t he _c plead x = ! sake ( 8 consci5ce1 ! attorney may plead 9 ?is case1 quod non fuit v]acit] in=matus1 & 9 s do+ he does 8 duty4 ,j5k9s1 #eb4 #ai ,:ewell's ,elem5ts ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ce1 vol4 #a1 p4 #beg4 #bj ,law ,magaz9e1 ,febru>y1 #ahej1 ,may1 #ahed4 ,law ,review1 ,febru>y1 #ahej4 ,sev]al articles on ! subject1 tak5 f ! ,engli% press1 are to be f\nd 9 ,littell's ,liv+ ,age1 vol4 #bd1 pp4 #agi1 #bcj1 #cjf4 ,i h add$1 9 an app5dix1 ,mr4 ,phillips's v9dication ( himself f ^! *>ges1 9 8 correspond5ce ) 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,w>r51 prec$$ by a brief /atem5t ( ! case4 #ba ,! civil law w n all[ a man to be convict$ on 8 b>e confession1 n corroborat$ by evid5ce ( 8 guilt2 because !re may be circum/ances :i* may induce an innoc5t man to accuse himself4 ,b[y]'s ,comm5t>ies1 #cee1 note4 ,^u a simple & pla9 confession1 ! c\rt ha? no?+ to d b to aw>d judgm5t2 b x is usually v backw>d 9 receiv+ & record+ su* confession out ( t5d]ness to ! life ( ! subject2 & w g5]ally advise ! prison] to retract x & plead to ! indictm5t4 #d ,black/4 ,comm4 #cbi4 #b ,hale1 ,p4 ,c4 #bbe4 #bb ,p] ,/ory1 ,j41 9 ,williams v4 ,read1 #c ,mason1 #dah4 #bc ,9 enum]at+ ! ?+s to :i* e plead] ( o!rs' causes ought to h a reg>d1 ! ,mirror ( ,ju/ices says1 ,t he put no false dilatories into c\rt1 nor false witnesses1 nor move or (f] any false corruptive deceits1 leas+s1 or false lies1 nor cons5t to any su*1 b truly ma9ta9 8 cli5t's cause1 s t x fail n by any neglig5ce or default 9 him1 nor by any ?reat5+1 hurt1 or villany1 di/urb ! judge1 pla9tiff1 s]jeant1 or any o!r 9 c\rt1 :]eby he h9d] ! "r or ! he>+ ( ! cause4 ,*ap4 #b1 s4 #e4 ,?is is inde$ 9 ! v words ( ! s]jeant's oa?1 & ,"l ,coke rem>ks t x consi/s ( f\r p>ts3 #a4 ,t he %all well & truly s]ve ! k+'s p1 z "o ( ! s]jeants at law4 #b4 ,t he %all truly c\nsel !m t he %all be reta9$ )1 aft] 8 cunn+4 #c4 ,t he %all n def]1 wait1 or delay _! causes will+ly = covet\sness ( money1 or o!r ?+ t may t5d to 8 pr(it4 #d4 ,t he %all give due att5dance accord+ly4 #b ,in/4 #bad4 #bd ,a plead] is susp5dable :5 he is atta9t$ to h receiv$ fees ( two adv]s>ies1 9 "o cause4 ,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 *ap4 #b1 sect4 #e4 #be ,x is impossible to /ate a case1 9 :i* a witness %\ld be treat$ r\ghly4 ,if y attempt x1 e "o feels (f5d$1 9 ! p]son ( ! witness4 ,y make y\r "w m difficult2 ! witness %uts himself up1 consid]s y z 8 enemy1 & /&s ^u 8 def5ce3 :]eas1 an op5 c\nt5ance1 & an easy ins9uat+ address1 unlocks 8 brea/1 & dis>ms him ( 8 caution1 if he has any4 ,de9ology1 #bbh4 ,?is admirable little "w1 :i* has be5 attribut$ to ! p5 ( ,"l ,ersk9e1 _c be too highly recomm5d$ to ! /ud5t ( law4 ,! po/script1 :i* sugge/s consid]ations on ! viva voce exam9ation ( witnesses1 is p>ticul>ly wor?y a v att5tive p]usal4 #bf ,pre/on on ,e/ates1 #b4 #bg ,co4 ,litt4 #ga a4 #bh ,ibid4 #f a4 #bi ,art4 ,edw>d ,tilghman1 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,am]icana1 vol4 xiv2 ,! ,lead]s ( ! ,old ,b> ( ,philadelphia1 #ej4 ,let me recomm5d to ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t a curi\s & int]e/+ "w1 entitl$ ,an introduction to ! sci5ce ( ! law1 %[+ ! advantages ( a legal education1 gr\nd$ on ! le>n+ ( ,"l ,coke's ,comm5t>ies1 ^u ,littleton's ,t5ures1 c41 by ,fr$]ick ,ritso1 ,esq4 ,!re are few works ( celebrity1 9 reg>d to :i* su* opposite op9ions h be5 ma9ta9$ z ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,sir ,william ,black/one4 ,:ile "s h express$ ! mo/ en?usia/ic admiration1 !re h be5 o!rs1 l ,mr4 ,au/91 ,pr(essor ( ,g5]al ,jurisprud5ce1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london 7,outl9es ( ,lectures1 #fc71 :o h dealt 9 language ( unsp>+ condemnation & contempt4 ,mr4 ,ritso ?9ks t ! error 0 9 adopt+ !m z an in/itute = ! in/ruction & education ( pr(essional /ud5ts1 :i* 0 evid5tly no "p ( ,black/one's plan1 nor )9 ! scope ( 8 engagem5t4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view1 he objects1 t he repres5ts ev]y?+ r = effect1 ?an ) a view to demon/rate4 ,l ! gnomon ^u ! sun-dial1 he takes no acc\nt ( any h\rs1 b ! s]5e3 ,et quae1 ,desp]at tractata nitesc]e posse1 rel9quit4 ,9 a pr(essional po9t ( view1 ?is solicitude r to captivate ! imag9ation ( ! /ud5t1 ?an to ex]cise & discipl9e ! und]/&+1 is equally unpr(itable & inconv5i5t4 ,x puts him (f ) ornam5tal illu/ration1 in/ead ( solid argum5t1 & leads to a sort ( half in=mation1 :i* is (t5 mu* worse ?an no in=mation at all ^u ! subject4 ,!re is "s =ce 9 ^! rem>ks2 yet1 too _m great lawy]s h begun _! /udies ) ,black/one1 to leave any d\bt t x is a prop] fir/ book4 ,x paves ! way = m repulsive1 ?\gh m recondite & valuable works4 ,i v mu* fe>1 inde$1 t a disposition has exi/$ ( late ye>s to repudiate ,coke ^u ,littleton entirely4 ,*ancellor ,k5t has %[n 8 lean+ 9 t direction 7,comm4 vol4 i1 #ejf1 #eab74 ,i subscribe fully1 h[ev]1 to ,mr4 ,butl]'s op9ion3 ,he is ! be/ lawy]1 & w succe$ be/ 9 8 pr(ession1 :o be/ und]/&s ,coke ^u ,littleton4 ,x ought n1 p]haps1 to be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! /ud5t until he has made "s progress 9 8 read+ ( o!r works3 b soon] or lat]1 he %\ld aim to ma/] x4 ,"l ,coke 01 himself1 deeply imbu$ ) ! love ( 8 pr(ession1 & he is able to transfuse 8 own _s into 8 read]s4 ,8 me?od may be objectionable 9 "s respects2 b ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! life ( 8 "w is gone :5 x is hack$ to pieces1 & !n attempt$ to be fitt$ toge!r aga9 ^u ano!r man's skeleton4 ,i h v5tur$ to add 9 ! ,app5dix 7,no4 ,,ii71 a sket* ( su* a c\rse ( read+1 ( n v ext5sive compass1 z may ) advantage be pursu$ by e "y man aft] 8 admission to ! ,b>4 #cj ,maddock's ,*anc]y4 ,preface4 #ca ,b[y]'s ,head+s on ! ,canon ,law1 p4 #dd4 ,"l ,campbell says t ! p]son "h m5tion$ 0 ,george ,h>d+e--a ,wel% judge & nephew ( ,"l ,camd54 #e ,lives ( ! ,*ancellors1 #bj1 #bha4 ,accord+ to ,"l ,mahon1 x 0 on ! #ae? ( ,m>*1 #aghb1 9 ! debate on a motion ( ,sir ,john ,r\se1 ( want ( confid5ce 9 ! m9i/ry aft] ! surr5d] ( ,"l ,cornwallis4 ,he ascribes ! rem>k to ,sir ,james ,m>riott1 b says t1 al?\gh he 0 ! ass]tor ( ?is s+ul> argum5t1 ! honor ( its orig9al inv5tion seems r to belong to ,mr4 ,h>d+e4 #e ,mahon's ,hi/4 #aci4 #cb ,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 c4 xliv4 #cc ,cont9uus inde et saevus accus&is reis ,sicilius1 multique audaciae ejus aemuli4 ,nam cuncta legum et magi/ratuum munia 9 se trah5s ,pr9ceps1 mat]iam pra$&i patefec]at4 ,nec quidquam publicae m]cis tam v5ale fuit1 quam advocatorum p]fidia3 adeo ut ,samius insignis eques ,romanus1 quadr+5tis nummorum millibus1 ,sicilio datis1 et cognita prev>icatione1 f]ro 9 domo ejus incubu]it4 ,igitur incipi5te ,c4 ,silio consule designato1 cujus de pot5tia et exitio 9 tempore memorabo1 consurgunt patres1 legemque ,c9ciam flagitant1 qua cavetur antiquitus ne quis ob causam or&am pecuniam donumve accipiat4 ,tacit4 ,annul4 #a4 #aa1 c4 #e4 #cd ,*ancellor ,walwor?1 9 ,adams v4 ,/ev5s1 #bf ,w5dell1 #ba4 ,:ile express+1 z w be se5 pres5tly1 ! op9ion t au?ority z well z s\nd policy w\ld h l$ me to a diff]5t conclusion f t at :i* ,*ancellor ,walwor? arriv$1 x is prop] to ackn[l$ge t ,i h drawn l>gely ^u 8 le>n$ judgm5t 9 ?is case1 & at ! same "t to express ! high admiration ,i ent]ta9 = ! ability ) :i* ! la/ ( ! ,new ,york ,*ancellors illu/rat$ ! *air :]e su* truly great m5 _h sat be=e him4 #ce ,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall1 c4 xvii4 #cf #c ,black/4 ,com4 #bh2 ,davis ,pref4 #bb2 #a ,*anc4 ,rep4 #ch2 ,davis1 #bc2 ,hodgson v4 ,sc>lett1 #a ,b4 ,ald4 #bcb2 ,f9*4 ,l4 #ahh2 & see ,butl]'s note to #a ,co4 ,litt4 #bie a4 ,s x is ) ! advocates 9 ! civil law4 ,vo/ ad ,p&4 tit4 de ,po/al4 ,numb4 #f1 #g1 #h2 ,grav9a de ,o/]4 lib4 #a1 s4 #db1 #dc1 #dd4 ,b\*] ,d',asyis1 ,hi/4 ,abrege de ,l',ord] des ,avocats1 c4 iv4 ,see also ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,dialogue des ,avocats du ,p>l4 de ,p>is1 by ,loisil1 :i* conta9s curi\s p>ticul>s ?r\gh\t respect+ ! anci5t ,fr5* ,b>4 ,an amus+ anecdote is relat$ ( ,pasqui]1 ! fam\s ,fr5* advocate4 ,9 #aehc1 :ile he 0 att5d+ ! assizes 7les gr&s j\rs7 at ,troyes1 he sat = 8 portrait1 & aft] ! pa9t] _h f9i%$ ! lik5ess1 :i* ,pasqui] _h n yet exam9$1 he ask$ him to repres5t him ) a book 9 8 h&4 ,! pa9t] said t x 0 too late1 z ! picture 0 complet$ )\t h&s4 ,^u ?is ! witty lawy] imm$iately wrote ! foll[+ l9es z a motto = ! portrait3 ,nulla hic ,pascasio manus e/3 ,lex ,c9cia quippe ,causidicos nulla sanxit hab]e manus4 ,=sy?'s ,hort5sius1 #dbd4 #cg ,! read] w f9d 9 ! ,app5dix1 ,no4 ,,iii1 an acc\nt ( ! diff]5t ord]s ( ! ,engli% ,b>4 #ch ,9 "s ,/ates1 ! pr(essions ( attorney & c\nsellor at law are n di/9ct2 ! same p]son conducts ! cause 9 all its /ages2 & x has n be5 consid]$ t 8 au?ority ceases :5 judgm5t is obta9$4 ,! attorney is 9 "s degree ! ag5t z well z ! attorney ( ! p>ty4 ,hu/on1 ,j41 9 ,lyn* v4 ,! ,commonweal?1 #af ,s]g4 ,rawle1 #cfh4 #ci ,mooney v4 ,lloyd1 #e ,s]g4 ,rawle1 #daf4 #dj ,hornbl[]1 ,c4 ,j41 9 ,seeley et al4 v4 ,crane1 #c ,gre51 ,n4 ,j4 #ce4 ,i %all be sorry to see ! honor>y "* ( ! fees ( b>ri/]s & physicians done away )4 ,?\gh x seems to be a %ad[y di/9ction1 yet ,i believe x to be b5eficial 9 effect4 ,x contributes to pres]ve ! idea ( pr(ession1 ( a class :i* belongs to ! public1 9 ! employm5t & remun]ation ( :i* no law int]f]es1 b ! citiz5 acts z he likes1 '=o consci5tiae4' ,col]idge's ,table ,talk1 vol4 #b4 #da ,gray v4 ,brack5ridge1 #b ,p5na4 ,rep4 #aha2 ,fo/] v4 ,jack1 #d ,watts1 #cc4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey1 an advocate's fees are n recov]able at law4 ,%av] v4 ,norris1 ,p5n+4 #fc2 ,seeley v4 ,crane1 #c ,gre51 #ce2 ,van ,alt] v4 ,mc,kinney's ,exrs4 #a ,h>rison1 #bcf4 ,t ! g5]al curr5t ( decisions is 9 ! opposite direction1 w be se5 by consult+ ,/ev5s v4 ,adams1 #bc ,w5dell1 #eg2 ,s4 ,c4 #bf ,w5dell1 #dea2 ,newman v4 ,wa%+ton1 ,m>t9 ,y]g]1 #gi2 ,/ev5s v4 ,monges1 #a ,h>r+ton1 #abg2 ,bay>d v4 ,mc,lane1 #c ,h>r+ton1 #bag2 ,duncan v4 ,bei/haupt1 #a ,mc,cord1 #adi2 ,d[n+ v4 ,major1 #b ,dana1 #bbh2 ,*ri/y v4 ,d\glas1 ,wright's ,*4 ,rep4 #dhe2 ,webb v4 ,hepp1 #ad ,miss\ri1 #ced2 ,vilas v4 ,d[n]1 #ba ,v]mont1 #dai2 ,lecatt v4 ,sallee1 #c ,port]1 #aae2 ,ea/on v4 ,smi?1 #a ,e4 ,d4 ,smi?1 #cah4 #db ,*ancellor ,walwor?1 9 ,adams v4 ,/ev5s1 #bf ,w5dell1 #dea2 ,fo/] v4 ,jack1 #d ,watts1 #ccg4 #dc ,s5ator ,v]planck1 9 ,adams v4 ,/ev5s1 #bf ,w5dell1 #dea4 #dd ,vilas v4 ,d[n]1 #ba ,v]mont1 #dai4 ,responsibility 9 a confid5tial employm5t is a legitimate subject ( comp5sation1 & 9 proportion to ! magnitude ( ! int]e/s committ$ to ! ag5t4 ,k5tucky ,bank v4 ,combs1 #g ,b>r1 #edc4 #de ,t evid5ce ( usage is admissible to %[ :at is ! rule ( comp5sation = simil> s]vices to ^? su$ =1 see ,vilas v4 ,d[n]1 #ba ,v]mont1 #dbd2 ,badfi% v4 ,fox1 #bc ,ma9e1 #id4 #df ,conc]n+ ! plead]'s sal>y1 says ! ,mirror1 *ap4 #b1 sec4 #e1 f\r ?+s are to be reg>d$3 #a4 ,! greatness ( ! cause4 #b4 ,! pa9s ( ! s]jeant4 #c4 ,8 wor?1 z 8 le>n+1 eloqu5ce1 & gift4 #d4 ,! usage ( ! c\rt4 #dg ,les lois et les docteurs1 les anci5nes ordonnances et plusieurs anci5s arrets donn5t aux avocats une action p\r le paiem5t de leurs honoraires3 mais1 suivant la d]ni]e jurisprud5ce du ,p>lem5t de ,p>is et la discipl9e actuelle du b>reau1 ou ne s\ffre po9t qu'un avocat int5te une telle action4 #a ,dup91 ,pr(ession d',avocat1 #aaj4 ,il e/ possible1 que l'usage ne soit qu'un prejuge2 mais ce prejuge a eu une salutaire influ5ce sur la spl5deur du b>reau ,francais4 ,on ne pret5d pas1 en ,france1 qu'un avocat n'a pas droit a un honoraire p\r prix de ses travaux4 ,jamais on n'a refuse d'en all\] a ceux qui en ont reclame4 ,dans plusieurs b>reaux1 ces reclamations sont meme tol]ees4 ,mais le b>reau de ,p>is s'e/ montre plus sev]e2 et non seulem5t autrefois1 mais encore auj\rd'hui1 t\t avocat a la c\r qui actionn]ait un cli5t en paiem5t d'honoraires s]ait raye du tableau4 ,du re/e1 s'il e/ def5du d'exig]1 il e/ p]mis de recevoir t\t ce que le cli5t veut bi5 assign] p\r prix aux s]vices de son avocat1 en raison de ses pe9es et de l'importance des travaux4 ,ibid4 #fih4 ,les honoraires dus p> les p>ties aux avocats *>ges du so9 de leur def5se1 ne doiv5t pas etre re/ra9ts a la taxe etablie p> le t>if4 ,cette taxe a p\r objet seulem5t de fix] la somme due p> la p>tie qui succombe1 et non d'appreci] les so9s de l'avocat1 appreciation qui doit etre faite selon l'importance et la difficulte du travail4 ,ibid4 #fii4 #dh ,ard5 v4 ,patt]son1 #e ,johns4 ,*4 ,rep4 #dh4 #di ,fo/] v4 ,jack1 #d ,watts1 #cch1 #cci4 #ej ,clipp+] v4 ,hepbaugh1 #e ,watts4 ,s]g4 #cae2 ,m>%all v4 ,! ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad ,co41 #af ,h[>d 7,s4 ,c47 ,rep4 #ccf4 ,t *amp]ty is an (f5ce at common law1 & t contracts ( t "*1 betwe5 cli5t & c\nsel1 are void on t gr\nd1 & z aga9/ public policy1 w be f\nd to h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ,ru/ v4 ,l>ue1 #d ,litt4 #daa2 ,caldwell's ,adm9i/rators v4 ,%eph]d's ,heirs1 #f ,monroe1 #cia2 ,?ur/on v4 ,p]cival1 #a ,pick4 #dae2 ,ard5 v4 ,patt]son1 #e ,johns4 ,*4 ,rep4 #dh2 ,bleakley's case1 #e ,paige1 #caa2 ,wallis v4 ,l\b]t1 #b ,d5io1 #fjg2 ,backus v4 ,byron1 #d ,mi*igan1 #ece2 ,elliott v4 ,mc,clelland1 #ag ,alabama1 #bjf4 ,! cases on ! o!r side1 are1 ,?allhim] v4 ,br9ck]h(f1 #c ,c[51 #fdc2 ,ramsay's ,devisees v4 ,tr5t1 #aj ,b4 ,monroe1 #ccf2 ,bay>d v4 ,mc,lane1 #c ,h>r+ton1 #baf2 ,lytle v4 ,/ate1 #ag ,arkansas1 #fjh2 ,newkirk v4 ,cone1 #ah ,ill9ois1 #ddi2 ,major v4 ,gibson1 #a ,patton ,jr4 ,hea? 7,va471 #dh2 ,wright v4 ,meek1 #c ,i[a1 #dgb4 ,9 ,new ,york1 by ! ,revis$ ,/atutes1 x 0 made an (f5ce1 puni%able by f9e or imprisonm5t1 & removal f ! ,b>1 = any attorney1 c\nsellor1 or solicitor1 directly or indirectly to buy1 or be 9 any mann] int]e/$ 9 buy+1 or to advance or procure money to be advanc$ ^u any?+ 9 action1 ) ! int5t1 or = ! purpose ( br++ any suit !reon4 #b ,revis$ ,/at4 #chf4 ,! ,code ( ,proc$ure appe>s to h *ang$ ! law 9 ?is respect1 & to enable p>ties to make su* b>ga9s z !y please ) _! attorneys4 ,code ( ,proc$ure1 s4 #beh2 ,satt]lee v4 ,fraz]1 #b ,s&f4 ,s4 ,c4 ,rep4 #adb2 ,b5$ict v4 ,/u>t1 #bc ,b>b4 #dbj2 ,ogd5 v4 ,des ,arts1 #d ,du] 7,n4 ,y471 #bge2 ,s$gwick v4 ,/anton1 #d ,k]nan1 #bhi4 ,9 ,k5tucky !re appe>s to be a /atute1 :i* provides t any "o n a p>ty1 receiv+ z comp5sation = s]vices 9 prosecut+ or def5d+ a suit ! :ole or "p ( ! subject-matt] 9 suit1 is guilty ( *amp]ty1 & x has be5 held t ?is /atute ext5ds to attorneys4 ,davis v4 ,%>ron1 #ae ,b4 ,monroe1 #fd4 ,9 ,engl&1 cont+5t fees are held to be cle>ly )9 ! /atutes ( *amp]ty & ma9t5ance4 ,p5rice v4 ,p>k]1 ,rep4 ,temp4 ,f9*1 #ge4 #ea #b ,wallace1 ,jr4 ,rep4 #deb4 #eb #aj ,casey1 #bii4 #ec ,pacisc5di quidem ille piraticus mos2 et impon5tium p]iculis pretia1 procul abom9&a negotiatio1 etiam a m$iocrit] improbis ab]it3 cum praes]tim bonos hom9es bonasque causas tu5ti non sit metu5dus +ratus1 qui si futurus1 malo tam5 ille peccet4 ,qu9ct4 ,lib4 xii1 c4 #g4 #ed ,evans v4 ,ellis1 #e ,d5io1 #fdj2 ,newman v4 ,payne1 #b ,ves4 #aii2 ,walmsley v4 ,boo?1 #c ,atk4 #be2 ,montesquieu v4 ,s&ys1 #ah ,ves4 #cac4 ,! doctr9e has be5 fully foll[$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 ,/ockton v4 ,=d1 #aa ,h[4 ,u4 ,s4 #bdg2 ,/>r v4 ,v&]heyd51 #i ,johns4 #bec2 ,h[ell v4 ,ransom1 #aa ,paige1 #ech2 ,de ,rose v4 ,fay1 #d ,edw4 ,*4 #dj2 ,lewis v4 ,j4 ,a41 ,ibid4 #eii2 ,b]ri5 v4 ,mc,lane1 #a ,h(fman1 ,*4 ,rep4 #dbd2 ,miles v4 ,erv91 #a ,mc,cord1 ,*4 ,rep4 #ebd2 ,rose v4 ,mynell1 #g ,y]g]1 #cj2 ,bibb v4 ,smi?1 #a ,dana1 #dhb2 ,smi? v4 ,?ompson's ,heirs1 #g ,b4 ,monroe1 #cjh2 ,j5n+s v4 ,mc,connel1 #ag ,ill9ois1 #adh4 ,an agreem5t made by a cli5t ) 8 c\nsel1 aft] ! latt] _h be5 employ$ 9 a p>ticul> bus9ess1 by :i* ! orig9al contract is v>i$1 & great] comp5sation is secur$ to ! c\nsel ?an may h be5 agre$ ^u :5 fir/ reta9$1 is invalid & _c be en=c$4 ,lecatt v4 ,sallee1 #c ,port]1 #aae4 #ee ,9 ,foss's ,gr&eur ( ! ,law1 eighty-two exi/+ pe]ages are /at$ to h sprung f ! law4 ,t 0 9 #ahdc4 #ef ,non m]um1 si ob hanc facultatem hom9es saepe etiam non nobiles consulatum consecuti sunt3 praes]tim cum haec eadem res plurimas gratias1 firmissimas amicitias1 maxima /udia p>iat4 ,cic4 pro ,mura5a4 #eg ,vivit1 vivetque p] omnium saeculorum memoriam4 ,dumque hoc vel =te vel provid5tia vel utcunque con/itutum r]um naturae corpus1 quod ille pa5e solus ,romanorum animo vidit1 +5io complexus e/1 eloqu5tia illum9avit1 manebit incolume3 comitem aevi sui laudem ,cic]onis trahet2 omnisque po/]itas illius 9 te scripta mirabitur1 tuum 9 eum factum execrabitur3 citiusque 9 mundo g5us hom9um1 quam cadet4 ,vell4 ,pat]e4 ,l4 #b4 #eh ,sir ,william ,jones adds to 8 o!r claims ^u our admiration t ( a decid$ p>tiality to ! "* & =tunes ( our ,am]ican ,republics4 ,! sum ( my op9ion is1 says he1 t :ile all ! ,am]ican p und]/& ! mod]n art ( w>1 & le>n jurisprud5ce by s]v+ 9 rotation ^u gr& & petit juries1 _! lib]ty is secure1 & !y w c]ta9ly fl\ri% mo/ :5 _! public affairs are be/ adm9i/]$ by _! ,s5ate & ,c\ncils4 ,i _c ?9k a mon>*y or an olig>*y /rong] 9 sub/ance1 :atev] !y may be 9 appe>ance1 ?an a popul> gov]nm5t4444 ,i %all n die 9 peace )\t visit+ y\r ,unit$ ,/ates = a few mon?s be=e ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,may ,i f9d wisdom & goodness 9 y\r ,s5ate1 arms & judicature1 :i* are p[]1 9 y\r commons1 & ! bless+s ( weal? & peace equally di/ribut$ among all4 #b ,wynne's ,eunomus1 #cei1 note4 #ei ,note at p4 #dg4 #fj ,note at p4 #ge4