,,the ,,menorah ,,journal ,illustration ,,volume ,i ,,no4 #a ,,january #aiae ,greetings3 ,from ,dr4 ,,cyrus ,,adler1 ,,louis ,d4 ,,brandeis1 ,professor ,,richard ,,gottheil1 ,dr4 ,,joseph ,,jacobs1 ,dr4 ,,kaufman ,,kohler1 ,justice ,,irving ,,lehman1 ,judge ,,julian ,w4 ,,mack1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,magnes1 ,dr4 ,,martin ,a4 ,,meyer1 ,dr4 ,,david ,,philipson1 ,dr4 ,,solomon ,,schechter1 ,,jacob ,h4 ,,schiff1 and ,dr4 ,,stephen ,s4 ,,wise ,a ,call to the ,educated ,jew ,,louis ,d4 ,,brandeis ,menorah3 ,a ,poem ,,william ,,ellery ,,leonard ,the ,jews in the ,war ,,joseph ,,jacobs ,jewish ,students in ,european ,universities ,,harry ,,wolfson ,the ,twilight of ,hebraic ,culture ,,max ,l4 ,,margolis ,days of ,disillusionment ,,samuel ,,strauss ,three ,university ,addresses--,president ,,arthur ,t4 ,,hadley of ,yale ,university1 ,chancellor ,,elmer ,e4 ,,brown of ,new ,york ,university1 ,president ,,charles ,w4 ,,dabney of the ,university of ,cincinnati ,the ,menorah ,movement ,,henry ,,hurwitz ,from ,college and ,university3 ,reports from ,menorah ,societies ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,intercollegiate ,,menorah ,,association #fjj ,,madison ,,avenue1 ,,new ,,york -3- -3- -3- #be ,,cts4 ,a ,,copy ,,intercollegiate ,,menorah ,,association ,for the ,study and ,advancement of ,jewish ,culture and ,ideals ,,officers ,chancellor ,,henry ,,hurwitz #fjj ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,president ,i4 ,,leo ,,sharfman ,university of ,michigan ,first ,vice-,president ,,moses ,,barron ,university of ,minnesota ,second ,vice-,president ,,leon ,j4 ,,rosenthal ,cornell ,university ,secretary ,,isador ,,becker ,university of ,michigan ,treasurer ,j4 ,k4 ,,miller ,penn ,state ,college ,,the ,,administrative ,,council ,composed of ,representatives1 one each1 from every constituent ,menorah ,society 7,the ,representatives for #aiae will be announced in the next issue of ,the ,menorah ,journal7 ,there are ,menorah ,societies now at the following ,colleges and ,universities3 ,boston ,university ,brown ,university ,clark ,university ,college of ,city of ,new ,york ,columbia ,university ,cornell ,university ,harvard ,university ,hunter ,college ,johns ,hopkins ,university ,new ,york ,university ,ohio ,state ,university ,penn ,state ,college ,radcliffe ,college ,rutgers ,college ,tufts ,college ,university of ,california ,university of ,chicago ,university of ,cincinnati ,university of ,colorado ,university of ,denver ,university of ,illinois ,university of ,maine ,university of ,michigan ,university of ,minnesota ,university of ,missouri ,university of ,north ,carolina ,university of ,omaha ,university of ,pennsylvania ,university of ,pittsburgh ,university of ,texas ,university of ,washington ,university of ,wisconsin ,valparaiso ,university ,western ,reserve ,university ,yale ,university ,office of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association #fjj ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal ,,volume ,i ,,january1 #aiae ,,number #a ,an ,editorial ,statement ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal1 in its efforts to carry forward the aims and aspirations of the ,menorah movement1 will necessarily be far more than merely an official organ for the ,menorah ,societies4 ,that function1 indeed1 becomes increasingly important as the ,menorah ,societies multiply in number and influence throughout the country4 ,in this special appeal to ,menorah members1 however1 the ,journal will be more than a news medium2 it will supply important material for study and discussion1 and stimulate thinking and active effort in behalf of ,menorah ideals4 ,and inasmuch as the furtherance of ,menorah ideals means the advancement of ,american ,jewry and the spread of ,hebraic culture1 the ,journal should appeal to every one in ,america who sympathises with these purposes4 ,the ,journal will be conducted with this general appeal always in mind--with the desire1 indeed1 to make it a model publication dealing with ,jewish life and thought4 ,to publish a periodical that shall measure up to this high standard1 with its accompanying influence and power1 is one of the aspirations of the ,menorah movement2 and the ,menorah auspices and conditions are so peculiarly favorable to the achievement of this ambition as to lend every encouragement to the effort that will be put forth to make the ,journal a genuinely significant publication for the whole of ,american ,jewry4 ,for conceived as it is and nurtured as it must continue to be in the spirit that gave birth to the ,menorah idea1 the ,menorah ,journal is under compulsion to be absolutely non-partisan1 an expression of all that is best in ,judaism and not merely of some particular sect or school or locality or group of special interests2 fearless in telling the truth2 promoting constructive thought rather than aimless controversy2 animated with the vitality and enthusiasm of youth2 harking back to the past that we may deal more wisely with the present and the future2 recording and appreciating ,jewish achievement1 not to brag1 but to bestir ourselves to emulation and to deepen the consciousness of noblesse oblige2 striving always to be sane and level-headed2 offering no opinions of its own1 but providing an orderly platform for the discussion of mooted questions that really matter2 dedicated first and foremost to the fostering of the ,jewish humanities and the furthering of their influence as a spur to human service4 ,it will undoubtedly prove necessary on more than one occasion in the future to emphasize again the fact that the ,journal is an unqualifiedly non-partisan forum for the discussion of ,jewish problems2 and that accordingly neither the ,menorah ,journal nor the ,menorah ,societies are to be regarded as standing sponsor for the views expressed in these columns by contributors4 ,nor will the ,journal have any editorials expressing the views of its editors or of the ,menorah organization1--particularly since the ,menorah organization takes no official stand on mooted subjects4 ,the editorial policy will be one of fairness in giving equal hospitality to opposing views2 and space will gladly be given to reasonable letters or articles that take exception to statements or opinions published in these pages4 ,the ,journal is singularly fortunate in having enlisted the co-operation of the distinguished leaders of ,jewish life and thought who comprise its ,board of ,consulting ,editors4 ,the assurances already in hand of important articles to come from our ,consulting ,editors and from other notable men and women1 both ,jewish and non-,jewish1 lend strength to the editorial confidence that succeeding issues will more and more repay the public interest4 ,as an incidental but none the less vital aim1 the ,journal hopes to be instrumental in encouraging our young men and women1 particularly in the ,menorah membership1 to devote themselves to ,jewish subjects as worthy of their best literary effort1--with publication in the ,menorah ,journal as a prize to be eagerly sought for4 ,the ,menorah hopes through the incentive of the ,journal to develop a new school of writers on ,jewish topics that shall be distinguished by the thoroughness and clarity of the university-trained mind and inspired by the youthful1 searching1 unfearing spirit of the ,menorah movement4 ,with these aims and these aspirations1 the ,menorah ,journal bids for the favor of the public4 ,scholarly when scholarship will be in order1 but always endeavoring to be timely1 vivacious1 readable2 keen in the pursuit of truth wherever its source and whatever the consequences2 a ,jewish forum open to all sides2 devoted first and last to bringing out the values of ,jewish culture and ideals1 of ,hebraism and of ,judaism1 and striving for their advancement--the ,menorah ,journal hopes not merely to entertain1 but to enlighten1 in a time when knowledge1 thought1 and vision are more than ever imperative in ,jewish life4 ,greetings ,from ,dr4 ,cyrus ,adler ,president of the ,dropsie ,college for ,hebrew and ,cognate ,learning1 ,philadelphia ,illustration ,i ,,am very glad to be able through this first number of your ,journal to send a word of greeting to the ,menorah men throughout the ,united ,states4 ,an ,association which has as its object the promotion in ,american colleges and universities of the study of ,jewish history1 culture and problems1 and the advancement of ,jewish ideals1 cannot but fail to command my personal and official interest and support4 ,the ,jewish people have a long and honorable record of literary activity4 ,our ,holy ,scriptures1 our ,rabbinical ,literature1 our contributions to philosophy1 to ethics1 to law1 our poetry1 sacred and secular1 our share in the world's history1 all become part of the program which you have laid out for yourselves as a means of cultivation4 ,in their due proportion they should 7although they do not7 form a part of the outfit of every educated man4 ,that they should be especially cultivated by ,jewish young people is self-evident1 and1 for several thousand years1 they have been4 ,you ,menorah men have taken the modern form of association for the purpose of carrying on these studies1 of cherishing your ,jewish ideals along with your general culture or with your chosen profession1 and it was high time that you should do so4 ,you already count thousands of young people1 and as time goes on you will gradually increase in number4 ,from among your group will come the future leaders of the ,jewish people in ,america1 and your main body will form our intellectual backbone4 ,it is my hope and belief that your movement will gradually tend toward the maintenance and promotion of ,judaism in this land4 ,we are now a population of nearly three million souls4 ,that such a vast body should be lost to ,judaism or should maintain a ,judaism ignorant of its language1 its literature or its traditions1 is almost unthinkable4 ,conditions abroad may shift the center of gravity of ,judaism and of ,jewish learning to the ,american continent4 ,your movement is one which will aid in training the group that may be expected to measure up to our new responsibilities4 ,it has been a source of great personal pleasure to me to meet with your ,association in your annual convention and to have the privilege of coming in personal contact with some of your ,societies1--at ,harvard1 ,yale1 ,columbia1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,boston ,universities4 ,i hope to have the pleasure of meeting more of you and to derive more of the stimulus which your enthusiasm gives me in my work4 ,speaking not only in my own name but in behalf of my colleagues on the ,board of ,governors and the ,faculty of ,the ,dropsie ,college for ,hebrew and ,cognate ,learning1 ,i wish your ,association and your ,journal success in all of your endeavors4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,cyrus ,adler ,from ,louis ,d4 ,brandeis ,chairman of the ,provisional ,executive ,committee for ,general ,zionist ,affairs ,illustration ,,the formation at ,harvard ,university on ,october #be1 #aijf1 of the first ,menorah ,society is a landmark in the ,jewish ,renaissance4 ,that ,renaissance1 in which the ,society is certain to be a significant factor1 is of no less importance to ,america than to its ,jews4 ,america offers to man his greatest opportunity--liberty amidst peace and large natural resources4 ,but the noble purpose to which ,america is dedicated cannot be attained unless this high opportunity is fully utilized2 and to this end each of the many peoples which she has welcomed to her hospitable shores must contribute the best of which it is capable4 ,to ,america the contribution of the ,jews can be peculiarly large4 ,america's fundamental law seeks to make real the brotherhood of man4 ,that brotherhood became the ,jews' fundamental law more than twenty-five hundred years ago4 ,america's twentieth century demand is for social justice4 ,that has been the ,jews' striving ages-long4 ,their religion and their afflictions have prepared them for effective democracy4 ,persecution made the ,jews' law of brotherhood self-enforcing4 ,it taught them the seriousness of life2 it broadened their sympathies2 it deepened the passion for righteousness2 it trained them in patient endurance1 in persistence1 in self-control1 and in self-sacrifice4 ,furthermore1 the widespread study of ,jewish law developed the intellect1 and made them less subject to preconceptions and more open to reason4 ,america requires in her sons and daughters these qualities and attainments1 which are our natural heritage4 ,patriotism to ,america1 as well as loyalty to our past1 imposes upon us the obligation of claiming this heritage of the ,jewish spirit and of carrying forward noble ideals and traditions through lives and deeds worthy of our ancestors4 ,to this end each new generation should be trained in the knowledge and appreciation of their own great past2 and the opportunity should be afforded for the further development of ,jewish character and culture4 ,the ,menorah ,societies and their ,journal deserve most generous support in their efforts to perform this noble task4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,louis ,d4 ,brandeis ,from ,dr4 ,richard ,gottheil ,professor of ,rabbinical ,literature and the ,semitic ,languages1 ,columbia ,university ,illustration ,i ,,have been asked to say a word of greeting to the readers of the ,menorah ,journal4 ,i do so with pleasure2 indeed with much satisfaction4 ,the ,menorah students at our colleges and universities will now be bound together by a new bond1 one that will give them a more unified direction and converge their efforts toward the goal which the ,menorah has set for itself4 ,i should like to think that it is not entirely fortuitous that this added impulse is given to our work just at this time4 ,we all feel that the present is a moment when the very foundations of our ethical life--both as individuals and as groups--have received a rude shock4 ,at such a time--more than ever--we need to understand and to bear in mind the great teachings which ,jewish sages have given to the world1 as their and our contribution to the moral foundations of society4 ,such teachings were1 in most cases1 not decked out in the tawdry trappings of a recondite and far-fetched philosophy1 nor garnished with the decorations of superlogical terminology1 nor even put forth with lusty rhetoric4 ,they were simple and to the point1 because they were founded upon deep religious convictions4 ,one of these teachings occurs to me as ,i write these lines3 ,the moral condition of the world depends upon three things--truth1 justice and peace4 ,have we outgrown such teaching8 ,have the astounding advances made during the last one hundred years in the science of physical living brought us any nearer to the true inwardness of moral living than the ethical principles put forth by these early teachers8 ,as our hearts are rent by the sufferings of those who are caught in the meshes of the terrible war now raging1 and as our intellects are befogged by the various excuses advanced in justification of carnage and wholesale destruction1 do not the simple words of the old ,hebrew sage appear to us as a beacon-light in the surrounding darkness8 ,truth1 ,justice1 ,peace6 ,many similar lessons are awaiting those who will show some little willingness to learn and to know4 ,they are a part of the patrimony that is ours1 and which for the most part we refuse to claim4 ,a voice is crying to us out of our own midst4 ,we do not hear2 for our ears are sealed as with wax4 ,the ,menorah ,societies1 which now are to be found in most of our institutions of higher learning1 have set themselves the task of bringing our ,jewish students to a consciousness of their own past1 to a knowledge of their history as members of a great historic people1 and to a just appreciation of the teachings of their religion4 ,it is only the knowledge of what we have tried to be that will make us realize fully what we are and will enable us to see what our future may be4 ,the ,menorah ,journal is intended to bring this knowledge to our young men1 to harden their ,jewish resolve and to point the way along which lies the consummation of our ,jewish hopes4 ,it sends its greeting to every ,jewish student1 whether or not he be a member of a ,menorah ,society4 ,we of an older generation look to our university and college men as the ,jewish leaders of the future4 ,let them gather around the ,menorah ,journal in order to make it a true expression of ,jewish ideals1 a powerful incentive to join the ranks of those who are active in our cause4 ,the word of the ,prophet comes to me again3 ,be ye strong1 therefore1 and let not your hands be weak2 for your work shall be rewarded4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,richard ,gottheil ,from ,joseph ,jacobs ,editor of ,the ,american ,hebrew1 ,new ,york ,illustration ,i ,,greet the appearance of the official organ of the ,menorah ,societies something in the spirit of ,ibsen's ,master-,builder1 who hears the coming generation knocking at the door4 ,i have long been of the opinion that the future of ,american ,israel lies with the academic ,jews of the ,american universities4 ,the organ that represents them should be1 from this point of view1 the voice of ,israel's future in ,america4 ,if you can live up to that ideal1 you have indeed a great future before you4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,joseph ,jacobs ,from ,dr4 ,kaufman ,kohler ,president of ,hebrew ,union ,college1 ,cincinnati ,illustration ,,as you wander through the ruins of the ,forum ,romanum and are within sight of the ,via ,appia at the other end1 your attention is riveted by an exquisite white marble arch wonderfully preserved4 ,it is the ,arch of ,titus erected in memory of ,rome's triumph over ,juda ,capta4 ,as you look closer at the trophies chiseled on this famous monument1 you find there standing out most conspicuously the seven-armed candlestick carried by the ,jewish captives1 the ,menorah1 regarded1 no doubt1 by the proud victor as the most characteristic feature of the destroyed ,jewish temple4 ,yet how strange6 ,it seems to be almost a foreboding of the future dominion of the vanquished over the vanquisher4 ,israel's state1 with its temple1 ,israel's nationality was trampled under foot by the ,roman legions--,israel's religion remained unconquered1 the light of its truth remained undimmed2 nay1 it grew brighter and stronger until the world was filled with its splendor4 ,little did the ,emperor ,vespasian dream1 when he granted ,rabbi ,johanan ben ,zakkai1 the ,jewish maker of learning1 the privilege of building a schoolhouse at ,jamnia as a substitute for the hall of the judiciary in the temple at ,jerusalem1 that this sanctuary of the ,jewish law and what it represents would by far eclipse all the power and greatness of the ,roman civilization4 ,yet this was symbolized by the ,menorah4 ,whether originally intended or not1 it was the emblem of ,israel's mission of light4 ,it indicated the task of the ,jew1 when scattered over the wide globe1 to be a light to the nations1 the religious luminary to the world4 ,and if we be permitted to give a special meaning to the seven arms of light of the ,golden ,candlestick1 we might find therein a suggestion of the lights of truth1 justice and purity1 or holiness1 on the one side1 and the lights of law1 literature1 and art1 or wisdom1 on the other1 while the light in the center stands for religion1 from which all the other lights emanated and for which the ,jew throughout the centuries lived1 suffered1 and died1 to preserve intact as mankind's highest treasure to the very end of history4 ,these ideas ,i would offer as greeting to the editors and readers of the ,menorah ,journal4 ,the name ,menorah was aptly chosen by the founders of the pioneer ,menorah ,society with a view to the two-fold task of the light-bearer1 to enlighten a surrounding world1 and to foster self-respect in the hearts of the ,jewish students by spreading the light of ,jewish knowledge among them4 ,now1 if ,i understand correctly the purpose of starting a ,journal as the organ of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 it is to give to these endeavors a more permanent and classical literary form1 and thus successfully defend the cause of ,judaism4 ,wishing this enterprise all success and ,godspeed1 ,i venture to express the hope that true to its name ,menorah1 the ,journal will become a real banner-bearer of light not only dispelling clouds of doubt and of prejudice within and outside of our camp1 but also aiming to spread the truth of ,judaism in all its spiritual force and grandeur4 ,not nationalism1 which in these days of a cruel world-war with its barbarism puts our much-vaunted modern civilization to everlasting shame and which has split the ,jewish people also into warring camps1 but ,judaism as a religion1 which notwithstanding the differences of its various wings as to form is in its essentials and fundamentals one1 should be the watchword1 for it is the light of the ,torah that is both law and learning1 religion and culture1 which is to unify and consolidate all the forces of ,american ,israel4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,dr4 ,k4 ,kohler ,from ,irving ,lehman ,justice of the ,supreme ,court of the ,state of ,new ,york ,illustration ,i ,,congratulate the members of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association upon the fact that in their ,journal they are obtaining a new instrument to carry forward their work of bringing to the ,jewish youth knowledge of the old ideals and lessons of the ,jewish past4 ,during these dreadful days1 the ,jewish students of almost every country except ,america have been called from study1 and preparation for a life of usefulness1 into pitiless war and useless destruction4 ,the oppressed in ,russia1 the student in ,germany1 and the free ,englishman1 all have answered the call to arms of the country in which they live1 and each is fighting1 firm in the belief that he is defending his ,fatherland against foreign aggression4 ,the loyalty shown by our brethren even in those countries where their treatment might well have furnished at least an explanation for disloyalty1 is a new demonstration of the ancient spirit of devotion to their ideals which1 ,i believe1 has always been the true spirit of the ,jews4 ,but the ideal of national physical strength is not the ideal which we ,jews had when we were a nation and which we must strive to make the ideal of the modern nations in which we live4 ,dark though these present days are1 yet humanity must progress into the light of a permanent peace1 and though the ,jews are doing their full share of the fighting in this war brought on by their rulers1 we must do more than our share in bringing to its fruition the ancient prophecy3 ,for the law shall go forth from ,zion and the word of the ,lord from ,jerusalem4 ,and ,he shall judge many people and rebuke strong nations1 and they shall beat their swords into ploughshares and their spears into pruning-hooks2 nation shall not lift up sword against nation1 neither shall they learn war any more4 ,the voice of this ,journal may be only a weak1 small voice1 but if that voice speaks in the spirit of the prophet and brings home to us the worth of the prophetic ideals1 it may well prove an important factor in enabling ,israel to fulfill its mission as a messenger of peace to all the nations4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,irving ,lehman ,from ,julian ,w4 ,mack ,judge of the ,united ,states ,circuit ,court of ,appeals ,illustration ,,my hopes are high that the ,menorah ,journal may prove a valuable means not only of linking together the ,menorah ,societies of the country but also of bringing to the individual members a clearer conception of the culture1 ideals and traditions of the ,jews1 thereby increasing their interest in all things ,jewish4 ,this would inevitably tend to strengthen the religious faith of the ,jewish members and to awaken in all of the members a keener and a more intelligent appreciation of the contribution which ,jews and ,judaism have made to human progress4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,julian ,w4 ,mack ,from ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,magnes ,chairman of ,executive ,committee1 ,jewish ,community 7,kehillah7 of ,new ,york ,illustration ,i ,,send hearty greetings to the members of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association upon the publication of the ,journal4 ,if the ,journal can be put upon a sound business basis assuring its permanence1 its publication will mark an important event in the development of ,judaism in ,america4 ,what we need above all things is sound thinking on ,jewish affairs4 ,i have no doubt that proper action will result from sound thinking4 ,the ,menorah ,journal ought to become the medium for publishing the best thought modern ,jewry is capable of4 ,the present catastrophe overwhelming ,europe has conferred upon the ,jews in ,america the leadership of ,jewry4 ,we can assume this historic obligation only if our theories be clear cut and well thought out4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,j4 ,l4 ,magnes ,from ,dr4 ,martin ,a4 ,meyer ,rabbi of ,temple ,emanu-,el1 ,san ,francisco ,illustration ,,it is a pleasure to know that a journal is being launched in ,america for the benefit of thinking ,jews1 which will stand between the technical journal of the ,quarterly type and outside of the purlieus of our numerous ,weekly gossip sheets4 ,jewish journalism in ,america has done little1 if anything1 to justify the numerous calls which it makes upon the people for support4 ,on the other hand1 there is sad need for a journal representative of our best thought1 which will be readable and which will represent rather than misrepresent us4 ,the field of ,jewish culture and ideals surely has not been exhausted by our ,european brethren4 ,no matter what they may have contributed to the exploitation of this field there surely remains ample ground for the ,american ,jew to express himself in the light of the old standards of ,jewish conduct and belief4 ,it goes without saying that your ,journal will make its primary appeal to the college man and woman4 ,if successful1 it will have saved for ,jewry its most valuable elements and enable us to build in the future on a better and broader basis than the purely financial and commercial leadership of the past4 ,from the far ,west we join hands with you in the far ,east and unite in fervent hopes that the new ,menorah ,journal may grow from strength to strength4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,martin ,a4 ,meyer ,from ,dr4 ,david ,philipson ,hebrew ,union ,college1 ,cincinnati ,illustration ,,some seventy years ago the celebrated ,jewish scholar1 ,abraham ,geiger1 charged the ,jewish intelligenzia of his day with indifference towards ,judaism and ,jewish interests4 ,this accusation of ,geiger's has since been repeated frequently4 ,but a rift is appearing in the cloud4 ,to-day as never before our intelligenzia as defined by university training and education is identifying itself more and more with ,jewish life and aspiration in our country4 ,and ,i feel that due credit should be given the ,menorah movement in our colleges for this change of attitude of ,jewish students and professors4 ,this movement1 still young1 has accomplished much in bringing together the young men and women who form our intellectual elite into associations for the study of ,jewish history and the consideration of ,jewish problems4 ,it has awakened an interest in ,jewish matters in many who have been lukewarm and indifferent4 ,it has brought as lecturers to our colleges ,jewish men of light and leading from many communities1 who have voiced their messages and given food for thought to the future leaders now sitting on university benches4 ,the call of the ages sounds to the intellectual nobility of our day and generation4 ,learning has been extolled among ,jews from earliest times1 and the wise man has been the accredited leader1 so that it was declared that the wise man is greater than the prophet4 ,i would have the learned classes come again into their own4 ,i would have our university men in coming years the staunchest ,jews in the community through their intelligent interest in everything that makes for its highest welfare4 ,to achieve this is the task of our university men4 ,the possibility of this achievement ,i see in such significant signs as the ,menorah movement1 the institution of student congregations1 and the launching of this magazine by the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association4 ,what has been called the ,jewish consciousness1 a term which has done yeoman's service during the past decade1 is being aroused through these agencies to an even greater degree4 ,this aroused ,jewish feeling will1 ,i am sure1 be translated into active service more and more as the years pass and the present generation of college men carve out their careers in our communities throughout the country4 ,this is the great ,jewish opportunity of the present generation2 in this will they reverse1 such is my hope and my belief1 that condition and that attitude of the ,jewish intelligenzia in the past 7and still largely in the present7 which evoked the statement of ,abraham ,geiger4 ,may this new undertaking prosper so that the young generation whom this magazine represents may be helped toward a realization of its ideals1 and become an inspiration to all ,jewry throughout the length and breadth of the land4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,david ,philipson ,from ,dr4 ,solomon ,schechter ,president of the ,jewish ,theological ,seminary of ,america ,illustration ,i ,,wish to send my hearty congratulations to the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association upon their undertaking the publication of the ,menorah ,journal1 which ,i have no doubt will prove greatly helpful in promoting the knowledge of ,judaism among the ,jewish college youth4 ,in a liberal country like ours1 with the eagerness of our people for acquiring knowledge1 there never was a lack of ,jews in our ,colleges and ,universities4 ,but what the ,menorah ,association will accomplish with the aid of the ,journal is1 ,i hope1 to have ,judaism also represented in our seats of learning4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,s4 ,schechter ,from ,jacob ,h4 ,schiff ,illustration ,,it is with much satisfaction that ,i learn of the launching of the ,menorah ,journal1 to provide an opportunity for a more general spread of the high ideals of the ,menorah ,societies among our college youth4 ,when ,i received some time ago a copy of the publication entitled ,the ,menorah ,movement1 ,i noted with particular pleasure the progress the ,menorah ,societies had already made4 ,after an attentive perusal of the contents of this publication1 ,i felt as if a copy ought to be placed in the hands of every ,jewish college and university student1 and ,i myself distributed a number of copies for propaganda purposes4 ,the ,menorah ,societies are to be congratulated upon their new venture in issuing the ,journal1 upon which ,i wish them every success4 ,it is to be hoped that the ,menorah ,journal will help the ,jewish student to understand what ,judaism means and what as ,jews we should strive for to become useful and worthy citizens of this country4 ,we shall have to face increasing problems because of the deplorable war in ,europe1 which so tragically affects our co-religionists there1 and it will require much devotion and understanding on our part to properly deal with the conditions which will necessarily arise4 ,the ,menorah ,journal should freely discuss these conditions1 so as to inspire its readers with the desire to aid and the courage needed in the situation which is facing us4 ,thus1 by spreading light1 the ,journal can greatly assist the ,menorah movement1 and render efficient service in and outside of the university4 ,let me wish ,godspeed to your new publication and its managers4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,jacob ,h4 ,schiff ,from ,dr4 ,stephen ,s4 ,wise ,rabbi of the ,free ,synagogue1 ,new ,york ,illustration ,i ,,rejoice to learn of the establishment of an organ by the ,menorah ,association4 ,the ,menorah ,journal will1 ,i take it1 serve the threefold purpose of keeping the various groups of the ,menorah throughout the universities of the land in constant touch with one another1 of interpreting the ideals of the ,menorah to widening circles of the ,jewish youth1 and of confirming anew1 from time to time1 the loyalty of the ,menorah men to the ,menorah ideal4 ,a truly great ,jew said about fifteen years ago that a high self-reverence had transformed arme ,judenjungen into stolze junge ,juden4 ,i believe that the ,menorah movement in this land is in part the cause and in other part the token of a transformation among young ,american ,jews to-day parallel to that cited by ,theodor ,herzl4 ,it marks a sea-change from the self pitying ,jewish youth1 immeasurably sorry for himself because of his exclusion from certain dominantly unfraternal groups1 to the ,jewish youth self-regarding1 in the highest sense of the term1 self-knowing1 self-revering4 ,that the self-respecting young ,jew command the respect of the world without is of minor importance by the side of the outstanding fact that he has ceased to measure himself by the values which he imagined the unfriendly elements of the world without had set upon him4 ,the ,menorah movement is welcome as a proof of a new order in the life of the young college ,jew4 ,he has come to see at last that it is comic1 in large part1 to be shut out from the ,greek letter fraternities of the ,hellenes and the ,barbarians1 but that it is tragic1 in large part1 to shut himself out from the life of his own people4 ,for it is from his own people that he must draw his vision and spiritual sustenance if he is to live a life of self-mastery rather than the life of a contemptible parasite rooted nowhere and chameleonizing everywhere4 ,time was when their fellow-,jews half excused the college men1 who drifted away from the life of ,israel1 as if the burden of the ,jewish bond were too much for the untried and unrobust shoulders of our ,jewish college men1 as if their intellectual and moral squeamishness led to inevitable revolt against association with their much-despised and wholly misunderstood ,jewish fellows4 ,now we see1 and our younger brothers of the ,menorah fellowship have caught the vision1 that no ,jew can be truly cultured who ,jewishly uproots himself1 that the man who rejects the birthright of inheritance of the traditions of the earliest and virilest of the cultured peoples of earth is impoverishing his very being4 ,the ,jew who is a little ,jew is less of a man4 ,the ,menorah lights the path for the fellowship of young ,israel1 finely self-reverencing4 ,long be that rekindled light undimmed6 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,stephen ,s4 ,wise ,a ,call to the ,educated ,jew ,,by ,,louis ,d4 ,,brandeis ,illustration3 ,louis ,d4 ,brandeis 7born in ,louisville1 ,ky41 in #ahef71 lawyer and publicist1 is a distinguished leader in the voluntary profession of public servant4 ,his extraordinary record of unselfish1 genuine achievement in behalf of the public interest--for shorter hours of labor1 savings bank insurance1 protection against monopoly1 against increase in railroad rates1 etc41--gives peculiar aptness to the appeal for community service made in this article1 which ,mr4 ,brandeis has prepared from a recent ,menorah address4 ,from the beginning ,mr4 ,brandeis has taken a keen interest in the ,menorah movement as a promotive force for the ideals he has at heart4 ,,while ,i was in ,cleveland a few weeks ago1 a young man who has won distinction on the bench told me this incident from his early life4 ,he was born in a little village of ,western ,russia where the opportunities for schooling were meagre4 ,when he was thirteen his parents sent him to the nearest city in search of an education4 ,there--in ,bialystok--were good secondary schools and good high schools2 but the ,russian law1 which limits the percentage of ,jewish pupils in any school1 barred his admission4 ,the boy's parents lacked the means to pay for private tuition4 ,he had neither relative nor friend in the city4 ,but soon three men were found who volunteered to give him instruction4 ,none of them was a teacher by profession4 ,one was a newspaper man2 another was a chemist2 the third1 ,i believe1 was a tradesman2 all were educated men4 ,and throughout five long years these three men took from their leisure the time necessary to give a stranger an education4 ,the three men of ,bialystok realized that education was not a thing of one's own to do with as one pleases--not a personal privilege to be merely enjoyed by the possessor--but a precious treasure transmitted upon a sacred trust to be held1 used and enjoyed1 and if possible strengthened--then passed on to others upon the same trust4 ,yet the treasure which these three men held and the boy received in trust was much more than an education4 ,it included that combination of qualities which enabled and impelled these three men to give and the boy to seek and to acquire an education4 ,these qualities embrace3 first1 intellectual capacity2 second1 an appreciation of the value of education2 third1 indomitable will2 fourth1 capacity for hard work4 ,it was these qualities which enabled the lad not only to acquire but to so utilize an education that1 coming to ,america1 ignorant of our language and of our institutions1 he attained in comparatively few years the important office he has so honorably filled4 ,now whence comes this combination of qualities of mind1 body and character8 ,these are qualities with which every one is familiar1 singly and in combination2 which you find in friends and relatives1 and which others doubtless discover in you4 ,they are qualities possessed by most ,jews who have attained distinction or other success2 and in combination they may properly be called ,jewish qualities4 ,for they have not come to us by accident2 they were developed by three thousand years of civilization1 and nearly two thousand years of persecution2 developed through our religion and spiritual life2 through our traditions2 and through the social and political conditions under which our ancestors lived4 ,they are1 in short1 the product of ,jewish life4 ,the ,fruit of ,three ,thousand ,years of ,civilization ,,our intellectual capacity was developed by the almost continuous training of the mind throughout twenty-five centuries4 ,the ,torah led the ,people of the ,book to intellectual pursuits at times when most of the ,aryan peoples were illiterate4 ,and religion imposed the use of the mind upon the ,jews1 indirectly as well as directly1 and demanded of the ,jew not merely the love1 but the understanding of ,god4 ,this necessarily involved a study of the ,laws4 ,and the conditions under which the ,jews were compelled to live during the last two thousand years also promoted study in a people among whom there was already considerable intellectual attainment4 ,throughout the centuries of persecution practically the only life open to the ,jew which could give satisfaction was the intellectual and spiritual life4 ,other fields of activity and of distinction which divert men from intellectual pursuits were closed to the ,jews4 ,thus they were protected by their privations from the temptations of material things and worldly ambitions4 ,driven by circumstances to intellectual pursuits1 their mental capacity gradually developed4 ,and as men delight in that which they do well1 there was an ever widening appreciation of things intellectual4 ,is not the ,jews' indomitable will--the power which enables them to resist temptation and1 fully utilizing their mental capacity1 to overcome obstacles--is not that quality also the result of the conditions under which they lived so long8 ,to live a ,jew during the centuries of persecution was to lead a constant struggle for existence4 ,that struggle was so severe that only the fittest could survive4 ,survival was not possible except where there was strong will--a will both to live and to live a ,jew4 ,the weaker ones passed either out of ,judaism or out of existence4 ,and finally1 the ,jewish capacity for hard work is also the product of ,jewish life--a life characterized by temperate1 moral living continued throughout the ages1 and protected by those marvellous sanitary regulations which were enforced through the religious sanctions4 ,remember1 too1 that amidst the hardship to which our ancestors were exposed it was only those with endurance who survived4 ,so let us not imagine that what we call our achievements are wholly or even largely our own4 ,the phrase self-made man is most misleading4 ,we have power to mar2 but we alone cannot make4 ,the relatively large success achieved by ,jews wherever the door of opportunity is opened to them is due1 in the main1 to this product of ,jewish life--to this treasure which we have acquired by inheritance--and which we are in duty bound to transmit unimpaired1 if not augmented1 to coming generations4 ,but our inheritance comprises far more than this combination of qualities making for effectiveness4 ,these are but means by which man may earn a living or achieve other success4 ,our ,jewish trust comprises also that which makes the living worthy and success of value4 ,it brings us that body of moral and intellectual perceptions1 the point of view and the ideals1 which are expressed in the term ,jewish spirit2 and therein lies our richest inheritance4 ,the ,kinship of ,jewish and ,american ,ideals ,,is it not a striking fact that a people coming from ,russia1 the most autocratic of countries1 to ,america1 the most democratic of countries1 comes here1 not as to a strange land1 but as to a home8 ,the ability of the ,russian ,jew to adjust himself to ,america's essentially democratic conditions is not to be explained by ,jewish adaptability4 ,the explanation lies mainly in the fact that the twentieth century ideals of ,america have been the ideals of the ,jew for more than twenty centuries4 ,we have inherited these ideals of democracy and of social justice as we have the qualities of mind1 body and character to which ,i referred4 ,we have inherited also that fundamental longing for truth on which all science--and so largely the civilization of the twentieth century--rests2 although the servility incident to persistent oppression has in some countries obscured its manifestation4 ,among the ,jews democracy was not an ideal merely4 ,it was a practice--a practice made possible by the existence among them of certain conditions essential to successful democracy1 namely3 ,first3 ,an all-pervading sense of the duty in the citizen4 ,democratic ideals cannot be attained through emphasis merely upon the rights of man4 ,even a recognition that every right has a correlative duty will not meet the needs of democracy4 ,duty must be accepted as the dominant conception in life4 ,such were the conditions in the early days of the colonies and states of ,new ,england1 when ,american democracy reached there its fullest expression2 for the ,puritans were trained in implicit obedience to stern duty by constant study of the ,prophets4 ,second3 ,relatively high intellectual attainments4 ,democratic ideals cannot be attained by the mentally undeveloped4 ,in a government where everyone is part sovereign1 everyone should be competent1 if not to govern1 at least to understand the problems of government2 and to this end education is an essential4 ,the early ,new ,englanders appreciated fully that education is an essential of potential equality4 ,the founding of their common school system was coincident with the founding of the colonies2 and even the establishment of institutions for higher education did not lag far behind4 ,harvard ,college was founded but six years after the first settlement of ,boston4 ,third3 ,submission to leadership as distinguished from authority4 ,democratic ideals can be attained only where those who govern exercise their power not by alleged divine right or inheritance1 but by force of character and intelligence4 ,such a condition implies the attainment by citizens generally of relatively high moral and intellectual standards2 and such a condition actually existed among the ,jews4 ,these men who were habitually denied rights1 and whose province it has been for centuries to suffer and to think1 learned not only to sympathize with their fellows 7which is the essence of democracy and social justice71 but also to accept voluntarily the leadership of those highly endowed morally and intellectually4 ,fourth3 ,a developed community sense4 ,the sense of duty to which ,i have referred was particularly effective in promoting democratic ideals among the ,jews1 because of their deep-seated community feeling4 ,to describe the ,jew as an individualist is to state a most misleading half-truth4 ,he has to a rare degree merged his individuality and his interests in the community of which he forms a part4 ,this is evidenced among other things by his attitude toward immortality4 ,nearly every other people has reconciled this world of suffering with the idea of a beneficent providence by conceiving of immortality for the individual4 ,the individual sufferer bore present ills by regarding this world as merely the preparation for another1 in which those living righteously here would find individual reward hereafter4 ,of all the nations1 ,israel takes precedence in suffering2 but1 despite our national tragedy1 the doctrine of individual immortality found relatively slight lodgment among us4 ,as ,ahad ,ha-',am so beautifully said3 ,judaism did not turn heavenward and create in ,heaven an eternal habitation of souls4 ,it found 'eternal life' on earth1 by strengthening the social feeling in the individual2 by making him regard himself not as an isolated being with an existence bounded by birth and death1 but as part of a larger whole1 as a limb of the social body4 ,this conception shifts the center of gravity not from the flesh to the spirit1 but from the individual to the community2 and concurrently with this shifting1 the problem of life becomes a problem not of individual1 but of social life4 ,i live for the sake of the perpetuation and happiness of the community of which ,i am a member2 ,i die to make room for new individuals1 who will mould the community afresh and not allow it to stagnate and remain forever in one position4 ,when the individual thus values the community as his own life1 and strives after its happiness as though it were his individual well-being1 he finds satisfaction1 and no longer feels so keenly the bitterness of his individual existence1 because he sees the end for which he lives and suffers4 ,is not that the very essence of the truly triumphant twentieth-century democracy8 ,the ,two-fold ,command of ,noblesse ,oblige ,,such is our inheritance2 such the estate which we hold in trust4 ,and what are the terms of that trust2 what the obligations imposed8 ,the short answer is noblesse oblige2 and its command is two-fold4 ,it imposes duties upon us in respect to our own conduct as individuals2 it imposes no less important duties upon us as part of the ,jewish community or race4 ,self-respect demands that each of us lead individually a life worthy of our great inheritance and of the glorious traditions of the race4 ,but this is demanded also by respect for the rights of others4 ,the ,jews have not only been ever known as a peculiar people2 they were and remain a distinctive and minority people4 ,now it is one of the necessary incidents of a distinctive and minority people that the act of any one is in some degree attributed to the whole group4 ,a single though inconspicuous instance of dishonorable conduct on the part of a ,jew in any trade or profession has far-reaching evil effects extending to the many innocent members of the race4 ,large as this country is1 no ,jew can behave badly without injuring each of us in the end4 ,thus the ,rosenthal and the white-slave traffic cases1 though local to ,new ,york1 did incalculable harm to the standing of the ,jews throughout the country4 ,the prejudice created may be most unjust1 but we may not disregard the fact that such is the result4 ,since the act of each becomes thus the concern of all1 we are perforce our brothers' keepers4 ,each1 as co-trustee for all1 must exact even from the lowliest the avoidance of things dishonorable2 and we may properly brand the guilty as traitor to the race4 ,but from the educated ,jew far more should be exacted4 ,in view of our inheritance and our present opportunities1 self-respect demands that we live not only honorably but worthily2 and worthily implies nobly4 ,the educated descendants of a people which in its infancy cast aside the ,golden ,calf and put its faith in the invisible ,god cannot worthily in its maturity worship worldly distinction and things material4 ,two men he honors and no third1 says ,carlyle--the toil-worn craftsman who conquers the earth and him who is seen toiling for the spiritually indispensable4 ,and yet1 though the ,jew make his individual life the loftiest1 that alone will not fulfill the obligations of his trust4 ,we are bound not only to use worthily our great inheritance1 but to preserve and1 if possible1 augment it2 and then transmit it to coming generations4 ,the fruit of three thousand years of civilization and a hundred generations of suffering may not be sacrificed by us4 ,it will be sacrificed if dissipated4 ,assimilation is national suicide4 ,and assimilation can be prevented only by preserving national characteristics and life as other peoples1 large and small1 are preserving and developing their national life4 ,shall we with our inheritance do less than the ,irish1 the ,servians1 or the ,bulgars8 ,and must we not1 like them1 have a land where the ,jewish life may be naturally led1 the ,jewish language spoken1 and the ,jewish spirit prevail8 ,surely we must1 and that land is our fathers' land3 it is ,palestine4 ,a ,land ,where the ,jewish ,spirit ,may ,prevail ,,the undying longing for ,zion is a fact of deepest significance--a manifestation in the struggle for existence4 ,zionism is1 of course1 not a movement to remove all the ,jews of the world compulsorily to ,palestine4 ,in the first place1 there are in the world about #ad1jjj1jjj ,jews1 and ,palestine would not accommodate more than one-fifth of that number4 ,in the second place1 this is not a movement to compel anyone to go to ,palestine4 ,it is essentially a movement to give to the ,jew more1 not less1 freedom--a movement to enable the ,jews to exercise the same right now exercised by practically every other people in the world--to live at their option either in the land of their fathers or in some other country2 a right which members of small nations as well as of large--which ,irish1 ,greek1 ,bulgarian1 ,servian or ,belgian1 as well as ,german or ,english--may now exercise4 ,furthermore1 ,zionism is not a movement to wrest from the ,turk the sovereignty of ,palestine4 ,zionism seeks merely to establish in ,palestine for such ,jews as choose to go and remain there1 and for their descendants1 a legally secured home1 where they may live together and lead a ,jewish life2 where they may expect ultimately to constitute a majority of the population1 and may look forward to what we should call home rule4 ,the establishment of the legally secured ,jewish home is no longer a dream4 ,for more than a generation brave pioneers have been building the foundations of our new old home4 ,it remains for us to build the superstructure4 ,the ,ghetto walls are now falling1 ,jewish life cannot be preserved and developed1 assimilation cannot be averted1 unless there be restablished in the fatherland a center from which the ,jewish spirit may radiate and give to the ,jews scattered throughout the world that inspiration which springs from the memories of a great past and the hope of a great future4 ,to accomplish this it is not necessary that the ,jewish population of ,palestine be large as compared with the whole number of ,jews in the world4 ,throughout centuries when the ,jewish influence was great1 and it was working out its own1 and in large part the world's1 destiny during the ,persian1 the ,greek1 and the ,roman ,empires1 only a relatively small part of the ,jews lived in ,palestine2 and only a small part of the ,jews returned from ,babylon when the ,temple was rebuilt4 ,the glorious past can really live only if it becomes the mirror of a glorious future2 and to this end the ,jewish home in ,palestine is essential4 ,we ,jews of prosperous ,america above all need its inspiration4 ,and the ,menorah men should be its builders4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,louis ,d4 ,brandeis ,,there are two things necessary in the ,jewish life of this country4 ,the one is an heroic attempt to organize the ,jews of the country for ,jewish things4 ,that can be done1 ,i believe1 primarily through the organization of self-conscious ,jewish communities throughout the country4 ,the other thing necessary is1 that we have vigorous ,jewish thinking4 ,we need a theory1 a substantial theory1 for our ,jewish life1 just as much as we need ,jewish organization4 ,we need to have our college men think their problems through without fear1 courageously1 by whatever name their theories may be known1 be these theories called ,zionism or anti-,zionism1 ,reform ,judaism or ,orthodox ,judaism4 ,we need some vigorous ,jewish thinking4--,from a ,menorah ,address by ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,magnes4 ,menorah ,by ,,william ,,ellery ,,leonard ,illustration3 ,,william ,,ellery ,,leonard 7born in ,new ,jersey in #ahgf71 ,assistant ,professor of ,english at the ,university of ,wisconsin1 is the author of several volumes of verse and literary criticism which have won high praise1--notably ,sonnets and ,poems1 ,byron and ,byronism in ,america1 and ,the ,vaunt of ,man4 ,,we',,ve read in legends of the books of old ,how deft ,bezalel1 wisest in his trade1 ,at the command of veild ,moses made ,the seven-branched candlestick of beaten gold-- ,the base1 the shaft1 the cups1 the knops1 the flowers1 ,like almond blossoms--and the lamps were seven4 ,we know at least that on the templed rock ,of ,zion hill1 with earth's revolving hours ,under the changing centuries of heaven1 ,it stood upon the solemn altar block1 ,by every ,gentile who had heard abhorred-- ,the holy light of ,israel of the ,lord2 ,until that ,titus and the legions came ,and battered the walls with catapult and fire1 ,and bore the priests and candlestick away1 ,and1 as memorial of fulfilled desire1 ,bade carve upon the arch that bears his name ,the stone procession ye may see today ,beyond the ,forum on the ,sacred ,way1 ,lifting the golden candlestick of fame4 ,the city fell1 the temple was a heap2 ,and little children1 who had else grown strong ,and in their manhood venged the ,roman wrong1 ,strewed step and chamber1 in eternal sleep4 ,but the great vision of the sevenfold flames ,outlasted the cups wherein at first it sprung4 ,the ,greeks might teach the arts1 the ,romans law2 ,the heathen hordes might shout for bread and games2 ,still ,israel1 exalted in the realms of awe1 ,guarded the ,light in many an alien air1 ,along the borders of the midland sea ,in hostile cities1 spending praise and prayer ,and pondering on the larger things to be-- ,down through the ages when the ,cross uprose ,among the northern ,gentiles to oppose3 ,then huddled in the ghettos1 barred at night1 ,in lands of unknown trees and fiercer snows1 ,they watched forevermore the ,light1 the ,light4 ,the main seas opened to the west4 ,the ,nations ,covered new continents with generations ,that had their work to do1 their thought to say2 ,and ,israel's hosts from bloody towns afar ,in the dominions of the ermined ,czar1 ,seared with the iron1 scarred with many a stroke1 ,crowded the hollow ships but yesterday ,and came to us who are tomorrow's folk4 ,and the pure ,light1 however some might doubt ,who mocked their dirt and rags1 had not gone out4 ,the holy ,light of ,israel hath unfurled ,its tongues of mystic flame around the world4 ,empires and ,kings and ,parliaments have passed2 ,rivers and mountain chains from age to age ,become new boundaries for man's politics4 ,the navies run new ensigns up the mast1 ,the temples try new creeds1 new equipage2 ,the schools new sciences beyond the six4 ,and through the lands where many a song hath rung ,the people speak no more their fathers' tongue4 ,yet in the shifting energies of man ,the ,light of ,israel remains her ,light4 ,and gathered to a splendid caravan ,from the four corners of the day and night1 ,the chosen people--so the prophets hold-- ,shall yet return unto the homes of old ,under the hills of ,judah4 ,be it so4 ,only the stars and moon and sun can show ,a permanence of light to hers akin4 ,what is that ,light8 ,who is there that shall tell ,the purport of the tribe of ,israel8-- ,in the wild welter of races on that earth ,which spins in space where thousand other spin-- ,the casual offspring of the ,cosmic ,mirth ,perhaps--what is there any man can win1 ,or any nation8 ,ultimates aside1 ,men have their aims1 and ,israel her pride4 ,she stands among the rest1 austere1 aloof1 ,still the peculiar people1 armed in proof ,of ,selfhood1 whilst the others merge or die4 ,she stands among the rest and answers3 ,i1 ,above ye all1 must ever gauge success ,by ideal types1 and know the more and less ,of things as being in the end defined1 ,for this our human life by righteousness4 ,and if ,i base this in ,eternal ,mind-- ,our fathers' ,god in victory or distress-- ,i cannot argue for my hardihood1 ,save that the thought is in my flesh and blood1 ,and made me what ,i was in olden time1 ,and keeps me what ,i am today in every clime4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,william ,ellery ,leonard ,the ,jews in the ,war ,,by ,,joseph ,,jacobs ,illustration3 ,,joseph ,,jacobs 7born in ,new ,south ,wales in #ahed71 noted author and editor1 was one of ,england's well-known scholars and men of letters when he was called to ,america to become managing editor of the ,jewish ,encyclopedia4 ,he has held the chair of ,english literature at the ,jewish ,theological ,seminary1 and is now editor of the ,american ,hebrew4 ,he is the author of many authoritative books1 including ,jews of ,angevin ,england1 ,studies in ,jewish ,statistics1 ,jewish ,ideals1 and ,literary ,studies4 ,,it is of course difficult to conjecture what will be the ultimate effect of such a world-cataclysm as the present ,european war on the fate of the ,jews of the world4 ,the chief center of interest naturally lies in the eastern field of the war which happens to rage within the confines of ,old ,poland4 ,this kingdom1 founded by the ,jagellons1 brought together ,roman ,catholic ,poland and ,greek ,catholic ,lithuania and could not1 therefore1 apply in full rigor the mediaeval principle that only those could belong to the ,state who belonged to the ,state ,church4 ,hence a certain amount of toleration of religious differences1 which led to ,poland forming the chief asylum of the ,jews evicted from ,western ,europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries4 ,as a consequence here lies the most crowded seat of ,jewish population in the world4 ,from it comes the vast majority of the third of a million ,jews in the prime of life who are fighting for their native countries and often against their fellow-,jews4 ,probably three hundred thousand ,jewish soldiers are under arms in this district4 ,besides the inevitable loss by death of many of these and the distress caused by the removal of so many others for an indefinite period from breadwinning for their families1 there must be ineffable woe caused by the fact that this district is the scene of strenuous conflicts1 which lead to the wholesale destruction of the ,jewish homes in a literal sense4 ,when one reflects that one out of every six of the inhabitants of ,russian1 ,prussian1 and ,austrian ,poland is a ,jew1 the extent of the misery thus caused may be imagined4 ,one meets friends whose birth-place changes nationality from week to week1 according as the different armies take possession4 ,the ,jewish inhabitants of ,suwalki1 for example1 must be doubtful whether they are ,germans or ,russians1 according as ,uhlan or ,cossack holds control of their city4 ,but whichever wins1 for the time being1 the non-combatants suffer by the demolition of their houses1 the requisition of their property1 and above all by the dislocation of their trade4 ,the mass of misery caused by the present war in this way to the ,jews of ,russian1 ,prussian1 and ,austrian ,poland is incalculable4 ,nor is this direct loss and misery compensated for by any hope of improved conditions after the war is concluded4 ,one may dismiss at once the rumor that the ,czar has promised his ,jewish soldiers any alleviation of their lot1 on account of their loyalty and bravery4 ,such rumors are always spread about when the ,russian autocracy needs ,jewish blood or money4 ,besides1 we all know the value of the plighted word of the crowned head of the ,russian ,church2 the emasculation of the ,duma is sufficient evidence of this4 ,and even if the ,czar carries out his promise of giving autonomy to ,poland1 including any sections of ,prussian and ,austrian territory which he may acquire by the present war1 the ,jewish lot will not be ameliorated in the slightest4 ,for1 unfortunately1 ,poles have of recent years turned round on their ,jewish fellow sufferers from ,russian tyranny somewhat on the principle of the boy at school who passes on the blow which he has received from a bigger boy to one smaller yet4 ,the ,probable ,strengthening of ,anti-,semitic ,influences ,,but the chief evil which will result from the present war1 whatever its outcome1 will be the increased influence of just those circles from whom the anti-,semitic movement has emanated throughout ,europe for the past forty years4 ,it is1 in my opinion1 absurd to think that militarism will be killed or even scotched by the present war2 militarism cannot cast out militarism4 ,even if ,germany is defeated1 it is impossible to imagine that she will rest content with her defeat1 and practically the only change in the situation will be that ,la ,revanche will be translated into ,die ,rache2 and in ,russia1 the defeat of ,germany will simply increase the prestige and influence of the grand-ducal circles from which the persecution of the ,jews has mainly emanated4 ,in the contrary case1 if ,germany gets the upper hand1 the influence of the ,junkers in ,germany1 with their anti-,semitic tendencies1 would be raised to intolerable limits1 while the ,reaction in ,russia1 even if it loses prestige1 will yet be granted more power in order to carry out the projected revenge4 ,diminished ,chances of ,emigration ,,another unfortunate result for ,jews from the present war will be the decreased stream of emigration from ,russia and ,galicia to this country1 so that the escape from the ,house of ,bondage would be still more limited4 ,many will be so impoverished by the war that they will not be able to afford the minimum sum needed for migration4 ,death on the battle-field or in the military hospitals will remove many energetic young fellows who would otherwise have come to this country and afterwards have brought their relatives with them4 ,conditions here too1 in the immediate future1 are likely to be less attractive for the immigrant from the economic point of view owing to the dislocation of trade caused by the current conflict4 ,altogether1 as will have been seen from the above enumeration1 ,i am strongly of opinion that the ,jews will suffer even more than most peoples concerned in the present war4 ,they have nothing to gain by it2 they are sure to lose by it4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,joseph ,jacobs ,,surely a law1 the essence of which is mercy and justice to one's fellow men1 is not a narrow rule of life1 to be discarded by us today on any plea that we have outgrown it2 surely a history of thousands of years' devotion to spiritual ideals is not a history to be forgotten4 ,america is a land of divers races and divers religions4 ,each race and each religion owes to it the duty of bringing to its service all its strength2 it derives no added strength from a race which has forgotten the lessons it has learnt in the past1 a race which deliberately discards the spiritual strength which it has obtained by devotion to its ideals4--,from a ,menorah ,address by ,justice ,irving ,lehman4 ,jewish ,students in ,european ,universities ,,by ,,harry ,,wolfson ,illustration3 ,,harry ,,wolfson 7,harvard ,a4 ,b4 and ,a4 ,m4 #aiab71 a member of the ,harvard ,menorah ,society since #aijh1 was the ,hebrew poet at the annual ,harvard ,menorah dinners for four years1 and won the ,harvard ,menorah prize in #aiaa for an essay on ,maimonides and ,halevi3 ,a ,study in ,typical ,jewish ,attitudes ,toward ,greek ,philosophy in the ,middle ,ages4 ,on graduating from ,harvard he received honors in ,semitics and ,philosophy1 and was appointed to a ,sheldon ,traveling ,fellowship4 ,as ,sheldon ,fellow he spent two years abroad1 studying in the ,university of ,berlin and doing research work in the libraries of ,munich1 ,paris1 the ,vatican1 ,parma1 the ,british ,museum1 ,oxford and ,cambridge4 ,the present article is based upon the impressions he gathered during this period4 ,he is now pursuing graduate studies in ,semitics and ,philosophy at ,harvard4 ,,the ,jewish student is no longer a dracin4 ,deeply rooted to the soil of ,jewish reality1 he is like the best of the academic youth of other nations responsive to the needs of his own people4 ,if in spots he is still groping in the dark1 he is no longer a lone1 stray wanderer1 but is seeking his way out to light in the company of kindred souls4 ,a comprehensive and exhaustive study of native ,jewish student bodies in countries like ,england1 ,germany1 ,austria1 ,france and ,italy1 as well as of the ,russian ,jewish student colonies strewn all over ,western ,europe1 would bring out1 in the most striking manner1 contrasting tendencies in modern ,jewry4 ,but that is far from the direct purpose of this brief paper4 ,as a student and traveler in various ,european countries during the years #aiab-aiad ,i had the opportunity of observing ,jewish student life and ,jewish conditions in general abroad1 and it is merely a few random impressions of certain aspects of these ,european conditions that ,i have here gathered together for the readers of the ,menorah ,journal4 ,in ,england ,,judaism in ,england1 though of recent origin1 is completely domesticated4 ,the ,jewish gentleman is becoming as standardized as the type of ,english gentleman4 ,but more insular than the island itself1 ,anglo-,jewry1 as a whole1 prefers to remain within its natural boundaries1 and is disinclined to become the bearer of the white ,jew's burden4 ,two of her great ,jews1 indeed1 had embarked upon a scheme of ,jewish empire building4 ,the attempts of both of them1 however1 ended in a fizzle1 for one was an unimaginative philanthropic squire1 and the other is an interpreter of the dreamers1 himself too wide-awake to become a master of dreams4 ,yet within its own narrow limits1 ,anglo-,jewry is active enough to keep in perfect condition4 ,over-exertion1 however1 is avoided4 ,cricket ,judaism is played according to the rules of the game1 and the players are quite comfortable in their flannels4 ,the established synagogue of ,mulberry ,street is as staid and sober as the ,church of ,england1 the liberalism preached in ,berkeley ,street as gentle and unscandalizing as the nonconformity of the ,city ,temple1 and the orthodoxy of the ,united ,synagogue as innocuously papish as the last phases of the ,oxford movement4 ,in ,england it is quite fashionable to admit ,judaism into the parlor4 ,parlor ,judaism1 to be sure1 is not more vital a force nor more creative than kitchen ,judaism1 but it seems to be more vital than the ,judaism restricted to the ,temple4 ,at least it is voluntary and personal1 and1 what is more important1 it is engaging4 ,so engrossed in the subject of his discussion was once my host at tea1 that while administering the sugar he asked me quite absent-mindedly3 ,would you have one or two lumps in your ,judaism8 ,thank you1 none at all1 was my reply4 ,but ,i am wont to take my ,judaism somewhat stronger1 if you please4 ,jewish ,student ,groups at ,oxford and ,cambridge ,,as compared with ourselves1 ,english ,jews have a long tradition behind them1 in which they glory4 ,that tradition does not at present seem to stand any imminent danger of being interrupted4 ,the younger generation follow in the footprints of the older4 ,nowhere is there so narrow a rift between ,jewish fathers and sons as in ,england4 ,hence you do not find there any prominent organization of the young4 ,last winter an anonymous appeal for the organization of the ,jewish students in ,england ran for several weeks in the ,jewish ,chronicle1 but it seems to have resulted in nothing4 ,independent local organizations of ,jewish students1 however1 are to be found in almost every university in ,england4 ,in ,oxford and ,cambridge they are organized in congregations1 having ,synagogues of their own1 in which the students assemble for prayer on every ,friday night and ,saturday morning4 ,in ,cambridge they hold two services1 an orthodox and a liberal1 both well attended4 ,in ,oxford they have recently published a special prayer book of their own1 suitable for the needs of all kinds of students1 it being a medley of orthodoxy and liberalism1 which if rather indiscriminate in its theology is1 on the whole1 made up with good common sense4 ,english liberal ,judaism1 it should be observed1 is markedly different from its corresponding cults in ,germany and in the ,united ,states4 ,in ,germany1 reformed ,judaism has its nascence in free thought1 and it aims to appeal to the intellectual4 ,with us liberalism is stimulated by our pragmatic evaluation of religion1 and is held out as a bait to the indifferent4 ,in ,england it arises from the growing admiration on the part of a certain class of ,jews for what they consider the inwardness and the superior morality of ,christianity1 and is concocted as a cure to those who are so affected4 ,as a result1 ,english liberal ,judaism is more truly religious than the ,german1 and more sincerely pious than the ,american4 ,in a sermon delivered before the ,oxford congregation1 a young layman of the ,liberal ,synagogue of ,london apostrophized liberal ,judaism as the safeguard of the modern ,jews from the attractiveness of the superior teachings of ,christ4 ,social ,service ,work of ,jewish ,students ,,england is the classic home of old-fashioned begging and of old-fashioned giving4 ,you are stopped for a penny everywhere and by everybody1 from the tramp who asks you to buy him a cup of tea1 to the hospital which solicits a contribution to its maintenance for one second4 ,pavement artists abound in ,paris as much as in ,london1 but in ,paris it is a ,bohemian-looking denizen of the ,quartier posing as a pinched genius forced to sell his crayon masterpieces for a couple of sous1 whereas in ,london it is always a crippled ex-soldier trying to arouse your pity in chalked words for a poor man's talent4 ,but ,england is also the classic home of modern social service of every description4 ,the ,salvation ,army had its origin in ,london1 where also ,toynbee ,hall1 the first ,university settlement of its kind1 came into existence4 ,likewise among the ,jews1 there are1 on the one hand1 the firmly established old-fashioned charitable institutions to help the alien brethren of the ,east ,end1 and on the other hand1 there are also the equally well organized boys' clubs for the uplifting of the alien little brethren of the same ,east ,end4 ,the ,jewish ,university men in ,england take an active interest in both these branches of philanthropy4 ,it was a fortunate coincidence that when ,i came to ,oxford the ,jewish students there had among them a social worker of the latter type1 who had come to make arrangements for the reception of a squad of ,whitechapel boys who were under his tutelage4 ,when ,i afterwards went to ,cambridge ,i found there a delegate of some charitable board of the ,london ,jewish community1 seeking to enlist the aid of the ,jewish students in his work4 ,what the ,bulletin ,boards ,told at ,berlin ,,at the ,university of ,berlin ,i did not have to go far to find traces of the presence of ,jewish students4 ,with their far-famed efficiency the ,germans have contrived to turn the large university hall into a medium of information more adequate than our ,university ,bulletins and ,registers combined4 ,the bulletin boards covering every vacant spot on the walls told me the story of all the phases of ,jewish activities in the ,university1 professional1 social1 vocational and1 if you please1 also gastronomical1 more fully than the frescoed walls of ,dido's temple told their story to pious neas4 ,in the announcement of courses by the various faculties1 well-known ,jewish names stand out quite prominently1--none of them above the rank of ,honorar-,professor1 to be sure1 but in popularity and achievement they are among the foremost4 ,among the long rows of the variegated ,wappen of the ,korporationen1 the ,borussias1 ,teutonias and ,germanias1 there hang the insignia of the ,jewish students' societies1 the yellow and white of the ,sprevia and the black and gold of the ,hasmonea1 both announcing the dates of their ,kneipe held in their respective places in the students' quarters around ,linienstrasse and ,charlottenburg4 ,in another nook of the hall1 from the midst of a jumble of little slips of paper enumerating in minute detail in microscopic ,german script what dishes are offered at the paltry sum of so many pfennig in the various ,privat-,mittagtische and brgerliche-,kche there looms up unblushingly1 proud in the clearness of its square characters1 the ,hebrew word over the notice of a ,lebanon restaurant run by a ,palestinian ,jew4 ,still further on the wall1 students of unmistakably ,jewish names offer instruction in almost all the languages spoken1 while a ,german young lady wants to exchange lessons in ,russian with an orthodox ,christian and one who hails from the mendacious little country1 cautiously states1 as an inducement to a prospective pupil in the ,roumanian tongue1 that the would-be instructor is a true ,roumanian4 ,here you have a picture of ,jewish life in the ,berlin ,university1 in its outer paraphernalia1 in its cosmopolitan character1 in its relation to the rest of the student body1 in its freedom and restriction1 as portrayed in the unjaundiced tales of bulletin boards4 ,the ,opposing ,views of ,student ,societies at ,berlin ,,of the two ,jewish organizations mentioned above1 the ,hasmonea is a branch of the inter-varsity ,k4 ,z4 ,v4 7,kartell ,zionistischer ,verbindungen71 whereas the ,sprevia belongs to the ,k4-,c4 7,kartell-,convent der ,tendenzverbindungen deutscher ,studenten jdischen ,glaubens74 ,the former1 as the name implies1 is ,zionistic2 the latter is opposed to ,zionism4 ,their relation to each other1 however1 is not like that between the ,menorah and the ,zionist societies in ,american colleges4 ,the ,hasmonea and the ,sprevia are mutually exclusive1 rather than complementary to each other4 ,the ,german ,jewish student does not come to the university with a mind open and free as to ,judaism4 ,he comes there with definite views on the subject which have already been crystallized under the influence of early training4 ,judaism1 of whatever shade it may happen to be1 is more potent a factor in the domestic life of ,german ,jews and in the bringing up of the young than it is with us here4 ,jewish boys there evince a keener interest in ,judaism than do ,jewish boys in ,america4 ,their intelligent understanding of ,judaism is therefore not necessarily preceded by a period of indifference and lack of knowledge4 ,it steadily grows and develops with them from their early youth4 ,and so by the time they enter the university1 at an age somewhat older than that of our average freshman1 their ,jewish consciousness is mature and fixed4 ,they are able to judge whether they can work for or against ,zionism1 for to them ,zionism is the only vital question in present-day ,judaism1 a question which they are willing to face squarely and once for all determine their position towards it2 and it is on this question of ,zionism and the future destiny of the ,jews as a nation that the two leading student organizations radically differ4 ,there is another quite as notable distinction between our ,menorah and the ,jewish students' organizations in ,germany4 ,with us the ,menorah is primarily an undergraduate society4 ,when graduate ,menorah ,societies arise1 they may be confederated with the undergraduate organization1 but they will of course retain their separate character4 ,in ,germany this distinction between undergraduate and graduate does not exist4 ,matriculation in the ,university1 not the taking of a degree in it1 introduces one into the society of the educated with its appellative intellectual corresponding to our high-brow rather than to our college grad4 ,joining the membership of a student organization marks the entrance into that large class of intellectuals4 ,and once you join such an organization you are a member ever after4 ,in ,germany1 in fact1 nobody graduates from a university in the same sense that we do4 ,there the taking of a degree is merely an episode4 ,if you take it1 you will thenceforth be addressed as ,herr ,doktor2 if you do not take it1 you will keep on printing on your visiting card ,kandidat ,philosophie all the rest of your lifetime1 and be addressed by the uninitiate as ,herr ,doktor just the same4 ,thus the achievements generally ascribed to ,jewish students' organizations in ,germany are in reality the collective work of all the ,jewish men of academic training1 and not necessarily of students actually engaged in university studies4 ,read over the names of contributors to publications issued by what are known as student organizations1 and you will notice how loosely that term is used4 ,intellectual ,problems of the ,german ,jewish ,youth ,,the ,jewish university men in ,germany1 whom we commonly call ,jewish students1 take more interest in ,jewish life than do our university men in this country4 ,this is chiefly due to the peculiar position of the modern ,jews in ,germany4 ,german ,jewry1 by the total disappearance of its laboring class during recent times1 has ceased to be a people by itself and has become a part of the middle class of the general ,german population4 ,among the native ,jews of ,germany1 if ,berlin is to be taken as a typical example of ,jewish communities in large cities1 there is no organic social body1 complete in itself1 consisting of various classes1 following all imaginable trades1 ranging from the chimney-sweep and the cobbler to the merchant prince4 ,such communities1 forming organic wholes in themselves1 you may find in ,russia1 ,galicia1 ,roumania1 and in the newer ,jewish settlements of ,england and ,america4 ,you do not find them in ,germany4 ,higher up in the social scale1 ,jews are represented everywhere1 but lower down you cannot find any native ,jew below a shop clerk or master tailor4 ,being thus interspersed among the middle class of the general population1 that part of the population which more than any other sends its children to universities1 the number of academically trained men engaged in liberal professions among the ,german ,jews is exceedingly large4 ,these professional ,jews encounter greater difficulties in their careers than those engaged in commerce4 ,while the latter are given free range for the development of the native ,jewish talents1 the former find their road toward recognition blockaded4 ,consequently they are hurled back upon their ,judaism1 and their energies not finding vent elsewhere turn into ,jewish channels4 ,the activities of ,jewish university men in ,germany are chiefly literary and intellectual1 for the problem with which they are faced is quite different from that of ours4 ,with us the problem of ,americanism and ,judaism is in its ultimate analysis the possible conflict between two sets of social duties1 in themselves not necessarily contradictory1 which can be easily reconciled by a working program adjusting the practical demands of both without curtailing the scope and efficiency of either4 ,for ,americanism in the abstract has no existence4 ,the ,american mind is as yet unknown in its essence2 it is only manifest by its functions1 of which ,jewish activities may form a complementary part4 ,in ,germany it is quite different4 ,if ,germanism stand for ,aryanism and ,occidentalism1 ,judaism must inevitably stand for ,semitism and ,orientalism1--and can the twain ever meet8 ,that the ,jew manifests in his works and actions good practical patriotism does not radically solve the problem2 that the ,jews are capable of being good patriots is no longer questioned1 but can they be genuine ones8 ,will not the ,jews always remain the carriers of an alien culture1 unabsorbable and unassimilable1 despite their conversion and intermarriage8 ,it is this problem that confronts the ,jewish intellectuals in ,germany1 in the over-hanging shadow of which the ,sorrows of the ,jewish ,werther was written1 and the martyrdom of ,otto ,weininger1 self-inflicted1 was made possible4 ,hence the great introspective literary activity of the ,german ,jewish youth4 ,there is1 on the one hand1 the great1 ever-increasing inrush of the ,jews into the inmost sanctum of ,german cultural life1 where their ,germanic protestations are more vociferous than those of the native ,teuton1--and they sometimes have1 too1 as must be admitted1 a false ring4 ,ludwig ,fulda openly proclaims that as to his relation with ,judaism there is none3 ,goethe is his ,moses and the ,german war of liberation is his ,exodus2 and ,jewish ,gymnasium seniors inundate the columns of the ,allgemeine ,zeitung des ,judentums with introspective analyses of their ,teutonic souls4 ,on the other hand1 there are those who1 while quite as good ,germans as the others1 so far as practical patriotism is concerned1 do not renounce the intellectual and spiritual heritage which is their own4 ,their self-imposed task is therefore the cultivation1 enrichment1 and modernization of ,jewish thought and tradition4 ,hence the great output of highly meritorious literary works on purely ,jewish subjects which1 if not as scholarly as those of the ,german ,jewish scientists of the past generation1 are far more stimulating and of greater educational value4 7,to be concluded7 ,,it may interest you to know that in this country1 during the early years of our leading universities1 ,hebrew not only formed1 a subject of instruction1 but also appeared upon the ,commencement programs4 ,upon such grandiloquent occasions you will find that side by side with a poem in ,greek there figured a speech in ,hebrew4 ,what the ,hebrew was like that was poured out there ,i have difficulty in imagining4 ,but that the instruction was of much use to the student1 ,i have grave reasons to doubt4 ,will you allow me to read to you a note written in regard to that famous professor of ,hebrew at ,yale towards the end of the eighteenth century--,ezra ,stiles4 ,stiles was a very learned ,christian ,hebraist4 ,one of his pupils wrote about him3 ,for ,hebrew he possessed a high veneration4 ,he said one of the ,psalms he tried to teach us would be the first we should hear sung in ,heaven1 and that he should be ashamed that any one of his pupils should be entirely ignorant of that holy language4--,from a ,menorah ,address by ,professor ,richard ,gottheil4 ,the ,twilight of ,hebraic ,culture ,the ,transition from ,hebraism to ,judaism ,,by ,,max ,l4 ,,margolis ,illustration3 ,,max ,l4 ,,margolis 7born in ,merecz1 ,russia1 in #ahff71 one of the leading ,biblical scholars of ,america1 received his education in ,russia1 ,germany1 and the ,united ,states 7,columbia ,ph4,d4 #ahia74 ,he has held important professorships of ,semitics and ,biblical ,exegesis at the ,hebrew ,union ,college and the ,university of ,california1--and since #aiji has filled the chair of ,biblical ,philology in ,the ,dropsie ,college for ,hebrew and ,cognate learning4 ,he has been engaged also1 as ,editor-in-,chief1 in the monumental task of the new ,english translation of the ,bible by ,american ,jewish scholars4 ,he is the author of numerous learned papers and books on ,biblical lore and theology4 ,,so long as ,jewish psalms are sung in the cathedrals of ,christendom and ,jewish visions are rehearsed by ,christian catechumens1 the ,synagogue will continue to hold in veneration the chest where reposes its chiefest glory4 ,surely a book which thrills the religious emotions of civilized mankind cannot but be an object of pride to the people that produced it4 ,stupendous as the literary output of the ,jewish people has been in post-biblical times1 the ,scriptures stand on a footing of their own4 ,throughout the era of the dispersion they have held their unique position and have exercised a most potent influence on the ,jewish soul4 ,and the modern man taught by ,lowth and ,herder1 and the modern ,jew under the spell of ,mendelssohn and the ,haskalah1 have their minds open to the sthetic side of the ,bible as literature4 ,to the ,jew1 however1 the ,scriptures are possessed of an interest beyond the religious and literary4 ,they are the record of his achievements in the past when his foot rested firm and steady on native soil1 of a long history full of vicissitudes from the time when the invaders battled against the kings of ,canaan to the days when the last visionary steeled the nation's endurance in its struggle with the heathen4 ,they are the charter of ,jewish nobility1 linking those of the present to the wanderer from ,ur of the ,chaldees4 ,as a finished product the ,hebrew ,scriptures came after the period of national independence4 ,when canon-making was in its last stage1 ,jerusalem was a heap of ruins4 ,the canon was the supreme effort of ,juda--throttled by the legions of ,rome--withdrawing to its inner defences4 ,the sword was sheathed and deliverance was looked for from the clouds4 ,the ,scriptures were to teach the ,jew conduct and prayer1 and the chidings of the prophets were listened to in a penitential mood1 but also joyfully because of the consolations to which they led4 ,the canon-makers had an eye to the steadying of a vanquished people against the enemy without and the foe within4 ,for there arose teachers who proclaimed that the mission of the ,jew was fulfilled3 free from the fetters of a narrow nationalism1 of a religion bound up with the soil1 he was now ready to merge his individuality with the large world when once it accepted that measure of his teaching suited to a wider humanity4 ,the temple that was made with hands was destroyed1 and another made without hands was building where men might worship in spirit and truth4 ,the dream was fascinating1 the danger of absorption was acute1 because it was dressed up with the trappings of an ideal to which many believed the ,scriptures themselves pointed4 ,there was a much larger range of writings in ,palestine and a still larger in ,egypt4 ,the list included historical works carrying on the story of the people's fortunes beyond ,alexander the ,great2 novelistic tales like that of the heroic ,judith luring the enemy of her people to destruction1 or that exquisite tale of ,jewish family life as exemplified by the pious ,israelite captive ,tobit2 books like the wise sayings of ,jesus1 son of ,sirach1 the ,wisdom of ,solomon1 or the ,psalms of ,solomon1 all modelled after patterns in the canon2 midrashic expositions of the law1 like the ,little ,genesis2 apocalyptic visions going by the name of ,enoch and the ,twelve ,patriarchs and ,moses and ,isaiah and ,esdras1 whose prototype may be sought in the canonical ,daniel4 ,over and above the three parts which the ,synagogue accepted there were a fourth and fifth2 but by an act of exclusion the canon was concentrated upon the three and the others were cast overboard4 ,the canon was the creation of the ,pharisaic doctors1 who drew a line at a point of their own choosing1 and decreed that writings from that time onward did not defile the hands4 ,the ,making of the ,canon by the ,pharisees ,,the ,pharisee held the ground when the nation had politically abdicated4 ,the war with ,rome had been brought on by the intransigent hotspurs of ,galilee and the commune of ,jerusalem4 ,john1 son of ,zakkai1 parleyed with the enemy that ,jamnia with its ,house of ,study might go unscathed4 ,there the process began which culminated in the gigantic storehouse of legal lore which was to dominate ,jewish life and ,jewish literature for centuries1 commentary being piled upon commentary and code upon code4 ,for in the sum total of ,scriptures the ,torah was admittedly to be the chief corner-stone1 albeit prophecy and wisdom had not lost their appeal2 and in moments of relaxation or when addressing their congregations worn out with the strife of the present1 the scholars of the wise brought out of the ancient stock many a legend and quaint saying and even apocalyptic vision1 transporting the mourners for ,zion into the ecstasies of the future redemption4 ,while official ,judaism was committed to the dialectics of the ,halakah1 in the unofficial ,haggadah mysticism exercised a potent influence by underground channels1 as it were1 issuing in later days in ,kabbalah and offsetting the rational philosophies borrowed from ,hellas4 ,for the time being1 however1 the dominant note was legistic1 ,pharisean4 ,the ,pharisees had been lifted by the national catastrophe into the leading position4 ,they had previously been a party among many parties1 and their ,judaism one of the many varieties4 ,the ,sadducees1 their chief opponents1 had a literature of their own3 the day upon which their ,book of ,decrees was consigned to destruction was made a legal holiday upon which fasting was prohibited4 ,but even writings which were lightly touched by the ,sadduccee spirit were frowned upon3 the ,siracide was barely tolerated on the outside because he made light of individual immortality1 and believed in the eternity of ,israel and the ,zadokite priesthood4 ,the ,pharisees had been on the opposition during the latter period of the ,maccabeans3 so with partisan ruthlessness they excluded from the canon the writings commemorative of the valorous deeds of those priest-warriors who freed the people from foreign overlordship and restored the ,davidic boundaries of the realm4 ,because the apocalyptic visions inclined to teachings not acceptable to the dominant opinion1 they were declared not only heterodox1 heretical1 but worthy of destruction4 ,had the stricter view prevailed1 the sceptical ,preacher--now1 to quote ,renan1 lost in the canon like a volume of ,voltaire among the folios of a theological library--would have shared the fate of ,sirach and ,wisdom and the other writings which ,egypt cherished after ,palestine had discarded them4 ,and there were mutterings heard even against the ,song1 that beautiful remnant of the ,anacreontic muse of ,juda4 ,it was then that ,akiba stepped into the breach and by bold allegory saved that precious piece of what may be called the secular literature of the ancient ,hebrews4 ,the process concluded by the ,pharisees had begun long before4 ,the ,pharisee consummated what the scribe before him had commenced1 and the scribe in turn had carried to fruition the work inaugurated by the prophet4 ,just as the ,pharisee decreed what limits were to be imposed upon the third part of the ,scriptures1 the scribe in his day gave sanction to the second1 and at a still earlier period the prophet to the wide range of literature current in his days4 ,sobered by national disaster1 the scribe addressed himself to the task of safeguarding the remnant of ,juda in the land of the fathers4 ,there were schisms in the ranks1 and all kinds of heresies1 chief among which stood the ,samaritan4 ,the nation's history was recast in a spirit showing how through the entire past faithful adherence to ,mosaism brought in its wake national stability1 and conversely a swaying from legitimacy and law was responsible for disaster4 ,with the ,torah as a guide1 prophecy was forced into the channels of orthodoxy4 ,heterodox prophets1 the false prophets1 were consigned to oblivion4 ,their opponents alone were given a hearing4 ,secular history there was to be none2 there was room only for the sacred4 ,we may take it for granted that the prophets of ,baal1 as their adversaries triumphantly nicknamed them1 had their disciples who collected their writings and recorded the deeds of their spirit4 ,but they were one and all suppressed4 ,the political achievements of mighty dynasts had been recorded by annalists2 the pious narrators in the so-called historical books of the canon brush them aside1 gloss over them with a scant hint or reference2 what is of absorbing interest to them is the activity of an ,elijah or an ,elisha1 or the particular pattern of the altar in the ,jerusalem sanctuary4 ,in their iconoclastic warfare upon the abomination of ,samaria1 the prophets gave a partisanly distorted view of conditions in the ,north which for a long time had been the scene of ,hebrew tradition and ,hebrew life4 ,the ,death-blow to the ,old ,hebraic ,culture ,,what these upheavals meant in the history of ,hebrew literature and culture can only approximately be gauged4 ,one thing is certain3 they all and one dealt the death-blow to the old ,hebraic culture4 ,when the excavator sinks his spade beneath the ground of a sleepy ,palestinian village1 he lays bare to view from under the overlaid strata1 ,roman and ,greek and ,jewish and ,israelitish1 the ,canaanite foundation with its mighty walls and marvellous tunnels1 its stel and statuettes1 its entombed infants sacrificed to the abominable ,moloch4 ,similarly if we dig below the surface of the ,scriptures1 we uncover glimpses of the civilization of the ,amorite strong and mighty1 which generations of prophets and lawmakers succeeded in destroying root and branch4 ,on the ruins of the ,canaanite-,amorite culture rose in the latter days ,judaism triumphant2 the struggle--prolonged and of varying success--marked the ascendancy of the ,hebraic culture which was a midway station between the indigenous ,canaanite civilization on the one hand and that mighty spiritual leaven1 ,mosaism in its beginnings and ,judaism in its consummation1 on the other4 ,the ,hebraic culture was a compromise4 ,it began by absorbing the native civilization4 ,the danger of succumbing to it was there1 but it was averted by those whom their adversaries called the disturbers of ,israel4 ,and even to the last1 when the sway of ,judaism was undisputed1 the ,hebraic culture could not be severed from the soil in which it was rooted4 ,it was part of a world-culture just as it contributed itself thereto4 ,whether living in amity or in warfare1 nations influence each other to a marked degree4 ,they exchange the products of their soils and their industry--they also give and take spiritual possessions4 ,culture is a compound product4 ,the factors that are contributory to its make-up are the soil and the racial endowment recoiling against the domination from without which1 though not wholly overcome1 is resisted with might and main4 ,cultures are national amidst an international culture4 ,they express themselves in a variety of ways1 chiefly in language and literature4 ,for while blood is thicker than water1 the pen is mightier than the sword4 ,out of a mass of myth and legend and worldly wisdom the ,hebrews constructed1 in accordance with their own bent of mind1 their cosmogonies and ballads and collections of proverbs4 ,at every shrine the priests narrated to the throngs of worshippers the marvelous stories of local or national interest4 ,the ,difference ,between ,hebraic ,culture and ,judaism ,,the chief feature of the ,hebraic culture was that it was joyous4 ,the somber seriousness of latter-day ,judaism had not yet penetrated it4 ,israel rejoiced like the nations4 ,the young men and maidens danced and wooed in the precincts of the sanctuaries which dotted the country from ,dan to ,beersheba4 ,the festivals were seasons of joy1 the festivals of the harvest and of the vintage4 ,the prophets called them carousals and dubbed the gentlemen of ,samaria drunkards4 ,probably there were excesses4 ,but life was enjoyed so long as the heavens withdrew not the moisture which the husbandman was in need of4 ,the wars which the ,kings waged were the wars of the ,lord1 and the exploits of the warriors were rehearsed throughout the land--they were spoken of as the ,lord's righteous acts4 ,national victories strengthened the national consciousness4 ,taunt songs were scattered on broadsides4 ,the enemy was lampooned4 ,at the height of national prosperity1 when ,israel dwelt in safety in a land of corn and wine moistened with the dew of the heavens1 the pride of the nation expressed itself in the pan1 ,happy art thou1 ,o ,israel3 who is like unto thee1 a people victorious through the ,lord1 the shield of thy help1 and that is the ,sword of thy excellency6 ,excellency then meant national independence and welfare4 ,it was the period of the ,omrides whose exploits are merely hinted at in our sources1 whose sway marked the nascent struggle between ,hebraism and ,judaism4 ,for the time being1 ,hebraic culture was on the ascendant1 successor to the indigenous ,canaanite civilization which it had absorbed1 remodelled1 developed4 ,the chief difference between the ,hebraic culture and ,judaism which supplanted it consists in the fact that1 whereas the latter was bookish1 transforming its votaries into the people of the book1 the former was the sum total of all that goes to make up the concern of a nation living upon its own soil4 ,bookishness1 literature1 has a place in the affairs of a nation1 but it contributes only a side in its manifold activities4 ,the spoken word precedes the written4 ,the writer has an eye to aftertimes4 ,he lives in the future4 ,the speaking voice addresses itself to the present and its varied needs4 ,saints are canonized after death4 ,the act of canonization means the verdict of the survivors who from a distance are able to gauge the merits of past deeds4 ,when a literature is pronounced canonical or classical1 it is no more4 ,in its dying moments it is reduced to rule1 and its range becomes norm4 ,but normalization is an act of choosing1 of accepting and excising4 ,a living literature is far from being normalized4 ,much that is written serves a temporary purpose1 but is none the less effective while it has vogue4 ,however1 it is only a part of the national activities1 mirroring them and commenting upon them4 ,so is religion another part of the national life4 ,government policy and legal procedure and the arts and the crafts occupy a nation's living interests4 ,the ,hebraic culture meant all that4 ,it is now a thing of the distant past4 ,it speaks to us from beneath the ,hebrew ,scriptures by which it is overlaid1 themselves the remnant of what in times gone by stirred the nation's spirit4 ,a revival of that culture may come1 but when it comes it will be tempered by ,judaism4 ,and the ,hebrew ,scriptures which constitute the bridge between them both will act as the peacemaker4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,max ,l4 ,margolis ,,jewish knowledge to me is valuable in the sense in which the word knowledge is employed in ,hebrew4 ,for to know in ,hebrew 7yada7 does not merely mean to conceive intellectually1 but expresses at the same time the deepest emotions of the human soul2 it also means to care1 to cherish1 to love4 ,it is remarkable indeed that the only ,hebrew expression which in any way approaches what in modern languages we call religion is daath elohim1 the knowledge of ,god4 ,it is no less remarkable that the fundamental concept formulated by one of the greatest thinkers who proceeded from ,jewish loins1 by ,baruch ,spinoza1 is amor ,dei intellectualis1 the intellectual love of ,god1 that is1 the mental and yet emotional conception of the ,supreme ,power that rules the universe4 ,if ,i were to wish for anything1 it would be for an amor ,judaismus intellectualis1 an intellectual love of ,judaism1 not shallow love and hollow self-complacency that cover every sin4 ,we want to be frank about our ,judaism1 we want to be clear about our faults1 we want to remedy our faults whenever we can1 but at the same time we want to have the sympathy that goes with knowledge4--,from a ,menorah ,address by ,professor ,israel ,friedlaender4 ,days of ,disillusionment ,,by ,,samuel ,,strauss ,illustration3 ,,samuel ,,strauss 7born in ,des ,moines1 ,ia41 in #ahgj71 was publisher of the ,des ,moines ,leader from #ahie to #aijd1 and became publisher of the ,new ,york ,globe in #aijd4 ,since #aiab he has been associated with the management of the ,new ,york ,times4 ,mr4 ,strauss has taken an active and effective interest in many worthy movements for ,jewish betterment4 ,he is a member of the ,graduate ,advisory ,menorah ,committee and of the ,menorah ,college of ,lecturers4 ,his impressive and stimulating talks have given him marked popularity with the ,menorah ,societies4 ,,we are at present witnessing an instance of the truth that a great crisis is always a test for genuineness4 ,since ,august #ast a number of things seemingly vital have come tumbling to the ground as mere inflated delusions or comparative trifles formerly viewed out of all perspective4 ,men are beginning to realize that they have been deceiving themselves1 and the immediate effect is disappointment4 ,what profit will be derived from it all is as yet merely a matter for speculation4 ,not yet have men been able to think of the conflict in other than negative terms1 to see in it other than despair1 crippled industry1 a fall from civilization1 all that belongs on the debit side of the ledger4 ,but there is also a credit side3 and to realize that the effects of war are positive as well as negative is by no means to condone war1 but only to accept it as a fact4 ,history teaches us to expect that the positive result of this struggle will be in the nature of a physic--a dissolving away of delusions1 and simultaneously a bringing into relief of some essential facts4 ,this clearing of the ground will not wait until the war is over2 it has already begun1 though men are yet but half-conscious of it1 and then only in the guise of profitless disillusionment4 ,this state of mind is understandable enough4 ,the spectacle of thousands going out by trainload to settle differences through slaughter has been a terrible shock4 ,individuals1 having progressed beyond that stage1 had assumed that collectively1 too1 men must share the same aversion to so illogical a method as murder for the solution of differences4 ,this assumption has had root in a justifiable belief in the world's attainment to a higher plane of civilization4 ,the quality of to-day's culture may not be so fine as that of ,juda1 of ,greece1 or ,rome1 or of the ,renaissance1 but surely in no period of history has its extent been so great4 ,never had the entire world been nearer denationalization1 never had the economic interdependence of nations been more complete4 ,jingoism has seemed obsolete1 cosmopolitanism had seemed the ideal1 as the horizon of an increasing number of individuals broadened out1 and prejudice gave way before enlightenment4 ,but now this assumption is suddenly discovered to be mere delusion1 and at once much scorn is heaped upon our alleged civilization4 ,how much justification there is for disappointment over the failure of culture to influence action is difficult to determine4 ,there is much confusion of thought on this point4 ,to conclude that because nations go to war1 individuals have therefore made practically no advance from the original state of barbarism is absurd4 ,what should be clear is the danger of generalizations from the individual to groups of the individual--two psychologically different entities4 ,it may be that even as communities we have progressed more than we believe1 as some future reaction to this war may indicate1 but what is brought to the surface now is the old fact that the progress of groups of men is at snail's pace1 however men may forge ahead as individuals4 ,this refreshed realization is by no means of negative value4 ,it is rather a positive benefit1 and should be fixed in the minds of all men who are striving collectively for various ends4 ,for political parties1 socialists1 suffragists1 all and sundry reformers1 this realization should be the starting point from which to readjust programs when the cataclysm is over4 ,for the ,jewish people this realization is peculiarly significant4 ,though the outlines of the general situation the world over are as yet indistinct1 some problems of the ,jews have already been brought out into sharp relief4 ,like the rest of mankind1 the ,jew has had his eyes cruelly opened1 and the clear boundary between truth and delusion which this war has made should be stamped upon his memory1 to remain vivid after negative feelings of wrongs and disappointments have been forgotten4 ,the ,delusion of ,assimilation ,,in the past hundred years1 the ,jew has had more reason than at any time since the dispersal to consider himself assimilated in all save the ,slav countries4 ,not that anti-,semitism had disappeared2 but it had seemed to be1 and indeed is1 so much less important when viewed against the background of the ,jew's positive advance to light and freedom4 ,explained more recently as a survival of many prejudices which do not die overnight1 including the old religious differences1 physical and mental antipathies1 economic jealousies--the force of anti-,semitism was not only weakened by the increasing breadth of vision1 the cosmopolitanism on which the world has plumed itself1 but dwarfed by the achievement of the ,jew himself4 ,he has come out of his ,ghetto2 softened by a more liberal attitude on the part of his individual neighbor1 he has largely laid aside his resentment and his hostility4 ,there was a feeling that adaptation and assimilation had advanced so far that the ,jew1 by his own progress and with the consent of his neighbor1 had become a citizen of his community1 differentiated from the rest1 if at all1 only by what he chose to keep of his religious belief4 ,those who have most zealously argued for assimilation as the sole solution of the ,jewish problem have had little need of late to push their gospel further2 the process seemed to be taking excellent care of itself4 ,but after all1 it was not real4 ,a drastic crisis like the present one was required to brand it as delusion4 ,the attitude of the occasional individual was construed as the attitude of the entire community4 ,this has been a double-edged delusion4 ,the ,jew has not judged himself as a community in relation to his neighbor1 and he has misjudged his individual neighbor as a community in relation to himself4 ,it takes two sides always to make up the full truth1 but from both sides1 from the ,jew and from his neighbor1 there is circumstantial evidence in the events of the past five months that gives abundant support to this conclusion4 ,in this time of crisis the world has thrown aside its pretense1 honest and well-intentioned pretense though it may have been1 and revealed its underlying feeling toward the ,jewish people4 ,suddenly1 without any absolute change in their status1 the ,jews are singled out and set apart4 ,special inducements are held out for their support4 ,the ,czar1 though this was reported upon dubious authority1 addresses his beloved ,jews2 a non-commissioned ,jewish officer is recommended for the ,order of ,st4 ,george2 ,dreyfus is decorated in ,france1 his son made ,lieutenant2 ,austria issues a special appeal to the ,jews of ,poland2 an ,english ,jew voices ,england's hope of their loyalty2 in ,germany anti-,semitic newspapers suddenly announce their discontinuance4 ,the ,test of ,jewish ,patriotism ,,it is not a new story4 ,doubt of the ,jew's place in time of war has been continuous4 ,through the centuries there has been report that he has dodged his war tax wherever he could1 that he bought soldiers to fill his place in the ranks1 that as financier he offered his gold without scruple to the bitterest foes of his own fatherland4 ,how much of this is based on blind prejudice is beside the point4 ,what is important is the effect that this doubting attitude has had on the ,jew's normal impulse to render patriotic service4 ,the ,jew to-day who feels most keenly the cause of ,germany1 or of ,france1 or of ,england in this war1 who most unreservedly throws in his lot with his compatriots1 glorying in a privilege long withheld1 moved to an intense fervor of patriotism1 cannot but be disheartened at the spectacle of his neighbors as in one way or another they give evidence of their lack of faith in him4 ,why this feeling of distrust8 ,how has it been engendered1 what are its roots8 ,again the answer is to be found both with the ,jew himself and with his neighbor4 ,as far as the present situation is concerned1 the ,gentile world has had lying dormant in its subconscious mind the notion that the ,jew was inferior1 and by its own action it has kept this subconscious notion alive4 ,for while the world has admitted the ,jew to its political life1 while it has modified much its religious and its economic prejudices and jealousies1 it has not broken down every barrier4 ,without fully realizing its attitude1 it has still held the ,jew to be different and of lower quality4 ,the ,jew's neighbors have had an honest sort of delusion about their attitude toward the ,semite2 because they had discovered the individual ,jew1 and taken him1 as it were1 into the arms of their community life1 they have fancied that all prejudice1 even toward the ,jew as a class1 had become obsolete4 ,here again there is evidence of the fact that feeling toward ,jews as individuals has been mistaken for feeling toward the ,jews as a race group4 ,this delusion has its base in something more fundamental1 to which may be accredited perhaps the distrust against which the ,jews have been battling for centuries4 ,it is not the stranger who inspires continued suspicion1 for he soon ceases to be a stranger1 but it is the wanderer and the gypsy4 ,there is imbedded in human nature a distrust of shifting things and a respect for what is long established in any one place1 and it is in the wandering class that the ,jew is placed in spite of all talk of assimilation4 ,he has had no point of departure and hence no place of arrival4 ,the ,french have crossed over the ,channel and become ,englishmen2 one would hardly know that the ,romans still live on in the ,tyrol2 but the ,jew has always remained ,jew1 for he has no established place from which to come and whither to return4 ,a ,people ,without ,a ,home ,,not only have the ,jews been looked upon by others as a people without a home2 subconsciously they have always regarded themselves as such4 ,to-day a gigantic fund is proposed for the relief of the ,jews affected by the present war1 by the very ones who have argued most persistently for adaptation and assimilation4 ,yet this is a relief fund not for ,belgian ,jews1 nor ,french ,jews1 nor ,german ,jews1 but for all ,jews irrespective of the side on which they fight4 ,the ,jews are not thinking of themselves in terms of citizens or subjects of this or that country1 but only as members of the ,jewish race1 who have no unity save as members of that race4 ,it is the surest indication that beneath all self-delusion the ,jews have subconsciously realized themselves as a homeless people1 men without a country4 ,is it strange that the rest of the world should regard the ,jew as alien when he cannot but hold himself as such8 ,it would seem that this argument leads along a straight path towards ,zionism as its conclusion4 ,but practical ,zionism1 like all other programs of reconstruction1 must await a time which will admit of reconstruction1 and that is not the present4 ,it may be that when this war is concluded1 world conditions will have so completely changed that ,zionism and its geographic program will no longer be the answer to the problem of ,jewry4 ,all that is certain of it now is its uncertainty4 ,but the spirit of which ,zionism is the expression1 and which has made of it more than a mere experiment in colonization1 still remains1 emphasized by the self-realization to which the ,jews have been brought in the present conflict4 ,the ,persistence of the ,jewish ,faith ,,in every crisis1 even in those which have swept whole nations from existence1 the ,jew has always found himself with one inalienable possession--his faith4 ,there is something mystifying about the persistence through so many vicissitudes of a religion which commands respect from neighbors who see in it a powerful inspiration1 while the ,jew himself1 especially the ,jew more fortunately placed in the general community1 endeavors so often to cast it off as outworn and impracticable4 ,it is the ,jew himself who has misled the rest of the world into a delusion4 ,he has seemed to consider himself1 and the faith with which he is bound up1 inferior4 ,in his endeavor to take on the color of his environment1 he has sought to lay aside all that was old1 and of this the religion of his fathers was a part4 ,but a faith as strong and as far-reaching as ,judaism cannot be dropped out of the life into which it has been ingrained1 and hence the ,jew has been hard put to cover it up1 to hide it1 or to attempt its modification to fit the fashion in religions4 ,the inevitable reaction on the non-,jewish part of the community has been a feeling of mystification1 and1 following on that1 suspicion and distrust4 ,it is this which has undermined confidence in the ,jews as a people--their negation of that which is their valuable heritage4 ,for ,judaism is not merely tradition1 a thing to be reverenced as a relic2 it is a thing to be put to everyday use4 ,this practical and vitalized ,judaism is the real salvation for which the ,jews have been groping1 all the while under the delusion that it was anywhere but near at hand4 ,such a rejuvenated faith would mean an end of that homelessness which is accountable for much of the ,jew's displacement in the world's life4 ,and though the remedy has been intimate to him these many years he has failed to make positive use of it4 ,it is true that the ,zionists have been striving for a geographical base for ,judaism4 ,but a geographical base is never more than an outward expression of a people's unity2 it is an excellent starting point1 but as an end in itself it is nothing4 ,the ,jews had a geographical base for their start2 thereby they were enabled to build up a unified result1 the ,jewish spirit4 ,it is this which1 if recognized as a positive fact1 will take from the ,jew his feeling of homelessness1 and from his neighbor the notion that the ,jew is a member of a tribe forever unestablished and purposeless4 ,it is around a spiritual core that the ,jews as a people must build1 around that central force which has thus far held them intact4 ,the ,spiritual ,service of the ,jew ,,and never has there been a time1 it would seem1 when not only the ,jews themselves but the world at large were so ready for this reconstruction4 ,if in the very near future1 as seems probable1 the ,jews are again to play a prominent rle in history1 it will be more largely through the pressure exerted by the world outside than through their own initiative4 ,men are coming more and more to need what the ,jewish people1 under certain conditions1 are peculiarly qualified to bestow4 ,the period of materialism now undoubtedly coming to a close has brought with it a heavy burden of discontent1 and there has been a turning from tangible comforts1 a reaching out for spiritual consolation4 ,under the rule of enlightenment religion has gone away1 and the world begins to feel its lack4 ,one may not prophesy that religion is soon to return1 but the suggestion of its coming is in the air4 ,what the ,jew will then be able to furnish may now be an open question1 but the great fact of his religion is undeniable4 ,it should be remembered that only in things spiritual has the ,jew been able to render world service2 in material progress he has been able to do little more than march with the rank and file4 ,should the ,jew again lead in the world1 it must be in a time when the things of the spirit are paramount in men's desires4 ,with the hope that such a time is near at hand1 the ,jew should retrim his lamp1 in the faith that it may help to illuminate much that had fallen into darkness4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,samuel ,strauss ,three ,university ,addresses ,i ,,president ,,arthur ,t4 ,,hadley of ,yale ,university ,before the ,yale ,menorah ,society1 ,october #ad1 #aiad ,illustration ,,it is a great pleasure for me to speak to the ,menorah ,society1 and a double pleasure when ,i see beside me the ,menorah emblem1 the emblem of light1 the outward and visible sign of the inward and spiritual grace4 ,jewish history is embodied in a great literature1 and a literature which is worthy of deep and earnest study4 ,it is the common heritage of all mankind1 and should be studied by every man who lays claim to culture and education4 ,by studying the literature of the ,jewish race1 men at ,yale and elsewhere can do a great work for the learning and for the inspiration of our country2 especially can this ,society do a noble and inspiring work4 ,history is in large measure made by the study of the literatures of ancient races4 ,what was it that waked ,europe during the dark ages from her apathy and ignorance but the discovery and the revival of the ,greek and ,latin classics by enthusiastic scholars8 ,in the various centres of learning at the end of what we call the dark ages1 we find groups of earnest young men devoting themselves to this study1 and in these groups we find the influence which roused ,europe from her period of intellectual torpor4 ,classics are the literatures which thus make history2 which serve the needs of all peoples1 voicing truths of universal application4 ,and though it is to the ,greek and ,latin that the name classics has been often confined1 yet the ,hebrew classics are being recognized more and more as worthy of a place beside if not above them4 ,interest in the ,jewish classics never utterly perished4 ,throughout all ages the theologian kept alive his interest in those writings2 but there is something of more than mere professional interest in these studies1 something which closely touches every man's development and experience4 ,it is not for me to attempt to say what these writings mean to humanity4 ,biblical writings are far above any individual praise4 ,but ,i may with propriety say the reading of the ,hebrew writings in ,english has meant much to me personally4 ,as a boy ,i read fewer books than do youngsters of the present day1 and among them the ,bible was one of extraordinary interest4 ,i read the ,psalms and ,isaiah as wonderful poetry1 and turned to the ,bible as to a storehouse of historical literature4 ,hebrew history has been of great importance in the early history of our country4 ,the early settlement in ,america was due to the same causes as the settlement of ,canaan by the ,hebrews4 ,to the ,pilgrim ,fathers the ,old ,testament was a supporting hand and a guide for them in all matters4 ,they took the ,jewish theocracy as their model of government and1 in the measure that they patterned after a good model1 they achieved good results4 ,so largely are the early history and institutions of the ,united ,states a copy of ,jewish institutions that the spirit of the ,american people both before and after the ,revolution cannot be fully understood without a knowledge of ,hebrew literature4 ,these early settlers were imbued with spirit and desire for the best in life by reading the ,bible4 ,it was their one book1 and a man of one book makes a strong man4 ,and perhaps it is the ,old ,testament rather than the ,new ,testament the knowledge of which is of greater consequence for the best understanding of the peculiar conditions of the early ,american people4 ,therefore ,i welcome your ,society first because it represents something which has done much for learning in our great centres of learning1 the universities2 and second1 because as ,americans1 ,jewish history means much to us in understanding the early development of our own country4 ,,ii ,,chancellor ,,elmer ,e4 ,,brown of ,new ,york ,university ,before the ,menorah ,society of ,new ,york ,university1 ,may #ab1 #aiad ,illustration ,,it seems to me that it is not only of value to the ,jewish students1 but to the whole university1 that there should be a body here devoted to the study of ,jewish tradition1 ,jewish literature and ,jewish history4 ,you are emphasizing something that is of permanent value to your associates here in the ,university who are not of the ,jewish race and the ,jewish faith4 ,the ,christian ,church finds in the ,jewish ,scriptures some of the finest and most precious of the things it cherishes from the religious point of view4 ,our civilization in these occidental countries is deeply indebted to the history and the literature of the ,jewish race4 ,from time to time that indebtedness comes to stronger expression1 and we may expect that in the future the sense of that indebtedness of our whole people to that which is the immediate concern of the ,menorah ,society will be more keenly felt4 ,if you go back in the history of this country you will find a time when our ,new ,englanders were especially indebted to what they as ,christians called the ,old ,testament4 ,there was a time in ,colonial days when the earlier portions of this literature exercised a mighty influence over these new commonwealths4 ,as you read the history of ,new ,england you cannot help being profoundly impressed by the influence of the ,hebrew literature upon the life of the seventeenth century4 ,the names and references to the ,jewish people are all interwoven with ,new ,england history4 ,i was thinking of a curious illustration of this fact only a short time ago4 ,you know the old poem of ,darius ,green and ,his ,flying ,machine that has come into astonishingly new popularity in modern times4 ,it contains1 you will recall1 an enumeration of the brothers of ,darius1 and four of the five names are taken from ,hebrew history4 ,the appearance of these ,jewish names in such large numbers is coincident with a reappearance of ,hebrew spirit in our ,colonial times1 all modified of course by ,christian tradition1 but presenting a most important and essential ingredient of the time4 ,this apparently trivial illustration simply shows that which is to be found in our whole culture4 ,it is profoundly significant in regard to our ,american culture4 ,so it seems to me that the ,menorah ,society has work of two kinds--to bring together our ,jewish students on a higher plane of sentiment1 and at the same time to put new emphasis1 in all parts of the ,university1 on the invaluable things which the ,jewish race has contributed to the civilization of the world4 ,so ,i feel that ,i may look to you of this organization to bring to ,new ,york ,university a new emphasis upon these great things which are the common heritage of our scholastic society4 ,i trust that you will feel that there is a genuine warmth and a genuine interest in the welcome that ,i extend to you1--not a welcome to the ,university alone1 but a welcome to this new service in this ,university1 in which every movement such as this has work to do for the good of all4 ,,iii ,,president ,,charles ,w4 ,,dabney of the ,university of ,cincinnati ,before the ,cincinnati ,menorah ,society1 ,november #ai1 #aiad ,,standing as it does for the study of the history and culture of the ,jewish people1 and for the advancement of their ideals1 the ,menorah ,society is welcomed to the ,university of ,cincinnati4 ,this ,university1 of all institutions1 should welcome every such organization4 ,the ,university of ,cincinnati claims to represent the idea of the democracy of the higher education1 the equality of opportunity for the highest culture in its latest form4 ,the ,american idea is that the university should be as free to all cultures as our country is free to all races4 ,standing for this idea more distinctly than any other type of institution among us1 the ,american state university has been called the characteristic institution of the republic4 ,but the municipal university is destined to democratize the higher education even more completely than the state university4 ,the state university makes the higher education free to all who can come to it1 but the municipal university takes it to the poorest citizen at his home4 ,for these reasons1 if for no other1 we should welcome the ,menorah ,society into our midst4 ,as ,i was just informed that the national convention of the ,intercollegiate ,association is about to take place1 let me1 on behalf of this ,university1 say to you1 ,mr4 ,chancellor1 as the representative of the national organization1 that we are glad to extend an invitation to your convention to meet in our halls4 ,there are special reasons1 too1 why we should welcome the ,menorah ,association here4 ,we believe that the ,university and its members need this ,society for several reasons4 ,in the first place1 a great democratic institution like this can grow only when all the races bring into it their peculiar customs and ideals4 ,i believe the non-,jews need it as well as the ,jews4 ,it takes varied elements to make up the democracy1 and ,america1 and ,cincinnati1 and its ,university all need the spiritual resources of the ,jew4 ,i am impressed with the statement of the purposes of the ,menorah ,society as explained by the ,chancellor in the address to which we have just listened4 ,he tells us first of all that its object is to promote the study of the history of the ,jewish race4 ,your ancient books are the sources of all history2 in fact1 ,i cannot conceive of the study of history unless it begins with1 or takes up very early1 these great historic books of the ,bible4 ,they furnish the ,ariadne's thread for the wanderer through all history2 they are the fountain head also of the philosophy of history4 ,the old ,jewish historians always took the teleological view of the world and looked from the effect back to the cause1 interpreting human events in the terms of ,god1 the designer1 the creator1 and the governor of the world4 ,in fact1 their great contribution to history was this doctrine of ,god's hand in human events4 ,the ,jew had also1 it seems to me1 throughout his whole history1 a special talent for theistic truth1 for those verities that are eternal4 ,with an insight and a power almost surpassing all other men1 he discovered truths which have ever been1 and always will be1 essential factors in all religion4 ,the first of these ideas is his conception of ,jahveh1 not only as a sovereign1 powerful1 and terrible ,being1 but as a personal1 holy1 righteous1 and good ,father1 who pitieth his children4 ,your ,bible1 however1 nowhere tries to prove the existence of a ,god2 it everywhere assumes it4 ,it is the fool who says in his heart there is no ,god1 declares the ,psalmist4 ,for the same reason1 your great books are the world's text book of comparative religion4 ,i cannot conceive of any one studying religions without going to them1 for above all others the ,jewish religion is original4 ,for these and many more reasons1 we hold that the history1 religion and philosophy of the ,hebrews is fundamental and indispensable for the student of these subjects--in fact1 for all students of the humanities4 ,it was the ,jew who discovered conscience1 also1 and produced in due time an order of men who made themselves the conscience of their nation4 ,moses first formed a law declaring the word of ,god and teaching men their relations to ,god and to each other4 ,other nations have had priests and augurs who received the oblations of the people and gave them advice about their affairs1 but the ,jewish nation was the first to produce real prophets who dared to denounce the sins of the people and remind them of their duty as men and nations4 ,what the world needs today is another line of such prophets4 ,to the young men assembled here tonight1 ,i would say1 therefore1 it is your duty to study the history1 philosophy and theology presented in these ancient ,scriptures1 and thus inform yourselves how to instruct this great democratic people4 ,be prophets like the prophets of old to guide the people into the truth6 ,the ,jews were the first people to uphold the sacred character of patriotism1 the patriotism of principle1 not of mere power1 the patriotism that teaches that it is not might that makes right1 but right which makes might4 ,how sadly the ,european powers need to learn this lesson today6 ,only righteousness exalteth the nation and gives it the power and the right to lead in the world4 ,if nations would seek righteousness as a means of winning leadership1 they would never need to go to war1 and the exercise of might would never be necessary4 ,because this ,society proposes to study the great history and literature which teaches these things1 we give it a welcome tonight1 and pray that the light held up by the ,menorah may shine not only for the people of ,cincinnati1 but for the people of ,america1 and the world1 that all the nations may be guided into that righteousness which leads to ,peace4 ,the ,menorah ,movement ,,by ,,henry ,,hurwitz ,chancellor of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association ,i ,,the ,,menorah ,,movement is now in its ninth year4 ,starting at ,harvard ,university1 where the first ,menorah ,society was organized in ,october1 #aijf1 the idea spread to other colleges and universities in various parts of the country4 ,societies arose at ,columbia1 ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,johns ,hopkins1 ,minnesota1 ,michigan1 ,chicago1 ,illinois1 ,wisconsin1 and ,missouri4 ,before long a common desire was felt for closer relationship and co-operation4 ,this led to the holding of two intercollegiate conferences early in #aiab3 one1 an eastern conference1 at ,columbia ,university1 in ,january1 with delegates from six ,menorah ,societies1 and another1 a western conference1 at the ,university of ,chicago1 in ,april1 where also six ,societies were represented4 ,as a result of these preliminary gatherings1 the first national convention of ,menorah ,societies was called at the ,university of ,chicago1 in ,january1 #aiac4 ,delegates of twelve ,menorah ,societies from universities in both the ,east and the ,west came together1 and seven other ,societies were heard from4 ,at this national convention1 the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association was formed4 ,in a period of less than two years since this first convention1 the number of ,societies has grown from nineteen to thirty-five4 ,there are ,societies now at the following colleges and universities3 ,boston ,university1 ,brown1 ,california1 ,chicago1 ,cincinnati1 ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york1 ,clark1 ,colorado1 ,columbia1 ,cornell1 ,denver1 ,harvard1 ,hunter1 ,illinois1 ,johns ,hopkins1 ,maine1 ,michigan1 ,minnesota1 ,missouri1 ,new ,york ,university1 ,north ,carolina1 ,ohio ,state1 ,omaha1 ,pennsylvania1 ,penn ,state1 ,pittsburgh1 ,radcliffe1 ,rutgers1 ,texas1 ,tufts1 ,valparaiso1 ,washington1 ,western ,reserve1 ,wisconsin1 and ,yale4 ,new ,societies are in the process of formation at several other universities4 ,this development of the ,menorah movement has from the very beginning been a natural1 unforced growth4 ,the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association makes no effort to organize new ,menorah ,societies2 its policy is rather to encourage and assist the efforts of students who1 wishing to join in the movement1 have undertaken on their own initiative to organize ,menorah ,societies at their colleges and universities4 ,hence every ,menorah ,society is the result of a spontaneous desire among students to organize for ,menorah purposes4 ,the first ,menorah ,society started with sixteen members4 ,now the total membership of ,menorah ,societies approximates #c1jjj4 ,the ,menorah idea is firmly implanted in leading colleges and universities throughout the country1 from ,massachusetts to ,california4 ,,ii ,,every ,menorah ,society is organized to promote at its college or university the study of ,jewish history and culture and contemporary ,jewish problems4 ,first of all1 the ,menorah ,societies aim to spread a knowledge of the ,jewish humanities--,jewish literature1 religion1 and ideals--and of their influence upon civilization4 ,in other words1 the ,societies aim to promote a true appreciation of the spirit and achievements of the ,jewish people1 from ancient to modern times4 ,particular study is made of contemporary conditions and problems1 and of the ways in which ,jewish culture may not only be conserved but advanced4 ,to this end1 the ,menorah ,societies strive to inspire the ,jewish student with an intelligent and spirited devotion to ,jewish ideals1 and with the desire to develop and contribute to the community what is best in his ,jewish character and endowment4 ,thus1 in endeavoring to promote knowledge1 culture1 idealism1 the ,menorah ,societies are in keeping with the university spirit which has helped to call them into existence4 ,the ,societies are an expression of the liberality and freedom of ,american universities4 ,membership is open to all students and instructors4 ,college and university authorities have heartily welcomed the ,menorah ,societies1 have aided them in carrying out their objects1 have enhanced their influence among the students at large1 and have been most generous in recognizing the definite contribution which the ,societies make to the intellectual and idealistic life of their universities4 ,not only the university authorities1 but the graduates1 too1 and other public-spirited men and women outside of the universities1 have warmly welcomed the ,menorah ,movement4 ,they see in it the expression of a spontaneous and earnest desire on the part of growing numbers of ,jewish students for ,jewish knowledge and idealism1 for a realization of the ,jewish noblesse oblige2 they see1 too1 that this movement is bound at the same time to help bring about a more just and liberal attitude on the part of university men and women in general toward the character and ideals of their ,jewish fellow-citizens4 ,through the encouragement and generous support provided by a ,graduate ,advisory ,menorah ,committee1 under the chairmanship of ,justice ,irving ,lehman of ,new ,york1 the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association is being helped materially in carrying out its objects4 ,,iii ,,while the purposes of all the ,menorah ,societies are identical1 they are free to carry out these purposes in any ways they choose1 along lines that best suit their local conditions and are in keeping with the academic and liberal character of the organization4 ,certain activities1 however1 are followed in common by most of the ,societies4 ,to begin with1 it may be stated that all of the ,menorah ,societies strongly encourage their members to take the regular courses in ,jewish history and literature wherever such courses are a part of the curriculum and are devoted not so much to technical learning as to a liberal and humane study of ,jewish culture4 ,where such courses are not offered--and it is unfortunately true that many institutions are deficient in this regard--the ,menorah students are creating a demand which1 it is hoped1 will be met in time by the offer of appropriate courses4 ,it is even hoped that a number of the leading universities will eventually have special ,chairs in ,jewish history and culture4 ,meanwhile1 however1 whether to supplement or to take the place of regular courses1 the ,menorah ,society enables its members--or1 rather1 all the members of the university who so desire--to pursue their interest in ,jewish studies in less formal manner4 ,thus1 the ,societies have lectures on ,jewish subjects by members of the faculties1 or by men from outside their universities4 ,in this connection1 the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association has been of considerable service to the various ,societies4 ,the ,association has established the ,menorah ,college of ,lecturers1 consisting of a number of ,jewish scholars1 publicists1 and religious leaders1 who have undertaken to lecture 7for love7 before the ,societies4 ,their lectures1 which are generally followed by informal discussions1 are1 as a rule1 open to the whole university1 and are often held not merely under the auspices of the ,menorah ,society1 but also in conjunction with some department of the university1 or with some other student organization4 ,at times1 the ,menorah lecturers are invited by the university authorities to address the whole student body at assemblies and convocations4 ,at other ,menorah meetings1 the members themselves present papers and carry on discussions upon ,jewish topics of historic and literary as well as current interest4 ,not content1 however1 with such lectures1 papers1 and discussions1 most of the ,societies provide their members with opportunities for intensive and systematic study4 ,study groups are formed1 under the leadership of older students or of competent men from outside the universities1 for the purpose of regular study in ,jewish history1 religion and literature1 or contemporary ,jewish conditions and problems1 or the ,hebrew language1 or any other special field of interest4 ,the work of these groups is carried on along the lines of a regular class or seminar1 though1 of course1 with less rigor and formality4 ,,iv ,,as an incentive to original investigation on the part of the students1 several ,menorah ,societies have been enabled to offer prizes to their universities for the best essays on ,jewish subjects4 ,thus1 at ,harvard1 since #aijg1 through the generosity of ,mr4 ,jacob ,h4 ,schiff1 of ,new ,york1 the ,menorah ,society has offered an annual prize of #ajj for the best essay written by any undergraduate on some approved ,jewish subject2 and similarly1 at the ,universities of ,wisconsin and ,michigan1 through the generosity of ,mr4 ,julius ,rosenwald1 of ,chicago1 the ,menorah ,societies are enabled to offer prizes of #ajj each to their ,universities upon the same terms4 7,menorah ,prize ,essays will be printed from time to time in this ,journal47 ,one or two other ,societies have been enabled to offer smaller prizes4 ,all of the ,societies are anxious to be of similar service to their universities1 and it is hoped that the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association may be enabled next year to offer prizes open to the undergraduates of all ,american colleges and universities4 ,this should help materially to stimulate ,jewish study among students throughout the country4 ,perhaps the most essential requirement for carrying on ,jewish study is an adequate supply of books4 ,except at the larger institutions1 there has been a notable lack of ,jewish books at ,american colleges and universities1 mainly1 no doubt1 because ,jewish studies as a whole have been neglected4 ,the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association has fortunately been able to remedy these conditions to some extent at the institutions where ,menorah ,societies exist4 ,with the assistance of the ,jewish ,publication ,society and a number of individuals1 the ,association has sent ,menorah ,libraries of ,jewish books to the various ,menorah ,societies4 ,these books are for the use not only of ,menorah ,societies1 but of all the students in their universities4 ,that the ,menorah ,libraries have helped the work of the ,societies1 and have added appreciably to the library facilities at the various institutions1 is abundantly shown by the gratitude expressed both by students and authorities4 ,yet the work of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association has only begun4 ,its field is almost unlimited2 and with constantly growing membership1 both of undergraduates and of graduates1 with the increasing encouragement and support from men and women in all parts of the country1 the ,association is gathering strength for enterprises that must prove beneficial not to universities alone1 but to the community in general4 ,thus1 the ,menorah ,journal is launched this year in response to a desire not only on the part of the students1 but of men and women throughout the country who have been wanting such a ,review of ,jewish life and literature in ,america4 ,other literary enterprises are contemplated for the future4 ,besides syllabi for the study groups1 pamphlet essays1 and similar facilities designed especially for students1 one large scheme in mind may appropriately be mentioned here as of interest to all the readers of the ,journal1 namely1 the plan for the ,menorah ,classics4 ,these are to be the selected treasures of the literature of the ,jewish people1 from the ,bible to ,bialik1 printed in attractively handy form1 with translations and notes designed for the general reader as well as for students4 ,in this way1 it is hoped to place the gems of the great store of ,jewish literature within the reach of all4 ,v ,,the work of the ,menorah ,societies is not designed to make ,jewish scholars of the members4 ,it is meant to gratify their desire to understand their heritage1 to stimulate them still further to study that heritage1 to help them realize the honor and the responsibility they share as the heirs and trustees of ,jewish tradition4 ,and though the earnest work of ,menorah ,societies partakes largely of the spirit of the class-room and the lecture-hall1 the pursuit of ,menorah aims expresses itself incidentally in sociable ways as well4 ,smokers1 dinners1 pageants1 literary and dramatic evenings1 testify to the pleasure which the members find in their association together for ,menorah purposes4 ,menorah ,societies1 however1 do not assume the character of social organizations4 ,menorah ,societies are all-inclusive1 not exclusive2 they promote democracy1 mutual respect1 and understanding between different types of ,jewish students who have often in the past retained toward one another the prejudices of their elders4 ,the ,menorah fellowship expresses and promotes the common sentiment of all students who have come to appreciate ,jewish knowledge and ideals1 who accept their common ,jewish heritage and ,jewish hopes4 ,in other words1 where in the past snobbery and spinelessness were not lacking among ,jewish students at our universities1 there has grown up now a spirit of democracy and of manly frankness1 which has not escaped the observation of older men1 both within and without the universities4 ,but these qualities in the ,jewish students of to-day have merely been revealed by the ,menorah movement4 ,the movement has definite moral purposes of its own4 ,the ,menorah idea embraces not merely the study but the enhancement of the ,jewish heritage4 ,and this requires not moral enthusiasm alone1 but vision and action4 ,to accomplish their full purposes1 the ,menorah ,societies endeavor to inspire their members with the will to throw themselves into the heart of ,jewish life1 to join hands with other men in the active effort to advance its interests and solve its problems4 ,while this participation in ,jewish life must be the personal outcome of ,menorah enthusiasm and activity--as indeed has been proven already among students and graduates--the ,menorah organization1 as such1 maintains its non-partisan character4 ,a ,menorah ,society is neither orthodox nor reform1 neither ,zionist nor anti-,zionist1 but rather an open forum for presenting and discussing every point of view1 a forum hospitable in true academic spirit to the open-minded pursuit of truth4 ,,vi ,,in sum1 the ,menorah movement represents an organization and an idea4 ,if the organization has grown in extent and importance beyond the fondest expectations1 it is because the idea1 conceived by students and carried out by them1 has found a welcome home in the ,american university4 ,and one of the reasons why the ,menorah idea has seized upon the imagination and caught the heart of the university man is because it appeals both to his independence of mind and his pride4 ,a ,menorah ,society imposes no dogma1 no ceremony2 the independence of thought so dear to the bosom of youth is given full scope4 ,a ,menorah ,society aims1 first of all1 to satisfy an aroused intellectual curiosity with respect to the past and present and possible future of the ,jewish race4 ,but the real source of ,menorah strength lies far deeper4 ,consciously or unconsciously1 from the very beginning of his affiliation with a ,menorah ,society1 the ,jewish student responds to a call within himself of noblesse oblige4 ,it is pride of race--not vanity or brag1 but a pride conscious of its human obligation--that animates ,menorah men and women throughout the country4 ,knowledge and service1 which may be regarded as the very cornerstones of ,jewish idealism1 constitute the twin motives of the ,menorah movement4 ,the ,menorah movement is the answer of the ,jewish academic youth to the challenge of ,american democracy4 ,american institutions give us the opportunity to develop all our capacities in freedom4 ,the endeavor of ,menorah men is to preserve and enhance1 for ,america and for mankind1 the best in us that may flourish in freedom1 our ,jewish heritage and endowment4 ,from ,college and ,university ,reports from ,menorah ,societies ,it is not planned to have reports from all the ,menorah ,societies in any single issue of the ,journal4 ,a complete list of ,menorah ,societies may be found on the inside of the front cover4 ,university of ,california ,,the ,california ,menorah ,society has begun its fourth year under most promising auspices4 ,the first meeting of the year1 on ,monday evening1 ,august #ca1 was the finest ever held by the ,society4 ,it had been announced before the entire student body at the ,university meeting in ,harmon ,gymnasium1 and all interested were invited to attend4 ,eighty men and women of the ,university were present4 ,the theme of the meeting was the ,menorah ,idea4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,spring1 ,harvard1 '#ji1 a former member of the ,harvard ,menorah ,society1 spoke on ,the ,menorah and the ,community from a ,graduate's ,standpoint2 ,rabbi ,edgar ,f4 ,magnin of ,stockton1 now a graduate student in the ,university1 spoke on ,the ,menorah and the ,rabbinate1 and the chief speech of the evening was delivered by ,dean ,d4,b4 ,barrows on ,the ,university and the ,menorah4 ,professor ,barrows greatly approved of the organization and characterized the ,california ,menorah ,society as the most1 useful student organization on the campus4 ,the second general meeting of the ,society1 held on ,september #bh1 was devoted to the topic of ,immigration4 ,professor ,ira ,b4 ,cross1 of the ,university ,economics ,department and of the ,state ,industrial ,accident ,commission1 delivered an excellent address on ,streams of ,immigration1 ,past1 ,present and ,future4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,rosenthal1 of the ,california ,state ,commission on ,immigration and ,housing1 spoke a few words on the ,jewish side of the question4 ,a selection from ,mary ,antin's ,the ,promised ,land was read4 ,appropriate literary and musical selections were rendered4 ,about fifty-five members were present4 ,on ,monday evening1 ,october #ab1 a ,study ,circle meeting was held4 ,rabbi ,edgar ,f4 ,magnin conducted a discussion on ,dominant ,notes in ,jewish ,poetry4 ,among the poems read were the ,song of ,deborah1 the #bc;d ,psalm1 the ,wine ,song of ,gabirol1 selections from ,emma ,lazarus1 and ,the ,jewish ,soldier and ,the ,sweatshop of ,rosenfeld4 ,at the general meeting of the ,society on ,monday evening1 ,october #bf1 ,rabbi ,jacob ,nieto of ,san ,francisco spoke on ,the ,modern ,viewpoint of the ,bible to an audience of over sixty1 including several non-,jews1 who were so favorably impressed with the meeting that they declared their intention to be present at future ,menorah meetings4 ,rabbi ,nieto's talk stirred up a great deal of discussion among the members4 ,the first chapter of ,isaiah and the ,song of ,moses were read1 and there were musical selections4 ,on ,monday evening1 ,november #i1 ,mr4 ,harry ,hart1 ,assistant ,city ,attorney1 led a discussion in the ,study ,circle on ,early ,jewish ,philosophers4 ,the last general meeting was held on ,monday evening1 ,november #cj4 ,professor ,william ,popper gave a most interesting talk on ,jewish ,education1 in which he traced the history and methods of ,jewish pedagogy through the ,biblical1 post-,biblical and ,talmudic periods4 ,musical and literary numbers were rendered1 the ,menorah ,quartet making its debut at this meeting4 ,the attendance was about sixty1 of whom ten were non-,jews4 ,the constitution of the club has been revised to meet the expanding needs of the ,society4 ,three standing committees now exist4 ,the executive committee1 composed of the four elected officers and three other members elected by the general body1 will be the administrative arm of the club4 ,the club's policy is largely determined by this committee4 ,they decide what business is to be brought before the club members1 and they set in motion all innovations looking to the betterment of the club4 ,the membership committee1 composed of a chairman1 appointed from the three elected executive committee members by the ,president1 and nine other students1 selected from the different colleges of the ,university1 has the duty of increasing the membership roll of the ,society4 ,this committee began active operations in the summer4 ,california being a ,state university1 its student body is made up almost entirely of residents of ,california4 ,hence through the assistance of ,rabbis in different sections of the ,state1 the committee has been enabled to get in touch with many of the newcomers to the ,university this fall4 ,to them1 as well as to the old members of this ,society1 a circular letter was sent4 ,the aims of the ,menorah were briefly outlined1 and the dates of monthly meetings stated2 the office hours and location of several members of the ,society during registration were named1 and all freshmen were advised to consult with them for any information or aid desired4 ,in this way the committee has been able to reach newcomers at the ,university and impress them with the ,menorah idea before the entrant's viewpoint has been beclouded by any false attitude toward a ,jewish organization on the campus4 ,after the college year has begun1 the committee scours the campus for those ,jewish students who have not yet been enlightened as to the work of the ,menorah4 ,the ,california ,society does not bow down before numbers1 but it feels that the benefits of the ,menorah should be enjoyed by the largest possible number of ,jewish students4 ,upon the third committee1 however1 the ,social committee1 which plans the programs1 rests the major responsibility for the ,club's success4 ,taking the ,harvard plan as a pattern1 the ,california ,menorah has created what is for the present called the ,menorah ,study ,circle4 ,this meets bi-weekly4 ,on the other hand1 a general meeting of the ,society as a whole is held every month4 ,these general meetings are more popular in nature1 for the many elements of the ,jewish body must here be conciliated1 as well as those of non-,jewish faith who are interested in the purposes of the ,menorah4 ,due to the complex and many-sided character of the ,jewish student group1 a concession to the various interests must be made in the form of a cultural-social program for the evening4 ,lecturers are secured2 informal discussion is encouraged2 musical and literary programs are arranged--all1 of course1 in the effort to present in attractive form such cultural material as the diverse elements in the body of ,jewish students can absorb4 ,the ,study ,circle meetings have a different viewpoint4 ,they are of a more specialized nature4 ,through them the serious phases of the club's activity are furthered4 ,the personnel of the ,circle is made up of those who are seriously interested in the distinctly intellectual work of the ,club4 ,the demand for the ,study ,circle arose spontaneously from these students4 ,a faculty member1 or ,rabbi1 or outside scholar1 is occasionally asked to present an address4 ,discussion follows4 ,jewish literary1 religious1 economic and social problems are thus handled4 ,the recent arrival of the ,menorah ,library has greatly pleased the members4 ,the books will be a great aid in the work of the ,society4 ,the attention of all the students in the ,university is being called to the ,library by a statement in the ,daily ,californian and by other means4 ,efforts are now being made to introduce a ,menorah prize for the best essay on a ,jewish subject4 ,,louis ,i4 ,,newman ,university of ,cincinnati ,,the ,university of ,cincinnati ,menorah ,society was organized on ,april #be1 #aiad4 ,our first task was to place the ,society in the right light on the campus1 to emphasize the absolutely unsectarian1 academic1 cultural nature of a ,menorah1 and the fact that membership is invitingly open to all the members of the ,university1 irrespective of creed or sex4 ,we accomplished this by continuous announcements in the ,university ,news1 by the open character of our meetings1 and by the actual composition of our membership4 ,though we organized late in the year1 we succeeded in having several large meetings at which addresses were delivered by men who are authorities in their respective subjects4 ,at the initial meeting1 preliminary to organization1 ,dr4 ,david ,philipson1 '#hc1 spoke1 and ,dean ,f4 ,w4 ,chandler of the ,college of ,liberal ,arts cordially welcomed the ,society4 ,the first meeting after our organization was addressed by ,professor ,julian ,morgenstern of the ,hebrew ,union ,college1 who spoke on ,the ,judaism of the ,future4 ,addresses at subsequent meetings were delivered by ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,kinsella of the ,greek ,department of the ,university of ,cincinnati on ,the ,greek and the ,semite in the ,world's ,civilization2 by ,dr4 ,edward ,mack1 ,professor of ,old ,testament at the ,lane ,theological ,seminary1 on ,the ,influence of ,hebrew ,literature on the ,world's ,thought and ,literature2 and by ,rabbi ,louis ,l4 ,mann of ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 on ,christian ,science and ,judaism4 ,these meetings had an average attendance of seventy4 ,among the meetings held so far this year the most important was on the evening of ,november #aith4 ,chancellor ,henry ,hurwitz of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association delivered an address on the purposes of the ,menorah movement1 to which ,president ,charles ,w4 ,dabney of the ,university responded1 heartily welcoming the ,menorah ,society to the ,university and extending a cordial invitation to the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association to hold its next annual ,convention at the ,university4 7,the address of ,president ,dabney is printed above1 page #dg74 ,dr4 ,david ,philipson spoke on the significance of the ,menorah1 and lighted a large ,menorah on the platform4 ,music was rendered by the ,girls' ,glee ,club4 ,dean ,f4 ,w4 ,chandler sent the following greeting3 ,with the modern drift of attention away from the classics and away from the ,bible1 it behooves those of us who would count as the friends of culture to welcome every effort to stimulate interest in either4 ,the ,menorah ,societies which are finding a place in our chief universities have assumed a laudable task4 ,they are striving to hold before the minds of the youth of this land the fine ideals of the ancient ,hebrew literature4 ,in such efforts they should be encouraged by ,jew and ,gentile alike4 ,for we are all heirs of ,hebrew tradition2 we are all brothers engaged in a common undertaking4 ,we believe it to be our duty to learn from the past whatever is best1 to the end that we may enrich with that knowledge the present and the future4 ,we welcome therefore all that the ,menorah ,society can give us of inspiration toward making the most of our heritage4 ,we rejoice that through this agency we may be kept constantly aware of what a great people has contributed to our civilization4 ,the ,cincinnati ,menorah ,society is delighted that the ,association has accepted the invitation of ,president ,dabney to hold the next ,convention at this ,university4 ,preparations are now being made for the ,convention and for the entertainment not only of the delegates but of all ,menorah men and women who will come4 ,we ardently hope to welcome a large number of our fellow-,menorah members4 ,it will be of interest to relate that1 after reading a copy of ,the ,menorah ,movement1 ,miss ,e4 ,mc,vea1 ,dean of ,women and ,assistant ,professor of ,english1 suggested the following three subjects for twenty-page essays in one of her ,english classes3 ,the ,contribution of the ,jew to ,civilization1 ,the ,integrity of the ,jewish ,race1 and ,zionism4 ,early in the year ,mr4 ,louis ,d4 ,brandeis of ,boston spoke under the auspices of the ,menorah ,society at a meeting open to the whole ,university upon ,the ,new ,science of ,efficiency--the subject being chosen at the request of ,president ,dabney4 ,in introducing the speaker ,president ,dabney expressed the indebtedness of the ,faculty to the ,menorah for the pleasure of having ,mr4 ,brandeis at the ,university4 ,,abraham ,j4 ,,feldman ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york ,,during the past year the ,menorah ,society of the ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york has made very important gains4 ,first1 in numbers--from #afe1 reported at the last ,convention1 we have increased to #cbg4 ,there are still about #ejj ,jewish students who are not yet members1 and these we intend to gain over4 ,second1 in prestige--from a position of mere toleration we have gradually risen to the position of the recognized and accepted exponent of ,jewish culture in the ,college1 and as such we have set the ,college its standard of a cultural society4 ,third1 in influence--we have inspired a large number of students1 including many who for some reason or other have not yet become members1 with a lively interest in things ,jewish and a serious desire for collegiate ,hebrew instruction4 ,at present the ,college lacks such instruction2 but we hope before long to report progress in remedying this condition4 ,meanwhile we are attracting the favorable attention of a considerable number of the alumni--men who in their college days would not or could not join the ,menorah ,society4 ,this is indeed remarkable2 that old graduates1 who never knew the ,menorah1 should manifest toward it the highest interest and approbation is a most eloquent sign of the influence of the ,menorah idea4 ,our plan for the organization of the graduates as associate members is the same as ,harvard's4 ,but their dues are disposed of in a different way3 out of the two dollars one goes to our ,library ,fund1 and the other is sent to the ,menorah ,journal as the associate's subscription1 for we feel that this is the best way to keep him in touch with ,menorah activities4 ,this system has a further advantage in that it spreads the ,journal everywhere4 ,there were held during the past year thirty regular meetings and lectures--one each week4 ,at the meetings the average attendance was #cf1 at the lectures #aee4 ,the principal lecturers were3 ,professor ,m4 ,m4 ,kaplan1 ,the ,menorah ,idea2 ,professor ,richard ,gottheil1 ,jews in ,various ,lands2 ,mr4 ,jacob ,h4 ,schiff1 ,zionism and ,jewish ,nationality2 ,professor ,a4 ,marks1 ,persecutions of the ,jews in the ,middle ,ages2 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,david de ,sola ,pool1 ,jewish ,education2 ,professor ,israel ,davidson1 ,hebrew ,literature2 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,hyamson1 ,the ,mishnah2 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,harry ,s4 ,lewis of ,london1 ,the ,jews and ,democracy2 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,mendes1 ,traditional ,judaism2 ,professor ,stephen ,p4 ,duggan1 ,tradition as a ,static and ,dynamic ,force2 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,stephen ,s4 ,wise1 ,what's ,wrong with the ,jew8 ,there were four courses taught4 ,the average attendance at a course was #af4 ,rabbi ,nathan ,blechman led the course in ,an ,extensive ,study of the ,bible1 ,professor ,m4 ,m4 ,kaplan taught ,essentials of ,judaism1 and ,rabbi ,samuel ,margoshes gave the course in ,jewish ,philosophy and ,literature4 ,at the request of a number of students a course in ,elementary ,hebrew was also given for a time4 ,two social meetings were held during the year4 ,the first was a reception in the vestry rooms of the ,temple ,beth-el tendered us by the ,menorah ,society of ,hunter ,college 7formerly ,normal71 in recognition of our help in the organization of their ,society4 ,the second was a smoker held at the ,college in the ,faculty lunch-room4 ,the guests of the occasion were ,professor ,israel ,friedlaender of the ,jewish ,theological ,seminary1 ,professor ,a4 ,j4 ,goldfarb of the ,college1 and ,rev4 ,dr4 ,d4 de ,sola ,pool4 ,for the first semester this year1 four regular ,wednesday evening meetings have been scheduled1 four public lectures1 six study circles1 and four courses4 ,the courses--,modern ,movements in ,judaism 7one hour71 ,elementary ,hebrew 7two hours71 ,post-,biblical ,history 7one hour71 and an ,extensive ,study of the ,bible 7one hour7--will be conducted by ,rabbis ,stephen ,s4 ,wise1 ,j4 ,l4 ,magnes1 ,max ,reichler1 ,rudolph ,grossman1 ,maurice ,harris1 ,c4 ,h4 ,levy1 ,h4 ,s4 ,goldstein1 and ,a4 ,robinson4 ,the study circles1 which will meet once a week1 under the leadership of ,dr4 ,joseph ,i4 ,gorfinkle and ,dr4 ,a4 ,basel1 will read the ,essays of ,ahad ,ha-',am1 ,schechter's ,studies in ,judaism1 the ,book of ,job1 the ,book of ,jeremiah1 ,pirke ,aboth1 and the ,five ,scrolls4 ,with the respect and co-operation of the student body1 the faculty1 and the alumni1 the prestige of our ,menorah bids fair to increase until1 it is hoped1 it will not be exceeded by that of any other ,city ,college organization4 ,,george ,j4 ,,horowitz ,cornell ,university ,,the ,cornell ,menorah ,society has this year issued a prospectus which has met with much favor among undergraduates1 graduates and faculty1 and has been very helpful in our work4 ,it contains an explanation of ,the ,menorah ,idea1 accounts of the history and activities of both the ,cornell ,society and the ,intercollegiate ,association1 and the address of ,president ,schurman of ,november #bd1 #aiac1 by which he welcomed the ,menorah ,society to the ,university4 ,there is also included1 besides the general program for the year1 the announcement of the ,cornell ,menorah prizes4 ,these are three prizes of #be4jj each1 offered by the ,cornell ,menorah ,society to all the undergraduates of the ,university for 7#a7 the best essay on any subject relating to the status and problems of the ,jews in any country2 7#b7 the best essay on any subject relating to ,jewish literature in ,english2 and 7#c7 the best essay or poem in ,hebrew4 ,the first meeting of the year1 on ,october #g1 was very successful4 ,it was attended by more than eighty students and several members of the faculty4 ,the meeting was devoted to an exposition of the purposes and ideals of the ,menorah movement4 ,professor ,w4 ,a4 ,hurwitz and ,professor ,hays spoke very enthusiastically of the accomplishments and the hopes of the ,cornell ,menorah ,society4 ,about thirty new members were enrolled1 bringing our membership list up to one hundred4 ,this number includes five members of the faculty and about a score of graduates4 ,several men who had come to the meeting to scoff stayed to enroll4 ,the subsequent meetings have also been well attended4 ,our organization is gaining greater and greater prestige on the campus4 ,in the plans for this year1 the work of study circles has been particularly emphasized4 ,as compared with two circles last year1 meeting more or less irregularly1 we have at present six circles meeting very regularly and doing really splendid work4 ,more than half of our members are now enrolled in one or several of these circles4 ,the subjects of study are3 7#a7 ,elementary ,hebrew1 7#b7 ,advanced ,hebrew1 7#c7 ,the ,bible1 7#d7 ,jewish ,history1 7#e7 ,sociological ,problems of the ,jews1 and 7#f7 ,zionism4 ,though we have been feeling very keenly the need of suitable syllabi and text books1 each circle has chosen the texts considered most suitable and available for its purpose4 ,most of the men have bought their own text books1 and have subscribed to various ,jewish periodicals4 ,thus1 the beginners in ,hebrew are using ,manheimer as a text2 the members of the advanced ,hebrew circle are also using the ,bible as a text and have each subscribed to the ,hatoren 7a ,hebrew monthly of ,new ,york74 ,the ,bible circle is also using the ,bible as its text1 and the ,hebrew and ,bible circles contemplate procuring jointly several ,jewish ,commentaries1 like those of ,rashi and ,kimchi1 for general reference in the ,university ,library4 ,the circle in ,zionism is using ,professor ,gottheil's book1 and the members have each subscribed to ,the ,maccaban4 ,the history circle has recently decided to use ,dubnow's ,essay as a text4 ,it may be mentioned here that the books of the ,menorah ,library are receiving very good circulation and the standard reference works1 such as ,graetz1 ,ginsburg1 ,schechter1 and others1 have been of great value to the members of the study circles in their work4 ,it is hoped that a number of ,jewish periodicals may also be made available in the ,university ,library4 ,it is planned to hold meetings of the ,cornell ,menorah ,society in conjunction with one or two other university organizations for several lecturers whom we expect through the courtesy of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association4 ,one meeting in particular that is planned for the future may be noted4 ,annually1 in ,february1 occurs what is known as ,farmers' ,week in ,ithaca4 ,during the week thousands of farmers from all over the country visit the ,college of ,agriculture1 where a most elaborate program is arranged for their benefit1 consisting of lectures1 demonstrations1 exhibits1 and addresses on the various phases of agriculture and country life4 ,last year1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,m4 ,pincus1 ,editor of ,the ,jewish ,farmer1 addressed a large audience under the joint auspices of the ,menorah ,society and the ,college of ,agriculture on ,the ,jew as a ,farmer4 ,the lecture was illustrated with a fine selection of lantern slides1 and the meeting as a whole was very successful4 ,in planning for the coming year1 we have tried to emphasize even more strongly than last year our part in the program for ,farmers' ,week4 ,mr4 ,pincus has kindly consented to come again1 and probably we shall also have ,mr4 ,leonard ,g4 ,robinson1 ,general ,manager of the ,jewish ,agricultural and ,industrial ,aid ,society1 who will speak on ,jewish ,agricultural ,co-operative ,associations4 ,we are now trying to make arrangements for our ,society to take care of an exhibit which will show by charts1 photographs1 and other suitable material1 the activities of the various ,jewish agricultural organizations and the progress of ,jewish farmers in ,america within recent years4 ,it may be of interest to add that as a direct result of the ,menorah meeting last year during ,farmers' ,week1 one of the students was appointed by the ,extension ,department of the ,college of ,agriculture to go out with an educational train during the summer and carry on certain extension work among the ,jewish farmers of ,new ,york ,state4 ,,leon ,j4 ,,rosenthal ,harvard ,university ,,the opening meeting of the ninth year of the ,harvard ,menorah ,society was held on ,october #ac1 #aiad4 ,the meeting was the largest in the history of the ,society1 over #aej men being present4 ,the purposes of the ,society were explained to the new men by the officers1 and ,le ,baron ,russell ,briggs1 ,dean of the ,faculty of ,arts and ,sciences1 extended a welcome in behalf of the ,university4 ,he said in part3 ,i was present at the foundation of the ,harvard ,menorah ,society in #aijf1 and was very much impressed by the fine earnestness of the leaders4 ,if ,i were a ,jew1 ,i would be so proud of the history and traditions of my race that ,i would welcome the opportunity that this ,society offers4 ,for this reason ,i have always taken a great interest in the ,menorah ,society4 ,the plans for this year include as usual a series of fortnightly lectures by men of learning and prominence4 ,among the speakers for the first half year are ,dr4 ,cyrus ,adler of ,philadelphia1 ,professor ,richard ,gottheil of ,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,strauss of ,new ,york1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,neuman of ,philadelphia1 ,dr4 ,martin ,a4 ,meyer of ,san ,francisco1 ,dr4 ,d4 de ,sola ,pool and ,dr4 ,s4 ,benderly of ,new ,york4 ,in addition1 there are planned three study circles1 each of which will meet every alternate week4 ,one of these circles is to be devoted to ,jewish history1 another to the study of the ,hebrew language1 and the third to the consideration of modern ,jewish problems4 ,the prospects for this year are even brighter than ever before4 ,the enthusiasm is as great as it has ever been1 and the membership will undoubtedly exceed all past records4 ,it is of interest to note that more and more members of ,menorah ,societies at other ,universities all over the country continue their ,menorah activities in our ,society when they come to study in the graduate departments of ,harvard ,university4 ,,isadore ,,levin ,hunter ,college ,,through the influence of the ,menorah ,society of the ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york1 a ,menorah ,society was formed at the ,normal ,college of ,new ,york 7for women71 with the approval of the ,dean1 in ,may1 #aiac4 ,owing to the change of name of the ,college1 it is now known as the ,hunter ,college ,menorah4 ,during the first year of its existence1 under the leadership of its first ,president1 ,miss ,selma ,blechman1 and the hearty support of its members1 the corner-stone for its present greater work was laid4 ,a program of lectures was planned to be held on the third ,friday of every month4 ,the lectures were to cover the several periods of ,jewish history from ancient to modern times4 ,this was done with great success4 ,this year1 in addition to the lectures1 the ,society is planning to give courses in 7#a7 ,hebrew1 7#b7 ,jewish ,history1 and 7#c7 the ,bible4 ,this project has met with the hearty approval of both the ,president and the ,dean1 and the ,menorah hopes to enter soon upon active work in these subjects4 ,a word about the membership of the ,hunter ,menorah must be said4 ,when the ,society started it had a membership of one hundred1 of whom ninety were active members4 ,it now has about twice that number1 with an active membership of one hundred4 ,the ,society has acquired such repute that students who are not members attend the lectures and are very enthusiastic about them4 ,indeed1 the ,hunter ,college ,menorah sees before it a very rosy future4 ,at the recent ,bazaar given by the ,college ,athletic ,association for the ,red ,cross ,relief ,fund1 the ,society had a booth and sold appropriate articles1 like brass ,menorahs1 books and small ,hebrew scrolls1 objects of ,jewish art1 and candy and almonds from ,palestine1 thus adding a considerable sum to the ,fund4 ,besides1 the members have contributed over #ajj for ,jewish relief in ,palestine4 ,,julia ,,mitchell ,university of ,michigan ,,in #aiaj a group of ,jewish students at the ,university of ,michigan formed a society and assumed the ,menorah name4 ,after a rather checkered course of three years1 marked by misunderstood ideals and activities not always well-considered1 the organization suddenly became more alive to the consideration of the vital problems which had been the ultimate excuse for its existence4 ,a few men1 sacrificing personal ambition for the common welfare1 spurred the ,society on to more serious and genuine work4 ,the rejuvenated ,menorah ,society enjoyed this period of prosperity only for a few months when a new organization for ,jewish spiritual development at the ,university was formed4 ,it calls itself the ,jewish ,student ,congregation1 and its aim1 as distinguished from the ,menorah goal of cultural research1 is purely religious4 ,the weekly prayer meeting1 marked by sermon and ceremony1 is now offered to the ,jewish students in addition to the weekly study circle of the cultural society4 ,however true or untrue may be the oft-repeated statement that the ,menorah has blazed the way for the ,congregation1 it still remains a fact that the new organization was not confronted with the difficulty of gaining a following1 such as the parent ,jewish society had experienced4 ,though the attendance of the ,congregation shaded off quite considerably the last few months of its first year1 there were always enough to show their appreciation by their presence at the services and to guarantee the continuation of the services in the future4 ,one noteworthy fact calls for special mention here--a certain group of students seemed to be more religious than devoted to cultural interests4 ,only a few of this class1 however1 were really inspired by a religious zeal2 for there were some who expressed this preference because there still rankled in their thoughts the stigma which a few thoughtless pioneers had allowed to attach itself to the ,menorah in the early days of its formation4 ,that the ,congregation would appeal to a certain number was evident from the first4 ,the ,jewish service was fraught with that sociable spirit which became more lacking in the ,menorah the more it devoted itself to its primary motives of research and investigation into ,jewish history1 culture and ideals4 ,though there unquestionably exists a strong feeling of fellowship in the ,menorah1 it cannot compare with the atmosphere of fraternalism in a religious meeting4 ,moreover1 the student can come to the ,congregation to relax4 ,he can sit back passively and draw inspiration from the service4 ,but a ,menorah meeting is virtually a class-room lacking a few formalities4 ,there the student must actively discuss the problems placed before him2 he must earnestly dig for the ,pierian waters before he can hope to quench his thirst4 ,the average ,jewish student comes to ,michigan wofully ignorant of matters pertaining to ,judaism4 ,many of them have been reared in small towns1 where the efforts of parents to train their children in ,jewish ways1 if tried at all1 barely passes the first two or three pages of the ,siddur2 while those who have been raised in the city are generally the victims of the lax system of ,jewish training prevalent there4 ,at the most they have only a superficial knowledge of ,jewish culture1 of the great ,jewish movements of the past and present4 ,the ,synagogue or ,temple represents to the mind of the average ,jewish student all that there is in ,jewry2 and so1 while he will readily and voluntarily support a movement for the establishment of the ,jewish church1 he will have to be persuaded to help or join an organization devoted to ,jewish culture4 ,for in the latter case he must first be made to understand that there are other vital forces in ,israel than the ,jewish church as it stands to-day in its conventional form4 ,the ,menorah at ,michigan faces the problem of attracting that element1 forming the big majority of the student body1 which1 though it proudly upholds the high scholastic standard generally credited to the ,jewish student1 still has its eyes closed and its brains dulled to many of the vital ,jewish problems which press for solution4 ,with the co-operation of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah office1 the ,society is gradually molding the sentiment of the individual student toward a more intelligent and favorable attitude4 ,that the ,menorah is already a vital force on the campus may be seen from the work being done1 the zeal and enthusiasm displayed by the officers and members1 many of them among the ,university leaders4 ,those who formerly scorned or stood aloof1 including some who were in the position to mold student sentiment1 have begun to show a sympathetic interest1 bordering in many instances on actual participation4 ,the ,jewish ,student ,congregation does not conflict in any way with the ,menorah ,society4 ,there is room for both on the campus4 ,each has its own purpose4 ,menorah members participate in the conduct and the services of the ,congregation4 ,,jacob ,,levin ,university of ,minnesota ,,judging from the interest and enthusiasm displayed at the opening get together meeting1 arranged especially for the benefit of new arrivals at the ,university1 the ,minnesota ,menorah seems certain to make this year the most successful in its history4 ,the meeting1 which follows an established custom at ,minnesota1 was well attended by both students and alumni1 and enabled both elements to become better acquainted4 ,the early part of the evening was devoted to a general reception2 this was followed by a short entertainment1 and then a very interesting discussion of ,menorah ideals and duties by various members of the faculty and alumni4 ,the plans of the ,society this year look more than ever before to an intensive study of ,jewish subjects by the students themselves4 ,although various outside speakers will be asked to address the ,society1 the bulk of the work will rest with the student body4 ,,david ,,london ,new ,york ,university ,,the ,new ,york ,university ,menorah ,society is unique in its make-up and in the form of its administration4 ,the ,society is really two organizations within the one university4 ,this dual composition is necessitated by the division1 geographically1 of ,new ,york ,university into colleges in the downtown section of ,new ,york ,city1 and into colleges in the far uptown section of the ,bronx1 the distance between these divisions being some twelve miles4 ,it has therefore been found necessary to organize one ,menorah ,society at ,university ,heights1 the ,bronx section1 and another at ,washington ,square1 the downtown section4 ,each of these ,societies has its own officers1 and each is active in its own section4 ,the ,executive ,councils of both ,societies meet jointly as a ,board of ,governors at least once in two months4 ,this ,board directs ,menorah work pertaining to the whole ,university1 at the same time considering the problems arising in the work of each ,society4 ,the ,university ,heights chapter is the older1 having been organized ,december #bb1 #aiac4 ,its membership is about #ge at this time1 and an increase to #ajj is expected by the end of the present academic year4 ,formed by the zeal of some twenty-five men1 and looked upon at its inception with indifference by the college community1 it has made itself respected at ,university ,heights and has become1 young as it is1 an institution in the college life4 ,its work during the first half-year was directed chiefly to the internal strengthening of the ,society1 the increasing of its membership and the institution of smooth working machinery of administration4 ,at the same time1 however1 the ,society offered a number of valuable lectures which attracted wide interest4 ,among the speakers of that half-year may be mentioned ,professor ,israel ,friedlaender1 ,dr4 ,madison ,c4 ,peters1 and ,dr4 ,theodore ,f4 ,jones of the faculty4 ,the activities of the ,university ,heights ,menorah ,society for this year are extensive4 ,it has arranged a program of lectures1 among which may be mentioned the following3 ,the ,talmud1 by ,dr4 ,clifton ,h4 ,levy2 ,the ,jew in ,english ,literature1 by ,dean ,archibald ,l4 ,bouton2 ,the ,jews in ,medieval ,spain1 by ,dr4 ,d4 de ,sola ,pool2 ,conservative ,judaism1 by ,dr4 ,jacob ,kohn2 ,historical ,beginnings of ,christianity1 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,limouze2 ,reform ,judaism1 by ,dr4 ,isaac ,moses4 ,besides these lectures1 some meetings are devoted to discussions by members of such subjects as ,zangwill's ,melting ,pot1 ,zionism1 and others of current interest4 ,the ,society does not limit its work to these meetings4 ,it conducts regularly1 every ,thursday evening1 classes in elementary ,hebrew and in ,post-,biblical ,history1 and on ,tuesday afternoons a class in ,advanced ,hebrew and the reading of ,hebrew ,literature4 ,the ,thursday evening class in ,hebrew is under the direction of ,dr4 ,max ,reichler4 ,the course in ,history is divided into several periods1 and as the course proceeds to a new period in the history a different instructor takes the class4 ,among the men giving the course are ,dr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,harris1 ,dr4 ,reichler1 ,dr4 ,moses ,hyamson1 and ,dr4 ,joseph ,gorfinkle4 ,the class in ,advanced ,hebrew is conducted by ,mr4 ,max ,kadushin of the ,jewish ,theological ,seminary4 ,through the kindness of the ,jewish ,publication ,society of ,america and the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 and by its own additions1 the ,society has placed a collection of books in the ,university library1 which1 according to the ,librarian's statement1 is used more frequently than is any other collection of books placed in the library by a society4 ,all these activities have caused favorable interest on the part of the student body1 faculty1 and college authorities4 ,aside from these academic efforts1 the ,society has made its members feel something of a social friendliness toward each other and has brought together men who might otherwise not have come in contact at all4 ,the ,society at ,washington ,square promises an exceedingly good future4 ,at the present writing it is only several weeks old1 but it already has a membership of over one hundred and fifty4 ,judging from the strong beginning it has made1 it is bound to become a factor in its section of the ,university4 ,,charles ,k4 ,,feinberg ,ohio ,state ,university ,,the year #aiac-ad1 the fourth year of the ,menorah at ,ohio ,state ,university1 proved to be the most successful in its history4 ,in accord with the nature and purpose of our organization1 we strove to be academic1 sociable and non-sectarian1 and accomplished this end1 even beyond the expectations of the more optimistic4 ,during the year the ,society carried on a lecture course in ,biblical ,history1 by ,professor ,morgenstern1 of the ,hebrew ,union ,college1 in such a creditable manner as to attract attention even outside the ,university4 ,the lectures of ,dr4 ,israel ,friedlaender and ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen met with similar success1 and after their lectures at the ,university they addressed large audiences at our local ,temples4 ,the new ,university library opened its doors this year1 and we are greatly indebted to our beloved friend1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,schonthal1 of ,columbus1 for placing upon the shelves a set of the ,jewish ,encyclopedia2 and to the ,university1 the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 and the ,jewish ,publication ,society for books and periodicals4 ,the trustees of the ,university considered our proposition for the establishment of a chair in ,jewish ,history and ,culture1 but it was agreed that conditions were not yet ripe for this move4 ,these several undertakings1 in connection with the entertainments1 held the members steadily interested throughout the year4 ,the bi-monthly meetings1 the programs of which were made up by the members themselves1 were inspiring and beneficial4 ,a successful close was marked by a ,farewell ,banquet to the seniors1 among whom were several of our best workers--pioneers of our ,society4 ,of the guests present1 only our old friend ,dean ,orton made an address4 ,he was greatly impressed with the work of our ,society1 and assured us that the faculty is in full sympathy with our aims4 ,with the passing of a good year we are looking forward to a still better one1 and are predicting a big year for ,menorah work4 ,such men as ,dr4 ,j4 ,leonard ,levy1 ,dr4 ,washington ,gladden1 ,dr4 ,moses ,j4 ,gries1 ,prof4 ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman1 ,dr4 ,david ,philipson1 and ,dr4 ,louis ,wolsey are among the speakers this year4 ,our program committee has been working up attractive plans1 and expect to carry out discussions and studies in ,jewish history1 literature and problems4 ,the social part of our program is taken care of as the year progresses1 and forms only so much of our work as is justifiable to keep the members together4 ,the ,ohio ,state ,menorah takes this opportunity of extending its best wishes to the other ,menorah ,societies and of expressing its perfect readiness to co-operate with them4 ,the members will eagerly welcome the first number of the ,menorah ,journal1 both for its own sake and as a means of strengthening the bonds with the other ,menorahs4 ,,henry ,,greenberger ,university of ,pennsylvania ,,our ,menorah at ,pennsylvania has passed through a crisis which for a time threatened its welfare1 but happily the present internal condition is healthy and assures the new administration the hearty support of the entire membership4 ,despite difficulties our work has been successful and varied4 ,last year fourteen regular meetings were held1 some devoted to programs by our own members1 others to outside speakers4 ,among those who addressed us last year were ,dr4 ,cyrus ,adler1 '#hc1 ,president of the ,dropsie ,college2 ,rabbi ,henry ,berkowitz1 ,chancellor of the ,jewish ,chautauqua ,society1 on the ,new ,teaching of ,religion2 ,dr4 ,henry ,m4 ,speaker1 ,principal of ,gratz ,college1 on ,jewish ,literature2 ,rabbi ,haas of the ,baron de ,hirsch ,school1 on ,woodbine1 a ,jewish ,town2 ,dr4 ,isaac ,husik of the ,semitic ,faculty1 on ,philosophic ,movements of ,medieval ,jewry2 and ,dr4 ,henry ,malter of the ,dropsie ,college1 on ,the ,written and the ,oral ,law4 ,in addition to the regular meetings we have been for the past three years conducting a ,jewish ,discussion ,group1 led by ,rabbi ,marvin ,nathan of this city1 which has proved very popular4 ,the group meets at the noon hour and attracts also non-,menorah men1 women students1 and liberal-minded non-,jews4 ,this year in order to accommodate the students whose schedules prevent their attending this group1 we expect to institute another to be conducted either like the present or in such a way as to utilize the services of the ,rabbis and other prominent ,jews of ,philadelphia4 ,our policy this year concerning new members differs decidedly from that of the past4 ,while we are by no means more restrictive or exclusive than heretofore1 we feel that the method of rushing men into membership is psychologically wrong4 ,it cheapens the organization in the eyes of non-members and thereby defeats its own end4 ,instead of attempting to cajole freshmen into joining1 we shall endeavor to attract the serious-minded men on the campus by the quality of our programs and the variety of our activities4 ,with the strong men in1 the others will follow1 and in this way our membership will be one of both quality and quantity4 ,another innovation this year will be the acceptance of women students as members4 ,the attitude of the ,university toward mixed membership in organizations that meet on the campus has been unfavorable and as a result women students have been admitted only to the ,discussion ,group and to public meetings4 ,their wholesale application for admission into the ,society1 however1 prompted us to intervene in their behalf1 and in view of the seriousness of our purpose the authorities consented to make the exception4 ,hereafter1 therefore1 we shall be able to offer membership1 on an equal footing1 to all students4 ,although our attention this year will be directed mainly to intensive work1 the ,menorah will continue to act unofficially as the medium between the ,jewish students here and local communal activities4 ,in a quiet way1 also1 we intend to exert our influence upon local ,jewish organizations so as to induce them to take a more active interest in ,jewish affairs4 ,they will be invited to attend our public meetings and assistance will be offered them in arranging programs along ,jewish lines4 ,we shall further offer to furnish them with speakers from among our members4 ,a real need of our ,menorah1 and probably of other ,menorahs1 is some extra incentive to induce the writing of ,jewish papers4 ,the establishment here of a ,menorah ,prize would1 we feel confident1 work wonders in stimulating interest in ,jewish problems4 ,we look forward to the early filling of this need4 ,of our work this year we are very optimistic4 ,several papers have already been prepared by members and others are promised4 ,a number of notable men1 including ,provost ,edgar ,f4 ,smith1 of our ,university1 and ,professor ,david ,w4 ,amram1 '#hg1 of the ,law ,faculty1 will give us addresses4 ,we are in addition organizing a ,menorah ,orchestra with the idea primarily of presenting to the public the best ,jewish music1 and we hope in this way to combine business with pleasure4 ,,jacob ,,rubinoff ,penn ,state ,college ,,the ,penn ,state ,menorah was organized on ,april #bg1 #aiac4 ,our activities from the beginning were characterized by a willingness on the part of the members to devote a great deal of their time to the mapping and carrying out of our weekly program4 ,the significant fact that the ,society has held forty talks during the past year1 most of which were delivered by its members1 is in itself proof of the conscientiousness and devotion that the men of ,penn ,state bring to the ,menorah ,society4 ,as is quite natural1 our organization did not at first strike all the ,jewish students as something worth while1 but in a comparatively short time we found that ninety per cent4 of the ,jewish students of the ,college were members1 and that our attendance for the past year averaged thirty-five out of a possible forty4 ,our meetings are held every ,sunday morning from ten to twelve o'clock4 ,our constitution states that any member who absents himself for three consecutive meetings without a legitimate excuse is automatically expelled4 ,thus far no man has been expelled4 ,members of the ,menorah ,society are excused from the chapel by the ,dean1 provided they attend all the ,menorah meetings4 ,our ,society has also striven to get desirable lecturers4 ,owing to our limited treasury1 we must depend upon the ,intercollegiate ,association for support1 else we can make but very little headway4 ,the ,menorah ,library has proved a big boon1 for practically every man is making use of the books for his own reading and in the preparation of papers for our meetings4 ,we were very fortunate in having been offered the services of ,professor ,o4 ,f4 ,boucke as a lecturer for the ,society and as teacher of a special course of study on the ,old ,testament4 ,professor ,boucke's assistance is bound to add materially to the prestige of the ,menorah on the campus4 ,at an early meeting this year we had a most interesting and inspiring talk by ,president ,sparks1 who is taking a deep interest in the ,menorah movement4 ,it is our belief that the ,menorahs in colleges and universities that are isolated from the large cities 7a good example of which is ,penn ,state7 are bound to have by far the greater success1 because the students enjoy more opportunity of being together and doing more things in common4 ,in our ,menorah ,society the ,jewish students find their chance not only to study things ,jewish in common1 but to come together and exchange their thoughts on all subjects in which they are interested4 ,m4 ,,trumper ,university of ,texas ,,the ,menorah ,society closed a successful year with a banquet held ,may #ah1 #aiad1 at the ,hotel ,driskill1 ,austin4 ,in addition to forty-three students and faculty members1 there were present four honored guests3 ,dean ,w4 ,j4 ,battle of the ,university of ,texas1 ,rabbi ,henry ,cohen of ,galveston1 and ,messrs4 ,j4 ,koen and ,n4 ,davis of the ,austin ,jewish community4 ,the opening address was delivered by the ,president of the ,society1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,moses1 who traced the growth of the ,menorah ,society of ,texas from its beginning in #aijg through its affiliation with the ,intercollegiate organization and its consequently renewed vigor4 ,dean ,battle1 as head of the department of ,greek in the ,university1 spoke on ,hellenism and ,hebraism1 discussing the essential principles of the two cultures and comparing their influence on modern civilization4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,ettlinger of the ,university ,faculty elected as his subject1 ,the ,menorah in ,its ,relation to ,other ,student ,activities1 and he elaborated on the many reasons why the ,jewish student should select the ,menorah ,society as one of his extra-curricular activities4 ,rabbi ,david ,rosenbaum of ,austin and also of the ,university faculty1 taking excellent advantage of his position as a representative of both the ,university and the community1 gave an instructive talk on ,what ,judaism ,expects of the ,student4 ,rabbi ,henry ,cohen1 speaking eloquently on ,judaism as a ,factor in ,modern ,life1 took up each one of the ,ten ,commandments and summarized their influence on society to-day4 ,a poem written especially for the occasion was read by ,mr4 ,israel ,chasmin1 and piano selections were rendered by ,miss ,beatrice ,burg and ,miss ,minna ,rypinski4 ,the program closed with the installation of officers for the year #aiad-ae4 ,we lost ten members by graduation last ,june1 but our membership has none the less increased on account of the greater number of ,jewish students at the ,university this year4 ,the opening meeting of the year was attended by fifty out of the fifty-eight ,jewish students4 ,in enthusiasm it resembled a football rally1 and the new students caught the spirit of the occasion4 ,since then a number of other meetings have been held1 with an average attendance of forty4 ,at the first meeting1 ,professor ,l4 ,m4 ,keasby of the ,department of ,institutional ,history gave an eminently just interpretation of ,jewish history from the point of view of the economic development of mankind4 ,at the next meeting1 ,israel ,chasmin reviewed ,dubnow's ,essay on ,jewish ,history4 ,at the last meeting1 ,rabbi ,j4 ,bornstein of ,houston1 ,texas1 spoke on ,jewish ,music4 ,we are looking forward to an illustrated lecture by ,professor ,gideon of the ,department of ,architecture on ,the ,architecture of the ,synagogue1 ,past and ,present4 ,through the fund for local speakers which we are raising and through the aid of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 we hope to have a speaker at least every month for the rest of the year4 ,the ,menorah ,library which we have received through the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association is greatly appreciated by the ,university and will be of much help in the work of the ,society4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,ettlinger ,university of ,washington ,,in the summer of #aiac several ,jewish students met and discussed the feasibility of organizing a ,jewish society on the campus4 ,as a result1 a meeting was called at the ,y4 ,m4 ,h4 ,a4 rooms in the first week of the #aiac-ad semester4 ,cards for the meeting had been sent to all men students known to be ,jews4 ,there was an enthusiastic discussion of the purposes of the meeting1 and it was decided to effect a permanent organization1 which should include the ,jewish women students as well1 and to begin active work4 ,our purposes were then somewhat different from what they are at present4 ,we felt that if our union could bring about a better understanding between the various ,jewish elements in the city of ,seattle and throughout the ,state of ,washington1 we should be accomplishing something worth while4 ,the fact that the student body itself was composed of these various elements would aid us1 it was believed1 to bring that result about speedily and effectively4 ,and so members of the ,menorah ,society joined the ,jewish lodges in ,seattle1 ,jewish synagogues1 and the ,modern ,hebrew ,school1 so that they might effect their objects both from within as individual members and from without as the ,menorah ,society4 ,our members volunteered to teach at the ,modern ,hebrew ,school1 an orthodox institution1 one day in the week4 ,the offer was accepted gladly and greatly appreciated4 ,at the same school1 a class was conducted by one of our members for the instruction of ,jewish men in the fundamentals of citizenship1 and over twelve of this class passed the examinations and secured their citizenship papers4 ,another member organized an athletic club among ,jewish boys1 and still another member did much valuable work at the ,settlement ,house4 ,at the meetings of the ,society1 which were held in the quarters of ,jewish organizations downtown and at members' homes1 papers bearing on ,jewish questions were read4 ,during the past summer it was felt that by affiliating with the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association greater impetus would be given to our ,society1 and steps have already been taken for admittance into that body4 ,president ,henry ,landes of the ,university has expressed1 ,i believe1 the favorable attitude of the whole ,university toward the ,society1 as shown in the letter quoted below4 ,this year we shall devote more time to the study of ,jewish culture and ideals4 ,a course of lectures is being arranged which will bring noted ,jewish men of the ,pacific ,coast to our ,university4 ,it is hoped also that we may have the benefit of speakers from the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association4 ,of course1 the work we began last year down town will be kept up1 but it will now be done unofficially4 ,,eimon ,l4 ,,wienir ,from a ,letter of ,acting ,president ,henry ,landes of the ,university of ,washington to the ,chancellor of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association3 ,in behalf of the ,university it gives me great pleasure to endorse this movement and to assure you of the satisfactory university standing of the students who are members of the local society4 ,the scholarship of the students is good1 several of the number having obtained highest grades in most of their studies4 ,i feel sure that the organization in every way is worthy of recognition by the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association and that such recognition will be of great assistance to these and other students in the formation and conservation of the culture and ideals of the ,jewish people4 ,the ,university recognizes the large debt modern culture owes to these ideals and feels assured that the ,menorah organization among us will be of the greatest assistance in keeping alive a keener consciousness of this fundamental part of our civilization4 ,the ,university will be glad to assist the ,association by permitting it to use ,university rooms for its meetings1 under the usual regulations governing the use of rooms by student associations4 ,personally ,i shall be glad to co-operate in any way ,i can to make the work of the local ,society successful4 ,,henry ,,landes1 ,acting ,president ,university of ,wisconsin ,,to have the student members of the ,society furnish the largest part of the program has been the policy of the ,wisconsin ,menorah for the past two years4 ,because of its advantages1 the same policy has been adopted for the current year4 ,in the past1 the programs have been of a diverse nature1 many phases of ,hebrew life and letters having been touched upon4 ,the program committee has put forth special efforts to assign to members those subjects in which they have special interest4 ,the work of the past year came to a close with a large banquet1 at which ,professor ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman1 ,judge ,max ,pam of ,chicago1 and ,professor ,joseph ,jastrow and ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen of the ,faculty of the ,university of ,wisconsin gave short talks4 ,although the ,wisconsin ,menorah may be said to be still in its infancy1 there is no doubt that1 with its membership1 which includes both men and women1 steadily increasing1 it will soon be ranked high among the ,menorah ,societies of the ,middle ,west4 ,,florence ,j4 ,,ellman ,yale ,university ,,at a meeting held soon after the college opening1 the ,yale ,menorah ,society inaugurated what bids fair to be a most successful year4 ,president ,arthur ,t4 ,hadley addressed the meeting 7for the address of ,president ,hadley see above1 page #de71 as did also ,professor ,charles ,f4 ,kent of the ,yale ,school of ,religion4 ,professor ,kent said3--,it is a great pleasure for me to face the work of the new year with you1 and it is a source of congratulation that the ,menorah is no longer an innovation but an established institution at ,yale4 ,it seems a pity that ,jews do not inherit ,hebrew as a birthright1 but fortunately the study of ,hebrew history and ideals can proceed without this knowledge4 ,men must appropriate old ideas and interpret them into the terms of modern life and thought1 for in the old we find the germ of the new4 ,it is in ,jewish history that we must look for the first true commonwealth or democracy1 where the king was chosen by the people and where his authority was derived solely from and rested in the people4 ,this has no ancient parallel1 not even in ,greece4 ,international peace was also one of the great fundamental teachings of the prophets of ,israel4 ,religious education is to be traced directly to the ,jews1--and this is one of the great needs of ,america to-day4 ,not to the ,greeks but to the prophets do we turn for religious education4 ,hebrew sages were the forerunners of the modern religious education movement1 for they devoted their time to developing the moral and spiritual ideals and character of the individual4 ,and then the great teacher of ,nazareth was a ,rabbi1 a ,jew4 ,the social motif is exceedingly strong throughout ,jewish history and literature4 ,social justice1 social service1 and the universal brotherhood of man are the dominant ideas in the ,old ,testament1 and they constitute a heritage of priceless value to the world and to our country to-day4 ,all success and joy to you in your work1 for the ,menorah fills a large gap in the life of the ,university4 ,we hold lecture meetings fortnightly4 ,among the speakers thus far have been ,professor ,richard ,gottheil of ,columbia ,university and ,mr4 ,samuel ,strauss of ,new ,york4 ,in addition to these regular meetings study groups have been planned under the direction of ,rabbi ,louis ,l4 ,mann of the ,temple ,mishkan ,israel of ,new ,haven4 ,mr4 ,norman ,winestine who was last spring elected ,president for this year has been awarded a fellowship at the ,dropsie ,college of ,philadelphia and has therefore left the ,university4 ,mr4 ,charles ,cohen has been chosen ,president to take ,mr4 ,winestine's place4 ,r4 ,,horchow ,notes ,of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association ,third ,annual ,convention ,the ,third ,annual ,convention of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association took place at the ,university of ,cincinnati on ,wednesday and ,thursday1 ,december #bc and #bd1 #aiad4 ,a report will be published in the next number of the ,journal4 ,menorah ,prize ,awards ,the ,harvard ,menorah ,society ,prize of #ajj1 established by ,mr4 ,jacob ,h4 ,schiff of ,new ,york1 was awarded last ,may to ,henry ,epstein1 '#af1 for an essay on ,the ,jews of ,russia4 ,the judges were ,professor ,david ,gordon ,lyon of ,harvard1 chairman2 ,professor ,william ,r4 ,arnold of ,harvard1 and ,president ,solomon ,schechter of the ,jewish ,theological ,seminary4 ,this is the seventh award of the ,harvard ,menorah ,society prize since its foundation in #aijg-h4 7,for the list of previous awards1 see ,the ,menorah ,movement1 #aiad1 page #ajb47 ,the ,wisconsin ,menorah ,society ,prize of #ajj1 established in #aiaa-ab by ,mr4 ,julius ,rosenwald of ,chicago1 was awarded for the first time1 in #aiab1 to ,marvin ,m4 ,lowenthal 7adult special student in ,letters and ,science7 for an essay on ,the ,jew in the ,american ,revolution4 ,there was no competition in #aiab-ac1 but last year the prize was divided into two equal parts and awarded to ,hemendra ,kisor ,rakshir 7senior in ,letters and ,science7 for an essay on ,the ,jews and the ,interest ,rate in ,angevin ,england1 and ,percy ,b4 ,shostac 7senior in ,letters and ,science7 for an essay on ,a ,short ,survey of the ,modern ,yiddish ,stage4 ,the prize for #aiac-ad was awarded again to ,marvin ,m4 ,lowenthal for an essay on ,zionism4 ,the ,committee of ,award consists of ,professor ,r4 ,e4 ,n4 ,dodge1 chairman1 ,professor ,e4 ,b4 ,mc,gilvary1 and ,professor ,m4 ,s4 ,slaughter1 of the ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,the chairman has stated that the ,menorah prize is the best prize offered by the ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,the ,michigan ,menorah ,society ,prize of #ajj was established in #aiab by ,mr4 ,julius ,rosenwald of ,chicago1 but was not awarded the first year4 ,last year three prizes of #ej each were awarded1 one to ,paul ,blanshard1 '#ad1 for an essay on ,the ,approach of ,reformed ,judaism to the ,unitarian ,movement in the ,united ,states1 one to ,miss ,judith ,ginsburg1 '#ae1 for an essay on ,disintegrating ,forces in ,contemporary ,jewish ,life1 and one to ,miss ,sadie ,robinson1 '#ae1 for a general discussion of ,jewish problems upon the text of ,proverbs #cj1 #ac4 ,the judges were ,professor ,robert ,e4 ,wenly1 chairman1 and ,professor ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman of the ,university of ,michigan1 and ,rabbi ,leo ,m4 ,franklin of ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,cornell ,menorah ,prizes ,the ,cornell ,menorah ,society offers this year the following prizes to the undergraduates of the ,university3 a prize of #be for the best essay on any subject relating to the status and the problems of the ,jews in any country2 a prize of #be for the best essay on any subject relating to ,jewish literature in ,english2 and a prize of #be for the best essay or poem in ,hebrew4 ,the judges will be ,professor ,nathaniel ,schmidt of ,cornell ,university1 chairman2 ,professor ,m4 ,m4 ,kaplan of the ,jewish ,theological ,seminary of ,america1 and ,professor ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman of the ,university of ,michigan4 ,gift from the ,harvard ,menorah ,society ,the ,harvard ,menorah ,society has made a gift of #ej to the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association4 ,the sum is taken from the ,associate ,membership ,fund of the ,society4 ,this ,fund consists of the dues of associate members 7graduates71 which shall be used exclusively for the substantive work of the ,society 7,harvard ,menorah ,constitution1 ,article ,,iv1 section #d74 ,the control of this ,fund is in the hands of an advisory committee1 consisting of the ,president of the ,society and two associate members designated by the ,executive ,council of the ,society4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,page #ad1 ,ayran changed to ,aryan 7of the ,aryan peoples7 ,page #ce1 ,judea changed to ,juda 7muse of ,juda7 ,page #dd1 ony changed to only 7,not only have the7 ,this text uses both to-day and today4 ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal ,,volume ,i ,,april1 #aiae ,,number #b ,illustration ,for ,small ,mercies ,,by ,,israel ,,zangwill ,thinking of ,poland and her tortured ,jews1 ',twixt ,goth and ,cossack hounded1 crucified ,on either frontier1 e'en the ,pale denied1 ,wand'ring with bloodied staff and broken shoes1 ,scarred like their greatest son with stripe and bruise1 ,though thrice a hundred thousand fight beside ,their ,russian brethren and are glorified ,by death for those who flout them and abuse1-- ,i suddenly was touched to thankful tears4 ,not that one wave had ebbed of all this woe1 ,not that one heart had softened in the spheres,a ,one touch of bureau-malice to forego1 ,but that amid blind eyes1 dumb mouths1 deaf ears1 ,one voice in ,england,b said these things were so4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,israel ,zangwill ,,footnotes3 ,a ,only permissible form of ,russian reference to the ,tsar and his ,counsellors4 ,b ,the ,london ,nation4 ,from ,across the ,seas ,from ,dr4 ,max ,nordau ,madrid1 ,spain ,illustration ,i hail most cordially the appearing of ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal with the noble and impressive program which you develop4 ,it shows your consciousness of the new duties of the rich1 free and powerful ,american ,jewry1 your readiness to assume fully the moral responsibilities which your privileged position imposes upon you1 and your comprehension of the needs of the present hour4 ,your journal seems the promising beginning of that organization in which we are so sorely wanting and without which we will achieve nothing in the forthcoming deep transformations of the old world4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,dr4 ,m4 ,nordau ,from ,dr4 ,moses ,gaster ,chief ,rabbi 7,haham7 ,spanish and ,portuguese ,congregations of the ,british ,empire ,illustration ,i am glad to see that you have brought out again the ,menorah from the corner into which it had been thrust1 that you have polished up the old candlestick1 nay1 even more1 that you have trimmed the wick and poured the oil into the cup1 that you are kindling a light which is to dissipate the darkness spiritual1 more dangerous1 more terrible than darkness physical4 ,what our people really want is to be able to see that light of truth1 that light of hope1 of humanity1 of knowledge1 of idealism1 which has been ours through the ages4 ,we have never allowed our lamp to be extinguished1 whether it burned in a remote corner in the ghetto1 smoky1 ill trimmed1 even evil smelling2 still there was the light sufficiently strong to illumine the pages of the ,torah and the ,talmud1 even the pages of the writers of philosophy and science4 ,it was quite sufficient if one lamp was kept alight4 ,this is the greatness and the beauty of it1--that from one1 one can kindle a thousand4 ,there is no limit to which the light cannot reach and there will be no limit1 ,i hope1 to the light which you will now spread4 ,it will reach the remotest corner of the universities and schools of learning1 nay1 even more1 it will bring everywhere a measure of knowledge and of truth1 and above all it will illumine and warm4 ,it will reach the eyes of those who have hitherto refused to see the beauty of their own past and the greatness of their own future4 ,they may then learn to live in the present by the teaching of the past and by the hope of the future4 ,make both known4 ,in conclusion1 ,i can only express the wish that you keep steadily and exclusively to ,jewish questions1 ,jewish problems1 ,jewish learning4 ,make your readers know what they can find in ,jewish literature and make the students of the various universities realize that in the libraries of ,europe and ,america there are vast treasures accumulated which await the hand and the heart of the ,jewish scholars4 ,there are great and grave problems which await solution and the field is unlimited4 ,let them begin to till the ground of our own field1 and turn the furrows and sow the seed1 and the golden harvest is sure to repay them for their labor in the service of love and truth1 and above all of devotion to ,judaism4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,m4 ,gaster ,from ,norman ,bentwich ,professor of ,international ,law1 ,school of ,law1 ,cairo1 ,egypt ,illustration ,you are indeed happy in the moment of your appearance4 ,i am not of those who regard this world war as a terrible catastrophe4 ,i can see in it with ,god's grace the preparation of a great uplift of humanity and especially the coming of redemption for ,israel4 ,but the more glorious the vision of the future the greater the need of light1 and more light1 to illuminate the present and to enable the young generation to advance steadily towards the vision and make it reality4 ,that is what ,i believe the function of ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal to be1 and your first number is an earnest of the sincerity of your aim and the goodness of your means4 ,the ,jewish people stand on the brink of a new era in which they are to resume their true function of the spiritual teacher of mankind4 ,and ,american ,jewry1 it is a truism to say1 has a vital and a leading part to play in moulding the destiny of the ,jewish people4 ,so we may adapt the old ,rabbinic saying3 ,he who saves the soul of a single ,jewish student is as though he saved the world4 ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal in holding up the light of the ,jewish spirit to the young men and women of ,america is doing the work of humanity4 ,may ,i express the hope that the ,menorah ,societies will direct the gaze of their members to the land of promise and the land of the prophets1 where the inspiration of ,judaism has always come and whither the hopes of ,jewry have always turned4 ,living as ,i do1 in the reflection of ,palestine as well as in the shadow of the ,pyramids1 ,i am very conscious of the need for a continued ,passover from the ideas of the various ,egypts that beset the ,jewish people to the message that calls us1 in spirit if not in body1 to the land of our fathers4 ,to-day in ,palestine the light has begun to shine brightly again4 ,judaism has relit there its prophetic lamp1 which in centuries of stress and darkness has never been permitted to fade away altogether4 ,in our own time the ,menorah has been re-established in the ,temple of the land by a new band of ,maccabees4 ,but a single branch1 so to say1 of the seven branches as yet shows its clear light4 ,but if the ,jewish youth wills it1 the whole ,menorah may be lighted and shine full and clear to the world with fresh lustre4 ,in our day there may be a new ,hanukka1 a rededication of the ,hebraic light--if only we will it4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,norman ,bentwich ,the ,jewish ,problem ,today ,,by ,,jacob ,h4 ,,schiff ,illustration3 ,,jacob ,,henry ,,schiff 7born in ,frankfort-on-the-,main1 ,germany1 in #ahdg1 came to ,america in #ahfe71 one of the world's leading bankers 7senior member of ,kuhn1 ,loeb ,co41 ,new ,york71 and a prince of philanthropists1 noted for his personal devotion and munificent gifts to many causes for human betterment4 ,he was among the first to encourage and befriend the ,menorah movement1 founding in #aijg the annual ,menorah ,society ,prize at ,harvard4 ,the present article forms the approved substance of an interview granted by ,mr4 ,schiff to the ,editors of ,the ,menorah ,journal on ,march #d1 #aiae4 ,mr4 ,schiff's statement regarding the need for a separate ,jewish ,relief ,fund is given special significance by the fact that he is ,treasurer of the ,american ,red ,cross4 ,it is hardly possible to exaggerate the horrors of the ,jewish conditions in the war-stricken countries1 especially in the three ,polands4 ,according to the reports we get1 conditions in ,russian ,poland are such that ,belgium's plight is a mere bagatelle in comparison4 ,the ,jewish people there have been outraged in the most terrible manner1 both by the ,poles who denounced them to the ,russians as enemies and spies and then by the ,russians themselves1 who treated them as such4 ,it is only after the ,russian armies are forced to leave that the ,jews are given protection by the ,germans4 ,in saying this ,i do not want to be misjudged1 for it is well known that ,i am a ,german sympathizer4 ,but the fact is that the ,russians and the ,poles alike have been inhumane to the ,jewish population4 ,according to the latest reports1 the conditions are not being improved in any way4 ,and the relief so far has been entirely inadequate4 ,it has never been adequate4 ,we need millions for the immediate relief of our brethren1 and so far only about half a million has been forthcoming from ,american ,jews4 ,this in spite of the fact that all parties and factions in ,jewry are acting together in the work of relief1 except only one organization1 the ,b'nai ,b'rith1 and for this there is some reason1 because the ,b'nai ,b'rith have their own lodges abroad and they want evidently to apply their relief to their own members first4 ,we ,must ,have a ,jewish ,relief ,fund of ,our ,own ,we must have a ,jewish ,relief ,fund of our own in addition to the ,relief ,funds for other people in the war-stricken countries1 because the ,jewish problem forms everywhere a problem of its own4 ,it would be rather hard to say whether1 were it not for the specific ,jewish ,relief ,fund1 the ,jews would get as much relief as the other suffering people1 but there is very little doubt that the ,jews in the war-stricken districts1 especially in ,poland1 have suffered a great deal more than the rest of the population4 ,the ,jews1 therefore1 need more relief1 particularly as the civilian population has been against them4 ,beyond the immediate measures for relief we can for the present do nothing4 ,we must act from day to day4 ,as the war goes on we must simply keep on trying to relieve the distress4 ,as to what is in store after the war1 ,i am unable to form a picture1 at least so far as ,russia is concerned4 ,the hope is expressed that when peace is restored ,russia will do better than heretofore for her large ,jewish population4 ,but we have been disappointed so often by ,russia's promises that we should believe this only when actually done and not before4 ,i have little confidence at all in the assertion that ,russia will mend her way in the future4 ,there ,is ,only ,one ,way to ,solve the ,jewish ,problem in ,russia ,there is only one way to solve the ,jewish problem in ,russia and that is nothing less than the entire removal of the ,pale4 ,we must ever demand this and accept nothing else4 ,when the ,jew can go where he pleases1 and trade where he pleases1 and live where he pleases1 the ,jewish question in ,russia will be solved4 ,it is the government1 the governing classes1 in ,russia that create the enmity towards the ,jews4 ,i believe there is no people anywhere who have at present or ever had less anti-,jewish feeling than the mass of ,russian people4 ,when once the pressure brought by the bureaucracy is removed and the ,jews are permitted to have normal relations with the mass of the ,russian population all over the country1 the ,jewish question will be a thing of the past4 ,the situation is different in ,poland and ,roumania1 where the people themselves are anti-,semitic4 ,it may appear strange at first that there should be such a difference between the ,polish people and the ,russian people in their attitude towards the ,jews in their midst4 ,but it may be easily explained4 ,people who are oppressed generally become narrow by the oppression4 ,the ,poles and the ,roumanians have had long to suffer from oppression to a great extent1 the ,poles from ,russia and the ,roumanians for many years from ,turkey1 from whose yoke they were freed only a few decades ago4 ,it is generally a fact that when the servant becomes a master he makes the most intolerant master4 ,even if a ,polish autonomous kingdom should be created1 it could not be much worse for the ,jewish population than it is now4 ,but the ,russian people have been happy4 ,they have gotten used to their despotic government and do not feel it in particular1 and they have little prejudice against their still greater oppressed ,jewish neighbors4 ,the great numbers of ,jews who have gone into the war and are fighting heroically will1 ,i have no doubt1 make a convincing demonstration of ,jewish patriotism in every country1 and that should make for an improvement of ,jewish conditions all over1 except possibly in ,russia4 ,i ,am ,afraid ,england ,has ,been ,contaminated ,by ,her ,alliance ,with ,russia ,but ,i am afraid that ,england too has been contaminated by her alliance with ,russia1 because ,england doesn't want to do anything that is displeasing to her ally1 more through fear to offend her than through respect for her4 ,so far1 at least1 it has not come true1 as it was hoped in certain quarters1 that ,england might apply pressure upon ,russia to obtain an improvement in the condition of the ,jews4 ,and unfortunately the conditions in ,england itself affecting the ,jews are certainly not as good now as they have been formerly4 ,england has always been our great friend4 ,in ,england there existed no such thing as anti-,semitism4 ,but now there are1 ,i fear1 signs of a change4 ,in ,germany the ,jews do not suffer4 ,they have a high standing and occupy many high positions4 ,there has1 it is true1 always been a certain anti-,semitic tendency in ,germany4 ,but ,i think this war will crush out most of that1 in fact all class differences4 ,i am quite convinced that anti-,semitism in ,germany is a thing of the past4 ,when ,peace ,negotiations ,begin1 ,we ,should ,take ,united ,action ,what part ,america and the ,american ,jews should play in the efforts to bring about a permanent betterment of ,jewish conditions elsewhere1 it is hard to say4 ,america has already gone pretty far by breaking off commercial treaty relations with ,russia4 ,whether the ,united ,states could or should go further is difficult to judge at this time4 ,it is certainly clear that the solution of the ,jewish problem in ,russia along the lines already suggested would solve the passport problem and would pave the way for the resumption of regular treaty and commercial relations between the two countries4 ,i do not think there is anything to do now for the ,jews and for ,jewish bodies in ,america except to work harmoniously together in the raising of relief funds4 ,of course1 we must always be on the alert and ready to take a definite position whenever the proper time arrives4 ,but not now4 ,when peace negotiations begin to be talked about1 ,i think it will be well for such bodies as the ,american ,jewish ,committee1 possibly the ,b'nai ,b'rith and other organizations1 to take united action4 ,what action they should take it is hard to say4 ,it is a very difficult question to decide at this moment whether or not it would be advisable to have special ,jewish representatives present at the peace negotiations to look after the specific ,jewish interests4 ,whatever influence should be brought to bear at the proper time should originate with the ,american ,jewish ,committee1 which is the most suitable unifying ,jewish agent in ,america to-day4 ,arouse the ,jews of ,america ,from ,their ,apathy ,for the present1 however1 ,i repeat1 what we need is to raise relief funds to a much larger extent than we have done so far4 ,there has been too much apathy among the ,american ,jews4 ,they have done much less than at the time of the ,kishineff massacres1 when almost a million and a half was raised4 ,now1 with conditions infinitely worse1 we have thus far not been able to raise half as much as was readily given then4 ,unfortunately we have become used to horrors and they do not touch us any more as deeply as they should4 ,moreover1 we have weighty and costly problems of our own at home4 ,we have to expend such enormous sums for home problems that ,american ,jewry seems unable to bear much more4 ,but notwithstanding this more must be forthcoming4 ,we ,jews must give until it hurts1 until it really becomes self-sacrifice2 we must stir up our people to the terrible condition of our brethren abroad4 ,and the ,menorah ,societies1 which represent the most intelligent and idealistic ,jewish youth of the land1 should do their share in making known the tragic conditions and in arousing the ,jews of ,america from their apathy4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,jacob ,h4 ,schiff ,nationality and the ,hyphenated ,american ,,by ,,horace ,m4 ,,kallen ,illustration3 ,,horace ,,meyer ,,kallen 7born in ,silesia1 ,germany1 in #ahhb1 came to ,america in #ahhg71 studied at ,harvard 7,a4 ,b41 ,ph4,d471 ,princeton1 ,oxford1 and ,paris4 ,he has been assistant and lecturer in philosophy at ,harvard1 instructor in logic at ,clark ,university1 and since #aiaa of the faculty of philosophy at the ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,at the request of the late ,william ,james1 he edited his unfinished book on ,some ,problems of ,modern ,philosophy4 ,besides contributing to philosophical and general periodicals1 ,dr4 ,kallen is the author of a recently published book on ,william ,james and ,henri ,bergson4 ,dr4 ,kallen was one of the founders of the ,harvard ,menorah ,society1 and has rendered signal service1 both by tongue and pen1 to the ,menorah movement4 ,the ,united ,states of ,america are at peace with all the world4 ,our government is not taking sides in the great war2 officially we are the friends of all the embattled powers4 ,and yet--we have but to take up any newspaper1 anywhere in ,america1 to find violent praise of one side1 violent blame of the other4 ,the sentiment of our country is divided4 ,on all sides1 our diverse populations are emphasizing afresh their ,european origins and background4 ,the ,german in ,german-,american1 the ,slav in ,slavic-,american1 the ,briton in ,british-,american1 have awakened1 have become demonstrative and emphatic4 ,the ,president1 observing this1 has declared his official and personal boredom with the hyphenated ,american1 and the conception expressed in this phrase has become an issue in the written and spoken discourse of our country4 ,why1 in an officially neutral country1 has this come to pass8 ,when we look closely to the ground and principle of the division of sentiment in our population1 we discover this significant fact3 the division is not truly determined by the merits of the ,european issue2 it is determined by the lines of our population's ,european origin and ancestral allegiance4 ,the ,americans of ,german and ,austrian and ,magyar ancestry are pro-,german2 those of ,french or ,british or ,russian ancestry favor the ,allies4 ,only the ,jews seem to be an exception to this rule4 ,being mainly from ,russia1 their favor should go to the ,russians1 but their newspapers1 almost without exception1 favor the ,germans4 ,the case of the ,jews1 however1 is an exception that proves the rule4 ,although the majority of them came from ,russia1 they have had no part in the ,russian polity2 they have been oppressed1 persecuted1 terrorized1 as their brethren still are in ,russian territory4 ,as ,americans1 what portion and what hope have they in ,russia that they should desire ,russian victory8 ,none4 ,but they are not for this reason in favor of ,germany4 ,the headlines of their newspapers do not celebrate ,german victories1 but ,russian defeats4 ,the ,ghetto's partiality to ,germany is a consequence of its loyalty to ,jewry4 ,kinship of blood and race1 ancestral allegiance1 determine with the ,jewish masses in ,america also1 what side they take in this war4 ,although they have no political background in ,europe1 and their civil allegiance is absolutely ,american1 they too are hyphenated in sentiment--,jewish-,americans4 ,such is the fact4 ,its significance lies in what it reveals1 and what it reveals is a force much deeper and more radical1 distinctly more primitive and original1 than anything else in the structure of society4 ,it hyphenates ,english and ,germans and ,austrians and ,russians and ,turks no less than it hyphenates ,americans1 and1 in the failure of the external socio-political organization of ,europe to give it free play1 it is the chief1 almost the only1 cause of the present unendurable ,european tragedy4 ,its name is nationality4 ,two ,mosaics of ,nationalities3 ,a ,contrast ,nationality is not nationhood1 although it is the most important constituent of nationhood4 ,many nationalities may compose a nation 7such is the case of the ,british1 ,russian1 ,austro-,hungarian and ,turkish ,empires1 of the ,swiss ,republic1 of our own ,union71 and then the relation between the nationalities will determine the strength or the weakness of the nation4 ,again1 a single nationality may be divided among many nations 7such is the case of the ,poles1 of the ,serbs and other ,slavs1 of the ,jews71 and then the stability of the nations will be largely determined by their effect on the nationalities divided among them4 ,the ,swiss ,republic1 for example1 is a nation composed of three nationalities1 two of which belong to powers at war with each other4 ,these are the ,french and the ,german2 the third is the ,italian4 ,yet the nationhood of ,switzerland is the most integral and unified in ,europe to-day1 because ,switzerland is as complete and thorough a democracy as exists in the civilized world1 and the efficacious safeguard of nationhood is democracy not only of individuals but of nationalities4 ,the ,german1 ,french and ,italian citizens of the ,swiss ,republic are to-day under arms to defend the neutrality of their nation from possible violation by ,german1 ,french or ,italian belligerents1 and in defending their nation1 they are defending also the autonomy of each other's nationality4 ,in ,switzerland1 nationhood1 being democratic1 is the safeguard and insurance of nationality4 ,contrast ,swiss nationhood with ,austro-,hungarian nationhood4 ,austria-,hungary is the immediate and direct occasion of the great war by reason of the fact that1 although she is a mosaic of nationalities like ,switzerland1 her government1 instead of being a democracy1 has in the long run been directed toward the control and exploitation of many nationalities by one or two4 ,hungary contains a population of seven million ,magyars among twelve million ,slavs2 yet the ,hungarians1 having the economic and political upper hand1 have sought to ,magyarize by force and trickery this almost doubly greater and culturally equal population4 ,they have tried to compel ,magyar forms and standards in language1 in literature1 in history1 the arts1 the sciences1 religion1 law1 in every intimate or remote concern of the daily life and national genius of their ,slavic subjects4 ,the result has been the steady disintegration of the ,austro-,hungarian mosaic1 the increasing use of force to hold it together1 the corresponding increase of restlessness among the subject-peoples1 plot and counterplot1 the assassination of the ,archduke1 and the attack on ,serbia1 which precipitated the war4 ,in this war ,austria has come off worst of all the combatants1 and for the same reason3 the attempt to maintain the unity of a nation of nationalities by the force of one of them instead of by the democratic coperation of all4 ,in ,austria-,hungary1 nationality1 having been exploited and suppressed1 has been the enemy and destroyer of nationhood4 ,america ,a ,commonwealth of ,nationalities ,in this country the whole spirit of those institutions which constitute ,american nationhood makes for the liberation and harmonious coperation of nationalities4 ,this spirit is also a part of the ,hebraic spirit1 a part of the explicit program of our prophets1 those champions and vindicators of social justice and international righteousness and peace2 and this1 significantly1 is the spirit that literally inspired the democracy of our ,america4 ,for the democracy of ,america had its first articulate voicing in the ,pilgrim ,fathers and the ,puritans of ,new ,england4 ,these men and women1 devoted to the literature of the ,old ,testament1 and upheld by the ancestral memories of the ,jews1 were moved to undertake their great ,american adventure by the ideal of nationality4 ,it was not because of an overwhelming oppression of body and soul that the ,pilgrims adventured to ,america4 ,it was not freedom to worship ,god that they sought4 ,they had that in ,holland4 ,they sought freedom to be themselves1 to realize their national genius in their own individual way4 ,their ,english manners1 ,english speech1 ,english history1 and ,english loyalty were1 in fact1 more important to them than their ,hebrew ,bible4 ,they used that as the spiritual pabulum which nourished their ,english corporate life4 ,their ,calvinism was a reinterpretation of its prophetic nationalism expressed in the doctrine of the chosen people2 their political institutions were a modification of the ideal political order it was supposed to reveal4 ,as ,cotton ,mather narrates1 his grandfather1 ,john ,cotton1 found1 on his arrival in ,new ,england1 that the population was much exercised over the framing of a civil constitution4 ,they turned to him for help1 begging that he would1 from the laws wherewith ,god governed his ancient people1 form an abstract of such as were of a moral and lasting equity4 ,so he propounded unto them an endeavor after a theocracy1 as near as might be to that which was the glory of ,israel4 ,out of this beginning the democratic mood of ,america surges2 in such conceptions the ideals which express the mood have their origins4 ,these ideals are the conservation of nationality1 and the equality of men before the inconceivable supremacy of their ,god4 ,hebraism and ,english nationality--these are the spiritual background of the ,american commonwealth4 ,political freedom in ,america has tended to generate self-expression of each national group1 and our country is to-day1 broadly speaking1 a great coperative commonwealth of nationalities1 ,british1 ,french1 ,german1 ,slavic1 ,jewish1 each freely developing1 in so far as it is self-conscious1 its national genius1 its language1 literature and art in its own characteristic way as its best contribution to the civilization of ,america as a whole1,c realizing in this way the ideal of the democracy of nationalities1 of international comity and coperation which our prophets were the first to formulate4 ,american nationhood1 thus1 is in the way of becoming what ,swiss nationhood fully is1 the liberator and protector of nationality2 its democracy is its strength1 and its democracy is hyphenation4 ,hyphenation may1 it is true1 become perverse4 ,as an expression of the coperation of nationality with nationality in the life of the ,state1 it is inevitable and good2 as an attempt to subordinate all nationalities to one1 to use all for the advantage of one1 it is partial1 undemocratic1 disloyal4 ,our nation is a democracy of nationalities having for its aim the equal growth and free development of all4 ,it can take no sides4 ,to require it to take sides1 ,german or ,anglo-,saxon1 ,slavic or ,jewish1 is to be untrue to its spirit and to pervert its ideal4 ,the ,renaissance of ,nationality in the ,past ,century ,it is the attempt of one nationality to dominate and to impose its character1 culture and ideals upon others that has been the basis of all the great wars in ,europe1 of all international injustice from the beginning of history4 ,the movement in modern history which we call progressive has been a movement toward democracy in both the internal affairs and external relationships of nations4 ,men did not realize its entire significance until the nineteenth century2 only then did it come to full consciousness in fact and idea1 urged equally in ,greece1 in ,germany1 in ,ireland1 in ,italy4 ,its great voice is the ,italian thinker and patriot1 ,mazzini4 ,in a marvelous essay entitled ,europe1 ,its ,condition and ,its ,prospects1 he wrote1 at a time when the hope of social and international democracy seemed extinguished3 ,they struggled1 they still struggle1 for country and liberty2 for a word inscribed upon a banner1 proclaiming to the world that they also live1 think1 love and labor for the benefit of all4 ,they speak the same language1 they bear about them the impress of consanguinity1 they kneel beside the same tombs1 they glory in the same tradition2 and they demand to associate freely1 without obstacles1 without foreign domination1 in order to elaborate and express their idea1 to contribute their stone also to the great pyramid of history4 ,it is something moral which they are seeking2 and this moral something is in fact1 politically speaking1 the most important question in the present state of things4 ,it is the organization of the ,european task4 ,in principle1 nationality ought to be to humanity that which division of labor is in a workshop--the recognized symbol of association2 the assertion of the individuality of a human group called by its geographical position1 its traditions and its language1 to fulfill a special function in the ,european work of civilization4 ,modern ,europe saw the overthrow of the ,holy ,roman ,empire1 of the imperial aspirations of ,louis ,,xiv1 and of ,napoleon before it realized the natural fact and moral principle which underlay these overthrows1 and which finally so successfully asserted themselves as to unify ,italy and cast off the ,austrian dominion1 to liberate ,greece1 ,bulgaria1 ,roumania and the other ,balkan ,states from the ,turk1 to unify and create contemporary ,germany4 ,the last quarter of the nineteenth century saw the renaissance1 often in the face of overwhelming suppression1 of the language and cultures of ,czechs1 ,bohemians1 ,poles1 ,irish and ,jews4 ,it saw the rise of nationalism in the ,oriental dependencies of ,great ,britain4 ,it saw the beginning of an acknowledgment of the full rights of nationalities by both ,austria and ,great ,britain1 the grant of local autonomy to the various nationalities in the ,austrian ,empire1 of progressive home rule to ,india and ,south ,africa and ,ireland4 ,the twentieth century seemed to be moving peacefully toward the fulness of democracy--when came the war4 ,the ,present ,war3 ,nationality vs4 ,imperialism ,let no one be deceived into believing that this war is a struggle for the economic domination of the world1 springing from commercial rivalry and industrial intrigue4 ,no4 ,nothing is so international as economic life--we in ,america know that now to our own cost also--and if commercial interests and capitalistic counsels had had their say1 there would have been no war4 ,england was ,germany's best customer1 ,france her great creditor1 ,russia supplied her with unskilled labor4 ,the socialist international was against war1 the peace party was against it1 the intelligence of the world was against it4 ,when it came1 it shattered all these international organizations into national units1 it smashed the solidarity of even science and art1 which are the most international enterprises in the world4 ,and why8 ,because its cause was something deeper than economic interest or the other secondary interests4 ,here is the question that the war is to decide3 ,is the whole of mankind to be dominated in body and in spirit1 without its consent1 by a portion of it1 and to be compelled to elaborate and express the idea of the portion8 or is the whole of mankind to be self-governed1 in a coperative commonwealth1 each part of which1 by elaborating and expressing its own idea1 contributes its best to the whole8 ,this is the issue between the warring powers and each claims that it is defending itself against the aggression of its opponents4 ,each claims to be fighting for democracy4 ,in the face of these claims1 history has the deciding voice4 ,now1 historically1 ,england1 more than any other power1 has stood for the democratic and coperative idea4 ,her colonies have autonomy1 her more backward dependencies are encouraged toward autonomy4 ,since the ,boer war1 when imperialism passed away1 she has moved toward the position of ,switzerland4 ,even ,ireland has obtained home rule4 ,we are a great world-wide1 peace-loving partnership1 said ,mr4 ,asquith1,d has reiterated again and again the principle for which all the ,allies are fighting3 believing that the preservation of local and national ties1 of the genius of a people which has a history of its own1 is not only not hostile to or inconsistent with1 but on the contrary1 fosters and strengthens and stimulates the spirit of a common purpose1 of a corporate brotherhood1 the ,allies seek to defend public right1 to find and to keep room for the independent existence and free development of the smaller nationalities1 each with a corporate consciousness of its own 4 4 4 and1 perhaps1 by a slow and gradual process1 the substitution for force1 for the clash of competing ambitions1 for groupings and alliances and a precarious equipoise1 of a real ,european partnership1 based on equal right and enforced by a common will4,e ,it is hard to believe that ,russia can be fighting for such an end4 ,fear of ,russian barbarism is what brought ,germany into the lists1 the ,germans declare1 to defend western ideals and western democracy4 ,yet ,russian government is ,prussian in its organization1 and it is on the side of the ideal of western democracy that she is explicitly aligned4 ,the contradiction is striking1 and it is still more striking when we recall that in her armies are over a quarter of a million of ,jews1 and that in the other armies there are half as many more4 ,for the ,jews the war is more than civil2 it is fratricide4 ,on the face of it they have no inevitable personal or political stake in the war's fortune4 ,england has acknowledged their corporate consciousness and given them maximal opportunity for free self-development2 so has ,france4 ,russia has oppressed and horribly exploited them2 ,germany1 though infinitely better than ,russia1 has set them conditions in which free development is synonymous with complete ,germanization4 ,austria and ,turkey have dealt with them somewhat after the manner of ,england and ,france4 ,the contradiction of the ,jewish position outdistances that of the ,russian4 ,but both contradictions are resolved in the fact that the ideal in question concerns not ,russia alone1 nor ,england alone1 nor the ,jews alone1 but the whole of ,europe1 the whole world4 ,what is at stake is not something local1 personal1 political1 but a universal principle1 the goal toward which mankind has been so slowly and deviously crawling from the beginnings of modern history--the principle of democracy in nationality and nationality in democracy4 ,it is for this that our brethren in the armies are fighting2 it is for this that they are undergoing crucifixion in the ,pale1 for this that our people have suffered and died from the beginnings of our history4 ,our whole recorded biography is the narrative of a struggle for social justice against the exploitation of class by class within our polity1 for nationality against imperialism without4 ,our statesmen and leaders were the first to formulate the ideal of the coperative harmony of nationality1 and the ideal of international peace4,f ,mr4 ,asquith is echoing our prophets1 and our embattled brethren are engaged in the defence of a principle which is the constituent of the genius of their own nationality4 ,the ,service of ,jewish ,nationality to ,civilization ,the genius of their own nationality6 ,that with all its implications is an issue in the war not only as a principle but as a fact4 ,the ,jewish people are the great historic incarnation of the casus belli4 ,in fortune and in disaster1 through difficult and terrible centuries1 they have cherished their language1 their history1 their culture1 have sustained their corporate consciousness and in terms of it have served civilization in all the institutions of civilization4 ,not freely1 not by free development2 not because of conditions1 but in spite of them4 ,the ,bible1 whose moral vision inspires the world1 we gave the world only as we had or yearned for independent existence and free development4 ,our best1 like the best of every people1 has been a function of this independent existence and free development4 ,we also1 scattered among the nations1 tortured and oppressed by the mighty and the weak among them1 are among the smaller nationalities for whose sake the war is being fought4 ,with ,serbia1 with ,belgium1 with ,poland1 we claim our public right and our national security1 and we claim it not merely for ourselves1 but for the service of all mankind4 ,for as we have had a rle in the organization of the ,european task1 so we still have a rle1 and in that division of the labor of civilization in terms of nationality we have our task to accomplish1 our service to render4 ,this task1 this service1 is the expression of the ,jewish idea1 the flowering and fruitage of the ,hebraic spirit1 which1 rooted in our historic past1 planted on our national soil1 shall realize in modern terms1 in social organization1 in religion1 in the arts and the sciences1 a national future that by its inward excellence will truly make ,israel a light unto the nations4 ,the indispensable condition for such a realization is autonomous nationality2 not nationhood1 necessarily1 but autonomy4 ,this1 more than civil rights among other nationalities1 is our stake in this great war4 ,in the last analysis1 the ,hebraic culture and ideals which our ,menorah ,societies study1 can be advanced1 can be a living force in civilization1 only as a national force4 ,our duty to ,america1 inspired by the ,hebraic tradition1--our service to the world1 in whatever occupation1--both these are conditioned1 in so far as we are ,jews1 upon the conservation of ,jewish nationality4 ,that is the potent reality in each of us1 our selfhood1 and service is the giving of the living self4 ,let us so serve mankind2 as ,jews1 aware of our great heritage1 through it and in it strong to live and labor for mankind's good4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen ,i think ,i see in your ,society a recognition of the real spirit of our country's motto1 e pluribus unum4 ,that does not mean a sinking of the differences between us all into absolute uniformity1 but rather the harmony that can result from the recognition of these differences and developing our own individualities so that we shall have variety in unity4--,from an ,address before the ,yale ,menorah ,society by ,professor ,benjamin ,w4 ,bacon of ,yale ,university4 ,,footnotes3 ,c ,for a fuller treatment of this point compare in the ,new ,york ,nation for ,february #ah and #be1 #aiae1 the author's articles on ,democracy ,versus the ,melting ,pot4 ,d ,cardiff ,speech1 #b;d ,october1 #aiad4 ,e ,dublin ,speech1 #beth ,september1 #aiad4 ,f ,cf4 ,isaiah1 ,,ii1 #b-d2 ,,xix1 #bc-be2 ,,xi1 #f-i2 ,,lxv1 #ag-be1 etc4 ,yankee and ,jew ,an ,after-,dinner ,address ,,by ,g4 ,,stanley ,,hall ,president of ,clark ,university ,illustration3 ,g4 ,,stanley ,,hall 7born in ,ashfield1 ,mass41 in #ahdf71 ,president of ,clark ,university1 is a leading authority on education and psychology1 and author of a number of important books1 notably ,adolescence 7#b vols4 #aijd74 ,the present address1 delivered at a recent dinner of the ,clark ,menorah ,society1 has been revised by ,dr4 ,hall for publication in ,the ,menorah ,journal4 ,i feel an unwonted embarrassment in speaking to you to-night1 first because the light ,after-,dinner ,view of ,life1 which is my theme on your program1 is far from being serious enough1 and ,i must totally abandon my plan and speak entirely extemporaneously1 although upon a subject in which ,i have an old and strong interest4 ,again1 ,i am always embarrassed in talking to members of your race because ,i feel a little as ,napoleon did when he told his soldiers in ,egypt that forty generations looked down on them from the top of the ,pyramids4 ,you know your ancestry in general back for thousands of years1 and ,i am rarely fortunate in being able to go back as much as nine or ten generations to the ,puritans of the ,mayflower1 but there ,i stop and everything before that is a blank4 ,david ,starr ,jordan tells us in his book that there is perhaps no man alive who has not kings or queens in his ancestry1 but adds that we all have had murderers among our predecessors1 too4 ,there ,is ,much ,in ,common ,between ,yankee and ,jew ,there is much in common between the ,yankees1 whom ,i represent1 and the ,jews1 and this alone ought to give us a friendly feeling toward one another4 ,we are both misunderstood and caricatured4 ,the ,yankee stands for a peculiar sort of closeness in money matters and a shrewdness which has even given its slang name to a neighboring ,new ,england ,state1 the ,nutmeg ,state4 ,perhaps we have both done too much in the past to deserve this reputation for super-cleverness4 ,one of you has referred to the fact that there are ,jews who do not like to acknowledge their race4 ,in that respect we are alike1 for there are many ,yankees who are ashamed of being known as such4 ,long years ago1 when ,i was a student in ,germany1 ,i was introduced one evening to a young ,german countess4 ,she said in her broken ,english1 ,i am so glad to meet an ,american4 ,i have heard you have many funny people there1 the ,dago1 the ,paddy1 the ,nigger1 and many more2 but ,i have heard that the lowest people there are what they call the 'damn ,yankees4' ,how ,i would like to see one of them6 ,this1 bear in mind1 was soon after our ,civil ,war1 and she received her impression of us doubtless from ,confederates4 ,i did not have the courage to acknowledge my nationality to her1 but diverted the topic to some of the other people she had mentioned4 ,the old ,new ,england ,puritan taught sternly4 ,he was a patriarchal head of his family4 ,in my boyhood1 ,saturday evening or perhaps better ,thanksgiving ,day1 when their descendants all gathered together as long as either of the grandparents lived1 we had an illustration of something very like ,heine's touching picture of an old ,jewish peddler who worked hard through the week1 but on ,friday night put on his long black coat and his three-cornered hat1 lit the seven candles at the table1 and told his children and grandchildren how ,jehovah had led ,his people through the wilderness1 and how the ,egyptians and all the other naughty people who persecuted them were long since dead1 while the chosen race survived4 ,and so happy in his race was this poor peddler and so proud of his pedigree that1 as ,heine says1 had the great ,rothschild entered at that moment and asked him what favor he could do1 he would reply simply3 ,stand out of my light1 that ,i may finish telling the law to my children4 ,the ,eugenics of the ,jewish ,race ,we ,puritans were brought up on the ,old ,testament1 the spirit of which1 far more than that of the ,new1 pervaded the life of old ,new ,england4 ,every day after breakfast1 no matter how busy the season or how late the breakfast1 my grandfather read to the assembled family a chapter from the ,old ,testament1 and perhaps remarked upon certain passages4 ,after graduating from college and when ,i became a tutor in a prominent ,hebrew family in ,new ,york1 and especially when ,i had to teach the children their ,sunday school lessons and freshen up the small knowledge of the ,hebrew language that ,i had1 ,i realized very keenly how closely related were the ,jews to the ,yankees1--with this tremendous difference1 that you are increasing in numbers while we are decreasing4 ,as ,i read the ,old ,testament1 the substance of the covenant with ,abraham was that if he kept ,jehovah's law1 his seed would be multiplied like the stars of ,heaven4 ,this placed society and life in that early day squarely on a eugenic basis1 for it makes the number and success of good children the supreme test of every human institution1 activity1 and every kind of culture4 ,this ,i take it is one of the chief characteristics of your race1 and ,i hope it may long be so4 ,i am going to avail myself of this opportunity to say a few words about a topic that has for centuries been a point of the very greatest difference and tension between your people and mine1 namely1 the character and work of ,jesus4 ,please do not be shocked till you hear what ,i have to say4 ,such of us psychologists as have recently been interested in the psychological aspect of ,jesus' life and work understand1 as had never been understood before1 how purely ,jewish he was4 ,scholars have lately given to his figure a radically new interpretation4 ,an ,extremely ,representative ,man of ,your ,race ,according to many conceptions the chief trait of ,jesus was a strong and deep enthusiasm for the loftiest things of life4 ,he was a little ecstatic all the time1 illustrating the higher powers of man4 ,his soul was unconquerable by misfortune and disaster1 like that of the ,jewish race itself4 ,he was also organizing victory out of defeat1 and his greatest triumph was over death itself4 ,some think that his youthful dreams and ideals were to be an agrarian lord of a manor1 or a grand country gentleman of the ,jewish order1 making contracts with servants1 leasing out farms and vineyards1 giving feasts1 and the like1 for more than half the parables pertain directly or indirectly to such a vocation4 ,but this youthful dream he was unable on account of poverty and his station in life to realize2 so two very natural changes took place in his soul4 ,he came to hate the rich because they were wasting their opportunities and never doing anything2 but far more important1 he developed from these juvenile reveries his world-transforming ideas of the kingdom1 which created the church1 visible and invisible1 and re-made society4 ,the ,jews are never beaten2 if checked in their aspirations they1 like the prophets in the days of captivity1 strike out in higher and nobler ways4 ,thus you ought to be proud of ,jesus for1 as he is now being understood1 he was an extremely representative man of your race4 ,the real enemies of the ,jews are now claiming that no such man ever lived1 which is the view of ,drews and his school1 some holding that he was a deliberate invention of the early decades of the first century1 and others1 like ,jensen1 that he was a revived ,babylonian myth4 ,but these new views show that ,jesus was not an ,aryan1 as a few of the pan-,germanists have claimed1 but a typical ,semite4 ,it does look now1 in view of the teachings of such men as ,gobineau and various of his successors1 that the ,aryans are the highest and best people in the world and that the ,germans are the very best of all the ,aryans1 that it is ,germany that has come to consider itself the chosen people1 the elite1 superior race4 ,but certainly ,germany is not very ,christian4 ,it was only converted in the thirteenth century1 and ,luther soon threw off the fully developed ,christianity of ,rome4 ,since then we have had the ,tbingen ,school1 that resolved everything into myth1 and the very many other negative points of view expressed in ,nietzsche's supremest condemnation of ,jesus as a wretched degenerate1 while ,wagner's deliberate slogan was1 ,das ,deutschtum muss das ,christentum siegen4 ,the ,rapprochement of ,jew and ,gentile in ,america ,i wonder if the time is not near at hand when your people will reconstruct your conceptions so much as to recognize ,jesus as a typical1 golden1 ,jewish youth1 worthy of being an ideal for young men4 ,we certainly do have in his life as now interpreted exactly what youth needs above all things1--ambition1 enthusiasm1 idealism1 all of them absorbing1 all of them diverting physical and sensuous energy into the very highest culture sphere1 sublimating desire1 and making us understand that youth is not complete without a great effort at achievement4 ,the very essence of youth is excitement4 ,there must be tension1 strain1 a tiptoe attitude1 a strong ,excelsior-like ambition to climb1 and a corresponding horror of inferiority1 ,miderwertigkeit4 ,youth is an age of idealism1 and the tension decade of adolescence needs a regimen and an idealization all its own1 to set back-fires to temptation4 ,instead of the current altogether too plain talk on sex hygiene and teaching1 we must realize that every enthusiasm or real interest1 be it in the multiplication table or in literature1 debate1 athletics1 is an alternative4 ,it reduces temptation and stores up energy as the great reservoirs in the middle west store up the floods that come down from the mountains1 so that they shall irrigate and not devastate the land4 ,jesus1 in the new interpretation of ,holzmann and ,baumann1 stands for this kind of enthusiasm4 ,i cannot but wonder1 therefore1 whether1 in view of these new conceptions1 ,jew and ,gentile are not going to meet in this country and even agree about ,jesus4 ,it is difficult at least to see which of us would change most if there were this rapprochement4 ,we must neither of us abandon our birthright4 ,we must be the very best ,puritan ,anglo-,saxons we possibly can1 and you must be the best ,jews possible1 for out of these component elements ,american citizenship is made up4 ,this country stands for the dropping of old prejudices1 such as those that are inflaming ,europe now with war4 ,if we can satisfy each other's ideals and meet half way the thing is done1 and the melting pot which ,america stands for has got in its work4 ,i want the ,menorah ,society to feel that it is in the van of this movement4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,g4 ,stanley ,hall ,golden ,rule ,hillel ,,by ,,moses ,,hyamson ,illustration3 ,,moses ,,hyamson 7born in ,suwalki1 ,russia1 in #ahfc1 came to ,england in childhood74 ,rabbi and jurist2 educated at ,jews' ,college and ,university ,college of ,london2 for thirteen years ,senior ,dayan of the ,london ,beth-,din 7,jewish ,court of ,arbitration71 in which capacity1 because of his erudition in both the ,jewish and the common law1 he rendered notable service to the ,british community4 ,in #aiac he accepted a call from the ,congregation ,orach ,chayim of ,new ,york4 ,besides being a contributor to the ,jewish ,quarterly ,review and other learned publications1 ,dr4 ,hyamson has published ,the ,oral ,law and ,other ,sermons 7#aija71 and an annotated edition of the medieval ,collatio ,romanorum et ,mosaicarum ,legum 7#aiab74 ,as the students and teachers in the famous school of ,shemaya and ,abtalion assembled for worship one wintry ,sabbath morning1 they were astonished to find their lecture-hall exceptionally dark4 ,on looking up they descried what seemed to be a human form lying prone across the skylight4 ,willing feet ascended the roof and willing hands swept away the snow from a young lad's half-frozen form4 ,they brought him down1 and although it was the holy ,sabbath1 kindled a fire to revive the chilled body4 ,worthy is ,hillel1 they exclaimed1 that the ,sabbath should be desecrated for his sake6 ,so runs the ,talmudic tale4 ,the incident happened in ,palestine in the century before the common era4 ,the boy ,hillel had come from his obscure home in ,babylon1 bent upon study at the most famous school in ,palestine1 whose teachers1 ,shemaya and ,abtalion1 were heads of the ,synhedrion1 the ,supreme ,court of ,jurisdiction4 ,poor and proud1 ,hillel supported himself by manual labor while he was securing his education4 ,like ,abraham ,lincoln1 he was a woodchopper4 ,one half of the small amount he earned daily served for his meals1 and the other half he paid to the porter at the college for his admission in the evening4 ,on this short ,friday in mid-winter he had been able to earn nothing1 and in his keen anxiety not to miss the lecture and discussion1 he clambered to the roof of the college hall1 braving snow and cold for the words of the living ,god as expounded by his teachers4 ,within a few short years ,hillel himself had succeeded his teachers as the head of this famous school1 and also as ,president of the ,synhedrion4 ,hillel's career is a shining example of the democratic principle which has always prevailed in ,jewish life1 of the opportunity open to all men of talents1 however humble their origin1 to achieve position in the republic of ,jewish learning4 ,and learning combined with noble character1 as in the case of the great ,hillel1 carried authority in ,jewish life4 ,it is true that ,hillel was not without letters patent of nobility2 though he came from poverty and obscurity and from an alien land1 he was1 according to tradition1 of the blood of ,david4 ,it is not1 however1 to this accident of birth1 known only later1 that ,hillel owed his quick rise and supreme eminence in ,jewish life1 but to his distinguished attainments1 to his profound learning not only in the ,jewish ,law but in many secular fields of knowledge1 to his bold and original mind combined with a pious devotion to tradition1 to his indomitable energy and industry1 his nobility of character1 his sympathy with the people and his understanding of their needs4 ,what ,to ,thee ,is ,hateful ,do ,not ,unto ,another ,it was ,hillel who first enunciated the ,golden ,rule1 although in negative form4 ,the story that is told in the ,talmud is one of the most familiar2 yet no repetition can lessen its point and charm4 ,a heathen1 it is related1 came to ,shammai1 the leader of a rival school1 requesting to be received into ,judaism and instructed in the whole of the religion while he stood upon one leg4 ,shammai1 an architect by profession1 threatened the heathen with his builder's measuring rod and drove him out4 ,the man went to ,hillel with the same request4 ,hillel1 gentle1 patient1 democratic1 received the man hospitably and answered3 ,the whole of ,judaism can be summarized in one short sentence3 ',what to thee is hateful do not unto another4' ,that is the essence of the whole ,torah2 the rest is commentary4 ,and in the interpretation of that commentary which1 together with the ,torah itself1 enshrined the spirit of ,judaism and made it a throbbing reality in the life of the nation1 ,hillel brought out the humanity of every regulation1 the true intent behind it1 whenever literal enforcement would have worked hardship or might have defeated its true intent because of the changed circumstances since its enactment4 ,while keeping faithfully within the spirit of ,jewish tradition1 ,hillel struck out into innovations1 new precedents and legal institutions1 which testified at once to the remarkable insight and boldness of his mind as a jurist and to his tact and sympathy as a leader of the people4 ,some of his innovations anticipate in a striking way the developments under similar circumstances of the common law of ,england and the ,united ,states many centuries later4 ,hillel ,as ,a ,jurist3 ,his ,sense of ,social ,justice ,for example1 it happened that the first year after ,herod's accession was a ,sabbatical year1 which1 according to the ,deuteronomic provision 7,deut4 #ae1 #b71 set up a ,statute of ,limitations and effectively barred the recovery of all debts4 ,the people1 impoverished by the exactions of the ,government and by the failure of the harvest1 were compelled to have recourse to money lenders4 ,but those who were able to accommodate the needy were reluctant to do so on account of the imminence of the ,sabbatical year and its legal bar to the recovery of past debts4 ,hillel's keen mind and sympathetic heart found a way out of this difficulty4 ,he set up the institution of the ,prosbul1 by which a creditor received the right1 when making a loan1 to register the debt in court4 ,in this way the great jurist anticipated in a remarkable manner a principle accepted so many centuries later in the common law of ,england and ,america1 namely1 that the ,statute of ,limitations does not apply to recorded judgments4 ,such judgments can always be sued on and recovered4 ,and so the new ordinance established by ,hillel removed the hardship of the ,biblical enactment1 the purpose of which was humanitarian4 ,by ,hillel's innovation1 the true spirit of that law was maintained1 and applied in accordance with its real intent in an age when the economic conditions were vastly different from the time when the law itself was established4 ,our modern lawyers and reformers in this country may well take a leaf out of this progressive conservatism of our great democratic teacher ,hillel4 ,other decisions of ,hillel equally significant could be cited4 ,to lawyers especially1 the study of them is fascinating2 they are full of startling relevancy in the present time of unrest and agitation for legal reform in this country4 ,and not without reason4 ,what we are keen for now is a greater measure of social justice in a democratic community4 ,a study of ,hillel's jurisprudence--both the theory and the decisions affecting the workaday life of the people--will give one an appreciation not only of the beautiful spirituality of the master1 his erudition and his imagination1 but the characteristic coalition of letter and spirit1 the emphatic sense of social justice1 which has prevailed in the whole system of ,jewish law4 ,hillel's ,public ,spirit and ,humanity ,thus ,hillel1 while head of his famous school of instruction1 became the founder of a school in another sense--a school of interpretation of the ,torah4 ,this school1 as already indicated1 was marked by a leniency and elasticity of interpretation of the traditional law quite in contrast to the harshness and rigidity of the contemporary school of ,shammai2 it is the school of ,hillel1 leaning to the spiritual and the humane1 that has prevailed ever since in ,jewish law4 ,hillel made the people realize the truth of the famous text about the ,torah3 ,it is a tree of life to them that grasp it1 and of them that uphold it1 everyone is rendered happy4 ,its paths are paths of pleasantness and all its ways are peace4 ,those who have mistakenly conceived the ,jewish law as something dour and rigid1 unlovable1 unspiritual1 should study the decisions and dicta of this great master4 ,hillel's character is illustrated by a number of pregnant sayings of his that have been recorded in the ,talmud4 ,do not separate yourself from the community1 was one of his characteristic sayings which genuinely expressed his public spirit4 ,his sense of individual and social responsibility is summed up in his three famous questions3 ,if ,i am not for myself1 who will be for me8 ,but if ,i am for myself alone1 what am ,i8 ,and if not now1 when8 ,his peace-loving nature and humanity found voice in his counsel3 ,be of the disciples of ,aaron1 loving peace1 pursuing peace1 loving ,god's creatures and bringing them near to the knowledge of the ,law4 ,his disinterestedness1 his liberal pursuit of the ,law1 that is1 of knowledge1 made him confidently say3 ,he who aggrandizes his name1 his name shall perish4 ,he who does not add to his store of learning and good deeds will suffer diminution4 ,he who does not teach deserves death4 ,he who uses the crown of the ,law for selfish needs and personal advancement will be destroyed4 ,who had a better right than ,hillel1 graduate of poverty1 to warn his contemporaries3 ,do not say ,i shall learn when ,i will have leisure2 perhaps you never will have leisure4 ,and in every case1 even when the conduct of a man seems most reprehensible1 as when one of his colleagues ,menahem left the ,synhedrion to take service under the tyrant ,herod1 ,hillel holds to this advice3 ,judge not thy neighbor until thou art in his place4 ,many a tale is narrated of ,hillel's patience1 unfailing courtesy and tact1 tolerance and humility1 even under the greatest provocation4 ,the man who bet #djj ,zuz that he would break ,hillel's patience by silly and far-fetched questions lost his own temper at the consideration with which he was treated4 ,and so the proverb became current1 ,patience is worth #djj ,zuz4 ,and other tales are told of ,hillel's considerate dealing with heathens who wished to embrace ,judaism1 in contrast to the harsh treatment meted out to them by his contemporary ,shammai4 ,sage and ,saint ,his perfect consideration and charity had in it even something of the quixotic4 ,when a man came to him for assistance1 he was wont to help him according to his previous position in life4 ,thus1 in one instance where a man had formerly enjoyed great wealth but had suffered reverses1 ,hillel not only provided for him according to his previous standard of living but1 it is related1 even hired a horse for the man to ride on and a footman to run before him4 ,it is added that on one occasion1 when ,hillel could not obtain a runner1 he himself served in that capacity4 ,his wife1 we learn1 was a fit helpmeet to the sage and saint4 ,their domestic life was a perfect harmony4 ,once on returning from a journey ,hillel heard a sound of quarreling in the neighborhood of his house4 ,i am certain1 said he1 that this noise does not proceed from my home4 ,on another occasion ,hillel sent his wife a message to prepare a sumptuous meal for an honored guest4 ,at the appointed hour ,hillel and his guest arrived4 ,but the meal was not ready4 ,why so late8 asked ,hillel4 ,i prepared a banquet1 the wife replied1 according to your desire4 ,but ,i learned that a couple were to be wedded to-day and they were too poor to provide a marriage feast1 so ,i gave them our meal for their wedding banquet4 ,ah1 my dear wife1 ,i guessed as much4 ,but the greatest and most constant hospitality was shown by ,hillel to a guest who was always with him and uppermost in his thoughts4 ,every day it was his habit to withdraw for a while for private meditation4 ,whither art thou going8 asked his colleagues and disciples4 ,i have a guest to whom ,i must show attention4 ,who is this guest8 ,my soul1 was the solemn reply2 to-day it is with me1 to-morrow the heavenly visitant may be departed and returned home4 ,is it any wonder that1 after forty years of activity in the ,patriarchate1 when ,hillel died 7in the year #aj of the common era71 men said of him3 ,meek and humble-minded1 a saint has departed from among us1 a disciple of ,ezra the ,scribe4 ,the title fitted his career1 for he came like ,ezra from ,babylon to ,palestine and like ,ezra he restored the ,law when it was threatened with destruction4 ,great as a student1 he was great also as an inspirer of other students4 ,he left eighty distinguished disciples1 of whom the youngest was that famous ,jochanan ben ,zakkai who became the savior of ,judaism at the destruction of the second ,temple4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,m4 ,hyamson ,,editors' ,,note--,dr4 ,hyamson's portrait of ,hillel is the first in a series of character sketches of ,jewish ,worthies to appear in ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal4 ,the second paper will be on ,hillel's disciple1 ,jochanan ben ,zakkai4 ,the ,quality of ,mercy ,a ,sixth ,act to ,the ,merchant of ,venice ,,by ,,william ,m4 ,,blatt ,illustration3 ,william ,m4 ,blatt 7born in ,orange1 ,n4,j41 in #ahgf7 was educated in the public schools of ,boston1 and received his degree of ,,ll4,b4 from ,boston ,university ,law ,school in #ahig4 ,besides being engaged with the law in ,boston and contributing to a number of legal periodicals1 ,mr4 ,blatt is also devoted to letters and has published a number of plays1 including ,husbands on ,approval1 and many one-act playlets1 including ,the ,danger of ,ideals1 which have been given professional performance4 ,characters3 ,,shylock1 ,,jessica1 ,,antonio1 ,,gratiano1 ,,portia1 ,,isaac1 a servant of ,shylock4 ,scene3 ,a street in ,venice4 ,time3 ,an afternoon1 two years after the last act of ,the ,merchant of ,venice4 ,as curtain rises1 ,portia and ,gratiano discovered standing and looking down the street1 ,gratiano pointing4 ,gratiano ,now ,lady ,portia look a long way off ,and see if you can recognize a friend4 ,portia ,a friend8 ,one person only do ,i see-- ,a man1 quite old1 who hobbles with a staff4 ,gratiano ,he is the one ,i mean4 ,now look again ,and try to recognize his face1 his beard4 ,portia ,why1 is it not old ,shylock8 ,sure it is4 ,and met most opportunely1 on my word4 ,now1 dear ,gratiano1 with this icy heart ,we must needs waste a score or two of words4 ,gratiano ,to make him help his daughter ,jessica8 ,portia ,that is the task4 ,gratiano ,too much for ,hercules4 7,enter ,shylock47 ,portia ,a moment1 ,shylock1 of your precious time4 ,you must remember meeting me before4 ,shylock ,remember1 nay then1 how could ,i forget ,the noble judge who spoke so clean and fair ,and took away on quibbles all ,i owned4 ,portia ,not all1 good ,shylock1 half of it remained4 ,shylock ,oh1 true1 ,i thank you for the half you left4 ,i thank that kindly merchant1 him that begged ,the ,duke to quite remit the ,city's fine ,which never would have done him any good-- ,i thank him for accepting what was all ,he could have claimed1 the half of my estate4 ,portia ,in trust---- ,shylock ,i know4 ,in trust until ,i die4 ,and trust ,antonio to eat it up4 ,is it not known that when he takes a risk ,of more than common danger and doth lose1 ,he makes a record that he did invest ,a part of my belongings in the venture8 ,belike by now there's not a ducat left4 ,for that however ,i have naught but joy ,because it means that she who was my daughter ,and that ,lorenzo who's her paramour ,will1 when ,i die1 inherit penury4 ,gratiano ,but if ,antonio's trust should disappear ,they still would come by all you leave yourself2 ',twas thus the ,duke decreed4 ,shylock ,i know a thing ,or two that ,i could tell and make the face ,of son ,lorenzo somewhat longer grow4 ,gratiano ,faith1 often did ,lorenzo say to us ,the ,jew will find a way to cheat me yet4 ,shylock ,to cheat him out of what8 ,the gold he earned ,by robbing me1 debauching my--my child8 ,portia ,nay1 let us not be quarreling1 old man1 ,i have a message that ,i want to give4 ,shylock ,no message from my daughter--none to me4 ,portia ,i meant not message1 what ,i have is news4 ,poor ,jessica has come to sorry straits4 ,her husband1 having heard of what you spoke1 ,the loss of what ,antonio received1 ,the tricks you have been playing with your own1 ,fell out with ,jessica2 they came to words2 ,from words1 they say1 to blows4 ,and so it seems ,he left her in a pitiable state4 ,shylock 7laughing wildly7 ,good1 good1 good1 good4 ,i prithee tell me more4 ,gratiano ,the fiends fly off with thee4 ,hast thou a heart ,and canst thou hear the sorrows of thy child ,in laughter and with joy8 ,shylock ,she is no child ,of mine4 ,she is a wench who lied and stole ,repaid my love with treason4 ,broke my heart ,and left me weakened for mine enemies ,to ruin and to taunt4 ,tell me the rest1 ,leave not a portion out4 ,describe her pain1 ,her hunger1 her remorse4 ,i would know all4 ,portia ,the font has failed to change thy cruel soul2 ,thou art a ,christian1 ,shylock1 but in name4 ,shylock ,well1 blame thy sacred water4 ,blame not me4 ,gratiano ,and so poor ,jessica must starve and die8 ,shylock ,why1 no4 ,for you and she 7pointing to ,portia7 should be her friends4 ,you ,christians will not let a ,christian fall4 ,gratiano ,now there we cut the venom from thy tongue ,for ,jessica will not accept our aid4 ,portia ,indeed1 old man1 we know not where she is4 ,we told you1 that you might go search for her4 ,bassanio did offer her employment ,but she refused1 belike because her shame ,would not permit that we should see her shame4 ,and so she fled4 ,gratiano ,and may not be alive4 ,shylock ,these circumstances you should tell unto ,lorenzo4 ',twas he took her upon himself ,for better or for worse4 ,fare you well4 ,i have affairs that interest me more4 ,gratiano ,come1 ,lady ,portia4 ',tis a waste of time4 ,the ,bible says that ,god did choose the ,jews ,but says not what it was ,he chose them for4 ,our ancient friend hath made it clear to me ,that they were chosen by our gracious ,lord ,to be a kind of warning and example ,of what a misbeliever may become4 ,portia ,thou wilt not save thy daughter8 ,shylock ,lady fair1 ,in this peculiar and imperfect world ,the virtues are divided into parts3 ,for instance1 mercy4 ,some do practice it1 ,and some do merely preach4 ,a third there are ,whose only contribution is to be ,the text from which the second sermons preach2 ,they neither preach nor practice4 ,such am ,i4 ,farewell4 ,gratiano ,we but insult ourselves to stay4 7,exit ,portia and ,gratiano4 ,shylock looks after them4 ,enter ,antonio1 sees ,shylock1 walks over to him and touches him with his stick4 ,shylock turns47 ,antonio ,hebrew1 have ,i found thee out at last8 ,once more thy promises are broken1 eh8 ,shylock ,yes1 yes4 ,i pray you---- ,antonio ,pray me nothing more4 ,shylock ,signor ,antonio1 wait another day4 ,antonio ,another day4 ,for what8 ,until you hide ,a bag of ducats or a jewel case8 ,your bonds are by a fortnight overdue ,and day by day your fortune dwindles down4 ,if ,i should sell the roof above your head ,and all your land and chattels1 they would bring ,less than enough to pay me what you owe4 ,shylock ,i prithee not so loud4 ,but you alone ,are cognizant of my disastrous state4 ,my name is good4 ,perchance ,i may obtain ,a temporary loan to tide me through4 ,but if my losses come to other ears ,before my kinsmen and my ship arrive ,a bankrupt's ending stares me in the face4 ,wait1 wait ,antonio1 surely he will come1 ,my cousin ,issachar who sailed away4 ,antonio ,thy cousin ,issachar will come no more4 ,he promised to return three weeks ago4 ,shylock ,but think1 remember1 good ,antonio1 ,the vessel could not founder4 ',twas my best1 ,held in reserve1 the last one of my fleet4 ,issachar swore he knew the very spot ,where dusky natives mined the laughing gold ,and that if ,i would furnish men and ships ,the moiety of the cargo would be mine4 ,perhaps he is a little while delayed4 ,antonio ,perhaps another theory will fit4 ,perhaps your kinsman filled the ship with gold ,and then did point his helm another way4 ,perhaps in ,england now he lives at ease ,and deems the whole is better than a half4 ,consider1 sir1 your kinsman is a ,jew4 ,shylock ,he will not fail me1 for he is my friend4 ,patience1 good sir1 patience a day or two4 ,deal with me kindly as so oft before ,you treated many an unfortunate4 ,antonio ,let's have no whining4 ,see you pay my bills ,no later than to-day4 ,expect no further time4 ,i have done more than doth in truth become ,a ,christian to oblige a ,jew withal4 ,think not to share the leniency ,i give ,to men of ,venice of my faith and blood4 ,this case is different4 ,shylock ,but did thy ,lord ,not preach a creed of brotherhood and love ,and bid thee treat thy neighbor as thyself8 ,antonio ,he meant our ,christian neighbors who reside ,by right of law and ancient heritage ,within the land1 but not the tribe who do ,usurp the places of their betters4 ,no6 ,shylock ,i am a ,christian1 made so by your ,church4 ,your own priest said so and it must be true4 ,antonio ',twas but a form to bend thy haughty will4 ,in heart and manner thou art still a ,jew4 ,they should be glad that they can here remain ,to practice sacrilege1 and cheat1 and fawn4 ,i marvel we can be so tolerant4 ,shylock ,the ,god who made this land and you and me ,mocks at your selfish1 mean1 philosophy4 ,when you or yours can build a mountain peak ,or add a grain unto the universe ,then talk of this fair ground as your domain4 ,the earth is one and rests within ,his hand2 ,the great and small ,his erring children are1 ,but we who from ,yisrael claim descent ,are now the eldest of the family4 ,the ,god of ,justice never slumbereth4 ,jehovah is ,his name2 ,his will be done4 ,antonio ,mumble thy prayers if that affords relief1 ,but if by sundown ,i am not repaid ,another ,moses must thou be and bring ,another set of miracles from heaven ,or lose the very coat from off thy back4 ,by sundown--but a few short minutes hence4 7,exit ,antonio7 ,shylock ,finished--almost finished--almost done4 ,i see the wave that soon above my hopes1 ,my fears1 my sorrows1 and my broken heart1 ,will roll in cruel triumph4 ,i'm content4 ,a long and troubled record ,i shall leave ,of struggles in the dark 'gainst many foes4 ,i begged for light to see my duty clear ,to see the purpose of my suffering ,to see the end that my ,creator served ,in heaping hills of torment on my head4 ,the light has never come4 ,but now ere long ,i must be called where all shall be made clear4 ,till then a few weeks more of faith in ,him ,a few weeks more with an unfalt'ring tongue ,to praise ,his wisdom though its end be hid4 ,a few weeks more to walk within ,his law4 7,starts to walk off4 ,enter ,jessica in disordered dress and manner47 ,jessica ,father6 ,shylock ,back6 ,away6 ,dare not to touch me4 ,jessica ,a word1 a single word and ,i will go4 ,shylock 7trying to wrest his arm from her grasp7 ,let be ,i say4 ,jessica ,nay1 but ,i cannot leave4 ,i know not how much time ,i have to live4 ,i marvel that this body thin and frail ,has so long stood th' innumerable shocks ,which in my married life it hath endured4 ,death must be near1 it stretcheth out its arms1 ,and ,i in answer have extended mine4 ,shylock ,come not to me for money4 ,had ,i all ,the wealth of ,sheba's mines ,i would not pay ,a mite to save thy fallen soul from hell4 ,the potter's field may have thy rotten bones ,and owls and jackals pray for thy repose4 ,jessica ',tis not for gold ,i beg but for thy love4 ,i threw it from me like an orange sucked ,and turned to grasp the shining fruit that he1 ,lorenzo1 pictured to mine eyes4 ,ah me1 ,how bitter1 hard and worthless to the taste ,hath been that substitute4 ,the marriage moon ,had scarce grown full before my body bore ,the marks of coward blows4 ,shylock ,ha6 ,ha6 ,that's well4 ,jessica ,i have not known a single kindly word1 ,i scarce have heard him call me by my name ,since less than four weeks after we were wed4 ,shylock 7gloatingly rubbing his hands7 ,hm6 ,jessica ,oh father1 why was ,i not told before ,that we and all our people are accurst2 ,that those to whom we give our love and trust ,curse us and loathe us with a dreadful hate1 ,a hate that neither reason can assuage ,nor conduct make amends for4 ,awful fate1 ,that makes the very children of the street ,with circle eyes point at us in contempt1 ,and people who have never heard our names ,thirst for our blood and menace us with death6 ,shylock ,so thou didst think a priestly comedy ,could make ,lorenzo love his ,jewish wife8 ,jessica ,i could have died for him4 ,for him ,i fled ,and stole your wealth and helped your enemies4 ,why could he not have been a little kind8 ,shylock 7chuckling7 ,come tell me how he beat you4 ,tell me that4 ,jessica ,have pity1 father4 ,shylock ,tell me how he swore4 ,jessica ,oh1 torture me no further4 ,take me back4 ,love me not now1 but let me win your love ,a little at a time4 ,no day shall pass ,but in it ,i shall do some tiny act ,that will in time make up a wealth of deeds1 ,and if we both are living long enough ,the balance will be as it was before4 ,shylock ,thy pleadings are but wasted1 ,jessica1 ,thou canst not gain the end that thou dost seek4 ,for even if ,i have the foolish will 7,and ,i assure thee that ,i have it not7 ,to bring thee back to all the luxury1 ,the silken clothes1 the soft and perfumed beds1 ,the shining jewels of thy girlhood days1 ,i could not4 ,i am almost penniless4 ,jessica ,poor1 and alone1 and old6 ,nay1 father dear1 ,thou couldst not drive me from thee after this ,hadst thou the strength of ten4 ,let us go forth ,and find a little corner of the earth ,where ,i may work and you may live at peace4 ,shylock ,i need no aid4 ,i want no help from thee4 ,jessica ,then give me thine4 ,i starve for sympathy4 ,i shall go mad4 ,i saw my baby die ,and all around me were my husband's friends ,who spoke in terms of polished elegance4 ,with formal platitudes and commonplace ,regarding me as something curious1 ,a vulgar1 noisy creature1 lacking taste ,and proper self-control4 ,while on its bier ,lay all the joy that life in promise held4 ,dead1 and my heart within it4 7,weeps7 7,shylock turns to go1 looks back after a step or two1 and returns7 ,shylock ,i did not know the little one was dead4 ,was it a pretty child8 ,jessica ,a pretty child6 ,a cherub could not be more beautiful4 ,blue eyes and golden hair4 ,a tiny mouth ,a dimple in her chin4 7,shylock puts his arm around ,jessica7 ,shylock ,thy mother's face belike4 ,so did she look4 ,and how old when it--died8 ,jessica ,a year1 a year4 7,enter ,antonio and ,gratiano4 ,antonio touches ,shylock on the shoulder7 ,antonio ,well1 let us have an end4 ,the time is up4 ,i now demand the payment of my bonds4 ,shylock ,i have not moved since last you spoke to me4 ,antonio ,all's one for that4 ,you had no move to make4 ,your whole estate is in the bailiff's hands ,and you yourself may come along with me4 ,shylock ,where would you take me8 ,antonio ,why1 before the ,duke4 ,shylock ,what need of trials8 ,freely ,i confess ,the debts ,i owe you4 ,take what you can find4 ,take ev'ry rag and counter4 ,take them all4 ,myself and ,jessica must go away4 ,antonio ,not quite so fast4 ,the law expressly states ,that ,i may put you in the debtor's gaol ,and so ,i mean to do4 ,shylock ,but good ,signor-- ,antonio ,no protest will avail4 ,i know you ,jews4 ,you hang together in calamity ,and help each other while the ,christians starve4 ,let them redeem you and repay my loss4 ,shylock ,good sir1 my kin are very far away ,and poor as ,i4 ,antonio ',twill do no good to lie4 ,write letters4 ,i will see them promptly sent4 ,shylock ,i swear to you ,antonio-- ,gratiano ,wait a while4 ,first tell us if the oath thou art to make ,is sworn as ,christian or in ,hebrew style2 ,though truly which to give the preference ,is matter to discuss4 ,a ,jewish oath ,thou canst not take for thou hast been baptised1 ,and sooth to say ,i have a sort of doubt ,about thy reverence for ,christian forms4 ,shylock ,by that great ,power who can humble both ,hebrew and ,christian1 ,i do swear to you ,that not in all this universe's span ,have ,i a claim on friends or relatives ,as large as this4 ,much more have ,i the right ,to claim assistance from ,antonio ,who though he found me keen for my revenge ,and steadfast in assertion of my rights ,can bring no accusation on my head ,of underhanded trickery or crime4 ,gratiano ,because we watch you pretty carefully4 ,shylock ,what say you1 sir8 ,you will not keep us here8 ,antonio ,i warned thee once cajoling will not serve4 ,write out the letters4 ,that's the only way4 ,i'll see that while you tarry in the gaol ,your comfort shall not be too much disturbed4 ,your food shall be according to your wish ,and other things in reason you may have4 ,jessica ,good sir1 ,i think you know me1 do you not8 ,antonio ,why1 are you not my friend ,lorenzo's wife8 ,jessica ,i am the ,jessica who married him1 ,but not his wife if wifehood is a state ,that presupposes more than legal rights4 ,i and ,lorenzo are as strangers now ,and less than strangers1 less than enemies4 ,antonio ,i grieve to hear it4 ,jessica ,i would have your grief ,not for myself but for my father here4 ,he speaks the truth4 ,he has no more to give4 ,antonio ,then let him call upon his wealthy friends1 ,the other ,jews will trust him if he asks4 ,jessica ,you heard him say he knows not where to sue4 ,antonio ,o1 that was but the cunning of his race4 ,jessica ,unfeeling man6 ,if his deserts are dumb ,what of your obligation due to me8 ,the ,court's decree as you no doubt recall ,was that the half of his estate should go ,to you to hold in trust for me and mine4 ,i charge you now upon your ,christian faith ,to give my father all the residue ,that will be mine when he shall pass away ,or take it for yourself and let him go4 ,antonio ,three obstacles prevent your sacrifice4 ,the first is that though my intent was fair ,by bad investments more than half the fund ,has disappeared1 and all that doth remain ,would not suffice to satisfy the bonds4 ,the second1 that the sum is payable ,upon your father's death1 which is not yet4 ,but third and most of all the money goes ,to you and to your husband1 not to you4 ,the gift is joint and neither can alone ,claim all himself or any several part4 ,indeed1 ,i own it frankly1 my desire ,in asking that the ,duke should so decree ,was not to benefit ,lorenzo's wife1 ,a ,jewess1 who was never aught to me1 ,but solely to befriend ,lorenzo's self ,my coreligionist and distant kin4 ,to give you anything of ,shylock's gold ,without ,lorenzo's will would be a wrong1 ,a breach of trust1 a patent injury4 ,and if your separation from his love1 ,as shrewdly ,i suspect1 be fault of yours ,and growing from thy ,jewish wilfulness1 ,it would be most unfaithful and untrue ,that ,i should thus reward inconstancy4 ,you see1 in honor and before the law ,i must refuse to do as you request4 ,jessica ,i see that ,jesus died in vain for you4 ,his ,jewish heart1 with pity for the low ,and meek and humble broke upon the cross ,and for a time the magic of his words ,restrained the beast in ,gentile followers1 ,but soon the kindly ,stoic lost his sway ,and cruel bigots in his ,jewish name1 ,by his offenceless1 mild authority ,took fire and sword and hatred for their flag4 ,antonio ,my girl1 there is a law 'gainst blasphemy4 ,gratiano ,why stand we here and listen to her spleen8 ,away with ,shylock4 ,take him to the gaol4 ,antonio ,come on4 ,jessica ,no6 ,no6 ,shylock ,resist no more1 my child4 ,jessica ,oh1 father1 we may never meet again2 ,your age and suffering cannot endure ,the shock of this disgrace4 ,shylock ',tis better so4 ,i pray for death4 ,it cannot come too soon4 ,farewell4 ,jessica ,farewell4 7,throws her arms around him7 ,yet not a long farewell1 ,i shall not far survive4 ,it is no sin ,to end a life of misery and shame4 ,isaac 7behind scenes7 ,where is my master8 ,where has ,shylock gone8 7,enter ,isaac47 ,gratiano ,here fellow1 here he is4 ,with ,jessica ,he poses like a model for the arts4 ,isaac ,great news and wonderful4 ,his ship is here ,and laden full of gold4 ,the mine is found ,and ,issachar and he are princely rich4 ,this cargo is the greatest that has come ,to ,venice since the city first began4 ,antonio ,i do rejoice to hear it4 ,truly ,jew ,i have no wish to do thy body harm ,but thou and thy relations are well known ,to be so deep in craft and villainy ,that to recover what is justly due ,we ,christians must resort to rigid means4 ,go freely with thy daughter4 ,later on ,when ev'rything's in order ,i'll return ,and you may pay me what the balance is4 7,exit ,antonio and ,gratiano1 followed by ,isaac4 ,shylock still stands expressionless with ,jessica's arms around him47 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,wmln4 ,blatt ,jewish ,students in ,european ,universities ,,by ,,harry ,,wolfson 7,concluded7 ,judaism and ,jewish ,students in ,france ,the decadence of native ,judaism in ,france has become proverbial4 ,the original ,french ,jews never amounted to much2 and the ,alsatian immigrants1 while still supplying rabbis for the pulpits1 have of late begun to disappear from the pews4 ,you may state it is an axiom that the synagogue will have to go a-begging for a quorum wherever church-going is unpopular4 ,but ,french ,judaism has recently been gaining reinforcement by the influx of newcomers from ,eastern ,europe4 ,paris might be considered next to ,london the greatest centre of ,jewish immigration in ,europe4 ,in fact1 ,paris as well as some large cities in the ,low ,countries1 and to some extent even ,london1 have since the beginning of the ,jewish movement towards the ,united ,states1 become the refuge of a considerable number who straggled behind the migratory columns and were unable to reach their final destination4 ,free from any official molestations and rather welcomed by the native ,jews1 the foreign ,jewish community in ,paris has flourished in its own way4 ,it numbers by this time about twenty-five thousand souls1 a large proportion of whom were born and brought up in the ,french capital4 ,it is these young ,french ,jews of immigrant parentage1 students and professional men1 who organized themselves1 about two years ago1 in an ,association des ,jeunes ,juifs1 known by its initials as ,a4 ,j4 ,j4 ,the aim of that organization1 which is non-partisan in ,jewish affairs1 is both cultural and practical4 ,it publishes a monthly by the name of ,les ,pionniers1 and occasionally holds debates and lectures on various ,jewish topics4 ,it also carries on a program of social work among the immigrant ,jews4 ,i might perhaps give a clearer idea of the object of the ,a4 ,j4 ,j4 by reproducing their following declaration3 ,notre ,but4--,nous voulons nous affirmer ',juifs' sans forfanterie1 mais avec fermet2 cultiver1 dvelopper parmis nous1 faire connatre au dehors1 l'me juive2 nous duquer mutuellement2 demander1 par les voies lgales1 le respect1 la justice pour tous1--fussent-ils juifs2 aider nos frres migrs l'aqurir la qualit de citoyen2 inculquer nos membres les principes de solidarit et de mutualit4 ,in the summer of #aiac1 ,dr4 ,nahum ,slouszch of the ,sorbonne submitted to the society a scheme for more extensive activities1 both ,jewish and patriotic in their scope1 namely1 the participation in educational and social work among the indigenous ,jews of the ,french possessions in ,africa4 ,the ,jew of the ,roman ,ghetto ,it is a pity that so little is known to us about the life of the ,jewish masses in ,italy4 ,the fame of the ,nathans and ,luzzattis has led us to believe that in ,italy ,jews form the class of society from which mayors and statesmen are recruited4 ,but in ,italy the majority of ,jews still live in social and economic conditions not far advanced above those of their ancestors in centuries past4 ,italy is the only country in ,europe outside those in the ,eastern part where the so-called ghettoes are populated by native ,jews4 ,their political emancipation has not raised them from the bottom of the social structure over the heads of their ,gentile neighbors4 ,nowhere is the average ,jew so much like the non-,jew in appearance1 language1 manners1 and vocation than the inhabitant of the ,roman ,ghetto on the bank of the ,tiber4 ,he is engaged there in the petty trades of selling his olives1 peaches1 and figs1 and hires out as a journeyman in and outside his country4 ,he hawks with cartiloni and ricordi di ,roma in front of the caf terraces1 and his street waifs accost the foreigners for a soldi4 ,even at the door of his old-clothes shop you can hardly recognize in him the ,jew4 ,it is this1 more than the paucity of the number of ,jews in ,italy1 that explains the absence of anti-,jewish feeling there4 ,for the name ,sacerdote by which ,italian ,cohens call themselves does not suggest affluence1 and the cognomen ,levi does not necessarily designate one's business4 ,in his religious life the ,jew of the ,roman ,ghetto resembles the ,lithuanian rather than the ,western ,european4 ,his religious activity1 to be sure1 is restricted to the prayer services of the ,temple1 but his ,temple is more like a ,beth ,midrash than a symphony hall and lyceum4 ,living within a ,catholic environment1 his religion has been preserved as something positive1 tangible1 and powerful2 and if it is no longer an inspiring influence within him1 it exists at least as a reality outside of him4 ,the religious institutions and instrumentalities are looked upon by him as something hallowed and consecrate4 ,the synagogue is spoken of as the sacro tempio and the rabbi1 referred to by the ,hebrew words ,morenu ,harav1 is looked up to in matters religious as if he were the incumbent of the throne of ,moses4 ,the place of worship is opened three times a day for the traditional number of the daily public prayers1 and young men as well as old1 unwashed and in their working garments1 repair there directly from their work to hear the sacra messa1 as the services are sometimes termed by them4 ,most of the younger ,jews are unable to read the ,hebrew prayers1 some read without understanding them2 but they all know a few selected prayers by heart which they recite aloud with many interesting gesticulations and genuflections1 while in the pulpit the ,chasan reads the services from a prayer-book printed in ,livorno1 chanting them in a monotonous sing-song not unlike what one often hears in the chapels of ,st4 ,peter4 ,societies of ,jewish ,youth in ,italy ,racial consciousness is strong among these ,jews of the ,roman ,ghetto4 ,they are to themselves1 in common parlance1 ,ibrim or ,yahudim1 which they utter not without pride1 and the ,gentile is looked down upon as a mere goi1 while the passing priest is pointed out as a komer4 ,if you ever happen to be in ,rome1 ,i should advise you take one afternoon off1 and ordering a cafe noro at some caf house on the ,piazza ,venezia1 sit down quietly at a table on the terrace and try to look ,jewish4 ,you will soon be assailed by a number of postal-card venders coming one after another1 until one importunate youth1 discovering your identity1 will of a sudden change his attitude1 and1 his obsequiousness gone1 will enter with you into an intimate conversation4 ,he will tell you his name1 his pedigree1 and of the tempio1 and of the street where many ,jews live4 ,he will no longer entreat you to buy his goods2 and if you do so1 he will mumble out his grazie rather perfunctorily4 ,for are not all ,israel of the same descent8--and if they are not all princes1 at least none of them is better than a postal-card vender in ,rome4 ,it is therefore not surprising that among the native ,italian ,jews there should arise on the part of the young educated elements a desire to convert that latent ,jewish sentiment into some form of practical and useful activity4 ,a society of ,jewish youth in ,italy has already existed for about three years during which time two conventions were held4 ,a number of commendable resolutions were passed about the improvement of ,jewish education among the ,italian ,jews and especially the advancement of the study of the ,hebrew language among them4 ,zionism was warmly endorsed1 though the society as a whole did not commit itself officially to the cause4 ,like the ,a4 ,j4 ,j4 of ,paris1 the ,italian organization also purports to act as intermediaries between the ,italian government and the native ,jewish population of ,tripoli4 ,in ,rome there is a local organization of ,jewish students1 devoted to the study of ,hebrew literature1 and is rather of cosmopolitan complexion1 being composed of ,italian1 ,greek1 ,german1 and ,russian ,jews4 ,the moving spirit of that circle was a brilliant ,russian ,jew1 who had graduated in law from the ,university of ,rome4 ,conclusion3 ,the ,growing ,national ,spirit ,among ,jewish ,students ,a close observation of ,european ,jewish students1 both as individuals and as groups1 leads one to the realization of a growing consciousness among them of national unity1 and of an increasing belief on their part of the imperishability of the ,jews as a race4 ,that morbid feeling of national decay and the imminent disappearance of the race1 which had preyed upon the minds of ,jewish men in the past generation1 and which is reflected in the literature of that time1 has been everywhere displaced by one of confidence and hope4 ,desertion from ,judaism1 to be sure1 may sporadically make its appearance here and there as a convenient escape from material disadvantages2 indifference towards it may likewise in some quarters still survive as a relic of the past1--but these are rather unusual and isolated phenomena1 emphasizing all the more the universal fidelity and attachment to all things ,jewish4 ,the enthusiasm for ,judaism1 everywhere in a process of growth1 manifests itself in its early stages in study and self-cultivation2 it assumes a more concrete form1 in its later stages1 of some communal or social activity2 and if that development keeps on uninterruptedly it finally consummates in ,zionism4 ,this development1 it must be admitted1 is not a spontaneous and self-directive movement4 ,in no small measure1 it is everywhere stimulated by the growing tendency on the part of non-,jews in almost every country to appraise the ,jew according to his racial origin1 an appraisal which results in a feeling not necessarily hostile1 but in most cases neutral and sometimes even favoring the racial and cultural peculiarity1 indestructible and impermiscible1 of the ,jewish element4 ,it is this external stimulus1 rather than any internal impulse1 that is responsible for the unfolding of the national spirit among ,jewish students and the assertion of their selfhood4 ,none the less1 their self-assertion has nowhere reached the extreme of spiritual alienation from their environment4 ,there is nothing more remarkable in the character of ,jewish youth of the present day1 even among those who were born and raised in ,east ,european ghettos1 than the spiritual and intellectual snugness in which they find themselves1 in what should have been expected to remain to them a foreign environment4 ,the residual estrangement of the ,jewish soul from everything that is non-,jewish1 which our forefathers in the past had figuratively designated with what ,jewish mysticism called the ,captivity of the ,shekinah1 has totally disappeared4 ,the individual ,jew of to-day1 while sharing in the sublimated consciousness of the race as a whole1 does not in any conscious or subliminal way feel himself to be personally identified with it2 whence the hesitation on the part of the majority of ,jewish students to participate actively in ,zionism even though they would all admit it to be the logical sequel of ,jewish history4 ,for ,zionism to them can never become a personal ideal1 something requisite for the salvation of their souls4 ,it can at its best appeal to them1 in so far as they are consciously ,jewish1 as the cause of the nation as a whole2 and consequently the mere suspicion that their affiliation with the movement might be held up against them as an impugnment of their loyalty to the land of their birth and abode is sufficient to keep them aloof from it4 ,it was very interesting for me to notice how everywhere1 after a long manoeuvre of ,zionist discussions with good ,jewish young men1 they would finally halt at their unshakable position that ,zionists might arouse the suspicion of their ,gentile neighbors as to the loyalty and patriotism of the ,jews4 ,where people are obsessed by the fear of being misunderstood in doing what they otherwise think to be good and impeccable1 no arguments1 of course1 can avail4 ,they are in this respect characteristically ,jewish4 ,in their ,brand-like racial frame of mind1 the ,jews could never stop midway between the two antipodes of roving world-citizenry and hidebound mono-patriotism4 ,it is probable that their attitude will change as soon as it is generally realized that personal devotion and loyalty to two causes are not psychologically a self-deception1 and that the serving of two masters is not a moral anomaly unless1 as in the original adage1 one of the masters be ,satanic4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,harry ,wolfson ,extract from a letter received from ,william ,chadwick1 ,president of the ,hebrew ,congregation and the ,adler ,society1 ,oxford ,university1 ,england1 commenting on the section devoted to ,england in ,mr4 ,wolfson's article in our ,january number3 ,the remarks of ,mr4 ,wolfson1 whom we remember very well1 concerning ,oxford1 were very apt for the time2 but in ,oxford1 one particular type of ,judaism never remains for long2 ,judaism here is in a state of perpetual flux1 and to seize upon any one moment and represent that view as a type of ,oxford's ,judaism is very erroneous4 ,i am sure that if ,mr4 ,wolfson were here now1 he would not recognize the services or the attitude now prevalent4 ,i doubt if he would now hear ,liberal ,judaism apostrophised 'as the safeguard of modern ,jews from the attractiveness of the superior teachings of ,christ4' ,zionism3 ,a ,menorah ,prize ,essay ,,by ,,marvin ,m4 ,,lowenthal ,illustration3 ,,marvin ,m4 ,,lowenthal 7born in ,bradford1 ,pa41 in #ahij7 is at present a ,senior in the ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,he has won the ,wisconsin ,menorah ,society ,prize twice--in #aiab for an essay on ,the ,jew in the ,american ,revolution1 and in #aiad for the essay on ,zionism here published for the first time4 ,mr4 ,lowenthal is now the ,president of the ,wisconsin ,zionist ,society4 ,at the head of an alley-way hard by the ,place of the ,temple1 the ,haram-esh-,sherif1 in ,jerusalem1 a long wall built in rough-hewn courses lifts itself above the squalor of the ,moghrebin quarter to an eastern sky from which a sun that seldom sleeps bakes the grey stones1 bares every detail of a crumbling ruin1 and intensifies the wistful odor of decay4 ,this1 the remnant of ,solomon's glory1 is the ,wailing ,wall of the ,jews4 ,clad in sackcloth and covered with ashes1 patriarchal figures sway to and fro1 press their lips to the hot granite1 beat now their chests and now the wall1 and today1 as every day for eighteen hundreds of years1 wail in the words of the ,psalmist3 ,oh ,god1 the heathen are come into ,thine inheritance2 ,thy holy ,temple have they defiled2 ,they have laid ,jerusalem in heaps4#a ,this picture reveals the typical and traditional attitude of the ,jew toward the land of his forefathers4 ,taught as children in the ,cheder to turn their thoughts and desires toward ,palestine2 devoting themselves as men to the study of the ,law and the ,prophets and to the building upon this study of the vast ,talmudic structure1 until a spiritual ,land of the ,book may be said to have been created wherein they continually dwelt2 crystallizing and adopting the ,restoration as a dogma of the faith2 commemorating with solemn fasts the ,ninth of ,ab as the anniversary of the destruction of the ,temple by ,titus2 and repeating at each ,passover with the pitiful hope of a child1 ,next year in ,jerusalem1 the ,jews have bound the memory of ,palestine as a sign upon their hands and as frontlets between their eyes4 ,they have indeed written it upon the door-posts of their houses and upon their gates1 to the end--that they have wept and prayed4 ,the vision of the prophets1 which created and sustained this passionate ideal1 itself inhibited the realization by emphasizing the redemption as miraculous1 as a consummation to come in its own time without man's effort1 and indeed in spite of man's will4 ,and so1 except for the sporadic and meteoric fiascos of mock-,messiahs1 the ,jews--this most practical of people--continued in hope and prayer to watch the centuries creep by4 ,frequently the hope flowered into the songs of a ,judah ,halevi or ,ibn ,gabirol1 songs as sweet as have blossomed in the medieval garden2 and the prayer found expression in a poignancy attributable only to the racial genius which created the ,psalms2 but until the nineteenth century the dream preserved all the qualities of a dream4 ,a ,crusade for ,a ,birthright ,on ,august #bi1 #ahig1 a congress convened in ,basel1 ,switzerland1 comparable in ,jewry to the ,council of ,clermont2 for in this congress two hundred and four ,jews1 acting as delegates of their people from half the countries in the world1 assembled at the call of ,theodor ,herzl to go crusading for the recovery of ,palestine4 ,this difference1 among others1 may be apparent--the ,christians sought the recovery of a grave2 the ,jews1 of a cradle4 ,palestine was to be a cradle in two senses2 this ,congress1 the first body representative of all ,jewry to be convened in the ,diaspora1 claimed the land of ,israel not by virtue of a death1 but as a birthright1 and furthermore hoped to find its recovery the opportunity for the rejuvenation of a people4 ,quoting from his book1 ,the ,jewish ,state#b--;a book journalistic in style1 but trumpet-toned in the note it sounded for political ,zionism--,theodor ,herzl offered the following definition of ,zionism after the first ,zionist ,congress 7#ahig73 ,zionism has for its object the creation of a home1 secured by public rights1 for those ,jews who either cannot or will not be assimilated in the country of their adoption4#c ,zionism1 in a word1 is not the last truism in a weary debate1 nor a new verse to an old song2 it is1 on the contrary1 a definite answer to a perplexing and imperative question4 ,what are these ,jews who cannot or will not be assimilated1 and why cannot or will not they be assimilated8 ,this question constitutes what is known as the ,jewish problem1 or1 for those who deny or dislike the term1 the ,jewish position2 and this question must first be fully stated before the ,zionist or any other answer can be intelligible4 ,the ,isolation of ,medieval ,jewry ,the ,jews in the ,middle ,ages were considered by themselves1 their few friends1 and their many enemies1 as a twice separated nation--a people separated from those among whom they dwelt and separated from the land in which they originated4 ,they were governed by their own law--the ,lex ,judorum--which was recognized by the authorities of the land in which they lived as peculiar and proper to them2#d they dwelt in communal groups which were bound together by common interests2 they observed their own customs and nourished their own culture2 they were held to be foreigners1 and in a comparison of their own with the ,christian civilization1 they readily acknowledged this status4 ,the force of persecution without and the religious conviction of superiority1 separateness1 and nationality within1 preserved and constantly increased this solidarity4#e ,that the existence of a separate1 recalcitrant1 and even obnoxious nation within a nation did not constitute a problem for the medievals may be attributable to two reasons3 7#a7 the medieval theory of life accentuated a hierarchical order of existence--a theory that found expression in feudalism1 in ,church organization1 and in guild and craft life2 in pursuance of this theory1 the ,jews were accorded a recognized and distinct status2 7#b7 furthermore1 the ,jews were an economic necessity in the times when a ban was laid on money-lending1 and they constituted an important economic facility at a little later period when capital could indeed be worked but when rivalry and hatreds rendered communication uncertain4#f ,to the maintenance of ,jewish solidarity and the preservation of things ,jewish qua ,jewish1 sacrifices culminating in the surrender of life bequeathed to the race a comprehensive martyrology4#g ,ernest ,renan defines a nation as a great solidarity constituted by the sentiment of the sacrifices that its citizens have made and those they feel prepared to make once more4 ,it implies a past1 but is summed up in the present by a tangible fact--the clearly expressed desire to live a common life4 ,in sum1 the ,jews throughout the ,middle ,ages1 which was prolonged for them until a little less than two hundred years ago1 comprised a nation as virtual in point of their own claim and its recognition by other nations as in the days when they were established in ,palestine4 ,renaissance1 ,reformation1 and the rediscovery of the world by science failed to make an impression on the thick ghetto walls2 and ,jewish isolation1 even as late as the eighteenth century1 may be vividly realized by thinking of ,rousseau and ,voltaire in contrast with the contemporary lights of ,jewry--,elijah ,gaon and ,israel ,besht1#h men as medieval as a gargoyle4 ,the ,french ,revolution with its early philosophy of naturalism and humanism and its later political expression in liberty1 equality1 and fraternity1 razed the physical and spiritual walls of the ghetto and set up the ,jewish problem4 ,following the ,revolution1 four currents of thought and action1 working both simultaneously and successively1 causing1 reacting upon1 and intermingling with one another1 affecting the ,jews now favorably and now unfavorably1 went into the making of this problem4 ,to deal with ,emancipation1 ,enlightenment1 ,nationalism1 and ,anti-,semitism in detail would consume a volume1 but an outline of their bearing on the present situation is essential4 ,emancipation and ,enlightenment ,emancipation may be defined as the removal of the civil disabilities from the ,jews1 following the acceptance of liberal principles by the ,european governments4 ,the process was a gradual one4 ,in #agia the ,french ,assembly passed the vote for the complete emancipation of the ,jews1 which procedure was ratified and firmly established by the ,napoleonic regime4 ,belgium 7#ahcj71 ,england 7#ahdf71 ,sweden 7#ahdh71 ,denmark and ,greece 7#ahdi71 ,prussia 7#ahej71 ,austria 7#ahfg71 ,spain 7#ahfh71 ,italy 7#ahgj71 and ,switzerland 7#ahgd7 followed the lead of ,france4 ,the ,balkan ,states in the treaty of ,berlin 7#ahgh71 upon pressure from ,disraeli1 agreed to the emancipation of the ,jews as one of the conditions for securing their own freedom2 ,roumania has been notoriously delinquent1 however1 in adhering to the terms nominated in the bond4#i ,the removal of civil disabilities brought the ,jew into a wide contact with the ,christian4 ,this resulted for the ,jews in liberalization of outlook and liberation of capacities and talents1 in an abandonment of the jargon for the national tongues1 in a precipitation into the ,haskalah movement 7to be described in the next paragraph71 and in a restatement of their leading religious doctrines1 which amounted to a surrender in theory of their nationality and their destiny as a ,chosen ,people to be restored to ,palestine4 ,for the ,christians the removal of ,jewish disabilities resulted in the necessity of either accepting or rejecting the ,jew's claim to be an equal and a fellow-countryman4 ,the ,enlightenment1 or ,haskalah movement1 broadly speaking1 comprises the ,jewish absorption of secular learning1 particularly in literature and science1 the abandonment of the study of the ,talmud for modern subjects1 and the adoption of farm and craft life4#aj ,moses ,mendelssohn in ,germany and ,lilienthal in ,russia were the first great protagonists of these radical departures2 and the movement1 which in part led to the demand for ,emancipation and in part resulted from it1 further removed the differences between ,jew and non-,jew1 at least from the standpoint of the former1 and further removed him from his religious and historical past1 perceptibly weakening and in many cases practically destroying the medieval sense of solidarity4 ,each ,jew adopted the culture of his native country1 and so one ,jew became virtually a foreigner to another4 ,haskalah1 in a word1 is a looking outward on the part of the ,jew2 for all its virtues this movement had the consequence of blunting racial consciousness and blurring racial identity4 ,nationalism and ,anti-,semitism ,all might have been well but for the presence of a third and conflicting element4 ,while the ,jew became infected with the universalism of the ,revolutionary spirit1 the majority of ,europeans were absorbing and developing the particularistic implications of '#hi4 ,nationalism is the self-consciousness of a people1 and it found its ,european expression in the creation of the modern ,states of ,germany1 ,italy1 ,hungary1 ,greece1 and the small ,balkans4 ,it is a race's recognition of itself1 a looking inward1 and it leads to the pursuit of racial ideals and development of racial qualities--an inward expansion which1 indifferent to the charge of chauvinism1 can only be secured by an outward discrimination4 ,the ,jew and the ,christian had changed places since medieval times3 the ,jew now stood for a universal society and a universal church1 and the ,christian for exclusion and separation upon racial bases4 ,emancipation thus brought the conflict directly to the attention of the strong majority1 namely1 the ,christians1 and anti-,semitism was their answer4 ,in its restricted sense1 anti-,semitism is a scientific stick used to beat the ,jewish dog with4 ,after impartial1 impersonal scientific investigation1 ,french and ,german scholars#aa demonstrated the racial inferiority of the ,semite to the ,aryan1 enumerated the inherent ,semitic qualities as greed1 special aptitude for money-making1 aversion to hard work1 clannishness1 obstrusiveness1 lack of social tact and of patriotism1 the tendency to exploit and not to be overly honest4 ,ernest ,renan adequately sums up the anti-,semite position when he claims for the ,aryans all the great military1 political1 and intellectual movements of history4#ab ,the ,semites never had a comprehension of civilization in the sense in which the ,aryan understands the word2 they were at no time public-spirited4#ac ,in fact1 intolerance was the natural consequence of ,semitic monotheism4#ad ,in the wider sense1#ae anti-,semitism is the modern word for the old and apparently ineradicable hatred of the ,jew1 partly dependent1 as ,g4 ,f4 ,abbott well shows1#af not only upon ,christian faith1 but upon the ,christian frame of mind and feeling--a hatred to which the ,nationalism of the nineteenth century furnished a reasonable fuel1 which found a social expression in ostracism and rioting#ag and a political expression in the formation of the ,christian ,socialist ,party in ,germany 7#ahgh71 and similar parties in ,austria and ,hungary 7#ahhb-ii71 seeking the suppression of equal rights for ,jews1 the ,dreyfus affair in ,france 7#ahie71 and the open1 violent persecutions in ,roumania--all aimed at annulling the privileges granted by the ,emancipation4 ,clerical1 economic1 and social opposition to the ,jews combined to support the nationalistic contention summed up in the words of ,heinrich von ,treitschke 7,professor of ,history1 ,university of ,berlin73 ,die ,juden sind unser ,unglck4#ah ,this essay is not concerned with the truth of the contention2 suffice that it is advanced1 supported1 and acted upon4 ,the ,jewish ,situation in the ,four ,zones ,a review of the ,jewish situation is now possible4 ,but before presenting this review1 a definition of two words which will be frequently used may not be irrelevant4 ,the ,jewish problem is taken to mean an immediate concrete maladjustment where life and property are imperiled1 much as we speak of the ,mexican problem4 ,the ,jewish position1 on the other hand1 is taken to mean a social1 cultural1 or spiritual disharmony or repression1 much as we speak of the position of the ,poles in ,galicia and ,russia4 ,the ,jewish situation falls naturally into four geographical zones4 ,the first1 which contains the problem in its most serious aspect1 is ,eastern ,europe1 including ,russia1 ,poland1 and ,roumania1 where are settled six of the twelve million ,jews of the world4#ai ,in this zone1 the ,jews are for the most part maintaining medieval solidarity and separation1 are suffering from medieval repression and persecution2 but on the other hand1 7and this appears to be the determining factor in the gravity of the problem71 the ,russian ,jew is by no means a necessity to the ,russian in any way similar to that in which the medieval ,jew was a necessity to the medieval ,christian4 ,the eastern ,jew is beginning to expand with the leaven of the ,haskalah1 and is simultaneously strangling for lack of the release and exercise of his powers afforded by ,emancipation4 ,the ,russian and ,roumanian1 in what they believe to be the preservation of ,nationalism1 are determined on crippling or destroying the inimical and unassimilative factor in their population2 and although the ,russian is politically medieval1 he is economically modern and considers himself restrained by no need of ,jewish money4#bj ,the outcome for the ,jews is economic impoverishment1 social persecution1 political enslavement1 and spiritual degeneration4#ba ,the second zone includes ,austria1 ,germany1 and to a minor degree ,france1 where are settled approximately three millions of ,jews4 ,save in ,galicia1 where political and racial turmoil is constantly giving the ,jewish situation the sombre tinge of a problem1 the ,jews are finding themselves1 for the most part1 in a precarious position4 ,nationalism demands that they surrender their racial identity and proclivities2 anti-,semitism declares upon the verdict of science that such surrender is impossible1 and substitutes repression1 assimilation1 or extinction4 ,the ,jews in attempting to satisfy the conditions by entering fully into all the activities of national life arouse through their success only greater hostility2 and the situation becomes converted into a vicious circle4 ,france to a large degree and ,england comprise the third zone1 where the ,jewish position is identical with that of the fourth zone1 the ,united ,states1 save in one important detail4 ,the ,jews in these two zones1 numbering only one-and-a-half million1 have entered freely into the national life about them1 and1 except for minor social disabilities which can only make the judicious smile1 have been accorded equality1 with the result that the ,jew qua ,jew is exposed to complete assimilation4 ,the distinction between the third and fourth zone is that in ,england and ,france1 anti-,semitism based on ,nationalism is a potentiality 7though the recent ,aliens ,bill and ,chesterton trial would suggest that it might be more than this71 whereas the open-door theory of settlement which created the ,united ,states militates basically against race-discrimination4 ,the ,jew of ,england and ,america does not face persecution nor repression1 but a gradual and apparently pleasant extinction4 ,the medieval ,jew found himself a necessary1 well-paying1 if not honored1 guest in the households of ,europe2 but the day when the ,jew resolved on adopting the life and manners of his host1 the host resolved on drawing tightly the family lines4 ,the modern ,jew has discovered it necessary either to convince the obdurate host1 who points to a scientifically certified chart of the family-tree1 that he too is of blood germane1 or take himself to lodgings in the cellarage4 ,and yet--a third possibility here insinuates itself--why may not the ,jew set up housekeeping for himself8 ,the ,vain ,effort of ,reform ,judaism ,the medieval ,jew would have accepted without hope the unfortunate predicament2 the modern ,jew1 nerved with a distillation of the ,revolutionary rights of men and confident that he was not combating the implacability of a religious hatred1 adopted expedient and remedial measures1 the chief of which1 since they form the opposition to ,zionism1 will be outlined4 ,to justify ,emancipation before and after it was secured1 assimilative doctrines of a peculiar type1 known as ,reform ,judaism1#bb whereby the essentials of ,jewish life were to be separated and saved1 constituted the main attempt of the ,jew to demonstrate that he was a member of the households of ,europe and not an intruder4 ,reform ,judaism began as a result of the ,haskalah by simplifying and beautifying1 according to ,european standards1 the ,orthodox religious service 7,germany #ahaj-bj71 and ended by abandoning the ,messianic ,restoration1 the doctrine that ,israel is in exile and that the prophecies are literally to be fulfilled4 ,the expediency of these measures is apparent4 ,to refute the anti-,semitic charge of racial inferiority1 the existence of the race as a separate entity was denied1 and the necessary scientific backing has lately been secured4#bc ,to meet the ,nationalists1 ,israel's national hopes were declared void1 and it was strongly urged that the basis of a modern nation is citizenship and not race4 ,the ,reformers proceeded further and maintained that the ,jewish people were themselves the ,messiah1 whose mission was to spread by its fortitude and loyalty the monotheistic truth all over the earth1 and to be an example of rectitude to all others1#bd whose goal was not a national ,messianic ,state1 but the realization in society of the principles of righteousness as enunciated by the prophets2#be wherefore1 it was not only just that they receive citizenship1 but religious duty compelled the ,jew to demand it4 ,the ,jewish religion was considered the essential possession of the ,jewish people--so essential that it was to be maintained at the sacrifice of assimilation2 but nowhere is it made apparent how a religion can be maintained without a people1 how a people can be maintained without separation1 and how separation can be maintained without abandoning the no-race1 no-nation propositions4 ,if these are abandoned1 the ,jews are precisely where they began--another circle whose viciousness is becoming obvious and is resulting in the constant discarding of ,jewish rite and form1 until the religion which was to be prized and saved is fast becoming a watery ,unitarianism1 and its adherents are allowing themselves1 where permitted1 to become completely assimilated4 ,reform ,judaism which began as a compromise is ending as a surrender4 ,the final and unanswerable objection to ,reform ,judaism as a solution is that the majority of ,jews will not even in theory accept it4 ,the devotion to race1 religion1 and separation is too strong4 ,the ,gentile in asking the ,jew to assimilate is undoubtedly right2 the refusal of the ,jew undoubtedly is not wrong2 and the ring of true tragedy becomes audible4 ,the ,palliative ,measures of ,philanthropy ,contemporary with the unsuccessful attempt at clearing up the ,jewish position in western ,europe1 palliative measures were undertaken to solve the problem in eastern ,europe4 ,in #ahfj the ,alliance ,israelite ,universelle was founded at ,paris with the following purposes in chief3#bf #a4 ,to work everywhere for the emancipation and moral progress of the ,jew4 #b4 ,to give effectual support to those who are suffering persecution because they are ,jews4 ,the ,alliance began by distributing pamphlets and calling the attention of western governments to eastern injustice2 it gradually1 however1 undertook practical work4 ,influenced by ,rabbi ,kalischer1 religious enthusiast1 a farm school 7,mikveh ,israel7 was established at ,jaffa2 and after the ,russian persecutions of #ahhj-hb1 active colonization for the relief of refugees became the chief work1 in which the ,alliance received substantial aid from ,baron de ,rothschild4 ,meanwhile ,baron de ,hirsch1 another philanthropist of international proportions1 dedicated millions to the foundation of colonies in ,argentine and ,palestine4 ,in the latter place the ,hirsch activities were incorporated under the title of the ,jewish ,colonization ,association 7,,ika1 #ahia71 working in harmony of aim with the ,alliance and with still a third movement--one more of the people--styled ,chovevei-,zion 7,lovers of ,zion74 ,the only activities of the ,chovevei-,zion1 a general term attached to small and ardent semi-affiliated societies throughout ,europe and ,america1 with which we are here concerned are the philanthropic2 and their services in this respect were haphazard and negligible4#bg ,to cast up briefly the sum of practical work accomplished by #ahih3 #id schools in ,asia and ,africa1#bh and #be colonies in ,palestine supporting #e1jjj ,jews4#bi ,such philanthropy is to be considered an attempt1 however valiant and noble1 to empty the sea with a pail--with a leaking pail4 ,thus1 upon a review of the situation1 three alternatives present themselves3 7#a7 ,maintenance of the status quo with its dull round of persecution and degradation on one hand1 and the soul-destroying life in the ,fool's ,paradise of ,reform ,judaism on the other2 7#b7 ,amalgamation with the surrounding peoples--a grim race-suicide2 7#c7 ,re-establishment of a national center where1 perhaps not the entire people1 but a remnant can be saved4 7,to be concluded7 ,as ,greece stands for art and ,rome stands for law and order1 so ,judaea stands for morality1 and so it occupies an exalted position in history4 ,the ,menorah ,society comes to the ,university with a challenge and defies us to ignore at our peril that which ,judaism has contributed to civilization and which we have derived from it4 ,we have derived our own religion from it1 and that spirit of ,puritanism which was so closely connected with the settlement of the new world4--,from an ,address before the ,cornell ,menorah ,society by ,president ,jacob ,gould ,schurman of ,cornell ,university4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,psalm #gi4 #b ,der ,judenstaat 7,vienna1 #aijf72 ,english translation1 edited by ,j4 de ,haas4 #c ,theodor ,herzl1 ,the ,zionist ,congress1 ,contemporary ,review1 v4 #bg1 p4 #ehg4 #d ,i4 ,abrahams1 ,jewish ,life in the ,middle ,ages 7,philadelphia1 #ahig71 p4 #di4 #e ,jacob ,s4 ,raisin1 ,the ,haskalah ,movement 7,philadelphia1 #aiac71 p4 #cc4 #f ,james ,h4 ,robinson1 ,history of ,western ,europe 7,boston1 #aijd1 #b vols471 vol4 #a1 p4 #bdf4 ,addison ,steele1 ,the ,spectator 7,london1 #ahbc71 ,no4 #die1 p4 #gaj4 #g ,l4 ,zunz1 ,the ,sufferings of the ,jews ,during the ,middle ,ages 7,new ,york1 #aijg74 #h ,s4 ,m4 ,dubnow1 ,jewish ,history 7,philadelphia1 #aijc71 p4 #aef4 #i ,lady ,magnus1 ,outlines of ,jewish ,history 7,london1 #ahhh71 p4 #cja et seq4 #aj ,raisin1 ,the ,haskalah ,movement1 ,chap4 ,,iii4 #aa ,s4 ,phillippson1 ,weltbegerende ,fragen 7,leipsic1 #ahfh7 ,edouard ,drumont1 ,la ,france ,juive 7,paris1 #ahhf74 #ab ,ernest ,renan1 tudes d',histoire ,religieuse 7,paris1 #ahfb71 p4 #he4 #ac ,idem1 p4 #hh4 #ad ,idem1 p4 #hg4 #ae ,h4 ,graetz1 ,history of the ,jews 7,philadelphia1 #ahia71 #e vols41 vol4 ,v41 p4 #cah et seq4 #af ,g4 ,f4 ,abbott1 ,the ,jewish ,problem1 ,fortnightly ,review1 vol4 #ic1 p4 #gdb4 #ag ,the ,jewish ,encyclopedia 7,new ,york1 #aija1 #aj vols471 under ,anti-,semitism4 #ah ,idem4 and ibid41 quoting from ,preussiche ,jahrbcher1 #ahgi4 #ai ,american ,jewish ,year ,book 7,philadelphia1 #aiac-ad71 p4 #bae4 #bj ,arnold ,white1 ,europe and the ,jews1 ,contemporary ,review1 vol4 #gb1 p4 #gch4 #ba ,american ,jewish ,year ,book1 #aijf-jg1 p4 #bd-ij4 ,tables showing1 for period of #c years in ,russia 7#aijc-jf71 #bed pogroms1 in which #c1igc ,jews were killed and #ad1jcd wounded4 ,c4 ,r4 ,conder1 ,zionists1 ,blackwood1 vol4 #afc1 p4 #eih1 states on authority of ,dr4 ,farbstein that #gj per cent4 of ,galician ,jews are beggars and #ej per cent4 of ,russian ,jews are paupers4 #bb ,jewish ,encyclopedia under ,reform ,judaism4 #bc ,maurice ,fishberg1 ,the ,jews 7,new ,york1 #aiaa74 #bd ,jewish ,encyclopedia under ,reform ,judaism4 #be ,idem4 #bf ,jewish ,encyclopedia under ,alliance ,israelite ,universelle4 #bg ,cohen1 ,zionist ,work in ,palestine1 p4 #aeg4 #bh ,idem4 #bi ,idem1 under ,agricultural ,colonies in ,palestine4 ,the ,third ,annual ,convention of the ,menorah ,societies ,i4 ,the ,public ,meeting ,the ,third ,annual ,convention of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association was held at the ,university of ,cincinnati1 in the city of ,cincinnati1 on ,wednesday and ,thursday1 ,december #bc and #bd1 #aiad4 ,the third session1 on ,wednesday evening1 was a public meeting in the ,university auditorium4 ,abraham ,j4 ,feldman1 ,president of the ,university of ,cincinnati ,menorah ,society1 formally welcomed the convention1 and introduced ,chancellor ,henry ,hurwitz as the ,chairman of the evening4 ,mayor ,f4 ,s4 ,spiegel brought the greetings and welcome of the city of ,cincinnati4 ,dean ,joseph ,e4 ,harry extended a welcome in behalf of the ,university1 and ,dr4 ,kaufman ,kohler1 ,president of ,hebrew ,union ,college1 welcomed the convention in behalf of his institution and of the ,jewish community4 ,professor ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman of the ,university of ,michigan1 ,president of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 spoke on ,the ,menorah ,movement1 and ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen of the ,university of ,wisconsin delivered an address on ,the ,jews and the ,war4 ,for the substance of ,dr4 ,kallen's address see his article on page #gi4 ,the other speakers spoke in part as follows3 ,,dean ,j4 ,e4 ,,harry ,in behalf of the ,university of ,cincinnati1 ,i bid you welcome4 ,i confess that ,i can agree with the statement made in your declaration of the nature and purpose of the ,menorah ,societies1 that modern civilization is chiefly a product of three ancient cultures1 or to be more exact1 ,i should prefer to say two1 since the ,roman is but a continuation of the ,greek1 and we cannot understand ourselves without understanding and having direct reference to the character and work of both the ,greek and the ,hebrew minds4 ,two principal elements have entered into the spiritual life of the modern world4 ,the past and the present are one and inseparable1 and you cannot destroy the former without doing positive damage to the latter4 ,the roots of our civilization lie in the soil of antiquity1 and you cannot destroy and disentangle the fibers of the growing tree of civilization from the far-off centuries that are gone1 without injuring the whole organism4 ,if we were to wipe out all the records of the past1 what a series of inexplicable riddles would our own history present1 and if we were to blot out entirely every reference to ancient writers1 or were to blow away all the perfume that has been shaken down from the vestments of those writers1 how blurred and how scentless would the fairest and most fragrant pages of our own great poets and historians appear6 ,what we need to-day1 what our country needs more than anything else1 is thorough1 really liberally educated men1 and not merely men who are supposed by the general public to be educated1 simply because they have passed through a college1 because in some quarters the business of education has1 alas1 fallen into the hands of men who are not themselves liberally educated2 and so as an ardent advocate of the humanities1 with hope that the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association will contribute to the laying of greater stress upon the value of the study of the humanities in our college curriculum1 ,i bid you ,god-speed1 and again extend to you the cordial greetings of the ,university of ,cincinnati4 ,,dr4 ,,kaufman ,,kohler ,i do not know whether you have observed that ,cincinnati is somewhat akin to the city of ,rome as well as to the holy city of ,jerusalem--it is a city with many hills4 ,on this hill here1 facing one another for friendly and harmonious coperation1 the two institutions of learning in which we especially1 the ,jewish community1 take particular pride--the ,university of ,cincinnati1 which so prominently and in ever expanding proportion stands for the humanities1 for classical culture1 for the professional and scientific branches of secular knowledge1 and on the other hand1 the ,hebrew ,union ,college1 which stands for the mother religion of civilized humanity and for the progressive spirit of ,judaism and of ,americanism4 ,in this rather insignificant incident the ,jewish community may well find a great principle expressed4 ,with his face towards the ,east from which issues the light of day1 where was cradled the faith of ,israel1 the ,jew1 ever beholding in classical wisdom and knowledge the sister of his faith1 proceeded with the westward march of civilization in order to make religion1 by the reason and research of the ages1 a great1 progressive power1 ever regenerating his spiritual heritage and rejuvenating that religion of his own as it goes on through the centuries4 ,this fact1 however1 of a continual intellectual and spiritual progress of ,judaism1 is altogether too rarely recognized by the surrounding ,christian world1 even by its men of light and leading or by its seats of learning1 because the ,new ,testament is looked upon by altogether too many as the death warrant of the ,old ,testament1 as if the sun of civilization had stood still over ,israel ever since its seers and singers and sages of yore voiced the ,divine message4 ,nor does the ,jewish man of culture and college training as a rule appreciate the wondrous achievements of the ,jewish genius since the very dawn of history until our day1 in the whole domain of learning and science1 or of ethical and religious culture4 ,it is therefore a highly laudable endeavor undertaken by the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association to arouse the dormant spirit of self-respect in the academic ,jewish youth1 to stir in him the ambition to study and know this matchless history and literature1 and to kindle in his soul anew that idealism which made the ,jew throughout all the ages endure and brave the onslaughts of the empires and churches and the persecuting mobs1 so that even to-day he is as young and as vigorous as any of the youngest races and nations in the world4 ,the ,importance of ,israel's ,religion ,this past1 ,i say1 cannot but appeal to every high-minded ,american1 whether ,christian or ,jew1 and your study of it will certainly meet with our warmest support and encouragement4 ,only1 in my opinion1 one thing you need1 young as your association is1 young in years and young in experience1 and that is1 a full comprehension and keen realization of the subject you have in view and a wise and right direction towards it4 ,no one doubts or questions the sincerity of your motives or the praiseworthiness of your aims and purposes when you place on your program the study of ,jewish history1 culture and problems1 and the advancement of ,jewish ideals1 but you omit that which is most essential1 which is the all-encompassing force and factor of ,jewish life1 the real1 peculiar and genuine product of the ,jewish genius--religion4 ,we have got a religion which1 as has been put by ,matthew ,arnold1 has fashioned four-fifths of the world's civilization4 ,in omitting the idea1 as expressed by ,matthew ,arnold1 of the power that maketh for righteousness1 in declaring your movement as being altogether non-religious1 you run the risk of making of your endeavor an inevitable and certain failure4,g ,let me quote to you from an address delivered recently before a ,jewish society in ,london on ,israel and ,medicine by ,professor ,osler1 sentences that are remarkable and worth repeating4 ,he says3 ,in estimating the position of ,israel in the human values1 one must remember that the quest for righteousness is ,oriental1 the quest for knowledge1 ,occidental4 ,with the great prophets of the ,east--,moses1 ,isaiah1 ,mahomet he might have included ,jesus of ,nazareth1 the word was ',thus saith the ,lord4' ,with the seers of the ,west1 from ,aristotle to ,darwin1 it was ',what says nature8' ,modern civilization is the outcome of the two great movements of the mind of man1 who is to-day ruled in heart and head by ,israel and by ,greece4 ,from the one he has learned responsibility to a ,supreme ,being and love for his neighbor1 in which are embraced the law and the prophets4 ,from the other he has gathered the promise of ,eden1 to have dominion over the earth in which he lives4 ,now let me add to this that whatever the ,jew claims or possesses of culture he has borrowed from the nations and civilizations around him1 whether it be architecture1 the art or the mode of writing1 philosophy and science1 the modes of social and industrial life1 all of which he has taken and assimilated into his own life4 ,not so with his religious truth4 ,this is all his own1 his peculiar and genuine contribution to humanity4 ,thereby he has given human life its eternal value1 its purpose1 its goal and hope for all time4 ,now it seems to me that you may as well expect of the blind to depict for you his impressions of the prismatic glories of the rainbow1 or of the deaf to orate on the beauties of a ,beethoven symphony1 as to expect of one who lacks the sense of religion1 the spirit of faith1 to expound1 or even to understand1 the ideals of the ,jew1 whose history throughout the past was but one continuous glorification of the only one ,god1 by the master works of its hundreds and thousands of men of learning and the unparalleled martyrdom of the whole people1 and whose future is humanity made one by the belief in the only one ,god and ,father4 ,therefore1 let me give you1 delegates and members of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 the advice to continue as you started1 as an academic1 cosmopolitan association1 yet at the same time let it be linked to the synagogue of each city as the center of the faith4 ,let your watch-word be true to the symbol of arise and shine1 and give light to all the nations4 ,let your inspiration and your power of enlightening the world ever come fresh from the sanctuary of faith1 as of yore1 and you will not only be all the more honored for this loyalty to the spirit of the past and the spirit of the ,american people which is religious1 but the sweetest delight that comes from the classic world of beauty will reflect only the brighter light of the holiness1 the beauty of holiness1 that comes from ,israel's one ,god4 ,,prof4 ,i4 ,,leo ,,sharfman ,we want all that is worthy in the ,jewish past to be made a potent force in the ,american life of the present4 ,you men and women who are students at our universities cannot perform your full duty to your universities unless you add to the richness of the university life1 to the variety of its content1 to its genuineness and versatility4 ,and in the larger ,american community we ,jews cannot perform our full duty unless we place at the disposal of our country the best fruits of the ,jewish spirit4 ,our ,menorah allegiance1 then1 rests on the foundation of ,americanism4 ,and insofar as1 through the ,menorah movement1 we are succeeding in uniting by a common bond men and women who have been brought up under a great variety of circumstances and conditions1 we are increasing the democratic spirit of our universities and of the larger life beyond the academic gates4 ,within the universities1 too1 the broadening effect of the ,menorah idea is not limited to the student body4 ,i can bear witness from personal experience that the university authorities1 both faculty members and administrative officers1 are not merely tolerating1 or even mildly accepting1 the work of our ,menorah ,societies in their midst1 but are themselves being led to a better understanding of the place which the ,jewish problem occupies in the larger problem of their universities and of the ,american community for whose service they are training the youth of the land4 ,menorah and ,religion ,i have said that the aim of the ,menorah movement is the study and advancement of ,hebraic culture and ideals4 ,the culture of a people is but the permanent expression of its ideals in the various activities of life4 ,religion constitutes one of the most important of human activities1 and we in the ,menorah ,societies are fully cognizant of its fundamental importance4 ,indeed1 we recognize that the ideals of the ,jewish people are perhaps expressed more truly1 more profoundly1 more eloquently in our religious literature than in any other manifestation of the ,jewish genius4 ,we should not be charged with excluding religion1 merely because we aim to include more than religion in our purposes and activities4 ,i happen at the present time to be teaching at the ,university of ,michigan1 at ,ann ,arbor4 ,we have there a ,menorah ,society1 devoted to the general object to which all our ,menorah ,societies are devoted4 ,we listen to speakers and engage in discussions on ,jewish history1 ,jewish literature1 ,jewish religion1 and current ,jewish social1 economic and political problems4 ,side by side with the ,menorah ,society there exists a ,jewish ,student ,congregation1 a body of men and women of which ,i feel it a privilege to have been one of the organizers and to be a member at the present time1 which devotes itself entirely to religious activity1 to regular weekly worship4 ,the two organizations do not conflict in any way4 ,it is significant that about ninety-five per cent1 if not more1 of the members of the ,michigan ,menorah ,society attend regularly the services of the ,jewish ,student ,congregation4 ,unfortunately1 not so large a percentage of the members of the congregation attend the meetings or are members of the ,michigan ,menorah ,society4 ,in the course of time1 the relationship between the two organizations will doubtless be adjusted more satisfactorily4 ,but in the experience at ,michigan we have a concrete illustration of the spur to religion which ,menorah men derive from their participation in ,menorah work4 ,the ideal of the ,menorah ,societies is a non-partisan ideal4 ,we do not stand for ,zionism or anti-,zionism2 we do not urge the acceptance of reform ,judaism or conservative ,judaism or orthodox ,judaism2 we do not favor the ,german ,jew as against the ,russian ,jew1 or vice versa1 nor do we appeal to one social class as against another4 ,we want the ,menorah ideal to be broad enough to include every ,jew4 ,we do not exclude religion as such from the scope of our interests2 we but exclude any insistence upon a particular sect or branch or kind of ,judaism4 ,we avoid all partisan activity which may tend to disorganize our ,jewish students1 which may tend to divide them4 ,that is all4 ,a ,plea for ,tolerance ,i believe that what we need in our universities1 what we need in the ,jewish community1 is more insistence upon ,judaism and more light upon the inspiration which ,judaism can bring us1 and less insistence upon the particular kind of ,judaism which you or ,i or some one else may consider the acme of truth4 ,indifference to religion and not error in religion is the great danger of these modern times4 ,if we really want religion1 if we want to stir again the ,jew's traditional passion for religion1 if we want to inspire once more the ,jew's genius for religion1 let us try to understand all aspects and all manifestations of it1 let us bend our efforts to a renaissance of religious influence4 ,the future of the ,jew in this country will not be determined by the theories or the practices of any one group or sect of ,jews4 ,the result will be a composite result1 to which the reform ,jew and the ,zionist1 the orthodox ,jew and the anti-,zionist1 will alike contribute4 ,let us leave it to the growing generation to determine for itself the content of the theory of life best suited to the future destiny of the ,jew4 ,at least1 within our university walls let us be tolerant1 let us be liberal-minded1 let us listen to and understand every man's point of view4 ,,mr4 ,,hurwitz ,in the free and honest expression of adverse views which we have heard to-night1 this1 indeed1 has been a characteristic ,menorah meeting4 ,it may fittingly be closed by a word from one of our staunchest friends1 one of our staunchest friends because he is an ardent and public-spirited ,jew and a patriotic ,american1 ,justice ,irving ,lehman of the ,supreme ,court of the ,state of ,new ,york1 the ,chairman of the ,graduate ,menorah ,committee4 ,he addresses this word to the convention3 ,i am very sorry that ,i am unable to attend the convention of the ,association this year4 ,i feel that during the past year we have made some progress upon which you have reason to congratulate yourselves1 but we must remember that our movement is still far from having the force and power which ,i think it deserves4 ,we have a great and difficult task to perform if we are to succeed in bringing back to the ,jewish youth a pride in their ,jewish heritage and a knowledge of their ,jewish past1 and ,i know that such work is worthy of all effort4 ,i trust that your convention may possess the spirit and the wisdom necessary to further the work1 and ,i wish to renew to you my assurance of willing co-operation4 ,,ii4 ,the ,luncheon ,the fifth session of the ,convention was a luncheon in the ,hotel ,gibson1 attended by the delegates1 university students and graduates in ,cincinnati1 and members of the ,faculties of the ,university of ,cincinnati and the ,hebrew ,union ,college4 ,prof4 ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman1 ,president of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 was the ,toastmaster4 ,chancellor ,hurwitz spoke for five minutes upon the purposes and progress of the ,menorah movement4 ,president ,abraham ,j4 ,feldman of the ,university of ,cincinnati ,menorah ,society expressed gratification at the honor accorded to his ,menorah ,society by the ,convention and appealed to the graduates and prominent members of the community present for support in the work of the ,cincinnati ,menorah ,society4 ,the other speakers were ,dean ,joseph ,e4 ,harry of the ,university of ,cincinnati1 ,dr4 ,moses ,barron1 ,representative from the ,university of ,minnesota1 ,dr4 ,louis ,grossmann of ,hebrew ,union ,college1 ,dr4 ,samuel ,iglauer1 graduate of the ,university of ,cincinnati1 ,walter ,m4 ,shohl1 graduate of ,harvard ,university1 ,dr4 ,kaufman ,kohler1 ,president of ,hebrew ,union ,college1 ,prof4 ,julian ,morgenstern of ,hebrew ,union ,college1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen of the ,university of ,wisconsin1 and ,dr4 ,david ,philipson of ,hebrew ,union ,college4 ,following are somewhat abridged reports of the speeches3 ,,dean ,j4 ,e4 ,,harry ,i did not know that ,i was going to be called upon today1 or ,i should certainly have tried to fortify myself1 as the old darky in ,virginia said when his master sent him down to another part of the plantation to see if the rebels were fortifying the place3 ,massa1 they am not only fortyfying it2 they am fiftyfying it6 ,i am glad that our ,chancellor here to my right said that the speeches were to be brief4 ,i think that an after-dinner speaker who makes a long speech ought to have about the same punishment that the member of parliament mentioned when he introduced a bill1 ,the only way to stop suicide is to make it a capital offense1 punishable by death4 ,but ,i have always tried to avoid redundancy of expression4 ,i would never say a wealthy plumber1 nor a poor poet1 nor for that matter a poor professor4 ,vessels of wrath1 we pedagogues2 ,better we were dead1 ,who1 by the wrath of ,peleus' son1 ,must earn our daily bread4 ,nor would ,i say an interesting ,menorah ,association meeting4 ,that they are interesting goes without saying1 if we can judge from the one we had last night4 ,i am exceedingly interested in real culture1 and being an ,american1 and knowing1 as ,i do1 what the ,jews in ,america can do for the advancement of learning1 of knowledge and of the humanities1 ,i am interested in the ,menorah movement1 which will tend to bring this about2 and it is when we reflect upon the war in ,europe today1 with all its sickening horrors and what that means to culture 7we can hardly comprehend it yet71 what an obstacle to learning1 that we may exclaim with that old bibliophile1 ,richard de ,bury3 ,o pacis auctor et amator altissime6 dissipa gentes bella volentes qu super omnes pestilentias libris nocent4 ,and by libris he meant culture4 ,,dr4 ,,moses ,,barron ,minnesota brings its greeting to the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association as one of the very earliest ,menorah ,societies4 ,it was really originated in #aijc1 when a handful of students in the ,university found it desirable to satisfy certain longings by taking up the study of ,jewish history and literature4 ,some of us had found that it was of little avail to cry over the ashes of the past1 and we thought that it would be much more proper to try and study the history1 the literature1 the ideals of the past for the inspiration to be found there1 which might better fit us to cope with the problems of the present and the future4 ,our ,society has grown from a mere handful to an enthusiastic company1 so that we have from fifty to seventy-five1 and even a hundred1 attending our regular meetings4 ,i give this fact simply to show what a profound influence the work of the ,menorah has been1 what an influence it necessarily must have in the future1 in promulgating ,jewish culture1 ,jewish thought and ideals4 ,,dr4 ,,louis ,,grossmann ,i am reminded by our ,chairman of the time when he was still a student at ,harvard1 in the earliest days of the ,menorah movement1 when ,i addressed the ,menorah ,society there4 ,it was in the room of the ,chancellor1 unless ,i am mistaken1 and there were a number of students4 ,they were grouped about1 some in chairs1 some sitting on the floor1 some perched on window sills1 while others improvised seats on the furniture4 ,i felt myself patriarchal in the midst of these young men4 ,it was a remarkable scene and it was a remarkably helpful evening1 helpful and refreshing to me4 ,the pulses of youth always beat high and ,i caught the elation of it4 ,who would not have been touched by it8 ,some of these young men have since become leaders in thought and action1 and ,i am not surprised4 ,let me make a confession as to that evening4 ,i not only felt a thrill but made also some observations4 ,these young men had their ideals1 but they had also their difficulties4 ,and they spoke of them4 ,we had an exchange of thought and of candor such as comes to a man in the ministry and to a teacher of students but rarely4 ,they told me of their doubts4 ,young men1 serious young minds1 always will have their doubts4 ,they want to earn their convictions4 ,i hope the day will never come when young men will not insist on seeing things4 ,these young men were quick-witted and ready with repartee and counter-argument1 and ,i saw in each eye a glint of an ideal4 ,the debate was strong1 but the ideals were stronger4 ,the ,power of ,ideals ,ideals are pulses that beat in their own way4 ,an ideal is a fact of the soul2 it is more than a definition or an argument4 ,an ideal is always very certain and nobody wants to disprove it1 nor can4 ,i notice the ,menorah ,association has for its aim the cultivation of ideals4 ,it is natural that young men1 with red blood in them1 should hold dear the precious dreams of what might and should be4 ,as ,i look upon ideals now1 through the perspective of years1 ,i see they have both strength as well as limitations4 ,but ,i know that1 however much life and experience challenges them1 they are the best force in us4 ,i respect and value them so much that ,i deplore the waste of the least of them4 ,an ideal is a moral ambition1 a great wish of a true1 even if a bit naive1 soul4 ,and it should have the right of way4 ,every work in life implies stern necessity and a fine wish4 ,i am reminded of a bridge in ,berlin which the ,germans have built with inimitable art and truth4 ,there are four groups1 each at a corner4 ,on one an elderly man stands erect and writing4 ,it is ,history1 stern and real4 ,at his side stands a boy1 lithe and graceful4 ,there are ideals just as much as ,law in the affairs of men4 ,on the other side of the bridge stands another symbol of the two forces in ,life3 a man carrying a bundle1 a bent man1 who has borne the brunt of the pioneer days1 and next to him also a youth4 ,commerce1 however sordid1 still implies morality and the generous side of man4 ,on the third side stands the solemn figure of ,religion1 sober and haggard1 the symbol of ,faith and martyrdom4 ,and the young man1 next to it1 seems sprightly and strong4 ,why must ,religion be interpreted as dispensing comfort alone8 ,should it not also give strength and joy8 ,in the last corner stands ,pestalozzi1 the teacher1 and a boy looks up into his kind face4 ,we crave for action and capability more than for knowledge and facts4 ,and we crave for love more than for truth1 and the real truth brings affections and enthusiasm4 ,in the meetings of your ,association you speak often of ideals1 you speak of them fervently4 ,but ideals are not merely academic4 ,they are personal4 ,an ideal becomes yourself1 if it is yours at all4 ,it is a dynamic force within you4 ,it pervades your whole being4 ,it is an unseen but a very telling strength4 ,it directs you1 and it sends you on your errand of life4 ,you cannot rest satisfied merely to know your ideal and to speculate about it4 ,it is the engine of warfare in your career4 ,study ideals1 not to contemplate and analyze1 but to emulate them and to fill yourself with them4 ,you have work to do4 ,and work is more insistent than philosophy4 ,you have work to do which no one else can do for you1 or may do for you4 ,an ideal is your ,self at the highest power4 ,you with fresh energies1 you with the clear eye of healthy youth1 you with unoppressed hearts1 you at the beginning of life1 you should go at your work splendidly1 directly1 forcefully4 ,the real idealist is a man of action1 of untiring activity4 ,do things and you verify what you plan4 ,you have the privilege of youth4 ,have also the pride of youth4 ,keep it sweet1 but keep it also strong4 ,,dr4 ,,samuel ,,iglauer ,the ,menorah ,society appeals to me as a college graduate not only for many of its positive virtues but also for some of its negative merits4 ,it is not in any sense a social organization1 and above all it is not a secret society4 ,now ,i have my own peculiar views about secret societies in universities1 and ,i do not believe that they tend to promote college spirit and college unity4 ,it has been well said that in these societies those who are in any particular societies are brothers1 while every one else who belongs to another society1 or to no society whatever1 is just a step-brother4 ,to my mind that is not a good spirit in an ,american institution4 ,it seems to me that1 having in this city a ,hebrew ,union ,college with a gifted faculty1 we should establish at our ,university a ,department of ,semitics4 ,since the ,university is a public school1 an institution supported by public taxation1 it certainly could not affiliate directly with a sectarian institution1 but ,i see no reason why the professors in the ,hebrew ,college1 if they are not already overworked like the students1 should not be able to conduct courses at the ,university itself1 and ,i believe such courses would promote the ,menorah movement more than anything else you could do4 ,i think you would attract students from far and wide to the ,university of ,cincinnati1 and you would thereby achieve one of the ends for which you are working4 ,,mr4 ,,walter ,m4 ,,shohl ,it is gratifying to me to attend this meeting of the ,menorah1 because1 as the ,chairman has said1 ,i heard the flapping of the wings of the stork at its birth4 ,i recall very well the preliminary meetings that we had when the organization of the ,menorah ,society at ,cambridge was first spoken of4 ,at that time ,i was one of the doubters2 ,i held back4 ,there were in ,cambridge a number of societies1 social primarily1 that did not desire members of our faith among their number4 ,i felt that a movement which was composed entirely of ,jewish men would be mistaken for an effort at a ,jewish fraternity that was to take the place of the fraternities in which we were not welcome4 ,the other men1 however1 felt that we could have a society the purposes of which had nothing to do with social matters1 and that we could bring out all that was good in ,jewish matters of culture and develop a society to promote those interests4 ,so at first somewhat reluctantly1 ,i joined in with the movement1 and the result has justified their farsightedness1 and ,i am sorry now that ,i was only a trailer in the beginning4 ,the position of the ,menorah movement and what it stands for calls to mind a story that was told in ,montreal a couple of years ago by ,lord ,haldane1 who came to ,america to attend a meeting of the ,american ,bar ,association4 ,a part of the story was recited in verse 7which ,i do not recall exactly7 and had to do with an ,englishman who was taken prisoner in one of the countries of the ,far ,east1 and was offered his choice between conversion to the religion of his captors or death4 ,he was a man who had no particular religious feelings2 he was not religious when at home4 ,however1 he felt that first and foremost he was an ,englishman and that if he were to do anything base it would reflect upon all those ideals which were so dear to him1 and therefore he cast in his lot and chose against the change of religion4 ,so1 too1 with some of us who perhaps are not religious in a formal way2 the realization of the great things that have been accomplished in the past by ,jews1 the ,jewish historical background1 is in itself a shield to us1 and the realization of what ,judaism is and stands for must act to prevent us from doing something that would be unworthy of ourselves and of the religion of which we are a part4 ,,dr4 ,,kaufman ,,kohler ,this comes rather unawares1 but ,i wish to be very brief in stating that1 while ,i listened to the very interesting and suggestive remarks that were made all along this table1 and also on recalling what we heard last night1 ,i feel glad1 after all1 from the point of view of the ,hebrew ,union ,college1 that the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association has come here to make propaganda for its work1 at the same time receiving perhaps new direction and new ideas about the work they have so nobly begun4 ,the fact that the work--started1 as we heard1 at ,harvard in #aijf--;has made such progress shows that at least there was something in the young ,jewish student at the colleges that called for the creation of such an association and such kind of work4 ,perhaps ,i may say that those who had their misgivings as to the tendencies of the ,menorah ,association are now at least informed that some of these misgivings or suspicions were not well founded4 ,i personally will say that ,i had the impression that there was too much of nationalism or ,zionism behind the movement1 and that the movement was not1 from the point of view of the ,hebrew ,union ,college or my humble self1 one deserving encouragement and support4 ,i have learned to change some of my views and some of my impressions as to the purpose and intention of this movement4 ,there is a well-known quotation1 for those who know a little ,german3 ,das sind die ,weisen1 ,die vom ,irrtum zur ,wahrheit reisen2 ,das sind die ,narren1 ,die beim ,irrtum beharren4 ,i am not one of those who insist on views once maintained though later found faulty4 ,i am rather ready to change my views1 especially after what ,i heard today from my honored neighbor 7,prof4 ,i4 ,l4 ,sharfman7 and from what he said last night that the religious idea of ,judaism is not ignored but is held in view4 ,all ,jews who are ,jews must believe that ,judaism stands for an uncompromising monotheistic truth1 while the world around us has compromised the same4 ,therefore we1 as ,jews1 must always insist upon the maintenance of the pure monotheistic idea for which we suffered and struggled1 and for which our fathers died4 ,we must maintain this as the mainstay and vital principle of ,judaism4 ,for this very reason1 and for no other1 we insist1 especially from the point of view of a ,jewish theological college1 that this idea of a pure ,jewish religion1 the pure monotheistic idea1 must be held unshakenly and without any change or any concession4 ,and for that very reason we could not and will not say that race is everything4 ,we cannot admit that a pure race is the best1 and that a pure ,jew is he who has maintained solely everything ,jewish and not allowed the ,greek culture to be assimilated in order to sublimate and spiritualize and idealize the truth inherited4 ,for ,ruppin and the ,nationalists who follow him1 the poor ,jews1 the ghetto ,jews1 of ,russia who speak ,yiddish and live only an exclusive narrow life1 are five-fifths ,jews1 while the ,jews in free and civilized lands are only half ,jews4 ,now against this1 we of the ,hebrew ,union ,college1 we who represent progressive or reformed ,judaism1 must protest4 ,we must insist that the ,jewish race1 the ,jewish people or nation1 if you want to call it so1 can form only the body2 ,judaism1 the ,jewish religion1 is the soul4 ,and we will always stand not merely for the body1 not merely for the material side1 not merely for race1 which is the lowest kind of life1 but for the spirit1 the soul of ,judaism1 and that is its religious truth4 ,,prof4 ,,julian ,,morgenstern ,i believe that it is one of the positive aims of the ,menorah ,society to recognize the ,jewish side of much that enters1 or should enter1 into our daily life1 to develop our full consciousness of all that is essentially and fundamentally ,jewish1 and thus enable us to live positive and constructive ,jewish lives4 ,it is a noble aim1 to which ,i unrestrictedly subscribe4 ,whenever ,i hear public speakers or writers pat ,jews and ,judaism on the back1 and patronizingly tell us1 ,oh1 you ,jews are all right1 ,i am1 as no doubt most of us are1 deeply chagrined1 to use a mild expression4 ,what we want is not that others should appreciate us and tell us that we are all right4 ,what we want1 and what we need1 is that we should appreciate ourselves and that we should take ourselves seriously and at our full value4 ,not that we should over-appreciate ourselves and think ourselves alone the salt of the earth4 ,there is such a thing as over-appreciation that must in the end lead to futility and vanity4 ,but equally1 there is such a thing as self-depreciation1 and to a certain extent ,i cannot but feel that we ,jews have been more or less guilty of that in the past1 have more or less1 particularly in our college and university life1 assumed a deprecating attitude1 apologizing as it were for our existence as ,jews1 and1 probably unconsciously1 have kept the fact of our ,judaism in the background1 and suffered our education and our culture to influence almost everything but our ,jewish knowledge and our ,jewish life4 ,for right appreciation1 which shall be neither over-appreciation nor under-appreciation1 but true appreciation1 based upon a correct estimation of all essentials1 the first requisite is knowledge1 thorough knowledge of all conditions1 forces and influences4 ,and the second requisite is pride1 pride in this knowledge and in the object of this knowledge4 ,and this1 translated into the ,menorah language1 means1 as ,i understand it1 correct knowledge of ,judaism1 of our ,jewish history1 our ,jewish past1 our ,jewish heritage1 our ,jewish religion1 and pride in all this ,judaism--a knowledge and pride that alone can enable us to know what ,judaism truly is1 and what its work and its mission for the present and the future must be1 that alone can enable us to live positively and constructively as ,jews and perpetuate our ,judaism for the blessing of ourselves1 our children1 and all mankind4 ,so ,i interpret the ,menorah movement4 ,and ,i heartily welcome such a movement1 whose aim is the awakening of our ,jewish college young men and women to a wholesome and genuine appreciation of themselves1 of the ,jewish side of their lives1 of their ,jewish consciousness and ,jewish obligations1 of the full meaning and responsibility imposed upon them by their subscribing to the name ,jew1 and their adherence to the religion of our fathers4 ,we must look to our college-bred ,jewish men and women to become the guiding spirits in our ,judaism of to-morrow and of all the future4 ,and ,i say1 ,thank ,god for any movement that must surely lead to this goal4 ,,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,kallen ,since this seems to be the occasion for reminiscence1 ,i want to take the liberty of recalling for you an episode of the formation of the ,menorah ,society at ,harvard4 ,it turned on the question of the right form of stating the object of the ,society and you will remember perhaps that the object is stated in these terms3 ,the ,harvard ,menorah ,society for the study and advancement of ,hebraic culture and ideals--not ,jewish1 not ,judaistic1 but ,hebraic4 ,the persons who agitated the use of the term ,hebraic had certain very definite literary and historic and social relationships in mind4 ,to begin with1 the word ,judaism1 in the ,english language1 stands exclusively for a religion4 ,it is co-ordinate with the word ,christianity1 the word ,buddhism1 the word ,zoroastrianism1 with any word that stands exclusively for a religion4 ,now in the history of the ,jewish people1 there was a time when ,judaism did not exist1 and if ,i understand the gentlemen who represent the ,reform sect correctly--,i speak under correction--the intention of the ,reform movement is a reversion in fact to the religious attitude of the pre-,judaistic period in the history of the religion of the ,jewish people4 ,it is prophetic or progressive ,judaism for which they stand1 ,i gather1 in contrast with the ,talmudical ,judaism1 of the larger orthodox sect4 ,but the period of the great prophets is not the period of ,judaism1 and strictly speaking1 the term ,judaism excludes the prophetic element as an active force in ,jewish life4 ,this is significant1 and to me the significance seems tremendous1 for so far as my personal sympathies are concerned they go entirely with the prophetic aspects of ,judaism1 or better1 of ,hebraism4 ,hebraism and ,judaism ,hebraism and ,judaism are words now in the ,english language and their usage is determined for us entirely by the writers who become authoritative either by their style or through the weight of their opinion1 and this usage has given the term ,hebraism a meaning such that it stands for the entire spirit of the ,jew1 not only in religion but in all that is ,jewish2 in ,english the term ,hebraism covers the total biography of the ,jewish soul1 while the term ,judaism stands only for a portion of it4 ,now the ,jewish soul is the important thing1 but no one has ever met a soul without a body 7at least the people who claim they have met it are still required1 for belief1 to show evidence more than they have thus far shown72 generally speaking1 soul and body are co-ordinate and mutually imply each other4 ,you cannot have one without the other4 ,this is even more the case when you are dealing not with an individual but with a people4 ,hence it is the history of the ,jewish body-politic with which ,hebraism and its components1 including ,judaism1 co-ordinate4 ,for this reason the gentlemen who stated the object of the ,society in the constitution of the ,harvard ,menorah ,society were compelled to take into consideration the following historic fact3 ,there was a time in the history of mankind when religion and life were coincident4 ,you know that the prophets were reformers4 ,the orthodox religion which they fought was the religion of the land4 ,they were progressive religionists1 just as the gentlemen who are in the ,reform sect to-day claim to be progressive religionists4 ,when they established their religion1 it became the religion of the whole nationality1 for all ancient religion is national religion4 ,religion for the ,greeks1 and religion for the ,jews1 and religion for the ,syrians1 and for the ,babylonians1 and the ,romans1 was essentially national and political1 and the political nationalism of religion in the time of the ,roman ,empire was the immediate basis for the persecution of the ,jews by the ,romans4 ,the latter persecuted the ,jews not primarily because they disliked the ,jews1 but because the ,jews were a political danger in their refusal to worship the representative of the ,state in the shape of the ,emperor4 ,but in the development of civilization1 religion became detached from the totality of civilized living4 ,in the progressive division of labor religion became specialized4 ,the priestly group learned to confine itself more and more to the things of the spirit--cult1 ritual1 dogma1 while the other elements in civilization loomed larger and larger4 ,religion remained social1 but society was no longer religious4 ,life was secularized4 ,i think that the representatives of the ,reform sect1 in one of their conferences1 declared that ,america is not a ,christian country4 ,in so doing they acknowledged this fact4 ,continuity of the ,jewish ,spirit ,throughout the history of the ,jewish people1 there is a continuity of spirit which is very different from the continuity of form that attends both the secular and the religious developments of ,jewish life4 ,this is the same in both these aspects of ,jewish life--in the secular ,jewish poetry and thought of the middle ages and up to the present day4 ,even a ,bergson1 ostensibly a ,frenchman1 expresses in his philosophy what is essentially the ,hebraic conception of the nature of reality and the destiny of man4 ,from ,amos through ,job1 through the philosophers of the middle ages1 to ,ahad ,ha-',am there is a clear and accountable continuity4 ,finally1 there is the development of the whole of the secular life of modern ,jewry1 in ,yiddish and in ,hebrew4 ,yiddish may be unpleasant1 but ,yiddish is no less the speech of the ,jews than ,english1 no less the speech of the ,jews than ,aramaic1 and ,arabic and ,ladino1 and all of these have acquired literary and qualitative characteristics which are identical as expressions of the spirit of the ,jew1 of the ,hebraic spirit4 ,this may be seen generally in the case of ,yiddish alone4 ,yiddish1 as you know1 is a ,german dialect2 it is middle high ,german in its base1 and ,german is an inflected language2 its rhythms are essentially long1 periodic1 indeterminate1 radically different from the rhythms of ,hebrew1 involving a different kind of co-ordination and mode4 ,but compare ,yiddish with ,german1 and you find quite an antagonistic literary quality4 ,yiddish reads like the ,psalms1 and the ,bible1 and the ,talmud2 it doesn't read like ,german until it is ,germanized4 ,the whole genius of the tongue has been altered by ,jewish use so that its spiritual quality has taken on the quality of the race that uses the tongue1 and its literary kinship has become ,hebraic4 ,again1 there is this whole mass of neo-,english1 neo-,russian1 neo-,german literatures which1 written by ,jews1 deal with the life of the ,jews1 with their interests and character4 ,this is not religious4 ,what is its relation to ,jewry8 ,yet again1 there is any number of ,jewish individuals1 among whom ,i must count myself1 who find it impossible to adjust their consciences with any official type of theological doctrine1 who are interested in discovering the truth1 and are compelled to acknowledge that no truth has been discovered finally1 once and for all2 there are hundreds and thousands such4 ,what is to be their relation to their people if ,jews are to be considered members merely of ,judaistic sects8 ,yet ,jews they are1 and if they do not contribute directly to ,judaism1 they do contribute to ,hebraism4 ,hebraism stands not for that particular expression of the ,jewish mind1 religion1 but for all that has appeared in ,jewish history1 both religious and secular4 ,the term ,judaism stands for that partial expression of the ,jewish genius which is religious4 ,the ,ethical ,motive of ,judaism ,it has been said that the genius of the ,jew is entirely religious4 ,i do not think that that is historically a demonstrable proposition4 ,for the dominant motive even in ,judaism is not a religious motive4 ,it is an ethical motive4 ,judaism does not conceive its ,god as requiring man to be damned for his glory4 ,it conceives its ,god as an instrument by the worship of whom thy days may be lengthened in the land4 ,righteousness and not salvation is the aim even of the ,jewish religion4 ,hebraism is the name for this living spirit which demands righteousness1 expressed in all the different interests in which ,jews1 as ,jews1 have a share--in art1 science1 philosophy and social organization and in religion4 ,hebraism1 hence1 is a wider term than religion and its continuity embraces1 but is not embraced by1 the continuity of religion4 ,now the ,harvard ,menorah ,society1 taking this fact into consideration1 made use1 because of the tradition of ,english usage1 of the term ,hebraic4 ,it recognized that since ,hebraism is more comprehensive than ,judaism1 many people might be ,hebraists who are not and need not be ,judaists4 ,it refused to exclude them from a share in ,jewish life and an opportunity for ,jewish service4 ,the organization goes on the principle--both the ,intercollegiate and the constituent ,societies--that nothing ,jewish is alien to it4 ,for this reason the ,menorah takes no sides2 for this reason it is ,hebraic and not ,judaistic4 ,for this reason it welcomes everything ,jewish without exception--theological and secular1 ,russian1 ,german1 ,french1 ,english4 ,it requires only that a thing shall be ,jewish1 that it shall be a possible part of the organic total we call ,hebraism4 ,hebraism is the flower and fruit of the whole of ,jewish life4 ,its root is the ethnic nationality of the ,jewish people1 and with this also the secularizing reformers agree when they prohibit and discourage the marriage of ,jew with ,gentile4 ,many of us1 however1 are not content with merely the status quo4 ,throughout the nineteenth century it has thrown us into a series of dishonorable compromises4 ,we want a condition--,i speak now for myself and not for the ,menorah--we want a condition in which the genius of the ,jew1 the ,hebraic spirit1 may express itself without any need of compromise4 ,the orthodox ,jew1 at least1 retains his integrity with his darkness4 ,but we are in danger of losing our integrity4 ,we concede to our environment point after point4 ,but we are not liberated in spirit by these concessions2 we are merely turned into amateur ,gentiles4 ,the orthodox sectary makes no concession to environment1 and tends to petrify and die4 ,the reformed sectary makes too many1 and tends to dissolve and die4 ,this is the penalty for the status quo4 ,life1 to be sure1 consists of compromise and concession4 ,but for integral living we must make them as masters1 not serfs4 ,there must be one place where the ancestral spirit of the ,jew will not need to adapt itself to the world1 but will1 like the ,english or ,french spirit1 adapt the world to itself4 ,that place is determined nationally1 just as the places of all ,european culture are determined nationally and racially4 ,the ,aspiration for a ,jewish ,state ,pride in ancestry is not pride of race1 but pride in the spirit of the race1 and pride of ancestry is not pride merely of background1 but pride in the obligations that ancestry sets4 ,all aristocrats have one motto--it is noblesse oblige4 ,this must be the motto of the ,jew4 ,we must hence carry our obligation in the spirit of the prophets1 which is not primarily a theological spirit1 but a purely humane spirit1 for which the necessity of man determines the invocation of ,god2 in which the ideal of a free and happy humanity1 in a just and democratic society1 is the dominating ideal2 in which a righteous ,jewish state is a persistent aspiration4 ,this is the ,hebraism which must underly all the activities of the ,menorah ,association4 ,this ,hebraism1 academically realized through study1 must be realized in the lives of individuals through work1 as ,dr4 ,grossmann has well said1 and in the life of the great ,jewish mass in a free ,jewish state4 ,every ideal we acquire from the past must be turned into a fact of the present4 ,noblesse oblige6 ,,dr4 ,,david ,,philipson ,i am reminded that this day marks the one hundredth anniversary of the signing of the ,treaty of ,ghent--one hundred years of peace between ,english-speaking peoples4 ,i need to be reminded of this after the speech that has just been made1 because much that was said has quite fired my fighting spirit--but this is a day of peace and it might not be quite in the spirit of this anniversary day to say all ,i might otherwise say in answer to the points that have been made and with which ,i differ radically4 ,there are some things in ,dr4 ,kallen's eloquent address that ,i do believe1 but there are many more things with which ,i do not agree4 ,but let that be as it may1 ,i was very much interested in his remark1 that the ,reform sect1 as he is pleased to call us1 harks back to the prophets4 ,this has been claimed frequently by the reformers themselves1 but he puts a new interpretation upon it2 he says the prophets were pre-,judaistic4 ,this is the ,christian point of view4 ,they claim that ,judaism was the growth of the post-exilic period1 but we reformers interpret the term ,judaism altogether differently4 ,the ,significance of ,reform ,judaism ,judaism means for us the ,jewish religion and all that this implies2 if the ,reform movement in its beginnings went back to prophetism it was simply for this reason--that the pioneers of the ,reform movement recognized that the ,jews had fallen into the very condition that ,dr4 ,kallen deprecates1 namely1 they had gotten away from life inasmuch as they had been confined to the ghetto where they had been excluded from the currents of contemporary life4 ,judaism had become a ghetto religion1 and because of this divorce between life and religion the ,reform movement arose4 ,the ,reform movement is not simply a matter of creed4 ,it affects the whole life of the ,jew4 ,one of its basic principles is that the religion of the ,jew must square with his life2 the needs of the ,jew in the modern environment must be taken into consideration by ,jewish leaders2 ,reform ,judaism1 far from making a separation and raising a barrier between the ,jew and life1 as those who call us reformed sectarians like to say--quite to the contrary1 reconciles the ,jew to the civilization in which he is living and wherein his children are growing up4 ,this1 to my mind1 is the great significance of the ,reform movement1 and ,i believe that all those who truly understand it look upon it in that way4 ,the ,reform movement1 as the movement for religious emancipation1 was the accompaniment of similar emancipatory movements affecting the ,jews at the close of the eighteenth century4 ,first there was the linguistic emancipation when under the leadership of ,moses ,mendelssohn the ,jews of ,germany discarded the use of the ,german-,jewish jargon or ,yiddish1 the language of the ,jew's degradation1 7for there would have been no such thing as ,yiddish had the ,jew not been degraded and excluded as he was in the countries of ,europe7 and began the employment of pure ,german4 ,secondly1 there was the educational emancipation4 ,the ,jews had been educated in chedarim where they received instruction only in ,hebrew branches and no so-called secular education whatsoever4 ,this separated the ,jew from the culture of the world4 ,at the close of the eighteenth century ,german ,jews began to attend schools and universities4 ,gradually this took place also in other countries4 ,thirdly1 there was the civil or political emancipation1 when after the ,french ,revolution the countries of western ,europe1 one after the other1 accorded the ,jews the rights of men4 ,the ,reform movement or1 in other words1 the religious emancipation1 is simply the result of great world forces1 as embodied in these various aspects of emancipation1 and for this reason the ,reform movement1 far from being simply a matter of creed or theological belief1 made the ,jew a citizen of the world and fitted him for the modern environment4 ,the ,body and ,soul of ,jewry ,now there is one other point made by the previous speaker to which ,i feel that ,i must refer and that is the matter of body and soul4 ,this is a favorite phrase of ,zionist writers and speakers as emphasizing the difference between ,zionists and reformers4 ,we reformers also believe that the body ,jewish is necessary1 but in a sense different from the ,zionistic claim that the ,jewish nation must be re-established4 ,i as a reformer and a non-,zionist also use the term the ,jewish people1 but in the sense of a religious people1 not a political people4 ,this involves a vital distinction--the distinction between religionism and nationalism4 ,yes1 ,i also believe that the body1 the religious community1 is necessary4 ,the reform rabbinical conference declared against intermarriage for the very reason that it is all important that the ,jewish people1 the mamleket kohanim1 the goy kadosh1 be the vessel embodying the religious idea1 the spirit4 ,but let it be understood clearly that nationally we are poles apart from the ,zionists4 ,nationally ,i am an ,american4 ,i also feel that we ought not to have hyphenated ,americans1 but ,americans pure and simple4 ,in that sense ,i am nationally an ,american without a hyphen4 ,religiously ,i am a ,jew1 and religiously ,i am part and parcel of the ,jewish people with whom my religious fortunes are intertwined4 ,further1 ,i feel very much as ,dr4 ,kallen does in regard to our duty towards the ,jews made destitute by the murderous ,european war4 ,they have none else to look to and we must help them2 for whatever may be our differences1 we must stand united in this pressing duty of the hour1 this work of mercy4 ,but may ,god speed the day when the ,jews in ,poland1 ,russia and ,roumania will receive full rights so that nationally they may be considered ,poles1 ,russians or ,roumanians as are all others in those lands1 as is the case here in free ,america4 ,to my mind this is the only effective solution to the so-called ,jewish problem in those countries4 ,freedom is the ,messiah that is still to come to the ,jews in the lands where they are oppressed1 so that everywhere they may be at one in the rights of citizenship with their fellow countrymen1 differing from them in their religion alone4 ,this is the great distinction ,i desired to draw between the ,jew nationally and the ,jew as a member of a religious people2 this religious people is the body of which ,judaism is the soul4 ,,prof4 ,,sharfman ,i am constrained to close this meeting with a statement similar to that made by our ,chancellor at the conclusion of the public meeting last evening4 ,this was a typical ,menorah discussion4 ,we are an open forum for all points of view4 ,we are glad to hear ,dr4 ,kallen's opinions2 we are glad to hear ,dr4 ,philipson's opinions4 ,i am sure that out of this clash of views will come a better understanding of the ,menorah idea1 a truer and deeper realization of the strivings of our ,menorah movement4 ,,iii4 ,the ,business ,sessions ,,first ,,session ,called to order in the ,faculty ,room1 ,mc,micken ,hall1 at #aa ,a4,m41 by ,president ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman4 ,n4 ,m4 ,lyon1 of the ,university of ,cincinnati1 was appointed ,secretary pro tem4 ,upon the presentation of credentials1 the following were seated as the ,representatives of their respective ,menorah ,societies in the ,administrative ,council3 ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york1 ,george ,j4 ,horowitz2 ,columbia ,university1 ,m4 ,david ,hoffman2 ,university of ,illinois1 ,sidney ,casner2 ,university of ,michigan1 ,jacob ,levin2 ,university of ,minnesota1 ,dr4 ,moses ,barron2 ,ohio ,state ,university1 ,herman ,lebeson2 ,university of ,wisconsin1 ,dr4 ,horace ,m4 ,kallen4 ,and the following were seated as ,deputies3 ,clark ,university1 ,philip ,wascerwitz2 ,harvard ,university1 ,george ,a4 ,dreyfous2 ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 ,jerome ,mark2 ,new ,york ,university1 ,s4 ,felix ,mendelson2 ,university of ,north ,carolina1 ,n4 ,m4 ,lyon2 ,university of ,pennsylvania1 ,joseph ,salesky2 ,penn ,state ,college1 ,h4 ,l4 ,lavender2 ,university of ,texas1 ,jacob ,marcus2 ,western ,reserve ,university1 ,sol ,landman4 ,the applications for admission into the ,association of the ,menorah ,societies at ,brown ,university1 ,university of ,cincinnati1 ,hunter ,college1 ,university of ,maine1 the ,universities in the ,city of ,omaha1 ,radcliffe ,college1 ,valparaiso ,university1 and ,university of ,washington were presented4 ,after due consideration of the facts in each case and the statements of the ,university authorities1 all of the applications were accepted and the ,menorah ,societies named were formally admitted into the ,association by the unanimous vote of the ,administrative ,council4 ,upon the presentation of their credentials1 the following were seated as ,representatives3 ,university of ,cincinnati1 ,abraham ,j4 ,feldman2 the ,universities in the ,city of ,omaha1 ,jacques ,rieur2 ,valparaiso ,university1 ,florence ,turner4 ,and the following were seated as ,deputies3 ,radcliffe ,college1 ,s4 ,marie ,pichel2 ,hunter ,college1 ,naomi ,rasinsky4 ,the role of ,representatives and ,deputies was read by the ,secretary1 and the dues of the several ,menorah ,societies to the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association for #aiae were paid4 ,chancellor ,henry ,hurwitz read a letter of greeting to the ,convention from ,justice ,irving ,lehman of ,new ,york1 ,chairman of the ,graduate ,advisory ,menorah ,committee4 7,see page #abe47 ,,second ,,session ,called to order by ,president ,sharfman at #c ,p4,m4 in the ,faculty ,room1 ,mc,micken ,hall4 ,chancellor ,hurwitz delivered the report of the ,officers for #aiad4 ,abstract of ,officers' ,report for #aiad ,in his report in behalf of the ,officers1 the ,chancellor referred to the organization in the past year of the eight ,menorah ,societies which were admitted into the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association at the previous session of the ,convention1 making in all thirty-five constituent ,societies1 every one having arisen spontaneously at its college or university1 with the full approval and encouragement of the authorities4 ,additional ,societies are in the process of formation at several other universities4 ,with reference to the organization of ,graduate ,menorah ,societies1 the time was deemed inopportune to proceed definitely in the matter1 the war situation absorbing the attention and energies of so many of those who would otherwise be interested in the idea of ,graduate ,menorah organization1 and it was recommended that detailed consideration of the question be laid over another year4 ,but a beginning of ,graduate organization has already been made in ,scranton1 ,pa41 where a ,graduate ,menorah ,society has been formed4 ,the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association has been very cordially invited to join the ,corda ,fratres ,international ,federation of ,students1 whose objects are3 ,to unite student movements and organizations throughout the world1 to study student problems of every nature1 and to promote among students closer international relations1 mutual understandings and friendship2 to encourage the study of international relations and problems2 to stimulate a sympathetic appreciation of the character1 problems and intellectual currents of other nations2 to facilitate foreign study1 and to increase its value and fruitfulness4 ,the movement is neutral in all special religious1 political and economic principles4 7,from the official declaration of principles47 ,the ,corda ,fratres at present comprises the following national organizations as its constituents3 ,consulates of ,corda ,fratres in ,italy1 ,holland1 ,hungary and ,greece2 the ,association ,generale des ,etudiants de ,paris1 and the ,union ,nationale des ,associations des ,etudiants de ,france2 the ,verband der ,internationalen ,studentenverein in ,germany2 the ,liga de ,estudiantes ,americanos1 including student organizations in the ,argentine ,republic1 ,brazil1 ,chile1 ,paraguay1 ,peru and other countries in ,south ,america2 and the ,association of ,cosmopolitan ,clubs in ,north ,america4 ,thus1 at present1 the sole ,united ,states constituent is the ,association of ,cosmopolitan ,clubs4 ,it was recommended that the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association accept the invitation to join ,corda ,fratres as a unit co-ordinate with the ,association of ,cosmopolitan ,clubs1 it being understood that the ,menorah ,association1 while thus expressing its approval of the purposes and spirit of ,corda ,fratres and desiring to aid in its influence and to contribute the element of ,jewish culture and ideals to its spiritual constituency1 would not be qualified in any way as to its autonomy1 purposes1 and activities4 ,during the past year the ,association continued its lecture system1 and genuine thanks are due to all the speakers1 members of the ,menorah ,college of ,lecturers1 who have so generously given of their time and effort to the ,menorah ,societies4 ,similarly1 the ,association has been enabled to continue sending ,menorah ,libraries to its constituent ,societies4 ,in most cases these books have been placed at the disposal of all the members of the university no less than of the members of the ,menorah ,societies1 and the authorities have expressed their warmest gratitude for these contributions to their library facilities1 even though the books remained the property of the ,jewish ,publication ,society of ,america4 ,the presence of the books has done a great deal to stimulate actual reading and study on the part of ,menorah members1 and the work of the study groups has notably increased during the past year4 ,this is a most gratifying evidence of the seriousness with which the students are taking hold of the ,menorah idea4 ,they are still hampered by lack of suitable syllabi1 the preparation of which has been unfortunately delayed on account of the impaired health of the scholar who had undertaken to prepare them1 but it was hoped that the syllabi would be made available before long4 ,the chief visible product of the administration the past year was the #ahj-page booklet entitled ,the ,menorah ,movement1 which contains a full and official exposition of the nature and purposes of the ,menorah movement1 a detailed history of the several ,societies as well as of the ,intercollegiate organization1 including reports of the conferences and conventions1 besides other material illustrating the attitude of the university authorities and the general community towards the ,menorah movement4 ,its preparation took several months of labor on the part of the ,officers of the ,association 7special credit being due to the ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,isador ,becker71 assisted by the various ,societies4 ,an edition of five thousand1 of which only a comparatively small number of copies remain1 was distributed all over the country among the members of the ,societies1 other students1 university authorities1 alumni1 and the interested public4 ,it served to arouse both the academic and lay interest in the movement and to spread authoritative information about the nature and purposes of the ,menorah ,societies4 ,this publication also prepared the way for the issue of the permanent and periodical ,journal of the ,menorah ,association1 the desirability of which has been felt almost from the beginning of the ,intercollegiate organization and reaffirmed at the last ,convention4 ,it had been hoped that the first number of ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal would appear in time for this ,convention1 but the demands of an initial number that should in every way be worthy of the ,menorah ideal of the ,,journal required a little more time1 and the first issue could not appear before ,january1 #aiae4 ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal1 it was hoped1 would not only spread interesting and authoritative information about the activities of the ,menorah ,societies and stimulate their work further in the future1 but would itself be a potent means of promoting ,jewish knowledge and literature4 ,the ,,journal was meant to appeal not to ,menorah members alone nor to students only1 but to all within and without the universities who were interested in the literary treatment of ,jewish life and aspiration4 ,the ,,journal was extremely fortunate in having the counsel and literary co-operation of many leaders of ,jewish thought and action of all parties 7for list of ,consulting ,editors see ,contents ,page71 the ,,journal itself1 like the ,menorah ,societies1 being non-partisan1 a forum for the free expression of variant views4 ,upon the success of the ,,journal will largely depend the future progress of the ,menorah movement and its other literary enterprises contemplated1 e4 g41 pamphlet essays and ,menorah ,classics1 which for the present should be postponed1 all energies having to be devoted to the ,,journal4 ,the gratifying encouragement given to the ,,journal enterprise by many men in the community is but a specific application of the co-operation of the ,graduate ,menorah ,committee1 headed by ,justice ,irving ,lehman1 which has continued during the past year to assist the ,association generously and in the most admirable spirit1 the committee reposing absolutely perfect confidence in the officers of the ,association4 ,to that co-operation and spirit of confidence the ,association owes a great deal which it can repay only by continued effective devotion to the cause which is equally dear to the students and the graduates4 ,it was deemed advisable that for the present the ,graduate ,menorah ,committee should continue as an informal body4 ,a gratifying evidence of the mutual co-operation of the ,menorah ,societies in a material way during the past year was shown in the appropriation of fifty dollars by the ,harvard ,menorah ,society for the ,association4 ,all in all1 the ,association during the past year may be said to have advanced satisfactorily1 though the ,officers are conscious of the great opportunities which still remain before the organization4 ,indeed1 the ,menorah work is still in its beginnings4 ,with the loyal co-operation of the students and the graduates1 the ,association looks forward confidently to a bright and big future4 ,resolutions ,after due consideration and discussion1 the following resolutions were unanimously adopted3 ,,resolved1 ,that the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 organized for the promotion in ,american ,colleges and ,universities of the study of ,jewish history1 culture and problems1 and the advancement of ,jewish ideals1 affiliate with the ,corda ,fratres ,international ,federation of ,students4 ,note3 ,this resolution was adopted upon the conditions 7#a7 that the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association be received into the ,international ,federation of ,students as a unit co-ordinate with the ,association of ,cosmopolitan ,clubs1 and 7#b7 that the autonomy1 purposes and activities of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association shall nowise be qualified by such affiliation4,h ,,resolved1 ,that the fifty dollars contributed by the ,harvard ,menorah ,society to the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association be devoted to ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal4 ,,resolved1 ,that the ,officers be constituted a committee to investigate the nature and work of student organizations analogous to the ,menorah in other parts of the world and to submit a report thereon at the next ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,convention4 7,readopted from the last ,convention47 ,,resolved1 ,that the ,officers be constituted a committee to consider and draw up definite plans for ,menorah insignia and distinctions4 ,,third ,,session ,the third session was a public meeting held at #h4ae ,p4,m4 in ,mc,micken ,auditorium1 ,university of ,cincinnati4 7,for report see page #aba47 ,,fourth ,,session ,called to order on ,thursday1 ,december #bdth1 at #i4ae ,a4,m41 in the ,faculty ,room1 ,mc,micken ,hall1 by ,president ,sharfman4 ,after due consideration and discussion the following resolutions were unanimously adopted3 ,,resolved1 ,that the incoming ,officers investigate the problem of the organization of ,graduate ,menorah ,societies and prepare a report with recommendations for submission to the constituent ,societies at the beginning of the next academic year7#aiae-af74 ,the ,administrative ,council1 in session assembled1 hereby expresses its hearty approval of the relationship that has arisen and has been maintained between the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 through its ,officers1 and a body of representative ,jewish citizens of public spirit1 known as a ,graduate ,advisory ,committee1 and gratefully records its deep appreciation of the wise counsel and generous assistance of this ,graduate ,advisory ,committee in the prosecution of the ,menorah purposes1 and ,,resolves1 ,first1 that these informal relations between the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association and the ,graduate ,advisory ,committee be permitted to continue as heretofore1 and second1 that the incoming ,officers of the ,association present plans looking to the permanent organization of this ,graduate ,advisory ,committee1 at the next mid-winter meeting of the ,administrative ,council4 7,readopted from the last ,convention47 ,the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,convention extends its cordial greetings to ,justice ,irving ,lehman and acknowledges with warm appreciation his welcome message and his generous assurance of willing co-operation4 ,the ,association is encouraged to carry forward with renewed vigor and inspiration its work of promoting the study of ,jewish history and culture at ,american ,colleges and ,universities and of advancing ,jewish ideals2 to merit the confidence and support of the ,graduate ,advisory ,committee4 ,,resolved1 ,that each constituent ,menorah ,society should be bound to seek the advice and consent of the ,officers of the ,association before soliciting assistance from any source4 7,readopted from the last ,convention47 ,,resolved1 ,that the ,administrative ,council of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 in annual meeting assembled1 hereby enthusiastically expresses its entire confidence and trust in the work done by the ,officers of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association and its appreciation of the able and efficient manner in which they conducted and supervised the work of the organization during the past year4 ,the oral reports of the several ,menorah ,societies1 in amplification of their written reports1 were presented and discussed4 ,,fifth ,,session ,the fifth session was an informal luncheon held in the ,banquet ,hall of the ,hotel ,gibson1 ,cincinnati1 at #a ,p4,m4 7,for a report of the addresses1 see page #abe47 ,,sixth ,,session ,immediately following the luncheon1 at #d ,p4,m41 the sixth session was convened in the private auditorium of the ,hotel ,gibson4 ,the following resolution was unanimously adopted3 ,,resolved1 ,that the ,officers of the ,association take steps to provide ,menorah ,societies with syllabi of courses in ,jewish history1 ,jewish literature1 and contemporaneous ,jewish problems4 7,readopted from the last ,convention47 ,upon proceeding to the choice of ,officers of the ,association for #aiae1 the following were elected3 ,chancellor1 ,henry ,hurwitz of ,boston1 ,mass4 7re-elected by acclamation72 ,president1 ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman of the ,university of ,michigan 7re-elected by acclamation72 ,first ,vice-,president1 ,isadore ,levin1 of ,harvard ,university2 ,second ,vice-,president1 ,milton ,d4 ,sapiro of the ,university of ,california2 ,third ,vice-,president1 ,abraham ,j4 ,feldman of the ,university of ,cincinnati2 ,treasurer1 ,n4 ,morais ,lyon of the ,university of ,cincinnati2 and ,secretary1 ,charles ,k4 ,feinberg of ,new ,york ,university4 ,after some discussion as to the advisability of deciding immediately upon the place of the next ,annual ,convention1 it was ,,resolved1 ,that the place of meeting for the next ,annual ,convention be left to the judgment of the ,officers of the ,association4 ,after passing unanimously a ,resolution thanking the ,university of ,cincinnati1 the ,hebrew ,union ,college1 the ,cincinnati ,menorah ,society1 and the city of ,cincinnati for the cordial reception accorded to the ,convention1 adjournment was had at #e4de ,p4,m4 ,n4 ,m4 ,,lyon1 ,secretary pro tem4 ,,note3 ,in the course of the convention1 several amendments to the ,constitution of the ,association were proposed and adopted4 ,the ,constitution as amended follows3 ,,constitution ,,of ,,the ,,intercollegiate ,,menorah ,,association ,,article ,i3 ,,name ,the name of this organization shall be the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association4 ,,article ,,ii3 ,,object ,the object of this ,association shall be the promotion1 in ,american colleges and universities1 of the study of ,jewish history1 culture1 and problems1 and the advancement of ,jewish ideals4 ,,article ,,iii3 ,,membership ,sec4 #a4--,menorah ,societies in ,american colleges and universities1 having the object defined in ,article ,,ii1 shall be eligible for membership in this ,association1 provided that membership in such ,societies is open to all members of their respective colleges or universities so far as the efficient pursuit of the object may permit4 ,sec4 #b4--,the ,administrative ,council 7provided for in ,article ,,iv7 shall have power to elect such honorary members as it may deem fit4 ,sec4 #c4--,one constituent ,society may be composed of members of two or more neighboring colleges or universities4 ,sec4 #d4--;,all eligible ,societies which adopt this constitution by ,january #c1 #aiac1 shall constitute the charter members of this ,association4 ,sec4 #e4--,other ,societies which are formed and eligible1 or may be formed and become eligible1 for membership in this ,association1 shall be admitted into this ,association by the ,administrative ,council1 and shall become members upon adopting this ,constitution4 ,sec4 #f4--;,by a two-thirds vote of the ,administrative ,council1 that body1 in session1 shall have power to deprive of membership any ,society which may not be carrying out the object of the ,association1 or may be employing methods prejudicial to its spirit4 ,,article ,,iv3 ,,administration ,sec4 #a4--,the administration of this ,association shall be in the hands of the ,administrative ,council4 ,sec4 #b4--;,every constituent ,society shall delegate one member to be its ,representative in the ,council who shall1 at the time of his election1 be directly connected with the college or the university as a student or as a member of the ,faculty4 ,sec4 #c4--,the ,administrative ,council shall elect annually at its mid-winter meeting the following ,officers of the ,association3 ,chancellor1 ,first ,vice-,president1 ,second ,vice-,president1 ,third ,vice-,president1 ,treasurer1 and ,secretary4 7a7 ,officers who are not ,representatives shall ex-officio be members of the ,administrative ,council4 ,sec4 #d4--,the ,administrative ,council shall hold a meeting during the mid-winter recess1 when and where it shall please a majority of the ,council4 ,other meetings of the ,council may be called upon the request of a majority of its members1 and held when and where it shall please a majority4 ,notice of every meeting shall be sent to each member at least four weeks beforehand4 ,a copy of the minutes of each meeting shall be duly sent by the ,secretary to each constituent ,society4 ,sec4 #e4--;,in case the ,representative of a ,society is unable to attend a meeting of the ,council1 his ,society may send a duly accredited and instructed ,deputy,i who is not already the ,representative or ,deputy of another ,society4 ,sec4 #f4--;,a quorum of the ,administrative ,council shall consist of the ,representatives or ,deputies from two-thirds of the constituent ,societies4 7,note3--,it is understood that a term of office of a ,representative or ,officer shall be one year1 from one mid-winter meeting to the next74 ,,article ,v3 ,,dues ,sec4 #a4--,the annual dues from each constituent ,society shall be five dollars1 which shall be paid to the ,treasurer before the first meeting of the ,administrative ,council4 ,sec4 #b4--;,if a ,society be admitted into membership after such date1 its dues shall be paid upon admission4 ,sec4 #c4--,societies whose dues remain unpaid after the time set shall lose their vote in the ,administrative ,council until payment is made4 ,neglect to pay for two years may be a cause for dismissal from the ,association by the ,administrative ,council4 ,,article ,,vi3 ,,date ,,of ,,effect ,this ,constitution shall take effect ,january #b1 #aiac4 ,,article ,,vii3 ,,amendments ,an amendment to this ,constitution may be adopted by a two-thirds vote of the ,administrative ,council4 ,,footnotes3 ,g ,see ,prof4 ,sharfman's address1 page #abd1 and ,dr4 ,kohler's remarks at the ,convention luncheon1 page #abh4 ,h ,the ,association of ,cosmopolitan ,clubs1 at its ,convention at ,ohio ,state ,university on ,dec4 #bf-cj1 #aiad1 passed a resolution of greeting and welcome to the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association4 ,i ,how1 and to what extent1 a ,deputy shall be instructed1 depends upon the will of the ,society which accredits him4 7,this was the sense of the ,constituent ,convention47 ,notes ,of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association ,brown ,menorah ,dedication ,exercises ,the ,brown ,menorah ,society held its dedication exercises in the auditorium of the ,brown ,union on ,january #af1 #aiae4 ,the ,chairman was ,maurice ,j4 ,siff1 '#ae1 ,president of the ,society4 ,morris ,j4 ,wessel1 '#aa1 spoke of the need of the ,menorah from the graduate's point of view4 ,chancellor ,henry ,hurwitz brought the greetings of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association and explained the purposes of the ,menorah movement4 ,president ,w4 ,h4 ,p4 ,faunce of the ,university1 in his response1 welcomed the ,menorah ,society to ,brown4 ,rabbi ,nathan ,stern1 of ,providence1 spoke upon the significance of the ,menorah1 and unveiled and lit a brass ,menorah which he presented to the ,society4 ,dean ,otis ,e4 ,randall spoke upon ,the ,educational ,value of ,college ,organizations1 and expressed the hope that the new ,menorah ,society would contribute to the uplift of the student body4 ,president ,faunce said1 in part3 ,this ,society must justify itself by making better ,brown men than ever before4 ,most especially among its duties it must strive for a type of ,brown man that cultivates the best there is in himself1 a man who respects himself1 soul1 body and spirit1 the type of man who flings himself gladly into whatever he believes in4 ,and so ,i hope to-night that every member of this ,society will cherish the finest things in the history of his own people if he is a member of the ,jewish nation--that he will cultivate everything that is worthy and noble and try to help his brethren throughout the world4 ,the ,thirty-,sixth ,menorah ,society ,a ,menorah ,society has recently been organized at the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology1 in ,boston4 ,the meeting preliminary to definite organization was held in the ,technology ,union on ,march #i4 ,isadore ,levin of the ,harvard ,menorah ,society1 ,first ,vice-,president of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 brought the greetings of the ,association and explained the ,menorah purposes and procedure4 ,leo ,i4 ,dana1 '#af1 was elected ,president4 ,in a communication to the ,chancellor of the ,menorah ,association1 ,dean ,alfred ,e4 ,burton of the ,institute writes3 ,i take pleasure in stating that we shall be glad to have a branch of the ,menorah ,society formed among our undergraduates1 and ,i can endorse the names of the officers who have been chosen4 ,they are all earnest students in good standing at the ,institute and ,i am sure they will be able to establish a branch of the ,menorah ,society that will be a credit to the general intercollegiate organization4 ,the first lecture before the ,society was delivered on ,april #e by ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen of the ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,the subject was ,hebraism and ,nationality4 ,menorah ,dinners ,the ,menorah ,society of ,clark ,university held its ,first ,annual ,banquet on ,december #ag1 #aiad4 ,president ,max ,smelensky1 '#ae1 introduced the toastmaster1 ,samuel ,resnick1 '#ac4 ,the speakers were ,president ,g4 ,stanley ,hall of the ,university1 ,president ,edmund ,c4 ,sanford of the ,college1 ,dean ,james ,p4 ,porter1 ,rabbi ,h4 ,h4 ,rubenovitz of ,boston1 ,a4 ,w4 ,hillman1 '#jg1 ,joseph ,talamo1 '#ad1 and ,chancellor ,hurwitz4 7,for the substance of ,president ,hall's address see page #hg47 ,the ,ohio ,state ,menorah ,society held its ,annual ,banquet on ,february #ba4 ,the toastmaster was ,harry ,m4 ,udovitch1 '#ad4 7,mr4 ,udovitch was last year ,president of the ,corda ,fratres ,association of ,cosmopolitan ,clubs74 ,the speakers were ,professor ,joseph ,a4 ,leighton1 ,professor ,ludwig ,lewisohn1 ,president ,henry ,greenberger1 '#ae1 of the ,society1 ,herman ,lebeson1 '#ae1 ,ohio ,state ,representative to the ,intercollegiate ,administrative ,council1 ,rabbi ,morris ,n4 ,taxon of ,columbus1 ,dr4 ,sylvester ,goodman1 '#jf1 and ,helman ,rosenthal1 '#ab4 ,the ,harvard ,menorah ,society will hold its seventh annual dinner on ,may #c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,page #ij1 alterative changed to alternative 7is an alternative7 ,page #ajf1 qualite changed to qualit 7l'aqurir la qualit7 ,this text uses both coperation and co-operation1 as well as today and to-day4 ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal ,published ,bi-monthly ,during the ,academic ,year ,by ,the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association ,for the ,study and ,advancement of ,jewish ,culture and ,ideals #fjj ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,editor-in-,chief ,,henry ,,hurwitz ,associate ,editor ,i4 ,,leo ,,sharfman ,managing ,editor ,h4 ,,askowith ,business ,manager ,b4 ,s4 ,,pouzzner ,board of ,consulting ,editors ,,dr4 ,,cyrus ,,adler ,,louis ,d4 ,,brandeis ,,dr4 ,,lee ,k4 ,,frankel ,,prof4 ,,felix ,,frankfurter ,,prof4 ,,israel ,,friedlaender ,,prof4 ,,richard ,,gottheil ,,dr4 ,,max ,,heller ,,dr4 ,,joseph ,,jacobs ,,dr4 ,,kaufman ,,kohler ,,justice ,,irving ,,lehman ,,judge ,,julian ,w4 ,,mack ,,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,magnes ,,prof4 ,,max ,l4 ,,margolis ,,dr4 ,h4 ,,pereira ,,mendes ,,dr4 ,,martin ,a4 ,,meyer ,,dr4 ,,david ,,philipson ,,dr4 ,,solomon ,,schechter ,,hon4 ,,oscar ,s4 ,,straus ,,samuel ,,strauss ,,judge ,,mayer ,,sulzberger ,,miss ,,henrietta ,,szold ,,felix ,m4 ,,warburg ,,dr4 ,,stephen ,s4 ,,wise 99 99 99 99 99 ,,volume ,i ,,june1 #aiae ,,number #c ,,contents ,,the ,,potency ,,of ,,the ,,jewish ,,race ,charles ,w4 ,eliot #ada ,,israel ,,and ,,medicine ,sir ,william ,osler #ade ,,the ,,war ,,from ,a ,,jewish ,,standpoint ,richard ,gottheil #aej ,o ,,sweet ,,anemones3 ,a ,song ,jessie ,e4 ,sampler #aeh ,,paths ,,of ,,pleasantness ,david ,werner ,amram #aei ,,the ,,jewish ,,genius ,,in ,,literature ,edward ,chauncey ,baldwin #afd ,,jewish ,,worthies3 ,,jochanan ,,ben ,,zakkai ,abraham ,m4 ,simon #agc ,,zionism3 ,a ,,menorah ,,prize ,,essay ,marvin ,m4 ,lowenthal #agi ,,from ,,college ,,and ,,university3 ,activities of ,menorah ,societies #aid ,,notes of ,the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association #bjj 99 99 99 99 99 #be cents a copy4 ,subscription1 #a4jj a year2 in ,canada1 #a4be2 abroad1 #a4ej ,copyright1 #aiae1 by ,the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association4 ,all rights reserved ,entered as second class matter ,january #f1 #aiae1 at the ,new ,york ,post ,office1 under the ,act of ,march #c1 #ahgi ,classic ,casts of ,sculpture ,illustration ,,for ,,home1 ,,school1 ,,library ,,and ,,clubroom ,,decoration ,michelangelo's ,,moses1 shown herewith1 may be obtained in the following sizes3 #abgi #c ft4 #a in4 #be4jj #abgi;,a #b ft4 #ab4jj #abgi;,b #a ft4 #g in4 #f4jj ,special discount from these prices to ,menorah ,societies and ,menorah ,members ,boston ,sculpture ,co4 #fg ,sudbury ,st4 ,boston ,mass4 ,,kohut ,,school ,,for ,,boys #bedth ,st4 ,independence ,ave4 ,phone #cfg ,kingsbridge ,riverdale-on-,hudson ,new ,york ,city ,an ,ideal ,boarding and ,day ,school ,,all ,,day ,,in ,,the ,,country ,unexcelled ,advantages of ,refined home ,physical training1 and outdoor sports under rigid supervision ,resident ,masters and ,house-mother ,individualized attention in the class-room ,gardening1 ,manual ,training ,bible ,study and ,elementary ,hebrew ,for ,booklet1 ,address at ,school ,,harry ,j4 ,,kugel1 ,principal ,,kamp ,,kohut1 ,a ,boys' ,summer ,camp at ,oxford1 ,maine4 ,under the personal direction of ,,geo4 ,a4 ,,kohut1 ,ph4,d4 ,,statement ,,of ,,the ,,ownership1 ,,management1 ,,circulation1 ,,etc41 ,,required ,,by ,,the ,,act ,,of ,,august #bd1 #aiab of ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal published bi-monthly at ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 for ,april #a1 #aiae ,editor-in-chief1 ,henry ,hurwitz1 #fjj ,madison ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city2 ,associate ,editor1 ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman1 #afjg ,s4 ,university ,ave41 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich42 ,managing ,editor1 ,hyman ,askowith1 ,north ,pelham1 ,n4 ,y42 ,business ,manager1 ,benjamin ,s4 ,pouzzner1 #eb ,vanderbilt ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,publisher1 ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 #fjj ,madison ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,owners3 7,if a corporation1 give its name and the names and addresses of stockholders holding #a per cent or more of total amount of stock4 ,if not a corporation1 give names and addresses of individual owners47 ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 #fjj ,madison ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,an organization composed of thirty-five societies in as many colleges and universities in the country1 having a total membership of about #cjjj1 ,for the ,study and ,advancement of ,jewish ,culture and ,ideals4 ,the officers of the ,association are3 ,chancellor1 ,henry ,hurwitz1 #fjj ,madison ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city2 ,president1 ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich42 ,first ,vice-,president1 ,isadore ,levin1 ,cambridge1 ,mass42 ,second ,vice-,president1 ,milton ,d4 ,sapiro1 ,berkeley1 ,cal42 ,third ,vice-,president1 ,abraham ,j4 ,feldman1 ,cincinnati1 ,o42 ,treasurer1 ,n4 ,m4 ,lyon1 ,cincinnati1 ,o42 ,secretary1 ,chas4 ,k4 ,feinberg1 ,new ,york ,university1 ,university ,heights1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,known bondholders1 mortgagees1 and other security holders1 holding one per cent or more of total amount of bonds1 mortgages1 or other securities3 7,if there are none1 so state47 ,none4 ,average number of copies of each issue of this publication sold or distributed1 through the mails or otherwise1 to paid subscribers during the six months preceding the date shown above4 7,this information is required from daily newspapers only47 7,signed7 ,benjamin ,s4 ,pouzzner4 ,sworn to and subscribed before me this #bast day of ,april1 #aiae4 7,signed7 ,margaret ,m4 ,murphy4 7,my commission expires ,march #cj1 #aiaf47 ,kindly mention ,the ,menorah ,journal when writing to advertisers ,cincinnati #ahed ,the ,oldest and ,largest ,jewish ,publishing ,house in ,america ,new ,york #aija ,,bloch ,,publishing ,,co4 ,the ,jewish ,book ,concern 99 99 99 99 99 ,,some ,,recent ,,and ,,popular ,,publications ,,jewish ,,classics4 ,three volumes ,i4 ,sufferings of the ,jews in the ,middle ,ages1 by ,l4 ,zunz2 ,,ii4 ,hebrew ,tales1 by ,h4 ,hurwitz2 ,,iii4 ,sayings of the ,jewish ,fathers 7,pirke ,aboth7 by ,j4,i4 ,gorfinkle4 ,per volume 4#ej ,,jewish ,,questions4 ,by ,dr4 ,ignatz ,zollschan 4#be ,,the ,,crucifixion4 ,from a ,jewish standpoint1 by ,dr4 ,emil ,g4 ,hirsch4 4#be ,,liberal ,,judaism ,,and ,,social ,,service4 ,by ,harry ,s4 ,lewis4 ,six lectures #a4jj ,,outlines ,,of ,,liberal ,,judaism4 ,by ,claude ,g4 ,montefiore4 7,special7 4#fe ,,what ,,is ,,judaism8 ,a survey of ,jewish ,life1 ,thought and ,achievement4 ,by ,dr4 ,abram ,s4 ,isaacs4 4#ge ,,justice ,,to ,,the ,,jew4 ,by ,madison ,c4 ,peters4 ,new edition #a4jj ,any 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this cost deducted from subsequent purchase of ,prints4 ,also a distinguished new series ,the ,copley ,etchings ,mention ,the ,menorah ,journal when you write to us4 ,,curtis ,,cameron ,boston ,salesroom3 ,pierce ,building1 opposite ,public ,library #gg ,harcourt ,st41 ,,boston ,new ,york ,salesroom3 ,craftsman ,building1 #f ,e4 #cith ,street 99 99 99 99 99 ,kindly mention ,the ,menorah ,journal when writing to advertisers ,forthcoming issues of ,the ,menorah ,journal will contain articles by ,lord ,bryce ,dr4 ,max ,nordau ,hon4 ,oscar ,s4 ,straus ,judge ,mayer ,sulzberger1 ,judge ,julian ,w4 ,mack1 ,dr4 ,solomon ,schechter1 ,prof4 ,felix ,frankfurter1 ,prof4 ,israel ,friedlaender1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,magnes1 ,prof4 ,norman ,bentwich1 ,rabbi ,max ,heller1 ,dr4 ,martin ,a4 ,meyer4 ,among other articles to appear in future issues may be named3 ,dr4 ,stephen ,s4 ,wise--,the ,college ,man and ,jewish ,life ,dr4 ,george ,alexander ,kohut--,some ,curiosities of ,jewish ,literature ,dr4 ,solomon ,solis ,cohen--,the ,poetry of ,jehudah ,ha-,levi ,phases of ,jewish ,thinking in ,american ,universities--,a ,menorah ,prize ,essay ,maurice ,wertheim--,americanism and ,judaism ,louis ,weinberg--,the ,jew in ,the ,industrial and ,fine ,arts ,dr4 ,i4 ,l4 ,kandel of the ,carnegie ,foundation--,the ,development of ,jewish ,education ,jewish ,worthies--,a series of portrait sketches of the most notable personalities in the history of ,jewish life and thought ,jewish ,women of the ,eighteenth ,century ,salons ,the ,jew in ,modern ,drama and ,acting ,as ,the ,menorah ,journal is published only during the academic year1 the next number will appear in ,october4 ,,subscription ,,blank ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal #fjj ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,i enclose #a4jj1 for which kindly send me ,the ,menorah ,journal for the current year4 7,signed7 ,address ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal ,,volume ,i ,,june1 #aiae ,,number #c ,illustration ,the ,potency of the ,jewish ,race ,,by ,,charles ,w4 ,,eliot ,illustration3 ,,charles ,,william ,,eliot 7born in ,boston1 #ahcd71 preminent as educator and publicist2 for forty years ,president of ,harvard ,university2 revered not only by ,harvard men but by all ,americans as a great leader of thought and opinion4 ,dr4 ,eliot warmly welcomed the organization of the first ,menorah ,society at ,harvard1 in #aijf2 and to his encouragement is due in large measure the growth of the ,menorah movement4 ,at a time when the problems and lessons of the war are absorbing his attention1 ,dr4 ,eliot has generously shown his continued sympathy with the ,menorah aims and his interest in the ,menorah ,journal by preparing this article4 ,for many centuries the ,jews have had no country of their own or even national headquarters4 ,they have been scattered among many nations1 all more or less unfriendly1 and some cruelly oppressive2 yet they have retained1 under the most adverse circumstances1 the capacity to earn their livelihood1 to bring up families1 and to maintain the great traditions of their race4 ,the main reason for the indestructibility of the ,jews is that they early embraced certain invaluable ideals1 and have struggled towards them indomitably for thousands of years4 ,races and ,ideals ,the principal difference between races is difference of ideals4 ,whenever several distinct races come to live side by side on the same territory in the bonds of a peaceful and coperative fellowship for all common public purposes1 it will be found that they have all reached common political and social ideals1 although in regard to many racial attributes and even in regard to religious beliefs they remain distinct4 ,the assimilation of different races can be brought about only by a gradual acceptance of the same ideals and aspirations4 ,for several centuries this process of assimilation has been going on in many parts of the earth1 and is now going on at an accelerated pace1 resulting in larger conceptions of nationality and larger political or governmental units4 ,the ,influence of ,lofty ,ideals on the ,jewish ,race ,the ,jewish race affords the strongest instance of the influence on a human stock of lofty ideals1 persistently held wherever on the face of the earth a fragment of the race has planted itself4 ,in all generations and in all environments the ,jews have succeeded in competition with other races to a remarkable degree4 ,among a poor population they are less poor than their neighbors2 among a free and prosperous population the ,jews become richer and more prosperous than the average4 ,confined in unwholesome ,ghettos1 they retain to an astonishing degree their health and vitality1 helped doubtless by the dietary and sanitary directions given in their ancient ,scriptures4 ,deprived of the right to bear arms in many countries1 and1 therefore1 unable to resist savage attack1 they remain inextinguishable4 ,wherever they become prosperous they develop an extraordinary community feeling1 and take care of their own poor or unfortunate4 ,in short1 in all generations and in all their various environments they have exhibited1 and still exhibit1 a remarkable racial tenacity and vigor4 ,it is manifest that this normal success of the race is not due to any especially favorable material conditions1 but to the rare strength and significance of its ideals4 ,the ,noblest of ,human ,ideals3 ,jewish ,monotheism ,what are these ideals8 ,what have they been for thousands of years8 ,the first of the ,jewish ideals has been that of one ,god--the noblest of all human ideals--early attained1 and persistently clung to by the whole race4 ,mohammedan monotheism is noble1 and is the main source of the strength of those races which have embraced the religion of ,mahomet2 but the ,mohammedan doctrine of ,one ,god arrived thousands of years after the ,jewish1 and never was so pure4 ,the most significant sentence in the ,english speech is the first sentence of the ,hebrew ,bible--,in the beginning ,god created the heavens and the earth4 ,that is the first of the ,jewish ideals1 to which the race has been true in all environments1 in weal and in woe2 and that belief has delivered it from many sorts of enfeebling and degrading terrors and superstitions4 ,the ,ideal of the ,family ,another ,jewish ideal which has counted for much in the history of the race is the ideal of the family--pure1 honorable1 and sacred4 ,the veneration of ancestors1 which has been an important part of the religion of ,china and ,japan1 is only an undue exaggeration of the ,hebrew commandment1 ,honor thy father and thy mother4 ,the ,jewish race has seen fulfilled the promise which is the last phrase of that commandment1 that thy days may be long in the land which the ,lord thy ,god giveth thee1 although in many lands and not in any land of their own4 ,the organized human society most likely to prove durable or permanent is that which possesses and maintains in theory and practise a lofty ideal of the family4 ,the reverence shown by children toward their parents and the devotion of parents to their children1 which prevail in ,jewish families1 are both more intense than is usual in ,christian families4 ,these sentiments yield infinite good in any human society2 they produce1 and pass on from generation to generation1 purity of life1 family honor1 and a real consecration of the best human affections4 ,that is the second potent ,jewish ideal4 ,the ,ethical ,ideal of the ,ten ,commandments ,the third effective ideal is the ethical teaching contained in the ,ten ,commandments1 the most compact and yet comprehensive code of morals ever written4 ,these ethical principles have been held before the ,jewish race for thousands of years wherever it has lived1 in good times and bad1 an ideal toward which the race has always struggled1 though with frequent lapses4 ,this code contains the institution of the ,sabbath ,day1 which by itself accounts for much of the extraordinary endurance of the race4 ,the ,jews have always been distinguished for their respect for learning and their zeal for education4 ,in the ,ghettos of ,europe1 under the most discouraging conditions1 their ,rabbis kept alive the ancient learning1 and through many centuries gave the elite of the rising generation some mental training1 when no instruction was to be had by the masses of mankind4 ,a persecuted race1 provided it retains its vitality and elasticity1 receives admirable training in loyalty to its ideals4 ,in the case of the ,jews this was a loyalty not only to race1 but to religion2 and religious loyalty is the finest and most sustaining of all loyalties4 ,the religion of the ,jews emphasizes an ideal to which the ,jewish mind and heart have responded ardently from the earliest times--the ideal of righteousness4 ,loyalty to this ideal includes loyalty to race1 family1 religion1 and all righteous persons4 ,the ,jews believe that righteousness alone exalteth a nation1 a family1 or a man4 ,will the ,jewish ,race ,meet the ,test of ,liberty8 ,for two thousand years the ,jews have led their daily lives under exposure to bodily harm1 injustice1 and all sorts of disaster1 and under such grievous trials have preserved their ideals4 ,the race is now to be put to another and severer test4 ,in the free countries of ,europe and ,america the ,jews enjoy complete political and industrial liberty4 ,they were for centuries excluded from most professions1 arts1 and industries1 and were driven into trade and money-lending4 ,now all callings are open to them4 ,in the ,middle ,ages there were only a few directions in which a successful ,jew could safely spend his money4 ,now he can spend it in any direction--wisely and beneficently1 or foolishly and ostentatiously4 ,will the race bear liberty as well as it has borne oppression8 ,the liberty1 which is the only atmosphere in which the strongest men and women can develop1 often causes the downfall of weak-willed human beings4 ,rich ,jews1 like other rich people1 are in danger of becoming luxurious--the more so because the race has been cut off from military service1 and has not been addicted to out-of-door sports4 ,the worst destroyer of sound family and national life is luxury4 ,if the race is to meet successfully the test of liberty1 it will get over its apparent tendency of the moment towards materialism and reliance on the power of money1 hold fast to its social and artistic idealism1 and press steadily towards its intellectual and religious ideals4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,charles ,w4 ,eliot ,israel and ,medicine ,,by ,,sir ,,william ,,osler ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,william ,,osler 7born in ,ontario1 ,canada1 in #ahdi7 ,regius ,professor of ,medicine at ,oxford and one of the world's leading medical authorities2 distinguished not merely as investigator1 teacher1 and practitioner1 but also as essayist and ethical teacher of singular grace and humanity1 as shown in the volumes entitled ,aequanimitas and ,counsels and ,ideals4 ,the present address1 delivered in ,london at the twenty-fifth anniversary of the ,jewish ,historical ,society of ,england1 is here given its first publication in this country1 with ,sir ,william's special authorization4 ,in estimating the position of ,israel in the human values we must remember that the quest for righteousness is ,oriental1 the quest for knowledge ,occidental4 ,with the great prophets of the ,east--,moses1 ,isaiah1 ,mahomet--the word was1 ,thus saith the ,lord2 with the great seers of the ,west1 from ,thales and ,aristotle to ,archimedes and ,lucretius1 it was ,what says ,nature8 ,they illustrate two opposite views of man and his destiny--in the one he is an angelus sepultus in a muddy vesture of decay2 in the other1 he is the young light-hearted master of the world1 in it to know it1 and by knowing to conquer4 ,modern civilization is the outcome of these two great movements of the mind of man1 who to-day is ruled in heart and head by ,israel and by ,greece4 ,from the one he has learned responsibility to a ,supreme ,being1 and the love of his neighbor1 in which are embraced both the ,law and the ,prophets2 from the other he has gathered the promise of ,eden to have dominion over the earth on which he lives4 ,not that ,israel is all heart1 nor ,greece all head1 for in estimating the human value of the two races1 intellect and science are found in ,jerusalem and beauty and truth at ,athens1 but in different proportions4 ,medicine in the ,talmud ,it is a striking fact that there is no great ,oriental name in science--not one to be put in the same class with ,aristotle1 with ,hippocrates1 or with a score of ,grecians4 ,we do not go to the ,bible for science1 though we may go to ,moses for instruction in some of the best methods in hygiene4 ,nor is the ,talmud a fountain-head in which men seek inspiration to-day as in the works of ,aristotle4 ,i do not forget the saying3 ,in uns'rem ,talmud kann man ,jedes lesen1 ,und ,alles ist schon einmal dagewesen4 ,with much of intense interest for the physician1 and in spite of some brave sayings about the value of science1 there is not in it the spirit of ,aristotle or of ,galen4 ,it is true we find there one of the earliest instances in literature of an accurate diagnosis confirmed post mortem4 ,a sheep of the ,rabbi ,chabiba had paralysis of the hind legs4 ,rabbi ,jemar diagnosed ischias1 or arthritis1 but ,rabbina1 who was called in1 said that the disease was in the spinal marrow4 ,to settle the dispute the sheep was killed1 and ,rabbina's diagnosis was confirmed4 ,the ,role of ,jewish ,physicians in the ,middle ,ages ,in the early ,middle ,ages the ,jewish physicians played a role of the first importance as preservers and transmitters of ancient knowledge4 ,with the fall of ,rome the broad stream of ,greek science in western ,europe entered the sud of medivalism4 ,it filtered through in three streams--one in ,south ,italy1 the other in ,byzantium1 and a third through ,islam4 ,at the great school of ,salernum in the tenth1 eleventh and twelfth centuries1 we find important ,jewish teachers2 ,copho ,,ii wrote the ,anatomia ,porci1 and ,rebecca wrote on fevers and the ftus4 ,jews were valued councillors at the court of the great ,emperor ,frederick4 ,with the ,byzantine stream the ,jews seem to have had little to do1 but the broad1 clear stream which ran through ,islam is dotted thickly with ,hebrew names4 ,in the eastern and western ,caliphates and in ,north ,africa were men who to-day are the glory of ,israel1 and bright stars in the medical firmament4 ,three of these stand out preminent4 ,the writings of ,isaac ,judus1 known in the ,middle ,ages as ,monarcha ,medicorum1 were prized for more than four centuries4 ,he had a ,hippocratic belief in the powers of nature and in the superiority of prevention to cure4 ,he was an optimist and held strongly to the ,talmudic precept that the physician who takes nothing is worth nothing4 ,rabbi ben ,ezra was a universal genius and wanderer1 whose travels brought him as far as ,england4 ,his philosophy of life ,browning has depicted in the well-known poem1 whose beauty of diction and clarity of thought atone for countless muddy folios4 ,maimonides3 ,prince ,among ,physicians ,but the prince among ,jewish physicians1 whose fame as such has been overshadowed by his reputation as a ,talmudist and philosopher1 is the ,doctor ,perplexorum--dux1 director1 demonstrator1 neutrorum dubitantium et errantium6--,moses ,maimonides4 ,cordova boasts of three of the greatest names in the history of ,arabian medicine3 ,avenzoar1 ,albucasis1 and ,averroes 7,avenzoar is indeed claimed to be a ,jew74 ,great as is the fame of ,averroes as the commentator and transmitter of ,aristotle to scholastic ,europe1 his fame is enhanced as the teacher and inspirer of ,moses ben ,maimon4 ,exiled from ,spain1 this great teacher became in ,egypt the ,thomas ,aquinas of ,jewry1 the conciliator of the ,bible and the ,talmud with the philosophy of ,aristotle4 ,he remains one of ,israel's great prophets1 and while devoted to theology and philosophy1 he was a distinguished and successful practitioner of medicine and the author of many works highly prized for nearly five centuries1 some of which are still reprinted4 ,he says pathetically1 ,although from my youth ,torah was betrothed to me and continues to live by me as the wife of my youth1 in whose love ,i find a constant delight1 strange women1 whom ,i took at first into my house as her handmaids1 have become her rivals and absorbed part of my time4 ,the spirit of the man is manifest in his famous prayer1 one of the precious documents of our profession1 worthy to be placed beside the ,hippocratic oath4 ,it ends with3 ,in suffering let me always see only my fellow creature4,a ,jewish ,physicians and ,medieval ,popes ,in the revival of learning in the thirteenth century1 which led to the foundation of so many of the universities1 ,hebrew physicians took a prominent part1 particularly in the great schools of ,montpelier and of ,paris2 and for the next two or three centuries in ,italy1 in ,france1 and in ,germany1 ,hebrew physicians were greatly prized4 ,but too often the tribulations of ,israel were their lot4 ,as one reads of the grievous persecutions they suffered1 there comes to mind the truth of ,zunz' words3 ,wenn es eine ,stufenleiter von ,leiden giebt1 so hat ,israel die hochste ,staffel erstiegen4 ,their checkered career is well illustrated by the relations with the ,popes1 some of whom uttered official bulls and fulminations against them1 others seem to have had a special fondness for them as body physicians4 ,paul ,,iii was for years in charge of ,jacob ,montino1 a distinguished ,jewish physician1 who translated extensively from the ,arabic and ,hebrew into ,latin1 and his edition of ,averroes is dedicated to ,pope ,leo ,x4 ,in my library there is a copy of the letter of ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii1 dated ,march #cjth1 #aeha1 and printed in #aehd1 confirming the decrees of ,paul ,,iv and ,pius ,v1 which he regrets were by no means held in observance1 but that there are still many among ,christian persons who desiring the infirmities of their bodies be cured by illicit means1 and especially by the service of ,jews and other infidels4 4 4 4 ,it was at ,mantua that a ,jewish physician1 ,abraham ,conath1 established a printing press1 from which the first ,hebrew works were issued4 ,names of ,distinction in ,later ,centuries ,throughout the sixteenth1 seventeenth1 and eighteenth centuries in ,france1 ,germany1 and ,italy we meet many distinguished names in the profession1 and in his ,geschichte der ,jdischen ,aertz ,landau pays a very just tribute to their work4 ,only a few are met with in ,england4 ,isaac ,abendana1 a ,spaniard1 practised in ,oxford and lectured on ,hebrew at ,magdalen ,college4 ,we have at the ,bodleian ,jewish almanacs which lie issued at the end of the seventeenth century1 and a great ,latin translation of ,mishnah4 ,he afterwards migrated to ,cambridge4 ,a more important author was ,jacob de ,castro ,sarmento1 a ,portuguese ,jew1 who became licentiate of the ,royal ,college of ,physicians in #agbe1 and ,fellow of the ,royal ,society in #agcj4 ,there is in the ,bodleian an interesting broadsheet from the ,register of the ,london ,synagogues respecting charges made when his name was proposed at the ,royal ,society4 ,he contributed many papers to the ,philosophical ,transactions1 and was the author of several works4 ,in the eighteenth century ,jean ,baptiste de ,silva1 of a ,portuguese ,jewish family1 became one of the leading physicians of ,paris1 consulting physician to ,louis ,,xv1 and the friend of ,voltaire1 who remarks1 ,c'tait un de ces mdecins que ,moliere n'eut ni pu ni os rendre ridicules4 ,one of the special treasures of my library is a volume of the ,henriade superbly bound by ,padeloup1 and a presentation copy from ,voltaire to de ,silva1 given me when ,i left ,baltimore by my messmates in ,the ,ship of ,fools 7a dining club74 ,voltaire's inscription reads as follows3 ,a ,monsieur ,silva1 ,esculape ,franois4 ,recevez cet hommage de votre frre en ,apollon4 ,ce ,dieu vous a laiss son plus bel hritage1 tous les ,dons de l'esprit1 tous ceux de la raison1 et je n'eus que des ,vers1 hlas1 pour mon partage4 ,the ,achievement of ,recent ,years ,in the nineteenth century1 with the removal of the vexatious restrictions1 the ,jew had a chance of reaching his full development1 and he has taken a position in the medical profession comparable to that occupied in the palmy ,arabian days of ,cordova and ,bagdad4 ,in ,germany particularly1 the last half of the century witnessed a remarkable outburst of scientific activity4 ,traube1 who may well be called the father of experimental pathology2 ,henle1 the distinguished anatomist and pathologist2 ,valentin1 the physiologist2 ,lebert1 ,remak1 ,romberg1 ,ebstein1 ,henoch1 have been among the clinical physicians of the very first rank4 ,cohnheim was the most brilliant pathologist of his day2 to ,weigert pathological histology owes an enormous debt1 and1 to crown all1 the man whose ideas have revolutionized modern pathology1 ,paul ,ehrlich1 is a ,jew4 ,in ,america ,hebrew members of our profession for many years occupied a very prominent position4 ,the father of the profession to-day1 a man universally beloved1 is ,abraham ,jacobi1 full of years and honors2 and the two most brilliant representatives in physiology and pathology1 ,simon ,flexner and ,jacques ,loeb1 carry out the splendid traditions of ,traube and ,henle4 ,i have always had a warm affection for my ,jewish students1 and the friendships ,i have made with them have been among the special pleasures of my life4 ,their success has always been a great gratification1 as it has been the just reward of earnestness and tenacity of purpose and devotion to high ideals in science2 and1 ,i may add1 a dedication of themselves as practitioners to everything that could promote the welfare of their patients4 ,in the medical profession the ,jews had a long and honorable record1 and among no people is all that is best in our science and art more warmly appreciated2 none in the community take more to heart the admonition of the son of ,sirach1 ,give place to the physician1 let him not go from thee1 for thou hast need of him4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,wm ,osler ,,footnote3 ,footnote ,a3 ,i am told by authorities that the attribution of this prayer to ,maimonides is doubtful4 ,where is the original8 ,the ,war from a ,jewish ,standpoint ,,by ,,richard ,,gottheil ,illustration3 ,,richard ,,gottheil 7born in ,manchester1 ,england1 in #ahfb2 came to ,new ,york in #ahgc71 educated at ,columbia and at ,german ,universities2 since #ahhg ,professor of ,semitic ,languages and ,rabbinical ,literature at ,columbia4 ,apart from his scholarly labors1 ,professor ,gottheil has devoted himself body and soul to many ,jewish causes1 notably ,zionism1 in which he has been a leader in ,america from the beginning4 ,he was among the first to extend an encouraging hand to the ,menorah movement and has responded generously to repeated calls to lecture before ,menorah ,societies4 ,the present article is based upon an address recently delivered before the ,cornell ,menorah ,society4 ,the war in ,europe presents problems for the ,jews which must be faced no matter what the consequences may be4 ,these problems are of two kinds1 due to the fact that we are members of a race that is scattered over the whole earth1 and the units of which are to be found in the four corners of the globe4 ,in this way a double set of duties is entailed upon us4 ,on the one hand1 we have to take our rightful place as citizens of the different countries in which we live3 to accept all the burdens that go with such citizenship1 and to partake of the joys and sorrows that are its inevitable accompaniment--in a word1 to take the advice of the ,rabbis of old and seek the welfare of the country in which we live4 ,but this obligation is so self-evident1 and the problems raised by it solve themselves so naturally1 that they need no further thought4 ,in point of fact1 the patriotism of the ,jews for the lands in which they live has been demonstrated on so many occasions that only blind ignorance or wilful misrepresentation can call it into question4 ,at the present moment1 in all the armies that are at the front1 our brethren are doing service even beyond their numerical proportion4 ,the ,toll ,paid by the ,jew ,it is to the second set of problems that ,i venture to call attention--those ,jewish problems that concern ourselves in particular1 that deal with our relations to and with our fellow ,jews--problems which ,i am afraid are not always present in our minds4 ,for one reason or another1 they are apt to be forgotten1 to slip into the background through sheer negligence4 ,indeed1 in many cases we are fain to put them intentionally into a corner and remove them discreetly from sight4 ,it has needed a great world event at this time1 as it has in the past1 to bring many of us to reason and to a realization of our duty4 ,the titanic struggle in which so many of the nations of the world are engaged has come to remind us also of our position as ,jews and to recall to us our relations with the past1 our connections with the present1 and our hopes for the future4 ,it is indeed true that none of the great political movements that have affected the world have passed by without in some special manner affecting the ,jewish people4 ,as we look back through history and allow our thoughts to run down the highway of the ages1 we perceive the effects such struggles have had upon the ,jew4 ,we think of the time when ancient ,babylonia stretched out its arm from the ,east to gain a foothold on the ,mediterranean and to grasp the power of the world4 ,what was the effect upon the ,jews8 ,the ,babylonian captivity4 ,many hundreds of years after1 ,rome--the ,babylonia of the ,west--lunged out toward the ,east in the same search for universal dominion2 and we still observe the ,ninth of ,ab in commemoration of the destruction of the ,temple at ,jerusalem4 ,again some centuries passed us by1 and we come to the inevitable conflict between ,christianity and the rising power of ,islam4 ,who was it but our own ,jews who suffered most as the crusading hordes moved through ,europe--our own ,jews who were driven before them from the ,rhine into what at a later time became the great national ,ghetto in ,poland8 ,and now in this twentieth century1 as a people1 and in proportion to its numbers1 which body of men1 women and children is paying the most exacting toll to the forces of destiny8 ,again it is the ,jew4 ,the ,belgians of ,all ,history ,we all have the greatest possible sympathy for the ,belgian people and for the ,belgian land4 ,yet how much greater has been the suffering of the ,jewish people--the ,belgians not of a day but of all history8 ,in ,eastern ,europe1 in ,poland1 in ,galicia and in parts of ,russia1 at least two or three millions of ,jews have suffered from the ravages of a war waged with a bitterness that exceeds all bounds4 ,invading armies have passed and re-passed over their homes--miserable as they were even in times of peace4 ,false accusations have been launched against them so that they have been regarded as enemies by both sides and treated as such4 ,thousands have been driven from their homes to congest villages already filled to overflowing or to increase the want and suffering indigenous to towns and cities4 ,an amount of anguish and pain has been caused such as the ,jews have never known in all their long tramp through the ages4 ,what have we done1 we ,jews in ,america1 to assuage even a part of this pain8 ,what measures have we in view1 when once the war shall be over1 to regain for these people the possibility of living1 to bring back for them a little of that which they have lost through no fault of their own and in no cause which is theirs8 ,in most cases the only right permitted to them is the right to suffer1 and they must in addition pay the price of that suffering4 ,as we think of all these circumstances1 is it not proper and meet that we should ponder the whole situation in which we ,jews find ourselves today8 ,i believe that it is eminently the moment to do so4 ,we refuse to believe that the great waste of human life and energy now going on in ,europe is a waste pure and simple4 ,we refuse to believe that some purification is not to result from the fire through which mankind is passing1 and that some sanity in handling human affairs is not to follow the evident insanity with which we are now confronted4 ,something a little more stable because a little more reasonable must appear at the end to replace the inconstancy and unrest which have up to now characterized the relations of peoples to each other4 ,and as we hope this for the world at large1 we are hopeful too that full attention will be given to those problems which concern the ,jews specifically4 ,i wish then to indicate the chief among these problems1 in order that we may ourselves see clearly the road that must be taken4 ,the ,prospect in ,russia and ,poland ,first and foremost1 of course1 rank the questions that concern the ,jews in ,russia4 ,quite apart from any consideration of the general problems affecting that country1 the case of the ,jews in ,russia and ,poland demands a settlement that shall make existence bearable for them1 and which at the same time shall not run counter to the real and vital interests of the ,russian people4 ,nay more2 such existence must not only be bearable4 ,it must be of a kind that will place the ,jews upon a level with the other inhabitants of the ,empire and will give them the necessary opportunity to develop whatever talents or capabilities they possess4 ,it is not for us to prescribe in what manner and by what means this shall be accomplished2 and ,i use the word must not in the sense that any compulsion is to be applied to ,russia in this respect1 but rather as an expression of the certainty that the trial through which the ,czar's land is now passing is of such a kind as to purge her necessarily of all traces of national and religious intolerance4 ,this feeling cannot be expressed in better words than those used by ,m4 ,bourtzeff1 the well-known reactionary1 when he said1 ,we are convinced that after this war there will no longer be any room for political reaction and ,russia will be associated with the existing group of cultured and civilized countries4 ,proof that such feelings are making their way among the most intelligent portion of the ,russian population is shown by the remarkable document put forth some weeks ago over the signatures of noted ,christian professors1 litterateurs1 and members of the ,duma1 in which the plea is made for the removal of all restrictions that at present shackle the ,jews4 ,let us understand1 they say1 that the welfare and the power of ,russia are inseparably bound up with the welfare and liberties of all the nationalities that constitute the whole ,empire4 ,let us then conceive this truth4 ,let us act in accordance with our intelligence and our conscience1 and then we are sure that the disappearance of all kinds of persecution of the ,jews and their complete emancipation1 so as to be our equals in all rights of citizenship1 will form one of the conditions of a real constructive imperial policy4 ,and we are the more persuaded that these views will prevail when we remember that ,russia has been brought into closer contact with just those nations of ,europe where ,jewish emancipation has been most perfect and has brought forth the best fruits4 ,it is unthinkable that these nations should fail to put their influence on the side of ,jewish freedom in ,russia when ,european accounts are finally balanced4,b ,the ,broken ,faith of ,roumania ,in the second place1 any regulation of the ,jewish status in ,europe must of necessity include ,roumania4 ,the injustice of the ,government's attitude in that country is even more pronounced than it is in ,russia4 ,for ,roumania is bound to a certain course by a scrap of paper4 ,at the ,berlin ,congress of #ahgh1 one of the conditions upon which statehood was granted to ,roumania was that the rights of free citizenship should be conferred upon the ,jewish inhabitants in the principality--who1 it may be remarked in passing1 were among the oldest residents there4 ,roumania gave her solemn promise to carry out this condition2 but by political subterfuge of the most brazen kind she has circumvented the whole spirit of the demand4 ,the ,roumanian ,chamber passed a law to the effect that only ,jews who had been naturalized by it were entitled to citizenship2 and as the ,chamber refused to naturalize more than a handful each year1 the provisions of the ,berlin ,treaty have been as good as void4 ,when quite recently--in #aiac--;during the progress of the last ,balkan ,war and prior to the intervention of ,roumania1 the ,roumanian ,jews volunteered to serve in large numbers1 the proposal was brought forward to grant the rights of citizenship to all ,jews who had entered the army4 ,yet this proposal was voted down2 and the condition of the ,jews has remained as it was prior to #ahgh4 ,they are inhabitants in a country1 subject to its laws1 liable to all duties placed upon citizens--but they are themselves prohibited from becoming citizens4 ,it is intolerable that such a condition should be allowed to continue2 and if right is to take the place of might in the inevitable re-arrangement of the community of ,european nations1 the status of the ,roumanian ,jews must be one of the ,jewish problems to be solved4 ,the ,hope of ,regaining ,palestine ,there is a third ,jewish problem the importance of which perhaps even transcends the two just mentioned2 transcends because of the interest that attaches to it and because of its vital import to every ,jew the world over4 ,i refer to the problem of ,palestine1 which is wrapt up with the very existence of the ,jews and which symbolizes the hopes that have been nurtured throughout the centuries4 ,we know that the ,jew in his inevitable march westward has kept his face turned towards the ,east2 that in prayer and in meditation his gaze has rested upon that country which enshrined at one and the same time his origin and his future aspirations4 ,it is true that up to within some forty years that aspiration remained in large part a pious wish2 and that though it was cherished as coming to realization quickly and in our day1 very few attempts were put through to arm the ,almighty with human effort4 ,at best1 ,god-fearing and pious ,jews removed to ,palestine1 either to immerse themselves there in study and contemplation1 or to end their days in the odor of sanctity4 ,but the last twenty-five years have witnessed a conscious effort to make of ,palestine a rallying point for the ,jewish people1 a place where ,jewish life may be lived to its fullest extent and which may serve as a beacon light to all parts of the ,diaspora4 ,many a waste place has been made to blossom again2 and much of the culture and learning acquired by the ,jews in the long centuries of toil and effort has been made available to revivify the ,land of ,promise4 ,with infinite pains and untold sacrifices the ,jewish pioneers went forward in their peaceful effort to regain the soil of their forefathers4 ,colonies have been founded there2 primary schools1 high schools and technical institutions have been established1 and many of the forces have been started that make the foundation for a permanent settlement4 ,this conscious effort can not have been put forth in vain4 ,palestine represents the goal of our endeavor4 ,and any settlement after the war that has in view the general problems involved will be forced to take cognizance of the just hopes that we ,jews place in the future of that country and the just rights that the ,jewish people believe they possess and have acquired there4 ,the form in which such rights shall be expressed is not a matter for discussion at present4 ,the fact alone is of importance4 ,in the past the world has applauded the fight made by the ,poles for their national existence2 it has followed with interest the ,greek ,war of ,independence1 the ,italian striving for unity1 the ,irish endeavors for racial autonomy1 and the ,alsatian effort after independent expression4 ,it must and will appreciate and esteem the attempt made by the ,jews to re-fashion their anomalous status and to re-create the statehood that they lost nearly two thousand years ago4 ,the ,collapse of ,principles ,held ,sacred by the ,jews ,our concern1 however1 in the present world conflict goes further than our own immediate affairs1 and meets those interests which we have in common with the rest of humankind4 ,much as we deplore the wanton destruction of property1 much as we bewail the reckless loss of life1 we mourn especially the diminution of ethical standards and the perversion of our whole outlook on life4 ,for this means the lapse of much for which our own teachers have stood1 the forfeit of many a principle which has been dear to the ,jewish heart4 ,let me touch lightly upon three points out of the many that come to mind4 ,first of all1 what we must deplore most is the defiance to law and to its reign which has become so marked a characteristic during the present war4 ,the agreements arrived at in conventions1 the bases of treaties1 the binding character of compacts1 and the sanctity of engagements--all seem to have been thrown into one melting pot4 ,the mere fact that the expression a scrap of paper has become a household word1 bandied about by orators and scribblers1 shows the distance we have descended into the abyss4 ,the whole structure of our international relations seems to have fallen to the ground and the labored work of centuries to have been undone in a few months4 ,now1 the ,jews have been from the earliest times a people that have laid the greatest possible stress upon the rule of law2 so much so1 that their own laws were supposed to have divine sanction4 ,in olden ,jewish times everything was regulated by law--man's relation to his fellow men1 to the state1 and to ,god2 to such a degree that we have been blamed often for being a law-ridden people4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 remain oblivious to the fact that the sanctity of law has now been rudely called into question and its authority greatly weakened4 ,as ,jews we must be deeply concerned in assisting the ,european world back to a full consciousness of the majesty and eminence of the rule of law4 ,but more than that1 it was part of our earliest teaching that thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself4 ,what clouds of hatred have not been blown from one line of trenches to the other6 ,what volumes of spleen have not been sent from one country to the other6 ,in countless speeches1 in newspapers and in books1 the doctrines of dislike1 of animosity1 of deepest malice have been preached4 ,men have been taught to look upon certain neighbors as born enemies1 to see in those who do not speak their own tongue not only a stranger but an enemy4 ,back of the soldiers under arms1 back of the cannons with their deadly missiles1 stand millions of loathing men and women shooting darts of odium that reach further than any shell and that are more poisonous than any gas4 ,when shall we be able once again to preach the beautiful teaching of the prophet1 ,have we not all one ,father2 hath not one ,god created us all8 ,and lastly1 we must bear in mind that the ,jews have been opposed from of old to the rule and reign of might as represented by the ,god of ,war4 ,in a syllabus on the history of the ,peace ,movement just published by the ,carnegie ,endowment for ,international ,peace1 it is passing strange to find that the ,old ,testament is entirely overlooked and that from the first point1 ,the ,cosmopolitan ,ideal among the ,greek ,philosophers1 the jump is made at once to the second1 ,jesus ,christ1 the ,prince of ,peace4 ,and yet we know that in the outlook of our greatest teachers and philosophers the vision of peace loomed large and powerful4 ,ye shall not teach war any more1 said one of our greatest4 ,and for another the true sign of his prophetic mission is that he preached peace4 ,how sadly these teachings have been belied in the present war we know only too well4 ,is ,war ,necessary and ,good8 ,in many circles it has been held that development is possible for the human race only with the concomitance of war4 ,what wonder--when modern teachers have preached just such a necessity8 ,even so great a religious leader as ,luther said1 ,war is a business divine in itself1 and is as necessary as eating or drinking or any other work4 ,should we then wonder that a historian such as von ,treitschke has added1 ,war is the last revealer of power4 ,god will see to it that war always recurs as a drastic medicine for the human race1--or that another historian1 ,delbrueck1 should have said1 ,what beauty was to the ,greek1 holiness to the ,hebrew1 government to the ,romans2 what liberty is to the ,englishman1 war is to the ,prussian4 ,nietzsche1 one of the greatest of modern apostles1 has based many of his theories upon a violent repudiation of any faith or tradition which recognizes a power of right and justice lying beyond our impulsive nature2 an identification of self-restraint with degeneracy and of self-assertion with health2 a search for happiness in the conquest of others rather than in self-conquest2 a substitution of the ,will to ,power for the ,darwinian ,will to ,live1 with the consequent intensification of the unconscious and instinctive struggle for existence into a battle for conscious mastery2 and a sharpening of the competition of life1 with its self-observed rules of fair play or its traditionally imposed limitations1 into a glorification of war as the supreme test of strength1 obtaining its justification in success4 ,in a very remarkable article which appeared in the ,nineteenth ,century for last ,september1 written by a man evidently most religiously minded1 appears the following3 ,is the heart of ,england still strong to bear and to resolve and to endure8 ,how shall we know8 ,by the test8 ,what test8 ,that which ,god has given for the trial of people--the test of war4 ,the real court1 the only court in which this case can and will be tried1 is the court of ,god4 ,this twentieth century will see that trial1 and whichever people shall have in it the greater soul of righteousness will be the victor4 ,the discovery that ,christianity is incompatible with the military spirit is made only among decaying people4 ,while the nation is still vigorous1 while its population is expanding1 while the blood in its veins is strong1 then on this hope no scruples are felt4 ,but when its energies begin to wither1 when self-indulgence takes the place of self-sacrifice1 when its sons and daughters become degenerate1 then it is that a spurious and bastard humanitarianism masquerading as religion declares war to be an anachronism and a barbaric sin4 ,the ,jewish ,answer ,the ,jewish attitude in regard to this great problem before the world can be dealt with in a very few words4 ,these words have already been given to us in the twentieth chapter of ,exodus3 ,if thou wilt make an altar1 thou shalt not wave thy sword over it2 for if thou wavest thy sword over it thou hast polluted it4 ,it has been emphasized by the prophet ,jeremiah when he said1 ,let not the wise man glory in his wisdom1 neither let the mighty man glory in his might4 ,let not the rich man glory in his riches2 but let him that glorieth1 glory in this1 that he understandeth and knoweth ,me1 that ,i am the ,lord who exerciseth loving kindness1 judgment and righteousness on the earth4 ,to this ,i will add only one single word of the ,rabbis3 ,the whole ,torah exists solely for the sake of the ways of peace4 ,this ideal of peace has been the guiding star of ,israel for which the ,jew has prayed morning1 noon and night1 and ,i trust that the young men of the ,menorah will be true to that which the ,menorah typifies1 and will assist in the spreading of its light by upholding the reign of law1 the reign of love1 and the reign of peace4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,richard ,gottheil ,,footnote3 ,footnote ,b3 ,in the last number of ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal1 ,mr4 ,jacob ,h4 ,schiff ventured to suggest the reverse influence1 and to intimate that the association of ,england with ,russia was having an adverse effect upon the ,jews in ,england4 ,while ,mr4 ,schiff does not tell us upon what evidence he bases his views1 ,i venture to guess that it consists largely of the mistrust and ill-will caused in ,england by a small coterie of ,german-born bankers and their following4 ,but ,mr4 ,schiff must know that this ill-will is in no way connected with the fact that the men referred to are members of the ,jewish race4 ,most of them have never taken the least interest in ,jewish affairs1 some even have ostentatiously kept themselves quite apart from any connection with them4 ,and what is more1 the feeling against them is shared by ,jews as well as by non-,jews in ,england4 ,perhaps more serious still is ,mr4 ,schiff's presentment concerning ,german anti-,semitism4 ,to speak simply of a certain anti-,semitic tendency in ,germany is to coat the truth with so much honey as almost to reverse its meaning4 ,anti-,semitism in ,germany1 and especially in ,prussia1 has kept the ,jews far from any positions of importance in university life1 on the bench1 and in all state and military affairs4 ,and to add that the war will crush out most of this anti-,semitic tendency is to fly in the very face of well-ascertained and authenticated facts of very recent occurrence4 ,in ,harper's ,weekly for ,february #fth of this year 7p4 #abb71 a series of such facts is adduced4 ,nor can ,mr4 ,schiff forget that forced conversion away from the ,jewish faith and communion has nowhere taken on the dangerous proportions it has in the ,fatherland4 ,russia1 it is true1 has martyred many ,jewish bodies2 ,german ,kultur has quenched too many ,jewish souls4 ,history will have to decide which has done the greater hurt to the ,jewish cause4 ,o ,sweet ,anemones ,,by ,,jessie ,e4 ,,sampter ,this ,song is one of a series put into the mouth of a nationalist ,pharisee of ,jerusalem living through the times of the coming of ,jesus to ,jerusalem and the later development or perversion of ,jesus' ideals by ,paul4 ,o sweet anemones on ,sharon's plain1 ,light dancing seraphim of sun and rain1 ,was he not one of us1 was he not ours8 ,and yet he saved not us1 ,o crimson flowers6 ,as stars that bloom in heaven1 full-bloom and still1 ,as native stags that leap from hill to hill1 ,as you1 dear blossom-stars1 on native plains1 ,so planted here1 with ,god1 our home remains4 ,i1 too1 would perish here1 where he has died1 ,but felled by horse and spear1 not crucified2 ,i1 man of peace1 would pour1 ,o ,rock of ,god1 ,my freedom or my blood on ,zion's sod4 ,when pagans sweep thy fields with withering blast1 ,my heart is sanctified to death at last2 ,its taste is honey-sweet within my mouth1 ,for we that drink with ,god can dread no drouth4 ,o sweet anemones on ,sharon's plain1 ,a spring shall come for us1 to bloom again1-- ,to ,god a day1 to us a thousand years1-- ,who still remembers1 lives1 refreshed with tears4 ,paths of ,pleasantness ,the ,study of the ,jewish ,law ,,by ,,david ,,werner ,,amram ,her paths are paths of pleasantness1 and all her ways are peace4 ,she is a tree of life to those that lay fast hold on her1 and happy is every one that retaineth her4--,prov4 #c3ag1 #ah4 ,illustration3 ,,david ,,werner ,,amram 7born in ,philadelphia1 #ahff71 educated at the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 has been ,lecturer and since #aiab ,professor of ,law in the ,university of ,pennsylvania ,law ,school4 ,professor ,amram has published books and articles not only on common law topics but on interesting subjects in ,jewish legal lore and belles-lettres1 among his books being3 ,the ,jewish ,law of ,divorce1 ,leading ,cases in the ,bible1 and ,the ,makers of ,hebrew ,books in ,italy4 ,one of the methods by which the ,jewish people managed to survive endless misery and persecution during eighteen centuries of dispersion and protect themselves from the continuous bombardment of their social and moral citadels was by taking refuge in the study of the law4 ,the study and observance of the law1 both civil and religious1 saved the ,jews from degeneration and vulgarization1 and preserved for them the humanizing memories of the thoughts and deeds of their forebears4 ,through their common interest in the law and its study they kept in touch with one another throughout the lands of their dispersion1 they kept alive their feeling of brotherhood and the memory of their ancient independence1 and translated this memory into a hope for the re-establishment of the ,state1 a hope which has never died4 ,the ,people of the ,law ,the term the people of the law has often been applied to the ,jews in the opprobrious sense that they are a people who deal according to hard and strict rules1 untouched by the qualities of love and mercy4 ,properly understood1 however1 the term the people of the law is a title of honor1 one of which we may well be proud4 ,as used in our literature and by our people1 law signifies something more than civil and criminal jurisprudence4 ,it is our word ,torah1 meaning doctrine1 teaching1 including not only what is generally known as law but also what is known as ethics4 ,the people of the law is the people that studies the great thoughts of its great men of all times1 and adopts them as rules of life which it becomes a duty and a pleasure to obey4 ,the people of the law is the people that in the midst of a world of chaos in which nation fought nation with the weapons of death1 sat in communion with a past world from which came such messages as this3 ,attend to me1 ,o my people3 and give ear unto me1 ,o my nation3 for a law shall go forth from me1 and ,i will make my judgment to rest for a light to the peoples4 4 4 4 ,hearken unto me1 ye that know righteousness1 the people in whose heart is my law2 fear ye not the reproach of men1 neither be ye dismayed at their revilings4 ,for the moth shall eat them up like a garment1 and the worm shall eat them like wool3 but my righteousness shall be forever and my salvation unto all generations4 ,righteousness was the aspect of ,deity that appealed to the second ,isaiah1 and it was he that spoke words of comfort to our people in all the days of their endless tribulations4 ,the certain faith in the ultimate success of right sustained them throughout the centuries and constitutes their strength to-day4 ,this is the law that was handed down to them from of old1 the law of right1 which though often broken1 often forgotten1 was always found again and cherished as the one thing worth while in a world torn by the brutal instincts in man--instincts which the law had chained and sought to make harmless4 ,so we may well cling to our title of the people of the law1 remembering that it does not mean merely ,nomos1 as the ,hellenized ,jews mistranslated ,torah1 but legal and ethical doctrine and knowledge in its broadest sense1 and that it is the people of the law that have always shown their love of knowledge and found it a tree of life to those that lay fast hold on it4 ,some ancient ,jewish mystic said that the sword and the book came out of heaven together and ,israel had to choose4 ,israel did choose and thereafter dreamed of days when swords would be beaten into ploughshares4 ,how the ,heritage of the ,law ,was ,preserved ,the reading of the law has since time immemorial been an established part of the synagogue service1 thus educating the people to know their law1 the very phrases of which by constant reference and repetition became part of their daily vocabulary4 ,the origin of this custom of reading the law in the synagogue may probably be found in the ,biblical references to the great convocations when ,king and scribe read the law to the assembled people4 ,the effect of the dispersion of the ,jews was to give a peculiar sacredness to the law as the sole heritage of their earlier and happier days4 ,in most of the lands of their dispersion1 the ,jews dwelt a race apart1 separated from the rest of the community by mutual prejudices and antagonisms4 ,the soil on which they dwelt was so far as ultimate overlordship was concerned the land of the stranger1 but nevertheless in a very definite and special sense it was the ,jews' own land4 ,for it was a land in which the law of the stranger was not the law4 ,the law of the land of their dispersion was not the law of the owner of the soil but the law of the ,jews4 ,in this sense the ,ghettos of ,italy and the ,gassen of ,germany were not so much ,italian and ,german soil as they were ,jewish4 ,as by the modern fiction of extraterritoriality the home of an ,ambassador is considered part of his own national territory1 so these exclusively ,jewish settlements were colonies of ,juda planted on foreign soil4 ,they were separated from the rest of the land by visible or invisible walls1 and within these walls1 hardly touched by the influences that were at work shaping the life around them1 the ancient law of the ,jews was preserved and handed down from generation to generation4 ,hence during the ,middle ,ages the student of the law became the most important member of the community1 and all the energy of the community that was not required to outwit the constant menace of brutal force and religious persecution was devoted to the cultivation of the law and of the literature that it gave rise to4 ,it should be noted1 however1 that since the beginning of the ,talmudic period1 the civil law developed in certain directions only1 because after all the ,jewish people had no land of their own in the usual sense and no central authority and were constantly moving from place to place1 always subject to persecution4 ,some branches of their law were entirely neglected and others abnormally developed4 ,the ,schools of the ,law ,in the ,talmudic period1 the judges1 members of the ,synhedrion1 and professors of the law schools1 received a long professional training4 ,the course of study lasted seven years1 at the end of which1 having passed their examination successfully1 the graduates were eligible to assignment as judges in the lower courts1 from which they were promoted to act as associate judges in the great ,synhedrion and eventually might hope to attain the dignity of full synhedrial membership4 ,these judicial dignitaries were obliged to be well versed in the languages1 law and customs of the contemporary peoples1 especially in the laws of the ,greeks and ,romans4 ,great academies of the law flourished in ,palestine and still greater ones in ,babylonia1 the latter eventually supplanting the former4 ,these academies called for the enthusiastic encomium of one ,talmudist who said1 ,god created these academies in order that the promise might be fulfilled that the word of ,god should not depart from ,israel's mouth4 ,the law students met twice a year in assembly for examination4 ,their studies were pursued at home1 except in the months of ,elul and ,adar when they went up to the ,assembly4 ,here they were arranged in classes and under the direction of their masters heard lectures and discussed the subject matter presented to them topically4 ,at these ,assemblies actual questions of law were submitted from ,jewish communities all over the ,jewish world1 and the solutions to these problems were prepared and forwarded by the great masters4 ,in addition to these professional schools there were everywhere general schools or1 as we might say1 high schools connected with the synagogues4 ,it is a tribute to the importance that was ascribed to the high schools in later generations that their origin was projected back to the days of the ,flood when ,shem and ,eber established a law school in which subsequently ,isaac1 ,jacob1 and ,rebecca heard lectures4 ,it will be noted that according to this bit of folklore ,rebecca was the first woman law student4 ,the same fancy which invented this most ancient of the schools1 also invented the law school which ,judah built for ,jacob in ,egypt1 and the school established by ,moses in which he and ,aaron were the professors and ,joshua was the janitor4 ,the ,study of the ,law the ,chief ,end of ,man ,the fancy of the people associated nearly all of its great men with the study of the law4 ,the entire tribe of ,issachar was said to have devoted itself to the study of the law1 the merchant tribe of ,zebulon furnishing the means of support4 ,god himself1 according to another mystic1 was a professor in the celestial law school in which ,he taught the law to the souls of all the righteous1 in that heaven which they conceived of as a place where the law might be perpetually studied2 and even while the ,temple was still standing and sacrifices were being offered1 the ,jewish teachers used to say that ,god does not require burnt offerings but the study of ,his law4 ,from all of these traditions it will be seen that to the ancients the study of the law was the chief end of man4 ,the ,jew never considered ignorance to be bliss and has little sympathy with the religious ideal of many non-,jewish people that religion is more important than knowledge4 ,one of the great masters even went so far as to say that the ignorant man cannot be pious4 ,it was ,simon the ,just1 one of the survivors of the ,men of the ,great ,synagogue1 who said that the world stands upon three things1 the law1 the service of ,god1 and charity1 and he put the law first1 for the first duty of a man is to observe the law4 ,he must be just before he can be charitable4 ,at one time it was sought to place some limitations upon the right to become a student of law1 and herein the schools of ,hillel and ,shammai differed4 ,hillel was the democrat who held that all persons1 without exception1 should enjoy the privilege of studying law2 ,shammai was the intellectual aristocrat who sought to limit this privilege to those who were wise1 modest1 of ample means and of goodly parentage1 thereby establishing rules similar to those that obtain in the best modern law schools1 which require a collegiate education as a preliminary to admission2 but ,shammai went further in that he required the students to be wise and modest as well as persons of good breeding and of ample fortune4 ,just how many of our modern law students could meet these requirements is a question upon which ,i have no statistics4 ,on this very matter of the proper qualifications for admission to the privilege of studying law1 we have heard much in our time4 ,perhaps a contribution to the subject from the old and somewhat neglected ,code of the ,mishnah would not be inappropriate4 ,the ,mishnah says3 ,eight and ,forty ,qualifications for the ,law ,the law is greater than priesthood and royalty1 for royalty is acquired by thirty qualifications1 priesthood by four and twenty1 but the law by eight and forty1 and they are as follows3 ,study1 attention1 utterance1 understanding1 reverence1 veneration1 modesty1 cheerfulness and purity1 service of the wise1 choice of associates1 debate with fellow students1 deliberation in study of ,bible and ,mishnah1 a minimum of business1 a minimum of worldly pursuits1 a minimum of pleasure1 a minimum of sleep1 a minimum of talk1 a minimum of jesting1 forbearance1 kindliness1 faith in the wise1 resignation in suffering1 knowing one's place1 satisfaction with one's lot1 bridling one's words1 refraining from self-complacency1 amiability1 loving the ,creator1 loving ,his creatures1 loving righteousness1 loving equity1 loving reproof1 eschewing worldly honor1 not being puffed up by learning nor delighting in laying down the law1 helping one's neighbor bear the yoke1 inclining toward a favorable judgment of others1 steadfast in the truth1 steadfast for peace1 concentration in study1 asking1 answering1 listening1 enlarging1 learning with a view to teach1 learning with a view to act1 enabling one's teacher to become wiser1 thoroughly understanding what one hears1 and repeating every dictum in the name of him who uttered it4 ,i recommend this list of qualifications to the consideration of modern teachers and students as well as to those who are concerned with the preparation of a code of legal ethics for the profession4 ,the ,jews loved the law and respected it and they honored its expounders and administrators4 ,they do not believe that the world can be made over or made better by any man or by any preaching4 ,they are by instinct conservative1 holding on with tenacity to the ideas and institutions that have grown up in past times and that are expressions of the needs of society and of its adjustment to the forces that play upon it4 ,this is why the law1 which is the embodiment of these conservative forces1 meets with their respect and allegiance1 why its study was cultivated with such zeal in the past1 and why in our own day it still finds so large a percentage of votaries among the sons of our people4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,d4,w4 ,amram ,the ,jewish ,genius in ,literature ,a ,study of ,three ,modern ,men of ,letters ,,by ,,edward ,,chauncey ,,baldwin ,illustration3 ,,edward ,,chauncey ,,baldwin 7born in ,cornwall1 ,conn41 #ahgj71 ,assistant ,professor of ,english in the ,university of ,illinois1 has taken a special and scholarly interest in the contributions of the ,jews to civilization1 on which subject he has written a notable book entitled ,our ,modern ,debt to ,israel1 besides articles in various periodicals4 ,he is an honorary member of the ,illinois ,menorah ,society1 evincing a warm sympathy with the ,menorah aims and actively coperating in the ,menorah work4 ,a study of great ,jewish names in modern literature has impressed me with the fact that every ,jewish man of letters has attained his fame by virtue of qualities that are essentially ,jewish4 ,in other words1 we cannot fully understand the work of even modern ,jewish literary men unless we know the fundamental qualities of ,jewish genius4 ,to illustrate what is meant by this assertion1 we may consider briefly the work of three nineteenth century ,jewish authors--,heine1 ,beaconsfield1 and ,zangwill4 ,these men are apparently wholly different2 and yet they attained literary eminence through qualities or mind and heart which we have learned to associate with the race from which they sprang4 ,heinrich ,heine3 ,a ,jew at ,heart ,heinrich ,heine is the one writer of the first rank that ,germany can boast between the death of ,goethe in #ahcb and the advent of the younger generation of dramatists1 ,sudermann1 ,hauptmann1 and the rest1 sixty years later4 ,to free himself from such a limitation as his ,jewish birth seemed to him to be1 and with the more specific object1 it is said1 of securing a government position in ,prussia1 ,heine allowed himself to become a convert to ,christianity4 ,judaism1 he said1 is not a religion2 it is a misfortune4 ,his conversion1 however1 failed to profit him4 ,he lost the fellowship of his own people1 and was contemptuously called the ,jew by his enemies4 ,in a sense1 the designation was entirely just4 ,a ,jew at heart ,heine remained to the day of his death4 ,on his death bed1 speaking of the ,jews he said3 ,queer people this6 ,downtrodden for thousands of years1 weeping always1 suffering always1 abandoned always by its ,god1 yet clinging to him tenaciously1 loyally1 as no other under the sun4 ,oh1 if martyrdom1 patience1 and faith in spite of trial can confer a patent of nobility1 then this people is noble beyond any other4 ,it would have been absurd and petty if1 as people accuse me1 ,i had been ashamed of being a ,jew4 ,not only was ,heine a ,jew in his instinctive racial sympathies1 but his work bears the indelible impress of ,judaism4 ,it is a distinctively ,jewish product4 ,in it appear the buoyancy of spirit which sustained him under suffering that would have crushed a less resilient temper2 the intellectual arrogance2 the proneness to censure rather than to commend2 and especially the excessive self-consciousness2--all these distinctively ,jewish traits were in him exaggerated and helped to make his work what it was4 ,it is his self-consciousness1 in particular1 that made his ,buch der ,lieder his best production4 ,in that remarkable collection of lyrics ,heine appears at his best1 because the ability to compose songs that are the spontaneous utterance of emotion1 at one and the same time personal and representative1 is a ,hebrew heritage4 ,the ,hebrew genius was essentially lyric1 rather than epic or dramatic2 and in consequence1 the lyrics of ancient ,hebrew literature are its chief glory4 ,in proof of this1 we have but to recall the dirges and triumph songs1 the reflective lyrics1 and the liturgical hymns that compose the collection we know as the ,psalms4 ,the excellence of both the old ,hebrew lyrics and of ,heine's ,lieder is to be found in the extraordinary subjectivity of the ,hebrew temper--the racial fondness for impassioned1 yet artistic1 self-expression4 ,yet ,heine's ,jewish traits are evident not only in the subjectivity of his lyrics1 but in the new and richer character that he gave to the ,german ,lied4 ,this1 hitherto vague and dreamy1 became in his hands startlingly concrete and definite4 ,and this is true even when he expresses the most subtle feelings4 ,always the most evanescent ,stimmung1 not less than moods more primitively simple1 find expression in metaphors so sensuously material as to recall ,solomon's ,song4 ,compare a typical lyric of ,heine1 such as the following3 ,die ,rose1 die ,lilie1 die ,taube1 die ,sonne ,die liebt' ich alle in ,liebeswonne1 ,ich lieb' sie nicht mehr1 ich liebe allein ,die ,kleine1 die ,feine1 die ,reine1 die ,eine2 ,sie selber1 aller ,liebe ,bronne1 ,ist ,rose und ,lilie und ,taube und ,sonne with the love lyric sung by one of ,israel's nameless singers3 ,behold thou art fair1 my love2 ,behold thou art fair2 ,thine eyes are as doves4 ,behold thou art fair1 my beloved ,yea1 thou art pleasant3 ,and our couch is green4 ,the beams of our house are cedars1 ,and our rafters are firs4 ,i am a rose of ,sharon1 ,a lily of the valleys4 ,as a lily among thorns1 ,so is my love among the daughters4,c ,even so brief a comparison may illustrate1 though it may not prove1 that for the ultimate source of ,heine's ,oriental exuberance and materialization1 so new to ,german literature1 we must look in ,jewish not in ,european culture4 ,the ,spiritual ,depth of ,heine ,perhaps because ,heine was in spirit an ,oriental1 the ,germans never have known exactly what to make of him4 ,professor ,francke says 7,history of ,german ,literature1 p4 #ebf7 that ,heine produced hardly a single poem which fathoms the depths of life4 ,this assertion seems scarcely defensible in view of such poems as the following3 ,wo wird einst des ,wandermden ,letzte ,ruhestatte sein8 ,unter ,palmen in dem ,sden8 ,unter ,linden an dem ,rhein8 ,werd' ich wo in einer ,wste ,eingescharrt von fremder ,hand8 ,oder ruh' ich an der ,kste ,eines ,meeres in dem ,sand8 ,immerhin6 ,mich wird umgeben ,gotteshimmel1 dort wie hier1 ,und als ,todtenlampen schweben ,nachts die ,sterne ber mir4 ,to find an equally beautiful expression of faith in ,god as a universal spiritual presence that transcends all space relations1 we must go back to the anonymous ,jewish poet who wrote the psalm in which occur the lines3 ,whither shall ,i go from thy spirit8 ,and whither shall ,i flee from thy presence8 ,if ,i ascend up into heaven1 thou art there3 ,if ,i make my bed in ,sheol1 behold thou art there4 ,if ,i take the wings of the morning ,and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea2 ,even there shall thy hand lead me1 ,and thy right hand shall hold me4 ,if ,i say1 ,surely the darkness shall cover me1 ,and the light about me shall be night2 ,even the darkness hideth me not from thee2 ,but the night shineth as the day4 ,for the darkness and the light are both alike to thee4 ,as a matter of fact1 both poems are to be accounted for as equally the product of a rarely gifted people--a people with a unique genius for religion4,d ,disraeli and ,his ,oriental ,imagination ,benjamin ,disraeli belonged to a family who left ,spain in the fifteenth century to avoid the horrors of the ,inquisition4 ,upon their escape1 in gratitude to the ,god of ,jacob who had sustained them through unheard of trials1 they adopted the name ,disraeli1 in order that their race might be forever recognized4 ,of such a family ,benjamin ,disraeli was a worthy representative4 ,he never was ashamed of his race4 ,on the contrary1 he gloried in it1 and lost no opportunity to put forth the claim of his people to be the true aristocracy of the earth4 ,has not the ,jew the oldest blood and the finest genius of the world8 he asks4 ,and again1 in one of his books 7,tancred1 #ahdg71 he says1 ,the ,jews are of the purest race2 the chosen people2 they are the aristocracy of nature4 ,it is ,disraeli's ,jewish characteristics that have bewildered and sometimes offended his critics4 ,he has been charged with insincerity because he was so clever1 and because he wrote with a kind of ,oriental exuberance that was to him entirely natural and a part of his ,jewish heritage4 ,gilfillan is the only critic1 so far as ,i know1 who has recognized that ,disraeli's excellences1 and his defects as well1 were racial rather than individual4 ,speaking of his ,oriental fancy and cleverness1 ,gilfillan says3 ,disraeli has a fine fancy1 soaring up at intervals into high imagination1 and making him a genuine child of that nation from whom came forth the loftiest1 richest1 and most impassioned songs the earth has ever witnessed--the nation of ,isaiah1 ,ezekiel1 ,solomon1 and ,job4 ,he has little humor1 but a vast deal of diamond-pointed wit4,e ,disraeli's ,wit3 ,a ,purely ,jewish ,product ,disraeli's wit1 which made him so many enemies1 is a purely ,jewish product4 ,it is satiric4 ,now satire was the form taken by ,jewish wit in the ,middle ,ages as a result of the hard conditions under which the ,jews lived4 ,as one modern ,jew has said1 ,the ,jews seized the weapon of wit1 since they were interdicted the use of every other weapon4 ,with every door closed in hostility against them1 there was little they could do but laugh with bitter irony at their fate1 and with savage satire at their oppressors4 ,with such an ancestry as this behind him1 it is not to be wondered at that ,disraeli's wit is scornful1 and that he excelled in personal satire and invective4 ,it was never1 however1 unprovoked4 ,disraeli never indulged in personal satire or invective except in his own defence4 ,for example1 his mockingly ironical reply to the attack of a member of the ,house of ,commons named ,roebuck1 which was one of the most effective rejoinders ,disraeli ever made1 was in answer to a most virulent arraignment of his political motives4 ,i have always felt1 he said1 that in this world you must bear a great deal1 and that even in this indulgent1 though dignified1 assembly1 where we endeavor so far as possible to carry on public affairs without any unnecessary acerbity--still we must occasionally submit to some things which the rules of this house do not permit4 ,i could1 no doubt1 have vindicated my character2 but that would only have made the honorable member from ,bath speak once or twice more1 and really ,i have never any wish to hear him4 ,i have had the most corrupt motives imputed to me4 ,but ,i know how true it is that a tree must produce its fruit--that a crab-tree will bring forth crab apples1 and that a man of meagre and acid mind1 who writes a pamphlet or makes a speech1 must make a meagre and acid pamphlet or a poor and sour speech4 ,let things1 then1 take their course4 ,disraeli's ,fondness for ,allegory ,another striking peculiarity of ,disraeli was his fondness for veiled allusion4 ,nearly all of his most popular novels--and this was one of the main reasons for their phenomenal popularity--were thinly veiled representations of ,disraeli's own contemporaries1 who were easily recognizable by the reading public4 ,take1 for instance1 the admirable burlesque entitled ,ixion in ,heaven1 where the author tells how ,ixion1 king of ,thessaly1 having fallen into disrepute on earth1 was taken up into heaven by ,jupiter and feasted by the gods4 ,here ,jupiter is really ,george the ,fourth and ,apollo is the poet ,byron4 ,the latter's pose of gloomy misanthropy1 as well as his habit of fasting to keep from growing fat1 are admirably satirized in the following dialogue3 ,you eat nothing1 ,apollo1 said ,ceres4 ,nor drink1 said ,neptune4 ,to eat1 to drink1 what is it but to live2 and what is life but death4 4 4 4 ,i refresh myself now only with soda-water and biscuits4 ,ganymede1 bring some4 ,now this fondness for veiled allusion is distinctly a ,hebrew characteristic4 ,the ,arabs today have a saying1 as fond of a veiled allusion as a ,hebrew4 ,this has always been a ,hebrew trait4 ,i suppose no literature of any people consists so largely of allegory1 in proportion to its bulk1 as does the ,hebrew4 ,in proof of this assertion1 one needs but to allude to the vogue in post-exilic ,judaism of the ,apocalypse1 in which contemporary history was presented in the form of allegory1 and to the ,rabbinical fondness for the allegorical interpretation of the ,scriptures4 ,so it would not be difficult to show that not only these qualities ,i have mentioned1 but all the qualities that made ,disraeli admired or feared were his by virtue of his ,jewish inheritance4 ,zangwill's ,prophetic ,spirit in ,the ,war ,god ,israel ,zangwill knows the ,jews1 not as ,george ,eliot did1 through a process of philosophic induction1 but at first hand1 because he is a ,jew by birth and breeding4 ,he1 unlike ,heine1 has never tried to conceal the fact that he is a ,jew4 ,in ,israel ,zangwill all the tenderness and sympathy1 all the tenacity1 the suppleness and adaptability1 and it may be added1 the baffling inconsistencies of his race appear4 ,inconsistent he certainly is4 ,he has been an ardent ,zionist1 and in his story ,transitional 7from ,they ,that ,walk in ,darkness7 he seems to hold that assimilation will never solve the ,jewish problem2 yet in ,the ,melting ,pot he obviously regards assimilation as the inevitable and desirable end of ,judaism4 ,in spite of his inconsistencies1 ,zangwill is one in whom the ancient ideals of ,israel live again4 ,it is in the spirit of the prophets that he wrote ,the ,war ,god 7#aiab74 ,this play1 with all its faults as an acting drama1 is nevertheless a remarkable document1 voicing1 as it does1 on the very eve of the breaking down of ,european civilization1 the old prophetic protest against the brutality and waste of war4 ,this protest dates back to at least the ninth century ,b4,c4 ,it may not be generally known that it was a ,hebrew prophet who first advocated the humane treatment of prisoners of war4 ,the story is told in the ,second ,book of ,kings that when a band of marauding ,syrians were corralled in ,samaria1 the king of ,israel said unto ,elisha1 when he saw them1 ',my father1 shall ,i smite them8 ,shall ,i smite them8' ,and he answered1 ',thou shalt not smite them3 wouldst thou smite those whom thou has taken captive with thy sword and with thy bow8 ,set bread and water before them1 that they may eat and drink1 and go to their master4' ,and he prepared great provision for them3 and when they had eaten and drunk1 he sent them away1 and they went to their master4 ,so the bands of ,syria came no more into the land of ,israel 7#b ,kings #f3a-bc74 ,again1 ,amos1 in the eighth century1 in his arraignment of the sins of the nations1 pronounces ,god's severest judgments upon ,damascus1 ,edom1 ,ammon1 and ,moab for their cruelty in war4 ,the charge against ,edom1 for example1 is that he did pursue his brother with the sword1 and did cast off all pity1 and his anger did tear perpetually1 and he kept his wrath forever4 ,and the later prophets' visions of the ,messianic age include as the brightest feature of that wished-for time the prediction that then the nations shall not learn war any more4 ,of such a spirit ,mr4 ,zangwill's play ,the ,war ,god is an expression4 ,it is a satire upon militarism1 but a satire without exaggeration4 ,the arguments employed to justify the maintenance of a huge army and navy are not a whit more absurd than the fallacies which have been put forth for a generation by those who would justify the maintenance of armaments4 ,these so-called arguments are presented by the ,chancellor who represents ,bismarck1 and by the king of ,gothia1 in whom we may easily recognize the ,russian ,czar4 ,dominance1 roars the ,chancellor1-- ,there rings the password of the universe4 ,who knows it1 he is free of every camp4 ,equality1 your level1 endless cornfield1 ,however fat and fair and golden-stalked1 ,would set us pining for the snow-topped peaks ,and barren glaciers4 ,life is fight1 thank ,god6 ,take war away and men would sink to molluscs1 ,limpets that wait the tide to wash them food4 ,the nations would grow foul with lazy feeling4 ,what heaven loves is breeds with life a-tingle1 ,swift-gliding1 flashing1 darting death at rivals1 ,men fearing ,god and with no other fear4 ,thus were the ,albans1 now the turn is ours ,to be the chosen people of ,jehovah4 ,and the ,king endorses such sentiments with the sage observation1 ,no doubt we must protect our growing commerce4 ,in opposition to such militarists stands ,count ,frithiof1 in whom we may easily see the lineaments of ,tolstoi4 ,his motto is1 ,resist not evil1 but reform yourself4 ,in answer to the ,chancellor's declaration1 ,to safeguard peace1 we must prepare for war1 he replies1 ,i know that maxim2 it was forged in hell4 ,this wealth of ships and guns inflames the vulgar ,and makes the very war it guards against4 ,how often1 as the mighty master said1 the sight ,of means to do ill deeds makes ill deeds done4 ,a ,voice for ,social ,justice ,quite outside the dramatic action of the play stands the ,jew1 ,blum1 the ,chancellor's secretary4 ,through his astuteness in managing the ,chancellor1 he has hitherto moulded public policy according to his own will4 ,finally1 near the end of the play1 he denounces ,christian civilization in a passage worthy of quotation3 ,man wins the realm of air and might have been ,an eagle with a soul2 you make him harpy1 ,more murderous than dragons of the ooze4 ,i tell you1 we outsiders see the game1 ,we ,jews1 who bidden rise beyond the code ,of eye for eye1 must rub both eyes to see ,not e'en eye-justice done in ,christendom1 ,whose cannon thunder 'gainst both ,god and ,christ4 ,so might have spoken one of the ancient prophets of his race4 ,indeed ,amos1 amid the orgies of the autumn festival at ,bethel1 did speak in the same spirit when he denounced the formal service of worshippers who ignored the claims of social justice4 ,seek good and not evil1 cries ,amos1 that ye may live2 and so the ,lord1 the ,god of hosts1 shall be with you1 as ye say4 ,hate the evil1 and love the good1 and establish judgment 7justice7 in the gate4 ,it may be that the ,lord ,god of hosts will be gracious unto the remnant of ,joseph4 ,so it is evident that even the literary work of modern ,jews can be understood and appreciated only as an expression of the characteristics of the ,jewish race4 ,in this modern ,jewish literature appears the exuberance1 the emotional intensity1 and the love of social justice that were characteristic also of ancient ,hebrew literature as written by prophet1 priest1 and sage4 ,the ,role of ,israel in ,human ,emancipation ,far greater1 however1 than the work of these three authors1 far greater1 indeed1 than ,israel's literature as a whole1 of which they are a part1 is the life of this people1 of which their literature is the record4 ,we speak of a nation's literature as great if it possesses three or four tragedies that are classics4 ,hamlet1 ,othello1 ,macbeth and ,king ,lear would1 for example1 be sufficient to justify the title great as applied to ,english literature4 ,what shall we say1 then1 as some one has suggested1 of this people who for more than twenty centuries have lived a tragedy more pathetic than any the world's literature can show8 ,job has always seemed to me a type of the ,jewish race4 ,we recall that majestic picture in the thirty-first chapter1 where ,job stands up on his ash-mound1 robbed of his wealth1 bereaved of his children1 deserted by his wife1 suffering the agonies of a loathsome and incurable disease1 and cast off1 as it seems to him1 by the very ,god in whom he trusted1 and yet1 in the face of poverty1 and bereavement1 and mortal pain1 and bewildered isolation1 asserts his own unchanged and unalterable belief that righteousness is salvation4 ,similarly ,israel1 through the long centuries of its tragic history1 has stood on the ash-mound of its national humiliation4 ,plundered1 vilified1 and persecuted1 a nation of sorrows1 and acquainted with grief1 from whom men have hid their faces in aversion not concealed1 ,israel has yet clung with a grip that nothing could weaken nor dislodge to the fundamental idea that religion--the right relation of man to ,god--was not creed nor ritual1 but simply doing justly1 loving mercy1 and walking humbly with ,god4 ,we have been looking backward at the literary accomplishment of three ,jewish men of genius4 ,it is1 ,i believe1 a fault of modern ,judaism to look backward instead of forward1 as if the glory of ,israel had indeed departed1 and as if nothing were left but to look back with pride and regret upon what has passed like a dream away4 ,but ,i believe ,jews may look forward now with confident hope toward the years that are to be4 ,that ,israel has completely played its role--that it has finished its service to the world--cannot for a moment entertain4 ,surely no one who believes in a philosophy of history1 who sees in human history more than a meaningless and unrelated succession of events1 can think that ,israel has been preserved through centuries of discipline for no end whatever4 ,on the contrary1 we must believe that ,israel has still a mission4 ,what that mission is to be we cannot now foretell4 ,we of this generation are looking upon the breaking down of ,european civilization4 ,some of us hope and expect that when the smoke of battle has cleared away there will gradually be built up a new and better social order4 ,in this constructive work of rebuilding1 who is better fitted to take a prominent part than the ,jew1 with his noble heritage of ideals1 his passion for social justice8 ,jews may well rejoice as they reflect upon what individual members of their race have through literature contributed to the emancipation of the human spirit4 ,and they may rejoice also in the hope of what ,israel may yet accomplish in the years that are to be4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,edward ,chauncey ,baldwin ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,c3 ,song of ,songs1 #a3ae-b3b4 ,footnote ,d3 ,an adequate and sympathetic treatment of ,heine's work as a ,jewish poet may be found in ,heinrich ,heine als ,dichter ,judentums von ,georg ,j4 ,plotke 7,dresden1 #aiac74 ,footnote ,e3 ,george ,gilfillan1 ,third ,gallery of ,literary ,portraits1 p4 #cfj4 ,the ,second in a ,series of ,sketches of ,jewish ,worthies ,jochanan ben ,zakkai ,,by ,,abraham ,m4 ,,simon ,illustration3 ,,abraham ,m4 ,,simon 7born in ,kalvaria1 ,russian-,poland1 in #ahhf2 came to ,america in #aijd7 received his ,a4,b4 with honors from ,harvard ,college in #aiaj1 and his ,m4,a4 from the ,university of ,pennsylvania in #aiaa4 ,during #aiaj-aa he was a ,fellow in the ,dropsie ,college for ,hebrew and ,cognate ,learning of ,philadelphia1 and he spent the summer of #aiaa at the ,bodleian ,library at ,oxford and the ,bibliothque ,nationale in ,paris1 reading and copying ,arabic manuscripts4 ,in #aiac he won his ,ph4,d4 in ,semitics at the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,mr4 ,simon was one of the original members of the ,harvard ,menorah ,society1 and read a ,hebrew poem ,ner ,yisrael 7,the ,light of ,israel7 at the dedicatory exercises of the ,society4 ,the ,jewish commonwealth was dissolved2 the ,jewish nation disrupted4 ,jerusalem was taken2 the ,temple had become a ruin4 ,the last vestige of independence seemed to have been wiped out4 ,all who had taken up arms were either dead1 or enslaved1 or banished4 ,the infuriated ,roman conquerors had spared neither the women nor the children4 ,it seemed as if ,judaism had breathed her last in that terrible year #gj4 ,sadduceeism was annihilated2 the ,zealots were exterminated2 the austere sentiment of the ,pharisees1 continually looking back to ancient customs and institutions1 tried to assert itself4 ,it is no longer permitted1 they announced1 to eat meat or drink wine1 now that the ,temple has fallen1 because animals can no longer be sacrificed on the holy altars1 nor wine offered there as a drink-offering4 ,by such asceticism1 these ,pharisees of the strict school would have caused the destruction of ,judaism4 ,but there was a ,hillelite still alive--a man who had inherited the spirit of ,hillel1 who rated conviction higher than ceremony1 and consulted the times more than the ancient forms4 ,it was he who kept the remnants together in close union1 and did not permit the spirit to vanish1 although the material bond was broken4 ,this ,hillelite was ,rabbi ,jochanan ben ,zakkai4 ,the ,disciple and ,favorite of ,hillel ,of the eighty disciples moulded by the great ,hillel to continue his policy1 ,rabbi ,jochanan ben ,zakkai was especially distinguished4 ,before his death1 ,hillel is said to have designated ,jochanan as the father of wisdom1 and the father of the coming generation4 ,tradition divides ,jochanan's life1 like ,hillel's1 into three periods of forty years each4 ,the first forty years were spent in mercantile pursuits2 in the second he studied2 and in the third he taught and managed the affairs of the ,jewish spiritual community4 ,even before the destruction of ,jerusalem1 ,jochanan's fame had spread far and wide4 ,he was a member of the ,synhedrion and taught the holy law within the shadow of the ,temple4 ,his school was called the ,great ,house1 and was the scene of many incidents which formed the subjects for anecdote and legend4 ,he was the first man who successfully combatted the ,sadducees1 and who knew how to refute their arguments1 which were partly religious and partly juridical4 ,but ,jochanan's great fame was chiefly due to the influence which he afterwards exercised at ,jabneh4 ,jochanan's ,escape from ,jerusalem ,owing to his peaceful character1 ,rabbi ,jochanan had joined the party of peace when the ,romans laid siege to ,jerusalem1 and on several occasions urged the nation1 and in particular his nephew1 ben ,betiach1 the leader of the ,zealots1 to surrender the city4 ,why do you desire to destroy the city1 and give up the ,temple to the flames8 said he to the leaders of the revolution4 ,but his well meant admonitions were disregarded by the war party4 ,when he saw the end approaching1 and recognized that all was lost1 he determined to leave the doomed city4 ,he counselled with his foremost disciples1 ,eliezer ben ,hyrkanos1 ,joshua ben ,chananja and others4 ,it was decided that ,rabbi ,jochanan should leave the city1 go to the ,roman general1 and plead for those people who had no share in the rebellion4 ,but to depart from the city was extremely dangerous1 as the ,zealots kept up a constant watch and slew all who attempted to leave4 ,rabbi ,jochanan1 therefore1 caused a rumor to be spread of his sudden sickness and later of his death4 ,having been placed in a coffin he was carried to the city gates1 at the hour of sunset1 by his pupils ,eliezer and ,joshua4 ,when the funeral procession approached1 it was stopped at the gate within4 ,whose body do you carry here8 asked the ,hebrew guard4 ,we are carrying the crown of ,israel1 the body of our master1 ,rabbi ,jochanan ben ,zakkai1 they answered in tears4 ,the captain of the guards was affected4 ,open the gates1 men1 and let them pass1 the captain ordered4 ,are you sure1 captain1 that ,rabbi ,jochanan ben ,zakkai is dead8 exclaimed one of the soldiers4 ,maybe they are taking away a living traitor4 ,i will make sure that he is dead4 ,he raised his dagger to strike at the shrouded form of the ,rabbi4 ,hold1 soldier6 cried the captain2 to dishonor the body of the saint would be a sin for which all ,israel would have to atone4 ,open the gates and let them pass in peace4 ,the fanatic reluctantly desisted2 the gate was opened and the procession passed through4 ,vespasian received the fugitive in a friendly manner1 the more since1 like ,josephus1 ,jochanan prophesied imperial honors for the general4 ,asked to name the favor he desired1 ,rabbi ,jochanan1 instead of seeking personal gain1 requested permission to establish a school at ,jabneh 7or1 as the place is sometimes called1 ,jamnia71 where he could continue to give his lectures to his disciples4 ,the request was granted1 and thereupon ,jochanan settled with his disciples in ,jabneh1 there to await the issue of events4 ,what could ,vespasian have thought of ,rabbi ,jochanan when he made his request8 ,any one else bearing such prophecies might have asked for gold1 honor1 great political preferments1 while this ,hebrew sage asked simply for a corner where he could study undisturbed4 ,how could the ,hebrew nation exist when the leaders1 their great men1 lacked ambition8 ,little did ,vespasian dream that his granting of the ,rabbi's modest request would undo the whole work of the ,roman conquest4 ,the ,fall of the ,temple3 ,jabneh ,succeeds ,jerusalem ,in ,jabneh1 surrounded by his disciples1 ,rabbi ,jochanan received the terrible news of the fall of ,jerusalem and the burning of the ,temple4 ,although he had foreseen the calamity1 yet the news crushed the soul of the great master4 ,he and his disciples tore their garments and for seven days wept and mourned in sackcloth and ashes4 ,jochanan1 however1 did not despair1 for he recognized the truth that ,judaism was not indissolubly bound with its ,temple and its altar4 ,he saw a new spiritual ,temple emerge from the ruins and smoke of the old one2 he beheld ,judaism rising to a higher plane1 offering faith1 love1 truth and happiness to all humanity4 ,he comforted his colleagues and disciples by reminding them that ,judaism still existed4 ,my children1 he said1 weep not1 and dry your tears2 the ,romans have destroyed the material ,temple1 but the true altar of ,god1 the true place of forgiveness1 they could not destroy1 and it is with us yet4 ,would you know where8 ,behold1 in the homes of the poor1 there is the altar2 love1 charity1 mercy1 and justice are the offerings1 the sweet incense which pleases the ,lord more than any sacrifice1 as it is written3 ,for ,i take pleasure in mercy and not in burnt offerings4 ,the next step taken by ,rabbi ,jochanan and his friends was to convoke a ,synhedrion at ,jabneh1 of which he was at once chosen president4 ,with no opposition1 ,jabneh took the place of ,jerusalem1 and became the religious national center for the dispersed community4 ,it enjoyed the same religious privileges as ,jerusalem4 ,all the important functions of the ,synhedrion1 by which it exercised a judicial and uniting power over the distant congregations1 proceeded from ,jabneh4 ,rabbi ,jochanan's motto was3 ,if thou hast learnt much ,torah1 ascribe not any merit to thyself1 for thereunto wast thou created4 ,he found his real calling in the study of the ,law4 ,his knowledge was spoken of reverently as though it included the whole cycle of ,jewish learning4 ,and not only the ,law but many languages of the ,gentiles occupied the active mind of ,rabbi ,jochanan4 ,the following description of him is handed down to us by tradition3 ,he had never been known to engage in any profane conversation4 ,he had always been the first to enter the ,academy4 ,he never allowed himself1 wittingly or unwittingly1 to be overtaken by sleep while in the ,academy4 ,he had never gone a distance of four cubits without meditating on the ,torah and without phylacteries4 ,no one ever found him engaged in anything but study4 ,he always lectured in person to his pupils4 ,he never taught anything which he did not hear from his masters4 ,he had never been heard to say that it was time to leave the ,academy4 ,he advised a certain family in ,jerusalem1 the members of which died young1 to occupy itself with the study of the ,torah1 so as to mitigate the curse of dying in the prime of life4 ,rabbi ,jochanan as ,teacher and ,commentator ,rabbi ,jochanan ben ,zakkai may be designated as the representative of ,halachic ,judaism1 founded by the great master ,hillel1 rather than as an originator or independent thinker4 ,hillel1 the most respected of all the teachers of the ,law1 had given to ,judaism a special garb and form4 ,he had drawn the ,law from the midst of contending sects into the quiet precincts of the ,beth-,hamidrash1 and labored to bring into harmony those precepts which were apparently opposed to one another in the ,law4 ,rabbi ,jochanan employed and developed ,hillel's method4 ,like ,hillel1 he was also liberal in his general views4 ,thus he seems to have frequently engaged in discussions with heathens4 ,and such was his general affability and courtesy to all that no man was ever known to have anticipated his salutations4 ,the ,haggadic tradition connects numerous and various sayings with the name of ,rabbi ,jochanan4 ,the ,haggadah was a peculiarly fascinating branch of study4 ,abounding in brilliant sallies1 displays of ingenuity1 and wonderful stories1 it gave special scope for the cleverness and the rich imagination of the lecturers4 ,by it a ,halachah might be illustrated1 or a passage of ,scripture commented upon in a novel fashion4 ,without binding himself to any strict exegetical principles1 the ,haggadist would bring almost anything out of the text1 and interweave his comment with legends4 ,at the same time1 the ,haggadah remained only the personal saying of the individual teacher1 and its value depended upon his learning and reputation1 or upon the names which he could quote in support of his statements4 ,in this manner ,rabbi ,jochanan explained many laws and rendered them comprehensible1 when they seemed obscure or extraordinary4 ,rabbi ,jochanan's view of piety corresponded with his teaching that ,job's piety was not based on the love of ,god1 but on the fear of ,god4 ,to love ,god2 to serve ,him out of love and not out of fear2 to study the law continually1 and to have a good heart--these were the essentials of a pious man4 ,he once saw the daughter of ,nakdimon ben ,gurion picking up a scanty nourishment of barley-corn from among the hoofs of the horses of the enemy4 ,when he recognized the woman1 he broke out in tears and told his companion how he had signed her marriage contract as a witness when her father gave her one million golden dinars1 besides the wealth she received from her father-in-law4 ,then the old sage exclaimed3 ,unhappy nation1 you would not serve ,god1 therefore you must serve your enemies2 you would not offer half a shekel for the ,temple1 therefore you must pay thirty times as much to the institutions of your conquerors2 you refused to keep the woods and paths in order for the pilgrims1 therefore you must build roads and bridges for the ,roman soldiers2 and in you is fulfilled the prophecy3 ,because thou servest not the ,lord with joyfulness1 and with gladness of heart1 by reason of abundance of all things1 therefore shalt thou serve thy enemies1 which the ,lord shall send against thee1 in hunger and in thirst and in nakedness and in want of all things4 ,jochanan's ,spirit in ,affliction and in ,death ,rabbi ,jochanan had domestic as well as national troubles4 ,a dearly beloved son was taken from him by death1 and the soul of the father was filled with grief4 ,his five famous scholars came to offer sympathy and consolation4 ,one recalled the sorrow that ,adam had endured when he looked at the body of his murdered son4 ,another one urged the example of ,job2 a third1 that of ,aaron1 the brother of ,moses2 a fourth1 that of ,david1 ,king of ,israel4 ,my sons1 said the stricken father1 how can the sufferings of others alleviate my sorrow8 ,but ,eliezer ben ,aroch1 the most famous of his scholars1 then spoke to him and said3 ,a certain man had a priceless jewel entrusted to him4 ,he watched it by day and by night for its safe keeping1 but was always troubled by the thought that he might lose it4 ,when1 therefore1 the owner of the jewel came to take it back1 the man was happy1 because he no longer had to fear for the safety of the precious jewel4 ,even so1 dear master1 thou shouldst rejoice when thou hast given thy son to ,god1 who trusted thee with him1 since thou hast returned him in his innocence as thou didst first receive him4 ,my son1 said the master1 thou hast truly comforted me4 ,when ,rabbi ,jochanan was nigh to death1 his colleagues and disciples gathered round him in sorrow and trembling4 ,master1 ,light of ,israel6 they exclaimed4 ,why weepest thou8 ,and the master answered3 ,if they were about to lead me before a king of flesh and blood1 who today is and tomorrow is in the grave--if he were wroth with me1 his wrath were not eternal2 if he should put me in chains1 his chains were not eternal2 if he should put me to death1 that death would not be eternal2 ,i might appease him with words or bribe him with gifts4 ,but now they are about to lead me before the ,king of kings1 the ,holy ,one1 blessed be ,he1 who lives and remains through all eternity4 ,if ,he is wroth with me1 ,his wrath is eternal2 if ,he casts me into chains1 ,his chains are eternal2 if ,he puts me to death1 it is eternal death2 ,him no words can appease1 no gifts soften4 ,and further1 there are two ways--one to hell1 one to ,paradise2 and ,i know not which way they will lead me4 ,is there not cause for tears8 ,asked to give his disciples a last blessing1 he told them3 ,fear ,god even as ye fear men4 ,his disciples seemed disappointed1 whereupon he added3 ,he who would commit a sin first looks around to discover whether any man sees him2 so take ye heed that ,god's all seeing eye see not the sinful thought in your heart4 ,his death occurred only a few years after the destruction of the ,temple4 ,but in that short time he saved ,judaism1 and the impress he left upon ,israel is evident from the famous dictum of the ,talmud3 ,with the death of ,rabbi ,jochanan ben ,zakkai the light of wisdom was quenched4 ,and many still believe that none like him--scholar and diplomat--has since arisen in ,israel4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,abraham ,m4 ,simon ,,editors' ,,note4--,the first sketch in this series on ,jewish ,worthies1 ,dr4 ,moses ,hyamson's study of ,golden-,rule ,hillel1 appeared in our ,april number4 ,the third in the series will be on ,rabbi ,akiba4 ,zionism3 ,a ,menorah ,prize ,essay ,,by ,,marvin ,m4 ,,lowenthal 7,concluded7 ,sidenote3 ,this ,essay was awarded the ,menorah ,prize at the ,university of ,wisconsin last year4 ,in the first part1 printed in our ,april issue1 the author reviews the status of the ,jews in medieval ,europe and describes the effects upon the ,jews of the razing of the ,ghetto walls and the play of the modern forces of ,emancipation1 ,enlightenment1 ,nationalism1 and ,anti-,semitism4 ,in the situation resulting1 the author distinguishes between the ,jewish problem 7an immediate concrete maladjustment where life and property are imperiled71 existing chiefly in ,eastern ,europe1 and the ,jewish position 7a social1 cultural1 or spiritual disharmony or repression71 prevailing in ,western ,europe and ,america4 ,after rejecting ,reform ,judaism and the palliative measures of philanthropy as answers to the situation1 the author proceeds in this concluding instalment to a consideration of the third alternative1 namely1 re-establishment of a national center where1 perhaps not the entire people1 but a remnant can be saved4 ,that the effort to ameliorate the conditions through charity1 and the effort to assimilate and yet keep the essentials apart1 are ineffectual has been shown4 ,there remains the third possibility--,zionism4 ,to a consideration of its theoretic background this section will be devoted4 ,although a natural commingling is unavoidable1 ,zionism presents three distinguishable aspects--as 7#a7 a creative vision1 7#b7 a solution1 7#c7 a fulfillment4 ,the ,national ,ideal ,in its first aspect1 ,zionism applies the sauce of the proverbial goose to the proverbial gander4 ,nationalism is the partial cause1 or at least the excuse1 for making the modern position of the ,jew in ,europe untenable2 nationalism for the ,jew becomes a means of evacuating the position4 ,europe has intimated to the ,jew that it can get along without him2 the ,jew now proposes to show that he can get along without ,europe4 ,nationalism is nothing new to the ,jew2 from the final dispersion in #gj ,c4 ,e41 through the universalism of the ,roman ,empire and later of the ,roman ,church1 the national ideal1 as indicated in our introduction1 was religiously preserved2 but its modern practical form first arose among the leaders of the ,chovevei ,zion movement in the middle of the last century4 ,the ,rom und ,jerusalem of ,moses ,hess 7#ahfb71 ,die ,verjngen des ,jdischen ,stammes of ,graetz1 the ,jewish historian 7#ahfd71 the ,hashachar of ,smolenskin 7#ahfi71 the ,auto-,emancipation of ,dr4 ,leo ,pinsker 7#ahhb7 clearly foreshadowed the final and effective expression of political ,zionism--namely1 ,the ,jewish ,state1 published by ,herzl in #ahif4 ,the ,vision of a ,jewish ,state ,basing its structure on the formulas of the prophets1#a who proclaimed that polity was indispensable for effecting the true mission of ,israel--for the realization of the religious1 social1 or ethical ideal2 conceiving ,israel1 as did ,reform ,judaism1 to be its own ,messiah1 not fated1 however1 to remain a minutely scattered leaven among nations who condemned or destroyed it1 but destined according to the prophetic promise to re-establish itself upon ,zion2#b convinced that a true assimilating of the fruits of emancipation in contradistinction to an imitating of ,gentile culture could only be effected by an emancipation from within1 by an auto-emancipation2#c the vision of a ,jewish ,state grew into outline4 ,to the consummation of the picture1 a wealth of economic1 scientific1 and cultural inspiration has been devoted4 ,herzl and his predecessors selected the stone which had been rejected by the philanthropists and the earnest1 but mistaken1 builders of ,reform ,judaism in their efforts to create a fit habitation for the ,european ,jew2 and lo6 it has become the chief corner-stone4 ,to assure the foundation1 to justify the conception of a ,jewish ,state1 a number of powerful arguments other than above indicated have been brought to bear4 ,the problem of race was attacked1#d and a consequent demolition of the basis of ,reform ,judaism undertaken1 whereby the racial identity of the ,jew became demonstrated and a comparative racial purity established4 ,in turn1 the claim of the anti-,semites that the ,jewish race indeed existed1 but to the peril of ,western civilization1 received scientific annihilation4 ,at the most1 the ,aryan race was proclaimed a myth and ,teutonic superiority a lie2#e at the least1 a justification of the ,jewish race was achieved upon its contribution to civilization3 in metaphysics1 of the vision of reality in flux2 in morals1 the conception of the value of the individual2 in religion1 the conception of ,jehovah as a moral-arbiter2 in culture1 a literature of basic inspiration for the western world4#f ,the ,moral ,right of the ,jewish ,race to ,survival ,that this race1 definable in identity and valuable in content1 is being either crushed by force or dissipated by freedom1 raises on one hand the next question for creative ,zionism1 and constitutes on the other the problem which ,zionism in its aspect as a solution assails4 ,the question3 ,has this race1 facing destruction1 a moral right to survival8 is in the instinctive1 ,darwinian sense unnecessary4 ,every race has a right to survive if it can prove its right by surviving2 however1 like most evolutionary thinking1 this is tautological4 ,nevertheless1 an affirmative answer#g has been advanced1 based on the conception of values recognized since ,aristotle2 whereby was demonstrated the intrinsic value of the ,jews as witnessed by their virility and capacity for an intelligent enjoyment of life1 which their social customs1 religious ideals1 and cultural ethos have created for them1 and which have won for them the title ,am ,olam1 the perpetual people2 and their instrumental value in the preservation and enrichment of life for the ,western world at large1 as witnessed by their contributions to civilization outlined above4 ,to the final question3 ,how may the destruction facing a race1 worth the saving1 be averted8 the ,zionists1 as already shown1 answer3 ,let us establish a ,jewish ,state4 ,it now remains to explain how this answer can be made effective4 ,the ,program of the ,first ,zionist ,congress ,although ,herzl1 like ,pinsker1 at first was indifferent as to the location of the ,state1 ,palestine was decided upon at the ,first ,zionist ,congress for the following practical reasons3#h #a4 ,palestine is1 of inhabitable and sufficiently uninhabited lands1 the nearest to ,russia and ,roumania1 where the greatest number of ,jews are undergoing physical suffering4 #b4 ,it is not ruled by ,christians1 and penal discriminatory laws against ,jews are not there in force4 #c4 ,conditions of ,oriental life are in accord with the stage and condition of life reached by ,jews in ,eastern ,europe4 #d4 ,the country is already somewhat of a ,jewish center4 #e4 ,jews are more familiar with the language spoken there than with any ,west ,european language4 #f4 ,palestine for sentimental reasons has a power of attraction that would operate practically upon ,jews wishing to emigrate1 and a power of inspiration which would flower in equally practical works when once ,jews were established there4 ,zionism1 as a solution1 sets forth1 in the program of this ,congress1 four ways to achieve its object3#i #a4 ,to promote the settlement of ,jewish agriculturalists1 handicraftsmen1 industrialists1 and professional men4 ,this would offer an asylum for the persecuted ,jew and assure him of an independent livelihood1 and so simultaneously relieve suffering1 starving ,jewry--the immediate phase of the problem--and afford a substantial basis for the prosperity and ensuing civilization of the ,state4 #b4 ,to centralize the ,jewish people by means of general institutions agreeable to the laws of the land4 ,by institutions are meant banking-houses1 schools1 etc41 which would promote the welfare of the people and render the growth of a culture more unconstrained4 #c4 ,to strengthen ,jewish national self-consciousness and national sentiment2--this to be accomplished by the establishment of newspapers and societies throughout the world1 so as to secure the aid or interest of the ,jew who does not want to assimilate in behalf of a national center1 and offer a road of return to the ,jew who has become assimilated at the cost of his spiritual happiness4 #d4 ,to obtain the sanctions of ,governments necessary for carrying out the objects of ,zionism4 ,this demand for legal assurances1 for a charter if possible1 distinguishes political ,zionism in the matter of means from the mere small-scale colonizing efforts of the philanthropists and the ,chovevei ,zion societies1 precisely as the very conception of a ,state distinguishes it in the matter of ends4 ,in the words of ,herzl1 ,we do not wish to smuggle in any settlers1 and above all1 we do not wish to bring about any 'accomplished facts' without preliminary agreement4 ,we have absolutely no interest in bringing about an economic strengthening of ,turkey without a corresponding compensation4 ,the whole thing is to be accomplished according to the simplest usage in the world3 'do ut des4' ,we ,zionists think it more foolish than noble to settle colonists without any legal and political guarantees4#aj ,the ,variant ,views of ,zionist ,groups ,beside the political ,zionists1 a large group can be distinguished as ,opportunist ,zionists1 the chief representative of whom is ,israel ,zangwill1#aa who in his eagerness to relieve the ,jewish problem has become impatient with the slow and seemingly fruitless political progress1 and who desires to lead his people to any vacant1 habitable territory rather than wait for a charter in ,zion4 ,other leaders in the movement1 such as ,ussischkin1 contend that until the charter is granted1 colonization in ,palestine should continue1 both to satisfy the ,jewish demand for emigration and to give weight to the justice and necessity for autonomy4 ,in sum1 the establishing of ,zion1 while in process1 will rescue the sorely oppressed1 magnetize and concentrate the interests of ,jewry at large1 and force the issue of suicide or salvation upon the race2 and the establishment of the ,state1 once accomplished1 will rejuvenate a people4 ,they shall revive as the grain and blossom as the vine2 the scent thereof shall be as the wine of ,lebanon4 7,hosea #ad4g74 ,in the ,zionist vision1 assured not by the prophecies1 but by the achievements of a glorious past1 this new wine1 ripening and enriching its flavor in a cup that had long been bitter1 will be partaken of by the nations1 ,jew and ,gentile4 ,jewish culture in its widest sense1 embracing the realization of ethical1 social1 and artistic ideals1 nourished by a people living again a homogeneous1 autonomous1 national life free as it has not been for eighteen centuries from outward pressure--a life imperative for the production of culture--will go forth as a pure vintage1 taking its place with the vintages of other nations1 to satisfy the soul in dry places and make strong the bones2 and over this new wine a new ,kiddush may perhaps be spoken4 ,the ,reform ,jew1 the assimilated ,jew1 who finds himself to-day in what we have nominated a position1 in a conscious or unconscious inspiration and pride induced by the resurrection of a motherland1 as the ,german in ,america is inspired by his national unity in ,europe1 will indeed find his soul satisfied in dry places1 and can more generously and effectively contribute to the welfare of the fatherland of which he is a citizen4 ,the ,jew who walks in the darkness of a ,russia1 where his situation is a problem and where existence itself is threatened1 will discover in this reawakened motherland a hope and possibly a material aid which will make strong his bones that he may endure until emancipation4 ,the ,communistic ,aims of the ,social ,zionists ,under the stimulus of a new creative vision1 many poets1 practical or otherwise1 have brought their own tints to add to the rosy prospect1 and these we have designated to be ,zionism as a fulfillment4 ,just prior to the birth of these ,united ,states1 ,thomas ,paine1 who in a few respects was the ,herzl of the new republic1 rapturously exclaimed in his pamphlet ,commonsense3 ,we have it in our power to begin the world over again4 ,a situation similar to the present hath not happened since the days of ,noah6 ,stimulated by the potentialities of an empty country and a great race eager to reoccupy it1 modern theorists have likewise1 and with some reason1 discovered in ,palestine a land of promise4 ,basing their faith in the inherent demand for social justice which racial genius1 as witnessed in the ,deuteronomic experiment and the whole social trend of the prophetic writings1 has created as a permanent characteristic of the ,jew and which the injustice of centuries has accentuated1 a group of ,jewish socialists have entered the ,zionist cause in the hope of establishing a form of the communistic principle as a foundation for the new society4 ,the communistic ownership of land is particularly urged4 ,past experiments of this nature--the ,brook ,farm and the ,french ,commune as a small and a large example--have failed partly for lack of scientific guidance and sufficient exact knowledge of actual conditions1 and partly because of the social unfitness of the participants4 ,social ,zionism1 however1 has secured for its director an acknowledged authority in communistic economics1 ,dr4 ,franz ,oppenheimer of the ,university of ,berlin2 and it is counting on the ,jewish heritage of social instinct to furnish the proper human material for its purpose4 ,amos1 the herdsman of ,tekoa1 who came down from his mountain in #gej ,b4 ,c4 to storm at the capitalistic greed of ,israel1 raised the first plea in history for social justice4 ,the successful consummation of the prophet's ideal in the new ,israel would be a contribution to the world distinctly ,hebraic and possibly the most valuable of the modern ,jew4 ,the ,yearning for a ,spiritual ,revival ,to ,ahad ,ha-',am1#ab the leading writer of to-day in ,hebrew1 a spiritual revival should be the desideratum of the ,zionists4 ,spiritual is of course not used in the restricted religious sense1 but as the opposite of material4 ,although ,ahad ,ha-',am concedes the establishment of a center in ,palestine to be a necessity1 he considers it only a means to the end of an awakening of spiritual forces in art1 morals1 and national consciousness among ,jewry at large2 and1 to hasten this end1 he urges the establishment of a ,university1 an art-school1 and bands of workers in the spirit--poets1 painters1 and all manner of creators--for he conceives the ,jews not to be a young race who must climb from satisfying the needs of the belly to the needs of the brain1 but an old people who can and must satisfy both demands together4#ac ,finally1 the great mass of ,european ,jewry1 who weep on the ,ninth of ,ab1 who send their pittance to the ,jews of the ,holy ,city in order that they may devote their days to lamenting at the old ,wall1 who pray each ,passover next year at ,jerusalem1 and who treasure their little casket of ,palestinian earth1 which some day will be placed over their shroud1 look to ,zionism as a fulfillment in its literal1 ,biblical meaning4 ,although the yearning for such a fulfillment may never be satisfied1 it constitutes the impelling force1 the prime motive1 behind the people who are to settle once again in ,canaan1 and who are the stuff of which the philosophers' dreams are to be made4 ,the opportunists who work for the day when the plowman shall overtake the reaper1 the politicals who plan that the house of ,jacob may possess its possessions1 the culturals who behold upon the mountain the feet of him who bringeth glad tidings1 the socialists who strive to draw righteousness and peace within kissing distance1 and the devout who pray that out of ,zion shall go forth the ,law1 are all intermingling composites of the ,zionist dream4 ,that the dream is not in vain1 there is no positive assurance2 but somewhere it is written that ,palestine is the ,land of ,promise4 ,the ,organization of ,zionism ,sophistication makes for sluggishness of action2 and a sophisticated1 practical people1 such as the ,jews1 surrounded by an equally sophisticated world1 have not marched upon ,jerusalem with the flag-flying alacrity of the ,crusaders4 ,however1 their sophistication has substituted for speed a broad measure of surety2 and a summary of the organization of the movement and the work accomplished within and without ,palestine gives promise that1 if the will behind ,zionism be sustained1 the ,jews who wail at the ,wall may profitably direct their energies elsewhere4 ,the ,zionist organization comprises all ,jews who subscribe to the ,zionist program and pay the annual contribution1 known as a shekel1 varying from #ae cents to #be cents in different countries4 ,the program is that formulated at the ,first ,zionist ,congress 7,basel1 #ahig73 to obtain for the ,jewish people a publicly recognized and legally assured home in ,palestine4 ,the members are grouped in local societies which1 in turn1 are organized into national federations1 to be found at present in ,argentina1 ,belgium1 ,bukowina1 ,bulgaria1 ,canada1 ,croatia-,slavonia-,herzegovina1 ,egypt1 ,england1 ,france1 ,galicia1 ,germany1 ,holland1 ,hungary1 ,italy1 ,roumania1 ,russia1 ,south ,africa1 ,switzerland1 ,turkey1 and the ,united ,states4 ,unfederated societies exist in ,palestine1 ,morocco1 ,servia1 ,sweden1 ,denmark1 ,greece1 ,china1 ,brazil1 ,australia1 and ,new ,zealand4#ad ,in short1 the atlas is practically exhausted4 ,with a representation proportional to the number of shekel-payers1 a ,congress convenes bi-annually in a central ,european city 7usually ,basel71 resolves1 and prosecutes all work incumbent upon the furtherance of ,zionist purpose4 ,the executive power1 although formerly invested in a president1 is now exercised1 since the death of ,herzl 7#aijd7 and the resignation of ,wolffsohn1 by a commission of five1 acting as the head of a committee of twenty-five1 who constitute a permanent body meeting at intervals between the sessions of ,congress4#ae ,the ,congress itself is divided into party-groups1 based on policy1 and representative of the different theoretic elements that guide the movement4 ,the original ,government party1 which stood shoulder to ,herzl in his brilliant but unsuccessful diplomatic schemes to secure a charter from the ,sultan1 upon the overthrow of the autocracy in ,turkey 7#aijh71 has abandoned purely political ,zionism1 for the expedient reason that the ,young ,turk government has naturally been reticent in the granting of broad concessions4 ,political ,zionism1 of which ,max ,nordau and ,david ,wolffsohn,f are the leading protagonists1 has through the accidents of ,turkish politics been rendered ineffective2 and the actual work of ,zionism rests now upon the policies of the ,opportunist wing1 although the creation of a ,state1 autonomous in as great a degree as possible1 is the cardinal aim of the ,zionists1 and must be1 in order to distinguish the movement from a large-scale philanthropy4#af ,parties in ,zionism ,the ,opportunists were divided into two groups--the followers of ,zangwill who urged immediate colonization anywhere1 and the ,ziyyone ,zionists 7,zionists toward ,zion7 who favored immediate settlement in ,palestine4 ,the first party broke from the ,zionist movement at the ,seventh ,congress1 instituted the ,jewish ,territorial ,organization 7,,ito71 and have vainly devoted their energies toward securing lands in ,north1 ,east1 and ,west ,africa1 ,mesapotamia1 and ,australia4#ag ,the ,ziyyone ,zionists1 however1 possess the controlling vote1 and in the last ,congress 7#aiac7 annulled the ,basel program1 temporarily at least1 by securing from the ,congress a recognition of the work of settlement in ,palestine as the primary task4#ah ,socialistic ,zionism is represented by the ,po'ale ,zion1 a small but vigorous group1 who are endeavoring to secure at least the adoption of the communistic ownership of land in the pursuance of the ,opportunist program4 ,dr4 ,franz ,oppenheimer1 lecturer in economics at the ,university of ,berlin1 has recently issued a pamphlet disclosing the success of the ,merchavia ,colony1 a co-operative settlement near ,nazareth1 and demonstrating that the only practical method of achieving large-scale colonization is by this means4#ai ,strong in numbers and in influence1 the ,mizrachi party represents the orthodox wing of ,jewry1 who believe a faithful adherence to the ,torah and ,tradition in all matters pertaining to ,jewish life constitute the duty of the ,jewish people4#bj ,in the assemblage of futurists1 the ,mizrachi stands as the spirit of the past1 to whom all plans must be justified1 and whose power has its source in the religious fervor of the majority of eastern ,jews4 ,finally1 the ,cultural ,zionists may be said to find representation in all parties1 for the furtherance of spirituality is inseparably bound up in the aims of every ,zionist4 ,the ,financial ,institutions of ,zionism ,the financial instruments by which the practical ,zionist aims are seeking accomplishment are 7#a7 the ,jewish ,colonial ,trust1#ba incorporated as a limited company in ,london 7#ahii7 with a capital stock of #bj1jjj1jjj and a paid-up capital of #a1cbd1jjj2 7#b7 the ,anglo-,palestine ,company1#bb an offshoot of the ,colonial ,trust1 with a paid-up capital of #ejj1jjj1 which finances ,zionist undertakings in ,palestine1 and declares annual dividends of #d #a-f per cent42 7#c7 the ,anglo-,levantine ,banking ,company1#bc the financial institution of the ,zionists devoted to their undertakings in the remainder of ,turkey1 with a capital of #abe1jjj declaring #f per cent4 returns2 7#d7 the ,jewish ,national ,fund1#bd whose object is to acquire land in ,palestine as the inalienable property of the entire ,jewish people1 with a capital of #fej1jjj raised by individual contributions2 7#e7 the ,palestine ,land ,development ,company1#be with a registered capital of #hg1ejj1 organized for the purpose of 7a7 acquiring1 improving1 and dividing into small holdings large ,palestinian estates1 7b7 laying out and cultivating intensive crops1 7c7 systematically settling and training agricultural laborers in ,palestine4 ,of late the ,jewish ,colonization ,association1 which is backed by the forty-million dollar fund of ,baron de ,hirsch1 is co-operating with the ,zionists in the purchase of ,palestinian land to be administered by the ,palestine ,land ,development ,company4#bf ,the actual achievements1 which these instruments have been the means of effecting1 may be summarized in two classes--,palestinian and non-,palestinian4 ,in both fields1 the several branches of ,zionist aims have borne fruit4 ,what ,zionism ,has ,accomplished in ,palestine ,palestine in #ahhj contained #cj1jjj ,jews1 who studied the ,law1 wailed at the ,wall1 and lived miserably on the alms 7the ,chalukah7 of pious ,jewry at large4 ,in #aiaa the ,jews comprised #ajj1jjj out of a total population of #gjj1jjj4 ,in ,jerusalem are #ej1jjj ,jews1 #g1jjj at ,tiberias1 #h1jjj at ,safed1 and #aj1jjj at ,jaffa4 ,a large proportion1 it is true1 are settlers of the ,ghetto type1 but the young generation is rapidly being changed by the growing school-system4#bg ,numbering about fifty1 ,jewish agricultural colonies extend the length of the ,holy ,land and support some #e1jjj ,jews in their yield of olives1 dates1 wine1 sugar1 cotton1 grain1 and cattle4 ,broad streets1 clean homes with gardens1 and orchard land characterize the standard of living in the colonies1 as machinery and agricultural school students characterize their modern standard of gaining their livelihood4#bh ,a constantly increasing number of emigrants are streaming into the ,holy ,land1 although the ,zionists are devoting their main endeavors toward firmly establishing the resident inhabitants and bettering their condition4 ,on ,april #c1 #aiad1 the ,london ,jewish ,chronicle reported the emigration from the single port of ,odessa as numbering #bej persons a week4#bi ,in #ahhf1 #a1hjj1jjj of trade passed out through ,jaffa1 the port of ,palestine2 in #aiji1 the value of the exports rose to #g1ejj1jjj4cj ,rischon-le-,zion1 the oldest colony and containing #ejj inhabitants1 annually produces1 alone1 more than a million gallons of wine4#ca ,the schools of the older class--,talmud ,torah and ,yeshibah--still dominate2 but1 following the example of the ,alliance ,israelite1 a modern type of school with a modern curriculum taught in ,hebrew has been established in every colony1 and culminates in a ,gymnasium at ,jaffa as the principal national educational institution4 ,the attendance of the colonial schools number about #a1ejj1 and in the ,talmudic schools number several thousands4 ,the ,mikveh ,israel ,agricultural ,school1 near ,jaffa1 is the center of vocational instruction in ,palestine1 and aids materially the work of the colonists4 ,funds for a ,hygienic and ,technical ,institute have likewise been started to further practical education4#cb ,the ,revival of ,jewish ,culture ,the cultural revival in ,palestine is plainly apparent in the excellent work of the ,bezalel1#cc the school of arts and crafts in ,jerusalem1 named after the builder of the first tabernacle in the wilderness1 where are devised carpentry1 copperware1 wood-carving1 basketry1 painting1 and sculpture of cunning workmanship and of distinctly ,hebraic design4 ,another sign of great hope springs from the widespread revival of ancient ,hebrew as a living tongue1 which has become an awkward necessity among the older ,jews gathered from many different nations1 and the free and natural expression of the children4 ,several weeklies and monthlies are published in ,hebrew4#cd ,a ,national ,jewish ,library1 soon to be housed in a fireproof building at ,jerusalem1 was founded by ,dr4 ,joseph ,chazanowicz1 a ,zionist leader in ,russia1 who devoted his entire income to it4 ,in #aiaj the ,library contained something over #ae1jjj volumes4#ce ,finally1 the ,eleventh ,congress 7#aiac71 convened on the #b1ejjth anniversary of the destruction of the old temple on ,mount ,moriah1 witnessed the pledging of #ajj1jjj to the building of a ,jewish ,national ,university at ,jerusalem--a new temple of culture and science4#cf ,precisely as the roots are more important than the blossoms in the growth of a plant1 the accomplishments without ,palestine are more significant than within4 ,to-day the ,golus 7,diaspora7 is the root1 and ,palestine the stalk2 some day the ,zionists hope to reverse the simile--this1 in short1 is the essence of the entire movement4 ,the ,accomplishments of ,zionism ,beyond ,palestine ,zionism's chief aims without ,palestine are two3 7#a7 ,revival of national consciousness1 7#b7 ,relief of the persecuted4 ,in regard to the second1 the ,zionist organization1 constantly working to shift emigration from ,west to ,east1 has in a measure focused it upon ,palestine2 and more important1 it is rapidly perfecting adequate machinery1 which once securing the motive power of money in such quantities as is now devoted to the ,jewish ,colonization ,association1 will appreciably lessen the gravity of the ,jewish problem4 ,in regard to the awakening of the national consciousness1 the ,zionist societies1 which number in the thousands1 constitute centers for the dissemination of propaganda and the stimulation of study in all things ,jewish2 and the ,zionist press1 comprising one hundred newspapers and periodicals1 the official of which is ,die ,welt1 and the leading ,american representative1 ,the ,maccabaean1 materially aid this preaching of ,zion gospel4 ,under the stimulus of the movement1 numerous student societies have sprung up abroad1 promoting and crystallizing a national sentiment and a race interest1 while older societies of this order1 such as the ,kadimah1 have received a renewed impetus4 ,women's societies of a literary1 educational1 and social character--the ,benoth ,zion 7,sofia and ,new ,york7 and the ,hadassah 7,vienna and ,new ,york7 for example--have taken a place in the general revival4#cg ,the effect of ,zionism in large centers of population is ably shown by ,charles ,s4 ,bernheimer in his study of the ,russian ,jew in the ,united ,states1 and his findings may be taken as typical4 ,in general1 the ,zionist societies have formed the chief social centers of the ghetto1#ch have opened religious schools#ci and libraries1#dj have brought the radicals in religion under the influence of the national idea1#da and so prevented the loss of religion from being followed by a loss of race-consciousness1 and have enlisted the sympathies of the older people4 ,the young people have grasped the great significance of ,zionism1 and have taken a renewed interest in religion1 education1 and culture4#db ,a renaissance of art is following that of culture2 in painting ,ephraim ,lilien1 ,lesser ,ury1 ,judah ,epstein1 and ,hermann ,struck1 and in marble and bronze ,boris ,schatz 7the founder and director of ,bezalel71 ,frederick ,beer1 and ,alfred ,nossig are receiving their inspiration from ,zionism4 ,the primary enthusiasm for the movement has long ago been expended2 and the present interest is deep1 healthy1 and likely to abide4 ,however1 the sustainment of this interest appears to be the primary duty and task of ,zionism2 in a movement that is a long1 dull1 slow pull1 every moment is a critical moment4 ,misconceptions of ,zionism ,to the modern ,jew who lacks the gift of prophecy1 the outcome of an undertaking must be determined by a consideration not only of the force propelling the movement1 but of the opposition confronting it4 ,a consideration of this opposition will afford an opportunity1 moreover1 for a clear and summarizing definition of what the movement is1 and1 equally important1 of what it is not4 ,opposition to ,zionism divides itself into three categories--ignorant2 theoretic2 practical4 ,one is reminded of ,sanballat the ,horonite1 ,tobiah the servant1 and ,geshem the ,arabian1 who mocked and threatened ,nehemiah when he undertook to rebuild the walls of ,jerusalem4 ,ignorant opposition assails ,zionism with arguments that are incontrovertible1 but totally irrelevant2 it busies itself with destroying claims which the ,zionists have never made4 ,a trio may be taken as representative4 ,it is pointed out with cogency that ,palestine is not capable of supporting the twelve million of ,jews who inhabit our world2 and more conclusively1 the twelve million of ,jews do not wish to go to ,palestine4 ,briefly1 the ,zionists in seeking a home for the ,jew in ,canaan no more expect all the ,jews to congregate within its bounds than a man who builds himself a house expects that all his posterity will live in it4 ,as a matter of history1 more ,jews after the fall of the first ,temple have lived without ,palestine than within4 ,only a remnant returned after the captivity2 and ,babylon1 ,alexandria1 and ,rome contained a larger ,jewish population than ,jerusalem4 ,throughout the dispersion1 the majority of the ,jews lived apart from the nation center--whether that center was the ,mesapotamia of ,talmudic times1 the ,spain of the ,middle ,ages1 or the ,poland of the early modern period4 ,the ,zionist object is only to secure such a national center 7free from outward pressure7 as a ganglion radiating ,hebraic culture1 which can preserve ,jewish unity and identity and inspire ,jewish culture elsewhere1 precisely as the ,juda of old rendered similar service2#dc and the modern ,palestine with a soil capable of supporting a million inhabitants without extensive irrigation amply satisfies the ,zionist purpose4 ,zionism ,leaves the ,status of the ,jew ,uninjured ,closely allied to this argument is the claim that ,zionism constitutes an abandonment by the ,european ,jew of his hard-earned ,emancipation1 and a traitorous retreat from the position of brother and fellow-countryman which he is now claiming in the several nations4 ,in sum1 renationalization in the ,east spells de-nationalization in the ,west1 and the return of the ,jew to the status of alien4 ,such a conclusion follows as inevitably as it follows that the unification of ,germany in #ahgj rendered alien the ,germans of ,america who emigrated here in the '#djs1 that the ,french ,revolution denationalized the refugee ,huguenot population of ,prussia1 that the unification of ,italy disfranchised the ,italian ,swiss1 or that the ,irish ,home ,rule ,bill will transform the populace of ,boston into undesirable citizens4 ,on the contrary1 the ,zionists are convinced that the re-establishment of a ,jewish nation will strengthen1 for example1 the claim of the ,german ,jew that he is a ,german by distinctly separating the national from the universal ,jew--the sheep from the goats1 if you will--and will render his status less precarious because it will be more definable4 ,moreover1 such a national center will increase ,jewish self-respect with the consequence of increasing ,christian respect4 ,jewish aloofness need no longer be a reproach1 because it may safely be abandoned2 with ,zion itself preserving ,hebraism in the ,east1 the ,jew in the ,west may throw himself unreservedly into the life about him2 and a flourishing of ,jewish culture will make his contribution the more valuable4 ,finally1 the third objection is formulated in the question1 ,what is the use8 ,whether it be grounded in self-satisfied indifference1 hostility1 or a sense of hopelessness1 it forms the most insidious opposition1 because it betrays a lack of racial consciousness that cannot be supplied by argument1 and exposes a weakness that cannot be remedied by emotional appeal4 ,it is a weakness amounting to an absence1 a literal lack1 of the very functions through which a cure could be effected4 ,an ,englishman asking1 ,why preserve the ,english8 a ,scandinavian asking1 ,of what use are the ,scandinavians8 a ,swiss asking1 ,why maintain ,switzerland8 is inconceivable4 ,answers indeed can be found1 but the point is that to put the question indicates that the interrogator is beyond a comprehension of the reply4 ,he is like a congenital blindman1 who asks3 ,of what use is seeing8 ,the question was1 indeed1 propounded in the third section of this paper1 but only as the hypothetical question of an outsider1 much as an ,englishman might ask1 ,of what value are the ,chinese8 to secure an external1 historical justification of their existence4 ,however1 if the great majority of ,jews ever seriously question the need of preserving their own race1 the answer becomes immediate and conclusive2 there is no need1 for there is no longer a race4 ,zionism ,has ,no ,insuperable ,obstacles ,theoretic opposition is determined on one hand by racial questions1 and on the other by religious dogmas4 ,that the ,jews are no longer a race1 that their preservation need not be undertaken because they do not exist1 is1 laying aside the scientific disputations1 in one sense begging the question4 ,whether the ,jews are a racial unit1 and whether their preservation will result in a distinct racial culture1 is precisely what a successful consummation of the ,zionist object will prove or disprove with finality2 and until such consummation1 even scientific theorizing on the subject will expose itself to the unscientific process of working without the check of laboratory experiment4 ,to the scientist1 ,zionism offers ,palestine as such a laboratory4 ,the religious opposition offered by ,reform ,judaism has been previously discussed2 however1 it may be summed up in three statements4 ,an appeal to the implied meaning of the ,scriptures can only be authoritatively settled by the author4 ,granting1 nevertheless1 that a suffering ,israel and a missionary ,israel are essentials in a ,divine plan1 the establishment of a national center does not dogmatically preclude ,israel from continuing to suffer elsewhere1 nor forbid ,israel from pursuing her missionary project of acting as a model example and shining light to the nations4 ,quite the reverse2 inasmuch as the ,dispersion is fast becoming a ,destruction1 which ,zionism is attempting to avert1 the preservation of ,reform ,judaism itself demands the success of ,zionism4 ,practical opposition is indeed ponderous1 but not necessarily insuperable4 ,the majority of ,palestinian obstacles1 such as the difficulties which the confusion of national tongues1 culture1 and habits will impose on unification1 the precarious chance of ultimately securing legal recognition from ,turkey1 the possible obstructions amounting even to conflict to be offered by the native ,arabian population1 are distant bridges which the far-seeing may fear1 but which1 the wise will not attempt to cross until reached4 ,however1 three urgent perplexities and impediments are imminent in the danger of securing only a low class of settlers1 of suffering from insufficient means1 and of failing from diminution of interest4 ,at bottom1 the three are one1 and amount to the necessity of keeping up the old heart and inspiring new hearts4 ,with a sufficiency of interest1 the necessary money and the proper men will find their way to ,palestine2 in a word1 only a people can save themselves1 and1 failing to do so1 aside from scientific argument and religious dogma1 they remain no more a people4 ,that this people may not so perish1 the ,zionists are not only furnishing the vision2 but with back and arm1 they are working to rebuild the ,wall where men have wailed the centuries by4 ,to the captious1 the hostile1 and the persistently heedless1 their cue is to say with ,nehemiah of old3 ,i am doing a great work1 so that ,i cannot come down4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,marvin ,m4 ,lowenthal4 ,the ,jewish students form so distinctive and gifted an element in the life of all our colleges that their self-expression should serve a valuable purpose4 ,through becoming articulate in such a publication as ,the ,menorah ,journal1 the first issue of which is full of promise1 they may well bring to pass not only a fuller realization of the part they are to play in ,american society1 but also a better understanding of that part by the entire community to which they belong4 ,without such better understandings there is small hope for the community as a whole4--,from an ,editorial in the ,harvard ,alumni ,bulletin1 ,march #ag1 #aiae4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,i4 ,friedlaender1 ,the ,political ,ideals of the ,prophets 7pamphlet7 7,baltimore1 #aiaj71 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #b3 ,jewish ,encyclopedia under ,graetz4 ,footnote #c3 ,ahad ,ha-',am1 ,pinsker and ,his ,brochure 7pamphlet7 7,new ,york1 #aiaa71 p4 #e4 ,footnote #d3 ,ignaz ,zollschan1 ,das ,rassenproblem 7,leipsic1 #aiaa74 ,g4 ,pollack1 ,jewish ,race1 ,the ,nation1 vol4 #id1 p4 #fji1 in review of the above book4 ,a4 ,s4 ,waldstein1 ,a ,study of the ,jews1 ,the ,maccabaean1 vol4 #ba1 p4 #da4 ,m4 ,waxman1 ,the ,ethnic ,character of the ,jews 7,new ,york1 #aiaj74 ,the ,american ,hebrew1 ,the ,jewish ,race ,problem1 vol4 #ij1 p4 #dce4 ,footnote #e3 ,zollschan1 ,das ,rassenproblem1 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #f3 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen1 ,judaism1 ,hebraism and ,zionism1 ,the ,american ,hebrew1 vol4 #hg1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #g3 ,idem1 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #h3 ,r4 ,c4 ,conder1 ,zionists1 ,blackwood's1 vol4 #afc1 p4 #eih4 ,footnote #i3 ,max ,nordau1 ,zionism 7,new ,york1 #aiaa71 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #aj3 ,the ,maccabaean1 ,theodor ,herzl in ,his ,writings1 vol4 #bc1 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #aa3 ,zangwill1 ,zionism and ,territorialism1 ,living ,age1 vol4 #bfe1 p4 #ffc4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ahad ,ha-',am1 ,selected ,essays 7,philadelphia1 #aiab71 p4 #bec et seq4 ,footnote #ac3 ,idem1 p4 #bij4 ,footnote #ad3 ,cohen1 ,zionist ,work in ,palestine1 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #ae3 ,the ,survey1 ,the ,tenth ,zionist ,congress1 vol4 #be1 p4 #hde4 ,footnote ,f3 ,this ,essay was written before ,mr4 ,wolffsohn's death4 ,footnote #af3 ,the ,american ,hebrew1 ,dr4 ,max ,nordau on ,herzl's ,policies1 vol4 #ic1 p4 #djc4 ,footnote #ag3 ,american ,jewish ,year ,book1 #aiaj-aa1 ,events of the ,year4 ,i4 ,zangwill1 ,zionism and ,territorialism1 ,living ,age1 vol4 #bfe1 p4 #ffh4 ,footnote #ah3 ,l4 ,lipsky1 ,results of the ,eleventh ,congress1 ,the ,maccabaean1 vol4 #bc1 p4 #bej4 ,footnote #ai3 ,franz ,oppenheimer1 ,merchavia 7,new ,york1 #aiad71 p4 #a-ac4 ,life ,work of ,franz ,oppenheimer1 ,the ,maccabaean1 vol4 #bd1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #bj3 ,jewish ,encyclopedia under ,zionism--,party ,organization4 ,footnote #ba3 ,idem1 under ,jewish ,colonial ,trust4 ,cohen1 ,zionist ,work in ,palestine1 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #bb3 ,idem1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #bc3 ,idem1 p4 #aii4 ,footnote #bd3 ,idem1 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #be3 ,idem1 p4 #aii4 ,footnote #bf3 ,american ,jewish ,year ,book1 #aiac-ad1 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #bg3 ,h4 ,bentwich1 ,the ,jewish ,renaissance in ,palestine1 ,fortnightly ,review1 vol4 #if1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #bh3 ,cohen1 ,zionist ,work in ,palestine1 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #bi3 ,jewish ,chronicle 7,london71 ,no4 #bcdh1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #cj3 ,bentwich1 ,the ,jewish ,renaissance in ,palestine1 ,fortnightly ,review1 vol4 #if1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #ca3 ,h4 ,f4 ,ward1 ,palestine for the ,jews1 ,the ,world ,today1 vol4 #ag1 p4 #ajfb4 ,footnote #cb3 ,cohen1 ,zionist ,work in ,palestine1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #cc3 ,bentwich1 ,the ,jewish ,renaissance in ,palestine1 ,fortnightly ,review1 vol4 #if1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #cd3 ,idem4 ,footnote #ce3 ,jewish ,encyclopedia under ,arbanel ,library4 ,footnote #cf3 ,the ,maccabaean1 vol4 #bc1 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #cg3 ,jewish ,encyclopedia under ,zionism4 ,footnote #ch3 ,c4 ,s4 ,bernheimer1 ,the ,russian ,jew in the ,united ,states4 7,philadelphia1 #aije71 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #ci3 ,idem1 p4 #ahj4 ,footnote #dj3 ,idem1 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #da3 ,idem1 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #db3 ,idem1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #dc3 ,m4 ,waxman1 ,the ,importance of ,palestine for the ,jews in the ,diaspora1 ,the ,maccabaean1 vol4 #bc1 p4 #bcb4 ,a succinct detailing of this service4 ,from ,college and ,university ,activities of ,menorah ,societies ,brown ,university ,the need of some organization based on ideals that would tend to promote a closer relationship among the ,jewish students at ,brown ,university had long been felt on the campus4 ,to meet this need there has even been an attempt at uniting the ,jewish men by ties not necessarily ,jewish in spirit2 happily this attempt failed4 ,early in this college year the ,menorah movement was brought to the attention of the ,jewish students and its aims at once appealed as very worthy of the serious consideration of ,brown men4 ,an informal meeting was held and almost unanimous favor was exhibited for the establishment of a ,menorah ,society at ,brown4 ,whereupon a committee was elected to interview the authorities of the ,university concerning this matter1 and their attitude was found to be all that could be desired4 ,steps were then taken for formal organization1 and on the evening of ,january #f1 #aiae1 a dedicatory meeting was held1 and the ,brown ,menorah ,society was launched on its career4 7,for an account of this meeting1 see the ,april ,,menorah ,,journal1 page #adj47 ,shortly afterwards the ,executive ,council formulated a program of activities for the rest of the year1 a program which has now been successfully carried through4 ,on ,february #ag1 ,prof4 ,richard ,gottheil of ,columbia ,university gave a very interesting lecture on ,zionism4 ,several members of the ,faculty were present and took part in the general discussion that followed the lecture4 ,at the meeting of ,march #ag1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,t4 ,fowler of the ,biblical ,department of the ,university and a member of the ,advisory ,board of the ,society1 spoke on ,the ,bible as a ,literary ,document4 ,on ,april #ba1 ,prof4 ,david ,g4 ,lyon of ,harvard ,university gave an illustrated lecture on ,the ,samarian ,excavations4 ,this lecture was given in one of the largest halls of the ,university and was open to the public4 ,the other meetings of the year were either business meetings or study councils4 ,at the study councils topics of ,jewish interest were discussed4 ,an informal supper on the evening of ,may #bj1 with election of officers for the following year1 completed the activities of this year4 ,,abraham ,j4 ,,burt ,university of ,chicago ,after lying practically dormant for about one and one-half years1 the ,menorah ,society at ,chicago has awakened during this last year4 ,the first meeting of the year was held ,october #bf1 #aiad1 at which officers for the quarter were elected4 ,then at varying intervals there were addresses by ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen of the ,university of ,wisconsin1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,neuman of the ,dropsie ,college1 ,dr4 ,emil ,g4 ,hirsch of ,sinai ,temple of ,chicago 7who gave a series of two lectures on ,jewish history71 and ,mr4 ,louis ,d4 ,brandeis of ,boston4 ,the inspiring address of ,mr4 ,brandeis1 held ,november #ai1 #aiad1 was the biggest event of the year1 the meeting being largely attended by ,jews and non-,jews alike4 ,rabbis ,stolz and ,cohon1 representing the ,chicago ,rabbinical ,society1 also delivered short talks4 ,hitherto1 the ,menorah ,society has been unknown to have other than quite formal lectures4 ,no attempt has been made to make the members feel at home and more sociable at the meetings4 ,an innovation was tried when1 at the meeting on ,may #aj1 there was an informal talk by ,dr4 ,joseph ,stolz1 of the ,isaiah ,temple of ,chicago1 on ,hillel1 which was followed not only by discussion but also by refreshments4 ,this meeting was a complete success4 ,it was followed by another informal meeting on ,maimonides4 ,the last meeting was a get-together meeting of the ,society to discuss plans for the next year4 ,suggestions were accepted to interest incoming freshmen by personal letters and visits and get-acquainted and enthusiasm gatherings4 ,it is reasonable to hope from the increasing membership and the suggestions for future action that the ,menorah will become more and more powerful on the campus1 especially with the encouragement and the aid of the alumni in ,chicago1 who are planning to have also a graduate ,menorah organization4 ,,ethel ,,jacobs ,clark ,university ,the second year1 just closed1 of the ,clark ,menorah ,society has been most successful4 ,at the weekly meetings1 papers were given by various members on such subjects as ,reform ,judaism1 ,orthodoxy1 ,zionism1 ,assimilation1 which were followed by entertaining and instructive discussions4 ,reports were also given by members on current books of ,jewish interest1 among them being3 ,fishberg's ,the ,jews1 ,ruppin's ,the ,jews of ,today1 and ,israel ,cohen's ,jewish ,life in ,modern ,times4 ,current magazine articles of ,jewish interest were also reviewed and discussed4 ,members of the ,faculty and outside speakers1 including ,rabbi ,m4 ,m4 ,eichler and ,jacob de ,haas of ,boston1 gave addresses at various times and ,rabbi ,h4 ,h4 ,rubenovitz of ,boston delivered a series of lectures on ,the ,maccabees4 ,the first banquet of the ,society1 held ,december #ag1 #aiad1 was a great success and helped stir up much interest among the students in the ,menorah4 7,for a note on this dinner see the ,april ,,menorah ,,journal1 page #adj2 for the after-dinner address of ,president ,g4 ,stanley ,hall see the ,april ,,journal1 page #hg74 ,a program for the next year has already been made and the forecast for the future is most promising4 ,,isador ,,lubin ,university of ,colorado ,the academic year #aiad-aiae opened auspiciously for the ,university of ,colorado ,menorah ,society4 ,the old men returned with new and greater enthusiasm1 and the new men quickly caught the same spirit4 ,our first meeting was a get-together affair where acquaintances were renewed and new acquaintances made4 ,the meetings of the first semester were addressed entirely by the members of the ,society who chose their material from the excellent ,menorah ,library4 ,those of the second semester were addressed in part by outside men and in part by members4 ,during the year two meetings were held in ,denver in conjunction with the ,university of ,denver ,menorah4 ,these were well attended and the principal addresses given by the heads of the two universities4 ,,michael ,,idelson ,columbia ,university ,the past year has been a year of steady progress for the ,columbia ,menorah ,society and of increasing interest in its activities4 ,at the first meeting of the year the members were greatly stimulated by an address by ,dr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,enelow on the work of ,menorah ,societies4 ,at other meetings held during the year1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,strauss spoke on ,some ,delusions ,now in the ,testing1 ,professor ,talcott ,williams1 dean of the ,school of ,journalism1 on ,the ,war and ,race ,prejudice1 ,rabbi ,rudolph ,i4 ,coffee1 of ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 on ,the ,college ,graduate in ,jewish ,affairs1 ,professor ,israel ,friedlaender1 on ,jewry1 ,east and ,west4 ,at a smoker given in ,february1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,jacob ,kohn spoke on ,jewish ,ceremonialism1 ,mr4 ,henry ,hurwitz spoke on the work of other ,menorah ,societies1 and ,mr4 ,m4 ,david ,hoffman1 the ,representative of the ,columbia ,society in the ,administrative ,council of the ,intercollegiate ,association1 presented an interesting report of the ,menorah ,convention of ,cincinnati4 ,although the ,society is not satisfied with the number of its members1 that number is one which would probably be deemed large at many another university4 ,the ,society is becoming more and more active and acquiring ever greater prestige among the ,jewish students1 as well as in the ,university in general4 ,it has aroused interest on the part of not a few who have heretofore been indifferent to ,jewish affairs4 ,,harry ,,wilk ,university of ,illinois ,at the beginning of this year conditions were somewhat abnormal for the ,illinois ,menorah ,society4 ,the preceding graduating class had taken an extraordinarily heavy toll from our members and1 as the number of ,juniors left was small1 we had few veterans remaining4 ,but1 to offset our loss1 we were compensated by an unusually large number of promising freshmen4 ,we started the year with a reception to the new students at which over one hundred were present4 ,our customary smoker was dispensed with on account of the increased number of ,jewish co-eds1 there being about fifteen at present4 ,at our next meeting1 at which we formally welcomed the new students to our ,society1 ,dr4 ,david ,s4 ,blondheim of our ,faculty explained the nature of the work we are doing and gave some practical advice1 and ,dr4 ,jacob ,zeitlin of our ,faculty spoke on the ,jewish problems of the present4 ,since then we have had many regular meetings1 every other ,sunday1 student programs alternating with outside speakers4 ,among the latter have been ,professor ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman of ,michigan1 who spoke on ,jewish ,ideals1 ,rabbi ,a4 ,a4 ,neuman of the ,dropsie ,college1 who talked on ,life ,among ,medieval ,spanish ,jews1 and ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen of ,wisconsin on ,the ,meaning of ,hebraism4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,f4 ,nickoley1 who has traveled extensively in ,palestine1 gave an interesting talk on the ,jews in the ,holy ,land4 ,professor ,simon ,litman of our ,faculty spoke on ,jews and ,modern ,capitalism4 ,professor ,e4 ,c4 ,baldwin of our ,english department1 in speaking on ,prayer1 roused a lively interest in the question as to whether prayer is decadent among the ,jews4 ,professor ,albert ,h4 ,lybyer lectured on ,jews as the ,transmitters of ,culture from the ,moslems to the ,christians2 ,professor ,boyd ,h4 ,bode discussed ,what the ,jew ,contributes to ,american ,ideals1 and ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,vail spoke on ,the ,influence of the ,hebrew ,prophets as the ,teachers of ,moral ,law4 ,nor have we had a dearth of student talks and readings1 among them the following3 ,herbert ,b4 ,rosenberg on the ,falashas1 ,louis ,ribback on the ,chinese ,jews1 ,jesse ,block on the ,spanish ,jews1 ,s4 ,j4 ,lurie on ,maimonides1 ,julius ,cohen on ,the ,jewish ,messianic ,idea1 ,l4 ,j4 ,greengard on ,prophecy1 ,karl ,epstein on ,jewish ,nationalism4 ,current events were given during the year by ,bertha ,bing1 ,julius ,cohen1 and ,william ,a4 ,grossman4 ,early in ,february a study circle was formed1 under the leadership of ,mrs4 ,simon ,litman1 for the study of post-,biblical ,jewish history4 ,ten members of the ,society enrolled and met weekly at the home of ,professor and ,mrs4 ,litman4 ,portions of ,vol4 ,,ii of ,graetz and of ,riggs' ,history of the ,jews were read and amplified by the excellent lectures of the leader4 ,the discussions also furnished very valuable instruction4 ,,karl ,,epstein ,university of ,maine ,during the past year the conditions on the campus were such that it made all of the ,jewish students feel the necessity of the right kind of ,jewish organization4 ,clubs had been formed time after time1 each of a different nature2 yet none of them could fulfill the need and they all sooner or later broke up4 ,thus things dragged along1 each one feeling that something ought to be done1 yet no one knowing what remedy was needed1 until a report came of the ,menorah movement4 ,after a hastily gathered meeting one ,saturday night1 the matter was presented to the ,jewish students for discussion4 ,great enthusiasm was displayed and everybody was heartily in favor of organizing a ,menorah ,society4 ,with the aid of the ,menorah catalogue 7,the ,menorah ,movement71 and ,mr4 ,joseph ,spear1 of our ,faculty1 a former member of the ,harvard ,menorah ,society1 a constitution was drawn up and presented at the next meeting1 when it was accepted4 ,it was also submitted to ,president ,aley1 who approved it and congratulated us most heartily upon the formation of the ,society4 ,our first task was to place the ,society in the right light on the campus by emphasizing the absolutely unsectarian1 academic1 cultural nature of the ,menorah ,society and the fact that membership is invitingly open to all members of the ,university4 ,in this we were greatly helped by the visit of ,chancellor ,henry ,hurwitz who addressed the whole student body in ,chapel on the morning of ,may #eth1 after being introduced by ,president ,aley1 upon the nature and purposes of the ,menorah movement2 and he addressed a public meeting of the ,society in the evening1 which was also attended by ,president ,aley1 on ,jewish ,ideals4 ,during the course of the year we have succeeded in holding several other enthusiastic meetings besides4 ,we have had frank and inspiring talks by ,president ,aley and ,professor ,huddleston4 ,at other meetings our own members gave talks and discussions4 ,thus1 ,samuel ,rudman gave a splendid talk on ,the ,attitude of ,jewish ,young ,men towards ,jewish ,religion1 which was warmly discussed4 ,another paper was delivered by ,a4 ,i4 ,schwey on ,hebrew ,literature4 ,through the kindness of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 into which we were admitted at the ,cincinnati ,convention1 we have secured a ,menorah ,library1 which has been put in a conspicuous place in the reading room of the ,university library1 for the benefit of all the students4 ,but the ,menorah members especially intend to make good use of the books in the preparation of papers and in regular study4 ,we have also been fortunate in securing a set of the ,jewish ,encyclopedia from ,mr4 ,cyrus ,l4 ,sulzberger of ,new ,york for presentation to the ,university library4 ,the coming of the ,encyclopedia and the ,menorah ,library has been greatly appreciated by the authorities1 and the ,maine ,menorah ,society is happy to have been able already to be of concrete service to the ,university4 ,all of our activities have caused favorable interest on the part of both the student body and the college authorities1 and a great change has come about in the attitude towards the ,jewish men4 ,we look forward to even greater progress as well as hard work in the future4 ,a4 ,i4 ,,schwey ,university of ,missouri ,our ,menorah ,society this year has done at least two things4 ,first1 it has definitely held to a program of work2 secondly1 it has become accredited as representative of the ,jewish students to the ,jewish students themselves1 and even more to the non-,jews4 ,the opposition that some of the students manifested in other years has not been so active1 and the ,society drew a large proportion of them1 sometimes all of them1 to its meetings4 ,the non-,jews1 especially among the ,faculty1 have exhibited an actively interested and helpful attitude4 ,in this connection1 our thanks are due ,prof4 ,j4 ,e4 ,wrench1 of the ,history department1 whose presence at all of our meetings greatly stimulated profitable discussion4 ,of the ,jewish faculty men1 ,dr4 ,henry ,m4 ,sheffer1 of the ,philosophy department1 one of the founders of the ,harvard ,menorah ,society1 took a particularly active interest in the work1 especially in the preparation of our programs4 ,the program for the second semester was on ,typical ,hebraic ,ideals1 as follows3 ,i4 ,transitional3 #a4 ,hellenism ,j4 ,sholtz #b4 ,emancipation ,j4 ,l4 ,ellman ,,ii4 ,contemporary3 7a7 ,religious #a4 ,orthodoxy ,wm4 ,stone #b4 ,reform ,robert ,burnett 7b7 ,national #a4 ,assimilationism ,a4 ,hertzmark #b4 ,zionism ,d4 ,a4 ,glushek 7c7 ,literary #a4 ,yiddish ,m4 ,glazer #b4 ,neo-,hebrew ,c4 ,goldberg ,,iii4 ,prospective3 ,the ,new ,hebraism ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,sheffer ,this program was devised with the idea of creating a definite reaction to ,hebraism4 ,so1 the papers on ,hellenism and ,emancipation tried by the contrast of transitional periods to make ,hebraic ideals as a whole stand out4 ,the meeting on ,reform and ,orthodoxy was devoted to an historical analysis of the forces underlying the present situation in ,judaism4 ,the papers on ,zionism and ,assimilation1 again1 summed up from another angle the characteristics of ,hebraic aspiration4 ,and at the two last meetings1 present ,jewish life and ideals were discussed in terms of their literary and philosophical expression4 ,along with these meetings we had several lectures by ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,sheffer1 ,rabbi ,a4 ,a4 ,neuman of the ,dropsie ,college1 and ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen of ,wisconsin4 ,these meetings were in every case productive of great enthusiasm4 ,prof4 ,j4 ,e4 ,wrench addressed a meeting composed in numbers equally of ,jews and non-,jews on ,the ,jew and ,christian in the ,middle ,ages1 and we also had an address by ,dr4 ,a4 ,t4 ,olmstead1 ,professor of ,ancient ,history1 on the ,book of ,kings4 ,,john ,,sholtz ,university of ,north ,carolina ,the ,menorah ,society at our ,university is in a unique position4 ,the number of ,jews in ,north ,carolina is the smallest of any in the ,southern ,states4 ,only in a few places is there any organized ,jewish life4 ,the ,jewish students come chiefly from such places where the number of ,jews is very small4 ,under these circumstances1 it can readily be seen how difficult it was at first to implant the idea of a ,jewish society for the purpose of the study of ,jewish subjects of which the majority of the students were greatly ignorant4 ,the ,society1 however1 has now passed far beyond the experimental stage4 ,all the ,jewish students at ,north ,carolina now show a great deal of interest and enthusiasm in the ,menorah work4 ,from the fact that our ,society can look to very little in the way of help from any ,jewish community in the ,state1 and that it is far from any ,jewish cultural center in the ,south1 it can be perceived how hard it was at first to carry on our work in comparison with our sister ,societies located in more favorable localities4 ,a review of our work of the last term will show1 however1 gratifying results4 ,our method was similar to that of the class room4 ,a text book on ,jewish history was taken as the basis for study1 supplemented by additional information from the ,jewish ,encyclopedia and other books on ,judaica from the ,university ,library and the ,menorah ,library4 ,the value of our study of ,jewish history may be educed from the fact that most of us had but the faintest knowledge of our glorious past4 ,when a thorough knowledge of the text was acquired1 discussions and studies of different phases and movements in ,judaism were taken up4 ,in this work the ,menorah ,library proved an especially valuable aid4 ,while our ,society is not a religious organization1 it endeavors to surround our work with ethical and religious aims4 ,the ,society tries to be here for the ,jewish students what the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 is in a measure for our ,christian fellow-students1 and we can say that it has succeeded in its endeavor4 ,the relation of the ,menorah ,society here with the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 is one of heartiest co-operation4 ,,samuel ,r4 ,,newman ,universities in ,omaha ,the ,omaha ,menorah ,society1 covering both the ,university of ,omaha and ,creighton ,university1 was founded in ,september1 #aiad4 ,at the organization meeting1 ,rabbi ,frederic ,cohn spoke on the ,menorah movement1 and letters of endorsement from ,president ,d4 ,e4 ,jenkins of the ,university of ,omaha and from ,president ,e4 ,a4 ,magevney of ,creighton ,university were read4 ,a discussion of principles of the ,menorah movement followed4 ,among the speakers of the year were ,dr4 ,i4 ,dansky1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,greenberg1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,farber of ,s4 ,joseph1 ,professor ,nathan ,bernstein1 ,mr4 ,isador ,rees of the ,omaha ,high ,school1 ,professor ,f4 ,p4 ,ramsay1 and ,professor ,walter ,halsey4 ,in addition to their valuable addresses1 discussions on important ,jewish topics were held by the members of the ,society--a phase of ,menorah work which is being steadily accentuated4 ,the largest meeting of the year took place in ,jacobs ,memorial ,hall1 on the evening of ,may #aath1 at which over #cjj people were present4 ,the speakers on this occasion were ,president ,d4 ,e4 ,jenkins of the ,university of ,omaha on ,idealism in ,education and ,rabbi ,samuel ,cohen of ,kansas ,city1 who spoke on ,the ,functions and ,genesis of ,ceremonials4 ,,jacques ,,rieur ,radcliffe ,college ,during the month of ,december1 #aiad1 the ,radcliffe ,menorah ,society was organized with a membership of twenty4 ,on ,january #g1 #aiae1 the purposes of the ,society were outlined to the members by ,mr4 ,henry ,hurwitz2 and ,mr4 ,ralph ,a4 ,newman1 ,president of the ,harvard ,menorah1 extended greetings and welcome from that ,society4 ,dean ,bertha ,boody showed her interest and approval by her presence4 ,since the ,radcliffe ,menorah was not organized until well after the college calendar had been arranged1 it was difficult to formulate definite plans for the time which remained4 ,lectures1 however1 have been given at open meetings by ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen of the ,university of ,wisconsin and ,mr4 ,maurice ,wertheim of ,new ,york2 and plans are now under way for the formation of a study circle devoted to the study of the ,hebrew language4 ,the interest and enthusiasm of the members--more than half of whom are first year students--gives promise for work of greater scope in the future4 ,,lillian ,h4 ,,rosenblum ,new ,york ,university ,in the first number of ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal it was reported that because of the division of ,new ,york ,university into uptown and downtown colleges1 it was found necessary to organize an additional ,menorah ,society at ,washington ,square1 the downtown section4 ,this ,washington ,square ,society has for its sphere the professional schools of ,new ,york ,university1 whereas the ,university ,heights ,society has the ,schools of ,art and ,applied ,science4 ,organized in ,october1 #aiad1 the ,washington ,square ,society can already boast of a membership of #afj4 ,over eighty percent of the members are young men and women who work during the day and devote five evenings a week to school4 ,the ,society has conducted under its auspices in the past year about ten lectures1 at which the attendance averaged seventy-five members4 ,the lectures covered many phases of ,jewish culture and were greatly appreciated4 ,it is expected that study circles will be held during the next academic year1 even though it may be necessary in most instances to hold them after #i3cj p4 m4 ,among the lectures during the past year were the following3 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen of the ,university of ,wisconsin1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,enelow of ,temple ,emanu-,el1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,strauss of ,the ,new ,york ,times1 and ,chief ,justice ,isaac ,franklin ,russell of the ,new ,york ,court of ,special ,sessions4 ,to celebrate the completion of one year's active work1 a dinner was held on the evening of ,april #cjth at the ,broadway ,central ,hotel1 at which there were present about #ajj members4 ,the ,toastmaster was ,e4 ,schwartz1 and the speakers of the evening included ,dr4 ,bernard ,drachman1 ,israel ,n4 ,thurman1 ,hyman ,askowith1 ,louis ,weinstein1 the outgoing ,president1 and ,chancellor ,henry ,hurwitz4 ,,bernard ,j4 ,,reis ,notes ,of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association ,menorah ,prize ,awards ,the ,harvard ,menorah ,prize of #ajj has this year been divided into two equal parts and awarded to ,benjamin ,i4 ,goldberg1 '#af1 for an essay on ,maimonides as a ,scientist1 and ,leonard ,l4 ,levy1 '#ag1 for an essay on ,the ,modern ,jewish ,national ,movement4 7,this essay also won the second undergraduate ,bowdoin ,prize at ,harvard47 ,honorable mention was given to ,henry ,epstein1 '#af4 ,the judges were ,prof4 ,david ,gordon ,lyon1 chairman1 and ,prof4 ,j4 ,r4 ,jewett of ,harvard ,university1 and ,president ,solomon ,schechter of the ,jewish ,theological ,seminary4 ,the ,wisconsin ,menorah ,prize of #ajj has this year been awarded to ,percy ,b4 ,shoshtac1 '#ae1 for an essay on ,scholom ,asch1 the ,yiddish novelist and dramatist4 ,the judges were ,prof4 ,r4 ,e4 ,n4 ,dodge1 chairman1 ,prof4 ,e4 ,b4 ,mc,gilvary1 and ,prof4 ,m4 ,s4 ,slaughter of the ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,of the three prizes of #be each1 offered by the ,cornell ,menorah ,society this year1 only one was awarded 7for the best essay on any subject relating to the status and problems of the ,jews in any one country74 ,the winning essay was by ,morris ,j4 ,escoll1 '#af 7,college of ,agriculture7 upon ,phases of ,jewish ,thinking in ,american ,universities4 ,for the prize in ,hebrew there was no competition2 for the prize on any subject relating to ,jewish literature in ,english1 no essay was deemed of sufficient merit4 ,the judges were ,prof4 ,nathaniel ,schmidt of ,cornell1 chairman1 ,prof4 ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman of the ,university of ,michigan1 and ,prof4 ,m4 ,m4 ,kaplan of the ,jewish ,theological ,seminary4 ,gift from the ,cornell ,menorah ,society ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal has received a gift of #ej from the ,cornell ,menorah ,society4 ,harvard ,menorah ,dinner ,the seventh annual ,dinner of the ,harvard ,menorah ,society was held on ,may #c1 #aiae1 in the ,hotel ,lenox1 ,boston4 ,it was the largest and most successful dinner in the history of the ,society1 some #bjj men1 including a number of graduate members1 being present4 ,the toastmaster was ,president ,ralph ,a4 ,newman1 and toasts were responded to by ,prof4 ,d4 ,g4 ,lyon1 ,prof4 ,g4 ,f4 ,moore1 ,prof4 ,felix ,frankfurter1 ,dr4 ,stephen ,s4 ,wise1 ,mr4 ,felix ,m4 ,warburg1 ,mr4 ,maurice ,wertheim1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,l4 ,cohen 7of ,cambridge ,university1 ,england71 ,mr4 ,hyman ,askowith1 and ,chancellor ,henry ,hurwitz4 ,the winners of the ,harvard ,menorah ,prizes1 announced by ,prof4 ,lyon1 gave summaries of their essays4 ,wisconsin ,menorah ,banquet ,the fourth annual ,banquet of the ,wisconsin ,menorah ,society was held on ,may #bb1 #aiae1 in the ,women's ,building of the ,university4 ,president ,harry ,hersh was toastmaster1 and toasts were responded to by ,judge ,julian ,w4 ,mack1 ,prof4 ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman1 ,mrs4 ,joseph ,jastrow1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen1 and ,dr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,levi of ,milwaukee4 ,incoming ,menorah ,presidents ,the elections of the following presidents of ,menorah ,societies for next year have been reported3 ,brown1 ,abraham ,j4 ,burt2 ,california1 ,stanley ,m4 ,arndt 7re-elected72 ,clark1 ,abraham ,j4 ,levensohn2 ,cincinnati1 ,philip ,l4 ,wascerwitz2 ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york1 ,moses ,h4 ,gitelson2 ,cornell1 ,aaron ,bodanski2 ,harvard1 ,fred ,f4 ,greenman2 ,hunter1 ,sarah ,berenson2 ,johns ,hopkins1 ,jonas ,friedenwald2 ,illinois1 ,karl ,epstein2 ,maine1 ,lewis ,h4 ,kriger 7re-elected72 ,michigan1 ,a4 ,j4 ,levin2 ,north ,carolina1 ,alfred ,m4 ,lindau2 ,new ,york ,university1 ,michael ,stavitsky 7,university ,heights7 and ,bernard ,j4 ,reis 7,washington ,square72 ,pennsylvania1 ,jacob ,rubinoff 7re-elected72 ,radcliffe1 ,hannah ,r4 ,london2 ,wisconsin1 ,charles ,lebowsky4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,this text uses both co-operation and coperation1 as well as both to-day and today4 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,page ii1 commissiom changed to commission 7,my commission expires7 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,spoils ,,of ,,jerusalem1 ,,from ,,the ,,arch ,,of ,,titus ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal ,,volume #a ,,october1 #aiae ,,number #d ,illustration ,the ,arch of ,titus ,done into ,english by ,h4 ,m4 ,k4 from the ,hebrew of ,h4 ,a4 ,w4,a ,,crumbling1 age-worn1 in ,rome the eternal ,stands the arch of ,titus' triumph1 ,with its carven ,jewish captives ,stooped before the holy ,menorah4 ,and each nightfall1 when the turmoil ,of the ,petrine clangor ceaseth1 ,seven flames the arch illumine1 ,mystic burnings1 glowing strangely4 ,then cast off their graven shackles ,judah's sons of beaten marble2 ,living step they from the ruin ,living stride they to the ,jordan4 ,they are heald in its waters1 ,till the freshness of each dawning2 ,then resume their ancient sorrow1 ,perfect marble1 whole and holy4 ,dust of dust the wheeling seasons1 ,grind that mighty archd splendor1 ,raze the ,gaul and raze the ,roman1 ,grind away their fame and glory1 ,the shackled ,jews alone withstand them1 ,stooped before the holy ,menorah4 ,illustration3 ,,max ,,nordau 7born in ,budapest1 #ahdi71 world-famous neurologist1 author1 and publicist1 a ,nestor among ,jewish leaders1 and since ,herzl's death the ,president of the ,international ,zionist ,congresses4 ,his books on ,degeneration1 ,paradoxes1 and other volumes of social studies1 have evoked world-wide discussion4 ,in sending the present article to ,the ,menorah ,journal from ,madrid1 where he is now sojourning on account of the ,war1 ,dr4 ,nordau writes3 ,i wish my words may not be dropped into deaf ears4 ,you can do much to bring them home to the consciousness and the conscience of leading ,american ,jews4 ,the ,duty of the ,hour ,,by ,,max ,,nordau ,,we are the people of the ,messiah4 ,we feel1 we think ,messianic4 ,in all situations of life1 and particularly in the critical ones1 we hope for a miraculous event which will fulfill all our yearnings1 and in this hope we feel delivered of the manly duty to work for the realization of our ideals1 to prepare our salvation by our own efforts4 ,at this moment a large portion of ,israel dreams once more a particularly lively ,messianic dream4 ,hundreds of thousands1 millions of ,jews1 indeed1 have abandoned themselves to the expectation that at the conclusion of the peace which will put a stop to the world's war1 the destiny of the ,jewish people must take a miraculous turn4 ,the plenipotentiaries of the belligerent powers will assemble in a conference or a congress to treat of the conditions of peace4 ,the conquerors will exact of the vanquished the price of their sacrifices and return home with their booty in the shape of territorial acquisitions and indemnities4 ,and in the course of these transactions the miracle will happen that a share will be apportioned to the ,jewish people too4 ,palestine will be offered them1 either as an area for colonization or1 still better1 as a full property under the protectorate of a great power4 ,they will be accorded also entire equality of rights in ,russia and ,roumania4 ,the ,basis of ,jewish ,hopes3 7#a7 ,the ,self-,interest of the ,powers ,,we may plead reasons or excuses for indulging in this dream4 ,utterances of leading personalities of the big nations which will necessarily be represented at the peace conference have become publicly known which permit the conclusion1 without intentional self-beguiling1 that some governments at least1 if not all of them1 are occupying themselves earnestly with the ,jewish problem and examining the question whether it might not be worth trying to settle the ,jews in search of a homestead in ,palestine1 under international and local legal conditions vouchsafing them full freedom of economic1 intellectual1 and moral development4 ,on the other hand1 there is no doubt that the situation of the six millions of ,russian ,jews occupies a certain place in the thoughts and cares of the governments4 ,several countries have an interest in turning away from their frontiers the ever more violently swelling stream of ,jewish emigration1 and doing so otherwise than with the brutal method of locking up their boundaries and posting a police watch before them4 ,others have the well-being of ,russia at heart2 they understand that the sufferings and the despair of her six millions of ,jews are a source of dire evils and that the emancipation of this hard-working and highly gifted population will bring about the material prosperity1 the general progress1 and the powerful strengthening of ,russia4 ,other countries again1 the statesmen of which are more farseeing than the average and have been able to rise to the conception of a political world hygiene1 are aware that the systematic crushing of six millions of intellectual and strong-feeling people driven to despair must create a hotbed of the most dangerous anarchistic and revolutionary epidemics1 the spreading of which cannot easily be limited to the spot of their origin4 ,lastly1 even the most irreclaimable pessimist will admit at least the possibility that governments may not be entirely inaccessible to purely humane sentiments of pity and justice1 and may regard the treatment of the ,jews of ,russia and ,roumania as an indictment against the civilization and the ruling religion of white mankind4 7#b7 ,the ,precedent of #ahgh ,,the hope of the peace conference resulting in great achievements for the ,jewish people1 moreover1 can evoke an historical precedent4 ,the ,berlin ,congress of #ahgh which brought the ,russo-,turkish war to an end1 created the ,bulgarian state1 raised ,roumania to the rank of an independent kingdom1 and gave ,bosnia and ,herzegovina to ,austria-,hungary1 found time to occupy itself with a ,jewish matter and to introduce into the treaty condensing its decisions the well known article obliging the new kingdom of ,roumania to bestow on her ,jews equality of civil franchises4 ,it is not the fault of the ,berlin ,congress that this article has remained to this day a dead letter4 ,the case1 at any rate1 is of a nature to encourage ,jewish optimism against those sceptics who sneer3 ,a diplomatic conference distributes no presents2 complacency and liberality play no part there2 there are only such interests enforced which are backed by a victorious army or at least by an army which still inspires some fears4 ,well1 in #ahgh1 too1 the ,jewish people had no country1 no army1 no government1 no accredited ambassador1 and yet two of the most influential members of the ,berlin ,congress1 the representative of ,great ,britain1 ,earl ,beaconsfield1 and that of ,france1 ,waddington1 were ready to step forward as advocates of the ,jewish cause1 and the president of the ,congress1 ,prince ,bismarck1 evidently favored their action4 ,but ,we ,ignore a ,valuable ,lesson ,i ,,have produced everything capable of justifying the expectations with which many ,jews look forward to the future peace congress4 ,but ,i do not notice that the ,jewish people keep in view the lessons taught by the historic example of #ahgh4 ,beaconsfield and ,waddington did not plead for the ,roumanian ,jews at the ,berlin ,congress from impulses of their own or in consequence of a sudden inspiration from on high4 ,the ,paris ,alliance ,israelite ,universelle1 the ,london ,anglo-,jewish ,association1 the ,berlin ,verband der deutschen ,juden1 had done serious and efficient preparatory work1 memorialized their several governments1 informed them of the facts1 solicited their intervention4 ,it was due to their efforts that the position of the ,roumanian ,jews came up for consideration at the ,berlin ,congress4 ,they showed the way the ,jewish people must follow if they wish to obtain anything of governments in congress4 ,what are the ,jewish people waiting for in order to act now as their fathers acted thirty-seven years ago8 ,the war is raging1 in a hundred battlefields uncounted brave men shed their blood for the future of their nation1 ,jewish soldiers fight and fall side by side with their non-,jewish countrymen and comrades1 but their heroic sacrifices are utterly useless for their own people4 ,in every country1 even in ,russia1 the military excellence1 the patriotism1 the contempt of danger and death of the ,jewish soldiers1 will be rewarded more or less lavishly and liberally with distinctions and preferment1 but experience teaches us that their glorious conduct is forgotten very soon after the war by everybody but themselves and their brethren1 and that it certainly does not change in the least the status of the ,jewish people among the nations4 ,at any rate the consideration of the merits and military virtues of the ,jewish soldiers will not by itself stimulate to action the diplomatists at the peace congress1 unless they are insistently recalled to their memory4 ,all this requires preparation and arrangements1 of which as yet there is scarcely any trace to be seen4 ,who ,could ,accept ,palestine for the ,jews8 ,,there is another point to which attention must be drawn4 ,let us admit the most favorable case3 the congress will really open up ,palestine to the ,jewish people for colonization with self-government and autonomous local institutions4 ,to whom will it be in a position to make such a concession8 ,to whom will it deliver ,palestine8 ,the ,jewish people is a concept1 but it is not a political and administrative individuality1 it is not a body with a head and vital organs4 ,there is actually not one man who could present himself to the governments assembled in congress1 receive ,palestine from their hands1 and offer them the guarantee that he will lead into the land of their ancestors those ,jews that yearn for a new home and national life on an historic soil1 and that he will undertake the implanting of modern culture1 the maintaining of order1 and the economic development of the country4 ,an offer of the congress would fall flat1 nobody having the moral right and the material capacity to accept it in the name and in behalf of the ,jewish people4 ,let ,dreaming ,give ,way to ,organizing6 ,the ,task for ,american ,jewry ,,all this points to the necessity of an adequate preparation for coming events4 ,the ,messianic dream does not suffice4 ,mere wishes and hopes are vain4 ,we must work4 ,we must organize ourselves without further loss of time4 ,we must create a body with men of authority at its head1 and the living forces of the ,jewish people1 or at least a considerable portion of them1 at its back4 ,the forces and the men do exist4 ,they have only to be gathered1 united and grouped4 ,who is to do this organizing work8 ,my reply is unhesitating3 ,american ,jewry4 ,i should be happy to say3 here is a task for the ,zionists' organization which exists1 which lives1 which is prepared for work of this kind1 and which has to consider its carrying out as its natural function2 but ,i shrink back from giving this near-lying answer4 ,many pre-eminent and influential ,jews whose good ,jewish sentiments no one has a right to doubt1 persist in considering ,zionism as a party tendency against which they raise objections4 ,now the representations of the ,jewish people before the governments must not be a party affair1 but ought to be the cause of the entire people and must embrace all its parts4 ,the invitation must therefore be issued by personalities who repel nobody at the outset by their pronounced party color4 ,moreover1 these personalities must necessarily belong to a neutral country1 so as to leave no room for the argument that according to the political definition of the hour they are enemies and to co-operate with them would mean disloyalty to one's own country4 ,only in the case1 which ,i hope will not be realized1 of the ,united ,states also precipitating itself into the whirlpool of the war1 would they be bound to transfer their initiative to the ,swiss or the ,dutch ,jewry4 ,the first labor of the initiators should consist in inviting the existing ,jewish organizations of all countries to have themselves represented by a delegation on a permanent board or committee4 ,it would be a matter of regret if they refused1 but this ought by no means to be a reason for discouragement nor for discontinuing further endeavors4 ,in this case the initiators would simply have to do fundamental work and try to fall back on elements that at present stand outside1 or intentionally keep aloof from1 existing organizations4 ,it would be the business of the permanent board to secure financial co-operation that could be called upon under given circumstances1 and to cause ,jews of standing in every great country to approach their government1 to submit to it in time the aspirations of the ,jewish people1 and to procure its approval and sympathy for them4 ,not an ,instant to ,lose if ,we ,wish to ,prepare ,,out of the peace which must follow the present horrible war1 a new ,europe1 a new world will be born4 ,it depends on us whether in this new world there is to be a place1 a place in the sun1 for the ,jewish people4 ,we have not an instant to lose if we wish to prepare for the grand opportunity4 ,should we miss this occasion we should have to resign all our national hopes1 ,i am afraid1 for a very long time1 if not for ever4 ,we may1 of course1 continue to dream our ,messianic dream1 but this will then ever remain a dream till the dreamer disappears and his dream with him4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,dr ,m4 ,nordau ,,footnote3 ,a ,original and translation read at a dinner of the ,harvard ,menorah ,society4 ,what ,judaism ,is ,not ,,by ,,mordecai ,m4 ,,kaplan ,every man who has seen the world knows that nothing is so useless as a general maxim4 ,macaulay1 in ,essay on ,machiavelli4 ,illustration3 ,,mordecai ,m4 ,,kaplan 7born in ,russia in #ahha1 came to ,america in #ahhi71 studied at ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york 7,a4 ,b4 #aijj71 ,columbia 7,m4 ,a4 #aijb7 and ,jewish ,theological ,seminary 7,rabbi1 #aijb72 held ,rabbinical position in ,new ,york1 #aijc-aiji2 ,principal since #aiji of the ,teachers' ,institute1 and ,professor of ,homiletics since #aiaj in the ,jewish ,theological ,seminary4 ,fearless and original in thought1 and exceptionally stimulating as a ,menorah lecturer1 ,professor ,kaplan has won the deep respect and friendship of ,menorah students at the various universities where he has lectured on ,jewish ,religion and ,education4 ,,most of the pain1 which according to ,koheleth comes with the increase of knowledge1 is in the unlearning of the old rather than in the learning of the new4 ,once an idea has become imbedded in the mind1 it cannot be removed without causing a mental upheaval4 ,blessed are the young to whom unlearning is easy1 or who have not much to unlearn4 ,whether our ,jewish young men know much or little about ,judaism1 they are certain1 as a rule1 to have formed notions about it of which they must be disabused1 if ,judaism is to constitute an important factor in their lives4 ,strange to say1 they have obtained these notions not from sources hostile to ,judaism1 but on the contrary from sources distinctly intended to inculcate both a love and an understanding of the ,jewish religion1--such as catechisms and text-books used in our religious schools1 and articles in encyclopedias meant for the enlightenment of the general public4 ,the view of ,judaism that one gets in this manner is not only a distorted one1 but it has the effect of bringing all further reflection to a standstill4 ,it lands one in a blind alley4 ,the conclusion which a person generally arrives at when he consults these sources for information about the ,jewish religion is that1 whatever else ,judaism might be1 it certainly offers no field for the exercise of deep insight or broad vision4 ,this largely accounts for the manifest sterility and uncreativeness of present-day ,judaism4 ,to give new impetus to fruitful and creative thinking in ,jewish life1 it is necessary1 in the first place1 to counteract the paralyzing spell of these routine and conventional interpretations of ,judaism4 ,to be concrete1 let us take a typical instance of the kind of instruction that has been in vogue for more than a century4 ,here are a few sentences from the article on ,judaism in ,hastings' ,encyclopedia of ,religion and ,ethics3 ,judaism may be defined as the strictest form of monotheistic belief2 but it is something more than a bare mental belief4 ,it is the effect which such a belief1 with all its logical consequences1 exerts on life1 that is to say1 on thought and conduct4 4 4 4 ,a formal and precise definition of ,judaism is a matter of some difficulty1 because it raises the question1 ,what is the absolute and irreducible minimum of conformity8 4 4 4 ,judaism denounces idolatry and polytheism4 ,it believes in a universal ,god1 but it is not exclusive4 ,it believes that this world is good1 and that man is capable of perfection4 ,he possesses free will1 and is responsible for his actions4 ,judaism rejects any mediator and any cosmic force for evil4 ,man is free4 ,he is not subject to ,satan2 nor are his material gifts of life inherently bad4 ,wealth might be a blessing as well as a curse1 etc41 etc4 ,in an encyclopedia we do not expect to find original or striking views4 ,it is not the particular article from which this excerpt is taken that fault is found with4 ,that article is selected simply as representative of the kind of information that is expected to help one grasp the meaning of ,judaism4 ,it is typical of the baffling glibness with which ,jewish teachers and preachers usually talk about the ,jewish religion4 ,one who reads or listens to such statements finds that somehow or other little has been added to his stock of knowledge about ,judaism4 ,he experiences how irritating words can be when they either hide thought or betray its absence4 ,mistaking the ,shadow for the ,thing ,itself ,,in the instance quoted1 it is both amusing and painful to follow the author's vacillating description of ,judaism4 ,at first ,judaism is a form of belief4 ,then it becomes the effect of that belief upon thought and conduct4 ,from that it evolves into some irreducible minimum of conformity1 if we can only get hold of it4 ,this being difficult1 it gets to be a series of colorless platitudes4 ,such a definition calls up the image of a streamlet1 now leaping over rocks and boulders1 now meandering upon level ground1 and finally losing itself in the marshes4 ,the fitfulness and inconsistency of the formulation1 the picking up of the different threads of thought without following out any one of them to its conclusion1 are characteristic of this type of definitions4 ,they are as devoid of vitality as a long drawn-out yawn1 and their want of logic is exasperating4 ,the merest tyro can see that one can profess the principles they embody without being a ,jew4 ,there are many sects that would heartily subscribe to all of them4 ,universalists1 ,deists1 ,theists1 ,unitarians1 and even ,ethical ,culturists hold these doctrines4 ,as matters stand at present1 these sects engage more actively in spreading them than we do4 ,what is fundamentally wrong with the above definition and with the entire class of formulations of which it is an instance8 ,the tendency to mistake the shadow of a thing for the thing itself4 ,the main cause for misapprehending the true character of ,judaism is the proneness to regard it merely as a form of truth1 or1 at best1 as the effect of a truth upon thought and conduct1 and to overlook entirely the fact that it is a living reality1 a very strand of the primal moving forces of the world4 ,judaism is the truest form of truth1 says one writer4 ,judaism gives1 to truth the most truthful shape1 says another4 ,now and then they speak of it as a form of life1 but it turns out to be only a lip service1 or a homiletical phrase4 ,they fail to follow up the clue which is more than once suggested to them by the difficulty of expounding ,judaism as a form of truth4 ,that being a ,jew has always involved conforming to certain principles and modes of life is a truism4 ,but these principles or observances by themselves constitute only the outward expression of ,judaism4 ,the mathematical formula which states the law of gravitation is not the same as the force of gravitation itself4 ,it is conceivable that further experimentation might make it necessary to qualify the mathematical formula4 ,but the force of gravitation will ever be the same as it has been4 ,the change from looking upon ,judaism as a form of truth to that of regarding it as of the very substance of reality calls for a complete transformation in our mode of thinking1 or what has been termed a psychological change of front4 ,we must break completely with the habit of identifying the whole of the ,jewish religion with merely certain beliefs and duties1 while ignoring completely the living energy which has operated to produce them4 ,they are only the static residue of something that is essentially dynamic4 ,the ,jewish ,aversion to ,creeds and ,formulas ,,the change in attitude which is here advocated is not a departure from all that has gone before in ,jewish life4 ,if it were that1 ,judaism could not possibly survive under it4 ,the fact is that we are only bringing to the fore and translating into modern phraseology an attitude that in one form or another has always asserted itself in ,judaism4 ,simultaneously with the tendency to compress ,judaism within certain formulas1 there has always shown itself a strong aversion to gathering ,judaism within creeds and minima of conformity4 ,to-day that aversion1 which has hitherto remained a matter of feeling and intuition1 can make itself articulate by availing itself of the results of recent research in the fields of religion4 ,it need no longer entertain the fear of being charged with spiritual anarchy4 ,discountenancing dogmas in ,judaism is not synonymous with intellectual libertinism4 ,it is rather a protest against shallowness and superficiality1 much like the chagrin of the artist at having his knowledge of drawing praised and the soul of the picture missed4 ,we can give in this connection a few cursory examples of the anti-summarizing tendency4 ,the ,torah itself1 in one instance1 seems to set out with a view of reducing ,judaism to a minimum1 but scarcely finds itself able to do so4 ,and now1 ,israel1 what doth the ,lord thy ,god require of thee1 but to fear the ,lord thy ,god1 and to walk in all ,his ways1 and to love ,him1 and to serve the ,lord thy ,god with all thy heart and with all thy soul1 to keep the commandments of thy ,lord and the statutes1 which ,i command thee this day1 for thine own good8 ,is this a small matter8 asks the ,talmud1 in evident surprise at the hugeness of the program4 ,when the would-be proselyte came to ,shammai and requested him to sum up the entire ,torah in one principle1 he received no better treatment than he deserved1 when he was made to take to his heels4 ,that ,hillel did not rebuff him and gave him the principle1 ,what is hateful to thee do not do unto thy neighbor1 proves that ,hillel knew how to be patient and tactful1 but not that the ,talmud looks upon that summary1 or any other1 as expressive of the essence of ,judaism4 ,the same applies to religious practices1 concerning which the ,mishnah announces the maxim that it is not for us to estimate which are more important than others4 ,we are told that the custom obtained at one time of having the ,ten ,commandments read as part of the daily service2 but that as soon as it gave rise to the impression that the ,ten ,commandments were more essential than the rest of the ,torah1 it was discontinued4 ,it is true that ,philo reduces the teachings of ,judaism to five essential doctrines1 but that was because ,judaism to ,philo was ,platonism divinely revealed4 ,as ,shown by ,judah ,ha-,levi ,,the movement to formulate the fundamental teachings of ,judaism first gained headway at the beginning of the eleventh century with the ,karaites1 whose entire conception of ,judaism was such as to render their sect hopelessly stagnant and doomed to dwindle4 ,still1 even they would never have thought of emphasizing certain dogmas as indispensable1 had they not discerned in the teachings of ,mohammedanism a dangerous challenge to ,judaism4 ,thus the dogma-making tendency in ,judaism arose during the ,middle ,ages not as an indigenous product but as a retort to the dominant religions of the time4 ,what might be called the application of the synoptic method to the ,jewish religion remained confined mostly to the part of ,jewry which came1 directly or indirectly1 under the influence of ,aristotelian intellectualism4 ,to this trend ,judah ,ha-,levi 7#ajhe-aadj7 stands out as a notable exception4 ,in him the disapproval of having ,judaism subsumed under formulas of a philosophic stamp comes again to the surface4 ,his being a poet even more than a philosopher enabled him to get a better insight into the inwardness of ,judaism than that obtained by the intellectualists with their analytic scalpels4 ,this is apparent in his well-known ,al-,khazari4 ,the story goes that the ,khazar king1 after consulting a philosopher1 a ,mohammedan1 and a ,christian as to what he should believe and do1 finally turned to a ,jewish rabbi4 ,when the king asked him about the ,jewish religion1 the rabbi replied1 ,i believe in the ,god of ,abraham1 ,isaac and ,jacob1 who led the ,children of ,israel out of ,egypt1 who fed them in the desert1 and gave them the land4 4 4 4 ,our belief is comprised in the ,torah1 a very large domain4 ,upon hearing this1 the king grew indignant1 and said to the rabbi1 ,shouldst thou1 ,o ,jew1 not have said that thou believest in the ,creator of the world1 its ,governor and ,guide1 and in ,him who created and keeps thee1 and such attributes which serve as evidence for every believer8 ,but the rabbi persists in his mode of stating ,judaism4 ,he parries successfully the king's efforts to draw out of him some definition of ,judaism in terms of speculative theology4 ,the king in time becomes a convert to ,judaism1 and it is only then1 according to ,judah ,ha-,levi1 that he succeeds in getting the rabbi to teach him concerning the attributes of ,god1 as if to imply that one has first to be a ,jew before indulging in any abstract or philosophic study of ,judaism4 ,the keynote of ,ha-,levi's thought is that the essence of ,judaism is not merely to give assent to any general belief1 but to belong to ,israel and share in its experiences4 ,by ,maimonides and by ,abravanel ,,even ,maimonides 7#aace-abjd71 who is usually represented as the chief sponsor of the systematizing and speculative tendency in ,judaism1 is far from having attached as much significance to the ,creed he formulated as the fact of its presence in the prayer book might indicate4 ,he himself strongly deprecates attaching more importance to one part of the ,torah than to another4 ,the ,ten ,commandments and the ,shema in the ,torah1 he says in the very same chapter of his commentary on the ,mishnah which contains the ,creed1 are no holier than any of the genealogies that are found in it4 ,albo 7#achj-addd7 reduces the essence of ,judaism to three1 yet inconsistently declares that he who denies other articles of faith which are of minor importance is no less a heretic than he who denies any of the essential ones4 ,in fact1 he admits that there are as many articles of faith as commandments in the ,torah4 ,abravanel 7#adcg-aejh71 though an admirer of scholasticism1 and practically the last of the line of ,jewish ,aristotelians1 considers the thirteen ,articles of ,maimonides' ,creed gratuitous1 and as not representative of the maturer views of ,maimonides4 ,his opinion is that they properly belonged to the commentary on the ,mishnah1 which was the work of his youth2 and that as he ripened intellectually1 he changed his mind about their value4 ,we miss them in the ,code and in the ,guide to the ,perplexed1 where we should most of all have expected to find them4 ,in the same connection1 ,abravanel adds that the fashion of laying down creeds as fundamental in ,judaism owes its origin to the method employed in the secular studies which always started with certain indisputable axioms4 ,the same resistance to the effort to extract ,judaism from a few source principles is encountered in ,jewish mysticism4 ,whatever we may think of the particular form which mysticism took on in the ,jewish religion1 we cannot but regard it as the outbreak of a longing that forms a part of all vital religion4 ,we have good reason1 therefore1 to treat with respect its opinion of the intellectualizing process of ,jewish philosophy4 ,although it was also addicted to speculative categories and developed a theosophy instead of a theology1 it approached ,judaism from an entirely different angle4 ,being impressionistic in its trend1 it was bound to look elsewhere than to abstract concepts for the core of ,judaism4 ,to put ,judaism into the form of a creed appeared to the mystics like combining pure gold with a baser metal1 in order to mint it for circulation4 ,and ,more ,recently by ,mendelssohn ,,in modern times the anti-dogmatizing tendency found a vigorous exponent in ,mendelssohn4 ,yet1 somehow or other1 he has been singled out for attack1 as though he had advocated a dry formalism1 unredeemed by any inner principle or inspiration4 ,he is charged with having been under the influence of the shallow deism of the ,english philosophers4 ,the truth is that ,mendelssohn only repeats in his way what ,judah ,ha-,levi had taught before him4 ,he distinctly emphasizes the belief in the existence of ,god1 in providence and in retribution as the sine qua non of ,judaism1 but he is clear-minded enough to realize that they constitute what he calls the universal religion of mankind1 and not ,judaism4 ,mendelssohn did not succeed in developing a constructive view of ,judaism1 whereby it might be enabled to withstand the shock of modernism2 nevertheless1 he does not deserve the treatment accorded him because of his alleged attitude towards creeds4 ,his position as to the relation of creeds to ,judaism is the only tenable one4 ,he maintains that creeds can only be of two kinds2 either they oppose reason1 and should therefore find no place in ,judaism1 or are so self-evident that they are not confined to ,judaism4 ,this does not mean that to be a ,jew one can believe whatever he likes1 or not believe at all4 ,it does not mean that ,judaism only demands outward conformity4 ,mendelssohn was aware that certain ,hobot ha-,lebabot1 ,duties of the ,heart1 are indispensable to ,judaism4 ,but he refused to make of ,judaism a mutilated philosophy4 ,judaism ,needs ,working ,principles--,not ,abstract ,dogmas ,,no sphere of life can be maintained intelligently without some basic principles1 particularly so exalted a sphere as religion4 ,who counts upon any art attaining a high degree of development by mere rule of thumb8 ,is anything so characteristic of modern life as emphasis upon the mutual interrelation of theory and practice8 ,all our strivings to rehabilitate ,judaism are bound to prove futile unless they are made to center about some definite conception of its aims and methods4 ,we need principles1 yea dogmas1 in ,judaism as we need working hypotheses in any great undertaking4 ,but dogmas1 in the sense of abstract principles1 regarded as immutable1 are both superfluous and dangerous4 ,if such dogmas are nothing more than the common denominator of all that has been identified with ,judaism in the course of its history1 they are sure to be banal and colorless4 ,if they are to be fixed and unalterable1 they are bound in time to clash with reason and experience1 and to sap the religion of its vitality4 ,judaism needs principles that can help it to withstand danger1 that can give it a lease upon life4 ,this is the criterion to be applied to any articulate conception of ,judaism4 ,can the principles which the text-books on ,judaism declare to be fundamental render this service8 ,the reply is an unequivocal ,no4 ,hence they are worse than useless4 ,but we cannot afford to stop at this point4 ,knowing what ,judaism is not1 is only half-knowledge1 and therefore quite dangerous4 ,we must apply ourselves anew to the task of pondering over the problem of ,judaism4 ,we may indulge to our heart's content in lauding the past when one could be a ,jew without troubling his head about the question1 ,what is ,judaism8 ,we may sigh in regret for those days when a ,jew upon being asked about his religion was able to reply1 ,i have no religion2 ,i am a ,jew4 ,the danger of the entire economy of the ,jewish soul going to pieces is too imminent to permit us to lull ourselves into that blissful unconsciousness1 the praises of which ,carlyle sang quite consciously4 ,we are treading the narrow ledge of a precipice4 ,men like ,zollschan1 ,ruppin1 and ,theilhaber have pointed out the awful chasm that threatens to engulf us4 ,it requires not a little courage to maintain our nerve and avoid being seized with the vertigo4 ,but courage alone is not enough4 ,we must take into account the narrowness of the path and tread over it warily4 ,we ,must ,face the ,real ,problem of ,judaism ,,we ,jews must do some very hard thinking1 of a kind1 perhaps1 that we have not been called upon to do before4 ,that task dare not be shirked4 ,we must not give in to that tendency which breaks out whenever we have something very difficult to do1 of turning to anything except that which we know demands peremptory attention4 ,a task that is thus neglected revenges itself by haunting us and upsetting whatever we undertake4 ,instead of giving to the problem of ,judaism the careful deliberation that it requires1 we get busy with a thousand and one things1 whereby we hope to escape the need of concentrated attention4 ,we have become fussy and fidgety4 ,we are divided into committees and sub-committees4 ,in place of clearness of thought we have a confusion of tongues4 ,our case illustrates the truth which ,pascal enunciated1 that most of the evils in the world can be traced to the inability of a person to sit in his room and think4 ,without deprecating any of the undertakings to bring order out of the social chaos in ,jewish life1 we must place at the present time chief emphasis upon the serious consideration of our inner problem1 the problem of the ,jewish soul and of the ,jewish spirit1 the problem of ,judaism4 ,we may well envy the thousands of soldiers on the battlefields of ,europe to whom it is a joy to meet death for the sake of their respective flags4 ,each of them has a cause to die for4 ,most of us1 by reason of our ,jewish descent1 find life1 particularly in the higher sense of the word1 to be a keener struggle for existence than our neighbors do4 ,yet it would not be half so wearing if our difficulties were consecrated by an inspiring cause or by a thrilling loyalty4 ,why need we be poverty-stricken in spirit1 bereft of everything that makes struggle sweet and suffering endurable8 ,we must put the very question1 ,what is ,judaism8 in a new way and in a different spirit4 ,we must have the definite purpose in mind1 of so understanding it as to know what to do next1 and to strive for that vigorously1 so as not to drift like helpless flotsam and jetsam4 ,we need strong beliefs which1 as ,bagehot puts it1 win strong men1 and then make them stronger4 ,judaism ,must ,speak to ,us in the ,language of ,today ,,in the ,talmud we find the principle enunciated that the ,torah adopted the style of language that men were wont to use4 ,a condition indispensable to a religion being an active force in human life is that it speak to men in terms of their own experience4 ,judaism1 to be significant to modern man or woman1 can no longer afford to speak in the language of theology4 ,psychology and social science1 history and human experience1 have revealed new worlds in the domain of the spirit4 ,the language of theology might have a certain quaintness and charm to the ears of those to whom religion is a kind of dreamy romanticism4 ,but to those who want to find in ,judaism a way of life and a higher ambition1 it must address itself in the language of concrete and verifiable experience4 ,the ideas in which ,judaism was wont to spell itself out in the past are no longer at home in the ,weltanschauung of the modern man4 ,what prevented the ,reform movement from becoming a real reformation and a vitalization of ,judaism was that it sought to adjust ,judaism to a ,weltanschauung which had already begun to grow obsolete4 ,we have to reckon with all that has been learned in the meantime concerning human society and the place of religion in it4 ,when one comes to a strange land1 and has with him only the coin of his native country1 he must calculate in terms of the currency of the land he is in1 if he wants to know whether or not he has enough to live on4 ,can we ,jews afford to live spiritually upon our heritage8 ,that can only be answered if we learn what that heritage is equivalent to in the current mental coin of the modern man4 ,if we do not wish to be cut off from the stream of living thought1 if we do not want to be spiritually starved1 we ,jews must know not so much what ,judaism meant twenty centuries ago1 nor even a century ago1 but what it is to mean to us of today4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,m,m,kaplan ,,editors' ,,note4--,in articles to follow1 ,professor ,kaplan will give his conception of ,what ,judaism ,is4 ,the ,jewish ,student in ,our ,universities ,a ,menorah ,prize ,essay ,,by ,,morris ,j4 ,,escoll ,illustration3 ,,morris ,j4 ,,escoll 7born in ,russia1 #ahic1 came to ,america in #ahif71 graduate of ,stuyvesant ,high ,school1 ,new ,york 7#aiaj71 student at ,columbia 7#aiaj-'ab7 where he won the ,peithologian ,medal for a ,freshman ,essay2 worked as farm hand2 and since #aiad a student in the ,cornell ,college of ,agriculture4 ,the present paper is a somewhat revised version of the ,essay with which he won the ,cornell ,menorah ,prize last ,june4 ,,the remarkable adaptability of the ,jew to his environment has been at once his strength and his weakness4 ,his strength1 in that it provided a variable cloak to shelter him in storm on the one hand1--on the other1 to deck him seasonably1 as it were1 for the onward journey1 when days were fair2 his weakness1 in that it has often led him to forget that the cloak was but raiment2--and is not the body more than raiment8 ,of strength in storm we have had example enough for twenty centuries--such example as is unique in history2 of what is more rare1 strength in days of fair weather1 we are to expect a supreme example today1 and in ,america1 in the ,american ,universities let us say1 where the cloak of adaptability is most free and seasonable--a supreme example of strength1 or of weakness4 ,the ,cloak of ,adaptability ,,one is at first reluctant to single out the ,jew from his fellows at college4 ,he seems in no manner different from them4 ,he studies with them1 eats with them1 plays ball with them4 ,he writes editorials for the college paper2 he competes in the oratorical contests4 ,one1 for example1 is a member of the school orchestra2 another1 perhaps the son or the grandson of an immigrant from ,germany1 leads the cheers at the track meet2 another1 himself an immigrant from ,russia1 plays on the chess team and is one of the brilliant scholars in his class4 ,this last does1 at present1 have something of the stranger about him1 but before long1 no doubt1 his speech will have become more smooth1 his trousers will have begun to show a crease2 he will have become quite an interesting and regular figure at the various reform and ethical club meetings at the university1 and he will begin to be seen quite frequently in the company of his gentile classmates--even in the company of his ,german-,jewish cousin4 ,wonderful1 indeed1 the country that can so readily attire its adopted children1 and1 as the saying goes1 make them feel at home2 wonderful1 perhaps1 the race that1 through centuries of degradation1 has kept alive1 though often latent indeed1 the potentialities of equal partnership with the most enlightened peoples of a twentieth century civilization4 ,what though it has no long past1 ,america is the great land of the future4 ,here let the ,jew lay aside his burden of the time that has gone and build anew into the time to come4 ,shall we regret1 then1 that the ,jewish student has taken on the polite address1 the proud carriage1 the heartiness and the chuckle of his ,yankee comrade8 ,should he now keep the gabardine of his forefathers1 yes1 and the credulities and ceremonies of a circumscribed and persecuted people8 ,why not absorb that wholesome ruddiness1 denied him so long1 that breathes of open ,american prairies1 fair play1 and the ,declaration of ,independence8 ,the ,goal of ,twenty ,centuries of ,wandering ,,foxes have holes1 and the birds of the air have nests1 but the son of man hath not where to lay his head4 ,of whom did the great prophet speak more fittingly than of the children of his own race8 ,homeless for two thousand years1 persecuted1 ostracized1 their backs have become bent and in the eyes of many they have become a nation of religious fanatics and usurers1 wily1 unkempt4 ,the ,jewish youth of to-day cannot look back upon his history of exile and say1 as did neas of old after seven long years of wandering3 ,it will be pleasant to remember--forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit2 his trials have been but too real and he has not recovered sufficiently to have any desire to recall them4 ,blame him not then1 if1 when others from obscure and semi-civilized quarters of the globe hail with pride their ancestry1 he alone1 with the proudest traditions in history1 will sometimes seek to hide his descent4 ,he still feels1 moreover1 some of the old wiliness and unkemptness within himself2 he thinks they are of the ,jews and of none others--and he wants to get rid of them4 ,he still feels some of the old usury in his bones1 the clannishness1 the distrust of the world1 which the squalid ghetto walls the ,middle ,ages had built around his fathers have bequeathed to him1 and he wants to get rid of those4 ,shall we look askance at him then1 if when the ,american ,university welcomes him to her hearth--,ithaca1 for example1 with her kindly professors and laughing girl students1 her ball games1 her neat cottages and rolling hills that drink ,cayuga's stream beside--in the excess of eagerness he should sometimes break with1 yes1 even forget his past1 and dream new things8 7,hills1 cottages1 home and country2 superfluous concepts were these to other men1 elementary satisfactions which they are born into and take for granted as their inevitable heritage47 ,eagerly1 therefore1 greedily1 perhaps1 he sees new things2 the goal of twenty centuries of wandering stands revealed before him4 ,the ,irish have found a home in ,america1 the ,germans1 the ,italians1 the ,poles1 and why not the neediest of all1 the ,jews8 ,the ,american ,university typifies the ideals of the great democracy where race1 creed and previous conditions are forgotten4 ,here all men forget their prejudices4 ,all men become brothers4 ,but ,not ,yet ,are ,all ,men ,brothers ,,but hold1 have we not been expressing a wish rather than a fact8 ,we look into our own hearts1 and strife and jealousy and racial antagonism are still there4 ,can we expect that man who has but lately begun to think of brotherhood can already feel it in his blood2 that the age-long superstition against the ,jew can be obliterated with a new geographical boundary--though that boundary be indeed serene as the all-washing1 all-embracing ,atlantic8 ,oh1 that reality does not correspond to our conceptions1 exclaims ,wilhelm ,meister4 ,for centuries the ,jews had a respected and comfortable home in ,spain1 but then came the fearful ,inquisition1 and the ninth day of ,ab #adib saw #cjj1jjj of them exiled out of the country they had helped grow to culture and wealth4 ,there was the ,declaration of the ,rights of ,man during the ,french ,revolution1 but then came the ,dreyfus affair a century later4 ,there was science and enlightenment in ,united ,germany1 but never was anti-,semitism more pronounced1 more scientific than there between #ahge and '#hj4 ,in #ahha the ,may ,laws were passed in ,russia4 ,in #ahhb there was a ritual murder trial in ,hungary4 ,our statutes and sciences1 after all1 are but ways and means1 improved ways and means1 to what8--often to unimproved ends1 it seems4 ,our learning and knowledge are what8--but channels to educate1 to lead out 7e-duco7 the noble qualities in man8 yes2 perhaps also his jealousies and hatreds4 ,and thus there comes a time of doubt4 ,the courtesies and learning of this university life1 reflects the ,jewish student1 perhaps but cover up these jealousies and hatreds1 make them more polite1 and all the more painful therefore4 ,however much he will not1 he sees cliques and denominational clubs all about him3 ,catholic clubs1 ,lutheran clubs1 ,jewish clubs2 in the lecture room the gentiles form their groups and the ,jews form theirs2 in the election of class officers the ,jews have been slighted2 at the class dinner a ,jew was insulted2 one fellow was refused accommodations at a student rooming-house because he was a ,jew2 and the sensitive young man begins to feel as though there were but two divisions of people at the ,university after all3 ,jews and everybody else4 ,the ,perennial ,burden of the ,jew ,,but it is unfair and ungrateful to speak thus of the ,american ,university4 ,all superstition and prejudice may not have disappeared here2 enough it is that they tend to disappear so rapidly4 ,but what of the large country outside the university8 ,what of the growing ,jewries in our cities8 ,what of the ,jew in the little hamlet carrying his pack of tinware from door to door2 he is so eager to earn an honest dollar for a wife1 a daughter1 perhaps for a son at college2 so eager to find him a home like that of the earlier non-,jewish immigrants who buy his wares2 yet why must he overstrain his virtues before them1 break through the ice1 as the saying goes1 and clear himself--why8 for being a ,jew4 ,evidently1 others are taken as good until they prove themselves bad2 the ,jew is bad until he proves himself good4 ,should some other ,jewish trader come to the same locality and commit some wrong1 overcharge a shilling on the price of a kettle1 for example1 the first ,jew must be made to feel ashamed of it1 for it was not the other man who did the wrong1 but the ,jew in him4 ,evidently1 again1 the ,jewish problem is not of the individual1 but of the race4 ,must the ,wandering ,jew bear a perennial burden8 ,but even if this problem were solved 7it is possible for all the ,jews in ,america to be in time regarded on equal terms with their neighbors or even to be assimilated altogether with them71 what of the ,jews in ,russia1 in ,roumania1 in ,galicia8 ,how long must we wait for them to assimilate or to become free and equal sons of a fatherland8 ,surely we shall not suggest that it is well for them to continue forever an alien people in those lands4 ,and even if this problem too were solved1 if the ,jews of ,russia1 ,roumania1 and ,galicia were to become free and equal sons of a fatherland1 if the ,jews all over the world were to be taken in as brothers by their neighbors1 is it enough8 ,are we to be satisfied with this alone8 ,hills1 cottages1 home and country--is not all this but raiment8 ,what of the body1 what of the ,jewish soul8 ,the ,three ,types of ,jewish ,students3 7#a7 ,the ,no-,jew ,,with his problems thus put1 how shall the ,jewish youth face them8 ,shall he consider body and raiment equally1 shall he put body above raiment1 or shall he put raiment above body and forget the body8 ,to put it crudely into other words1 shall his ready adaptation to ,american ,university life tend to make him less of a ,jew1 more of a ,jew1 or no ,jew at all1 and thus tending1 to repeat our original thought1 wherein will it be for weakness1 wherein for strength8 ,each ,jewish student1 no doubt1 in varying measure1 responds to all three of these tendencies2 yet1 insofar as the response towards one or another of these is more marked in certain individuals than in others1 let us group the individuals together accordingly1 and for the convenience of our discussion divide them into three separate types4 ,the no-,jew type is common on the campus4 ,his presence pleases us1 perhaps even flatters us4 ,he is carefree1 boyish4 ,he makes heroes of the gridiron athletes2 he delights in the comedy shows that come to town2 he joins his non-,jewish friends in outdoor play in that easy laughter of theirs that bubbles over at a trifle2--and we were beginning to think the ,jew had forgotten to play and laugh4 ,we saw him after sundown once1 single in a canoe1 paddling across the wide unruffled lake and far where purple sky and purple water seem to commingle1 and we thought we saw the primitive ,indian again1 the wholesome child of nature plying those waters as of old4 ,sail on1 brave youth1 we are glad to see thee still a lover of the wild1 the simple1 the calm2 we are glad there is still in the ,jew something of the wholesome child1 the adventurer1 the savage1 shall we call it8 ,we are almost tempted to say we are glad to have him forget his past1 to sail thus away1 as it were1 from his troubled brethren1 away across the unruffled lake where purple wave and purple cloud in peace commingle1--so long have we waited for the mind of the ,jewish youth to be youthful1 for the moist gleam in the eye of a sorrowful children to disappear4 ,neither ,fish1 ,nor ,flesh1 ,nor ,fowl ,,but not always is this drifting out of ,jewish life so comely4 ,there is another individual in this type in whom it appears very much strained4 ,the first merges within the ,american tradition1 the second obtrudes into it2 the first unconsciously1 the second painfully aware of his effort2 the first because he has so much of the tradition within him1 the second1 we are afraid1 because he has so little4 ,the second individual is generally of more recent arrival to this country than the first2 he considers his ,jewishness a misfortune which must be gotten rid of4 ,both are1 indeed1 self-centred1 unmindful of their people1 but the first is more boyish--and a boy should be self-centred4 ,both put the raiment above the body1 and in this there is weakness2 but in the first there is not much of body1 the roots of ,jewish growth have found no depth or proper sap in him1 and if in him there is not strength of body1 there is at least grace of raiment2 in the second there is neither grace nor strength1--he may acquire the superstructure of ,american character1 but where the foundation to build it on8 ,where is there strength when it is ever a getting and never a giving8 ,judaism weighs most heavily upon this latter individual4 ,he will often deny his race1 we regret to say1 and play for the affection of members of other races4 ,but they somehow will discover his misfortune and despise him all the more for hiding it4 ,all this prejudice1 he explains1 is due to those other ,jews4 ,if they would only learn modesty from the gentile1--not talk so1 not walk so1 and not keep hanging around the professor's desk after the lecture with all sorts of fool questions1--why then1 there would be no more of this prejudice thing and he could devote his time to more important problems4 7,we half suspect those problems would be superficial ones4 ,we would also perhaps give more heed to his urging us to modesty1 if only the urging were more modest47 ,he may even become eloquent and tell us that the ,jews do not appreciate the generosities and liberties of ,american life1 that they ought to forget their old religious superstitions and realize that in free ,america we don't need any religions1 for all men are brothers4 7,here again we would perhaps give more heed to his sentiment for its boundless idealism1 were we not afraid it was but a cover for boundless egotism47 ,and which brotherly organization1 which fraternity do you belong to up here8 ,we ask1 not to criticize those boyish aristocracies but rather to embarrass him1 we confess1 for we know he must name a ,jewish fraternity or none at all4 ,the other fraternities are indeed fraternal--but not to ,jews1 not even to those who would get away from ,judaism4 ,we speak without malice of this individual2 we regret only that he gets so little out of the great ,american tradition4 ,the raiment becomes him badly4 ,speaking in slang and following the baseball scores does not make an ,american4 ,if he sells his birthright let it be for something more than a mess of pottage4 ,even if he should succeed in assimilating himself with the other races1 whether it be by the accumulation of wealth or baptism or successful denial of his origin1 yet we doubt whether he can become really happy--for he is neither fish nor flesh nor fowl4 ,again1 what can he receive when he has nothing to give8 ,and thus we must leave him1 perhaps even now laughing in the company of his non-,jewish acquaintances at some caricature of the ,jew presented for their entertainment--that is of one of those other ,jews--a type for which we are sorry1 a coin that is spurious and does not ring true4 ,the ,second ,type3 ,an ,american of ,jewish ,ancestry ,,our second type considers body and raiment as of equal weight2 he will make them as one4 ,he will become less of a ,jew and more of an ,american1 a better ,american for being a ,jew4 ,unlike the first type1 he sees a little beyond himself4 ,americanism is good enough for him1 but there are other ,jews not in ,america1 he realizes1 and there are ,jews within ,america who have not reached1 perhaps never can reach1 his position of comfortable participation in ,american life1 and what of them8 ,there may be more pressing1 more important problems in the world1 but who else will solve that particular one of the ,jew if he doesn't8 ,he therefore will not run away from ,judaism2 he will try to modify it1 of course1 to fit in with ,american progress1 but1 for the sake of his people1 he will stay a ,jew1 or better an ,american of ,jewish ancestry4 ,this type is the son of the big-hearted givers among ,israel4 ,his father subscribes generously to charitable organizations1 is a member of a ,reform ,temple1 and owes much indeed to the opportunities of the ,american republic4 ,the son1 therefore1 is an ,american patriot1 and what though it seem at times overtaxed1 his patriotism1 unlike that of the individual under our first type1 is genuine1 for it is not primarily self-seeking4 ,when he speaks of ideals1 it is not to say we have no need of religions at all1 but rather that we all in ,america have more or less the same belief only that we choose to express it differently1 each according to his ancestral traditions4 ,the three rings1 says ,nathan der ,weise1 may all be true or all be false according to the conduct of those that wear them4 ,but are there no peculiar values of conduct1 we ask him1 bequeathed by the peculiar traditions of the ,jew8 ,yes1 he answers1 but those values may now be found in the cosmopolitan civilization of ,america4 ,we are getting away from peculiar things1 he further adds2 we must learn to break down barriers and distinctions and work all together1 not as ,jews or ,americans or anything else1 but simply as men4 ,our only problem is to get the ,jews treated everywhere as men4 ,but aside from that1 we go on to ask1 isn't there a something that binds together certain groups of people that have had a common history1 a common religion or any such thing in common8 ,yes1 he replies1 but that something is the common intellect4 ,the accident of birth does not make us friends2 though ,i must help the ,jew in far-off ,russia1 yet ,i am more closely identified with my ,anglo-,saxon classmate4 ,for me to co-operate with the ,jew simply because he is a ,jew is as logical as for me to co-operate with a man simply because he has the same shade of brown hair that ,i have4 ,words that command our thought--but yet it seems to us the speaker feels better than he knows4 ,why then did his heart quicken when one ,friday night we passed the window of that ,galician ,jew1 the erstwhile butt of many a jest between us1 our college second-hand clothes man1 and saw the flicker of his ,sabbath candles8 ,no flicker within the home of a brown-haired man would move him so4 ,and even while he is speaking to us1 though the length of our acquaintanceship is short1 we detect an unwonted relaxation in his manner1 a confidence that has found understanding and seeks to lay itself bare4 ,is it not because both of us are ,jews8 ,be that as it may1 the words of this type are sincere4 ,if he forgets his ancestry it is because he thinks of posterity4 ,by blending his thoughts and aspirations with those of free and generous ,america1 he will bequeath to his children a happier heritage than was left him by his forefathers4 ,as for ideals1 why call them ,jewish rather than ,american2 what though they originated in ,judea1 cannot they be distributed from ,america8 ,his ,zion therefore will be in ,washington4 ,the ,jewish soul and the ,american soul will become as one4 ,he does not deny the soul1 then--the raiment has not been put above the body1 the flesh above the spirit2 and the adaptation of this type to the ,american environment can therefore make for strength1 for a better humanity4 ,the ,third ,type3 ,more1 ,not ,less1 of a ,jew ,,what room have we now for a third type8 ,but there does appear one among his brethren1 an extremist1 who is not to be satisfied with the promised strength of his fellows of this last type4 ,there may be strength among them1 he thinks1 but strength not enough4 ,greater strength is there in becoming not a non-,jew1 nor less of a ,jew1 but simply more of a ,jew4 ,judaism to him is not a mere peculiar thing1 but a peculiar great thing1 and only by keeping it peculiar can he enhance its greatness4 ,the ,jewish genius cannot blend with that of ,america without loss to its individuality2 however much it may borrow from ,america in outer accoutrement1 in wholesome ruddiness1 fair play1 polite address1 and so forth--7and it should borrow what it can to improve its appearance71 yet the accoutrement must remain but raiment1--and the body is more than raiment4 ,apparently he is a very narrow-minded person--and he is2 yet he believes with ,ahad ,ha-',am that greatness is not a matter of breadth only1 but of depth4 ,we have found this extremist in the dark-eyed dreamer who came to us but recently from a ,russian university1 but also in the glad-eyed youth who wears his ,americanism most gracefully1 it being handed down to him for several generations4 ,judaism in this case1 at any rate1 to use a homely expression1 does not vary with the length of the nose4 ,this type is small in numbers1 but the ,jews have never made much of numbers1 and even as we observe him we are minded of the words of ,joel1 --and in the remnant shall be deliverance4 ,does he shun the ,american garment then8 ,no1 on the contrary1 he evermore seeks it and strives to make it attire him more gracefully4 ,he loves the ,american tradition2 he has much to gather from its sunniness--his fathers had been kept in the dark so long4 ,but1 at the breaking of day1 when the angel who wrestled with him through the night would let him go1 he will say1 as did ,jacob of old1 ,i will not let thee go1 except thou bless me2 ,america must bless him so that in the light of modern day his people may once again be called no more ,jacob but ,israel4 ,many and great are the gifts of the gentile world1 he tells us1 but that peculiar greatness within the character of the ,jews as a people1 it has not4 ,some have called it religion1 some morality2 perhaps it is the devotion they have evolved to the unity of things1 the 2 perhaps it is only a certain sadness of suffering1 a certain depth of sympathy they have evolved for all suffering and sorrow1 but at any rate it is a racial momentum which our ancestors for four thousand years have been forging and refining in the hottest fires2 and whether it be conceit or inspiration1 he adds1 and think not that we1 to-day1 in the comfortable lassitude of ,american life1 can destroy it4 ,the spirit is greater than the man2 the ,jew may be lost or be assimilated1 but the ,jewish race1 not yet4 ,a ,spiritual ,vision and ,aspiration ,,but consider1 we say very plainly to him1 the great bulk of the ,jews who seem to have lost that old spirit of religion2 they pray in a language they scarce understand as though 'they shall be heard for their much speaking'2 when you want the ,hebrew ,bible1 moreover1 it seems you must go to the gentiles1 and have not these added thereto the sublime teachings of ,christ8 ,yes1 replies our ,jewish friend1 with more of grief than of censure in his voice1 and to-day the ,christian world is awarding the ,iron ,cross for excellence in killing4 ,and our people it has made to loathe the name of ,christ1 because it was his image that was in the hand of the priest who led the mob to massacre at the ,inquisition and at ,kishineff2 though all the time it was that very persecuted people that was itself living the principles and the martyrdom of its greatest prophet4 ,and he continues1 and tells us brusquely how he went once to church with a ,methodist young lady and how when he was rapt in the music of a ,psalm that was being sung1 she whispered giddily to him3 ,don't that remind you somewhat of the one-step music8 ,no1 he tells us he replied1 it reminds me that ,i am the only ,christian in this audience4 ,and we understand in his reply he was not thinking of himself alone 7for extremist though he was1 he must have known there was many another devout listener in that audience7 but rather of his race1 of those very ,jews of the bended backs1 wily1 unkempt1 who were elsewhere chanting that same ,psalm in a language1 'tis true1 they scarce understood1 yet with a spiritual zeal and forgetfulness of the treasures upon earth which was the very soul of the teachings of ,christ4 ,could his ,methodist friend1 could even he1 with all his university training and ,american ruddiness1 but have the noble spirit of his unlettered grandmother he remembered weeping so bitterly in the old synagogue on ,yom ,kippur1 as though weeping for the sins of all humanity1--,rachel weeping for her children4 ,no1 it was not the religion put on and off with the phylacteries that distinguished his fathers2 it was never the raiment1 but the body4 ,even in the darkness of the ,middle ,ages it was the ,malkuth ,shaddai1 the kingdom of righteousness1 that the old ,jew prayed for on his sacred days4 ,narrow-minded1 indeed1 is this last type of ,jew2 but yet when rays are concentrated to a narrow radius1 the outlook through the lens may be wide and far-reaching4 ,we understand that he1 too1 thinks of posterity as does his cousin1 but only as mistress within its own household does he believe the ,jewish race can bequeath great strength to its posterity and the posterity of the world1--not as intruder into the home of others1 nor even as their welcome guest4 ,the ,bible was the work of a narrow1 provincial ,israel2 the ,talmud their work when scattered among the nations4 ,to ,make ,strong the ,spirit of the ,prophets ,,we have made too much1 concludes our young friend1 of the cosmopolitan likenesses among nations and men2 we must promote their differences1 and respect for those differences4 ,that is in the path of peace2 it is war1 as you know1 that levels distinctions4 ,the harmony of an autumn sunset is in its many colors4 ,our own little handful of people does not wish to make itself great in possessions or strong in arms4 ,we have ever been the meekest among men2 while many a ,christian nation was taking an eye for an eve1 it is we that were turning the other cheek4 ,yes1 we think we have outgrown that boyish fascination for brutal brawn a little more than they4 ,today1 ,israel wishes but to express its pent-up soul1 to make strong the spirit of its prophets and teachers1 its ,moses1 its ,isaiah1 its ,hillel1 so that it may be 'for a light to the ,gentiles1 7and bear7 salvation unto the end of the earth4' ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,morris ,j4 ,escoll ,the ,romance of ,rabbi ,akiba ,,by ,,george ,j4 ,,horowitz ,illustration3 ,,george ,,jacob ,,horowitz 7born in ,new ,york1 #ahid71 educated in the ,public ,schools of ,new ,york1 ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york 7,a4 ,b4 #aiae71 ,talmud ,torah1 and ,teachers' ,institute of ,jewish ,theological ,seminary2 ,president 7#aiae7 of ,menorah ,society of ,city ,college of ,new ,york2 now a graduate student in ,romance ,languages at ,columbia4 ,,akiba ben ,joseph1 deservedly called the father of ,rabbinical ,judaism1 was one of the most original and the most talented of all the great galaxy of ancient ,rabbis4 ,in him was typified the great ideal of a ,jewish ,rabbi--a man of heart1 of hand1 and of head4 ,but ,akiba is still more remarkable for the charm and romance of his life4 ,he is indeed the one ,rabbi with a great romance4 ,the story of his life1 stripped of all exaggeration or literary artifice1 reads more like a tale of knight and lady than like the simple facts of a scholar's life4 ,his great love1 his sudden rise from the humblest obscurity1 his brilliant intellectual and spiritual achievements1 and his glorious death1 make up the successive scenes of one of the most inspiring chapters in ,jewish history4 ,his ,youth and ,romantic ,marriage ,,akiba was born about the year #ej1 at a time when the ,roman ,empire at its height was about to turn all its mighty forces against his people1 the little state of ,judea2 and he died a martyr to his faith1 in about the year #acb1 on the eve of the last great rebellion against ,roman domination4 ,his origin and early years are shrouded in darkness4 ,we know that he was an unlettered shepherd in his youth and mistrustful of ,rabbis and their learning4 ,his master1 ,kalba ,sabua--so the story goes--was one of the richest men in ,jerusalem1 one of the three wealthy philanthropists who offered to prevent the famine occasioned by the last great siege of ,jerusalem4 ,while in the service of ,kalba ,sabua1 young ,akiba made the acquaintance of his daughter ,rachel4 ,they were immediately drawn to one another1 he attracted by her great beauty1 and she by his innate refinement and superiority4 ,a deep attachment soon sprang up between them4 ,akiba was still an illiterate man1 however1 and ,rachel made him promise that if she were betrothed unto him he would go to the ,beth ,hamidrash to study4 ,in those days this was equivalent to acquiring education and culture4 ,to this ,akiba assented and there followed a secret marriage4 ,when her father learned of what she had done1 he became furious4 ,he disinherited her1 and cast her off1 leaving her without a roof over her head and absolutely penniless1 and he swore that as long as ,akiba remained her husband she would receive no help from her father4 ,then set in a period of bitter poverty for the young pair4 ,akiba's heart was rent with pain to see his young wife1 who had been accustomed from earliest youth to a home of luxury1 pass her days in a miserable hovel1 with the barest necessities and sometimes even lacking bread to eat4 ,in winter they slept on a pallet and ,akiba would pick the straws out of her wonderfully long and beautiful hair4 ,she was beautiful even in her rags and tatters1 and once ,akiba was moved to exclaim3 ,oh1 that ,i had a fitting ornament for thee3 a golden image of ,jerusalem the ,holy ,city6 ,both indeed were nearest his heart4 ,once a man came to the door of their hut and asked for some straw1 saying that his wife was confined to child-bed and he had no couch for her4 ,ah1 see1 said ,akiba to his wife1 there are those even poorer than we4 ,this man has not even straw to lie on4 ,this seeming poor man1 the ,rabbis say1 was none other than ,elijah1 who had come to comfort them in their misery4 ,struggles and ,sacrifices for an ,education ,,the incident did indeed give them new heart1 for until then ,akiba could not summon enough resolution to go off and study while his wife remained behind in such abject circumstances4 ,nor could she insist4 ,but now her old strength came back to her1 and she reminded ,akiba of his promise3 ,go thou1 and study in the ,beth-,hamidrash4 ,she must have felt undoubtedly that there were great possibilities in him1 and in truth she was not mistaken4 ,akiba1 however1 in his modesty1 had no confidence that he could master the intricate subtleties of ,rabbinic law4 ,how could he1 who had now reached forty years of age without once attending even an elementary school1 hope to make any progress at all so late in life8 ,one day1 musing thus1 as he stood by the village well1 his interest was suddenly roused by observing that one of the stones had a deep hollow1 caused probably by the drippings of the buckets4 ,who hollowed out this stone8 he asked2 and he was answered3 ,canst thou not read ,scripture1 ,akiba8 ',the waters wear the stones1'--the water1 that falls on it continually day after day1 has hollowed out the stone4 ,immediately ,akiba argued a fortiori 7,kal ,vahomer7 with respect to himself4 ,if what is soft can cut what is hard1 then the words of the ,torah1 which are as hard as iron1 will surely impress themselves upon my heart1 which is only flesh and blood4 ,so ,akiba repaired forthwith to a ,melammed ,tinokoth1 a teacher of children1 and1 seated beside his own little son1 he began learning his letters4 ,akiba held one end of the ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 board and his son the other4 ,the elements once mastered1 the next step was the ,rabbinical academy4 ,bitter poverty1 however1 would not permit ,akiba to leave home1 and he would probably have remained in his little village for the rest of his life1 an obscure and unknown man1 if it were not for his wife4 ,it was her noble self-sacrifice that enabled him to become the greatest ,rabbi of his time and perhaps of all time4 ,unknown to him1 she stole out into the market-place and sold all that beautiful hair of hers1 so that he might continue his studies4 ,indeed no sacrifice1 no self-abnegation1 was too great for her4 ,she sent ,akiba away and for twelve long years dwelt alone in sorrow and in want1 a living widow1 and at the end of that period she crowned it with a renewal of the same great sacrifice4 ,as ,akiba was crossing the threshold1 home again after twelve years of study1 he overheard ,rachel talking with a neighbor4 ,it served thee right1 said the neighbor1 for marrying a man so far beneath thee4 ,now he has gone off and forsaken thee4 ,if he hearkened to me1 was ,rachel's reply1 he would stay away another twelve years4 ,at these words ,akiba exclaimed3 ,since she gives me permission1 ,i will go back to my studies1--and he went and stayed away another twelve years4 ,such was the noble renunciation of ,rachel1 wife of ,rabbi ,akiba1 for his sake and for the sake of the ,torah4 ,akiba's ,rise to ,recognition and ,fame ,,akiba studied assiduously at the schools of ,r4 ,nahum of ,geniso and of ,r4 ,eliezer and ,r4 ,joshua1 both renowned teachers1 who in their youth had been favorite pupils of ,rabbi ,jochanan ben ,zakkai4 ,it is illuminating to consider ,akiba's general method of study4 ,he had the habit1 the ,talmud tells us1 of going alone to meditate over every ,halakah 7law7 that he learned4 ,after this bit of hard thinking1 as we would call it1 he usually came back with some very difficult questions4 ,only when these questions were answered did he feel satisfied that he knew the ,halakah4 ,that this thorough method of study bore fruitful results ,akiba's subsequent achievements showed4 ,at first1 however1 his genius was not evident and ,r4 ,eliezer paid no attention to him4 ,but one day ,akiba gave him his first answer and ,r4 ,eliezer was astounded at its profundity4 ,said ,r4 ,joshua then to ,r4 ,eliezer1 in a slightly modified ,scriptural phrase1 ,is not this he whom thou hast despised8 ,go thou now and contend with him4 ,from that time on ,akiba was acknowledged a master of ,rabbinic law4 ,all that confused mass of traditional rules1 precepts1 laws1 discussions and opinions which composed the ,oral ,law1 and which it usually took a lifetime to master1 ,akiba made his own within the space of a few years1 and at an age when the mind is no longer fresh and impressionable4 ,akiba's genius showed itself even more brilliantly in his subsequent labors in the same field1 which were marked by three great achievements4 ,these were his arrangement of the ,oral ,law into a systematic code1 the ,mishnah 7substantially as later edited by ,r4 ,judah ,ha-,nasi71 his establishment of a logical foundation for each ,halakah1 and his discovery and formulation of new and original methods of hermeneutics and exegesis4 ,to appreciate the magnitude of these achievements1 we must remember that up to and for some time after ,akiba's day1 instruction in the rabbinical academies was oral4 ,each teacher taught1 as well as he could recall1 exactly what he had heard from the lips of his master1 and his pupils in their turn did likewise4 ,every great ,rabbi therefore had his own set of ,halakic traditions1 his own ,mishnah4 ,the results of this system or rather lack of system were mainly two3 the reasons for many of the ,halakoth were forgotten1 and of the laws that were taught an immense number were uncoordinated1 confused and often contradictory4 ,the greatest fault1 however1 of these early ,mishnayoth 7,mishnayoth ,rishonoth7 was their general lack of arrangement4 ,the ,halakoth were usually strung together without connection and without any logical grouping4 ,it was ,akiba who first organized them into an orderly system4 ,he put all the ,halakoth dealing with one particular subject in one group1 and then he divided the groups into the six general divisions that our ,mishnah has today4 ,besides this he introduced number mneumonics wherever possible1 in order to facilitate memorization4 ,the second work that we owe to ,akiba's influence is the ,tosephta or ,supplement to the ,mishnah1 as later edited by his pupil ,r4 ,nehemiah4 ,akiba's purpose in this ,supplement was to give explanatory matter on the ,halakoth of the ,mishnah in the form of citations of cases1 discussions1 and opinions4 ,here there was more room for originality than in the first work1 for when the reason for any law had been forgotten ,akiba discovered it again4 ,the ,third ,founder of ,judaism after ,moses and ,ezra ,,the achievement1 however1 in which ,akiba's mind revealed itself in all its brilliant originality1 and which more than anything else delighted and astonished his colleagues1 was his new system of ,biblical1 or rather ,pentateuchal1 interpretation1 his ,midrash ha-,torah4 ,the importance of these new methods cannot be overestimated4 ,the ,oral ,law is nothing more than the ,jewish interpretation of the ,torah1 and consequently new methods of ,pentateuchal exegesis meant the further growth and development of the ,oral ,law4 ,akiba thus gave ,judaism the capacity for vigorous further development4 ,he was indeed a firm believer in the principle that the ,oral ,law1 even as life itself1 is always in process of evolution--immer in ,werden1 as the ,germans put it--but never completed4 ,his main exegetical principle is quite simple4 ,the language of the ,torah is not like the language of an ordinary book4 ,in the ,torah every syllable1 every letter is fraught with meaning4 ,it is all essence4 ,hence every detail in the ,torah must be interpreted4 ,there is absolutely nothing superfluous4 ,it was these exegetical methods that excited the unbounded admiration of his fellow-rabbis4 ,they said of him that things that were not even revealed to ,moses were revealed unto ,akiba4 ,by his preservation of the old ,halakoth in the ,mishnah and by his stimulation of newer developments with his exegesis1 ,akiba laid the foundations of ,talmudic and ,rabbinic learning1 and truly earned for himself the title of third founder of ,judaism after ,moses and ,ezra4 ,akiba's method of teaching also was extraordinary4 ,the order and system that he had brought into the ,rabbinic curriculum coupled with his novel methods of exegesis rendered his lectures clear1 simple and most interesting4 ,multitudes flocked to hear him4 ,with hardly an exception all the prominent ,rabbis of the following generation attended ,akiba's academy4 ,notable amongst them was ,r4 ,meir1 who handed down ,akiba's ,mishnah to ,r4 ,judah ,ha-,nasi and through him to posterity4 ,happiness and ,affluence ,,towards the end of the twenty-four years thus devoted to study1 ,akiba turned his steps homewards1 accompanied by a large band of disciples1 which tradition numbers in the thousands4 ,at the rumor that a great ,rabbi was coming1 ,rachel's heart was all aflutter with hope and expectation4 ,perhaps it was he at last6 ,the whole village went out to meet him1 she with the rest4 ,when she saw that it was indeed he1 she fell on her knees before him sobbing and began kissing his feet4 ,the pupils surrounding ,akiba wanted to push her aside1 but he said1 ,let her be4 ,what knowledge ,i possess and what knowledge you possess belongs to her4 ,when ,kalba ,sabua heard that a great ,rabbi had come to town1 not dreaming that it was his son-in-law1 he made up his mind to go to him and have his vow absolved1 for at the sight of his daughter's misery his heart had softened1 and but for his vow he would long since have taken her back4 ,he came to the ,rabbi and the ,rabbi said to him1 ,if thou hadst known that her husband would one day be a great scholar1 wouldst thou have vowed8 ,if he knew even one chapter or even one ,halakah1 ,i would not have vowed1 was the reply4 ,i am he1 said ,akiba simply4 ,at these words ,kalba ,sabua stared in amazement1 and then fell at his feet and begged pardon for all his past unkindness towards both ,akiba and ,rachel4 ,to make more substantial amends he gave them half his fortune and they lived in comfort ever after4 ,the affluence in which ,akiba henceforth lived1 contrasted with the poverty of his student days when he used to cut wood for a living1 is thus quaintly described in the ,talmud3 ,when he was a student ,akiba used to fetch a bundle of wood every day4 ,half he sold for food and half for clothing4 ,but before ,akiba departed from this world1 he had tables of silver and of gold1 and he climbed into his bed on golden ladders4 ,his wife too had the satisfaction of receiving from him and wearing the ,golden ,jerusalem1 that ,akiba had wished he could give her in the days of their poverty4 ,indeed the magnificence of ,rachel's jewels called forth a protest on the part of the students of ,akiba's academy4 ,thou hast put us to shame before our wives1 they said1 for our wives do not possess any such precious ornaments4 ,ah1 yes1 said ,akiba1 but she has suffered much with me in the ,torah4 ,akiba's ,virile ,ethics and ,philosophy ,,akiba',s philosophical speculations were no less famous than his ,halakic activities4 ,just about this time all sorts of hybrid religions made up of decadent ,greek philosophy and of dying ,pagan creeds were in vogue--the various forms of ,gnosticism4 ,christianity--,jewish ,gnosticism1 that is--was only one of the many perversions that ,judaism had to combat4 ,these religions exercised a particular fascination because they dealt largely in esoteric doctrines and in theosophic speculation4 ,there was great danger that ,jewish minds might be led astray1 as in fact some were4 ,of the four great ,rabbis1 who the ,talmud says entered upon theosophic studies1 only ,akiba came through safely4 ,upon ben ,azzai and ben ,zoma1 both brilliant young students1 and upon ,aher 7,elisha ben ,abuya7 it had disastrous effects4 ,ben ,azzai died young4 ,ben ,zoma went mad and ,elisha ben ,abuyah repudiated ,judaism4 ,wherefore the ,rabbis never mentioned his name but always spoke of him as ,aher 7the ,other74 ,akiba's philosophy and ethics are revealed in the following sayings3 ,labor is honorable to man4 ,they err who say ,i will sin now and repent after4 ,the day of atonement brings no forgiveness to the insincere4 ,this saying is strikingly similar to ,dante's famous line in the ,inferno3 ,no one can repent and will at once4 ,the eternal problem why the righteous suffer and the wicked prosper is answered by ,akiba in this way4 ,the righteous are punished in this world for their few sins1 so that in the next world they may receive only reward4 ,the wicked on the other hand are rewarded here for what little good they do1 so that in the next world they may receive only punishment4 ,beloved are ,israel1 for they are called children of the ,all-present1 as it is said1 ',ye are children unto the ,lord your ,god4' ,beloved are ,israel for unto them was given the desirable instrument by which the world was created1 as it is written ',for ,i give you good doctrine1 forsake ye not my ,torah4' ,israel is therefore the ,chosen ,people4 ,nay more4 ,in another place ,akiba says1 ,even the poorest of ,israel are looked upon as nobles1 and even ,r4 ,ishmael agreed with him that ,every ,jew is a royal prince4 ,our motto to-day of noblesse oblige is the same thought in a strange tongue4 ,by which the world was created means that ,akiba identified the ,torah with ,wisdom1 which is described in ,proverbs1 in that famous chapter beginning ,doth not wisdom cry and understanding put forth her voice8 as having been set up from everlasting1 from the beginning before the earth was4 ,adapting the opening verse of ,john1 ,akiba could very well have said1 ,in the beginning was the ,torah and the ,torah was with ,god1 but he certainly would not have said1 and the ,torah was ,god4 ,everything is foreseen1 ,akiba goes on to say1 yet freedom of choice is given2 and the world is judged by grace1 yet all is according to the amount of work4 ,his doctrine of grace and works was that grace is acquired through works1 or in non-theological language1 ,god's favor goes to the man of good deeds4 ,this was in opposition to the ,christian teaching that grace came through faith alone4 ,god's justice is tempered with mercy2 yet even divine mercy is dealt out fairly1 says ,akiba4 ,he had such a strong sense of right that he even condemned the action of the ,israelites in despoiling the ,egyptians4 ,it is equally wrong to deceive a heathen as to deceive an ,israelite1 he said4 ,akiba agreed with ,hillel that the chief commandment of the ,torah is1 ,thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself 7,lev4 ,,xix1 #ah71 which again is nothing more than an application of the principle of justice in our dealings with our fellow-men4 ,a ,man of the ,people ,,in spite of his great fame ,akiba was the most modest of men4 ,while still a student at ,jamnia ,akiba was noted for his humility4 ,r4 ,jochanan ben ,nuri told how he had occasion several times to complain of ,akiba to the ,patriarch and how each time ,akiba took his reprimand meekly4 ,nay more4 ,despite these reproofs ,akiba was all the more affectionate towards ,r4 ,jochanan1 so that the latter was moved to exclaim in admiration1 ,reprove a wise man and he will love thee6 7,prov4 ,,ix1 #h47 ,another notable example of ,akiba's modesty is his speech at the funeral of his son1 which was attended by a great gathering of men1 women1 and children from all parts of ,palestine4 ,brethren of ,israel1 said ,akiba1 listen to me4 ,not because ,i am a learned man have ye appeared here so numerously4 ,there are those here more learned than ,i4 ,nor because ,i am a rich man4 ,there are those here far richer than ,i4 ,the people of the ,south know ,akiba2 but whence should the people of ,galilee know him8 ,the men know him2 but whence should the women and children that ,i see here know him8 ,but ,i know full well that ye have not given yourselves the trouble to come but for the sake of fulfilling a religious precept and to do honor to the ,torah1 and your reward will indeed be great4 ,practising it as he did1 ,akiba did not fail likewise to preach modesty4 ,he who esteems himself highly on account of his knowledge1 said he1 is like a corpse lying at the wayside2 the traveler turns his head away in disgust and walks quickly by4 ,again1 in words almost identical with ,luke 7,,xiv1 #h-aa71 ,akiba says3 ,take thou a seat a few places below thy rank until thou art bidden to take a higher place1 for it is better that they should say to thee3 ',come up higher' than that they should bid thee ',go down lower4' ,akiba was likewise famous for his kindness and charity4 ,he was a man of the people4 ,his heart was full of charity and affection for the multitude4 ,his interest in their welfare was so deep and genuine that he ultimately came to be called the ,hand of the ,poor4 ,as overseer of the poor1 ,akiba made many long and arduous journeys to collect funds for their relief4 ,it was his opinion that the funds of charity ought not to be invested1 in order that ready money might always be at hand1 should a poor man present himself4 ,once ,akiba received some money from ,r4 ,tarphon1 for the purpose of buying some land4 ,but instead ,akiba distributed the money to the poor4 ,when ,tarphon asked him where the property was1 ,akiba showed him the verse in ,psalms1 ,he hath scattered1 he hath given to the poor2 his righteousness endureth forever2 his horn shall be exalted with honor4 ,thereupon ,tarphon kissed ,akiba on the forehead and exclaimed1 ,my master and my guide6 ,his ,fervent ,patriotism ,,for us to-day1 however1 the most striking thing about ,akiba is his nationalism4 ,other ,rabbis were men of great intellect1 other ,rabbis were learned1 modest1 and benevolent1 other ,rabbis lived1 worked and died for ,judaism1 but no other ,rabbi was conspicuously and so zealously a nationalist4 ,akiba loved ,eretz ,yisrael passionately1 not only with the visionary fervor of the pious ,jew1 but with the practical idealism of a patriot4 ,in all his extended journeys for the collection of alms1 he took care to spread and keep alive in the breast of his fellow-,jews the desire for the rebuilding of ,zion as a practical and immediate reality4 ,it was ,akiba's spirit that inspired and animated the last great rebellion against ,rome4 ,this final polemos1 as the ,talmud calls it1 was preparing for a number of years4 ,akiba openly acknowledged ,bar ,kochba1 who was to be the leader of the revolt1 as the promised ,messiah1 as the star that would come out of ,jacob4 ,all the great influence1 therefore1 of ,akiba's moral support was behind ,bar ,kochba's military preparations4 ,the ,jews had indeed much to complain of4 ,hadrian had broken faith with them2 he had failed to rebuild their ,temple as he had promised1 and now 7about the year #acj71 to make matters worse1 he was beginning a systematic persecution of their religion4 ,he forbade circumcision1 the study of the ,torah1 the keeping of the ,sabbath1 the ordination of disciples1 in short everything that went to express the ,jewish religion4 ,the ,jews determined upon war4 ,but even before the outbreak of hostilities their greatest loss occurred4 ,akiba and several other great ,rabbis were captured by the ,romans1 imprisoned1 condemned to death1 and executed4 ,their crime was simply that they had continued teaching the ,torah in spite of the ,imperial decree4 ,even ,unto ,death ,,this was the manner of ,akiba's death4 ,when he heard that the renowned ,r4 ,ishmael and a certain ,simon were captured1 he was stirred all the more to persevere in his teaching4 ,prepare ye for death1 for terrible days are awaiting us1 said ,akiba to his pupils4 ,a certain ,pappos ben ,judah met ,akiba assembling the people and teaching the ,torah in public4 ,dost thou not fear the ,government8 said ,pappos4 ,thou art considered a wise man1 ,pappos1 answered ,akiba1 but verily thou art but a fool4 ,i shall give thee a parable to the matter4 ,once a fox was walking along the edge of a stream4 ,he saw the fishes in commotion1 hurrying hither and thither4 ',before what do ye flee8' said he to them4 ',we are fleeing before the nets of the fishermen that are cast out to catch us4' ',would ye be willing to come up on dry land and live with me1 even as your fathers and my fathers were wont to live8' ',art thou he who is called the most discerning among beasts8 ,verily thou art but a fool4 ,if even in the element that means life to us1 we are fearful of death1 how much more so in the element that means our death4' ,even so are we4 ,if even in the time that we are occupied with the ,torah1 of which it is said1 ',for it is thy life and the length of thy days1' we are fearful of death1 how much more so if even for a moment we cease its study4 ,not many days later ,akiba was captured and thrown into prison4 ,pappos ben ,judah also found himself imprisoned with ,akiba4 ,how camest thou here8 asked ,akiba4 ,happy art thou1 replied ,pappos1 that thou hast been taken prisoner for the sake of the ,torah2 woe is me1 ,pappos1 that ,i have been taken prisoner for vain things4 ,when they led ,akiba out to execution it was the hour of the reading of the ,shema4 ,tinnius ,rufus1 the governor1 caused his skin to be torn off with hot irons2 but ,akiba was directing his heart towards accepting the yoke of ,god's kingdom1 that he might accept it with love4 ,he recited the ,shema with a peaceful smile on his face4 ,rufus1 astounded at his insensibility to pain1 asked him whether he was a sorcerer4 ,i am no sorcerer1 replied ,akiba4 ,all the days of my life have ,i grieved that ,i could not carry out the commandment1 ',thou shalt love thy ,god with all thy heart1 with all thy soul and with all thy might1'--even unto death4 ,but now that ,i am able to fulfill it shall ,i not rejoice8 ,and with the last syllable of the ,shema--,hear1 ,oh ,israel1 the ,lord our ,god the ,lord is ,one--,akiba expired4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,george ,j4 ,horowitz ,,editors' ,,note4--,this is the third in a series of sketches of ,jewish ,worthies1 of which the fourth will have ,judah the ,prince for its subject4 ,,hebrews willingly neglectful of their own inheritance cannot hope to be of much value as ,americans4 ,nor is the republic interested in suppressing this or any other valuable legacy from the past4 ,our assimilative process is far off from being the terrible thing which ,european critics sometimes charge against us4 ,we do reshape peoples who come to us from the old world1 but not at the cost of the things they cherish or of the gifts they bring4 ,our civilization is enriched1 not impoverished1 by these diverse race traits1 loyalty to which helps to make a loyalty worth having4 ,if the future world order is to be founded on the harmonization of ethnic differences1 there should be place enough for such differences in our own peace-aspiring republic4--,from an ,editorial in ,the ,boston ,herald4 ,aspects of ,jewish ,life and ,letters ,as ,revealed in ,four ,noteworthy ,books ,i ,a ,,sympathetic ,,study ,,of ,,pharisaism,b ,,as a rule1 ,jewish readers approach the works of ,christian writers upon ,jewish subjects with distrust4 ,they are accustomed to find in them either the misrepresentations of ,anti-,semitic hatred or the misrepresentations of conversionist love4 ,the present book1 based upon lectures delivered at ,oxford upon the ,hibbert foundation1 is a representative of the rare group of studies belonging to neither class4 ,it embodies an earnest and surprisingly successful attempt to depict justly the religious life of the ,jews in the time of the ,talmud4 ,the writer is well prepared for his task by thirty years' devoted study of ,rabbinical literature2 he is known as the author of a careful and scholarly work on ,christianity in ,talmud and ,midrash4 ,the book includes a preliminary historical sketch1 a study of what the ,rabbis meant by ,torah1 indicating the true nature of ,pharisaic legalism1 chapters on the attitude of ,jesus and of ,paul toward the ,pharisees1 and two final chapters on the ,pharisaic theology4 ,the book is valuable as a ,christian reply to ,weber1 the ,german author of a learned1 widely-used1 and thoroughly unfair presentation of ,jewish theology4 ,mr4 ,herford frankly confesses that he is an apologist of the ,pharisees1 but his book is in no sense an iconoclastic attack upon the ideas received among ,christians as to the character of the ,pharisees4 ,he freely admits1 as any fair-minded ,jew would1 the dangers of the ,pharisaic system1 but he is likewise careful to point out that these dangers were by no means destructive of true spiritual life4 ,it is most refreshing to find a book of this sort included in the ,crown ,theological ,library1 along with the erudite but anti-,jewish works of ,bousset and ,harnack4 ,the ,truth ,about the ,pharisees ,,mr4 ,,herford aims to set forth the truth about the ,pharisees rather than to present new ideas or conclusions4 ,nevertheless1 his book contains here and there new suggestions4 ,his theory that the men of the ,great ,synagogue were identical with the ,soferim1 though it has a certain plausibility1 is hardly supported by any great weight of historical evidence4 ,it is interesting to learn that the ,synagogue represents the oldest form of congregational worship1 and is the oldest human institution that has survived without interruption4 ,the parallel between the ,hassidim and the ,saints of ,cromwell's time 7p4 #ch7 is curious4 ,mr4 ,herford has the somewhat strange notion 7pp4 #dd-e7 that there is a sign of mutual distrust in the weeping of the ,high ,priest and the representatives of the ,beth ,din after the former had taken the oath to observe the regulations concerning the ,day of ,atonement4 ,to the ordinary reader of the ,mishnah the tears seem a perfectly natural expression of the emotional strain under which all the people labored on the great day4 ,it is hard to part from ,mr4 ,herford's admirable book without quoting a very fine tribute which he pays to the ,jewish people4 ,in speaking of the influence of ,ezra's ideals1 he says 7p4 #ee73 ,the ,talmud is the witness to show how some of his countrymen1 some of the bravest1 some of the ablest1 some of the most pious and saintly1 and a host of unnamed faithful1 were true to those ideals and clung to those hopes2 and how1 through good report and ill report1 through shocks of disaster and the ruin of their state1 ground down by persecution1 or torn by faction1 steadily facing enemies within1 they held on to the religion of the ,torah4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,d4,s4 ,blonsheim ,university of ,illinois ,,ii ,,judaism ,,and ,,philanthropy,c ,,some years ago ,i met a certain ,russian ,jew at a conference called to discuss various problems of education4 ,he was an immigrant who had made his fortune through speculation in real estate1 and with his rise in fortune he had1 it was evident1 thrown off1 one after another1 the social habits1 the religious outlook1 and the organization of the daily life which were the heritage he had brought with him from ,russia4 ,he was at that time1 he told me1 president of a large ,jewish congregation1 whose pillars of support were men like himself4 ,he complained bitterly of their backwardness and illiberality4 ,they would not introduce an organ and refused to change the prayer book or to secure an advanced rabbi4 ,for himself1 he did not care whether they had a synagogue--,i mean temple--at all4 ,he retained no longer any of the superstitions or narrowness of his colleagues1 and if it were not for the fact that he felt himself out of place among members of the radically reformed temple he would have attended that long ago4 ,he was a member of it1 of course4 ,his wife had made him join some years ago4 ,it was a double expense1 to be sure1 but his wife wanted to be active in the ,women's ,council1 and the children met other nice children in the ,sunday ,school4 ,he did not think anyhow that synagogal affiliation made any difference4 ,i am1 he said1 a good ,jew4 ,i give charity4 ,the remark took me aback1 yet the logical development to the point of view that he expressed was inevitable4 ,in an environment where the call of ambition is generally a call toward de-,judaization1 the connection between ,jews who prosper and the great masses of the ,jewish people becomes1 perforce1 an external and artificial one4 ,it is notorious that the temple has thus far had no appeal to and no message for the ,jewish masses1 that its membership is recruited from the well-to-do and the successful1 and that its relation to the great groups which are destined never to be well-to-do or successful becomes purely a relation of philanthropy4 ,the elements of brotherhood1 of a common consciousness and a common purpose1 fade or get submerged4 ,where the masses are concerned the whole corporate essence of reformed ,judaism becomes concentrated in the word charity4 ,justice vs4 ,charity in the ,jewish ,ideal ,,yet it is significant that in ,hebrew there is no special word for charity4 ,the term 7,zedakah7 meant originally righteousness1 and the righteousness which the prophets advocated was the substance of social justice4 ,it was incorporated into the fundamental law of the ,jewish state1 which differed from that of other ancient states in the fact that its intention was to secure freedom and life for each individual man4 ,charity1 as we now understand the word1 had no place in the social conceptions of the prophets and was not acknowledged in the ,law4 ,the three codes which are preserved to us in the ,bible from the covenant in ,exodus to the extraordinarily profound legislation of ,leviticus express an evolution of the social sense founded on a right appreciation of social justice and democracy4 ,life1 and its sustenance food1 and shelter were regarded as the rights of each and every man and not as gifts from one man to another4 ,the law concerning the tenure of land is particularly significant for its insight into the economic basis of social justice1 and the laws concerning indebtedness and slavery only less so4 ,charity appears only when the state disintegrates4 ,it is coincident with the decay of the social organization and the consequent failings of the sense of corporate responsibility1 and consists substantially of the conversion of a right into a gift4 ,this change is registered in the new meaning which the word ,zedakah receives4 ,for a state in which social justice prevails there is no room for charity1 while a social order which involves charity is not one which maintains justice4 ,thus it may be said that the prophets1 because they operated in terms of the reorganization of the whole of society and not of the incidental correction of piecemeal evils1 were humanists4 ,their program was constructive and aimed at the enfranchisement of manhood4 ,the rabbis1 on the other hand1 were 7relatively only7 philanthropists4 ,their program was remedial1 and they aimed rather at the relief of suffering than the realization and perfection of human potentialities4 ,to-day the term charity has given way to a new equivalent1 with a somewhat different connotation4 ,this new equivalent is social service4 ,that it should be urged1 as ,mr4 ,lewis urges it1 upon liberal ,judaism is simply another indication of the evanescing adherence of that sect to the corporate life of the ,jewish people4 ,although social service carries with it more of the sense of justice than the term charity1 it is still1 in intention1 a charitable thing4 ,it is not a thing done through the inevitable forms of right social organization1 but through the gracious good will of a kindly individual4 ,it still maintains the ,christian quality of grace which is a condescension1 a going down1 a philanthropy4 ,it stands in contrast to law1 which knows no such qualities1 and the call which ,mr4 ,lewis makes to liberal ,judaists for a special kind of social service is itself a demonstration that liberal ,judaism thus far has little in common with the substance of ,jewish life4 ,indeed his whole book is a demonstration of this fact1 for of the six chapters that it contains only one has anything to say of social service as such in the present day1 while four are analyses1 not of charity1 but of the law of righteousness as it operated in the ,jewish polity1 both in ,palestine and in the ,diaspora4 ,even the actual charity of the ,middle ,ages carries a quality of obligation and socially ordained necessity which is derived from the basic law of the ,jewish people4 ,the ,hope of ,liberal ,judaism ,,but to-day1 while the great ,jewish masses still live1 more or less adequately under the basic law and exercise such righteousness as they may in the division of obligation which the laws of the ,galuth lands compel1 the classes are divorced from its rule altogether4 ,the call with which ,mr4 ,lewis closes his book1-- ,we must teach the masses of our people1 upon whom the ,judaism of yesterday has lost hold1 that their salvation lies in liberal ,judaism1 which is beginning to find itself to-day and which will become the ,judaism of to-morrow1 --is the best indication of this4 ,liberal ,judaism has not touched the minds or hearts of the masses4 ,the radicals despise it as a capitalistic system of compromise with the social environment4 ,to the rest of the working classes1 it makes thus far no appeal whatever4 ,it is only upon the radicals that the ,judaism of yesterday has lost its hold1 and to them liberal ,judaism can have no appeal4 ,to the rest of the ,jewish people it can be significant and really developed into the ,judaism of to-morrow only in so far as it can succeed in reincorporating itself into the common life4 ,i am an old social service person1 and ,i am prepared to deny categorically that such a reincorporation is possible through social service4 ,what is needed is sympathetic intelligence1 insight into the life and aspirations of the masses1 return of the classes to the masses1 participation in their ideals1 their traditions1 and their common life4 ,it is not by a cutting off from the past1 but by a development out of it that such a reincorporation can be consummated4 ,if liberal ,judaism is to be a living and growing force at all1 it can become so only by accepting the inevitable conditions which govern all life4 ,life is organic2 religion is only one of the many organs of human society1 even ,jewish society4 ,its health and vitality are dependent upon the health and vitality of the social residuum4 ,the hope of liberal ,judaism lies in a reincorporated national life for the ,jews4 ,that alone can preserve the ,jewish religion1 either from petrifying as orthodoxy through resistance against environmental pressure1 or from evaporating as reform through submission to environmental pressure4 ,university of ,wisconsin ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen ,,iii ,,the ,,hebrew ,,genius,d ,,this little volume is five years old1 but its review is always timely2 and for ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal very appropriate4 ,the ,english language is extremely poor in popular1 yet scholarly and well-written books and essays on ,jewish literature4 ,a great many of those who are thoroughly versed in ,hebrew literature1 who regard the study of the original ,rabbinic sources as a work of love if not a profession and a life work1 have not a sufficient command of ,english or of systematic exposition to be able to present the spirit of these writings in acceptable form to the lay reader4 ,the few scientific scholars in our seminaries and colleges who could if they chose write authoritatively and withal in an interesting manner concerning the course of ,jewish thought during the past two or three millenia1 prefer to devote their time and energy to the more technical aspects of the subject1 which are not designed for the uninitiated reader4 ,and the men of journalistic calibre and inclination1 even if we had them1 are not the most desirable purveyors of ,jewish knowledge4 ,the truth of the matter is1 in the words of ,nietzsche1 that ears are still growing for the intelligent ,american ,jewish people so far as ,jewish literature--,hebrew classical literature--is concerned4 ,the cause of the paucity of works in ,english on ,jewish literary subjects is really economic4 ,there is no lack of young men among the people of the ,book whose ideal of a well-spent life is one of complete devotion to a scholarly career in the service of our ancient and medieval classics4 ,but unfortunately the very young men who give promise of presenting in a creditable manner our intellectual heritage for the benefit of the majority otherwise occupied1 have no means of their own1 and yet are not ready 7as it should not be expected of them that they should be7 to take the vow of poverty and celibacy and form a ,jewish monastic order of ,st4 ,haninah4 ,accordingly not a few of these choose the ,rabbinic career as the most likely profession to enable them to keep in touch with ,jewish learning--more or less a disappointed hope to the real scholar who has no other fitness for the modern ,rabbinate except his scholarship4 ,others are completely side-tracked and lost to ,jewish scholarship4 ,thus the lack of interest in ,jewish learning and scholarship keeps promising young men away from these unpromising studies4 ,the result is that the field in ,english remains uncultivated1 which reacts again unfavorably in a diminution of interest1 and the vicious circle is complete4 ,the ,need of ,encouragement to ,jewish ,learning ,i ,,have used my text in good old fashion as a pretext for a little sermon to the intelligent lay reader of ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal who may be an influential member of the ,american ,jewish community1 pointing out that we are sorely in need of a great many such books as the present one1 treating various aspects of the ,hebrew ,genius2 and they are sure to come just as soon as there is a real demand for them4 ,the ,jewish students in our colleges and universities whose number is rapidly increasing have in their midst a great many talented young men who only need encouragement to devote their best energies to ,jewish learning4 ,these will serve as a leaven to raise the entire ,jewish community of ,america to a more intelligent ,jewish level4 ,what we need is liberal endowments for ,jewish chairs in our universities and for the promotion of ,jewish education generally4 ,and now to proceed to my proper topic3 ,aspects of ,hebrew ,genius is a very creditable volume consisting of eight well-written essays on several topics of ,jewish history and thought4 ,norman ,bentwich contributes an article in which he gives an interesting sketch of the ,jewish ,alexandrian period of the first two centuries ,b4 ,c41 whose thought activities culminated in the works of ,philo1 the first man in history who attempted an amalgamation of ,hebraism and ,hellenism4 ,it was not a success so far as ,judaism is concerned1 as is evidenced by the fact that he was neglected and forgotten by his ,jewish successors4 ,he was made use of1 however1 by the early ,christian writers in the formulation of the ,trinitarian dogma1 and by early ,christian apologists and theologians in presenting the doctrines of the new religion in a form likely to appeal to the ,grco-,roman world1 which trained as it was in philosophical thought would have been repelled by the simple narratives of ,scripture and the ,gospels4 ,representative ,men and ,tendencies in ,jewish ,thought ,,the next essay by ,m4 ,simon deals with the second and more successful attempt to enrich ,jewish literature by infusing into it the spirit of rationalistic inquiry originally derived from ,greece4 ,this time1 in the ninth and tenth centuries1 the scene is placed in ,babylonia4 ,the place of the ,greeks is now taken by their medieval successors1 the ,mohammedan ,arabs1 upon whom fell a part of the ,hellenic mantle1 that represented by ,greek science and philosophy4 ,the sthetic and literary aspects of the ,greek genius were left severely alone by the ,arabs4 ,the man about whom this sketch centers is the famous ,gaon of ,sura1 ,saadiah4 ,and ,mr4 ,simon lays great stress upon his achievements in ,biblical exegesis4 ,as the ,septuagint was the first ,jewish translation of the ,bible1 so ,saadiah's ,arabic translation was the second1 and it was enriched by introductions and a commentary in which ,saadiah leads his co-religionists1 the ,rabbanite ,jews1 from the ,talmud back to an appreciation of the ,bible4 ,the period of systematic and rationalistic effort culminated in the legal and philosophical works of ,maimonides1 the greatest ,jew of the middle ages4 ,the ,rev4 ,h4 ,s4 ,lewis gives a readable and sympathetic sketch of this pre-eminent ,jewish systematizer and rationalist4 ,he defends him against the strictures of ,luzzatto and ,graetz and points out the great influence his thinking had on ,judaism and ,jews of his own and subsequent ages1 and even on the ,christian scholastics4 ,the following four essays are devoted not to representative men but to brief and interesting sketches of tendencies in ,jewish thought and departments of ,jewish literature4 ,the ,rabbinic legalistic lore of the ,mishnah and ,talmud1 which finds no general treatment in the volume1 is partly represented by the article of ,dr4 ,s4 ,daiches1 who gives a popular account of the post-,talmudic attempts to codify the immense legal material scattered in ,mishnah and ,talmud and in later additions4 ,maimonides' code naturally occupies an important place in this sketch1 and a novel feature is the important place assigned to ,jacob ben ,asher 7#abhj-acdj71 the author of the ,turim1 who superseded ,maimonides and is popularized by ,joseph ,caro in his ,shulchan ,aruch4 ,jewish ,rationalism and ,mysticism ,,the title of the next paper1 written by the competent hand of ,dr4 ,a4 ,wolf1 versed in philosophy as well as in ,jewish literature1 sounds novel2 and as the author says1 is the first effort of the kind so far made4 ,it is well known that the philosophic movement in medieval ,jewry is characterized with few exceptions by the more or less faithful adaptation of ,aristotelian thought as represented in the ,arabic translations of his works and in the compendia and expositions made by such ardent disciples of the ,stagirite as ,al ,farabi1 ,avicenna1 and ,averroes4 ,dr4 ,wolf undertakes briefly and readably to indicate how much the ,jewish medieval philosophers owed to the ,greek sage and what their attitude to him was1 and interestingly summarizes the ,aristotelian point of view by the one word rationalism1 as distinguished from dogmatism and mysticism4 ,he rightly points out that while the specific doctrines borrowed from ,aristotle and read into the ,bible by his ardent ,jewish disciples are for the most part obsolete1 the spirit of systematic inquiry1 the use of the reason in elucidating disputed problems1 the exalted conception of the place and function of human thought1 the hallowing of intellectual effort1 which was the product of this philosophical activity1 is a gain of inestimable value for all time4 ,rationalism and dogmatism1 however1 do not exhaust the aspects of ,jewish thought and literary endeavor4 ,parallel with the development of ,mishnah and ,talmud and philosophy1 there is visible1 at first feebly and in the background1 and later1 as circumstances favored it1 more aggressively and in full view1 the mystic outlook upon life and religion in its various phases4 ,h4 ,sperling in a very interesting and sympathetic manner traces this mystic element in ,jewish literature from the ,prophets of the ,bible1 through the ,maase ,bereshit and ,maase ,merkaba of the ,haggadah down to the ,sefer ,yezira and the ,zohar and its successors4 ,there is no treatment of ,jewish medieval poetry1 and the volume closes with a brief account of the more critical and historical treatment of ,jewish literature created in the nineteenth century by such men as ,krochmal1 ,rapaport1 ,luzzatto1 ,zunz1 ,geiger and others4 ,rev4 ,m4 ,h4 ,segal gives a brief but illuminating account of this latest phase of ,jewish writing1 which is not yet closed1 and is likely to stay with us for a long while4 ,e4 ,m4 ,adler contributes an eloquent introduction by way of connecting the necessarily independent essays and emphasizing the unity which the collection in a great measure possesses4 ,the volume1 as we are told in the ,preface1 owes its appearance to the ,union of ,jewish ,literary ,societies in ,london1 and it does credit to their earnestness and loyalty to the cause of ,jewish learning4 ,let us hope it may serve as an example and incentive to the revival of ,jewish interests in this country4 ,it is well that all should read this useful little book and many others of the kind which we hope will follow4 ,but it is more important that such reading shall inspire the student with a desire to study at first hand the original depositories of ,jewish thought4 ,for this purpose a serious study of ,hebrew is imperative4 ,and let us cherish the hope that we may witness a revival of1 and a wide-spread interest in1 ,jewish literature in this country where next to ,russia the greatest number of ,jews are found and where1 moreover1 they enjoy life1 liberty and the pursuit of happiness4 ,university of ,pennsylvania ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,isaac ,husik ,,iv ,a ,,general ,,survey ,,of ,,jewish ,,life,e ,,through his ,jewish ,life in ,modern ,times ,israel ,cohen has made a notable contribution to the literature of ,jewish life and thought4 ,in a single volume of scarce #cej pages of text there is presented a description and estimate of the ,jewish position in the modern world which may well be considered among the most comprehensive and the most authoritative now available in the ,english language4 ,taken as a whole1 the volume is noteworthy because of three commendable characteristics4 ,it deals with ,jewish life as it appears in modern times1 not as it should be in the light of the literature of the ancient ,hebrews4 ,it presents ,jewish life in all its important aspects and complexities1 not on the basis of the theory so widely prevalent that religion1 of all human activities1 constitutes the sole binding force and the only distinguishing characteristic of the separate ,jewish existence4 ,finally1 it aims to picture the life of the ,jews in all corners of the ,diaspora1 and not their problems and activities in a single country or section of the globe4 ,jewish ,life ,not ,synonymous ,with ,jewish ,religion ,,an exposition of ,jewish life as it is actually lived in modern times helps to clarify a much-beclouded situation4 ,it enables the ,jew the better to know himself2 it presents to the outside world a clearer outline of a figure who must ever1 to some extent1 remain strange and unknowable4 ,moreover1 the reader's sense of proportion is adjusted by a work which does not make ,jewish life synonymous with ,jewish religion4 ,whether there is sufficient evidence of a biological and anthropological character to support the claim of those who look upon the ,jews as a separate race1 whether the ,jewish people in their dispersion may properly be considered as a distinct national group in spite of the absence of a government and a territory of their own1 it is certainly difficult1 in all intellectual honesty1 to maintain that the ,jews are merely a religious community4 ,one of our brilliant young philosophers has strikingly said that a ,jew can change his religion1 but that he cannot change his grandfather2 nor1 he might have added can he destroy his more general antecedents1 that complex of customs1 traditions and ideals which have manifested themselves in the course of thirty-five centuries of recorded history and which create within him an ineradicable historic consciousness4 ,jewish solidarity is not grounded in religion alone1 and the distinctiveness of the ,jewish people manifests itself in activities other than religion4 ,a work which like the present aims to present the ,jew in every important phase of life1 which describes the social1 political1 economic1 and intellectual aspects of ,jewish life1 as well as the religious1 deserves commendation because of its mere scope and completeness4 ,but ,mr4 ,cohen has gone further4 ,he has not fallen into the error of many of the spokesmen for the cultural or historical unity of ,jewry of denying or even minimizing the potency of religion as a factor in ,jewish survival4 ,indeed1 he everywhere recognizes that the primary or motor force in the organization of the ,jewish community1 which is the concrete expression of ,jewish solidarity1 is religious1 springing from the desire for public worship4 ,but while religion is the underlying factor1 it is not the only factor4 ,there is a sane coordination of the leading aspects of ,jewish life1 a clear grasp of the relationship between them4 ,finally1 the work is significant because it seeks to represent the ,jew in all lands1 to paint ,jewish life in all its diversity4 ,mr4 ,cohen1 an ,englishman intimately acquainted with conditions in his own country1 travelled extensively on the continent in preparation for his task4 ,but his knowledge of ,american conditions was derived from study of ,american books and newspapers1 and from correspondence1 instead of from personal experience4 ,this accounts for such minor lapses1 with regard to ,american conditions1 as the statement that the ,jews are excluded from 4 4 4 the principal hotels on the east coast of the ,united ,states and hence take their holiday in the well-known resorts of central and southern ,europe 7p4 #aaj74 ,on the whole1 however1 the attempt to describe ,jewish life in all its diversity1 as it is lived by ,jews in all lands1 is crowned with marked success1 and the author has ample justification for his claim that he has brought within the covers of a single book the fullest description yet attempted of all the main aspects and problems of ,jewish life in the present day4 ,the ,various ,aspects of ,jewish ,life ,a ,,more detailed statement of the scope and plan of the work may best be given in the author's own words4 ,first1 a ,general ,survey is presented1 showing the dispersion and distribution of ,jewry in its countless manifestations1 its diversity of composition in political and spiritual respects1 and the solidarity that unifies its disparate elements4 ,then follow five main sections1 in each of which a leading aspect of life is investigated--the social1 the political1 the economic1 the intellectual1 and the religious4 ,under the ,social ,aspect are set forth the growth and constitution of the community1 the characteristics and customs of the home1 social life and amenities1 morality and philanthropy1 and racial and physical conditions4 ,under the ,political ,aspect are related how one-half of the people acquired civil equality1 how the other half is still suffering in bondage1 and what services ,israel has rendered to so many countries in both their government and their defence4 ,under the ,economic ,aspect are reviewed the different spheres of commercial1 industrial and professional activity in which ,jews are engaged1 the contrasts of material welfare and predominance of poverty1 and the ceaseless currents of migration from the lands of bondage to the havens of refuge4 ,under the ,intellectual ,aspect are considered the advance made by secular education among the ,jews1 the nature of their national intellectual products in modern times1 and the contributions they have rendered to the progress and culture of humanity4 ,under the ,religious ,aspect are described their ecclesiastical organization and administration1 their traditional faith and observance and the growing divergences therefrom1 and then the drift and apostasy that are assuming ever more alarming proportions4 ,finally1 the resultant tendency of all the foregoing manifestations is examined under the ,national ,aspect1 the strength of the forces of assimilation and absorption is contrasted with the inherent force of conservation1 and the realization of the ,zionist ideal is urged as the most effective means of ensuring the perpetuation of ,israel 7pp4 viii-ix74 ,the purpose of the author is thus seen to be1 first1 to present the facts of ,jewish life1 and secondly1 to offer an interpretation of them--to depict the variegated life of the ,jewish people at the present day in all its intimacy and intensity1 and to trace the evolution that is being produced by modern forces 7p4 viii74 ,he is more successful in the first of these objects than he is in the second4 ,his shortcomings in interpretation1 however1 are negative rather than positive2 they are due to omission rather than to commission4 ,there is inadequate consideration of the philosophy of ,jewish life2 external description has crowded out internal analysis2 the point of view is too largely objective4 ,while1 for example1 the conclusion is reached that ,zionism is the only permanent and adequate solution of the ,jewish problem--with which we do not disagree--insufficient stress is laid upon the distinctive ,jewish obligation in the ,diaspora2 the ,jewish contributions to general culture and progress which the author enumerates with such concreteness and detail are not distinctively ,jewish contributions4 ,even if ,zion is the ultimate destiny of the ,jew1 he must1 in the meantime1 justify his separate existence among the nations2 if he is to remain a ,jew as well as a citizen of the world1 his contribution must be that of a ,jewish citizen2 in addition to the general obligation of his citizenship1 he must fulfil the special obligation of his ,jewishness4 ,but these deficiencies of interpretation1 like the inadequacies of description arising from the impossibility of treating exhaustively so large a field within so narrow a compass1 but reflect the inherent limitations of the task set himself by our author4 ,university of ,michigan4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman ,,jewish ,,student ,,organizations ,an ,excerpt from ,israel ,cohen's ,book1 ,jewish ,life in ,modern ,times1 pages #aje-ajf3 ,it was not until the last quarter of the nineteenth century that the ,jewish students at any of the principal seats of learning were numerous enough to form a society of their own4 ,the first organization was founded in #ahhb in ,vienna by ,jewish students from ,russia1 ,rumania1 and ,galicia1 who entitled their society ,kadimah1 which means both ',eastward' and ',forward1' as an indication of the ideal of a resettlement in ,palestine which they advocated4 ,since then1 partly as a result of the advance of ,zionism and partly as a result of the anti-,semitic attitude of the general students' corps on the ,continent1 separate societies have been formed by the ,jewish students at almost every university at which they number at least a dozen1 and are now found in ,germany1 ,austria-,hungary1 ,russia1 ,switzerland1 ,france1 and ,holland4 ,some of these societies owe their existence simply to the exclusion of ,jews from the general corporation1 and they adopt a passive attitude on ,jewish questions1 but the majority are animated by the ideal of ,jewish nationalism and actively foster the ,zionist cause4 ,the ,jewish nationalist societies in ,germany are grouped into two organizations1 the ',bund ,jdischer ,corporationen1' founded in #aija1 with a membership of over #fjj 7graduates and undergraduates71 and the smaller1 ',kartell ,zionistischer ,verbindungen1' founded five years later1 with a membership of #bej4 ,the ,zionist students' societies in ,holland were federated in #aijh1 but those in other ,continental countries pursue an unattached existence4 ,established to assert and promote the principle of ,jewish nationalism1 these corporations have nevertheless adopted all the methods and conventions of ,german corporations2 they each have their distinctive colors1 and they hold 'beer evenings' at which the students sing spirited songs in swelling chorus around tables which they bang with their beer-mugs1 presided over by officers who are accoutred in a gorgeous uniform and armed with a sword that does duty alternately as chairman's hammer and conductor's baton4 ,but their songs tell not of ,teuton valor but of ,jewish hope1 breathing the spirit of a rejuvenated people4 ,besides these convivial gatherings the members cultivate the study of ,jewish history1 literature1 and modern problems1 and also practice fencing so as to be prepared for any duel in which they might be involved in vindication of the ,jewish name4 ,the ,jewish societies at the universities in ,english-speaking countries are not1 like the ,continental corps1 the inevitable product of an unfriendly environment1 but voluntary associations for the study of ,jewish questions and for social intercourse4 ,the ,jewish students in ,england1 and to a less extent in the ,united ,states1 join the societies of their university2 but their racial sympathies prompt them also to fraternize with one another4 ,thus1 ,oxford has its ,adler ,society and ,cambridge its ,schechter ,society1 whilst at both universities there is also a ,zionist ,society4 ,moreover1 in the ,united ,states1 ',menorah' societies for the study of ,jewish history and the discussion of ,jewish questions have been formed at twenty-five ,universities and organized into an ,intercollegiate ',menorah' ,association with over #ajjj members4 ,there are now #cg ,menorah ,societies1 with an approximate membership of #c1jjj4--;,,ed4 ,,footnotes3 ,b ,r4 ,,travers ,,herford3 ,pharisaism1 ,its ,aim and ,method4 ,london1 ,williams and ,norgate2 ,new ,york1 ,putnam4 #a4ej4 7,any of the books reviewed in this article may be ordered through ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal47 ,c ,,harry ,s4 ,,lewis1 ,m4,a43 ,liberal ,judaism and ,social ,service4 ,new ,york1 ,bloch ,publishing ,co4 7,the ,lewisohn ,lectures47 #a4jj4 ,d ,,leon ,,simon1 ,editor3 ,aspects of the ,hebrew ,genius4 ,essays by ,elkan ,adler1 ,norman ,bentwich1 ,h4 ,s4 ,lewis1 ,s4 ,daiches1 ,a4 ,wolf1 ,h4 ,sperling1 ,m4 ,simon1 ,m4 ,h4 ,segal4 ,london1 ,routledge4 #a4jj4 ,e ,,israel ,,cohen3 ,jewish ,life in ,modern ,times4 ,new ,york3 ,dodd1 ,mead ,co4 #c4jj4 ,the ,symbolism of the ,menorah,f ,,by ,,hyman ,,askowith ,,after the severe and constantly-expanding test of nearly a decade1 the founders of the first ,menorah ,society may be permitted to felicitate themselves on their choice of the name4 ,for it was far truer of the ,menorah than it is of most organizations that the choice of a name was of vital moment1 and the founders were impressed by a number of considerations which we can all fully appreciate even today4 ,they were bent upon choosing a name which would not deter any ,jewish student from enrolling under it with avidity2 which would not excite opposition from any source2 which would command respect and reverence1 increasing respect and reverence1 both from the ,university public and the general public2 which would be voluntarily adopted by similar societies in other ,universities in preference to any other that might be suggested2 and finally1 a name with enough charm and euphony and significant symbolism to stand constant repetition1 to bear living with day by day1 and all the while grow in our imaginations and yield new beauteous meaning through the years4 ,from a descriptive standpoint1 it would be difficult to find a more appropriate name for a ,university society devoted to ,hebraic culture than the name ,menorah4 ,for there is hardly another available word in the entire range of ,hebraic history and learning which is so freighted with sentiment and so symbolic of all that ,israel stands for4 ,the ,most ,expressive of ,all ,hebraic ,symbols ,,taken in a general sense1 it is evident that the ,menorah or seven-branched candelabrum1 being the distinctive lamp or light of the ancient ,hebrews1 serves more distinctively than would the classic torch or the conventional oil lamp to represent ,hebrew enlightenment4 ,our aim being to spread the light of ,hebraic culture1 it is clearly fitting that we should employ the ,hebraic lamp4 ,it should be more effective1 too1 inasmuch as its light is sevenfold1 and our efforts are illuminated with a sevenfold splendor4 ,the word ,menorah1 it is worth noting1 is among exclusively ,hebrew words the only one which would be readily understood by any considerable number of people aside from students or readers of ,hebrew4 ,it has been made familiar to all by the representation of the captured ,menorah on the ,arch of ,titus 7see ,frontispiece74 ,according to the ,bible1 the original ,menorah was of divine pattern4 ,it was ordained by ,god in his instructions to ,moses for the sacred paraphernalia of the ,holy ,tabernacle 7,exodus ,,xxv1 #ca et seq474 ,the ,menorah was thus among the first instruments or tokens of the ,hebrew religion1 and the only one which in any sense is in our possession today--the only one which can be perpetuated4 ,the divine pattern is still with us and we are repeatedly modeling new copies from it4 ,the ,menorah is today1 therefore1 the most expressive of all concrete symbols of the ,hebrew race and religion4 ,a ,favorite ,object of ,metaphor and ,poetic ,sentiment ,a ,,halo of symbolism--almost kaleidoscopic in its manifold beauty--surrounds the ,menorah in ,hebraic literature and tradition4 ,both the single light or candle1 and the distinctive combination of seven1 are the favorite objects of metaphor1 interpretation1 and poetic sentiment4 ,in the ,bible the word ner 77--candle or light1 embodied1 of course1 in the word ,menorah 77--is used metaphorically in many significant senses4 ,god is a light--enlightening1 comforting and honoring his people4 ,the rational understanding and conscience are lights which search1 inform1 direct and judge us4 ,a profession of faith is called a lamp1 which renders men shining and useful and instructors of others4 ,the last two interpretations certainly cast an appropriate reflection on our choice of ,menorah4 ,for the number #g1 as we all know1 the ancient ,hebrews had a singular fondness1 attributing to it a magic potency4 ,this may have arisen from the traditional story of the seven days of ,creation1 and the institution of the ,sabbath--without a doubt the most important of ,hebrew institutions4 ,this certainly enhanced the reverence for the number #g1 which soon became the most sacred ,hebrew number1 bearing nearly always the connotation of holiness and sanctity or mystic perfection4 ,the acts of atonement and purification were accompanied by a sevenfold sprinkling4 ,there were seven trumpets1 seven priests that sounded them seven days around ,jericho1 seven lamps1 seven seals1 etc4 ,the seventh day was the ,sabbath1 the seventh year was the ,sabbatical 7still observed to the well-earned emolument of our professors in the ,universities71 and seven times seven years brought on the ,jubilee4 ,the seventh month was the holiest month of the year 7which we appreciate now by regarding ,september as an auspicious month in which to return to college studies74 ,the number seven soon came to be used also conventionally as an indefinite or round number1 indicating abundance1 completeness1 perfection4#a ,cicero calls seven the knot and cement of all things1 as being that by which the natural and spiritual world are comprehended in one idea4 ,the ,manifold ,symbolism of the ,seven ,lamps ,,be that as it may1 our ancestral learned men seem to have found no end of significant meanings in the seven lamps of the ,menorah4 ,generally it was held to represent the creation of the universe in seven days1 the center light symbolizing the ,sabbath4 ,again1 the seven branches are the seven continents of the earth and the seven heavens1 guided by the light of ,god4 ,according to ,philo and others1 the seven lights represent the seven planets which1 regarded as the eyes of ,god1 behold everything4#b ,the light in the center1 which is especially distinguished1 would signify the sun1 as the chief of the planets4 ,with this was combined the mystic conception of a celestial tree1 with leaves reaching to the sky and fruit typifying the planets4 ,there would be little difficulty1 of course1 in extending this symbolistic catalogue ad infinitum4 ,we could easily and perhaps profitably select ,seven ,wonders of ,hebraic history or achievement1 seven great epochs in the development of ,hebraic culture1 seven great leaders of the race1 etc4 ,we might also say that the seven lights represent the seven chief studies which make up a liberal education--the ,trivium and ,quadrivium of the ,middle ,ages1 substantially the foundation of the university curriculum of today#c4 ,the words 1 ,let there be light1 just above the ,menorah on our seal1 are not only reminiscent of the first great word of ,god1 pregnant in meaning for humanity1 but stand also for the purpose of this ,society--the relighting of the ,menorah in order that it may shed its ancient lustre and once again illumine the minds of men with the glory and uplift of ,hebraic ideals4 ,illustration3 ,,reproduction 7,,one-,,fourth ,,the ,,size ,,of ,,the ,,original7 ,,of ,,the ,,membership ,,shingle ,,of ,,the ,,harvard ,,menorah ,,society1 ,,adopted ,,in ,,its ,,first ,,year 7#aijf-jg7 ,the ,symbolism of ,palm and ,olive ,branch ,,the seal as originally drawn for the ,harvard ,menorah ,society 7see accompanying illustration of membership shingle7 bears two or three other symbols which deserve a word of interpretation4 ,below the ,menorah appears the so-called ,star of ,david--lately revived by the ,zionist movement as the only exclusively ,jewish figure or geometric symbol of any national meaning4 ,entwined below the seal proper are an olive branch and a date palm1 both of which are intimately associated with the history of the race in ,palestine4 ,they are the two most characteristic trees of the promised land1 and provided the chief staple foods of the ,hebrews during their occupation of the country4 ,the olive1 moreover1 gave the oil with which the ,menorah was lit4 ,there is also much fascinating symbolism in the olive tree and the palm4 ,both are evergreens--standing for the persistency of the ,hebrew race4 ,the date palm1 we are told1 has a slender and very yielding stem1 so that in a storm it sways back and forth but does not break2 and throughout its length it bears scars showing where leaves have fallen off4 ,could anything be more beautifully expressive of the career of the ,jewish nation8 ,finally1 the olive branch has always stood for peace--one of the most cherished and distinctive ,hebraic ideals2 and the palm has always stood for intellectual achievement--and who would deny the palm to the race that gave the world its ,bible and all that it stands for8 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,hyman ,askowith ,,footnotes3 ,f ,this article is based upon a paper delivered at the ,seventh ,annual ,banquet of the ,harvard ,menorah ,society last ,may4 #a ,cf4 ,gen4 vii1 #b2 xxi1 #bh-cj2 ,i ,kings xviii1 #dc2 ,deut4 xvi1 #i2 ,ezek4 xl1 #bb2 xli1 #c4 #b ,cf4 ,zech4 iv1 #aj4 #c ,in the form in which this paper was read before the ,harvard ,menorah ,society1 the following paragraphs of a more local interest were added at this point3 ,and it certainly adds to the eternal fitness of things that there should be just seven letters in the word ,,menorah1 just seven letters in the word ,,harvard1 and just seven letters in the word ,,society2--the whole name of the society thus forming three times seven1 or a majority4 ,that there is something much more ,hebraic in ,harvard than the mere mechanical coincidence of seven letters in the name1 is well known to every one who is at all aware of the part played by ,hebrew ideals in the founding1 organization and early history of ,harvard4 ,the fact that ,harvard took root in ,hebraic culture and traditions is a welcome and gratifying encouragement to this effort to replant the ,hebraic influence on ,harvard ground4 ,the ,decennial of the ,menorah ,movement ,,the ,menorah movement enters upon its decennial with the beginning of the present academic year1 the first ,menorah ,society having been organized at ,harvard ,university in #aijf4;,g ,from this ,society with an original membership of sixteen1 the ,menorah movement has grown throughout the country so that at the close of the last academic year there were ,societies at thirty-seven colleges and universities with a membership of some three thousand4 ,every ,society has arisen upon the initiative of the students themselves1 inspired by a desire to pursue the objects embodied in the ,menorah4 ,in ,january1 #aiac1 the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association was formed for the purpose of mutual encouragement and co-operation among the several ,societies1 and also to carry out enterprises beyond the scope and power of any individual ,society--such as the publication of ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal4 ,on the threshold of the decennial1 and especially since the present number of the ,,journal will come into the hands of many new students and readers1 it may not be amiss again1 in brief terms1 to review the purposes of the movement4 ,the ,three-,fold ,purpose of the ,menorah ,organization ,,the ,menorah ,societies have been organized by the students in response to their desire first of all to know more about the history1 literature1 religion--in a word1 the culture and ideals of the ,jewish people1 and the conditions and problems which confront the ,jews in the world today4 ,being thus educational in primary purpose1 every ,menorah ,society is open to all the members of its university who have an interest in ,jewish life and thought4 ,and inasmuch as the great majority1 if not all1 of the students who have such an interest in ,jewish knowledge and ,jewish aspirations are themselves ,jews1 the ,menorah organization cherishes the second purpose of strengthening the ,jewish idealism and noblesse oblige of the ,jewish students1 so that by understanding and carrying forward their ,jewish inheritance they may become better men and women by becoming better ,jews4 ,and from this moral aim there flows still a third purpose1 that of patriotic service to the ,republic2 for by enriching the common treasury of ,american culture and ideals with the spiritual resources of the ,jewish people1 the educated ,jews of the country may serve ,america to the profoundest degree4 ,animated thus with the spirit and broad purposes of our universities1 the ,menorah ,societies have been warmly welcomed and generously assisted by the university authorities4 ,the ,distinction ,between ,menorah and ,other ,student ,societies ,,the purposes of the ,menorah movement will appear in greater relief by comparison with the objects of other types of ,jewish organization--social1 political1 religious--that have arisen at our colleges and universities4 ,the ,menorah ,societies are all-inclusive1 non-partisan1 non-sectarian4 ,hence they are to be distinguished in the first place from the exclusive social organizations1 such as the ,greek letter or ,hebrew letter fraternities4 ,being rather educational in spirit and purpose1 the ,menorah ,societies make no social test for membership1 nor do they pursue any convivial activities except such as are deemed desirable for the most agreeable and efficient pursuit of the ,menorah objects4 ,again1 the ,menorah ,societies are clearly distinguishable from the ,zionist ,societies1 which were united last ,june in the ,intercollegiate ,zionist ,association of ,america2 whereas the ,zionist ,societies are devoted to a specific political program in confronting the so-called ,jewish ,question1 the ,menorah ,societies1 being non-partisan1 are neither ,zionist nor anti-,zionist1 but perfectly free and open forums for the discussion of all points of view4 ,the ,menorah membership consists of men and women of divers convictions1 as well as of those who have not yet made up their minds but come to the ,menorah for enlightenment and inspiration4 ,finally1 just because the ,menorah appeals to every student who has a liberal interest in ,jewish life and thought--to every ,jewish student particularly1 whatever his present beliefs and ideas--the ,menorah ,societies are not to be regarded as specifically religious organizations4 ,therefore the observance of religious services and practices is left to those students who desire them1 individually or in appropriate organizations1 such as the ,jewish ,students' ,congregation organized recently under reform auspices at the ,university of ,michigan4 ,the ,menorah ,societies are neither reform1 conservative nor orthodox but broadly inclusive of all elements4 ,the ,catholicity and ,comradeship of the ,menorah ,,indeed1 next to the ,menorah idea--the sum of ,menorah purposes--the peculiar strength of the ,menorah ,societies lies in this catholic spirit which determines the ,menorah open door4 ,thereby the ,menorah ,societies are enabled to perform more and more an incidental but most important service apart from the objects to which they are formally dedicated4 ,with the growth of various ,jewish organizations in our universities--which1 whatever the opinion as to their value and propriety1 tend to divide the ,jewish students rather than to unite them--a most important service performed by the all-inclusive ,menorah ,societies is to bring the students together1 in spite of their various differences1 on a common high plane4 ,as stated over a year ago in the ,association's book on ,the ,menorah ,movement3 ,where1 as in almost all large universities1 there are ,jewish students of diverse antecedents1 it is one of the most important functions of a non-partisan organization like the ,menorah ,society to bring all classes and parties together upon an academic plane1 in order that they may learn each other's points of view1 in order that their prejudices against one another which are founded on misunderstanding and snobbishness may wither away1 and in order that they may pursue in generous comradeship the knowledge of their common tradition and the hope of their common future4 ,the ,graduate ,phase of the ,menorah ,movement ,,it is becoming increasingly evident1 moreover1 that such a unifying force is called for outside of the universities among the graduates and other educated ,jews2 and it is hoped that through the graduate phase of the ,menorah movement1 this need may be subserved by graduate ,menorah groups in various communities4 ,to quote once more from ,the ,menorah ,movement3 ,such graduate ,menorah organizations1 while academic and non-partisan in their nature1 like the university ,menorah ,societies1 might yet1 if properly constituted and conducted1 be of practical as well as of ideal service to their communities4 ,they could bring together1 upon the lofty basis of ,jewish idealism1 men of different views in the community1 who approach practical ,jewish problems in different1 sometimes in mutually antagonistic1 ways4 ,devoid itself of any sectarian or fraternal or political bias1 a graduate ,menorah organization should be ideally fitted to serve as a kind of intellectual clearing house of the ,jewish community1 and thus promote on all sides a deeper understanding of one another1 a clearer vision of the common problems1 a greater concord in ,jewish life4 ,in any event1 it is hoped during the present year to bring the graduates and other public-spirited ,jewish citizens into closer touch with the activities and aspirations of the students4 ,at the fourth annual ,convention of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association to be held during the coming midwinter recess1 the idea of graduate ,menorah committees and other forms of possible graduate association with the ,menorah movement will be carefully considered4 ,the ,year ,ahead ,,it may be added that at this ,convention1 which promises to be the most important thus far held by the ,menorah ,societies1 there will also be given a full review of the activities of the ,menorah organization since its inception and a survey of the present opportunities and demands for ,menorah work throughout the country4 ,more and more emphasis will be laid upon the quality of accomplishment of every ,menorah ,society2 upon the active participation by all ,menorah members in one phase or another of ,jewish study and labor2 and1 in general1 upon an even greater utilization of the lectures1 libraries1 study courses1 and other means provided for the accomplishment of ,menorah ends4 ,in this terrible time for ,jewry1 amid the general catastrophe1 when hundreds of thousands of ,jewish young men are offering their lives heroically in the contending armies1 the members of the ,menorah ,societies in this favored country cannot but enter upon the new year with a solemn sense of added responsibility4 ,more than ever in this decennial year of the ,menorah movement is intellectual and moral consecration to ,jewish ideals demanded of ,jewish students in ,america4 ,henry ,hurwitz1 ,chancellor ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman1 ,president ,,footnote3 ,g ,it should be noted that in #aijc a ,jewish literary society was founded at the ,university of ,minnesota which was later changed to a ,menorah ,society and is now one of the constituents of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association4 ,menorah ,notes and ,news ,the ,international ,students' ,reunion ,,the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association was represented at the ,international ,students' ,reunion1 which was held in connection with the ,panama-,pacific ,international ,exposition at ,san ,francisco1 the ,university of ,california1 and ,leland ,stanford ,university1 under the auspices of ,corda ,fratres ,association of ,cosmopolitan ,clubs1 from ,august #afth to #bast1 #aiae4 ,intercollegiate ,vice-,president ,milton ,d4 ,sapiro read a paper at the session in the ,civic ,auditorium1 ,san ,francisco1 on ,the ,purposes of the ,menorah ,movement1 submitted by the ,chancellor4 ,dr4 ,horace ,m4 ,kallen1 of the ,university of ,wisconsin1 delivered a discourse at the session at ,stanford ,university on ,the ,hebraic ,spirit4 ,the following is an abstract of his address3 ,dr4 ,kallen on ,the ,hebraic ,spirit ,a people's spirit is its character1 considered not as a cluster of qualities1 but as a spring and form of action--action that expresses itself in social institutions1 in political and economic organization1 in art1 in religion and in philosophy2 in short1 in all that expressive part of human life we call culture4 ,a people's culture is organic4 ,however varied its form and media1 the varieties springing from a single source possess an identical and unique quality which is the quality of that source4 ,they express and reveal it1 as generative power1 a force of creation1 having good or evil bearing upon the residual civilization4 ,the process of such revelation is a people's total history2 just as the process of revelation of an individual's character is his total biography4 ,to find the ,hebraic spirit we must seek its substantial development in the culture and ideals of the ,jewish people--in the unfoldment1 in the history of their common attitude toward the world and toward man1 in their theory of life4 ,the ,jewish theory of life involves three fundamental conceptions1 interdependent1 and forming a unit which has no near parallel in civilization4 ,the first of these conceptions defines the nature of ,god4 ,what is significant about it is the fact that it makes no distinction between ,god and ,nature4 ,god is ,nature and ,nature is ,god4 ,the two are related to each other as a force and its operation1 and what difference there exists between them is a difference in completeness and self-sufficiency1 not in kind4 ,god reveals himself thus in and as the cause of ,nature1 the whirlwind1 the process of life and decay1 the development of history4 ,his essence is ,change1 ,force1 ,time4 ,there is hence no ,hebrew word for eternal2 ,god's attitude is everlasting4 ,that is1 that which changes yet retains its identity1 as a man changes from infancy to manhood1 yet retains his identity4 ,god is one1 all-inclusive1 everlastingly creative4 ,in consequence1 there exists a real distinction between ,god and man1 such that the one cannot be defined in analogy with anything human4 ,neither wisdom1 nor goodness1 nor justice apply to him2 yet the goodness1 wisdom and justice of man depend upon him4 ,man is a finite speck set over against divine infinitude4 ,his life is a constant struggle for survival with forces which have each an equal claim on divine regard with man4 ,man's salvation1 herein1 consists in knowing these facts1 in understanding1 using them1 and guarding against them4 ,the fear of the ,lord1 sings the chorus in ,job1 is the beginning of wisdom1 and to depart from evil is understanding4 ,to depart from evil is to act as a social being1 to be righteous4 ,righteousness is acknowledgment of the value and integrity of other persons4 ,it is the application of justice in all fields of human endeavor1 particularly in fundamental economics4 ,thus the three historic constitutions of the ,jewish state1 the ,covenant1 ,deuteronomy and the ,levitical code1 are all directed toward making impossible other than natural inequalities within the state4 ,their intention is a social democracy2 and all ,jewish law1 departing from this fundamental intention1 aims1 under various conditions1 to realize it4 ,the prophets1 from ,amos to ,isaiah1 preach it2 and men like ,ferdinand ,lassalle1 ,karl ,marx1 ,jean de ,bloch1 simply enhance their tradition4 ,the ,hebraic spirit carries the principle of democracy beyond the individual to the group4 ,men having a common ancestry1 history1 culture and ideals1 living a common life1 have definite contribution to make to civilization as a group4 ,they constitute a nationality and the principles of justice that apply among individuals must apply equally among nationalities4 ,hence ,hebraism1 through its prophets1 formulates the conception of an internationalism1 consisting of a co-operative democracy of nationalities1 under conditions of universal peace4 ,the great ,isaiah1 who flourished in the fifth century ,b4 ,c41 is the first to formulate this national vision4 ,his people have never departed from it4 ,in terms of it1 they have been the foremost protagonists of a constructive internationalism1 in every land and at all times4 ,recently1 as they have begun to find that their service to civilization as a people grows more and more impaired by the ,diaspora1 they have formulated a program of national reconcentration in ,palestine1 and of the free development there of ,hebraic culture and ideals such as all ,european peoples carry out in their own homelands of their culture and ideals4 ,this program is called ,zionism4 ,it is the practical and most expressive incarnation of the ,hebraic ,spirit4 ,california ,menorah ,society ,,the ,california ,menorah ,society met on ,monday evening1 ,august #cjth1 for its first meeting of the college year4 ,there was an attendance of #abe4 ,mr4 ,louis ,i4 ,newman gave a short talk on the aims of the ,menorah movement4 ,milton ,d4 ,sapiro1 first ,president of the ,california ,menorah and now the second ,vice-,president of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 spoke on the history of the movement1 tracing the development of the ,menorah idea and the formation of the ,intercollegiate body2 and in closing he presented ,stanley ,arndt1 now ,president of the ,society1 with a bronze ,menorah1 which is to be handed down from ,president to ,president each year4 ,president ,arndt1 in accepting the ,menorah1 said that it suggested the great problem that the ,jews are now facing4 ,the great question at the present time is whether this ,menorah will be a mere symbol of the past glories1 the past achievements of the ,jews1 whether it is to be a mere monument of a dying race1 or the living emblem of a living race1 the soul of a living people4 ,as an exponent of the latter doctrine1 he introduced ,dr4 ,horace ,m4 ,kallen of the ,university of ,wisconsin1 ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,lecturer4 ,dr4 ,kallen spoke on ,the ,jews and the ,great ,war4 ,he pointed out that democracy in its essence was the liberation of individuality2 that by being most one's self1 a person or a nation does the most for his neighbors4 ,first of all1 therefore1 we should know ourselves4 ,dr4 ,kallen then took up the condition of the ,jews in ,russia4 ,he discussed the frightful persecutions there as the result of a great anti-,jewish conspiracy to cover up the graft1 the corruption and the inefficiency of the government4 ,he spoke on the great drive of the ,jews from the ,pale by the military authorities and then the drive back again by the civil authorities4 ,this1 he pointed out1 involved not only a ,jewish problem1 but a great international one besides4 ,the second phase of the ,jewish question was that of a free ,jewish life in ,palestine4 ,there the ,jewish colonists have practically an autonomy of their own2 they have established a ,jewish stage1 ,jewish art1 ,jewish music2 and the colonies were founded upon a social democratic basis1 upon the same fundamental conceptions of social democracy that the ,hebrew ,prophets had preached4 ,dr4 ,kallen concluded with a plea for the ,jew's double responsibility4 ,the ,jew commits a crime hot only as a citizen but as a ,jew4 ,the ,jews who in length of service to the world are surely an aristocracy must carry this responsibility4 ,in the discussion which followed1 ,professor ,simon ,litman of ,illinois1 who was present1 took part4 ,a ,menorah prize of #ej4 was announced at this meeting4 ,the judges will be ,professor ,william ,popper and ,dr4 ,martin ,a4 ,meyer of the ,semitics ,department of the ,university1 and ,judge ,max ,sloss of the ,supreme ,court of ,california4 ,a musical program1 followed by an informal reception to the new members1 completed the evening4 ,n4 ,m4 ,lyon1 the ,treasurer of the ,intercollegiate1 formerly of ,cincinnati1 is now a student at ,california and a member of the ,california ,menorah4 ,dr4 ,kallen on the ,pacific ,coast ,,besides his address at the opening meeting of the ,california ,menorah ,society and other informal talks with the students1 ,dr4 ,kallen delivered a series of three addresses at the ,university of ,california1 under the auspices of the ,department of ,philosophy1 on the general subject3 ,the ,hebraic ,tradition in ,europe4 ,on ,august #cast1 he lectured upon ,the ,rise and ,significance of the ,hebraic ,tradition2 on ,september #ast1 ,hebraism and ,democracy2 and ,september #bnd1 ,hebraism and ,art4 ,on ,august #cjth1 ,dr4 ,kallen met a company of graduates and other public-spirited ,jewish citizens in ,san ,francisco at luncheon and explained the purposes and activities of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association4 ,dr4 ,kallen addressed the ,menorah ,society of the ,university of ,washington in ,seattle on ,august #adth1 on ,the ,jewish ,question and the ,great ,war4 ,he also met at a dinner a company of graduates and other public-spirited ,jewish citizens in ,seattle1 and explained to them the purposes and activities of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association4 ,dr4 ,harry ,wolfson of ,harvard ,,harry ,,austryn ,,wolfson1 the author of the articles on ,jewish ,students in ,european ,universities1 published in the first two numbers of the ,journal1 has been appointed ,instructor in ,jewish ,literature and ,philosophy at ,harvard ,university4 ,he received his ,ph4,d4 from ,harvard last ,june in the field of ,semitic ,philology1 his thesis subject being ,crescas on the ,problems of ,infinity and ,divine ,attributes4 ,during the ensuing year he will give the following courses3 ,post-,biblical ,hebrew1 ,jewish ,aramaic1 ,jewish ,literature and ,life ,from the ,second to the ,end of the ,seventeenth ,century1 and ,an ,introduction to ,medieval ,jewish ,philosophy4 ,cornell ,summer ,meeting ,,on ,august #h1 #aiae1 the ,cornell ,menorah ,society held a meeting for the summer students4 ,there was an attendance of about #ej1 both ,jews and non-,jews4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,mendes1 of ,new ,york1 gave an address on ,bible ,ideals in ,modern ,times1 and ,professor ,frank ,carney of ,denison ,university1 ,professor of ,industrial ,geography in the ,cornell ,summer ,school1 spoke on ,the ,inorganic ,basis of the ,hebrew ,contribution to the ,world4 ,professor ,w4,a4 ,hurwitz of ,cornell spoke briefly on the scope of the ,menorah movement1 and ,dr4 ,l4 ,l4 ,silverman played ,kol ,nidre on the violin4 ,hunter ,menorah ,society ,,the ,menorah ,society of ,hunter ,college1 in ,new ,york ,city1 begins its third year with a marked increase in the enthusiasm and the number of its members4 ,a program dealing with various phases of ,hebrew culture has been planned for the regular monthly meetings1 comprising lectures on the ,bible1 the ,talmud1 ,medieval ,hebrew ,poetry1 ,modern ,hebrew ,literature1 ,hebrew ,music1 and ,hebrew ,art4 ,in addition1 the ,society hopes to present a pageant and a reception to freshmen in ,february 7for ,hunter ,college admits two classes during the year74 ,the lectures will be preceded by refreshments1 and the singing of ,hebrew songs by the ,menorah ,glee ,club4 ,besides the regular monthly meetings1 the ,society is organizing courses in conversational ,hebrew1 ,bible ,study1 and ,zionism--the first to meet weekly1 the others on alternate weeks4 ,it is also hoped to have a general informal meeting every week to discuss modern ,jewish problems in connection with the reading of various newspapers and periodicals4 ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york ,,the ,menorah ,society of the ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york closed its activities during the past year with a very interesting meeting held on ,may #bj1 #aiae4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,pereira ,mendes spoke on ,jewish ,ideals of ,peace1 and he was introduced by the new ,president of the ,college1 ,dr4 ,sidney ,edward ,mezes1 who presided4 ,dr4 ,mezes has come to ,city ,college from the ,university of ,texas1 and it is gratifying to note that he had already been made familiar with the ,menorah work through the ,texas ,menorah ,society4 ,the new year was opened with a forum meeting on ,september #bast1 in the ,menorah alcove1 when the ,chancellor addressed a number of new men as well as old1 upon the significance and the increasing scope of the ,menorah movement4 ,the week beginning ,october #crd will be known as ,menorah ,week at the ,college4 ,on ,monday1 ,october #dth1 the study circles will meet for the first time2 on ,tuesday there will be another meeting of the ,menorah forum2 on ,wednesday a semi-annual smoker will be held in the ,city ,college ,club2 and on ,thursday1 ,mr4 ,marcus ,m4 ,marks1 ,president of the ,borough of ,manhattan1 will deliver a lecture to the student body under the auspices of the ,menorah ,society4 ,fourth ,annual ,convention ,,important matters touching the development of ,intercollegiate activities1 the work and membership of the constituent ,societies1 the association of graduates with the ,intercollegiate body1 the problems and plans of ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal1 will be among the subjects presented for discussion and decision at the ,fourth ,menorah ,convention1 to be held during the coming mid-winter recess4 ,the precise days and place of the ,convention will shortly be decided by the ,administrative ,council1 in accordance with ,article ,,ii1 ,section #d1 of the ,intercollegiate ,constitution4 ,in addition to the business sessions there will also be a formal dinner and an academic session devoted to the reading of papers by eminent scholars4 ,it is hoped that a large number of ,menorah men and women from all parts of the country will be able to attend4 ,further details will be published in the next number of the ,,journal4 ,informal ,gathering of ,menorah ,officers ,,on ,june #ba1 #aiae1 there was an informal gathering at the headquarters of the ,intercollegiate ,association1 #fjj ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city1 of ,menorah officers who happened to be in ,new ,york4 ,there were present1 besides the ,chancellor1 ,president ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman1 ,vice-,president ,abraham ,j4 ,feldman1 and ,secretary ,charles ,k4 ,feinberg of the ,association1 ,president ,stanley ,arndt of ,california1 ,president ,jacob ,rubinoff of ,pennsylvania1 ex-,president ,leon ,j4 ,rosenthal of ,cornell1 ex-,president ,george ,j4 ,horowitz1 ,president ,moses ,h4 ,gitelson1 ,treasurer ,herman ,i4 ,trachman of ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york1 ,president ,bernard ,j4 ,reis of ,new ,york ,university 7,washington ,square71 ex-,president ,samuel ,sussman of ,columbia1 ,president ,sarah ,berenson1 ,vice-,president ,babette ,reinhardt1 ,treasurer ,minnie ,weiss1 and ,secretary ,ernestine ,p4 ,franklin and ex-,secretary ,julia ,mitchell of ,hunter1 and ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen of ,wisconsin4 ,there was informal discussion of the activities of the various ,societies1 the progress of ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal1 the program of the next ,intercollegiate ,convention1 and the development of the graduate phase of the ,menorah movement4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,this text uses both today and to-day4 ,also used were ,roumania and ,rumania4 ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal ,illustration ,,volume ,i ,december ,no4 #e #aiae ,frontispiece3 ,theodor ,herzl ,etching by ,hermann ,struck ,the ,menorah ,,theodor ,,herzl ,the ,present ,crisis in ,american ,jewry ,,israel ,,friedlaender ,our ,spiritual ,inheritance ,,irving ,,lehman ,adam ,prometheus1 and ,other ,lyrics ,,louis ,k4 ,,anspacher ,sholom ,asch3 ,the ,jewish ,maupassant ,,percy ,b4 ,,shostac ,a ,menorah ,prize ,essay ,liberalism and the ,jews ,,joseph ,,jacobs ,what ,is ,judaism8 ,,mordecai ,m4 ,,kaplan ,university ,menorah ,addresses ,activities of ,menorah ,societies 99 99 99 99 99 ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,intercollegiate ,,menorah ,,association #fjj ,,madison ,,avenue ,,new ,,york -3- -3- -3- #be ,,cts4 ,a ,,copy ,,intercollegiate ,,menorah ,,association ,for the ,study and ,advancement of ,jewish ,culture and ,ideals ,,officers ,chancellor ,,henry ,,hurwitz #fjj ,madison ,ave41 ,new ,york ,president ,i4 ,,leo ,,sharfman ,university of ,michigan ,first ,vice-,president ,,isadore ,,levin ,harvard ,university ,second ,vice-,president ,,milton ,d4 ,,sapiro ,university of ,california ,third ,vice-,president ,,abraham ,j4 ,,feldman ,university of ,cincinnati ,treasurer ,n4 ,,morais ,,lyon ,university of ,california ,secretary ,,charles ,k4 ,,feinberg ,new ,york ,university ,,the ,,administrative ,,council ,boston ,university3 ,maurice ,horblit ,brown ,university3 ,ismar ,baruch ,clark ,university3 ,max ,smelensky ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,j4 ,horowitz ,columbia ,university3 ,m4 ,d4 ,hoffman ,cornell ,university3 ,leon ,j4 ,rosenthal ,harvard ,university3 ,ralph ,a4 ,newman ,hunter ,college3 ,sarah ,r4 ,friedman ,johns ,hopkins ,university3 ,millard ,eiseman ,new ,york ,university3 ,charles ,k4 ,feinberg ,ohio ,state ,university3 ,samuel ,lesser ,penn ,state ,college3 ,j4 ,k4 ,miller ,radcliffe ,college3 ,anna ,rogovin ,rutgers ,college3 ,louis ,b4 ,gittleman ,tufts ,college3 ,philip ,marzynski ,university of ,california3 ,louis ,i4 ,newman ,university of ,chicago3 ,david ,levy ,university of ,cincinnati3 ,abraham ,j4 ,feldman ,university of ,colorado3 ,morris ,baskin ,university of ,denver3 ,jacob ,butcher ,university of ,illinois3 ,sidney ,casner ,university of ,maine3 ,lewis ,h4 ,kriger ,university of ,michigan3 ,jacob ,levin ,university of ,minnesota3 ,moses ,barron ,university of ,missouri3 ,j4 ,l4 ,ellman ,university of ,north ,carolina3 ,albert ,oettinger ,university of ,omaha3 ,jacques ,rieur ,university of ,pennsylvania3 ,jacob ,rubinoff ,university of ,pittsburgh3 ,a4 ,jerome ,levy ,university of ,texas3 ,h4 ,j4 ,ettlinger ,university of ,washington3 ,roy ,rosenthal ,university of ,wisconsin3 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen ,valparaiso ,university3 ,florence ,turner ,western ,reserve ,university3 ,benjamin ,roth ,yale ,university3 ,reuben ,horchow ,,and ,,the ,,officers ,office of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association #fjj ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal ,published ,bi-monthly ,during the ,academic ,year ,by ,the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association ,for the ,study and ,advancement of ,jewish ,culture and ,ideals #fjj ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,editor-in-,chief ,,henry ,,hurwitz ,associate ,editor ,i4 ,,leo ,,sharfman ,managing ,editor ,h4 ,,askowith ,business ,manager ,b4 ,s4 ,,pouzzner ,board of ,consulting ,editors ,,dr4 ,,cyrus ,,adler ,,louis ,d4 ,,brandeis ,,dr4 ,,lee ,k4 ,,frankel ,,prof4 ,,felix ,,frankfurter ,,prof4 ,,israel ,,friedlaender ,,prof4 ,,richard ,,gottheil ,,dr4 ,,max ,,heller ,,dr4 ,,joseph ,,jacobs ,,dr4 ,,kaufmann ,,kohler ,,justice ,,irving ,,lehman ,,judge ,,julian ,w4 ,,mack ,,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,magnes ,,prof4 ,,max ,l4 ,,margolis ,,dr4 ,h4 ,,pereira ,,mendes ,,dr4 ,,martin ,a4 ,,meyer ,,dr4 ,,david ,,philipson ,,dr4 ,,solomon ,,schechter ,,hon4 ,,oscar ,s4 ,,straus ,,samuel ,,strauss ,,judge ,,mayer ,,sulzberger ,,miss ,,henrietta ,,szold ,,felix ,m4 ,,warburg ,,dr4 ,,stephen ,s4 ,,wise 99 99 99 99 99 ,,volume ,i ,,december1 #aiae ,,number #e ,,contents ,,page ,frontispiece3 ,,theodor ,,herzl ,from an ,etching by ,hermann ,struck ,,the ,,menorah ,theodor ,herzl #bfa ,translation by ,bessie ,london ,pouzzner ,,the ,,present ,,crisis ,,in ,,american ,,jewry ,israel ,friedlaender #bfe ,,our ,,spiritual ,,inheritance ,irving ,lehman #bgg ,,adam ,,prometheus1 and ,,other ,,lyrics ,louis ,k4 ,anspacher #bhb ,,sholom ,,asch3 ,,the ,,jewish ,,maupassant ,percy ,b4 ,shostac #bhe ,a ,menorah ,prize ,essay ,,liberalism ,,and ,,the ,,jews ,joseph ,jacobs #bih ,,what ,,is ,,judaism8 ,second ,paper ,mordecai ,m4 ,kaplan #cji ,,university ,,menorah ,,addresses #cai ,,intercollegiate ,,menorah ,,notes #cbb ,,activities ,,of ,,menorah ,,societies #cbd ,,index to ,volume ,i of ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal #ccc 99 99 99 99 99 #be cents a copy4 ,subscription1 #a4jj a year2 in ,canada1 #a4be2 abroad1 #a4ej ,copyright1 #aiae1 by ,the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association4 ,all rights reserved ,entered as second class matter ,january #f1 #aiae1 at the ,new ,york ,post ,office1 under the ,act of ,march #c1 #ahgi ,illustration ,,dieges ,,clust #bj ,,john ,,street ,,new ,,york ,,city1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,manufacturing ,jewelers for the ,leading ,colleges ,schools and ,associations ,class1 ,fraternity1 ,club and ,society ,pins1 ,medals and ,badges1 ,loving ,cups1 ,plaques and ,trophies of ,all ,descriptions1 ,diamonds1 ,watches1 ,jewelry1 ,silverware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,for ,,kohut ,,school ,,boys #bedth ,st4 ,independence ,ave4 ,phone #cfg ,kingsbridge ,riverdale-on-,hudson ,new ,york ,city ,an ,ideal ,boarding and ,day ,school ,,all ,,day ,,in ,,the ,,country ,unexcelled ,advantages of ,refined home ,physical training1 and outdoor sports under rigid supervision ,resident ,masters and ,house-mother ,individualized attention in the class-room ,gardening1 ,manual ,training ,bible ,study and ,elementary ,hebrew ,for ,booklet1 ,address at ,school ,,harry ,j4 ,,kugel1 ,principal4 ,,kamp ,,kohut1 ,a ,boys' ,summer ,camp at ,oxford1 ,maine4 ,under the personal direction of ,,geo4 ,a4 ,,kohut1 ,ph4,d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,jews of ,russia and ,poland ,a ,bird's-,eye ,view of their ,history and ,culture ,by ,israel ,friedlaender1 ,ph4,d4 ,professor at the ,jewish ,theological ,seminary of ,america #abo4 ,with a ,map4 #a4be net ,a popular account of the ,polish and ,russian ,jews whose ,pale of ,settlement is the battleground of ,teuton and ,slav4 ,it elucidates the problem of ,russian ,jewry which1 at the termination of the world struggle1 will claim alike the attention of statesman and humanitarian4 ,it interprets the complex psychology of the ,russian ,jew who is becoming an important factor in the life of ,america4 ,,all ,,booksellers ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,,new ,,york1 #b-f ,west #deth ,street ,,london1 #bd ,bedford ,street 99 99 99 99 99 ,kindly mention ,the ,menorah ,journal when writing to advertisers 99 99 99 99 99 ,until ,january #ae1 #aiaf ,the ,menorah ,journal will present as a special gift to all new and renewing subscribers 7on request7 a copy of the ,portrait of ,theodor ,herzl from the autographed etching by ,hermann ,struck 7the frontispiece to this issue71 printed on art paper1 and admirably suited for framing4 ,the ,portrait will be sent1 carefully wrapped1 to any address desired4 ,present subscribers may secure this gift by remitting now for an extension of their subscription for one year1 regardless of the date when their present subscription expires4 ,for each subscription secured from friends1 moreover1 we will gladly send a copy of the ,portrait either to the subscriber or the sender4 ,give specific instructions1 and address ,the ,menorah ,journal1 #eb ,vanderbilt ,avenue1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you ,would1 ,wouldn't ,you--8 ,if you knew that there was a tiny little book1 just large enough to slip into your pocket1 that you could read through in a few trolley-car or train rides--and when you got through have an intelligent1 broad1 philosophic grasp of the entire history of the ,jews--not just a lot of names and dates1 you know1 but the big vital facts that count and that you can remember and talk about1 and never be embarrassed by ignorance1--and best of all1 if you could get a little wonder book like that for just #dj cents1 you'd send for it quick1 wouldn't you8 ,well we have just such a book1 all ready for you--,paul ,goodman's little ,history of the ,jews--in the ,temple ,classics 7the little books1 you remember1 that made ,shakespere famous7--beautifully bound1 a joy to handle1 and a greater joy to read4 ,just write your name and address on this ad1 tear it out1 and mail to ,the ,menorah ,journal1 #eb ,vanderbilt ,avenue1 ,new ,york 7with #dj cents in stamps for each copy you want--you can have as many as you like--they make dandy little gifts1--we'll send the other copies direct1 if you like1 to the addresses you give us74 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,kranich ,bach ,ultra-,quality ,pianos and ,player ,pianos ,the ,choice of ,cultured ,musicians ,of all the beautiful possessions with which the refined home is adorned1 none other is so indicative of the owner's culture and musical taste as a ,,grand ,piano4 ,those first impressions of discriminating taste1 instantly aroused by the simple beauty of the ,kranich ,bach ,grand1 are confirmed and enhanced by the exquisite tone of this matchless instrument4 ,illustration3 ,small ,grand ,price #gjj 7,freight and handling added7 ,deferred ,payments ,practically at ,your ,convenience4 ,words can convey little conception of the artistic superiority of the ,kranich ,bach ,small ,grand4 ,although only #e'd long it produces1 in a manner almost unbelievable1 all the magnificent qualities of tone that make grands infinitely more satisfying than upright pianos4 ,with its new full-tone scale and the marvelous ,isotonic ,pedal1 this superb instrument ,,is the ,small ,grand leader of the world--supreme and incomparable4 ,golden ,anniversary ,booklet ,mailed on ,request4 ,,kranich ,,bach1 #bcc-bdc ,e4 #bc;d ,st41 ,new ,york 99 99 99 99 99 ,kindly mention ,the ,menorah ,journal when writing to advertisers 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,war-,,time ,,book ,,bargain ,the ,greatest ,word ,master in ,all ,literature ,six ,attractive ,cloth-,bound ,volumes to a ,set ,good ,bible ,paper1 ,large1 ,clear ,type1 ,gold ,decorations1 ,duotone ,illustrations ,illustration3 ,photograph1 ,greatly ,reduced ,,imported ,,hugo ,,sets ,buy these sets today #a4fj ,the ,european ,war in destroying the book market of ,england made possible this great opportunity for you4 ,nelsons1 the famous ,bible publishers over-stocked with new editions1 turned to this country for buyers1 and sold the sets for the mere cost of paper and binding4 ,the opportunity is most unusual--the books are a real bargain--but the offer is limited1 and to get the sets you must act promptly4 ,,extra ,,special6 ,in connection with our ,extraordinary ,hugo ,offer above1 we announce a limited number of six-volume sets of ,famous ,authors1 including3 ,kipling ,dumas ,poe ,shakespeare ,stevenson ,lincoln ,scott ,dickens ,the binding1 paper1 type and size of these ,standard sets are uniform with the ,hugo sets1 and the same price--per set including delivery charges--will prevail as long as the sets on hand last4 ,,six ,,books ,,for ,,the ,,price ,,of ,,one--,,act ,,now ,,students6 ,this is an exceptional opportunity to commence compiling your library4 ,a good start is half the race won4 ,fill your empty book-case with fifty-four volumes of the complete works4 ,a ,,sensible ,,gift ,no better gift can be made that will bring a higher sense of appreciation and be more lasting and a constant reminder of the generous giver4 ,your gift portrays your character4 ,send us your instructions1 when and to whom you want your books sent4 ,the receipt of your check and instructions will be acknowledged by us1 and carried out with the utmost care and deliberation4 ,buy one set or the complete collection of the world famous authors4 ,the number of sets on hand is limited4 ,the readers who send for these sets may count themselves lucky4 ,six cloth-bound volumes are offered at a price which is just about what you would ordinarily pay for ,one ,volume4 ,,buy ,,it ,,today--,place your order before they are all gone ,grasp this ,opportunity ,today6 ,tear ,off ,coupon1 ,fill in1 and ,sent to ,us ,now ,illustration3 ,pointing hand ,,the ,,classics ,,library ,,company #eb ,vanderbilt ,ave41 ,n4 ,y4 ,enclosed find 7money order1 check1 or currency71 for which please send me ,cloth ,bound ,sets of ,booklovers' ,library1 checked below3 ,dickens ,dumas ,stevenson ,hugo ,kipling ,shakespeare ,scott ,poe ,lincoln ,name ,address ,send all charges prepaid4 ,select one or more sets on this coupon ,,now 99 99 99 99 99 ,kindly mention ,the ,menorah ,journal when writing to advertisers 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,message to ,representatives1 ,present and ,prospective1 of ,the ,menorah ,journal ,,right ,,now is ,your ,opportunity6-- --,an opportunity to make money--make it easily and pleasantly--and render yourself1 your friends1 and ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal a beneficent service4 ,if you have already tried your hand at subscription-getting for ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal1 you know how agreeable it is to meet men and women of the class we desire for subscribers1 and how quickly their interest is awakened when you hand them a copy and they see for themselves the distinction1 beauty1 and editorial meat of ,,the ,,journal4 ,the special gift of the ,portrait of ,theodor ,herzl from the ,struck etching1 which we are now offering with all new and renewal subscriptions received before ,january #ae1 #aiaf 7see announcement on page iii of this issue71 gives you an extra advantage just now in urging your prospect to subscribe immediately4 ,work this for all you are worth between now and ,january #aeth1 and you will add a substantial sum to your financial resources4 ,you need the money--and we need the subscriptions4 ,the indubitable fact that lots of men and women in your neighborhood really need ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal makes the prospects for both of us exceedingly bright4 ,cash in6 ,the chance is yours for the asking and the taking4 ,the time is short4 ,every day you let go by means money lost4 ,write to ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal1 #eb ,vanderbilt ,avenue1 ,new ,york1 for sample copies1 terms1 etc4--but meanwhile read the announcement 7in the front pages7 of the good things ,,the ,,journal will have in #aiaf1--;and begin seeing your friends at once4 ,p4 ,s4--,ask about the special ,prizes and ,cash ,rebates when you write 99 99 99 99 99 ,,all ,,human ,,knowledge ,,since ,,the ,,world ,,began ,,is ,,concentrated ,,in ,,this ,,one ,,mighty ,,book ,ask ,the ,standard ,it ,never ,fails ,,the ,,funk ,,wagnalls ,new ,standard ,dictionary ,,know ,,what ,,the ,,war-,,words ,,mean ,burgomaster ,reservist ,contraband ,mobilize ,mitrailleuse ,moratorium ,armistice ,armageddon ,belligerent ,entente ,dreibund ,enfilade ,neutrality ,landsturm ,landwehr ,cossack ,every ,word used in ,war or ,peace is fully defined in the ,,new ,standard ,the ,world's ,great ,wonder ,book-- ,it gives accurate1 concise1 and the most recent information on every ,word1 ,name1 ,place1 ,person1 and ,thing2 on every ,phrase1 ,term1 and ,expression in the living ,english language--on everything alive that can be spelled in ,english4 ,lavish ,expenditure to ,make ,it ,superior-- ,it cost nearly #a1ejj1jjj to complete2 for nearly four years #chj of the world's foremost editors and specialists labored upon it unceasingly4 ,a ,reference ,work ,beyond ,comparison-- ,there are over #c1jjj pages2 #g1jjj pictorial illustrations1 including many beautiful colored plates2 it defines #dej1jjj terms1 many thousands more than any other dictionary4 ,it is the only dictionary the contents of which are arranged in one alphabetical order--an immense time-saver4 ,most ,authoritative ,dictionary-- ,six months after publication #ge1jjj copies had been sold2 it is the dependable authority in all branches of the ,united ,states ,government1 in ,courts of ,law1 in the leading ,universities and ,colleges1 and in the ,public ,schools4 ,in commercial life the ,,new ,standard is popularly recognized as the one dictionary that never fails4 ,a ,superb ,christmas ,gift ,for the home1 the school1 the business and professional office1 no present can be more useful or acceptable than this handsome volume2 it will serve for years to come as a constant and valuable reminder of the giver4 ,send for ,descriptive ,booklet--,,free ,sign the coupon and mail it to us so that we may send you by mail interesting information regarding this peerless work1 with descriptions of the different beautiful bindings1 prices1 and easy terms of payment4 ,,funk ,,wagnalls ,,company1 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,this new creation answers with final authority all kinds of puzzling questions such as ,how is ,przemysl pronounced8 ,where is ,flanders8 ,what is a continuous voyage8 ,what is a howitzer8 ,what is white coal8 and thousands of others4 ,more than #djj1jjj ,vocabulary ,terms4 #cj1jjj ,geographical ,subjects4 #ab1jjj ,biographical ,entries4 #fjjj ,illustrations4 #bgjj ,pages4 ,the only dictionary with the divided page--a stroke of genius4 ,illustration ,,regular and ,,india-,,paper ,,editions4 ,write for specimen pages1 illustrations1 etc4 ,free1 a set of ,pocket ,maps if you name this paper4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,merriam ,,co41 ,springfield1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,member of ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history ,b4 ,b4 ,amrom ,collector and ,expert ,repairer of ,antiques ,chippendale1 ,sheraton1 ,heppelwhite1 ,adams1 ,jacobean ,furniture1 ,works of ,art and ,decorations1 ,sheffield ,plate1 ,bric-a-,brac ,pewter ,historical ,plates1 ,door ,knockers and ,curiosities ,jewish ,domestic and ,ceremonial 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contains also addresses by many university heads and leaders in ,american ,jewry4 ,only a limited number of copies remain from an edition of #e1jjj4 ,while they last copies may be procured on request by those who send in their subscriptions to ,the ,menorah ,journal directly to the office of the ,journal1 #fjj ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hotel ,,lenox ,corner ,boylston and ,exeter ,sts41 ,boston1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kindly mention ,the ,menorah ,journal when writing to advertisers 99 99 99 99 99 ,columbia ,illustration ,double-,disc ,records ,the finest silver thread of music spun by the wizard bow of ,ysaye--the tears and feeling in the tender depths of ,fremstad's noble voice--the sheer magnificence of a thrilling orchestral finale--all these elusive tonal beauties are caught and expressed in ,columbia ,records1 from the faintest whisper to the vastest tidal wave of sound4 ,volume--,,tone--feeling--the most delicate shading of a theme are perfectly preserved and supremely present in every ,columbia ,record--an exquisite tone-perfection that does not vanish with use4 ,you can test these exclusive qualities in a series of home recitals such as no concert audience is ever privileged to hear4 ,arrange your first recital to-day4 ,columbia ,graphophone ,company ,woolworth ,building1 ,new ,york ,prices in ,canada ,plus ,duty ,illustration3 ,grafonola #aaj ,price #aaj ,illustration3 ,columbia ,note the ,notes 99 99 99 99 99 ,kindly mention ,the ,menorah ,journal when writing to advertisers 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 signature3 ,dr ,theodor ,herzl ,from an ,etching by ,hermann ,struck1 ,autographed by ,theodor ,herzl4 ,reproduced from the ,original by ,courtesy of the ,berlin ,photographic ,co4 ,frontispiece ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal ,december1 #aiae ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal ,,volume ,i ,,december1 #aiae ,,number #e ,illustration ,the ,menorah ,,by ,,theodor ,,herzl ,translated from the ,german by ,bessie ,london ,pouzzner ,,deep in his soul he began to feel the need of being a ,jew4 ,his circumstances were not unsatisfactory2 he enjoyed an ample income and a profession that permitted him to do whatever his heart desired4 ,for he was an artist4 ,his ,jewish origin and the faith of his fathers had long since ceased to trouble him1 when suddenly the old hatred came to the surface again in a new mob-cry4 ,with many others he believed that this flood would shortly subside4 ,but there was no change for the better2 in fact1 things went from bad to worse2 and every blow1 even though not aimed directly at him1 struck him with fresh pain1 till little by little his soul became one bleeding wound4 ,these sorrows1 buried deep in his heart and silenced there1 evoked thoughts of their origin and of his ,judaism1 and now he did something he could not perhaps have done in the old days because he was then so alien to it--he began to love this ,judaism with an intense fervor4 ,although in his own eyes he could not1 at first1 clearly justify this new yearning1 it became so powerful at length that it crystallized from vague emotions into a definite idea which he must needs express4 ,it was the conviction that there was only one solution for this ,judennot--the return to ,judaism4 ,when this came to the knowledge of his closest friends1 similarly situated though they were1 they shook their heads gravely and even feared for his reason4 ,for how could that be a remedy which merely sharpened and intensified the evil8 ,it seemed to him1 on the other hand1 that their moral distress was so acute because the ,jew of to-day had lost the poise which was his father's very being4 ,they ridiculed him for this when his back was turned--many even laughed openly in his face2 yet he did not allow himself to be misled by the banalities of these people whose acuteness of judgment had never before inspired his respect1 and he bore their witticisms and their sneers with equal indifference4 ,and since1 in all other respects1 he acted like a man in his senses1 they suffered him gradually to indulge in his infatuation1 which a number of them soon began to call by a harsher term than ide fixe4 ,he continued1 however1 with characteristic persistence to develop one idea after another from his fundamental conviction4 ,at this time he was profoundly moved by several instances of apostasy1 though his pride would not permit him to betray it4 ,as a man and as an artist of the modern school1 he had1 of course1 acquired many non-,jewish habits and his study of the cultures of successive civilizations had left an indelible impress upon him4 ,how was this to be reconciled with his return to ,judaism8 ,often doubts assailed him as to the soundness of his guiding thought1 his ide matresse1 as a ,french thinker calls it4 ,perhaps this generation1 having grown up under the influence of alien cultures1 was no longer capable of that return which he had perceived to be their redemption4 ,but the new generation would be capable of it1 if it were only given the right direction early enough4 ,he resolved1 therefore1 that his own children1 at least1 should be shown the proper path4 ,they should be trained as ,jews in their own home4 ,hitherto he had permitted to pass by unobserved the holiday which the wonderful apparition of the ,maccabees had illumined for thousands of years with the glow of miniature lights4 ,now1 however1 he made this holiday an opportunity to prepare something beautiful which should be forever commemorated in the minds of his children4 ,in their young souls should be implanted early a steadfast devotion to their ancient people4 ,he bought a ,menorah1 and when he held this nine-branched candlestick in his hands for the first time1 a strange mood came over him4 ,in his father's house also1 the lights had once burned in his youth1 now far away1 and the recollection gave him a sad and tender feeling for home4 ,the tradition was neither cold nor dead1--thus it had passed through the ages1 one light kindling another4 ,moreover1 the ancient form of the ,menorah had excited his interest4 ,when was the primitive structure of this candlestick fashioned8 ,clearly the design was suggested by the tree--in the centre the sturdy trunk1 on right and left four branches1 one below the other1 in one plane1 and all of equal height4 ,a later symbolism brought with it the short ninth branch1 which projects in front and functions as a servant4 ,what mystery had the generations which followed one another read into this form of art1 at once so simple and natural8 ,and our artist wondered to himself if it were not possible to animate again the withered form of the ,menorah1 to water its roots1 as one would a tree4 ,the mere sound of the name1 which he now pronounced every evening to his children1 gave him great pleasure4 ,there was a lovable ring to the word when it came from the lips of little children4 ,on the first night the candle was lit and the origin of the holiday explained4 ,the wonderful incident of the lights that strangely remained burning so long1 the story of the return from the ,babylonian exile1 the second ,temple1 the ,maccabees--our friend told his children all he knew4 ,it was not very much1 to be sure1 but it served4 ,when the second candle was lit1 they repeated what he had told them1 and though it had all been learned from him1 it seemed to him quite new and beautiful4 ,in the days that followed he waited keenly for the evenings1 which became ever brighter4 ,candle after candle stood in the ,menorah1 and the father mused on the little candles with his children1 till at length his reflections became too deep to be uttered before them4 ,when he had resolved to return to his people and to make open acknowledgment of his return1 he had only thought he would be doing the honorable and rational thing4 ,but he had never dreamed that he would find in it a gratification of his yearning for the beautiful4 ,yet nothing less was his good fortune4 ,the ,menorah with its many lights became a thing of beauty to inspire lofty thought4 ,so1 with his practised hand1 he drew a plan for a ,menorah to present to his children the following year4 ,he made free use of the motif of the eight branching arms projecting right and left in one plane from the central stem4 ,he did not hold himself bound by the rigid traditional form1 but created directly from nature1 unconcerned by other symbolisms also seeking expression4 ,he was on the search for living beauty4 ,yet1 though he gave the withered branch new life1 he conformed to the law1 to the gentle dignity1 of its being4 ,it was a tree with slender branches2 its ends were moulded into flower calyxes which would hold the lights4 ,the week passed with this absorbing labor4 ,then came the eighth day1 when the whole row burns1 even the faithful ninth1 the servant1 which on other nights is used only for the lighting of the others4 ,a great splendor streamed from the ,menorah4 ,the children's eyes glistened4 ,but for our friend all this was the symbol of the enkindling of a nation4 ,when there is but one light all is still dark1 and the solitary light looks melancholy4 ,soon it finds one companion1 then another1 and another4 ,the darkness must retreat4 ,the light comes first to the young and the poor1--then others join them who love ,justice1 ,truth1 ,liberty1 ,progress1 ,humanity1 and ,beauty4 ,when all the candles burn1 then we must all stand and rejoice over the achievement4 ,and no office can be more blessed than that of a ,servant of the ,light4 ,the ,present ,crisis in ,american ,jewry ,a ,plea for ,reconciliation ,,by ,,israel ,,friedlaender ,illustration3 ,,israel ,,friedlaender 7born in ,russia1 #ahgf71 attended the ,universities of ,berlin and ,strassburg 7,ph4,d41 #aija72 called to the ,jewish ,theological ,seminary in #aijc1 where he is now the ,sabato ,morais ,professor of ,biblical ,literature and ,exegesis4 ,professor ,friedlaender is not only the author1 editor1 and translator of a number of scholarly works but his wide observation of ,jewish life in various countries1 coupled with his broad historic knowledge1 have enabled him to write and speak on present ,jewish problems with exceptional authority and insight1 as for example in his new book1 ,the ,jews of ,russia and ,poland4 ,his lectures before ,menorah ,societies have been particularly stimulating and have made him a great favorite with ,university students4 ,,various occurrences of recent date have revealed a rift in ,american ,jewry which if not healed in time is likely to result in a permanent schism4 ,the agitation centering around the question of a ,jewish ,congress is not the cause of this rift2 it is rather an effect or a symptom betokening the profound difference of opinion and sentiment which at present divides the ,jews of ,america4 ,in the realignment of ,american ,jewry which this struggle is calling forth1 the ,zionists and the non-,zionists of this country--the former centering around their local organization1 the latter represented by the ,american ,jewish ,committee--have been taking opposite sides4 ,those of us whose ,judaism is broad enough to embrace with equal loyalty the ideals of ,zionism and the interests of ,american ,judaism1 cannot but view with the deepest concern the possibility of a permanent conflict between these two sections of ,american ,jewry1 a conflict fraught with the gravest consequences1 not only for the ,jewish cause in this country in general but also for the ,zionist movement--a conflict1 moreover1 in which no victory achieved by either side can be anything but a ,pyrrhic victory4 ,the situation is one that demands careful thought and delicate action4 ,only a few of us are in a position to influence the course of events by acting1 but many of us may help to clarify the situation by thinking4 ,a correct diagnosis is an indispensable preliminary to a cure1 and it is only by finding out whether the issues underlying the present struggle represent a chronic and perhaps irremediable conflict1 or are rather the effect of an acute and therefore curable misunderstanding1 that a proper solution may be discovered and proposed4 ,it is from this point of view that an attempt is here made to analyze the present situation in ,american ,jewry1 to trace the causes which have produced it1 and to point out the consequences which are unavoidable unless a remedy be applied in time4 ,the ,two ,issues in ,american ,jewry ,,to my mind there are two fundamental issues which separate the two groups in ,american ,jewry from one another4 ,they may be expressed in the following terms3 #a1 ,diaspora versus ,palestine2 #b1 ,religion versus ,nationalism4 ,without any desire to lose myself in philosophic subtleties1 ,i shall1 for the sake of brevity1 adopt the ,hegelian language and explain the development of these issues on the principle of ,thesis1 ,antithesis and ,synthesis1 i4 e41 of the initial prevalence of one extreme1 of its yielding subsequently to the opposite extreme1 and of the final harmonization of the two in a higher unity1 combining the essential features of both4 ,i shall endeavor to point out that the ,synthesis forms the ground on which both parties may cooperate1 without sacrificing an iota of their respective convictions4 ,the first issue1 expressed in the formula ,diaspora versus ,palestine1 hinges on the question as to whether the ,jewish people finds its best opportunities for development in the ,diaspora1 i4 e41 as an integral part of the nations in whose midst it lives1 or1 away from the other nations1 as a separate entity1 on its own soil in ,palestine4 ,the ,rise and ,fall of ,diaspora ,judaism ,,when modern ,jewry1 after the isolation of centuries1 suddenly emerged from the ,ghetto to seek a place in the sun in the midst of the ,christian environment1 the thesis adopted by it was ,diaspora4 ,consumed with the desire for emancipation1 for sharing the benefits and attractions of the new life around them1 the ,jews discarded the hope for an independent national existence in ,palestine1 which had been their lode-star throughout the ages4 ,diaspora as opposed to ,palestine1 and as exclusive of it1 became the slogan of emancipated ,jewry4 ,the ,jewish religion was refitted to harmonize with this new striving for material and cultural progress4 ,reform ,judaism arose1 the main object of which was to break down the previous separateness of the ,jews2 and the theory of a ,jewish mission sprang into life1 not as a spontaneous growth of ,jewish tradition1 but as a forced hothouse product of practical life--a theory which proclaimed that an isolated ,jewish existence in ,palestine was subversive of the very essence of ,judaism1 that the mission of the ,jewish people was to propagate monotheism among the nations of the earth1 and that this mission could only be carried out in the ,dispersion1 in the midst of the nations which were to be the objects of that mission4 ,as time progressed1 however1 the ,diaspora thesis gradually lost its force4 ,emancipation failed to fulfill the ardent hopes attached to it4 ,the nations refused to allow the ,jews to participate fully and unrestrictedly in the general life of the country4 ,anti-,semitism1 manifesting itself in the crude form of hatred1 or under the subtle guise of prejudice1 turned1 in many cases1 the liberties previously granted to the ,jews into a scrap of paper4 ,on the other hand1 the dangers of this extreme ,diaspora ,judaism1 at first little thought of1 began to loom larger and larger4 ,the rush for emancipation threatened not only to disrupt the unity of the ,jewish people throughout the world1 which had been maintained during the ages of suffering and persecution1 but it also led large and important sections of ,jewry to assimilation1 that is1 to complete absorption4 ,the ,antithesis ,palestine and ,its ,inadequacy ,,as a protest against the thesis ,diaspora1 its opposite came to life1 the antithesis ,palestine4 ,political ,zionism sprang into being1 loudly proclaiming that emancipation was a failure2 that ,judaism had no chance of life in the ,dispersion1 and that the only salvation of ,jewry lay in being transferred to ,palestine4 ,zionism or assimilation was the alternative placed before the ,jewish people4 ,all efforts of ,jewry1 as the last attempt to escape annihilation1 were to be focused on the obtaining of a publicly and legally assured home in ,palestine4 ,all ,jewish endeavors in the ,diaspora were deprecated1 because consecrated to a cause which was foredoomed to failure4 ,it was not long before the antithesis1 too1 began to reveal its deficiencies4 ,the difficulties of reaching the ,zionist goal very soon proved far greater than had been anticipated in the blissful ecstasy of the ,zionist honeymoon4 ,the ultimate consummation of the national hope receded further and further before the longing gaze of the ,jewish people1 and no longer held out an immediate remedy for the pressing needs of suffering ,jewry4 ,the conviction also gradually gained ground that1 even under the most favorable of circumstances1 ,palestine could only harbor a fraction of the ,jewish1 people1 and that the vast bulk of ,jews would still remain in the lands of the ,diaspora4 ,zionists who were looking reality in the face could not accept the view of the extremists1 who were ready to save a small portion of the ,jewish people at the cost of abandoning to its fate the enormous majority thereof4 ,opposing ,ideals ,fused ,into ,spiritual ,zionism ,,as a result1 a new formula asserted itself3 ,diaspora plus ,palestine4 ,it was the combination between the two extremes of ,diaspora existence and ,palestine existence4 ,this synthesis1 generally called ,cultural or ,spiritual ,zionism1 proclaimed that ,palestine was indispensable for the continuation of ,judaism1 for it was the only spot where the spirit of ,judaism1 undisturbed by conflicting influences1 could develop normally and unfold all its hidden possibilities1 and the only bond of unity which could save the scattered members of the race from falling asunder into disjointed fragments4 ,the ,diaspora1 on the other hand1 as the dwelling place of the overwhelming majority of the ,jewish people1 had problems of its own which clamored equally for solution4 ,hence the ,jewish task became a double one3 the ,jews in every country1 while participating to the full in the life of their environment--for the return to the ,ghetto was neither desirable nor possible--had to endeavor to secure a maximum of elbowroom for the development of their own section of ,jewry1 while as part of universal ,israel they had to keep up their contact with the ,jews throughout the world and labor with them for the realization of the common ,jewish hope1 that of a spiritual center in the historic land of ,judaism4 ,diaspora without ,palestine was impossible1 because without the refreshing breath of a healthy ,jewish life in ,palestine it was bound to wither and dry up4 ,palestine without the ,diaspora was equally impossible1 because it lacked the backing of the people as a whole1 and was in danger of becoming a petty and obscure corner in the vast expanse of the ,jewish ,dispersion1 a sort of ,jewish ,nigeria4 ,this synthesis was not a pale cast of thought1 the flimsy product of an imaginative brain4 ,it had its prototype in the actual facts of history4 ,for during several centuries preceding the dissolution of the ,jewish state1 ,palestine was the spiritual center of ,judaism1 in the sense just indicated4 ,the ,jews outside of ,palestine were superior1 not only in numbers1 but also in wealth and influence1 to those of ,palestine4 ,the ,jews of ,egypt1 and the same applies to other countries of that period1 were closely associated with the cultural and material aspirations of their environment4 ,philo was one of the most illustrious representatives of the ,hellenic culture of his age2 these ,diaspora ,jews even found it necessary to translate the ,holy ,writings into ,greek4 ,yet they were1 at the same time1 loyal to ,palestine4 ,they paid their ,shekel1 they made their annual pilgrimages to ,jerusalem1 and looked upon the ,holy ,land as the spiritual center of all ,jewry4 ,the ,second ,issue3 ,religion vs4 ,nationalism ,,the other fundamental issue on which ,jewish opinion is divided is closely associated with the preceding one2 it hinges on the formula ,religion versus ,nationalism4 ,from its earliest beginnings down to the time of modern emancipation1 ,judaism represented an indissoluble combination of nationalism and religion4 ,though ultimately intended to appeal to the whole of humanity1 ,judaism was essentially a national religion4 ,its bearer was a national community which zealously guarded its racial purity1 and its external manifestations assumed the forms of a national life4 ,again the ,jewish people was1 first and foremost1 a religious nation4 ,its sole reason for existence was1 in the belief of every one of its members1 to know the ,lord and to make ,him known to others4 ,a ,jew who did not believe in the fundamentals of the ,jewish creed or who did not observe the fundamentals of the ,jewish ceremonial was as much of a monstrosity as the ,jew who denied the common racial descent of the ,jews in the past1 or their common national destiny in the future4 ,the departure of the ,jews from the ,ghetto and their entrance into modern life marked a turning point also in this direction4 ,filled with the desire of becoming part of the nations in whose midst they lived1 modern ,jews were ready1 and thought they were compelled1 to deny the national character of ,judaism4 ,the ,jews were now labelled as ,germans or ,frenchmen of the ,mosaic persuasion1 who were divided from their fellow-citizens by the purely spiritual affiliations of religious faith--the same affiliations which divided the ,christian population4 ,here1 too1 ,reform ,judaism was quick to meet the demands of practical life4 ,it began to chop off all the elements in ,judaism which betrayed a national character1 both in the domain of doctrine and of practice1 though it halted half way1 and down to this day still acknowledges1 in flagrant contradiction with its own theory1 a number of rites and ceremonies which bear an unmistakable racial imprint4 ,this transformation of ,judaism1 or rather this transformation of ,jewish terminology--for1 in many cases1 it was merely a question of terms--was greatly stimulated by the development of nationalism in ,western ,europe1 where the structure of the modern state excluded1 or was thought to exclude1 a diversity of nationalities1 while the principle of religious toleration left enough room for a variety of religious beliefs4 ,as a result1 those ,jews who lost their religious affiliations were bound to feel that they were outcasts in the religious community of ,israel3 they became either konfessionslos or1 by a curious perversion of logic and conscience1 became members of the dominant faith4 ,the ,rapprochement of ,religionists and ,nationalists ,,the thesis ,judaism as ,religion was followed by the antithesis ,judaism as ,nationalism4 ,it is interesting to observe that the antithesis came from the ,jews of ,eastern ,europe who1 in their overwhelming majority1 were adherents of strict orthodoxy4 ,those ,jews of ,russia and ,poland who had drifted away from their religious moorings were neither psychologically nor physically in a position to abandon ,judaism3 psychologically1 because they were too strongly saturated with ,jewish culture and ,jewish associations to tear themselves away from the influence of ,judaism2 physically1 because they were excluded from participating in the life of the environment and were forced to remain within the fold4 ,living as the ,eastern ,jews did in compact masses1 they found it easier1 both in theory and in practice1 to emphasize the national aspect of the ,jewish community4 ,as a result1 a doctrine sprang up which looked upon ,jewry as an essentially racial or national entity1 in which religion was merely one of the many passing phases of its historical development4 ,if among the champions of the thesis ,religion there were ,jews who celebrated the ,ninth of ,ab as a holiday because it marked1 in their eyes1 the end of ,jewry as a nation1 there were1 among the others1 the adherents of the antithesis ,nationalism1 ,jews who arranged entertainments on the ,day of ,atonement1 as a public protest against the religious character ascribed to ,judaism4 ,here1 too1 however1 the synthesis was gradually paving its way1 and the formula ,religion plus ,nationalism was supplanting the thesis ,judaism as ,religion and the antithesis ,judaism as ,nationalism4 ,the religionists1 that is1 the believers in the purely religious character of ,judaism1 began to realize the devastating effect of their doctrine on ,jewish life and development1 while the nationalists1 without sacrificing their convictions--for religion1 least of all sentiments1 can be forced on modern men--began to appreciate the overwhelming influence of the ,jewish religion as a historic factor in the life of the ,jewish people1 and were ready to acknowledge the difficulty and the danger of squeezing an officially nationalistic ,jewry into the narrow frame of the modern ,nationalstaat4 ,this mutual rapprochement resulted1 gradually1 in a tacit agreement--an agreement far more durable than a legal compact1 because founded on sentiment rather than on law--which implied the recognition of ,judaism as composed of ,religion and ,nationalism1 but left sufficient room to include the two extreme types of ,jews3 those whose loyalty to ,judaism was entirely fed from the fountain of religion1 and those whose devotion to ,judaism was altogether grounded in race consciousness4 ,the ,growth of ,diaspora ,judaism in ,america ,,this development1 which may be traced in various countries of modern ,europe1 nowhere assumed such huge proportions and such striking manifestations as it did in ,america4 ,the struggle1 hinging on the two opposite doctrines1 was nowhere else so well defined and nowhere else fraught with so many tangible consequences as in ,america1 for the reason that ,american ,jewry1 as no other ,jewry in the world1 was made up of two different elements1 sharply divided in their traditions and associations1 as well as in their mental and psychological complexion4 ,the ,jews hailing from the lands of emancipation in ,western ,europe1 who are conventionally1 though not quite accurately1 designated as ,german ,jews1 brought over with them the theses ,diaspora as against ,palestine1 and ,religion as against ,nationalism4 ,the immigrants from ,eastern ,europe1 the children of the ,ghetto1 who with equal inaccuracy are termed ,russian ,jews1 carried with them the antitheses ,palestine as against ,diaspora and1 as represented by the extremists among them1 ,nationalism as against ,religion4 ,the fanatics of ,diaspora ,judaism and of ,judaism as a pure faith are to be found exclusively among the ,german ,jews4 ,the radical adherents of ,palestine and of ,jewish nationalism are recruited entirely from the ranks of ,russian ,jews4 ,these issues were of particular and immediate significance for the ,jews in this country2 for ,america has1 in less than one generation1 become the second largest center of the ,jewish ,diaspora1 and bids fair to become the first1 instead of the second1 within another generation4 ,no other country in the world offers1 even approximately1 such a favorable combination of opportunities for the development of a ,diaspora ,judaism1 as does ,america3 economic possibilities1 vast and sparsely populated territories1 freedom of action1 liberty of conscience1 equality of citizenship1 appreciation of the fundamentals of ,judaism1 variety of population1 excluding a rigidly nationalistic state policy1 and other similar factors4 ,it is no wonder1 therefore1 that in no other country did ,reform ,judaism1 as the incarnation of ,diaspora ,judaism1 attain such luxurious growth as it did in ,america4 ,it discarded1 more radically than in ,europe1 the national elements still clinging to ,judaism1 and it solemnly proclaimed that ,judaism was wholly and exclusively a religious faith1 and that ,america was the ,zion and ,washington the ,jerusalem of ,american ,israel4 ,the ,opposition3 ,the ,palestinian ,sentiment of ,russian ,jews ,,on the other hand1 the emigrants from ,russia brought the antithesis on the scene4 ,they quickly perceived the decomposing effect of ,american life upon ,jewish doctrine and practice1 and they became convinced more firmly than ever that ,diaspora ,judaism was a failure1 and that the only antidote was ,palestine and nothing but ,palestine4 ,the nationalists among them beheld in the very same factors in which the ,german ,jews saw the possibilities of a ,diaspora ,judaism1 the chances for organizing ,jewry on purely nationalistic lines4 ,nowhere else1 except perhaps in ,russia1 can be found a greater amount of ,palestinian sentiment1 as well as a larger manifestation of a one-sided ,jewish nationalism1 than is to be met with in this country4 ,this conflict of ideas became extraordinarily aggravated by numerous influences of a personal character4 ,the division between the so-called ,german ,jews and the so-called ,russian ,jews was not limited to a difference in theory4 ,it was equally nourished by far-reaching differences in economic and social position and in the entire range of mental development4 ,the ,german ,jews were the natives2 the ,russian ,jews were the newcomers4 ,the ,german ,jews were the rich2 the ,russian ,jews were the poor4 ,the ,german ,jews were the dispensers of charity2 the ,russian ,jews were the receivers of it4 ,the ,german ,jews were the employers2 the ,russian ,jews were the employees4 ,the ,german ,jews were deliberate1 reserved1 practical1 sticklers for formalities1 with a marked ability for organization2 the ,russian ,jews were quick-tempered1 emotional1 theorizing1 haters of formalities1 with a decided bent toward individualism4 ,an enormous amount of explosives had been accumulating between the two sections1 which if lit by a spark might have disrupted the edifice of ,american ,israel1 still in the process of construction4 ,the ,promise of ,union and ,harmony ,,and yet1 not only was the conflict averted1 but the impending struggle gave way to hearty and extensive cooperation1 such as cannot be witnessed elsewhere in the whole ,jewish world 7one recalls particularly the analogy of ,england7 where ,east and ,west seem never to meet4 ,as the two sections came into closer contact with one another1 they learned to understand one another and to appreciate their respective points of view4 ,this cooperation was not founded upon the flimsy framework of political expediency4 ,it was grounded in that synthesis of ,jewish life which combines in a higher unity the essential elements of the doctrines formerly believed to be exclusive of one another4 ,the ,german ,jews1 while emphasizing the needs of ,diaspora ,judaism and anxious to build up its largest manifestation in ,america1 learned to appreciate the quickening and ennobling effect upon the ,diaspora of a normal ,hebrew life in ,palestine1 and became interested in the regeneration of the ,holy ,land4 ,the ,russian ,jews1 on the other hand1 though laying particular stress on the possibilities of ,judaism in ,palestine1 put their shoulder to the wheel and were ready to assist in rearing the great structure of ,judaism in ,america4 ,the so-called religionists1 while looking upon ,judaism as a faith1 were yet disinclined to repudiate the purely nationalistic ,jews1 whose enthusiasm and devotion they admired even though it flowed from a source they did not officially acknowledge4 ,the so-called nationalists1 basing their ,judaism on race consciousness1 realized that a common foundation of ,judaism in this country could only be laid along the lines of religious affiliation4 ,this cooperation found tangible expression in the recent participation of ,american ,jews in the upbuilding of ,palestine1 a participation which one will vainly look for in a similar group 7,i am not speaking of isolated individuals7 in other countries4 ,the same desire for a better understanding was further embodied in the movement toward ,kehillah organization1 which1 though centering around the ,jewish religion1 still clearly implied the national element in ,judaism4 ,there was every reason to hope that this cooperation1 which had been so happily inaugurated between the two sections1 would become more intimate and more extensive1 and that the interaction of the heterogeneous elements of ,american ,jewish life would resolve itself in a great and strong harmony4 ,america bade fair to become an ideal ,jewish center1 where the practical wisdom of emancipated ,jewry and the idealistic intensity of ,ghetto ,jewry would be merged in one united ,jewish community1 fully conscious of its duty as the future leader of the ,jewish ,diaspora and acknowledging its indebtedness to the center of all ,jews in the land of our ,fathers4 ,the ,old ,conflict ,revived ,,suddenly1 however1 a reaction seems to have set in1 which threatens to disrupt the harmony hitherto prevailing4 ,this reaction1 which is fraught with grave consequences for the future of ,american ,judaism no less than for the ,zionist movement1 dates from1 or at least coincides with1 the struggle centering around the ,haifa ,technikum4 ,this is not the place to enter into an analysis of that momentous issue4 ,it is enough to state that the bond of unity was disrupted with rude hands1 and the old conflict hinging on the issues of ,diaspora and ,nationalism broke out with new fury4 ,again we see ,diaspora ,judaism pitched against ,palestinian ,judaism1 and ,religion against ,nationalism4 ,reason has given way to passion1 and discrimination to generalization4 ,the ,jews of the new ,palestine1 who have given of their life-blood to the rejuvenation of our homeland1 are sweepingly declared to be anarchists1 while1 on the other hand1 ,american ,jews who1 with single-hearted devotion1 have been the builders of the great ,jewish center in the ,new ,world1 are contemptuously sneered at as assimilationists4 ,in this mood of distrust and prejudice1 ,american ,jewry was overtaken by the great crisis resulting from the ,world ,war1 and the disharmony prevailing between the two factions soon found tangible expression in the struggle over a ,jewish ,congress4 ,the two elements of ,american ,jewry were clearly divided on the issue3 the ,german or native ,jews1 represented by leading members of the ,american ,jewish ,committee1 were opposed to the calling of a congress1 while the ,russian or immigrant ,jews1 speaking largely through the ,zionist organization1 clamored for it4 ,from what has preceded ,i believe it may be safely concluded that this demand for a congress on the one hand1 and the opposition to it on the other1 are not rooted in diametrically opposed and deeply implanted theories of ,judaism but are rather the expression of different moods or temperaments4 ,the immigrant ,jews who were directly concerned in the war1 since its horrors affected their homelands and the kin they left behind1 and who were impulsive and sentimental1 felt the burning need of crying out in their despair1 and were ready to face the consequences which might result from this outcry4 ,the native ,jews1 whose sympathy with their far-off brethren1 profound though it was1 could hardly1 in the nature of the case1 be more than indirect and whose accustomed reserve and self-restraint enabled them to judge the issues more calmly1 shrunk from the risks which in their opinion were implied in an open protest of the ,jewish people before the inflamed public opinion of the non-,jewish world4 ,it is not my intention1 nor is it my function1 to render judgment in so momentous an hour on an issue concerning which ,jewish opinion is diametrically yet honestly divided4 ,but it is necessary to point out that whichever side may be in the right3 serious as may be the dangers of holding a congress or not1 the dangers involved in a split over this question are incalculably more serious4 ,such a split may not only result in permanent and perhaps irreparable injury to the ,jewish cause in ,america and to the ,zionist movement in this country1 but may also1 by aligning the two sections of ,american ,jewry against one another1 spell nothing short of disaster to the ,jewish people as a whole4 ,the stakes involved in this conflict are infinitely greater than the issue which has given rise to it4 ,the ,structure of ,american ,judaism ,endangered ,,so far as ,american ,judaism is concerned1 the practical results of this strife between ,zionists and non-,zionists in ,america1--to leave aside all theoretical considerations1--may prove to be fatal4 ,it will reopen the gap between the two elements of ,american ,jewry which had been almost filled4 ,the work of ,american ,judaism has been done by both elements4 ,prominent non-,zionists and even anti-,zionists have frequently and gratefully acknowledged the debt which ,american ,israel owes to the cooperation of the ,zionists4 ,the institutions of ,american ,jewry depend to a large extent for their existence upon the non-,zionists1 who may now by the force of reaction be driven into anti-,zionism4 ,but the progress of these institutions just as largely depends upon those who are ,zionists4 ,the withdrawal of the ,zionists from ,american ,jewish work--and such withdrawal may become a moral duty for the ,zionists who are loyal to the movement and respect their convictions--might mean a complete standstill in the life of ,american ,jewry4 ,perhaps there are a few among us who are skeptical about the fate of ,american ,judaism1 and who therefore see no harm in hastening its disintegration4 ,but those of us who are profoundly concerned about the future of the two and one-half million ,jews who are now in ,america1 and of twice that number who may one day be here1 cannot but view with the utmost anxiety the danger of wrecking what promises to become the greatest ,jewish center in the history of the ,jews since their dispersion4 ,as for the ,zionist movement1 one cannot help doubting whether ,zionism1 even if it succeeded in defeating its opponents1 would thereby obtain its object4 ,i am not speaking of the very considerable material injury which the movement will suffer from the indifference and hostility of the other side4 ,i am rather thinking of the dangers incurred by ,zionism itself if1 having repulsed the so-called classes1 it becomes a one-sided movement of the masses4 ,of course1 no ,zionist can be otherwise than deeply gratified by the prospect of ,zionism becoming a cause of the people1 but unless it manages to preserve the balance of power within the ,jewish community1 it will be exposed to risks from another source4 ,zionism is beset with so many difficulties that it dare not burden itself with problems extraneous to it4 ,the injection of political or economic issues into the movement is fraught with incalculable consequences for the future of the movement in this country4 ,these issues are so extensive in their bearings and so vital in their manifestations that if superimposed on the delicate structure of ,zionism they may crush it1 never to rise again4 ,zionism must1 therefore1 remain neutral4 ,while including all ,jews1 it dare not identify itself with any section of them4 ,it dare not be either a movement of the classes or of the masses4 ,while holding scrupulously aloof from the issues which divide modern ,jewry as part of modern humanity1 it must keep its eye fixed on one point1 the securing of a ,jewish center for the ,jewish people as a whole1 in which the ills that afflict humanity may be cured in the prophetic spirit of justice and righteousness4 ,a ,plea for ,peace and ,cooperation ,,the practical conclusion of these considerations is clear4 ,it is a plea for reconciliation1 for a return to that ,synthesis which was on the point of becoming the common ground of all ,american ,israel4 ,american ,judaism needs peace to carry out the great task confronting it4 ,zionism is no less in need of peace in order to gain the hearts of those whose hearts are still ,jewish4 ,the very possibility of a conflict has bred a spirit of suspicion and unfriendliness which falls like a blight upon every attempt at united action4 ,the non-,zionists may succeed in defeating their opponents2 they can never dispense with ,zionism which is a driving force in ,american ,jewish life4 ,the victory may perch on the banners of the ,zionists but they can never forego the assistance of the non-,zionists who still form the backbone of ,american ,jewry4 ,representing the common longings of the ,jewish people throughout the world1 ,zionism should serve as a leaven1 quickening and stimulating the ,jewish activities of this country1 and rescue them from the greatest danger of ,diaspora ,judaism1 the danger of provincialism1 of falling away from the main body of universal ,israel4 ,in the particular situation confronting us ,zionism ought to assert the claims of ,palestine1 in addition to those of the ,diaspora4 ,but the ,zionists cannot replace the present agencies of ,american ,jewish life1 nor can they dispense with the cooperation of the non-,zionists4 ,such cooperation1 based on the synthesis ,palestine plus ,diaspora1 would be of equal benefit to both parties4 ,zionism and non-,zionism have only one real enemy3 it is ,assimilation1 which preaches the suicide of ,judaism4 ,but all those who are concerned about the preservation of ,judaism1 in whatever shape or by whatever means1 have the right to be recognized1 if not as fellow workers in ,zion1 at least as fellow workers in ,israel4 ,the ,supreme ,test for the ,jews of ,america ,,lastly1 if cooperation and harmony between the ,zionists and the non-,zionists be permanently needed for the welfare of ,american ,judaism1 they are needed a thousandfold now when the catastrophe which has overwhelmed the ancient centers of ,jewry has turned the eyes and the hopes of the whole ,jewish world toward the ,jews of this country4 ,ever since the ,jews of ,russia1 fleeing from the wrath of the oppressor1 began to wend their steps toward these hospitable shores1 thoughtful ,european ,jews have been looking upon ,america as the future center of the ,jewish ,diaspora4 ,and as time progressed1 as the numbers and the energies of the ,old ,jewish ,world assembled more and more in the ,new1 ,american ,jewry has been steadily advancing toward this exalted position of ,jewish hegemony4 ,but what1 in the natural course of events1 might have been the fruit of slow and gradual ripening1 has now been thrust upon us as the sudden result of the ,world ,war4 ,crippled ,european ,jewry is now looking1 and will look more and more1 to the ,jewry of ,america not only for comfort and support1 but also for light and leading1 for spiritual advice and guidance1 and the ,jewry of ,america1 the only ,jewry of consequence unscathed by the world struggle1 cannot but assume the responsibility4 ,nor is the ,jewry of ,america at liberty to choose4 ,there is an ancient ,jewish legend which1 with a subtle touch of sarcasm1 tells us that when the ,lord1 having descended upon ,mount ,sinai1 was about to bestow the ,torah upon the ,jews1 the latter1 shrinking from the obligations imposed by it1 made an attempt to refuse the proffered gift4 ,thereupon the ,lord lifted the mountain over their heads and angrily exclaimed3 ,if ye accept my ,law1 well and good4 ,if not1 ye shall be crushed on the spot6 ,and the ,jews1 yielding no less to the promptings of duty than to the dictates of wisdom1 quickly recanted and declared3 ,we will do and obey6 ,american ,jewry will either be the leader of ,jewry or it will not be4 ,let it fail to respond to the great call of history1--and it will unfailingly relapse into the obscurity and sluggishness of its former parochialism4 ,this great world crisis will be either the making or the unmaking of ,american ,jewry1 and no ,jew whose mind is unclouded by the ephemeral passions of party strife can do aught except ardently pray that the ,jews of ,america may emerge in triumph from their supreme test4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,israel ,friedlaender ,our ,spiritual ,inheritance ,,by ,,irving ,,lehman ,illustration3 ,,irving ,,lehman 7born in ,new ,york1 #ahgf71 educated at ,columbia 7,a4,b41 #ahif2 ,a4,m41 #ahig2 ,,ll4,b41 #ahih74 ,justice of the ,supreme ,court of ,new ,york2 associated with a number of ,jewish institutions1 including the ,jewish ,theological ,seminary and the ,y4 ,m4 ,h4 ,kindred ,associations4 ,justice ,lehman has taken a particularly keen interest in ,jewish ,university students1 and as ,chairman of the ,graduate ,menorah ,committee since the formation of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 he has been generously helpful in promoting the ideals which the ,menorah movement embodies4 ,devoted ,jew and public-spirited ,american1 his personal example has been an inspiration to ,menorah men all over the country4 ,,if a ,jew of the ,middle ,ages1 or even a ,jew living to-day in almost medieval conditions in ,poland1 were present to-night1,a he would certainly say1 ,what sort of a conference of rabbis is this1 at which a layman is presiding1 another layman is to speak on ',the ,religion of the ,hebrews1' and a third layman is to speak on a social movement8 ,to the old-time ,jew a conference of rabbis meant a conference of men learned in the law and its authoritative interpretation in the ,talmud--men whose duty it was to teach this law and who would confer among themselves upon the application of its abstruse and technical rules to the daily needs of their congregations4 ,but they could recognize no questions and no problems not fully covered by that law2 consequently they could recognize no right in any person not an authority on that law to take any part in such a conference except to ask for the advice of the rabbis appointed to teach the law4 ,that was the attitude of our ancient leaders1 and it met with the full and unqualified approval of the ,jewish laymen1 because it fulfilled all the requirements of our medieval condition4 ,until recent times we were a people apart1 living among the nations of the world1 but not a part of them4 ,we had no right to join in the general civic life4 ,our life consisted in the memory of a national past and in the dreams of a national future4 ,so far as the present was concerned1 we were perforce interested only in the maintenance of our identity and in the preservation of our ancient law1 so that we might be in a position some day to realize our dreams and to restablish our national state1 founded on this ancient law4 ,deprived as we were of all right to live in the present1 we could justify our existence and continuance as a separate people and a separate religion only by laying stress on the importance of our ancient law1 and striving to hand it down1 pure and unaltered1 to future generations4 ,therefore in those days the rabbis were naturally our only leaders1 and their right to leadership depended solely upon their knowledge of the law4 ,the observance of the ,torah embraced all the limits of the life of the ,jew4 ,new ,opportunities and ,new ,obligations ,,to-,,day all this has changed4 ,the ,jew of to-day is living in the present1 and the observance of the minuti of ,jewish law is to the man active in civic and business life of slight if any importance4 ,inconceivable as it would be to a medieval ,jew that at a conference of ,jewish rabbis a layman should preside and laymen should make formal addresses1 it would be equally inconceivable to such a ,jew that among the laymen who might make such addresses1 there could be a professor at a great university1 a worker in the general social activities of the city1 and a judge4 ,these changed conditions1 this wide life now opened to the ,jews1 have produced new problems1 and we demand of our rabbis1 if they are indeed to remain the teachers and leaders in ,israel1 that they help us solve these problems4 ,as soon as opportunities were offered to us1 we eagerly grasped them4 ,we are too eager1 too ambitious1 too practical a people to continue to live in dreams of the past and visions of the future1 when the present is thrown open to us4 ,we have definitely and forever discarded the concept that we are a peculiar people1 the chosen of the ,lord1 in so far as that concept cuts us off from free participation in the life of the nations among which we live1 or from serving in the cause of the general advance of humanity4 ,we have demanded the opportunity to exercise civic rights1 and as those rights have been granted1 we have recognized that the opportunity confers also an obligation--the obligation to exercise those rights in no narrow spirit1 but for the benefit of the whole people of which we are now a part4 ,why the ,jew ,remains a ,jew ,,as a result of this change1 we no longer take our ,judaism for granted1 but day by day perforce are asking ourselves three questions3 ,what does ,judaism mean1 and why are we ,jews8 ,will the maintenance of ,judaism be of benefit to the countries in which we live and to humanity at large8 ,how can ,judaism be maintained1 since now we not only live among the nations of the world1 but the individual ,jew has become a part of these nations8 ,we have discarded1 as ,i have said and as ,i firmly believe1 the ancient concept that ,judaism means membership in a peculiar people1 the chosen of the ,lord1 except possibly in the sense that we have a peculiar obligation imposed upon us to demonstrate to the world the power and worth of a spiritual ideal4 ,we ,reform ,jews have discarded the view that in any literal sense the ,lord revealed himself unto ,moses and gave unto him the tablets of stone4 ,the words ,hear1 ,o ,israel1 the ,eternal is ,one1 the ,lord is ,one1 are still dear to us1 but many who call themselves ,jews deny even the existence of a personal ,god4 ,why then do we still remain ,jews1 why do not those so-called ,jews1 who deny the existence of the ,lord1 frankly join the ranks of so-called universal philosophers while the rest of us join the ,unitarians8 ,the answer comes not only from our heads1 but from our hearts4 ,most of us could not renounce ,judaism because deep down in our consciousness1 aside from reason or logic1 we know we are not as other men2 we know we are ,jews4 ,we hear the cry of the suffering in ,belgium and we answer to that cry because we are men and nothing human is alien to us1--but when we hear the cry of the suffering ,jew in ,poland and ,palestine1 then the true ,jew answers that cry as the cry not only of a fellow human being1 but as the cry of a brother4 ,a ,nation ,founded on a ,spiritual ,ideal ,,is ,judaism then a matter of race8 ,are we after all and regardless of our beliefs and special obligations1 a peculiar people1 perhaps even a separate nation8 ,the answer to this question lies1 ,i think1 in the study of our history4 ,for centuries past the ,jew has been persecuted1 driven from one country to another1 despoiled1 massacred1 and at best despised and forced to live in the ,ghetto clothed in the badges of disdain4 ,all of this the ,jew has suffered and yet survived and kept his religion intact2 willing at all times to remain a man apart because he knew that in the past the ,jews had been a nation founded on a spiritual ideal2 because his tradition taught him that on the slopes of ,mount ,sinai1 the ,lord had entered into a covenant with his fathers--and not only with them stood there that day1 but also with him that was not there that day but who came after them2 and that by virtue of this covenant1 ,israel became unto the ,lord a kingdom of priests and a holy people2 and because the value of this tradition1 the force of this spiritual ideal was greater to him than the security1 the right to live and work freely among his fellow men1 which he could have obtained only by discarding his ,judaism4 ,during all the centuries since the dispersal1 the ,jews have had a common history1 a common tradition1 a common spiritual ideal1 and they have survived by reason of the force of this common inheritance4 ,it is this common inheritance of a past founded on a spiritual force that to-day1 in my opinion1 constitutes ,judaism4 ,america ,demands ,adherence to our ,spiritual ,ideals ,,racial ,judaism is in one sense1 but in the sense of a race that has stood for a spiritual ideal and is bound together by traditions of the value of that ideal1 and not simply a race that is bound together by ties of common descent4 ,at all times and in all places a ,jew meant not merely a descendant of ,abraham1 ,isaac and ,jacob1 not merely a descendant of the people who once ruled over the promised land1 but one who considered himself bound by the covenant of his fathers1 at least to the extent that he would be true to his spiritual ideals1 whatever these ideals might be4 ,judaism is in that sense a racial religion1 but it is and at all times must be a religion and not simply a race4 ,true1 we now differ among ourselves as to the content of our religion4 ,true1 many of us now deny that that covenant which has kept alive our race and religion was ever in fact made1 but we cannot deny our history and our past4 ,we cannot deny that by virtue of the tradition of that covenant our fathers considered themselves under a peculiar obligation1 and that by virtue of that tradition they sought to become a kingdom of priests and a holy people4 ,that tradition at least is our own heritage1 and he only is a ,jew who recognizes the force of spiritual ideals1 and by virtue of that inheritance also for himself assumes the obligation involved in being a member of a nation of priests and a holy people4 ,if that spiritual concept and not merely race constitutes the basis and the essential content of ,judaism1 then surely the question of whether the maintenance of ,judaism will be a benefit to the country in which we live answers itself4 ,in all civic matters we must work and be as one with our fellow-citizens1 but ,america demands that each citizen give to its service the best of which he is capable4 ,since ,judaism means the recognition of a peculiar obligation imposed upon us by our past2 since ,judaism is founded upon a spiritual ideal1--adherence to our ancient faith and endeavor to live up to our past must be to us a source of greater moral and spiritual strength--strength that we must bring to the service of our country4 ,the ,spiritual ,value of a ,new ,zion ,,our problem then becomes really one of how we can maintain ,judaism and keep it alive now that it has become a part and not as formerly the whole of our lives4 ,some say that this can be done only by recognizing that we are not simply a racial religion but actually a nation1 and that we must restablish that nation and its capital upon the hills of ,zion4 ,this is neither the time nor the place to discuss such a matter4 ,for myself1 ,i wish to say that if in the country where through our fathers the world first learnt the value of spiritual ideals1 where it was prophesied that the law shall go forth from ,zion and the word of the ,lord from ,jerusalem-- and nations shall no longer lift up sword against nations neither shall they learn war any more1 a community of ,jews shall be again established who shall represent and contribute to the fulfillment of the prophecy1 such a community would be from a spiritual standpoint a living force to keep ,judaism alive throughout the world4 ,nationally ,we ,are ,americans and ,americans ,only ,,but ,i wish also to state that ,i cannot for an instant recognize that the ,jews as such constitute a nation in any sense in which that word is recognized in political science1 or that a national basis is a possible concept for modern ,judaism4 ,we ,jews in ,america1 bound to the ,jews of other lands by our common faith1 constituting our common inheritance1 cannot as ,american citizens feel any bond to them as members of a nation1 for nationally we are ,americans and ,american only1 and in political and civic matters we cannot recognize any other ties4 ,we must therefore look for the maintenance of ,judaism to those spiritual concepts which constitute ,judaism4 ,and it is the duty of our rabbis in the present just as it was in the past to lead us and strengthen us in our ,judaism4 ,a conference of rabbis to-day properly recognizes that ,judaism consists no longer in the minute observances of the law2 that the ,jewish people are asking for the inner meaning of their religion1 and not for dry formulas4 ,in all humility as a layman1 ,i say to them that the ,jewish people again needs to be taught that what the ,lord requires of them is to do justice1 to love mercy and to walk humbly with their ,god4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,irving ,lehman ,i ,,am very much pleased with the excellence of ,the ,menorah ,journal1 which grows better with every number4 ,it is conceived in a fine spirit and has a high educational value for the ,jewish young men in the universities throughout the country4 ,the ,american spirit and the ,jewish spirit are in entire accord1 in fact they supplement one another4 ,the ,puritan ideals of democracy which lie at the foundation of our ,government were derived principally from the ,jewish ideals of democracy1 and ,i cannot imagine any ,american being less an ,american for being a good ,jew4 ,on the contrary1 he will be a better ,american for being a good ,jew1 more ready at all times to make every sacrifice for his country in peace and in war4--,hon4 ,oscar ,s4 ,straus1 in a ,letter to ,the ,menorah ,journal4 ,,footnote3 ,footnote ,a3 ,this address was delivered at the opening session of the ,eastern ,conference of ,reform ,rabbis1 ,temple ,emanu-,el1 ,november #g1 #aiae1 at which ,justice ,lehman presided4 ,lyrics ,,by ,,louis ,k4 ,,anspacher ,illustration3 ,,louis ,k4 ,,anspacher1 poet and playwright1 whose most recent plays1 ,our ,children and ,the ,unchastened ,woman1 have won recognition for him as one of the most original and powerful dramatists of the present day4 ,born in ,cincinnati in #ahgh1 and educated at ,city ,college of ,new ,york1 and ,columbia ,university 7,a4,m41 ,,ll4,b471 he occupied the vestry pulpit of ,temple ,emanu-,el1 ,new ,york1 for several years1 and has lectured on ethics and the drama4 ,a volume of his poems1 to be published soon1 will show more completely the depth and resourcefulness of the lyric power revealed in the accompanying verses4 ,the portrait is from an oil painting by ,franzen4 ,adam ,prometheus ,i ,in olden books 'tis written1 ,that he that would discern ,the secret'st truth of things ,lost paradise eterne4 ,he was the first that fed ,on fruit that knowledge brings2 ,exiled from joys1 he fled ,and flaming swords did burn ,behind his path1 which led ,to miseries4 ,,ii ,great ,god1 vouchsafe me truth3 ,for ,i am one that smitten ,with the deep mystery of things1 ,in learned lore uncouth1 ,out of pure wonder sings ,in harmonies4 ,,iii ,great ,god1 forfend the tooth ,of deep remorse1 and stings ,of joys that ,i did spurn3 ,oh1 spare the gnawing ruth ,of memories' torturings1 ,yea proudly did ,i turn ,from earth to snatch at wings ,to soar and ne'er return ,to life's lees4 ,,iv ,great ,god1 ,i too am cursed2 ,a destiny from birth1 ,of all dread fates the worst1 ,drives me unrestful1 flings ,me from my ,eden bliss1 ,over a barren earth1 ,to impious search for things ,whose heart is an abyss4 ,i too am one that clings4 ,in lust for a knowledge kiss1 ,upon my knees4 ,v ,great ,god1 ,i've given o'er ,my paradise of ease1 ,allowed my soul to soar ,to mysteries high or deep ,at the world's core2 ,oh1 quench its ardent thirst1 ,its hunger1 ,god1 appease3-- ,or if ,thou dost ignore ,the soul that ,thou hast nursed1 ,then smite me as ,i leap1 ,and let ,thy rages roar ,on me as in the first ,that fell on sulphur seas4 ,yea1 down ,hell's sliffy steep ,thy molten lightnings pour ,till darkness be immersed2 ,yet know ,i will not creep ,though all ,thy thunders burst ,in penalties4 ,my ,psalm of ,life ,i cannot grow as men would have me grow1 ,by ordered plodding to a life complete2 ,climbing the path with slow and heavy beat ,of tedious footsteps from the world below4 ,i cannot like a visible circle flow ,until by measured compass ,i can meet ,the place ,i started from with weary feet4 ,that proudly point the obvious path they go4 ,ah no1--mine be the instinct given to trust ,that all will in the outcome fall aright4 ,like a migrant swan still wandering since ,i must1 ,i'll fill a life's full cycle in my flight3 ,though ,i soar into the clouds or sink to dust1 ,my orb will come around2 ,i'll reach my height4 ,the ,vocal ,memnon to the ,sphynx ,the sands of time drift round me1 and within ,there is the knell of passing and decay3 ,the sun-smit vastness of the world doth weigh ,upon my riddling soul like hidden sin1 ,and bids it speak4 ,thou desert art my kin6 ,i crumble to thee1 waning day by day2 ,but ,i am cursed with questions that betray ,the end of life before death's hours begin1 ,my eyes are staring1 yet their sight is blind4 ,my ears are hollow1 yet they hear no sound4 ,my knees are buried and my body sinks4 ,the stars weave fates that they themselves unwind1 ,traversing the same cycles round and round2 ,while ,i sit gazing at the silent ,sphynx4 ,illustration3 ,louis ,anspacher ,sholom ,asch3 ,the ,jewish ,maupassant ,a ,menorah ,prize ,essay ,,by ,,percy ,b4 ,,shostac ,illustration3 ,,percy ,b4 ,,shostac1 born in #ahib1 in ,new ,york ,city1 where he attended the ,ethical ,culture ,school and ,high ,school2 graduate of the ,university of ,wisconsin 7#aiae71 where he was an active member of the ,wisconsin ,dramatic ,society and contributed frequently to the ,wisconsin ,play-,book4 ,he is now teaching ,english at the ,university of ,kansas4 ,the present ,essay was awarded the ,wisconsin ,menorah ,prize for #aiae4 ,i ,,the ,,man ,,and ,,his ,,work ,,it was in the little parlor of a four-room ,new ,york flat4 ,the room was furnished sparsely3 a table and a few chairs of bamboo1 a long row of books on the yellow floor along one wall1 some ,chinese ornaments and plants1 a few ,russian embroideries1 a rich ,persian covering on the couch1 and candles--many candles burning and flickering on their rest of saucer or glazed clay candlestick4 ,our hostess seemed part of her room2 she was a ,russian ,jewess1 decidedly ,oriental in type1 rare in her beauty and still more rare in her personality and charm4 ,sholom ,asch sat opposite me smoking his cigarette and sipping his coffee--a big man of thirty-five1 with broad shoulders and a frame sturdy and substantial2 thick black hair1 a high forehead1 a characteristically ,jewish nose1 a firm mouth1 a little black moustache1 and deep brown eyes--eyes that at times would seem to be unaware of anything surrounding them1 yet one felt that they saw everything and understood everything4 ,his complexion was that of a ruddy boy1 yet his large handsome features had the sensitiveness which classed him unmistakably as an artist4 ,he was talking in ,yiddish4 ,his voice was soft and his sentences followed each other in musical cadence and beauty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,yes1 ,asch was saying1 he was the best ,jew ,i ever met4 ,i always think of him as ',the ,light of ,damascus4' ,i was in ,damascus last year4 ,the most beautiful city in the world6 ,the houses on the winding streets are centuries old4 ,the people seem older than the houses4 ,for hours ,i stood in the market-place watching the camels and the asses pass by4 ,some had the dust of the desert on their feet and some had mud and dirt4 ,each went slowly on its way with its turbaned rider sitting still as a figure of stone on its back4 ,through the kindness of a friend we entered a house on one of the strange streets4 ,like most of the old houses its front was plain and unattractive4 ,we went through a court and on to a balcony overlooking an enclosed garden4 ,such a garden ,i had never seen6 ,it seemed a picture transported from the ',thousand and ,one ,nights4' ,in the center was a fountain of extraordinary workmanship1 so inlaid with gems that after the water had gushed out it seemed to splash down again in a shower of ruby and amethyst4 ,about the fountain were palms and fig trees4 ,the flowers were more wondrous than the jewelled water or the many-colored mosaics of the walls and arches4 ,on the grass sat a grey-bearded ,mohammedan4 ,he smoked his hookah in silence4 ,suddenly we heard voices4 ,three young women came from the house and bathed in the fountain4 ,their lord and husband sat stoically and smoked4 ,they laughed and played in the splashing waters4 ,and as ,i watched this old man and these beautiful women1 ,i thought myself back in the ancient ,damascus1 in the city that ,i had thought was dead for a thousand years4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,that evening ,i was walking in the city4 ,suddenly ,i saw a light before me4 ,to my surprise it was an electric bulb--the only one in ,damascus4 ,it was fastened to the head of a donkey and illuminated a painted advertisement attached to his back4 ,by following the wires ,i found they led to a large wholesale warehouse4 ,it hurt me to find this electric light in ,damascus4 ,i was still more hurt when ,i found that the man who had installed it was a ,jew1 a ,russian ,jew who had come to the city some years before4 ,the next day ,i visited a shop where hammered gold and silver1 for which ,damascus is famous1 was sold4 ,with the permission of the proprietor ,i went upstairs to the workroom4 ,what ,i saw there ,i shall never forget4 ,i found myself in a long but very narrow room1 dimly lighted by a few dirty windows4 ,in two long rows in front of two long tables sat fifty or sixty little girls huddled so close together that they touched one another4 ,each child was bent over the table and each held a little hammer4 ,she was tapping on a piece of metal4 ,the tapping was never-ending--a sharp clicking sound like the falling of hail4 ,the children never spoke nor smiled4 ,near me sat a little girl4 ,she was not more than eight years old4 ,her hammer had stopped tapping and her eyes were closed4 ,she was asleep4 ,the girl next to her1 evidently her elder sister1 seeing the foreman approach1 pinched the child sharply4 ,she opened her eyes and dully began her tapping4 ,as ,i left this room of darkness my eyes were wet with tears4 ,i found out that only little girls were employed in this industry3 that they began when eight or nine years old4 ,when they were sixteen they usually were dead from the metal that had entered their lungs4 ,the children were mostly ,jewish1 for you must know that when the ,jews become part of a slow ,eastern civilization they sink yet lower and become yet more phlegmatic and listless than the people among whom they have settled4 ,i was indignant and asked if nothing was being done to remedy this terrible evil4 ,then ,i was told that there was one man who was devoting his life to freeing these children4 ,it was the ,jewish merchant who used the only electric light in ,damascus4 ,he gave every cent he earned to this work4 ,he maintained an industrial school for ,jewish children and was trying to interest the ,jews of the world in the movement4 ,and then ,i blessed this man's electric light4 ,i think of him always as ',the ,light of ,damascus4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,,and thus ,sholom ,asch talked4 ,i cannot reproduce his words2 ,i have only tried to give the spirit of them4 ,he talked in the finished style of a ,maupassant1 with all the imagination and all the strength of that great master4 ,i saw then1 before ,i had read his work1 that his title of ,the ,jewish ,maupassant was not extravagant4 ,and ,i saw also that here was an artist with human sympathy immeasurable1 and yet not lacking sensuous imagery and elemental strength and beauty4 ,sholom ,asch was born and brought up in a little town in ,poland1 ,kuttnow1 near ,lodz4 ,his father was a merchant on a small scale4 ,he bought sheep and oxen from the peasants and shipped them to be marketed in ,lodz1 in ,germany1 in ,france4 ,he rode about the country and sometimes took ,sholom with him1 whom he loved especially because he studied so well4 ,sholom liked the sheep and the cattle1 and he loved the melancholy ,polish landscape--mystic1 fearful4 ,his father was a healthy1 normal1 honorable ,jew2 not fanatical but deeply religious4 ,he was philosophic toward life1 he cared nothing for money and was content without it4 ,his mother1 on the other hand1 was nervous and worldly4 ,she was dependent on the externals of life and to her no money was misery4 ,there was a big house with much food1 many new clothes1 much hospitality1 and many big brothers and sisters2 something like eleven children4 ,the ceremonies of the ,jewish faith were observed beautifully1 the holidays kept happily4 ,there was substance and spirit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,and ,sholom absorbed this atmosphere of the old religious rites1 and the paganism of the cattle and nature1 and spoke little4 ,when he was six he was sent to the ,jewish school4 ,this was in session from eight in the morning until five in the evening4 ,he and the other children used to watch the sun shine on certain spots and know the time4 ,how they waited for the moment of freedom1 little knowing how well one of their number was to picture for the world each intimate emotion and thought of their imprisoned souls4 ,one day a peasant came to his house and ,sholom went with him on his wagon4 ,that was a wonderful day2 he played hookey4 ,the next day the rabbi1 who believed in corporal punishment1 expressed his views on the matter of absence4 ,asch was extremely clever at learning the ,talmud and the old history and philosophy of the ,jews4 ,he learned to reason from the ,talmud and to-day he says1 ,art is logic4 ,there must be an ',urkraft' 7elemental strength7 behind a man's work4 ,and if there is one outstanding characteristic of ,asch's work1 it is this elemental1 this passionately strong and elemental vein4 ,max ,reinhardt1 whom ,asch calls ,ein ,dichter im ,theater1 loves ,asch dearly4 ,in his ,deutsches ,theater1 the most artistic and best equipped theatre in the world1 he produced ,asch's ,god of ,vengeance4 ,this was a marked success and is still a most popular play in ,germany1 ,russia1 and in the ,yiddish theatres of ,new ,york4 ,asch was only twenty-four years at this time4 ,from this play he made much money and a whole village was made happy an entire summer4 ,since then his income from his writings has increased steadily4 ,much of his work is now translated into ,russian and ,german1 but as yet not into ,english4 ,the income from his translations far exceeds that from his ,yiddish publications1 and he is able to support his wife and four children in ease and comfort4 ,although he has been to ,america a few times during the last six years1 it is only several months ago that his wife and children arrived from ,poland and he settled here permanently4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an important happening in the history of ,jewish literature occurred in the beginning of ,april4 ,perez1 the intellectual father of the new movement1 died4 ,asch and ,perez were deep friends4 ,of all living writers ,perez has had most influence on ,asch1 both as writer and as man4 ,when ,asch brought him his first story1 ,perez gave him a volume of his poems4 ,he said of ,asch1 ,a bird is breaking through the shell--who knows1 is it an eagle or a crow8 ,it proved to be an eagle4 ,perez was a revolutionist1 a poet1 a dramatist1 the defender of the weak1 the inspiration of the talented4 ,a little story of his1 ,bonchi the ,silent1 about a ,jewish workingman who never complained and who took all his misfortunes as a matter of course1 whose desires and hopes were so thoroughly crushed out of him that on reaching ,heaven and being asked by ,god to request what he desired most1 he said1 ,i want a piece of white bread every ,friday--that story1 more than any one influence1 caused the formation of the ,bund of the ,russian ,revolution4 ,it made the intelligenzia of ,russia feel that it was their duty to teach the workingman to demand the earth4 ,and now since ,perez's death1 on ,asch's shoulders has fallen the responsibility of being the greatest ,jewish writer living to-day4 ,he is assuming the added duty of revolutionist as well as artist4 ,for the serious ,jewish writer is a sort of rabbi to his people4 ,ethically he stands for the old ,jewish ideals4 ,to these ,asch has added the beauty of paganism and the vision of anarchistic communism4 ,in ,paris once he came to a meeting of ,zionists4 ,he spoke against the ,zionist idea and was not listened to with great deference4 ,another writer1 ,abraham ,raisin1 coming in shouted1 ,hear6 ,listen to a great ,jew4 ,asch was given the floor and finished the speech4 ,asch feels that only now is he beginning to drop his ,jewish past as material for his work4 ,he is going out into the future3 he is becoming impressed with a vision of the ,america to be--the ideal democracy4 ,and his work is showing it4 ,he is planning a poetic industrial drama1 he is finishing a gripping war play4 ,his deep understanding of the industrial slavery of our times is shown wonderfully in his novel1 ,motke the ,scamp1 which is now appearing in serial form in the ,new ,york ,yiddish ,forward4 ,he begins with ,motke's infancy4 ,his mother's milk is sold to the rich man's baby2 ,motke is cheated of everything4 ,picture after picture of sordid ,polish ghetto life follows--intermixed with wood and river sunshine as only ,asch can do it4 ,one feels the sun resting eternally over all1 while man with his laughter and tenderness and pain struggles toward perfection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,asch is becoming an exposer and a prophet1 but with great beauty of style and purity of emotion4 ,he is decidedly modern1 decidedly ,russian1 decidedly ,hebraic1 and eternally universal4 ,he is bringing the message of beauty and freedom to the ,american ,yiddish working man4 ,asch is not a socialist2 he is a real individualist4 ,with a sincere contribution to the happiness of the world he believes that every human being is entitled to all the joy of the world1 no matter what form his contribution may assume2 shirts1 street cleaning1 cooking1 a painting1 dishes1 a poem4 ,he does not preach eight hours and a dollar more1 he demands joy in labor4 ,he wants people to play--to be happy at their work4 ,he demands freedom in one's personal life and beauty in mind and body4 ,he is an industrialist plus an artist4 ,asch has traveled through ,russia talking on various subjects to ,jewish gatherings1 not for money but for love of his race4 ,he has visited ,palestine1 but with a keen interest in the growth and development of the ,jew--not from a nationalistic standpoint but from a world point of view4 ,and this is why he admires ,america--because it brings to him a vision of a perfect race1 the result of the mixture of all races1 perpetuating the fine traits of all4 ,he is immensely interested in the public school4 ,he believes in democracy and thinks we have it in ,america4 ,for artists1 however1 he says this country is not good4 ,the newspapers in ,europe1 he says1 print what ,tolstoi eats and how he sleeps4 ,here ,rockefeller is the national hero4 ,the artist here lacks artistic obstinacy2 he succumbs to money1 he leaves starvation and his ,kunst4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,asch loves ,shakespere above all other writers2 he is his master4 ,for months he went each night to the ,berlin theatres and often1 with his eyes shut1 would listen to the words and cadences of ,shakespere's lines4 ,hamlet he considers the greatest play ever written4 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream and ,romeo and ,juliet are two of his favorites4 ,from the ghost scene in ,hamlet he can trace ,maeterlinck and all the modern mystics4 ,he says that ,shakespere is universal in his appeal and that his work in translation1 when done by a master like ,schlegel1 takes on the peculiar flavor of the tongue and people into which it is translated and loses none of its intrinsic worth4 ,he loves ,gogol and ,tolstoi4 ,faust is one of his favorite dramas4 ,he loves the old masters ,greco and ,rembrandt2 among the moderns1 ,czanne1 ,puvis de ,chavannes1 ,manet4 ,in opera he does not care for ,wagner1 but he is very fond of ,the ,magic ,flute1 of ,madame ,butterfly1 of ,pagliacci4 ,he loves music and the theatre4 ,asch reads in many languages1 ,german1 ,french1 ,russian1 ,polish1 ,hebrew1 and a little ,english4 ,but to everybody he talks in ,yiddish4 ,he has no ear for other languages except ,english1 which he says is like his mother tongue6 ,in the spring ,asch goes out to the country and works1 in the summer he loafs1 in the winter he lives among his friends4 ,he writes all the time1 being chock full of energy--for work1 for love1 for friendship1 for happiness4 ,as he says1 ,i am thankful to ,god for three things3 first that he gave me life1 second that he gave me my talent1 third for my love for you 7this to whomever the lady happens to be74 ,like all the artists he is erratic1 original1 attractive1 all-seeing4 ,but unlike most he has much strength of character and a brilliant logical faculty that makes him check up his personal relations4 ,he has much affection in him and a great honesty and integrity which wins him admiration and respect1 and he has many friends among many kinds of people in many parts of the world4 ,sholom ,asch is a philosopher1 a novelist1 a poet1 and a dramatist4 ,he loves the clouds and the sea1 he truly loves mankind4 ,always through all he writes one feels a deep and elemental strength1 an elemental belief in nature and truth4 ,he is not ahead of his time2 he is rather an interpreter and inspirer of his own day4 ,this makes him the happy person that he is4 ,he is greatly honored in ,russia and in ,germany1 and by all writers in ,europe4 ,,ii ,,asch ,,as ,a ,,novelist ,,and ,,short-,,story ,,writer ,,with this brief sketch of ,sholom ,asch the man1 ,i shall turn to a consideration of a few of his most important works4 ,as ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 the eminent ,english critic1 has said1 the best way to form a judgment of an author is to quote his good passages4 ,accordingly ,i have been as liberal as space would allow in my insertion of translated passages4 ,the most recent works1 mentioned in the early part of this essay1 ,i shall not treat1 as it was impossible for me to procure them at the time of writing4 ,i shall take up each work individually before making generalizations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,die ,jngsten is a novel by ,asch in which he tries to portray the character and the influences at work on the younger generation of ,jews in ,russia4 ,the plot can be simply set forth4 ,the younger generation is represented by five characters of three social classes4 ,mery ,lipskaja is the daughter of a well-to-do ,jewish manufacturer--in other words1 she is of the middle or bourgeois class4 ,she has completed her gymnasium 7high-school7 education and has absorbed the prevalent ideas about women and emancipation1 and a desire for higher education1 for a broader life1 for ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,kowalski is an artist4 ,he1 like ,mery1 is not interested in the class struggle2 all that vitally concerns him is his art and living4 ,david and ,rahel ,lazarus are the children of a physician who is giving his life to the people of the ,grube or ghetto4 ,they have grown up among the suppressed and impoverished ,jews and they are filled with the spirit of the revolution2 ,david actively and ,rahel passively4 ,mischa1 the cousin of ,mery1 is a member of the middle class4 ,he has become aware of the conditions in the ,grube and his struggle lies between his middle class environmental influence1 which includes his love for ,mery1 and his desire to join the revolution4 ,at the beginning of the novel ,mery has just returned from the gymnasium4 ,she is oppressed and dissatisfied with her provincial surroundings and longs to go to the university at ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,mischa1 in love with ,mery1 has also just completed work at the gymnasium1 and they plan to go to ,st4 ,petersburg together4 ,the artist ,kowalski now comes to the little south ,russian village and soon ,mery is in love with him4 ,mischa is much distressed and suffers greatly4 ,kowalski leaves1 promising to meet ,mery at ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,the second part of the novel opens with ,mischa and ,mery in ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,the climate does not agree with ,mery and ,mischa arranges that they go to a ,finnish village4 ,here they grow very dear to each other and ,mischa is about to propose when ,kowalski melodramatically appears4 ,kowalski and ,mery now give expression to their love4 ,mischa returns to ,st4 ,petersburg but cannot pursue his studies because the revolutionary disturbances have closed the university4 ,kowalski and ,mery return to ,st4 ,petersburg soon after and are admitted to the bohemian life there4 ,kowalski meanwhile has become famous4 ,the lovers gradually grow apart and when the revolution breaks out ,mery returns to her home for safety1 leaving ,kowalski never to see him again4 ,mischa has returned home also4 ,after a massacre of the ,jews in the ,grube in which ,rahel1 the sister of ,david1 is outraged1 he sees that in marrying her lies his only means of becoming one of the ,jews whom he was so desirous of helping4 ,so despite the fact that he still loves ,mery and she is now willing to be his wife1 he marries ,rahel4 ,mery after a period of restlessness in the little town returns to ,st4 ,petersburg to join the bohemian group there4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the outstanding excellence of the novel lies in its characterization4 ,the characters live before us and we see the workings of their minds and emotions with remarkable clarity4 ,the mental struggles of ,mischa between his love for ,mery and his desire to help the oppressed ,jews1 always inhibited by inherited powerlessness to act2 the carefree1 art-centered1 egotistical ,kowalski2 the adolescent romanticism and sympathetic insight of ,mery2 the cynically idealistic and self-sacrificing ,dr4 ,lazarus--these constitute the real substance and artistic worth of the book4 ,the pictures of contemporary ,russian ,jewish life are of marked interest1 especially to the western reader4 ,the following passages are descriptive of the ,grube or ghetto and characterize the condition of the poorer ,jews in the towns throughout ,russia3 ,the sun seldom shone into the valley4 ,old people lost their vision early and the percentage of child mortality was enormous4 ,but even those who remained alive under these conditions were weak1 sick1 half crippled people2 impoverished figures with crooked legs1 large heads and weak arms crept through the streets4 ,and in spite of everything the inhabitants never left their grave 7,grube7 and made no attempt to find a better1 more healthy home4 ,a sort of sick love bound them to their unfortunate homes1 and like a curse it rested on each who was born in the valley--that he could not free himself from it and that until the end of his days he must eke out his sad existence there4 ,after the massacre ,mischa walks through the ,grube3 ,the murmur of prayers re-echoed to his ears4 ,from the little windows of the synagogue came the soft gleam of candles4 ,he entered4 ,deep as in a cellar1 as miserable and abandoned as themselves1 lay the little house of prayer of the wretched inhabitants of the ,grube4 ,the walls were bare4 ,the ,ark of the ,covenant was hung with only a piece of coarse linen4 ,in front of the broken 'altar' stood an old man in a torn prayer shawl and prayed before the small penny candles4 ,the room was full of worshippers1 all inhabitants of the ,grube4 ,their prayer was a groaning1 and sighing1 and screaming1 out of tormented hearts4 ,it rose up to the low ceiling and hung over them all like a heavy black cloud4 ,and then ,mischa knew his people3 ,he felt his strength to bear everything2 sorrow and misery and persecution4 ,he saw his people doing the work of servants through the centuries1 from the farthest past to the present day4 ,he saw the bare walls of the synagogue1 the wretched ,ark of the ,covenant1 he heard the sad melody of their prayers which grew to despairing screams4 4 4 4 ,he had the feeling that he was with his people in a large ship4 ,for eternities this ship was on a voyage of searching4 ,it landed at harbors always new and strange3 ,egypt1 ,palestine1 ,babylon1 ,arabia1 ,spain1 at ,turkey1 at ,holland and ,russia4 ,and to-day is also a test day for the ,jews4 ,and also this day will end1 and many1 many1 but the ship will always sail on1 will carry them all to new harbors into the farthest future4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,before leaving ,die ,jngsten1 ,i cannot refrain from translating two passages concerning ,kowalski--the first his longing for the open country after his long stay in ,st4 ,petersburg1 and the other his remarks on clouds3 ,st4 ,petersburg had become sickening to him4 ,for loneliness he longed1 for solitude4 ,solitude1 with his brush behind the mountains1 in the deep woods4 ,to see every day sun1 mountains1 and water6 ,the water that pushes blocks of ice before it1 and to see the cloud shadows which camp on the wide snow fields4 ,to live again in the little room with his comrade the ,lithuanian peasant with whom he studied in the academy6 ,to have no money4 ,to eat bread2 much good black bread with honey which his comrade's father would send from the village4 ,for whole days to wander about and paint clouds6 ,mery discovers him at work1 and looking at his painting he says3 ,everything is clouds--the warmth that ,i feel1 the warmth-- 4 4 4 and do you see the pride that such a cloud has1 the pride1 the formality8 ',the cloud is no small thing1' my fat professor used to say4 ,it is no small thing to paint a cloud1 for then one must feel eternity4 ,as lovingly as a girl's body must one model a cloud4 ,and warmth and pride must come to expression4 ,to paint a cloud means to step into ,heaven1 into the middle of ,heaven and to see a new world which we do not know here at all4 ,such a nobody as ,i wishes to paint a cloud1 a ,heaven--wishes to have seen ,god and create ,him anew with his little art6 ,that is an impudence1 isn't it8 ,there you see what ,i have painted4 ,it is nothing--it is worthless--something is lacking4 ,he looked amusedly at the picture4 ,love is lacking4 ,so it is as my professor with the fat belly loved to say1 ',to paint a real cloud one must love4' ,yes1 yes1 to be able to create something good one must be in love or--do you know what8 ,or to feel a great sin in one's soul4 ,yes1 yes1 with a burning sin in one's heart one can create big things4 ,when one has entirely fallen4 4 4 4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bilder aus dem ,ghetto is a series of sketches dealing with ,jewish life4 ,many ,jewish characters are pictured in dramatic situations but with very little plot4 ,the characters are all poor2 fishmongers1 children of the ,ghetto1 a ,jewish farmer1 two mothers1 an old married couple4 ,a few typical plots follow4 ,ein ,eilbotte is really a prose poem describing a sunrise1 a storm1 and the reappearing sun--more properly perhaps a series of paintings1 of symphonic word canvases4 ,let me translate the opening passages3 ,behind the town ruin which stands on a small hill like a national monument1 flaming and fiery rises the red of the morning and floods with its glow the gray clouds that hang in the horizon4 ,it brings a son of the sun into the world4 ,the day tears itself from the lap of the mother ,night4 ,in the little town life is beginning to stir4 ,here and there one sees a peasant wagon on which the dew drops of the night are still hanging4 ,here and there a ,jew1 eyes heavy with sleep4 ,the show windows and house doors are for the most part locked4 ,for many of the inhabitants the day has not yet begun4 4 4 4 ,this day shall be like yesterday1 like to-morrow4 ,a storm rushes over the woods4 ,the storm comes like a mighty giant that wishes to swallow the world or it seems as though ,god himself were spreading out ,his black mantle3 ,the end of the world6 ,neither heaven nor earth1 neither beginning nor end6 ,black1 ominous1 dull1 empty4 4 4 4 ,suddenly ,heaven opens for a second4 4 4 4 ,a blinding light has torn the clouds4 ,stabbed by a flaming dagger the giant dies--a confused moaning fills the air4 ,it rains4 ,but the storm passes4 ,the ,heaven is clear and blue as if nothing had happened4 ,the air is clearer and purer1 the earth washed clean by the water4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,die ,mutter4 ,it is in a little ,hebrew school in a small town in ,russia4 ,the rabbi has gone to say the evening prayer1 leaving the small boys to study4 ,instead they begin to talk of various subjects4 ,mothers are discussed and each boy praised his most highly4 ,one pale little chap with large eyes says1 ,my mother also 4 4 4 and then stops4 ,one of the boys laughs uncontrolledly and then there is an embarrassing silence4 ,the teacher returns4 ,the little ,josek1 however1 cannot keep his attention on the book3 ,the 'crazy ,trajna' stands life-like before him4 ,out there at the well she stands4 4 4 4 ,he sees her plainly4 4 4 4 ,all too well he knows that dirty sun-burned face plowed through by a thousand wrinkles1 those great blood-shot eyes with the swollen1 sore lids4 4 4 4 ,he remembers her1 yes1 he remembers4 4 4 4 ,he was still a little boy then1 when the teacher carried him to school in his arms4 ,he cried then and hung tightly with both hands to the apron of his mother4 ,mother6 4 4 4 this woman his mother8 ,and so the emotions of the boy are set forth in memories telling us of his mother before she was insane and now1 when she is known to all the village as the crazy ,trajna4 ,the time when he found her insane is described4 ,it was raining and he was hurrying home from school4 ,suddenly he sees his mother near his father's house3 ,there at the corner she stands4 4 4 4 ,trembling for cold she seeks protection under any roof4 4 4 4 ,the boy stands as rooted to the ground1 without turning his gaze from her4 ,the water flows in streams from his coat4 ,she has turned her glassy eyes on him4 ,slowly as though following some inner force she comes closer to him4 ,he is not able to move from the spot2 something unspeakable gleams in those glassy eyes4 4 4 4 ,now he feels in her the mother4 4 4 4 ,his heart beats as though to break4 ,always closer to him she comes4 ,a hot wave of blood flows through all his limbs and rises to his head4 ,he trembles as in fever4 ,suddenly all fear leaves him4 ,he assumes a waiting position and looks directly into her eyes4 ,now she stands close before him4 ,she looks at him4 ,away6 ,these eyes6 this look6 ,he wishes to fall weeping into her arms4 4 4 4 ,to weep1 yes1 to weep 4 4 4 to weep and to kiss4 ,he is in the impulse to carry out his purpose when she suddenly takes his hand4 ,with a quick push he tears himself from her embrace and runs away as rapidly as he can4 ,it seems as though she ran after him with outstretched arms and blowing hair1 always faster and faster1 always grasping more heavily4 ,it seemed to him as though he heard her terrible voice1 hoarse with weariness1 calling ',joselle1' ',joselle' 4 4 4 ,the father has taken a new wife and the crazy ,trajna is no longer a member of the household but is driven about the streets4 ,and as he leaves the schoolroom this evening1 ,josek is consumed with indignation and sorrow and resolves not to flee from his mother the next time he meets her4 ,on his way home he meets her4 ,the tears flow from her eyes2 when she embraces him he again runs away4 ,but that evening he steals a plate of meat from his home and brings it to her4 ,that night he does not sleep4 ,the next noon1 coming home from school he sees ,trajna standing near the well surrounded by street urchins3 ,one pulls her bonnet from her head4 ,another jerks at her apron4 ,a third tears the prayer book from her hand4 ,some boys cry loudly1 ',hurrah6 ,the crazy one1 the crazy one6' ,she looks at her son in surprise4 ,josek can stand it no longer2 he goes to his mother and with his fists drives away the urchins that torment her4 ,they have run away4 ,without saying a word ,josek reaches out both his hands4 ,his face is deathly pale4 ,his eyes gleam with fever4 ,the boys laugh4 4 4 4 ,their loud calls press themselves to his ears4 4 4 4 ,another moment and the hands of his mother reach around him as in a cramp4 ,the 'crazy one' hugs him1 kisses him1 now laughing1 now crying4 ,suddenly she clutches him and begins to dance with him4 ',hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,the crazy one is dancing with her son6' ,josek casts a confused glance at the urchins4 ,he draws himself together1 tears himself from the embrace of his mother with a quick movement and runs away4 ,he does not even think of the cap which remains in her hand4 ,even from a distance he hears the calls1 ',hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,the crazy one dances with her son6' 99 99 99 99 99 ,,der ,wunderrabbi4 ,he is a very stupid shepherd boy4 ,he will not learn his ,hebrew lessons nor prayers4 ,when in the fields he often feels near to ,god--and whistles4 ,he is taken to the synagogue on a holiday4 ,his parents are ashamed of him4 ,he cannot repeat the prayers from the prayerbook1 yet he feels a great desire to praise ,god4 ,to the consternation of his parents he walks to the altar1 and placing two fingers in his mouth he voices his praise in a loud1 shrill whistle4 ,all stand as though struck by lightning4 ,who dared to whistle in this holy place8 ,the father is about to grasp the boy and lead him out1 the people clench their fists threateningly4 ,but the rabbi turns from his place at the east of the synagogue and asks in a loud voice1 ',where is the saint8 ,where is the miracle-worker who destroyed the evil forces hanging above us1 who bored through heaven that our prayers might easily penetrate the black clouds to the throne of ,god8' ,there is no sign of the miracle-worker4 ,he has slipped out of the house of prayer and with his shoes and stockings over his shoulder is running as fast as he can toward the village4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ein ,jdisch ,kind4 ,she is about to be married but will not comply with the ,talmudic law requiring married women to cut off their hair and wear wigs4 ,she loves her hair and will not part with it4 ,she is married4 ,weeks go by and her husband is ostracised4 ,he and his wife have become more and more estranged and they speak to each other hardly at all4 ,one day he comes home and with loving words induces her to let him cut off her black braids4 ,when ,chanele awoke the next morning1 she looked at herself in the mirror that hung opposite her bed4 ,terror seized her and she thought that she had become mad and that she lay in the hospital4 ,on the table near her bed lay the dead braids4 ,the soul that had lived in these braids when they were on her head was dead1 and they reminded her of death 4 4 4 ,she hid her face in both her hands and heart-breaking sobs filled the quiet room4 ,and there are other ,wortbilder which ,i shall not treat4 ,this book of sketches shows ,asch at his very best4 ,for the form--one without plot dealing with character and nature description--is decidedly fitted to the elemental1 passion-laden flow of his style4 ,it is a great wonder to me that these gems of artistic word portraiture have not yet been translated into ,english4 ,in my opinion they rank equal in worth with the similar work of ,daudet1 ,maupassant1 ,tchekoff and ,turgenieff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,das ,stdtchen is also a book of sketches4 ,in this1 however1 the different high points--the ,sabbath eve1 the holidays1 the marriage ceremony and others in ,russian ,jewish village life1 are treated4 ,character is not emphasized1 although one man appears through all the sketches4 ,the book does not come up to ,die ,bilder aus dem ,ghetto4 ,asch is essentially a dramatist4 ,in his sketches1 in his novels and in his stories1 the dramatic point of view is not lost4 ,his plays consequently always move1 are always full of action and tense situation4 ,the same elemental strength and purity of emotion that is found in his prose is always present in his dramas4 ,in the concluding part of this essay1 ,i shall touch upon five of his plays in the order of their importance4 ,,editors' ,,note--,the third and concluding part of ,mr4 ,shostac's prize essay1 dealing with ,shalom ,asch as a ,dramatist1 will appear in the next issue4 ,,those of us in ,england who know how much harshness and injustice the ,jews have had to suffer will join in your hopes that after the war some means may be found of permanently ameliorating their lot4 ,you may feel the more sure of our sympathy in this because1 as you know1 ,england is the ,european country in which1 since ,oliver ,cromwell sanctioned their return nearly three centuries ago1 the ,jews have been best treated1 being freely admitted to all posts of power and honor1 and not exposed to any sort of social disparagement4 ,they have held places in our ,cabinets and been among the most eminent lawyers and judges4 ,such a one was ,sir ,george ,jessel1 the famous ,master of the ,rolls4 ,we have no more patriotic citizens1 nor more generous benefactors to works of charity and to public purposes supported by private liberality4 ,with those members of the race who have suffered injustice or violence in other countries1 there has always been a warm sympathy in ,great ,britain4--,viscount ,bryce1 in a ,letter to ,the ,menorah ,journal4 ,liberalism and the ,jews ,,by ,,joseph ,,jacobs ,illustration3 ,,joseph ,,jacobs 7born in ,new ,south ,wales in #ahed71 one of our leading scholars and men of letters2 managing editor of the ,jewish ,encyclopedia2 author of many authoritative books on ,jewish subjects1 including ,jews of ,angevin ,england1 ,studies in ,jewish ,statistics1 ,jewish ,ideals1 etc4 ,the present article is adapted from a chapter in ,dr4 ,jacobs' forthcoming book which will deal comprehensively with the contribution of the ,jew to modern progress4 ,,the eighteenth century was the era of the benevolent despots1 like ,frederick ,,ii1 ,joseph ,,ii1 ,catherine ,,ii1 who adopted the ruling principle of the ,welfare-,state--that the object of government should be the good of the people--but considered that it could only be carried out for the people1 not by them4 ,the weakness of the principle consisted in the difficulty of securing a heritable succession of capable benevolence1 and the collapse of ,prussia at ,jena and of ,joseph ,,ii's well-meant but unreflective reforms led1 in the nineteenth century1 to the triumph of the principle first enunciated in ,america and carried out in ,france--of government for the people by the people4 ,the transition to the next stage1 from religious toleration to religious liberty1 is marked1 as regards the ,jews1 by the tolerance edict of ,joseph ,,ii1 in #agha1 which for the first time threw open service in the army to the ,jews and placed them to some extent on the same level with other dissenters from the ,state-,church of ,austria4 ,but this was still toleration and not liberty1 and it was soon cast into the background by the full religious liberty granted by the ,french ,revolution in #agia1 in imitation of the ,american constitution of #aghg1 which entirely separated ,state and ,church4 ,the granting of full religious liberty to the ,jews had previously been advocated by ,mirabeau1 and though ,rousseau's influence1 which was all-important in the ,revolution1 still retained a touch of ,genevan intolerance1 ,jews came within his religious requirements for citizenship by their belief in ,providence and in future rewards and punishment4 ,it has to be remembered that in spirit1 if not in will-power or influence1 ,louis ,,xvi was of the school of the benevolent despots1 and it was he who signed the edict of ,november #ac1 #agia1 which for the first time in ,european history placed ,jews on the same level as the adherents of all other creeds as regards civil and political qualifications4 ,holland was appropriately the first country to grant the same religious equality to its ,jews4,b ,the ,french ,revolution1 from our present standpoint1 is the more remarkable inasmuch as it is the only great ,european movement on which ,jews had absolutely no influence1 direct or indirect1 owing to their inappreciable numbers and insecure position in the chief centers1 ,paris1 ,lyons1 and ,marseilles4 ,the ,revolution principles spread into the neighboring countries with the advance of the ,french arms4 ,in ,venice1 the walls of the original ,ghetto1 from which all the rest received their name1 fell at once on the entry of ,napoleon's troops4 ,no wonder they welcomed with fervor the victories of the ,french troops2 we can catch1 in ,heine1 echoes of the enthusiasm with which ,napoleon was acclaimed the ,liberator4 ,napoleon's ,recognition of the ,jews ,,napoleon',s own attitude was not so uniformly friendly to ,jews4 ,on his way back from ,austerlitz in #ahje he learnt at ,strassburg of the wide distress caused in ,alsace by the exactions of certain ,jewish usurers in that province1 and on his return to ,paris issued edicts directed against the ,alsatian ,jews1 restricting their usurious activity4 ,it is fair to add that these enactments were obviously directed against the usury of the ,alsatian ,jews1 and not against the ,jews in general1 since they were specifically declared not to apply to the ,jews of ,bordeaux in the ,south or ,northern ,italy1 then under ,napoleon's control4 ,it would indeed have been against the whole tendency of his career to have made the ,jews an exception to that principle of the carrire ouverte aux talents1 which was the key-note of his whole policy1 as it is logically to all war-lords4 ,it was by no accident that similar indifference toward the creed of their soldiers1 or civil servants1 was shown by ,william the ,silent1 ,wallenstein1 ,cromwell1 ,william ,,iii1 and ,frederick the ,great4 ,napoleon's attention having thus been drawn to the ,jewish ,question1 he proceeded with characteristic energy to solve it by summoning to ,paris a representative assembly of the ,jews of ,france1 ,germany and ,italy1 who should determine on what terms ,jews could be admitted into a modern ,country-,state1 which had been freed from the shackles of the medieval ,church-,state and only recognized a certain prerogative in the ,church to which the majority of ,frenchmen belonged 7the ,concordat of #ahjb74 ,after summoning an assembly of ,jewish ,notables for a preliminary inquiry1 in #ahjf1 a more formal ,sanhedrin was summoned in the following year1 to which twelve test questions were submitted1--among them1 whether the ,french ,jews could regard ,france as their ,fatherland and ,frenchmen as their brothers1 and the laws of the ,state as binding upon them4 ,further points were raised as to polygamy1 divorce1 and mixed marriages2 other questions related to the position of ,rabbis and the ,jewish laws about usury4 ,all these problems were decided to the satisfaction of ,napoleon1 though some of them aroused much searching of heart among the more strictly orthodox4 ,the outcome legally recognized that there was nothing in ,jewish law or faith which prevented its adherents from being legitimate and full members of a modern ,state which1 at that time1 practically recognized ,catholicism as the ,state-,church4 ,the significance of the decision was far-reaching not alone for the ,jews but for the whole ,european ,state system2 it was a practical recognition that the ,country1 not the ,faith1 was the foundation of a nation and thus gave the final blow to the conception of a ,church-,empire1 which had upheld the contrary principle4 ,it was not without significance that simultaneously the ,emperor of ,austria agreed to the dissolution of the ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,liberalism ,draws the ,jews to ,its ,ranks ,,but though the ,jews had had no influence on the ,french ,revolution and no share in ,napoleon's revolutionary reorganization of ,west ,europe1 the benefit they reaped from both movements was second only to that of the serfs4 ,for the ,jews and the serfs were the two most oppressed classes under the feudal system still surviving4 ,and so the ,jews imbibed with enthusiasm the libertarian principles of the ,revolution and the open career administration of ,napoleon4 ,they threw off with avidity most of the shackles which prevented their joining in general ,european culture1 and ,jewish parents of means immediately began giving their sons and1 what is more1 their daughters1 the secular education which would adapt them to the careers now seemingly open to them1 as publicists1 lawyers1 and civil servants4 ,when the reaction came1 under the ,holy ,alliance1 with its attempt to revive the ,church-,state and the closed career of prerogative1 ,jews everywhere in ,western ,europe joined the ,liberal forces1 from whose triumph alone they could hope for a dispersal of the clouds which once more obscured the sun of liberty in which they had basked for a few short years4 ,jews soon ranked among the intellectual leaders of continental ,liberalism1 and from #ahae to #ahdh exercised an appreciable influence on the course of public opinion4 ,in particular a brilliant band of ,jewish litterateurs in ,germany helped to mediate between ,french ,liberalism and ,german public opinion1 and practically led the movement known as ,young ,germany1 which opposed the cosmopolitan tendencies of the eighteenth century to the narrow nationalism of the ,reaction and advocated the ,revolution principles of liberty1 equality1 and fraternity1 as against the revival of the claims of ,authority and ,privilege by the ,holy ,alliance4 ,boerne and ,heine1 ,hartmann and ,saphir1 ,jacoby and ,karl ,marx1 are recognized by friends and foes alike as among the leading influences which led ultimately to the downfall of ,metternich and his school4 ,the ,salons of ,jewish ,women and ,their ,liberalizing ,influence ,,they were aided in their ,liberal tendencies by a remarkable group of emancipated ,jewesses1 who introduced into ,germany the vogue of the political ,salon after the manner of ,madame ,roland and ,madame de ,stal4 ,they were mostly from the ,berlin ,circle1 which had arisen around ,moses ,mendelssohn1 and carried his tendencies towards rationalism and culture to extreme limits4 ,his two daughters ,dorothea and ,henriette1 and their friends ,henriette ,herz and ,rahel ,lewin1 created salons to which were attracted some of the more liberal spirits of the cultured world of ,berlin4 ,dorothea ,mendelssohn ultimately married ,friedrich von ,schlegel and became one of the ,muses of the ,german ,romantic ,school4 ,publicists of distinction like ,wilhelm von ,humboldt and ,friedrich von ,gentz formed1 with ,dorothea and others of her circle1 a ,bond of ,virtue 7,tugendbund7 which according to all appearance was named on the principle of locus a non lucendo4 ,rahel1 the little woman with a great soul1 as ,goethe called her1 was even a more striking personality4 ,she numbered1 among her friends1 men of such different types as ,schelling and ,schleiermacher1 the ,prince de ,ligne1 and ,fichte1 ,schlegel and ,gutzkow1 ,prince ,louis ,ferdinand1 ,frederick the ,great's nephew1 and ,fouqu1 ,gentz1 and the ,humboldts1 and she finally married ,varnhagen van ,ense4 ,she was the first to appreciate1 in its full extent1 the multiform genius of ,goethe1 and helped the rise to fame of ,boerne1 ,heine1 and ,victor ,hugo4 ,she was undoubtedly the most striking personality among the women of her age in ,germany1 and she is nowadays regarded as one of the chief forerunners of the ,feminist movement4,c ,these salons had an air of cultured ,bohemianism1 which attracted many men of rank in ,mid-,europe who were beginning to be repelled by the exactions of social gathering in which all associations were determined by armorial bearings4 ,a similar salon was held in ,vienna by ,baroness von ,arnstein1 in whose mansion all the diplomats of the ,congress of ,vienna met as on neutral ground4 ,such gatherings1 while helping to liberalize good society in ,mid-,europe1 also brought the position of ,jews to the notice of the ruling classes and1 in many cases1 aroused a determination to repair their wrongs4 ,you cannot accept a man socially yet refuse him the most elementary rights politically4,d ,the ,liberal ,leadership of ,heine and ,boerne ,,the ,revolution of #ahcj brought into ,european prominence the two most brilliant members of ,rahel's coterie1 ,ludwig ,boerne and ,heinrich ,heine4 ,both had made their mark as litterateurs in the preceding decade1 but ,boerne's ,letters from ,paris and ,heine's ,french ,conditions 7contributed to the ,augsburger ,zeitung7 drew the attention of all liberal ,germany to the new hopes aroused by the downfall of the absolutist monarchy in ,france4 ,henceforth they were the dominating voices in arousing among the ,german ,liberals the hope of similar liberty1 while in ,france itself they helped to make known to ,french culture the deeper currents of ,german thought and literature4 ,in particular their brilliant wit and incisive sarcasm set the tone for the feuilleton literature of all ,mid-,europe4 ,by their very isolation they were enabled to regard men and affairs with a certain detachment1 and both wrote with an iridescent insolence which can only be described by the ,jewish technical word ,chutzpah4 ,treitschke complained of their frequent irreverences and flippancies but in both respects ,heine1 the wittiest ,frenchman since ,voltaire1 was merely following in the footsteps of his predecessor1 and ,boerne1 like ,diderot1 knew that the most effective weapon against authority is sarcasm4 ,under the leadership of ,heine and ,boerne a whole school of liberal journalists arose in ,germany and ,austria1 many of them ,jews like ,saphir and ,hartmann1 and they gave a tone to ,mid-,european journalism which has lasted to the present day4 ,they thus helped to internationalize ,liberalism of the ,french form1 with its rather vague and indefinite strivings after liberty1 equality1 and fraternity1 as contrasted with the ,liberalism of the ,english type dominated by ,jeremy ,bentham1 which aimed at constitutional1 economic1 and social reforms of a definite character4 ,young ,germany1 as represented by ,heine and ,boerne1 left the latter type of ,liberalism severely alone4 ,yet in the struggle for constitutional liberty1 which led to the revolutions of #ahdh1 ,jews took a considerable part on the more practical side4 ,everywhere during that critical year ,jews had a hand in the upheaval against absolutism4,e ,among the ,conservatives3 ,stahl and ,disraeli ,,but ,jews were not altogether unrepresented among the ,conservative forces1 counting indeed two of the chief leaders1 ,f4 ,j4 ,stahl in ,prussia and ,benjamin ,disraeli in ,england4 ,disraeli's is the better known name1 but it is probable ,stahl was equally influential4 ,stahl is described by ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,ward in the ,cambridge ,modern ,history1 xi4 #cie1 as the intellectual leader of the conservative aristocratic party and the most remarkable brain in the ,upper ,chamber4 4 4 4 ,he largely supplied the ruling party with the learning and wealth of ideas on which to found their claims4 ,their organ was the ,kreuzzeitung1 and the party was called by its name4 ,bluntschli calls him1 after ,hegel the most important representative of the philosophical theory of the ,state4 ,he1 in many ways1 advanced political science by his dialectical and critical ability in founding new points of view4 7,the ,theory of the ,state1 p4 #gc74 ,but ,stahl's historic influence will probably rest on his connection with ,bismarck at the formative period of his career1 when the future chancellor was also a member of the ,kreuzzeitung party4 ,disraeli's career and influence is far better known and need not be further adverted to in this place4 ,the fact that both were converts has little significance from our present point of view1 since many of the ,jewish leaders on the ,liberal side had also adopted ,christianity4 ,it is more pertinent to remark that one cannot trace their conservatism to their ,judaism since there was everything in the ,jewish position of their time to range ,jews on the ,liberal side4 ,stahl and ,disraeli are1 therefore1 to be regarded merely as examples of ,jewish ability4 ,there is nothing specifically ,jewish in their influence unless we regard the socialistic strain in ,disraeli's conception of ,young ,england as a part of the ,jewish sympathy with the under dog1 which can be attributed to their own experiences and to the traditions of the ,prophets4 ,the ,contribution of the ,jews to ,socialism ,,certainly we find a strong ,jewish participation throughout the socialistic movement which1 from its inception up to the present day1 has been largely dominated by ,jewish influences4 ,although modern socialism can be traced back to ,st4 ,simon1 the whole movement would have collapsed at the death of the master but for the organizing ability of ,olinde ,rodrigues and the religious enthusiasm of his brother ,eugene4 ,a practical turn was also given by their cousins1 ,isaac and ,jacob ,pereire1 who1 as bankers1 had thought out the best means of carrying out the principles of the school into practical life4 ,an extension of the facilities for banking would lower the rate of interest and therefore leave more to be distributed to the workers1 while the development of railways would reduce the cost of transportation and thus lower the cost of living and raise real wages4 ,accordingly the ,pereires devoted themselves1 with religious enthusiasm1 to creating the ,credit ,foncier1 and later the ,credit ,mobilier1 and were the chief agents in developing the railway system of ,northern ,france1 incidentally making themselves multi-millionaires in the process1 though they never lost their enthusiasm for the socialistic ideals4,f ,most of these left the ,st4 ,simonian ,church when it diverged into the sexual vagaries of ,enfantin1 though one of his creeds was1 ,i believe that ,god has raised up ,saint ,simon to teach the ,father 7,enfantin7 through ,rodrigues4 ,felicien ,david the musician1 however1 accompanied ,enfantin on his epoch-making journey to ,egypt1 during which he implanted the idea of the ,suez ,canal in the minds of ,mehemet ,ali and ,ferdinand de ,lesseps1 and ,gustave d',eichthal devoted his enthusiasm and energies to creating1 out of the ideas of ,st4 ,simon and ,enfantin1 a new religion which should revert to the socialism of the ,prophets1 while denying or ignoring1 like them1 any other life than this4 ,it is said that he consulted ,heine as to the best means of founding such a religion4 ,get crucified and rise again on the third day1 was ,heine's caustic reply4 ,the socialistic tone of ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's ,principles of ,political ,economy1 which differentiates it from its ,ricardian predecessors1 is undoubtedly due in large measure to his intercourse with d',eichthal4 ,enfantin's vagaries1 while they destroyed any direct practical outcome for ,st4 ,simonism1 drew wide attention to its views1 and ,jews helped to spread them throughout ,europe1 ,moritz ,veit performing that function in ,germany1 and ,m4 ,parma in ,italy4 ,the cosmopolitan position of ,jews is seen at its best in such propagandism1 and it is not surprising that they should have been attracted by views of which the kernel is in the ,prophets of ,israel1 whom indeed ,renan1 in his ,histoire d',israel1 brilliantly characterized as socialistic preachers4 ,the later stages of socialism in ,europe were1 as is well known1 dominated by ,karl ,marx1 who based upon ,ricardo's iron law of wages the imposing edifice of ,das ,kapital1 for long the gospel of advanced socialism4 ,the brilliant ,ferdinand ,lassalle introduced its principles into ,german politics1 and the most recent stages of ,german socialism have been controlled by the opportunism of ,e4 ,bernstein1 while among its most prominent leaders have been ,v4 ,adler and ,paul ,singer4 ,the ,struggle for ,political ,emancipation ,,this participation of ,jewish intellect and sympathies with the ,liberal current in ,european politics made ,jewish emancipation a part of the ,liberal creed throughout ,europe4 ,jews were fighting for themselves in fighting for the general liberties1 and their position in the forefront of the struggle was thus justified by the representative principle at the root of modern ,liberalism4 ,jewish disabilities were the last stronghold of the old ,church-,state conception1 and the struggle on the side of the ,reaction to retain this fundamental principle was the more intense4 ,if ,jews were granted full civil and political rights it could no longer be contended that ,christianity was a fundamental principle of the ,state 7or1 as the ,english obiter dictum put it1 ,christianity is a parcel of the common law74 ,hence the extreme violence of the defense which seems1 at first sight1 out of all proportion to the interests or numbers involved4 ,thus the struggle was as embittered in ,switzerland as anywhere1 though the ,jews there only constituted a handful1 and the traditions of the country were in favor of toleration4 ,from this aspect the fight in ,england is typical4 ,as soon as the ,catholics had obtained emancipation in #ahbh 7the ,jews had stood aside in order not to complicate the question71 ,jewish emancipation became part of the ,liberal creed1 and the struggle was waged in ,parliament1 or rather in the ,house of ,lords1 for the ensuing thirty years4 ,england was the home of toleration1 and her ,toleration ,act1 passed as early as #afhi1 formed the third stage in the ,european progress towards religious liberty4 ,yet the more conservative elements in ,english life fought against the removal of ,jewish disabilities because it meant the visible proof of the secularization of ,english politics4 ,it is perhaps characteristic that the ,tory resistance was mainly broken down by ,disraeli1 of ,jewish1 and by ,lord ,george ,bentinck1 of ,dutch1 descent4 ,the ,high ,tide of ,liberalism ,,with ,jewish emancipation in ,england ,liberalism reached its acme about #ahfj4 ,complete civil and religious liberty was gained for ,jews throughout ,western ,europe during the next decade1--in the ,german confederation and in ,switzerland1 #ahff1 in ,austria and ,hungary1 #ahfg1 and in the ,german ,empire1 #ahga1 while even in ,spain the expulsion order was practically repealed and toleration1 if not liberty1 was given to ,jews there in #ahfi4 ,by that time ,liberalism1 both in the ,french sense of liberty and equality before the law and in the ,english sense of constitutional government and free-trade1 had gained its fullest triumph and had spent its force4 ,its negative work had been most valuable2 it had freed the human spirit from intolerable shackles and thrown into the lumber-room the clogging survivals of medieval feudalism4 ,but to the human spirit thus freed it had little instruction to give of a constructive kind2 its slogan seemed to be1 ,go as you please1 or1 to use its own formula1 laissez faire1 laissez aller4 ,it was rather superficial in its treatment of national and social forces and made no appeal to the more generous imaginative emotions4 ,it was inevitable that a reaction should set in if only to fill the void4 ,nationalism which had given vitality to ,france under ,napoleon1 and in ,spain1 ,russia and ,prussia had brought down his downfall1 was opposed to ,liberal cosmopolitanism4 ,protection to native industry1 which had1 only for a moment and in ,england1 lost its hold1 replaced free trade1 and the strong individualism of ,manchestertum was drowned in the rising flood of ,collectivism1 whether in the more formal guise of socialism or in the vaguer tendencies of philanthropy4 ,in none of these currents of opinion had ,jews a prominent voice except1 as we have seen1 in the latter1 though there they were mainly effective in opposition and criticism4 ,bismarck and the ,forces of ,reaction ,,all these tendencies1 which may roughly be summed up as the ,counter-,revolution1 found a home in victorious ,prussia and a voice in ,otto von ,bismarck1 its representative statesman4 ,as we have seen1 his views on the nature of the ,state had been influenced in his formative period by ,f4 ,j4 ,stahl1 and his socialistic sympathies may possibly have been aroused by ,ferdinand ,lassalle1 but he was of too independent a character to submit much to external influences1 and the tendencies he represented1 ,junkertum and ,militarism1 were entirely opposed to ,jewish ,liberalism4 ,for some fifteen years he found it convenient to work with the ,national ,liberal party1 to which all ,german ,jews belonged1 and among whose leaders the most prominent were two ,jews1 ,eduard ,lasker and ,ludwig ,bamberger4 ,but in #ahgh he broke with the party and let loose the forces of ,anti-,semitism as a means of discrediting them4 ,the movement1 thus encouraged by ,bismarck1 soon spread to ,austria and was transformed in ,russia into the pogroms of #ahha4 ,in ,france the ,royalists and ,jesuits conceived hopes of reviving the ,church-,state and adopted anti-,semitism as a means of discrediting not alone ,jews but also ,protestants and other opponents of ,catholicism4 ,their adherents1 the ,french nobility1 were especially embittered against the ,jews by the bankruptcy of the ,union ,gnrale1 a banking establishment in which all their money had been placed in the hope of wresting the control of ,french finance from the hands of the ,rothschilds4 ,their chief hope lay in getting control of the ,general ,staff1 by filling its posts with young men of noble birth1 trained by ,jesuits4 ,in order to attain this they schemed to remove all ,jews and ,protestants from the ,staff and thought they had found a rare chance in their perverse persecution of ,captain ,alfred ,dreyfus4 ,their scheme recoiled on their own heads1 and the final result of the ,dreyfus ,affaire was to break the alliance of clericalism and militarism1 at least in ,france4 ,the ,dreyfus ,affaire was specially significant as bringing into play1 at one time1 all the forces that have given vitality to anti-,semitism4 ,the ,new ,nationalism1 based not on ,country but on ,race and fostered by chauvinistic anthropologists as well as historians2 the revived ,church spirit1 which sees in the ,national ,church not so much the guardian of ,christian truth as a spiritual bond of national unity2 the ,new ,collectivism which sees in capitalism the chief anti-social force1 and the revived militaristic spirit which glorifies war as the regenerator of the nation2 all these movements combine to regard the ,jew--considered as alien1 infidel1 capitalist1 and pacificist--as the representative enemy4 ,all the reactionary forces regard a revival of the medieval ,church-,state as both the means and the end of their strivings1 and naturally find the position of the ,jew1 both theoretically and practically1 one of the chief stumbling-blocks in their way4 ,church-,state versus ,welfare-,state ,,it remains to be seen whether the ideals of religious and political liberty1 which have been gained through so much blood and tears1 will be preserved intact against the rising forces of the ,reaction and ,counter-,revolution which are1 at bottom1 an attempt at a revival of the ,church-,empire4 ,the slogan ,one ,god1 one king1 one people1 has again been raised1 and armies that are nations in arms are in movement to the cry4 ,anti-,semitism is largely the result of this reaction1 and while it is dominant in the councils of certain nations ,jews must once more take up their rle of martyrs to the wider truth4 ,nowadays however they do not fight alone1 and it is scarcely possible that in ,western ,europe and in lands dominated by ,western ,european ideals they can be reinterned into their ghetti4 ,but the ,colossus of the ,north still retains the medieval ideal of the ,church-,empire1 and while that controls ,russian ,state policy ,jews will have to suffer1 in ,all the ,russias1 indignities and disabilities from which they have been freed in the lands of true civilization and religious liberty4 ,the ideal of the unified ,church-,state has been shattered by the assaults of modern criticism and the growth of true religious liberty4 ,but the conception of all the citizens of a compact territory animated by the same ideals still retains its attraction2 only the unification nowadays is with regard to the goal rather than to the roads that lead to it4 ,in other words1 the ,welfare-,state 7interpreting ,welfare as spiritual as well as material7 is taking the place of the ,church-,state of the ,middle ,ages and of ,reformation times4 ,what then is to become of the separate churches or religious bodies which are found in profusion in modern ,states8 ,that is the sole ecclesiastical problem which the modern statesman has to face4 ,except among the extreme parties1 such as the ,ultramontagnes1 the obvious solution would seem to be that given by the modern ,federal constitution in which each ,state 7in this case ,church7 has a corporate life of its own over which it has autonomous control1 except in any case where this conflicts with the general ,federal ideals4 ,the ,jewish ,synagogue may rightly claim its place among these churches within the ,state as having its part in promoting the general welfare4 ,the ,rle of the ,jews in ,european ,progress ,,owing to their medieval disabilities ,jews1 though sharing as we have seen in the higher life and in the commerce of ,europe1 were yet kept in a kind of enclave in each of the ,european nations1 and thus acted1 both intellectually and economically1 as a separate body with distinctive tendencies caused by their isolation and disabilities4 ,accordingly we are able to estimate roughly the part taken by the ,jews as a body in the various movements which have made ,european civilization what it is to-day4 ,in all these movements 7except possibly one1 the ,french ,revolution7 the ,jews have contributed towards ,european culture while sharing in it themselves4 ,their monotheistic views and liturgic practices were the foundation of the medieval ,church1 both in creed and deed4 ,by their connection with their brethren in the ,east and their tolerated existence1 both in ,islam and in ,christendom1 they helped towards that transmission of ,oriental thought1 science and commerce1 which had so large an influence on the ,middle ,ages and led on to the ,renaissance and the ,reform1 in both of which movements ,jews had their direct part to play4 ,so1 too1 in the struggle for religious liberty and in the different stages of toleration which lay at the root of political liberty1 ,jews had their part to play1 and when freed from their shackles by the ,french ,revolution took a leading rle both in ,nineteenth ,century ,liberalism and in the ,collectivism which has now replaced it4 ,but when fully emancipated1 ,jews no longer acted in the ,european world of ideas collectively but as individuals1 often choosing opposite ideals and in most cases applying the talents thus let free to objects apart from the general political or religious movements of the time4 ,great as has been the influence of ,jews in their collective capacity on the development of ,european thought and culture up to the present day1 it is possible that their influence as individuals1 during the past fifty years1 has been even more extensive though less discernible1 owing to the absence of any general direction to ,jewish intellectuality4 ,illustration3 ,signature3 ,joseph ,jacobs ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,b3 ,it is perhaps worth while remarking that one of the most prominent leaders on the ,jewish side in ,holland1 ,herz ,bromet1 had lived as a free ,burgher in ,surinam for a long time1 and that the example of ,america1 especially ,new ,york ,state1 was adduced in favor of the movement4 7,graetz xi1 #bcj-a74 ,footnote ,c3 ,see ,ellen ,key1 ,rahel ,lewin4 ,footnote ,d3 ,similar salons were held later by distinguished ,jewesses like ,countess ,waldegrave1 in ,london1 and ,madame ,raffalovitch in ,paris2 and the ,rothschilds have1 throughout1 made their houses centers of the most cultured influence4 ,footnote ,e3 ,no adequate or connected account has yet been given of the part taken by the ,jews in the revolution of #ahdh4 ,incidentally a good deal of information is contained in the last volume of ,georg ,brandes1 ,main ,currents in ,nineteenth ,century ,literature1 vi1 ,young ,germany4 ,footnote ,f3 ,they got their altruistic tendencies from their family connections4 ,their uncle ,jacob ,rodrigues ,pereire 7#agej-hj7 was the first teacher of deaf mutes4 ,the second in a series of articles on ,the ,meaning of ,judaism ,what ,is ,judaism8 ,,by ,,mordecai ,m4 ,,kaplan ,,what is ,judaism if not an ethical monotheism8 ,the answer is that it is not an ism at all1 despite the last syllable in its name4 ,it is a living soul or consciousness2 it is the soul or consciousness of the ,jewish people4 ,we are not interested in names1 and we should not quibble about terms2 it is reality that we are after4 ,we want to know what is involved in being a ,jew and living a ,jewish life4 ,the main reason for our finding fault with the usual presentation of ,judaism is that it does not enlighten or inspire us4 ,if the term ,judaism does not direct our minds at once to the living energy that operates in the ,jewish people1 if it has not the power to launch us upon the stream of ,israel's active thought and spiritual striving1 then it is a word without content1 and had better be deleted from our vocabulary4 ,we did well enough without it until very recently1 and should it prove an insuperable obstacle to the solution of our spiritual problems1 we shall have to throw it into the scrap-heap of obsolete terminology4 ,we shall begin to call our religion ,jewishness instead of ,judaism4 ,the former designation has at least the advantage of connoting consciousness1 and nothing is so important for understanding the essence of any religion as the identification of it with a form or state of consciousness4 ,if ,jewishness will mean to us ,jewish consciousness and not merely gefillte fisch or some other ,jewish dish1 it will serve our purpose4 ,let us not lose sight of the main issue in these discussions4 ,we ,jews refuse to have our life quest confined to the satisfaction of our material needs4 ,our souls are hungry2 and whether we call it ,jewishness or ,judaism1 what we want is religion that will help us get our bearings in the world1 that will keep down the beast in us and spur us on to worthy endeavor in the field of thought and action4 ,under normal conditions we should find all this in the faith of our fathers4 ,but1 unfortunately1 all that most of us know about that faith is what we acquired from some old-fashioned rabbi who taught us when we were small children and who made us recite ,hebrew by the page4 ,at home our parents would insist upon our conforming to routine observances and ceremonies which meant nothing to us4 ,when we grew older and occasionally asked questions about the ,bible1 we met with cold and evasive replies4 ,no wonder that later on1 when we entered the academic world1 we grew accustomed to look upon ,judaism as out of touch with the realities of life1 and far removed from the elemental needs that agitate the masses of active1 enterprising humanity4 ,we could see no connection between the few humble ceremonies in our homes or in our synagogues with the social1 political and industrial problems upon which was riveted the attention of the men of light and leading4 ,to most of us the faith of our fathers seemed little more than a medley of needless restraints1 other-worldliness1 and hostility to all progress4 ,religion ,indispensable to the ,human ,race ,,but a change has come over us4 ,we have begun to realize that ,judaism could not have transformed the spiritual history of mankind1 as it did1 if it were the negligible and insignificant thing we thought it was4 ,we have been unable to discern its true character1 because we did not know how to probe beneath the outward and often unattractive surface which it presented to us in the limited circle in which we moved4 ,we have begun to surmise that the ,jewish life we are familiar with is nothing more than a devitalized fragment of what1 under auspicious circumstances1 becomes a life that is spiritually healthful1 joyous and invigorating4 ,we have at last learned to take into consideration the inevitable difference in mental scope and outlook that must mark two generations1 one of which had its life formed amidst the oppressive atmosphere of ,eastern ,europe1 and the other in the bracing atmosphere of ,america4 ,this being the case1 nothing could be more unreasonable than to expect that the spiritual heritage be transmitted from father to child with ease and naturalness4 ,but who is in a better position to smooth out the roughness and overcome the angularities--father or child8 ,should we demand of our elders1 who are burdened by numerous cares1 and whose lives are for the most part hurried and difficult1 that they adapt themselves to our attitude of mind8 ,is it not meet that we1 who still retain the plasticity of youth1 make advances8 ,without surrendering an iota of our own individuality we might cultivate that sympathetic insight that would reveal the inestimable worth of our spiritual heritage4 ,not merely reverence for the past1 but a regard for our own future prompts us to achieve a proper understanding of ,judaism4 ,it is well to realize at the outset that the problem of religion is not confined to the ,jews alone4 ,every great world-faith experiences nowadays the throes of transformation and readjustment4 ,mistaking them for the final struggle1 the believer wrings his hands in despair over the impending doom1 and the doubter contemplates a religionless future with a great deal of glee4 ,but both will be disappointed in their reckoning4 ,religion1 as we shall see1 is entirely too inherent in human life to be dispensable4 ,the belief that it has served its purpose in the evolution of the race1 and that it can only survive as a troublesome vestige in the organism of human society1 is based upon a misunderstanding of its function4 ,in view of the deeper insight into human nature that has been acquired of late1 as a result of the progress made in psychological and social research1 there is good reason to believe that a better understanding is not far distant4 ,these investigations have not merely led to new theories about religion1 but have essentially changed the method of approach4 ,they have rendered superfluous the subtleties and refinements of metaphysical arguments4 ,a new reservoir in human nature has been tapped1 and discovered to be the inexhaustible fount of religion4 ,the ,adaptation of ,judaism to ,changing ,conditions ,,this new way of looking at the problem of religion gives promise of helping us also to get a better comprehension of ,judaism4 ,we shall find by means of it that there is much more substantial nourishment to the faith of our fathers than can be obtained from the tabloid form in which the textbooks mete it out to us4 ,the previous article on ,what ,judaism ,is ,not,g did not argue that ,judaism could forego such doctrines as the unity of ,god1 the brotherhood of man and similar principles1 or that it should glory in remaining vague and inarticulate4 ,the main objection to the ordinary way of conceiving ,judaism was that it lacked the means of preventing its teachings from degenerating into dull platitudes4 ,but if ,judaism is essentially the self-consciousness of the ,jewish people1 these doctrines will be viewed as some of its characteristic expressions4 ,as such they forthwith become instinct with life4 ,to be a religious ,jew1 accordingly1 means not merely to profess the unity of ,god in cold philosophical fashion1 but to live over again by means of thought and symbol the divine intuition1 the backslidings1 the temptations1 the defiance1 the threats1 the tortures and the final victory implied in the ,shema ,yisroel4 ,the ,jew who does not thrill with exaltation when he sings the world's most stirring paean1 ,hear1 ,o ,israel1 the ,lord is our ,god1 the ,lord is ,one6 is either ignorant or has the blood of a fish4 ,whether ,judaism is an ethical monotheism or the consciousness of ,israel is not merely an academic question4 ,these two conceptions represent widely divergent ways of dealing with the practical problems of self-adjustment to the novel situation with which ,judaism is confronted4 ,whether the one or the other view shall prevail will make a difference in the fight for existence4 ,we protest that if ,judaism will be armed with nothing stronger than the conventional platitudes1 it must succumb4 ,by knowing itself for what it really is1 ,judaism will muster new heart and strength4 ,the need for self-adjustment is not of today2 ,judaism has been going through that process ever since it saw the light4 ,but during the past hundred and fifty years1 ,judaism has been wrestling with the problem of self-adaptation which both the redistribution of ,jewry and the incursions of materialistic secularism have called into being4 ,in this comparatively short period of a century and a half1 ,judaism has lived through all that the other religions have experienced within the last three or four centuries4 ,if we were to compare the different stages in the process of ,jewish self-adjustment we should find them analogous to those through which ,european religion in general has passed4 ,these different steps in the process seem to have been unavoidable because they are the concomitant of the natural development of the human spirit4 ,a review of the salient phases in the self-adaptation of religion to the changing conditions of life and thought will throw light upon the significance of that vital method of viewing ,judaism which has of late worked its way into ,jewish life--for the most part unawares4 ,the ,storm and ,stress ,period in ,religion ,,when we refer to the self-adjustment of religion to modern conditions1 our concern is not with the vast hinterland of ignorance and superstition that is still inhabited by large numbers of the unthinking of all creeds1 ,jewish as well as ,christian4 ,the destiny of religion is1 primarily1 in the hands of those who are in the vanguard of intellectual progress1 and as long as its place in their lives is a problematic one its future is uncertain4 ,since the days of the ,renaissance1 religion has practically been busy adjusting itself to the ever enlarging human experience4 ,it was otherwise during the middle ages1 when the men of intellect threw the weight of their influence on the side of tradition and authority4 ,they devoted their mental powers to the support of truths that were accepted at their face value without further scrutiny and analysis4 ,all the resources of intellect were spent in interpreting the few facts they had in their possession4 ,many centuries elapsed before the cry was raised for more facts2 but when1 at last1 the cry was answered1 and new knowledge concerning the world in which men lived began to pour in1 the foundations of tradition were shaken4 ,since then the religion of the intellectuals has no longer been marked by the naivet and self-assurance of its earlier years4 ,its existence has been one of storm and stress4 ,it has resisted all attempts to crowd it out from the new world that man has conquered for himself1 and in order to be accorded a place in that world it has submitted to considerable change and self-adjustment4 ,we may note three distinct stages in these efforts of religion to accommodate itself to life1 corresponding in a large measure with the great thought movements of the eighteenth1 the nineteenth1 and the twentieth centuries respectively4 ,the first stage in the process was the rationalistic4 ,with ,copernicus and ,galileo defeated by the ,vatican1 with ,descartes having to defend his orthodoxy1 it seemed to the ,english and ,french philosophers of the eighteenth century that the only way man could save his spiritual nature from falling a prey to animalism or materialism was by consigning to destruction the special forms in which religion existed in the established faiths4 ,the dreamers and the visionaries of that day1 who were moved by a sincere desire to further man's higher life1 entertained the hope that natural religion would revive with the downfall of revealed religion4 ,but human events have taken a different turn4 ,life does not adapt itself to preconceived logical systems4 ,the rationalistic method of adjusting religion to life failed because it was based upon a false reconstruction of the rise and growth of religion4 ,however logical and plausible such a reconstruction might have appeared1 the fact that it could not be verified by study and observation of religious phenomena invalidated the practical inferences drawn from it4 ,the ,failure of the ,rationalistic ,school ,,although by that time science had made sufficient strides to know how futile it was to reconstruct fact by means of reason1 the territory of religion was still considered exempt from the need of resorting to experience4 ,the thinkers of the rationalistic age were to a certain extent still under the dominance of the medieval regard for abstract reasoning1 and applied it to man's spiritual existence4 ,they reasoned thus3 ,the human being is naturally gifted with an intuition that enables him to discover for himself the truth about ,god and his relation to the world4 ,if man had only been left alone and had not had the stream of his ideas muddied by outside interference1 he would have continued professing a religion that would have been both pure and simple4 ,but human depravity did not permit the natural religion of primitive life to continue4 ,the fanatics with their delusions and the priests with their love of power distorted man's primitive faith in ,god4 ,they invented dogmas and practices by means of which they could hold the masses in subjection4 ,in course of time these extraneous elements came to be looked upon as the main content of revealed religion4 ,the various established faiths and revealed religions were little more than wilful fabrications that were bound to crumble before the onslaughts of reason4 ,thus1 by bringing the established cults into disrepute1 men like ,voltaire and ,hume hoped to restore religion to its original state of purity and simplicity1 bare of all artificialities of forms and institutions4 ,however superficial the rationalistic method may appear to us1 nothing but supercilious ingratitude could prompt us to disparage the service it has rendered4 ,the rationalists are the men to whom the world is indebted for being the pioneers in the work of breaking down the impassable barrier of hatred and disdain which divided the followers of one faith from those of another4 ,rationalism began to lift the curse of intolerance and persecution which lay heavily upon the human race4 ,no one who values the freedom to live his own life in his own way should cast aspersions upon the influence of that school of thought4 ,though they argued erroneously about the nature and essence of religion1 we must not forget that they emancipated the human soul from the shackles of spiritual bondage4 ,on the other hand1 our gratitude to them cannot blind us to their superficiality and inexperience in the matter of religion4 ,nineteenth century thought1 with its emphasis upon historic development1 exposed the fallacies and weaknesses of the method they employed to interpret religious phenomena4 ,the distinction between natural and revealed religion was an arbitrary one1 and the conception of priestly fabrications a mere figment of the imagination4 ,historical research has established that all the great world faiths or revealed religions have followed laws of development that have been in accord with the circumstances and mentality of those who professed them1 and in that sense have been perfectly natural4 ,instead of being the product of fraud and wilful deceit1 the established religions were seen to be the outcome of a healthy enthusiasm and deep sincerity4 ,the limitations of knowledge and experience1 which marked the earlier expressions of religious life1 were1 from the historical point of view1 more than atoned for by the inner worth and sincerity that had prevailed in former days4 ,in fact1 so far did the historical conception change men's attitude that1 upon finding themselves sophisticated and torn by doubt1 they looked back longingly to former ages1 when religion had brought inward calm and serenity4 ,as a consequence of this reaction to the disintegrating tendencies of eighteenth century rationalism1 a renewed appreciation for the religion of the past made itself felt among the circles of the cultured1 particularly those of ,germany and ,england1 and the institutions in which the spirit of the past clothed itself were given a new lease of life4 ,the ,historic ,method ,is ,found ,wanting ,,the adoption by religion of the historic method thus represents the second stage in its process of self-adjustment4 ,it now appealed to man's natural desire not to allow his past to sink into oblivion4 ,nothing is so humanizing as memory4 ,he that is engrossed only in the future and would make it the only standard of value1 he who has no patience with anything that interferes with practical utility--and memory is certainly a source of such interference--lacks the main ingredient of humanity and has something beaverish about him4 ,thus taught the historical school during the nineteenth century1 and the rationalistic ideal that would have destroyed the established faiths no longer held sway4 ,but while the historic method stemmed the tide of rationalism1 it failed to give back to religion its native vigor4 ,it removed forever the stigma of insincerity that was attached to the origin and development of the dominant faiths2 it illumined the past and incorporated it into man's spiritual life2 but it was unable to restore to religion its most important function1 that of shaping the future4 ,the fundamental paradox which the historic method harbors1 and which has prevented it from contributing adequately to the process of adjustment1 is the fact that the spiritual experiences of the past1 which it asks us to love and revere1 were at the time of their enactment not memories1 but vital responses to immediate and pressing needs4 ,in the past religion dealt with its own present4 ,that at all times the past did play an important rle cannot be denied2 but in all effective religion it can only be a means to an end4 ,the historic method1 on the other hand1 succeeds in nothing but in revitalizing the past for its own sake4 ,it provides no guidance for the future4 ,a religion must not only write history--it must make history4 ,this is why the historic method has been found wanting and has had to be supplemented by a new method of adjustment1 which for want of a better term we may designate the socio-psychological4 ,the ,new ,way--the ,social and ,psychological ,viewpoint ,,but little attention has so far been paid to this new method of self-adjustment4 ,though it is still inchoate and uncrystallized1 it forms the best part of every endeavor that makes for the rehabilitation of religion4 ,the remarkable feature about the new mode of adjustment is that it did not come about directly1 through a desire on the part of the teachers of religion to make good the inadequacy of previous methods4 ,it was arrived at indirectly from a source that at first seemed hostile1 and to some extent is still considered so1 namely1 social science4 ,not alone religion1 but government and education1 as well as history1 economics and psychology1 have been revolutionized as a result of the new way of approaching the problems of human life4 ,so recent is the change that we have hardly had time to appraise it4 ,the modern point of view toward human society has worked a change in all our thinking1 comparable only to the one which resulted when the true purport of the concept evolution became apparent4 ,the human race has lived through the forces generated by social existence without having been aware of them1 even as it went on living for thousands of years without knowing the numerous forces that were latent in the earth1 air and sea4 ,it will probably take a much longer time for man to estimate at their worth the forces that are at work in social life than it took him to perceive the forces that dominate the physical world4 ,with all that1 it is now generally established that the study of any phase of human life1 whether for theoretical or for practical purposes1 must be based upon the recognition that man is not merely a social animal1 as ,aristotle put it1 but that his being more than an animal is due entirely to his leading a social life4 ,in opposition to the older point of view1 which prevailed in the more materialistic schools of thought during the nineteenth century1 social science has proved that the forces that operate in human life are not merely those that are derived from the physical environment1 but also those which are of a mental character4 ,these psychical forces operate with a uniformity and power in no way inferior to those of the physical world4 ,social science is gradually accustoming us to regard human society not merely as an aggregate of individuals but as a psychical entity1 as a mind not less but more real than the mind of any of the individuals that constitute it4 ,the perennial source of error has been the fallacy of considering the individual human mind as an entity apart from the social environment4 ,whatever significance the study of the mind1 as detached from its social environment1 may have for metaphysical inquiry1 it can throw no light upon the practical problems with which the mind has to deal--problems that arise solely from the interaction of the individual with his fellows4 ,the individual human being is as much the product of his social environment as the angle is of the sides that bound it4 ,this new method of studying mental life both in the race and in the individual has revealed not merely the true significance of religion1 but the way in which it functions and the conditions which affect its career4 ,we now know that those phenomena in life which we call religious are primarily the expression of the collective life of a social group1 after it has attained a degree of consciousness which is analogous to the self-consciousness of the individual4 ,when a collective life becomes self-knowing we have a religion1 which may therefore be considered the flowering stage in the organic growth of the tree of social life4 ,the problem of religious adjustment is at bottom that of maintaining in a social group the psychical or spiritual energy which expresses itself in beliefs1 ideals1 customs and standards of conduct4 ,accordingly1 when a religion is passing through a crisis1 what is really happening is not so much that certain accepted truths or traditional habits are threatened with obsolescence1 as that the social group with whose life it has been identified is on the point of dissolution4 ,whatever interest we have in the cultivation of the spiritual life must go towards conserving this kind of social energy4 ,to have roses we must take care of the tree on which they grow1 and not content ourselves with having a bouquet of them put into a vase filled with water4 ,this newer conception of the religious life is fraught with far-reaching consequences1 some of which we shall have to point out in a later article4 ,in ,judaism we encounter the same three stages in the process of self-adjustment1 though less clearly defined1 by reason of much overlapping4 ,what is known as the ,haskalah movement represents the application of the rationalistic method to the spiritual problems of ,jewish life4 ,having taken place in ,russia1 it was bound to be delayed in its coming for nearly a century4 ,it received the first setback in its career when the pogroms broke out in the early eighties1 and the ,russian ,government inaugurated its policy of hounding and repression4 ,the type which the ,haskalah movement produced is the ,maskil1 a man who curls his lip at ceremony and tradition1 who lacks a sense of history and dabbles in cosmopolitanism4 ,not having had the courage to be thoroughgoing in his principles1 or realizing that it was futile to be so1 he tolerated what was distinctively ,jewish so long as it was kept indoors and withdrawn from public gaze4 ,in practice1 however1 ,haskalah moved in the same direction as eighteenth century rationalism which made for the abrogation of the historic faiths4 ,judaism in the ,rationalistic and ,historic ,stages ,,contemporaneously with the rise and development of the ,haskalah movement in ,russia1 ,jewry in the ,german-speaking countries tested the validity both of the rationalistic and of the historic method4 ,the ,reform movement was at first1 like the ,haskalah movement1 little more than a diluted cosmopolitanism4 ,a typical case is that of ,david ,friedlander and his friends1 who began by reforming the worship in harmony with modern ideas and the changed social position of the ,jews1 and ended in offering to accept ,christianity1 if they would not be required to believe in ,jesus and could be exempted from the observance of certain ceremonies4 ,influenced by the general reaction against rationalistic tendencies and by the rise of ,jewish ,wissenschaft1 the ,reform movement has had to reckon with the historic method of adjustment4 ,but that influence has not been strong enough to overcome its early rationalistic bias from which it suffers to this very day4 ,the historic method was applied with far more thoroughness and consistency by the advocates of ,historical ,judaism4 ,zunz1 ,frankel1 ,graetz1 ,herzfeld1 ,luzzatto and ,joel drew the line between adaptation and assimilation4 ,they laid down the principle that it was fatuous to speak of a religion adjusting itself when it breaks so completely with the past as to be unrecognizable4 ,in our anxiety to have ,judaism conform to the needs of the age1 we must take care lest we create an altogether new religion and label it ,judaism4 ,intellectual honesty demands that we give due heed to the principle of identity1 so that the sameness in our ,judaism and that of our fathers be greater than the difference between them4 ,they therefore applied themselves to the task of reconstructing the past by dint not of logic and phrase-mongering1 but of patient1 plodding search after facts strewn in the most out-of-the-way by-paths of literature1 with the consequence that they discovered an impassable gulf between the ,judaism of history and the ,judaism of the ,reform movement4 ,we shall never be able to discharge fully our debt of gratitude to these ,jewish scholars and historians who have given us1 in place of a few vague and detached memories1 a past rich in content and inspiration4 ,but what they did was only to lay the foundation of the ,judaism of the future4 ,a foundation affords poor shelter against the hail and sleet of a bleak wintry day4 ,of what avail is it to keep on forever hugging the cold foundation stones1 when we should be engaged in building the house of ,israel8 ,judaism and the ,jewish ,soul ,,as soon as we begin to experience the need not merely of giving consent to certain abstract truths or of contemplating the past1 but of helping to build the house of ,israel as a means to our spiritual well-being1 ,judaism enters through us upon the third stage in the process of self-adjustment4 ,this is the case with all those who rebel against the pulverizing and granulating tendencies of ,judaized ,protestantisms which ignore the ,kenneseth-,israel in the effort to mete out salvation to the individual soul4 ,this is true of all who refuse to allow ,judaism to provincialize itself by applying for naturalization papers wherever it finds a habitat4 ,to this class also belong those who see in ,zionism not what its opponents make it out to be1 a sulking1 sullen ,chauvinism1 but a method of regeneration to which ,judaism has been led by divine intuition4 ,dr4 ,schechter1 who has contributed to ,judaism the concept of catholicity1 has this to say of ,zionism3 ,while it is constantly winning souls for the present1 it is at the same time preparing us for the future1 which will be a ,jewish future4 ,only when ,judaism has found itself1 when the ,jewish soul has been redeemed from the ,galuth1 can ,judaism hope to resume its mission in the world4 ,how significant the apposition in which the author places ,judaism and the ,jewish soul6 ,what a pity to spoil a poetic insight of that kind by applying to it so barbarous a term as socio-psychological4 ,yet in that insight is echoed the modern conception of religion as the self-consciousness of the group1 a conception which the very conditions of life have forced the ,jew to adopt4 ,whatever vitality ,judaism still displays may be traced to a general presentiment that it is a social mind and not a system of abstract truths4 ,we should not1 however1 permit such a principle to remain merely a vague presentiment4 ,the task that devolves upon us is to render articulate both in theory and in practice all that is implied in the intuition that ,judaism is the soul of ,israel4 ,,editors' ,,note4--,prof4 ,kaplan will continue to develop his conception of the true meaning of ,judaism in articles to appear in subsequent issues4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,g3 ,in ,the ,menorah ,journal for ,october1 #aiae4 ,university ,menorah ,addresses ,the following addresses indicating the attitude of ,university authorities towards the ,menorah movement may be considered as supplementary to the ,university ,addresses printed in ,part ,,ii of ,,the ,,menorah ,,movement 7#aiad7 and in the first number 7,january1 #aiae7 of ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal4 ,,professor ,,albert ,l,,on ,,gu,,rard ,,of ,,the ,,rice ,,institute ,before the ,rice ,institute ,menorah ,society1 ,november #bi1 #aiae ,,it is my privilege to welcome the ,menorah ,society in the name of the non-,jewish element and of the ,faculty of the ,rice ,institute4 ,when ,i was requested to do so1 ,i accepted at once and with pleasure4 ,i am in hearty sympathy with the purpose of the ,menorah ,society4 ,i am a teacher of ,french2 but ,i should consider myself unworthy of my calling if1 behind the words of a foreign language1 ,i did not attempt to show the civilization of a people1 their soul1 their ideal4 ,now1 what ,i am attempting to do for ,french1 the ,menorah plans to do for the traditions1 the problems1 the aspirations of the ,jewish race4 ,and although ,i believe that the people which gave to the world ,saint ,louis1 ,joan of ,arc1 ,calvin1 ,descartes1 ,pascal1 ,rousseau1 ,pasteur1 ,victor ,hugo has left its imperial imprint upon the whole of modern civilization1 yet ,i cannot but be conscious of the prior and higher claims of that strange family of whose blood ,moses1 ,jesus and ,spinoza were born4 ,judaism and ,hellenism1 said ,renan1 are the twin miracles of human history4 ,the artistic and philosophical primacy of the ,greeks is not so striking as the religious primacy of the ,hebrews4 ,the worship of beauty is a less vital element than the undying quest for righteousness4 ,the whole fabric of our culture rests on those ,judeo-,hellenic foundations4 ,and surely a university would be false to its name if it did not include among its courses the study of ,jewish literature and ,jewish history4 ,the ,rice ,institute is young1 and will not reach its full stature for many a decade2 all branches of knowledge cannot be taken up at the same time4 ,but the place which ,judaic studies ought by right to have in the curriculum will be at least indicated and kept in mind by your ,menorah ,society4 ,i heartily welcome the ,menorah because1 open to ,jews and ,gentiles alike1 it will help us break down the barrier of prejudices which still separates the two elements4 ,i have seen with my own eyes the tragic effects of such prejudices3 ,i was in ,paris at the time of the ,dreyfus case2 ,i have seen how they warped the thought of scholarly men1 like ,houston ,stewart ,chamberlain2 ,i have read with horror of the ,russian pogroms4 ,you1 who have suffered for ages under the fierce contempt and hatred of fanatics1 you who have at last reached this haven of democracy and justice1 let not the lesson of past sufferings be lost2 do not forget your brethren still in bondage2 and your brethren are those who are persecuted1 all the world over1 even as you were persecuted4 ,you ought to be foremost among those who labor for equality and freedom4 ,we have a right to count upon you in the fight against all prejudices--prejudices of race and color1 of class and country1 of caste and religion4 ,the emancipated ,jew must be an emancipator4 ,i welcome the ,menorah ,society because1 though devoted primarily to the tradition of your people1 it does not look exclusively towards the past4 ,be rightly proud of the most unique and entrancing tradition in the history of the world4 ,cherish it1 hold fast to it1 as a title of nobility4 ,the world has no respect for the man who does not respect himself in his forefathers4 ,the call to ,american citizenship does not in the least imply the duty of forgetting that you are ,jews3 it is the best ,jews that will make the best ,americans4 ,but do not be hypnotized by your past2 be worthy of your ancestors by continuing their spirit rather than aping their habits4 ,think of the problems of to-day and to-morrow4 ,apply to human affairs your ,biblical test of righteousness4 ,then you will find that1 with a slightly different coloring perhaps1 your aspirations are ours2 our diverse evolutions1 after centuries of estrangement and conflict1 tend towards the same goal2 and in the ,menorah ,i see a sign of the coming harmony of sects and creeds1 each remaining passionately attached to its own past1 but all working in common towards the same future4 ,finally1 ,i cannot drive away from my thought the shambles of ,europe4 ,your co-religionists are fighting under all the belligerent flags1 as bravely1 as loyally1 as their fellow-citizens of a different creed2 and they have suffered more heavily in ,poland than even the ,belgian martyrs4 ,when one thinks of the carnival of murder to which the idolatry of territorial1 political patriotism has led1 one cannot but wonder whether the ,jewish people throughout the world might not afford an example for all to follow4 ,in ,judaism we have tradition1 culture and race dissociated from any special habitat or from any political form2 and this nation without a land1 this nation without a king1 is developing1 prospering1 unconquerable4 ,i wonder whether the territorial state1 which has led to such monstrous aberrations1 is not a last idol and doomed to disappear as an ethical factor2 and whether the future might not belong to universal1 interpenetrating communities2--freely expanding1 untrammelled by physical boundaries1 unable to use force1 and free from the fear of force1 communities of which ,judaism to-day might be the prototype4 ,but ,i do not want to dwell at any length on a mere hypothesis or perhaps on a flight of fancy4 ,i have said enough1 ,i hope1 to convince you of my hearty sympathy with the work of the ,menorah ,society4 ,may it long prosper--an increasing element of strength in our ,institute6 ,,professor ,,philip ,b4 ,,kennedy1 ,,director ,,of ,,the ,,day ,,division ,,of ,,the ,,school ,,of ,,commerce1 ,,new ,,york ,,university ,before the ,new ,york ,university 7,washington ,square7 ,menorah ,society1 ,november #c1 #aiae ,i ,,am very glad to be present this morning at the opening meeting of the ,menorah ,society4 ,i believe that any people should make the most of traditions which they have behind them4 ,personally1 ,i always feel more confidence in a man of any race when he stands up for the best of his race traditions4 ,the ,hebrew race is a very ancient one and should contribute to the civilization of this country4 ,students of this race who are in our colleges are the ones who may rightfully take the lead in making these traditions count4 ,the ,menorah ,society1 ,i believe1 is proceeding along the right lines4 ,i hope to learn more of the work of this ,society as it continues its work in the ,school of ,commerce2 and ,i am especially glad to have the opportunity of being with you at the beginning of the year4 ,i trust that the year will be a very successful one4 ,personally1 ,i shall attempt to back up the ,society in every way that ,i can4 ,,dean ,,alfred ,e4 ,,burton1 ,,of ,,massachusetts ,,institute ,,of ,,technology ,before the ,m4 ,i4 ,t4 ,menorah ,society1 ,october #bb1 #aiae ,,the ,menorah ,society has appealed to me especially because of its high purpose4 ,we who are not of the ,jewish race realize what an important factor the ,jews have been in civilization4 ,jewish culture has played an important part particularly here in the foundation of ,new ,england4 ,puritan life and thought drew its chief inspiration from the ,old ,testament4 ,from the earliest times ,jewish men have1 been leaders in science and letters4 ,among the ,americans and the ,english there is a growing tendency towards a better appreciation of ,jewish ideals4 ,it is important that all ,jewish men have pride in their race4 ,if you don't1 others will not4 ,some ,jewish students do not seem to realize that they have a great inheritance4 ,many ,jewish students with whom ,i have talked have been inclined to self-depreciation1 and they also felt that everyone was against them4 ,in contrast1 ,irish students have always impressed me with their self-confidence4 ,bring non-,jewish students to your meetings4 ,try to increase your members4 ,i shall do all ,i can to foster and promote your work4 ,i would also urgently advocate a joint ,menorah banquet between ,harvard and ,technology4 ,this banquet would not only tend to tie ,technology and ,harvard students closer together1 but would be of great benefit to your ,society4 ,the study of ,jewish culture and ideals will help you to think of other things than those immediately connected with your school work1 and it will1 furthermore1 instill in you a feeling of dignity for your heritage4 ,,rev4 ,,anson ,,phelps ,,stokes1 ,,secretary ,,of ,,yale ,,university ,substance of ,address before the ,yale ,menorah ,society1 ,october #bg1 #aiae ,,mr4 ,stokes spoke of three reasons why ,jewish students of the right type were welcome to ,yale ,university3 #a4 ,they showed themselves capable of the highest scholarship2 the large number of prize awards won by ,jewish students was evidence of this4 ,the speaker expressed the hope that some of the ,jewish students would go in for scholarly life careers4 ,with so many ,jewish students of high scholarship it seemed strange that relatively few pursued graduate studies outside of the various professions4 #b4 ,they made their contribution to the life and thought of a democratic ,american university4 ,a university like ,yale is1 he said1 a melting pot of democracy4 ,one of its main advantages is that it brings together ,orient and ,occident1 ,north and ,south1 ,catholic and ,protestant1 ,christian and ,jew1 and makes each understand the point of view of the other4 #c4 ,the presence of ,jewish students at the ,university tends to attract to ,yale gifts in the interest of ,semitic studies4 ,the contribution of ,judaism to religious and ethical ideals was so important that no university could afford to fail in supplying adequate courses of ,semitic instruction4 ,several recent gifts to the ,university in the interest of ,jewish scholarship from prominent ,jewish citizens indicates that they had been impressed with the fair treatment of ,jewish boys at ,yale4 ,he spoke with appreciation of a recent gift of a rabbinic library of several thousand volumes of large value4 ,mr4 ,stokes spoke with much appreciation of the ,menorah ,society because of what it was doing in bringing together ,jewish students in the interest of high intellectual and ethical ideals1 and hoped that it would not forget that its mission was not only to interest ,jewish students but also ,christian students in ,jewish culture4 ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,notes ,fourth ,annual ,menorah ,convention ,at the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 on ,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,wednesday and ,thursday1 ,december #bg1 #bh1 #bi and #cj1 #aiae4 ,announcements ,all members of ,menorah ,societies are cordially invited to attend the ,convention4 ,though the right to vote is enjoyed only by duly accredited ,representatives and ,deputies of constituent ,menorah ,societies1 all ,menorah members may be given the privilege of the floor at the business sessions4 ,graduates also1 especially former members of ,menorah ,societies1 are invited to attend4 ,all business sessions1 unless otherwise indicated1 will take place at ,college ,hall1 ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,a reception will be given to the delegates and other ,menorah members by a ,committee of graduates and leading ,jewish men and women of ,philadelphia1 at the ,y4 ,m4 ,h4 ,a41 on ,monday evening1 at #h4 ,by invitation from the ,president of the ,dropsie ,college1 ,dr4 ,cyrus ,adler1 one of the meetings1 the ,scholars' ,evening1 will be held at ,the ,dropsie ,college1 corner ,broad and ,york ,sts41 ,philadelphia1 on ,tuesday evening1 ,december #bh1 at #h4ae ,p4 ,m4 ,this meeting will be open to the public4 ,the ,convention ,dinner1 at the ,hotel ,adelphia1 ,philadelphia1 on ,wednesday evening1 ,december #bi1 at #f4cj ,p4 ,m41 will be open to ,representatives and ,deputies1 all other ,menorah members1 all graduates1 and invited guests4 ,menorah members who desire their friends to be invited will please send their names and addresses immediately to the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 #fjj ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york4 ,the subscription will be #c4jj a cover4 ,program ,,monday1 ,december #bg4 #aj4 ,a4 ,m4 ,opening session4 ,submission of credentials by ,representatives and ,deputies1 and written reports of their respective ,menorah ,societies 7unless previously sent to the ,chancellor of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association72 payment of ,society dues to the ,association for #aiaf2 seating of ,representatives and ,deputies2 presentation of the applications of new ,menorah ,societies for admission into the ,association and action thereon4 #a4 ,p4 ,m4 ,informal luncheon to delegates and visiting ,menorah members4 #b4 ,p4 ,m4 ,presentation of reports of ,intercollegiate ,officers for #aiae1 covering 7#a7 roster of ,menorah ,societies and census of ,menorah members2 7#b7 extension of the ,menorah movement during #aiae2 7#c7 the ,menorah ,college of ,lecturers2 7#d7 ,menorah courses of study and syllabi2 7#e7 ,menorah ,libraries2 7#f7 ,menorah ,prizes2 7#g7 ,the ,menorah ,journal2 7#h7 ,menorah ,classics2 7#i7 ,graduate ,menorah ,committees2 7#aj7 ,the graduate phase of the movement2 7#aa7 ,relations of the ,menorah with other organizations1 etc4 ,questions regarding the activities of the ,association and the policy of the ,administration during #aiaf4 #h4 ,p4 ,m4 ,formal reception to the delegates and visiting ,menorah students1 given by ,university alumni of ,philadelphia at the ,y4 ,m4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,tuesday1 ,december #bhth4 #i4cj ,a4 ,m4 ,discussion of the ,intercollegiate reports submitted the previous afternoon1 with special reference to ,the ,menorah ,journal4 ,resolutions4 #a4 ,p4 ,m4 ,informal luncheon4 #b4 ,p4 ,m4 ,discussion continued of the ,intercollegiate reports1 with special reference to the question of the affiliation of graduates with the movement4 ,resolutions4 #h4 ,p4 ,m4 ,scholars' ,evening at ,the ,dropsie ,college4 ,papers by ,professor ,max ,l4 ,margolis of ,the ,dropsie ,college1 ,professor ,israel ,friedlaender of the ,jewish ,theological ,seminary of ,america1 and ,professor ,julian ,morgenstern of the ,hebrew ,union ,college4 ,informal memorial to the late ,dr4 ,schechter by ,president ,cyrus ,adler of ,the ,dropsie ,college4 ,,wednesday1 ,december #bith4 #i4cj ,a4 ,m4 ,submission of #aj minute oral reports of ,menorah ,societies by their respective ,representatives or ,deputies1 in summary of the written reports previously submitted4 #b4 ,p4 ,m4 ,discussion of the activities and problems of the ,menorah ,societies and the ways in which ,menorah work may be still further advanced in the ,colleges and ,universities of the country4 #d4 ,p4 ,m4 ,election of ,intercollegiate ,officers for #aiaf4 #f4cj ,p4 ,m4 ,convention ,dinner at the ,hotel ,adelphia for ,representatives and ,deputies1 all other ,menorah members1 graduates1 friends and invited guests4 ,toasts4 ,,thursday1 ,december #cjth4 #i4cj ,a4 ,m4 ,discussion continued of ,menorah activities in ,colleges and ,universities4 ,resolutions4 #b4 ,p4 ,m4 ,unfinished business4 ,items of ,interest ,death of ,dr4 ,schechter ,solomon ,schechter1 ,president of the ,jewish ,theological ,seminary of ,america1 died suddenly on ,november #ai4 ,dr4 ,schechter was a member of the ,board of ,consulting ,editors of ,,the ,,journal1 and from the first an inspiring friend of the ,menorah movement4 ,,the ,,journal was shortly to have received his promised article4 ,endeavor will be made in an early issue to give worthy appreciation of ,dr4 ,schechter as scholar and humanist and ,jewish leader4 ,meantime1 it may be noted that several of his leading works are to be found in ,menorah libraries3 ,studies in ,judaism and ,aspects of ,rabbinic ,theology4 ,attention may also be called to ,dr4 ,schechter's last book1 published only recently1 entitled ,seminary ,papers and ,addresses4 ,relief of ,jewish ,students in ,switzerland ,menorah members have sent the following amounts through the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association for the relief of ,russian ,jewish students at present in ,switzerland3 #ch from the ,university of ,pennsylvania2 #bc4ej from the ,university of ,valparaiso2 #ah from ,the ,johns ,hopkins ,university2 #i4ej from ,temple ,university 7,philadelphia72 and #f from the ,university of ,north ,carolina4 ,the students at ,harvard sent approximately #ajj4 ,syllabus of ,jewish ,history ,by special arrangement with the ,university of ,london1 the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association has been enabled to provide ,menorah ,study ,circles with a ,syllabus of ,jewish ,history from ,mendelssohn to ,herzl1 prepared by ten ,jewish authorities in ,england as an ,extension ,course of the ,university of ,london4 ,new ,menorah ,societies ,new ,menorah ,societies have been organized since the opening of this academic year at a number of ,colleges and ,universities1 including ,alabama1 ,george ,washington 7,washington1 ,d4 ,c471 ,rice ,institute 7,houston1 ,texas71 ,temple1 ,vanderbilt1 and ,washington 7,st4 ,louis74 ,menorah ,societies are now in process of formation at a number of other ,universities4 ,the ,graduate ,phase ,a ,graduate ,menorah ,society was organized last year in ,scranton1 ,pa41 with ,dr4 ,elias ,g4 ,roos as ,president4 ,a number of former members of the ,menorah ,society of ,new ,york ,university organized last month into ,the ,menorah ,alumni of ,new ,york ,university1 with ,louis ,weinstein as temporary ,president4 ,a ,graduate ,menorah ,society has recently been formed in ,montgomery1 ,ala41 with ,harry ,weil as ,president4 ,a ,graduate ,menorah ,advisory ,committee has been formed in ,cincinnati1 with ,mr4 ,s4 ,marcus ,fechheimer as ,chairman4 ,joint ,menorah ,meetings in ,new ,york ,continuing the pleasant practice originated last year1 the ,menorah ,societies in ,new ,york--at the ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york1 ,columbia ,university1 ,hunter ,college and ,new ,york ,university1 in company with the newly organized ,menorah ,alumni of ,new ,york ,university--held their first joint meeting of this year in the ,auditorium of ,hunter ,college1 the ,hunter ,menorah acting as hostess4 ,it was a most successful meeting1 with an attendance of about #gjj ,menorah members and friends4 ,miss ,sarah ,berenson1 ,president of the ,hunter ,menorah1 introduced the ,chancellor as the chairman4 ,the speakers were ,miss ,tamar ,hirschensohn of the ,hunter ,college ,faculty1 and ,mrs4 ,benjamin ,s4 ,pouzzner1 ,radcliffe1 #aiab4 ,miss ,hirschensohn drew a comparative picture of a great ,hebrew friendship celebrated in the ,bible1 that of ,david and ,jonathan1 and notable friendships in the ,greek and ,latin classics--,achilles and ,patroclus and ,euryalus and ,nisus4 ,mrs4 ,pouzzner spoke upon the ,jewish women of the ,german ,salons of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries4 ,the ,chancellor read communications to ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal from ,viscount ,bryce and ,hon4 ,oscar ,s4 ,straus 7see pages #bha and #big74 ,after the speaking the ,hunter ,menorah held an informal reception for the members of the other ,menorah ,societies4 ,the next joint meeting of the ,menorah ,societies of ,new ,york will be held at ,columbia ,university on ,sunday afternoon1 ,december #bf4 ,the principal speaker will be ,mr4 ,louis ,weinberg1 artist and lecturer at the ,metropolitan ,art ,museum and the ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york4 ,the subject will be ,culture and ,nationalism4 ,besides the members of the ,menorah ,societies in ,new ,york1 members of ,menorah ,societies at other ,colleges and ,universities home for their vacation are invited to be present4 ,it is hoped also that a number of delegates from various parts of the country to the ,menorah ,convention which meets the next morning in ,philadelphia will be able to attend4 ,activities of ,menorah ,societies ,clark ,college ,,the third year of the ,clark ,college ,menorah ,society opened on ,september #bd with every ,jewish member of the college present4 ,the membership is larger than ever before1 and all things forecast a most prosperous year1 one which will be fully in keeping with the decennial year of the ,menorah movement4 ,a program has been made by the executive committee and the subjects for the year have been mapped out1 as follows3 7#a7 ,jewish ,literature2 7#b7 ,the ,messiah ,idea in ,jewish ,history2 7#c7 ,aspects of ,hebrew ,genius2 7#d7 ,jewish ,history2 7#e7 ,stories and ,pictures2 7#f7 ,the ,haskalah ,movement2 7#g7 ,songs of ,exile2 7#h7 ,judah ,ha-,levi2 7#i7 ,zionism2 7#aj7 ,ahad ,ha-',amism2 7#aa7 ,the ,bible as ,literature2 7#ab7 ,the ,jewish ,language2 7#ac7 ,reform vs4 ,orthodoxy2 7#ad7 ,nationality and the ,hyphenated ,american2 7#ae7 ,anti-,semitism2 7#af7 ,justice and ,mercy4 ,these topics are assigned to the various members of the ,society and reports are given at the meetings4 ,discussion follows usually and great interest has been manifested by all members4 ,the second annual banquet of the ,society is to be held in ,january and plans have already been under way for the past few weeks1 efforts being made to hold a banquet surpassed by no other ,society in point of stirring interest for the ,menorah among all the students and faculty4 ,,isador ,,lubin ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york ,,the beginning of the academic year #aiae-aiaf marked the adoption of a new policy in the history of the ,c4 ,c4 ,n4 ,y4 ,menorah ,society4 ,during the past five years1 ,menorah activities have been mainly extensive1 the purpose being to interest as large a number of students as possible4 ,but now that the ,menorah has come to exert such a wide influence in ,c4 ,c4 ,n4 ,y41 greater prominence is being given to work of a more intensive nature1 and emphasis is laid on the quality rather than the quantity of the membership4 ,our program of ,menorah activities may be divided into extensive work and intensive work4 ,at the basis of the extensive work are the public lectures which are intended not only for ,menorah members but for the entire student body4 ,the first of these public lectures was held on ,october #g when ,dr4 ,sidney ,e4 ,goldstein of the ,free ,synagogue delivered an enthusiastic and inspiring address on ,social ,service and the ,jew before an audience of over #aej students4 ,at the suggestion of ,dr4 ,goldstein a number of students present volunteered to form a group for the study of social problems in the ,jewish community of ,new ,york ,city in connection with actual social service work4 ,the second public lecture1 held on ,october #ba1 was delivered by the ,hon4 ,marcus ,m4 ,marks1 ,borough ,president of ,manhattan4 ,over #bjj students were present1 and about #aej more were turned away after the doors were shut4 ,the weekly forums constitute the second part of the extensive work of the ,society4 ,at these ,forums1 talks followed by discussions are given by members of the ,faculty1 ,menorah alumni and others4 ,the first ,forum meeting of the semester1 with which ,menorah activities were formally opened1 was held on ,september #ba1 and was led by ,chancellor ,henry ,hurwitz1 who spoke on ,the ,meaning of the ,menorah ,movement4 ,other ,forum speakers have been ,professor ,william ,b4 ,guthrie of the ,department of ,political ,science2 ,professor ,john ,p4 ,turner of the ,philosophy ,department2 ,mr4 ,george ,j4 ,horowitz1 an ex-president of the ,menorah2 ,rabbi ,aaron ,robison1 ,director of the ,y4 ,m4 ,h4 ,a42 ,mr4 ,isadore ,berkson1 an alumnus and ex-president of the ,menorah2 ,professor ,h4 ,d4 ,marsh of the ,philosophy ,department2 and ,mr4 ,julius ,drachsler1 ,secretary of the ,school of ,jewish ,communal ,workers4 ,the study circles comprise the intensive work of the ,menorah and constitute its most important activity4 ,at these study circles a group of not more than ten students come together once a week for one hour to study and discuss questions of ,jewish interest4 ,the work in the study circles is done entirely by the students themselves4 ,up to the present1 eleven study circles have been organized and these meet regularly every week4 ,some of the subjects taken up are3 ,modern ,jewish ,movements1 ,current ,events in ,jewry1 ,schechter's ,essays in ,judaism1 ,present ,day ,problems in ,judaism1 ,jewish ,biography1 ,the ,philosophy of ,ahad ,ha-'am4 ,in addition to all these activities1 regular meetings of the ,society are held4 ,on the evening of ,october #f the annual smoker took place at the ,city ,college ,club1 with ,mr4 ,m4 ,s4 ,levussove of the ,faculty1 ,mr4 ,julius ,hyman1 an alumnus1 and ,chancellor ,hurwitz among the speakers4 ,on ,october #bc ,george ,j4 ,horowitz read an interesting paper on ,judaism and ,christianity1 which was followed by a spirited discussion4 ,on ,saturday evening1 ,november #ac1 there was held a joint meeting of the students of the day college and of the evening college for the purpose of organizing a ,menorah ,society among the students of the evening college4 ,professor ,i4 ,leo ,sharfman of ,michigan addressed the meeting on ,a ,few ,facts ,about the ,menorah4 ,the men of the night college were very enthusiastic about the idea of the ,menorah and the prospects of a successful ,menorah among them are very favorable4 ,the membership of the ,c4 ,c4 ,n4 ,y4 ,menorah is constantly growing1 although in every case application for membership is always spontaneous and voluntary4 ,,william ,e4 ,,austin ,hunter ,college ,,since its first meeting of the season1 the ,hunter ,college ,menorah ,society has more than trebled its membership4 ,ten per cent of the entire student body have joined our ranks4 ,we hope for even greater members before the end of the year4 ,our freshman ,at ,home was pronounced the most enjoyable welcome to freshmen given by any society4 ,a large audience1 including several members of the ,faculty1 attended our first regular meeting1 which was addressed by ,professor ,israel ,friedlaender of the ,jewish ,theological ,seminary4 ,between our regular meetings1 we hold weekly noon-time ,forums4 ,besides1 the three study circles organized by the ,society meet weekly and are attended by between twenty and twenty-five members4 ,the ,society arranged for the very successful joint meeting of all the ,menorah ,societies in the city1 which was held at ,hunter on ,sunday evening1 ,november #ba1 with an attendance of about #gjj4 ,the members of the ,society have shown their appreciation of the privileges arising from membership not only by voting almost unanimously to double the annual dues but also by undertaking a catalogue1 on the basis of subject matter1 of the contents of books which might be of interest to students of ,hebraic culture4 ,this work will cover finally1 we hope1 all such books in ,english and the leading modern foreign languages and should prove a lasting help to students everywhere4 ,,ernestine ,p4 ,,franklin ,johns ,hopkins ,university ,a ,,distinct ,menorah revival has taken place this year at the ,johns ,hopkins ,university4 ,having for several years led a rather aimless and nomadic existence1 the ,menorah ,society has at last affiliated itself definitely with the ,university4 ,at the beginning of the present collegiate year1 application was made to the authorities of the ,university for permission to hold meetings in one of the college buildings4 ,the permission was very graciously granted1 and1 in addition1 the ,dean of the ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 ,dr4 ,murray ,peabody ,brush1 accepted our imitation to say a few words of welcome to the ,jewish students at the inaugural meeting of the ,society for the year #aiae-af4 ,this meeting was held in ,mc,coy ,hall1 on the evening of ,october #ah1 and was comparatively well attended4 ,dr4 ,brush1 in a talk that was brief but to the point1 congratulated both the ,menorah ,society and the ,university upon the closer relations into which the two organizations were entering4 ,the ,university must benefit1 he said1 from all student activities not directly connected with the curricula of studies1 as a more unselfish love for the institution is thereby fostered in the student4 ,the ,menorah ,society must prove of advantage to us1 as students1 in that it tends to broaden our outlook and encourages us to enter fields of study that we might otherwise never approach4 ,finally1 the ,society fulfills a definite purpose for the ,jewish students in particular by keeping fresh in their minds all the great ideals and achievements which distinguish their history4 ,the ,dean closed his talk with a hearty welcome from the authorities of the ,university to the ,johns ,hopkins ,menorah ,society4 ,dr4 ,brush was followed by the ,chancellor of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 who urged the assembled students to give the ,society a strong impetus this year1 now that it has definitely found a habitat in the ,university4 ,he explained the need that is filled in the life of the student by the ,menorah ,society1 and outlined a mode of conduct for the ,hopkins organization4 ,in accordance with ,mr4 ,hurwitz's suggestion1 a study circle1 aiming to take up modern ,jewish history since the time of ,moses ,mendelssohn1 was formed on the spot4 ,the ,society has been fortunate enough to procure the services of ,mr4 ,elias ,n4 ,rabinowitz1 a member of the ,semitic department of the ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 as leader of the study circle4 ,the group consists of close to twenty students and meets weekly in one of the rooms of the ,university library4 ,it bids fair to prove of genuine good to the students interested in it4 ,at the second meeting of the ,society1 ,november #a1 the speaker was ,rabbi ,eugene ,kohn1 of ,baltimore1 whose interesting talk on ,the ,elements of ,stability and ,progress in ,judaism elicited warm discussion4 ,the ,society hopes to have regular monthly meetings1 for which attractive programs have been arranged by the ,executive ,committee4 ,,aaron ,,schaffer ,new ,york ,university 7,university ,heights7 ,,formed in ,december1 #aiac1 forced to cope at first with many opposing and discouraging elements1 the ,new ,york ,university ,menorah ,society at ,university ,heights has rapidly mounted the ladder of success and has entered upon a banner year4 ,we have set two great aims before us for this year3 first1 to make the ,society strong internally1 and1 secondly1 to bring the purposes and ideals of the ,menorah movement before the alumni of ,new ,york ,university4 ,various plans are being utilized for the fulfillment of the first aim4 ,the ,executive committee succeeded during the summer in getting together an excellent list of prominent men to lecture before the ,society on current topics of ,jewish interest4 ,a prospectus was issued in the first week of the college year1 containing1 in brief1 a discussion of the ,menorah ,idea1 a history of the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association1 a resume of the ,new ,york ,university ,menorah ,society1 a speech by ,chancellor ,elmer ,e4 ,brown delivered before the ,menorah ,society1 a word about ,associate membership and about ,menorah ,prizes1 and the program for the year4 ,using this prospectus as a means of introduction to those unacquainted with the movement1 a vigorous campaign was conducted by a well organized committee to increase the membership4 ,a doubled membership in two weeks was the result of this4 ,another means towards getting the new men to join was the ,freshmen ,reception1 held on ,october #ad1 at which ,dean ,bouton of the ,college of ,arts and ,chancellor ,hurwitz were the speakers4 ,this reception proved a great success4 ,besides attending the regular bi-weekly lectures of the ,society1 each member is urged to join one of the eight study circles in modern ,jewish ,history and ,hebrew 7elementary and advanced74 ,a well organized committee has charge of these study circles4 ,it has been successful in signing up nearly a hundred men4 ,the study circles are conducted by several members who are also ,seminary students and by several rabbis of the city4 ,these study circles are proving of first importance in our general plans1 because it is really in these that the men acquire a little ,jewish culture and ideals and an independence of thought and action in things ,jewish4 ,several members of these classes have become so enthused with the newer ,jewish spirit that they devote a good part of their time lecturing on ,jewish topics to ,young ,judaean organizations and ,young ,people's ,synagogues in and about ,new ,york ,city4 ,to stimulate still further individual research and study of ,jewish problems it has been decided to offer one or two ,menorah prizes for papers on various ,jewish topics4 ,in order to raise a substantial amount of money for that purpose two committees are working on separate plans4 ,one of these committees1 by a special arrangement with the ,business ,manager of ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal1 has started a campaign to get two hundred subscriptions for ,,the ,,journal1 thereby netting the ,society fifty dollars for one prize4 ,this committee1 backed by the entire membership1 is gaining speed daily1 and looks forward to the accomplishment of its object before the ,convention4 ,another committee is circularizing the alumni outside of ,new ,york ,city to get their support4 ,the result of this work1 though incomplete as yet1 looks most promising4 ,the above is a brief resume of our year's plans4 ,we realize the importance not only of having plans but of carrying them through successfully1 as we are determined they shall be4 ,the work is being done systematically1 not by one man nor by two or three men1 but by an efficient1 earnest executive committee backed by almost every man in the ,menorah ,society4 ,it is our aim to tell a pretty tale at the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,convention4 ,m4 ,a4 ,,stavitsky ,ohio ,state ,university ,,our annual freshmen reception this year saw very little of the conventional stiffshirt formalities1 nor did it hear much of the honey-soaked praises of ,jewish loyalty and patriotism4 ,instead of this we had a simple1 all-student affair where everyone found satisfaction in merely meeting and getting acquainted with the rest of the ,jewish students4 ,a short talk on the purpose of the ,menorah1 several selections of ,jewish music and refreshments made up the rest of the program4 ,this year's ,freshmen1 both men and women1 are especially promising for the ,menorah4 ,at the second meeting the members displayed an excellent ,menorah spirit by adopting a resolution to include the subscription fee of ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal in the membership dues and thus making the ,,journal receivable by every member as a matter of course4 ,at a later meeting there was a lecture by ,professor ,brooder of the ,sociology ,department on ,the ,anthropology of the ,jew1 which was followed by a general discussion4 ,at another meeting the writer read a paper on the ,jewish ,congress movement4 ,our meetings have thus far been unusually well attended and highly spirited4 ,it must be admitted1 however1 that the work was rather spontaneous and not the product of previous planning4 ,this is to be remedied soon by a plan1 now under consideration1 systematizing the entire year's work4 ,,samuel ,,lesser ,radcliffe ,college ,,the ,radcliffe ,menorah1 which was organized in ,december1 #aiad1 did not accomplish very much last year2 there was no study circle1 although attempts to form one were made1 and the members did little or no concerted work4 ,this year1 however1 a much stronger group spirit is being shown4 ,a study circle in ,jewish history1 lead by ,dr4 ,harry ,wolfson of ,harvard1 has been formed2 and a petition for a regular course in ,jewish ,literature has been drawn up4 ,we have had two lecture meetings4 ,at the first1 ,mr4 ,henry ,hurwitz spoke on the imperative need for concerted action among ,american ,jews in the attempt to ameliorate the conditions among the ,jews of ,europe4 ,he said the ,menorah ,society should ultimately help towards this concerted effort by bringing home the realization of the conditions to ,jewish young men and women who1 through lack of interest or education1 have not yet become conscious of them4 ,at the second meeting1 ,dr4 ,kaufmann ,kohler1 ,president of the ,hebrew ,union ,college of ,cincinnati1 spoke on ,reform ,judaism3 its history1 meaning1 and purpose4 ,reform ,judaism has its being1 stated the speaker1 not in the desire of the ,jew for an easier1 less irksome mode of cooking and praying1 but in his acute need of adapting himself to the manners and customs of the country in which he lives4 ,not only is the spirit of ,judaism not lost1 it is reinforced through the casting off of the form which might obscure it4 ,at the same meeting1 ,mr4 ,frederick ,f4 ,greenman1 ,president of the ,harvard ,menorah1 spoke about the possibility of co-operation between the ,harvard and ,radcliffe ,societies4 ,while there are few new members of the ,radcliffe ,menorah1 it is expected that the year will be an active one4 ,,ruth ,,jane ,,mack ,tufts ,college ,,the ,menorah ,society of ,tufts ,college began its activities for the third year with an enthusiastic reception to the ,freshman class4 ,a marked increase of enthusiasm came along with the new members4 ,our ,society1 which three years ago began with four members1 has now a membership of sixty1 all enthusiastic about the ,menorah work4 ,a shingle has been designed and adopted4 ,a ,menorah prize which was offered last year for #aiae-aiaf was announced at the first meeting and it looks as if a keen competition will take place4 ,courses have been organized in ,jewish ,history1 ,philosophy and ,bible study1 the feature of the study circles being that a different member conducts each meeting and the man who obtains the highest mark 7each student being rated by the presiding member7 will receive a prize of a set of books4 ,all in all1 the outlook is for the most successful year in the history of the ,tufts ,menorah4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,katz ,university of ,illinois ,,the ,illinois ,menorah is looking forward to a most successful year1 with efficient officers1 enthusiastic members1 and the usual interest and co-operation of the ,faculty members4 ,a definite attempt is to be made to foster a spirit of friendliness and co-operation among all the ,jewish students4 ,the year was formally opened on ,october #aj by a reception to the new students4 ,after an opening talk by ,president ,karl ,epstein1 the students were addressed by ,professor ,e4 ,c4 ,baldwin1 ,dr4 ,jacob ,zeitlin and ,mr4 ,samuel ,abrams1 a former president4 ,the meeting was attended by #aaj students4 ,at later meetings ,dr4 ,david ,s4 ,blondheim spoke on ,the ,jewish ,congress1 ,dr4 ,simon ,litman on ,the ,jew of ,to-day1 and ,professor ,b4 ,h4 ,bode on ,the ,hyphenated ,jewish-,american4 ,the work of our ,menorah is augmented by the ,menorah ,study ,circle1 under the leadership of ,mrs4 ,simon ,litman4 ,the class is doing intensive work in ,jewish post-exilic history4 ,throughout1 the bearing of our past history upon present day problems is emphasized4 ,judging from the enthusiasm of the members of the class1 the ,study ,circle is going to become a permanent feature of our ,menorah activities4 ,,anita ,,libman ,university of ,michigan ,,someone once said that he could lift the world if he could find a place to stand on4 ,the ,menorah ,society at ,michigan is still working to rear a strong foundation which will bear the weight of a large and beautiful superstructure4 ,our ,society began its current year with a ,teruah ,gedolah4 ,the trumpet blast was sounded loud and long3 and the children of ,israel came out from their tents4 ,through advertisement in the ,michigan ,daily1 through posters and personal contact with the students on the campus1 a large attendance was procured for the first meeting4 ,professor ,sharfman was on hand to inspire enthusiasm into the men and women4 ,an excellent musical program had been provided for4 ,the meeting was highly successful and brought tidings for a banner year4 ,some previously discordant strings were brought to the proper tune4 ,there had been some friction between the ,students' ,congregation and the ,menorah last year4 ,this friction arose for two reasons3 first1 some ,menorah men felt that the ,congregation was cutting out the ,menorah1 that the ,congregation was entering upon the ,menorah's field of action4 ,of course1 there is absolutely no reason for such an objection4 ,the ,menorah supplies the intellectual needs of the ,jewish students2 the ,congregation exists for religious inspiration only4 ,true enough1 the two overlap to a small degree2 but not sufficiently to be termed encroachment4 ,the second reason was a technical one4 ,the ,menorah men were greatly vexed because the time of the ,congregation conflicted with our time4 ,the ,menorah began at #h ,p4 ,m4 on ,sunday evening2 but the ,congregation did not adjourn often until #h4ae or #h4cj4 ,the ,congregation itself was not to blame1 for they could not always foresee that a ,rabbi would become so overheated in discussing the war situation that he would ignore the element of time in the make-up of our universe4 ,at the beginning of this semester we determined to put an end to all friction1 though trivial1 between the two organizations4 ,there is no worldly reason for discord between the two ,jewish organizations4 ,we held a consultation with the ,president of the ,congregation who assured us of all possible support2 and in turn the ,menorah assured the ,congregation of support4 ,indeed1 the ,menorah conceded a point by moving our meeting time fifteen minutes2 and the ,president of the ,congregation1 who is also a ,menorah member1 was given the floor at the first meeting to enlighten the audience on the meaning of the ,congregation to student life4 ,a goodly number of ,congregation men and women are ,menorah members and vice versa4 ,the two organizations are now working in entire harmony and we are accomplishing the more for it4 ,our second meeting was held on ,october #ca4 ,professor ,leroy ,waterman1 the new head of the ,semitics ,department1 led the discussion with an address on ,the ,religious ,problems of ,to-day in the ,light of ,early ,jewish ,history and ,literature4 ,on ,november #bh1 ,mr4 ,fred ,m4 ,butzel1 an alumnus of ,michigan and ,president of the ,united ,jewish ,charities in ,detroit1 led the discussion with a talk on ,some ,tendencies in the ,social ,work of the ,jews4 ,through the ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association we were enabled to procure ,professor ,edward ,chauncey ,baldwin of the ,university of ,illinois to speak before us on ,december #ab on ,job4 ,also through the ,association we expect to have ,professor ,julian ,morgenstern of the ,hebrew ,union ,college4 ,we have this year more members than ever before1 and they are enthusiastic4 ,but it is not in numbers alone that we must put our trust4 ,we should never worry--,i know that some do--when the ,menorah has a small meeting if only it is successful4 ,i think that we never had a better meeting than when ,dr4 ,kallen addressed fourteen members two years ago4 ,isaiah's prophecy concerning the ,shearith ,yisrael1 the remnant of ,israel1 applies to our ,menorah problem4 ,the few will redeem the many2 they will uphold the ideals and culture of the ,jewish race4 ,but no matter how successful the semester will be1 we shall only be able to say that we have added but one stone to the pedestal which is to be the permanent and deep foundation of the ,menorah at ,michigan4 ,,abraham ,j4 ,,levin ,university of ,minnesota ,,with an attendance that broke all records1 and a display of enthusiasm and interest that augurs well for the ,society1 the ,minnesota ,menorah opened its year of activities on ,october #a1 with the annual ,get-,together reception4 ,during the evening1 members of the freshman class were introduced to members of the ,faculty1 alumni and upperclass men and women4 ,a short program entertained the assembly1 which was followed by a brief address by ,president ,h4 ,w4 ,davis1 expressing the aims and purposes of the ,society4 ,following the plan adopted last year of centralizing the subjects of study and discussion1 our ,program ,committee has for this year again divided the work of the ,society into two divisions4 ,the first semester will be devoted to a presentation and discussion of some of the ,jewish problems1 viz41 anti-,semitism and certain social1 economic1 and religious problems1 while the second semester will be devoted to proposed solutions of these problems through ,zionism1 ,socialism1 ,assimilation1 etc4 ,students and representative members of the community will alternate in the presentation of the various subjects to the ,society4 ,greater emphasis than ever before will be given to general discussion by all the members of the ,society at each meeting4 ,after careful consideration1 the ,minnesota ,menorah has decided to withdraw its campaign to bring the ,intercollegiate ,convention to ,minnesota this year1 yielding in favor of the ,east and ,philadelphia4 ,we wish1 however1 to thank the members of the ,administrative ,council who had pledged us their support1 and we take this opportunity to announce that at this ,convention ,minnesota will earnestly urge the delegates to fix the place for the ,convention of #aiaf1 and it is for that ,convention that ,minnesota will put in its strongest bid4 ,,david ,,london ,university of ,wisconsin ,,the academic year #aiae-af opened very auspiciously for the ,menorah at ,wisconsin4 ,fully #ajj attended the first meeting1 at ,lathrop parlors1 on ,october #d4 ,twenty-four new members were added1 swelling the total membership to fifty-six4 ,president ,charles ,a4 ,lebowsky welcomed the freshmen into the ,society1 and explained the broad and liberal basis upon which the ,menorah rested4 ,professor ,dodge1 ,chairman of the ,menorah ,prize ,committee1 announced the ,menorah prize of #ajj 7the largest individual prize in the ,university of ,wisconsin71 and urged all members to try for it4 ,the closing speech of the evening was given by ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,kallen1 mentor of the organization4 ,dr4 ,kallen spoke on ,the ,menorah ,movement--,its ,relation to ,jewish ,academic ,life4 ,after the meeting a general mixer was held1 refreshments served1 and the members became acquainted with each other4 ,at the second meeting of the year1 on ,october #ah1 ,mr4 ,alexander ,aaronsohn of ,palestine1 brother of the famous agronomist1 addressed an enthusiastic audience upon the subject of ,jewish ,colonization in ,palestine4 ,the speaker had but recently arrived from that land1 after many thrilling adventures1 and his talk was most inspiring4 ,mr4 ,aaronsohn emphasized the fact that while formerly1 since time immemorial1 it has been the custom1 and in fact the ambition1 of every ,jew to return to ,palestine that he might die there1 to-day1 it was not to die1 but to live1 that the ,jew returned to the land of his fathers4 ,at the following meeting the ,society discussed the ,russian situation2 ,mr4 ,zigmund ,salit gave an interesting paper describing his own experiences in that land of suffering4 ,mr4 ,milton ,moses delivered an oration on ,the ,wandering ,jew4 ,on ,november #ae1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,a4 ,greenman1 of the ,first ,unitarian ,church of ,milwaukee1 addressed us on a striking theme1 ,the ,relationship ,between ,judaism and ,unitarianism4 ,other speakers to follow are ,justice ,hugo ,pam1 of the ,chicago ,appellate ,court1 ,rabbi ,joseph ,stolz1 and ,dr4 ,horace ,j4 ,bridges1 of the ,chicago ,ethical ,culture ,society1 besides members of our own ,faculty4 ,in order to arouse even more enthusiasm for the ,menorah idea1 the executive committee has arranged to hold a number of informal dinners4 ,since these dinners are given primarily for members of the ,society1 no outside speakers will be invited4 ,short and snappy toasts will be given by members1 the alumni will be called upon if any happen to be present1 and the ,menorah ,song will be rendered by the ensemble4 ,if the first dinner proves to be successful1 and there is every reason to believe that it will1 these affairs will become an established part of the ,menorah program at ,wisconsin4 ,,charles ,a4 ,,lebowsky ,western ,reserve ,university ,,the opening of the scholastic year #aiae-af marked a radical change in the policy hitherto followed by the ,western ,reserve ,menorah ,society4 ,during the first few years of its existence membership was open only to the male students of the university and attendance was necessarily small4 ,interest in the ,society itself began to dwindle until finally it became clear that some radical step would have to be taken if the ,society was to remain intact and worthy of the name4 ,accordingly1 at a meeting of the executive committee held shortly after the opening of college in the fall1 it was decided that hereafter membership would be open to both the men and the women of the university4 ,seventy-five students gathered for the opening meeting held on ,october #bd4 ,at later meetings1 ,dr4 ,lamberton1 of the ,faculty1 lectured on ,the ,influence of ,hellenism on ,hebraic ,culture1 and ,dr4 ,daniel ,a4 ,huebsch1 noted art critic and lecturer1 spoke on ,the ,neglect of the ,old ,testament4 ,dr4 ,huebsch urged that inasmuch as the ,menorah ,society was devoted to ,jewish study1 it was the proper place for a revival of interest particularly in ,biblical literature and other ,hebrew writings4 ,these works were distinctively the ,jews' own and should not be neglected by them as the younger generation was inclined to do4 ,both lectures were well attended and followed by interesting discussions4 ,a later meeting was devoted almost entirely to a lively as well as an intensely interesting discussion of ,zionism4 ,the ,western ,reserve ,menorah ,society may well look forward to a banner year4 ,having overcome the obstacles that face every new organization1 we are now prepared and eager to carry on the aggressive work of the ,menorah4 ,passing as we are through a period fraught with epoch-making events1 an endless number of problems spring up on every side1 each one clamoring for attention4 ,upon the solution of many of these problems rests the future welfare of the ,jewish race4 ,having been awakened to a realization of the seriousness of the situation1 the ,western ,reserve ,menorah ,society will compass every effort to do its share in the movement for enlightenment and progress4 ,,benjamin ,f4 ,,roth ,,index ,to ,volume ,i of ,,the ,,menorah ,,journal ,january--,december1 #aiae ,authors' names in ,,small ,,capitals2 ,titles of ,articles in ,italics ,adam ,prometheus1 and ,other ,lyrics 7,dec47 #bhb ,,adler1 ,,dr4 ,,cyrus1 ,greeting from1 7,jan47 #c ,akiba1 ,the ,romance of ,rabbi4 7,oct47 #bbg ,american ,jewry1 ,the ,present ,crisis in 7,dec47 #bfe ,,amram1 ,,david ,,werner3 ,paths of ,pleasantness1 ,the ,study of the ,jewish ,law 7,june7 #aei ,,anspacher1 ,,louis ,k43 ,adam ,prometheus1 and ,other ,lyrics4 7,dec47 #bhb ,arch of ,titus1 ,the3 ,a ,poem 7,oct47 #bja ,arch of ,titus1 ,the3 ,frontispiece 7,jan47 ,asch1 ,sholom3 ,the ,jewish ,maupassant 7,dec47 #bhe ,,askowith1 ,,hyman3 ,the ,symbolism of the ,menorah 7,oct47 #bdh ,aspects of ,jewish ,life and ,letters3 ,reviews of ,books 7,oct47 #bcg ,,bacon1 ,,benjamin ,w43 ,from a ,menorah ,address 7,apr47 #hf ,,baldwin1 ,,edward ,,chauncey3 ,the ,jewish ,genius in ,literature1 7,june7 #afd ,,bentwich1 ,,norman1 ,greeting from1 7,apr47 #gc ,,blatt1 ,,william ,m43 ,the ,quality of ,mercy3 ,a ,sixth ,act to ,the ,merchant of ,venice 7,apr47 #if ,,blondheim1 ,d4 ,s43 ,review of ,herford's ,pharisaism 7,oct47 #bcg ,book ,reviews3 ,aspects of ,jewish ,life and ,letters 7,oct47 #bcg ,,brandeis1 ,,louis ,d41 ,greeting from1 7,jan47 #d ,a ,call to the ,educated ,jew 7,jan47 #ac ,,brown1 ,,elmer ,e43 ,menorah ,address 7,jan47 #df ,,bryce1 ,,viscount3 ,letter from4 7,dec47 #big ,call to the ,educated ,jew1 ,a 7,jan47 #ac ,colleges and ,universities3 ,see ,menorah ,societies4 ,,dabney1 ,,charles ,w43 ,menorah ,address 7,jan47 #dg ,days of ,disillusionment 7,jan47 #ci ,decennial of the ,menorah ,movement1 ,the 7,oct47 #bec ,duty of the ,hour1 ,the 7,oct47 #bjb ,editorial ,statement 7,jan47 #a ,,eliot1 ,,charles ,w43 ,the ,potency of the ,jewish ,race 7,june7 #ada ,,escoll1 ,,morris ,j43 ,the ,jewish ,student in ,our ,universities 7,oct47 #bag ,european ,universities1 ,jewish ,students in 7,jan47 #bf1 7,apr47 #ajf ,,friedlaender1 ,,israel3 ,from a ,menorah ,address 7,jan47 #ch ,the ,present ,crisis in ,american ,jewry 7,dec47 #bfe ,,gaster1 ,,moses1 ,greeting from4 7,apr47 #gb ,,gottheil1 ,,richard1 ,greeting from1 7,jan47 #e ,from a ,menorah ,address 7,jan47 #cb ,the ,war from a ,jewish ,standpoint 7,june7 #aej ,greetings 7,jan47 #c1 7,apr47 #gb ,,gu,,rard1 ,,albert ,l,,on3 ,menorah ,address 7,dec47 #cai ,,hadley1 ,,arthur ,t43 ,menorah ,address 7,jan47 #de ,,hall1 ,g4 ,,stanley3 ,yankee and ,jew 7,apr47 #hg ,harvard ,menorah ,society ,shingle 7,oct47 #bea ,hebraic ,culture1 ,the ,twilight of 7,jan47 #cc ,,herzl1 ,,theodor3 ,the ,menorah1 7,dec47 #bfa ,herzl1 ,theodor1 ,etching by ,hermann ,struck1 ,frontispiece 7,dec47 ,hillel1 ,golden ,rule 7,apr47 #ia ,,horowitz1 ,,george ,j43 ,the ,romance of ,rabbi ,akiba 7,oct47 #bbg ,,hurwitz1 ,,henry3 ,the ,menorah ,movement 7,jan47 #ej ,the ,decennial of the ,menorah ,movement 7,oct47 #bec ,,husik1 ,,isaac3 ,review of ,aspects of the ,hebrew ,genius 7,oct47 #bda ,,hyamson1 ,,moses3 ,golden ,rule ,hillel 7,apr47 #ia ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association ,notes 7,jan47 #gj1 7,apr47 #adj1 7,june7 #bjj1 7,oct47 #beg1 7,dec47 #cbb ,third ,annual ,convention 7,apr47 #aba ,fourth ,annual ,convention 7,dec47 #cbb ,israel and ,medicine 7,june7 #ade ,,jacobs1 ,,joseph1 ,greeting from 7,jan47 #f ,the ,jews in the ,war 7,jan47 #bc ,liberalism and the ,jews 7,dec47 #bih ,jew1 ,yankee and 7,apr47 #hg ,jewish ,genius in ,literature1 ,the1 7,june7 #afd ,jewish ,problem ,today1 ,the 7,apr47 #ge ,jewish ,race1 ,the ,potency of 7,june7 #ada ,jewish ,student in ,our ,universities1 ,the 7,oct47 #bag ,jewish ,students in ,european ,universities 7,jan47 #bf1 7,apr47 #ajf ,jewish ,student ,organisations 7,oct47 #bdf ,jewish ,worthies3 ,see ,hillel1 ,jochanan ben ,zakkai1 ,akiba4 ,jochanan ben ,zakkai 7,june7 #agc ,judaism--,what ,judaism ,is ,not1 7,oct47 #bjh ,what ,is ,judaism8 7,dec47 #cji ,,kallen1 ,,horace ,m43 ,nationality and the ,hyphenated ,american 7,apr47 #gi ,review of ,lewis' ,liberal ,judaism 7,oct47 #bch ,,kaplan1 ,,mordecai ,m43 ,what ,judaism ,is ,not 7,oct47 #bjh ,what ,is ,judaism8 7,dec47 #cji ,,kohler1 ,,kaufmann1 ,greeting from 7,jan47 #f ,,lehman1 ,,irving1 ,greeting from 7,jan47 #g ,from a ,menorah ,address 7,jan47 #be ,our ,spiritual ,inheritance 7,dec47 #bgg ,,leonard1 ,,william ,,ellery3 ,menorah3 ,a ,poem 7,jan47 #bj ,liberalism and the ,jews 7,dec47 #bih ,literature1 ,the ,jewish ,genius in1 7,june7 #afd ,,lowenthal1 ,,marvin ,m43 ,zionism3 ,a ,menorah ,prize ,essay 7,apr47 #aaa 7,june7 #agi ,,mack1 ,,julian ,w41 ,greeting from1 7,jan47 #h ,,magnes1 ,j4 ,l41 ,greeting from 7,jan47 #i ,from a ,menorah ,address 7,jan47 #ai ,,margolis1 ,,max ,l43 ,the ,twilight of ,hebraic ,culture 7,jan47 #cc ,medicine1 ,israel and 7,june7 #ade ,menorah3 ,a ,poem 7,jan47 #bj ,menorah1 ,the 7,,herzl7 7,dec47 #bfa ,menorah ,addresses1 ,extracts from1 7,jan47 #ai1 #be1 #cb1 #ch1 7,apr47 #hf1 #abj ,menorah ,addresses1 ,third ,convention 7,apr47 #aba ,menorah ,addresses by ,university ,authorities 7,jan47 #de1 7,apr47 #aba1 7,june7 #ade1 7,dec47 #cai ,see also ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association4 ,menorah ,movement1 ,the 7,jan47 #ej ,menorah ,movement1 ,the ,decennial of the 7,oct47 #bec ,menorah ,prize ,essays3 ,zionism 7,apr47 #aaa ,the ,jewish ,student in ,our ,universities 7,oct47 #bag ,shalom ,asch3 ,the ,jewish ,maupassant 7,dec47 #bhe ,menorah ,societies1 ,activities of1 7,jan47 #ef1 7,june7 #aid 7,oct47 #beg1 7,dec47 #cbe ,see also ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,association4 ,menorah1 ,the ,symbolism of the1 7,oct47 #bdh ,merchant of ,venice1 ,the3 ,a ,sixth ,act to 7,apr47 #if ,,meyer1 ,,martin ,a41 ,greeting from1 7,jan47 #i ,nationality and the ,hyphenated ,american 7,apr47 #gi ,,nordau1 ,,max1 ,greeting from 7,apr47 #gb ,the ,duty of the ,hour 7,oct47 #bjb ,,osler1 ,,sir ,,william3 ,israel and ,medicine 7,june7 #ade ,paths of ,pleasantness1 ,the ,study of the ,jewish ,law 7,june7 #aei ,,philipson1 ,,david1 ,greeting from1 7,jan47 #aj ,poetry 7,jan47 #bj1 7,apr47 #ga1 #if1 7,june7 #aeh1 7,oct47 #bja1 7,dec47 #bhb ,potency of the ,jewish ,race1 ,the 7,june7 #ada ,,pouzzner1 ,,bessie ,l41 translator3 ,the ,menorah1 by ,theodor ,herzl1 7,dec47 #bfa ,prize ,essays3 ,see ,menorah ,prize ,essays4 ,quality of ,mercy1 ,the3 ,a ,sixth ,act to ,the ,merchant of ,venice1 7,apr47 #if ,romance of ,rabbi ,akiba1 ,the 7,oct47 #bbg ,,sampter1 ,,jessie ,e41 ,o ,sweet ,anemones3 ,a ,poem 7,june7 #aeh ,,schechter1 ,,solomon1 ,greeting from 7,jan47 #aa ,,schiff1 ,,jacob ,h41 ,greeting from 7,jan47 #aa ,the ,jewish ,problem ,today 7,apr47 #ge ,,schurman1 ,,jacob ,,gould1 ,from a ,menorah ,address 7,apr47 #abj ,,sharfman1 ,i4 ,,leo3 ,review of ,cohen's ,jewish ,life in ,modern ,times1 7,oct47 #bdd ,the ,decennial of the ,menorah ,movement 7,oct47 #bec ,,shostac1 ,,percy ,b43 ,sholom ,asch1 the ,jewish ,maupassant 7,dec47 #bhe ,,simon1 ,,abraham ,m43 ,jochanan ben ,zakkai 7,june7 #agc ,,strauss1 ,,samuel3 ,days of ,disillusionment 7,jan47 #ci ,,straus1 ,,oscar ,s41 ,letter from 7,dec47 #bha ,,struck1 ,,hermann3 ,etching of ,theodor ,herzl1 ,frontispiece 7,dec47 ,students3 ,see ,jewish ,students4 ,symbolism1 ,the1 of the ,menorah1 7,oct47 #bdh ,university ,authorities1 ,menorah ,addresses by 7,jan47 #de1 7,apr47 #aba1 #ade1 7,dec47 #cai ,war1 ,the ,present3 ,the ,jews in the ,war 7,jan47 #bc ,the ,jewish ,problem ,today 7,apr47 #ge ,nationality and the ,hyphenated ,american 7,apr47 #gi ,the ,war from a ,jewish ,standpoint 7,june7 #aej ,what ,is ,judaism8 7,dec47 #cji ,what ,judaism ,is ,not 7,oct47 #bjh ,,wise1 ,,stephen ,s41 ,greeting from 7,jan47 #ab ,,wolfson1 ,,harry3 ,jewish ,students in ,european ,universities 7,jan47 #bf 7,apr47 #ajf ,yankee and ,jew 7,apr47 #hg ,,zangwill1 ,,israel3 ,for ,small ,mercies3 ,a ,sonnet 7,apr47 #ga ,zionism3 ,a ,menorah ,prize ,essay 7,apr47 #aaa1 7,june7 #agi 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,caruso ,,his ,,hardman ,,piano ,illustration3 ,new ,york1 ,april #acth1 #aiad4 ,messers4 ,hardman1 ,peck ,company1 #dcc ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,dear ,mr4 ,peck3-- ,the five foot ,hardman ,grand which you have sent for my use to my apartment is certainly a beautiful piano4 ,i was surprised how your factory was able to produce such a wonderful tone in such a small ,grand4 ,accept my congratulations for your success4 ,sincerely1 ,signature3 ,enrico ,caruso ,the ,new ,,hardman ,five-,foot ,grand ,the perfect small ,grand ,piano1 exquisite in its artistic lines and marvelous in tone4 ,caruso uses one himself and calls its tone wonderful4 ,price1 #fej ,we cordially invite you to visit our warerooms and hear this marvelous little ,grand1 without placing you under any obligation to buy4 ,,hardman1 ,,peck ,,company ,,brooklyn ,,store #ebd ,fulton ,street ,near ,hanover ,place 7,founded #ahdb7 ,,hardman ,,house #dcc ,fifth ,avenue ,bet4 #chth #cith ,sts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kindly mention ,the ,menorah ,journal when writing to advertisers 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,steinway ,,steinway ,the purchase of a ,steinway for the home means the selection of the ideal piano1 tone and workmanship being of first importance4 ,it is the price of the ,steinway which makes possible its supreme musical qualities1 but you will find that the ,steinway costs only a trifle more than many so-called good pianos4 ,style ,v1 the new ,upright1 and ,style ,m1 the smallest ,steinway ,grand1 offer a special advantage in price4 ,they embody all the distinct ,steinway features1 but1 being of a reduced size to meet the requirements of the modern home or apartment1 are offered at very moderate prices4 ,we shall be glad to send you1 free1 illustrated literature1 with the name of the ,steinway dealer nearest you4 ,,steinway ,,sons1 ,,steinway ,,hall #ajg-aji ,east ,fourteenth ,street1 ,new ,york 99 99 99 99 99 ,kindly mention ,the ,menorah ,journal when writing to advertisers 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,page i1 #cba changed to #cbb in table of contents4 ,page i1 #cbd changed to #cbe in table of contents4 ,page vii1 contributon changed to contribution4 7a distinct contribution7 ,page #cai1 ,leon ,guerard changed to ,lon ,gurard 7,albert ,leon ,gurard7 ,page #ccc1 ,jan4 changed to ,apr4 under the reference for ,bacon1 ,benjamin ,w4 ,page #ccc1 ,jan4 changed to ,oct4 under the reference for ,arch of ,titus1 ,the3 ,frontispiece ,page #ccc1 #gj changed to #ef under the reference for ,intercollegiate ,menorah ,societies ,page #ccd1 ,maupaussant changed to ,maupassant 7,the ,jewish ,maupassant7 ,page #ccd1 the reference to page #ade under the ,menorah ,addresses by ,university ,authorities was deleted as the ,april edition has no page #ade and the ,june edition has no such section4 ,this was also deleted from ,university ,authorities1 ,menorah ,addresses by for the same reason4 ,this text uses both today and to-day4