,,! ,,h[-,,to-,,d-,,x ,,books ,,practical ,,me*anics ,,= ,,boys ,,! ,,h[-,,to-,,d-,,x ,,books ,,practical ,,me*anics ,,= ,,boys ,9 language :i* e boy c und]/& & s arrang$ t he may readily c>ry out any "w f ! in/ructions giv54 ,,) ,,_m ,,orig9al ,,illu/rations ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,z]be1 ,m4,e4 ,au?or ( ,,c>p5try ,,= ,,boys ,,electricity ,,= ,,boys ,m4 ,a4 ,,donohue ,,company ,,*icago 33 ,,new ,,york ,,copyright1 #aiad1 ,,by ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,book ,,company ,made 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,cont5ts ,,introductory ,page #a ,i4 ,,on ,,tools ,,g5]ally ,page #g ,v>i$ ,requirem5ts4 ,li/ ( ,tools4 ,swivel ,vises4 ,p>ts ( ,la!4 ,*isels4 ,gr9d+ ,app>atus4 ,l>ge ,ma*9es4 ,*ucks4 ,b5* ,tools4 ,select+ a ,la!4 ,comb9ation ,squ>e4 ,micromet]s4 ,protractors4 ,utiliz+ ,bevel ,protractors4 ,tru+ ,gr9d/ones4 ,sets ( ,tools4 ,! ,"w ,b5*4 ,! ,prop] ,dim5sions4 ,h[ ,arrang$4 ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr9d ,,& ,,%>p5 ,,tools ,page #bf ,importance ( ! ,cutt+ ,tool4 ,! ,gr9d]4 ,correct ,use ( ,gr9d]4 ,la! ,bitts4 ,r\gh+ ,tools4 ,! ,cle>ance4 ,! ,cutt+ ,angle4 ,drills4 ,wrong ,gr9d+4 ,*isels4 ,cold ,*isels4 ,sy/em 9 ,"w4 ,wrong ,use ( ,tools4 ,,iii4 ,,sett+ ,,& ,,hold+ ,,tools ,page #cd ,la! ,spe$4 ,! ,hack-saw4 ,hack-saw ,frame4 ,! ,blade4 ,files4 ,gr9d/ones4 ,em]y & ,gr9d+ ,:eels4 ,c>elessness 9 ,hold+ ,tools4 ,calip]s4 ,c>e 9 ,use ( ,calip]s4 ,ma*9e ,bitts4 ,! ,prop] ,angle = ,la! ,tools4 ,sett+ ! ,bitt4 ,! ,sett+ ,angle4 ,bad ,practice4 ,prop] ,la! ,spe$s4 ,bor+ ,tools on ,la!4 ,! ,rake ( ! ,drill4 ,laps4 ,us+ ! ,lap4 ,surface ,gages4 ,uses ( ! ,surface ,gage4 ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,fir/ ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,file ,page #dh ,! ,fir/ ,te/4 ,fil+ an ,irregul> ,block4 ,fil+ a ,b> ,/raight4 ,fil+ ,b> ) ,p>allel ,sides4 ,surfac+ ,(f ,disks4 ,true ,surfac+4 ,precision ,tools4 ,te/ ( ! ,me*anic4 ,te/ ,sugge/ions4 ,use ( ! ,divid]s4 ,cutt+ a ,key-way4 ,key-way ,difficulties4 ,fil+ ,metal ,r\nd4 ,k9ds ( ,files4 ,cott]-file4 ,squ>e4 ,p9ion4 ,half-r\nd4 ,r\nd4 ,triangul>4 ,equaliz+4 ,cross4 ,slitt+4 ,"* ( ,file ,too?4 ,d\ble ,cut4 ,float-cut4 ,rasp ,cut4 ,hold+ ! ,file4 ,injur+ ,files4 ,draw+ ,back ! ,file4 ,v4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,comm5ce ,,"w ,page #fa ,famili>ity ) ,tools4 ,file ,practice4 ,us+ ! ,divid]s4 ,f9d+ ,c5t]s4 ,hack-saw ,practice4 ,cutt+ ,metal ,true4 ,la! ,"w4 ,fir/ ,/eps4 ,sett+ ! ,tool4 ,metals ,us$4 ,! ,f\r ,important ,?+s4 ,turn+ ,up a ,cyl9d]4 ,turn+ ,grooves4 ,disks4 ,la! ,spe$s4 ,,vi4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,devices ,page #fh ,belt ,lac+4 ,ge>s4 ,cr[n ,:eel4 ,groov$ ,friction ,ge>+4 ,a ,valve :i* ,closes by ! ,wat] ,pressure4 ,cone ,pulleys4 ,univ]sal ,jo9t4 ,trammel = ,mak+ ,ellipses4 ,escapem5ts4 ,simple ,device to ,prev5t a ,:eel or ,%aft f ,turn+ ,back4 ,racks & ,p9ions4 ,mutilat$ ,ge>s4 ,simple ,%aft ,c\pl+4 ,clut*es4 ,ball & ,socket ,jo9ts4 ,tripp+ ,devices4 ,an*or ,bolt4 ,lazy ,tongs4 ,disk ,%e>s4 ,wabble ,saw4 ,crank ,motion by a ,slott$ ,yoke4 ,cont9u\s ,fe$ by ,motion ( a ,lev]4 ,crank ,motion4 ,rat*et ,head4 ,b5* ,clamp4 ,helico-volute ,spr+4 ,d\ble helico-volute4 ,helical ,spr+4 ,s+le ,volute ,helix ,spr+4 ,flat ,spiral1 or ,convolute4 ,ecc5tric ,rod & ,/rap4 ,anti-dead ,c5t] = ,la!4 ,,vii4 ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,mat]ials ,page #gi ,ela/icity4 ,traction4 ,torsion4 ,flexure4 ,t5acity4 ,! ,mo/ ,t5aci\s ,metal4 ,ductility4 ,malleability4 ,h>dness4 ,alloys4 ,resi/ance4 ,p]si/5ce4 ,conductivity4 ,equalization4 ,reciprocity4 ,molecul> ,=ces4 ,attraction4 ,cohesion4 ,adhesion4 ,aff9ity4 ,porosity4 ,compressibility4 ,ela/icity4 ,in]tia4 ,mom5tum4 ,weight4 ,c5tripetal ,=ce4 ,c5trifugal ,=ce4 ,capill>y ,attraction4 ,! ,sap ( ,trees4 ,s\nd4 ,ac\/ics4 ,s\nd ,m$iums4 ,vibration4 ,velocity ( ,s\nd4 ,s\nd ,reflections4 ,resonance4 ,e*os4 ,speak+ ,trumpet4 ,! ,/e?oscope4 ,! ,vitascope4 ,! ,phonautograph4 ,! ,phonograph4 ,light4 ,! ,corpuscul> ,!ory4 ,undulatory ,!ory4 ,lum9\s ,bodies4 ,velocity ( ,light4 ,reflection4 ,refraction4 ,colors4 ,! ,spectroscope4 ,! ,ra9b[4 ,heat4 ,expansion4 ,,viii4 ,,h[ ,,draught+ ,,becomes ,a ,,valuable ,,aid ,page #ie ,l9es 9 ,draw+4 ,%ad+4 ,direction ( ,%ade4 ,p]spectives4 ,! ,mo/ ,pron\nc$ ,l9es4 ,direction ( ,light4 ,scale ,draw+s4 ,degree1 & ,:at x ,means4 ,memoriz+ ,angles4 ,section ,l9+4 ,mak+ ,ellipses & ,irregul> ,curves4 ,focal ,po9ts4 ,isometric & ,p]spective4 ,! ,protractor4 ,sugge/ions 9 ,draw+4 ,hold+ ! ,p54 ,inks4 ,trac+ ,clo?4 ,detail ,pap]4 ,h[ to ,proce$4 ,indicat+ ,mat]ial by ,section ,l9es4 ,,ix4 ,,treatm5t ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,metals ,page #aab ,anneal+4 ,t\ghness & ,ela/icity4 ,! ,process4 ,temp]+4 ,temp]+ ,contra/$ ) ,anneal+4 ,mat]ials ,us$4 ,gradual ,temp]+4 ,flux+4 ,unit+ ,metals4 ,alloy+ ,me?od4 ,weld+4 ,sweat+4 ,weld+ ,comp\nds4 ,oxidation4 ,sold]+4 ,s(t ,sold]4 ,h>d ,sold]4 ,spelt]4 ,sold]+ ,acid4 ,! ,sold]+ ,iron4 ,x4 ,,on ,,ge>+1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,ord]$ ,page #aba ,spur & ,p9ion4 ,measur+ a ,ge>4 ,pit*4 ,diametral ,pit*4 ,circul> ,pit*4 ,h[ to ,ord] a ,ge>4 ,bevel & ,mit] ,ge>s4 ,draw+ ,ge>s4 ,sprocket ,:eels4 ,,xi4 ,,me*anical ,,p[] ,page #abh ,! ,lev]4 ,wrong ,inf]5ces f ,use ( ,lev]4 ,! ,lev] ,pr9ciple4 ,p[]s vs4 ,di/ance ,travel$4 ,p[] vs4 ,loss ( ,"t4 ,wrongly-,direct$ ,en]gy4 ,! ,lev] & ! ,pulley4 ,s\rces ( ,p[]4 ,wat] ,p[]4 ,calculat+ ,fuel ,en]gy4 ,! ,pressure or ,head4 ,fuels4 ,p[] f ,w9ds4 ,spe$ ( ,w9d & ,pressure4 ,v>y+ ,degrees ( ,pressure4 ,p[] f ,waves & ,tides4 ,a ,pr(itable ,field4 ,,xii4 ,,on ,,measures ,page #aci ,horse ,p[]4 ,foot ,p\nds4 ,en]gy4 ,h[ to ,f9d ,out ! ,p[] ,develop$4 ,! ,te/4 ,calculations4 ,! ,foot ,measure4 ,weight4 ,! ,gallon4 ,! ,metric ,sy/em4 ,basis ( ,measurem5t4 ,metrical ,table1 ,%[+ ,measurem5ts 9 ,feet & ,in*es4 ,,xiii4 ,,useful ,,in=mation ,,= ,,! ,,work%op ,page #adh ,f9d+ ! ,circumf]5ce ( a ,circle4 ,diamet] ( a ,circle4 ,area ( a ,circle4 ,area ( a ,triangle4 ,surface ( a ,ball4 ,solidity ( a ,sph]e4 ,cont5ts ( a ,cone4 ,capacity ( a ,pipe4 ,capacity ( ,tanks4 ,to ,t\gh5 ,alum9um4 ,amalgams4 ,prev5t ,boil] ,scal+4 ,diamond ,te/4 ,mak+ ,glue ,insoluble 9 ,wat]4 ,tak+ ,glaze ,out ( ,gr9d/one4 ,to ,f9d ,spe$s ( ,pulleys4 ,to ,f9d ! ,diamet]s ,requir$4 ,to ,prev5t ,belts f ,slipp+4 ,remov+ ,boil] ,scale4 ,gold ,bronze4 ,clean+ ,ru/$ ,ut5sils4 ,to ,prev5t ,pla/] ( ,p>is f ,sett+ ,quickly4 ,! ,measurem5t ( ,liquids ) ,spoons4 ,,xiv4 ,,simplicity ,,( ,,great ,,inv5tions ,,& ,,( ,,nature',s ,,manife/ation ,page #aeb ,inv5tion ,prec$es ,sci5ce4 ,simplicity 9 ,inv5tions4 ,! ,telegraph4 ,telephone4 ,transmitt]4 ,phonograph4 ,wireless ,telegraphy4 ,pr9t+ ,telegraph4 ,electric ,motor4 ,explosions4 ,vibrations 9 ,nature4 ,qualities ( ,s\nd4 ,! ,photograph]'s ,plate4 ,quadruplex ,telegraphy4 ,electric ,h>mony4 ,odors4 ,odophone4 ,a ,b\quet ( ,vibrations4 ,ta/e4 ,color4 ,,xv4 ,,work%op ,,recipes ,,& ,,=mulas ,page #afj ,adhesives = ,v>i\s ,uses4 ,belt ,glue4 ,cem5ts4 ,transp>5t ,cem5t4 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,gum4 ,to ,make ,diff]5t ,alloys4 ,bell-metal4 ,brass4 ,bronzes4 ,boil] ,comp\nds4 ,celluloid4 ,clay ,mixture = ,=ges4 ,model+ ,clay4 ,fluids = ,clean+ ,clo!s1 ,furniture1 etc4 ,dis9fectants4 ,deodorants4 ,em]y = ,lapp+ ,purposes4 ,explosives4 ,fulm9ates4 ,files1 & ,h[ to ,keep ,clean4 ,r5ew+ ,files4 ,fire-pro( ,mat]ials or ,sub/ances4 ,floor ,dress+s4 ,/a9s4 ,foot ,p[d]s4 ,fro/ ,bites4 ,glass4 ,to ,fro/4 ,h[ to ,di/+ui%4 ,iron & ,/eel4 ,to ,s(t5 ,ca/+s4 ,lacqu]s4 ,= ,alum9um & ,brass4 ,copp]4 ,lubricants4 ,pap]4 ,photography4 ,pla/]s4 ,plat+1 ,color+ ,metals4 ,poli%es4 ,putty4 ,ru/ ,prev5tives4 ,sold]s4 ,sold]+ ,fluxes4 ,/eel ,temp]+4 ,v>ni%es4 ,seal+ ,wax4 ,,xvi4 ,,h&y ,,tables ,page #agh ,table ( ,weights = ,r\nd & ,squ>e ,/eel4 ,table ( ,weight ( ,flat ,/eel ,b>s4 ,avoirdupois ,weight4 ,troy ,weight4 ,apo!c>ies' ,weight4 ,l9e> ,measure4 ,long ,measure4 ,squ>e ,measure4 ,solid or ,cubic ,measure4 ,dry ,measure4 ,liquid ,measure4 ,pap] ,measure4 ,table ( ,temp]atures4 ,/r5g? ( ,v>i\s ,metals4 ,freez+ ,mixtures4 ,ignition ,temp]atures4 ,p[] & ,heat ,equival5ts4 ,,xvii4 ,,inv5tions ,,& ,,pat5ts1 ,,& ,,in=mation ,,ab\t ,,! ,,rights ,,& ,,duties ,,( ,,inv5tors ,,& ,,workm51 ,page #ahh ,! ,ma*9i/'s ,opportunities4 ,:at is an ,inv5tor8 ,idea ,n ,inv5tion4 ,:at an ,inv5tion ,mu/ ,h4 ,obligation ( ! ,model ,build]4 ,pay+ = ,develop+ ,devices4 ,"t = ,fil+ an ,application4 ,sell+ an ,unpat5t$ ,inv5tion4 ,jo9t ,inv5tors4 ,jo9t ,own]s ,n ,p>tn]s4 ,p>tn]%ips 9 ,pat5ts4 ,=m ( ,protection ,issu$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,life ( a ,pat5t4 ,int]f]5ce ,proce$+s4 ,concurr5t ,applications4 ,grant+ ,int]f]5ce4 ,/eps 9 ,int]f]5ce4 ,fir/ ,sket*es4 ,fir/ ,model4 ,fir/ ,op]ative ,ma*9e4 ,prelim9>y ,/atem5ts4 ,prov+ ,inv5tion4 ,:at ,pat5ts ,are ,issu$ ,=4 ,own]'s ,rights4 ,divid$ & ,undivid$ ,pat5ts4 ,assignm5ts4 ,h[ ,made4 ,:at an ,inv5tion ,mu/ ,h4 ,basis = ,grant+ ,pat5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,reasons = ,grant+ ,abroad4 ,orig9al ,grants ( ,pat5ts4 ,int]national ,agreem5t4 ,application = ,pat5ts4 ,c\rse ( ,proc$ure4 ,co/s4 ,fil+ a ,matt] ( ,secrecy4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,b5* vise #h #b4 ,pipe grip = vise #i #c4 ,swivel vise #aj #d4 ,spe$ la! #aa #e4 ,calip]s #ab #f4 ,eng9e la! #ac #g4 ,c5t] gage #ad #h4 ,pocket screw & wire gage #ae #i4 ,h&y b5* vise #af #aj4 ,comb9ation squ>e #ag #aa4 ,uses ( ! comb9ation squ>e #ah #ab4 ,a quick adju/+ micromet] #ai #ac4 ,univ]sal bevel protractor #bj #ad4 ,uses ( univ]sal bevel protractor #ba #ae4 ,gr9d/one tru+ device #bb #af4 ,set ( tools & case #bc #ag4 ,! "w b5* #bd #ah4 ,hook tool #bh #ai4 ,p>t+ tool #bh #bj4 ,knife tool #bh #ba4 ,"r-h& side tool #bh #bb4 ,int]nal tool #bh #bc4 ,left-h& side tool #bh #bd4 ,tool = wr\ght iron #bi #be4 ,tool = ca/ iron #bi #bf4 ,end view ( drill #ca #bg4 ,side view ( drill #ca #bh4 ,hack-saw frame #ce #bi4 ,hack-saw blade #ce #cj4 ,pla9 hook tool #ch #ca4 ,pla9 /raight tool #ch #cb4 ,prop] angles = tools #ci #cc4 ,angles = tools #ci #cd4 ,angles = tools #ci #ce4 ,set ( ! bitt #dj #cf4 ,correct angle #da #cg4 ,wrong angle #da #ch4 ,too l[ #db #ci4 ,improp] set #db #dj4 ,int]nal set #dc #da4 ,set = brass #dc #db4 ,surface gage #dd #dc4 ,uses ( surface gage #df #dd4 ,r\nd$ surface #di #de4 ,w9d+ surface #di #df4 ,hexagon nut #ea #dg4 ,lay+ (f hexagon nut #ea #dh4 ,cutt+ key-way #eb #di4 ,key-seat rule #ed #ej4 ,fil+ metal r\nd #ed #ea4 ,fil+ metal r\nd #ed #eb4 ,mak+ a r\nd be>+ #ee #ec4 ,mak+ a r\nd be>+ #ee #ed4 ,cross section ( file #ef #ee4 ,files #eh #ef4 ,correct file movem5t #ei #eg4 ,incorrect file movem5t #fj #eh4 ,belt lac+ #fi #ei4 ,belt lac+ #fi #fj4 ,belt lac+ #fi #fa4 ,belt lac+ #fi #fb4 ,bevel ge>s #ga #fc4 ,mit] ge>s #ga #fd4 ,cr[n :eel #ga #fe4 ,groov$ friction ge>s #ga #ff4 ,valve #ga #fg4 ,cone pulleys #ga #fh4 ,univ]sal jo9t #ga #fi4 ,trammel #gc #gj4 ,escapem5t #gc #ga4 ,device = hold+ :eel #gc #gb4 ,rack & p9ion #gc #gc4 ,mutilat$ ge>s #gc #gd4 ,%aft c\pl+ #gc #ge4 ,clut*es #ge #gf4 ,ball & socket jo9ts #ge #gg4 ,fa/5+ ball #ge #gh4 ,tripp+ devices #ge #gi4 ,an*or bolt #ge #hj4 ,lazy tongs #ge #ha4 ,disc %e>s #ge #hb4 ,wabble saw #gf #hc4 ,cont9u\s crank motion #gf #hd4 ,cont9ues fe$ #gf #he4 ,crank motion #gf #hf4 ,rat*et head #gf #hg4 ,b5* clamp #gf #hh4 ,helico-volute spr+ #gg #hi4 ,d\ble helico-volute #gg #ij4 ,helical spr+ #gg #ia4 ,s+le volute-helix #gg #ib4 ,flat spiral or convolute #gg #ic4 ,ecc5tric rod or /rap #gg #id4 ,anti dead-c5t]s = la!s #gg #ie4 ,pla9 circle #ie #if4 ,r+ #if #ig4 ,rais$ surface #if #ih4 ,sph]e #if #ii4 ,depress$ surface #if #ajj4 ,concave #ig #aja4 ,=ms ( cubical outl9es #ih #ajb4 ,=ms ( cubical outl9es #ih #ajc4 ,=ms ( cubical outl9es #ih #ajd4 ,=ms ( cubical outl9es #ih #aje4 ,%ad+ edges #ii #ajf4 ,%ad+ edges #ii #ajg4 ,illu/rat+ heavy l9es #ajj #ajh4 ,illu/rat+ heavy l9es #ajj #aji4 ,l9es on pla9 surfaces #aja #aaj4 ,l9es on pla9 surfaces #aja #aaa4 ,illu/rat+ degrees #ajb #aab4 ,section l9+ #ajc #aac4 ,draw+ an ellipse #ajd #aad4 ,p]spective at angles #ajf #aae4 ,p]spective ( cube #ajg #aaf4 ,p]spective ( cube #ajg #aag4 ,p]spective ( cube #ajg #aah4 ,protractor #ajh #aai4 ,us+ ! protractor #aji #abj4 ,section-l9+ metals #aaj #aba4 ,spur ge>s #abb #abb4 ,mit] ge> pit* #abc #abc4 ,bevel ge>s #abd #abd4 ,lay+ ( mit] ge>s #abe #abe4 ,sprocket :eel #abh #abf4 ,simple lev] #abi #abg4 ,lev] action #acj #abh4 ,! pulley #acb #abi4 ,*ange ( direction #acc #acj4 ,*ange ( direction #acc #aca4 ,/eam pressure #ace #acb4 ,wat] pressure #ace #acc4 ,prony brake #ada #acd4 ,spe$ indicator #adb ,,practical ,,me*anics ,,= ,,boys ,,introductory ,! ,am]ican me?od ( tea*+ ! me*anical arts has "s disadvantages1 z comp>$ ) ! appr5tice sy/em foll[$ 9 ,engl&1 & v l>gely on ! cont95t4 ,x is too (t5 ! case t "h a boy or a "y man beg9s "w 9 a ma*9e %op1 n = ! av[$ purpose ( le>n+ ! trade1 b simply z a help]1 ) no o!r object 9 view ?an to get 8 weekly wages4 ,abroad1 ! plan is "o :i*1 = v>i\s reasons1 c\ld n be tol]at$ "h4 ,!re he is b\nd = a c]ta9 t]m ( ye>s1 & ) ! prime object ( tea*+ him to become an artisan4 ,m (t5 ?an o!rwise he pays = ?is privilege1 & he kn[s x is incumb5t on him to make good "r f ! />t4 ,he labors "u ! disadvantage1 h[ev]1 t he has a c]ta9 t5ure1 & 9 t c\rse he is n pu%$ =w>d f "o /ep to ! next on acc\nt ( any m]it ( 8 own4 ,8 advancem5t is fix$ by ! "t he has put 9 at ea* "p ( ! "w1 & ?us no note is tak5 ( 8 individuality4 ,"h ! boy rises /ep aft] /ep by virtue ( 8 own qualifications1 & we recognize t "o boy has ! capacity to le>n fa/] ?an ano!r4 ,if he c le>n 9 "o ye> :at x requires ?ree 9 ano!r to acquire1 9 ord] to d x z p]fectly1 x is an injury to ! apt workman to be held back & det]r$ f mak+ 8 way upw>dly4 ,x may be urg$ t ! appr5tice sy/em in/ills ?or\ghness4 ,?is may be true2 b x also does ano!r ?+3 ,x makes ! man a m]e ma*9e4 ,! true workman is a ?9k]4 ,he is ev] on ! al]t to f9d easi]1 quick] & m effici5t means = do+ c]ta9 "w4 ,:at is call$ ,effici5cy 9 labor me?ods1 c nev] obta9 9 an appr5tice%ip sy/em = ?is reason4 ,9 a c]ta9 op]ation1 :]e twelve motions are requir$ to d a c]ta9 ?+1 & a m9ute to p]=m ! twelve op]ations1 a simplifi$ way1 necessitat+ only eight motions1 means a diff]5ce 9 sav+ "o-?ird ( ! "t4 ,! n9ete5 hundr$ few] p>ticul> movem5ts 9 a day's "w1 be+ a less /ra9 on ! op]ator1 bo? physically & m5tally1 to say no?+ :atev] ( ! advantages :i* ! proprietor ( ! %op w\ld ga94 ,i make ?is a lead+ text 9 ! pres5tation ( ?is book2 namely1 t individual m]it & /imulus is some?+ ( su* extreme importance t x %\ld be made ! keynote = e boy :o tries to become a me*anic4 ,! ma*9i/ easily occupies a lead+ place 9 ! multitude ( trades & occupations4 ,!re is h>dly an article ( use b comes to ! m>ket ?r\gh 8 h&s4 ,8 labor is mo/ div]se1 & 9 8 employm5t do+ ma*9e "w he is call$ ^u to d ?+s :i* v>y widely 9 _! "*4 ,^! require special k1 p>ticul> tools1 & m frequ5tly ?an o!rwise1 a high ord] ( inv5tive ability to enable him to accompli% ! task4 ,! boy %\ld be taught1 at ! outset1 t c]ta9 ?+s mu/ be le>n$ ?or\ghly1 & t habits 9 a ma*9e %op c be bad z well z good4 ,:5 he once becomes accu/om$ to putt+ a tool back 9 its rightful place ! mom5t he is ?r\gh ) x1 he has tak5 a long /ep t[>d effici5cy4 ,:5 he grasps a tool & pres5ts x to ! "w )\t turn+ x ov] sev]al times1 or has acquir$ ! knack ( pick+ up ! "r tool at ! prop] place1 he is mak+ /rides 9 ! direction ( becom+ a rapid & skill$ workman4 ,^!1 & _m o!r ?+s ( l import1 w require our att5tion ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s *apt]s4 ,x is n ! int5tion ( ! book to make e boy :o reads & /udies x1 a ma*9i/2 nor h we any desire to pres5t a lot ( useful articles z samples ( :at to make4 ,! object is to %[ ! boy :at are ! requirem5ts necess>y to make him a ma*9i/2 h[ to hold1 h&le1 %>p5 & gr9d ! v>i\s tools2 ! prop] ones to use = ea* p>ticul> "* ( "w2 h[ ! v>i\s ma*9es are h&l$ & c>$ =2 ! be/ mat]ials to use2 & sugge/ ! num]\s ?+s :i* c be done 9 a %op :i* w pave ! way = mak+ 8 "w pleasant z well z pr(itable4 ,x also analyzes ! mann] 9 :i* ! job is laid out2 h[ to set ! tools to get ! mo/ effective "w2 & expla9s :at is meant by mak+ a f9i%$ piece ( workman%ip4 ,^! ?+s1 prop]ly acquir$1 ea* mu/ det]m9e 9 8 own m9d :e!r he is adapt$ to foll[ up ! "w4 ,ov] & above all1 we %all try to give ! boy "s /imulus = 8 "w4 ,unless he takes an int]e/ 9 :at he is do+1 he w nev] become an artisan 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,g ?r\gh ! book1 & see :e!r1 "h & !re1 y d n get "s glimpses ( :at x means to take a pleasure 9 do+ ea* p>ticul> ?+1 & y w f9d 9 e in/ance t x is a satisfaction because y h le>n$ to p]=m x ) ease4 ,i d n "k ( any?+ :i* has done z mu* to advance ! arts & manufactures1 dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 z ! univ]sal desire to improve ! =m1 %ape & /ructure ( tools2 & ! ef=t to inv5t new ones4 ,?is f9ds its reflection ev]y:]e 9 ! production ( new & improv$ products4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> ,i h be5 l$ to =mulate a homely s5t5ce :i* expresses ! idea3 ,inv5tion consi/s 9 do+ an old ?+ a new way2 or a new ?+ any way4 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,on ,,tools ,,g5]ally ,judg+ f ! favorable comm5ts ( educators1 on ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! subject matt] 9 ! "w on ,c>p5try = ,boys1 ,i am dispos$ to foll[ t plan 9 ?is book 9 s f> z x p]ta9s to tools4 ,9 ?is field1 z 9 ,c>p5try1 ,i d n f9d any guide :i* is adapt$ to tea* ! boy ! fundam5tals ( me*anics4 ,writ]s usually ov]look ! fact1 t z ! boy kn[s no?+ :atev] ab\t ! subject1 he c\ld n be expect$ to "k any?+ ab\t tools4 ,to describe !m gives a />t 9 ! education1 b x is f> %ort ( :at is necess>y = "o 9 8 condition4 ,if he is told t ! *isel or bit = a la! has a diamond po9t1 or is r\nd-nos$1 & mu/ be gr\nd at a c]ta9 angle1 he naturally wants to "k1 z all boys d1 :y x %\ld be at t angle4 ,s 9 ! sett+ ( ! tools ) relation to ! "w1 ! hold+ & manipulation ( ! file1 ( ! drill = accurate bor+1 toge!r ) num]\s little ?+s1 are all tak5 = grant$1 & ! boy blund]s along ) ! ultimate object 9 sight1 )\t hav+ ! pa?way cle>$ s he may readily rea* ! goal4 ,,v>i$ ,,requirem5ts4--,! ma*9i/'s trade is "o :i* requires ! mo/ v>i$ tools ( all occupations1 & !y are by all odds ! mo/ exp5sive to be f\nd 9 ! entire li/ ( vocations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,b5* ,vise4 ,?is arises f ! fact t he mu/ "w ) ! mo/ /ubborn ( all mat]ials4 ,he f9ds resi/ance at e /ep 9 br++ =? a product4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,tools4--,) a view ( famili>iz+ ! boy ) ?is great v>iety ! foll[+ li/ is compil$1 f :i* we %all select ! ones ess5tial 9 ! initial equipm5t ( a small %op4 ,,vises4--,"o small1 good vise is inf9itely pref]able to two bad ones4 ,= ord9>y "w a #c-;in* jaw is pref]able1 & x %\ld be firmly m\nt$ on ! b5*4 ,s _m k9ds are n[ made t x w\ld be a co/ly ?+ to pur*ase "o = ea* special use1 !re=e ! boy w f9d x pr(itable to make "s atta*m5ts = ! ord9>y vise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,pipe ,grip = ,vise4 ,,swivel ,,vises4--,a swivel vise is always a good tool1 ! co/ be+ n excessive ov] ! ord9>y k9d4 ,!n a pair ( grips = hold+ pipe1 or r\nd mat]ial :i* is to be ?read$1 c readily be made4 ,! draw+ 7,fig4 #b7 %[s a s]viceable pair ( grips1 made to fit ! jaws ( a vise1 & w be acceptable 9 mu* ( ! "w4 ,!n1 ! vise %\ld be provid$ ) copp] caps = ! jaws to be us$ :5 mak+ up articles :i* w\ld o!rwise be injur$ by ! jaws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,swivel ,vise4 ,let u get a compreh5sive view ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( tools necess>y 9 a fully equipp$ %op4 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,la!4--,! fir/ ?+ ( importance is ! la!1 & ( ^! !re is q a v>iety1 & among ! accompanim5ts are ! slide re/1 m&rel1 back ge>1 division plate1 angle plate1 cone plate & v>i\s *ucks4 ,!re mu/ also be *ange :eels1 /uds & quadrant plates1 self-act+ fe$ = surfac+ & cross slide1 & clamp+ nuts4 ,drill+ ma*9es1 bo? h& & p[]1 h& & rat*et braces & brea/-drill /ocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d--,spe$ ,la!4 ,,*isels4--,*isels ( v>i\s k9ds1 = *ipp+ & cross-cutt+2 r\nd-nos$1 c5t]+1 set pun*es1 tommies & drifts4 ,back1 tee & c5t]+ squ>e2 bevels1 _s level1 inside & outside calip]s1 /raight edges1 rules & surface plates4 ,gages = bor+1 scrib+ blocks1 /eel & brass scribes1 /ocks & dies1 screw-plates1 taps = bolts1 ream]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,calip]s ,files = v>i\s descriptions1 c\nt]s9ks1 frame & hack saws4 ,,gr9d+ ,,app>atus4--,em]y :eel1 clo? & pap]1 pap]1 fl\r em]y1 poli%+ p[d]s1 laps & buffs1 & poli%+ /icks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,eng9e ,la!4 ,a4 ,la! ,b$ ,b4 ,rack ,ge> ,c4 ,live ,c5t] ,d4 ,dead ,c5t] ,e4 ,dead ,sp9dle ,f4 ,face ,plate ,g4 ,fe$ ,screw ,h4 ,tra9 ( ,ge>s ,i4 ,head ,/ock ,j4 ,m&rel ,k4 ,cone ,pulley ,l4 ,angle ,plate = ,tool ,hold] ,m4 ,tool ,po/ ,n4 ,tail ,/ock ,o4 ,:eel = ,slide ,re/ ,me*anism ,p4 ,lock+ ,lev] = ,tail ,/ock4 ,=ge1 anvils1 tongs1 swages1 pun*es1 bolt tools1 hot & cold *isels1 bl[-pipe1 sold]+ iron1 h>d & s(t sold]s1 borax1 spirits ( salts1 oil1 res9 & spelt]4 ,to ?is may be add$ an endless v>iety ( small b5* tools1 micromet]s1 protractors1 arbors1 collets1 box tools & scrap]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,c5t] ,gage4 ,,l>ge ,,ma*9es4--,! li/ w\ld n be complete )\t ! plan]1 %ap] & mill+ ma*9e1 ) _! v>iety ( *ucks1 clamps & o!r atta*m5ts1 too num]\s to m5tion4 ,! =ego+ %[ :at a wond]ful v>iety ( articles are f\nd 9 a well-equipp$ %op1 all ( :i* c be conv5i5tly us$2 b to ! boy :o has only a small am\nt ( money1 a workable set is indicat$ z foll[s3 ,a small la!1 ) an #h-;in* sw+1 c be obta9$ at a l[ co/1 provid$ ) a c\nt]%aft complete4 ,,*ucks4--,) ?is %\ld g a small *uck1 & a face-plate = l>ge "w1 unless a l>ge *uck c also be acquir$4 ,?is1 ) a doz5 tools ( v>i\s sizes1 & also small bits = drill+ purposes4 ,! la! w answ] all purposes = drill+1 b small drill+ ma*9es are n[ furni%$ at v l[ figures1 & su* a ma*9e w take (f a great deal ( duty f ! la!4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,pocket ,screw & ,wire ,gage4 ,z ! la! is ( prime importance1 nev] use x = drill+1 if y h a drill]1 z x always has en\gh "w to d = tun+ up "w4 ,,b5* ,,tools4--,( b5* tools1 a #c-;in* vise1 v>i\s files1 c5t] pun*1 two hamm]s1 r\nd & ,a-%ap$ peons1 hack saw1 compasses1 inside & outside calip]s1 screw driv]1 cold *isels1 metal squ>e1 level1 /raight edge1 bevel squ>e1 ream]s1 small em]y :eel & an oil /one1 make a fairly good outfit to />t )1 & ^! c be add$ to f "t to "t4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! ma*9e %op c5t]s ab\t ! la!4 ,x is ! k+ ( all tools4 ,! %ap] & plan] may be mo/ effici5t = surfac+1 & ! mill+ ma*9e = mak+ grooves & ge>s1 or = g5]al cutt+ purposes1 b ! la! possesses a range ( "w n possible ) ei!r ( ! o!r tools1 & = t reason %\ld be select$ ) great c>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,h&y ,b5* ,vise4 ,,select+ ,a ,,la!4--,! important ?+s ab\t a la! are ! sp9dle be>+s & ! ways = ! tool-hold]4 ,! lea/ play 9 ei!r w ru9 any "w4 ,e o!r "p may be defective1 b ) solidly built be>+-po/s & be>+s1 y\r la! w be effective4 ,= ?is reason x w n pay to get a *eap tool4 ,bett] get a small1 #f-;in* approv$ tool ( ?is k9d1 ?an a l>g] *eap article4 ,x may pay ) o!r tools1 b ) a la! nev]4 ,nev] d gr9d+ on a la!4 ,! f9e em]y1 or gr9d+ mat]ial1 is sure to rea* ! be>+s2 x matt]s n :at c>e is ex]cis$4 ,!re is only "o rem$y = ?is--ov]haul+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,comb9ation ,squ>e4 ,,comb9ation ,,squ>e4--,a tool ( ?is k9d is mo/ ess5tial1 h[ev] small4 ,x c be us$ z a try-squ>e1 & has ?is advantage1 t ! head c be made to slide along ! rule & be clamp$ at any po9t4 ,x has a bevel+ & a level+ device1 z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,uses ( ! ,comb9ation ,squ>e4 ,! comb9ation squ>e provides a means = do+ a great v>iety ( "w1 z x comb9es ! qualities ( a rule1 squ>e1 mit]1 dep? gage1 height gage1 level & c5t] head4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,a ,quick ,adju/+ ,micromet]4 ,! full page illu/ration 7,fig4 #aa7 %[s "s ( ! uses & ! p>ticul> mann] ( hold+ ! tool4 ,,micromet]s4--,tools ( ?is description are made :i* w accurately measure "w 9 dim5sions ( t5-?\s&?s ( an in* up to an in*4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #ab7 %[s an approv$ tool1 & ?is is s con/ruct$ t x c in/antly be *ang$ & set by m]ely press+ ! end ( ! plung] z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,a ,univ]sal ,bevel ,protractor4 ,,protractors4--,z all angles are n obta9able by ! squ>e or bevel1 a protractor is a mo/ desirable addition to ! /ock ( tools4 ,z "o side ( ! tool is flat x is conv5i5t = lay+ on ! pap] :5 draft+1 z well z = use on ! "w4 ,! protractor has a graduat$ disk1 & is adju/able s x c be dispos$ at any angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,univ]sal ,bevel ,protractor1 %[+ its uses4 ,all special tools ( ?is k9d are s]viceable1 & ! boy %\ld und]/& _! uses1 ev5 ?\gh he is n able = ! "t be+ to acquire !m4 ,to le>n h[ !y are appli$ 9 daily use is an education 9 itself4 ,,utiliz+ ,,bevel ,,protractor4--,exam9e ! full-page illu/ration 7,fig4 #ad71 & see h[ ! bevel protractor is utiliz$ to measure ! angles ( "w1 :e!r x is tap]+ heads or diff]5t k9ds ( nuts1 or end & side surfac+1 & x w tea* an important lesson4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,gr9d/one ,tru+ ,device4 ,,tru+ ,,gr9d/ones4--,devices = tru+ up gr9d/ones are n[ made1 & ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #ae7 %[s a v effici5t ma*9e = ?is purpose4 ,x c be appli$ in/antly to ! face ( ! /one1 & x works automatically1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! use ( ! /one4 ,x is frequ5tly ! case t an em]y :eel w become glaz$1 due to its extreme h>dness4 ,?is is also caus$1 sometimes1 by runn+ x at too high a spe$4 ,if ! glaz+ cont9ues aft] ! spe$ is r$uc$1 x %\ld be gr\nd d[n an eigh? ( an in* or s4 ,?is w1 usually1 rem$y ! defect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,set ( ,tools & ,case4 ,,sets ,,( ,,tools4--,a *eap & conv5i5t set ( precision tools is %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 :i* is kept 9 a neat fold+ lea!r case4 ,! set consi/s ( a #f-;in* comb9ation squ>e1 complete c5t] pun*1 #f-;in* flexible /eel rule c5t] gage1 #d-;in* calip]s1 #d-;in* outside calip] ) solid nut1 #d-;in* inside calip] ) solid nut1 & a #d-;in* divid] ) a solid nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! ,"w ,b5*4 ,,! ,,"w ,,b5*4--,?is is ! me*anic's =t4 ,8 capacity = "w w dep5d on its arrangem5t4 ,to ! boy ?is is p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 & = 8 uses x %\ld be made full ?ree in*es l[] ?an ! /&>d height4 ,a good plan to judge ( ! prop] height is to measure f ! jaws ( ! vise4 ,! top ( ! jaw %\ld be on a level ) ! elb[s4 ,grasp a file ) bo? h&s1 & hold x z ?\gh 9 ! act ( fil+ across ! "w2 !n measure up f ! floor to ! elb[s1 :5 !y are held 9 t position4 ,,! ,,prop] ,,dim5sions4--,?is plan w give y a sure means ( select+ a height t is be/ adapt$ = y\r "w4 ,! regulation b5* is ab\t #ch in*es high1 & assum+ t ! vise projects up ab\t #d in*es m1 w\ld br+ ! top ( ! jaws ab\t #db to #dd in*es f ! floor4 ,x is safe to fix ! height ( ! b5* at n less ?an #cd in*es4 ,?is %\ld h a draw]1 pref]ably ne> ! "r-h& end ( ! b5*4 ,! vise %\ld be at ! left side1 & ! b5* 9 y\r front %\ld be free ( any fix$ tools4 ,,h[ ,,arrang$4--,h a rack above ! b5* at ! re>1 = ! v>i\s tools :5 n 9 use1 & ! re> bo>d ( ! b5* %\ld be elevat$ above ! front planks sev]al in*es1 on :i* ! v>i\s tools c be put1 o!r ?an ^? :i* are susp5d$ on ! rack above4 ,! advantage ( ?is is1 t a b5* w accumulate a quantity ( mat]ial t ! tools c hide 91 & !re is no?+ m annoy+ ?an to hunt ov] a lot ( tra% to get :at is ne$$4 ,x is necess>y to emphasize ! necessity ( always putt+ a tool back 9 its prop] place1 imm$iately aft] us+4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr9d ,,& ,,%>p5 ,,tools ,x is s+ul>1 t ) ! imm5se v>iety ( tools set =? 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 h[ few1 really1 require ! art ( ! workman to gr9d & %>p54 ,if we take ! la!1 ! drill+ ma*9e1 z well z ! %ap]1 plan]1 mill+ ma*9e1 & all p[]-driv5 tools1 !y are m]ely me*anism contriv$ to h&le "s small1 &1 app>5tly1 inconsequ5tial tool1 :i* does ! "w on ! mat]ial4 ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,cutt+ ,,tool4--,b x is ?is v fact t makes ! prep>ation ( t "p ( ! me*anism s important4 ,"h we h a la!1 weigh+ a ?\s& p\nds1 wor? hundr$s ( doll>s1 conc5trat+ its entire en]gies on a little bit1 weigh+ eight ounces1 & wor? less ?an a doll>4 ,x may ?us readily be se5 t x is ! little b> ( metal f :i* ! small tool is made t ne$s our c>e & att5tion4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! exp5sive mill+ ma*9es1 :]e ! little saw1 if n 9 p]fect ord]1 & n prop]ly set1 w n only d improp] "w1 b injure ! ma*9e itself4 ,m la!s are ru9$ f us+ badly gr\nd tools ?an f any o!r cause4 ,9 ! :ole l9e ( tools :i* ! ma*9i/ mu/ take c>e ( daily1 !re is no?+ z important z ! la! cutt+-tool1 & ! k :i* goes ) x to use ! prop] "o4 ,let u simplify ! inquiry by consid]+ !m "u ! foll[+ head+s3 #a4 ,! gr9d]4 #b4 ,! gr9d+ angle4 ,,! ,,gr9d]4--,! fir/ mi/ake ! novice w make1 is to use ! tool on ! gr9d] z ?\gh x 7 necess>y to gr9d x d[n ) a few turns ( ! :eel4 ,ha/e is n conducive to prop] %>p5+4 ,z ! :eel is ( em]y1 corundum or o!r quickly cutt+ mat]ial1 & is always run at a high rate ( spe$1 a great heat is evolv$1 :i* is mat]ially increas$ by pressure4 ,pressure is injuri\s n s mu* to ! :eel z to ! tool itself4 ,! mom5t a tool becomes heat$ !re is dang] ( de/roy+ ! temp]1 & ! edge1 be+ ! ?9ne/1 is ! mo/ viol5tly affect$4 ,h5ce x is desirable always to h a receptacle ) wat] h&y1 into :i* ! tool c be plung$1 dur+ ! process ( gr9d+ d[n4 ,,correct ,,use ,,( ,,gr9d]4--,treat ! :eel z ?\gh x is a fri5d1 & n an enemy4 ,take advantage ( its entire surface4 ,:5ev] y g into a ma*9e %op1 look at ! em]y :eel4 ,if y f9d x worn 9 creases1 & di/ort$ 9 its circul> outl9e1 y c make up y\r m9d t !re is "s "o !re :o has poor tools1 because x is simply out ( ! "q to gr9d a tool correctly ) su* a :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,hook ,tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,p>t+ ,tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,knife ,tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,"r-h& ,side ,tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,int]nal ,tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,left-h& ,side ,tool4 ,co>se :eels are an abom9ation = tool "w4 ,use ! f9e/ k9ds devis$ = ! purpose4 ,!y w keep 9 condition long]1 are n s liable to we> unev5ly1 & w always f9i% (f ! edge bett] ?an ! co>se v>iety4 ,,la! ,,bits4--,all bits made = la!s are modifications ( ! =ego+ types 7,figs4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc74 ,z ?is *apt] deals ) ! %>p5+ me?ods only1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! next *apt]1 :i* deals ) ! mann] ( sett+ & hold+ !m to d ! mo/ effective "w4 ,:5 x is und]/ood t a cutt+ tool 9 a la! is simply a =m ( w$ge :i* peels (f a def9ite ?ickness ( metal1 ! importance ( prop] gr9d+ & correct position 9 ! la! c be appreciat$4 ,,r\gh+ ,,tools4--,! mo/ useful is ! r\gh+ tool to take (f ! fir/ cut4 ,z ?is type ( tool is also important1 ) "s modifications1 9 f9i%+ "w1 x is giv5 ! place ( fir/ consid]ation "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,tool = ,wr\ght iron4 ,fig4 #be4 ,tool = ,ca/ iron4 ,fig4 #bd %[s side & top views ( a tool design$ to r\gh (f wr\ght iron1 or a t\gh quality ( /eel4 ,y w notice1 t :at is call$ ! top rake 7,a7 is v pron\nc$1 &1 z ! po9t projects consid]ably above ! body ( ! tool itself1 x %\ld1 9 practice1 be set ) its cutt+ po9t above ! c5t]4 ,,! ,,cle>ance4--,n[1 9 gr9d+1 ! important po9t is ! cle>ance l9e 7,b74 ,z %[n 9 ?is figure1 x has an angle ( #aj degrees1 s t 9 plac+ ! tool 9 ! hold] x is obvi\s x _c be plac$ v high above ! c5t]1 p>ticul>ly :5 us$ on small "w4 ,! top rake is gr\nd at an angle ( #fj degrees f ! v]tical4 ,! arc ( ! curv$ end dep5ds on ! k9d ( la! & ! size ( ! "w4 ,! tool 7,fig4 #be71 ) a /raight cutt+ edge1 is ! prop] "o to r\gh (f ca/ iron4 ,note t ! top rake 7,c7 is #gj degrees1 & ! cle>ance #ae degrees4 ,,! ,,cutt+ ,,angle4--,wr\ght iron1 or mild /eel1 w =m a ribbon :5 ! tool w$ges its way into ! mat]ial4 ,ca/ iron1 on ! o!r h&1 ow+ to its brittl5ess1 w break (f into small p>ticles1 h5ce ! w$ge surface c be put at a m obtuse angle to ! "w4 ,9 gr9d+ side-cutt]s ! cle>ance %\ld be at a less angle ?an #aj degrees1 r ?an m1 & ! top rake %\ld also be less2 o!rwise ! t5d5cy w be to draw ! tool into ! "w & sw+ ! tool po/ ar\nd4 ,,drills4--,hold]s = gr9d+ twi/ drills are n[ furni%$ at v l[ prices1 & in/ructions are usually s5t ) ! ma*9es1 b a few words may n be amiss = ! b5efit ( ^? :o h n ! means to pur*ase su* a ma*9e4 ,h& gr9d+ is a difficult ?+1 = ! reason t ?r\gh c>elessness1 or inability1 bo? sides ( ! drill are n gr\nd at ! same angle & pit*4 ,z a result ! cutt+ edge ( "o side w d m "w ?an ! o!r4 ,if ! heel angles diff]1 "o side w draw into ! "w1 & ! o!r resi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,end view4 ,fig4 #bg4 ,side view4 ,,wrong ,,gr9d+4--,:5 su* is ! case ! hole becomes untrue4 ,! sides ( ! bit w gr9d into ! walls1 or ! bit w h a t5d5cy to run to "o side1 & p>ticul>ly if bor+ ?r\gh metal :i* is unev5 9 its texture or gra94 ,figs4 #bf & #bg %[ end & side views ( a bit prop]ly gr\nd4 ,if a bit has be5 brok5 (f1 fir/ gr9d x (f squ>e at ! end1 & !n gr9d d[n ! angles1 s t ,a is ab\t #ae degrees1 & be sure t ! heel has suffici5t cle>ance--t is1 gr\nd d[n deep] ?an ! cutt+ po9t4 ,,*isels4--,a ma*9e %op %\ld always h a pl5tiful supply ( cold *isels1 & a p>ticul> k9d = ea* "w1 to be us$ = t purpose only4 ,?is may seem trivial to ! boy1 b x is really a mo/ important matt]4 ,notice ! c>eless & incompet5t workman4 ,if *ipp+ or cutt+ is requir$1 he w grasp ! fir/ *isel at h&4 ,x may h a curv$ end1 or be a key-way *isel1 or entirely unsuit$ z to size = ! cutt+ requir$4 ,! result is an injur$ tool1 & unsatisfactory results4 ,! rule holds good 9 ?is respect z ) e o!r tool 9 ! kit4 ,use a tool = ! purpose x 0 made =1 & = no o!r4 ,acquire t habit4 ,,cold ,,*isels4--,a cold *isel %\ld nev] be gr\nd to a long1 tap]+ po9t1 l a wood *isel4 ,! prop] tap] = a wood *isel is #ae degrees1 :]eas a cold *isel %\ld be #de degrees4 ,a drift+ *isel may h a long] tap] ?an "o us$ = *ipp+4 ,x is a good habit1 p>ticul>ly z !re are s few tools :i* require gr9d+1 to comm5ce ! day's "w by gr9d+ ! *isels1 & arrang+ !m = bus9ess4 ,,sy/em ,,9 ,,"w4--,!n see to x t ! drills are 9 good %ape2 & :ile y are ab\t x1 look ov] ! la! tools4 ,y w f9d t x is bett] to d ?is "w at "o "t1 ?an to g to ! em]y :eel a doz5 times a day :ile y are engag$ on ! job4 ,adopt a sy/em 9 y\r "w4 ,don't take ?+s j z !y come along1 b =m y\r plans 9 an ord]ly way1 & y w always "k h[ to take up & f9i% ! "w 9 ! mo/ pr(itable & satisfactory way4 ,,wrong ,,use ,,( ,,tools4--,nev] use ! vise z an anvil4 ,ord9>y & prop] use ( ?is tool w insure x = a lifetime1 aside f its natural we>4 ,x may be said ) safety t a vise w nev] break if us$ = ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,"o bl[ ( a hamm] may ru9 x4 ,fur!rmore1 nev] use an auxili>y lev] to screw up ! jaws4 ,if ! lev] :i* comes ) x is n l>ge en\gh to set ! jaws1 y may be sure t ! vise is n l>ge en\gh = y\r "w4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,sett+ ,,& ,,hold+ ,,tools ,"s simple directions 9 ! hold+ & sett+ ( tools may be ( s]vice to ! novice4 ,practice has %[n ! mo/ effective way ( treat+ diff]5t mat]ials1 s t ! tools w d ! mo/ effici5t "w4 ,a tool gr\nd 9 a c]ta9 way & set at a p>ticul> angle might d ! "w admirably on a piece ( /eel1 b w\ld n possibly "w on alum9um or brass4 ,,la! ,,spe$4--,if ! la! %\ld run at ! same spe$ on a piece ( ca/ iron z ) a brass ca/+1 ! result w\ld n be v satisfactory1 ei!r ) ! tool or on ! "w itself4 ,"s compositions ( metal require a high spe$1 & "s a hook$ tool4 ,^! are ?+s :i* ea* mu/ det]m9e z ! articles come to ! %op2 b !re are c]ta9 well-def9$ rules ) respect to ! ord9>y metals t %\ld be obs]v$4 ,,! ,,hack ,,saw4--,our fir/ obs]vation %\ld be direct$ to ! h& tools4 ,! hack saw is "o ( ! mo/ difficult tools = ! ma*9i/ to h&le1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,fir/1 ( ! desire to =ce ! blade ?r\gh ! "w4 ,! blade is a frail in/rum5t1 & :5 too great a pressure is ex]t$ x b5ds1 & z a result a breakage foll[s4 ,to enable x to d ! "w prop]ly1 x mu/ be made ( ! h>de/ /eel4 ,x is1 9 consequ5ce1 easily fractur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,hack ,saw ,frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,hack ,saw ,blade4 ,second4 ,! novice w make %ort hack+ cuts4 ,?is causes ! tee? to /ick1 ! saw b5ds1 & a new blade is requir$4 ,take a long sweep+ cut1 us+ ! entire l5g? ( ! blade4 ,d n oscillate ! blade z y pu% x ?r\gh ! "w1 b keep ! too? l9e horizontal f "o end ( ! /roke to ! o!r4 ,! mom5t x beg9s to wav]1 ! tee? w cat* on ! metal on ! side ne>e/ to y1 & x w snap4 ,?ird4 ,! h&le is held too loosely4 ,! h&le mu/ be firmly held ) ! "r h&1 & ! o!r held by ! f+]s lightly1 b 9 su* a position t a /eady d[nw>d pressure c be ma9ta9$4 ,if loosely held1 ! saw is b\nd to sag f side to side dur+ ! /roke1 & a %ort /roke acc5tuates ! lat]al movem5t4 ,a long /roke avoids ?is4 ,! hack saw is "o ( ! tools :i* %\ld be us$ ) ! utmo/ delib]ation1 comb9$ ) a rigid grasp ( ! h&le4 ,,files4--,= rem>ks on ?is tool see ,*apt] ,,iv1 :i* treats ( ! subject specially4 ,,gr9d/ones1 ,,em]y ,,& ,,gr9d+ ,,:eels4--,a good workman is always reflect$ by 8 gr9d+ app>atus4 ,?is is true :e!r x has ref]5ce to a gr9d/one1 em]y1 corundum :eel1 or a pla9 oil /one4 ,no?+ is m de/ructive ( good tools ?an a groov$1 unev51 or wabbly /one4 ,x is only little less ?an a crime = a workman to hold a tool on a revolv+ /one at "o spot4 ,,c>elessness ,,9 ,,hold+ ,,tools4--,! boy mu/ le>n t su* a habit actually prev5ts ! prop] gr9d+1 n only ( ! tool he has on ! /one1 b also ( ! "o :i* foll[s4 ,:ile x is true t all artificially made gr9d]s w we> unev5ly1 ev5 :5 us$ ) ! utmo/ c>e1 due to unev5 texture ( ! mat]ials 9 ! /one1 /ill1 ! c>eless use ( ! tool1 :ile 9 ! act ( gr9d+1 only aggravates ! tr\ble4 ,ano!r fault ( ! c>eless workman is1 to press ! bit aga9/ ! /one too h>d4 ,?is cuts ! /one m ?an x we>s (f ! tool1 & x is entirely unnecess>y4 ,fur!rmore1 x heats up ! tool1 :i* %\ld be avoid$4 ,,calip]s4--,a true workman1 :o endeavors to turn out accurate "w1 & pres]ve 8 tools1 w nev] te/ ! "w ) 8 calip]s :ile ! piece is turn+ 9 ! la!4 ,a revolv+ ca/ iron disk w cut ruby1 ! h>de/ sub/ance next to ! diamond1 s x is n ! h>dness ( ! mat]ial :i* resi/s we>1 b ! conditions "u :i* x is us$4 ,,c>e ,,9 ,,use ,,( ,,calip]s4--,! calip]s may be ( ! mo/ h>d5$ /eel1 & ! "w turn$ up ( ! s(te/ brass1 ! latt]1 :5 revolv+1 w gr9d (f ! po9t ( ! tool1 = ! reason t ! revolv+ piece con/antly pres5ts a new surface to ! po9t ( ! calip]s1 & :5 te/s are frequ5tly made1 x does n take long to *ange ! calip] span s t x mu/ be reset4 ,z /at$ else:]e1 ! :ole en]gy ( ! la! is conc5trat$ on ! bit or cutt+ tool1 h5ce1 9 ord] to get ! mo/ effective "w out ( x requires c>e2 fir/1 9 gr9d+2 &1 second1 9 sett+4 ,,ma*9e ,,bits4--,x does n always matt] s mu* :e!r y use a squ>e1 po9t$1 or a r\nd-nos$ bit1 provid$ x is prop]ly gr\nd & set 9 ! tool hold]4 ,z a rule1 ! m brittle ! metal ! less ! top rake or angle %\ld be4 ,9 ! *apt] relat+ to ! gr9d+ ( tools1 ref]5ces 7 made z to ! mo/ s]viceable bits = ! v>i\s metals4 ,we are conc]n$ "h ) ! sett+ or hold+ ( ^! articles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,pla9 ,hook ,tool ,fig4 #ca4 ,pla9 ,/raight ,tool4 ,! two illu/rations "h giv5 %[ a pair ( pla9 bits1 9 :i* ,fig4 #cj repres5ts a hook-%ap$ =mation1 & ,fig4 #ca a /raight gr9d1 )\t any top rake4 ,! hook$ bit w\ld d = alum9um1 or /eel1 b = ca/ iron ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca w\ld be mo/ s]viceable4 ,!n ! side bits1 su* z ! r\nd-nos$1 ,fig4 #cb & ! squ>e end1 ,fig4 #cc1 may be gr\nd hook$1 or ) a top rake1 or left flat4 ,! too common mi/ake is to gr9d ! l[] or cle>ance side at too great an angle4 ,fig4 #cd %[s ! correct angle1 & ! dott$ l9e ,a illu/rates ! common t5d5cy to gr9d ! cle>ance4 ,,! ,,prop] ,,angle ,,= ,,la! ,,tools4--,n[ !re is a reason :y ! angle ( f #aj to #ae %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 ! cle>ance4 ,! po9t ( ! tool mu/ h suitable support = ! "w x is requir$ to d1 s x w n *att] or yield 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,a bit gr\nd along ! dott$ l9e has a cutt+ edge :i* w spr+ d[n1 & consequ5tly break or produce a r\gh surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,fig4 #cd4 ,prop] ,angles = ,tools ,!n1 aga91 ! angle ( ! cle>ance acts z a guide1 or r1 a gu>d1 to prev5t ! tool f go+ 9 too f>1 z w n[ be expla9$4 ,,sett+ ,,! ,,bit4--,9 ord] to und]/& ! correct sett+1 exam9e ! "w ,a1 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,a is a cyl9d] be+ turn$ up 9 ! la!1 & ,b ! cutt+ tool1 :i* approa*es x on a horizontal l9e1 ,c1 ext5d+ out f ! c5t] ( ! cyl9d] ,a4 ,?is sett+ is !oretically correct1 & 9 practice has be5 f\nd mo/ advantage\s4 ,9 ?is case let u assume t ! cle>ance angle ,d is #ae degrees1 z well z 9 ! foll[+ figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,set ( ! ,bit ,suppose we h a piece ( t\gh /eel1 & ! tool hold] is rais$ s t ! po9t ( ! tool is at ! #ae degree l9e ,e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf1 9 :i* case ! cle>ance l9e ,d is at "r angles to ! l9e ,e4 ,! l9e ,e is #ae degrees above ! c5t] l9e ,c4 ,,! ,,sett+ ,,angle4--,n[1 x is obvi\s t if ! tool %\ld be rais$ high] ?an ! l9e ,e x w\ld run out ( "w1 because ! cle>ance surface ( ! tool w\ld ride up ov] ! surface cut by ! edge ( ! tool4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! tool %\ld be plac$ l[]1 t[>d ! l9e ,c1 ! t5d5cy w\ld be to draw 9 ! tool t[>d ! c5t] ( ! "w ,a4 ,9 ,fig4 #cg ! tool has its po9t elevat$1 9 :i* case x mu/ be l[]$ s ! po9t w t\* ! "w ne>] ! c5t] l9e ,c4 ,! =ego+ arrangem5t ( ! tools w be f\nd to be effective :]e ! mat]ial is s(t & n too t\gh z ) alum9um4 ,,bad ,,practice4--,figs4 #ch & #ci %[ illu/rations ( bad practice :i* %\ld nev] be resort$ to4 ,fig4 #ch %[s ! tool1 held 9 a horizontal position1 b ) its po9t bel[ ! c5t] l9e ,c4 ,) any r\gh metal ! tool c\ld n possibly "w1 except to act z a scrap]1 & if x %\ld be us$ 9 t position on ca/ iron1 ! tool itself w\ld soon be useless4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,correct ,angle ,fig4 #cg4 ,wrong ,angle ,fig4 #ci is /ill worse1 & is ( no value = any purpose except 9 poli%+ brass1 :]e x w\ld be s]viceable4 ,x w\ld make a sorry look+ job ) alum9um4 ,brass requires a tool ) v little top rake1 & ! po9t %\ld be set ne> ! c5t] l9e ,c4 ,,la! ,,spe$4--,x is (t5 a "q at :at spe$s to run ! la! = diff]5t "w4 ,if y "k ! spe$s ( y\r la! at l[ & high ge>1 y mu/ also consid] ! diamet] ( ! "w at ! cutt+ po9t4 ,! rule is to h ! bit cut f #ae to #bj feet p] m9ute = wr\ght iron2 f #aa to #ah feet = /eel2 f #be to #ej = brass2 & f #dj to #ej = alum9um4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,too ,l[ ,fig4 #ci4 ,improp] ,set ,z a result1 !re=e1 if1 at l[ spe$1 a piece #aj in*es 9 diamet]1 runs at ! prop] spe$ to cut at t di/ance f ! c5t]1 x is obvi\s t a piece #e in*es 9 diamet] %\ld ran twice z fa/4 ,?is is a matt] :i* "t & practice w enable y to judge ) a fair degree ( accuracy4 ,obs]ve ?is z a maxim3 ,sl[ spe$1 & quick fe$4 ,,bor+ ,,tools ,,on ,,la!4--,! la! is a mo/ useful tool = bor+ purposes1 bett] = "s "w ?an ! drill+ ma*9e itself4 ,! "w :i* c be done bett] on a la! ?an on a drill+ ma*9e1 may be classifi$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,:5 /raight & true holes are requir$4 #b4 ,9 long "w1 :]e ! la! is us$ to turn up ! article1 & :]e ! drill+ c be done at ! same "t4 #c4 ,any?+ t c be *uck$ 9 a la!4 #d4 ,:]e ! "w is long & _c be fix$ 9 a drill+ ma*9e4 ,! long b$ ( ! la! gives room = hold+ su* "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,int]nal ,set ,fig4 #da4 ,set = ,brass ,,! ,,rake ,,( ,,! ,,drill4--,a bor+ tool requires "s k 9 sett+4 ,x %\ld h a great] top rake ?an = ! outside "w1 & ! cutt+ edge %\ld also be ke5]1 z a rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,surface ,gage4 ,9 ?is class ( "w ! mat]ial bor$ mu/ be und]/ood1 z well z 9 do+ outside "w4 ,! hook$ tool1 ,fig4 #dj1 is %[n to be consid]ably above ! c5t] l9e1 & at t po9t x w d ! mo/ effective cutt+ on /eel4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 brass is op]at$ on !re %\ld be no top rake1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #da1 ?us assur+ a smoo? job4 ,,laps4--,?is is a tool :i* is v useful1 p>ticul>ly = gr9d+ & tru+ up ! cyl9d]s ( int]nal combu/ion eng9es1 z well z = all k9ds ( bores ( refractory mat]ial :i* _c be h&l$ ) ! cutt+ tool ( ! la!4 ,x is made up ( a m&rel or rod ( copp]1 ) lead ca/ ab\t x1 & !n turn$ up true1 s t x is b ! m]e/ trifle l>g] ?an ! hole x is to true up4 ,,us+ ,,! ,,lap4--,! roll] ?us made is turn$ rapidly 9 a la!1 & ! cyl9d] to be tru$ is br\ght up to x & ! roll] suppli$ freely ) em]y p[d] & oil4 ,z rapidly z possible ! cyl9d] is work$ ov] on ! roll]1 )\t =c+ x1 & also turn$1 s z to prev5t ev5 ! weight f gr9d+ x unduly on "o side4 ,m or less ( ! em]y w emb$ itself 9 ! lead1 & ?us act z an abrasive4 ,! process is call$ lapp+4 ,,surface ,,gages4--,frequ5tly1 9 lay+ out1 x is necess>y to scribe l9es at a giv5 di/ance f "s "p ( ! "w2 or1 ! conditions are su* t a rule1 a calip]1 or divid]s w n p]mit accurate measurem5t to be made4 ,= su* purposes1 :at is call$ a surface gage 0 devis$4 ,?is is m]ely a heavy base1 provid$ ) a pivot$ upright on :i* is m\nt$ a scribe t is held by a clamp s x may be turn$ to any angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,%[+ uses ( ! ,surface ,gage4 ,,surface ,,gage4--,! clamp hold+ ! scrib] is v]tically movable on ! pivot$ upright4 ,by re/+ ! base ( ! surface gage on ! l9e to be measur$ f1 & sw++ "o po9t ( ! scrib] to ! place :]e ! "w is to be done1 accuracy is assur$4 ,"o end ( ! scrib] is b5t1 s x c be adapt$ to ent] recesses1 or su* places z c\ld n be rea*$ by ! /raight end4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,file ,! mo/ necess>y tool 9 a ma*9e %op is a file4 ,x is "o ( ! neglect$ tools1 because ! ord9>y boy1 or workman1 sees no?+ 9 x b a /rip or a b> ) a lot ( cross grooves & edges1 & he concludes t ! only ?+ necess>y is to rub x across a piece ( metal until he has worn x d[n suffici5tly = ! purpose4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,te/4--,! fact is1 ! file is s famili> a tool1 t x bre$s contempt1 l _m o!r ?+s closely associat$ 9 life4 ,give ! boy an irregul> block ( metal1 & tell him to file x up squ>e1 & he w beg9 to realize t !re is some?+ 9 ! h&l+ ( a file t nev] be=e occurr$ to him4 ,he w f9d ?ree ?+s to a/oni% him3 ,fir/3 ,t ( dim5sions4 ,second3 ,! difficulty ( gett+ x squ>e4 ,?ird3 ,! "* ( ! surface :5 he has f9i%$ x4 ,,fil+ ,,an ,,irregul> ,,block4--,to file a block ( an irregul> "* s t ! dim5sions are accurate1 is a good te/ = an accompli%$ workman4 ,! job is made d\bly difficult if he is requir$ to file x squ>e at ! same "t4 ,x w be f\nd1 inv>iably1 t ! sides w n be p>allel1 & by ! "t x is fully tru$ up ! piece w be too small4 ,see ,figs4 #dd & #de4 ,!n1 unless ! utmo/ c>e is tak51 ! flat sides w n be flat1 b r\nd$4 ,,fil+ ,a ,,b> ,,/raight4--,! next te/ is to get ! boy to file a b> /raight4 ,he has no %ap] or plan] = ! purpose1 s t x mu/ be done by h&4 ,he w f9d himself lack+ 9 two ?+s3 ,! edge ( ! b> w n be /raight2 nor w x be squ>e ) ! side ( ! b>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,r\nd$ ,surface ,fig4 #de4 ,a ,w9d+ ,face ,,fil+ ,,b> ,,) ,,p>allel ,,sides4--,foll[ up ?is te/ by requir+ him to file up a b>1 fir/1 ) two exactly p>allel sides1 & absolutely /raight1 s x w pass smoo?ly betwe5 ! legs ( a pair ( calip]s1 & !n file ! two o!r sides 9 l mann]4 ,,surfac+ ,,(f ,,disks4--,:5 ! =ego+ are complet$ !re is /ill ano!r requirem5t :i*1 ?\gh x appe>s simple1 is ! supreme te/4 ,set him to "w at surfac+ (f a pair ( disks or plates1 say "o & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 s t :5 !y are f9i%$ !y w fit aga9/ ea* o!r p]fectly flat4 ,a pair ( su* disks1 if absolutely true1 w hold toge!r by ! =ce ( cohesion1 ev5 9 a dry /ate1 or !y w1 z x 71 float aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,,true ,,surfac+4--,prior to ab\t #ahej ! necessity ( true surfac+ 0 n s important or z well kn[n z at ! pres5t "t4 ,ab\t t p]iod ,sir ,j4 ,:itwor?1 an em95t ,engli% eng9e] & me*anic1 call$ ! att5tion ( ma*9i/s to ! great advantage aris+ f true surfaces & edges = all types ( ma*9]y1 & he laid ! f\ndation ( ! k 9 accurat+ surfac+4 ,,precision ,,tools4--,due to 8 en]gy _m precision tools 7 made1 all t5d+ to ?is end1 & z a result ma*9es became bett] & m effici5t 9 e way4 ,x _h ?is great advantage3 ,x taught ! workman ( 8 day h[ to use ! file & scrap]1 because bo? mu/ be us$ conjunctively to make an absolutely flat plate4 ,contr>y to g5]al beliefs1 %ap]s & plan]s d n make absolutely accurate surfaces4 ,! te/ ( ?is is to put toge!r two plates s plan$ (f4 ,!re is j en\gh unev5ness to p]mit air to get betwe5 ! plates4 ,if !y 7 p]fectly true !y w\ld exclude all air1 & x w\ld be a difficult matt] to draw !m ap>t4 ,,te/ ,,( ,,! ,,me*anic4--,to make !m p]fectly flat1 "o plate has *alk rubb$ ov] x1 & ! two plates are !n rubb$ toge!r4 ,?is w quickly %[ :]e ! high spots are1 & ! file & scrap] are !n us$ to cut away ! metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,fig4 #dg4 ,hexagon ,nut ,9 ,engl& ! te/ ( ! me*anic us$ to be det]m9$ by 8 ability to file a piece ( metal flat4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z ! highe/ art4 ,?is is n ! mo/ desirable te/ at ! pres5t "t1 & x is recogniz$ t a mu* sev]] te/ is to file a n>r[ piece exactly flat1 & s t x w n h a trace ( r\ndness1 & be squ>e f end to end4 ,,te/ ,,sugge/ions4--,9 a %op :i* does n h ! advantage ( a plan] or %ap]1 !re are s _m articles :i* mu/ be fil$ up1 t x is int]e/+ to "k some?+ ( h[ ! v>i\s articles are made ) a file4 ,to file a hexagon1 or six-sid$ nut w be a good te/ ) a file4 ,to d ?is a little /udy 9 geometrical l9es w save a va/ am\nt ( "t4 ,9 beg9n+ ! "w1 measure ! radius ) a divid]1 & !n /ep (f & make six m>ks equidi/ant f ea* o!r on ! r\nd surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,cutt+ ,key-way ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,divid]s4--,! di/ance betwe5 ea* ( ^! po9ts is equal to ! radius1 or half ! diamet]1 ( ! r\nd b>4 ,see ,fig4 #df1 :i* %[s ?is4 ,! m>ks %\ld be scrib$ across ! surface1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg1 :]e ! l9es %[ ! ends ( ! facets ( ! outside ( ! nut4 ,d n let ! file oblit]ate ! l9es at ! r\gh cutt+1 b leave en\gh mat]ial s y c make a good f9i% at ! l9e4 ,,cutt+ ,a ,,key-,,way4--,ano!r job y may h frequ5t occasion to p]=m1 is to cut a way = a key 9 a %aft & 9 a :eel hub4 ,naturally1 ?is w be fir/ r\gh$ out ) a cold *isel n>r[] ?an ! key is to be1 & also slightly %all[] ?an ! dim5sions ( ! key4 ,a flat file %\ld be us$ = ! purpose1 fir/ a heavy r\gh "o1 = ! fir/ cutt+4 ,! bett] way is to h ! key s x c be frequ5tly tri$ :ile ! fil+ process is go+ on1 s t to fit ! key 9 ?is way is a comp>atively easy task4 ,,key-,,way ,,difficulties4--,b ! tr\ble comm5ces :5 ! groove is fil$ = ! dep?4 ,inv>iably1 ! mi/ake w be made ( fil+ ! wid? fir/1 s ! key w fit 94 ,z a result1 9 deep5+ ! groove ! file w contact ) ! walls1 & y h a key-way too wide = ! key4 ,to avoid ?is1 file ! dep?1 or ne>ly s1 & !n ) a f9e file cut 9 ! corn]s 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! d>t1 ,fig4 #dh4 ,a prop] key is squ>e 9 cross section4 ,9 su* a case ! dep? ( ! key-way1 at ea* side wall1 is j half ! wid? ( ! key-way4 ,an excell5t key-seat rule c be made by fil+ out two "r-angl$ pieces1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #di1 :i* c be atta*$ to ! ord9>y six-in* metal rule1 & ?is w enable y to scribe ! l9e accurately = ! key-way on ! %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,key-seat ,rule ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,fig4 #ea4 ,fil+ ,metal ,r\nd ,,fil+ ,,metal ,,r\nd4--,x is sometimes necess>y to file a piece ( metal r\nd4 ,?is is a h>d job1 p>ticul>ly :]e x is impossible to scribe ! end ( ! piece4 ,suppose x is necess>y to file up a be>+ surface1 or surfaces1 int]m$iate ! ends ( a squ>e b>4 ,y h 9 t case f\r sides to />t f1 ! opposite sides be+ p>allel ) ea* o!r1 s t y w h two dim5sions1 & f\r equal sides1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,! fir/ /ep w be to file (f accurately ! f\r corn]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 s z to =m eight equal sides or faces1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,if y w n[ proce$ to file d[n c>efully ! eight corn]s1 s z to make sixte5 sides1 z 9 ,fig4 #eb1 ! f\r? set ( corn]s fil$ d[n w make ! fil$ "p look l ! illu/ration ,fig4 #ec ) ?irty-two faces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,fig4 #ec4 ,mak+ a ,b> ,r\nd ,?is may be fur!r fil$ d[n into sixty-f\r faces1 & a few cuts ( ! f9i%+ file w take (f ! little ridges :i* /ill rema94 ,by us+ em]y clo?1 & wrapp+ x ar\nd ! be>+ portion1 & *ang+ x cont9ually1 :ile draw+ x back & =?1 w enable y to make a be>+ :i*1 by c>e1 w calip] up 9 good %ape4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,files4--,ea* file has five di/9ct prop]ties2 namely3 ! l5g?1 ! cont\r1 ! =m 9 cross section1 ! k9d ( tee?1 & ! f95ess ( ! tee?4 ,!re are n9e well-def9$ %apes = files4 ,^! may be enum]at$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,cross ,sections ( ,files4 ,no4 #a4 ,! cott] file4 ,! small k9d is call$ a v]ge or pivot file4 ,no4 #b4 ,squ>e file1 :i* may be tap]+ f end to end1 or h p>allel sides ?r\gh\t4 ,no4 #c4 ,wat* p9ion file4 ,?is may h its sides p>allel or tap]+1 to make a knife-%ap$ file4 ,no4 #d4 ,clock-p9ion2 :i* may be us$ = ei!r nick+1 piec+1 or squ>+-(f purposes4 ,no4 #e4 ,r\nd1 ) p>allel sides = gullet+ purposes1 or rat-tail :5 x tap]s4 ,no4 #f4 ,triangul>1 or ?ree equally-sid$ body = saw fil+4 ,no4 #g4 ,equaliz+ file4 ,?is is p>allel :5 us$ = mak+ clock-p9ions or endless screws2 or = slitt+1 ent]+1 w>d+1 or mak+ b>rel holes1 :5 ! body ( ! file tap]s4 ,no4 #h4 ,cross1 or d\ble-r\nd1 half-file4 ,no4 #i4 ,slitt+ file2 :i* has p>allel sides only4 ,a cant file4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,file ,,too?4--,files are di/+ui%$ pr9cipally by ! "* ( ! oblique1 or cross grooves & ridges :i* d ! cutt+ & abrad+ :5 ! file is drawn across ! surface4 ,?is is really m important ?an ! %ape1 because ! files1 by _! cutt+s1 are adapt$ = ! v>i\s mat]ials :i* !y are to be us$ ^u4 ,! files are classifi$ z ,d\ble ,cut1 ( :i* !re are ! r\gh1 middle1 ba/>d1 second cut1 smoo?1 & dead smoo?4 ,! ,float ,cut1 :i* is ei!r r\gh1 ba/>d or smoo?2 & ,! ,rasp ,cut1 ei!r r\gh1 ba/>d or smoo?4 ,sev]al types are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ee1 :i* %[ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! v>i\s cuts4 ,! rasps are us$ pr9cipally = s(t mat]ial1 su* z wood or = ho(s1 9 horse %oe+1 h5ce !y ne$ n be consid]$ 9 connection ) ma*9e-%op "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,files4 ,,hold+ ,,! ,,file4--,! common mi/ake on ! "p ( ! beg9n] is to drag ! file across ! "w at an angle4 ,! body ( ! file %\ld move across /raight & n obliquely4 ,note ?is movem5t 9 ,fig4 #ef :]e ! da% %[s ! correct movem5t ( ! file ) relation to ! "w4 ,also obs]ve t ! file cutt+ ridges are n /raight across ! file1 b at an angle to ! direction ( ! d>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,correct ,file ,movem5t ,,injur+ ,,files4--,n[ ! frequ5t practice is to use ! file z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eg1 9 :i* case x is mov$ across obliquely4 ,! result is t ! angle ( ! file cut is s dispos$ t ! tee? ( ! file d n prop]ly aid 9 ! cutt+1 b 9 a measure ret>d ! op]ation4 ,file tee? are dispos$ at an angle = ! purpose ( giv+ !m a %e>+ cut1 :i* is ! case :5 ! file moves across ! "w on a l9e ) its body4 ,to use a file z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eg injures ! file )\t giv+ x an opportunity to cut z fa/ z x w\ld :5 prop]ly us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,incorrect ,file ,movem5t ,,draw+ ,,back ,,! ,,file4--,9 draw+ back a file x is always bett] to all[ x to drag ov] ! "w ?an to raise x up4 ,x is frequ5tly ! case t "s ( ! mat]ial w lodge 9 ! tee?1 & ! back la% w s]ve to cle> out ! grooves4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 fil+ copp]1 alum9um1 lead1 & l metals1 b x is well to obs]ve ?is 9 all cases4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,h[ ,,to ,,comm5ce ,,"w ,! "q is (t5 ask$3 ,:]e & h[ %all ! novice comm5ce "w8 ,:5 ! %op is equipp$1 or p>tially s1 suffici5t1 at lea/1 to turn out simple jobs1 ! boy w f9d c]ta9 tools :i* are /rang]s to him4 ,he mu/ become acqua9t$ ) !m & n only le>n _! uses1 b h[ to use !m to ! be/ advantage4 ,,famili>ity ,,) ,,tools4--,famili>ity ) ! appe>ance ( tools1 & see+ !m 9 ! h&s ( o!rs w n be ( any value4 ,no?+ b ! imm$iate contact ) ! tool w tea* h[ to use x4 ,,file ,,practice4--,! file is a good tool to pick up fir/4 ,select a piece ( metal1 six or eight in*es long1 & foll[ ! in/ructions laid d[n 9 ! *apt] relat+ to ! use ( ! file4 ,practice ) sev]al k9ds & ) diff]5t v>ieties ( mat]ial w soon give an inkl+ ( ! be/ k9d to use ) ! metal y h4 ,use ! /raight edge & ! squ>e :ile ! fil+ process is go+ on1 & apply !m frequ5tly1 to %[ y :at spe$ y are mak+ & h[ ne>ly true y are surfac+ up ! piece4 ,,us+ ,,! ,,divid]s4--,!n try y\r h& us+ ! divid]s1 9 connection ) a c5t]+ pun*4 ,z an example1 take two pieces ( metal1 ea* ab\t a foot long1 & set ! divid]s to make a %ort span1 say an in* or s1 & /ep (f ! l5g? ( "o piece ( metal1 & pun* ! la/ m>k4 ,!n d likewise ) ! o!r piece ( metal1 & see h[ ne>ly alike ! two measurem5ts are by comp>+ !m4 ,y w f9d a v>iation 9 ! l5g?s ( ! two measurem5ts at ! fir/ trials1 & v likely w n be able to make ! two pieces regi/] accurately aft] _m trials1 ev5 :5 us+ ! utmo/ c>e4 ,soon] or lat] y w le>n t y h n /epp$ pa?s along ! two b>s :i* 7 exactly /raight1 & ?is w acc\nt = ! v>iations4 ,9 ord] to be accurate a l9e %\ld be drawn along ea* piece ( metal1 & ! divid]s %\ld /ep (f ! m>ks on t l9e4 ,,f9d+ ,,c5t]s4--,by way ( fur!r exp]im5t1 x might be well to f9d ! exact c5t] ( ! ends ( a squ>e b>1 putt+ 9 ! pun* m>ks & !n m\nt+ x 9 ! la! c5t]s to see h[ accurately ?is has be5 done4 ,if ei!r end is out ( true ! pun* m>ks c be correct$ by incl9+ ! pun*1 s t :5 x is /ruck x w move ov] ! po9t 9 ! direction ( its true c5t]4 ,?is may be foll[$ up by c5t]+ ! end ( a r\nd b> s z to make x true4 ,?is w be f\nd to be a m difficult job1 unless y h a c5t] head1 a tool made = t purpose4 ,x is good practice1 h[ev]1 to make trials ( all ?is "w1 z x w enable y to judge ( measurem5ts4 ,x c be done ) ! divid]s by us+ c>e 9 scrib+ ! c5t]s4 ,,hack-,,saw ,,practice4--,practice ) ! hack-saw %\ld be indulg$ 9 frequ5tly4 ,le>n to make a /raight cut ?r\gh a b>4 ,try to d ?is )\t us+ a squ>e to guide y4 ,"o ( ! te/s ( a good me*anic is ability to judge a /raight cut4 ,! foll[+ plan is sugge/$ z a te/ = ! eye4 ,use a b> ( iron or /eel "o in* squ>e1 & make a cut an eigh? ( an in* deep across x2 !n turn x ar\nd a qu>t]1 s z to expose ! ne/ face1 & cont9ue ! cut along ! side1 ! same dep?1 & foll[ ?is up ) ! rema9+ two sides1 & see h[ ne> ! end ( ! fir/ cut & ! f9i% cut come toge!r4 ,! te/ w surprise y4 ,,cutt+ ,,metals ,,true4--,:5 y saw (f ! end ( su* a b> = trial purposes1 use a squ>e1 aft] ! cut is made1 & note h[ mu* x is out ( true 9 bo? directions4 ,x is a curi\s fact t mo/ me*anics are dispos$ to saw or cut crook$ 9 "o direction1 ei!r to ! "r or to ! left4 ,9 te/s made x is f\nd t ?is defect is p]si/$ 94 ,x is practice only :i* w rem$y ?is1 & x w\ld be well = ! boy to le>n ?is = himself z e>ly 9 8 c>e] z possible1 & correct ! t5d5cy to ve] 9 ei!r direction4 ,! te/ ( saw+ ar\nd a r\nd b> is also comm5d$4 ,aft] a few trials y w be surpris$ to see h[ y\r judgm5t w improve 9 practice4 ,,la! ,,"w4--,le>n ! uses ( ! *uck4 ,z y h1 probably1 economiz$ z mu* z possible1 a univ]sal *uck is n available1 h5ce ! fir/ exp]i5ce w be ) an indep5d5t *uck1 :]e ! ?ree dogs move indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,?is w give y "s "w to le>n h[ y c get ! job true4 ,n[1 be=e attempt+ to cut ! mat]ial1 ?or\ghly le>n all ! p>ts ( ! fe$ me*anism1 & h[ to rev]se1 z well z to cross fe$4 ,le>n ! op]ation ( ! op]ative p>ts s t y\r h& w in/9ctively f9d !m1 :ile ! eye is on ! "w4 ,,fir/ ,,/eps4--,see to x t y\r tools are %>p1 & at ! fir/ trials make light cuts4 ,practice ! fe$s by manually mov+ ! tool hold]1 = surface cutt+ z well z = cross cutt+4 ,,sett+ ,,! ,,tool4--,set ! cutt+ tool at v>i\s angles1 & try ! diff]5t tools1 not+ ! peculi>ities ( ea*1 at ! diff]5t spe$s4 ,d n1 by any means1 use refractory metals = y\r fir/ attempt4 ,mild /eel is a good te/1 & a light gray iron is admirable = practice lessons4 ,,metals ,,us$4--,brass is good = te/+ purposes1 b ! difficulty is t ! t5d5cy ( ! boy1 at fir/1 is to try to d ! "w too rapidly1 & brass enc\rages ?is t5d5cy4 ,fe$ sl[ly & regul>ly until y c make an ev5 f9i%4 ,!n *uck & re-*uck to famili>ize y\rself ) e op]ative "p ( ! la!1 & nev] try to =ce ! cutt+ tool4 ,if x has a t5d5cy to run into ! "w1 set x high]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y f9d1 9 fe$+1 t x is h>d to move ! tool po/ along1 ! tool is too high1 & %\ld be l[]$4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,important ,,?+s4--,con/ant practice ( ?is k9d w soon enable y to feel in/9ctively :5 ! tool is do+ good "w4 ,:ile y are ?us exp]im5t+ d n =get ! spe$4 ,?is w ne$ y\r att5tion4 ,rememb]1 y h sev]al ?+s to ?9k ab\t 9 comm5c+ to run ! la!1 all ( :i* w take c>e ( !mselves :5 x becomes famili> to y4 ,^! may be enum]at$ z foll[s3 ,fir/3 ,! k9d ( tool be/ to use4 ,second3 ,its prop] set1 to d ! be/ "w4 ,?ird3 ,! spe$ ( ! "w 9 ! la!4 ,f\r?3 ,! fe$1 or ! ?ickness ( ! cut into ! mat]ial4 ,,turn+ ,,up ,a ,,cyl9d]4--,! fir/ & mo/ important "w is to turn up a small cyl9d] to a calip]$ dim5sion4 ,:5 x is r\gh$ d[n ready = ! f9i% cut1 set ! tool s x w take (f a suffici5t am\nt to prev5t ! calip] f spann+ x1 & ?is w enable y to f9i% x (f ) em]y pap]1 or all[ ano!r small cut to be tak54 ,,turn+ ,,grooves4--,!n foll[ ?is up by turn+ 9 a v>iety ( annul> grooves ( diff]5t dep?s & wid?s2 & also ,v-%ap$ grooves1 ! latt] to be p]=m$ by us+ bo? ! longitud9al & transv]se fe$s4 ,?is w give y excell5t practice 9 us+ bo? h&s simultane\sly4 ,! next /ep w\ld be to turn out a bore & fit a m&rel into x4 ,?is w give y ! opportunity to use ! calip] to good advantage1 & w te/ y\r capacity to use !m = inside z well z = outside "w4 ,,discs4--,a job t w also af=d good ex]cise is to turn up a disc ) a groove 9 its face1 & !n *uck & turn ano!r disk ) an annul> rib on its face to fit into ! groove4 ,?is requires delicacy ( measurem5t ) ! inside z well z ! outside calip]s4 ,! groove %\ld be cut fir/1 & ! measurem5t tak5 f t1 z x is less difficult to h&le & set ! tool = ! rib ?an = ! groove4 ,,la! ,,spe$s4--,d n make ! too common mi/ake ( runn+ ! m&rel at high spe$s 9 y\r initial te/s4 ,x is f> bett] to use a sl[ spe$1 & take a heavy cut4 ,?is is good advice at all times1 b x is p>ticul>ly important ) beg9n]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,illu/rat+ ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,devices ,!re are num]\s little devices & %op exp$i5ts :i* are desirable1 & = :i* ! boy w f9d uses z he progresses4 ,we devote ?is *apt] to h9ts ( ?is k9d1 all ( :i* are capable ( be+ turn$ out or utiliz$ at v>i\s /ages4 ,,lac+ ,,belts4--,to prop]ly lace a belt is q an art1 z _m :o h tri$ x "k4 ,if a belt runs (f ! pulley x is attributable to "o ( ?ree causes3 ei!r ! pulleys are out ( l9e or ! %afts are n p>allel or ! belt is lac$ s x makes ! belt long] at "o m>g9 ?an ! o!r4 ,9 ,fig4 #eh ! lac+ %\ld comm5ce at ! c5t] hole 7,a7 ( "o belt end & lace outw>dly1 t]m9at+ at ! hole 7,b7 9 ! c5t] ( ! o!r belt end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eh4 ,9 ,fig4 #ei ! lac+ comm5ces at ,a1 & t]m9ates at ! hole 7,b7 at ! edge4 ,?is w be ample = all b ! wide/ belts4 ,fig4 #fj is adapt$ = a n>r[ belt4 ,! lac+ comm5ces at "o m>g9 hole 7,a71 & t]m9ates at ! o!r m>g9 hole 7,z74 ,fig4 #fa %[s ! outside ( ! belt4 ,fig4 #fb4 ,,ge>s4--,?is is some?+ e boy ought to "k ab\t4 ,fig4 #fb %[s a pair ( int]me%+ bevel ge>s4 ,?is is ! correct t]m = a pair :5 bo? are ( ! same diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,inside ,fig4 #eh4 ,belt ,lac+ ,outside ,fig4 #eh4 ,belt ,lac+ ,fig4 #ei4 ,belt ,lac+ ,fig4 #fj4 ,belt ,lac+ ,fig4 #fa4 ,belt ,lac+ ,,mit] ,,ge>s4--,9 ,fig4 #fc we h a pair ( mit] ge>s1 "o be+ l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,rememb] ?is di/9ction4 ,fig4 #fd4 ,,cr[n ,,:eel4--,?is is a simple mann] ( transmitt+ motion f "o %aft to ano!r1 :5 ! %afts are at "r angles1 or ne>ly s1 )\t us+ bevel or mit] ge>s4 ,fig4 #fe4 ,,groov$ ,,friction ,,ge>+4--,two groov$ pulleys1 :i* fit ea* o!r accurately1 w transmit p[] )\t los+ too mu* by friction4 ,! deep] ! grooves ! great] is ! loss by friction4 ,fig4 #ff4 ,a ,,valve ,,:i* ,,closes ,,by ,,! ,,wat] ,,pressure4--,! bibb has !re9 a movable valve on a horizontal /em1 ! valve be+ on ! inside ( ! seat4 ,! /em ( ! h&le has at its l[] end a crank b5d1 :i* engages ) ! out] end ( ! valve /em4 ,:5 ! h&le is turn$ 9 ei!r direction ! valve is unseat$4 ,on releas+ ! h&le ! pressure ( ! wat] aga9/ ! valve seats x4 ,fig4 #fg4 ,,cone ,,pulleys4--,two cone pulleys ( equal size & tap] provide a means :]eby a *ange 9 spe$ c be transmitt$ f "o %aft to ano!r by m]ely mov+ ! belt to & fro4 ,! slighte/ *ange is available by ?is means4 ,fig4 #fh4 ,,univ]sal ,,jo9t4--,a :eel1 ) f\r project+ p9s1 is plac$ betwe5 ! ,u-%ap$ yokes on ! ends ( ! approa*+ %afts4 ,! p9s s]ve z ! pivots = ! angles =m$ by ! two %afts4 ,fig4 #fi4 ,,trammel ,,= ,,mak+ ,,an ,,ellipse4--,?is is a tool easily made1 :i* w be ( great s]vice 9 ! %op4 ,9 a disc 7,a71 pref]ably made ( brass1 are two *annels 7,b7 at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,! grooves are und]cut1 s t ! blocks 7,c7 w fit & slide 9 ! grooves & be held !re9 by ! dove-tail$ =mation4 ,ea* block is long] ?an ! wid? ( ! groove1 & has an outw>dly project+ p9 :i* passes ?r\gh a b> 7,d74 ,"o p9 7,e7 is movable along 9 a slot1 b is adju/able at any po9t s t ! %ape ( ! ellipse may be v>i$4 ,! end ( ! b> has a s]ies ( holes 7,g7 = a p5cil1 s t ! size ( ! ellipse may also be *ang$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,bevel ,ge>s ,fig4 #fc4 ,mit] ,ge>s ,fig4 #fd4 ,cr[n ,:eel ,fig4 #fe4 ,groov$ ,friction ,ge>s ,fig4 #ff4 ,valve ,fig4 #fg4 ,cone ,pulleys ,fig4 #fh4 ,univ]sal ,jo9t ,fig4 #gj4 ,,escapem5ts4--,v>i\s =ms ( escapem5ts may be made1 b ! object ( all is ! same4 ,! device is design$ to p]mit a :eel to move int]mitt+ly or 9 a /ep by /ep movem5t1 by ! sw++ motion ( a p5dulum4 ,ano!r ?+ is accompli%$ by x4 ,! tee? ( ! escapem5t are cut at su* an angle t1 z "o ( ! tee? ( ! escapem5t is releas$ f "o too? ( ! escapem5t :eel1 ! spr+1 or ! weight ( ! clock1 w cause "o ( ! tee? ( ! escapem5t :eel to engage ! o!r too? ( ! escapem5t1 & give ! p5dulum an impulse 9 ! o!r direction4 ,9 ! figure1 ,a is ! escapem5t1 ,b ! escapem5t :eels & a1 b1 ! pallets1 :i* are cut at suitable angles to actuate ! p5dulum4 ,fig4 #ga4 ,,simple ,,device ,,to ,,prev5t ,a ,,:eel ,,or ,,%aft ,,f ,,turn+ ,,back4--,?is is a sub/itute = a pawl & rat*et :eel4 ,a is a drum or a holl[ :eel & ,b a pulley on a %aft1 & ?is pulley turns loosely ) ! drum 7,a74 ,f\r tang5tial slots 7,c7 are cut into ! p]imet] ( ! pulley 7,b71 & 9 ea* is a h>d5$ /eel roll] 7,d74 ,x matt]s n 9 :at position ! :eel 7,b7 may be1 at lea/ two ( ! roll]s w always be 9 contact ) ! inside ( ! drum 7,a71 & ?us cause ! pulley & drum to turn toge!r4 ,on rev]s+ ! direction ( ! pulley ! roll]s are imm$iately fre$ f b9d+ contact4 ,fig4 #gb4 ,,racks ,,& ,,p9ions4--,! object ( ?is =m ( me*anism is to provide a reciprocat+1 or back-&-=? motion1 f a %aft :i* turns cont9ually 9 "o direction4 ,a is ! rack & ,b a mutilat$ ge>4 ,:5 ! ge> turns x moves ! rack 9 "o direction1 because ! tee? ( ! ge> engage ! l[] rack tee?1 & :5 ! rack has mov$ to ! end its tee? engage ! tee? ( ! upp] rack1 ?us rev]s+ ! movem5t ( ! rack4 ,fig4 #gc4 ,,mutilat$ ,,ge>s4--,^! are made 9 s _m =ms1 & adapt$ = su* a v>iety ( purposes1 t we m]ely give a few samples to %[ :at is meant by ! t]m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,trammel ,fig4 #gj4 ,escapem5t ,fig4 #ga4 ,device = ,hold+ ,:eel ,fig4 #gb4 ,rack & ,p9ion ,fig4 #gc4 ,mutilat$ ,ge>s ,fig4 #gd4 ,%aft ,c\pl+ ,fig4 #gd4 ,,simple ,,%aft ,,c\pl+4--,prep>e two simil>ly =m$ discs 7,a1 ,b71 :i* are provid$ ) hubs s !y may be key$ to ! ends ( ! respective %afts4 ,"o disc has f\r or m project+ p9s 7,c71 & ! o!r disc suitable holes 7,d7 to receive ! p9s4 ,fig4 #ge4 ,,clut*es4--,?is is a piece ( me*anism :i* is requir$ 9 s _m k9ds ( ma*9]y1 t we %[ sev]al ( ! mo/ approv$ types4 ,fig4 #gf4 ,,ball ,,& ,,socket ,,jo9ts4--,! mo/ practical =m ( ball & socket jo9ts is simply a head 9 :i* is a b[l-%ap$ cavity ! dep? ( "o-half ( ! ball4 ,a plate ) a c5tral op5+ small en\gh to hold 9 ! ball1 & /ill l>ge en\gh at ! neck to p]mit ! arm c>ry+ ! ball to sw+ a limit$ di/ance1 is secur$ by ?reads1 or by bolts1 to ! head4 ,! fir/ figure %[s ?is4 ,fig4 #gg illu/rates a simple mann] ( tight5+ ! ball s z to hold ! /&>d 9 any desir$ position4 ,fig4 #gh4 ,,tripp+ ,,devices4--,^! are usually 9 ! =m ( hooks1 s arrang$ t a slight pull on ! tripp+ lev] w cause ! susp5d$ articles to drop4 ,fig4 #gi4 ,,an*or ,,bolt4--,^! are us$ 9 brick or cem5t walls4 ,! bolt itself screws into a sleeve :i* is split1 & draws a w$ge nut up to ! split end ( ! sleeve4 ,z a result ! split sleeve op5s or spreads out & b9ds aga9/ ! wall suffici5tly to prev5t ! bolt f be+ )drawn4 ,fig4 #hj4 ,,lazy ,,tongs4--,"o ( ! simple/ & mo/ effective in/rum5ts = c>ry+ ice1 boxes or heavy objects1 :i* are bulky or inconv5i5t to c>ry4 ,x grasps ! article firmly1 & ! heavi] ! weight ! tight] is its grasp4 ,fig4 #ha4 ,,disc ,,%e>s4--,?is is a useful tool ei!r = cutt+ t9 or pap]1 pa/ebo>d & ! l4 ,x w cut by ! act ( draw+ ! mat]ial ?r\gh x1 b if p[] is appli$ to "o or to bo? ( ! %afts ! "w is mu* facilitat$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ?ick or h>d mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,clut*es ,fig4 #gf4 ,ball & ,socket ,jo9ts ,fig4 #gg4 ,fa/5+ ,ball ,fig4 #gh4 ,tripp+ ,devices ,fig4 #gi4 ,an*or ,bolt ,fig4 #hj4 ,lazy ,tongs4 ,fig4 #ha4 ,disc ,%e>s4 ,fig4 #hb4 ,,wabble ,,saw4--,?is is a mo/ simple & useful tool1 z x w readily & quickly saw out a groove s t x is und]cut4 ,! saw is put on ! m&rel at an angle1 z w be se51 & %\ld be run at a high rate ( spe$4 ,fig4 #hc4 ,,crank ,,motion ,,by ,a ,,slott$ ,,yoke4--,?is produces a /raight back-&-=? movem5t f ! circul> motion ( a :eel or crank4 ,x entirely disp5ses ) a pitman rod1 & x enables ! ma*9e1 or ! "p ( ! ma*9e op]at$1 to be plac$ close to ! crank4 ,fig4 #hd4 ,,cont9u\s ,,fe$ ,,by ,,! ,,motion ,,( ,a ,,lev]4--,! simple lev] ) a pawl on ea* side ( ! fulcrum is ! mo/ effective means to make a cont9u\s fe$ by ! simple movem5t ( a lev]4 ,! =m %[n is capable ( _m modifications1 & x c be easily adapt$ = any p>ticul> "w desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,wabble ,saw ,fig4 #hc4 ,cont9u\s ,crank ,motion ,fig4 #hd4 ,cont9u\s ,fe$ ,fig4 #he4 ,crank ,motion ,fig4 #hf4 ,rat*et ,head ,fig4 #hg4 ,b5* ,clamp ,fig4 #he4 ,,crank ,,motion4--,by ! /ructure %[n1 namely1 a slott$ lev] 7,a71 a quick return c be made ) ! lev]4 ,b indicates ! fulcrum4 ,fig4 #hf4 ,,rat*et ,,head4--,?is %[s a well-kn[n =m = common rat*et4 ,x has ! advantage t ! radially movable plugs 7,a7 are tang5tially dispos$1 & re/ aga9/ walls 7,b7 ecc5trically dispos$1 & are1 !re=e1 9 su* a position t !y easily slide ov] ! incl9es4 ,fig4 #hg4 ,,b5* ,,clamp4--,a pair ( dogs 7,a1 ,b71 ) ! ends b5t t[>d ea* o!r1 & pivot$ midway betwe5 ! ends to ! b5* 9 su* a position t ! bo>d 7,c71 to be held betwe5 !m1 on /rik+ ! re> ends ( ! dogs1 w =ce ! =w>d ends toge!r1 & ?us clamp x firmly = plan+ or o!r purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,helico-,volute ,spr+ ,fig4 #hi4 ,d\ble ,helico-,volute ,fig4 #ij4 ,helical ,spr+ ,fig4 #ia4 ,s+le ,volute ,helix-,spr+ ,fig4 #ib4 ,flat ,spiral or ,convolute ,fig4 #ic4 ,ecc5tric ,rod & ,/rap ,fig4 #id4 ,anti-,dead ,c5t] = ,foot-,la!s ,fig4 #hh4 ,,helico-,,volute ,,spr+4--,?is is a =m ( spr+ = t5sion purposes4 ,! enl>g$ cross-section ( ! coil 9 its middle portion1 ) ! ends tap]+ d[n to ! eyes1 provides a means :]eby ! pull is transf]r$ f ! small] to ! l>g] portions1 )\t produc+ a great break+ /ra9 ne> ! ends4 ,fig4 #hi4 ,,d\ble ,,helico-,,volute4--,?is =m1 s f> z ! outl9es are consid]$1 is ! opposite ( ,fig4 #hh4 ,a compression spr+ ( ?is k9d has a v wide range ( movem5t4 ,fig4 #ij4 ,,helical ,,spr+4--,?is =m ( coil1 uni=m f end to end1 is usually made ( metal :i* is squ>e 9 cross-section1 & us$ :]e x is requir$ = heavy purposes4 ,fig4 #ia4 ,,s+le ,,volute ,,helix-,,spr+4--,?is is also us$ = compression1 int5d$ :]e trem5d\s weights or resi/ances are to be ov]come1 & :5 ! range ( movem5t is small4 ,fig4 #ib4 ,,flat ,,spiral1 ,,or ,,convolute4--,?is is = small ma*9es4 ,x is ! famili> =m us$ 9 wat*es ow+ to its delicate /ructure1 & x is admirably adapt$ to yield to ! rock+ motion ( an arbor4 ,fig4 #ic4 ,,ecc5tric ,,rod ,,& ,,/rap4--,a simple & conv5i5t =m ( /ructure1 int5d$ to furni% a reciprocat+ motion :]e a crank is n available4 ,an illu/ration ( its use is %[n on c]ta9 types ( /eam eng9e to op]ate ! valves4 ,fig4 #id4 ,,anti-,,dead ,,c5t] ,,= ,,foot-,,la!s4--,a flat1 spiral spr+ 7,a71 ) its coil$ end atta*$ to firm support 7,b71 has its o!r end pivotally atta*$ to ! crank-p9 7,c71 ! t5sion ( ! spr+ be+ su* t :5 ! la! /ops ! crack-p9 w always be at "o side ( ! dead-c5t]1 ?us enabl+ ! op]ator to />t ! ma*9e by m]ely press+ ! foot d[nw>dly on ! treadle 7,d74 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,mat]ials ,a workman is able to select ! "r metals because he kn[s t ea* has "s peculi> prop]ty :i* is be/ adapt$ = 8 p>ticul> use4 ,^! ) _! mean+ w n[ be expla9$4 ,,ela/icity4--,?is exi/s 9 metals 9 ?ree di/9ct ways3 ,fir/1 9 ! =m ( traction4 ,hang a weight on a wire & x w /ret* a c]ta9 am\nt4 ,:5 ! weight is remov$ ! wire %r9ks back to its orig9al l5g?4 ,second3 ,if ! weight on ! wire is rotat$1 s z to twi/ x1 & ! h& is tak5 f ! weight1 x w untwi/ itself1 & g back to its orig9al position4 ,?is is call$ torsion4 ,?ird3 ,a piece ( metal may be coil$ up l a wat* spr+1 or b5t l a c>riage spr+1 & x w yield :5 pressure is appli$4 ,?is is call$ flexure4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( /eel h ^! qualities 9 a high degree4 ,,t5acity4--,?is is a t]m us$ to express ! resi/ance :i* ! body opposes to ! sep>ation ( its p>ts4 ,x is det]m9$ by =m+ ! metal into a wire1 & hang+ on weights1 to f9d h[ mu* w be requir$ to break x4 ,if we h two wires1 ! fir/ ) a transv]se area only "o-qu>t] t ( ! second1 & ! fir/ breaks at #be p\nds1 :ile ! second breaks at #ej p\nds1 ! t5acity ( ! fir/ is twice z great z t ( ! second4 ,to ! boy :o und]/&s simple ratio 9 ma!matics1 ! problem w\ld be l ?is3 #be x #d 3 #ej x #a1 or z #b 3 #a4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,t5aci\s ,,metal4--,/eel has ! greate/ t5acity ( all metals1 & lead ! lea/4 ,9 proportion to weight1 h[ev]1 !re are _m sub/ances :i* h ?is prop]ty 9 a high] degree4 ,cotton fib]s w support millions ( times _! own weight4 ,!re is "o peculi> ?+1 t t5acity v>ies ) ! =m ( ! body4 ,a solid cyl9drical body has a great] /r5g? ?an a squ>e "o ( ! same size2 & a holl[ cyl9d] m t5acity ?an a solid "o4 ,?is pr9ciple is well kn[n 9 ! bones ( animals1 9 ! fea!rs ( birds1 & 9 ! /ems ( _m plants4 ,9 almo/ e metal t5acity dim9i%es z ! temp]ature increases4 ,,ductility4--,?is is a prop]ty :]eby a metal may be drawn out to =m a wire4 ,"s metals1 l ca/ iron1 h absolutely no ductility4 ,! metal :i* possesses ?is prop]ty to ! highe/ degree1 is plat9um4 ,wires ( ?is metal h be5 drawn out s f9e t ov] #cj1jjj ( !m laid side by side w\ld measure only "o in* across1 & a mile ( su* wire w\ld weigh only a gra91 or "o sev5-?\s&? ( a p\nd4 ,,malleability4--,?is is consid]$ a modification ( ductility4 ,any metal :i* c be beat5 out1 z ) a hamm]1 or flatt5$ into %eets ) roll]s1 is consid]$ malleable4 ,gold possesses ?is prop]ty to ! highe/ degree4 ,x has be5 beat5 into leaves "o ?ree-hundr$-?\s&? ( an in* ?ick4 ,,h>dness4--,?is is ! resi/ance :i* bodies (f] to be+ scrat*$ by o!rs4 ,z an example1 ! diamond has ! capacity to scrat* all1 b _c be scrat*$ by any o!r4 ,,alloys4--,alloys1 t is a comb9ation ( two or m metals1 are h>d] ?an ! pure metals1 & = ?is reason jewelry1 & co9s1 are usually alloy$4 ,! resi/ance ( a body to compression does n dep5d ^u its h>dness4 ,/rike a diamond ) a hamm] & x flies to pieces1 b wood does n4 ,"o is brittle & ! o!r is t\gh4 ,! ma*9i/ c utilize ?is prop]ty by und]/&+ t velocity enables a s(t mat]ial to cut a h>d] "o4 ,?us1 a wr\ght iron disc rotat+ rapidly1 w cut su* h>d sub/ances z agate or qu>tz4 ,,resi/ance4--,all metals (f] m or less resi/ance to ! fl[ ( an electric curr5t4 ,silv] (f]s ! lea/ resi/ance1 & ,g]man silv] ! greate/4 ,temp]ature also affects ! fl[4 ,x passes m easily ov] a cold ?an a w>m conductor4 ,,p]si/5ce4--,all metals on receiv+ heat1 w reta9 x = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 & w f9ally cool d[n to ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,"s1 l alum9um1 reta9 x = a long "t2 o!rs1 z iron1 w give x (f quickly4 ,,conductivity4--,all metals w conduct heat & cold1 z well z electricity4 ,if "o end ( a metal b> is heat$1 ! heat creeps along to ! o!r end until x has ! same temp]ature ?r\gh\t4 ,?is is call$ equalization4 ,if a heat$ b> is plac$ 9 contact ) ano!r1 ! effect is to increase ! temp]ature ( ! cold b> & l[] t ( ! w>m b>4 ,?is is call$ reciprocity4 ,,molecul> ,,=ces4--,molecul> attraction is a =ce :i* acts 9 su* a way z to br+ all ! p>ticles ( a body toge!r4 ,x acts 9 ?ree ways1 dep5d5t on ! p>ticul> conditions :i* exi/4 ,fir/3 ,cohesion4 ,?is exi/s betwe5 molecules :i* are ( ! same k9d1 z = in/ance1 iron4 ,cohesion ( ! p>ticles is v /rong 9 solids1 mu* weak] 9 liquids1 & sc>cely exi/s at all betwe5 ! p>ticles 9 gases4 ,second3 ,adhesion is t prop]ty :i* exi/s betwe5 ! surfaces ( bodies 9 contact4 ,if two flat surfaces are press$ toge!r1 z = in/ance1 two p]fectly smoo? & flat pieces ( lead1 !y w adh]e4 ,if1 = in/ance1 oil %\ld be put on ! surfaces1 be=e putt+ !m toge!r1 !y w\ld adh]e s firmly t x w\ld be difficult to pull !m ap>t4 ,?ird3 ,aff9ity4 ,?is is ano!r peculi>ity ab\t mat]ials4 ,?us1 :ile cohesion b9ds toge!r ! molecules ( wat]1 x is *emical aff9ity :i* unites two elem5ts1 l hydrog5 & oxyg51 ( :i* wat] is compos$4 ,,porosity4--,all matt] has little holl[s or spaces betwe5 ! molecules4 ,y "k :at ?is is 9 ! case ( a sponge1 or pumice /one4 ,c]ta9 metals h ! pores s small t x is difficult to see !m except ) a v p[]ful glass4 ,"u great pressure wat] c be =c$ ?r\gh ! pores ( metals1 z has be5 done 9 ! case ( gold4 ,wat] also is por\s1 b ! spaces betwe5 ! molecules are v small4 ,,compressibility4--,x foll[s f ! =ego+ /atem5t1 t if !re are little int]/ices betwe5 ! molecules1 ! v>i\s bodies c be compress$ toge!r4 ,?is c be done 9 v>y+ degrees ) all solids1 b liquids1 g5]ally1 h little compressibility4 ,gases are readily r$uc$ 9 volume by compression4 ,,ela/icity4--,?is is a prop]ty by virtue ( :i* a body resumes its orig9al =m :5 compress$4 ,india rubb]1 ivory & glass are examples ( ela/icity2 :]eas1 lead & clay d n possess ?is prop]ty4 ,air is ! mo/ ela/ic ( all sub/ances4 ,,in]tia4--,?is is a prop]ty ( matt] by virtue ( :i* x _c ( itself *ange its /ate ( motion or ( re/4 ,newton's fir/ law ( motion is1 9 sub/ance1 t matt] at re/ w et]nally rema9 at re/1 & matt] 9 motion w =ev] cont9ue 9 motion1 unless act$ on by "s ext]nal =ce4 ,a rid] is c>ri$ ov] ! head ( a horse :5 ! latt] sudd5ly /ops4 ,?is illu/rates ! in]tia ( movem5t4 ,a /one at re/ w always rema9 9 t condition unless mov$ by "s =ce4 ,t %[s ! in]tia ( re/4 ,,mom5tum4--,?is is ! t]m to designate ! quantity ( motion 9 a body4 ,?is quantity v>ies & is dep5d5t on ! mass1 toge!r ) ! velocity4 ,a fly :eel is a good example4 ,x cont9ues to move aft] ! impell+ =ce ceases2 & a metal :eel has great] mom5tum ?an a wood5 :eel at ! same spe$1 ow+ to its great] mass4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! wood5 :eel is spe$$ up suffici5tly x may h ! same mom5tum z ! metal "o4 ,,weight4--,all sub/ances h :at is call$ weight4 ,?is means t ev]y?+ is attract$ t[>d ! e>? by ! =ce ( gravity4 ,gravity1 h[ev]1 is diff]5t f weight4 ,all sub/ances attract ea* o!r2 n only 9 ! direction ( ! c5t] ( ! e>?1 b lat]ally1 z well4 ,weight1 !re=e1 has ref]5ce to ! pull ( an object t[>d ! e>?2 & gravity to t influ5ce :i* all matt] has = ea* o!r indep5d5tly ( ! direction4 ,,c5tripetal ,,=ce4--,?is attraction ( ! e>?1 :i* gives articles ! prop]ty ( weight1 is t]m$ c5tripetal =ce--t is1 ! draw+ 9 ( a body4 ,,c5trifugal ,,=ce4--,! direct opposite ( c5tripetal1 is c5trifugal =ce1 :i* t5ds to ?r[ outw>dly4 ,dirt fly+ f a rapidly mov+ :eel illu/rates ?is4 ,,capill>y ,,attraction4--,!re is a peculi> prop]ty 9 liquids1 :i* des]ves att5tion1 & %\ld be und]/ood1 & t is ! "n giv5 to ! t5d5cy ( liquids to rise 9 f9e tubes4 ,x is /at$ t wat] w always f9d its level4 ,:ile ?is is true1 we h an in/ance :]e1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( a solid1 made 9 a peculi> =m1 causes ! liquid1 )91 to rise up f> beyond ! level ( ! wat]4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by ?ree tubes ( diff]5t int]nal diamet]s4 ,! liquid rises up high] 9 ! second ?an 9 ! fir/1 & /ill high] 9 ! ?ird ?an 9 ! second4 ,! small] ! tube ! great] ! height ( ! liquid4 ,?is is call$ capill>y attraction1 ! ^w capill>y mean+ a hair4 ,! ph5om5a is be/ obs]v$ :5 se5 9 tubes :i* are z f9e z hairs4 ,! liquid has an aff9ity = ! metal1 & creeps up ! inside1 & ! di/ance x w ?us move dep5ds on ! size ( ! tube4 ,,! ,,sap ,,( ,,trees4--,! sap ( trees goes upw>dly1 n because ! tree is alive1 b due to ?is prop]ty 9 ! contact ( liquids ) a solid4 ,x is exactly on ! same pr9ciple t if ! end ( a piece ( blott+ pap] is imm]s$ 9 wat]1 ! latt] w creep up & spread ov] ! entire surface ( ! %eet4 ,9 l mann]1 oil moves upw>dly 9 a wick1 & w keep on do+ s1 until ! light$ wick is ext+ui%$1 :5 ! fl[ ceases4 ,:5 x is aga9 light$ ! oil aga9 fl[s1 z be=e4 ,if x 7 n = ?is pr9ciple ( capill>y attraction1 x w\ld be difficult to =m a bubble ( air 9 a _s level4 ,y c readily see h[ ! liquid at ea* end ( ! air bubble r\nds x (f1 z ?\gh x tri$ to surr\nd x4 ,,s\nd4--,s\nd is caus$ by vibration1 & x w\ld be impossible to convey x )\t an ela/ic m$ium ( "s k9d4 ,ac\/ics is a bran* ( physics :i* treats ( s\nds4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f music :i* has ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> k9ds4 ,s\nds are di/+ui%$ f noises4 ,! latt] are discordant & abrupt vibrations1 :]eas ! =m] are regul> & cont9u\s4 ,,s\nd ,,m$iums4--,gases1 vapors1 liquids & solids transmit vibrations1 b liquids & solids propagate ) great] velocity ?an gases4 ,,vibration4--,a vibration is ! mov+ to & fro ( ! molecules 9 a body1 & ! great] _! movem5t ! m int5se is ! s\nd4 ,! int5sity ( ! s\nd is affect$ by ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! movem5t ( ! w9ds also *anges its p[] ( transmission4 ,s\nd is also made m int5se if a sonor\s body is ne> its s\rce4 ,?is is tak5 advantage ( 9 musical in/rum5ts1 :]e a s\nd+-bo>d is us$1 z 9 ! case ( ! piano1 & 9 ! viol91 :i* has a ?9 %ell z a body = hold+ ! /r+s4 ,ano!r curi\s ?+ is %[n 9 ! speak+ tube1 :]e ! s\nd waves are conf9$1 s t !y are c>ri$ along 9 "o l9e1 & z !y are n int]f]$ ) w transmit ! vibrations to great di/ances4 ,,velocity ,,( ,,s\nd4--,! temp]ature ( ! air has also an effect on ! rate ( transmission1 b = g5]al purposes a temp]ature ( #fb degrees has be5 tak5 z ! /&>d4 ,! movem5t is %[n to be ab\t #ej miles 9 #d m9utes1 or at ! rate ( #a1abj feet p] second4 ,9 wat]1 h[ev]1 ! spe$ is f\r times great]2 & 9 iron ne>ly fifte5 times great]4 ,s(t e>? is a poor conductor1 :ile rock & solid e>? convey v readily4 ,plac+ ! e> on a railway track w give ! vibrations ( a mov+ tra9 miles be=e x c be he>d ?r\gh ! air4 ,,s\nd ,,reflections4--,s\nd waves move outw>dly f ! object 9 ! =m ( wave-l r+s1 b ^? conc5tric r+s1 z !y are call$1 may be int]rupt$ at v>i\s po9ts by ob/acles4 ,:5 t is ! case ! s\nd is buffet$ back1 produc+ :at is call$ e*oes4 ,,resonance4--,mat]ials h a quality t produces a v useful result1 call$ resonance1 & x is "o ( ! ?+s t gives add$ effect to a speak]'s voice 9 a hall1 :]e !re is a con/ant succession ( e*oes4 ,a wall di/ant f ! speak] ab\t #ee feet1 produces an almo/ in/antane\s reflection ( ! s\nd1 & at d\ble t measurem5t ! effect is /ill /rong]4 ,:5 ! di/ance is too %ort = ! reflect+ s\nd to be he>d1 we h resonance4 ,x enri*es ! s\nd ( ! voice1 & gives a f9] quality to musical in/rum5ts4 ,,e*oes4--,:5 s\nds are he>d aft] ! orig9als are emitt$ !y t5d to confusion1 & ! quality ( resonance is lo/4 ,!re are places :]e e*oes are repeat$ _m times4 ,9 ! *ateau ( ,simonetta1 ,italy1 a s\nd w be repeat$ ?irty times4 ,,speak+ ,,trumpet4--,?is in/rum5t is an example ( ! use ( reflection4 ,x is m]ely a bell-%ap$1 or fl>+ body1 ! l>ge end ( :i* is direct$ to ! audi5ce4 ,! voice talk+ into ! small end is direct$ =w>dly1 & is reflect$ f ! sides1 & its resonance also enables ! vibrations to c>ry f>!r ?an )\t ! use ( ! solid "p ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! e> trumpet is an illu/ration ( a s\nd-collect+ device1 ! waves be+ br\ght toge!r by reflection4 ,,! ,,/e?oscope4--,?is is an in/rum5t us$ by physicians1 & x is s delicate t ! movem5ts ( ! organs ( ! body c be he>d ) great di/9ctness4 ,x m]ely collects ! vibrations1 & transmits !m to ! e>s by ! small tubes :i* are connect$ ) ! collect+ bell4 ,,! ,,vitascope4--,num]\s in/rum5ts h be5 devis$ to det]m9e ! rate ( vibration ( diff]5t mat]ials & /ructures1 ! mo/ important be+ ! vitascope1 :i* has a revolvable cyl9d]1 black5$ ) soot1 & ?is be+ rotat$ at a c]ta9 spe$1 ! /ylus1 :i* is atta*$ to ! vibrat+ body1 9 contact ) ! cyl9d]1 w %[ ! numb] p] second1 z well z ! p>ticul> "* ( ea* oscillation4 ,,! ,,phonautograph4--,?is in/rum5t is us$ to regi/] ! vibration ( w9d in/rum5ts1 z well z ! human voice1 & ! p>ticul> =ms ( ! vibrations are trac$ on a cyl9d]1 ! trac+ /ylus be+ atta*$ to a ?9 vibrat+ membrane :i* is affect$ by ! voice or in/rum5t4 ,,! ,,phonograph4--,?is in/rum5t is ! outgr[? ( ! /ylus =ms ( ! app>atus describ$1 b 9 ?is case ! /ylus1 or ne$le1 is fix$ to a metallic diaphragm1 & its po9t makes an impression on suitable mat]ial plac$ on ! outside ( a revolvable cyl9d] or disc4 ,light4-,light is ! ag5t :i* excites ! s5sation ( vision 9 ! eye4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 advanc$ by sci5ti/s to acc\nt = ! ph5om5on1 & ! two mo/ not$ views are ! corpuscul>1 promulgat$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 & ! undulatory1 enunciat$ by ,huyg5s & ,eul]4 ,! corpuscul> !ory conceives t light is a sub/ance ( exce$+ly light p>ticles :i* are %ot =? ) imm5se velocity4 ,! undulatory !ory1 n[ g5]ally accept$1 ma9ta9s t light is c>ri$ by vibrations 9 e!r4 ,e!r is a subtle ela/ic m$ium :i* fills all space4 ,lum9\s bodies are ^? l ! sun1 :i* emit light4 ,rays may div]ge1 t is1 spread out2 conv]ge1 or po9t t[>d ea* o!r2 or !y may be p>allel ) ea* o!r4 ,,velocity ,,( ,,light4--,light moves at ! rate ( ab\t #ahf1jjj miles a second4 ,z ! sun is ab\t #id1jjj1jjj miles f ! e>?1 x takes #h-a_/b m9utes = ! light ( ! sun to rea* u4 ,,reflection4--,"o ( ! mo/ important ?+s connect$ ) light is t ( reflection4 ,x is t quality :i* is utiliz$ 9 telescopes1 microscopes1 mirrors1 heliograph signal+ & o!r l app>atus & uses4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciple is1 t a ray is reflect$1 or ?r[n back f a mirror at ! same angle z t :i* produces ! light4 ,:5 ! rays ( ! sun1 :i* are1 ( c\rse1 p>allel1 /rike a concave mirror1 ! reflect+ rays are conv]g$2 & :5 ! rays /rike a convex mirror !y div]ge4 ,9 ?is way ! pr9ciple is employ$ 9 reflect+ telescopes4 ,,refraction4--,?is is ! peculi> action ( light 9 pass+ ?r\gh sub/ances4 ,if a ray passes ?r\gh wat] at an angle to ! surface ! ray w b5d d[nw>dly 9 pass+ ?r\gh1 & !n aga9 pass on 9 a /raight l9e4 ,?is w be notic$ if a p5cil is /ood 9 a glass ( wat] at an angle1 :5 x w appe> b5t4 ,refraction is t :i* enables light to be divid$ up1 or analyz$4 ,9 ?is way :ite light f ! sun is %[n to be compos$ ( sev5 pr9cipal colors4 ,,colors4--,if ! light is pass$ ?r\gh a prism1 :i* is a triangul>ly %ap$ piece ( glass1 ! rays on em]g+ w div]ge f ea* o!r1 & :5 !y fall on a wall or scre5 ! colors r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo & violet are %[n4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! ray 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! prism has ! diff]5t colors 9 x refract at diff]5t angles1 ! violet b5d+ m ?an ! r$4 ,,! ,,spectroscope4--,! ability to make :at is ?us call$ a spectrum1 br\ght =? "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful in/rum5ts ev] devis$ by man4 ,if any metal1 or mat]ial1 is fus$1 or put 9 su* a condition t a ray ( light c be obta9$ f x1 & ?is light is pass$ ?r\gh a prism1 x w be f\nd t ea* sub/ance has its own peculi> divisions & arrangem5ts ( colors4 ,9 ?is way sub/ances are det]m9$ by :at is call$ spectrum analysis1 & x is by means ( ?is in/rum5t t ! composition ( ! sun1 & ! planets & fix$ />s are det]m9$4 ,,! ,,ra9b[4--,! ra9b[ is "o ( ! effects ( refraction1 z ! light1 /rik+ ! little globul> p>ticles ( wat] susp5d$ 9 ! air1 produces a break+ up ( ! :ite light into its compon5t colors1 & ! sky s]ves z a backgr\nd = view+ ! analysis ?us made4 ,,heat4--,x is n[ conclusively prov51 t heat1 l light1 magnetism & electricity1 is m]ely a mode ( motion4 ,! me*anical !ory ( heat may be %[n by rubb+ toge!r sev]al bodies4 ,heat exp&s all sub/ances1 except ice1 & 9 exp&+ develops an enorm\s =ce4 ,,expansion4--,9 l mann] liquids exp& ) heat4 ,! p[] ( m]cury 9 exp&+ may be und]/ood :5 x is /at$ t a pressure ( #aj1jjj p\nds w\ld be requir$ to prev5t ! expansion ( m]cury1 :5 heat$ simply #aj degrees4 ,gases also exp&4 ,:ile wat]1 & ! diff]5t solids1 all h _! p>ticul> units ( expansion1 x is n s ) gases1 z all h ! same coeffici5t4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,h[ ,,draught+ ,,becomes ,a ,,valuable ,,aid ,! ability to read draw+s is a necess>y "p ( ! boy's education4 ,to "k h[ to use ! tools1 is /ill m important4 ,9 convey+ an idea ab\t a piece ( me*anism1 a sket* is giv54 ,n[1 ! sket* may be readable 9 itself1 requir+ no explanation1 or x may be ( su* a nature t x w necessitate "s writt5 description4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,pla9 ,circle ,,l9es ,,9 ,,draw+4--,9 draw+1 l9es h a def9ite mean+4 ,a pla9 circul> l9e1 l ,fig4 #ie1 :5 drawn 9 t way1 conveys ?ree mean+s3 ,x may repres5t a rim1 or a b5t piece ( wire2 x may illu/rate a disk2 or1 x may convey ! idea ( a ball4 ,suppose we develop !m to express ! ?ree =ms accurately4 ,fig4 #if1 by m]ely add+ an int]ior l9e1 %[s t x is a rim4 ,!re c be no fur!r d\bt ab\t t expression4 ,fig4 #ig %[s a s+le l9e1 b x w n[ be notic$ t ! l9e is ?ick5$ at ! l[] "r-h& side1 & f ?is y c readily inf] t x is a disk4 ,,%ad+4--,fig4 #ih1 by hav+ a few %ad$ l9es on ! "r & l[] side1 makes x h ! appe>ance ( a globe or a convex surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,r+ ,fig4 #ig4 ,rais$ ,surface ,fig4 #ih4 ,sph]e ,%ad+ or ?ick5+ ! l9es also gives ano!r expression to ! same circul> l9e4 ,9 ,fig4 #ii1 if ! upp] & left-h& side ( ! circle is heavily %ad$1 x %[s t ! area )9 ! circle is depress$1 in/ead ( be+ rais$4 ,,direction ,,( ,,%ade4--,on ! o!r h&1 if ! %ad+ l9es1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajj1 are at ! upp] left-h& side1 !n ! m9d at once grasps ! idea ( a concave surface4 ,! fir/ ?+1 !re=e1 to keep 9 m9d1 is ?is fact3 ,t 9 all me*anical draw+1 ! light is suppos$ to %9e d[n f ! upp] left-h& corn] & t1 z a result1 ! l[] v]tical l9e1 z well z ! extreme "r-h& v]tical l9e1 ca/s ! %ad[s1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 be made heavi] ?an ! upp] horizontal1 & ! left-h& v]tical l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,depress$ ,surface ,fig4 #ajj4 ,concave ,!re are exceptions to ?is rule1 :i* w be readily und]/ood by foll[+ out ! illu/rations 9 ! ord] giv5 bel[4 ,,p]spectives4--,! utility ( ! heavy l9es w be m app>5t :5 draw+ squ>e1 rectangul>1 or triangul> objects4 ,let u take ,fig4 #aja1 :i* appe>s to be ! p]spective ( a cube4 ,notice t all l9es are ( ! same ?ickness4 ,:5 ! sket* 0 fir/ br\ght to me ,i ?\ght x 0 a cube2 b ! explanation :i* foll[$1 %[$ t ! man :o made ! sket* _h an entirely diff]5t mean+4 ,he _h int5d$ to convey to my m9d ! idea ( ?ree pieces1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ( metal1 ( equal size1 jo9$ toge!r s z to =m a triangul>ly %ap$ pocket z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aja4 ,! addition ( ! inn] l9es1 l ,d1 quickly dispell$ ! sugge/ion ( ! cube4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,=ms ( ,cubical ,outl9es ,b1 he rem>k$1 ,i want to use ! ?9ne/ metal1 l %eets ( t92 & y %[ !m ?ick by add+ ! inn] l9es4 ,su* be+ ! case1 if we did n want to %[ ?ickness z its /ructural =m1 we _h to d x by mak+ ! l9es !mselves & ! %ad+ give t /ructural idea4 ,?is 0 done by us+ ! s+le l9es1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajc1 & by a slight %ad+ ( ! pieces ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,%ad+ ,edges ,,! ,,mo/ ,,pron\nc$ ,,l9es4--,if x _h be5 a cube1 or a solid block1 ! corn]s ne>e/ ! eye w\ld h be5 mo/ pron\nc$1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajd1 & ! side next to ! obs]v] w\ld h be5 d>ke/4 ,?is "q ( light & %ad[ is :at expresses ! surface =mation ( e draw+4 ,simple /rokes =m outl9es ( ! object1 b _! ?ickness1 & ! %ad+1 %[ ! "* enclos$ by ! ,,l9es4 ,,direction ,,( ,,light4--,n[1 z /at$1 ! ca/+ ( ! %ad[ d[nw>d f ! upp] left-h& corn] makes ! la/ l9e ov] :i* x passes ! ?icke/1 & 9 ,figs4 #aje & #ajf !y are n ! extreme l9es at ! bottom & at ! "r side1 because ( ! close p>allel l9es4 ,9 ,figs4 #aji & #aaj ! blades sup]pos$ on ! o!r are v ?91 & ! result is ! l9es at ! "r side & bottom are made mu* heavi]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,illu/rat+ ,heavy ,l9es ,?is is m fully %[n 9 ,figs4 #ajg & #ajh4 ,notice ! m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! two figures1 bo? ( :i* %[ ! same set ( pulleys1 & ! la/ figure1 by m]ely hav+ ! l[] & ! "r-h& l9es ( ea* pulley heavy1 *anges ! "* ( ! repres5tation1 & tells mu* m cle>ly :at ! draughtsman s\ght to convey4 ,,scale ,,draw+s4--,all draw+s are made to a scale :]e ! article is l>ge & _c be indicat$ ! exact size1 us+ p>ts ( an in* to repres5t in*es2 & p>ts ( a foot to repres5t feet4 ,9 ord] to r$uce a draw+ :]e a foot is ! unit1 x is always be/ to use "o-&-a-half in*es1 or twelve-eigh?s ( an in*1 z ! basis4 ,9 ?is way ea* eigh? ( an in* repres5ts an in*4 ,if ! draw+ %\ld be made l>g]1 !n use ?ree in*es1 & 9 t way ea* in* w\ld be "o-qu>t] ( an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,l9es on ,pla9 ,surfaces ,! draw+ %\ld !n h m>k$1 9 "s conspicu\s place1 ! scale1 l ! foll[+3 ,scale1 #a-a_/b #a'2 or1 ,scale #c #a'4 ,,degree1 ,,& ,,:at ,,x ,,means4--,a degree is n a measurem5t4 ,! ^w is us$ to designate an int]val1 a position1 or an angle4 ,e circle has #cfj degrees1 & :5 a c]ta9 degree is m5tion$1 x means a c]ta9 angle f :at is call$ a base l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,illu/rat+ ,degrees ,look at ,fig4 #aaa4 ,?is has a v]tical l9e ,a1 & a horizontal l9e ,b4 ,! circle is ?us divid$ into f\r p>ts1 & :]e ^! l9es ,a1 ,b1 cross ! circle are ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,ea* ( ! f\r p>ts is call$ a quadrant1 & ea* quadrant has #ij degrees4 ,any l9e1 l ,c1 :i* is halfway betwe5 ,a & ,b1 is #de degrees4 ,halfway betwe5 ,a & ,c1 or betwe5 ,b & ,c1 l ! l9e ,d1 is #bb-a_/b degrees4 ,,memoriz+ ,,angles4--,x is well to try & rememb] ^! l9es by fix+ ! angles 9 ! memory4 ,a good plan is to divide any ( ! quadrants into ?irds1 z %[n by ! po9ts ,e1 ,f1 & !n rememb] t ,e is #cj degrees f ! horizontal l9e ,b1 & t ,f is #fj degrees4 ,or1 y might say t ,f is #cj degrees f ! v]tical l9e ,a1 & ,e #fj degrees f ,a4 ,ei!r w\ld be correct4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,section ,l9+ ,,section ,,l9+4--,9 repres5t+ _m p>ts ( a ma*9e1 or article1 x is necess>y to %[ ! p>ts cut (f1 :i* mu/ be illu/rat$ by :at is call$ section l9+4 ,adjac5t p>ts %\ld h ! section l9es runn+ at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & always at #de degrees4 ,look at ! outside & !n ! inside views ( ,fig4 #aab1 & y w see h[ ! contigu\s p>ts h ! angles at "r angles1 & cle>ly illu/rate h[ e "p ( ! wr5* is made4 ,skill 9 depict+ an article1 = ! purpose ( con/ruct+ x f ! draw+1 w make ! actual "w on ! b5* & la! an easy "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,draw+ an ,ellipse ,,mak+ ,,ellipses ,,& ,,irregul> ,,curves4--,?is is ! h>de/ ?+ to d ) draw+ tools4 ,a prop]ly con/ruct$ elliptical figure is difficult1 pr9cipally1 because two diff]5t siz$ curves are requir$1 & ! p5 runs f "o curve into ! o!r4 ,if ! two curves meet at ! wrong place1 y may be sure y w h a di/ort$ ellipse4 ,foll[ ! directions giv5 9 connection ) ,fig4 #aac1 & x w give y a good idea ( m]g+ ! two l9es4 ,fir/4 ,draw a horizontal l9e1 ,a1 :i* is 9 ! direction ( ! major axis ( ! ellipse--t is1 ! longe/ di/ance across4 ,! n>r[ "p ( ! ellipse is call$ ! m9or axis4 ,second4 ,draw a p]p5dicul> l9e1 ,b1 :i* we w call ! c5t] ( ! ellipse1 :]e x crosses ! l9e ,a4 ,?is po9t mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! focus4 ,9 a circle ! focus is ! exact c5t] ( ! r+1 b !re is no su* ?+ 9 an ellipse4 ,in/ead1 !re are two focal po9ts1 call$ ! foci1 z y w see pres5tly4 ,?ird4 ,/ep (f two po9ts or m>k+ places1 z we %all t]m !m1 equidi/ant f ! l9e ,b1 & m>k$ ,c1 ,c4 ,^! m>ks w !n repres5t ! diamet] ( ! ellipse across its major axis4 ,f\r?4 ,we mu/ n[ get ! diamet] ( ! m9or axis1 along ! l9e ,b4 ,?is di/ance w dep5d on ! p]spective y h ( ! figure4 ,if y look at a disk at an angle ( ab\t #cj degrees x w be half ( ! di/ance across ! major axis4 ,s y may und]/& ?is exam9e ,fig4 #aad4 ,! fir/ sket* %[s ! eye look+ directly at ! disk #a4 ,9 ! second sket* ! disk is at #cj degrees1 & n[ ! l9es #b #b1 f ! eye1 indicate t x is j half ! wid? t x 0 :5 ! l9es #c #c 7 project$4 ,! m>ks ,d ,d1 !re=e1 indicate ! di/ance across ! m9or axis 9 ,fig4 #aac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,p]spection 9 ,angles ,fif?4 ,we mu/ n[ f9d ! focal po9ts ( ! ellipse4 ,if ! l9e ,a on ea* side ( ! cross l9e ,b is divid$ into f\r p>ts1 ! out] m>ks ,e may be us$ = ! foci1 & w be ! places :]e ! po9t ( ! compass1 or b[ p51 is to be plac$4 ,six?4 ,describe a circle ,f1 s x passes ?r\gh ! m>k ,c1 & move ! po9t ( ! compass to ! c5t] ( ! ellipse1 at ! />1 & describe a circle l9e ,g1 f ! m>k ,c to ! l9e ,b4 ,?is w give a c5t]+ po9t ,h4 ,!n draw a l9e ,i f ,h to ,e1 & ext5d x ?r\gh ! circle ,f4 ,sev5?4 ,if ! po9t ( ! compass is n[ put at ,h1 & ! p5cil or p5 on ! circle l9e ,f1 ! curve ,j c be drawn1 s ! latt] curve & ! curve ,f w ?us m]ge p]fectly at ! l9e ,i4 ,,! ,,focal ,,po9ts4--,! focal po9ts c be select$ at any arbitr>y po9t1 betwe5 ,c & ! l9e ,b1 & ! po9t ,h may be mov$ clos] to or f>!r away f ! l9e ,a1 & y w succe$ 9 mak+ ! ellipse correct1 if y obs]ve "o ?+1 namely3 ,! l9e ,i1 :i* mu/ always run f ,h to ,e1 & int]sects ! circle ,f1 is ! />t+ or ! end+ po9t = ! small curve ,f or ! l>ge circle ,j4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,fig4 #aag4 ,p]spectives ( ,cubes ,,isometric ,,& ,,p]spective4--,a figure may be drawn s z to %[ an isometric or a p]spective view4 ,?us1 a cube c be drawn s z to make an isometric figure1 z 9 ,fig4 #aae1 :]e ! ?ree sides are equal to ea* o!r4 ,isometric means a me?od ( draw+ any object 9 su* a mann] t ! height1 l5g? & bread? may be %[n 9 ! proportion !y really be> to ea* o!r4 ,fig4 #aae has ! sides n only equal to ea* o!r1 9 appe>ance to ! eye1 b !y h ! same outl9es & angles4 ,contra/ ?is figure ) ,figs4 #aaf & #aag4 ,9 ,fig4 #aaf two ( ! sides are equal 9 angles & outl9e2 & 9 ,fig4 #aag ea* side has a diff]5t outl9e1 & diff]5t angles4 ,nev]!less1 all ! cubes are1 9 reality1 ( ! same dim5sion4 ,,! ,,protractor4--,?is is a mo/ useful tool = ! draughtsman4 ,x enables ! us] to readily f9d any angle4 ,fig4 #aah %[s an approv$ =m ( ! tool = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,protractor4 ,section ,l9+ ,metals ,,sugge/ions ,,9 ,,draw+4--,z 9 ! use ( all o!r tools1 s ) ! draw+ in/rum5t1 x mu/ be kept 9 prop] ord]4 ,if ! po9ts are too f9e !y w cut ! pap]2 if too blunt ! l9es w be ragg$4 ,9 :ett+ ! po9ts hold ! p5 at an angle ( #ab degrees4 ,don't make too long an angle or slope1 & e "t y %>p5 hold x at ! same angle1 s t x is gr\nd back1 & n at ! po9t only4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,us+ ! ,protractor4 ,,hold+ ,,! ,,p54--,! draw+ p5 %\ld be held z ne>ly v]tical z possible4 ,use ! clean+ rag frequ5tly4 ,if ! ink does n fl[ freely1 aft] y h made a few /rokes1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 g5tly press toge!r ! po9ts4 ,! lea/ grit betwe5 ! t9es w cause an irregul> fl[4 ,,inks4--,z prep>$ liquid inks are n[ univ]sally us$1 a few sugge/ions might be well conc]n+ !m4 ,aft] half ! bottle has be5 us$1 add a half teaspoonful ( wat]1 %ake x well1 & !n /ra9 x ?r\gh a f9e cotton clo?4 ,?is w remove all grit & l9t t is sure to get into ! bottle h[ev] c>efully x may be cork$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,section ,l9+ ,metals ,,trac+ ,,clo?4--,x is pref]able to use ! dull side ( ! trac+ clo? = ! reasons t1 z ! clo? is roll$ ) ! glossy side inside1 ! figure :5 drawn on ! o!r side w be upp]mo/1 & w ?us lie flat2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! ink w take bett] on ! dull side4 ,if ! ink does n fl[ freely1 use *alk1 f9e pumice /one1 or talc1 & rub x 9 well ) a clean clo?1 & !n wipe (f well be=e beg9n+ to trace4 ,,detail ,,pap]4--,! detail pap]1 on :i* ! draw+ is fir/ made 9 p5cil1 %\ld %[ ! figure accurately1 p>ticul>ly ! po9ts :]e ! b[ p5 are to be us$1 z well z ! measurem5t po9ts = ! /raight l9es4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,proce$4--,make ! circles1 curves1 & irregul> l9es fir/1 & !n foll[ ) ! /raight l9es4 ,:]e ! po9t ( ! circle p5 mu/ be us$ = a l>ge numb] ( l9es1 z1 = in/ance1 9 %ad+1 ! smalle/ circles %\ld be made fir/1 & ! l>ge/ circles la/1 because at e turn ! c5t]+ hole becomes l>g]1 & !re is liability to make ! circles m or less irregul>4 ,su* irregul>ity w n be s noticeable 9 ! l>ge curves z 9 ! small] ones4 ,,indicat+ ,,mat]ial ,,by ,,! ,,section ,,l9es4--,9 section l9+ diff]5t mat]ials c be indicat$ by ! "* ( ! l9es1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #abj4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,treatm5t ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,metals ,,anneal+4--,a v important "p ( ! novice's education is a k p]ta9+ to ! anneal+ ( metals4 ,unlike ! artisan 9 wood1 :o works ! mat]ials z he f9ds !m1 ! ma*9i/ c1 &1 9 fact1 ) _m ( ! sub/ances1 mu/ prep>e !m s !y c be h&l$ or cut by ! tools4 ,anneal+ is "o ( ! /eps necess>y ) all cutt+ tools1 & x is an absolute requirem5t ) _m metals = ord9>y use1 z well z = _m o!r articles l glass4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 ! use ( copp]4 ,,t\ghness ,,& ,,ela/icity4--,x means ! putt+ ( metals 9 su* a condition t !y w n only be less brittle1 b also t\gh] & m ela/ic4 ,_m sub/ances1 l glass1 mu/ be anneal$ be=e !y c be put 9 condition = use1 z ?is mat]ial :5 fir/ turn$ out is s brittle t ! slighte/ t\* w %att] x1 s t x mu/ be t\gh5$4 ,malleable or wr\ght iron1 if subject$ to pressure1 becomes brittle1 & x is necess>y to anneal x4 ,o!rwise1 if us$1 = in/ance1 = boil] plates1 f ! roll$ %eets1 x w\ld /& b little pressure4 ,! mo/ imm$iate use ! boy w h is ! treatm5t ( /eel4 ,he mu/ le>n ! necessity ( ?is process1 & t ( temp]+1 9 all 8 cutt+ tools1 & 9 ! mak+ ( ma*9]y :]e "s p>ts are requir$ to be con/ruct$ ( v h>d metal4 ,,! ,,process4--,to anneal /eel x mu/ be heat$ to a bright *]ry r$ & !n gradually cool$ d[n4 ,= ?is purpose a b$ ( f9e *>coal1 or iron fil+s & lime1 is prep>$1 9 :i* ! article is emb$d$1 & p]mitt$ to rema9 until x is cold4 ,!re are _m ways ( do+ ! "w1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! use ( sub/ances :i* w ! mo/ readily give up _! c>bon to ! tool4 ,yell[ prussiate ( pota% is an excell5t m$ium1 & ?is is spr9kl$ ov] ! *]ry-heat$ article to be anneal$4 ,! process may be repeat$ sev]al times4 ,,temp]+4--,?is is ! rev]se ( anneal+ z und]/ood 9 ! art4 ,! ^w itself does n mean to h>d51 b to put into "s int]m$iate /ate4 ,= in/ance1 temp]$ clay means a clay :i* has be5 s(t5$ s x c be readily work$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a temp]$ /eel tool is put into a condition :]e x is h>d5$1 b ?is h>dness is also accompani$ by ano!r quality1 namely1 t\ghness4 ,= ?is reason1 ! ^w temp]1 & n h>dness1 is ref]r$ to4 ,a la! tool1 if m]ely h>d5$1 w\ld be useless = t purpose4 ,,temp]+ ,,contra/$ ,,) ,,anneal+4--,x w be obs]v$ t 9 anneal+ ?ree ?+s are necess>y3 ,fir/1 heat+ to a c]ta9 temp]ature2 second1 cool+ sl[ly2 ?ird1 ! p>ticul> mann] ( cool+ x4 ,9 temp]+1 on ! o!r h&1 ?ree ?+s are also necess>y3 ,fir/3 ,! heat+ temp]ature %\ld be a dull r$1 :i* is less ?an ! anneal+ heat4 ,second3 ,in/ead ( cool+ sl[ly ! article temp]$ is dipp$ into a liquid :i* sudd5ly *ills x4 ,?ird3 ,! mat]ials us$ v>y1 b if ! article is plung$ into an ungu5t made ( m]cury & bacon fat1 x w imp>t a high degree ( t\ghness & ela/icity4 ,,mat]ials ,,us$4--,v>i\s oils1 fats & ros9s are also us$1 & "s acids 9 wat] are also valuable = ?is purpose4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to h suffici5t am\nt ( liquid 9 ! ba? s z n to evaporate x or heat x up too mu* :5 x receives ! heat$ body4 ,diff]5t p>ts ( c]ta9 articles require v>y+ degrees ( h>dness1 l ! tangs ( files4 ,! cutt+ body ( ! file mu/ be extremely h>d1 & r brittle ?an t\gh4 ,if ! tang %\ld be ( ! same h>dness x w\ld readily break4 ,gradual ,temp]+4--,to prev5t ?is1 "s sub/ance l soap suds may be us$ to cool d[n ! tang1 s t t\ghness )\t h>dness is imp>t$4 ,! temp]+1 or h>d5+1 l ! anneal+ process1 may be repeat$ sev]al times 9 succession1 & at ea* successive heat+ ! article is put at a high] temp]ature4 ,if any "p ( a body1 z1 = in/ance1 a hamm]head1 %\ld require h>d5+1 x may be plung$ into ! liquid = a %ort di/ance only1 & ?is w h>d5 ! pole or peon :ile leav+ ! o!r "p ( ! head s(t1 or anneal$4 ,glyc]9e is a good temp]+ sub/ance1 & to ?is may be add$ a small am\nt ( sulphate ( pota%4 ,,flux+4--,! ^w flux means to fuse or to melt1 or to put into a liquid /ate4 ,! (fice ( a flux is to facilitate ! fusion ( metals4 ,b fluxes d two ?+s4 ,!y n only aid ! conv]sion ( ! metal into a fluid /ate1 b also s]ve z a means = facilitat+ ! unity ( sev]al metals :i* make up ! alloy1 & aid 9 unit+ ! p>ts ( metals to be jo9$ 9 ! weld+ ( p>ts4 ,,unit+ ,,metals4--,metals are unit$ 9 ?ree ways1 :]e heat is us$3 ,fir/3 ,by heat+ two or m ( !m to su* a high temp]ature t !y melt & =m a comp\nd1 or an alloy1 z x is call$4 ,second3 ,by heat+ up ! po9ts to be jo9$1 & !n lapp+ ! pieces & hamm]+ ! p>ts4 ,?is is call$ =ge "w or weld+4 ,?ird3 ,by n heat+ ! adjac5t p>ts & us+ an easily fusible metal1 :i* is heat$ up & run betwe5 ! two1 by means ( a sold]+ iron4 ,! =eign mat]ial us$ 9 ! fir/ is call$ a flux2 9 ! second x is t]m$ a weld+ comp\nd2 & 9 ! ?ird x is kn[n z a sold]+ acid1 or sold]+ fluid4 ,! boy is n s mu* int]e/$ 9 ! fir/ process1 f ! /&po9t ( actual "w1 b x is necess>y t he %\ld h "s und]/&+ ( x4 ,x may be said1 z to fluxes1 g5]ally1 t !y are int5d$ to promote ! fusion ( ! liquefy+ metals1 & ! elem5ts us$ are ! alkalis1 su* z borax1 t>t>1 lime/one1 or fluor sp>4 ,^! sub/ances act z r$uc+ or oxidiz+ ag5ts4 ,! mo/ important are c>bonate ( soda1 pota%1 & cyanide ( potassium4 ,lime/one is us$ z ! flux 9 iron-smelt+4 ,,weld+ ,,comp\nds4--,else:]e =mulas are giv5 ( ! comp\nds mo/ desirable to use4 ,x is obvi\s t ! application ( ^! sub/ances on ! heat$ surfaces1 is n only to facilitate ! heat+1 b to prep>e ! articles 9 su* a mann] t !y w m readily adh]e to ea* o!r4 ,,oxidation4--,oxidation is ! ?+ to gu>d aga9/ 9 weld+4 ,! mom5t a piece ( metal1 heat$ to :it5ess1 is expos$1 ! air coats x ) a film :i* is call$ an oxide4 ,to remove ?is ! weld+ comp\nd is appli$4 ,! next (fice ( ! sub/ance ?us appli$1 is to s]ve z a m$ium = keep+ ! weld+ p>ts 9 a liquid condition z long z possible1 & ?us facilitate ! unity ( ! jo9$ elem5ts4 ,:5 ! hamm] beats ! heat$ metals an additional increm5t ( heat is imp>t$ to ! weld1 due to ! =c+ toge!r ( ! molecules ( ! iron1 s t ^! two ag5cies1 namely1 ! comp\nd & ! me*anical friction1 act toge!r to unite ! p>ticles ( ! metal4 ,,sold]+4--,"h ano!r pr9ciple is involv$1 namely1 ! use ( an int]m$iate mat]ial betwe5 two p>ts :i* are to be unit$4 ,! surfaces to be br\ght toge!r mu/ be ?or\ghly clean$1 us+ su* ag5ts z w prev5t ! =mation ( oxides4 ,! p>ts to be unit$ may be ( ! same1 or ( diff]5t mat]ials1 & x is 9 ?is p>ticul> t ! workman mu/ be able to make a *oice ( ! sold] mo/ available1 & :e!r h>d or s(t4 ,,s(t ,,sold]4--,a s(t sold] is usually employ$ :]e lead1 t91 or alloys ( lead1 t9 & bismu? are to be sold]$4 ,^! sold]s are all fusible at a l[ temp]ature1 & !y d n1 z a result1 h great /r5g?4 ,bismu? is a metal :i* l[]s ! fus+ po9t ( any alloy ( :i* x =ms a "p1 :ile lead makes ! sold] less fusible4 ,,h>d ,,sold]4--,^! are s di/+ui%$ because !y require a temp]ature above ! l[ r$ to fuse !m4 ,! metals :i* are alloy$ = ?is purpose are copp]1 silv]1 brass1 z9c & t94 ,v>i\s alloys are ?us made :i* require a high temp]ature to flux prop]ly1 & ^! are ! ones to use 9 jo9+ /eel to /eel1 ! p>ts to be unit$ requir+ an int5se furnace heat4 ,,spelt]4--,! alloy us$ = ?is purpose is t]m$ spelt]1 & brass1 z9c & t9 are its usual compon5ts4 ,! h>d sold]s are us$ = unit+ brass1 bronze1 copp]1 & iron4 ,:e!r s(t or h>d sold] is us$1 x is obvi\s t x mu/ melt at a l[] temp]ature ?an ! p>ts :i* are to be jo9$ toge!r4 ,!re is "o peculi>ity ) respect to alloys3 ,!y melt at a l[] temp]ature ?an ei!r ( ! metals =m+ ! alloys4 ,,sold]+ ,,acid4--,be=e beg9n+ ! "w ( sold]+1 ! p>ts mu/ be clean$ by fil+ or s&pap]+1 & coat$ ) an acid :i* neutralizes ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,?is is usually muriatic acid1 ( :i* use1 say1 "o qu>t & into ?is drop small pieces ( z9c4 ,?is w eff]vesce dur+ ! "t ! acid is dissolv+ ! z9c4 ,:5 ! boil+ motion ceases1 ! liquid may be /ra9$1 or ! d>k pieces remov$4 ,! next /ep is to dissolve two ounces ( sal ammoniac 9 a ?ird ( a p9t ( wat]1 & 9 ano!r vessel dissolve an ounce ( *loride ( t94 ,!n mix ! ?ree solutions1 & ?is c be plac$ 9 a bottle1 or e>!n j> or vessel1 & x w keep indef9itely4 ,,! ,,sold]+ ,,iron4--,a l>ge iron is always bett] ?an a small "o1 p>ticul>ly = ! reason t x w reta9 its heat bett]4 ,?is %\ld always be kept t9n$1 :i* c be done by heat+ & plung+ x into ! sold]+ solution1 & ! sold] w !n adh]e to ! iron & cov] ! po9t1 s t :5 ! actual sold]+ takes place ! sold] w n creep away f ! tool4 ,by a little c>e & att5tion to ^! details1 ! "w ( unit+ metals w be a pleasure4 ,x is s (t5 ! case1 h[ev]1 t ! app>atus = do+ ?is "w is neglect$ 9 a %op2 ! acid is all[$ to become dirty & full or =eign matt]1 & ! diff]5t p>ts sep>at$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,on ,,ge>+ ,,& ,,h[ ,,ord]$ ,! te*nical "n = ge>s1 ! mann] ( measur+ !m1 _! pit* & l t]ms1 are mo/ confus+ to ! novice4 ,z an aid to ! und]/&+ on ?is subject1 ! :eels are illu/rat$1 %[+ ! application ( ^! t]ms4 ,,spur ,,& ,,p9ion4--,:5 a ge> is ord]$ a specification is necess>y4 ,! manufactur] w "k :at y mean if y use ! prop] t]ms1 & y %\ld le>n ! di/9ctions betwe5 spur & p9ion1 & :y a bevel diff]s f a mit] ge>4 ,if ! ge>s on two p>allel %afts me% ) ea* o!r1 !y bo? may be ( ! same diamet]1 or "o may be l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! small "o is ! p9ion1 & ! l>g] "o ! spur :eel4 ,"s manufactur]s use ! ^w ge> = p9ion1 s t1 9 ord]+1 !y call !m ge> & p9ion1 9 speak+ ( ! l>ge & small :eels4 ,,measur+ ,a ,,ge>4--,! fir/ ?+ to specify w\ld be ! diamet]4 ,n[ a spur ge>1 z well z a p9ion1 has ?ree diamet]s2 "o measure across ! out] extremities ( ! tee?2 "o measure across ! :eel f ! base ( ! tee?2 & ! di/ance across ! :eel at a po9t midway betwe5 ! base & end ( ! tee?4 ,^! ?ree measurem5ts are call$1 respectively1 outside diamet]1 inside diamet]1 & pit* diamet]4 ,:5 ! ^w diamet] is us$1 z appli$ to a ge> :eel1 x is always und]/ood to mean ! pit* diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,spur ,ge>s ,,pit*4--,?is t]m is ! mo/ difficult to und]/&4 ,:5 two ge>s ( equal size me% toge!r1 ! pit* l9e1 or ! pit* circle1 z x is also call$1 is exactly midway betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! two :eels4 ,n[ ! numb] ( tee? 9 a ge> is calculat$ on ! pit* l9e1 & ?is is call$3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,mit] ,ge> ,pit* ,,diametral ,,pit*4--,to illu/rate3 ,if a ge> has #dj tee?1 & ! pit* diamet] ( ! :eel is #d in*es1 !re are #aj tee? to ea* in* ( ! pit* diamet]1 & ! ge> is !n #aj diametral pit*4 ,,circul> ,,pit*4--,n[ ! t]m circul> pit* gr[s out ( ! necessity ( gett+ ! measurem5t ( ! di/ance f ! c5t] ( "o too? to ! c5t] ( ! next1 & x is measur$ along ! pit* l9e4 ,suppos+ y want$ to "k ! numb] ( tee? 9 a ge> :]e ! pit* diamet] & ! diametral pit* are giv54 ,y w\ld proce$ z foll[s3 ,let ! diamet] ( ! pit* circle be #aj in*es1 & ! diamet] ( ! diametral pit* be #d in*es4 ,multiply+ ^! toge!r ! product is #dj1 ?us giv+ ! numb] ( tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,bevel ,ge>s4 ,x w ?us be se5 t if y h an idea ( ! diametral pit* & circul> pit*1 y c pretty fairly judge ( ! size t ! tee? w be1 & ?us enable y to det]m9e ab\t :at k9d ( tee? y %\ld ord]4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,ord] ,a ,,ge>4--,9 proce$+ to ord]1 !re=e1 y may give ! pit*1 or ! diamet] ( ! pit* circle1 9 :i* latt] case ! manufactur] ( ! ge> w und]/& h[ to det]m9e ! numb] ( ! tee?4 ,9 case ! int]me%+ ge>s are ( diff]5t diamet]s1 /ate ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! ge> & also 9 ! p9ion1 or indicate :at ! relative spe$ %all be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,mit] ,ge>s4 ,?is %\ld be foll[$ by ! diamet] ( ! hole 9 ! ge> & also 9 ! p9ion2 ! back+ ( bo? ge> & p9ion2 ! wid? ( ! face2 ! diamet] ( ! ge> hub2 diamet] ( ! p9ion hub2 &1 f9ally1 :e!r ! ge>s are to be fa/5$ to ! %afts by key-ways or set-screws4 ,fig4 #abb %[s a sample pair ( mit] ge>s1 ) ! measurem5ts to indicate h[ to make ! draw+s4 ,fig4 #abc %[s ! bevel ge>s4 ,,bevel ,,& ,,mit] ,,ge>s4--,:5 two int]me%+ ge>s are on %afts :i* are at "r angles to ea* o!r1 !y may be equal diametrically1 or ( diff]5t sizes4 ,if bo? are ( ! same diamet]1 !y are call$ bevel ge>s2 if ( diff]5t diamet]s1 mit] ge>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,sprocket ,:eel4 ,x is1 9 ord]+ ge>s ( ?is "*1 t ! novice f9ds x mo/ difficult to "k j :at to d4 ,9 ?is case x is necess>y to get ! prop] relation ( spe$ betwe5 ! two ge>s1 &1 = conv5i5ce1 we %all1 9 ! draw+1 make ! ge>s 9 ! relation ( #b to #a4 ,,draw+ ,,ge>s4--,draw two l9es at "r angles1 ,fig4 #abd1 z #a & #b1 m>k+ (f ! sizes ( ! two :eels at ! po9ts #c1 #d4 ,!n draw a v]tical l9e 7,a7 midway betwe5 ! m>ks ( ! l9e #b1 & ?is w be ! c5t] ( ! ma9 p9ion4 ,also draw a horizontal l9e 7,b7 midway betwe5 ! m>ks on ! v]tical l9e 7#a71 & ?is w repres5t ! c5t] ( ! small ge>4 ,^! two cross l9es 7,a1 ,b7 con/itute ! int]sect+ axes ( ! two :eels1 & a l9e 7#e71 drawn f ! m>k 7#c to #d71 & ano!r l9e 7#f71 f ! axes to ! int]sect+ po9ts ( ! l9es 7#a1 #b71 w give ! pit* l9e angles ( ! two :eels4 ,,sprocket ,,:eels4--,= sprocket :eels ! pit* l9e passes c5trally ?r\gh ! roll]s 7,a7 ( ! *a91 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abe1 & ! pit* ( ! *a9 is t di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s ( two adjac5t roll]s4 ,9 ?is case ! cut ( ! tee? is det]m9$ by ! *a94 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,me*anical ,,p[]s ,,! ,,lev]4--,! lev] is ! mo/ wond]ful me*anical elem5t 9 ! _w4 ,! expression1 lev]1 is n employ$ 9 ! s5se ( a /ick or a b> :i* is us$ aga9/ a fulcrum to lift or pu% some?+ )1 b z ! type ( num]\s devices :i* employ ! same pr9ciple4 ,"s ( ^! devices are1 ! w$ge1 ! screw1 ! pulley & ! incl9$ plane4 ,9 "s =m or o!r1 "o or m ( ^! are us$ 9 e piece ( me*anism 9 ! _w4 ,because ! lev] enables ! us] to raise or move an object hundr$s ( times heavi] ?an is possible )\t x1 has l$ ?\s&s ( p to misund]/& its mean+1 because x has ! appe>ance1 to ! ignorant1 ( be+ able to manufacture p[]4 ,,wrong ,,inf]5ces ,,f ,,use ,,( ,,lev]4--,?is lack ( k ( fir/ pr9ciples1 has br$ & is n[ bre$+1 s-call$ p]petual motion inv5tors 787 all ov] ! civiliz$ _w4 ,x is surpris+ h[ _m m51 to say no?+ ( boys1 actually believe t p[] c be made )\t ! exp5diture ( some?+ :i* equalizes x4 ,! boy %\ld n be l$ a/ray 9 ?is p>ticul>1 & ,i %all try to make ! matt] pla9 by us+ ! simple lev] to illu/rate ! fact t :5ev] p[] is ex]t$ "s =m ( en]gy is exp5d$4 ,9 ,fig4 #abf is a lev] 7,a71 re/+ on a fulcrum 7,b71 ! fulcrum be+ s plac$ t ! lev] is f\r times long] on "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,a weight 7,c7 ( #d p\nds is plac$ on ! %ort end1 & a #a-p\nd weight 7,d71 call$ ! p[]1 on ! %ort end4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! lev] is balanc$ by ! two weights1 or t ! weight & ! p[] are equal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,simple ,lev] ,,! ,,lev] ,,pr9ciple4--,n[1 )\t /opp+ to inquire1 ! boy w say3 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i c und]/& t4 ,z ! lev] is f\r times long] on "o side ( ! fulcrum ?an on ! o!r side1 x requires only "o-f\r? ( ! weight to balance ! f\r p\nds4 ,b suppose ,i pu% d[n ! lev]1 at ! po9t :]e ! weight 7,d7 is1 !n1 = e p\nd ,i pu% d[n ,i c raise f\r p\nds at ,c4 ,9 t case d ,i n produce f\r times ! p[]8 ,i answ]1 yes4 ,b :ile ,i produce t p[] ,i am los+ some?+ :i* is equal to ! p[] ga9$4 ,:at is t8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,lev] ,action ,fir/3 ,look at ,fig4 #abg2 ! di/ance travel$4 ,! long end ( ! lev] is at its highe/ po9t1 :i* is ,a2 & ! %ort end ( ! lev] is at its l[e/ po9t ,c4 ,:5 ! long end ( ! lev] is pu%$ d[n1 s x is at ,b1 x moves f\r times f>!r ?an ! %ort end moves upw>dly1 z ! di/ance f ,c to ,d is j "o-f\r? t f ,a to ,b4 ,! en]gy exp5d$ 9 mov+ f\r times ! di/ance balances ! p[] ga9$4 ,,p[] ,,vs4 ,,di/ance ,,travel$4--,f ?is ! foll[+ law is d$uc$3 ,t :atev] is ga9$ 9 p[] is lo/ 9 ! di/ance travel$4 ,second3 ,us+ ! same figure1 suppos+ x 0 necess>y to raise ! %ort end ( ! lev]1 f ,c to ,d1 9 "o second ( "t4 ,9 t case ! h& press+ d[n ! long end ( ! lev]1 w\ld g f ,a to ,b 9 "o second ( "t2 or x w\ld g f\r times z f> z ! %ort end1 9 ! same "t4 ,,p[] ,,vs4 ,,loss ,,9 ,,"t4--,?is means ano!r law3 ,t :at is ga9$ 9 p[] is lo/ 9 "t4 ,di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 ^! two motions4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! long end ( ! lev] is mov$ d[n f ,a to ,b 9 f\r seconds1 & x _h to travel f\r times ! di/ance t ! %ort end moves 9 go+ f ,c to ,d4 ,9 ! second case ! long end is mov$ d[n1 f ,a to ,b1 9 "o second ( "t1 & x _h to g t di/ance 9 "o-f\r? ( ! "t1 s t f\r times z mu* en]gy 0 exp5d$ 9 ! same "t to raise ! %ort end f ,c to ,d4 ,,wrongly ,,direct$ ,,en]gy4--,m m5 h gone a/ray on ! simple "q ( ! p[] ( ! lev] ?an on any o!r subject 9 me*anics4 ,! writ] has kn[n in/ances :]e m5 knew ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! lev]1 :o w\ld /ill insi/ on try+ to "w out me*anical devices 9 :i* pulleys & ge>+ 7 involv$1 )\t seem+ to und]/& t ^? me*anical devices are absolutely ! same 9 pr9ciple4 ,?is w be made pla9 by a few illu/rations4 ,9 ,fig4 #abh1 ,a is a pulley f\r times l>g]1 diametrically1 ?an ,b1 & ,c is ! pivot on :i* !y turn4 ,! pulleys are1 ( c\rse1 secur$ to ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is case we h ! two weights1 "o ( f\r p\nds on ! belt1 :i* is on ! small pulley 7,b71 & a "o-p\nd weight on ! belt f ! l>ge pulley 7,a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,! ,pulley ,,! ,,lev] ,,& ,,! ,,pulley4--,if we %\ld sub/itute a lev] 7,d7 = ! pulleys1 ! simil>ity to ! lev] 7,fig4 #abg7 w\ld be app>5t at once4 ,! pivot 7,c7 9 ?is case w\ld act ! same z ! pivot 7,c7 9 ! lev] illu/ration4 ,9 ! same mann]1 & = l reasons1 ! w$ge1 ! screw & ! incl9e plane1 are diff]5t /ructural applications ( ! pr9ciples set =? 9 ! lev]4 ,:5ev] two ge>s are connect$ toge!r1 ! lev] pr9ciple is us$1 :e!r !y are ! same 9 size1 diametrically1 or n4 ,if !y are ! same size !n no *ange 9 p[] results2 b in/ead1 !re(1 a *ange takes place 9 ! direction ( ! motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,fig4 #acj4 ,*ange ( ,direction ,:5 "o end ( ! lev] 7,a7 goes d[n1 ! o!r end goes up1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abi2 & 9 ,fig4 #acj1 :5 ! %aft 7,c7 ( "o :eel turns 9 "o direction1 ! %aft ( ! o!r :eel turns 9 ! opposite direction4 ,x is pla9 t a ge>1 l a lev]1 may *ange direction z well z increase or decrease p[]4 ,x is ! ?or\gh k ( ^! facts1 & _! application1 :i* enables man to make ! wond]ful ma*9]y we see on e h&4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,p[]4--,p[] is d]iv$ f a v>iety ( s\rces1 b :at are call$ ! prime mov]s are d]iv$ f heat1 ?r\gh ! v>i\s fuels1 f wat]1 f ! w9ds & f ! tides & waves ( ! ocean4 ,9 ! case ( wat] ! p[] dep5ds on ! head1 or height1 ( ! surface ( ! wat] above ! dis*>g+ orifice4 ,,wat] ,,p[]4--,a column ( wat] an in* squ>e & #bh in*es high gives a pressure at ! base ( "o p\nd2 & ! pressure at ! l[] end is equal 9 all directions4 ,if a tank ( wat] #bh in*es high has a s+le orifice 9 its bottom #a x #a 9 size1 ! pressure ( wat] ?r\gh t op5+ w be only "o p\nd1 & x w be "o p\nd ?r\gh e o!r orifice 9 ! bottom ( ! same size4 ,,calculat+ ,,fuel ,,en]gy4--,p[] f fuels dep5ds ^u ! expansion ( ! mat]ials consum$1 or ^u ! fact t heat exp&s "s elem5t1 l wat]1 :i* 9 turn produces ! p[]4 ,"o cubic in* ( wat]1 :5 conv]t$ into /eam1 has a volume equal to "o cubic foot1 or ab\t #a1gjj times increase 9 bulk4 ,advantage is tak5 ( ?is 9 /eam eng9e con/ruction4 ,if a cyl9d] has a pi/on 9 x ) an area ( #ajj squ>e in*es1 & a pipe "o in* squ>e supplies /eam at #ej p\nds pressure1 ! pi/on w h #ej p\nds pressure on e squ>e in* ( its surface1 equal to #e1jjj p\nds4 ,,! ,,pressure ,,or ,,head4--,9 addition to t !re w also be #ej p\nds pressure on ea* squ>e in* ( ! head1 z well z on ! sides ( ! cyl9d]4 ,fig4 #aca %[s a cyl9d] 7,a71 a pi/on 7,b7 & a /eam inlet port 7,c71 9 :i* is indicat$ h[ ! /eam pressure acts equally 9 all directions4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! pi/on is ! only movable "p1 ! =ce ( ! /eam is direct$ to t "p1 & ! motion is !n transmitt$ to ! crank1 & to ! %aft ( ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,/eam ,pressure ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,wat] ,pressure ,?is same ?+ applies to wat] :i*1 z /at$1 is dep5d5t on its head4 ,fig4 #acb repres5ts a cyl9d] 7,d7 ) a v]tically movable pi/on 7,e7 & a /&pipe 7,f74 ,assum+ t ! pipe 7,f7 is ( suffici5t height to give a pressure ( #ej p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 !n ! pi/on 7,e7 & ! sides & head ( ! cyl9d] 7,d7 w\ld h #ej p\nds pressure on e squ>e in* ( surface4 ,,fuels4--,9 ! use ( fuels1 su* z ! volatile hydroc>bons1 ! direct expansive p[] ( ! fuel gases develop$1 is us$ to move ! pi/on back & =?4 ,eng9es s driv5 are call$ ,int]nal ,combu/ion ,motors4 ,,p[] ,,f ,,w9ds4--,ano!r s\rce ( p[] is f ! w9d act+ aga9/ :eels :i* h blades or vanes dispos$ at su* angles t !re is a direct conv]sion ( a rectil9e> =ce into circul> motion4 ,9 ?is case p[] is d]iv$ f ! =ce ( ! mov+ air & ! calculation ( en]gy develop$ is made by consid]+ ! pressure on ea* squ>e foot ( surface4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! =ce ex]t$ at diff]5t spe$s aga9/ a flat surface "o foot squ>e1 held s t ! w9d /rikes x squ>ely3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,spe$ ,,( ,,w9d ,,pressure ,,spe$ ,,( ,,w9d ,,pressure ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #e ,miles p] h\r #b oz4 #ce miles p] h\r #f lb4 #b oz4 #aj #h #dj #h #ae #a lb4 #b #de #aj #b #bj #b #ej #ab #b #be #c #b #ee #ae #b #cj #d #h #fj #ah ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,v>y+ ,,degrees ,,( ,,pressure4--,x is curi\s to notice h[ ! increase 9 spe$ *anges ! pressure aga9/ ! blade4 ,?us1 a w9d bl[+ #bj miles an h\r %[s #b p\nds pressure2 :]eas a w9d twice t velocity1 or #dj miles an h\r1 %[s a pressure ( #h p\nds1 :i* is f\r times great] ?an at #bj miles4 ,x diff]s1 !re=e1 f ! law ) respect to wat] pressure1 :i* is con/ant 9 relation to ! height or ! head--t is1 = e #bh in*es height ( wat] a p\nd pressure is add$4 ,,p[] ,,f ,,waves ,,& ,,tides4--,_m attempts h be5 made to h>ness ! waves & ! tide & "s ( !m h be5 successful4 ,?is ef=t has be5 direct$ to ! "w ( conv]t+ ! oscillations ( ! waves into a rot>y motion1 & also to take advantage ( ! to-&-fro movem5t ( ! tidal fl[4 ,!re is a great field 9 ?is direction = ! +5i\s boy4 ,a ,,pr(itable ,,field4--,9 no direction ( human ent]prise is !re su* a wide & pr(itable field = "w1 z 9 ! g5]ation ( p[]4 ,x is con/antly gr[+ 9 prom95ce1 & calls = ! ex]cise ( ! skill ( ! eng9e] & ! +5uity ( ! me*anic4 ,effici5cy & economy are ! two great wat*words1 & ?is is :at ! _w is /riv+ =4 ,success w come to him :o c contribute to x 9 ! smalle/ degree4 ,capital is n look+ = m5 :o c *eap5 ! production ( an article #ej p] c5t41 b #a p] c5t4 ,! comm]cial _w does n expect an article to be #ajj p] c5t1 bett]4 ,five p] c5t4 w\ld be an inducem5t = bus9ess4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,on ,,measures ,,horse-,,p[]4--,:5 "w is p]=m$ x is designat$ z horse-p[]1 usually indicat$ by ! lett]s ,h4 ,p42 b ! unit ( "w is call$ a foot p\nd4 ,if "o p\nd %\ld be lift$ #eej feet 9 "o second1 or #eej p\nds "o foot 9 ! same "t1 x w\ld be designat$ z "o horse-p[]4 ,= t reason x is call$ a foot p\nd4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! figure to indicate ! p[] ex]t$ dur+ "o m9ute ( "t1 ! "t is tak5 = a m9ute1 9 all calculations1 s t #eej multipli$ by ! numb] ( seconds1 #fj1 9 a m9ute1 equals #cc1jjj foot p\nds4 ,,foot ,,p\nds4--,! calculation ( horse-p[] is 9 a l>ge measure arbitr>y4 ,x 0 det]m9$ 9 ?is way3 ,exp]im5ts %[ t ! heat exp5d$ 9 vaporiz+ #cd p\nds ( wat] p] h\r1 develops a =ce equal to #cc1jjj foot p\nds2 & s9ce x takes ab\t #d p\nds ( coal p] h\r to vaporize t am\nt ( wat]1 ! heat develop$ by t quantity ( coal develops ! same =ce z t ex]cis$ by an av]age horse ex]t+ 8 /r5g? at ord9>y "w4 ,all p[] is express$ 9 foot p\nds4 ,suppose a cannon ball ( suffici5t weight & spe$ /rikes an object4 ,if ! impact %\ld indicate #cc1jjj p\nds x w\ld n mean t ! =ce employ$ 0 "o horse-p[]1 b t _m foot p\nds4 ,if !re %\ld be #fj impacts ( #eej p\nds ea* )9 a m9ute1 x might be said t x w\ld be equal to #a horse-p[]1 b ! correct way to express x w\ld be foot p\nds4 ,s 9 e calculation1 :]e p[] is to be calculat$1 fir/ f9d out h[ _m foot p\nds are develop$1 & !n use ! unit ( measure1 #cc1jjj1 z ! divisor to get ! horse-p[]1 if y wi% to express x 9 t way4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 !re=e1 t horse-p[] is a simple unit ( "w1 :]eas a foot p\nd is a comp\nd unit =m$ ( a foot pair$ ) ! weight ( a p\nd4 ,,en]gy4--,n[ "w & en]gy are two diff]5t ?+s4 ,"w is ! ov]com+ ( resi/ance ( any k9d1 ei!r by caus+ or *ang+ motion1 or ma9ta9+ x aga9/ ! action ( "s o!r =ce4 ,en]gy1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! p[] ( do+ "w4 ,fall+ wat] possesses en]gy2 s does a /one pois$ on ! edge ( a cliff4 ,9 ! case ( wat]1 x is call$ k9etic en]gy2 9 ! /one pot5tial en]gy4 ,a p\nd ( pressure aga9/ ! /one w cause ! latt]1 9 fall+1 to develop an enorm\s en]gy2 s x w be se5 t ?is prop]ty resides1 or is )9 ! ?+ itself4 ,x w be well to rememb] ^! def9itions4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,f9d ,,out ,,! ,,p[] ,,develop$4--,! measure ( p[] produc$ by an eng9e1 or o!r s\rce1 is s int]e/+ to boys t a sket* is giv5 ( a ,prony ,brake1 :i* is ! simple/ =m ( ! ,dynamomet]1 z ^! measur+ ma*9es are call$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,prony ,brake ,9 ! draw+ 7,a7 is ! %aft1 ) a pulley 7,a'71 :i* turns 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ 7,b74 ,c is a lev] :i* may be ( any l5g?4 ,?is has a block 7,c'71 :i* fits on ! pulley1 & bel[ ! %aft1 & surr\nd+ x1 are blocks 7,d7 held aga9/ ! pulley by a *a9 7,e71 ! ends ( ! *a9 be+ atta*$ to bolts 7,f7 :i* pass ?r\gh ! block 7,c'7 & lev] 7,c74 ,nuts 7,g7 s]ve to draw ! bolts upw>dly & ?us tight5 ! blocks aga9/ ! %aft4 ,! free end ( ! lev] has /ops 7,h7 above & bel[1 s z to limit its movem5t4 ,weights 7,i7 are susp5d$ f ! end ( ! lev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,spe$ ,indicator ,,! ,,te/4--,! te/ is made z foll[s3 ,! %aft is set 9 motion1 & ! nuts are tight5$ until its full p[] at ! requir$ spe$ is balanc$ by ! weight put on ! plat=m4 ,! foll[+ calculation c !n be made3 ,= our pres5t purpose we %all assume t ! diamet] ( ! pulley 7,a'7 is #d in*es2 ! l5g? ( ! lev] 7,c71 #c feet2 ! spe$ ( ! %aft 7,a7 & ! pulley1 #baj revolutions p] m9ute2 & ! weight #fjj p\nds4 ,n[ proce$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,multiply ! diamet] ( ! pulley 7,a'7 7#d in*es7 by #c4adaf1 & ?is w give ! circumf]5ce #ab4effd in*es2 or1 #a4jdgb feet4 7#b7 ,multiply ?is product 7#a4jdgb7 by ! revolutions p] m9ute4 #a4jdgb x #baj #bai4iab4 ,?is equals ! spe$ ( ! p]iph]y ( ! pulley4 7#c7 ,! next /ep is to get ! l5g? ( ! lev] 7,c7 f ! c5t] ( ! %aft 7,a7 to ! po9t f :i* ! weights are susp5d$1 & divide ?is by "o-half ( ! diamet] ( ! pulley 7,a'74 #cf _/ #b #ah1 or #a-a_/b feet4 ,?is is ! lev]age4 7#d7 ,!n multiply ! weight 9 p\nds by ! lev]age4 #fjj x #a-a_/b #ijj4 7#e7 ,next multiply ?is product 7#ijj7 by ! spe$1 #ijj x #bai4iab #aig1ibj4h1 :i* means foot p\nds4 7#f7 ,z ea* horse-p[] has #cc1jjj foot p\nds1 ! la/ product %\ld be divid$ by ?is figure1 & we h #aig1ibj4h _/ #cc1jjj #e4ii ,h4 ,p4 ,,! ,,foot ,,measure4--,h[ long is a foot1 & :at is x det]m9$ by8 ,x is an arbitr>y measure4 ,! human foot is ! basis ( ! measurem5t4 ,b :at is ! l5g? ( a man's foot8 ,x v>i$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries f #i to #ba in*es4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 e>ly days1 x 0 def9$ z a measure ( l5g? consi/+ ( #ab in*es1 or #cf b>leycorns laid end to end4 ,b b>leycorns diff] 9 l5g? z well z ! human foot1 s ! /&>d adopt$ is )\t any real f\ndation or reason4 ,,weight4--,to det]m9e weight1 h[ev]1 a sci5tific /&>d 0 adopt$4 ,a gallon conta9s #h4cc p\nds avoirdupois weight ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,?is gallon is divid$ up 9 two ways2 "o by weight1 & ! o!r by measurem5t4 ,ea* gallon conta9s #bca cubic in*es ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,z x has f\r qu>ts1 ea* qu>t has #eg-c_/d cubic in*es1 & z ea* qu>t is compris$ ( two p9ts1 ea* p9t has ne>ly #bi cubic in*es4 ,,! ,,gallon4--,! legal gallon 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is equal to a cyl9drical measure #g in*es 9 diamet] & #f in*es deep4 ,not)/&+ ! weights & dim5sions ( solids & liquids are ?us fix$ by foll[+ a sci5tific /&>d1 ! divisions into scruples1 gra9s1 p5nyweights & tons1 z well z cutt+ !m up into p9ts1 qu>ts & o!r units1 is done )\t any sy/em1 & = ?is reason ! ne$ ( a uni=m me?od has be5 long consid]$ by e c\ntry4 ,,! ,,metric ,,sy/em4--,z e>ly z #aebh1 ,f]nal1 a ,fr5* physician1 sugge/$ ! metric sy/em4 ,our own gov]nm5t recogniz$ ! value ( ?is plan :5 x e/abli%$ ! sy/em ( co9age4 ,! pr9ciple lies 9 fix+ a unit1 su* z a doll>1 or a p\nd1 or a foot1 & !n mak+ all divisions1 or addition1 9 multiples ( t54 ,?us1 we h "o mill2 t5 mills to make a dime2 t5 dimes to make a doll>1 & s on4 ,,basis ,,( ,,measurem5t4--,! "q arose1 :at to use z ! basis ( measurem5t1 & x 0 propos$ to use ! e>? itself1 z ! measure4 ,= ?is purpose ! m]idian l9e runn+ ar\nd ! e>? at ! latitude ( ,p>is 0 select$4 ,"o-qu>t] ( ?is measurem5t ar\nd ! globe 0 f\nd to be #cic1gjg1ijj in*es1 & ?is 0 divid$ into #aj1jjj1jjj p>ts4 ,ea* "p1 !re=e1 0 a little ov] #ci4cg in*es 9 l5g?1 & ?is 0 call$ a met]1 :i* means measure4 ,a decimet] is "o-t5? ( t1 namely1 #c4icg in*es2 & a decamet] #ci4cg1 or t5 times ! met]1 & s on4 ,= conv5i5ce ! metrical table is giv51 %[+ l5g?s 9 feet & in*es1 9 :i* only ?ree decimal po9ts are us$4 ,metrical ,table1 %[+ measurem5ts 9 feet & in*es3 ,,metrical ,,table1 ,,%[+ ,,measurem5ts ,,9 ,,feet ,,& ,,in*es ---------------------------------------- -- ---------------------------------------- ,l5g? ,in*es ,feet ---------------------------------------- ,millimet] #j4jci #j4jjc ,c5timet] #j4cic #j4jcb ,decimet] #c4icg #j4cbh ,met] #ci4cgj #c4bhj ,decamet] #cic4gjg #cb4hjh ,hectomet] #cicg4jgi #cbh4jhi ,kilomet] #cicgj4gij #cbhj4hii ,myriamet] #cicgjg4ijj #cbhjh4iib ---------------------------------------- ,,metric ,,sy/em1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,equival5ts ,,9 ,,our ,,measures #a ,myriamet] #e4d nautical miles1 or #f4ba /atute miles4 #a ,kilomet] #j4fba /atute mile1 or ne>ly #e_/h mile4 #a ,hectomet] #aji4d y>ds4 #a ,decamet] #j4dig *a91 #a4ihh rods4 #a ,met] #ci4cg in*es1 or ne>ly #c ft4 #c-c_/h in*es4 #a ,decimet] #c4icg in*es4 #a ,c5timet] #j4cicg in*4 #a ,millimet] #j4jcicg in*4 #a ,micron #a_/bedjj in*4 #a ,hect>e #b4dga acres4 #a ,arc #aai4f squ>e y>ds4 #a ,c5taire1 or squ>e met] #aj4gfd squ>e feet4 #a ,deca/]e #ac cubic y>ds1 or ab\t #b-c_/d cords4 #a ,/]e1 or cubic met] #a4cjh cubic y>ds1 or #ce4c cubic feet4 #a ,deci/]e #c-a_/b cubic feet4 #a ,kilolit] #a ton1 #ab gal41 #b p9ts1 #b gills old w9e measure4 #a ,hectolit] #bb4ja ,imp]ial gals41 or #bf4d ,u4 ,s4 gals4 #a ,decalit] #b gallons1 #a p9t1 #b-b_/e gills1 imp]ial measure1 or #b gals41 #b qts41 #a pt41 #a_/b gill1 ,u4 ,s4 #a ,lit] #a p9t1 #c gills1 imp]ial1 or #a qt41 #a_/b gill ,u4 ,s4 measure4 #a ,decilet] #j4gjd gill1 imp]ial1 or #j4hde gill ,u4 ,s4 measure4 #a ,milli] #b1bjd4f p\nds avoirdupois4 #a ,metric qu9tal #b hundr$weight1 less #c-a_/b p\nds1 or #bbj p\nds1 #g ounces4 #a ,kilogram #b p\nds1 #c ounces1 #d-c_/h drams avoirdupois4 #a ,hectogram #c ounces1 #h-c_/h drams avoirdupois4 #a ,decagram #aed4cb gra9s ,troy4 #a ,gram #ae4dcb gra9s4 #a ,decigram #a4edb gra94 #a ,c5tigram #j4aed gra94 #a ,milligram #j4jae gra94 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,useful ,,in=mation ,,= ,,! ,,work%op ,to f9d ! circumf]5ce ( a circle3 ,multiply ! diamet] by #c4adaf4 ,to f9d ! diamet] ( a circle3 ,multiply ! circle by 4#cahca4 ,to f9d ! area ( a circle3 ,multiply ! squ>e ( ! diamet] by 4#ghed4 ,to f9d ! area ( a triangle3 ,multiply ! base by "o-half ! p]p5dicul> height4 ,to f9d ! surface ( a ball3 ,multiply ! squ>e ( ! diamet] by #c4adaf4 ,to f9d ! solidity ( a sph]e3 ,multiply ! cube ( ! diamet] by 4#ebcf4 ,to f9d ! cubic cont5ts ( a cone3 ,multiply ! area ( ! base by "o-?ird ! altitude4 ,d\bl+ ! diamet] ( a pipe increases its capacity f\r times4 ,to f9d ! pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e in* ( a column ( wat]3 ,multiply ! height ( ! column 9 feet by 4#dcd4 ,/&>d ,horse-p[]3 ,! evaporation ( #cj p\nds ( wat] p] h\r f a fe$ wat] temp]ature ( #a1jjj degrees ,fahr5heit into /eam at #gj p\nds gauge pressure4 ,to f9d ! capacity ( any tank 9 gallons3 ,squ>e ! diamet] 9 in*es1 multiply by ! l5g?1 & !n by 4#jjcd4 ,9 mak+ patt]ns = alum9um ca/+s provision mu/ be made = %r9kage to a great] ext5t ?an ) any o!r metal or alloy4 ,! t\ghness ( alum9um c be increas$ by add+ a small p] c5t4 ( phosphorus4 ,all alloys ( metals hav+ m]cury are call$ amalgams4 ,a %eet ( z9c susp5d$ 9 ! wat] ( a boil] w produce an electrolytic action & prev5t scal+ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,hydr(luoric acid w n affect a pure diamond1 b w dissolve all imitations4 ,a /rong solution ( alum put into glue w make x insoluble 9 wat]4 ,a gr9d/one ) "o side h>d] ?an ! o!r c h its fl9ty side s(t5$ by imm]s+ t "p 9 boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,"o b>rel conta9s #c-c_/d cubic feet4 ,"o cubic y>d conta9s #g-a_/d b>rels4 ,to f9d ! spe$ ( a driv5 pulley ( a giv5 diamet]3 ,multiply ! diamet] ( ! driv+ pulley by its spe$ or numb] ( revolutions4 ,divide ?is by ! diamet] ( ! driv5 pulley4 ,! result w be ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! driv5 pulley4 ,to f9d ! diamet] ( a driv5 pulley t %all make any giv5 numb] ( revolutions 9 ! same "t3 ,multiply ! diamet] ( ! driv+ pulley by its numb] ( revolutions1 & divide ! product by ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! driv5 pulley4 ,a piece ( ! well-kn[n t> soap held aga9/ ! inside ( a belt :ile runn+ w prev5t x f slipp+1 & w n injure ! belt4 ,boil] scale is compos$ ( ! c>bonate or ! sulphate ( lime4 ,to prev5t ! =mation x is necess>y to use "s sub/ance :i* w precipitate ^! elem5ts 9 ! wat]4 ,! *eape/ & mo/ univ]sally us$ = ?is purpose are soda a% & cau/ic soda4 ,gold bronze is m]ely a mixture ( equal p>ts ( oxide ( t9 & sulphur4 ,to unite !m !y are heat$ = "s "t 9 an e>!n retort4 ,ru/$ ut5sils may be clean$ ( ru/ by apply+ ei!r turp5t9e or k]os5e oil1 & all[+ !m to /& ov] night1 :5 ! excess may be wip$ (f4 ,clean aft]w>ds ) f9e em]y clo?4 ,pla/] ( p>is is valuable = _m purposes 9 a ma*9e %op1 b ! disadvantage 9 h&l+ x is1 t x sets s quickly1 & its use is1 !re=e1 v mu* limit$4 ,to prev5t quick sett+ mix a small am\nt ( arr[ root p[d] ) ! pla/] be=e x is mix$1 & ?is w keep x s(t = "s "t1 & also increase its h>dness :5 x sets4 ,= measur+ purposes a tablespoon holds #a_/b ounce2 a dess]tspoon #a_/d ounce2 a teaspoon #a_/h ounce2 a teacupful ( sug> weighs #a_/b p\nd2 two teacupsful ( butt] weigh #a p\nd2 #a-a_/c p9ts ( p[d]$ sug> weigh #a p\nd2 "o p9t ( di/ill$ wat] weighs #a p\nd4 ,ord9>ily1 #dej drops ( liquid are equal to #a ounce2 ?is v>ies ) diff]5t liquids1 "s be+ ?ick] 9 consi/5cy ?an o!rs1 b = ^? ( ! consi/5cy ( wat] ! measure giv5 is fairly accurate4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,simplicity ,,( ,,great ,,inv5tions1 ,,& ,,( ,,nature',s ,,manife/ations ,if !re is any?+ 9 ! realm ( me*anics :i* excites ! wond] & admiration ( man1 x is ! k t ! greate/ inv5tions are ! simple/1 & t ! inv5tor mu/ take advantage ( "o law 9 nature :i* is univ]sal 9 its application1 & t is vibration4 ,!re is a key to e secret 9 nature's great /oreh\se4 ,x is n a complicat$ "o1 conta9+ a multiplicity ( w>ds & peculi> angles & recesses4 ,x is ! v simplicity 9 mo/ ( ! problems :i* long s]v$ z a b> to discov]y 9 _m ( ! arts4 ,s extremely simple h be5 "s ( ! keys t _m inv5tions result$ f accid5ts4 ,,inv5tion ,,prec$es ,,sci5ce4--,occasionally inv5tions 7 br\ght ab\t by p]si/5cy & en]gy1 & (ttimes by !oriz+2 b sci5ce r>ely ev] aids inv5tion4 ,! latt] usually prec$es sci5ce4 ,?us1 reason+ c\ld n %[ h[ x might be possible = /eam to =ce wat] into a boil] aga9/ its own pressure4 ,b ! injector does ?is4 ,if1 prior to #ahgf1 x _h be5 sugge/$ t a sonor\s vibration c\ld be conv]t$ into an electrical pulsation1 & trans=m$ back aga9 to a sonor\s vibration1 sci5ce w\ld h proclaim$ x impossible2 b ! telephone does x4 ,inv5tion %[s h[ ?+s are done1 & sci5ce aft]w>ds expla9s ! ph5om5a & =mulates !ories & laws :i* become s]viceable to o!rs 9 ! arts4 ,,simplicity ,,9 ,,inv5tions4--,b let u see h[ exce$+ly simple are "s ( ! great discov]ies ( man4 ,,! ,,telegraph4--,! telegraph is no?+ b a magnet at ea* end ( a wire1 ) a lev] = an armature1 :i* op5s & closes ! circuit t passes ?r\gh ! magnets & armature1 s t an impulse on ! lev]1 or armature1 at "o end1 by mak+ & break+ ! circuit1 also makes & breaks ! circuit at ! o!r end4 ,,telephone4--,! telephone has m]ely a disk close to b n t\*+ ! end ( a magnet4 ,! sonor\s vibration ( ! voice oscillates ! diaphragm1 & z ! diaphragm is 9 ! magnetic field ( ! magnet1 x v>ies ! pressure1 s call$1 caus+ ! diaphragm at ! o!r end ( ! wire to vibrate 9 unison & give out ! same s\nd orig9ally imp>t$ to ! o!r diaphragm4 ,,transmitt]4--,! transmitt] is m]ely a s5sitiz$ in/rum5t4 ,x dep5ds solely on ! pr9ciple ( light contact po9ts 9 an electric circuit1 :]eby ! vibrations ( ! voice are augm5t$4 ,,phonograph4--,! phonograph is n an electrical in/rum5t4 ,x has a diaphragm provid$ c5trally ) a blunt p91 or /ylus4 ,to make ! record1 "s s(t or pla/ic mat]ial1 l wax1 or t9foil1 is caus$ to move along s t ! po9t ( ! /ylus makes impressions 9 x1 & ! vibrations ( ! diaphragm cause ! po9t to trav]se a groove ( great] or small] ind5tations4 ,:5 ?is groove is aga9 pres5t$ to ! /ylus ! diaphragm is vibrat$ & gives =? ! s\nds orig9ally imp>t$ to x :5 ! ind5tations 7 made4 ,,wireless ,,telegraphy4--,wireless telegraphy dep5ds = its action on :at is call$ induction4 ,?r\gh ?is prop]ty a curr5t is made ( a high electro-motive =ce1 :i* means ( a high voltage1 & ?is di/urbs ! e!r ) su* int5sity t ! waves are s5t out 9 all directions to imm5se di/ances4 ,! great discov]y has be5 to f9d a me*anism s5sitive en\gh to detect ! induction waves4 ,! in/rum5t = ?is purpose is call$ a coh]]1 9 :i* small p>ticles coh]e ?r\gh ! action ( ! electric waves1 & are caus$ to fall ap>t me*anically1 dur+ ! electrical impulses4 ,,pr9t+ ,,telegraph4--,! pr9t+ telegraph requires ! syn*ron\s turn+ ( two :eels4 ,?is means t two :eels at opposite ends ( a wire mu/ be made to turn at exactly ! same rate ( spe$4 ,orig9ally1 ?is 0 tri$ by clock "w1 b )\t success comm]cially1 = ! reason t a p5dulum does n beat ) ! same spe$ at ! equator1 z at diff]5t latitudes1 nor at altitudes2 & temp]ature also affects ! rate4 ,! solution 0 f\nd by mak+ ! two :eels move by means ( a tim+ =k1 :i* vibrates ) ! same spe$ ev]y:]e1 & "u all conditions4 ,,electric ,,motor4--,! direct curr5t electric motor dep5ds = its action on ! pr9ciple t likes repel1 & unlikes attract4 ,! commutator s arranges ! poles t at ! prop] po9ts1 9 ! revolution ( ! armature1 ! poles are always pres5t$ to ea* o!r 9 su* a way t z !y approa* ea* o!r1 !y are opposites1 & ?us attract1 & z !y rec$e f ea* o!r !y repel4 ,a dynamo is exactly ! same1 except t ! commutator rev]ses ! op]ation & makes ! poles alike z !y approa* ea* o!r1 & unlike z !y rec$e4 ,/eel is simply iron1 to :i* has be5 add$ a small p] c5t ( c>bon4 ,qu99e is effici5t 9 its natural /ate1 b x has be5 made inf9itely m effectual by ! break+ up or *ang+ ( ! molecules ) acids4 ,sulphate ( qu99e is made by ! use ( sulphuric acid z a solv5t4 ,,explosions4--,explosions dep5d on oxyg54 ,:ile ?is elem5t does n burn1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( x mu/ be pres5t to support combu/ion4 ,?us1 ! mo/ inflammable gas or liquid w n burn or explode unless oxyg5iz$4 ,explosives are made by us+ a suffici5t am\nt1 9 a conc5trat$ =m1 :i* is add$ to ! fuel1 s t :5 x is ignit$ !re is a suffici5t am\nt ( oxyg5 pres5t to support combu/ion1 h5ce ! rapid explosion :i* foll[s4 ,,vibration ,,9 ,,nature4--,! physical mean+ ( vibration is be/ illu/rat$ by ! movem5t ( a p5dulum4 ,all agitation is vibration4 ,all =ce manife/s itself 9 ?is way4 ,! pa9ful brilliancy ( ! sun is produc$ by ! rapid vibrations ( ! rays2 ! tw9kle ( ! di/ant />1 ! waves ( ! ocean :5 ruffl$ by ! w9ds2 ! %imm] ( ! moon on its cre/$ surface2 ! bra9 9 ?9k+2 ! m\? 9 talk+2 ! beat+ ( ! he>t2 all1 alike1 obey ! "o gr& & univ]sal law ( vibratory motion4 ,,qualities ,,( ,,s\nd4--,s\nd is no?+ b a succession ( vibrations ( great] or less magnitude4 ,pit* is produc$ by ! numb] ( vibrations2 int5sity by _! =ce2 & quality by ! "* ( ! article vibrat$4 ,s9ce ! great telephone controv]sy :i* took place "s ye>s ago !re has be5 a wond]ful developm5t 9 ! k ( ac\/ics1 or s\nds4 ,x 0 %[n t ! slighte/ s\nd w\ld imm$iately set into vibration e article ( furniture 9 a room1 & v s5sitive in/rum5ts h be5 devis$ to regi/] ! =ce & quality4 ,,! ,,photograph]',s ,,plate4--,x is kn[n t ! *emical action ( an object on a photograph]'s plate is due to vibration2 ea* repres5ts a =ce ( diff]5t int5sity1 h5ce ! v>y+ %ades produc$4 ,ow+ to ! diff]5t rates ( vibrations caus$ by ! diff]5t colors1 ! difficulty has be5 to photograph !m1 b ?is has n[ be5 accompli%$4 ,h>mony1 or be+ 9 tune1 z is ! common expression1 is z necess>y 9 light1 z 9 music4 ,"s *emicals w br+ out or develop1 ! pictures2 o!rs w n4 ,colors are n[ photograph$ because inv5tion & sci5ce h f\nd ! h>moniz+ *emicals4 ,,quadruplex ,,telegraphy4--,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! wond]s ( our age is :at is kn[n z duplex & quadruplex telegraphy4 ,e atom & impulse 9 electricity is oscillation4 ,! curr5t :i* transmits a telegram is designat$ 9 ! sci5ce z vibratory4 ,b h[ is x possible to transmit two or m messages ov] "o wire at ! same "t8 ,x is by br++ into play ! h>mony ( s\nds4 ,"o message is s5t 9 "o direction 9 ! key ( ,a2 ano!r message 9 ! o!r direction 9 ,b2 & s any numb] may be s5t1 because ! electrical vibrations may be tun$1 j l ! /r+s ( a viol94 ,,electric ,,h>mony4--,e s\nd produces a correspond+ vibration 9 surr\nd+ objects4 ,:ile ea* vibrates1 or is capable ( transmitt+ a s\nd giv5 to x by its vibratory p[]s1 x may n vibrate 9 h>mony4 ,:5 a c]ta9 key ( a piano is /ruck e key has a c]ta9 vibration1 & if we c\ld sep>ate x f ! o!r s\nds1 x w\ld reflect ! same s\nd z ! /r+ /ruck1 j ! same z ! walls ( a room or ! air itself w\ld convey t s\nd4 ,b z no two /r+s 9 ! in/rum5t vibrate ! same numb] ( times ea* second1 ! rapid movem5t ( successive s\nds ( ! keys d n int]f]e ) ea* o!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re are sev]al pianos 9 a room1 & all are tun$ ! same pit*1 ! /rik+ ( a key on "o in/rum5t w in/antly set 9 vibration ! correspond+ /r+s 9 all ! o!r in/rum5ts4 ,?is is "o reason :y a piano te/$ 9 a music w>]oom has always a m beautiful & ri*] s\nd ?an :5 9 a draw+-room or hall1 s9ce ea* /r+ is vibrat$ by ! o!r in/rum5t4 ,if a small piece ( pap] is balanc$ ^u ! /r+s ( a viol91 e key ( ! piano may be /ruck1 except ! "o 9 tune1 )\t affect+ ! pap]2 b ! mom5t ! same key is /ruck ! vibration ( ! h>moniz+ pit* w unbalance ! pap]4 ,! musical s\nd ( ,c produces #ebh vibrations p] second2 ,d #faf1 & s on4 ,! octave above has d\ble ! numb] ( vibrations ( ! l[] note4 ,x w ?us be und]/ood :y discord 9 music is n pleasant to ! e>1 z ! vibrations are n 9 ! prop] multiples4 ,,odors4--,s ) odors4 ,! s5se ( smell is m]ely ! =ce set 9 motion by ! vibration ( ! elem5ts4 ,an in/rum5t call$ ! odophone demon/rates t a scale or gamut exi/s 9 fl[]s2 t %>p smells indicate high tones & heavy smells l[ tones4 ,ov] fifty odors h ?us be5 analyz$4 ,! treble clef1 note ,e1 #d? space1 is orange2 note ,d1 #a/ space bel[1 violet2 note ,f1 #d? space above clef1 amb]gris4 ,to make a prop] b\quet1 !re=e ! diff]5t odors mu/ be h>moniz$1 j ! same z ! notes ( a musical *ord are select$4 ,a ,,b\quet ,,( ,,vibrations4--,! odophone %[s t santal1 g]anium1 orange fl[] & camphor1 make a b\quet 9 ! key ( ,c4 ,x is easy to conceive t a beautiful b\quet means no?+ m ?an an agreeable vibratory s5sation ( ! olfactory n]ves4 ,,ta/e4--,s ) ! s5se ( ta/e4 ,! tongue is cov]$ ) m9ute cells surr\nd$ by n]v\s filam5ts :i* are set 9 motion :5ev] any sub/ance is br\ght into contact ) ! surface4 ,ta/+ is m]ely ! movem5t ( ^! filam5ts1 ( great] or less rapidity4 ,if an article is ta/eless1 x means t ^! filam5ts d n vibrate4 ,^! vibrations are ( two k9ds4 ,!y may move fa/] or sl[]1 or !y may move 9 a peculi> way4 ,a %>p acute ta/e means t ! vibrations are v rapid2 a mild ta/e1 sl[ vibrations4 ,:5 a pleasant ta/e is detect$1 x is only because ! filam5ts are set into an agreeable motion4 ,! vibrations 9 ! tongue may become s rapid t x w be pa9ful1 j z a %riek becomes pi]c+ to ! e>1 or an int5se light dazzl+ to ! eye2 all proce$ f ! same physical =ce act+ on ! bra94 ,,color4--,color1 t seem+ly unexpla9able =ce1 becomes a simple ?+ :5 ! pr9ciples ( vibration are appli$1 & ?is has be5 fully expla9$ by ! spectroscope & its op]ation4 ,:5 ! boy once appreciates t ?is =ce1 or ?is motion 9 nature is j z simple z ! great inv5tions :i* h gr[n out ( ?is manife/ation1 he w und]/& t a k ( ^! ?+s w enable him to utilize ! en]gy 9 a prop] way4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,work%op ,,recipes ,,& ,,=mulas ,9 a "w ( ?is k9d1 deal+ ) ! v>i\s elem5ts1 ! boy %\ld h at h& recipes or =mulas = ev]y?+ :i* comes )9 ! prov9ce ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,! foll[+ are mo/ c>efully select$1 ! objects be+ to pres5t ^? :i* are ! m easily comp\nd$4 ,,adhesives ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,uses4--,wat]pro( glue4 ,use a good quality ( glue1 & dissolve x 9 w>m wat]1 !n add "o p\nd ( l9se$ oil to eight p\nds ( ! glue4 ,add ?ree ounces ( nitric acid4 ,lea!r or ,c>d-bo>d ,glue4 ,aft] dissolv+ good glue 9 wat]1 to :i* a little turp5t9e has be5 add$1 mix x ) a ?ick pa/e ( />*1 ! proportion ( />* to glue be+ ab\t two to e "p ( glue us$4 ,! mixture is us$ cold4 ,a f9e ,belt ,glue4 ,dissolve #ej ounces ( gelat9e 9 wat]1 & heat aft] p\r+ (f ! excess wat]4 ,!n /ir 9 five ounces ( glyc]9e1 t5 ounces ( turp5t9e1 & five ounces ( l9se$ oil v>ni%4 ,if too ?ick add wat] to suit4 ,= cem5t+ ,iron to ,m>ble4 ,use #cj p>ts ( ,pla/] ( ,p>is1 #aj p>ts ( iron fil+s1 & "o half "p ( sal ammoniac4 ,^! are mix$ up ) v9eg> to make a fluid pa/e4 ,to cem5t ,glass to ,iron4 ,use #c ounces ( boil$ l9se$ oil & #a "p ( copal v>ni%1 & into ?is put #b ounces ( li?>ge & #a ounce ( :ite lead & ?or\ghly m+le s z to make a smoo? pa/e4 ,wat]-pro( ,cem5t4 ,boil$ l9se$ oil1 #f ounces2 copal1 #f ounces2 li?>ge1 #b ounces2 & :ite lead1 #af ounces4 ,to be ?or\ghly incorporat$4 ,to unite rubb] or lea!r to h>d sub/ances4 ,"o ounce ( pulv]iz$ gum %ellac dissolv$ 9 #i-a_/b ounces ( /rong ammonia1 w make an ela/ic cem5t4 ,mu/ be kept tightly cork$4 ,= unit+ iron to iron4 ,use equal p>ts ( boil$ oil1 :ite lead1 pipe clay & black oxide ( manganese1 & =m x into a pa/e4 ,transp>5t ,cem5t4 ,unite #a ounce ( india rubb]1 #fg ounces ( *lor(orm1 & #dj ounces ( ma/ic4 ,?is is to be kept toge!r = a week1 & /irr$ at times1 :5 x w be ready = use4 ,to ,atta* ,clo? to ,metal4 ,wat] #ajj p>ts1 sug> #aj p>ts1 />* #bj p>ts1 & z9c *loride #a "p4 ,?is mu/ be fir/ /irr$ & made free ( lumps1 & !n heat$ until x ?ick5s4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ,gum4 ,dissolve #a "p ( gum arabic 9 wat] & add #d p>ts ( sug> & #a "p ( />*4 ,?is is !n boil$ = a few m9utes1 & ?9n$ d[n z requir$4 ,,to ,,make ,,diff]5t ,,alloys4--,silv]-alum9um4 ,silv] "o-f\r? "p1 & alum9um ?ree-f\r? p>ts4 ,bell-metal4 ,copp]1 #hj p>ts2 t91 #bj p>ts4 ,or1 copp]1 #gb p>ts2 t91 #bf p>ts2 z9c1 #b p>ts4 ,or1 copp] #b2 #a ( t94 ,brass4 ,copp]1 #ff p>ts2 z9c1 #cb p>ts2 t91 #a "p2 lead1 #a "p4 ,bronzes4 ,copp]1 #fe p>ts2 z9c1 #cj p>ts2 t91 #e p>ts4 ,or1 copp]1 #he p>ts2 z9c1 #aj p>ts2 t91 #c p>ts2 lead1 #b p>ts4 ,g]man ,silv]4 #eb p>ts ( copp]2 #bf p>ts z9c2 #bb p>ts nickel4 ,= ,coat+ ,mirrors4 ,t91 #gj p>ts2 m]cury1 #cj p>ts4 ,,boil] ,,comp\nds4--,to prev5t scal+4 ,use common wa%+ soda1 or ,glaub] salts4 ,,to ,,dissolve ,,celluloid4--,use #ej p>ts ( alcohol & #e p>ts ( camphor = e #e p>ts ( celluloid4 ,:5 ! celluloid is put into ! solution x w dissolve x4 ,to ,s(t5 ,celluloid4 ,?is may be done by simply heat+1 s x w b5d1 & by putt+ x 9 /eam1 x c be work$ l d\gh4 ,,clay ,,mixture ,,= ,,=ges4--,mix dry #bj p>ts ( fire clay1 #bj p>ts ca/-iron turn+s1 "o "p ( common salt1 & #a_/b "p sal ammoniac1 & !n add wat] :ile /irr+1 s z to =m a mort> ( ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,! mixture w become v h>d :5 heat is appli$4 ,a ,model+ ,clay4 ,?is is made by mix+ ! clay ) glyc]9e & aft]w>ds add+ vasel9e4 ,if too mu* vasel9e is add$ x becomes too s(t4 ,,fluids ,,= ,,clean+ ,,clo!s1 ,,furniture1 ,,etc4--,= ,delicate ,fabrics4 ,make /rong decoction ( soap b>k1 & put into alcohol4 ,non-inflammable ,clean]4 ,equal p>ts ( acetone1 ammonia & dilut$ alcohol4 ,tak+ dri$ pa9t f clo?+4 ,%ake up #b p>ts ( ammonia wat] ) #a "p ( spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,clean+ ,furniture1 etc4 ,unite #b4d p>ts ( wax2 #i4d p>ts ( oil ( turp5t9e2 #db p>ts acetic acid2 #db p>ts citric acid2 #db p>ts :ite soap4 ,?is mu/ be well m+l$ be=e us+4 ,remov+ ,ru/ f ,iron or ,/eel4 ,rub ! surface ) oil ( t>t>4 ,or1 apply turp5t9e or k]os5e1 & aft] all[+ to /& ov] night1 clean ) em]y clo?4 ,= ,remov+ ,ink ,/a9s f ,silv]4 ,use a pa/e made ( *loride ( lime & wat]4 ,to clean ,silv]-,plat$ ,w>e4 ,make a mixture ( cream ( t>t>1 #b p>ts2 levigat$ *alk1 #b p>ts2 & alum1 #a "p4 ,gr9d up ! alum & mix ?or\ghly4 ,clean+ a ,gas ,/ove4 ,make a solution ( #i p>ts ( cau/ic soda & #aej p>ts ( wat]1 & put ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! /ove 9 ! solution = an h\r or two4 ,! p>ts w come out look+ l new4 ,clean+ ,alum9um4 ,a few drops ( sulphuric acid 9 wat] w re/ore ! lu/] to alum9um w>e4 ,oil ,eradicator4 ,soap spirits1 #ajj p>ts2 ammonia solution1 #be2 acetic e!r1 #ae p>ts4 ,,dis9fectants4--,camphor1 #a ounce2 c>bolic acid 7#ge p] c5t471 #ab ounces2 aqua ammonia1 #aj dra*ms2 s(t salt wat]1 #h dra*ms4 ,wat]-,closet ,deodorant4 ,f]ric *loride1 #d p>ts2 z9c *loride1 #e p>ts2 alum9um *loride1 #d p>ts2 calcium *loride1 #e p>ts2 magnesium *loride1 #c p>ts2 & wat] suffici5t to make #ij p>ts4 ,:5 all is dissolv$ add to ea* gallon #aj gra9s ( ?ymol & a qu>t]-ounce ( rosem>y t _h be5 previ\sly dissolv$ 9 six qu>ts ( alcohol4 ,odorless ,dis9fectants4 ,m]curic *loride1 #a "p2 cupric sulphate1 #aj p>ts2 z9c sulphate1 #ej p>ts2 sodium *loride1 #fe p>ts2 wat] to make #a1jjj p>ts4 ,em]y = ,lapp+ ,purposes4 ,fill a p9t bottle ) ma*9e oil & em]y fl\r1 9 ! proportion ( #g p>ts oil & #a "p em]y4 ,all[ x to /& = tw5ty m9utes1 aft] %ak+ up well1 !n p\r (f half ! cont5ts1 )\t di/urb+ ! settl+s1 & ! "p s p\r$ (f conta9s only ! f9e/ ( ! em]y p>ticles1 & is ! only "p :i* %\ld be us$ on ! lapp+ roll]4 ,,explosives4--,common ,gunp[d]4 ,potassium nitrate1 #ge p>ts2 *>coal1 #ae p>ts2 sulphur1 #aj p>ts4 ,dynamite4 #ge p] c5t4 nitro-glyc]9e2 #be p] c5t4 infusorial e>?4 ,giant ,p[d]4 #cf p] c5t4 nitro-glyc]9e2 #dh p] c5t4 nitrate ( pota%2 #h p] c5t4 ( sulphur2 #h p] c5t4 *>coal4 ,fulm9ate4 ,*lorate ( potassia1 #f p>ts2 pure lampblack1 #d p>ts2 sulphur1 #a "p4 ,a bl[ w cause x to explode4 ,,files4--,h[ to ,keep ,clean4 ,olive oil is ! prop] sub/ance to rub ov] files1 z ?is w prev5t ! creases f fill+ up :ile 9 use1 & pres]ve ! file = a long] "t1 & also enable x to d bett] cutt+4 ,to ,r5ew ,old ,files4 ,use a pota% ba? = boil+ !m 91 & aft]w>ds bru% !m well s z to get ! creases clean4 ,!n /ret* a cotton clo? betwe5 two supports1 & aft] plung+ ! file into nitric acid1 use ! /ret*$ clo? to wipe (f ! acid4 ,! object is to remove ! acid f ! ridges ( ! file1 s ! acid w only eat out or et* ! deep portions betwe5 ! ridges1 & n affect ! edges or tee?4 ,,fire ,,pro( ,,mat]ials ,,or ,,sub/ances4--,= ,wood4 ,= ! k9d :]e x is desir$ to apply ) a bru%1 use #ajj p>ts sodium silicate2 #ej p>ts ( ,spani% :ite1 & #ajj p>ts ( glue4 ,x mu/ be appli$ hot4 ,ano!r good prep>ation is made z foll[s3 ,sodium silicate1 #cej p>ts2 asbe/os1 p[d]$1 #cej p>ts2 & boil+ wat] #a1jjj p>ts4 ,= ,coat+ ,/eel1 etc4 ,silica1 #ej p>ts2 pla/ic fire clay1 #aj p>ts2 ball clay1 #c p>ts4 ,to be ?or\ghly mix$4 ,= ,pap]4 ,ammonium sulphate1 #h p>ts2 boracic acid1 #c p>ts2 borax1 #b p>ts2 wat]1 #ajj p>ts4 ,?is is appli$ 9 a liquid /ate to ! pap] surface4 ,,floor ,,dress+s4--,oil ,/a94 ,neats' foot oil1 #a "p2 cottonse$ oil1 #a "p2 petroleum oil1 #a "p4 ,?is may be color$ ) any?+ desir$1 l burnt si5na1 annatto1 or o!r color+ mat]ial4 ,ballroom ,p[d]4 ,h>d p>aff9e1 #a p\nd2 p[d]$ boric acid1 #g p\nds2 oil ( lav5d]1 #a dra*m2 oil ( n]oli1 #bj m9ims4 ,,foot ,,p[d]s4--,= ,p]spir+ ,feet4 ,balsam ,p]u1 #ae m9ims2 =mic acid1 #a dra*m2 *loral hydrate1 #a dra*m2 alcohol to make #c ounces4 ,= ,eas+ ,feet4 ,tanna=m1 #a dra*m2 talcum1 #b dra*ms2 lycopodium1 #cj gra9s4 ,fro/ ,bites4 ,c>boliz$ wat]1 #d dra*ms2 nitric acid1 #a drop2 oil ( g]anium1 #a drop4 ,,glass4--,to cut glass1 hold x "u wat]1 & use a pair ( %e>s4 ,to make a hole ?r\gh glass1 place a circle ( moi/ e>? on ! glass1 & =m a hole 9 ?is ! diamet] want$ = ! hole1 & 9 ?is hole p\r molt5 lead1 & ! "p t\*$ by ! lead w fall out4 ,to ,fro/ ,glass4 ,cov] x ) a mixture ( #f ounces ( magnesium sulphate1 #b ounces ( dextr9e1 & #bj ounces ( wat]4 ,?is produces a f9e effect4 ,to imitate gr\nd glass1 use a composition ( s&>ac1 #b-a_/b ounces2 ma/ic1 #a_/b ounce2 e!r1 #bd ounces2 & b5z9e1 #af ounces4 ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel4--,h[ to di/+ui% !m4 ,wa% ! metal & put x into a solution ( bi*romate ( pota% to :i* has be5 add$ a small am\nt ( sulphuric acid4 ,9 a m9ute or s take out ! metal1 wa% & wipe x4 ,s(t /eel & ca/ iron w h ! appe>ance ( an a%-gray t9t2 temp]$ /eels w be black2 & puddl$ or ref9$ irons w be ne>ly :ite & h a metallic reflection4 ,to ,h>d5 ,iron or ,/eel4 ,if wr\ght iron1 put 9 ! *>ge #bj p>ts1 by weight1 ( common salt1 #b p>ts ( potassium cyanide1 4#c "p ( potassium bi*romate1 4#ae "p ( brok5 glass4 ,to h>d5 ca/ iron1 !re %\ld be add$ to ! *>ge ! foll[+3 ,to #fj p>ts ( wat]1 add #b-a_/b p>ts ( v9eg>1 #c p>ts ( common salt1 & 4#be "p ( hydro*loric acid4 ,to s(t5 ca/+s3 ,heat !m to a high temp]ature & cov] !m ) f9e coal du/ & all[ to cool gradually4 ,,lacqu]s4--,= ,alum9um4 ,dissolve #ajj p>ts ( gum lac 9 #cjj p>ts ( ammonia & heat = an h\r mod]ately 9 a wat] ba?4 ,! alum9um mu/ be well clean$ be=e apply+4 ,heat ! alum9um plate aft]w>ds4 ,= ,brass4 ,make a comp\nd z foll[s2 ,annatto1 #a_/d ounce2 saffro1 #a_/d ounce2 turm]ic1 #a ounce2 se$ lac1 #c ounces2 & alcohol1 #a p9t4 ,all[ ! mixture to /& = ?ree days1 !n /ra9 9 ! vessel :i* conta9s ! se$ lac1 & all[ to /& until all is dissolv$4 ,= ,copp]4 ,heat f9e1 ?ickly liquid amb] v>ni% s x c be readily appli$ to ! copp]1 & ?is is all[$ to dry4 ,!n heat ! coat$ object until x comm5ces to smoke & turn br[n4 ,,lubricants4--,heavy ma*9]y oils4 ,use p>aff9e1 #h p\nds2 palm oil1 #bj p\nds2 & oleonap?a1 #ab p\nds4 ,dissolve ! p>aff9e 9 ! oleonap?a at a temp]ature ( #afj degrees & !n /ir 9 ! palm oil a little at a "t4 ,= ,cutt+ ,tools4 ,heat six gallons ( wat] & put 9 ?ree & a half p\nds ( s(t soap & a half gallon ( clean refuse oil4 ,x %\ld be well mix$4 ,= high-spe$ be>+s4 ,use flaky graphite & k]os5e oil4 ,apply ?is z soon z !re is any indication ( heat+ 9 ! be>+s4 ,= la! c5t]s1 "o "p ( graphite & f\r p>ts ( tall[ ?or\ghly mix$ & appli$ w be v s]viceable4 ,= ,wood5 ,ge>s4 ,use tall[1 #cj p>ts2 palm oil2 #bj p>ts2 fi% oil1 #aj p>ts2 & graphite1 #bj p>ts4 ,,pap]4--,,fire ,,pro( ,,pap]4--,make ! foll[+ solution3 ,ammonium sulphate1 #h p>ts2 boracic acid1 #c p>ts2 wat]1 #ajj p>ts4 ,mix at a temp]ature ( #abj degrees4 ,pap] coat$ ) ?is w resi/ heat4 ,filt] ,pap]4 ,dip ! pap] into nitric acid ( #a4dcc specific gravity1 & subsequ5tly wa% & dry x4 ,?is makes a f9e filt]+ body4 ,c>bon ,pap]4 ,a v>iety ( sub/ances may be us$1 su* z f9e soot or ivory black1 ultram>9e or ,p>is blue4 ,mix ei!r ) f9e gra9 soap1 s x is ( a uni=m consi/5cy & !n apply to ! pap] ) a /iff bru%1 rubb+ x 9 until x is ev5ly spread ov] ! surface4 ,trac+ ,pap]4 ,take unsiz$ pap] & apply a coat ( v>ni% made ( equal p>ts ( ,canada balsam & oil ( turp5t9e4 ,to increase ! transp>5cy give ano!r coat4 ,! %eets mu/ be well dri$ be=e us+4 ,,photography4--,develop]s4 #a4 ,pure wat]1 #cj ounces2 sulphite soda1 #e ounces2 c>bonate soda1 #b-a_/b ounces4 #b4 ,pure wat]1 #bd ounces2 oxalic acid1 #ae gra9s2 pyrogallic acid1 #a ounce4 ,to develop use ( solution #a1 #a ounce2 solution #b1 #a_/b ounce2 & wat]1 #c ounces4 ,/ock solutions = develop+3 ,make solution ,no4 #a z foll[s3 wat]1 #cb ounces2 tolidol1 ,i ounce2 sodium sulphate1 #a-a_/b ounces4 ,solution ,no4 #b3 ,wat]1 #cb ounces2 sodium sulphate4 ,solution ,no4 #c3 ,wat]1 #cb ounces2 sodium c>bonate1 f #d to #f ounces4 ,fix+ ba?4 ,add two ounces ( ,s4 ,p4 ,c4 cl>ifi] 7acid bisulphate ( sodium7 solution to "o qu>t ( hypo solution #a 9 #e4 ,cle>+ solution4 ,saturat$ solution ( alum1 #bj ounces2 & hydro*loric acid1 #a ounce4 ,v>ni%4 ,bru% ov] ! negative a solution ( equal p>ts ( b5zol & ,japanese gold size4 ,,pla/]s4--,c\rt ,pla/]4 ,use good quality silk1 & on ?is spread a solution ( is+lass w>m$4 ,dry & repeat sev]al times1 !n apply sev]al coats ( balsam ( ,p]u4 ,or1 ,on musl9 or silk prop]ly /ret*$1 apply a ?9 coat+ ( smoo? /ra9$ fl\r pa/e1 & :5 dry sev]al coats ( colorless gelat9e are add$4 ,! gelat9e is appli$ w>m1 & cool$ be=e ! fabric is tak5 (f4 ,,plat+4--,bronze coat+4 ,= antiques1 use v9eg>1 #a1jjj p>ts2 by weight1 p[d]$ blood/one1 #abe p>ts2 plumbago1 #be p>ts4 ,apply ) bru%4 ,= brass :]e a copp] surface is desir$1 make a r\ge ) a little *loride ( plat9um & wat]1 & apply ) a bru%4 ,= gas fixtures4 ,use a bronze pa9t & mix ) x five times its volume ( _s ( turp5t9e1 & to ?is mixture add dri$ slak$ lime1 ab\t #dj gra9s to ! p9t4 ,agitate well & decant ! cle> liquid4 ,,color+ ,,metals4--,brilliant black = iron4 ,sel5i\s acid1 #f p>ts2 cupric sulphate1 #aj p>ts2 wat] #a1jjj p>ts2 nitric acid1 #e p>ts4 ,blue-black4 ,sel5i\s acid1 #aj p>ts2 nitric acid1 #e p>ts2 cupric sulphate2 wat]1 #a1jjj p>ts4 ,! colors w be v>i$ dep5d5t on ! "t ! objects are imm]s$ 9 ! solution4 ,brass may be color$ br[n by us+ an acid solution ( nitrate ( silv] & bismu?2 or a light bronze by an acid solution ( nitrate ( silv] & copp]2 or black by a solution ( nitrate ( copp]4 ,to copp] plate alum9um1 take #cj p>ts ( sulphate ( copp]2 #cj p>ts ( cream ( t>t>2 #be p>ts ( soda2 & #a1jjj p>ts ( wat]4 ,! article to be coat$ is m]ely dipp$ into ! solution4 ,,poli%]s4--,floor ,poli%4 ,p]manganate ( pota% 9 boil+ wat]1 appli$ to ! floor hot1 w produce a /a91 ! color be+ dep5d5t on ! numb] ( coats4 ,! floor may !m be poli%$ ) beeswax & turp5t9e4 ,= ,furniture4 ,make a pa/e ( equal p>ts ( pla/] ( p>is1 :it+1 pumice /one & li?>ge1 mix$ ) ,japan dry]1 boil$ l9se$ oil & turp5t9e4 ,?is may be color$ to suit4 ,?is w fill ! cracks ( ! wood4 ,aft]w>ds rub ov] ! entire surface ( ! wood ) a mixture ( #a "p ,japan1 #b ( l9se$ oil1 & ?ree p>ts ( turp5t9e1 also color$1 & aft] ?is has be5 all[$ to slightly h>d51 rub x (f1 & )9 a day or two x w h h>d5$ suffici5tly s t ! surface c be poli%$4 ,/ove ,poli%4 ,c]es9e1 #ab p>ts2 ,japan wax1 #aj p>ts2 turp5t9e oil1 #ajj p>ts2 lampblack1 #ab p>ts2 graphite1 #aj p>ts4 ,melt ! c]es9e & wax toge!r1 & cool (f p>tly1 & !n add & /ir 9 ! graphite & lampblack :i* 7 previ\sly mix$ up ) ! turp5t9e4 ,,putty4--,black ,putty4 ,:it+ & antimony sulphide1 & soluble glass4 ,?is c be poli%$ f9ely aft] h>d5+4 ,common ,putty4 ,:it+ & l9se$ oil mix$ up to =m a d\gh4 ,,ru/ ,,prev5tive4--,= ,ma*9]y4 ,dissolve an ounce ( camphor 9 "o p\nd ( melt$ l>d4 ,mix ) ?is en\gh f9e black lead to give x an iron color4 ,aft] x has be5 on = a day1 rub (f ) a clo?4 ,= tools1 yell[ vasel9e is ! be/ sub/ance4 ,= z9c1 clean ! plate by imm]s+ 9 wat] t has a small am\nt ( sulphuric acid 9 x4 ,!n wa% clean & coat ) asphalt v>ni%4 ,,sold]s4--,= alum9um4 ,use #e p>ts ( t9 & #a "p ( alum9um z ! alloy1 & sold] ) ! iron or a bl[ pipe4 ,yell[ h>d sold]4 ,brass1 #c-a_/b p>ts2 & z9c1 #a "p4 ,= easily fus+1 make an alloy ( equal p>ts ( brass & z9c4 ,= a :ite h>d sold] use brass1 #ab p>ts2 z9c1 #a "p2 & t91 #b p>ts4 ,,sold]+ ,,fluxes4--,= s(t sold]+1 use a solution ( *loride ( z9c & sal ammoniac4 ,p[d]$ ros9 is also us$4 ,= h>d sold]+1 borax is us$ mo/ frequ5tly4 ,a mixture ( equal p>ts ( cryolite & b>ium *loride is v good 9 sold]+ bronze or alum9um alloys4 ,o!r h>d sold]s are alloy$ z foll[s3 brass1 #d p>ts2 & z9c1 #e p>ts4 ,also brass1 #g p>ts2 & z9c1 #b p>ts4 ,/eel ,temp]+-4-,heat ! /eel r$ hot & !n plunge x into seal+ wax4 ,= temp]+ small /eel spr+s1 !y may be plung$ into a fi% oil :i* has a small am\nt ( ros9 & tall[4 ,,v>ni%es4--,black ,v>ni%4 ,%ellac1 #e p>ts2 borax1 #b p>ts2 glyc]9e1 #b p>ts2 anil9e black1 #f p>ts2 wat]1 #de p>ts4 ,dissolve ! %ellac 9 hot wat] & add ! o!r +r$i5ts at a temp]ature ( #bjj degrees4 ,a good c v>ni% is made by dissolv+ #ae p>ts ( %ellac1 & add+ !reto #b p>ts ( ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #h p>ts ( s&>ac1 & #ge p>ts ( spirits4 ,a v>ni% = t9 & o!r small metal boxes is made ( #ge p>ts alcohol1 :i* dissolves #ae p>ts ( %ellac1 & #c p>ts ( turp5t9e4 ,,seal+ ,,wax4--,= model+ purposes4 ,:ite wax1 #bj p>ts2 turp5t9e1 #e p>ts2 sesame oil1 #b p>ts2 v]milion1 #b p>ts4 ,ord9>y ,seal+4 #d p\nds ( %ellac1 #a p\nd ,v5ice turp5t9e1 add #c p\nds ( v]milion4 ,unite by heat4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,h&y ,,tables ,,table ,,( ,,weights ,,= ,,r\nd ,,& ,,squ>e ,,/eel4 ,! ,e/imate is on ! basis ( ,l9eal ,feet4 #a cu4 ft4 ( ,/eel--#dij lbs4 ,weight 9 ,p\nds ,weight 9 ,p\nds ,sizes 9 ,sizes 9 ,in*es ------------------ ,in*es ------------------ ,r\nd ,squ>e ,r\nd ,squ>e ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a_/af 4#aaj 4#jac #a-a_/af #c4jad #c4djj #a_/h 4#jdb 4#jec #a-a_/h #c4cgi #c4hch #c_/af 4#jid 4#aai #a-c_/af #c4gff #d4cjc #a_/d 4#afg 4#bab #a-a_/d #d4agc #d4gie #e_/af 4#bfa 4#ccc #a-e_/af #d4fjj #e4cab #c_/h 4#cge 4#dgh #a-c_/h #e4jdi #e4heg #g_/af 4#eaa 4#fea #a-g_/af #e4eah #f4dbh #a_/b 4#ffg 4#hej #a-a_/b #f4jjh #g4fej #i_/af 4#hde #a4jbf #a-i_/af #f4ebj #g4fej #e_/h #a4jdc #a4cbh #a-e_/h #g4jea #h4cja #aa_/af #a4bfb #a4fjh #a-aa_/af #g4fjd #h4igh #c_/d #a4ejb #a4iac #a-c_/d #h4agh #aj4da #ac_/af #a4ggc #b4bde #a-ac_/af #h4ggc #aa4ag #g_/h #b4jdd #b4fjc #a-g_/h #i4chh #aa4ie #ae_/af #b4cdg #b4ihi #a-ae_/af #aj4jb #ab4gf #a #b4fgj #c4djj #b #aj4fh #ac4fj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,weight ,,( ,,flat ,,/eel ,,b>s4 ,?ickness 9 ,wid? ,in*es ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a_/af 4#bab 4#bfe 4#cb 4#cgb 4#dbe 4#dgg 4#ec 4#ehh 4#fc #a_/h 4#dbe 4#ec 4#fd 4#gde 4#he 4#iee #a4jf #a4ag #a4bg #c_/af 4#fch 4#gig 4#ieg #a4aa #a4bh #a4dd #a4ei #a4ge #a4ia #a_/d 4#he #a4jf #a4bh #a4di #a4gj #a4ia #b4ab #b4cd #b4ee #e_/af #a4jf #a4cc #a4ei #a4hf #b4ab #b4ci #b4fe #b4ib #c4ai #c_/h #a4bh #a4ei #a4ib #b4bc #b4ee #b4hg #c4ai #c4ea #c4hc #g_/af #a4di #a4he #b4bc #b4fj #b4ih #c4ce #c4gb #d4ji #d4df #a_/b #a4gj #b4ab #b4ee #b4ih #c4dj #c4hc #d4be #d4fg #e4aj #i_/af #a4ib #b4ci #b4hg #c4ce #c4hc #d4cj #d4gh #e4bf #e4gd #e_/h #b4ab #b4fe #c4ai #c4gb #d4be #d4gh #e4ca #e4hd #f4ch #aa_/af #b4cd #b4ib #c4ea #d4ji #d4fg #e4bf #e4hd #f4dc #g4jb #c_/d #b4ee #c4ai #c4hc #d4dg #e4aj #e4ge #f4ch #g4jb #g4fe #ac_/af #b4gf #c4de #d4ad #d4dh #e4ec #f4ba #f4ij #g4fj #h4bi #g_/h #b4ih #c4gb #d4dg #e4bj #e4ie #f4fi #g4dd #h4ah #h4ic #ae_/af #c4ai #c4ii #d4gh #e4eh #f4ch #g4ah #g4ig #h4gg #i4eg #a #c4dj #d4be #e4aj #e4ie #f4hj #g4fe #h4ej #i4ce #aj4bj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,avoirdupois ,,weight4 ,= ,m]*&ise ( all k9ds4 #af ,drams 7dr47 make #a ,ounce 7oz47 #af ,ounces make #a ,p\nd 7pd47 #be ,p\nds make #a ,qu>t] 7qr47 #d ,qu>t]s1 or #ajj lbs41 make #a ,hundr$weight 7cwt47 #bj ,hundr$weights make #a ,ton 7,t47 #b1bdj ,p\nds make #a ,long ton 7,l4 ,t47 ,,troy ,,weight4 ,= ,gold1 ,silv]1 & ,preci\s ,metals4 #bd ,gra9s 7gr47 make #a ,p5nyweight 7pwt47 #bj ,p5nyweights make #a ,ounce 7oz47 #ab ,ounces make #a ,p\nd 7pd47 ,,apo!c>ies ,,weight4 ,= ,drugs1 ,m$icals & ,*emicals4 #bj ,gra9s 7gr47 make #a ,scruple 7sc47 #c ,scruples make #a ,dram 7dr47 #h ,drams make #a ,ounce 7oz47 #ab ,ounces make #a ,p\nd 7pd47 ,,l9e> ,,measure4 ,= ,surveyors' ,use4 #ab ,in*es make #a ,foot #c ,feet make #a ,y>d #e-a_/b ,y>ds make #a ,rod #dj ,rods make #a ,furlong #h ,furlongs #a ,mile ,,long ,,measure4 #ab ,in*es make #a ,foot #c ,feet make #a ,y>d #f ,feet make #a ,fa?om #e-a_/b ,y>ds make #a ,rod or pole #dj ,poles make #a ,furlong #h ,furlongs make #a ,mile #c ,miles make #a ,league #fi-a_/b ,miles make #a ,degree ,,squ>e ,,measure4 #add squ>e in*es make #a squ>e foot #i squ>e feet make #a squ>e y>d #cj-a_/b squ>e y>ds make #a squ>e pole #dj squ>e poles make #a squ>e rod #d squ>e rods make #a acre #fdj squ>e acres make #a acre mile ,,solid ,,or ,,cubic ,,measure4 #a1gbh ,cubic in*es make #a ,cubic foot #bg ,cubic feet make #a ,cubic y>d #abh ,cubic feet make #a ,cord ( wood #bd-c_/d ,cubic feet make #a ,p]* ( /one ,,dry ,,measure4 #b ,p9ts make #a ,qu>t 7qt47 #h ,qu>ts make #a peck 7pk47 #d ,pecks make #a ,bu%el 7bu47 #cf ,bu%els make #a ,*aldron 7*47 ,,liquid ,,measure4 #d ,gills 7g47 make #a ,p9t 7pt47 #b ,p9ts make #a ,qu>t 7qt47 #d ,qu>ts make #a ,gallon 7gal47 #ca-a_/b ,gallons make #a ,b>rel 7bbl47 #b ,bbls41 or #fc gals41 make4 #a ,hog%ead 7hhd47 ,,pap] ,,measure4 #bd ,%eets 7%47 make #a ,quire 7qu47 #bj ,quires make #a ,ream 7r47 #aj ,reams make #a ,bale 7ba47 or bundle4 ,,table ,,( ,,temp]atures4 ,greate/ artificial cold #bbj degrees bel[ ,fahr4 natural #gc4g ,m]cury freezes #ci ,mixture ( sn[ & salt #d ,greate/ d5sity ( wat] at #ci4b above ,blood ,heat #ig4i ,alcohol boils #agb4d ,wat] boils #bab ,m]cury boils #ffb ,sulphur boils #hbd ,silv] melts #a1gdi ,ca/ iron melts #b1ghf ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,metals4 ,! te/s are made by us+ a cubic in* ( ! metal & compress+ x1 & by try+ to draw ap>t a squ>e in* ( metal4 ,indicat$ 9 p\nds4 ,t5sion ,compression ---------------------------------------- ------ ,alum9um #ae1jjj #ab1jjj ,brass1 ca/ #bd1jjj #cj1jjj ,bronze1 gun metal #cb1jjj #bj1jjj manganese #fj1jjj #abj1jjj phosphor #ej1jjj 444444 ,copp]1 ca/ #bd1jjj #dj1jjj wire anneal$4 #cf1jjj 444444 unanneal$ #fj1jjj 444444 ,iron1 ca/ #ae1jjj 444444 anneal$ #fj1jjj #hj1jjj unanneal$ #hj1jjj 444444 wr\ght #dh1jjj #df1jjj ,lead1 ca/ #b1jjj 444444 ,/eel ca/+s #gj1jjj #gj1jjj pl[ #bgj1jjj 444444 /ructural #fj1jjj #fj1jjj wire anneal$ #hj1jjj 444444 crucible #ahj1jjj 444444 ,t9 #c1hjj #f1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,freez+ ,,mixtures ,temp]ature ,*anges 9 ,degrees ,fahr5heit --------------------- ,mixtures ,f ,to ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,common salt1 #a "p2 sn[1 #c p>ts #cb z]o 4#j ,common salt1 #a "p2 sn[ #a "p #cb -4#d ,calcium *loride1 #c p>ts2 sn[ #a "p #cb -#bg ,calcium *loride1 #b p>ts2 sn[ #a "p #cb -#dd ,sal ammoniac1 #e p>ts2 salt-pet] #e p>ts2 wat] #af p>ts4 #ej -#aj ,sal ammoniac1 #a "p2 salt-pet] #a "p2 wat] #a "p #df -#aa ,ammonium nitrate1 #a "p2 wat] #a "p #ej -#c ,potassium hydrate1 #d p>ts2 sn[ #c p>ts #cb -#ce ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,ignition ,,temp]atures4 ,phosphorus #abj degrees ,fahr5heit ,bi-sulphide ( c>bon #cjj ,gun-cotton #dcj ,nitro-glyc]9e #dij ,phosphorus1 amorph\s #ejj ,rifle p[d] #eej ,*>coal #ffj ,dry p9e wood #hjj ,oak #ijj ,,p[] ,,& ,,heat ,,equival5ts4 ,9 /udy+ matt]s p]ta9+ to p[] & heat1 c]ta9 t]ms are us$1 su* z horsep[]1 horsep[]-h\rs1 watts1 watt-h\rs1 kil[att1 kil[att-h\rs1 foot-p\nds1 j\le1 & ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 7,briti% ,!rmal ,unit74 ,! foll[+ tables give a compreh5sive idea ( ! values ( ! diff]5t t]ms3 #a ,horsep[]-h\r #j4gdf kil[att-h\r #a1ihj1jjj foot-p\nds ( wat] evaporat$ at #bab degrees ,fahr5heit1 rais$ f #fb degrees to #bab degrees4 #a ,kil[att-h\r #a1jjj watt-h\rs #a4cd horse-p[]-h\rs #b1fec1bjj foot-p\nds #c1fjj1jjj j\les #c1dbj ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 #c4ed p\nds ( wat] evaporat$ at #bab degrees #bb4h p\nds ( wat] rais$ f #fb to #bab degrees4 #a ,horsep[] #gdf watts #j4gdf kil[atts4 #cc1jjj foot-p\nds p] second #b1eej ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 p] m94 #j4ga ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 p] second #b4fd p\nds ( wat] evaporat$ p] h\r at #bab degrees4 #a ,kil[att #a1jjj watts #a4cd horsep[] #b1fec1bjj foot-p\nds p] h\r #dd1bbj foot-p\nds p] m94 #gcg foot-p\nds p] second #c1dbj ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 p] h\r #eg ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 p] m94 #j4ie ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 p] second #c4ed p\nds ( wat] evaporat$ p] h\r at #bab4 #a ,watt #a j\le p] second #j4jjacd horse-p[] #j4jja kil[att #cdb ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 p] h\r #dd4bb foot-p\nds p] m94 #j4gd foot-p\nds p] second #j4jjce p\nds ( wat] evaporat$ p] h\r at #bab degrees4 #a ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 7,briti% ,!rmal ,unit7 #a1jeb watt-seconds #ggh foot-p\nds #j4beb calorie #j4jjjbib kil[att-h\rs #j4jjjcia horsep[]-h\r #j4jjajd p\nds ( wat] evaporat$ at #bab degrees4 #a ,foot-p\nd #a4cf j\le #j4jjjjjjcgg kil[att-h\r #j4jjabi ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 #j4jjjjjje horsep[]-h\r4 #a ,j\le #a watt-second #j4jjjjjjbgh kil[att-h\r #j4jjjie ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 #j4gd foot-p\nds4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,inv5tions ,,& ,,pat5ts1 ,,& ,,in=mation ,,ab\t ,,! ,,rights ,,& ,,duties ,,( ,,inv5tors ,,& ,,workm5 ,!re is no trade or occupation :i* calls =? ! inv5tive faculty to a great] degree ?an ! ma*9i/'s4 ,:e!r x be 9 ! direction ( mak+ "s new tool1 ne$$ 9 "s special "w1 or 9 devis+ a p>ticul> movem5t1 or me*anical exp$i5t1 ! ma*9i/ mu/ be prep>$ to meet ! issues & decide on ! be/ /ructural arrangem5t4 ,opportunities also come daily to ! work]s 9 ma*9e %ops to a great] ext5t ?an o!r artisans1 because inv5tors 9 e l9e br+ inv5tions to !m to be built & exp]im5tally te/$4 ,a k ( ! rights & duties ( inv5tors1 & ( ! m5 :o build ! models1 is v desirable2 & = y\r conv5i5ce we app5d ! foll[+ in=mation3 ,! inv5tor ( a device is he :o has conceiv$ an idea & has put x into "s concrete =m4 ,a m]e idea is n an inv5tion4 ,! article s conceiv$ & con/ruct$1 mu/ be bo? new & useful4 ,!re mu/ be "s utility4 ,x may be simply a toy1 or some?+ to amuse4 ,if ,a has an idea1 & he employs & pays ,b to "w out ! device1 & put x into practical %ape1 ,a is ! inv5tor1 al?\gh ,b may h mat]ially modifi$1 or ev5 :olly *ang$ x4 ,b is simply ! ag5t or tool to br+ x to p]fection1 & 8 pay = do+ ! "w is 8 comp5sation4 ,an inv5tor has two ye>s' "t )9 :i* he may apply = a pat5t1 aft] he has complet$ 8 device & begun ! sale ( x4 ,if he sells ! article = m ?an two ye>s be=e apply+ = a pat5t1 ?is w b> a grant4 ,two or m inv5tors may apply = a pat5t1 provid$ ea* has contribut$ some?+ t[>d br++ x to its p]fect$ /ate4 ,ea* _c apply sep>ately4 ,! pat5t issu$ w be own$ by !m jo9tly4 ,jo9t own]s ( a pat5t are n p>tn]s1 unless !y h sign$ p>tn]%ip pap]s respect+ ! pat5t4 ,because !y are p>tn]s 9 "s o!r ent]prise1 disconnect$ f ! pat5t1 t does n con/itute !m p>tn]s 9 ! pat5t4 ,!y are m]ely jo9t own]s4 ,if !y h no special agreem5t ) respect to ! pat5t ea* c grant lic5ses to manufacture1 indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 )\t be+ compell$ to acc\nt to ! o!rs1 & ea* has a "r to sell 8 int]e/ )\t ask+ p]mission ( ! o!rs4 ,an inv5tor is "o :o has devis$ an inv5tion4 ,a pat5tee is "o :o owns a pat5t1 or an int]e/ 9 "o1 be he ! inv5tor or n4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t does n grant ,caveats4 ,! only protection (f]$ is by way ( pat5t4 ,a pat5t runs = a p]iod ( sev5te5 ye>s1 & may be r5ew$ by act ( ,congress only1 = a fur!r t]m ( sev5 ye>s4 ,an int]f]5ce is a proce$+ 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice to det]m9e :o is ! fir/ inv5tor ( a device4 ,! foll[+ is a brief /atem5t ( ! c\rse foll[$3 ,:5 two or m applicants h applications p5d+1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,exam9]1 appe> to be simil>1 ! ,(fice may decl>e an int]f]5ce4 ,if an applicant has an application p5d+1 & ! ,exam9] rejects x on ref]5ce to a pat5t already issu$1 ! applicant may dem& an int]f]5ce1 & ! ,(fice w !n grant a he>+ to det]m9e :i* ( ! two is entitl$ to ! pat5t4 ,! fir/ /ep1 aft] ! decl>ation ( int]f]5ce1 is to reque/ t ea* applicant file a prelim9>y /atem5t1 "u oa?1 9 :i* he mu/ set =? ! foll[+3 ,fir/3 ,! date ( conception ( ! inv5tion4 ,second3 ,date ( ! fir/ r$uction to writ+1 or ! prep>ation ( draw+s4 ,?ird3 ,date ( mak+ ( ! fir/ model or device4 ,f\r?3 ,:5 a complete ma*9e 0 fir/ produc$4 ,^! /atem5ts are fil$ 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 & op5$ on ! same day1 & times are !n set = ! respective p>ties to take te/imony4 ,if "o ( ! p>ties 0 ! fir/ to conceive & r$uce to practice1 z well z ! fir/ to file 8 application1 he w be adjudg$ to be ! fir/ inv5tor1 )\t necessitat+ ! tak+ ( te/imony4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 "o 0 ! fir/ to conceive1 & ! o!r ! fir/ to file1 !n te/imony w be requir$ to det]m9e ! "q ( inv5tion4 ,! grant+ ( a pat5t is n conclusive t ! pat5tee 01 9 reality1 ! fir/ inv5tor4 ,! law is t ! pat5t mu/ issue to ! fir/ inv5tor1 & if x c be prov5 t ano!r p>ty 0 ! fir/1 a new pat5t w issue to ! "o :o ?us e/abli%es 8 "r4 ,! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts has no "r to take away ! pat5t fir/ issu$4 ,only ! ,c\rts are compet5t to d ?is4 ,a pat5t is grant$ = ! "r to make1 to use & to v5d4 ,an own] ( a pat5t _c sell ! "r only to make1 or to sell1 or to use4 ,su* a docum5t w\ld be a simple lic5se1 only1 = t p>ticul> purpose4 ,a pat5t may be sold giv+ a divid$1 or an undivid$ "r4 ,a divid$ "r is :]e a ,/ate1 or any o!r p>ticul> t]ritorial "r is grant$4 ,an undivid$ "r is a qu>t]1 or a half1 or "s o!r portion 9 ! pat5t itself4 ,if an inv5tor assigns 8 inv5tion1 & /ates 9 ! grant+ clause t he conveys all 8 "r & title 9 & to ! inv5tion1 or words to t effect1 he conveys all 8 rights ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,if ! conveyance says1 all rights & title 9 & ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 he !reby res]ves all o!r c\ntries4 ,if a pat5t is issu$1 & ! numb] & date ( ! pat5t are giv51 ! assignm5t conveys ! pat5t = ! ,unit$ ,/ates only1 unless =eign c\ntries are specifically m5tion$4 ,to convey an inv5tion or pat5t1 "s def9ite numb] or fil+ date mu/ be giv5 9 ! docum5t1 ) suffici5t cle>ness & c]ta9ty to %[ ! int5t ( ! assignor4 ,an inv5tion does n dep5d on quantity1 b on quality4 ,x is t :i* produces a new & a useful result4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts are grant$ = ! purpose ( promot+ ! useful arts & sci5ces4 ,9 ,engl&1 & 9 _m o!r =eign c\ntries1 pat5ts are grant$1 n on acc\nt ( any m]it on ! "p ( ! inv5tor1 b z a favor ( ! cr[n1 or sov]eign4 ,orig9ally pat5ts 7 grant$ by ! cr[n = ! exclusive privilege 9 deal+ 9 any commodity1 & = ?is "r a royal fee 0 exact$4 ,f ?is fact ! t]m royalty orig9at$4 ,an int]national agreem5t is n[ 9 =ce among ne>ly all c\ntries1 :i* respects ! fil+ ( an application 9 any c\ntry1 = a p]iod ( "o ye> 9 ! o!r c\ntries4 ,9 mak+ an application = a pat5t1 a petition is requir$1 a specification %[+ its object1 use1 & p>ticul> con/ruction1 foll[$ by a claim1 or claims1 & accompani$ by a draw+1 if ! inv5tion w p]mit ( x1 7:i* mu/ be made 9 black1 ) ,india ink71 & an oa?4 ,! oa? requires ! foll[+ ass]tions3 ,t ! applicant is ! fir/ & orig9al inv5tor ( ! device1 & t he does n "k & does n believe ! same 0 ev] kn[n or us$ be=e 8 inv5tion or m ?an two ye>s be=e 8 application4 ,he mu/ also fur!r allege t ! inv5tion 0 n pat5t$ or describ$ 9 any pr9t$ publication "h or abroad1 & n manufactur$ m ?an two ye>s prior to ! application1 & t he has n made an application1 nor au?oriz$ any "o to d s m ?an two ye>s prior to 8 application4 ,! fir/ ,gov]nm5t fee is #ae1 payable at ! "t ( fil+1 & ! second & f9al fee is #bj1 payable at ! "t ! pat5t is ord]$ to issue4 ,! fil+ ( an application = pat5t is a secret act1 & ! ,pat5t ,(fice w n give any in=mation to o!rs conc]n+ x1 prior to ! issue ( ! pat5t4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,words ,,us$ ,,9 ,,text ,,( ,,?is ,,volume ,abrupt4 ,sudd5ly2 com+ )\t w>n+4 ,abrasive4 ,a mat]ial :i* we>s away4 ,actuate4 ,influ5c$1 z by sudd5 motive2 incit$ to action4 ,accumulate4 ,to br+ toge!r2 to amass2 to collect4 ,ac\/ics4 ,! bran* ( physics :i* treats ( s\nd4 ,adhesion4 ,to hold toge!r2 a molecul> =ce by means ( :i* p>ticles /ick toge!r4 ,aff9ity4 ,any natural draw+ toge!r2 ! prop]ty or =ce 9 *emicals to move t[>d ea* o!r4 ,aggravate4 ,to incite2 to make worse or m burd5some4 ,alloy4 ,a comb9ation ( two or m metals4 ,altitude4 ,height2 a v]tical di/ance above any po9t4 ,alkali4 ,any sub/ance :i* w neutralize an acid1 z lime1 magnesia1 & ! l4 ,amalgam4 ,any comp\nd ( metal :i* has m]cury z "o ( ! elem5ts4 ,amiss4 ,wrong1 fault1 misde$4 ,anneal+4 ,a process ( gradually heat+ & cool+ metals1 :]eby h>dness & t\ghness are br\ght ab\t4 ,angle plate4 ,a metal /ructure :i* has two bodies1 or limbs1 at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,analysis4 ,! sep>at+ ( sub/ances into _! elem5t>y =ms4 ,an*or bolt4 ,a /ructure int5d$ to be plac$ 9 a hole 9 a wall1 & held !re by a brew :i* exp&s a "p ( ! /ructure4 ,appr5tice4 ,"o :o is le>n+ a trade or occupation4 ,artificial4 ,t :i* resembles ! orig9al2 made 9 imitation (4 ,arbor4 ,a %aft1 sp9dle1 m&rel1 or axle4 ,armature4 ,a metallic body )9 ! magnetic field ( a magnet4 ,arbitr>y4 ,/ubborn det]m9ation4 ,do+ a ?+ )\t reg>d to consequ5ces4 ,artisan4 ,"o skill$ 9 any me*anical art4 ,attributable4 ,t :i* belongs to or is associat$ )4 ,automatically4 ,op]at+ by its own /ructure1 or )\t outside aid4 ,augm5t$4 ,add$ to2 to increase4 ,auxili>y4 ,to aid2 giv+ or furni%+ aid4 ,avoirdupois4 ,! sy/em ( weights1 ( :i* ! unit is sixte5 ounces4 ,back-saw4 ,a saw :i* has a rib at its upp] m>g94 ,b>leycorn4 ,a gra9 ( b>ley4 ,ba/>d4 ,a co>se-gra9$ file4 ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 ,briti% ,!rmal ,unit4 ,back-ge>4 ,t ge> on a la! = *ang+ ! fe$4 ,bevel4 ,n 9 a "r l9e2 slant+2 oblique4 ,bibb4 ,a =m ( wat] faucet4 ,bit1 or bitt4 ,a =m ( tool = cutt+ purposes on a la!1 plan]1 %ap]1 or drill+ ma*9e4 ,borax4 ,a :ite cry/all9e comp\nd1 ( a sweeti% ta/e4 ,*emically x is sodium biborate4 ,buffs4 ,usually a :eel cov]$ ) lea!r or clo?1 & hav+ em]y du/ on x1 = f9e poli%+ purposes4 ,buffet$4 ,?r[n back4 ,bronze4 ,an alloy ( copp] & t94 ,calcium4 ,lime4 ,cant4 ,a =m ( lev]4 ,c>bonate4 ,a salt ( c>bonic acid4 ,cau/ic4 ,capable ( corrod+ or eat+ away4 ,capill>y4 ,t quality ( a liquid :i* causes x to move upw>dly or along a solid ) :i* x is 9 contact4 ,calip]4 ,an in/rum5t = spann+ inside & outside dim5sions4 ,c5tripetal4 ,! =ce :i* t5ds to draw inw>dly1 or to ! c5t]4 ,c5trifugal4 ,! outw>dly-mov+ =ce f a body4 ,c5t]+4 ,to =m a po9t equidi/ant f a circul> l9e4 ,*loride4 ,a comp\nd ( *lor9e ) "o or m positive elem5ts1 su* z1 = in/ance1 salt4 ,circul> pit*4 ,! measurem5t ar\nd a ge> tak5 at a po9t midway betwe5 ! base & end ( ! tee?4 ,circumf]5ce4 ,! outside ( a circul> body4 ,clef4 ,a "* plac$ on a /aff ( music to det]m9e ! pit*4 ,clut*4 ,a me*anical elem5t = atta*+ "o "p to ano!r4 ,*uck1 ,indep5d5t4 ,a disk ( metal to be atta*$ to ! live sp9dle ( a la!1 & :i* has on its face a set ( dogs :i* move radially indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,*uck1 ,univ]sal4 ,a disk to be atta*$ z above1 provid$ ) dogs :i* are connect$ s !y move radially 9 unison ) ea* o!r4 ,classifi$4 ,arrang$ 9 ord]1 9 su* a mann] t ea* ( a k9d is plac$ "u a suitable head+4 ,cle>ance4 ,to provide a space beh9d ! cutt+ edge ( a tool :i* w n t\* ! "w be+ cut4 ,consi/5cy4 ,h>moni\s2 n contradictory4 ,coh]]4 ,t in/rum5t 9 a wireless telegraphy app>atus :i* detects ! electrical impulses4 ,commutator4 ,! cyl9drical /ructure on ! end ( an armature1 :i* is design$ to *ange ! pol>ity ( ! curr5t4 ,conc5trat$4 ,br\ght toge!r at "o po9t4 ,co9age4 ,! sy/em ( mak+ money f metals4 ,comp\nd4 ,! unity ( two or m elem5ts4 ,con/ant4 ,be+ insi/5t & consi/5t2 also a t]m to be us$ 9 a problem :i* nev] v>ies4 ,conv]sion4 ,! *ange f "o /ate to ano!r4 ,cone4 ,a body l>g] at "o end ?an at ano!r2 usually appli$ to a =m :i* is cyl9drical 9 %ape b tap]+1 f end to end4 ,compression4 ,! br++ toge!r ( p>ticles1 or molecules4 ,convolute4 ,a spiral =m ( w9d+1 l a wat* spr+4 ,coil$4 ,a =m ( w9d+1 l a /r+ w\nd ar\nd a bobb94 ,conductivity4 ,appli$ g5]ally to ! quality ( mat]ial :i* w c>ry a curr5t ( electricity2 also a quality ( a mat]ial to convey heat4 ,cohesion4 ,! =ce by :i* ! molecules ( ! same k9d are held toge!r4 ,conc5tric4 ,a l9e :i* is equidi/ant at all po9ts f a c5t]4 ,conf9$4 ,held )9 c]ta9 b\nds4 ,corpuscul>4 ,molecul> or atomic =m4 ,conv]ge4 ,to come toge!r f all po9ts4 ,concave4 ,a surface :i* is depress$ or sunk54 ,convex4 ,a surface :i* is rais$1 or projects beyond ! surface ( ! edges4 ,compon5t4 ,"o ( ! elem5ts 9 a problem or 9 a comp\nd4 ,coeffici5t4 ,a numb] indicat+ ! degree or quality possess$ by a sub/ance4 ,an inv>iable unit4 ,cube4 ,a body hav+ six equal sides4 ,cross-section4 ,a t]m us$ to designate t l9e :i* is at "r angles to ! l9e runn+ f ! view po9t4 ,cross slide4 ,! metal plate on a la! :i* holds ! tool po/1 & :i* is controll$1 usually1 by a screw4 ,contigu\s4 ,close to2 ne> at h&4 ,c\nt]s9k4 ,! depression ar\nd a bore4 ,collet4 ,a coll>1 clut* or clamp+ piece1 :i* has jaws to hold a b> or rod4 ,c\nt]%aft4 ,a %aft :i* has !reon pulleys or ge>s to connect op]atively ) ! ge>s or pulleys on a ma*9e1 & *ange ! spe$4 ,conducive4 ,t5d+ to2 promotive ( a result4 ,corundum4 ,an extremely h>d alum9um oxide us$ = poli%+4 ,cold *isel4 ,a t]m appli$ to an extremely h>d *isel us$ = cutt+ & *ipp+ metal4 ,combu/ion4 ,! action or op]ation ( burn+4 ,conjunctively4 ,act+ toge!r4 ,comp>atively4 ,similitude or resemblance1 "o ) ano!r4 ,cott]4 ,a key to prev5t a :eel turn+ on its %aft4 ,dead c5t]4 ,a t]m us$ to designate ! inop]ative po9t ( ! crank4 ,depict+4 ,%[+2 sett+ =?4 ,deodorant4 ,a sub/ance :i* w decompose odors4 ,develop]4 ,a *emical :i* w br+ out ! picture 9 mak+ ! film or plate 9 photography4 ,decimet]4 ,! l5g? ( "o-t5? ( a met] 9 ! metric sy/em4 ,decamet]4 ,! l5g? ( t5 met]s 9 ! metric sy/em4 ,defective4 ,n p]fect2 wrong 9 "s p>ticul>4 ,diaphragm4 ,a plate1 su* z us$ 9 a telephone sy/em1 to receive & transmit vibrations4 ,dissolv+4 ,to *ange f a solid to a liquid condition4 ,division plate4 ,a p]=at$ plate 9 a ge>-cutt+ ma*9e1 to aid 9 divid+ ! tee? ( a :eel4 ,dispell$4 ,to drive away or scatt]4 ,dis9fectant4 ,a mat]ial :i* w de/roy h>mful g]ms4 ,diametral pit*4 ,! numb] ( tee? 9 a ge> z calculat$ on ! pit* l9e4 ,dim5sion4 ,measurem5t2 size4 ,ductility4 ,t prop]ty ( metal :i* p]mits x to be drawn out1 or work$4 ,divid]s4 ,an in/rum5t1 l a compass1 = /epp+ (f measurem5ts1 or mak+ circles4 ,div]ge4 ,spread+ out f a common po9t4 ,drift4 ,a cutt+ tool = smoo?+ a hole 9 a piece ( metal4 ,duplex4 ,two2 d\ble4 ,dynamite4 ,an explosive compos$ ( an absorb5t1 l e>?1 comb9$ ) nitro-glyc]9e4 ,dynamomet]4 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ p[] develop$4 ,ecc5tric4 ,out ( c5t]4 ,e*oes4 ,! reflection ( s\nd4 ,eff]vesce4 ,! action due to ! unity ( two opposite *emicals4 ,effici5cy4 ,! t]m appli$ to ! quality ( effectiv5ess4 ,ellipse4 ,a =m :i* is oblong1 or hav+ a %ape1 m or less1 l ! longitud9al section ( an egg4 ,electrolytic4 ,! action ( a curr5t ( wat] pass+ ?r\gh a liquid1 & decompos+ x1 & c>ry+ elem5ts f "o electrode to ! o!r4 ,ela/icity4 ,! quality 9 c]ta9 sub/ances to be drawn out ( _! normal %ape1 & by virtue ( :i* !y w resume _! orig9al =m :5 releas$4 ,emb$d$4 ,to be plac$ )9 a body or sub/ance4 ,em]ge4 ,to come out (4 ,emphasize4 ,to lay p>ticul> /ress ^u4 ,em]y4 ,a h>d sub/ance1 usually "s ( ! f9ely divid$ preci\s /ones1 & us$ = poli%+ & gr9d+ purposes4 ,enorm\s4 ,a l>ge am\nt2 great 9 size4 ,enunciat$4 ,proclaim$2 giv5 out4 ,equalization4 ,to put on an ev5 basis2 to make ! same comp>atively4 ,eradicator4 ,to take out2 to cause to disappe>4 ,escapem5t4 ,a piece ( me*anism devis$ = ! purpose ( giv+ a uni=m rate ( spe$ to ! movem5t ( :eels4 ,ess5tial4 ,! important feature2 ! pr9cipal ?+4 ,expansion4 ,to enl>ge2 gr[+ great]4 ,equidi/ant4 ,! same di/ance f a c]ta9 po9t4 ,evolv$4 ,br\ght out (2 ! result ( c]ta9 consid]ations4 ,facet4 ,a face4 ,facilitat$4 ,made easy4 ,flux4 ,any sub/ance :i* w aid 9 unit+ mat]ial "u heat4 ,! act ( unit+4 ,fluid4 ,any sub/ance 9 :i* ! p>ticles freely int]*ange positions4 ,fl\r em]y4 ,em]y :i* is f9ely gr\nd4 ,flexible4 ,! quality ( any mat]ial :i* w p]mit b5d+4 ,float cut4 ,! t]m :5 appli$ to a tool :]e ! cut is an easy "o4 ,flexure4 ,! spr++ yield 9 a sub/ance4 ,foot p\nd4 ,a unit1 usually det]m9$ by ! numb] ( p\nds rais$ "o foot 9 "o second ( "t4 #eej p\nds rais$ "o foot 9 "o second ( "t1 means s _m foot p\nds4 ,=mulate4 ,to arrange2 to put 9 ord] f a c]ta9 consid]ation ( ?+s4 ,focus4 ,! c5t] ( a circle4 ,foci4 ,"o ( ! po9ts ( an ellipse4 ,=mation4 ,! /ructure ( a ma*9e or ( a comp\nd4 ,fractur$4 ,brok54 ,fundam5tal4 ,basis2 ! fir/ =m2 ! orig9al /ructure4 ,fulcrum4 ,! re/+ place = a lev]4 ,fusion4 ,melt+4 ,! *ange ( a metal f a solid to a liquid /ate by heat4 ,fusible4 ,t :i* is capable ( be+ melt$4 ,fulm9ate4 ,a sub/ance t w ignite or explode by heat or friction4 ,gamut4 ,! scale ( s\nd or light1 or vibrations ( any k9d4 ,ge>4 ,a too!d :eel ( any k9d4 ,gelat9e4 ,a ta/eless transp>5t sub/ance obta9$ f animal tissues4 ,globul>4 ,hav+ ! =m ( a globe or ball4 ,glaz$4 ,hav+ a gloss>y appe>ance4 ,graphite4 ,a metallic1 iron-black v>iety ( c>bon4 ,graduat$4 ,to arrange 9 /eps2 a regul> ord] or s]ies4 ,gr9d]4 ,any me*anism :i* abrades or we>s d[n a sub/ance4 ,gullet4 ,! curv$ not*es or grooves betwe5 project+ p>ts ( me*anism4 ,h>moniz+4 ,to make ! v>i\s p>ts act toge!r 9 unison4 ,h4 ,p4 ,! symbol = horse p[]4 ,helico4 ,a =m resembl+ t ( ! ?reads ( a screw4 ,hexagon4 ,six-sid$4 ,heliograph4 ,! sy/em ( signal+ by us+ fla%lights4 ,horizontal4 ,?+s level ) ! surface ( ! e>?2 l ! surface ( wat]4 ,hydrog54 ,! lighte/ ( all ! elem5ts4 ,a ta/eless1 colorless sub/ance4 ,import4 ,to be>1 or convey z a mean+4 ,impulse4 ,! application ( an impell+ =ce4 ,impact4 ,a collision2 /rik+ aga9/4 ,inv>iably4 ,con/ant2 )\t fail+4 ,in]tia4 ,! quality ( all mat]ials to rema9 at re/1 or to cont9ue 9 motion1 unless act$ on by "s ext]nal =ce4 ,int]sect4 ,to divide at a c]ta9 po9t4 ,! cross+ po9t ( "o l9e ov] ano!r4 ,int]val4 ,a space2 a di/ance betwe54 ,int5sity4 ,/ra9$ or ex]t$ to a high degree4 ,int]/ices4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! molecules or atoms 9 a sub/ance4 ,int]m$iate4 ,betwe54 ,int]me%+4 ,! lock+ toge!r ( ge> :eels4 ,int]nal4 ,t :i* is )94 ,inability4 ,unable to p]=m or d4 ,initial4 ,! fir/2 at ! />t4 ,increm5t4 ,"o ( ! p>ts :i* g to make up ! :ole4 ,inf]5ce4 ,draw+ a conclusion f a c]ta9 /ate ( ?+s4 ,insoluble4 ,a sub/ance :i* _c be liquefi$ by a liquid4 ,ind5tations4 ,recesses1 or cut-out p>ts or places4 ,induction4 ,! movem5t ( electricity ?r\gh ! air f "o conductor to ano!r4 ,inflammable4 ,t :i* w burn4 ,incl9+4 ,at an angle2 slop+4 ,inconsequ5tial4 ,n ( mu* importance4 ,isometric4 ,t view ( a figure :i* w give ! relation ( all ! p>ts 9 _! prop] proportions4 ,jaw4 ,! grasp+ "p ( a vise1 or o!r tool4 ,j\le4 ,! practical unit ( electrical en]gy4 ,key-way4 ,a groove 9 a %aft & 9 ! hub ( a :eel1 to receive !re9 a lock+ key4 ,kil[att4 ,a unit ( electrical p[]2 "o ?\s& watts4 ,k9etic4 ,consi/+ ( motion4 ,lac+4 ,! atta*+ ( ! ends ( a belt to ea* o!r4 ,lap4 ,a tool1 usually ( copp] or lead1 on :i* fl\r em]y is spread1 ) oil1 & us$ to gr9d out ! int]ior ( cyl9d]s4 ,lapp+4 ,! act ( us+ a lap to gr9d out cyl9d]s4 ,lacqu]4 ,a v>ni% = ei!r wood or metal4 ,lazy-tongs4 ,a =m ( tool1 by means ( :i* a long range ( movem5t is atta9able1 & great grasp ( p[]4 ,levigat$4 ,r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]4 ,li?>ge4 ,a =m ( lead us$ 9 pa9ts = dry+ purposes4 ,longitud9al4 ,l5g?wise4 ,lum9\s4 ,t :i* has ! capacity to light up4 ,magnet4 ,a b> ( iron or /eel t has electricity 9 x capable ( attract+ c]ta9 metals4 ,manipulation4 ,capable ( be+ h&l$4 ,m&rel4 ,! revolv+ "p ( a la!2 a rod or b> :i* turns & c>ries me*anical elem5ts !reon4 ,manually4 ,op]at$ by h&4 ,m>g94 ,an edge4 ,malleability4 ,s(tness4 ,! /ate ( be+ =m$ by hamm]+4 ,magnetism4 ,a quality ( c]ta9 metals to receive & hold a *>ge ( electricity4 ,major axis4 ,! measurem5t across ! longe/ "p ( an ellipse4 ,m9or axis4 ,! di/ance across ! n>r[e/ "p ( an ellipse4 ,m]idian4 ,! "t :5 ! sun crosses ! middle ( ! heav5s2 midday4 ,metric4 ,measure2 a sy/em :i* takes ! unit ( its measurem5t f ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?4 ,micromet]4 ,a tool = measur+ small spaces or int]vals4 ,mill+ ma*9e4 ,a l>ge tool = ! purpose ( cutt+ ge>s & grooves or surfaces4 ,mit]4 ,a meet+ surface betwe5 two "r-angl$ pieces4 ,mom5tum4 ,t quality ( matt] :i* is ! comb9$ en]gy ( mass & spe$4 ,molecul>4 ,any sub/ance t is made up ( any p>ticles2 ! compon5t elem5ts 9 any sub/ance4 ,modifications4 ,*anges2 improv$ arrangem5ts4 ,multiplicity4 ,_m2 num]\s2 a l>ge quantity4 ,mutilat$4 ,z appli$ to a ge>1 "o 9 :i* c]ta9 tee? are remov$4 ,nautical4 ,m>9e2 appli$ to %ipp+1 & ! l4 ,neutralizes4 ,any sub/ance1 l a *emical1 :i*1 :5 add$ to ano!r *emical1 w *ange !m bo?4 ,nitro-glyc]9e4 ,an explosive made f glyc]9e & nitrog54 ,oblique4 ,at an angle2 incl9$4 ,oblit]ate4 ,to wipe out4 ,obvi\s4 ,t :i* c be se52 easily obs]v$4 ,obtuse4 ,a blunt angle2 n noticeable4 ,odophone4 ,an in/rum5t = det]m9+ & te/+ odors4 ,olfactory4 ,! n]ves ( ! s5se ( smell4 ,orifice4 ,an op5+2 a hole4 ,oscillation4 ,a movem5t to & fro1 l a p5dulum4 ,oxyg54 ,! mo/ univ]sal gas1 colorless & ta/eless2 is call$ ! acid-mak] ( ! univ]se & unites ) all kn[n sub/ances1 produc+ an acid1 an alkali1 or a neutral comp\nd4 ,oxidiz+4 ,to imp>t to any sub/ance ! elem5ts ( oxyg54 ,oxide4 ,any sub/ance :i* has oxyg5 add$ to x4 ,pallet4 ,a "p ( a too? or f+] :i* acts on ! tee? ( a :eel4 ,p>allel4 ,l9es or sides at equal di/ance f ea* o!r f end to end4 ,p>aff9e4 ,a light-color$ sub/ance1 produc$ f ref9$ petroleum4 ,p]imet]4 ,! out] m>g9 ( a :eel2 ! b\nd+ l9e ( any figure ( two dim5sions4 ,p]iph]y4 ,! out] side ( a :eel4 ,pe54 ,! nail+ end ( a hamm]4 ,p]si/5ce4 ,t quality ( all matt] to cont9ue on 9 its pres5t condition4 ,p]p5dicul>4 ,a l9e drawn at "r angles to ano!r4 ,p]petual4 ,)\t end4 ,p]spective4 ,a view ( an object :i* takes 9 all p>ts at "o side4 ,physically4 ,p]ta9+ to ! body4 ,phonautograph4 ,an app>atus = record+ s\nd4 ,phonograph4 ,an app>atus = tak+ & s5d+ =? s\nd vibration4 ,ph5om5a4 ,any occurr5ce 9 nature out ( ! ord9>y4 ,pitman4 ,! rod or b> :i* connects ! pi/on & crank4 ,pivot4 ,a po9t or b> on :i* any?+ turns4 ,p9ion4 ,a small too!d :eel4 ,pit*4 ,! numb] ( vibrations4 ,! t]m us$ to give ! numb] ( tee? 9 a :eel4 ,pit* diamet]4 ,! po9t f :i* ! measurem5ts are made 9 det]m9+ ! pit*4 ,pivot$4 ,a b>1 lev]1 or o!r me*anical elem5t1 arrang$ to turn on or ab\t a po9t4 ,pla/ic4 ,a sub/ance 9 su* a /ate t x may be knead$ or work$4 ,plan]4 ,a l>ge tool design$ to cut or face (f wood or metal4 ,porosity4 ,! quality 9 all sub/ances to h int]/ices1 or po9ts ( sep>ation1 betwe5 ! molecules4 ,pot5tial4 ,! p[]4 ,prop]ties4 ,! qualities possess$ by all elem5ts4 ,project+4 ,! ?r[+ =w>d4 ,! s5d+ out4 ,promulgat$4 ,put =?2 enunciat$4 ,protractor4 ,a me*anic's & draughtsman's tool by means ( :i* angles may be =m$4 ,promote4 ,to c>ry =w>d 9 a sy/ematic way4 ,precision4 ,"w done ) c>e2 obs]v+ correct measurem5ts4 ,prony brake4 ,a ma*9e = det]m9+ horse p[]4 ,pun*4 ,a small tool to be /ruck by a hamm] 9 ord] to make an impression or ind5tation4 ,quadrant4 ,"o-f\r? ( a circle4 ,quadrant plate4 ,a plate on :i* are plac$ l9es & numb]s indicat+ degrees4 ,quadruplex4 ,a t]m to designate t sy/em ( telegraphy 9 :i* f\r messages are s5t ov] a s+le wire at ! same "t4 ,rat*et4 ,a :eel hav+ tee? at c]ta9 int]vals to cat* ! end ( a pawl or f+]4 ,rat*et brace4 ,a tool to hold a drill1 hav+ a rev]sible rat*et :eel4 ,rasp cut4 ,a cut ( a file :i* is r\gh1 n smoo?4 ,rake4 ,! angle or incl9ation ( ! upp] surface ( ! cutt+ tool ( a la!4 ,rev]se4 ,to turn ab\t2 9 ! opposite direction4 ,reciprocat+4 ,to g back & =?4 ,revolve4 ,to move 9 an orbit or circle1 z a m]ry-g-r\nd4 ,reciprocity4 ,to give back 9 l measure4 ,reflection4 ,! ?r[+ back f a surface4 ,resonance4 ,! quality ( vibration :i* adds to ! orig9al movem5t1 & aids 9 p]petuat+ ! s\nd4 ,refraction4 ,! quality ( light :i* causes x to b5d 9 pass+ ?r\gh diff]5t sub/ances4 ,r$uc+4 ,br++ x d[n to a small] compass4 ,rectil9e>4 ,a /raight l9e4 ,retort4 ,a furnace ( refractory mat]ial to take high heat4 ,ream]4 ,a tool design$ to enl>ge or to smoo? out holes4 ,regulation4 ,to d ?+s 9 an ord]ly way2 a sy/em :i* sets =? c]ta9 requirem5ts4 ,refractory4 ,difficult to "w1 & n easily fus$4 ,recess4 ,a hole1 or a depression4 ,rock+4 ,a lev] :i* rotates only "p way & !n moves 9 ! opposite direction4 ,rotate4 ,a sp9dle :i* turns r\nd4 ,comp>e revolve4 ,ros94 ,c]ta9 gums2 p>ticul>ly ! sap ( p9e trees4 ,r\gh+4 ,! tak+ (f ( ! fir/ coat+ ) a tool4 ,saturat$4 ,a soluble sub/ance :i* _c be fur!r dissolv$ by a liquid4 ,scribe4 ,to m>k ) a tool4 ,screw plate4 ,a tool :i* has )9 x means = adju/+ diff]5t cutt+ tools4 ,section l9+4 ,! m>ks made diagonally across draw+s to indicate t ! "p is cut away4 ,%ap]4 ,a l>ge tool = surfac+ (f mat]ial1 cutt+ grooves1 & ! l4 ,%r9kage4 ,! t]m appli$ to metals :5 ca/1 z all w be small] :5 cold ?an :5 ca/ 9 ! mold4 ,slide re/4 ,! "p ( ! la! :i* holds ! tool po/4 ,sonor\s4 ,hav+ ! quality ( vibration4 ,slott$4 ,groov$1 or *annel$4 ,solv5t4 ,t :i* c be *ang$ f a solid by liquids4 ,spelt]4 ,a comb9ation ( z9c & copp]4 ,a h>d sold]4 ,sold]+4 ,unit+ ( two sub/ances by a ?ird1 ) heat4 ,sp9dle4 ,a small %aft4 ,spur4 ,! l>g] ( two int]me%+ ge>s4 ,socket4 ,a depression or hole4 ,sprocket4 ,tee? 9 a :eel to receive a *a94 ,spiral4 ,a =m w\nd l ! ?reads ( a screw4 ,surface plate4 ,a true surface made ( metal1 us$ z a means ( det]m9+ ev5ness ( ! article made4 ,sulphate4 ,any sub/ance :i* is modifi$ by sulphuric acid4 ,sub/itute4 ,an elem5t or sub/ance us$ = ano!r4 ,sup]pos$4 ,"o plac$ above ! o!r4 ,swage4 ,tool = ! purpose ( *ang+ ! =m 9 a mat]ial4 ,swivel4 ,a po9t on :i* ano!r turns4 ,surfac+4 ,tak+ (f ! out] coat+ or cov]+4 ,tap4 ,a small drill4 ,tap]+4 ,an object ) ! sides out ( p>allel4 ,tang5tial4 ,a l9e f ! p]iph]y ( a circle :i* projects out at an angle4 ,t5sion4 ,! ex]tion ( a =ce4 ,t5acity4 ,! prop]ty ( a mat]ial to hang toge!r4 ,temp]+4 ,putt+ metal 9 su* condition t x w be n only h>d b t\gh z well4 ,te*nical4 ,p]ta9+ to ! /rict =ms & t]ms ( an art4 ,texture4 ,t ( :i* ! elem5t or sub/ance is compos$4 ,?reads4 ,! ridges1 spiral 9 =m1 :i* run ar\nd a bolt4 ,!oretically4 ,! speculative =m or belief 9 a subject4 ,t9n$4 ,! t]m appli$ to ! coat+ on a sold]+ iron ) a flux$ metal4 ,t9es4 ,small blades4 ,torsion4 ,! =ce ex]t$ ar\nd an object1 l ! action ( a crank on a %aft4 ,tommy4 ,a lev] to be ins]t$ 9 a hole 9 a screw head = turn+ a screw4 ,transmitt+4 ,s5d+ =?2 to =w>d4 ,trammel4 ,a tool = ! purpose ( draw+ ellipses4 ,traction4 ,draw+2 pull+ p[]4 ,tripp+4 ,a motion appli$ to a f+]1 :i* holds a pivot$ arm1 :]eby ! latt] may be swung f its lock$ position4 ,triangul>4 ,hav+ ?ree sides & ?ree angles4 ,transv]se4 ,across2 at "r angles to ! long direction4 ,und]cut4 ,a wall ( a groove or recess :i* is slop+4 ,undulatory4 ,a wave-l motion1 appli$ g5]ally to light & electricity4 ,unit4 ,a base = calculat+ f4 ,unison4 ,act+ toge!r2 z "o4 ,unsiz$4 ,g5]ally appli$ to ! natural condition ( pap] or fabric :i* has no glue or o!r fix+ sub/ance on x4 ,vaporis+4 ,to *ange f a liquid or solid to a gas4 ,v>iation4 ,*ang+ into diff]5t conditions2 unlike =ms4 ,v]ge4 ,! edge2 usually appli$ to ! %\ld] ( a wat* sp9dle1 p>ticul>ly to ! escapem5t4 ,v]tical4 ,up & d[n4 ,! direction ( a plumb l9e4 ,velocity4 ,! spe$ ( an article ?r\gh space4 ,vitascope4 ,an in/rum5t = det]m9+ ! rate ( vibration ( diff]5t sub/ances4 ,vibration4 ,! movem5t to & fro ( all elem5ts1 & by means ( :i* we are made s5sitive ( ! diff]5t =ces4 ,vocation4 ,! bus9ess or ! call+ ( a p]son4 ,w>d+4 ,! act ( cutt+ a projection or gu>d1 su* z is usually f\nd on ! insides ( locks1 & ! correspond5t det5t 9 ! key4 ,watt4 ,9 electricity ! unit ( ! rate ( work+ 9 a circuit4 ,x is ! electro-motive =ce ( "o volt & ! curr5t int5sity ( "o amp]e4 ,,index 7,figures indicate ! pages7 ,a ,acetone1 #afe4 ,acid1 #aai1 #abj1 #aef1 #afh4 ,acid1 ,acetic1 #afe4 ,acid1 ,c>bolic1 #aff4 ,acid1 ,hydr(luoric1 #agj4 ,acid1 ,muriatic1 #aai4 ,acid1 ,nitric1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga1 #agc4 ,acid1 ,oxalic1 #agb4 ,acid1 ,pyrogallic1 #agb4 ,acid1 ,sulphuric1 #afi4 ,ac\/ics1 #hg1 #aeg4 ,adhesives1 #afb4 ,aff9ity1 #hc1 #hf4 ,agate1 #hb4 ,air1 #hd4 ,alcohol1 #afe1 #aff1 #afi1 #agj1 #agf1 #ahc4 ,alloy1 #ha1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aah1 #aai1 #adi1 #age4 ,alum1 #adi1 #aff1 #agb4 ,alum9um1 #ch1 #da1 #db1 #fj1 #hb1 #adi1 #afd1 #aff1 #afi1 #agj1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #ahd4 ,amalgams1 #adi4 ,amb]1 #agj4 ,amb]gris1 #aei4 ,ammonia1 #aff1 #agj4 ,ammonium ,nitrate1 #ahe4 ,ammonium ,sulphate1 #afh1 #aga4 ,analysis1 #ic4 ,analyz$1 #aei4 ,angle cutt+1 #cj4 ,angle plate1 #aj4 ,angles1 #ca1 #ci1 #ei1 #gb1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #aeb4 ,anil9e1 #agf4 ,annatto1 #afh1 #agj4 ,anneal+1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae4 ,annul>1 #fg4 ,anvils1 #ad1 #ae1 #af4 ,apo!c>ies1 #ahj4 ,application = pat5t1 #aia4 ,arbor1 #ad4 ,arc1 #adf4 ,area1 #adh4 ,armature1 #aec4 ,arr[ root1 #aej4 ,artisan1 #aab4 ,asbe/os1 #afh4 ,asphalt1 #ad1 #age4 ,assign1 #aia1 #aic4 ,assignm5t1 #aib4 ,atom1 #aeg4 ,attraction1 #hf4 ,avoirdupois1 #ahj4 ,axis1 #ajf1 #abg4 ,axis1 major1 #aje4 ,axis1 m9or1 #aje1 #ajf4 ,b ,ball1 #ge4 ,ball & ,socket1 #gd4 ,balsam ,p]u1 #afh1 #ahi1 #agc4 ,b>ium ,*loride1 #agf4 ,b>k1 soap1 #afe4 ,b>leycorn1 #adc4 ,b>rel1 #adi4 ,base l9e1 #ajb4 ,b4 ,t4 ,u41 #ahj1 #aha4 ,beeswax1 #agd4 ,bell metal1 #afd4 ,belt1 #fh4 ,belt1 ,lac+1 #fh1 #fi4 ,b5*1 #gg1 #ajd4 ,b5z9e1 #afi4 ,b5zol1 #agc4 ,bevel1 #fi1 #gj1 #abe1 #abf4 ,bibb1 #gj4 ,bismu?1 #aah4 ,bisulphate ( c>bon1 #ahe4 ,bisulphate ( sodium1 #agb4 ,bitt1 #bh1 #db4 ,bitts1 ma*9e1 #ch4 ,bitts1 pla91 #ch4 ,bitts1 r\nd-nos$1 #ch4 ,bitts1 sett+1 #ci4 ,bitts1 squ>e1 #ch4 ,black1 ivory1 #aga4 ,blade1 hack-saw1 #ce1 #cf4 ,blood/one1 #agc4 ,blue black1 #agc4 ,boil]1 #aej1 #aeb4 ,boil]1 comp\nd1 #afa4 ,bolt1 #ge4 ,bolt1 an*or1 #g4 ,boracic acid1 #afh4 ,borax1 #afh1 #agf4 ,brass1 #da1 #dc1 #dd1 #afh1 #agj1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #ahd4 ,bronze1 #aej1 #afd1 #agc1 #agf1 #ahd4 ,bulk1 #acd4 ,c ,calcium1 #aff4 ,calcium ,*loride1 #ahe4 ,calip]s1 #cg1 #de1 #di1 #ff4 ,calls1 #afj4 ,camphor1 #afd1 #aff1 #age4 ,canada balsam1 #agb4 ,capill>y attraction1 #hf1 #hg4 ,c>bolic acid1 #aff4 ,c>bon1 #aac4 ,c>bonate1 #aej4 ,c>bonate ( soda1 #aaf1 #agb4 ,c>bon pap]1 #aga4 ,c>d9al1 #ajb4 ,c>boliz$1 #afi4 ,ca/ iron1 #db1 #fd1 #ha1 #afi1 #ahc4 ,cau/ic soda1 #ajf1 #aej4 ,caveat1 #aij4 ,celluloid1 #afd4 ,cem5t1 #afb1 #afc4 ,c5taire1 #adf4 ,c5t]1 dead1 #gh4 ,c5t] l9e1 #da4 ,c5t]+1 #aaa4 ,c5t]s1 #fb4 ,c5timet]1 #adf4 ,c5trifugal1 #he4 ,c5tripetal1 #he4 ,c]es9e1 #agd4 ,*alk1 #afe4 ,*annel1 #ga4 ,*>coal1 #aac1 #afg1 #ahe4 ,*emical1 #hc1 #aeg1 #ahj4 ,*isels1 drift+1 #cb4 ,*isels1 key-way1 #cb4 ,*isels1 squ>e1 #ec4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #afg1 #afi1 #agj4 ,*loride ( lime1 #afe4 ,*loride ( plat9um1 #agc4 ,*loride ( t91 #aai4 ,*loride ( z9c1 #afc1 #agf4 ,*loral hydrate1 #afi4 ,*lor(orm1 #afc4 ,*romate ( pota%1 #afi1 #agj4 ,*uck1 #ed4 ,*uck1 indep5d5t1 #fd4 ,*uck1 univ]sal1 #fd4 ,circle1 #if1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #adh1 #afi4 ,circuit1 #aec1 #aed4 ,circul> pit*1 #abb1 #abd1 #abe4 ,circumf]5ce1 #adh4 ,citric1 #afe4 ,clamp1 #gg4 ,clay1 #afd1 #ahe4 ,cle>ance1 #cj1 #ch1 #dj4 ,clef1 #aei4 ,clut*es1 #gd4 ,coal1 #aci4 ,coh]]1 #aed4 ,cohesion1 #ej1 #hc4 ,color1 #ib1 #aeg1 #afa4 ,comb9ation1 #acf1 #aef4 ,commutator1 #aee4 ,compass1 #ajf4 ,comp\nd1 ,weld+1 #aag4 ,compression1 #gg1 #hd4 ,compressibility1 #hd4 ,concave1 #ib1 #ic4 ,conc5tric1 #hh4 ,conception1 #aia4 ,conductivity1 #hb4 ,conductor1 #hb1 #hh4 ,cone1 #gj4 ,conveyor1 #ia4 ,convex1 #ib1 #if4 ,convolute1 #gh4 ,copal v>ni%1 #afc4 ,copp]1 #de1 #fj1 #aab1 #aah1 #afd1 #agj1 #agc1 #agd1 #ahd4 ,corpuscul>1 #ia4 ,corundum1 #bg4 ,crank1 #gj1 #gf1 #gh1 #ace4 ,cream ( ,t>t>1 #afe1 #agd4 ,cr[n :eel1 #gj4 ,cryolite1 #agf4 ,cube1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajg1 #adi4 ,curr5t1 #aed1 #aeh4 ,curve1 #ajd4 ,cutt]1 side1 #cj4 ,cutt+ tool1 #aga4 ,cyanide ( ,potassium1 #agj4 ,cyl9d]1 #ci1 #dj1 #ff1 #hj1 #ij1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf4 ,d ,decamet]1 #adf1 #ajf1 #aji1 #ahc1 #ahg4 ,decimet]1 #adf4 ,decl>ation ( ,int]f]5ce1 #aij4 ,degree1 #dj1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,deodorant1 #aff4 ,dess]tspoon1 #aea4 ,detail1 pap]1 #aaa4 ,develop1 #aeg4 ,develop]1 #agb4 ,dextr9e1 #afi4 ,diamet]1 #eb1 #abf1 #adj1 #adc1 #add1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej4 ,diamet]1 inside1 #abb4 ,diamet]1 outside1 #abb4 ,diamet]1 pit*1 #abb4 ,diametral pit*1 #abc1 #abd4 ,diamond1 #ha1 #adi4 ,diaphragm1 #ij1 #aec1 #aed4 ,dis9fectant1 #afc4 ,disks1 #di1 #ej1 #fg1 #ga1 #gd1 #ge1 #hb1 #ia1 #ie1 #if1 #aje4 ,disk %e>s1 #ij1 #aec1 #aed4 ,di/ill$1 #add1 #aea4 ,div]ge1 #ia4 ,divid$1 #aib4 ,divid]s1 #de1 #eb1 #fb1 #fc4 ,dogs1 #gg4 ,doll>1 #add4 ,drams1 #ahj4 ,draw+1 #ie1 #ig1 #aja1 #ajh1 #aji1 #abi1 #aia4 ,drill1 #cj1 #ca4 ,drill+ ,ma*9e1 #dc4 ,driv]1 #gc4 ,dry measure1 #ahb4 ,ductility1 #hj1 #ha4 ,dynamite1 #afg4 ,dynamo1 #aee4 ,e ,ecc5tric1 #gh4 ,e*o1 #hi4 ,eff]vesce1 #aai4 ,ela/ic1 #ia4 ,ela/icity1 #hg1 #aab4 ,electrical1 #hb1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee4 ,electric curr5t1 #ahb4 ,electric curves1 #ahb4 ,electricity1 #gh1 #hd1 #ic4 ,electrolytic1 #adi4 ,electro-motive =ce1 #aed4 ,ellipse1 #gb1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,em]y1 #bg1 #cf1 #aej1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg4 ,em]y clo?1 #ee4 ,em]y :eel1 #bb4 ,en]gy1 #adj4 ,eng9e1 #de1 #gh1 #acd4 ,equalization1 #hb4 ,escapem5t1 #gb4 ,e!r1 #ia1 #afi4 ,expansion1 #ic4 ,explosions1 #aef1 #afg4 ,f ,facet1 #eb4 ,fahr5heit1 #adh1 #ahf4 ,fe$1 longitud9al1 #ff4 ,fe$1 transv]se1 #ff4 ,f]ric *loride1 #aff4 ,filam5t1 #afj4 ,file1 cross1 #eg4 ,file1 cutt]1 #ef4 ,file1 d-able end1 #eg1 #eh4 ,file1 equaliz+1 #eg4 ,file1 float cut1 #eg4 ,file1 half r\nd1 #ef4 ,file1 hold+1 #ei4 ,file1 middle1 #eg4 ,file1 movem5t1 #ei1 #hj4 ,file1 p9ion1 #ef4 ,file1 rasp cut1 #eg4 ,file1 rat-tail1 #ef4 ,file1 r\gh1 #eg4 ,file1 r\nd1 #ef4 ,file1 saw1 #ef4 ,file1 second cut1 #eg4 ,file1 %e>+ cut1 #ei4 ,file1 slitt+1 #eg4 ,file1 smoo?1 #eg4 ,file1 squ>e1 #ef4 ,file1 triangul>1 #ef4 ,files1 #cf1 #dh1 #ej1 #eb1 #ec1 #ef1 #ei1 #fj1 #aad1 #afg1 #afh4 ,files1 ,hexagon1 #ea1 #eb4 ,fil+1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #fa4 ,filt] pap]1 #aga4 ,fire clay1 #afd1 #afe4 ,fi% oil1 #aga1agf4 ,fire pro(1 #afh1 #aga4 ,flexure1 #gi4 ,floor dress+1 #afh4 ,fluid1 #afe4 ,fluor sp>1 #aaf4 ,fluxes1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aah1 #agf4 ,focal1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,focus1 foci1 #aje4 ,foot1 #ade4 ,foot la!1 #gh4 ,foot p\nds1 #aci1 #adj1 #adc1 #aha4 ,=ce1 #aef1 #aeg4 ,=ge "w1 #aaf4 ,=ges1 #afd4 ,=mic acid1 #afh4 ,=mula1 #afb4 ,freez+ mixtures1 #ahe4 ,friction1 #gj1 #aga4 ,fuel1 #acd1 #aha4 ,fulcrum1 #gf1 #abh1 #abi4 ,fulm9ate1 #afg4 ,furlong1 #aha4 ,furniture1 #afd4 ,fusible1 #aaf4 ,fusion1 #aae4 ,g ,gage1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #adh4 ,gage surface1 #hd1 #hg1 #id4 ,gallon1 #add4 ,gas /ove1 #aff4 ,ge>1 #db1 #fi1 #gj1 #gd1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #abe1 #abf1 #acc1 #aga4 ,ge>1 bevel1 #gj4 ,ge>1 friction1 #gj4 ,ge>+1 #aba4 ,ge>1 mit]1 #gj1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf4 ,ge>1 mutilat$1 #gb4 ,ge>1 spur1 #abb4 ,gelat9e1 #afb1 #agc4 ,g]anium1 #afi4 ,g]man silv]1 #hb4 ,giant p[d]1 #afg4 ,glass1 #hd1 #ib1 #aab1 #afc1 #afi4 ,glaub] salts1 #afd4 ,glaz+1 #gb4 ,glue1 #aei1 #afb1 #afh4 ,glyc]9e1 #aae1 #afb1 #afe1 #agf4 ,gold1 size1 #agc4 ,gra91 #ha4 ,gra9s1 #ahj4 ,graphite1 #aga1 #age4 ,gravity1 #he4 ,gr9d]1 #bg4 ,gr9d] :eels1 #cf4 ,gr9d/ones1 #bb1 #cf1 #adi4 ,groove1 #ga1 #gf4 ,gum1 #afc4 ,gum arabic1 #afc4 ,gum lac1 #agj4 ,guncotton1 #ahh4 ,gunp[d]1 #afg4 ,h ,hack-saw1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf4 ,hack-saw blade1 #ce1 #cf4 ,hamm]1 #ha1 #aae1 #aag4 ,h&y tables1 #agh4 ,h>dness1 #ha1 #aad1 #aae4 ,h>mony1 #aed1 #aeh1 #afi1 #afj4 ,head1 #ace4 ,heat1 #ic1 #ahf4 ,hect>e1 #adf4 ,hectomet]1 #adf4 ,helical1 #gg4 ,helical1 d\ble1 #gg4 ,helix-volute1 #gg4 ,hexagon1 #ea1 #eb4 ,horizontal1 #ig1 #ajb1 #ajf4 ,horse p[]1 #aci1 #adc1 #adf1 #adh1 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,h\rs1 ,h4 ,p41 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,h\rs1 kil[att1 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,hub1 #gd4 ,hub1 key-way1 #abe4 ,hydro*loric acid1 #agb4 ,hydr(luoric acid1 #adi4 ,hydrog51 #hc4 ,i ,in*es1 #aha4 ,incl9$ plane1 #abc1 #abh4 ,ind5tation1 #aed4 ,indicator1 spe$1 #adj4 ,induction1 #aed4 ,in]tia1 #hd4 ,injector1 #aeb4 ,inks1 #aaj4 ,inside diamet]1 #abb4 ,in/rum5t1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,int]nal1 #hf1 #ajb4 ,int]national1 #aic4 ,inv5tion1 #aeb1 #aec1 #afa1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aib1 #aic1 #aid4 ,inv5tor1 #aeg1 #aha1 #aij4 ,iron1 #db1 #fc1 #aee1 #afb1 #afe1 #afi1 #age1 #ahd4 ,iron1 wr\ght1 #db1 #hb1 #aab4 ,is+lass1 int]f]5ce1 #aij4 ,isometric1 #ajg4 ,ivory1 #hd4 ,ivory1 black1 #aga4 ,j ,japan wax1 #agd4 ,jo9t1 ball & socket1 #gd4 ,jo9t1 univ]sal1 #gj4 ,j\le1 #agd4 ,k ,k]os5e1 #aej1 #afe1 #aga4 ,key1 #aeh4 ,key-way1 #abe4 ,kilomet]1 #adf4 ,kil[att1 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,kil[att h\r1 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,k9etic1 #adj4 ,l ,lacqu]1 #agj4 ,lampblack1 #afg1 #age4 ,lapp+1 #aff1 #afg4 ,la!1 #bh1 #ci1 #db1 #de1 #fd1 #fe1 #fg1 #ajd1 #aga4 ,la! spe$1 #cd4 ,la! tool1 #cc1 #ci4 ,lav5d]1 #afh4 ,lead1 #fj1 #aah1 #afc1 #afd1age4 ,lea!r1 #afb1 #afc4 ,level1 #hg4 ,lev]1 #gc1 #ge1 #gf1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #adj1 #aec4 ,lev]age1 #adc4 ,lic5ses1 #ahi4 ,light1 #ajj4 ,lime1 #agc4 ,l9e> measure1 #aha4 ,l9es1 #ie1 #ii1 #aaj4 ,l9es1 section1 #hd4 ,l9se$1 #afb4 ,l9se$ oil1 #adi1 #agd1age4 ,liquid measure1 #ahb4 ,liquids1 #hd4 ,li?>ge1 #afc4 ,long measure1 #aha4 ,lubricant1 #aga4 ,lum9\s1 #ia4 ,lycopodium1 #afi4 ,m ,ma*9e1 #bf4 ,magnesium1 #aff4 ,magnesium sulphate1 #afi4 ,magnet1 #aec4 ,magnetism1 #ic4 ,major axis1 #aje4 ,malleability1 #ha4 ,malleable1 #aab4 ,m&rel1 #ff1 #gf4 ,manganese1 #afc4 ,m>ble1 #afb4 ,mass1 #he4 ,ma/ic1 #afi4 ,measure1 #aci1 #adj1 #adc1 #aea4 ,measure1 liquid1 #ahb4 ,measure1 long1 #aha4 ,measurem5t1 #ade4 ,measure1 pap]1 #ahb4 ,measure1 solid1 #hb4 ,measure1 squ>e1 #aha4 ,membrane1 #ij4 ,m]curic *loride1 #aff4 ,m]cury1 #id1 #aad1 #ahc4 ,m]idian1 #ade4 ,metric1 #add1 #ade1 #adf4 ,metrical1 #ade4 ,micron1 #adf4 ,microscope1 #ia4 ,millimet]1 #adf4 ,mill+ ma*9e1 #bf4 ,m9or1 #afd4 ,m9or axis1 #aje1 #ajf4 ,mit]1 #adf4 ,mit] ge>1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf4 ,molecul>1 #hb1 #aag4 ,molecul> =ces1 #hb4 ,molecules1 #hc1 #hd1 #adf4 ,mom5tum1 #hc1 #he4 ,motion1 #hd1 #aef4 ,motor1 #acf1 #aee4 ,n ,neat's ,foot oil1 #afh4 ,n]oli1 #afh4 ,nickel1 #afd4 ,nitrate ( copp]1 #agd4 ,nitrate ( pota%1 #afg4 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #agd4 ,nitric acid1 #afb1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga1 #agc4 ,nitro-glyc]9e1 #afg1 #ahe4 ,o ,oa?1 #aic4 ,octave1 #aei4 ,odophone1 #aei4 ,odor1 #aei4 ,oil1 #hc1 #hg1 #afg1 #aga4 ,oil eradicator1 #aff4 ,oleonap?a1 #aga4 ,oscillations1 #ij1 #aeg4 ,ounce1 #ahj4 ,outl9es1 #ii4 ,oxalic acid1 #agb4 ,oxidation1 #aag4 ,oxide1 #aag1 #afc4 ,oxidiz+1 #aaf4 ,oxyg51 #hc1 #aai4 ,p ,palm oil1 #aga4 ,pap]1 #afh1 #aga4 ,p>aff9e1 #afh1 #aga4 ,p>allel1 #ia1 #ajj1 #aba4 ,p>is blue1 #agb4 ,pa/e1 #afc1 #agc4 ,pat5ts1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aib1 #aid4 ,pawl1 #gc1 #gf4 ,p5dulum1 #gc4 ,p>t+ tools1 #bh4 ,p]imet]1 #gc4 ,p]iph]y1 #gc4 ,p]manganate ( pota%1 #agh4 ,p]p5dicul>1 #aje4 ,p]petual motion1 #abh4 ,p]spective1 #ig1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,petroleum1 #afh4 ,ph5om5on1 #ia1 #aec4 ,phonautograph1 #ij4 ,phonograph1-#ia1 #aed4 ,phosphorus1 #adi4 ,photograph]1 #aeg1 #agb4 ,piano1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,p9ion1 #eg1 #gd4 ,pit*1 #aba1 #abe1 #aef4 ,pit*1 circle1 #abb1 #abd1 #abe4 ,pit*1 diamet]1 #abc1 #abd4 ,pit*1 l9e1 #abc1 #abd1 #abg4 ,pitman1 #gj4 ,pivots1 #gj1 #acj4 ,plan]1 #bf1 #ej1 #ea1 #abf4 ,pla/]1 #agc4 ,pla/] ( ,p>is1 #aej1 #agd4 ,plate1 #gc4 ,plates1 #ej4 ,plat+1 #agc4 ,plat9um1 #ha4 ,plumbago1 #agc4 ,poles1 #aee4 ,poli%es1 #agd4 ,position1 #ajb4 ,pota%1 #aaf1 #afg4 ,pota%1 prussiate1 #aac4 ,potassium cyanide1 #agj4 ,potassium nitrate1 #afg4 ,p\nd1 #ade1 #aeg1 #ahj4 ,p[]1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #acc1 #acd1 #adj1 #aeh1 #aei1 #ahf4 ,p[]1 horse1 #aci1 #adj4 ,precision tools1 #ej4 ,prelim9>y /atem5t1 #aia4 ,pressure1 #acd1 #ace1 #acg1 #adh1 #aeb4 ,prime mov]1 #acd4 ,pr9t+ telegraph1 #aee4 ,prism1 #ib1 #ic4 ,protractor1 #ajh1 #aji4 ,prussiate ( pota%1 #aac4 ,pulley1 #fh1 #gj1 #gc1 #abh1 #acc1 #adj1 #adi1 #aej4 ,pulsation1 #aec4 ,pumice1 #hc4 ,pumice /one1 #aaj1 #age4 ,pun*1 #fb1 #fc4 ,pun*1 c5t]+1 #fb4 ,pun* cutt]1 #bd4 ,putty1 #age4 ,q ,quadrant1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,quality1 #aeg4 ,qu>t]1 #ahj4 ,qu>tz1 #ahb4 ,r ,racks1 #gc1 #gd4 ,radius1 #eb4 ,rake1 #bi1 #cj1 #ch1 #db1 #dc1de4 ,ra9b[1 #ib4 ,rat*et1 #gg4 ,rat*et brace1 #gg4 ,reciprocity1 #hb4 ,reflect$1 #ib4 ,reflect+1 #hi4 ,reflection1 #hh1 #ia4 ,refraction1 #ib4 ,res91 #agf4 ,resi/ance1 #gi1 #hb1 #hc4 ,resonance1 #hi4 ,rim1 #if4 ,r+1 #if4 ,rods1 #ahj4 ,rosem>y1 #aff4 ,royalty1 #aic4 ,rubb]1 #hd1 #afc4 ,rule1 #ec4 ,rule1 key-seat1 #ec1 #ed4 ,ru/ prev5tive1 #age4 ,s ,saffro1 #agj4 ,sal ammoniac1 #aai1 #afb1 #afe1 #agf1 #ahe4 ,salt1 #afe1 #agj1 #ahc1 #ahe4 ,s&>ac1 #afi1 #agf4 ,saw1 #bf1 #fd1 #gf4 ,saw1 wabble1 #gf4 ,scale1 #ajj1 #aja4 ,sci5ce1 #aeg4 ,scrap]1 #ej1 #ea4 ,scribe1 #dg1 #ec4 ,scruples1 #ahj4 ,seal+ wax1 #agf4 ,section l9+1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aaj4 ,s5se1 #aei4 ,sesame oil1 #agf4 ,%ade1 #if4 ,%ad+1 #if1 #aaj4 ,%aft1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge4 ,%aft c\pl+1 #gd4 ,%ap]1 #bf1 #ej1 #ea1 #ec4 ,%ellac1 #afc4 ,side cutt]s1 #cj4 ,si5na1 #afh4 ,signals1 #hg4 ,silicate1 #afh4 ,silv]1 #hb1 #aah1 #afd1 #afe1 #ahj1 #ahc4 ,sn[1 #ahe4 ,soap1 #afe1 #agb4 ,soap spirits1 #aff4 ,soda1 sulphate1 #agb4 ,sodium c>bonate1 #agb4 ,sodium silicate1 #afh4 ,sodium sulphate1 #agb4 ,sold]1 #aah1 #age4 ,sold]1 h>d1 #aah4 ,sold]1 s(t1 #aah4 ,sold]+1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aai1 #agf4 ,solids1 #hd4 ,sonor\s1 #hh4 ,s\nd1 #hg4 ,s\nd+-bo>ds1 #hh4 ,spani% :ite1 #afh4 ,spectroscope1 #ij1 #ic1 #afa4 ,spectrum1 #ic4 ,spe$1 #dc4 ,spelt]1 #aah4 ,sph]e1 #ig4 ,spiral1 #gh4 ,sponge1 #hc4 ,spr+1 #gb1 #gi1 #agf4 ,squ>e1 #dh1 #fa1 #fc4 ,squ>e comb9ation1 #bd1 #gg1 #ha4 ,/>*1 #afb1 #afc1 #afd4 ,/eel1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 #dd1 #fc1 #gi1 #aac1 #afe1 #afh1 #afi1 #agj1 #ahd4 ,/e?oscope1 #ij4 ,/ove poli%1 #agd1 #age4 ,/raight edge1 #fa4 ,/ylus1 #ij4 ,sug>1 #afc4 ,sulphate ( copp]1 #agd4 ,sulphate ( pota%1 #aae4 ,sulphate ( soda1 #agb4 ,sulphur1 #afg1 #ahc4 ,sulphuric acid1 #afe1 #afi1 #age4 ,surfac+1 #di1 #ej1 #fc4 ,t ,table ( weights1 #agh4 ,talcum1 #afi4 ,tall[1 #agf4 ,tanna=m1 #afi4 ,taps1 #de4 ,ta/e1 #afj4 ,tee?1 #gb4 ,telegram1 #aeh4 ,telescope1 #ia1 #ib4 ,temp]ature1 #hb1 #hh1 #aad1 #aaf1 #aah1 #aai4 ,temp]ature table1 #ahj4 ,temp]+1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1agf4 ,t5acity1 #gi1 #hj4 ,?read1 #gd4 ,?ymol1 #aff4 ,t91 #ih1 #aah1 #age1 #agf1 #ahd4 ,ton1 #ahj4 ,tongs1 #ge4 ,tongs1 lazy1 #ge4 ,tool1 #bb1 #bh1 #dj1 #da1 #fa1 #fd1 #ga1 #ajh1 #aac1 #age4 ,tool bor+1 #dc4 ,tool cutt+1 #bf1 #bi1 #de1 #fd4 ,tool hold]1 #fd4 ,tool hook1 #bh4 ,tool1 hook$1 #dd4 ,tool knife1 #bh4 ,tool1 p>t+1 #bh4 ,tool1 r\gh+1 #bi4 ,tools1 precision1 #ej4 ,torsion1 #gi4 ,t\ghness1 #aad1 #aae4 ,trac+ clo?1 #aaj4 ,trac+ pap]1 #agb4 ,traction1 #gi4 ,transmitt+1 #aeh4 ,transp>5t1 #afc4 ,transv]se1 #hj4 ,treadle1 #gh4 ,triangul>1 #ig1 #ih4 ,tripp+ driv]1 #gh4 ,turm]ic1 #agj4 ,turp5t9e1 #afb1 #afe1 #agb1 #agc1 #agd1 #age4 ,turp5t9e1 ,v5ice1 #agf1 #agg4 ,u ,ultram>9e1 #aga4 ,undivid$1 #aib4 ,undulatory1 #ia4 ,ungu5t1 #aad4 ,v ,valve1 #gj4 ,vapor1 #hg4 ,v>ni%1 #afb1 #agj1 #agb1 #age1 #agf4 ,vasel9e1 #afe1 #age4 ,velocity1 #ha1 #hg1 #ia4 ,v]milion1 #agg4 ,v]tical1 #ig4 ,vibrate1 #afj1 #afa4 ,vibration1 #hg1 #hh1 #ij1 #aeh4 ,vibratory1 #ia4 ,v9eg>1 #afc1 #agj1 #agc4 ,viol91 #aei4 ,vise1 #cc4 ,vitascope1 #ij4 ,w ,wat]1 #afe1 #aff1 #afh1 #agb1 #ahc1 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,wat]pro(1 #afb1 #afc4 ,weight1 #he4 ,weight ( /eel1 #agi4 ,weight1 troy1 #ahj4 ,weld+1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag4 ,weld+ comp\nd1 #aag4 ,:eel1 #bg1 #gb1 #gc1 #he1 #hf4 ,:it+1 #agd4 ,work%op1 #afb4 ,wr5*1 #ajd4 ,y ,yokes1 #gj1 #gf4 ,z ,z9c1 #aah1 #aai1 #afd1 #aff1 #age4 ,z9c *loride1 #afc4 ,,! ,,boys' ,,elite ,,s]ies #abmo1 clo?4 ,price #ge;c ea*4 ,conta9s an attractive assortm5t ( books = boys by /&>d & favorite au?ors4 ,pr9t$ f l>ge1 cle> type on a sup]ior quality ( pap]1 b\nd 9 a sup]ior quality ( b9d]s' clo?1 ornam5t$ ) illu/rat$ orig9al designs on cov]s /amp$ 9 colors f unique & appropriate dies4 ,ea* book wrapp$ 9 attractive jacket4 #a4 ,cudjo's ,cave ,tr[bridge #b4 ,gre5 ,m\nta9 ,boys #c4 ,life ( ,kit ,c>son ,edw>d ,l4 ,ellis #d4 ,tom ,we/lake's ,gold5 ,luck ,p]ry ,newb]ry #e4 ,tony ,keat+'s ,surprises ,mrs4 ,g4 ,r4 ,ald5 7,pansy7 #f4 ,t\r ( ! ,_w 9 #hj ,days ,jules ,v]ne ,,! ,,girls' ,,elite ,,s]ies #abmo1 clo?4 ,price #ge;c ea*4 ,conta9s an assortm5t ( attractive & desirable books = girls by /&>d & favorite au?ors4 ,! books are pr9t$ on a good quality ( pap] 9 l>ge cle> type4 ,ea* title is complete & unabridg$4 ,b\nd 9 clo!ne1 ornam5t$ on ! sides & back ) attractive illu/rative designs & ! title /amp$ on front & back4 #a4 ,bee & ! ,butt]fly ,lucy ,fo/] ,madison #b4 ,dixie ,s*ool ,girl ,gabrielle ,e4 ,jackson #c4 ,girls ( ,m\nt ,morris ,am&a ,d\glas #d4 ,hope's ,mess5g] ,gabrielle ,e4 ,jackson #e4 ,! ,little ,aunt ,m>ion ,ames ,tagg>t #f4 ,a ,mod]n ,c9d]ella ,am&a ,d\glas ,= sale by all ,booksell]s1 or s5t po/paid on receipt ( #ge;c ,,! ,,h[-,,to-,,d-,,x ,,books ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,z]be ,c>p5try = ,boys ,a book :i* treats1 9 a mo/ practical & fasc9at+ mann] all subjects p]ta9+ to ! ,k+ ( ,trades2 %[+ ! c>e & use ( tools2 draw+2 design+1 & ! lay+ out ( "w2 ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! build+ ( v>i\s k9ds ( /ructures1 & ! rudim5ts ( ar*itecture4 ,x conta9s ov] two hundr$ & fifty illu/rations made especially = ?is "w1 & includes also a complete gloss>y ( ! te*nical t]ms us$ 9 ! art4 ,! mo/ compreh5sive volume on ?is subject ev] publi%$ = boys4 ,electricity = ,boys ,! au?or has adopt$ ! unique plan ( sett+ =? ! fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 ea* phase ( ! sci5ce1 & practically apply+ ! "w 9 ! successive /ages4 ,x %[s h[ ! k has be5 develop$1 & ! reasons = ! v>i\s ph5om5a1 )\t us+ te*nical words s z to br+ x )9 ! compass ( e boy4 ,x has a complete gloss>y ( t]ms1 & is illu/rat$ ) two hundr$ orig9al draw+s4 ,practical ,me*anics = ,boys ,?is book takes ! beg9n] ?r\gh a compreh5sive s]ies ( practical %op "w1 9 :i* ! uses ( tools1 & ! /ructure & h&l+ ( %op ma*9]y are set =?2 h[ !y are utiliz$ to p]=m ! "w1 & ! mann] 9 :i* all dim5sional "w is c>ri$ out4 ,e subject is illu/rat$1 & model build+ expla9$4 ,x conta9s a gloss>y :i* comprises a new sy/em ( cross ref]5ces1 a feature t w prove a welcome dep>ture 9 expla9+ subjects4 ,fully illu/rat$4 #abmo1 clo?4 ,price #a4jj ea*4 ,= sale by all ,booksell]s1 or s5t po/paid on receipt ( #a4jj4 ,! ,am]ican ,boy's ,sports ,s]ies ,,by ,,m>k ,,ov]ton #ab ,mo ,clo?4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #fj;c ,ea*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! /ories t\* ^u ne>ly e sport 9 :i* ! active boy is int]e/$4 ,baseball1 r[+1 football1 hockey1 skat+1 ice-boat+1 sail+1 camp+ & fi%+ all s]ve to l5d int]e/ to an unusual s]ies ( books4 ,!re are ! foll[+ f\r titles3 #a4 ,jack ,w9t]s' ,baseball ,team2 or1 ,! ,my/]y ( ! ,diamond4 #b4 ,jack ,w9t]s' ,campmates2 or1 ,vacation ,days 9 ! ,woods4 #c4 ,jack ,w9t]s' ,gridiron ,*ums2 or1 ,:5 ! ,half-back ,sav$ ! ,day4 #d4 ,jack ,w9t]s' ,iceboat ,wond]2 or1 ,lead+ ! ,hockey ,team to ,victory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,phil ,bradley ,m\nta9 ,boy's ,s]ies ,,by ,,silas ,r4 ,,boone #ab ,mo4 ,clo?4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #fj;c ,ea* 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! books describe ) int]e/+ detail ! exp]i5ce ( a p>ty ( boys among ! m\nta9 p9es4 ,!y tea* ! "y read] h[ to protect !mselves aga9/ ! elem5ts1 :at to d & :at to avoid1 & above all to become self-reliant & manly4 ,!re are five titles3 #a4 ,phil ,bradley's ,m\nta9 ,boys2 or1 ,! ,bir* ,b>k ,lodge4 #b4 ,phil ,bradley at ! ,:eel2 or1 ,! ,m\nta9 ,boys' ,mad ,auto ,da%4 #c4 ,phil ,bradley's ,%oot+ ,box2 or1 ,! ,m\nta9 ,boys on ,currituck ,s\nd4 #d4 ,phil ,bradley's ,sn[-%oe ,trail2 or1 ,! ,m\nta9 ,boys 9 ! ,canadian ,wilds4 #e4 ,phil ,bradley's ,w9n+ ,way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= sale by all ,booksell]s1 or s5t po/paid on receipt ( #fj;c4 ,,girls' ,,lib]ty ,,s]ies ,conta9s an assortm5t ( attractive & desirable books = girls by /&>d & favorite au?ors4 ,! books are pr9t$ on a good quality ( pap] 9 l>ge cle> type4 ,ea* title is complete & unabridg$4 ,b\nd 9 clo!ne1 ornam5t$ on ! sides & back ) attractive illu/rative designs & ! title /amp$ on front & back4 #abmo1 clo!ne4 ,price #ej;c ea*4 #a4 ,camp ,fire ,girls on a ,long ,hike1 or1 ,lo/ 9 ! ,great ,nor!rn ,woods ,/ella ,m4 ,francis #b4 ,daddy's ,girl ,mrs4 ,l4 ,t4 ,meade #c4 ,e!l ,holli/]'s ,fir/ ,summ] z a ,camp ,fire ,girl ,ir5e ,elliott ,b5son #d4 ,e!l ,holli/]'s ,second ,summ] ,ir5e ,elliott ,b5son #e4 ,flat ,iron = a ,f>?+ ,mrs4 ,ew+ #f4 ,f\r ,little ,mis*iefs ,rose ,mulholl& #g4 ,girls & ,i ,mrs4 ,moleswor? #h4 ,girl f ,am]ica ,mrs4 ,l4 ,t4 ,meade #i4 ,gr&mo!r ,de> ,mrs4 ,moleswor? #aj4 ,irv+ton ,/ories ,m>y ,mapes ,dodge #aa4 ,little ,lame ,pr9ce ,mrs4 ,mulo* #ab4 ,little ,susie ,/ories ,mrs4 ,h4 ,pr5tiss #ac4 ,mrs4 ,ov] ! ,way ,julianna ,horatio ,ew+ #ad4 ,naughty ,miss ,bunny ,rose ,mulholl& #ae4 ,sweet ,girl ,graduate ,mrs4 ,l4 ,t4 ,meade #af4 ,s*ool ,que5s ,mrs4 ,l4 ,t4 ,meade #ag4 ,sue1 ,a ,little ,h]o9e ,mrs4 ,l4 ,t4 ,meade #ah4 ,wild ,kitty ,mrs4 ,l4 ,t4 ,meade 99 99 99 99 99 ,= sale by all ,booksell]s1 or s5t po/paid on receipt ( #ej;c ,,! ,,wond] ,,isl& ,,boys ,by ,,rog] ,t4 ,,f9lay #abmo1 clo?4 ,price #ge;c ea*1 po/paid4 ,?rill+ adv5tures on l& & sea ( two boys & a man ca/ ^u an isl& 9 ! ,s\? ,seas )\t food or weapons2 _! exp]i5ce 9 fa%ion+ clo?+1 tools & weapons1 & 9 ov]com+ nature & subdu+ & civiliz+ savage tribes2 cov]s a wide range ( subjects4 #a4 ,! ,ca/aways #b4 ,explor+ ! ,isl& #c4 ,! ,my/]ies ( ! ,cav]ns #d4 ,! ,tribesm5 #e4 ,! ,capture & ,pursuit #f4 ,! ,conque/ ( ! ,savages #g4 ,adv5tures on ,/range ,isl&s #h4 ,treasures ( ! ,isl&s ,,! ,,boy ,,globe ,,trott]s ,by ,,elb]t ,,fi%] #abmo1 clo?4 ,price #ge;c ea*1 po/paid4 ,?is is a s]ies ( =m books relat+ ! adv5tures ( two boys :o made a trip ar\nd ! _w1 work+ _! way z !y g4 ,!y meet ) v>i\s peoples hav+ /range habits & cu/oms1 & _! adv5tures f a m$ium = ! introduction ( mu* in/ructive matt] relative to ! "* & indu/ries ( ! cities & c\ntries ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,a description is giv5 ( ! native sports ( boys 9 ea* ( ! =eign c\ntries ?r\gh :i* !y travel4 ,! books are illu/rat$ by decorative head & end pieces = ea* *apt]1 !re be+ #cf orig9al draw+s 9 ea* book1 all by ! au?or1 & f\r /rik+ halftones4 #a4 ,f ,new ,york to ! ,gold5 ,crate #b4 ,f ,san ,francisco to ,japan #c4 ,f ,tokio to ,bombay #d4 ,f ,india to ! ,w> ,zone 99 99 99 99 99 ,= sale by all ,booksell]s1 or s5t po/paid on receipt ( #ge;c ,,boys' ,,copyright$ ,,books ,pr9t$ f l>ge1 cle> type on a sup]ior quality ( pap]1 embelli%$ ) orig9al illu/rations by em95t arti/s1 & b\nd 9 a sup]ior quality ( book b9d]s' clo?1 ornam5t$ ) illu/rat$ cov]s1 /amp$ 9 colors f unique & appropriate dies1 ea* book wrapp$ 9 a glaz$ pap] wrapp] pr9t$ 9 colors4 ,,motor ,,boat ,,boys ,,s]ies ,by ,l\is ,arundel #a4 ,! ,motor ,club's ,cruise ,d[n ! ,mississippi2 or1 ,! ,da% = ,dixie4 #b4 ,! ,motor ,club on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]2 or1 ,adv5tures ,among ! ,?\s& ,isl&s4 #c4 ,! ,motor ,club on ! ,great ,lakes2 or1 ,explor+ ! ,my/ic ,isle ( ,mack9ac4 #d4 ,motor ,boat ,boys ,among ! ,florida ,keys2 or1 ,! ,/ruggle = ! ,lead]%ip4 #e4 ,motor ,boat ,boys ,d[n ! ,coa/2 or1 ,?r\gh ,/orm & ,/ress4 #f4 ,motor ,boat ,boys' ,riv] ,*ase4 ,,! ,,bird ,,boys ,,s]ies ,by ,john ,lu!r ,langwor?y #a4 ,! ,bird ,boys2 or1 ,! ,"y ,sky ,pilots' ,fir/ ,air ,voyage4 #b4 ,! ,bird ,boys on ! ,w+2 or1 ,a]oplane ,*ums 9 ! ,tropics4 #c4 ,! ,bird ,boys ,among ! ,cl\ds2 or1 ,"y ,aviators 9 a ,wreck4 #d4 ,bird ,boys' ,flight2 or1 ,a ,hydroplane ,r\nd-up4 #e4 ,bird ,boys' ,a]oplane ,wond]2 or1 ,"y ,aviators on a ,cattle ,ran*4 ,,canoe ,,& ,,campfire ,,s]ies ,by ,/4 ,george ,ra?borne #a4 ,canoe ,mates 9 ,canada2 or1 ,?ree ,boys ,afloat on ! ,saskat*ewan4 #b4 ,"y ,fur ,tak]s2 or1 ,traps & ,trails 9 ! ,wild]ness4 #c4 ,! ,h\se ,boat ,boys2 or1 ,drift+ ,d[n to ! ,sunny ,s\?4 #d4 ,*ums 9 ,dixie2 or1 ,! ,/range ,cruise 9 ! ,motor ,boat4 #e4 ,camp ,mates 9 ,mi*igan2 or1 ,) ,pack & ,paddle 9 ! ,p9e ,woods4 #f4 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,boys2 or1 ,camp+ 9 ! ,big ,game ,c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= sale by all booksell]s1 or s5t po/paid on receipt ( #ge;c ,,boys' ,,copyright$ ,,books ,pr9t$ f l>ge1 cle> type on a sup]ior quality ( pap]1 embelli%$ ) orig9al illu/rations by em95t arti/s1 & b\nd 9 a sup]ior quality ( book b9d]s' clo?1 ornam5t$ ) illu/rat$ cov]s1 /amp$ 9 colors f unique & appropriate dies1 ea* book wrapp$ 9 a glaz$ pap] wrapp] pr9t$ 9 colors4 ,,motor ,,boat ,,boys ,,s]ies ,by ,l\is ,arundel #a4 ,! ,motor ,club's ,cruise ,d[n ! ,mississippi2 or1 ,! ,da% = ,dixie4 #b4 ,! ,motor ,club on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]2 or1 ,adv5tures ,among ! ,?\s& ,isl&s4 #c4 ,! ,motor ,club on ! ,great ,lakes2 or1 ,explor+ ! ,my/ic ,isle ( ,mack9ac4 #d4 ,motor ,boat ,boys ,among ! ,florida ,keys2 or1 ,! ,/ruggle = ! ,lead]%ip4 #e4 ,motor ,boat ,boys ,d[n ! ,coa/2 or1 ,?r\gh ,/orm & ,/ress4 #f4 ,motor ,boat ,boys' ,riv] ,*ase4 ,,! ,,bird ,,boys ,,s]ies ,by ,john ,lu!r ,langwor?y #a4 ,! ,bird ,boys2 or1 ,! ,"y ,sky ,pilots' ,fir/ ,air ,voyage4 #b4 ,! ,bird ,boys on ! ,w+2 or1 ,a]oplane ,*ums 9 ! ,tropics4 #c4 ,! ,bird ,boys ,among ! ,cl\ds2 or1 ,"y ,aviators 9 a ,wreck4 #d4 ,bird ,boys' ,flight2 or1 ,a ,hydroplane ,r\nd-up4 #e4 ,bird ,boys' ,a]oplane ,wond]2 or1 ,"y ,aviators on a ,cattle ,ran*4 ,,canoe ,,& ,,campfire ,,s]ies ,by ,/4 ,george ,ra?borne #a4 ,canoe ,mates 9 ,canada2 or1 ,?ree ,boys ,afloat on ! ,saskat*ewan4 #b4 ,"y ,fur ,tak]s2 or1 ,traps & ,trails 9 ! ,wild]ness4 #c4 ,! ,h\se ,boat ,boys2 or1 ,drift+ ,d[n to ! ,sunny ,s\?4 #d4 ,*ums 9 ,dixie2 or1 ,! ,/range ,cruise 9 ! ,motor ,boat4 #e4 ,camp ,mates 9 ,mi*igan2 or1 ,) ,pack & ,paddle 9 ! ,p9e ,woods4 #f4 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,boys2 or1 ,camp+ 9 ! ,big ,game ,c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= sale by all booksell]s1 or s5t po/paid on receipt ( #ge;c ,,always ,,ask ,,= ,,! ,,donohue ,complete ,editions & y w get ! be/ = ! lea/ money ,h5ty ,s]ies ,,= ,,boys ,g4 ,a4 ,h5ty 0 ! mo/ prolific writ] ( boy's /ories ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,f two to five books a ye> came f 8 facile p54 ,no ,*ri/mas holidays 7 complete )\t a new ,h5ty ,book4 ,?is new s]ies comprises #de titles4 ,!y are pr9t$ on an extra quality ( pap]1 f new plates & b\nd 9 ! be/ quality ( clo?1 /amp$ on back & side 9 inks f unique & attractive dies4 #ab mo4 clo?4 ,ea* book 9 a pr9t$ wrapp]4 #a ,among ,malay ,pirates #b ,bonnie ,pr9ce ,*>lie #c ,boy ,knight1 ,! #d ,brave/ ( ! ,brave #e ,by ,engl&'s ,aid #f ,by ,pike & ,dyke #g ,by ,"r ( ,conque/ #h ,by ,%e] ,pluck #i ,capta9 ,bayley's ,heir #aj ,cat ( ,buba/es #aa ,col4 ,?orndyke's ,secret #ab ,cornet ( ,horse1 ,! #ac ,dragon & ! ,rav5 #ad ,fac+ ,dea? #ae ,f9al ,reckon+1 ,a #af ,= ,"n & ,fame #ag ,= ! ,temple #ah ,fri5ds1 ,?\gh ,divid$ #ai ,gold5 ,canon #bj ,9 ,fre$om's ,cause #ba ,9 ! ,reign ( ,t]ror #bb ,9 ,times ( ,p]il #bc ,jack ,ar*] #bd ,lion ( ,/4 ,m>k #be ,lion ( ! ,nor? #bf ,lo/ ,heir1 ,! #bg ,maori & ,settl] #bh ,"o ( ! #bh? #bi ,orange & ,gre5 #cj ,out on ! ,pampas #ca ,que5's ,cup1 ,! #cb ,rujub1 ! ,juggl] #cc ,/4 ,george = ,engl& #cd ,/urdy & ,/rong #ce ,?r\gh ! ,fray #cf ,true to ! ,old ,flag #cg ,"u ,drake's ,flag #ch ,) ,clive 9 ,india #ci ,) ,lee 9 ,virg9ia #dj ,) ,wolfe 9 ,canada #da ,"y ,bugl]s1 ,! #db ,"y ,c>?ag9ians #dc ,"y ,coloni/s1 ,! #dd ,"y ,franc-,tireurs #de ,"y ,mid%ipman ,all ( above titles c be procur$ at ! /ore :]e ?is book 0 b\ght1 or s5t to any address = #ge;c1 po/age paid1 by ! publi%]s ,,always ,,ask ,,= ,,! ,,donohue ,,complete ,,editions--,,! ,,be/ ,,= ,,lea/ ,,money ,,woodcraft = ,boy ,sc\ts & ,o!rs ,by ,,ow5 ,,jones & ,,m>cus ,,woodman ,) a ,message to ,boy ,sc\ts by ,,sir ,,bad5-,,p[ell1 ,f\nd] ( ! ,boy ,sc\ts' ,movem5t4 ,"o ( ! ess5tial requirem5ts ( ! ,boy ,sc\t tra9+ is a ,,k ,,( ,,woodcraft4 ,?is necessitates a book embrac+ all ! subjects & treat+ on all ! topics t a ?or\gh k ( ,,woodcraft implies4 ,?is book ?or\ghly exhau/s ! subject4 ,x imp>ts a compreh5sive k ( woods f fungus gr[? to ! mo/ /ately mon>* ( ! =e/2 x treats ( ! habits & lairs ( all ! fea!r$ & furry inhabitants ( ! woods4 ,%[s h[ to trail wild animals2 h[ to id5tify birds & bea/s by _! tracks1 calls1 etc4 ,tells h[ to =eca/ ! wea!r1 & 9 fact2 treats on e phase ( nature ) :i* a ,boy ,sc\t or any woodman or lov] ( nature %\ld be famili>4 ,! au?or%ip gu>antees x's au!nticity & reliability4 ,indisp5sable to ,boy ,sc\ts & o!rs4 ,pr9t$ f l>ge cle> type on sup]ior pap]4 ,embelli%$ ,) ,ov] #ajj ,?umb ,nail ,illu/rations ,tak5 ,f ,life ,b\nd 9 ,clo?4 ,/amp$ ) unique & appropriate designs 9 ink6 ,price1 #ge;c ,po/paid ,m4 ,a4 ,,donohue ,,co4 #gja-gbg ,s4 ,,de>born ,,/4 ,,*icago ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,e ef=t has be5 made to replicate ?is text z fai?fully z possible1 includ+ obsolete & v>iant spell+s & o!r inconsi/5cies4 ,obvi\s spell+_/typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,m9or punctuation errors h be5 am5d$ )\t note4 ,page #acg3 ,incorrect pressure ( #hh oz4 = w9d spe$ ( #aj mph *ang$ to #h oz4 ,page #adf3 ,micron incorrectly pr9t$ z #a4bedjj1 *ang$ to #a_/bdejj4 ,page #agh3 ,correct$ table entry = #a-g_/h1 pr9t$ z #a_/g-af4 ,alphabetic ord] errors 9 ! gloss>y reta9$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------