,,human ,,traits ,,& ,,_! ,,social ,,significance ,,by ,,irw9 ,,edman1 ,ph4,d4 ,,in/ructor ,,9 ,,philosophy1 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity ,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,h\ghton ,,miffl9 ,,company ,,! ,,riv]side ,,press ,,cambridge ,,=eword ,?is book 0 writt51 orig9ally & prim>ily1 = use 9 a c\rse entitl$ ,introduction to ,contempor>y ,civilization1 requir$ ( all ,fre%m5 9 ,columbia ,college4 ,x is an attempt to give a bird's-eye view ( ! processes ( human nature1 f man's simple inborn impulses & ne$s to ! mo/ complete fulfillm5t ( ^! 9 ! delib]ate activities ( religion1 art1 sci5ce1 & morals4 ,x is hop$ t ! book may give to ! /ud5t & g5]al read] a k ( ! fundam5tals ( human nature & a s5se ( ! possibilities & limits ^! give to human ent]prise4 ,"p ,i consi/s ( an analysis ( ! types ( behavior1 a survey ( individual traits & _! significance 9 social life1 a brief consid]ation ( ! nature & developm5t ( ! self1 individual diff]5ces1 language & communication1 racial & cultural cont9uity4 ,^? fruits ( psy*ological inquiry h be5 /ress$ :i* be> mo/ /rik+ly on ! relations ( m5 9 our pres5t-day social & economic organization4 ,9 consequ5ce1 !re has be5 a delib]ate exclusion ( purely te*nical or controv]sial mat]ial1 h[ev] int]e/+4 ,! psy*ological analysis is 9 g5]al bas$ ^u ! results ( ! objective inquiries into human behavior :i* h be5 s fruitfully conduct$ 9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s by ,?orndike & ,woodwor?4 ,to ! "w ( ! fir/-m5tion$1 ! au?or is p>ticul>ly indebt$4 ,"p ,,ii is a brief analysis1 *iefly psy*ological 9 "*1 ( ! f\r great activities ( ! human m9d & imag9ation--religion1 art1 sci5ce1 & morals4 ,^! are discuss$ z normal ?\gh complex activities develop$1 ?r\gh ! process ( reflection1 9 ! fulfillm5t ( man's inborn impulses & ne$s4 ,?us descriptively to treat ^! spiritual ent]prises implies on ! "p ( ! au?or a naturali/ic viewpo9t ^: ma9 outl9es h be5 fix$ = ?is g5]ation by ,james1 ,santayana1 & ,dewey4 ,to ! la/-nam$ ! writ] wi%es to express ! v special obligation t a pupil owes to a great tea*]4 ,! book z a :ole1 s f> z c be judg$ f ! exp]i5ce ! au?or & o!rs h _h 9 us+ x dur+ ! pa/ ye> z a text at ,columbia1 %\ld fit well into any g5]al c\rse 9 social psy*ology4 ,x has be5 increas+ly realiz$ t ! /ud5t's und]/&+ ( contempor>y problems ( gov]nm5t & indu/ry is imm5sely cl>ifi$ by a k ( ! human factors :i* !y involve4 ,?is volume supplies a brief acc\nt ( ! ess5tial facts ( human behavior ) especial emphasis on _! social consequ5ces4 ,"p ,i may be indep5d5tly us$1 z x has be5 ) success1 9 a g5]al c\rse 9 social psy*ology4 ,"p ,,ii1 ! ,c>e] ( ,reason1 pres5ts mat]ial :i* _m in/ructors f9d x highly desirable to use 9 introductory philosophy c\rses1 b = :i* no elem5t>y texts are available4 ,! usual textbooks deal ) ! m metaphysical problems to ! exclusion ( religion1 art1 morals1 & sci5ce1 humanly ! mo/ int]e/+ & significant ( philosophical problems4 ,:]e1 z 9 _m colleges1 ! introductory philosophy c\rse is prec$$ by a c\rse 9 psy*ology1 ! arrangem5t ( ! volume %\ld prove p>ticul>ly well suit$4 ,! illu/rative mat]ial has be5 drawn1 possibly to an unusual ext5t1 f lit]ature4 ,! latt] seems to give ! /ud5t 9 ! vivid reality ( specific situations facts :i* ! psy*ologi/ is condemn$1 f ! necessities ( sci5tific me?od1 to discuss 9 ! ab/ract4 ,! book foll[s m or less closely t "p ( ! syllabus = ! c\rse 9 ,contempor>y ,civilization1 :i* is call$ ,! ,_w ( ,human ,nature1 :i* section ( ! outl9e 0 *iefly ! jo9t product ( collaboration by ,pr(essor ,john ,j4 ,coss & ! au?or4 ,to ! =m] ! au?or wi%es to express 8 l>ge indebt$ness4 ,also to ,miss ,edi? ,g4 ,tab]1 = h] c>eful & valuable edit+ ( ! manuscript 9 prep>ation = ! pr9t]1 he desires to convey 8 deep appreciation4 ,i4 ,e4 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,june #aibj4 ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,human ,,traits ,,& ,,civilization ,,"p ,i--,,social ,,psy*ology ,,*apt] ,i ,,types ,,( ,,human ,,behavior ,! human animal--,! numb] & v>iety ( man's in/9cts--,le>n+ 9 animals & m5--,! prolong$ p]iod ( infancy--,consci\sness ( self & reaction to ideas--,human be+s alone possess language--,man ! only mak] & us] ( tools4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,types ,,( ,,human ,,behavior ,,& ,,_! ,,social ,,significance--,,in/9ct1 ,,habit1 ,,& ,,emotion ,in/9ctive behavior--,! necessity = ! control ( in/9ct--,habitual behavior--,! me*anism ( habit--,! acquisition ( new modes ( response--,trial & error & delib]ate le>n+--,"s conditions ( habit-=mation--,drill v]sus att5tive repetition 9 le>n+--,le>n+ affect$ by age1 fatigue1 & heal?--,habit z a "t-sav]--,habit z a /abiliz] ( action--,diss]viceable habits 9 ! individual--,social in]tia--,! importance ( ! le>n+ habit--,! specificity ( habits--,! consci\s transf]5ce ( habits--,emotion4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,reflection ,in/9ct & habit v]sus reflection--,! orig9 & nature ( reflection--,illu/ration ( ! reflective process--,reflection z ! modifi] ( in/9ct--,reflective behavior modifies habit--,! limits ( reflection z a modifi] ( in/9ct & habit--,h[ in/9cts & habits impair ! processes ( reflection--,! value ( reflection = life--,! social importance ( reflective behavior--,reflection remov$ f imm$iate application3 sci5ce--,! practical aspect ( sci5ce--,! creation ( beautiful objects & ! expression ( ideas & feel+s 9 beautiful =m4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,basic ,,human ,,activities ,food1 %elt]1 & sex--,physical activity--,m5tal activity--,quiesc5ce3 fatigue--,n]v\s & m5tal fatigue4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,social ,,nature ,,( ,,man ,man z a social be+--,greg>i\sness--,greg>i\sness important = social solid>ity--,greg>i\sness may h9d] ! solid>ity ( l>ge gr\ps--,greg>i\sness 9 belief--,greg>i\sness 9 habits ( action--,! effect ( greg>i\sness on innovation--,sympa?y 7a specialization ( greg>i\sness7--,praise & blame--,praise & blame modify habit--,desire = praise may lead to ! pr(ession r ?an ! practice ( virtue--,! social effectiv5ess ( praise & blame--,social e/imates & /&>ds ( conduct--,importance ( relat+ praise & blame to socially important conduct--,education z ! ag5cy ( social control--,social activity & ! social motive4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,crucial ,,traits ,,9 ,,social ,,life ,! int]p5etration ( human traits--,! fight+ in/9ct--,pugnacity a m5ace :5 uncontroll$--,pugnacity z a b5efic5t social =ce--,! submissive in/9ct--,m5 display qualities ( lead]%ip--,man pities & protects weak & suff]+ ?+s--,fe>--,love & hate--,love--,hate4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,dem& ,,= ,,privacy ,,& ,,individuality ,privacy & solitude--,satisfaction 9 p]sonal possession3 ! acquisitive in/9ct--,individuality 9 op9ion & belief--,! social importance ( individuality 9 op9ion4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,self ,orig9 & developm5t ( a s5se ( p]sonal selfhood--,! social self--,"* & w--,! enhancem5t ( ! self--,egoism v]sus altruism--,self-satisfaction & dissatisfaction--,! contra/ betwe5 ! self & o!rs--,types ( self--,self-display or boldness--,self-suffici5t mode/y--,! positive & flexible self--,dogmatism & self-ass]tion--,en?usiasm--,! negative self--,ecc5trics--,! active & ! contemplative--,emotions ar\s$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! self--,! individuality ( gr\ps4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,individual ,,diff]5ces ,! mean+ ( individual diff]5ces--,causes ( individual diff]5ces--,! influ5ce ( sex--,! influ5ce ( race--,! influ5ce ( imm$iate ance/ry or family--,! influ5ce ( ! environm5t--,individual diff]5ces--,democracy & education4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,language ,,& ,,communication ,language z a social habit--,language & m5tal life--,! in/ability ( language--,*anges 9 mean+--,uni=mities 9 language--,/&>dization ( language--,c\nt]-t5d5cies t[>d diff]5tiation--,language z emotional & logical--,language & logic4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,racial ,,& ,,cultural ,,cont9uity ,re/riction ( population--,cultural cont9uity--,uncritical v5]ation ( ! pa/--,romantic idealization ( ! pa/--,*ange synonym\s ) evil--,ord] v]sus *ange--,p]sonal or class opposition to *ange--,uncritical disp>agem5t--,critical exam9ation ( ! pa/--,limitations ( ! pa/--,education z ! transmitt] ( ! pa/4 ,,"p ,,ii--,,! ,,c>e] ,,( ,,reason ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,religion ,,& ,,! ,,religi\s ,,exp]i5ce ,! religi\s exp]i5ce--,! reality ( ! unse5--,exp]i5ces :i* frequ5tly f9d religi\s expression--,ne$ & impot5ce--,fe> & awe--,regret1 remorse3 rep5tance & p5ance--,joy & en?usiasm3 fe/ivals & ?anksgiv+s--,!ology--,! description ( ! div9e--,! div9e z ! human ideal--,! religi\s exp]i5ce1 !ology & sci5ce--,me*ani/ic sci5ce & !ology--,religion & sci5ce--,! *ur* z a social in/itution--,! social consequ5ces ( in/itutionaliz$ religion--,intol]ance & inquisition--,quietism & consolation3 o!r-worldl9ess4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,art ,,& ,,! ,,/hetic ,,exp]i5ce ,art v]sus nature--,! em]g5ce ( ! f9e arts--,! /hetic exp]i5ce--,appreciation v]sus action--,s5se satisfaction--,=m--,expression--,art z vic>i\s exp]i5ce--,art & /hetic exp]i5ce 9 ! social ord]--,art z an indu/ry--,art & morals4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,sci5tific ,,me?od ,:at sci5ce is--,sci5ce z explanation--,sci5ce & a _w view--,! /hetic value ( sci5ce--,! dang] ( pure sci5ce--,practical or appli$ sci5ce--,analysis ( sci5tific proc$ure--,sci5ce & common s5se--,curiosity & sci5tific inquiry--,?9k+ beg9s ) a problem--,! quality ( ?9k+3 sugge/ion--,classification--,exp]im5tal v>iation ( conditions--,g5]alizations1 _! elaboration & te/+--,! quantitative basis ( sci5tific proc$ure--,/ati/ics & probability--,sci5ce z an in/rum5t ( human progress4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,morals ,,& ,,moral ,,valuation ,! pre-conditions ( morality3 in/9ct1 impulse1 & desire--,! conflict ( int]e/s betwe5 m5 & gr\ps--,! levels ( moral action3 cu/om2 ! e/abli%m5t ( folkways--,morality z con=mity to ! e/abli%$--,! values ( cu/om>y morality--,! defects ( cu/om>y morality--,cu/om & progress--,orig9 & nature ( reflective morality--,reflective recon/ruction ( moral /&>ds--,! values ( reflective morality--,reflection trans=ms cu/oms into pr9ciples--,reflective action g5u9ely moral--,reflection sets up ideal /&>ds--,! defects ( reflective morality--,! inadequacy ( !ory 9 moral life--,! dang] ( intellectualism 9 morals--,types ( moral !ory--,absolutism--,relativi/ic or teleological morality--,utilit>ianism--,moral k--,intuitionalism--,empiricism--,e?ics & life--,morality & human nature--,morals1 law1 & education4 ,,index ,,introduction ,,human ,,traits ,,& ,,civilization4 ,?r\gh\t ! long ent]prise ( civilization 9 :i* mank9d h m or less consci\sly *ang$ ! _w !y f\nd into "o m 9 con=mity ) _! desires1 two factors h rema9$ con/ant3 7#a7 ! physical ord] ( ! univ]se1 :i* we commonly call ,nature1 & 7#b7 ! native biological equipm5t ( man1 commonly kn[n z human nature4 ,bo? ( ^!1 we are almo/ unanim\sly assur$ by mod]n sci5ce1 h rema9$ ess5tially ! same f ! dawn ( hi/ory to ! pres5t4 ,!y are ! raw mat]ial out ( :i* is built up ! va/ complex ( gov]nm5t1 indu/ry1 sci5ce1 art--all t we call civilization4 ,9 a v g5u9e s5se1 !re is no?+ new "u ! sun4 ,matt] & m5 rema9 ! same4 ,b :ile ?is fundam5tal mat]ial is con/ant1 x may be giv5 v>i\s =ms2 & bo? ,nature itself & ! nature ( man may1 ) increas+ k1 be increas+ly controll$ 9 man's own int]e/s4 ,! railroad1 ! wireless1 & ! a]oplane are /rik+ & famili> te/imonies to ! efficacy ( man's in=m$ ma/]y ( ! _w into :i* he is born4 ,9 ! field ( physical sci5ce1 man has1 9 ! %ort p]iod ( ?ree c5turies s9ce ,francis ,bacon s\nd$ ! trumpet call to ! /udy ( ,nature & ,newton discov]$ ! laws ( motion1 magnific5tly atta9$ & appreciat$ ! p[] to "k exactly :at ! facts ( ,nature are1 :at consequ5ces foll[ f !m1 & h[ !y may be appli$ to enl>ge ! b\nd>ies ( ! empire ( man4 ,9 8 control ( human nature1 :i* is 9 its outl9es z fix$ & con/ant z ! laws t gov]n ! movem5ts ( ! />s1 man has be5 mu* less consci\s & delib]ate1 & m frequ5tly mov$ by passion & ignorance ?an by reason & k4 ,nev]!less1 cu/om & law1 ! c\rt1 ! s*ool1 & ! m>ket h simil>ly be5 man's ways ( utiliz+ ! orig9al equipm5t ( impulse & desire :i* ,nature has giv5 him4 ,x is h>d to believe1 b z c]ta9 z x is incr$ible1 t ! mod]n pr(essional & bus9essman1 mov+ freely amid ! div]se contacts & complexities pictur$ 9 any casual newspap]1 9 a _w ( factories & p>liam5ts & a]oplanes1 is by nature no diff]5t f ! sup]/iti\s savage hunt+ prec>i\s food1 liv+ 9 caves1 & f9d+ e /rang] an enemy4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! civilization ( an ,am]ican city & t ( ! b>b>ian tribes ( ,we/]n ,europe ?\s&s ( ye>s ago is an accurate index ( ! ext5t to :i* man has succe$$ 9 r$irect+ & controll+ t fundam5tal human nature :i* has 9 its ess5tial /ructure rema9$ ! same ?r\gh hi/ory4 ,man's ways ( association & cop]ation1 = ! mo/ "p1 h n be5 delib]ately develop$1 s9ce m5 liv$ & _h to live toge!r long be=e a sci5ce ( human relations c\ld h be5 dream$ (4 ,only to-day are we beg9n+ to h an inkl+ ( ! fundam5tal facts ( human nature4 ,b x has become increas+ly pla9 t progress dep5ds n m]ely on increas+ our k & application ( ! laws :i* gov]n man's physical environm5t4 ,ma*9]y1 factories1 & automatic reap]s are1 aft] all1 only in/rum5ts = man's welf>e4 ,if man is ev] to atta9 ! happ9ess & rationality ( :i* philosoph]s & re=m]s h cont9ually be5 dream+1 !re mu/ also be an und]/&+ ( ! laws :i* gov]n man himself1 laws q z con/ant z ^? ( physics & *emi/ry4 ,education & political organization1 ! college & ! legislature1 h[ev] remote !y may seem f ! r&om impulses to cry & clut* at r&om objects ) :i* a baby comes into ! _w1 mu/ />t f j su* mat]ials z ^!4 ,! same impulse :i* prompts a five-ye>-old to put blocks into a symmetrical arrangem5t is ! /uff out ( :i* ar*itects or great executives are made4 ,patriotism & public _s f9d _! roots back 9 ! same unle>n$ impulses :i* make a baby smile back :5 smil$ at1 & makes x1 :5 a little old]1 cry if left too long alone or 9 a /range place4 ,all ! native biological impulses1 :i* are almo/ lit]ally our bir?right1 may1 :5 und]/ood1 be modifi$ ?r\gh education1 public op9ion1 & law1 & direct$ 9 ! int]e/s ( human ideals4 ,x is ! aim ( ?is book to indicate "s ( ^! m out/&+ human traits1 & ! factors :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt if !y are to be controll$ 9 ! int]e/s ( human welf>e4 ,x is too (t5 =gott5 t ! problems :i* are to be dealt ) 9 ! _w ( politics1 ( bus9ess1 ( law1 & education1 are mu* complicat$ by ! fact t human be+s are s con/itut$ t giv5 c]ta9 situations1 !y w d c]ta9 ?+s 9 c]ta9 inevitable ways4 ,^! problems are mu* cl>ifi$ by kn[+ :at ^! fundam5tal ways ( m5 are4 ,,human ,,traits ,,& ,,_! ,,social ,,significance ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,i ,,types ,,( ,,human ,,behavior ,,! ,,human ,,animal4 ,any attempt to und]/& :at ! nature ( man is1 ap>t f its tra9+ & education dur+ ! life ( ! individual1 mu/ />t ) ! realization t man is a human animal4 ,z a human be+ he is /rik+ly set (f by 8 upright po/ure & 8 l>ge & flexible h&4 ,b *iefly he is di/+ui%$ by 8 pla/ic bra91 ^u :i* dep5ds 8 capacity to p]=m ! complex m5tal activities--f adm9i/]+ a railroad to solv+ problems 9 calculus--:i* con/itute man's out/&+ & exclusive *>act]i/ic4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! ?9k+ process is discuss$ 9 detail 9 *apt]s ,,iii & ,,xiv4 ,b 9 8 /ructure & functions man be>s1 z is n[ well kn[n1 a m>k$ resemblance to ! l[] animals4 ,8 respiratory & dige/ive organs1 = example1 may be duplicat$ z f> d[n 9 ! animal scale z birds & *ick5s4#b ,man's :ole physical app>atus & mode ( life1 save 9 complexity & ref9em5t ( op]ations1 are ! same z ^? ( any ( ! high] mammals4 ,b m important = ! /ud5t ( human behavior1 man's m5tal life--t is1 8 way ( respond+ to & deal+ ) 8 environm5t--is 9 l>ge "p id5tical ) t ( ! l[] animals1 especially ( ! mo/ highly develop$ v]tebrates1 su* z ! monkey4 ,!y h1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 precisely ! same equipm5t = adju/+ !mselves to ! conditions ( life4 ,ap>t f education1 bo? man & animal are end[$ ) a set ( m or less fix$ t5d5cies to respond 9 specific ways to specific /imuli4 ,^! inborn or cong5ital t5d5cies are g5]ally kn[n z reflexes or in/9cts4#a ,^! are unle>n$ ways1 exhibit$ by bo? human & animal organisms1 ( respond+ promptly & precisely1 & 9 a comp>atively *angeless mann] to a giv5 /imulus f ! environm5t4 ,^! t5d5cies to act1 :ile !y may be1 & mo/ frequ5tly are ( advantage to ! organism1 are n consci\s or acquir$4 ,!y are irresi/ible impulses to d j su*-&-su* p>ticul> ?+s 9 su*-&-su* p>ticul> ways :5 confront$ ) j su*-&-su* p>ticul> situations4 ,9 ! well-kn[n words ( ,james3 ,footnote #b3 ,) c]ta9 modifications acc\nt$ = 9 _! hi/orical desc5t ) modification f a common ance/or4 ,see ,scott3 ,!ory ( ,evolution4 ,footnote #a3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is l>gely "o ( complexity4 ,by a reflex is meant a v simple & comp>atively rigid response2 by an in/9ct a s]ies ( reflexes su* t :5 ! fir/ is set (f1 ! rema9d] are set (f 9 a regul>ly det]m9ate succession4 ,! cat runs aft] ! m\se1 runs or %[s fight be=e ! dog1 avoids fall+ f walls & trees1 %uns fire & wat]1 etc41 n because he has any notion ei!r ( life or dea?1 or ( self-pres]vation4 ,he has probably atta9$ to no "o ( ^! conceptions 9 su* a way z to react def9itely ^u x4 ,he acts 9 ea* case sep>ately1 & simply because he _c help x2 be+ s fram$ t :5 t p>ticul> runn+ ?+ call$ a m\se appe>s 9 8 field ( vision he mu/ pursue2 t :5 t p>ticul> b>k+ & ob/rep]\s ?+ call$ a dog appe>s !re he mu/ retire1 if at a di/ance1 & scrat* if close by2 t he mu/ )draw 8 feet f wat]1 & 8 face f flame4#b ,footnote #b3 ,james3 ,psy*ology1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #chd4 ,simil>ly1 ! baby's rea*+ = r&om objects1 & suck+ !m :5 seiz$1 its turn+ its head aside1 :5 x has _h en\gh food1 its cry+ :5 alone & hungry1 are n1 = ! mo/ "p1 delib]ate me?ods inv5t$ by ! infant to ma9ta9 its own welf>e1 b are almo/ z automatic z ! numb] ( s\nds omitt$ by ! cuckoo clock at midnight4 ,:y d m5 always lie d[n1 :5 !y c1 on s(t b$s r ?an on h>d floors8 ,:y d !y sit r\nd ! /ove on a cold day8 444 ,:y does ! maid5 int]e/ ! y\? s t ev]y?+ ab\t h] seems m important & significant ?an any?+ else 9 ! _w8 ,no?+ m c be said ?an t ^! are human ways1 & t e creature likes its own ways1 & takes to ! foll[+ ( !m z a matt] ( c\rse4444 ,n "o man 9 a billion1 :5 tak+ 8 d9n]1 ?9ks ( utility4 ,he eats because ! food ta/es good1 & makes him want m4 ,if y ask him :y he %\ld want to eat m ( :at ta/es l t1 in/ead ( rev]+ y z a philosoph]1 he w probably laugh at y = a fool4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james3 ,psy*ology1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #chf4 ,^! inborn t5d5cies to act v>y 9 complexity f ! )draw+ ( a h& f a hot /ove or ! j]k+ ( ! knee :5 t\*$ 9 a p>ticul> spot to />tl+ly involv$ tra9s ( action to be f\nd 9 ! behavior ( c]ta9 ( ! l[] animals4 ,b]gson cites ! case ( a species ( wasp :i* ) a skill1 unconsci\s ?\gh x be1 resembl+ t ( ! exp]t surgeon1 p>alyzes a cat]pill> )\t kill+ x1 & c>ries x home = food = its "y4#b ,!re are aga9 _m cases ( insects :i* inv>iably lay _! eggs 9 ! only places :]e ! grubs1 :5 hat*$1 w f9d ! food !y ne$ & c eat1 or :]e ! l>v w be able to atta* !mselves z p>asites to "s ho/ 9 a way t is necess>y to _! survival4#c ,9 _m in/ances ^! complicat$ tra9s ( action are p]=m$ by ! animal 9 a situation absolutely /range to x1 )\t its ev] hav+ se5 ! act p]=m$ be=e1 hav+ be5 born frequ5tly aft] its p>5ts _h di$1 & itself de/9$ to die long be=e its grubs w h hat*$4 ,footnote #b3 ,b]gson3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #c3 ,mc,dougall3 ,social ,psy*ology1 p4 #bd4 7,except :]e o!rwise not$1 all ref]5ces are to ! f\r? edition47 ,,! ,,numb] ,,& ,,v>iety ,,( ,,man',s ,,in/9cts4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made1 notably by su* m5 z ,james1 ,mc,dougall1 & ,?orndike1 to enum]ate & classify ! t5d5cies ) :i* man is at bir? end[$1 or :i*1 l ! sex in/9ct1 make _! appe>ance at a c]ta9 /age 9 biological gr[?1 reg>dless ( ! p>ticul> tra9+ to :i* ! individual has be5 subject$4 ,e>li] classifications 7 incl9$ to speak ( in/9cts z v g5]al & z half consci\sly purposeful 9 "*4 ,?us x is /ill popul>ly cu/om>y to speak ( ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 ! in/9ct ( hung]1 & ! p>5tal in/9ct4 ,! t5d5cy ( pres5t-day psy*ology is to note j :at responses take place 9 giv5 specific situations4 ,z a result ( su* obs]vation1 p>ticul>ly by su* biologi/s z ,watson & ,j5n+s1#a in/9cts h come to be reg>d$ n z g5]al & purposive b z specific & automatic4 ,?us x is no in/9ct ( self-pres]vation t drives ! *ild to bl9k its eyes at a bl9d+ fla% ( light2 x is solely & simply ! v direct & imm$iate t5d5cy to bl9k its eyes 9 j t way :5ev] su* a ph5om5on occurs4 ,x is no delib]ate int5t to inhale ! oxyg5 necess>y to ! su/5ance ( life t causes u to brea!4 ,no m is x a consci\s plan to provide ! organism ) n\ri%m5t t prompts u to eat our breakfa/ 9 ! morn+2 x is simply ! imm$iate & irresi/ible enticem5t ( food aft] a night's fa/4 ,n a delib]ate motive ( mat]nity prompts ! "m to c>ess & c>e = h] baby1 b an inevitable & almo/ inv9cible t5d5cy to cuddle x :5 x cries1 smile :5 x smiles1 fondle x & coo to x 9 turn4 ,footnote #a3 ,watson3 ,behavior4 ,h4 ,s4 ,j5n+s3 ,behavior ( ! ,l[] ,organisms4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s1 z a result ( ! obs]vation ( animals "u laboratory conditions1 !re has be5 increas+ evid5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( specific t5d5cies to act 9 specific ways1 9 response to specific giv5 /imuli4 ,z no /imuli are ev] q alike1 & no animal organism is ev] 9 exactly ! same physico-*emical condition at two diff]5t times1 !re are slight b negligible diff]5ces 9 response4 ,all[+ = ^!1 animals may be said to be equipp$ ) a wide v>iety ( t5d5cies to d precisely ! same ?+s "u recurr5t id5tical circum/ances4 ,! aim ( ! exp]im5tal psy*ologi/ is to discov] j :at actions occur :5 an animal is plac$ 9 any giv5 circum/ances1 precisely z ! *emi/ notes :at reaction occurs :5 two *emicals are comb9$4 ,:ile exp]im5ts ) ! human infant are m difficult & r>e 7& :ile x is among infants alone among humans t orig9al t5d5cies c be obs]v$ free f ! modifications to :i* !y are s soon subject$ by tra9+ & environm5t7 c>eful obs]v]s f9d 9 ! human animal also a great numb] ( ^! specific ways ( act+4 ,j :i* ( ! l>ge numb] ( obs]v$ univ]sal modes ( behavior are orig9al & unle>n$1 is a matt] /ill 9 controv]sy among psy*ologi/s4 ,!re is practically complete agreem5t among !m1 h[ev]1 ) respect to su* comp>atively simple acts z grasp+1 rea*+1 putt+ ?+s 9 ! m\?1 creep+1 /&+ & walk+1 & ! mak+ ( s\nds m or less articulate4 ,mo/ psy*ologi/s recognize ev5 su* highly complicat$ t5d5cies z man's re/lessness 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r p1 8 t5d5cy to attract _! att5tion :5 pres5t1 to be at once pity+ & pugnaci\s1 gre$y & sympa!tic1 to take & to foll[ a lead4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t man possesses n few] in/9cts ?an animals1 b m4 ,8 sup]iority consi/s 9 ! fact t he has at once m t5d5cies to respond1 & t 9 him ^! t5d5cies are m flexible & m susceptible ( modification ?an ^? ( animals4 ,a *ick5 has at ! />t ! advantage ov] ! human2 x c at fir/ d m ?+s & d !m bett]4 ,b x is ! human baby :o1 ?\gh x _c f9d food = itself at ! />t1 c ev5tually be taught to di/+ui% betwe5 ! nutritive values ( food1 secure food f remote s\rces1 & make palatable food f mat]ials :i* :5 raw are in$ible4 ,an inv5tory & classification ( man's orig9al t5d5cies is made m difficult precisely because ^! are s easily modifiable & are1 ev5 9 e>lie/ *ildhood1 seldom se5 9 _! orig9al & simple =m4 ,at any giv5 "t a human be+ is be+ act$ ^u by a wide v>iety ( compet+ & contemporane\s /imuli4 ,9 walk+ d[n a /reet ) a fri5d1 = example1 "o may be attract$ by ! array ( bright colors1 ( fl[]s1 jewelry & clo?+ 9 ! %op w9d[s1 bl9k "o's eyes 9 ! gl>e ( ! sun1 feel a satisfaction 9 ! pres5ce ( o!r p & a lonel9ess = a p>ticul> fri5d1 dodge be=e a pass+ automobile1 be envi\s ( its occupant1 & smile b5evol5tly at a pass+ *ild4 ,x w\ld be difficult 9 s complex & s *>act]i/ically famili> a situation to pick out completely & precisely ! orig9al human t5d5cies at "w1 & trace out all ! modifications to :i* !y h be5 subject$ 9 ! c\rse ( individual exp]i5ce4 ,= ev5 s+le responses 9 ! adult are n ! same 9 quality or scope z !y 7 to />t )4 ,ev5 ! simple/ /imuli ( ta/e & ( s\nd are diff]5t to ! adult f :at !y are to ! *ild4 ,:at = ! adult is a pr9t$ page full ( significance is = ! baby a blur1 or at mo/ *aotic black m>ks on :ite pap]4 ,b :ile x is difficult to dis5tangle out ( ev5 a simple1 ev]yday occurr5ce ! orig9al unle>n$ human impulses at "w1 exp]im5tation on bo? humans & animals seems cle>ly to e/abli% t 9 ! same organism ! same situation w always produce ! same response4 ,x also seems cle> t 9 man ^! native unle>n$ responses to giv5 /imuli are unusually num]\s & unusually controllable4 ,^u ! possibility ( ! ready modification ( ^! orig9al elem5ts 9 man's behavior 8 :ole education & social life dep5d4 ,,le>n+ ,,9 ,,animals ,,& ,,m54 ,m5 & animals are alike n only 9 t !y h 9 common a l>ge numb] ( t5d5cies to respond 9 def9ite ways to def9ite /imuli1 b t ^! responses may be modifi$1 "s /r5g!n$ ?r\gh use1 & o!rs weak5$ or altoge!r disc>d$ ?r\gh disuse4 ,9 bo? also ! survival & /r5g!n+ ( "s native t5d5cies1 ! weak5+ & ev5 ! complete elim9ation ( o!rs1 dep5ds prim>ily ^u ! satisfaction :i* fl[s f _! practice4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t any situation1 :ile x calls =? on ! "p ( ! organism a *>act]i/ic response1 may also call out o!rs1 especially if ! fir/ response made fails to secure satisfaction1 or if x places ! animal 9 a positively annoy+ situation4 ,!re are c]ta9 situations--be+ f$ :5 hungry1 re/+ :5 we>y1 etc4--:i* are imm$iate & orig9al satisfi]s2 !re are o!rs su* z bitt] ta/es1 be+ look$ at ) scorn by o!rs1 etc41 :i* are natural annoy]s4 ,! fir/ type ! animal w try v>i\s means ( atta9+2 ! second1 v>i\s means ( avoid+4 ,?r\gh trial & error1 ?r\gh go+ ?r\gh e response x c make to a giv5 situation1 ! animal or human hits ^u "s response :i* w secure = x satisfaction or rid x ( a positive annoyance4 ,once ?is successful response is hit ^u1 x t5ds to be reta9$ & becomes habitual 9 t situation1 :ile o!r r&om responses are elim9at$4 ,z w be po9t$ out 9 ! foll[+1 man has develop$ 9 ! process ( reflection a mu* m effective & subtle mode ( atta9+ desirable results1 b a l>ge "p ( human acquisition ( skill1 :e!r at ! typewrit]1 ! piano1 ! t5nis c\rt1 or 9 deal+ ) o!r p1 is /ill a matt] ( mak+ e r&om response t ! situation provokes until ! appropriate & effective "o is hit ^u1 & mak+ ?is latt] response m imm$iately ^u repeat$ exp]i5ces 9 ! same situation4 ,once ?is effective response becomes habitual x is j z automatic 9 "* z if x _h be5 made imm$iately ! fir/ "t1 & x is almo/ impossible )\t k ( ! animal's or ! human's e>li] modes ( response to detect ! diff]5ce betwe5 an acquir$ response & "o t is inborn4 ,?is process ( trial & error is p]haps be/ illu/rat$ 9 ! behavior ( ! l[] animals :]e c>eful exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ = ! purpose ( trac+ ! process ( le>n+4 ,9 ! classic cases report$ by ,?orndike & ,watson1 :5 *ick5s1 rats1 & cats 7 plac$ 9 situations :]e ! fir/ response fail$ to br+ satisfaction1 _! behavior 0 9 ea* case m>k$ by ! foll[+ features4 ,at ! fir/ trial ! animals 9 e case p]=m$ a wide v>iety ( acts useless to secure ! satisfaction !y 7 in/9ctively seek+1 :e!r x 0 food 9 a box1 or fre$om f conf9em5t 9 a cage4 ,^u repeat$ trials ! act appropriate to secur+ satisfaction 0 p]=m$ ) increas+ elim9ation ( useless acts1 & consequ5t decrease ( ! "t requir$ to p]=m ! act requisite to secure food1 or fre$om1 or bo?1 z ! case might be4 ,"o ( ,?orndike's fam\s cat exp]im5ts is be/ told 9 8 own report3 ,if we take a box tw5ty by fifte5 by twelve in*es1 replace its cov] & front side by b>s an in* ap>t1 & make 9 ?is front side a door arrang$ s z to fall op5 :5 a wood5 button inside is turn$ f a v]tical to a horizontal position1 we %all h means to obs]ve su* le>n+ by trial & error4 ,a kitt51 ?ree to six mon?s old1 if put 9 ?is box :5 hungry1 a bit ( fi% be+ left outside1 reacts z foll[s3 ,x tries to squeeze ?r\gh betwe5 ! b>s1 claws at ! b>s1 & at loose ?+s 9 & out ( ! box1 /ret*es its paws out betwe5 ! b>s1 & bites at its conf9+ walls4 ,"s "o ( all ^! promiscu\s claw+s1 squeez+s1 & bit+s turns r\nd ! wood5 button1 & ! kitt5 ga9s fre$om & food4 ,by repeat+ ! exp]i5ce aga9 & aga9 ! animal gradually comes to omit all ! useless claw+s1 & ! l1 & to manife/ only ! p>ticul> impulse 7e4g41 to claw h>d at ! top ( ! button ) ! paw or to pu% aga9/ "o side ( x ) ! nose7 :i* has result$ successfully4 ,x turns ! button ar\nd )\t delay :5ev] put 9 ! box4 ,x has =m$ an association betwe5 ! situation conf9$ 9 a box ) a c]ta9 appe>ance & ! response ( claw+ at a c]ta9 "p ( t box 9 a c]ta9 def9ite way4 ,popul>ly speak+1 x has le>n$ to op5 a door by press+ a button4 ,to ! un9itiat$ obs]v] ! behavior ( ! six kitt5s t ?us fre$ !mselves f su* a box w\ld seem wond]ful & q unlike _! ord9>y accompli%m5ts ( f9d+ _! way to _! food or b$s4444 ,a c]ta9 situation ar\ses1 by virtue ( accid5t or m (t5 in/9ctive equipm5t1 c]ta9 responses4 ,"o ( ^! happ5s to be an act appropriate to secure fre$om4 ,x is /amp$ 9 9 connection ) t situation4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?orndike3 ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,brief] ,c\rse4 p4 #abi4 ,p]haps ! mo/ significant factor to be not$ 9 ?is1 & 9 simil> cases1 is t ! successful response to a baffl+ situation is acquir$1 & t ?is acquisition rema9s a m or less p]man5t possession ( ! human or animal organism4 ,p>ticul>ly important = ! problem & practice ( education is ! me*anism by :i* ^! le>n$ modes ( behavior are acquir$4 ,=1 to atta9 skill1 k1 intellect1 "*1 is to atta9 c]ta9 det]m9ate habits ( action1 c]ta9 recurr5t & /able ways ( respond+ to a situation4 ,! reason :y ! cat 9 ! box ceas$ to p]=m ! hundr$ & "o r&om acts ( claw+ & bit+1 & aft] a numb] ( trials got d[n to ! imm$iately necess>y bus9ess ( turn+ ! button 0 because x _h le>n$ t "o ?+ only1 out ( ! multitude ( ?+s x c\ld d1 w\ld enable x to get out ( ! box & get its food4 ,to say t x le>n$ ?is is n to say t x consci\sly realiz$ x2 x means simply t :5 plac$ 9 su* a situation aga9 aft] hav+ be5 plac$ 9 x a suffici5t numb] ( times1 x w be set (f to ! turn+ ( ! button :i* gets x food1 in/ead ( bit+ b>s & claw+ at r&om--actions :i* m]ely s]ve fur!r to fru/rate its hung]4 ,! animal has n consci\sly le>n$1 b its n]v\s sy/em has be5 me*anically direct$4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! education ( humans z well z ( animals consi/s precisely 9 ! modification ( our orig9al responses to situations by a trial-&-error discov]y ( ways ( atta9+ satisfactory & avoid+ annoy+ situations4 ,bo? animals & humans1 :5 !y h sev]al times p]=m$ a c]ta9 act t br+s satisfaction1 t5d1 on ! recurr5ce ( a simil> situation1 to repeat t action imm$iately & to elim9ate ) successive repetitions almo/ all ! o!r responses :i* are possible1 b :i* are ineffective 9 ! atta9m5t ( "s specific satisfaction4 ,! :ole tra9+ impos$ by civilization on ! individual is bas$ ultimately on ?is fundam5tal fact t human be+s c be taught to modify _! behavior1 to *ange _! orig9al response to a situation 9 ! light ( ! consequ5ces t foll[ x4 ,?is means t :ile man's nature rema9s on ! :ole con/ant1 its op]ations may be indef9itely v>i$ by ! results :i* foll[ ! op]ation ( any giv5 in/9ct4 ,! *ild has its orig9al t5d5cy to rea* t[>d bright objects *eck$ by ! exp]i5ce ( putt+ its h& 9 ! flame4 ,lat] 8 t5d5cy to take all ! food )9 rea* may be *eck$ by ! looks ( scorn :i* foll[ t manife/ation ( man's orig9al gre$1 or ! puni%m5t & privation :i* are correlat$ ) x4 ,?r\gh exp]i5ce ) puni%m5t & rew>d1 humans may be taught to d precisely ! opposite ( :at w\ld h be5 _! orig9al impulse 9 any giv5 situation1 j z ! monkey report$ by "o exp]im5t] may be taught to g to ! top ( 8 cage :5ev] a banana has be5 plac$ at ! bottom4 ,,! ,,prolong$ ,,p]iod ,,( ,,infancy4 ,probably ! mo/ significant & unique fact ( human behavior is ! p]iod ( prolong$ infancy :i* is *>act]i/ic ( human be+s alone4 ,fiske & ,butl] 9 p>ticul> h /ress$ ! importance ( ?is human trait4 ,9 ! l[] animals ! p]iod ( infancy--t is1 ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! "y are dep5d5t ^u _! p>5ts = food1 c>e1 & tra9+--is v %ort1 ext5d+ ev5 9 ! highe/ =m ( ape to n m ?an ?ree mon?s4 ,?is w\ld appe>1 at fir/ blu%1 to be a great advantage possess$ by ! l[] animals4 ,!y come into ! _w equipp$ ) a v>iety ( t5d5cies to act :i*1 )9 a week1 or1 z 9 ! case ( *ick5s1 almo/ imm$iately aft] bir?1 are p]fectly adapt$ to secure = !m food1 %elt]1 & protection4 ,!y are me*anisms f ! beg9n+ p]fectly adju/$ to _! environm5t4 ,! human infant1 :ile x is born ) a great] numb] ( in/9ctive activities ?an o!r animals1 is able to make little use ( !m j z !y /&4 ,= ye>s aft] bir? x is helplessly dep5d5t on o!rs to supply its mo/ elem5t>y ne$s4 ,x mu/ be f$1 c>ri$1 & %elt]$2 x _c by itself ev5 rea* = an object1 & x _c = ne>ly two ye>s aft] bir? specifically communicate its wants to o!r p4 ,b ?is comp>atively long helplessness ( ! human infant is p]haps ! *ief s\rce ( human progress4 ,! human baby1 because x c d s little at ! />t1 because x has s _m t5d5cies to act & has !m all s pla/ic1 undevelop$1 & modifiable1 has to a unique degree ! capacity to le>n4 ,?is means t x c pr(it by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs & adju/ itself to a great v>iety & complexity ( situations4 ,! *ick5 or ! bird c d a limit$ numb] ( ?+s p]fectly1 b x is z if x _h a numb] ( special keys op5+ special locks4 ,! p[] ( modify+ ^! in/9ctive adju/m5ts1 ! capacity ( le>n+1 is l be+ put 9 possession ( a pass-key4 ,z ,pr(essor ,dewey puts x1 ,an orig9al specializ$ p[] ( adju/m5t secures imm$iate effici5cy1 b1 l a railway ticket1 x is good = "o r\te only4 ,a be+ :o1 9 ord] to use 8 eyes1 e>s1 h&s1 & legs1 has to exp]im5t 9 mak+ v>i$ comb9ations ( _! reactions1 a*ieves a control t is flexible & v>i$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dewey2 ,democracy & ,education1 p4 #ec4 ,! m complex ! environm5t is 9 :i* ! individual mu/ live1 ! long] is ! p]iod ( infancy ne$$ 9 :i* ! necess>y habits & capacities may be acquir$4 ,9 ! human be+ ! p]iod ( infancy ext5ds 9 a lit]al s5se ?r\gh ! fir/ five ye>s ( ! individual's life4 ,b 9 civiliz$ societies x ext5ds factually mu* long]4 ,by ! end ( ! fir/ five ye>s ! *ild's physical infancy is ov]4 ,x c take c>e ( itself s f> z actually fe$+ itself1 mov+ ab\t1 & communicat+ ) o!rs is conc]n$4 ,b s complex are ! habits to :i* x mu/ become accu/om$ 9 our civilization t x is dep5d5t = a mu* long] p]iod4 ,! :ole duration ( ! *ild's education is a prolongation ( ! p]iod ( infancy4 ,9 mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries1 until at lea/ ! age ( twelve1 ! *ild is lit]ally dep5d5t on its p>5ts4 ,& ) e advance 9 civilization has come a l5g!n+ 9 ! p]iod ( education1 or le>n+4 ,intellectually1 ! p]iod ( infancy might be said n really to be ov] be=e ! age ( tw5ty-five1 by :i* "t habits ( m9d h become fairly well fix$4 ,! bra9 & ! n]v\s sy/em rema9 fairly pla/ic up to t "t1 & if inquiry & le>n+ h !mselves become habitual1 pla/icity may la/ ev5 long]4 ,9 ! cases ( ! greate/ intellects1 ( a ,d>w91 or a ,newton1 "o might almo/ say ! p]iod ( infancy la/s to old age4 ,to be /ill le>n+ at sixty is to be /ill a *ild 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x is /ill to be op5 r ?an rigid1 /ill to be pr(it+ by exp]i5ce4 ,! great social advantages ( ! prolong$ p]iod ( infancy lie 9 ! fact t !re is a unique opportunity bo? = ! acquisition by individuals & = ! imposition on ! "p ( society ( a l>ge numb] ( habits ( great social value4 ,! human be+1 born into a _w :]e !re are _m ?+s to be le>n$ bo? ( natural law & human relations1 is1 z x 71 =tunately born ignorant4 ,he has in/9cts :i* are pliable en\gh to be modifi$ into habits1 & 9 consequ5ce socially useful habits c be delib]ately inculcat$ 9 ! immature memb]s ( a society by _! eld]s4 ,! :ole process ( education is a utilization ( man's prolong$ p]iod ( infancy1 = ! delib]ate acquisition ( habits4 ,?is is all ! m important s9ce only by su* habit =mation dur+ ! long p]iod ( human infancy c ! a*ievem5ts ( civilization be h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,art1 sci5ce1 indu/rial me?ods1 social cu/oms1 ^! are n inh]it$ by ! individual z are ! in/9cts ( sex1 pugnacity1 etc4 ,!y are pres]v$ only because !y c be taught z habits to ^? be+s :o come into ! _w ) a pla/ic equipm5t ( in/9cts :i* l5d !mselves = a long "t to modification4 ,,consci\sness ,,( ,,self ,,& ,,reaction ,,to ,,ideas4 ,a significant diff]5ce betwe5 ! actions ( human be+s & ^? ( animals is t human be+s are consci\s ( !mselves z ag5ts4 ,!y may be said n only to be ! only creatures :o "k :at !y are do+1 b ! only ones :o realize _! individuality 9 do+ x4 ,dogs & cats are n1 s f> z we c draw inf]5ces f ext5d$ obs]vation ( ev5 _! mo/ complex actions1 consci\s ( !mselves4 ,x is n v long1 h[ev]1 be=e ! human animal beg9s to set itself (f aga9/ ! rema9d] ( ! univ]se1 to discov] t x is some?+ diff]5t f ! *airs1 tables1 & surr\nd+ p & faces t at fir/ con/itute = x only a bloom+1 buzz+ confusion4 ,a human be+ p]=ms actions ) a feel+ ( aw>5ess2 he is consci\s ( himself4 ,?is consci\sness ( self 7see *apt]s ,,vii & ,,viii7 becomes m acute z ! individual gr[s old]4 ,x has consequ5ces ( ! grave/ "* 9 social1 political1 & economic life4 ,x is a l>ge factor at once 9 su* diff]5t qualities ( "* z ambition1 fri5d%ip1 humility1 & self-sacrifice1 & is responsible 9 l>ge measure = :atev] tru? !re is 9 ! famili>ly spok5-( conflict betwe5 ! individual & society4 ,human be+s are1 fur!rmore1 susceptible to a unique /imulation to action1 namely1 ideas4 ,animals respond to ?+s only1 t is1 to ?+s 9 gross3 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r a dog sees a ra9b[ any m ?an he appreh5ds ! political con/itution ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* he lives4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to ! k5nel 9 :i* he sleeps & ! meat t he eats4 ,:5 he is sleepy1 he goes to ! k5nel2 :5 he is hungry1 he is excit$ by ! smell & color ( meat2 beyond ?is1 9 :at s5se does he see an object8 ,c]ta9ly he does n see a h\se--i4e41 a ?+ ) all ! prop]ties & relations ( a p]man5t resid5ce1 unless he is capable ( mak+ :at is pres5t a uni=m sign ( :at is abs5t--unless he is capable ( ?\ght4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dewey3 ,h[ ,we ,?9k1 p4 #ag4 ,human be+s c respond to objects z signs ( o!r ?+s1 &1 :at is p]haps m important1 c ab/ract f ^? gross total objects c]ta9 qualities1 features1 elem5ts1 :i* are univ]sally associat$ ) c]ta9 consequ5ces4 ,!y c respond to ! mean+ or be>+ ( an object2 !y c respond to ideas4 ,to respond to ideas means to respond to significant simil>ities 9 objects & also to significant diff]5ces4 ,x means to note c]ta9 qualities t objects h 9 common1 & to classify ^! common qualities & _! consequ5ces 9 ! behavior ( objects4 ,to note simil>ities & diff]5ces 9 ! behavior ( objects is to enable individuals to act 9 ! light ( ! future4 ,! pr9t+ on ?is page w\ld be to a dog or to a baby m]ely a blur4 ,to ! read] ! black impr9ts are signs or symbols4 ,to ! animal a r$ lant]n is a haze ( light2 to a locomotive eng9e] x is a sign to halt4 ,to respond to ideas is ?us to act 9 ! light ( a future4 ,x makes possible act+ 9 ! light ( ! consequ5ces t c be =ese54 ,pres5t objects or features ( objects are respond$ to z signs ( future or abs5t opportunities or dang]s4 ,e "t we read a lett]1 or act 9 response to some?+ somebody has told u1 we are respond+ n to physical /imuli z su*1 b to ^? /imuli z signs ( o!r ?+s4 ,,human ,,be+s ,,alone ,,possess ,,language4 ,! value ( ! p]iod ( infancy 9 ! acquisition ( habits & ! unique ability ( human be+s to respond to ideas is insep>ably connect$ ) ! fact t man alone possesses a language1 bo? oral & writt54 ,t is to say1 m5 alone h an in/rum5t :]eby to communicate to ea* o!r feel+s1 attitudes1 ideas1 in=mation4 ,to a v limit$ degree1 ( c\rse1 animals h vocal & ge/ure habits2 specific cries ( hung]1 ( sex desire1 or di/ress4 ,b !y _c1 ) _! limit$ numb] ( vocal me*anisms1 possibly develop language habits1 develop a sy/em ( s\nds associat$ ) def9ite actions & capable ( controll+ actions4 ,only human be+s c produce ev5 ! simple/ sy/em ( writt5 symbols1 by :i* visual /imuli become symbols ( actions1 objects1 emotions1 or ideas4 ,biologi/s--9 p>ticul> ! exp]im5tali/1 ,watson--f9d1 9 ! capacity = language1 man's mo/ important di/9ction f ! brute4 ,language may be said1 9 fact1 to be ! mo/ indisp5sable in/rum5t ( civilization4 ,x is ! means :]eby ! :ole life ( ! pa/ has be5 h&$ to u 9 ! pres5t4 ,x is ! means :]eby we 9 turn record1 pres]ve1 & transmit our sci5ce1 our indu/rial me?ods1 our laws1 our cu/oms4 ,if human relations 7 possible at all )\t a language1 !y w\ld h to beg9 anew1 )\t any cultural inh]itance1 9 ea* g5]ation4 ,education1 ! transmitt] ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ! mature g5]ation to ! "o matur+1 is dep5d5t on ?is unique human capacity to make se5 m>ks & he>d s\nds /& = o!r ?+s4 ,! ext5t to :i* civilization may advance is cont+5t ^u ! developm5t ( adequate language habits4 ,& human be+s h p]fect$ a language suffici5tly complicat$ to communicate 9 precise & p]man5t =m _! discov]ies ( ! complex relations betwe5 ?+s & betwe5 m54 ,,man ,,! ,,only ,,mak] ,,& ,,us] ,,( ,,tools4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ways 9 :i* man is di/+ui%$ f ! l[] animals is 9 8 manufacture & use ( tools4 ,s f> z we "k ! ability to manufacture & und]/& ! use ( tools is possess$ by man alone4 ,monkeys may be taught a few simple op]ations ) tools1 su* z crack+ nuts ) a /one1 b usually !y m]ely mimic a man4#a ,man's uniqu5ess z ! exclusive mak] & us] ( tools is made possible by two ?+s4 ,! fir/ is 8 h&1 :i* ) its f\r f+]s & a ?umb1 z contra/$ ) ! monkey's five f+]s1 enables him to pick up objects4 ,! second is 8 capacity = reflection1 pres5tly to be discuss$1 :i* enables him to =esee ! consequ5ces ( ! ?+s he does4 ,footnote #a3 ,mills3 ,! ,realities ( ,mod]n ,sci5ce1 p4 #a4 ,! use ( tools ( increas+ ref9em5t & complexity is ! *ief me?od by :i* man has progress$ f ! life ( ! cave man to ! complicat$ indu/rial civilization ( to-day4 ,b]gson writes 9 ?is connection3 ,z reg>ds human intellig5ce1 x has n be5 suffici5tly not$ t me*anical inv5tion has be5 f ! fir/ its ess5tial feature1 t ev5 to-day our social life gravitates ar\nd ! manufacture & use ( artificial in/rum5ts1 t ! inv5tions :i* /rew ! road ( progress h also trac$ its direction4 ,?is we h>dly realize1 because x takes u long] to *ange ourselves ?an to *ange our tools4 ,our individual & ev5 social habits survive a good :ile ! circum/ances = :i* !y 7 made1 s t ! ultimate effects ( an inv5tion are n obs]v$ until its novelty is already out ( sight4 ,a c5tury has elaps$ s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e1 & we are only j beg9n+ to feel ! dep?s ( ! %ock x gave u4 ,b ! revolution x has effect$ 9 indu/ry has nev]!less upset human relations altoge!r4 ,new ideas are aris+1 new feel+s are on ! way to fl[]4 ,9 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 :51 se5 f ! di/ance1 only ! broad l9es ( ! pres5t age w /ill be visible1 our w>s & our revolutions w c\nt = little1 ev5 suppos+ !y are rememb]$ at all2 b ! /eam eng9e & ! procession ( inv5tions t accompani$ x1 w p]haps be spok5 ( z we speak ( ! bronze or ( ! *ipp$ /one ( prehi/oric times3 x w s]ve to def9e an age4 ,if we c\ld rid ourselves ( all pride1 if1 to def9e our species1 we kept /rictly to :at ! hi/oric & ! prehi/oric p]iods %[ u to be ! con/ant *>act]i/ic ( man & ( intellig5ce1 we %\ld n say ,homo sapi5s1 b ,homo fab]4#a ,footnote #a3 ,b]gson3 ,creative ,evolution1 pp4 #ach-ci4 ,man's intellig5ce1 x has s (t5 be5 said1 enables him to control ,nature1 b 8 intellig5ce 9 ! control ( natural res\rces is dep5d5t = effectiv5ess on adequate mat]ial in/rum5ts4 ,"o may subscribe1 ?\gh ) qualification1 to ,b]gson's fur!r /atem5t1 t intellig5ce1 consid]$ 9 :at seems to be its orig9al feature1 is ! faculty ( manufactur+ artificial objects1 especially tools to make tools1 & ( indef9itely v>y+ ! manufacture4 ,an?ropologi/s di/+ui% ! prehi/oric epo*s1 by su* t]ms z ! ,/one1 ,copp] or ,bronze1 & ,iron ,ages1 mean+ !reby to indicate :at progress man _h made 9 ! utilization ( ! natural res\rces ab\t him4 ,we date ! remote p]iods ( mank9d *iefly by ! mem5tos we h ( ! k9ds ( tools !y us$ & ! me?ods !y _h develop$ 9 ! control ( _! environm5t4 ,! k ( h[ to />t & ma9ta9 a fire has be5 set d[n z ! practical beg9n+ ( civilization4 ,c]ta9ly next 9 importance 0 ! inv5tion ( ! simple/ tools4 ,!re came 9 succession1 ?\gh ons ap>t1 ! use ( *ipp$ /one implem5ts1 bronze or copp] in/rum5ts1 & in/rum5ts made ( iron4 ,9 ! anci5t _w we f9d ! inv5tion ( su* simple ma*9es z ! pulley1 ! use ( rope1 & ! incl9$ plane4 ,)\t trac+ ! hi/ory ( inv5tion1 x w suffice = our purpose to po9t out t agriculture & indu/ry1 m5's modes ( exploit+ ,nature1 are dep5d5t intimately on ! effectiv5ess ( ! tools at _! disposal4 ,x is a f> cry f ! fl9t hat*et to ! ,mc,cormick reap] & ! mod]n /eel works1 b ^! are two ends ( ! same process1 t process :i* di/+ui%es man f all o!r animals1 & makes human civilization possible3 t is1 ! use & ! manufacture ( tools4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,types ,,( ,,human ,,behavior ,,& ,,_! ,,social ,,significance--,,in/9ct1 ,,habit1 ,,& ,,emotion ,,in/9ctive ,,behavior4 ,we h already not$ ! fact t bo? m5 & animals are equipp$ ) a wide v>iety ( unle>n$ responses to giv5 /imuli4 ,9 ! case ( human be+s1 ?is orig9al equipm5t v>ies f su* a specific reaction z pull+ away ! h& :5 x is p9*$ or burn$1 to su* g5]al innate t5d5cies z ^? ( h]d+ or play+ ) o!r p4 ,9 a lat] /age ( ?is discussion we %all exam9e ! m important ( ^! prim>y modes ( behavior4 ,at ?is po9t our *ief conc]n is ) c]ta9 g5]al consid]ations t apply to !m all4 ,! equipm5t ( in/9cts ) :i* a human be+ is at bir? end[$ mu/ be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,x consi/s1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( def9ite & unle>n$ me*anisms ( behavior1 fix$ orig9al responses to giv5 /imuli4 ,^! are1 at ! same "t1 ! orig9al driv+ =ces ( action4 ,an in/9ct is at once an unle>n$ me*anism = mak+ a response & an unle>n$ t5d5cy to make x4 ,t is1 giv5 c]ta9 situations1 human be+s d n simply utilize inborn reactions1 b exhibit inborn drives or desires to make ^? reactions4 ,!re is ?us an id5tity 9 man's native end[m5t betwe5 :at he c d & :at he wants to d4 ,in/9cts mu/ ?us be reg>d$ z bo? native capacities & native desires4 ,in/9cts def9e1 !re=e1 n only :at m5 c d1 b :at !y want to d4 ,!y are at once ! prim>y in/rum5ts & ! prim>y provocatives to action4 ,z we %all pres5tly see 9 "s detail1 human be+s may acquire me*anisms ( behavior ) :i* !y are n at bir? end[$4 ,^! acquir$ me*anisms ( response are call$ habits4 ,& ) ! acquisition ( new responses1 new motives or t5d5cies to action are e/abli%$4 ,hav+ le>n$ h[ to d a c]ta9 ?+1 individuals at ! same "t le>n to want to d x4 ,b j z all acquir$ me*anisms ( behavior are modifications ( "s orig9al in/9ctive response1 s all desires1 int]e/s1 & ideals are d]ivatives ( su* orig9al impulses z fe>1 curiosity1 self-ass]tion1 & sex4 ,all human motives c be trac$ back to ^! prim>y inborn impulses to make ^! prim>y inborn responses4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! cle>e/ /atem5t ( ! /atus ( in/9cts z bo? me*anisms ( action & drives to action has be5 made by ,pr(essor ,woodwor? 9 8 ,dynamic ,psy*ology4 ,no "o else1 to ! be/ ( ! au?or's k1 has made ! di/9ction ) ! same cl>ity & emphasis1 ?\gh x has be5 sugge/$ 9 ! "w ( ,?orndike & ,mc,dougall4 ,9 ,mc,dougall's def9ition ( an in/9ct he recognizes bo? ! responsive self & ! t5d5cy to make ! response4 ,an in/9ct is1 = him1 an inh]it$ disposition :i* det]m9es its possessor1 9 respect to any object1 to act 9 reg>d to x 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 or at lea/ to exp]i5ce an impulse to su* action4 ,,! ,,necessity ,,= ,,! ,,control ,,( ,,in/9ct4 ,! human be+'s orig9al equipm5t ( impulses & ne$s con/itutes at once an opportunity & a problem4 ,in/9cts are ! natural res\rces ( human behavior1 ! raw mat]ials ( action1 feel+1 & ?\ght4 ,all behavior1 :e!r x be ! mak+ ( mud pies or ( metaphysical sy/ems1 is an expression1 h[ev] complicat$ & indirect1 ( "s ( ! elem5ts ( ! native end[m5ts ( human be+s4 ,in/9ctive t5d5cies are1 z we h se51 ! prim>y motives & ! indisp5sable in/rum5ts ( action4 ,)\t !m !re c\ld be no su* ?+ z human purpose or pref]5ce2 )\t _! utilization 9 "s =m no human purpose or pref]5ce c\ld be fulfill$4 ,b l o!r natural res\rces1 m5's orig9al t5d5cies mu/ be controll$ & r$irect$1 if !y are to be fruitfully utiliz$ 9 ! int]e/s ( human welf>e4 ,!re are a numb] ( conditions t make imp]ative ! control ( native t5d5cies4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is intr9sic to ! organization ( in/9cts !mselves4 ,human be+s are born ) a plurality ( desires1 & happ9ess consi/s 9 an equilibrium ( satisfactions4 ,b impulses are /imulat$ at r&om & collide ) "o ano!r4 ,(t5 "o impulse1 be x t ( curiosity or pugnacity or sex1 c be indulg$ only at ! exp5se or fru/ration ( _m o!rs j z natural1 normal1 & inevitable4 ,!re is a c]ta9 s*ool ( philosophical radicals :o call u back to ,nature1 to a life ( unconsid]$ impulse4 ,!y pa9t ! raptur\s & passionate mom5ts 9 :i* /rong human impulses receive satisfaction )\t exhibit+ ! disease & disorganization ( :i* ^! indulg5ces are s (t5 ! direct antec$5ts4 ,a life is a long-"t ent]prise & x conta9s a div]sity ( desires4 ,if all ( ^! are to receive any measure ( fulfillm5t !re mu/ be compromise & adju/m5t betwe5 !m2 !y mu/ all be subject$ to "s measure ( control4 ,a second cause = ! control ( in/9ct lies 9 ! fact t p live & h to live toge!r4 ,! close association :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( human life is1 z we %all see1 p>tly attributable to a specific greg>i\s in/9ct1 p>tly to ! increas+ ne$ = cop]ation :i* m>ks ! increas+ complexity ( civilization4 ,b :atev] be its causes1 gr\p association makes x necess>y t m5 regulate _! impulses & actions ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r4 ,end[$ z human be+s are ) m or less id5tical sets ( orig9al native desires1 ! desires ( "o _c be freely fulfill$ )\t frequ5tly com+ into conflict ) ! simil> desires ( o!rs4 ,compromise & adju/m5t mu/ be br\ght ab\t by "s intellig5t modification bo? ( action & desire4 ,! *ild's curiosity1 ! acquisitiv5ess or sex desire or self-ass]tiv5ess ( ! adult mu/ be *eck$ & modifi$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! gr\p among :i* ! individual lives4 ,"o may take a simple illu/ration f ! ev]yday life ( a l>ge city4 ,!re is1 = mo/ individuals1 an intr9sic satisfaction 9 fa/ & free movem5t4 ,b t desire1 exhibit$ 9 an automobile on a cr[d$ ?or\ghf>e1 w int]f]e ) j z normal1 natural1 & inevitable desires on ! "p ( o!r motori/s & p$e/rians4 ,/ill ano!r imp]ative reason = ! control ( our in/9ctive equipm5t lies 9 ! fact t in/9cts z su* are inadequate to adju/ ei!r ! individual or ! gr\p to contempor>y conditions4 ,!y 7 develop$ 9 ! process ( evolution z useful me?ods = enabl+ ! human animal to cope ) a radically diff]5t & incomp>ably simpl] environm5t4 ,:ile ! problems & processes ( 8 life & environm5t h gr[n m complex1 man's inborn equipm5t = controll+ ! _w he lives 9 has1 ?r\gh ! long hi/ory ( civilization1 rema9$ practically un*ang$4 ,b z 8 equipm5t ( me*anisms = react+ to situations is ! same z t ( 8 prehi/oric ance/ors1 s are 8 basic desires4 ,& ! satisfaction ( man's prim>y impulses is less & less atta9able ?r\gh ! simple1 unmodifi$ op]ation ( ! me*anisms ( response ) :i* !y are associat$4 ,9 ! satisfaction ( ! desire = food1 = example1 :i* rema9s ! same z x 0 "u primitive =e/ conditions1 mu* m complex tra9s ( behavior are requir$ ?an are provid$ by man's native equipm5t4 ,to satisfy ! hung] ( ! contempor>y citiz5s ( ,new ,york or ,london requires ! trans=mation ( caprici\s in/9ctive responses into sy/ematic & controll$ processes ( habit & ?\ght4 ,! elaborate sy/ems ( agriculture1 transportation1 & ex*ange :i* are necess>y 9 ! satisfaction ( ! simple/ wants ( m5 9 civilization c\ld nev] be initiat$ or c>ri$ on if we dep5d$ on ! in/9cts ) :i* we are born4 ,!re are ?us se5 to be at lea/ ?ree di/9ct reasons :y our native end[m5t ( capacities & desires ne$s control & direction4 ,9 ! life ( ! individual1 in/9ctive desires mu/ be adju/$ to "o ano!r 9 ord] t _! h>moni\s fulfillm5t may be made possible4 ,! desires & native reactions ( individuals mu/ be *eck$ & modifi$ if individuals are to live successfully & amiably 9 gr\p association1 9 :i* !y mu/1 9 any case1 live4 ,&1 f9ally1 s va/ly complicat$ h become ! physical & ! social ma*9]y ( civiliz$ life t x is lit]ally impossible to dep5d on in/9cts to adju/ u to an environm5t f> diff]5t f t to :i* !y 7 9 ! process ( evolution adapt$4 ,9 ! light ( ^! conditions m5 h f\nd t if !y are to live happily & fruitfully toge!r1 c]ta9 orig9al t5d5cies mu/ be /imulat$ & develop$1 o!rs weak5$1 r$irect$1 & modifi$1 & /ill o!rs1 )9 limits possibly1 altoge!r repress$4 ,individuals display at once curiosity & fe>1 pity & pugnacity1 acquisitiv5ess & sympa?y4 ,"s ( ^! x has be5 f\nd useful to all[ free play2 o!rs1 ev5 if mod]ately indulg$1 may br+ injury to ! individual & ! gr\p 9 :i* 8 own life is involv$4 ,education1 public op9ion1 & law are m or less delib]ate me?ods society has provid$ = ! /imulation & repression ( specific in/9ctive t5d5cies4 ,curiosity & sympa?y are valu$ & enc\rag$ because !y contribute1 respectively1 to sci5ce & to cop]ation2 pugnacity & acquisitiv5ess mu/ be kept 9 *eck if p are n simply to live1 b to live toge!r happily4 ,b ! sub/itution ( control = caprice 9 ! liv+-out ( our native possibilities is z difficult z x is imp]ative4 ,z already not$1 in/9cts are imp]i\s driv+ =ces z well z me*anisms4 ,:ile we c modify & r$irect our native t5d5cies ( fe>1 curiosity1 pugnacity1 & ! l1 !y rema9 z /rong curr5ts ( human behavior4 ,!y c be turn$ into new *annels2 !y _c simply be block$4 ,inde$1 9 "s cases1 x is cle>ly ! social environm5t t ne$s to be modifi$ r ?an human behavior4 ,?\gh x be juv5ile del9qu5cy = a boy to play baseball on a cr[d$ /reet1 x is n because !re is intr9sically any?+ un:olesome or h>mful 9 play4 ,:at is cle>ly dem&$ is n a cru%+ ( ! play in/9ct1 b bett] facilities = its expression4 ,a boy's native sociability & gift = lead]%ip may make him1 = want ( a bett] opportunity1 a gang/]4 ,b to cut (f ^? impulses altoge!r w\ld be to cut (f ! s\rces ( good citiz5%ip4 ,! settlem5t clubs or ! ,boy ,sc\t organizations 9 our l>ge cities are in/ances ( :at may be accompli%$ 9 ! way ( provid+ a social environm5t 9 :i* native desires c be freely & fruitfully fulfill$4 ,social conditions c ?us be modifi$ s z to give satisfaction to a l>g] proportion ( natural desires4 ,on ! o!r h&1 civilization 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury rema9s s div]g5t f ! mode ( life to :i* man's inborn nature adapts him t ! ?w>t+ ( in/9cts becomes inevitable4 ,impulses1 9 ! fir/ place1 arise caprici\sly1 & "o ( ! conditions ( our highly organiz$ life is regul>ity & canalization ( action4 ,our bus9esses & pr(essions _c be conduct$ on ! spontane\s prompt+s ( in/9ct4 ,! eng9e]1 ! factory work]1 ! bus9ess man1 _c all[ !mselves to foll[ out :atev] casual desire occurs to !m :5ev] x occurs4 ,/ability & regul>ity ( proc$ure1 dem&$ 9 mo/ pr(essions1 are incompatible ) r&om impulsive behavior4 ,to facilitate ! effectiv5ess ( c]ta9 indu/ries1 = example1 x may be necess>y to *eck impulses t commonly receive adequate satisfaction4 ,?us x may be ess5tial to en=ce sil5ce1 z 9 ! case ( telephone op]ators or motorm51 simply because ( ! dem&s ( ! indu/ry1 n because !re is any?+ intr9sically des]v+ ( repression 9 ! impulse to talk4 ,aga91 ! m]e fact t a man lives 9 a gr\p subjects him to a ?\s& re/ra9ts & re/rictions ( public op9ion & law4 ,a *ild may come to re/ra9 8 curiosity :5 he f9ds x condemn$ z inquisitiv5ess4 ,we _c1 :5 we w1 v5t our pugnacity on ^? :o h provok$ x2 we _c be ru?lessly self-ass]tive 9 a gr\p2 or gratify our native acquisitiv5ess by appropriat+ any?+ & ev]y?+ )9 our rea*4 ,b because !re are all ^! social =ces mak+ = ! repression ( in/9cts1 x does n mean t ^! latt] !re=e disappe>4 ,if any "o ( !m is unduly repress$1 x does n simply vani% z a driv+ =ce 9 human behavior4 ,x w make its endur+ pres5ce felt 9 r\ndab\t ways1 or 9 sudd5 extreme & viol5t outbur/s4 ,or1 if x _c f9d ev5 su* sporadic or fruitive fulfillm5ts1 a balk$ disposition w leave ! individual ) an uneas9ess & irritation t may range f m]e pique to s]i\s =ms ( morbidity & hy/]ia4 ,a man may = eight or t5 h\rs be kept repeat+ ! same op]ation at a ma*9e 9 a factory4 ,he may !reby repress ^? native desires = companion%ip & = v>iety ( reaction :i* con/itute 8 biological inh]itance4 ,b too (t5 po/pon$ satisfaction takes ! viol5t =m ( lurid1 ov]-excit+ amusem5ts & dissipation4 ,! suppression ( ! sex in/9ct n infrequ5tly results 9 a morbid pruri5cy 9 matt]s ( sex1 a di/ortion ( all o!r int]e/s & activities by a preoccupation ) ! fru/rat$ sex motive4 ,assaults & lyn*+s1 & ! :ole cal5d> ( crimes ( viol5ce ) :i* our crim9al c\rts are cr[d$1 are frequ5t evid5ce ( ! incomplet5ess ) :i* man's /rong prim>y in/9cts h be5 suppress$ by ! niceties ( civilization4 ,! ph5om5al outbur/ ( collective vivacity & exub]ance :i* m>k$ ! report$ sign+ ( ! armi/ice at ! close ( ! ,great ,w> 0 a /rik+ in/ance ( ^? imm5se primitive en]gies :i* ! control & discipl9e ( civilization _c altoge!r repress4 ,!re has be51 fur!rmore1 a great deal ( evid5ce adduc$ 9 rec5t ye>s by /ud5ts ( abnormal psy*ology conc]n+ ! results ( ! fru/ration ( native desires4 ,:5 ! individual is balk$ 9 respect to p>ticul> impulses or desires1 ^! may take furtive & obscure fulfillm5ts2 !y may play s]i\s ?\gh obscure & unnotic$ havoc ) a man's :ole m5tal life4 ,unfulfill$ desires may give rise to v>i\s =ms ( complex1 di/ortions ( ?\ght1 action1 & emotion ( :i* ! individual himself may be unaw>e4 ,!y may make a man unduly s5sitive1 or fe>ful1 or pugnaci\s4 ,he may1 = example1 cov] up a s5se ( mortification at failure by an unw>rant$ degree ( blu/] & brag4 ,a p>ticul> baffl+ ( desire may be comp5sat$ by a bitt]ness aga9/ ! :ole univ]se or by a melan*oly ( ^: orig9 ! victim may be q unconsci\s4 ,^! maladju/m5ts betwe5 an individual's desires & 8 satisfactions are c]ta9ly responsible = a consid]able degree ( t irritation & neura/h5ia :i* are s frequ5tly obs]vable 9 normal individuals4#a ,footnote #a3 ,:ile ! evid5ce 9 ?is field has be5 tak5 l>gely f extremely pa?ological cases1 ! di/ortions & p]v]sions ( m5tal behavior1 noticeable 9 su* cases1 are simply extreme =ms ( ! type ( di/ortion t takes place 9 ! case ( normal individuals ^: desires are s]i\sly fru/rat$4 ,see ! v cle> /atem5t on ! subject ( repressions & conflicts 9 ,r4 ,b4 ,h>t's ,psy*ology ( ,insanity4 ,! facts enum]at$ above %\ld make x cle> :y x is difficult to modify1 mu* less completely to ov]come1 ^! /rong orig9al drives to action4 ,!y s]ve to emphasize ! fact t by control ( in/9ctive responses is n meant _! suppression4 ,= j z in/9ctive t5d5cies are our basic in/rum5ts ( action1 s in/9ctive desires are our basic +r$i5ts ( happ9ess4 ,j z all we c d is limit$ by ! me*anisms ) :i* we are end[$1 s :at we want is ultimately det]m9$ by ! native desires ) :i* we are born4 ,! control ( action & ( desire is ju/ifi$ 9 s f> z su* control w ! m surely promote a h>moni\s satisfaction ( all our desires4 ,a society ^: arrangem5ts are su* t in/9cts are1 on ! :ole1 be+ repress$ r ?an /imulat$ & satisfi$1 is fru/rat+ happ9ess r ?an promot+ x4 ,at ! v lea/1 a life ^: natural impulses are n be+ fulfill$ is a life ( bor$om4 ,! ennui :i* is s (t5 & s conspicu\sly associat$ ) ! r\t9e & desolate gayeties ( society1 ! li/lessness ( ^? bor$ ) _! "w or _! play1 or bo?1 are symptoms ( social conditions :]e ! native end[m5ts ( man are h&icaps r ?an assets1 dead weights r ?an motive =ces4 ,x means t society is work+ aga9/ r ?an ) ! gra94 ,discont5t1 rang+ f m]e pique & irritability to ov]t viol5ce1 is ! p5alty t is likely to be paid by a society ! majority ( ^: memb]s are *ronically prev5t$ f satisfy+ _! normal human desires4 ,no "o :o has se5 :ole lives immeasurably bright5$ by ! satisfaction ( a suitable employm5t1 or melan*oly & irritability remov$ by companion%ip & /imulat+ surr\nd+s1 c fail to realize h[ important x is to happ9ess t human in/9cts be giv5 g5]\s opportunity = fulfillm5t4 ,"o may say1 inde$1 t ! evils ( too complete repression ( individual impulses are m ?an t !y produce n]v\s /ra91 dissatisfaction1 &1 n infrequ5tly1 crime4 ,happ9ess1 z ,ari/otle long ago po9t$ out1 is a complete liv+-out ( all a man's possibilities4 ,x is mo/ 9 evid5ce :5 p are1 z we say1 do+ :at !y l to d4 ,& p l to d t :i* !y are prompt$ to d by ! nature :i* is _! inh]itance4 ,fre%ness1 orig9ality1 & spontaneity are p]haps p>ticul>ly valu$ 9 our own civilization because ( ! multiple re/ra9ts ( bus9ess & pr(essional occupations4 ,ev5 "u ! mo/ p]fect social arrangem5ts !re w always exi/ among m5 conflicts ( desire4 ,_! control ov] _! environm5t w1 ( necessity1 be imp]fect1 z w _! ma/]y ( _! own passions & _! cle> adju/m5t to "o ano!r4 ,t complete agreem5t betwe5 man's desires & ! environm5t 9 :i* alone !y c f9d _! satisfaction rema9s at be/ an ideal4 ,b x is an ideal :i* indicates cle>ly ! function ( control4 ,?is is obvi\sly n to cru% native desires1 b to organize _! h>moni\s fulfillm5t4 ,:]e m5 h an opportunity to utilize _! native gifts !y w be satisfi$ & int]e/$2 :]e native capacities & desires are cont9ually balk$1 m5 w be discont5t$ ?\gh well-regim5t$ ma*9es4 ,,habitual ,,behavior4 ,except = purposes ( analysis1 life on ! purely in/9ctive level may be said sc>cely to exi/ 9 contempor>y society1 or = t matt]1 s9ce ! beg9n+s ( record$ hi/ory4 ,z has be5 already po9t$ out1 :ile m5 are born ) an ev5 wid] v>iety ( t5d5cies to act ?an animals1 ^! are mu* m pla/ic & modifiable1 m susceptible ( tra9+1 & mu* m 9 ne$ ( x ?an ^? ( ! sub-human =ms4 ,ev5 among animals "u conditions ( dome/ication1 in/9ct t5ds l>gely to be replac$ by habitual or acquir$ modes ( behavior4 ,! human be+1 born ) a n]v\s sy/em & a bra9 9 extremely un=m$ & pla/ic condition1 is s susceptible to e influ5ce curr5t 9 8 environm5t t mo/ ( 8 actions )9 a few ye>s aft] bir? are1 :5 !y are n ! result ( delib]ate reflection1 second>y or habitual r ?an g5u9ely in/9ctive4 ,t is1 few ( ! simple/ actions ( human be+s are n 9 "s degree modifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,!y may appe> j z automatic & imm$iate z if !y 7 in/9ctive1 & inde$ !y are1 b !y are le>n$ ways r ?an ! unle>n$ ways man has z 8 possession at bir?4 ,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,habit4 ,! implications ( habitual behavior c bett] be und]/ood aft] a brief analysis ( ! me*anism ( su* action4 ,an in/9ct has be5 def9$ z a t5d5cy to act 9 a giv5 way 9 response to a giv5 /imulus4 ,:at happ5s :5 a /imulus prompts ! organism to respond 9 a giv5 way1 is t "s s5sory n]ve1 :e!r ( ta/e or t\* or s\nd1 sight1 smell1 or muscul> s5sitivity1 receives a /imulus :i* passes ?r\gh ! sp9al cord to a motor n]ve ?r\gh :i* "s muscle is inn]vat$ & a response made4 ,9 ! simple/ type ( reflex action1 su* z ! w9k+ ( an eye 9 a bl9d+ light1 or ! )draw+ ( a h& f flame1 su* is ! physiology ( ! process4 ,b :]e an imm$iate adju/m5t _c be made by an in/9ctive response1 :]e satisfaction is n secur$ by ! passage ( a s5sory /imulus to an imm$iate motor response1 ! n]v\s impulse is1 z x 71 deflect$ to ! bra9 area1 auditory1 visual1 or :atev] x may be1 :i* is associat$ ) t p>ticul> type ( s5sation4 ,! pa? to ! bra9 area is f> f simple2 ! n]v\s impulse1 :i* might be comp>$ to an electric curr5t1 mu/ pass ?r\gh _m n]ve junctions kn[n z synapses1 at :i* po9ts !re is "s n completely und]/ood *emical resi/ance (f]$ to ! passage ( ! n]ve curr5t4 ,on pass+ ?r\gh ! network ( n]ves 9 ! bra9 area1 ! curr5t passes back aga9 ?r\gh a complicat$ maze ( connections to a motor n]ve :i* insures a muscul> response4 ,! fir/ "t a /imulus passes ?r\gh ?is network ! resi/ance (f]$ at ! n]ve junction or synapse is v high2 at succe$+ repetitions ( ! /imulus ! resi/ance is r$uc$1 ! n]ve curr5t passes m rapidly & flu5tly ov] ! pa?s x has already travel$1 & ! action result+ becomes z direct & automatic z if x 7 an orig9al reflex action4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,mc,dougall3 ,physiological ,psy*ology4 ,,! ,,acquisition ,,( ,,new ,,modes ,,( ,,response4 ,express$ 9 less te*nical language ?is means simply t human be+s c le>n by exp]i5ce1 & t !y t5d to repeat actions !y h once le>n$4 ,:]e an animal is p]fectly adju/$ to its environm5t1 all /imuli issue 9 imm$iate & nicely adju/$ responses4 ,?is happ5s only :]e ! environm5t is v simple & /able1 & :]e 9 consequ5ce no complexity ( /ructure or action is necess>y4 ,9 ! clam & ! oy/]1 & 9 "s ( ! l[] v]tebrates1 p]haps1 in/9ctive activity is almo/ exclusively pres5t4 ,b 9 ! case ( man1 s complicat$ are ! situations to :i* he is expos$ t r&om in/9ctive responses w n solve 8 problems4 ,he mu/1 z ) 8 highly modifiable n]v\s sy/em he c1 acquire new modes ( response :i* w1 9 ! complexity ( new situations s]ve z effectively z 8 orig9al t5d5cies to act w\ld s]ve him 9 a simpl] & /abl] environm5t4 ,a human be+ 9 a mod]n city _c live by in/9ct alone2 he mu/ acquire an enorm\s numb] ( habits to meet ! v>iety ( complex situations he meets 9 daily life4 ,a monkey exi/s ) fairly fix$ native t5d5cies to act4 ,b civilization c\ld nev] h develop$ if 9 man new ways c\ld n be acquir$ to meet new situations1 & if ^! new ways c\ld n be reta9$ & made habitual 9 ! individual & ! race4 ,,trial ,,& ,,error ,,& ,,delib]ate ,,le>n+4 ,:5ev]1 z happ5s a l>ge numb] ( times daily 9 ! life ( ! av]age man1 old ways ( response1 inborn or =m]ly acquir$1 are inadequate to meet a new situation1 !re are two me?ods ( acquir+ a new & m adequate response4 ,"o is ! me?od ( trial & error1 already discuss$1 :]eby animals & humans try e possible in/9ctive response to a situation until "o br+s satisfaction & is reta9$ z a habitual reaction :5 t situation recurs4 ,! o!r is a delay 9 response1 dur+ :i* delay reflection1 a consid]ation ( possible alt]natives1 & a consci\s decision1 take place4 ,! te*nique ( ?is latt] process w be discuss$ m specifically 9 ! next *apt]4 ,:e!r acquir$ by trial & error1 or ?r\gh reflection1 le>n$ acts are1 ! fir/ "t !y are p]=m$1 frequ5tly imp]fect1 only p>tly effective1 & p]=m$ ) "s difficulty4 ,) successive repetitions _! p]=mance becomes m rapid1 m imm$iate1 & m adju/$ to ! specific situation to be met4 ,& z !y become m famili> responses to famili> /imuli !y cease to be consci\s at all4 ,!y are p]=m$ ) almo/ z little difficulty or att5tion z normal brea?+4 ,,"s ,,conditions ,,( ,,habit-,,=mation4 ,! acquisition ( habits is s important 9 ! education ( human be+s t ! conditions "u :i* !y c be acquir$ & made p]man5tly effective h be5 closely /udi$4 ,f exp]im5ts c]ta9 fundam5tal conclusions /& out4 ,a habit is acquir$ by repetition1 & ! curves ( le>n+ %[ c]ta9 recurr5t features4 ,9 ! fir/ few repetitions ( an acquir$ activity1 !re is progress 9 ! rapidity1 effectiv5ess1 & accuracy ) :i* ! response is made4 ,!re is1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 an almo/ v]tical rise 9 ! le>n+ curve4 ,aft] v>y+ numb]s ( repetitions1 dep5d+ some:at on ! p>ticul> individual1 !re occur :at are kn[n z plateaux1 dur+ :i* no progress 9 spe$ or accuracy ( response is to be obs]v$4 ,9 exp]im5ts ) ! le>n+ ( typewrit+1 = example1 x has be5 f\nd t ! beg9n] makes rapid progress up to ! po9t1 say1 :]e he c write fifty words a m9ute )\t error2 !re is a long int]val n infrequ5tly be=e he c raise 8 effici5cy to ! po9t ( writ+ sev5ty words a m9ute correctly4 ,analog\s conditions h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! spe$ ) :i* ! s5d+ & receiv+ ( telegraphic messages is le>n$4 ,^! plateaux ( le>n+ are sometimes to be acc\nt$ = by muscul> fatigue4 ,frequ5tly !re is actual progress 9 le>n+ dur+ ^! app>5t int]vals ( m>k+ "t4 ,"s ( ! less obs]vable features ( skill 9 p]=mance :i* only lat] become ov]t 9 spe$ & accuracy are be+ atta9$ dur+ ^! seem+ly pr(itless & disc\rag+ int]vals4 ,n infrequ5tly 9 ! acquisition ( skill 9 ! play+ ( t5nis or ! piano1 or 9 ! solution ( ma!matical problems1 a decid$ ga9 9 skill & spe$ comes aft] :at seems to be n only lack ( progress b decid$ backslid+4#a ,x is ?is :i* l$ ,william ,james to quote ) approval ! aphorism t "o le>ns to skate 9 summ] & swim 9 w9t]4 ,,drill ,,v]sus ,,att5tive ,,repetition ,,9 ,,le>n+4 ,! rapidity ) :i* habits may be acquir$ & ! p]man5cy ) :i* !y may be reta9$ dep5d on o!r factors ?an simply t ( repetition4 ,m]e me*anical drill is effective 9 ! acquisition ( simple me*anical habits4 ,! mo/ att5tive appreciation ( ! prop] ?+s to be done 9 play+ t5nis or ! piano w n by itself make "o an exp]t 9 ^? activities4 ,! effective responses mu/ actually be p]=m$ 9 ord] t ! appropriate connections )9 ! n]v\s sy/em may be made1 & may become habitual4 ,a habit is physiologically no?+ b a c]ta9 set or direction giv5 to pa?s 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,^! pa?s become fix$1 emb$d$1 & +ra9$ only :5 n]ve curr5ts pass ov] !m "t & "t aga94 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,ladd & ,woodwor?3 ,physiological ,psy*ology1 pp4 #edb-ib4 ,m]e repetition1 on ! o!r h&1 w n suffice 9 ! acquisition ( complex habits ( action4 ,! le>n+ ( ^! requires a delib]ate not+ & appreciation ( ! significant factors 9 ! p]=mance ( an activity1 & ! consci\sly *os5 repetition ( ^! 9 succe$+ in/ances until ! habit is well fix$4 ,"o reason :y animals _c be taught s wide a v>iety ( complex habits z c ! human be+ is t !y _c keep _! att5tion fix$ on successive repetitions1 & t 9 le>n+ !y lit]ally d n "k :at !y are do+4 ,!y _c1 z c humans1 break up ! activity :i* !y are 9 process ( le>n+ into its significant factors1 & att5d to ^! 9 successive repetitions4 ,! sup]iority ( delib]ate le>n+ ov] ! brute me?od ( trial & error consi/s precisely 9 t ! delib]ate & att5tive le>n] c pick out ! important /eps ( any process1 & le>n rapidly to elim9ate r&om & useless features ( 8 e>ly p]=mances )\t wait+ to h ! "r way knock$ into him by exp]i5ce4 ,he w %ort-circuit ! process ( le>n+ by *oos+ appropriate responses 9 advance1 not+ h[ !y may be made m effective & discov]+ me?ods = mak+ !m s1 & = elim9at+ useless1 r&om1 & ineffective acts4 ,:at we call ! capacity to le>n is evid5t 9 m>k$ degree :]e !re is al]t att5tion to ! /eps ( ! process 9 successive repetitions4 ,! tru? 9 ! ass]tion t an intellig5t man w %ortly outclass ! m]ely automatically skillful 9 any occupation or pr(ession requir+ tra9+1 lies n 9 any my/]i\s faculty1 b 9 ! peculi>ly valuable habit ( att5d+ ) discrim9at+ int]e/ to any process1 & le>n+ x !reby ) va/ly m economical rapidity4 ,g5ius may be m ?an :at "o writ] describ$ x1 a pa9/ak+ att5tion to detail2 b a pa9/ak+ att5tion to ! mean+ & be>+ ( details x mo/ decid$ly is4 ,,le>n+ ,,affect$ ,,by ,,age1 ,,fatigue1 ,,& ,,heal?4 ,!re are c]ta9 conditions n altoge!r )9 ! control ( ! individual :i* affect ! rapidity ) :i* habits are acquir$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! is fatigue4 ,connections among ! fib]s t g to make up ! n]v\s sy/em _c be made ) ease & rapidity :5 ! organism is fatigu$4 ,at su* times !re seems to be an unusually high resi/ance at ! synapses or n]ve junctions 7:]e !re is a l[]+ ( resi/ance to ! passage ( a n]ve curr5t :5 habits are easily =m$74 ,aft] a c]ta9 po9t ( fatigue1 :e!r 9 ! acquisition ( motor habits or ! memoriz+ ( in=mation1 9 :i* ! process is mu* ! same1 ! rate ( le>n+ is mu* sl[] & ! degree ( accuracy mu* less4 ,! l5g? ( "t ?r\gh :i* habits are reta9$ :5 acquir$ dur+ a /ate ( fatigue is also mu* less ?an "u a m heal?y & resili5t condition ( ! organism4 ,! po9t ( fatigue v>ies among diff]5t individuals & 9 consequ5ce ! conditions ( habit-=mation v>y4 ,b "s conditions rema9 con/ant4 ,= in/ance1 9 exp]im5ts ) memory te/s 7memory be+ a =m ( habit 9 ! n]v\s sy/em71 mat]ial memoriz$ 9 ! morn+ seems to be mo/ rapidly acquir$ & mo/ p]man5tly reta9$4 ,! age & heal? ( ! individual also are important factors 9 ! capacity to le>n1 or habit-=mation4 ,conditions dur+ disease are simil> to ^? obta9+ dur+ fatigue1 only to a m acute degree4 ,! tox9s & poisons 9 ! n]v\s sy/em at su* times op]ate to prev5t ! =mation ( new habits & ! break+ ( old ones4 ,= :ile ! synapses 7n]ve junctions7 may (f] high resi/ance to ! passage ( a new /imulus1 !y w l5d !mselves m & m readily to ! passage ( /imuli by :i* !y h already be5 trav]s$4 ,t ! age ( ! individual %\ld make a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! capacity to acquire new habits & to modify old ones is obvi\s f ! physiology ( habit already describ$4 ,:5 ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em are bo? "y1 !re are few neural connections e/abli%$1 & ! organism is pla/ic to all /imuli4 ,z ! individual gr[s old]1 connections once made t5d to be repeat$ & to be1 z x 71 unconsci\sly pref]r$ by ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! capacity to =m habits is mo/ pron\nc$ 9 ! "y *ild 9 ^: n]v\s /ructure no "o action r ?an ano!r has yet _h a *ance to be +ra9$4 ,! m connections t are made1 ! m habits t are acquir$1 ! less1 9 a s5se1 c be made4 ,= ! organism w t5d to repeat ^? actions to :i* x has previ\sly be5 /imulat$1 & ! m frequ5tly x repeats !m ! m frequ5tly x w t5d to4 ,s t1 z ,william ,james po9t$ out1 by tw5ty-five we are almo/ lit]ally bundles ( habits4 ,:5 ! majority ( acts ( life h become r\t9e & fix$1 x is almo/ impossible to acquire new ways ( act+1 s9ce ! acquisition ( new habits s]i\sly int]f]es ) ! old1 & old habits physiologically /ay put4 ,,habit ,,z ,a ,,"t-,,sav]4 ,?is fact1 t habits c be acquir$ mo/ easily e>ly 9 life1 & t ^? e>ly acquir$ become s fix$ t !y are almo/ inescapable1 is ( supreme importance to ! individual & society4 ,x is 9 "o s5se a great advantage2 x is an enorm\s sav] ( "t4 ,9 ! fam\s words ( ,james3#a ,! great ?+1 !n1 9 all education1 is to make our n]v\s sy/em our ally in/ead ( our enemy4 ,x is to fund & capitalize our acquisitions1 & live at ease ^u ! int]e/ ( ! fund4 ,= ?is we mu/ make automatic & habitual1 z e>ly z possible1 z _m useful actions z we c1 & gu>d aga9/ ! gr[+ into ways t are likely to be disadvantage\s to u1 z we w\ld gu>d aga9/ ! plague4 ,! m ( ! details ( our daily life we c h& ov] to ! ef=tless cu/ody ( automatism1 ! m our high] p[]s ( m9d w be set free = _! own prop] "w4 ,!re is no m mis]able human be+ ?an "o 9 :om no?+ is habitual b indecision1 & = :om ! light+ ( e cig>1 ! dr9k+ ( e cup1 ! "t ( ris+ & go+ to b$ e day1 & ! beg9n+ ( e bit ( "w1 are subjects ( express volitional delib]ation4 ,full half ! "t ( su* a man goes to ! decid+1 or regrett+1 ( matt]s :i* ought to be s +ra9$ 9 him z practically n to exi/ = 8 consci\sness at all4 ,if !re be su* daily duties n yet +ra9$ 9 any "o ( my read]s1 let him beg9 ?is v h\r to set ! matt] "r4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james3 ,psy*ology1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #abb4 ,! ideal ( effici5cy is ! ideal ( hav+ ! effective ?+ habitually done ) z little ef=t & difficulty z possible4 ,?is 9 ! case ( human be+s is1 z ,james po9ts out1 atta9$ :5 good habits are e>ly acquir$ & :5 z l>ge a proportion z possible ( purely r\t9e activity is made ef=tless & bel[ ! level ( consci\sness4 ,to d z _m ?+s z possible )\t ?9k+ is to free ?9k+ = new situations4 ,our exp]i5ces w\ld be v re/rict$ inde$ if we c\ld n r$uce a l>ge portion ( ! ?+s we d to ! me*anics ( habit4 ,walk+1 eat+1 ^!1 ?\gh p>tly in/9ctive1 7 once problems requir+ ?\ght1 ef=t1 & att5tion4 ,if we _h to sp5d all our lives le>n+ to dress & undress1 to f9d our way ab\t our own h\se or city1 to spell & to pron\nce correctly1 x is cle> h[ little v>iety & div]sity we %\ld ev] atta9 9 our lives4 ,by ! "t we are tw5ty ^! fundam5tal habits are s firmly fix$ 9 u t1 = bett] or = worse1 !y are ours = life1 & we are free to give our att5tion to o!r ?+s4 ,aga9 9 ! words ( ,james3 ,we all ( u h a def9ite r\t9e mann] ( p]=m+ c]ta9 daily (fices connect$ ) ! toilet1 ) ! op5+ & %utt+ ( famili> cupbo>ds1 & ! l4 ,our l[] c5t]s "k ! ord] ( ^! movem5ts1 & %[ _! k by _! surprise if ! objects are alt]$ s z to oblige ! movem5t to be made 9 a diff]5t way4 ,b our high] ?\ght c5t]s "k h>dly any?+ ab\t ! matt]4 ,few m5 c tell (f-h& :i* sock1 %oe1 or tr\s]s-leg !y put on fir/4 ,!y mu/ fir/ m5tally rehe>se ! act2 & ev5 t is (t5 insuffici5t--! act mu/ be p]=m$4 ,s ( ! que/ions1 ,:i* valve ( my d\ble door op5s fir/8 ,:i* way does my door sw+8 etc4 ,i _c tell ! answ]2 yet my h& nev] makes a mi/ake4 ,no "o c describe ! ord] 9 :i* he bru%es 8 hair or tee?2 yet x is likely t ! ord] is a pretty fix$ "o 9 all ( u4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james3 loc4 cit41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #aae4 ,,habit ,,z ,a ,,/abiliz] ,,( ,,action4 ,habit n only ?us saves "t1 b /abilizes action1 & :]e ! habits acquir$ are effective ones1 ?is is invaluable4 ,habits ( prompt p]=mance ( c]ta9 daily duties on ! "p ( ! individual are a di/9ct b5efit bo? to him & to o!rs1 z c]ta9 cu/om>y effici5t (fice practices1 :5 !y are really habitual1 imm5sely facilitate ! op]ation ( a bus9ess4 ,on a l>g] scale habit is society's mo/ preci\s cons]vative ag5t4 ,individuals n only develop p]sonal habits ( dress1 spee*1 etc41 b become habituat$ to social in/itutions1 to c]ta9 occupations1 to ! pre/ige atta*+ to "s types ( action & ! puni%m5t correlat$ ) o!rs4 ,education 9 ! broade/ s5se is simply ! acquisition ( ^? habits :i* adapt an individual to 8 social environm5t4 ,x is ! in/rum5t society uses to h& d[n ! habits ( ?9k+1 feel+1 & action :i* *>act]ize a civilization4 ,society is protect$ f murd]1 !ft1 & pillage by law & ! police1 b x is ev5 bett] protect$ by ! fact t liv+ toge!r peacefully & cop]atively is = mo/ adults habitual4 ,9 a positive s5se ! multif>i\s occupations & pr(essions ( a great mod]n city are c>ri$ on f day to day 9 all _! accu/om$ detail1 n because ! lawy]s1 ! bus9ess m51 ! tea*]s1 :o practice !m cont9u\sly reason !m out1 nor f cont9u\s in/9ctive prompt+s4 ,!y are /rik+ te/imony to ! influ5ce ( habit4 ,z a rec5t ,engli% writ] puts x3 ,! population ( ,london w\ld be />v$ 9 a week if ! fly:eel ( habit 7 remov$1 if no signalman or cl]k or policeman ev] did any?+ :i* 0 n sugge/$ by a fir/-h& impulse1 or if no "o 7 m hone/ or punctual or indu/ri\s ?an he 0 l$ to be by 8 consci\s love1 on t p>ticul> day1 = 8 ma/] or = 8 "w1 or by 8 religion1 or by a conviction ( dang] f ! crim9al law4#a ,footnote #a3 ,graham ,wallas3 ,great ,society1 p4 #gd4 ,f etiquette & social di/9ction1 f =malities ( conv]sation & correspond5ce1 ( greet+ & f>ewell1 ( condol5ce & congratulation to ! mo/ important cu/oms ( ! c\ntry1 ) respect to m>riage1 prop]ty1 & ! l1 ways ( act+ are ma9ta9$ by ! me*anism ( habit r ?an by arbitr>y law or equally arbitr>y in/9ctive caprice4 ,,diss]viceable ,,habits ,,9 ,,! ,,individual4 ,habitual behavior :i* c become s completely controll+ 9 ! lives ( s _m p is n )\t its dang]s4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is orig9ally neutral1 & c be involv$ on ! side ei!r ( good or evil4 ,a human born ) a pla/ic bra9 & n]v\s sy/em mu/ acquire habits1 b t he w acquire good habits 7t is1 habits s]viceable to 8 own happ9ess & to t ( 8 fell[s7 is n gu>ante$ by nature4 ,habits are inde$ m notori\s ?an fam\s1 & examples are m frequ5tly *os5 f evil ones ?an f good4 ,promptness 9 ! p]=mance ( "o's pr(essional or dome/ic duties1 c>e 9 spee*1 9 dress & 9 demeanor1 are1 once !y are acquir$1 p]man5t assets4 ,b if ^! fail to be develop$1 di%one/y or sup]ficiality1 slov5l9ess 9 dress & spee*1 & surl9ess 9 mann]1 may & d become equally habitual4 ,! significance ( ?is has be5 eloqu5tly /at$ at ! close ( ,james's fam\s discussion3 ,! hell to be endur$ h]eaft]1 ( :i* !ology tells1 is no worse ?an ! hell we make = ourselves 9 ?is _w by habitually fa%ion+ our *>act]s 9 ! wrong way4 ,c\ld ! "y b realize h[ soon !y w become m]e walk+ bundles ( habits1 !y w\ld give m he$ to _! conduct :ile 9 ! pla/ic /ate4 ,we are sp9n+ our own fates1 good or evil1 & nev] to be undone4 ,e smalle/ /roke ( virtue or ( vice leaves its nev]-s-little sc>4 ,! drunk5 ,rip ,van ,w9kle1 9 ,jeff]son's play1 excuses himself = e fre% d]eliction by say+1 ,i won't c\nt ?is "t6 ,well1 he may n c\nt x1 & a k9d ,heav5 may n c\nt x1 b x is be+ c\nt$ none ! less4 ,d[n among 8 n]ve cells & fibres1 ! molecules are c\nt+ x1 regi/]+ & /or+ x up to be us$ aga9/ him :5 ! next temptation comes4 ,no?+ we ev] d is1 9 /rict sci5tific lit]alness1 wip$ out4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james3 loc4 cit41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #abg4 ,,social ,,in]tia4 ,if ! acquisition ( bad1 t is1 diss]viceable habits1 is disa/r\s to ! individual1 x is 9 "s respects ev5 worse 9 ! gr\p4 ,! in]tia ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! t5d5cy to g on repeat+ connections t h once be5 made is "o ( ! /ronge/ ob/acles to *ange1 h[ev] desirable4 ,x is n only t habits ( action h be5 e/abli%$1 b t ) !m g deep-seat$ habits ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,! repression ( p's accu/om$ ways ( do+ ?+s may br+ ) x a s5se ( fru/ration almo/ z complete & pa9ful z if ^! ob/ruct$ activities 7 in/9ctive4 ,?is is n true m]ely 9 ! melodramatic in/ances ( drug addicts & drunk>ds4 ,x is true 9 ! case ( social habits :i* h become e/abli%$ 9 a l>ge gr\p4 ,any ,utopian t dreams ( revolutioniz+ society ov]night fails to take into acc\nt ! enorm\s control ( habits ov] gr\ps :i* h acquir$ !m1 & ! p[]ful emotions1 am\nt+ sometimes to passion1 :i* are ar\s$ by _! fru/ration4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,le>n+ ,,habit4 ,t habit is at once ! cons]v] & ! petrifi] ( society has long be5 recogniz$ by social philosoph]s4 ,!re is "o habit1 h[ev]1 ! acquisition ( :i* is itself a prev5tive ( ! complete dom9ation ( ! individual or ! gr\p by h>d & fa/ r\t9e4 ,?is is ! habit ( le>n+1 :i* is necess>y to ! acquisition ( any habits at all4 ,man 9 le>n+ new habits1 le>ns to le>n4 ,?is ability to le>n is1 ( c\rse1 correlat$ ) a pla/icity ( bra9 & n]ve fib] :i* is mo/ pres5t 9 e>ly y\?4 ,! disappe>ance ( ?is capacity is ha/5$ by ! pressure :i* =ces individuals 9 _! bus9ess & pr(essional life to cl+ fa/ to c]ta9 habits :i* are priz$ & rew>d$ by ! gr\p4 ,a s$ul\s cultivation on ! "p ( ! individual ( ! habit ( op5-m9d$ inquiry1 ( ! habit ( le>n+1 & ! enc\ragem5t ( ?is t5d5cy by ! gr\p are ! only antidotes t c be provid$ aga9/ ?is m>k$ physiological t5d5cy to fossilization & ! frequ5t social t5d5cies 9 ! same direction4 ,:e!r habits %all ma/] u1 or :e!r we %all be _! ma/]s1 dep5ds also on ! me?od by :i* !y 7 acquir$4 ,if !y 7 le>n$ m]ely ?r\gh me*anical drill1 !y w be fix$ & rigid4 ,if !y 7 le>n$ delib]ately to meet new situations1 !y w n be reta9$ :5 ! conditions !y 7 acquir$ to meet are utt]ly *ang$4 ,,! ,,specificity ,,( ,,habits4 ,"o important consid]ation1 f9ally1 t mu/ be br\ght to consid]ation is t habits are1 l in/9cts1 specific4 ,!y are n g5]al op5 sesames :i*1 le>n$ 9 "o situation1 w apply ) indiscrim9ate miracul\sness to a v>iety ( o!rs4 ,j z an in/9ct is a def9ite response to a def9ite /imulus1 s is a habit4 ,! *ief & almo/ only obs]vable diff]5ce is t ! =m] is unle>n$1 :ile ! latt] is le>n$ or acquir$4 ,b :ile habits are specific1 !y are )9 limits transf]able4 ,su* is ! case :5 a situation :i* calls out a c]ta9 habitual response is p>allel$ 9 significant po9ts by ano!r4 ,?us ! situation1 "o's-room-at-home-clutt]$-up-)-a-miscell any-(-books-pap]s-t5nis-app>atus-&-clo?+ 1 has suffici5tly simil> significant po9ts to ! situation1 "o's-(fice-litt]$-)-docum5ts-old-lett]s- manuscripts-bluepr9ts-&-pro(s1 to call =?1 if ! habit has be5 e/abli%$ 9 "o case1 ! id5tical response ( tidy+ up 9 ! o!r4 ,b unless !re are m>k$ po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 two diff]5t sets ( circum/ances1 specific habits rema9 specific & non-transf]able4 ,!re is 9 ! laws ( habit no gu>antee t an indu/ri\s application to ! batt+ av]ages ( ! major league on ! "p ( an al]t twelve-ye>-old w provoke ! same assidu\s assimilation ( ! facts ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution2 t a boy :o works h>d at 8 *emi/ry w "w equally h>d at 8 ,engli%1 or t "o :o is c>eful ab\t 8 mann]s & pronunciation 9 s*ool w display ! slighte/ he$ to !m among 8 companions on ! ball-field4 ,"o ( ! mo/ cog5t argum5ts aga9/ ! /]eotyp$ tea*+ ( ,lat9 & ,greek has be5 ! s]i\s d\bt psy*ologi/s h held z to :e!r f\r ye>s' tra9+ 9 ,lat9 syntax w develop 9 ! /ud5t g5]al m5tal habits :i* w be applicable or useful outside ! ,lat9 classroom4 ,! old] faculty psy*ologi/s presum$ t diff]5t subjects tra9$ v>i\s s-call$ faculties ( memory1 imag9ation1 & intellect4 ,x has n[ become cle> on exp]im5tal evid5ce t 9 education we are tra9+ no isolat$ faculties1 b are tra9+ ! individual to c]ta9 specific habits4 ,! m widely applicable ! habits are1 obvi\sly ! m valuable or dang]\s w !y be 9 ! conduct ( life4 ,b :5 habits d become g5]al1 su* z a habit ( promptness1 hone/y1 & regul>ity1 n 9 "o situation b 9 g5]al1 x is because !y are some?+ m ?an habits 9 ! /rict physiological s5se4 ,!y are intellectual z well z m]ely motor 9 "*2 !y are delib]ate & consci\s me?ods r ?an me*anical rules ( ?umb4 ,habits t h be5 drill$ into an individual w appe> only :5 ! situation v closely approximates ! "o 9 :i* ! drill has be5 p]=m$4 ,! cat t has le>n$ to get out ( a c]ta9 type ( cage by press+ a button w be utt]ly at a loss if ! famili> features ( ! cage are *ang$4 ,! intellig5t human w detect & take pa9s to detect among ! m9or diff]5ces ( ! situation "s significant fact :i* he has met 9 ano!r sett+1 & he w apply a habit useful 9 ?is new situation despite ! slightly *ang$ accompany+ circum/ances4 ,! man :o c drive an automobile ) reflective appreciation ( ! processes involv$1 :o kn[s1 z we say1 :at he is do+1 w n long be baffl$ by a c> ) a slightly diff]5t arrangem5t ( lev]s & /e]+-ge>1 nor be completely fru/rat$ :5 ! c> = "s reason fails to move4 ,z happ5$ 9 _m notable in/ances dur+ ! ,_w ,w>1 tra9$ executives 7 n long at a loss :5 !y %ift$ f ! managem5t ( a /eel plant to a %ipy>d1 or f l>ge-scale m9+ op]ations 9 ,montana to l>ge-scale relief "w 9 ,belgium4 ,,! ,,consci\s ,,transf]5ce ,,( ,,habits4 ,:5 habits are consci\sly acquir$1 !y may be consci\sly transf]r$ ) modifications to situations slightly diff]5t f ^? 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ le>n$4 ,m]ely me*anical habits are a h9drance 9 any save ! mo/ me*anical "w4 ,an al]t & consci\s me?od ( le>n+1 :i* means ! developm5t ( habits z me?ods ( control1 w enable ! individual to modify habits acquir$ 9 slightly diff]5t circum/ances to new situations :]e ! major conditions rema9 ! same4 ,to be m]ely habitual is to be at be/ an effici5t ma*9e1 utt]ly unable to d any?+ except to run along c]ta9 grooves1 to respond l an animal tra9$ to c]ta9 tricks4 ,x means1 moreov]1 a loss ( ri*ness 9 exp]i5ce4 ,:5 a pr(ession becomes r\t9at$ x becomes mean+less2 a m]e mak+ ( ! :eels g r\nd4 ,! _s ( al]t & consci\s inquiry mu/ be ma9ta9$ if life is n to become a m]e repeat$ monotony4 ,an al]t & consci\s adju/m5t ( habits to a *ang+ environm5t con/itutes intellig5ce4 ,! te*nique ( ?is adju/m5t is ! te*nique ( ?9k+ or ( reflective behavior1 :i* we %all exam9e 9 m detail 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,emotion4 ,all human action1 :e!r on ! plane ( in/9ct1 habit1 or reflection1 is1 to a less] or great] degree1 accompani$ by emotion4 ,:ile !re is consid]able controv]sy among psy*ologi/s z to ! precise nature ( emotion1 & ! precise conditions ( its causation1 its g5]al features & significance are fairly cle>4 ,emotion may be mo/ g5]ally def9$ z an aw>5ess or consci\sness on ! "p ( ! individual ( 8 exp]i5ces1 bo? ^? 9 :i* he is ! actor & ^? 9 :i* he is be+ passively act$ ^u4 ,?is aw>5ess or consci\sness is n deta*$ intellectual p]ception1 b is accompani$ by1 z x is by "s held to be m]ely ! consci\sness (1 c]ta9 specific bodily di/urbances4 ,?us ! emotions ( fe> & grief are n cold & ab/ract p]ceptions ( situations t belong 9 ! classes dang]\s or deplorable1 respectively4 ,! aw>5ess ( ^! situations by ! individual is intimately & inv>iably connect$ ) c]ta9 outw>d bodily manife/ations & c]ta9 inn] organic di/urbances4 ,fe>1 rage1 pity1 & ! l are n unimpassion$ judgm5ts1 b highly *>g$ physical *anges4 ,s close1 inde$1 is ! connection betwe5 specific bodily conditions & ! subjective or inn] consci\sness t we call emotion1 t ,james & ,lange simultane\sly came to ! conclusion t emotions are no?+ m nor less ?an ! bl5d+ ( ! complex organic *anges t occur 9 any giv5 emotional /ate4 ,?us ,james3 ,:at k9d ( an emotion ( fe> w\ld be left if ! feel+ nei!r ( quick5$ he>t-beats nor ( %all[ brea?+1 nei!r ( trembl+ lips nor ( weak5$ limbs1 nei!r ( goose-fle% nor ( visc]al /irr+s1 7 pres5t1 x is impossible = me to ?9k4 ,c anyone fancy ! /ate ( rage1 & picture no ebullition 9 ! *e/1 no flu%+ ( ! face1 no dilation ( ! no/rils1 no cl5*+ ( ! tee?1 no impulse to vigor\s action1 b 9 _! /ead limp muscles1 calm brea?+1 & a placid face8 ,! pres5t writ]1 = "o1 c]ta9ly _c4 ,! rage is z completely evaporat$ z ! s5sations ( its s-call$ manife/ations1 & ! only ?+ t c possibly be suppos$ to take its place is "s cold blood$ & dispassionate judicial s5t5ce1 conf9$ entirely to ! intellectual realm1 to ! effect t a c]ta9 p]son or p]sons m]it *a/isem5t = _! s9s4 ,9 l mann] ( grief2 :at w\ld x be )\t its te>s1 its sobs1 its suffocation ( ! he>t1 its pang 9 ! brea/-bone8 ,a feel+less cognition t c]ta9 circum/ances are deplorable1 & no?+ m4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james3 ,psy*ology1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #deb4 ,inde$1 s completely did ,james ?9k ! emotions 7 explicable z ! inn] feel+ ( ! complex organic s5sations :i* g to make up ea* ( !m t he did n ?9k x mislead+ to say we feel sorry because we cry1 angry because we /rike1 afraid because we tremble2 we d n cry1 /rike1 or tremble because we are sorry1 angry1 or fe>ful1 z ! case may be4 ,:e!r or n emotions are completely to be expla9$ z ! inn] or subjective aspect ( ! complex ( organic di/urbances :i* accompany fe>1 rage1 & ! l1 & :i* are caus$ imm$iately by ! p]ception ( ! appropriate objects ( ^! emotions1 x is c]ta9ly true t emotional aw>5ess & bodily di/urbances are v closely connect$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,rec5t exp]im5ts by ,dr4 ,cannon at ,h>v>d h %[n ! specific bodily di/urbances :i* accompany ang]1 fe>1 etc4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,dr4 ,cannon1 & o!rs1 h not$ t 9 ! emotional conditions ( fe> & ang] ! gl&s1 locat$ ne> ! kidneys1 dis*>ge a fluid into ! blood /ream1 :i* fluid /imulates ! he>t to activity1 con/ricts ! blood vessels ( ! int]nal organs1 causes ! liv] to p\r out into ! blood its /ores ( sug>1 & affects 9 "o way or ano!r all ! organs ( ! body4 ,! g5]al effect is to put ! body into a /ate ( prep>$ness = ! activities connect$ ) ! emotion1 :e!r flight 9 ! case ( fe>1 attack z 9 ! case ( ang]4 ,?is has l$ ,pr(essor ,woodwor? to def9e emotion z1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! way ! body feels :5 x is prep>$ = a c]ta9 reaction4 ,see ! latt]'s ,dynamic ,psy*ology1 pp4 #ea-ei4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to classify ! emotions :i* are1 9 ord9>y exp]i5ce1 inf9itely subtle & complex4 ,! subtlety & v>iety ( emotion ,james expla9s z ! result ( ! subtle & imp]ceptible diff]5ces 9 ! complex ( s5sations :i* occur 9 any giv5 situation4 ,9 g5]al1 x has be5 recogniz$ t ! emotions are v closely connect$ ) ! prim>y t5d5cies ( man4 ,mc,dougall1 = example1 says t ea* ( ! great prim>y impulses is accompani$ by an emotion4 ,inde$1 ,mc,dougall consid]s1 z e>li] not$1 t ! emotion is ! affective or consci\s aspect ( an in/9ct :i*1 at ! same "t1 has a p]ceptual & impulsive aspect2 t1 9 ! case ( fe>1 ! p]ceptual aspect is ! in/9ctive me*anism = recogniz+ objects ( dang]1 ! impulsive aspect is ! t5d5cy t[>d flight1 & ! affective aspect is ! inn] feel+ or aw>5ess ( fe>4 ,?us1 = ,mc,dougall1 ! t5d] emotion is ! emotional aspect ( ! in/9ct ( pity1 ang] ( ! in/9ct ( pugnacity1 :i* is1 z an impulse1 ! t5d5cy to /rike & de/roy4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 z ,mc,dougall himself admits1 emotions are seldom exp]i5c$ 9 unmix$ =ms1 & x is v difficult to r$uce ! inf9ite v>iety ( emotional exp]i5ces to any prim>y =ms4 ,"o may well agree ) ,james t subdivisions 9 ! psy*ological dem>cation ( ! emotions are to a great ext5t ei!r fictiti\s or unimportant1 & 444 pret5ses to accuracy1 a %am4 ,9 g5]al1 "o may say t emotions are closely connect$ ) ! native t5d5cies ( human be+s & are ar\s$ by bo? _! fulfillm5t1 _! conflict1 & _! fru/ration4 ,! v>iety ( emotions results f ! fact t no s+le "o ( our in/9cts is /imulat$ at a "t1 & t ! peculi> specific quality ( ea* emotional exp]i5ce is due to ! specific po9t ( conflict1 fulfillm5t1 or fru/ration 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,x may be fur!r not$ t ^? emotions are1 9 g5]al1 pleasantly ton$ :i* accompany ! fulfillm5t or ! approa* to ! fulfillm5t ( a native disposition2 & ^? are unpleasantly ton$ :i* accompany _! fru/ration or conflict4 ,! dep? & int5sity ( ! emotional di/urbance seem to dep5d on ! degree & ext5t to :i* /rong in/9ctive or habitual impulses h become involv$4 ,= z habits ( action may be acquir$1 s also may emotions become associat$ habitually ) !m4 ,! emotional di/urbances connect$ ) ! fulfillm5t1 fru/ration1 & conflict ( habits may be j z int5se z ^? connect$ ) simil> ph5om5a 9 ! case ( in/9cts4 ,9 "o s5se ^! emotional di/urbances imp$e action1 c]ta9ly action on ! reflective level4 ,x is ! capacity & function ( reflection to solve & adju/ precisely ^? conflicts ( compet+ impulses dur+ :i* emotional di/urbances occur4 ,b ! reflective process is confus$ & di/ort$ 9 conflicts ( native or habitual desires by ^! emotional di/urbances :i* accompany !m4 ,x is prov]bially difficult to ?9k /raight :5 angry2 ! surgeon 9 p]=m+ an op]ation mu/ n be mov$ by pity or fe>2 & love is notori\sly bl9d4 ,! facts ) :i* reflection mu/ deal are pres5t$ 9 di/ort$ & exagg]at$ =m "u ! /ress ( compet+ impulses4 ,/imuli become load$ ) emotional associations4 ,!y are gl>+ & conspicu\s on ! basis ( _! emotional urg5cy r ?an on ! gr\nd ( _! logical significance4 ,! p>alysis or complete disorganization ( action :i* occurs 9 extreme cases ( hy/]ia takes place to "s ext5t 9 all less extreme in/ances ( emotional di/urbances4 ,emotions1 on ! o!r h&1 s]ve to su/a91 &1 9 _! less viol5t =m1 to facilitate action4 ,x has already be5 not$ t ! organic di/urbances :i* are s conspicu\s a feature ( emotion are extremely important 9 prep>+ ! body = ! ov]t actions 9 :i* ^! emotions always t5d to issue4 ,& x is unque/ionable t emotions1 ?\gh 9 m or less obscure ways1 call up res]ves ( en]gy 9 ! s]vice ( ! activity 9 connection ) :i* ! emotion has be5 ar\s$4 ,:ile v viol5t emotions1 z 9 ! case ( extreme ang] or fe> or pity1 confuse1 disorganize1 & ev5 p>alyze action1 9 m mod]ate =m !y r s]ve to /imulate & re9=ce x4 ,emotions are1 9 _m cases1 m]ely ! inn] or subjective aw>5ess ( "o ( ^! great driv+ =ces1 or a complex ( !m4 ,ang]1 pity1 & fe>1 9 _! less extreme =ms1 p\r floods ( en]gy into ! activities 9 :i* !y take ov]t expression4 ,x ne$s no special k to recognize ! fact t ! normal int]e/s & ent]prises ( life are quick5$ & su/a9$ :5 "s great emotional drive c be r\s$ 9 _! support4 ,ambition1 loyalty1 love1 or hate may /ir m5 to & su/a9 !m 9 long & difficult ent]prises :i* !y w\ld nei!r und]take nor cont9ue 7 ^! motive =ces remov$4 ,! soldi] does n fight p]si/5tly & well :olly1 or (t5 ev5 9 "p1 because he has ?\ght out ! situation & f\nd ! cause ( 8 c\ntry to be j4 ,he is /irr$ & su/a9$ by ! en]gies :i* ! emotional complex call$ patriotism has r\s$ & conc5trat$ t[>d action4 ,a sci5ti/ p]=m+ long & difficult rese>*es1 a fa!r sacrific+ re/ & com=t t 8 *ildr5 may be well provid$ =1 a boy work+ to pay 8 way ?r\gh college1 are all p]si/+ 9 c\rses ( action1 because ( ! driv+ p[] :i* ! emotions1 m or less mix$1 ( curiosity1 or t5d]ness1 or self-ass]tion h releas$4 ,b j z ! orig9al nature ) :i* man is born is modifiable1 s are 8 emotional reactions4 ,ea* individual's emotional reactions are peculi> & specific1 because ( ! p>ticul> contacts to :i* !y h be5 expos$1 & ! organization ( in/9cts & habits :i* h come to be _! m or less fix$ "*4 ,any emotional exp]i5ce consi/s ( an int]m+l+ ( _m & div]se feel+s4 ,& ^! p>ticul> complexes ( emotions become = ea* individual organiz$ ab\t p>ticul> p]sons or objects or situations4 ,! emotional reactions ( an individual are1 inde$1 accurately symptomatic ( ! "* ( ! individual & ! culture ( 8 "t4 ,!y are ar\s$1 x goes )\t say+1 on v diff]5t occasions & by v diff]5t objects1 among diff]5t m5 & diff]5t gr\ps4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury pi\s p]sons c\ld wat* h]etics be+ burn$ 9 oil ) a s5se ( deep religi\s exaltation4 ,c]ta9 ,fijian tribes slaught] _! ag$ p>5ts ) ! mo/ t5d] filial devotion4 ,9 c]ta9 savage communities1 to eat 9 public ar\ses on ! "p ( ! individual a s5se ( acute %ame4 ,s9ce ^? emotions are1 on ! :ole1 pleasantly ton$ :i* accompany ! fulfillm5t ( in/9ctive & habitual impulses1 & ^? unpleasantly ton$ :i* accompany _! fru/ration1 x becomes1 z ,ari/otle po9t$ out1 ( ! mo/ s]i\s importance e>ly to habituate m5 to ! p]=mance ( socially useful actions4 ,if good or useful actions are e>ly made habitual1 _! p]=mance w br+ pleasure1 & w !reby be bett] insur$ ?an by any am\nt ( prea*+ or puni%m5t4 ,if ! actions :i* ! gr\p approves are n e>ly made habitual 9 ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! gr\p1 !y w n be en=c$ ei!r ?r\gh logic or electrocution4 ,x is n en\gh to give p reasons = do+ good1 !y w only d x consi/5tly if ! opposite ar\ses 9 !m m or less abhorr5ce4 ,p le>n to modify _! actions on ! basis ( ! pleasure or pa9 !y f9d 9 _! p]=mance1 & ! pleasure or pa9 !y w exp]i5ce dep5ds on ! actions to :i* !y are habituat$ & ! emotions :i* h come to be _! *>act]i/ic accompanim5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,reflection4 ,,in/9ct ,,& ,,habit ,,v]sus ,,reflection4 ,9 ! two types ( behavior already discuss$1 man is1 z x 71 pu%$ f beh9d4 ,9 ! case ( in/9ct he p]=ms an action simply because he mu/ p]=m x4 ,willy-nilly he )draws 8 h& f fire1 eats :5 hungry1 & sleeps :5 tir$4 ,9 ! case ( habits1 once !y are acquir$1 he is also l>gely dom9at$ by circum/ances beyond 8 own control4 ,! bottle is to ! confirm$ drunk>d almo/ an irresi/ible comm& to dr9k1 ! al>m clock to "o accu/om$ to x an equally imp]ative & n-to-be-disreg>d$ ord] to arise4 ,! /ory ( ! old vet]an :o 0 c>ry+ home 8 d9n] & :o dropp$ 8 h&s to 8 side & 8 d9n] to ! gutt] :5 a practical jok] call$ ,att5tion2 ! pa!tic plight ( ! sup]annuat$ bus9ess man :o is totally at a loss away f 8 famili> duties1 are (t5 quot$ illu/rations ( h[ completely habit may det]m9e a man's actions4 ,b :ile 9 a l>ge portion ( our daily duties we are ?us at ! beck & call ( ! in/9cts :i* are our inh]itance & ! habits :i* we h acquir$1 we may also control our actions4 ,in/ead ( p]=m+ actions z imm$iate & automatic responses to accu/om$ /imuli1 we may det]m9e our actions1 s+le or consecutive1 9 ! light ( abs5t & future results4 ,to act ?us is to act reflectively1 & to act reflectively is ! only escape f r&om acts prompt$ by in/9ct & r\t9e ones prompt$ by habit4 ,to act reflectively is to delay response to an in/9ctive or habitual /imulus until ! v>i\s possibilities ( action & ! results associat$ ) ea* h be5 consid]$4 ,an action p]=m$ in/9ctively or habitually is automatic2 x is p]=m$ n on ! basis ( :at w be ! result1 b simply z an imm$iate response to a pres5t /imulus4 ,b an act 7or a s]ies ( acts7 reflectively p]=m$ is p]=m$ 9 ! light ( ! results t are prophetically associat$ ) !m4 ,9 ! case ( in/9ct & habit1 ! individual almo/ lit]ally does n "k :at he is ab\t4 ,9 reflective activity he does "k1 & ! m ?or\gh ! reflective process1 ! m ?or\gh & precise is 8 k4 ,he p]=ms actions because !y w a*ieve c]ta9 results1 & he is consci\s ( t causal connection1 bo? be=e ! action is p]=m$ :5 he p]ceives ! results imag9atively1 & aft] x is p]=m$ :5 he sees !m 9 fact4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,reflection4 ,reflection1 x mu/ be not$ 9 ! fir/ place1 is n a ?+1 b a process4 ,x is a process :]eby human be+s adju/ !mselves to a cont9u\sly *ang+ environm5t4 ,our in/9cts & habits suffice to adapt u to t l>ge numb] ( recurr5t simil> situations ( :i* our exp]i5ce 9 no small measure exi/s4 ,9 su* cases ! habitual response w br+ ! usual satisfaction4 ,walk+1 dress+1 gett+ to famili> places1 f9d+ ! electric button 9 well-kn[n rooms1 op5+ (t5-op5$ comb9ations--^! op]ations are all adequately accompli%$ by ! fix$ me*anisms ( habit4 ,b we meet z frequ5tly ) novel situations :]e ! accu/om$ or in/9ctive reactions w n br+ ! desir$ satisfaction4 ,"o response or a numb] ( responses w n adju/ ! individual satisfactorily to ext]nal conditions2 or !re may be a conflict betwe5 a numb] ( impulses all clamor+ = satisfaction at once4 ,reflection ?us beg9s ei!r 9 a maladju/m5t betwe5 ! individual & 8 environm5t or 9 a conflict ( impulses )9 ! same p]son4 ,:]e su* a maladju/m5t occurs1 ! uneas9ess1 discom=t1 & fru/ration ( action may be remov$ 9 "o ( two ways4 ,adju/m5t may be a*iev$1 z we h already se51 ?r\gh physical trial & error1 ?r\gh a hit-&-miss exp]im5tation ) e possible response until ! appropriate "o is made4 ,?is is ! only way 9 :i* animals c le>n to modify _! in/9ctive t5d5cies into habits m adequate to _! conditions4 ,! m economical & effective process1 "o peculi> to human be+s1 is t ( reflection4 ,to ?9k or to reflect means to po/pone response to a giv5 problematic situation until ! possible consequ5ces ( ! possible responses h be5 m5tally trac$ out4 ,in/ead ( actually mak+ e response t occurs to u1 we make all ( !m imag9atively4 ,in/ead ( consum+ "t & en]gy 9 physical trial & error1 we g ?r\gh ! process ( m5tal trial & error4 ,we make no response at all 9 action until we h survey$ all ! possibilities ( action & _! possible consequ5ces4 ,& :5 we d make a response we make x on ! basis ( ^? =ese5 consequ5ces4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! possibilities ( response t d occur to u are1 on ! :ole1 det]m9$ by pa/ tra9+ & native diff]5ces 9 temp]am5t4 ,b "p ( ! process ( reflection is1 z we %all see 9 ! *apt] on ,sci5ce & ,sci5tific ,me?od1 conc]n$ ) delib]ately enl>g+ ! field ( possible responses 9 ! solution ( a giv5 problem4 ,9 o!r words1 ! situation is analyz$4 ,:at is ! end or adju/m5t s\ght1 :at are ! possible responses1 & h[ f> is ea* ( !m suit$ z a means to a*iev+ ! satisfaction s\ght8 ,in/ead ( go+ ?r\gh e r&om c\rse ( action t sugge/s itself1 ea* "o is dramatically rehe>s$4 ,f9ally1 t response is made :i* gives mo/ promise 9 t]ms ( its prophesi$ consequ5ces ( adju/+ u to our situation4 ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,! ,,reflective ,,process4 ,a /ud5t may1 = example1 be seat$ at 8 /udy1 prep>+ = an exam9ation4 ,a fri5d ent]s & sugge/s go+ = a walk or to ! !at]4 ,if ! /ud5t 7 to foll[ ?is fir/ imm$iate impulse he w\ld1 be=e he realiz$ x1 be (f = an ev5+'s ent]ta9m5t4 ,b in/ead ( respond+ imm$iately1 dropp+ 8 books1 rea*+ = 8 hat1 op5+ ! door1 & r++ = ! elevator 7a s]ies ( habitual acts initiat$ by ! in/9ctive desire = re/1 v>iety1 & companion%ip71 he may rehe>se 9 imag9ation ! v>i\s possibilities ( action4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 :at happ5s is simply ?is3#a ,footnote #a3 ,! te*nique ( reflection w be discuss$ 9 detail 9 ! *apt] on ,sci5ce & ,sci5tific ,me?od4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! greg>i\s in/9ct1 ! desire = re/1 native curiosity1 & an acquir$ int]e/ 9 drama may prompt him /rongly to g to ! !at]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! habits ( indu/ry1 ambition1 self-ass]tion1 & /udy+ 9 ! ev5+ urge him to /ay at home & /udy4 ,! fir/ c\rse ( action may1 = ! mom5t1 be imm$iately attractive & /imulat+4 ,b in/ead ( respond+ to ei!r imm$iately1 ! /ud5t rehe>ses dramatically ! possibilities associat$ ) ea*4 ,on ! "o h& are ! imm$iate satisfactions ( re/1 amusem5t1 & companion%ip4 ,b z fur!r consequ5ces ( ! impulse to g out to ! !at] are se5--or1 r1 are =ese5--failure 9 ! exam9ation1 ! loss ( a s*ol>%ip1 pa9 to "o's family or fri5ds1 & *agr9 at ! fru/ration ( "o's deepe/ & mo/ p]man5t ideals4 ,! second c\rse ( action1 to /ay at home & /udy1 ?\gh x is se5 to h connect$ ) x c]ta9 imm$iate privations1 is =ese5 to involve ! fur!r consequ5ces ( pass+ ! exam9ation1 keep+ "o's s*ol>%ip1 & ma9ta9+ c]ta9 p]sonal or intellectual /&>ds "o has set "o's self4 ,ev5 if ! /ud5t decides to foll[ ! fir/ c\rse ( action to :i* an imm$iate impulse has prompt$ him1 8 act is diff]5t 9 quality f :at x w\ld h be5 if he _h n reflect$ at all4 ,! /ud5t goes out fully aw>e ( ! consequ5ces ( :at he is do+2 he goes = ! imm$iate pleasure & 9 spite ( ! possible failure 9 ! exam9ation4 ,! v he>t ( reflective behavior is ?us se5 to lie 9 ! fact t pres5t /imuli are react$ to1 n = :at !y are z imm$iate /imuli1 b = :at !y signify1 port5d1 imply1 9 ! way ( consequ5ces or results4 ,& a response made ^u reflection is made on ! basis ( ^! imag9atively realiz$ consequ5ces4 ,we connect :at we d ) ! results t fl[ f ! do+1 & control our action 9 ! light ( t prophetically realiz$ connection4 ,! process is obvi\sly n always s simple z t describ$ 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 m ?an two c\rses ( action may sugge/ !mselves4 ,& ! consequ5ces ( any "o ( !m may be f> m complex & f> m obscure ?an any sugge/$ 9 ! above4 ,= an individual to be able to decide a problem on ! basis ( consequ5ces imag9atively =ese51 x is (t5 necess>y to in/itute a v elaborate sy/em ( connect+ l9ks betwe5 an imm$iately sugge/$ c\rse ( action & its n at all obvi\s results4 ,?9k+ a ?+ out involves precisely ?is introduction ( connect+ l9ks1 or middle t]ms1 betwe5 :at is imm$iately giv5 or sugge/$ & :at necess>ily1 ?\gh by no means obvi\sly1 foll[s4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( any m or less !oretical problem & its solution4 ,to p]ceive1 = example1 ! connection betwe5 atmosph]ic pressure & ! rise ( wat] 9 a suction pump involves ! introduction ( connect+ l9ks 9 ! =m ( ! g5]al law ( gravitation1 ( :i* atmosph]ic pressure is a special case4 ,b ! same is true ( practical problems4 ,a "y man may be try+ to decide :e!r or n to take a nom9ation to ! tra9+ c\rse at ,we/ ,po9t4 ,he may be attract$ by ! f\r ye>s' tra9+1 & highly value ! results ( x4 ,he may ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! tra9+ involves an obligation to s]ve 9 ! army2 x may mean1 = a long "t1 s]vice 9 "s remote army po/4 ,8 decision may be det]m9$ by ?is la/ consid]ation1 :i* requir$ a s]ies ( int]m$iate l9k+ ideas to br+ to light4 ,! te*nique ( sci5tific or exp]t ?9k+ is1 9 l>ge "p1 conc]n$ ) devices = enabl+ ! ?9k] m securely to trace ! obscure & remote connections betwe5 actions & _! consequ5ces1 betwe5 causes & effects4 ,b1 :e!r simple or complex1 ! ess5tial feature ( reflective activity is t x is action p]=m$ 9 ! light ( consequ5ces =ese5 9 imag9ation4 ,physical /imuli are n respond$ to imm$iately ) physical action4 ,!y are respond$ to z symbols1 signs1 or port5ts2 !y are tak5 z symptoms ( ! results t w\ld foll[ if !y 7 act$ ^u4 ,t is1 !y are1 until decision is made1 react$ to imag9atively4 ,:5 an actual response is f9ally made1 x is made on ! basis ( ! results t h be5 m or less accurately & directly anticipat$ 9 imag9ation4 ,,reflection ,,z ,,! ,,modifi] ,,( ,,in/9ct4 ,reflection is prim>ily a reveal] ( consequ5ces4 ,in/ead ( yield+ to ! fir/ impulse t occurs to him1 ! ?9k+ man consid]s :]e t impulse1 if foll[$ out1 w lead4 ,& s9ce man is mov$ by m ?an "o impulse at a "t1 reflection traces ! consequ5ces ( ea*1 & det]m9es action on ! basis ( ! relative satisfactions x c prophesy aft] c>eful inquiry into ! situation4 ,to reflect is prim>ily to qu]y a /imulus1 to f9d out :at x means 9 t]ms ( its consequ5ces4 ,! m al]t1 p]si/5t1 & c>eful ?is inquiry1 ! m w in/9ctive t5d5cies be *eck$ & modifi$ & adju/$ to new situations4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! acquisition ( habits1 x 0 po9t$ out t useful habits may be acquir$ mo/ rapidly by an analysis ( !m into _! significant features4 ,! spe$ ) :i* r&om in/9ctive actions are modifi$ into a s]ies ( useful habitual ones dep5ds intimately ^u h[ cle> & detail$ is ! individual's appreciation ( ! results to be a*iev$ by "o action r ?an ano!r4 ,a l>ge "p ( le>n+ ev5 among humans is d\btless trial & error1 r&om hit-or-miss attempts1 until aft] successive repetitions1 a successful response is made & reta9$4 ,b human le>n+ & habit-=mation are s mu* m v>i\s & fruitful ?an ^? ( animals precisely because human be+s c *eck & modify in/9ctive responses 9 ! light ( consequ5ces :i* !y c =esee4 ,^! =ese5 consequ5ces are1 ( c\rse1 d]iv$ f previ\s exp]i5ce2 t is1 !y are rememb]$4 ,b reflection %ort-circuits ! process4 ,! m delib]ate & reflective ! process ( le>n+1 ! m ! individual notes ! connections betwe5 ! ?+s he does & ! results he gets1 ! few] repetitions w he ne$ 9 ord] effectively to modify 8 in/9ctive behavior into useful habits4 ,he w anticipate results2 he w exp]i5ce !m 9 imag9ation4 ,he w n ne$ to make e wrong move 9 paddl+ a canoe until he f9ally hits ^u ! "r "o4 ,he w n ne$ to ali5ate all 8 cli5ts be=e le>n+ to deal ) !m successfully4 ,9 any giv5 set ( circum/ances he w =m ! effective habits rapidly4 ,he w calculate1 figure out1 f9d out 9 advance4 ,to keep "o's temp] "u provocation1 to refra9 f eat+ delici\s & indige/ible foods1 to keep at "w :5 "o w\ld l to play1 & sometimes to play :5 "o is engross$ 9 "w1 are famili> in/ances ( h[ our fir/ impulses become *eck$1 re/ra9$1 or modifi$ 9 ! light ( ! results we h discov]$ to be associat$ ) !m4 ,,reflective ,,behavior ,,modifies ,,habit4 ,! same consci\s break+-up ( a new type ( action into its significant features1 ! same connection ( a giv5 action ) a giv5 result :i* makes ! intellig5t le>n] s mu* m quickly acquire effective new habits ?an ! "o :o is me*anically drill$1 leads also to a cont9u\s criticism ( habits1 & _! discont9uance :5 !y are no long] adequate4 ,reflection1 if x is itself a habit1 is ! mo/ valuable "o ( all4 ,x is an important c\nt]poise to ! h>d5+ & fossilization :i* repeat$ habitual actions br+ ab\t 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 act+ reflectively we subject our accu/om$ ways to delib]ate analysis1 h[ev] imm$iately p]suasive ^! may h become1 & delib]ately in/itute new habits 9 ! light ( ! m desirable consequ5ces !y w br+4 ,habits come to be reg>d$ n z f9al or z good 9 !mselves1 b z me?ods ( accompli%+ good4 ,if !y fail to br+ g5u9e satisfaction1 reflection c indicate :]e9 !y are inadequate1 :]e9 !y may be *ang$1 & :e!r !y %\ld be altoge!r disc>d$4 ,reflection ?us makes conduct consci\s2 x is n ! sub/itute = in/9ct & habit2 x is ! guide & controll] ( bo?4 ,:5 we act ?\ghtfully & intellig5tly1 we are do+ ?+s n because we h done !m t way 9 ! pa/1 or because x is ! fir/ response t occurs to u1 b because1 9 ! light ( analysis1 t way w br+ ab\t ! mo/ desirable results4 ,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,reflection ,,z ,a ,,modifi] ,,( ,,in/9ct ,,& ,,habit4 ,:ile our impulses & habits may be subject$ to ! criticism ( reflection 9 ! light ( ! consequ5ces :i* x c =eca/1 reflection is itself s]i\sly limit$ by our orig9al impulses & our acquir$ habitual ones4 ,on reflection1 we may n foll[ our fir/ impulse1 b to act at all is to act on "s orig9al or acquir$ impulse or a comb9ation ( !m4 ,:i* orig9al t5d5cy we %all foll[ reflection c tell u2 x _c tell u to foll[ none4 ,9 ! illu/ration already us$1 ! /ud5t may ^u reflection /udy r ?an g out4 ,b ! roots ( 8 /udy+ w also lie back 9 ! in/9cts & habits :i* are1 = bett] or = worse1 8 only equipm5t = action4 ,!y w lie back 9 ! t5d5cies to be curi\s1 to ga9 ! praise ( o!r p & to be a lead] among !m1 9 ! habits ( kn[+ "w ?or\ghly1 ( /udy+ 9 ! ev5+1 ( ma9ta9+ a s*ol>%ip av]age to :i* he has be5 accu/om$4 ,reflection may weigh ! relative p]suasions ( v>i\s impulses2 x _c ignore !m4 ,we may ?9k 9 ord] to atta9 our desires1 & may1 ?r\gh reflection1 le>n to *ange !m2 we _c aboli% !m4 ,:e!r we are curi\s ab\t our neighbors' bus9ess or ab\t ! movem5ts ( ! />s & ! possible reactions ( a /range *emical elem5t1 dep5ds on our previ\s tra9+ & ! ext5t to :i* inquiry itself has become a fix$ & p]si/5t habit4 ,b 9 any case we are curi\s4 ,:e!r we fight 9 /reet brawls or 9 campaigns aga9/ tub]culosis1 we are /ill1 z x 71 born fight]s4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! case ( habit1 we may ^u reflection discov] t our habits ( walk+1 writ+1 or spee* are bad2 t we ought n to smoke1 or dr9k1 or wa/e "t4 ,we may come1 ?r\gh reflection1 to realize ) ! utmo/ cl>ity ! advantages to ourselves ( acquir+ ! habits ( go+ to b$ e>ly1 sav+ money1 keep+ our pap]s 9 ord]1 & p]si/+ at "w amid di/ractions4 ,b ! bad habits & ! good are already fix$ 9 our n]v\s sy/em1 & 9 physiology also possession is n9e t5?s ( ! law4 ,we may int5d to *ange1 b by tak+ ?\ght alone we _c add a cubit to our /ature4 ,reflection c d no m ?an po9t ! way we %\ld g4 ,= unless ! wrong actions are sy/ematically & repeat$ly refra9$ f1 & ! prop] ones made habitual1 ?9k+ rema9s m]ely an impot5t summ>y ( :at c be done4 ,conduct is gov]n$1 x mu/ be repeat$1 by ! satisfactions action c br+ u1 & unless actions are made habitual !y w n be p]=m$ ) satisfaction4 ,,h[ ,,in/9cts ,,& ,,habits ,,impair ,,! ,,processes ,,( ,,reflection4 ,x is z important z x is p>adoxical t ?9k+ is impair$ 9 its effici5cy by ! in/9cts & habits 9 ^: s]vice x arises1 & ^: conflicts & maladju/m5ts x helps to resolve4 ,! situations ( conflict or p]plexity :i* provoke ?9k+ are det]m9$ by ! p>ticul> t5d5cies :i*1 by nature or tra9+1 are br\ght into play 9 any giv5 situation4 ,if we are committ$ by tradition or habitual allegiance to a protective t>iff1 we w be conc]n$ 9 our ?9k+ ) details1 :at articles ne$ protection & h[ mu* d !y ne$2 ! ultimate desirability ( a protective t>iff w n be a problem remotely occurr+ to u4 ,if we are by tra9+ committ$ to capital puni%m5t1 we w be conc]n$1 if we ?9k ab\t x at all1 ) means & me?ods2 we w ?9k ab\t ! relative m]its ( hang+ or electrocution2 ! ultimate ju/ification or desirability ( capital puni%m5t w n be a problem or issue = u at all4 ,?us1 x may be said 9 a s5se t our ?9k+ is det]m9$ by :at we d n ?9k ab\t z mu* z by :at we d ?9k ab\t4 ,:at we take = grant$ limits ! field )9 :i* we w inquire or reflect at all4 ,b :at we take = grant$ is1 on ! :ole1 settl$ by our habitual reactions4 ,& ! m settl$ habitual convictions we h1 ! n>r[] becomes ! field )9 :i* reflection takes place4 ,=ce ( habit may leave u bl9d to _m situations g5u9ely dem&+ solution4 ,orig9ality 9 ?9k+ consi/s1 9 "p at lea/1 9 an ability to see a problem :]e o!rs1 ?r\gh r\t9e1 see none4 ,apples h fall5 on ! heads ( o!rs ?an ,newton1 b a habit-ridd5 ru/ic w n be /irr$ by ! fall+ ( an apple to reflection on ! problem ( fall+ bodies4 ,! c\ntryman may live all 8 life s]5ely oblivi\s to a ?\s& problems t w\ld pique ! curiosity & reflection ( a botani/ or geologi/4 ,a man may g on = ye>s accept+ income on inve/m5ts e>n$ 9 v dubi\s ways )\t ev] paus+ to reflect on ! s\rces or ! ju/ification ( 8 weal?4#a ,footnote #a3 ,accord+ to ! traditional anecdote1 :5 ,m>ie ,anto9ette 0 told t ! p 7 clamor+ because !y c\ld n get any bread1 ! "o problem t occurr$ to h] 0 :y !y didn't eat cake4 ,f ! habits & conditions ( life to :i* %e 0 accu/om$1 !re _h nev] aris5 a problem z to h[ to get food at all2 x 0 m]ely a problem ( :at k9d ( food to eat4 ,in/9cts & habits1 fur!rmore1 limit ! field ( possible c\rses ( action t sugge/ !mselves4 ,we come1 ?r\gh habit1 to be alive only to c]ta9 possibilities to ! practical exclusion ( all o!rs4 ,?9k+ becomes fruitful & sugge/ive :5 x is fre$ f ! limit$ numb] ( sugge/ions t occur ?r\gh =ce ( habit4 ,b orig9al ?9k+ is r>e precisely because habits d h su* a compulsive p[] 9 det]m9+ ! possibilities ( action t sugge/ !mselves to u4 ,! man :o moves 9 a rut ( habitual reactions w nev] ?9k ( possibilities t />e 9 ! face a less habit-ridd5 ?9k]4 ,inv5tiv5ess1 orig9ality1 creative intellig5ce1 :atev] "o *ooses to call x1 consi/s1 9 no small measure1 9 ?is ability to rema9 alive to a wide v>iety ( /imuli1 to keep s5sitive to all ! possibilities t are 9 a situation1 in/ead ( ^? only to :i* we are imm$iately prompt$ by in/9ct or habit4 ,! possibility ( us+ ! curr5t ( a riv] z p[] is n ! fir/ possibility t fl[+ wat] sugge/s4 ,pa/ tra9+ & individual diff]5ces 9 temp]am5t n only limit ! possibilities t d occur to u2 !y s]i\sly di/ort1 color1 & qualify ^? ( :i* we become consci\s4 ,we =eca/ diff]5tly & ) diff]+ degrees ( accuracy ! consequ5ces ( ^? possible c\rses ( action :i* d occur to u accord+ to ! influ5ce & /imulation :i* p>ticul> native traits & acquir$ impulses h 9 our conduct4 ,ideally1 ! consequ5ces :i* we imag9atively =eca/ z foll[+ f a giv5 c\rse ( action1 %\ld tally ) ! consequ5ces :i* g5u9ely foll[ f x4 ,b !re is too (t5 a sad discrepancy betwe5 ! consequ5ces z !y are =ese5 by ! individual conc]n$ & ! g5u9e consequ5ces t c\ld be =ese5 by any dis9t]e/$ obs]v]4 ,! discrepancy betwe5 ! g5u9e & ! imag9$ consequ5ces ( giv5 ideas or sugge/ions is caus$ m ?an any?+ else by ! hopes1 fe>s1 av]sions1 & pref]5ces :i*1 by nature or tra9+1 are controll+ 9 a man's behavior4 ,facts are weigh$ diff]5tly accord+ z "o or ano!r ( ^! psy*ological influ5ces is pres5t4 ,we int5d unconsci\sly to sub/itute a desir$ or expect$ consequ5ce = ! actual "o2 we t5d to be oblivi\s to consequ5ces :i* we fe>1 & quick to imag9e ^? = :i* we hope4 ,on ! day be=e an election ! campaign manag]s on bo? sides1 9 ! gl[ & mom5tum ( _! activities1 are confid5t ( ! morr['s victory4 ,! oppon5t ( prohibition saw no?+ b drug fi5ds & revolution z its consequ5ces2 its extreme advocates saw x z ! salvation ( mank9d4 ,! causes ( error 9 apprais+ ! consequ5ces ( any giv5 c\rse ( action are p>tly individual & p>tly social 9 "*4 ,f ,francis ,bacon d[n1 !re h be5 v>i\s attempts to classify ^! factors 9 ! di/ortion ( ! reflective process4 ,9 connection ) ! p>ticul> human traits1 especially su* z fe> & greg>i\sness1 we %all h occasion to exam9e a few ( ^!4 ,x w suffice to po9t out "h t ! aim ( reflective ?9k+ is to discov] ! g5u9e consequ5ces ( ?+s1 & to elim9ate & disc\nt ^? prejudices & pref]5ces1 br$ ( e>ly education & tra9+1 :i* might impair our discov]y ( ^? consequ5ces4 ,to ! untra9$1 ^? ?+s look mo/ significant :i* /ir _! impulses mo/ /rik+ly4 ,! begg>'s sores seem mu* m important & t]rible ?an a gift$ y\ng/] depriv$ ( education ?r\gh pov]ty4 ,in/9ctively we %r9k back f ! sight ( blood1 b in/9ct is no safe clue 9 help+ u to di/+ui% betwe5 ! poisons & ! panaceas among ! brightly color$ bottles ( *emicals rang$ along a %elf4 ,! :ole te*nique ( sci5tific me?od z oppos$ to ! %rewd b unreliable guesses ( common s5se is "o ( free+ u f ! compulsions ( r&om habitual impulses4 ,x sub/itutes = caprice ! measur+ ( consequ5ces1 ! detail$ kn[+ ( :at we are ab\t4 ,t imp>tial judgm5t has its difficulties is cle> f ! simple fact alone t human be+s />t by be+ a bundle ( in/9cts & soon gr[ into a bundle ( habits4 ,to ! ext5t to :i* !y c control ^! !y are ma/]s ( !mselves4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,reflection ,,= ,,life4 ,to _m p !re is some?+ t]rify+ ab\t ! idea ( controll+ life by reason4 ,life 7!y po9t out correctly7 is a vital process ( in/9cts :i* appe> be=e ?9k+1 & :i* are (t5 m p[]ful ?an reason$ judgm5ts4 ,aga9/ advice to live consci\sly1 to be 9 control ( ourselves1 to "k :at we are ab\t1 comes ! call ,back to ,nature4 ,a life ( reflection appe>s *ill+ & arbitr>y4 ,because reflection s (t5 reveals t impulses mu/ be *eck$ if disa/] is n to result1 x has come to be associat$ ) a metallic & ,/oic repression4 ,to _m a p]suasive impulse we mu/1 aft] reflection1 say1 ,no4 ,because ( ?is a c]ta9 s*ool ( philosoph]s1 poets1 & radicals urges u to tru/ nature1 to foll[ our impulses1 :i*1 be+ natural1 mu/ be "r4 ,all ( ^! rebels aga9/ reason make ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t ! aim ( reflective ?9k+ is to quell in/9cts1 :i*1 ) ! be/ w 9 ! _w1 x _c succe$ 9 do+4 ,in/9cts are pres5t & p[]ful4 ,9 !mselves !y are nei!r wor? enc\rag+1 nor ought !y to be repress$4 ,! satisfaction ( native desires is :at we want4 ,! importance ( reflective ?9k+ is precisely t x helps u to secure ^? satisfactions4 ,to surr5d] to e r&om impulse or e habitual prompt+ is to h nei!r satisfaction nor fre$om4 ,reflection might be comp>$ to ! traffic policeman at ! junction ( two cr[d$ ?or\ghf>es4 ,if ev]yone 7 to drive 8 c> pell-mell ?r\gh ! ru%1 if p$e/rians1 /reet c>s1 & automobiles 7 n to abide by ! rules1 no "o w\ld get any:]e1 & ! result w\ld be p]petual accid5t & collision4 ,9 ?9k+ we simply control & direct our impulses 9 ! light ( ! consequ5ces we c =esee4 ,to ?us guide & control action makes u g5u9ely free4 ,if a man's actions are n guid$ by ?\ghtful conclusions1 !y are guid$ by inconsid]ate impulse1 unbalanc$ appetite1 caprice1 or ! circum/ances ( ! mom5t4 ,to cultivate unh9d]$1 unreflective ext]nal activity is to fo/] enslavem5t1 = x leaves ! p]son at ! m]cy ( appetite1 s5se1 & circum/ance4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dewey3 ,h[ ,we ,?9k1 p4 #fg4 ,in/9cts & habits are fix$ responses2 be+ plac$ 9 su* & su* circum/ances we mu/ d su* & su* ?+s4 ,only :5 we c v>y our actions 9 ! light ( our own ?9k+ are we ma/]s ( our environm5t r ?an me*anically controll$ by x4 ,,! ,,social ,,importance ,,( ,,reflective ,,behavior4 ,reflection 9 ! life ( ! individual insures t he w n become ! slave ( 8 own habits4 ,he w reg>d habits z me?ods to be foll[$ :5 !y produce good results1 to be disc>d$ or modifi$ :5 !y d n4 ,b if habit 9 ! life ( ! individual ne$s control le/ x become dang]\sly controll+1 x ne$s x m conspicu\sly /ill 9 ! life ( ! gr\p4 ,unless ! individuals t compose a society are al]t & consci\s ( ! be>+s ( _! actions1 !y w be completely & me*anically controll$ by ! cu/oms to :i* !y h be5 expos$ 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( _! lives4 ,:at an individual reg>ds z "r or wrong1 :at he w *]i% or *ampion 9 indu/ry1 gov]nm5t1 & art1 dep5ds 9 l>ge measure on 8 e>ly education & tra9+ & on ! op9ions & beliefs ( o!r p ) :om he repeat$ly comes 9 contact4 ,a society may be democratic 9 its political =m & /ill autocratic 9 fact if ! majority ( its citiz5s are m]ely ma*9es :i* c be set (f to respond 9 c]ta9 det]m9ate ways to cu/om>y /imuli ( names1 lead]s1 & p>ty slogans4 ,a society becomes g5u9ely democratic1 precisely to ! ext5t to :i* !re is on ! "p ( its citiz5s p>ticipation 9 ! important decisions affect+ all _! lives4 ,b ! p>ticipation w only be a =mality if votes are decid$ & op9ions =m$ on ! basis ( habit alone4 ,,reflection ,,remov$ ,,f ,,imm$iate ,,application--,,sci5ce4 ,?us f> ?9k+ has be5 discuss$ 9 its m practical aspects4 ,& ?9k+ is 9 its orig9s a v practical matt]4 ,lit]ally1 mo/ p ?9k :5 !y h to1 & only :5 !y h to4 ,giv5 a problem1 a difficulty1 a maladju/m5t betwe5 ! individual & 8 environm5t1 ?9k+ occurs4 ,if e in/9ctive act br\ght satisfaction1 ?9k+ w\ld be mu* less necess>y & mu* less frequ5tly practic$4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! p]=mance ( any act t once requir$ att5tion & discrim9ation1 & has lat] become habitual4 ,we d n ?9k h[ to walk1 eat1 & spell famili> words1 h[ to f9d our way ab\t famili> /reets or ev5 9 famili> d>k rooms4 ,we d ?9k ab\t :]e we %all sp5d our ev5+s or our summ]1 :i* c\rses we %all *oose at college1 :i* pr(ession we %all ent]4 ,:]e we are uneasy1 drawn by compet+ impulses1 we consid] alt]natives1 measure consequ5ces1 & *oose our c\rse ( action 9 ! light ( ! results we c =eca/4 ,b :ile a l>ge proportion ( reflective behavior is ?us practical 9 its orig9s & its results1 x also occurs n infrequ5tly :]e !re is no imm$iate problem to be solv$4 ,n all ( m5's en]gies are conc]n$ 9 purely practical conc]ns4 ,& "p ( man's sup]flu\s vitality is exp5d$ 9 dis9t]e/$ & curi\s inquiry into problems ^: solutions af=d no imm$iate practical b5efits1 b 9 ! m]e solv+ ( :i* man f9ds satisfaction4 ,f ! dawn ( hi/ory1 :5 "s man a little m curi\s ?an 8 fell[s1 a little less absorb$ 9 ! hunt+1 ! food-gett+1 & ! fight+ :i* 7 9 ^? e>ly days man's *ief imp]ative bus9ess1 fir/ began to obs]ve ! my/]i\s recurr5ces 9 ! _w ab\t him1 ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 ! return ( ! seasons1 ! movem5ts ( ! tides & ! />s1 !re h be5 individuals born ) a m>k$ & sometimes a passionate desire to obs]ve ,nature & to g5]alize _! obs]vations4 ,!y h not$ t1 giv5 c]ta9 conditions1 c]ta9 results foll[4 ,!y obs]ve t animals ) giv5 simil>ities ( =m & /ructure h c]ta9 id5tical ways ( life1 t "s sub/ances are malleable & o!rs n1 t dew appe>s at c]ta9 times 9 ! day on c]ta9 objects & n on o!rs4 ,!y h g5]aliz$ f ^!2 & we n[ call su* g5]alizations law4 ,^! g5]alizations :5 ga!r$ into a sy/em con/itute a sci5ce4 ,! sci5ces />t$ out ) unconfirm$ guesses bas$ on n v accurate in=mation4 ,z man's me?ods became m precise1 he controll$ ! conditions "u :i* obs]vations 7 made1 & ! conditions "u :i* g5]alizations 7 drawn f !m4 ,! control ( ! conditions & me?ods ( obs]vation con/itute :at is kn[n z induction 9 sci5ce4 ,to ?is phase ( ! reflective process belong all ! in/rum5ts = precise obs]vation :i* *>act]ize ! sci5tific laboratory4 ,! control ( ! me?ods by :i* g5]alizations or !ories are built up f ^! facts is also "p ( ! logic ( induction1 & includes all ! canons & regulations = inductive inf]5ce4 ,b g5]alizations once made mu/ be te/$1 & ! elaboration ( ^! g5]alizations1 ! analysis ( !m into _! precise be>+s1 con/itute t "p ( ! process ( reason+ kn[n z d$uction4 ,! f9al v]ification is aga9 inductive1 an exp]im5tal corroboration ( !ories by ! facts already at h& & by facts additionally s\ght out & obs]v$4 7,^! processes w be discuss$ 9 detail 9 ! *apt] on ,sci5ce & ,sci5tific ,me?od47 ,h[ev] complicat$ ! process ( inquiry may become1 ! sci5ces rema9 ess5tially man's mode ( satisfy+ 8 dis9t]e/$ curiosity ab\t ! _w 9 :i* he is liv+4 ,?r\gh ! sci5ces man makes himself1 z has be5 s (t5 said1 at home 9 ! _w4 ,he sub/itutes = ! bloom+1 buzz+ confusion :i* is ! _w z he fir/ kn[s x1 ord]1 sy/em1 & law4 ,primitive man1 absurd z seems to u 8 belief 9 a _w ( magic1 ( malici\s demons & caprici\s gods1 0 try+ to make s5se out ( ! mean+less m$ley 9 :i* he seem$ to f9d himself4 ,?r\gh sci5ce1 mod]n man is likewise try+ to make s5se out ( 8 _w4 ,! m app>5tly disconnect$ & incongru\s facts t c be br\ght )9 ! compass ( simple & p]fectly regul> law1 ! less ?reat5+ or caprici\s seems ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,:]e ev]y?+ t happ5s is "p ( a sy/em1 we d n ne$1 l ! savage trembl+ 9 a ?und]/orm1 to be fright5$ at :at w happ5 next4 ,x is l mov+ 9 famili> surr\nd+s among famili> p4 ,n all t goes on may be pleasant1 b we c )9 limits pr$ict :at w happ51 & are n puzzl$ & pa9$ by cont9u\s %ocks & surprises4 ,we l ord] 9 ! places 9 :i* we live1 9 our homes1 9 our cities1 9 ! univ]se4 ,! sci5ces satisfy u n only 9 t !y br+ ord] into :at at fir/ seems ! *aos ( our surr\nd+s1 b 9 t !y are !mselves beautiful 9 _! spaci\sness & _! simplicity4 ,we _c pause "h to consid] ! physiological facts :i* make u admire symmetry1 b x is fundam5tal 9 our appreciation ( music1 poetry1 & ! pla/ic arts4 ,f ! sci5ces1 likewise1 we d]ive ! satisfaction ( symmetry on a magnific5t scale4 ,!re is beauty z ( a great symphony 9 ! sweep & movem5t ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,!re is a quiet & inf9ite spl5dor ab\t ! *angeless & comp>atively simple /ructure :i* physics1 9 ! broade/ s5se1 reveals b5ea? ! seem+ multiplicity & v>iety ( ?+s4 ,x is a desire = beauty z well z a ?or\ghgo+ sci5tific passion :i* prompts m5 l ,po9c> & ,k>l ,pe>son to seek = "o law1 "o =mula :i*1 l "o cle> *ord to rea* ! e>s ( ,god1 expresses ! :ole univ]se4 ,,! ,,practical ,,aspect ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,b :ile ! orig9s ( sci5ce may lie 9 man's ?ir/ = sy/em1 simplicity1 & beauty 9 ! _w1 ! trem5d\s advance ( sci5ce has a m imm$iate & practical cause4 ,to und]/& ! laws ( ,nature means to h ! p[] ( pr$iction2 x means to "k t1 giv5 c]ta9 circum/ances1 c]ta9 o!rs foll[ always & inevitably2 x means to discov] causes--& _! effects4 ,man hav+ atta9$ ?r\gh pati5t inquiry ?is capacity to tell 9 advance1 may take advantage ( x = 8 own good4 ,! :ole ( mod]n indu/ry ) its ph5om5al control ( natural p[]s & res\rces is te/imony to ! use :i* man has f\nd = ! facts & laws :i* he w\ld nev] h f\nd out save = ! curiosity :i* 0 8 end[m5t & ! inquiry :i* he made 8 habit4 ,k is p[]1 said ,francis ,bacon1 & ! ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( sci5ce t h made possible ! :ole mod]n _w ( electric transportation1 air travel betwe5 two cont95ts1 & in/antane\s communication betwe5 remote p>ts ( ! _w1 h prov$ ! aphorism4 ,man s9ce 8 orig9 has tri$ to control 8 environm5t = 8 own good4 ,! cave & ! fl9t 7 8 fir/ rude attempts4 ,9 sci5ce ) its accurate obs]vation ( facts n app>5t to ! unaid$ eye1 & its discov]y & demon/ration ( laws n f\nd by casual & unsy/ematic common s5se1 man has an incomp>ably m ref9$ in/rum5t1 & an incomp>ably m effective "o4 ,?us1 p>adoxically en\gh1 man's mo/ dis9t]e/$ & imp>tial activity is at ! same "t 8 mo/ practical asset4 ,,! ,,creation ,,( ,,beautiful ,,objects ,,& ,,! ,,expression ,,( ,,ideas ,,& ,,feel+s ,,9 ,,beautiful ,,=m4 ,mo/ m5 sp5d mo/ ( _! lives necess>ily 9 practical activity4 ,man's p>ticul> equipm5t ( in/9cts surviv$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce precisely because !y 7 practical1 because !y did help ! human creature to ma9ta9 8 equilibrium 9 a half-fri5dly1 half-ho/ile environm5t4 ,man acquires also1 z already has be5 po9t$ out1 habits t are useful to him1 t br+ him satisfactions n atta9able ?r\gh ! r&om in/9ctive responses :i* are 8 at bir?4 ,reflection1 too1 is1 = ! mo/ "p1 sev]ely practical 9 its orig9s & its responsibilities4 ,x guides action into economical & useful *annels4 ,mo/ ( man's actions are ?us ways ( modify+ 8 environm5t = imm$iately practical purposes4 ,man has in/9cts & habits :i* enable him to live4 ,b 9 mak+ ^? *anges 9 ! _w :i* enable him to live bett]1 man1 z x 7 by accid5t1 makes !m beautifully4 ,pott]y beg9s1 = example1 z a practical art1 b ! skill$ pott] _c help sp5d+ a little excess vitality & habitual skill 9 add+ a q unnecess>ily graceful curve1 a gratuit\s decoration to ! utilit>ian vessel he is mak+4 ,9 ! words ( ,santayana1 ,:at _h to be done 01 by imag9ative races1 done imag9atively2 :at _h to be spok5 or made 0 spok5 or made fitly1 lov+ly1 beautifully4444 ,! ceaseless exp]im5tation & f]m5tation ( ideas1 9 bre$+ :at x _h a prop5sity to bre$1 came sometimes on figm5ts t gave x delightful pause4#a ,footnote #a3 ,santayana3 ,reason 9 ,art1 p4 #af4 ,^! accid5tal graces t man makes 9 ! in/9ctive & habitual control to :i* he subjects 8 environm5t become ! mo/ *]i%$ values ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,m5 may fir/ h come to speak poetry accid5tally1 = language arose1 l o!r human habits1 z a ?+ ( use4 ,b ! *>m+ & delightful expression ( feel+s & ideas came to be *]i%$ 9 !mselves1 s t :at 0 fir/ an accid5t 9 man's life1 may become a delib]ate practice4 ,:5 ?is creation ( beautiful objects1 or ! beautiful expression ( feel+s or ideas is int5tional1 we call x art4 ,9 su* int5tional creation & *]i%+ ( ! beautiful man's life becomes enri*$ & emancipat$4 ,he le>ns n only to live1 b to live beautifully4 ,9 su* activity m51 z has be5 recogniz$ by social re=m]s f ,plato to ,b]tr& ,russell1 are g5u9ely happy1 & !re alone f9d fre$om4 ,= 9 ! creation ( beauty man is n p]=m+ actions because he mu/1 "u ! brutal compulsion ( keep+ alive4 ,he is act+ simply because action is delightful bo? 9 ! process & 9 ! result4 ,:e!r 9 bus9ess1 politics1 or s*ol>%ip1 m5 are happy to ! ext5t to :i* !y h ! s5se ( creation t is peculi>ly ! arti/'s4 ,! products ( art1 moreov]1 are n desirable because !y br+ o!r goods1 b because !y !mselves are intr9sically delightful4 ,m5 love to live 9 a _w 9 :i* _! m>ble has be5 made into /atues1 9 :i* _! h\ses are ?+s ( beauty r ?an m]ely places 9 :i* to live4 ,_! lives are enri*$ by liv+ 9 a society :]e ! ?\ghts & emotions :i* !y communicate to "o ano!r & :i* !y mu/ someh[ express c be n infrequ5tly express$ ) nobility & music4 ,?r\gh sci5ce ,nature becomes man's tool2 ?r\gh art x c become a beautiful in/rum5t to "w )1 & a lovely ?+ 9 & = itself4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,basic ,,human ,,activities ,,food1 ,,%elt]1 ,,& ,,sex4 ,?us f> our analysis has be5 conf9$ to ! g5]al types ( human behavior4 ,we h f\nd t all human activity is condition$ by a native equipm5t consi/+ ( c]ta9 m or less specific t5d5cies to action1 & t ^! may be modifi$ into acquir$ t5d5cies call$ habits4 ,we h f\nd t ?r\gh ! processes ( reflection1 ?r\gh imag9ative trial & error1 bo? ( ^! may1 )9 limits1 be controll$4 ,we mu/ n[ proce$ to an inv5tory ( ^? elem5ts ( our native equipm5t :i* h an especial significance 9 social life4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ note ! ?ree great prim>y drives ( human action1 ! unle>n$ & native dem&s = food1 %elt]1 & sex gratification4#a ,al?\gh ! la/-nam$ does n display itself 9 human be+s until a consid]able degree ( maturity has be5 atta9$ !re is indubitable evid5ce t x is an inborn & n an acquir$ reaction4 ,! practical utility ( ! fir/ two is app>5t2 !y are ! mo/ ess5tial features ( ! gr\p ( s-call$ self-pres]vative in/9cts1 among :i* may be gr\p$ ! natural t5d5cy to recov] "o's equilibrium & ! in/9ct ( flight 9 ! face ( dang]\s or ?reat5+ objects4 ,! utility ( ! sex in/9ct is racial r ?an individual4 ,! in/9ctive satisfaction human be+s f9d 9 sex gratification is ! natural gu>antee ( ! cont9uance ( ! race4 ,footnote #a3 ,! read] mu/ be rem9d$ t ! simpl] reflexes involv$ 9 ! use ( ! he>t1 lungs1 inte/9es1 & all ! int]nal organs1 mu/ be class$ z "p ( man's native equipm5t4 ,!y diff] f ^? reactions commonly class$ z in/9cts 9 t !y are simpl] & /abl]1 t 9 _! normal function+ !y nev] rise to consci\sness1 & t !y are almo/ completely beyond ! individual's modification or control4 ,9 a g5]al survey ( ?is nature x ,,is impossible1 z x is unnecess>y1 to exam9e 9 detail ! physiological elem5ts ( ! dem& = food & %elt]4 ,x w suffice to po9t out t ! fir/ two are ! ultimate biological bases ( a l>ge proportion ( our economic activities4 ,!y are prim>y1 n 9 ! s5se t !y are con/antly consci\s motives to action1 b t _! fulfillm5t is pr]equisite to ! cont9uance ( any ( ! o!r activities ( ! organism4 ,agriculture & manufacture1 ! complicat$ sy/ems ( cr$it & ex*ange :i* human be+s h devis$1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 contrivances = ! fulfillm5t ( ^! fundam5tal dem&s4 ,) ! complexity ( civilization new dem&s1 ( c\rse1 arise1 b ^! fundam5tal necessities are /ill ! ultimate ma9spr+s ( economic production4 ,! dem& = sex gratification1 because ( its enorm\s driv+ =ce & ! emotional di/urbances connect$ ) x1 (f]s a peculi>ly acute in/ance ( ! difficulties br\ght ab\t 9 ! control ( man's native end[m5t 9 8 own be/ int]e/4 ,:ile ! production ( (fspr+ is its *ief biological utility1 satisfaction ( ! sex in/9ct itself is /imulat$ 9 human be+s q ap>t f consid]ations ( ! desirability or undesirability ( (fspr+4 ,s9ce ! sex in/9ct is at once s deep-root$ & int5se a driv+ =ce 9 human action1 & its consequ5ces ( su* crucial importance to bo? ^? directly involv$ & to ! gr\p z a :ole1 societies h1 ?r\gh law & cu/om & tradition1 built up elaborate codes = its control4 ,9 civiliz$ society ! free op]ation ( ?is in/9ct is *eck$ 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,b1 z 9 ! case ( o!r primitive motives to action1 ! sex in/9ct1 obvi\s z are ! disa/]s ( disease & disorganization :i* foll[ z consequ5ces ( its uncontroll$ indulg5ce1 _c altoge!r be repress$4 ,x is g5]ally recogniz$ t 9 m5 & animals alike ! sex impulse is apt to manife/ itself 9 v vigor\s & su/a9$ ef=ts t[>d its natural end2 & t 9 ourselves x may det]m9e v /rong desires1 9 ! control ( :i* all ! organiz$ =ces ( ! develop$ p]sonality1 all our moral s5tim5ts & ideals1 & all ! re/ra9+ influ5ces ( religion1 law1 cu/om & conv5tion too (t5 are confront$ ) a task beyond _! /r5g?4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mc,dougall3 ,social ,psy*ology1 #aa? ed41 pp4 #cii-djj4 ,!re is consid]able agreem5t among /ud5ts ( ! subject t ! emotional en]gies ar\s$ 9 connection ) ! sex in/9ct may be dra9$ (f into o!r *annels1 & s]ve to quick5 & su/a9 bo? arti/ic creation & appreciation & social & religi\s en?usiasms ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,& ! sex in/9ct1 z we %all f9d 9 our discussion ( ,racial ,cont9uity 7see p4 #bdc7 is ! basis ( ! family4 ,,physical ,,activity4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 /icks & /ones & liv+ be+s consi/s prim>ily 9 ! fact t ! latt] are positively active2 ! =m] are passively act$ ^u4 ,! /one w /ay put1 unless mov$ by "s ext]nal ag5t1 b ev5 ! amoeba w d some?+ to its environm5t4 ,x w /ret* out pseudopodia to rea* solid objects to :i* to cl+2 x w attempt to return to ^! objects :5 dislodg$2 x w actively absorb food4 ,high] up 9 ! animal scale1 ,rats run ab\t1 smell1 dig1 or gnaw1 )\t real ref]5ce to ! bus9ess 9 h&4 ,9 ! same way ,jack 7a dog7 scrabbles & jumps1 ! kitt5 w&]s & picks1 ! ott] slips ab\t ev]y:]e l gr\nd lightn+1 ! elephant fumbles ceaselessly1 ! monkey pulls ?+s ab\t4#b ,! mo/ casual notice ( ! activities ( a "y *ild reveals a ceaseless display ( explor+ & te/+ activity4 ,objects are suck$1 f+]$ & ?ump$2 drawn & pu%$1 h&l$ & ?r[n4#c ,footnote #b3 ,hobh\se3 ,m9d 9 ,evolution1 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #c ,dewey3 ,h[ ,we ,?9k1 p4 #ca4 ,:5 vitality is at its height 9 ! wak+ p]iod ( a "y *ild1 its environm5t is a succession ( /imulations to activity4 ,man's innate t5d5cy to fool is notori\s1 a t5d5cy p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 *ildr54 ,objects are respond$ to1 n z means to ends1 n ) ref]5ce to _! use1 b simply = ! %e] satisfaction ( manipulation4 ,facial expressions1 s\nds1 ge/ures1 are made almo/ on any provocation2 !y are ! expressions ( an abundant physiological uneas9ess4 ,! two-ye>-old is a me*anism t simply mu/ & w move ab\t1 make all k9ds ( sup]flu\s ge/ures & facial expressions1 & r&om s\nds1 z x 71 j to get rid ( its /or$-up en]gy4 ,man's laz9ess & in]tia are n infrequ5tly comm5t$ on by morali/s1 b x is n laz9ess & in]tia p] se2 c]ta9ly 9 normal individuals 9 ! temp]ate zone1 to d some?+ mo/ ( _! wak+ "t is a natural t5d5cy & "o intr9sically pleasant to practice4 ,t ! t5d5cy to be active %\ld v>y 9 diff]5t individuals & at diff]5t times is1 ( c\rse1 z important a fact z x is a famili> "o4 ,"s ( ! causes ( ?is v>iation w be not$ 9 ! succe$+4 ,9 adult life = casual & r&om activity is sub/itut$ activity direct$ by "s end or purpose :i* det]m9es ! responses call$ into play4 ,pr(essional & bus9ess1 dome/ic & social ent]prises & obligations take up mo/ ( ! adult's en]gy4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! play ( ! *ild & ! "w ( ! adult is t 9 ! case ( ! =m] actions are done = _! own sake2 & 9 ! latt] = "s end4 ,! *ild1 we say1 plays = ! fun ( ! ?+1 ! adult works = pay1 = pr(essional success1 = p[]1 reputation1 etc4 ,b ev5 9 ! adult ! desire = play p[]fully p]si/s4 ,n all ! gr[n-up's en]gy is absorb$ 9 8 "w1 & ev5 "s types ( "w1 l t ( ! poet or pa9t]1 or ! build+-up ( a great bus9ess organization1 may be intr9sically delightful & self-suffici5t activity4 ,"u ! conditions ( mod]n indu/ry1 h[ev]1 especially ( ma*9e production1 mu*--9 _m cases1 mo/--( ! activity by :i* an individual e>ns 8 liv+1 utilizes only "s ( 8 native t5d5cies to act1 :ile ! work+ day does n1 "u normal conditions1 absorb all 8 en]gy4 ,:atev] vitality is n1 !re=e1 absorb$ 9 necess>y "w goes into =ms ( purely gratuit\s activity4 ,:i* =m play %all take 9 ! adult dep5ds on ! degree to :i* c]ta9 impulses are 9 him /rong] ?an o!rs1 ei!r by native end[m5t or cultivation1 & :i* impulses h n be5 suffici5tly utiliz$ 9 him dur+ ! day's "w4 ,a man musically gift$ w f9d 8 recreation 9 "s p]=mance on a musical in/rum5t1 let u say2 on ! o!r h&1 if 8 "w is music1 ^? impulses1 /rong ?\gh !y be1 t make him a musician1 w h be5 suffici5tly exhau/$ 9 ! day's "w to make "s o!r activity a m satisfactory recreation4 ,! relations betwe5 play & "w c be bett] und]/ood by a consid]ation ( ! physiological importance ( v>iety 9 activity4 ,a c]ta9 regul> recurr5ce ( response may be pleasant1 z 9 r[+ or canoe+1 or 9 li/5+ to ! rhy?ms ( poetry or music1 b a prolong$ repetition ( precisely ! same /imulus or ! same set ( /imuli may make responses dissatisfy+ to ! degree ( pa94 ,ideal activity1 biologically1 w\ld be "o :]e e impulse 0 j suffici5tly frequ5tly call$ ^u to make response easy1 flu5t1 & satisfactory4 ,! reason "w has traditionally come to be reg>d$ z unpleasant & play z pleasant is n because ! =m] is activity & ! second is torpor4 ,leisure does n necess>ily mean laz9ess4 ,_m a vacation1 a camp+ p>ty1 a walk+ exp$ition1 is lit]ally m /r5u\s ?an ! "w an individual normally does4 ,b "w means human en]gy exp5d$ = ! sole purpose ( accompli%+ "s end4 ,& an end involves ! delib]ate %utt+-out ( e impulse :i* does n contribute to its fulfillm5t4 ,a man we$+ a g>d5 may tire ( ! we$+ long be=e he is really physically exhau/$4 ,"o response is be+ repeat$ly made1 :ile at ! same "t a doz5 o!r impulses are be+ /imulat$4 ,:5 ,tom ,sawy]1 "u ! compulsion ( 8 aunt1 is :itewa%+ a f5ce1 x is %ortly no fun = him4 ,b he c make o!r boys pay him apple-cores & jackknives = ! fun ( wield+ ! bru%4 ,:at we call ! feel+ ( bor$om dep5ds pr9cipally ^u ! too repeat$ /imulation ( "o set ( activities to ! exclusion ( all o!rs1 ! cont9u\s pres5ce ( a k9d ( /imulation to :i* we h be5 r5d]$ unsusceptible1 z1 = example1 bad popul> music to a cultivat$ musical ta/e1 or intricate *amb] music to an uncultivat$ "o4 ,! feel+ ( bor$om may become physiologically acute1 z 9 ! case1 s frequ5t 9 ma*9e production1 ( lit]ally monoton\s or "o-op]ation jobs4 ,long h\rs ( labor at acts call+ out only "o v simple response may h v s]i\s effects4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! "w itself1 s9ce repetitions ( "o or "o simple set ( responses may impair spe$ & accuracy4 ,on ! "p ( ! work]1 x promotes v>y+ degrees ( /upefaction or irritation4 ,excesses ( dr9k1 gambl+1 & dissipation among factory populations are (t5 traceable to ?is cont9ual fru/ration ( normal in/9cts dur+ work+ h\rs1 foll[$ by a viol5t se>* = /imulation & relaxation aft] "w is ov]4 ,"u conditions ( ma*9e production1 ! responses :i* ! work] mu/ make are becom+ increas+ly simple & automatic4 ,h5ce ! problem ( br++ v>iety into "w & some?+ ( ! same vitality & spontaneity into indu/ry t goes into play & art is becom+ s]i\s & urg5t4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,hel5 ,m>ot3 ,creative ,impulse 9 ,indu/ry4 ,,m5tal ,,activity4 ,j z physical activity is a *>act]i/ic ( all liv+ be+s1 s1 f almo/ e>lie/ infancy ( human be+s1 is m5tal activity4 ,?is does n mean t individuals f _! babyhood are cont9ually solv+ problems4 ,delib]ation & reflection are simply ! mature & discipl9$ control ( :at goes on dur+ all ( our wak+ h\rs--r&om play ( ! fancy1 imag9ation4 ,we are n always controll+ our ?\ght1 b s long z we are awake some?+ is1 z we say1 pass+ ?r\gh our heads4 ,ev]y?+ t happ5s ab\t u provokes "s sugge/ion or idea4 ,day-dream+1 build+ ( ca/les 9 ! air1 t loose flux ( casual & disconnect$ mat]ial t floats ?r\gh our m9ds 9 relax$ mom5ts1 are1 9 ?is r&om s5se1 ?9k+4 ,m ( our wak+ life ?an we %\ld c>e to admit1 ev5 to ourselves1 is likely to be :il$ away 9 ?is inconsequ5tial trifl+ ) idle fancy & unsub/antial hope4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dewey3 ,h[ ,we ,?9k1 p4 #b4 ,?is play ( ! imag9ation is mo/ uncontroll$ & spontane\s 9 *ildhood1 :i* is (t5 *>act]i/ically def9$ z ! p]iod ( make-believe or fancy4 ,x is ?is capacity :i* enables ! *ild to use *airs z locomotives1 /icks z rifles1 & :eelb>r[s z automobiles4 ,z we gr[ old] we t5d to discipl9e ?is vagrant dream+1 & to draw only ^? sugge/ions f objects :i* tally ) ! workaday _w we live 94 ,we /op play+ ) our imag9ation & put our m9ds to "w4 ,b 9 adult life desire = ! play ( ! m9d1 l ! desire = ! play ( ! body1 p]si/s4 ,! endeavor ( education is n to cru% b to control x4 ,imag9ation1 us$ "h 9 ! s5se ( r&om m5tal activity1 may be controll$ 9 two ways1 bo? significant = human welf>e4 ,:5 x is controll$ ) ref]5ce to "s emotional !me1 z 9 fiction1 drama1 & poetry1 x has no ref]5ce necess>ily to actual objects or ev5ts2 x is conc]n$ only ) produc+ ! effect ( emotional congruity betwe5 incid5ts1 objects1 =ms1 or s\nds4 ,a great novel does n pret5d to be a lit]al transcript ( exp]i5ce1 nor a portrait ( an actual p]son4 ,:5 r&om m5tal activity is ?us controll$1 x is imag9ation1 9 ! popul> s5se1 ! s5se 9 :i* poets1 pa9t]s1 & dramati/s are call$ imag9ative arti/s4 ,imag9ation controll$ ) ref]5ce to facts produces g5u9e reflection & sci5ce4 ,to put x 9 ano!r way1 no matt] h[ complicat$ ?9k+ becomes1 no matt] h[ sugge/ions are exam9$ & regulat$ ) ref]5ce to ! facts at h&1 new ideas1 !ories1 & hypo!ses occur to ! ?9k] precisely by ?is up%oot ( irresponsible fancies & sugge/ions4 ,?is free & f]tile play ( ! imag9ation is :at *>act]izes ! orig9al ?9k] m ?an any o!r s+le fact4 ,sugge/ions arise1 z x 71 willy-nilly1 dep5d+ on an individual's inh]itance1 8 pa/ exp]i5ce1 8 social position1 all at ! mom5t uncontrollable features ( 8 situation4 ,we c1 ?r\gh sci5tific me?od1 exam9e & regulate sugge/ions once !y arise1 b _! appe>ance is 9 a s5se casual & unpr$ictable1 l ! fancies 9 a daydream4 ,! greate/ sci5tific discov]ies h be5 made 9 a sudd5 fla% ( imag9ation1 z :5 to ! m9d ( ,d>w91 aft] tw5ty ye>s' pa9/ak+ collection ( facts1 _! explanation ?r\gh ! s+le encompass+ =mula ( evolution occurs1 or :5 to ! m9d ( ,newton ! hypo!sis ( gravitation sudd5ly sugge/s itself4 ,! enc\ragem5t ( a lively play ( ! m9d ov] exp]i5ce1 ! /imulation ( imag9ation or :at ,b]tr& ,russell calls ! joy ( m5tal adv5ture is ?us "o ( ! mo/ important s\rces ( art & sci5ce4 ,! ar\s+ ( imag9ation dep5ds prim>ily on ! inh]it$ curiosity ( man :i* v>ies f ! r&om & re/less explor+ ( ! *ild to ! c>eful & p]si/5t inve/igation ( ! tra9$ sci5ti/4 ,! curiosity :i* prompts ! *ild to exp]im5t ) objects 9 a hit-or-miss fa%ion is little m ?an ! physiological ov]fl[ ( action :i* has be5 not$ above4 ,curiosity becomes m di/9ctively m5tal :5 x is social 9 "*1 :5 ! *ild explores & exp]im5ts n by its own manipulations b by communication1 by ask+ que/ions ( o!r p4 ,:5 ! *ild le>ns t he c appeal to o!rs to eke out 8 /ore ( exp]i5ces1 s t1 if objects fail to respond int]e/+ly to 8 exp]im5ts1 he may call ^u p]sons to provide int]e/+ mat]ial1 a new epo* sets 94 ,:at is t8 ,:y8 become ! unfail+ signs ( a *ild's pres5ce4 ,at fir/ ?is que/ion+ is h>dly m ?an a projection into social relations ( ! physical ov]fl[ :i* e>li] kept ! *ild pu%+ & pull+1 op5+ & %utt+4 ,he asks 9 succession :at holds up ! h\se1 :at holds up ! soil t holds ! h\se1 :at holds up ! e>? t holds ! soil2 b 8 que/ions are n evid5ce ( any g5u9e consci\sness ( rational connections4 ,8 :y is n a dem& = sci5tific explanation2 ! motive beh9d x is simply eag]ness = a l>g] acqua9tance ) ! my/]i\s _w 9 :i* he is plac$4 ,! se>* is n = a law or pr9ciple1 b only = a bigg] fact4444 ,b 9 ! feel+1 h[ev] dim1 t ! facts :i* directly meet ! s5se are n ! :ole /ory1 t !re is m beh9d !m & m to come f !m1 lies ! g]m ( intellectual curiosity4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dewey3 loc4 cit41 p4 #cb4 ,curiosity passes ?us f casual rudim5t>y inquiry into g5u9ely sci5tific inve/igation4 ,at fir/ x is m]ely physical manipulation1 !n m]ely disconnect$ que/ion+s2 x becomes g5u9ely intellectual :5 x passes f inquisitiv5ess to inquiry4 ,to be inquisitive means m]ely to want to "k facts r ?an to solve problems4 ,to be sci5tifically inquir+ is to seek on "o's own acc\nt ! significant relations betwe5 ?+s4 ,b ^! e>li] & m casual =ms ( curiosity are n to be despis$4 ,if develop$ & controll$ !y lead to g5u9ely dis9t]e/$ /udy ( ,nature & ( m51 to ! _s & ! me?ods ( sci5ce4 ,t free play ( imag9ation :i* 0 spok5 ( above z ! *ief s\rce ( orig9al ?9k+ & discov]y is /imulat$ by an active hunt+-out ( new sugge/ions4 ,curiosity might also be def9$ z aggressive imag9ation1 :i*1 frequ5t en\gh 9 *ildr51 rema9s among adults to a pron\nc$ degree only 9 g5iuses ( art & sci5ce4 ,we may n agree ) ,b]tr& ,russell t ev]y?+ is done 9 education to kill x1 b ! dogmatism & fixity ( m9d :i* s soon settle d[n on maturity1 ! inability to be s5sitive to new exp]i5ces1 ^! are disc\rag+ly famili> ph5om5a cle>ly inimical to sci5ce & to progress4 ,an active imag9ation t f9ds new mat]ials to play ov] is ! basis ( bo? sci5ce & art4 ,a skillful manipulation ( its mat]ials 9 words or s\nds1 colors1 or l9es makes its result art4 ,_! controll$ exam9ation & sy/ematization makes !m sci5ce4 ,,quiesc5ce--,,fatigue4 ,t all life1 animal & human1 is *>act]iz$ by activity ( a m or less p]si/5t & positive k9d has already be5 not$4 ,b 9 human be+s1 z well z 9 animals1 activity displays a fatigue curve4 ,! repeat$ /imulation ( c]ta9 muscles produces fatigue tox9s :i* impair ! effici5cy ( response & make fur!r /imulation pa9ful4 ,( ! causes ( ?is less5$ functional effici5cy we may quote f ,miss ,goldm>k's pa9/ak+ /udy3 ,dur+ activity1 z w be %[n lat]1 ! products ( *emical *ange increase4 ,a tir$ p]son is lit]ally & actually a poison$ p]son--poison$ by 8 own wa/e products4 ,b s m>vell\sly is ! body con/ruct$ t1 l a runn+ /ream1 x purifies itself1 & dur+ repose ^! toxic impurities are normally burn$ up by ! oxyg5 br\ght by ! blood1 excret$ by ! kidneys1 de/roy$ 9 ! liv]1 or elim9at$ f ! body ?r\gh ! lungs4 ,s re/ repaires fatigue4#a ,footnote #a3 ,goldm>k1 ,j43 ,fatigue & ,effici5cy1 p4 #ac4 ,9 physical activity1 !re=e1 p]iods ( less5$ activity or *ange ( activity1 or ne>ly complete inactivity z 9 sleep1 are n only desirable b necess>y1 if effici5cy is to be ma9ta9$4 ,! dem& = re/ is an imp]ative physiological dem&4 ,! am\nt ( recup]ation dem&$ by ! organism v>ies 9 diff]5t individuals1 b t !re are c]ta9 limits ( human productivity has be5 made increas+ly cle> by a c>eful /udy ( ! effects ( fatigue ^u output 9 indu/rial occupations4 ,repeat$ly1 ! %ort5+ ( work+ h\rs1 especially :5 !y h previ\sly numb]$ m ?an eight1 has be5 f\nd to be correlat$ ) an increase 9 effici5cy4 ,likewise1 ! provision ( re/ p]iods z 9 telephone-op]at+ & ! ne$le trades1 has 9 ne>ly e case increas$ ! am\nt & quality ( ! "w p]=m$4 ,! human ma*9e 9 ord] to be mo/ effective _c be press$ too h>d4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration 0 (f]$ 9 ,engl& at ! beg9n+ ( ! w>4 ,"u pressure ( w> necessity1 ! munition factories relax$ all re/rictions on work+ h\rs & op]at$ on a sev5-day week4 ,! folly ( ?is proc$ure 0 t]sely summ>iz$ by ! ,briti% ,commission inve/igat+ indu/rial fatigue1 :i* report$3 ,x is almo/ a commonplace t sev5 days' labor produces six days' output4 ,9 ! /udy ( indu/rial conditions1 ! effects ( prolong$ & repeat$ fatigue ^u output h n be5 ! only features tak5 into consid]ation4 ,n only are !re imm$iately obs]vable effects 9 ! decreas$ output ( ! work]1 b fatigue means1 among o!r ?+s1 g5]al loss ( control4 ,?is has ! effect ( produc+ on ! "p ( ov]work$ factory h&s dissipation & ov]/imulation 9 free "t1 ) a consequ5t p]man5t impairm5t ( effici5cy4#a ,bo? = ! labor] himself & = ! effici5cy ( ! indu/rial sy/em1 x has be5 increas+ly recogniz$ t limitation ( work+ h\rs is imp]atively dem&$4 ,re/ is z fundam5tal a ne$ z food1 & its deprivation almo/ z s]i\s 9 its effects4 ,footnote #a3 ,= a /rik+ array ( te/imony on ?is po9t see ,goldm>k3 loc4 cit41 pp4 #bbj-ce4 ,,n]v\s ,,& ,,m5tal ,,fatigue4 ,! conditions ( n]v\s & m5tal fatigue h be5 less adequately /udi$ ?an ! types ( purely physiological fatigue j discuss$4 ,x is difficult 9 exp]im5ts to disc\nt ! effects ( muscul> fatigue1 & to discov] h[ f> !re is really impairm5t ( n]v\s tissue & functions4 ,exp]im5tal /udies d %[ t n]v\s fatigue is an und\bt$ fact#b & t we _c d5y fatigue to ! psy*ic c5t]s#c :i*1 l any o!r "p ( ! organism are subject to det]ioration by fatigue tox9s4 ,mo/ /ud5ts report1 h[ev]1 a high] degree ( resi/ance to fatigue 9 ! n]ve fib]s ?an 9 ! muscles1 & a l high resi/ance to fatigue 9 ! bra9 c5t]s4#d ,footnote #b3 ,fr$]ick ,s4 ,lee3 ,physical ,ex]cise f ! ,/&po9t ( ,physiology1 ,sci5ce1 ,n4,s41 vol4 ,,xxix1 no4 #gdd1 p4 #ebe4 ,footnote #c3 ,lee3 ,fatigue4 ,h>vey ,lectures1 #aije-jf1 p4 #ahj4 ,footnote #d3 ,= a summ>y ( n]v\s fatigue & ext5sive bibliography1 see ,goldm>k3 loc4 cit41 p4 #cb4 ,! conditions ( m5tal fatigue1 h[ev]1 c be by no means z simply describ$ z ^? ( physical fatigue4 ,elaborate exp]im5ts by ,pr(essor ,?orndike & o!rs t5d to %[ t1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m1 !re is no su* ?+ z m5tal fatigue4 ,t is1 any m5tal function may be p]=m$ = sev]al h\rs ) ! mo/ negligible decrease 9 ! effici5cy ( ! results atta9$4 ,! subject ( "o exp]im5t kept cont9u\sly = sev5 h\rs p]=m+ m5tal multiplications ( f\r-place numb]s by f\r-place numb]s ) sc>cely any p]ceptible decrease 9 spe$ or accuracy 9 results4#a ,pr(essor ,?orndike draws f ?is & simil> exp]im5ts ! conclusion t x is practically impossible to impair ! effici5cy ( any m5tal function z su*4 ,:at happ5s :5 we say our m5tal effici5cy is be+ impair$ is r t we w n ?an t we _c p]=m any giv5 m5tal function4 ,! causes ( loss ( effici5cy are r compet+ impulses#b ?an fatigue 9 specific m5tal functions4 ,we are tir$ ( ! "w1 n by x4 ,cont9u\s m5tal "w ( any giv5 k9d1 writ+ a book1 solv+ problems 9 calculus1 translat+ ,fr5*1 etc41 involves our be+ )held f o!r activities1 games1 music1 or companion%ip1 to :i* by =ce ( habit or in/9ct1 we are div]t$1 & div]t$ m acutely ! m we rema9 at a fix$ task4 ,t x is n m5tal fatigue s mu* z di/raction t prev5ts u f p]si/+ at "w is evid5c$ 9 ! long] "t we c /ick to "w t really int]e/s u ?an to tasks 9 :i* we h only a p]functory or compulsory int]e/4 ,! college /ud5t :o is too dead tir$ to /ay up /udy+ trigonometry w1 ?\gh 9 ! same condition1 /ay up /udy+ football /rategy1 rehe>s+ = a v>sity %[1 or gett+ out ! next morn+'s edition ( 8 college pap]4 ,if ea* man did ! m5tal "w = :i* he 0 fit1 & :i* he enjoy$1 m5 w\ld "w will+ly mu* long] ?an !y n[ d4#a99 ,! effects ( m5tal fatigue are1 :5 analyz$1 due *iefly to ! physically injuri\s effects t d1 b d n necess>ily1 accompany m5tal "w4 ,footnote #a3 ,t4 ,arai3 ,m5tal ,fatigue4 ,footnote #b3 ,?orndike3 ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,brief] ,c\rse1 p4 #cbb4 ,footnote #a993 ,?orndike3 ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,brief] ,c\rse1 p4 #cbf4 ,prop] air & light1 prop] po/ure & physical ex]cise1 en\gh food & sleep1 & "w ^: purpose is rational1 ^: difficulty is adapt$ to "o's p[]s1 & ^: rew>ds are j1 %\ld be tri$ be=e rec\rse to ! ab&onm5t ( "w itself4 ,x is inde$ d\btful if %e] re/ is ! appropriate rem$y = a hundr$? "p ( ! injuries t result f m5tal "w 9 our pres5t irrational conduct ( x4#b ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 p4 #cbh4 ,! /udy ( ! conditions ( m5tal "w seems to reveal1 9 brief1 t ! conditions ( fatigue are ess5tially physical 9 "*4 ,giv5 adequate physical conditions1 9 p>ticul> gu>d+ aga9/ eye-/ra91 ov]-excitem5t 7:i* means di/raction f ! "w 9 h&71 & loss ( sleep1 m5tal "w is itself peculi>ly unaffect$ by fatigue conditions4 ,! degree 9 :i* m5tal "w c be p]si/$ 9 dep5ds1 !re=e1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 on ! individual's own int]e/s1 ! numb] & int5sity ( rival int]e/s :i* p]si/ dur+ a giv5 piece ( m5tal "w1 & ! habits ( m9d ) :i* ! individual approa*es 8 "w4 ,! exp]im5tal demon/ration t s-call$ m5tal fatigue is l>gely physical 9 its conditions has ?us a dual significance4 ,x indicates h[ ardu\s & p]si/5t m5tal endeavor may be & h[ wide are ! possibilities ( intellectual accompli%m5t4 ,x is an important fact = human life t ! bra9 is possibly ! mo/ tireless "p ( ! human ma*9e4 ,:at seems to be m5tal fatigue c be mat]ially r$uc$ if ! physical conditions "u :i* /udy+1 writ+1 & all o!r k9ds ( m5tal "w are p]=m$ are c>efully regulat$4 ,ano!r l>ge "p ( :at passes = m5tal fatigue w be remov$ if ! individual becomes tra9$ to a reflective appreciation ( ! end ( 8 "w4 ,a habit ( al]t & consci\s att5tion1 if x is really habitual1 w enable "o to p]si/ at "w 9 ! face ( tempt+ di/ractions4 ,le>n+ to t5d to bus9ess by an intellig5t application to ! aims ( ! "w to be done1 w be a heal?y antidote aga9/ t yield+ to e dissuad+ impulse :i* s (t5 passes = m5tal we>9ess4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,social ,,nature ,,( ,,man ,,man ,,z ,a ,,social ,,be+4 ,man has long be5 def9$ z ! social animal1 & x is c]ta9ly *>act]i/ic ( human activity t x takes place l>gely ) ref]5ce to o!r p4 ,_m ( man's native t5d5cies1 su* z ^? ( sex1 self-ass]tiv5ess1 & ! l1 require ! pres5ce & contact ( o!r p = _! op]ation4 ,n9ete5?-c5tury philosoph]s attempt$ frequ5tly to expla9 h[ individuals :o 7 natively self-seek+ ev] came to act socially4 ,! solution to ?is problem 0 usually f\nd 9 ! fact t precisely ^? self-seek+ & self-pres]vation in/9cts :i* gov]n$ man's activity c\ld n f9d satisfaction except ?r\gh cop]ation ) a gr\p4 ,all man's social activity 0 conceiv$ z purely in/rum5tal to ! gratification ( 8 own egoi/ic desires4 ,man got on ) 8 fell[s simply because he c\ld n get on )\t !m4 ,we %all see t1 9 ! light ( ! specific & natural t5d5cies t[>d social behavior :i* are "p ( man's orig9al equipm5t1 ?is %>p psy*ological isolation betwe5 ! individual & ! gr\p is an altoge!r unw>rant$ assumption4 ,= x is j z native to man to act socially z x is = him to be hungry1 or curi\s1 or afraid4 ,! elem5t ( tru? 9 ! n9ete5?-c5tury exagg]ation ( man's individuality lies 9 ! fact t social activity is p>tly br\ght ab\t 9 ! satisfaction ( ! m egoi/ic impulses ( ! individual4 ,! fe> motive drives m5 toge!r 9 times ( insecurity2 ! pugnacity motive b&s !m toge!r = gr\p combat2 ! economic motive br+s indu/rial cop]ation & organization2 ! self-ass]tive & submissive t5d5cies br+ emulation z well z ob$i5ce2 ! expansion ( ! self to cov] "o's family1 "o's clique1 "o's class1 "o's c\ntry contributes to loyalty2 :ile ! p>5tal in/9ct1 exp&+ its scope to cov] o!rs besides *ildr5 :o are helpless1 leads to self-sacrifice & altruism4#a ,footnote #a3 ,r4 ,s4 ,woodwor?3 ,dynamic ,psy*ology1 p4 #bjd4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t :ile social activity is promot$ because individuals f9d 9 cop]ation ! possibility ( ! satisfaction ( _! egoi/ic desires1 social activity is prim>ily br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! specifically social t5d5cies :i* are "p ( our native equipm5t4 ,x is ) ^! natural bases ( social activity t we %all 9 ?is *apt] be p>ticul>ly conc]n$4 ,we %all h to take note1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( a native t5d5cy to be ) o!r p1 to feel an unle>n$ s5se ( com=t 9 _! pres5ce1 & uneas9ess if too mu* sep>at$ f !m1 physically1 or 9 action1 feel+1 or ?\ght4 ,human be+s t5d1 fur!rmore1 to reproduce sympa!tically ! emotions ( o!rs1 especially ^? ( _! own social & economic gr\ps4 ,?irdly1 man's conduct is natively social 9 t he is by nature specifically s5sitive to praise & blame1 t he w modify 8 conduct s z to secure ! "o & avoid ! o!r4 ,f9ally1 besides ! specific t5d5cies to respond to ! pres5ce1 ! feel+s1 ! actions1 & ! ?\ghts ( o!rs1 man displays a capacity = social behavior4 ,&1 z is ! case ) all native capacities1 man has1 !re=e1 a native int]e/ 9 gr\p or social activity = its own sake4 ,! pr$om9antly social "* ( human behavior has ?us a tw(old explanation4 ,x is bas$1 9 ! fir/ place1 on ! gr\p ( native t5d5cies ( a social "* to :i* we h already ref]r$4 ,x is bas$1 secondly1 on ! necessity = gr\p activity & cop]ation :i* ! individual exp]i5ces 9 ! satisfaction ( 8 egoi/ic impulses & desires4 ,man1 because ( 8 orig9al t5d5cies1 wants to live1 act1 ?9k1 & feel ) o!rs2 = ! satisfaction ( 8 nonsocial impulses he mu/ live ) o!rs4 ,& 9 civiliz$ society human action f almo/ e>lie/ *ildhood is 91 & ) ref]5ce to1 a gr\p4 ,human behavior is ?us se5 to be t ( an ess5tially social nature act+ 9 an ess5tially social environm5t4 ,&1 z 9 ! case ( o!r in/9ctive & habitual activities1 human be+s exp]i5ce 9 social activity an imm$iate satisfaction ap>t f any satisfactions t[>d :i* x may be ! in/rum5t4 ,,greg>i\sness4 ,! h]d in/9ct is manife/$ by _m animals v l[ 9 ! scale ( animal developm5t4 ,mc,dougall quotes 9 ?is connection ,francis ,galton's classical acc\nt ( ?is in/9ct 9 its crude/ =m3 ,describ+ ! ,s\? ,african ox 9 ,dam>al&1 he says he displays no affection = 8 fell[s1 & h>dly seems to notice _! exi/5ce1 s long z he is among !m2 b1 if he becomes sep>at$ f ! h]d1 he displays an extreme di/ress t w n let him re/ until he succe$s 9 rejo9+ x1 :5 he ha/5s to bury himself 9 ! mid/ ( x1 seek+ ! close/ possible contact ) ! bodies ( 8 fell[s4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mc,dougall3 ,social ,psy*ology1 p4 #hd4 ,?is orig9al t5d5cy exhibits itself among human be+s 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,! t5d5cy ( human be+s to h]d toge!r1 = :i* !re is evid5ce 9 ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( ! race1 may be obs]v$ on any cr[d$ ?or\ghf>e1 or 9 any amusem5t p>k1 or city4 ,t gr\p life has exp&$ p>tly ?r\gh practical necessity1 is1 ( c\rse1 true1 b gr\ps ( humans t5d to become1 z 9 our mon/] cities1 l>g] ?an !y ne$ be1 or c be = economic effici5cy4 ,! fasc9ation ( city life has n infrequ5tly be5 set d[n to ! multiplicity ( opportunities (f]$ 9 ! way ( companions1 amusem5ts1 & occupations aft] "o's own ta/e4 ,b ! fasc9ation has cle>ly a m in/9ctive basis1 ! desire to be ) o!r p4 ,_m a man1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 lives 9 a l>ge city z unsociable & seclud$ a life z if he 7 surr\nd$ by miles ( m\nta9 or prairie1 :o yet c\ld n be happy else:]e4 ,any "o :o has fail$ to be amus$ by a really good com$y :5 ! !at] 0 comp>atively empty1 or 9 ! pres5ce ( ?\s&s ( o!rs hugely enjoy$ a second-rate baseball game1 or gone d[n to ! cr[d$ %opp+ di/rict to get :at he c\ld h pur*as$ on a side-/reet upt[n1 c appreciate h[ in/9ctive is ?is undiscrim9at+ desire = companion%ip4 ,! native int5sity ( ?is desire is :at makes rural isolation1 on ! o!r h&1 s unsatisfactory4 ,! bleakness ( ,new ,engl& c\ntry life z pictur$ 9 ,edi? ,:>ton's ,e?an ,frome1 or 9 "s ( ,rob]t ,fro/'s ,nor? ( ,bo/on1 is due m ?an any?+ else to ?is privation f companion%ip4 ,p]haps no?+ bett] c\ld be said = ! rural telephone1 ! int]urban trolley1 & ! *eap automobile ?an t !y make possible ! fulfillm5t ( ?is normal human long+ to be ne> & ) o!r p 9 body & _s4 ,! horror :i* makes x practically impossible 9 civiliz$ c\ntries to legalize puni%m5t by solit>y conf9em5t & ! n]v\s collapse :i* su* conf9em5t br+s ab\t are indications ( h[ deep-seat$ is ?is desire4 ,! h]d in/9ct1 l all ! o!r ( man's orig9al t5d5cies1 is educable4 ,x c be tra9$ to respond to gr\ps ( v>i\s sizes & k9ds4 ,9 its simple/ manife/ation x t5ds to be ar\s$ by ! family1 b 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization ! gr\p t5ds progressively to enl>ge4 ,! family1 ! t[n1 ! nation--! greg>i\s in/9ct may be educat$ to respond to ^! ev]-wid5+ gr\ps4 ,! int5sity & controll+ p[] ( ?is in/9ct ov] our actions seems to v>y ) ! degree ( intimacy & int]communication betwe5 ! individual & ! gr\p4 ,9 primitive society x is mo/ int5se among ! family & clan1 & ! family /ill rema9s 9 civiliz$ society1 c]ta9ly 9 rural di/ricts1 a v closely knit prim>y gr\p4 ,b z int]communication wid5s1 a s5se ( atta*m5t to & solid>ity ) a l>g] gr\p beg9s to make itself felt4 ,t int]communication is l>gely important 9 ext5d+ ! gr\p 9 response to :i* ! h]d in/9ct may be ar\s$1 is well illu/rat$ by ! utt] lack ( national gr\p feel+ exhibit$ dur+ ! ,great ,w> by recruits draft$ f ! backwoods di/ricts :]e !y _h be5 ti$ by no railroads or newspap]s to ! national civilization ( :i* !y 7 a "p4 ,! devotion ( g5]\s-he>t$ s\ls to lo/ causes1 :e!r political or religi\s1 ( ! individual to 8 family or fri5ds 9 ! face ( p]sonal privation1 are classic illu/rations ( ! p[] ( m5's greg>i\s in/9ct ev5 9 ! face ( ! dictates ( reason4 ,9 ! p]haps extreme b nev]!less sugge/ive /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,trott]3 ,he man is m s5sitive to ! voice ( ! h]d ?an to any o!r influ5ce4 ,x c inhibit or /imulate 8 ?\ght & conduct4 ,x is ! s\rce ( 8 moral codes1 ( ! sanctions ( 8 e?ics & philosophy4 ,x c end[ him ) en]gy1 c\rage & endurance1 & c z easily take ^! away4 ,x c make him acquiesce 9 8 own puni%m5t1 & embrace 8 execution]1 submit to pov]ty1 b[ to tyranny1 & s9k )\t compla9t "u />vation4 ,n m]ely c x make him accept h>d%ip & suff]+ unresi/+ly1 b x c make him accept z tru? ! explanation t 8 p]fectly prev5table afflictions are sublimely j & g5tle4 ,x is ?is acme ( ! p[] ( h]d sugge/ion t is p]haps ! mo/ absolutely inconte/able pro( ( ! pr(\ndly greg>i\s nature ( man4#a ,footnote #a3 ,trott]3 ,in/9cts ( ! ,h]d 9 ,peace & ,w>1 pp4 #aad-ae4 ,to h[ l>ge a gr\p ! individual c respond ) spontane\s & in/9ctive loyalty is que/ionable4 ,! small *ild ?r[s out 8 arms & exclaims passionately1 ,i love ! :ole _w4 ,augu/e ,comte c\ld be imbu$ ) a f]vor = humanity 9 ! ab/ract4 ,! idea ( a ,league ( ,nations ar\ses 9 "s m9ds a passionate devotion to a _w ord] t to ^? !mselves habituat$ to an int5se loyalty to ! national gr\p seems incr$ible4 ,c]ta9ly x is true t we rapidly outgr[ t /ate ( m9d common to en?usia/ic adolesc5ce :5 we c develop a love = ! univ]se 9 ! ab/ract4 ,! in/9ct ( greg>i\sness seems unque/ionably to be mo/ int5se :]e !re is intimacy & vividness ( gr\p association4 ,! prim>y gr\ps1 z ,pr(essor ,ross calls !m1 are face-to-face associations1 ! family1 ! play gr\p1 ! neighborhood gr\p4 ,if _w patriotism is a possibility1 x is because rapid communication & ! frequ5cy ( travel1 & ! education ( ! indu/rial classes to ! int]national m9d t5d to break d[n b>ri]s & to make di/ant c\ntries & p]sons vivid & directly imag9able4 ,b !re seems to be no sub/itute = direct p]sonal contact4 ,ev5 devotion to a c\ntry t5ds to take ! =m ( phrases1 places1 p]sons1 & symbols1 to :i* we h be5 famili>iz$4 ,,greg>i\sness ,,important ,,= ,,social ,,solid>ity4 ,! greg>i\s in/9ct1 p[]ful z x is1 is ( ! greate/ significance = social solid>ity1 &1 if misdirect$1 = s]i\sly limit+ x4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! trait )\t :i* social solid>ity w\ld be almo/ impossible4 ,9 e>ly times :5 population 0 scanty1 x mu/ h play$ an important "p 9 social evolution by keep+ m5 toge!r1 & !reby occasion+ ! ne$ = social laws & in/itutions4#a ,! coh]5ce ( national1 political1 or religi\s gr\ps dep5ds prim>ily on ! ext5t to :i* ! greg>i\s in/9ct may be ar\s$4 ,allegiance to a gr\p may1 ( c\rse1 be secur$ ?r\gh p>ticipation 9 common ideals4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! num]\s lit]>y & sci5tific associations t cut across national b\nd>ies & knit into gr\ps simil>ly int]e/$ p]sons all ov] ! _w4 ,gr\ps may1 aga91 be =m$ ?r\gh common economic int]e/s1 z 9 ! case ( labor unions1 or employ]s' associations4 ,gr\ps may be knit & /r5g!n$ ?r\gh law & cu/om4 ,& all ^! factors play a small] or l>g] "p 9 any important gr\p+ ( m5 9 contempor>y society4 ,b unless !re is1 on ! "p ( ! memb]s ( ! gr\p1 a deep-seat$ emotional atta*m5t to ! gr\p itself1 solid>ity w be v prec>i\s4 ,! int5sity & solid>ity1 ( feel+ exhibit$ s m>k$ly dur+ w>-"t is made possible by ! int5se excitability ( ?is in/9ct :5 ! gr\p is "u conditions ( /ress or dang]4 ,any s*eme = enli/+ a great numb] ( individuals 9 mod]n society 9 a s*eme ( social re=m or improvem5t1 mu/ & does1 :5 x is successful1 ar\se 9 him a height5$ s5se ( loyalty to a gr\p m ?an reason$ approval ( a cause4 ,effective recruit+ po/]s m (t5 told ! pass]-by1 ,y\r c\ntry ne$s y1 ?an !y attempt$ to conv9ce him 9 black-&-:ite logic ( ! ju/ice ( 8 c\ntry's aims4 ,footnote #a3 ,mc,dougall3 ,social ,psy*ology1 p4 #cja4 ,,greg>i\sness ,,may ,,h9d] ,,! ,,solid>ity ,,( ,,l>ge ,,gr\ps4 ,:ile greg>i\sness is ! f\ndation ( gr\p solid>ity1 x also int]f]es ) ! solid>ity ( l>ge gr\ps1 & n infrequ5tly br+s ab\t conflicts betwe5 !m1 & )9 gr\ps !mselves4 ,)9 ev5 s small a community z a college class1 cliques may =m2 & s 9 a c\ntry1 atta*m5t to ! small] gr\p may inhibit atta*m5t to ! l>g]4 ,an individual may be vaguely patriotic1 b in/9ctively ar\s$ m by 8 own economic or local or racial gr\p ?an by ! c\ntry z a :ole4 ,a man may at he>t be m devot$ to 8 t[n or home ?an to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,n infrequ5tly 8 t[n or home is :at ! ,unit$ ,/ates means to ! citiz547 ,ev5 to-day ! sectional feel+ t exi/s 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry _c be completely expla9$ z occurr+ ?r\gh sep>ate economic int]e/s4 ,! division ( classes )9 a c\ntry is l>gely an economic matt]1 b ev5 9 su* a situation a loyalty develops to ! class z a class or gr\p4 ,aga91 ! same in/9ct to h]d ) 8 fell[s t makes a man int5sely loyal to 8 own gr\p may op]ate to make him indiff]5t to ! difficulties or jeal\s & suspici\s ( ! aims ( o!rs ,greg>i\sness is ! basis n only ( patriotism1 b ( *auv9ism1 n only ( civic pride1 b ( prov9cialism4 ,! n>r[ness & p>o*ialism ( gr\p atta*m5ts is mo/ pron\nc$ :]e gr\ps & communities are rigidly set (f "o f ano!r4 ,9 su* circum/ances community ( feel+ & und]/&+ is l>gely r$uc$4 ,?is may be se5 ev5 "u contempor>y conditions 9 ! comp>atively complete inability ( diff]5t pr(essional1 social1 & economic gr\ps )9 ! same society to und]/& ea* o!r1 & ! prov]bial ignorance & c>elessness ( "o half ( ! population z to h[ ! o!r half lives4 ,n>r[ness ( gr\p feel+ t5ds to gr[ less pron\nc$ "u ! mobile conditions ( mod]n indu/ry1 communication1 & education4 ,trade relations knit ! f>!/ p>ts ( ! globe toge!r2 ?is morn+'s newspap] puts u 9 t\* ) ! :ole ( mank9d4 ,we h outgr[n ! days :5 e /rang] 0 an enemy4 ,b ?\gh ! b>ri]s betwe5 nations are t5d+ to break d[n1 )9 nations individuals t5d1 z !y gr[ old]1 to exp]i5ce an insulat$ devotion to _! own set or social gr\p1 a call\s oblivion to ! ne$s & desires ( t great majority ( mank9d ) :om !y h a less ke5 s5se ( consci\sness ( k9d4 ,,greg>i\sness ,,9 ,,belief4 ,man's greg>i\s "*1 z already po9t$ out1 is manife/$ n only 9 8 desire to be physically ) 8 fell[s1 b to be at "o ) !m 9 _! actions1 feel+s1 & ?\ghts4 ,beliefs once e/abli%$ t5d to rema9 e/abli%$ if = no o!r reason ?an t !y are believ$ 9 by ! majority4 ,t an op9ion ga9s pre/ige m]ely because we "k o!r p believe x1 is frequ5tly illu/rat$ by ! facility ) :i* rumor travels4 ,at ! end ( ! ,great ,w>1 x w be recall$1 ! false news ( ! armi/ice report flew f m\? to m\? & 0 accept$ ) ! mo/ amaz+ cr$ulity simply because ev]ybody said s4 ,! spread ( sup]/itions & old wives' tales & _! long l+]+ 9 ! m9ds ev5 ( intellig5t p is te/imony t m5 t5d m5tally z well z physically to h]d toge!r4 ,! t5d5cy to f9d com=t 9 ! pres5ce ( "o's fell[s & uneas9ess if too mu* sep>at$ f !m1 is z pron\nc$ 9 ! sph]e ( moral & intellectual relations z x is 9 ! case ( m]ely physical proximity4 ,we l to be "o ( a cr[d 9 our op9ions & beliefs1 z well z 9 our p]sons4 ,!re is h>dly any?+ m pa9ful ?an ! s5se ( be+ utt]ly alone 9 "o's op9ions4 ,ev5 ! extreme diss5t] f ! accu/om$ ways ( ?9k+ & feel+ ( ! majority is associat$ ) or pictures "s little gr\p :i* agrees ) him4 ,&1 if we _c f9d contempor>ies to %>e our extreme op9ions1 we at lea/ imag9e "s ideal gr\p n[ or 9 po/]ity to %>e x ) u4 ,,greg>i\sness ,,9 ,,habits ,,( ,,action4 ,b if m5 t5d to ?9k 9 gr\ps !y t5d m emphatically /ill to act 9 gr\ps1 to be acutely uncom=table :5 act+ 9 a fa%ion diff]5t f t cu/om>y among ! majority ( _! fell[s4 ,habits ( action are m deep-seat$ physiologically ?an habits ( ?\ght 7:i* is "o reason :y our !ories are s (t5 9 advance ( our practice74 ,p w acc$e intellectually to new ideas :i* !y w\ld n & c\ld n practice1 ! m9d be+1 z x 71 m conv]tible ?an ! emotions4 ,ev5 9 m9or matt]s1 9 dress1 spee*1 & mann]s1 we l to d ! accu/om$ ?+4 ,x is m pa9ful = mo/ p to use ! wrong =k at d9n]1 or to be dress$ 9 a bus9ess suit :]e ev]yone else is 9 ev5+ clo!s1 ?an to commit a fallacy1 or to act ^u prejudices r ?an ^u logical conclusions4 ,! individual's in/9ctive desire to be id5tical 9 action ) o!r memb]s ( 8 gr\p1 f ! coll>s & clo!s he we>s to ! way he br+s up 8 *ildr51 is greatly re9=c$ by ! puni%m5t met$ out to ^? :o diff] f ! majority4 ,?is may v>y f ridicule1 z 9 ! case ( ! laught] t greets ! poet's prov]bial long hair & fl[+ tie1 ! =eign]'s acc5t1 or a /raw hat 9 ,april1 to ! conf9em5t & privation t are ! p5alties = any m>k$ infr+em5t ( ! accept$ modes ( life4 ,ev5 :5 ! puni%m5ts are slight1 !y are effective4 ,a man :o has no moral or religi\s scruples ) ref]5ce to gambl+ on any day ( ! week w1 to avoid ! social o/racism ( 8 neighbors1 refra9 f play+ c>ds on 8 front por* on ,sunday4 ,= no o!r reason ?an to avoid be+ consci\sly diff]5t1 _m a man w n we> cool :ite clo!s on a hot day 9 8 (fice :o w we> !m on a cool ev5+ at ! sea%ore4 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,greg>i\sness ,,on ,,innovation4 ,a /rong in/9ctive t5d5cy to community ( action & ?\ght is 9 l>ge "p responsible = ! comp>ative abs5ce ( innovation 9 ei!r ( ^! fields4 ,a premium is put ^u ! conv5tional1 ! cu/om>y1 ! common1 bo? 9 ! in/9ctive satisfaction !y give ! individual1 & 9 ! high value set ^u !m by society4 ,9 advanc$ societies1 h[ev]1 ! habit ( inquiry & orig9ality may itself come to be endors$ by ! majority1 z x is among sci5ti/s & arti/s4 ,! h]d in/9ct ne$ n always act on ! side ( unreason4 ,among ! intellectual classes1 x is already enli/$ on ! side ( free inquiry1 :i* among s*ol>s is ! fundam5tal common habit4 ,if rationality 7 once to become really respectable1 if we fe>$ ! ent]ta9+ ( an unv]ifiable op9ion ) ! w>m? ) :i* we fe> us+ ! wrong implem5t at ! d9n] table1 if ! ?\ght ( hold+ a prejudice disgu/$ u z does a f\l disease1 !n ! dang]s ( man's sugge/ibility w\ld be turn$ into advantages4#a ,footnote #a3 ,trott]2 loc4 cit41 p4 #de4 ,,sympa?y 7,a ,,specialization ,,( ,,greg>i\sness74 ,sympa?y1 9 ! /rict psy*ological s5se ( ! t]m1 means a suff]+ )1 ! exp]i5c+ ( any feel+ or emotion :5 & because we obs]ve 9 o!r p]sons or creatures ! expression ( t feel+ ( emotion4#b ,! behavior ( animals exhibits ! ext]nal features ( sympa!tic action v cle>ly4 ,two dogs beg9 to gr[l or fight1 & at once all ! dogs )9 s\nd & sight /iff5 !mselves1 & %[ e symptom ( ang]4 ,or "o bea/ 9 a h]d /&s arre/$1 gaz+ 9 curiosity on "s unfamili> object1 & pres5tly 8 fell[s also1 to :om ! object may be invisible1 display curiosity & come up to jo9 9 ! exam9ation ( ! object4#a ,footnote #b3 ,mc,dougall3 loc4 cit41 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #a3 ,mc,dougall3 loc4 cit41 p4 #ic4 ,human be+s t5d n only sympa!tically to reproduce ! in/9ctive actions ( o!rs1#b b !y t5d1 despite !mselves1 to exp]i5ce directly & imm$iately1 (t5 involunt>ily1 ! emotions exp]i5c$ & outw>dly manife/$ by o!rs4 ,almo/ ev]yone has _h 8 mood height5$ to at lea/ k9dly joy by ! pres5ce 9 a cr[d$ /reet c> ( a "y *ild ^: inquir+ prattle & light-he>t$ laught] 7 subdu$ by ! gray re/ra9ts & responsibilities ( maturity4 ,"o melan*oly face c cru% ! joy ( a boi/]\s & *e]ful p>ty2#c ! eag]ness & en?usiasm ( an orator c1 irrespective ( ! m]its ( ! cause he is def5d+1 provoke eag]ness & en?usiasm = ! same cause among an audi5ce t does n 9 ! lea/ und]/& :at ! orator is talk+ ab\t4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 man infecti\s laught] or yawn+1 walk+ 9 /ep1 imitat+ ! movem5ts ( a ropewalk]1 :ile wat*+ him1 feel+ a %ock 9 "o's legs :5 "o sees a man fall+1 & a hundr$ o!r occurr5ces ( ?is k9d are cases ( physiological sympa?y4 ,ribot3 ,psy*ology ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #bcb4 ,reproduction ( ! actions ( o!rs has by a c]ta9 s*ool ( philosoph]s & psy*ologi/s1 notably ,t>de1 ,le ,bon1 & ,baldw91 be5 ascrib$ to imitation4 ,b no exp]im5tal rese>*es h reveal$ any su* specific in/9ct to imitate 7see ,?orndike1 p4 #gc ff471 & imitations ( acts c g5]ally be trac$ to sympa?y1 or sugge/ion--:i* is sympa?y on an intellectual plane4 ,footnote #c3 ,su* expressions z kill joy1 wet blanket1 life ( ! p>ty are in/ances ( ! popul> appreciation ( ! fact ( social contagion4 ,"o br& ( cig>ettes 0 rec5tly adv]tis$ by ! face ( a "y soldi]1 rogui%ly irresponsible1 palpably & completely giv5 ov] to joy4 ,"o f\nd "o's self transport$ into some?+ ( ?is same mood be=e "o _h a *ance to speculate at all z to :e!r !re 0 any causal relation betwe5 ! specific quality ( tobacco ! y\ng/] 0 smok+1 & t contagi\s1 und5iable delight4 ,:at is call$ p]sonal magnetism is p]haps m ?an any?+ else ! ability to provoke 9 o!rs sympa!tic exp]i5ces ( pleasant & exhil>at+ emotions4 ,s5sibility to ! emotions ( o!rs1 ?\gh possess$ by almo/ all individuals1 v>ies 9 degree4 ,! complete abs5ce ( x m>ks a man out z /olid1 cold1 call\s1 brutal4 ,su* a type ( p]sonality may be effici5t & successful 9 pursuits requir+ no?+ besides a direct analysis ( facts1 uncolor$ by any irrelevant access ( feel+1 z 9 ! case ( ma!matics & me*anics4 ,b ! g5iuses ev5 9 /rictly intellectual fields h frequ5tly be5 m5 ( s5sitiv5ess1 delicacy1 & responsiv5ess to ! feel+s ( o!rs4 ,t intellectual analysis1 h[ev]1 does frequ5tly blunt ! poignancy ( feel+ is illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 :o writes 9 8 ,autobiography3 ,analytic habits may ?us ev5 /r5g!n ! associations betwe5 causes & effects1 means & ends1 b t5d altoge!r to weak5 ^? :i* are1 to speak famili>ly1 a m]e matt] ( feel+4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 ,i ?\ght1 favorable to prud5ce & cle>-sight$ness1 b a p]petual worm at ! root bo? ( ! passions & ( ! virtues2 & above all fe>fully und]m9e all desires & 444 all except ! purely physical & organic2 ( ! entire insuffici5cy ( :i* to make life desirable1 no "o _h a /rong] conviction ?an ,i _h4444 ,all ^? to :om ,i look$ up 7 ( ! op9ion t ! pleasure ( sympa?y ) human be+s1 & ! feel+s :i* made ! good ( o!rs1 & especially ( mank9d on a l>ge scale1 ! object ( exi/5ce1 7 ! greate/ & sure/ s\rces ( happ9ess4 ,( ! tru? ( ?is ,i 0 conv9c$1 b to "k t a feel+ w\ld make me happy if ,i _h x1 did n give me ! feel+4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mill3 ,autobiography 7,holt edition71 p4 #ach4 ,a g5]\s degree ( susceptibility to ! emotions ( o!rs makes a man :at is v>i\sly call$ mell[1 humane1 l>ge-he>t$1 g5]\s-s\l$4 ,! possession ( su* susceptibility is an asset1 fir/1 9 t x enri*es life = its possessor4 ,x gives him a w>m insight into ! feel+s1 emotions1 desires1 habits ( m9d & action ( o!r p1 & gives to 8 exp]i5ces ) !m a vivid & p]sonal significance n atta9able by any holl[ intellectual analysis4 ,x is an asset1 moreov]1 9 ! purely utilit>ian bus9ess ( deal+ ) m54 ,! /atesman or executive :o deals ) m5 z s _m animate ma*9es1 may a*ieve c]ta9 me*anical & arbitr>y successes4 ,b he w be miss+ half ! data on :i* 8 decisions mu/ be bas$ if he does n h a live & s5sitive appreciation ( h[ m5 feel :5 plac$ 9 giv5 situations4 ,! plac+ ( wom5 9 positions ( labor managem5t :]e wom5 *iefly are to be dealt ) is an illu/ration ( ! recognition ( ! importance ( sympa?y1 fell[-feel+ 9 ! managem5t ( human affairs4 ,"o ( ! reasons :y _m univ]sity s*ol>s make poor tea*]s is because !y _c place !mselves back at ! po9t :]e a subject 0 z live & fre% & virg9 to !m z x is to _! /ud5ts4 ,an extraord9>y degree or a decid$ hyp]trophy ( emotional susceptibility is z dang]\s a trait z its possession 9 a reasonable degree is a utility & an enri*m5t ( life4 ,x results 9 ! hy/]ia or s5tim5talism :i* adds to ! real evils & difficulties ( life fanci$ grievances & disa/]s4 ,su* temp]am5ts :5 confront$ ) any good or beautiful action dissolve into ec/asy1 & :5 fac$ ) a problem or a difficulty dissolve into te>s4 ,doctors w n treat _! own *ildr5 because ! ov]plus ( sympa?y is a h9drance to action4 ,s5tim5tal ladies are n ! mo/ effici5t *>ity work]s or prison] re=m]s4 ,:ile !re is a g5]al t5d5cy to exp]i5ce sympa!tically ! feel+s ( o!rs1 ?is becomes specializ$ 9 mo/ p1 & "o t5ds to exp]i5ce mo/ imm$iately & int5sely ! emotions ( "o's own k9d1 physically1 socially1 & intellectually4 ,sympa?y is a specialization ( man's g5]al greg>i\sness1 & becomes m specializ$ z "o becomes habituat$ exclusively to a small gr\p4 ,)9 ?is small gr\p1 individuals n only exp]i5ce ! emotions ( o!rs1 b l to %>e & communicate _! own emotions4 ,! ne>] p are to u 9 mode ( life1 social /atus1 & intellectual int]e/s1 ! clos] is community ( feel+ & consci\sness ( k9d4 ,two ,am]icans meet+ 9 a =eign c\ntry h a quick & sympa!tic und]/&+ ( ea* o!r4 ,two alumni ( ! same college meet+ 9 a di/ant city h a common basis ( int]e/ & feel+4 ,?is easy give-&-take ( feel+ & emotion makes ! deep attractiv5ess ( intimate companion%ip4 ,our companion has b to m5tion a "n or a place1 & we exp]i5ce ! same associations1 ! pleasures1 or antipa?ies :i* he does4 ,a ge/ure1 a curi\s glance ( ! eye1 a pause1 we und]/& z quickly z if he _h spok5 a s5t5ce4 ,b n only d we und]/& 8 feel+s2 he 7or %e7 und]/&s ours4 ,& = mo/ p1 all _! int]e/s & enjoym5ts are height5$ by ! pres5ce ( an intimately kn[n companion4 ,_m *ildr5 manife/ v cle>ly ?is t5d5cy ( active sympa?y2 !y dem& t _! e emotion %all be %>$ at once4 ,oh1 come & look6 is _! con/ant cry :5 out = a walk1 & e object t excites _! curiosity or admiration is br\ght at once1 or po9t$ out1 to _! companion4444 ,on ! o!r h&1 ano!r *ild1 br\ght up1 p]haps1 "u id5tical conditions1 b 9 :om ?is impulse is relatively weak1 w explore a g>d51 int]e/$ & excit$ = h\rs toge!r1 )\t once feel+ ! ne$ = sympa?y1 )\t once call+ on o!rs to %>e 8 emotions4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mc,dougall3 loc4 cit41 p4 #agb4 ,9 adult life1 few p c>e to g to !at] or conc]t alone1 & a man at a club w w&] half ?r\gh ! d9+-room until he w f9d "s "o ) :om he w feel l sitt+ ?r\gh a d9n] conv]sation4 ,! fact t emotions exhibit$ 9 "o individual are readily ar\s$ 9 ano!r makes art possible & makes x int]e/+4 ,a poet by a phrase1 a musician by a *ord or melody1 c sudd5ly reproduce 9 u 8 own feel+ ( gayety or exaltation4 ,a pa9t] by disposition ( l9e & color c sugge/ ! maje/y ( m\nta9s1 or ! sadness ( a sunset z he himself has exp]i5c$ x4 ,9 novels & dramas we c relive ! feel+s t ! writ] imag9es to h be5 exp]i5c$ by o!rs4 ,x is te/imony to ! easy excitability ( sympa?y z well z to an arti/'s skill t ?is c sometimes be done 9 a few l9es or p>agraphs4 ,witness ! fam\s op5+ ( ,poe's ,fall ( ! ,h\se ( ,u%]3 ,dur+ ! :ole ( a dull1 d>k1 & s\ndless day 9 ! autumn ( ! ye>1 :5 ! cl\ds hung oppressively l[ 9 ! heav5s1 ,i _h be5 pass+ alone on horseback1 ?r\gh a s+ul>ly dre>y tract ( c\ntry2 & at l5g? f\nd myself1 z ! %ades ( ev5+ drew on1 )9 view ( ! melan*oly ,h\se ( ,u%]4 ,i "k n h[ x 0--b1 ) ! fir/ glimpse ( ! build+1 a s5se ( insuff]able gloom p]vad$ my _s4 ,i say insuff]able2 = ! feel+ 0 unreliev$ by any ( t half-pleasurable1 because poetic1 s5tim5t1 ) :i* ! m9d usually receives ev5 ! /]ne/ natural images ( ! desolate or t]rible4 ,i look$ ^u ! sc5e be=e me--^u ! m]e h\se & ! simple l&scape features ( ! doma91 ^u ! bleak walls1 ^u ! vacant eye-l w9d[s1 ^u a few rank s$ges1 & ^u a few :ite trunks ( decay$ trees--) an utt] depression ( s\l :i* ,i c comp>e to no e>?ly s5sation m prop]ly ?an to ! aft]-dream ( ! revell] ^u opium2 ! bitt] lapse into ev]yday life1 ! hide\s dropp+ (f ( ! veil4 ,!re 0 an ic9ess1 a s9k+1 a sick5+ ( ! he>t1 an unr$eem$ dre>9ess ( ?\ght :i* no goad+ ( ! imag9ation c\ld torture into aught ( ! sublime4 ,:at 0 x--,i paus$ to ?9k--:at 0 x t s unn]v$ me 9 ! contemplation ( ! ,h\se ( ,u%]8 ,to ,ari/otle trag$y seem$ to af=d a cleans+ or ka?>sis ( ! s\l ?r\gh ! sympa!tic exp]i5ce ( pity or fe>4 ,to ,s*op5hau] music 0 ! greate/ ( ! arts because x made u at "o ) ! sorr[s & ! /riv+s ( ! _w4 ,all ! repres5tative arts are vivid ways ( mak+ u feel ) ! passions or emotions t /ir mank9d4 ,& ^? m5 are poets1 pa9t]s1 or musicians :o1 besides hav+ a unique gift ( expression1 :e!r 9 ^w1 tone1 or color1 h !mselves an unusually high s5sitivity to ! moods ( o!r m5 & to ! imag9$ moods ( ! natural sc5es among :i* !y move4#a ,footnote #a3 ,poets g5]ally are s susceptible to emotional %ades & nuances t !y read !m into situations :]e !y are n pres5t1 & !n reproduce !m sympa!tically 9 _! works4 ,! s-call$ pa!tic fallacy is an excell5t illu/ration ( ?is4 ,poets sympa?ize ) ! emotions ( a l&scape1 emotions :i* 7 9 ! fir/ place1 _! own4 ,9 exp]i5ce1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( g5u9e sympa?y ) ! emotions ( o!rs det]m9es to no small ext5t ! "* ( our deal+s ) !m4 ,ev5 c\rts ( ju/ice take motives into acc\nt & juries h be5 kn[n to ask = clem5cy = a murd]] because ( _! ke5 realization ( ! provocation :i* he _h und]gone4 ,fell[-feel+ ) o!rs may aga9 w>p our judgm5ts or s(t5 !m2 9 our judgm5t ( ! "w ( our fri5ds1 x is difficult altoge!r to disc\nt our p]sonal int]e/ & affection4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may h ! mo/ s9c]e admiration & respect = a man1 & yet be s]i\sly hamp]$ 9 our deal+s ) him1 socially or pr(essionally1 by a total lack ( sympa?y ) 8 motives & desires4 ,,praise ,,& ,,blame4 ,an important "p ( man's social equipm5t is 8 susceptibility to ! praise & blame ( 8 fell[s4 ,t is1 among ! ?+s :i* in/9ctively satisfy m5 are objective m>ks ( praise or approval on ! "p ( o!r p2 among ! ?+s :i* annoy !m1 sometimes to ! po9t ( acute di/ress1 are m>ks ( disapproval1 scorn1 or blame4 ,?is is illu/rat$ mo/ simply & directly 9 ! satisfaction felt at intimate approval z by smiles1 pats1 k9dly words1 or epi!ts appli$ by o!r p to "o's own actions or ideas1 & ! discom=t1 am\nt+ sometimes to pa91 t is felt at fr[ns1 hoots1 sne]s1 & epi!ts ( scorn or d]ision4 ,"o /ud5t ( ?is subject notes z e>ly z ! f\r? mon? a 'hurt' way ( cry+ :i* seem$ to indicate a s5se ( p]sonal slight4 ,x 0 q diff]5t f ! cry ( pa9 or t ( ang]1 b seem$ ab\t ! same z ! cry ( fright4 ,! slighte/ tone ( repro( w\ld produce x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if p took notice & laugh$ & enc\rag$1 %e 0 hil>i\s4#a ,footnote #a3 ,cooley3 ,human ,nature & ! ,social ,ord]1 p4 #aff4 ,man's s5sitiv5ess to praise & blame is p>allel$ by 8 in/9ctive t5d5cy to express !m4 ,smiles1 respectful />es1 & enc\rag+ %\ts occur1 ,i ?9k1 z in/9ctive responses to relief f hung]1 rescue f fe>1 gorge\s display1 in/9ctive acts ( /r5g? & d>+1 victory1 & o!r impressive in/9ctive behavior t is h>mless to ! onlook]4 ,simil>ly1 fr[ns1 hoots1 & sne]s seem b\nd z orig9al responses to ! obs]vation ( empty-h&$ness1 de=mity1 physical meanness1 pusillanimity1 & defect4 ,z 9 ! case ( all orig9al t5d5cies1 su* behavior is e>ly complicat$ & 9 ! end mu* di/ort$1 by tra9+2 b ! result+ total _c be expla9$ by nurture alone4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?orndike3 ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,brief] ,c\rse1 pp4 #cb-cc4 ,man's in/9ctive t5d5cy to respond to praise & blame & to exhibit !m is1 next to greg>i\sness--?r\gh :i* m5 9 ! fir/ place are able to live toge!r--! individual human trait mo/ significant = social life4 ,= :ile ! desire = praise1 ! avoidance ( blame1 & ! expression ( bo? are in/9ctive1 ! occasions on :i* !y are call$ =? dep5d on ! traditions & gr\p habits to :i* ! individual has be5 expos$4 ,he soon le>ns t 9 ! society 9 :i* he is liv+1 c]ta9 acts w br+ him ! praise ( o!rs2 c]ta9 o!r acts w br+ him _! disapproval4 ,! :ole scope ( 8 activity may ?us be pr(\ndly modifi$ by ! p5alties & prizes 9 ! way ( praise & blame :i* society atta*es to diff]5t modes ( action4 ,& ! m explicit & outw>d signs !re are ( ! approval or scorn ( o!rs1 ! m w individual action be subject to social control4 ,z ,plato said s long ago & said s well3 ,:5ev] !y ! public cr[d to ! popul> assembly1 ! law c\rts1 ! !at]s1 ! camp1 or any public ga!r+ ( l>ge bodies1 & !re sit 9 a d5se & upro>i\s mass to c5sure "s ( ! ?+s said or done1 & applaud o!rs1 always 9 excess2 %\t+ & clapp+1 until1 9 addition to _! own noise1 ! rocks & ! places :]e9 !y are e*o back r$\bl$ ! upro> ( _! c5sure & applause4 ,at su* a mom5t1 h[ is a "y man1 ?9k y1 to reta9 8 self-possession8 ,c any private education t he has receiv$ hold out aga9/ su* a torr5t ( c5sure & applause1 & avoid be+ swept away d[n ! /ream1 :]ev] x may lead1 until he is br\ght to adopt ! language ( ^! m5 z to :at is honorable & di%onorable1 & to imitate all _! practices1 & to become _! v c\nt]p>t8#a ,footnote #a3 ,plato3 ,republic 7,davies & ,vaughn translation71 p4 #bjh4 ,we h already _h occasion to po9t out t education is ! me?od by :i* society inculcates 9 its y\ng] memb]s habits :i* are reg>d$ z socially b5eficial4 ,9 its broade/ s5se ! :ole social environm5t is an individual's education4 ,& x is an education *iefly ?r\gh exp]i5ce ) o!r p1 discov]+ :at !y w & w n tol]ate1 :at !y w *]i% & :at !y w condemn4 ,! elaborate p>aph]nalia & rites ( fa%ion 9 clo!s exi/ *iefly by virtue ( _! value z means ( secur+ diffuse notice & approval4 ,! primitive sex display is n[ a m9or cause3 wom5 obvi\sly dress = o!r wom5's eyes4 ,mu* ! same is true ( subs]vi5ce to fa%ions 9 furniture1 food1 mann]s1 morals1 & religion4 ,! in/itution ( tipp+1 :i* began1 p]haps1 9 k9dl9ess & 0 fo/]$ by economic self-int]e/1 is n[ well-nigh impregnable because no man is brave en\gh to )/& ! scorn ( a l9e ( lackeys :om he he>tily despises1 or ( a few onlook]s :om he w nev] see aga94#b ,footnote #b3 ,?orndike3 loc4 cit41 p4 #cb4 ,"o ( ! ?+s we mean :5 we say a man is worldly-wise1 %rewd1 kn[s human nature1 is t he kn[s :at w w9 p's admiration1 & kn[s1 moreov]1 to di/+ui% betwe5 t :i* !y publicly condemn & secretly approve1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 ! passage quot$ above ,plato 0 try+ to %[ h[ ! "y ,a!nian acquir$ n wisdom itself1 b worldly wisdom1 ! ability to get along 9 affairs4 ,?is he le>n$ n f ! pr(essional tea*]s1 b f ! ,a!nian public1 ) ^: approvals & disapprovals he came 9 daily contact4 ,,praise ,,& ,,blame ,,modify ,,habit4 ,9 ord] to avoid c5sure & ga9 ! express$ approval ( o!rs1 p le>n1 ei!r1 z we say1 ?r\gh bitt] exp]i5ce1 or delib]ately1 to modify _! actions4 ,! well-br\ght-up *ild1 ev5 :5 its "m is n ab\t & its appetite unsatisfi$1 may be a%am$ to say ,yes to a second (f]+ ( ice cream4 ,! t5-ye>-old :o likes to be coddl$ by 8 "m 9 private w\ld be acutely emb>rass$ to be babi$ 9 ! pres5ce ( o!r p4 ,among adults1 likewise1 actions are *eck$1 prompt$1 or modifi$ by ! praise & blame t h become habitually associat$ ) !m4 ,m5 l to appe> virtu\s1 ev5 if !y d n l to practice virtue4 ,x is n only ! pr(essional politician :o does g5]\s acts = public approval1 nor is ev5 ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ & consci5ti\s "w altoge!r free f be+ affect$ by ! express$ attitudes ( approval or disapproval ( o!r p4 ,ev5 transportation companies h f\nd t !y c increase ! effici5cy ( _! employees by express+ 9 "s =m ! approval ( _! employees' c\rtesy & loyalty4#a ,a man1 aga91 444 may fail to see any 'reason' :y an elem5t>y-s*ool tea*] or a second-division cl]k _c d 8 "w prop]ly aft] he has be5 'put 9 8 place' by "s (ficial :o happ5s to comb9e p]sonal call\sness ) social sup]iority4 ,b no /atesman :o did s c\ld create an effective educational or cl]ical s]vice4#b ,footnote #a3 ,_m transportation companies ma9ta9 a m]it sy/em4 ,sometimes !y aw>d special insignia1 z ! gre5 flag to ! ,new ,york bus-driv]s :o save gasol9e4 ,footnote #b3 ,wallas3 ,great ,society1 p4 #aig4 ,to say t we are mov$ to action by praise & blame is n to indicate t actions ?us motivat$ are done 9 a _s ( hypocrisy or *>latanism4 ,ev5 ! mo/ s9c]e acts are prompt$ or su/a9$1 especially :]e _! p]=mance involves s]i\s p]sonal privation or sacrifice1 by ! imag9$ or actual approval ( ^? :om we love1 admire1 or respect4 ,^: praise & blame individuals w c>e ab\t dep5ds on _! education & temp]am5tal diff]5ces4 ,t !re w be "s gr\p1 h[ev] small1 is almo/ sure to be ! case4 ,! poet :o curls 8 lip at popul> ta/e *]i%es ! m ke5ly ! applause ( ^? :om he reg>ds z compet5t judges4 ,! m>tyr w be unmov$ by ! curses1 ! je]s1 & ! hoots ( ! contempor>y multitude s long z he has ! tru/ ( 8 small b& ( comrades or fai? t ! ,"l approves 8 ways4 ,a man :o is utt]ly alone 9 ! approval ( 8 actions is reg>d$ z crazy or is driv5 s by ! p]petual dise/eem 9 :i* he is held4 ,!re h be5 cases 9 lit]ature & life ( accus$ crim9als :o c\ld be> up aga9/ ! belief ( ! :ole _w 9 _! guilt s long z "o fri5d or k9sman _h fai? 9 !m4 ,t fai? gone1 !y completely collaps$4 ,,desire ,,= ,,praise ,,may ,,lead ,,to ,,! ,,pr(ession ,,r ,,?an ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,virtue4 ,:ile ! desire = social approval is /rong 9 mo/ m51 s are o!r desires4 ,x happ5s1 moreov]1 t ! actions to :i* m5's in/9cts prompt !m are n always su* z w\ld be approv$ by o!rs4#a ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to h _! cake & eat x1 to d :at !y please & yet seem to please o!rs1 m5 (t5 conceal ! discrepancy betwe5 :at !y pr(ess & :at !y practice4 ,"o ( ! lea/ agreeable features ( civiliz$ society is ! ext5t to :i* ! codes :i* m5 & gr\ps pr(ess diff] f ^? by :i* !y live4 ,m5 :o h o/5sibly ,*ri/ian codes ( honor1 &1 inde$1 practice !m 9 _! private lives1 w h an actual e?ics = bus9ess t !y c\ld n possibly sanction 9 _! deal+s z tru/ees ( a *ur*4 ,!re are practices )9 trades & pr(essions1 ! famili> trade practices1 & e?ics ( ! pr(ession1 :i*1 = social z well z = pr(essional reasons1 _! practition]s w\ld n want kn[n4 ,company mann]s are a trivial illu/ration ( ?is1 b !re are m s]i\s in/ances4 ,"o has b to recall ! s5sation creat$ a few ye>s ago :5 a m9i/] ( a fa%ionable congregation call$ ^u 8 congregation to practice ,*ri/ianity1 or1 on a sup]b scale1 ,tol/oy's leav+ ! e/ates & mode ( life ( a ri* ,russian noble1 9 ord] to live ! simple life he reg>d$ z prescrib$ by ! ,*ri/ian tea*+4#b ,footnote #a3 ,at lea/ n publicly approv$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 admiration1 (t5 unconceal$1 = ! man :o does ev5 an unusual act conspicu\sly well4 ,"o ne$ only m5tion a ,raffles or a ,capta9 ,kidd4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,tol/oy's ,di>y & ,confessions4 ,psy*ologically1 !re=e1 ! cause ( ! discrepancy betwe5 ! codes :i* m5 prea* & pr(ess & ^? :i* !y practice1 is ?us se5 to be a desire to secure illicit 7t is1 socially unsanction$7 satisfactions )\t incurr+ ! p5alty ( social disapproval4 ,"p ( ?is discrepancy is n to be set d[n to ! evils m5 actually d s mu* z ! irrationality & fanaticism ( ! codes :i* !y h be5 taught to pr(ess4 ,?is is ! case1 = example1 :]e excessive ,puritanism or fanaticism1 n possible = mo/ m51 is impos$ ^u !m by an arbitr>y & fanatical tea*+4 ,!y w !n pret5d to types ( action socially reg>d$ z virtues 9 ord] to avoid ! p5alties incurr$ by n practic+ !m4 ,! desire = respectability is responsible = no small am\nt ( pret5sion1 illu/rat$ pa!tically 9 cases :]e individuals1 to satisfy ! /&>ds ( _! associates1 live beyond _! means physically1 socially1 or intellectually4#a ,footnote #a3 ,_m ,bo/onians1 cr$e exp]to 7& inhabitants ( o!r cities1 too1 ,i fe>71 w\ld be happi] m5 & wom5 to-day if !y c\ld once = all ab&on ! notion ( keep+ up a ,musical ,self & )\t %ame let p he> !m call a symphony a nuisance4 ,james3 ,psy*ology1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #caa4 ,aga91 codes ( action rema9 =mally accept$ long aft] !y h ceas$ to be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,9 ,/ates t w5t dry :]e !re 0 no majority public s5tim5t 9 _! favor1 bootlegg+1 ! illicit mak+ & sell+ ( :iskey1 0 practic$ freely1 because n _m p reg>d$ prohibition z a s]i\s matt]1 or its infr+em5t z a s]i\s crime4 ,legal codes rema9 n infrequ5tly a g5]ation beh9d public op9ion1 & _m ideas are v]bally pr(ess$ t nobody takes q s]i\sly4 ,,! ,,social ,,effectiv5ess ,,( ,,praise ,,& ,,blame4 ,h[ f> ! social e/imates ( approval & disapproval affect ! conduct ( ! individual dep5ds on ! degree to :i*1 ?r\gh education1 public op9ion1 & law1 he is made "p ( ! gr\p4 ,9 primitive society1 ev5 ! slighte/ details ( conduct 7 regulat$ by ! gr\p1 ?r\gh an elaborate sy/em ( puni%m5ts = slight infr+em5ts4 ,9 civiliz$ society1 ! developm5t ( a s5se ( p]sonal selfhood & social recognition ( its importance has to a degree fre$ individual action f complete dom9ation by ! gr\p4 ,?is has 9 "p be5 comp5sat$ by ! education ( ! contempor>y citiz5 to national int]e/s1 & social sympa?y1 :i* r5d] him susceptible to ! praise & blame ( public op9ion4 ,! effectiv5ess ( praise & blame 9 det]m9+ action dep5ds also on ! explicitness ) :i* !y are express$4 ,9 contempor>y life ! control ( public op9ion is made prec>i\s because !re is s r>ely complete or palpable unanimity on any subject among ! v>iety ( gr\ps t con/itute a mod]n society4 ,9 a l>ge city !re are s _m gr\ps1 s _m sets ( op9ion1 t an individual may n feel any great pressure ( praise & blame except f ! small circle ( p ) :om he is associat$4 ,9 small communities action is re/ra9$ by ! fe> ( o/racism or contempt ( ! :ole gr\p among :om "o is liv+4 ,b 9 l>ge cities1 :]e "o may n be kn[n by "o's next-door neighbor1 ?is re/ra9t is mu* r$uc$4 ,! temptations ( a metropolis1 s (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ! lurid lit]ature ( ! day1 consi/ n 9 temptations m num]\s ?an or diff]5t f ^? 9 small] places1 b 9 ! m>k$ abs5ce ( social control z comp>$ ) small villages :]e e "o kn[s ev]yone else's bus9ess4 ,! influ5ce ( ! social e/imate on individual conduct dep5ds f9ally on individual diff]5ces 9 sugge/ibility4 ,9 normal individuals susceptibility to ! praise & blame ( o!rs is v high1 especially among ! close circle ( fri5ds1 pr(essional & bus9ess associates among :om "o moves4 ,?is susceptibility is height5$ :5 ! praise or blame comes f p]sons sup]ior 9 social /atus1 ?\gh "h ! elem5t ( fe> ( ! consequ5ces ( displeas+ is p]haps m important ?an ! responsiv5ess to ! praise & blame itself4 ,to ! praise & blame ( close associates mo/ m5 are also highly sugge/ible1 n less s :5 !re is equality 9 social /atus4 ,birds ( a fea!r flock toge!r1 b humans t5d to become simil> because !y flock toge!r4 ,!re are few m5 :o c )/& ! pressure ( do+ :at _! gr\p approves1 & refra9+ f do+ :at x disapproves4 ,9 "s m5 susceptibility to ! attitudes ( o!rs is extremely l[1 & ( su* are bo? crim9als & m>tyrs made4 ,9 ! prisons ( ?is c\ntry !re are a l>ge numb] ( m5 absolutely indiff]5t to ! usual social /&>ds1 completely undet]r$ by ! codes ( conduct by :i* o!r p _c help b be gov]n$4 ,su* absolute call\sness to ! feel+s :i* gov]n ! majority ( mank9d z we read ( e n[ & !n 9 ! trial ( "s desp]ate crim9al1 is n infrequ5tly associat$ ) abnormally l[ intellig5ce1 ! sodd5 /olidity ( ! traditional crim9al type4 ,:]e x appe>s1 z x sometimes does1 9 crim9als ( high intellig5ce1 x is reg>d$ by psy*iatri/s z a specific abnormality1 comp>able to color-bl9dness or a physical de=mity4 ,!re are1 on ! o!r h&1 individuals ^: app>5t l[ sugge/ibility is ( ! highe/ social value4 ,!re are /rik+ in/ances1 ?r\gh\t ! long /ruggle t[>d human lib]ty1 ( p]sons :o c\ld )/& ! public op9ion ( _! own day 9 ! light ( "s ideal :i* !y *]i%$1 ( m5 :o ne$$ no o!r approval ?an _! consci5ces1 _! bett] selves1 or _! god4 ,socrates dr9k+ ! fatal hemlock1 ,*ri/ ^u ! cross1 ! ,*ri/ian sa9ts1 ,joan ( ,arc1 ! extreme diss5t]s ( e g5]ation1 are in/ances ( m5 & wom5 seem+ly unmov$ by ! praise & blame ( _! contempor>ies4 ,su/a9$ by _! deep inn] conviction ( ! ju/ice & significance ( _! mission1 !y h be5 cont5t to suff] scorn1 ridicule1 & m>tyrdom at ! h&s ( _! own g5]ation 9 a p]si/5t devotion to :at 9 _! eyes con/itut$ ! highe/ good ( mank9d4 ,,social ,,e/imates ,,& ,,/&>ds ,,( ,,conduct4 ,individuals are e>ly habituat$ to ! cu/oms ( ! society 9 :i* !y live1 & come to approve1 z might be expect$ f ! p[] ( m5's habits & f _! in/9ctive greg>i\sness1 ^? ?+s :i* !y or _! companions h always done4 ,t p don't d su* ?+s1 or t ev]ybody does !m1 is a frequ5tly assign$ reason = ! approval or condemnation ( an act4 ,social approvals ?us become affix$ to acts :i* are regul>ly done by ! majority1 & div]g5ces are subject$ to v>y+ degrees ( c5sure4 ,9 civiliz$ societies v>iations f cu/oms t are n legally en=c$ are puni%$ ma9ly by social o/racism4 ,!re is no law aga9/ walk+ d[n a cr[d$ city /reet 9 ,elizabe?an co/ume1 yet few w\ld indulge _! ta/e = beautiful b ar*aic dress 9 ! face ( all ! ridicule !y w\ld incur4 ,! :ole sy/em ( etiquette1 ( ! /&>d ( liv+ ( respectable society1 is ma9ta9$ 9 l>ge "p because ( ! approvals & outw>d m>ks ( admiration t g to "s types ( life & ! contempt 9 :i* o!rs are held4 ,mu* ( ! economic activity ( ! leisure class1 z ,pr(essor ,vebl5 has s well po9t$ out1 is devot$ to wa/+ "t & sp5d+ money conspicu\sly z outw>d indications t ! individual is liv+ up to e/abli%$ & approv$ /&>ds4#a ,footnote #a3 ,vebl53 ,!ory ( ! ,leisure ,class4 ,! m significant folkways1 /&>ds ( importance & unimportance1 ( ! admirable & ! despicable1 ! noble & ! base1 are det]m9$ by approvals & disapprovals t h become socially habitual4 ,:5 we speak ( a c\ntry be+ imp]iali/ic or mat]iali/ic1 we mean t mo/ individuals 9 x1 or at lea/ ^? :o are articulate or influ5tial1 p]=m or approve ( actions lead+ to national or individual aggr&izem5t4 ,! am\nt ( money1 "t1 & en]gy t is sp5t on amusem5t1 public works1 education1 ! army & navy is a fairly accurate gauge ( ! relative gr\p approvals !y h respectively secur$4 ,9 ! same way ! pr(essions & occupations 9 :i* m5 engage are det]m9$ by ! social pre/ige atta*+ to !m no less ?an by economic consid]ations4 ,! pay ( /5ograph]s is no less ?an t ( prim>y-s*ool tea*]s2 x is (t5 mu* m2 yet _m a girl rema9s a tea*] = ! g5tility :i* is traditionally associat$ ) ! pr(ession4 ,9 ! same way _m girls1 9 spite ( ! fact t !y are economically & physically bett] (f 9 dome/ic s]vice ?an 9 factory "w1 /ill pref] ! latt] because ( ! social inf]iority :i* is associat$ ) ! s]vant's position4 ,approvals & disapprovals become fix$ to acts1 9 ! fir/ place1 because ( "s suppos$ dang] or utility !y possess4 ,b :e!r ! acts are really socially useful or n1 approvals & c5sures once fix$ t5d to rema9 habitual1 ev5 ?\gh ! conditions :i* fir/ call$ !m =? are utt]ly *ang$4 ,we are to-day /ill m %ock$ by errors 9 etiquette ?an 9 logic2 we are /ill horrifi$ by ! infr+em5t ( a law :i*1 if we /opp$ to consid] x1 is n n[1 if x ev] 01 ( any g5u9e s]vice to mank9d4 ,9 advanc$ societies approvals are n always res]v$ = ! habitual4 ,c]ta9ly 9 sci5ce orig9al rese>* & discov]y are g5]ally welcom$4 ,9 art orig9ality is *]i%$1 at lea/ by ! discrim9at+4#a ,v>iation 9 action is = reasons discuss$ 9 o!r connections less g5]ally welcom$4 ,b 9 advanc$ societies1 criticism & reflection ^u social in/itutions & habits may !mselves come to be sanction$ & enc\rag$4 ,already we are beg9n+ to end[ ! sci5tific /udy ( gov]nm5t & indu/rial relations1 & reg>d+ ) favor g5u9e inquiry into ! possibilities ( progress4 ,footnote #a3 ,ev5 9 art mo/ p's approvals & disapprovals are fix$ by :at is call$ good ta/e1 :i* consi/s n infrequ5tly 9 approv+ :at o!r p approve4 /hetic approval ?us becomes approval ( ! cu/om>ily recogniz$4 ,x took a ,rusk9 to make ! neglect$ g5ius ( ,turn] fa%ionable4 ,keats & ,byron 7 bitt]ly attack$ by ! or?odox critics ( _! g5]ation4 ,,importance ,,( ,,relat+ ,,praise ,,& ,,blame ,,to ,,socially ,,important ,,conduct4 ,:at p approve & disapprove1 if _! approval becomes suffici5tly emphatic1 is fix$ by law4 ,law is ! (ficial & p]man5t pres]vation & en=cem5t ( public approval & condemnation4 ,:5 c]ta9 acts are reg>d$ z ( crucial importance1 ! gr\p does n dep5d on ! prec>i\s effectiv5ess ( public op9ion1 b delib]ately atta*es puni%m5ts to ! p]=mance ( undesir$ acts1 &1 m infrequ5tly1 rew>ds to ! practices ( o!rs4 ,mo/ ( our laws are en=cem5t ( social condemnations1 = ! p]=mance or ! non-p]=mance ( specific acts1 r ?an direct enc\ragem5ts ( action4 ,b :i* laws w be pass$ dep5ds 9 ! fir/ place on social approval or public op9ion4 ,& if1 z happ5s 9 our complicat$ political ma*9]y1 laws are pass$ :i* h n ! sanction ( widespread public approval1 !y rema9 dead lett]s4 ,outside ! field ( legal control1 individual action is controll$ prim>ily by public op9ion4 ,!re are _m practices1 /rictly speak+ )9 ! law1 t an increas+ly enlight5$ public op9ion w n sanction2 !re are _m practices enc\rag$ by an enlight5$ public :i* no law compels4 ,!re is no law =c+ bus9ess e/abli%m5ts to close e ,saturday dur+ ! summ]1 yet _m n[ d4 ,!re are _m c\rtesies practic$ by !m :i* are n orda9$ by law4 ,t adv]se public op9ion may h economic consequ5ces if disreg>d$ is evid5c$ by ! p[]ful in/rum5t ! ,consum]s' ,league f\nd 9 adv]tis+ aga9/ firms t ma9ta9$ p>ticul>ly unsanit>y & morally degrad+ work+ conditions = _! employees1 or ! dread t hotels & dep>tm5t /ores h = adv]se publicity4 ,! ph5om5al developm5t ( mod]n adv]tis+ is an in/ance ( ! direct economic values t h be5 f\nd 9 w9n+ public approval4 ,!re is m ?an metaphor 9 ! /atem5t made dur+ ! w> t ,"l ,nor?cliffe1 z own] ( a *a9 ( ,engli% newspap]s ) an imm5se circulation1 0 a cab9et m9i/] )\t portfolio4 ,! gr[? ( humanit>ian s5tim5t has frequ5tly en=c$ ! improvem5t ( labor & social conditions be=e improvem5ts 7 made compulsory by law4 ,& 9 t field ( p]sonal relations1 :i* con/itute s l>ge a "p ( our daily life1 our conduct is controll$ almo/ entirely by ! =ce ( ! public op9ion ) :i* we come 9 contact4 ,!re is mu* m c\rtesy & k9dl9ess & cop]ation manife/$ 9 ! ord9>y contacts ( life ( a mod]n city ?an is requir$1 or ev] c\ld be secur$ by /atute4 ,,education ,,z ,,! ,,ag5cy ,,( ,,social ,,control4 ,!re is enorm\s p[] 9 ! habits ( approval or disapproval to :i* we h1 9 our e>ly days1 be5 subject$ by our p>5ts1 tea*]s1 & companions4 ,x is ?r\gh education1 9 ! broade/ s5se1 t ! "y come to le>n1 & h5ce to practice1 ^? actions :i* are socially approv$1 & by ! same tok5 to avoid ^? acts :i* are socially condemn$4 ,?r\gh =mal education ! adult memb]s ( a society impress ^u ! pla/ic m9ds ( ! immature ^? habits ( ?\ght & action :i* are curr5tly recogniz$ z desirable4 ,education ?us becomes ! crucial in/rum5t by :i* social /&>ds are e/abli%$ & transmitt$4 ,society exi/s ?r\gh a process ( transmission q z mu* z biological life4 ,! transmission occurs by means ( communication ( habits ( do+1 ?9k+1 & feel+1 f ! old] to ! y\ng]4 ,)\t ?is communication ( ideals1 hopes1 expectations1 /&>ds1 op9ions1 f ^? memb]s ( society :o are pass+ out ( ! gr\p life to ^? :o are com+ into x1 society c\ld n survive4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dewey2 ,democracy & ,education1 pp4 #c-d4 ,society survives ?r\gh education4 ,j z truly might x be said t ! k9d ( society1 art1 culture1 indu/ry1 religion1 sci5ce t does survive dep5ds on ! k9d ( likes & dislikes t are ?r\gh education made habitual 9 ! "y4 ,education1 h[ev]1 may n only transmit exi/+ /&>ds1 b c be us$ to inculcate new] & bett] expectations & ideals4 ,9 ! adult1 habits are already set physiologically1 & kept rigid by ! dem&s ( economic life4 ,9 ! "y !re is a fair] & fre] field4 ,?r\gh education ! immature may be taught to approve ways ( action m desirable ?an ^? :i* h become habitual ) _! adult contempor>ies4 ,! *ildr5 ( to-day may acquire habits ( action1 feel+1 & ?\ght t w be _! enlight5$ practice z ! adults ( to-morr[4 ,all great social re=m]s1 f ,plato to our own contempor>ies l ,b]tr& ,russell1 h se5 9 education1 !re=e1 ! *ief in/rum5t1 z x is ! *ief problem1 ( social bett]m5t4 ,we may tra9 ! matur+ g5]ation to approve modes ( behavior :i* ! be/ m9ds ( our "t may h f\nd reason to ?9k desirable1 b :i* c\ld n be sub/itut$ imm$iately = ! fix$ habits ( ! already adult g5]ation4 ,,social ,,activity1 ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,motive4 ,9 our analysis ( ! social nature ( man we h1 ?us f>1 be5 deal+ ) 8 specific social t5d5cies4 ,b ap>t f ^!1 or r z an outgr[? ( ^!1 m5 exhibit :at ,pr(essor ,woodwor? has well describ$ z a gift = le>n+ social behavior4 ,possess+1 z he em95tly does1 ! capacity = gr\p activity1 man is int]e/$ 9 su* activity4 ,he ne$s no ult]ior motive to attract him to x4 ,x is play = him4444 ,! social int]e/ is "p & p>cel ( ! g5]al objective int]e/ ( man4#a ,footnote #a3 ,woodwor?3 ,dynamic ,psy*ology1 pp4 #bjb1 #bjc4 ,9 o!r words1 ! activity ( man z an individual is n simply deflect$ a little by man's native greg>i\sness1 sympa?y1 & susceptibility to praise & blame4 ,r1 gr\p activity becomes to ! greg>i\s human1 born into an environm5t :]e he mu/ act ) & among o!r human be+s1 an int]e/+ & excit+ activity 9 & = itself4 ,m5 enjoy work+ 9 a gr\p or a society = jo9t & common objects j z !y enjoy food or musical composition or golf4 ,! social motive is ( ! same ord] z ! musical or ma!matical motive4 ,j z "o :o has ! musical gift takes to music naturally & f9ds x int]e/+ = its own sake1 s ! socially gift$ individual und]/&s o!r p1 sees ! possibilities ( collective activity1 & ! ways ( cord9at+ x1 & ent]s into su* do+s ) gu/o4444 ,! social gift is a capacity = le>n+ social behavior4 ,individuals diff] 9 degree 9 ! social gift1 z 9 o!r capacities2 "s are capable ( becom+ creative arti/s or inv5tors along social l9es4#a ,footnote #a3 ,woodwor?3 ,dynamic ,psy*ology1 p4 #bjc4 ,! social behavior ( man is ?us se5 to be no curi\s anomaly & contradiction 9 ! life ( an o!rwise ?or\ghly egoi/ic individual4 ,man is in/9ctively social2 he f9ds social activity useful 9 ! satisfaction ( 8 own desires1 & he comes f 8 native t5d5cies & acquir$ habits ( social behavior to enjoy & take "p 9 social activities = _! own sake4 ,! individual does n h to be co]c$ into social activity2 he f9ds 9 su* behavior ! same pleasure t att5ds ! fulfillm5t ( any ( 8 native or acquir$ reactions4 ,society has be5 v>i\sly pictur$ z a =ce hold+ ! individual 9 *eck1 z an organism ( :i* he is a "p1 z a ma*9e ( :i* he is a cog4 ,society consi/s r z ! collective "n = ! cop]ative & associat$ activities ( human be+s :o f9d su* activity1 by nature & by habit1 int]e/+ = its own sake4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,crucial ,,traits ,,9 ,,social ,,life ,,! ,,int]p5etration ,,( ,,human ,,traits4 ,?is *apt] is devot$ to a consid]ation ( a numb] ( individual human traits--curiosity1 pugnacity1 lead]%ip1 fe>1 love1 hate1 etc41 & "s ( _! m important social consequ5ces4 ,^! are seldom pres5t 9 isolation4 ,a man is n1 "u normal circum/ances1 simply & solely pugnaci\s1 curi\s1 tir$1 submissive1 or acquisitive4 ,"o's desire to own a p>ticul> h\se at a p>ticul> location may be complicat$ by ! pres5ce ( sev]al ( ^! traits at once4 ,! h\se may be want$ simply z a possession1 a crude satisfaction ( our native acquisitiv5ess4 ,x may be s\ght fur!r z a mode ( self-display1 an indication ( h[ "o has ris5 9 ! _w4 ,its attractiv5ess may be height5$ by ! fact t x is situat$ next door to ! h\se ( a r p>ticul>ly companionable old fri5d4 ,x may be peculi>ly indisp5sable to "o's satisfaction because x is also be+ s\ght by a dete/$ rival4 ,moreov]1 z we %all see 9 ! discussion ( ! ,self1 ^! traits are int]wov5 ) ea* o!r & atta9 v>y+ degrees ( p[] z motive =ces 9 an individual's "*4 ,b :ile ^! di/9ctive human traits are seldom app>5t 9 isolation1 x is wor? :ile to consid] !m sep>ately1 n only because ! elem5ts ( human behavior w ?us /& out m cle>ly1 b because 9 c]ta9 individuals "o or ano!r ( ^!-traits may be natively ( especial /r5g?4 ,& fur!r1 9 diff]+ social situations1 ! possession or ! cultivation ( "o or ano!r ( ^! native end[m5ts may be ( p>ticul> social value or dang]4 ,& 9 any giv5 situation1 "o or ano!r ( !m may be pr$om9ant1 z :5 a man is int5sely angry1 or curi\s1 or tir$4 ,?us an individual may h a m>k$ capacity = lead]%ip1 or an extraord9>ily tireless curiosity1 or an abnormally develop$ pugnacity or acquisitiv5ess4 ,! capacity = lead]%ip1 z w lat] be discuss$ 9 "s detail1 w be ( p>ticul> social value 9 l>ge ent]prises2 pati5t & p]si/5t inquiry may produce sci5ce2 pugnacity :5 freely express$ may provoke qu>rels1 bick]+s1 & w>4 ,9 ! foll[+ discussion1 ! cont9ual int]p5etration & qualification ( ^! traits by "o ano!r 9 a complex situation mu/ be recogniz$4 ,else x may appe> 9 ! discussion ( any s+le trait1 z if by means ( x all human action 7 be+ expla9$4 ,r ! aim is to trace !m z "o might ! elem5ts 9 ! patt]n ( a tape/ry1 or ! recurr5t !mes 9 ! developm5t ( a symphony4 ,b z ! symphony is m ?an a s+le melody1 ! tape/ry m ?an "o elem5t ( l9e or color1 s is human life m ?an any s+le trait4#a ,footnote #a3 ,philosoph]s & o!rs h "t & aga9 made ! mi/ake ( simplify+ human life to a s+le motive or driv+ p[]4 ,hobbes re/$ 8 case on fe>2 ,ba9 & ,su!rl& on sympa?y2 ,t>de on imitation2 ,adam ,smi? & ,b5?am on enlight5$ self-int]e/4 ,9 our own day ! ,freudians int]pret ev]y?+ z be+ sexual 9 its motive4 ,& mo/ rec5tly has come an int]pretation ( life1 z 9 ,b]tr& ,russell & ,hel5 ,m>ot1 9 t]ms ( ! creative impulse4 ,,! ,,fight+ ,,in/9ct4 ,almo/ all m5 exhibit 9 v>y+ degrees ! fight+ in/9ct2 t is1 ! t5d5cy1 :5 int]f]$ ) 9 ! p]=mance ( any action prompt$ by any o!r in/9ct1 to ?reat51 attack1 & n infrequ5tly1 if successful 9 attack1 to puni% & bully ! individual int]f]+4 ,! mo/ mean-spirit$ cur w angrily res5t any attempt to take away its bone1 if x is hungry2 a heal?y infant v e>ly displays ang] if its meal is int]rupt$1 & all ?r\gh life mo/ m5 f9d x difficult to suppress irritation on simil> occasions4 ,9 ! animal _w ! mo/ furi\s excitem5t ( ?is in/9ct is provok$ 9 ! male ( _m species by any int]f]5ce ) ! satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse4#b ,footnote #b3 ,mc,dougall3 loc4 cit41 p4 #fj4 ,?is orig9al t5d5cy to fight is v p]si/5t 9 human be+s1 b is susceptible ( direction1 & is n1 9 civiliz$ life1 frequ5tly reveal$ 9 its crude & direct =m1 save among *ildr5 & among adults "u int5se provocation & excitem5t4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 pugnacity is display$ 9 its simple animal =m4 ,man %>es ) _m ( ! animals ! t5d5cy to fright5 8 oppon5t by l\d ro>s or bell[+s4444 ,_m a little boy has1 )\t example or sugge/ion1 sudd5ly tak5 to runn+ ) op5 m\? to bite ! p]son :o has ang]$ him1 mu* to ! di/ress ( 8 p>5ts4#a ,z ! individual gr[s old]1 he le>ns to control ! outw>d & imm$iate expression ( ?is p[]ful & p]si/5t human trait4 ,he le>ns 9 8 deal+s ) o!r p n to give way1 :5 fru/rat$ 9 "s action or ambition1 to m]e animal rage4 ,! cu/oms & mann]s to :i* a *ild is e>ly subject$ 9 civiliz$ int]c\rse are effective h9drances to uncontroll$ display ( ang] & pugnacity2 sup]ior intellig5ce & education f9d m ref9$ ways ?an kick+1 pummel+1 & scrat*+ ( ov]com+ ! int]f]5ces ( o!rs4 ,b ev5 9 g5tle & cultur$ p]sons1 an insult1 a disappo9tm5t1 a bl[ w provoke ! tell-tale signs ( pugnacity & ang]1 ! flu%+ ( ! *eeks1 ! fla% ( ! eye1 ! incipi5t cl5*+ ( ! fi/s1 ! compress+ ( ! tee? & lips1 & ! trembl+ ( ! voice4 ,we sub/itute s>casm = pun*+1 & f9d subtly civiliz$1 &1 9 ! long run1 m t]rible1 ways ?an bruises ( puni%+ ^? :o oppose u 9 our play1 our passions1 our pr(essions4 ,b our ance/ors 7 bea/s ( prey1 & !re is /ill fight+ 9 our blood4 ,footnote #a3 ,mc,dougall3 loc4 cit41 p4 #fa4 ,! fight+ in/9ct is ar\s$ by bo? p]sonal & imp]sonal situations1 & is occasion$ ev5 by v slight int]f]5ces1 & ev5 :5 ! au?or ( ! int]f]5ce is nei!r human nor animate4 ,q intellig5t m5 h be5 kn[n to kick angrily at a door z if f pure malice x refus$ to op54 ,irate commut]s h gl>$ v9dictively at tra9s !y h j miss$4 ,! gl9t ( ang] is r\s$ 9 our eye by an insol5t />e1 an ironic comm5t1 or an imp]t95t retort4 ,! boil+ po9t v>ies 9 diff]5t individuals & races1 & pugnacity is g5]ally m readily r\s$ 9 m5 ?an 9 wom54 ,!re are "s p]sons1 l ! prov]bial ,iri%man1 :o1 see+ ! slighte/ opportunity = a fight1 want to "k :e!r x is private1 or :e!r anybody c get 94 ,9 mo/ m5 pugnacity is m int5se :5 x is provok$ by p]sons2 except = a mom5t1 "o does n try to fight a *air /ruck 9 ! d>k4 ,"u ! conditions ( civiliz$ life ! primitive expression ( pugnacity 9 physical combat has be5 outlaw$ & made unnecess>y by law & cu/om4 ,individuals are prev5t$ by ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 besides _! e>ly tra9+ & habits1 f settl+ disputes by physical =ce4 ,b z ! in/9ct itself rema9s /rong1 x mu/ f9d "s o!r outlet4 ,?is x secures 9 m ref9$ =ms ( rivalry1 9 bus9ess & sport1 or1 all ?r\gh human hi/ory1 9 fight+ betwe5 gr\ps1 f ! squabbl+ & p]petual raids & kill+s1 & ! ext]m9ation ( :ole villages & tribes 9 ,c5tral ,borneo1 to ! w>s betwe5 nations ?r\gh\t ,european hi/ory4 ,,pugnacity ,a ,,m5ace ,,:5 ,,uncontroll$4 ,! /r5g? & p]si/5cy ( ?is human t5d5cy1 :5 uncontroll$ or :5 fo/]$ betwe5 gr\ps1 make x a v s]i\s m5ace4 ,l all ! o!r in/9cts1 & m ?an mo/1 x is fru/rat$ & cont9ually *eck$ 9 ! normal peace-"t pursuits ( contempor>y civilization4 ,p>ticipation1 imag9ative at lea/1 9 a great collective combat und\bt$ly holds "s fasc9ation = ! citiz5s ( mod]n indu/rial society1 despite ! l>ge-scale horror :i* w> is 9 itself1 & ! desolation x leaves 9 its wake4 ,dur+ peace ! fight+ in/9ct = mo/ m5 receives satisfaction on a small scale1 sometimes 9 no?+ m important ?an small bick]+s & peevi%ness1 or 9 see+ at fir/ h& or on ! tick] a *ampion%ip prize-fight4 ,! pessimism :i* _m writ]s h express$ at ! possibility ( p]petual peace re/s 9 "p on _! p]ception ( ! easy excitability & deep p]si/5ce ( ?is impulse1 especially among ! vigor\s & "y4 ,n only may ! fight+ in/9ct be ar\s$ by ! possibility ( int]national w>s1 b x may be us$ by fom5t]s & agitators to add a s5se ( int5se pugnacity & viol5t ang] to ! g5u9e friction t does exi/ betwe5 conflict+ int]e/s 9 ! same society4 ,! !ory ( a class w> possibly f9ds its appeal = _m m9ds z mu* 9 its picturesque /imulation ( _! in/9cts ( pugnacity z 9 ! logic ( its economics4 ,,pugnacity ,,z ,a ,,b5efic5t ,,social ,,=ce4 ,:ile ! p[] ( pugnacity & its easy /imulation makes ?is in/9ct a peculi>ly inflammable & dang]\s motive =ce 9 civiliz$ society1 x is1 on ! o!r h&1 an indisp5sable s\rce ( social progress4 ,_m psy*ologi/s & sociologi/s1 su* z ,mc,dougall1 ,bagehot1 & ,lang1 attribute ! sup]iority 9 culture & social organization ( ! ,european races ov]1 say1 ! ,*9ese & ,ea/ ,indians1 to ! fight+ in/9ct4 ,9 ! long s]ies ( w>s t = c5turies con/itut$ mu* ( ! hi/ory ( ,europe1 ^? nations :i* surviv$1 z 9 e>li] times ^? tribes :i* surviv$ combat1 7 ^? :i* display$ m>k$ qualities ( sup]iority 9 allegiance1 fidelity1 & social cop]ation4 ,! int5sity & effectiv5ess ( social cop]ation 9 our own c\ntry 0 nev] s well illu/rat$ z dur+ ! ,great ,w>4 ,9 combat betwe5 gr\ps ^? gr\ps survive :i* d /& out 9 ^! respects4 ,william ,james 9 a fam\s essay#a recognizes cle>ly ! enorm\s value ( ! fight+ in/9ct 9 /imulat+ action to an int5se effectiv5ess exhibit$ "u no o!r circum/ances1 & proposes a moral equival5t = w>--an army devot$ to con/ructive ent]prises1 reclaim+ ! wa/e places ( ! l&1 w>r+ aga9/ pov]ty & disease & ! l4 ,c]ta9ly e great re=m movem5t has be5 int5sely /imulat$ & has ga!r$ ab\t x ! en]gies ( m5 :5 x has become a crusade = righte\sness4 ,"p ( ,!odore ,roosevelt's p[] 0 9 8 picturesque phras+ ( political issues z if !y 7 great moral /ruggles4 ,no "o c\ld =get1 or fail to h 8 he>t beat a trifle fa/] at ,roosevelt's trumpet call 9 ! #aiab campaign3 ,we /& at ,armag$don & we battle = ! ,"l4 ,8 ,big ,/ick became a pot5t political symbol4 ,a/ute political lead]s h n fail$ to capitalize ! fight+ in/9ct1 & any social project w enli/ ! wid] en?usiasm & ! m en]getic support if x is hail$ z a battle or fight aga9/ somebody or some?+4 ,footnote #a3 ,a ,moral ,equival5t ( ,w>1 9 ,memories & ,/udies4 ,9 p]sonal life also ! in/9ct ( pugnacity & ! feel+ ( ang] t goes ) x seem to set loose imm5se floods ( res]ve en]gy4 ,mc,dougall exagg]ates b a trifle :5 he says x supplies ! ze/ & det]m9es ! =ms ( all our games & recreations1 & n9e t5?s ( ! _w's "w is done by x4 ,our educational sy/em is f\nd$ ^u x2 x is ! social =ce und]ly+ an imm5se am\nt ( /r5u\s ex]tion2 to x we owe 9 a great measure ev5 our sci5ce1 our lit]ature1 & our art2 = x is a /rong1 p]haps an ess5tial1 elem5t ( ambition1 t la/ infirmity ( noble m9ds4#a ,9 ! ov]com+ ( ob/acles1 :e!r 9 ! "w itself1 or 9 ! difficulties t a surgeon or a s*ol> meets )1 or 9 fru/rations delib]ately put 9 our way by o!r p1 pugnacity is an invaluable /imulant & su/a9] ( action4 ,e great p]sonality ( /rong convictions & dom9ant en]gy has possess$ x to "s ext5t2 9 *>act]s ( great moral en]gy x sometimes takes ! =m ( a volcanic & virtu\s wra?1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 or ( lat] religi\s & social re=m]s :o br\ght an e>ne/ & bitt] ang] aga9/ ! wrongs !y saw & lit]ally f\ght to ov]come4 ,footnote #a3 ,mc,dougall3 loc4 cit41 p4 #bid4 ,,! ,,submissive ,,in/9ct4 ,( great importance 9 ! social relations ( m5 is _! orig9al t5d5cy to f9d satisfaction 9 foll[+1 p>tly submitt+ to1 or completely surr5d]+ to a p]son or cause m dom9at+ ?an ! individual4 ,?orndike describes ?is in/9ct 9 its simple/ =m3 ,!re is an orig9al t5d5cy to respond to ! situation1 ! pres5ce ( a human be+ l>g] ?an "o's self1 ( angry or ma/]+ aspect1 & to bl[s & re/ra9t by submissive behavior4 ,:5 weak f w\nds1 sickness1 or fatigue1 ! t5d5cy is /rong]4 ,! man :o is bigg]1 :o c outyell & out/>e u1 :o c hit u )\t our hitt+ him1 & :o c keep u f mov+1 does orig9ally extort a cre/fall51 aba%$ physique & m9d4 ,wom5 9 g5]al are ?us by orig9al nature submissive to m5 9 g5]al4 ,e human be+ ?us t5ds by orig9al nature to arrive at a /atus ( ma/]y or submission t[>d e o!r human be+1 & ev5 "u ! m intellig5t cu/oms ( civiliz$ life some:at ( ! t5d5cy p]si/s 9 _m m54#a ,footnote #a3 ,?orndike3 ,educational ,psy*ology1 brief] c\rse1 p4 #cd4 ,! impulse to foll[ & submit to some?+ n ourselves & m dom9at+ ?an ourselves is v /rong 9 mo/ m51 & is call$ out by /imuli mu* less viol5t ?an ^? physical manife/ations ( p[] m5tion$ 9 ! above quotation4 ,m5 in/9ctively long to be l$1 especially if1 z happ5s 9 ! case ( mo/ individuals1 !re is 9 !m a m>k$ abs5ce ( def9ite int]e/1 conviction1 or skill4 ,?is in/9ct is ar\s$ by any sign ( exceptional p[]1 or1 m g5]ally /ill1 by any exceptional conspicu\sness1 :e!r socially useful or n4 ,m5 foll[ lead]s p>tly because m5 live 9 gr\ps ) common int]e/s & 9 any l>ge-scale organization lead]%ip is necess>y4 ,b ! p[] ( demagogues1 ! fai?fulness ) :i* m5 w foll[ a bad lead] z well z a good1 are evid5ce t m5 f9d an in/9ctive satisfaction 9 submission4 ,self-dep5d5ce /&s out z a virtue or an accompli%m5t precisely because mo/ m5 feel s utt]ly at sea )\t any loyalty1 allegiance1 or devotion4 ,any "o :o has sp5t a summ] at a boy's camp w recall ! helplessness ( y\ng/]s to m>k out a program = !mselves & to keep !mselves happy on ! "o aft]noon :5 !re 0 no (ficial program ( play4 ,half ! mis*ief p]=m$ on su* occasions is initiat$ by "s boy ) j a little m indep5d5ce & p]suasiv5ess ?an ! o!rs4 ,& x is n only among *ildr5 t !re is ev9c$ an almo/ pa!tic bewild]m5t & unre/ 9 ! abs5ce ( a lead]4 ,!re is an equally pa!tic & sometimes dang]\s atta*m5t among adults to ! fir/ sign ( lead]%ip t makes its appe>ance4 ,! demoraliz+ au?ority ( ! w>d heel] is sometimes dep5d5t on no m tru/wor?y an index ( real p[] ?an a boom+ voice1 a r\gh cam>ad]ie1 & a physically big p]sonality4 ,& !re are1 on ! o!r h&1 in/ances :]e lack ( lead]%ip seem$ to be ! *ief reason :y c]ta9 classes ( labor 7 unable to make _! dem&s effective at a mu* e>li] date ?an !y did4 ,9 ! fir/ really big /rike 9 ! telephone indu/ry 9 ,bo/on dur+ ! autumn ( #aiah success seems to h be5 *iefly due to ! rem>kable lead]%ip ( "o ( ! "y wom5 op]ators1 a type ( lead]%ip :i* seems to h appe>$ n[h]e else 9 ! telephone indu/ry4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ! article by ,wm4 ,h>d 9 ! ,new ,republic1 ,may #c1 #aiai4 ,! in/9ct ( submissiv5ess1 z has be5 po9t$ out 9 connection ) ! discussion ( all ! o!r ( man's orig9al t5d5cies1 is n only /rong1 b may f9d its outlets 9 atta*m5t1 bo? to desirable & to undesirable p]sons or objects4 ,once ar\s$1 atta*m5t & submission may become z /an* z !y are bl9d4 ,! signs :i* ar\se our loyalty may be & mo/ frequ5tly are gl>+ r ?an important4 ,z ,trott] phrases x3 ,! rational basis ( ! relation foll[+ a lead] is1 h[ev]1 se5 to be at any rate op5 to discussion :5 we consid] ! qualities 9 a lead] ^u :i* 8 au?ority s (t5 re/s1 = !re c be little d\bt t _! appeal is m g5]ally to in/9ct ?an to reason4 ,9 ord9>y politics x mu/ be admitt$ t ! gift ( public speak+ is ( m decisive value ?an any?+ else4 ,if a man is flu5t1 dextr\s1 & ready on ! plat=m1 he possesses ! "o indisp5sable requisite = /atesman%ip2 if 9 addition he has ! gift ( mov+ deeply ! emotions ( 8 he>]s1 8 capacity = guid+ ! inf9ite complexities ( national life becomes und5iable4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t no exceptional degree ( any o!r capacity is necess>y to make a successful lead]4 ,!re ne$ be no specially ardu\s tra9+1 no great weight ( k1 ei!r ( affairs or ! human he>t1 no receptiv5ess to new ideas1 no outlook into reality4#a ,footnote #a3 ,trott]1 p4 #aaf4 ,?\gh ^! be picturesquely exagg]at$ /atem5ts1 !y d indicate ! fact t ! outw>d signs ( lead]%ip1 ( a conspicu\sly emotional sort1 may be m significant 9 det]m9+ ! atta*m5ts & loyalties ( human be+s1 ?an are g5u9e m>ks ( capacity 9 ! direction ( political & social affairs4 ,?is pron\nc$ t5d5cy on ! "p ( human be+s to foll[ a lead1 & anybody's lead1 z x 71 has ! mo/ s]i\s dang]s4 ,x means t a man ) qualities t sway m5's emotions & /ir _! imag9ations c atta* to himself ! pr(\nde/ loyalties = p]sonal or class ends4 ,! gifts ( p]sonal magnetism1 ( a k9dly voice1 an air ( confid5ce & calmness1 exub]ant vitality1 & a s5sitivity to o!r p's feel+s1 along ) "s ( ! g5u9e qualities ( effective & exp]t control ( m5 & affairs1 may be us$ by a demagogue z well z by a really devot$ s]vant ( ! popul> good1 by an ,alcibiades z well z by a ,g>ibaldi1 by a conqu]+ ,napoleon z well z by a ,l9coln4 ,our in/9cts ( foll[+ & submission1 ap>t f education1 are z easily ar\s$ by speci\s signs ( social p[] & conspicu\sness z by signs ( m5tal effectiv5ess & g5u9e altrui/ic int]e/4 ,! exploitation ( ^! t5d5cies by selfi% lead]s is !re=e p>ticul>ly easy4 ,! l>ge circulation ( ! yell[ press1 ! p[] 9 politics ( ! unscrupul\s1 ! selfi%1 & ! second-rate1 are symptoms ( h[ m5's natural t5d5cy to foll[ has be5 play$ ^u 9 support ( plans & ambitions :i* w\ld n be sanction$ by _! reason4 ,! g5ius = lead]%ip has be5 exhibit$ 9 crim9al gangs1 9 conque/s & 9 fanaticism1 z well z 9 ! promotion ( good gov]nm5t1 ( bett] labor conditions & bett] education4 ,b progress 9 ^! la/-nam$ is dep5d5t on ! utilization ( m5's submissiv5ess by lead]s int]e/$ 9 ! promotion ( desirable social ent]prises4 ,:ile m5 may be s easily l$1 !y are responsive to lead]%ip 9 good directions z well z bad4 ,no great social movem5ts1 ! free+ ( slaves1 ! ga9+ ( univ]sal suffrage1 ! bett]+ ( factory conditions1 fre$om ( ?\ght & action1 c\ld h ga9$ headway if m5 _h be5 born unwill+ to foll[4 ,!re are 7see *apt] ,,ix7 in]adicable diff]5ces 9 capacity betwe5 m51 & if ! un9=m$ & ! socially helpless c\ld n be ar\s$ to foll[ ^? great bo? 9 m9d & magnanimity1 x is difficult to see h[ ! lot ( mank9d ev] c\ld h1 or ev] c improve4 ,a good lead] may make m5 support1 out ( in/9ctive loyalty1 purposes & plans :i*1 if !y completely und]/ood !m1 !y w\ld support out ( reason4 ,up to ! pres5t mo/ p h be51 & w probably rema9 = a long "t to come1 too ill-educat$ or too poorly end[$ by nature to und]/& ! be>+s ( ! great social movem5ts 9 :i* !y are involv$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 x is a matt] ( congratulation t _! in/9ct ( submission c be utiliz$ 9 ! int]e/s ( _! welf>e :i* !y frequ5tly n only d n "k h[ to obta91 b d n und]/&4 ,! ,roman populace1 en*ant$ by ,augu/us1 foll[ him to greatness1 )\t compreh5d+ ! imp]ial de/9y :i* !y are help+ to build4 ,! b>b>ian hordes affectionately foll[+ ! lead ( ,*>lemagne incid5tally help to build ! :ole edifice ( ,european civilization4 ,,m5 ,,display ,,qualities ,,( ,,lead]%ip4 ,! obv]se ( man's t5d5cy to foll[ a lead is1 ( c\rse1 8 t5d5cy to take x4 ,individuals t5d to display p]si/5tly & conspicu\sly j ^? qualities :i* w w9 !m ! allegiance ( o!rs4 ,! in/9ct ( self-display is manife/$ by _m ( ! high] social or greg>i\s animals4444 ,p]haps among mammals ! horse displays x mo/ cle>ly4 ,! muscles ( all p>ts are /rongly inn]vat$1 ! creature holds himself erect1 8 neck is ar*$1 8 tail lift$1 8 motions become sup]flu\sly vigor\s & ext5sive1 he lifts 8 ho(s high 9 air z he p>ades be=e ! eyes ( 8 fell[s4444 ,_m *ildr5 cle>ly exhibit ?is in/9ct ( self-display2 be=e !y c walk or talk ! impulse f9ds its satisfaction 9 ! admir+ gaze or plaudits ( ! family circle z ea* new acquirem5t is practic$2 a little lat] x is /ill m cle>ly express$ by ! frequ5tly repeat$ comm&1 ,see me d ?is1 or ,see h[ well ,i c d s & s2 & = _m a *ild m ?an half ! delight ( rid+ on a pony1 ( we>+ a new coat1 consi/s 9 ! satisfaction ( ?is in/9ct1 & vani%es if !re be no spectators4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mc,dougall2 loc4 cit41 pp4 #fb-fd4 ,individuals ?us in/9ctively love to /& out f _! fell[s1 to outdi/ance & outclass !m4 ,& ! qualities ( lead]%ip are n infrequ5tly /imulat$ by ?is competition ) o!rs1 = place1 p[]1 di/9ction4 ,to w9 ! allegiance & loyal affection ( m5 means t "o's own p]sonality is enhanc$2 "o /&s out z a man ( affairs1 a social or political lead]1 a guide to o!rs 9 action or ?\ght4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 ! qualities t w w9 ! submission & loyalty ( o!rs v>y widely4 ,9 ! case ( "o man x may be a *>m+ smile & a gift ( say+ /rik+ & /irr+ r ?an significant ?+s4 ,9 ! case ( ano!r x may be 8 air ( imm5se confid5ce1 re/ra9t1 & res]ve4 ,x may be brute =ce or a t]rible e>ne/ness2 x may ev5 be1 z 9 ! case ( c]ta9 religi\s re=m]s1 extraord9>y g5tl5ess4 ,g>ibaldi inspir$ among m5 ( ! mo/ v>i\s temp]am5ts love t no?+ c\ld %ake1 & devotion t fell little %ort ( idolatry4 ,he enjoy$ ! wor%ip & ca/ ! spell ( a leg5d>y h]o4 ,alcibiades *>m$1 despite ! pat5t evil he wr\ght1 by 8 magical p]sonal beauty & grace4 ,v&amme said ( ,napoleon3 ,t devil ( a man ex]cises on me a fasc9ation t ,i _c expla9 to myself1 & 9 su* a degree t1 ?\gh ,i fe> nei!r ,god nor devil1 :5 ,i am 9 8 pres5ce ,i am ready to tremble l a *ild1 & he c\ld make me g ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le to ?r[ myself into ! fire4 ,aug]eau is /upefi$ at _! fir/ meet+1 & confesses aft]w>ds t ?is little devil ( a g5]al has inspir$ him ) awe4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see *apt] ,,xxi on ,p]sonality 9 ,ross's ,social ,control4 ,m5's qualities ( lead]%ip dep5d1 h[ev]1 n only on _! p]sonal *>m1 b on c]ta9 seem+ or g5u9e symptoms ( effectiv5ess4 ,evid5ces ( /rong det]m9ation1 ( a sweep+ imag9ation1 ( calm1 ( confid5ce1 ( en?usiasm1 ( qualities possess$ by ! va/ majority only 9 m9or degrees1 w9 m5's admiration & devotion because !y are associat$ ) ! ability to accompli% great ends1 to d ! unusual1 to succe$ :]e mo/ p fail4 ,mo/ m5 are s consci\s ( _! limitations & ! difficulties ( any ent]prise :i* !y und]take t at any sign ( exceptional tal5t1 :e!r real or app>5t1 !y w commit _! respect1 _! en]gies1 & sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( a religi\s crusade1 _! lives4 ,= good or evil1 ! possession1 ! cultivation1 & ! exhibition ( ! qualities ( lead]%ip give m5 enorm\s p[]4 ,!re 0 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury a hi/orical fa%ion1 brilliantly exemplifi$ by ,c>lyle1 to assume t hi/ory 0 made by great m54 ,latt]ly1 !re has be5 wide diss5t f ?is simplification ( ! processes ( hi/ory1 b x is cle> t innovations mu/ be />t$ by individuals1 & t a p[]ful lead] is a mat*less in/rum5t = initiat+1 & gett+ wide & en?usia/ic support = *anges1 :e!r good or bad4 ,to quote ,c>lyle's eloqu5t exagg]ation3 ,=1 z ,i take x1 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 ! hi/ory ( :at man has accompli%$ 9 ?is _w1 is at ! bottom ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,m5 :o h work$ "h4 ,!y 7 ! lead]s ( m51 444 ! creators ( :atsoev] ! g5]al mass ( m5 contriv$ to d or to atta92 all ?+s t we see /&+ accompli%$ 9 ! _w are prop]ly ! out] mat]ial result1 ! practical realization & embodim5t1 ( ?\ghts t dwelt 9 ! ,great ,m5 s5t into ! _w3 ! s\l ( ! :ole _w's hi/ory1 x may ju/ly be consid]$1 0 ! hi/ory ( ^!4444 ,c\ld we see !m well1 we %\ld get "s glimpses into ! v m>r[ ( ! _w's hi/ory4#a ,footnote #a3 ,c>lyle3 ,h]oes & ,h]o-,wor%ip1 ,lecture ,i4 ,lat] ,nietzs*e made mu* ( ?is same idea1 ( ! ,sup]man /rid+ ?r\gh ! _w & *ang+ its de/9y1 al?\gh 9 ,nietzs*e ! ,sup]man 0 an end 9 himself r ?an ! s]vant ( ! _w 9 :i* he liv$4 ,to mo/ hi/orical writ]s to-day ! =ces at "w 9 hi/ory are mu* too complex to be dismiss$ ) any su* simple melodrama4 ,b !re rema9 /rik+ te/imonies ( ! influ5ce ( lead]s4 ,! sweep ( ,mohamm$anism into ,europe 0 initiat$ by ! burn+ & contagi\s zeal ( "o religi\s en?usia/4 ,! campaign aga9/ slav]y 9 ?is c\ntry assum$ l>ge proportions ?r\gh ! /r5u\s lead]%ip ( ! ,g>risons & ! ,w5dell ,phillipses4 ,9 our own day we h se5 ! same ph5om5on2 ! great political & social *anges ( ! la/ g5]ation h all _h _! special advocates & lead]s :o1 if !y 7 m]ely express+ ! _s ( ! times1 yet did give t _s expression4 ,e re=m or revolution has its lead+ spirits4 ,t lead]%ip is n ! "o ess5tial goes )\t say+2 !re h be5 great guides ( repeat$ly lo/ causes4 ,b _m great causes may h be5 lo/ ?r\gh ! want ( good lead]%ip4 ,9 contempor>y life lead]%ip is n always directly p]sonal1 b is c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! newspap]s & p]iodicals4 ,b ?is m]ely means t a lead] may rea* a wid] audi5ce2 he rea*es ?\s&s ?r\gh picture & pr9t1 in/ead ( hundr$s by ^w ( m\?4 ,qualities ( lead]%ip may be utiliz$ 9 ! support ( ! cu/om>y or ! e/abli%$1 z well z 9 initiation & support ( ! novel4 ,p ape ! great1 or ^? t pass = great1 9 mann]s & morals4 ,! words ( a di/+ui%$ public man h pre/ige 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! e/abli%$4 ,m5 w foll[1 & if ! socially conspicu\s lead !m along ! ways ( ! e/abli%$1 !y w foll[ !re z readily &1 be+ creatures ( habit1 (t5 m readily ?an along new pa?s4 ,! imm5se foll[+ among ! l[] social classes t ! ,cons]vative ,p>ty _h 9 ,engl& all ?r\gh ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ! face ( propos$ *anges t w\ld h bett]$ _! own conditions1 is an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ?is4 ,?is is p>tly because ! influ5ce ( lead]s is dep5d5t on _! social /atus z well z _! p]sonal qualities4 ,! op9ions ( inv5tors & big bus9ess m5 are tak5 ) eag]ness & cr$ulity ev5 :5 t\*+ matt]s outside _! own field4 ,a man is made1 z x 71 ipso facto1 a lead]1 by be+ ri*1 p[]ful1 ( a socially di/+ui%$ family1 or ! director ( a l>ge indu/ry1 al?\gh he may h1 besides1 qualities ( lead]%ip t d n dep5d on 8 social position4 ,,man ,,pities ,,& ,,protects ,,weak ,,& ,,suff]+ ,,?+s4 ,ne>ly all human be+s exhibit a t5d5cy to protect weak & suff]+ ?+s4 ,?is impulse is closely relat$ to1 & probably has its orig9 9 ! p>5tal in/9ct1 m common1 ( c\rse1 9 wom5 ?an 9 m54 ,! feel+ ( affectionate pity & ! impulse to rescue f pa9 are mo/ int5se :5 ! di/ress$ ?+ is a *ild1 & p>ticul>ly "o's own4 ,"o ( ! mo/ poignant in/ances extant is ! spee* ( ,&roma*e1 "o ( ! ,trojan wom5 9 ,euripides's play ( t "n1 to h] *ild :o is ab\t to be sla9 by ! ,greeks3 ,& none to pity !e6444 ,?\ little ?+1 ,t curle/ 9 my arms1 :at sweet sc5ts cl+ ,all r\nd ?y neck6 ,belov$2 c x be ,all no?+1 t ?is bosom cradl$ !e ,& fo/]$2 all ! we>y nights :]e?r\gh ,i wat*$ ^u ?y sickness1 till ,i grew ,wa/$ ) wat*+8 ,kiss me4 ,?is "o "t2 ,n ev] aga94 ,put up ?9e arms & climb ,ab\t my neck2 n[ kiss me1 lips to lips444 ,o ye h f\nd an angui% t out/rips ,all tortures ( ! ,ea/1 ye g5tle ,greeks6 ,:y w ye slay ?is innoc5t t seeks ,no wrong8444#a ,footnote #a3 ,euripides3 '',trojan ,wom5'' 7,gilb]t ,murray translation71 p4 #di4 ,b ! t5d] emotion z ,mc,dougall calls x1 is ar\s$ by o!r *ildr5 ?an "o's own1 & by o!rs ?an *ildr54 ,x is call$ out p>ticul>ly by ?+s t are by nature helpless & delicate1 b may be ar\s$ by adults :o are plac$ 9 situations :]e !y are suff]+ & p[]less4 ,samson1 %orn ( 8 /r5g?1 has be5 a traditional occasion = pa?os4 ,! sick1 ! b]eav$1 ! d[n-&-out]s1 ! failures1 ! =lorn & brok5-he>t$1 call out 9 mo/ m5 an impulse to befri5d & protect4 ,^? :o h be5 dealt ) unju/ly or sev]ely by _! associates & society & :o h no r$ress1 ! pov]ty-/rick51 ! crim9al :o has be5 puni%$ & rema9s an exile1 ! maim$ & de=m$1 ! wid[ & orphan1 all ^!1 ar\se1 ap>t f ! re/ra9+ =ce ex]cis$ by o!r in/9cts & habits1 su* z ang] & disgu/1 a natural t5d5cy to pity & aid4 ,! p>5tal in/9ct 9 its direct & primitive =m is responsible = ! clos5ess ( family relations1 a mo/ important consid]ation 9 ! case ( humans :o h1 z already discuss$1 a long p]iod ( infancy dur+ :i* !y are absolutely dep5d5t on _! eld]s4 ,9 ! high] species1 writes ,mc,dougall1 ,! protection & *]i%+ ( ! "y is ! con/ant & all-absorb+ occupation ( ! "m1 to :i* %e devotes all h] en]gies1 & 9 ! c\rse ( :i* %e w at any "t und]go privation1 pa91 & dea?4 ,! in/9ct becomes m p[]ful ?an any o!r1 & c ov]ride any o!r1 ev5 fe> itself4#b ,:]ev] ! p[] ( ! p>5tal in/9ct has wan$1 z 9 ,greek & ,roman society1 ! civilization 9 :i* t deg5]ation occurr$ 0 subject$ to rapid decay4#c ,footnote #b3 ,mc,dougall3 loc4 cit41 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #c3 ,cf4 ,ibid41 p4 #bga4 ,! p>5tal in/9ct 9 its m g5]al =m ( pity & protectiv5ess t[>d all weak & suff]+ ?+s is1 9 ! m9ds ( _m morali/s1 ! orig9 ( all altrui/ic s5tim5ts & actions1 & at ! same "t ! moral indignation :i* insi/s on ! puni%m5t ( wrong-do]s4 ,x is cle>ly app>5t 9 su* movem5ts z ! ,societies = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr5 or to ,animals1 ! antivivisection crusade1 & ! l4 ,b accord+ to su* a di/+ui%$ morali/ z ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ! :ole sy/em ( ju/ice & puni%m5t has its orig9s 9 ?is t5d] feel+ = ^? :o h be5 wrong$4 ,,fe>4 ,fe> is "o ( ! lea/ specializ$ ( human traits1 be+ call$ out 9 a great v>iety ( situations1 & result+ 9 a great v>iety ( responses4 ,! mo/ obvi\s symptom ( fe> is flight1 b !re may be a doz5 o!r responses4 ,cr\*+1 cl++1 />t+1 trembl+1 rema9+ /ock /ill1 cov]+ ! eyes1 op5+ ! m\? & eyes1 a tempor>y cessation foll[$ by an accel]ation ( ! he>t-beat1 difficulty 9 brea?+1 pal5ess1 sweat+1 & erection ( ! hair are responses ( :i* c]ta9 ones seem b\nd1 ap>t f tra9+1 to c]ta9 situations1 su* z sudd5 l\d noises or clut*es1 ! sudd5 appe>ance ( /range objects1 ?und] & lightn+1 lonel9ess & ! d>k4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?orndike3 loc4 cit41 p4 #bj4 ,9 g5]al1 ! m>k$ physical reactions & deep emotional di/urbance t we call fe> are ar\s$ by any?+ l\d or /range1 or t has outw>d signs ( possible dang] to ourselves1 su* z a l>ge wild animal approa*+ u4 ,9 civiliz$ man1 ^: life is comp>atively %elt]$1 !re are consid]able individual diff]5ces 9 susceptibility to fe>1 & 9 ! int5sity ) :i* x controls ! individual4 ,b !re are c]ta9 typical situations t call x =?4 ,among "y *ildr51 & n mu* less s among adults1 fe> is ar\s$ by any sudd5 l\d noise1 by /range m5 & /range animals1 black ?+s & d>k places1 v]m91 su* z spid]s & snakes1 among a great _m adults fe> ( high places1 &1 among a few ag>aphobia or fe> ( op5 spaces4#a ,! deep-seat$ness ( fe> has be5 expla9$ by ! fact t mo/ ( ! ?+s :i* in/9ctively ar\se fe> 71 9 primitive life1 ! s\rce ( v real dang] & t "u ^? conditions1 :]e x 0 absolutely ess5tial to bew>e ( ! unfamili> & ! /range1 only ^? animals surviv$ :o 7 equipp$ ) su* a protective me*anism z fe> provides4 ,footnote #a3 ,= a discussion ( ^!1 see ,james3 ,psy*ology1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dae ff4 ,! in/9ct ( fe> has important social consequ5ces1 especially z its influ5ce is n infrequ5tly clo!d ov] ) reasons4 ,9 savage life1 z ,mc,dougall po9ts out1 fe> ( physical puni%m5t inflict$ by ! ang] ( 8 fell[s mu/ h be5 ! great ag5t ( discipl9e ( primitive man2 ?r\gh su* fe> he mu/ fir/ h le>n$ to control & regulate 8 impulses 9 con=mity ) ! ne$s ( social life4#b ,9 contempor>y society fe> is n s explicitly pres5t1 b x is /ill a deep-seat$ p[] ov] m5's lives4 ,fe> ( puni%m5t may n be ! only reason :y citiz5s rema9 law-abid+1 b x is an important control ov] _m ( ! less intellig5t & ! less socially m9d$4 ,9 an unideal society !re are /ill _m :o w d z mu* evil z is )9 ! law1 & fe> ( ! consequ5ces ( fail+ a c\rse is among "s contempor>y und]graduates /ill an indisp5sable /imulus ( /udy4 ,footnote #b3 ,mc,dougall3 loc4 cit41 p4 #cjc4 ,fe> plays a "p1 h[ev]1 n only 9 prev5t+ p f break+ ! law1 b (t5 f liv+ _! lives freely & aft] _! own convictions4 ,z has be5 /rik+ly po9t$ out by ,hilaire ,belloc & ,hobson1 "o ( ! greate/ evils ( our pres5t hit-or-miss me?ods ( employm5t is ! fe> ( los+ 8 job1 ! uncom=table feel+ ( insecurity (t5 felt by ! work+man :o1 hav+ s frequ5tly no?+ to /ore up aga9/ a ra9y day1 lives 9 p]petual fe> ( sickness or dis*>ge4 ,9 e>li] times fe> ( ! consequ5ces ( express+ diss5t f e/abli%$ op9ions & beliefs 0 "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( social in]tia4 ,:]e excommunication1 torture1 & dea? foll[$ diss5t1 x is n surpris+ t m5 fe>$ to be diss5t]s4 ,9 contempor>y society "u normal conditions m5 h mu* less to fe> 9 ! way ( puni%m5t1 b may accept ! traditional & conv5tional because !y fe> ! consequ5ces ( be+ diff]5t1 ev5 if ^? consequ5ces are n any?+ m s]i\s ?an a p]sonal snub4 ,:ile m5 fe> to diss5t because ( ! disapproval to :i* !y may be subject$1 diss5t1 ! novel & /range 9 action & op9ion are !mselves fe>$ by mo/ m5 because ( ! unkn[n & unpr$ictable consequ5ces to :i* !y may lead4 ,m5 7 at fir/ afraid ( ! /eam-eng9e & ! locomotive4 ,m5 /ill fe> novel political & social ideas be=e !y c possibly und]/& :at !y h to be afraid (4 ,! fact t ?\ght s cont9ually turns up ! novel & ! /range is1 accord+ to ,b]tr& ,russell1 precisely ! reason :y mo/ m5 are afraid to ?9k4 ,& fe> ( ! novel1 ! /range1 ! unaccu/om$ is1 z 9 ! case ( _m o!r in/9cts1 a p]fectly natural means ( protection t w\ld o!rwise h to be s\ght by elaborate processes ( reason4 ,9 :at we call prud5ce1 caution1 & c>e1 fe> und\bt$ly plays "s "p1 & ,plato long ago po9t$ out x is only ! fool1 n ! brave man1 :o is utt]ly unafraid4l ,footnote #a3 ,protagoras4 ,psy*ologi/s may be said to diff] l>gely z to ! utility ( fe>4 ,!y are ne>ly all agre$ t 9 ! =e/ life :i* 0 man's orig9ally1 fe> _h its specific m>k$ advantages4 ,op5 spaces1 d>k cav]ns1 l\d noises 7 und\bt$ly associat$ v frequ5tly ) dang] to ! primitive savage1 & an in/9ctive recoil f ^! c5t]s ( disa/] 0 und\bt$ly ( survival value4 ,b !re is an increas+ t5d5cy to disc\nt ! utility ( fe> 9 civiliz$ life4 ,_m ( ! manife/ations ( fe> mu/ be reg>d$ z pa?ological1 r ?an useful4444 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( timidity obvi\sly adapts u to ! _w we live 91 b ! fe> p>oxysm is surely altoge!r h>mful to him :o is its prey4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james3 ,psy*ology1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dai4 ,fe> & worry1 :i* is a cont9u\s =m ( fe>1 9 g5]al h9d] action r ?an promote x4 ,9 its extreme =m x br+s ab\t complete p>alysis1 z 9 ! case ( t]ror-/rick5 hunt$ animals4 ,:5 humans or animals are utt]ly t]rifi$ ev5 dea? may result4 ,?is fact t fe> h9d]s action1 sometimes mo/ s]i\sly1 seems to "s philosophic writ]s1 especially ,b]tr& ,russell1 a key fact = social life4 ,no in/itution1 he writes1 inspir$ by fe>1 c fur!r life4#b ,& 9 ano!r connection3 ,9 ! _w z we h be5 imag9+ x1 economic fe> w be remov$ out ( life4444 ,no "o w be haunt$ by ! dread ( pov]ty4444 ,! unsuccessful pr(essional man w n live 9 t]ror le/ 8 *ildr5 %\ld s9k 9 ! scale4444 ,9 su* a _w1 mo/ ( ! t]rors t lurk 9 ! backgr\nd ( m5's m9ds w no long] exi/4#c ,9 ! daily lives ( mo/ m5 & wom51 fe> plays a great] "p ?an hope4 ,x is n s t life %\ld be liv$4#d ,footnote #b3 ,b]tr& ,russell3 ,:y ,m5 ,fight1 p4 #ahj4 ,footnote #c3 ,russell3 ,propos$ ,roads to ,fre$om1 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #d3 ,ibid41 p4 #ahf4 7,italics m9e47 ,,love ,,& ,,hate4 ,all human relations are qualifi$ by ! pres5ce1 m or less int5se1 ( emotion4 ,human be+s are n m]ely s _m items t are coldly c\nt$ & h&l$1 z "o c\nts & h&les p\nds ( sug> & pieces ( ma*9]y4 ,a man may ?us reg>d human be+s :5 he deals ) !m 9 mass1 or ?9ks ( !m 9 /ati/ical tables or 9 ! r\t9e ( a gov]nm5t (fice4 ,b human be+s exp]i5ce "s emotional accompanim5t 9 _! deal+s ) individuals1 especially :5 face to face1 & exp]i5ce m especially1 9 v>y+ degrees1 ! emotions ( love or hate4 ,^! t]ms are "h us$ 9 ! g5]al s5se ( ! receptive1 positive1 or expansive attitude & ! cold1 negative1 repell5t1 & contractual attitude t[>d o!rs4 ,^! may bo? be int5se & consci\sly not$1 z 9 ! case ( long-*]i%$ & deep affections or antipa?ies to diff]5t individuals4 ,!y may appe> z a half-realiz$ s5se ( pleasure 9 ! m]e pres5ce & poise ( a p]son1 or a curi\s s5se ( discom=t & irritation at 8 appe>ance1 8 voice1 or 8 ge/ure4 ,^! attitudes1 ev5 :5 slight1 color & qualify our relations ) o!r individuals4 ,!y may1 9 _! l>g] manife/ations1 play s l>ge a "p1 t !y mu/ be consid]$ sep>ately1 & 9 detail4 ,,love4 ,love1 us$ 9 ?is broad s5se1 v>ies 9 int5sity4 ,x may be no?+ m--x c]ta9ly frequ5tly />ts z no?+ m--?an ! feel+1 s native z to be fairly call$ in/9ctive1 ( common sympa?y1 fell[ feel+1 imm$iate aff9ity ) ano!r4 ,! psy*ological orig9s ( ?is disposition h already be5 not$ 9 connection ) man's t5d5cy to exp]i5ce sympa!tically imm$iately ! emotions ( o!rs4 ,e bus9ess man1 lawy]1 tea*]1 any "o :o comes mu* into contact ) a wide v>iety ( p1 kn[s h[1 antec$5t to any exp]i5ce ) an individual's capacities or tal5ts1 or ev5 be=e "o _h a *ance to draw any inf]5ces f a p]son's walk1 8 be>+1 or 8 clo?+1 "o may regi/] an imm$iate l or dislike4 ,e "o has _h ! exp]i5ce 9 cross+ a college campus or rid+ 9 a tra9 or /reet c> ( not+1 9 pass+ "s "o :om "o has nev] se5 be=e1 an imm$iate reaction ( good-w & affection4 ,?is has be5 *>m+ly express$ by a well-kn[n ,engli% poet3 ,! /reet s\nds to ! soldi]s' tread1 ,& out we troop to see2 ,a s+le r$coat turns 8 head1 ,he turns & looks at me4 ,my man1 f sky to sky's s f>1 ,we nev] cross$ be=e2 ,su* leagues ap>t ! _w's ends are1 ,we're l to meet no m4 ,:at ?\ghts at he>t h y & ,i1 ,we _c /op to tell2 ,b dead or liv+1 drunk or dry1 ,soldi]1 ,i wi% y well4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a4 ,e4 ,h\sman3 ,! ,%rop%ire ,lad 7,john ,lane edition71 p4 #cb4 ,all affection = individuals probably />ts 9 ?is imm$iate in/9ctive lik+4 ,! fir/ note t gives sociability a p]sonal quality & raises ! comrade into an incipi5t fri5d is d\btless s5su\s aff9ity4 ,:atev] reaction we may ev5tually make on an impression1 aft] x has _h "t to soak 9 & to m]ge 9 "s practical or intellectual habit1 its fir/ assault is always on ! s5ses2 & no s5se is an indiff]5t organ4 ,ea* has1 s to speak1 its cong5ial rate ( vibration1 & gives its /imuli a v>y+ welcome4 ,little z we may att5d to ^! in/9ctive hospitalities ( s5se1 !y betray !mselves 9 unju/ifi$ likes & dislikes felt = casual p]sons & ?+s1 9 ! je ne sais quai t makes in/9ctive sympa?y4#b ,f ?is imm$iate in/9ctive lik+ x may rise to deep p]sonal atta*m5ts1 /rik+ly manife/$ 9 fri5d%ip & love betwe5 ! sexes1 bo? immemorially celebrat$ by poets & noveli/s4 ,love is ar\s$ *iefly by p]sons1 & among p]sons1 especially 9 ! case ( sexual love1 mo/ frequ5tly by m or less physical beauty & attractiv5ess4 ,b affection may be ar\s$ & is c]ta9ly su/a9$ by o!r ?an m]ely physical qualities4 ,footnote #b3 ,santayana3 ,reason 9 ,society1 p4 #aea4 ,x is provok$ by :at we call p]sonal or social *>m1 a g5u9e k9dl9ess ( mann]1 an op5-h&$ s9c]ity & frankness1 consid]at5ess1 g5tl5ess1 :imsicality4 ,:i* p>ticul> social graces w w9 our affections dep5ds ( c\rse on our own int]e/s1 equipm5t1 & fund ( in/9ctive & acquir$ sympa?ies4 ,popul> psy*ology has 9 v>i\s prov]bs hit at & n entirely miss$ "s ( ! obvi\s & contradictory elem5ts3 ,opposites attract1 ,birds ( a fea!r flock toge!r1 & s on4 ,intellectual qualities1 9 p]sons ( m>k$ intellectual int]e/s1 w also su/a9 fri5d%ip & deep5 an in/9ctive lik+4 ,fri5d%ips ?us beg9 9 accid5t & are cont9u$ ?r\gh community ( int]e/4 ,x is to be que/ion$ :e!r m]ely /rik+ intellectual qualities initiate a fri5d%ip4 ,!y may comm& admiration & respect1 b lik+1 fri5d%ip1 & love h a m emotional & p]sonal basis4 ,?is same w>m affectionate appreciation t ne>ly all p h = o!r p]sons1 few] p--great poets1 philosoph]s1 & en?usia/ic lead]s ( m5--h = causes1 in/itutions1 & ideas4 ,"o feels 9 ! works ( great ?9k]s ! same w>m? & loyalty to ideas & causes t ord9>y p display t[>d _! fri5ds4 ,plato has giv5 = all "t ! progress ( love f atta*m5t to a s+le individual ?r\gh to in/itutions1 ideas1 & :at he call$ my/ically ! idea ( beauty itself4 ,= he :o w\ld proce$ rightly 9 ?is matt] %\ld beg9 9 y\? to turn to beautiful =ms2 & fir/1 if 8 in/ructor guide him rightly1 he %\ld le>n to love "o su* =m only--out ( t he %\ld create fair ?\ghts1 & soon he w himself p]ceive t ! beauty ( "o =m is truly relat$ to ! beauty ( ano!r1 & !n if beauty 9 g5]al is 8 pursuit1 h[ fooli% w\ld he be n to recognize t ! beauty 9 e =m is "o & ! same6 ,& :5 he p]ceives ?is he w abate 8 viol5t love ( ! "o1 :i* he w despise & deem a small ?+1 & w become a lov] ( all beautiful =ms2 ?is w lead him on to consid] t ! beauty ( ! m9d is m honorable ?an ! beauty ( ! outw>d =m4 ,s t if a virtu\s s\l h b a little comel9ess1 he w be cont5t to love & t5d him444 until 8 belov$ is compell$ to contemplate & see ! beauty ( in/itutions & laws1 & und]/& t all is ( "o k9dr$2 & t p]sonal beauty is only a trifle2 & aft] laws & in/itutions1 he w lead him on to ! sci5ces1 t he may see _! beauty444 until at l5g? he gr[s & waxes /rong1 & at la/ ! vision is reveal$ to him ( a s+le sci5ce :i* is ! sci5ce ( beauty ev]y:]e4l ,footnote #a3 ,plato3 ,symposium 7,j[ett translation71 p4 #ejb4 ,!re h be5 aga9 great sci5ti/s :o h _h ! same w>m affectionate devotion = _! subject-matt] t mo/ m5 display t[>d p]sons4 ,!re are s*ol>s almo/ lit]ally 9 love ) _! subjects4 ,!re h be5 a great] numb] ^: capacity = affection has ext5d$ to include ! :ole human race1 &1 inde$1 all animate creation4 ,su* a type ( "* is beautifully exemplifi$ 9 ,sa9t ,francis ( ,assisi3 ,9 ,francis all liv+ creatures may truly be said to h f\nd a fri5d & b5efactor2 8 great he>t embrac$ all ! m5 & wom5 :o s\ght 8 sympa?y & advice1 & 8 pity = ! dumb helplessness ( suff]+ animals 0 deep & true4 ,he w\ld lift ! worm f 8 pa? le/ a c>eless foot %\ld cru% x1 & w\ld enc\rage 8 little si/] gras%opp] to p]* ^u 8 h&1 & *irp h] song to 8 g5tle e>4 ,he tam$ ! fi]ce wolf ( ,gubbio1 & f$ ! rob9s ) crumbs f 8 table4#a ,footnote #a3 ,g(f & ,k]r-,lawson3 ,assisi ( ,sa9t ,francis1 p4 #aba4 ,& ,*ri/ /&s1 ( c\rse1 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w1 z ! supreme symbol ( love = mank9d4 ,9 ord9>y m5 x is ?is g5]aliz$ affection :i* is at ! basis ( any su/a9$ int]e/ 9 philan?ropic or altrui/ic ent]prises4 ,no less ?an a l>ge & g5]\s affection = humanity is requir$ to enable m5 to endure = long ! dre>9ess & disillusion s (t5 incid5t to philan?ropic "w1 ! conflicts & disappo9tm5ts ( public adm9i/ration4 ,c]ta9ly ?is is true ( ! fir/ rank ( /atesm52 no *>act]ization ( ,l9coln fails to emphasize 8 ess5tial humanity & t5d]ness4 ,dis9t]e/$ love = humanity is normally mo/ int5se 9 ! adolesc5t4#b ,! pressure ( private conc]ns1 ( "o's n>r[+ int]e/ 9 "o's own c>e]1 "o's own family1 & small circle ( fri5ds1 ! re/riction ( "o's sympa?ies by fix$ habits & circumscrib$ exp]i5ce1 all t5d to damp5 by middle age ! ardor ( ! man :o z an und]graduate at eighte5 set out to make ! _w a bett] place to live 94 ,b m effective 9 damp5+ en?usiasm is ! disillusion & we>9ess t set 9 aft] a p]iod ( exub]ant & romantic b5evol5ce to mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,we call pessimi/s1 writes a contempor>y ,fr5* philosoph]1 ^? :o are 9 reality only disillusion$ optimi/s4#a ,s ! cynic may be fairly describ$ z a di%e>t5$ lov] ( m54 ,x is only an unusual gift ( affectionate good-w t enables mature m51 aft] r\gh & disillusion+ exp]i5ces 9 public life1 to ma9ta9 )\t s5tim5tality a g5u9e & p]si/5t int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( o!rs4 ,^? 9 :om ! fund ( human k9dness is sl5d] w1 & easily d1 become cynical & h>d4 ,footnote #b3 ,simeon ,/runsky has some:]e rem>k$3 ,at eighte5 a man is int]e/$ 9 causes2 at tw5ty-eight 9 commutation tickets4 ,footnote #a3 ,georges ,sorel3 ,reflection on ,viol5ce 7,engli% translation71 p4 #i4 ,! attitude ( affection = o!rs is pr(\ndly influ5tial 9 /imulat+ our int]e/ 9 specific individuals1 & modify+ our attitudes t[>d !m4 ,we _c help be+ m int]e/$ 9 ^? = :om we ent]ta9 affection ?an 9 ^? to :om we are indiff]5t4 ,9 ! same way our judgm5ts ( our own fri5ds1 families1 & *ildr5 are qualifi$ by our affection = !m4 ,p>5ts & lov]s are notori\sly p>tial1 & a fair judgm5t ( ! "w ( our fri5ds dem&s unusual cl>ity1 det]m9ation1 & poise4 ,9 a l>g] way ! g5]ally fri5dly attitude t[>ds o!rs1 g5ial expansive receptivity1 is at ! basis ( :at is call$ *>ity = human weakness4 ,! g5tle cynic c see & tol]ate o!r m5's weaknesses3 ,he kn[s h[ mu* ( :at m5 pa9t !mselves ,w\ld bli/] 9 ! light ( :at !y are2 ,he sees h[ mu* ( :at 0 great n[ %>es ,an em95ce trans=m$ & ord9>y2 ,he kn[s too mu* ( :at ! _w has hu%$ ,9 o!rs1 to be l\d n[ = himself4#b ,footnote #b3 ,edw9 ,arl+ton ,rob9son3 ,b5 ,jonson ,ent]ta9s a ,man f ,/rat=d1 9 8 ,man ,aga9/ ! ,sky4 ,! dev\tly religi\s h display$ ke5 psy*ological insight :5 !y made man's salvation dep5d5t on ,god's *>ity1 & id5tifi$1 z did ,dante1 *>ity ) love4#c ,footnote #c3 ,love & ! g5tle he>t are "o & ! same ?+4 ,! ,new ,life4 ,,xx 7son ,,xi7 ,amore e cor g5tile son una cosa4 ,to ,dante ! spontane\s impulse to love is ! basis ( all altruism4 ,to feel & to foll[ ?is impulse is to be truly noble1 to h a cor g5tile1 a g5tle he>t4 ,,hate4 ,hate may be describ$ z an extreme =m ( disaffection usually provok$ by "s m>k$ int]f]5ce ) our activities1 desires1 or ideals4 ,b 9 less int5se degree ! negative feel+ t[>ds o!rs may be provok$ imm$iately & unmi/akably by mo/ casual evid5ce ( voice1 mann]1 or be>+4 ,su* imm$iate revulsions ( feel+ contra/ ) ! in/ances ( in/9ctive sympa?y previ\sly cit$1 & are z direct & uncontrollable4 ,ev5 k9dly dispos$ p]sons _c help exp]i5c+ 9 ! pres5ce ( "s p]sons !y h nev] se5 be=e1 a half-consci\s ?rill ( repulsion or a dislike color$ ) dread4 ,a %ift+ gaze1 a noticeably pret5ti\s mann]1 a m>k$ obsequi\sness1 a grat+ voice1 a *illness ( demeanor1 a physical de=mity1 ^!1 h[ev] little !y may h to d ) a p]son's g5u9e qualities1 d affect our attitudes t[>d !m4 ,z ! famili> v]se has x3 ,i d n l y1 ,dr4 ,fell1 ,! reason :y ,i _c tell1 ,b ?is ,i "k1 & "k full well1 ,i d n l y1 ,dr4 ,fell4 ,we may lat] revise our e/imates1 b ! initial reaction is made1 & (t5 rema9s z a subconsci\s qualification ( our g5]al attitude t[>d ano!r4 ,p ( worldly exp]i5ce le>n to tru/ _! fir/ reactions1 to size a man up almo/ intuitively1 & to be surpris$ if _! fir/ impressions g a/ray4 ,f ?is m]ely in/9ctive revulsion ! negative attitude may rise to t t]rible =m ( de/ructive antipa?y :i* is hate1 z popul>ly und]/ood4 ,9 betwe5 lie degrees ( dislike dep5d+ p>tly on ! /r5g? ( ! initial antipa?y1 b equally s on ! degree to :i* o!rs1 :e!r p]sons1 in/itutions1 or ideas1 int]f]e ) our activities1 desires1 or ideals4 ,! man :o s]i\sly ob/ructs our love1 our pleasure1 or our ambition1 or :o tries to d s1 provokes hate1 & its concomitants ( jeal\sy1 rage1 & pugnacity4 ,x is n only t we dislike ! m]e pres5ce ( ! p]son 79 ! opposite case ! m]e pres5ce ( ! belov$ object is a joy71 b we dislike x = :at x port5ds 9 dang] & ?reat to ourselves4 ,! m s]i\s ! evil or disa/] = :i* a p]son comes to /&1 ! m viol5t ! hatr$ = him1 despite 8 p]sonal fasc9ations4 ,! villa9 is n infrequ5tly a damn$ smil+ villa94 ,! provocation ( hate is complicat$ by ! fact t x is closely associat$ ) fe>4 ,we dislike ^? :o ?reat5 our happ9ess p>tly because we fe> !m4 ,& we fe>1 z 0 po9t$ out 9 m detail 9 ! discussion ( t p[]ful human trait1 ! unfamili>1 ! /range1 ! />tl+1 ! unexpect$4 ,! facility ) :i* s5sational newspap]s c "w up 9 an ignorant population a hate = =eign nations1 especially ^? ( a totally ali5 civilization1 is made possible by ! fe> :i* ^! un9=m$ read]s c feel at ! dang]\s possibilities ( my/]i\s =eign hordes4 ,! fom5t+ ( fe> is 9 ne>ly all su* cases a pr]equisite to ! fom5t+ ( hate4 ,& ! promotion ( hate has hi/orically be5 "o ( ! frequ5t +r$i5ts ( int]national conflicts4 ,l love1 hate is pr(\ndly influ5tial 9 modify+ our int]e/ 9 p]sons & situations4 ,to dislike a p]son mod]ately is1 9 8 abs5ce1 to be indiff]5t to him4 ,to dislike him int5sely1 9 a s5se increases our int]e/ 9 him1 ?\gh p]v]sely4 ,j z we wi% ! belov$ p]son to succe$1 to ga9 honor & reputation & weal?1 s we long = & rejoice 9 ! d[nfall & discomfiture ( our enemies4 ,?us writes ! ,psalmi/3 ,arise1 ,o ,"l1 save me1 my ,god2 = ?\ has smitt5 all m9e enemies ^u ! *eekbone2 ?\ ha/ brok5 ! tee? ( ! ungodly4444 ,?\ ha/ also giv5 me ! necks ( m9e enemies t ,i might de/roy ^? t hate me4 ,hate may be direct$ aga9/ p]sons1 & usually x is4 ,b hatr$ may be direct$ aga9/ in/itutions & ideas z well4 ,= _m p]sons x w be impossible = a decade to li/5 to ,g]man music or ! ,g]man language1 s closely h ^! become associat$ 9 _! m9ds ) ideas & practices :i* !y dete/4 ,to a dogmatic ,calv9i/ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 bo? an h]etical cre$ & its practition]s1 7 objects ( abom9ation4 ,disappo9t$ m5 may take out 9 a sple5 & hatr$ ( mank9d _! p]sonal pique & balk$ desires4 ,great hates may be pres5t at ! same "t & 9 ! same p]sons z great loves4 ,inde$ = "s p]sons /r5g? 9 ! "o passion is impossible )\t a correspond+ /r5g? 9 its opposite4 ,we _c help hat+1 m or less1 n only ^? :o int]f]e ) our own welf>e1 b ) ! welf>e ( ^? :o1 be+ de> to u1 h become1 z we say1 a "p ( our lives4 ,?us writes ,b]tr& ,russell 9 ! introduction to 8 treatm5t ( "s ( ! radical social t5d5cies ( our own day3 ,:atev] bitt]ness or hate may be f\nd 9 ! movem5ts :i* we are to exam9e1 x is n bitt]ness or hate1 b love1 t is _! ma9spr+4 ,x is difficult n to hate ^? :o torture ! objects ( our love4 ,?\gh difficult1 x is n impossible2 b x requires a bread? ( outlook1 & a compreh5siv5ess ( und]/&+ :i* are n easy to pres]ve amid a desp]ate conte/4#a ,footnote #a3 ,russell3 ,propos$ ,roads to ,fre$om1 pp4 xvii-xviii4 ,hate may ?us be1 z great religi\s & social re=m]s illu/rate1 invok$ on ! side ( good z well z evil4 ,! prophets burn$ ) a righte\s indignation4 ,b hate is a viol5t & consum+ passion1 b5t on de/roy+ ob/acles r ?an solv+ problems4 ,x consumes 9 hatr$ = individuals su* en]gy z might m exp$iti\sly be devot$ to ! improvem5t ( ! circum/ances :i* make p d ! mean or small or bl9d actions :i* ar\se our wra?4 ,! complete meekness & humility prea*$ by ,*ri/ h n be5 tak5 lit]ally by ! natively pugnaci\s peoples ( ,europe4 ,b z ,james says sugge/ively3 ,love y\r enemies6 ,m>k y n simply ^? :o d n happ5 to be y\r fri5ds1 b y\r enemies1 y\r positive & active enemies4 ,ei!r ?is is a m]e ,ori5tal hyp]bole1 a bit ( v]bal extravagance1 mean+ only t we %\ld1 9 s f> z we c1 abate our animosities1 or else x is s9c]e & lit]al4 ,outside ( c]ta9 cases ( intimate individual relation1 x seldom has be5 tak5 lit]ally4 ,yet x makes "o ask ! "q3 ,c !re 9 g5]al be a level ( emotion s unify+1 s oblit]ative ( diff]5ces betwe5 man & man1 t ev5 enmity may come to be an irrelevant circum/ance & fail to inhibit ! fri5dli] int]e/s ar\s$4 ,if positive well-wi%+ c\ld atta9 s supreme a degree ( excitem5t1 ^? :o 7 sway$ by x might well seem sup]human be+s4 ,_! life w\ld be morally discrete f ! lives ( o!r m51 & !re is no say+444 :at ! effects might be3 !y might conceivably trans=m ! _w4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james3 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #bhc4 ,dislikes1 disagreem5ts1 native antipa?ies are n to be aboli%$1 human diff]5ces be+ in]adicable & human int]e/s1 ev5 9 an ideal society1 be+ 9 conflict4 ,b a ke5] appreciation ( o!r viewpo9ts1 :i* is possible ?r\gh education1 a less viol5t conc]n ) "o's own p]sonal int]e/s to ! exclusion ( all o!rs1 may greatly r$uce ! am\nt ( hate curr5t 9 ! _w1 & free m5's en]gies 9 passions m positive 9 _! fruits4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,dem& ,,= ,,privacy ,,& ,,individuality ,,privacy ,,& ,,solitude4 ,al?\gh "o ( man's mo/ p[]ful t5d5cies1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 is 8 desire to be ) 8 fell[s1 ?is desire is n unqualifi$4 ,j z m5 c be satiat$ ) too mu* eat+1 & irritat$ by too mu* inactivity1 s m5 become f$ up ) companion%ip4 ,! dem& = solitude & privacy is ?us fundam5tally a physiological dem&1 l ! dem& = re/4 ,! _w is too mu* ) u1 especially ! human _w4 ,companion%ip1 ev5 ( ! mo/ desirable k9d1 exhau/s n]v\s en]gy1 & may become positively fatigu+ & pa9ful4 ,to crave solitude is ?us n a sign ( man's unsociability1 b a sign m]ely t sociability1 l any o!r human t5d5cy1 becomes annoy+1 if too long or too /r5u\sly indulg$4 ,mu* ( ! neura/h5ia ( city life has be5 attribut$ to ! cont9ual contact ) o!r p1 & ! total inability ( mo/ city dwell]s to secure privacy = any consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,9 "s p a lifelong habit ( close contact ) l>ge numb]s ( p makes !m abnormally greg>i\s1 s t solitude1 ! normal me?od ( recup]ation f companion%ip1 becomes unbe>able4 ,few city dwell]s h n felt aft] a p]iod ( isolation 9 "s remote c\ntry place ! ne$ = ! social /imulus ( ! city4 ,b a normal human life dem&s a c]ta9 proportion ( solitude j z mu* z x dem&s ! companion%ip ( o!rs4 ,) ! spread ( education & ! g5]al enhancem5t ( ! s5se ( p]sonal selfhood & individuality among l>ge numb]s ( p1 ! dem& = privacy has increas$4 ,! mod]n read] is %ock$ to discov] 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,elizabe?an p]iod ! amaz+ lack ( a s5se ( privacy !re exhibit$4 ,9 contempor>y society ?is s5se & ! possibility ( its satisfaction are v>i\sly display$ on diff]5t economic & social levels4 ,9 ! conge/$ life ( ! t5em5ts x is almo/ impossible1 & _m social evils are to be trac$ to ! promiscu\s m+l+ ( l>ge families 7& sometimes additional bo>d]s7 9 conge/$ qu>t]s4 ,! dem& = privacy & solitude becomes acute among p :o d a great deal ( m5tal "w4 ,man1 says ,nietzs*e1 _c ?9k 9 a h]d1 & ! ?9k] has traditionally be5 pictur$ z a solit>y man4 ,?is is because quiet seems to be1 = mo/ m51 an ess5tial condition ( really creative ?\ght4 ,!re are "s m5 :o f9d x impossible to write :5 !re is ano!r p]son1 ev5 "o ( :om !y are fond1 9 ! same room4 ,no man1 writes ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas1 is likely to produce creative ?\ghts 7ei!r consci\sly or subconsci\sly7 if he is con/antly int]rupt$ by irregul> noises4 ,con/ant association ) o!r p means1 moreov]1 cont9ual di/raction by conv]sation :i* s]i\sly int]rupts a consecutive tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,! insi/5ce 9 public & college read+ rooms on absolute quiet is a device = secur+ z ne>ly z may be privacy 9 intellectual "w4 ,privacy is aga9 dem&$ z a matt] ( emotional protection 9 individuals 9 :om !re is a highly s5sitive developm5t ( p]sonal selfhood4 ,we l to keep our conc]ns to ourselves1 or to %>e !m only ) ^? ) :om we h a m>k$ community ( int]e/ & feel+4 ,*ildr5 love to h secrets !y won't tell1 & old] p1 especially s5sitive & intellig5t ones1 feel a peculi> s5se ( irritation at hav+ _! p]sonal affairs & feel+s publicly display$4 ,ne>ly ev]yone mu/ recall occasions :]e he 0 vividly communicative & loquaci\s ) a fri5d1 only to relapse into a clam-l sil5ce on ! entry ( a ?ird p]son4 ,?is is prim>ily due to ! fact t :ile m5 are by nature greg>i\s1 _! greg>i\sness e>ly becomes specializ$ & ar\s$ exclusively by p = :om !y develop a s5se ( p]sonal affection & common sympa?y4 ,any intrusion f )\t ?is circle becomes an intrusion ^u privacy4 ,,satisfaction ,,9 ,,p]sonal ,,possession3 ,,! ,,acquisitive ,,in/9ct4 ,an almo/ univ]sal human trait ( consid]able social consequ5ce is ! satisfaction m5 exp]i5ce 9 hav+ objects t are _! own4 ,bo? animals & humans1 ap>t f tra9+1 display a t5d5cy to get & hold objects4 ,?is t5d5cy may take extreme =ms1 z 9 ! case ( mis]l9ess or kleptomania4 ,x is evid5c$ 9 special ways 9 ! collections t *ildr51 & "s gr[n-ups1 make ( miscellane\s objects )\t any p>ticul> use1 & ) no p>ticul> /hetic value4 ,! objects :i* satisfy ?is in/9ct ( possession may include mat]ial goods1 family1 or l>g] gr\ps4 ,9 primitive tribes "u ! patri>*al sy/em1 ! patri>* practically owns ! tribe4 ,our laws n s long ago recogniz$ ! m>riage relation z a /ate 9 :i* ! wife is possess$ or own$ by ! husb&4 ,possession gives ! own] v>i\s k9ds ( satisfaction4 ,! in/9ctive satisfaction 9 possession itself may be q irrespective ( ! values ( ! objects own$1 & deprivation may be fi]cely resi/$ out ( all proportion to ! value ( ! objects4 ,especially w ?is be ! case if ! object possess$ has become surr\nd$ ) o!r emotional atta*m5ts1 s t an individual may be z bitt]ly *agr9$ & piqu$ by be+ depriv$ ( "s slight memoir or keepsake z ( a l>ge sum ( money4 ,9 ! same way ! fight+ _s ( a :ole tribe or nation may be ar\s$ by ! invasion or seizure ( a small & unimportant bit ( l&1 or by ! *ance ( its possession4 ,! in/9ctive s5se ( satisfaction1 z 9 ! la/ m5tion$ case is enhanc$ by ! s5se ( importance :i* comes f possession1 & :i* enhances "o's own individuality & p]sonality4 ,a man's va/ hold+s 9 weal?1 l&1 factories1 ma*9]y1 or private e/ates is1 9 a s5se1 reg>d$ by him z an ext5sion ( 8 p]sonality4 ,he is confirm$ 9 ?is impression because x is s reg>d$ by 8 neighbors & ! :ole social gr\p4 ,a great l&[n] is a celebrity ?r\gh\t ! c\ntryside1 &1 z ,mr4 ,vebl5 po9ts out1 a l>ge "p ( ! luxuri\s display & exp5diture ( ! leisure classes is _! way ( publicly & conspicu\sly indicat+ ! am\nt ( _! possessions4 ,z 9 ! case ( any o!r /rong native t5d5cy1 int]f]5ce ) ! in/9ct ( acquisition1 :e!r display$ by ! individual or ! gr\p1 provokes (t5 fi]ce ang] & bitt] combat4 ,! hi/ory ( w>s ( aggr&izem5t ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ,europe are te/imonies to ! efficacy ( ?is in/9ct at lea/ 9 ! initiation ( w>4 ,! progress ( civilization beyond its e>lie/ /ates is held1 by "s sociologi/s & economi/s1 to be ascrib$ to ! p[] ( ! acquisitive in/9ct4 ,! acquisition ( mat]ial weal? or capital1 ! developm5t ( ! in/itution ( private prop]ty ) its concomitant individual developm5t ( l& & natural res\rces is ma9ta9$ by ,le/] ,w>d to be ( p>am\nt importance 9 social advance3 444 ,objects ( desire multipli$ !mselves & _! possession became an end ( ef=t4 ,sl[ly ! notion ( prop]ty came into be+ & 9 acquir+ ?is1 z hi/ory %[s1 ! l>g] %>e ( all human en]gy has be5 absorb$4 ,! rul+ passion has = a "t long ant]ior to any record$ annals always be5 propriet>y acquisition4444 ,bo? ! passion & ! means ( satisfy+ x 7 conditions to ! developm5t ( society itself1 & rightly view$ !y h also be5 lead+ factors 9 civilization4#a ,footnote #a3 ,le/] ,w>d3 ,! ,psy*ic ,factors ( ,civilization1 p4 #aef4 ,!re are _m o!r motives to activity ?an acquisition1 b !re are _m evid5ces ( its int5se op]ation ev5 9 mod]n society4 ,_m m5 g on work+ long aft] !y h money en\gh to enable !m to live 9 com=t1 m]ely = ! fur!r satisfaction ( ?is impulse4 ,:ile 9 ! c\rse ( satisfaction ( mo/ o!r desires1 ! po9t ( satiety is soon rea*$1 ! dem&s ( ?is "o gr[ great] )\t limit1 s t x kn[s no satiety4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mc,dougall3 loc4 cit41 p4 #cbc4 ,! p[] ( ?is t5d5cy to p]sonal acquisition & possession seems an ob/acle to all ?or\ghly communi/ic =ms ( political & social organization4 ,! conception ( a /ate :]e nobody owns any?+1 b :]e all is own$ 9 common--an idea :i* has be5 repeat$ 9 _m mod]n =ms ( socialism & communism1 fails to note ?is p[]ful human difficulty4 ,_m sociali/ writ]s1 x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 po9t out t !y wi% social own]%ip ( ! means ( production r ?an ( e item ( p]sonal prop]ty1 su* z books1 clo?+1 & ! l4 ,,individuality ,,9 ,,op9ion ,,& ,,belief4 ,m5 frequ5tly display ) reg>d to _! op9ions & beliefs ! same passionate atta*m5t t !y exhibit ) reg>d to _! physical possessions4 ,l ! latt]1 ^! come to be reg>d$ z an ext5sion ( ! individual's p]sonality1 & ! same t5aci\s def5se may be made ( !m z ( a h\se1 l&1 or money4 ,individual op9ions & beliefs are n !mselves possessions1 f a social po9t ( view1 s mu* z is ! "r to express !m4 ,a man's private op9ion may influ5ce 8 own conduct2 8 conduct itself may be an expression ( op9ion4 ,b unless an op9ion is communicat$1 x _c influ5ce any "o else's conduct1 & society has nev] be5 mu* conc]n$ ab\t op9ions t an individual h>bor$ /rictly 9 8 own bosom4 ,sil5ce1 socially1 is z good z ass5t4 ,! insi/5ce on ! "r to "o's own op9ions becomes1 !re=e1 an insi/5ce on ! "r or ! fre$om to express !m4#b ,?is "r is *]i%$ 9 v>y+ degrees by diff]5t individuals 9 diff]5t ages4 ,x becomes pron\nc$ 9 p]sons 9 :om !re is m>k$ developm5t ( individuality1 &1 9 g5]al1 :]e1 z 9 ,anglo-,saxon c\ntries1 a social & political tradition ( lib]ty & individuality has become v p[]ful4 ,footnote #b3 ,beliefs & op9ions may come to be reg>d$ z important p]sonal possessions 9 !mselves1 z 9 ! case ( rival claimants to "s !ory or idea1 z 9 ! case ( ,leibnitz's & ,newton's dispute ov] ! calculus4 ,individuality 9 op9ion & belief becomes critical *iefly :5 ! op9ions & beliefs express$ are at v>iance ) ^? g5]ally curr5t among ! gr\p4 ,= reasons already discuss$ 9 connection ) man's in/9ctive greg>i\sness & ! emotional sway :i* habits ( ?\ght h ov] m51 diss5t is reg>d$ ) suspicion4 ,especially is ?is ! case :]e ! diss5t+ op9ions h to d ) new social organization & cu/om4 ,! psy*ological causes ( ?is opposition are v>i\s1 b include among o!r ?+s a positive feel+ ( fe>4 ,x is only rec5tly t m5 h be5 ab&on+ ! belief t ! welf>e ( a /ate dep5ds on rigid /ability & on ! pres]vation ( its traditions & in/itutions un*ang$4 ,:]ev] t belief prevails1 novel op9ions are felt to be dang]\s z well z annoy+1 & any "o :o asks inconv5i5t que/ions ab\t ! :y & ! :]e=e ( accept$ pr9ciples is consid]$ a pe/il5t p]son4#a ,footnote #a3 ,bury3 ,hi/ory ( ,fre$om ( ,?\ght1 p4 #i4 ,?r\gh\t hi/ory !re has be5 a long /ruggle = fre$om ( ?\ght & discussion1 & !re h be5 great l&m>ks 9 ! degree ) :i* fre$om 0 atta9$1 & ! fields :]e9 x 0 p]mitt$4 ,= a long "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe1 diss5t f ! prevail+ op9ion on religi\s matt]s 0 reg>d$ bo? z abom9able & socially dang]\s1 & 0 sev]ely puni%$4 ,s9ce ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re has be5 no legal puni%m5t provid$ = diss5t f e/abli%$ op9ions 9 religion1 al?\gh p5alties = het]odoxy 9 c\ntries :]e religi\s op9ion is /rong & fairly unanim\s may be ex]t$ 9 o!r ways4 ,9 social matt]s also1 !re has practically ceas$ to be legal co]cion ( op9ion4#b ,! argum5t = ! suppression ( individual op9ion has be5 t]sely summ>iz$ by ! au?or above quot$3 ,footnote #b3 ,except 9 ! rec5t p]iod ( excitem5t & /ress dur+ ! ,great ,w>1 :5 suppression ( op9ion 01 = bett] or = worse1 tak5 z a measure ( national def5se4 ,^? :o h ! responsibility ( gov]n+ a society c argue t x is incumb5t on !m to prohibit ! circulation ( p]nici\s op9ions z to prohibit any anti-social actions4 ,!y c argue t a man may d f> m h>m by propagat+ anti-social doctr9es ?an by /eal+ 8 neighbor's horse or mak+ love to 8 neighbor's wife4 ,!y are responsible = ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate1 & if !y are conv9c$ t an op9ion is dang]\s444 x is _! duty to protect society aga9/ x z aga9/ any o!r dang]4#a ,footnote #a3 ,bury3 loc4 cit41 p4 #ac4 ,,! ,,social ,,importance ,,( ,,individuality ,,9 ,,op9ion4 ,!re h be5 _m notable docum5ts 9 support ( ! belief t society is ! ga9] & n ! los] by p]mitt+ & enc\rag+ individuality 9 ?\ght & belief4 ,! foll[+1 tak5 f "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ^!1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill's ,essay on ,lib]ty1 0 writt5 to illu/rate ! fatal results ( prohibit+ diss5t+ op9ions m]ely because mo/ p ?9k or call !m immoral3 ,mank9d c h>dly be too (t5 rem9d$ t !re 0 once a man nam$ ,socrates1 betwe5 :om & ! legal au?orities & public op9ion ( 8 "t !re took place a memorable collision4 ,born 9 an age & c\ntry ab\nd+ 9 individual greatness1 ?is man has be5 h&$ d[n to u by ^? :o be/ knew bo? him & ! age1 z ! mo/ virtu\s man 9 x4444 ,?is ackn[l$g$ ma/] ( all ! em95t ?9k]s :o h s9ce liv$--^: fame1 /ill gr[+ aft] two ?\s& ye>s1 all b outweighs ! :ole rema9d] ( ! names :i* make 8 native city illu/ri\s--0 put to dea? by 8 c\ntrym51 aft] a judicial conviction1 = impiety & immorality4 ,impiety1 9 d5y+ ! gods recogniz$ by ! ,/ate4444 ,immorality1 9 be+1 by 8 doctr9es & in/ructions1 a corrupt] ( y\?4 ,( ^! *>ges ! tribunal1 !re is e gr\nd = believ+1 hone/ly f\nd him guilty1 & condemn$ ! man :o probably ( all !n born _h des]v$ be/ ( mank9d to be put to dea? z a crim9al4#b ,footnote #b3 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill3 ,essay on ,lib]ty1 *ap4 ,,ii4 ,e important /ep 9 human progress has be5 a v>iation f ! normal or accu/om$1 some?+ new4 ,mo/ advances 9 sci5ce h be5 dep>tures f old] & accu/om$ ways ( ?9k+4 ,?r\gh ! p]mission & enc\ragem5t ( individual v>iation 9 op9ion we may discov] 9 ! fir/ place t accept$ beliefs are wrong4 ,galileo ?\ght diff]5tly f ! accept$ ,ptolemaic a/ronomy ( 8 day1 & ! demon/ration ( 8 div]g+ belief prov$ ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy to be wrong4 ,! evolution>y !ory1 bitt]ly attack$ 9 its day1 replac$ ,cuvi]'s doctr9e ( ! =ms ( life ^u e>? com+ ab\t ?r\gh a s]ies ( successive cata/rophes4 ,lyell1 9 ! face ( ! :ole sci5tific _w ( 8 day1 insi/$ on ! gradual & uni=m developm5t ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,half ! sci5tific doctr9es n[ accept$ z axiomatic 7 bitt]ly d5\nc$ :5 !y 7 fir/ sugge/$ by an inquir+ m9ority4 ,milton 9 8 fam\s ,areopagitica1 an address to ,p>liam5t writt5 9 #afdd1 prote/+ aga9/ ! c5sor%ip ( pr9t+1 /ress$ ! importance ( p]mitt+ lib]ty = ! secur+ & develop+ ( new ideas3 ,:at %\ld ye d !n1 %\ld ye suppress all ?is fl[]y crop ( k & new light sprung up & yet spr++ daily 9 ?is city8 ,%\ld ye set an olig>*y ( tw5ty engross]s c5sors ov] x1 to br+ a fam9e ^u our m9ds aga91 :5 we %all "k no?+ b :at is measur$ u by _! bu%el8 444 ,t our he>ts are n[ m capaci\s1 our ?\ghts m erect$ to ! se>* & expectation ( greate/ & exacte/ ?+s1 is ! issue ( y\r own virtue propagat$ 9 u2 ye _c suppress t unless ye ren=ce an abrogat$ & m]ciless law4444 ,give me ! lib]ty to "k1 to utt]1 & to argue freely accord+ to consci5ce1 above all lib]ties4#a ,footnote #a3 ,milton3 ,areopagitica4 ,ev5 if ! curr5tly accept$ doctr9es prove to be true1 !re is1 z ,mill po9t$ out1 a va/ social utility 9 p]mitt+ ! expression ( contr>y op9ion ?\gh x be an error4 ,new ideas1 h[ev] extreme1 may & commonly d possess "s portion ( tru?2 !y br+ to light & emphasize "s aspect or po9t ( view :i* prevail+ !ories fail to note4 ,?us ! possible ov]-emphasis ( c]ta9 contempor>y writ]s on ! socialization ( man's life is a valuable corrective to ! equal ov]-emphasis on individualism :i* 0 curr5t among s _m ?9k]s dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! insi/5ce ) :i* pres5t-day psy*ologi/s call our att5tion to ! p[] ( in/9ct1 ?\gh x may possibly be ov]-emphasiz$1 c\nt]balances t t5d5cy exhibit$ by su* e>li] au?ors z ,b5?am to picture man z a purely rational be+1 ^: e action 0 det]m9$ by %e] logic4 ,f9ally1 unless doctr9es are subject$ to criticism & inquiry1 no matt] h[ b5eficial !y are to society1 !y w become m]ely futile & empty =mul ) v little beyond a me*anical influ5ce on p's lives4 ,! maxims ( conv5tional morality & religion :i* ev]ybody believes & few practice are solemnly b&i$ ab\t ) little compreh5sion ( _! mean+ & no t5d5cy to act ^u !m4 ,a belief becomes1 z ,mill po9t$ out1 liv+1 vital1 & influ5tial 9 ! cla% ( controv]sy4 ,:e!r novel & diss5t+ doctr9es are true or false1 !re=e1 ! enc\ragem5t ( _! expression provides vitality & v>iation )\t :i* progress is n possible4 ,! social appreciation ( p]sons :o display m>k$ individual op9ions v>ies 9 diff]5t ages t[>d ! same individual4 ,! m>tyr /on$ to dea? by "o g5]ation becomes ! h]o & prophet ( ! next4 ,"o has b to look back at ! contempor>y vilification & ridicule to :i* ,l9coln 0 subject$ to f9d an illu/ration4 ,or1 on a m monum5tal scale3 ,! ev5t :i* took place on ,calv>y r m ?an eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! man :o left on ! memory ( ^? :o witness$ 8 life & conv]sation su* an impression ( 8 moral gr&eur t eighte5 subsequ5t c5turies h done homage to him z ! ,almighty 9 p]son1 0 ignom9i\sly put to dea?1 z :at8 ,z a blasphem]4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mill3 ,essay on ,lib]ty1 *ap4 ,,ii4 ,"o w\ld suppose t m5 w\ld h le>n$ n only to tol]ate & be receptive to novelty 9 belief aft] ^! repeat$ly t>dy recognitions ( greatness4 ,!re are doz5s ( in/ances 9 ! hi/ory ( religi\s1 social1 & political belief1 ( m5 & wom5 :o1 suppress$ ) ! bitt]e/ cruelty 9 "o g5]ation1 h be5 9 effect1 & sometimes 9 fact1 canoniz$ by po/]ity4 ,& a c]ta9 degree ( tol]ance & receptiv5ess has come to be ! result4 ,b :ile we no long] burn religi\s & social h]etics1 condemnation is /ill met$ out 9 "s =m ( o/racism4 ,prejudice1 cu/om1 & special int]e/ frequ5tly move m5 to suppress 9 mild] ways extremi/s1 expression ( ^: op9ions seems to !m1 z unusual op9ions h frequ5tly seem$1 fraught only ) ! greate/ ( h>m4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,self ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,a ,,s5se ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,selfhood4 ,! expression ( individuality 9 op9ion is only "o way m5 h ( express+ _! p]sonality1 individuality1 or self4 ,f ! beg9n+s ( *ildhood1 m5 exp]i5ce an increas+ s5se ( p]sonal selfhood :i* f9ds v>i\s outlets 9 action or ?\ght4 ,s famili>1 inde$1 9 ! normal man is 8 realization t he is a self1 t x seldom occurs to him t ?is conception 0 an atta9m5t gradually accompli%$ ?r\gh long ye>s ( exp]i5ce ) ! _w ab\t him4 ,! v "y baby does n di/+ui% betwe5 ,itself & ! ,n-,self :i* con/itutes ! rema9d] ( ! univ]se4 ,x is no?+ b a /ream ( exp]i5ces1 ( mom5t to mom5t pulsations ( desire1 ( hung] & satisfaction1 ( bodily com=t & bodily pa94 ,z x gr[s old]1 x beg9s dimly to di/+ui% betwe5 ,itself & ,ev]y?+-,else2 x f9ds itself to be some?+ diff]5t1 m vivid1 m p]sonal & int]e/+ ?an ! *airs & tables1 ! crib & bottle1 ! faces & h&s1 ! smiles & rattles t are its famili> sett+4 ,x discov]s t ,i am ,i1 & t ev]y?+ else m9i/]s to or fru/rates or rema9s indiff]5t to its desires4 ,x becomes a p]son r ?an a bundle ( reactions4 ,x develops a consci\sness ( self4 ,9 its simple/ =m ?is consci\sness ( self is no?+ m ?an a cont9u\s /ream ( inn] organic s5sations1 & ! con/ant process ( ! body & limbs & ! special int]e/ ( ^! z ! seat ( v>i\s pleasures & pa9s4 ,?is is :at ,james calls ! bodily self4 ,z x gr[s old]1 ! baby di/+ui%es betwe5 p]sons & ?+s4 ,& z1 9 sett+ (f 8 own body f o!r ?+s1 x discov]s its bodily self1 s 9 sett+ (f its own op9ions1 actions1 & ?\ghts f o!r p1 x discov]s its social self4 ,x is because ,nature does 9 "s degree ! giftie gie u to see ourselves z o!rs see u1 t we d discov] our selves at all4 ,! normal human be+1 if x 7 possible = him to gr[ up f bir? onw>d 9 a purely physical environm5t1 depriv$1 t is1 to say1 ( bo? animal & human companion%ip1 w\ld develop b a v crude & rudim5t>y idea ( ! self4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mc,dougall3 loc4 cit41 p4 #ahc4 ,,! ,,social ,,self4 ,a man's social self1 t is1 8 consci\sness ( himself z set ov] aga9/ all ! o!r individuals ) :om he comes 9 contact1 develops z 8 relations ) o!r p gr[ m complex & v>i\s4 ,a man's self1 ap>t f 8 m]e physical body1 consi/s 9 8 peculi> organization ( in/9cts & habits4 ,9 common language ?is con/itutes 8 p]sonality or "*4 ,we c inf] f x :at he w1 z we say1 *>act]i/ically d 9 any giv5 situation4 ,& a p>ticul> organization ( in/9cts & habits is dep5d5t v l>gely on ! individual's social exp]i5ce1 on ! types & v>ieties ( contact ) o!r p t he has e/abli%$4 ,!re w be diff]5ces1 x goes )\t say+1 t dep5d on initial diff]5ces 9 native capacity4 ,b bo? ! consci\sness ( self & ! ov]t organization ( in/9ctive & habitual actions are dep5d5t prim>ily on ! gr\ps ) :i* an individual comes 9 contact4 ,9 ! =mation ( habits1 bo? ( action & ?\ght1 ! individual is affect$1 z we h se51 l>gely by praise & blame4 ,he v e>ly comes to detect signs ( approval & disapproval1 & bo? 8 consci\sness ( 8 individuality & ! "* ( t individuality are1 9 ! case ( mo/ p]sons1 l>gely det]m9$ by ^! outw>d signs ( ! praise & blame ( o!rs4 ,& s9ce1 9 normal exp]i5ce1 a man comes into contact ) sev]al di/9ct gr\ps1 ) v>y+ codes ( conduct1 he w really h a numb] ( di/9ct p]sonalities4 ,! pr(essor is a diff]5t man 9 8 class & at 8 club2 ! judge displays a diff]5t "* 9 ! c\rt & 9 ! bosom ( 8 family4 ,! self t comes to be mo/ *>act]i/ic & di/9ctive ( a man1 h[ev]1 is det]m9$ by ! gr\p ) :i* he comes mo/ habitually 9 contact1 or to ^: approvals he has become mo/ s5sitive4 ,?us !re develop c]ta9 typical p]sonalities or *>act]s1 su* z ^? ( ! typical lawy] or soldi] or judge4 ,_! be>+1 action1 & consci\sness ( self are det]m9$ by ! approvals & disapprovals ( ! gr\p to :i* !y are mo/ completely & intimately expos$4 ,bo? ! consci\sness ( self :i* mo/ m5 exp]i5ce & ! ov]t expression ( t selfhood 9 act are ?us se5 to be a m or less direct reflex ( ! praise & blame ( ! gr\ps ) :i* !y are 9 contact4 ,m5 le>n f exp]i5ce ) ! praise & blame ( o!rs to place !mselves socially1 to discov] 9 ! mirror ( o!r m5's op9ions ! /atus & locus ( _! own lives4 ,z we %all see 9 a succe$+ section1 ! degree ( satisfaction :i* m5 exp]i5ce 9 _! consci\sness ( !mselves is dep5d5t intimately on ! praise & blame by :i* _! selfhood is1 9 ! fir/ place1 l>gely det]m9$4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! ,social ,nature ( ,man1 we exam9$ 9 "s detail ! way 9 :i* praise & blame modifi$ a man's habits4 ,! total result ( ?is process is to give a man a c]ta9 fix$ set ( ov]t habits t con/itute 8 "* & a m or less fix$ consci\sness ( t "*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a man's "* & self-consci\sness may develop m or less indep5d5tly ( ! imm$iate =ces ( ! public op9ion to :i* he is expos$4 ,"o comes 9 contact 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]i5ce n m]ely ) 8 imm$iate contempor>ies1 b ) a wide v>iety ( moral traditions4 ,except 9 ! rigidly cu/om-b\nd life ( primitive societies1 a man is1 ev5 9 practical life1 expos$ to a div]sity ( codes1 /&>ds1 & expectations ( behavior4 ,8 family1 8 pr(essional1 8 political1 & 8 social gr\ps expose him to v>i\s k9ds ( emphases & acc5t 9 behavior4 ,& a man ( "s intellig5ce1 education1 & culture may be det]m9$ 9 8 action by /&>ds ^: orig9 is remote 9 "t1 space1 & int5tion f ^? op]ative 9 ! pr$om9ant public op9ion ( 8 day4 ,he may come to act habitually on ! basis ( ideal /&>ds :i* he has himself set up ?r\gh reflection1 or :i* he has acquir$ f "s moral sy/em or tradition1 f> 9 advance ( ^? :i* are ! /aple det]m9ants ( "* = mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he may be "o ( ^? r>e moral g5iuses1 s+ul>ly unsusceptible to praise & blame1 :o create a new ideal ( "* by ! dom9ant individuality ( _! own4 ,or1 z m frequ5tly happ5s1 he may foll[ ! ideals set up by su* a "o1 in/ead ( accept+ ! or?odoxies :i* are g5]ally obs]v$4 ,he may foll[ ,*ri/ in/ead ( ! ,ph>isees1 ,socrates in/ead ( ! habit-cru/$ citiz5s ( ,a!ns4 ,we are1 inde$1 incl9$ to ?9k ( a man z a peculi>ly di/9ctive p]sonality1 :5 8 s5se ( selfhood1 & ! ov]t actions 9 :i* t selfhood f9ds expression1 are n det]m9$ by ! curr5t dogmas ( 8 day1 b by ideal /&>ds to :i* he has reflectively giv5 allegiance4 ,b s mu* is ! self1 bo? 9 its consci\sness & expression1 socially produc$ t m5 act+ on purely imag9$ ideal /&>ds1 curr5t n[h]e 9 _! day & g5]ation1 h imag9$ a gr\p1 no matt] h[ small or h[ remote1 :o w\ld praise !m or a ,god :o not$ & approv$ _! ways4 ,,"* ,,& ,,w4 ,f ! =ego+ x w\ld appe> t ! self is an organization ( habitual t5d5cies1 develop$ prim>ily ?r\gh contact ) o!r p & m specifically ?r\gh _! praise & blame4 ,& consci\sness ( self is ! aw>5ess ( ! unique or specific "* ( ! habit-organization "o has acquir$4 ,individuals diff] natively 9 giv5 capacities1 & diff]5ces 9 fully develop$ p]sonalities dep5d1 c]ta9ly 9 "p1 on innate initial diff]5ces4 ,b diff]5ces 9 ! k9ds ( selfhood display$ & exp]i5c$ by diff]5t m5 are due to some?+ m ?an diff]5ces 9 native capacities & native desires4 ,! self t a man exhibits & ( :i* he is consci\s1 at any giv5 p]iod ( 8 life1 dep5ds on ! complex sy/em ( habits he has 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]i5ce develop$4 ,"o individual may1 z we h se51 develop a numb] ( sets ( organiz$ dispositions1 a multiple "*1 z x 71 z a consequ5ce ( ! multiplicity ( gr\ps ) :i* he has come 9 contact4 ,b :e!r ?r\gh delib]ate or habitual con=mity to "o gr\p z a norm1 or ! delib]ate organization ( habits ( action & feel+ & ?\ght1 on ! basis ( ideal or reflective /&>ds1 a man comes to develop a m or less p]man5t self4 ,t is1 :ile m5 />t ) some:at simil> native equipm5ts1 ea* man's set ( inborn t5d5cies comes to be fix$ 9 a fairly def9ite & specific sy/em4 ,:ile all m5 />t )9 limits equally responsive & simil>ly responsive to all /imuli1 c]ta9 /imuli come to h ! "r ( way4 ,!y are m or less easily & m or less readily respond$ to1 accord+ z !y d or z !y d n fit 9 ) ! habit-organization :i* ! individual has previ\sly acquir$4 ,:5 we say t a man has no "* or individuality1 we mean t he has develop$ no /able organization ( actions1 feel+s1 & ?\ghts1 ) ref]5ce to :i* & by ! pr$om9ant drive ( :i* 8 actions are det]m9$4 ,!re is no p>ticul> sy/em ( behavior :i* he has come consci\sly to id5tify z 8 p]son or self2 no int]weav+ ( motives & /imuli by ! p]si/5t mom5tum ( :i* 8 conduct is controll$2 no s+le gr\p ( /imuli r ?an ano!r has1 9 8 pulpy p]son1 atta9$ priority 9 /imulat+ p[]4 ,su* m5 are *ameleons r ?an *>act]s4 ,_! actions d n fl[ f a selfhood or individuality at all2 !y are m]ely ! r&om results ( ! accid5tal situations 9 :i* su* m5 f9d !mselves4 ,! self exi/s1 !n1 z a well-def9$1 sy/ematic tr5d ( behavior4 ,impulses to action atta9 a c]ta9 ord] ( priority 9 an individual's conduct1 & x is by ! mom5tum ( ^! prim>y drives to action t 8 life is controll$4 ,:at is commonly kn[n z w is simply ano!r "n = ! p[] & mom5tum ( a man's p]sonal self4 ,w exi/s n z a ?+1 b z a process4 ,to w an action means to id5tify x consci\sly ) "o's p]man5t self1 to weigh & support x ) all ! emotions & en]gies connect$ ) "o's consci\sly realiz$ habitual sy/em ( behavior4 ,a man may br+ to be> on ! accompli%m5t ( a giv5 action ! deepe/ & mo/ p[]ful motive =ces ( 8 develop$ p]sonality4 ,to pass a c\rse or make a team a /ud5t may m>%al all ! habits ( loyalty1 ( self-ass]tion 7& ! emotional en]gies associat$ ) !m7 :i* h become ! lead+ +r$i5ts ( 8 "*4 ,! p]man5t self becomes involv$ 9 ! same way 9 ! case ( will+ n to p]=m a c]ta9 action4 ,any /imulus may1 on occasion1 be /rong ev5 if x has ceas$ to be *>act]i/ic or habitual 9 a man's behavior4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) "s ( ! prim>y physical drives to action4 ,ev5 ! ascetic feels ! /rong /+ ( s5se-desire4 ,a man 9 resi/+ temptation1 9 d5y+ ! pressure ( an imm$iate /imulus1 is sett+ up to block or inhibit x all ! contr>y reactions & emotions :i* h become "p ( ! p]man5t self4 ,9 m famili> language he is sett+ w ov] aga9/ desire4 ,! tempor>y desire may be /rong1 b x is consci\sly reg>d$ by ! individual z ali5 to 8 real or bett] self4 ,& w is ?is :ole complex organization ( ! p]man5t self set ov] aga9/ an ali5 intrud+ impulse4 ,! ph5om5on ( w cont5d+ aga9/ desire occurs usually :5 a /imulus n *>act]i/ically p[]ful 9 a man's conduct becomes s ?r\gh special conditions ( excitem5t or fatigue4 ,:5 a man is tir$1 or /irr$ by viol5t emotion1 8 sy/ematic organization ( habits beg9s to break d[n4 ,! ideal p]man5t or inclusive self is !n br\ght into conflict ) a tempor>y passion4 ,love conflicts ) duty1 ! l[] ) ! high] self1 fle% ) _s1 desire ) w4 ,few m5 h s ?or\ghly integrat$ a self t su* conflicts altoge!r cease4 ,e "o c>ries ab\t ) him a m or less divid$ s\l4 ,fire & ice )9 me fight ,b5ea? ! suffocat+ night4 ,!re are1 9 ! records ( abnormal psy*ology1 _m cases ( really divid$ p]sonalities1 cases ( two or m completely sep>ate habit-organizations inhabit+ ! same physical body4 ,su* a complete ,dr4-,jekyll-&-,mr4-,hyde dissociation ( a p]sonality is cle>ly abnormal4 ,b x is almo/ z r>e to f9d a completely integrat$ "*4 ,we are all ( u m or less multiple p]sonalities4 ,our v>i\s p]sonalities usually keep _! place & d n int]f]e ) ea* o!r4 ,our pr(essional & family selves may be diff]5t2 !y d n always collide4 ,b ! v>i\s *>act]s t we are 9 v>i\s situations n infrequ5tly d cla%4 ,! self ^: keynote is ambition or le>n+ may conflict ) ! self ^: focus is love4 ,resolve to be ?yself2 & "k1 t he ,:o f9ds himself1 loses 8 mis]y6 wrote ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,& x does seem to be true t a man ^: w is nev] divid$ or confus$ by cont5d+ curr5ts ( desire1 ^: "* is unifi$ & ^: action is consi/5t1 is sav$ f ! p]turbations1 ! confusions1 ! toss+s ( _s :i* possess less organiz$ s\ls4 ,b to f9d "o's self1 & to keep "o's self :ole & undivid$1 is a difficult a*ievem5t & a r>e "o4 ,ev5 m5 ^: int]e/s & activities are fairly well def9$ f9d _! *>act]s divid$ & _! wills1 consequ5tly1 confus$4 ,a man's duties z a husb& & fa!r may conflict ) 8 pr(essional ambitions2 8 love ( adv5ture1 ) 8 desire = weal? & social position2 8 arti/ic int]e/s1 ) 8 philan?ropic activities2 8 bus9ess pr9ciples1 ) 8 religi\s scruples4 ,a man c a*ieve a selfhood by ?ru/+ out all int]e/s save "o1 & a*iev+ !reby unity at ! exp5se ( bread?4 ,!re are m5 :o *oose to be1 & succe$ 9 be+1 fir/ & la/1 s*ol>s or poets or musicians or doctors4 ,all activities1 int]e/s1 & ideals t d n contribute to t p>ticul> & exclusive self are practically negligible 9 _! conduct4 ,su* m51 al?\gh !y h atta9$ a p]man5t self1 h n a*iev$ a broad1 compreh5sive1 or inclusive "o4 ,!y are l in/rum5ts :i* c s\nd only "o note1 h[ev] cle> t may be2 or l s+]s ) only a s+le song4 ,all lives are necess>ily f9ite & exclusive2 e *oice ( an int]e/ or ideal v possibly precludes "s o!r4 ,a man _c be all ?+s at once2 ! philosoph] & ! lady-kill]1 z ,james m]rily rem>ks1 c\ld n v well keep h\se 9 ! same t5em5t ( clay4 ,b a /rong "* ne$ n necess>ily mean a n>r[ "o1 nor ne$ a det]m9$ w be ! w ( a fanatic4 ,! self may be--9 ! case ( r>e g5iuses x has be5--div]se 9 its int]e/s1 activities1 & sympa?ies1 yet unifi$ & consi/5t 9 action4 ,a "* may be v>i\s )\t be+ confus$2 v]satility is n synonym\s ) *aos4 ,a man's int]e/s & activities may be giv5 a c]ta9 ord]1 rank1 & proportion1 s t 8 life may exhibit at once ! color1 consi/5cy1 cl>ity1 & v>iety ( a f9i%$ symphony4 ,! consci\sness ( self :i* />ts z a m]e cont9uum ( bodily s5sations comes to be ! net result ( "o's social & intellectual z well z physical activities4 ,! self ( :i* we are consci\s ceases to be our m]ely physical p]son1 & comes to include our possessions4 ,! h\se we live 9 & ! g>d5 we t5d1 our *ildr51 our fri5ds1 our op9ions1 creations1 or inv5tions1 ^! become ext5sions & m or less inali5able p>ts ( our p]sonalities4 ,our selfhood includes n simply u1 b ours4 ,our possessions1 & especially su* z are ! fruits ( our own actions1 are indications ( :at we are4 ,we judge1 & )9 limits correctly1 ( a man by ! company he keeps1 ! clo!s he we>s1 by ! books he reads1 ! pictures ) :i* he decorates 8 home1 ! k9d ( home he builds or has built4 ,& a man may feel z provok$ by insult or injury to ! p]son or ?+s :i* h become an intimate "p ( 8 life z if he 7 be+ attack$ 9 8 physical p]son4 ,/rip a man "o by "o ( 8 physical acquisitions1 ( 8 associates1 ( ! indications & mem5tos ( ! ?+s he has ?\ght & done1 & !re w\ld be no self left4 ,to speak ( a man z a non5tity is to imply t he is no self wor? speak+ (2 t he c be bl[n ab\t hi!r & ?i!r2 t nei!r 8 op9ions nor desires1 nor possessions1 nor associates make an iota ( diff]5ce 9 ! _w4 ,a man :o is a somebody1 a p]son to be reckon$ )1 is "o :o is a self4 ,he is "o ^: physical possessions or p]sonal abilities or /&+ 9 ! community make him "o ( ! p[]s t be4 ,& x is ! desire to be a factor 9 ! _w1 to increase ! scope & consequ5ce ( "o's self t is ! lead+ +r$i5t 9 :at we call ambition1 & ! desire = fame1 & at lea/ "o +r$i5t 9 ! desire = weal?4 ,m5 may want weal? m]ely = ! sake ( possession1 or = bodily com=t1 b "p ( ! desire consi/s 9 ! ability !reby to spread "o's influ5ce1 to be "o ( ! happy sons ( e>?1 :o "l x ov] l& & sea1 9 ! full-bl[n lu/ihood t weal? & p[] c give1 & be=e :om1 /iff5 ourselves z we w 444 we _c escape an emotion1 sneak+ or op51 ( dread4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james3 ,psy*ology1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bic4 ,,! ,,enhancem5t ,,( ,,! ,,self4 ,! build+-up ( a m or less p]man5t self is natively satisfactory to mo/ m51 & e means w be tak5 to increase its scope & influ5ce4 ,biologically we are s con/itut$ z to p]=m _m acts mak+ = our self-pres]vation4 ,! ord9>y reflexes & in/9cts su* z ^? :i* prompt u to eat1 to def5d ourselves aga9/ bl[s & ! ?reat5+ approa* ( animals1 to keep our equilibrium & recov] our balance1 are examples ( ^!4 ,! developm5t & pres]vation ( our social self is also made possible z x is initially prompt$ by our specifically social in/9cts4 ,!re is a native t5d5cy1 z already not$1 to get ourselves notic$ by o!r p1 to seek _! praise & avoid _! blame4 ,! in/9cts ( self-display & lead]%ip1 & _m ( ! non-social in/9cts1 su* z curiosity & acquisitiv5ess1 are frequ5tly call$ into play 9 ! s]vice ( ! m directly social t5d5cies ( ! individual4 ,a l>ge "p ( our activity1 :atev] be its o!r motives1 is det]m9$ to "s degree by ! desire to develop ! social self1 to be a somebody1 to cut a figure 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! enl>gem5t ( ! social self1 v>i\s p use v>i\s means1 & ) v>y+ degrees ( vigor1 int5sity1 & p]si/5cy4 ,!re are a few :o g ?r\gh life ) almo/ no s5se ( selfhood1 :o g ?r\gh _! daily r\t9e ) no m recognition ( _! acts z _! own ?an t display$ by an animal or a ma*9e4 ,9 mo/ m5 ! s5se ( _! p]sonality & _! int]e/ 9 x are high1 & ! developm5t ( ! self is s\ght 9 all possible or legitimate ways4 ,! ways 9 :i* ! self is develop$1 & ! k9d ( self t is s\ght1 help to det]m9e :e!r a man is self-seek+ 9 ! l[e/ s5se ( t epi!t1 or ideali/ic & ambiti\s 9 ! approv$ popul> s5se4 ,! k9d ( self we seek to build up dep5ds1 z we h se51 l>gely on ! type ( praise & blame & ! g5]al "* ( ! moral tradition to :i* we h be5 expos$4 ,b :i*ev] type ( self a man does select z 8 ideal or p]man5t self1 all 8 activities w be m or less consci\sly & m or less consi/5tly controll$ by x4 ,8 habits ( action1 8 habitual *oices1 8 habitual feel+s1 w be built up ) ?is ideal self z a /&>d & control4 ,he w d ^? ?+s :i* c>ry on t[>d ! ideal self1 leave undone ^? ?+s :i* d n4 ,! man or woman :o wi%es simply to cut a figure socially w cultivate ! wit1 ! gayety1 ! facility1 ! sm>tness1 :i* are ! famili> +r$i5ts ( su* a p]sonality4 ,! same p]sons w be s+ul>ly bl9d to abysses ( ignorance :i* w\ld be pa9fully 9 ! consci\sness ( ^? :o _h set up = !mselves ideals ( erudition & culture4 ,a labor] w live & move & h 8 be+ s]5ely 9 clo!s & 9 surr\nd+s t w\ld nev] d = a pr(essional man :o _h committ$ himself to live accord+ to ! social /&>ds ( 8 class4 ,sometimes a man's actions w be direct$ t[>d ! con/ruction ( an ideal self1 on /&>ds f> 9 advance ( ^? ( 8 gr\p4 ,a man 9 develop+ su* a self is1 inde$1 9 "s cases practically committ+ social suicide4 ,! extreme diss5t] f ! curr5t /&>ds ( action is attempt+ to build up :at ,james has well call$ a spiritual self1 a self 9 ! light ( 8 own ideals1 r ?an ^? curr5t among 8 contempor>ies4 ,,egoism ,,v]sus ,,altruism4 ,! individual 9 develop+ 8 own p]sonality ne$ n1 necess>ily1 be selfi%1 nor is ! enhancem5t ( "o's p]sonality incompatible ) altruism4 ,"o man may f9d 8 individuality suffici5tly develop$ 9 a l>ge bank acc\nt1 ano!r 9 discov]+ a cure = canc]2 "o man may seek no?+ b gratification ( 8 physical appetites2 ano!r may f9d 8 fulfillm5t on ! battlefield 9 def5se ( ! national honor4 ,s9ce man is born ) ! orig9al t5d5cies to h]d ) & h common sympa?ies ) 8 fell[s1 & to pity ^? ( !m t are weak & di/ress$1 !re is no?+ m unnatural ab\t altruism ?an ab\t egoism4 ,x is true t 9 "s m5 ! s-call$ altrui/ic impulses1 ! impulse to sympa?ize ) ! emotions1 feel+s1 aspirations & difficulties ( o!rs1 & to pity !m 9 _! di/ress1 are comp>atively weak2 t 9 "s m5 ! m obvi\sly egoi/ic impulses1 su* z ! gratification ( bodily desires1 ! acquisition ( physical possessions are /rong & uncontrollable4 ,b ?r\gh education ! altrui/ic & social impulses ( m5 may be cultivat$ & /r5g!n$1 s t !y may become m p[]ful & dom9ant ?an ev5 ! urg5cy ( physical desire4 ,man _c live by bread alone1 & a man 9 :om a passion = re=m or = religion1 = a cause or = a conque/ has become /rong1 w sacrifice food1 sleep1 & physical com=t1 & may ev5 f9d ! satisfactory fulfillm5t ( self 9 self-sacrifice & oblit]ation4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?is is p>tly because man's s5se ( selfhood is s l>gely socially condition$ & affect$ by praise & blame4 ,_m a man 9 :om impulses ( an egoi/ic sort are /rong _c resi/ ! scorn ( 8 gang1 club1 or clique4 ,9 ?is s5se ev5 socially b5eficial actions may be selfi%4 ,! old di/9ction betwe5 egoism & altruism is ?us an artificial "o4 ,a g5u9ely altrui/ic individual d]ives satisfaction f ! b5efic5t ?+s he does1 ?\gh he does n1 z ,j]emy ,b5?am suppos$1 calculate ! b5efits he w d]ive f 8 b5efic5ce4 ,altruism is j z natural z egoism 9 its orig9s1 ?\gh ! impulses ( self-pres]vation & p]sonal physical satisfaction are natively /rong] & m num]\s4 ,b human be+s c be educat$ to altruism1 & f9d ! same satisfaction 9 s]vice to o!rs z individuals re>$ 9 less humane conditions f9d 9 satisfy+ _! imm$iate physical desires4 ,,self-,,satisfaction ,,& ,,dissatisfaction4 ,s9ce ! developm5t ( selfhood plays s l>ge a "p 9 human action1 x is natural t p[]ful emotions %\ld be associat$ ) x4 ,individuals become consci\s ( ! k9d ( self !y are & measure x favorably or unfavorably ) ! k9d ( self !y w\ld be4 ,9 s f> z ! actuality !y conceive !mselves to be measures up to ! ideal self1 to ! fulfillm5t ( :i* !y h d$icat$ !mselves1 !y h a feel+ ( self-satisfaction1 ( elation4 ,!y are jubilant or cre/fall51 satisfi$ or dissatisfi$ ) !mselves1 9 s f> z !y are 9 _! own e/imation mak+ good4 ,9 normal individuals1 ^! e/imates ( triumph & fru/ration are1 ( c\rse1 color$ & qualifi$ by signs ( approval & disapproval f o!r p4 ,!re are v few--& ^! insanely conceit$--9 :om ! op9ions ( o!rs are n l>gely influ5tial 9 det]m9+ _! own e/imates ( !mselves4 ,! emotions !mselves ( self-satisfaction & abasem5t are ( a unique sort 444 ea* has its own peculi> physiognomical expression4 ,9 self-satisfaction ! ext5sor muscles are inn]vat$1 ! eye is /rong & glori\s1 ! gait roll+ & ela/ic1 ! no/ril dilat$1 & a peculi> smile plays ^u ! lips4 ,?is complex ( symptoms is se5 9 an exquisite way 9 lunatic asylums1 :i* always conta9 "s pati5ts :o are lit]ally mad ) conceit1 & ^: fatu\s expression & absurdly /rutt+ or swagg]+ gait is 9 tragic contra/ ) _! lack ( any valuable p]sonal quality4 ,x is 9 ^! same ca/les ( despair t we f9d ! /ronge/ examples ( ! opposite physiognomy1 9 good p :o ?9k !y h committ$ ! unp>donable s9 & are lo/ =ev]1 :o cr\* & cr+e & sl9k f notice1 & are unable to speak al\d or look u 9 ! eye4444 ,we ourselves "k h[ ! b>omet] ( our self-e/eem & confid5ce rises & falls f "o day to ano!r ?r\gh causes t seem to be visc]al & organic r ?an rational1 & :i* c]ta9ly answ] to no correspond+ v>iations 9 ! e/eem 9 :i* we are held by our fri5ds4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james3 loc4 cit41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cjg4 ,self-satisfaction dep5ds1 z has be5 said1 on ! k9d ( self we are aim+ at1 & t 9 turn dep5ds on ! k9d ( self we are4 ,a pr(essional bank-robb] may take a craftsman's pride 9 ! skill ) :i* he has rifl$ a safe & made (f ) ! booty1 j z a surgeon may take pride 9 a delicate op]ation1 or a dramati/ 9 a play4 ,! ideal & ! measure ( satisfaction w aga9 be det]m9$ by ! gr\p among :om we move4 ,! bank-robb] w n boa/ ( 8 exploits to a mission>y conf]5ce2 ! surgeon w pref] to expla9 ! details ( 8 a*ievem5t to m$ical m5 :o c critically appreciate its te*nique4 ,! ideal self we set ourselves may f> outrea* our a*ievem5ts1 consid]able & g5]ally applaud$ ?\gh ^! be4 ,a man may "k 9 8 he>t h[ futile are 8 triumphs1 h[ f> f ! goals he *]i%$ z "y ideals4 ,_m a brilliant com$ian longs to play ,hamlet2 ! gift$ & s*ol>ly musician kn[s h[ easy x is to w9 an audi5ce ) s5tim5tal & speci\s music4 ,! humility ( g5ius has aga9 & aga9 be5 not$4 ,! m "o kn[s ! less "o kn[s "o kn[s4 ,_m m5 atta9 self-satisfaction ?r\gh negation1 ?r\gh a s]5e surr5d] ( ! unatta9able4 ,z ! ,epicureans c\nsel$1 !y increase _! happ9ess by less5+ _! desires4 ,! cont5t :i* middle-ag$ p exhibit is n s frequ5tly to be trac$ to ! dazzl+ "* ( _! a*ievem5t z to _! resignation to _! /ation4 ,"y p are moody & unhappy n infrequ5tly because !y _c make a reconciliation betwe5 :at !y w\ld be & :at !y are4 ,o!rs aga9 atta9 satisfaction vic>i\sly 9 ! a*ievem5ts ( o!rs1 z m$iocre fa!rs d 9 _! brilliant *ildr51 or z sympa!tic & int]e/$ p d 9 ! :ole _w ab\t !m4 ,! magnanimity ( ^! expansive natures is (t5 t\*+ inde$4 ,su* p]sons c feel a sort ( delicate rapture 9 ?9k+ t1 h[ev] sick1 ill-favor$1 mean-condition$1 & g5]ally =sak5 !y may be1 !y are yet integral p>ts ( ! :ole ( ?is brave _w1 h a fell['s %>e 9 ! /r5g? ( ! dairy horses1 ! happ9ess ( ! "y p1 ! wisdom ( ! wise ones1 & are n altoge!r )\t "p or lot 9 ! good =tunes ( ! ,v&]bilts & ! ,hoh5zoll]ns !mselves4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james3 loc4 cit41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cac 7writt5 9 #ahij74 ,9 "s m5 a modicum ( success w give a disproportionate s5se ( confid5ce & p[]4 ,! man to :om success has always come easily is n baffl$ by problems t w\ld appall ^? :o1 9 middle life1 lie among ! failures at ! foot ( ! hill4 ,z ,goe!1 :o _h always be5 miracul\sly successful1 said to "o :o came to compla9 to him ab\t ! difficulty ( an und]tak+3 ,y h b to bl[ on y\r h&s4 ,9 a cr[d "o c h>dly fail to note ! easy air ( compet5ce & confid5ce t di/+ui%es ! successful man ( affairs4 ,,! ,,contra/ ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,self ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,! consci\sness ( self increases ) ! expression ( p]sonal op9ion & p[]4 ,! man ^: books are translat$ into half a doz5 languages1 to ^: lectures p come f all p>ts ( ! _w1 _c help feel+ an increas$ s5se ( importance1 al?\gh he may comb9e ?is consci\sness ) a s5se ( p]sonal humility4 ,9 ! same way a man :o ex]ts great social p[]1 :o controls ! economic lives ( ?\s&s ( employees1 or ^: b5efactions 9 ! way ( libr>ies & *>itable in/itutions dot ! l&1 develops inevitably a s5se ( 8 own selfhood z ov] aga9/ t ( ! gr\p4 ,he beg9s to realize t he does make a significant diff]5ce 9 ! _w4 ,?is 0 curi\sly illu/rat$ 9 a spee* deliv]$ by ,&rew ,c>negie :51 aft] a prolong$ abs5ce 9 ,europe1 he came back to ! op5+ ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itute1 ! build+ ( :i* _h co/ him six million doll>s3 ,he said he c\ld n br+ himself to a realization ( :at _h be5 done4 ,he felt l ,aladd9 :5 he saw ?is build+ & 0 aw>e t he _h put x up1 b he c\ld n br+ himself to consci\sness ( hav+ done x any m ?an if he _h produc$ ! same effect by rubb+ a lamp4 ,he c\ld n feel ! own]%ip ( :at he _h giv51 & he c\ld n feel t he _h giv5 x away4#a ,footnote #a3 ,quot$ f ! obitu>y ( ,&rew ,c>negie 9 ! ,new ,york ,times ( ,augu/ #ab1 #aiai4 ,?is s5se ( incr$ulity at "o's actions or a*ievem5ts is r>] ?an ! consci\sness ( self :i* x promotes4 ,! int5sity ( ?is self-aw>5ess is increas$ :5 op9ion is express$ or p[] ex]t$ 9 ! face ( opposition4 ,! man :o f9ds himself /&+ out aga9/ ! community 9 :i* he lives1 :o is a free?9k] among ^? :o are int5sely religi\s1 an extremi/ among ^? :o are cu/om-ridd51 spirituali/ic among p :o are controll$ by mat]iali/ic ideas1 f9ds ! s5se ( 8 own p]sonality height5$ by contra/4 ,:5 diss5t+ op9ions are /eadfa/ly ma9ta9$ 9 ! face ( ! opposition ( a p[]ful majority1 !re develops a p]sonality ) edge & /r5g?4 ,! man :o c p]si/ 9 8 belief aga9/ ! prevail+ w9ds ( doctr9e & ( action may be wrong1 b he is a p]sonality4 ,he is int5sely & p]si/5tly aw>e ( himself4 ,simil>ly1 ! ex]tion ( p[] 9 ! face ( opposition increases ! s5se ( "o's own p[] & helps to consolidate x4 ,"o d]ives f x ! same exhil>ation t "o has 9 feel+ a canoe "u ! impulsion ( "o's paddle ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! wat]4 ,9 ! same way1 ! ex]tion ( social p[] 9 ! face ( ob/acles makes half ! exhil>ation ( politics & bus9ess = "s types ( m5 9 bus9ess & political life4 ,"o admires ! ru?lessness ( a ,napoleon at w> or ( a capta9 ( indu/ry 9 ! %>p indu/rial competition ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 n because x is ru?less1 b because x is p[]4 ,su* m5 are at lea/ n neutral2 !y are positive =ces4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! self & ! o!rs may be fri5dly1 ) a recognition ( all o!r selves z equally entitl$ to exi/5ce4 ,"o pursues ! ev5 t5or ( "o's way1 & is cont5t to let o!rs pursue !irs4 ,m5 ( v p[]ful p]sonality h exhibit$ ! utmo/ g5tl5ess & consid]ation ( o!rs4 ,l9coln1 ! typical /rong1 sil5t man1 display$ a t5d]ness = ! suff]+ & di/ress$ t has already become prov]bial4 ,! contra/ betwe5 "o's self & ! _w may be "o ( bitt] opposition1 z :5 "o's ideas or actions are subject$ to social c5sure4 ,z ,mill argu$ ov] half a c5tury ago1 ! =ceful suppression ( op9ion produces a m viol5t manife/ation ( x4 ,socrates 0 put to dea?1 b ! ,socratic philosophy rose l ! sun 9 ! heav5s4 ,a s5se ( inju/ice1 ( unfairness1 w n only int5sify a man's op9ions b 8 consci\sness ( 8 own p]sonality4 ,to meet ) opposition is to feel acutely ! outl9es ( "o's own p]son2 to be =c$ to recognize ! diff]5ces betwe5 ourselves & o!rs is to discov] :at sort ( p we ourselves are4 ,! contra/ is likewise "o ( opposition1 sometimes to bitt]ness1 :5 ! individual seeks to impose 8 own op9ions or 8 own p]sonality =cibly on o!rs4 ,a ,mohamm$1 fir$ ) ! zeal ( a religi\s en?usiasm1 may spread 8 doctr9e by fire & sword & be resi/$ by simil> viol5ce4 ,o!rs ?an ! ,g]mans h betak5 !mselves to arms to spread a specific & arbitr>y type ( life4 ,on a small scale x is se5 :]ev] a fanatical p>5t tries to =ce 8 own belief & type ( life ^u 8 *ildr51 re>$ 9 a y\ng] & fre] g5]ation4 ,9 contempor>y society mo/ individuals are nei!r tempt$ nor p]mitt$ to co]ce p to _! own way ( ?9k+1 al?\gh economic pressure & social o/racism are /ill p[]ful in/rum5ts by :i* /rategically situat$ individuals c =ce _! own op9ions or types ( life ^u o!rs4 ,,types ,,( ,,self4 ,! consci\sness ( self v>ies 9 its expression & int5sity & at diff]5t times may display diff]5t types or comb9ations ( types4 ,no "o is ev] utt]ly consi/5t1 & diff]5t situations1 diff]5t gr\ps1 provoke diff]5t selves 9 u4 ,nobody writes q ! same k9d ( lett] to 8 diff]5t fri5ds1 or is1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 ! same p]son 9 diff]5t situations4 ,b1 except = ^? intellectual w-o'-!-wisps1 or moral ne'er-d-wells :o take on ! color ( e new circum/ance 9 :i* !y happ5 to be ca/1 m5 d develop pr$om9antly "o type ( self :i* con/itutes1 9 famili> language1 _! "*4 ,! mann] ( our consci\sness ( our p]sonality may v>y 9 quality1 ev5 ?\gh x be int5se 9 degree4 ,"o may be aw>e ev5 ( "o's importance1 )\t be+ self-important4 ,"o may be q consci\s ( "o's significance 9 ! _w & yet n be self-consci\s4 ,x is inde$ usually ! little man :o has a great air ab\t him4 ,! (fici\sness & pett9ess ( ! small s\l inve/$ ) au?ority has (t5 be5 comm5t$ on4 ,prov]bial wisdom has succ9ctly record$ ! fact t empty b>rels make ! mo/ noise4 ,latt]ly1 ,freudian psy*ology has po9t$ out ! me*anisms by :i* insignificant p comp5sate = ! pov]ty ( _! p]son by blu/] & brag4#a ,footnote #a3 ,on ?is po9t see an illum9at+ brief discussion by ,h>t 9 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,insanity4 ,,self-,,display ,,or ,,boldness4 ,! mo/ obvi\s type ( consci\sness ( self is f\nd 9 individuals :o seek m]e social conspicu\sness1 :o sp5d no inconsid]able "p ( _! en]gy 9 delib]ate display4 ,! *ild says ) nave frankness1 ,see h[ high ,i c jump4 ,_m adults f9d m conspicu\s or subtle ways ( say+ ! same ?+4 ,"o ne$ only to take a ride 9 a bus or /reet c> to f9d ! c]ta9 symptoms ( self-display4 ,^! may consi/ 9 no?+ m s]i\s ?an a peculi>ly conspicu\s coll> or hatb&1 or p>ticul>ly high heels4 ,x may consi/ 9 a l\d voice full ( pomp\s ref]5ces to great banquets rec5tly att5d$ or great sums rec5tly sp5t4 ,x may be 9 a rais$ eyebr[ or a disda9ful smile4 ,!re are p among e "o's acqua9tance ^: conv]sation is l>gely made up ( rem9isc5ces ( m or less p]sonal glory1 ( delib]ate allusions to l>ge sal>ies & fam\s fri5ds1 to glori\s prospects & pa/ laurels4#a ,footnote #a3 ,almo/ e college class has "o or two memb]s :o ent] vocif]\sly & cont9u\sly into discussions1 less = ! contribution ( ideas or in=mation ?an = ! propagation ( _! own p]sonalities4 ,on a l>g] scale ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! almo/ univ]sal desire to see "o's "n 9 pr9t3 ,!re is a :ole race ( be+s to-day ^: passion is to keep _! names 9 ! newspap]s1 no matt] "u :at head+1 arrivals & dep>tures1 p]sonal p>agraphs1 int]views--gossip1 ev5 sc&al w suit !m if no?+ bett] is to be _h4 ,guiteau1 ,g>field's assass91 is an example ( ! extremity to :i* ?is crav+ = notoriety may g 9 a pa?ological case4 ,! newspap]s b\nd$ 8 m5tal horizon2 & 9 ! poor wret*'s pray] on ! scaffold1 "o ( ! mo/ he>tfelt expressions 03 ,! newspap] press ( ?is l& has a big bill to settle ) !e1 ,o ,"l6#b ,footnote #b3 ,james3 loc4 cit41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cjh4 ,z 0 po9t$ out 9 connection ) praise & blame1 m ( our actions ?an we %\ld c>e to admit are det]m9$ by ?is desire = recognition4 ,! l\d1 ! vulg>1 ! notoriety seek]s are m]ely extreme illu/rations ( a type ( self t mo/ ( u are "s ( ! "t4 ,,self-,,suffici5t ,,mode/y4 ,! o!r extreme is exhibit$ by ! type ( p]sonality t is m>k$ly av]se to display & %r9ks f obs]vation4 ,9 its int5se/ & possibly lea/ appeal+ =m x is exhibit$ by p :o become awkw>dly emb>rass$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a /rang]1 h[ev] flu5t & vivaci\s !y may be ) _! fri5ds4 ,?is type at its be/ may be describ$ by ! epi!t ( self-suffici5t mode/y4 ,to be su* a p]son may be said to be an a*ievem5t r ?an a weakness4 ,to be self-suffici5t & mode/ at ! same "t means t "o is go+ ab\t "o's bus9ess1 t "o is too absorb$ 9 "o's "w to be cont9ually & anxi\sly not+ :at sort ( figure "o cuts 9 ! _w4 ,to quote ,mat!w ,arnold's well-kn[n l9es3 ,unaffright$ by ! sil5ce r\nd !m1 ,undi/ract$ by ! sights !y see1 ,^! dem& n t ! ?+s )\t !m ,yield !m love1 amusem5t1 sympa?y4#a ,footnote #a3 ,self-,dep5d5ce4 ,!re are 9 e great univ]sity quiet great m5 :o /eadily pursue vital & difficult rese>*es )\t ! slighte/ ref]5ce or desire = *eap conspicu\sness4 ,9 e pr(ession & bus9ess !re are kn[n to ! discrim9at+ m5 :o are exp]ts1 ev5 g5iuses 9 _! own field1 b :o %r9k back f ! l\dness ( publicity z f a plague4 ,!re are a numb] ( weal?y philan?ropi/s 9 all our l>ge cities :o consi/5tly & /eadily d good works 9 almo/ complete anonymity4 ,"o f9ds 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( human activity ^! types ( self-effac+ m5 :o f9d _! fulfillm5t 9 ! "w !y d r ?an 9 mov+ 9 ! aura ( o!r p's admiration4 ,,! ,,positive ,,& ,,flexible ,,self4 ,b 9 ord] to be effective 9 affairs1 "s positive =ce mu/ be display$1 & mode/y ne$ n mean pusillanimity4 ,a frequ5tly obs]vable type ( p]sonality--& socially "o ( a highly desirable sort--is ! type ( man :o1 himself /&+ = positive convictions1 ideas1 & pr9ciples ( action1 & n casually to be deflect$ f !m1 has suffici5t flexibility & s5sitivity to ! feel+s ( o!rs1 to accept modification4 ,su* a self n only has its initial =ce & mom5tum1 b ga9s z x goes by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,a p]sonality mu/ be positive to contribute to ! solution ( difficulties & ! managem5t ( ent]prises1 b x mu/ be receptive 9 ord] to b5efit by ! ideas ( o!rs & cop]ate ) !m4 ,to h p[] & humility at once is sometimes suffici5t to make a lead] among m54 ,humility prev5ts u f ru%+ headlong along ! pa?s ( our own dogmatic errors2 x enables u fur!r to deal ) o!r p :o w\ld be simply antagoniz$ by our flat-foot$ insi/5ce on e detail ( our own initial position4 ,! hi/ory ( great /atesman%ip is 9 "p1 at lea/1 ! hi/ory ( wise compromise4 ,nor does ?is mean sordid temporiz+ & opportunism4 ,z ,john ,morley puts x3 ,x is ! wor/ ( political blund]s to insi/ on c>ry+ an ideal set ( pr9ciples into execution1 :]e o!rs h rights ( diss5t1 & ^? o!rs p]sons ^: ass5t is z indisp5sable to success z x is difficult to atta94 ,b to be afraid or a%am$ ( hold+ su* an ideal set ( pr9ciples 9 "o's m9d 9 _! highe/ & mo/ ab/ract expression1 does m ?an any o!r "o cause to /unt or petrify ^? elem5ts ( "* to :i* life %\ld owe mo/ ( its savor4#a ,footnote #a3 ,morley3 ,on ,compromise1 p4 #abc4 ,,dogmatism ,,& ,,self-,,ass]tion4 ,too (t51 h[ev]1 a p]son ( p[]ful & di/9ctive op9ions is s mov$ by ! mom5tum ( 8 own /rong en?usiasms1 s fix$ by ! habitual def9it5ess ( 8 own position t he _c be sway$4 ,9 its wor/ =m ?is is rampant egoism & dogmatism4 ,all ( u h met ! l\d-m\!d expon5t ( 8 own op9ions1 :o speaks :atev] be ! subject1 z if 8 position only 7 plausible or possible1 & z if all :o ga9-said him 7 ei!r fools or knaves4 ,if we exam9e ! m5tal furniture ( ! av]age man we %all f9d x made up ( a va/ numb] ( judgm5ts ( a v precise k9d ^u subjects ( v great v>iety1 complexity1 & difficulty4 ,he w h fairly settl$ views ^u ! orig9 & nature ( ! univ]se1 & ^u :at he w probably call its mean+2 he w h conclusions z to :at is to happ5 to him at dea? & aft]1 z to :at is & :at %\ld be ! basis ( conduct4 ,he w "k h[ ! c\ntry %\ld be gov]n$1 & :y x is go+ to ! dogs1 :y ?is piece ( legislation is good & t bad4 ,he w h /rong views ^u milit>y & naval /rategy1 ! pr9ciples ( taxation1 ! use ( alcohol & vacc9ation1 ! treatm5t ( influ5za1 ! prev5tion ( hydrophobia1 ^u municipal trad+1 ! tea*+ ( ,greek1 ^u :at is p]missible 9 art1 satisfactory 9 lit]ature1 & hopeful 9 sci5ce4 ,! bulk ( su* op9ions mu/ necess>ily be )\t rational basis1 s9ce _m ( !m are conc]n$ ) problems admitt$ by ! exp]t to be /ill unsolv$1 :ile z to ! re/ x is cle> t ! tra9+ & exp]i5ce ( no av]age man c qualify him to h any op9ion on !m at all4#a ,footnote #a3 ,trott]3 ,in/9cts ( ! ,h]d1 p4 #cf4 ,9 action z well z op9ion dogmatism & unbridl$ self-ass]tion may be ! dom9ant *>act]i/ics ( a p]sonality4 ,! man :o has a /rong w & little social sympa?y w be ru?lessly insi/5t on ! atta9m5t ( 8 own ends4 ,?is type ( self has inde$ be5 set up z an ideal by su* philosoph]s z ,nietzs*e & ,max ,/irn]1 :o urg$ t ! really great man %\ld express 8 own p]sonality irrespective ( ! weakl+s :om he might cru% 9 8 comet-l c>e]4 ,?us writes ,nietzs*e 9 "o ( 8 *>act]i/ic passages3 ,! ,sup]man ,i h at he>t2 t is ! fir/ & only ?+ to me--& n man3 n ! neighbor1 n ! poore/1 n ! sorrie/1 n ! be/4444 ,9 t ye h despis$1 ye high] m51 t make? me hope4444 ,9 t ye h despair$1 !re is mu* to honor4 ,= ye h n le>n$ to submit y\rselves1 ye h n le>n$ petty policy4 ,= to-day h ! petty p become ma/]2 !y all prea* submission1 & humility1 & policy1 & dilig5ce1 & consid]ation1 & ! long et cet]a ( petty virtues4 ,^! ma/]s ( to-day--surpass !m1 ,o my bre?r5--^! petty p3 !y are ! ,sup]man's greate/ dang]6#b ,footnote #b3 ,?us ,spake ,z>a?u/ra 7,macmillan edition71 pp4 #cea-eb4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be not$ t ev5 if ! g5ius or ,sup]man 7 ju/ifi$1 z ?is philosophy insi/s1 on ru?lessly ass]t+ 8 priority1 x is a dang]\s proc$ure to id5tify "o's ambitions ) "o's dess]ts4 ,z already not$1 a flamboyant assurance ( "o's own importance is sometimes a ludicr\s symptom ( ! rev]se4 ,! m legitimate manife/ation ( /rong individualism 9 action or op9ion is 9 ! case ( deeply consci5ti\s natures1 :o w n compromise by a hair's bread? f :at !y conceive to be ! "r4 ,! fanatic is seldom an appeal+ "*1 b he is a type t en=ces admiration4 ,( su* unfl9*+ insi/5ce are m>tyrs & great lead]s made4 ,!re are 9 e community m5 :o w reg>d x z trea*]y to _! highe/ ideals to compromise at all f ! inviolable pr9ciples to :i* !y feel !mselves committ$4 ,su* m5 are difficult to deal ) 9 human situations involv+ cop]ation & compromise1 & !y exhibit frequ5tly a rigid au/]ity1 bitt]ness1 & hate t d n readily w9 sympa?y4 ,b x is to su* m5 z ^! t _m religi\s & social re=ms owe _! initiation4 ,b]tr& ,russell1 :o1 :e!r "o agrees ) him or n1 exhibits a puritanical devotion to 8 social beliefs1 has f9ely describ$ ! type3 ,! impati5t ideali/--& )\t "s impati5ce a man w h>dly prove effective--is almo/ sure to be l$ into hatr$ by ! oppositions & disappo9tm5ts :i* he enc\nt]s 9 8 endeavors to br+ happ9ess to ! _w4 ,! m c]ta9 he is ( ! purity ( 8 motives & ! tru? ( 8 gospel1 ! m indignant w he become :5 8 tea*+ is reject$4444 ,! int5se fai? :i* enables him to )/& p]secution = ! sake ( 8 beliefs makes him consid] ^! beliefs s lum9\sly obvi\s t any ?9k+ man :o rejects !m mu/ be di%one/ & mu/ be actuat$ by "s s9i/] motive ( trea*]y to ! cause4#a ,footnote #a3 ,russell3 ,propos$ ,roads to ,fre$om1 pp4 xiii-xiv4 ,,en?usiasm4 ,! en?usia/ is ano!r type ( self t plays an important "p 9 social life & makes n ! lea/ attractive ( its figures4 ,! exub]ant expon5t ( ideas1 causes1 p]sons1 or in/itutions is an effective prea*]1 tea*]1 or lead] ( m51 & may be1 ap>t f 8 utility1 intr9sically ( ! utmo/ *>m4 ,emotions vividly display$ are1 z already po9t$ out 9 connection ) sympa?y1 readily duplicat$ 9 o!rs1 & ! ardors ( ! en?usia/ are1 :5 !y h ! e>m>ks ( s9c]ity1 contagi\s4 ,a g5u9ely en?usia/ic p]sonality k9dles 8 own fire 9 ! he>ts ( o!rs1 & makes !m appreciate z no m]e =mal analysis c\ld1 ! vital & mov+ aspects ( ?+s4 ,good tea*+ has be5 def9$ z communication by contagion1 & ! tea*]s :om /ud5ts usually te/ify to h influ5c$ !m mo/ are n ^? :o dol$ out flat prescrib$ wisdom1 b ^? ^: own in=m$ ardor = _! subject-matt] communicat$ to ! /ud5t a w>m s5se ( its significance4 ,lead]s ( great movem5ts :o h be5 successful 9 controll+ ! en]gies & loyalties ( millions ( m5 h be5 frequ5tly m5 ( ?is high & contagi\s voltage4 ,x c]ta9ly con/itut$ "p ( ,!odore ,roosevelt's political /r5g?1 &1 9 m or less g5u9e =m1 is ! asset ( e successful political speak] & lead]4 ,bo? = ! "o controll$ by en?usiasm & = ! o!rs to :om x spreads1 exp]i5ce becomes ri*] 9 significance4 ,poets & ! poetically-m9d$ h to a s+ul> degree ! p[] ( clo?+ ) imag9ative en?usiasm all ! items ( _! exp]i5ce4 ,en?usiasm does n necess>ily connote hy/]ia or s5tim5talism4 ,! un/able en?usia/ is a famili> type1 ! man :o has ano!r object ( eag]ness & loyalty ea* week4 ,m>k ,twa9 describes ! type 9 ! p]son ( 8 bro!r1 :o _h a doz5 diff]5t ambitions a ye>4 ,b en?usiasm may be a long-su/a9$ devotion to a s+le ideal4 ,a curi\s in/ance ( x 0 se5 9 ! case ( an ,arm5ian s*ol> :o1 s x is report$ to ! writ] by a /ud5t ( ,arm5ian culture1 sp5t =ty ye>s 9 ma/]+ cunei=m script 9 ord] to prove t ! ,phrygians 7 desc5d$ f ! ,arm5ians1 & n vice v]sa4 ,%elley c\ld k9dle ! _s ( revolution 9 ?\s&s :o w\ld h be5 bor$ to dea? ) ! same fi]y doctr9es 9 ! ab/ract & cold pages ( ,godw91 f :om ,%elley d]iv$ 8 ideas ( political ju/ice4 ,! en?usia/1 s9ce he in/9ctively likes to %>e 8 emotions1 n infrequ5tly displays an int5se desire = lead]%ip1 n s mu* t he may be a lead] z t he may w9 conv]ts to 8 own cause or cre$4 ,su* a p]sonality f9ds its satisfaction 9 "s =m ( proselyt+ zeal1 be x = a religion1 = a favorite *>ity1 = good books1 poetry1 or social ju/ice4 ,a well-kn[n lit]>y s*ol> :o di$ rec5tly 0 ?us describ$ by "o ( 8 =m] /ud5ts3 ,dr4 ,gumm]e 0 n a tea*]2 he 0 a vital atmosph]e & 8 lectures1 z "o consid]$ !m f an intellectual or emotional angle1 7 revelations or adv5tures4 ,!re nev] 7 su* classes z 81 we believ$4 ,:o c\ld equal him 9 read9ess ( wit8 ,:]e 0 !re su* a raconteur8 ,:o else c\ld put ! feel ( a poem into "o's he>t8 444 ,8 voice 0 v deep1 & exce$+ly free & flexible4 ,x always seem$ to brim up z f a _s ov]fl[+4 ,ev]y?+ ab\t him 0 individual & spontane\s4 ,he 0 p]haps mo/ l a p[]ful riv] t brac$ "o's en]gies1 & c>ri$ "o along )\t ! slighte/ desire to resi/4#a ,footnote #a3 ,*>les ,:>ton ,/ork3 ,a ,great ,tea*]1 ,! ,nation1 ,july #bf1 #aiai4 ,,! ,,negative ,,self4 ,all ! types ( p]sonality or self t h ?us f> be5 discuss$ are 9 "s way positive or ass]tive4 ,b ! self may be exhibit$ negatively1 9 a %r9k+1 n only f obs]vation1 b f any positive or pron\nc$ action4 ,?is has already be5 not$ 9 connection ) submissiv5ess4 ,mo/ p 9 ! pres5ce ( _! intellectual & social or ev5 _! physical sup]ior1 exp]i5ce a s5se (1 to use ,mc,dougall's t]m1 negative self-feel+4 ,9 "s p ?is negation or effacem5t ( ! self is a pr$om9ant *>act]i/ic4 ,x may be m]e social timidity1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ^? cont9ually plac$ 9 s]vile positions1 z 9 ! case ( ! prov]bial poor relation1 may become *ronic4 ,9 its mo/ disagreeable =m x is exhibit$ z an obsequi\s flatt]+ & a pret5ti\s humility4 ,( ?is ! classic in/ance is ,uriah ,heep 9 ,david ,copp]field3 ,i suppose y are q a great lawy]1 ,i ,david ,copp]field said1 aft] look+ at him = "s "t4 ,me1 ,ma/] ,copp]field8 said ,uriah4 ,oh1 no6 ,i'm a v umble p]son4 ,x 0 no fancy ( m9e ab\t 8 h&s1 ,i obs]v$2 = he frequ5tly gr\nd ! palms aga9/ ea* o!r1 z if to squeeze !m dry & w>m1 besides (t5 wip+ !m1 9 a /eal?y way1 on 8 pocket-h&k]*ief4 ,i am well aw>e t ,i am ! umble/ p]son go+1 said ,uriah ,heep mode/ly1 let ! o!r be :]e he may4 ,my "m is likewise a v umble p]son4 ,we live 9 a numble abode1 ,ma/] ,copp]field1 b h mu* to be ?ankful =4 ,my fa!r's =m] call+ 0 umble4 ,he 0 a sexton4 ,:at is he n[8 ,i ask$4 ,he is a p>tak] ( glory1 at pres5t1 ,ma/] ,copp]field1 b we h mu* to be ?ankful =4 ,h[ mu* h ,i to be ?ankful =1 9 liv+ ) ,mr4 ,wickfield4 ,negative self-feel+ may be provok$ by a g5u9e s5se ( unwor?9ess or mode/y1 & :5 ?is takes place among religi\s p1 x may become a complete & raptur\s submissiv5ess to ,god4 ,! records ( _m m$ival & ( "s mod]n my/ics emphasize ?is complete yield+ to ! w ( ,god1 & 9 ,8 w f9d+ peace4 ,james quotes 9 ?is connection ,pascal's ,prire p\r bi5 us] les maladies3 ,i ask y1 nei!r = heal? nor = sickness1 = life nor = dea?2 b t y may dispose ( my heal? & my sickness1 my life & my dea?1 = y\r glory4444 ,y alone "k :at is exp$i5t = me2 y are ! sov]eign ma/]2 d ) me accord+ to y\r w4 ,give to me1 or take away f me1 only con=m my w to y\rs4 ,i "k b "o ?+1 ,"l1 t x is good to foll[ y1 & bad to (f5d y4 ,ap>t f t1 ,i "k n :at is good or bad 9 any?+4 ,i "k n :i* is mo/ pr(itable to me1 heal? or sickness1 weal? or pov]ty1 nor any?+ else 9 ! _w4 ,t disc]nm5t is beyond ! p[] ( m5 or angels1 & is hidd5 among ! secrets ( y\r ,provid5ce1 :i* ,i adore1 b d n seek to fa?om4#a ,footnote #a3 ,quot$ 9 ,james3 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #bhf4 ,self-surr5d]1 h[ev]1 takes o!r =ms ?an religi\s absorption or devotion4 ,sa9tl9ess is n unkn[n 9 secul> =ms ( life1 9 ! devotion ( m5 to any ideal1 despite pa9 & privation ( worldly goods & successes4 ,! doctor sacrific+ 8 life 9 a lep] colony is an extreme example4 ,b some?+ ( ! same humility & submissiv5ess is exhibit$ e "t a man makes a *oice :i* places ! welf>e ( o!r p be=e 8 own imm$iate success4 ,x is %[n by ! ?\s&s ( physicians & settlem5t work]s & tea*]s :o sp5d _! lives 9 pati5t devotion to labors t br+ little remun]ation & z little glory4 ,m5 ( affairs & a l>ge proportion ( o!r m5 g5]ally measure wor? by worldly success4 ,b ev5 f ! worldly1 su* signs ( self-surr5d] elicit admiration4 ,,ecc5trics4 ,!re is "o type ( self s v>i\s & miscellane\s t x c only be subsum$ "u ! g5]al epi!t1 ecc5tric4 ,^! are ! unexpect$ly l>ge numb] ( individuals 9 our civilization :o d n come "u any ( ! usual categories1 :o display "s small or great abnormality :i* sets !m (f f ! g5]al run ( m54 ,t "s ( ^! are acc\nt$ ecc5tric is to be expla9$ 9 ! light ( man's t5d5cy1 z a greg>i\s animal1 to ?9k que] & freaki% any?+ (f ! beat5 track4 ,"s are cle>ly & unmi/akably abnormal 9 "s physiological or psy*ological respect4 ,f ^! are recruit$ ! inmates ( our p5it5ti>ies & insane asylums & ! c&idates = !m4 ,b !re are ecc5tricities ( social behavior1 types ( p]sonality :i* ?\gh !y _c be class$ z ei!r insane or crim9al1 yet def9itely set an individual ap>t4 ,^! include :at ,trott] has call$ ! m5tally un/able1 z set ov] aga9/ ! great class ( normal1 s5sible1 reliable middle age1 ) its def9ite views1 its resili5cy to ! depress+ influ5ce ( facts1 & its gift = =m+ ! backbone ( ! ,/ate4 ,!re are ! l>ge gr\p ( slightly neura/h5ic1 made s1 9 "p1 by ! high n]v\s t5sion "u :i* mod]n1 especially mod]n urban1 life is liv$4 ,^! include :at are commonly call$ ! hy/]ical or ov]-emotional1 or temp]am5tal types4 ,9 a civilization :]e mo/ pr(essions dem& regul>ity1 re/ra9t1 punctuality1 & directness1 un/ability & excess emotionalism are necess>ily at a disc\nt4 ,!re are ! vagabond types :o1 l "y ,georges1 ,jean-qhri/ophe's protg1 reg>d a pr(ession z a prison h\se1 9 :i* mo/ ( "o's capacities are cruelly conf9$4 ,!re are aga9 ^? :o1 possess+ s+ul> & exclusive s5sitivity to /hetic values1 to music1 art1 & poetry1 f9d ! _w outside _! own lyric en?usiasms flat1 /ale1 & unpr(itable4 ,if1 z s frequ5tly happ5s1 ^! comb9e1 along ) _! peculi> temp]am5ts1 little g5ius & sl5d] means1 social & economic life becomes = !m a bl9d alley4 ,e ye> at our great univ]sities we see small gr\ps ( "y m51 :o1 hav+ sp5t ?ree or f\r ye>s on philosophy1 lit]ature1 & ! lib]al arts1 & hav+ no int]e/ 9 academic life1 are put to x to f9d a pr(ession 9 :i* !y c f9d a g5u9e int]e/ or possible success4 ,among ^! ecc5trics a few h be5 reckon$ g5iuses by _! contempor>ies or by po/]ity4 ,9 su* cases society hesitates to apply its usual =mul4 ,"o _c condemn out ( h& a ,%elley4 ,he is n ( ! run ( m54 ,%elley 0 "o ( ^? spokesm5 ( ! a priori1 "o ( ^? nursl+s ( ! womb1 l a bee or a butt]fly1 a dogmatic1 inspir$1 p]fect1 & incorrigible creature4444 ,be+ a f9i%$ *ild ( nature1 n a jo9t product1 l mo/ ( u1 ( nature1 hi/ory1 & society1 he ab\nd$ miracul\sly 9 8 own cle> s5se1 b 0 obtuse to ! droll miscellane\s lessons ( =tune4 ,! cannonade ( h>d inexplicable facts t knocks into mo/ ( u :at little wisdom we h1 left ,%elley daz$ & sore1 p]haps1 b un9/ruct$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,santayana3 ,w9ds ( ,doctr9e2 ,%elley1 p4 #aei4 ,x is difficult to draw ! l9e 9 "s cases betwe5 g5ius & insanity4#a ,!re h be5 "t & aga9 9 society ,cass&ras :o h spok5 true prophecies & h be5 ?\ght mad4 ,!re h be51 on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o1 hav+ "s ( ! ext]nal ecc5tricities ( g5ius1 h giv5 an illusive impression ( greatness4 ,! pr(essional ,bohemian likes to make himself great by we>+ 8 hair long & liv+ 9 a g>ret4 ,b x is unque/ionably true t a highly s5sitive & creative m9d is (t5 ill at ease 9 ! _w ( action1 & rema9s a vagabond1 an enfant t]rible or an ecc5tric all ?r\gh life4 ,x rema9s a fact t 9 contempor>y society !re are a small numb] ( p1 "s ( !m ( consid]able tal5ts1 :o simply _c be made to fit into ! social r\t9e4 ,= su* ,b]tr& ,russell sugge/s a vagabond's wage4 ,?is he conceives z be+ j l>ge en\gh to enable !m to get along1 to give !m a *ance to w&] & exp]im5t1 b suffici5tly small to p5alize !m = n settl+ d[n to ! accu/om$ social r\t9es4#b ,footnote #a3 ,?us ,plato3 ,b he :o1 n be+ inspir$ & hav+ no t\* ( madness 9 8 s\l1 comes to ! door & ?9ks t he w get into ! temple by ! help ( art--he1 ,i say1 & 8 poetry are n admitt$2 ! sane man is n[h]e at all :5 he ent]s into rivalry ) ! madman4 ,pho$rus 7,j[ett translation71 p4 #eej4 ,footnote #b3 ,russell3 ,propos$ ,roads to ,fre$om1 p4 #agg4 ,!re 0 rec5tly introduc$ to ! writ] a boy1 ag$ n9ete51 = :om ?is w\ld be an admirable solution4 ,br\ght up 9 a t5em5t & work+ z a cl]k1 ?is y\ng/] wrote :at compet5t judges pron\nc$ to be really extraord9>y lyrics4 ,he 0 at ! same "t utt]ly helpless 9 ! _w ( affairs4 ,ev5 at college 8 casual habits & absorption w\ld h prev5t$ him f gett+ ?r\gh 8 fre%man ye>4 ,mill has g5]aliz$ ! situation ( ! g5ius3 ,p]sons ( g5ius1 x is true1 are1 & are always likely to be1 a small m9ority2 b 9 ord] to h !m1 x is necess>y to pres]ve ! soil 9 :i* !y gr[4 ,g5ius c only brea! freely 9 an atmosph]e ( fre$om4 ,p]sons ( g5ius are1 ex vi t]m9i1 m individual ?an any o!r p--less capable1 consequ5tly1 ( fitt+ !mselves1 )\t hurtful compression1 into any ( ! small numb] ( m\lds :i* society provides 9 ord] to save its memb]s ! tr\ble ( =m+ _! own "*4444 ,if !y are ( a /rong "*1 & break _! fett]s1 !y become a m>k = ! society :i* has n succe$$ 9 r$uc+ !m to commonplace1 to po9t at ) solemn w>n+ z wild1 erratic1 & ! l2 mu* z if "o %\ld compla9 ( ! ,niag>a ,riv] = n fl[+ smoo?ly betwe5 its banks1 l a ,dut* canal4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mill3 ,essay on ,lib]ty1 *ap4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,active ,,& ,,! ,,contemplative4 ,"o f9al di/9ction mu/ be made1 "o t cuts across all ! types ( self hi!rto discuss$1 namely1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! man ( action & ! man ( ?\ght4 ,"o ne$ n g f> 9 lit]ature or 9 life to f9d ! contra/ made4 ,9 ! ,scriptures ,m>y is set ov] aga9/ ,m>?a1 ,ra*el aga9/ ,leah4 ,hamlet & ,ulysses are p]man5t repres5tations ( ! melan*oly ?9k] & ! exub]ant adv5tur]4 ,! bus9ess man & ! executive may be put ov] aga9/ ! poet & ! s*ol>2 ! /r5u\s organiz] & adm9i/rator ov] aga9/ ! quiet philosoph]4 ,bo? h _! out/&+ uses1 &1 9 _! extreme =ms1 _! out/&+ defects4 ,! active type1 z we say1 gets ?+s done4 ,he builds bridges & indu/ries2 he manages m>kets & m54 ,8 eye is on ! practical2 he is dep5dable1 rapid1 & effici5t4 ,9 an indu/rial civilization he is ! great h]oic type4 ,! /atesman & ! railroad build]1 ! newspap] editors & ! political lead]s captivate ! imag9ations z !y control ! de/9ies ( mank9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are ^? :o /& aside 7ei!r f incapacity or dis9cl9ation or bo?7 f ! managem5t ( affairs & ! life ( action1 & sp5d _! lives 9 obs]vation & contemplation4 ,plato & ,ari/otle reg>d$ ?is z ! highe/ type ( life2 x may h be5 because !y 7 !mselves bo? philosoph]s4 ,9 its extreme =m x is exhibit$ 9 su* m5 z ,sp9oza or ,kant1 sp5d+ _! lives 9 practical obscurity1 speculat+ on "t & space & et]nity4 ,b x is app>5t 9 less extreme types4 ,! pati5t obs]v]1 ! g5ial spectator ( o!r m5's actions is n infrequ5t4 ,:5 he has lit]>y gifts he is a philosoph] or a poet4 ,lucretius 9 a fam\s passage /at$ ! contemplative ideal1 contra/+ x ) its opposite3 ,sweet x is :5 on ! great seas ! w9ds are buffet+1 to gaze f ! l& on ano!r's great /ruggles2 n because x is pleasure or joy t any "o %\ld be di/ress$1 b because x is sweet to p]ceive f :at mis=tunes y y\rself are free4 ,sweet is x1 too1 to behold great conte/s ( w> 9 full array ov] ! pla9s1 :5 y h no "p 9 ! dang]4 ,b no?+ is m gladd5+ ?an to dwell 9 ! calm high places1 firmly embattl$ on ! heights by ! tea*+ ( ! wise1 :5ce y c look d[n on o!rs1 & see !m w&]+ hi!r & ?i!r & go+ a/ray1 z !y seek ! way ( life1 9 /rife mat*+ _! wits or rival claims ( bir?1 /ruggl+ night & day by surpass+ ef=t to rise up to ! height ( p[] & ga9 possession ( ! _w4#a ,footnote #a3 ,lucretius3 ,de ,r]um ,natura 7,bailey translation71 book ,,ii1 l9es #a-ab4 ,b 9 ! two types x is n ! fruit ( action or contemplation1 b action & contemplation !mselves t ! two types f9d respectively int]e/+4 ,! man ( action f9ds an imm$iate satisfaction 9 movem5t1 *ange1 ! clamor ( affairs1 ! contacts ) o!r p1 ! mak+ ( *anges 9 ! practical _w4 ,! man ( ?\ght f9ds z imm$iate enjoym5t 9 not+ ! ways ( m51 & reflect+ ^u !m4 ,t contemplation1 dis9t]e/$ ?9k+1 also has its use goes )\t say+4 ,! ?9k] & ! dream] may be some?+ at lea/ ( :at ! ,iri% poet boa/s3 444 ! mov]s & %ak]s ,( ! _w1 =ev]1 x seems4 ,! s*ol>1 ! ?9k]1 ! man :o /&s aside f imm$iate action1 may1 (t5 does1 help ! _w ( action 9 a f>-rea*+ way4 ,! rese>*es ( a ,newton make possible ev5tually ! feats ( mod]n eng9e]+ & telegraphy2 ! ab/ruse /udy ( ! calculus helps to build bridges & skyscrap]s4 ,bo? types1 9 _! extremes1 h _! weaknesses4 ,! extremely practical man may cut (f ! limb ^u :i* he is sitt+1 or see no fur!r ?an ! end ( 8 nose4 ,a really great adm9i/rator is n p5ny-wise2 he ?9ks f> ahead1 ar\nd & into a problem4 ,he is conc]n$ = tomorr[ z well z to-day4 ,! contemplative man may come to be sickli$ o'er ) ! pale ca/ ( ?\ght4 ,!re is ! h]o ( "o ,russian novel :o reflects ?r\gh ?ree hundr$ pages on 8 wa/$ life1 all at ! ripe age ( tw5ty-?ree4#a ,! practical man ga9s wid? & insight by *eck+ himself ) reflection2 ! contemplative f9ds ?\ght call$ home & made mean+ful by contacts ) ! _w4 ,x 0 some?+ ( ?is balance :i* ,plato _h 9 m9d :5 he insi/$ t 8 future philosoph]-k+ %\ld1 aft] fifte5 ye>s' /udy1 g = fifte5 ye>s into ! cave or _w to le>n to deal ) m5 & affairs4 ,! m]e !ori/ is (t5 an absurd if n a dang]\s "*2 ! practical man may come to make ! :eels g r\nd )\t ev] tak+ note ( 8 direction4 ,footnote #a3 ,cont*>eff3 ,oblom(f4 ,z po9t$ out 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is discussion1 no "o ( ^! types is exclusively exemplifi$ 9 any "o individual4 ,to be exclusively any "o ( ^! w\ld be to be a c>icature r ?an a "*4#b ,b to be no "o ( ^! types to any degree at all is to be no "* at all1 is to be socially a non5tity1 a m9us quantity2 x is to be det]m9$ by ! vicissitudes ( *ance or circum/ance2 x is to be a succession ( vacillations r ?an a di/9ctive self-det]m9$ p]sonality4 ,ea* ( ^! types1 moreov]1 if n extreme1 has its specific excell5ces1 & _! v>i\s pres5ce l5ds ri*ness & div]sity to social life4 ,footnote #b3 ,dick5s's success lay1 p]haps *iefly1 9 8 ability to draw ^! un=gettable exagg]ations1 ^! out/&+ types3 ,micawb] wait+ = some?+ to turn up2 ! fi5di% cruelty ( ,bill ,sikes2 ! angelic self-effacem5t ( ,little ,nell2 ! hypocritical ,mr4 ,pecksniff2 ! gossipy ,sairy ,gamp4 ,he _h a unique gift = repres5t+ psy*ological traits 9 l>ge4 ,! s-call$ psy*ological noveli/s l ,m]$i?1 trace a "* ?r\gh its moods & fluctuations1 mak+ tru]1 m composite1 ?\gh less memorable *>act]s4 ,,emotions ,,ar\s$ ,,9 ,,! ,,ma9t5ance ,,( ,,! ,,self4 ,^! v>i\s types ( self may be def5d$ ) bitt]ness & p]t9acity1 & 9 _! support ! mo/ p[]ful emotions may be enli/$4 ,z po9t$ out 9 connection ) individuality 9 op9ion1 m5 may be will+ to die = _! beliefs4 ,simil>ly invasion ( "o's home1 infr+em5t or ?reat aga9/ :at "o reg>ds z "o's rights or "o's possessions1 :e!r physical or social1 may be bitt]ly conte/$4 ,& 9 ?is conflict 9 support ( ! integrity ( ! self1 ang]1 hate1 fe>1 submissiv5ess1 all ! nuances ( emotion may be ar\s$4 ,! !mes ( great trag$y are built l>gely on ?is !me ( insi/5t selfhood4 ,any ob/ruction ( ! self-integrity "o has set "o's self may provoke a viol5t reaction4 ,x may be int]f]5ce ) "o's love1 z 9 ! case ( ,m$ea or ,o!llo1 ! pa9 ( +ratitude z 9 ,le>1 ! conflict betwe5 ! l[] & ! high] self1 z 9 ! case ( ,macbe?'s loyalty & 8 ambition4 ,^! are ! /aple mat]ials ( drama4 ,9 common exp]i5ce1 an insult to "o's wife or fri5d1 an ob/acle plac$ 9 ! way ( "o's pr(essional c>e]1 deprivation ( "o's lib]ty or "o's prop]ty1 or "o's unh9d]$ pursuit ( happ9ess1 are ! provocations to viol5t emotions 9 ! su/a9+ ( ! self4 ,h[ viol5t or :at =m ! reaction w take dep5ds on ! situation ( ! self involv$4 ,if "o has be5 grossly insult$ by ano!r ^u :om "o is utt]ly dep5d5t socially & economically1 a rankl+ & impot5t rage may be ! only outlet4 ,to a p]son gift$ ) humility1 ! disillusions ( a false fri5d%ip may provoke no?+ m ?an a deep b resign$ disappo9tm5t4 ,:]e passion & det]m9ation run high1 & retaliation is feasible1 a viol5t hate may f9d viol5t fulfillm5t4 ,9 e>li] & m blood?ir/y days1 ! dagg]1 ! duel1 & poison 71 z illu/rat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,borgias1 ways ( ma9ta9+ ! self & v5t+ "o's ang] or rev5ge4 ,ev5 9 mod]n society ! /ill di/ress+ly l>ge numb] ( crimes ( viol5ce may be trac$ 9 _m1 p]haps mo/ cases1 to bl9d & bitt] hate4 ,to any deep p]sonal injury1 hate1 :e!r x takes ov]t =m or n1 is /ill ! in/9ctive answ]2 j su* hate z ,euripides repres5ts 9 ! jeal\s ,m$ea1 :5 %e1 a b>b>ian captive among ! ,greeks1 sees ,jason1 h] lov]1 ab\t to be m>ri$ to a ,greek pr9cess3 444 ,b ,i1 be+ citiless1 am ca/ aside1 ,by him t w$d$ me1 a savage bride4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,i ask "o ?+4 ,if *ance yet ope to me ,"s pa?1 if ev5 n[ my h& c w91 ,/r5g? to requite ?is ,jason = 8 s91 ,betray me n6 ,oh1 9 all ?+s b ?is1 ,i "k h[ full ( fe>s a woman is1 ,& fa9ts at ne$1 & %r9k+ f ! light ,( battle2 b once spoil h] ( h] "r ,9 man's love1 & !re moves1 ,i w>n !e well1 ,no bloodi] _s betwe5 ,heav5 & ,hell4#a ,footnote #a3 ,euripides3 ,m$ea 7,gilb]t ,murray translation71 p4 #af4 ,9 def5se ( ! self 9 its n>r[] or broad] s5se1 c\rage & h]oism may be display$4 ,! m>tyr w die r ?an submit2 !re h be5 _m to :om ,patrick ,h5ry's ,give me ,lib]ty or give me dea?1 0 some?+ m ?an rhetoric4 ,! self = :i* we w fight1 ( c\rse1 v>ies4 ,a spoilt *ild w g into a p>oxysm ( rage if its toy is tak5 away4 ,old] p w fight = small] or l>g] po9ts ( social position4 ,!re is ! famili> citiz5 :o w insi/ on 8 rights1 (t5 ( a petty sort1 9 a hotel1 !at]1 or dep>tm5t /ore4 ,or a man may display ! la/ extremity ( c\rage 9 def5se ( "s ideal1 z 9 a man's surr5d] ( 8 life = 8 c\ntry4 ,some?+ ( ! same h]oism is display$ by individuals :o /& out aga9/ _! gr\p 9 ! face ( ridicule or p]secution4 ,x is ! g5]al sympa?y ) ! desire to pres]ve "o's selfhood unt>ni%$ t gives po9t to ,h5ley's l9es3 ,out ( ! night t cov]s me1 ,black z ! pit f pole to pole1 ,i ?ank :atev] gods may be ,= my unconqu]able s\l4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,x matt]s n h[ /rait ! gate1 ,h[ *>g$ ) puni%m5ts ! scroll1 ,i am ! ma/] ( my fate1 ,i am ! capta9 ( my s\l4#b ,footnote #b3 ,invictus4 ,9 ! same way z ! emotions fe>1 ang]1 & hate1 & _! v>iations & degrees1 may be ar\s$ by attack or ?reat aga9/ ! self1 s help & enc\ragem5t ( an individual's selfhood ar\se love1 affection1 & gratitude4 ,ev5 our affection = our p>5ts1 ?\gh 9 "p in/9ctive1 is und\bt$ly increas$ by ! c>e & p]si/5ce ) :i* !y h fo/]$ our own life & hopes1 h educat$ u1 & made possible = u a c>e]4 ,! same motives play a "p 9 our affection = tea*]s :o h b5efic5tly influ5c$ our lives1 = o!r old] p :o give u a />t1 advice & enc\ragem5t or f9ancial aid4 ,ev5 ! love ( ,god has 9 religi\s ritual be5 color$ ) gratitude = ,god's m]cies & b5evol5ces4 ,,! ,,individuality ,,( ,,gr\ps4 ,gr\ps may display ! same individuality & s5se ( selfhood z is exhibit$ by individuals4 ,& ! memb]s ( ! gr\p may come to reg>d ! gr\p life z some?+ q z important & inali5able z _! own p]sonalities & possessions4 ,inde$ 9 def5se ( ! integrity ( ! gr\p life1 z 9 ! case1 = example1 ( national honor1 ! individual life & possession may come to be reckon$ z naught4 ,man's greg>i\sness & 8 in/9ctive sympa?y ) 8 own k9d make x easy = ! individual to id5tify 8 own life ) t ( ! gr\p4 ,:at ?reat5s or endang]s ! gr\p w 9 consequ5ce ar\se 9 him ! same emotions z are ar\s$ by ?reats or dang]s t conc]n 8 own p]sonality4 ,an insult to ! flag may s5d a ?rill ( dang] ?r\gh ! millions :o read ab\t x1 j z w\ld an insult to !mselves or _! families4 ,gr\p feel+ may exi/ on v>i\s levels4 ,x may be no?+ m mom5t\s ?an local pride1 hav+ ! talle/ t[]1 ! f9e/ amusem5t p>k1 ! be/ baseball team1 or be+ ! six? l>ge/ city4 ,x may be a bellig]5t imp]ialism1 a desire = a place 9 ! sun4 ,x may be a desire = indep5d5ce & an autonom\s gr\p life1 manife/$ s /rik+ly rec5tly by su* small nationalities z ,pol& & ,cze*o-,slovakia & influ5tial 9 keep+ ,switz]l& alive z a nationality ?r\gh hundr$s ( ye>s1 ?\gh surr\nd$ by p[]ful neighbors4#a ,:ile a gr\p does n exi/ save z an ab/raction1 look$ at z a :ole x may exhibit ! same out/&+ traits1 or ! same types ( selfhood z an individual4 ,x may be fi]cely bellig]5t & dogmatic2 x may1 l lit]>y expon5ts ( ! ,g]man ideal1 desire to spread its own conception ( ,kultur ?r\gh\t ! _w4#b ,x may be insi/5t on its own position1 or its own possessions or its own glory4 ,x may be fanatic 9 aggr&izem5t4 ,x may be int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( o!r gr\ps1 z 9 ! case ( l>ge nationalities *ampion+ & protect+ ! causes ( small or oppress$ ones1 su* an ideal z 0 express$1 = example1 by ,presid5t ,wilson 9 8 address to ,congress on ! entrance ( ,am]ica into ! ,great ,w>3 ,footnote #a3 ,gr\p feel+ may be display$ "u ! mo/ disadvantage\s conditions1 z 9 ! /rong s5tim5t = nationalism curr5t among ! ,jews1 ev5 ?r\gh all ! c5turies ( disp]sion4 ,footnote #b3 ,?or/e9 ,vebl5 has po9t$ out h[ ! common man comes to id5tify 8 int]e/ ) t ( ! gr\p3 ,! common man :o s l5ds himself to ! aggressive enhancem5t ( ! national ,culture & its pre/ige has no?+ ( a mat]ial k9d to ga9 f ! increase ( r5[n t comes to 8 sov]eign1 8 language1 8 c\ntrym5's art or sci5ce1 8 diet>y1 or 8 ,god4 ,!re are no sordid motives 9 all ?is4 ,^! spiritual assets ( self-complac5cy are inde$ to be rat$ z gr\nds ( high-m9d$ patriotism )\t aft]?\ght4 7,! ,nature ( ,peace1 p4 #ef47 444 ,we %all fight = ! ?+s :i* we h always c>ri$ ne>e/ our he>ts--= democracy1 = ! "r ( ^? :o submit to au?ority to h a voice 9 _! own gov]nm5ts1 = ! rights & lib]ties ( small nations1 = a univ]sal dom9ion ( "r by su* a conc]t ( free peoples z %all br+ peace & safety to all nations & make ! _w itself at la/ free4#c ,footnote #c3 ,woodr[ ,wilson3 ,address to ,congress1 ,april #b1 #aiag4 ,! selfhood display$ by v>i\s gr\ps v>ies ) ! degree & integration ( ! individual )9 ! gr\p4 ,9 extreme cases1 su* z t ( ,g]many "u ! imp]ial rgime1 ! gr\p individuality may completely ov]%ad[ & engulf t ( ! individual4 ,?is ideal 0 n infrequ5tly express$ by ,g]man political writ]s3 ,to u ! /ate is ! mo/ indisp5sable z well z highe/ requisite ( our e>?ly exi/5ce4444 ,all individuali/ic endeavor mu/ be unres]v$ly subord9at$ to ?is l(ty claim4444 ,! /ate ev5tually is ( inf9itely m value ?an ! sum ( ! individuals )9 its jurisdiction4 ,?is conception ( ! /ate :i* is z mu* a "p ( our life z ! blood 9 our ve9s1 is n[h]e to be f\nd 9 ! ,engli% con/itution1 & is q =eign to ,engli% ?\ght1 & to t ( ,am]ica z well4#a ,footnote #a3 ,edu>d ,mey]3 ,engl&1 ,its ,political ,organization & ,developm5t & ! ,w> ,aga9/ ,g]many 7,engli% translation71 pp4 #cj-ca4 ,:ile cu/om-b\nd & feudal rgimes may emphasize ! t5d5cy to suppress developm5t ( individuality1 & insi/ on regim5tation 9 ?\ght & action--an ideal proclaim$ ) increas+ g5]ality 9 ,g]many f ,hegel d[n#b !re may be on ! "p ( bo? individuals & gr\ps ! t5d5cy to promote individuality z itself a social good4 ,9 su* a case ! social /ructure & educational sy/ems & me?ods w be design$ to promote individuality r ?an to suppress x4 ,individual v>iations1 if x be g5]ally recogniz$ t !y are ! only s\rce ( progress1 w be utiliz$ & cultivat$ in/ead ( suppress$4#c ,footnote #b3 ,see ,dewey3 ,g]man ,philosophy & ,politics4 ,footnote #c3 ,individuality is ! !me ( ,montessori k9d]g>t5 me?ods4 ,?r\gh\t ! n9ete5? c5tury 7inde$ ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( political !ory71 ! p5dulum swung betwe5 individualism & complete socialization4 ,sp5c] long ago proclaim$ ! dom9ance ( ! individual2 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 foll[+ ! ,g]man philosoph]s1 ! dom9ance ( ! /ate4 ,l ! contra/ betwe5 egoism & altruism1 an emphasis on ei!r side is b\nd to be artificial4 ,! individual c only be a self 9 a social ord]2 ! individual is only an individual 9 contra/ ) o!rs4 ,x is d\btful1 = example1 :e!r a man liv+ all 8 life alone on a des]t isl& w\ld discov] any individuality at all4 ,a man's "* is display$ 9 action1 & 8 actions are always1 or ne>ly always1 p]=m$ ) ref]5ce to o!r p4 ,& a man's be/ self-realization _c be a*iev$ save 9 cong5ial social ord]4 ,a man w n readily gr[ into a sa9t among a society ( s9n]s1 & unless ! social ord] provides opportunities = ! highe/ type ( life1 x w exi/ only 9 a v =tunate & favor$ few4 ,"o ( ! *>ges t has be5 laid aga9/ democracy is t x fails to enc\rage ! highe/ types ( sci5tific & arti/ic int]e/s1 t x is ! gospel ( ! m$iocre4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?is is ! ess5ce ( ! ari/ocratic position1 t a *oice life liv$ by a few is bett] ?an a vulg> "o %>$ by ! _m4 ,x is too (t5 =gott51 on ! o!r h&1 by ^? :o emphasize ! importance ( society1 t society is1 aft] all1 no?+ m ?an an aggregate ( selves4 ,! /ate1 ! social ord] is no?+ b ! individuals :o make x up1 & _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,! gr\p exi/s1 aft] all1 ev5 z ! mo/ completely socializ$ political doctr9es insi/1 = ! realization ( individual selves1 = fre$om ( opportunity & initiative4 ,x is :5 individualism runs rampant1 :5 self-realization on ! "p ( "o individual int]f]es ) self-realization on ! "p ( all o!rs t individualism becomes a m5ace4 ,individuality is itself valuable1 9 ! fir/ place1 because z ,mill po9t$ out 9 8 essay on ,lib]ty e>li] quot$3 ,:at has made ! ,european family an improv+ in/ead ( a /ation>y portion ( mank9d8 ,n any sup]ior excell5ce 9 !m1 :i*1 :5 x exi/s1 exi/s z ! effect1 n ! cause2 b _! rem>kable div]sity ( "* & culture4 ,individuals1 classes1 nations1 h be5 extremely unlike "o ano!r2 !y h /ruck out a great v>iety ( pa?s1 ea* lead+ to some?+ valuable2 & al?\gh at e p]iod ^? :o travel$ 9 diff]5t pa?s h be5 intol]ant ( "o ano!r1 & ea* w\ld h ?\ght x an excell5t ?+ if all ! re/ c\ld h be5 compell$ to travel 8 road1 _! attempts to ?w>t ea* o!r's developm5t h r>ely _h any p]man5t success1 & ea* has endur$ 9 "t to receive ! good :i* ! o!rs h (f]$4#b ,footnote #b3 ,mill3 ,essay on ,lib]ty1 *ap4 ,,iii4 ,ap>t f ! v>iations 9 gr\p cu/oms & traditions1 & _! progressive application to *ang+ circum/ances :i* individuality makes possible1 x _c be too /rongly emphasiz$ t society is ! "n = ! process by :i* individuals live toge!r4 ,x is ! individuals :o are ! realities & ! happ9ess ( individuals :i* is ! aim ( social organization4 ,su* happ9ess is only atta9able :5 individuals are all[$ to make ! mo/ ( _! native capacities & individual int]e/s4 ,! social gr\p z a gr\p w be m int]e/+1 colorful1 & v>i\s :5 e exp]im5tation & v>iety ( life are enc\rag$ & promot$4 ,& ! individuals 9 su* a society w be p]sonalities1 n ! m]e me*anisms ( a regim5t$ r\t9e4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,individual ,,diff]5ces ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,individual ,,diff]5ces4 ,! major "p ( ?is volume has be5 devot$ to a consid]ation ( ^? traits1 int]e/s1 & capacities :i* all individuals %>e1 & :i* may 9 g5]al be describ$ z ! orig9al nature ( man4 ,^! di/9ctive inborn t5d5cies 7 treat$1 = purposes ( analysis1 9 ! mo/ g5]al t]ms1 &1 on ! :ole1 z if !y appe>$ 9 ! same /r5g? & v>iety 9 all individuals4 ,:5 we ?us /& (f & ab/ract ^? *>act]i/ics :i* appe> univ]sally 9 all individuals1 human nature appe>s con/ant4 ,b !re are m>k$ v>iations 9 ! specific cont5t ( human nature ) :i* ea* individual is at bir? end[$4 ,put 9 ano!r way1 "o might say t to be a human be+ means to be by nature pugnaci\s1 curi\s1 subject to fatigue1 responsive to praise & blame1 etc41 & susceptible to tra9+ 9 all ^! respects4 ,by virtue ( ! fact t we are all memb]s ( ! human race1 we h common *>act]i/ics2 by virtue t we are individuals1 we all display specific v>iations 9 specific human capacities4 ,!re is1 save ab/ractly1 no su* ?+ z a /&>d human be+4 ,we may intellectually set up a norm or /&>d1 b x w be a norm or /&>d f :i* e individual is b\nd to v>y4 ,! fact t individuals d diff]1 & 9 specific & def9able respects1 has mo/ s]i\s consequ5ces = social life4 ,x means1 briefly1 t :ile g5]al inf]5ces may be drawn f wide & accurate obs]vations ( ! work+s ( human nature1 ^! inf]5ces rema9 g5]al & t5tative1 & if tak5 z rigid rules are sure to be mislead+4 ,!ories ( education & social re=m c]ta9ly ga9 f ! g5]al laws t c be =mulat$ ab\t orig9al human traits1 fatigue1 memory1 le>n+ capacity1 & ! l4 ,b !y mu/1 if !y are to be applicable1 take acc\nt also1 9 a precise & sy/ematic way1 ( ! v>iety ( m5's int]e/s & capacities4 ,to ?is fact ( v>iety 9 ! orig9al nature ( diff]5t m5 social in/itutions & educational me?ods mu/ be adapt$4 ,arbitr>y rules t apply to human nature 9 g5]al d n apply to ! specific cases & specific types ( tal5t & desires4 ,educational & social organizations c m\ld ^!1 b ! result ( ^! environm5tal influ5ces w v>y ) individual diff]5ces 9 orig9al capacities4 ,we c wa/e an enorm\s am\nt ( "t & en]gy try+ to tra9 a p]son )\t me*anical or ma!matical gifts to be an eng9e]4 ,we n only save en]gy & "t1 b promote happ9ess1 if we c tra9 individuals s t _! specific gifts w be capitaliz$ at "o hundr$ p] c5t4 ,!y w be at once m useful to society & m cont5t ) !mselves1 :5 !y are us+ to ! full _! own capacities4 ,!y w at once be unproductive & unhappy :5 !y f9d !mselves 9 activities or social situations :]e _! g5u9e tal5ts are giv5 no opportunity & :]e _! defects put !m at a conspicu\s h&icap4 ,individuals diff]1 x mu/ fur!r be not$1 n only 9 specific traits1 b 9 t complex ( traits :i* is commonly call$ intellig5ce4 ,9 ! broade/ t]ms1 we mean by an individual's intellig5ce 8 compet5ce & facility 9 deal+ ) 8 environm5t1 physical1 social1 & intellectual4 ,?is compet5ce & facility1 9 s f> z x is a native end[m5t1 consi/s ( a numb] ( traits pres5t 9 a m or less high degree1 traits1 = example1 su* z curiosity1 flexibility ( native & acquir$ reactions1 sociability1 sympa?y1 & ! l4 ,9 a s5se an individual possesses n a s+le intellig5ce1 b _m1 z _m z !re are types ( activity 9 :i* he engages4 ,b "o may classify intellig5ce "u ?ree heads1 z does ,?orndike3#a me*anical intellig5ce1 involv$ 9 deal+ ) ?+s2 social intellig5ce1 involv$ 9 deal+ ) o!r p]sons2 & ab/ract intellig5ce1 involv$ 9 deal+ ) ! relations betwe5 ideas4 ,ea* ( ^! types ( intellig5ce involves ! pres5ce 9 a high degree ( a gr\p ( diff]5t traits4 ,?us1 9 social intellig5ce1 a high degree ( sympa?y1 s5sitivity to praise & blame1 lead]%ip1 & ! l1 are m requisite ?an !y are = intellig5t behavior 9 ! realm ( me*anical op]ations or ( ma!matical !ory4 ,a p]son may be highly intellig5t 9 "o ( ^! ?ree sph]es & m5tally helpless 9 ! o!rs4 ,?us1 a brilliant philosoph] may be nonplus$ by a /all$ motor2 a successful executive may be a babe 9 ! realm ( ab/ract ideas4 ,b :at we rate z a p]son's g5]al intellig5ce is a k9d ( av]age /ruck betwe5 8 v>i\s compet5ces1 an e/imate ( 8 g5]al ability to control himself 9 ! miscellane\s v>iety ( situations ( :i* 8 exp]i5ce consi/s4 ,footnote #a3 ,measur+ ,intellig5ce1 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e1 ,m>*1 #aibj4 ,!re h be5 a numb] ( te/s devis$ = ! purpose ( e/imat+ an individual's g5]al intellig5ce4#a ,on a rat+ scale su* z is us$ 9 ^! exam9ations mo/ individuals w come up to a c]ta9 /&>d t may be call$ av]age or normal4 ,!re w be a c]ta9 numb] s f> bel[ ! normal rat+ 9 a complex ( traits t g to produce intellig5t 7compet5t & facile7 behavior t !y w h to be class$ z subnormal1 rang+ f feeblem9d$ness to idiocy4 ,a c]ta9 numb] w be f\nd s extraord9>ily gift$ 9 g5]al traits & 9 specific abilities--9 giv5 subject-matt]s1 z1 = example1 9 ma!matics & music--t !y w be m>k$ out z g5iuses4 ,foll[+ ! laws ( probability1 ! great] ! inf]iority or sup]iority1 ! m exceptional x w be4 ,footnote #a3 ,^!1 9 l>ge "p1 deal ) words & ideas & are1 !re=e1 weight$ 9 favor ( ab/ract intellig5ce1 & put at a disc\nt individuals ^: exp]i5ce & ^: intellig5ce are pr$om9antly social or me*anical 9 "*4 ,"s ( ! te/s are fairly adequate = me*anical intellig5ce1 b no good te/s h be5 devis$ = social intellig5ce4 ,^! te/s1 h[ev]1 z us$ 9 ! army & = apprais+ college entrants1 z at ,columbia ,univ]sity1 h be5 demon/rat$ to be fairly good indices ( g5]al intellig5ce4 ,individual diff]5ces are1 !re=e1 se5 to be n simply diff]5ces ) respect to giv5 m5tal traits1 b diff]5ces ) respect to g5]al m5tal capacity4 ,exp]im5tal inve/igation po9ts to a grad$ diff]5ce 9 m5tal capacity1 rang+ f idiocy to g5ius1 ! l>ge/ gr\p be+ normal or av]age1 ! size ( ! gr\p dim9i%+ ) fur!r deviation f ! av]age 9 ei!r direction4 ,c]ta9 important correlations1 fur!rmore1 h be5 f\nd betwe5 ! level ( intellig5ce & ! level ( "*4 ,! great 9 m9d1 x may be said briefly1 are also great 9 _s4 ,g5]al moral defect commonly involves intellectual inf]iority4 ,woods & ,pe>son f9d ! correlation betwe5 intellect & "* to be ab\t 4#e4444 ,g5]al moral defect is due 9 "p to a g5]ally inf]ior n]v\s organization4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?orndike3 ,educational ,psy*ology 7#aiaj71 p4 #bbd4 ,"o o!r important correlation mu/ be not$4 ,:ile gifts & capacities are specific1 sup]iority 9 a giv5 trait commonly involves sup]iority 9 mo/ o!rs4 ,exceptional tal5t 9 "o direction 9 mo/ cases involves exceptionality 9 _m o!r respects4 ,:ile tal5ts are n indiscrim9ately transf]able f "o field to ano!r1 ! same complex ( traits :i* makes a p]son /& out prem95tly 9 a giv5 field1 say law1 w\ld make him /& out 9 any "o ( half a doz5 diff]5t fields into :i* he might h gone4 ,!re seems to be no evid5ce t extraord9>y capacity 9 "o direction is balanc$ by extraord9>y incapacity & /upidity 9 o!rs4 ,! fact t individuals diff] n only 9 specific traits b 9 g5]al m5tal capacity has1 also1 c]ta9 obvi\s practical consequ5ces4 ,x means t !re are pres5t 9 society1 9 ! light ( rec5t te/s 9 ! army1 an unexpect$ly l>ge numb] ( individuals bel[ ! level ( normal intellig5ce4 ,"o 9 five hundr$1 ,?orndike e/imates1 is ! frequ5cy ( intellectual ability s defective z to di/urb ! home1 resi/ s*ool influ5ce1 & excite popul> d]ision4 ,^! are cle>ly liabilities 9 ! social ord]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a l>ge numb] above ! level ( av]age intellig5ce4 ,! importance ( ?is gr\p = human progress c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,z we h se5 9 o!r connections1 progress is cont+5t ^u v>iation f ! normal or ! accu/om$1 & su* v>iation f ! normal is initiat$ 9 ! majority ( cases by memb]s ( ?is comp>atively small sup]-normal gr\p4 ,if civilization is to advance x mu/ capitalize its intellig5ce2 t is1 educate up to ! highe/ po9t ( native ability4 ,b 9 any case1 its *ief gu>antee ( progress lies 9 ! comp>atively small gr\p 9 :om native ability is exceptionally high4 ,= x is among ?is gr\p t orig9al ?9k+1 inv5tion1 & discov]y almo/ exclusively occur4 ,,causes ,,( ,,individual ,,diff]5ces4 ,among ! *ief causes ( individual diff]5ces may1 9 g5]al1 be set d[n ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,sex1 7#b7 ,race1 7#c7 ,ne> ,ance/ry or ,family1 7#d7 ,environm5t4 ,! p>ticul> fund ( human nature :i* an individual displays1 t is1 8 specific native end[m5ts1 z !y appe> 9 practice1 w be a resultant ( ^! v>i\s causes4 ,9 ! /udy ( ea* ( ^! *>act]i/ics1 we %\ld be able ideally to elim9ate all ! o!rs & to consid] !m ea* 9 isolation4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,sex4 ,9 ! case ( sex1 = example1 we %\ld n confuse individual diff]5ces due to ! fact ( sex ) individual diff]5ces due to div]g5t tra9+ giv5 to ea* ( ! sexes4 ,9 sci5tific exp]im5ts to det]m9e sex diff]5ces 9 m5tal traits1 !re h be5 c>eful attempts to elim9ate ev]y?+ b ! factor ( sex itself4 ,?us 9 ,k>l ,pe>son's /udies ( fifty tw9 bro!rs & si/]s1 ! factors ( ance/ry & diff]5ce ( tra9+ & age 7 practically elim9at$4 ,9 s f> z all[ance c be made = o!r contribut+ factors1 /udies ( individual diff]5ces due to sex h reveal$1 r\ghly speak+1 ! foll[+ results4 ,!re h be51 9 ! field ( s5sory discrim9ation & accuracy ( motor response1 slight--& negligible--diff]5ces ( responses made by male & female4 ,! subjects /at$ 71 9 mo/ cases1 select$ s f> z possible f ! same social /rata1 social & intellectual int]e/1 & backgr\nd4#a ,footnote #a3 ,z1 = example1 ! memb]s ( ! graduat+ & junior classes ( ! co-educational college at ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 /udi$ by ,dr4 ,?ompson4 ,?orndike reports ! g5]al results ( su* te/s z foll[s3 ,! p]c5tages ( males rea*+ or exce$+ ! m$ian ability ( females 9 su* traits z h be5 subject$ to exact inve/igation are r\ghly z foll[s3 ,9 spe$ ( nam+ colors & sort+ c>ds by color & discrim9at+ colors z 9 a te/ = color bl9dness #bd ,9 f9d+ & *eck+ small visual details su* z lett]s #cc ,9 spell+ #cc ,9 s*ool m>ks 9 ,engli% #ce ,9 s*ool m>ks 9 =eign languages #dj ,9 memoriz+ = imm$iate recall #db ,9 l[ness ( s5sory ?re%olds #dc ,9 ret5tiv5ess #dg ,9 te/s ( spe$ & accuracy ( association #dh ,9 te/s ( g5]al in=mation #ej ,9 s*ool m>ks 9 ma!matics #ej ,9 s*ool m>ks 7total av]age7 #ej ,9 te/s ( discrim9ation 7o!r ?an = color7 #ea ,9 range ( s5sitivity #eb ,9 s*ool m>ks 9 hi/ory #ee ,9 te/s ( +5uity #fc ,9 accuracy ( arm movem5ts #ff ,9 s*ool m>ks 9 physics & *emi/ry #fh ,9 reaction "t #gj ,9 spe$ ( f+] & arm movem5t #ga ,! mo/ important *>act]i/ic ( ^! diff]5ces is _! small am\nt4 ,! individual diff]5ces )9 "o sex s enorm\sly outweigh ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes 9 ^! intellectual & semi-intellectual traits t = practical purposes ! sex diff]5ce may be disreg>d$4 ,s f> z ability goes1 !re c\ld h>dly be a /upid] way to get two gr\ps alike )9 ea* gr\p b diff]+ betwe5 ! gr\ps ?an to take ! two sexes4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! exp]im5ts ( ! pa/ g5]ation 9 educat+ wom5 h %[n _! equal compet5ce 9 s*ool "w ( elem5t>y1 second>y1 & collegiate grade4 ,! pres5t g5]ation's exp]i5ce is %[+ ! same fact = pr(essional education & bus9ess s]vice4 ,! psy*ologi/s' measurem5ts lead to ! conclusion t ?is equality ( a*ievem5t comes f an equality ( natural gifts1 n f an ov]/ra9+ ( ! less] tal5ts ( wom54#a ,footnote #a3 ,?orndike3 ,educational ,psy*ology1 brief] c\rse1 pp4 #cde-df4 ,t is1 s f> z exp]im5ts ^u objectively measurable traits h be5 conduct$1 ! specific diff]5ces t individuals display h comp>atively no?+ to d ) ! fact t an individual happ5s to be a man or a woman4 ,^! exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ ) boys & girls z "y z sev51 & ) m5 & wom5 rang+ up to ! age ( tw5ty-five4#b ,footnote #b3 ,!re seems1 z might be expect$ to be1 a slightly high] diff]5tiation betwe5 ! two sexes aft] adolesc5ce ?an be=e4 ,^! exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ to te/ s5sory discrim9ation1 precision ( motor response & "s ( ! simpl] types ( judgm5t1 su* z ^? involv$ 9 ! solution ( simple puzzles ) blocks1 mat*es1 etc4 ,! fact ( ! negligibility ( sex diff]5ce ) reg>d to c]ta9 m9or measurable traits has be5 adequately demon/rat$ by a wide v>iety ( exp]im5ts4 ,! fact ( sex equality or m5tal capacity has be5 less accurately b fairly univ]sally not$ by popul> cons5sus ( obs]vation & op9ion ( ! "w ( wom5 9 ! v>i\s trades & pr(essions4 ,!re are diff]5ces betwe5 m5 & wom5 9 physical /r5g? & 9 consequ5t susceptibility to fatigue4 ,^! are important consid]ations 9 qualify+ ! am\nt ( "w a woman c d z comp>$ ) t ( a man1 & h ju/ly result$ 9 ! regulation ( h\rs = wom51 z a special class4 ,b !re d n seem to be1 on ! av]age1 significant orig9al diff]5ces 9 m5tal capacity4#c ,footnote #c3 ,on ?is subject !re has be5 collect$ a l>ge am\nt ( accurate exp]im5tal data4 ,see ,goldm>k3 ,fatigue & ,effici5cy1 "p ,,ii1 pp4 #a-bb4 ,^! ref] to physiological diff]5ces4 ,!re d exi/1 z a matt] ( practical fact1 "s ( ! special attributes commonly ascrib$ to ! mascul9e & fem99e m5tal life1 b x is g5]ally agre$ by inve/igators t ^! are to be acc\nt$ = by ! diff]5t environm5t & /&>ds socially e/abli%$ = m5 & = wom54 ,!re are radical & subtle diff]5ces 9 tra9+ to :i* boys & girls are subject$ f e>ly *ildhood4 ,!re are deeply fix$ traditions z to ! /&>ds ( action1 feel+1 & demeanor to :i* boys & girls are respectively tra9$ & to :i* !y are expect$ to con=m4 ,if a boy %\ld n live up to ?is tra9+ & expectation1 he may be m>k$ out z effem9ate4 ,if a girl does n con=m1 %e is def9$ z a hoyd5 or a tomboy4 ,^! social di/9ctions1 :i* are emphasiz$ ev5 9 ! behavior ( "y boys & "y girls1 gr[ m pron\nc$ z individuals gr[ old]4 ,"o ne$ h>dly call att5tion to actions reg>d$ z p]fectly legitimate = m5 :i* provoke disapproval if practic$ by wom54 ,rigid tra9+ 9 ^! diff]5t codes ( behavior may cause acquir$ *>act]i/ics to seem inborn4 ,b :e!r ^! g5]al features commonly held to di/+ui% ! m5tal life ( man or woman are or are n intr9sic & orig9al1 !y h be5 m>k$ out by c]ta9 inve/igators z socially fundam5tal4 ,?us ,heymans & ,wi]sma1 two ,g]man inve/igators1 set d[n z ! diff]5tia ( fem99e m5tal life 7#a7 great] activity1 7#b7 great] emotionality1 7#c7 great] unselfi%ness ( ! female4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,?orndike's ,educational ,psy*ology 7#aiaj71 p4 #acf4 ,!re are "s g5]al diff]5ces not$ by bo? layman & psy*ologi/1 :i*1 ?\gh n subject to quantitative det]m9ation1 yet seem to diff]5tiate some:at def9itely betwe5 fem99e & mascul9e m5tal activity4 ,^! may be set d[n 9 g5]al z occurr+ 9 ! field ( emotional susceptibility4 ,?orndike traces !m back to ! v>y+ int5sity ( two human traits e>li] discuss$3 ! fight+ in/9ct1 relatively mu* /rong] 9 ! male1 & ! nurs+ or mo!r+ in/9ct1 mu* /rong] 9 ! female4 ,) ?is fact are associat$ important diff]5ces 9 ! conduct ( m5 & wom5 9 social relations4 ,! mat]nal in/9ct is held by "s writ]s1 = in/ance1 to be 9 l>ge measure ! basis ( altruism1 & is closely associat$ ) s5sitivity to ! ne$s & desires ( o!rs4 ,?orndike writes3 ,x has be5 common to talk ( wom5's dep5d5ce4 ,?is is1 ,i am sure1 only an awkw>d "n = less res5tm5t at ma/]y4 ,! actual nurs+ ( ! "y seems likewise to involve equally unreason+ t5d5cies to pet1 coddle1 & d = o!rs4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! two in/9cts has be5 long recogniz$ by lit]ature & common k1 b _! importance 9 caus+ diff]5ces 9 ! g5]al activities ( ! two sexes has n4 ,! fight+ in/9ct is 9 fact ! cause ( a v l>ge am\nt ( ! _w's intellectual endeavor4 ,! f9anci] does n ?9k m]ely = money1 nor ! sci5ti/ = tru?1 nor ! !ologian to save s\ls4 ,_! intellectual ef=ts are aim$ 9 great measure to outdo ! o!r man1 to subdue nature1 to conqu] ass5t4 ,! mat]nal in/9ct 9 its turn is ! *ief s\rce ( woman's sup]iorities 9 ! moral life4 ,! virtues 9 :i* %e excels are n s mu* due to ei!r any g5]al moral sup]iority or any set ( special moral tal5ts z to h] orig9al impulses to relieve1 com=t1 & console4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?orndike3 loc4 cit41 pp4 #dh-di4 ,ord9>y obs]vation reveals1 z lit]ature has 9 g5]al record$1 :at ,havelock ,ellis has call$ ! great] affectability ( ! female m9d4 ,!re is evid5c$ 9 _m wom5 a s+ul> & imm$iate responsiv5ess to o!r p's emotions1 a quick intuition1 a precise ?\gh non-logical discrim9ation1 :i*1 ?\gh %>$ to "s ext5t by all individuals gift$ ) sympa?y & affection1 is a peculi>ly fem99e quality4 ,inde$ :5 a man possesses x1 x is common to speak ( him z possess+ almo/ a woman's intuition4 ,su* emotional susceptibility is manife/$ 9 ! high] frequ5cy ( emotional in/ability & emotional outbreaks among wom5 ?an among m51 & ! decreas$ p[] ( inhibition :i* wom5 h ov] in/9ctive & emotional reactions4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 wom5 m ?an m5 may be said to qualify _! judgm5ts ( p]sons & situations by _! emotional reactions to !m4 ,! common suspicion t 9 g5]al wom5's abilities are less ?an ^? ( m5 has seem$ to ga9 /r5g? f ! great] numb] ( g5iuses & em95t p]sons !re h be5 among m5 ?an among wom54 ,pr(essor ,cattell writes 9 ?is connection3 ,i h spok5 ?r\gh\t ( em95t m5 z we lack 9 ,engli% words includ+ bo? m5 & wom51 b z a matt] ( fact wom5 d n h an important place on ! li/4 ,!y h 9 all ?irty-two repres5tatives 9 ! ?\s&4 ,( ^! elev5 are h]$it>y sov]eigns1 & eight are em95t ?r\gh mis=tunes1 beauty1 or o!r circum/ances4 ,belles-lettres & fiction--! only dep>tm5t 9 :i* woman has accompli%$ mu*--give t5 names z comp>$ ) sev5ty-two m54 ,sappho & ,joan d',arc are ! only o!r wom5 on ! li/4 ,x is noticeable t ) ! exception ( ,sappho--a "n associat$ ) c]ta9 f9e fragm5ts--wom5 h n excell$ 9 poetry or art4 ,yet ^! are ! dep>tm5ts lea/ dep5d5t on environm5t1 & at ! same "t ^? 9 :i* ! environm5t has be5 p]haps z favorable to wom5 z to m54 ,wom5 dep>t less f ! normal ?an m5--a fact t usually holds = ! female ?r\gh\t ! animal s]ies2 9 _m closely relat$ species only ! male c be readily di/+ui%$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,cattell3 ,a ,/ati/ical ,/udy ( ,em95t ,m51 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 ,,lxii4 pp4 #cge-gg4 ,9 ! facts ( high] v>iability among males1 & ! hi!rto re/rict$ social opportunities provid$ = wom5 are to be f\nd ! *ief reasons = ! comp>atively high a*ievem5t ( ! male sex z comp>$ ) ! female4 ,b on ! av]age ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sexes ) respect to m5tal capacity is slight4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,race4 ,a second factor 9 det]m9+ individual diff]5ces 9 m5tal traits is race4 ,!re are c]ta9 popul> presuppositions z to ! inh]5t diff]5ces 9 ! m5tal activity ( diff]5t races4 ,! ,iri%man's wit1 ! negro's joy\sness1 ! emotionality ( ! ,lat9 races1 ! /olidity ( ! ,*9ese1 are all suppos$ to be fundam5tal4 ,& 9 a s5se !y are4 ,t is1 9 ! life & culture ( ^! gr\ps1 su* traits may /& out di/9ctively4 ,b mo/ psy*ologi/s & an?ropologi/s "q s]i\sly :e!r ^! traits are to be trac$ to radical diff]5ces 9 racial inh]itance4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y seem r to be ! result ( radical diff]5ces 9 environm5t4 ,_m ( ! m5tal simil>ities ( an ,indian to ,indians & ( 8 diff]5ces f ,anglo-,saxons disappe>1 if he happ5s to be adopt$ & br\ght up z an ,anglo-,saxon4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?orndike loc4 cit41 p4 #eb4 ,!re h be5 v>i\s exp]im5tal /udies made to det]m9e h[ mu* div]g5ces 9 ! m5tal activity ( diff]5t races are det]m9$ by diff]5ces 9 racial inh]itance4 ,su* exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ *iefly ^u v simple traits & capacities4 ,! accuracy ( s5sory response among diff]5t races has1 = example1 be5 exam9$4 ,!re h prov$ to be1 9 reg>d to ^!1 slight diff]5ces 9 ! effectiv5ess & accuracy ( response4 ,!re are racial diff]5ces 9 he>+1 z te/$ by ! tick+ ( a wat* or clock artificially made4 ,9 ?is te/1 ,papuans1 to take an in/ance1 7 inf]ior to ,europeans4 ,! s5se ( t\* has be5 simil>ly te/$1 & comp>atively negligible diff]5ces h be5 f\nd4 ,9 reg>d to ! five s5ses1 _! effici5cy seems to be ab\t equal 9 all ! races ( mank9d4 ,! prov]bial ke5ness ( vision ( ! ,indian1 = example1 is f\nd to be due to a sup]ior tra9+ 9 its use1 a tra9+ made imp]ative by ! conditions ( ,indian life4 ,9 reaction "t te/s--t is1 te/s 9 ! spe$ ( simple m5tal & motor p]=mances--! "t consum$ 9 response has be5 f\nd to be ab\t ! same = all races te/$4 ,! results h be5 simil> ) reg>d to c]ta9 simple processes ( judgm5t or inf]5ce3 ,!re are a numb] ( illusions & con/ant errors ( judgm5t :i* are well kn[n 9 ! psy*ological laboratory1 & :i* seem to dep5d1 n on peculi>ities ( ! s5se organs1 b on quirks & twi/s 9 ! process ( judgm5t4 ,a few ( ^! h be5 made ! matt] ( comp>ative te/s1 ) ! result t peoples ( widely diff]5t cultures are subject to ! same errors1 & 9 ab\t ! same degree4 ,!re is an illusion :i* occurs :5 an object1 :i* looks heavi] ?an x is1 is lift$ by ! h&2 x !n feels1 n only light] ?an x looks1 b ev5 light] ?an x really is4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! look & ! feel ( ! ?+ plays havoc ) ! judgm5t4 ,wom5 are1 on ! av]age1 m subject to ?is illusion ?an m54 ,! am\nt ( ?is illusion has be5 measur$ 9 sev]al peoples1 & f\nd to be1 ) "o or two exceptions1 ab\t ! same 9 all4 ,c]ta9 visual illusions1 9 :i* ! app>5t l5g? or direction ( a l9e is greatly alt]$ by ! neighborhood ( o!r l9es1 h simil>ly be5 f\nd pres5t 9 all races te/$1 & to ab\t ! same degree4 ,z f> z !y g1 ^! results t5d to %[ t simple sorts ( judgm5t1 be+ subject to ! same di/urbances1 proce$ 9 ! same mann] among v>i\s peoples2 s t ! simil>ity ( ! races 9 m5tal processes ext5ds at lea/ "o /ep beyond s5sation4#a ,footnote #a3 ,woodwor?3 ,racial ,diff]5ces 9 ,m5tal ,traits1 ,sci5ce1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 #ca1 pp4 #agi-ha4 ,pr(essor ,woodwor? also po9ts out t ^! simple te/s are n adequate to measure g5]al intellig5ce4 ,a good te/ = intellig5ce w\ld be mu* appreciat$ by ! comp>ative psy*ologi/1 s9ce1 9 spite ( equal /&+ 9 su* rudim5t>y matt]s z ! s5ses & bodily movem5t1 att5tion & ! simpl] sorts ( judgm5t1 x might /ill be t great diff]5ces 9 m5tal effici5cy exi/$ betwe5 diff]5t gr\ps ( m54 ,probably no s+le te/ c\ld d ju/ice to s complex a trait z intellig5ce4 ,two important features ( intellig5t action are quickness 9 seiz+ ! key to a novel situation1 & firmness 9 limit+ activity to ! "r direction1 & suppress+ acts :i* are obvi\sly useless = ! purpose 9 h&4 ,a simple te/ :i* calls = ^! qualities is ! s-call$ =m te/4 ,!re are a numb] ( blocks ( diff]5t %apes1 & a bo>d ) holes to mat* ! blocks4 ,! blocks & bo>d are plac$ be=e a p]son1 & he is told to put ! blocks 9 ! holes 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,! key to ! situation is "h ! mat*+ ( blocks & holes by _! %ape2 & ! "p ( intellig5ce is to hold firmly to ?is obvi\s necessity1 wa/+ no "t 9 try+ to =ce a r\nd block into a squ>e hole4 ,! dem& on intellig5ce c]ta9ly seems slight en\gh2 & ! te/ w\ld probably n diff]5tiate betwe5 a ,newton & y or me2 b x does suffice to cat* ! feeble-m9d$1 ! "y *ild1 or ! *impanzee1 z any ( ^! is likely to fail altoge!r1 or at lea/ to wa/e mu* "t 9 r&om moves & va9 ef=ts4 ,?is te/ 0 tri$ on repres5tatives ( sev]al races & consid]able diff]5ces appe>$4 ,z betwe5 :ites1 ,indians1 ,eskimos1 ,a9us1 ,filip9os1 & ,s+halese1 ! av]age diff]5ces 7 small1 & mu* ov]lapp+ occurr$4 ,z betwe5 ^! gr\ps1 h[ev]1 & ! ,igorot & ,negrito f ! ,philipp9es & a few reput$ ,pygmies f ! ,congo1 ! av]age diff]5ces 7 great1 & ! ov]lapp+ small4#a ,footnote #a3 ,woodwor?3 loc4 cit41 pp4 #aga-hf4 ,equality among races 9 ! v>i\s traits t h be5 measur$ by psy*ologi/s does n imply t common obs]vation is wrong 9 c\nt+ "o race z intellectually sup]ior to ano!r4 ,!re h1 z yet1 be5 no measurem5ts ( su* g5]al features ( social life z en]gy1 self-reliance1 inv5tiv5ess1 & ! l4 ,b f indications ( exp]im5ts already made1 ^! s-call$ 7& = practical purposes g5u9e7 intellectual diff]5ces betwe5 ! individuals ( diff]5t races mu/ be attribut$ to diff]5ces 9 environm5t4 ,races z races seem to be equally gift$4 ,pr(essor ,boas po9ts out t civiliz$ inve/igators travel+ among savage tribes commit "o s]i\s fallacy 9 insi/+ on ! inf]iority ( ^! primitive peoples4 ,!y are said to be irrational1 = example1 :5 !y are q logical 9 _! way ( deal+ ) ! mat]ial :i* is at _! disposal4 ,)\t any sci5tific in=mation available1 = example1 an?ropomorphism1 or ! t5d5cy to int]pret cosmic ph5om5a 9 human t]ms is q natural & reasonable4 ,aga93 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( ?\ght ( primitive man & t ( civiliz$ man seems to consi/ l>gely 9 ! diff]5ce ( "* ( ! traditional mat]ial ) :i* ! new p]ception associates itself4 ,! in/ruction giv5 to ! *ild ( primitive man is n bas$ on c5turies ( exp]im5tation1 b consi/s ( ! crude exp]i5ce ( g5]ations4 ,:5 a new exp]i5ce ent]s ! m9d ( primitive man1 ! same process :i* we obs]ve among civiliz$ man br+s ab\t an entirely diff]5t s]ies ( associations1 & !re=e results 9 a diff]5t type ( explanation4 ,a sudd5 explosion w associate itself 9 8 m9d1 p]haps1 ) ! tales he has he>d 9 reg>d to ! my?ical hi/ory ( ! _w1 & consequ5tly w be accompani$ by sup]/iti\s fe>4 ,:5 we recognize t nei!r among civiliz$ m5 nor among primitive m5 ! av]age individual c>ries to completion ! attempt at causal explanation ( ph5om5a1 b c>ries x only s f> z to amalgamate x ) o!r previ\sly kn[n facts1 we recognize t ! result ( ! :ole process dep5ds entirely ^u ! "* ( ! traditional mat]ial4#a ,footnote #a3 ,boas3 ,m9d ( ,primitive ,man1 pp4 #bjc-jd4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by our imm$iate reactions ( pleasure or disgu/ at cu/oms or ideas t provoke directly opposite reactions among races re>$ 9 ano!r tradition4 ,aga9 primitive races h be5 accus$ ( lack+ self-control4 ,! fact is t !y exhibit self-control ab\t matt]s :i* !y reg>d z important1 & lack ( x 9 respect to matt]s :i* !y reg>d z trivial4 ,:5 an ,eskimo community is on ! po9t ( />vation1 & _! religi\s proscriptions =bid !m to make use ( ! seals t are bask+ on ! ice1 ! am\nt ( self-control ( ! :ole community :i* re/ra9s !m f kill+ ^? seals is c]ta9ly v great4#b ,! case is simil> ) reg>d to ne>ly all ! alleg$ inf]iorities ( primitive man1 8 improvid5ce1 unreliability1 & ! l4 ,9 ne>ly e in/ance1 x has be5 f\nd t we are hold+ him to acc\nt = n be+ able to p]si/ 9 c\rses ( action :i* d n seem to him1 ) 8 tra9+ & education1 wor? p]si/+ 91 & = n con=m+ to /&>ds :i*1 giv5 8 backgr\nd1 are mean+less4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid4 p4 #ajh4 ,b if diff]5ces 9 racial atta9m5ts are due to diff]5ces 9 environm5t1 x might be said t ?is itself is te/imony to ! sup]iority ( ! race t has ! m complex & exact+ environm5t4 ,?is is n by any means cle>ly ! case4 ,! culture or civilization :i* a race exhibits is a v unc]ta9 index ( its gifts or its capacities4 ,! culture f\nd 9 a race is1 x may be said )\t exagg]ation1 l>gely a matt] ( accid5t or circum/ance r ?an ( h]$ity4 ,"s ( ! environm5tal causes = diff]5ces 9 culture may he explicitly not$4 ,any mod]n culture is ! result ( int]m+l+s ( _m diff]5t cross-/reams & cross-borr[+s4 ,races t h long be5 isolat$ z1 = example ! ,african negroes1 h no possibility ( pick+ up all ! acquisitions to :i* races t int]m+le h access4 ,progress 9 ! developm5ts ( arts1 sci5ces1 & in/itutions dep5ds on =tunate individual v>iations4 ,! small] ! race ! less ! numb] ( v>iations possible1 includ+ ^? on ! side ( :at we call g5ius4 ,aga9 =tunate v>iations dep5d n s mu* on ! g5]al av]age intellectual capacities ( ! race z on its v>iability4 ,s "o race may possess a relative sup]iority ( a*ievem5t because ( its high v>iability1 j z1 z we h already po9t$ out1 ! great] prem95ce ( ! male sex ) reg>d to intellectual accompli%m5t is due to ! great] numb] ( v>iations bo? above & bel[ ! norm :i* x displays4 ,! reasons = v>iability are aga91 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,boas1 l>gely environm5tal4 ,we h se51 :5 a p is desc5d$ f a small uni=m gr\p1 t !n its v>iability w decrease2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 :5 a gr\p has a mu*-v>i$ orig9 or :5 ! ance/ors belong to entirely di/9ct types ! v>iability may be consid]ably increas$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,boas2 loc4 cit41 p4 #ic4 ,aga9 a race may be plac$ 9 su* geographical conditions t a =tuit\s v>iation on ! "p ( "o individual may prove ( enorm\s value 9 ! developm5t ( its civilization4 ,or =tunate geographical conditions may /imulate types ( activity t lie dormant1 al?\gh possible1 among o!r races4 ,?us by "s inve/igators ! flexibility & emancipation ( ! ,greek g5ius 7 attribut$ to _! access to ! sea & _! con/ant int]m+l+ ) o!r cultures1 especially ! ,egyptian4 ,on ! subject ( ! fundam5tal equality ( races despite _! seem+ disp>ity1 z t at pres5t1 let u say1 betwe5 :ites & negroes1 ,pr(essor ,boas writes3 ,mu* has be5 said ( ! h]$it>y *>act]i/ics ( ! ,jews1 ( ! ,gypsies1 ( ! ,fr5* & ,iri%1 b ,i d n see t ! ext]nal & social causes :i* h m\ld$ ! "* ( memb]s ( ^! p h ev] be5 elim9at$ satisfactorily2 &1 moreov]1 ,i d n see h[ ?is c be accompli%$4 ,a numb] ( ext]nal factors t influ5ce body & m9d may easily be nam$--climate1 nutrition1 occupation--b z soon z we ent] into a consid]ation ( social factors & m5tal conditions we are unable to tell def9itely :at is cause & :at is effect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! conclusions rea*$ are !re=e1 on ! :ole1 negative4 ,we are n incl9$ to consid] ! m5tal organization ( diff]5t races ( man z diff]+ 9 fundam5tal po9ts4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! di/ribution ( faculty among ! races ( man is f> f be+ kn[n1 we c say ?is mu*3 ! av]age faculty ( ! :ite race is f\nd to ! same degree 9 a l>ge proportion ( individuals ( all o!r races1 & al?\gh x is probable t "s ( ^! races may n produce z l>ge a proportion ( great m5 z our own race1 !re is no reason to suppose t !y are unable to rea* ! level ( civilization repres5t$ by ! bulk ( our own p4#a ,footnote #a3 ,boas2 loc4 cit41 pp4 #aaf1 #abc4 ,9 contra/ mu/ be cit$ ! op9ions ( a l>ge class ( psy*ologi/s & an?ropologi/s :o are incl9$ to reg>d racial diff]5ces z intr9sic & orig9al4 ,( su*1 = example1 is ,francis ,galton1 :o claims 9 8 ,h]$it>y ,g5ius1 t tak+ negroes on _! own gr\nd !y /ill are inf]ior to ,europeans by ab\t "o eigh? ! diff]5ce1 say1 betwe5 ,ari/otle & ! l[e/ idiot4 ,rec5t psy*ological exp]im5ts 9 ! army reveal1 aga91 c]ta9 fundam5tal intellectual inf]iorities ( negroes1 ?\gh :e!r ?is is environm5tal or to be trac$ to h]$it>y causes is op5 to "q4 ,! fact rema9s t !re are1 despite ! lack ( evid5ce = h]$it>y m5tal diff]5ces1 practical diff]5ces 9 ! m5tal activity ( diff]5t races t are ( social importance4 ,^! diff]5ces1 :i* seem s fundam5tal1 h be5 expla9$ prim>ily by ! p[]ful control ex]cis$ ov] ! individual by ! habits :i* he acquires ev5 be=e ! age ( five ye>s4 ,^!1 ?\gh unconsci\s1 may be1 z ! ,freudian psy*ologi/s ma9ta91 all ! m important = t reason4 ,?is w\ld appe> to be ! only explanation ( significant racial diff]5ces4 ,cultural diff]5ces _c1 biologi/s are g5]ally agre$1 be transmitt$ 9 ! g]ms t pass f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,"o may say1 9 effect1 t an individual is diff]5tiat$ 9 8 m5tal traits by e>ly association ) a c]ta9 race1 & by 8 imm$iate ance/ry or family1 r ?an by ! fact ( belong+ physically to a c]ta9 race4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,imm$iate ,,ance/ry ,,or ,,family4 ,a factor t is1 on exp]im5tal evid5ce1 rat$ to be ( high importance 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! diff]5ces ( ! m5tal make-up ( human be+s1 is imm$iate ance/ry or family4 ,/at$ 9 ! mo/ simple & g5]al t]ms ?is means t *ildr5 ( ! same p>5ts t5d to display m>k$ lik5esses 9 m5tal traits1 & to exhibit less v>iation among !mselves ?an is exhibit$ 9 ! same numb] ( individuals *os5 at r&om4 ,a great numb] ( exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ to det]m9e h[ f> resemblances 9 m5tal traits are due to common p>5tage4 ,! correlation betwe5 memb]%ip 9 ! same family & resemblances ( social traits has be5 f\nd to be uni=mly high4 ,! inf]5ce 0 made t *ildr5 ( ! same family w\ld %[ great resemblances 9 m5tal traits1 :5 accurate exp]im5ts %[$ m>k$ simil>ity 9 physical traits "u ! same conditions4 ,! coeffici5t ( correlation betwe5 bro!rs 9 ! color ( ! eye1 is1 accord+ to ! results obta9$ by ,k>l ,pe>son1 4#eb4a ,! coeffici5t ( frat]nal correlation 9 ! case ( ! cephalic index 7ratio ( wid? to l5g? ( head7 is 4#dj4 ,! correlation ( hair color is f\nd to be 4#ee4 ,! fact ( high correlation betwe5 resemblance ( physical traits & memb]%ip 9 ! same family is ( crucial importance1 because ^! traits are cle>ly due to ance/ry1 & n to environm5tal diff]5ces4 ,if physical traits %[ su* a correlation1 x is likely t m5tal traits w also1 m5tal traits be+ ultimately dep5d5t on ! bra9 & ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* are bo? affect$ by ance/ry4 ,footnote #a3 ,^! facts are bas$ on ! reports ( ,k>l ,pe>son 9 8 ,on ! ,laws ( ,inh]itance 9 ,man4 ,:at is meant by coeffici5t ( correlation may be expla9$ z foll[s3 ,if ! coeffici5t ( correlation betwe5 fa!r & son is 4#c & ! coeffici5t ( correlation betwe5 bro!r & bro!r is 4#e we may say3 a son on ! av]age deviates f ! g5]al tr5d ( ! population by 4#c ( ! am\nt ( 8 fa!r's deviation1 a bro!r by 4#e ( ! am\nt ( 8 bro!r4 ,measurem5ts ( measurable traits & obs]vations ( less objectively measurable ones1 h reveal$ t imm$iate ance/ry is 9 itself an influ5tial factor 9 produc+ lik5esses & diff]5ces among m5 ) respect to m5tal traits4 ,"o int]e/+ case1 int]e/+ because x 0 a te/ ( a capacity t might be expect$ to be l>gely environm5tal 9 its orig9s1 0 t ( ! spell+ abilities ( *ildr5 9 ! ,/4 ,xavi] ,s*ool 9 ,new ,york4 ,?orndike ?us reports ! te/3 ,z ! *ildr5 ( ?is s*ool commonly ent] at a v e>ly age1 & z ! /aff & ! me?ods ( tea*+ rema9 v con/ant1 we h 9 ! case ( ! #ahj bro!rs & si/]s includ$ 9 ! #fjj *ildr5 closely simil> s*ool tra9+4 ,mr4 ,e>le measur$ ! ability ( any individual by 8 deviation f ! av]age = 8 grade & sex1 & f\nd ! co-effici5t ( correlation betwe5 *ildr5 ( ! same family to be 4#ej4 ,t is1 any individual is on ! av]age fifty p] c5t z mu* above or bel[ ! av]age = 8 age & sex z 8 bro!r or si/]4 ,simil>ities 9 home tra9+ might !oretically acc\nt = ?is1 b any "o exp]i5c$ 9 tea*+ w hesitate to attribute mu* efficacy to su* simil>ities4 ,bad spell]s rema9 bad spell]s ?\gh _! tea*]s *ange4 ,moreov]1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,rice 9 8 exhau/ive /udy ( spell+ ability f\nd little or no relation%ip betwe5 good spell+ & any "o ( ! popul> me?ods1 & little or none betwe5 poor spell+ & =eign p>5tage4 ,yet ! tra9+ ( a home :]e p>5ts d n read or spell ! language well mu/ be a home ( relatively poor tra9+ = spell+4 ,cornman's m c>eful /udy ( spell+ supports ! view t ability to spell is little influ5c$ by su* diff]5ces 9 s*ool or home tra9+ z commonly exi/4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?orndike3 loc4 cit41 p4 #gh4 ,9 g5]al ! influ5ce ( h]$ity may be said f> to outweigh ! influ5ce ( home tra9+4 ,9 all ! cases report$1 ! resemblances 7 ab\t ! same 9 traits subject to tra9+1 & 9 ^? n subject to tra9+4 ,?us indu/ry & consci5ti\sness & public _s1 :i* are cle>ly affect$ by environm5t1 %[ no great] resemblance ?an su* practically unmodifiable traits z memory1 orig9al s5sitiv5ess to colors1 s\nds1 & di/ances4 ,! influ5ce ( p>5tage1 x mu/ be add$1 consi/s 9 ! transmission ( specific traits1 n ( a c]ta9 nature z a :ole4 ,!re are 9 ! g]m & ! ovum :i* con/itute ! inh]itance ( ea* individual1 c]ta9 det]m9ant elem5ts4 ,! elem5ts t det]m9e ! orig9al traits ) :i* ea* individual w be born v>y1 ( c\rse1 9 ! g]ms produc$ by a s+le p>5t less ?an among individuals *os5 at r&om1 b !y v>y none ! less4 ,9 ?is v>iation ( ! det]m9+ elem5ts 9 ! g]ms ( ! same individual is to be f\nd ! cause ( ! v>iation 9 ! physical & m5tal traits among *ildr5 ( ! same p>5ts4 ,s9ce ! det]m9+ elem5ts1 ! unit *>act]s t appe> 9 ! sp]m or ovum ( ea* individual1 d n appe> uni=mly ev5 9 *ildr5 ( ! same p>5ts1 bro!r & si/] may resemble ea* o!r 9 c]ta9 m5tal traits1 & diff] 9 o!rs4 ,a pair ( tw9s may be indi/+ui%able 9 eye color & /ature1 b be notably diff]5t 9 hair color & te/s ( intellect4 ,m5tal inh]itance1 z well z physical1 is1 !n1 organiz$ 9 detail4 ,x is n ! inh]itance ( gross total natures1 b ( p>ticul> m5tal traits4 ,if we _h suffici5t data1 we %\ld be able to analyze out ! unit *>act]s ( an individual's m5tal equipm5t1 s z to be able to pr$ict ) "s accuracy ! m5tal inh]itance ( ! *ildr5 ( any two p>5ts4 ,9 ! case ( physical inh]itance1 ! laws ( ! h]$it>y transmission ( any giv5 traits are kn[n 9 consid]able detail4 ,! detail$ quantitative inve/igations ( inh]itance1 foll[+ ! g5]al l9es set by ,m5del1 h giv5 /rik+ results4 ,physical traits h be5 f\nd to be analyzable into unit-*>act]s 7t is1 traits h]$it>ily transmitt$ z units71 su* z curl9ess ( hair1 blue eyes1 & ! l4 ,m5tal traits1 h[ev]1 d n seem analyzable into ! fix$ unit-*>act]s prescrib$ by ! ,m5delian laws ( inh]itance4 ,! success :i* bre$]s h _h 9 ! control ( ! reproduction ( plants & animals1 9 ! p]petuation ( a /ock ( desirable *>act]i/ics & ! elim9ation ( ! undesirable1 has giv5 rise to a some:at analog\s ideal 9 human reproduction4 ,t eug5ics has at lea/ its !oretical possibilities ) reg>d to physical traits1 few biologi/s w "q4 ,h[ev] difficult x may be 9 practice to regulate human mat+s on ! exclusive basis ( ! k9d ( (fspr+ desir$1 x is a g5u9e biological possibility4 ,9 a negative way1 x has already 9 "p be5 initiat$ 9 ! prev5tion ( ! m>riage ( "s extreme types ( ! physically unfit1 by ! s-call$ eug5ic m>riage laws 9 "s /ates 9 ?is c\ntry4#a ,footnote #a3 ,!re h be5 laws1 z !re is a fairly decid$ public op9ion1 adv]se to reproduction by ! feeble-m9d$ & ! morally defective4 ,b 7see ,ri*>dson3 ,! ,etiology ( ,arre/$ ,m5tal ,developm5t1 p4 #i7 !re h be5 a numb] ( cases ( feeble-m9d$ p>5ts produc+ normal *ildr54 ,b :e!r sci5tific regulation ( m>riages = ! production ( eug5ic (fspr+ is feasible1 ev5 ap>t f ! p]sonal & emotional que/ions involv$1 is op5 to "q4 ,no m5tal trait su* z vivacity1 musical ability1 ma!matical tal5t1 or arti/ic s5se1 has be5 analyz$ into su* def9itely transmissible unit-*>act]s z blue eyes & curl9ess ( hair4 ,s _m unit-*>act]s seem to be involv$ 9 any s+le m5tal trait t x w be long be=e a complete analysis ( ! h]$it>y inv>iable det]m9ants ( any s+le trait c be made4 ,x is ?us impossible to tell z yet ) any security or precision ! biological compon5ts ( any s+le m5tal trait4 ,! evid5ce at our disposal1 h[ev]1 does confirm u 9 ! belief t "o ( ! mo/ significant & c]ta9 causes ( individual diff]5ces1 :e!r physical or m5tal1 is imm$iate ance/ry or family4 ,individuals are made by :at !y are initially1 &1 z we %all pres5tly see1 !re=e l>gely by _! inh]itance4 ,) ! latt]1 environm5t c d j s mu*1 & no m4 ,& ! mo/ significant & effective "p ( an individual's inh]itance is 8 family = "s g5]ations back1 r ?an ! race to :i* he belongs4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,environm5t4 ,^? factors s f> discuss$ :i* det]m9e individual diff]5ces are indep5d5t ( ! p>ticul> conditions ( life 9 :i* an individual happ5s to be plac$4 ,an individual's race1 sex1 family are beyond modification by any?+ t happ5s to him aft] bir?4 ,maturity1 9 s f> z x is m]e gr[? indep5d5t ( tra9+1 is also l>gely a fix$ & unmodifiable condition4 ,! orig9al nature1 det]m9$ by race1 sex1 & imm$iate ance/ry1 ) :i* a man />ts life is subject to modification by 8 social environm5t1 by ! ideas1 cu/oms1 companions1 beliefs1 by :i* he is surr\nd$1 & ) :i* he comes cont9u\sly 9 contact4 ,commonly ! influ5ce ( environm5t is held to be v high4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 accurately to di/+ui% betwe5 effects :i* are due to orig9al nature & effects :i* are due to environm5t4 ,diff]5ces 9 tra9+ are important1 b ! results v>y ) ! natures tra9$4 ,precisely ! same environm5t w n h ! same consequ5ces = two diff]5t natures4 ,two approximately same natures w %[ some?+ l ! same effects 9 dissimil> environm5ts4 ,human be+s are c]ta9ly diff]5tiat$ by ! cu/oms1 laws1 ideals1 fri5ds1 & occupations to :i* !y are expos$4 ,b :at ! net result w be 9 a specific case1 dep5ds on ! individual's equipm5t to />t )1 an equipm5t t is fix$ be=e ! environm5t has _h a *ance to act at all4 ,! k9dl9ess & indulg5ce t save "s *ildr5 demoralize o!rs4 ,9 "s p a s(t answ] turne? away wra?2 9 o!rs x w k9dle x4 ,&rew ,c>negie />ts z a bobb9 boy1 & becomes a millionaire2 b !re 7 _m o!r bobb9 boys4 ,! sunset t /irs 9 "o man a lyric1 leaves ano!r cold4 ,! same c\rse 9 biology ar\ses 9 "o /ud5t a passion = a life ( sci5ce2 x leaves ano!r hop+ nev] to see a microscope aga94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! same types ( orig9al capacity ?r[n into diff]5t environm5ts w yet atta9 some:at comp>able results1 9 ! way ( "* & a*ievem5t4 ,! biographies ( a few poets1 pa9t]s1 philosoph]s1 & sci5ti/s *os5 at r&om1 %[ ! mo/ div]se antec$5ts4#a ,footnote #a3 ,tak+ ! social & pr(essional /atus ( a di/+ui%$ man's fa!r z "s index ( ! social environm5t to :i* he 0 subject$ dur+ 8 y\?1 we f9d "s int]e/+ examples3 ,! fa!r ( ,john ,keats 0 a liv]y /able-keep2 8 "m ! daught] ( "o4 ,byron's fa!r 0 a capta9 9 ! ,royal ,gu>ds2 8 "m a ,scotti% heiress4 ,newton's fa!r 0 a tann]2 ,pa/eur's1 a tann]2 ,d>w9's1 a doctor ( consid]able means4 ,francis ,bacon's fa!r 0 ,"l ,keep] ( ! ,great ,seal2 ,newton's 0 a f>m] & ! headma/] ( a s*ool2 ,turn] 0 ! son ( a b>b]4 ,an individual1 aga91 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 makes 8 own environm5t4 ,:at k9d ( an environm5t he w make dep5ds on ! k9ds ( capacities & int]e/s he has to />t )4 ,simil>ity ( orig9al t5d5cies & int]e/s br+s m5 toge!r z diff]5ces among ^! keep !m ap>t4 ,! libr>ies1 ! !at]s1 & ! baseball p>ks are all equally possible & accessible features ( _! environm5t to individuals ( a giv5 economic or social class4 ,yet a hundr$ individuals ) ! same education & social opportunities w make !mselves by *oice a hundr$ diff]5t environm5ts4 ,!y w select1 ev5 f ! same physical environm5t1 diff]5t aspects4 ,! ,gr& ,caon is a diff]5t environm5t to ! arti/ & to ! geologi/2 a cr[d ( p at an amusem5t p>k con/itutes a diff]5t environm5t to ! man :o has come out to make psy*ological obs]vations1 & ! man :o has come out = a day's fun4 ,a doz5 m51 tea*]s & /ud5ts1 select$ at r&om on a univ]sity campus1 might well be expect$ to note l>gely diff]5t ?\gh ov]lapp+ facts1 z ! mo/ significant features ( ! life ( ! univ]sity4 ,! environm5t is ! less important 9 ! m\ld+ ( "*1 ! less fix$ & unavoidable x becomes4 ,if an individual has ! *ance to *ange 8 environm5t to suit 8 own orig9al dem&s & int]e/s1 ^! are ! less likely to und]go modification4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! animal _w by ! migratory birds1 :i* *ange _! habitations ) ! seasons4 ,simil>ly human be+s1 to suit ! orig9al m5tal traits ) :i* !y are end[$1 c & d ex*ange "o environm5t = ano!r4 ,!re are a v l>ge numb] ( individuals liv+ 9 ,new ,york ,city1 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 = example1 = :om a multiplicity ( environm5ts are possible4 ,! "o t becomes habitual ) an individual is a matt] ( 8 own free *oice4 ,t is1 x is *oice1 9 ! s5se t x is indep5d5t ( ! circum/ances ( ! individual's life4 ,b an individual's *oice ( 8 environm5t mu/ be )9 ! limit$ numb] ( alt]natives made possible by ! orig9al nature ) :i* he is end[$4 ,z po9t$ out 9 connection ) our discussion ( ,in/9ctive ,behavior1 we d orig9ally :at gives satisfaction to our native impulses1 & avoid :at irritates & fru/rates !m4 ,we may be tra9$ to f9d satisfactions 9 acquir$ activities1 b !re is a /rong t5d5cy to acquire habits t *ime 91 z x 71 ) ! t5d5cies we h to />t )4 ,!re is1 = example1 to c]ta9 individuals1 intr9sic satisfaction 9 =m & color2 to o!rs 9 s\nd4 ,to ! =m]1 pictures & pa9t+s w t5d to be ! environm5t select$2 to ! latt] ! he>+ & ! play+ ( music4 ,to ^? gift$ ) s5sitivity 9 nei!r ( ^! directions1 pictures may be ?r\gh all _! lives a bore1 & a piano a positive nuisance4 ,^! facts ( orig9al nature1 !re=e1 det]m9e initially1 & consequ5tly 9 l>ge "p1 :at our environm5t is go+ to be4 ,once we get into1 or select ?r\gh in/9ctive desires1 a c]ta9 k9d ( environm5t1 ^? desires become /r5g!n$ ?r\gh habit1 & t environm5t becomes fix$ ?r\gh fulfill+ ^? habitual desires4 ,a man may1 9 ! fir/ place1 *oose arti/s or s*ol>s z companions because 8 own gifts & int]e/s are simil>4 ,b su* an environm5t w become ! m indisp5sable = him :5 x has ! re9=cem5t ( habit to confirm :at is already initially /rong 9 him by bir?4 ,to him :o ha? %all be giv5 is mo/ di/9ctly true ( ! opportunities & environm5t op5 to ^? ) native gifts to beg9 )4 ,orig9al nature ?us sets ! scope & ! limits ( an individual's "* & a*ievem5t4 ,x tells h[ mu* &1 9 ! mo/ g5]al way1 :at 8 capacities are4 ,?us a man born ) a normal vocal app>atus c speak2 a man born ) normal vision c see4 ,b :at language he %all speak1 & :at sights he %all see1 dep5d on ! social & geographical situation 9 :i* he happ5s to be plac$4 ,aga91 if a man is born ) a high g5]al intellig5ce1 t is1 ) ke5 s5sory discrim9ations & motor responses1 precise & accurate p[]s ( analysis ( judgm5t1 a capacity = ! quick & effective acquisition & modification ( habits1 we c safely pr$ict t he w excel 9 "s direction4 ,b :e!r he w /& out z a lawy]1 doctor1 philosoph]1 poet1 or executive1 x is almo/ impossible f orig9al nature to tell4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! psy*ological te/s us$ 9 ! army1 & be+ us$ n[ ) modifications 9 ! admission ( /ud5ts to ,columbia ,college1 are g5]al intellig5ce te/s4 ,t is1 !y %[ g5]al al]tness & intellectual promise1 b are n prophetic ( any specializ$ tal5ts or capacities4 ,,individual ,,diff]5ces--,,democracy ,,& ,,education4 ,! fact t individuals diff] 9 ability & int]e/ has important consequ5ces = education & social progress4 ,x means1 9 ! fir/ place1 t :ile curr5t optimi/ic doctr9es ab\t ! modifiability ( human nature are true1 !y are true )9 limits--limits t v>y ) ! individual4 ,:e!r or n we %all ev] succe$1 ?r\gh ! sci5ce or ! practice ( eug5ics1 9 elim9at+ l[ ability & p]petuat+ high exclusively1 ! fact rema9s t !re are 9 contempor>y society ! wide/ v>iations bo? 9 ! k9ds ( int]e/ & ability display$1 & 9 _! relative efficacy "u pres5t social & indu/rial conditions4 ,!re are1 x mu/ be not$ at ! outset1 a n inconsid]able numb] ( individuals :o mu/ be set d[n z absolute social liabilities4 ,ev5 if exi/+ social & educational arrangem5ts 7 p]fect1 ^! w\ld rema9 unaffect$ & unavailable = any useful purpose4 ,!y w\ld h to be end[$1 c>$ =1 or conf9$4 ,!re is ! q consid]able class1 :o1 :ile normal ) respect to s5sory & motor discrim9ation1 seem to be s]i\sly & irrem$iably defective 9 _! p[]s ( judgm5t4 ,^! also seem to (f] invuln]able resi/ance to education1 & _! orig9al natures w\ld n be subject to modification ev5 by an education p]fectly adapt$ to ! ne$s ( normal p4 ,b ! m significant fact1 m significant because x affects s _m1 is ! fact t )9 ! ranks ( ! great class ( normal p1 !re are fundam5tal inh]it$ diff]5ces 9 ability & int]e/4 ,next 9 importance to ! fact t an individual is human is ! fact t he is an individual1 ) v specific initial capacities & desires4 ,= education ! implications are s]i\s4 ,education aims1 among o!r ?+s1 to give ! individual habits t w enable him to deal mo/ effectively ) 8 environm5t4 ,b an individual c be tra9$ be/1 x goes )\t say+1 9 ! capacities & int]e/s he has to beg9 )4 ,education _c1 !re=e1 be :olesale 9 its me?ods4 ,x mu/ be s adju/$ z to utilize & make ! mo/ ( ! multif>i\s v>iety ( native abilities & int]e/s :i* individuals display4 ,if x does n utilize ^!1 & in/ead sets up arbitr>y m\lds to :i* individuals mu/ con=m1 x w be cru%+ & di/ort+ ! specific native activities :i* are ! only raw mat]ial x has to "w ^u4 ,!re h n z yet be5 _m detail$ quantitative /udies ( individual diff]5ces t w\ld enable educators1 if !y 7 free to d s1 sci5tifically to adapt education to specific ne$s & possibilities4 ,beg9n+s 9 ?is direction are be+ made1 ?\gh r 9 advanc$ ?an 9 m elem5t>y education4 ,pr(essional & trade s*ools1 & gr\p-electives 9 college c\rses are attempts 9 ?is direction4 ,any attempt1 ( c\rse1 to adapt education to specific ne$s & int]e/s1 in/ead ( cru%+ !m into a priori m\lds1 requires1 ( c\rse1 a wid] social recognition & support ( education ?an is at pres5t common4 ,= individual diff]5ces require att5tion4 ,& :]e millions are to be educat$1 individual att5tion requires an imm5se inve/m5t 9 tea*+ p]sonnel4 ,b 9 ?is utilization ( orig9al int]e/s & capacities lies ! only possibility ( g5u9ely effective education4#a ,9 ! fir/ place to try 9 education to give individuals habits = :i* !y h no special innate t5d5cies to beg9 )1 is co/ly4 ,secondly1 to tra9 individuals = types ( life or "w = :i* _! gifts & desires are ill adapt$ is to promote at once ineffici5cy & unhapp9ess4 ,"o reason :y ! *ance to id5tify "o's life ) "o's "w 7z is ! case ) ! arti/ & ! s*ol>7 is s univ]sally recogniz$ z good =tune1 is because x is s r>e4 ,a g5]al & indiscrim9ate tra9+ ( m51 z if !y 7 all fitt$ ) ! same tal5ts & ! same long+s1 does z mu* z und]paym5t or ov]work to impair ! quality ( ! "w done & ! satisfaction d]iv$ f x4 ,footnote #a3 ,a beg9n+ 9 ! application ( ?is pr9ciple has be5 made by ! vocational guidance & employm5t managem5t "w :i* is be+ done ) increas+ sci5tific accuracy ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,individual diff]5ces & int]e/s are /udi$ ) a view to putt+ ! "r man 9 ! "r place4 ,?is slogan is borr[$ f ! ,committee on ,classification & ,p]sonnel1 :i* dur+ ! ,great ,w>1 ?r\gh its trade te/s & o!r ma*9]y ( diff]5tiation1 utiliz$ = ! national welf>e ! specific abilities ( ?\s&s ( draft$ m54 ,x has latt]ly be5 recogniz$ t indu/ry (f]s ! crucial opportunity to utilize to ! fulle/ individual diff]5ces4 ,by gett+ ! "r man 9 ! "r place1 we at once get ! "w done bett] & make ! man bett] satisfi$4 ,if adequate att5tion is giv5 to placem5t1 to ! specific dem&s put ^u m5 by specific types ( "w1 & to ! specific capacities ( individuals = fulfill+ ^? dem&s1 we w be capitaliz+ v>iations among m5 in/ead ( be+ h&icapp$ by !m4 ,z x is1 specific diff]5ces d exi/1 & m5 ent] occupations & pr(essions ignor+ !m4 ,z a result bo? ! job & ! man suff]2 ! =m] is done poorly1 & ! latt] is unsuccessful & unhappy4 ,x mu/ be not$ t ! exi/5ce ( specific diff]5ces betwe5 individuals does n altoge!r1 or (t5 ev5 9 "p1 imply sup]iority or inf]iority4 ,x implies 9 ea* case inf]iority or sup]iority ) respect to ! p]=mance ( a p>ticul> type ( "w4 ,:e!r sci5tific insight & accuracy is bett] ?an musical skill1 :e!r a gift = salesman%ip surpasses a gift = ma!matics1 dep5ds on ! social situation & ! /&>ds t happ5 to be curr5t among ! gr\p4 ,an int5sely disagreeable p]son may be ! be/ man = a p>ticul> job4 ,all sci5tific obs]vation c d is to note individual diff]5ces1 to note :at "w makes dem&s ^u :at capacities1 & try to br+ ! man & ! job toge!r4 ,x mu/ be emphasiz$ t1 :ile individual capacities det]m9e :at an individual c d1 social ideals & traditions det]m9e :at he w d1 because !y det]m9e :at he w be rew>d$ & enc\rag$ to d4 ,!re is no "q b t 9 our indu/rial civilization c]ta9 types ( ability1 t ( ! organiz]1 = example1 h a high social value4 ,!re is no "q b t !re are o!r abilities1 :i* "u our pres5t cu/oms & ideals we rew>d possibly beyond _! m]it1 z1 to take an extreme case1 t ( a *ampion%ip prize fight]4 ,we c ?r\gh education & vocational guidance utilize all native capacities4 ,to make provision = ! utilization ( all native capacities is to h an effici5t social life4 ,b to :at end our effici5t human ma*9]y %all be us$ dep5ds on ! ideals & cu/oms & purposes t happ5 to be curr5t 9 ! social ord] at any giv5 "t4 ,9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,?orndike1 we c inve/ 9 pr(itable ent]prises ! capital nature provides4 ,b :at pr(ite? a man or a society1 is a matt] = reflective det]m9ation2 x is n settl$ = u1 z are our limitations1 at bir?4 ,! net result ( sci5tific obs]vation 9 ?is field is ! discov]y1 9 increas+ly precise & specific =m1 t m5 are mo/ div]se & unequal 9 int]e/ & capacity4 ,! ideal ( equality comes to mean1 "u sci5tific analysis1 equality ( opportunity1 level+ all social inequalities2 ! fact ( natural inequalities & div]g5ces rema9s inconte/able4 ,!re may ev5 be1 z rec5t psy*ological te/s seem to indicate1 a c]ta9 proportion ( individuals :o are n compet5t to take an intellig5t "p 9 democratic gov]nm5t1 :o1 hav+ too little intellectual ability to foll[ ! simple/ problem ne$+ cop]ative & collective decision1 mu/ et]nally be gov]n$ by o!rs4 ,if ^! facts come to be au!nticat$ by fur!r data1 x m]ely emphasizes ! fact t 9 a c\ntry pr(ess$ly democratic x is ess5tial to devise an education t w1 9 ! case ( ea* individual1 educate up to ! highe/ po9t ( native ability4 ,:]e a c\ntry is o/5sibly democratic1 a few in=m$ citiz5s w gov]n ! _m un9=m$1 unless ! latt] are educat$ to an intellig5t k & appreciation ( _! political duties & obligations4 ,fur!rmore1 ! citiz5s ( a community :o are prev5t$ f us+ _! native gifts w be bo? useless & unhappy4 ,c]ta9ly ?is is an undesirable condition 9 a society :]e all individuals are expect$1 s f> z possible1 to be ends 9 !mselves & n m]ely means = ! ends ( o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,language ,,& ,,communication#a ,footnote #a3 ,mu* ( ! te*nical mat]ial = ?is *apt] is drawn f ,leon>d ,bloomfield's ,! ,/udy ( ,language1 & ,w4 ,d4 ,:itney's ,! ,life & ,gr[? ( ,language4 ,x 0 e>li] po9t$ out t human be+s alone possess language4 ,!y alone c make writt5 symbols & he>d s\nds /& = o!r ?+s1 = objects1 actions1 qualities1 & ideas4 ,9 ?is *apt] ! consid]ation ( language may be/ be approa*$ f ! spok5 tongue1 "u ! influ5ce ( :i*1 except 9 ! simple/ type ( pictorial writ+1 ! writt5 =m develops4#b ,footnote #b3 ,bloomfield3 loc4 cit41 pp4 #g-h4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! /ud5t ( behavior1 language1 spok5 language especially1 is a habit1 acquir$ l walk+ or swimm+4 ,x is made possible prim>ily by ! fact t human be+s possess a v>iety & flexibility ( vocal reflexes possess$ by no o!r animal4 ,all ! high] animals h a numb] ( vocal reflexes1 :i* are call$ out prim>ily 9 ! expression ( emotion or desire4 ,cries ( pa91 hung]1 rage1 sex desire or desire = companion%ip1 are common to a great numb] ( ! animal species4 ,b ^! cries & vocal utt]ances are limit$1 & comp>atively unmodifiable4 ,!y are moreov] express$1 s f> z exp]im5tal obs]vation c reveal1 ) no consci\sness ( ! specific significance ( p>ticul> s\nds & are us$ z ! involunt>y expression ( emotion r ?an z a specific means ( communication4 444 ,! primates h a mu* l>g] numb] ( su* vocal in/9cts ?an ! o!r mammals1 & a mu* l>g] numb] ( /imuli c call !m out1 e4g41 injury to bodily tissue calls out "o gr\p2 hung] calls out a c]ta9 gr\p2 sex /imuli 7mate1 etc47 ano!r2 & simil>ly cold1 swiftly mov+ objects1 tones1 /range animals call out o!rs4 ,:5 atta*m5ts are =m$ betwe5 ! female & h] (fspr+ ano!r l>ge gr\p is call$ into action4 ,!re is no evid5ce to %[ 9 ! case ( mammals t ^! vocal in/9cts are modifi$ by ! s\nds ( o!r animals4444 ,^! ?roat habits may be cultivat$ to su* an ext5t 9 birds t we may get an approximation1 m or less complete1 to a few su* habits possess$ by ! human be+4 ,su* ?roat habits1 h[ev]1 are n language habits4#a ,footnote #a3 ,watson3 ,behavior1 p4 #cbc4 ,9 human be+s language1 x is cle>1 may atta9 extraord9>y ref9em5t & complexity1 & may convey extremely f9e %ades & subtleties ( emotion or idea4 ,?is results f ! fact t man is born ) a vocal app>atus f> sup]ior 9 developm5t to t ( any ( ! animals4 ,x is pretty cle> t ! mutant man1 :5 ?r[n (f f ! primate /ock1 sprang =? ) a vocal app>atus diff]5t f t ( ! p>5t /ock1 & possess+ abundant ri*ness 9 reflexes1 ev5 f> surpass+ t f\nd 9 ! bird4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve1 too1 9 ?is connection1 t )9 ! n>r[ space occupi$ by ! vocal app>atus we h a sy/em ( muscul> me*anisms :i* has )9 x1 look+ at x n[ z a :ole1 ! same possibilities ( habit =mation t we f9d 9 ! rema9+ portion ( bodily musculature4444 ,x is probable t 9 a few ye>s we %all und]take ! /udy ( su* habits f exactly ! same /&po9t t we n[ employ 9 /udies ^u ! acquisition ( skill 9 ! human be+4#b ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 pp4 #cbc-bd4 ,! human baby />ts its expressive habits by emitt+ ) wide-op5 m\? an undiff]5tiat$ %riek ( pa94 ,a little lat] x yells 9 ! same way at any k9d ( discom=t4 ,x beg9s be=e ! end ( ! fir/ ye> to croon :5 x is cont5t$4 ,z x gr[s old] x beg9s to make diff]5t s\nds :5 x exp]i5ces diff]5t emotions4 ,& ) rem>kable rapidity its rep]toire ( articulatory movem5ts has greatly increas$4 ,spee* t beg9s 9 ! *ild z a m]e vague vocal expression ( emotion soon beg9s to exhibit a m>k$ elem5t ( mimicry4 ,! *ild beg9s to associate ! words utt]$ by 8 nurse or p>5ts ) ! specific objects !y po9t to4 ,he comes to connect milk1 sleep1 "m ) ! exp]i5ces to :i* !y correspond4 ,! *ild ?us le>ns to react to c]ta9 s\nds z significant ( c]ta9 exp]i5ces4 ,unlike ,adam1 he does n h to give names to animals1 or = t matt] to any?+ else on e>?4 ,!y all h specific names 9 ! p>ticul> language 9 :i* he happ5s to be br\ght up4 ,9 ! case ( o!r habits1 l>gely ?r\gh trial & error1 he le>ns to associate giv5 s\nds express$ by o!r p ab\t him ) giv5 exp]i5ces1 pleasant or unpleasant4 ,he le>ns fur!r to imitate1 s f> z possible1 ^! s\nds1 z a means ( m precisely communicat+ 8 wants or secur+ _! fulfillm5t4 ,9 ?is connection /ud5ts ( language frequ5tly h rais$ ! "q ( h[ man fir/ came to associate a giv5 s\nd-sequ5ce ) a giv5 exp]i5ce4 ,l fire1 language 0 once conceiv$ to be a div9e gift4 ,ano!r !ory po/ulat$ a g5ius :o took x into 8 head to give ! ?+s ( e>? _! pres5t inevitable names4 ,"o o!r !ory equally dubi\s held t language />t$ 9 onomatopoetic expressions l ,b[-w[1 = dog4 ,/ill ano!r hypo!sis once highly cr$it$ held t ! s\nds fir/ utt]$ 7 ! imm$iate & appropriate expressions call$ out by p>ticul> types ( emotional exp]i5ce4 ,! validity ( ! la/ two !ories has be5 r5d]$ p>ticul>ly dubi\s4 ,! v in/ances ( imitative words cit$1 words l cuckoo1 cra%1 fla%1 71 9 _! orig9al =ms1 q o!r ?an !y are n[4 ,& t words are n imm$iately apposite expressions ( ! emotions :i* !y repres5t1 has be5 g5]ally recogniz$4 ,9 ge/ure language1 ! ge/ure has to rema9 fairly imitative or expressive to be intelligible4 ,b an exam9ation ( half a doz5 casual words 9 contempor>y languages %[s h[ arbitr>y are ! signs us$1 & h[ little apposit5ess or relevance !y be> 9 _! s\nd to ! s5se :i* !y repres5t4 ,! detail$ /udy ( ! p]fectly regul> *anges t s l>gely *>act]ize ! evolution ( language1 h reveal$ ! inadequacy ( any ( ^! views4 ,!re seems to be1 9 fact1 no explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! language any m ?an !re is ( ! orig9 ( life4 ,all t l+ui/ic sci5ce c d is to reveal ! hi/ory ( language4 ,& 9 ?is hi/ory1 human language /&s reveal$ z a highly ref9$ developm5t ( ! crude & undiff]5tiat$ expressions :i*1 "u emotional /ress1 are utt]$ by all ! animals4 ,,language ,,z ,a ,,social ,,habit4 ,language1 z has repeat$ly be5 po9t$ out1 is ess5tially social 9 "*4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 prim>ily an in/rum5t ( communication betwe5 individuals1 & is cultivat$ z su*4 ,9 human spee*1 int]jections l ,oh6 or ,ah6 are /ill involunt>y escapes ( emotion1 b language develops z a vehicle ( communication to o!rs r ?an z a m]e emotional outlet = ! individual4 ,ev5 if x 7 possible = ! my?ical man br\ght up 9 solitude on a des]t isl& to h a language1 x is que/ionable :e!r he w\ld use x4 ,s9ce language is a way ( mak+ our wants1 desires1 in=mation kn[n to o!rs1 x is /imulat$ by ! pres5ce ( & contact ) o!rs4 ,excess vitality may g into %\t+ or song1#a b language z an in/rum5t ( specific utt]ance comes to h a m def9ite use & provocation4 ,man1 z already po9t$ out1 is a highly greg>i\s animal1 & language is 8 incomp>able in/rum5t = %>+ 8 emotions & ideas & exp]i5ce ) o!rs4 ,! :ole process ( education1 ( ! transmission ( culture f ! mature to ! y\ng] memb]s ( a society1 is made possible ?r\gh ?is in/rum5t1 :]eby a*ievem5ts & traditions are pres]v$ & transmitt$ 9 precise & public t]ms4 ,footnote #a3 ,human song is by "s l+ui/ic exp]ts1 includ+ ,bloomfield1 held to h orig9at$ 9 ! *ant ( rhy?mic labor1 z 9 r[+ or ?re%+4 ,secondly1 language is social 9 t1 = ! individual at lea/1 x is socially acquir$4 ,! *ild fir/ imitates s\nds )\t any consci\sness ( _! mean+1 j z he imitates o!r actions 9 %e] physiological sympa?y4 ,b he le>ns soon1 by wat*+ ! actions ( o!r p1 t giv5 s\nds are always p]=m$ :5 ^! o!rs d giv5 actions4 ,he le>ns t "s s\nds are port5ts ( ang] & puni%m5t2 /ill o!rs ( satisfaction & pleasure4 ,he le>ns soon to specify 8 utt]ances1 to use s\nds z specific /imuli1 to atta9 ?r\gh o!r p specific satisfactions4 ,! *ild is born ) a flexible set ( reflexes4 ,9 :i* way !y %all be develop$ dep5ds entirely on ! accid5t ( ! *ild's environm5t4 ,:e!r he %all call x bread or pa9 or brod1 dep5ds on ! p>ticul> social environm5t 9 :i* he f ! fir/ he>s t p>ticul> item ( exp]i5ce ref]r$ to4 ,a *ild ( ,am]ican mission>ies 9 ,turkey picks up ! language ( t c\ntry z well z t ( 8 own4 ,an ,engli% *ild br\ght up "u a ,fr5* nurse may le>n ) p]fect ease ! =eign tongue1 & to ! exclusion ( t ( 8 native c\ntry4 ,inde$1 s completely subject is "o 9 ?is reg>d to "o's e>ly environm5t1 t x is n only difficult 9 lat] life to acquire a new pronunciation1 b "o f9ds x impossible to brea! freely1 z x 71 9 ! :ole psy*ological atmosph]e ( a =eign language4 ,its grammatical categories1 its spell+1 its logic seem hopelessly irrational4 ,x 0 p]fectly natural ( ! ,engli%man 9 ! /ory1 :5 he 0 told t ! ,fr5* call$ x pa91 to insi/1 ,well1 x's bread1 anyh[4 ,_m a read] ( a =eign language :i* has become habitual c /ill n refra9 f translat+1 z he reads1 :at seem to him irrational idioms into ! famili>1 facile1 & s5sible modes ( 8 native tongue4 ,,language ,,& ,,m5tal ,,life4 ,! connection ( language ) ?\ght has repeat$ly be5 not$4 ,x has ev5 be5 que/ion$ :e!r ?\ght 9 any effective s5se is possible )\t words4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t ?9k+ dem&s clean-cut & def9ite symbols to "w )1 & t language (f]s ^! 9 incomp>able =m4 ,a ^w enables "o to isolate 9 ?\ght ! dom9ant elem5ts ( an exp]i5ce & prev5ts !m f slipp+ ?r\gh "o's f+]s4 ,! importance ( hav+ words by :i* concepts may be di/+ui%$ & isolat$ f "o ano!r w become cle>] by a brief rem9d] ( ! nature ( reflection4 ,?9k+ is 9 l>ge "p 7z w be discuss$ 9 detail 9 *apt] ,,xiii7 conc]n$ ) ! break+-up ( an exp]i5ce into its significant elem5ts4 ,b exp]i5ce beg9s ) objects1 & s f> z p]ceptual exp]i5ce is conc]n$1 ends !re4 ,we p]ceive objects1 n qualities1 actions1 or ideas ap>t f objects4 ,& ! elem5ts into :i* ?9k+ analyzes an exp]i5ce are nev] pres5t1 save 9 connection )1 z p>ts (1 a s5sibly p]ceiv$ object4 ,?us we nev] p]ceive :it5ess save 9 :ite objects2 w>m? save 9 w>m objects2 r$ save 9 r$ objects4 ,we nev]1 = t matt]1 p]ceive s ab/ract a ?+ z an object4 ,we exp]i5ce r$ h\ses or r$ flags2 :ite fl[]s1 :ite %oes1 :ite pap]2 w>m /oves1 w>m s\p1 & w>m plates4 ,ev5 h\ses & /oves & %oes are1 9 a s5se1 ab/ractions4 ,no two ( ^! are ev] alike4 ,b x is ( ! highe/ importance = u to h "s means ( id5tify+ & pres]v+ 9 memory ! significant resemblances betwe5 our exp]i5ces4 ,else we %\ld be1 z x 71 utt]ly a/\nd$ e "t we saw a *air or a table or a =k4 ,?\gh !y may1 9 ea* case 9 :i* we exp]i5ce !m1 diff] 9 detail1 *airs1 tables1 =ks h c]ta9 common features :i* we c ab/ract f ! gross total exp]i5ce1 & by a ^w or t]m1 def9e1 record1 communicate1 & recall4 ,! advantage ( a precise te*nical vocabul>y ov] a loose popul> "o is t we c by means ( ! =m] m accurately s+le out ! specific & important elem5ts ( an exp]i5ce & di/+ui% !m f "o ano!r4 ,! common n\ns1 or g5]al names 9 a language indicate to :at ext5t & 9 :at mann] t language1 ?r\gh "s or o!r ( its us]s1 classifies its exp]i5ces4 ,highly develop$ languages make x possible to classify simil>ities n easily detect$ 9 crude exp]i5ce4 ,!y make x possible to id5tify o!r ?+s ?an m]ely directly s5s$ objects4 ,9 primitive languages exp]i5ce is describ$ & classifi$ only 9 s f> z x is p]ceptual4 ,9 o!r words1 primitive languages h names = objects only1 n = ideas1 qualities1 or relations4 ,?us x is impossible 9 "s ,indian languages to express ! concept ( a bro!r by ! same ^w1 unless ! bro!r is 9 e case 9 ! same id5tical circum/ances4 ,"o _c use ! same ^w = man 9 diff]5t relations3 man-eat+1 man-sleep+1 man-/&+-"h1 & man-runn+-!re w\ld all be sep>ate comp\nd words4 ,among ! ,fuegians !re is "o ^w :i* means to look at "o ano!r1 hop+ t ea* w (f] to d some?+ :i* bo? p>ties desire b are unwill+ to d4#a ,m>ett writes 9 ?is connection3 ,footnote #a3 ,m>ett3 ,an?ropology1 p4 #adj4 ,take ! inhabitants ( t *e]less spot1 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 ^: culture is z rude z t ( any p on e>?4 ,a s*ol> :o tri$ to put toge!r a diction>y ( _! language f\nd t he _h got to reckon ) m ?an ?irty ?\s& words1 ev5 aft] suppress+ a l>ge numb] ( =ms ( less] importance4 ,& no wond] t ! tally m\nt$ up4 ,= ! ,fuegians _h m ?an tw5ty words1 "s conta9+ f\r syllables1 to express :at = u w\ld be ei!r he or %e2 !n !y _h two names = ! sun1 two = ! moon1 & two m = ! full moon1 ea* ( ! la/ nam$ conta9+ f\r syllables & hav+ no elem5ts 9 common4#b ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ach-ci4 ,x is easy to see h[ v little ref9em5t or ab/raction f exp]i5ce c\ld be made ) su* a cumb]some & inflexible vocabul>y4 ,! ?irty ?\s& ^w vocabul>y express$ a pov]ty ( l+ui/ic te*nique r ?an a ri*ness ( ideas4 ,at ! o!r extreme /&s a language l ,engli%1 :i* is1 to an extraord9>y degree1 an analytic language4 ,x has comp>atively no inflections4 ,?is means t words c be us$ & mov$ ab\t freely 9 diff]5t situations & relations4 ,?us ! dom9ant elem5ts ( an exp]i5ce c be freely isolat$4 ,a n\n /&+ = a c]ta9 object or relation is n *a9$ to a p>ticul> set ( accompany+ circum/ances4 ,man /&s z a def9ite concept1 :e!r x be us$ ) ref]5ce to an anci5t ,greek1 a w\nd$ man1 a brave1 a wret*$1 a compet5t1 or a tall man4 ,we c give ! accompany+ circum/ances by additional adjectives1 :i* are aga9 freely movable v]bally & intellectually4 ,?us we c speak ( a brave *ild & a tall t[] z well z a brave man & a tall man4 ,9 ,m>ett's words3 ,! evolution ( language !n1 on ?is view1 may be reg>d$ z a movem5t away f ! holophra/ic comp\nd 9 ! direction ( ! analytic4 ,:5 e piece 9 y\r playbox ( v]bal bricks c be dealt ) sep>ately1 because x is n jo9$ on 9 all sorts ( ways to ! o!r pieces1 !n only c y compose new con/ructions to y\r lik+4 ,ord] & emphasis1 z is %[n by ,engli%1 & /ill m conspicu\sly by ,*9ese1 suffice = s5t5ce-build+4 ,ideally1 words %\ld be individual & atomic4 ,e modification !y suff] by int]nal *ange ( s\nd1 or by hav+ prefixes or suffixes tack$ on to !m1 involves a curtailm5t ( _! free use & a sacrifice ( di/9ctness4 ,x is q easy1 ( c\rse1 to ?9k confus$ly1 ev5 :il/ employ+ ! cle>e/ type ( language4444 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n feasible to atta9 a high degree ( cle> ?9k+1 :5 ! only me?od ( spee* available is "o t t5ds t[>d wordlessness--t is to say1 "o t is relatively defici5t 9 v]bal =ms t pres]ve _! id5tity 9 all contexts4#a ,footnote #a3 ,m>ett3 loc4 cit41 pp4 #ada-db4 ,languages diff] n only 9 be+ m or less analytic1 b 9 _! g5]al modes ( classification4 ,t is1 n only d !y h m or less adequate vocabul>ies1 b 9 _! syntax1 _! s5t5ce /ructure1 _! ^w =ms1 !y v>i\sly organize exp]i5ce4 ,x is important to note t 9 ^! div]g5t classifications no "o ( !m is m f9al ?an ano!r4 ,we are tempt$1 despite ?is fact1 to ?9k t ! gramm>1 spell+1 & phonetics ( our own language con/itute ! la/ ^w 9 ! rational conveyance ( ?\ght4 ,,! ,,in/ability ,,( ,,language4 ,language be+ a social habit1 x is to be expect$ t x %\ld n /ay fix$ & *angeless4 ,! simpl] physiological actions are n p]=m$ 9 ! same way by any two individuals1 & no social practice is ev] p]=m$ 9 ! same way by two memb]s ( a gr\p1 or by two diff]5t g5]ations4 ,9 ?is connection writes ,pr(essor ,bloomfield3 ,! spee* ( =m] times1 :]ev] hi/ory has giv5 u records ( x1 diff]s f t ( ! pres5t4 ,:5 we read ,%aksp]e1 = example1 we are di/urb$ by subtle deviations f our own habits 9 ! use ( words & 9 con/ruction2 if our actors pron\nc$ _! l9es z ,%aksp]e & 8 contempor>ies did we %\ld say t !y _h an ,iri% or ,g]man brogue4 ,*auc] we _c read )\t "s grammatical explanation or a gloss>y2 correctly pron\nc$ 8 language w\ld s\nd to u m l ,l[ ,g]man ?an l our ,engli%4 ,if we g back only ab\t =ty g5]ations f our "t to t ( ,alfr$ ! ,great1 we come to ,engli% z /range to u z mod]n ,g]man1 & q un9telligible1 unless we /udy c>efully bo? gramm> & lexicon4#a ,footnote #a3 ,bloomfield3 loc4 cit41 p4 #aie4 ,!re are1 9 g5]al1 ?ree k9ds ( *anges t take place 9 a language4 ,phonetic *anges1 t is1 *anges 9 ! articulation ( words1 reg>dless ( ! mean+ !y be>4 ,?is is illu/rat$ simply by ! ^w "n :i*1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 0 pron\nc$ ne'm4 ,analogic *anges1 t is1 *anges 9 ! articulation ( words "u ! influ5ce ( words some:at simil> 9 mean+4 ,! ^w fla%1 = example1 became :at x is because ( ! s\nd ( words associat$ 9 mean+1 cra%1 da%1 sma%4 ,! ?ird process ( *ange 9 language alt]s n only ! articulate =ms ( words1 n only _! s\nd1 b _! s5se4 ,all ^! *anges1 z w be pres5tly po9t$ out1 c easily be expla9$ by ! laws ( habit e>ly discuss$ 9 ?is book1 ^! laws be+ applicable to ! habit ( language z well z to any o!r4 ,9 ! case ( phonetic *ange1 x is only to be expect$ t ! s\nds ( a language w n rema9 et]nally *angeless4 ,a language is spok5 by a l>ge numb] ( individuals1 no two ( :om are gift$ ) precisely ! same vocal app>atus4 ,9 consequ5ce no two ( !m w utt] words 9 precisely ! same way4 ,be=e writ+ & pr9t+ 7 g5]al1 ^! slight v>iations 9 articulation 7 b\nd to h an effect on ! language4 ,p m or less unconsci\sly imitate ! s\nds !y he>1 especially if !y are n *eck$ up by ! writt5 =ms ( words4 ,ev5 to-day *anges are go+ on1 & writ+ is at be/ a poor repres5tation ( phonetics4 ,! ,georgian1 ! ,london]1 ! ,wel%man & ! ,middle ,we/]n] c und]/& ! same pr9t$ language1 precisely because x does n at all repres5t _! peculi>ities ( dialect4 ,v>iant s\nds utt]$ by "o individual may be caught up 9 ! language1 especially if ! v>iant articulation is simpl] or %ort]4 ,?us ! %ort5+ ( a ^w f sev]al syllables to "o1 ?\gh x />ts accid5tally1 is easily made habitual among a l>ge numb] ( speak]s because x does facilitate spee*4 ,9 ! classic example1 pre-,engli%1 hab$a & hab$un became 9 ,old ,engli%1 hfde & hfdon1 & are 9 pres5t ,engli% 7,i1 we7 _h4#a ,9 ! same way v>iations t r$uce ! un/ress$ syllables ( a ^w readily ins9uate !mselves into ! articulatory habits ( a p4 ,9 ! production ( /ress$ syllables1 ! vocal *ords are "u high t5sion & ! brea? is %ut 94 ,x is easi]1 consequ5tly1 to produce ! un/ress$ syllables ) %ort5$1 weak5$ articulations444 less5+ z mu* z possible all int]f]5ce ) ! brea? /ream4#b ,?us contemporane\s prohibition becomes kntempe'rejnjes prhe'bifn4 ,s\nd *anges ?us take place1 9 g5]al1 z less5+s ( ! labor ( articulation1 by means ( adaptation to prevail+ re/ positions ( ! vocal organs4 ,!y take place fur!r 9 m or less accid5tal adaptations to ! p>ticul> spee* habits ( a p4 ,t is1 ^? s\nds become disc>d$ t d n fit 9 ) ! g5]al articulatory t5d5cies ( a language4 ,( ?is ! weak5+ ( un/ress$ syllables 9 ,engli% & palatalization 9 ,slavic are examples4#a99 ,footnote #a3 ,bloomfield3 loc4 cit41 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #a993 ,ibid41 p4 #bah4 ,^! *anges ( s\nd 9 language s f> discuss$ are made indep5d5tly ( ! mean+ ( words4 ,o!r *anges 9 articulation occur1 z already not$1 by analogy ( s\nd or mean+4 ,t is1 words t h associat$ mean+s come to be simil>ly articulat$4 ,?is is simply illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! *ild :o ?9ks x p]fectly natural to assimilate by analogy came to come4 ,?us ! "y *ild w frequ5tly say1 until he is correct$1 he com$1 he br+$1 he fight$4 ,9 communities :]e pr9t+ & writ+ & read+ are sc>ce1 su* assimilation by analogy has an important effect 9 modify+ ! =ms ( words4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,mean+4 ,! *anges 9 language mo/ important = ! /ud5t ( human behavior are *anges 9 mean+4 ,language1 x mu/ aga9 be /ress$1 is an in/rum5t = ! communication ( ideas4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! /ore ( mean+s 9 a language becomes increas$ & modifi$ 7! etymology ( a language7 is1 9 a s5se1 ! hi/ory ( ! m5tal progress ( ! p :i* use x4 ,= *anges 9 mean+ are prim>ily br\ght ab\t :5 ! words 9 a language d n suffice = ! l>g] & l>g] /ore ( exp]i5ces :i* individuals )9 ! gr\p desire to communicate to "o ano!r4 ,! mean+s ( old words are /ret*$1 z x 71 to cov] new exp]i5ces2 old words are transf]r$ bodily to new exp]i5ces2 !y are slightly modifi$ 9 =m to apply to new exp]i5ces analog\s to ! old2 new words are =m$ aft] analogy ) ones already 9 use4 ,a simple illu/ration ( ! application ( a ^w already curr5t to a wid] situation is ! application ( ! ^w head z a purely objective "n1 to a new exp]i5ce1 :i* has c]ta9 analogies ) ! old2 z :5 we speak ( a head ( cabbage1 ! head ( an army1 ! head ( ! class1 or ! headma/]4 ,9 _m su* cases ! transf]r$ mean+ p]si/s alongside ( ! old4 ,?us ! ^w capital us$ z ! "n = ! *ief city 9 a c\ntry1 p]si/s alongside ( its use 9 capital puni%m5t1 capital /ory1 etc4 ,b sometimes ! transf]r$ mean+ ( ! ^w becomes dom9ant & exclusive4 ,?us disease 7dis-ease7 once meant discom=t ( any k9d4 ,n[ x means specifically "s physical ailm5t4 ,! old] use has be5 completely disc>d$4 ,to spill once meant1 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se1 to de/roy4 ,n[ all ! o!r uses1 save t ( p\r+ out1 h laps$4 ,meat :i* once meant any k9d ( n\ri%m5t has n[ come to ref] almo/ exclusively 7we /ill make exceptions z 9 ! case ( sweetmeat7 to edible fle%4 ,:5ev] ! special or novel application ( ! ^w becomes dom9ant1 !n we say ! mean+ ( ! ^w has *ang$4 ,m5tal progress is l>gely dep5d5t on ! transf] ( words to new] & l>g] sph]es ( exp]i5ce1 ! modification ( old words or ! =mation ( new ones to express ! increas+ complexity ( relations m5 discov] to exi/ betwe5 ?+s4 ,9 ! in/ances already cit$ "s ( ! transf]r$ words lo/ _! m g5]al mean+ & became specializ$1 z 9 ! case ( meat1 spill1 etc4 ,o!r words1 l head1 ?\gh !y may keep _! specific objective mean+1 may come to be us$ 9 a g5]aliz$ intellectual s5se4 ,"o ( ! *ief ways by :i* a language rema9s adequate to ! dem&s ( increas+ k & exp]i5ce ( ! gr\p is ?r\gh ! transf] ( words hav+ orig9ally a purely objective s5se to emotional & intellectual situations4 ,^! words1 l bitt]1 s\r1 %>p1 ref]r+ orig9ally only to imm$iate physical exp]i5ces1 to objects p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 come to h intellectual & emotional significance1 z :5 we speak ( a s\r face1 a bitt] disappo9tm5t1 a %>p /ruggle4 ,mo/ ( our words t n[ h ab/ract emotional or intellectual connotations 7 once words ref]r+ exclusively to purely s5sible 7s5se p]ceptual7 exp]i5ces4 ,anxiety once meant lit]ally a n>r[ place1 j z :5 we speak ( "s "o hav+ a close %ave4 ,to refute once meant lit]ally to knock out an argum5t4 ,to und]/& meant to /& 9 ! mid/ (4 ,to conf] meant to br+ toge!r4 ,s5sation words !mselves 7 once /ill m concrete 9 _! mean+4 ,violet & orange are obvi\sly tak5 z color names f ! specific objects to :i* !y /ill ref]4 ,language has well be5 describ$ z a book ( fad$ metaphors4 ,! hi/ory ( language has be5 to a l>ge ext5t ! assimilation & habitual me*anical use ( words t 71 :5 fir/ us$1 /rik+ly figurative4 ,! novel use ( a ^w t is n[ a q regul> "p ( ! language may 9 _m cases fir/ be ascrib$ to a di/+ui%$ writ]4 ,%akespe>e is full ( expressions :i* h s9ce1 & because ( 8 use ( !m1 become lit]ally h\sehold words4 ,_m words t h n[ a g5]al application arose out ( a peculi> local situation1 my?1 or "n4 ,boycott :i* has become a reasonably intelligible & univ]sal ^w1 only less ?an fifty ye>s ago ref]r$ p>ticul>ly & exclusively to ,boycott1 a c]ta9 unpopul> ,iri% l&[n] :o 0 subject$ to ! k9d ( discrim9ation = :i* ! ^w has come to /&4 ,burke us$ z a v]b has its orig9 9 ! "n ( a notori\s ,ed9burgh murd]]4 ,*>act]s 9 fiction or drama1 hi/ory or leg5d come to be /&>d words4 ,ev]yone kn[s :at we mean :5 we speak ( a ,quixotic action1 a ,don ,juan1 a ,galahad1 a ,*e/]field4 ,to tantalize arises f ! my?ical p]petual fru/ration ( ,tantalus 9 ! ,greek /ory4 ,expressions t _h a special mean+ 9 ! works ( a philosoph] or littrateur come to be g5]ally us$1 z ,platonic love4#a ,aga9 words t arise z m]e popul> witticisms or vulg>isms may be br\ght into ! language z p]man5t acquisitions4 ,mob1 n[ a q legitimate ^w1 0 orig9ally a %ort5+ ( mobile vulgum1 & 01 only a hundr$ ye>s ago1 suspect 9 polite disc\rse4 ,footnote #a3 ,?\gh ?is is v loosely & inaccurately us$4 ,outside ! delib]ate inv5tion by sci5ti/s ( t]ms = ! new relations !y h discov]$1 m or less spontane\s v>iation 9 ! use ( words & _! unconsci\s assimilation by l>ge numb]s ) ^: o!r language habits !y *ance to fit1 is ! *ief s\rce ( language gr[?4 ,"o might almo/ say words are wr5*$ f _! orig9al local sett+1 & giv5 su* a g5]aliz$ application t !y are made available = an inf9ite complexity ( sci5tific & philosophical ?\ght4 ,,uni=mities ,,9 ,,language4 ,?us f> we h discuss$ *anges 9 language f ! psy*ological viewpo9t1 t is1 we h consid]$ ! human t5d5cies & habits :i* br+ ab\t *anges 9 ! articulation & mean+1 9 ! s\nd & ! s5se1 ( words4 ,x is evid5t f ^! consid]ations t !re c be no absolute uni=mity 9 spok5 languages1 n ev5 9 ! languages ( two p]sons ?r[n mu* toge!r4 ,)9 a c\ntry :]e ! same language is o/5sibly spok51 !re are nev]!less diff]5ces 9 ! language z spok5 by diff]5t social /rata1 by diff]5t localities4 ,!re are inf9ite subtle v>iations betwe5 ! articulation & ! ^w uses ( diff]5t individuals4 ,!re are languages )9 languages1 ! dialects ( localities1 ! j>gon ( pr(essional & trade gr\ps1 ! special pronunciations & special & ov]lapp+ vocabul>ies ( diff]5t social classes4 ,b :ile !re are ^! _m causes1 bo? ( individual diff]5ce & ( diff]+ social environm5ts1 :y languages d n rema9 uni=m1 !re are simil> causes mak+ = a c]ta9 degree ( uni=mity )9 a language4 ,!re is "o v good reason :y1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 languages d atta9 uni=mity2 !y are socially acquir$4 ,! individual le>ns to speak a language f ^? ab\t him1 & individuals br\ght up )9 ! same gr\p w consequ5tly le>n to speak1 )9 limits1 ! same tongue2 !y w le>n to articulate ?r\gh imitation1 &1 :ile no individual ev] precisely duplicates ! s\nds ( o!rs1 he duplicates !m z f> z possible4 ,he le>ns1 moreov]1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 to atta* giv5 mean+s to giv5 words1 n = any reason ( _! peculi> apposit5ess or individual caprice1 b because he le>ns t o!rs ab\t him habitually atta* c]ta9 mean+s to c]ta9 s\nds4 ,& s9ce "o is /imulat$ to expression prim>ily by ! desire & necessity ( communication ( ideas a premium is put ^u uni=mity4 ,x is ( no use to use a language if x conceals "o's ?\ghts4 ,9 consequ5ce1 )9 a gr\p individual v>iations1 unless = reasons already discuss$ !y happ5 to l5d !mselves to ready assimilation by ! gr\p1 w be m]e slips ( ! tongue4 ,!y w be disc>d$ & =gott51 or1 if ! individual _c rid himself ( !m1 w l /amm]+ or /utt]+ or lisp+ be set d[n z imp]fections & social h&icaps4 ,! uni=mity ( language )9 gr\ps ^: individual memb]s h mu* communication ) ea* o!r is ?us to a c]ta9 ext5t gu>ante$4 ,a man :o is utt]ly individuali/ic 9 8 language might j z well h no language at all1 unless = ! satisfaction ( express+ to himself 8 own emotions4#a ,language is le>n$ f ! gr\p among :om "o moves1 & ^? s\nds & s5ses ( words are1 on ! :ole1 reta9$1 :i* are intelligible to ! gr\p4 ,^? s\nds & mean+s w be/ be und]/ood :i* are already 9 use4 ,no bett] illu/ration c\ld be f\nd ( h[ cu/om & social gr\ps pres]ve & en=ce /&>ds ( individual action4 ,footnote #a3 ,!re h be5 a few poets1 l ,emily ,dick9son1 or my/ics l ,blake1 "s ( ^: "w exhibits almo/ complete un9telligibility to mo/ read]s1 ?\gh d\btless x _h a v specific mean+ & vividness to ! writ]s conc]n$4 ,! obv]se ( ! fact t int]communication promotes uni=mity 9 language is t lack ( communication br+s ab\t language diff]5tiation4 ,! less ! int]communication betwe5 gr\ps1 ! m w ! languages ( ! gr\ps diff]1 h[ev] uni=m !y may be )9 ! gr\ps !mselves4 ,! mo/ important factor 9 diff]5tiation ( language is local diff]5tiation4 ,9 "s ,european c\ntries e village speaks its own dialect4 ,9 pass+ f "o village to ano!r ! dialects may be mutually intelligible1 b by ! "t "o has pass$ f ! fir/ village 9 ! *a9 to ! la/1 "o may f9d t ! dialect ( ! fir/ & la/ are utt]ly un9telligible to ea* o!r4 ,a real break 9 language1 z oppos$ to dialect v>iations1 occurs :]e !re is a consid]able b>ri] betwe5 gr\ps1 su* z a m\nta9 range1 a riv]1 a tribal or political b\nd>y4 ,! m imp5etrable ! b>ri]s betwe5 two gr\ps ! m w ! languages diff]1 & ! less mutually intelligible w !y be4 ,look+ back ov] ! hi/ory ( language ! /ud5t ( l+ui/ics inf]s t ^? languages :i* be> /rik+ or significant simil>ities are relat$4 ,?us ,spani%1 ,italian1 ,fr5*1 ,portuguese1 & ,r\manian are traceable directly back to ! ,lat94 ,?is does n mean t all ov] ! areas occupi$ by ! speak]s ( ^! languages ,lat9 0 orig9ally spok54 ,b ! ,romans 9 _! conque/s1 bo? milit>y & cultural1 7 able to make _! own language pr$om9ant4 ,! v>iations :i* make ,fr5* & ,r\manian1 say1 mutually un9telligible1 are due to ! fact t ,lat9 0 = ! natives 9 ^! conqu]$ t]ritories assimilat$ to _! own languages4 ,s t1 9 ! famili> example1 ! ,lat9 homo becomes uomo 9 ,italian1 homme 9 ,fr5*1 hombre 9 ,spani%1 & om 9 ,r\manian4 ,simil>ly relat$ b mutually un9telligible languages among ! ,am]ican ,indians h be5 trac$ to ?ree great s\rce-languages4 ,! hi/ory ( ,european languages (f]s an int]e/+ example ( diff]5tiation4 ,engli% & ,g]man1 = example1 are bo? traceable back to ,we/-,g]manic2 f t 9 turn to a hypo!cat$ primitive ,we/-,g]manic4 ,all ! ,european languages are traceable back to a hypo!cat$ ,primitive ,indo-,european4#a ,! !ory held by mo/ /ud5ts ( ?is subject is t ! gr\ps possess+ ?is s+le uni=m language spread ov] a wid] & wid] area1 gradually became sep>at$ f ea* o!r by geographical b>ri]s & tribal affiliations1 & gradually 7& on ! "p ( individual speak]s unconsci\sly7 modifi$ _! spee* s t slight diff]5ces accumulat$1 & result$ f9ally 9 widely diff]5t & mutually un9telligible languages4 ,footnote #a3 ,by ! ^w primitive ! l+ui/ic exp]ts mean a language ! exi/5ce ( :i* is inf]r$ f common features ( sev]al relat$ languages1 ( :i* writt5 records are curr5t1 b ( :i* no actual records exi/4 ,?us1 if !re 7 no writt5 records ( ,lat9 ! approximate recon/ruction ( x by l+ui/s w\ld be call$ ,primitive ,romance4 ,! process ( diff]5tiation 9 ! languages ( diff]5t gr\ps is v m>k$4 ,we f9d1 = example1 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,greece & ,rome1 a numb] ( widely diff]5t dialects4 ,!re seems e evid5ce t ^! 7 d]iv$ f "s m primitive tongue4 ,we f9d1 likewise1 on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 sev]al hundr$ diff]5t languages1 :i*--to ! untra9$ obs]v]--be> n ! slighte/ resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,?is welt] & confusion c also be trac$ back to a few primitive & uni=m languages4 ,?us ! hi/ory ( civilization reveals ?is /rik+ diff]5tiation 9 ! language ( diff]5t gr\ps1 a c\nt]-t5d5cy mak+ = a wid] uni=mity ( p>ticul> languages4 ,"o favor$ dialect becomes /&>d1 pr$om9ant & exclusive4 ,?us out ( all ! ,fr5* dialects1 ! "o t survives is ! spee* ( ,p>is2 ,ca/ilian becomes /&>d ,spani%1 & 9 anci5t ,greece ! language ( ,a!ns sup]s$es all ! o!r dialects4 ,! reasons = ! survival ( "o out ( a great welt] ( dialects may be v>i\s4 ,n infrequ5tly ! language ( a conqu]+ p has1 9 m or less pure =m1 succe$$ ! language ( ! conqu]$4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,romance languages1 :i* owe _! pres5t =ms to ! spread ( ,roman arms & culture4 ,!re 01 z is well kn[n1 a simil> developm5t 9 ! case ( ! ,engli% language4 ,! ,norman ,conque/ introduc$1 "u ! auspices ( a socially sup]ior & victori\s gr\p1 a language culturally sup]ior to ! ,anglo-,saxon4 ,! latt] 01 ( c\rse1 n entirely replac$1 b pr(\ndly modifi$1 especially 9 ! enri*m5t & enl>gem5t ( its vocabul>y4 ,"o has b to note su* words z place1 *oir1 beef1 etc41 :i* came entirely to replace 9 ! language ! indig5\s ,anglo-,saxon names = ^? objects4 ,colonization & comm]cial expansion may br+ ab\t ! replacem5t ( ! native language ( special localities by ! language ( ! coloniz]s1 at lea/ 9 hybrid =m4 ,! spread ( ,engli% ?r\gh ,au/ralia1 & ?r\gh ! l>g] "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! spread ( ,spani% ?r\gh ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ea* in/ance practically replac+ ! native tongues1 are cases 9 po9t4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dialects & j>gons are (t5 ! result ( ! p>tial assimilation by ! speak]s ( "o language ( ano!r language to :i* !y are expos$4 ,fr5*-,canadian & ,p5nsylvania ,dut* are examples ( su* a mixture4 ,,/&>dization ,,( ,,language4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 & = "s "t 9 ! pa/1 ! diff]5tiation ( language has be5 greatly less5$ by ! /abiliz+ influ5ce ( pr9t4 ,! pr9t$ ^w cont9ually recalls ! /&>d pronunciation & mean+1 & ! *anges 9 language 7save ^? delib]ately introduc$ by ! addition ( sci5tific t]ms1 or ! (ficial modifications ( spell+1 etc41 z 9 "s ,european c\ntries#b7 are mu* less rapid1 v>i\s1 & significant ?an hi!rto4 ,x is true t diff]5ces 9 articulation & usage1 especially ! =m]1 d /ill1 to a degree1 p]si/ & develop4 ,our ,s\!rn acc5t1 ) its drawl+ ( words & slurr+ ( consonants1 our ,middle-,we/]n acc5t1 ) its /ress$ articulation ( r's & its nasaliz+ t5d5cies1 are in/ances ( ?is p]si/5ce4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 ,france ! ,m9i/ry ( ,education f "t to "t settles po9ts ( or?ography def9itely4 ,b ! pr9t$ language--,engli%1 = example--! (ficial language1 :i* is publi%$ 9 ! newspap]s1 p]iodicals1 & books1 :i* is taught 9 ! s*ools1 & spok5 f ! pulpit1 ! plat=m1 on ! /age1 9 cultivat$ society1 is m or less alike all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates & :]ev] ,engli% is spok54 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 only a /&>d1 a norm1 an ideal1 :i* l ! concept ( ! circle1 nev] q appe>s 9 practice4 ,! language :i* is spok51 ev5 9 ! conv]sation ( ! educat$1 by no means con=ms to ! ideal ( correct usage4 ,b ! important fact is t ! /&>d language is a /&>d1 t x is1 moreov]1 a widely recogniz$ & effective /&>d4 ,! diction>ies & ! gramm>s become au?oritative1 & are ref]r$ to :5 p consci\sly set ab\t discov]+ :at is ! accept$ or correct mean+ or pronunciation4 ,b a m effectual au?ority is ex]t$ by ! tea*+ !y receive at s*ool1 & ! cont9u\s1 ?\gh unnotic$1 influ5ce ( ! m or less /&>d language :i* !y read 9 pr9t4 ,ev5 phonetic *anges1 ?\gh !y p]si/1 are *eck$ f spread+ to ! po9t ( mutually un9telligible dialects by ! /&>ds en=c$ 9 pr9t4 ,! acc5ts 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = example1 diff]1 b n to ! po9t ( becom+ absolutely div]g5t languages4 ,! ,s\!rn] & ! ,we/]n] may be consci\s 9 ea* o!r's spee* ( a qua9t & curi\s diff]5ce 9 pronunciation1 b !y c1 except 9 extreme cases1 completely und]/& ea* o!r4#a ,footnote #a3 ,"s ( ! isolat$ di/ricts 9 ! ,k5tucky m\nta9s reveal dialects ) "s important diff]5ces 9 vocabul>y & con/ruction4 ,^! are %[n mo/ /rik+ly 9 "s ( ! ballads ( t region :i* h be5 collect$ by ,william ,asp9wall ,bradley1 & by ,h[>d ,brockway4 ,rural s*ools & ! breakd[n ( complete isolation w probably 9 "t elim9ate ?is div]g5ce4 ,! mo/ important /abiliz+ influ5ce ( pr9t1 h[ev]1 is its fixation ( mean+s4 ,x makes possible _! ma9t5ance uncorrupt$ & unmodifi$ ov] wide /ret*es 9 :i* !re are phonetic v>iations4 ,^! v>iant articulations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( a l>ge c\ntry :]e ! same language is spok51 w\ld1 if un*eck$1 ev5tually modify ! s5se ( words4 ,pr9t l>gely prev5ts ?is f happ5+4 ,"o c read newspap]s publi%$ 9 ,ma9e1 ,cali=nia1 ,virg9ia1 & ,i[a1 )\t notic+ any significant1 or1 9 _m cases1 ev5 slight diff]5ces 9 vocabul>y or con/ruction4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 local idioms1 b ^! p]si/ 9 conv]sation1 r ?an 9 pr9t1 save :]e !y are caught up & exploit$ = lit]>y purposes by a ,bret ,h>te1 a ,m>k ,twa91 or an ,o4 ,h5ry4 ,,c\nt]-,,t5d5cies ,,t[>d ,,diff]5tiation4 ,:ile ! /&>d language does become fix$ & /able1 !re are1 9 ! daily life ( diff]5t social gr\ps1 v>y+ actual languages4 ,e class1 or pr(ession1 e social gr\p1 :e!r ( int]e/1 or occupation1 has its slight individuality 9 articulation or vocabul>y4 ,we /ill obs]ve t memb]s ( a family talk alike2 sometimes h\seholds h lit]ally _! own h\sehold words4 ,& on diff]5t economic & social levels1 9 diff]5t sports1 intellectual1 pr(essional1 & bus9ess pursuits1 we notice slightly diff]5t actual languages4 ,^! p>tly ov]lap4 ,! society lady1 ! bus9ess man1 ! musician1 ! pr(essor ( lit]ature1 ! me*anic1 h specializations ( vocabul>y & con/ruction1 b !re is1 = ea* ( !m1 a great common l+ui/ic area4 ,e individual's spee* is a resultant ( ! v>i\s gr\ps ) :om he associates4 ,he is affect$ 9 8 spee* habits mo/ pr$om9antly1 ( c\rse1 by 8 mo/ regul> associates1 pr(essional & social4 ,9 consequ5ce we /ill m>k out a man1 z mu* z any?+1 by ! k9d ( language he speaks4 ,! me*anic & ! man ( lett]s are n likely to be mi/ak5 = ea* o!r1 if ov]he>d 9 a /reet c>4 ,_m lit]>y & dramatic *>act]s are memorable = _! spee* habits4 ,su* types are successful :5 !y d hit ^u really significant l+ui/ic peculi>ities4 ,_! frequ5t failures lie 9 mak+ ! language ( a p>ticul> social type artificially /able4 ,no "o ev] talks q z ! conv5tional /age policeman1 /age pr(essor1 & /age ,engli%man talk4 ,^! actual v>iations 9 ! language1 z x is us$ by v>i\s gr\ps :o are br\ght up "u ! same /&>d language1 op]ate to prev5t complete /abilization ( language4 ,su* v>iations are rem>kably influ5tial1 consid]+ ! cons]vative influ5ces ^u language ( ! repeat$ & cont9u\s sugge/ion made by ! pr9t$ page4 ,! language is1 9 ! fir/ place1 be+ cont9ually enri*$ ?r\gh increm5ts ( new words & modifications ( old ones1 f ! special vocabul>ies ( trades1 pr(essions1 sci5ces1 & sports4 ,?r\gh "s accid5tal apposit5ess to "s contemporane\s situation1 ^! may become g5]ally curr5t4 ,a rec5t & famili> example is ! t]m cam\flage1 :i* f its te*nical s5se ( protective coloration has become a univ]sally und]/ood "n = moral & intellectual pret5se4 ,! vocabul>y ( baseball has by ?is "t already giv5 to ! language words t %[ promise ( atta9+ ev5tual legitimacy4 ,an increas+ly l>ge s\rce ( enri*m5t ( ! native tongue comes f ! spontane\s g5]ation ( slang1 :i*1 />t+ 9 ! l+ui/ic :imsicality ( "o individual1 gets caught up 9 conv]sation1 & f9ds its ultimate way into ! language4 ,important in/rum5ts1 c]ta9ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 spread+ su* neologisms are ! humor\s & sport+ pages ( ! newspap]s1 9 :i* places !y n infrequ5tly orig9ate4#a ,:e!r a curr5t slang expression w p]si/1 or p]i% 7z d ?\s&s initiat$ e ye>71 dep5ds on accid5ts ( contempor>y circum/ances4 ,if ! expression happ5s to set (f aptly a contempor>y situation1 x may become v widespread until t situation1 su* z a political campaign1 is ov]4 ,b x may1 l ! metaphor ( a poet1 h "s univ]sal application4 ,log-roll+1 graft1 bluff1 h come into ! language to /ay4 ,roosevelt's pussy-foot1 & ,ananias ,club are1 p]haps1 rememb]$1 b %[ less promise ( p]man5cy4 ,movies has already ceas$ to be a neologism1 its ready adoption illu/rat+ a po9t already m5tion$1 namely1 t a v>iation t facilitates spee* 7z movies does 9 comp>ison ) mov+ pictures1 or motion pictures 7 has a high pot5tiality ( acceptance4 ,footnote #a3 ,h4 ,l4 ,m5ck5 9 8 sugge/ive book1 ,! ,am]ican ,language1 sees 9 ?is up%oot ( phrases indig5\s to ! soil & ! temp] ( ! ,am]ican p1 & ( grammatical con/ructions also1 symptoms ( ! increas+ div]g5ce ( ! ,am]ican f ! ,engli% language4 ,t !re are a l>ge numb] ( special expressions exclusively us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t are n f\nd 9 use 9 ,engl&1 goes )\t say+4 ,ev]yone kn[s t ! ,engli%man says lift :]e we say elevator1 %op1 :]e we are likely to say /ore4 ,!re are significant diff]5ces to be f\nd ev5 9 ! casual expressions ( ,am]ican & ,engli% newspap]s4 ,b x is d\btful :e!r ! div]g5ce c g v f>1 9 view ( ! con/ant int]communication1 ! rapidity ( travel betwe5 ! two c\ntries1 & ! promiscu\s read+ ( ,engli% books 9 ,am]ica1 & ,am]ican books 9 ,engl&4 ,,language ,,z ,,emotional ,,& ,,logical4 ,s9ce language is prim>ily useful z an in/rum5t ( communication1 x %\ld ideally be a direct & clean-cut repres5tation ( exp]i5ce4 ,x %\ld be z unambigu\s1 & imm$iate1 z telegraphy1 algebra1 or %or?&4 ,b language has two functions1 :i* int]f]e ) "o ano!r4 ,words n only repres5t logical relations2 !y provoke emotional responses4 ,!y n only explicitly tell2 !y implicitly sugge/4 ,!y are n m]ely skeletons ( ?\ght2 !y are clo!d ) emotional values4 ,!y are n1 9 consequ5ce1 transitive vehicles ( ?\ght4 ,words %\ld1 f ! /&po9t ( communication1 be m]e signals to action1 :i* %\ld attract att5tion only 9 s f> z !y are signals4 ,!y %\ld be no m reg>d$ z ?+s 9 !mselves ?an is ! gre5 lamp :i* signals a locomotive eng9e] to g ahead4 ,!y %\ld be z imm$iate signals to action z1 at a race1 ! ,ready1 set1 g ( ! />t] is to ! runn]4 ,yet ?is r>ely happ5s 9 ! case ( words4 ,!y frequ5tly imp$e or mislead action by ar\s+ emotions irrelevant to _! intellectual significance1 or provoke action on ! basis ( emotional associations r ?an on _! m]its1 s to speak1 z logical repres5tations ( ideas4 ,to take an example3 ,engl&1 z an intellectual symbol1 may be said to be a "n giv5 to a small isl& b\nd$ by c]ta9 latitudes & longitudes1 hav+ a c]ta9 di/ribution ( raw mat]ials & human be+s1 & a c]ta9 topography4 ,x might j z well be repres5t$ by ,x = all practical purposes4 ,?us 9 ! secret code ( ! diplomatic corps if ,x 7 agre$ on z ! symbol = ,engl&1 x w\ld be j z adequate & w\ld ev5 save "t4 ,b ,engl& 7t p>ticul> s\nd7 = a l>ge numb] ( individuals :o h be5 br\ght up !re1 has become ! c5t] ( deep & f>-rea*+ emotional associations1 s t its utt]ance 9 ! pres5ce ( a p>ticul> li/5] may d mu* m ?an repres5t a giv5 geographical fact4 ,x may be associat$ ) all t he loves1 & all t he rememb]s ) affection2 x may sugge/ l&scapes t are de> to him1 a famili> /reet & h\se1 a p>ticul> set ( fri5ds1 & a *]i%$ hi/orical tradition ( h]oic names & /ori$ places4 ,x may ar\se su* ardor & devotion z ,h5ley expresses 9 8 fam\s ,engl&1 my ,engl&3 ,:at h ,i done = y1 ,engl&1 my ,engl&1 ,:at is !re ,i w\ld n d1 ,engl&1 my own8 ,) y\r glori\s eyes au/]e1 ,z ! ,"l 7 walk+ ne>1 ,:isp]+ t]rible ?+s & de>1 ,z ! song on y\r bugles bl[n1 ,engl&-- ,r\nd ! _w on y\r bugles bl[n6 ,words ?us become p[]ful provocatives ( emotion4 ,!y become load$ ) all ! en]gies t are ar\s$ by ! love1 ! hate1 ! ang]1 ! pugnacity1 ! sympa?y1 = ! p]sons1 objects1 ideas1 associat$ ) !m4 ,p may be set (f to action by words 7j z a bull is set (f by a r$ rag71 al?\gh ! words may be z little freight$ ) mean+ z !y are deeply weight$ ) emotion4 ,poets & lit]>y m5 9 g5]al exploit ^! emotional values t cl+ to words4 ,inde$1 9 epi!ts sugge/+ illimitable vi/as1 inexpressible sorr[s1 & dim-rememb]$ joys1 lies half ! *>m ( poetry4 ,be=e ! beg9n+ ( ye>s1 ,!re came to ! mak+ ( man1 ,"t ) a gift ( te>s1 ,grief ) a glass t ran2 ,pleasure ) pa9 = a leav51 ,summ] ) fl[]s t fell2 ,remembrance fall5 f ,heav51 ,& madness ris5 f ,hell1 ,/r5g? )\t h&s to smite1 ,love t endures = a brea?1 ,night ! %ad[ ( light1 ,& life1 ! %ad[ ( dea?4#a ,footnote #a3 ,sw9burne3 ,atalanta 9 ,calydon 7,david ,mackay edition71 p4 #cic4 ,sw9burne does n1 to be sure1 give u mu* in=mation1 & :at !re is is my?ical1 b he uses words t are fairly alive ) sugge/$ feel+4 ,b ?is emotional aura 9 :i* words are halo$1 beautiful ?\gh x is 9 lit]ature1 & facile ?\gh x makes ! communication ( common feel+s1 is a s]i\s imp$im5t 9 ! use ( words z effective in/rum5ts ( communication4 ,language oscillates1 to speak metaphorically1 betwe5 algebra & music4 ,to be useful z an in/rum5t ( ?\ght x %\ld keep to ! prosaic t]s5ess ( a telegraphic code4 ,"o %\ld be able to pass imm$iately f ! ^w to ! ?+1 in/ead ( dissolv+ 9 emotions at ! associations t ! m]e s\nd or music ( ! epi!t ar\ses4 ,words %\ld1 s to speak1 t5d to bus9ess1 :i*1 9 _! case1 is ! communication ( ideas4 ,b words are us$ 9 human situations4 ,& !y accumulate dur+ ! lifetime ( ! individual a great mass ( psy*ological values4 ,?us1 to take ano!r illu/ration1 bro!r is a symbol ( a c]ta9 relation%ip "o p]son be>s to ano!r4 ,y\r is also a symbolic /atem5t ( a relation4 ,b if a telegram conta9s ! /atem5t ,y\r bro!r is dead1 x is less a piece ( in=mation to act on ?an a deep emotional /imulus to :i* "o responds4 ,bacon long ago po9t$ out h[ m5 wor%ipp$ words4 ,z we %all see pres5tly1 he 0 ?9k+ ( errors 9 ! intellectual manipulation ( words4 ,p]haps z s]i\s is ! invet]ate t5d5cy ( m5 to respond to ! m or less irrelevant emotions sugge/$ by a ^w1 in/ead ( to its /rict intellectual cont5t4 ,if ! emotions /irr$ up by an epi!t 7 always appropriate to ! ^w's significance1 ?is might be an advantage4 ,b n infrequ5tly1 z we %all see imm$iately1 words sugge/ & may be us$ to sugge/ emotions t1 l ! fl[]s t bloom 9 ! spr+1 h no?+ to d ) ! case4 ,9 practice1 political & social lead]s1 & all :o h to w9 ! loyalties & support ( masses ( m5 h appreciat$ ! use--& misuse--t might be made ( ! emotional fr+es ( words4 ,words are n always us$ z direct & transp>5t repres5tations ( ideas2 !y are z frequ5tly us$ z /imuli to action4 ,a famili> in/ance is se5 9 ! use ( words 9 adv]tisem5ts4 ,ev5 ! hone/ adv]tis] is less int]e/$ 9 giv+ an analysis ( 8 product t w w9 him ! rational e/imation & favor ( ! read] ?an 9 creat+ 9 ! read] ?r\gh ! skillful use ( words1 emotions & sympa?ies favorable to 8 product4 ,! "n ( a talcum p[d] or tobacco is ! subject ( mature consid]ation by ! adv]tis+ exp]t1 because he kn[s t ! emotional flavor ( a ^w is m important 9 secur+ action ?an its rational significance4#a ,ask ,dad6 ,he kn[s6 does n tell u mu* ab\t ! article x adv]tises1 b x gives u ! s5se ( secure tru/ t we _h z a boy 9 ^? my/]i\s ?+s 9 an almo/ completely unkn[n _w :i* our fa!rs knew & approv$4 ,footnote #a3 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t su* an expression z cell> door1 consid]$ m]ely f ! viewpo9t ( s\nd1 is "o ( ! mo/ romantically sugge/ive words 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,a consid]ation ( "s ( ! names ( biscuits & coll>s w %[ a simil> exploitation ( bo? ! euphony & ! emotional fr+es ( words4 ,on a l>g] scale1 9 political & social affairs words are p[]ful provocatives ( emotion & ( actions1 det]m9+ to no small degree ! allegiances & loyalties ( m5 & ! satisfaction & dissatisfactions :i* !y exp]i5ce 9 causes & lead]s4 ,a ^w rema9s ! nucleus ( all ! associations t h ga!r$ r\nd x 9 ! c\rse ( an individual's exp]i5ce1 ?\gh ! object = :i* x /&s may h utt]ly *ang$ or vani%$4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( political p>ties1 ^: p]sonnel & pr9ciples *ange f decade to decade1 b ^: names rema9 /able entities t cont9ue to secure unfalt]+ respect & loyalty4 ,9 ! same way1 ! "n ( c\ntry has emotional rev]b]ations = "o :o has be5 br\ght up 9 its traditions4 ,m5 tru/ old words to :i* !y h become accu/om$ j z !y tru/ old fri5ds4 ,to borr[ an illu/ration f ,graham ,wallas1 = _m :o call !mselves ,sociali/s1 ,socialism is some?+ m ?an a movem5t t[>ds great] social equality1 dep5d+ = its =ce ^u ?ree ma9 factors1 ! gr[+ political p[] ( ! work+ classes1 ! gr[+ social sympa?y ( _m memb]s ( all classes1 & ! belief1 bas$ on ! gr[+ au?ority ( sci5tific me?od1 t social arrangem5ts c be trans=m$ by means ( consci\s & delib]ate contrivance4#a ,footnote #a3 ,wallas3 ,human ,nature 9 ,politics4 p4 #ib4 ,r ! ne$ = some?+ = :i* "o may love & "w has creat$ = ?\s&s ( work+m5 a p]sonifi$ ,socialism3 ,socialism1 a w+$ goddess ) /]n eyes & a drawn sword1 to be ! hope ( ! _w1 & ! protector ( ^? t suff]4#b ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 p4 #ic4 ,political lead]s & adv]tis+ exp]ts1 no less ?an poets1 h recogniz$ ! importance ( ! sugge/ive p[] ( words4 ,half ! p[] ( propag&a lies 9 its ar\s+ ( emotions ?r\gh sugge/ion1 r ?an 9 its effectiv5ess z an in/rum5t ( intellectual conv]sion4#c ,footnote #c3 ,dur+ ! rec5t ,lib]ty ,loan campaigns1 = example1 :5 x 0 ( ! mo/ crucial practical importance t bonds be b\ght1 ! /imuli us$ 7 n 9 ! =m ( reason$ briefs1 b r emotional admonition3 ,f9i% ! lob1 ,e mis] helps ! ,kais]1 ,if y 7 out 9 ,no ,man's ,l&4 ,,language ,,& ,,logic4 ,ev5 :]e words are fre$ f irrelevant emotional associations1 !y are /ill f> f be+ adequate in/rum5ts ( ?\ght4 ,to be effectively repres5tative1 words mu/ be clean-cut & def9itive2 !y mu/ /& = "o object1 quality1 or idea4 ,words1 if !y are to be g5u9e in/rum5ts ( communication1 mu/ convey ! same int5t or mean+ to ! li/5] z !y d to ! speak]4 ,if ! significance atta*$ to words is s vague & pulpy t !y mean diff]5t ?+s to diff]5t m51 !y are no m useful 9 inquiry & communication ?an ! %ock ( r&om noise or ! vague /ir & flutt] ( music4 ,words mu/ h _! b\nd>ies fix$1 !y mu/ be t]ms1 fix$ & /able mean+s1 or !y w rema9 in/rum5ts ( confusion r ?an communication4 ,francis ,bacon /at$ succ9ctly ! dang]s involv$ 9 ! use ( words3 ,= m5 imag9e t _! reason gov]ns words1 :il/ 9 fact words react ^u ! und]/&+2 & ?is has r5d]$ philosophy & ! sci5ces sophi/ical & inactive4 ,words are g5]ally =m$ 9 a popul> s5se1 & def9e ?+s by ^? broad l9es :i* are mo/ obvi\s to ! vulg> m9d2 b :5 a m acute und]/&+ or m dilig5t obs]vation is anxi\s to v>y ^! l9es1 & adapt !m m accurately to nature1 words oppose x4 ,h5ce ! great & solemn disputes ( le>n$ m5 t]m9ate frequ5tly 9 m]e disputes ab\t words & names1 9 reg>d to :i* x w\ld be bett] to proce$ m advis$ly 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & to br+ su* disputes to a regul> issue by def9itions4 ,su* def9itions1 h[ev]1 _c rem$y ! evil 444 = !y consi/ !mselves ( words1 & ^! words produce o!rs4444 ,footnote #a3 ,novum ,organum4 bk4 ,i1 aphorism #ei4 ,if1 to take an extreme case1 a speak] said ! ^w *air1 & by *air 8 li/5] und]/ood :at we commonly mean by ! ^w table1 communication w\ld be impossible4 ,!re mu/ be "s common agreem5t 9 ! words us$4 ,9 ! case ( simple t]ms ref]r+ to concrete objects !re are cont9ual concrete rem9d]s ( ! mean+ ( a ^w4 ,we d n make mi/akes z to ! mean+ ( words su* z *air1 riv]1 /one1 /ove1 books1 =ks1 knives1 because we s cont9ually meet & use !m4 ,we are cont9ually *eck$ up1 & ! mean+s we atta* to ^! _c g f> a/ray4 ,b ! fur!r t]ms are remov$ f physical objects1 ! m opportunity is !re = ambiguity4 ,9 ! realm ( politics & morals1 z ,socrates 0 fond ( po9t+ out1 ! *ief difficulties & misund]/&+s ( m5 h come f ! ambiguities ( ! t]ms !y use4 ,ju/ice1 lib]ty1 democracy1 good1 true1 beautiful1 ^! h be5 immemorial bones ( cont5tion among philosoph]s4 ,!y are accept$1 tak5 = grant$1 )\t any "q z to _! mean+ by ! individual1 until he f9ds1 p]haps1 9 discussion t 8 acceptation ( ! t]m is entirely diff]5t f t ( 8 oppon5t4 ,?us _m an argum5t ends ) if t's :at y mean1 ,i agree ) y4 ,intellectual inquiry & discussion to be fruitful mu/ h c]ta9 def9itive t]ms to />t )4 ,discussion 444 ne$s to h ! gr\nd or basis ( its v>i\s compon5t /atem5ts br\ght to consci\sness 9 su* a way z to def9e ! exact value ( ea*4 ,! ,socratic cont5tion is ! ne$ compell+ ! common d5om9ator1 ! common subject1 und]ly+ ! div]sity ( views to exhibit itself4 ,x alone gives a sure /&>d by :i* ! claims ( all ass]tions may be measur$4 ,until ?is ne$ is met1 discussion is a self-deceiv+ play ) unjudg$1 unexam9$ matt]s1 :i*1 confus$ & %ift+1 impose !mselves ^u u4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dewey3 ,essays 9 ,exp]im5tal ,logic1 p4 #bjj4 ,to def9e our t]ms means lit]ally to "k :at we are talk+ ab\t & :at o!rs are talk+ ab\t4 ,"o ( ! values ( discussion is t x enables u m cle>ly to realize ! mean+ ( ! words ) :i* we con/antly op]ate4 ,a man may ent]ta9 = a long :ile a half-consci\s def9ition ( democracy z mean+ political equality1 & sudd5ly come face to face ) ano!r :o means by x indu/rial cop]ation & p>ticipation on ! "p ( all work]s4 ,:e!r he agrees ) ! new def9ition or n1 at lea/ 8 own becomes cle>] by contra/4 ,sci5ce1 wrote ,condillac1 is a well-made language4 ,no small "p ( ! te*nique ( sci5ce lies 9 its cle> def9ition ( its t]ms4 ,! *emi/ kn[s :at he means by an acid1 ! biologi/ by a mammal4 ,"u ^! names he classifies all objects hav+ c]ta9 det]m9able prop]ties4 ,social sci5ce w nev] atta9 ! precision ( ! physical sci5ces until x also atta9s z cle> & unambigu\s a t]m9ology4 ,z we %all see 9 ! *apt] on sci5ce1 h[ev]1 ! def9itions 9 ! physical sci5ces are arriv$ at ?r\gh precise inquiries n yet possible 9 ! field ( social ph5om5a4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,racial ,,& ,,cultural ,,cont9uity ,t ! hi/ory ( ! race is an unbrok5 cont9uum goes )\t say+4 ,:at ?is means 9 ! way ( transmission ( ! arts1 ! sci5ces1 ! religion1 ! ideas1 ! cu/oms ( "o g5]ation to ! next1 we %all pres5tly see4 ,cultural cont9uity is made possible by ! m fundam5tal fact ( ! actual biological cont9uity ( ! race4 ,?is biological cont9uity ext5ds back1 z f> z we c inf] f ! sci5tific evid5ce1 unbrok5ly ?r\gh ! half million ye>s s9ce man has left traces ( 8 pres5ce on e>?4 ,! cont9uity ( life itself goes back to t /ill m remote "t :5 man & ape 7 indi/+ui%able1 inde$ to t po/ulat$ epo* :5 life z x exi/$ on e>? 0 no m complex ?an x is z x n[ appe>s 9 ! "o-cell$ animal4 ,evolution has taught u t life1 h[ev] x />t$1 has be5 "o long cont9u\s process :i* has increas$ 9 complexity f ! unicellul> animals to man4 ,! cont9uity ( ! human race is a contrivance ( nature r ?an ( man4 ,x is1 z x 71 a by-product ( ! sex in/9ct4 ,man is end[$ natively ) a p[]ful desire = sex gratification1 & ?\gh (fspr+ are ! *ief utility ( ?is in/9ct1 desire = reproduction is n normally its prim>y /imulus4 ,b :ile ! production ( (fspr+ may ?us be said to be an incid5tal result ( ! sex in/9ct1 human reproduction may be subject$ to rational consid]ation & control1 accord+ z (fspr+ are or are n consid]$ desirable4 ,! s5se ( ! desirability ( (fspr+ may1 9 ! fir/ place1 be det]m9$ by social r ?an individual consid]ations4 ,to ! gr\p or ! /ate a l>ge bir?-rate1 a /eady increase ( ! numb] ( bir?s ov] ! numb] ( dea?s1 may be made desirable by ! ne$ ( a l>ge population = agriculture1 h]d+1 or w>4 ,9 primitive tribes1 sup]iority 9 numb]s mu/ h be51 "u conditions ( competitive w>f>e1 a pron\nc$ asset4 ,9 any imp]iali/ic rgime1 :]e milit>y conque/ is highly reg>d$1 ! ma9t5ance & repl5i%m5t ( l>ge armies is a factor t has ent]$ into reflection on ! "q ( population4 ,9 cases :]e a small rul+ class is b5efit$ by ! labor ( a slave or s]f class1 !re is1 at lea/ = ! rul+ classes1 a m>k$ utility 9 ! increase 9 population4 ,x means j s mu* opportunity = increase ( weal? on ! "p ( l&[n+ & slavehold+ or s]f-controll+ classes4 ,9 any c\ntry1 increase 9 ! labor supply means j s mu* m human en]gy = ! control ( natural res\rces1 s _m m units ( en]gy = ! production ( national weal?4 ,(fspr+ may come to be reflectively desir$ by ! individual z a means ( p]petuat+ prop]ty1 family1 or fame4 ,a man _c non*alantly face ! prospect ( oblit]ation1 & ! biological fact ( dea? may be circumv5t$ by ! equally real fact ( reproduction4 ,a man's individuality1 we h already _h occasion to see1 is enhanc$ by 8 possessions1 & if 8 =tune or e/ate is h&$ d[n he %all n altoge!r h be5 oblit]at$ f ! e>?4 ,simil>ly1 :]e a family has become a great tradition1 !re may be a delib]ate desire on ! "p ( an individual to h ! "n & tradition c>ri$ on1 to keep ! old l9eage curr5t & conspicu\s among m54 ,a man may ?9k ?r\gh 8 *ildr5 to keep 8 own fame alive 9 po/]ity4 ,at lea/ 8 "n %all be kn[n1 & if1 z s (t5 happ5s1 a son foll[s 9 8 fa!r's pr(ession1 c>ries on 8 fa!r's bus9ess1 f>m1 or philan?ropies1 ! individual atta9s at lea/ "s measure ( vic>i\s immortality4 ,8 own ways1 habits1 traditions are c>ri$ on4 ,a man may1 moreov]1 come to desire (fspr+ = ! pleasures & responsibilities ( dome/icity & p>5?ood4 ,!re is a p>5tal in/9ct z su*1 c]ta9ly v /rong 9 mo/ wom51 & n lack+ to "s degree 9 mo/ m54 ,! joys ( c>+ = & re>+ a *ild h too (t5 be5 celebrat$ 9 lit]ature & 9 life by p>5ts bo? "y & old to ne$ m explicit /atem5t "h4 ,,re/riction ,,( ,,population4 ,b reproduction has be5 9 human hi/ory promiscu\s1 & increase ( population has be5 less a problem to morali/s & economi/s ?an has its re/riction4 ,! dang] ( ov]-increase 9 population 0 fir/ p[]fully /at$ by ,mal?us 9 8 ,essay on ,population4 ,mal?us cont5d$ 9 effect t population always t5ds to increase up to ! limit ( subsi/5ce1 & gives indications1 unless increase is *eck$1 ( increas+ beyond x4 ,9 its extreme =m1 z x appe>$ 9 ,mal?us's fir/ edition ( 8 ,essay1 x ran some:at z foll[s3 ,z ?+s are n[1 !re is a p]petual pressure by population on ! s\rces ( food4 ,vice & mis]y cut d[n ! numb] ( m5 :5 !y gr[ beyond ! food4 ,! increase ( m5 is rapid & easy2 ! increase ( food is 9 comp>ison1 sl[1 & toilsome4 ,!y are to ea* o!r z a geometrical increase to an ari?metical2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! population d\ble _! numb] 9 tw5ty ye>s4#a ,footnote #a3 ,bon>3 ,philosophy & ,political ,economy 9 _! ,hi/oric ,relations1 p4 #bje4 ,mal?us's pessimi/ic prophecy ( ! increase ( population beyond ! means ( subsi/5ce has be5 subject$ to refutation by v>i\s causes4 ,= "o ?+1 among civiliz$ races at lea/1 ! bir?-rate is decl9+4 ,aga91 int5sive agriculture has va/ly increas$ ! possibilities ( our natural res\rces4 ,on ?is po9t1 writes ,kropotk91 :o is bett] acqua9t$ ) agricultural conditions ?an are mo/ social re=m]s3 ,!y m>ket g>d5]s h creat$ a totally new agriculture4 ,!y smile :5 we boa/ ab\t ! rotation sy/em hav+ p]mitt$ u to take f ! field "o crop e ye>1 or f\r crops ea* ?ree ye>s1 because _! ambition is to h six & n9e crape f ! v same plot ( l& dur+ ! twelve mon?s4 ,!y d n und]/& our talk ab\t good & bad soils1 because !y make ! soils !mselves1 & make x 9 su* quantities z to be compell$ ye>ly to se$ "s ( x2 o!rwise x w\ld raise up ! levels ( _! g>d5s by half an in*1 e ye>4 ,!y aim at cropp+1 n five or six tons ( grass on ! acre z we d1 b f fifty to "o hundr$ tons ( v>i\s vegetables on ! same space2 n #ea p\nds wor? ( hay1 b #ajj p\nds wor? ( vegetables ( ! pla9e/ description1 cabbages & c>rots4#a ,footnote #a3 ,kropotk93 ,fields1 ,factories1 & ,work%ops1 p4 #gd4 ,( int5sive indu/ry ! same might be said4 ,:]e =m]ly a man c\ld produce only en\gh = "o man's consumption1 "u conditions ( ma*9e production "o man's "w c supply quantities suffici5t = _m4 ,) a decl9+ bir?-rate & ! va/ly increas$ productivity ( indu/ry & agriculture1 !re is a greatly r$uc$ dang] ( ! population gr[+ beyond _! possible su/5ance by ! available food supply4 ,"u c]ta9 economic & social conditions !re are m>k$ v>iations 9 ! bir?-rate4 ,?is may be due to v>i\s causes :i* are1 by diff]5t writ]s1 v>i\sly assign$4 ,! v>iation ( ! bir?-rate among diff]5t classes is aga9 a matt] ( common obs]vation & /ati/ical c]ta9ty4 ,high] /&>ds ( liv+ are f\nd regul>ly to be correlat$ ) a decrease 9 ! numb] ( *ildr5 9 a family4 ,an important factor 9 ! volunt>y re/riction ( population is ! desire to give *ildr5 t are br\ght into ! _w adequate education1 environm5t1 & social opportunity4 ,,cultural ,,cont9uity4 ,to ! v "y ! _w seems an unprec$5t$ novelty4 ,x seems sc>cely old] ?an _! own memories1 :i* are few & %ort1 & _! own exp]i5ce1 :i* is necess>ily limit$ & conf9$4 ,?r\gh education our exp]i5ce becomes immeasurably wid5$2 we c vic>i\sly live ?r\gh ! exp]i5ces ( o!r p ?r\gh he>+ or read+1 & c acquire ! racial memory :i* goes back z f> z ! records ( hi/ory1 or an?ropological rese>*4 ,z we gr[ old] we come to le>n t our civilization has a hi/ory2 t our pres5t has a pa/4 ,?is pa/ ext5ds back ?r\gh ! c\ntless ons be=e man walk$ upright4 ,! pa/ ( human life on e>? goes back itself ov] ne>ly half a million ye>s4 ,) ?is long pa/1 ! pres5t is cont9u\s1 be+ z x 71 additional pages 9 process ( be+ writt54 ,! physical cont9uity ( ! race is insur$1 z we h j se51 by a me*anism1 :i*1 ?\gh x may be subject$ to rational consid]ation1 is in/9ctive 9 its op]ation4 ,! human be+s t p ! e>? to-day are (fspr+ ( human ance/ors rea*+ back to ! appe>ance ( ! human animal 9 ! long process ( ! evolution ( life on e>?4 ,s f> z we c see1 po/]ity w be = c\ntless g5]ations physically simil> to ourselves1 z !y c]ta9ly w1 unless all records or evid5ces ( ! fact are obscur$1 trace _! ance/ry cont9u\sly back to u4 ,n only is !re cont9uity ( physical desc5t1 h[ev]1 b cont9uity ( cultural a*ievem5t4 ,! pa/1 9 any lit]al temporal s5se1 is ov] & done )4 ,! ,romans are physically dead1 z are ! g5]ations ( b>b>ians ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 & all ! inhabitants ( m$ival & mod]n ,europe1 save our own contempor>ies4 ,ye/]days are irrevocably ov]4 ,! pa/1 9 any real s5se1 exi/s only 9 ! =m ( a*ievem5ts t h be5 h&$ d[n to u f previ\s g5]ations4 ,! only p>ts ( ! pa/ t survive physically are ! actual mat]ial products & a*ievem5ts ( bygone g5]ations1 ! temples & ! ca!drals1 ! sculptures & ! manuscripts1 ! roads & ! relics ( e>li] civilizations4 ,ev5 ^! exi/ 9 ! pres5t2 !y are evid5ces1 memorials1 mem5tos ( ! pa/4 ,^! h]itages f pa/ civilizations may be int]e/+1 intr9sically1 z 9 ! case ( pa9t+s & /atues1 or useful1 z 9 ! case ( roads1 res]voirs1 or h>bors4 ,b we inh]it ! pa/ 9 a m vital s5se4 ,we inh]it ways ( ?\ght & action1 social sy/ems1 sci5tific & indu/rial me?ods1 mann]s & morals1 educational beque/s & ideals1 all t we h & are4 ,)\t ^!1 ea* g5]ation w\ld h to />t anew4 ,if ! :ole ( exi/+ society 7 de/roy$1 & a newborn g5]ation c\ld be miracul\sly pres]v$ to maturity1 its memb]s w\ld h to />t on ! same level1 ) ! same ignorances1 unc]ta9ties1 & impot5ces z primitive savages4 ,9 ord] to make ! nature & v>iety ( our abject dep5d5ce on ! pa/ cle>1 we h only to consid] our language1 our laws1 our political & social in/itutions1 our k & education1 our view ( ?is _w & ! next1 our ta/es & ! means ( gratify+ !m4 ,on e h& ! pa/ dom9ates & controls u1 = ! mo/ "p unconsci\sly & )\t prote/ on our "p4 ,we are 9 ! ma9 its will+ adh]5ts4 ,! imag9ation ( ! mo/ radically-m9d$ _c transc5d any great "p ( ! ideas & cu/oms transmitt$ to him4 ,:5 once we grasp ?is tru?1 we %all1 accord+ to our mood1 humbly congratulate ourselves t 444 we are p]mitt$ to /& on ! giant's %\ld]s1 & enjoy an outlook t w\ld be q hidd5 to u1 if we _h to tru/ to our own %ort legs2 or we may res5tfully *afe at our bonds &1 l ,prome!us1 va9ly /rive to wre/ ourselves f ! rock ( ! pa/1 9 our eag]ness to br+ relief to ! suff]+ *ildr5 ( m54 ,9 any case1 :e!r we bless or curse ! pa/1 we are inevitably its (fspr+1 & x makes u its own long be=e we realize x4 ,x is1 inde$1 almo/ all t we c h4#a ,footnote #a3 ,rob9son3 ,! ,new ,hi/ory1 pp4 #bef-eg4 ,! cultural a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/1 :i* we inh]it *iefly z social habits1 are obvi\sly n transmitt$ to u physically1 z are ! orig9al human traits ) :i* ?is volume has s f> be5 *iefly conc]n$4 ,!y are n 9 our blood2 !y are acquir$ l o!r habits1 ?r\gh contact ) o!rs & ?r\gh repeat$ practice4 ,we are ?us to a v l>ge ext5t condition$ by ! pa/4 ,x is z if we _h inh]it$ a =tune compos$ ( v>i\s k9ds ( prop]ties1 h\ses1 books1 automobiles1 w>eh\ses1 musical in/rum5ts1 & 9 addition1 trade concessions1 bus9ess secrets1 =muls1 me?ods1 & good-w4 ,our activities w be limit$ 9 measure by ! ext5t ( ! prop]ty1 its con/itu5t items1 & ! repair 9 :i* we keep x4 ,we may squ&] or mis9ve/ our pr9cipal1 z :5 we use sci5tific k = dang]\s or dubi\s aims1 = example1 = conque/ or rap9e4 ,we may add to x1 z 9 ! developm5t ( ! sci5ces & indu/rial arts4 ,we may1 s to speak1 live on ! income4 ,su* is ! case :5 a society ceases to be progressive1 & fails to add any?+ to a highly develop$ traditional culture1 z happ5$ /rik+ly 9 ! case ( ,*9a4 ,aga9 we may h inh]it$ :ite elephants1 :i* may be ( absolutely no use to u1 encumbrances ( :i* we _c easily rid ourselves1 influ5tial ideas :i* are no long] adequate to our pres5t situation1 obsolete emotions1 me?ods1 or in/itutions4 ,we may all[ our cultural inh]itance1 ?r\gh bad education1 to fall into disrepair & decay4 ,s9ce we are s dep5d5t on ! pa/1 our attitude t[>d x1 :i* 9 turn det]m9es ! use we make ( x1 is ( ! mo/ crucial significance4 ,! sev]al *>act]i/ic & v>y+ attitudes t[>d ! pa/ :i* are s m>k$ly curr5t are n det]m9$ solely by logical consid]ations4 ,= individuals & social gr\ps p>ticul> features ( _! h]itage h great emotional associations4 ,! liv+ pa/ is compos$ ( habits1 traditions1 values1 :i* are vivid & vital issues to ^? :o practice !m4 ,traditions1 cu/oms1 or social me?ods come to h intr9sic values2 !y become ! c5t] ( deep atta*m5ts & /rong passion4 ,!y are a ri* elem5t ( ! atmosph]e ( ! pres5t2 !y are wov5 into ! intimate fabric ( our lives4 ,! awe :i* we feel 9 great ca!drals is hi/orical z well z religi\s4 ,^? va/ solemn ar*es are ! voices ( ! pa/ speak+ to u4 ,! moral appeal ( tradition appe>s ) beautiful cl>ity 9 ! op5+ *apt] ( ,pat]'s ,m>ius ! ,epicurean4 ,a s5se ( consci\s p[]s ext]nal to ourselves1 pleas$ or displeas$ by ! "r or wrong conduct ( e circum/ance ( daily life--t consci5ce1 ( :i* ! old ,roman religion 0 a =mal1 habitual recognition1 _h become 9 him a p[]ful curr5t ( feel+ & obs]vance4 ,! old-fa%ion$1 p>tly ,puritanic awe1 ! p[] ( :i* ,wordswor? not$ & valu$ s highly 9 a nor!rn peasantry1 _h its c\nt]p>t 9 ! feel+ ( ! ,roman lad1 z he pass$ ! spot1 t\*$ ( heav51 :]e ! lightn+ _h /ruck dead an ag$ labor] 9 ! field3 an upright /one1 /ill ) mold]+ g>l&s ab\t x1 m>k$ ! place4 ,he br\ght to t sy/em ( symbolic usages1 & !y 9 turn develop$ 9 him fur!r1 a great s]i\sness1 an impressibility to ! sacr$ness ( "t1 ( life & its ev5ts1 & ! circum/ances ( family fell[%ip--( su* gifts to m5 z fire1 wat]1 ! e>? f labor on :i* !y live1 really und]/ood by him z gifts--a s5se ( religi\s responsibility 9 ! reception ( !m4 ,x 0 a religion = ! mo/ "p ( fe>1 ( multitud9\s scruples1 ( a ye>-long burd5 ( =ms4#a ,footnote #a3 ,walt] ,pat]3 ,m>ius ! ,epicurean 7,a4 ,l4 ,burt edition71 pp4 #c-d4 ,to ! pa/1 z x is made famili> to u ?r\gh song1 /udy1 & traditional practice1 we may exp]i5ce a piety am\nt+ almo/ to religi\s devotion4 ,9 "s individuals & 9 "s nations1 ?is s5se = tradition is v /rong4 ,e "o has felt m or less ke5ly ?is s5se ( be+ a l9k 9 a great tradition1 :e!r ( a college1 family1 or c\ntry4 ,sometimes ?is s5se = tradition takes an /hetic =m1 z 9 ! case ( ritual1 :e!r social or religi\s4 ,old /reets1 ivi$ t[]s1 anci5t rooms1 become symbols ( great & dignifi$ a*ievem5ts2 c]emonies come to be inve/$ ) a s]i\s beauty & memorable *>m4 ,!y become rem9d]s ( a tor* to be c>ri$ on1 ( a _s to be *]i%$ & kept alive1 ( a hi/ory to be c>ri$ on or a purpose or an ideal to be fulfill$4 ,z we %all see 9 a mom5t1 ?is s5se = ! pa/1 :i*1 z ,santayana says1 makes a man loyal to ! s\rces ( 8 be+1 has bo? its virtues & vices4 ,x is ( imm5se value 9 pres]v+ cont9uity & cultural integration1 9 keep+ _m m5 cont9u\sly mov+ t[>d a s+le fix$ end4 ,x may also wrap dang]\sly irrelevant habits & in/itutions 9 a sav+--& illusive--halo4 ,!re are1 on ! o!r h&1 individuals ) v little s5se = tradition4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ = 9 "s cases by a m>k$ /hetic ins5sibility1 :i* sees 9 ritual1 c]emony1 or habit1 m]ely ! lit]al1 )\t any appreciation at all ( its symbolic significance4#a ,9 o!r cases1 individuals are unsusceptible & ho/ile to tradition1 because !y h !mselves be5 socially dis9h]it$4 ,?is is illu/rat$ n infrequ5tly 9 ! case ( =eign]s :o1 = "o reason or ano!r1 h left & lo/ int]e/ 9 _! native l&1 & become m5 )\t a c\ntry4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! crass excesses ( c]ta9 radical satiri/s ( religi\s =ms4 ,^? :o are ! enemies ( religion = economic1 social1 or intellectuali/ic reasons comb9e a s+ul> s5se ( ! lit]al absurdities ( religi\s =ms ) a m>k$ ins5sibility to _! symbolic values4 ,"o may f9d int]e/+ examples1 f ,voltaire to ,rob]t ,+]soll4 ,!re are o!rs by temp]am5t rebelli\s & iconocla/ic1 :o comb9e a ke5 s5se ( pres5t difficulties & problems ) small rev]5ce1 use =1 or int]e/ 9 ! pa/1 & small imag9ative sympa?y ) x4 ,! pa/ is to !m a sea ( errors4 ,!y reg>d all pa/ a*ievem5ts z bad scribbl+s :i* mu/ be eras$1 s t we may />t ) a clean slate4 ,!re h be5 includ$ among su*1 great hi/orical re=m]s4 ,b5?am's en?usiasm = progress l$ him into mo/ intemp]ate attacks on hi/ory & hi/orical me?od4 ,! mo/ not$ ( ! eighte5?-c5tury philosoph]s saw no?+ b evil 9 tradition4 ,su* s5tim5ts 7 e*o$ 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury by ,%elley1 ,godw91 & _! circle1 z express$1 = example1 9 ,%elley's ,hellas3 ,! _w's great age beg9s anew1 ,! gold5 ye>s return1 ,! e>? do? l a snake r5ew ,h] w9t] we$s outworn2 ,heav5 smiles1 & fai?s & empires gleam1 ,l wrecks ( a dissolv+ dream4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,ano!r ,a!ns %all arise1 ,& to remot] "t ,bequea?1 l sunset to ! skies1 ,! spl5dor ( its prime2 ,& leave1 if n\ght s bright c live1 ,all e>? c take or ,heav5 c give4 ,x is n surpris+ t m5 ) an eye fix$ on ! future %\ld develop a contempt or an oblivi\sness ( ! pa/4 ,utopians ne>ly always />t ) a _w v>i\s & beautiful & new4 ,p]haps ! *ief +r$i5t 9 su* disc\nt+ ( all pa/ hi/ory is ! rebel temp]am5t :i* wants to break away f :at x reg>ds z ! *a9s1 ! dead weight1 ! ruts ( tradition4 ,x *e]fully says1 ,n\s *ang]ons t\t cela1 & does n /op to discrim9ate betwe5 ! roads & ! ruts t h be5 made by p 9 ! pa/4 ,^! two temp]am5ts1#a play a l>ge "p 9 det]m9+ attitudes t[>d ! pa/4 ,! "o reg>ds ) awe & rev]5ce pa/ a*ievem5t1 & re/s 8 fai? on ! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 te/$ & prov$ by "t4 ,! o!r1 to /ate ! position extremely1 reg>ds ea* day z ! possible glori\s dawn ( a completely new _w4 ,! fir/ attitude1 :5 intemp]ately prea*$ & practic$1 becomes an uncritical v5]ation ( ! pa/2 ! second1 an uncritical disp>agem5t4 ,we %all briefly exam9e ea*4 ,footnote #a3 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! song ( ! s5try be=e ! ,h\se ( ,p>liam5t 9 ,gilb]t & ,sullivan's ,iolan!2 ',t is /range h[ ,nature do? contrive ,t e little boy or gal1 ,t's born into ! _w alive1 ,is ei!r a little ,lib]al1 ,or else a little ,cons]vative6 ,,uncritical ,,v5]ation ,,( ,,! ,,pa/4 ,! extreme =m ( uncritical v5]ation ( ! pa/ may be said to take ! position t old ?+s are good simply because !y are old2 new ?+s are evil simply because !y are new4 ,in/itutions1 ,ideas1 ,cu/oms are1 l w9es1 suppos$ to atta9 quality ) age4 ,a cu/om1 a law1 a code ( morals is def9$ or ma9ta9$ on ! gr\nd ( its anci5t--& honorable--hi/ory1 ( ! great span ( ye>s dur+ :i* x has be5 curr5t1 ( ! g5]ation aft] g5]ation t has liv$ "u its auspices4 ,! ways ( our fa!rs1 ! old "t-te/$ ways1 ^!1 we are told1 mu/ be our ways4 ,! psy*ological orig9s ( ?is position h 9 "p be5 discuss$4 ,!re is 9 "s individuals a highly develop$ s5tim5t & rev]5ce = tradition z su*1 & an /hetic s5sibility to ! mell[ness1 rip5ess1 & *>m t s (t5 accompany old ?+s4#a ,! new seems1 z x (t5 is1 l\d1 brassy1 vulg>1 & h>d4 ,b !re are o!r & equally important causes4 ,m5 tru/ & *]i% ! famili> 9 ideas1 cu/oms1 & social organization1 j z !y tru/ & *]i% old fri5ds4 ,!y "k :at to expect f !m2 !y h _! well-not$ excell5ces1 &1 :ile !y h _! defects1 ^! also are def9itely kn[n & c be def9itely reckon$ )4 ,! old ord] may n be p]fect1 b x is an ord]1 & an ord] ^: outl9es & possibilities are kn[n & pr$ictable4 ,*ange means *ange to ! unaccu/om$ & ! unfamili>4 ,& ! unaccu/om$ & ! unfamili>1 z already po9t$ out1 normally ar\se fe>4 ,"o ( ! conv5tional phrases 7:i* has become conv5tional because x is accurate7 ) :i* *anges h be5 greet$ is ! cli*1 we view ) al>m4 ,no small "p ( g5u9e opposition to *ange comes f ! cauti\s & consci5ti\s types ( m9d :i* w n sanction ! reckless tak+ ( *ances1 especially :]e ! int]e/s ( l>ge gr\ps are conc]n$1 :i* want to "k precisely :]e a *ange w lead4 ,su* a m9d holds (f f committ+ society to mak+ *anges t w put a situation beyond control & lead to un=ese5 & uncontrollable dang]s4 ,especially is ?is felt by ! adm9i/rator1 by ! man :o has exp]i5ce ) ! difficulties ( putt+ ideas 9 practice1 :o kn[s h[ va/ly m difficult x is to op]ate ) p ?an ) pap]4#b ,! man ( affairs kn[s h[ easy x is to *eck & *ange ideas 9 "o's m9d1 b kn[s also ! uncontrollable mom5tum ( ideas :5 !y are act$ ^u by va/ numb]s ( m54 ,footnote #a3 ,ox=d1 said a di/+ui%$ visitor to t v5]able in/itution1 looks j z x ought to look4 ,& "o is rem9d$ ( ! /ory ( ! ,am]ican lady :o1 admir+ ! smoo? lawns at ,ox=d1 ask$ a g>d5] h[ !y manag$ to give !m t velvet gloss4 ,we roll !m1 madam1 he said1 = eight hundr$ ye>s4 ,footnote #b3 ,?us writes ,ca?>9e ,,ii1 9 a lett] to ,did]ot1 ! ,fr5* philosoph] & humanit>ian3 ,m4 ,did]ot1 9 all y\r s*emes ( re=m1 y entirely =get ! diff]5ce 9 our position2 y "w only on pap]1 :i* endures all ?+s2 x (f]s no ob/acle1 ei!r to y\r p5 or y\r imag9ation4 ,b ,i1 poor ,empress t ,i am1 "w on a f> m delicate & irritable sub/ance1 ! human sk94 ,aga91 ! ma9t5ance ( ways t h be5 practic$ 9 ! pa/ has a l>ge hold ov] p1 = reasons already discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on ,habit4 ,! old & ! accu/om$ are com=table & facile2 *ange means inconv5i5ce & fru/ration ( habitual desires4 ,?is is 9 "p ! explanation ( ! increas+ cons]vatism ( m5 z !y gr[ old]4 ,n only d !y h a ke5] s5se ( ! difficulty ( introduc+ *anges1 b _! own fix$ habits ( m9d & emotion make "p ( ! difficulty4 ,!y l ! old ways & p]si/ 9 !m j z !y l & keep old books1 old fri5ds1 & old %oes4 ,,romantic ,,idealization ,,( ,,! ,,pa/4 ,rev]5ce = ! pa/ may also be due to a romantic idealization ( x4 ,9 su* cases1 x is n an int]e/ 9 ma9ta9+ ! pres5t ord]2 x is r a contempt = ! pres5t & wi/ful ye>n+ = ! good old days4 ,ev]yone indulges m or less 9 su* idealization4 ,su* halos are made possible because we reta9 ! pleasant r ?an ! pa9ful & dre>y aspects ( our pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,! college alumnus return+ to ! campus tells ( ! s9ce unsurpass$ intellectual & a?letic feats ( ! fre%man class ( :i* he 0 a memb]4 ,! eld]ly g5tleman sighs ov] 8 newspap] at ! bad ways into :i* ! _w is deg5]at+1 & ye>ns = ! old days :5 ! plays 7 bett]1 conv]sation m int]e/+1 h\ses m com=table1 & m5 m loyal4 ,9 simil> trivial in/ances we are all incl9$ to indulge 9 su* my?ology4 ,! univ]sality & age ( ?is t5d5cy has be5 well describ$ by a /ud5t ( ,greek civilization4 ,?is is ! belief ( ! old s*ool ( e age--!re 0 once a good "t2 & x matt]s n at all 9 ! /udy ( moral ideals t no su* "t c be %[n to h exi/$4 ,! m5 ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 say t x 0 9 ! fif?2 ^? ( ! fif? say x 0 9 ! six?2 & s on inf9itely4 ,! same ideal 0 at "w :5 ,william ,morris look$ to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 =gett+ t ,dante look$ to a /ill e>li] p]iod2 & bo? =got t ! m5 ( t e>li] p]iod said ! same--n n[1 inde$1 b be=e u m5 7 happy4 ,s simpl] m5 incl9e to say t _! gr&fa!rs 7 f9e fell[s1 b ! old college is go+ to ! dogs1 or ! ,h\se ( ,commons is n :at x 0 once1 = rev]5ce & fai? & manl9ess once rul$ ! _w4 ,! old s*ool lives ^u an ignorance ( hi/ory2 x is g5u9ely mov$ by a simple moral ideal ( life & "* :i* its own imag9ation has creat$4 ,& :5 evil becomes obvi\s1 x is ! new-fangl$ notions t are to blame4 ,try+ new dodges has br\ght ,a!ns d[n 9 ! _w--z ,ari/ophanes 9 #cic ,b4,c4 makes 8 protagoni/ say3 ,& w\ld x n h sav$ ! ,a!nian /ate1 ,if %e kept to :at 0 good1 & did n try ,always "s new plan8#a ,footnote #a3 ,c4 ,delisle ,burns3 ,greek ,ideals1 pp4 #aah-ai4 ,on a l>ge scale ! romantic idealization ( ! pa/ has be5 made into a philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,! gold5 age1 in/ead ( be+ put 9 a roseate & remote future1 is put 9 an equally remote & roseate pa/4 ,! ,greek leg5ds 7 fond ( a gold5 age :5 ! gods mov$ among m54 ,! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 is ! ,*ri/ian apo!osis ( ! _w's p]fections4 ,v>i\s philosoph]s h po9t$ out ! fallacy ( f9d+ su* a my?ological locus = our ideals1 & evolution & ! g5]al revelations ( hi/ory h indicat$ ! completely my?ical "* ( ! gold5 age4 ,hi/ory may1 9 g5]al1 be said to reveal t1 :atev] ! imp]fections ( our own age1 we h immeasurably improv$ 9 _m pron\nc$ respects ov] conditions e>li] ?an our own4 ,! idealiz$ picture ( ! ,middle ,ages ) its gu>dsm5 & its c\rtly knights & ladies1 is com+1 ) increas+ hi/orical in=mation1 to seem insignificant & untrue 9 comp>ison ) ! unspeakable h>d%ips ( ! mass ( m51 ! evil social & sanit>y conditions1 ! plagues & pe/il5ces :i* 7 z mu* a "p ( x4 ,! picture ( ! ideally g5tle & b5evol5t attitude ( ! ma/] to 8 slaves is by no means reg>d$ z a typical picture ( conditions ( slave labor 9 ! ,s\?4 ,we "k1 positively1 on ! o!r h&1 t our m$ic9e & surg]y1 our sci5tific & indu/rial me?ods1 our production & our res\rces are incomp>ably great] ?an ^? ( any e>li] p]iod 9 hi/ory1 z are ! possibilities ( ! control ( ,nature /ill unrealiz$4 ,if !re 7 "t ,i might try to %[ t progress 9 k & its application to ! alleviation ( man's e/ate is m rapid n[ ?an ev] be=e4 ,b ?is sc>cely ne$s =mal pro(2 x is s obvi\s4 ,a few ye>s ago an em95t ,fr5* littrateur1 ,brunetire1 decl>$ sci5ce bankrupt4 ,?is 0 on ! eve ( ! discov]ies 9 radio-activity :i* h op5$ up great vi/as ( possible human readju/m5ts if we c\ld b le>n to control & utilize ! inexhau/ible s\rces ( p[] t lie 9 ! atom4 ,x 0 on ! eve ( ! discov]y ( ! function ( ! :ite blood corpuscles1 :i* cle>s ! way = indef9ite advance 9 m$ic9e4 ,only a poor disc\rag$ man ( lett]s c\ld ?9k = a mom5t t sci5ce 0 bankrupt4 ,no "o entitl$ to an op9ion on ! subject believes t we h made m ?an a beg9n+ 9 p5etrat+ ! secrets ( ! organic & inorganic worlds4#a ,footnote #a3 ,rob9son3 ,! ,new ,hi/ory1 p4 #bfb4 ,ev5 9 ! face ( ^! facts1 rev]5ce = ! pa/ may am\nt to su* religi\s v5]ation t *ange may come lit]ally to be reg>d$ z sacrilegi\s4 ,9 primitive tribes ! reasons = ?is insi/5ce are cle>4 ,rites & rituals are us$ to secure ! favor ( ! gods & any dep>ture f traditional cu/oms is look$ ^u z fraught ) actual dang]4 ,b ! pa/1 z x lives 9 e/abli%$ =ms & practices1 is /ill by _m1 & 9 highly advanc$ societies1 almo/ religi\sly *]i%$1 su/a9$1 & p]petuat$4 ,e college1 religion1 & c\ntry has its traditional =ms ( life & practice1 any infr+em5t ( :i* is reg>d$ ) ! grave/ disapproval4#b ,9 social life1 g5]ally1 !re are fix$ =ms = giv5 occasions1 =ms ( address1 greet+1 conv]sation1 & clo!s1 all t commonly goes "u ! "n ( ! conv5tions or proprieties4 ,9 law1 z is well kn[n1 !re is develop$ sometimes to an almo/ absurd degree a ritual ( proc$ure4 ,9 religion1 traditional values become embodi$ 9 fix$ rituals ( music1 processional1 & pray]4 ,9 education1 especially high] education1 !re has develop$ a fairly /able tradition 9 ! grant+ ( degrees1 ! elem5ts ( a curriculum1 ! =ms ( exam9ation1 & ! l4 ,to c]ta9 types ( m9d1 fix$ =ms 9 all ^! fields h come to be reg>d$ z ( intr9sic importance4 ,love ( good =m1 ! classici/ po9t ( view at its be/1 may develop into %e] p$antry & ,ph>isaism1 an insi/5ce on ! fix$ =m :5 ! int5t is *ang$ or =gott51 a reg>d = ! lett] r ?an ! _s ( ! law4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( cases1 ! fix$ modes ( life & practice :i* are our inh]itance come to be reg>d$ z symbols ( et]nal & *angeless values4 ,?us _m highly intellig5t m5 f9d ritual 9 religion & traditional cu/oms 9 education or 9 social life freight$ ) symbolic significance1 & any infr+em5t ( !m z almo/ sacrilegi\s 9 "*4 ,footnote #b3 ,x has be5 said t a cu/om repeat$ on a college campus two ye>s 9 succession con/itutes a tradition4 ,,*ange ,,synonym\s ,,) ,,evil4 ,*ange1 aga91 may be disc\rag$ by ^? :o hold1 ) m or less s9c]ity1 t no good c come ( x4 ,su* a position may1 & frequ5tly is1 ma9ta9$ by ^? 9 :om =tunate accid5t ( bir?1 favor$ social position1 exub]ant optimism1 or a /an* & resili5t fai?1 induces ! belief t ! social ord] & social practices1 education1 law1 cu/oms1 economic conditions1 sci5ce1 art1 et al41 are completely satisfactory4 ,l ,pippa1 9 ,br[n+'s poem1 !y are satisfi$ t ,god's 9 ,8 ,heav52 all's "r ) ! _w4 ,t !re are no imp]fections1 9 mann]s1 politics1 or morals1 9 our pres5t social ord]1 t !re are no improvem5ts :i* good-w1 en]gy1 & intellig5ce c effect1 few w ma9ta9 )\t qualification4 ,to d s implies1 :5 s9c]e1 extraord9>y bl9dness to ! facts1 = example1 ( pov]ty & disease1 :i*1 ?\gh !y d n happ5 to t\* a p>ticul> individual1 are pat5t & ubiquit\s en\gh4 ,9 ! face ( und5iable evils ! position t ! ways we h inh]it$ are completely adequate to our contempor>y problems _c be +5u\sly ma9ta9$4 ,! position m g5]ally exp\nd$ by ! oppon5ts ( *ange is t our pres5t modes ( life give u ! be/ possible results1 consid]+ ! limitations ( nature & human nature1 & t ! cu/oms1 in/itutions1 & ideas we n[ h are ! fruits ( a ripe1 a mell[1 & a "t-te/$ wisdom1 t any radical innovations w\ld1 on ! :ole1 put u 9 a worse position ?an t 9 :i* we f9d ourselves4 ,p]sons tak+ ?is attitude disc\nt e sugge/$ improvem5t on ! gr\nd t1 ev5 ?\gh intr9sically good1 x w br+ a ho/ ( inevitable evils ) x1 & t1 all ?+s consid]$1 we _h bett] leave well en\gh alone4 ,"s extreme expon5ts ( ?is doctr9e ma9ta91 z did "s ( ! ,hebrew prophets1 t :atev] evils are ours are our own fault1 t fault consi/+ 9 a lapse f ! accu/om$ anci5t ways4 ,to cont9ue )\t abatem5t ! e/abli%$ ways is ! sure/ road to happ9ess4 ,education1 social cu/oms1 political organization1 ^! are s\nd & :olesome z !y are2 & modification means int]f]5ce ) ! works & processes ( reason4 ,all ,nature is b art1 unkn[n to !e2 ,all *ance1 direction1 :i* ?\ can/ n see2 ,all discord1 h>mony n und]/ood2 ,all p>tial evil1 univ]sal good2 ,& spite ( pride1 9 err+ reason's spite1 ,"o tru? is cle>1 ,:atev] is1 is "r4#a ,footnote #a3 ,pope3 ,essay on ,man1 epi/le ,i1 l9es #bhi ff4 ,lat] ,hegel develop$ an elaborate philosophy ( hi/ory 9 :i* he tri$ to demon/rate t ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ 0 "o long exemplification ( reason2 t ea* ev5t t happ5$ 0 "p ( ! great cosmic s*eme1 an indisp5sable syllable ( ! ,div9e ,idea z x mov$ ?r\gh hi/ory2 ea* action "p ( ! increas+ purpose t runs ?r\gh ! ages4 ,t ^! cont5tions are1 to say ! lea/1 extreme1 w appe> pres5tly 9 ! /atem5t ( ! opposite position :i* sees no?+ 9 ! pa/ b a long succession ( blund]s1 evils1 & /upidities4 ,,ord] ,,v]sus ,,*ange4 ,f9ally1 g5u9e opposition to *ange arises f ^? :o fe> ! in/ability :i* x implies4 ,cont9uation 9 e/abli%$ ways makes = integration1 discipl9e1 & /ability4 ,x makes possible ! conv]g+ ( means t[>d an end1 x cumulates ef=ts result+ 9 def9ite a*ievem5t4 ,9 s f> z we d accompli% any?+ ( significance1 we mu/ move along /able & det]m9ate l9es2 we mu/ be able to c\nt on ! future4#a ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t x is man's docility to le>n+1 8 long p]iod ( infancy#b :i* makes 8 ev5tual a*ievem5ts possible4 ,b x is man's p]si/5ce 9 ! habits he has acquir$ t is 9 "p responsible = 8 progress4 ,9 individual life1 ! utility ( p]si/5ce1 & conc5tration ( ef=t ^u a def9ite piece ( "w1 h be5 suffici5tly /ress$ by morali/s1 bo? popul> & pr(essional4 ,a roll+ /one ga!rs no moss1 is z true psy*ologically z x is physically4 ,any out/&+ accompli%m5t1 :e!r 9 bus9ess1 s*ol>%ip1 sci5ce1 or lit]ature1 dem&s p]sev]ance 9 def9ite c\rses ( action4 ,we are incl9$1 & usually ) reason1 to suspect ! effectiv5ess ( a man :o has half a doz5 pr(essions 9 half z _m ye>s4 ,su* vacillations produce :imsical & scatt]$ movem5ts2 b !y are fruitless 9 results2 !y lit]ally get n[h]e4 ,footnote #a3 ,! unc]ta9ty t bus9ess m5 feel dur+ a presid5tial campaign is an illu/ration4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ante1 p4 #aj4 ,j z1 9 ! case ( individuals1 any significant a*ievem5ts require p]si/5t conv]g5ce ( means t[>d a def9ite end1 s is x 9 ! case ( social gr\ps4 ,no great bus9ess organizations are built up ?r\gh cont9ual v>iations ( policy4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! build+ up ( a univ]sity1 a gov]nm5t dep>tm5t1 a /ate1 or a social ord]1 consecutive & discipl9$ p]si/5ce 9 e/abli%$ ways is a requisite ( progress4 ,)\t su* cont9u\s organization ( ef=ts t[>d fix$ goals1 action becomes frivol\s & fragm5t>y1 a w9d along a wa/e4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% p has elicit$ ! admiration ( philosoph]s & hi/orians because x has be5 su* a gradual & delib]ate movem5t1 su* a measur$ & c]ta9 progress t[>d political & social fre$om4 ,to ^? :o appreciate ! value ( unity ( action1 ( ! assur$ fruits ( cumulative & consi/5t action along a giv5 pa?1 *ange z su* seems fraught ) dang]4 ,nor is x specific dang]s !y fe> s mu* z ! loss ( moral fib]1 ! scatt]+ ( en]gies1 ! wa/e & futility t are frequ5tly ! net result ( casual drift+s ) e w9d t bl[s4 ,no "o has m eloqu5tly express$ ?is view ?an ,edmund ,burke 9 8 ,reflections on ! ,fr5* ,revolution3 ,b "o ( ! fir/ & mo/ lead+ pr9ciples on :i* ! commonweal? & ! laws are consecrat$1 is le/ ! tempor>y possessors & life-r5t]s 9 x1 unm9dful ( :at !y h receiv$ f _! ance/ors1 or ( :at is due to _! po/]ity1 %\ld act z if !y 7 ! entire ma/]s2 t !y %\ld ?9k x among _! rights to cut (f ! entail1 or commit wa/e on ! inh]itance1 by de/roy+ at _! pleasure ! :ole orig9al fabric ( _! society2 haz>d+ to leave to ^? :o come aft] !m a ru9 in/ead ( a habitation--& tea*+ ^! successors z little to respect _! contrivances1 z !y _h !mselves respect$ ! in/itutions ( _! =efa!rs4 ,by ?is unpr9cipl$ facility ( *ang+ ! /ate z (t51 & z mu*1 & 9 z _m ways1 z !re are float+ fancies or fa%ions1 ! :ole *a9 & cont9uity ( ! commonweal? w\ld be brok54 ,no "o g5]ation c\ld l9k ) ! o!r4 ,m5 w\ld be little bett] ?an ! flies ( a summ]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to avoid1 !re=e1 ! evils ( incon/ancy & v]satility1 t5 ?\s& times worse ?an ^? ( ob/9acy & ! bl9de/ prejudice1 we h consecrat$ ! /ate1 t no man %\ld approa* to look into its defects or corruptions1 b ) due caution2 t he %\ld nev] dream ( beg9n+ its re=mation by its subv]sion2 t he %\ld approa* to ! faults ( ! /ate z to ! w\nds ( a fa!r1 ) pi\s awe & trembl+ solicitude4#a ,footnote #a3 ,edmund ,burke3 ,reflections on ! ,fr5* ,revolution 7,george ,bell ,sons1 #ahhh71 pp4 #cff-fh4 ,,p]sonal ,,or ,,class ,,opposition ,,to ,,*ange4 ,s9c]e fe> ( ! possible evils ( novelty 9 ! disorganization :i* x promotes1 habituation to e/abli%$ ways1 or a s5tim5tal & /hetic allegiance to !m--all ^! are factors t det]m9e g5u9e opposition to *ange4 ,b av]sion to *ange may be g5]aliz$ into a philosophical attitude by ^? :o h special p]sonal or class reasons = dislik+ specific *anges4 ,! h&-work]s 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury /on$ ! ma*9i/s & ma*9es :i* ?rew !m out ( employm5t4 ,e *ange does discommode "s class or classes ( p]sons1 & "p ( ! opposition to specific *anges comes f ^? :om !y w\ld adv]sely affect4 ,x is n surpris+ t liquor int]e/s %\ld be oppos$ to prohibition1 t !atrical manag]s %\ld h prote/$ aga9/ a tax on ! !at]1 or ^? ) great incomes aga9/ an excess pr(its tax4 ,selfi% opposition to specific *anges is1 inde$1 frequ5tly veil$ 9 ! disguise ( plausible reasons = opposition to *ange 9 g5]al4 ,^? :o fe> ! results to _! own p]sonal or class int]e/s ( "s ( ! radical social legislation ( our own day may disguise ^? m or less consci\sly realiz$ motives "u ! =m ( imp>tial philosophical opposition to social *ange 9 g5]al4 ,!y may f9d philosophical ju/ification = ma9ta9+ unmodifi$ an e/abli%$ ord] :i* r$\nds to _! own advantage4 ,,uncritical ,,disp>agem5t4 ,! o!r extreme is repres5t$ by ! position t old ?+s are bad because !y are old1 & new ?+s good because !y are new4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 an extreme ?\gh trivial =m by faddi/s ( e k9d4 ,!re are p :o *iefly pride !mselves on be+ up-to-!-m9ute1 & exhibit an almo/ pa?ological fe> ( be+ beh9d ! times4 ,?is ?ir/ = ! novel is se5 on v>i\s levels1 f ^? :o we> ! newe/ /yles1 & d9e at ! newe/ hotels1 to ^? :o make a po9t ( read+ only ! newe/ books1 he>+ only ! newe/ music1 & discuss+ ! late/ !ories4 ,= su* temp]am5ts1 & m or less to mo/ p1 !re is an intr9sic glam\r ab\t ! ^w new4 ,! physical qualities t are s (t5 associat$ ) newness are c>ri$ ov] into social & intellectual matt]s1 :]e !y d n s completely apply4 ,! new is bright & unfray$2 x has n yet suff]$ s5ility & decay4 ,! new is sm>t & /rik+2 x cat*es ! eye & ! att5tion4 ,j z old ?+s are dog-e>$1 worn1 & tatt]$1 s are old in/itutions1 habits1 & ideas4 ,j z we want ! newe/ books & phonographs1 ! late/ conv5i5ces 9 h\s+ & sanitation1 s we want ! late/ mod]nities 9 political1 social1 & intellectual matt]s4 ,especially ab\t new ideas1 !re is ! fre%ness & inf9ite possibility ( y\?2 e new idea is z yet an unbrok5 promise4 ,x has n be5 subject$ to ! fru/rations1 disillusions1 & compromises to :i* all !ory is subject$ 9 ! _w ( action4#a ,e new idea is an exp]im5t1 a possibility1 a hope4 ,x may be ! long-await$ miracle2 x may be ! pray$-= solution ( all our difficulties4 ,footnote #a3 ,real life is1 to mo/ m51 a long second-be/1 a p]petual compromise betwe5 ! ideal & ! possible2 b ! _w ( pure reason kn[s no compromise1 no practical limitations1 no b>ri] to ! creative activity embody+ 9 spl5did edifices ! passionate aspiration aft] ! p]fect f :i* all great "w spr+s4 ,remote f human passions1 remote ev5 f ! pitiful facts ( nature1 ! g5]ations h gradually creat$ an ord]$ cosmos1 :]e pure ?\ght c dwell z 9 its natural home1 & :]e "o1 at lea/1 ( our nobl] impulses c escape f ! dre>y exile ( ! actual _w4 7,b]tr& ,russell3 ,my/icism & ,logic1 pp4 #fj-fa47 ,?is susceptibility to ! novel is peculi>ly display$ by ^? :o see no?+ b evil 9 ! old4 ,aga9/ ! outworn pa/ ) its disillusions1 its errors1 its evils1 & its hypocrisies1 ! new %9es out 9 glori\s contra/4 ,!re are p]sons :o comb9e a v g5u9e s5se ( pres5t evils ) a resili5t belief 9 ! possibilities ( *ange4 ,! classic in/ance ( ?is is se5 9 ! ,messianic idea4 ,ev5 9 ! wor/ ( times1 ! pi\s ,jew c\ld c\nt on ! sav+ appe>ance ( ! ,messiah4 ,e ,utopian is z sure ( ! salvation promis$ by 8 prize solution z he is ( ! evils :i* x is int5d$ to rectify4 ,! ard5t ,sociali/ may equally divide 8 en]gies betwe5 po9t+ out ! evils ( ! capitali/ sy/em1 & ! c]ta9 bliss ( 8 ,sociali/ republic4 ,! pa/ is no?+ b a fe/]+ mass ( evils2 indu/ry is no?+ b slav]y1 religion no?+ b sup]/ition1 education no?+ b dead traditional =malism1 social life no?+ b hypocrisy4 ,:]e ! pa/ is s d>kly conceiv$1 !re comes an uncritical welcom+ ( any?+ new1 any?+ t w take m5 away f x4 ,no?+ c\ld be worse ?an ! pres5t or pa/2 any?+ z yet untri$ may be bett]4 ,z ,k>l ,m>x told ! work+ classes3 ,! prolet>ians h no?+ to lose b _! *a9s4 ,!y h a _w to w94 ,! pa/ is1 by its ru?less critics1 conceiv$ n infrequ5tly z en*a9+ or enslav+4 ,p>ticul>ly1 ! radical insi/s1 are m5 enslav$ by habits ( ?\ght1 feel+1 & action :i* are totally inadequate to our pres5t problems & difficulties4 ,w>-l emotions1 he po9ts out1 may h be5 useful 9 an e>li] civilization1 b are n[ a total disutility4 ,belief 9 magic may h be5 an asset to primitive man 9 8 ignorance2 x is n to mod]n man ) 8 sci5ce4 ,! in/itution ( private prop]ty may h _h its values 9 build+ up civilization2 its utility is ov]4 ,we /ill make /]eotyp$ & ar*aic reactions :]e ! situation has utt]ly *ang$4 ,! in/itutions1 ideas1 & habits ( ! pa/ are at once s compell+ & s obsolete t we mu/ make a cle> break ) ! pa/2 we mu/ />t ) a clean slate4 ,to cont9ue1 s we are told1 is m]ely go+ fur!r & fur!r along ! wrong pa?s2 x is l cont9u+ ) a brok5 eng9e1 or )\t a rudd]4 ,,critical ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,pa/4 ,t bo? positions j discuss$ are extreme1 goes )\t say+4 ,! pa/ is nei!r all good nor all bad2 x has a*iev$ z well z x has err$4 ,b x is1 9 any case1 all we h4 ,)\t ! k1 ! cu/oms1 ! in/itutions we h inh]it$1 we %\ld h no advantage at all ov] our ance/ors ( t5 ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,biologically we h n *ang$4 ,! pa/ is our basic mat]ial4 ,ea* g5]ation />ts ) :at x f9ds 9 ! way ( cultural a*ievem5t1 & builds ^u t4 ,antiquity des]ve? t rev]5ce1 t m5 %\ld take a /& !reupon1 & discov] :at is ! be/ way2 b :5 ! discov]y is well-tak51 !n to make progression4 ,& to speak truly1 antiquitas soeculi iuv5tus mundi4 ,^! times are ! anci5t times1 :5 ! _w is anci5t1 & n ^? :i* we acc\nt anci5t ord9e retrogrado1 by a computation backw>ds f ourselves4#a ,footnote #a3 ,bacon3 ,! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 ,collect$ ,works1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #agb4 ,! pa/1 save :at we discov] 9 our g5]ation1 is our sole /oreh\se ( mat]ials4 ,& a v small "p ( our useful k 9 ! indu/rial arts1 9 sci5ce1 9 social organization & adm9i/ration does come f our own g5]ation4 ,x is ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( g5]ations ( m54 ,we c1 out ( ?is mass ( mat]ials1 select :atev] is useful 9 cl>ify+ ! issues ( ! pres5t1 :atev] helps u to accompli% ^? purposes :i* we h1 aft] critical consid]ation1 decid$ to be useful & s]viceable4 ,if1 = example1 we decide to build a bridge1 x is ( importance t we "k all t m5 h 9 ! pa/ discov]$ ( me*anical relations & indu/rial art :i* w enable u to build a bridge well4 ,if we want to e/abli% an educational sy/em 9 "s backw>d portion ( ! _w1 x is useful = u to "k :at me?ods m5 h us$ 9 simil> situations4 ,:atev] we decide to d1 we are s mu* ! bett] (f1 if we "k all t m5 be=e u h le>n$ 9 analog\s in/ances4 ,b to use ! inh]itance ( ! pa/ implies an analysis ( pres5t problems1 & an acceptance ( ! c\rse to be pursu$4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 ! h]itage ( k t has come d[n to u1 is s v>i\s & ext5sive t *oices mu/ be made4 ,! hi/orian 9 writ+ ev5 a compreh5sive hi/ory ( a c\ntry mu/ /ill make *oices & omissions4 ,simil>ly1 9 us+ k inh]it$ f ! pa/ z mat]ials1 we mu/ h specific problems to gov]n our *oice4 ,! /ati/ician c\ld collect innum]able /ati/ics2 he collects only ^? :i* h a be>+ on 8 subject4 ,! lawy] se>*es out t "p ( ! legal tradition :i* is applicable to 8 own case4 ,)\t "s lead or clue we %\ld lose ourselves 9 ! multif>i\sness ( transmitt$ k at our disposal4 ,to use ! pa/ z an in/rum5t = fur!r+ pres5t purposes implies nei!r v5]ation nor disp>agem5t ( x4 ,we nei!r condemn nor praise ! pa/ z a :ole2 we reg>d specific in/itutions1 cu/oms1 or ideas1 z adequate or inadequate1 z s]viceable or diss]viceable4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ! value ( any /ill extant "p ( ! pa/1 be x a "w ( art1 a habit1 a tradition1 has v little to d ) its orig94 ,! in/9ct ( eat+ is /ill useful ?\gh x has a long hi/ory4 ,! works ( ! ,old ,ma/]s are n really great because !y are old1 nor are ! works ( contempor>ies ei!r good or bad because !y are new4 ,man himself is to be e/imat$ no diff]5tly1 :e!r he is desc5d$ f ! angels or ! apes4 ,if we w\ld appreciate our own morals & religion we are (t5 advis$ to consid] primitive man & 8 in/itutions4 ,if we w\ld evaluate m>riage or prop]ty1 we are (t5 direct$ to /udy our remote ance/ors4444 ,su* consid]ations z ^! h div]se effects accord+ to our temp]am5ts4 ,!y q uni=mly produce1 h[ev]1 disillusionm5t & sophi/ication4444 ,?is exaltation ( ! pa/1 z ! ance/ral home ( all t we are1 may make u regret our loss ( illusions & our disconc]t+ enlight5m5t4444 ,we may break ) ! pa/1 scorn an inh]itance s r$ol5t ( blood & lu/ & sup]/ition1 revel 9 an emancipation unguid$ by ! discipl9e ( c5turies1 /rive to create a new _w e day1 & imag9e t1 at la/1 we h begun to make progress4#a ,footnote #a3 ,woodbridge3 ,! ,purpose ( ,hi/ory1 p4 #gb4 ,! /&>ds ( value ( ! ?+s we h or d or say1 ! approvals or disapprovals we %\ld logically accord !m1 are det]m9$ n by _! hi/ory1 n by _! pa/1 b by _! uses 9 ! liv+ pres5t 9 :i* we live4 ,an in/itution may h s]v$ ! purposes ( a bygone g5]ation2 x does n foll[ t x !reby s]ves our own4 ,! rev]se may simil>ly be true4 ,= u ! specific features ( our social inh]itance dep5d ^u ! ends or purposes :i* we reflectively decide ^u & accept4 ,:e!r capital puni%m5t is good or evil2 :e!r private prop]ty is an adequate or inadequate in/itution = social welf>e2 :e!r m>riage is a p]fect or an imp]fect in/itution2 :e!r collective b>ga9+1 competitive indu/ry1 old age insurance1 income taxes1 nationalization ( railroads are useful or p]nici\s dep5ds nei!r on _! age nor _! novelty4 ,_! value is det]m9$ by _! relevancy to our own ideals1 by ! ext5t to :i* !y h9d] or promote ! results :i* we consci\sly desire4 ,! pa/ may be /udi$ ) a view to cl>ify+ pres5t issues4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we may /udy pa/ successes & failures 9 ord] to guide our actions 9 pres5t simil> situations4 ,a man sett+ out to organize & adm9i/] a newspap] w b5efit by ! exp]i5ces o!rs h _h 9 ! same situation4 ,9 ! same way1 we c le>n f pa/ hi/ory some?+1 at lea/1 be>+ on pres5t political & social issues4 ,x is true en\gh t hi/ory has be5 mu* misus$ = ! draw+ ( lessons & guidance4 ,z ,pr(essor ,rob9son says3 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 "o r>ely f9ds a hi/orical /ud5t :o w\ld v5ture to recomm5d /atesm51 w>riors1 & morali/s to place any confid5ce :atsoev] 9 hi/orical analogies & w>n+s1 = ! suppos$ analogies usually prove illusive on inspection1 & ! w>n+s imp]t95t4 ,:e!r or no ,napoleon 0 ev] able 9 8 own campaigns to make any practical use ( ! acc\nts he _h read ( ^? ( ,alex&] & ,cs>1 x is q c]ta9 t ,admiral ,togo w\ld h d]iv$ no useful h9ts f ,nelson's tactics at ,alex&ria or ,trafalg>4 ,our situation is s novel t x w\ld seem z if political & milit>y prec$5ts ( ev5 a c5tury ago c\ld h no possible value4 ,z = our pres5t anxi\s morality1 z ,maet]l9ck calls x1 x seems equally cle> t ! s9ful extravagances ( ,s>danapalus & ,n]o1 & ! conspicu\s public virtue ( ,ari/ides & ! ,horatii1 are alike impot5t to promote x4#a ,footnote #a3 ,rob9son3 ,! ,new ,hi/ory1 p4 #cf4 ,b situations are1 )9 limits1 duplicat$ 9 hi/orical processes1 & x is illum9at+ at lea/ to see :]e9 m5 fail$ & :]e9 !y succe$$ 9 ! ?+s !y set !mselves to d4 ,! hi/ory ( labor legislation c]ta9ly te/ifies to ! effectiv5ess ( collective b>ga9+ 9 secur+ improv$ labor conditions1 z ! hi/ory ( /rikes does also to ! public loss & injury incid5t to ?is k9d ( indu/rial w>f>e4 ,if compulsory arbitration has be5 a successful me?od ( deal+ ) labor difficulties 9 ,au/ralia 9 ! pa/1 we c1 by a c>eful /udy & comp>ison ( conditions !re & conditions curr5t 9 our c\ntry at ! pres5t1 illum9ate & cl>ify our own problems4 ,a campaign manag] 9 "o presid5tial campaign does n =get :at 0 effective 9 ! la/1 nor does he hesitate to pr(it by 8 mi/akes or ^? ( o!rs4 ,an imp>tial survey ( ! h]itage ( ! pa/ und]takes critically to exam9e in/itutions1 cu/oms1 ideas /ill curr5t ) a view to det]m9+ _! relevancy & utility to our pres5t ne$s4 ,?is dem&s1 on ! "o h&1 cl>ity z to :at ^? ne$s are1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 fre$om f prejudice = or aga9/ exi/+ modes ( life simply because !y h a hi/ory4 ,a critical exam9ation ( ! pa/ am\nts practically to a tak+ /ock1 a summ>y ( our social assets & liabilities4 ,we %all f9d our ideas1 = example1 & our cu/oms1 a /range mixture ( useful pres]vations1 & absurd or positively h>mful relics ( ! pa/4 ,ideas :i* 7 natural & useful en\gh 9 ! situation 9 :i* !y orig9at$1 live on into a totally *ang$ situation1 along ) o!r ideas1 l t ( gravitation1 :i* are z true & z useful n[ z :5 !y 7 fir/ enunciat$4 ,_m cu/oms & in/itutions :i* may be f\nd to h z great utility n[ z :5 !y 7 fir/ practic$ g5]ations ago1 ! cu/oms & in/itutions1 let u say1 ( family life1 may be f\nd p]si/+ along ) cu/oms & in/itutions1 l excess legal =malism 7or1 z _! oppon5ts claim1 a bi-cam]al legislative sy/em or a two-p>ty sy/em7 :i* may come g5]ally to be reg>d$ z imp$im5ts to progress4#a ,! unprejudic$ obs]v]1 sci5tifically int]e/$ 9 pres]v+ ^? =ms & me*anisms ( social life :i* are ( g5u9e s]vice to 8 own g5]ation1 w n condemn or applaud ! pa/ en masse4 ,he w1 r1 exam9e x 9 specific detail4 ,he w n1 = example1 dismiss classical education1 because x is classical or old4 ,he w r try exp]im5tally to det]m9e ! actual consequ5ces 9 ! case ( ^? :o /udy ! classics4 ,he w exam9e ! claims made = ! /udy1 try 9 specific cases to f9d out :e!r ^? claims are fulfill$1 & condemn or approve ! /udy1 say1 ( ,lat9 & ,greek1 accord+ to 8 e/imate ( ! desirability or undesirability ( ^? consequ5ces4 ,if he f9ds1 = example1 t ! /udy ( ,lat9 does promote g5]al lit]>y appreciation1 8 decision t x %\ld or %\ld n be cont9u$ w dep5d on 8 op9ion ( ! value ( g5]al lit]>y appreciation z comp>$ ) o!r values 9 an indu/rial civilization4 ,simil>ly1 ) fre$om ( contract1 fre$om ( ! seas1 milit>y s]vice1 bi-cam]al sy/ems1 p>ty caucuses1 presid5tial veto1 & all ! o!r political & social h]itages ( ! pa/4 ,footnote #a3 ,! situation 9 ! case ( outworn social in/itutions is p>allel$ 9 ! case ( ! human app5dix1 once possess+ a function 9 ! dige/ive sy/em ( primitive man1 b n[ useless & likely on occasion to become a positive disutility4 ,b a man :o imp>tially exam9es ! pa/ w usually exhibit also an appreciation ( its atta9m5ts & a s5se ( ! pres5t good to :i* x has be5 in/rum5tal4 ,he w n glibly dismiss in/itutions1 habits1 me?ods ( life t are ! sl[ accumulations ( c5turies4 ,he w h a s5se ( ! cont9u\s ef=ts & en]gies t h gone into ! mak+ ( contempor>y civilization4 ,he w h1 9 sugge/+ ru?less innovations1 a sob]+ s5se ( ! gradual evolution t has made pres5t in/itutions1 habits1 ideas1 :at !y are4 ,! /ud5t ( ! pa/ kn[s1 moreov]1 t ! pres5t )\t its backgr\nd ( hi/ory is lit]ally mean+less4 ,9 ! words ( a well-kn[n /ud5t ( ! developm5t ( human culture3 ,progress1 degradation1 survival1 modification1 are all modes ( ! connection t b9ds toge!r ! complex network ( civilization4 ,x ne$s b a glance into ! trivial details ( our own daily life to set u ?9k+ h[ f> we are really its orig9ators1 & h[ f> b ! transmitt]s & modifi]s ( ! results ( long pa/ ages4 ,look+ r\nd ! rooms we live 91 we may try "h h[ f> he :o kn[s only 8 own "t c be capable ( rightly compreh5d+ ev5 t4 ,"h is ! honeysuckle ( ,assyria1 !re ! fleur-de-lis ( ,anj\1 a cornice ) a ,greek bord] runs r\nd ! ceil+1 ! /yle ( ,l\is ,,xiv & its p>5t ! ,r5aissance %>e ! look+ glass betwe5 !m4 ,trans=m$1 %ift$ or mutilat$1 su* elem5ts ( art /ill c>ry _! hi/ory pla9ly /amp$ ^u !m4444 ,x is ?us ev5 ) ! fa%ion ( ! clo!s m5 we>4 ,! ridicul\s little tails ( ! ,g]man po/ilion's coat %[ ( !mselves h[ !y came to dw9dle to su* absurd rudim5ts2 b ! ,engli% cl]gyman's b&s no long] s convey _! hi/ory to ! eye1 & look unacc\ntable en\gh till "o has se5 ! int]m$iate /ages ?r\gh :i* !y came d[n f ! m s]viceable wide coll>s1 su* z ,milton we>s 9 8 portrait1 & :i* gave _! "n to ! b&-box !y us$ to be kept 94 ,9 fact1 ! books ( co/ume %[+ h[ "o g>m5t grew or %rank by gradual /ages & pass$ into ano!r1 illu/rate ) mu* =ce & cle>ness ! nature ( ! *ange & gr[?1 revival & decay1 :i* g on f ye> to ye> 9 m important matt]s ( life4 ,9 books1 aga91 we see ea* writ] n = & by himself1 b occupy+ 8 prop] place 9 hi/ory2 we look ?r\gh ea* philosoph]1 ma!matician1 *emi/1 poet1 into ! backgr\nd ( 8 education--?r\gh ,leibnitz into ,desc>tes1 ?r\gh ,dalton into ,prie/ly1 ?r\gh ,milton into ,hom]4#a ,footnote #a3 ,tylor1 ,edw>d ,b43 ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 ,i4 pp4 #ag ff4 ,besides und]/&+ ! pres5t bett] 9 t]ms ( its hi/ory1 !re is mu* 9 ! h]itage ( ! pa/1 especially ( its f9i%$ products1 t ! citiz5 ( contempor>y civilization w wi% pres]v$ = its own sake4 ,! works ( art1 ( music1 & ( lit]ature :i* are h&$ d[n to u are possessions =ev]4 ,:atev] be ! limitations ( our social inh]itance1 z in/rum5ts = ! solution ( our difficulties1 ^? f9i%$ products :i* con/itute ! be/ t has be5 kn[n & ?\ght 9 ! _w are beyond cavil4 ,!y may n solve our problems1 b !y imm5sely enri* & broad5 our lives4 ,!y are enjoy$ because !y are intr9sically beautiful1 b also because !y wid5 m5's sympa?ies & broad5 ! scope ( contempor>y purposes & ideals4 ,! culture t ?is transmission ( racial exp]i5ce makes possible1 c be made p]fect by ! critical _s alone1 &1 inde$1 may be said to be "o ) x4 ,= :o is ! true critic b he :o be>s )9 himself ! dreams & ideas & feel+s ( myriad g5]ations1 & to :om no =m ( ?\ght is ali51 no emotional impulse obscure4 ,& :o is ! true man ( culture1 if n he 9 :om f9e s*ol>%ip & fa/idi\s rejection444 develops t _s ( dis9t]e/$ curiosity :i* is ! real _s1 z x is ! real fruit ( ! intellectual life1 & ?us atta9s to intellectual cl>ity2 & hav+ le>n$ ! be/ t is kn[n & ?\ght 9 ! _w1 lives--x is n fanciful to say s--among ! ,immortals4#a ,footnote #a3 ,osc> ,wilde3 ,int5tions1 pp4 #aib-ic4 ,! /ud5t ( ,greek life kn[s t ! ,greeks 9 _! view ( ,nature & ( morals1 9 _! conception ( ! way life %\ld be liv$1 9 _! discrim9ation ( ! beautiful1 h /ill mu* to tea* u4 ,he kn[s1 h[ev] mu* we may h outliv$ ! hi]>*y ( ob$i5ce :i* con/itutes m$ival social & political life1 we %\ld d well to recov] ! humility 9 liv+1 ! craftsman%ip 9 indu/ry1 & precision 9 ?9k+ :i* con/itut$ s conspicu\s features ( m$ival civilization4 ,he kn[s t progress is n altoge!r measur$ by fly+ ma*9es & wireless telegraphy4 ,he is aw>e t spe$ & quantity1 ! key values 9 an indu/rial civilization1 are n ! only values t ev] h be51 or ev] %\ld be *]i%$ by mank9d4 ,,limitations ,,( ,,! ,,pa/4 ,along ) a s5sitive appreciation ( ! a*ievem5ts & values ( ! pa/1 goes1 9 ! imp>tial critic1 an ackn[l$gm5t ( its limitations4 ,we c appreciate ! di/9ctive contributions ( ,greek culture )\t sett+ up ,greek life z an ultimate ideal4 ,we "k t ) all ! beauty atta9$ & express$ 9 _! art &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 _! civilization1 ! ,a!nians yet sacrific$ ! majority to a life ( slav]y 9 ord] t ! m9ority might lead a life ( ! _s1 t _! religion _h its notable crudities & cruelties1 t _! sci5ce 0 trivial1 & _! control ( ,nature negligible4 ,9 ! words ( "o ( _! mo/ ?or\ghgo+ admir]s3 ,! h>mony ( ! ,greeks conta9$ 9 itself ! factors ( its own de/ruction4 ,& 9 spite ( ! fasc9ation :i* con/antly fixes our gaze on t faire/ & happie/ halt+ place 9 ! secul> m>* ( man1 x 0 n !re1 any m ?an "h1 t he 0 de/9$ to f9d an ultimate reconciliation & repose4#a ,footnote #a3 ,g4 ,l[es ,dick9son3 ,greek ,view ( ,life1 p4 #bdh4 ,aga91 we "k ! _m beautiful features ( m$ival life ?r\gh its pa9t+ & poetry & religion4 ,we "k ,sa9t ,francis & are famili> ) ! h]oic records ( sa9tl9ess & r5unciation4 ,we "k1 ! great ca!drals1 ! pageantry & spl5dor1 ! exquisite h&icraft1 ! tape/ries & illum9at$ manuscripts1 ! va/ le>n+ & ! incomp>able dialectic4 ,we "k also ! social inju/ices1 ! mis]y & squalor ! ignorance 9 :i* ! mass ( ! p liv$4 ,we c /op1 !re=e1 nei!r 9 p]petual adoration ( nor p]petual cavil+ at ! pa/4 ,ea* age _h its special excell5ces & its special defects1 bo? f ! po9t ( view ( ! ideals !n curr5t1 & ^? curr5t 9 our own day4 ,9 s f> z ! pa/ is dead & ov] )1 we _c legitimately criticize x ) /&>ds ( our own day4 ,we _c blame ! ,greeks = sanction+ slav]y1 nor criticize ,james ,i because he 0 n a ?or\ghgo+ democrat4 ,b 9 s f> z ! pa/ /ill lives1 x is op5 to critical exam9ation & revision4 ,traditions1 cu/oms1 ideas1 & in/itutions inh]it$ f ! pa/1 :i* /ill control u1 are subject to modification4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 welcom+ *anges & modifications :i*1 aft] c>eful inquiry1 seem cle>ly to promise bett]m5t 9 ! life ( ! gr\p4 ,?us to welcome *anges :i* ^u exp]im5tal evid5ce %[ cle>ly ! b5efits t w accrue to ! gr\p1 is n radicalism4 ,nor is opposition to *anges on ! gr\nd t ^u critical exam9ation !y give promise ( h>mful consequ5ces1 cons]vatism4 ,v]dicts = or aga9/ *ange rea*$ on su* a basis reflect ! _s & te*nique ( exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,!y reflect ! desire to settle a c\rse ( action on ! basis ( its results 9 practice r ?an on any preconceiv$ prejudices 9 favor ei!r ( /ability or *ange4 ,to ! critical m9d1 nei!r /ability nor *ange is an end 9 itself4 ,!re is no hypnotism ab\t ?+s z !y are2 no lure ab\t ?+s z !y h n yet be54 ,! problem is %ift$ to a detail$ & ?or\ghgo+ inquiry into ! consequ5ces ( specific *anges 9 social habits1 ideas & in/itutions1 education1 bus9ess1 & indu/ry4 ,:e!r *anges %\ld or %\ld n w9 critical approval dep5ds on ! k9d ( ideals or purposes we set ourselves &1 secondly1 on ! practicability ( ! propos$ *anges4 ,*ange may ?us be oppos$ or approv$1 9 a giv5 case1 on ! gr\nds ( desirability or feasibility4 ,:e!r a *ange is or is n desirable dep5ds on ! ideals ( ! individual or ! gr\p4 ,:e!r x is or is n feasible is a matt] op5 increas+ly to sci5tific det]m9ation4 ,?us a city may hire exp]ts to discov] :at k9d ( transportation or educational sy/em w be/ s]ve ! city's ne$s4 ,b :e!r x w or w n sp5d ! money necess>y dep5ds on ! social int]e/s curr5t4 ,,education ,,z ,,! ,,transmitt] ,,( ,,! ,,pa/4 ,education is ! process by :i* society und]takes ! transmission ( its social h]itage4 ,inde$ ! ma9 function ( education 9 /atic societies is ! initiation ( ! "y into already e/abli%$ cu/oms & traditions4 ,x is ! me?od us$ to h& d[n ^? social habits :i* ! influ5tial & articulate classes 9 a society reg>d z important en\gh to h e>ly fix$ 9 its "y memb]s4 ,! pa/ is simply transmitt$1 h&$ d[n en masse4 ,x is a set ( patt]ns to be imitat$1 ( ideals to be cont9u$1 ( me*anisms = atta9+ ! fix$ purposes :i* are curr5t 9 ! gr\p4 ,9 progressive societies education may be us$ n simply to h& d[n habits ( do+1 feel+1 & ?9k+1 f ! old] g5]ation to ! y\ng]1 b to make habitual 9 ! "y reflective consid]ation ( ! ends :i* mu/ be atta9$1 & reflective inquiry into ! means = atta9+ !m4 ,! pa/ w n be h&$ d[n 9 indiscrim9ate complet5ess4 ,! pres5t & its problems are reg>d$ z ! /&>d ( importance1 & ! pa/ is consid]$ z an incomp>able res]voir ( mat]ials & me?ods :i* may contribute to ! ends s\ght 9 ! pres5t4 ,b !re is s mu* mat]ial & s little "t1 t selection mu/ be made4 ,_m ?+s 9 ! pa/1 int]e/+ on _! own m]its1 mu/ be omitt$ 9 favor ( ^? habits1 traditions1 & record$ files ( k :i* are mo/ fruitful & enlight5+ 9 ! atta9m5t ( contempor>y purposes4 ,:at ^? purposes are dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on ideals ( ! gr\p 9 control ( ! process ( education4 ,b ^! purposes ( ideals may be d]iv$ f pres5t situations & n tak5 m]ely because !y h long be5 curr5t 9 ! gr\p4 ,?us1 9 a pr$om9antly indu/rial civilization1 x may be f\nd m advisable & important to transmit ! sci5tific & te*nical me?ods ( control :i* m5 h acquir$ 9 rec5t g5]ations ?an ! traditional lib]al arts4 ,sci5ce may be f\nd m important ?an ! humanities1 m$ic9e ?an moral !ory4 ,ev5 su* education t t5ds to call itself lib]al or cultural is effective & g5u9e education j 9 s f> z x does illum9ate ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,! religion & art1 ! lit]ature & life ( ! pa/ broad5 ! mean+ & ! backgr\nd ( our lives4 ,!y are valuable j because !y d enri* ! lives ( ^? :o are expos$ to _! influ5ce4 ,if /udy+ ! great lit]ature & ! art ( ! pa/ did n cl>ify ! m9d & emancipate ! _s1 enabl+ m5 to live m ri*ly 9 ! pres5t1 !y w\ld h>dly be z /udi\sly *]i%$ & transmitt$ z !y are4 ,we are1 aft] all1 liv+ 9 ! pres5t4 ,! culture ( ! pa/ ei!r does or does n illum9ate x4 ,if x does n x is a compet+ environm5t1 a %ad[ _w 9 :i* we may play truant f actuality1 b :i* br+s nei!r sweetness nor light to ! actual _w 9 :i* we live4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,c>e] ,,( ,,reason ,! =ego+ analysis ( human behavior might ?us be briefly summ>iz$4 ,we f\nd t man is born a creature ) c]ta9 t5d5cies to act 9 c]ta9 def9ite ways1 t5d5cies :i* he l>gely possesses 9 common ) ! l[] animals4 ,we f\nd also t man c\ld le>n by trial & error1 t 8 orig9al in/9ctive equipm5t c\ld be modifi$4 ,?us f> 9 8 m5tal life man is indi/+ui%able f ! bea/s4 ,b man's peculi> capacity1 x appe>$1 lay 9 8 ability to ?9k1 to control 8 actions 9 ! light ( a future1 to *oose "o response r ?an ano!r because ( its consequ5ces1 :i* he c\ld =esee & pref]4 ,?is capacity = reflection1 = =mulat+ a purpose & be+ able to obta9 x1 we f\nd to be practical 9 its orig9s1 b p]si/+ on its own acc\nt 9 ! dis9t]e/$ inquiry ( philosophy & sci5ce & ! free imag9ative con/ruction ( art4 ,& 9 all man's behavior1 :e!r on ! plane ( in/9ct1 habit1 or reflection1 we f\nd action to be accompani$ by emotion1 by love & hate1 ang] & awe1 :i* might at once imp$e action by confus+ x1 or su/a9 x by giv+ x a vivid & compell+ motive4 ,! second "p ( ! book 0 devot$ to an analysis ( ! v>i\s specific traits :i* human be+s display & ! consequ5ces t ^! h 9 m5's relations ) "o ano!r4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 "o or ano!r ( ^! may become pr$om9ant2 9 p>ticul> hi/orical conditions1 "o or ano!r ( !m may h a high social value or ! rev]se4 ,^! traits v>y 9 diff]5t individuals2 9 any ( !m1 a man may be totally defective or abnormally develop$4 ,b tak5 9 g5]al1 !y con/itute ! *angeless patt]n ( human nature1 & fix ! conditions & ! limits ( action4 ,b :ile ^! univ]sal traits det]m9e :at man may d1 & fix def9itively ! b\nd>ies ( human possibility1 )9 ^! limits ! race has a wide *oice ( ideals & atta9m5ts4 ,! /&>ds ( :at man w & %\ld d1 )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! nature :i* is 8 inh]itance1 are to be f\nd n 9 8 orig9al impulses1 b 9 8 m9d & imag9ation4 ,! human be+ is gift$ ) ! ability to imag9e a future m desirable ?an ! pres5t1 & to contrive +5i\sly 9 behalf ( anticipat$ or imag9$ goods4 ,^! anticipat$ goods we call ideals1 & ^! ideals arise1 9 ! la/ analysis1 out ( ! initial & inborn hung]s & crav+s ( m54 ,intellect is ( ! same fle% & blood ) all ! in/9cts1 a bro!r ^: sup]iority lies 9 8 p[] to appreciate1 h>monize1 & save !m all4 ,! function ( reason is n to set itself ov] aga9/ m5's orig9al desires1 b to envisage ideals & devise in/rum5ts :]eby !y may all1 s f> z nature all[s1 be fulfill$4 ,man's reason1 !n1 :i* has its roots 9 8 in/9cts1 is ! means ( _! h>moni\s fulfillm5t4 ,x attempts1 9 ! v>i\s fields ( exp]i5ce1 to effect an adju/m5t betwe5 man's compet+ desires1 & betwe5 man & 8 environm5t4 ,if in/9cts 7 left ea* to its own free c\rse1 !y w\ld all be fru/rat$2 if man did n le>n reflectively to control 8 environm5t1 & to make x subs]ve 8 own ends1 he w\ld be a helpless pygmy soon oblit]at$ by ! incomp>ably m p[]ful =ces ( ,nature4 ,^! v>i\s attempts ( man to effect an adju/m5t ( 8 passions ) "o ano!r1 & 8 life to 8 environm5t1 may be describ$ z ! ,c>e] ( ,reason4 ,9 ?is c>e] man has =mulat$ _m ideals1 n a small numb] ( :i* h l$ him into error1 disillusion1 & unhapp9ess4 ,sometimes !y h misl$ him by promis+ him fulfillm5ts t 7 9 ! nature ( ?+s unatta9able4 ,!y h add$ to ! real evils ( life a long+ aft] impossible goods1 goods :i* an in=m$ intellig5ce w\ld e>ly h dismiss$ z unatta9able4 ,man has disappo9t$ himself by c\nt+ on joys :i*1 _h he be5 less incorrigibly addict$ to imag9ative illusions1 he %\ld nev] h expect$4 ,sometimes he has fram$ ideals :i* c\ld be fulfill$1 b only at ! exp5se ( a l>ge proportion ( natural & irrepressible human desires4 ,su*1 = example1 h be5 ! "o-sid$ ascetic ideals ( ,/oicism or ,puritanism1 :i* 9 _! attempt to give ord] & =m to life1 cru% & di/ort a consid]able portion ( x4 ,! same is true ( my/icism :i* seeks frequ5tly to atta9 life by altoge!r d5y+ its in/9ctive animal basis4 ,yet ?\gh reason has l$ m5 a/ray1 x is ! only & ultimate hope ( man's happ9ess4 ,x is responsible = :atev] success man has _h 9 ma/]+ ! turmoil ( 8 own passions & ! ob/acles ( an environm5t :i* 0 n made = him b 9 :i* he grew4 ,x has giv5 po9t & ju/ice to ,sw9burne's exultant boa/3 ,glory to man 9 ! highe/6 ,= man is ! ma/] ( ?+s6 ,?is ,c>e] ( ,reason has tak5 v>i\s p>allel fulfillm5ts1 & 9 ea* ( !m man has 9 v>y+ degrees atta9$ ma/]y4 ,religion arose z "o ( ! e>lie/ ways by :i* man attempt$ to w9 = himself a secure place 9 ! cosmic ord]4 ,sci5ce1 9 its e>lie/ =ms h>dly di/+ui%able f religion1 is man's p]si/5t attempt to discov] ! nature ( ?+s1 & to exploit t discov]y = 8 own good4 ,art is aga9 an in/ance ( man's m>* t[>d ma/]y4 ,beg9n+1 9 ! broade/ s5se1 9 ! indu/rial arts1 9 agriculture & h&icrafts1 x passes1 z x 7 by accid5t1 f ! necess>y to ! beautiful4 ,hav+ 9 8 ne$ful bus9ess =tuit\sly creat$ beautiful objects1 man comes to create !m int5tionally1 bo? = _! own sake & = ! %e] pleasure ( creation4 ,f9ally 9 morals m5 h endeavor$ to con/ruct = !mselves codes ( conduct1 ideals ( life1 9 :i* no possible good %\ld be ne$lessly or recklessly sacrific$1 & 9 :i* m5 might live toge!r z happily z is p]mitt$ by ! nature :i* is at once _! life & _! habitation4 ,! ,c>e] ( ,reason 9 ^! v>i\s fields we %all briefly trace & describe4 ,we mu/ expect to f9d1 z 9 any c>e]1 h[ev] successful1 failures along ) ! triumphs1 &1 z 9 any notable c>e] /ill unf9i%$1 possibility & great promise4 ,man's reason & imag9ation h a long pa/2 !y h also an indef9ite future4 ,man has 9 ! "n ( reason made _m errors2 b to reason he owes 8 *ief success1 & ) increas+ exp]i5ce he may be expect$ to atta9 cont9ually to a m c]ta9 & effective wisdom4 ,) ^! provisos1 let u address ourselves to ! ,c>e] ( ,reason1 beg9n+ ) religion4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,religion ,,& ,,! ,,religi\s ,,exp]i5ce ,,! ,,religi\s ,,exp]i5ce4 ,s9ce human nature rema9s con/ant 9 its ess5tial traits1 despite ! v>iations x exhibits among diff]5t individuals1 x is to be expect$ t c]ta9 exp]i5ces %\ld be fairly common & recurr5t among all human be+s4 ,joy & sorr[1 love & hate1 jubilance & despair1 disillusion & rapture1 triumph & fru/ration1 ^! occur (t51 & to e man4 ,!y are1 z x 71 ! sp>ks g5]at$ by ! friction ( human desires ) ! natural _w 9 :i* !y mu/1 if any:]e1 f9d fulfillm5t4 ,j su* a normal1 inevitable consequ5ce ( human nature 9 a natural _w is ! religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,x is common 9 m or less int5se degree to almo/ all m51 & may be /udi$ objectively j z may any ( ! o!r univ]sal exp]i5ces ( mank9d4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 peculi> difficulties 9 ! /udy ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,mo/ m5 are by tra9+ emotionally committ$ to "o p>ticul> religi\s cre$ :i* x is v difficult = !m imp>tially to exam9e or to comp>e ) o!rs4 ,9 ! second place1 !re is a confusion 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ p betwe5 ! p]sonal religi\s exp]i5ce1 & ! =mal & ext]nal in/itution we commonly h 9 m9d :5 we speak ( religion4 ,:5 we ord9>ily use ! t]m1 we imply a set ( dogmas1 an in/itution1 a reason$ !ology1 a ritual1 a prie/hood1 all ! app>atus & e>m>ks ( in/itutionaliz$ religion4 ,we ?9k ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,mohamm$anism1 ,judaism1 ! :ole welt] ( *ur*es & cre$s t h appe>$ 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,b ^! are r ! outw>d vehicles & ve/m5ts ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce ?an ! exp]i5ce itself4 ,!y are ! social expressions & ext]nal in/rum5ts ( ! inn] spiritual occurr5ce4 ,b ! latt] is prim>y4 ,if man _h n fir/ be5 religi\s1 ^! w\ld nev] h aris54 ,9 ! words ( ,william ,james3 ,9 "o s5se at lea/1 ! p]sonal religion w prove itself m fundam5tal ?an ei!r !ology or ecclesia/icism4 ,*ur*es :5 once e/abli%$ live at second h& ^u tradition1 b ! f\nd]s ( e ,*ur* ow$ _! p[] orig9ally to ! fact ( _! direct p]sonal communion ) ! div9e4 ,n only ! sup]human f\nd]s1 ! ,*ri/1 ! ,buddha1 ,mahomet1 b all ! orig9ators ( ,*ri/ian sects h be5 9 ?is case2 s p]sonal religion %\ld /ill seem ! primordial ?+1 ev5 to ^? :o e/eem x incomplete4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james3 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #cj4 ,be=e we exam9e ! social in/itutions & fix$ app>atus ( ritual & ( reason$ !ology 9 :i* ! religi\s exp]i5ce has become v>i\sly embodi$1 we mu/ pause to analyze ! exp]i5ce itself4 ,to be religi\s1 z a p]sonal exp]i5ce1 is1 l be+ philosophical1 to take a total attitude t[>d ! univ]se4 ,b ! religi\s attitude is "o ( a some:at specific k9d4 ,x is1 "o may arbitr>ily b also some:at fairly say1 to s5se or compreh5d "o's relation to ! div9e1 h[ev] ! div9e be conceiv$4 ,x is to h ?is s5se & compreh5sion n only deeply1 z "o might 9 a poetic or a philosophical mood1 b to h x suffus$ ) rev]5ce4 ,we %all pres5tly see t ! objects ( v5]ation h _h a diff]5t mean+ = diff]5t individuals1 gr\ps1 & g5]ations4 ,b :atev] be ! conception ( ! div9e object1 ! religi\s attitude seems to h ?is /able feature4 ,x is always an aw$ aw>5ess on ! "p ( ! individual ( 8 relation to t some?+ n himself1 & l>g] ?an himself1 ) :om ! de/9ies ( ! univ]se seem to re/4 ,?is someh[ s5s$ relation to ! div9e appe>s ?r\gh\t all ! v>ieties ( religion t h appe>$ 9 ! _w1 & among _m individuals n popul>ly acc\nt$ religi\s4 ,x is j su* an exp]i5ce1 = example1 t ,wordswor? expresses :5 he says 9 ! ,l9es ,writt5 ,above ,t9t]n ,abbey3 444 ,& ,i h felt ,a pres5ce t di/urbs me ) ! joy ,( elevat$ ?\ghts2 a s5se sublime ,( some?+ f> m deeply int]fus$1 ,^: dwell+ is ! light ( sett+ suns1 ,& ! r\nd ocean & ! liv+ air1 ,& ! blue sky1 & 9 ! m9d ( man2 ,a motion & a _s1 t impels ,all ?9k+ ?+s1 all objects ( all ?\ght1 ,& rolls ?r\gh all ?+s4 ,x is ! same s5se t comes ov] s-call$ worldly p :5 oppress$ sudd5ly by a great sorr[1 or uplift$ by a sudd5 great joy1 an aw>5ess ( a div9e p[] t moves ma/]fully & my/]i\sly ?r\gh ! ev5ts ( life1 provok+ on ! "p ( f9ite creatures a /range & compell+ rev]5ce4 ,?is div9ity t %apes our ends may be v>i\sly conceiv$4 ,x may be an intimately realiz$ p]sonal ,god1 ,our ,fa!r :i* art 9 ,heav54 ,x may be su* an ab/ract conception z ! ,laws ( ,nature or ,sci5tific ,law1 su* a religion z is exp\nd$ by ! ,transc5d5tali/s1 9 p>ticul> by ,em]son3 ,^! laws execute !mselves4 ,!y are out ( "t1 out ( space1 & n subject to circum/ance3 ?us 9 ! s\l ( man !re is a ju/ice ^: retributions are in/ant & entire4444 ,if a man is at he>t j1 !n1 9 s f> is he ,god2 ! safety ( ,god1 ! immortality ( ,god1 ! maje/y ( ,god1 d ent] into t man ) ju/ice4444 ,= all ?+s proce$ out ( ! same _s1 :i* is diff]5tly nam$1 love1 ju/ice1 temp]ance1 9 its diff]5t applications1 j z ! ocean receives diff]5t names on ! sev]al %ores :i* x wa%es4444 ,! p]ception ( ?is law awak5s 9 ! m9d a s5tim5t :i* we call ! religi\s s5tim5t1 & :i* makes our highe/ happ9ess4 ,wond]ful is its p[] to *>m & to comm&4 ,x is a m\nta9 air4 ,x is ! embalm] ( ! _w4 ,x makes ! sky & ! hills sublime1 & ! sil5t song ( ! />s is x4 ,x is ! beatitude ( man4 ,x makes him illimitable4#a ,footnote #a3 ,em]son3 ,miscellanies1 quot$ by ,james 9 ,v>ieties1 pp4 #cb-cc4 ,x may be conceiv$ z ,nature itself1 z x 0 by ,sp9oza1 = :om ,nature 0 id5tical ) ,god4 ,x may be ! ,_w-,s\l :i* ,%elley s+s ) su* rapture3 ,t ,light ^: smile k9dles ! univ]se1 ,t beauty 9 :i* all ?+s "w & move1 ,t b5$iction :i* ! eclips+ curse ,( bir? c qu5* n1 t su/a9+ love1 ,:i* ?r\gh ! web ( be+1 bl9dly wove1 ,by man & bea/ & e>? & air & sea1 ,burns bright or dim1 z ea* are mirrors ( ,! fire = :i* all ?ir/--n[ beams on me1 ,consum+ ! la/ cl\ds ( cold mortality4#a ,footnote #a3 ,f ,adonais4 ,9 all ^! conceptions x /ill seems to be a hu%$ s5se ( rev]5tial relation%ip to ! div9e p[] t mo/ specifically con/itutes ! religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,! latt] exhibits c]ta9 recurr5t elem5ts1 any ( :i* may be pres5t 9 a m int5se degree 9 "s individuals ?an 9 o!rs1 b all ( :i* appe> 9 "s degree 9 mo/ ( ! ph5om5a ( p]sonal life t we call religi\s4 ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,! ,,unse54 ,9 ! fir/ place may be not$ ! s5se ( ! actuality & ne>ness ( ! div9e p[]1 :at ,james calls ! reality ( ! unse51 & :at is frequ5tly spok5 ( by religi\s m5 z ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,james quotes 9 ?is connection an int]e/+ lett] ( ,james ,russell ,l[ell's3 ,i _h a revelation la/ ,friday ev5+4444 ,happ5+ to say some?+ ( ! pres5ce ( spirits ( :om1 z ,i said1 ,i 0 (t5 dimly aw>e1 ,mr4 ,putnam ent]$ into an argum5t ) me on spiritual matt]s4 ,z ,i 0 speak+1 ! :ole sy/em seem$ to rise up be=e me1 l a vague de/9y loom+ f ! abyss4 ,i nev] be=e felt ! _s ( ,god s ke5ly 9 me1 & ar\nd me4 ,! :ole room seem$ to me full ( ,god4 ,! air seem$ to wav] to & fro ) ! pres5ce ( some?+ ,i knew n :at4 ,i spoke ) ! calmness & cle>ness ( a prophet4#b ,footnote #b3 ,l[ell3 ,lett]s1 ,i1 p4 #ge4 ,! ar*ives ( ! psy*ology ( religion are cr[d$ ) in/ances ( m5 :o h felt deeply1 intimately1 & irrefutably ! ne> & actual pres5ce ( ,god4 ,?is s5se ( ! reality ( an unse5 ,?+ or ,p[] is n always id5tifi$ ) ,god4 ,!re come mom5ts 9 ! lives ( normal m5 & wom5 :5 ! _w ( exp]i5ce seems alive ) some?+ t is appreh5d$ ?r\gh none ( ! five s5ses4 ,!re are times :5 ?+s unse51 unhe>d1 & unt\*$ seem to h1 nay1 = ^? conc]n$1 d h1 a cle>] & m unmi/akable reality ?an ! ?+s we c t\*1 he>1 & see4 ,sometimes1 9 ! he>+ ( beautiful music1 we s5se a transc5d5t beauty :i* is some?+ o!r ?an1 some?+ m real ?an1 ! specific h>monies :i* we physically he>4 ,9 r>e mom5ts ( rapture1 :5 ! imag9ation or ! affections are int5sely /irr$1 we become int5sely aw>e ( ?is reality :i* is made kn[n to u ?r\gh none ( ! ord9>y av5ues ( exp]i5ce4 ,! ,unse5 is n only vividly felt1 b is deeply felt & reg>d$ z a ?+ ( deep significance1 & is exp]i5c$ 9 mo/ cases ) great inexplicable joy4 ,&1 n infrequ5tly1 ?is significant & beautiful ,unse5 ,some:at is id5tifi$ ) ,god4 ,! s5se ( ! reality ( ! div9e1 is1 h[ev]1 z x 71 only ! pr]equisite ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,:5 an individual does h ?is s5se1 :at int]e/s ! /ud5t ( ! psy*ology ( religion is ! attitude x provokes & ! satisfactions x gives4 ,^! we c ! bett] und]/& if we exam9e ! conditions 9 an individual's exp]i5ce :i* make ?is long+ = ! div9e pres5ce acute1 & ! g5]al circum/ances ( human life :i* make x a cont9u\s desire 9 _m p4 ,!re are1 to beg9 )1 con/ant facts ( exp]i5ce :i* make ! realization ( ! div9e pres5ce n only a satisfaction1 b ! indisp5sable /aff ( life = c]ta9 human be+s4 ,9 _! unfalt]+ fai? 9 ,god's endur+ & proximate actuality lies _! sole s\rce ( security & tru/4 ,= su* p]sons a lapse or a lack ( fai? is ! prelude to utt] collapse4 ,a vague g5]al assurance ( ! dep5dability ( ! future is1 = mo/ p1 a pr]equisite = a sane & untr\bl$ exi/5ce4 ,ev5 ^? :o live 9 unreflective satisfaction ) ! fruits ( ! mom5t w\ld f9d ^! mom5ts less satisfactory 7 !y n set 9 a backgr\nd ( reasonably fair promise4 ,! exub]ant optimi/1 :5 he /ops to reflect1 has a buoyant & inclusive fai? 9 ! ess5tial goodness ( man & ! univ]se4 ,:itman /&s out 9 ?is connection z ! classic type4 ,evil & good 7 to him indiff]5tly beautiful4 ,he ma9ta9$ an incr$ibly l>ge-he>t$ & magnanim\s receptivity to all ?+s great or small1 *>m+ or ugly1 t light5$ or black5$ ! face ( ! planet4 ,:ile ! av]age man accepts ! univ]se ) a less :olesale & indiscrim9ate appreciation1 yet he does feel vaguely assur$ t ! nature ( ?+s is ord]$1 h>moni\s1 dep5dable1 & regul>1 t affairs are1 cosmically speak+1 9 a s\nd /ate4 ,he feels a va/ & com=table solidity ab\t ! frame ( ?+s 9 :i* 8 life is set2 he c dep5d on ! famili> ris+s & sett+s ( ! sun1 ! recurr5t & assur$ movem5t ( ! seasons4 ,7 ?is tru/ sudd5ly remov$1 7 ! cosmic gu>antee )drawn1 to live w\ld be "o long mortal t]ror4 ,t ?is is precisely :at does happ5 "u su* circum/ances1 ! volum9\s lit]ature ( melan*olia suffici5tly proves4 ,! s5se ( insecurity takes v>i\s =ms4 ,sometimes ! pati5t exp]i5ces a pr(\nd & intimate conviction ( ! unreality ( ! _w ab\t him4 ,8 :ole physical environm5t comes to seem a m]e phantasy & a delusion4 ,9 "s cases he f9ds himself unmov$ by ! normal int]e/s & excitem5ts ( m51 unable to f9d any /imulus1 value1 or significance 9 ! _w4 ,esquirol obs]v$ ! case ( a v intellig5t magi/rate4444 ,e emotion appe>$ dead )9 him4 ,he manife/$ nei!r p]v]sion nor viol5ce1 b a complete abs5ce ( emotional reaction4 ,if he w5t to ! !at]1 :i* he did out ( habit1 he c\ld f9d no pleasure !re4 ,! ?\ght ( 8 h\se1 ( 8 home1 ( 8 wife1 & ( 8 abs5t *ildr51 mov$ him z little1 he said1 z a !orem ( ,euclid4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ribot3 ,psy*ology ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #ed4 ,! s5se ( futility1 ( ! flatness1 /al5ess1 & unpr(itabl5ess ( ! _w1 :i* is felt 9 su* extreme =ms by pron\nc$ melan*oliacs1 is exp]i5c$ sometimes1 ?\gh to a less] degree1 by e s5sitive m9d t reflects mu* ^u life4 ,su* an attitude1 x is true1 arises pr9cipally dur+ mom5ts ( fatigue & l[ vitality1 & is und\bt$ly organic 9 its orig9s1 z = t matt] is optimism4 ,aga9 su* a s5se ( _w-we>9ess comes (t5 9 mom5ts ( p]sonal disappo9tm5t & disillusion1 :5 fri5ds h prov$ false1 ambitions empty1 ef=ts wa/$4 ,at su* times ev5 ! normal man e*oes ,sw9burne's beautiful melan*oly3 ,we are n sure ( sorr[1 ,& joy 0 nev] sure1 ,to-day w die to-morr[1 ,"t /oops to no man's lure2 ,& love gr[n fa9t & fretful1 ,) lips b half regretful1 ,sighs1 & ) eyes =getful1 ,weeps t no loves endure4 ,f too mu* love ( liv+1 ,f hope & fe> set free1 ,we ?ank ) brief ?anksgiv+1 ,:atev] gods may be1 ,t no life lives1 =ev]2 ,t dead m5 rise up nev]2 ,t ev5 ! we>ie/ riv]1 ,w9ds some:]e safe to sea4#a ,footnote #a3 ,f ,a ,g>d5 ( ,pros]p9e4 ,ev5 ! eag] & exub]ant1 if suffici5tly philosophical & g5]\s-m9d$1 may come1 despite _! own success1 to a deep realization ( ! utt] futility1 mean+lessness1 & /upidity ( life1 ( ! ess5tial bl9dnesses1 cruelties1 & insecurities :i* seem to *>act]ize ! nature ( ?+s4 ,unless aga9/ ?is d>k insight "s reassur+ fai? arises1 life may become almo/ unbe>able4 ,9 extreme cases x has driv5 m5 to suicide4 ,take1 = example1 ! picture ( ! univ]se z mod]n mat]ialism pres5ts x3 ,purposeless444 & void ( mean+ is ! _w :i* sci5ce reveals = our belief4444 ,t man is ! product ( causes t _h no prevision ( ! end !y 7 a*iev+1 t 8 orig91 8 gr[?1 8 hopes & fe>s1 8 loves & beliefs1 are b ! outcome ( accid5tal collocations ( atoms2 t no fire1 no h]oism1 no int5sity ( ?\ght or feel+ c pres]ve an individual life beyond ! grave1 t all ! labors ( ! ages1 all ! devotion1 all ! inspiration1 all ! noonday brightness ( human g5ius are de/9$ to ext9ction 9 ! va/ dea? ( ! sol> sy/em1 & t ! :ole temple ( man's a*ievem5ts mu/ inevitably be buri$ b5ea? ! dbris ( a univ]se 9 ru9s--all ^! ?+s if n q beyond dispute1 are yet s ne>ly c]ta9 t no philosophy :i* rejects !m c hope to /&4 ,only )9 ! scaffold+ ( ^! tru?s1 only on ! firm f\ndation ( unyield+ despair1 c ! s\l's habitation h5ce=? be safely built4#a ,footnote #a3 ,b]tr& ,russell3 ,philosophical ,essays1 pp4 #fj-fa 7,! ,free ,man's ,wor%ip74 ,su* a prospect to ! s]i\s-m9d$ & s5sitive-spirit$ _c b provoke ! pr(\nde/ melan*oly4 ,!re is1 ev5 = ! mo/ heal?y-m9d$ ( u1 suffici5t gr\nd = pessimism1 bitt]ness1 insecurity4 ,ev5 if we p]sonally--l>gely ?r\gh ! accid5ts ( circum/ance--happ5 to be successful1 our joy is a vulg> glee1 n unlike ! snick] ( any rogue at 8 success4 ,! utt] futility & evanesc5ce ( e>?ly goods1 beauties1 & a*ievem5ts is s5s$ at lea/ sometimes by normally complac5t s\ls4 ,& s pat5t & ubiquit\s are ! evid5ces ( decay1 disease1 & dea? at our disposal1 t !y may easily be erect$ into a ?or\ghgo+ philosophy ( life3 ,vanity ( vanities1 sai? ! prea*]1 vanity ( vanities1 all is vanity4 ,:at pr(it ha? a man ( all 8 labor :i* he take? "u ! sun8444 ,all ?+s come alike to all3 !re is "o ev5t to ! righte\s & to ! wick$2 to ! good & to ! clean1 & to ! unclean2 to him t sacrifice? & to him t sacrifice? n3 z is ! good s is ! s9n]2 & he t swe>e? z he t fe>e? an oa?4444 ,= ! liv+ "k t !y %all die2 b ! dead "k n any?+1 nei!r h !y any m a rew>d2 = ! memory ( !m is =gott54 ,also _! love & _! hatr$ & _! envy is n[ p]i%$2 nei!r h !y any m a portion =ev] 9 any?+ t is done "u ! sun4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ecclesia/es4 ,religion (f]s solace to ^? p]turb$ & passionate s\ls1 among o!rs1 to :om ^! futilities h become a rankl+1 cont9u\s torm5t & depression4 ,:5 life on e>? appe>s fragm5t>y & disord]$1 n only nons5se b t]rify+ nons5se1 full ( hide\s inju/ices1 sick5+ unc]ta9ties1 & cruel de/ructions1 m5 h n infrequ5tly f\nd a refuge 9 ! div9e4 ,come unto me all ye t labor & are heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/4 ,9 ! religi\s exp]i5ce man f9ds life to be made cle>1 complete1 & beautiful4 ,:at seems a contradictory fragm5t f9ds its precise ni*e 9 ! div9e s*eme1 :at seems d>k & cruel %9es out 9 a sett+ ( et]nal b5efic5ce & wisdom4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! individual1 ev5 ! happie/1 is always p>tial1 brok51 & disord]$4 ,no ideal is ev] completely realiz$1 or if realiz$ leaves "s p]fection to be desir$4 ,m5 liv+ 9 a natural exi/5ce imag9e values & ideals :i* c nev] be realiz$ !re4 ,9 religion1 if any:]e1 m5 h f\nd p]fection1 & ultimate suffici5cy4 ,?is p]fection1 completion1 & cl>ification ( life has be5 atta9$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! religi\s exp]i5ce itself1 :5 int5se1 may give to ! individual ap>t f a reason$ judgm5t1 or f any actual *ange 9 8 physical surr\nd+s1 a transluc5t insight dur+ :i* he sees deeply1 calmly1 joy\sly into ! beautiful et]nal ord] ( ?+s4 ,?is my/ic insight has be5 exp]i5c$ on occasion by q normal & prosaic m5 & wom54 ,:ile x la/s1 reality seems to take on new colors & dim5sions4 ,x becomes vivid1 lum9\s1 & int5se4 ,! my/ic seems to rise to a high] level ( consci\sness1 9 :i* he exp]i5ces a univ]se m significant1 ord]$1 & unifi$ ?an any commonly exp]i5c$ ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,"o may take1 z an example1 su* an in/ance autobiographically & anonym\sly report$ a few ye>s ago1 & well docum5t$3 ,x 0 n t = a few key$-up mom5ts ,i imag9$ all exi/5ce z beautiful1 b t my inn] vision 0 cle>$ to ! tru? s t ,i saw ! actual lovel9ess :i* is always !re1 b :i* we s r>ely p]ceive2 & ,i knew t e man1 woman1 bird1 & tree1 e liv+ ?+ be=e me1 0 extravagantly beautiful1 & extravagantly important4 ,& z ,i beheld1 my he>t melt$ out ( me 9 a rapture ( love & delight4 ,a nurse 0 walk+ pa/2 ! w9d caught a /r& ( h] hair & blew x out 9 a mom5t>y gleam ( sun%9e1 & nev] 9 my life be=e _h ,i se5 h[ beautiful beyond all belief is a woman's hair4 ,nor _h ,i ev] guess$ h[ m>vel\s x is = a human be+ to walk4 ,z = ! int]nes 9 _! :ite suits1 ,i _h nev] realiz$ be=e ! :it5ess ( :ite l952 b mu* m ?an t1 ,i _h nev] s mu* z dream$ ( ! beauty ( "y manhood4 ,a little sp>r[ *irp$ & flew to a ne>-by bran*1 & ,i hone/ly believe t only ! morn+ />s s++ toge!r1 & ! sons ( ,god %\t+ = joy c 9 ! lea/ express ! ec/asy ( a bird's flight4 ,i _c express x1 b ,i h se5 x4 ,once out ( all ! gray days ( my life ,i h look$ into ! he>t ( reality2 ,i h witness$ ! tru?2 ,i h se5 life z x really is--ravi%+ly1 ec/atically1 madly beautiful1 & fill$ to ov]fl[+ ) a wild joy1 & a value unspeakable4 ,= ^? glorifi$ mom5ts ,i 0 9 love ) e liv+ ?+ be=e me--! trees 9 ! w9d1 ! little birds fly+1 ! nurses1 ! int]nes1 ! p :o came & w5t4 ,!re 0 no?+ t 0 alive t 0 n a miracle4 ,j to be alive 0 9 itself a miracle4 ,my v s\l fl[$ out ( me 9 a great joy4#a ,footnote #a3 ,tw5ty ,m9utes ( ,reality1 ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4 #aag1 p4 #eib4 ,! my/ic exp]i5ce is important 9 ! /udy ( religion because x has s frequ5tly giv5 ^? :o h _h x a v real feel+ ( cosmic consci\sness4 ,! individual feels = "o lum9\sly transp>5t consci\s mom5t1 at "o ) ! univ]se2 he has a realization at once raptur\s & tranquil ( ! passionate & wond]ful significance ( ?+s4 ,he has mov$ f ! *ill p]iph]y to ! radiant core4 ,all ! discrepancies :i* be/rew ord9>y life are abs5t4 ,all ! negations ( disappo9tm5t1 all conflicts ( desire disappe>4 ,! my/ic lives p]fection at fir/ h&3 ,! ,"o rema9s1 ! _m *ange & pass1 ,heav5's light =ev] %9es1 ,e>?'s %ad[s fly1 ,life1 l a dome ( _m color$ glass1 ,/a9s ! :ite radiance ( et]nity4 ,?is s5se ( spl5did unity 9 :i* all ! divisive & corrod+ elem5ts ( selfhood are oblit]at$ has to ^? :o h be5 !re no refutation4 ,x is1 writes ,william ,james1 an op5 "q :e!r my/ic /ates may n be sup]ior po9ts ( view1 w9d[s ?r\gh :i* ! m9d looks out on a m ext5sive & inclusive _w4 ,:atev] be ! logical validity ( ! int5se my/ical insight1 ( 8 s+ul> gift = a vivid & intimate union ) et]nity :i* has be5 kn[n by s _m my/ics1 ! fruits ( ?is insight are und5iable4 ,dur+ su* a vision ! _w is p]fect4 ,!re is no fev] or confusion1 b rapture & re/4 ,& to "s degree1 at a religi\s s]vice1 a mom5t\s crisis1 joy at deliv]ance or resignation at calamity1 dur+ beatific int]ludes ( fri5d%ip or ( love1 m5 h felt a cle> envelop+ on5ess ) div9ity4 ,su* /ates ( int5se religi\s exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 are z transi5t z !y are ineffable4 ,?\gh !y recur1 !y are n cont9u\s1 & some?+ m ?an occasional vivid unions ) ! div9e ent] into ! con/ant p]fection ) :i* ! _w1 z x appe>s to ! religi\s man1 is end[$4 ,he feels himself1 9 ! fir/ place1 to be "p ( a _w s*eme 9 :i* ultimate p]fection is secur$4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t any individual human life is *>act]iz$ by negation1 conflict1 & disappo9tm5t4 ,our lives seem l>gely to be at ! m]cy ( circum/ance4 ,our inh]itance is fix$ = u )\t our connivance 9 ! matt]2 accid5t det]m9es 9 :i* social environm5t we happ5 to be born4 ,& ^! two facts are ! *ief det]m9ants ( our c>e]s4 ,ev5 :5 successful we realize ei!r ! empt9ess ( ! prize we _h desir$1 or ! di/ance we are 9 reality f ! goal we _h set ourselves4 ,g5]aliz+ ?us f 8 own exp]i5ce1 ! individual notes ! simil> di%e>t5+ discrepancies ?r\gh\t human life4 ,he sees ! good suff]1 & ! wick$ prosp]2 ! innoc5t die1 & ! guilty escape4 ,disease is no respect] ( p]sons1 & dea? comes to ! j & ! unju/ alike4 ,:]e=e d ! wick$ live1 become old1 yea1 are mighty 9 p[]8 ,_! se$ is e/abli%$ 9 _! sight ) !m1 & _! (fspr+ be=e _! eyes4 ,_! h\ses are safe f fe>1 nei!r is ! rod ( ,god ^u !m4 ,_! bull g5d]e? & faile? n2 _! c[ calve? & ca/e? n h] calf4 ,!y s5d =? _! little ones l a flock1 & _! *ildr5 dance4 ,!y take ! timbrel & h>p1 & rejoice at ! s\nd ( ! organ4 ,!y sp5d _! days 9 weal?1 & 9 a mom5t g d[n to ! grave4 ,!re=e !y say unto ,god2 dep>t f u1 = we desire n ! k ( ?y ways4 ,:at is ! ,almighty t we %\ld s]ve him8 ,& :at pr(it %\ld we h if we pray unto him8#a ,footnote #a3 ,job1 *ap4 ,,xxi4 ,9 contra/1 9 ! religi\s exp]i5ce man feels himself to be a "p ( a _w s*eme 9 :i* ju/ice & righte\sness are assur$ by an inconte/able & invuln]able p[]2 ,god's 9 8 ,heav52 all's "r ) ! _w4 ,despite ! gr\nds he has = d\bt1 ,job robu/ly av]s3 ,?\gh he slay me1 yet w ,i tru/ 9 him4 ,calamities are b tempor>y2 ,god w br+ all ?+s to a beautiful fruition4 ,or a man may feel t ! evils he or o!rs exp]i5ce "h are n real evils1 t1 se5 sub specie oet]nitatis1 !y w\ld cease to be reg>d$ z su*4 ,he may feel t ,god moves 9 a my/]i\s way 8 wond]s to p]=m1 t someh[ good may come ( ill4 ,he may feel1 z does ! ,*ri/ian believ]1 t all ! evils & pa9s unju/ly exp]i5c$ 9 ?is _w w be adju/$ 9 ! next4 ,:atev] be my privations f e>?ly good1 9 my ,fa!r's h\se are _m mansions4 ,immortality is1 inde$1 ! religi\s man's fai? 9 a second *ance4 ,! surety ( a _w to come1 9 :i* ! bless$ %all live 9 et]nal bliss1 is a comp5sation & a r$ress = ! ills & fru/rations ( life 9 ?is _w4 ,:atev] be ! seem+ ills or inju/ices ( life1 !re is ev5tual retribution1 bo? to ! j & ! unju/4 ,once m to quote ,em]son3 ,& yet ! comp5sations ( calamity are made app>5t to ! und]/&+ also1 aft] long int]vals ( "t4 ,a fev]1 a mutilation1 a cruel disappo9tm5t1 a loss ( weal?1 a loss ( fri5ds1 seems at ! mom5t unpaid loss1 & unpayable4 ,b ! sure ye>s reveal ! deep rem$ial =ce t und]lies all facts4 ,! dea? ( a de> fri5d1 wife1 bro!r1 lov]1 :i* seem$ no?+ b privation1 some:at lat] assumes ! aspect ( a guide or g5ius2 = x commonly op]ates revolutions 9 our way ( life1 t]m9ates an epo* ( infancy or ( y\? :i* 0 wait+ to be clos$1 breaks up a wont$ occupation1 or a h\sehold1 or /yle ( liv+1 & all[s ! =mation ( new ones m fri5dly to ! gr[? ( "*4 ,x p]mits or con/ra9s ! =mation ( new acqua9tances1 & ! reception ( new influ5ces t prove ( ! fir/ importance to ! next ye>s2 & ! man or woman :o w\ld h rema9$ a sunny g>d5 fl[]1 ) no room = its roots & too mu* sun%9e = its head1 by ! fall+ ( ! walls & ! neglect ( ! g>d5]1 is made ! banian ( ! =e/1 yield+ %ade & fruit to wide neighb\rhoods ( m54#a ,footnote #a3 ,em]son3 ,essay on ,comp5sation4 ,on a l>g] scale1 f ! cosmic r ?an f ! p]sonal po9t ( view1 an individual1 gift$ ) a l>ge & *>itable int]e/ 9 ! future ( mank9d1 is secur$ & su/a9$ by ! feel+ t he is a "p ( t procession head$ to ! "o f>-(f div9e ev5t to :i* ! :ole creation moves4 ,! lugubri\s picture ( an utt]ly mean+less _w1 bl9d1 purposeless1 & he>tless1 :i* mat]iali/ic sci5ce reveals1 is suffici5t to wreck ! equanimity ( a s5sitive & ?\ghtful m9d4 ,t is ! /+ ( x1 t 9 ! va/ drift+ ( ! cosmic wea!r1 ?\gh _m a jewell$ %ore appe>s1 & _m an en*ant$ cl\d-bank floats away1 long l+]+ ere x be dissolv$--ev5 z our _w n[ l+]s = our joy--yet :5 ^! transi5t products are gone1 no?+1 absolutely no?+ rema9s4 ,dead & gone are !y1 gone utt]ly f ! v sph]e & room ( be+4 ,)\t an e*o1 )\t a memory2 )\t an influ5ce on aught t may come aft]1 to make x c>e = simil> ideals4 ,?is utt] wreck & trag$y is ( ! ess5ce ( sci5tific mat]ialism1 z at pres5t und]/ood4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james3 ,pragmatism1 p4 #aje4 ,a belief t a div9e p[] gov]ns ! univ]se1 t all ^! miscellane\s & inexplicable happ5+s w be ga!r$ up into a smoo? & ultimate p]fection1 gives fai?1 com=t1 & solace4 ,we are on ! side ( ! angels1 or r ! angels are on our side4 ,human passion1 purpose1 & endeavor are n wa/$4 ,!y are small b n altoge!r negligible contributions to ev5tual cosmic good4 ,& good is ev5tual4 ,p]fection may be long delay$1 b ,god's pres5ce assures x4 ,weep+ may endure = a night1 b joy come? 9 ! morn+4 ,a _w ) a ,god 9 x to say ! la/ ^w may inde$ burn up or freeze1 b we !n ?9k ( ,him z /ill m9dful ( ! old ideals1 & sure to br+ !m else:]e to fruition2 s t :]e ,he is1 trag$y is only provisional & p>tial1 & %ipwreck & dissolution n ! absolutely f9al ?+s4#b ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 p4 #ajf4 ,amid tragic errors & pitiful disillusions1 m5 h ye>n$ = a b5$iction p]fect & complete :]e !y might cease to suff] & desire4 ,?is p]fection religion has1 z we h se51 accord$ !m 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"s h f\nd x 9 ! imm$iate vision1 ! ec/atic union ) ! div9e t1 9 int5se degree1 is peculi>ly ! my/ic's4 ,"s h f\nd x 9 ! assur$ belief t evil is itself an illusion1 &1 if rightly conceiv$1 a beautiful d>k %ad[ to set (f by contra/ ! high lights ( a div9ely ord]$ cosmos1 a m9or note giv+ lyric & lovely poignancy to ! cele/ial music4 ,"s h re/$ _! fai? 9 a p]fect _w n "h1 b h]eaft]1 :]e ! bless$ w\ld ent] et]nal bliss ) ,god _! ma/]4 ,?us man has 9 religion f\nd ! fulfillm5t ( 8 ideals1 :i* always outrun ! actualities amid :i* he lives4 ,9 ! religi\s exp]i5ce1 9 all ( its =ms ?r\gh\t ! ages1 man has _h ! exp]i5ce ( p]fection at fir/ h&1 9 ! imm$iate & ri* int5sity ( ! my/ic ec/asy1 9 ! s]5e fai? ( a lifelong intuition or ( a reason$ belief 9 ! ultimate div9ely assur$ rightness ( ?+s4 ,besides exp]i5c+ p]fection1 man has1 9 ! s5se ( security & tru/ af=d$ by ! religi\s exp]i5ce1 f\nd release f ! fret1 ! fev]1 ! compulsion1 & con/riction "u :i* s mu* ( life mu/ be liv$4 ,:atev] happ5s1 ! truly dev\t man has no fe>s or qualms4 ,he has atta9$ equanimity2 ! ,"l is 8 %eph]d2 he %all n want4 ,!re is a s]5ity exp]i5c$ by ! g5u9ely fai?ful t ! fai?less may well envy4 ,god is ! believ]'s et]nal wat*]2 a wise & m]ciful ,provid5ce1 8 inf9ite gu>antee4 ,:oev] n only says b feels1 ,god's w be done is mail$ aga9/ e weakness2 & ! :ole hi/oric array ( m>tyrs1 mission>ies & religi\s re=m]s is !re to prove ! tranquil-m9d$ness1 "u naturally agitat+ or di/ress+ circum/ances1 :i* self-surr5d] br+s4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james2 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #bhe4 ,b peace is atta9$ n only ?r\gh fai? 9 ! fulfillm5t ( desire1 b 9 a m>k$ less5+ 9 ! t5sion ( desire itself1 9 a l>ge & spaci\s fre$om atta9$ ?r\gh release f ! conf9em5t ( self4 ,we saw 9 ! *apt] on ! ,consci\sness ( ,self h[ mu* ex]tion & en]gy may be devot$ to ! enhancem5t ( ,self ?r\gh fame1 a*ievem5t1 social di/9ction1 p[]1 or possession4 ,we saw h[1 9 ! fru/ration ( self1 ! g]m ( great trag$y lay4 ,f ! trag$y & bitt]ness ( su* fru/ration m5 h (t5 be5 reassur$ by a g5u9e conv]sion to ! religi\s life4 ,?r\gh ! negation ( self r ?an ?r\gh its fulfillm5t m5 h f\nd solace & re/4 ,& ?is negation1 :5 x takes religi\s =m1 has consi/$ 9 a raptur\s submission to ! w ( ,god4 ,outside1 ! _w is wild & passionate4 ,man's we>y laught] & 8 sick despair ,entreat at _! imp5etrable gate1 ,!y he$ no voices 9 _! dream ( pray]4 ,calm1 sad1 secure1 ) faces worn & mild1 ,surely _! *oice ( vigil is ! be/4 ,yea6 = our roses fade1 ! _w is wild2 ,b !re beside ! alt> !re is re/4#a ,footnote #a3 ,erne/ ,dawson3 ,nuns ( ! ,p]petual ,adoration4 ,,exp]i5ces ,,:i* ,,frequ5tly ,,f9d ,,religi\s ,,expression4 ,! religi\s exp]i5ce1 z po9t$ out 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is discussion1 has its roots 9 ! same impulses :i* cause m5 to love & to hate1 to be jubilant & sorr[ful1 exalt$ & depress$4 ,all ^! human exp]i5ces sometimes take a religi\s =m1 t is1 _! expressions h "s ref]5ce to ! sup]natural & ! div9e4 ,we f9d1 9 survey+ ! hi/ory ( religion1 t c]ta9 exp]i5ces m ?an o!rs t5d to f9d religi\s expression4 ,we %all exam9e a few ( ! *ief ( ^!4 ,,ne$ ,,& ,,impot5ce4 ,an aw$1 almo/ fright5$ s5se ( dep5d5ce ov]comes ev5 ! mo/ robu/ & heal?y-m9d$ man :5 he sees ! =ces ( ,nature sudd5ly unloos$ on a magnific5t scale4 ,a t]rific peal ( ?und]1 an e>?quake or a cyclone w s5d ?rills ( t]ror ?r\gh ! normally calm & self-suffici5t4 ,ev5 ap>t f su* vivid & t]rify+ examples ( ! range & scale ( non-human p[]1 !re comes to ! reflective a s5se ( ! frailty ( human life1 ( ! utt] dep5dability ( all human purposes & plans on conditions beyond human control4 ,9 our mo/ fundam5tal indu/ry1 agriculture1 an untimely fro/ c undo ! "w ( ! mo/ +5i\s indu/ry & ?rift4 ,a tornado or a sn[/orm c disorganize ! cunn+ & subtle1 swift me*anisms ( communication :i* m5 h inv5t$4 ,9 ! field ( humanly built-up relations1 aga91 a =tune or a fri5d%ip may dep5d on "s *ance meet+2 a man's pr(ession & ideals are fix$ by a s+le =tuit\s conv]sation1 by a *ance enc\ragem5t1 opportunity or fru/ration4 ,!re is ?us a psy*ological ?\gh p]haps n lit]al tru? 9 ! figure ( ,fate1 or 9 ! metaphor t speaks ( human de/9y z ly+ on ! knees ( ! gods4 ,action s (t5 w&]s f int5t1 s mu* 9 ! be/-laid plans is at ! m]cy ( ext]nal circum/ance6 ,a creature ^: be+ c be snuff$ out 9 a mom5t1 ^: life is less ?an an in/ant 9 ! magnific5t p]spective ( et]nity1 comes n unnaturally to be aw>e ( 8 own insignificance z comp>$ ) ^? va/ =ces1 "s auspici\s & "s t]rible1 :i* are pat5tly afoot 9 ! _w4 ,b z pat5t a fact z man's impot5ce is 8 desire4 ,! individual realizes h[ p[]less is a human be+ to fulfill1 indep5d5tly ( ext]nal =ces1 ^? impulses ) :i* ^! same inexplicable =ces h laun*$ him into ! _w4 ,?us d we feel ev5 to-day :5 we h le>n$ t ! =ces ( ,nature1 obdurate to ! ignorant1 yet become flexible & fruitful "u ! kn[+ manipulation ( sci5ce4 ,we realize t despite our cunn+ & contrivance1 our successes are1 z x 71 l>gely matt]s ( grace2 ! *anges we c make 9 ,nature are z no?+ to ! sl[1 gradual processes by :i* ,nature makes m\nta9s into molehills1 builds & de/roys cont95ts1 develops man out ( ! l[] animals1 &1 by v>y+ climates & topographies1 affects ! de/9ies ( nations4 ,to primitive man ! s5se ( impot5ce & ne$ 7 n d]iv$ f any g5]al reflections ^u ! insecurity ( man's place 9 ! cosmos1 b r f ! %>p pressure ( practical necessity4 ,! helplessness ( primitive man set d[n 9 ! mid/ ( a univ]se ( :i* he knew n ! laws1 may p]haps be br\ght home to ! m9d ( mod]n man1 if we comp>e ! univ]se to a va/ work%op full ( ! mo/ v>i\s & highly-complicat$ ma*9]y work+ at full spe$4 ,! ma*9]y1 if prop]ly h&l$1 is capable ( produc+ ev]y?+ t ! he>t ( primitive man c wi% =1 b also1 if he sets h& to ! wrong "p ( ! ma*9]y1 is capable ( :irl+ him (f betwe5 its :eels1 & cru%+ & kill+ him 9 its inexorable & ru?less movem5t4 ,fur!r1 primitive man _c decl9e to submit himself to ! p]il\s te/3 he mu/ make 8 exp]im5ts or p]i%1 & ev5 s 8 survival is conditional on 8 select+ ! "r "p ( ! ma*9e to h&le4 ,nor c he take 8 own "t & /udy ! dang]\s me*anism long & c>efully be=e sett+ 8 h& to x3 8 ne$s are press+ & 8 action mu/ be imm$iate4#a ,footnote #a3 ,jevons3 ,an ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 p4 #ag4 ,! v food ( primitive man 0 to him z prec>i\s z x 0 ess5tial4 ,8 life 0 practically at ! m]cy ( w9d & ra9 & sun4 ,8 food & %elt] 7 desp]ately lucky *ances4 ,n hav+ atta9$ z yet to a conception ( ! imp]sonality ( ,nature1 he reg>d$ ^! =ces :i* help$ & h9d]$ him z fri5dly & ali5 p[]s :i* x 0 9 ! imp]ative int]e/s ( 8 own welf>e to placate & propitiate4 ,x 0 9 ?is urg5t s5se ( helplessness & ne$ t !re 7 develop$ ! two out/&+ modes ( communication ) ! sup]natural1 sacrifice & pray]4 ,primitive man conceiv$ 8 univ]se to be gov]n$ by ess5tially human p[]s2 p[]s1 ( c\rse1 on a gr& scale1 b human none ! less1 ) ! same weaknesses1 moods1 & humors z human be+s !mselves4 ,!y c\ld be flatt]$ & cajol$2 !y c\ld be brib$ & paid2 !y c\ld be mov$ to t5d]ness1 g5]osity1 & pity4 ,hol9ess1 says ,socrates 9 "o ( ,plato's dialogues1 is an art 9 :i* gods & m5 d bus9ess ) ea* o!r1 444 ,sacrifice is giv+ to ! gods1 pray] is ask+ ( !m4#b ,9 ,fraz]'s ,gold5 ,b\gh "o f9ds ! rem>kably div]se sacrificial rites by :i* m5 h s\ght to w9 ! favor ( ! div9e4 ,primitive man believ$ lit]ally t ! univ]se 0 gov]n$ by sup]human p]sonal p[]s2 he believ$ lit]ally t ^! are human 9 _! motives4 ,he believ$ 9 consequ5ce t sacrifices to ! gods w\ld help him to control ! controll+ p[]s ( ,nature = 8 own good1 j z mod]n man believes t an application ( ! laws ( electricity & me*anics w help him to control ! natural _w = 8 own purposes4 ,! sacrifices ( primitive man 7 imm5sely practical 9 "*2 !y 7 made at ! crucial mom5ts & pivotal crises ( life1 at s[+ & at h>ve/ "t1 at ! initiation ( ! "y into ! responsibilities ( maturity1 at times ( pe/il5ce1 fam9e1 or dang]4 ,! gods 7 giv5 ! *oice "p ( a meal2 ! prize calf2 9 "s cases1 human sacrifices2 ! sacrifice1 moreov]1 ( ! beautiful & be/4 ,! *ief sacrificial rites ( almo/ all primitive peoples are connect$ ) food1 ! su/a9]1 & procreation or bir?1 ! p]petuator1 ( life4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,plato's ,eu?yphro4 ,z ,jane ,h>rison puts x3 ,if man ! individual is to live1 he mu/ h food2 if 8 race is to p]si/1 he mu/ h *ildr54 ,to live & to cause to live1 to eat food & beget *ildr51 ^! 7 ! prim>y wants ( man 9 ! pa/1 & !y w be ! prim>y wants ( man 9 ! future1 s long z ! _w la/s4 ,o!r ?+s may be add$ to enri* & beautify life1 b unless ^! wants are fir/ satisfi$1 humanity itself mu/ cease to exi/4 ,^! two ?+s1 !re=e1 7 :at m5 *iefly s\ght to procure by ! p]=mance ( magical rites = ! regulation ( ! seasons4444 ,:at he realizes fir/ & =emo/ is t at c]ta9 times ! animals1 & /ill m ! plants1 :i* =m 8 food1 appe>1 at c]ta9 o!rs !y disappe>4 ,x is ^! times t become ! c5tral po9ts1 ! focusses ( 8 int]e/1 & ! dates ( 8 religi\s fe/ivals4#a ,footnote #a3 ,jane ,h>rison3 ,anci5t ,art & ,ritual1 p4 #ca4 ,sacrifice is only "o way primitive man contrives ( w9n+ ! favor ( ! gods t[>d ! satisfaction ( 8 desires4 ,ano!r common me?od is pray]4 ,9 its crude/ =m pray] is a direct petition f ! individual to div9ity = ! grant ( a specific favor4 ,! individual seeks a k9dness f a sup]natural p[] ^: motives are human1 & :o may1 !re=e1 be mov$ by human appeals2 ^: p[] is sup]human & c !re=e fulfill reque/s4 ,pray] may become pr(\ndly spiritualiz$1 b 9 its primitive =m x is1 l sacrifice1 a c]ta9 way ( gett+ ?+s done4 ,!y are bo? to primitive man l>gely :at our sci5ce is to u4 ,bo? pray] & sacrifice arise 9 primitive man's ne$ & helplessness & t]ror be=e my/]i\s sup]natural p[]s1 b !y may rise1 9 ! high] =m ( religion1 to g5u9e nobility1 f ?is crass comm]ce ) div9ity1 ?is religion ( b>ga9+ & quid pro quo4 ,sacrifice may *ange f a desp]ate reluctant (f]+ made to please a jeal\s god1 to a ?anksgiv+ & a jubilation1 an ov]fl[+ ( happ9ess1 gratitude1 & good-w4 ,greek writ]s ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 h a way ( speak+ ( an attitude t[>d religion1 z ?\gh x 7 :olly a ?+ ( joy & confid5ce1 a fri5dly fell[%ip ) ! gods1 ^: s]vice is b a high fe/ival = man4 ,9 ,hom]1 sacrifice is b1 z x 71 ! signal = a banquet ( abundant roa/ fle% & sweet w9e2 we he> no?+ ( fa/+1 cleans+1 & atonem5t4 ,?is we might expla9 z "p ( ! g5]al spl5did unreality ( ! ,greek saga1 b sob] hi/orians ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 express ! same _s4 ,?ucydides is by nature no revell]1 yet religion is to him1 9 ! ma91 a re/ f toil4 ,he makes ,p]icles say ( ! ,a!nians3 ,moreov] we h provid$ = our _s v _m opportunities ( recreation1 by ! celebration ( games & sacrifices ?r\gh\t ! ye>4#a ,footnote #a3 ,jane ,h>rison3 ,prolegom5a to ,greek ,religion1 p4 #a4 ,sacrifice may become spiritualiz$1 z x is 9 ,*ri/ianity1 in/ead ( he-goats & %e-goats1 !re are sub/itut$ (f]+s ( ! he>t = all ^! va9 oblations4 ,! sacrificial he>t has at all times be5 acc\nt$ g]mane to nobility4 ,!re is some?+ ak9 to religion 9 ! lay+ d[n ( a life = a cause or a c\ntry or a fri5d1 9 surr5d]+ "o's self = o!rs4 ,x is ?is p[] & beauty ( r5unciation t is ! spiritual value beh9d all ! rituals ( sacrifice t /ill p]si/1 z 9 ! sacram5ts ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is ! tragic necessity ( self-negation t haloes1 ev5 9 secul> life1 ! sacrificial attitude3 ,b !re is 9 resignation a fur!r good elem5t4 ,ev5 real goods :5 !y are atta9able ought n to be fretfully desir$4 ,to e man comes soon] or lat] ! great r5unciation4 ,= ! "y !re is no?+ unatta9able2 a good ?+ desir$ ) ! :ole =ce ( a passionate w1 & yet unatta9able1 is to !m n cr$ible4 ,yet by dea?1 by illness1 by pov]ty1 or1 by ! voice ( duty1 we mu/ le>n1 ea* "o ( u1 t ! _w 0 n made = u1 & t1 h[ev] beautiful may be ! ?+s we crave1 ,fate may nev]!less =bid !m4 ,x is ! "p ( c\rage1 :5 mis=tune comes1 to be> )\t rep9+ ! ru9 ( our hopes1 to turn away our ?\ghts f va9 regrets4 ,?is degree ( submission to p[] is n only j & "r2 x is ! v gate ( wisdom4#a ,footnote #a3 ,b]tr& ,russell3 ,philosophical ,essays1 p4 #fe4 ,! spiritual mean+ & value ( sacrifice is ?us se5 to lie 9 self-surr5d]4 ,! human be+1 born into a _w :]e *oices mu/ be made1 mu/ make cont9ual abnegation4 ,& :5 ! tempor>y good is surr5d]$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( an ideal1 sacrifice becomes g5u9ely spiritual 9 "*4 ,pray]1 also1 becomes g5u9ely spiritual 9 its values :5 "o ceases to believe 9 its practical efficacy & comes to ?9k x %ameful to traffic ) ! div9e4 ,pray] beautifully illu/rates a po9t previ\sly not$1 h[ spee* oscillates betwe5 ! expression ( feel+ & ! conveyance ( ideas4 ,beg9n+ 9 primitive religion z a crude & *eap petition = favors1 x becomes 9 m spiritual religi\s exp]i5ce1 a lyric cry ( emotion1 a tranquil & s]5e expression ( ! s\l's desire4 ,pray] is1 moreov]1 religion 9 act4 ,t deep s5se ( an aw$ relation%ip to div9e p[] :i* 01 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is discussion1 not$ z con/itut+ c]ta9ly "o ( ! out/&+ *>act]i/ics ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce1 f9ds its mo/ adequate emotional expression 9 pray]4 ,religion is no?+ writes ,augu/e ,sabati] if x be n ! vital act by :i* ! entire m9d seeks to save itself by cl++ to ! pr9ciple f :i* x draws life4 ,?is act is pray]1 by :i* ,i und]/& no va9 ex]cise ( words1 no m]e repetition ( c]ta9 sacr$ =mulas1 b ! v movem5t itself ( ! s\l1 putt+ itself 9 a p]sonal relation ( contact ) ! my/]i\s p[] ( :i* x feels ! pres5ce--x may be ev5 be=e x has a "n by :i* to call x4 ,:]ev] ?is int]ior pray] is lack+1 !re is no religion2 :]ev]1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is pray] rises & /irs ! s\l1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( =ms or doctr9es1 we h religion4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a4 ,sabati]3 ,esquisse d'une ,philosophie de la ,religion 7ed4 #ahig71 pp4 #bd-bf4 ,9 pray]1 fur!rmore1 we may hope to f9d n ! fulfillm5t ( our desires1 b :at our desires really are4 ,we are releas$ tempor>ily f t5sion ( temporal & selfi% long+s4 ,we hold a tranquil & rev]5tial spee* ) a p[] n ourselves1 & 9 communion ) ! inf9ite purge ourselves ( ! dross ( imm$iate p]sonal ne$s4 ,9 su* a peaceful int]lude we may f9d at once cl>ity & re/4 ,pray]1 at its highe/1 might be def9$ z audible m$itation1 controll$ by ! s5se ( ! div9ity ( ! p[] we are address+4 ,s t ! truly spiritual man prays n = ! fulfillm5t ( 8 own accid5tal long+s1 b pleads r3 ,let ! words ( my m\? & ! m$itations ( my he>t be acceptable 9 ?y sight1 #j ,"l1 my /r5g? & my r$eem]4 ,,fe> ,,& ,,awe4 ,man's attitude t[>d ! div9e 0 not$ to h aris5 p>tly 9 8 feel+ ( dep5d5ce on p]sonal =ces incomp>ably sup]ior to himself1 & 9 8 urg5t ne$ = w9n+ _! favor4 ,9 primitive man ?is s5se ( dep5d5ce 0 c]ta9ly b\nd up ) a feel+ ( fe>4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t unciviliz$ peoples _h pa!tically little und]/&+ or control ( ! =ces ( ,nature4 ,9 consequ5ce on be+ afflict$ ) "s sudd5 cata/rophe ( fam9e or disease1 on exp]i5c+ a sudd5 revelation 9 /orm1 w9d1 or volcanic eruption1 ( ! t]rible magnific5ce ( elem5tal =ces1 he mu/ h be5 /ruck ) dread4 ,he 0 liv+ 9 a _w t appe>$ to him mu* less ord]$ & regul> ?an ours appe>s to u4 ,8 pray]s & sacrifices 7 n always fri5dly & confid5tial int]c\rse ) ! gods2 !y 7 z (t5 ways ( av]t+ ! evils ( malici\s & t]rify+ demons4 ,! enemies ( religion h be5 fond ( po9t+ out h[ mu* ( x has be5 a quak+ fe> ( ! sup]natural4 ,x is 9 ?is _s t ,lucretius's bitt] attack is conceiv$4 ,:5 ! life ( man lay f\l to see & grovell+ ^u ! e>?1 cru%$ by ! weight ( religion1 :i* %[$ h] face f ! realms ( heav51 l[]+ ^u mortals ) dreadful mi51 't 0 a man ( ,greece :o d>$ fir/ to raise 8 mortal eyes to meet h]1 & fir/ to /& =? to meet h]2 him nei!r ! /ories ( ! gods nor ?und]bolts *eck$1 nor ! sky ) its rev5geful ro>1 b all ! m spurr$ ! eag] d>+ ( 8 m9d to ye>n to be ! fir/ to bur/ ?r\gh ! close-set bolts ^u ! doors ( nature4#a ,footnote #a3 ,lucretius3 ,de ,r]um ,natura1 book ,i2 l9es #bh-ch4 ,primitive man fe>$ ! gods z mu* z he ne$$ !m4 ,jane ,h>rison po9ts out1 = example1 t z great a "p ( ,greek religion 0 giv5 ov] to ! exorcis+ ( ! evil & jeal\s spirits ( ! und]world1 z 9 fri5dly communion ) ! beautiful & graci\s ,olympians4 ,b :at appe>s 9 ! ignorant & h>ass$ savage z fe> may be trans=m$ 9 civiliz$ man into awe4 ,long aft] man's cr\*+ physical t]ror ( ! div9e has pass$ away1 he may /ill live aw$ by ! ultimate p[] t ord]s ! univ]se4 ,he may1 at twilight1 or 9 a m\nta9 gorge1 at a caon or wat]fall1 exp]i5ce an involunt>y ?rill & brea?lessness1 a deep5$ s5se ( ! div9ity :i* s ord]s ^! ?+s4 ,he may h ! same feel+ at ! crises ( life1 at bir?1 disease1 & dea?4 ,he may s5se on occasion t ov]:elm+ & inf9ite p[] ( :i* ,job becomes aw>e1 z he li/5s to ! voice out ( ! :irlw9d3 ,:o ha? divid$ a wat] c\rse = ! ov]fl[+ ( wat]s1 or a way = ! lightn+ ( ?und]8 ,to cause x to ra9 on ! e>?1 :]e no man is2 on ! wild]ness1 :]e9 !re is no man2 ,to satisfy ! desolate & wa/e gr\nd2 & to cause ! bud ( ! t5d] h]b to spr+ =?8 444 ,can/ ?\ b9d ! sweet influ5ces ( ! ,pleiades1 or loose ! b&s ( ,orion8 444 ,kn[e/ ?\ ! ord9ances ( ,heav58 ,can/ ?\ set ! dom9ion !re( 9 ! e>?8 444 ,can/ ?\ s5d lightn+s1 t !y may g & say unto !e1 ,"h we are8 ,:o ha? put wisdom 9 ! inw>d p>ts8 ,or :o ha? giv5 und]/&+ to ! he>t8 ,:]e man exp]i5ces su* awe1 he w become rev]5tial1 &1 if articulate1 w express 8 rev]5ce 9 pray]1 aga9 n ! pray] ( practical reque/s = favors f ,god1 b a hu%$ m$itation ^u ! assur$ et]nity 9 :i* ! prec>i\s & f9ite lives ( m5 are set4 ,,regret1 ,,remorse--,,rep5tance ,,& ,,p5ance4 ,regret is a suffici5tly common human exp]i5ce4 ,!re are = mo/ m5 wi/ful backw>d glances 9 :i* !y realize :at might h be51 :at might h be5 done1 :at might h be5 accompli%$4 ,= _m ?is nev] rises above pique & bitt]ness ov] p]sonal failure1 a *agr91 z x 71 ov] hav+ made ! wrong move4 ,b to "s regret may take on a deeply spiritual quality4 ,in/ead ( regrett+ m]ely ! successes :i* he hop$1 z x prov$ va9ly1 to atta91 a man may become passionately aw>e ( 8 own moral & spiritual %ortcom+s4 ,?is s5se ( d]eliction & del9qu5cy may take extreme =ms4 ,james quotes a rem9isc5ce ( ,fa!r ,gratry1 a ,ca?olic philosoph]3 444 ,all day long )\t respite ,i suff]$ an incurable & intol]able desolation1 v]g+ on despair4 ,i ?\ght myself1 9 fact1 reject$ by ,god1 lo/1 damn$6 ,i felt some?+ l ! suff]+ ( hell4 ,be=e t ,i _h nev] ev5 ?\ght ( hell4444 ,n[1 & all at once1 ,i suff]$ 9 a measure :at is suff]$ !re4#a ,footnote #a3 ,quot$ by ,james 9 8 ,v>ieties1 p4 #adf4 ,normal individuals may come to a deep consci\sness ( hav+ left undone ! ?+s !y ought to h done1 ( hav+ done ! ?+s !y ought n to h done4 ,?is realization may be at once a consci\sness ( s91 & a desire = a new life4 ,if x is ! consci\sness ( s9 :i* becomes pr$om9ant1 !n a desolate & torm5t+ remorse engulfs ! individual4 ,b ! consci\sness ( s9 = ! religi\s becomes simply a prelude to entrance ^u a bett] life4 ,! aw>5ess ( pa/ s9s is comb9$ 9 ! religi\s1 especially 9 dev\t ,*ri/ians1 ) fai? 9 ,god's m]cy1 & 9 8 welcom+ ( ! p5it5t s9n]3 ,! sacrifices ( ,god are a brok5 _s2 a brok5 & a contrite he>t1 ,o ,god1 ?\ wilt n despise4 ,h m]cy ^u me1 ,o ,god2 accord+ to ?y lov+ k9dness1 blot out my transgressions4 ,wa% me ?r\ghly f m9e iniquity1 & cleanse me f my s94 ,= ,i ackn[l$ge my transgressions1 & my s9 is ev] be=e me4 ,purge me ) hyssop & ,i %all be clean2 wa% me1 & ,i %all be :it] ?an sn[4 ,aga9 ! ,new ,te/am5t call to rep5tance is symbolic ( ! exp]i5ce ( millions ( religi\s p4 ,rep5t ye1 = ! k+dom ( ,heav5 is at h&4 ,!re is a t]rible int5sity & imm$iate imp]ativ5ess ab\t ?is call4 ,b to all !re comes at "o "t or ano!r an urg5t s5se ( spiritual %ortcom+ & ! desire to lead a bett] life4 ,! lam5t+ ( s9s becomes ! lea/ "p2 :at is important is ! imm5se new impetus t[>d a bett] life4 ,! records ( religi\s conv]sion are full ( in/ances :]e m5 by ?is sudd5 p5it5tial revulsion f _! pa/ life & a />tl$ realization ( new spiritual possibilities1 h brok5 away p]man5tly f lifelong habitual vices4 ,james cites a case ( an exce$+ly bellig]5t & pugili/ic colli] nam$ ,ri*>d ,weav]1 :o 0 by a sudd5 conv]sion to religion n only made av]se to fight+1 b p]si/5tly meek & g5tle "u provocation4 ,simil> cases1 g5u9e & well docum5t$1 fill ! ar*ives ( religi\s psy*ology4 ,! religi\s man 9 rep5t+ kn[s t ,god w1 if 8 rep5tance is s9c]e1 =give him1 & su/a9 & support him 9 8 new life4 ,i say unto y t likewise ,joy %all be 9 ,heav5 ov] "o s9n] t rep5te?1 m ?an ov] n9ety & n9e j p]sons :i* ne$ no rep5tance4 ,i say unto y !re is joy 9 ! pres5ce ( ! angels ( ,god ov] "o s9n] t rep5te?4#a ,footnote #a3 ,luke1 #ae3 #g1aj4 ,:ile regret ov] s91 ali5ation f a pa/ life ( evil1 & a p]si/5t d$ication to a purifi$ & righte\s exi/5ce con/itute1 spiritually1 ! ph5om5a ( rep5tance & conv]sion1 rep5tance has _h 9 religion c]ta9 fix$ outw>d =ms4 ,if s9 _h be5 committ$1 m]ely inw>d spiritual realization 0 n suffici5t1 p5ance mu/ be done4 ,p5ance 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 public4 ,lat] p5ance became a private matt] 7public p5ance 0 suppress$ by an ord9ance ( ,pope ,leo ,i 9 #dfa ,a4,d474 ,private p5ance took v>i\s famili> =ms1 su* z sc\rg+s1 fa/+s on bread & wat]1 recit+ a giv5 numb] ( psalms1 pray]s1 & ! l4 ,lat] p5alties c\ld be r$eem$ by alms4 ,a p5it5t w\ld be excus$ f ! prescrib$ works ( p5ance at ! co/1 e4 g41 ( equipp+ a soldi] = ! crusade1 ( build+ a bridge or road4 ,gradually 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 p5ances h be5 light5$4 ,9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 ) ! enunciation ( ! pr9ciple ( ju/ification ?r\gh fai? alone !re c\ld be no sacram5t ( p5ance4 ,"o =m 9 :i* ! p5it5tial mood receives expression is 9 confession 9 :i* ! p5it5t ackn[l$ges 8 s9s4 ,!re is no space "h to trace ! developm5t ( ?is practice 9 religion4 ,x mu/ suffice to po9t out t psy*ologically x is a cleans+ or purgation4 ,x cle>s ! moral atmosph]e4 ,x is a relief to ! torm5t$ & remorseful s\l to say ,peccavi1 & to confide ei!r directly or indirectly to ! div9e ! burd5 ( 8 s9s4 ,x is = _m p ! necess>y pre-condition1 z x is 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 to p5it5ce & ! actual p]=mance ( p5ance4 ,! psy*ological value ( confession v>ies ) individual temp]am5ts2 = _m x is high4 ,!re are few s self-conta9$ & self-suffici5t t !y d n seek to express _! emotions to o!rs4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! greg>i\s human creature %\ld f9d confession a re/orative & a solace4 ,human be+s are n only natively responsive to ! emotions ( o!rs1 b by nature t5d to express _! own emotions & to be gratifi$ by a sympa!tic response4 ,emotions ( any sort1 joy\s or sorr[ful1 f9d "s articulation4 ,! oppressive consci\sness ( s9 p>ticul>ly mu/ f9d an outlet 9 expression4 ,& ! expression ( s9 mu/ some:]e be receiv$4 ,! wrong done rankles heavily 9 ! private bosom4 ,! crucifi$ s\l dem&s a sympa!tic _s to receive its pa9ful & p]sonal revelation4 ,he t w\ld confess 8 s9s requires a li/5] ( a l>ge & und]/&+ he>t4 ,j su* a m]ciful1 =giv+1 & und]/&+ fri5d is ! ,god :om ,*ri/ianity pictures4 ,god waits ) inf9ite pati5ce = ! confessions & ! surr5d] ( ! contrite he>t4 ,! normal human desire to rid "o's self ( a torm5t+ secret1 to ext]iorize "o's rott5ness1 f9ds satisfaction on an exalt$ plane 9 confession to ,god1 or to 8 appo9t$ m9i/]s4 ,,joy ,,& ,,en?usiasm--,,fe/ivals ,,& ,,?anksgiv+s4 ,s f> our acc\nt has be5 conf9$ to exp]i5ces 9 :i* man felt ! ne$ or fe> ( ! div9e1 because ( 8 own desires1 weaknesses1 or s9s4 ,b humans f9d religi\s expression = m joy\s emotions4 ,ev5 primitive man lives n always 9 t]ror or 9 tribulation4 ,!re are occasions1 su* z pl5tiful h>ve/s1 successful hunt+1 ! bir? ( *ildr51 :i* /ir him to expressions ( en?usia/ic appreciation & gratitude t[>d ! div9e4 ,"s ( ! s-call$ ,dionysiac fe/ivals 9 anci5t ,greece are examples ( ! en?usiasm1 joy1 & ab\nd+ vitality to :i* religion has1 among s _m o!r human exp]i5ces1 giv5 expression4 ,9 ! religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 aga91 we f9d t ! ,psalmi/ is "t & aga9 fill$ ) rejoic+3 ,o give ?anks unto ! ,"l1 = he is good1 & 8 m]cy endure? =ev]4 ,let ! r$eem$ ( ! ,"l say s1 :om he ha? r$eem$ f ! h& ( ! enemy4 ,& he ga!r$ !m out ( ! l&s f ! ea/ & f ! we/1 f ! nor? & f ! s\?4 ,!y w&]$ 9 ! wild]ness 9 a solit>y way2 !y f\nd no city to dwell 94 ,hungry & ?ir/y _! s\l fa9t$ 9 !m4 ,!n !y cri$ unto ! ,"l 9 _! tr\ble1 & he deliv]$ !m out ( _! di/resses4 ,& he l$ !m =? by ! "r way t !y might g to a city ( habitation4 ,o t m5 w\ld praise ! ,"l = 8 goodness1 & = 8 wond]ful works to ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,= he satisfie? ! long+ s\l & fille? ! hungry he>t ) goodness4 ,nor ne$ ?is rejoic+ be always an explicit ?anksgiv+ = favors receiv$4 ,x may be1 z 7 ! di?yrambic fe/ivals ( ,greece1 ! riot\s ov]fl[ ( en?usiasm1 a joy\s1 sympa!tic exub]ance ) ! vital processes ( ,nature4 ,dionysos /ood = f]tility1 life1 gladness1 all ! positive1 passionate1 & jubilant aspects ( ,nature4 ,& ! well-kn[n satyr *oruses1 ! w9e & dance & song ( ! ,greek spr+ fe/ivals1 are classic & beautiful illu/rations ( ! religion ( en?usiasm4 ,euripides gives voice to ?is _s 9 ! song ( ! ,mnads 9 ! ,bac*oe3 ,w !y ev] come to me1 ev] aga91 ,! long1 long dances1 ,on ?r\gh ! d>k till ! dim />s wane8 ,%all ,i feel ! dew on my ?roat & ! /ream ,( w9d 9 my hair8 ,%all our :ite feet gleam ,9 ! dim expanses8 ,o feet ( a fawn to ! gre5w>d fl$1 ,alone 9 ! grass & ! lovel9ess8#a ,footnote #a3 ,euripides3 ,bac*oe 7,gilb]t ,murray translation74 ,e religion has its fe/ival z well z its fa/ days4 ,sacrifices come to be held less z (f]+s to jeal\s gods ?an z sacrificial fea/s1 9 :i* ! wor%ip]s !mselves p>take1 z opportunities = communal rejoic+s & = fri5dly fell[%ip ) div9ity4 ,at sacrificial fea/s x is z if ! gods !mselves 7 at table4 ,dance & song are a regul> accompanim5t ( primitive religion4 ,/ud5ts ( ,greek drama1 su* z ,jane ,h>rison & ,gilb]t ,murray1 trace ,greek trag$y back to ! *oruses & dances ( e>ly ,dionysiac fe/ivals4 ,?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( religion n only h man's sorr[ & ne$ be5 express$1 b also 8 sympa!tic gladness ) vitality1 f]tility1 & gr[?1 8 rejoic+s ov] ! fruitions & glad ev5tualities ( exp]i5ce4 ,man has felt ! decay & evanesc5ce ( human goods4 ,he has felt also ! exub]ance ( natural processes1 ! triumph ( life ov] dea? :5 a *ild is born1 ! r5ewal ( life by food1 ! recurr5ce ( gr[? & f]tility 9 ! processes ( ! seasons1 ( s[+ & ( h>ve/4 ,& = all ^! enri*m5ts & enl>gem5ts ( life1 he has rejoic$1 & f\nd rituals to express 8 rejoic+s4 ,he has _h ! impulse & ! en]gy to s+ unto ! ,"l a new song4 ,,!ology4 ,?us f> we h discuss$ ! religi\s exp]i5ce z an exp]i5ce1 z normal1 natural1 & inevitable z are love & hate1 melan*oly & exaltation1 joy & sorr[4 ,l ^! latt]1 ! religi\s exp]i5ce is subject$ to rationalization4 ,l all o!r emotions1 t ( religion f9ds = itself a logic & a ju/ification4 ,b s pr(\ndly influ5tial is cosmic emotion on m5's lives t :5 x is reason$ ^u1 ! results are no?+ less ?an an attitude tak5 t[>d ! :ole ( reality4 ,!ology arises z a _w view =mulat$ 9 accordance ) a reason$ int]pretation ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,x mu/ be not$ aga9 t ! exp]i5ce is prim>y4 ,if m5 _h n fir/ _h ! exp]i5ce ( religion1 !y w\ld n h reflect$ ab\t x4 ,e contact ( ! individual ) ! _w to "s degree ar\ses emotion & provokes ?\ght4 ,x is n diff]5t ) religion4 ,t !ologies %\ld diff] & conflict is n surpris+4 ,no two individuals1 no two gr\ps or ages h precisely ! same exp]i5ces ( ! _w1 & _! reason+s ^u _! religi\s feel+s are b\nd to diff]1 ov]lap1 & at times to conflict4 ,! v>iety ( _w views are te/imony to ! g5u95ess ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce z x fulfills ! diff]5t ne$s1 emotions1 & desires ( diff]5t ages1 gr\ps1 & g5]ations ( m54 ,,! ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,div9e4 ,reason+s ^u religion exhibit1 l ! religi\s emotions1 c]ta9 recurr5t features4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ place1 a c]ta9 univ]sality 9 ! description ( ! objects ( v5]ation4 ,^! are ne>ly always reg>d$ z self-suffici5t 9 contra/ ) man4 ,man seeks1 /rives1 desires1 has p>tial triumphs & pitiful failures1 is always 9 travail aft] "s ideal4 ,8 life is incomplete2 at be/ x is a high aspiration2 x is nev] really fulfill$4 ,b div9ity has ne>ly always be5 reg>d$ z seek+ no?+1 ask+ no?+1 ne$+ no?+4 ,?is is :at inf9ity 9 practical t]ms means4 ,&1 ) c]ta9 exceptions pres5tly to be not$1 ! div9e p[] has always be5 reg>d$ z inf9ite4 ,?us ,ari/otle says t 9 man's be/ mom5ts1 :5 he lives 9 reflection a life ( self-suffici5cy1 he lives j su* a life z ,god lives cont9ually4 ,& ,plato describes ! philosoph] z a man :o because he c live1 at lea/ tempor>ily1 amid et]nal1 *angeless beauty & tru?1 lives 9 recollection among ^? ?+s among :i* ,god always abides1 & 9 behold+ :i* ,god is :at he is4 ,lucretius also gives a simple picture ( ! ev5 calmness & /ill1 ev5 security ( ! life ( ! gods z he & all ! ,epicureans conceiv$ x4 ,t5nyson p>aphrases ! picture3 444,! ,gods1 :o haunt ,! lucid int]space ( _w & _w1 ,:]e nev] creeps a cl\d1 or moves a w9d1 ,nor ev] falls ! lea/ :ite /> ( sn[1 ,nor ev] l[e/ roll ( ?und] moans1 ,nor s\nd ( human sorr[ m\nts to m> ,_! sacr$ ev]la/+ calm6#a ,footnote #a3 ,t5nyson3 ,lucretius4 ,div9ity has1 aga91 q univ]sally be5 recogniz$ z ex]t+ ov] ! individual a compell+ p[]1 & ( insi/5tly ar\s+ 8 v5]ation4 ,! psy*ological orig9s ( ?is ph5om5on h already be5 not$4 ,m5 fe>1 ne$1 feel !mselves dep5d5t on ! gods4 ,b fur!r ?an ?is _m religi\s ?9k]s hold t man _c ev5 be aw>e ( ! div9e p[] )\t wi%+ to adju/ himself h>moni\sly to x4 ,& !y hold1 z did ,immanuel ,kant1 t man is born ) an aw>5ess ( ! div9e4 ,! attributes ( div9ity h be5 diff]5tly assign$ at diff]5t times 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,9 g5]al two qualities h be5 reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic3 p[] & goodness4 ,9 primitive belief1 ! fir/ receiv$ ! pr$om9ant emphasis2 ! high] religions h emphasiz$ ! second4 ,= savage man1 z we h se51 ! div9e p]sonages 7 conceiv$ 9 effect z human be+s ) sup]human p[]s4 ,!y 7 fe>$ & flatt]$1 ne$$ & prais$4 ,adju/m5t to !m 0 a practical1 imp]ative necessity4 ,!y comb9$ inf9ite capacity ) human & f9ite caprice4 ,! att5tion !y receiv$ f humans 0 di/9ctly utilit>ian 9 "*4 ,^! =ces ( w9d & sun & ra9 might be brutal or b5ignant4 ,primitive man e/abli%$1 !re=e1 a sy/em ( magic1 sacrifice1 & pray]1 :]eby he might m9imize ! prec>i\sness ( exi/5ce1 & keep ! gods on 8 side4 ,9 ! m spirituali/ic mono!i/ic religions1 :ile ! p[] ( ,god has be5 insi/5tly reit]at$1 !re has be5 an increas+ emphasis ^u ! div9e goodness4 ,! ,psalmi/ is cont9ually ref]r+ to bo?3 ,praise ye ! ,"l4 ,o give ?anks unto ! ,"l2 = he is good3 = 8 m]cy endure? =ev]4 ,:o c utt] ! mighty acts ( ! ,"l8 4 4 4 4 4 ,oh t m5 w\ld praise ! ,"l = 8 goodness1 & = 8 wond]ful works to ! *ildr5 ( m56 ,= he ha? brok5 ! gates ( brass1 & cut ! b>s ( iron 9 sund]4 ,wra? & t]ror gradually give place to m]cy & b5evol5ce z ! prim>y attributes ( ! div9e4 ,! p[] ( ,god1 9 ,*ri/ianity1 = example1 is /ill reg>d$ z unlimit$1 b x is completely exp5d$ 9 ! lov+ salvation ( mank9d4 ,:]e ! div9ity has ceas$ to be a willful p[] & has become in/ead ! ,god ( m]cy & lov+ k9dness1 x is no long] necess>y to placate him by mat]ial sacrifice1 to w9 8 favor by trivial e>?ly gifts4 ,div9e favor is s\ght r by aspiration aft] & ! practice ( a bett] life4 ,! mighty b caprici\s deity gives place to ! ,god ( unfail+ *>ity & love4 ,"o e>ns ,god's m]cies by walk+ 9 ! ways ( ! ,"l4 ,bless$ are ! pure 9 he>t1 = !y %all see ,god4444 ,bless$ are !y :i* d hung] & ?ir/ aft] righte\sness1 = !y %all be fill$4 ,9 bo? ,*ri/ianity & ,judaism1 ,god's grace & m]cies g always to ! pure 9 he>t1 & ! righte\s 9 _s4 ,:at do? ! ,"l require ( !e1 proclaims ,micah1 b to d ju/ly1 & to love m]cy & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god8 ,,! ,,div9e ,,z ,,! ,,human ,,ideal4 ,!re has be5 9 c]ta9 latt]-day philosophies1 a t5d5cy to int]pret ! div9e z ! objectification ( human ideals4 ,t is1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 m5 h f\nd 9 _! imag9$ div9ities ! fulfillm5t ( ideals t !y c\ld nev] h realiz$ on e>?4 ,m51 says ?is !ory1 long to be immortal1 s !y imag9e gods :o are4 ,f9ite man has inf9ite desires4 ,9 ,god is inf9ite fulfillm5t ?r\gh et]nity4 ,no m5 are all good2 "s desire to be4 ,su* fulfillm5t !y f9d 9 ! div9e4 ,our conception ( ,god is an index ( our own ideals4 ,:5 m5 7 savages1 _! div9ity 0 a jeal\s mon/]4 ,9 ! ref9em5t & spiritualization ( ! human imag9ation1 div9ity becomes all-beautiful & all-b5evol5t z well z ! wield] ( inf9ite p[]4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill gives possibly ! cle>e/ expression to ?is attitude :i* is1 if n 9 ! /ricte/ s5se religi\s1 at lea/ deeply spiritual3 ,religion & poetry address !mselves1 at lea/ 9 "o ( _! aspects1 to ! same "p ( ! human con/itution2 !y bo? supply ! same want1 t ( ideal conceptions gr&] & m beautiful ?an we see realiz$ 9 ! prose ( human life4 ,religion1 z di/+ui%$ f poetry1 is ! product ( ! crav+ to "k :e!r ^! imag9ative conceptions h realities1 answ]+ to !m 9 "s o!r _w ?an ours4 ,! m9d1 9 ?is /ate1 eag]ly cat*es at any rumors respect+ o!r worlds1 especially :5 deliv]$ by p]sons :om x deems wis] ?an itself4 ,to ! poetry ( ! sup]natural1 comes to be ?us add$ a positive belief & expectation1 :i* unpoetical m9ds c %>e ) ! poetical4 ,belief 9 a ,god or gods1 & 9 a life aft] dea?1 becomes ! canvas :i* e m9d1 accord+ to its capacity1 cov]s ) su* ideal pictures z x c ei!r inv5t or copy4 ,9 t o!r life ea* hopes to f9d ! good :i* he has fail$ to f9d on e>?1 or ! bett] :i* is sugge/$ to him by ! good :i* on e>? he has p>tially se5 & kn[n4 ,m especially ?is belief supplies ! f9] m9ds ) mat]ial = conceptions ( be+s m awful ?an !y c h kn[n on e>?1 & m excell5t ?an !y probably h kn[n4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mill3 ,?ree ,essays on ,religion 7,h5ry ,holt ,co471 pp4 #ajc-jd4 ,9 8 religion1 ,mill ma9ta9s1 man ?us f9ds ! fulfillm5t ( unfulfill$ desire4 ,religion is ?us conceiv$ z an imag9ative ent]prise ( a v high & satisfy+ k9d4 ,x peoples ! _w ) p]fections1 n true p]haps to actual exp]i5ce1 b true to man's highe/ aspirations4 ,x gives man companion%ip ) div9ity at lea/ 9 imag9ation4 ,x enables him to live1 at lea/ spiritually1 9 su* a univ]se z 8 highe/ hopes & desires w\ld h him live 91 9 fact4 ,x mu/ be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t ! dev\tly religi\s d n reg>d _! ,god z a beautiful fiction1 b z a de> reality :om !y c s]5ely tru/ & love1 & ^: exi/5ce is ! c]ta9 fai? by :i* !y live4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,exp]i5ce1 ,,!ology1 ,,& ,,sci5ce4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t !ology is ! reason$ =mulation ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce :i* comes to m5 ) v>y+ degrees ( int5sity1 or ! revelation by :i* "s man1 a ,moses or a ,mohamm$1 has be5 inspir$4 ,su* a =mulation has a dual importance4 ,= ! individual x br+s cl>ity1 ord]1 & /ability into 8 religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,= ! gr\p1 x makes possible ! social transmission ( religi\s conceptions & ideals4 ,reason 9 a man's religion1 z 9 any o!r exp]i5ce1 introduces /ability1 consi/5cy1 & ord]4 ,x makes di/9ctions2 x resolves d\bts1 confusions1 & unc]ta9ties4 ,x is true t !re h be5 9 religion1 z 9 politics & morals1 rebels aga9/ reason4 ,!re h be5 my/ics :o pref]r$ _! w>m ec/atic visions to ! cold =mulations & ab/ractions ( !ology4 ,b !re h be51 on ! o!r h&1 ^? gift$ or h&icapp$1 accord+ to "o's po9t ( view1 by an insi/5ce on reason z well z rapture 9 _! religion4 ,^! h n be5 satisfi$ ) an intuition ( ,god4 ,!y h wi%$ to "k ,god1 z ! highe/ possible object ( k4 ,?us 9 ! ,middle ,ages philosophy & sci5ce 7 reg>d$ z ! ,h&maids ( ,!ology4 ,all 0 d$icat$ to1 z no?+ c\ld be m important ?an1 a k ( ,god4 ,s we h1 9 contra/ ) ec/atic visions ( ,god1 ! plodd+ analysis ( ! s*ola/ics1 ! subtle & clean-cut logic by :i* su* m5 z ,sa9t ,anselm s\ght to give =m1 cl>ity1 & ultimacy to _! s5se ( ! reality ( ,god4 ,!re has possibly n[h]e 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght be5 subtl] & m ?or\ghgo+ analysis ?an "s ( ! m$ival s*oolm5 lavi%$ ^u ! cl>ification & demon/ration ( ! concept ( ,god4 ,! necessity = reason+ ^u "o's s5se ( ! reality ( ! div9e1 z x 0 felt by _m m$ival s*oolm51 is ?us /at$ by "o hi/orian3 ,anselm1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury 444 is ! true type ( ! s*oolman2 firmly conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! dogmas & yet possess$ ( a /rong philosophical impulse1 he seeks to prove to reason :at has to be accept$ on au?ority4 ,he bravely includes 9 8 attempt to rationalize ! fai? n only su* g5]al propositions z ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 b ! entire *ur* s*eme ( salvation1 ! ,tr9ity1 & ,inc>nation1 & ! ,r$emption ( man4 ,we mu/ believe ! ,ca?olic doctr9e--t is beyond cavil--b we %\ld also try to und]/& :at we believe1 und]/& :y x is true4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?illy3 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 p4 #afi4 ,b !ology has public z well z purely private importance4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t religion is a social habit z well z a p]sonal activity4 ,f primitive life d[n to our own day1 religion has be5 intimately associat$ ) ! o!r social activities ( a p1 & has inde$ be5 "o ( ! *ief in/itutions ( moral & social control4 ,e?ical /&>ds h be5 until v rec5t times 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,europe almo/ exclusively d]iv$ f religion4 ,:]e ! religi\s exp]i5ce is ( su* crucial importance1 x has be5 necess>y to give x a fix$ =m & cont5t :i* might be us$ to initiate ! "y & ! outsid]4 ,!ology1 ?\gh ess5tially a product ( reflection ^u ! religi\s exp]i5ce itself1 t5ds to incorporate extra-religi\s mat]ial into its sy/em4 ,9 its demon/ration ( ! div9e ord] & ( man's relation%ip to ! div9e1 x incorporates bo? sci5ce & hi/ory4 ,sci5ce becomes = x ! manife/ation ( ! div9e arrangem5ts ( ! univ]se2 hi/ory becomes a revelation ( ! div9e purpose & its realization4 ,9 primitive belief sci5ce & religion are practically indi/+ui%able f ea* o!r4 ,! way ( ! gods is ! way ( ! univ]se4 ,! attribution ( p]sonal motives to ! gods 0 primitive man's lit]al & s]i\s way ( conceiv+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! cosmos4 ,he believ$ himself actually to be liv+ 9 a _w gov]n$ by liv+ & p]sonal p[]s1 an animi/ic _w4 ,! my?s :i* describe ! bir? & life ( ! gods1 ! creation ( man1 ! be/[+ ( ! gift ( fire are conceiv$ z ! lit]al & natural hi/ory ( creation4 ,*ri/ianity af=ds a /rik+ example ( h[ !ology incorporates sci5ce & natural hi/ory into its _w view4 ,= ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 natural sci5ce 0 int]e/+ & useful 9 s f> z x illu/rat$1 :i* x did1 ! ways ( ,god ^u e>?4 ,! sole int]e/ ( ! ,fa!rs 9 natural fact1 writes ,h5ry ,osborn ,taylor1 lay 9 its confirmatory evid5ce ( ,scriptural tru?4 ,!y 7 con/antly impell$ to und]/& facts 9 con=mity ) _! und]/&+ ( ,scripture1 & to accept or d5y accord+ly4 ,?us ,augu/9e d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ,antipodes1 m5 on ! opposite side ( ! e>?1 :o walk ) _! feet opposite to our own4 ,t did n h>monize ) 8 g5]al conception ( spiritual cosmogony4#a ,footnote #a3 ,h4 ,o4 ,taylor3 ,! ,m$ioeval ,m9d1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ge-gf4 ,all ! natural sci5ce curr5t1 z repres5t$1 = example1 9 ! compilation call$ ! ,physailogus1 is us$ z symbolical ( ! ways ( ! ,"l to man4 ,! ,pelican is di/+ui%$ by its love = its "y4 ,z ^! beg9 to gr[ !y /rike at _! p>5ts' faces1 & ! p>5ts /rike back & kill !m4 ,!n ! p>5ts take pity1 & on ! ?ird day ! "m comes & op5s h] side & lets ! blood fl[ on ! dead "y ones1 & !y become alive aga94 ,?us ,god ca/ (f mank9d aft] ! ,fall1 & deliv]$ !m ov] to dea?2 b he took pity on u1 z a "m1 = by ! ,crucifixion ,he awoke u ) ,8 blood to et]nal life4#b ,footnote #b3 ,?illy3 loc4 cit41 p4 #gf4 ,hi/ory is treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,ne>ly all ! hi/ories writt5 by ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs 7 writt5 9 delib]ate advocacy ( ! ,fai?4 ,x 0 to sil5ce ! h]esies ( ^? :o attribut$ to ! ,*ur* ! entrance ( ,al>ic into ,rome t ,augu/9e wrote 8 fam\s ,city ( ,god4 ,! :ole ( hi/ory is a revelation ( ! div9e purpose :i* is ev5tually to be fulfill$4 ,orosius1 aga91 a disciple ( ,augu/9e1 wrote 8 ,sev5 ,books ( ,hi/ories aga9/ ! ,pagans to prove ! abundance ( calamities :i* _h afflict$ mank9d be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,he ga!rs toge!r all ! evid5ce he c to exhibit at once ! pati5ce & ! p[] ( ,god4 ,/rait5$ & anxi\s m9ds might n be able to see ! purpose always1 b all 0 orda9$ = "o end4 ,?us he writes at ! beg9n+ ( 8 sev5? book3 ,! human race f ! beg9n+ 0 s creat$ & appo9t$ t liv+ "u religion ) peace )\t labor1 by ! fruit ( ob$i5ce x might m]it et]nity2 b x abus$ ! ,creator's goodness1 turn$ lib]ty into wilful lic5se1 & ?r\gh disda9 fell into =getfulness2 n[ ! pati5ce ( ,god is j & d\bly j1 op]at+ t ?is disda9 might n :olly ru9 ^? :om ,he wi%$ to sp>e 444 & also s t ,he might always hold out guidance al?\gh to an ignorant creature1 to :om if p5it5t ,he w\ld m]cifully re/ore ! means to grace4#a ,footnote #a3 ,orosius3 ,sev5 ,books ( ,hi/ories aga9/ ! ,pagans1 ,,ii1 #c4 ,hi/ory ?us comes to reveal ! fulfillm5t ( ! div9e purpose1 z sci5ce reveals ! div9e arrangem5ts ( ! univ]se4 ,x has already be5 not$ t !ology1 c]ta9ly ,*ri/ian !ology1 ma9ta9s t ,god is all-good4 ,9 consequ5ce ! natural _w :i* sci5tific inquiry reveals mu/ be all-good 9 its op]ations & its fruits4 ,! hi/ory ( ! univ]se mu/ be a /eady & unfalt]+ fulfillm5t ( ! div9e1 ( ! b5efic5t et]nal purpose4 ,! ways ( ! ,almighty1 s !ology tells u1 are j ways1 & ! univ]se 9 :i* we live1 s !ology tells u1 is a revelation ( t ju/ice4 ,! eighte5? c5tury natural !ologians sp5t mu* en]gy 9 demon/rat+ h[ p]fectly adapt$ to 8 ne$s are man's natural environm5t & 8 organic /ructure4 ,!y po9t$ to ! eye ) its delicate membranes s subtly adapt$ to ! function ( sight4 ,all ,nature 0 a cont9u\s & magnific5t revelation ( ,god's designs1 :i* 7 good4 ,*ri/ian ,wolff1 = example1 a rationali/ic !ologian ( ! late eighte5? c5tury1 writes3 ,god has creat$ ! sun to keep ! *angeable conditions on ! e>? 9 su* an ord] t liv+ creatures1 m5 & bea/s1 may inhabit its surface4444 ,! sun makes daylight n only on our e>?1 b also on ! o!r planets2 & daylight is ( ! utmo/ utility to u2 = by its means we c commodi\sly c>ry on ^? occupations :i* 9 ! night-"t w\ld ei!r be q impossible1 or at any rate impossible )\t our go+ to ! exp5se ( artificial light4#b ,footnote #b3 ,*ri/ian ,wolff3 ,v]nnftige ,g$ank5 von d5 ,absi*t5 d] natrli*5 ,d+e1 #aghb1 pp4 #gd ff42 quot$ by ,james 9 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4#dib4 ,,me*ani/ic ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,!ology4 ,) ! rise ( me*ani/ic sci5ce !re has come ab\t a %>p collision betwe5 ! conception ( ! goodness ( ! univ]se z !ology decl>es x1 & ( its bl9dnesses & indiff]5ce z sci5ce seems to unfold x to u4 ,contra/ ! picture ( a cosmos :i* 0 delib]ately & consid]ately made by ,god to s]ve e exig5cy ( man's welf>e1 ) ! picture e>li] quot$ f ,b]tr& ,russell z ! natural sci5ti/ gives x to u4 ,x is no long] easy to say ! ,heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god1 & ! firmam5t %[e? 8 h&iwork4 ,z f> z we c see natural processes g on )\t ! slighte/ ref]5ce to ! welf>e ( man1 :o is b an accid5tal product ( _! indiff]5t =ces4 ,! univ]se is a sy/em ( bl9d regul>ities4 ,omnipot5t matt] rolls on its rel5tless way4 ,nature is ?or\ghly imp]sonal1 & inde$1 7 x to be judg$ by p]sonal or human /&>ds1 x c\ld ) m accuracy be ma9ta9$ t x is evil ?an t x is good4 ,z ,mill puts x 9 a fam\s passage3 ,9 sob] tru?1 ne>ly all ! ?+s :i* m5 are hang$ or imprison$ = do+ to "o ano!r1 are ,nature's ev]yday p]=mances4 ,kill+1 ! mo/ crim9al act recogniz$ by human laws1 ,nature does once to e be+ t lives1 & 9 a l>ge proportion ( cases1 aft] protract$ tortures su* z only ! greate/ mon/]s :om we read ( ev] purposely inflict$ on _! liv+ fell[-creatures4444 ,nature impales m51 breaks !m z if on ! :eel1 ca/s !m to be dev\r$ by wild bea/s1 burns !m to dea?1 cru%es !m ) /ones l ! fir/ ,*ri/ian m>tyr1 />ves !m ) hung]1 freezes !m ) cold1 poisons !m by ! quick or sl[ v5om ( h] exhalations4444 ,a s+le hurricane de/roys ! hopes ( a season2 a flight ( locu/s or an inundation desolates a di/rict2 a trifl+ *emical *ange 9 an edible root />ves a million ( p4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mill3 ,?ree ,essays on ,religion 7,holt71 pp4 #bh-cj4 ,! !ology :i* insi/s on ! pat5t & ubiquit\s evid5ces ( ,god's b5efic5t purpose1 attempts1 z already po9t$ out1 to demon/rate t purpose 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,or?odox ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 = example1 insi/s t man has be5 especially creat$ by ,god1 z 7 ! o!r animals ea* aft] _! k9d1 & t man's ultimate & unique de/9y is salvation ?r\gh ,god's grace4 ,man 0 creat$ 9 p]fection 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 s9n$1 & w1 ?r\gh ,god's m]cy1 f9d ev5tual r$emption4 ,foll[+ ! publication ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 9 #ahei1 ! rapid spread ( evolution>y doctr9e ar\s$ viol5t opposition on ! "p ( ,*ri/ian ?9k]s & dev\t ,*ri/ians g5]ally4 ,9 ! fir/ place x conflict$ %>ply ) ! or?odox v]sion ( special creation4 ,secondly1 x made m difficult ! insi/5ce on m>ks ( design or purpose 9 ,nature4 ,^! two po9ts w be cle>] aft] a brief consid]ation ( ! nature ( ,d>w9ian evolution1 ) ^: ?or\ghgo+ me*anical pr9ciples n9ete5?-c5tury !ology came mo/ bitt]ly 9 conflict4 ,! !ory expla9s ! orig9s ( species1 some:at z foll[s3 ,! v>iety ( species n[ curr5t develop$ out ( simpl] =ms ( animal life1 f :i* !y are l9eally desc5d$4 ,_! pres5t =ms & /ructures are modifications f ! common =ms possess$ by _! remote ance/ors4 ,^! modifications are1 9 ! /rict] =ms ( ,d>w9ian evolution1 expla9$ 9 me*anical t]ms by ! !ory ( ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,t is1 ^? animals ) v>iations adapt$ to _! environm5t survive2 ^? )\t1 p]i%4 ,9 consequ5ce :5 any individual 9 a species happ5s to be born ) a v>iation specially adapt$ to its environm5t1 9 ! %>p /ruggle = exi/5ce t *>act]izes animal life 9 a /ate ( nature1 x alone w be able to survive & reproduce its k9d4 ,all ! v>iations ( species curr5t are1 !re=e1 examples ( ?is cont9u\s process ( desc5t ) adaptive modifications4 ,! orig9 ( ! human species came ab\t ?r\gh j su* a v>iation or mutation f "o ( ! high] mammals 7we h reason to believe1 a species simil> to t ( ! an?rapoid ape74 ,man's ance/ry1 x seems1 f ! sci5tific evid5ce :i* has be5 m>%al$1 may be trac$ back biologically1 9 an almo/ unbrok5 *a9 to unicellul> animals4#a ,footnote #a3 ,= detail$ discussion see ,scott3 ,!ory ( ,evolution4 ,?is !ory pr(\ndly affect$ !ological ?9k+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! evolution>y acc\nt n only ( ! orig9 ( man1 b ( ! orig9 ( all species1 z a desc5t ) modification f simpl]-animal =ms1 conflicts ) ! acc\nt ( special creation1 c]ta9ly 9 ! lit]al =m ( ! ,biblical /ory4 ,secondly1 ! argum5ts f design :i* _h be5 drawn f ! adaptation ( organic life to environm5t 71 if n disprov$1 at lea/ r5d]$ dubi\s4 ,al?\gh evolution did n acc\nt = ! fir/ appe>ance ( life on e>?1 x did acc\nt = ! processes ( adaptation1 & )\t invok+ design or purpose4 ,! eye1 = example1 z expla9$ by ! !ory ( evolution1 came to its pres5t p]fection ?r\gh a s]ies ( =tunate & cumulative v>iations ?r\gh successive g5]ations4 ,ev5 9 its imp]fect =m1 x 0 a v>iation ) high survival value4 ,ev5 :5 x 0 no m ?an a pigm5t$ spot peculi>ly s5sitive to light1 s ! !ory holds1 x 0 a v>iation t enabl$ a species to survive & p]petuate its k9d4 ,^? n possess+ ^! =tunate v>iations 7 wip$ out4 ,! process ( ,nature1 c]ta9ly1 9 ! developm5t ( biological life ?us appe>s to be no economical conv]g5ce ( means ^u an end4 ,nature has be5 recklessly prodigal4 ,millions m se$s ( life are produc$ ?an ev] come to fruition4 ,& only animals p]fectly adapt$ to _! environm5t survive1 :ile an incomp>ably great] numb] p]i%4 ,!ology1 :5 x incorporates sci5ce & sets itself up z a direct & factual description ( ! univ]se1 ?us comes %>ply 9 rivalry ) mod]n me*ani/ic sci5ce4 ,! conflict is crucial ) reg>d to ! purpose :i* !ology holds to be evid5t 9 ! univ]se1 & ! lack ( purpose1 ! purely bl9d regul>ity1 :i* sci5ce seems to reveal4 ,! me*anical laws by :i* natural processes take place exhibit a fix$ & *angeless regul>ity1 9 :i* man's good or ill c\nts absolutely no?+4 ,! e>? in/ead ( be+ ! c5t] ( ! sol> sy/em1 is a cosmic accid5t ?r[n out into space4 ,man in/ead ( be+ a little l[] ?an ! angels is reveal$ by sci5ce z a little high] ?an ! ape4 ,!re is no space 9 ^! pages to trace ! v>i\s reconciliations t h be5 made betwe5 !ology & sci5ce4 ,x mu/ be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t ,*ri/ian !ology has increas+ly accept$ mod]n me*ani/ic doctr9es1 includ+ ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,b x has attempt$ to %[ t1 grant+ all ! facts ( physical sci5ce1 ! univ]se does /ill exhibit ! div9e purpose & its ess5tial b5efic5ce4 ,! v ord] & symmetry ( physical law h be5 tak5 z te/imony ( div9e in/igation4 ,me*anism 0 set 9 motion by ,god4 ,9 answ] to ?is1 x is po9t$ out by ! non-!ologian t !n ,god's goodness _c be ma9ta9$4 ,me*anical processes are indiscrim9ate 9 _! di/ribution ( goods & evils to ! j & ! unju/3 ,all ?is ,nature does ) ! mo/ sup]cili\s disreg>d bo? ( m]cy & ( ju/ice1 empty+ h] %afts ^u ! be/ & noble/1 indiff]5tly ) ! meane/ & wor/2 ^u ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! highe/ & wor?ie/ ent]prises1 & (t5 z ! direct consequ5ce ( ! noble/ acts2 & x might almo/ be imag9$ z a puni%m5t = !m4 ,%e m[s d[n ^? on ^: exi/5ce hangs ! well-be+ ( a :ole p2 p]haps ! prospects ( ! human race = g5]ations to come1 ) z little compunction z ^? ^: dea? is a relief to !mselves1 or a bless+ to ^? "u _! noxi\s influ5ce4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mill3 ,?ree ,essays on ,religion 7,holt71 p4 #bi4 ,mod]n !ology sometimes grants ! app>5t reality ( ! evils :i* are curr5t 9 a me*ani/ic _w1 b insi/s t !y are mak+ = goods :i* we ) our f9ite und]/&+ _c compreh5d4 ,7 our intellig5ce inf9ite1 z is ,god's1 we %\ld see h[ someh[ good w be ! f9al goal ( ill4 ,evolution has also be5 expla9$ z ,god's me?od ( accompli%+ 8 ends4 ,by "s evolutioni/s1 ,dries* & ,b]gson = example1 evolution itself1 9 its /eady production ( high] types1 has be5 held to be too purposive 9 "* to p]mit ( a purely me*anical explanation4 ,! process ( evolution has itself ?us come to be tak5 by "s !ologians z a cle> manife/ation ( ,god's b5efic5t p[] at "w 9 ! univ]se4 ,b !ology1 9 ! m spirituali/ic religions1 has always insi/$ on ! primacy ( ,god's goodness4 ,!re has be51 !re=e1 9 c]ta9 !ological qu>t]s ! t5d5cy to surr5d] ! conception ( div9e omnipot5ce 9 ! face ( ! g5u9e human evils t are among ! fruits ( bl9d me*anical =ces4 ,! idea ( a f9ite ,god :o is inf9itely good 9 8 int5tions1 b limit$ 9 8 p[]s1 has be5 advocat$ by su* v>i\s types ( m9d z ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ,william ,james1 & ,h4 ,g4 ,wells4 ,! fir/ m5tion$ ( ^! writes3 ,"o only =m ( belief 9 ! sup]natural--"o !ory respect+ ! orig9 & gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se--/&s :olly cle> bo? ( intellectual contradiction & ( moral obliquity4 ,x is t :i*1 resign+ irrevocably ! idea ( an omnipot5t creator1 reg>ds ,nature & ,life n z ! expression ?r\gh\t ( ! moral "* & purpose ( ! ,deity1 b z ! product ( a /ruggle betwe5 contriv+ goodness & an intractable mat]ial1 z 0 believ$ by ,plato1 or a pr9ciple ( evil z 0 believ$ by ! ,mani*eans4 ,a cre$ l ?is 444 all[s x to be believ$ t all ! mass ( evils :i* exi/s 0 undesign$ by1 & exi/s n by ! appo9tm5t (1 b 9 spite ( ! ,be+ :om we are call$ ^u to wor%ip4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mill3 loc1 cit41 p4 #aaf4 ,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce4 ,:ile !re h ?us be5 g5u9e po9ts ( conflict betwe5 !ology & sci5ce1 ^! are ess5tially irrelevant to ! religi\s exp]i5ce itself4 ,man is /ill mov$ by ! same emotions1 s5sations1 ne$s1 & desires :i* h1 f ! dawn ( hi/ory1 provok$ 9 him a s5se ( 8 relation%ip ) ! div9e4 ,!re comes to ne>ly all individuals at "s "t1 n )\t rapture1 a sudd5 aw>5ess ( div9ity4 ,x is ! t]ror & beauty ( ph5om5a1 ! promise ( ! dawn & ( ! ra9b[1 ! voice ( ! ?und]1 ! g5tl5ess ( ! summ] ra91 ! sublimity ( ! />s1 & n ! physical laws :i* ^! ?+s foll[1 by :i* ! religi\s m9d cont9ues to be mo/ impress$2 & j z ( yore1 ! dev\t man tells y t 9 ! solitude ( 8 room or ( ! fields he /ill feels ! div9e pres5ce1 t infl[+ ( help come 9 reply to 8 pray]s1 & t sacrifices to ?is unse5 reality fill him ) security & peace4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james3 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #dih4 ,mod]n man1 j z 8 savage ance/or c[]+ be=e =ces he did n und]/&1 realizes sometimes--"s p]sons realize x always--h[ comp>atively helpless is man amid ! magnific5t & et]nal =ces 9 :i* 8 own life is inf9itesimally set4 ,ev5 :5 "o has be5 educat$ to ! sob] prose ( sci5ce1 "o feels /ill ! anci5t emotions ( joy1 sorr[1 & regret4 ,bir? & dea?1 s[+ & h>ve/1 conque/ or calamity1 z ( old1 evoke a sympa!tic feel+ ) ! movem5t ( cosmic processes4 ,all ( ^! emotions to-day1 z 9 less sophi/icat$ times1 may take religi\s =m4 ,nor does ! univ]se because we und]/& x bett] seem1 to _m1 less wor?y ( wor%ip4 ,! mo/ ?or\gh-go+ sci5tific g5iuses h felt mo/ deeply ! nobility & gr&eur ( t inf9ite h>mony & ord] :i* _! own g5ius has help$ to discov]4 ,x has be5 well said ! undev\t a/ronom] is mad4 ,& x is n only ! /ud5t ( ! />s :o has intimations ( div9ity4 ,z ,pr(essor ,keys] puts x3 ,! cosmic times & spaces ( mod]n sci5ce are m impressive & m my/]i\s ?an a ,mosaic cosmogony or ,plato's cry/al sph]es4 ,day is j z my/]i\s z night1 ! my/]y ( k is m wond]ful & awesome ?an ! d>kness ( ! unkn[n4#b ,x is significant t su* m5 z ,newton1 ,pa/eur1 & ,f>aday1 giants ( mod]n physical inquiry1 7 dev\tly religi\s4 ,footnote #b3 ,keys]3 ,sci5ce & ,religion1 p4 #cj4 ,x w\ld appe> inde$ t ! objects :i* m5 rev]e are n ! subject-matt] ( sci5ce4 ,physics & *emi/ry c tell u :at ,nature is l2 !y _c tell u to :at 9 ,nature we %all give our fai? & our allegiance4 ,religion rema9s1 z ev]1 loyalty to ! highe/ values ( life4 ,sci5ce in/ead ( mak+ ! _w less awesome has made x m my/]i\s ?an ev]4 ,orig9s & de/9ies are /ill unkn[n4 ,sci5ce tells h[2 x describes4 ,x does n tell :y ?+s occur z !y d2 or :at is ! significance ( _! occurr5ce4 ,wor%ip c nev] be r$uc$ to molecules or atoms4 ,:ile man lives & wond]s1 hopes & fe>s1 feels ! cle> beauty1 ! inf9ite my/]y1 & ! et]nal significance ( ?+s1 ! religi\s exp]i5ce w rema91 & m5 w f9d objects wor?y ( _! wor%ip4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,z ,a ,,social ,,in/itution4 ,religion be+ s crucial a set ( social habits1 in/itutions arise = ! p]petuation ( its traditions1 & = ! social expression ( ! religi\s life4 ,! *ur*es p]petuate ! religi\s tradition 9 a numb] ( ways4 ,fix$ ecclesia/ical sy/ems1 recitals & def9itions ( cre$s1 ! regul> & meticul\s p]=mance ( rites & c]emonies1 become p[]ful in/rum5ts = ! transmission ( religi\s ideas & /&>ds4 ,rites frequ5tly p]=m$ by m5 9 mass h a deep & mov+ influ5ce4 ,!y h at once all ! pressure & pre/ige ( cu/om1 confirm$ by ! my/]y & awe t att5ds any expression ( man's relation%ip to ! div9e4 ,! *ur*1 moreov]1 by ! m]e fact ( be+ an in/itution1 hav+ a hi]>*y1 an ord]$ proc$ure1 a def9ite assignm5t & division ( ecclesia/ical labor1 becomes !reby an incomp>able pres]v] & transmitt] ( traditional values4 ,*ur*es1 ecclesia/ical organizations 9 g5]al1 may be said to arise because ( ! necessity felt by m5 = int]m$i>ies betwe5 !mselves & ! div9e4 ,we h already se5 ( :at va/ practical mom5t 9 savage life 0 communication ) ! gods4 ,^u ! success ( su* addresses to deity1 dep5d$ n only ! salvation ( ! s\l1 b ! actual welf>e ( ! body--%elt]1 h>ve/1 & victory4 ,! gods among _m tribes 7 held to be meticul\s ab\t ! =ms & c]emonies :i* m5 address$ to !m4 ,9 consequ5ce x became important to h1 z x 71 exp]ts 9 ! sup]natural1 m5 :o knew h[ to w9 ! favor ( ^! wat*ful p[]s4 ,! prie/s 7 orig9ally id5tical ) m$ic9e m5 & magicians4 ,!y knew ! work+s ( ! provid5tial =ces4 ,9 _! h&s lay1 at lea/ indirectly1 ! welf>e ( ! tribe4 ,_! pr9cipal duties 7 to adm9i/] & give advice z to ! wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,(t5 x 0 necess>y = !m to po9t out to ! lay memb]s ( ! tribe :i* gods to wor%ip on special occasions4 ,! prie/s be+ accr$it$ ) a sup]ior k ( ! ways ( ! gods1 !y 7 requir$ to influ5ce ! w9d & ra91 to cause good gr[?1 to ensure success 9 hunt+ & fi%+1 to cure illness1 to =etell ! future1 to "w h>m ^u enemies4#a ,footnote #a3 ,= a detail$ discussion see ,ha/+s3 ,encyclopo$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bgh-cce4 ,!re is m ?an "o crit]ion by :i* m5 may be set ap>t z prie/s4 ,sometimes !y are ^? :o 9 a my/ic /ate ( ec/asy are suppos$ to be inspir$ by ! gods4 ,dur+ _! trance su* m5 are que/ion$ z to ! w ( ! div9e4 ,sometimes !y become r5[n$ ?r\gh _! reput$ p]=mance ( an occasional miracle4 ,aga91 z magical & religi\s c]emonies become m complicat$1 !re is a delib]ate tra9+ ( an exp]t class to p]=m ^! ess5tial acts4 ,&1 :atev] be ! s\rce ( ! selection ( ! prie/ly class1 ! imm5se influ5ce :i* _! functions are reg>d$ z hav+ on ! welf>e ( ! tribe causes !m to be p>ticul>ly rev]$ & (t5 fe>$ by ! lay memb]s ( ! tribe4 ,9 m civiliz$ & spiritual religions1 ! prie/ly or pr(essional ecclesia/ical class is no long] reg>d$ z possess$ ( magical p[]s by :i* x c co]ce div9ity4 ,x is ! (ficial adm9i/rator ( ! c]emonies ( religion1 is especially tra9$1 v]s$ & c]tificat$ 9 doctr9e1 is emp[]$ to receive confession1 fix p5ance1 & ! l4 ,x is /ill an int]m$i>y betwe5 man & ! div9e1 al?\gh itself n possess+ any sup]natural p[]s4 ,:]e ecclesia/ical organization is highly develop$ & has become controll+ 9 ! life ( a p1 x may be "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful =ces 9 social life4 ,su*1 = example1 might be said ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* dur+ ! ,middle ,ages3 ,a life 9 ! ,*ur*1 = ! ,*ur*1 ?r\gh ! ,*ur*2 a life :i* %e bless$ 9 mass at morn+ & s5t to peaceful re/ by ! vesp] hymn2 a life :i* %e support$ by ! con/antly recurr+ /imulus ( ! sacram5ts1 reliev+ x by confession1 purify+ x by p5ance1 admoni%+ x by ! pres5tation ( visible objects = contemplation & wor%ip--?is 0 ! life :i* !y ( ! ,middle ,ages conceiv$ z ! rightful life ( ,man2 x 0 ! actual life ( _m1 ! ideal ( all4#a ,footnote #a3 ,bryce3 ,holy ,roman ,empire1 p4 #dbc4 ,*ur*es may also come to acquire political functions4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* is = _m c5turies ! lead+ factor 9 ! political hi/ory ( ,europe1 nor is x only 9 ,*ri/5dom t political in/itutions h be5 inextricably associat$ ) religion4 ,religi\s in/itutions may1 z po9t$ out 9 ! case ( primitive tribes1 acquire educational functions4 ,! initiation c]emonies 9 ,au/ralian tribes h a m>k$ly religi\s "*4 ,9 ! high] & m mod]n religions educational functions /ill p]si/4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has be5 reg>d$ z ! educator ( ,europe4 ,*>lemagne's end[m5t & enc\ragem5t ( education 0 l>gely made effectual ?r\gh ! ,*ur*4 ,! gramm>ians & didactic writ]s1 ! poets1 ! encyclopdi/s1 ! tea*]s :om ,*>lemagne end[$ & ga!r$ ab\t him1 ! heads ( ! s*ools :i* he f\nd$1 7 all *ur*m54 ,until v rec5tly 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe ! univ]sities & education 9 g5]al 7 ne>ly all "u ! dom9ation ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! secul>ization ( prim>y education 9 ,engl& took place only late 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & x is n yet a g5]ation s9ce ! battle ov] ! secul>ization ( education 0 wag$ 9 ,france4 ,all religi\s sects ma9ta9 on a small] or l>g] scale educational functions4 ,p>o*ial & conv5t s*ools & d5om9ational colleges are contempor>y examples4 ,,! ,,social ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,in/itutionaliz$ ,,religion4 ,! consequ5ces ( in/itutionaliz$ religion 9 social developm5t h be5 v m>k$4 ,! m]e association ( l>ge gr\ps 9 a common fai? & a common religi\s int]e/ has be5 a consid]able factor 9 _! integration4 ,!re is to be not$ 9 ! fir/ place ! common emotional sympa?ies ar\s$ by ! p>ticipation ( great numb]s 9 id5tical rites & c]emonies4 ,any widespread social habit becomes weight$ ) emotional values = its memb]s4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is true ( religi\s habits1 ! my/]y & magnific5ce associat$ ) :i* deeply int5sify _! emotional influ5ce4 ,aga9 religi\s habits are giv5 a unanim\s & high social approval1 especially :]e ! prohibitions & comm&s en=c$ by religion are conceiv$ intimately to affect ! welf>e ( ! tribe4 ,! prophets reit]at$ to ! p ( ,israel t _! calamities 7 ! result ( _! hav+ ceas$ to foll[ 9 ! ways ( ! ,"l4 ,! possession ( a common religi\s hi/ory & tradition may also give a p a deep5$ s5se ( gr\p solid>ity4 ,! national developm5t ( ! anci5t ,hebrews 0 und\bt$ly promot$ by _! s5se ( be+ ! *os5 p1 ( possess+ exclusively ! law ( ,jehovah4 ,aga9 religi\s sanction is giv5 to codes ( belief1 modes ( conduct1 & to in/itutions1 ?us at once /r5g!n+ !m & mak+ *ange difficult4 ,x is n m]ely cu/oms t are obey$ & disobey$1 b ! sacr$ comm&s4 ,a premium is put ^u ! regul> & traditional because ( ! div9e sanction associat$ ) !m4 ,to violate a prohibition1 ev5 a slight "o1 becomes ?us ! mo/ t]rible sacrilege4 ,cu/oms t1 l ! hygi5ic rules ( ! ,mosaic code1 may h />t$ z g5u9e social utilities are ma9ta9$ because !y h become fix$ 9 ! religi\s traditions z enjo9$ by ! ,"l4 ,9 consequ5ce !re may be a ,ph>isaical insi/5ce on ! p]=mance ( ! lett] ( ! law1 long aft] its practical utility or spiritual significance is =gott54 ,x is ?is p]si/5ce 9 ! lit]al fulfillm5ts ( religi\s comm&s at ! exp5se ( ! _s1 t ! ,hebrew prophets s vehem5tly condemn$4 ,?us proclaims ,isaiah3 ,to :at purpose is ! multitude ( y\r sacrifices unto me8 ,sai? ! ,"l3 ,i am full ( ! burnt (f]+s ( rams1 & ! fat ( f$ bea/s4444 ,br+ no m va9 oblations2 inc5se is an abom9ation unto me4444 ,y\r new moons & y\r appo9t$ fea/s my s\l hate?3 !y are a tr\ble unto me2 ,i am we>y to be> !m4444 ,wa% y1 make y clean2 put away ! evil ( y\r do+s f be=e m9e eyes2 cease to d evil2 ,le>n to d well2 seek judgm5t1 relieve ! oppress$1 judge ! fa!rless1 plead = ! wid[4#a ,footnote #a3 ,isaiah ,i3 #aa-ag4 ,in/itutions & modes ( life1 ev5 :5 !y are n1 /rictly speak+1 "p ( ! religi\s tradition prop]1 are giv5 trem5d\s sanction & confirmation :5 !y become embodi$ 9 ! religi\s tradition4 ,! in/itution ( ! family1 = example1 ?r\gh ! /rong religi\s sanctions & values impli$ 9 ! m>riage c]emony & relation%ip 7especially ! m>riage sacram5t ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*71 comes to be /rongly =tifi$ & entr5*$4 ,*ange 9 ! =m ( an in/itution s hall[$ by religion is some?+ m ?an *ange2 x is sacrilege4 ,gov]nm5ts & dyna/ies1 aga91 :5 !y h a religi\s sanction1 :5 ! ,k+ rules by div9e "r1 acquire a /rong additional s\rce ( p]si/5ce & p[]4 ,! imp]ial "* ( ! ,japanese gov]nm5t to-day1 = example1 is said to be greatly enhanc$ 9 pre/ige by ! widespread popul> belief t ! ,emp]or is l9eally desc5d$ f div9ity4 ,sometimes religi\s sanctions h inspir$ & promot$ zeal = social ent]prise4 ,! ,crusades /& out z classic in/ances1 b 9 ! "n ( religion m5 h done m ?an build ca!drals & g on pilgrimages4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 bridges & roads 7 con/ruct$1 alms 7 giv51 pictures 7 pa9t$1 books illum9at$1 encyclopdias made1 education conduct$1 all "u ! auspices & inspiration ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! m$ival univ]sities />t$ z *ur* s*ools4 ,9 our own day1 ! expansion ( ! *ur*es 9 ! direction ( welf>e "w & social re=m1 ! use ( ! *ur* z a community c5t]1 are examples ( ?is developm5t4 ,m5 h f\nd ju/ification by good works z well z fai?4 ,,intol]ance ,,& ,,inquisition4 ,! influ5ce ( religi\s tradition ov] ! m9ds ( its foll[]s has _h1 among _m noble & beautiful consequ5ces1 ! d>k fruits ( intol]ance1 p]secution1 inquisition1 & torture4 ,"p ( ! bitt] n>r[-m9d$ness :i* has *>act]iz$ ! hi/ory ( ecclesia/ical in/itutions is n to be attribut$ specifically to religion4 ,x is r to be expla9$ by ! g5]al uneas9ess :i* ! greg>i\s human creature feels at any deviation f ! accu/om$4 ,9 addition m5 h felt frequ5tly t any div]g5ce f ! div9ely orda9$ w\ld br+ de/ruction ^u ! :ole gr\p4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian tradition !re 0 an additional reason = intol]ance3 ! h]etic 0 willfully los+ 8 own s\l1 & x 0 only humane to compel him to come into ! fold1 to rescue him f ! pa9s he w\ld o!rwise suff] 9 ,hell4 ,! pr(\nd conviction t ^? :o did n believe 9 its doctr9es w\ld be damn$ et]nally1 & t ,god puni%es !ological error z if x 7 ! mo/ he9\s ( crimes1 l$ naturally to p]secution4 ,x 0 a duty to impose on m5 ! only true doctr9e1 see+ t _! own et]nal int]e/s 7 at /ake1 & to h9d] errors f spread+4 ,h]etics 7 m ?an ord9>y crim9als1 & ! pa9s t man c\ld inflict on !m 7 z no?+ to ! tortures await+ !m 9 hell4#a ,footnote #a3 ,bury3 ,hi/ory ( ,fre$om ( ,?\ght1 pp4 #eb-ec4 ,9 fev]$ zeal = ! ,fai? began t long hunt+ & puni%m5t ( h]esy1 :i* has done s mu* to d>k5 ! hi/ory ( religion 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,!re 71 z 9 ! ,albig5sian ,crusade1 :olesale burn+s & hang+s ( m51 wom51 & *ildr54#a ,h]esy 0 hunt$ out 9 secret retreats4 ,x 0 ! f\le/ ( crimes2 to prevail aga9/ x 0 to prevail aga9/ ! legions ( ,hell4 ,! culm9ation ( intol]ance 01 ( c\rse1 ! ,inquisition4 ,"o ne$ n pause to recall its espionage sy/em1 its se>* = ! spread]s ( false doctr9e1 its use ( any & e witness aga9/ ! suspect1 its grant+ ( indulg5ces to any "o :o %\ld be> witness aga9/ him1 its relax+ ( ! crim9al to ! secul> arm1 :i* unfail+ly puni%$ him ) dea?4 ,x mu/ be po9t$ out t 9 ! in/ance ( ! ,inquisition1 j z 9 ! case ( all religi\s p]secution1 ! motives 7 mo/ frequ5tly ( ! noble/4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages & aft]1 m5 ( k9dly temp] & ! pure/ zeal 7 absolutely devoid ( m]cy :5 h]esy 0 suspect$4 ,nor are intol]ance & p]secution to be laid exclusively at ! door ( any "o religion4 ,9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 ! p]secution & torture ( alleg$ wit*es is "o ( ! mo/ pa9ful in/ances ( ! cruelties into :i* m5 c be l$ by loyalty to _! religi\s convictions4 ,& ,mohamm$anism vividly taught m5 h[ a fai? might be spread by fire & sword4 ,footnote #a3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ef-eg4 ,,quietism ,,& ,,consolation--,,o!r-,,worldl9ess4 ,_m religions1 includ+ ,*ri/ianity1 h emphasiz$ o!r-worldl9ess4 ,?is has mo/ frequ5tly tak5 ! =m ( emphasis on ! life to come4 ,?is _w has be5 conceiv$1 z x 71 z a prelude to et]nity4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian _w s*eme1 z mo/ cle>ly exp\nd$ & univ]sally accept$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 man's *ief imp]ative bus9ess 0 salvation4 ,all else 0 trivial 9 comp>ison ) t incomp>able et]nal bliss :i* w\ld be ! rew>d ( ! virtu\s1 & t un5d+ agony :i* w\ld be ! p5alty = ! damn$4 ,salvation 0 ! ma/] ,*ri/ian motive4 ,! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ 0 a gospel ( salvation unto et]nal life4 ,x pres5t$ itself 9 ! self-sacrifice ( div9e love1 n )\t w>n+s t\*+ its rejection4#a ,footnote #a3 ,h4 ,o4 ,taylor3 ,m$ioeval ,m9d1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #fa4 ,:]e int]e/ is c5t]$ on a _w to come1 !re n infrequ5tly results a loss ( int]e/ & discrim9ation 9 ! goods ( e>?ly life4 ,= :at %all x pr(it a man if he %all ga9 ! :ole _w & lose 8 own s\l8 ,! beauties1 goods1 & di/9ctions ( ?is _w coalesce into an indiscrim9ate triviality 9 comp>ison ) t inf9ite glory h]eaft] to be atta9$4 ,"o does n tr\ble "o's self ab\t ! furniture ( e>?ly life any m ?an "o w\ld take pa9s ) ! beautification ( a room 9 :i* "o happ5s to be lodg$ = a night4 ,lay n up = y\rselves treasures ^u e>?1 :]e mo? & ru/ do? corrupt1 & :]e ?ieves break ?r\gh & /eal4 ,b lay up = y\rselves treasures 9 ,heav51 :]e nei!r mo? nor ru/ do? corrupt1 & :]e ?ieves d n break ?r\gh nor /eal4 ,?\gh on e>? y may live 9 squalor1 pov]ty1 & disease1 yet 9 my ,fa!r's h\se are _m mansions4 ,pov]ty1 inde$1 became 9 ! ,middle ,ages "o ( ! v[s ( mona/ic ord]s4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x is prescrib$1 ,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s & ! doctr9e 0 9 _m cases lit]ally accept$4 ,if any "o ( y w "k :e!r he is really poor 9 _s1 let him consid] :e!r he loves ! ord9>y consequ5ces & effects ( pov]ty1 :i* are hung]1 ?ir/1 cold1 fatigue1 & ! d5udation ( all conv5i5ces4 ,see if y are glad to we> a worn-out habit full ( pat*es4 ,see if y are glad :5 some?+ is lack+ to y\r meal1 :5 y are pass$ by 9 s]v+ x1 :5 :at y receive is di/a/eful to y1 :5 y\r cell is out ( repair4 ,if y are n glad ( ^! ?+s1 if in/ead ( lov+ !m y avoid !m1 !n !re is pro( t y h n atta9$ ! p]fection ( pov]ty ( _s4#b ,footnote #b3 ,alfonso ,rodriguez3 ,pratique de la ,p]fection ,*rti5ne1 "p ,,iii1 treatise ,,iii1 *ap4 ,,vi2 quot$ 9 ,james's ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #cae4 ,contempt = ?is _w's goods1 :5 g5]aliz$1 promotes an attitude ( indiff]5ce to ! social conditions 9 :i* m5 live4 ,! hi/ory ( ! sa9ts is fill$ ) ref]5ces to _! endurance ( pa91 ill heal?1 pov]ty1 & disease4 ,& ! _w1 ! fle%1 & ! devil are = "s types ( religi\s m9d all "o4 ,= su*1 to be engag$ 9 social bett]m5t is an irrelevant bus9ess1 x is to be lo/ 9 ! _w4 ,p's s\ls mu/ be sav$2 n _! bodies4 ,religions1 on ! o!r h&1 h frequ5tly emphasiz$ man's social duty4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity ?is is l>gely a d]ivative ( ! highly reg>d$ virtue ( ,*>ity4 ,int]e/ 9 "o's own well-be+ 0 a pr]equisite = ! dev\t1 b int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( o!rs 0 equally enjo9$4 ,to help ! poor & ! ne$y1 ! wid[$ & ! fa!rless1 to br+ succor to ! oppress$ & ju/ice to ! d[ntrodd51 h be5 "p ( ! religion ^: ,f\nd] taught t all m5 7 ! *ildr5 ( _! ,fa!r 9 ,heav54 ,! m5dicant ord]s ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 devot$ to philan?ropic works2 & ) religi\s in/itutions1 ?r\gh\t _! hi/ory1 h be5 associat$ works ( philan?ropy & social welf>e4 ,v rec5tly urban *ur*es 9 ?is c\ntry h be5 %[+ a t5d5cy to reorganize ) emphasis on ! *ur* z an in/rum5t ( social cop]ation r ?an z an alo( expon5t ( dogmatic !ology4 ,x is ! ideal ( "s lib]al !ologians to use ! *ur*es *iefly z in/rum5ts = giv+ social effectiv5ess to ! religi\s impulse & at ! same "t = mak+ social bett]m5t a spiritual ent]prise4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,art ,,& ,,! ,,/hetic ,,exp]i5ce ,,art ,,v]sus ,,nature4 ,9 ! ,c>e] ( ,reason man has gradually le>n$ to control ! _w 9 :i* he lives 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 own welf>e z he imag9atively contemplat$ x4 ,delib]ate control has be5 made necess>y because ( ! fact t man is born into a _w :i* 0 n made = him1 b 9 :i* he mu/1 if any:]e1 gr[2 9 a _w :i* 0 n design$ to fulfill 8 desires1 b :]e alone 8 desires c f9d fulfillm5t4 ,art may ?us1 9 ! broade/ s5se1 be set ov] aga9/ ,nature4 ,x is ! activity by :i* man realizes ideals4 ,he may realize !m practically1 z :5 he builds a h\se :i* he has fir/ imag9$1 or reaps a h>ve/ 9 anticipation ( :i* he has fir/ s[n ! se$s4 ,he may realize !m imag9atively1 z :5 9 color1 =m1 or s\nd he creates "s desid]at$ beauty out ( ! crude miscellane\s mat]ials ( exp]i5ce4 ,art1 9 ! broad s5se ( control or direction ( ,nature1 arises 9 ! d\ble fact ( man's in/9ctive activities & desires & ! inadequacy ( ! environm5t z x /&s to af=d !m satisfaction4 ,because nature is n consid]ate ( 8 ne$s1 man mu/ himself take =e?\ght1 & devise means by :i* ! =ces & ! mat]ials ( ,nature may be exploit$ to 8 own good4 ,& ! realization ( ?is =e?\ght is made possible ?r\gh ! fact t natural conditions d l5d !mselves to modification4 ,nature1 ?\gh indiff]5t to man's welf>e1 is yet p>tly congru\s ) x4 ,:ile ! w9d bl[s c>eless ( ! good or ill x does to him1 yet man may le>n by means ( w9dmills or sailboats to turn ! w9d to 8 own int]e/4 ,?\gh ! riv] may fl[ on =ev]1 oblivi\s to ! m5 t come & g along its %ores1 yet ! pass+ g5]ations may trans=m ?is undelib]ate fl[+ into ! p[] t yields !m clo?+1 ma*9]y1 & transportation4 ,all civilization is1 z ,mill says1 an exhibition ( ,art or ,contrivance2 x is illu/rat$ by ! junction by bridges ( %ores :i* ,nature _h made sep>ate1 ! dra9+ ( ,nature's m>%es1 ! excavation ( h] wells1 ! dragg+ to light ( :at %e has buri$ at imm5se dep?s 9 ! e>?2 ! turn+ away ( h] ?und]bolts by lightn+ rods2 ( h] inundations by embankm5ts1 ( h] oceans by breakwat]s4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mill3 ,?ree ,essays on ,religion1 p4 #ai 7essay on ,nature74 ,by irrigation man has le>n$ to make ! wild]ness blossom z ! rose4 ,by railways1 telegraphs1 & telephones1 he has le>n$ to m9imize ! ob/acles t "t & space (f] to ! fulfillm5t ( 8 desires4 ,by controll+1 by means ( education & social organization1 8 own in/9cts 9 ! light ( ! purposes he w\ld atta91 by /udy+ ! secret processes ( ,nature1 man has le>n$ to make ! _w a fit habitation = himself4 ,to dig1 to pl\gh1 to s[1 to reap1 are in/ances ( ! means :]eby man has appli$ intellig5t control to 8 half-fri5dly1 half-ho/ile environm5t4 ,man's delib]ate control ( ,nature arises ?us "u ! %>p pressure ( practical necessity4 ,man is inh]5tly active1 b1 z po9t$ out 9 an e>li] connection1 8 activity takes coh]5t & consecutive =m prim>ily "u ! compulsion ( satisfy+ 8 physical wants1 ( f9d+ food1 clo?+1 & %elt]4 ,! great] "p ( human en]gy1 c]ta9ly "u primitive conditions1 is devot$ to ma9ta9+ a prec>i\s equilibrium among ! my/]i\s & t]rify+ =ces ( a half-und]/ood environm5t4 ,!re is n mu* "t = leisure1 play1 or art1 :]e food is a cont9u\sly urg5t problem1 :]e "o's %elt] is likely to be de/roy$ by /orm or w9d1 :]e "o is ?reat5$ incessantly by bea/s ( prey1 &1 z primitive man suppos$1 by caprici\s sup]natural p[]s4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 life is l>gely sp5t 9 in/rum5tal or imp]ative pursuits4 ,action is fix$ by necessity4 ,x is controll$ ) imm$iate & urg5t ref]5ce to ! bus9ess ( keep+ alive4 ,!re is sc>cely "t = ! activity ( art1 :i* is spontane\s & free4 ,9 civiliz$ life1 also1 ! great] "p ( human en]gy mu/ be sp5t 9 necess>y or in/rum5tal bus9ess4 ,m5 mu/1 z always1 be f$1 clo!d1 & h\s$1 & ! fulfillm5t ( ^! prim>y human dem&s absorbs ! great] "p ( ! wak+ h\rs ( ! majority ( mank9d4 ,our civilization is pr$om9antly indu/rial2 x is devot$ almo/ entirely to ! trans=m+ ( ! _w ( nature into products = ! gratification ( ! physical wants ( m54 ,^! wants h1 ( c\rse1 become mu* complicat$ & ref9$3 m5 wi% n only to live1 b to live commodi\sly & well4 ,!y want n m]ely a ro( ov] _! heads1 b a pleasant & com=table h\se 9 :i* to live4 ,!y want n m]ely some?+ to /ave (f />vation1 b palatable foods4 ,9 ! satisfaction ( ^! increas+ly complicat$ dem&s a great div]sity ( indu/ries arises4 ,) e new want to be fulfill$1 !re is a new occupation1 pursu$ n = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( ! good :i* x produces4 ,!re are indu/rial lead]s1 ( c\rse1 :o f9d 9 ! developm5t & control ( ! productive en]gies ( ?\s&s ( m51 9 ! manipulation ( imm5se natural res\rces1 satisfactions analog\s to t ( ! f9e arti/4 ,b = mo/ m5 engag$ 9 ! r\t9e op]ations ( indu/ry1 ! "w !y d is cle>ly n pursu$ on its own acc\nt4 ,indu/ry1 view$ 9 ! total context ( ! activities ( civilization1 is a practical r ?an a f9e art4 ,its ideal is effici5cy1 :i* means economy ( ef=t4 ,its int]e/ is prim>ily 9 produc+ _m goods *eaply4 ,,! ,,em]g5ce ,,( ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts4 ,9 ! %>p /ruggle ( man ) 8 environm5t1 ^? in/9cts surviv$ :i* 7 ( practical use4 ,! natural impulses ) :i* a human be+ is at bir? end[$1 are *iefly ^? :i* enable him to cope successfully & effici5tly ) 8 environm5t4 ,b ev5 9 primitive life1 s exub]ant & resili5t is human en]gy t x is n exhau/$ by necess>y labors4 ,! pla/ic arts1 = example1 began 9 ! practical bus9ess ( pott]y & weav+4 ,! weav] & ! pott] :o h acquir$ skill & :o h a little m vitality ?an is requir$ = turn+ out some?+ t is m]ely useful1 turn out some?+ t is also beautiful4 ,! decorations :i* are made ^u primitive pott]y exhibit ! excess vitality & skill ( ! virtuoso4 ,simil>ly1 religi\s ritual1 :i*1 z we h se51 arises 9 practical comm]ce ) ! gods1 comes to be 9 itself *]i%$ & beautiful4 ,! *ants :i* are prescrib$ invocations ( div9ity1 become songs intr9sically int]e/+ to s+] & li/5] alike2 ! dance ceases to be m]ely a necess>y religi\s =m & becomes an occasion ( beauty & delight4 ,jane ,h>rison has %[n 9 detail h[ ritual arises out ( practical ne$1 & art out ( ritual4#a ,?us ! ,greek drama _h its beg9n+s 9 ,greek religion2 ! incid5tal beauty ( ! *oruses ( ! ,greek fe/ivals develop$ into ! ev5tual tragic art ( s*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides4 ,ceas+ to be a practical invocation to ! gods x became an arti/ic ent]prise 9 & = itself4 ,repeat$ly we f9d 9 primitive life t activity is n exhau/$ 9 agriculture1 hunt+1 & h&icraft1 or 9 a desp]ate comm]ce ) div9ity4 ,h>ve/ becomes a fe/ival1 pott]y becomes an opportunity = decoration1 & pray]1 = poetry4 ,ev5 9 primitive life m5 f9d ! leisure to let _! imag9ations loit] ov] ^! intr9sically lovely episodes 9 _! exp]i5ce4 ,! pott] may be m int]e/$ 9 mak+ a beautifully m\ld$ & decorat$ vessel ?an m]ely 9 turn+ out a ?+ ( use2 ! mak] ( baskets may come to play ) 8 mat]ials1 to make baskets n s mu* = _! usefulness z = ! possible beauty ( _! patt]ns4 ,:5 ?is int]e/ 9 beauty becomes highly develop$1 & :5 circum/ances p]mit1 ! f9e arts arise4 ,! crafts come to be practic$ z intr9sically int]e/+ employm5ts ( ! creative imag9ation4 ,! m\ld+ ( miscellane\s mat]ials into beautiful =ms becomes a belov$ habitual practice4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,jane ,h>rison3 ,anci5t ,art & ,ritual1 especially *ap4 ,i4 ,! context 9 :i* art appe>s 9 primitive life is p>allel$ 9 civiliz$ society4 ,! en]gies ( m5 are /ill l>gely consum$ 9 necess>y pursuits4 ,m5 mu/1 z ( old1 by ! inadequacy ( ! natural ord] 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves1 f9d means by :i* to live2 &1 be+ by nature con/itut$ s t !y mu/ live toge!r1 !y mu/ f9d ways ( liv+ toge!r ju/ly & h>moni\sly4 ,indu/ry1 writes ,santayana1 m]ely gives to ,nature t =m :i*1 if m ?or\ghly humane1 %e might already h possess$ = our b5efit4 ,x is creative 9 s f> z x trans=ms matt] f its crude indiff]5t /ate to =ms bett] adapt$ to human ideals4 ,x makes cotton into clo?1 wool into clo?+1 :eat into fl\r1 lea!r into %oes1 coal into light & p[]1 iron into skyscrap]s4 ,x is devot$ to annull+ ! discrepancies betwe5 nature & human nature4 ,x turns refractory mat]ials & obdurate =ces into commodi\s goods & useful p[]s4 ,b1 9 ! broade/ s5se1 indu/ry is a means to an end4 ,int]e/+ & attractive x may well become1 z :5 a bookb9d] or a pr9t] takes a craftsman's pr\d delight 9 ! mann] 9 :i* he p]=ms 8 "w1 & 9 ! quality ( its product4 ,b ! indu/rial arts1 = ! mo/ "p1 s]ve m ultimate purposes4 ,x is imag9able t ,nature might h provid$ clo?+1 food1 & %elt] ready to our h&4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r "u su* circum/ances m5 w\ld out ( delib]ate *oice cont9ue indu/ries :i* are n[ made imp]ative ?r\gh necessity4 ,! m9es & ! /ocky>ds are necess>y r ?an beautiful or intr9sically attractive occupations4 ,b 9 ! _w ( fact1 ^? ?+s :i* are necess>y to u are n ready to our h&4 ,our civilization is pr$om9antly indu/rial1 & mu/ be s1 if ! billion & a half inhabitants ( our _w are to be ma9ta9$ by ! res\rces at our comm&4 ,nev]!less despite ! absorption ( a l>ge proportion ( contempor>y society 9 activities pursu$ n = _! own sakes1 b = ! goods :i* are _! fruits1 !re is /ill1 z x 71 en]gy left ov]4 ,?is excess vitality may1 z x does = mo/ m51 take ! =m ( m]e unorganiz$ play or recreation4 ,b n s = ^? born ) a s+ul> gift = realiz+ 9 color or =m or s\nd ! ideal values :i* !y h imag9$4 ,= ^! play is creative production4 ,! f9e arts are1 9 a s5se1 ! play ( ! race4 ,!y are ! fruits ( su* en]gy z is1 ?r\gh "s =tunate accid5t ( temp]am5t or circum/ance1 n caught up 9 ! r\t9e & me*anics ( indu/ry or ! trivialities ( sport or pleasure4 ,!y are human activities1 fre$ f ! limitations impos$ by ! exig5cies ( practical life1 & controll$ only by ! arti/'s imag9$ visions4 ,creative activity is mo/ explicit & mo/ successful 9 ! f9e arts1 because 9 ^! !re are few] ob/acles to ! mat]ial realization ( imag9$ p]fections4 ,! lib]al arts br+ to spiritual fruition ! matt] :i* ei!r nature or indu/ry has prep>$ & r5d]$ propiti\s4 ,! indu/rial arts are1 z already po9t$ out1 man's trans=mation ( natural res\rces to ideal uses4 ,9 ! same way political & social organization are human arts1 ent]prises1 at _! be/1 9 ! m\ld+ ( m5's natures to _! highe/ possible realization4 ,b 9 ! _w ( action1 :e!r political or indu/rial1 !re are incomp>ably great] h9drances to ! realization 9 practice ( imag9$ goods ?an !re are1 at lea/ to ! gift$1 9 ! f9e arts4 ,e ideal = :i* m5 attempt to f9d fulfillm5t 9 ! _w ( action is subject to a ?\s& accid5tal deflections ( circum/ance4 ,e ent]prise involves conflict+ wills2 ! l>g] ! ent]prise1 ! m v>i\s & probably ! m conflict+ ! int]e/s involv$4 ,social movem5ts h _! c\rses det]m9$ by factors altoge!r beyond ! control ( _! orig9ators4 ,/atesm5 c />t w>s1 b _c def9e _! ev5tual fruits4 ,a man may f\nd a political p>ty1 & live to see x w&] f> f ! ideal :i* he _h fram$4 ,b 9 ! f9e arts1 to ! imag9atively & te*nically end[$1 ! mat]ials are prep>$ & controllable4 ,9 ! h&s ( a ma/]1 action does n w&] f int5t4 ,language to ! poet1 = example1 is an imm$iate & responsive in/rum5t2 he c m\ld x precisely to 8 ideal int5tion4 ,! ent]prise ( poetry is less dep5d5t almo/ ?an any o!r und]tak+ on ! accid5ts ( circum/ance1 outside ! poet's initial imag9ative res\rces4 ,9 music1 ev5 s simple an in/rum5t z a flute c yield p]fection ( s\nd4 ,! compos] ( a symphony c inv5t a p]petual uncorrod$ beauty2 ! sculptor an immortality ( irrefutably p]suasive =m4 ,?is expla9s 9 "p :y s _m arti/s1 ( a reflective turn ( m9d1 are pessimi/s 9 practical affairs4 ,! _w ( action ) its p]petual & pitiful fru/rations1 failures1 & compromises1 seems incomp>ably poor1 paltry1 & sordid1 9 comp>ison ) ! p]fection t is atta9able 9 art4 ,haunt+ =e%ad[+s ( ! temple appe> 9 ! realm ( imag9ation1 9 music1 9 ar*itecture1 9 ! untr\bl$ k+dom ( reason1 & 9 ! gold5 sunset magic ( lyrics1 :]e beauty %9es & gl[s1 remote f ! t\* ( sorr[1 remote f ! fe> ( *ange1 remote f ! failures & dis5*antm5t ( ! _w ( fact4 ,9 ! contemplation ( ^! ?+s ! vision ( heav5 w %ape itself 9 our he>ts1 giv+ at once a t\*/one to judge ! _w ab\t u1 & an inspiration by :i* to fa%ion to our ne$s :atev] is capable ( s]v+ z a /one 9 ! sacr$ temple4#a ,footnote #a3 ,b]tr& ,russell3 ,philosophical ,essays1 pp4 #fe-ff4 ,! creative arti/ gives su* =m to ! miscellane\s mat]ials at 8 disposal t !y give satisfaction n only to ! s5ses or ! intellect1 b to ! imag9ation4 ,:at con/itute "s ( ! *ief elem5ts 9 ! /hetic exp]i5ce1 we %all pres5tly exam9e4 ,x mu/ fir/ be po9t$ out t 9 g5]al 9 ! f9e arts creative g5ius has f\nd ways ( imag9atively atta9+ p]fections n usually accord$ 9 ! exp]i5ces ( ! s5ses1 9 ! life ( society1 or 9 ! life ( ! m9d4 ,! region call$ imag9ation has pleasures m airy & lum9\s ?an ^? ( s5se1 m massive & raptur\s ?an ^? ( intellig5ce4 ,! values inh]5t 9 imag9ation1 9 in/ant intuition1 9 s5se end[$ ) =m1 are call$ /hetic values2 !y are f\nd ma9ly 9 nature & 9 liv+ be+s1 b also 9 man's artificial works1 9 images evok$ by language1 & 9 ! realm ( s\nd4#a ,footnote #a3 ,santayana3 ,reason 9 ,art1 p4 #ae4 ,! pa9t] imag9es & seeks to realize hues & int5sities ( color m satisfy+ & m sugge/ive ?an ^? commonly exp]i5c$ 9 nature1 save 9 ! occasional grace ( sunset on a m\nta9 lake1 or ! miracle ( moonlight on ! ocean4 ,! arti/ takes 8 h9ts f nature1 b clo!s ! sugge/ions ( s5se ) ! values & motives :i* exi/ only 9 8 own m9d & imag9ation4 ,a ,turn] sunset is1 z ,osc> ,wilde po9ts out1 9 a s5se incomp>ably sup]ior to "o provid$ by nature4 ,x n only gives ! beautiful s5sations to be _h 9 a l&scape suffus$ ) ! sunset gl[2 x infuses into ?is exp]i5ce ! passionate & p5etrat+ insight ( a g5ius4 ,! arti/1 to an ext5t1 imitates nature4 ,b1 if t 7 all he did1 he w\ld be no m ?an a photograph]4 ,he pictures nature1 b gives x t9t & melody & brea?2 he gives x a value & significance d]iv$ f 8 own imag9ative vision4 ,! musician comb9es s\nds m significant1 ord]$1 & rhy?mical ?an ^? miscellane\s noises :i*1 9 ord9>y exp]i5ce1 beat indiff]5tly or pa9fully ^u our e>s4 ,! poet selects words ^: specific music1 rhy?mical comb9ations1 & lyrical context produce a some?+ m evocative1 compell+1 & euphonic ?an ! casual & rauc\s in/rum5t ( communication :i* con/itutes ord9>y spee*4 ,n only d poets give imag9ative & ideal ext5sions to s5se exp]i5ce2 !y d z mu* ) & = social life4 ,9 ! dream+ ( ,utopias1 9 ! build+ ( ! ,p]fect ,city1 m5 h f\nd comp5sations = ! imp]fect cities :i* h be5 _! exp]i5ces on e>?4 ,!y build !mselves 9 imag9ation a _w :]e all inju/ices are eras$1 :]e beauty is p]5nial1 :]e tru?1 c\rage1 k9dl9ess1 & m]rim5t are ! p]vasive colors ( life4 ,9 ! activity ( creative art1 man's imag9ation has rea*$ out beyond ! conf9es ( nature & ( hi/ory1 & built itself1 9 m>ble & 9 music1 9 lyrics & 9 leg5ds1 h9ts ( t en*ant+ possible1 ( :i* ! impov]i%$ actual gives t5tative & t5u\s h9ts4 ,9 "s m5 s5sitivity to ! imag9ative possibilities ( ! mat]ials ( ,nature is s high1 t !y c f9d satisfactory activity n[h]e else ?an 9 "o or ano!r ( ! f9e arts4 ,^! are ! poets1 ! musicians1 & ! sculptors1 :o seek to give realization 9 ! arts 9 ! te*nique ( :i* !y are especially gift$1 to t imag9$ beauty by ! intimate exp]i5ce ( :i* !y live4 ,9 "o way or ano!r ! creative arti/ seeks to give =m & dim5sion to ,! light t nev] 0 on sea or l&1 ,! consecration & ! poet's dream4 ,?is creative impulse may f9d its realization1 z already po9t$ out1 9 indu/ry1 ?\gh1 ) ! highly r\t9e "* ( mo/ m5's occupations 9 pres5t-day indu/rial life1 !re is n mu* opportunity = imag9ative activity4 ,t bo? "w & happ9ess w\ld be promot$ by ! enc\ragem5t ( ! craftsman ideal goes )\t say+4 ,:e!r or n x is possible to utilize ! creative impulses 9 ! processes ( indu/ry z n[ organiz$1 !re are in/ances :]e ! joy ( craftsman%ip may be exploit$ bo? = ! happ9ess ( ! work] & ! good ( ! "w4 ,! ,william ,morris ideal ( ! arti/-work] may be h>d to atta91 b x is none ! less desirable1 bo? = ! sake ( ! work] & 8 "w4 ,9 sci5ce ! uses ( ! imag9ation h be5 frequ5tly comm5t$ on1 n lea/ by sci5ti/s4 ,! pati5t collection ( facts1 ! digg+ & measurem5t & inquiry t *>act]ize s mu* ( sci5tific inve/igation are n ! :ole ( x4 ,inf]5ce1 ! =m+ ( a g5]alization1 is frequ5tly describ$ z a leap f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 & ?is discov]y ( a b9d+ pr9ciple t br+s toge!r a wide v>iety ( disconnect$ facts is n unlike ! process ( ! creative arti/4 ,! same unconsci\s me?od by :i* a poet hits ^u an appropriate epi!t1 a musician ^u a melody1 a pa9t] ^u an effect ( color or l9e is display$ 9 t sudd5 vivid fla% ( insight by :i* a sci5ti/ sees a mass ( facts t h long seem$ baffl+ly contradictory1 ga!r$ up "u a s+le lum9\s law4 ,9 8 fam\s essay on ,! ,sci5tific ,uses ( ! ,imag9ation1 ,tyndall writes3 ,we are gift$ ) ! p[] ( ,imag9ation1 444 & by ?is p[] we c light5 ! d>kness :i* surr\nds ! _w ( ! s5ses4 ,!re are tories ev5 9 sci5ce :o reg>d imag9ation z a faculty to be fe>$ & avoid$ r ?an employ$4 ,!y _h obs]v$ its action 9 weak vessels & 7 unduly impress$ by its disa/]s4 ,b !y might ) equal ju/ice po9t to explod$ boil]s z an argum5t aga9/ ! use ( /eam4 ,b\nd$ & condition$ by cop]ant ,reason1 imag9ation becomes ! mightie/ in/rum5t ( ! physical discov]]4 ,newton's passage f a fall+ apple to a fall+ moon 01 at ! outset1 a leap ( ! imag9ation4 ,:5 ,william ,?omson tries to place ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt] betwe5 8 compass po9ts1 & to apply to !m a scale ( millimetres1 he is p[]fully aid$ by ?is faculty4 ,& 9 mu* t has be5 rec5tly said ab\t protoplasm & life1 we h ! outgo+s ( ! imag9ation guid$ & controll$ by ! kn[n analogies ( sci5ce4 ,9 fact1 )\t ?is p[]1 our k ( ,nature w\ld be a m]e tabulation ( coexi/5ces & sequ5ces4 ,we %\ld /ill believe 9 ! succession ( day & night1 ( summ] & w9t]2 b ! s\l ( ,=ce w\ld be dislodg$ f our univ]se2 causal relations w\ld disappe>1 & ) !m t sci5ce :i* is n[ b9d+ ! p>ts ( nature into an organic :ole4#a ,footnote #a3 ,tyndall3 ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce1 pp4 #acj-ca4 ,z we %all pres5tly see1 ?is imag9ative leap is gu>d$ & controll$1 s t no fla% ( insight1 h[ev] attractive1 is uncritically accept$4 ,b ! orig9 ( e ev5tually accept$ hypo!sis lies 9 ! up%oot ( irresponsible fancy1 diff]+ n at all f ! images 9 ! m9d ( a poet or pa9t] or ! melodies t unpr$ictably occur to a musician4 ,,! ,,/hetic ,,exp]i5ce4 ,art is1 on its creative side1 z we h se51 ! control ( ,nature 9 ! practical or imag9ative realization ( ideals4 ,! indu/rial arts are pursu$ out ( necessity1 because man mu/ f9d himself ways ( liv+ 9 a _w :i* he mu/ inhabit1 ?\gh x is n a prior arrang$ = 8 habitation4 ,! f9e arts are pursu$ z ends 9 !mselves4#a ,! g5u9ely gift$ s+1 pa9t1 write poetry1 ap>t f fame & rew>d1 = ! %e] pleasure ( creation4 ,b ! products ( ^! creative activities !mselves become satisfactions on a p> ) o!r natural goods4 ,! objects ( art--poems1 pa9t+s1 /atues1 symphonies--are !mselves priz$ & s\ght aft]4 ,!y af=d satisfaction to t l>ge numb] ( p]sons :o are s5sitive to ! beautiful )\t hav+ a gift = its creation4 ,footnote #a3 ,_m indu/rial processes exhibit elem5ts ( ! f9e arts4 ,?is is ! case :5ev] !re is opportunity = ! work] to feel1 & to h "s gr\nd = ! feel+1 t he is n m]ely turn+ out a product1 b turn+ out a well-made or a beautiful "o1 to :i* 8 own skill is contribut+4 ,! mak]s ( f9e books or b9d+s or furniture1 ( f9e embroid]y & ! l1 are examples4 ,b su* conditions occur *iefly 9 ! s-call$ luxury trades4 ,!re is v little opportunity = ! display ( creative tal5t 9 quantity manufacture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e f9e art involves "s elem5ts ( m]ely te*nical skill or craftsman%ip1 :i* is important 9 a*iev+ an imag9ative result1 b is ! skill ( ! me*anic r ?an ! vision ( ! arti/4 ,9 survey+ ! f9i%$ product ( art z x appe>s 9 a pa9t+ by a ,turn] or a ,cezanne1 we may =get ! du/ & o9tm5t ( ! call+1 b x is none ! less !re4 ,! drudg]y ( art1 ! practic+ ( scales4 ! mix+ ( colors1 ! rehe>s+ ( plays1 are1 z x 71 ! necess>y prelim9>y indu/ry 9 art4 /hetic appreciation is inde$ %>$ by all m51 & is call$ out by o!r objects ?an pa9t+s or poems4 ,!re is h>dly any?+ m5 d :i* is n affect$ by :at has be5 call$ an irrelevant access ( /hetic feel+4 ,we saw 9 ano!r connection h[ our e/imates ( p]sons & situations are qualifi$ by love & hate1 sympa?y & revulsion4 ,9 ! same way all our exp]i5ces h an /hetic color+4 ,x may be no?+ m ?an ! curi\s jubilance & vivacity1 ! ?rill & t+le ( ! blood t comes ^u a crisp autumn day4 ,x may be1 z ,mill po9t$ out1 ! l>g5ess ( ?\ght & vision promot$ by habitually work+ 9 a spaci\s & dignifi$ room4 /hetic influ5ces are always play+ ^u u2 !y det]m9e n only our ta/es 9 ! decoration ( our h\ses1 our *oices ( places to walk & to eat1 b ev5 su* seem+ly remote & ab/ract matt]s z a sci5tific !ory or a philosophy ( life4 ,ev5 ! indu/rial ideal ( effici5cy has1 ) its sugge/ion ( ,dut* neatness & cleanl9ess1 ord] & symmetry1 an /hetic flavor4 ,simil>ly is !re an appeal to our /hetic s5sibilities 9 ! gr\p+ ( a wide v>iety ( facts "u sweep+ inclusive & simple g5]alizations4 ,!re is1 z has (t5 be5 po9t$ out1 sc>cely any?+ to *oose f z reg>ds ! relative plausibility ( ! ,cop]nican ov] ! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,! =m] we *oose l>gely because ( its great] symmetry & simplicity 9 acc\nt+ = ! facts4 ,ev5 a _w view may be *os5 on acc\nt ( its arti/ic appeal4 ,"o feels mov$ imag9atively1 ev5 if "o disagrees ) ! logic ( ^? philosophies :i* see reality z "o lum9\sly transp>5t consci\s :ole1 9 :i* e exp]i5ce is delicately reticulat$ ) e o!r1 :]e discord & division are oblit]at$1 & ! multiple v>iety ( mundane facts are ga!r$ up into ! symmetrical unity ( ! et]nal4 ,,appreciation ,,v]sus ,,action4 ,e human exp]i5ce has ?us its p>ticul> & curi\s /hetic flavor1 z an inevitable ?\gh undetect$ obligato4 /hetic values ent] into & qualify our e/imates ( p]sons & situations1 & help to det]m9e t g5]al sympa?y or revulsion1 t love or hate = p1 in/itutions1 or ideas1 :i* make ! p]vasive atmosph]e ( all human action4 ,b 9 ! _w ( action1 we _c emphasize ^! irrelevant /hetic feel+s4 ,! appreciative & ! practical moods are %>ply contra/$4 ,9 ! latt] we are int]e/$ 9 results1 & insi/ on ! exclusion ( all consid]ations t d n be> on _! accompli%m5t4 ,! appreciative or /hetic mood is deta*$2 x is int]e/$ n to act1 b to pause & consid]2 x does n want to use ! pres5t z a po9t ( dep>ture4 ,x wants to bask 9 ! pres5t p]fection ( color1 ^w1 or s\nd4 ,! practical man is int]e/$ 9 a pres5t situation = :at c be done ) x2 he wants to "k1 9 ! v]nacul>1 ,:at comes next8 ,:]e d we g f "h8 ,! appreciator wi%es to rema9 9 ! lovely int]lude ( p]fection :i* he exp]i5ces 9 music1 poetry1 or pa9t+4 ,! /hetic mood is obvi\sly at a disc\nt 9 ! _w ( action4 ,to bask 9 ! *>m ( a pres5t situation1 to l+] & loit]1 z x 71 9 ! sun ( beauty1 is to accompli% no?+1 to int]rupt action4 ,x is precisely = ?is reason t p]sons ) extremely high /hetic s5sibilities are at su* a disc\nt 9 practical life4 ,!y are too easily dissolv$ 9 appreciation4 ,!y are too mu* absorb$1 = practical effici5cy1 9 ! tragic1 ! :imsical1 ! beautiful1 or ! comic aspects ( m5 & affairs4 ,! same s5sitivity to ! innu5does & colors ( life t enable "s ( su* m5 to give an exquisite & v>i\s portraiture ( exp]i5ce1 incapacitates !m = action4 ,! practical man mu/ n obs]ve any?+ irrelevant to 8 imm$iate bus9ess4 ,he mu/ n be dissolv$1 at e r&om provocation1 into ec/acy1 laught]1 or sorr[4 ,!re is too mu* to be done 9 bus9ess1 gov]nm5t1 me*anics1 & ! laboratory1 to all[ "o's att5tion to w&] dream+ly ov] ! tragic1 ! beautiful1 ! pa!tic1 ! comic1 & ! grotesque qualities ( ! day's "w4 ,to take an extreme case1 x w\ld1 z ,jane ,h>rison obs]ves1 be a mon/rosity1 :5 our fri5d 0 dr[n+1 to note ) l+]+ appreciation ! flu5t :ite curve ( 8 arm 9 ! glimm]+ wat]s ( ! late aft]noon4 ,! man to :om e ev5t is flood$ ) imag9ative possibilities & emotional sugge/ions is a useless or a dang]\s "* 9 situations :]e x is ess5tial to discrim9ate ! imm$iate & important be>+s ( facts4 ,we _c select an exp]t acc\ntant on ! basis ( a pleasant smile1 nor a *auffeur = 8 s5se ( humor4 ,b :ile1 9 ! l>g] "p ( ! lives ( mo/ m51 obs]vation ( facts is controll$ ) ref]5ce to _! practical be>+s1 obs]vation may sometimes take place = its own sake4 ,! glory ( a sunset is n commonly priz$ = any good t may come ( x2 nobody b a g5]al on a campaign or a fire w>d5 looks out f a m\nta9 peak ^u ! valley bel[ = reasons o!r ?an ! pleasure ( ! behold+4 ,9 ! case ( p]sons1 also1 we are n always int]e/$ 9 !m = _! uses2 we are sometimes delight$ ) !m 9 !mselves4 ,we pause to wat* m]ry or qua9t *ildr51 exp]ts at t5nis1 beautiful faces1 = _! own sakes4 ,:ile ev5 9 nature & 9 social exp]i5ce1 we ?us sometimes note specifically /hetic values1 ! objects ( f9e art h no o!r ju/ification ?an ! imm$iate satisfactions !y produce 9 _! behold]4 ,^? intr9sic pleasures :i* g by ! g5]al "n ( beauty are v>i\s & complicat$4 ,our joy may be 9 ! %e] delight ( ! s5ses1 z 9 ! he>+ ( a s+ul>ly lucid & su/a9$ note ( a cl>9et1 a flute1 a voice1 or a viol94 ,x may be 9 ! appreciation ( =m1 z 9 ! case ( ! symmetry ( a temple1 an ar*1 or an alt>4 ,x may be 9 ! simultane\s /irr+ ( ! s5ses1 ! imag9ation1 & ! intellect1 by ! pres5tation ( an idea suffus$ ) music & emotion1 z 9 ! case ( an ode by ,wordswor? or a sonnet by ,milton4 ,9 all ^! in/ances we are n int]e/$ 9 any?+ beyond ! exp]i5ce itself4 ,! objects ( ! f9e arts are n drafts on ! future1 anticipations ( future satisfactions ev5tually to be ca%$ 94 ,!y are imm$iate & intr9sic goods1 absolute fulfillm5ts4 ,!y are n signals to action2 !y are releases f x4 ,a pa9t+1 a poem1 a symphony1 d n precipitate movem5t or *ange4 ,!y invite a re/ful absorption4 ,x 0 ?is t made ,s*op5hau] reg>d art z a re/ f reality4 ,dur+ ^! int]ludes1 at lea/1 we live amid p]fections1 & are cont5t !re to move & h our be+4 ,,s5se ,,satisfaction4 ,appreciation ( ! arts beg9s 9 ! s5ses4 ,sight & s\nd1 ^! are unque/ionably ! *ief av5ues by :i* ! imag9ation is /irr$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! s-call$ l[] s5ses are n reg>d$ z yield+ /hetic values4 ,smell1 ta/e1 & t\* are n g5]ally1 c]ta9ly 9 ,occid5tal art1 made mu* (4 ,9 ! words ( ,santayana3 ,= if no?+ n once 9 s5se is to be f\nd 9 ! intellect1 mu* less is su* a ?+ to be f\nd 9 ! imag9ation4 ,if ! c$>s ( ,lebanon did n spread a grateful %ade1 or ! w9ds ru/le ?r\gh ! maze ( _! bran*es1 if ,lebanon _h nev] be5 beautiful to s5se1 x w\ld n n[ be a fit or poetic subject ( allusion4444 ,nor w\ld ,sam>c& be any?+ b = ! my/]y ( ! des]t1 & ! picturesqu5ess ( c>avans1 nor w\ld an argosy be poetic if ! sea _h no voices & no foam1 ! w9ds & o>s no resi/ance1 & ! rudd] & taut %eets no pull4 ,f ^! real s5sations imag9ation draws its life1 & sugge/ion its p[]4#b ,footnote #b3 ,santayana3 ,s5se ( ,beauty1 p4 #fh4 ,satisfaction 9 s\nds arises f ! regul> int]vals ( ! vibrations ( ! air by :i* x is produc$4 ,! rapidity ( ^! regul> beats det]m9es ! pit*4 ,b s\nds also diff] 9 timbre or quality1 dep5d+ on ! numb] ( ov]tones :i* occur 9 diff]5t modes ( production4 ,?is expla9s :y a note on ! scale play$ on ! piano1 diff]s f ! same note play$ on ! 'cello or ! organ4 ,f ^! fundam5tal s5su\s elem5ts ( s\nd1 elaborate symphonic compositions may be built up1 b !y rema9 prim>y nev]!less4 ,unless ! s5su\s elem5ts ( s\nd 7 !mselves pleas+ x is difficult to imag9e t a musical composition c\ld be4 ,music w\ld !n be l an or*e/ra ^: memb]s play$ 9 unison1 b ^: viol9s 7 rauc\s & ^: trumpets ho>se4 ,color aga9 illu/rates ! /hetic satisfactions t are f\nd 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( s5se /imulation1 ap>t f ! =m !y are giv5 or ! emotions or ideas !y express4 ,! elem5ts ( color1 z color1 may be r$uc$ to ?ree simple elem5ts3 ,fir/ may be not$ hue1 z yell[ or blue2 second1 value 7or notan7 d>k or light r$2 & ?ird int5sity 7or brightness to grayness71 z vivid blue or dull blue4 ,specific vivid /hetic comb9ations & v>iations are made possible by v>iations or comb9ations ( ^! ?ree elem5ts ( color4 ,if a color s*eme is displeas+1 ! fault may be 9 ! wrong selection ( hues1 9 weak values1 9 ill-mat*$ int5sities or all ?ree4 ,dut* tiles1 ,japanese pr9ts & blue t[els1 ,abruzzi t[els1 ,am]ican blue quilts1 etc41 are examples ( h>mony built up ) sev]al values ( "o hue4 ,) two hues innum]able v>iations are possible4 ,japanese pr9ts ( ! r$ & gre5 p]iod are compositions 9 light yell[-r$1 middle gre51 black1 & :ite4444 ,color v>ies n only 9 hue & value notan b 9 int5sity--rang+ f bright to gray4 ,e pa9t] kn[s t a brilliant bit ( color1 set 9 gray] tones ( ! same or neighbor+ hues1 w illum9ate ! :ole gr\p--a di/+ui%$ & elusive h>mony4 ,! fire opal has a s+le po9t ( int5se sc>let1 melt+ into pe>l2 ! cle> ev5+ sky is l ?is :5 f ! sunk5 sun ! r$-orange light grades away ?r\gh yell[ & gre5 to /eel gray4#a ,footnote #a3 ,d[3 ,composition1 p4 #aji4 ,^! v>iations 9 hue1 value1 & int5sity ( color af=d specific /hetic satisfactions4 ,! blu5ess ( ! sky is its specific beauty2 ! gre5ness ( foliage 9 spr+time is its *>act]i/ic & q ess5tial *>m4 ,ap>t f any?+ else1 s5sations !mselves af=d satisfaction or ! rev]se4 ,a l\d color1 a /rid5t or a %rill s\nd may cause a g5u9e revulsion ( feel+4 ,a s(t hue or a pellucid note may be an intr9sic pleasure1 ?\gh a =mless "o1 & "o expressive ( no mean+ at all4 ,,=m4 ,:ile ! imag9ation is /irr$ mo/ directly by ! imm$iate mat]ial beauty1 by ! satisfaction ( ! s5ses1 beauty ( =m is an important elem5t 9 ! enhancem5t ( appreciation4 ,9 ! pla/ic arts & 9 music1 x is1 next to ! imm$iate appeal ( ! s5su\s elem5ts involv$1 ! *ief +r$i5t 9 ! effects produc$4 ,& ev5 9 ^? arts :i* are notable = _! expressive values1 poetry1 fiction1 drama & pa9t+1 ! appeal ( =m1 z 9 ! plot ( a drama1 or ! /ructure ( an ode or x sonnet is /ill v high4 ,c]ta9 dispositions ( l9e & color 9 pa9t+2 ( h>mony & c\nt]po9t 9 music2 rhy?m1 refra91 & recurr5ce 9 poetry2 symmetry & balance 9 sculpture2 all h _! specific appeal1 ap>t f ! mat]ials us$ or ! emotions or ideas express$4 ,c]ta9 h>monic relations are int]e/+ 9 music ap>t f ! p>ticul> range ( notes employ$1 or ! p>ticul> melody ^u :i* v>iations are made4 ,! patt]n ( a tape/ry may be int]e/+1 ap>t f ! color comb9ations involv$4 ,! /ructure ( a ballade or a sonnet may be beautiful1 ap>t f ! melody ( ! words or ! p]suasiv5ess ( ! emotion or idea4 ,out ( ! factors :i* ent] into ! appreciation ( =m c]ta9 elem5ts /& out4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ place1 symmetry1 ! *>m ( :i* lies p>tly 9 recognition & rhy?m4 ,:5 ! eye runs ov] a faade1 & f9ds ! objects t attract x at equal int]vals1 an expectation1 l ! anticipation ( an inevitable note or requisite ^w1 arises 9 ! m9d1 & its non-satisfaction involves a %ock4#a ,footnote #a3 ,santayana3 ,! ,s5se ( ,beauty1 p4 #ib4 ,simil>ly1 =m giv5 to mat]ial br+s a v>iety ( details "u a compreh5sive unity1 enabl+ u to h at once ! /imulation ( div]sity & ! cl>ification ( a guid+ pr9ciple4 ,we *]i% s5sations 9 !mselves1 :5 !y consi/ ( elem5ts l limpidness ( color & lucidity ( s\nd4 ,b too mu* miscellany ( s5sation is disquiet+2 x has an effect analog\s to noise4 ,a baby or a b>b>ian may delight 9 l\d het]og5eity & vivid confusion1 b extravagance ( s5sation does n con/itute an /hetic exp]i5ce4 ,! discov]y ( ! "o 9 ! _m1 ! imm$iate appreh5sion ( ! flu5t trac+ ( a patt]n1 a =m1 or a /ructure1 is intr9sically delightful4 ,! patt]n ( a tape/ry design is z /rik+ & sugge/ive z ! colors !mselves4 ,:5 musical ta/e has pass$ f a s5tim5tal intoxication ) ! s5su\s beauty ( ! s\nds !mselves1 ! beauty we admire is prim>ily beauty ( =m or /ructure4 ,! musical connoisseur likes to trace ! recurr5ce ( a !me 9 a symphony1 its deviations & disappe>ances1 its di/ribution 9 ! v>i\s *oirs ( wood-w9d1 brass1 & /r+s1 its int]weav+ ) o!r !mes1 its resili5t1 surpris+1 & apposite em]g5ces1 its p]vasive p5etration ( ! total s*eme4 ,! /hetic exp]i5ce1 inde$1 z specifically /hetic1 r ?an m]ely s5su\s or intellectual1 is1 x might be said1 almo/ :olly a matt] ( =m4 ,x is ! arti/'s function1 z x is occasionally 8 a*ievem5t1 to give satisfy+1 det]m9ate =ms to ! indet]m9ate & miscellane\s mat]ials at 8 comm&4 ,=mlessness is = ! creator ( beauty ! unp>donable s94 ,to give cl>ity & coh]5ce to ! vague ambigu\s sc9tillations ( s\nd1 to *isel a specific p]fection out ( ! indef9ite invit+ possibilities ( m>ble1 to =m precise & consecutive sugge/ions out ( ! r&om & unc]ta9 music ( words1 is to a*ieve1 9 s f>1 success 9 art4 ,nor does =m mean =mality4 ,exp]i5ce is s v>i\s & f]tile1 & s f> outruns ! types "u :i* human inv5tion & imag9ation c appreh5d x1 t inexhau/ible novelty is possible4 ,novelty1 on ! o!r h&1 does n mean =mlessness4 ,! arti/ mu/1 if he is to be successful1 always rema9 some?+ ( an artisan4 ,h[ev] beautiful 8 vision1 he mu/ h suffici5t comm& ( ! te*nical res\rces to 8 craft to give a specific & det]m9ate embodim5t to 8 ideal4 ,e "o has haunt+ premonitions ( beauty2 x is ! bus9ess ( ! arti/ to give realization 9 =m to ! h9ts ( ! beautiful :i* are pres5t 9 matt] z we meet x 9 exp]i5ce1 & to ! imag9ative long+s :i* !y provoke4 ,9 :i* =ms diff]5t individuals w f9d satisfaction dep5ds on all ! circum/ances :i* g to make "o individual diff]5t f ano!r4 ,!re _c be 9 ! case ( art1 any m ?an 9 any o!r exp]i5ce1 absolute /&>ds4 ,we c be pleas$ only ) ^? arrangem5ts ( s\nd or color to :i* our s5sibilities h e>ly be5 educat$4 ,ev5 ! mo/ ca?olic ( ta/es becomes re/rict$ 9 ! c\rse ( education4 ,to ,we/]n e>s1 !re is at fir/ no music at all 9 ,*9ese music1 & ,bee?ov5 w\ld appe> to ! ,*9ese z b>b>\s z _! compositions appe> to u4 ,b :ile 9 a wide s5se1 con=mity to ! av]age det]m9es or limits our possible appreciation ( ! beautiful1 )9 ^! limits c]ta9 elem5ts are intr9sically m pleas+ ?an o!rs4 ,^? elem5ts ( exp]i5ce1 9 ! fir/ place1 m readily acquire /hetic values1 :i* 9 !mselves /rik+ly impress ! s5ses4 ,?us tallness 9 a man1 because x is 9 ! fir/ place /rik+1 becomes readily incorporat$ into our /&>d ( ! beautiful4 ,& all elem5ts 9 !mselves beautiful1 ! human eye1 ! curve ( ! arm1 ! wave ( ! hair1 come to be emphasiz$4 ,^! out/&+ elem5ts may !mselves become conv5tionaliz$ & /&>diz$1 s t objects ( art :i* con=m to !m are insur$ !reby ( a c]ta9 degree ( recognition z beautiful4 ,too close a con=mity produces monoton\s =malities1 cloy+ classicisms4 ,too wide a div]g5ce results 9 %ock & unpleasantness4 ,! hi/ory ( all ! arts1 h[ev]1 is full ( in/ances ( h[ ! ta/e ( a p c be educat$ to new =ms4 ,rusk9 _h to educate ! ,engli% p to an appreciation ( ,turn]4 ,! poets ( ! ,romantic p]iod 7 condemn$ by ! critics br\ght up on ! rigid classic models4 ,! s-call$ ,romantic movem5ts 9 ! arts are1 at _! be/1 dep>tures f old =ms1 n into =mlessness1 b into new1 v>i\s1 & m fruitful =ms4 ,romanticism at its wor/ dissolves into m]e =mlessness & in>ticulate ec/acies4 ,inf9ite v>iety ( =ms ! _w ( exp]i5ce may be made to we>1 b s5sations1 emotions1 & ideas mu/ be giv5 "s =m1 if !y are to pass f a fruitless ye>n+ aft] beauty into its positive inc>nation 9 objects ( art4 ,all =ms h _! *>act]i/ic emotional effects1 z h all mat]ials1 ev5 ap>t f ! emotions or ideas !y express4 ,! glitt] ( gold & ! sp>kle ( diamonds1 ! /r5g? ( m>ble1 ! /urd9ess ( oak--we h>dly c ?9k ( ^! mat]ials )\t ?9k+ ( ! associations :i* g ) !m4 ,simil>ly ! symmetry ( ! colonnades ( a temple1 ! multiplicity & v>iety ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 ev5 s simple a =m z a circle1 provoke a great or slight *>act]i/ic emotional reaction4 ,likewise1 a /accato or a flu5t rhy?m 9 music1 a m>*1 or a dance movem5t1 h1 ev5 ap>t f _! unconsci\s or int5tional expressiv5ess1 specific emotional values4 ,9 lit]ature1 also1 :]e ! value ( ! words !mselves might be expect$ to give place entirely to ! emotions or ideas ( :i* !y are ! expressive in/rum5ts1 poems may !mselves1 by _! =m & music1 be provocative ( specific emotional effects4 444,& ov] !m ! sea w9d sang1 ,%rill1 *ill1 ) flakes ( foam4 ,he1 /epp+ d[n ,by zigzag pa?s & juts ( po9t$ rock1 ,came on ! %9+ levels ( ! lake4 ,dry cla%$ 8 h>ness 9 ! icy caves1 ,& b>r5 *asms1 & all to left & "r1 ,! b>e black cliff clang$ r\nd him1 z he bas$ ,8 feet on juts ( slipp]y crag t rang1 ,%>p-smitt5 ) ! d9t ( arm$ heels-- ,& on a sudd51 lo6 ! level lake1 ,& ! long glories ( ! w9t] moon4#a ,footnote #a3 ,f ,t5nyson's ,morte d',ar?ur4 ,"h ! effect lies p>tly 9 ! =m1 b m especially 9 ! timbre & rev]b]ation ( ! words !mselves4 ,9 o!r cases1 x is ! =m t is ! *ief +r$i5t 9 ! effect produc$4 ,9 ,alfr$ ,noyes's ,! ,b>rel ,organ1 ap>t f ! mean+1 x is ! rhy?mic =m t is ( *ief /hetic value3 ,come d[n to ,kew 9 lilac "t1 9 lilac "t1 9 lilac "t1 ,come d[n to ,kew 9 lilac "t1 x is n't f> f ,london1 ,& y %all w&] h&-9-h& ) love 9 summ]'s wond]l&4 ,come d[n to ,kew 9 lilac "t2 x is n't f> f ,london4 ,! *]ry trees are seas ( bloom & s(t p]fume & sweet p]fume4 ,! *]ry trees are seas ( bloom 7& oh1 s ne> to ,london67 ,& !re !y say1 :5 dawn is high1 & all ! _w's a blaze ( sky1 ,! cuckoo1 ?\gh he's v %y1 w s+ a song = ,london4 ,ap>t f all consid]ations ( mean+1 set ! easy flu5t grace ( ?is lyric ov] aga9/ ! m>* & maje/y ( ! ,battle ,hymn ( ! ,republic4 ,m9e eyes h se5 ! glory ( ! com+ ( ! ,"l2 ,he is trampl+ out ! v9tage :]e ! grapes ( wra? are /or$2 ,he ha? loos$ ! fateful lightn+ ( ,8 t]rible swift sword2 ,8 tru? is m>*+ on4 ,he has s\nd$ =? ! trumpet t %all nev] call retreat2 ,he is sift+ out ! he>ts ( m5 be=e ,8 judgm5t-seat2 ,oh1 be swift1 my s\l1 to answ] ,him6 be jubilant1 my feet6 ,our ,god is m>*+ on4 ,,expression4 ,! objects ( art1 z we h se51 are int]e/+ & attractive 9 !mselves1 = ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are =m$1 & = ! =m :i* ! arti/ has giv5 !m4 ,b !y are int]e/+ 9 ano!r & possibly z important a way3 !y are in/rum5ts ( expression4 ,t is1 a pa9t+ is some?+ m ?an an intr9sically int]e/+ disposition ( l9e & color1 a /atue some?+ m ?an an exquisite or sublime *isel+ ( m>ble1 a poem m ?an a rhy?mic comb9ation ( ! music ( words4 ,all ( ^! are expressive4 ,some?+ 9 _! =m is associat$ ) some?+ 9 our pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,?us1 z ,james some:]e sugge/s1 a b>e figure by ,mi*elangelo1 ) unduly flex$ jo9ts1 may come someh[ to sugge/ ! moral trag$y ( life4 ,some?+ 9 ! face ( an old man pa9t$ by ,rembr&t may recall to u a simil> outw>d evid5ce ( inn] s]i\sness1 wi/fulness1 & resignation :i* we h ourselves beheld 9 liv+ p4 ,& we cle>ly value ! poems ( a ,wordswor?1 a ,milton1 a ,mat!w ,arnold1 n solely = ! magnific5t =m & music ( _! words1 b also = ! sob] beauty ( _! mean+4 ,we may come to appreciate ev5 ! highly imm$iate s5su\s & =mal pleasure ( music = ! rev]ie or rapture into :i* by sugge/ion x ?r[s u4 ,expression may1 !re=e1 make beautiful by sugge/ion1 ?+s 9 !mselves indiff]5t1 or x may come to height5 ! beauty :i* !y already possess4 ,! objects ( art may be appreciat$ *iefly ei!r = _! mat]ial & =m1 or = ! values :i* !y express4 ,9 "s cases ! actual object may be beautiful2 sometimes ! beauty may lie almo/ :olly 9 ! image1 emotion1 or idea evok$4 ,home1 ,sweet ,home1 = example1 may be plausibly held to w9 admiration r = ! s5tim5tal associations :i* x evokes 9 ! s+] or he>] ?an = its v]bal or melodic beauty4 ,! enjoym5t :i* p )\t any musical gifts1 out on a camp+ or canoe+ trip1 exp]i5ce f s++ a r *eap & fray$ rep]tory is obvi\sly = s5tim5tal r ?an = /hetic satisfaction4 ,simil>ly1 we may *]i% ! mem5tos ( a lo/ fri5d or *ild1 n = _! intr9sic wor?1 b = ! t5d]ness ( ! memories !y ar\se4 ,! situation is delicately describ$ 9 ,eug5e ,field's ,little ,boy ,blue3 ,! little toy dog is cov]$ ) du/1 ,b /urdy & /aun* he /&s1 ,& ! little toy soldi] is r$ ) ru/1 ,& 8 musket m\lds 9 8 h&s4 ,"t 0 :5 ! little toy dog 0 new1 ,& ! soldi] 0 pass+ fair1 ,& t 0 ! "t :5 our ,little ,boy ,blue ,kiss$ !m & put !m !re4 ,"s objects ( art may inde$ become beautiful almo/ completely ?r\gh _! expressiv5ess4 ,!re are c]ta9 poets ^: music is rauc\s & :o make little appeal ?r\gh cl>ity ( =m4 ,^! survive almo/ completely by virtue ( ! p]si/5t /r5g? & endur+ sublimity ( ! ideas :i* !y express4 ,mu* ( ,:itman may be put 9 ?is class1 & also mu* ( ,br[n+4 ,simil>ly a sculptor may n captivate u by ! flu5t beauty ( 8 m>ble1 b by ! p[] & passion :i* 8 crude mighty figures express4 ,9 su* cases we may ev5 come to reg>d :at1 f a purely =mal po9t ( view1 is unlovely1 z a ?+ ( ! mo/ extreme beauty4 ,ev5 ! r\ghness 9 su* direct revelations ( /r5g?1 may come to be reg>d$ z elem5ts ( ! beautiful4 ,& :]e massiv5ess ( effect does n suffice to retrieve a "w ( art f its ess5tial crudities1 we may /ill come to accept x z beautiful1 z x 71 9 int5tion1 & = :at comes to be reg>d$ z its ess5ce1 namely1 ! idea or emotion x expresses4 ,we =give ! imp]fections ( =m z we =give ! /amm]+s & /utt]+s ( p]sons ^: brok5 say+s are yet full ( wisdom4 ,usually ev5 :]e ! object1 emotion1 or idea express$ is beautiful1 we dem& c]ta9 =mal & mat]ial elem5ts ( beauty4 ,a telegram may convey ! v apex ( felicity1 yet be n at all felicit\s 9 its =m or 9 ! music ( its words4 ,if 9 su* cases1 we speak ( beauty1 ! t]m is altoge!r metaphorical & imput$2 we are us+ x 9 ! same analogical s5se z :5 we speak ( a beautiful op]ation or a beautiful de$2 x is a moral r ?an an /hetic t]m4 ,we may f9d ! lett] ( a fri5d expressive ( ! g5tl5ess1 fidelity1 & *>m t h ende>$ him to u1 b unless ^! h atta9$ suffici5tly cle> & explicit =m & det]m9ate unmi/akable music1 ! lett] w h a mean+ful beauty only 9 ! light ( ! peculi> relation exi/+ betwe5 u & ! writ]4 ,f an imp>tial /hetic po9t ( view1 ! epi/le c only by affectionate exagg]ation be call$ beautiful4 ,b ! arts1 ?r\gh _! beauty ( =m1 may pres5t pleas+ly objects1 emotions1 ideas1 n 9 !mselves beautiful or pleas+4 ,! cle>e/ case ( ?is k9d is trag$y1 :]e we may enjoy at arm's l5g? & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( art1 exp]i5ces :i* w\ld 9 ! ne> actualities ( life be only unmitigat$ horror4 ,refract$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( poetry & drama1 !y may appe> beautiful p]vasively & long4 ,we are enabl$ ?r\gh ! arts to survey sympa!tically univ]sal emotions1 ^? by :i* our own lives h be5 t\*$1 or to :i* !y are liable2 we are enabl$ to survey bitt]ness & fru/ration calmly because !y are set 9 a p]spective1 a beautiful p]spective1 9 :i* !y %9e out cle> & p]suasive1 purifi$ ( t bitt] p]sonal tang :i* makes sorr[ 9 real life s diff]5t 9 tone f ! beauty ) :i* 9 trag$y x is halv$4 ,any s5sation1 z ,max ,ea/man ju/ly rem>ks 9 8 ,enjoym5t ( ,poetry1 may1 if suffici5tly mild1 become pleas+4 ,& !re is h>dly any human action or exp]i5ce1 h[ev] t]rible1 :i* _c 9 ! h&s ( a ma/] be made appeal+ & sublime 9 its emotional effect4 ,! beauty ( ,trag$y does b make visible a quality :i*1 9 m or less obvi\s %apes1 is pres5t always & ev]y:]e 9 life4 ,9 ! spectacle ( dea?1 9 ! endurance ( intol]able pa91 & 9 ! irrevocabl5ess ( a vani%$ pa/1 !re is a sacr$ness1 an ov]p[]+ awe1 a feel+ ( ! va/ness1 ! dep?1 ! inexhau/ible my/]y ( exi/5ce1 9 :i*1 z by "s /range m>riage ( pa91 ! suff]] is b\nd to ! _w by bonds ( sorr[4 ,9 ^! mom5ts ( insight we lose all eag]ness ( tempor>y desire1 all /ruggl+ & /riv+ = petty ends1 all c>e = ! little trivial ?+s t1 to a sup]ficial view1 make up ! common life ( day by day2 we see1 surr\nd+ ! n>r[ raft1 illum9$ by ! flick]+ light ( human comrade%ip1 ! d>k ocean on ^: roll+ waves we toss = a brief h\r4#a ,footnote #a3 ,b]tr& ,russell3 ,philosophical ,essays1 pp4 #fg-fh4 ,b emotions & exp]i5ces t 9 real life are displeas+ c be made pleas+ 9 art *iefly by virtue ( ! qualities ( mat]ial & =m already discuss$4 ,! disappo9tm5t1 disillusion1 or t]ror :i* trag$y s vividly reveals is made tol]able *iefly ?r\gh ! intr9sic beauty ( ! vehicle 9 :i* x is set =?4 ,! high & brea?less beauty ( rhy?m1 ! v]ve1 ! my/]y1 & music ) :i* evils are set =?1 may make !m n only tol]able b t5d] & appeal+4 ,:at w\ld be z imm$iate exp]i5ce altoge!r he>tr5d+1 = example ! tortur+ remorse ( a ,macbe?1 is made spl5did & mov+ 9 ! incisive maje/y & p5etration ( 8 monologues4 ,at ! end ( ,hamlet1 ! utt] wreck1 unreason1 & confusion is made be>able & beautiful by ! t5d] f9ality ( ,hamlet's dy+ words to ,horatio3 ,abs5t !e f felicity a:ile ,& 9 ?is h>% _w draw ?y brea? 9 pa91 ,to tell my /ory4 ,greek trag$y _h ! additional acc\t]m5ts ( a *orus1 ( music1 ( production 9 a va/ amphi!at] to give an atmosph]e ( outw>d gr&eur to ! glory ( its int5t4 ,trag$y (t5 relieves ! net horror :i* is its burd5 by ! pomp & circum/ance ( ! associations x sugge/s3 ,we h palaces = our sc5e1 rank1 beauty1 & virtues 9 our h]oes1 nobility 9 _! passions & 9 _! fate1 & altoge!r a sort ( glorification ( life )\t :i* trag$y w\ld lose bo? 9 dep? ( pa?os--s9ce ?+s s preci\s are de/roy$--& 9 subtlety ( *>m1 s9ce ?+s s preci\s are manife/$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,santayana3 ,s5se ( ,beauty1 p4 #bbh4 ,trag$y /ill m subtly atta9s ! beauty ( expressiv5ess by mak+ ! v evils & confusions & t]rors x pres5ts someh[ ! exemplifications ( a s]5e et]nal ord]4 ,! function ( ! *orus 9 ,greek trag$y 0 inde$ *iefly to indicate 9 solemn /rophe & anti/rophe ! ord]$ & h>moni\s v]ities ( :i* ^! p>ticul> follies & fru/rations 7 s t5d] & t]rible an illu/ration4 ,!y cat* up ! pres5t & p>ticul> evil into ! calm & spl5did int]play ( cosmic =ces4 ,?us at ! end ( ,euripides's play ,m$ea1 :5 ! h]o9e has sla9 ! *ildr5 %e has borne to ,jason & 9 h] fury refuses to let him ga!r up _! dead bodies1 :5 ,jason 9 utt] inconsolable despair1 ca/s himself ^u ! e>?1 out ( all ?is wrack & torture ! *orus raises ! audi5ce into a contemplation ( ! ord]$ et]nity by :i* ^! ?+s come to be4 ,x s+s3 ,great treasure halls ha? ,zeus 9 ,heav51 ,f :5ce to man /range dooms be giv51 ,pa/ hope or fe>2 ,& ! end m5 look$ = come? n1 ,& a pa? is !re :]e no man ?\ght3 ,s ha? x fall5 "h4#a ,footnote #a3 ,euripides3 ,m$ea 7,gilb]t ,murray translation74 ,,art ,,z ,,vic>i\s ,,exp]i5ce4 ,! drama1 art1 & pa9t+ are1 9 g5]al1 ways by :i* we c vic>i\sly exp]i5ce ! emotions ( o!rs4 ,all ( ! expressive arts are made possible by ! fundam5tal psy*ological fact t human be+s give c]ta9 in/9ctive & habitual signs ( emotion & in/9ctively respond to !m4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ?r\gh art exp]i5ce may be immeasurably broad5$1 deep5$1 & mell[$4 ,?r\gh ! m$ium ( art1 modes ( life long pa/ away c leave _! imp]i%able & liv+ mem5tos4 ,dante op5s to ! citiz5 ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ! m9d & imag9ation ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a ,grecian urn c ar\se1 at lea/ to a ,keats1 ! :ole /ill$ magic ( ! ,greek _s4 ,& n only c we live ?r\gh ! life & emotion ( times long dead1 b ! fiction & drama & poetry ( our own day p]mit u to ent] into realms ( exp]i5ce :i* 9 ext5t & v>iety w\ld n be possible to "o man4 ,inde$1 ! possibility ( vic>i\sly enl>g+ exp]i5ce is "o ( ! *ief appeals ( art4 ,we _c all be rov]s1 b we c h 9 read+ ,masefield a pung5t s5se ( romantic op5 spaces1 ! salt w9ds1 ! p]il\s motion or ! broad calm ( ! sea4 ,we feel some?+ ( ! same urg5cy z t ( ! au?or :5 we read3 ,i mu/ g d[n to ! seas aga91 ! lonely sea & ! sky1 ,& all ,i ask is a tall %ip & a /> to /e] h] by1 ,& ! :eel's kick & ! w9d's song & ! :ite sail's %ak+1 ,& a gray mi/ on ! sea's face & a gray dawn break+4#b ,footnote #b3 ,masefield3 ,sea-,fev]4 ,art op5s up wide av5ues ( possibility2 x releases u f ! limitations to :i* a p>ticul> mode ( life1 an accid5tal ni*e 9 a bus9ess or pr(ession has committ$ u4 ,x enables u vividly to exp]i5ce & sympa!tically to appreciate ! lives :i* are l$ by o!r m51 & 9 :i* some?+ 9 our own p]sonalities c\ld h f\nd fulfillm5t4 ,:ile ! objects ( art ?us broad5 our exp]i5ce by _! precise & contagi\s communication ( emotion1 !y may also express ideas4 ,?us a play may h a message1 a poem a vision1 a pa9t+ an allegory4 ,art is bo? at an advantage & at a disadvantage 9 ! communication ( ideas4 ,ideas1 if !y are to be accurately convey$1 %\ld be devoid ( emotional fl\ri%1 & pres5t$ ) telegraphic directness & precision4 ,!y %\ld h ! cl>ity ( =mulas1 r ?an ! di/ract+ array & atmosph]e ( =m4 ,b ideas pres5t$ 9 ! p]suasive g>b ( beauty1 ga9 9 _! hold ov] m5 :at !y lose 9 precision4 ,?us an eloqu5t orator1 a t\*+ lett]1 a vivid poem1 may d m ?an volumes ( ! mo/ def9itive & conv9c+ logic to ins9uate an idea into m5's m9ds4 ,comp>e 9 effectiv5ess ! mo/ ?or\ghgo+ treatise on ! /atus ( ! agricultural labor] ) ! /irr+ mom5tum ( ,edw9 ,m>kham's ,! ,man ,) ! ,hoe3 ,b[$ by ! weight ( c5turies he leans ,^u 8 hoe & gazes on ! gr\nd1 ,! empt9ess ( ages 9 8 face1 ,& on 8 back ! burd5 ( ! _w4 ,:o made him dead to rapture & despair1 ,a ?+ t grieves n1 & t nev] hopes1 ,/olid & /unn$1 a bro!r to ! ox8 ,:o loos5$ & let d[n ?is brutal jaw8 ,^: 0 ! h& t slant$ back ?is br[8 ,^: brea? blew out ! light )9 ?is bra98 ,is ?is ! ,?+ ! ,"l ,god made & gave ,to h dom9ion ov] sea & l&2 ,to trace ! />s & se>* ! heav5s = p[]1 ,to feel ! passion ( ,et]nity8 ,is ?is ! ,dream he dream$ :o %ap$ ! suns1 ,& m>k$ _! ways ^u ! anci5t deep8 ,d[n all ! /ret* ( ,hell to its la/ gulf ,!re is no %ape m t]rible ?an ?is-- ,m tongu$ ) c5sure ( ! _w's bl9d gre$-- ,m fill$ ) signs & port5ts = ! s\l-- ,m fraught ) m5ace to ! univ]se4 ,an idea clo!d ) su* music & passion is an incomp>ably effective means ( ar\s+ a response4 ,x is ?is :i* makes art s valuable an in/rum5t ( propag&a4 ,p w respond actively to ideas set =? ) f]vor by a ,tol/oy or an ,ibs5 :o w\ld be left cold by ! flat & erudite accuracy ( a volume on economics4 ,& ! confirm$ ,platoni/ is made s p]haps less by ! conv9c+ness ( ,plato's logic1 ?an by ! inevitable & irrefutable grace ( 8 dramatic art4 ,!re is1 = c]ta9 p]sons educat$ 9 ! arts1 a satisfaction t is nei!r s5su\s nor emotional1 b intellectual4 ,^! come to discrim9ate =m ) ! ab/ract ?\gh w>m int]e/ ( ! exp]t4 ,! well-in=m$ conc]t-go] beg9s to appreciate beauties hidd5 to ! un9itiate4 ,he notes ) eag] anticipation ! te*nical g5ius ( a composition z x unfolds1 admir+ ! craft & skill z well z ! vision ( ! arti/4 ,9 extreme cases ?is may1 ( c\rse1 deg5]ate into m]e p$antry4 ,b at its be/1 x is ! satisfaction ( ! man :o1 hav+ a ke5 eye = beauty1 is all ! m solicit\s = its accurate realization4 ,! satisfactions ( ! connoisseur are m]ely a ref9em5t ( less sophi/icat$ =ms ( appreciation4 ,to appreciate ! b>e s\nds ( music1 or ! vividness ( color 9 a pa9t+ is ! prelude to m discrim9at+ ta/es4 ,x is impossible = mo/ m5 to h 9 all ! arts exp]t judgm5t1 b ! ability to be able to discrim9ate ) au?ority ! te*nical a*ievem5ts ( a "w ( g5ius1 :ile x does n supplant ! emotional & s5se satisfaction d]iv$ f ! arts1 nev]!less enhances !m4 ,,art ,,& ,,/hetic ,,exp]i5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,social ,,ord]4 ,! creative activity :i* is1 to a peculi> ext5t1 ! arti/'s1 is s\ght & practic$ to "s degree by all m54 ,g5ius is r>e1 b tal5t ( a m9or sort is frequ5t4 ,9 ! play+ ( a musical in/rum5t1 9 ! practice ( a h&icraft1 9 ! cultivation ( a g>d51 ord9>y m5 9 mod]n society f9d an outlet = inv5tion1 craftsman%ip1 & imag9ation4 ,to give ?is joy ( creation1 9 small] or l>g] measure1 to all m5 is to promote social happ9ess4 ,9 ! discussion ( in/9ct x 0 po9t$ out t m5 come ne>e/ to atta9+ happ9ess :5 !y are do+ :at is _! b5t by orig9al nature1 :5 !y are act+ out ( %e] love ( ! activity r ?an f compulsion4 ,& s9ce all m5 possess1 al?\gh 9 mod]ate degree1 ! creative impulse1 to give ?is impulse a *ance is a di/9ct social good4 ,! employm5t ( ! creative imag9ation dem&s bo? leisure & tra9+4 ,leisure is ne$$ because1 9 ! r\t9e activities ( indu/ry1 m5's actions are det]m9$ n by _! imag9ation1 b by ! imm$iacies ( practical dem&s4 ,!re may be1 z ,hel5 ,m>ot sugge/s1 a possibility ( a wide utilization ( ! creative impulse 9 indu/ry4 ,b a l>ge "p ( indu/rial life mu/ ( necessity rema9 r\t9e4 ,9 consequ5ce1 dur+ _! leisure h\rs alone1 c m5 f9d free scope = "s =m ( /hetic int]e/ & activity4 ,! second requisite is tra9+4 ,ev5 ! poor play] ( an in/rum5t c d]ive "s pleasure f 8 p]=mance4 ,&1 "u ! accid5ts ( economic & social circum/ance1 _m a fl[] may really be born to blu% unse5 ?r\gh ! fact t its tal5ts receive no opportunity4 ,! occasional discov]y by a weal?y man ( a g5ius 9 ! slums1 indicates h[ a m lib]al & g5]al provision ( tra9+ 9 ! arts might r$\nd to ! g5]al good4 ,& a m widespread end[m5t ( tra9+ 9 ! f9e arts1 if x did n produce _m g5iuses1 might at lea/ produce a numb] ( compet5t pa9t]s & musicians1 :o1 9 ! practice ( _! skill1 dur+ _! leisure1 w\ld d]ive consid]able & altoge!r :olesome pleasure4 ,:ile high /hetic capacity may be lack+ 9 mo/ p1 /hetic appreciation is widely diffus$1 & ! education ( ta/e & ! gr[? 9 appreciation ( ! arts h be5 m>k$4 ,! museums ( art 9 our l>ge cities report a con/antly increas+ att5dance1 bo? ( visitors to ! gall]ies & att5dants at lectures4 ,& ! cr[ds :i* regul>ly att5d musical programs ( a su/a9$ly high "* 9 _m cities1 w9t] & summ]1 are evid5ce ( h[ widespread & eag] is appreciation ( ! f9e arts4 ,9 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries & 9 ,g]many "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable social ph5om5a has be5 ! gr[? ( a widely support$ p's !at] movem5t1 9 :i* !re has be5 consi/5t support ( ! highe/ type ( op]as & plays4 ,,art ,,z ,,an ,,indu/ry4 ,! fact t objects ( art are !mselves imm$iate satisfactions & supply human wants1 makes _! provision = l>ge numb]s an important social ent]prise4 ,c]ta9 =ms ( art1 !re=e1 become highly indu/rializ$4 ,! provision ( ! objects ( art becomes a pr(itable bus9ess1 z x is also made possible only by a l>ge economic outlay4 ,tol/oy 9 8 ,:at is ,art8 br+s out /rik+ly ! economic basis ( arti/ic ent]prises 9 contempor>y society3 ,= ! support ( art 9 ,russia #ahih1 ! gov]nm5t grants millions ( r\bles 9 subsidies to academies1 cons]vatories1 & !atres4 ,9 ,france1 tw5ty million francs are assign$ = art1 & simil> grants are made 9 ,g]many & ,engl&4 ,9 e l>ge t[n enorm\s build+s are erect$ = museums1 academies1 cons]vatories1 dramatic s*ools1 & = p]=mances & conc]ts4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( workm5--c>p5t]s1 masons1 pa9t]s1 jo9]s1 pap]hang]s1 tailors1 hairdress]s1 jewel]s1 mold]s1 type-sett]s--sp5d _! :ole lives 9 h>d labor to satisfy ! dem&s ( art1 s t h>dly any o!r dep>tm5t ( human activity1 except ! milit>y1 consumes s mu* en]gy z ?is4 ,n only is enorm\s labor sp5t on ?is activity1 b 9 x1 z 9 w>1 ! v lives ( m5 are sacrific$4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p devote _! lives f *ildhood to le>n+ to twirl _! legs rapidly 7danc]s71 or to t\* notes & /r+s v rapidly 7musicians7 or to turn e phrase inside out & f9d a rhyme = e ^w4#a ,footnote #a3 ,tol/oy3 ,:at is ,art8 pp4 #a-b 7writt5 9 #ahih74 ,tol/oy's po9t 9 ?us emphasiz+ ! imm5se en]gies devot$ to arti/ic ent]prises is to lead u to consid] :at is ! end ( all ?is labor4 ,he po9ts out sca?+ly ! ugl9ess1 frivolity1 & crudity ( mu* t passes = drama 9 ! !at]1 = music 9 ! conc]t hall1 & = lit]ature betwe5 cov]s4 ,he pleads = a simple art t %all express ) s9c]ity ! g5u9e emotions ( ! great mass ( m54 ,:atev] be our e/imate ( ,tol/oy's sweep+ condemnation ( s mu* ( :at has come to be reg>d$ z classic beauty1 ! po9t he makes ab\t ! comm]cialization ( art is incontrov]tible4 ,if art is an indu/ry1 ! good is det]m9$1 z x 71 by popul> vote4 ,! _m mu/ be pleas$ r ?an ! discrim9at+4 ,:ile1 z has be5 not$1 /hetic appreciation is fairly g5]al1 appreciation ( ! subtl] =ms ( art requires tra9+4 ,! gl>+1 ! conspicu\s1 ! broad effect1 is m likely to w9 rapid popul> approval ?an ! subtle1 ! quiet1 & ! fragile4 ,t ta/e is readily educable is true4 ,b :5 imm$iate pr(its are ! end1 "o _c pause to educate ! public4 ,& publi%+ & ! !at] are two conspicu\s in/ances ( ! conflicts t n infrequ5tly arise betwe5 /&>ds ( economic return & /&>ds ( /hetic m]it4 ,ev5 :]e !re is no delib]ate selection ( ! worse r ?an ! bett]1 comm]cial /&>ds op]ate to put ! novel 9 art at a disc\nt4 ,z already po9t$ out1 we t5d to appreciate =ms & ideas to :i* we are accu/om$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 :]e comm]cial dem&s make imm$iate widespread appreciation necess>y1 ! untri$1 ! odd1 ! radical innovation 9 music1 lit]ature1 or drama1 is a que/ionable v5ture4 ,!re are notable in/ances ( works :i*1 ?\gh ev5tually recogniz$ z great1 _h to g begg+ at fir/ = a publi%] or a produc]4 ,?is 0 ! case ) "s ( ,m]$i?'s e>li] novels2 lat] ,m]$i?1 z a publi%]'s read]1 turn$ d[n "s ( ,%aw4 ,! same inhospitality met "s ( ! plays ( ,ibs5 & "s ( ! symphonies ( ,ts*aik[sky4 ,,art ,,& ,,morals4 ,att5tion has already be5 call$ to ! fact t objects ( art are p[]ful vehicles = social propag&a4 ,inde$ "s works become fam\s less = _! intr9sic beauty ?an = _! moral =ce4#a ,! effectiv5ess ( art =ms z in/rum5ts ( propag&a lies 9 ! fact1 previ\sly not$1 t ! ideas pres5t$1 ) all ! acc\t]m5ts ( color1 =m1 & movem5t1 are incomp>ably effective 9 /imulat+ passion2 ideas ?us ar\s$ 9 ! behold] h ! vivid mom5tum ( emotion to su/a9 !m4 ,!re is only rhetorical exagg]ation 9 ! say+1 ,let me s+ a c\ntry's songs1 & ,i c>e n :o makes its laws4 ,plato 0 "o ( ! fir/ to recognize h[ influ5tial art c\ld be 9 influ5c+ m5's actions & attitudes4 ,s ke5ly did he realize its possible influ5ce1 t 9 con/ruct+ 8 ideal /ate he provid$ = ! rigid regulation ( all arti/ic production by ! gov]n+ p[]1 & ! exile ( all poets4 ,he felt deeply h[ ins9uat+ly p]suasive poets c\ld become ) _! dang]\s beautiful lies4 ,arti/s h1 inde$1 n infrequ5tly be5 revolution>ies1 at lea/ 9 ! s5se t ! _w :i* !y s ec/atically pictur$ makes ev5 ! be/ ( actual worlds look pale & paltry 9 comp>ison4 ,! imag9ative g5ius has naturally en\gh be5 discont5t$ ) an exi/+ ord] t c\ld n possibly measure up to 8 ard5t specifications4 ,%elley is possibly ! supreme example ( ! type2 aga9/ 8 incorrigible con/ruction ( p]fect worlds 9 imag9ation he set ! real _w 9 :i* m5 live1 & f\nd x hateful4 ,footnote #a3 ,! classic in/ance ( a "w t c]ta9ly 0 notable 9 its e>ly hi/ory = its propag&a value is ,uncle ,tom's ,cab94 ,an extreme in/ance ( a book fam\s almo/ exclusively = its vivid propag&a is ,upton ,s9clair's ,! ,jungle4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is discont5t :i* ! imag9ative arti/ s (t5 expresses ) ! real _w1 & ! p[] ( 8 en?usia/ic visions to w9 ! loyalties & affections ( m51 _m morali/s & /atesm5 h1 l ,plato1 reg>d$ ! creative arti/ ) suspicion4 ,!y h half believ$ ! lyric boa/ ( ! ,celtic poet :o wrote3 ,"o man ) a dream at pleasure1 ,%all g =? & conqu] a cr[n1 ,& ?ree ) a new song's measure1 ,c trample an empire d[n4 ,we1 9 ! ages ly+1 ,9 ! buri$ pa/ ( ! e>?1 ,built ,n9eveh ) our sigh+1 ,& ,babel itself ) our mir?2 ,we o'er?rew !m ) prophesy+ ,to ! old ( ! new _w's wor?1 ,= ea* age is a dream t1 is dy+1 ,or "o t is com+ to bir?4#a ,footnote #a3 ,o',%aughnessy3 ,ode to ! ,music-,mak]s4 ,_m1 !re=e1 :o h reflect$ ^u art--,plato fir/ & *iefly--h insi/$ t art mu/ be us$ to express only ^? ideas & emotions :i* :5 act$ ^u w\ld h b5efic5t social consequ5ces4 ,only ^? /ories are to be told1 ^? pictures to be pa9t$1 ^? songs to be sung1 :i* contribute to ! welf>e ( ! /ate4 ,_m arti/s h simil>ly felt a ,puritanical responsibility2 !y h told only ^? tales :i* c\ld be po9t$ ) a moral4 ,! supreme example ( ?is d$ication ( art to a moral purpose is f\nd 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 all beauty ( ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 & mu* ( lit]ature & drama1 0 p]vad$1 z x 0 inspir$1 ) ! ,*ri/ian message4 ,lat] ,milton writes at ! beg9n+ ( ,p>adise ,lo/3 444 ,:at 9 me is d>k1 ,illum9e1 :at is l[--raise & support1 ,t to ! height ( ?is great argum5t ,i may ass]t ,et]nal ,provid5ce1 ,& ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to man4#b ,footnote #b3 ,milton3 ,p>adise ,lo/1 book ,i1 l9es #bb-bf4 ,9 a s5se1 ! supreme a*ievem5ts ( creative g5ius h be5 notable in/ances ( ! expression ( great moral or religi\s or social ideals4 ,lucretius's ,on ! ,nature ( ,?+s is ! noble/ & mo/ passionate extant r5d]+ ( ! mat]iali/ic conception ( life4 ,goe!'s ,fau/ expresses 9 epic magnific5ce a :ole romantic philosophy ( endless exploration & inf9ite desire4 ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y sums up 9 a s+le magnific5t epic ! _s & mean+ ( ! m$ival po9t ( view4 ,z ,h5ry ,osborn ,taylor writes ( x3 ,yet ev5 ! poem itself 0 a climax long l$ up to4 ,! p[] ( its feel+ _h be5 prep>+ 9 ! conceptions1 ev5 9 ! reason+s1 :i* ?r\gh ! c5turies _h be5 ga9+ ard\r z !y became "p ( ! entire natures ( m5 & wom54 ,?us _h m$ival ?\ght become emotionaliz$ & pla/ic & liv+ 9 poetry & art4 ,o!rwise1 ev5 ,dante's g5ius c\ld n h fus$ ! cont5ts ( m$ival ?\ght into a poem4 ,h[ _m passages 9 ! ,comm$ia illu/rate ?is--l ! lovely picture ( ,lia mov+ 9 ! fl[]+ mead[1 ) h] fair h&s mak+ h] a g>l&4 ,! tw5ty-?ird canto ( ! ,p>adiso1 tell+ ( ! triumph ( ,*ri/ & ! ,virg91 yields a l>g] illu/ration2 & )9 x1 z a v concrete lyric in/ance1 floats t fl[] ( angelic love1 ! song ( ,gabriel circl+ ! ,lady ( ,heav5 ) its melody1 & giv+ qu9tess5tial utt]ance to ! love & adoration :i* ! ,middle ,ages _h inton$ to ! ,virg94 ,yes1 if x be ,dante's g5ius1 x is also ! ga!r+ emotion ( ! c5turies1 :i* lifts ! la/ cantos ( ! ,p>adiso f glory to glory1 & makes ?is clos+ s++ ( ! ,comm$ia su* supreme poetry4 ,nor is x ! emotional elem5t alone t rea*es its f9al voice 9 ,dante4 ,passage aft] passage ( ! ,p>adiso is ! apo!osis ( s*ola/ic ?\ght & ways ( /at+ x1 ! v apo!osis1 = example1 ( ^? h>ness$ phrases 9 :i* ! l9e ( great s*ola/ics _h endeav\r$ to put 9 words ! univ]salities ( sub/ance & accid5t & ! absolute qualities ( ,god4#a ,footnote #a3 ,taylor3 ,! ,m$ival ,m9d1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ehh-hi4 ,9 ^! supreme in/ances ! ideas h be5 giv5 a g5u9ely /hetic expression4 ,!y are beautiful 9 =m & music1 z well z 9 cont5t & vision4 ,b n infrequ5tly :]e propag&a appe>s1 art flies out ( ! w9d[4 ,_m mod]n plays & novels might be cit$1 :i* 9 _! s]i\s devotion to ! enunciation ( "s social ideal1 lapse f song into /ati/ics4 ,! arti/ ) 8 eye on ! social consequ5ces ( 8 "w may come altoge!r to cease to reg>d /&>ds ( beauty4 ,x is only ! r>e g5ius :o c make poetry out ( politics4 ,ev5 ,%elley lapses into deadly & arid pros9ess :5 8 *ief int]e/ becomes ! pres5tation ( ! political ideas ( ,godw94 ,9 contra/ ) ! !ory t art has a social responsibility1 t s p[]ful an in/rum5t mu/ be us$ exclusively 9 ! pres5tation ( adequate social ideals1 mu/ be set ! doctr9e1 widely curr5t 9 ! late n9ete5? c5tury1 ( art = art's sake4 ,to ! expon5ts ( ?is po9t ( view1 ! arti/ has only "o responsibility1 ! creation ( beauty4 ,x is 8 to realize 9 =m e pulsation ( int]e/ & desire1 to provide e possible exquisite s5sation4 ,! arti/ mu/ n be a prea*]2 he mu/ n tell m5 :at is ! good2 he mu/ %[ !m ! good1 :i* is id5tical ) ! beautiful4 ,& he mu/ exhibit ! beautiful 9 e unique & lovely po/ure :i* c be imag9$1 & :i* he c skillfully realize 9 color1 9 ^w1 or 9 s\nd4 ,art is its own ju/ification2 a ?+ ( beauty is a joy =ev]4 ,:]e art is gov]n$ by su* int5tions1 =m & mat]ial become m important ?an expression4 ,?us !re develops 9 ,france 9 ! late n9ete5? c5tury a s*ool ( ,symboli/s & ,s5sationali/s 9 poetry1 ^: s+le aim is ! production ( precise & beautiful s5sations ?r\gh ! specific use ( evocative words4 ,! =m & ! /yle become ev]y?+ 9 lit]ature1 9 pa9t+1 & ! pla/ic arts4 ,! emphasis is put ^u exquisit5ess 9 decoration1 ^u precision 9 te*nique1 ^u lovel9ess ( mat]ial4 ,! ,pre-,raphaelite movem5t 9 poetry1 ) its emphasis on ! use ( picturesque & decorative epi!ts1 ! exclusive emphasis 9 "s mod]n music on subtlety ( te*nique 9 tone & color1 are rec5t examples4 ,! position tak5 has cle>ly ?is mu* ju/ification4 ,a "w does n become a "w ( art ?r\gh ! fact t x expresses noble s5tim5ts4 ,! mo/ righte\s s]mon may n be beautiful4 ,:atev] be ! s\rce ( its inspiration1 art mu/ make its appeal ?r\gh ! palpable & und5iable beauty ( ! =mal embodim5t x has giv5 to its vision4 ,h[ev] mu* an object be priz$ z a moral in/rum5t1 unless x /irs ! s5ses & ! imag9ation1 x h>dly c be call$ a "w ( art4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?+s intr9sically beautiful d seem to be _! own ju/ification4 ,a poem ( ,keats1 a ,japanese pr9t1 a delicate vase1 or an exquisite song dem& no moral ju/ification4 ,!y are _! own suffici5t excuse = be+4 ,b ! art = art's sake doctr9e1 c>ri$ to extremes1 results 9 m]e decad5ce or triviality4 ,x produces at be/ exquisite decorative trifles r ?an works ( a l>ge & s]i\s beauty4 ,music seems to be ! art :]e %e] beauty ( =m is its own ju/ification1 = music c h>dly be us$ z a specific m$ium ( communication4 ,^? compositions t purport to be program music1 to convey def9ite impressions ( p>ticul> sc5es or ideas1 are some:at halt+ attempts to use music z "o uses language4 ,yet ev5 9 music1 ?\gh we may enjoy +5i\s & flu5t melodic trifles1 we reg>d !m less highly ?an ! e>ne/ & magnific5t beauty ( a ,bee?ov5 symphony4 ,b because art is only effective :5 x appeals to ! s5ses & to ! imag9ation does n mean t ! s5ses & ! imag9ation mu/ be /irr$ by insignificance4 ,! arti/ may use ! rhy?ms ( music1 l9e & color1 ! sugge/iv5ess ( words1 9 ! int]e/s ( ideal values4 ,gift$1 z he is1 ) imag9ative =esight to imag9e a _w bett] ?an ! "o 9 :i* he is liv+1 he may1 by pictur+ ideals 9 p]suasive =m1 n only br+ !m be=e ! m9d ( man1 b ins9uate !m into 8 he>t4 ,! rational arti/ may note ! possibilities afoot 9 8 environm5t4 ,he may treasure ^! h9ts ( human happ9ess1 & by giv+ !m vivid reality 9 ! =ms ( art indicate captivat+ly to m5 :]e possible p]fections lie4 ,= y\r "y m5 %all see visions1 & y\r old m5 %all dream dreams4 ,! arti/ may become ! mo/ influ5tial ( prophets1 = 8 prophecies come to m5 n z arbitr>y c\nsels1 b z pictures ( ,p]fection intr9sically lovely & intrigu+4 ,:5 ,socrates is ask$ :e!r or n 8 p]fect city exi/s1 he replies t x exi/s only 9 ,heav51 b t m5 9 behold+ x may1 9 ! light ( t div9e patt]n1 le>n to atta9 9 _! e>?ly cities a n dissimil> beauty4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,sci5tific ,,me?od ,,:at ,,sci5ce ,,is4 ,sci5ce may be consid]$ ei!r z ! product ( a c]ta9 type ( human activity1 or z a human activity satisfactory ev5 ap>t f its fruits4 ,z an activity1 x is a highly ref9$ =m ( t process ( reflection by :i* man is1 9 ! fir/ place1 enabl$ to make himself at home 9 ! _w4 ,x diff]s f ! ord9>y or common-s5se process ( ?9k+1 z we %all pres5tly see1 9 be+ m ?or\ghgo+1 sy/ematic1 & su/a9$4 ,x is common s5se ( a mo/ extraord9>ily ref9$ & p5etrat+ k9d4 ,b be=e exam9+ ! proc$ure ( sci5ce1 we mu/ consid] briefly its impos+ product1 t sci5ce ^: va/ /ructure seems to ! layman s f9al1 impos+1 & irrefragable4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! product :i* is ! fruit ( reflective activity1 ,sci5ce may be def9$ z a body ( sy/ematiz$ & v]ifi$ k1 express+ 9 g5]al t]ms ! relations ( exactly def9$ ph5om5a4 ,9 all ! respects "h not$1 sci5ce may be contra/$ ) ^? matt]s ( common k1 ( op9ion or belief :i* are ! fruit ( our casual daily ?9k+ & exp]i5ce4 ,sci5ce is1 9 ! fir/ place1 a body ( sy/ematiz$ k4 ,"o has b to contra/ ! pres5tation ( facts 9 an ord9>y textbook 9 zology ) ! r&om pres5tation ( facts 9 a newspap] or 9 casual conv]sation4 ,9 sci5ce ! facts be>+ on a giv5 problem are pres5t$ z completely z possible & are classifi$ ) ref]5ce to _! significant be>+s ^u ! problem4 ,moreov] ! facts ga!r$ & ! classifications ( relation%ip made are n m or less accurate1 m or less true2 !y are te/$ & v]ifi$ results4 ,t putrefaction1 = example1 is due to ! life ( micro-organisms 9 ! rott+ sub/ance is n a m]e assumption4 ,x has be5 prov$1 te/$1 & v]ifi$ by me?ods we %all h occasion pres5tly to exam9e4 ,sci5tific k1 moreov]1 is g5]al k4 ,! relations x expresses are n true 9 "s cases ( ! precise k9d describ$1 untrue 9 o!rs4 ,! relations hold true :5ev] ^! precise ph5om5a occur4 ,?is g5]ality ( sci5tific relations is closely connect$ ) ! fact t sci5ce expresses relations ( exactly def9$ ph5om5a4 ,:5 a sci5tific law expresses a c]ta9 relation betwe5 ,a & ,b1 x says 9 effect3 ,giv5 ,a z mean+ ?is p>ticul> set ( conditions & no o!rs1 & ,b z mean+ ?is p>ticul> set ( conditions & no o!rs1 !n ?is relation holds true4 ,! relations betwe5 exactly def9$ ph5om5a are express$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 t is1 ! relations express$ hold true1 giv5 c]ta9 conditions1 :atev] be ! accompany+ circum/ances4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :at be ! k9d ( objects1 ! law ( gravitation /ill holds true3 ! attraction betwe5 objects is directly proportional to ! product ( _! masses & inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,?us sci5ce z an activity is m>k$ (f by its me?od & its int5t r ?an by its subject-matt]4 ,z a me?od x is *>act]iz$ by ?or\ghness1 p]si/5cy1 complet5ess1 g5]ality1 & sy/em4 ,z reg>ds its int5t1 x is *>act]iz$ by its fre$om f p>tiality or prejudice1 & its int]e/ 9 discov]+ :at ! facts are1 ap>t f p]sonal expectations & desires4 ,9 ! sci5tific mood we wi% to "k :at ! nature ( ?+s is4 ,!re are m5 :o seem to h a b\ndless1 insatiable curiosity1 :o h a lifelong passion = acquir+ facts & und]/&+ ! relation%ip betwe5 !m4 ,,sci5ce ,,z ,,explanation4 ,! satisfactions :i* sci5tific inve/igators d]ive f _! inquiries are v>i\s4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! %e] pleasure ( gratify+ ! normal human impulse ( curiosity1 develop$ 9 "s p to an extraord9>y degree4 ,exp]i5ce to a s5sitive & inquir+ m9d is full ( *all5ges & provocations to look fur!r4 ,! appe>ance ( dew1 an eclipse ( ! sun1 a fla% ( lightn+1 a peal ( ?und]1 ev5 su* commonplace ph5om5a z ! fall+ ( objects1 or ! ru/+ ( iron1 ! evaporation ( wat]1 ! melt+ ( sn[1 may provoke inquiry1 may sugge/ ! "q1 ,:y8 ,exp]i5ce1 z x comes to u ?r\gh ! s5ses1 is brok5 & fragm5t>y4 ,! connections betwe5 ! occurr5ces ( ,nature seem casual1 & connect$1 z x 71 purely by accid5t4 ,a black sky port5ds ra94 ,b su* an inf]5ce made by ! untra9$ m9d is m]ely ! result ( habit4 ,a black sky has be5 foll[$ by ra9 9 ! pa/2 ! same sequ5ce ( ev5ts may be expect$ 9 ! future4 ,b ! connection betwe5 ! two is n really und]/ood4 ,sometimes exp]i5ces seem to contradict ea* o!r4 ,! /raight /ick looks crook$ or brok5 9 wat]4 ,! app>5t anomalies & contradictions1 ! welt] ( miscellane\s facts ) :i* we come 9 contact ?r\gh ! exp]i5ces ( ! s5ses1 are cl>ifi$ by ! g5]alizations ( sci5ce4 ,! _w ( facts ceases to be r&om1 miscellane\s1 & incalculable4 ,e ph5om5on t occurs is se5 to be an in/ance ( a g5]al law t holds among all ph5om5a t resemble x 9 c]ta9 def9able respects4 ,?us ! app>5t b5d+ ( ! /ick 9 wat] is se5 to be a special case ( ! laws ( ! refraction ( light2 ! app>5t anomaly or contradiction ( our s5se exp]i5ces is1 z we say1 expla9$4 ,:at seem$ to be a contradiction & an exception is se5 to be a cle> case ( a regul> law4 ,! desire = explanation 9 "s m9ds is v /rong4 ,sci5ce expla9s 9 ! s5se t x r$uces a ph5om5on to ! t]ms ( a g5]al pr9ciple1 :atev] t pr9ciple may be4 ,:5 we meet a ph5om5on t seems to come "u no g5]al law1 we are confront$ ) a my/]y & a miracle4 ,we d n "k :at to expect f x4 ,b :5 we c place a ph5om5on "u a g5]al law1 applicable 9 a wide v>iety ( in/ances1 ev]y?+ t c be said ( all ! o!r in/ances 9 :i* ! law applies1 applies also to ?is p>ticul> case4 ,?9k ( heat z motion1 & :atev] is true ( motion w be true ( heat2 b we h _h a hundr$ exp]i5ces ( motion = ev]yone ( heat4 ,?9k ( ! rays pass+ ?r\gh ?is l5s z b5d+ t[>d ! p]p5dicul>1 & y sub/itute = ! comp>atively unfamili> l5s ! v famili> notion ( a p>ticul> *ange 9 direction ( a l9e1 ( :i* motion e day br+s u c\ntless examples4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james3 ,psy*ology1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cdb4 ,x mu/ be notic$ t ! explanation :i* sci5ce gives1 is really 9 answ] to ! "q1 ,h[8 n ! "q1 ,:y8 ,we are said to und]/& ph5om5a :5 we und]/& ! laws :i* gov]n !m4 ,b to say t c]ta9 giv5 ph5om5a--! appe>ance ( dew1 ! fall+ ( ra91 ! fla% ( lightn+1 ! putrefaction ( animal matt]--obey c]ta9 laws is purely metaphorical4 ,ph5om5a d n obey laws 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we say ! *ild foll[s ! comm&s ( 8 p>5ts1 or ! soldi] ^? ( 8 (fic]4 ,! laws ( sci5ce simply describe ! relations :i* h repeat$ly be5 obs]v$ to exi/ betwe5 ph5om5a4 ,!y are laws 9 ! s5se t !y are inv>iably obs]v$ successions4 ,:5 x has be5 f\nd t :5ev] ,a is pres5t1 ,b is also pres5t1 t ! pres5ce ( ,a is always correlat$ ) ! pres5ce ( ,b1 & ! pres5ce ( ,b is always correlat$ ) ! pres5ce ( ,a1 we say we h discov]$ a sci5tific law4 ,sci5ce ?us expla9s 9 ! s5se t x r$uces ! multiplicity & v>iety ( ph5om5a to simple & g5]al laws4 ,! ideal ( unity & simplicity is ! con/ant ideal t[>d :i* sci5ce moves1 & its success 9 ?us r$uc+ ! miscellane\s facts ( exp]i5ce has be5 ph5om5al4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury (f]s "s int]e/+ examples4 ,! discov]y ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy & its trans=mations has reveal$ to u ! unity ( =ce4 ,x has %[n1 = example1 t ! ph5om5on ( heat c\ld be expla9$ by molecul> motions4 ,electricity annex$ magnetism4 ,f9ally ! relations ( electricity & light are n[ kn[n2 ! ?ree realms ( light1 ( electricity & ( magnetism1 previ\sly sep>at$1 =m n[ b "o2 & ?is annexation seems f9al4 ,!re has be5 ?us an increas+ approa* t[>d unity1 t[>d ! summation ( ph5om5a "u "o simple1 g5]al =mula4#a ,po9c>1 9 review+ ?is progress1 writes3 ,footnote #a3 ,po9c> notes also ! opposite t5d5cy1 = sci5ce to gr[ m complex4 ,z he says3 ,& ,newton's law itself8 ,its simplicity1 s long undetect$1 is p]haps only app>5t4 ,:o kn[s :e!r x is n due to "s complicat$ me*anism1 to ! impact ( "s subtile matt] animat$ by irregul> movem5ts1 & :e!r x has n become simple only ?r\gh ! action ( av]ages & ( great numb]s8 ,9 any case x is difficult n to suppose t ! true law conta9s complem5t>y t]ms1 :i* w\ld become s5sible at small di/ances4 7,f\ndations ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #acb47 ,! bett] "o kn[s ! prop]ties ( matt] ! m "o sees cont9uity reign4 ,s9ce ! labors ( ,&rews & ,van d] ,wals1 we get an idea ( h[ ! passage is made f ! liquid to ! gase\s /ate & t ?is passage is n abrupt4 ,simil>ly !re is no gap betwe5 ! liquid & solid /ates1 & 9 ! proce$+s ( a rec5t congress is to be se51 alongside ( a "w on ! rigidity ( liquids1 a memoir on ! fl[ ( solids4444 ,f9ally ! me?ods ( physics h invad$ a new doma91 t ( *emi/ry2 physical *emi/ry is born4 ,x is /ill v "y1 b we already see t x w enable u to connect su* ph5om5a z electrolysis1 osmosis1 & ! motions ( ions4 ,f ?is rapid exposition :at %all we conclude8 ,ev]y?+ consid]$1 we h approa*$ unity2 we h n be5 z quick z we _h hop$ fifty ye>s ago1 we h n always tak5 ! pr$ict$ way2 b1 f9ally1 we h ga9$ ev] s mu* gr\nd4#b ,footnote #b3 ,po9c>3 loc4 cit41 pp4 #aec-ed4 ,! satisfaction :i* dis9t]e/$ sci5ce gives to ! inve/igator is ?us1 9 ! fir/ place1 "o ( cl>ification4 ,sci5ce1 by enabl+ u to see ! wide g5]al laws ( :i* all ph5om5a are p>ticul> in/ances1 emancipates ! imag9ation4 ,x frees u f be+ b\nd by ! accid5tal sugge/ions :i* come to u f m]e p]sonal caprice1 habit1 & environm5t1 & enables u to obs]ve facts uncolor$ by passions & hope1 & to discov] ^? laws ( ! univ]se :i*1 9 ! words ( ,k>l ,pe>son1 hold = all normally con/itut$ m9ds4 ,9 ord9>y exp]i5ce1 our impressions & beliefs are ! results ( inaccurate s5se obs]vation color$ by hope & fe>1 av]sion & revulsion1 & limit$ by accid5tal circum/ance4 ,?r\gh sci5ce we are enabl$ to deta* ourselves f ! p]sonal & ! p>ticul> & to see ! _w1 z1 undi/ort$1 x mu/ appe> to any man any:]e3 ,! sci5tific attitude ( m9d involves a sweep+ away ( all o!r desires 9 ! int]e/s ( ! desire to "k--x involves suppression ( hopes & fe>s1 loves & hates1 & ! :ole subjective emotional life1 until we become subdu$ to ! mat]ial1 able to see x frankly1 )\t preconceptions1 )\t bias1 )\t any wi% except to see x z x is1 & )\t any belief t :at x is mu/ be det]m9$ by "s relation1 positive or negative1 to :at we %\ld l x to be1 or to :at we c easily imag9e x to be4#a ,footnote #a3 ,b]tr& ,russell3 ,my/icism & ,logic1 p4 #dd4 ,besides ! satisfactions ( sy/em & cl>ity :i* ! sci5ces give1 !y af=d man p[] & security4 ,k is p[]1 said ,francis ,bacon1 mean+ !reby t to "k ! connection betwe5 causes & effects 0 to be able to regulate conditions s z to be able to produce desirable effects & elim9ate undesirable ones4 ,ev5 ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ inquiry may ev5tually produce practical results ( a highly important "*4 ,sci5ce is1 z ,b]tr& ,russell says1 to ! ord9>y read] ( newspap]s1 repres5t$ by a v>y+ selection ( s5sational triumphs1 su* z wireless telegraphy & a]oplanes1 radio-activity1 etc4 ,b ^! practical triumphs 9 ! control ( natural res\rces are (t5 casual incid5ts ( pati5tly con/ruct$ sy/ems ( k :i* 7 built up )\t ! slighte/ ref]5ce to _! fruits 9 human welf>e4 ,wireless telegraphy1 = example1 0 made possible by ! dis9t]e/$ & ab/ract inquiry ( ?ree m51 ,f>aday1 ,maxwell1 & ,h]tz4 ,9 alt]nat+ lay]s ( exp]im5t & !ory ^! ?ree m5 built up ! mod]n !ory ( electromagnetism1 & demon/rat$ ! id5tity ( light ) electromagnetic waves4 ,! sy/em :i* !y discov]$ is "o ( pr(\nd intellectual int]e/1 br++ toge!r & unify+ an endless v>iety ( app>5tly deta*$ ph5om5a1 & display+ a cumulative m5tal p[] :i* _c b af=d delight to e g5]\s _s4 ,! me*anical details :i* rema9$ to be adju/$ 9 ord] to utilize _! discov]ies = a practical sy/em ( telegraphy dem&$1 no d\bt1 v consid]able +5uity1 b _h n t broad sweep & t univ]sality :i* c\ld give !m intr9sic int]e/ z an object ( dis9t]e/$ contemplation4#a ,footnote #a3 ,b]tr& ,russell3 ,my/icism & ,logic1 p4 #cd 7,sci5ce & ,culture74 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,a ,,_w ,,view4 ,"o ( ! values ( dis9t]e/$ sci5ce t is ( consid]able psy*ological importance is ! *ange 9 attitude x br+s ab\t 9 man's realization ( 8 place 9 ! univ]se4 ,lucretius long ago ?\ght to free m5's m9ds f t]ror & sup]/ition by %[+ !m h[ regul>1 ord]$1 & inevitable 0 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! sup]/iti\s savage walks 9 dread among natural ph5om5a4 ,he lives 9 a _w :i* he imag9es to be gov]n$ by caprici\s & incalculable =ces4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t he c1 z we h se51 control ^!4 ,b he is ill at ease4 ,he is surr\nd$ by va/ ambigu\s =ces1 & moves 9 a trembl+ ignorance ( :at w happ5 next4 ,to ^? educat$ to ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 !re is a solidity & assurance ab\t ! frame ( ?+s4 ,b5ea? ! v>iability & flux1 :i* !y cont9ually p]ceive1 is ! *angeless law :i* !y h le>n$ to compreh5d4 ,al?\gh !y discov] t ! processes ( ,nature move on indiff]5t to ! welf>e ( man1 !y "k1 nev]!less1 t !y are dep5dable & c]ta91 t !y are fix$ conditions ( life :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 c be controll$1 & ! incid5tal goods & ills ( :i* are def9itely calculable4 ,h]aclitus1 ! anci5t ,greek philosoph]1 not$ ! et]nal flux1 yet p]ceiv$ ! /eady ord] b5ea?1 s t he c\ld ev5tually ass]t t all ?+s *ang$ save ! law ( *ange4 ,! magnific5t regul>ity ( natural processes has be5 repeat$ly rem>k$ by /ud5ts ( sci5ce4 ,,! ,,/hetic ,,value ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,z po9t$ out 9 ! *apt] on ,art1 sci5tific discov]y is m ?an a m]e tabulation ( facts4 ,x is also a "w ( ! imag9ation1 & gives to ! work] 9 ! sci5tific field precisely ! same s5se ( satisfaction z t exp]i5c$ by ! creative arti/4 ,( ,kelv9 8 biograph] writes3 ,l ,f>aday & ! o!r great ma/]s 9 sci5ce1 he 0 accu/om$ to let 8 ?\ghts become s fill$ ) ! facts on :i* 8 att5tion 0 conc5trat$ t ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 ! v>i\s ph5om5a gradually dawn$ ^u him1 & he saw !m1 z if by "s process ( in/9ctive vision d5i$ to o!rs4 444 ,8 imag9ation 0 vivid2 9 8 int5se en?usiasm1 he seem$ to be driv5 r ?an to drive himself4 ,! man 0 lo/ 9 8 subject1 becom+ z truly inspir$ z is ! arti/ 9 ! act ( creation4#a ,footnote #a3 ,sylvanus ,p4 ,?ompson2 ,! ,life ( ,william ,?omson1 ,b>on ,kelv9 ( ,l>gs1 pp4 #aabe ff4 ,9 ! work+-out ( a pr9ciple1 ! sy/ematiz+ ( _m facts "u a sweep+ g5]alization1 ! sci5ti/ f9ds a creator's joy4 ,he is giv+ =m & significance to ! disord]$ & *aotic mat]ials ( exp]i5ce4 ,! sci5tific imag9ation diff]s f ! arti/ic imag9ation simply 9 t x is controll$ ) ref]5ce to facts4 ,! fir/ fla% is subject$ to criticism1 exam9ation1 revision1 & te/+4 ,b ! gr& g5]alizations ( sci5ce orig9ate 9 j su* an unpr$ictable orig9al vision4 ,! discov]y ( ! fitt+ =mula :i* cl>ifies a mass ( facts hi!rto *aotic & contradictory is v closely ak9 to ! process by :i* a poet discov]s an appropriate epi!t or a musician an apposite *ord4 ,b 9 its products z well z 9 its processes1 sci5tific inve/igations h a high /hetic value4 ,!re is symmetry1 ord]1 & spl5dor 9 ! relations :i* sci5ce reveals4 ,! same =mal beauty t appeals to u 9 a ,greek /atue or a ,bee?ov5 symphony is to be f\nd 9 ! univ]se1 b on a f> m magnific5t scale4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! s5se ( rhy?m & regul>ity3 ,!re comes to ! sci5tific inve/igator a s5se ( p]vad+ ord]4 ,probably ?is began at ! v dawn ( human reason--:5 man fir/ discov]$ ! ye> ) its magnific5t object-lesson ( regul>ly recurr5t sequ5ces1 & x has be5 gr[+ ev] s9ce4 ,d\btless ! e>ly =ms t ?is p]ception ( ord] took ref]r$ to some:at obvi\s uni=mities2 b is !re any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 realiz+ ! ord]l9ess ( moons & tides1 ( seasons & migrations1 & discov]+ ,bodes's law ( ! relations ( ! planets1 or ,m5deleff's ,p]iodic ,law ( ! relations ( ! atomic weights ( ! *emical elem5ts8#a ,footnote #a3 ,?omson3 ,introduction to ,sci5ce1 p4 #agd4 ,ev] s9ce ,newton's day ! h>mony ( ! sph]es has be5 a favorite poetic metaphor4 ,! spaci\sness ( ! sol> sy/em has captivat$ ! imag9ation1 z h ! "t cycles reveal$ by ! pa?s ( comets & meteors4 ,! univ]se seems inde$1 z reveal$ by sci5ce1 to pres5t t quality ( /hetic satisfaction :i* is always d]iv$ f unity 9 multiplicity4 ,! />s are z innum]able z !y are ord]$4 ,& x 0 ,lucretius1 ! poet ( naturalism1 :o 0 wak5$ to wond] & admiration at ! ceaseless productivity1 inv5tiv5ess1 & f]tility ( ,nature4 ,we f9d 9 ! revelations ( sci5ce aga9 ! same examples ( delicacy & f95ess ( /ructure t we admire s mu* 9 ! f9e arts4 ,! bra9 ( an ant1 z ,d>w9 said1 is p]haps ! mo/ m>vel\s speck ( matt] 9 ! univ]se4 ,aga9 ! physici/s tell u t ! behavi\r ( hydrog5 gas makes x necess>y to suppose t an atom ( x mu/ h a con/itution z complex z a con/ellation1 ) ab\t eight hundr$ sep>ate corpuscles4#b ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 p4 #agf4 ,,! ,,dang] ,,( ,,pure ,,sci5ce4 ,! fasc9ations ( dis9t]e/$ inquiry are s great t !y may lead to a k9d ( sci5tific intemp]ance4 ,! ab/ract$ sci5tific int]e/ may become s absorb$ 9 ! work+-out ( small details t x becomes ov]-specializ$1 n>r[1 & p$antic4 ,! pure !ori/ has always be5 reg>d$ ) suspicion by ! practical man4 ,8 conc]n ov] details ( flora or fauna1 ov] ! precise m9uti ( anci5t hi]oglyphics1 seems absurdly trivial 9 comp>ison ) ! c5tral passions & c5tral purposes ( mank9d4 ,!re are work]s 9 e dep>tm5t ( k :o become wrapt up 9 _! specialties1 =gett+ ! =e/ = ! trees4 ,!re are m5 s absorb$ 9 prob+ ! crevices ( _! own little ni*e ( k t !y =get ! be>+s ( _! rese>*es4 ,especially 9 "t ( /ress1 ( w> or social unre/1 m5 h felt a c]ta9 call\sness ab\t ! int]e/s ( ! ab/rusely remote s*ol>4 ,we %all h occasion to note pres5tly t x is 9 ?is coldness & emancipation f ! press+ dem&s ( ! mom5t t sci5ce has produc$ its mo/ pron\nc$ ev5tual b5efits = mank9d4 ,b an uncontroll$ passion = facts & relations may deg5]ate into a m]e play & luxury t may h its fasc9ation = ! exp]t himself1 b af=ds nei!r sweetness nor light to any "o else4 ,"o has b to g ov] ! li/s ( doctors' diss]tations publi%$ by ,g]man univ]sities dur+ ! late n9ete5? c5tury to f9d examples ( inquiry t seem to af=d n ! slighte/ ju/ification 9 ! way ( ev5tual good to mank9d4#a ,footnote #a3 ,x is only fair to say t lit]>y /udies h be5 m>k$ by m b>r5 & fruitless inve/igations 7purely philological inquiry1 = example7 ?an h ! physical sci5ces4 ,,practical ,,or ,,appli$ ,,sci5ce4 ,?us f> we h be5 consid]+ sci5ce *iefly z an activity :i* satisfies "s m5 z an activity 9 itself1 by ! /hetic1 emotional1 & intellectual values !y d]ive f x4 ,b a fact at once p>adoxical & significant 9 ! hi/ory ( human progress is t ?is mo/ imp]sonal & dis9t]e/$ ( man's activities has be5 pr(\ndly influ5tial 9 its practical fruits4 ,! practical application ( ! sci5ces re/s on ! utilization ( ! exact =mulations ( pure sci5ce4 ,?r\gh ^! =mulations we c control ph5om5a by artificially sett+ up relations ( :i* sci5ce has le>n$ ! consequ5ces1 ?us atta9+ ! consequ5ces we desire1 & avoid+ ^? we d n4 ,! direct influ5ce ( pure sci5ce on practical life is enorm\s4 ,! obs]vations ( ,newton on ! relations betwe5 a fall+ /one & ! moon1 ( ,galvani on ! convulsive movem5ts ( frogs' legs 9 contact ) iron & copp]1 ( ,d>w9 on ! adaptation ( woodpeck]s1 ( tree-frogs1 & ( se$s to _! surr\nd+s1 ( ,kir*h(f on c]ta9 l9es :i* occur 9 ! spectrum ( sunlight1 ( o!r inve/igators on ! life-hi/ory ( bact]ia--^! & k9dr$ obs]vations h n only revolutioniz$ our conception ( ! univ]se1 b !y h revolutioniz$ or are revolutioniz+1 our practical life1 our means ( transit1 our social conduct1 our treatm5t ( disease4#a ,footnote #a3 ,k>l ,pe>son3 ,! ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce1 pp4 #ce-cf4 ,francis ,bacon 0 "o ( ! fir/ to appreciate explicitly ! possibilities ( ! control ( nature 9 ! int]e/s ( human welf>e4 ,he saw ! va/ possibilities :i* a c>eful & compreh5sive /udy ( ! work+s ( nature _h 9 ! enl>gem5t ( human com=t1 security1 & p[]4 ,9 ,! ,new ,atlantis he envisages an ideal commonweal?1 ^: unique & s+ul> in/itution is a ,h\se ( ,solomon1 a k9d ( ,c>negie ,f\ndation devot$ to inquiry1 ! fruits ( :i* might be1 z !y 71 exploit$ 9 ! int]e/s ( human happ9ess3 ,! end ( our f\ndation is ! k ( causes & ! secret motions ( ?+s2 & ! enl>g+ ( ! b\nds ( human empire to ! effect+ ( all ?+s possible4#b ,footnote #b3 ,! ,new ,atlantis4 ,sci5ce sometimes appe>s s remote & ali5 to ! imm$iate concrete objects :i* meet & int]e/ u 9 daily exp]i5ce t we t5d to =get t hi/orically x 0 out ( concrete ne$s & practical int]e/s t sci5ce arose4 ,geometry1 seem+ly a cle> case ( ab/ract & !oretical sci5ce1 arose out ( ! requirem5ts ( practical survey+ & m5suration among ! ,egyptians4 ,9 ! same way botany grew out ( h]b ga!r+ & g>d5+4 ,! application ( ! exact k ga9$ by ! pure sci5ces1 may1 if prop]ly direct$1 immeasurably increase ! sum ( human welf>e4 ,"o has b to review briefly ! hi/ory ( inv5tion to appreciate ?is tru? ) vividness & detail4 ,! great v>iety ( ! appli$ sci5ces %[s ! ext5t & multiplicity ( ! fruits ( !oretical inquiry4 ,a/ronomy plays an important "p 9 navigation2 b x also e>ns its liv+ by help+ ! surveyor & ! mapmak] & by supply+ ! _w ) accurate "t4 ,indu/rial *emi/ry (f]s1 p]haps1 ! mo/ /rik+ examples4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! fixation ( nitrog51 :i* makes possible ! artificial production ( ammonia & pota%2 ! :ole gr\p ( dye indu/ries made possible ?r\gh ! *emical production ( coal t>2 ! indu/rial utilization ( cellulose 9 ! pap]1 tw9e1 & lea!r indu/ries2 ! promise ( ev5tual production on a l>ge scale ( syn!tic rubb]2 ! electric furnace1 :i*1 ) its f\rte5-?\s&-degree range ( heat1 makes possible untold increase 9 ! effectiv5ess ( all ! *emical indu/ries4 ,indu/rial *emi/ry is only "o in/ance4 ,! application ( !oretical inquiry 9 physics has made possible ! telegraph1 ! telephone1 wireless telegraphy1 electric motors1 & fly+ ma*9es4 ,m9]alogy & oceanography h op5$ up new /ores ( natural res\rces4 ,biological rese>* has _h div]se applications4 ,bact]iological inquiry has be5 fruitfully appli$ 9 surg]y1 hygi5e1 agriculture1 & ! artificial pres]vation ( food4 ,! pr9ciples ( ,m5delian inh]itance h be5 us$ 9 ! practical improvem5t ( dome/ic animals & cultivat$ plants4 ,! li/ might be indef9itely ext5d$4 ,! sci5ces arose z attempts1 m or less successful1 to solve man's practical problems4 ,!y became hi/orically cut (f1 z !y may 9 ! case ( ! pure sci5ti/ /ill be cut (f1 f practical consid]ations4 ,b no matt] h[ remote & ab/ract !y become1 !y yield aga9 practical fruits4 ,appli$ sci5ce1 if x becomes too n>r[ly int]e/$ 9 practical results1 limits its own res\rces4 ,purely !oretical inquiry may be ( ! mo/ imm5se ultimate advantage4 ,9 a s5se ! m ab/ract & remote sci5ce becomes1 ! m ev5tual promise x conta9s4 ,by gett+ away f ! confus+ & irrelevant details ( p>ticul> situations1 sci5ce is enabl$ to frame g5]alizations applicable to a wide array ( ph5om5a diff]+ 9 detail1 b hav+ 9 common significant *>act]i/ics4 ,m5 c le>n fruitfully to control _! exp]i5ce precisely because !y c emancipate !mselves f ! imm$iate dem&s ( practical life1 f ! sugge/ions t arise 9 ! c\rse ( in/9ctive & habitual action4 ,a c]ta9 p[] ( ab/raction1 ( delib]ate turn+ away f ! habitual responses to a situation1 0 requir$ be=e m5 c\ld be emancipat$ to foll[ up sugge/ions t 9 ! end are fruitful4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dewey3 ,h[ ,we ,?9k1 p4 #aef4 ,too complete absorption 9 imm$iate problems may op]ate to deprive action ( t sweep+ & p5etrat+ vision :i* a fre] inquiry af=ds4 ,! tempor>ily important may be ! less important 9 ! long run4 ,a practical adju/m5t ( detail may produce imm$iate b5efits 9 ! way ( improv$ indu/rial processes & m rapid & economical production1 b "s seem+ly obscure discov]y 9 ! mo/ ab/ruse rea*es ( sci5tific !ory may ev5tually be ( untold practical significance4 ,only ! extremely ignorant c "q ! utility (1 let u say1 ! prolong$ application ( ! ,greek intellect to ! laws ( conic sections4 ,:e!r we ?9k ( bridges or projectiles1 ( ! curves ( %ips1 or ( ! rules ( navigation1 we mu/ ?9k ( conic sections4 ,! rules ( navigation1 = in/ance1 are 9 "p bas$ on a/ronomy4 ,kepl]'s ,laws are f\ndation /ones ( t sci5ce1 b ,kepl] discov]$ t ,m>s moves 9 an ellipse r\nd ! sun 9 "o ( ! foci by a d$uction f conic sections4444 ,yet ! hi/orical fact is t ^! conic sections 7 /udi$ z an ab/ract sci5ce = eighte5 c5turies be=e !y came to be ( _! highe/ use4#b ,footnote #b3 ,?omson3 ,introduction to ,sci5ce1 pp4 #bci-dj4 ,pa/eur1 ^: rese>*es are ( su* imm$iate consequ5ce 9 human heal?1 began 8 /udies 9 ! cry/all9e =ms ( t>trates4 ,! trem5d\s comm]cial uses :i* h be5 made ( b5z5e _h _! orig9 9 a s+le idea1 advanc$ 9 a ma/]ly treatise by ,augu/e ,kekule 9 ! ye> #ahfe4a ,footnote #a3 ,quot$ by ,?omson f an address on ,te*nical ,*emi/ry by ,c4 ,e4 ,munroe4 ,practical life has be5 cont9ually enri*$ by !oretical inquiry4 ,sci5tific descriptions increase 9 value z !y become absolutely imp]sonal1 absolutely precise1 & especially z !y become cond5s$ g5]al =mulas1 :i* w be applicable to an inf9ite v>iety ( p>ticul> situations4 ,& su* descriptions are necess>ily ab/ract & !oretical4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,proc$ure4 ,sci5tific me?od is m]ely common s5se made m ?or\ghgo+ & sy/ematic4 ,reflection ( a m or less effective k9d takes place 9 ord9>y exp]i5ce :]ev] in/9ctive or habitual action is n adequate to meet a situation1 :5ev] ! individual has a problem to solve1 an adju/m5t to make4 ,?9k+1 ( "s k9d1 goes on cont9ually4 ,sci5tific ?9k+ m]ely means c>eful1 safegu>d$1 sy/ematic ?9k+4 ,x is ?9k+ al]t & critical ( its own me?ods4 ,z contra/$ ) ord9>y common-s5se ?9k+1 x is di/+ui%$ by caution1 c>efulness1 ?or\ghness1 def9it5ess1 exactness1 ord]l9ess1 & me?odic arrangem5t4 ,we ?9k1 9 any case1 because we h to1 be+ creatures born ) a set ( in/9cts n adequate to meet ! conditions ( our environm5t4 ,we c ?9k c>elessly & ineffectively1 or c>efully & successfully4 ,sci5tific me?od1 or ord]ly1 critical1 & sy/ematic ?9k+1 is n applicable to "o subject-matt] exclusively4 ,examples are commonly drawn f ! physical or *emical or biological laboratory1 b ! elem5ts ( sci5tific me?od may be illu/rat$ 9 ! proc$ure ( a bus9ess man meet+ a practical problem1 a lawy] sift+ evid5ce1 a /atesman fram+ a new piece ( legislation4 ,9 all ^! cases ! diff]5ce betwe5 a g5u9ely sci5tific proc$ure & m]e casual & r&om common s5se is ! same4 ,sci5ce is no?+ b tra9$ & organiz$ common s5se1 diff]+ f ! latt] only z a vet]an may diff] f a raw recruit3 & its me?ods diff] f ^? ( common s5se only s f> z ! gu>dsman's cut & ?ru/ diff] f ! mann] 9 :i* a savage wields 8 club4 ,! prim>y p[] is ! same 9 ea* case1 & p]haps ! untutor$ savage has ! m brawny arm ( ! two4 ,! real advantage lies 9 ! po9t & poli% ( ! swordsman's weapon2 9 ! tra9$ eye quick to spy out ! weakness ( ! adv]s>y2 9 ! ready h& prompt to foll[ x on ! in/ant4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! sword ex]cise is only ! hew+ & pok+ ( ! clubman ref9$ & develop$4 ,s1 ! va/ results obta9$ by sci5ce are won by 444 no m5tal processes1 o!r ?an ^? :i* are practic$ by ev]yone ( u1 9 ! humble/ & meane/ affairs ( life4 ,a detective policeman discov]s a burgl> f ! m>ks made by 8 %oe1 by a m5tal process id5tical ) t by :i* ,cuvi] re/or$ ! ext9ct animals ( ,montm>tre f fragm5ts ( _! bones4444 ,nor does t process ( induction & d$uction by :i* a lady f9d+ a /a9 ( a peculi> k9d ^u h] dress1 concludes t somebody has upset ! ink/& !reon1 diff]1 9 any way1 9 k9d1 f t by :i* ,adams & ,lev]ri] discov]$ a new planet4 ,! man ( sci5ce1 9 fact1 simply uses ) scrupul\s exactness ! me?ods :i* we all1 habitually & at e mom5t1 use c>elessly2 & ! man ( bus9ess mu/ z mu* avail himself ( ! sci5tific me?od--mu/ z truly be a man ( sci5ce--z ! v]ie/ bookworm ( u all4#a ,footnote #a3 ,huxley3 ,lay ,s]mons1 ,addresses1 & ,reviews1 pp4 #gg1 #gh 79 ,! ,educational ,value ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,sci5ces74 ,! sci5tific proc$ure becomes1 z we %all see1 highly complicat$1 involv+ elaborate processes ( obs]vation1 classification1 g5]alization1 d$uction or developm5t ( ideas1 & te/+4 ,b x rema9s ?9k+ j ! same1 & orig9ates 9 "s problem or p]plexity1 j z ?9k+ does 9 ord9>y life4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,common ,,s5se4 ,x is pr(itable to note 9 "s detail ! ways 9 :i* sci5tific me?od1 9 _s & te*nique1 diff]s f common-s5se ?9k+4 ,x is m insi/5t 9 ! fir/ place on includ+ ! :ole range ( relevant data1 ( br++ to light all ! facts t be> on a giv5 problem4 ,9 common-s5se ?9k+ we make1 z we say1 snap judgm5ts2 we jump at conclusions4 ,any?+ plausible is accept$ z evid5ce2 any?+ he>d or se5 is accept$ z a fact4 ,! sci5tific exam9] insi/s on exam9+ & subject+ to scrut9y ! facts at h&1 on se>*+ = fur!r facts1 & on di/+ui%+ ! facts g5u9ely significant 9 a giv5 situation f ^! t happ5 to be gl>+ or conspicu\s4 ,?is is m]ely ano!r way ( say+ t bo? accuracy & complet5ess ( obs]vation are dem&$1 accuracy 9 ! exam9ation ( ! facts pres5t1 & complet5ess 9 ! array ( facts be>+ on ! "q at h&4 ,sci5tific ?9k+ is ?us prim>ily inquir+ & skeptical4 ,x qu]ies ! usual2 x tries1 z we say1 to p5etrate b5ea? ! surface4 ,common s5se1 = example1 gives suction z ! explanation ( wat] ris+ 9 a pump4 ,b :]e1 z at a great height above sea level1 ?is my/]i\s p[] ( suction does n op]ate1 or :5 x is f\nd t x does n raise wat] above ?irty-two feet1 common s5se is at a loss4 ,sci5tific ?9k+ tries to analyze ! gross fact1 & by accurately & completely obs]v+ all ! facts be>+ on ! ph5om5on endeavors to f9d out :at special conditions are pres5t :5 ! effect occurs & abs5t :5 x does n occur4 ,in/ead ( try+ to fit all unusual1 contradictory1 or exceptional facts into a priori ideas bas$ on miscellane\s & unsift$ facts1 x />ts )\t any fix$ conclusions be=eh&1 b c>efully obs]ves all ! facts :i* x c secure ) ref]5ce to a p>ticul> problem1 delib]ately seek+ ! exceptional & unusual z crucial in/ances4 ,?us 9 a sociological inquiry1 ! sci5ti/1 in/ead ( accept+ common-s5se judgm5ts 7bas$ on a v>iety ( miscellane\s1 incomplete1 & unsift$ facts7 t c]ta9 races are inf]ior or sup]ior1 tries1 by specific inquiries1 to e/abli% ! facts ( racial capacities or defects4 ,in/ead ( accept+ prov]bial wisdom & popul> e/imates ( ! relative capacities ( m5 & wom51 he tries by c>eful obs]vation & exp]im5t accurately to discov] all ! facts be>+ on ! "q1 & to g5]alize f ^? facts4 ,sci5tific me?od ?us disc\nts prejudice or dogmatism4 ,a prejudice is lit]ally a pre-judgm5t4 ,common s5se sizes up ! situation be=eh&4 ,in/ead ( exam9+ a situation 9 its own t]ms1 & arriv+ at a conclusion1 x />ts ) "o4 ,! s-call$ h>d-head$ man ( common s5se kn[s be=eh&4 ,he has a def9ite & /]eotyp$ reaction = e situation ) :i* he comes 9 contact4 ,^! rubb]-/amp responses1 ^! unconsid]$ g5]alizations1 orig9ate 9 in/9ctive desires1 or 9 pref]5ces acquir$ ?r\gh habit4 ,common s5se f9ds fix$ pigeon holes into :i* to fit all ! v>iety ( specific circum/ances & conditions :i* *>act]ize exp]i5ce4 ,:5 its judgm5ts happ5 to be correct1 x is almo/ z mu* a matt] ( good luck z ( me?od4444 ,t potatoes %\ld be plant$ only dur+ ! cresc5t moon1 t ne> ! sea p are born at high tide & die at l[ tide1 t a comet is an om5 ( dang]1 t bad luck foll[s ! crack+ ( a mirror1 all ^! are ! results ( common-s5se obs]vation4 ,matt]s ( common k are ?us n infrequ5tly matt]s ( common mis9=mation4 ,common-s5se k is l>gely a matt] ( uncritical belief4 ,:5 !re is abs5t sci5tific exam9ation ( ! s\rces & gr\nds ( belief1 ^? judgm5ts & conclusions are likely to be accept$ :i* happ5 to h wide social curr5cy & au?ority4 ,9 an e>li] *apt]1 x 0 %[n h[ ! m]e fact ( an op9ion prevail+ among a l>ge numb] ( "o's gr\p or class gives x great emotional weight4 ,:]e op9ions are n det]m9$ by intellig5t exam9ation & decision1 !y are det]m9$ by =ce ( habit1 e>ly education1 & ! social influ5ces to :i* "o is con/antly expos$4 ,! sci5tific _s is a _s ( emancipat$ inquiry z contra/$ ) bl9d acceptance ( belief ^u au?ority4 ,! ph5om5al developm5ts ( mod]n sci5ce began :5 m5 ceas$ to accept au?oritatively _! beliefs ab\t man & nature1 & und]took to exam9e ph5om5a 9 _! own t]ms4 ,! ph5om5al rise ( mod]n sci5ce is co9cid5t ) ! collapse ( unque/ion+ fai? z ! lead+ +r$i5t ( intellectual life4 ,common s5se r5d]s m5 peculi>ly ins5sitive to ! possibilities ( ! novel1 peculi>ly susceptible to ! influ5ce ( tradition4 ,x 0 common s5se t cr$it$ ! influ5ce ( ! position ( ! />s ^u m5's welf>e1 ! p[] ( old wom5 z wit*es1 & ! unheal?9ess ( night air4 ,x 0 common s5se also t ridicul$ ,fulton's /eamboat1 laugh$ at ! e>ly attempts ( telegraphy & telephony1 & dismiss$ ! a]oplane z an int]e/+ toy4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( common s5se or empirical ?9k+ is its excess traditionalism1 its :olesale acceptance ( au?ority1#a its reliance ^u prec$5t4 ,:]e beliefs are n subject$ to critical revision & exam9ation1 to ! con/ant surveillance ( ! inquir+ intellig5ce1 !re w be no crit]ion by :i* to e/imate ! true & ! false1 ! important & ! trivial4 ,all beliefs t h wide social sanction1 or t *ime 9 ) imm$iate s5se impressions1 e/abli%$ individual habits1 or social cu/oms w be accept$ ) ! same indiscrim9ate hospitality4 ,to common s5se ! sun does appe> to g r\nd ! e>?2 ! /ick does appe> brok5 9 wat]4 ,?us totally false op9ions may appe> to ! hold] ( !m to possess all ! "* ( rationally v]ifiable tru?4 ,footnote #a3 ,au?ority 9 ?is s5se ( social pre/ige mu/ be di/+ui%$ f au?ority 9 ! s5se ( sci5tific au?ority4 ,! acceptance ( ! au?ority ( ! exp]t is ! acceptance ( op9ions t we h good reason to believe are ! result ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,! dang]s & falsities ( common-s5se judgm5ts are condition$ n only by expectations & /&>ds fix$ by ! social environm5t1 b by "o's own p]sonal pr$ilections & av]sions4 ,rec5t developm5ts 9 psy*ology h made mu* ( ! fact t _m ( our s-call$ reason$ judgm5ts are rationalizations1 second>y reasons f\nd aft] our initial1 prim>y1 & deep-seat$ emotional responses h be5 made4 ,!y are ! result ( emotional complexes1 fe>s1 expectations1 & desires ( :i* we are n ourselves consci\s4#a ,x is f ^! limit+ conditions ( p]sonal pref]5ce & social environm5t t sci5tific me?od frees u4 ,footnote #a3 ,:5 a p>ty politician is call$ ^u to consid] a new measure1 8 v]dict is l>gely det]m9$ by c]ta9 con/ant sy/ems ( ideas & tr5ds ( ?\ght1 con/itut+ :at is g5]ally kn[n z 'p>ty bias4' ,we %\ld describe ^! sy/ems 9 our newly acquir$ t]m9ology z 8 'political complex4' ,! complex causes him to take up an attitude t[>d ! propos$ measure :i* is q indep5d5t ( any absolute m]its t ! latt] may possess4 ,if we argue ) our politician1 we %all f9d t ! complex w re9=ce 9 8 m9d ^? argum5ts :i* support ! view ( 8 p>ty1 :ile x w infallibly prev5t him f realiz+ ! =ce ( ! argum5ts prop\nd$ by ! opposite side4 ,n[1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! individual himself is probably q unaw>e ( ?is me*anism 9 8 m9d4 ,he fondly imag9es t 8 op9ion is =m$ solely by ! logical pros & cons ( ! measure be=e him4 ,we see1 9 fact1 t n only is 8 ?9k+ det]m9$ by a complex ( ^: action he is unconsci\s1 b t he believes 8 ?\ghts to be ! result ( o!r causes :i* are 9 reality insuffici5t & illusory4 ,?is latt] process ( self-deception1 9 :i* ! individual conceals ! real f\ndation ( 8 ?\ght by a s]ies ( adv5titi\s props1 is t]m$ 'rationalization4' ,! two me*anisms :i* manife/ !mselves 9 our example ( ! politician1 ! unconsci\s orig9 ( beliefs & actions1 & ! subsequ5t process ( rationalization to :i* !y are subject$1 are ( fundam5tal importance 9 psy*ology4 7,b]n>d ,h>t3 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,insanity1 pp4 #fd-ff47 ,aga91 ev5 :]e common-s5se judgm5ts are n p>ticul>ly qualifi$ by su* conditions1 !y are frequ5tly bas$ ^u ! obs]vation ( purely accid5tal conjunctions ( circum/ances4 ,a sequ5ce once or twice obs]v$ is tak5 z ! basis ( a causal relation4 ,?is gives rise to :at is kn[n 9 te*nical logic z ! po/ hoc ergo propt] hoc fallacy2 t is1 ! assumption t because "o ?+ happ5s aft] ano!r1 !re=e x happ5s because ( x4 ,_m sup]/itions probably _h _! orig9 9 su* *ance obs]vations1 & belief 9 !m is /r5g!n$ by "s accid5tal confirmation4 ,?us if a man walks "u a ladd] "o day & dies ! next1 ! believ] 9 ! sup]/ition t walk+ "u a ladd] br+s fatal results w f9d 9 ?is in/ance a cle> ratification ( 8 belief4 ,!re seems to be an invet]ate human t5d5cy to seek = causes1 & by ^? :o are n sci5tific inquir]s causes are lightly assign$4 ,x is easie/ & mo/ plausible to assign z a cause an imm$iately prec$+ circum/ance4 ,exceptional or contradictory circum/ances are !n ei!r unnotic$ or p>$ d[n to fit ! belief4 ,sci5tific me?od does n dep5d on su* *ance conjunctions ( circum/ance1 b controls its obs]vations or exp]im5tally arranges conditions s z to discov] :at are ! conditions necess>y to produce giv5 effects1 or :at effects inv>iably foll[ f giv5 causes4 ,x does n accept a *ance conjunction z evid5ce ( an inv>iable relation1 b seeks1 "u regulat$ conditions1 to discov] :at ! g5u9ely inv>iable relations are4 ,?is me?od ( controll+ our g5]alizations ab\t ! facts ( exp]i5ce1 we %all pres5tly exam9e 9 "s detail4 ,,curiosity ,,& ,,sci5tific ,,inquiry4 ,curiosity1 ! in/9ctive basis ( ! desire to "k1 is ! basis ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,)\t ?is fundam5tal desire1 !re c\ld be no su/a9+ motive to deep & ?or\ghgo+ sci5tific rese>*1 = !oretical inve/igations d n always give promise ( imm$iate practical b5efits4 ,! sci5tific int]e/ is a developm5t ( t re/less curiosity = a k ( ! _w 9 :i* !y are liv+ :i* *ildr5 s m>k$ly exhibit4 ,beg9n+ z a k9d ( miscellane\s & omnivor\s appetite = facts ( :atev] description1 x gr[s into a desire to und]/& ! unsuspect$ & hidd5 relations betwe5 facts1 to p5etrate to ! unities discov]able b5ea? ! my/]ies & multiplicities ( ?+s4 ,! sci5tific mood is ?us 9 ! fir/ place a %e] in/9ctive curiosity1 a basic passion = facts4 ,x is ?is :i* su/a9s ! sci5tific work] 9 ! sometimes long & dre>y bus9ess ( collect+ specim5s1 in/ances1 details4 ,_m ( ! mo/ notable sci5tific advances1 z ,"l ,kelv9 po9t$ out1 mu/ be attribut$ to ! mo/ protract$ & unmitigat$ drudg]y 9 ! collection ( facts1 a ?or\ghgo+ & try+ labor 9 :i* ! sci5tific work] c\ld p]si/ only :5 =tifi$ by an eag] & insi/5t curiosity4 ,?is hodman's "w is ! basis ( ! great g5]alizations :i* con/itute ! framework ( ! mod]n sci5tific sy/ems4 ,! monoton\s & quantitative "w ( />-catalogu+ has be5 cont9u$ f ,hipp>*us1 :o began 8 "w m ?an a c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 "w :i* is cont9u$ ev5 to ! pres5t day4 ,?is "w1 un9spir+ z x seems1 is yet an ess5tial basis = ! applications ( a/ronomy1 ! det]m9ation ( "t1 navigation1 survey+4 ,fur!rmore1 )\t good /> places1 we c h no !ory ( ! motions ( ! sol> sy/em1 & )\t accurate catalogues ( ! />s we c "k no?+ ( ! gr&] problems ( ! univ]se1 ! motion ( our sun among ! />s1 or ( ! />s among !mselves4#a ,footnote #a3 ,h9ks3 ,a/ronomy1 p4 #afb4 ,n only is curiosity a su/a9+ motive 9 ! drudg]y ( collection & rese>* incid5t & ess5tial to sci5tific g5]alization2 x alone makes possible t susp5se ( judgm5t :i* is necess>y to fruitful sci5tific inquiry4 ,?is susp5se is1 z we h already se51 difficult = mo/ m54 ,action dem&s imm$iate decision1 & inquiry delib]ately po/pones decision4 ,x is only a p]si/5t desire to get at ! bottom ( ! matt] t w act z a *eck ^u ! dem&s ( social life & ( individual impati5ce :i* ru% u to conclusions4 ,9 mo/ m51 z e>li] not$1 ! %>p edge ( curiosity becomes easily blunt$4 ,!y are cont5t1 outside _! own imm$iate p]sonal int]e/s1 to take ?+s = grant$4 ,!y glide ov] ! surfaces ( ev5ts1 !y cease to qu]y ! au!nticity ( facts1 or to exam9e _! relevance & _! significance1 or to be conc]n$ ab\t _! complet5ess4 ,= an example1 "o has b to li/5 to or p>take 9 ! av]age discussion ( any political or social issue ( ! pres5t day4 ,!re are few m5 :o reta91 ev5 z f> z middle life1 a g5u9ely inquir+ int]e/ 9 m5 & affairs4 ,_! curiosity is dull$ by fatigue & ! pressure ( _! own int]e/s & preoccupations1 & !y all[ _! prejudices & =mulas to pass = judgm5ts & conclusions4 ,! sci5ti/ is ! man 9 :om curiosity has become a p]man5t passion1 :o1 z long z he lives1 is unwill+ to =ego inquiry into ! processes ( ,nature1 or ( human relations4 ,,?9k+ ,,beg9s ,,) ,a ,,problem4 ,:ile ! g5]al habit ( inquiry is develop$ 9 ! satisfaction ( ! in/9ct ( curiosity1 any p>ticul> inve/igation beg9s ) a felt difficulty4 ,by difficulty is n meant "o ( an imp]ative & practical k9d1 b any problem :e!r !oretical or practical4 ,= _m m51 x is true1 ?9k+ occurs only :5 in/9ct & habit are inadequate to adju/ !m to _! environm5t4 ,any problem ( daily life af=ds an example4 ,to borr[ an illu/ration f ,pr(essor ,dewey3 ,a man travel+ 9 an unfamili> region comes to a bran*+ ( ! roads4 ,hav+ no sure k to fall back ^u1 he is br\ght to a /&/ill ( hesitation & susp5se4 ,:i* road is "r8 ,& h[ %all ! p]plexity be resolv$8 ,!re are b two alt]natives4 ,he mu/ ei!r bl9dly & arbitr>ily take 8 c\rse1 tru/+ to luck = ! outcome1 or he mu/ discov] gr\nds = ! conclusion t a giv5 road is "r4#a ,footnote l3 ,dewey3 ,h[ ,we ,?9k1 p4 #aj4 ,to ! inquir+ m9d1 purely !oretical difficulties or discrepancies w provoke ?\ght4 ,to ! a/ronom] an unacc\nt$-= p]turbation 9 ! pa? ( a planet provokes inquiry2 ! *emi/ is *all5g$ by a curi\s unexpla9$ reaction ( two *emical elem5ts1 ! biologi/1 ant]ior to ! discov]y ( micro-organisms1 by ! putrefaction ( animal tissues4 ,! degree to :i* curiosity p]si/s & ! ext5t ( tra9+ a man has _h 9 a giv5 field l>gely det]m9e ! k9d ( situations t w provoke inquiry4 ,a primrose by ! riv]'s brim may be simply a primrose to "o man1 :ile to ano!r1 a botani/1 x may sugge/ an int]e/+ & complex problem ( classification4 ,b h[ev] remote & recondite ?9k+ becomes1 h[ev] f> remov$ f imm$iate practical conc]ns1 x occurs ess5tially 9 a situation analog\s to ! =k$-road situation describ$ above4 ,! situation z x /&s is confus$1 ambigu\s1 unc]ta94 ,9 a practical problem1 = example1 !re are two or m c\rses ( action op5 to u1 all ( !m giv+ promise z solutions ( our difficulties4 ,we aim ?r\gh reflection to r$uce ! unc]ta9ty1 to cl>ify ! situation1 to discov] m cle>ly ! consequ5ces ( ! v>i\s alt]natives :i* sugge/ !mselves to u4 ,:5 action is unimp$$1 sugge/ions fl[ on j z !y arise 9 our m9ds4 ,?is is illu/rat$ be/ 9 ! rev]ies ( a day-dream :5 casual & disconnect$ fancies foll[ ea* o!r 9 r&om & uncontroll$ succession4 ,b :5 !re is a problem to be settl$1 an ambiguity to be resolv$1 sugge/ions are held 9 *eck & controll$ ) ref]5ce to ! end we h 9 view2 ea* sugge/ion is e/imat$ ) reg>d to its relevance to ! problem 9 h&4 ,e idea t arises is1 s to speak1 qu]i$3 ,is x or is x n a solution to our pres5t difficulty8 ,we are indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,dewey1 = an analysis ( ! ?\ght process4 ,e in/ance ( ?9k+ reveals five /eps3 7#a7 ,a felt difficulty1 7#b7 its location & def9ition1 7#c7 sugge/ions ( possible solutions1 7#d7 developm5t by reason+ ( ! be>+s ( ! mo/ promis+ sugge/ion1 7#e7 fur!r obs]vation or exp]im5t lead+ to its acceptance or rejection1 t is a conclusion ei!r ( belief or disbelief4 ,:5 in/9ct or habit suffices to adju/ u to our environm5t1 action runs along smoo?ly1 freely1 un9t]rupt$ly4 ,9 consequ5ce ! provocation to ?9k+ may at fir/ be a m]e vague %ock or di/urbance4 ,we are1 z x 71 9 tr\ble )\t kn[+ precisely :at ! tr\ble is4 ,we mu/ c>efully inquire into ! nature ( ! problem be=e und]tak+ a solution4 ,to take a simple in/ance1 an automobile may sudd5ly /op4 ,we "k !re is a difficulty1 b :e!r x is a difficulty ) ! transmission1 ) ! c>buretor1 or ) ! supply ( gasol9e1 we _c at fir/ tell4 ,be=e we d any?+ else 9 solv+ our problem1 we f9d out lit]ally & precisely :at ! tr\ble is4 ,to take a diff]5t situation1 a doctor does n und]take to prescribe = a pati5t until he has diagnos$ ! difficulty1 f\nd out precisely :at ! features ( ! problem are4 ,! second /ep aft] ! situation has be5 exam9$ & its precise elem5ts def9$1 is sugge/ion4 ,t is1 we consid] ! v>i\s possibilities :i* sugge/ !mselves z solutions to our problem4 ,!re may be sev]al ways ( tempor>ily repair+ our eng9e2 ! doctor may ?9k ( two or ?ree possible treatm5ts = a disease4 ,9 "o s5se1 sugge/ion is uncontrollable4 ,! k9d ( sugge/ions t occur to an individual dep5d on 8 g5ius or temp]am5t1 on 8 pa/ exp]i5ces1 on 8 hopes or fe>s or expectations :5 t p>ticul> situation occurs4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! me?ods ( sci5ce1 control sugge/ions indirectly4 ,we c d ?is1 9 ! fir/ place1 by rexam9+ ! facts :i* give rise to sugge/ion4 ,if ^u close exam9ation1 ! facts appe> diff]5tly f :at !y did at fir/1 we w d]ive diff]5t inf]5ces f !m4 ,diff]5t sugge/ions w arise f ! facts ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ?an f ! facts ,a'1 ,b'1 ,c'4 ,aga9 we c regulate ! conditions "u :i* cr$5ce is giv5 to ! v>i\s sugge/ions t arise4 ,^! sugge/ions are ent]ta9$ m]ely z t5tative1 & are n accept$ until exp]im5tally v]ifi$4 ,! sugge/$ conclusion z only t5tatively ent]ta9$ con/itutes an idea4 ,aft] ! v>iety ( sugge/ions t pr(f] !mselves z solutions to a problem h be5 consid]$1 ! ?ird /ep is ! logical developm5t ( ! idea or sugge/ion t gives mo/ promise ( solv+ ! difficulty4 ,t is1 ev5 be=e fur!r facts are s\ght1 ! idea t gives promise ( be+ a solution is foll[$ out to its logical consequ5ces4 ,?us1 = example1 a/ronom]s 7 = a long "t puzzl$ by unexpla9$ p]turbations 9 ! pa? ( ! planet ,uranus4 ,! sugge/ion occurr$ t an unse5 planet 0 deflect+ x f ! pa? x %\ld1 f obs]vation & calculation1 be foll[+4 ,if ?is 7 ! case1 f ! am\nt ( deflection x 0 ma!matically calculat$1 prior to any fur!r obs]vation1 t ! suppos$ planet %\ld appe> at a c]ta9 po9t 9 space4 ,x 0 by ?is d$uctive elaboration t ! planet ,neptune 0 discov]$4 ,x 0 figur$ out d$uctively t a planet deflect+ ! pa? ( ! planet ,uranus by j s-&-s mu* %\ld be f\nd at j su* & su* a p>ticul> po9t 9 ! heav5s4 ,:5 ! telescopes 7 turn$ 9 t direction1 ! planet ,neptune 0 discov]$ at precisely ! po9t d$uctively =eca/4 ,! elaboration ( an idea ?r\gh reason+ x out may sometimes lead to its rejection4 ,b 9 ?9k+ out its details we may = ! fir/ "t note its apposit5ess to ! solution ( ! problem 9 h&4 ,! gross sugge/ion may seem wild & absurd1 b :5 its be>+s & consequ5ces are logically develop$ !re may be "s item 9 ! developm5t :i* dovetails into ! problem z its solution4 ,william ,james gives z ! out/&+ feature ( reason+1 sagacity1 or ! p]ception ( ! ess5ce4#a ,by ?is he meant ! ability to s+le out ( a complex situation or idea ! significant or key feature4 ,x is only by a logical developm5t ( a sugge/$ solution to a problem t x is possible to hit ^u ! ess5ce ( ! matt] = a p>ticul> situation1 to s+le out ( a gross total situation1 ! key to ! ph5om5on4 ,9 reason+1 ,a may sugge/ ,b2 b ,b1 in/ead ( be+ an idea :i* is simply obey$ by u1 is an idea :i* sugge/s ! di/9ct additional idea ,c4 ,& :]e ! tra9 ( sugge/ion is "o ( reason+ di/9ctively s-call$ z contra/$ ) m]e 'rev]y1' 444 ! ideas be> c]ta9 inw>d relations to ea* o!r :i* we mu/ c>efully exam9e4 ,! result ,c yield$ by a true act ( reason+ is apt to be a ?+ volunt>ily s\ght1 su* z ! means to a propos$ end1 ! gr\nd = an obs]v$ effect1 or ! effect ( an assum$ cause4#b ,?us :at at fir/ sight might seem a fanta/ic sugge/ion may1 :5 its be>+s are logically foll[$ out1 be se5 9 "o ( its aspects to be ! key to ! solution ( a problem4 ,to primitive man x might h seem$ absurd to sugge/ t fl[+ wat] might be us$ z p[]2 to ! man 9 ,frankl9's day t ! same =ce t 0 exhibit$ 9 ! lightn+ might be us$ 9 transportation & 9 light+ h\ses4#a ,footnote #a3 ,james3 ,psy*ology1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cdc4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 p4 #cbi4 ,footnote #a3 ,james gives an illum9at+ passage on ! importance ( ! effectiv5ess ( reason+ ?+s out3 ,i h a /ud5t's lamp1 ( :i* ! flame vibrates mo/ unpleasantly unless ! coll> :i* be>s ! *imney be rais$ ab\t a sixte5? ( an in*4 ,i le>n$ ! rem$y aft] mu* torm5t by accid5t1 & n[ always keep ! coll> up ) a small w$ge4 ,b my proc$ure is a m]e association ( two totals1 diseas$ object & rem$y4 ,"o le>n$ 9 pneumatics c\ld h nam$ ! cause ( ! disease1 & !nce inf]r$ ! rem$y imm$iately4 ,by _m measurem5ts ( triangles1 "o might f9d _! area always equal to _! height multipli$ by half _! base1 & "o might =mulate an empirical law to t effect4 ,b a reason] saves himself all ?is tr\ble1 by see+ t x is ! ess5ce 7pro hac vice7 ( a triangle to be ! half ( a p>allelogram ^: area is ! height into ! entire base4 ,to see ?is he mu/ inv5t additional l9es2 & ! geomet] mu/ (t5 draw su* to get at ! ess5tial prop]ties he may require 9 a figure4 ,! ess5ce consi/s 9 "s relation ( ! figure to ! new l9es1 a relation n obvi\s at all until !y are put 94 ,! geomet]'s sagacity lies 9 ! inv5tion ( ! new l9es4 7,psy*ology1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cci-dj47 ,b no ?9k+ is conclusive until aft] ! exp]im5tal c]tification & w>rant+ ( ! idea :i* has be5 held 9 m9d z ! solution ( ! problem4 ,by d$uction1 by logical elaboration ( an idea1 we f9d its adoption involves c]ta9 consequ5ces4 ,"s ( ! logical consequ5ces :i* foll[ f an idea may indicate t x is a plausible solution ( our problem4 ,b no matt] h[ plausible a sugge/ion looks1 until x is v]ifi$ by obs]vation or exp]im5t ! ?9k+ process is n conclud$1 is n f9i%$1 z we say1 conclusively4 ,:5 an idea or a sugge/ion has be5 develop$1 & se5 to involve--z an idea--c]ta9 inevitable logical consequ5ces1 ! idea mu/ be te/$ by fur!r obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,sugge/ions arise f facts & mu/ be te/$ by !m4 ,until ! sugge/ion is v]ifi$1 x rema9s m]ely a sugge/ion1 a !ory1 a hypo!sis1 an idea4 ,x is only :5 ! consequ5ces impli$ logically 9 ! v idea itself are f\nd 9 ! actual situation t ! idea is accept$ z a solution to ! problem4 ,sometimes ! sugge/ion may be v]ifi$ by obs]vation2 sometimes conditions mu/ be delib]ately arrang$ = te/+ its adequacy4 ,9 ei!r case x is only :5 ! facts ( ! situation correspond to ! conditions !oretically involv$ t ! t5tative idea is accept$ z a conclusion4 ,?us a treatm5t t is reg>d$ by ! doctor z a possible cure c be call$ an actual cure only :5 its b5efic5t results are obs]v$4 ,! supposition ab\t ! planet ,neptune is only v]ifi$ :5 ! planet is actually obs]v$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,?9k+ ends1 z x beg9s1 9 obs]vation4 ,at ! beg9n+ ! facts are c>efully exam9$ to see precisely :]e ! difficulty lies2 at ! end !y are aga9 exam9$ to see :e!r an idea1 an ent]ta9$ hypo!sis1 a sugge/$ solution1 c be v]ifi$ 9 actual obs]vable results4 ,,! ,,quality ,,( ,,?9k+--,,sugge/ion4 ,! quality ( ?9k+ v>ies1 fir/1 ) ! f]tility ( sugge/ion ( ! analyz+ m9d4 ,ease ( sugge/ion1 9 ! fir/ place1 dep5ds on innate individual diff]5ces4 ,!re are "s m9ds s con/itut$ t e fact provokes a multitude ( sugge/ions4 ,read9ess 9 respond+ ) ideas to any exp]i5ce is dep5d5t prim>ily on initial diff]5ces 9 resili5ce & responsiv5ess4 ,b diff]5ces 9 tra9+ & pa/ exp]i5ce are also contributory4 ,a man :o has mu* exp]i5ce 9 a giv5 field1 say 9 automobile repair+1 w1 giv5 a difficulty1 n only ?9k ( m sugge/ions1 b ?9k m rapidly 9 t field4 ,aga9 p]sons diff] 9 range or numb] ( sugge/ions t occur4 ,! quality ( ! ?9k+ process & ( ! results x produces dep5ds1 9 "p1 on ! v>iety ( sugge/ions :i* occur to an individual 9 ! solution ( a giv5 problem4 ,if too few sugge/ions occur "o may fail to hit ^u any promis+ solution4 ,if too _m sugge/ions occur "o may be too confus$ to arrive at any conclusion at all4 ,:e!r an individual has few or _m sugge/ions dep5ds l>gely on native diff]5ces4 ,x dep5ds1 also1 h[ev] 9 "p1 on acqua9tance ) a giv5 field4 ,& ! f]tility ( sugge/ions may be increas$ by a c>eful survey & re-survey ( ! facts at h&1 & by ! delib]ate se>*+-out ( fur!r facts f :i* fur!r sugge/ions may be d]iv$4 ,sugge/ions diff]1 f9ally1 9 reg>d to dep? or significance2 by nature & by tra9+1 individuals produce ideas ( v>y+ degrees ( significance 9 ! solution ( problems4 ,ease & v]satility ( sugge/ion n infrequ5tly connote sup]ficiality2 to make pr(\nd & f>-rea*+ sugge/ions takes "t4 ,x is fur!r requisite1 z already po9t$ out1 t ! analyz+ m9d be free f prejudice4 ,?9k+ is cont9ually qualifi$1 z we h se51 by pref]5ces & av]sions4 ,e prejudice1 e a priori belief we h1 lit]ally prejudges ! inquiry4 ,:5ev] we are mov$ by a pr$om9ant passion1 we _c survey ! facts imp>tially4 ,x is h>d to ?9k cle>ly & ju/ly ab\t p :om we love or hate1 or to e/imate ) precision ! morality ( actions t[>d :i* we are mov$ by v /rong impulses4 ,x is only ! m9d t rema9s resolutely emancipat$ f ! compulsions ( habit & circum/ances1 t p]si/s 9 survey+ facts z !y are1 lett+ ! *ips1 s to speak1 fall :]e !y w1 t c be really effective 9 ?9k+4 ,9 ! physical sci5ces x is comp>atively easy to />t ) no prejudices2 9 social inquiries :]e we are b\nd by traditions1 loyalties1 & antipa?ies x is mu* m difficult4 ,n ! lea/ ess5tial to effective ?9k+ is p]si/5ce & ?or\ghness ( inve/igation4 ,s9ce we are prim>ily creatures ( action1 we crave def9it5ess & imm$iacy ( decision1 & !re is a con/ant temptation to ru% to a conclusion4 ,9 ord] to atta9 g5u9e complet5ess ( ! facts & c]ta9ty & accuracy z to :at ! facts are1 long1 unwav]+ p]si/5ce is requir$4 ,!re mu/ be p]si/5ce1 moreov]1 n m]ely because ( ! l5g? ( "t & ! am\nt ( labor involv$ 9 ! collection ( data2 /ead9ess is requir$ 9 hold+ 9 m9d ! end or purpose ( ! inve/igation4 ,too (t5 9 inquiry into ! facts ( human relations1 ! specific problem is =gott5 & facts are collect$ ) an indiscrim9ate omnivor\sness4 ,!re is 9 su* cases plodd+1 b ( an un5light5$ & fruitless sort4 ,n only p]si/5cy b consi/5cy is requir$4 ,! inve/igation mu/ be /eadily c>ri$ on ) p]si/5t & unwav]+ ref]5ce to ! specific bus9ess 9 h&4 ,effective ?9k+ dep5ds fur!r on famili>ity ) ! field ( facts "u inve/igation4 ,ev5 ! mo/ ready & f]tile ( m9ds1 ! mo/ ord]ly habits ( ?\ght1 are at a loss )\t a /ore ( mat]ial2 t is1 facts f :i* sugge/ions may arise4 ,& ?is /ore ( mat]ials c only be atta9$ ?r\gh a ?or\ghgo+ acqua9tance ) ! p>ticul> field ( inquiry4 ,?9k+ aims to expla9 ! relations betwe5 facts1 & an intimate acqua9tance ) facts involv$ 9 a giv5 situation is pr]equisite to any g5]alization :atsoev]4 ,:ile ! native f]tility ( giv5 m9ds _c be controll$1 sugge/ions c be controll$ indirectly4 ,sugge/ions arise f ! data at h&1 b ! data !mselves *ange "u m precise conditions ( obs]vation1 & ! sugge/ions t arise f !m *ange 9 consequ5ce4 ,! :ole elaborate app>atus ( sci5ce1 its in/rum5ts ( precision1 are design$ to yield an exact det]m9ation ( ! precise nature ( ! data at h&4 ,! sci5ti/ attempts to prev5t read+-9 ( mean+s4 ,read+-9 ( mean+s may be due to v>i\s causes4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re may be purely physical causes3 a dim light1 a fog1 a crack$ w9d[-pane are examples ( h[ ord9>y obs]vation may lead u a/ray4 ,aga91 physiological causes may be at "w to di/ort s5sations3 imp]fection's 9 ! s5se organs1 fatigue1 illness1 & ! l are examples4 ,b n lea/ among ! causes ( error mu/ be set psy*ological causes4 ,t is1 we read facts diff]5tly 9 ! light ( :at we fe> or hope1 l or dislike1 expect or recall4 ,we see ?+s ! way we want !m to be1 or ! way previ\s exp]i5ce has taught u to expect !m to be4 ,bo? physiological & psy*ological causes may be *eck$ up by in/rum5ts4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! *ief utilities ( in/rum5ts ( precision is t !y d s]ve to *eck up p]sonal error4 ,!y prev5t sci5tific inquir]s f read+ 9 mean+s to :i* !y are l$ by hope1 fe>1 pref]5ce1 or av]sion4 ,!y help u to see ! facts z !y are1 n z = v>i\s social & p]sonal reasons we want or expect !m to be4 ,!y help to give precise & p]man5t impressions :i* are n dep5d5t = _! discov]y or = _! pres]vation on ! prec>i\sness ( human obs]vation or memory4 ,,classification4 ,next only 9 importance to accurate obs]vation ( ! facts is _! classification4 ,objects ( exp]i5ce z !y come to u ?r\gh ! s5ses appe> 9 a sequ5ce :i* is r&om & *aotic4 ,b 9 ord] to deal effectively ) our exp]i5ce we mu/ arrange facts accord+ to _! lik5esses & diff]5ces4 ,:5ev] we discov] c]ta9 /rik+ simil>ities betwe5 facts1 we classify !m1 place !m 9 a class1 kn[+ t :at w apply to "o w apply to all4 ,"s logicians g s f> z to say t sci5ce _c g any fur!r ?an accurate classification4 ,9 ! words ( ,po9c>3 ,! mo/ int]e/+ facts are ^? :i* may s]ve _m times2 ^! are ! facts :i* h a *ance ( com+ up aga94 ,we h be5 s =tunate z to h be5 born 9 a _w :]e !re are su*4 ,suppose t in/ead ( sixty *emical elem5ts !re 7 sixty milli>ds ( !m1 t !y 7 n "s common1 ! o!rs r>e1 b t !y 7 equally di/ribut$4 ,!n1 e "t we pick$ up a new pebble !re w\ld be great probability ( its be+ =m$ ( "s unkn[n sub/ance2 all t we knew ( o!r pebbles w\ld be wor?less = x2 be=e ea* new object we %\ld be z ! new-born babe2 l x we c\ld only obey our caprices or our ne$s4 ,biologi/s w\ld be j z mu* at a loss if !re 7 only individuals & no species1 & if h]$ity did n make sons l _! fa!rs4#a ,footnote #a3 ,po9c>3 ,f\ndations ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #cfc4 ,! aim ( classification 9 sci5ce is gr\p+ 9 su* a way z to make manife/ at once simil>ities 9 ! behavior ( objects4 ,t *>act]i/ic is select$ z a basis ( classification ) :i* is correlat$ ! greate/ numb] ( o!r *>act]i/ics belong+ to ! facts 9 "q4 ,x w\ld be possible to classify all liv+ ?+s accord+ to color1 b su* a classification w\ld be de/itute ( sci5tific value4 ,biology (f]s "s int]e/+ examples ( h[ an illum9at+ classification may be made on ! basis ( a s+le *>act]i/ic4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 = example1 t ! diff]5ces or resemblances ( animals are correlat$ ) correspond+ diff]5ces or resemblances 9 _! tee?4 ,9 g5]al1 ! function ( classification may be summ>iz$ 9 ,huxley's def9ition z modifi$ by ,jevons3 ,by ! classification ( any s]ies ( objects is meant ! actual or ideal arrangem5t toge!r ( ^? ?+s :i* are l & ! sep>ation ( ^? ?+s :i* are unlike1 ! purpose ( ! arrangem5t be+1 prim>ily1 to disclose ! correlations or laws ( union ( prop]ties & circum/ances1 &1 second>ily1 to facilitate ! op]ations ( ! m9d 9 cle>ly conceiv+ & reta9+ 9 memory ! *>act]s ( ! object 9 "q4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! object ( classification is n simply to indicate simil>ities b to indicate di/9ctions or diff]5ces4 ,9 sci5tific inquiry1 diff]5ces are z crucial 9 ! =m+ ( g5]alizations z simil>ities4 ,x is only possible to classify a giv5 fact "u a sci5tific g5]alization :5 ! giv5 fact is set (f f o!r facts1 :5 x is se5 to be ! result ( c]ta9 special conditions4 ,if a man inf]s f a s+le sample ( gra9 z to ! grade ( :eat ( ! c> z a :ole1 x is induction1 & "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 a s\nd induction2 o!r cases are resort$ to simply = ! sake ( r5d]+ t induction m gu>d$ & correct4 ,9 ! case ( ! v>i\s samples ( gra91 x is ! fact t ! samples are unlike1 at lea/ 9 ! "p ( ! c>load f :i* !y are tak51 t is important4 ,7 x n = ?is unlik5ess1 _! lik5ess 9 quality w\ld be ( no avail 9 assi/+ inf]5ce4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dewey3 ,h[ ,we ,?9k1 pp4 #hi-ij4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,v>iation ,,( ,,conditions4 ,9 =m+ our g5]alizations f ! obs]vation ( situations z !y occur 9 ,nature1 we are at a disadvantage4 ,if we obs]ve cases j z we f9d !m1 !re is mu* pres5t t is irrelevant to our problem2 mu* t is ( g5u9e importance 9 its solution is hidd5 or obscure4 ,9 exp]im5tal inve/igation we are1 9 ! words ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 active obs]v]s2 we delib]ately inv5t crucial or te/ cases4 ,t is1 we delib]ately arrange conditions s t e factor is def9itely kn[n & recogniz$4 ,we !n introduce into ?is set ( completely kn[n conditions "o *ange1 "o new circum/ance1 & obs]ve its effect4 ,9 ,mill's phrase1 we take a ph5om5on home ) u1 & wat* its behavior4 ,mill /ates cle>ly ! out/&+ advantage ( exp]im5tation ov] obs]vation3 ,:5 we c produce a ph5om5on artificially1 we c take x1 z x 71 home ) u1 & obs]ve x 9 ! mid/ ( circum/ances ) :i* 9 all o!r respects we are accurately acqua9t$4 ,if we desire to "k :at are ! effects ( ! cause ,a1 & are able to produce ,a by means at our disposal1 we c g5]ally det]m9e at our own discretion 444 ! :ole ( ! circum/ances :i* %all be pres5t along ) x2 & ?us1 kn[+ exactly ! simultane\s /ate ( ev]y?+ else :i* is )9 ! rea* ( ,a's influ5ce1 we h only to obs]ve :at alt]ation is made 9 t /ate by ! pres5ce ( ,a4 ,= example1 by ! electric ma*9e we c produce1 9 ! mid/ ( kn[n circum/ances1 ! ph5om5a :i* ,nature exhibits on a gr&] scale 9 ! =m ( lightn+ & ?und]4 ,n[ let any "o consid] :at am\nt ( k ( ! effects & laws ( electric ag5cy mank9d c\ld h obta9$ f ! m]e obs]vation ( ?und]/orms1 & comp>e x ) t :i* !y h ga9$1 & may expect to ga91 f electrical & galvanic exp]im5ts4444 ,:5 we h succe$$ 9 isolat+ ! ph5om5on :i* is ! subject ( inquiry1 by plac+ x among kn[n circum/ances1 we may produce fur!r v>iations ( circum/ances to any ext5t1 & ( su* k9ds z we ?9k be/ calculat$ to br+ ! laws ( ! ph5om5on into a cle> light4 ,by introduc+ "o well-def9$ circum/ance aft] ano!r into ! exp]im5t1 we obta9 assurance ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ph5om5on behaves "u an indef9ite v>iety ( possible circum/ances4 ,?us1 *emi/s1 aft] hav+ obta9$ "s newly discov]$ sub/ance 9 a pure /ate1 444 introduce v>i\s o!r sub/ances1 "o by "o1 to asc]ta9 :e!r x w comb9e ) !m1 or decompose !m1 & ) :at result2 & also apply heat or electricity or pressure1 to discov] :at w happ5 to ! sub/ance "u ea* ( ^! circum/ances4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mill3 ,logic 7,london1 #ahgb71 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dda-db4 ,?r\gh exp]im5t1 we are ?us enabl$ to obs]ve ! relation ( specific elem5ts 9 a situation4 ,we are1 fur!rmore1 enabl$ to obs]ve ph5om5a :i* are s r>e 9 occurr5ce t x is impossible to =m g5]alizations f !m or improbable t we %\ld ev5 notice !m3 ,we might h to wait ye>s or c5turies to meet accid5tally ) facts :i* we c readily produce at any mom5t 9 a laboratory2 & x is probable t _m ( ! *emical sub/ances n[ kn[n1 & _m excessively useful products1 w\ld nev] h be5 discov]$ at all1 by wait+ till ,nature pres5t$ !m spontane\sly to our obs]vation4 ,& ph5om5a1 su* z t ( electricity1 :i* c only be und]/ood :5 ! conditions ( _! occurr5ce are v>i$1 are pres5t$ to u 9 ,nature mo/ frequ5tly 9 a fix$ & inv>iable =m4 ,,g5]alizations1 ,,_! ,,elaboration ,,& ,,te/+4 ,s f> we h be5 conc]n$ ) ! /eps 9 ! control ( sugge/ion1 ! rexam9ation ( ! facts s t significant sugge/ions may be d]iv$1 & ! elim9ation ( ! significant f ! insignificant 9 ! elem5ts ( ! situation z x fir/ confronts u4 ,9 logically elaborat+ a sugge/ion1 z we h already se51 we trace out ! be>+s ( a giv5 situation4 ,we exp& x2 we see :at x implies1 :at x means4 ,?us1 if we came1 = example1 to a meet+ t _h be5 s*$ul$1 & f\nd no "o pres5t1 we might h sev]al solutions arise 9 our m9ds4 ,! meet+1 we might suppose1 _h be5 transf]r$ to ano!r room4 ,if t 7 ! case1 !re w\ld probably be "s notice po/$4 ,9 all cases ( d$uctive elaboration1 we g ?r\gh :at might be call$ ! ,if-,!n process4 ,if su*-&-su* is ! case1 !n su*-&-su* w foll[4 ,we c !n v]ify our sugge/$ solution to a problem1 by go+ back to ! facts1 to see :e!r !y correspond ) ! implications ( our sugge/ion4 ,we may1 to take ano!r example1 ?9k t a man :o ent]s our (fice is an insurance ag5t1 or a book solicitor :o _h said he w\ld call ^u u at a def9ite date4 ,if su* is ! case1 he w say su*-&-su* ?+s4 ,if he does say !m1 !n our sugge/ion is se5 to be correct4 ,! advantages ( develop+ a sugge/ion include ! fact t "s l9k 9 ! logical *a9 may be> a m obvi\s relation to our problem ?an did ! undevelop$ sugge/ion itself4 ,! sy/ematic sci5ces consi/ ( su* sets ( pr9ciples s relat$ t any s+le t]m implies c]ta9 o!rs1 :i* imply c]ta9 o!rs & s on ad inf9itum4 ,aft] ! facts h be5 elaborat$1 ! g5]alization1 h[ev] plausible x may seem1 mu/ be subject$ to exp]im5tal corroboration4 ,t is1 if a sugge/ion is f\nd ?r\gh local elaboration to mean ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 !n ! situation mu/ be rexam9$ to see if ! facts to be f\nd tally ) ! facts d$uc$4 ,9 ! case cit$1 ! sugge/ion t ! man :o ent]$ ! room 0 ! insurance ag5t we expect$ w\ld be v]ifi$ if he imm$iately broa*$ ! subject & ! fact1 say1 ( a previ\s conv]sation4 ,9 ! case ( disease1 if ! illness is typhoid1 we %all f9d c]ta9 specific conditions 9 ! pati5t4 ,if ^! are f\nd1 ! sugge/ion ( typhoid is v]ifi$4 ,! reliability ( g5]alizations made by ?is sci5tific proc$ure v>ies accord+ to sev]al factors4 ,x v>ies1 9 ! fir/ place1 accord+ to ! correspond5ce ( ! pr$ictions made on ! basis ( ! g5]alization1 ) subsequ5t ev5ts4 ,! reason we say ! law ( gravitation holds true is because 9 e in/ance :]e obs]vations or exp]im5ts h be5 made1 ! results h talli$ precisely ) expectations bas$ ^u ! g5]alization4 ,we c1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 det]m9e ! reliability ( a g5]alization be=e comp>+ our pr$ictions ) subsequ5t ev5ts4 ,if a g5]alization made contradicts laws t h be5 e/abli%$ 9 s _m in/ances t !y are practically beyond p]adv5ture1 x is suspect4 ,a law1 = example1 t %\ld be an exception to ! laws ( motion or gravitation1 is a priori dubi\s4 ,if an induction conflicts ) /rong] inductions1 or ) conclusions capable ( be+ correctly d$uc$ f !m1 !n1 unless on reconsid]ation x %\ld appe> t "s ( ! /rong] inductions h be5 express$ ) great] univ]sality ?an _! evid5ce w>rants1 ! weak] "o mu/ give way4 ,! op9ion s long preval5t t a comet1 or any o!r unusual appe>ance 9 ! heav5ly regions1 0 ! precursor ( calamities to mank9d1 or to ^? at lea/ :o witness$ x2 ! belief 9 ! v]acity ( ! oracles ( ,delphi or ,dodona2 ! reliance on a/rology1 or on ! wea!r prophecies 9 almanacs1 7 d\btless inductions suppos$ to be gr\nd$ on exp]i5ce4444 ,:at has really put an end to ^! insuffici5t inductions is _! inconsi/5cy ) ! /rong] inductions subsequ5tly obta9$ by sci5tific inquiry1 respect+ ! causes on :i* t]re/rial ev5ts really dep5d4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mill3 ,logic 7,london1 #ahgb71 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cgj-ga4 ,,! ,,quantitative ,,basis ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,proc$ure4 ,sci5ce is sci5ce1 "s sci5ti/s insi/1 9 s f> z x is ma!matical4 ,t is1 9 ! precise det]m9ation ( facts1 & 9 _! repetition ) a view to _! exact det]m9ation1 quantities mu/ be kn[n4 ,! sci5ces h develop$ 9 exactness1 9 s f> z !y h succe$$ 9 express+ _! =mulations 9 num]ical t]ms4 ,! physical sci5ces1 su* z physics & *emi/ry1 :i* h be5 able to frame _! g5]alizations f precise quantities1 h be5 immeasurably m c]ta9 & secure ?an su* sci5ces z psy*ology & sociology1 :]e ! measurem5t ( exact quantities is m difficult & r>e4 ,jevons writes 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce3 ,z physical sci5ce advances1 x becomes m & m accurately quantitative4 ,que/ions ( simple logical fact resolve !mselves aft] a :ile into que/ions ( degree1 "t1 di/ance1 or weight4 ,=ces h>dly suspect$ to exi/ by "o g5]ation are cle>ly recogniz$ by ! next1 & precisely measur$ by ! ?ird g5]ation4#a ,footnote #a3 ,jevons3 ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #bgj4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce exhibits a con/ant progress f rude guesses to precise measurem5t ( quantities4 ,9 ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( a/ronomy !re 7 attempts at quantitative det]m9ations1 v crude1 ( c\rse1 9 comp>ison ) ! exactness ( pres5t-day sci5tific me?ods4 ,e bran* ( k comm5ces ) quantitative notions ( a v rude "*4 ,aft] we h f> progress$1 x is (t5 amus+ to look back into ! infancy ( ! sci5ce1 & contra/ pres5t ) pa/ me?ods4 ,at ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory 9 ! pres5t day1 ! hundr$? "p ( a second is n ?\ght an inconsid]able portion ( "t4 ,! anci5t ,*aldreans record$ an eclipse to ! ne>e/ h\r1 & ! e>ly ,alex&rian a/ronom]s ?\ght x sup]flu\s to di/+ui% betwe5 ! edge & c5t] ( ! sun4 ,by ! introduction ( ! a/rolabe1 ,ptolemy1 & ! lat] ,alex&rian a/ronom]s c\ld det]m9e ! places ( ! heav5ly bodies )9 ab\t t5 m9utes ( arc4 ,little progress !n ensu$ = ?irte5 c5turies1 until ,ty*o ,brahe made ! fir/ great /ep t[>d accuracy1 n only by employ+ bett] in/rum5ts1 b ev5 m by ceas+ to reg>d an in/rum5t z correct4444 ,he also took notice ( ! effects ( atmosph]ic refraction1 & succe$$ 9 atta9+ an accuracy (t5 sixty times z great z t ( ,ptolemy4 ,yet ,ty*o & ,hevelius (t5 err$ sev]al m9utes 9 ! det]m9ation ( a />'s place1 & x 0 a great a*ievem5t ( ,roem] & ,flam/e$ to r$uce ?is error to seconds4 ,bradley1 ! mod]n ,hipp>*us1 c>ri$ on ! improvem5t1 8 errors 9 "r asc5sion1 accord+ to ,bessel1 be+ "u "o second ( "t1 & ^? ( decl9ation "u f\r seconds ( arc4 ,9 ! pres5t day ! av]age error ( a s+le obs]vation is probably r$uc$ to ! half or ! qu>t] ( :at x 0 9 ,bradley's "t2 & fur!r extreme accuracy is atta9$ by ! multiplication ( obs]vations1 & _! skillful comb9ation accord+ to ! !ory ( error4 ,"s ( ! m important con/ants444 h be5 det]m9$ )9 a t5? "p ( a second ( space4#b ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 pp4 #bga-gb4 ,! precise measurem5t ( quantities is important because we c1 9 ! fir/ place1 only ?r\gh quantitative det]m9ations be sure we h made accurate obs]vations1 obs]vations uncolor$ by p]sonal idiosyncrasies4 ,bo? errors ( obs]vation & errors ( judgm5t are *eck$ up & av]t$ by exact quantitative measurem5ts4 ,! relations ( ph5om5a1 moreov]1 are s complex t specific causes & effects c only be und]/ood :5 !y are giv5 precise quantitative det]m9ation4 ,9 inve/igat+ ! solubility ( salts1 = example1 we f9d v>iability dep5d+ on diff]5ces 9 temp]ature1 pressure1 ! pres5ce ( o!r salts already dissolv$1 & ! l4 ,! solubility ( salt 9 wat] diff]s aga9 f its solubility 9 alcohol1 e!r1 c>bon1 bisulphide4 ,g5]alization ab\t ! solubility ( salt1 !re=e1 dep5ds on ! exact measurem5t ( ! ph5om5on "u all ^! conditions4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,jevons1 p1 #bgi ff4 ,! importance ( exact measurem5t 9 sci5tific discov]y & g5]alization may be illu/rat$ briefly f "o in/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry4 ,! discov]y ( ! *emical elem5t argon came ab\t ?r\gh "s exact measurem5ts by ,"l ,rayleigh & ,sir ,william ,ramsay ( ! nitrog5 & ! oxyg5 9 a glass flask4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! nitrog5 d]iv$ f air 0 n altoge!r pure2 t is1 !re 7 v m9ute diff]5ces 9 ! weigh+s ( nitrog5 made f c]ta9 ( its comp\nds & ! weight obta9$ by remov+ oxyg51 wat]1 traces ( c>bonic acid1 & o!r impurities f ! atmosph]ic air4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! v slightly heavi] weight 9 "o case 0 caus$ by ! pres5ce ( argon 7ab\t "o & "o ?ird times z heavy z nitrog57 & "s o!r elem5t>y gases4 ,! discov]y 0 "h cle>ly due to ! accurate measurem5t :i* made possible ! discov]y ( ?is m9ute discrepancy4 ,x mu/ be not$ 9 g5]al t accuracy 9 measurem5t is imm$iately dep5d5t on ! in/rum5ts ( precision available4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 po9t$ out t ! ,greeks1 al?\gh incomp>ably fre%1 f]tile1 & direct 9 _! ?9k+1 yet made su* a comp>atively sl5d] contribution to sci5tific k precisely because !y _h no in/rum5ts = exact measurem5t4 ,! !rmomet] made possible ! sci5ce ( heat4 ,! use ( ! balance has be5 9 l>ge "p responsible = advances 9 *emi/ry4 ,! degree to :i* sci5ces h atta9$ quantitative accuracy v>ies among ! physical sci5ces4 ,! ph5om5a ( light are n yet subject to accurate measurem5t2 _m natural ph5om5a h n yet be5 made ! subject ( measurem5t at all4 ,su* are ! int5sity ( s\nd1 ! ph5om5a ( ta/e & smell1 ! magnitude ( atoms1 ! temp]ature ( ! electric sp>k or ( ! sun's atmosph]e4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,jevons1 p4 #bgc4 ,! sci5ces t5d1 9 g5]al1 to become m & m quantitative4 ,all ph5om5a exi/ 9 space & involve molecul> movem5ts1 measurable 9 velocity & ext5t4 ,! ideal ( all sci5ces is ?us to r$uce all ph5om5a to measurem5ts ( mass & motion4 ,?is ideal is obvi\sly f> f be+ atta9$4 ,especially 9 ! social sci5ces are quantitative measurem5ts difficult1 & 9 ^! sci5ces we mu/ rema9 !re=e at be/ 9 ! region ( %rewd guesses or fairly reliable probability4 ,,/ati/ics ,,& ,,probability4 ,:ile 9 ! social sci5ces1 exact quantitative measurem5ts are difficult1 !y are to an ext5t possible1 & to ! ext5t t !y are possible we c arrive at fairly accurate g5]alizations z to ! probable occurr5ce ( ph5om5a4 ,!re are _m ph5om5a :]e ! elem5ts are s complex t !y _c be analyz$ & inv>iable causal relations e/abli%$4 ,9 a /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( ! wea!r1 = example1 ! ph5om5a are s exce$+ly complex t any?+ approa*+ a complete /atem5t ( _! elem5ts is q out ( ! "q4 ,! fallibility ( mo/ popul> g5]alizations 9 ^! fields is evid5ce ( ! difficulty ( deal+ ) su* facts4 ,mu/ we be cont5t !n simply to guess at su* ph5om5a8 444 ,9 in/ances ( ?is sort1 ano!r me?od 444 becomes important3 ,! ,me?od ( ,/ati/ics4 ,9 /ati/ics we h an exact enum]ation ( cases4 ,if a small numb] ( cases does n enable u to detect ! causal relations ( a ph5om5on1 x sometimes happ5s t a l>ge numb]1 accurately c\nt$1 & tak5 f a field widely ext5d$ 9 "t & space1 w lead to a solution ( ! problem4#a ,footnote #a3 ,jones2 ,logic1 ,inductive & ,d$uctive1 p4 #aij4 ,if we f9d1 9 a wide v>iety ( in/ances1 two ph5om5a occurr+ 9 a c]ta9 con/ant correlation1 we inf] a causal relation4 ,if ! v>iations 9 ! frequ5cy ( "o correspond to v>iations 9 ! frequ5cy ( ! o!r1 !re is probability ( m ?an connection by co9cid5ce4 ,! correlation betwe5 ph5om5a may be measur$ ma!matically2 x is possible to express 9 figures ! exact relations betwe5 ! occurr5ce ( "o ph5om5on & ! occurr5ce ( ano!r4 ,! numb] :i* expresses ?is relation is call$ ! coeffici5t ( correlation4 ,?is coeffici5t expresses relation%ip 9 t]ms ( ! mean values ( ! two s]ies ( ph5om5a by measur+ ! am\nt ea* individual ph5om5on v>ies f its respective mean4 ,suppose1 = example1 t 9 correlat+ crime & unemploym5t1 ! coeffici5t ( correlation 7 f\nd to be 4#dg4 ,if 9 e case ( unemploym5t crime 7 f\nd & 9 e case ( crime1 unemploym5t1 ! coeffici5t ( correlation w\ld be #a4 ,if crime 7 nev] f\nd 9 unemploym5t1 & unemploym5t nev] 9 crime1 ! coeffici5t ( correlation w\ld be -#a1 indicat+ a p]fect inv]se relation%ip4 ,a coeffici5t ( #j w\ld indicate t !re is no relation%ip4 ,! coeffici5t ( 4#dg w\ld accord+ly indicate a significant b n a high correlation betwe5 crime & unemploym5t4 ,we _c consid] "h all ! details ( /ati/ical me?ods1 b att5tion may be call$ to a few ( ! m significant features ( ! process4 ,/ati/ics is a sci5ce1 & consi/s 9 mu* m ?an ! m]e c\nt+ ( cases4 ,) ! collection ( /ati/ical data1 only ! fir/ /ep has be5 tak54 ,! /ati/ics 9 t condition are only raw mat]ial %[+ no?+4 ,!y are n an in/rum5t ( inve/igation any m ?an a kiln ( bricks is a monum5t ( ar*itecture4 ,!y ne$ to be arrang$1 classifi$1 tabulat$1 & br\ght into connection ) o!r /ati/ics by ! /ati/ician4 ,!n only d !y become an in/rum5t ( inve/igation1 j z a tool is no?+ m ?an a mass ( wood or metal1 except 9 ! h&s ( a skill$ workman4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mayo-,smi?3 ,/ati/ics & ,sociology1 p4 #ah4 ,! ess5tial /eps 9 a /ati/ical inve/igation are3 7#a7 ! collection ( mat]ial1 7#b7 its tabulation1 7#c7 ! summ>y1 & 7#d7 a critical exam9ation ( ! results4 ,! t]ms are almo/ self-explanatory4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al g5]al po9ts ( me?od to be not$4 ,9 ! collection ( data a wide field mu/ be cov]$1 to be sure t we are deal+ ) inv>iable relations in/ead ( ) m]e co9cid5ces1 or ov]emphasiz+ ! importance ( "o out ( a numb] ( cop]at+ causes4 ,tabulation ( ! data collect$ is v important1 s9ce classification ( ! data does mu* to sugge/ ! causal relations s\ght4 ,! head+s "u :i* data w be collect$ dep5d on ! purposes ( ! inve/igation4 ,9 g5]al1 /ati/ics c sugge/ g5]alizations1 r ?an e/abli% !m4 ,!y indicate probability1 n inv>iable relation4#b ,footnote #b3 ,see ,jones3 ,logic1 pp4 #bac-be1 = a discussion ( ,probability4 ,,sci5ce ,,z ,,an ,,in/rum5t ,,( ,,human ,,progress4 ,we h1 9 an e>li] section ( ?is *apt]1 ref]r$ to ! practical value ( sci5ce4 ,man's p[] ( delib]ate control ( 8 own affairs dep5ds ^u ability to direct en]gies to use2 an ability :i* is1 9 turn1 dep5d5t ^u insight into nature's processes4 ,:atev] natural sci5ce may be = ! speciali/1444 x is k ( ! conditions ( human action4#c ,& ! wid]1 ! m complete & ! m p5etrat+ our k ( ! _w 9 :i* we live1 ! m ext5d$ become ! b\nd>ies ( human action4 ,?r\gh a k ( natural processes1 m5 h pass$ f a fright5$ subjection to ,nature to its consci\s control4 ,& ! fruits ( t control are1 z we h already _h occasion to notice1 all-p]vad+ 9 practical life4 ,t complete trans=mation ( life kn[n z ! ,indu/rial ,revolution1 :i* came ab\t ) su* swiftness & complet5ess 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 & ^: effects h n yet ceas$ to accumulate1 0 ! direct outcome ( ! application ( ! exp]im5tal sci5ce :i* _h begun 9 ! sixte5?4 ,"s ( ! consequ5ces ( ! application ( !oretical inve/igation to practical life h already be5 not$4 ,!re are fir/ ! m obvi\s facts ( ! inv5tions1 great & small--! railways1 /eam%ips1 electric transportation1 automobiles1 & telephones--:i* h *ang$ 9 c\ntless details our daily life4 ,!re are ! pr(\nd & all-p]vasive *anges :i* h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 indu/rial & social relations3 ! build+-up ( our va/ indu/rial c5t]s1 ! *ange f small-scale h&icrafts to l>ge-scale ma*9e production1 ! factory sy/em1 ) its concomitants ( imm5sely increas$ res\rces & imm5sely complicat$ problems ( human life4 ,sci5ce 9 ! %ort span ( ?ree c5turies has %[n h[ rapid & imm$iate c\ld be ! fruits ( human control ( ,nature1 & its fur!r fruits are incalculable4 ,footnote #c3 ,dewey3 ,democracy & ,education1 p4 #bfg4 ,sci5ce has inde$ already begun to affect m5's attitude t[>ds exp]i5ce z well z _! mat]ial progress4 ,x is only :5 m5 set out ) ! consci\s realization t intellig5ce does make a diff]5ce 9 ! _w1 t sci5ce becomes articulate4 ,sci5ce is ! gu>antee ( progress4 ,x has %[n m5 t ! future is to "s ext5t 9 _! own h&s2 t by d9t ( a labori\s & detail$ application ( intellig5ce to ! processes ( nature1 ^? processes c be controll$ 9 ! int]e/s ( human welf>e4 ,sci5ce has l$ m5 to look to ! future in/ead ( ! pa/4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! ideal ( progress ) ! advance ( sci5ce is n a m]e co9cid5ce4 ,be=e ?is advance m5 plac$ ! gold5 age 9 remote antiquity4 ,n[ !y face ! future ) a firm belief t intellig5ce prop]ly us$ c d away ) evils once ?\ght inevitable4 ,to subjugate deva/at+ disease is no long] a dream2 ! hope ( aboli%+ pov]ty is n ,utopian4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dewey3 ,democracy & ,education1 pp4 #bfb-fc4 ,b sci5ce may be us$ = any end4 ,x reveals ! relations ( ph5om5a1 relations :i* hold = all m54 ,x %[s :at causes are connect$ ) :at consequ5ts1 &1 z already po9t$ out1 9 ! k ( causes lies ! possible control ( effects4 ,we c secure ! results we desire1 by discov]+ :at antec$5ts mu/ fir/ be e/abli%$4 ,sci5ce is ?us a fund ( common res\rces4 ,specific causes are reveal$ to be connect$ ) specific effects1 & m51 by mak+ a *oice ( antec$5ts1 c secure ! consequ5ces !y desire4 ,b :i* effects !y w desire dep5ds on ! in/9cts1 /&>ds1 & habits ( ! individual1 & ! traditions & ideals ( ! gr\p4 ,a k ( *emi/ry may be us$ = productive indu/rial processes1 or 9 ! inv5tion ( poison gas4 ,exp]t acqua9tance ) psy*ology & educational me?ods may be us$ to impress ^u a nation an arbitr>y type ( life 7an accusation ju/ly br\ght aga9/ ! ,prussian educational sy/em71 or to promote ! specific possibilities t ea* individual displays4 ,n only are ! fruits ( sci5tific inquiry us$ 9 diff]5t ways by diff]5t individuals & gr\ps1 b sci5tific inquiry is itself affect$ by ! prevail+ int]e/s & mode ( life4 ,:at inquiries %all be fur!r$ dep5ds on :at ! individual or gr\p feels x important to "k4 ,f a social po9t ( view1 c]ta9 sci5tific developm5ts are ( m urg5cy & imp]ativ5ess ?an o!rs4 ,dur+ an em]g5cy1 z dur+ ! ,great ,w>1 x might be necess>y to turn all ! en]gies ( sci5tific m5 into imm$iately productive pursuits4 ,&1 s9ce ! pursuit ( inquiry on a l>ge scale dem&s l>ge res\rces1 ^? rese>*es :i* give promise ( b5efic5t human consequ5ces w ! m readily comm& social sanction & approval & w be develop$ at ! exp5se ( m remote speculations h[ev] intr9sically int]e/+ ^! latt] may be4 ,sci5ce has prov$ s valuable a human in/rum5t t x has atta9$ a moral responsibility4 ,m5 h increas+ly come to realize t ! press+ problems ( our indu/rial life require = _! solution n ! confusions & incompet5ces ( passion & prejudice1 b an application ( ! fruits ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,sci5ce has already s completely demon/rat$ its va/ fruitfulness 9 human welf>e1 t x mu/ be wat*$ ) jeal\s vigilance4 ,x mu/ result z x began1 9 ! improvem5t ( human welf>e4#a ,b :at con/itutes human welf>e is a "q :i* leads u into ! f9al activity ( ! ,c>e] ( ,reason1 ,morals & ,moral ,valuation1 man's attempt to det]m9e :at happ9ess is1 & h[ he may atta9 x4 ,footnote #a3 ,we h already not$ ! dang] ( too complete a commitm5t ( sci5ce to imm$iately practical results4 ,?is n>r[s in/ead ( broad5+ possibility4 ,z ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,keppel po9ts out 9 a rec5t article1 ,s*ol>%ip 9 ,w> 7,columbia ,univ]sity ,qu>t]ly1 ,july1 #aiai71 "s ( ! mo/ important & imm$iately practical contributions dur+ ! ,great ,w> came f ! ranks ( ^? :o w\ld be reg>d$ z pure !ori/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,morals ,,& ,,moral ,,valuation ,,! ,,pre-,,conditions ,,( ,,morality--,,in/9ct1 ,,impulse1 ,,& ,,desire4 ,9 ,art & ,sci5ce1 man attempts to trans=m ! _w ( nature into conditions m 9 con=mity ) 8 desires4 ,9 ! ent]prise ( ,morals1 man attempts to discov] h[ to control 8 own nature 9 ! atta9m5t ( happ9ess4 ,we h already _h occasion to see t ,art1 9 ! broad s5se ( human contrivance1 is made necess>y by ! incongruity betwe5 nature & human nature4 ,we %all exam9e n[ ! conditions :i* make x necess>y & make x possible = man to consid] & to control ^? elem5t>y impulses ) :i* he is end[$4 ,! orig9 ( ! moral problem w become cle>] aft] a brief recapitulation ( ^? elem5ts ( orig9al nature :i* =m ! basis ( all human action4 ,we h se5 t human be+s are equipp$1 ap>t f education or tra9+1 ) c]ta9 t5d5cies to act 9 c]ta9 def9ite ways1 giv5 c]ta9 def9ite /imuli4 ,any s+le activity ( an av]age human be+ 9 a mod]n civiliz$ community is comp\nd$ ( s _m modifications ( orig9al t5d5cies to action t ^! latt] seem (t5 altoge!r oblit]at$4 ,! conditions ( civiliz$ life1 moreov]1 place cont9ual *ecks on ! free activity ( any giv5 impulse1 & !re are s _m /imuli play+ ^u an individual at once t ! responses call$ out t5d to inhibit ea* o!r4 ,! p>ticul> ?+ we say to an acqua9tance we happ5 to meet is n det]m9$ by a s+le orig9al impulse1 by love or hate1 fe> or sympa?y1 pugnacity or pity4 ,x is a comp\nd ( "s or ( mo/ ( ^!4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no matt] h[ complicat$ or sophi/icat$ human action becomes1 x is built out ( ^! same impulses1 :i* 7 op]ative :5 human be+s _h n yet pass$ out ( savag]y4 ,we may *eck & control our responses ?r\gh habitual repressions1 ?r\gh delib]ate =e?\ght1 ?r\gh consci\s or me*anical acquiesc5ce 9 ! ways ( ! gr\p among :i* we live4 ,b ^! orig9al impulses are /ill ! ma9spr+ ( our activities4 ,! complex1 highly artificial "* ( our civilization (t5 obscures ! pres5ce ( ^! p[]ful in/9ctive t5d5cies1 b t !y are pres5t & p[]ful sev]al facts be> witness4 ,!y manife/ !mselves1 z ! new] psy*ology ( ! subconsci\s has repeat$ly po9t$ out1 9 r\ndab\t ways2 !y are1 9 ! te*nical phrase1 sublimat$4 ,in/9cts f9d1 z x 71 sub/itute realizations4 ,?is process ( sublimation ( unfulfill$ desire has be5 not$ p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ! sex in/9ct1 b ! pr9ciple applies to ! o!rs4 ,! cont9ual suppression ( in/9cts results 9 v>i\s =ms ( morbidity1 9 :at ,graham ,wallas calls baulk$ dispositions4 ,to say t in/9cts are repress$1 is to say !re is a maladju/m5t betwe5 ! individual z he comes into ! _w1 & ! _w z he f9ds x4 ,?is maladju/m5t may v>y 9 int5sity4 ,x may be exhibit$ 9 no?+ m s]i\s ?an bor$om1 or petulance1 or hyp]-s5sitiv5ess4 ,x may be a *ronic s5se ( n fitt+ 91 ( be+ lo/ 9 a bl9d alley4 ,"o has b to review "o's li/ ( acqua9tances to see h[ _m p !re are :o feel someh[ fru/rat$ 9 ! "w !y happ5 to be do+1 :o feel !mselves inexplicably at odds ) ! _w4 ,graham ,wallas well describes ! situation :5 he writes3 ,= we _c 9 ,sa9t ,paul's s5se mortify our dispositions4 ,if !y are n /imulat$1 !y d n !re=e die1 nor is ! human be+ :at he w\ld be if !y _h nev] exi/$4 ,if we leave un/imulat$1 or1 to use a %ort] t]m1 if we baulk any "o ( our ma9 dispositions1 ,curiosity1 ,prop]ty1 ,trial & ,error1 ,sex1 & ! re/1 we produce 9 ourselves a /ate ( n]v\s /ra94 ,x may be desirable 9 any p>ticul> case ( conduct t we %\ld d s1 b we ought to "k :at we are do+4 ,! baulk+ ( ea* disposition produces its own type ( /ra92 b ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! types are1 s f>1 unnam$ & unrecogniz$1 & a tra9$ psy*ologi/ w\ld d a real s]vice to civiliz$ life if he w\ld c>efully obs]ve & describe !m4#a ,footnote #a3 ,wallas3 ,! ,great ,society1 p4 #fe4 ,! pres5ce ( in/9ctive activities is se5 9 />k imm$iacy & directness e n[ & !n 9 civiliz$ life4 ,lyn*+s & mob viol5ce 9 g5]al are illu/rations ( :at happ5s :5 gr\ps ?r[ to ! w9ds ! multiple inhibitions ( cu/om & law4 ,& ! records ( ! crim9al c\rts exhibit m cases ?an are commonly realiz$ ( %e] crimes ( viol5ce4 ,9 "s in/ances ^! c be set d[n z pa?ological1 b 9 _m m !y are normal in/9cts break+ ?r\gh ! fix$ *annels set by public op9ion1 tradition1 & legal compulsion4 ,on a small] scale an outbur/ ( ang]1 a fit ( temp]1 sulk or sple51 exhibits ! endur+ ?\gh (t5 obscur$ pres5ce ( in/9ctive t5d5cies 9 civiliz$ life4 ,,! ,,conflict ,,( ,,int]e/s ,,betwe5 ,,m5 ,,& ,,gr\ps4 ,h[ comes x1 !n1 t m5 ^: :ole activity is a complication ( ^! p[]ful orig9al t5d5cies to action %\ld n foll[ ^! native impulses freely8 ,! answ] is t m5 n only live1 b live toge!r4 ,:]ev] human wants1 z 9 any gr\p1 ev5 a small "o1 mu/ be fill$ ?r\gh coop]ation1 accommodation1 compromise1 give-&-take1 adju/m5t mu/ be made4 ,man1 to adapt ,kant's phrase1 _c get on ) 8 fell[s2 & he _c get on )\t !m4 ,o!r m5 are necess>y to help u fulfill our desires1 & yet our desires conflict ) !irs4 ,! dual fact ( coop]ation & conflict is1 9 a s5se1 ! root ( ! moral problem4 ,h[ is "o individual to atta9 happ9ess )\t at ! same "t int]f]+ ) ! happ9ess ( o!rs8 ,h[ c ! desires ) :i* all m5 come into ! _w be fulfill$ = all m58 ,! adju/m5t ( ^! problems is at once complicat$ & facilitat$ by ! fact t "o ( man's mo/ p[]ful native desires is1 z we h already se51 8 desire to please o!r m54 ,?is extreme s5sitivity to ! praise & blame ( 8 fell[s op]ates p[]fully to qualify m5's o!r in/9cts4 ,! ru?lessness ) :i* m5 might o!rwise fulfill _! desires is *eck$ by ! fact t )9 !mselves !re is a conflict betwe5 ! desire to w9 o!r sorts ( gratification1 & ! desire to w9 ! praise ( o!rs & to avoid _! blame4 ,?is is simply "o in/ance ( :at we %all h occasion pres5tly to note1 t n only is !re a conflict betwe5 m5 9 ! fulfillm5t ( _! native in/9cts1 b )9 individuals an adju/m5t mu/ be made betwe5 compet+ impulses !mselves4 ,! k9ds ( conflict t occur betwe5 m5 9 ! fulfillm5t ( _! orig9al native t5d5cies1 are z v>i\s z ^? t5d5cies & _! comb9ations4 ,x may be a conflict1 z 9 primitive life1 betwe5 individuals seek+ food f ! same s\rce4 ,x may be a cla% 9 ! pursuit ( "o =m or ano!r ( self-enhancem5t1 enhancem5t :i* c come to only "s individual out ( a gr\p4 ,! sex in/9ct has af=d$1 9 ! case ( ! et]nal triangle1 an example ( ! %>+ by two p ( an imp]i\s desire = precisely ! same object ( satisfaction4 ,^! conflicts ( int]e/ are an inevitable result ( ! con/itution ( human nature4 ,x is p]fectly natural t human be+s con/itut$ ) l>gely id5tical impulses %\ld n infrequ5tly seek id5tical satisfactions4 ,gr\ps z well z individuals may come into collision1 & = analog\s reasons4 ,class divisions ov] ! di/ribution ( weal?1 int]national w>s ov] ! di/ribution ( t]ritory1 are suffici5tly famili> examples4 ,,! ,,levels ,,( ,,moral ,,action--,,cu/om--,,! ,,e/abli%m5t ,,( ,,folkways4 ,no an?ropologi/ seems to h discov]$ any:]e individuals liv+ totally alone or 9 total oblivion to ! ne$s or int]e/s ( o!rs4 ,! human necessity = cop]ation & ! human desire = companion%ip br+ individuals toge!r4 ,& individuals1 once liv+ toge!r1 f9d "s modus viv5di4 ,adju/m5ts are1 9 g5]al1 effect$ ?r\gh e/abli%$ & au?oritative folkways4#a ,t is1 c]ta9 acts come to be recogniz$ z sanction$ or z disapprov$ by ! gr\p4 ,& ^! sanctions or disapprovals are p[]ful 9 ! control ( human action4 ,! fact t individuals live & mu/ live toge!r is ?us ! sure/ gu>antee t !y w n1 once !y h gr[n old en\gh to communicate ) o!r p1 altoge!r foll[ _! imm$iate caprici\s desires4 ,footnote #a3 ,pr(essor ,sumn]'s conv5i5t t]m4 ,! reason = ! p[] ( social approvals & disapprovals ov] individuals lies p>tly 9 ! fact1 already not$1 ( ! human be+'s extremely high s5sitivity to ! praise & blame ( o!rs4 ,b "p ( ! explanation is social r ?an psy*ological4 ,ev5 primitive tribes take special pa9s to make public & p]vasive ! comm&s & prohibitions :i* h become affix$ to giv5 acts4 ,! m]e fact t an act is cu/om>y is itself a suffici5tly /rong gu>antee t x w be practic$1 s9ce ! human be+ t5ds to p]=m1 z he likes to p]=m1 ! habitual4 ,b 9 primitive life1 ! en=cem5t ( cu/om is n left to ! influ5ce ( habit4 ,! prohibitions & sanctions1 bo? 9 savage & 9 civiliz$ society1 are made into law4 ,9 ! =m] in/ance1 !re are mo/ elaborate devices & in/itutions = en=c+ ! traditional approvals & disapprovals4 ,tabus are "o important in/rum5t ( ! en=cem5t ( social *ecks ^u individual action2 tabus are p]haps n s mu* a means = en=c+ cu/om z !y are !mselves cu/oms inve/$ ) peculi> & awful sanction4 ,!y prohibit or ban any contact ) c]ta9 p]sons or objects "u p5alty ( dang] f unse5 be+s4 ,?r\gh ritual c]ta9 acts come to be p]=m$ ) great regul>ity1 ?or\ghness1 detail1 & solemnity4 ,9 primitive life x ritual is widely & effectively us$ to insure = educational1 political1 & dome/ic cu/oms ob$i5ce to ! gr\p /&>ds4 ,9 contempor>y life1 c]ta9 social =ms & obs]vances1 z well z c]ta9 religi\s c]emonies1 are examples ( ! en=cem5t ( giv5 acts1 by ritual4 ,praise & blame are equally effective en=cem5ts ( c]ta9 types ( action & ( ! avoidance ( o!rs4 ,9 primitive life1 praise is z likely z n to take ! =m ( art--decorations1 co/umes1 songs1 & tattoos4 ,9 mod]n life1 z we h se51 praise & blame take ! =m ( public op9ion1 z express$ by fri5ds1 acqua9tances1 newspap]s1 & ! l4#a ,praise & blame are n s fix$ & rigid 9 civiliz$ communities2 individuals move freely among div]se gr\ps ^: /&>ds diff]4 ,b gr\p approval is none ! less effective4 ,footnote #a3 ,see page #ajf4 ,9 primitive life &1 ?\gh less pat5tly1 9 contempor>y society1 physical =ce is ! ultimate p[] = en=c+ cu/om4 ,primitive *iefs are usually ! /rong m5 ( ! tribes2 & beh9d law 9 mod]n social organization is ! physical p[] ( ! ,/ate to en=ce x4 ,,morality ,,z ,,con=mity ,,to ,,! ,,e/abli%$4 ,! beg9n+ ( morals is ?us to be f\nd 9 con=mity to ! e/abli%$ or cu/om>y4 ,! crit]ion ( morality is compliance--compliance ) ! regul>1 ! socially approv$1 ! common 7t is1 ! communal7 ways ( action4 ,ap>t f ! consequ5ces ( violation1 violation p] se is impure1 unholy1 immoral4 ,! t]ms are1 9 "s cases1 int]*angeable4 ,9 primitive life1 violations are reg>d$ ) p>ticul> horror1 because !y are frequ5tly held to be n only infr+em5ts ( e/abli%$ ways ( ! tribe1 b z (f5ses aga9/ ! gods1 (f5ses :i* involve ! :ole tribe 9 ! retributive puni%m5ts ( ! gods4 ,violation ( ! cu/om>y may1 inde$1 ap>t f ar\s+ intellectual disapproval1 provoke a g5u9e revulsion ( feel+ on ! "p ( a gr\p :i* has acquir$ c]ta9 fix$ habits4 ,we /ill feel emotionally %ock$ by ! infr+em5t ( a cu/om t we d n intellectually value highly4 ,if we exam9e our moral furniture we f9d x made up ( an imm5se numb] ( e>ly acquir$ inhibitions or *ecks4 ,^! n only prev5t u f violat+1 at lea/ )\t qualms1 /&>ds to :i* we h e>ly be5 tra9$2 !y make deviations or irregul>ities on ! "p ( o!rs appe> z immoral1 ev5 be=e or )\t our intellectually classify+ !m z su*4 ,!re are adults1 = example1 :o _c outgr[ ! feel+ to :i* !y h e>ly be5 habituat$1 t c>d-play+ at any "t1 or baseball-play+ on ,sunday1 is evil1 ev5 ?\gh !y are no long] intellectually affect$ by scruples 9 ^? respects4 ,!re is significance 9 ! fact t by speak+ ( irregul>ities 9 a man's conduct1 we signify4 or imply moral disapproval4 ,! gr\p1 9 any /age ( civilization1 rew>ds 9 "s =m con=mity to gr\p /&>ds1 & puni%es infr+em5ts ( !m4 ,puni%m5t may be no?+ m tangible ?an disrepute or o/racism2 x may be z s]i\s z execution4 ,rew>d may range f a decoration or a *orus ( praise to all =ms ( comp5sation 9 ! way ( weal?1 rank1 & p[]4 ,we h not$ h[ sanctions & prohibitions are made public & effective among ! memb]s ( a gr\p4 ,b x is fur!r reg>d$ z important by ! gr\p t ^! cu/oms1 positive & negative1 %\ld be h&$ d[n f ! curr5t to succe$+ g5]ations4 ,9 primitive life transmission ( ! traditional practices is made a v special occasion 9 ! =m ( initiation c]emonies4 ,initiation c]emonies are held ) ! purpose ( induct+ boys into ! privileges ( manhood & into ! full life ( ! gr\p4 ,!y are calculat$ at e /ep to impress ^u ! initiate 8 own ignorance & helplessness 9 contra/ ) ! wisdom & p[] ( ! gr\p2 & z ! my/]y ) :i* !y are conduct$ imposes rev]5ce = ! eld]s & ! au?orities ( ! gr\p1 s ! recital ( ! traditions & p]=mances ( ! tribe1 ! long s]ies ( ritual acts1 common p>ticipation 9 ! my/ic dance & song & decorations1 s]ve to re9=ce ! ties t b9d ! tribe4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dewey & ,tufts3 ,e?ics1 pp4 #eg-eh4 ,9 civiliz$ life1 ! :ole in/itution ( education1 z has be5 repeat$ly emphasiz$ 9 ^! pages1 is design$ to transmit to ! "y ^? habits ( ?\ght1 feel+1 & action :i* _! influ5tial eld]s wi% to p]petuate4 ,z 0 not$ 9 connection ) man's greg>i\sness1 ! normal becomes ! respectable1 ! regul> becomes ! prop]4 ,we /ill speak ( ?+s t x is n nice to d4 ,?is t5d5cy to id5tify ! moral ) ! cu/om>y is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh e>ly habituat+ ! memb]s ( ! gr\p to ! gr\p /&>ds & secur+ = !m !reby ! emotional support t goes ) all habitual action4 ,morality at ?is /age is cle>ly social 9 its orig9s & its op]ations4 ,! /&>ds are gr\p /&>ds1 & ! individual's s+le duty is ob$i5ce & con=mity to ! e/abli%$ social sanctions4 ,,! ,,values ,,( ,,cu/om>y ,,morality4 ,! problem ( morals beg9s1 z we h se51 9 ! collision ( int]e/s ( simil>ly con/itut$ individuals liv+ toge!r4 ,adju/m5ts ( conflict+ int]e/s are effect$ by gr\p /&>ds m or less consci\sly transmitt$ & en=c$ by education1 public op9ion1 & law4 ,we %all note pres5tly t reflection op]ates to modify & criticize ^! cu/om>y approvals & disapprovals & to sub/itute m effective /&>ds4 ,b :e!r on ! level ( cu/om or reflection1 ! moral problem is ess5tially a social problem1 ! problem ( ! adju/m5t ( ! desires ( individuals liv+ toge!r4 ,= an individual liv+ altoge!r alone 9 ! _w !re c\ld h>dly be a moral problem1 a "q ( ought4 ,!re might be problems ( h[ to atta9 satisfaction1 b no s5se ( duty or moral obligation4 ,cu/om is ! fir/ great /age ?r\gh :i* morality passes1 & ! only =m 9 :i* morality exi/s = _m p4 ,9 civiliz$ life !re is1 to be sure1 consid]able reflection & qu]y+ ( cu/om1 b = ! va/ majority ( m5 "r & wrong are det]m9$ by ! /&>ds to :i* _! e>ly education & environm5t h accu/om$ !m4 ,9 primitive life1 reflective criticism on ! "p ( ! individual is almo/ unkn[n1 & cu/om rema9s ! great arbit] ( action1 ! out/&+ s\rce ( social & moral control4 ,! values ( cu/om z a moral =ce are1 9 bo? primitive & civiliz$ life1 notable & n to be despis$4 ,cu/om is1 9 ! fir/ place1 frequ5tly rational 9 its orig94 ,t is1 9 g5]al1 ^? acts are made habitual 9 ! gr\p :i* are associat$ ) ! g5]al welf>e4 ,! cu/om>y is ! "r1 b ^? activities mo/ frequ5tly come to be reg>d$ z "r :i* are favorable to ! welf>e ( ! gr\p4 ,9 ! lit]al /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* *>act]izes primitive life1 ^? tribes may alone be expect$ to survive ^: cu/oms d promote ! welf>e ( _! memb]s4 ,p]si/5ce by a gr\p 9 cu/oms l infanticide or excessive re/riction ( population w result 9 _! ext9ction4 ,cu/oms are1 = ! mo/ "p1 /&>ds ( action e/abli%$ 9 ! light ( ! conceptions ( well-be+ z und]/ood at ! "t ( _! orig94 ,! int5sity ) :i* !y are ma9ta9$1 en=c$1 & transmitt$ is an indication ( h[ supremely & practically important !y are reg>d$ by primitive gr\ps4 ,cu/om is valuable1 if = no?+ else1 9 ! fact t x makes possible "s accommodation or adju/m5t ( compet+ individual int]e/s--& on ! basis ( a widely consid]$ social welf>e4 ,cu/oms are social1 !y are b9d+ on all2 !y apply to all1 & to ! ext5t t !y d promote welf>e1 !y promote1 )9 limits1 ! welf>e ( all4 ,a man con=m+ to cu/om is !reby consult+ some?+ o!r ?an 8 arbitr>y caprice or p]sonal desire4 ,on ! level ( cu/om>y morality1 action ?r\gh con=mity to cu/om is ref]r$ to a wid] context ?an unconsid]$ individual impulse2 x is1 = bett] or worse1 p]=m$ ) ref]5ce to ! gr\p ) ^: /&>ds x is 9 con=mity4 ,x is ! beg9n+ ( ! socialization ( human int]e/s4 ,?\gh unconsci\sly1 ! man con=m+ to a cu/om is consid]+ 8 fell[s1 & ! values & traditions :i* h become curr5t among !m4 ,cu/oms1 moreov]1 are ! fir/ invasion ( moral *aos4 ,!y e/abli% endur+ /&>ds2 !y give common & p]man5t bases ( action4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! e/abli%m5t & transmission ( cu/om>y /&>ds t "o g5]ation is 9 any way sup]ior to its pr$ecessors4 ,cu/oms1 9 civiliz$ life1 include all ! e/abli%$ effective ways ( civilization1 its arts1 its sci5ces1 its indu/ries1 & its useful modes ( cop]ation4 ,if a plague c>ri$ (f ! memb]s ( a society all at once1 x is obvi\s t ! gr\p w\ld be p]man5tly done =4 ,yet ! dea? ( ea* ( its con/itu5t memb]s is z c]ta9 z if a plague took !m (f all at once4 ,b ! grad$ diff]5ce 9 age1 ! fact t "s are born z "s die1 makes possible ?r\gh transmission ( ideas & practices ! con/ant reweav+ ( ! social fabric4 ,yet ?is r5ewal is n automatic4 ,unless pa9s are tak5 to see t g5u9e & ?or\gh transmission takes place1 ! mo/ civiliz$ gr\p w relapse into b>b>ism & !n into savag]y4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dewey3 ,democracy & ,education1 p4 #d4 ,9 all levels ( civilization1 !re is a consci\s transmission ( ^? social habits :i* are reg>d$ z ( importance4 ,if ?is transmission 7 sudd5ly to cease1 n only w\ld ea* g5]ation h to />t afre%1 b x w\ld be altoge!r impossible = x to gr[ to maturity4 ,,! ,,defects ,,( ,,cu/om>y ,,morality4 ,:ile cu/om is ?us valuable z a moral ag5t 9 e/abli%+ /&>ds ( social life & r5d]+ !m cont9u\s & endur+1 a morality t is completely bas$ ^u x has s]i\s defects4 ,?\gh cu/oms may />t z alleg$ly or actually useful practices1 !y t5d1 s /rong is ! influ5ce ( habit ov] ! individual1 to outlive _! usefulness1 & may become1 inde$1 altoge!r disadvantage\s conv5tions4 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,smi? tells ( ! advantage x w\ld be 9 "s p>ts ( ,*9a to build a door on ! s\? side ( ! h\se1 9 ord] to get ! breeze1 9 hot wea!r4 ,! simple & suffici5t answ] to su* a sugge/ion is1 ,we don't build doors on ! s\? side4 ,we h b to exam9e our own civilization to see t !re are _m cu/oms :i* are practic$ n = any good assignable reason1 b simply because !y h become fix$ & traditional4 ,?is is n to say t ev]y?+ t has become m]ely conv5tional is evil4 ,x is to sugge/ h[1 ev5 9 civiliz$ society1 gr\ps may fall into modes ( action t are practic$ simply because !y h be5 practic$1 r ?an f any reason$ consid]ation t !y %\ld be4 ,an illu/ration may be tak5 f ! exp]i5ce ( civilians drawn into ! milit>y r\t9e dur+ ! ,great ,w>4 ,m5 engag$ 9 w> "w at ,wa%+ton 9 civilian capacities report$ repeat$ly _! impati5ce at ! r$ tape ( tradition ) :i* c]ta9 classes ( bus9ess 7 conduct$ by ! milit>y e/abli%m5t4 ,9 law also1 progressive practition]s & /ud5ts h po9t$ out ! well-kn[n fact ( ! imm5se & beclogg+ ritual :i* has come to surr\nd legal proc$ure4 ,x is ! cont5tion ( critics ( "o or ano!r ( our contempor>y social habits & in/itutions t traditionalism1 ! p]si/5ce ( cu/om simply because x is cu/om1 is responsible = _m ( ! ana*ronisms 9 our social1 political1 & indu/rial life4 ,space does n p]mit "h a detail$ consid]ation ( ?is "q1 b x mu/ be not$ t social habits1 :5 !y are acquir$1 z !y are1 unreflectively by ! va/ majority ( p1 w t5d to be repeat$ & support$1 ap>t f any consid]ation ( _! consequ5ces4 ,?is t5d5cy t[>d social in]tia1 e>li] not$ 9 connection ) habit1 c only be *eck$ by reflective criticism & appraisem5t ( our curr5t accu/om$ ways ( action4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see *apt] on ,cultural ,cont9uity4 ,9 ! case ( ! gr\p1 too complete a dom9ation by cu/om is dang]\s 9 t x sanctions & promotes ! cont9uance ( habits t h become useless or h>mful4 ,9 ! case ( ! individual1 ! det]m9ation ( action by cu/om alone has its specific dang]s & defects4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! individual happ5s to con=m to useful cu/oms1 8 con=mity is purely me*anical4 ,x involves no intellig5t discrim9ation4 ,m]ely to con=m places "o at ! disposition ( ! environm5t 9 :i* "o *ances to be4 ,!re is n necess>y any intellig5t analysis on ! "p ( ! ag5t1 ( ! be>+s & consequ5ces ( 8 actions4 ,he takes on ) fatal facility ! color ( 8 environm5t4 ,to all m51 h[ev] critical & reflective1 a c]ta9 degree ( con=mity to cu/om is bo? necess>y & useful4 ,!re mu/1 9 any social ent]prise1 be "s common basis ( action4 ,because tak+ ! "r-h& side ( ! road is a conv5tion1 x is none ! less a useful "o4 ,b reflective acquiesc5ce 9 a cu/om diff]s f m]ely me*anical con=mity4 ,x trans=ms a cu/om f a bl9d me*anism into a consci\sly *os5 in/rum5t = a*iev+ good4 ,! trivial & ! important 9 a morality bas$ ^u cu/om receive ! same unconsid]$ support4 ,ti?+ m9t1 anise1 & cumm9 are q likely to involve ! neglect ( weighti] matt]s ( ! law4 ,physical1 emotional1 & moral en]gies t %\ld be devot$ to matt]s g5u9ely affect+ human welf>e are lavi%$ ^u ! trivial & ! incid5tal4 ,we may come to be conc]n$ m ) mann]s ?an ) morals2 ) ritual1 ?an ) "r4 ,cu/om>y morality t5ds to emphasize1 moreov]1 ! lett] r ?an ! _s ( ! law4 ,x implies complete & punctili\s ob$i5ce1 meticul\s con=mity4 ,x emphasizes =m r ?an cont5t4 ,s9ce con=mity is ! only crit]ion1 ! appe>ance ( con=mity is all t is requir$4 ,! individual may fe> to diss5t op5ly r ?an actually4 ,?is is se5 frequ5tly 9 ! rituali/ic p]=mance or fulfillm5t ( a duty 9 all its ext]nal details1 r ?an ! actual & positive p]=mance ( its cont5t4 ,x is j su* ,ph>isaism t is prote/$ aga9/ 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt3 ,& :5 ?\ praye/1 ?\ %alt n be z ! hypocrites are2 = !y love to pray /&+ 9 ! synagogues & 9 ! corn]s ( ! /reets1 t !y may be se5 ( m54 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,!y h _! rew>d4444 ,b :5 ye pray1 use n va9 repetitions z ! hea!n d2 = !y ?9k t !y %all be he>d = _! mu* speak+4 ,=malism 9 morality has p]iodically r\s$ prote/ f ! ,prophets d[n1 & =malism is ! result ( an unconsid]$ me*anical acquiesc5ce 9 cu/om1 or delib]ate insi/5ce on traditional details :5 ! _s & motive are =gott54 ,,cu/om ,,& ,,progress4 ,emphasis ^u cu/oms z already e/abli%$ t5ds to promote fixity & repetition1 & to disc\rage *ange reg>dless ( ! b5efits to be d]iv$ f specific *anges4 ,cu/om is support$ by ! gr\p m]ely because x is cu/om2 & ! ineffective modes ( life are ma9ta9$ along ) ^? :i* are m useful4 ,progress comes ab\t ?r\gh individual v>iation1 & con=mity & individual v>iation are frequ5tly 9 diametrical collision4 ,x is only :51 9 ,bagehot's phrase1 ! cake ( cu/om is brok51 t *anges mak+ = good h a possibility ( introduction & support4 ,:]e ! only moral sanctions are ! sanctions ( cu/om1 *ange ( :atev] sort is at a disc\nt4 ,= *ange implies deviation f ! ways ( life sanction$ by ! gr\p1 & deviation is itself1 9 a cu/om-b\nd morality1 reg>d$ ) suspicion4 ,x is cle> t complete con=mity is impossible save 9 a society ( automata4 ,!re w be "s individuals :o w n be able to curb _! desires to fit ! inhibitions fix$ by ! gr\p2 !re w be "s :o w delib]ately /& out aga9/ ! gr\p comm&s & prohibitions1 & ass]t _! own imp]i\s impulses aga9/ _! fell[s4 ,:]e su* m5 are p[]ful or p]suasive !y may inde$ br+ ab\t a transvaluation ( all values2 !y may create a new morality4 ,!re are g5iuses ( ! moral z well z ! intellectual life1 ^: sudd5 insight becomes a /&>d = succe$+ g5]ations4 ,!re may1 aga91 be m infr+em5t ( ! moral code ?an is ov]tly noticeable4 ,frequ5tly1 z 9 a ,puritanical rgime1 !re may be1 along ) fanatic public pr(essions & practice ( virtue1 private violation ( ! conv5tional moral codes4 ,our civilization is unpleasantly decorat$ ) c\ntless examples ( ?is discrepancy betwe5 pr(ess$ & practic$ codes4 ,! desire = praise & ! fe> ( blame & its consequ5ces1 ! desire1 z we say1 = ! good-w & respect ( o!rs1 w lead to all ! public manife/ations ( virtue1 ) a private vice or two to appease ! wayw>d fle%4 ,! utt]ance ( conv5tional moral =mulas by m5 9 public1 & ! infr+em5t ( ^? high doctr9es 9 private1 ne$s un=tunately n to be illu/rat$4 ,molire drew ,t>tuffe f real life4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,reflective ,,morality4 ,if ! cu/oms curr5t 7 adequate to adju/ m5 to _! environm5t1 reflection ^u !m might nev] arise4 ,reflection does arise precisely because cu/oms are n1 or d n rema91 adequate4 ,an individual is br\ght up to believe t c]ta9 actions are good1 & t _! p]=mance promotes human happ9ess4 ,he discov]s1 by an al]t & uncl\d$ insight1 t 9 specific cases ! virtues highly reg>d$ by 8 gr\p d n br+ ! felicit\s results :i* !y are commonly & prov]bially held to produce4 ,he obs]ves1 let u say1 t meekness1 humility1 hone/y are n modes ( adaptation t br+ happy results4 ,he obs]ves1 z ,job obs]v$1 t ! wick$ prosp]2 he notes t ^? :o foll[ ! pa? call$ righte\s br+ unhapp9ess to !mselves & to o!rs4 ,or ! individual's fir/ reflection ^u moral /&>ds may arise 9 8 discov]y t moral /&>ds are n absolute1 t :at is virtue 9 ! ,occid5t is vice 9 ! ,ori5t1 & vice v]sa4 ,he discov]s t ^? actions :i* he reg>ds z virtu\s are s reg>d$ by him simply because he has be5 tra9$ to _! acceptance4 ,giv5 ano!r environm5t1 8 moral revulsions & approvals might be diametrically rev]s$4 ,he makes ! discov]y t ,protagoras made two ?\s& ye>s ago3 ,man is ! measure ( all ?+s2 /&>ds ( good & evil dep5d on ! accid5ts ( "t1 space1 & circum/ance4 ,9 su* a discov]y an individual may well qu]y1 ,:at is ! good8 ,n :at passes = good1 b :at is ! ess5ce ( goodness8 ,:at is ju/ice8 ,n :at is accr$it$ ju/ice 9 ! c\rts ( law1 or 9 ! m>ket-place1 or 9 ! easy g5]alizations ( common op9ion4 ,b :at con/itutes ju/ice ess5tially8 ,:at is ! /&>d by :i* actions may be rat$ j & unju/8 ,:]e individuals are habituat$ to "o s+le tradition or set ( cu/oms1 su* que/ions may n arise4 ,b :]e "o1 ?r\gh p]sonal exp]i5ce or acqua9tance ) hi/ory & lit]ature1 discov]s ! multiplicity ( /&>ds :i* h be5 curr5t ) reg>d to ! j & ! good 9 human conduct1 ! se>* = "s reasonable /&>d arises4 ,! great hi/orical in/ance ( ! discov]y ( ! relativity & irrationality ( cu/om>y morality & ! em]g5ce ( reflective /&>ds ( moral value is ! ,a!nian p]iod ( ,greek philosophy4 ,! ,sophi/s po9t$ out ) m]ciless p]spicuity ! welt]1 ! confusion1 ! ess5tial irrationality ( curr5t social & religi\s traditions & beliefs4 ,!y w5t no fur!r 9 moral analysis ?an de/ructive criticism4 ,!y po9t$ out ! want ( au!nticity or reason 9 ! traditional morality by :i* m5 liv$4 ,socrates w5t a /ep fur!r4 ,if curr5t cu/oms are n au?oritative1 he said1 let u f9d ^? t h & ought to h endur+ au?ority ov] m54 ,if ! traditional /&>ds are prov$ to be futile & inefficaci\s1 let u f9d ! unfalt]+ /&>ds au!nticat$ by reason4 ,let u sub/itute relevant & adequate codes & cre$s = ^? :i* h by reason be5 %[n to be unreasonable4 ,b5ea? ! multiplicity ( contradictory & (t5 vici\s cu/oms1 reason mu/ be able to discov] ways ( life1 :i*1 if foll[$1 w lead m5 to ev5tual happ9ess4 ,!re are ?us two /ages 9 ! process ( reflection ^u morals4 ,9 ! fir/ /age reflection does no m ?an to po9t out ! ess5tial discrepancies & absurdities ( ! curr5t moral codes4 ,reflection ^u morals beg9s by be+ critical & qu]y+4 ,x />ts :5 an individual1 a little m ?\ghtful & p]spicaci\s ?an 8 fell[s1 notes ! discrepancies betwe5 ! cu/oms ( diff]5t m51 & notes also ! discrepancies betwe5 ! ?reat5$ results ( ! violation ( traditional codes & ! actual results4 ,he may !n come to ! cynic's conclusion t morality is a my? & a delusion1 &1 9 ! words ( ! ,sophi/ 9 ,plato's ,republic1 ju/ice is m]ely ! "r ( ! /rong]4 ,m5 9 :om reflection or social sympa?y ext5ds n v f> may1 z !y frequ5tly d1 /op at ?is po9t4 ,^! are ! worldly wise2 !y are int]e/$ n 9 goodness1 tru?1 & ju/ice1 b 9 ^? effective repres5tations ( ^? ?+s publicly acc\nt$ good1 true1 & j :i* w w9 !m public approval & increase _! own weal? or p[] & position4 ,plato1 9 ! ,republic1 pictures ! type ) magnific5t irony3 ,all ^? m]c5>y adv5tur]s :o1 z we "k1 are call$ sophi/ by ! multitude1 & reg>d$ z rivals1 really tea* no?+ b ! op9ions ( ! majority to :i* expression is giv5 :5 l>ge masses are collect$1 & dignify !m ) ! title ( wisdom4 ,z well might a p]son inve/igate ! caprices & desires ( "s huge & p[]ful mon/] 9 8 keep+1 /udy+ h[ x is to be approa*$1 & h[ h&l$1--at :at times & "u :at circum/ances x becomes mo/ dang]\s1 or mo/ g5tle--on :at occasions x is 9 ! habit ( utt]+ its v>i\s cries1 & fur!r1 :at s\nds utt]$ by ano!r p]son soo! or exasp]ate x1--& :5 he has ma/]$ all ^! p>ticul>s1 by long-cont9u$ int]c\rse1 z well might he call 8 results wisdom1 sy/ematize !m into an art1 & op5 a s*ool1 ?\gh 9 reality he is :olly ignorant :i* ( ^! hum\rs & desires is fair1 & :i* f\l1 :i* good & :i* evil1 :i* j & :i* unju/2 & !re=e is cont5t to affix all ^! names to ! fancies ( ! huge animal1 call+ :at x likes good1 & :at x dislikes evil1 )\t be+ able to r5d] any o!r acc\nt ( !m1--nay1 giv+ ! titles ( j & fair to ?+s done "u compulsion1 because he has n disc]n$ himself1 & !re=e _c po9t out to o!rs1 t wide di/9ction :i* really holds betwe5 ! nature ( ! compulsory & ! good4#a ,footnote #a3 ,plato3 ,republic 7,gold5 ,treasury edition71 pp4 #bji-aj4 ,?r\gh\t human hi/ory1 !re h be5 p]iods ( individualism1 ( self-ass]tion aga9/ ! traditional morality1 :i* h be5 m>k$ by loss ( moral re/ra9ts1 by a breakd[n ( ! old /&>ds )\t a sub/itution ( new & s\nd] ones4 ,!re has be51 9 ! beg9n+ ( almo/ e advance t[>d a new /age ( moral valuation1 ! accompanim5t ( lib]ty by lic5se4 ,reflection ^u morals is n likely to produce imm$iately good results4 ,! e/abli%$ morality is at lea/ e/abli%$4 ,9 s f> z x is controll+ 9 m5's actions1 x keeps ^? actions ord]$ & regul>4 ,! traditional code by :i* a man's life is gov]n$ may be a poor code1 b x is m satisfactory ?an no code at all4 ,on discov]+ ! inadequacy ( ! morality by :i* he has liv$1 a man may reject morality altoge!r4 ,f t "t =? he may h no o!r /&>d ?an 8 own selfi% desires4 ,:5 a :ole society1 z at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 ?r[s its traditional morality to ! w9ds1 x may make havoc ( its fre$om4 ,9 place ( a bad moral ord] x may cease to h any moral ord] at all4 ,! discov]y t ! codes by :i* we h liv$ are mislead+ & delusive may lead u to h no?+ :atsoev] to d ) morals4 ,! individual may decide simply to employ 8 sup]ior insight 9 ! exploitation ( o!r p4 ,x is some?+ ( ?is po9t ( view t is express$ 9 ! rampant individualism ( ,nietzs*e & ,max ,/irn]4 ,! cu/om>y morality is meant = slaves2 ! ,sup]man mu/ /ride above ! signs & %ibbole?s by :i* m5 are l$1 & create himself a morality m adequate to 8 own sup]b & insol5t welf>e4 ,= ! recon/ruction ( a morality m adequate ?an ! prevail+ codes1 m is dem&$ ?an m]ely a reflective criticism ( prevail+ /&>ds4 ,:]e reflection goes no fur!r ?an ?is1 ! net result is m]ely cynicism & lib]t9ism4 ,= moral progress !re is ne$$ a p]son :o is individual 9 *oice1 9 feel+1 9 responsibility1 & at ! same "t social 9 :at he reg>ds z good1 9 8 sympa?ies & 9 8 purposes4 ,,reflective ,,recon/ruction ,,( ,,moral ,,/&>ds4 ,! second /age ( reflection ^u morals consi/s 9 ! recon/ruction ( moral /&>ds1 9 a delib]ate discov]y ( codes by :i* m5 c live toge!r happily4 ,x attempts to e/abli% /&>ds ( action :i* are en=c$ & recomm5d$ n because !y h be5 curr5t & are curr5tly approv$1 b because !y give promise1 ^u critical exam9ation1 ( contribut+ to human happ9ess4 ,x mu/ be recall$ "h t reflective morality is n a sub/itute = action bas$ ^u in/9ct or cu/om4 ,x m]ely modifies ^! types ( action 9 ! light ( ! desirable consequ5ces :i* w\ld result f su* modification4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( reflective /&>ds is limit$ by two g5]al conditions4 ,! fir/1 previ\sly m5tion$1 is t human be+s come into ! _w ) c]ta9 fix$ t5d5cies to act4 ,^! orig9al impulses may be obscur$1 b _c be aboli%$4 ,secondly1 reflection ^u morals always mu/ occur 9 a giv5 social situation1 t is1 9 a situation :]e c]ta9 habits ( m9d1 emotion & action1 are already 9 op]ation4 ,moral /&>ds are n fre% con/ructions2 !y are recon/ructions4 ,we may want to *ange curr5t cu/oms & traditions2 b t is simply ano!r way ( it]at+ ! fact t !y are !re to be *ang$4 ,! moral re=m] :o w\ld improve society mu/ take into acc\nt ! fact t !re exi/ among ! adult memb]s ( a g5]ation1 p[]ful habits1 :i* may be improv$ or am5d$1 b :i* _c be ignor$4 ,any attempt to improve m5's ways ( action />ts )9 processes ( action already go+ on4 ,x is n z if we c\ld hold up ! processes ( human life1 & say1 ,let u beg9 afre%4 ,! g5]ation ^: habits are to be *ang$ consi/s ( liv+ m51 :o are act+ on ! basis ( cu/oms :i* h become intimately & p[]fully controll+ 9 _! lives4 ,^! cu/oms1 ?\gh !y may n be altoge!r satisfactory1 are yet great social economies4 ,!y give m5 c]ta9 det]m9ate & efficaci\s modes ( action4 ,reflection mu/ />t ) !m & f !m4 ,unless m51 fur!rmore1 did act accord+ to cu/om1 !y w\ld h to reflect 9 detail ab\t e /ep ( _! conduct4 ,! aim ( reflection is simply to trans=m exi/+ cu/oms into m effective me?ods = a*iev+ ! good4 ,reflection1 inde$1 mu/ move )9 c]ta9 limits2 x mu/ take c]ta9 ?+s = grant$4 ,we h already se5 t reflection arises 9 a crisis ( great] or less] degree2 x settles ambiguities1 resolves ! obscure & d\btful phases ( situations4 ,x is design$ to secure adju/m5ts :]e in/9ct & habit are inadequate to adapt ! individual to 8 environm5t4 ,b unless !re 7 c]ta9 fix$1 det]m9$ po9ts to />t )1 c]ta9 limits )9 :i* reflection c\ld op]ate1 & :i* x c\ld use z po9ts ( ref]5ce or dep>ture1 all w\ld be *aos1 & reflection w\ld be impossible4 ,x is precisely because we d take c]ta9 ?+s z settl$1 because1 z ! phrase runs1 !y g )\t say+1 t we c ?9k to any purpose :atsoev]4 ,useful cu/oms once e/abli%$ provide precisely ^! fix$ po9ts4 ,if arbitration ( labor disputes has become a fix$ social habit1 = example1 att5tion c be turn$ to ways & means4 ,if education has become a g5]ally approv$ social habit1 we c sp5d our "t on in/rum5ts & me?ods4 ,e useful cu/om firmly e/abli%$ gives a basis ( op]ations4 ,t mu* is settl$2 t mu* does n dem& our al]t att5tion & inquiry4 ,a society )\t any fix$ habits w\ld be %e] an>*y4 ,! aim ( intellig5t consid]ation ( morals is n to aboli% cu/oms1 b to br+ ab\t _! modification s t !y w be ! mo/ effective adju/m5t ( ! individual & ! gr\p to _! environm5t4 ,inde$1 9 advanc$ societies1 reflection may itself become a cu/om1 & ! mo/ highly valu$ ( all4 ,= :]e al]t & consci\s criticism ( exi/+ folkways is habitual among all ! memb]s ( a society1 t society is sav$ f subjection ?r\gh in]tia to diss]viceable habits4 ,x acts z a cont9ual *eck & control2 x prev5ts social & moral /agnation4 ,! habit ( reflection ^u conduct1 if x c\ld be made g5]ally curr5t1 w\ld insure social progress4 ,= cu/oms w\ld be reg>d$ m]ely z tools1 z in/rum5ts to be modifi$ & adapt$ to new circum/ances1 z provisional modes ( atta9+ ! good4 ,fixity & rigidity 9 social life w\ld give place to flexibility & wise cont9ual adaptation4 ,,! ,,values ,,( ,,reflective ,,morality4 ,"s ( ^! h already be5 not$4 ,we may briefly summ>ize ! =ego+ discussion1 & call att5tion to "s additional values ( a morality bas$ ^u reason1 z contra/$ ) a morality ( m]e me*anical con=mity to cu/om4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t intellectual pref]5ces & valuations are root$ 9 prim>y impulses2 t is1 our desires are ant]ior to reflection4 ,:at we intellectually value & pref] has its roots 9 prim>y impulses4 ,reason c discov] h[ man may atta9 ! good2 b :at is good is det]m9$ by ! desires ) :i* man is1 willy-nilly1 end[$4 ,our pref]5ces are1 )9 limits1 fix$ = u4 ,z ,santayana writes3 ,reason 0 born1 z x has s9ce discov]$1 into a _w already wond]fully organiz$1 9 :i* x f\nd its precursor 9 :at is call$ life1 its seat 9 an animal body ( unusual pla/icity1 & its function 9 r5d]+ t body's volatile in/9cts & s5sations h>moni\s ) "o ano!r & ) ! out] _w on :i* !y dep5d4#a ,footnote #a3 ,santayana3 ,life ( ,reason1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dj4 ,our *ief aim 9 reflective behavior is to discov] ways & means by :i* a h>mony may be a*iev$1 a h>mony ( ^? v in/9cts :i*1 left to !mselves1 w\ld be 9 p]petual collision1 fru/rat+ & *eck+ ea* o!r4 ,reflection n only seeks to f9d a way ( life 9 :i* no natural impulse %all be fru/rat$1 b x is ?r\gh reflection t desires are broad5$1 & t new desires arise4 ,out ( reflection ^u social relations1 :i* is 9 ! fir/ in/ance prompt$ by man's innate greg>i\sness1 arise ! conception ( ideal fri5d%ip & ! ?ir/ = & movem5t t[>d ideal society4 ,out ( reflection ^u ! animal passion ( sex may rise ,dante's beatific vision ( ,beatrice4 ,conduct1 consci\sly controll$1 f9ds n only ways by :i* animal desires may be fulfill$ )\t cata/rophe2 x transmutes animal desires into ideal values4 ,,reflection ,,trans=ms ,,cu/oms ,,into ,,pr9ciples4 ,9 reflective behavior1 z contra/$ ) t :i* is controll$ by in/9ct & cu/om1 !re are e/abli%$ /&>ds ( action to :i* ! individual consci\sly con=ms4 ,t is1 in/ead ( m]ely con=m+ to cu/om1 an individual comes to act ^u pr9ciples1 consci\sly av[$ & ma9ta9$4 ,a man :o sets up a /&>d ( action 9 8 pr(essional or bus9ess relations is n con=m+ to an arbitr>y code2 he is liv+ accord+ to a way ( life :i* he has delib]ately & consci\sly *os54 ,:5 a man acts ^u pr9ciples because he has consci\sly adopt$ !m 9 view ( ! consequ5ces :i* he believes to be associat$ ) !m1 he w n make 8 /&>d an idol4 ,reflection e/abli%es /&>ds1 b x is n ma/]$ by !m4 ,x is p]si/5tly critical4 ,/&>ds are tools1 in/rum5ts t[>d ! a*ievem5t ( ! good4 ,!y are m]ely g5]al rules1 d]iv$ f exp]i5ce & reta9$ s long z !y be> desirable fruits 9 exp]i5ce4 ,moral laws are n reg>d$ z arbitr>y & et]nal1 b z good only 9 s f> z !y produce good4 ,a virtue is a virtue because x is conducive to human well-be+4 ,/&>ds are n absolute1 b relative--relative to _! fruits 9 practice4 ,,reflective ,,action ,,g5u9ely ,,moral4 ,action is mo/ g5u9ely moral :5 x is reflective4 ,x is only !n t ! individual is a consci\s & controll+ ag5t4 ,x is only !n t he kn[s :at he is do+4 ,:5 a ma*9e p]=ms actions t happ5 to h useful results1 we d n speak ( ! action z moral or virtu\s4 ,& action 9 con=mity ) cu/om is purely me*anical & arbitr>y4 ,an individual :o is m]ely con=m+ to ! cu/om>y is no m moral ?an an automaton4 ,giv5 a c]ta9 situation1 he makes a c]ta9 response4 ,x makes no diff]5ce t ! act happ5s to h fruitful consequ5ces4 ,x is n a matt] ( individual *oice1 ( consci\s volition4 ,ari/otle long ago /at$ ! indisp5sable conditions ( moral actions3 ,x is necess>y t ! ag5t at ! "t ( p]=m+ !m %\ld satisfy c]ta9 conditions1 i4e4 9 ! fir/ place t he %\ld "k :at he is do+1 secondly t he %\ld delib]ately *oose to d x & to d x = its own sake1 & ?irdly t he %\ld d x z an in/ance ( a fix$ & immutable moral /ate4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ari/otle3 ,e?ics1 book ,,ii1 p4 #db 7,weldon translation74 ,only :5 ! individual is aw>e ( ! consequ5ces ( 8 action1 & delib]ately *ooses ^? consequ5ces1 is !re any individuality1 any exhibition ( *oice--9 o!r words1 any moral value 9 ! act4 ,:5 an act is prompt$ by m]e habit & cu/om1 we h an evid5ce ( an individual's environm5t r ?an ( 8 "*4 ,creatures ?us mov$ by caprici\s & arbitr>y impulse are h>dly p]sons1 & c]ta9ly n p]sonalities4 ,!y are play$ ^u by e :imsicality ( circum/ance2 _! own "* makes no diff]5ce at all 9 ! _w 9 :i* !y live4 ,to act reflectively is to be ! controll+ r ?an ! controll$ elem5t 9 a situation4 ,action guid$ by intellig5ce is fre$ f ! enslavem5t ( passion1 prejudice1 & r\t9e4 ,x becomes g5u9ely free4 ,! individual1 emancipat$ f emotion1 s5se1 & circum/ance1 f ! accid5tal environm5t 9 :i* he happ5s to be born1 is 9 comm& ( 8 conduct4 ,?\gh %akes ! magnet1 /eady is ! pole4 ,morally1 at lea/1 he is ! ma/] ( 8 fate1 ! capta9 ( 8 s\l4 ,,reflection ,,sets ,,up ,,ideal ,,/&>ds4 ,reflection con/antly sets up ideal /&>ds by :i* curr5t codes ( conduct are judg$ & correct$4 ,x is cle> t ideals ( life1 ev5 :5 s9c]ely ent]ta9$1 are n always possible ( imm$iate fulfillm5t4 ,!ory t5ds cont9ually to outrun practice1 s9ce human reflection t5ds to set up goals 9 advance ( its a*ievem5t4 ,= _m individuals1 anxi\s to atta9 imm$iate self-enhancem5t1 ! curr5t cones are n criticiz$ at all1 b are tak5 = grant$1 z inevitable & irrefragable bases ( op]ation4 ,_m m51 p]haps aft] a fir/ flu% ( altrui/ic rebellion 9 adolesc5ce1 settle d[n ) m or less complac5cy to ! curr5t moral codes4 ,!y d 9 ,rome z ! ,romans d4 ,!y may h an intellectual aw>5ess ( ! crassness1 ! /upidity1 ! ess5tial inju/ice & inadequacy ( ! codes by :i* m5 9 contempor>y society live1 b !y may also1 out ( selfi% preoccupation ) _! own int]e/s1 let ?+s g at t4 ,if ! e/abli%$ ways are n z !y ought to be1 at lea/ !y are z !y are4 ,& s9ce ! curr5t sy/em is ! "o by :i* a man mu/ live1 ass5t is ! bett] "p ( wisdom4 ,!re are comp>atively few :o p]si/ 9 a criticism ( prevail+ /&>ds1 or :o are tr\bl$ v mu* beyond _! e>ly tw5ties by a torm5t+ conviction t ?+s are n done z !y ought to be done4 ,x is f ! few :o realize intellectually ! inadequacies ( prevail+ cu/oms1 & are emotionally di/urb$ by !m1 t moral criticism arises4 ,& x is only by su* criticism t moral progress is made possible4 ,! duty ( "s ex]cise ( discrim9at+ intellig5ce z to exi/+ cu/oms1 = ! sake ( improvem5t & progress1 is ?us a m>k ( reflective morality--( ! rgime ( consci5ce z ov] aga9/ cu/om4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dewey & ,tufts3 ,e?ics1 pp4 #aha-hb4 ,reflection is ?us ! process by :i* progress is made possible1 al?\gh1 z we %all pres5tly see1 x is n !reby insur$4 ,! function ( intellig5ce is precisely to indicate anticipat$ goods1 to imag9e a future :i* is ! projection ( ! desirable 9 ! pres5t4 ,ev5 ! be/ ord]$ life or society reveals "s maladju/m5t1 "s remove1 ne> or f>1 f p]fection4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( reflection & imag9ation to note ! discrepancy betwe5 :at is1 & :at ought to be1 & assidu\sly to fo/] ! vision ( ! latt]1 s t 9 ! light ( t imag9$ good1 m5's ways ( life may be am5d$4 ,nor does ! sett+-up ( ideal /&>ds mean ! con/ruction ( fruitless ,utopias4 ,reflection ^u ! pres5t ways ( life & ! prospect ( _! improvem5t does n mean a m]e wi/ful ye>n+ aft] bett] ?+s4 ,x means c>eful inquiry into ^? elem5ts ( e/abli%$ ways :i* may be incorporat$ into ! con/ruction ( ! ideal4 ,x means ! resolute application ( intellig5ce to an analysis ( pres5t maladju/m5ts 9 ! int]e/s ( pres]v+ out ( inh]it$ & curr5t ways ^? factors :i* po9t t[>ds ! goal desir$4 ,x means to be eag] = p]fection1 & s5sitive to curr5t imp]fections4 ,moral progress dem&s a vision ( ! desirable future1 & a p]si/5t & discrim9at+ reflection ^u ! means ( its atta9m5t out ( ! mat]ials ( ! pres5t4 ,,! ,,defects ,,( ,,reflective ,,morality4 ,reflection1 z already po9t$ out1 t5ds to /op ) m]ely de/ructive criticism4 ,provok$ by maladju/m5t & imp]fection1 x frequ5tly goes no fur!r ?an to note ^!1 ) cynicism or despair4 ,criticism ( e/abli%$ cu/oms & ways ( life frequ5tly re/s ) ! exhibition ( absurdities 9 m5's ways1 f9d+ refuge 9 laught] or rebellion4 ,!re is no "o s cynical z ! man :o has be5 rec5tly wak5$ out ( dogmatic & innoc5t fai? 9 ! traditions to :i* he has be5 re>$4 ,! *ild receives f ! h]d ! doctr9es1 let u say1 t tru?fulness is ! mo/ valuable ( all ! virtues1 t hone/y is ! be/ policy1 t to ! religi\s man dea? has no t]rors1 & t !re is 9 /ore a future life ( p]fect happ9ess & delight4 ,& yet exp]i5ce tells him ) p]si/5ce t tru?fulness z (t5 z n br+s him puni%m5t1 t 8 di%one/ playfell[ has z good if n a bett] "t ?an he1 t ! religi\s man %r9ks f dea? ) z great a t]ror z ! unbeliev]1 is z brok5-he>t$ by b]eavem5t1 & z det]m9$ to cont9ue 8 hold ^u ?is imp]fect life r ?an tru/ himself to :at he decl>es to be ! c]ta9ty ( future bliss4444 ,:o ( u is !re :o _c rememb] ! vague feel+ ( dissatisfaction1 ! obscure & elusive s5se ( some?+ be+ wrong1 :i* is left by ^! & simil> conflicts8#a ,footnote #a3 ,trott]3 ,in/9cts ( ! ,h]d 9 ,peace & ,w>1 p4 #di4 ,a little reflection is1 9 morals1 a dang]\s ?+4 ,x discov]s difficulties1 & does n solve !m4 ,x f9ds t human life is d>kly /rewn ) hypocrisies1 ) %ams1 ) make%ifts & compromises4 ,& hav+ made ?is discov]y1 x sighs or satirizes or =gets4 ,x is notori\s ) :at frequ5cy m5 g to pieces :5 !y are loos$ f ! moor+s ( _! *ildhood moralities1 be=e !y h _h a *ance to acquire new & m reasonable con/ra9ts4 ,plato1 9 prote/+ t "y m5 %\ld n /udy philosophy too e>ly1 has well describ$ ! dang]s ( %all[ analysis4#b ,footnote #b3 ,& w x n be "o great precaution to =bid _! m$dl+ ) x philosophy :ile "y8 ,= ,i suppose y h notic$1 t :5ev] boys ta/e dialectic = ! fir/ "t1 !y p]v]t x into an amusem5t1 & always employ x = purposes ( contradiction1 & imitate 9 _! own p]sons ! artifices ( ^? :o /udy refutation1--delight+1 l puppies1 9 pull+ & te>+ to pieces ) logic any "o :o comes ne> !m4444 ,h5ce1 :5 !y h exp]i5c$ _m triumphs & _m defeats1 !y fall1 quickly & vehem5tly1 into an utt] disbelief ( _! =m] s5tim5ts3 & !reby bo? !y & ! :ole cause ( philosophy h be5 prejudic$ 9 ! eyes ( ! _w4 7,plato3 ,republic1 ,gold5 ,treasury edition1 p4 #bfg47 ,,! ,,inadequacy ,,( ,,!ory ,,9 ,,moral ,,life4 ,reflection ^u morals1 ev5 :5 x goes beyond ! /age ( criticism & proce$s to ! recon/ruction ( habits & cu/oms ^u a m reasonable basis1 is yet inadequate4 ,h[ev] logically conv9c+ a code ( morals may be1 x is n efficaci\s simply z logic4 ,9 ,ari/otle's /ill relevant words3 ,x may fairly be said !n t a j man becomes j by do+ :at is j & a temp]ate man becomes temp]ate by do+ :at is temp]ate1 & if a man did n s act1 he w\ld n h s mu* z a *ance ( becom+ good4 ,b mo/ p1 in/ead ( do+ su* actions1 take refuge 9 !oriz+2 !y imag9e t !y are philosoph]s & t philosophy w make !m virtu\s2 9 fact !y behave l p :o li/5 att5tively to _! doctors1 b nev] d any?+ t _! doctors tell !m4 ,b x is z improbable t a heal?y /ate ( ! s\l w be produc$ by ?is k9d ( philosophiz+ z t a heal?y /ate ( ! body w be produc$ by ?is k9d ( m$ical treatm5t4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ari/otle3 ,e?ics1 book ,,ii1 *ap4 ,,iii1 pp4 #db-dc 7,weldon translation74 ,moral /&>ds1 9 ord] to be effective1 mu/ h emotional support & be con/antly appli$4 ,m5 mu/ be 9 love ) ! good1 if good is to be _! habitual practice4 ,& only :5 ! good is an habitual practice1 c m5 be said to be liv+ a moral life in/ead ( m]ely subscrib+ v]bally to a set ( moral ideals4 ,ju/ice1 hone/y1 *>ity1 m]cy1 b5evol5ce1 ^! are names = types ( behavior1 & are real 9 s f> z !y d describe m5's actions4 ,z ,ari/otle says1 9 ano!r connection3 ,a p]son mu/ be utt]ly s5seless if he does n "k t moral /ates are =m$ by ! ex]cise ( ! p[]s 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,! virtues are n /atic or froz52 !y are names we give to v>ieties ( action1 & are exhibit$1 z !y exi/1 only 9 action4#b ,footnote #b3 ,b ! virtues we acquire by fir/ ex]cis+ !m1 z is ! case ) all ! arts1 = x is by do+ :at we ought to d :5 we h le>n$ ! arts1 t we le>n ! arts !mselves2 we become1 e4g4 build]s by build+1 & h>pi/s by play+ ! h>p4 ,simil>ly x is by do+ j acts t we become j1 by do+ temp]ate acts t we become temp]ate1 by do+ c\rage\s acts t we become c\rage\s4444 ,aga9 ! causes & means by :i* any virtue is produc$1 & by :i* x is de/roy$1 are ! same2 & x is equally s ) any art2 = x is by play+ ! h>p t bo? good & bad h>pi/s are produc$1 & ! case ( build]s & all o!r artisans is simil>1 z x is by build+ well t !y w be good build]s1 & by build+ badly t !y w be bad build]s4444 ,x is by act+ 9 su* transactions z take place betwe5 man & man t we become ei!r j or unju/4 ,x is by act+ 9 ! face ( dang] & habituat+ ourselves to fe> or c\rage t we become ei!r c[>dly or c\rage\s4 ,x is mu* ! same ) our desires & angry passions4 ,"s p become temp]ate & g5tle1 o!rs become lic5ti\s & passionate1 accord+ z !y conduct !mselves 9 "o way or ano!r way 9 p>ticul> circum/ances4 7,ari/otle3 ,e?ics1 pp4 #ce-cf1 ,weldon translation47 ,! m]e prea*+ ( virtue w ?us n produce its practice4 ,^? /&>ds :i* reflection discov]s1 h[ev] useful 9 ! guidance ( life1 are n suffici5t to improve human conduct4 ,!y mu/1 z not$ above1 be emotionally sanction$ to become habitual1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 only if !y are e>ly acquir$ habits1 w ! emotions associat$ ) !m be pleasant r ?an pa9ful4 ,accord+ly ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o tra9+ ( habits & ano!r f e>ly days is n a light matt]1 b is s]i\s or r all-important4#a ,ideals ( life1 :5 !y rema9 m]e closet-ideals1 are int]e/+ academic specim5s1 b are h>dly effective 9 ! helpful am5dm5t ( ! lives ( mank9d4 ,:oev] contemplates ! _w 9 ! light ( an ideal1 writes ,b]tr& ,russell1 :e!r :at he seeks be intellect or art1 or love1 or simple happ9ess1 or all toge!r1 mu/ feel a great sorr[ 9 ! evils :i* m5 all[ ne$lessly to cont9ue &--if he is a man ( =ce & vital en]gy--an urg5t desire to lead m5 to ! realization ( ! good :i* inspires 8 creative vision4 ,great ?9k]s ^u morals h n be5 cont5t to "w out int]e/+ sy/ems :i* 7 logically conclusive1 ab/ract me?ods ( atta9+ happ9ess4 ,!y h work$ out _! e?ical sy/ems z g5u9ely pref]r$ ways ( life1 !y h (f]$ !m z solutions ( ! difficulties m5 exp]i5ce 9 controll+ _! own passions & 9 adapt+ _! desires to ! conditions :i* limit _! fulfillm5t4 ,footnote #a3 ,ari/otle3 loc4 cit41 p4 #cf4 ,our pres5t /udy1 writes ,ari/otle1 is n1 l o!r /udies1 purely speculative 9 its int5tion2 = ! object ( our inquiry is n to "k ! nature ( virtue1 b to become ourselves virtu\s1 z t is ! sole b5efit :i* x conveys4#b ,reflection ^u morals c map out ! road2 x _c make p travel x4 ,= t1 an e>ly habituation to ! good is necess>y4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 p4 #cf4 ,b x %\ld be not$ fur!r t ! greate/ e?ical re=m]s h n be5 ^? :o h conv9c$ m5 ?r\gh ! impeccability ( _! logic4 ,!y h be5 r ! supreme se]s1 ! ,hebrew prophets1 ,*ri/1 ,sa9t ,francis1 :o h won foll[]s n s mu* by ! conclusiv5ess ( _! demon/ration z ?r\gh ! p]suasive f]vor & spl5dor ( _! vision4 ,,! ,,dang] ,,( ,,intellectualism ,,9 ,,morals4 ,!re has be5 ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( e?ical !ory a t5d5cy to ov]simplify life by cramp+ x into ! categories fix$ by reason4 ,reflection t5ds to set up c]ta9 /&>ds :i* ! inf9ite v>iety ( human exp]i5ce t5ds to outrun4 ,9 ! m]e fact ( sett+ up g5]alizations1 reflection is arbitr>y4 ,any g5]alization1 by virtue ( ! v fact t x does apply to a wide v>iety ( situations1 mu/ =ego conc]n ) ! peculi> colors & qualities inh]+ 9 any specific exp]i5ce4 ,v>i\s e?ical writ]s h set up g5]al rules1 :i* !y h attempt$ to apply to life ) indiscrim9ate ru?lessness4 ,!y h tri$ to %e> d[n ! endless ri* v>iety ( human situations to fit ! categories :i* !y assume to />t )4 ,unsophi/icat$ m5 h compla9$ ) ju/ice aga9/ ! recurr5t attempts ( morali/s to set up absolute laws1 /&>ds1 virtues1 :i* 7 to be appli$ reg>dless ( ! specific circum/ances ( specific situations4 ,x 0 su* =malism t ,ari/otle prote/$ aga9/ ?r\gh\t 8 ,e?ics4 ,!re is ! same sort ( unc]ta9ty ) reg>d to good ?+s1 z x (t5 happ5s t injuries result f !m2 ?us !re h be5 cases 9 :i* p 7 ru9$ by weal?1 or aga9 by c\rage4 ,z our subjects moral inquiries !n & our premises are ( ?is nature1 we mu/ be cont5t to indicate ! tru? r\ghly1 & 9 outl9e4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ari/otle3 loc4 cit41 pp4 #c-d4 ,he po9ts out repeat$ly t situations are specific1 t laws or g5]alization c only be t5tatively made4 ,que/ions ( practice & exp$i5cy no m admit ( inv>iable rules ?an que/ions ( heal?4 ,b if ?is is true ( g5]al reason+ ^u ,e?ics1 /ill m true is x t sci5tific exactitude is impossible 9 reason+ ^u p>ticul> e?ical cases4 ,!y d n fall "u any art or any law1 b ! ag5ts !mselves are always b\nd to pay reg>d to ! circum/ances ( ! mom5t1 z mu* z 9 m$ic9e or navigation4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ari/otle3 loc4 cit41 p4 #cg4 ,in/ead ( fram+ absolute g5]al rules1 ,ari/otle po9ts out ^? specific conditions :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 any act t c1 )\t quibbl+1 be call$ good or virtu\s4 ,x is possible to g too f>1 or n to g f> en\gh1 9 respect ( fe>1 c\rage1 desire1 ang]1 pity1 & pleasure & pa9 g5]ally1 & ! excess & ! defici5cy are alike wrong2 b to exp]i5ce ^! emotions at ! "r "t1 & on ! "r occasions & t[>ds ! "r p]sons1 & = ! "r causes & 9 ! "r mann] is ! mean or ! supreme good1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( virtue4#b ,footnote #b3 ,ibid4 p4 #df4 ,reflection ?us unduly simplifies ! moral problem by sett+ up g5]al /&>ds :i* are n adequate to ! multiple v>iety ( specific situations :i* con/itute human exp]i5ce4 ,b 9 reason+ ^u ! conduct ( life1 !re has be5 display$1 fur!rmore1 by e?ical writ]s an invet]ate t5d5cy to id5tify ! processes ( life ) ! process ( reason4 ,"o may cite z a classic in/ance ( ?is po9t ( view ! e?ical !ory ( ,j]emy ,b5?am & ! ,utilit>ians4 ,accord+ to ! ,utilit>ians human be+s judg$ acts 9 t]ms ( _! utility1 z measur$ 9 ! am\nt ( pleasure & pa9 produc$ by an action4 ,! individual figur$ out ! pleasures & pa9s t w\ld be ! consequ5ces ( 8 action4 ,we %all 9 ! next section exam9e ?is po9t ( view 9 m detail2 we are ref]r+ to x "h simply z an illu/ration ( intellectualiz+ ( morals4 ,few individuals g ?r\gh any?+ remotely resembl+ ! h$onic calculus laid d[n by ,b5?am4#c ,! individual is n a /atic be+1 ma!matically consid]+ ! am\nt ( pleasure & pa9 associat$ ) ! p]=mance ( specific actions4 ,we are1 9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 prompt$ to specific responses1 n by any ma!matical consid]ations ( pleasures & pa9s1 b by ! imm$iate urg5cy ( in/9ctive & habitual desires4 ,reflection arises 9 ! process ( adju/m5t ( compet+ impulses1 9 ! effect+ ( a h>mony betwe5 v>i\s desires t are mu* m prim>y & fundam5tal ?an ! reflection t arises ^u !m4 ,we may l>gely agree ) ,mc,dougall :5 he writes3 ,footnote #c3 ,! h$onic calculus ( ,b5?am 01 briefly1 ! foll[+3 ,e propos$ act is to be view$ ) ref]5ce to its probable consequ5ces1 9 7#a7 int5sity ( pleasures & pa9s1 7#b7 _! duration1 7#c7 _! c]ta9ty or unc]ta9ty1 7#d7 _! ne>ness or remot5ess1 7#e7 _! fecundity1 i4e41 ! t5d5cy ( a pleasure to be foll[$ by o!rs1 or a pa9 by o!r pa9s2 7#f7 _! purity1 i4e41 ! t5d5cy ( a pleasure to be foll[$ by pa9s & vice v]sa2 7#g7 _! ext5t1 t is1 ! numb] or range ( p]sons ^: happ9ess is affect$--) ref]5ce to ^: pleasures & pa9s ea* "o ( ! fir/ six items ought 9 /rictness also to be calculat$4 ,!n sum up all ! pleasures :i* /& to ! cr$it side ( ! acc\nt2 add ! pa9s :i* are ! debit items1 or liabilities1 on ! o!r2 !n take _! algebraic sum1 & ! balance ( x on ! side ( pleasure w be ! good t5d5cy ( ! act ^u ! :ole4 7,dewey & ,tufts3 ,e?ics1 pp4 #bge-gf47 ,we may say1 !n1 t directly or indirectly1 ! in/9cts are ! prime mov]s ( all human activity2 by ! conative or impulsive =ce ( "s in/9ct 7or ( "s habit d]iv$ f an in/9ct7 e tra9 ( ?\ght1 h[ev] cold & passionless x may seem1 is borne along t[>ds its end1 & e bodily activity is initiat$ & su/a9$4 ,! in/9ctive impulses det]m9e ! ends ( all activities & supply ! driv+ p[] by :i* all m5tal activities are su/a9$2 & all ! complex intellectual app>atus ( ! mo/ highly develop$ m9d is b a means t[>ds ^! ends1 is b ! in/rum5t by :i* ^! impulses seek _! satisfactions1 :ile pleasure & pa9 d b s]ve to guide !m 9 _! *oice ( ! means4 ,take away ^! in/9ctive dispositions ) _! p[]ful impulses1 & ! organism w\ld become incapable ( activity ( any k9d2 x w\ld lie in]t & motionless1 l a wond]ful clockwork ^: ma9spr+ _h be5 remov$1 or a /eam-eng9e ^: fires _h be5 drawn4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mc,dougall3 ,social ,psy*ology1 p4 #dd4 ,reflection is la/ r ?an fir/2 x is provok$ & su/a9$ by in/9ctive desires1 & is ! means :]eby !y may be fulfill$4 ,,types ,,( ,,moral ,,!ory4 ,reflection ^u morals produces c]ta9 *>act]i/ic types ( moral !ory4 ,^! may be classifi$1 al?\gh1 because ( ! complexity ( factors involv$ 9 any moral !ory1 cross-division is inevitable4 ,b 9 ! long hi/ory ( human reflection ^u a reasonable way ( life1 c]ta9 divisions /& out cle>ly4 ,! fir/ great contra/ t may be m5tion$ is t exi/+ betwe5 ,absolutism & ,relativism1 ! contra/1 namely1 betwe5 !ories ( morals t reg>d "r & wrong z absolute & a priori1 uncondition$ by "t1 place1 & circum/ance2 & !ories ( morals t judge ! rightness & wrongness ( acts 9 t]ms ( _! consequ5ces1 9 ! happ9ess or welf>e ( human be+s1 h[ev] t be conceiv$4 ,^! two po9ts ( view repres5t radically diff]5t temp]am5ts & diff] radically 9 _! fruits4 ,! contra/ w /& out m cle>ly aft] a brief discussion ( ea*4 ,,absolutism4 ,absoluti/ic moralities are di/+ui%$ by _! ma9t5ance ( ! fundam5tal moral idea ( ,duty1 ,duty consi/+ 9 an obligation to con=m to ! ,"r4 ,impli$ 9 ?is obligation ( absolute con=mity is ! conception t ! ,"r is unalt]able1 univ]sally b9d+1 & imp]ative4 ,good & evil are n discov]able 9 exp]i5ce1 b are /&>ds to :i* human be+s mu/ 9 exp]i5ce con=m4 ,! "r is n simply ! desirable--frequ5tly x is1 f ! /&po9t ( impulses & emotion1 ! undesirable2 b x is a univ]sal1 an a priori /&>d to :i* human be+s mu/ 9 exp]i5ce con=m4 ,morals are et]nal & immutable pr9ciples1 absolutely irrefutable & indefeasible 9 exp]i5ce4 ,we %all1 9 approa*+ ! problem f ! /&po9t ( moral k1 see t mo/ absoluti/ moral philosoph]s h also suppos$ t ^! et]nal pr9ciples ( "r action are intuitively p]ceiv$4 ,:at conc]ns u 9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 is ! nature ( ?is absoluti/ic conception1 & its be>+s on ! gov]nance ( human conduct4 ,accord+ to ! absoluti/1 ! goodness ( an act is n at all affect$ by its imm$iate consequ5ces4 ,! value ( a good or a moral act does n consi/ 9 its results4 ,! moral value ( an act consi/s 9 ! good-w ( ! ag5t1 & ! good-w ( ! ag5t consi/s 9 8 will+ & consci\s con=mity to ! absolute moral pr9ciple involv$4 ,no?+ is fundam5tally good b ! good-w4 ,t is1 an act to be moral1 mu/ be ! consci\s con=mity ( a rational ag5t to ! moral law1 :i* he recognizes to be morally b9d+4 ,to ,kant1 ! classic expon5t ( ?is position1 an act p]=m$ out ( m]e incl9ation1 if n immoral1 c]ta9ly 0 n moral4 ,a moral act c\ld only fl[ f reason1 & reason w\ld dictate to an individual con=mity to ! moral law1 :i* 0 a law ( reason4 ,conduct t is det]m9$ by m]e circum/ance is n moral conduct4 ,morality is above ! doma9 ( circum/ance4 ,& ! moral ag5t is above ! defeats & compromises impos$ by "t & place4 ,he is a free ag5t1 t is1 morally free4 ,he accepts no comm&s1 except ^? ( reason4 ,a man1 9 foll[+ impulse or be+ dictat$ to by circum/ance1 is a m]e animal or a ma*9e4 ,he is only a reasonable1 t is1 a moral be+1 :5 he con=ms to ! laws :i* are above "t & place & circum/ance1 & above ! :irls & eddies ( p]sonal incl9ation4 ,concretely1 "o may take ! absoluti/ic attitude t[>d a specific virtue3 hone/y4 ,! morality ( tell+ ! tru? consi/s 9 a consci\s con=mity to ! moral /&>d ( hone/y 9 ! face ( all deflections ( incl9ation & p>ticul> situations4 ,x makes no iota ( diff]5ce :at ! result ( tell+ ! tru? 9 a p>ticul> in/ance may be4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :at urg5t & plausible & practically dec5t reason "o has = n tell+ ! tru?4 ,! tru? mu/ be told1 z ju/ice mu/ be done1 ?\gh ! heav5s fall4 ,we h a case1 let u suppose1 :]e tell+ bad news to a v sick man may kill him4 ,t temporally disa/r\s consequ5ce is1 f an absoluti/ic po9t ( view1 a totally irrelevant consid]ation1 z is also ! pa9 we feel 9 tell+ ! tru? "u su* conditions4 ,b ! s+le moral c\rse is cle>2 !re is no alt]native2 9 absoluti/ic morals !re are no ext5uat+ circum/ances4 ,! tru? mu/ be told1 :atev] be ! consequ5ces4 ,= to tell ! tru? is a univ]sal moral law1 & con=mity to t law a univ]sal moral obligation4 ,! defects ( ?is position1 if !y are n obvi\s f its b>e /atem5t1 w become cle>] f ! analysis ( ! relativi/ or teleological positions4 ,b its specific virtues des]ve att5tion4 ,! ,kantian or absoluti/ic position1 by its emphasis on ! indefeasible & unwav]+ "* ( moral action1 sugge/s some?+ t r\ses admiration f common s5se1 unsophi/icat$ by moral !ory4 ,we d n ?9k highly ( ! man :o is at ! m]cy ( e *ance appetite1 or e casual incid5t4 ,morality mu/ be con/itut$ ( m endur+ /uff4 ,we d n deeply admire ! calib] ( a man :o yields to e press+ exig5cy1 surr5d]+ !reby e ideal1 pr9ciple1 or value1 ! atta9m5t ( :i* dem&s "s po/ponem5t or "s privation ( ! fulfillm5t ( imm$iate desire4 ,! man :o compromises 8 political ideals 9 ! atta9m5t ( 8 p]sonal success1 is a scornful figure morally4 ,& we e/imate m highly ! "* ( an individual :o c p]si/ 9 ! /r5u\s atta9m5t ( an ideal 9 ! face ( ! c\nt]-incl9ation ( pass+ pleasures4 ,9 its emphasis on ! autonomy & integrity ( moral action1 ev5 its oppon5ts cr$it ! ,kantian or absoluti/ic position ) hav+ hit ^u a g5u9ely moral aspect ( human action4 ,x is1 z we %all see1 9 ! rigidity & =malism ( its conception1 9 its fanatical allegiance to a priori /&>ds1 & its absolute sanctification ( giv5 ways ( action1 t ! !ory is que/ionable4 ,,relativi/ic ,,or ,,teleological ,,morality4 ,contra/$ ) ! !ories ( morals t ma9ta9 t "r & wrong are absolute & et]nal pr9ciples unaffect$ by "t1 place1 & circum/ance1 are ^? moral philosophies :i* set out explicitly to discov] a way ( life by :i* human happ9ess 9 ?is _w ( "t & place & circum/ance may be atta9$4 ,to "k :at is ! supreme good1 & to discov] :at are ! means ( its atta9m5t1 are1 z ,ari/otle long ago & ju/ly obs]v$1 ( great importance 9 ! regulation ( life4 ,x is ?is k & discov]y t con/itute1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ! bus9ess ( e?ics4 ,reg>d+ ?is supreme good1 we may quote 8 own expressions3 ,we speak ( t :i* is s\ght aft] = its own sake1 z m f9al ?an t :i* is s\ght aft] z a means to some?+ else2 we speak ( t :i* is nev] desir$ z a means to some?+ else z m f9al ?an ! ?+s :i* are desir$ bo? 9 !mselves & z means to some?+ else2 & we speak ( a ?+ z absolutely f9al1 if x is always desir$ 9 itself & nev] z a means to some?+ else4 ,x seems t happ9ess prem95tly answ]s to ?is description1 z we always desire happ9ess = its own sake1 & nev] z a means to some?+ else1 :]eas we desire hon\r1 pleasure1 intellect1 & e virtue1 p>tly = _! own sakes1444 b p>tly also z be+ means to happ9ess1 because we suppose !y w prove ! in/rum5ts ( happ9ess4 ,happ9ess1 on ! o!r h&1 nobody desires = ! sake ( ^! ?+s1 nor inde$ z a means to any?+ else at all4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ari/otle3 loc4 cit41 pp4 #ac-ad4 ,happ9ess may1 z ,ari/otle obs]ves1 be diff]5tly conceiv$ by diff]5t p4 ,to "s x may mean a life ( s5sual enjoym5t2 to "s m5 a life ( money-mak+4 ,b x is ! atta9m5t ( complete satisfaction & self-realization by ! individual t e?ical !ories %\ld promote2 = su* self-realization con/itutes happ9ess4 ,x is suffici5t "h to po9t out t all s-call$ teleological or relativi/ic moralities1 insi/ t ! morality ( an action is n det]m9able a priori1 or absolutely4 ,!y are relativi/ic 9 ! s5se t !y insi/ on tak+ into acc\nt ! specific circum/ances ( action 9 ! det]m9ation ( its moral value4 ,!y are teleological 9 t !y insi/ on measur+ ! moral value ( an action 9 t]ms ( its consequ5ces 9 human well-be+ or happ9ess1 h[ev] ^? be conceiv$4 ,to rev]t to ! illu/ration us$ 9 connection ) ! discussion ( ,absolutism1 to lie 9 ord] to save a life w\ld1 on ?is basis1 be con/ru$ z good r ?an evil4 ,,utilit>ianism4 ,"o ( ! classic /atem5ts ( relativi/ic & teleological morality is ,utilit>ianism4 ,accord+ to ! ,utilit>ians ! crit]ion ( ! wor? ( a de$ 0 to be f\nd 9 an e/imation ( ! relative pleasures & pa9s produc$ by x4 ,! view is ?us /at$ by ,john ,/u>t ,mill3 ,! cre$ :i* accepts z ! f\ndation ( morals1 ,utility1 or ! ,greate/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple1 holds t actions are "r 9 proportion z !y t5d to promote happ9ess1 wrong z !y t5d to produce ! rev]se ( happ9ess4 ,by happ9ess is int5d$ pleasure1 & ! abs5ce ( pa92 by unhapp9ess1 pa9 & ! privation ( pleasure4 ,to give a cle> view ( ! moral /&>d set up by ! !ory1 mu* m requires to be said2 9 p>ticul>1 :at ?+s x includes 9 ! ideas ( pa9 & pleasure2 & to :at ext5t ?is is left an op5 "q4 ,b ^! supplem5t>y explanations d n affect ! !ory ( life on :i* ?is !ory ( morality is gr\nd$--namely1 t pleasure & fre$om f pa9 are ! only ?+s desirable z ends2 & t all desirable ?+s 7:i* are z num]\s 9 ! utilit>ian z 9 any o!r s*eme7 are desirable ei!r = ! pleasure inh]5t 9 !mselves1 or z means to ! promotion ( pleasure & ! prev5tion ( pa94#a ,footnote #a3 ,mill3 ,utilit>ianism 7,london1 #aijg71 pp4 #i-aj4 ,simply /at$1 ,utilit>ianism says3 ,add toge!r all ! pleasures promis$ by a contemplat$ c\rse ( action1 !n ! pa9s1 & note ! diff]5ce2 ! nature ( ! diff]5ce w det]m9e :e!r ! c\rse is "r or wrong4 ,pleasures & pa9s are ?us conceiv$ z be+ op5 to quantitative det]m9ation4 ,action is det]m9$ by ma!matical calculation 9 advance ( ! pleasure & pa9 produc$ by any action4 ,b5?am's "n is p>ticul>ly associat$ ) ! dictum1 ! greate/ happ9ess = ! greate/ numb]4 ,b two implications ( ?is doctr9e mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 at lea/ z ,b5?am int]pret$ x4 ,! greate/ happ9ess meant ! maximum am\nt ( pleasure4 ,& ea* individual c\ld desire ! greate/ happ9ess1 only 9 s f> z x contribut$ to 8 own happ9ess or pleasure4 ,&1 = ,b5?am1 z = all /rict ,utilit>ians1 !re 0 no qualitative di/9ction 9 ! am\nts ( pleasure4 ,! quantity be+ ! same1 said ,b5?am1 pu%p9 is z good z poetry4 ,utilit>ianism is "h consid]$ z an in/ance ( a type ( e?ical !ory t set human happ9ess z ! end1 & made its judgm5ts ( actions dep5d on _! consequ5ces 9 human welf>e4 ,x mu/ be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t its conception ( happ9ess 0 dep5d5t on a psy*ology n[ almo/ unanim\sly recogniz$ z false3 ,b5?am's assumption t ! reason human be+s p]=m$ c]ta9 actions 0 because !y desir$ c]ta9 pleasures1 completely rev]ses ! actual situation4 ,x puts1 z x 71 ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,pleasure is psy*ologically ! accompanim5t1 :at psy*ologi/s call ! feel+ tone ( ! satisfaction ( any in/9ctive or habitual impulse4 ,human be+s h c]ta9 native or habitual t5d5cies to action1 & pleasure att5ds ! p]=mance ( ^!4 ,x is n because we want ! pleasure ( eat+1 t we decide to eat2 we want to eat1 & eat+ is !re=e pleasant4 ,if ! good ,sam>itan c>$ ab\t ! pres5t feel+s or ! future welf>e ( ! man fall5 among ?ieves1 x w\ld no d\bt give him "s pleasure to satisfy t desire = 8 welf>e2 if he _h desir$ 8 good z little z ! prie/ & ! ,levite1 !re w\ld h be5 no?+ to sugge/ ! /range idea t to relieve him1 to b9d up 8 na/y w\nds1 & to sp5d money ^u him1 w\ld be a s\rce ( m pleasure to himself ?an to pass by on ! o!r side & sp5d ! money ^u himself4 ,9 ! case ( ! great majority ( our pleasures1 x w probably be f\nd t ! desire is ! condition ( ! pleasure1 n ! pleasure ( ! desire4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ra%dall3 ,e?ics1 p4 #ah4 ,z has be5 previ\sly po9t$ out 9 ?is & o!r *apt]s1 action does n />t ) reflection ^u pleasures1 or1 = t matt]1 ^u any?+ else4 ,action is fundam5tally initiat$ by in/9ctive prompt+s1 or ! prompt+s ( habit4 ,satisfaction or pleasure att5ds ! fulfillm5t ( any inborn or acquir$ impulse1 & dissatisfaction or pa9 its ob/ruction or fru/ration4 ,ap>t f ! satisfactions exp]i5c$ 9 ! fulfillm5t 9 action ( su* impulses1 pleasure does n exi/4 ,actions1 situations1 p]sons1 or ideas c be pleasant to u1 b pleasure z a sep>ate objective entity _c be said to exi/ at all4 ,! ,utilit>ians1 aga91 made ! intellectuali/ error ( suppos+ t m5 dispassionately & ma!matically weigh$ ! consequ5ces ( _! actions1 :]eas _! relative impulsions to action are det]m9$ by ! in/9cts !y inh]it & ! habits !y h already acquir$4 ,despite its false psy*ology1 ,utilit>ianism does /& out z "o ( ! great classic attempts to build an e?ical !ory squ>ely design$ to promote human happ9ess4 ,an execution ( ! same wor?y int5tion1 m acceptable to ^? tra9$ 9 ! mod]n psy*ology ( in/9ct1 is t moral conception v>i\sly kn[n z ,behaviorism1 or ,en]gism1 a po9t ( view ma9ta9$ by ?9k]s f ,ari/otle to ,pr(essor ,dewey 9 our own day4 ,all behaviori/ic !ories take ! position t 9 ord] to f9d out :at is good = man1 we mu/ beg9 by f9d+ out :at man is4 ,9 ord] to discov] :at w give man satisfaction1 we mu/ discov] :at 8 natural impulses & capacities are4 ,9 ! utilization & fulfillm5t ( ^! w man f9d 8 mo/ complete realization & happ9ess4 ,! /&>d ( goodness1 !re=e1 is measur$ 9 t]ms ( ! ext5t to :i* action promotes a complete & h>moni\s utilization ( natural impulses & natural capacities4 ,e?ics1 f su* a viewpo9t1 _c set up arbitr>y /&>ds1 b mu/ =m its /&>ds by inquiries into ! fundam5tal & natural ne$s & desires ( m54 ,in/ead ( lay+ d[n et]nal pr9ciples to :i* human be+s mu/ be made to con=m1 x mu/ d]ive its pr9ciples f obs]vations ( human exp]i5ce1 & te/ !m !re4 ,! good is :at does good2 ! bad :at does h>m4 ,& :at is good = m51 & bad = m51 dep5ds n on rigid a priori intellectual /&>ds1 b on ! orig9al nature :i* is ea* man's inh]itance4 ,to base e?ics ^u an analysis ( ! conditions ( human nature1 z sci5tific inquiry reveals x1 c>ries ) x two implications4 ,x means t no?+ t is %[n to be a "p ( man's inevitable orig9al equipm5t c ) ju/ice to man's welf>e be rul$ out4 ,e in/9ct tak5 by itself is z good z any o!r4 ,x is only :5 "o in/9ct competes ) ano!r1 s t excessive indulg5ce ( "o1 z1 = example1 t ( sex or pugnacity1 int]f]es ) all a man's o!r in/9cts or int]e/s 7or ) ^? ( o!r m571 t an in/9ct becomes evil4 ,x means1 secondly1 t s9ce individuals diff]1 & s9ce situations are inf9itely v>i\s & individual1 no arbitr>y & fix$ laws c be laid d[n z fundam5tal et]nal pr9ciples4 ,,moral ,,k4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! two types ( morality t h be5 hi/orically curr5t may be approa*$ f ! /&po9t ( moral k4 ,t is1 moral !ories may be classifi$ on ! basis ( _! answ] to ! "q3 ,h[ d moral judgm5ts arise8 ,! *ief contra/ to be drawn is t betwe5 ,intuitionalism on ! "o h&1 & ,empiricism on ! o!r4 ,intuitionalism holds briefly t ! moral quality ( an act is intuitively p]ceiv$1 & is recogniz$ ap>t f exp]i5ce ( its consequ5ces4 ,! empirical !ory holds t moral judgm5ts come to be atta*$ to acts z a result ( exp]i5ce1 & p>ticul>ly exp]i5ces ( ! approval & disapproval ( o!r p4 ,! contra/ w aga9 become cle>] by a discussion ( ea* !ory sep>ately4 ,,intuitionalism4 ,intuitionalism takes two *ief =ms4 ,! fir/1 ,p]ceptual ,intuitionalism1 z ,sidgwick calls x1 holds t ! rightness ( ea* p>ticul> act is imm$iately kn[n4 ,! second1 call$ by ! same au?or ,dogmatic ,intuitionalism1 holds t ! g5]al laws ( common-s5se morality are imm$iately p]ceiv$4 ,! popul> view ( consci5ce1 well illu/rates ! fir/-m5tion$ position ( ! ,intuitionali/4 ,we commonly ?9k ( ! dictates ( consci5ce z relat+ to p>ticul> actions1 & :5 a man is bidd5 9 a p>ticul> case to tru/ to 8 consci5ce1 x commonly seems to be meant t he %\ld ex]cise a faculty ( judg+ morally ?is p>ticul> case )\t ref]5ce to g5]al rules1 & ev5 9 opposition to conclusions obta9$ by sy/ematic d$uction f su* rules4#a ,footnote #a3 ,sidgwick3 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics 7#d? edition71 p4 #ii4 ,consci5ce1 ?is organ ( imm$iate moral p]ception1 is frequ5tly tak5 to be div9ely giv5 at bir?4 ,!re is no "o s c]ta9 or immovable z ! man ^: actions are dictat$ by 8 consci5ce4 ,he does n h to ?9k ab\t 8 actions2 he kn[s imm$iately :at is "r & :at is wrong4 ,! intuitionali/ does n g into ! natural hi/ory ( scruples = or aga9/ ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 actions4 ,he takes ^! imm$iate av]sions or prompt+s to act z ! revelations ( imm$iate & unque/ionable k1 frequ5tly presum$ to be div9ely implant$4 ,mo/ ,intuitionali/s hold n t we exp]i5ce an imm$iate intuition ( ! rightness or wrongness ( action 9 e s+le situation1 b t ! common rules ( morality1 su* common rules z good fai? & v]acity1 are imm$iately recogniz$ & ass5t$ to z moral4 ,!y insi/ t ^! are n det]m9$ by exp]i5ce or by reflection1 s9ce /eal+1 ly+1 & murd] are kn[n to be wrong by ev]yone1 ?\gh mo/ m5 c\ld n tell way4 ,intuitionalism c>ri$ out to logical extremes is repres5t$ by su* m5 z ,tcl/oy1 &1 9 g5]al1 ^? :o g5u9ely & p]si/5tly act accord+ to ! dictates ( _! consci5ce1 :o hold1 & s f> z !y c1 act ^u ! pr9ciple t we mu/ nev] resi/ =ce by =ce1 nev] arre/ a ?ief1 mu/ lit]ally give to him t aske?1 up to "o's la/ p5ny1 & s on4 ,,empiricism4 ,to expla9 ! gr\nds ( ! ,empirical position is to exhibit ! argum5ts 9 refutation ( ,intuitionalism4 ,! mo/ obvi\s & frequ5t l9e ( attack t empirical morali/s make ^u ,intuitionalism is to exam9e & comp>e ! v>i\s intuitions ( "r conduct :i* h be5 held by m5 9 diff]5t ages & places4 ,! traditional me?od ( combat+ intuitionalism f ! "t ( ,john ,locke to t ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has be5 to pres5t ! read] ) a li/ ( cruel & abom9able savage cu/oms1 ridicul\s sup]/itions1 acts ( religi\s fanaticism & intol]ance1 :i* h all alike seem$ self-evid5tly good & "r to ! peoples or individuals :o h practis$ !m4 ,!re is h>dly a vice or a crime 7accord+ to our own moral /&>d7 :i* has n at "s "t or o!r 9 "s circum/ances be5 look$ ^u z a moral & religi\s duty4 ,/eal+ 0 acc\nt$ virtu\s = ! "y ,sp>tan1 & among ! ,indian ca/e ( ,?ugs4 ,9 ! anci5t _w1 piracy1 t is1 robb]y & murd]1 0 a respectable pr(ession4 ,to ! m$ival ,*ri/ian1 religi\s p]secution 0 ! highe/ ( duties1 & s on4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ra%dall3 loc4 cit41 p4 #ei4 ,! ,empirici/ asks3 ,if all ^! intuitions are absolute2 if m5 at v>i\s times & at v>i\s places1 inde$1 if1 z is ! case1 m5 ( diff]5t social classes & situations at ! pres5t "t1 diff] s pr(\ndly 9 _! intuitions ( ! j1 ! noble1 & ! base1 :i* ( ! conflict+ intuitions1 all equally absolute1 is ! absolute8 ,! ,intuitionali/ cont9ually appeals to ! univ]sal intuition & ass5t ( ,mank9d4 ,b !re is sc>cely a s+le moral law = :i* univ]sal ass5t 9 ev5 a s+le g5]ation c be f\nd4 ,"o has b to survey ! het]og5e\s collection ( cu/oms & prohibitions collect$ 9 su* a "w z ,fraz]'s ,gold5 ,b\gh1 to see h[ little unanimity !re is 9 ! moral intuitions ( mank9d4 ,! ,empirici/ f9ds ! orig9 ( ^! div]g5t moral convictions 9 ! div]g5t environm5ts to :i* individuals 9 diff]5t places1 times1 & social situations are expos$4 ,! int5sity & app>5t irrefutability ( ^! convictions1 :i* ! ,intuitionali/ ascribes to _! innat5ess1 ! ,empirici/ ascribes to _! e>ly acquisition1 & ! deep emotional hold :i* e>ly acquir$ habits h ov] ! individual4 ,^? moral beliefs :i* we hold ) ! utmo/ conviction & int5sity are1 in/ead ( be+ !reby gu>ante$ z mo/ reasonable & g5u9ely moral1 !reby r5d]$1 says ! ,empirici/1 ! m suspect4 ,!y are evid5ces ( ! effectiv5ess ( our e>ly education1 or ( our high degree ( s5sitiv5ess to our fell[s4 ,consci5ce is ?us r$uc$ to habitual emotional reactions produc$ by ! contact ( a giv5 individual temp]am5t ) a giv5 environm5t4 ,?us acts come by ! individual to be recogniz$ z "r or wrong1 accord+ to ! tradition to :i* he has be5 educat$ & ! contacts ) o!r p to :i* he is cont9ually expos$4 ,! ,empirici/ does n d5y t !re are intuitions1 or app>5t intuitions4 ,he d5ies _! ultimacy1 _! unque/ionable validity4 ,:5 444 we f9d ourselves ent]ta9+ an op9ion ab\t ! basis ( :i* !re is a quality ( feel+ :i* tells u t to inquire into x w\ld be absurd1 obvi\sly unnecess>y1 unpr(itable1 undesirable1 bad =m1 or wick$1 we may "k t t op9ion is a non-rational "o1 & probably1 !re=e1 f\nd$ ^u inadequate evid5ce4#a ,footnote #a3 ,trott]3 ,in/9cts ( ! ,h]d1 p4 #dd4 ,^! s p[]ful convictions are ! imm$iate prompt+s ( in/9cts1 or ( ! habits into :i* !y h be5 modifi$4 ,! humane ,*ri/ian1 _h he be5 br\ght up 9 ! ,eskimo tradition1 w\ld ) ! mo/ t5d] solicitude slaught] 8 ag$ p>5ts1 j z ! humane ,*ri/ian 9 ! ,middle ,ages ?\ght x 8 duty to slay h]etics4 ,!re is no limit to ! excesses to :i* m5 h gone on ! dictates ( consci5ce4 ,to put actions on ! basis ( consci5ce is to put !m beyond ! control ( reflection or ! *eck ( inquiry4 ,x is to r$uce conduct to caprice2 to exalt impulse into a moral comm&4 ,& ! results ( accept+ bl9d intuitions z rational k h be5 9 _m cases cata/rophic4 ,if reason has sla9 its ?\s&s1 ! acceptance ( in/9ct z evid5ce has sla9 its t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,day by day1 9 ! ord9>y direction ( _! lives1 m5 h le>n$ dur+ hundr$s ( g5]ations h[ untru/wor?y is ! int]pretation ( fact :i* ,in/9ct (f]s1 & h[ bitt] is ! tru? conta9$ 9 su* prov]bs z ,ang] is a bad c\nsellor1 or ,love is bl9d4 444 ,w>s are (t5 />t$ & ma9ta9$1 nei!r f m]e bl9d ang]1 nor because ^? on ei!r side f9d t !y desire ! results :i* a cool calculation ( ! conditions makes !m reg>d z probable1 b l>gely because m5 insi/ on treat+ _! feel+s z evid5ce ( fact & refuse to believe t !y c be s angry )\t suffici5t cause4#a ,footnote #a3 ,graham ,wallas3 ,! ,great ,society1 pp4 #bbd-be4 ,! ,empirici/ insi/s t ! morality ( an act _c be told f ! int5sity ( approval or disapproval :i* x ar\ses 9 ! individual4 ,actions are n moral or immoral 9 !mselves1 b 9 _! consequ5ces or relations1 :i* are only discov]able 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! goodness or badness ( an act is measurable 9 t]ms ( its consequ5ces1 & ! consequ5ces ( action are discov]able only 9 exp]i5ce4 ,?is does n imply t we calculate ! results ( e action be=e p]=m+ x1 or measure ! consequ5ces ( ! acts ( o!r p]sons be=e judg+ !m4 ,our imm$iate reactions are frequ5tly n ! result ( reflection at all1 b are responses prompt$ by previ\sly =m$ habits1 or by in/9ctive caprice4 ,^! imm$iate intuitions are n to be reli$ ^u z moral /&>ds1 precisely because reflection frequ5tly comes to an e/imate ( an act1 directly at v>iance ) our in/9ctive reaction to x4 ,we come1 ^u reflection1 to approve acts t we are1 by in/9ct1 mov$ to condemn4 ,& ! rev]se holds true4 ,:5 we see t a *ild's clo!s h caught fire1 we d n ne$ to reflect on any consequ5ces = univ]sal well-be+ be=e we make up our m9ds t x is a duty to ext+ui% ! flames1 ev5 at ! co/ ( "s risk to ourselves4 ,x is cle> t ! act w conduce to pleasure & to ! avoidance ( pa94 ,we %\ld feel an equally in/9ctive desire to kick out ( ! room a man :om we saw mak+ incisions 9 ! fle% ( a human be+ if we did n "k t he 0 a surgeon1 & t ! mak+ ( incisions w t5d to save ! man's life4 ,7 a compet5t physician to sugge/ t ! burn+ ( ! *ild's clo!s ^u its back w\ld cure x ( a fev]1 e reasonable p]son w\ld consid] x 8 duty to reconsid] 8 prima-facie view ( ! situation4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ra%dall3 ,e?ics1 pp1 #ea-eb4 ,! ,empirici/ insi/s t moral /&>ds are matt]s ( discov]y2 t ! laws ( conduct mu/ be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 j z mu/ ! laws ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,to condemn an act z evil means t ! p]=mance ( t act has 9 exp]i5ce be5 f\nd to produce h>mful results4 ,^? moral laws :i* at ! pres5t /age ( civiliz$ society seem to h atta9$ univ]sal ass5t1 h atta9$ x because !y are rules ^: practice has1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race1 repeat$ly be5 f\nd to produce desirable results4 ,ev5 ! conception ( ju/ice1 :i* has by s _m ?9k]s be5 held to be absolute1 to inh]e someh[ 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 is by ,mill demon/rat$ at l5g? to be m]ely a p>ticul>ly highly reg>d$ utility3 ,x appe>s 444 t ju/ice is a "n = c]ta9 moral requirem5ts1 :i*1 reg>d$ collectively1 /& high] 9 ! scale ( social utility1 & are !re=e ( m p>am\nt obligation ?an any o!rs2 ?\gh p>ticul> cases may occur :]e "s o!r social duty is s important z to ov]rule any "o ( ! g5]al maxims ( ju/ice4 ,?us1 to save a life1 x may n only be all[able1 b a duty1 to /eal1 or take by =ce1 ! necess>y food or m$ic9e1 or to kidnap1 & compel to (ficiate1 ! only qualifi$ m$ical practition]4#b ,footnote #b3 ,mill3 ,utilit>ianism 7,london1 #aijg71 p4 #ie4 ,inde$ x is cle>1 t 9 ! processes ( natural selection ^? tribes w\ld survive ^: rules ( morality did 9 g5]al promote welf>e4 ,& x is ! bus9ess ( reflection1 says ! ,empirici/1 n to accept ei!r 8 own conviction or ^? ( o!rs on e?ical que/ions1 b 9 cases ( ambiguity to e/abli%1 aft] inquiry1 a /&>d ! practice ( :i* promises ! wide/ b5efits 9 human happ9ess4 ,,e?ics ,,& ,,life4 ,all e?ical !ories are m or less delib]ately int5d$ z def9itions ( ! good1 & z in/rum5ts = its atta9m5t4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 be imm$iately te/$ by _! fruits 9 life4 ,an e?ical !ory t is only v]bally conc]n$ ) ! good1 b does n 9 practice promote human welf>e1 is futile p$antry or worse4 ,reflection ^u conduct arises 9 man's attempt to control ! nature :i* is 8 inh]itance 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 happ9ess4 ,m5 h le>n$ ?r\gh exp]i5ce t to foll[ ea* impulse )\t =e?\ght br+s !m pa91 mis]y1 & sometimes de/ruction4 ,!y h f\nd t to a*ieve happ9ess "s h>mony mu/ be e/abli%$ betwe5 compet+ desires1 & t only by balances1 adju/m5t1 & control1 c !y make ! mo/ ( ! nature :i* is !irs inescapably4 ,?is nature consi/s1 z we h se51 9 c]ta9 specific t5d5cies to action4 ,m5 are natively end[$ ) in/9cts to love1 to fight1 to be curi\s1 to long = & enjoy ! companion%ip ( _! fell[s1 to wi% privacy & solitude1 to foll[ a lead & to take x1 to fe> & hate1 & sympa?ize ) o!rs4 ,! satisfaction ( any "o ( ^! impulses gives pleasure4 ,any "o ( ^! may become a dom9ant passion4 ,b x is n ?r\gh yield+ to a s+le imp]i\s impulse t m5 atta9 g5u9e happ9ess4 ,to be excessively pugnaci\s or amor\s or fe>ful is to c\rt unhapp9ess1 bo? = ! individual & 8 fell[s4 ,x is only by giv+ ea* in/9ct its proportionate *ance 9 ! total context ( all ! in/9cts1 t happ9ess is to be f\nd4 ,x is = ?is reason t1 z ,ari/otle fir/ po9t$ out1 a /udy ( :at is good = man mu/ />t ) a /udy ( :at man himself is4 ,! /udy ( e?ics mu/ consequ5tly fall back = its data ^u psy*ology4 ,x mu/ note ) precision ! ?+s t m5 c d1 be=e x tells !m :at !y ought to d4 ,= ! ?+s !y ought to d1 are dep5d5t on ! conditions :i* limit & det]m9e _! ideals4 ,any e?ical sy/em t delib]ately excludes f its =mulation natural human desires & capacities1 is d5y+ ! v s\rces ( all morality4 ,= e ideal has its root back 9 "s unle>n$ human impulse1 & an ideal t has no basis 9 ! nature ( man1 is n an ideal1 b a negation4 ,! ideal way ( life is "o t provides = ! h>moni\s utilization ( all ^? possibilities :i* lie 9 man's orig9al nature4 ,to d5y a place to ! sex impulse is to d5y a place to ideal love4 ,to d5y ! moral legitimacy ( ! fight+ in/9ct is to take away ! basis ( t imm5se en]gy :i* goes to su/a9 great moral re=m]s4 ,! place ( e?ical !ory is n to d5y human impulses1 b to turn !m to uses 9 :i* !y w n h9d] o!r impulses ei!r ( ! individual or ( o!rs4 ,?r\gh physical sci5ce1 m5 h s\ght to make ! mo/ ( _! physical environm5t2 ?r\gh moral sci5ce1 !y c try to make ! mo/ ( ! human equipm5t :i* is !irs = bett] or = worse4 ,?is human equipm5t is an opportunity2 & ! utilization ( ?is opportunity con/itutes happ9ess4 ,x is 9 ! realization ( ! possibilities (f]$ by our orig9al human nature t reflection ^u morals is ju/ifi$4 ,x is 9 ! effective fulfillm5t ( ?is opportunity t its success mu/ be measur$4 ,,morality ,,& ,,human ,,nature4 ,a moral !ory t is m]ely co]cive & arbitr>y1 !re=e1 is n 9 a g5u9e s5se moral4 ,a morality1 to ju/ify itself1 mu/ appeal to ! he>t ( man4 ,! good :i* x recomm5ds mu/ be a good :i* man c )\t sophi/ry approve4 ,& ! good = :i* man c :ole-he>t$ly /rive is n det]m9$ by logic1 b1 9 ! la/ analysis1 by biology4 ,human be+s _c freely call good t to :i* !y h no spontane\s prompt+4 ,^? ascetics :o h d5i$ ! fle% may h display$ a c]ta9 degree ( h]oism1 b !y display$ an equal lack ( insight4 ,= x is out ( physical impulses alone t any ideal values c arise4 ,x is only :5 "o in/9ct int]f]es ) its neighbors1 or "o individual ) 8 fell[s1 t in/9cts or activities c be call$ evil4 ,!y are call$ evil 9 relation1 9 context1 ) ref]5ce to _! consequ5ces4 ,9 itself no natural impulse is subject to condemnation4 ,x is j z natural z ?und] or sun%9e1 & is to be tak5 z a po9t ( dep>ture1 z a basis = action1 r ?an z a *ance = c5sure4 ,impulses dem& control simply because1 left to !mselves1 !y collide ) ea* o!r1 j z individuals uncontroll$ by cu/om1 law1 & education1 collide ) ea* o!r 9 ! pursuit ( satisfaction4 ,! ideal is a way ( life1 :i* w all[ z mu* spontaneity z ! conditions ( nature & life all[1 & provide z mu* control z !y make necess>y4 ,to be ?us 9 control ( "o's desires is to be free4 ,x is to utilize "o's int]e/s & capacities 9 ! light ( a h>mony bo? ( "o's own desires1 & 9 s f> z ?is h>mony is univ]sal1 ( ! desires ( all m54 ,x is to lead ! ,life ( ,reason3 ,e "o leads ! ,life ( ,reason 9 s f> z he f9ds a /eady light beh9d ! _w's glitt]1 & a cle> residuum ( joy b5ea? pleasure & success4 ,no exp]i5ce n to be rep5t$ ( falls )\t its sph]e4 ,e solution to a d\bt1 9 s f> z x is n a new error1 e practical a*ievem5t n neutraliz$ by a second maladju/m5t consequ5t ^u x1 e consolation n ! se$ ( ano!r1 great] sorr[1 may be ga!r$ toge!r & built into ?is edifice4 ,! ,life ( ,reason is ! happy m>riage ( two elem5ts--impulse & ideation--:i* if :olly divorc$ w\ld r$uce man to a brute or to a maniac4 ,! rational animal is g5]at$ by ! union ( ^! two mon/]s4 ,he is con/itut$ by ideas :i* h ceas$ to be vision>y & actions :i* h ceas$ to be va94#a ,footnote #a3 ,santayana3 ,reason 9 ,common ,s5se1 p4 #f4 ,nor does ! lead+ ( a moral life1 z ,kant & o!r morali/s said or impli$1 dem& a /]n & lugubri\s c\nt5ance & a sad1 resign$ det]m9ation to be good4 ,a moral sy/em %\ld promote r a hallelujah ?an a halo4 ,"o may suspect ! adequacy to human happ9ess ( ^? moral sy/ems :i* promote 9 _! hold]s or practition]s a virtu\s somb]ness & a moral melan*oly4 ,a morality t dem&s su* un:olesome outw>d evid5ces is inw>dly n beautiful4 ,z art is an attempt to give p]fection & fulfillm5t to matt]1 s is morals an attempt to give p]fect & complete fulfillm5t to human possibility4 ,a g5u9e morality w1 9 consequ5ce1 be spontane\s & free4 ,9 ,mat!w ,arnold's well-kn[n l9es3 ,!n1 :5 ! cl\ds are (f ! s\l1 ,:5 ?\ do/ bask 9 ,nature's eye1 ,ask1 h[ %e view'd ?y self-control1 ,?y /ruggl+ task'd morality4 ,nature1 ^: free1 light1 *e]ful air ,(t made !e1 9 ?y gloom1 despair4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is no ef=t on my br[-- ,i d n /rive1 ,i d n weep4 ,i ru% ) ! swift sph]es1 & gl[ ,9 joy1 & :5 ,i w1 ,i sleep4#a ,footnote #a3 ,f ,morality4 ,,morals1 ,,law1 ,,& ,,education4 ,no moral code1 h[ev] adequate 9 its !oretical =mulation or ! means ( its atta9m5t1 is socially effective m]ely z !ory4 ,no matt] h[ completely x takes into acc\nt all ! natural desires & possibilities :i* dem& fulfillm5t1 x rema9s m]ely an academic ye>n+4 ,x becomes an in/rum5t ( happ9ess only :5 x has be5 made ! habitual mode ( life ( ! individual & ! gr\p1 ?r\gh ! long cont9u\s processes ( education & law4 ,!re is a famili> discrepancy betwe5 !ory & practice1 ev5 :5 ! discrepancy is n due to ins9c]ity4 ,philosophy _c make a man virtu\s1 h[ev] mu* x may conv9ce him ( ! pa? to virtue4 ,socrates ?\ght t if m5 only knew ! good !y w\ld foll[ x4 ,b mod]n psy*ologi/s & ord9>y laym5 "k bett]4 ,! good mu/ become a habitual practice if m5 are to foll[ x1 & x c only become a habitual practice if education & social conditions 9 g5]al provide = ! e>ly habituation ( ! individual to conduct t is socially useful4 ,ari/otle1 :o himself fram$ a !ory ( morals t 0 built on ! firm f\ndation ( human possibility1 0 aw>e ( ! inadequacy ( !ory by itself to make m5 good3 ,"s p ?9k t m5 are made good by nature1 o!rs by habit1 o!rs aga9 by tea*+4 ,n[ x is cle> t ! gift ( ,nature is n 9 our own p[]1 b is be/[$ ?r\gh "s div9e p[] ^u ^? :o are truly =tunate4 ,x is probably true also t reason & tea*+ are n univ]sally efficaci\s2 ! s\l ( ! pupil mu/ fir/ h be5 cultivat$ by habit to a "r _s ( pleasure & av]sion1 l ! e>? t is to n\ri% ! se$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ari/otle3 ,e?ics1 book ,x1 *ap4 ,x1 p4 #cdd 7,weldon translation74 ,x is only :5 p f9d pleasure 9 ! "r actions1 t !y c be dep5d$ ^u to p]=m !m4 ,& x is by _! e>ly & habitual p]=mance t !y w become pleasant4 ,9 ! =mation ( su* socially & individually useful habits1 education is ! incomp>able in/rum5t4 ,! conduct ( individuals is1 z we h repeat$ly se51 l>gely fix$ by ! cu/om>y recognition ( c]ta9 acts z approv$1 & o!rs z disapprov$4 ,^! approvals & disapprovals are transmitt$ ?r\gh education4 ,education is us$ "h to ref] n simply to ! =mal in/itutions ( tea*+1 b to ! complete social environm5t1 ! approvals & disapprovals ) :i* an individual comes 9 contact4 ,=mal education is1 h[ev]1 ! *ief means by :i* society inculcates into y\ng] memb]s ^? values1 traditions1 & cu/oms :i* its controll+ elem5ts reg>d z ( ! mo/ pivotal importance4 ,social cu/oms :i* are transmitt$ 9 education1 become fix$ 9 law4 ,s t1 z ,ari/otle po9ts out 9 ?is same connection1 laws are symptomatic ( ! moral values :i* ! gr\p reg>ds z ( ! highe/ importance4 ,laws are cu/oms giv5 all ! sanction1 support1 & significance t ! gr\p c put into !m4 ,education transmits ! values1 ideals1 & traditions *]i%$ by ! gr\p1 b ! laws & cu/oms already curr5t l>gely control ! scope & me?ods ( education4 ,education proce$s ultimately f ! patt]ns furni%$ by in/itutions1 cu/oms1 & laws4 ,only 9 a j /ate w ^! be su* z to give ! "r education4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dewey3 ,democracy & ,education1 p4 #ajc4 ,! /ate ( law & education :i* is exhibit$ by a society1 ?us accurately mirrors ! degree ( moral progress ( ! gr\p4 ,& :at is1 p]haps1 m significant1 ! k9d ( law & education curr5t det]m9es ! moral ideals & conditions ! moral a*ievem5ts ( ! matur+ g5]ation4 ,education1 m especially1 is ! in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* ! "y c be educat$ n only to ideals & cu/oms already curr5t1 b to _! reflective modification 9 ! light ( our ev]-gr[+ k ( ! conditions ( human welf>e4 ,,index ,ability1 education & native4 ,absolutism 9 morality4 ,acquisitive in/9ct4 ,activity1 creative 7see ,creative activity72 m5tal2 physical2 social4 /hetic exp]i5ce2 & =m2 9 indu/ry2 9 sci5ce2 s5se satisfaction basis (2 /&>ds1 effect ( cu/om on2 value ( sci5ce2 values2 vs4 moral values2 vs4 practical values4 ,see also ,art4 ,affection4 ,see ,love4 ,age1 influ5ce ( on le>n+4 ,altruism4 ,ambition4 ,animal1 in/9cts comp>$ ) human2 man z an2 man a social4 ,appreciation4 ,see /hetic4 ,ari/ocracy4 ,ari/otle4 ,arnold1 ,mat!w4 ,art1 & emotion2 & morals2 & nature2 appreciation (2 z an indu/ry2 z propag&a2 z realization ( ideals2 z recreation2 z vic>i\s exp]i5ce2 expression ( ideas by2 f9e2 = art's sake2 imag9ation 92 indu/rial2 orig9 (2 /&>ds 94 ,see also /hetic4 ,att5tion 9 habit =mation4 ,awe4 ,bacon1 ,francis4 ,bagehot4 ,ba94 ,beauty4 ,see ,art1 & /hetic4 ,behavior1 habitual2 in/9ctive2 types ( human4 ,behaviorism4 ,belief1 greg>i\sness 92 individuality 94 ,b5?am4 ,b]gson4 ,bible4 ,blame4 ,see ,praise4 ,bloomfield1 ,leon>d4 ,boas4 ,bryce4 ,burke1 ,edmund4 ,burns1 ,c4 ,delisle4 ,bury4 ,butl]4 ,cannon4 ,c>e] ( reason4 ,c>lyle4 ,c>negie4 ,cattell4 ,*ange1 9 cu/oms2 9 habits2 9 language2 opposition to4 ,"*4 ,see ,p]sonality1 & ,self1 developm5t (4 ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ur*1 !1 z a social in/itution2 educational functions (2 political functions (4 ,civilization1 & acquisitive in/9ct2 control ( in/9cts 92 factors 9 developm5t (4 ,see also ,society4 ,classification 9 sci5ce4 ,coeffici5t ( correlation4 ,common s5se & sci5ce4 ,communication4 ,see ,language4 ,companion%ip4 ,see ,greg>i\sness4 ,comte1 ,augu/e4 ,conduct1 cultivation ( socially desirable2 social /&>ds (4 ,confession4 ,consci5ce4 ,cons]vatism1 place ( fe> 92 ( habit4 ,cont9uity1 cultural4 ,cooley4 ,c\rage4 ,creative activity1 & ecc5tricity2 z sublimation ( sex in/9ct2 9 art2 9 indu/ry2 9 society4 ,see also ,imag9ation4 ,culture1 cont9uity (2 dep5d5t on environm5t4 ,curiosity1 in/9ct (2 & sci5tific inquiry4 ,cu/om1 attitudes t[>d2 & art2 & morals2 *anges 92 effects ( on progress2 pres]vation (2 social value (4 ,dante4 ,d>w94 ,d$uction4 ,democracy4 ,dewey4 ,dick5s4 ,dick9son1 ,g4 ,l[es4 ,diff]5ces1 individual1 & education2 causes (2 9 indu/ry2 9 lead]%ip2 9 reflection3 influ5ce ( environm5t on2 ( h]$ity2 ( race2 ( sex4 ,discont5t1 due to repression ( in/9cts4 ,dislike4 ,see ,hate4 ,div9e1 z ! human ideal2 description (4 ,dogmatism4 ,d[4 ,d[son1 ,erne/4 ,ecc5trics4 ,education1 & individual diff]5ces2 & morals2 z transmitt] ( ! pa/2 by ! *ur*2 in/rum5t = social bett]m5t & control2 made possible by prolong$ p]iod ( infancy2 & by language4 ,see also ,le>n+4 ,egoism4 ,em]son4 ,emotion1 accompanies satisfaction or fru/ration ( in/9cts or habits2 & art2 & language2 ar\s$ 9 ma9t5ance ( self2 z driv+ p[]2 difficulty ( classify+2 9 morals2 imp$es reflection2 ,james-,lange !ory (2 ( dislike or hate2 ( fe>2 ( pity2 ( love2 physical indications (4 ,empirical morality4 ,en?usiasm2 religi\s4 ,environm5t1 control ( by sci5ce2 influ5ce ( on /hetic appreciation2 on individual diff]5ces2 on racial diff]5ces2 on in/9cts2 maladju/m5t betwe5 individual &2 possibility ( *oice (4 ,e?ics1 & life2 contra/ betwe5 pr(ess$ & practic$4 ,see also ,morality4 ,eurip$es4 ,evolution4 ,exp]i5ce1 art z vic>i\s2 modifies man's in/9cts4 ,exp]im5t1 to det]m9e le>n+ process 9 animals2 numb] ( in/9cts 9 animals2 9 *ildr54 ,exp]im5tal moral /&>ds4 ,exp]im5tation 9 sci5ce4 ,expression1 art z means (4 ,see also /hetic1 & ,religion4 ,fatigue1 influ5ce ( on le>n+2 9 relation to indu/ry2 m5tal2 n]v\s2 physical4 ,fe>1 & religi\s exp]i5ce2 in/9ct (2 ( ! new4 ,field1 ,eug5e4 ,fight+ in/9ct4 ,see ,pugnacity4 ,fiske4 ,folkways4 ,food1 in/9ct (4 ,=m1 & /hetic exp]i5ce4 ,fre$om ( spee*4 ,freudian psy*ology4 ,fri5d%ip4 ,see ,love4 ,fro/1 ,rob]t4 ,galton1 ,francis4 ,g>ibaldi4 ,g5]alization 9 reflection4 ,g5ius4 ,god4 ,goe!4 ,g(f4 ,goldm>k4 ,greg>i\sness1 effect ( on innovation2 importance ( = social solid>ity2 9 action2 9 belief2 in/9ct (4 ,gr\p-feel+2 influ5ce ( on language4 ,see also ,society4 ,habit1 z "t-sav]2 importance ( 9 morals2 language z a2 ( reflection1 importance (2 /r5g? ( 9 individual2 9 society4 ,habits1 & emotion2 & in/9cts2 diss]viceable2 education a delib]ate acquisition (2 =mation (1 influ5ce ( on ?9k+2 modification ( by reflection2 ( m9d2 specific n g5]al2 transf]5ce (4 ,h>d1 ,william4 ,h>rison1 ,jane4 ,h>t4 ,hate4 ,heal?1 influ5ce ( on le>n+4 ,hegel4 ,h5ley4 ,h]aclitus4 ,h]d in/9ct4 ,see ,greg>i\sness4 ,h]$ity4 ,h9ks4 ,hi/ory1 & religion4 ,hobh\se4 ,h\sman4 ,hung]1 in/9ct (4 ,huxley4 ,ideals1 creat$ by reflection2 devotion to2 f\ndation (2 realization ( 9 art2 9 morals2 9 religion4 ,ideas1 express$ 9 art2 fe> ( ! novel 92 man alone reacts to4 ,imag9ation1 z =m ( m5tal activity2 9 art2 9 sci5ce4 ,see also ,creative activity4 ,impot5ce4 ,see ,ne$4 ,impulses4 ,see ,in/9cts4 ,individual1 & education2 diff]5ces 7see ,diff]5ces1 individual72 maladju/m5t betwe5 environm5t &4 ,individualism4 ,individuality1 & progress2 consci\sness ( unique 9 man2 9 op9ion & belief4 ,induction4 ,indu/ry1 art z an2 individual diff]5ces 92 ne$ ( creative activity 94 ,infancy1 prolong$ p]iod ( 9 man4 ,inquisition4 ,in/9ct1 & habit2 acquisitive2 def9ition (2 ( curiosity2 fe>2 greg>i\sness2 hung]2 lead]%ip2 m5tal activity2 p>5tal2 physical activity2 pity2 play2 pugnacity2 self-pres]vation2 sex2 %elt]2 submission2 sympa?y4 ,in/9cts1 & education2 & emotion2 basis ( morals2 conflict (2 control (2 happ9ess comes f satisfaction (2 int]p5etration (2 modification (2 numb] & v>iety (2 repression (2 specific n g5]al2 un*ang$ s9ce prehi/oric times4 ,intellig5ce1 a consci\s adju/m5t ( habits2 influ5ce ( h]$ity on1 ( race1 ( sex2 makes possible control ( nature2 measurem5t (2 types (4 ,int]e/s1 conflict ( 9 society4 ,intol]ance4 ,intuition4 ,intuitionalism4 ,inv5tion ( tools4 ,james1 ,william4 ,j5n+s4 ,jevons4 ,job4 ,jones1 ,a4 ,l44 ,joy1 religi\s expression (4 ,kant4 ,kelv94 ,k]r-,lawson4 ,keys]4 ,kropotk94 ,ladd4 ,lang4 ,lange4 ,language1 & emotion2 & logic2 & ?\ght2 z a social habit2 *anges 92 importance ( = civilization2 man alone possesses2 orig9 (2 primitive2 uni=mities 94 ,law1 & morals2 & society2 sci5tific4 ,lead]%ip1 in/9ct (2 submission to4 ,le>n+1 affect$ by age1 fatigue1 & heal?2 capacity = 9 m5 & animals2 drill & att5tion 92 importance ( habit (2 process ( 7see also ,education1 & ,reflection72 trial-&-error4 ,le ,bon4 ,lee1 ,fr$]ick ,s44 ,l9coln4 ,logic1 & language4 ,love4 ,l[ell4 ,loyalty4 ,lucretius4 ,mc,dougall4 ,mal?us4 ,man1 z social be+2 primitive2 /udy (1 basis ( e?ics2 unique *>act]i/ics (4 ,m>ett4 ,m>kham1 ,edw94 ,m>ot1 ,hel54 ,m>x1 ,k>l4 ,masefield4 ,mayo-,smi?4 ,m5delian laws ( h]$ity4 ,m5tal activity4 ,mey]1 ,edu>d4 ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t4 ,mills4 ,milton4 ,moral action2 k2 /&>ds2 !ory1 types (2 values4 ,morality1 absoluti/ic2 & art2 & education2 & emotion2 & habit2 & human nature2 & intellectualism2 & law2 bas$ on in/9cts2 cu/om>y2 empirical2 inadequacy ( !ory 92 intuitional2 reflective2 relativi/ic & teleological2 spontane\s4 ,morley1 ,john4 ,my/icism4 ,napoleon4 ,nature1 & art2 man's control (2 sci5ce z explanation (2 un*angeability (4 ,ne$1 & religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,new1 progress & !2 di/ru/ (2 idealization (4 ,see also ,orig9ality4 ,newton4 ,nietzs*e4 ,nor?cliffe1 ,"l4 ,noyes1 ,alfr$4 ,obs]vation 9 sci5ce4 ,op9ion1 individuality 92 suppression (4 ,orig9ality 9 ?9k+1 causes (2 enc\ragem5t (2 fe> (1 9 society4 ,see also ,new4 ,orosius4 ,o',%aughnessy4 ,o!r-worldl9ess4 ,p>5tal in/9ct4 ,pascal4 ,pa/1 critical exam9ation (2 disp>agem5t (2 education z transmitt] (2 idealization (2 limitations (2 our h]itage f2 v5]ation (4 ,pa/eur4 ,pat]1 ,walt]4 ,pe>son1 ,k>l4 ,p5ance4 ,p]sonality4 ,see also ,self4 ,physical activity1 in/9ct (2 fatigue4 ,pity1 in/9ct (4 ,plato4 ,play4 ,see ,physical activity1 & ,recreation4 ,pleasure4 ,poe4 ,po9c>4 ,pope4 ,population2 re/riction (4 ,possession4 ,see ,acquisitive4 ,praise & blame1 z in/rum5ts ( social control2 det]m9e pr(ess$ /&>ds2 9 developm5t ( self2 indiff]5ce to2 man responsive to4 ,pray]4 ,prejudice1 influ5ces ?9k+4 ,primitive & civiliz$ races2 language2 man's manufacture ( tools2 morality2 religion2 sci5ce4 ,pr9ciples4 ,privacy1 in/9ctive dem& =4 ,probability4 ,progress1 & cu/om2 & pugnacity2 & reflection2 & v>iation f normal2 sci5ce z an in/rum5t (4 ,propag&a1 art z2 emotional value ( words 94 ,psy*ological te/s4 ,see ,intellig5ce1 measurem5t (4 ,psy*ology1 & e?ics2 behaviori/ic2 faculty2 ,freudian2 ( ,utilit>ianism4 ,public op9ion2 opposition to4 ,pugnacity1 in/9ct (4 ,quiesc5ce4 ,race1 cont9uity ( human2 influ5ce ( on individual diff]5ces4 ,ra%dall4 ,reason1 & religion2 z director ( life2 c>e] (2 9 absoluti/ic morality4 ,see also ,reflection1 & ,?9k+4 ,recreation2 art z2 =m dep5d5t on "w & habits4 ,reflection1 & individual diff]5ces2 & morality2 creates moral /&>ds2 9 art2 9 sci5ce2 inadequacy ( 9 morals2 limit$ by in/9ct & habit2 modifi] ( in/9ct & habit2 process (2 value ( = society4 ,see also ,le>n+1 ,sci5tific me?od1 & ,?9k+4 ,reflex4 ,relativi/ic morality4 ,religion1 & hi/ory2 & sci5ce2 exp]i5ces giv+ rise to expression (2 in/itutionaliz$2 (f]s solace2 realization ( ideals 92 primitive2 rationalization ( p]sonal4 ,remorse & religion4 ,rep5tance4 ,repetition 9 habit =mation4 ,repression ( in/9cts4 ,ribot4 ,rob9son1 ,james ,h>vey4 ,rob9son1 ,edw9 ,arl+ton4 ,roosevelt4 ,ross4 ,russell1 ,b]tr&4 ,sabati]4 ,sacrifice4 ,santayana4 ,s*op5hau]4 ,sci5ce1 /hetic aspect (2 & common s5se2 & progress2 & religion2 z explanation ( natural ph5om5a1 classification 92 def9ition (2 exp]im5tation 92 imag9ation 92 innovation 92 obs]vation 92 practical2 primitive2 pure2 social4 ,sci5tific inquiry1 curiosity &2 law2 me?od4 ,self-ass]tion2 consci\sness ( !2 developm5t (2 display2 pres]vation2 suffici5cy2 surr5d]2 satisfaction & dissatisfaction2 ! divid$2 ! negative2 ! p]man5t2 ! social2 types ( !4 ,s5se satisfaction basis ( /hetic exp]i5ce4 ,sex1 & creative activity2 & racial cont9uity2 influ5ce ( on individual diff]5ces2 in/9ct (4 ,%akespe>e4 ,%elley4 ,sidgwick4 ,smi?1 ,adam4 ,social activity2 be+1 man z a2 consequ5ces ( fe>2 ( lead]%ip2 ( opposition to public op9ion2 ( pity2 ( submission2 in]tia2 in/itution1 ! *ur* z a2 motive2 sci5ces2 self2 solid>ity2 /&>ds ( conduct2 value ( consci\sness ( self2 ( cu/om2 ( individuality 9 op9ion2 ( praise & blame2 ( prolong$ p]iod ( infancy2 ( pugnacity2 ( reflection4 ,socialism4 ,society1 & education2 & individual happ9ess2 & law2 bas$ on in/9ct ( greg>i\sness2 conflict ( int]e/s 92 control ( in/9cts 94 ,socrates4 ,solitude4 ,sorel1 ,georges4 ,specificity ( in/9cts2 ( habits4 ,spee* 7see also ,language72 fre$om (4 ,/&>ds1 /hetic2 a priori2 exp]im5tal2 ideal2 language2 moral2 social4 ,/ati/ics4 ,/irn]1 ,max4 ,/ork1 ,*>les ,:>ton4 ,submissive in/9ct4 ,sugge/ion1 9 ?9k+4 ,su!rl&4 ,sw9burne4 ,sympa?y4 ,tabu4 ,t>de4 ,taylor1 ,h5ry ,osborn4 ,teleology 9 morals4 ,t5d] emotion4 ,t5nyson4 ,!ology4 ,!ory1 inadequacy ( 9 morals4 ,?illy4 ,?9k+1 common s5se vs4 sci5tific2 influ5ce ( habit on2 analyzes exp]i5ce2 beg9s ) a problem4 ,see also ,reflection1 & ,sci5tific me?od4 ,?ompson1 ,sylvanus ,p44 ,?omson4 ,?orndike1 ,edw>d ,l4 ,?\ght1 & language2 orig9ality 94 ,tol/oy4 ,tools1 man only mak] & us] (4 ,tradition4 ,see ,cu/om4 ,trial-&-error1 le>n+2 reflection z m5tal4 ,trott]4 ,tufts4 ,tylor1 ,edw>d ,b4 ,tyndall4 ,types ( self2 ( intellig5ce4 ,utilit>ianism4 ,values1 /hetic2 ideal2 moral4 ,vebl54 ,v]ification 9 sci5tific proc$ure4 ,wallas1 ,graham4 ,w>1 & acquisitive in/9ct2 & hate2 & pugnacity4 ,w>d1 ,le/]4 ,watson4 ,:>ton1 ,edi?4 ,wilde1 ,osc>4 ,w4 ,wilson1 ,woodr[4 ,wolff1 ,*ri/ian4 ,woodbridge4 ,woodwor?4 ,wordswor?4 ,"w det]m9es =m ( recreation4