,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tw9s1 ,,bluff ,,city1 ,,utah ,! di/ance f ! bottom ( ! cliff to ! top ( ! erosion columns is #bge feet4 ,frontispiece ,,! ,,we/]n ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,a ,,geographical ,,read] ,,by ,,h>old ,,wellman ,,fairbanks1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,/ories ,,( ,,our ,,"m ,,e>?1 ,,home ,,geography1 ,,/ories ,,( ,,rocks ,,& ,,m9]als1 ,,physiography ,,( ,,cali=nia1 ,,etc4 ,,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,d4 ,c4 ,,hea? ,,co41 ,,publi%]s #aijd ,,preface ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book ! au?or has _h 9 m9d ! ne$s ( ! upp] gramm> grades4 ,! subject matt] has n be5 select$ ) ! object ( cov]+ ! field ( ,we/]n geography 9 a sy/ematic mann]1 b in/ead ! attempt has be5 made to picture z graphically z may be "s ( its m /rik+ & int]e/+ physical features1 & ! influ5ce :i* ^! features h ex]t$ ^u its discov]y & settlem5t4 ,^? subjects h be5 pres5t$ :i* h m ?an local int]e/ & are illu/rative ( _w-wide pr9ciples4 ,cle> conceptions ( ! e>? & man's relation to x are n ga9$ by g5]al /atem5ts z readily z by ! compreh5sive /udy ( concrete examples4 ,n[h]e outside ( ! ,cordill]an region are to be f\nd s rem>kable illu/rations ( ! gr[? & de/ruction ( physical features1 or s cle> examples ( ! control :i* physical features ex]cise ov] ! pa?s ( exploration1 settlem5t1 & indu/rial developm5t4 ,! fact t ! ,we/ furni%es a weal? ( mat]ial = geography tea*+ has long be5 recogniz$ 9 a g5]al way1 al?\gh !re has be5 b little attempt to pres5t ?is mat]ial 9 a =m suitable = ! use ( s*ools4 ,! illu/rations are1 ) few exceptions1 f ! au?or's own photographs1 & ! descriptions are made up f 8 p]sonal obs]vations4 ,s9ce ! illu/rations are num]\s & h be5 select$ ) mu* c>e1 x is hop$ t !y w add greatly to ! value ( ! text4 ,!y %\ld be us$1 & a prop] und]/&+ ( ! pictures made a "p ( e lesson4 ,,cont5ts ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,colorado ,,riv] ,a ,,trip ,,into ,,! ,,gr& ,,ca,,on ,,( ,,! ,,colorado ,,h[ ,,! ,,columbia ,,plateau ,,0 ,,made ,,! ,,ca,,ons ,,( ,,! ,,si]ra ,,nevada ,,m\nta9s ,,an ,,oregon ,,glaci] ,,some?+ ,,ab\t ,,e>?quakes ,,& ,,m\nta9 ,,build+ ,,! ,,la/ ,,volcanic ,,eruptions ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,! ,,mud ,,volcanoes ,,( ,,! ,,colorado ,,des]t ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,coa/ ,,l9e ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,columbia ,,riv] ,,! ,,great ,,bas9 ,,& ,,its ,,peculi> ,,lakes ,,fr,,mont',s ,,adv5tures ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,bas9 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,great ,,salt ,,lake ,,! ,,skagit ,,riv] ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,lake ,,*elan ,,! ,,native ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,pacific ,,slope ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,lewis ,,& ,,cl>k ,,! ,,russians ,,9 ,,cali=nia ,,dea? ,,valley ,,! ,,cliff ,,dwell]s ,,& ,,_! ,,desc5dants ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,des]t ,,! ,,pony ,,express ,,h[ ,,climate ,,& ,,physical ,,features ,,influ5c$ ,,! ,,settlem5t ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,prospector ,,gold ,,& ,,gold-,,m9+ ,,copp]-,,m9+ ,,coal ,,& ,,petroleum ,,! ,,climate ,,( ,,! ,,pacific ,,slope ,,some?+ ,,ab\t ,,irrigation ,,! ,,location ,,( ,,! ,,cities ,,( ,,! ,,pacific ,,slope ,,! ,,=e/ ,,belt ,,( ,,! ,,si]ra ,,nevada ,,m\nta9s ,,! ,,national ,,p>ks ,,& ,,=e/ ,,res]ves ,,! ,,we/]n ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,colorado ,,riv] ,! ,colorado ,riv] is n old1 z we e/imate ! age ( riv]s4 ,x 0 born :5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7 fir/ uplift$ to ! sky1 :5 _! l(ty peaks1 collect+ ! moi/ure ( ! /orms1 s5t /reams da%+ d[n to ! pla9s bel[4 ,^u ! we/]n slope ( ! m\nta9s a numb] ( ^! /reams unit$ 9 "o great riv]1 :i* w\nd "h & !re1 seek+ ! easie/ r\te across ! plateau to ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,at fir/ ! banks ( ! riv] 7 l[1 & its c\rse 0 easily turn$ "o way or ano!r4 ,f ! base ( ! m\nta9s to ! level ( ! ocean !re is a fall ( m ?an a mile1 s t ! riv] ran swiftly & 0 n long 9 mak+ = itself a def9ite *annel4 ,_m ?\s&s ( ye>s pass$4 ,am]ica 0 discov]$4 ,! ,spani>ds conqu]$ ,mexico & s5t exp$itions nor?w>d 9 se>* ( ! cities ( ,cibola1 :]e x 0 said t gold & silv] 7 abundant4 ,"o ( ^! p>ties is report$ to h rea*$ a mighty caon1 into :i* x 0 impossible to desc5d4 ,! caon 0 s deep t rocks /&+ 9 ! bottom1 :i* 7 9 reality high] ?an ! ,seville ca!dral1 appe>$ no tall] ?an a man4 ,ano!r p>ty discov]$ ! m\? ( ! riv] & call$ x1 because ( _! safe arrival1 ,! ,riv] ( ,our ,lady ( ,safe ,conduct4 ,!y w5t z f> up ! riv] z its %all[ wat]s w\ld p]mit1 b fail$ to f9d ! sev5 cities ( :i* !y 7 9 se>*1 & turn$ ab\t & w5t back to ,mexico4 ,= ye>s aft]w>d ! riv] rema9$ undi/urb$1 s f> z :ite m5 7 conc]n$4 ,a great "p ( ! /ream 0 unkn[n ev5 to ! ,indians1 = ! b>r5 plateaus ^u ei!r side (f]$ no inducem5ts to approa*4 ,trapp]s & explor]s 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s rea*$ ! head wat]s ( ! riv] ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 & foll[$ ! conv]g+ bran*es d[n z f> z !y d>$ t[>d ! d>k & =bidd+ caons4 ,x 0 believ$ t no boat c\ld pass ?r\gh ! caons1 & t once laun*$ ^u ^? turbid wat]s1 ! adv5tur] w\ld nev] be able to return4 ,! ,colorado rema9$ a riv] ( my/]y = ne>ly ?ree c5turies aft] its discov]y4 ,:5 ,cali=nia & ,new ,mexico _h become a "p ( ! ,union1 ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! caon ( ! ,colorado 0 approa*$ at v>i\s po9ts by gov]nm5t explor+ p>ties1 :i* br\ght back m def9ite reports conc]n+ ! rugg$ gorge ?r\gh :i* ! riv] fl[s4 ,9 #ahfi ,major ,p[ell1 at ! head ( a small p>ty1 und]took ! dang]\s trip ?r\gh ! caon by boat4 ,aft] endur+ great h>d%ips = a numb] ( weeks1 ! p>ty succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! l[] end ( ! caon4 ,major ,p[ell's exploit has be5 repeat$ by only "o o!r company1 & "s memb]s ( ?is p>ty p]i%$ be=e ! dang]\s feat 0 accompli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,gr& ,,ca,,on ,,( ,,! ,,colorado ,! "w ( a riv] ,! ,colorado is a wond]ful /ream4 ,x is f$ by ! p]petual sn[s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,= "s di/ance ! tribut>y /reams fl[ ?r\gh f]tile valleys1 _m ( !m n[ ri*ly & widely cultivat$4 ,b soon ! bran*es unite 9 "o mighty riv] :i*1 seem+ to %un life & sunlight1 buries itself s deeply 9 ! great plateau t ! travell] ?r\gh ?is region may p]i% 9 sight ( its wat]s )\t be+ able to desc5d f> en\gh to rea* !m4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh "o hundr$ miles ( caon1 ! riv] em]ges ^u a des]t region1 :]e ! ra9fall is s slight t curi\s & unusual =ms ( plants & animals h be5 develop$1 =ms :i* are adapt$ to )/& ! almo/ p]petual sun%9e & scor*+ heat ( summ]4 ,bel[ ! ,gr& ,caon ! riv] trav]ses an op5 valley1 :]e ! bottom l&s support a few ,indians :o raise corn1 squa%es1 & o!r vegetables4 ,at ! ,ne$les ! riv] is hidd5 = a %ort "t )9 caon walls1 b beyond ,yuma ! valley wid5s1 & ! /ream ent]s ^u va/ pla9s ov] :i* x fl[s to its m\? 9 ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,no portion ( ! riv] is well adapt$ to navigation4 ,bel[ ! caon ! *annels are %all[ & ev] *ang+4 ,at ! m\?1 enorm\s tides sweep ) swift curr5ts ov] ! %all[s & produce foam-deck$ waves kn[n z ! bore4 ,visit ! ,colorado ,riv] :5ev] y w1 at flood "t 9 e>ly summ]1 or 9 ! fall & w9t] :5 ! wat]s are l[e/1 y w always f9d x deeply discolor$4 ,! "n ,colorado signifies r$1 & 0 giv5 to ! riv] by ! ,spani>ds4 ,wat* ! curr5t & note h[ x boils & see!s4 ,x seems to be ?ick ) mud4 ,! b>s are almo/ ( ! same color z ! wat] & are cont9ually *ang+4 ,"h a l[ alluvial bank is be+ wa%$ away1 !re a broad flat is =m+4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,rio ,gr&e 9 ,new ,mexico1 & ! ,gila1 :i* jo9s ! ,colorado at ,yuma1 no o!r riv] is kn[n to be s lad5 ) silt4 ,no o!r riv] is s rapidly remov+ ! highl&s ?r\gh :i* x fl[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,look+ ,,d[n ,,! ,,colorado ,,riv] ,,f ,,above ,,! ,,ne$les ,ov] a l>ge portion ( ! wat]%$ ( ! ,colorado ! ra9fall is light4 ,?is fact might lead "o to ?9k t ^u its slopes ! "w ( erosion w\ld g on m sl[ly ?an :]e ! ra9fall is heavy4 ,?is w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a wrong conclusion1 = 9 places :]e !re is a great deal ( ra9 ! gr\nd becomes cov]$ ) a ?ick gr[? ( vegetation :i* holds ! soil & brok5 rock fragm5ts & keeps !m f be+ c>ri$ away4 ,! surface ( ! plateaus & l[] m\nta9 slopes 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,colorado are b little protect$ by vegetation4 ,:5 ! ra9 does fall 9 ?is arid region1 x (t5 comes ) great viol5ce4 ,! b>r5 m\nta9 sides are quickly cov]$ ) trickl+ /reams1 :i* unite 9 muddy torr5ts 9 ! gul*es1 c>ry+ along mud1 s&1 & ev5 b\ld]s 9 _! rapid c\rse2 ! torr5ts 9 turn deliv] a l>ge "p ( _! loads to ! riv]4 ,z ! ra9 passes1 ! gul*es become dry & rema9 s until ano!r /orm visits ! region4 ,x is /orm+ some:]e )9 ! bas9 ( ! ,colorado mu* ( ! "t1 = ! riv] dra9s two hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,s x comes ab\t t :e!r "o visits ! riv] 9 w9t] or summ] "o always f9ds x load$ ) mud4 ,b :at becomes ( all ?is mud8 ,! riv] _c drop x 9 ! n>r[ caons4 ,x is n until ! riv] has c>ri$ its load ( mud d[n to ! region ab\t its m\?1 :]e ! curr5t becomes sluggi%1 t ! heavy br[n burd5 c be dis*>g$4 ,dip up a glassful ( ! wat] ne> ! m\? ( ! riv]1 & let x settle1 !n c>efully remove ! cle> wat] & all[ ! s$im5t 9 ! bottom to dry4 ,if ! wat] 9 ! glass 0 six in*es deep1 !re w f9ally rema9 9 ! bottom a mass ( h>d5$ mud1 :i* w v>y 9 am\nt ) ! "t ( ! ye> 9 :i* ! exp]im5t is p]=m$1 b w av]age ab\t "o-fiftie? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,ea* cubic foot ( ! wat]1 !n1 mu/ conta9 ne>ly six cubic in*es ( solid s$im5t or silt4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ! av]age fl[ ( ! ,colorado ,riv] at ,yuma ?r\gh\t ! ye> is eighte5 ?\s& cubic feet ( wat] p] second4 ,f ?is fact we c calculate t !re w\ld be deposit$ at ! m\? ( ! riv] e ye>1 en\gh s$im5t to lie "o foot deep ov] sixty-six squ>e miles ( t]ritory4 ,ne>ly "o ?ree-hundr$? "p ( ! ,colorado ,riv] wat] is silt1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! ,mississippi ! silt =ms only "o "p 9 tw5ty-n9e hundr$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,look+ ,,t[>d ,,! ,,delta ,,( ,,! ,,colorado ,,f ,,yuma ,n[ we are prep>$ to und]/& ! orig9 ( ! va/ l[l&s ab\t ! head ( ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,long ago ?is gulf ext5d$ "o hundr$ & fifty miles f>!r nor? ?an x does at pres5t1 s t x rea*$ ne>ly to ! place :]e ! little t[n ( ,indio n[ /&s 9 ! nor!rn end ( ! ,colorado des]t4 ,:5 ! ,colorado ,riv] fir/ began to fl[1 x empti$ its wat]s into ! gulf n f> f ! spot :]e ,yuma is situat$4 ,! wat] 0 probably load$ ) silt !n z x is n[4 ,"p ( ?is s$im5t 0 dropp$ at ! m\? ( ! /ream1 :ile "p 0 spread by ! curr5ts ov] ! bottom ( ! adjo9+ portions ( ! gulf4 ,! rapidly gr[+ delta crept s\?w>d & we/w>d into ! gulf4 ,z fa/ z ! s$im5t 0 built up above ! rea* ( ! tide1 vegetation appe>$1 :i*1 ret>d+ ! fl[ ( ! wat] at times ( flood1 aid$ ! deposition ( silt & ! build+ up ( ! delta4 ,z ! c5turies w5t by1 ^! l[l& pla9s became m & m ext5sive1 until ! gulf 0 actually divid$ into two p>ts by ! spread+ ( ! delta across to ! we/]n %ore4 ,! portion ( ! gulf ?us cut (f f ! ocean =m$ a salt lake fully "o hundr$ miles 9 l5g?4 ,we may suppose t = a long "t be=e ! b>ri] 0 high & /rong1 ! tidal curr5ts occasionally broke ov] ! delta & suppli$ ! lake ) wat]4 ,z ! riv] me&]$ "h & !re ov] ! flat delta1 its *annels mu/ h und]gone _m *anges at e "t ( flood4 ,a "p ( ! wat] )\t d\bt fl[$ into ! salt lake1 & ano!r portion into ! op5 gulf4 ,9 fact1 ! bas9 9 :i* ! lake lay1 n[ kn[n z ! ,colorado des]t1 cont9u$ to receive wat] f ! riv]1 at int]vals1 until v rec5tly4 ,9 #ahia an ov]fl[ occurr$1 ?r\gh ! *annel kn[n z ,new ,riv]1 :i* flood$ ! l[] portion ( ! bas9 & ?reat5$ to cov] ! railroad4 ,:5 ! ocean _h be5 p]man5tly %ut (f f ! head ( ! gulf1 & ! riv] itself _h be5 l>gely div]t$ t[>d ! s\?1 ! lake began to dry up4 ,at la/1 mo/ ( ! wat] disappe>$ & !re rema9$ a va/ des]t bas91 at its greate/ dep? two hundr$ & fifty feet bel[ ! level ( ! ocean4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! bas9 a b$ ( salt appe>$1 = ?is sub/ance c\ld n be c>ri$ away1 z ! wat] _h be51 by ! ?ir/y air4 ,rem>kably p]fect bea*es /ill exi/ ar\nd ! %ores ( ?is old lake1 & on !m are f\nd ! pe>ly %ells ( multitudes ( fre%-wat] mollusks4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! %ells leads u to believe t aft] ! salt lake dri$ up1 ! riv] aga9 broke 9 & =m$ a new lake ( comp>atively fre% wat] :i* also1 aft] a "t1 dri$ up4 ,! wond]ful f]tility ( ! ,colorado delta is j beg9n+ to be appreciat$4 ,canals h be5 dug to take ! wat] f ! riv] & di/ribute x ov] ! l&4 ,ye> by ye> ! cultivat$ l&s are be+ ext5d$4 ,! *ange :i* irrigation is mak+ ^u ! surface ( "o ( ! wor/ des]ts 9 ! c\ntry is inde$ rem>kable4 ,! ,colorado ,riv] is work+ on quietly & /eadily4 ,we may ?9k1 & truly1 t x has already done a great at "w 9 excavat+ ! mighty caons along its c\rse1 b1 9 reality1 ! "w already accompli%$ is small 9 comp>ison ) t :i* rema9s to be done4 ,9 "t1 if ! l& is n di/urb$ by ! =ces :i* build m\nta9s1 ! plateaus ?r\gh :i* ! riv] n[ fl[s 9 su* deep caons w be c>ri$ away 9 ! =m ( s& & mud4 ,broad valleys w replace ! caons1 & ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia w become a f]tile pla94 ,z ! highl&s we> away ! process w g on m & m sl[ly1 = !re w be less ra9fall4 ,! riv] w become small] & its bas9 m arid4 ,all ^! *anges w be br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! crumbl+ ( ! rocks1 & ! removal ( ! wa/e matt] by ! runn+ wat]4 ,a ,,trip ,,into ,,! ,,gr& ,,ca,,on ,,( ,,! ,,colorado ,we may read ( ! ,colorado plateau1 & ( ! ,gr& ,caon ) its precipit\s walls ( v>i\sly color$ rock1 b unless we actually visit ?is wond]l&1 x is h>d to realize ! height & ext5t ( ! plateau & ! dep? ( ! ga%es made 9 its surface by runn+ wat]1 ga%es s deep t !y seem to expose ! v he>t ( ! e>?4 ,nature has *os5 a remote & half-des]t region = ! location ( ?is1 ! mo/ picturesque caon 9 ! _w1 z if %e wi%$ to keep x z long z possible f ! eyes ( m54 ,once a travell] c\ld n view ! caon )\t mak+ a long & we>y j\rney across hundr$s ( miles ( des]t2 n[ x is q diff]5t1 = "o c almo/ look into its dep?s f ! w9d[s ( a palace c>4 ,b to appreciate & und]/& fully ! /up5d\s "w t nature has done ?r\gh\t ?is region we mu/ leave ! c>s at a some:at di/ant po9t1 & be=e rea*+ ! caon become acqua9t$ ) ! c\ntry 9 :i* x lies ?r\gh ! old-fa%ion$ ways ( travell+ on horseback or wagon4 ,flag/aff 0 =m]ly ! />t+-po9t = travell]s to ! caon1 & we w *oose x n[1 = ! old /age road (f]s an int]e/+ ride4 ,! road fir/ w9ds ar\nd t l(ty sn[-clad peak1 ! ,san ,francisco ,m\nta91 :i* c be se5 f all nor!rn ,arizona4 ,leav+ ! m\nta9 beh9d1 we /rike out directly across ! high plateau4 ,! c\ntry is ne>ly level1 & ! op5 p>k-l =e/ ext5ds 9 e direction z f> z "o c see4 ,x is difficult = u to believe t we are sev5 ?\s& feet above ! sea1 a height great] ?an t ( ! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,x is ?is elevation1 h[ev]1 :i* br+s ! summ] %[]s & makes ! air cool & pleasant1 = ! l[l&s ( ?is portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are b>r5 des]ts1 ^u :i* ! sun beats ) almo/ savage heat4 ,aft] ! ra9y season gre5 grass & an abundance ( fl[]s appe> 9 ! op5 mead[s scatt]$ ?r\gh ! =e/4 ,b1 z a rule1 ! entire abs5ce ( wat] /rikes "o z be+ v /range4 ,:]e are ! spr+s & runn+ /reams :i* usually ab\nd 9 m\nta9\s regions8 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole di/ance ( sev5ty miles f ,flag/aff to ! caon1 !re are b "o or two spots :]e wat] is to be f\nd4 ,^! places are kn[n z wat]-holes2 !y are simply holl[s 9 ! surface ( ! gr\nd :]e ! wat] collects aft] ! %[]s4 ,!re is ano!r /range feature ab\t ! plateau ov] :i* ! road leads2 in/ead ( slop+ d[n t[>d ! ,colorado ,riv] & ! ,gr& ,caon1 ! surface sl[ly rises1 s t ! little /reams :i* are =m$ aft] ! heavy ra9s fl[ away f ! riv]4 ,our j\rney draws to an end1 b !re is no?+ to indicate ! pres5ce ( ! caon until we get glimpses ?r\gh ! trees ( an app>5tly bottomless gulf4 ,! gulf wid5s ^u a clos] view1 we rea* ! edge1 & all its wond]ful proportions bur/ ^u u4 ,does ! ,gr& ,caon look z y ?\ght x w\ld8 ,probably n1 = x is unlike any o!r 9 ! _w4 ,! caon is v deep4 ,! riv] has worn its way = m ?an a mile d[n into ! plateau1 :i* once /ret*$ unbrok5 f ! cliffs ^u :i* we /&1 across to ^? ^u ! opposite side1 ne>ly t5 miles away4 ,! cle> air makes objects ^u ! opposite side & 9 ! bottom ( ! caon seem mu* ne>] ?an !y really are4 ,y may ?9k t x is an easy task to g to ! bottom ( ! caon & climb back aga9 9 a day1 b 9 reality x is s difficult an und]tak+ t only ^? :o are accu/om$ to m\nta9 climb+ c accompli% x4 ,x is n m]ely ! great wid? & dep? ( ! caon t impress u1 b also ! bright1 v>iegat$ colors :i* ! diff]5t rock lay]s display z !y /ret* 9 horizontal b&s along ! faces ( ! cliffs1 or sweep ar\nd ! t[]s & p9nacles until _! detail$ outl9es are lo/ 9 ! di/ant blue haze4 ,our eyes w&] f> d[n1 t[>d ! bottom ( ! caon1 foll[+ ! alt]nate l9es ( precipit\s cliffs & slopes cov]$ ) rock fragm5ts4 ,! cliffs & slopes succe$ ea* o!r l ! /eps 9 a giant /airway1 until at ! v bottom ! opposite walls meet 9 a gorge s n>r[ t 9 only a few places does ! riv] come into view1 gli/5+ l a silv] ?read4 ,a hotel /&s among ! trees a %ort di/ance f ! br9k ( ! caon4 ,liv+ "h is exp5sive1 = e article ( food has to be br\ght ^u ! c>s & wagons = a di/ance ( hundr$s ( miles4 ,ev5 ! wat] has to be br\ght 9 wagons f a di/ant spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,a ,,sc5e ,,on ,,! ,,trail ,9 visit+ ! caon we h ! *oice ( go+ on horseback or on foot4 ,:ile ! latt] me?od is mu* h>d]1 yet "o feels saf] ^u 8 own feet :ile mov+ along ! /eep & n>r[ trail4 ,our />t is made 9 ! cool air ( ! e>ly morn+4 ,leav+ ! top ( ! plateau1 :]e among ! p9es ! summ] air is seldom sultry1 & ! w9t]s are cold & sn[y1 we desc5d1 until1 by lun*eon "t1 we are f> bel[ ! heights & 9 ! mid/ ( an almo/ tropical climate4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 climatic features betwe5 ! top & bottom ( ! caon is equal to ! *ange :i* ! travell] exp]i5ces 9 a trip f ! p9e =e/s ( ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates to ! cactus-cov]$ pla9s ( ,arizona4 ,z we look d[n f ! top ( ! trail x does n seem possible to pass ! great cliffs bel[1 & yet !re mu/ be a way1 s9ce o!rs h gone be=e u4 ,all t we h to d is simply to foll[ ! beat5 pa?4 ,nature has conv5i5tly left n>r[ %elves1 crevices1 & less precipit\s slopes "h & !re1 :i* ne$ only ! application ( ! pick & %ovel to be made passable ev5 = pack animals4 ,:]e ! trail w9ds into %ady recesses1 we f9d /unt$ fir & p9e trees cl++ to ! crevices & /ret*+ _! roots d[n into ! wa/e rock collect$ ^u project+ l$ges4 ,d[n1 d[n we g4 ,! belt ( ! yell[ p9e & fir is left beh9d1 & we come to ! habitat ( ! pion p9e & junip]4 ,^! two w fl\ri% :]e !re is less moi/ure ?an is ne$$ by ! trees :i* gr[ ne>] ! top4 ,soon ! trees h all disappe>$ & su* plants z ! greasewood1 cactus1 & agave take _! place4 ,"h1 if x 7 n = ! walls ( rock ris+ on e h&1 we might imag9e ourselves ^u "o ( ! des]t pla9s ( ,arizona4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,cliffs ,,on ,,! ,,trail ,,into ,,! ,,gr& ,,ca,,on ,new views op5 at e turn 9 ! trail1 z x w9ds along ! n>r[ %elves ( rock ) precipit\s walls above & bel[4 ,n[ x zigzags back & =? d[n a g5tle slope1 b is soon /opp$ by ano!r precipice4 ,9 "o place1 to escape a rocky po9t1 ! trail has be5 c>ri$ ar\nd ! face ( a cliff on a sort ( %elf made ( logs4 ,x !n passes ?r\gh a crevice =m$ by ! splitt+ away ( a huge piece ( ! wall4 ,9 _m places ! grade is s /eep t ! trail is made practically a /airway1 = ! /eps are necess>y to keep animals f slipp+4 ,/ep by /ep we desc5d until ! slope becomes m g5tle & a sort ( t]race is rea*$1 :]e m5 are at "w develop+ a copp] m9e4 ,ev]y?+ ne$$ = ! m9e is c>ri$ d[n pack$ ^u ! backs ( sure-foot$ burros4 ,ev5 ! wat] has to be br\ght 9 kegs f a little spr+ /ill deep] 9 ! caon4 ,! trail leaves ! m9e & w9ds d[n pa/ ano!r cliff1 until1 :5 m ?an ?ree ?\s& feet f ! top ( ! plateau1 we f9d wat] = ! fir/ "t4 ,! little spr+s issue f ! s&/one1 & _! limit$ supply ( wat] is soon drunk up by ! ?ir/y s&s4 ,z f> z ! wat] fl[s x =ms a little oasis ^u ! b>r5 slope4 ,along ! c\rse ( ! /reams are little pat*es ( gre5 grass1 fl[]s1 & bu%es4 ,birds flit ab\t1 & !re are tracks ( small animals 9 ! mud4 ,evid5tly ! wat] is z great an attraction to !m z x is to u4 ,if a well 7 dug 9 ! plateau above1 we c und]/& n[ h[ deep x w\ld h to be 9 ord] to rea* wat]4 ,a well ?ree-f\r?s ( a mile deep w\ld be a difficult "o to pump4 ,we are n[ 9 ! bottom ( ! ma9 caon1 b deep] /ill is ! la/ & inn] gorge1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,colorado is fl[+4 ,= ?\s&s ( c5turies ! riv] has be5 saw+ its way d[n into ! e>?4 ,! precipit\s cliffs :i* we h pass$ are =m$ ( h>d s&/one or lime/one4 ,! m g5tle slopes consi/ ( s(t] %ales4 ,n[ ! riv] has cut ?r\gh !m all & has rea*$ ! v he>t ( ! e>?1 ! solid granite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,! ,,inn] ,,gorge ,,( ,,! ,,gr& ,,ca,,on ,,( ,,! ,,colorado ,?is inn] gorge has almo/ v]tical walls twelve hundr$ to fifte5 hundr$ feet high4 ,we c sit ^u ! br9k "u a l$ge ( rock :i* protects u f ! hot sun1 & wat* ! riv] z we eat our lun*eon4 ,f> bel[1 almo/ directly "u u1 x ru%es along4 ,! ro> ( ! curr5t rises b fa9tly to our e>s4 ,! wat] is v muddy & n at all l ! cle> m\nta9 /reams1 f> away ^u ! cont95tal divide1 :i* unite to =m ! riv]4 ,x seems z if ! wat]1 a%am$ ( its soil$ appe>ance1 want$ to hide f ! sight ( m54 ,if s1 x has succe$$ well1 = x c be se5 only at r>e int]vals f ! top ( ! caon walls1 & ev5 at ! bottom ( ! ma9 caon ! riv] itself is n visible unless "o /&s ^u ! v br9k ( ! granite gorge4 ,! "w ( ! riv] is n yet done4 ,x w g on until ! great cliffs h crumbl$ & h be5 replac$ by g5tle slopes4 ,x w n /op until1 at "s f> di/ant "t1 a broad valley has be5 worn out ( ! rocky /rata4 ,! caon appe>s mu* wid] :5 view$ f ! bottom ?an f ! top1 & ! great cliffs f> back along ! trail seem less precipit\s1 b only because !y are s f> away4 ,a we>y climb ( sev]al miles awaits u4 ,we mu/ re/ & take brea? frequ5tly or we %all n rea* ! top4 ,z night approa*es & ! %ad[s beg9 to fall1 e turret & p9nacle /&s out 9 bold relief4 ,! b&s ( yell[ & r$ %ade into purple1 & ev]y?+1 save ! long w9d+ trail1 beg9s to h a weird & my/ical look4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,columbia ,,plateau ,,0 ,,made ,ye>s ago p disput$ z to ! way 9 :i* ! e>? 0 made4 ,^? :o liv$ :]e all ! rocks _h1 l lava1 ! appe>ance ( hav+ once be5 melt$1 believ$ t fire _h done all ! "w4 ,^? :o liv$ :]e ! rocks appe>$ to be =m$ ( h>d5$ mud1 s&1 & lime1 sub/ances su* z we f9d accumulat+ "u wat]1 said t wat] alone _h be5 ! means4 ,b 9 lat] ye>s ! e>?'s surface has be5 m widely explor$1 & n[ x is kn[n t bo? op9ions 7 p>tly "r4 ,wat] & fire h bo? be5 conc]n$ 9 ! mak+ ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! great valleys fire-=m$ rocks are r>e1 b !y are m or less abundant 9 all m\nta9\s regions1 = :]e m\nta9s are1 !re ! cru/ ( ! e>? is weake/4 ,!re are _m reasons = believ+ t ! int]ior ( ! e>? is v hot4 ,we "k t ! surface is settl+ 9 "s places & ris+ 9 o!rs1 & t :]e ! /ra9 ( ! upheaval is too great ! rocks are brok54 ,^! convulsions sometimes cause e>?quakes & sometimes volcanic eruptions1 :5 enorm\s quantities ( molt5 rock are p\r$ out ov] ! surface4 ,9 all ! long hi/ory ( our e>? probably no great] flood ( lava ?an t :i* made ! ,columbia plateau 0 ev] spread ov] ! surface ( any region4 ,travel :]e y w ov] ! pla9s ( s\!rn ,idaho1 c5tral ,wa%+ton1 or ,oregon1 & exam9e ! rocks :i* "h & !re rise above ! soil or are expos$ 9 ! caons1 & y w f9d t !y all appe> to h be5 =m$ by fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,snake ,,riv] ,,at ,,idaho ,,falls ,j beg9n+ to cut a caon 9 ! volcanic plateau ,^! rocks are d>k 9 color & v h>d4 ,!y are n arrang$ 9 regul> lay]s l s&/one & %ale2 _m ( !m %[ num]\s little cavities :i* once conta9$ /eam4 ,^! cavities give to ! rock a slag-l appe>ance4 ,9 ?is k9d ( rock1 :i* we %all call lava1 !re are1 ( c\rse1 no rema9s ( %ells or bones ( animals su* z are (t5 f\nd 9 rocks =m$ f s& or clay4 ,d n picture to y\rself ! ,columbia plateau z "o cont9u\s /ret* ( level l&1 = x is brok5 by _m m\nta9 ranges4 ,"s ( ^! are old m\nta9s :i* 7 too tall to be buri$ by ! lava1 b mo/ ( !m h be5 =m$ out ( ! plateau itself4 ,! eruptions :i* made ! plateau ext5d$ ?r\gh a v long "t1 p]haps hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & ! old] lava is deeply decay$ & cov]$ ) soil4 ,"s ( ! lat] fl[s %[ extremely r\gh & rugg$ surfaces & are probably only a few hundr$ ye>s old4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,columbia ,,plateau ,long ago1 be=e ! eruptions began1 ! geography ( ! ,nor?we/ 0 v diff]5t f :at x is n[4 ,in/ead ( a va/ plateau !re 7 m\nta9s & valleys4 ,l[l&s occupi$ mo/ ( ! region :]e ! ,cascade ,range n[ rises ) its l(ty volcanic peaks4 ,portions ( ! bas9 ( ! pres5t ,columbia ,riv] 7 occupi$ by lakes :i* ext5d$ s\?we/ into ,cali=nia4 ,movem5ts ( ! e>? began to affect ! region ( ! pres5t plateau1 & at _m po9ts ! solid rocks 7 fissur$ & brok54 ,!n f t my/]i\s region f> b5ea? ! surface came /eam & gases1 escap+ ?r\gh ! fissures ) explosive =ce4 ,9 "s places c9d] cones 7 built ab\t ! op5+s by ! fragm5ts ( lava :i* 7 hurl$ out4 ,9 o!r places1 dur+ p]iods ( less explosive eruption1 molt5 lava fl[$ out 9 va/ quantities4 ,! lava 0 v hot & almo/ z liquid z wat]1 s t x spread 9 ?9 %eets ov] hundr$s ( squ>e miles ( l[l&4 ,"o important s]ies ( fissures ?r\gh :i* eruptions took place m>k$ ! l9e :]e ! ,cascade ,range 0 to be built4 ,o!r volcanoes appe>$ ov] ! surface ( s\!rn ,idaho1 c5tral ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon1 & nor!a/]n ,cali=nia4 ,! eruptions 7 n cont9u\s ov] ! :ole field2 n[ 9 ?is place1 n[ 9 t1 !re came long p]iods ( quiet4 ,dur+ su* p]iods ! e>?quakes ceas$1 ! lava became cold1 & ! cl\ds ( volcanic a%es cle>$ f ! air4 ,frequ5tly ! lava int]cept$ /reams & block$ ! valleys s t l>ge lakes 7 =m$4 ,:5ev] ! p]iods ( quiet 7 v long1 plants spread ov] ! surface & animals ( _m k9ds made _! homes ab\t ! lakes4 ,9 ea/]n ,oregon ! ,john ,day ,riv] & its bran*es h erod$ caons ?r\gh ! lat] lava & h expos$ ! s&s1 clays1 & gravels :i* collect$ at ! bottom ( "o ( ^? anci5t lakes4 ,9 ^! b$s ! skeletons ( _m /range & int]e/+ animals h be5 f\nd4 ,evid5tly !y _h once liv$ ab\t ! bord]s ( ! lake1 & ! /reams _h wa%$ _! bones into ! wat] & m+l$ !m ) ! s$im5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,blue ,,lakes1 ,,idaho ,=m$ by spr+s issu+ f und]nea? ! lava ( ! plateau ,"o ( ^! animals appe>s to h be5 an ance/or ( ! pres5t horse4 ,x 0 ab\t ! size ( a %eep1 & _h ?ree toes in/ead ( "o4 ,ano!r1 probably a v dang]\s animal1 0 relat$ to our pres5t hog1 b /ood ne>ly sev5 feet high4 ,o!rs resembl$ ! rh9oc]os1 camel1 tapir1 or pecc>y4 ,all b ! pecc>y are n[ ext9ct ^u ?is cont95t4 ,( ! c>nivor\s animals !re 7 wolves & cats ( l>ge size4 ,! eruptions cont9u$1 fill+ ! valleys little by little1 until 9 places ! lava rea*$ a ?ickness ( ne>ly f\r ?\s& feet4 ,! l[] m\nta9s 7 hidd5 f sight4 ,we "k ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! buri$ m\nta9s because ! we>+ away ( ! lava 9 "s places has expos$ _! summits to view4 ,! lava flood rea*$ f>!r & f>!r4 ,9 s\!rn ,idaho x =m$ ! ,snake ,riv] pla9s1 :i* mu/ h be51 :5 fir/ =m$1 hundr$s ( miles long1 sev5ty-five miles wide1 & almo/ z ev5 z a floor4 ,if we c\ld h look$ on :ile ^! ?+s 7 tak+ place x w\ld h appe>$ z if ! :ole l& 0 ab\t to s9k "u ! fi]y mass :i* fl[$ out ( ! e>?4 ,! /reams & valleys 7 completely buri$4 ,! region ( ! ,john ,day ,lake1 ) all its animal rema9s1 0 cov]$4 ,! lava1 l a sea1 crept up aga9/ ! m\nta9s surr\nd+ ! plateau region4 ,bays ( lava ext5d$ into ! valleys among ! m\nta9s1 :ile m\nta9 ridges rose l isl&s & capes f ! surface ( ! flood4 ,we nev] tire ( look+ at ! l(ty sn[-capp$ peaks ( ! ,cascade ,range4 ,a doz5 ( !m rise ov] t5 ?\s& feet1 & two1 ,m\nts ,%a/a & ,rani]1 are m ?an f\rte5 ?\s& feet high4 ,all ^! m\nta9s 7 =m$ ( mat]ial ?r[n out ( ! int]ior ( ! e>? dur+ ! build+ ( ! ,columbia plateau4 ,! process 0 v simil> = ea*4 ,ab\t "s "o exceptionally active crat] imm5se quantities ( scori#a & lapilli#b accumulat$4 ,!n came /reams ( fi]y lava1 "s ( :i*1 h>d5+ ^u ! out] slopes ( ! crat]1 add$ /ill m to ! gr[? ( ! m\nta94 ,! process 0 v sl[1 h[ev]4 ,a "t ( eruption1 m>k$ by trembl+s ( ! e>?1 explosive noises1 & a sky fill$ ) du/ & cl\ds1 might la/ = _m ye>s4 ,!n came a long p]iod ( re/ :5 ! fall+ ra9s1 ga!r+ 9 da%+ torr5ts1 cut deep gullies d[n ! sides ( ! m\nta94 ,footnote #a3 scorioe1 cellul>1 slaggy lava4 ,footnote #b3 lapilli1 volcanic a%es1 consi/+ ( small1 angul>1 /ony fragm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,pitt ,,riv] ,,ca,,on1 ,,nor!rn ,,cali=nia ,! plateau is built ( lay]s ( lava ,! volcanoes at la/ ceas$ to gr[ any high]1 = ! lava1 if ! eruptions cont9u$1 =m$ new crat]s at _! bases4 ,x is probable t all ^! great peaks h be5 ext9ct = sev]al ?\s& ye>s1 al?\gh "s are mu* old] & m worn away ?an o!rs4 ,"o ( ^! volcanoes has completely disappe>$1 & 9 its place lies t wond]ful %eet ( wat] kn[n z ,crat] ,lake4 ,x is ?\ght t ! int]ior ( ?is m\nta9 0 melt$ away dur+ a p]iod ( activity1 & t ! out] portion fell 91 leav+ a crat] five miles across & ne>ly a mile deep4 ,! /reams ( lava1 z !y fl[$ "h & !re build+ up ! plateau1 frequ5tly broke up ! riv]s & turn$ !m into new *annels4 ,z "t w5t on ! eruptions 7 less viol5t1 & ! riv]s became e/abli%$ 9 ! *annels :i* !y occupy to-day4 ,! ,columbia ,riv]1 w9d+ ab\t ov] ! plateau1 s\ght ! easie/ pa? to ! sea4 ,x soon began to dig a *annel1 & n[ has hidd5 itself betwe5 d>k walls ( lava4 ,b o!r =ces besides ! /reams 7 n[ at "w 9 ?is volcanic region4 ,! lava plateau began sl[ly to b5d upw>d along ! l9e ( ! great volcanoes1 lift+ !m upw>d ) x4 ,9 ?is mann] ! ,cascade ,range 0 =m$4 ,! ,columbia ,riv]1 in/ead ( seek+ ano!r way to ! sea1 cont9u$ cutt+ its *annel deep] & deep] into ! gr[+ m\nta9 range1 & s has giv5 u t picturesque caon :i* =ms a mo/ conv5i5t highway f ! int]ior ( ,wa%+ton & ,oregon to ! coa/4 ,take a %eet ( writ+ pap]1 lay x ^u an ev5 surface1 !n sl[ly pu% ! opposite edges t[>d ea* o!r4 ,?is simple exp]im5t w aid "o 9 und]/&+ "o ( ! ways 9 :i* m\nta9 ranges are made4 ,besides ! upw>d fold ( ! plateau :i* made ! ,cascade ,range1 ano!r 0 =m$ betwe5 ! ,blue ,m\nta9s 9 ea/]n ,oregon & a spur ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 nor!rn ,idaho4 ,?is fold lay across ! pa? ( ! ,snake ,riv]1 b its movem5t 0 s sl[ t ! riv] kept its =m] *annel & 9 ?is ris+ l& excavat$ a caon :i* to-day is m ?an a mile deep4 ,! upp] tw5ty-five hundr$ feet ( ! caon are cut into ! lava ( ! plateau1 & ! l[] ?ree ?\s& into ! und]ly+ granite4 ,! caon is n s picturesque z ! ,colorado1 = x has no rocks ) v>iegat$ color+ or ca/ellat$ walls4 ,its sides are1 h[ev]1 exce$+ly precipit\s & x is difficult to ent]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,%o%one ,,falls1 ,,snake ,,riv]1 ,,idaho ,along portions ( ! l[] ,columbia & ,snake riv]s1 navigation is ob/ruct$ by rapids & wat]falls4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! falls tea*es u t ^! /reams are /ill at "w cutt+ _! *annels deep]4 ,! ,snake ,riv] 9 its upp] c\rse has z yet cut only a v %all[ *annel 9 ! h>d lava1 & ! beautiful ,%o%one ,falls m>ks a po9t :]e its "w is sl[4 ,^! falls1 :i* are ! f9e/ 9 ! nor?we/1 owe _! exi/5ce to ! fact t at ?is p>ticul> spot lay]s ( /rong resi/ant lava cov] ! s(t] rocks4 ,!re are o!r caons 9 ! plateau region :i* are fully z rem>kable z ^? :i* h be5 m5tion$4 ,t ( ! ,des ,*utes ,riv] 9 c5tral ,oregon is 9 places a ?\s& feet deep1 ) almo/ v]tical walls ( lava4 ,we h already se5 h[ m\nta9s h be5 =m$ ^u ! ,columbia plateau1 by a b5d+ ( ! e>? upw>d4 ,o!r m\nta9s ( ! plateau are due to fractures 9 ! solid rocks1 (t5 _m miles long4 ,^u "o side ( ^! fractures ! surface has be5 depress$1 :ile ^u ! o!r x has be5 rais$4 ,! am\nt ( ! uplift v>ies f a few hundr$ to ?\s&s ( feet4 ,! m\nta9s ?us =m$ h a long1 g5tle slope ^u "o side & a v /eep incl9e ^u ! o!r4 ,!y are kn[n z block m\nta9s1 & ^? ^u ! ,columbia plateau are ! mo/ int]e/+ ( _! k9d 9 ! _w4 ,) ! exception ( a few l>ge riv]s1 ! great] portion ( ! ,columbia plateau is rem>kable = its lack ( surface /reams4 ,! wat] :i* rea*es ! bord]s ( ! plateau f ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s (t5 s9ks into ! gravel betwe5 ! lay]s ( lava & =ms und]gr\nd riv]s4 ,! deep caons :i* h be5 m5tion$ int]cept "s ( ^! und]gr\nd riv]s1 s t _! wat]s p\r out & d[n ov] ! sides ( ! caons 9 foam+ cascades4 ,! greate/ ( ^! cascades is t kn[n z ! ,?\s& ,spr+s 9 ! ,snake ,riv] caon4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,blue ,lakes 9 ! caon ( ! same riv] bel[ ,%o%one ,falls also come f und]nea? ! lava4 ,!y are utiliz$ 9 irrigat+ ! mo/ picturesque fruit ran* 9 s\!rn ,idaho4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,,ca,,on ,,( ,,crook$ ,,riv] ,,ne> ,,! ,,des ,,*utes ,,riv] ,erod$ 9 ! ,columbia plateau ,! climate ( ! plateau is dry1 & its ea/]n portion is practically a des]t4 ,t[>d ! we/1 h[ev]1 ! ra9fall is great]1 & 9 c5tral ,wa%+ton & nor!rn ,oregon ! plateau becomes "o va/ gra9-field4 ,x is difficult to irrigate ! plateau because ! /reams fl[ 9 su* deep caons1 b above ! po9t :]e ! caon ( ! ,snake ,riv] beg9s !re is an ext5sive sy/em ( canals & cultivat$ fields4 ,) a suffici5t wat] supply1 ! lava makes "o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ productive ( soils4 ,along ! ,snake & ,columbia riv]s1 :]ev] !re is a bit ( bottom l&1 or*>ds h be5 plant$4 ,little /eam]s ply along ^! riv]s betwe5 ! rapids1 ga!r+ ! fruit & deliv]+ x at ! ne>e/ railroad po9t4 ,m9+ is c>ri$ on only 9 ! m\nta9s :i* rise above ! lava flood1 = ! m9]al ve9s are = ! mo/ "p old] ?an ! lava ( ! plateau4 ,we are c]ta9 t _m v valuable deposits ( ! preci\s metals lie buri$ b5ea? ! lava fields4 ,x is ?\ght t ! volcanic hi/ory ( ! ,columbia plateau has be5 complet$4 ,n[ ! /reams are at "w c>ry+ away ! mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$ & may 9 "t uncov] ! old buri$ l& surface4 ,,! ,,ca,,ons ,,( ,,! ,,si]ra ,,nevada ,,m\nta9s ,! we/]n half ( our c\ntry conta9s ! deepe/ & mo/ picturesque caons 9 ! _w4 ,^? ( ! ,colorado & ,snake riv]s =m tr5*es 9 a comp>atively level b l(ty plateau region4 ,! caons ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada ,range1 on ! contr>y1 take _! rise & ext5d = mu* ( _! l5g? among rugg$ sn[capp$ peaks :i* include "s ( ! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,all ^! caons are ! "w ( erosion4 ,! riv]s did n f9d depressions =m$ ready = !m to occupy1 b _h to excavate _! *annels by ! sl[ process ( gr9d+ away ! solid rock4 ,! /reams ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s beg9 _! c\rse 9 /eep-wall$ alcoves "u ! %ad[s ( ! high peaks1 :]e !y are f$ by p]petual sn[-banks4 ,soon !y bury !mselves betwe5 granite walls1 :i* at la/ t[] ?ree ?\s& feet above _! ro>+ wat]s4 ,aft] _m miles ! caons wid51 ! walls decrease 9 height1 & ! /reams come out ^u ! f]tile /ret*es ( ! ,great ,valley ( ,cali=nia4 ,nature works 9 _m ways4 ,h] tools are ( diff]5t k9ds1 b ! mo/ important "o is runn+ wat]4 ,! =ms :i* %e produces are dep5d5t ^u ! k9d ( rock ^u :i* %e works4 ,:]e ! surface ( ! e>? is s(t ! results ( h] labor are n v int]e/+1 b if ! cru/ is h>d ! =ms :i* %e produces are (t5 s rem>kable t !y ar\se our wond] & admiration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,san ,,joaqu9 ,,riv] ,,em]g+ ,,^u ,,! ,,pla9 ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,valley ,9 %ap+ ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s ,nature _h a gr& opportunity4 ,"h %e produc$ ! ,yosemite ,valley1 :i* has a sett+ ( cliffs & wat]falls t attract p f all ov] ! _w4 ,het*-,het*y ,valley at ! nor? ( ! ,yosemite1 & ,tehipite & ,k+'s ,riv] caons at ! s\?1 are int]e/+ places1 b n s maje/ic & inspir+ z ! ,yosemite4 ,nature nev] seems satisfi$ ) h] "w4 ,aft] %e has creat$ a piece ( wond]ful sc5]y %e proce$s to de/roy x4 ,! great cliffs ( ! ,yosemite w sometime lose _! gr&eur & be replac$ by g5tle slopes d[n :i* ! /reams w fl[ quietly4 ,! m\nta9s ( ! ,laur5tian highl&s 9 ! nor!a/]n portion ( ! cont95t und\bt$ly 7 once l(ty & picturesque1 b !re 7 no p ^u ! e>? at t "t to enjoy ?is sc5]y4 ,n[ ^! m\nta9s h become old & are ne>ly worn d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,:]e ,,! ,,ca,,ons ,,beg9 ,,"u ,,precipit\s ,,peaks ,! head ( ! ,k+'s ,riv] ,9 "o portion ( ! e>? aft] ano!r1 ,nature raises great m\nta9 ranges & imm$iately proce$s to remove !m4 ,?is cont95t 0 discov]$ & ,cali=nia 0 settl$ at ! "r "t = ! ,si]ra ,nevadas to be se5 9 all _! gr&eur4 ,:5 ! pione]s came 9 sight ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada 7sn[y range71 !y little dream$ ( ! caons hidd5 among ^! m\nta9s4 ,gold1 & n sc5]y1 0 ! object ( _! se>*4 ,! great caons 7 outside ( ! gold regions1 & s inaccessibly situat$ t no "o except ! ,indians look$ ^u !m until #ahea4 ,9 t ye> a p>ty ( soldi]s foll[+ ! trail ( "s ?iev+ ,indians discov]$ & ent]$ ! ,yosemite ,valley1 b x 0 n explor$ until #ahee4 ,= _m ye>s ! valley c\ld be rea*$ only by ! r\ghe/ trails1 b z its advantages became m widely kn[n roads 7 built1 & !re are n[ ?ree diff]5t wagon r\tes by :i* x may be ent]$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,yosemite ,valley is l t ( all ! o!r caons ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s4 ,long ago !re 7 no high m\nta9s 9 ea/]n ,cali=nia4 ,if !re _h be5 explor]s cross+ ! pla9s 9 ^? days1 !y w\ld h f\nd no rugg$ wall %utt+ !m (f f ! ,pacific4 ,!re came a "t1 h[ev]1 :5 ! surface ( ! we/]n portion ( ,am]ica 0 brok5 by viol5t e>?quake movem5ts1 & hundr$s ( fissures 7 =m$4 ,"s ( ! e>? blocks produc$ by ^! fissures 7 %ov$ upw>d1 :ile o!rs 7 dropp$4 ,"o enorm\s block1 :i* 0 to =m ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 0 rais$ along its ea/]n edge until x /ood sev]al ?\s& feet above ! adjo9+ c\ntry4 ,! movem5t 0 l t ( a trap-door op5$ slightly1 s t ^u "o side--9 ?is case ! we/]n "o--! slope 0 long & g5tle1 :ile ^u ! ea/ x 0 v abrupt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,! ,,yosemite ,,valley ,nature1 ! sculptor1 took ?is m\nta9 block 9 h&1 & ) ! aid ( runn+ wat] began to c>ve its surface into a mo/ intricate sy/em ( caons & ridges4 ,! /reams fir/ fl[$ ov] ! easie/ slopes to ! ,great ,valley ( ,cali=nia1 b soon !y began to cut _! way d[n into ! granite1 :ile along ! cre/s ( ! ridges ! m resi/ant rocks began to /& out z jagg$ peaks4 ,?us ,nature work$ until ! m\nta9s promis$ be=e long to be well worn d[n4 ,! caons _h wid5$ to valleys & ! rugg$ slopes _h giv5 place to g5tle ones4 ,t[>d ! nor!rn end ( ! range ! "w 0 ev5 f>!r advanc$1 = ! /reams1 n[ *ok$ ) gravel & s&1 fl[$ ov] broad flood pla9s4 ,9 ?is gravel 0 buri$ a "p ( ! weal? ( ,cali=nia4 ,! rocks ov] :i* ! /reams fl[$ conta9$ ve9s ( qu>tz ) little p>ticles ( gold scatt]$ ?r\gh x1 & z ! surface rock crumbl$ & 0 worn away1 ! gold1 be+ mu* heavi]1 sl[ly accumulat$ 9 ! gravel at ! bottom ( ! /reams4 ,?is gold am\nt$ 9 value to hundr$s ( millions ( doll>s4 ,! =ces )9 ! e>? became active aga94 ,app>5tly ,nature did n int5d t ! gold %\ld be =ev] buri$1 or t ! c\ntry %\ld always appe> s un9t]e/+4 ,int]nal =ces rais$ ! m\nta9 block = a second "t1 tilt+ x /ill m to ! we/w>d4 ,volcanoes broke =? along ! summit ( ! range ne> ! l9e ( fracture1 & floods ( lava & volcanic mud ran d[n ! slopes1 completely fill+ ! broad valleys ( ! nor!rn ,si]ras & bury+ a great "p ( ! gold-be>+ gravel4 ,! eruptions turn$ ! /reams f _! *annels1 b on ! /eep] slope ( ! m\nta9s ! riv]s w5t en]getically to "w mak+ new b$s4 ,!y cut d[n ?r\gh ! lava & ! buri$ gravel until !y f9ally rea*$ ! solid rock und]nea?4 ,into ?is rock1 :i* we call b$-rock1 !y h n[ worn caons two ?\s& feet deep4 ,! b$s ( gravel t lay "u ! old /reams frequ5tly =m ! tops ( ! hills betwe5 ^! deep caons4 ,"h !y are easily accessible to ! m9]s1 :o by tunnels or surface work+s h tak5 out _m millions ( doll>s' wor? ( gold4 ,! important caons ( ! nor!rn ,si]ras1 :]e ! gold is f\nd1 h be5 made by ! ,am]ican & ,fea!r riv]s4 ,f>!r s\? are ! deep] & m rugg$ caons ( ! ,tuolumne1 ,m]c$1 ,k+'s1 & ,k]n riv]s1 :i* op5 to u invit+ pa?ways into ! m\nta9s4 ,x might be suppos$ t ! mantle ( sn[ & ice :i* at t "t cov]$ mo/ ( ! surface ( ! e>? w\ld h protect$ x f fur!r erosion1 b ?is 0 n ! case4 ,9 ! bas9 at ! head ( ea* /ream ! sn[ accumulat$ ye> aft] ye> until x 0 m ?an a ?\s& feet deep4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! w>m days & cold nights ! sn[ sl[ly turn$ to ice1 & mov$ by its own weight1 crept d[n into ! caons4 ,! solid rock walls 7 gr\nd & poli%$1 & ev5 n[1 s long a "t aft] ! glaci]s h melt$1 "s ( ^! poli%$ surfaces /ill gli/5 9 ! sunlight4 ,! glaci]s deep5$ & enl>g$ ! caons1 b runn+ wat] 0 ! mo/ important ag5t 9 _! mak+4 ,^u ! disappe>ance ( ! glaci]s1 ! /reams w5t to "w aga9 deep5+ _! caons4 ,f _! />t+-po9ts1 "u ! l(ty crags1 !y fir/ ran ?r\gh broad upl& valleys1 !n tumbl$ into ! caons2 b until !y _h rea*$ ! l[] m\nta9 slopes1 to :i* ! glaci]s _h n ext5d$1 !y pass$ ?r\gh a dre>y & desolate region devoid ( almo/ e sign ( life4 ,! glaci]s _h swept away all ! loose rock & soil1 & x 0 _m long ye>s be=e ! surface aga9 crumbl$ s t =e/ trees c\ld spread ov] x once m4 ,! gr&eur & attractiv5ess ( ! ,yosemite is p>tly due to ! precipit\s cliffs enclos+ ! valley1 "s ( :i* are ne>ly f\r ?\s& feet 9 height1 p>tly to ! high wat]falls1 & p>tly to ! gre5 mead[s & =e/ groves ?r\gh :i* ! ,m]c$ ,riv] w9ds4 ,al?\gh ! glaci]s _h little to d ) ! mak+ ( ! ,yosemite ,valley1 yet !y add$ to its attractiv5ess4 ,! valley is situat$ :]e a numb] ( small] /reams jo9 ! ,m]c$ ,riv]4 ,erosion 0 m rapid "h because ! granite 0 s(t1 :ile ! v]tical seams 9 ! rock gave ! gr[+ valley precipit\s walls4 ,:5 ! glaci] came x pu%$ out ! loose rocks & b\ld]s1 & dropp+ a portion ( !m at ! l[] end1 made a dam across ! ,m]c$ ,riv]4 ,at fir/ a %all[ lake fill$ ! valley1 b aft] a "t ! silt & gravel :i* ! /reams 7 cont9ually br++ 9 fill$ ! lake1 & =m$ m>%y flats4 ,f9ally1 grasses & trees spread ov] ^! flats & gave ! valley ! appe>ance :i* x has to-day4 ,besides ! mead[s1 ! glaci]s gave u two ( ! wat]falls4 ,yosemite ,creek1 :i* comes d[n ov] ! walls tw5ty-sev5 hundr$ feet 9 ?ree successive falls1 0 turn$ into its pres5t *annel by a dam :i* a glaci] _h left across its old c\rse4 ,a glaci] also turn$ ! ,m]c$ ,riv] at its entrance to ! ma9 valley s z to =m ! ,nevada ,fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,! ,,ca,,on ,,( ,,bubb',s ,,creek1 ,a ,,bran* ,,( ,,! ,,k+',s ,,riv] ,,ca,,on ,aft] ! valley _h be5 made & clo!d 9 vegetation1 x 0 discov]$ by a small tribe ( ,indians :o came "h to make _! home1 secure f all _! enemies4 ,!re 7 fi% 9 ! /reams & animals 9 ! woods4 ,! oaks suppli$ acorns1 & 9 e>ly summ] ! mead[s 7 cov]$ ) /rawb]ries4 ,leg5ds 7 associat$ ) _m ( ! cliffs & wat]falls1 = ! ,indians1 l ourselves1 are impress$ by ! wond]s ( ,nature4 ,het*-,het*y ,valley1 tw5ty-five miles nor? ( ! ,yosemite1 has be5 =m$ ^u mu* ! same plan1 b a portion ( its floor is m>%y & !re are few wat]falls4 ,k+'s ,riv] ,caon has no gre5 mead[s & no high wat]falls1 :ile its great granite walls are n s precipit\s z ^? ( ! ,yosemite4 ,next to ! ,yosemite1 9 ! wildness ( its sc5]y1 is ,tehipite ,caon4 ,?is caon is situat$ ^u ! middle =k ( ,k+'s ,riv]1 ab\t a hundr$ miles s\?4 ,= _m miles its walls & domes pres5t ev] *ang+ views4 ,a cont9ual /ruggle is go+ on betwe5 ! =ces )9 ! e>? & ! sculptor work+ ^u its surface4 ,fir/ "o1 !n ! o!r1 ga9s ! advantage4 ,:]e ! m\nta9s are /eep & high1 (t5 ! =ces )9 h rec5tly be5 active4 ,:]e !y are l[ & ! slopes are g5tle1 ! sculptor has long held sway4 ,%e beg9s by mak+ ! surface z r\gh & picturesque z possible1 b aft] a "t %e de/roys h] own h&iwork4 ,,an ,,oregon ,,glaci] ,!re are records all ab\t u ( ev5ts :i* took place ^u ! e>? long be=e !re 7 any human inhabitants4 ,^! records h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! rocks1 9 ! geographic features ( ! l& & wat]1 & 9 ! di/ribution ( ! animals & plants4 ,on e h& appe> evid5ces ( *anges 9 ! surface ( ! e>? & 9 ! climate4 ,?r\gh all ! c5tral & nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 if we except "s ( ! m\nta9s ( ! ,we/1 ! w9t] sn[s entirely disappe> long be=e ! com+ ( summ]4 ,b ! climate ( ?is region has n always be5 s pleasant & mild4 ,l&s n[ d5sely peopl$ 7 once buri$ "u a ?ick mantle ( ice :i* la/$ ?r\gh _m ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates are va/ numb]s ( b\ld]s & rock fragm5ts :i* are n at all l ! solid rocks b5ea? ! soil4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! mat]ials takes u back to ! ,glacial p]iod1 :i* c be be/ und]/ood f a /udy ( "s "o ( ! glaci]s n[ exi/+ ^u ! m\nta9s ( ! nor?we/]n "p ( our c\ntry4 ,among ! l(ty m\nta9 ranges ( ! ,cordill]an region !re are _m peaks ^u :i* p]petual sn[-banks ne/le1 defy+ ! long summ] days4 ,:]e ! w9t]s are long & cold & ! /orms are sev]e1 imm5se drifts ( sn[ collect 9 ! holl[s & caons ( ! m\nta9 slopes4 ,ea* summ] all or a "p ( ?is sn[ melts4 ,^u ! nor!rn slopes ! melt+ process is sl[]1 & if !re happ5s to be a l>ge bas9 ^u t side1 an ext5sive field ( sn[ rema9s until ! w9t] /orms come aga94 ,ea* w9t] new sn[ is add$ to ! surface1 :ile ! old] sn[1 becom+ h>d & firm ?r\gh repeat$ freez+ & ?aw+1 at la/ turns to ice4 ,?is mass ( sn[ & ice does n rema9 /ation>y1 z might be expect$ f its app>5t solidity4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( its own weight & ( alt]nations ( heat & cold1 x fl[s d[n ! incl9e l a v ?ick liquid4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ! ice melts b little1 & ! movem5t is sl[1 b 9 ! summ]1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! w>m days & cool nights1 bo? ! melt+ & ! rate ( fl[ ( ! ice are increas$4 ,a mov+ body ( sn[ & ice ( ?is sort is call$ a glaci]4 ,x creeps d[n ! m\nta9 slope & into "s caon1 until1 9 ! w>m] air ( ! l[] m\nta9s1 ! rate ( advance is exactly balanc$ by ! rate ( melt+ at ! l[] end ( ! mass4 ,! glaci]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are at pres5t comp>atively small1 b once ^! icy masses /ret*$ ov] ! m\nta9s & l[l&s ( a l>ge portion ( ! cont95t4 ,9 ! s\!rn ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s no p]man5t sn[ exi/s bel[ an elevation ( ab\t elev5 ?\s& feet1 b z we g nor? sn[-fields are f\nd l[] & l[]1 until 9 ! fiords ( ,alaska enorm\s glaci]s rea* d[n to ! sea4 ,a glaci] wor?y ( our /udy may be f\nd ^u ! ,?ree ,si/]s1 a gr\p ( l(ty & picturesque volcanic m\nta9s ris+ f ! summit ( ! ,cascade ,range 9 c5tral ,oregon4 ,!re is a deep depression betwe5 two ( ! peaks1 :i* slopes d[n to ! nor? & is ?us p>ticul>ly well adapt$ to cat* & reta9 ! drift+ sn[s4 ,consequ5tly ! glaci] to :i* x gives rise is ( exceptional size1 be+ ne>ly ?ree miles long & half a mile wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,! ,,?ree ,,si/]s1 ,,f ,,! ,,nor? ,%[+ sn[-fields & glaci]4 ,fields ( rec5t lava appe> 9 ! =egr\nd ,! easie/ pa? to ! ,?ree ,si/]s is by way ( ! ,mc,kenzie ,riv] f ,eug5e1 ,oregon4 ,! ,mc,kenzie is a not$ /ream & "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! /ate4 ,! riv] c\rses ?r\gh d5se =e/s1 & its cle>1 cold wat] is fill$ ) tr\t4 ,s tempe/u\s is ! wea!r ab\t ! ,cascade range t ,july is almo/ ! only mon? 9 :i* "o c visit ! ,?ree ,si/]s )\t dang] ( be+ caught 9 sev]e /orms4 ,! travell] leaves ! riv] a few miles above ,mc,kenzie ,bridge1 :]e a small tribut>y kn[n z ,lo/ ,creek jo9s x4 ,lo/ ,creek fl[s "u ! lava f a lake ne> ! ,?ree ,si/]s1 :ile ano!r /ream1 com+ f ! glaci] ( :i* we are 9 se>*1 fl[s d[n ! same valley ^u ! surface ( ! lava & almo/ directly ov] ! hidd5 /ream4 ,^u ! summit ( ! ,cascade ,range ! d5se =e/s ( ! riv] valley give place to m op5 woods int]sp]s$ ) p>k-l mead[s4 ,a few miles away to ! s\? rise ! volcanic peaks ( ! ,?ree ,si/]s1 cle> & cold 9 ! m\nta9 air1 wrapt ab\t ) a mantle ( :ite except :]e ! slopes are too precipit\s to hold ! sn[4 ,an indi/9ct trail leads ?r\gh ! tam>ack =e/ & ov] a field ( rugg$ lava to ! base ( ! peaks4 ,"h we come ^u a swiftly fl[+ /ream ( a /range milky color4 ,?is appe>ance is due to ! pres5ce ( f9e mud1 ! product ( ! "w ( ! glaci] at ! head ( ! /ream z x sl[ly & ) mighty p[] gr9ds away ! surface ( ! rocks ov] :i* x moves4 ,:]ev] "o meets a /ream ( ?is k9d1 he w probably be safe 9 ass]t+ t x is f$ by a glaci] ^u "s di/ant m\nta9 peak4 ,?is little /ream1 ! c\rse ( :i* we mu/ foll[ to rea* ! glaci]1 is *ok$ ) s& & pebbles br\ght to x by ! mov+ ice4 ,^! are n ord9>y /ream pebbles1 = !y h /rangely flatt5$ sides :i* (t5 %[ scrat*es1 & look z if !y _h be5 gr\nd (f aga9/ a gr9d/one4 ,!y are ! tools ) :i* ! ice does its "w4 ,! ice block takes up ! rock fragm5ts :i* fall ^u its surface or :i* x te>s f b5ea?1 & c>ries !m along1 gr9d+ e surface :i* x t\*es4 ,! fragm5ts are dropp$ at ! end ( ! glaci]1 & ! small] pebbles are wa%$ away d[n ! /ream t fl[s f ! melt+ ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,,glaci] ,,on ,,! ,,?ree ,,si/]s ,we foll[ up ! little glacial creek1 pa/ icy sn[-banks & ?r\gh groves ( fir trees :]e ! w>m sun%9e br+s out ! res9\s odors4 ,^u "o side ( ! caon !re lies a field ( black lava :i* n _m hundr$s ( ye>s ago =c$ ?is glacial creek f an e>li] *annel into its pres5t b$4 ,n[ we come ^u :at appe>s at fir/ to be a sn[-bank ly+ across ! c\rse ( ! /ream1 & f b5ea? :i* its wat]s issue4 ,deep cracks 9 ! out] mass ( sn[ %[ ! cle>1 pale-gre5 ice bel[4 ,?is is ! l[] end ( ! glaci] :i* we h be5 s long a "t 9 rea*+4 ,a %ort climb up a /eep slope br+s u to ! top ( ! glaci]4 ,x =ms a p]fectly ev5 pla91 ext5d+ back ) a g5tle slope to ! head ( a deep not* betwe5 ! two nor!rn ,si/]s1 :ile above & beyond rise ! /eep] sn[-fields1 f :i* ?is ice is cont9ually r5ew$4 ,! glaci] does n t]m9ate 9 ! usual mann]1 ) a /ream fl[+ f its c5tre1 = ! outlet is at "o side1 :ile ! middle abuts aga9/ a l[ m\nd ( rock4 ,?is m\nd we f9d mo/ int]e/+1 = ^u rea*+ its top we look d[n into a volcanic crat]4 ,f ?is crat] fl[$ ! great /ream ( lava to :i* we h already ref]r$4 ,! lava ran d[nw>d1 b5d+ ?is way & t among ! holl[s1 until x spread ne>ly to ! ,mc,kenzie ,riv]4 ,dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod1 be=e ! eruption took place1 ?is glaci] 0 mu* l>g]4 ,! summit ( ! ,cascade ,range 0 !n cov]$ by glaci]s4 ,?is fact we "k f ! pres5ce ( groov$ & poli%$ rocks :]ev] ! surface has n be5 worn away or cov]$ ) new] lava4 ,! ,glacial p]iod _h pass$ away & ! climate _h become mu* ! same z x n[ is :5 ! volcanic =ces broke out at ! spot :]e ! crat] is situat$4 ,! eruption und\bt$ly melt$ ! ice 9 ! vic9ity1 b aft] x _h ceas$ & ! rocks _h become cold1 ! glaci] nev] ga9$ /r5g? en\gh to pu% ! loose mat]ials ( ! volcanic cone out ( its pa?4 ,! ice bank$ up snugly aga9/ ! ob/ruction1 & z x melt$ ! wat] f\nd its way out at ! side ( ! lava4 ,al?\gh ! surface ( ! glaci] appe>s at fir/ to (f] an easy r\te to ! high] m\nta9 slopes1 yet !re are num]\s hidd5 crevices into :i* "o may fall4 ,! safe/ arrangem5t is to tie a company ( p toge!r ) a /\t rope1 s t if "o falls into a crevice ! rope w save him4 ,t[>d ! middle ( ! glaci] ! ice becomes s badly fissur$ t x is necess>y to turn t[>d ! "r m>g94 ,!re are two sets ( ^! fissures1 "o p>allel to ! direction 9 :i* ! glaci] is mov+1 ! o!r at "r angles4 ,!y are due to ! /ra9 to :i* ! ice is subject$ z x moves along at an unev5 rate & ov] a surface compos$ ( holl[s & ridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,mora9e ,,at ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,glaci] ,leav+ ! glaci]1 we climb ^u a long l[ ridge ( gravel & b\ld]s mix$ ) fragm5ts ( ice4 ,! fragm5ts ( rock :i* h fall5 ^u ! surface ( ! ice or be5 torn f ! rock ov] :i* x is mov+1 h be5 heap$ up along its sides some:at z a ridge ( sn[ is rais$ along ea* side ( ! c\rse ( a sn[-pl\gh4 ,su* a ridge ( dbris along ! side ( a glaci] is kn[n z a m>g9al mora9e4 ,a simil> ridge1 =m$ by ! accumulation ( rock fragm5ts at ! l[] end ( ! glaci]1 is a t]m9al mora9e4 ,^! ridges & holl[s =m$ by ! ice are f\nd all ov] ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! holl[s once fill$ ) ice are n[ occupi$ by ! beautiful lakes ( ?is portion ( our c\ntry4 ,z we climb along ! mora9e at ! m>g9 ( ! glaci]1 _m op5+s appe> 9 ! cle> gre5 ice4 ,!re is ! s\nd ( gurgl+ wat]s1 & occasionally pieces ( ice & rock fall into dimly outl9$ cav]ns :i* are n>r[ at ! top1 b f> bel[ wid5 out to ! proportion ( *amb]s4 ,aft] ! head ( ! glaci] is atta9$ !re is /ill a h>d climb ov] ! sn[-fields1 :i* ext5d upw>d s f> t !y seem to h no end4 ,:5 at la/ ! gap betwe5 ! peaks is ga9$ we are completely tir$ out4 ,! summit ( ! middle ,si/] ris+ directly above u is /ill a ?\s& feet high]1 b !re is n "t to-day to rea* x4 ,a magnific5t vi/a is spread out ^u e h&4 ,ext5d+ nor? & s\? along ! cre/ ( ! ,cascade ,range !re is a l9e ( %>p sn[y peaks ) summ] cl\ds float+ ab\t !m4 ,h[ ^! peaks contra/ ) ! d>k blue ( ! surr\nd+ =e/s6 ,opposite u1 ^u ! s\?1 is ! ?ird ,si/]1 :ite ) sn[ f top to bottom1 :ile 9 ! bas9 betwe5 ?is peak & ! ridge on :i* we are /&+ lie ! remnants ( a once mighty glaci]4 ,b x is "t to return4 ,! cold1 foggy cl\ds are hid+ ! summits & w soon envelop ! spot :]e we /&4 ,we g d[n by a diff]5t pa?1 b ov] almo/ cont9u\s sn[-fields1 = m ?an two miles4 ,! return is mu* easi] ?an ! asc5t1 al?\gh if "o lo/ 8 foot+ ^u "s /eep slope1 x w\ld mean a long slide or tumble4 ,! solid e>? is rea*$ )\t accid5t4 ,:at a relief to h "s firm hold = ! feet aga96 ,climb+ ov] a field ( r\gh lava is easi] ?an toil+ ?r\gh s(t sn[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,a ,,b\ld] ,,left ,,by ,a ,,glaci] ,! region ab\t ! ,?ree ,si/]s is j z nature left x1 = ! home ( ! ne>e/ settl] is _m miles away4 ,al?\gh n[ x has few visitors1 ?is c\ntry w become attractive :5 its wond]ful volcanic & glacial ph5om5a are bett] kn[n4 ,,some?+ ,,ab\t ,,e>?quakes ,,& ,,m\nta9 ,,build+ ,our ev]yday exp]i5ces lead u to feel t no?+ is m p]man5t ?an ! features ( ! e>? ^u :i* we live4 ,great cities conta9+ co/ly build+s are built by ! wat]'s edge ) ! expectation t ! ocean w rema9 :]e x is4 ,! build+ ( railroads & canals1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( indu/ries to make ! e>? m fruitful & bett] adapt$ to our use1 are bas$ ^u ! idea t ! m\nta9s & valleys ) _! v>i\s1 climates w n *ange4 ,! /udy ( hi/ory1 h[ev]1 makes pla9 ! fact t at diff]5t times 9 ! pa/ c]ta9 portions ( ! e>? h be5 visit$ by de/ructive *anges4 ,cities h be5 %ak5 d[n by e>?quakes1 & ! ocean has swept 9 ov] ! l&1 dr[n+ ?\s&s ( p4 ,ev5 ! m\nta9s1 :i* /& ^u broad & firm f\ndations1 sometimes br+ disa/]1 by means ( avalan*es & l&-slides1 to ! p :o live at _! bases4 ,! tru? is t ! e>?'s surface is ev]y:]e sl[ly & quietly *ang+2 b our lives are s %ort1 & ! hi/ory ( ev5 ! olde/ cities is s brief 9 comp>ison ) ! rate at :i* mo/ ( ! *anges take place1 t we z a rule are aw>e ( only ! uncommon & sudd5 ones4 ,! occurr5ce ( e>?quakes e/abli%es ! unmi/akable fact t !re are =ces at "w f )9 di/urb+ ! surface1 :ile l&-slides1 & ev5 little gullies wa%$ out by ! ra91 %[ t o!r =ces are work+ f )\t4 ,! vibration or trembl+ ( ! e>? :i* we call an e>?quake always ar\ses al>m1 & frequ5tly occasions great de/ruction & loss ( life4 ,only a few ( ! v>i\s causes t may br+ ab\t e>?quakes are z yet fully und]/ood4 ,e>?quakes are v int]e/+1 h[ev]1 because !y are (t5 associat$ ) ! bir? & gr[? ( l(ty m\nta9 ranges4 ,volcanic eruptions1 hot spr+s1 & ! high temp]ature :i* exi/s t[>d ! bottom ( deep m9es %[ u t ! int]ior ( ! e>? is v hot4 ,x is ?\ght t at "o "t ! :ole e>? gl[$ ) heat1 b z ages pass$ x became cold ^u ! outside & a solid cru/ 0 =m$4 ,e "o has obs]v$ t fruit becomes wr9kl$ z ! pulp )9 dries & contracts4 ,! mat]ials ( ! e>? occupy m space :5 !y are hot ?an :5 cold1 & z ! int]ior portion is /ill cool+1 ! out] lay] or cru/ cont9ues to %r9k d[n ^u x1 =m+ folds or wr9kles1 z 9 ! case ( ! sk9 ( an apple4 ,!re is probably no portion ( ! surface t is fix$ 9 its pres5t position4 ,! l& is ei!r ris+ or s9k+ cont9ually4 ,if ! area t is pu%$ upw>d is l>ge1 x becomes a plateau2 b if long & n>r[ l a wr9kle1 x =ms a m\nta9 range4 ,we %\ld n be aw>e ( ^! movem5ts 9 _m cases if x 7 n = ! horizontal %elf cut ^u ! bord]s ( ! l& by ! ocean waves4 ,along "s coa/s old wave-cut cliffs /& hundr$s ( feet above ! pres5t ocean level4 ,o!r coa/s h sunk1 s t ! wat] has flood$ ! adjo9+ l& & made a new %ore l9e4 ,:5 ! movem5ts ( ! l& are sudd51 !y manife/ !mselves to u ?r\gh e>?quakes4 ,! cru/ ( ! e>? is n s flexible z ! sk9 ( an apple1 & :5 ! /ra9 ^u x becomes too great x sudd5ly breaks4 ,! rock walls usually slide pa/ "o ano!r along su* a fracture4 ,if ! ris+ wall becomes high en\gh x w =m a m\nta9 range4 ,! great m\nta9 sy/ems bord] ! oceans1 = ! l9es ( weakness occur :]e ! l& dips /eeply d[n b5ea? ! wat]4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! fractures 9 ! rocks :]e m\nta9s are be+ made are situat$ und]nea? ! wat]1 or 9 "s position :]e wat] passes d[n ?r\gh !m 9 l>ge quantities4 ,:at d y ?9k w\ld happ5 if su* an und]gr\nd /ream ( wat] came 9 contact ) hot or molt5 rocks f> bel[ ! surface8 ,note ! effect produc$ by drops ( wat] fall+ ^u a hot /ove4 ,ea* "o1 z x /rikes1 is p>tly *ang$ to /eam ) a slight explosive s\nd4 ,! result is simil> :5 wat] is turn$ into ! hot & ne>ly empty boil] ( a /eam-eng9e--an explosion is sure to foll[4 ,:5 ! pressure ( /eam sudd5ly =m$ )9 ! e>? is too great1 a volcanic explosion takes place at "s po9t :]e ! ov]ly+ rocks are weake/1 probably on or ne> "o ( ! l9es ( fracture ab\t :i* we h be5 speak+4 ,! explosion is accompani$ by ?und]+ noises1 trembl+s ( ! e>?1 & ! hurl+ ( rock & molt5 lava into ! air4 ,t ! rocks ( ! e>?'s cru/ are ela/ic is %[n by ! reb\nd+ ( a pebble ?r[n aga9/ a l>ge b\ld]4 ,if a file be drawn across ! edge ( a %eet ( t9 ^u :i* s& has be5 spr9kl$1 ! t9 vibrates ov] its :ole ext5t1 z is %[n by ! jump+ ( ! s& gra9s4 ,because ( l ela/icity 9 ! mat]ials :i* make up ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! vibrations produc$ by an explosion are c>ri$ ?r\gh ! solid e>? = hundr$s ( miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,,e>?quake ,,fissures ,,ne> ,,mono ,,lake1 ,,cali=nia ,! records ( e>?quakes %[ t !y are mu* m viol5t & occur (t5] :]e ! cru/ ( ! e>? is be+ di/urb$ by fold+4 ,we h se5 t !re are two ma9 causes ( e>?quakes3 ! slipp+ ( portions ( ! e>? pa/ ea* o!r along a fissure1 & ! contact ( wat] ) v hot rocks f> bel[ ! surface4 ,x is probable t ! e>?quakes :i* occur s (t5 9 ! we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are due to ! fir/ ( ^! causes4 ,! num]\s ext9ct volcanoes %[ t at "o p]iod ?is region 0 frequ5tly %ak5 by explosive eruptions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,! ,,wasat* ,,range ,f ,salt ,lake ,city ,mono ,lake 7see ,fig4 #db1 page #ii71 at ! ea/]n base ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada ,range1 has be5 a c5tre = explosive eruptions1 :i* 7 extremely viol5t at "o "t4 ,! isl&s :i* rise 9 ! lake are %att]$1 :ile ,black ,po9t1 ^u ! nor!rn %ore1 has be5 uplift$ by an explosion f b5ea?1 :i* split ! rocks ap>t & =m$ deep fissures4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t 9 ! ,cordill]an region ! m\nta9s h be5 increas+ 9 height 9 v rec5t ye>s4 ,we might almo/ say t !y are gr[+ to-day4 ,9 ?is region1 !n1 we c actually see h[ m\nta9s are made2 we d n h to dep5d ^u descriptions ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are suppos$ to h be5 made ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,,bluff ,,=m$ ,,by ,,an ,,e>?quake ,at ! foot ( ! ,wasat* ,range1 ,utah ,any good map w %[ t ! m\nta9s ( ! ,cordill]an region h 9 g5]al a nor? & s\? direction4 ,_! direction 0 det]m9$ by fissures =m$ long ago 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,movem5ts h cont9u$ to take place along _m ( ^! fissures up to ! pres5t "t1 & probably w cont9ue = "s "t to come4 ,9 ord] to become bett] acqua9t$ ) ^! rem>kable m\nta9s1 let u exam9e "s ( !m1 tak+ fir/ ! ,wasat* ,range 9 ea/]n ,utah4 ,! range has an elevation ( ne>ly elev5 ?\s& feet1 ris+ gradually ^u ! ea/]n side1 b pres5t+ a bold & picturesque front ^u ! we/1 t[>d ! pla9 ( ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,a %ort drive f ,salt ,lake ,city br+s u to ! foot ( ! range1 at ! m\? ( ,little ,cottonwood ,caon4 ,a peculi> bluff :i* ext5ds = a numb] ( miles along ! base ( ! m\nta9s at once attracts our att5tion4 ,! /eep face ( ! bluff1 :i* is f fifty to sev5ty-five feet high1 appe>s to h be5 =m$ by a ris+ ( ! l& ^u ! side next ! m\nta9s1 or a dropp+ ^u ! valley side4 ,!re are reasons = believ+ t ! =mation ( ! bluff 0 due to ! occurr5ce ( an e>?quake "s "t )9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,! bluff is closely relat$ to ! mighty m\nta9s beh9d x4 ,x 0 =m$ by ! la/ ( a s]ies ( movem5ts 9 ! e>? :i* rais$ ! great block kn[n z ! ,wasat* ,range to an elevation ( six ?\s& feet above ! pla9s at its base4 ,is x to be wond]$ at t di/urbances ( ! e>? :i* result 9 ! erection ( m\nta9s ( su* height are frequ5tly s sev]e z to de/roy ! /ronge/ build+s8 ,n[ let u g we/w>d across ! v>i\s p>allel ranges ( ! ,great ,bas9 to ,ow5s ,valley at ! ea/]n base ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s4 ,?is is ! highe/ & longe/ cont9u\s m\nta9 range 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,= a di/ance ( m ?an "o hundr$ miles its elevation is f twelve ?\s& to ov] f\rte5 ?\s& feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,,ea/]n ,,face ,,( ,,! ,,si]ra ,,nevada ,,m\nta9s ,=m$ by a great fracture 9 ! e>?'s cru/ ,ow5s ,valley 0 9 #ahgb ! c5tre ( "o ( ! mo/ sev]e & ext5sive e>?quakes ev] record$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! little village ( ,lone ,p9e1 situat$ 9 ! valley bel[ ,m\nt ,:itney1 0 utt]ly demoli%$1 tw5ty p 7 kill$ & _m injur$4 ,a portion ( ! valley ne> ! village sank s l[ t ! wat] fl[$ 9 & =m$ a lake above x4 ,! l& 0 s %ak5 up t ! fields ( "o man 7 ?ru/ into ^? ( 8 neighbor4 ,= a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ miles to ! nor? along ! base ( ! m\nta9s ! e>? 0 fractur$1 & bluffs f t5 to =ty feet high 7 =m$ z a result ei!r ( ! dropp+ ( ! surface ( ! valley ^u ! ea/]n side1 or ( ! rais+ ( ! m\nta9s ^u ! we/4 ,?is slipp+ ( ! e>? :i* gave rise to ! e>?quake bluffs 0 ! mo/ rec5t ( a long s]ies ( simil> ev5ts :i* h rais$ ! precipit\s ea/]n wall ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s to a height ( two miles above ,ow5s ,valley4 ,if y w g out into ! c5tre ( ! valley & look we/ t[>d ! m\nta9s1 y w see ?ree bluffs or sc>ps4 ,! fir/1 :i* is tw5ty feet high1 0 made at ! "t ( ! la/ e>?quake2 ! second1 kn[n z ! ,alabama ,hills & ris+ ab\t f\r hundr$ feet1 0 =m$ at an e>li] "t2 ! ?ird1 ris+ back ( ! o!rs1 is t ( ! ma9 ,si]ra4 ,simil> cliffs appe> at ! bases ( o!r ranges ( m\nta9s 9 ! ,great ,bas94 ,spr+s ab\nd along ^! fractures 9 ! e>?1 = ! surface wat]s h an opportunity to collect :]ev] ! rocks are brok54 ,num]\s f]tile valleys m>k ! l9e ( e>?quake movem5ts1 = ! brok5 rocks & abundant spr+s favor rapid erosion4 ,among ! ,coa/ ,ranges ( ,cali=nia !re appe>s a s]ies ( fractures 9 ! e>? :i* =m a l9e ne>ly f\r hundr$ miles long4 ,!y ext5d f a po9t ne> ,san ,b]n>d9o 9 a nor?we/]ly direction to ! neighborhood ( ,san ,francisco4 ,sev]e e>?quakes h tak5 place along ?is l9e s9ce ! c\ntry 0 settl$4 ,! pressure & gr9d+ ( ! e>? ^u opposite sides ( ! fissures has =m$ long l[ ridges ( e>?4 ,small valleys h be5 block$1 & ! old /age road f ,los ,angeles to ,bak]sfield1 :i* foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! fissures = a numb] ( miles1 has be5 almo/ oblit]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,elizabe? ,,lake1 ,,cali=nia ,occupy+ a valley prim>ily due to e>?quake movem5ts ,hundr$s ( cliffs & m\nta9 sc>ps ?r\gh\t ! ,we/ h come into exi/5ce z ! results ( movem5ts su* z we h be5 describ+4 ,:]e ! di/urbances h be5 rec5t ! m\nta9s are bold & picturesque4 ,^? produc$ 9 e>li] times are 9 _m in/ances s worn away t x is difficult to tell ) c]ta9ty h[ !y 7 made4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,volcanic ,,eruptions ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,!re are m volcanoes 9 our c\ntry ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,"s are v small & "s rank among ! greate/ ( m\nta9 peaks1 b all toge!r !re are _m hundr$s1 p]haps ?\s&s1 ( !m4 ,at pres5t !y are all sil5t & app>5tly dead4 ,we are accu/om$ to speak ( !m z ext9ct volcanoes1 b ( ?is we mu/ n be too sure4 ,!y /& d>k & cold1 giv+ no clue to ! nature ( ! =ces :i* made !m1 except p]haps by ! pres5ce ( an occasional hot spr+ & ! appe>ance ( ! rocks ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,! slag-l "* ( ^! rocks we h le>n$ to associate ) int5se heat4 ,"s ( ^! volcanoes are v old & h be5 ne>ly worn away2 o!rs are new & almo/ z p]fect z :5 !y 7 fir/ made4 ,:]e %all we g to f9d ^! volcanoes8 ,are !re any ^u ! ,atlantic coa/ or neighbor+ highl&s8 ,?\gh y may travel ov] all t portion ( our c\ntry1 y w f9d none1 al?\gh y w discov] 9 places1 z = in/ance 9 ! palisades ( ! ,hudson1 lavas :i* came f v anci5t volcanoes1 worn d[n s long ago t _! v sites are lo/ to view4 ,if we se>* ! ,mississippi bas9 we f9d !re ev5 few] traces ( volcanic action ?an ^u ! ea/]n highl&s4 ,! great] portion ( ! va/ area embrac$ by ! ,mississippi ,riv] & its tribut>ies has _h a v unev5tful hi/ory1 al?\gh at times e>?quakes may h occurr$ & ! sky may h be5 d>k5$ by a%es f eruptions 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,,fissure ,,9 ,,! ,,lava1 ,,%ad[ ,,m\nta9 ,! groov+s 9 ! lava %[ t x 0 squeez$ out 9 a half-solid condition ,x is 9 ! c\ntry we/ ( ! ,rockies1 ! region la/ to be explor$ & settl$1 t ! objects ( our se>* come to light4 ,"h are volcanoes & lava fields s ext5sive z almo/ to bury f sight ! old] surface ( ! e>?4 ,"s ( !m appe> z if b ye/]day !y _h be5 gl[+ ) heat4 ,9 ! ,cordill]an region ,nature has c>ri$ on h] "w ) a ma/] h&4 ,%e has lift$ ! e>?'s cru/ to =m a great plateau4 ,portions ( ! plateau %e has brok51 project+ ! fragm5ts upw>d to =m l(ty m\nta9s1 :ile along ! fissures ?us creat$ %e has squeez$ out fi]y molt5 matt] f ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,?is molt5 mat]ial has spread out 9 fields ( lava or has pil$ itself ab\t small op5+s1 =m+ volcanic cones1 :i* 9 "s cases h ov]topp$ ! l(tie/ m\nta9 ranges ( ! cont95t4 ,x is believ$ t a numb] ( ^! volcanic eruptions h occurr$ 9 ! ,cordill]an region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates s9ce ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & t "o took place )9 ! lifetime ( _m p]sons n[ liv+4 ,san ,francisco ,m\nta91 9 nor!rn ,arizona1 is ! l(tie/ volcanic peak ( a region dott$ ) volcanoes & lava fl[s4 ,?is great volcano1 l mo/ ( its neighbors1 has long be5 ext9ct1 al?\gh a few miles to ! ea/w>d !re appe>s a gr\p ( small b v new cones4 ,a ride ( fifte5 miles f ! t[n ( ,flag/aff1 across ! =e/-cov]$ plateau1 br+s u to ,%ad[ ,m\nta9 & ! fields ( lava & volcanic s& ly+ at its base4 ,! m\nta91 ?r\gh\t its height ( ov] "o ?\s& feet1 is a conical aggregate ( loose lapilli :i* give way "u ! feet & make climb+ ! peak v tiresome4 ,! lapilli & scori are slag-l fragm5ts ( lava :i* h be5 bl[n out ( ! ?roat ( ! volcano :ile 9 a hot or semi-molt5 condition4 ,^! fragm5ts1 z !y fall back to ! e>?1 collect ab\t ! op5+ & 9 "t build up ! volcano1 or c9d] cone1 z su* a m\nta9 is frequ5tly call$4 ,! f9] p>ticles1 :i* h ! appe>ance ( d>k s&1 fall f>!r away & =m a lay] ov] ! surface = "s miles ^u e side4 ,^! products ( an explosive volcano are sometimes call$ c9d]s & a%es1 because ( _! resemblance to ! slag & refuse ( furnaces4 ,9 ! case ( ! volcano :i* we are /udy+1 ! lapilli are s black t !y give ! cone ! appe>ance ( be+ d>k5$ by ! %ad[ ( a cl\d1 & on ?is acc\nt ! peak is nam$ ,%ad[ ,m\nta94 ,z ! days are usually bright "h1 ! %ad[ effect is v /rik+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,,edge ,,( ,,lava ,,field1 ,,) ,,pumice ,,9 ,,! ,,=egr\nd ,ne> ,%ad[ ,m\nta9 ,!re are sev]al small] crat]s1 ea/ ( ! ma9 "o1 :i* also ?rew out volcanic s& & lapilli4 ,! surr\nd+ hills are ( volcanic orig91 al?\gh v mu* old] ?an ,%ad[ ,m\nta94 ,^! hills are cov]$ ) p9e =e/s2 b trees or plants h ga9$ only slight hold ^u ! new] surfaces ( ! c9d] cones1 :i* pres5t a picture ( almo/ complete desolation4 ,!re h be5 two o!r eruptions s9ce ! mak+ ( ! c9d] cones1 & ^! 7 m>k$ by fl[s ( molt5 lava4 ,al?\gh ! r\gh & rugg$ surface ( ! old] fl[ has n yet begun to crumble & =m soil1 z x mu/ d 9 "t1 yet a few trees are f\nd "h & !re1 rea*+ _! roots d[n = ! scanty n\ri%m5t to be drawn f ! crevices ( ! rocks4 ,! la/ fl[ ( lava1 :i* 0 v small1 ran into a depression 9 ! o!r fl[ j describ$4 ,?is lava appe>s s fre% t we almo/ expect to f9d ! rocks /ill w>m4 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 ! wood$ hillside adjo9+1 ) its c>pet ( s(t volcanic s&1 & ! jagg$ surface ( ! lava6 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 climb+ ov] ! lava1 = ! %>p po9ts & angles are ev] ready to te> "o's %oes & h&s4 ,x _c be _m ye>s s9ce ^! h>d1 cold rocks =m$ a gl[+ mass ( molt5 matt] creep+ quietly out ( "s hidd5 fissure :i* rea*$ f> d[n into ! e>?4 ,! lava h>d5$ z x became cold1 j z does molt5 iron :5 l$ f ! furnace to make a ca/+4 ,at "o spot 9 ! lava field /& ! rema9s ( rude /one h\ses built into cav]ns 9 ! lava4 ,ab\t !m are scatt]$ pieces ( brok5 pott]y4 ,^! rude dwell+s 7 probably occupi$ by "s ( ! prehi/oric p ^: homes are also f\nd along _m ( ! /reams1 & 9 ! caves ( ! plateau region4 ,we c see no reason = _! com+ to ?is desolate place1 s f> f a wat] supply1 unless x 0 t ! rugg$ lava (f]$ "s protection f _! enemies4 ,n[ let u imag9e ourselves transport$ to nor!rn ,cali=nia4 ,ne> ,lass5 ,peak1 ! s\!rnmo/ ( ! great volcanoes ( ! ,cascade ,range1 !re lies ano!r field ( rec5t volcanic activity ( ev5 great] int]e/ ?an ! fir/4 ,! c5tre ( attraction is ,c9d] ,cone1 simil> to ,%ad[ ,m\nta9 9 its mann] ( =mation z well z 9 mat]ials1 b m symmetrical 9 =m4 ,^u "o side is a field ( black lava sev]al miles 9 ext5t1 :ile volcanic s& has be5 spread ov] all ! adjac5t c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,! ,,crat] ,,( ,,c9d] ,,cone ,z ne>ly z c be det]m9$1 only a little m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago ! valley n[ occupi$ by ,c9d] ,cone & ! lava fields gave no indication ( ev] becom+ a new c5tre ( volcanic action4 ,x has be5 ?\s&s ( ye>s s9ce ! anci5t volcanic peaks & c9d] cones ( ?is m\nta9\s region became ext9ct4 ,! glaci]s _h come1 & torn & gr\nd away ! surface ( ! lava1 & aft]w>d d5se =e/s _h hidd5 all ! rocky slopes1 :ile lakes _h occupi$ _m ( ! valleys4 ,f> bel[1 h[ev]1 ! fires _h n gone out4 ,9 _m places !re 7 boil+ spr+s f :i* ! /eam1 ^u cold morn+s1 rose 9 d5se :ite cl\ds4 ,!n1 = "s reason :i* we d n und]/&1 ! =ces b5ea? ! surface increas$ _! activity4 ,! =ce ( ! /eam & o!r gases 0 too great to be re/ra9$1 & at a weak spot 9 ! ov]ly+ rocks !y broke ?r\gh4 ,molt5 lava accompani$ !m1 & a new volcano came into life 9 ! valley :]e ,c9d] ,cone n[ raises its d>k1 symmetrical slopes4 ,! eruptions 7 viol5t4 ,) explosive =ce ! molt5 lava 0 torn into fragm5ts1 & s&1 lapilli1 & bombs 7 hurl$ out into ! air4 ,! f9] p>ticles 7 c>ri$ by ! air curr5ts f> ov] ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! lapilli1 scori1 & bombs fell ar\nd ! ?roat ( ! volcano1 f9ally build+ up ! cone to its pres5t proportions4 ,! great bombs1 "s ( !m five feet 9 diamet]1 are among ! mo/ rem>kable products ( ?is eruption4 ,!y lie scatt]$ ab\t ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd at ! foot ( ! cone1 &1 al?\gh !y are (t5 irregul> 9 %ape1 !y might almo/ be mi/ak5 = huge cannon-balls4 ,! eruption kill$ & burn$ ! trees 9 ! ne>-by =e/s1 bury+ !m "u six or sev5 feet ( f9e s& or a%es4 ,aft] ! cone _h be5 built & ! explosive eruptions _h ne>ly /opp$1 a /ream ( molt5 lava bur/ f ! base ( ! cone & fill$ a portion ( ! valley4 ,n[ foll[$ a long p]iod ( quiet4 ,trees began to gr[ ^u ! s& & gradually to encroa* ^u ! b>r5 wa/es ab\t ,c9d] ,cone4 ,x appe>$ z if !re 7 to be no m eruptions4 ,b ! volcano 0 only re/+4 ,at ab\t ! "t1 p]haps1 :5 ! gold seek]s began to p\r across ! cont95t to ,cali=nia1 !re 0 ano!r eruption2 b ?is "t x took ! =m ( a lava fl[ & 0 s quiet z to create no di/urbance 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,,c9d] ,,cone ,! trees 7 kill$ by ! la/ eruption ( volcanic a%es ,a /ream ( ?ick1 visc\s lava fl[$ sl[ly out ( an op5+ at ! s\!rn base ( ,c9d] ,cone4 ,z ! lava crept d[n ! g5tle slopes ( ! valley1 x cru/$ ov]1 =m+ a black1 slag-l surface4 ,! surface 0 f "t to "t brok5 up & mix$ ) ! s(t] portions b5ea?1 s t ! movem5t ( ! fl[ 0 /ill fur!r ret>d$4 ,at ! l[] end ( ! valley ! lava occupi$ a portion ( a body ( wat] n[ kn[n z ,lake ,bidwell2 its rugg$ front made a dam across ! valley above1 =m+ ,snag ,lake4 ,! /umps ( ! trees :i* 7 kill$ by ! wat] :5 ! lake 0 fir/ =m$ are /ill /&+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,! ,,la/ ,,lava ,,fl[ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,at ,c9d] ,cone1 ,cali=nia4 ,x =m$ a dam across a valley1 ?us creat+ ,snag ,lake ,"o's feet s9k deep into volcanic s&s1 & walk+ is tiresome4 ,! lava field result+ f ! la/ eruption is free f s&1 b its r\gh surface1 =m$ ( brok5 blocks1 is difficult to cross4 ,a few *>r$ /umps rise out ( ! s&1 pa!tic remnants ( ! =e/ trees t 7 gr[+ at ! "t ( ! fir/ eruption4 ,mo/ ( ! trees h completely disappe>$1 leav+ %all[ pits :]e !y once /ood4 ,x is exce$+ly difficult to climb ! cone1 :i* rises ov] six hundr$ feet1 = ! slopes1 compos$ ( loose lapilli1 are s /eep t "o slips back at e /ep ne>ly z f> z he advances4 ,f ! summit a rem>kable sight meets ! eye4 ,)9 ! rim ( ! ma9 crat] is a second crat] ) a rim ne>ly z high z ! fir/1 :ile ! cavity )9 has a dep? ( ab\t two hundr$ & fifty feet4 ,because ( ! loose "* ( ! mat]ial ( :i* x is built1 no /reamlets h yet worn *annels d[n ! slopes ( ,c9d] ,cone1 & except = ! pres5ce ( two small bu%es :i* cl+ to its side1 x is j z b>e & p]fect 9 =m z :5 fir/ complet$4 ,little by little ! =e/s are encroa*+ ^u ! s&-cov]$ slopes ab\t ! cone1 & 9 "t ^! slopes1 ! black fields ( lava1 & ! cone itself1 w be cov]$ ) =e/s l ! old] lava fields & c9d] cones :i* appe> ^u e h&4 ,,! ,,mud ,,volcanoes ,,( ,,! ,,colorado ,,des]t ,! ,colorado ,des]t is a /range1 weird region4 ,"h is a va/ bas9 at ! head ( ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia :i* 0 once a "p ( ! gulf1 b is n[ sep>at$ f x by ! delta ( ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,) ! dry+ up ( ! wat]1 ! c5tre ( ! bas9 0 left a salt m>% m ?an two hundr$ & fifty feet bel[ ! level ( ! ocean4 ,9 summ] ! air quiv]s "u ! blaz+ sun1 & x seems z if no =m ( life c\ld )/& ! scor*+ heat1 b 9 w9t] ! atmosph]e is cool & full ( life-giv+ en]gy4 ,ar\nd ?is des]t rise ! m\nta9s1 "s old & ne>ly worn d[n1 _! tops b>ely ris+ out ( ! long slopes ( s& & gravel2 o!rs rugg$ & /eep1 lift+ _! cre/s f> above ! burn+ des]t into ! cold1 cle> sky4 ,curi\s =ms ( plants & animals f9d _! homes ^u ! slopes ab\t ! bas91 :]e !y adapt !mselves to ! heat & dryness4 ,b t[>d ! c5tre ! soil is b>e clay1 = :5 ! wat] dri$ up s mu* alkali & salt 7 left t no?+ c\ld gr[4 ,h[ev] we d n n[ int5d to /udy ! plants or ! animals1 int]e/+ ?\gh !y are1 b r a gr\p ( mud volcanoes1 :i* =ms almo/ ! only relief 9 ! monotony ( ! b>e pla94 ,^! volcanoes are 9 no way relat$ to real volcanoes except 9 %ape1 = wat] & mud1 in/ead ( fire & lava1 h be5 conc]n$ 9 _! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,mud ,,volcanoes1 ,,colorado ,,des]t ,once x requir$ a long j\rney 9 wagons or ^u horseback to rea* ! mud volcanoes1 b n[ ! railroad takes u )9 ?ree miles ( ! spot4 ,we alight f ! tra9 be=e a section h\se :i* /&s 9 ! mid/ ( ! great des]t4 ,f>1 f> away /ret*es ! b>r5 clay floor ( ! anci5t lake4 ,"h & !re are scatt]$ /unt$ %rubs1 ! only specim5s ( plant life :i* h be5 able to )/& ! alkali 9 ! clay4 ,se5 f ! /ation1 ! volcanoes appe> l d>k specks almo/ ^u ! horizon1 b 9 reality !y are n f> away1 & an h\r's brisk walk w br+ u to !m4 ,! mud spr+s1 :i* are scatt]$ ov] an area ( sev]al hundr$ acres1 pres5t _m /range & int]e/+ features4 ,!re are holes 9 ! e>? ) bubbl+ mud at ! bottom1 cones f ! tops ( :i* /reams ( muddy wat] issue1 & ponds ( mud1 9 "s cases z ?ick z molasses1 9 o!rs ?9 & wat]y4 ,!re are little jets ( /eam1 /range odors1 & a vi/a ( _m m+l$ colors4 ,tak5 altoge!r1 x is a place q diff]5t f any o!r t we h ev] se54 ,! gr\nd is s(t & m>%y1 & 9 "s places und]m9$ by ! wat]1 s t we h to take great c>e 9 walk+ ab\t4 ,"s ( ! small] spr+s occupy r\nd depressions1 sometimes ?ree or f\r feet across1 :i* look z if !y _h be5 made by press+ a l>ge pan d[n into ! clay4 ,! bubbl+ mud 9 ! bottom ( ! pan1 z well z ! hot wat] 9 _m ( ! spr+s1 makes x easy to imag9e t we are /&+ ^u ! top ( a great cook+ /ove 9 :i* a hot fire is burn+4 ,z ! gas ) :i* ! wat] is impregnat$ comes up ?r\gh ! mud1 x =ms huge bubbles :i* f9ally break & settle d[n1 only to rise aga94 ,9 ?is way conc5tric mud r+s1 p]fect 9 =m1 are made to cov] ! entire surface ( ! pool4 ,:]e !re is little wat]1 ! surface ( ! mud h>d5s & leaves a small op5+1 ?r\gh :i* ! bubbl+ gas ?r[s small columns ( mud at regul> int]vals4 ,f ! l>ge pools1 "s ( :i* are =ty to fifty feet 9 diamet]1 !re comes a l[ murmur+ s\nd l ! boil+ ( _m kettles4 ,! wat] is sputt]+ & bubbl+1 & 9 "s places x is hot en\gh to give (f ?9 cl\ds ( /eam4 ,occasionally we get :iffs ( sulphur1 :ile ab\t ! bord]s ( "s ( ! ponds pretty cry/als ( ?is m9]al c be f\nd4 ,m commonly ! pools are cru/$ ab\t ) a :ite deposit ( salt1 = !y all conta9 m or less ( ?is sub/ance 9 solution4 ,ar\nd a few ( ! pools ! mud is /a9$ ) ! r$ t+e ( iron1 & r$ l9es m>k ! pa?s ( ! /reams z !y run (f f ! pools t[>d ! /ill l[] portions ( ! des]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,,pot-,,holes ,! built-up cones or volcanoes appe> 9 e /age1 f ! little ones a few in*es high to ! patri>*s1 :i* 9 "s cases h rea*$ a height ( twelve feet4 ,^! cones are =m$ by ! h>d5+ & pil+ up ( mud ab\t ! op5+s2 b :5 !y h rea*$ ! height m5tion$1 ! passages up ?r\gh _! c5tres1 correspond+ 9 ea* case to ! ?roat ( a real volcano1 become clogg$ & new holes are =m$ 9 ! mud at ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,,an ,,ext9ct ,,mud ,,volcano ,) small active "o at its side ,_m ( ^! mud volcanoes closely resemble true volcanoes 9 =m & /ructure4 ,! mud :i* p\rs out at ! top =ms /reams d[n ! slopes v l ^? ( molt5 lava4 ,new cones are built ^u ! sides or at ! bases ( ! old ones 9 mu* ! same way z are ^? 9 ! volcanic regions4 ,!re are no signs ( volcanic action 9 ! vic9ity ( ^! mud spr+s1 & x is likely t ! wat] is =c$ to ! surface by l>ge quantities ( gas produc$ by *emical *anges tak+ place deep )9 ! clay b$s ( ! old lake4 ,simil> spr+s occur f>!r s\?1 ne>] ! m\? ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 9 ! ,yell[/one ,p>k1 & ne> ,lass5 ,peak1 b n[h]e 9 ,am]ica except 9 ! ,colorado des]t h !y =m$ su* l>ge & int]e/+ m\nds4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,coa/ ,,l9e ,! /ory ( our ,pacific coa/ reads m l a tale f ! ,arabian ,nights ?an l a pla9 /atem5t ( ev5ts :i* h actually happ5$4 ,! meet+ place ( ! l& & ocean is n really s p]man5t a l9e z x appe>s4 ,! %ore has be5 cont9ually mov+ back & =? ?r\gh\t ! long hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,t :i* 0 dry l& at "o "t 0 at ano!r "t deeply buri$ b5ea? ! ocean4 ,! ,pacific bord] seems nev] to h be5 at re/4 ,x has ris5 & sunk aga9 repeat$ly4 ,x has be5 squeez$1 fold$1 & brok51 %ak5 by e>?quakes1 & di/urb$ by volcanic eruptions4 ,"o might be l$ to ?9k f ?is /atem5t t x w\ld n be safe to live on ! ,pacific coa/1 & t bo? animals & m5 w\ld %un ! region4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ^! *anges usually come to pass s v sl[ly t we are n aw>e ( !m4 ,sev]e e>?quakes & volcanic di/urbances take place s r>ely 9 comp>ison ) ! l5g? ( a man's life1 t we may pass our :ole lives )\t exp]i5c+ any ( ^! viol5t di/urbances4 ,! ,pacific coa/ region1 ) its =e/-cov]$ m\nta9s1 f]tile valleys1 & beautiful homes1 pres5ts s quiet & peaceful an appe>ance t x is difficult to believe t p>ts ( its hi/ory h be5 s tumultu\s4 ,p]haps y w ask h[ we c "k s mu* ab\t ! pa/4 ,x is true t no "o 0 "h to witness ! ev5ts :i* are suppos$ to h tak5 place4 ,b ,nature has left a record ( h] do+s :i* we h only to see & und]/& 9 ord] to le>n ) c]ta9ty _m ?+s :i* happ5$ 9 ! f> di/ant pa/4 ,too _m ( u g ?r\gh life see+ & und]/&+ almo/ z little ( ! _w ab\t u z if we 7 bl9d4 ,our e>ly ance/ors 7 oblig$ to und]/& _m ?+s ab\t ,nature & to cultivate cle> & close obs]vation = ! sake ( self-pres]vation4 ,! v life ( ! savage dep5ds ^u ! tra9+ ( 8 eyes4 ,he mu/ be able to tell ! mean+ ( a di/ant object or an indi/9ct trail1 = 8 enemies may h pass$ t way rec5tly4 ,if we c\ld br+ ! %>p eyes ( ! savage to our aid1 ! _w w\ld mean mu* m to u4 ,9 ord] to le>n some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,pacific %ore l9e1 we mu/ see :at ! waves are do+ at ! pres5t "t4 ,! project+ po9ts ( l& are be+ worn away 7,fig4 #cc74 ,! waves =m ! cliffs aga9/ :i* !y beat1 & sometimes1 z !y eat _! way sl[ly into ! l&1 !y cut (f portions & leave !m /&+ alone z isl&s4 ,! pebbles & b\ld]s 7,fig4 #cd7 7 once angul> fragm5ts torn f ! cliff4 ,!y h be5 wa%$ ab\t & hurl$ aga9/ ! solid rock until !y h be5 worn smoo?2 & ! cliff 9 turn has _h a cave gr\nd out at its base4 ,above ! l[] cave !re is a remnant ( a second "o1 ) pebbles ^u its floor4 ,?is 0 made :5 ! l& /ood t5 feet l[] ?an at pres5t4 ,z ! waves we> away ! loose e>? & ! solid rock bel[ x1 mov+ ! cliffs inl&1 !y leave a comp>atively smoo? surface :i* is p>tly expos$ at l[ tide4 ,! fact t ?is surface is n m>k$ by /ream *annels1 z is ! l&1 helps u to realize ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! irregul> surface ( ! latt] & ! pla9-l "* ( ! ocean floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,po9t ,,bu*on1 ,,cali=nia ,! waves are eat+ _! way into ! l& ,along ! :ole coa/ ( ,cali=nia !re are _m old sea bea*es & cliffs :i* ! waves ab&on$ long ago4 ,! highe/ ( ^! bea*es lies s f> up ! slopes ( ! m\nta9s bord]+ ! ocean t x makes u wond] :at ! geography ( ,cali=nia c\ld h be5 l :5 ! region 0 s deeply subm]g$4 ,! l[e/ & newe/ t]race is ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce1 t5 feet above ! ocean4 ,ea* succe$+ t]race is less di/9ct1 & ! highe/1 f\rte5 hundr$ feet 9 elevation1 c n[ be di/+ui%$ 9 only a few places4 ,:]e ! old sea cliffs are be/ pres]v$ !y =m a s]ies ( broad1 flat /eps1 ris+ "o above ! o!r4 ,ea* b5*1 or t]race z x is commonly call$1 is a "p ( an old pla9 cut out ( ! l& by ! waves :5 ! ocean /ood at t level4 ,! /eep] slope ris+ at ! back is ! remnant ( ! cliff aga9/ :i* ! waves us$ to beat4 ,if we are =tunate1 we %all f9d at its base "s wat]-worn pebbles & possibly a few fragm5ts ( sea-%ells4 ,! crumbl+ ( ! rocks & ! erosive action ( ! rills are fa/ de/roy+ ! old cliffs1 s t 9 _m places !y h entirely disappe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,ocean ,,cave ,,at ,,l[ ,,tide ,pebbles ( a =m] bea* are se5 above ,^u ! seaw>d face ( ,san ,p$ro ,hill1 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 !re are elev5 t]races1 ris+ to a height ( twelve hundr$ feet4 ,:at an int]e/+ record ?is %[s6 ,long ago ! l& /ood twelve hundr$ feet l[] ?an at pres5t1 & ! waves beat ab\t ,san ,p$ro ,hill1 ne>ly subm]g+ x4 ,!n ! l& began to rise1 b /opp$ aft] a "t1 & ! waves cut a t]race4 ,! upw>d movem5t 0 cont9u$1 ) repeat$ int]vals ( re/1 until ! l& /ood high] ?an x does n[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,wave-,,cut ,,t]races ,po9t ,san ,p$ro1 ,cali=nia ,nor? ( ,san ,francisco !re /&s a t]race f\rte5 hundr$ feet above ! ocean4 ,num]\s t]races appe> along ! ,oregon coa/1 b ^? 9 ,wa%+ton are n z high z ^? 9 ,cali=nia4 ,x is probable t ! l& 9 ?is region 0 n s deeply subm]g$4 ,! anci5t %ore l9es ( ,briti% ,columbia & ,alaska are n[ deeply buri$ b5ea? ! ocean1 z ^? ( ,cali=nia once 74 ,! fiords1 s common 9 ^! c\ntries1 are old riv] valleys :i* h be5 dr[n$ by ! s9k+ ( ! l&4 ,! isl&s 7 once portions ( ! coa/ m\nta9s1 b h be5 cut (f by ! same process4 ,let u picture 9 our m9ds ! *anges 9 ! geography ( ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* mu/ h be5 made by a s9k+ ( ! l& to a dep? ( only six hundr$ feet4 ,we w beg9 ^u ! nor?1 at ! ,/rait ( ,fuca4 ,puget ,s\nd once op5$ to ! s\? z well z to ! nor?1 s t ! ,olympic ,m\nta9s =m$ an isl&4 ,! broad & f]tile ,willamette ,valley 0 b an arm ( ! sea1 some:at l ,puget ,s\nd to-day4 ,! body ( wat] :i* once fill$ ?is valley has be5 call$ ,willamette ,s\nd4 ,! ocean ov]spread ! l[ ,oregon coa/1 & rea*$ f> up ! valleys ( ! ,umpqua & ,rogue riv]s4 ,b ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,klama? ,m\nta9s 7 n greatly *ang$1 = 9 _m places !y rise q abruptly f ! pres5t %ore l9e4 ,all ! l>ge valleys ( ,cali=nia 7 flood$1 includ+ ! ,san ,joaqu9-,sacram5to valley1 :i* 0 !n a great s\nd1 op5 to ! ocean 9 ! region ( ! pres5t ,/rait ( ,c>qu9ez4 ,! ,coa/ range 0 brok5 up into isl&s & p59sulas4 ,! isl&s (f ! coa/ ( s\!rn ,cali=nia are high & !re=e 7 n entirely subm]g$4 ,! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia spread ov] ! ,colorado ,des]t1 :ile f ! we/ ! wat] p5etrat$ inl& ov] ! pla9 ( ,los ,angeles to a po9t beyond ,san ,b]n>d9o1 s t at ! ,san ,gorgonio pass only a n>r[ neck ( l& connect$ ! ,san ,jac9to ,m\nta9s & ! ,p59sula ,range ) ! ma9l&4 ,if ,cali=nia _h be5 inhabit$ at ?is "t1 ! /ate w\ld n h be5 not$ = or*>ds & gra9-fields1 b r = its m9]al weal?4 ,!re w\ld h be5 comp>atively little l[ l& fit = cultivation1 b ! m\nta9s1 :]e almo/ all ! preci\s metals are f\nd1 w\ld h appe>$ ne>ly z !y d to-day4 ,! surface ( ! e>? may be divid$ into ! ocean bas9s & ! cont95tal masses :i* rise above !m1 b we mu/ n make ! mi/ake ( ?9k+ t ! %ore l9e always corresponds ) ! bord] ( ! cont95tal masses4 ,we h le>n$ t ! l& is almo/ always mov+ sl[ly up or d[n1 s t ! %ore is cont9ually *ang+ back & =?4 ,at "o "t ! %ore l9e may be f> )9 ! bord]s ( ! cont95t1 z we h se5 0 once ! case ^u our ,pacific coa/2 at ano!r "t1 if ! l& %\ld rise1 ! %ore l9e might co9cide ) ! real bord] ( ! cont95t4 ,by ! real bord] ( ! cont95t we mean ! l9e along :i* ! e>? slopes d[n /eeply to ! abysmal dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t outside ! pres5t %ore l9e ( ,cali=nia !re is a subm]g$ /rip ( ! cont95t v>y+ f t5 to "o hundr$ & fifty miles 9 wid?4 ,?is /rip ( l& is l a b5* ^u ! side ( ! cont95t1 & is kn[n z ! cont95tal plateau4 ,! wat] ov] ! plateau is comp>atively %all[4 ,^u "o side ! l& rises1 :ile ^u ! o!r !re is a rapid desc5t into ! deep ,pacific4 ,! surface ( ! plateau is 9 g5]al fairly smoo?1 b 9 places m\nta9s lift _! summits above ! wat] & =m isl&s4 ,!re 0 a "t1 ?\s&s ( ye>s e>li] ?an ! p]iod :5 ,cali=nia 0 s ne>ly cov]$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,pacific1 :5 ?is l& /ood f> high] ?an x does n[4 ,! coa/ l9e 0 !n mu* f>!r we/1 ne> ! bord] ( ! subm>9e plateau4 ,! ,santa ,b>b>a ,isl&s at t "t =m$ a m\nta9 range ^u ! edge ( ! cont95tal l&4 ,?is fact 0 e/abli%$ by ! discov]y ^u "o ( ! isl&s ( a l>ge numb] ( bones ( an ext9ct ,am]ican elephant4 ,^! animals c\ld h rea*$ ! subm]g$ m\nta9s only at a "t :5 !re 0 dry l& betwe5 !m & ! pres5t %ore l9e4 ,we %\ld l to "k h[ x came ab\t t ^! bones 7 left :]e !y are4 ,p]haps ! l& sank s sudd5ly t ! wat] cut ! elephants (f f ! ma9l& & compell$ !m to sp5d ! rema9d] ( _! lives ^u ^! isl&s4 ,:ile ! l& /ood s high1 "s ( ! l>g] /reams wore deep *annels across :at is n[ ! subm>9e plateau4 ,^! *annels h be5 discov]$ by s\nd+s made f ! %ips ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! subm]g$ valleys ext5ds ?r\gh ! ,bay ( ,mont]ey1 & runs s close to ! %ore t x has (f]$ a favorable location = a :>f4 ,be=e ! buri$ valleys ^u ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,cali=nia 7 all kn[n1 ! pres5ce ( "o ( !m l$ to ! wreck ( a %ip4 ,! %ore 0 obscur$ by fog1 b ! s\nd+s made by ! sailors %[$ deep wat] & l$ !m to believe !y 7 a long di/ance f l&1 :5 sudd5ly ! %ip drift$ 9 ^u ! rocks4 ,! la/ significant movem5t ( ! l& ( ! ,pacific bord] 0 a d[nw>d "o4 ,x flood$ ! m\?s ( ! /reams & =m$ all ! l>ge h>bors :i* are ( s great comm]cial importance4 ,san ,francisco ,bay occupies a great /ret* ( l[l& at ! meet+ ( sev]al valleys ( ! ,coa/ ,ranges & =ms ! outlet = ! mo/ important dra9age sy/em ( ,cali=nia4 ,if ?is region _h be5 settl$ be=e ! subsid5ce ( ! l& :i* let 9 ! ocean ?r\gh ! ,gold5 ,gate1 h[ ! f>m]s w\ld h lam5t$ ! flood+ ( _! f]tile l&s6 ,b we c und]/& h[ small ! loss w\ld h be51 comp>$ ) ! advantages to be ga9$ f ! magnific5t h>bor :i* n[ exi/s "h4 ,if ! l& _h n sunk ! hi/ory ( ! ,pacific coa/ w\ld h be5 f> diff]5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,,isl& ,,r\nd$ ,,by ,a ,,glaci] ,ne> ,anacortes1 ,puget ,s\nd ,puget ,s\nd1 ano!r v important arm ( ! ocean1 is also a subm]g$ valley1 b x has _h an entirely diff]5t hi/ory f t ( ,san ,francisco ,bay4 ,! valley 0 at "o "t occupi$ by a great glaci] :i* came d[n f ! ,cascade ,range & mov$ nor?we/ ?r\gh ! s\nd & into ! ,/rait ( ,juan de ,fuca1 sc\r+ & poli%+ ! rocks ov] :i* x pass$4 ,a little isl& ne> ,anacortes 7,fig4 #cf7 has be5 r\nd$ by ! action ( ! ice into a =m l a :ale's back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,,an ,,ab&on$ ,,ocean ,,cliff ,s\!rn ,cali=nia ,! s9k+ ( ! l& flood$ ! l[] ,columbia ,riv] & ! m\? ( ! ,willamette1 s t ocean %ips may n[ g up z f> z ,portl&4 ,! curr5ts & waves soon ?rew up b>s across ! m\?s ( ! small] /reams1 & =m$ lagoons beh9d !m4 ,%ips frequ5tly h difficulty 9 ent]+ _m ( ! h>bors because ( ! s& b>s :i* h be5 built up "p way to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,x is ?\ght t along "s portions ( ! coa/ !re has rec5tly be5 a slight upw>d movem5t ( ! l&4 ,figure #cg %[s a bit ( ,cali=nia coa/1 ne> ,san ,juan1 :]e ! ,santa ,f railroad has laid its tracks = sev]al miles along a /rip ( ab&on$ bea*1 at ! base ( a cliff aga9/ :i* ! waves once beat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,,lime/one ,,cliff1 ,,quats9o ,,s\nd1 ,,vanc\v] ,,isl& ,at ! nor!rn end ( ,vanc\v] isl& !re is a deep arm ( ! ocean call$ ,quats9o ,s\nd4 ,a lime/one cliff ^u ! %ore ( ?is s\nd 7,fig4 #ch7 has be5 und]m9$ by ! dissolv+ ( ! lime/one1 b n[ ! wat] lacks ?ree feet ( ris+ to ! not* :i* x rec5tly =m$4 ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,columbia ,,riv] ,! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! v>i\s features ( ! l& & wat] ^u ! settlem5t ( a new region are n always fully appreciat$4 ,if ! entrance to ,san ,francisco ,bay _h be5 broad] & m easily disc]n$ by ! e>ly navigators :o sail$ pa/ x1 & if ! m\? ( ! ,columbia ,riv] _h n be5 obscur$ by l[l&s & a l9e ( break]s ^u ! b>1 ! hi/ory ( we/]n ,am]ica w\ld probably h be5 v diff]5t4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! prospect seem$ to be t ,spa9 w\ld control ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,%e claim$1 by "r ( discov]y1 all ! l&s bord]+ ^u ?is ocean & ! exclusive "r to navigate its wat]s4 ,e vessel f\nd !re )\t lic5se f ! c\rt ( ,spa9 01 by royal decree1 to be confiscat$4 ,x is int]e/+1 aft] all ^! ye>s & ) our pres5t k1 to look back & see h[ unreasonable 7 ! claims ( ,spa94 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! ext5t ( ! ,pacific ocean 0 n kn[n4 ,9 fact1 m5's ideas z to ! di/ribution ( l& & wat] ov] ! e>? 7 s indef9ite t x 0 at fir/ suppos$ t ! isl&s :i* ,columbus discov]$ belong$ to ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! claims ( ,spa9 to ! ,pacific ,ocean 7 bas$ ^u its discov]y by ,balboa1 b %e nev] made any s]i\s ef=ts to en=ce !m1 = ! attempt w\ld h involv$ h] 9 w> ) all ! m>itime nations ( ,europe4 ,spa9 lack$ ! ability to take advantage ( ! great discov]ies :i* h] navigators & explor]s _h made1 & = t reason %e m]ely look$ on1 ?\gh ) jeal\s eyes1 :5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! %ips ( ,engl&1 ,france1 ,holl&1 & ,russia ent]$ ! ,pacific ,ocean ) a view to exploration & conque/4 ,det]m9$ at la/ to support _! claim to ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,spani>ds began to realize ! necessity ( explor+ x m fully & ( f\nd+ settlem5ts4 ,x 0 _! plan to take possession ( ! :ole region betwe5 ,mexico ^u ! s\? & ! ,russian trad+ po/s along ! %ores ( ,alaska4 ,z exploration by l& 0 impossible because ( m\nta9 ranges & des]ts1 ! ,spani% adv5tur]s 7 =c$ to rely ^u ! ocean1 ) all its unc]ta9ties ( /orm & contr>y w9ds4 ,betwe5 #aggd & #aggi voyages 7 made z f> nor? z ,que5 ,*>lotte's ,isl&1 9 latitude #ed4 ,a /ation 0 e/abli%$ & held = _m ye>s at ,nootka ,s\nd1 ^u ! we/ coa/ ( ,vanc\v] ,isl&4 ,! fir/ exp$ition pass$ ! ,/rait ( ,juan de ,fuca app>5tly )\t see+ x1 al?\gh !re 0 a rumor to ! effect t a broad op5+ into ! l& _h be5 discov]$ by a c]ta9 ,juan de ,fuca 9 #aeib1 :ile he 0 explor+ 9 ! employ ( ,spa94 ,! latitude ( ?is op5+1 z he gave x1 ne>ly corresponds to t ( ! /rait :i* n[ be>s 8 "n4 ,= _m ye>s ! attempt to discov] a passage ar\nd ! nor!rn "p ( ,am]ica engag$ ! e>ly navigators ^u bo? ! ,atlantic & ,pacific oceans4 ,_! desire to f9d an easy r\te to ,india spurr$ !m to con/ant ef=t4 ,= a "t x 0 believ$ t su* an op5+ actually exi/$1 & m>9]s w5t s f> z to give x a "n1 call+ x ! ,/raits ( ,anian4 ,! reput$ discov]ies ( ,juan de ,fuca mat]ially /r5g!n$ ! g5]al belief 9 a passage to ! nor?w>d ( ,am]ica4 ,vizca9o1 9 8 voyage ( #afjc1 rea*$ latitude #dc nor? & ?\ght t he _h discov]$ a great riv] fl[+ into ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,?is op5+1 al?\gh s\? ( ! po9t suppos$ to h be5 rea*$ by ,juan de ,fuca1 0 believ$ = a "t to be ! entrance to ! long-s\ght ,/raits ( ,anian4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,cali=nia 0 repres5t$ ^u ! ,spani% maps z an isl& hav+ ,cape ,blanco1 :i* ,vizca9o discov]$ & nam$1 z its nor!rn po9t1 & sep>at$ f ! ma9l& by an ext5sion ( ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia nor?w>d4 ,to return n[ to ! ,spani% explorations1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury we f9d t ,heceta1 foll[+ ! fir/ exp$ition1 succe$$ 9 gett+ z f> z ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 :]e1 hav+ be5 p>t$ f an accompany+ %ip by a /orm1 he turn$ s\?w>d1 pass+ ! ,/rait ( ,juan de ,fuca & keep+ close by ! %ore4 ,9 latitude #df #ag' he f\nd an op5+ 9 ! coa/ f :i* a /rong curr5t issu$4 ,he felt sure t he _h discov]$ ! m\? ( "s l>ge riv]4 ,^u ! lat] ,spani% maps ?is 0 call$ ,heceta's ,inlet1 or ,riv] ( ,san ,roque4 ,a glance at ! map w %[ h[ closely ! latitude giv5 corresponds to ! m\? ( ! riv] :i* 0 discov]$ lat] by ,capta9 ,gray & nam$1 aft] 8 %ip1 ! ,columbia4 ,a %ort "t be=e ,heceta's discov]y1 ,capta9 ,jona?an ,c>v] ( ,connecticut set out on an explor+ t\r1 p>tly = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! wid? ( ! cont95t & ! nature ( ! ,indian inhabitants4 ,he m5tions f\r great riv]s ris+ )9 a few leagues ( "o ano!r1 ,! riv] ,b\rbon 7,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor?7 :i* empties itself into ,hudson's ,bay1 ! wat]s ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ! ,mississippi1 & ! riv] ,oregon1 or ,riv] ( ! ,we/1 t falls into ! ,pacific ,ocean at ! ,/raits ( ,anian4 ,c>v]'s descriptions are fanciful1 & x is n likely t he ev] saw ! riv] :i* is n[ kn[n z ! ,columbia1 al?\gh !re is a possibility t he he>d /ories f ! ,indians ( a great riv] ^u ! we/]n slope ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & inv5t$ = x ! "n ,oregon4 ,9 #aghg ,me>es1 an ,engli% trad]1 visit$ ! coa/1 & sail+ s\?w>d f ! ,/rait ( ,juan de ,fuca1 attempt$ to f9d ! riv] ,san ,roque z x 0 laid d[n ^u ! ,spani% *>ts4 ,rea*+ ! prop] latitude1 ,me>es r\nd$ a promontory & f\nd beh9d x a bay :i* he 0 unable to ent] because ( a cont9u\s l9e ( break]s ext5d+ across x4 ,he became satisfi$ t !re 0 no su* riv] z ! ,san ,roque1 & nam$ ! promontory ,cape ,disappo9tm5t & ! bay ,deception ,bay4 ,if ,me>es _h ent]$ ! bay ?r\gh ! break]s1 ! ,engli% w\ld und\bt$ly h made good _! claim to ! discov]y ( ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,aft] ! ,revolution1 ,am]ican trad+ %ips began to ext5d _! op]ations into ! ,nor? ,pacific4 ,9 #aghg two su* vessels left ,bo/on1 "o ( !m "u comm& ( a ,capta9 ,gray4 ,aft] rea*+ ! ,pacific1 ! %ips 7 p>t$ dur+ a /orm1 & ,capta9 ,gray f9ally t\*$ ! ,am]ican coa/ ne> ! =ty-six? degree ( nor? latitude4 ,= n9e days he tri$ to ent] an op5+ :i* 0 9 all probability ! "o attempt$ by ,me>es4 ,aft] ne>ly los+ 8 %ip & suff]+ an ,indian attack1 he sail$ nor? to ,nootka ,s\nd4 ,capta9 ,gray return$ to ,bo/on1 b 9 #agij />t$ ^u ano!r trad+ exp$ition 9 comm& ( ! %ip ,columbia4 ,arriv+ safely 9 ! ,nor? ,pacific1 he sp5t ! w9t] ( #agia-agib ^u ,vanc\v] ,isl&4 ,vanc\v]1 ^: "n has be5 giv5 to ! l>ge/ isl& ^u ! we/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & :o did s mu* to make kn[n ! intricate coa/ l9e ( ! ,puget ,s\nd region1 arriv$ ^u ! sc5e 9 #agib4 ,he 0 au?oriz$ to c>ry on explorations1 & to treat ) ,spa9 conc]n+ ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,spani% claim to ,nootka ,s\nd4 ,vanc\v] sail$ up ! coa/1 keep+ a close look\t = ! riv] ,san ,roque4 ,no op5+ 9 ! l& appe>$1 al?\gh at "o spot he sail$ ?r\gh a muddy-color$ sea :i* he judg$ 0 affect$ by ! wat] ( "s riv]4 ,^u rea*+ ! ,/rait ( ,fuca1 ,vanc\v] express$ ! op9ion t !re 0 no riv] betwe5 ! =tie? & =ty-eigh? degrees ( nor? latitude1 only brooks insuffici5t = our vessels to navigate4 ,%ortly aft] ?is "t1 ,vanc\v] met ,capta9 ,gray ) 8 %ip ,columbia4 ,! di%e>t5$ explor] plac$ no confid5ce 9 ,capta9 ,gray's report t1 ^u 8 =m] voyage1 he _h discov]$ a l>ge riv] to ! s\?4 ,vanc\v] 9 8 n>rative says1 ,i 0 ?or\ghly conv9c$ t we c\ld n possibly h pass$ any safe navigable op5+1 h>bor1 or place ( security = %ipp+ on ?is coa/ f ,cape ,m5doc9o to ! promontory ( ,closset 7,cape ,flatt]y74 ,capta9 ,gray1 h[ev]1 det]m9$ to make fur!r inve/igations4 ,he sail$ s\?w>d & ent]$ a port n[ kn[n z ,gray's ,h>bor1 :]e he sp5t sev]al days trad+ ) ! ,indians4 ,f ?is h>bor he ran on s\? = a few miles pa/ ,cape ,disappo9tm5t1 & !n sail$ ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! break]s into a bay :i* he suppos$ =m$ ! m\? ( ! riv] ( :i* he 0 9 se>*4 ,he f9ally an*or$1 z he says1 9 a l>ge riv] ( fre% wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,a ,,sc5e ,,on ,,gray',s ,,h>bor1 ,,wa%+ton ,%[+ sawmills & log booms ,lat] ,capta9 ,gray took ! vessel twelve or fifte5 miles up ! riv]1 & w\ld h gone f>!r if he _h n w&]$ into ! wrong *annel4 ,:5 he left ! riv] he nam$ x ! ,columbia 9 honor ( 8 vessel4 ,?us by ! "r ( actual discov]y ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 at la/ able to make good its claim to ! riv]4 ,! ,engli% claim$ t ,gray did n ent] ! riv] itself1 z ! tide sets up _m miles f>!r ?an ! po9t :i* 8 %ip rea*$4 ,!y insi/$ t :at he saw 0 simply a bay4 ,b ! tru? is t ,gray 0 actually 9 ! m\? ( ! riv]4 ,! m]e fact t ! tide ent]s ! l[] portion ( ! riv] makes no diff]5ce4 ,! actual m\? ( ! ,columbia is m>k$ by ! nor? & s\? coa/ l9e4 ,! entrance ( ! tide wat]1 & ! back+ ( ! curr5t = _m miles up /ream1 is ! result ( a rec5t s9k+ ( ! l&4 ,! same features are pres5t$ by ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,if ! ,engli% _h discov]$ & ent]$ ! riv] fir/ x is probable t ?is /ream w\ld h become ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,briti% ,columbia1 9 :i* case ! :ole nor!rn portion ( ! ,oregon t]ritory w\ld h be5 lo/ to u4 ,z x 01 ! ,engli% laid insi/5t claim to ! nor!rn bank ( ! riv] & e/abli%$ trad+ po/s at v>i\s po9ts4 ,! l[e/ ( ^! po/s /ood ^u ! site ( ,=t ,vanc\v]1 a little above ! m\? ( ! ,willamette ,riv]4 ,! fam\s explor+ exp$ition "u ,capta9s ,lewis & ,cl>k w9t]$ at ! m\? ( ! ,columbia 9 #ahjd-ahje1 9 a gr\p ( rude log cab9s kn[n z ,=t ,clatsop4 ,! fir/ settlem5t 9 ! vic9ity 0 made 9 #ahaa1 :5 a fur company organiz$ by ,john ,jacob ,a/or attempt$ to e/abli% a trad+ po/ ^u ! ,columbia4 ,two p>ties 7 s5t out f ,new ,york4 ,"o travell$ by wat] ar\nd ,cape ,horn1 :ile ! o!r1 ) great difficulty1 cross$ ! cont95t by ! way ( ! ,miss\ri1 ,snake1 & ,columbia riv]s4 ,! und]tak+ prov$ unsuccessful1 = aft] ! ,w> ( #ahab began supplies c\ld no long] be s5t safely to ! po/4 ,! ,a/or company f9ally surr5d]$ its e/abli%m5t to an ,engli% company1 & 9 ?is way ! control ( ! riv] 0 transf]r$ to ,engl&4 ,) ! return ( peace ! po/ 0 re/or$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & its location is m>k$ n[ by ! city ( ,a/oria4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,tillamook ,,rock ,ne> ! m\? ( ! ,columbia ,riv] ,:at small ?+s sometimes det]m9e ! tr5d ( great ev5ts6 ,a little m c>e & en]gy on ! "p ( ,vanc\v] or ,me>es w\ld h plac$ ! ,columbia ,riv] 9 ! h&s ( ! ,engli%4 ,! exi/5ce ( an op5 riv] m\? )\t any break+ b> w\ld h br\ght ab\t ! same result4 ,! ,spani>ds came fir/ to ! ,pacific slope1 claim+ ! :ole coa/ z f> nor? z ! ,russian possessions4 ,lat] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by treaty ) ,spa9 & ,russia1 acquir$ a "r to all t portion ( ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica :i* lies betwe5 ,cali=nia & ! ,russian possessions4 ,b because ( ! great] en]gy ( ! ,engli%1 & ! failure ^u ! "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to realize ! value ( ?is va/ region1 a consid]able section 0 aga9 lo/ by ! t]ms ( ! treaty :i* made ! =ty-n9? p>allel ! b\nd>y l9e4 ,! intellig5ce & en]gy ( ,capta9 ,gray alone pres]v$ to u ! ri* l&s ( ,wa%+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,,a/oria1 ,,oregon ,at ! m\? ( ! ,columbia ,riv] ,,! ,,great ,,bas9 ,,& ,,its ,,peculi> ,,lakes ,z our c\ntry 0 sl[ly be+ explor$ & settl$1 "o region 0 br\ght to light :i* ,nature seem$ to h left unf9i%$ & 9 a desolate condition4 ,?is b>r5 /ret* ( c\ntry 0 once m>k$ ^u ! maps z ! ,great ,am]ican ,des]t1 & includ$ a l>ge "p ( ! ext5sive region ly+ betwe5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ^u ! ea/ & ! ,si]ra ,nevada ,m\nta9s ^u ! we/4 ,to ! s\? lay ! ,gr& ,caon ( ! ,colorado1 :ile ^u ! nor? ! b\nd>y 0 =m$ by ! caons ( ! ,snake & ,columbia riv]s4 ,aft] a "t x 0 f\nd t ?is region1 cov]+ ab\t two hundr$ & tw5ty-five ?\s& squ>e miles1 n only 0 extremely dry1 b _h no outlet to ! ocean4 ,a rim ( high] l& all ab\t made ( x s p]fect a bas9 t x became kn[n z ! ,great ,bas94 ,none ( ! wat] t falls ^u ! surface ( ?is bas9 ev] rea*es ! ocean ?r\gh surface /reams4 ,"s ( x soaks into ! rocks1 b ! great] "p is evaporat$ into ! dry air4 ,we h already le>n$ some?+ ab\t ! way 9 :i* ! ridges & holl[s ( ! e>?'s surface are made4 ,we h le>n$ ( ! wr9kl+ ( ! cru/1 ( ! =mation ( fissures1 & ( ! erosive "w ( runn+ wat]4 ,! int]e/+ features ( ! ,great ,bas9 are ma9ly ! result ( two causes3 ! s9k+ ( a portion ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ! lack ( ra9fall4 ,long ago ! ,wasat* ,range ( ea/]n ,utah & ! ,si]ra ,nevadas ( ,cali=nia =m$ p>ts ( a va/ elevat$ plateau4 ,!n !re came a "t :5 ! =ces hold+ up ! plateau 7 relax$1 & z ! weight ( ! plateau press$ x d[n1 ! solid rocks broke into huge fragm5ts4 ,"s ( ! blocks ?us made sank & =m$ valleys2 o!rs 7 tilt$ or pu%$ up & =m$ m\nta9s4 ,?us ! nor? & s\? m\nta9 ranges & valleys ( ! ,great ,bas9 7 born4 ,we mu/ und]/&1 !n1 t ! ,great ,bas9 is n a simple depression ) high] l& all ab\t4 ,! break+ up ( ! surface produc$ _m bas9s1 l>ge & small4 ,"s ( ^! bas9s are six ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea1 o!rs are mu* l[]1 & "o has be5 dropp$ bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 s t if x 7 n = b>ri]s ! wat] w\ld fl[ 94 ,"s ( ! bas9s are rimm$ all ab\t by /eep m\nta9s1 o!rs are s broad & flat t x is difficult to tell t !y really are bas9s4 ,_m ( ! valleys are s connect$ ) "o ano!r t if a heavy ra9fall %\ld ev] occur dra9age sy/ems w\ld be quickly e/abli%$4 ,! ,great ,bas9 n[ appe>s l ! skeleton ( a dri$-up _w2 b if ! climate %\ld *ange & become l t ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ! surface ( ! des]t w\ld und]go a wondr\s trans=mation4 ,! hundr$s ( bas9s1 if f$ by /reams f ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s1 w\ld !n become lakes4 ,! highe/1 ov]fl[+1 w\ld empty into a l[]1 & ?is 9 turn into a /ill l[] bas91 until ! wat] _h accumulat$ 9 va/ inl& seas4 ,^! seas1 ov]fl[+ ! rim ( ! ,great ,bas9 at its l[e/ po9ts1 w\ld s5d riv]s ha/5+ away to ! ocean4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ! ,great ,bas9 %[+ ! location & ext5t ( ! anci5t lake b$s4 ,:at a region ( lakes ?is w\ld be = a "t6 ,!n !y w\ld beg9 to disappe>1 = lakes are %ort-liv$ z comp>$ ) m\nta9s4 ,"s w\ld be fill$ ) clay & gravel br\ght by ! /reams4 ,o!rs w\ld be dra9$ by a cutt+ d[n ( _! outlets4 ,great ,salt ,lake1 :i* is ! only body ( wat] 9 ! ,bas9 t has ev] s5t a /ream to ! ocean1 0 l[]$ f\r hundr$ feet by ! wa%+ away ( ! rock & e>? at its outlet4 ,we "k t ! ra9fall nev] has be5 heavy 9 ?is region s9ce ! ,great ,bas9 0 =m$1 al?\gh at "o "t x 0 suffici5tly great to =m two inl& seas1 "o 9 nor?we/]n ,nevada1 ! o!r 9 ,utah4 ,! *ief reason = ! dryness ( ! ,great ,bas9 is ! pres5ce ( t l(ty b>ri]1 ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9 range1 betwe5 ! ,bas9 & ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! /orms1 :i* usually come f ! ocean1 are int]cept$ by ?is range1 & ! great] portion ( _! moi/ure is tak5 away4 ,! little moi/ure t rema9s falls ^u ! highl&s ( ! ,great ,bas91 & s relieves its surface f utt] b>r5ness4 ,! adjac5t slopes ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ,wasat* ranges furni% num]\s p]5nial /reams :i* fe$ ! lakes ab\t ! bord]s ( ! ,bas91 su* z ,great ,salt ,lake1 ,pyramid1 ,walk]1 ,mono1 ,honey1 & ,ow5s lakes4 ,! wet wea!r /reams1 fl[+ d[n ! des]t m\nta9s = a %ort "t ea* ye>1 frequ5tly =m broad1 %all[ lakes :i* disappe> ) ! com+ ( ! summ] sun4 ,! climate ( ! ,great ,bas9 has *ang$ f "t to "t4 ,dur+ "o p]iod x 0 mu* dri] ?an x is n[1 & ! lakes 7 ne>ly or q dri$ up4 ,x mu/ h be5 a desolate region !n1 %unn$ by animals & =bidd5 to man4 ,dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod1 a few ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! climate 0 moi/] & cool] ?an x is n[4 ,! m\nta9s 7 cov]$ ) deep sn[s1 & glaci]s crept d[n ! slopes ( ! high] peaks4 ,great ,salt ,lake cov]$ all nor?we/]n ,utah2 to ?is =m] body ( wat] ! "n ,bonneville has be5 giv51 9 honor ( a not$ trapp]4 ,pyramid1 ,w9nemucca1 ,c>son1 ,walk]1 & ,honey lakes1 n[ sep>at$ f "o ano!r by sagebru% des]ts1 7 !n unit$ 9 "o great lake1 to :i* ! "n ,lahontan has be5 giv51 9 honor ( an e>ly ,fr5* explor]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,,mono ,,lake1 ,,cali=nia ,lake ,lahontan cov]$ a l>ge portion ( nor?we/]n ,nevada & p5etrat$ into ,cali=nia4 ,x 0 brok5 into long w9d+ arms & bays by v>i\s m\nta9 ranges4 ,! deepe/ portion ( ?is anci5t lake is n[ occupi$ by ,pyramid ,lake1 :i* is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ picturesque ( all ! ,bas9 lakes4 ,fi% c live 9 ! wat]s ( ?is lake1 al?\gh ne>ly all ! o!rs are s salty or s alkal9e t !y support none ( ! ord9>y =ms ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,,r\nd ,,hole1 ,a ,,spr+ ,,9 ,,! ,,smoke ,,creek ,,des]t ,b$ ( old ,lake ,lahontan ,^u ! ,black ,rock ,des]t1 9 nor!rn ,nevada1 !re are l>ge spr+s once cov]$ by ,lake ,lahontan1 9 :i* fi% are f\nd4 ,x is ?\ght t ! ance/ors ( ^! fi% mu/ h be5 left !re at ! "t ( ! dry+ up ( ! wat]4 ,aft] ! ,glacial p]iod ! pres5t arid climate began to prevail 9 ! l&4 ,hundr$s ( ! %all[ lakes :i* _h be5 scatt]$ ov] ?is ext5sive region disappe>$4 ,o!rs conta9$ wat] = only a portion ( ea* ye>4 ,a body ( wat] :i* is n p]man5t1 b comes & goes ) ! seasons1 we call a playa lake4 ,_m ( ^! playa lakes pres5t 9 summ] a h>d1 yell[-clay floor ( _m miles 9 ext5t & entirely free f vegetation4 ,! b$s ( o!rs are cov]$ ) a :iti% cru/1 =m$ ( ! v>i\s salts :i* 7 9 solution 9 ! lake wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,,rog]s ,,lake1 ,,mohave ,,des]t ,a playa lake ,an important feature ( ! lakes ( ! ,great ,bas9 is ! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( su* sub/ances z common salt1 soda1 borax1 & nitre4 ,! ocean is salt because x has no outlet1 :ile ! riv]s ( ! globe are cont9ually br++ into x v>i\s m9]als1 dissolv$ f ! rocks ov] :i* !y fl[4 ,lakes ) outlets are n salty1 because ) a cont9u\s *ange ( ! wat] !re is no opportunity = ! m9]als to accumulate1 al?\gh !y are always pres5t 9 small quantities4 ,any lake :i* does n receive en\gh runn+ wat] to cause x to ov]fl[ ! bord]s ( its bas91 w 9 c\rse ( "t become ri* 9 v>i\s k9ds ( salt4 ,no two ( ! lakes ( ! ,great ,bas9 are alike 9 ! composition ( _! wat]s4 ,?is fact may be due to a diff]5ce 9 ! rocks ab\t ! lake bas91 to ! pres5ce ( v>y+ m9]al spr+s1 or to ! dry+ up ( "o or m ( ! lakes at "s "t s t _! =m] salts 7 buri$ "u s&s & clays :5 ! wat] aga9 fill$ ! bas94 ,great ,salt ,lake conta9s little besides common salt4 ,9 ,mono ,lake1 soda & salt are equally important con/itu5ts1 :ile ,ow5s ,lake conta9s an excess ( soda4 ,9 o!r bas9s borax 0 pres5t 9 su* quantities t :5 ! wat]s dri$ up x =m$ important deposits4 ,! value ( ^! deposits is n[ fully und]/ood1 & _m ent]pris+ companies are at "w sep>at+ & purify+ ! borax4 ,ow5s ,lake 0 once fre%1 al?\gh n[ x is s /rong ) soda t x w\ld de/roy ! sk9 if a ba!r %\ld rema9 9 x v long4 ,! =m] outlet ( ?is lake 0 t[>d ! s\?1 ?r\gh a pass sep>at+ ! ,si]ra ,nevada f ! ,coso ,m\nta9s4 ,= a di/ance ( ?irty miles ! old riv]-b$ has be5 trans=m$ into a wagon road1 & x is int]e/+ to ride all day along ! b$ ( ?is dead riv]1 pa/ bold cliffs aga9/ :i* ! wat]s once surg$ & foam$4 ,! riv] empti$ f> to ! s\?1 into a broad1 %all[ lake ^: =m] b$ is n[ :ite ) soda & borax4 ,! old bea* l9es /& out di/9ctly ^u ! slopes ( ! enclos+ m\nta9s4 ,! lake b$ is n[ ! seat ( an important indu/ry--! ga!r+ ( ! borax & its ref9+4 ,!re are ext5sive build+s at "o spot ^u its bord]1 & m5 come & g across ! bl9d+ :ite surface4 ,a tw5ty-mule team dragg+ ?ree huge wagons creeps sl[ly along ! base ( ! di/ant m\nta9s1 b all t c be di/+ui%$ is a cl\d ( du/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,,freight+ ,,borax ,,across ,,! ,,des]t ,! sl[ crumbl+ ( ! rocks1 & ! sett+ free ( ^? con/itu5ts :i* are soluble1 ! "w ( ! /reams 9 ga!r+ ! rock wa/e into ! lakes1 ! dry air & ! heat ( ! long summ] days1 h all conspir$ toge!r to give u ^! valuable deposits 9 ! dri$-up lakes ( ! ,great ,bas94 ,no portion ( ! e>? seems to be )\t value to man4 ,! great bodies ( wat] are conv5i5t highways4 ,! ri* valleys & timb]$ m\nta9s (f] useful products4 ,ev5 ! des]ts1 :]e liv+ ?+s ( e description f9d ! /ruggle = exi/5ce v h>d1 become indisp5sable4 ,if ! climate 9 ! ,great ,bas9 _h be5 moi/1 ! salts w\ld n h be5 pres]v$1 b w\ld h be5 c>ri$ away to ! ocean1 f :i* only common salt c\ld h be5 recov]$ 9 comm]cial quantities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,,mu%room ,,rock1 ,,pyramid ,,lake ,=m$ ( calc>e\s tufa ,! cross+ ( ! ,great ,bas9 0 dread$ by ! e>ly emigrants on _! way to ! ,pacific coa/4 ,9 _m cases ! locations ( ! few spr+s & wat]-c\rses 7 unkn[n1 & ! j\rney ov] ! va/ b>r5 /ret*es 0 fraught ) dang]4 ,/& ^u a m\nta9 9 ! des]t "s cle> day 9 summ] & y w see range aft] range1 ) int]v5+ s&y wa/es1 /ret*+ away to ! horizon4 ,! air bel[ is tremul\s ) heat1 & e liv+ ?+ t c move has s\ght ! %ade ( "s rock or cliff4 ,! plants seem almo/ dead1 = ! little spr+s1 hidd5 at r>e int]vals 9 ! deep caons1 are ( no use to !m4 ,:at trans=mations w\ld be wr\ght ^u ^! des]t slopes if x 7 possible = ! soil to receive & reta9 l>ge quantities ( wat]6 ,=e/-cov]$ m\nta9s1 gre5 hillsides1 rippl+ /reams1 lakes1 f>ms1 or*>ds1 & t[ns w\ld appe> z if by magic4 ,,fr,,mont',s ,,adv5tures ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,bas9 ,frmont1 ! ,pa?f9d]1 did great] s]vice ?an any o!r man 9 mak+ kn[n ! geographic features ( ! ,cordill]an region4 ,9 ! fif? decade ( ! la/ c5tury1 :ile ,cali=nia /ill belong$ to ,mexico & ! pione]s 7 turn+ _! att5tion to ! ,oregon c\ntry1 ,frmont organiz$ & conduct$ ?ree explor+ exp$itions "u ! direction ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,:5 9 ,cali=nia ^u ! ?ird exp$ition he took "p 9 ! skirmi%es :i* result$ 9 ! transf]5ce ( ?is section to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a f\r? exp$ition1 und]tak5 by ,frmont on 8 own acc\nt1 result$ disa/r\sly4 ,! explor]s fooli%ly tri$ to cross ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ! middle ( w9t]1 b _h to give up ! attempt aft] _m ( ! p>ty _h di$ f cold & />vation4 ,x is h>d = u to realize1 n[1 t only sixty ye>s ago ! t]ritory ly+ betwe5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,pacific coa/ 0 practically unkn[n4 ,try to imag9e ! feel+s ( emigrants1 b\nd = ! gold-fields ( ,cali=nia1 :o h pu%$ into ! ,great ,bas9 )\t kn[+ :]e to look = grass or wat]4 ,!y are camp$ by a spr+ ( alkal9e wat] sc>cely fit to dr9k2 _! we>y animals nibble at ! scanty grass ab\t ! spr+2 f> ahead /ret*es ! pa?less des]t :i* !y mu/ cross2 ^u _! *oice ( a r\te _! v lives w dep5d4 ,n[ x is all *ang$4 ,! :ole region is cross$ & recross$ by wagon roads & railways4 ,_m m9+ t[ns are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! m\nta9s :i* dot ! seem+ly b\ndless expanse ( des]t1 :ile 9 e place :]e wat] c be f\nd !re are g>d5s1 gre5 fields ( alfalfa1 & h]ds ( cattle4 ,be=e ! ye> #ahdj "s k _h be5 acquir$ ( ! bord]s ( ! ,great ,bas94 ,trapp]s & explor]s _h cross$ ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & _h gone d[n ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,!re 7 ,spani% settlem5ts 9 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 & along ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia4 ,frmont's fir/ exp$ition _h tak5 him to ! summit ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 nor?we/]n ,wyom+4 ,9 #ahdc he />t$ ^u ! second exp$ition4 ,he 0 at t "t commission$ to cross ! ,rockies1 desc5d ! ,columbia to ,=t ,vanc\v]1 & return by a r\te f>!r to ! s\?1 across ! unkn[n region betwe5 ! ,columbia & ! ,colorado riv]s4 ,let u foll[ ! little b& ( explor]s l$ by ,capta9 ,frmont z day aft] day !y made _! way across :at 0 !n a trackless wa/e1 & see :at tr\bles !y enc\nt]$ because ( ! inaccuracy ( ! maps ( t p]iod4 ,leav+ ,=t ,vanc\v]1 ^u ! l[] ,columbia1 = ! return trip1 ! p>ty asc5d$ ! riv] to ,! ,dalles & !n turn$ s\?w>d along ! ea/]n side ( ! ,cascade ,range4 ,!y soon ent]$ ^u a region nev] be=e trav]s$ by :ite m54 ,at ! "t :5 autumn 0 giv+ place to w9t]1 )\t reliable guides or maps1 !y 7 to cross ! des]ts ly+ betwe5 !m & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,,map ,,( ,a ,,portion ,,( ,,we/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica1 ,,made ,,9 #ahbf ,%[+ ! ,bu5av5tura ,riv] ,!y met ) no great difficulties until !y _h gone z f> s\? z ,klama? ,lake4 ,f ?is po9t1 ,frmont says1 our c\rse 0 int5d$ to be ab\t s\!a/ to a report$ lake call$ ,m>y's1 at "s days' j\rney 9 ! ,great ,bas91 & !nce1 /ill on s\!a/ to ! reput$ ,bu5av5tura 7good *ance7 ,riv]1 :i* has _h a place on s _m maps1 & c\nt5anc$ ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a great riv] fl[+ f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco4 ,figure #dg %[s "o ( ! maps to :i* ,frmont ref]s4 ,h[ int]e/+ x is6 ,comp>e x ) a good map 9 y\r geography & y w readily see t x is v mislead+4 ,! ,si]ra ,nevada1 "o ( ! greate/ m\nta9 ranges 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h>dly appe>s1 :ile trac$ directly across ! map is ! great ,bu5av5tura ,riv] :i* ,frmont expect$ to f9d & foll[ ea/w>d t[>d its s\rce ne> ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,if ?is riv] _h really be5 :]e x 0 mapp$1 x is likely t ,frmont w\ld h _h no tr\ble1 = if h>d press$ he c\ld h foll[$ ! /ream d[n to ! ocean4 ,b a wall ( sn[-cov]$ m\nta9s ly+ 9 ! way made matt]s v diff]5t4 ,w9t] 0 com+ on :5 ! p>ty ent]$ :at is n[ nor?we/]n ,nevada1 look+ = ! ,bu5av5tura ,riv]4 ,= sev]al weeks !y toil$ on1 (t5 ?r\gh ! sn[4 ,conc]n+ ?is "p ( ! j\rney ,frmont says3 ,we _h rea*$ & run ov] ! position :]e1 accord+ to ! be/ maps 9 my possession1 we %\ld h f\nd ,m>y's lake or riv]4 ,we 7 evid5tly on ! v]ge ( ! des]t1 & ! c\ntry 0 s =bidd+ t we 7 afraid to ent] x4 ,! p>ty !n turn$ s\?1 /ill hop+ t ! riv] might be discov]$4 ,aft] a "t !y came ^u a l>ge lake & travell$ = _m miles along its ea/]n %ore4 ,"o camp 0 made opposite a tall1 pyramid-%ap$ isl&1 ! :ite surface ( :i* made x conspicu\s = a long di/ance4 ,frmont 0 mu* impress$ by ! resemblance ( ! isl& to ! pyramids ( ,egypt & s nam$ ! body ( wat] ,pyramid ,lake4 ,at ! s\!rn end ( ! lake ! travell]s f\nd a l>ge /ream fl[+ into x 7n[ kn[n z ! ,truckee ,riv]71 & foll[$ along its banks = "s di/ance2 b z ! riv] turn$ t[>d ! we/1 !y left x & /ruck out across ! c\ntry4 ,frmont says aga91 ,) e /ream ,i n[ expect$ to see ! great ,bu5av5tura1 & ,c>son 7,kit ,c>son1 ! fam\s sc\t7 hurri$ eag]ly to se>* on e "o we rea*$ = beav] cutt+s1 :i* he always ma9ta9$ we %\ld f9d only on wat]s :i* ran to ! ,pacific4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,,pyramid ,,isl&1 ,,pyramid ,,lake1 ,,nevada ,b all ! /reams fl[$ 9 ! wrong direction1 until at la/ ! explor]s grew we>y ( hunt+ = ! riv] :i* _h no exi/5ce4 ,al?\gh x 0 ! middle ( ! w9t]1 ,frmont det]m9$ to cross ! l(ty ,si]ras :i* rose l a :ite wall to ! we/4 ,once ov] ! m\nta9s1 he hop$ to ga9 ! ,am]ican settlem5ts 9 ! ,sacram5to ,valley1 :]e already ,sutt]'s ,=t _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,! p>ty asc5d$ ,walk] ,riv]1 dragg+1 ) great difficulty1 a h[itz] :i* !y _h br\ght ) !m4 ,! sn[s grew deep] z /orm succe$$ /orm4 ,feel+ t !y 7 really lo/1 ! di%e>t5$ m5 at l5g? ab&on$ ! gun1 at a spot :i* has s9ce be5 nam$ ,lo/ ,caon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,,lo/ ,,ca,,on1 ,,ea/]n ,,slope ,,( ,,! ,,si]ra ,,nevada ,,m\nta9s ,:5 _! own provisions 7 ne>ly gone1 ! p>ty obta9$ "s p9e nuts & also sev]al rabbits f ! ,indians4 ,a dog :i* _h be5 br\ght along made "o good meal = ! wayf>]s4 ,an ,indian :o _h be5 p]suad$ to act z guide po9t$ out ! spot :]e two :ite m51 "o ( :om 0 ,walk]1 a not$ fronti]sman1 _h once cross$ ! m\nta9s2 b ! guide made !m und]/& t x 0 impossible to cross at t "t ( ! ye>1 say+1 9 8 own language1 ,rock ^u rock1 sn[ ^u sn[4 ,al?\gh !y c\ld advance only by break+ pa?s ?r\gh ! sn[1 & 7 r$uc$ to eat+ mule & horse fle%1 yet ! ,frmont p>ty pu%$ on4 ,f9ally !y rea*$ ! summit ( ! m\nta9s & turn$ d[n by ! head ( a /ream fl[+ we/w>d1 :i* prov$ to be ! ,am]ican ,riv]4 ,aft] ?ree weeks m ( t]rible suff]+ !y came out ( ! m\nta9s at ,sutt]'s ,=t1 :]e !y obta9$ supplies & _h an opportunity to re/ & recruit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,,fr,,mont ,,peak1 ,,mohave ,,des]t ,frmont n[ recogniz$ ! incorrectness ( ! maps :i* _h s ne>ly caus$ ! de/ruction ( ! p>ty4 ,z he says 9 8 notes3 ,no riv] f ! int]ior does1 or c1 cross ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 itself m l(ty ?an ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s444 ,!re is no op5+ f ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco into ! int]ior ( ! cont95t4 ,:5 ! return j\rney 0 begun ! p>ty did n recross ! high ,si]ras1 b turn$ s\?w>d ?r\gh ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley & ga9$ ! ,mohave ,des]t by ! way ( ,teha*apai pass4 ,! r\te n[ l$ ea/w>d across ! des]ts & l[ m\nta9 ranges ( ,cali=nia & s\!rn ,nevada1 until at la/ ,great ,salt ,lake 0 rea*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,,sage-,,bru% ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,bas9 ,among ! _m geographical discov]ies ( ! exp$ition 0 ! demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,great ,bas94 ,9 8 report1 ,frmont1 :ile speak+ ( its va/ /]ile valleys & ( ! ,indians :i* inhabit !m1 says3 ,t x is peopl$ we "k1 b mis]ably & sp>sely 444 disp]s$ 9 s+le families 444 eat+ se$s & insects1 digg+ roots 7h5ce _! "n7 ,digg] ,indians1 su* is ! condition ( ! great] "p4 ,o!rs are a degree high] & live 9 communities ^u "s lake or riv] f :i* !y repulse ! mis]able ,digg]s4 ,! rabbit is ! l>ge/ animal kn[n 9 ?is des]t1 its fle% af=ds a little meat4444 ,! wild sage is _! only wood1 & "h x is ( extraord9>y size--sometimes a foot 9 diamet] & six or eight feet high4 ,x s]ves = fuel1 = build+ mat]ial1 = %elt] = ! rabbits1 & = "s sort ( cov]+ = ! feet & legs 9 cold wea!r4 ,b ,i flatt] myself t :at is discov]$1 ?\gh n en\gh to satisfy curiosity1 is suffici5t to excite x1 & t subsequ5t explorations w complete :at has be5 comm5c$4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,great ,,salt ,,lake ,! mo/ int]e/+ geographical feature ( ,utah is ! ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,few t\ri/s n[ cross ! cont95t )\t visit+ ! lake & tak+ a ba? 9 its br9y wat]s4 ,?is /range body ( wat] has1 h[ev]1 be5 sl[ly gr[+ small] = "s ye>s1 & probably w 9 "t disappe>4 ,a /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ! lake may ?r[ "s light ^u ! important "q ( its possible disappe>ance1 & x w c]ta9ly br+ out _m int]e/+ facts4 ,we d n "k ) c]ta9ty :o 0 ! fir/ :ite man to look ^u ?is inl& sea1 al?\gh x is suppos$ to h be5 ,james ,bridg]1 a not$ trapp]1 :o 9 #ahbe foll[$ ,be> ,riv] d[n to its m\?4 ,he ta/$ ! wat] & f\nd x salt1 a fact :i* enc\rag$ him 9 ! belief t he _h f\nd an arm ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago !re 7 vague ideas ab\t a salt lake situat$ some:]e beyond ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,9 #afhi ,b>on ,lahontan publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 travels f ,mack9ac to ! ,mississippi ,riv] & ! region beyond4 ,he /ates t he asc5d$ a we/]ly bran* ( ! riv] = six weeks1 until ! season became too late = f>!r progress4 ,he reports meet+ savages :o said t "o hundr$ & fifty leagues beyond !re 0 a salt lake1 ?ree hundr$ leagues 9 circumf]5ce--its m\? /ret*+ a great way to ! s\?w>d4 ,?is imag9ative /ory ar\s$ int]e/ 9 ! ,we/4 ,9 a book publi%$ 9 #aggb1 devot$ to a description ( ! prov9ce ,la ,l\isiane1 ! possibility ( wat] communication ) ! ,s\? ,sea is discuss$ z foll[s3 ,x w be ( great conv5i5ce to ?is c\ntry1 if ev] x becomes settl$1 t !re is an easy communication !re)1 & ! ,s\? ,sea1 :i* lies betwe5 ,am]ica & ,*9a1 & t two ways3 by ! nor? bran* ( ! great ,yell[ ,riv]1 by ! natives call$ ! riv] ( ! ',massorites' 7,miss\ri71 :i* ha? a c\rse ( five hundr$ miles1 navigable to its head1 or spr+s1 & :i* proce$s f a ridge ( hills some:at nor? ( ,new ,mexico1 passable by horse1 foot1 or wagon1 9 less ?an half a day4 ,on ! o!r side are riv]s :i* run into a great lake t empties itself by ano!r navigable riv] into ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,! same may be said ( ! ,mes*a\ay1 up :i* our p h be51 b n s f> z ! ,b>on ,lahontan1 :o pass$ on x above ?ree hundr$ miles almo/ due we/1 & decl>es x comes f ! same ridge ( hills above m5tion$1 & t div]s riv]s f ! o!r side soon make a l>ge riv]1 :i* ent]s into a va/ lake1 on :i* inhabit two or ?ree great nations1 mu* m popul\s & civiliz$ ?an o!r ,indians2 & out ( t lake a great riv] disembogues into ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,9 #aggf ,fa!r ,escalante travell$ f ,santa ,f f> to ! nor? & we/4 ,he met ,indians :o told him ( a lake ! wat]s ( :i* produc$ a burn+ s5sation :5 plac$ ^u ! sk94 ,?is 0 probably ,great ,salt ,lake1 b x is n ?\ght t he himself ev] saw x4 ,! ,escalante ,des]t1 9 s\!rn ,utah1 once cov]$ by ! wat]s ( ! lake1 is nam$ aft] ?is explor]4 ,no?+ m seems to h be5 le>n$ ( ! lake aft] its discov]y by ,bridg] until 9 #ahcc ,bonneville1 a d>+ lead] among ! trapp]s1 organiz$ a p>ty = its exploration4 ,wa%+ton ,irv+1 9 8 hi/ory ( ,capta9 ,bonneville1 says ( ! p>ty1 ,a des]t surr\nd$ !m & /ret*$ to ! s\?we/ z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*1 rivall+ ! des]ts ( ,asia & ,africa 9 /]ility4 ,!re 0 nei!r tree1 nor h]bage1 nor spr+1 nor pool1 nor runn+ /ream1 no?+ b p>*$ wa/es ( s&1 :]e horse & rid] 7 9 dang] ( p]i%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,,sc5e ,,on ,,great ,,salt ,,lake ,al?\gh decreas+ 9 area s rapidly1 ,great ,salt ,lake is /ill ! l>ge/ body ( wat] 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! l>ge/ salt lake )9 its b\nd>ies4 ,x has a l5g? ( sev5ty miles & a maximum wid? ( ne>ly fifty miles4 ,desolate1 inde$1 mu/ h appe>$ ! surr\nd+s ( ! lake1 ) its salt-incru/$ bord]s1 z ! ,mormon emigrants ga9$ ! summit ( ! ,wasat* ,range & look$ out ov] ! va/ expanse to ! we/4 ,b z ! slopes at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s seem$ capable ( produc+ food = _! support1 !y /opp$ & made _! homes !re4 ,n[ 9 ?is same region1 aft] half a c5tury1 "o c ride = _m miles ?r\gh z beautiful & highly cultivat$ a c\ntry z ! sun ev] look$ d[n ^u4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! b>r5 pla9s 7 brok5 only by m\nta9s almo/ z b>r51 :i* rose f !m l ! isl&s f ! surface ( ! ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,! only pleas+ prospect 0 t[>d ! ea/1 :]e /ood ! /eep & rugg$ ,wasat* ,range1 ) its sn[-capp$ peaks4 ,f its deep caons issu$ l>ge /reams ( pure1 cold wat]1 :i* fl[$ undi/urb$ across ! bru%-cov]$ slopes1 !n unbrok5 by irrigat+ dit*es1 & at la/ 7 lo/ 9 ! salt lake4 ,"o might ?9k t /reams ( wat] app>5tly s pure w\ld at la/ fre%5 ! lake1 b 9 reality !y are c>ry+ along invisible p>ticles ( m9]al matt] :i* add to its saltness day by day4 ,! dry air /eals away ! wat] f ! lake z fa/ z x runs 91 b _c take ! m9]als :i* x holds 9 solution4 ,great ,salt ,lake is /ill consid]$ v l>ge1 b at "o "t x 0 t5 times its pres5t size1 :ile /ill long] ago !re 0 no lake at all4 ,)\t a bas9 !re c be no lake1 & at t f>-away "t1 z we h already le>n$1 ! ,great ,bas9 did n exi/1 & ! /reams1 if !re 7 any1 ran away to ! ocean )\t h9drance4 ,:5 ! ,great ,bas9 0 =m$ by a break+ & b5d+ ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 _m a /ream lo/ its connection ) ! ocean & w5t to "w fill+ up ! small] bas9s1 ?us giv+ rise to ! lakes :i* h already be5 describ$4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! bodies ( wat]1 & 9 "s respects ! mo/ int]e/+1 is ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,,old ,,%ore ,,l9e ,,( ,,lake ,,bonneville ,foot ( ! ,wasat* ,range ,?is lake1 ly+ close to ! l(ty ,wasat* ,range1 receiv$ s mu* wat] f num]\s /reams dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod t x sl[ly spread ov] ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 ov]runn+ ! des]t valleys & mak+ isl&s ( ! scatt]$ m\nta9 ranges4 ,x ext5d$ f nor? to s\? across ,utah1 into s\!rn ,idaho & almo/ to ! ,arizona l9e1 until ?is body ( wat]1 :i* arose f s small beg9n+s1 _h become a v]itable inl& sea1 ?ree hundr$ miles long1 "o hundr$ miles wide1 & "o ?\s& feet deep4 ,by ! "t ! lake _h cov]$ an area ( tw5ty ?\s& squ>e miles ! l[e/ po9t 9 ! rim ( ! bas9 0 rea*$ & ! ov]fl[ began4 ,no map w tell y :]e ! outlet 01 = no riv] exi/s !re n[4 ,if y c\ld explore ! %ore l9es ( ?is anci5t lake1 :i* has be5 call$ ,bonneville aft] ! not$ trapp]1 y w\ld f9d two l[ spots 9 ! m\nta9s :i* hem ! wat]s 91 "o ^u ! s\?1 fac+ ! ,colorado ,riv]1 ! o!r on ! nor? t[>d ! ,snake ,riv]4 ,! "o on ! nor? happ5$ to be a little l[]1 s t ! break occurr$ !re4 ,fir/ z a little1 trickl+ /ream1 !n z a mighty1 surg+ riv]1 ! wat] p\r$ nor?w>d d[n ! valley ( a small /ream1 wid5+ & deep5+ x until1 pass+ ! spot :]e n[ ! t[n ( ,pocatello /&s1 x jo9$ ! ,snake ,riv]4 ,?is old outlet is n[ kn[n z ,r$ ,rock ,pass1 & x =ms an easy r\te = ! ,oregon ,%ort ,l9e f ,salt ,lake ,city to ! pla9s ( s\!rn ,idaho4 ,! old riv]-b$ is m>k$ by m>%es & f]tile f>ms4 ,) an outlet e/abli%$1 ,lake ,bonneville c\ld rise no high]1 & its waves began ! =mation ( a well-def9$ t]race or bea*1 j z waves are sure to d along e %ore4 ,! level ( ! wat] c\ld n rema9 p]man5tly at ! same height1 = ! rocks at ! outlet 7 be+ worn away by ! l>ge volume ( wat] :i* fl[$ ov] !m4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ye>s ! level ( ! lake 0 l[]$ f\r hundr$ feet4 ,! s9k+ 0 n uni=m1 b took place by /ages1 :ile at ea* p]iod ( re/ ! waves made a new bea* l9e4 ,! lake dur+ all ?is "t mu/ h be5 a beautiful %eet ( fre% wat] fill$ ) fi%4 ,its %ores1 also1 mu/ h be5 mu* ri*] 9 vegetation ?an !y are n[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,,r$ ,,rock ,,pass1 ,,s\!rn ,,idaho ,outlet ( ,lake ,bonneville ,! wat] rema9$ = a long "t at ! level ( f\r hundr$ feet bel[ its highe/ /age4 ,?is fact is evid5t f ! wid? ( ! wave-cut t]race1 :i* is ! mo/ prom95t ( all ^? t m>k ! old levels along ! sides ( ! m\nta9s4 ,f9ally1 = "s reason ! climate began to *ange1 ! /reams suppli$ less wat] to ! lake1 & ! evaporation f its surface became great] because ! air 0 dri]4 ,z a result ! lake 0 l[]$ to su* an ext5t t x lo/ its outlet4 ,! mighty riv] fl[+ d[n ?r\gh ,r$ ,rock ,caon grew small] & at la/ dri$ up altoge!r4 ,9 ?is mann] ! lake 0 aga9 cut (f f ! ocean1 z x _h be5 dur+ its e>li] hi/ory4 ,! wat]s /ill cont9u$ to rec$e1 b n at a uni=m rate4 ,dur+ p]iods ( great] ra9 its level rema9$ /ation>y1 s t ! waves add$ new t]races to ^? already =m$4 ,z ! lake _h no outlet & 0 decreas+ 9 volume1 ! wat] became salty1 = ! m9]als br\ght by ! /reams c\ld no long] be c>ri$ away4 ,! fi% ei!r di$ or pass$ up into ! pur] wat]s ( ! infl[+ /reams4 ,! wat] ( ! pres5t lake is s salt t 9 e f\r qu>ts !re is "o qu>t ( salt1 & ! prep>ation ( ?is commodity by a process ( evaporat+ ! wat] 9 ponds has become an important indu/ry4 ,! wat] is ! /ronge/ k9d ( br9e & x is impossible = a ba!r to s9k 9 x4 ,"o floats ab\t ^u x almo/ z lightly z wood does ^u ord9>y wat]4 ,aft] ba?+ x is necess>y to wa% 9 fre% wat] to remove ! salt f ! body4 ,! dry b$ ( ! =m] ,lake ,bonneville /ret*es f> to ! s\? & we/ ( ! pres5t lake1 & =ms "o ( ! mo/ b>r5 & arid regions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is sometimes call$ ! ,great ,am]ican ,des]t4 ,:y is ! lake rec$+ n[8 ,"s p ?9k t ! climate is gr[+ /ill m arid1 & t ! lake w ev5tually disappe>4 ,o!rs ?9k t its %r9kage is ! result ( irrigation1 = a l>ge "p ( ! wat] f ! /reams :i* supply x is n[ tak5 out & turn$ ^u ! l&4 ,!re is /ill ano!r reason :i* may acc\nt = ! l[ wat]4 ,! lake is kn[n to rise & fall dur+ a s]ies ( wet & dry ye>s4 ,:5 fir/ mapp$1 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 x 0 ab\t z l[ z x is n[4 ,!n x gradually rose = a numb] ( ye>s & lately has aga9 be5 fall+4 ,! /ory ( ,great ,salt ,lake has be5 mu* m complicat$ ?an ! /atem5t giv5 above1 b ?is is suffici5t = our purpose4 ,irrigation has made a g>d5 spot ( a l>ge "p ( ! old b$ ( ,lake ,bonneville1 b mu* ( ! beauty & attractiv5ess ( ?is region w\ld be lo/ if ! pres5t lake %\ld give place to a b$ ( gli/5+ salt4 ,let u hope t x w rema9 z x is4 ,,! ,,skagit ,,riv] ,! ,skagit is n "o ( ! great riv]s ( ! _w1 = v little ( its c\rse lies outside ! b\nd>ies ( a s+le /ate4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 none ! less int]e/+4 ,few riv]s ) a l5g? ( only "o hundr$ & fifty miles pres5t s great a v>iety ( in/ructive features4 ,we %all c]ta9ly le>n m f a /udy ( ! ,skagit ?an f _m a bett] kn[n & m pret5ti\s riv]4 ,innum]able torr5ts1 f$ by ! glaci]s ( ! ,cascade ,range1 p\r d[n ! rocky slopes & lose !mselves 9 ! wood$ caons bel[4 ,! caon /reams1 ( mu* great] size1 fl[ less impetu\sly ov] g5tl] slopes1 & are frequ5tly block$ by b\ld]s & logs4 ,^! /reams unite 9 "o broad1 deep riv]1 :i* moves on quietly to its re/+-place 9 ,puget ,s\nd4 ,its "n1 ,skagit1 is ( ,indian orig9 & means wild cat4 ,by foll[+ ! ,skagit ,riv] & a tribut>y /ream1 "o c g f ! b>e & sn[y summit ( ! ,cascade ,range d[n ?r\gh d5se =e/s1 & come out at la/ ^u a magnific5t delta1 :]e a f]tile pla9 is sl[ly b /eadily encroa*+ ^u ! wat]s ( ! s\nd4 ,:at contra/+ sc5es are pres5t$ along ! few %ort miles ( ! c\rse ( ! riv]6 ,a trip f its s\rce to its m\? w be wor? all ! tr\ble x involves1 al?\gh ! trail is (t5 disagreeably wet & sometimes dang]\s4 ,!re is no gr&] sc5]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an t ( ! ,cascade ,range2 nor are !re m d5se =e/s ?an ^? f\nd ^u its we/]n slope4 ,! range is hidd5 9 almo/ p]petual cl\ds & /orms1 & !y are =tunate :o c rea* its summit ^u a pleasant day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,,summit ,,( ,,! ,,cascade ,,range1 ,,ne> ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,! ,,skagit ,,riv] ,! =e/s ( fir & hemlock h ga9$ a foo?old ne>ly to ! summit ( ! range4 ,^u ! little b5*es & 9 ! protect$ nooks ! trees gr[ ?riftily1 & d5se groves are f\nd up to an elevation ( ne>ly five ?\s& feet2 b ^u ! m expos$ & rocky slopes /unt$ trunks %[ ! effect ( a con/ant /ruggle ) ! rocks & w9ds4 ,^u o!r slopes1 too high = ! trees to gr[1 !re are l[ %rubs & arctic mosses2 b above all rise precipit\s crags & peaks1 utt]ly b>e except = ! glaci]s ne/l+ among !m4 ,"u ! %ade ( ! upl& =e/s ! moss is damp & ! wood wet1 s t x is difficult to make a com=table camp or to build a fire4 ,b ^! discom=ts are n wor?y ( consid]ation 9 view ( ! inspiration :i* "o ga9s by ! outlook f "s comm&+ po9t ^u ! summit ( ! m\nta9 range4 ,all ab\t are jagg$1 spl9t]$ peaks4 ,^u e g5tle slope !re re/s1 )9 "s alcove1 a gli/5+ mass ( sn[ & ice4 ,a score ( ^! glaci]s are 9 sight4 ,!y are suppli$ 9 w9t] by ! drift+ sn[s1 & yield 9 summ]1 f _! l[] extremities1 /reams ( ice-cold wat]4 ,a multitude ( /reams raise a g5tle murmur1 brok5 occasionally by a dull ro> z "s glaci]1 9 its sl[ desc5t1 breaks ^u ! edge ( a precipice & its fragm5ts fall into ! caon bel[4 ,f a position ^u ! summit above ! po9t :]e ! ,skagit trail crosses ! m\nta9s may be se5 a little lake1 on ! surface ( :i* rema9s "s ( la/ w9t]'s ice n yet melt$ by ! ,augu/ sun4 ,if ! climate 7 a little cold]1 ! bas9 w\ld be occupi$ by a glaci] in/ead ( a lake4 ,all ab\t ! lake !re are /eep1 rocky slopes1 m or less completely cov]$ ) l[ arctic plants & /unt$1 /orm-beat5 hemlocks4 ,f among ! trees at ! foot ( ! lake rises ! ro( ( a m9]'s log cab91 & a few hundr$ feet beyond a small1 d>k op5+ 9 ! face ( a cliff %[s :]e ! m9] is runn+ a tunnel 9 8 se>* = gold4 ,f> bel[1 & head+ close "u ! %>p cre/ ( ! range1 are d5sely wood$ caons4 ,! fair wea!r is pass+1 & x is necess>y to f9d ! trail & desc5d4 ,cl\ds are sweep+ across ! ridges & peaks1 & soon ! :ole summit w be cov]$ by !m4 ,f a po9t a little ea/ ( ! summit ! cl\ds pres5t a gr& sight at ! ga!r+ ( a /orm4 ,high] & high] !y pile ^u ! ocean face ( ! m\nta9s4 ,at ! bottom !y are d>k & ?reat5+1 b ! ?und]-heads above c be se5 ba!d 9 ! bright sunlight4 ,= a "t ! cl\ds hang ^u ! summit z if /opp$ by "s invisible b>ri]2 p]haps !y are loa? to pass into ! dri] air ( ! ea/]n slope4 ,b f9ally !y move on1 & ra9 or sn[ soon envelops ! :ole l&scape4 ,! trail desc5ds rapidly = f\r ?\s& feet to ,cascade ,riv]1 a tribut>y ( ! ,skagit4 ,x is a /eep & slipp]y way1 & 9 _m places x is n safe to ride ! horses4 ,! sub-arctic climate ( ! summit is left beh9d1 & "o is soon surr\nd$ by d5se & luxuriant vegetation4 ,su* a *ange z ?is1 9 a %ort di/ance1 %[s h[ greatly elevation affects climate & plant gr[?4 ,^u e h& !re is ! s\nd ( ru%+ wat]4 ,f ! cliffs ribbon-l cascades are fall+4 ,! rivulets unite 9 "o /ream1 :i* ro>s & tumbles d[n ! caon ov] logs & b\ld]s4 ,! trail crosses & recrosses ! torr5t until ! wat] becomes too deep = =d+1 & !n x leads "o to a rude bridge made ( two logs ) split planks laid across !m4 ,z ! caon wid5s1 ! trail leads f>!r f ! riv] & ?r\gh d5se =e/s4 ,! woods are s sil5t t !y become oppressive1 & ! air is damp1 = ! sunlight is almo/ exclud$4 ,! tall trees1 fir1 hemlock1 & spruce1 ) n[ & !n a c$>1 /& close toge!r4 ,%rubs ( _m k9ds are cr[d$ among !m1 :ile mosses & f]ns cov] ! gr\nd4 ,! fall5 trunks are wrapp$ 9 moss1 & "y trees are gr[+ ^u !m1 draw+ _! n\ri%m5t f ! decay+ tissues4 ,9 ! m op5 spots gr[ ! salal bu%es ) _! purple b]ries1 ! yell[ salmon b]ries1 & ! blue-black huckleb]ries4 ,x is difficult to get an idea ( ! d5sity ( a ,wa%+ton =e/1 or ( ! "* ( ! /reams1 unless "o has actually tak5 a trip ?r\gh ! region4 ,if "o wi%es to escape ! =e/ by foll[+ ! /reams1 he w f9d ! pa? block$ by fall5 trees4 ,x is necess>y cont9ually to climb ov] or "u ob/ructions1 & ! travell] is =tunate if he does n fall into ! cold wat]4 ,^u ! banks x is ev5 worse2 "o mu/ /ruggle ?r\gh d5se prickly bu%es & f]ns1 & be tripp$ e few rods4 ,?\gh ! =e/ may appe> at fir/ to (f] an easi] way1 x w soon be f\nd t creep+ & crawl+ ?r\gh ! und]gr[? ( bu%es & "y trees is exce$+ly tiresome1 & "o w gladly return to ! muddy trail1 ?ankful = its guidance4 ,! m\nta9s become less precipit\s & ! caon wid5s to a valley1 until at la/ ! trail comes out at a cle>+ :]e ! ,cascade ,riv] jo9s ! ,skagit4 ,at ?is po9t1 kn[n z ,m>ble ,m\nta91 !re is a f]ry1 also a /ore & sev]al o!r build+s4 ,! cle>$ fields seem a relief aft] _m miles ( d5se =e/1 b su* op5+s are infrequ5t1 = few settl]s h yet pu%$ f> into ! =e/s ( ! ,skagit valley4 ,to make a cle>+ ( any size1 te> out ! /umps1 & prep>e ! l& = cultivation1 requires _m ye>s ( h>d labor4 ,h[ sil5tly & yet ) :at mom5tum ! riv] sweeps on6 ,! wat] is cle> 9 summ]1 b 9 w9t] x mu/ be v muddy1 = ! ,skagit is build+ "o ( ! l>ge/ deltas ^u ,puget ,s\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,,skagit ,,riv] ,,9 ,,its ,,middle ,,c\rse ,at ,m>ble ,m\nta9 ! travell] may1 if he wi%es1 leave 8 horses1 hire an ,indian canoe1 & float d[n ! riv] to ! ne>e/ railroad /ation4 ,! ride 9 ! c$> canoe1 ) an ,indian at ! /]n c>efully guid+ x pa/ snags & b\ld]s1 is "o ( ! pleasante/ portions ( ! trip4 ,! w9d+ riv] is foll[$ = ne>ly fifty miles4 ,!re is mile aft] mile ( sil5t =e/1 ! solitude brok5 only "h & !re by camps ( ,indians :o are sp5d+ ! summ] by ! riv]1 fi%+ & pick+ huckleb]ries4 ,n[ & !n a call comes f "o ( ^! camps1 & 9 spite ( ! dang] ( be+ swamp$ by ! swift curr5t1 ! canoe is turn$ t[>d ! %ore1 b ! /op is only = a mom5t4 ,at la/ a new railroad grade comes 9 sight1 ) gangs ( m5 at "w4 ,! valley ( ! ,skagit conta9s "o ( ! f9e/ bodies ( timb] 9 ,wa%+ton1 & ! railroad is be+ built = ! purpose ( rea*+ ?is timb]4 ,!re is little o!r inducem5t = ! build+ ( a railroad2 = beside a few summ] visitors1 ! only inhabitants are ! scatt]$ prospectors & m9]s4 ,we ent] ! tra9 at a little t[n 9 ! woods & are soon spe$+ d[n ! valley t[>d ! m\? ( ! riv]4 ,cle>+s appe> 9 ! =e/1 & at la/ ! view op5s out ov] ext5sive mead[s :i* /ret* away1 almo/ z level z a floor1 to ! wat]s ( ! s\nd4 ,"h & !re ! mead[s are brok5 by =e/ trees or irregul> gr\ps ( f>m build+s4 ,ri* l&s =m ! delta ( ! ,skagit ,riv]4 ,! value ( ^! natural mead[s 0 quickly recogniz$ by ! e>ly settl]s1 = n only 0 ! l& exce$+ly f]tile1 b x did n h to be cle>$ 9 ord] to be trans=m$ into productive gra9-fields4 ,= c5turies1 ev] s9ce ! melt+ ( ! great glaci]s :i* once desc5d$ ! ,cascade ,range & crept d[n ! s\nd1 ! riv] has be5 build+ ?is delta4 ,x grew rapidly1 = imm5se accumulations ( gravels & clays 7 left by ! retreat+ glaci]s4 ,! delta has already spread we/w>d into ! s\nd1 until x has envelop$ "s ( ! small] isl&s4 ,! =e/s gr[+ ^u ^! isl&s1 :i* rise f ! surface ( ! delta pla91 are 9 picturesque contra/ to ! fields dott$ ) /acks ( gra94 ,! delta is n[ practically jo9$ to ! ea/]n side ( ! ,san ,juan ,isl&s4 ,! railroad rea*es ! isl&s by means ( a tre/le across ! int]v5+ tidal flats1 deliv]+ its load ( logs at ! mills & leav+ ! pass5g]s at ! t[n ( ,anacortes1 :]e !y may take "o ( ! _m /eam]s pass+ up & d[n ! s\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,,! ,,delta ,,( ,,! ,,skagit ,,riv] ,envelop+ =m] isl&s 9 ,puget ,s\nd ,( all ! deltas n[ =m+ ab\t ,puget ,s\nd t ( ! ,skagit is ! l>ge/ & mo/ int]e/+4 ,"o might ?9k t ! =e/s w\ld s protect ! slopes t erosion w\ld n be rapid1 b ! valleys ( all ! tribut>y /reams appe> deeply fill$ ) rock fragm5ts1 :i* h1 = ! mo/ "p1 accumulat$ f ! high] portions ( ! range1 :]e fro/ & ice are sl[ly te>+ d[n ! cliffs4 ,at ea* p]iod ( flood "s ( ?is mat]ial is pass$ on to ! riv]1 :i* 9 turn drops x ^u ! bord]s ( its delta4 ,! ,skagit ,riv]1 f its s\rce to its m\?1 takes ! travell] ?r\gh v>y+ climates & life zones1 f ! b>r5 cre/ :]e ! m9] is ! only inhabitant1 d[n ?r\gh =e/s :]e ! lumb]man is busy1 until x leaves him ^u ! ri* mead[s ( its delta4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,lake ,,*elan ,*elan is ! l>ge/ & mo/ beautiful ( our m\nta9 lakes4 ,! lake itself is mo/ attractive1 & ! bas9 9 :i* x lies has _h an int]e/+ hi/ory1 s t x is well wor? /udy4 ,not)/&+ ! beauties ( ?is lake1 x is n widely kn[n1 = x is situat$ f> away f ! ma9 l9es ( travel1 9 a remote caon ( ! ,cascade ,range4 ,=tunately ! lake & ! rugg$ m\nta9s ab\t x h be5 includ$ 9 a =e/ res]ve1 s t !y w be kept 9 all _! wild natural beauty4 ,! ,columbia ,riv]1 9 its crook$ c\rse across ! /ate ( ,wa%+ton1 foll[s = "s di/ance ! junction ( ! va/ treeless plateau ( ! c5tral portion & ! rugg$1 =e/-clad slopes ( ! ,cascade ,range4 ,we h already le>n$ h[ ! plateau grew to its pres5t ext5t ?r\gh ! outp\r+ ( successive floods ( lava :i* swept ar\nd ! high] m\nta9s l an ocean4 ,_m caons furr[ ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,cascade ,range1 & t]m9ate 9 ! great] caon ( ! ,columbia at ! edge ( ! lava4 ,"o ( ^! caons1 deep] & long] ?an ! re/1 has be5 block$ by a dam at its l[] end4 ,beautiful ,lake ,*elan lies 9 ! bas9 ?us =m$4 ,x beg9s only ?ree miles f ! ,columbia ,riv]1 b w9ds = sixty miles among ! rugg$ & /eep-wall$ m\nta9s1 t]m9at+ almo/ 9 ! he>t ( ! range4 ,! lake c be rea*$ ei!r by cross+ ! m\nta9s f ,puget ,s\nd1 ov] a wet & difficult trail1 or by asc5d+ ! ,columbia ,riv] f ,w5a*e1 ! ne>e/ railroad /ation4 ,! trip c be made f ! latt] po9t ei!r ^u ! /age or riv] /eam]4 ,! wagon road is v picturesque1 w9d+ n[ "u l(ty cliffs ) ! riv] surg+ bel[1 n[ along ! occasional pat*es ( bottom l& :]e 9 ,july ! or*>ds are load$ ) fruit4 ,! fir/ sight ( ,lake ,*elan is disappo9t+1 = at ! l[] end1 :]e ! wagon road /ops1 !re is little to sugge/ ! rem>kable sc5]y f>!r back 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,roll+ hills1 cov]$ ) grass & scatt]$ p9e trees1 slope d[n to ! lake1 :ile "h & !re f>mh\ses appe>4 ,"o _c help ask+ at ! fir/ view :at !re is ab\t ,lake ,*elan :i* has made x1 next to ,crat] ,lake1 ! mo/ not$ body ( wat] ^u ! ,pacific slope ( ! cont95t4 ,b wait a little4 ,ei!r hire a r[boat & prep>e ) blankets & provisions = a camp+ trip ab\t ! %ores2 or if ! "t is too %ort = c>ry+ out t plan1 take ! little /eam] :i* makes tri-weekly trips to ! hotel at ! head ( ! lake4 ,long be=e y rea* ! upp] end y w beg9 to appreciate ! gr&eur ( ! lake sc5]y 9 its sett+ ( /eep-wall$ m\nta9s4 ,little ( ,lake ,*elan c be se5 at "o "t1 = its c\rse among ! m\nta9s to ! we/ is a v crook$ "o4 ,! noisy /eam] leaves ! t[n at ! foot ( ! lake & 9 ! c\rse ( t5 miles /eep] slopes beg9 to close 9 ^u u4 ,_m little homes are scatt]$ along ?is portion ( ! lake1 :]ev] !re is a bit ( l& level en\gh to raise fruit & vegetables4 ,n[ ! m\nta9s become m rugg$ & rise m /eeply f ! wat]'s edge4 ,! /eam] is v sl[2 x takes all day to make ! sixty miles1 b no "o is sorry4 ,occasionally ! :i/le is s\nd$ & ! boat heads 9 t[>d ! l&1 :]e "s camp+ p>ty is on ! look\t = mail or a supply ( provisions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,,look+ ,,d[n ,,on ,,lake ,,*elan ,! lake av]ages less ?an two miles 9 wid?1 & seems all ! n>r[] = be+ %ut 9 betwe5 gigantic m\nta9s4 ,= "s miles we pass "u ! precipit\s cliffs ( ,goat ,m\nta91 :]e =m]ly num]\s h]ds ( m\nta9 goats f\nd pa/urage4 ,at e b5d 9 ! lake ! views become m gr& & inspir+4 ,"h is a da%+ /ream1 ro>+ 9 a mad tumble ov] ! b\ld]s into ! quiet lake--a /ream :i* has its s\rce p]haps a mile above1 9 "s sn[-bank hidd5 f sight by ! /eep1 rocky walls4 ,next a wat]fall comes into view1 p\r+ ov] a v]tical cliff into ! lake4 ,occasionally sn[-clad peaks appe>1 b only to disappe> aga9 beh9d ! ne> m\nta9s4 ,:at pleasant spots we notice = camp+ by ! ice-cold /reams6 ,!y are full ( brook tr\t1 :ile l>g] fi% are to be f\nd 9 ! lake4 ,at ! head ( ?is body ( wat] !re is a little hotel = ! accommodation ( visitors1 & ! ,/ehek9 ,riv]1 :i* is /eadily at "w fill+ up ! lake1 hurries pa/ its doors4 ,s9ce ! melt+ ( ! glaci] :i* once fill$ ! caon1 ! riv] has built a delta fully half a mile out into ! wat]4 ,! lake has ! appe>ance ( fill+ an old riv] valley or caon4 ,p]haps ! latt] is ! bett] "n because ! b$ is s n>r[ & deep4 ,?is caon w9ds among ! m\nta9s j l o!r caons 9 :i* riv]s are fl[+1 b x has no outlet at ! pres5t "t4 ,9 "s way a dam has be5 =m$1 & ! caon1 fill+ ) wat] to ! top ( ! dam1 has become a lake4 ,s\nd+s h %[n t ! wat] is f\rte5 hundr$ feet deep2 t is1 a little m ?an a qu>t] ( a mile4 ,) ! exception ( ,crat] ,lake1 9 ,oregon1 ?is is ! deepe/ body ( wat] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is also int]e/+ to note t ! bottom ( ! lake is fully ?ree hundr$ feet bel[ ! level ( ! ocean4 ,h[ c\ld a riv] cut a *annel = itself s f> bel[ ! ocean level8 ,riv]s _c d "w ( ?is k9d unless !y h a swift curr5t2 moreov]1 z !y empty into ! ocean1 _! b$s mu/ be above sea level4 ,"s p ?9k t ! great glaci]1 :i* c]ta9ly at "s "t occupi$ ! depression 9 :i* ! lake lies1 dug out ! caon4 ,?is glaci] 0 ov] ?ree ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness1 = ! rocks are groov$ & poli%$ to a height ( ne>ly two ?\s& feet above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 improbable t ! glaci] did any?+ m ?an deep5 & wid5 ! caon some:at4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly made1 z we at fir/ suppos$1 by a riv] :i* fl[$ ?r\gh x at "s remote p]iod4 ,at t "t ! l& ( our ,pacific coa/ mu/ h /ood _m hundr$ feet high] ?an x does n[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,,goat ,,m\nta91 ,,nor? ,,%ore ,,( ,,lake ,,*elan ,! surface ( ,lake ,*elan is a little m ?an ?ree hundr$ feet above ! b$ ( ! ,columbia ,riv]1 :i* fl[s ?r\gh a deep caon only ?ree miles di/ant4 ,if we c\ld remove ! dam ( glacial b\ld]s & gravel at ! l[] end ( ! lake1 ! wat] w\ld be l[]$ only ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,! lake w\ld n be dra9$1 = x is v mu* deep]4 ,n[ "h is ano!r puzzle = u3 ! bottom ( ! lake is m ?an "o ?\s& feet bel[ ! level ( ! ,columbia4 ,we %all h to g /ill f>!r back into ! pa/ to get a satisfactory explanation ?is "t4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ago !re 0 no plateau fill+ c5tral ,wa%+ton1 & no ,columbia ,riv] cross+ x4 ,! ,cascade ,range /ood :]e we see x to-day1 & ! region ( ! plateau 0 a broad valley1 t[>d :i* fl[$ ! /reams t _h already cut caons ^u ! ea/]n side ( ! range4 ,^! /reams probably unit$ 9 a riv] empty+ we/w>d into ! ,pacific by a c\rse n[ unkn[n4 ,! %ores ( ! ocean 7 f>!r we/ ?an at pres5t1 = ! l& /ood high]4 ,! caon ( ,lake ,*elan 0 made by a riv] ( ?is p]iod1 :i* ?r\gh _m long ye>s gradually deep5$ & enl>g$ its *annel4 ,! riv] work$ j z we see riv]s work+ at ! pres5t "t1 = ?r\gh\t all ! hi/ory ( ! e>? riv]s h n *ang$ _! habits4 ,!n came ! long p]iod ( volcanic eruptions4 ,our ,nor?we/ 0 flood$ by fi]y lava1 :i* built up ! ,columbia plateau & buri$ "u ?\s&s ( feet ( rock ! old riv] valley into :i* ! caon ( ,*elan empti$4 ,!n /reams ( wat] began to fl[ ov] ! plateau f ! high] m\nta9s above ! rea* ( ! lava4 ,^! /reams =m$ ! ,columbia ,riv]1 :i* s\ght ! easie/ way to ! sea1 & f9ally excavat$ a caon = hundr$s ( miles4 ,9 a portion ( its c\rse ! riv] came close to ! edge ( ! ,cascade ,range4 ,! anci5t caon ( ,lake ,*elan _h be5 damm$ up by ! lava1 & a lake occupi$ a portion ( ! =m] b$ ( ! riv]4 ,! ,columbia c\ld n cut its *annel deep en\gh to dra9 ! lake1 & !re x rema9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,,look+ ,,d[n ,,lake ,,*elan ,,f ,,! ,,upp] ,,end ,!n ano!r *ange came3 ! climate grew cold & heavy sn[s ga!r$ ^u ! ,cascade ,range4 ,! sn[ did n all melt dur+ ! summ]s1 b w5t on increas+ f ye> to ye>4 ,! masses ( sn[ mov$ gradually d[n ! m\nta9 slopes1 gr[+ m & m icy until !y became true glaci]s4 ,9 ?is mann] x came ab\t t a riv] ( ice occupi$ ! caon 9 :i* ! old lake lay1 &1 displac+ its wat]s1 scrap$ & gr\nd out ! bottom & sides4 ,! mov+ ice deposit$ ! wa/e mat]ial at ! l[] end ( ! caon1 :]e x jo9$ ! ,columbia ,riv]1 ! caon ( :i* 0 also occupi$ by a glaci] com+ f f>!r nor?4 ,:5 ! glaci] began to retreat up ! ,*elan caon1 x left a great mass ( rock dbris1 =m+ a dam betwe5 its bas9 & ! ,columbia4 ,aft] ! ice _h disappe>$1 wat] collect$ 9 ! caon above ! dam1 & ! n>r[1 deep lake 0 =m$1 enclos$ )9 granite walls4 ,z ! sn[s melt$1 =e/s spread ov] ! m\nta9s1 ! be>1 de]1 & m\nta9 goats came back aga91 :ile ! /reams1 br++ d[n e>? & rocks1 began _! "w ( fill+ up ! lake4 ,?is task !y w succe$ 9 accompli%+ "s day unless some?+ un=ese5 happ5s to prev5t4 ,a valley1 compos$ p>tly ( mead[ & p>tly ( b\ld]-cov]$ slopes1 w !n h tak5 ! place ( ! lake4 ,,! ,,native ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,pacific ,,slope ,! explor]s & e>ly settl]s f\nd a native race occupy+ ne>ly e portion ( our cont95t4 ,^! p _h _m *>act]i/ics 9 common & 7 all call$ ,indians4 ,x is believ$ t !y came orig9ally f ,asia1 b _! migration & scatt]+ occurr$ s long ago t !y h become divid$ into _m gr\ps1 ea* hav+ its own language & cu/oms4 ,9 ! we/]n portion ( ! c\ntry1 :]e ! surface is brok5 by num]\s b>ri]s1 su* z m\nta9s & des]ts1 almo/ e valley 0 f\nd to be occupi$ by a di/9ct gr\p ( ,indians call$ a tribe4 ,! language ( ea* tribe diff]$ s mu* f ! languages ( adjo9+ tribes t !y c\ld ) difficulty und]/& "o ano!r4 ,^! tribes 7 almo/ cont9ually at w>4 ,! ,indians ^u ! ,pacific slope 7 g5]ally f\nd to be inf]ior 9 mo/ respects to ^? liv+ 9 ! c5tral & ea/]n portions ( ! cont95t4 ,"o might suppose t ! tribes possess+ ! fair & f]tile valleys ( ,cali=nia w\ld be ! mo/ advanc$ 9 civilization1 b su* 0 n ! case4 ,_m ( !m 7 among ! mo/ degrad$ ^u ! cont95t4 ,!y seem$ unable to adapt !mselves to ! :ite man & 8 ways1 & 9 ! old] settl$ di/ricts !y h n[ ne>ly disappe>$4 ,9 ! new] portions ( ! ,nor?we/ & along ! coa/ t[>d ,alaska ! ,indians h n yet come into s direct contact ) ! :ite m51 & rema9 m ne>ly 9 _! primitive condition4 ,:5 ! ,indians ( c5tral ,cali=nia 7 fir/ se51 !y wore b little clo?+1 & knew h[ to con/ruct only ! simple/ dwell+s = protection f ! wea!r4 ,!y did n cultivate ! soil1 nor did !y hunt a great deal1 al?\gh ! c\ntry ab\nd$ ) game4 ,along ! l>g] /reams fi% 0 an important article ( food1 b 9 o!r places1 acorns1 p9e nuts1 & roots con/itut$ ! ma9 supplies4 ,! acorns 7 gr\nd 9 /one mort>s & made into s\p or into a k9d ( bread4 ,^! ,indians h (t5 be5 call$ ,digg]s because !y dep5d$ s l>gely = _! liv+ ^u ! roots :i* !y dug4 ,x w\ld seem natural t ab\t ,san ,francisco ,bay ! natives %\ld h us$ canoes1 b1 accord+ to e>ly travell]s1 !y _h none4 ,:5 !y wi%$ to g out ^u ! wat] !y built rafts ( bundles ( ru%es or tules ti$ toge!r4 ,at favorable po9ts along ! %ore ! ,indians collect$ = _! fea/s1 & ^! spots are n[ indicat$ by heaps ( %ells1 9 "s places =m+ m\nds ( consid]able size4 ,_m int]e/+ implem5ts h be5 dug f ^! m\nds1 or kit*5 midd5s z !y are sometimes call$4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ! sites ( ! villages are m>k$ by *ips ( obsidian 7a volcanic glass us$ 9 mak+ arr[-tips7 & by holes 9 ! flat surfaces ( granitic rocks ne> "s spr+ or /ream4 ,^! holes 7 made = ! purpose ( gr9d+ acorns or nuts4 ,_m ( ! ,indian tribes develop$ great skill 9 ! weav+ ( baskets1 :i* !y us$ = _m diff]5t purposes4 ,! baskets are /ill made 9 "s places1 & are mu* s\ght aft] because ( _! beauty4 ,! ,indians ( nor!rn ,cali=nia 9 build+ _! homes dug r\nd1 %all[ holes1 ov] :i* poles 7 b5t 9 ! =m ( a half-circle1 & !n ti$ toge!r at ! top4 ,b>k 0 laid ^u ! outside1 & e>? 0 ?r[n ov] ! :ole /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,,holes ,,9 ,,rock1 ,,made ,,= ,,gr9d+ ,,food ,sweat h\ses 7 built 9 mu* ! same mann]1 & 7 us$ *iefly dur+ ! w9t]4 ,:5 an ,indian wi%$ to take a sweat1 hot /ones 7 plac$ 9 "o ( ^! h\ses1 & aft] he _h ent]$ & all op5+s 7 clos$1 he p\r$ wat] ^u ! /ones until ! room 0 fill$ ) /eam4 ,aft] endur+ ?is process z long z he desir$1 ! ,indian came out & plung$ into ! cold wat] ( a ne>-by /ream4 ,z may be imag9$1 su* a ba? (t5 result$ disa/r\sly to ! weak or sick4 ,! fact t ! ,cali=nia ,indians c\ld support !mselves )\t any great ex]tion und\bt$ly _h ! effect ( mak+ !m indol5t1 :ile 9 ! des]t regions ( ! ,great ,bas9 ! /ruggle = some?+ to eat 0 s sev]e t x kept ! natives 9 a degrad$ condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,,cali=nia ,,indian ,,basket ,! ,indians ( ! ,columbia bas9 built bett] h\ses ?an ^? f>!r s\?4 ,:]e wood 0 abundant _! homes 7 simil> 9 "s respects to ^? ( ! coa/ ,indians nor? ( ! m\? ( ! ,columbia4 ,fi% 0 _! ma9 article ( diet4 ,at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 :5 salmon 7 pl5tiful1 ea* tribe or gr\p ( ,indians e/abli%$ its camp ne> "o ( ! _m rapids & wat]falls along ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ! salmon 7 caught by ! use ( traps4 ,aft] be+ p>tly dri$ !y 7 pack$ 9 bales = w9t] use4 ,! fi% ?us prep>$ 7 consid]$ v valuable & =m$ an article ( trade ) ! tribes liv+ f>!r f ! riv]4 ,! ,indians inhabit+ ! coa/ nor?w>d f ! m\? ( ! ,columbia 7 diff]5t 9 _m respects f ^? f>!r s\? or inl&4 ,!y built bett] homes1 took m pa9s ) _! clo?+1 7 skill$ 9 ! mak+ ( canoes1 & %[$ m>k$ ability 9 navigat+ ! /ormy wat]s ( ! *annels & s\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--;,,hesquiat ,,indian ,,village ,nootka ,s\nd1 ,vanc\v] ,isl& ,! ,vanc\v] ,isl& ,indians are call$ ,nootkas1 f ! "n ( an important tribe ^u ! we/ coa/4 ,^? ( ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s1 /ill f>!r nor?1 are kn[n z ,haidas4 ,^! two gr\ps are v simil>4 ,!y live ^u ! %ores ( d5sely wood$1 m\nta9\s l&s & travel little except by wat]4 ,"s ( ! canoes :i* ^! tribes con/ruct are ov] fifty feet long & w easily c>ry f fifty to "o hundr$ p]sons4 ,su* a canoe is hewn out ( a s+le c$> log1 & pres5ts a v graceful appe>ance ) its upw>d-curv+ b[4 ,9 ^! boats ! ,indians take trips ( hundr$s ( miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--;,,fla!ad ,,indian ,,woman1 ,,vanc\v] ,,isl& ,a ride 9 "o ( ! l>ge canoes is an int]e/+ exp]i5ce4 ,:5 a p>ty />ts out to visit ! neighbor+ villages1 c>ry+ invitations to a fe/ival1 ! m5 are gayly dress$1 & %\t & s+ 9 unison z !y ply _! paddles4 ,! great canoe jumps up & onw>d l a liv+ ?+ at e /roke ( ! paddles1 :i* are dipp$ into ! wat] all at once z ! r[]s keep "t to _! songs4 ,b ?is en?usiasm quickly disappe>s if a head w9d comes up1 & ! p>ty goes a%ore to wait = ! breeze to turn 9 a m favorable direction4 ,^! ,indians1 z might be suppos$1 live l>gely ^u fi%4 ,b]ries are abundant dur+ ! summ] & are also mu* us$ = food4 ,! clo?+ ( ! ,indians 0 orig9ally a sort ( blanket made ( ! wov5 fibres ( c$> b>k1 or m r>ely1 ( ! sk9s ( animals1 al?\gh among ! nor!rn tribes sk9s 7 us$ almo/ exclusively4 ,matt+ made ( ! c$> b>k is /ill 9 common use 9 _! h\ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--;,,indian ,,h\ses1 ,,=t ,,rup]t1 ,,vanc\v] ,,isl& ,among ! ,vanc\v] ,isl& ,indians1 a few h peculi>ly flatt5$ =eheads 7,fig4 #fd74 ,?is de=mity is produc$ by b9d+ a piece ( bo>d ^u ! =ehead 9 babyhood & leav+ x !re :ile ! head is gr[+4 ,! villages are locat$ 9 "s protect$ spot :]e ! canoes c lie 9 safety4 ,! build+s are /rung along ! %ore close "u ! edge ( ! ?ick =e/ & j above ! rea* ( ! waves at high tide4 ,!y are v solidly con/ruct$1 = ^! ,indians d n move ab\t z mu* z ^? f>!r s\? :]e ! =e/s are less d5se4 ,figure #fe %[s ! framework ( a p>tially built h\se1 :ile ano!r /&s at "o side complet$4 ,l>ge po/s are set 9 ! gr\nd at ! corn]s & ends ( ! build+2 cross logs are !n plac$ ^u ! middle po/s1 & ^u ^! a huge log is plac$ = a ridge-pole4 ,?is is sometimes two feet 9 diamet] & f sixty to eighty feet long4 ,x mu/ require ! unit$ /r5g? ( _m m5 to roll su* a log into position4 ,^u ! framework ?us con/ruct$ split c$> bo>ds are fa/5$1 & ! build+ is practically f9i%$4 ,su* a h\se is usually occupi$ by a numb] ( families4 ,^u ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s !re is a dwell+ ( ?is k9d l>ge en\gh to hold sev5 hundr$ ,indians4 ,! fronts ( ! h\ses are ornam5t$ ) figures hewn out ( wood4 ,^! repres5t m51 birds & animals & h a religi\s significance4 ,sometimes ^! figures are m\nt$ ^u ! tops ( tall poles4 ,! totem pole is a mo/ int]e/+ affair4 ,figure #ff repres5ts ! pole at ,al]t ,bay1 ea/ ( ,vanc\v] ,isl&4 ,x is "o ( ! f9e/ ^u ! nor? coa/4 ,! figures ( animals & birds c>v$ ^u x repres5t ! my?ological ance/ors ( ! family or clan 9 front ( ^: abode ! pole /&s4 ,! ,indians (t5 hunt simil> animals to-day1 b believe t _! ance/ors _h sup]natural p[] :i* rais$ !m above ! ord9>y creatures4 ,! ,*9ook ,indians live ^u ! l[] ,columbia4 ,! "n *9ook has be5 giv5 to a w>m1 dry w9d :i* bl[s d[n ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & out ^u ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,?is w9d is s nam$ because x bl[s f ! direction ( ! ,*9ook ,indians' c\ntry4 ,! ,*9ook j>gon is a /range sort ( mix$ language ) :i* ne>ly all ! tribes ( ! ,nor?we/ are famili>4 ,x is =m$ ( words f ! ,*9ook language1 toge!r ) o!rs f diff]5t ,indian languages1 ,fr5*-,canadian1 & ,engli%4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! trapp]s & trad]s ! ,*9ook has come into wide use1 s t by means ( x conv]sation c be c>ri$ on ) tribes speak+ diff]5t languages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,,totem ,,pole ,al]t ,bay1 ,briti% ,columbia ,al?\gh !re are s _m diff]5t tribes1 ) great div]sities ( language1 ?r\gh\t ! ,we/1 !y 7 probably all d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,z we g nor? ! simil>ity betwe5 ! coa/ ,indians & ! inhabitants ( ea/]n ,asia becomes m noticeable4 ,x seems almo/ c]ta9 t ^! ,am]ican ,indians orig9ally came across ! n>r[ /rip ( wat] sep>at+ ,asia f ,am]ica4 ,we d n "k h[ long ! ,indians h occupi$ our c\ntry1 b x has probably be5 sev]al ?\s& ye>s4 ,"s ( ! ma9 gr\ps h und\bt$ly be5 "h long] ?an o!rs4 ,unless we protect ! ,indians & p]mit !m s f> z possible to lead _! own natural lives1 mo/ ( !m w soon disappe>4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,lewis ,,& ,,cl>k ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury x appe>$ likely t ,france w\ld be=e long control ! nor!rn & int]ior portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,la ,salle discov]$ ! ,ohio ,riv]1 trav]s$ ! ,great ,lakes1 & desc5d$ ! ,mississippi ,riv] to its m\?4 ,9 #agdb o!r ,fr5* explor]s pu%$ we/ f ! ,great ,lakes & sight$ ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,b :5 ! ,engli% triumph$ at ,quebec1 ,france gave up to !m all ( h] possessions ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 & c$$ ! prov9ce ( ,l\isiana to ! ,spani%4 ,?is prov9ce 0 v mu* l>g] ?an ! /ate :i* n[ be>s ! "n4 ,b\nd$ by ! ,mississippi ,riv] ^u ! ea/1 & ! ,spani% possessions ^u ! s\?we/1 x /ret*$ nor? & we/ ) v indef9ite b\nd>ies1 al?\gh 9 ! latt] direction x 0 suppos$ to be limit$ by ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,at "o "t ,napoleon dream$ ( f\nd+ a great colony 9 ,am]ica1 & induc$ ,spa9 to c$e ,l\isiana back to ! ,fr5*2 b be+ unable to c>ry out 8 plans1 he made a proposition to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to take ?is t]ritory4 ,8 (f] 0 accept$1 & 9 #ahjc1 dur+ ! presid5cy ( ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ! va/ prov9ce 0 tak5 into ! ,union4 ,x 0 imm$iately evid5t t m def9ite k %\ld be acquir$ conc]n+ ! great region beyond ! ,mississippi1 p>ticul>ly ! portion ab\t ! head ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,! unkn[n region ly+ betwe5 ! s\rce ( ?is riv] & ! ,pacific %\ld also be explor$1 = ,capta9 ,gray's discov]y ( ! ,columbia ,riv] gave to ! ,unit$ ,/ates a claim ^u ?is "p ( ! cont95t :i* mu/ be ma9ta9$4 ,if some?+ 7 n done soon1 ! t]ritory w\ld be occupi$ by ! ,engli% fur companies4 ,two "y m51 ,capta9s ,lewis & ,cl>k1 7 *os5 to lead an exp$ition into ! ,nor?we/1 :i* prov$ to be "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ :ite m5 to cross ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & to trav]se ! cont95t f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific )9 ! pres5t b\nd>ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,h[ int]e/+ x mu/ h be5 to pu% into ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 beyond ! f>!/ po9t previ\sly rea*$ by :ite m52 to see ,nature 9 h] wild /ate1 to note ! new plants & animals1 & to /udy ! ,indians be=e _! contact ) ,europeans _h *ang$ _! cu/oms6 ,lewis & ,cl>k 7 p>ticul>ly in/ruct$ to inve/igate ! s\rces ( ! ,miss\ri1 to le>n h[ ! cont95tal divide c\ld be cross$1 & to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! /reams :i* fl[$ we/w>d to ! ,pacific4 ,!y 7 also to /udy ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 & to exam9e into ! "* & cu/oms ( all ! ,indian tribes t !y %\ld meet4 ,! />t 0 made f ,/4 ,l\is 9 ,may1 #ahjd1 ) two l>ge r[boats & "o sail-boat4 ,! latt] 0 to return ) news ( ! p>ty :5 ! f>!/ outpo/ ^u ! ,miss\ri 0 rea*$4 ,?r\gh ! summ] mon?s & late into ! fall ! boats toil$ up ! riv] aga9/ ! swift curr5t1 f9ally rea*+ a village ( ! ,m&an ,indians 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ,nor? ,dakota1 :]e ! explor]s sp5t ! w9t]4 ,?us f> !y 7 9 a region frequ5tly visit$ by ! trad]s & trapp]s f ,/4 ,l\is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,,! ,,great ,,falls ,,( ,,! ,,miss\ri ,9 ! spr+ !y pu%$ on aga9 9 canoes1 at l5g? ent]+ an unkn[n region4 ,! ,miss\ri =k$ s frequ5tly t x 0 (t5 difficult to det]m9e :i* 0 ! ma9 /ream4 ,to ! surprise ( ! travell]s1 ! c\ntry appe>$ to be un9habit$1 s t !y c\ld get no assi/ance f ! ,indians4 ,only a small /ock ( provisions rema9$1 & z ! p>ty numb]$ ab\t ?irty1 x 0 necess>y to keep hunt]s out 9 advance all ! "t4 ,z we are c>ri$ swiftly ?r\gh ?is region to-day 9 ! c>s1 no signs ( wild creatures are to be se51 & x is difficult = u to believe t game 0 once abundant4 ,! n>rative ( ! exp$ition ab\nds ) descriptions ( v>i\s l>ge animals :i* ! explor]s met 9 h]ds1 su* z de]1 antelope1 buffalo1 be>s1 & wolves4 ,! be>s1 bo? :ite & br[n1 7 v num]\s & bold4 ,! :ite be>s 9 p>ticul> 7 s f]oci\s t ! hunt]s _h _m s]i\s enc\nt]s ) !m4 ,!y w\ld sometimes ent] ! camp at night1 & at "o "t a h]d ( buffalo /amp$$ ?r\gh x4 ,:5 undecid$ at "o po9t :i* bran* ( ! riv] to foll[1 ,capta9 ,lewis w5t "s di/ance 9 advance & discov]$ ! ,great ,falls ( ! ,miss\ri4 ,he 0 greatly impress$ & aw$ by ! magnitude & height ( ! successive falls1 :i* 7 tw5ty-f\r1 =ty-sev51 & eighty feet high respectively1 & 7 connect$ by a s]ies ( cascades4 ,_m days 7 sp5t !re 9 a long & labori\s portage1 = ev]y?+ _h to be c>ri$ a di/ance ( twelve miles be=e ! quiet wat] above ! falls 0 rea*$4 ,h[ ! com+ ( ! :ite man has *ang$ ! region ab\t ! falls6 ,! game has disappe>$2 an important city1 support$ by ! enorm\s wat]-p[]1 is gr[+ up2 :ile ! smoke ris+ f ext5sive plants = r$uc+ ! gold1 silv]1 & copp] ores m9$ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s floats out ov] ! c\ntry4 ,proce$+ up ! riv]1 ! p>ty rea*$ ! ,gate ( ! ,m\nta9s--a picturesque spot :]e ! /ream leaves ! m\nta9s ?r\gh a n>r[ defile betwe5 high & jagg$ cliffs & ent]s ^u its long c\rse across ! ,great ,pla9s 7,fig4 #fh74 ,gradually ! riv] became small]1 & at la/ ! travell]s came to ! po9t :]e x divid$ into ?ree bran*es1 to :i* !y gave ! names ( ,gallat91 ,madison1 & ,jeff]son =ks4 ,! p>ty made _! way up ! latt] =k1 :i* fl[$ f a we/]ly direction4 ,footnote3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,,! ,,gate ,,( ,,! ,,m\nta9s ,! ,miss\ri ,riv] at ! entrance to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ,n[ !y began to look anxi\sly = ! ,indians1 f :om x w\ld be necess>y to get horses to transport _! baggage :5 ! riv] %\ld become too small = ! canoes4 ,?is region 0 inhabit$ by ! ,%o%ones4 ,x may well be ask$ h[ x happ5$ t ^! ,indians _h horses1 s9ce no :ite p _h ev] visit$ !m be=e4 ,_! pur*ase ( horses came ab\t ?r\gh ! processes ( trade ) ! tribes to ! s\?1 :o 9 turn came 9 contact ) ! ,spani% ( ,new ,mexico4 ,"o or ! o!r ( ! lead]s kept 9 advance1 on ! look\t = ! ,indians4 ,at la/ ,capta9 ,lewis1 :ile cross+ ! divide at ! head ( ! /ream :i* !y _h be5 foll[+1 came sudd5ly ^u sev]al ,indians4 ,aft] ov]com+ _! fe> by pres5ts1 he accompani$ !m to _! camp & induc$ !m to return ) horses to assi/ ! p>ty4 ,^u rea*+ ! ,pacific side ( ! cont95tal divide ! explor]s 7 9 d\bt z to :i* way to proce$4 ,no man _h be5 be=e !m1 & ! ,indians told /ories ( fe>ful des]ts to ! s\?we/ 7probably ! ,snake ,riv] pla9s71 & said t ! m\nta9s 7 too /eep = ! horses1 & ! riv]s too rapid = canoes4 ,if y w exam9e a map ( ! c\ntry ab\t ! head ( ! ,jeff]son =k ( ! ,miss\ri1 y w n wond] t ,capta9s ,lewis & ,cl>k 7 9 d\bt z to :i* way !y %\ld g 9 ord] to rea* ! ,columbia4 ,!y fir/ attempt$ to g d[n ! ,salmon ,riv]1 b soon gave up ?is project4 ,!y turn$ ab\t & cross$ ! m\nta9s to ! ,bitt] ,root ,riv]1 :i* fl[s nor? & empties into ,lake ,p5d d',oreille ?r\gh ,cl>k's ,=k ( ! ,columbia4 ,aft] go+ d[n ! ,bitt] ,root = a %ort di/ance !y turn$ we/ aga9 across ! ,bitt] ,root ,m\nta9s & came out ^u ! head wat]s ( ! ,kooskooskie ,riv]4 ,unable to foll[ its caons1 !y w&]$ to ! nor? among ! m\nta9s4 ,at ?is "t _! suff]+s 7 int5se4 ,food became s sc>ce t !y 7 oblig$ to eat _! horses4 ,aft] _m we>y days !y aga9 rea*$ ! /ream1 b ?is "t at a po9t :]e x 0 navigable4 ,!y float$ d[n to its junction ) ! ,lewis or ,snake ,riv]1 :]e ! gr[+ city ( ,lewi/on n[ /&s4 ,at ?is po9t !y met ! ,nez ,p]cs ,indians1 :o assi/$ !m 9 e possible way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--;,,celilo ,,falls1 ,,columbia ,,riv] ,! p>ty cont9u$ d[n ! ,snake ,riv] 9 canoes until !y f9ally rea*$ ! ,columbia4 ,! difficulties ( navigation 7 great1 = at int]vals ( e few miles ! riv] 0 brok5 by rapids ?r\gh :i* x 0 dang]\s to take ! canoes4 ,by treat+ ! ,indians k9dly1 ! p>ty succe$$ 9 trad+ ) !m = su* articles ( food z horses & dogs4 ,!y also obta9$ "s salmon4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is fi% 9 ! /reams gave !m ! fir/ assurance t ! ,pacific slope _h be5 rea*$4 ,along ! ,columbia ,riv] salmon 0 "o ( ! *ief articles ( food = ! ,indians4 ,at ,celilo ,falls1 a %ort di/ance above ! pres5t city ( ,! ,dalles1 ! travell]s f\nd great difficulty 9 proce$+1 z ! canoes & loads _h to be c>ri$1 or portag$1 ar\nd ! falls4 ,lewis & ,cl>k call$ ^! ! ,great ,falls ( ! ,columbia 7,fig4 #fi74 ,z ! canoes float$ d[n ?r\gh ! magnific5t caon by :i* ! ,columbia passes ! ,cascade ,range1 !y enc\nt]$ ano!r rapid1 n[ kn[n z ! ,cascades ( ! ,columbia4 ,?is rapid is due to a great l&slide :i* has =m$ a dam across ! riv]4 ,capta9 ,lewis speaks ( ! brok5 trunks ( trees ris+ f ! wat] above ! dam1 a fact :i* w\ld lead "o to suppose t x _h n be5 v long s9ce ! slide occurr$4 ,bel[ ! ,cascades ! p>ty soon began to notice ! influ5ce ( ! tides 9 ! rise & fall ( ! riv]1 & knew !n t ! ,pacific c\ld n be v f> away4 ,e>ly 9 ,novemb] !y came 9 sight ( ! ocean1 & 9 a few days _h ! pleasure ( /&+ ^u its %ores4 ,! long & dang]\s trip ( f\r ?\s& miles _h be5 complet$ )\t any s]i\s accid5t4 ,cont9ual ra9s p\r$ ^u !m1 & be=e w9t] qu>t]s c\ld be prep>$ !y 7 9 a v uncom=table position4 ,a p]man5t camp 0 select$ ^u ! ,oregon side ( ! ,columbia1 & log build+s 7 erect$4 ,! camp 0 call$ ,=t ,clatsop4 ,:ile 9 _! w9t] qu>t]s ! p>ty cultivat$ fri5dly relations ) ! ,indians1 & made ext5sive notes ^u _! habits & *>act]i/ics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,,! ,,cascades ,,( ,,! ,,columbia ,a /eam] go+ up to ! locks ,9 ! spr+1 s9ce no %ip _h appe>$ :i* w\ld c>ry !m back by wat]1 ,lewis & ,cl>k det]m9$ to return ov]l&4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 !y left "s records ) ! ,indians1 ) directions t ^! %\ld be giv5 to ! capta9 ( any %ip :i* might happ5 to visit ! m\? ( ! ,columbia4 ,! lead]s wi%$ to make sure t if any?+ happ5$ to ! p>ty ! k ga9$ by _! explorations %\ld n be lo/4 ,"o c imag9e ) :at pleasure ! m5 turn$ homew>d4 ,al?\gh !y _h />t$ ) fl\r1 rice1 corn1 & o!r articles ( food1 ^! _h giv5 out long be=e !y rea*$ ! l[] ,columbia1 & = "s mon?s _! only diet _h be5 fi% & ! animals t ! hunt]s _h kill$4 ,_! /ock = trad+ ) ! ,indians 0 also ne>ly gone2 all ! articles t 7 left c\ld be put into two pocket h&k]*iefs4 ,aft] asc5d+ ! ,columbia ,riv] to a po9t above ,! ,dalles1 ! p>ty left ! /ream1 z !y f\nd t x w\ld be impossible to make mu* headway ) ! canoes4 ,obta9+ horses f ! ,indians1 !y foll[$ ! outw>d r\te back z f> z ! ,kooskooskie ,riv]4 ,!n !y turn$ nor? & cross$ ! m\nta9s to ! ,miss\la ,riv]4 ,ne> ! pres5t city ( ,miss\la ! p>ty divid$1 ,capta9 ,lewis go+ up ,hell ,gate ,riv] & cross+ ! cont95tal divide to exam9e ! c\ntry ly+ nor? ( ! ,miss\ri4 ,capta9 ,cl>k1 ) ano!r portion ( ! company1 w5t up ! ,bitt] ,root ,riv] & ov] ! m\nta9s to ! ,jeff]son ,=k1 :i* ! :ole p>ty _h asc5d$ ! ye> be=e4 ,he foll[$ ?is riv] d[n to its junction ) ! ,gallat91 & travell$ = a di/ance up ! latt] /ream1 !n cross$ by l& to ! ,yell[/one ,riv]4 ,canoes 7 con/ruct$ ^u ! ,yell[/one1 & ! p>ty float$ d[n to ! junction ( ?is riv] ) ! ,miss\ri4 ,!re ! two b&s 7 =tunately reunit$1 & toge!r !y pass$ rapidly d[n ! ,miss\ri until !y rea*$ ! village ( ,/4 ,l\is1 :]e ! :ole population came out to welcome !m4 ,z ! p>ty _h be5 gone m ?an two ye>s1 x 0 fe>$ t !y w\ld nev] be he>d f aga94 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! exp$ition ( ,lewis & ,cl>k add$ greatly to ! public int]e/ 9 ! va/ region :i* !y trav]s$1 & help$ to br+ ab\t ! f9al ret5tion ( ! ,oregon c\ntry4 ,! ,hudson ,bay ,fur ,company soon aft] e/abli%$ trad+ po/s at v>i\s po9ts along ! ,columbia1 & kept up _! cont5tion t all ! c\ntry ly+ nor? ( ! riv] rightfully belong$ to ,engl&4 ,x 0 v rem>kable t ! ,lewis & ,cl>k exp$ition _h made ! long j\rney to ! ,pacific & back )\t meet+ ) s]i\s accid5t4 ,!re 7 p]ils to be met on acc\nt ( ! rugg$ness ( ! c\ntry1 ! rapids 9 ! /reams1 ! lack ( food1 & ! dang] ( attack f ! ,indians4 ,! successful accompli%m5t ( ! plan 0 )\t a d\bt l>gely due to ! ability ( ! two brave lead]s4 ,,! ,,russians ,,9 ,,cali=nia ,h[ _m ( u "k t ! ,russians once e/abli%$ a po/ ^u ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia & held x = ne>ly a ?ird ( a c5tury8 ,if ! geographic conditions ab\t ?is po/ _h be5 diff]5t1 x is possible t ! ,russian coloni/s w\ld hold _! position n[4 ,! discov]ies made ^u ! ,nor? ,am]ican coa/ by ! ,russian navigator1 ,b]+1 9 #agda1 l$ to fur trad+ ) ! ,indians2 & 9 #agih ! ,russian ,am]ican company 0 organiz$ & e/abli%$ its headqu>t]s at ,sitka4 ,! ,spani>ds /ill claim$ ! :ole ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica z f> nor? z ! ,/rait ( ,fuca1 ?\gh !y _h giv5 up _! /ation at ,nootka ,s\nd1 ,vanc\v] ,isl&4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 made no settlem5ts nor? ( ! port ( ,san ,francisco4 ,x 0 ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s ago t ,rezan(1 a lead+ ,russian (ficial1 arriv$ at ,sitka & began to inve/igate ! condition ( ! settlem5ts ( ! ,russian ,am]ican ,fur ,company4 ,he f\nd !m 9 a sorry /ate2 ! p 7 ne>ly />v$ & mo/ ( !m 7 sick ) ! scurvy4 ,no gra9 or vegetables 7 gr[n along t nor!rn coa/1 nor c\ld !y be suppli$ f ,asia4 ,rezan( conceiv$ ! idea ( e/abli%+ trade relations ) ! p ( ,cali=nia4 ,by ?is means furs might be ex*ang$ = ! fre% provisions :i* 7 s sorely ne$$ 9 ! nor?4 ,rezan( sail$ s\? 9 #ahjf & tri$ to ent] ! ,columbia ,riv]1 :]e ! company _h plann$ to e/abli% a settlem5t1 = ^u ! ,russian maps ( ?is "t all ( ! coa/ z f> s\? z ! ,columbia 0 includ$ "u ,russian jurisdiction4 ,rezan( 01 h[ev]1 unable to ent] ! riv]1 probably = ! same reason t ,me>es1 ! ,engli% navigator1 _h fail$ to ent]4 ,he !n proce$$ d[n ! coa/ & f9ally ran into ! port ( ,san ,francisco1 :]e he 0 treat$ 9 a fairly polite mann] by ! ,spani%4 ,aft] ! return ( ! exp$ition to ! nor?1 def9ite plans 7 made = ! e/abli%m5t ( an agricultural & trad+ /ation on ! ,cali=nia coa/1 z a p]man5t supply depot = ! nor!rn settlem5ts4 ,rezan( hop$ 9 "t to secure a portion ( ?is fair s\!rn l& f ,spa94 ,sev]al hunt+ exp$itions1 *iefly made up ( ,aleut ,indians ) ,russian (fic]s1 7 s5t s\? & told to keep a %>p look\t = a suitable place to beg9 op]ations4 ,9 #ahji "o exp$ition ent]$ ,bodega ,bay1 an inlet ( "s size ab\t sixty miles nor?we/ ( ,san ,francisco4 ,?is bay1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly discov]$ & nam$ by ! ,spani>ds1 0 ?or\ghly explor$ two ye>s lat]4 ,no good spot = a settlem5t 0 f\nd ^u ?is inlet1 b 9 #ahab a location 0 det]m9$ ^u1 t5 miles nor? ( ! m\? ( ! /ream we n[ "k z ,russian ,riv]4 ,!re 0 no good h>bor "h1 simply a little cove1 b back ( ?is cove a broad grassy tract =m$ a g5tly slop+ t]race at ! foot ( a l9e ( hills4 ,! soil 0 good & timb] 0 ne> at h&4 ,! ,russians fir/ made fri5ds ) ! ,indians1 :o c$$ to !m ! t]ritory 9 ! neighborhood = ?ree blankets1 ?ree pair ( bree*es1 ?ree hoes1 two axes1 & "s tr9kets4 ,9 ord] to protect !mselves f possible ,indian attacks z well z to be able to hold _! position aga9/ ! ,spani%1 ! ,russians con/ruct$ a /rong /ockade4 ,x 0 made ( upright po/s set 9 ! gr\nd & pi]c$ ) loopholes4 ,at ! corn]s1 & a little di/ance )91 7 erect$ two hexagonal blockh\ses ) op5+s = cannon4 ,z x happ5$1 h[ev]1 no occasion ev] arose = ! use ( ! t5 cannon ) :i* ! =t 0 suppli$4 ,! po/ 0 giv5 ! "n ,ross1 a ^w :i* =ms ! root ( ! ^w ,russia4 ,! ,spani%1 ( c\rse1 claim$ ! t]ritory by "r ( discov]y1 & wat*$ ! "w ( ! ,russians ) jeal\s eyes4 ,!y 7 n /rong en\gh to drive ! ,russians away by =ce1 al?\gh !y prote/$ m ?an once aga9/ ! unlawful occupation ( ! l&4 ,"s trad+ 0 c>ri$ on betwe5 ! ,russians & ! ,spani%1 & occasionally loads ( gra9 & cattle 7 s5t nor?4 ,! numb] ( p at ,=t ,ross v>i$ f "o hundr$ & fifty to five hundr$4 ,! population consi/$ ( ,russians1 ,aleuts1 & o!r ,indians4 ,! ,aleuts 7 ! hunt]s & seal]s4 ,!y sp5t _! "t ^u ! ocean1 sometimes ent]+ ,san ,francisco ,bay1 b usually hunt+ 9 ! region ( ! ,f>ralone ,isl&s1 :i* 7 orig9ally inhabit$ by great h]ds ( fur seal4 ,!re 7 also ott]s1 sea-lions1 & an inf9ite numb] ( seabirds4 ,a /ation 0 ma9ta9$ ^u ! ,f>ralones1 :]e a few m5 /ay$ to ga!r birds' eggs & kill seagulls4 ,_m ?\s&s ( gulls 7 tak5 ea* ye>1 & e "p ( _! bodies 0 utiliz$ = "s purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--;,,=t ,,ross ,,f ,,! ,,sea ,s*oon] load+ wood ,kotzebue1 a ,russian navigator1 ^: "n has be5 giv5 to a s\nd ^u nor!rn ,alaska1 visit$ ,=t ,ross & also ,san ,francisco ,bay4 ,he consid]$ x a great pity t ! ,russians _h n ga9$ possession ( ?is t]ritory be=e ! ,spani>ds1 = ! magnific5t bay ( ,san ,francisco1 9 ! mid/ ( a f]tile c\ntry1 w\ld h be5 a prize wor? work+ =4 ,ye> aft] ye> ! ,russian ,fur ,company s5t exp$itions to ,cali=nia to trade & br+ back provisions4 ,!y tri$ to ext5d ! area "u _! jurisdiction1 b ! geographical conditions ( ! c\ntry 7 unfavorable4 ,! n>r[ /rip ( l& next ! coa/ 0 cut (f f ! int]ior valleys by m\nta9 ridges & caons4 ,if ! ,sonoma ,valley _h op5$ we/w>d in/ead ( t[>d ,san ,francisco ,bay1 x w\ld h be5 easy to ext5d _! t]ritory gradually4 ,z x 01 ! ,spani%1 :o 7 9 control ( ! bay1 _h easy access to all ( ! f]tile valleys ( c5tral ,cali=nia4 ,z ! seal+ indu/ry decreas$ 9 importance1 & z ! ma9t5ance ( ,=t ,ross 0 exp5sive1 ! ,russians 9 #ahci began to consid] ! "q ( giv+ up _! po/4 ,!y f9ally sold ev]y?+ at ,ross & ,bodega1 except ! l&1 to ,sutt]1 an ,am]ican :o _h acquir$ a l>ge ran* & e/abli%$ a po/ or =t at ! m\? ( ! ,am]ican ,riv]4 ,9 #ahda ! ,russians sail$ away1 nev] to return4 ,! ,spani>ds 7 greatly reliev$ :5 ?is happ5$1 = !y _h n kn[n h[ to get rid ( _! unwelcome neighbors peaceably1 & 7 reluctant to /ir up tr\ble ) ,russia4 ,! /ockade at ,=t ,ross has entirely disappe>$1 b two blockh\ses1 ! little *apel1 & ! (fic]s' qu>t]s rema9 z ! ,russians left !m4 ,=t ,ross is n[-a pleasant1 quiet hamlet4 ,a /ore & a f>m-h\se h be5 add$ to ! old build+s4 ,beh9d ! slop+ mead[s rise ! p>tly wood$ hills1 :ile 9 front lies ! little bay :]e once ! boats ( ! ,russian & ,aleut seal hunt]s mov$ to & fro4 ,occasionally a small s*oon] visits ! cove = ! purpose ( load+ wood or tan-b>k = ! ,san ,francisco m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,,russian ,,blockh\se1 ,,=t ,,ross ,=t ,ross 0 nev] m>k$ by s]i\s /rife & seems de/9$ to g on 9 its quiet way4 ,! blockh\ses are rott+ & beg9n+ to lean ) age1 & 9 "t all evid5ces ( ! once =midable ,russian po/ w h disappe>$4 ,,dea? ,,valley ,to mo/ ( u ,dea? ,valley is ?\ght ( only z a my/]i\s region some:]e 9 ! ,s\?we/1 a place :i* we are accu/om$ to picture to ourselves z be+ ! embodim5t ( ev]y?+ t is desolate & lifeless1--a region :]e !re is no wat]1 :]e !re are no liv+ ?+s1 simply b>e rocks & s& ^u :i* ! sun beats pitilessly & ov] :i* ! scor*+ w9ds bl[ 9 cl\ds ( du/4 ,! reality is h>dly s bad z ?is1 = !re are liv+ ?+s 9 ! valley1 & wat] may occasionally be f\nd4 ,nev]!less x is a fe>ful spot 9 summ]1 & has become ! f9al re/+ place ( _m w&]]s 9 ^! des]t regions1 :o hav+ drunk all _! wat] fail$ to f9d m4 ,we h already le>n$ some?+ ab\t ! ,great ,bas93 we "k t x is made up ( va/ des]t pla9s or valleys1 sep>at$ by a few p>tly isolat$ m\nta9 ranges4 ,! valleys are peculi> 9 t !y are bas9s )\t outlets1 & = ?is reason are kn[n z s9ks4 ,_m ( ! lakes once occupy+ ! valleys are n[ q or ne>ly dry1 & ! l[] portions ( _! b$s are ei!r :it5$ ) deposits ( borax & soda1 or h be5 trans=m$ into b>r5 expanses ( h>d5$ yell[ clay4 ,! long1 g5tle slopes ab\t ! s9ks1 :i* h be5 built up by ! wa/e rock f ! m\nta9s1 z a result ( ! occasional cl\dbur/s are dott$ ) sage-bru%1 greasewood1 or o!r l[ plants1 & furni% a home = num]\s animals4 ,back ( ! gravel slopes rise ! m\nta9s1 br[n$ "u ! fi]ce rays ( ! summ] sun4 ,9 "s ( _! deep] caons little spr+s & /reams are f\nd1 b ! wat] usually dries up be=e leav+ ! protect+ %ad[s ( ! cliffs4 ,t[>d ! m\nta9 tops ! des]t junip] appe>s2 & if ! peaks rise high en\gh to get m ( ! moi/ure ( ! cool] air1 !y support groves ( ! pion & possibly yell[ p9e4 ,! valleys are all mu* alike4 ,9 summ] ! days are unbe>ably hot1 :ile 9 w9t] ! air is cool & invigorat+4 ,! skies are ov]ca/ = only a few days 9 ! ye>1 b 9 ! autumn & spr+ fi]ce w9ds1 lad5 ) du/ & s&1 sweep across ! valleys & ?r\gh ! m\nta9 passes4 ,/range rock =ms1 ( _m contra/+ colors1 worn out by w9d & wat]1 m>k ! des]t m\nta9s4 ,! granite we>s a br[n1 sunburn$ coat1 :ile ! masses ( black lava %[ "h & !re pat*es ( p9k1 yell[1 & r$4 ,! air is (t5 s wondr\sly cle> t di/ant m\nta9s seem mu* ne>] ?an !y really are4 ,dur+ ! hot summ] days ! mirage =ms app>5t lakes & %ady groves1 illusions :i* h lur$ _m a ?ir/y travell] to 8 dea?4 ,dea? ,valley is ! l[e/ & hotte/ ( ! des]t bas9s4 ,its surface1 ov] f\r hundr$ feet bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 is ! l[e/ dry l& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! valley is long & n>r[ & enclos$ by m\nta9s4 ,^? ^u ! ea/ are kn[n z ! ,fun]al ,m\nta9s1 :ile ^u ! we/ ! peaks ( ! ,panam9t ,range rise to a height ( ab\t t5 ?\s& feet4 ,if ! ra9fall 7 great]1 ,dea? ,valley w\ld be occupi$ by a salt or alkal9e lake1 b 9 ?is dry region lakes _c exi/1 & ! bottom ( ! s9k1 sometimes m>%y aft] exceptional w9t] ra9s1 is 9 _m places almo/ sn[y :ite f deposits ( salt1 soda1 or borax4 ,dea? ,valley1 !n1 diff]s f scores ( o!r valleys 9 ! ,great ,bas9 by be+ a little l[]1 a little hott]1 & a little m arid4 ,/range z x may seem1 old prospectors say t ,dea? ,valley is ! be/ wat]$ ( all ! des]t valleys4 ,s9ce x is ! l[e/ spot 9 all ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 ! scanty wat] supply all fl[s t[>d x4 ,b ! wat] runs "u ! gravels ( ! old riv] b$s in/ead ( on ! top1 :]e x might be utiliz$4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 ! wat] comes to ! surface 9 ! =m ( spr+s1 :i* are m>k$ by a few will[s or mesquite trees & little pat*es ( salt grass4 ,long ago1 :5 ! ra9fall 0 great]1 ,dea? ,valley 0 a sal9e lake & receiv$ a numb] ( /reams1 two ( :i* 7 l>ge en\gh to be call$ riv]s4 ,! ,am>goza ,riv]1 />t+ f ,nevada & pursu+ a r\ndab\t way1 ent]$ ! s\!rn end ( ! valley4 ,! ,mohave ,riv]1 :i* rises 9 ! ,san ,b]n>d9o ,range1 also empti$ into ! valley at "o "t1 b n[ its wat]s1 absorb$ by ! ?ir/y air & by ! s&s1 disappe> 9 ! s9k ( ! ,mohave fifty miles to ! s\?4 ,! summ] is ! dread$ season 9 ,dea? ,valley4 ,a temp]ature ( "o hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 degrees has be5 report$ by ! ,pacific ,coa/ ,borax ,company at ! m\? ( ,furnace ,creek4 ,?is temp]ature 0 record$ 9 ! %ade1 & is ! hotte/ ev] exp]i5c$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! sun x is ( c\rse mu* hott]4 ,_m a p]son has lo/ 8 life 9 try+ to cross ! heat$ valley 9 ! middle ( a summ] day in/ead ( mak+ ! j\rney at night4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,,ent]+ ,,dea? ,,valley ,dang]\s z ?is region is1 ev5 n[ :5 we "k s mu* ab\t x1 x 0 ( c\rse mu* m dang]\s = ! fir/ :ite m5 :o ent]$ x4 ,only ^? :o h _h "s exp]i5ce ^u ! des]t c realize ! difficulties & dang]s :i* beset ! fir/ emigrants :o attempt$ to cross ! des]ts ly+ betwe5 ,salt ,lake ,city & ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s4 ,! /ory ( ! suff]+s & f9al escape ( t p>ty :i*1 by tak+ ! wrong c\rse1 0 lo/ 9 ! great s9k1 is extremely int]e/+ al?\gh sad4 ,! valley receiv$ its "n f ! exp]i5ces ( ! memb]s ( ?is p>ty4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( #ahdi _m emigrants1 :o _h rea*$ ,salt ,lake ,city too late 9 ! season to take ! usual r\te ?r\gh nor!rn ,nevada & ov] ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s1 decid$ t r ?an rema9 9 ! t[n all w9t]1 !y w\ld foll[ ! s\? trail across s\!rn ,nevada to ,san ,b]n>d9o & ,los ,angeles4 ,a p>ty ( p f9ally collect$ ) "o hundr$ & sev5 wagons & ab\t five hundr$ horses & cattle4 ,! c\rse l$ 9 a s\?we/]ly direction pa/ ,sevi] ,lake & ,m\nta9 ,mead[s 9 s\?we/]n ,utah4 ,9 ! latt] locality ! p>ty divid$1 ! l>g] numb] leav+ ! old trail & tak+ a m we/]ly direction4 ,!y ?\ght 9 ?is way to %ort5 ! di/ance1 & hop$1 by skirt+ ! s\!rn end ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s1 to-ga9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley 9 ,cali=nia4 ,n[ tr\ble began4 ,no "o _h ev] be5 ov] ! new r\te1 & ! location ( ! spr+s & ! passes ?r\gh :i* ! wagons c\ld be tak5 _h to be s\ght out 9 advance4 ,soon _m ( ! p>ty turn$ back to ! kn[n trail1 b ! o!rs cont9u$1 ?\gh ) no k ( ! nature ( ! c\ntry :i* !y mu/ cross4 ,day aft] day & week aft] week ! sl[ ox-teams crawl$ across ! broad des]ts & ov] ! l[ m\nta9 ranges4 ,f ! top ( ea* successive m\nta9 ridge ! m5 look$ ) long+ eyes t[>d ! we/1 hop+ to get a sight ( ! sn[y ,si]ras4 ,f9ally want ( wat] & food began to weak5 ! cattle & ! wagons 7 light5$ z mu* z possible4 ,z ! p>ty approa*$ ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ,cali=nia ! m\nta9s grew high] & ! des]ts m arid4 ,9 ! cle> air ! sn[-cov]$ peaks ( ! ,panam9t ,range began to be visible1 al?\gh "o hundr$ miles away4 ,! we>y emigrants believ$ t ^! peaks belong$ to ! ,si]ra ,nevadas1 & t beyond !m lay ! gre5 valleys ( ,cali=nia4 ,h[ great 0 _! mi/ake6 ,! ,panam9t ,range looks d[n ^u ,dea? ,valley ) a bold & almo/ impassable front1 :ile /ill o!r broad des]ts lie betwe5 ?is range & ! real ,si]ras4 ,^u rea*+ ! head ( ! ,am>gosa ,riv] ! p>ty began to sep>ate1 = by ?is "t _m ?\ght only ( sav+ _! lives at any co/4 ,"s foll[$ ,furnace ,creek to its s9k 9 ,dea? ,valley2 o!rs w5t ov] ! ,fun]al range & came d[n ^u ! l[] portion ( ! ,am>gosa ,riv]4 ,9 _m cases ! wagons 7 ab&on$ & ! ox5 7 kill$ = food4 ,:5 !y came into ! s9k we n[ "k z ,dea? ,valley1 ! memb]s ( ! diff]5t p>ties began to feel t !y 7 really lo/4 ,f ! records t h come d[n to u we c see t !y _h n ! slighte/ idea ( ! direction :i* !y %\ld take or ( _! di/ance f ! settlem5ts 9 ,cali=nia4 ,=tunately x 0 ! w9t] season & ! heat did n tr\ble !m2 moreov]1 ! ra9s & sn[s furni%$ "s wat]4 ,none ( ! wagons 7 tak5 beyond ! camp at ! we/]n edge ( ! valley1 "u ! t[]+ peaks ( ! ,panam9t ,range4 ,?is place is n[ kn[n z ,b5nett's ,wells4 ,"h ! wagons 7 brok5 up & burn$1 & ! loads1 :i* 7 n[ v light1 7 ei!r tak5 by ! m5 !mselves or plac$ ^u ! backs ( ! few rema9+ ox54 ,x 0 ?\ght t ! fair fields ( ,cali=nia w\ld be se5 f ! top ( ! ,panam9t ,range2 b :5 ! travell]s rea*$ ! summit o!r des]t valleys appe>$ 9 ! we/1 & beyond ^!1 9 ! dim di/ance1 ano!r sn[y range 0 visible4 ,! emigrants n[ divid$ into p>ties4 ,"o p>ty rea*$ ,ow5s ,lake1 & turn+ s\?1 f9ally pass$ ov] ! ,si]ras by ! way ( ,walk]s ,pass & w5t d[n ! valley ( ! ,k]n ,riv]4 ,ano!r1 ! ,b5nett p>ty1 includ+ "s wom5 & *ildr51 rema9$ at ! spr+s 9 ,dea? ,valley1 :ile two ( ! m5 />t$ out alone1 9 ! hope ( rea*+ ! settlem5ts & return+ ) food4 ,^! m5 cross$ ! ,panam9t ,range & /ruggl$ on = days 9 a s\?we/]ly direction1 ov] des]t valleys & m\nta9s4 ,!y 7 frequ5tly on ! po9t ( giv+ up 9 despair = want ( food & wat]4 ,at la/1 f> to ! s\?1 ! sn[y cre/ ( ! ,san ,gabriel ,range came into sight4 ,cont9u+ 9 a s\?we/]ly direction ?r\gh ! ,mohave ,des]t1 ! m5 rea*$ a l[ pass 9 ! m\nta9s & foll[$ a /ream until !y came ^u a ,mexican ran*1 :]e ! sight ( gre5 mead[s1 ^u :i* horses & cattle 7 fe$+1 delight$ _! we>y eyes4 ,sev]al animals 7 secur$ & load$ ) food4 ,!n ! m5 turn$ back into ! des]t4 ,!y at la/ rea*$ ! desolate valley aga91 aft] an abs5ce ( ab\t a mon?1 & f\nd mo/ ( ! p>ty alive1 al?\gh ne>ly driv5 to despair4 ,) ! aid ( a mule & sev]al ox51 ! p>ty came safely to ! f]tile valleys ne> ! coa/4 ,ano!r p>ty1 kn[n z ! ,jayhawk]s1 /ruggl$ on beh9d ! two m5 :o w5t = relief1 & ! mo/ ( its memb]s also came safely out ( ! des]t1 ?\gh n )\t extreme suff]+4 ,9 all1 f\rte5 p ( ?is exp$ition p]i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,,s\!rn ,,end ,,( ,,dea? ,,valley ,%[+ ! :ite deposits ( soda ,if y ev] h an opportunity to travel ov] ?is region1 y w wond] t any ( ! p escap$4 ,! seem+ly endless succession ( des]ts & m\nta9s1 ! lack ( food1 & ! scanty supply ( wat]1 (t5 unfit to dr9k1 w\ld lead "o to ?9k t /rang]s to ^! wilds w\ld be f> m likely to p]i% ?an to f9d _! way out4 ,,! ,,cliff ,,dwell]s ,,& ,,_! ,,desc5dants ,! region ( ! high plateaus ( ! s\?we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates pres5ts _m /range & int]e/+ aspects4 ,equipp$ ) pack animals = ! trails1 & conduct$ by a guide :o kn[s ! position ( ! spr+s1 "o might w&] = mon?s ov] ?is rugg$ & semi-arid region )\t becom+ we>y ( ! wond]ful sights :i* ,nature has prep>$4 ,9 travell+ ov] ! plateau "o has to consid] t (t5 = long di/ances ! precipit\s walls ( ! caons _c be scal$1 & t ! spr+s are few & inaccessible4 ,to "o n acqua9t$ ) ! plateau x appe>s incapable ( support+ human life4 ,!re is little wild game & sc>cely any wat] to irrigate ! dry soil4 ,h[ev]1 if ! c\ntry is exam9$ closely1 ! discov]y w be made t x 0 once inhabit$1 ?\gh by a p v diff]5t f ! savage ,indians :o w&]$ ov] x :5 ! :ite m5 fir/ came4 ,^! e>ly p _h p]man5t homes & 7 mu* m civiliz$ ?an ! ,indians4 ,!y liv$ *iefly by agriculture1 cultivat+ little pat*es ( l& :]ev] wat] c\ld be obta9$4 ,g 9 :atev] way y w f ! meet+ po9t ( ! f\r /ates & t]ritories1 ,colorado1 ,utah1 ,arizona1 & ,new ,mexico1 & y w f9d ! ru9s ( h\ses & =ts4 ,^u ! tops ( precipit\s cliffs1 9 ! caves ) :i* ! caon walls ab\nd1 by ! /reams & spr+s1 !re are crumbl+ /one build+s1 _m ( !m ( great ext5t1 & once capable ( %elt]+ hundr$s ( p4 ,scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd & buri$ 9 ! soil ab\t ! ru9s are fragm5ts ( pott]y1 /one implem5ts1 corn-cobs1 & 9 protect$ spots ! rema9s ( corn & squa% /ems4 ,! p :o once inhabit$ ^! ru9s h be5 call$ ,cliff ,dwell]s1 because _! homes are s frequ5tly f\nd cl++ to ! cliffs1 l ! ne/s ( birds1 9 ! cav]ns & recesses ( ! precipit\s caon walls4 ,! ,cliff ,dwell]s h left no writt5 records1 b f a /udy ( _! build+s & ( ! mat]ials f\nd 9 !m1 & f ! traces ( irrigat+ dit*es1 we are sure t !y 7 a peaceful1 agricultural p4 ,! olde/ ru9s are probably ^? 9 ! op5 & less protect$ valleys4 ,x is evid5t t aft] ^! dwell+s _h be5 occupi$ = an indef9ite "t ! m fi]ce & w>like ,indians began to ov]run ! plateau region & make attacks ^u ! primitive inhabitants4 ,^! p1 peacefully incl9$ & probably n /rong 9 numb]s1 c\ld f9d no protection 9 ! valleys :]e !y irrigat$ little pat*es ( l& & rais$ corn & squa%es2 s1 retreat+ to ! m inaccessible caons1 !y became cliff dwell]s4 ,seek+ out ! cav]ns s abundant 9 ^! caons1 !y w5t to "w ) tireless en]gy to build = !mselves impregnable homes & =tresses to :i* !y c\ld retreat :5 ! savage ,indians appe>$4 ,! caon ( ,beav] ,creek 9 c5tral ,arizona conta9s "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! =tresses1 kn[n z ,montezuma's ,ca/le4 ,_m small build+s ne/le along ! sides ( ! caon ^u ! l$ges & "u ov]-hang+ rocks1 b ,montezuma's ,ca/le is ! mo/ magnific5t ( !m all1 & mu/ h giv5 protection to a numb] ( families4 ,halfway up ! face ( a cliff two hundr$ feet 9 height1 !re is a l>ge cav]n ) an upw>d slop+ floor & jagg$ ov]hang+ top4 ,"h ) inf9ite toil ! ,cliff ,dwell]s con/ruct$ a =tress1 ! front ( :i* rose =ty feet f ! f\ndation & conta9$ five /ories4 ,?is front 0 n made /raight1 b concave1 to correspond to ! curve ( ! cliff4 ,:at an ef=t x mu/ h be5 = ^! p1 :o _h no?+ b _! h&s to "w )1 to qu>ry ! /one4 ,to c>ry _! mat]ials f ! bottom ( ! caon1 by means ( rude ladd]s1 up ! /eep & rugg$ wall to ! foot ( ! cav]n1 & !n to lay ! f\ndation securely ^u ! slop+ floor1 mu/ h be5 a /ill h>d] task4 ,! /ones 7 laid 9 mud1 & 9 mo/ cases 7 also pla/]$ ) x4 ,"h & !re little holes 7 left to let 9 light1 b ! rooms1 ) _! l[ ceil+s1 w\ld h seem$ v dismal & d>k to u4 ,beams 7 set 9 ! walls to support ! diff]5t floors4 ,small] /icks 7 laid ^u ! beams1 & !n a lay] ( e>? 0 plac$ ov] ! top4 ,to pass ?r\gh ! op5+s betwe5 ! diff]5t rooms ! inhabitants _h to crawl ^u _! h&s & knees4 ,! places :]e !y built _! fires are indicat$ by ! d>k /a9s :i* ! smoke has left ^u ! walls4 ,brok5 pott]y & corn-cobs are scatt]$ pr(usely ab\t ! build+4 ,h[ safe ^! anci5t p mu/ h felt 9 ?is retreat1 :]e !y 7 protect$1 bo? f ! /orms & f _! enemies6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,,montezuma',s ,,ca/le1 ,,beav] ,,creek ,,ca,,on1 ,,arizona ,ne> "s ( ! ru9$ dwell+s 9 ?is region !re are rema9s ( build+s :i* are suppos$ to h be5 wat*-t[]s4 ,we c picture to ourselves ! s5t9els' al>m giv5 to ! work]s 9 ! fields at ! approa* ( ! savage ,apa*es1 & ! ha/y flight ( ! ,cliff ,dwell]s to ! ca/le f> up ! caon wall1--! pull+ up ( ! ladd]s & ! retreat to ! upp] rooms f :i* !y c\ld look d[n 9 p]fect safety4 ,!y mu/ h kept wat] & food /or$ 9 ! cave h\ses4 ,z long z ^! supplies held out no injury ne$ be fe>$ f ! attack+ p>ty4 ,b app>5tly !re came a "t :5 ! ,cliff ,dwell]s ei!r ab&on$ _! g>d5s & =tresses or 7 kill$4 ,x is possible t ! climate ( ! plateau region became m arid & t _m ( ! spr+s dri$ up1 = !re is no wat] n[ )9 long di/ances ( "s ( ! ru9s4 ,x is1 p]haps1 m probable t ! attacks ( ! savages became s frequ5t t ! ,cliff ,dwell]s 7 driv5 f _! little f>ms & 7 no long] able to procure food4 ,^? :o 7 n kill$ by enemies or by />vation retreat$ s\?w>d & ga!r$ 9 a few l>ge villages1 or pueblos1 :]e !y 7 /ill resi/+ ! attacks ( _! enemies at ! "t ( ! com+ ( ! e>ly ,spani% explor]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,,pueblo ,,( ,,taos1 ,,new ,,mexico ,a c>eful /udy ( ! e>ly inhabitants ( ,am]ica reveals ! fact t ! ,pueblo ,indians are ! desc5dants ( ! race ( ,cliff ,dwell]s4 ,_! h\ses1 _! pott]y1 & _! religi\s c]emonies are1 s f> z c be det]m9$1 v simil> to ^? ( ! ,cliff ,dwell]s4 ,if y travel ?r\gh nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico & nor!a/]n ,arizona1 y w f9d ! villages situat$ ^u comm&+ rocks :i* are (t5 surr\nd$ by almo/ inaccessible cliffs4 ,to ^! elevat$ villages all ! food & wat] has to be c>ri$ f ! valleys bel[4 ,! h\ses are solidly built ( /one1 & rise1 t]race-fa%ion1 sev]al /ories 9 height1 ea* succe$+ /ory /&+ a little back ( ! "o bel[4 ,^! h\ses c be ent]$ only by a ladd] f ! outside4 ,9 "t ( dang] ! ladd]s are drawn up s t ! walls _c be easily scal$4 ,!re are a numb] ( gr\ps ( ! ,pueblo ,indians1 b ! ,zuni & ,moki are p]haps z int]e/+ z any ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,,gr9d+ ,,gra91 ,,laguna1 ,,new ,,mexico ,wond]ful inde$ are "s ( ! pueblo villages :i* 7 /ill occupi$ at ! "t ( ! com+ ( ! ,spani%1 m ?an ?ree c5turies & a half ago4 ,z 9 ! pueblos n[ occupi$1 !re 7 no sep>ate family h\ses4 ,! p ( an entire pueblo liv$ 9 "o great build+ ( _m rooms4 ,"s ( ! pueblos 7 semi-circul>1 ) a v]tical wall ^u ! outside1 :ile ^u ! inside ! successive /ories =m$ a s]ies ( huge /eps simil> to ! ti]s ( seats 9 an anci5t amphi!atre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,,! ,,en*ant$ ,,mesa ,! summit 0 once ! site ( an ,indian pueblo ,9 ! pueblo ( ,pecos 7 ! l>ge/ build+s ( ?is k9d ev] discov]$4 ,"o _h ?ree hundr$ & sev5te5 rooms1 & ano!r five hundr$ & eighty-five4 ,taos is ano!r ( ! l>ge pueblos1 & is especially int]e/+ because x is /ill inhabit$4 ,?is great build+ has f ?ree to six /ories ) sev]al hundr$ rooms4 ,9 ! =egr\nd ( ! photograph 7,fig4 #gf7 appe>s "o ( ! ov5s 9 :i* ! bak+ is done4 ,9 "s ( ^! pueblos ! wom5 /ill gr9d _! corn by h& 9 /one matates1 j z _! ance/ors did = _m hundr$s & p]haps ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,,pott]y ,,( ,,! ,,acoma ,,indians1 ,,new ,,mexico ,9 nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico !re is a rem>kable flat-topp$ rock kn[n z ! ,en*ant$ ,mesa1 :i* rises ) precipit\s walls to a height ( f\r hundr$ feet above ! valley 9 :i* x /&s4 ,x 0 long believ$ t human be+s _h nev] be5 ^u ?is rock1 al?\gh !re 7 traditions to ! effect t a village once exi/$ ^u its summit4 ,accord+ to ! tradition1 ! break+ away ( a great mass ( rock left ! summit inaccessible ev] aft]w>d4 ,! cliffs 7 scal$ rec5tly by ! aid ( ropes1 & evid5ces 7 f\nd 9 ! %ape ( pott]y fragm5ts1 to %[ t ! ,indians _h once inhabit$ ! mesa4 ,two or ?ree miles away1 across ! valley1 is ! l>ge village ( ,acoma1 :]e a great deal ( pott]y is made = sale4 ,! pott]y ( ! ,pueblo ,indians is v attractive1 & _! religi\s fe/ivals & peculi> dances draw _m visitors4 ,^! ,indians no long] fe> attacks f ! savage ,apa*e or ,navajo1 b !y h become s us$ to _! rock =tresses t x is n likely !y w soon4 leave !m4 ,! ,navajos n[ live 9 peace & raise l>ge h]ds ( %eep & goats2 :ile ! m savage ,apa*es h be5 ga!r$ ^u res]vations1 nev] m to g ^u ! w>-pa?4 ,mo/ ( ! ,apa*es /ill live 9 _! rude bru% habitations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--,,navajo ,,woman ,,weav+ ,a ,,blanket ,:ile ! ,pueblo ,indians make attractive pott]y1 ! ,navajos are not$ = _! blankets4 ,! wool1 :i* is tak5 f _! h]ds1 is dy$ diff]5t colors1 & wov5 ^u _! simple looms into ! mo/ beautiful & co/ly blankets4 ,we usually ?9k ( ! native inhabitants ( ,am]ica z lead+ a wild & rude life1 mov+ f place to place 9 se>* ( food1 & con/antly engag$ 9 w>f>e ) "o ano!r4 ,! ,pueblo ,indians alone are diff]5t4 ,possibly if ! :ite man _h nev] come to ,am]ica ^! ,indians might 9 "t h become highly civiliz$4 ,b x is m ?an likely t 9 _! /ruggle ) ,nature 9 ?is wild & rugg$ c\ntry1 :]e !y 7 con/antly subject$ to attacks f _! m savage neighbors1 !y w\ld h sunk l[] in/ead ( ris+1 & w\ld f9ally h disappe>$4 ,! ,apa*es 7 dread$ alike by ! agricultural ,indians & ! e>ly ,spani%4 ,issu+ f _! m\nta9 fa/nesses ! ,apa*es w\ld raid ! unprotect$ villages & missions1 & !n retreat z quickly z !y came4 ,= _m ye>s aft] ! ,am]ican occupation prospectors _h to be con/antly on _! gu>d1 & _m are ! trag$ies t h m>k$ ?is remote corn] ( our c\ntry4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,des]t ,dur+ ! bl9d+ gl>e ( summ] ! des]ts ( s\?we/]n ,arizona & ! adjo9+ portions ( ,cali=nia are =bidd+ 9 ! extreme4 ,day aft] day ! pitiless sun p\rs its heat ^u ! va/ /ret*es ( b>r5 m\nta9 & pla91 until ! rocks are bak$ br[n & x seems z if e p>ticle ( life mu/ h left ! se>$ & motionless plants4 ,mon? aft] mon? passes )\t ra94 ,n[ & !n light cl\ds float into sight1 & occasionally ra9 c be se5 fall+ f !m1 b !y are s high t ! drops all disappe> 9 ! dry & ?ir/y air long be=e !y c rea* ! gr\nd4 ,cl\d-bur/s may take place ab\t ! peaks ( "s ( ! high] m\nta9s1 b !y h v little effect ^u ! life out on ! pla9s4 ,animals & plants br\ght to ?is region f a moi/] climate mu/ dr9k cont9ually to make up = ! rapid evaporation ( moi/ure f _! bodies2 a day )\t wat] may result 9 dea?4 ,& yet ! liv+ ?+s t h homes 9 ! des]t c resi/ ! dry air = _m mon?s )\t a r5ewal ( _! moi/ure4 ,!re are areas :]e ! av]age ra9fall is less ?an ?ree in*es1 & sometimes two ye>s may pass )\t a drop ( ra94 ,x w c]ta9ly be wor? our :ile to f9d out some?+ ab\t ^! des]t plants & ! way 9 :i* ,nature enables !m to get along ) s little wat]4 ,g :]e we w1 f ! moi/ heat ( ! tropics or ! dry heat ( ! des]ts to ! icy nor?1 we f9d t ev]y:]e ! plants & animals are suit$ to ! climate ( ! p>ticul> place 9 :i* !y live4 ,!re=e we might conclude t !y ?rive bett] 9 ^? places ?an !y w\ld any:]e else1 b t is n always true4 ,a /ruggle is go+ on cont9ually among plants = a foot+ 9 ! soil & = a %>e ( ! sun%9e4 ,! weak] plants are g5]ally kill$1 :ile ^? h>dy en\gh to survive h to adapt !mselves to new conditions ( life1 becom+ /unt$ & de=m$ ^u b>r5 slopes2 b !y h pl5ty ( room !re because few] plants are /riv+ = ! same place4 ,x is n likely t ! des]ts ( ! s\?we/ h always be5 z dry z !y are n[4 ,z ! am\nt ( ra9fall sl[ly less5$ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ! animals c\ld migrate :5 x became too dry2 b ! plants1 fix$ 9 "o place1 _h ei!r to give up & die1 or *ange _! *>act]s & habits to suit ! dem&s ( ! *ang+ climate4 ,! fact t ^! extremely dry des]ts are fill$ ) plant life to-day is )\t d\bt due to ?is ability to *ange4 ,9 a moi/1 w>m climate plants are luxuriant2 !y take up a l>ge am\nt ( wat] ?r\gh _! roots & evaporate x ?r\gh ! leaves4 ,if plac$ 9 a des]t1 su* plants w\ld imm$iately )] & die4 ,to avoid too rapid evaporation ! bodies ( ! des]t plants h become small]1 & _! leaves h ei!r %runk greatly or :olly disappe>$4 ,/rong-smell+1 res9\s juices exude f ! rema9+ leaves & /ems1 & =m a surface v>ni% ?r\gh :i* wat] passes ) difficulty4 ,"s =ms ( plant life1 su* z ! prickly-pe>1 are provid$ ) fle%y /ems :i* hold a supply ( moi/ure to be drawn ^u dur+ ! long dry season4 ,m5 & animals are sometimes sav$ f dea? by *ew+ ! pulp ( ! prickly-pe> or o!r cactuses4 ,aft] a p]iod ( exceptional dr\ght1 ! /ems ( ! prickly-pe> lose _! bright gre5 color & become %runk54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--,,prickly-,,pe>1 ,,ball ,,cactus1 ,,& ,,spani% ,,bayonet ,! developm5t ( ! und]gr\nd "p ( ! plant is frequ5tly out ( all proportion to ! "p above ! surface4 ,! manzanita1 :i* gr[s 9 ! semi-arid climate ( s\!rn ,cali=nia1 is a l[ %rub ) bran*es t are r>ely l>ge en\gh = fuel4 ,! roots1 h[ev]1 are l>ge & massive1 & are ext5sively us$ = firewood4 ,! des]t plants are arm$1 n only aga9/ ! dry air1 b aga9/ ! w&]+ animals :i* w\ld bite !m & suck _! juices4 ,! smell ( ! sagebru% is su* t v few animals w t\* x4 ,o!r plants are protect$ by ?orns4 ,9 fact1 ! dri] ! region1 ! m ?orny are its plants4 ,a little %rub call$ ! crucifixion ?orn has no leaves at all1 no?+ b long1 %>p sp9es4 ,besides ! /raight ?orns !re are curv$ & also b>b$ ones1 = e conceivable =m is repres5t$ among ! plants ( ^! dry l&s4 ,z ! des]t plants are arm$ aga9/ ! animals1 s ! animals are arm$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,_m ( ! insects & reptiles are extremely poison\s2 ! great] ! heat ( _! habitat1 ! m dang]\s are _! bites4 ,! horn$ toad1 :ile n poison\s1 is protect$ by hav+ horny sp9es ^u its head & back4 ,! little rattlesnake kn[n z ! side-w9d] is p]haps ! mo/ dang]\s ( all1 al?\gh ! t>antula1 c5tip$e1 & scorpion are =midable foes4 ,! ,gila mon/]1 long believ$ to be s dang]\s1 is n[ consid]$ non-poison\s "u ord9>y conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,,crucifixion ,,?orn ,! des]t tortoise is p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! animals ( ! des]t4 ,x is r>e1 & little is kn[n ( its habits except t x lives 9 ! mo/ arid valleys ( s\!a/]n ,cali=nia1 f> remov$ f any wat]4 ,?is tortoise has a diamet] across its %ell ( at lea/ eighte5 in*es4 ,its fle% is mu* priz$ by ! ,indians & prospectors4 ,a specim5 :i* _h be5 )\t wat] = an indef9ite p]iod 0 dissect$1 & ! discov]y 0 made t ^u ea* side !re 0 a membran\s sac1 conta9+ cle> wat]1 p]haps a p9t 9 all4 ,! des]t tortoise1 !n1 c>ries 8 /ore ( wat] ) him1 & is ?us enabl$ to g _m mon?s )\t a new supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--,,! ,,gila ,,mon/] ,a trip across ! des]ts ( ! l[] ,colorado 9 spr+1 be=e ! brac+ air ( w9t] has entirely gone1 is "o nev] to be =gott54 ,! poison\s insects & reptiles are n at ?is "t w>m$ up to full activity1 :ile _m peculi> plants are j com+ into bloom4 ,let u /udy "s ( ! /range =ms gr[+ ?ickly ov] ! rocky slopes & s&y pla9s4 ,!re are miles ( =e/1 b n su* a =e/ z we are accu/om$ to see4 ,tall1 flut$ columns ( ! giant cactus 7sagu>o71 ) r[s ( %>p sp9es1 rea* upw>d to a height ( f tw5ty to fifty feet4 ,at "o or m nodes1 bud-l bran*es spr+ f ! ma9 trunk &1 curv+ upw>d1 =m columns ab\t ! p>5t /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,,! ,,palo ,,v]de ,,tree ,,& ,,sagu>o ,! giant cactus be>s ne> ! top a purple fl[] & a l>ge1 edible fruit4 ,?is fruit1 :i* has a r$ pulp1 is a favorite food ) ! ,indians1 & also ) _m insects & birds4 ,x is ga!r$ by means ( long =k$ /icks1 = if x %\ld drop to ! gr\nd x w\ld be brok54 ,! pulp ( ! /alk yields a little juice or sap :i* is us$ by ! ,indians :5 h>d press$ = wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,a ,,=e/ ,,on ,,! ,,pla9s ,,( ,,s\!rn ,,arizona ,%[+ *olla & sagu>o ,scatt]$ among ! huge club-%ap$ columns ( ! sagu>o is ! *olla1 ! next l>ge/ ( ! cactuses4 ,?is species1 :i* is tree-l 9 its bran*+ & 9 r>e cases gr[s to a height ( twelve feet1 be>s bright r$ or yell[ fl[]s4 ,"o mu/ approa* ) c>e1 = its jo9t$ /ems are s easily brok5 t at ! slighte/ t\* ( ! h& or clo?+1 pieces break (f & adh]e firmly by means ( _! %>p curv$ & b>b$ sp9es4 ,ano!r species ( ! *olla is small1 rea*+ b a foot or two above ! gr\nd1 b ?is & o!r l[ =ms s cov] ! gr\nd 9 places t "o has to be con/antly on gu>d to keep f runn+ ! sp9es into 8 feet4 ,^! are n all ! plants ( ?is wond]ful =e/4 ,! ocatilla is a cactus-l =m hav+ a gr\p ( long sl5d] /ems bun*$ toge!r at ! root4 ,9 ! spr+ ea* is tipp$ ) a spike ( r$ fl[]s1 & z ! snake-l /alks wave 9 ! breeze !y pres5t an appe>ance sc>cely less attractive ?an ! sagu>o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--,,ocatilla ,scatt]$ among ! vegetation j m5tion$ is ! palo v]de 7gre5 tree71 s nam$ f ! yell[i% gre5 ( its b>k4 ,x is rem>kable = ! small size ( ! leaves1 :i* af=d sc>cely any %ade = ! travell] ^u a hot summ] day4 7,fig4 #hd47 ,along ! dry wat] c\rses we f9d ! mesquite1 a tree :i* does n gr[ ^u ! gravelly pla9s & rocky slopes1 = x ne$s m moi/ure ?an mo/ ( ! des]t vegetation4 ,9 ! spr+ x puts out delicate gre5 leaves :i* =m a pleas+ contra/ ) ! o!r plants4 ,rid+ ?r\gh "o ( ^! =e/s 9 ! deep5+ twilight1 "o is impress$ ) a feel+ ( awe & my/]y by ! /range1 weird %apes outl9$ aga9/ ! sky4 ,9 ! cool] air ( ev5+ ! animals come f _! retreats4 ,! insects & ! snakes are !n abroad1 & if "o is on foot ! sudd5 buzz ( a rattlesnake is n a pleasant s\nd to he>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--,,mesquite ,,tree1 ,,santa ,,cruz ,,valley1 ,,s\!rn ,,arizona ,! prickly-pe> pref]s slopes n q s dry & hot z ^? ( ! =e/ j describ$4 ,its broad1 spade-l1 jo9t$ /ems are v int]e/+4 ,! r$ fruit clu/]$ ^u _! extremities is n disagreeable to ! ta/e1 b is cov]$ ) a s(t1 prickly d[n4 ,associat$ ) ! prickly-pe> is a species ( agave1 b ?is does n gr[ s l>ge 9 ,arizona z x does f>!r s\? 9 ,mexico4 ,! plant is famili> to u z ! common c5tury plant ( our g>d5s4 ,! long fle%y leaves ) sp9es at ! ends are clu/]$ at ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & f _! c5tre1 at bloom+ "t1 rises a tall fl[] /alk4 ,! agave requires _m ye>s to mature4 ,:5 ! fl[] /alk has once />t$ x gr[s rapidly1 b aft] blossom+ ! plant dies4 ,! mezcal1 or pulque1 ! national dr9k ( ! ,mexicans1 is made f ! sap ( ! agave4 ,! fibre ( ! agave1 kn[n z sisal hemp1 is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( rope1 tw9e1 mats1 bru%es1 etc4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! plant h v>i\s uses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,,! ,,agave ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--,,spani% ,,bayonet ,,9 ,,bloom ,!re are _m k9ds ( yucca 9 ! m elevat$ portions ( ! des]t4 ,!y range 9 size f ^? only two or ?ree feet high1 ( :i* ! ,spani% bayonet is a type1 to ! giant yucca ( ! ,mohave ,des]t1 :i* atta9s ! proportions ( a tree & =ms ?ick =e/s ov] an area ( _m miles4 ,! ,spani% bayonet1 ) its long /alk ( :ite1 waxy blossoms1 pres5ts a v beautiful appe>ance1 z d also ! "y specim5s ( ! tree yucca4 ,at r>e int]vals1 once p]haps 9 _m ye>s1 !re is an unusual am\nt ( ra9fall 9 ! spr+1 & 9 a few weeks ! des]t becomes trans=m$ z if by magic4 ,se$s g]m9ate1 ! pres5ce ( :i* "o w\ld nev] h suspect$ 9 ! dri] wea!r4 ,9 an incr$ibly %ort "t ! long gravelly or s&y slopes ab\t ! bases ( ! m\nta9s are cov]$ ) a v]itable c>pet ( gre51 yell[1 & r$4 ,! s& v]b5a1 ! ev5+ primrose1 baby blue-eyes1 & diff]5t k9ds ( lilies gr[ s ?ickly 9 places t e foot/ep cru%es !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--,,"y ,,yuccas ,,9 ,,bloom ,b 9 a few %ort days ! beauty has disappe>$4 ,! se$s mature spe$ily & drop into ! s&4 ,a hot w9d )]s ! /ems & leaves & bl[s !m away2 drift+ s&s take ! place ( ! ri* c>pet4 ,h[ readily ^! plants h adapt$ !mselves to ! brief p]iod 9 :i* life is possible6 ,?us x is t ?is va/ region ab\t ! l[] ,colorado1 al?\gh s dry & hot1 & at fir/ sight app>5tly s unfitt$ = su/a9+ life1 nev]!less supports its %>e4 ,_m ( ! plant =ms h assum$ /range & mon/r\s %apes 9 _! ef=ts to )/& ! h>d conditions 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :ile o!rs simply lie 9 wait+1 sleep+ dur+ ! long dry ye>1 b ready to spr+ into life :5 ! favorable %[]s come1 z !y sometimes d4 ,,! ,,pony ,,express ,al?\gh x is only a little m ?an fifty ye>s s9ce ! discov]y ( gold 0 made & ! rapid settlem5t ( ! ,we/ began1 :at a *ange has come ov] ?is great region6 ,x 0 at fir/ suppos$ to be impossible to connect ! gr[+ settlem5ts ^u ! ,pacific ) ! ,ea/ by any?+ m ?an a wagon road1 & ^? :o advocat$ ! build+ ( a railroad 7 ridicul$4 ,n[ ! j\rney across ! cont95t is made ^u smoo? /eel tracks 9 com=table coa*es1 = ! skill ( ! eng9e] has ov]come ! difficulties ( ! des]t1 ! m\nta9 wall1 & ! caon4 ,! pione]s :o pu%$ we/w>d f ! ,mississippi ,riv] ) _! sl[ ox-teams took all summ] to rea* ! f]tile valleys ( ,cali=nia & ,oregon1 & consid]$ !mselves =tunate if !y arriv$ at _! de/9ation be=e ! com+ ( ! w9t] /orms4 ,! fir/ ov]l& /age l9e 0 e/abli%$ by way ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona1 t]m9at+ at ,los ,angeles4 ,tw5ty-two days 7 requir$ = ?is "p ( ! tiresome & dang]\s trip4 ,! r\te 0 long] & m des]t-l ?an t f>!r nor? across ,nevada1 b ! w9t] /orms 7 avoid$4 ,! /age-coa* prov$ too sl[ = ! ne$s ( ! gr[+ settlem5ts ^u ! ,pacific slope4 ,a telegraph l9e 0 plann$1 b x c\ld n be complet$ = "s "t1 & ev5 !n x 0 probable t ! ,indians w\ld de/roy ! poles & wires4 ,!n came ! idea ( a relay ( fa/ mess5g]s ^u horseback1 & ! pony express 0 organiz$4 ,x is difficult to believe t by ?is means ! j\rney ( two ?\s& miles betwe5 ,/4 ,joseph1 a po9t ^u ! ,miss\ri a little above ,kansas ,city1 & ,sacram5to1 ,cali=nia1 0 once made 9 ab\t eight days4 ,?is is only a little m ?an twice ! "t requir$ by ! fa/ tra9s at pres5t4 ,= two ye>s ! trip 0 regul>ly made 9 ab\t n9e days1 av]ag+ two hundr$ & tw5ty miles a day4 ,x c be readily und]/ood t ?is wond]ful feat requir$ _m relays ( m5 & horses scatt]$ along ! r\te4 ,! express rid] _h no well-grad$ roads to foll[1 b only ! r\gh trail ( ! emigrants4 ,?is l$ across broad des]ts & ov] rugg$ m\nta9s1 & ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! j\rney expos$ ! rid] to ! attacks ( ,indians4 ,let u take a map & trace ! r\te ( ! express4 ,x foll[$ closely ! ma9 ov]l& trail :i* ! gold-seek]s _h op5$4 ,n[ t[ns & cities are scatt]$ along ! old trail1 & ! railroad crosses & recrosses x4 ,b let u try to picture ! c\ntry z x appe>$ 9 its wild /ate4 ,m\nta9s1 valleys & pla9s made up ! l&scape4 ,va/ h]ds ( buffalo d>k5$ ! ,great ,pla9s ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :ile f>!r we/ 7 num]\s b&s ( antelope4 ,! /reams 7 fill$ ) beav] & o!r fur-be>+ animals4 ,"h & !re along ! riv]s 7 ,indian villages ) _! curi\sly %ap$ tepees4 ,ev5 ! des]ts ( ,nevada 7 n un9habit$1 = ! ,indians liv$ !re also1 ga!r$ 9 little family gr\ps ab\t ! desolate spr+s4 ,:5 we speak ( ! ov]l& trail we d n mean a n>r[ pa? = animals1 b ! wagon road1 rude ?\gh x 01 :i* ! e>ly emigrants _h made4 ,!y 7 det]m9$ to cross ! cont95t1 no matt] :at ! difficulties & dang]s4 ,wagons c\ld be drawn by ! ox5 ov] ! pla9s & des]ts ) little difficulty1 al?\gh !re 7 "s dang]\s riv]s to be cross$4 ,m\nta9s & caons (f]$ ! mo/ s]i\s ob/ructions4 ,9 _m places ! wagons _h to be let d[n ov] precipices ) ropes1 or be tak5 ap>t & c>ri$ piece by piece ar\nd ! ob/ructions4 ,x 0 n ! m\nta9s alone :i* made ! trip across ! pla9s "o long to be rememb]$4 ,x 0 (t5 difficult to obta9 wat] & fodd] = ! animals1 & at _m po9ts savage ,indians1 b5t ^u plund]1 7 9 hid+1 wait+ = a *ance to /amp$e ! cattle or kill ! emigrants4 ,! way 0 m>k$ by ab&on$ wagons1 h\sehold goods1 bones ( cattle1 & ! graves ( human be+s4 ,! trail l$ f ! ,miss\ri across ! /ate ( ,kansas to ! ,platte ,riv]1 !n foll[$ ?is long /ream to its head at ,s\? ,pass on ! cont95tal divide4 ,f ! ,s\? ,pass ! trail l$ s\?we/ pa/ ,=t ,bridg]1 9 s\?we/]n ,wyom+1 ?r\gh ,e*o ,caon & ov] ,emigrant pass ( ! ,wasat* ,range d[n to ,salt ,lake ,city1 :i* _h be5 f\nd$ b a %ort "t be=e ! discov]y ( gold4 ,we/ ( ,salt ,lake ,city ! trail skirt$ ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,great ,salt ,lake1 & aft] pass+ a l[ m\nta9 divide 9 :at is n[ nor?we/]n ,utah1 rea*$ ! head wat]s ( ! ,humboldt ,riv]4 ,!nce ! pa? ran along by ?is riv] d[n to ! place :]e x disappe>$ 9 a va/ s&y des]t kn[n z ! s9k ( ! ,c>son4 ,! ,c>son ,riv]1 aft] ! dre>y des]t 0 pass$1 l$ ! emigrants /ill we/w>d t[>d a wall ( mighty m\nta9s kn[n z ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,"h ,nature seem$ to h done h] utmo/ to %ut (f ,cali=nia1 ) its f]tile valleys & ri* gold-fields1 f ! long+ eyes ( ! emigrants4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al l[ places 9 ! range1 & ?r\gh "o ( ^! op5+s1 at ! head ( ! ,c>son ,riv]1 ! travell]s ga9$ ! we/]n slope ( ! m\nta9s4 ,!n 9 good "t !y rea*$ ! m9+ t[n ( ,plac]ville1 & at l5g? ,sacram5to1 ! capital ( ,cali=nia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--;,,*imney ,,rock ,on ! old ov]l& trail ne> ! ,platte ,riv]1 we/]n ,nebraska ,9 ord] t ! pony express might make ! "t requir$ ov] ! two ?\s& miles1 five hundr$ horses & sev]al hundr$ m5 7 ne$$4 ,! /ations 7 plac$ ab\t t5 miles ap>t & 7 /rongly built s t !y might )/& ! attacks ( ! ,indians4 ,^! /ations1 ne>ly two hundr$ 9 numb]1 all _h to be suppli$ by means ( freight teams1 :i* (t5 haul$ hay1 gra91 & food = ! mess5g]s = hundr$s ( miles4 ,! horses select$ = ! mess5g]s to ride 7 ! small1 sure-foot$ ponies call$ mu/angs4 ,?r\gh a /ret* ( t5 miles ! pony 0 pu%$ to its utmo/ spe$1 !n x 0 c>efully groom$1 f$1 & re/$ until ! "t came to make ! return trip4 ,9 select+ ! rid]s ?ree ?+s 7 ( great importance3 !y mu/ be light 9 weight1 mu/ be possess$ ( great p[]s ( endurance1 & also mu/ be brave & resolute4 ,at ea* /ation1 z ! "t approa*$ = ! express to arrive1 ! relay horse 0 saddl$ & 9 wait+4 ,z ! rid] da%$ 9 he jump$ f 8 horse1 & ) b a mom5t's re/1 ?rew ! saddle-bags conta9+ ! lett]s ^u ! fre% horse & 0 (f aga91 rid+ l ! w9d4 ,^u smoo? /ret*es ! horses (t5 made tw5ty miles an h\r1 b x 0 q impossible to ma9ta9 ?is spe$ ov] ! rocky & rugg$ portions ( ! r\te4 ,/orms & ,indian ambuscades (t5 delay$ ! rid]s4 ,sometimes ! mess5g] kept up a runn+ fight ) ! ,indians = miles4 ,! rid]s 7 frequ5tly kill$1 b ! mail-bags 7 r>ely lo/4 ,if a rid] did n come 9 on "t1 x 0 kn[n t some?+ s]i\s _h happ5$1 & se>* 0 imm$iately made4 ,! rid]s 7 n all[$ to /op = any purpose :atsoev]2 nei!r /orms ( ! greate/ sev]ity nor ev5 ! pres5ce ( ho/ile ,indians ne> ! trail kept !m f _! duty4 ,"o ( ! few rid]s :o are /ill liv+ says t he 0 nev] afraid except on d>k1 cl\dy nights4 ,at su* times he made no attempt to guide 8 horse1 b tru/+ to ! intellig5ce ( ! well-tra9$ animal1 gave x re91 & at ! same "t spurr$ x to its utmo/ spe$4 ,?9k ( rid+ at su* spe$ into ! d>k night1 n kn[+ :at is ahead ( y6 ,! rid]'s only safety lay 9 ! c>efulness & sagacity ( ! horse4 ,su* a ride call$ = m c\rage ?an did a conflict ) ,indians6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--,,palisades ,,( ,,! ,,humboldt ,,riv]1 ,,nevada ,ne> ! ov]l& trail ,! pony express c>ri$ no pass5g]s4 ,x c>ri$ no freight1 n ev5 ! usual express package4 ,! mess5g] 0 intru/$ ) no?+ b two bundles ( lett]s c>efully /[$ away 9 a pair ( saddle-bags4 ,! lett]s 7 n l our ord9>y lett]s1 = ! pap] us$ 0 ! ?9ne/ & lighte/ possible4 ,hundr$s ( ! lett]s weigh$ only a few p\nds4 ,x 0 v important t !re %\ld be no great weight1 = if ! horses 7 heavily load$1 !y c\ld n make ! requir$ "t4 ,only ^? ^: bus9ess 0 ( great importance c\ld af=d to s5d lett]s by ?is express1 = ! *>ge 0 five doll>s ^u ea* lett]4 ,9 spite ( ! high *>ge ! pony express is said nev] to h be5 pr(itable1 = ! exp5ses 7 v heavy4 ,x 0 discont9u$ 9 #ahfj1 z by t "t a telegraph l9e _h be5 con/ruct$ across ! cont95t4 ,,h[ ,,climate ,,& ,,physical ,,features ,,influ5c$ ,,! ,,settlem5t ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,! /ory ( ! exploration & settlem5t ( ! ,pacific coa/1 & ( ! great region ly+ betwe5 ! ,pacific slope & ! ,mississippi ,valley1 (f]s a mo/ int]e/+ opportunity to /udy ! control :i* physical features ( ! e>? ex]t ^u ! tr5d ( m5's activities4 ,! position ( ! m\nta9s1 ! c\rses ( ! riv]s1 & ! "* ( ! sea-coa/ h all help$ to %ape ! hi/ory ( ! ,we/4 ,! pres5ce ( gold 9 ! rocks ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s 0 ! *ief inc5tive :i* l$ to ! break+ d[n ( ! b>ri]s plac$ by ,nature betwe5 ! ,pacific & ! ,mississippi bas94 ,:5 an unkn[n l& is accessible by wat]1 ! %ore l9e (f]s ! easie/ means = ! fir/ explorations & settlem5ts4 ,s x came ab\t t ne>ly all ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica 0 kn[n be=e m5 v5tur$ f> into ! int]ior4 ,!n ! l>ge riv]s1 l ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ! ,hudson1 & ! ,mississippi1 seem$ to (f] invit+ r\tes into ! recesses ( ! cont95t1 b exploration ?r\gh ! pa?less woods & r\gh m\nta9s 0 sl[4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ t ! ,hudson 0 a %ort riv] & did n lead across ! cont95t z 0 at fir/ hop$4 ,because ( ! abs5ce ( o!r l>ge riv]s ^u t portion ( ! coa/ :i* ! ,engli% occupi$1 _! settlem5ts did n spread we/w>d z rapidly z !y o!rwise w\ld h done4 ,! c\ntry 0 cov]$ ) d5se =e/s1 & savage ,indians disput$ ! "r to occupy x4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 passes 7 f\nd lead+ ov] ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s to ! ,ohio ,riv] & ?r\gh ! ,mohawk ,valley to ! region ( ! ,great ,lakes4 ,! advantages = travel (f]$ by ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv] & ! *a9 ( lakes above x 7 utiliz$ at an e>ly day4 ,! r\te ( ! ,fr5* mission>y explor]s & fur trad]s 0 f ,montreal up ! ,ottawa ,riv]1 !n by a %ort portage & a s]ies ( small lakes to ,lake ,huron4 ,f ?is po9t ! mo/ remote %ores ( ,lakes ,sup]ior & ,mi*igan c\ld be easily rea*$4 ,by ! aid ( sev]al small bodies ( wat] we/ ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 ,lake ,w9nipeg & ,great ,slave ,lake 7 f9ally discov]$2 b f ?is po9t ! wat]ways into ! ,we/ 7 small & c\ld be foll[$ no f>!r1 s t x 0 a long "t be=e ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7 cross$4 ,by float+ d[n ! ,ill9ois ,riv] ! ,fr5* arriv$ at ! ,mississippi1 explor$ mu* ( its c\rse1 & took possession ( ! c\ntry 9 advance ( ! ,engli%4 ,?is fact 0 directly due to ! difficulties :i* ! ,engli% explor]s exp]i5c$ 9 =c+ _! way ov] ! ,appala*ian highl&s4 ,! ,spani% explor$ ! s\!rn %ores ( ! cont95t1 & cross+ ! ,i/hmus1 7 ! fir/ to behold ! ,pacific4 ,! fact t ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica 0 s easily rea*$ at ?is po9t gave ! ,spani% a great advantage1 & expla9s :y !y ga9$ su* a hold ^u ! l&s bord]+ t ocean4 ,x 0 a comp>atively simple matt] = !m to fit out %ips1 & sail+ nor? & s\?1 to take possession :]ev] !y desir$4 ,h[ev]1 :5 !y _h gone z f> z ,cali=nia1 _! progress 0 = a long "t almo/ completely block$ by /orms & head w9ds1 = ! prevail+ direction ( ! w9d is d[n ! coa/4 ,! ,spani% f9ally rea*$ ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 b nev] succe$$ 9 mak+ settlem5ts nor? ( ,san ,francisco4 ,ev5 ! int]ior ( ,cali=nia 0 little kn[n to !m1 = ! m\nta9s & des]ts disc\rag$ _! progress 9 t direction4 ,f an exam9ation ( a map we might suppose t ! ,colorado ,riv] w\ld (f] z good a means = p5etrat+ ! cont95t z did ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 b z a matt] ( fact x is navigable = a comp>atively %ort di/ance4 ,! ,spani% made "o attempt to asc5d ?is riv]1 b f9d+ !mselves surr\nd$ on e h& by a mo/ desolate1 b>r5 c\ntry1 !y turn$ back be=e rea*+ ! ,gr& ,caon4 ,9 ! eag] se>* = gold ! ,spani>ds pu%$ nor? f ,mexico & plant$ settlem5ts 9 ,arizona & ,new ,mexico1 b ^u ! nor?we/ _! progress 0 /opp$ by caons & des]ts4 ,n[ we are prep>$ to und]/& :y x 0 t ! we/]n portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica rema9$ = s long a "t a my/]i\s & unkn[n region4 ,!re 7 no wat]ways by :i* x c\ld be explor$1 :ile sn[-clad m\nta9s & des]ts made access to x d\bly difficult4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury ! ,am]icans _h ov]come ! natural ob/acles 9 _! we/w>d progress1 & _! settlem5ts rea*$ z f> into ! wild]ness z ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,hunt]s & trad]s 7 soon pu%+ f> beyond1 spread+ ov] ! ,great ,pla9s & up to ! v base ( ! ,rocky1 or ,/ony ,m\nta9s1 z !y 7 !n call$4 ,! ,miss\ri ,riv] became ! great highway into ! ,nor?we/1 = ! adv5tur]s took advantage ( ! /reams :]ev] possible4 ,_m o!r riv]s 7 discov]$ fl[+ f ! we/]n m\nta9s1 b ) ! exception ( ! ,platte & ,arkansas !y 7 g5]ally too %all[ = navigation ev5 ) a light canoe4 ,/>t+ 9 ! e>ly spr+ f ! m\? ( ! ,miss\ri1 ! h>dy trapp]s sail$ & paddl$ up ! riv]1 tak+ sev]al mon?s to rea* ! head ( navigation at ! ,great ,falls4 ,9 ! autumn1 :5 ! boats 7 load$ ) furs1 x 0 a comp>atively easy matt] to drop d[n ! riv] ) ! curr5t4 ,x w\ld h be5 almo/ impossible to transport ! loads ( goods on pack-horses across ! ?\s& miles ( prairie1 :]e ! trad]s w\ld be subject to attack f ho/ile ,indians4 ,adv5tur\s m5 pu%$ f>!r & f>!r we/ ?r\gh ! passes 9 ! m\nta9s & began trapp+ ^u ! wat]s :i* fl[ into ! ,pacific4 ,x _h long be5 suppos$ t ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s =m$ a b>ri] beyond :i* our c\ntry c\ld n be ext5d$1 & t ! ,pacific slope 0 made up ( m\nta9s & des]ts n wor? secur+4 ,! explor]s %[$ t ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7 n cont9u\s1 b consi/$ ( p>tly deta*$ ranges1 & t :ile _! ea/]n fronts 7 inde$ almo/ impassable = long di/ances1 !re 7 places s l[ t x 0 difficult to locate ! exact spot :]e ! wat]s p>t$ to seek ! ,pacific ,ocean & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,9 s\?we/]n ,wyom+ ! cont95tal divide1 kn[n z ! ,great ,divide mesa1 ?\gh m ?an a mile above ! sea1 is b a cont9uation ( ! long1 g5tle slope ( ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s decrease 9 height t[>d ! s\?1 ne> ! l9e betwe5 ,new ,mexico & ,colorado4 ,"h is situat$ ,raton ,pass1 an anci5t ,indian highway f ! valley ( ! ,arkansas to ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,9 ! e>ly half ( ! la/ c5tury ?is trail 0 mu* us$ by ! c>avans ( trad]s & came to be kn[n z ! ,santa ,f trail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--,,on ,,! ,,cont95tal ,,divide ,,9 ,,s\?we/]n ,,wyom+ ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,am]ican occupation ( ,cali=nia1 ! ,santa ,f trail became an important r\te to ! ,pacific4 ,f ! ,mexican t[n ( ,santa ,f x l$ d[n ! valley ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 foll[+ ! old road to ,mexico1 & !n turn$ we/ across ! broad plateau ( ! cont95tal divide1 n f> f ! pres5t c\rse ( ! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,railroad4 ,pass+ ,tucson1 ! road kept ne> ! c\rse ( ! ,gila ,riv] to ,=t ,yuma1 & !n l$ ov] ! ,colorado ,des]t to ,los ,angeles4 ,?is pa? avoid$ all ! high m\nta9s1 b mu* ( x lay across des]ts1 :]e ! heat & sc>city ( wat] made x an impracticable r\te = ! emigrants4 ,"o n acqua9t$ ) ! physical geography ( ! ,we/ might wond] :y ! gold-seek]s on _! way to ,cali=nia did n make use ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 :i*1 except = ! ,great ,falls1 0 navigable = small boats to ! v base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,a p>tial explanation is f\nd 9 ! report ( ! h>d%ips endur$ by ! ,lewis & ,cl>k explor+ exp$ition1 & lat] by ! ,a/or p>ty1 :i* w5t out to f\nd a fur trad+ po/ at ! m\? ( ! ,columbia4 ,x _h be5 suppos$ t aft] once cross+ ! cont95tal divide x w\ld be an easy matt] to emb>k ^u "s /ream & float d[n to ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! p>ties ref]r$ to became lo/ 9 ! defiles ( ! m\nta9s1 & :5 !y f9ally rea*$ ! ,snake ,riv] x 0 only to f9d t rapids & wat]falls cont9ually ob/ruct$ navigation4 ,al?\gh !re 0 9 mo/ places pl5ty ( wat] ^u ?is nor!rn r\te1 yet ! m\nta9s 7 impassable = wagons4 ,because ( ^! conditions ! emigrants />t$ out boldly across ! pla9s1 foll[+ ! g5]al c\rse ( ! ,platte ,riv]1 & cross+ ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 divide at ! ,s\? ,pass 9 we/]n ,wyom+1 a place fam\s 9 its day4 ,at ?is po9t ^? :o 7 go+ to ,oregon turn$ nor?we/w>d to ,=t ,hall1 a trad+ po/ ( ! ,hudson ,bay ,company4 ,f "h !y cross$ s\!rn ,idaho1 keep+ ne> ! c\rse ( ! ,snake ,riv] until !y rea*$ ! po9t :]e x ent]s ! gr& caon2 !re !y left ! riv]1 & climb+ ov] ! ,blue ,m\nta9s1 ent]$ ! f]tile valleys ab\t ! pres5t city ( ,walla ,walla4 ,f ?is place ! emigrants foll[$ ! ,columbia ,riv] to ,! ,dalles1 :5ce !y proce$$ ei!r by boat or raft until ,=t ,vanc\v] & ! m\? ( ! ,willamette 7 f9ally ga9$4 ,wagons 7 tak5 ?r\gh on ?is r\te1 & x 0 n dang]\s1 al?\gh accid5ts sometimes happ5$ at ! ,cascades1 :]e locks 7 built at a lat] day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--,,! ,,old ,,santa ,f ,,trail ,ov] ?is ?\s&s ( freight & emigrant wagons h pass$ ,! emigrants = ,cali=nia1 :o 7 ! mo/ num]\s1 turn$ s\?we/ at ,s\? ,pass1 & aft] cross+ ! ,wasat* ,range ?r\gh ,emigration ,caon1 came out ^u ! pla9 ( ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,!n1 trav]s+ des]t pla9s1 !y rea*$ ! ,humboldt ,riv]1 :i* !y foll[$ until x sank into ! s&s4 ,sev]al r\tes _h be5 op5$ across ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s into ,cali=nia1 b ^? ?r\gh ! ,c>son & ,donn] passes 7 mo/ us$4 ,sev]al high ranges ( m\nta9s lay betwe5 ! ,willamette ,valley ( ,oregon & ! ,great ,valley ( ,cali=nia1 s t 9 ! e>ly days !re 0 v little travel betwe5 ^! two t]ritories4 ,! ov]l& trip requir$ s long a "t1 & involv$ su* dang]s & h>d%ips1 t _m pref]r$ ! wat] r\te1 9 spite ( ! fact t its %ips 7 cr[d$1 & ! voyag]s mu/ cross ! fev]-infect$ ,i/hmus4 ,x is v int]e/+ to note h[ widely diff]5t ! riv]s are ^u ! opposite sides ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,^? ^u ! ea/1 ) ! exception ( ! ,miss\ri at ! ,great ,falls1 are n m>k$ by wat]falls aft] leav+ ! m\nta9s4 ,!re are few caons ( importance4 ,! /reams g5]ally fl[ 9 *annels only slightly sunk5 bel[ ! g5]al level ( ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,! /reams ^u ! we/1 on ! contr>y1 are brok5 by rapids & wat]falls1 & are g5]ally buri$ 9 caons s deep & precipit\s t 9 places a man might die ( ?ir/ 9 sight ( wat]4 ,no o!r great migration ( p ov] ! surface ( ! e>? ev] enc\nt]$ su* difficulties z t :i* press$ we/w>d aft] ! discov]y ( gold4 ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght t railroads c\ld n be con/ruct$ ?r\gh ! m\nta9s & des]ts1 & until ! m9]al weal? ( ! ,we/ became kn[n1 _m m5 believ$ t ! great] portion ( ! c\ntry 0 n wor? tak+4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to consid] ea* ( ! ma9 l9es ( railroad :i* connect ! ,mississippi ,valley ) ! ,pacific1 & /udy ! features ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* x runs1 det]m9+ z f> z possible ! surveyor's reasons = select+ t p>ticul> c\rse4 ,"s ( ! railroads foll[ = long di/ances ! r\tes ( ! emigrants4 ,! emigrants1 9 _! turn1 (t5 made use ( ! anci5t ,indian trails4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--,,! ,,c>son ,,pass1 ,,summit ,,( ,,si]ra ,,nevada ,,m\nta9s ,"o ( ! ma9 emigrant r\tes to ! ,pacific ,coa/ ,:ile ,nature seems to h /riv5 to raise impassable b>ri]s to %ut (f ! ,pacific slope f ! re/ ( ! cont95t1 yet %e fail$ at "s po9ts1 & ?r\gh ! ungu>d$ passes ! wild animals & ,indians fir/ f\nd _! way4 ,!n came ! trapp]s1 prospectors1 f>m]s1 & at la/ ! railroad1 until ! wild]ness 0 ov]-run4 ,because ( its temp]ate climate1 abundant ra9fall1 & ri* soil1 ! ,mississippi ,valley 0 rapidly settl$ aft] ! pione]s _h once rea*$ x4 ,! pla9s ris+ sl[ly we/w>d t[>d ! base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7 f\nd to be m arid ! f>!r !y 7 explor$4 ,consequ5tly !re exi/s a broad /rip ( pla9 :i* is ev5 to-day sp>sely settl$4 ,! emigrants w5t on to ! f]tile valleys ne>] ! ,pacific1 :]e ! ra9fall is m abundant4 ,! ,am]ican settl]s did n !n und]/& irrigation1 al?\gh x 0 practis$ by ! ,mexicans to ! s\?4 ,because ! discov]y ( preci\s metals 0 fir/ made 9 ,cali=nia1 ! pione]s cross$ ! int]v5+ m\nta9s )\t giv+ a ?\ght to ! m9]al ri*es :i* might be conceal$ 9 _! dep?s4 ,lat]1 m9es 7 op5$ 9 ! m\nta9s all ?r\gh ! arid regions4 ,! necessity ( provid+ food = ! m9]s br\ght ab\t ! discov]y t ! des]t l&s 7 v productive :]ev] ! wat]s ( ! /reams c\ld be br\ght to !m4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,prospector ,p]haps "s ( u :o h com=table homes1 sleep ^u s(t b$s1 we> neat clo!s1 & c obta9 e v>iety ( food t we wi%1 ?9k ) pity ( ! m5 :o lead a r\gh & lonely life among ! m\nta9s f> f all com=ts4 ,let u le>n some?+ m ab\t ! life & "w ( ! prospectors1 = we may f9d mu* t is desirable 9 _! exp]i5ces4 ,n _m ?\s&s ( ye>s ago our ance/ors l$ :at we w\ld n[ call a wild & savage life4 ,!y _h no p]man5t homes1 b w&]$ "h & !re 9 se>* ( food1 & liv$ 9 caves or con/ruct$ ! rude/ k9d ( %elt] f ! /orms4 ,p]haps we are "r 9 feel+ ?ankful t we 7 n born 9 ^? primitive times1 b are !re n really _m ?+s to regret ab\t ! way 9 :i* we h to live at ! pres5t day8 ,! utt]ly free outdoor life is n op5 to _m4 ,we h little or no opportunity to become acqua9t$ ) ,nature1 ! gu>dian ( our ance/ors4 ,! woods1 ! rocks1 ! m\nta9s1 & ! da%+ /reams are almo/ complete /rang]s to _m ( u4 ,_m m5 are n[ oblig$ to g e day to _! "w 9 (fice or %op1 & sp5d ! h\rs %ut 9 f ! fre% air & bright sun%9e4 ,at night !y sleep 9 rooms into :i* !y admit little fre% air = fe> ( tak+ cold4 ,to-day ea* man has to le>n to d "o ?+ well to ! exclusion ( ne>ly ev]y?+ else1 9 ord] to make a liv+4 ,= ?is v reason we are 9 dang] ( becom+ human ma*9es & ( los+ ! use ( "s ( ! p[]s ) :i* ,nature has end[$ u4 ,_m ?+s ab\t our pres5t mode ( life are n natural to u1 b ?r\gh successive g5]ations we h become some:at adapt$ to !m4 ,! ,indians1 if tak5 f a life 9 ! op5 air & made to live z we d1 (t5 sick5 & die4 ,! f>m] enjoys mu* m fre$om & m ( ! sweet fre% air ?an d ! artisans & (fice work]s2 b ( all ! m5 9 civiliz$ c\ntries ! trapp]s & prospectors live mo/ out ( doors4 ,to be sure1 !y h to endure _m h>d%ips & dang]s1 & _! b$s are n always ! s(te/ nor _! food ! be/1 b y w seldom f9d "o :o is will+ to ex*ange 8 free life = "w 9 ! t[n or city4 ,! trapp]s h ne>ly disappe>$4 ,_! occupation w be gone ) ! pass+ ( ! wild animals :i* 7 once s abundant4 ,! prospectors are1 h[ev]1 becom+ m num]\s ye> by ye> ?r\gh\t ! m\nta9s ( we/]n ,am]ica4 ,to !m we owe a great debt1 = _h n _! se>*+ eyes br\ght to light ! hidd5 m9]al deposits ?is portion ( our c\ntry w\ld be f> m ?9ly populat$ ?an x is to-day4 ,! discov]y ( gold 9 ,cali=nia 0 accid5tal4 ,a man nam$ ,m>%all 0 build+ a mill = ,sutt] 9 ! foot-hills ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s at ! "t 7#ahdh7 :5 ,cali=nia _h j come into ! possession ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:ile at "w he notic$ "s %9+ gra9s 9 ! s& ( ! mill-race4 ,a little te/+ ( ! gra9s l$ him to ! conclusion t !y 7 gold4 ,! news spread rapidly ov] ! _w1 & s9ce t "t a con/antly increas+ tide ( gold-seek]s has be5 pu%+ out into ! unexplor$ portions ( ! e>?4 ,comp>atively few ( ^! m5 h become weal?y1 b _! discov]ies h l$ to ! settlem5t ( new regions & to ! gr[? ( important indu/ries4 ,9 tru?1 if x 7 n = ! deposits ( valuable metals1 l>ge areas ( ! des]t & m\nta9\s ,we/ w\ld be ( small value4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--;,a ,,prospector ,,9 ,,! ,,des]t ,! prospector ne$s little capital except heal? & /r5g?1 b he mu/ be will+ to lead a r\gh life4 ,he w be m likely to succe$ if he kn[s some?+ ab\t ! diff]5t k9ds ( m9]als & rocks1 & is able to di/+ui% ! valuable ones f ^? :i* are ( little or no wor?4 ,! prospector may h a pack-horse & a second horse to ride1 or he may g afoot ) m]ely two burros to c>ry blankets1 provisions1 & tools4 ,a burro co/s little & w live ^u almo/ any?+4 ,! v>iety ( food t c be c>ri$ is n l>ge2 su* ?+s z bacon1 fl\r1 sug>1 beans1 & c(fee are ! mo/ important4 ,) ! rifle "o may frequ5tly add to ! supply4 ,?is1 y may ?9k1 is pretty h>d f>e1 b life 9 ! op5 air w make "o hungry en\gh to reli% almo/ any sort ( food4 ,! prospector does n ne$ a road or ev5 a trail4 ,he seeks ! lea/-kn[n portion ( "s m\nta9 di/rict :]e he has an idea t gold may be f\nd4 ,?r\gh ! caons he goes1 & ov] ! m\nta9s1 ei!r on horseback or driv+ ! burros be=e him4 ,wat] & grass are usually abundant1 & ! little cavalcade /ops :]e night ov]takes x4 ,9 ! des]t prospect+ is m difficult & (t5 dang]\s1 because ( ! sc>city ( wat]4 ,x is necess>y to "k ! location ( ! few scatt]$ spr+s1 & to make "o ( ! burros useful 9 c>ry+ wat] kegs4 ,a spr+ mu/ be ! />t+-po9t 9 ! morn+1 & a suffici5t am\nt ( wat] mu/ be tak5 to la/ until ! travell] c get back to ! same spr+ or until he c rea* ano!r4 ,a pick1 a %ovel1 & a hamm] are among ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! prospector's outfit4 ,gold is a heavy sub/ance1 & z x wa%es d[n ! m\nta9 sides & into ! gul*es f "s qu>tz ve91 its weight f9ally takes x to ! b$-rock b5ea? ! s& & gravel4 ,) 8 pick & %ovel ! prospector c rea* ! b$-rock4 ,he takes "s ( ! gravel f its hid+-place close to ! rock1 places x 9 a pan fill$ ) wat]1 & !n1 ) a peculi> rot>y movem5t1 wa%es away ! light] mat]ials1 leav+ ! heavi] sub/ances & ! gold1 if !re is any1 at ! bottom ( ! pan4 ,if !re is no trace ( gold1 ! prospector goes on to ano!r creek2 b if "s ( ! yell[ metal is wa%$ out1 he te/s ! place ?or\ghly = m4 ,9 se>*+ = l$ges ! prospector sp5ds 8 "t 9 ! small] gul*es & ^u ! m\nta9 sides4 ,e piece ( deta*$ qu>tz t meets 8 eye is exam9$1 & if any specks ( gold appe>1 ! se>* is direct$ t[>d ! ve9 or l$ge f :i* ! specim5 came4 ,) ! hamm]1 pieces ( qu>tz are brok5 f ! ve9s :i* "h & !re rise above ! surface ( loose & crumbl+ rock4 ,:5 ! work] f9ds a piece t is /a9$ ) iron & has ! appe>ance ( c>ry+ gold1 he places x 9 8 bag & keeps x = fur!r exam9ation4 ,at camp1 ! pieces ( qu>tz are p\nd$ to a p[d] 9 a mort> & !n wa%$ 9 a horn spoon4 ,a /r+ ( f9e gra9s ( gold tells ( ! discov]y ( a ri* ve94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--;,a ,,prospector',s ,,cab9 ,,9 ,,! ,,rocky ,,m\nta9s ,x is n usually an easy matt] to f9d home ( a piece ( /ray qu>tz ^u ! m\nta9 side4 ,days & weeks may pass :ile se>* is made up ! slope1 = ! fragm5t mu/ h come f "s po9t above4 ,b ! l$ge1 once discov]$1 is trac$ along ! surface = ! purpose ( det]m9+ its direction & ext5t4 ,:5 a promis+ b$ ( gravel or a ve9 ( gold-be>+ qu>tz is f\nd1 ! prospector po/s ! prop] notices ( 8 "r to ! claim & has !m record$ at ! ne>e/ l& (fice4 ,!n he makes a p]man5t camp by cutt+ d[n trees & build+ a cab94 ,! int]ior ( ! cab9 is v simple4 ,its table & *airs are made ( split lumb]4 ,"o end ( ! s+le room is occupi$ by ! bunk1 & ! o!r by a l>ge fireplace4 ,!re may be no w9d[s1 & ! ro( may be made ( e>? pil$ ^u logs1 or ( long split %+les commonly kn[n z %akes4 ,sometimes1 aft] discov]+ a v ri* qu>tz l$ge1 ! prospector goes back to a settlem5t to attempt to int]e/ "s "o 9 buy+ or develop+ x4 ,sometimes x happ5s t he loses ! location ( ! ve9 & _c g back to ! place :]e x 0 discov]$4 ,9 ?is way 8 discov]y becomes a lo/ m9e1 & gr[s 9 importance 9 p's m9ds z ! /ory ( its ri*es spreads f "o to ano!r4 ,al?\gh m5 may sp5d ye>s look+ = su* m9es1 !y are n (t5 f\nd aga94 ,frequ5tly two m5 g prospect+ toge!r s t _! "w w be less dang]\s & lonely4 ,if !y are n at once successful1 !y manage 9 "s way to get supplies = a trip ea* ye> into ! m\nta9s4 ,(t5 !y are grub-/ak$1 t is1 "s man :o has money furni%es _! supplies 9 return = a %>e 9 _! f9d+s4 ,if !y h en\gh to eat1 ! prospectors1 9 _! snug cab91 are com=table & happy4 ,! cab9 is built z ne> z possible to ! m9e1 s t ! m5 ne$ n be cut (f f _! "w dur+ ! /ormy wea!r4 ,! temp]ature und]gr\nd is ab\t ! same 9 bo? w9t] & summ]1 s t w9t] /orms & summ] heat =m no h9drance to ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--,,m\? ,,( ,a ,,tunnel ,ye>s sp5t 9 life ( ?is k9d lead m5 to love ! m\nta9s4 ,!y feel a sympa?y ) ,nature & a companion%ip 9 h] pres5ce4 ,:5 !y h to visit ! t[n = supplies1 !y long to get back to _! little cab9s4 ,!y feel lo/ 9 ! :irl & confusion ( ! city4 ,summ] is a delightful "t at ! _m little m9]s' cab9s scatt]$ ?r\gh ! m\nta9s4 ,! air is invigorat+1 ! wat] pure & cold4 ,!re is ev]y?+ 9 ! surr\nd+s to make "o happy4 ,9 ! w9t] ! m9] sits by 8 great fireplace1 ) ! flames ro>+ up ! *imney4 ,he has no /ove to make ! air close & oppressive4 ,ab\t ! fireplace 8 di%es are arrang$--! kettle = beans1 ! c(fee-pot1 & ! ,dut* ov5 9 :i* ! bread is bak$4 ,if !re are "s old pap]-cov]$ /ory-books at h&1 x does n matt] h[ fi]cely ! /orms rage )\t4 ,ask any old prospector :o has sp5t ye>s 9 ?is mann] if he w\ld ex*ange 8 cab9 = a h\se 9 ! city1 & he w mo/ decid$ly answ] no4 ,?is lonely life 9 ! m\nta9s seems to eng5d] hospitality4 ,! old-"t prospector w make y welcome to 8 cab9 & w %>e 8 la/ cru/ ) y4 ,:5 he asks y 9 to h "s c(fee & beans1 he does n d x m]ely = ! sake ( be+ polite1 & he w feel hurt if y d n accept 8 hospitality4 ,8 di%es may n be z :ite z ^? to :i* y are accu/om$1 b ,i w v5ture to say t y h nev] ta/$ bett] beans ?an ^? ) :i* he w fill y\r plate f 8 soot-begrim$ kettle4 ,we ought all to see m ( ?is wildlife4 ,ev5 if we d n c>e to1 make our p]man5t homes among ! m\nta9s1 x w\ld d u good to g !re e summ] at lea/1 & s n only become /rong]1 b cultivate t famili>ity ) & love = outdoor life :i* our ance/ors enjoy$4 ,,gold ,,& ,,gold-,,m9+ ,gold d]ives its value p>tly f its pur*as+ p[]1 p>tly f ^? prop]ties :i* make x s]viceable 9 ! arts1 & p>tly f its beauty4 ,! high e/eem 9 :i* gold money is held is z mu* ! result ( its comp>ative r>ity z ( its physical prop]ties4 ,among ne>ly all ! nations ( ! _w x has be5 agre$ ^u z a /&>d ( ex*ange4 ,gold has "o disadvantage z a m$ium ( ex*ange2 x is r too s(t to we> well4 ,b ?is difficulty is ov]come by alloy+ ! gold ) ano!r m9]al ( ne>ly ! same color1--copp]1 = in/ance4 ,9 ord] t we may und]/& bett] ! position :i* gold occupies 9 ! arts & trades ( ! _w1 let u comp>e x ) o!r metals1 & fir/ ) plat9um4 ,?is m9]al is f> less abundant & has _m prop]ties :i* make x valuable 9 ! arts4 ,l gold1 plat9um is malleable & ductile & does n t>ni% 9 ! air1 b x diff]s f gold 9 n be+ easily fusible1 s t x is us$ 9 ! laboratory = crucibles4 ,! /eel-gray color ( plat9um is1 h[ev]1 s mu* less attractive ?an ! yell[ ( gold1 t x is n us$ = ornam5tal purposes4 ,an ef=t 0 made at "o "t by ,russia1 :]e a comp>atively l>ge am\nt ( plat9um is f\nd1 to co9 ?is metal into money1 b its cont9u$ use 0 n f\nd practicable because ( its *ang+ price 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,if ! lead+ nations w\ld agree ^u a fix$ value = plat9um1 x might be us$ l gold z a m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,silv] is bright] & m attractive ?an plat9um1 b is ( little use 9 ! laboratory4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 rec5t ye>s to be s mu* m abundant ?an gold t its value has decreas$ greatly z a comm]cial article4 ,9 our c\ntry :5 co9$ x has1 l pap] money1 be5 giv5 a value equal to gold4 ,! diamond has a value f> exce$+ t ( gold1 b ?is value is dep5d5t almo/ :olly ^u its ornam5tal prop]ties1 al?\gh ! brilliant /one is also useful z an abrasive & cutt+ ag5t4 ,f ^! facts x is evid5t t gold1 because ( its r>ity1 its physical prop]ties1 & its beauty1 comb9es a l>g] numb] ( desirable *>act]i/ics ?an any o!r m9]al4 ,gold c be f\nd 9 v small quantities ne>ly ev]y:]e4 ,x is pres5t 9 all ! rocks & also 9 sea-wat]4 ,! gold t is di/ribut$ 9 ?is mann] is ( no value to u1 = x w\ld co/ _m times z mu* to obta9 x z x is wor?4 ,nature has1 h[ev]1 conc5trat$ x = u 9 "s places4 ,9 portions ( ! _w :]e ! cru/ has be5 fold$ & brok5 !re are ve9s ( qu>tz ext5d+ 9 long1 n>r[1 & irregul> %eets ?r\gh ! rocks4 ,?is qu>tz is ! home ( ! gold1 & x is usually f\nd 9 hilly or m\nta9\s regions4 ,d n mi/ake ! yell[ iron pyrites = gold4 ,pyrites is brittle1 :ile gold is malleable4 ,y c hamm] a little gra9 ( gold into a ?9 %eet4 ,d n make ! mi/ake1 ei!r1 ( ?9k+ t ! %9+ yell[ scales ( mica :i* y see 9 ! s& 9 ! bottom ( a cle> /ream are gold4 ,^! yell[ m9]als t look l gold h be5 call$ fools' gold because p h sometimes be5 utt]ly deceiv$ by !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--;,a ,,gold-,,silv] ,,m9e ,summit ( ,san ,juan ,range1 ,colorado ,^u ! ,pacific slope m9]als are n[ be+ deposit$ 9 "s ( ! op5+s ( ! rocks f :i* hot spr+s issue4 ,a /udy ( ^! spr+s has l$ to ! op9ion t ! gold-be>+ qu>tz ve9s 7 =m$ 9 a simil> mann]1 b at a v remote "t 9 ! pa/4 ,! milky or glassy qu>tz1 :i* is s h>d t y _c scrat* x ) ! po9t ( y\r knife1 ! little gra9s ( pale yell[ iron pyrites1 & ! gra9s & ?reads ( gold scatt]$ ?r\gh ! qu>tz1 7 at "o "t 9 solution 9 wat]4 ,?is wat] came f "s region f> d[n 9 ! e>?1 f>!r ?an we c ev] rea* ) ! deepe/ %afts1 & !re1 :]e x is v hot & ! pressure is great1 ! wat] dissolv$ ! little p>ticles ( gold & o!r m9]als f ! rocks2 & !n1 ga!r+ !m up1 bore !m along t[>d ! surface1 deposit+ !m z solid p>ticles aga9 9 ! =m ( ve9s 9 ! fissures ?r\gh :i* ! /ream 0 pass+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--;,,hydraulic ,,m9+ ,,on ,,! ,,klama? ,,riv]1 ,,cali=nia ,z ! rocks ^u ! surface decay & ! crumbl+ mat]ial is c>ri$ away by runn+ wat]1 ! gold1 be+ v heavy1 wa%es d[n ! hillsides & is at la/ ga!r$ 9 ! gul*es4 ,?is fact expla9s :y we f9d gold bo? 9 ve9s & 9 ! gravel ( ! /reams4 ,gett+ gold f ! ve9s is call$ qu>tz-m9+4 ,wa%+ x f ! gravel is call$ plac]-m9+2 & if ! gravel is deep & a p[]ful /ream ( wat] is requir$1 ! "w is call$ hydraulic m9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--,,may ,,rock1 ,a ,,ve9 ,,( ,,qu>tz ,,on ,,! ,,"m ,,lode ,ev]yone has he>d ( ! ,"m ,lode ( ,cali=nia4 ,e m9] wi%es t 8 m9e 7 ^u ?is fam\s lode1 :i* is made up ( a l>ge numb] ( qu>tz ve9s ext5d+ along ! we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s1 & is m>k$ by hundr$s ( important m9es4 ,a l9e ( t[ns m>ks ! c\rse ( ! ,"m ,lode = ov] a hundr$ miles4 ,!y are almo/ entirely support$ by ! gold :i* ! lode supplies4 ,! gold fir/ discov]$ 9 ,cali=nia 0 plac] gold4 ,aft] ! m9]s _h work$ ov] ! /ream gravels & _h secur$ all t !y c\ld 9 t way1 !y began to se>* = ! home ( ! gold4 ,x c\ld n always h be5 9 ! creek b$s1 & ! m9]s 7 correct 9 ?9k+ t x mu/ h be5 wa%$ f "s o!r place4 ,gold 0 s frequ5tly f\nd 9 pieces ( loose or float qu>tz t ?is fact f9ally turn$ _! att5tion to ! qu>tz ve9s :i* 7 num]\s ^u ! m\nta9 slopes4 ,!n came ! discov]y ( ! s]ies ( great qu>tz ve9s n[ kn[n z ! ,"m ,lode4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--;,,an ,,ara/ra ,:5 ! m9]s fir/ f\nd ! qu>tz fleck$ ) gold1 !y us$ ! simple/ means = sep>at+ ! two sub/ances4 ,if ! qu>tz 0 v ri* 9 gold1 x 0 p\nd$ & gr\nd f9e 9 a h& mort>4 ,!n ! light] qu>tz 0 wa%$ away & ! gold left4 ,! m9]s also made use ( ! ,mexican ara/ra4 ,?is is a v crude app>atus1 & is employ$ ev5 n[ by m9]s :o _c af=d to procure a /amp-mill4 ,to build an ara/ra1 a circul> depression t5 or twelve feet wide & a foot or m deep is made 9 ! gr\nd4 ,?is depression is l9$ ) /one1 :i* =ms a h>d bottom or floor4 ,f\r b>s ext5d outw>d f an upright po/ plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! floor1 & a l>ge flat /one is fa/5$ to ! end ( ea* b> by means ( a rope4 ,a horse is hit*$ to "o ( ! b>s1 :i* is purposely left long] ?an ! o!rs4 ,! ore is ?r[n into ! ara/ra1 & wat] is admitt$1 a little at a "t4 ,z ! horse is driv5 ar\nd ! /ones are dragg$ ov] ! circul> depression1 cru%+ ! ore & sett+ free ! gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--,,! ,,/amps ,,9 ,a ,,qu>tz-,,mill ,?is way ( sep>at+ ! gold 0 too sl[1 & 9 a %ort "t ! /amp-mill 0 inv5t$4 ,x has gr[n f a v simple affair into ! great mill :i* cru%es hundr$s ( tons ( ore 9 a day4 ,! iron /amps ea* weigh ne>ly half a ton4 ,!y are rais$ by p[]ful ma*9]y & all[$ to drop 9 succession ^u ! ore1 :i* is gradually f$ "u !m4 ,! /amps cru% ! ore to a f9e s& m easily & rapidly ?an c\ld be done by any o!r me?od4 ,wat] is kept runn+ ov] ! ore1 & z fa/ z x is cru%$ suffici5tly f9e = ! p>ticles to pass ?r\gh a wire scre51 ! wat] ) :i* !y are mix$ is all[$ to fl[ ov] l>ge plates ( copp] :i* h be5 coat$ ) quicksilv]4 ,! latt] m9]al has an attraction = gold1 & s cat*es & holds mo/ ( ! p>ticles1 no matt] h[ small !y are4 ,! comp\nd ( gold & quicksilv] is a s(t :ite sub/ance kn[n z amalgam1 utt]ly unlike ei!r metal4 ,:5 ! amalgam is subject$ to heat1 ! quicksilv] is driv5 (f 9 ! =m ( a vapor1 & ! gold is left pure4 ,! quicksilv] vapor is cond5s$ 9 a cool *amb] & is us$ aga94 ,! iron pyrites 9 ! ore conta9s gold :i* _c be sep>at$ by ! cru%+ process & a ma*9e call$ a conc5trator has be5 inv5t$ to save ?is also4 ,aft] pass+ ov] ! copp] plates ! cru%$ rock & pyrites are wa%$ ^u a broad1 flat surface1 :i* is mov+ 9 su* a way t ! light] rock wa/e is c>ri$ away by ! wat]4 ,! pyrites n[ appe>s z a d>k1 heavy s&4 ,?is s& is plac$ 9 a roa/+ furnace1 :]e ! sulphur is driv5 (f1 & ! gold & iron are left toge!r4 ,n[ ! gold is dissolv$ by means ( *lor9e gas1 ) :i* x unites 9 a comp\nd call$ gold *loride4 ,f ?is comp\nd ! metallic gold is easily sep>at$4 ,all ?is may seem a complicat$ process1 b x is c>ri$ ?r\gh s *eaply t ! ore :i* conta9s only two or ?ree doll>s to ! ton c be pr(itably work$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--,,m9+ ,,! ,,gravel ,,( ,,an ,,old ,,riv]-,,b$ ,n all qu>tz ve9s c>ry gold4 ,!re are _m 9 :i* n a s+le speck ( ! preci\s metal c be f\nd4 ,gold usually pref]s ! society ( qu>tz to t ( o!r sub/ances1 = m9]als1 l p1 seem to h _! likes & dislikes4 ,along ! ,"m ,lode1 h[ev]1 gold is sometimes f\nd 9 little bun*es & /r+]s scatt]$ ?r\gh slate4 ,9 su* cases ! slate is m9$ & s5t to ! mill4 ,"s m9]s devote !mselves to pocket m9+4 ,!y trace ! little seams 9 ! rock1 & :]e two seams cross !y sometimes f9d :at !y call a pocket4 ,?is is a mass ( ne>ly pure gold ( irregul> %ape1 v>y+ f a few doll>s to ?\s&s ( doll>s 9 value4 ,?is k9d ( m9+ is v unc]ta9 9 its results1 = a man may make hundr$s ( doll>s 9 "o day1 & !n n f9d any?+ m = mon?s4 ,! we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s 0 once cov]$ ) ! camps ( ?\s&s ( plac] m9]s4 ,piles ( b\ld]s & gravel are scatt]$ along ! creeks :]e ! eag] work]s took out millions ( doll>s' wor? ( gold-du/ & nuggets4 ,n[ _m ( ! /reams & gul*es are entirely des]t$4 ,b 9 o!r places1 :]e ! qu>tz ve9s outcrop1 !re are scores ( /amp-mills at "w1 night & day1 p\nd+ out ! gold4 ,"s ( ! m9es h be5 sunk m ?an a half mile into ! e>?1 & ! gold is /ill z abundant z ev]4 ,9 "s portions ( ! m\nta9s hydraulic m9+ is m common ?an qu>tz-m9+4 ,ye>s ago _m ( ! riv]s occupi$ diff]5t *annels f _! pres5t ones4 ,! gravels ( ^! old *annels 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,we/ :]e gold-be>+ ve9s occur1 are ri* 9 gold4 ,9 ^! *annels ! gold is s deeply buri$ t x _c usually be obta9$ by means ( pick & %ovel4 ,9 ord] t ! ov]ly+ gravel may be remov$ z *eaply z possible1 wat] is suppli$ by means ( dit*es1 (t5 _m miles long4 ,f "s ne>-by hill ! /ream is conduct$ d[n to ! m9e 9 /rong iron pipes4 ,x ?us acquires a great =ce1 & :5 direct$ aga9/ a gravel bank rapidly wa%es x away4 ,torr5ts ( wat] be>+ b\ld]s1 gravel1 & s&1 toge!r ) ! p>ticles ( gold1 are turn$ into sluice boxes l9$ at ! bottom ) quick-silv]4 ,?is metal cat*es ! gold & =ms an amalgam z x does 9 ! qu>tz-mills4 ,,copp]-,,m9+ ,!re is a city hidd5 away 9 a n>r[ caon 9 ! extreme s\!rn portion ( ,arizona :i* is support$ solely by a copp]-m9e4 ,! caon lies ^u ! s\!rn slope ( a range ( m\nta9s1 & f its m\? "o c look f> (f to ! s\? across ! des]t pla9s & m\nta9s ( ,mexico4 ,! city has an elevation ( m ?an a mile above ! sea1 & ! caon 9 :i* x is situat$ is s n>r[ & /eep-wall$ t y c almo/ jump d[n f "o /reet ^u ! ro(s ( ! h\ses along ! /reet bel[4 ,/airways1 in/ead ( walks1 lead up ! hillsides f ! ma9 /reet 9 ! bottom ( ! caon4 ,y might well wond] at ! position ( ! city1 & ?9k t out ( all ! wa/e l& 9 ?is region a bett] place might h be5 select$ = its location4 ,b cities gr[ :]e p ga!r1 & p d n come to live 9 ! des]t unless !re is important "w to be done !re4 ,a p>ty ( prospectors :o 7 se>*+ c>efully ov] ! m\nta9s f\nd sev]al m9]al ve9s ) gre5 copp] /a9s cross+ ?is caon & outcropp+ 9 ! adjac5t hills4 ,claims 7 /ak$ out & record$ at ! ne>e/ l& (fice4 ,!n %afts & tunnels 7 op5$1 & ! m9]s became confid5t f ! ri* "* ( ! ore t an important copp]-m9e might be develop$4 ,supplies 7 br\ght across ! des]t ) teams1 & cab9s 7 built 9 ! lonely caon4 ,!n an ent]pris+ man />t$ a /ore4 ,z ! m9e 0 op5$ f>!r1 its importance 0 bett] und]/ood4 ,!re 0 a call = m m9]s & ! t[n grew l>g]4 ,! h\ses clu/]$ ab\t ! m9e1 ! c5tre ( all ! activities4 ,at la/ a railroad 0 built1 & ! t[n became a city1 ) n>r[1 w9d+ /reets occupy+ ! w9d+ caon1 :ile ti] ^u ti] ( h\ses crept up ! sides ( ! caon1 :i* =m]ly _h be5 cov]$ only by gr[?s ( cactus & o!r plants ( ! des]t4 ,if ! m9e %\ld close1 !re w\ld be no inducem5t to keep p 9 ! locality1 & ! city w\ld become m]ely a gr\p ( des]t$ build+s4 ,wat] is s sc>ce t only a small am\nt is all[$ to ea* family1 & x is deliv]$ 9 b>rels in/ead ( by pipes4 ,provisions ( all k9ds are v exp5sive1 = !y h to be br\ght a long di/ance4 ,! great m9e supports ! ?\s&s ( inhabitants4 ,! v>i$ indu/ries repres5t$ !re are dep5d5t ^u x alone4 ,z long z x pays to m9e ! copp]1 ! p are z cont5t$ z if !y 7 n tuck$ away 9 a caon 9 a remote corn] ( ! _w4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s to be se5 ab\t ! city are ! m9e & ! smelt]4 ,9 ! =m] ! ore is obta9$2 9 ! latt] ! ore goes ?r\gh v>i\s processes until x comes out 9 ! =m ( %9+1 metallic copp]4 ,! copp] ore1 we mu/ und]/&1 is n metallic or native copp]1 z x is call$ :5 f\nd pure1 b a comb9ation ( copp] ) o!r sub/ances :i* *ange its appe>ance entirely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--;,,copp] ,,smelt] ,,& ,,city ,,( ,,bisbee1 ,,arizona ,! pipe lead+ up ! hill c>ries away sulphur fumes f ! smelt] ,! m9e is op5$ by a %aft1 t is1 a squ>e hole sunk 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! %aft ( ?is m9e is a ?\s& feet deep1 & is be+ cont9ually ext5d$ d[nw>d4 ,if we wi% to g d[n into ! m9e1 we mu/ put on "s old clo!s & get ! =eman to act z guide4 ,! cage 9 :i* we are to desc5d /&s at ! m\? ( ! %aft1 susp5d$ by a /eel rope4 ,x looks mu* l ! elevators f\nd 9 city build+s4 ,at diff]5t levels horizontal passages1 call$ drifts1 ext5d to ! "r & left ^u ! ve9 ( copp] ore4 ,we /ep out ( ! c> at "o ( ^! levels & ) light$ c&les />t to walk ?r\gh a portion ( ! m9e4 ,!re are s _m miles ( tunnels t x w\ld take u days to g ?r\gh !m all4 ,ov]head1 "u our feet1 & ^u ! sides ( ! drift1 lies ! ve9 ( copp] are1 pres5t+ a diff]5t appe>ance at diff]5t places4 ,! v>i\s ores sp>kle 9 ! light & we ga!r specim5s ( ea*4 ,! common are is *alcopyrite1 a copp] sulphide2 t is1 x is compos$ ( copp] & sulphur4 ,x has a brass-yell[ color1 b is (t5 /a9$ ) beautiful iridesc5t t9ts4 ,9 places ! *alcopyrite has be5 *ang$ to ! delicate gre5 c>bonate ( copp] call$ mala*ite4 ,9 o!r places x has giv5 place to ! oxide ( copp]4 ,! little crimson cry/als ( ?is m9]al give bright metallic reflections4 ,! deposit ( copp] ore is app>5tly inexhau/ible1 = 9 places ! ve9 wid5s s t *amb]s "o hundr$ feet wide & sev]al hundr$ feet long & high h be5 made 9 tak+ x out4 ,9 go+ ?r\gh ! m9e we h to be v c>eful n to /ep into op5+s 9 ! floor ( ! passages1 or drop rock fragm5ts into !m1 = f> bel[ m9]s may be work+4 ,! places :]e ! m5 are tak+ out ! ore are call$ /opes1 & to rea* !m we h to crawl & creep ?r\gh all sorts ( w9d+ passages1 n[ ?r\gh a manhole1 & n[ d[n a long ladd] :i* desc5ds into black dep?s4 ,f ! /opes ! ore1 z x is bla/$ out1 is %ovell$ into *utes runn+ d[n to "s drift :]e !re are m5 ) c>s4 ,ea* c> holds ab\t a ton ( ore1 & aft] be+ fill$ x is pu%$ along ! drift & ^u a cage :i* raises x to ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--;,,homes ,,( ,,m9]s1 ,,bisbee1 ,,arizona ,! m9e is n wet1 = !re is s little ra9 9 ?is region t !re are few und]gr\nd /reams4 ,9 places1 h[ev]1 x is w>m1 = :5 ! oxyg5 ( ! air rea*es ! fre% sulphide x beg9s to oxidize ! ore2 t is1 x beg9s to burn x1 & *ange x into a diff]5t comp\nd1 j z fire *anges wood or coal4 ,:]ev] oxidation is go+ on1 heat is produc$4 ,fre% air is con/antly ne$$ 9 ^! work+s f> und]gr\nd4 ,a supply is =c$ d[n 9 pipes1 & !n all[$ to fl[ back to ! surface4 ,9 ?is way a ?or\gh circulation is kept up4 ,und]gr\nd "o loses all ?\ght ( ! *anges betwe5 night & day1 = x is always d>k !re4 ,consequ5tly we are surpris$ on com+ up f ! m9e to f9d t night has settl$ ov] ! t[n4 ,lights are tw9kl+ ev]y:]e1 & m9]s ) _! pails ( lun*eon are com+ = ! night %ift4 ,ano!r int]e/+ exp]i5ce n[ awaits u 9 ! =m ( a visit to ! smelt]4 ,"h ! bright copp] is extract$ f ! r\gh-look+ ores4 ,h[ diff]5t ! two sub/ances appe>6 ,!y look z if !y _h sc>cely any?+ 9 common4 ,! int]ior ( ! smelt] seems l a bit ( ! inf]nal regions set ^u ! e>?4 ,:ile wat*+ :at goes on1 we might imag9e t we 7 f> d[n 9 ! e>?1 :]e ,vulcan1 ! fire god1 0 at "w4 ,at night ! sc5e is p>ticul>ly weird & impressive1 = ! %ad[s & g5]al indi/9ctness make ev]y?+ appe> /range4 ,! gl[+ furnaces1 ! %[]s ( sp>ks1 ! ro> ( ! bla/ furnaces1 ! suffocat+ fumes ( sulphur1 & ! half-nak$ figures ( ! ,mexican workm51 pass+ to & fro ) clo?s ov] _! m\?s1 =m all toge!r a bewild]+ sc5e4 ,! ore is fir/ pulv]iz$1 & !n plac$ 9 l>ge revolv+ cyl9d]s1 :]e x is roa/$4 ,a fire is />t$ 9 ! cyl9d] at fir/1 b aft] ! ore becomes s mu* heat$ t ! sulphur 9 x beg9s to burn1 no fur!r artificial aid is necess>y4 ,little by little ! ore is add$ 9 quantities suffici5t to keep ! fire go+4 ,! object ( ! roa/+ is to drive (f z mu* sulphur z possible4 ,aft] be+ rak$ f ! roa/+ furnace1 ! ore is :eel$ 9 b>r[s to ! huge upright furnaces & is ?r[n 94 ,"h su* mat]ials z lime/one & iron are also add$ to aid 9 ! =mation ( a p]fectly fus$ or molt5 mass4 ,^! sub/ances are kn[n z fluxes4 ,) ! melt+ ( ! ore ! copp] beg9s to sep>ate f ! impurities4 ,! melt$ ore1 9 ! =m ( a gl[+ liquid1 ga!rs at ! bottom ( ! furnace & runs out into a l>ge kettle-l receptacle4 ,:5 ore ( ^! vessels is full x is tipp$ up & ! molt5 copp] :i* has collect$ at ! bottom1 because x is heavi] ?an ! slag1 is all[$ to run into ano!r l>ge kettle1 support$ by *a9s f a roll+ truck above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--,,%ipp+ ,,copp] ,,matte ,! slag is dump$ into a c> & is c>ri$ outside1 :ile ! huge di% conta9+ ! copp] & "s slag is swung to ! opposite side ( ! build+1 :]e its cont5ts are ca/ into ano!r furnace4 ,a v /rong bla/ ( air is =c$ up ?r\gh ! molt5 mass 9 ?is furnace1 & ! rema9+ portion ( slag is bl[n out at ! top 9 a %[] ( gl[+ p>ticles4 ,f ! bottom ( ! furnace ! liquid copp] is drawn out & all[$ to run into m\lds :]e x f9ally cools4 ,x is !n kn[n z copp] matte4 ,! copp] /ill conta9s "s impurities1 & reta9s 9 addition :atev] gold & silv] may h be5 pres5t 9 ! ore4 ,mo/ copp] ores c>ry a small am\nt ( ^! preci\s metals4 ,! heavy b>s ( copp] matte are n[ ready = %ipm5t to "s manufactur+ po9t1 :]e !y are ref9$ /ill fur!r & made into ! v>i\s copp] ut5sils1 copp] wire1 etc4 ,copp] is valuable = _m purposes1 z x does n ru/ easily1 is highly malleable & ductile1 & is a good conductor ( electricity4 ,9 ! great copp]-m9es ^u ,lake ,sup]ior1 copp] is f\nd 9 ! native /ate mix$ ) ! rock1 & does n h to be smelt$2 b 9 mo/ m9es ! ore mu/ g ?r\gh a process v l ! "o describ$ be=e metallic copp] c be obta9$4 ,x does n matt] h[ remote a region may be1 h[ int5se ! heat or cold1 or h[ des]t-l ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 m5 w g to x if m9]als ( value are discov]$2 & !re !y w p]haps sp5d ! :ole ( _! lives1 m9+ ^! sub/ances :i* are ( su* importance to ! indu/ries ( ! _w4 ,,coal ,,& ,,petroleum ,p are beg9n+ to ask :]e fuel w be obta9$ :5 ! coal-b$s are exhau/$ & ! petroleum is all pump$ out ( ! e>?4 ,! cold w9t]s w n cease to come regul>ly1 & we %all cont9ue to ne$ fires = _m purposes4 ,?is is a "q :i* ne$ n tr\ble u4 ,s long z ! sun la/s 9 ! sky & ! oceans cov] s mu* ( ! e>?1 & s long z !re are m\nta9s ^u ! l&1 !re mu/ be /reams ) rapids & wat]falls4 ,! p[] ( ^! /reams1 :i* has = ages gone to wa/e1 is n[ be+ turn$ into electricity = purposes ( light & heat4 ,we may be sure t long be=e ! m9es cease to produce coal & ! wells to supply petroleum1 !re w be some?+ bett] ready to take _! places4 ,b coal & petroleum are /ill su* important commodities t ev]yone %\ld "k some?+ ab\t ! way 9 :i* !y 7 made4 ,?is e>? ( ours has _h a v long hi/ory1 mu* ( :i* has be5 record$ 9 ! rocks b5ea? our feet1 & ! record is m accurate ?an are _m human hi/ories :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! pr9t$ books4 ,! /ory ( ! e>? has be5 divid$ into diff]5t p]iods1 ea* m>k$ by ! pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 k9ds ( liv+ ?+s4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod has be5 s nam$ because at t "t ! climate & features ( ! e>? 9 _m places favor$ ! gr[? ( d5se & heavy vegetation4 ,?is vegetation accumulat$ ?r\gh ! long ye>s1 s t x =m$ ?ick deposits :i* gradually *ang$ to b$s ( coal4 ,x w\ld be wrong1 h[ev]1 to ?9k t all ! b$s ( coal 7 =m$ at ab\t ! same "t4 ,ev] s9ce !re h be5 =e/s & m>%es ^u ! e>? !re h be5 opportunities = ! =m+ ( coal-b$s4 ,mat]ials are accumulat+ ev5 n[ :i* w 9 "t be trans=m$ to b$s ( coal4 ,we mu/ be equally c>eful to ga9 correct ideas ( ! mak+ ( petroleum1 = _m wrong notions are curr5t4 ,:ile coal has come f ! accumulation ( plant rema9s1 petroleum has be5 d]iv$ f sea organisms1 *iefly animals4 ,if coal & petroleum are f\nd ne> ea* o!r1 ! occurr5ce is accid5tal & does n mean t ! two sub/ances are 9 any way relat$4 ,our e>? is v old1 & its surface has gone ?r\gh _m trans=mations2 m\nta9s1 pla9s1 & portions ( ! sea floor h *ang$ places ) "o ano!r4 ,:]ev] !re h be5 m>%y l[l&s1 s9ce plants fir/ began to gr[ luxuriantly ^u ! e>?1 x has be5 possible = b$s ( coal to be =m$4 ,we all "k h[ rankly plants gr[ :]e !re is pl5ty ( heat & moi/ure4 ,_m ( u h be5 9 swampy =e/s & h se5 ! masses ( rott+ tree trunks1 limbs1 & leaves4 ,n[1 if we %\ld =m a picture 9 our m9ds ( su* a swamp sl[ly s9k+ until ! wat] ( "s lake or ocean _h fl[$ ov] x & kill$ ! plants1 & !n wa%$ s& & clay ^u ! buri$ =e/ until x 0 cov]$ deeply 9 ! e>?1 we %\ld und]/& h[ ! coal-b$s began4 ,ve9s ( coal t h be5 op5$ by ! m9]s frequ5tly %[ trunks & /umps ( trees1 z well z impressions ( leaves & f]ns4 ,und]nea? ! coal !re is usually a b$ ( clay1 :ile above s& or s&/one is commonly f\nd4 ,! olde/ coal has be5 *ang$ ! mo/4 ,x is h>d & r difficult to ignite1 b :5 once on fire x gives m heat & burns long] ?an o!r coals4 ,?is coal1 kn[n z an?racite1 is n f\nd ext5sively 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates outside ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,coal :i* is y\ng] & has be5 less *ang$ by ! heat & pressure br\ght to be> ^u x :5 x 0 buri$ deep 9 ! e>?1 is kn[n z bitum9\s4 ,?is is ! k9d ( coal :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,mississippi & ,ohio valleys1 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & ^u ! ,pacific slope4 ,a /ill y\ng] coal1 :i* is s(t & has a br[ni% color1 is call$ lignite1 & is f\nd mo/ly 9 ! ,s\? & ,we/4 ,/ill ano!r sort ( fuel1 kn[n z peat1 is f\nd 9 swamps :]e consid]able vegetation is n[ accumulat+1 or has accumulat$ 9 rec5t times4 ,peat is a mass ( plant /ems1 roots1 & moss1 p>tly decay$ & press$ toge!r4 ,9 c\ntries :]e wood is sc>ce peat is cut out1 dri$1 & us$ = fuel4 ,! l>g] "p ( ! coal 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates 0 =m$ dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,t "p ( our c\ntry 0 !n l[ & swampy2 b ! ,we/1 :i* is n[ an elevat$ area ( m\nta9s & plateaus1 0 at t "t l>gely b5ea? ! ocean4 ,!n1 z ! surface ( ! e>? cont9u$ to *ange1 ! ocean retreat$ f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region1 & ext5sive m>%y l[l&s ) lakes ( fre% or bracki% wat] came into exi/5ce4 ,!re 7 su* m>%es 9 ! areas t are n[ cov]$ by ,new ,mexico1 ,colorado1 ,wyom+1 ,dakota1 & ,montana4 ,we/w>d = "s di/ance ! l& 0 high]1 b 9 ! /ates ( ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon1 & ,cali=nia !re 7 o!r m>%y l[l&s cov]$ ) heavy vegetation4 ,we "k f :at we h se5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* wood decays1 t 9 ! dry1 op5 air x does n accumulate1 b is 9 great "p c>ri$ away by ! w9d4 ,x is only 9 swamps & %all[ bodies ( wat] t ! decay+ wood c ga!r 9 b$s4 ,f ^! facts we h a "r to draw conclusions z to ! =m] nature ( ! surface :]e !re are no coal-b$s4 ,!re are ext5sive b$s ( lime/one 9 ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates :i* are ( ! same age z ! coal-b$s 9 ! ea/4 ,z su* b$s ( lime/one c\ld h =m$ only 9 ! ocean1 _! pres5ce ?r[s a good deal ( light ^u ! geography ( ^? di/ant times4 ,^u ! ,pacific slope ! m>%es 7 n s ext5sive1 nor did !y la/ = s long a p]iod1 z ^? 9 ! ,ea/4 ,nature seems to h conf9$ h] /ronge/ ef=ts at coal-mak+ to ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,p]haps %e ?\ght t ! p ( ! ,we/ w\ld n ne$ coal if %e gave !m pl5ty ( gold & silv]4 ,9 ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s ,nature fold$ ! /rata & left !m 9 su* a position t ! coal c\ld be m9$ easily4 ,9 ! ,mississippi ,valley ! b$s 7 left flat1 almo/ 9 _! orig9al position1 s t %afts _h to be sunk to rea* ! coal4 ,^u ! ,pacific slope ,nature seems to h _h a l>ge am\nt ( tr\ble 9 arrang+ ?+s satisfactorily4 ,%e has made & remade ! m\nta9s s _m times1 & fold$ & brok5 ! cru/ ( ! e>? s sev]ely :]e ! swamps /ood1 t n[ l>ge portions ( ! coal b$s :i* once exi/$ h crumbl$ & be5 wa%$ away by ! /reams4 ,! scanty supply ( coal :i* n[ rema9s is 9 mo/ places h>d to f9d & difficult to m9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--,,seams ,,( ,,coal ,,enclos$ ,,9 ,,s&/one1 ,,cali=nia ,! be/ coal m9$ ne> ! ,pacific comes f ,vanc\v] ,isl&4 ,l>ge b$s ( a y\ng] & poor] coal are f\nd s\!a/ ( ,puget ,s\nd4 ,!re are o!r b$s 9 ! ,coa/ ranges ( we/]n ,oregon1 & a few small ones 9 ! ,coa/ ranges ( ,cali=nia4 ,! great int]ior region betwe5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,coa/ ranges has v little coal4 ,! p ( ,cali=nia h to import l>ge quantities ( coal4 ,"s is br\ght by ! railroads f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region1 b ! mo/ comes by %ips f v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 f ,engl&1 ,au/ralia1 or ,briti% ,columbia4 ,! %ips br+ ! coal at l[ rates & take away gra9 & lumb]4 ,coal is almo/ ! only important m9]al :i* ,nature has be/[$ sp>+ly ^u ! ,pacific slope4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 h[ev]1 %e has made am5ds by /or+ up l>ge quantities ( petroleum4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania & ,ohio !re is petroleum z well z coal4 ,oil has also be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region & 9 ,texas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--;,a ,,spr+ ,,( ,,wat] ,,& ,,petroleum ,! black /reak is petroleum ,petroleum is f\nd fl[+ f ! rocks 9 ! =m ( spr+s1 ei!r by itself or associat$ ) gases & /rong-smell+ m9]al wat]4 ,! oil is usually obta9$ by bor+ wells1 b 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia !re is "o m\nta9 range :i* furni%es l>ge quantities ?r\gh tunnels :i* h be5 run into its side4 ,petroleum is commonly f\nd 9 por\s s&/ones or %ales1 f "o or two hundr$ to ?ree ?\s& feet bel[ ! surface4 ,x 0 n made 9 ^! rocks1 b has soak$ into !m j z wat] soaks into a brick4 ,! rocks :i* produc$ ! oil or petroleum are d>k1 /rong-smell+ %ales or lime/one4 ,heat a piece ( su* rock1 & y w drive out a little oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--,,oil ,,wells ,,9 ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,los ,,angeles1 ,,cali=nia ,pool ( oil 9 =egr\nd ,exam9e a piece ( ! %ale f "o ( ! oil di/ricts ( ,cali=nia1 & y w discov] t x is a v peculi> rock1 = x is made up almo/ :olly ( m9ute organisms :i* once inhabit$ ! ocean4 ,among ! =ms :i* y w f9d are ! silici\s skeletons ( diatoms1 ! calc>e\s skeletons ( =am9if]a1 scales ( fi%1 &1 r>ely1 ! :ole skeleton ( a fi%4 ,:]e n[ !re are m\nta9s & valleys dott$ ) oil d]ricks1 !re 0 once ! wat] ( ! op5 ocean4 ,?is wat] 0 fill$1 z ! wat] ( ! ocean is to-day1 ) an inf9ite numb] ( liv+ ?+s4 ,z ^! creatures di$1 _! bodies sank to ! bottom1 & :ile ! s(t p>ts dissolv$1 ! h>d p>ts or skeletons rema9$4 ,?r\gh p]haps hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ! skeletons cont9u$ to accumulate until b$s 7 =m$ hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s ( feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! mat]ials ( ! b$s1 at fir/ a s(t mass l ! ooze :i* ! dr$g] br+s up f ! bottom ( ! pres5t ocean1 became pack$ toge!r 9 a solid mass4 ,!n di/urbances affect$ ?is old sea bottom4 ,x 0 rais$1 & gravel1 clay1 & s& f "s new %ore 7 wa%$ ov] ! b$ ( animal rema9s1 bury+ x deeply4 ,cont9u$ movem5ts ( ! e>? f9ally fold$ ^! rocks1 :i*1 z !y 71 squeez$ & brok51 became w>m4 ,! heat & pressure />t$ *emical action 9 ! decay$ animal bodies1 & p>ticles ( organic matt] 7 driv5 (f 9 ! =m ( oil & gas4 ,^! sub/ances 7 =c$ "h & !re ?r\gh ! fissures 9 ! rocks4 ,"p ( ! products f\nd a way to ! surface & =m$ spr+s1 :ile o!r portions collect$ to =m va/ res]voirs 9 su* por\s rocks z s&/one4 ,! sulphur & m9]al spr+s :i* occur 9 oil regions tell u t ?is "w ( oil-mak+ is /ill go+ on4 ,! oil z x comes f ! gr\nd is usually br[ni% or gre5i% 9 color1 & mu* ?ick] ?an ! ref9$ product :i* we use 9 our lamps4 ,"s ( ! crude petroleum is ?ick & t>-l 9 appe>ance1 & :5 long expos$ to ! air turns to a solid black mass call$ asphaltum4 ,?is1 :5 s(t5$ by heat & mix$ ) s&1 makes a valuable mat]ial = /reet pavem5t4 ,,! ,,climate ,,( ,,! ,,pacific ,,slope ,! we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates exhibits v int]e/+ climatic features4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 = example1 !re may be f\nd e degree ( temp]ature betwe5 tropic heat & arctic cold4 ,9 ! des]ts ( ! s\!a/]n portion ( ! /ate ! air is extremely dry1 :ile 9 ! nor?we/ x ra9s ne>ly e mon? 9 ! ye>4 ,^u ! bord]s ( ,puget ,s\nd ! !rmomet] seldom falls bel[ ! freez+-po9t1 :ile s\!rn ,newf\ndl&1 9 ! same latitude1 is m>k$ by cold & sn[y wea!r = at lea/ six mon?s ( e ye>4 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia has ! same latitude z c5tral ,georgia1 b its av]age temp]ature ne> ! coa/ is b little high] ?an t ( ,puget ,s\nd1 :ile x is w>m] 9 w9t] & cool] 9 summ] ?an ,georgia4 ,! des]ts ( s\!rn ,cali=nia & ,arizona are s hot t = f\r mon?s ( ! ye> "w 9 ! sun is almo/ impossible2 yet ! high] portions ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s1 b a %ort di/ance away1 h an arctic climate4 ,! :ole ,pacific coa/ region has1 ) ! exception ( ! m\nta9s1 a mu* mild] climate ?an "o w\ld expect f a m]e k ( its latitude4 ,x w be in/ructive to se>* out ! reasons = ! rem>kable contra/s 9 climate pres5t$ by diff]5t portions ( ! slope4 ,! imag9>y l9es pass+ ?r\gh po9ts ( equal temp]ature ^u ! e>? are call$ iso!rms4 ,^! l9es r>ely accord 9 direction ) ! p>allels ( latitude1 b curve f> to ! nor? or s\?4 ,! irregul> c\rse ( ! iso!rms is due to _m causes4 ,among ^! are ! di/ribution ( ! l& & wat]1 ! direction ( ! prevail+ w9d1 ! position ( ! m\nta9 ranges1 & ! elevation above sea-level4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wea!r ,,maps ,fair wea!r ov] c5tral portion ( ,pacific slope4 ,/orm com+ 9 ^u coa/ ( ,wa%+ton ,/ormy wea!r ov] ! we/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,9 w9t] ! iso!rms curve f> to ! nor? ov] ! ,nor? ,pacific & ,nor? ,atlantic oceans2 b ov] ! int]v5+ l& !y curve z mu* to ! s\?4 ,9 summ] ! iso!rms are almo/ rev]s$ 9 position1 at lea/ z f> z ! l& is conc]n$1 = !y b5d to ! nor? 9 ! he>t ( ! cont95t4 ,!re are important reasons = ! slight v>iation ( ! iso!rmal l9es ^u ! we/]n bord]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe1 & _! great *ange ( position 9 ! int]ior f w9t] to summ]1 b ^! reasons are n at all difficult to und]/&4 ,! temp]ature ( l>ge bodies ( wat] *anges b little ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 = wat] w>ms & cools sl[ly4 ,! surface ( ! l&1 on ! contr>y1 heats rapidly1 & !n z quickly loses its heat ) ! *ang+ season4 ,! air ov] ! ocean is cool] 9 summ] & w>m] 9 w9t] because ( ! influ5ce ( ! wat]1 b ov] ! l&1 9 di/ricts f> f a l>ge body ( wat]1 ! *anges 9 temp]ature betwe5 day & night1 summ] & w9t]1 are v great4 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght t ! w>m ,japan curr5t1 :i* fl[s aga9/ ! we/]n %ore ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 0 responsible = ! exceptionally mild climate !re1 & t ! ,gulf ,/ream produc$ a simil> climate ^u ! coa/ ( we/]n ,europe4 ,m c>eful /udy1 h[ev]1 has %[n t n ! w>m ocean curr5ts1 b r ! w9ds bl[+ f ! wat]1 are ! cause ( ! mild climate 9 ^? l&s across :i* !y bl[4 ,9 temp]ate latitudes !re is a sl[ movem5t ( ! air 9 an ea/]ly direction1 & 9 consequ5ce ! climate ( ! we/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica is n m>k$ by su* extremes 9 w9t] & summ] z are ! int]ior & ! ea/]n sections4 ,x is also surpris+ to f9d h[ ne>ly alike ! av]age w9t] & summ] temp]ature is at ,san ,francisco4 ,x is also surpris+ to note t ! av]age temp]ature ( ,seattle diff]s s little f t ( ,san ,diego1 al?\gh ^! two places are sep>at$ by sixte5 degrees ( latitude4 ,9 "s places ! climatic conditions :i* we %\ld naturally expect seem to be rev]s$4 ,oranges are gr[n 9 ! ,great ,valley ( ,cali=nia z f> nor? z ,r$ ,bluff1 & actually rip5 a mon? soon] ?an !y d ne> ,los ,angeles1 five hundr$ miles f>!r s\?4 ,! e>ly rip5+ ( fruits 9 ! ,great ,valley may be expla9$ by ! pres5ce ( ! inclos+ m\nta9 ranges3 ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s ^u ! nor!a/ %ut (f ! cold w9ds ( w9t]1 :ile ! ,coa/ ranges ^u ! we/ break ! cool summ] w9ds :i* come f (f ! ,pacific4 ,ano!r int]e/+ fact connect$ ) ! climate ( ! ,we/ is ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! direction ( ! m\nta9 ranges4 ,z ^! ranges usually lie across ! pa? ( ! prevail+ w9ds1 _! temp]+ influ5ce is lo/ mu* m quickly ?an x o!rwise w\ld be4 ,we/ ( ! ,coa/ ranges ! summ]s are cool & ! w9t]s are w>m4 ,^u ! ea/]n side ( ^! m\nta9s ! w9t]s are some:at cool] & ! summ]s v mu* w>m]4 ,9 ! dry1 cle> air ( ! des]t valleys1 f> f ! ocean1 ! daily range 9 temp]ature is sometimes z great z fifty degrees1 :ile ! w9t]s are cool & ! summ]s unbe>ably hot4 ,we all "k h[ mu* cool] a hill-top is ?an a valley ^u a summ] day4 ,:]e ! m\nta9s rise abruptly to a great height1 z1 = example1 does ! ,san ,b]n>d9o ,range ( s\!rn ,cali=nia1 "o c /& among /unt$ plants ( an arctic climate & look d[n ^u orange or*>ds :]e fro/ r>ely =ms4 ,m\nt ,tamalpais1 a peak ( ! ,coa/ ,range nor? ( ,san ,francisco1 has an elevation ( ne>ly ?ree ?\s& feet4 ,! summ] temp]ature ^u ?is m\nta9 =ms an exception to ! g5]al rule1 = :ile ! l[l&s are buri$ 9 *ill+ fog1 ! air ^u ! summit is w>m & pleasant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4--,,orange ,,or*>ds ,,close ,,"u ,,sn[-,,capp$ ,,peaks ,highl&s1 ,cali=nia ,! nor? & s\? m\nta9 ranges n only make ! int]ior hott] ?an x w\ld o!rwise be1 b rob x ( mu* ( ! moi/ure :i* x %\ld receive4 ,! w9t] /orms com+ 9 f ! ocean f9d ! cool m\nta9s ly+ across _! pa? & quickly "p ) a l>ge proportion ( _! moi/ure4 ,:]e ! coa/ m\nta9s are l[1 z is ! case ) a great "p ( ,cali=nia & ( ,oregon1 m ( ! moi/ure passes on to ! next l9e ( m\nta9s1 ! ,si]ra ,nevada-,cascade ,range1 ! we/]n slope ( :i* is well wat]$4 ,9 ! region ( ! ,columbia ! ,cascade ,range is also l[1 & ! /orms1 :i* (t5 foll[ "o ano!r 9 quick succession1 sweep across ! ,columbia plateau & ov] ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,f>!r s\?1 n only are ! /orms few] 9 numb]1 b ! m\nta9s are v mu* high]1 s t ! des]t bas9s ( ! l[] ,colorado & ,dea? ,valley region are extremely dry4 ,"o c 9 imag9ation /& ^u ! summit ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s1 & ^u ! "o h& look d[n ^u b>r5 valleys ( va/ ext5t1 brok5 by m\nta9s almo/ z b>r51 :]e no?+ c be gr[n except by means ( irrigation2 & ^u ! o!r side1 t[>d ! coa/1 see a c\ntry pl5tifully visit$ by ra91 & ei!r cov]$ ) =e/s or giv5 ov] to f>m+ & fruit-rais+4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s =m ! ea/]n b>ri] :i* ! /orms enc\nt]4 ,_! summits are v high & are cov]$ ) deep sn[ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,ea/ ( ^! m\nta9s lie ! ,great ,pla9s1 :]e ! precipitation is light until we g f> en\gh t[>d ! ,mississippi ,valley to rea* ! influ5ce ( ! moi/ air curr5ts f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,_m /orms orig9ate ov] ! region ( ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! late summ]1 & supplem5t to "s ext5t ! light w9t] /orms ( ,arizona & ,new ,mexico4 ,! /orms ( :i* we h be5 speak+ are kn[n z cyclones4 ,?is t]m does n ref] to ! local /orms :i* occur 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley & are frequ5tly s de/ructive1 b to great di/urbances ( ! air4 ,sometimes ! column ( :irl+ air is m ?an a ?\s& miles 9 diamet]4 ,! air 9 a cyclone is circl+ & at ! same "t ris+1 s t ! motion is spiral4 ,if y w /udy an eddy 9 a /ream ( wat]1 y w get an idea ( ! nature ( ! motion1 except t 9 ! case ( ! wat] eddy ! movem5t is d[nw>d4 ,! motion ( ! p>ticles 9 ! du/-:irls :i* all h se5 mov+ across ! fields ne> noon on w>m summ] days illu/rate ! movem5t ( ! air 9 "o ( ^! great /orms4 ,! direction ( ! air 9 a cyclone is opposite to t ( ! h&s ( a clock4 ,:5 ! w9d comes up f a s\!rly po9t1 :5 high1 ?9 cl\ds1 gradually gr[+ ?ick51 spread ov] ! sky1 & ! b>omet] beg9s to fall1 !n x is kn[n t a /orm is corn+4 ,if "o w le>n to wat* ! cl\ds & ! w9ds c>efully he may become able to pr$ict a /orm ) almo/ z mu* c]ta9ty z if he _h a b>omet]4 ,?is in/rum5t regi/]s ! pressure ( ! air1 :i* is always less )9 ! area ( a /orm1 because !n ! air is ris+4 ,s :5 ! b>omet] falls we may always "k t a /orm is approa*+4 ,! great] numb] ( ! /orms :i* occur 9 ! c5tral & nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates come 9 f ! ,pacific ,ocean 9 ! latitude ( ,wa%+ton4 ,cont9u+ ea/ or s\!a/ !y rea* ! ,mississippi ,valley1 & !n turn nor!a/w>d t[>d ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,valley4 ,9 ! summ] mon?s !re are few /orms1 & !y v r>ely rea* z f> s\? z ,cali=nia4 ,z w9t] approa*es ! /orms become m frequ5t & sev]e1 & move f>!r & f>!r s\? until ! :ole l& z f> z ,mexico receives a wett+4 ,^u ! ,pacific coa/ !re is (t5 v little w>n+ ( ! com+ ( a /orm1 b 9 ! ,middle & ,ea/]n ,/ates !y may frequ5tly be pr$ict$ sev]al days 9 advance4 ,) ! pass+ ( "o ( ^! /orms ! temp]ature falls rapidly1 & ?is l[]+ ( temp]ature1 toge!r ) ! fi]ce w9d1 gives rise ^u ! ,great ,pla9s to blizz>ds or nor!rs4 ,^! /orms endang] ! lives ( bo? m5 & animals4 ,at diff]5t times 9 ! ye>1 p>ticul>ly 9 w9t]1 spr+1 & e>ly summ]1 w>m1 dry w9ds occur4 ,^? w9ds :i* sweep d[n f ! heights ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & quickly melt ! sn[s are kn[n z *9ooks4 ,! hot nor? & ea/ w9ds ( ,cali=nia (t5 d great damage to gr[+ crops4 ,n[ let u sum up briefly ! factors :i* h toge!r produc$ ! climatic features ( ! ,pacific slope4 7#a7 ,ord9>ily ! factor ( ! greate/ importance is latitude4 ,we %\ld expect t ,seattle w\ld h a mu* cold] climate ?an ,san ,diego because x receives ! sun's rays m slant+ly4 7#b7 ,! influ5ce ( latitude is greatly modifi$ by ! temp]ate w9ds bl[+ f ! ,pacific1 s t places f> sep>at$ 9 latitude diff] b little 9 av]age temp]ature1 _! summ]s be+ cool] & _! w9t]s w>m] ?an we %\ld expect !m to be4 7#c7 ,! /orms pass ov] ! l& ) ! g5]al ea/]ly movem5t ( ! air4 ,! l>ge/ numb] pass ea/ across ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! f>!r s\? we g ! few] are ! /orms & ! less ! ra9fall4 ,along ! coa/ ( ,wa%+ton ! annual ra9fall is ne>ly "o hundr$ in*es4 ,at ,san ,diego x is only ab\t t5 in*es4 7#d7 ,! position ( ! m\nta9 ranges causes ! influ5ce ( ! ocean on ! air to be lo/ )9 a %ort di/ance t[>d ! int]ior ( ! cont95t1 s t ! extremes ( temp]ature rapidly become great]4 ,! position ( ! m\nta9s also affects ! ra9fall ( ! int]ior4 ,s9ce a l>ge proportion ( ! moi/ure is cond5s$ ^u _! ocean slopes1 ! climate ( ea* succe$+ range t[>d ! int]ior becomes m dry & des]t-l4 ,:ile 9 "s ( ! l[l&s ?us cut (f f ! ocean ! climate is extremely arid1 yet ! c\ntry is reliev$ f utt] b>r5ness ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( m\nta9 peaks & ranges1 :i* (t5 cond5se consid]able moi/ure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--,,sc5e ,,9 ,,=e/s ,,( ,,wa%+ton ,%[+ spruce & c$> 7#e7 ,! high] a region is above ! sea1 ! cold] ! climate4 ,! summit ( a high m\nta9 & ! valley at its base may be 9 ! same latitude1 & yet "o may possess an arctic climate :ile ! o!r has a sub-tropical "o4 ,! heavy ra9fall 9 we/]n ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon1 & nor!rn ,cali=nia results 9 d5se =e/s4 ,to ! s\?1 ! ra9fall ^u ! l[l&s is n suffici5t to produce =e/s1 b z x is great] ^u ! m\nta9s1 trees ?rive ^u _! sides4 ,! elevation at :i* trees w gr[ becomes high] & high] z we g into ! m des]t regions1 until 9 nor!rn ,arizona x is f\nd to be above six ?\s& feet4 ,! high plateaus are g5]ally treeless1 b are cov]$ ) su* %rubs z greasewood & sage-bru%4 ,we see n[ t our climate is ! product ( _m factors4 ,x frequ5tly v>ies greatly 9 places only a few miles di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,consequ5tly !re may be a great v>iety ( productions & indu/ries 9 "o small area1 :ile 9 o!r regions ! climate & productions are almo/ un*ang$ = hundr$s ( miles4 ,,some?+ ,,ab\t ,,irrigation ,travell]s f ! ,ea/]n ,/ates :o visit ,new ,mexico = ! fir/ "t are attract$ by _m unusual sights4 ,!re are ! int]e/+ little donkeys1 ! l[ adobe h\ses ( ! native ,mexicans1 & ! wat] dit*es w9d+ ?r\gh ! g>d5s & fields1 :i* are divid$ into squ>es by l[ ridges ( e>?4 ,if ! fields are se5 9 ! w9t] "t1 :5 dry & b>r51 ! mean+ ( _! *eck]$ appe>ance is n at fir/ cle>1 b 9 ! spr+ & summ] "o is n long 9 f9d+ out all ab\t !m4 ,:5 ! "t comes to s[ ! se$1 wat] is turn$ into ^! squ>es f ! dit*es :i* trav]se ! valleys1 & "o squ>e at a "t is fill$ until ! gr\nd 9 ea* is ?or\ghly soak$4 ,aft]w>d1 :5 ! gr\nd has dri$ en\gh to be easily work$1 ! crop is put 94 ,! se$s soon spr\t "u ! influ5ce ( ! w>m sun1 & ! l& becomes gre5 ) gr[+ plants4 ,! same me?od ( moi/5+ ! gr\nd is us$ = ! or*>ds & v9ey>ds4 ,:at is ! use ( all ?is "w8 ,:y n wait = ! ra9s to come & wet ! e>?1 z ! f>m] does 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,! ,mexicans1 :o h till$ ^! valleys = m ?an two hundr$ ye>s1 ought c]ta9ly to h le>n$ 9 all t "t h[ to get ! be/ returns4 ,y may be sure t !y w\ld n wat] ! gr\nd 9 ?is way if x 7 n necess>y4 ,! fact is t ov] a l>ge portion ( ! we/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates x does n ra9 en\gh to enable ! f>m] to gr[ 8 crops4 ,! climate is g5]ally v diff]5t f t ( ! ,middle & ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,:5 ! ,mexicans mov$ nor?w>d into ! valley ( ! ,rio ,gr&e ,riv]1 into ,arizona & ,cali=nia1 !y f\nd a climate simil> 9 _m respects to t at home1 & soon le>n$ t x 0 necess>y to wat] ! l& artificially 9 ord] to make x productive4 ,?\gh 9 _m places suffici5t ra9 fell1 yet ! heavie/ ra9fall came 9 ! late summ] or w9t]1 :5 ! plants ne$$ x less1 :ile ! spr+ & summ] 7 long & dry4 ,! ,mexicans 7 n ! fir/ to practise wat]+ ! l&1 if we may judge f ! ru9s ( anci5t dit*es con/ruct$ by ! primitive ,indian inhabitants4 ,x is evid5t t !y too made use ( wat] 9 ?is mann] = ! gr[+ ( _! corn & squa%es4 ,?is turn+ ( wat] ^u ! l& to make x productive is t]m$ irrigation4 ,! "w is p]=m$ 9 diff]5t ways1 z we %all see lat]4 ,irrigation is n[ c>ri$ on ?r\gh all portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e ! ra9fall is light & /reams ( wat] are available4 ,to "o :o has liv$ 9 a c\ntry :]e !re is pl5ty ( ra91 x seems to involve a great deal ( "w to prep>e ! l& & to conduct wat] to x4 ,"o may feel pity = ! f>m] :o has to support himself 9 ?is mann] 9 s b>r5 a c\ntry4 ,i am sure1 h[ev]1 t if any su* p]son w /op to ?9k1 he w rememb] times :5 9 8 own f]tile home ! expect$ ra9 did n come1 & ! vegetation wilt$ & dri$ up4 ,he may h become disc\rag$ because ( a numb] ( dry ye>s1 b probably nev] ?\ght t he _h ! means at h& to make up1 at lea/ 9 "p1 = ! %ortcom+s ( ,nature1 9 s5d+ too mu* ra9 "o ye>1 & ano!r ye> too little4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4--,,wat]-,,:eel ,,= ,,lift+ ,,wat] ,,= ,,irrigation1 ,,virg9 ,,riv]1 ,,s\!rn ,,utah ,x w\ld d\btless h paid su* a f>m] _m fold to h be5 prep>$ at ! com+ ( a dry ye> to turn ! wat] f a neighbor+ /ream ov] 8 l&s4 ,?is process w\ld h involv$ a good deal ( labor2 b h[ ! plants w\ld h rejoic$1 & h[ abundantly !y w\ld h repaid him = ! extra tr\ble6 ,! %[]s come )\t reg>d to ! "t :5 gr[+ ?+s ne$ !m mo/1 b ) irrigation ! crops are indep5d5t ( ! wea!r4 ,! f>m] may be sure t1 if he prep>es ! gr\nd prop]ly & s[s ! se$1 ! returns w be all t he c wi%4 ,9 _m localities sev]al crops may be rais$ 9 a ye> by ?is me?od :]e o!rwise only "o w\ld gr[4 ,n[ let u see h[ ! wat] is tak5 f ! /reams & :at are ! diff]5t me?ods employ$ to di/ribute x ov] ! l&4 ,almo/ e valley is trav]s$ by a /ream1 great or small4 ,x may be a riv]1 ) a l>ge volume ( wat]1 or a creek :i* completely dries up dur+ ! long1 ra9less summ]s ( ! ,we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--;,,g>d5 ,,irrigation1 ,,las ,,cruces1 ,,new ,,mexico ,9 r>e cases ! /ream may fl[ ^u a built-up *annel :i* is z high z ! valley1 b usually x is sunk5 bel[ ! level ( ! floor ( ! valley1 & enclos$ by banks ( great] or less height4 ,h[ is ! wat] to be s5t ov] ! l&8 ,:]e ! curr5t is swift y may sometimes see a sl[ly turn+ wat]-:eel1 hav+ at ! ends ( ! spokes little cups1 :i* dip up ! wat] z ! :eel revolves & p\r x into a flume t runs back ov] ! l&4 ,at "s places eng9es are us$ to pump ! wat] f ! /ream & lift x to ! desir$ height4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--;,,irrigat+ ,,an ,,alfalfa ,,field1 ,,arizona ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ano!r me?od is employ$3 ! wat] is tak5 out ( ! /ream 9 an artificial *annel dug 9 ! e>?4 ,b 9 ord] to get ! wat] at a suffici5t height to make x fl[ ov] ! fields1 x is necess>y to />t a dit* or canal at a favorable po9t "s di/ance up ! /ream1 p]haps miles f ! g>d54 ,! dit* is made ) a slope j suffici5t = ! wat] to fl[4 ,! slope mu/ be less ?an t ( ! riv] f :i* ! wat] is tak51 s z to c>ry ! /ream1 at la/1 high en\gh to cov] ! l&s to be irrigat$4 ,visit almo/ any valley 9 ! ,we/ :]e agriculture or fruit-gr[+ is be+ c>ri$ on1 & y w at once notice ! l9es ( ! dit*es1 app>5tly level1 z !y w9d ar\nd ! hillsides4 ,at conv5i5t di/ances !re are gates to let out ! wat] = ! or*>ds & fields4 ,! gr\nd may be moi/5$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,! fir/ me?od is t employ$ by ! ,mexicans1 :o1 if we except ! ,cliff ,dwell]s1 7 ! fir/ to introduce irrigation into our c\ntry4 ,?is consi/s 9 divid+ ! l& into squ>es by embankm5ts & all[+ ! wat] to flood ea* 9 succession4 ,! me?od is kn[n z irrigation by *ecks1 & c be us$ conv5i5tly only ^u ne>ly level l&4 ,9 _m or*>ds a s]ies ( %all[ furr[s is pl\gh$ betwe5 ! r[s ( trees1 & ! wat] is all[$ to fl[ d[n ^! until ! soil is ?or\ghly soak$4 ,9 alfalfa fields ! wat] is (t5 turn$ ^u ! upp] end & p]mitt$ to "w its way across until x rea*es ! l[] edge1 soak+ ! gr\nd z x goes4 ,! slopes mu/ 9 e case be s g5tle t ! curr5t w n be /rong en\gh to c>ry away ! soil4 ,once 9 e two to f\r weeks ?r\gh\t ! spr+ & summ]1 ! exact p]iod dep5d+ ^u ! rapidity ) :i* ! gr\nd dries1 ! wett+ is repeat$4 ,if ! soil is light ! wat] mu/ be turn$ on m (t5 & a l>g] supply is requir$4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! /ream f :i* ! wat] is tak5 s ne>ly dries up 9 ! summ]1 :5 ! wat] is mo/ ne$$1 t ! cultivat$ l&s suff] sev]ely4 ,dur+ ! w9t] little if any irrigation is necess>y1 b at t "t ! /reams are s full t !y frequ5tly run ov] _! banks & d great damage4 ,h[ to pres]ve ! wat] ?us go+ to wa/e & h x at h& = summ] use has be5 an important problem 9 regions :]e e p>ticle ( wat] is valuable4 ,/udy ( ! "q has l$ to ! exam9ation ( ! /reams ) ref]5ce to ! build+ ( res]voirs to hold back ! flood wat]s4 ,a res]voir may be =m$ ( a natural lake 9 ! m\nta9s 9 :i* ! /ream rises1 by plac+ a dam across its outlet & s mak+ x hold m wat]4 ,if ?is _c be done1 a n>r[ place 9 ! caon ( ! /ream is select$1 above :i* !re is a broad valley4 ,at su* a place ! dam :i* is built across ! caon is held firmly 9 place by ! walls ( rock ^u ea* side1 & an artificial lake or res]voir is made4 ,dit*es lead away f ?is res]voir1 & by means ( gates ! wat] is suppli$ :5 & :]e x is ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4--,,sweetwat] ,,res]voir1 ,,ne> ,,san ,,diego1 ,,cali=nia ,! /reams :i* furni% ! wat] = irrigation 9 ! arid region rise 9 m\nta9s ) /eep rocky slopes1 & until ! wat] issues f ^! m\nta9s x is conf9$ to caons ) bottoms ( solid rock1 s t no wat] is lo/ except by evaporation4 ,aft] ! /reams em]ge f ! caons ^u ! long1 g5tle slopes ( gravel & soil :i* lie all ab\t ! bases ( ! m\nta9s1 !y beg9 imm$iately to s9k into ! por\s mat]ial4 ,!y frequ5tly disappe> entirely be=e !y h fl[$ _m miles4 ,"s ( ?is wat] c be br\ght to ! surface aga9 by digg+ wells & con/ruct+ pump+ plants1 b ! great] "p is lo/ to ! ?ir/y l&4 ,to prev5t ! wat] f s9k+ into ! gravel1 dit*es l9$ ) cem5t are (t5 made to c>ry x f ! caons to ! po9ts :]e x is ne$$4 ,sometimes iron pipes or wood5 flumes are us$ 9 place ( ! dit*es4 ,:at a trans=mation irrigation makes 9 ! dry & des]t-l valleys ( ! ,we/6 ,l& :i* "u ,nature's treatm5t supports only a scanty gr[? ( sagebru% or greasewood1 & ov] :i* a few half-/>v$ cattle h roam$1 becomes1 :5 irrigat$1 cov]$ ) gre5 fields & neat homes1 :ile sleek1 well-f$ h]ds graze ^u ! ri* alfalfa4 ,t5 acres ( irrigat$ l& w 9 _m places support a family1 :]e )\t irrigation a squ>e mile w\ld n h suffic$4 ,"o might suppose t ! soil ( ^! naturally b>r5 valleys 0 poor1 b su* is n ! case4 ,! gr\nd did n lack plant food1 b m]ely ! wat] to make ?is food available4 ,) pl5ty ( wat] ! mo/ luxuriant vegetation is produc$4 ,! soil is1 inde$1 frequ5tly ri*] ?an 9 well-wat]$ regions1 = a lavi% supply ( wat] c>ries away a portion ( ! plant food4 ,9 "s places1 :]e ! l& is almo/ level & ! soil is fill$ ) l>ge quantities ( soluble mat]ials1 su* z soda & salt1 keep+ ! gr\nd moi/ ?r\gh irrigation br+s ^! sub/ances to ! surface 9 su* quantities z to injure & sometimes kill ! vegetation4 ,9 ord] t su* l&s may be successfully cultivat$1 ! salts h to be ei!r neutraliz$ or wa%$ away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--;,,irrigat+ ,,dit*1 ,,ne> ,,pho5ix1 ,,arizona ,_m ( ! riv]s ( ! ,we/ c>ry l>ge quantities ( silt 9 susp5sion1 :i* fills ! dit*es & causes a great deal ( tr\ble2 b :5 ! silt is deposit$ ov] ! surface x adds cont9ually to ! ri*ness ( ! l&4 ,! full developm5t ( irrigation w mean a great increase 9 ! population & weal? ( all ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,,! ,,location ,,( ,,! ,,cities ,,( ,,! ,,pacific ,,slope ,?is old e>? has to be consult$ ^u e occasion4 ,x is a sil5t p>tn] 9 all our und]tak+s4 ,we sometimes ?9k t we come & g z we please1 b a little ?\ght conv9ces u t we are n really s free4 ,! travell] mu/ take acc\nt ( ! slopes ( ! l&4 ,x is mu* easi] = him to foll[ a valley & cross a m\nta9 range ?r\gh a l[ spot1 al?\gh 8 c\rse be v crook$1 ?an x is to make a bee l9e = 8 de/9ation4 ,! f>m]1 9 *oos+ 8 home & ! k9d ( produce :i* he w raise1 has to consult ! soil & climate4 ,he _c expect to gr[ gra9 :]e ! soil is poor & dry1 or gr[ apples :]e ! late spr+ fro/s kill ! buds4 ,! m9] kn[s t he _c expect to f9d gold ve9s 9 ! valleys1 :]e ! rocks are deeply cov]$ by ! soil1 & s he turns 8 /eps t[>d ! m\nta9s1 :]e ,nature has made 8 "w easy by lift+ up ! rocks & expos+ !m to 8 view4 ,r\tes ( comm]ce & trade are gov]n$ by geographic1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t by climatic1 conditions4 ,%all[ /reams ) rapids & wat]falls ob/ruct navigation4 ,! abs5ce ( h>bors along a giv5 coa/ makes x difficult = %ips to take & dis*>ge c>goes4 ,railroads _c be con/ruct$ unless long & exp5sive surveys h fir/ be5 made to det]m9e ! r\te :i* ,nature has made ! easie/ betwe5 two giv5 po9ts4 ,! "* ( ! climate & geographic features ( a giv5 c\ntry det]m9e :e!r x %all become not$ = agricultural productions1 m9+ indu/ries1 manufactures1 or comm]ce4 ,! locations ( ! cities & t[ns & ! roads connect+ !m dep5d ^u geographic conditions4 ,!re is n an occupation ( any importance 9 :i* p engage at any p>ticul> place t is n dep5d5t 9 l>ge degree = its success ^u ! conditions :i* ,nature has impos$ ^u t place4 ,a city w n gr[ up at a giv5 po9t unless ! geographic conditions are favorable4 ,!re mu/ be "s natural reason to induce p to ga!r 9 l>ge numb]s 9 "o place4 ,at "o spot !re are facilities = manufactur+1 su* z wat]-p[] & coal1 & easy means ( communication ) o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,at ano!r1 ! only reason = ! gr[? ( a city is ! exi/5ce ( ri* m9es4 ,a ?ird place may be conv5i5tly locat$ 9 ! mid/ ( a ri* agricultural region1 :]e x is easy to br+ 9 supplies & %ip out ! products ( ! soil4 ,a /udy ( ! f\nd+ & gr[? ( "s ( ! cities ( ! ,we/1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! ,pacific slope1 w br+ out _m int]e/+ facts4 ,san ,francisco is ! metropolis ( ! ,pacific2 its population w soon rea* half a million4 ,if we look back sev5ty-five ye>s we f9d ,san ,francisco an unimportant ,mexican milit>y po/ & ! seat ( "o ( ! small] missions4 ,mont]ey1 ! capital ( ! prov9ce ( ,cali=nia & "o ( ! two lead+ t[ns 7,los ,angeles be+ ! o!r71 app>5tly _h all ! advantages 9 ! race = supremacy4 ,9 date ( discov]y 7#afjc7 ,mont]ey ,bay has ! advantage ( m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ov] ,san ,francisco ,bay4 ,x is difficult to und]/& :y ! diff]5t navigators :o sail$ nor? along ! coa/ fail$ to discov] ,cali=nia's mo/ magnific5t bay4 ,sir ,francis ,drake w5t by x1 evid5tly n see+ ! n>r[ op5+ betwe5 ! headl&s n[ kn[n z ! ,gold5 ,gate4 ,vizca9o1 aft] discov]+ ,mont]ey ,bay1 also pass$ by & an*or$ :]e ,drake _h /opp$1 9 a little bay n[ call$ ,drake's ,bay1 a few miles nor? ( ,san ,francisco ,bay4 ,aft] ! f\nd+ ( ,san ,diego1 9 #agfi1 a p>ty />t$ ov]l& = ,mont]ey1 b by reason ( ! peculi> position ( ! bay !y pass$ x unkn[+ly1 & by accid5t came ^u ! body ( wat] :i* has s9ce be5 ( s great importance to ! comm]cial life ( ,cali=nia4 ,mont]ey ,bay 9 "t lo/ its importance1 p>tly because x 0 n ?or\ghly protect$ f ! /orms1 & p>tly f ! lack ( easy communication ) ! re/ ( ! /ate4 ,imm$iately aft] ! acquisition ( ,cali=nia & ! discov]y ( gold1 ! advantages ( ,san ,francisco ,bay began to be appreciat$1 & ! little ,mexican t[n grew rapidly4 ,! n>r[ entrance to ! bay1 :i* _h = s long a "t delay$ its discov]y1 completely protect$ x f ! /orms1 :ile its long arms op5$ across ! coa/ m\nta9s directly into ! important valleys ( ! int]ior4 ,ocean vessels c\ld g up ! bay & ?r\gh ! ,/rait ( ,c>qu9ez1 :ile riv] boats c\ld be us$ = _m miles f>!r4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( gold1 %ips f all p>ts ( ! _w f\nd ample room & %elt] 9 ,san ,francisco ,bay2 & ! incom+ m9]s1 go+ by ! wat] r\tes to ,m>ysville1 ,sacram5to1 & ,/ockton1 easily rea*$ ! gold-be>+ gravels ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada /reams4 ,) ! exception ( s\!rn ,cali=nia & a portion ( ! nor!rn coa/1 almo/ all ! agricultural & m9]al res\rces ( ,cali=nia are directly tribut>y to ,san ,francisco4 ,?is place is naturally ! c5tre ( home trade1 ( =eign comm]ce1 & ( population4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--,,san ,,francisco ,,bay ,=m$ by ! s9k+ ( ! l& & flood+ ( a riv] valley ,nature fail$ to supply ,san ,francisco ) "o ess5tial advantage1 namely1 *eap p[] = manufactur+4 ,!re is no wat]-p[] ne> & b little coal 9 ! /ate4 ,s9ce ! coal has to be %ipp$ 9 f di/ant po9ts1 its high price has imp$$ manufactur+4 ,b n[ x appe>s t ,san ,francisco is n s badly (f aft] all1 = important deposits ( petroleum h be5 discov]$ 9 ! c5tral & s\!rn portions ( ,cali=nia2 & besides1 processes h be5 inv5t$ = trans=m+ ! unlimit$ wat]-p[] ( ! m\nta9 /reams into electric en]gy1 & transmitt+ ?is p[] to all ! cities ab\t ! bay4 ,! e>ly ,spani>ds f\nd$ ! pueblo ( ,los ,angeles 9 its pres5t location1 because at ?is po9t ! ,los ,angeles ,riv] c>ri$ an abundance ( pure wat] :i* c\ld be l$ out 9 dit*es to irrigate ! f]tile bottom l&s 9 ! vic9ity4 ,p>tly because x became a railroad c5tre1 & p>tly because x is surr\nd$ by ri* valleys1 ,los ,angeles has gr[n ) great rapidity & n[ /&s next to ,san ,francisco 9 size among ,cali=nia cities4 ,san ,diego1 :i* has a h>bor next 9 importance to t ( ,san ,francisco1 has gr[n m sl[ly1 because ( ! great] difficulty 9 develop+ wat] sy/ems = irrigation1 & because access is n s easy on acc\nt ( ! enclos+ m\nta9s4 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ 9 "t become ! second comm]cial city ( ! /ate4 ,m\nta9 b>ri]s make travel f "o portion ( ,cali=nia to ano!r some:at difficult4 ,m\nta9s sep>ate ,san ,francisco & ! ,great ,valley ( ,cali=nia f all o!r portions ( ! cont95t4 ,nature seems to h plann$ "h a little empire all by itself4 ,b eng9e]+ skill 9 ! con/ruction ( railroads has ov]come ! b>ri] ^u ! nor? :i* sep>ates ,cali=nia f ,oregon4 ,! ,si]ra ,nevada range ^u ! ea/ has be5 cross$ at ,donn] ,pass1 & ^u ! s\? an outlet has be5 f\nd ?r\gh ! ,teha*api ,pass4 ,9 ! /ate ( ,oregon1 ! city ( ,portl& ranks fir/ 9 importance4 ,:y did n ,a/oria or ,=t ,vanc\v] develop into ! metropolis ( ! ,columbia bas98 ,a/oria1 :i* 0 f\nd$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 has a spaci\s & well-protect$ h>bor1 b x has no l>ge tribut>y agricultural valleys4 ,moreov]1 ! great] numb] ( deep-wat] %ips pass x by1 & g z f> up ! ,columbia z possible to take on _! loads ( gra94 ,=t ,vanc\v]1 on ! site ( ! old ,hudson ,bay trad+ po/1 is practically at ! head ( deep-wat] navigation ^u ! ,columbia1 b !re seems to be no p>ticul> reason :y trade %\ld c5tre "h1 & ?is t[n also has be5 left beh9d 9 ! m>* ( progress4 ,! e>lie/ settlem5ts 9 we/]n ,oregon 7 made ^u ! ,willamette ,riv]1 :i* dra9s a l>ge & extremely f]tile valley4 ,ne> ! po9t at :i* ?is riv] jo9s ! ,columbia1 ! city ( ,portl& sprang up4 ,?is t[n occupies an ideal position4 ,x is accessible = deep sea vessels1 & has communication by riv] boats ) ! ,willamette ,valley & ! upp] ,columbia ,riv]4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 sailors 7 look+ = a passage across ! nor!rn portion ( ! cont95t1 an op5+ 0 f\nd ext5d+ into ! l& betwe5 ,vanc\v] ,isl& & ,cape ,flatt]y4 ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght t ?is 0 ! desir$ wat]way1 b v>i\s navigators1 among !m ,vanc\v]1 explor$ ! body ( wat] into :i* ! ,/rait ( ,fuca op5$1 only to f9d t e bran* & inlet t]m9at$ 9 ! l&4 ,puget ,s\nd is ne>ly enclos$ by wat] & is s l>ge z really to =m an inl& sea4 ,its long arms rea* out 9 ?ree directions among ! mo/ heavily timb]$ valleys & m\nta9 slopes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! cities ( ,puget ,s\nd _h a lat] />t ?an mo/ ( ! o!r cities ( ! ,pacific coa/1 = ?is portion ( ! old ,oregon t]ritory 0 = a long "t claim$ by ! ,engli%1 & dur+ t p]iod 0 peopl$ only by ,indians & trapp]s4 ,9 #ahdf ! pres5t b\nd>y 0 e/abli%$1 & ,puget ,s\nd pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,because ( ! d5se =e/s1 agriculture c\ld n play an important "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! s\nd region = "s "t4 ,lumb]+ 0 naturally ! lead+ occupation4 ,?is indu/ry c\ld be c>ri$ on all ! m advantage\sly because ( ! innum]able inlets p5etrat+ ! l&4 ,! advantages ( ,puget ,s\nd = =eign comm]ce began to be evid5t1 b ! ,cascade ,range /ood 9 ! way ( railroads f ! ea/w>d4 ,al?\gh x 0 a comp>atively easy task to build a railroad nor? f ,portl&1 yet ! s\nd region did n beg9 to gr[ rapidly until1 aft] c>eful surveys1 two railroads f9ally f\nd passes ?r\gh ! ,cascade ,range s z to rea* tide-wat]4 ,z 9 o!r places1 :5 ! necessity = ov]com+ !m arose1 ! ob/acles :i* ,nature _h int]pos$ 7 f\nd n to be s tr\blesome z 0 at fir/ suppos$4 ,n[ ! once =midable range has be5 tunnell$ & w no long] =m a s]i\s b>ri] betwe5 ! int]ior portion ( ,wa%+ton & ! coa/4 ,tacoma1 ,seattle1 & ,ev]ett h gr[n up on ! s\nd z important comm]cial & manufactur+ cities1 & w1 on acc\nt ( _! favorable situation1 receive _! %>e ( ! comm]ce ( ! ,pacific4 ,! cities ( ! s\nd are p>ticul>ly well situat$ = int]c\rse & comm]ce ) ,alaska & nor!a/]n ,asia4 ,^! cities are also well situat$ = manufactur+1 because coal & wood are pl5tiful & consequ5tly *eap1 b !y h n 9 _! imm$iate vic9ity s ext5sive agricultural valleys z ! ,willamette & ! ,great ,valley ( ,cali=nia4 ,! lumb]man mu/ be supplant$ by ! f>m] & fruit-gr[] be=e ! slopes ab\t ,puget ,s\nd c be fully develop$4 ,! natural outlet = ! great :eat-fields ( c5tral ,wa%+ton is by way ( ! ,columbia ,riv] to ! ocean1 b ! tunnell+ ( ! ,cascades p>tly div]ts _! products to ! s\nd region4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--;,,falls ,,( ,,spokane ,,riv] ,location ( ! city ( ,spokane ,! city ( ,spokane1 9 ea/]n ,wa%+ton1 cle>ly illu/rates ! control :i* physical features ex]t ^u ! settlem5ts & indu/ries ( m54 ,! ,spokane ,riv]1 soon aft] issu+ f ,coeur d',al5e ,lake1 fl[s out ov] ! volcanic pla9s ( ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few miles x desc5ds into a %all[ caon by a s]ies ( cascades & wat]falls4 ,! wat]-p[] furni%$ by ^! falls has det]m9$ ! position & gr[? ( ,spokane4 ,! falls br\ght sawmills & manufactur+ plants1 & ^! 9 turn br\ght p & railroads4 ,! city has become a great comm]cial c5tre = all ! region r\nd ab\t4 ,! ext5sive & ri* m9]al di/rict ^u ! nor?1 ext5d+ ev5 into ,briti% ,columbia1 f9ds its mo/ conv5i5t s\rce ( supplies at ,spokane4 ,ea/ ( ! city is ! ,coeur d',al5e m9+ region1 :ile s\? & we/ are l>ge areas devot$ to ! cultivation ( fruit & gra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--,,virg9ia ,,city1 ,,nevada ,support$ entirely by m9+ ,! city ( ,great ,falls1 ,montana1 9 ! ,miss\ri ,riv] bas91 is de/9$ to become a great indu/rial c5tre1 because ( ! pres5ce ( unlimit$ wat]-p[] af=d$ by ! ,great ,falls ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,no o!r reason w\ld lead to ! gr[? ( a settlem5t at ?is p>ticul> spot1 = b\ndless pla9s ext5d ab\t x 9 e direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--;,,butte1 ,,montana ,a city ( smelt]s ,! m9+ cities ( ! ,we/1 su* z ,butte1 ,virg9ia ,city1 & ,leadville1 illu/rate ! gr[? ( important c5tres ( population 9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge deposits ( m9]als4 ,9 ! case ( ^! cities1 z well z _m o!rs1 !re are no agricultural res\rces 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry to support ! p ga!r$ toge!r "h4 ,ne>ly all _! food has to be %ipp$ hundr$s ( miles4 ,cities support$ by m9+ are less likely to be p]man5t ?an ^? support$ by an agricultural community1 by comm]ce1 or by manufactur+4 ,,! ,,=e/ ,,belt ,,( ,,! ,,si]ra ,,nevada ,,m\nta9s ,no o!r conif]\s =e/s 9 ! _w c comp>e ) ^? cov]+ ! we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ,cascade ranges4 ,!y are rem>kable bo? = ! numb] ( species & = ! size ( ! trees4 ,! mod]ate temp]ature & ! moi/ w9ds f ! ,pacific seem to (f] ! conditions :i* are be/ suit$ to ! gr[? ( cone-be>+ trees4 ,z we g nor?w>d along ! coa/1 or asc5d ! m\nta9 slopes1 we f9d ! climate gr[+ cool] & cool]4 ,) ?is *ang+ climate ! species ( conif]s *ange1 = ea* has become accu/om$ to c]ta9 conditions ( temp]ature & moi/ure1 :i* x mu/ h 9 ord] to ?rive4 ,! ,si]ra ,nevada is ! mo/ cont9u\s l(ty range ( m\nta9s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,f ! great valley at its we/]n base to ! cre/ ( ! range ! di/ance is ab\t sixty miles4 ,because ( ! great height ( ! m\nta9s1 !re is f\nd )9 ^! few miles e v>iety ( climate betwe5 ! sub-tropical atmosph]e ( ! valley1 :]e oranges rip5 to p]fection1 & ! arctic cold ( ! summits1 :]e little or no vegetation c live4 ,?us1 by climb+ a s+le m\nta9 range1 we may exp]i5ce all k9ds ( climate1 & h an opportunity to obs]ve ! diff]5t =ms ( plant life su* z we c\ld n o!rwise obta9 )\t a j\rney ( sev]al ?\s& miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--;,,=e/ ,,belt ,,( ,,! ,,foot-,,hills1 ,,si]ra ,,nevada ,,m\nta9s ,pass+ ?r\gh ! groves ( valley oak1 & beyond ! orange or*>ds at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 we rea* ! foot-hills & beg9 to asc5d4 ,sev]al species ( oak are f\nd ^u ! hillsides & 9 ! valleys1 :ile m+l$ ) !m 9 _m places appe> su* %rubs z ! ,cali=nia lilac1 *amiso1 & manzanita4 ,:]e ! soil is too poor or ! slopes too /eep = ! trees1 ^! %rubs1 commonly call$ *ap>ral1 are mass$ toge!r 9 almo/ imp5etrable ?ickets4 ,! fir/ ( ! conif]\s trees :i* we meet is an odd-look+ "o kn[n z ! digg] p9e4 ,in/ead ( hav+ a s+le /raight trunk x divides a %ort di/ance above ! gr\nd into _m bran*es4 ,! l>ge cones are arm$ ) long hook$ sp9es1 s t !y mu/ be h&l$ r c>efully1 b :5 op5$ !y are f\nd to be fill$ ) nutriti\s nuts4 ,^! nuts 7 an important s\rce ( food = ! ,indians :o once inhabit$ ! foot-hills4 ,n[ ! ,indians are gone1 b ! nuts are n wa/$1 if "o may judge by ! fragm5ts ( ! cones ) :i* ! squirrels /rew ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4--,,! ,,digg] ,,p9e ,! road climbs ! foot-hills by _m turns & w9d+s ?r\gh caons & up & d[n ridges4 ,at an elevation ( ab\t two ?\s& feet specim5s ( ! yell[ p9e appe>4 ,! trees increase 9 size & gr[ m closely toge!r z we asc5d4 ,we soon f9d ourselves 9 ! edge ( ! =e/ belt :i* ext5ds unbrok5 nor?w>d to ! arctic zone1 & upw>d to ! l9e ( almo/ p]petual sn[4 ,! yell[ p9e1 s nam$ f ! color ( ! b>k1 sometimes atta9s a diamet] ( six feet1 b does n =m s d5se =e/s z we %all f9d high] on ! m\nta9s4 ,! rays ( ! w>m sun1 rea*+ d[n betwe5 ! trees to ! c>pet ( ne$les & be> clov]1 draw out _! spicy fragrance4 ,! yell[ p9e1 al?\gh x does n af=d z good a quality ( lumb] z "s ( ! o!r p9es1 is "o ( our mo/ important trees because ( its wide di/ribution ?r\gh ne>ly all m\nta9s ( ! ,we/4 ,x has a mu* wid] range 9 elevation ?an mo/ trees1 "o v>iety rea*+ upw>d ne>ly to ! timb] l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4--;,a ,,yell[ ,,p9e ,,=e/ ,aft] gett+ well into ! yell[ p9e =e/1 we soon come ^u o!r trees t cont5d ) ! p9es = a foot+ ^u ! slopes & = a bit ( ! sun%9e4 ,among ^! ! black oaks des]ve special m5tion1 = 9 places !y =m d5se groves ^u ! ridges4 ,! c$>s1 ) _! ri* br[n b>k & flat1 droop+ bran*es1 are easily recogniz$4 ,z ^! trees gr[ old !y become gn>l$ & knotty & v picturesque4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4--,,sug> ,,p9e ,we fir/ meet t k+ ( p9es1 ! sug> p9e1 ^u ! m %ad$ m\nta9 slopes4 ,al?\gh high] up1 on b>r51 rocky ridges1 ?is tree gr[s to noble size1 yet x _c )/& heat & dryness4 ,our att5tion may be fir/ call$ to ! sug> p9e by ! sl5d] cones1 t5 to fifte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! gr\nd4 ,!n1 z we look up to see :5ce ! cones come1 our eyes light ^u ! smoo? trunks1 (t5 ov] six feet 9 diamet] & rea*+ up "o hundr$ & fifty feet be=e ! bran*es appe>4 ,f ! ends ( ! long1 droop+ bran*es hang sl5d] gre5 cones4 ,! "n ( ?is p9e is d]iv$ f ! fact t a :ite sug> ga!rs 9 little bun*es at ! spots :]e ! trunk has be5 injur$4 ,?is sug> is pleasant to ! ta/e & some:at m$ic9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4--,,zone ,,( ,,! ,,fir ,,=e/1 ,,si]ra ,,nevada ,,m\nta9s ,! wood ( ! sug> p9e1 :i* is :ite & f9e-gra9$1 is ( great] value comm]cially ?an t ( any ( ! o!r p9es4 ,?is fact leads ! %ake-mak] & lumb]man to seek out ! noble tree & m>k x = de/ruction4 ,! sug> p9e1 :5 once de/roy$ 9 a giv5 locality1 r>ely replaces itself1 z x is cr[d$ out by ! m vigor\s conif]s4 ,scatt]$ ?r\gh ! =e/s ( yell[ p9e1 c$>1 & sug> p9e is ! ,d\glas spruce1 commonly kn[n 9 ! m>ket z ! ,oregon p9e4 ,?is is ! mo/ important =e/ tree 9 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton4 ,x (t5 gr[s to a height ( ?ree hundr$ feet1 & =ms d5se =e/s = hundr$s ( miles along ! base & we/]n slope ( ! ,cascade ,range4 ,9 ,wa%+ton x is f\nd gr[+ d[n to ! sea-level1 b 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada ! requisite moi/ure = its gr[? is n f\nd mu* bel[ an elevation ( f\r ?\s& feet4 ,z we g upw>d ! p9es become few] & ! firs & ,big ,trees take _! places4 ,! ,big ,trees are f\nd 9 scatt]$ groves1 at an elevation ( five ?\s& to eight ?\s& feet1 = a di/ance ( two hundr$ & fifty miles along ! slopes ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s4 ,! ,sequoia1 z ! g5us is call$1 :i* also includes ! r$wood ( ! ,coa/ ranges1 is 9 _m respects ! mo/ rem>kable ( all our conif]\s trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4--,,! ,,big ,,tree ,,=e/ ,,9 ,,! ,,si]ra ,,nevada ,,m\nta9s ,aft] travell+ ?r\gh =e/s made up ( o!r trees ( great size x is difficult at fir/ to appreciate ! magnitude ( ! ,big ,trees4 ,ris+ f a swell+ base1 :i* is sometimes ?irty feet 9 diamet]1 ! symmetrical trunk rea*es up & up1 f9ally t]m9at+ 9 a top ?ree hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet above ! gr\nd4 ,_! size1 _! r$di%-br[n b>k1 & _! small cones1 cle>ly di/+ui% ^! trees4 ,great holes h be5 burn$ 9 _m ( !m1 & 9 ! holl[s ?us =m$ m5 h made = !mselves com=table liv+ rooms4 ,9 "o ( ! s\!rn groves a fall5 holl[ tree has be5 us$ z a cab94 ,! ,big ,trees & r$woods are ! la/ surviv+ species ( a g5us :i* 0 once widely di/ribut$ ov] ! e>?4 ,! ance/ry ( ! ,sequoia c be trac$ f>!r back ?an t ( any ( ! o!r liv+ conif]s4 ,impressions ( cones & small /ems ) ne$les atta*$ belong+ to ! ,sequoia h be5 f\nd 9 ! olde/ rocks ( ! ,coa/ ranges ( ,cali=nia4 ,^! cones & /ems 7 wa%$ into "s muddy e/u>y & !re buri$1 millions ( ye>s ago4 ,! mud inclos+ !m 0 compress$ & h>d5$1 & f9ally *ang$ to slate4 ,?is 0 at la/ expos$ ^u ! surface ?r\gh ! uplift+ ( a m\nta9 range & ! "w ( erosion4 ,"s ( ! groves ( ! ,big ,trees h be5 includ$ 9 gov]nm5t p>ks & res]vations1 b o!rs are be+ cut z rapidly z possible by ! lumb]m54 ,! r$wood ( ! ,coa/ ranges is n easily kill$1 = x spr\ts f ! /ump1 & w 9 ! c\rse ( "t =m =e/s aga92 b ! ,big ,trees r>ely replace !mselves :5 a grove has be5 cut d[n4 ,^! trees are s few 9 numb] & ( su* rem>kable int]e/ t !y %\ld be sp>$ ! fate ( ! common =e/ tree4 ,x w\ld make y feel sad to visit "o ( ! groves & see1 z ,i did1 a fall5 giant1 fully ?irty feet 9 diamet]1 ly+ split op5 ^u ! gr\nd4 ,?is tree 0 s l>ge t1 9 ord] t x might be h&l$ at all1 p[d] _h to be us$ to bla/ x 9 pieces4 ,! tree 0 knotty1 & accord+ to ! lumb]m51 ( little value1 & might z well h be5 left4 ,:at excuse is !re = ! wanton de/ruction ( a noble tree l ?is "o8 ,x mu/ h /ood f five ?\s& to six ?\s& ye>s4 ,x 0 a mighty tree at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & 0 gr[+1 a /rong tree1 :5 our ance/ors 7 ! rude/ savages 9 ! wilds ( ,europe4 ,b we mu/ n rema9 among ! ,big ,trees1 = ! =e/s ext5d mu* f>!r up ! m\nta9s4 ,! mo/ important tree ( ! upp] =e/ belt is ! fir1 :i* is f\nd gr[+ f five ?\s& to ne>ly n9e ?\s& feet above sea-level4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ graceful ( ! conif]s4 ,sometimes ^! trees rea* a height ( two hundr$ & fifty feet & =m d5se =e/s ) little und]gr[?4 ,! bran*es make ! s(t1 fragrant b$s :i* s re/ & delight ! tir$ m\nta9 climb]4 ,"h & !re ab\t ! spr+s & at ! heads ( ! /reamlets ! firs appe> to /& back1 mak+ room = gre5 mead[s bright5$ ) a pr(usion ( fl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--;,,alp9e ,,hemlocks ,! tam>ack1 or lodge-pole p9e1 is sometimes f\nd at ab\t ! same elevation z ! firs1 b seems to pref] ! moi/ l&s ab\t ! mead[s & ! bottoms ( ! n>r[ valleys4 ,?is tree is widely di/ribut$ at high altitudes all ov] our ,we/]n m\nta9s4 ,cont9u+ our climb t[>d ! alp9e regions1 we rea* an elevation :]e ! trees beg9 to %[ ! effects ( ! w9t] /orms4 ,! fact t life is n s easy z x is f>!r d[n ! slopes is app>5t f ! gn>l$ & /unt$ trunks4 ,"h are ! alp9e hemlocks1 dw>f p9es1 & junip]s4 ,! junip] some:at resembles ! c$>1 b has a %ort1 ?ick trunk4 ,ne> ! timb] l9e ?is tree gr[s b a few feet high & becomes exce$+ly gn>l$4 ,x seems to l ! mo/ expos$ & rocky places1 b 9 tru?1 l _m ano!r =m ( plant life1 x has become accu/om$ to su* locations because x _c successfully compete ) o!r trees 9 happi] ones4 ,mo/ weird & picturesque ( all are ! dw>f :ite p9es1 gr[+ ^u ! ext5sive m\nta9 %\ld]s & ridges at a height ( t5 ?\s& to elev5 ?\s& five hundr$ feet above ! sea4 ,s9ce an arctic climate surr\nds !m = n9e mon?s 9 ! ye>1 _! gr[? is v sl[4 ,_! %ort1 gn>l$ trunks & bran*es are twi/$ into all sorts ( fanta/ic %apes4 ,:51 aft] /ruggl+ ) ! cold & ! /orms1 ! trees at la/ die1 !y d n quickly decay & fall1 b cont9ue to /& = _m ye>s4 ,^! trees become small] & small] 9 size until at ! extreme timb] l9e !y are almo/ pro/rate ^u ! gr\nd4 ,9 _m cases !y rise only ?ree or f\r feet1 & h ! appe>ance ( %rubs r ?an trees4 ,/ill above !m1 h[ev]1 !re are rocky slopes & sn[-banks rea*+ to an elevation ( ov] f\rte5 ?\s& feet4 ,if we exam9e ^! upp] slopes c>efully we %all f9d t !y are n utt]ly devoid ( life1 b t c]ta9 plants h be5 able to obta9 a foo?old ^u !m4 ,9 %elt]$ nooks !re are little %rubs & li*5s4 ,9 "s places among ! rocks1 b5ea? ov]hang+ sn[-banks1 beautiful fl[]s spr+ up at ! com+ ( ! late summ]1 blossom1 mature _! se$s1 & die ) ! return ( ! w9t] cold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4--,,! ,,upp] ,,limit ,,( ,,! ,,timb] ,si]ra ,nevada ,m\nta9s ,! magnific5t =e/s ?r\gh :i* we h pass$ 9 our long climb1 if de/roy$ by ! lumb]man1 _c be replac$ = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,!y contribute mu* to ! glory ( ! m\nta9s4 ,!y hold back ! wat] s t x does n run (f rapidly1 & ?us aid 9 giv+ rise to innum]able cle>1 cold spr+s4 ,! spr+s help fe$ ! /reams dur+ ! long1 dry summ]s1 :5 ! wat] is s sorely ne$$ 9 ! hot valleys bel[4 ,,! ,,national ,,p>ks ,,& ,,=e/ ,,res]ves ,! p :o fir/ pu%$ into ! unkn[n c\ntry we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 9 ! e>li] half ( ! la/ c5tury1 7 *iefly hunt]s & trapp]s4 ,!y did n int5d to make p]man5t homes 9 ! wilds1 b r to /ay only s long z !y c\ld secure an abundance ( fur-be>+ animals4 ,!n came ! discov]y ( ! preci\s metals1 & ?\s&s ( gold-seek]s cross$ ! pla9s1 & spread out ov] ! m\nta9s ( ! ,cordill]an region4 ,!y1 too1 expect$ to get ri* by mak+ use ( ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 & return to _! homes 9 ! ,ea/4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! de/ruction ( our =e/s & s]i\s injury to ! wat] supply has be5 ?reat5$ ?r\gh ! organization ( l>ge lumb] companies4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 lumb]+ usually live f> remov$ f ! sc5es ( _! op]ations1 & consequ5tly c>e little ab\t ! condition 9 :i* ! de=e/$ l&s are left4 ,! f>m]s 7 ! fir/ p]man5t occupants ( ! ,we/4 ,unlike ! w&]+ trapp]s & m9]s1 !y e/abli%$ homes & made ! l& ri*] in/ead ( poor]4 ,z long z ! population 0 scanty !re 0 n mu* dang] ( ext]m9at+ ! wild animals1 & ! dem&s = timb] 7 small4 ,our =efa!rs :o settl$ ! ,ea/]n /ates _h to cont5d ) ! =e/s4 ,ne>ly e acre ( gr\nd _h to be labori\sly cle>$ be=e any?+ c\ld be plant$4 ,x 0 only natural t !y %\ld come to reg>d ! =e/s z a h9drance r ?an a bless+4 ,z ! settl]s spread we/w>d to ! prairies & pla9s !y came ^u a region almo/ de/itute ( =e/s2 b /ill f>!r1 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! cont95tal divide & ! ,pacific slope1 !y aga9 f\nd ext5sive =e/s4 ,to !m x seem$ impossible t ^! =e/s c\ld ev] be exhau/$1 & !re=e little c>e 0 tak5 = _! pres]vation4 ,z ! population increas$1 m & m lumb] 0 ne$$ = build+ purposes4 ,be=e ! sawmill came split lumb] 0 us$1 & ! %ake-mak] did n hesitate to cut d[n ! l>ge/ & mo/ valuable p9es on ! m]e possibility t fifte5 or tw5ty feet ( ! butt w\ld split well en\gh to make %akes4 ,x made no diff]5ce to him t ! :ole trunk rott$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! sawmills 7 built & !re came a dem& f abroad = lumb]1 ! =e/s 7 attack$ ^u a mu* l>g] scale4 ,! ne$ ( ! mom5t 0 all t conc]n$ ! lumb]m51 & !y took no c>e = ! pres]vation ( ! "y trees1 :i* 9 "t w\ld h r5ew$ ! supply4 ,! litt] ( ! trunks & bran*es :i* !y left ^u ! gr\nd furni%$ fuel = ! fires :i* frequ5tly swept ov] ^! areas & kill$ ! rema9+ gr[?4 ,z a result ( ^! fires1 ! few animals t h escap$ ! hunt]s h be5 kill$ or driv5 f _! homes1 & ! =e/ cov]1 :i* w\ld reta9 mu* ( ! moi/ure & pres]ve x = ! supply ( ! /reams 9 summ]1 has be5 de/roy$4 ,! removal ( ! =e/ cov] leads also to ! wa%+ away ( ! soil1 ! %oal+ ( ! /reams1 floods 9 spr+1 & l[ wat] 9 summ]4 ,9 fact1 all ! p & indu/ries ( ! region are affect$ by its loss4 ,x may take hundr$s ( ye>s = ! c\ntry to recov]2 inde$1 if ! ra9fall is light1 ! =e/s may nev] gr[ aga91 )\t artificial aid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4--;,a ,,burn$ ,,=e/1 ,,cascade ,,range1 ,,oregon ,! c>eless /ockman1 seek+ to enl>ge 8 pa/ures by burn+ ! und]bru%1 sets fires :i* (t5 de/roy hundr$s ( squ>e miles ( =e/4 ,! summ] camp] & ! prospector also frequ5tly g on _! way )\t ext+ui%+ ! camp fire1 ?\gh a great =e/ fire may be ! result4 ,ours is a f]tile & productive e>?1 capable ( support+ a multitude ( liv+ ?+s4 ,= ages ! l[] animals1 z well z savage man1 liv$ "u ! protection ( ,nature1 mak+ ! be/ use ( h] products ( :i* !y 7 capable2 b !y nev] br\ght ab\t ! unnecess>y1 & (t5 wanton1 de/ruction ( :i* we are guilty1--we1 :o call ourselves civiliz$4 ,9 kill+ ! wild animals we _c make ! plea ( necessity1 z c savages :o h no o!r means ( support4 ,likewise1 !re is no necessity = kill+ ! beautiful s++ birds1 m]ely = _! plumage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4--;,,erosion ,,^u ,,an ,,unprotect$ ,,slope ,! =e/s are cut away )\t any ?\ght ( ! retribution :i* ,nature is sure to br+ ^u u4 ,!y are ( va/ importance to ! well-be+ ( ! c\ntry & are ! natural possession ( all its p4 ,we ought n to p]mit !m to be de/roy$ indiscrim9ately = ! b5efit ( a few4 ,we ne$ lumb] = _m purposes2 b a c>eful treatm5t ( ! =e/s ) an eye to _! cont9uance1 ! plan ( cutt+ l>ge trees1 & pres]v+ ! small ones1 is a v diff]5t ?+ f our pres5t wa/eful me?ods4 ,e summ] ! air is fill$ ) ! smoke ( burn+ =e/s1 & ! lumb]m5 are at "w h>d] ?an ev] fell+ virg9 =e/s ^u m & m remote m\nta9 slopes4 ,books ( travel writt5 fifty ye>s ago tell ( animal life 9 su* abundance 9 _m portions ( ! ,we/ t we c h>dly believe _! /ories4 ,a description ( ,cali=nia writt5 9 #ahdh m5tions elk1 antelope1 & de] z abundant 9 ! ,great ,valley4 ,h[ _m ( u liv+ at ! pres5t "t h ev] se5 "o ( ^! animals 9 its native haunts8 ,!re is hope n[ t ?is wa/eful use ( ,nature's gifts w soon be /opp$4 ,l>ge areas ( ! m\nta9\s portions ( ! public doma9 are be+ set aside z p>ks & =e/ res]ves4 ,! p>ks conta9 "s ( ! f9e/ sc5]y & mo/ wond]ful natural curiosities to be f\nd ^u ! face ( ! :ole e>?4 ,?is wild sc5]y1 toge!r ) ! =e/s & plants ( e k9d1 z well z ! animals & birds t inhabit ^! areas1 are to rema9 j z !y 7 :5 ! fir/ :ite man look$ ^u !m4 ,! p>ks =m asylums = ! wild creatures :i* h be5 h>d press$ = s _m ye>s4 ,9 ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k1 :]e !y h be5 protect$ ! longe/1 ! animals h almo/ lo/ _! fe> ( man & act z if !y knew t !y are safe )9 its limits4 ,9 ! ,yell[/one y may see great h]ds ( elk fe$+ 9 ! ri* mead[s2 de] /& by ! roadside & wat* y pass1 :ile ! be>s h become s tame ab\t ! hotels t !y make !mselves a nuisance4 ,sixte5 be>s at a "t h be5 se5 fe$+ at ! g>bage pile ne> ! ,gr& ,caon hotel4 ,! =e/ res]ves diff] f ! p>ks 9 t !y are e/abli%$ = utility r ?an = pleasure4 ,! =e/s n[ exi/+ are to be c>$ = by ! gov]nm5t & to be wisely us$ :5 lumb] is ne$$4 ,fires are to be avoid$ s f> z possible1 & burn$ areas are to be replant$ ) trees4 ,ano!r object to be accompli%$ is ! ret5tion ( ! =e/s ab\t ! heads ( ! /reams s z to pres]ve ! summ] wat] supply4 ,! wat] runs (f m sl[ly f a slope cov]$ ) vegetation ?an f a b>r5 "o1 & !re=e has m "t to soak into ! gr\nd4 ,?is is a v important matt] 9 all m\nta9\s di/ricts1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! ra9fall is light4 ,! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k is situat$ ^u ! cont95tal divide 9 nor?we/]n ,wyom+4 ,x is l>gely a plateau1 ) an elevation ( sev5 ?\s& to eight ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! surface ( ! plateau is cov]$ ) =e/s1 mead[s1 & lakes2 b ! region is p>ticul>ly rem>kable = ! geys]s & hot spr+s1 & ! ,gr& ,caon & falls ( ! ,yell[/one ,riv]4 ,spr+s dot ! surface ( _m p>ts ( ! p>k4 ,! hot wat] is cont9ually br++ m9]al sub/ances1 ! *ief ( :i* is silica1 f ! dep?s ( ! e>? & deposit+ !m ab\t ! orifices ( ! spr+s4 ,9 ?is mann] wond]ful bas9s1 t]races1 & cones h be5 built up1 :ile ! rocks h be5 ei!r r$d5$ or blea*$ out & s(t5$ into a =m ( clay4 ,! p>k region mu/ h be5 = a long p]iod ! seat ( volcanic action1 = ne>ly all ! rocks are cool$ lavas4 ,:ile ! heat has disappe>$ f ! surface1 x mu/ /ill be v great bel[1 if we may judge by ! quantities ( hot wat] cont9ually issu+ f ! spr+s4 ,9 _m a subt]ranean cav]n /eam accumulates until its pressure becomes too great = ! column ( wat] occupy+ ! *annel t leads to ! surface2 !n ! wat] is sudd5ly & =cibly expell$1 giv+ rise to a geys] eruption4 ,:5 ! pressure ( ! /eam has become exhau/$1 ! wat] s9ks back into ! e>?1 leav+ ! bas9 ( ! geys] ne>ly or q empty until ! /eam has aga9 collect$4 ,ea* geys] has its own p]iod ( eruption & is g5]ally v regul>4 ,"o little geys]1 kn[n z ! ,economic1 because x ?r[s out b little wat]1 sp\ts regul>ly ab\t e five m9utes4 ,o!r geys]s are active at int]vals ( sev]al h\rs1 :ile "s take sev]al ye>s to get ready = a new eruption & !n sp\t :ole riv]s ( boil+ wat]4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,geys] ,bas9 ! effect is v impressive1 p>ticul>ly ^u a cool morn+4 ,! cl\ds ( /eam & ! ?robb+ or ro>+ geys]s l5d to ! region a weird & une>?ly aspect4 ,! ,yell[/one ,lake is a l>ge body ( wat] situat$ almo/ ^u ! cont95tal divide4 ,be=e ! caon1 or ,great ,falls1 or ev5 ! ,yell[/one ,riv] itself exi/$1 ! lake /ood ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty feet high] ?an at pres5t1 & its wat] empti$ into ! ,pacific ,ocean in/ead ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! dra9age 0 *ang$ by ! "w ( a small /ream hav+ its s\rce 9 ! volcanic plateau nor? ( ! lake4 ,x deep5$ its *annel & ext5d$ its head wat]s back until !y tapp$ ! lake at a po9t :]e ! rim ( ! bas9 0 l[e/1 & s drew away its wat]s 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! ,yell[/one ,riv]1 ) its deep1 wondr\sly color$ caon & gr& wat]falls1 is ! result ( ?is *ange4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4--;,,economic ,,geys]1 ,,yell[/one ,,p>k ,to ! s\? ( ,yell[/one ,p>k1 b includ$ 9 "o ( ! =e/ res]ves1 are ,jackson ,lake & ! ,teton range4 ,! ,?ree ,tetons1 "o ( :i* rea*es a height ( ov] ?irte5 ?\s& feet1 7 evid5tly not$ l&m>ks = ! hunt]s & trapp]s 9 ! e>ly days1 = y w f9d !m m5tion$ 9 _m ( ! n>ratives ( ^? times4 ,! precipit\s range1 ) its cr[n ( jagg$ peaks & ! beautiful lake ne/l+ at its base1 pres5ts a picture nev] to be =gott54 ,v diff]5t f ! region :i* we h be5 /udy+ is t embrac+ ! ,crat] ,lake1 ,national ,p>k1 :i* is situat$ ^u ! summit ( ! ,cascade ,range 9 s\!rn ,oregon4 ,"h occurr$1 n _m ?\s& ye>s ago1 "o ( ! /range/ cata/rophes :i*1 s f> z we "k1 has ev] ov]tak5 any portion ( our e>?4 ,t[]+ ov] ! pres5t bas9 ( ,crat] ,lake 0 a great volcano1 rea*+1 probably1 ne>ly ?ree miles t[>d ! sky4 ,dur+ ! glacial p]iod x /ood !re1 its slopes :ite ) sn[1 app>5tly z /rong & firm z ,%a/a or ,hood or ,rani]4 ,b = "s reason ! volcanic =ces )9 ?is m\nta91 :i* has be5 call$ ,mazama1 awoke to r5ew$ action4 ,! int]ior ( ! m\nta9 0 melt$1 & ! :ole mass1 unable to /& long]1 fell 9 & 0 engulf$ 9 ! fi]y1 see?+ lava4 ,?is lava1 in/ead ( well+ up & fill+ ! crat] & p]haps fl[+ out1 0 drawn d[n ?r\gh ! ?roat ( ! volcano into ! e>?1 & left an enorm\s pit or crat] :]e once ! m\nta9 /ood4 ,aft] ! floor ( ! crat] cool$ & h>d5$1 small eruptions occurr$ )9 x & a new volcano grew up1 b1 ?\gh ne>ly ?ree ?\s& feet high1 x does n rea* to ! top ( ! encircl+ walls ( ! old crat]1 :i* are1 on an av]age1 ne>ly f\r ?\s& feet high4 ,!n ! ra9s & melt+ sn[s =m$ a body ( wat] 9 ! crat]1 & ! wond]ful lake came into exi/5ce4 ,no su* sight is to be f\nd else:]e ^u ! e>?4 ,)9 a circl+ rim ( cliffs1 f eight hundr$ to two ?\s& feet high & ne>ly v]tical1 lies ! lake1 rivall+ ! sky 9 ! dep? ( its blue color+4 ,! height ( its encircl+ cliffs & its five-mile expanse ( blue wat] help to make ! lake a spectacle gr& beyond description4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! volcanic fires appe> to be entirely ext9ct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4--;,,crat] ,,lake ,f ! top ( ! cliffs two ?\s& feet above4 ,^u ! "r is ,wiz>d ,isl&1 a volcanic cone ,=e/s ( fir & tam>ack h spread ov] ! once b>r5 slopes ( lava & pumice :i* ext5d back f ! cliffs4 ,9 ! holl[s1 aft] ! l+]+ w9t] sn[s h melt$1 !re are grassy mead[s dott$ ) fl[]s4 ,x is _m miles f ! lake to any human habitation1 & all ! region ab\t rema9s j z ,nature left x4 ,x 0 a happy ?\ght to make ano!r national p>k "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4--,,! ,,pun* ,,b[l1 ,,yell[/one ,,p>k ,we h already le>n$ some?+ ( ! gr&eur ( ! ,yosemite ,valley & h se5 h[ x came into exi/5ce4 ,! valley is own$ & c>$ = z a public p>k by ! /ate ( ,cali=nia1 b1 ) ,het*-,het*y ,valley1 x is includ$ 9 a l>g] p>k "u ! control ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,)9 ! b\nd>ies ( ?is national p>k1 z 9 ! case ( ! o!rs describ$1 ! natural features ( ! l&scape1 ! =e/s1 & ! animals1 are to be left =ev] undi/urb$4 ,! ,yosemite ,valley1 al?\gh situat$ 9 ! he>t ( ! rugg$ ,si]ras1 is rea*$ by sev]al good wagon roads & _m m p visit x ?an g to ,crat] ,lake1 al?\gh ! latt] is fully z int]e/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4--,,! ,,falls ,,( ,,! ,,yell[/one1 ,,yell[/one ,,ca,,on ,ab\t a hundr$ miles s\? ( ! ,yosemite is ! ,g5]al ,grant ,national ,p>k4 ,?is p>k is ( comp>atively small size1 b conta9s a gr\p ( "s ( ! l>ge/ & f9e/ ,big ,trees 9 ! c\ntry4 ,/ill f>!r s\? !re is a res]ve call$ ! ,sequoia ,p>k1 :i* conta9s ! l>ge/ rema9+ groves ( ! ,big ,trees4 ,!re are also _m /ate p>ks scatt]$ ov] diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,union4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ^! p>ks is int5d$ to pres]ve ei!r ! =e/s or natural sc5]y4 ,! ret5tion by ! /ate or g5]al gov]nm5t ( l>ge tracts ( m\nta9 & timb] l&1 & ( ^? areas :i* are p>ticul>ly int]e/+ on acc\nt ( _! natural sc5]y1 is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,! timb] & wat] are pres]v$ = ! g5]al good in/ead ( be+ squ&]$ = ! enri*m5t ( individuals4 ,! pres]vation ( sc5ic features 9 _! orig9al wild /ate is j & "r1 because su* ?+s add to ! pleasure ( out-(-door life1 elevate m5's feel+s1 & cultivate a love = ! beautiful4 ,! protection af=d$ ! plant & animal life by ^! res]ves gives a bett] opportunity = /udy+ !m1 & t5ds to fo/] a g5]al int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( liv+ ?+s4 ,,adv]tisem5ts4 ,,! ,,hea? ,,read]s ,a new s]ies1 t excels 9 its #a4 ,int]e/+ & well grad$ lessons4 #b4 ,ma/]pieces ( ,engli% & ,am]ican lit]ature4 #c4 ,beautiful & appropriate illu/rations4 #d4 ,cle> & legible pr9t+4 #e4 ,durable & h&some b9d+4 #f4 ,adaptation to ! ne$s ( mod]n s*ools4 ,! ,,hea? ,,read]s enable tea*]s1 :e!r !y h mu* or little k ( ! art1 to tea* *ildr5 to read intellig5tly & to read al\d intelligibly4 ,!y d ?is )\t wa/e ( "t or ef=t1 & at ! same "t t ! books aid pupils 9 acquir+ skill 9 read+1 !y pres5t mat]ial :i* is 9 itself wor? read+4 ,! purpose ( ! ,,hea? ,,read]s is1 fir/1 to enable beg9n]s to ma/] ! me*anical difficulties ( read+ successfully & 9 ! %orte/ "t2 second1 to develop ! imag9ation & cultivate a ta/e = ! be/ lit]ature2 ?ird1 to appeal to ^? motives t lead to "r conduct1 indu/ry1 c\rage1 patriotism1 & loyalty to duty4 ,! l>g] purpose is1 briefly1 to aid 9 develop+ an appreciation ( t :i* is ( mo/ wor? 9 life & lit]ature4 ,! s]ies conta9s sev5 books1 z foll[s3 ,prim]1 #abh pages1 #be c5ts4 ,f\r? ,read]1 #cbj pages1 #de c5ts4 ,fir/ ,read]1 #acj pages1 #be c5ts4 ,fif? ,read]1 #ceb pages1 #ej c5ts4 ,second ,read]1 #agf pages1 #ce c5ts4 ,six? ,read]1 #ceb pages1 #ej c5ts4 ,?ird ,read]1 #bef pages1 #dj c5ts4 ,descriptive circul>s s5t free on reque/4 ,d4 ,c4 ,,hea? ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,*icago ,,revis$ ,,& ,,illu/rat$ ,,! ,,he>t ,,( ,,oak ,,books ,a ,collection ( ,traditional ,rhymes & ,/ories = ,*ildr51 & ( ,ma/]pieces ( ,poetry & ,prose = ,use at ,home & at ,s*ool1 *os5 ) special ref]5ce to ! cultivation ( ! imag9ation & ! developm5t ( a ta/e = good read+4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,*>les ,,eliot ,,norton ,,book #a4 ,,rhymes1 ,,j+les ,,& ,,fables4 ,= fir/ read] classes4 ,illu/rat$ by ,frank ,t4 ,m]rill4 #abh pages4 #be c5ts4 ,,book ,,ii4 ,,fables ,,& ,,nurs]y ,,tales4 ,= second read] classes4 ,illu/rat$ by ,frank ,t4 ,m]rill4 #agf pages4 #ce c5ts4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,,fairy ,,tales1 ,,ballads ,,& ,,poems4 ,= ?ird read] classes4 ,) illu/rations aft] ,george ,cruik%ank & ,sir ,john ,t5niel4 #ahd pages4 #dj c5ts4 ,,book ,,iv4 ,,fairy ,,/ories ,,& ,,classic ,,tales ,,( ,,adv5ture4 ,= f\r? read] grades4 ,) illu/rations aft] ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]1 ,ri*>d ,doyle1 ,john ,flaxman1 & ,e4 ,burne-,jones4 #bdh pages4 #de c5ts4 ,,book ,v4 ,,ma/]pieces ,,( ,,lit]ature4 ,= fif? read] grades4 ,) illu/rations aft] ,g4 ,f4 ,watts1 ,sir ,john ,t5niel1 ,fr$ ,b>n>d1 ,w4 ,c4 ,/anfield1 ,erne/ ,fosb]y1 & f photographs4 #cah pages4 #ej c5ts4 ,,book ,,vi4 ,,ma/]pieces ,,( ,,lit]ature4 ,) illu/rations aft] ,horace ,v]net1 ,a4 ,sym+ton1 ,j4 ,wells1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,?ompson1 & f photographs4 #cgf pages4 #ee c5ts4 ,,book ,,vii4 ,,ma/]pieces ,,( ,,lit]ature4 ,) illu/rations aft] ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]1 ,e4 ,dayes1 ,sir ,george ,beaumont1 & f photographs4 #chb pages4 #fj c5ts4 ,d4 ,c4 ,,hea? ,,co41 ,,publi%]s ,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,london ,,am]ica',s ,,/ory ,,= ,,am]ica',s ,,*ildr5 ,by ,,m>a ,l4 ,,pratt4 ,a s]ies ( hi/ory read]s :i* pres5t ! p]sonal & picturesque elem5ts ( ! /ory 9 a way z attractive to "y read]s z romance1 & :i* w supplem5t ! regul> in/ruction 9 hi/ory 9 an effective mann]4 ,e /atem5t ( fact is hi/orically accurate & ! illu/rations are correct ev5 to ! smalle/ details4 ,unusual c>e has be5 tak5 9 ^! matt]s4 ,^! books are effectively illu/rat$ 9 black & :ite & 9 color2 are b\nd 9 attractive & arti/ic clo? cov]s2 uni=m 9 size1 #f-a_/d x #g-c_/d2 pr9t$ on extra heavy pap]1 9 l>ge type & conta9 ab\t #afj pages ea*4 ,,book ,i4 ,,! ,,beg9n]s' ,,book4 #ce c5ts4 ,a delightful /ory book1 develop+ c5t]s ( int]e/ ?r\gh picturesque & p]sonal incid5ts4 ,,book ,,ii4 ,,exploration ,,& ,,discov]y4 #dj c5ts4 ,! great explor]s & discov]]s f ,lief ,ericson to ,h5ry ,hudson4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,,! ,,e>li] ,,colonies4 #dj c5ts4 ,an accurate & fasc9at+ acc\nt ( ! fir/ settlem5ts & ! #ac colonies4 ,,book ,,iv4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,colonial ,,p]iod4 #dj c5ts4 ,settlem5ts 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ,! ,fr5* & ,indian ,w>s1 etc4 ,,book ,v4 ,,! ,,revolution ,,& ,,! ,,republic4 #dj c5ts4 ,! causes t l$ to x1 ! m5 :o guid$ ev5ts1 & subsequ5t civil hi/ory4 ,descriptive circul> free on reque/4 ,d4 ,c4 ,,hea? ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,*icago ,sci5ce4 ,,ball>d',s ,,_w ,,( ,,matt]4 ,a guide to m9]alogy & *emi/ry4 #a4jj ,,b5ton',s ,,guide ,,to ,,g5]al ,,*emi/ry4 ,a manual = ! laboratory4 #ce c5ts4 ,,boy]',s ,,laboratory ,,manual ,,9 ,,biology4 ,treats ( bo? animals & plants4 #hj c5ts4 ,,boynton1 ,,morse ,,& ,,watson',s ,,laboratory ,,manual ,,9 ,,*emi/ry4 #ej c5ts4 ,,burrage ,,& ,,bailey',s ,,s*ool ,,sanitation ,,& ,,decoration4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4ej4 ,,*ute',s ,,physical ,,laboratory ,,manual4 ,a well-balanc$ c\rse 9 laboratory physics1 requir+ inexp5sive app>atus4 ,illu/rat$4 #hj c5ts4 ,,*ute',s ,,practical ,,physics4 ,= high s*ools & colleges4 #a4ab4 ,,cl>k',s ,,me?ods ,,9 ,,microscopy4 ,detail$ descriptions ( successful me?ods4 #a4fj4 ,,coit',s ,,*emical ,,ari?metic4 ,) a %ort sy/em ( analysis4 #ej c5ts4 ,,colton',s ,,physiology3 ,,exp]im5tal ,,& ,,descriptive4 ,= high s*ools & colleges4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4ab4 ,,colton',s ,,physiology3 ,,brief] ,,c\rse4 ,= high s*ools4 ,illu/rat$4 #ij c5ts4 ,,colton',s ,,zoology3 ,,descriptive ,,& ,,exp]im5tal4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4ej4 ,"p ,i1 ,descriptive4 #a4jj4 ,"p ,,ii1 ,exp]im5tal4 #fj c5ts4 ,,fi%] ,,& ,,patt]son',s ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,physics4 ,exp]im5tal & descriptive4 #fj c5ts4 ,,grabfield ,,& ,,burns',s ,,*emical ,,problems4 ,= review & drill4 ,pap]4 #be c5ts4 ,,hyatt',s ,,insecta4 ,a practical manual = /ud5ts & tea*]s4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4be4 ,,newell',s ,,descriptive ,,*emi/ry4 ,a full exposition ( mod]n inorganic *emi/ry4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4bj4 ,"p ,i1 ,)\t exp]im5ts4 #a4jj4 ,"p ,,ii1 ,exp]im5ts4 #dj c5ts4 ,,newell',s ,,exp]im5tal ,,*emi/ry4 ,a mod]n c\rse = high s*ools & colleges4 #a4aj4 ,,orndorff',s ,,laboratory ,,manual4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,organic ,*emi/ry4 #ce c5ts4 ,,palm]',s ,,que/ions ,,& ,,problems ,,9 ,,*emi/ry4 #bj c5ts4 ,,pepoon1 ,,mit*ell ,,& ,,maxwell',s ,,plant ,,life4 ,a laboratory guide4 #ej c5ts4 ,,rems5',s ,,organic ,,*emi/ry4 ,an introduction to ! /udy ( ! comp\nds ( c>bon4 ,= /ud5ts ( ! pure sci5ce1 or its application to arts4 #a4bj4 ,,rob]ts',s ,,/]eo-,,*emi/ry4 ,its developm5t & pres5t aspects4 #a4jj4 ,,san=d',s ,,exp]im5tal ,,psy*ology4 ,"p ,i4 ,s5sation & ,p]ception4 #a4ej4 ,,%al]',s ,,fir/ ,,book ,,9 ,,geology4 ,clo?1 #fj c5ts4 ,bo>ds4 #de c5ts4 ,,%ep>d',s ,,inorganic ,,*emi/ry4 ,descriptive & qualitative2 exp]im5tal & inductive2 leads ! /ud5t to obs]ve & ?9k4 ,= high s*ools & colleges4 #a4ab4 ,,%ep>d',s ,,brief] ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,*emi/ry1 ) *apt] on ,organic ,*emi/ry4 #hj c5ts4 ,,%ep>d',s ,,laboratory ,,note-,,book4 ,bo>ds4 #ce c5ts4 ,,spald+',s ,,botany4 ,practical ex]cises 9 ! /udy ( plants4 #hj c5ts4 ,,/ev5s',s ,,introduction ,,to ,,botany4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4be4 ,key & ,flora1 #dj c5ts4 ,botany1 ) ,key & ,flora1 #a4ej4 ,,/ev5s',s ,,*emi/ry ,,note-,,book4 ,laboratory %eets & cov]s4 #ej c5ts4 ,,v5able',s ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,*emi/ry4 ,= /ud5ts & ! g5]al read]4 #a4jj4 ,,walt]1 ,,:itney ,,& ,,lucas',s ,,animal ,,life4 ,a laboratory guide4 #ej c5ts4 ,,we$ ,,& ,,crossman',s ,,laboratory ,,guide ,,9 ,,zo,,logy4 ,emphasizes ess5tials4 #fj c5ts4 ,,:it+',s ,,physical ,,measurem5t4 ,p>ts ,i-,,iv1 9 "o volume4 #c4ge4 ,,:it+',s ,,ma!matical ,,& ,,physical ,,tables4 ,pap]4 #ej c5ts4 ,= elem5t>y works see our li/ ( books 9 ,elem5t>y ,sci5ce4 ,d4 ,c4 ,,hea? ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,*icago ,elem5t>y ,sci5ce4 ,,au/9',s ,,obs]vation ,,blanks ,,9 ,,m9]alogy4 ,detail$ /udies ( #ce m9]als4 ,bo>ds #hh pages4 #cj c5ts4 ,,bailey',s ,,gramm> ,,s*ool ,,physics4 ,a s]ies ( practical lessons ) simple exp]im5ts t may be p]=m$ 9 ! ord9>y s*ool room4 #ach pages4 ,illu/rat$4 #ej c5ts4 ,,ball>d',s ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,matt]4 ,simple /udies 9 *emi/ry & m9]alogy3 = use z a text-book or z a guide to ! tea*] 9 giv+ object-lessons4 #bfd pages4 ,illus4 #a4jj4 ,,cl>k',s ,,practical ,,me?ods ,,9 ,,microscopy4 ,gives 9 detail descriptions ( me?ods t w lead ! c>eful work] to successful results4 #bcc pages4 ,illu/rat$4 #a1fj4 ,,cl>ke',s ,,a/ronomical ,,lant]n4 ,int5d$ to famili>ize /ud5ts ) ! con/ellations by comp>+ !m ) facsimiles on ! lant]n face4 ,) sev5te5 slides1 giv+ tw5ty-two con/ellations4 #d4ej4 ,,cl>ke',s ,,h[ ,,to ,,f9d ,,! ,,/>s4 ,accompanies ! above & helps to an acqua9tance ) ! con/ellations4 #dg pages4 ,pap]4 #ae c5ts4 ,,eck/orm',s ,,! ,,bird ,,book4 ,! natural hi/ory ( birds1 ) directions = obs]vation & sugge/ions = /udy4 #cja pages4 ,illu/rat$4 #fj c5ts4 ,,guides ,,= ,,sci5ce ,,tea*+4 ,tea*]s' aids = in/ruction 9 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,i4 ,hyatt's ,ab\t ,pebbles4 #bf pages4 ,pap]4 #aj cts4 ,,ii4 ,goodale's ,a ,few ,common ,plants4 #fa pages4 ,pap]4 #bj cts4 ,,iii4 ,hyatt's ,comm]cial & o!r ,sponges4 ,illu/rat$4 #dc pages4 ,pap]4 #bj cts4 ,,iv4 ,agassiz's ,fir/ ,lesson 9 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,illus4 #fd pages4 ,pap]4 #be cts4 ,v4 ,hyates ,corals & ,e*9od]ms4 ,illu/rat$4 #cb pages4 ,pap]4 #cj cts4 ,,iv4 ,hyates ,mollusca4 ,illu/rat$4 #fe pages4 ,pap]4 #cj cts4 ,,vii4 ,hyatt's ,worms & ,cru/acea4 ,illu/rat$4 #fh pages4 ,pap]4 #cj cts4 ,,xii4 ,crosby's ,common ,m9]als & ,rocks4 ,illu/rat$4 #bjj pages4 ,pap]1 #dj cts4 ,clo?1 #fj cts4 ,,xiii4 ,ri*>d's ,fir/ ,lessons 9 ,m9]als4 #ej pages4 ,pap]4 #aj cts4 ,,xiv4 ,b[dit*'s ,physiology4 #eh pages4 ,pap]4 #bj cts4 ,,xv4 ,clapp's #cf ,obs]vation ,lessons 9 ,m9]als4 #hj pages4 ,pap]4 #cj cts4 ,,xvi4 ,ph5ix's ,lessons 9 ,*emi/ry4 #bj cts4 ,pupils' ,note-book to accompany ,no4 #ae4 #aj cts4 ,,rice',s ,,sci5ce ,,tea*+ ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ool4 ,) a c\rse ( in/ruction 9 sci5ce = ! l[] grades4 #df pages4 ,pap]4 #be c5ts4 ,,ricks',s ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,object ,,lessons4 ,in=mation on plants & _! products1 on animals & _! uses1 & gives specim5 lessons4 #ccb pages4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4ej ,,ricks',s ,,object ,,lessons ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,give ,,!m4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,gives lessons = prim>y grades4 #bjj pages4 #ij c5ts4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,gives lessons = gramm> & int]m$iate grades4 #bab pages4 #ij c5ts4 ,,scott',s ,,nature ,,/udy ,,& ,,! ,,*ild4 ,a manual = tea*]s1 ) outl9es ( lessons & c\rses1 detail$ /udies ( typical =ms ( animal & plant life1 & *apt]s on aims & me?ods & ! relation ( nature /udy to expression4 #feb pages4 ,illu/rat$4 ,retail price1 #a4ej ,,%al]',s ,,fir/ ,,book ,,9 ,,geology4 ,a helpful introduction to ! /udy ( mod]n text-books 9 geography4 #bgb pages4 lliu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #fj c5ts4 ,bo>ds1 #de c5ts4 ,,smi?',s ,,/udies ,,9 ,,nature4 ,comb9es natural hi/ory & language "w4 #dh pages4 ,pap]4 #ae cts4 ,,spe>',s ,,leaves ,,& ,,fl[]s4 ,an elem5t>y botany = pupils "u twelve4 #ajc pages4 ,illu/rat$4 #be c5ts4 ,,wright',s ,,seaside ,,& ,,wayside ,,nature ,,read]1 ,,no4 #d4 ,elem5t>y lessons 9 geology1 a/ronomy1 _w life1 etc4 #cgb pages4 ,illu/rat$4 #ej c5ts4 ,see also our li/ ( books 9 ,sci5ce4 ,d4 ,c4 ,,hea? ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,*icago ,hea?'s ,home & ,s*ool ,classics4 ,l>ge ,type4 ,good ,pap]4 ,_m ,illu/rations4 ,durable ,b9d+4 ,,aik5 ,,& ,,b>bauld',s ,,eyes ,,& ,,no ,,eyes1 & ,o!r ,/ories4 7,m4 ,v4 ,o',%ea47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,ayrton',s ,,*ild ,,life ,,9 ,,japan4 7,w4 ,elliot ,griffis47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,br[n',s ,,rab ,,& ,,8 ,,fri5ds & ,o!r ,/ories ( ,dogs4 7,t4 ,m4 ,balliet47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,br[ne',s ,,! ,,wond]ful ,,*air ,,& ,,! ,,tales ,,x ,,told4 7,m4 ,v4 ,o',%ea47 ,two p>ts4 ,pap]1 ea* "p1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 two p>ts b\nd 9 "o1 #cj c5ts4 ,,c>ov,s' ,,! ,,/ory ,,)\t ,,an ,,end4 7,t4 ,w4 ,higg9son74 ,clo?1 #be c5ts4 ,,craik',s ,,s ,,fat ,,& ,,mew ,,mew4 7,lucy ,:eelock47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,crib ,,& ,,fly3 ,a ,tale ( ,two ,t]ri]s4 7,c4 ,f4 ,dole47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,defoe',s ,,rob9son ,,crusoe4 7,edw>d ,ev]ett ,hale47 ,clo?1 #fj c5ts4 ,,edgewor?',s ,,wa/e ,,n1 ,,want ,,n1 & ,o!r ,/ories4 7,m4 ,v4 ,o',%ea47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,ew+',s ,,jackanapes4 7,w4 ,p4 ,tr5t47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,ew+',s ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,%ort ,,life4 7,t4 ,m4 ,balliet47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,f\que',s ,,und9e4 7,e4 ,s4 ,phelps-,w>d47 ,clo?1 #ce c5ts4 ,,goody ,,two ,,%oes1 attribut$ to ,goldsmi?4 7,c4 ,wel%47 ,pap] #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,ham]ton',s ,,*apt]s ,,on ,,animals3 ,dogs1 ,cats & ,horses4 7,w4 ,p4 ,tr5t47 ,pap]1 #ae c5ts2 clo?1 #be c5ts4 ,,+el[',s ,,?ree ,,fairy ,,tales4 7,c4 ,f4 ,dole47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,irv+',s ,,dolph ,,heylig]4 7,g4 ,h4 ,br[ne47 ,pap]1 #ae c5ts2 clo?1 #be c5ts4 ,,jordan',s ,,true ,,tales ,,( ,,birds ,,& ,,bea/s4 ,clo?1 #dj c5ts4 ,,lambs' ,,tales ,,f ,,%akespe>e4 7,e4 ,s4 ,phelps-,w>d47 ,?ree ,p>ts4 ,pap]1 ea* "p1 #ae c5ts2 clo?1 ?ree p>ts b\nd 9 "o1 #dj c5ts4 ,,lamb',s ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,ulysses4 7,w4 ,p4 ,tr5t47 ,pap]1 #ae c5ts2 clo?1 #be c5ts4 ,,m>t9eau',s ,,! ,,cr(ton ,,boys4 7,w4 ,elliott ,griffis47 ,clo?1 #cj c5ts4 ,,melville',s ,,typee4 7,w4 ,p4 ,tr5t47 ,clo?1 #de c5ts4 ,,"m ,,goose4 7,c4 ,wel%47 ,9 two p>ts4 ,pap]1 ea* "p1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 two p>ts b\nd 9 "o1 #cj c5ts4 ,,motley',s ,,siege ,,( ,,leyd54 7,w4 ,elliot ,griffis47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,mulo*',s ,,little ,,lame ,,pr9ce4 7,e4 ,s4 ,phelps-,w>d47 ,two p>ts4 ,pap]1 ea* "p1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 two p>ts b\nd 9 "o1 #cj c5ts4 ,,old ,,_w ,,wond] ,,/ories4 7,m4 ,v4 ,o',%ea47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,p]rault',s ,,tales ,,( ,,"m ,,goose4 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,rusk9',s ,,k+ ,,( ,,! ,,gold5 ,,riv]4 7,m4 ,v4 ,o',%ea47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,segur',s ,,sophie4 7,ada ,v4 ,s4 ,h>ris47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,segur',s ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,donkey4 7,c4 ,f4 ,dole47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,%akespe>e',s ,,com$y ,,( ,,errors4 7,s>ah ,w4 ,hie/&47 ,pap]1 #ae c5ts2 clo?1 #be c5ts4 ,,%akespe>e',s ,,! ,,tempe/4 7,s>ah ,w4 ,hie/&47 ,pap]1 #ae c5ts2 clo?1 #be c5ts4 ,,%akespe>e',s ,,w9t]',s ,,tale4 7,s>ah ,w4 ,hie/&47 ,pap]1 #ae c5ts2 clo?1 #be c5ts4 ,,%akespe>e',s ,a ,,midsumm] ,,night',s ,,dream4 7,s>ah ,w4 ,hie/&47 ,pap]1 #ae c5ts2 clo?1 #be c5ts4 ,,%aw',s ,,ca/le ,,blair4 7,m>y ,a4 ,liv]more74 ,clo?1 #ej c5ts4 ,,six ,,nurs]y ,,classics4 7,m4 ,v4 ,o',%ea47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,swift',s ,,gulliv]',s ,,travels4 #a4 ,a ,voyage to ,lillipot4 ,,ii4 ,a ,voyage to ,brobd+nag4 7,t4 ,m4 ,balliet47 ,pap]1 ea* "p1 #ae c5ts2 clo?1 two p>ts b\nd 9 "o1 #cj c5ts4 ,,tales ,,f ,,! ,,travels ,,( ,,b>on ,,mun*aus54 7,edw>d ,ev]ett ,hale47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,,?ack]ay',s ,,! ,,rose ,,& ,,! ,,r+4 7,e4 ,e4 ,hale47 ,pap]1 #ae c5ts2 clo?1 #be c5ts4 ,,trimm]',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,rob9s4 7,e4 ,e4 ,hale47 ,pap]1 #aj c5ts2 clo?1 #bj c5ts4 ,see also our li/ ( books = ,supplem5t>y ,read+4 ,d4 ,c4 ,,hea? 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