,transcrib]'s ,note3  #a4 ,!re is "o    
in/ance ea* (                           
,huang ,y9-,piau & ,huang ,y9-,piao1 &  
,yu5 ,%\-p'+ & ,yu5 ,*\-p'+             
s !y h be5 left z pr9t$4                
#b4 ,9 ?is text ! breve has be5 r5d]$ z 
7u         99       99       99       99
       99  ,,*9ese ,,pa9t]s     ,,*9ese 
,,pa9t]s ,a ,,critical ,,/udy  ,,by     
,,raphael ,,petrucci  ,,translat$ ,,by  
,,frances ,,seav]  ,,) ,a ,,biographical
 ,,note ,,by ,,laur5ce ,,b9yon ,,( ,,!  
,,briti% ,,museum  ,,& ,,)              
,,tw5ty-,,five ,,illu/rations ,,9       
,,duotone  ,,new ,,york ,,br5tano',s    
,,publi%]s     ,,copyright1 #aibj1 ,,by 
,,br5tano',s  ,all rights res]v$  ,,! 4 
,,plimpton 4 ,,press ,,norwood 4 ,,mass 
4 ,u4,s4,a          99       99       99
       99       99   ,,preface   ,a     
translator c h b "o aim--to pres5t !    
?\ght ( ! au?or fai?fully4 ,9 ?is case  
an add$ responsibility is involv$1 s9ce 
"o :o _h s mu* to give to ! _w has be5  
tak5 9 8 prime4 ,m4 ,petrucci has writt5

 at l5g? ( art 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ 9 8         
exhau/ive "w ,la ,philosophie de la     
,nature dans l',art d',extreme ,ori5t & 
else:]e1 & has demon/rat$ ! wide scope (
 8 ?\ght & le>n+4 ,! =m & /yle 9        
,pe9tres ,*9ois are ! result ( mu*      
cond5sation ( mat]ial & h ?us pres5t$   
problems 9 translation1 to :i* e>ne/    
?\ght has be5 giv54  ,9 def]5ce to !    
au?or's wi% ! m>g9 has n be5 ov]lad5 &  
only a %ort tribute1 by "o able to speak
 ( him f p]sonal k1 has be5 includ$1    
toge!r ) a few footnotes & a %ort       
bibliography ( works ( ref]5ce          
indisp5sable to ! /ud5t :o w pursue ?is 
absorb+ /udy4 ,! translator takes ?is   
opportunity to make grateful            
ackn[l$gem5t ( h] debt to ! au?ors nam$1
 :o h made su* valuable in=mation       
available1 & to ^? fri5ds :o h read !   
manuscript & made _m helpful sugge/ions4
                                        
,,frances ,,seav]          99       99  
99       99       99   ,,biographical   
,,note   ,9 ,raphael ,petrucci1 :o di$  

e>ly 9 #aiag1 ! _w has lo/ "o ( ! able/ 
& mo/ devot$ /ud5ts & int]pret]s ( ! art
 ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,he 0 only =ty-five ye>s 
( age1 9 ! prime ( 8 p[]s1 brimm+ )     
en]gy & full ( ent]prises t promis$     
ri*ly4 ,?\gh he did n die 9 ! field1 he 
0 none ! less a victim ( ! w>4 ,he _h   
exhau/$ himself by 8 lab\rs ) ! ,belgian
 ambulances at ,la ,panne1 = ,belgium 0 
8 adopt$ c\ntry4 ,he _h a h\se 9        
,brussels1 fill$ ) a collection ( ,*9ese
 & ,japanese art1 & a little cottage ne>
 ! coa/ j ov] ! bord]s ( ,holl&4 ,he    
came ( ! great & anci5t ,si5ese family (
 ! ,petrucci1 b 8 "m 0 ,fr5* & he sp5t  
mu* ( 8 e>li] life 9 ,p>is1 be=e settl+ 
9 ,brussels & m>ry+ "o ( ! daught]s ( ! 
pa9t] ,v]wee4 ,he _h also sp5t "s "t 9  
,russia4 ,9 ,brussels he 0 atta*$ to !  
,in/itut ,solvay4  ,he 0 a man ( sci5ce1
 a /ud5t ( & writ] on sociology &       
biology4 ,he lectur$ on art & _h a k ( !
 art ( ! _w :i* few m5 9 ,europe        
rivall$4 ,he wrote a philosophic novel1 
,la ,porte de l',am\r et de la ,mort1   

:i* has run ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,he  
publi%$ a book on ,mi*elangelo's poetry4
 ,at ! same "t he 0 a sci5tific eng9e]4 
,:5 w> broke out ,petrucci 0 on 8 way   
home f ,italy1 :]e he _h be5 engag$1 ,i 
believe1 on "s l>ge eng9e]+ project & he
 only got out ( ,switz]l& into ,france  
by ! la/ tra9 :i* left ,basle4 ,he came 
to ,engl& = a "t1 look+ aft] a numb] (  
,belgian refugees1 includ+ "s v di/+ui%$
 arti/s4 ,at ! end ( #aiad he 0 engag$  
by ! ,india (fice to d "s valuable "w 9 
,london on ! collection ( ,*9ese &      
,tibetan pa9t+s br\ght back f ,tun-huang
 by ,sir ,aurel ,/e94 ,he !n work$ at   
,la ,panne = ! ,belgian army hospital   
7he _h _h a m$ical tra9+ 9 8 y\?71 w5t  
to ,prov5ce = a re/1 fell ill & di$ 9   
,p>is aft] an op]ation4  ,raphael       
,petrucci 0 a man :o seem$ to re9c>nate 
! b\ndless curiosity & ! v>i\s ability (
 ! m5 ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,b = "s 
ye>s be=e 8 dea? he _h conc5trat$ 8 p[]s
 *iefly on ! /udy ( ,ori5tal art1 ( !   
,*9ese language1 & ( ,buddhi/           

iconography4 ,8 mo/ important "w 9 ?is  
l9e is ,la ,philosophie de la ,nature   
dans l',art d',extreme ,ori5t1 a        
sumptu\sly pr9t$ folio publi%$ by       
,laur5s 9 ,p>is1 ) illu/rations by !    
,kokka ,company1 & writt5 ) z mu* *>m z 
insight4 ,petrucci's k ( ,*9ese gave him
 an au?ority 9 int]pret+ ,*9ese art :i* 
writ]s on ! subject h r>ely comb9$ ) s  
mu* und]/&+ ( art 9 g5]al1 ?\gh z a     
connoisseur he 0 sometimes ov]-sangu9e4 
,8 translation f a classic ( ,*9ese     
art-criticism1 orig9ally publi%$ 9 a    
le>n$ magaz9e1 has lately appe>$ 9 book 
=m4 ,) 8 fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,*avannes1 ^: 
dea?1 also 9 ! prime ( life1 we h _h to 
deplore /ill m rec5tly1 ,petrucci edit$ 
! fir/ volume ( ! spl5did s]ies ,ars    
,asiatica4 ,! pres5t "w1 int5d$ = !     
g5]al read] & lov] ( art1 illu/rates 8  
gift = lum9\s cond5sation & ! happy     
treatm5t ( a l>ge !me4  ,a man ( w9n+   
mann]s1 a mo/ g5]\s & loyal fri5d1      
,petrucci wore 8 manifold le>n+ lightly2
 ) imm5se en]gy & =ce ( "*1 he 0 simple 

& w>m-he>t$ & int]e/$ 9 ! small ?+s z   
well z ! great ?+s ( life4              
,,laur5ce ,,b9yon  ,,briti% ,,museum    
,octob]1 #aiai          99       99     
99       99       99   ,,cont5ts        
,,page  ,,preface ,,by ,,! ,,translator 
#e  ,,biographical ,,note ,,by ,,laur5ce
 ,,b9yon                            #g  
,,introduction                          
#ae   ,,"p ,,"o4 ,,te*nique     ,i4     
,,equipm5t ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t]              
#ba    ,,ii4 ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,=ms  
#bf   ,,iii4 ,,division ,,( ,,subjects  
#cc    ,,iv4 ,,inspiration              
#ch   ,,"p ,,two4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,(   
,,*9ese ,,pa9t+     ,i4 ,,orig9s        
#de    ,,ii4 ,,be=e ,,! ,,int]v5tion ,,(
 ,,buddhism                      #df    
,,iii4 ,,! ,,int]v5tion ,,( ,,buddhism  
#ed    ,,iv4 ,,! ,t',,ang ,,p]iod--#g,,?
 ,,to #aj,,? ,,c5turies                 
#eh     ,v4 ,,! ,,sung ,,p]iod--#aj,,?  
,,to #ac,,? ,,c5turies                  
#gb    ,,vi4 ,,! ,y,ue,a,n              
,,p]iod--#ac,,? ,,& #ad,,? ,,c5turies   

#ib   ,,vii4 ,,! ,,m+ ,,p]iod--#ad,,?   
,,to #ag,,? ,,c5turies                  
#aad  ,,viii4 ,,! ,,*',,+               
,,p]iod--#ag,,? ,,to #bj,,? ,,c5turies  
#aca  ,,conclusion                      
#adj  ,,bibliography                    
#adi  ,,index ,,( ,,pa9t]s ,,& ,,p]iods 
#aea          99       99       99      
99       99   ,,illu/rations            
,,page      ,i4 ,sculptur$ /ones ( !    
,han dyna/y4 ,second to           ?ird  
c5turies4 ,rubb+s tak5 by !             
,*avannes exp$ition                     
#bc     ,,ii4 ,portion ( a scroll by ,ku
 ,k'ai-*ih4 ,briti%           ,museum1  
,london                                 
#bg    ,,iii4 ,kwany94 ,eigh? to t5?    
c5turies4 ,pa9t+           br\ght f     
,tun-huang by ! ,pelliot exp$ition4     
,! ,l\vre1 ,p>is                        
#ca     ,,iv4 ,palace ( ,kiu ,*5g-kung  
by ,li ,*ao-tao4 ,t'ang           p]iod4
 ,collection ( ,v4 ,gol\bew             
#cd      ,v4 ,portrait ( ,lue ,tung-p+  
by ,t'eng ,*'ang-yu4           ,t'ang   

p]iod4 ,collection ( ,augu/ ,jaccaci4   
,l5t to ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new   
,york4,a        #ci     ,,vi4 ,pa9t+ by 
an unkn[n arti/4 ,t'ang p]iod4          
,collection ( ,r4 ,petrucci             
#dg    ,,vii4 ,geese4 ,sung p]iod4      
,briti% ,museum1 ,london                
#ea   ,,viii4 ,:ite ,eagle4 ,sung p]iod4
 ,collection ( ,r4 ,petrucci     #ei    
,,ix4 ,horseman foll[$ by two att5dants4
 ,sung           p]iod4 ,collection (   
,a4 ,/oclet                     #fc     
,x4 ,l&scape 9 ! /yle ( ,hsia ,kuei4    
,sung p]iod4           ,collection (    
,m>t9 ,:ite                             
#fg     ,,xi4 ,l&scape by ,ma ,l94 ,sung
 p]iod4 ,collection           ( ,r4     
,petrucci                               
#gc    ,,xii4 ,mongol horseman return+ f
 ! ,hunt1 by ,*ao           ,m5g-fu4    
,yuean p]iod4 ,d\cet collection         
#gg   ,,xiii4 ,pigeons by ,*'i5 ,hsuean4
 ,yuean p]iod4 ,collection           (  
,r4 ,petrucci                           
#he    ,,xiv4 ,bamboos 9 mono*rome by   

,wu ,*54 ,yuean           p]iod4 ,musee 
,guimet                                 
#ic     ,,xv4 ,pa9t+s ( ! ,yuean or e>ly
 ,m+ p]iod4 ,/yle           ( ! ,nor!rn 
,s*ool4 ,collection ( ,r4 ,petrucci     
#ig    ,,xvi4 ,portrait ( a prie/4      
,yuean or e>ly ,m+ p]iod4               
,collection ( ,h4 ,rivi]e               
#aja   ,,xvii4 ,horse4 ,pa9t+ by an     
unkn[n arti/4 ,yuean or           e>ly  
,m+ p]iod4 ,d\cet collection            
#aje  ,,xviii4 ,visit to ! ,emp]or by ! 
,immortals f on           high4 ,m+     
p]iod4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,london         
#aji  ,,xix4 ,egrets by ,l9 ,liang4 ,m+ 
p]iod4 ,collection (           ,mrs4    
,john ,d4 ,rockefell]1 ,junior          
#aae  ,,xx4 ,fl[]s & ,insects4 ,m+      
p]iod4 ,collection (           ,r4      
,petrucci                               
#aai  ,,xxi4 ,l&scape4 ,m+ p]iod4       
,b\asse-,lebel collection         #abe  
,,xxii4 ,beauty inhal+ ! fragrance ( a  
peony4 ,m+           p]iod4 ,collection 
( ,v4 ,gol\bew                   #acc   

,,xxiii4 ,halt ( ! ,imp]ial ,hunt4 ,m+  
p]iod4 ,sixte5?           c5tury4       
,collection ( ,r4 ,petrucci             
#acg  ,,xxiv4 ,pa9t+ by ,*ang ,*5g4     
,eighte5? c5tury4           ,collection 
( ,m4 ,wor*                             
#ada  ,,xxv4 ,tig] 9 a ,p9e ,=e/4       
,eighte5? to n9ete5?           c5turies4
 ,collection ( ,v4 ,gol\bew             
#ade    ,a ,n[ own$ by ,mr4 & ,mrs4     
,rob]t ,woods ,bliss4          99       
99       99       99       99           
,,introduction   ,:atev] its outw>d     
expression1 human ?\ght rema9s          
ess5tially un*ang$ &1 ?r\gh\t all ( its 
manife/ations1 is fundam5tally ! same4  
,v>y+ phases are b accid5ts & und]nea? !
 div]s wrapp+s ( hi/oric p]iods or      
diff]5t civilizations1 ! he>t z well z !
 m9d ( man has be5 mov$ by ! same       
desires4  ,art possesses a unity l t (  
nature4 ,x is pr(\nd & /irr+1 precisely 
because x bl5ds & p]petuates feel+ &    
intellig5ce by means ( outw>d           
expressions4 ,( all human a*ievem5ts art

 is ! mo/ vital1 ! "o t is d[]$ ) et]nal
 y\?1 = x awak5s 9 ! s\l emotions :i*   
nei!r "t nor civilization has ev]       
radically alt]$4 ,!re=e1 9 comm5c+ !    
/udy ( an art ( /range appe>ance1 :at we
 mu/ seek prim>ily is ! exact nature ( !
 complexity ( ideas & feel+s ^u :i* x is
 bas$4 ,su* is ! task pres5t$ to u1 &   
s9ce ! problem :i* we "h approa* is !   
g5]al /udy ( ,*9ese pa9t+1 we mu/ prep>e
 ourselves fir/ to ma/] ! peculi>ities (
 its appe>ance & te*nique1 9 ord] to    
und]/& lat] on ! motives :i* inspir$ x4 
,:ile ! fir/ "p ( ?is /udy w c>ry u f> f
 our habitual modes ( ?\ght1 ! second "p
 w br+ u back into a doma9 :i* our own  
philosophies1 sci5ces & arts h already  
made famili>4 ,admitt$ly1 ,*9ese pa9t+  
is gov]n$ by di/9ctive ideas4 ,born ( a 
civilization va/ly diff]5t f our own1 x 
may at times appe> 9 a guise t seems    
incompreh5sible4 ,x w\ld be a/oni%+1    
h[ev]1 if ,we/]n intellig5ce 7 unable to
 grasp an ae/hetic code ( a magnitude   
:i* is too great to be ignor$4  ,!      

progress ( hi/ory & ( criticism has giv5
 u ! opportunity to rea* a compreh5sion 
( ! mo/ peculi> =mulas4 ,our culture is 
suffici5tly broad to all[ u to p]ceive !
 beauty ( an ,egyptian fresco or an     
,assyrian bas-relief z well z ( a       
,byzant9e mosaic or a pa9t+ ( !         
,r5aissance4 ,we h !re=e no excuse =    
rema9+ inaccessible to ! art ( ! ,f>    
,ea/ & we h surely all ! m5tal vigor t  
is requisite 9 ord] to accu/om ourselves
 to ! =eign nature ( its pres5tation4 ,x
 is 9 ! realm ( pa9t+ t ?is =eign elem5t
 is mo/ noticeable4 ,?is is due p>tly to
 a special te*nique & p>tly to ! nature 
( ! doctr9es :i* s]ve z its inspiration4
  ,x behooves u !n to acqua9t ourselves 
) ^! new aspects ( ! human s\l4 ,t is ! 
ju/ification = ?is little book4 ,x =ms  
an introduction 9 :i* gaps are %[n )\t  
attempt at concealm5t & is pres5t$ 9 all
 mode/y4          99       99       99  
99       99   ,,"p ,,"o ,,te*nique  ,i4 
,,equipm5t ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t]   ,:]e our   
pa9t]s h *os5 wood or canvas z a gr\nd1 

! ,*9ese h employ$ silk or pap]4 ,:ile  
our art recognizes t draw+ itself1 q    
ap>t f pa9t+1 is a suffici5t objective1 
draw+ & pa9t+ h always be5 closely      
int]m+l$ 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,:ile ! m$iums   
us$ 9 ,europe = pa9t+ 9 color1 di/emp]1 
temp]a & oil1 l$ to an exact /udy ( =m1 
! colors employ$ by ! ,ori5tals--at     
times brilliant1 at times subdu$ ) an   
almo/ /udi$ re/ra9t--pres]v$ a s+ul>    
fluidity & l5t !mselves to undef9$      
evanesc5ces :i* gave !m a surpris+ *>m4 
,! e>ly pa9t+s 7 g5]ally done on cotton1
 co>se silk or pap]4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury1 
"u ! ,t'ang dyna/y1 ! use ( f9] silk    
began4 ,! dress+ 0 remov$ ) boil+ wat]1 
! silk 0 !n siz$ & smoo!d ) a paddle4 ,!
 use ( silk5 fabric ( ! f9e/ weave1     
prep>$ ) a ?ick siz+1 became g5]al dur+ 
! ,sung dyna/y4 ,pap]s 7 made (         
vegetable fibres1 pr9cipally ( bamboo4  
,be+ prep>$1 z 0 ! silk1 ) a siz+ (     
alum1 !y became practically             
inde/ructible4 ,^u ^! silks & pap]s !   
pa9t] work$ ) bru% & ,*9ese ink1#a color

 be+ introduc$ ) m or less fre$om or    
re/ra9t4  ,! bru%es are ( diff]5t types4
 ,ea* position ( ! bru% con=ms to a     
specific quality ( ! l9e1 ei!r %>p &    
precise or broad & quiv]+1 ! ink spread+
 9 /rong t\*es or ?9n+ to delicate      
%ades4  ,! colors are simple1 ( m9]al or
 vegetable orig94 ,*9ese pa9t]s h always
 avoid$ mix+ colors s f> z possible4 ,f 
mala*ite !y obta9$ sev]al %ades ( gre51 
f c9nab> or sulphide ( m]cury1 a numb] (
 r$s4 ,!y knew also h[ to comb9e m]cury1
 sulphur & pota% to produce v]milion4 ,f
 p]oxide ( m]cury !y drew color+ p[d]s  
:i* furni%$ %ades rang+ f brick r$ to   
orange yell[4 ,dur+ ! ,t'ang dyna/y     
coral 0 gr\nd to secure a special r$1   
:ile :ite 0 extract$ f burnt oy/] %ells4
 ,:ite lead 0 lat] sub/itut$ = ?is lime 
:ite4 ,c>m9e lake !y obta9$ f madd]1    
yell[s f ! sap ( ! rattan1 blues f      
indigo4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ! diff]5t    
%ades ( ,*9ese ink & la/ly1 gold 9 leaf 
& 9 p[d]4    #a ,*9ese ink is a v       
diff]5t composition f ! ink (   ,we/]n  

c\ntries4 ,x is a solid made ( soot     
obta9$ by burn+   c]ta9 plants1 :i* is  
!n comb9$ ) glue or oil & m\ld$   into a
 cake & dri$4 ,o!r +r$i5ts may be add$  
to produce %e5   or a dead f9i%4 ,x     
improves ) age if prop]ly kept4 ,! cake 
is   moi/5$ & rubb$ on a slab1 & ! ink  
?us obta9$ mu/ be us$   9 a special way 
& ) special c>e to produce ! full       
effect4--,,translator4    ,illu/ration3 
,,plate ,i4 ,,sculptur$ ,,/ones ,,( ,,! 
,,han ,,dyna/y   ,second to ,?ird       
,c5turies4 ,rubb+s tak5 by ! ,*avannes  
,exp$ition4  ,! bru%-/roke 9 ! pa9t+ ( !
 ,f> ,ea/ is ( supreme importance4 ,we  
"k t ?is c\ld n be o!rwise if we recall 
t ! *>act]s 9 ,*9ese writ+ are          
ideographs1 n actually writt51 b r      
drawn4 ,! /roke is n a m]e =mal1        
lifeless sign4 ,x is an expression 9 :i*
 is reflect$ ! beauty ( ! ?\ght t       
inspir$ x z well z ! quality ( ! s\l (  
him :o gives x =m4 ,9 writ+1 z 9 pa9t+1 
x reveals to u ! "* & ! conception ( its
 au?or4 ,plac$ at ! s]vice ( c]ta9      

philosophical ideas1 :i* w be set =?    
lat] on1 ?is te*nique 0 b\nd to lead to 
a special code ( ,ae/hetics4 ,! pa9t]   
seeks to sugge/ ) an unbrok5 l9e !      
fundam5tal "* ( a =m4 ,8 endeavor1 9 ?is
 respect1 is to simplify ! objective    
images ( ! _w to ! extreme1 replac+ !m )
 ideal images1 :i* prolong$ m$itation   
%all h fre$ f e non-ess5tial4 ,x may    
!re=e be readily und]/ood h[ !          
bru%-/roke becomes s p]sonal a ?+1 t 9  
itself x s]ves to reveal ! h& ( ! ma/]4 
,!re is no ,*9ese book treat+ ( pa9t+   
:i* does n discuss & lay /ress ^u !     
value ( its ae/hetic code4     ,,ii4    
,,repres5tation ,,( ,,=ms   ,x has (t5  
be5 said t 9 ,*9ese pa9t+1 z 9 ,japanese
 pa9t+1 p]spective is ignor$4 ,no?+ is  
fur!r f ! tru?4 ,?is error arises f !   
fact t we h confus$ "o sy/em (          
p]spective ) p]spective z a :ole4 ,!re  
are z _m sy/ems ( p]spective z !re are  
conv5tional laws = ! repres5tation (    
space4  ,! practice ( draw+ & pa9t+ (f]s
 ! /ud5t ! foll[+ problem 9 descriptive 

geometry3 to repres5t ! ?ree dim5sions (
 space by means ( a plane surface ( two 
dim5sions4 ,! ,egyptians & ,assyrians   
solv$ ?is problem by ?r[+ d[n v]tical   
objects ^u "o plane1 :i* dem&s a great  
ef=t ( ab/raction on ! "p ( ! obs]v]4   
,european p]spective1 built up 9 !      
fifte5? c5tury ^u ! rema9s ( ! geometric
 k ( ! ,greeks1 is bas$ on ! monocul>   
!ory us$ by ! latt]4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 x is 
assum$ t ! picture is view$ ) ! eye fix$
 on a s+le po9t4 ,!re=e ! conditions (  
=e%ort5+--or di/ort+ ! actual dim5sions 
accord+ to ! angle f :i* !y are se5--are
 gov]n$ by plac+ 9 h>mony ! di/ance ( ! 
eye f ! s*eme ( ! picture1 ! height ( ! 
eye 9 relation to ! objects to be       
depict$1 & ! relative position ( ^!     
objects ) ref]5ce to ! surface employ$4 
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,portion   
,,( ,a ,,scroll ,,by ,,ku ,k',,ai-,,*ih 
,briti% ,museum1 ,london4  ,b1 9 assum+ 
t ! picture is view$ ) ! eye fix$ on a  
s+le po9t1 we put ourselves 9 conditions
 :i* are n ^? ( nature4 ,! ,european    

pa9t] mu/ !re=e compromise ) ! exig5cies
 ( b9ocul> vision1 modify ! too abrupt  
fad+ ( =ms &1 9 f9e1 evade ov]-exact    
pr9ciples4 ,?us he arrives at a         
p]spective de s5tim5t1 :i* is ! "o us$  
by our ma/]s4  ,*9ese p]spective 0      
=mulat$ long be=e t ( ! ,europeans & its
 orig9s are !re=e diff]5t4 ,x 0 evolv$ 9
 an age :5 ! me?od ( sup]impos+ diff]5t 
regi/]s to indicate diff]5t planes 0    
/ill be+ practic$ 9 bas-reliefs4 ,!     
succession ( planes1 "o above ! o!r1 :5 
codifi$1 l$ to a sy/em t 0 totally      
diff]5t f our monocul> p]spective4 ,x   
result$ 9 a p]spective z se5 f a height4
 ,no acc\nt is tak5 ( ! habitual height 
( ! eye 9 relation to ! picture4 ,! l9e 
( ! horizon is plac$ v high1 p>allel    
l9es1 in/ead ( jo9+ at ! horizon1 rema9 
p>allel1 & ! diff]5t planes range "o    
above ! o!r 9 su* a way t ! glance      
embraces a va/ space4 ,"u ^! conditions1
 ! picture becomes ei!r high & n>r[--a  
hang+ picture--to %[ ! successive       
planes1 or broad 9 ! =m ( a scroll1     

unroll+ to reveal an endless panorama4  
,^! are ! two =ms be/ kn[n "u _!        
,japanese names ( kakemono & makimono4#b
  ,b ! ,*9ese pa9t] mu/ att5uate ! =ms  
:]e !y are p>allel1 give a natural      
appe>ance to _! position on diff]5t     
levels & consid] ! degree ( _! r$uction 
dem&$ by ! v>i\s planes4 ,ev5 he mu/    
compromise ) b9ocul> vision & arrive at 
a p]spective de s5tim5t :i*1 l our own1 
:ile sci5tifically false1 is arti/ically
 true4 ,to ?is l9e> p]spective is add$  
moreov] an atmosph]ic p]spective4  ,hav+
 elect$ f a v e>ly "t to pa9t 9         
mono*rome1 ,*9ese pa9t]s 7 l$ by !      
nature ( ?is m$ium to seek to express   
atmosph]ic p]spective by means ( tone   
values & h>mony ( %ad+ in/ead ( by      
color4 ,?us !y 7 famili> ) *i>oscuro    
be=e ! ,european pa9t]s4 ,wang ,wei     
e/abli%$ ! pr9ciples ( atmosph]ic       
p]spective 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,he expla9s
 h[ t9ts are grad$1 h[ ! increas+       
?ickness ( lay]s ( air deprives di/ant  
objects ( _! true color+1 sub/itut+ a   

blui% t+e1 & h[ =ms become indi/9ct 9   
proportion z _! di/ance f ! obs]v]      
increases4 ,8 te/imony 9 ?is respect is 
simil> to t ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci 9 8     
,treatise on ,pa9t+4    #b ,! ,*9ese    
t]ms are ,li ,*\ = a v]tical pa9t+ &    
,h5g ,p'i = a horizontal                
pa9t+4--,,translator4    ,illu/ration3  
,,plate ,,iii4 ,,kwany94 ,,eigh? ,,to   
,,t5? ,,c5turies   ,pa9t+ br\ght f      
,tun-huang by ! ,pelliot ,exp$ition4    
,! ,l\vre1 ,p>is4     ,,iii4 ,,division 
,,( ,,subjects   ,! ,*9ese divide !     
subjects ( pa9t+ into f\r pr9cipal      
classes1 z foll[s3            ,l&scape4 
,man & ,objects4           ,fl[]s &     
,birds4           ,plants & ,insects4   
,n[h]e d we see a pr$om9ant place       
assign$ to ! draw+ or pa9t+ ( ! human   
figure4 ,?is alone is suffici5t to m>k !
 wide diff]5ce betwe5 ,*9ese & ,european
 pa9t+4  ,! exact "n = ,l&scape is      
translat$ by ! words m\nta9 & wat]      
picture4 ,!y recall ! anci5t conception 
( ,creation on :i* ! ,ori5tal sy/em ( ! 

_w is f\nd$4 ,! m\nta9 exemplifies !    
teem+ life ( ! e>?4 ,x is ?read$ by ve9s
 :]e9 wat]s cont9u\sly fl[4 ,cascades1  
brooks & torr5ts are ! outw>d evid5ce ( 
?is inn] travail4 ,by its own           
sup]abundance ( life1 x br+s =? cl\ds & 
arrays itself 9 mi/s1 ?us be+ a         
manife/ation ( ! two pr9ciples :i* rule 
! life ( ! univ]se4  ,! second class1   
,man & ,objects1 mu/ be und]/ood        
pr9cipally z conc]n+ man1 8 works1 8    
belong+s1 &1 9 a g5]al s5se1 all ?+s    
creat$ by ! h& ( man1 9 comb9ation )    
l&scape4 ,?is 0 ! conv5tion 9 e>ly times
 :5 ! fir/ pa9t]s ^: arti/ic purpose c  
be =mulat$ ) c]ta9ty1 portray$ ! hi/ory 
( ! leg5d>y be+s ( ,taoism1--! g5ii &   
fairies dwell+ amid/ an imag9>y ,nature4
 ,! records tell u1 to be sure1 t ! e>ly
 ma/]s pa9t$ portraits1 b x 0 at a lat] 
p]iod t ,man & ,objects compos$ a class 
di/9ct f ,l&scape1 a p]iod responsible =
 ^? ance/ral portraits pa9t$ aft] dea?1 
:i* are almo/ always attributable to    
ord9>y artisans4 ,e>li] !y endeavor$ to 

apply to figure pa9t+ ! me?ods1 te*nique
 & laws e/abli%$ = an ensemble 9 :i* !  
?\ght ( nature pr$om9at$4 ,special rules
 be>+ on ?is subject are sometimes f\nd 
( a v e>ly date b !re is no indication t
 !y 7 collect$ into a def9ite sy/em     
until ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,up to 
! pres5t "t our only k ( _! cont5t is   
?r\gh a small treatise publi%$ at !     
beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4  ,! ?ird     
class1 ,fl[]s & ,birds1 deals ) ^?      
pa9t+s :]e9 ! ,*9ese gave re9 to _!     
fancy = pa9t+ ! bird 9 conjunction ) !  
plant life associat$ ) its home &       
habits4 ,! bird is treat$ ) a full      
und]/&+ ( its life1 & fl[]s are /udi$ ) 
su* a compreh5sion ( _! ess5tial        
/ructure t a botani/ c readily detect ! 
*>act]i/ics typical ( a species1 despite
 ! simplifications :i* an arti/ always  
imposes on ! complexity ( =ms4          
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,palace ,,(
 ,,kiu ,,*5g-,,kung ,,by ,,li           
,,*ao-,,tao   ,t'ang ,p]iod4 ,collection
 ( ,v4 ,gol\bew4  ,?is g5]al class is   

subdivid$4 ,! epid5drum1 ! iris1 ! or*is
 & ! *rysan!mum became special /udies   
ea* ( :i* _h its own ma/]s1 bo? f !     
/&po9t ( pa9t+ itself1 & ( ! application
 ( ! ae/hetic rules :i* gov]n ?is art4  
,! bamboo & ! plum tree are also alli$  
to ?is class4 ,"u ! influ5ce (          
philosophic & symbolic ideas !y furni%$ 
a special category ( subjects to !      
imag9ation ( ! pa9t] & =m a division    
ap>t :i* has its own laws & me?ods1     
reg>d+ :i* ! ,*9ese treatises on        
,ae/hetics in=m u fully4  ,f9ally1 !    
f\r? class1 ,plants & ,insects1 is bas$ 
^u ! same conception z t ( ,fl[]s &     
,birds4 ,! insect is repres5t$ ) ! plant
 :i* is 8 habitat :5 9 ! /age (         
cat]pill> & l>va1 or fly+ above ! fl[]s 
& plants ^u :i* he subsi/s on rea*+ !   
/age ( butt]fly & insect4 ,c]ta9 books  
add to ?is f\r? class a subdivision     
compris+ fi%es4  ,la/ly we mu/ note t 9 
! ,f> ,ea/1 z 9 ,europe1 !re is a       
special class to be tak5 into           
consid]ation1 ,religi\s pa9t+s4 ,9 ,*9a1

 ?is ref]s almo/ exclusively to ,buddhi/
 pa9t+s4     ,,iv4 ,,inspiration   ,!   
ae/hetic conceptions ( ! ,f> ,ea/ h be5 
deeply influ5c$ by a special philosophy 
( nature4 ,! ,*9ese consid] ! relation (
 ! two pr9ciples1 male & female1 ! yang 
& ! y91 z ! s\rce ( ! univ]se4 ,deta*$ f
 ! primordial unity1 !y give bir? to !  
=ms ( ?is _w by ev] v>y+ degrees (      
comb9ation4 ,heav5 corresponds to ! male
 pr9ciple1 e>? to ! female pr9ciple4    
,ev]y?+ ^u ! e>?1 be+s1 plants1 animals 
or man is =m$ by ! m+l+ ( yang & y94    
,:ile ! m\nta91 envelop$ 9 mi/s1 recalls
 ! union ( ^! two pr9ciples1 ! leg5d (  
=ces ?us reveal$ by no means pauses "h4 
,fabul\s or real1 ! animals & plants    
habitually se5 9 ,*9ese pa9t+s express a
 l conception4  ,! dragon is ! ance/or (
 ev]y?+ t be>s fea!rs or scales4 ,he    
repres5ts ! elem5t ( wat]1 ! wat]s ( !  
e>?1 ! mi/s ( ! air1 ! heav5ly pr9ciple4
 ,he is se5 break+ ?r\gh ! cl\ds l "s   
mon/r\s app>ition1 unveil+ = an in/ant !
 greatness ( a my/]y b>ely disc]n$4 ,!  

tig] is ! symbol ( ! e>?ly pr9ciple1 a  
p]sonification ( quadrup$s z di/9ct f   
birds & reptiles4 ,8 f]oci\s =m lurks 9 
! tempe/4 ,defy+ ! hurricane :i* b5ds ! 
bamboos & uproots trees1 he *all5ges !  
furies ( nature t are ho/ile to !       
expression ( ! univ]sal s\l4 ,! bamboo  
is ! symbol ( wisdom1 ! p9e is ! emblem 
( w-p[] & life4 ,! plum tree 9 fl[] is a
 h>moni\s comb9ation ( ! two pr9ciples4 
,x symbolizes virg9al purity4           
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,portrait ,,(
 ,l,ue ,,tung-,,p+ ,,by ,t',,eng        
,,*',,ang-,,yu   ,t'ang ,p]iod4         
,collection ( ,augu/ ,jaccaci4 ,l5t to !
 ,metropolitan   ,museum1 ,new ,york4   
,?us is built up a complete sy/em (     
allusions simil> to ! allegories ( our  
own classics b sup]ior 9 t !y nev]      
deg5]ate into froz5 symbols1 b on !     
contr>y keep 9 close t\* ) nature1      
inve/+ h] ) a vibrant life1 9 :i* human 
consci\sness vani%es mak+ way = ! dawn+ 
consci\sness ( inf9itude4  ,buddhism    
goes /ill fur!r4 ,x does n ev5 believe 9

 ! reality ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is belief1 =ms   
are b transitory1 ! univ]se an illusion 
=ev] fl[+ into an un5d+ future4 ,outside
 ( ! supreme repose1 9 ! six worlds (   
desire1#c ! ?+s t are susceptible to pa9
 & dea? pursue _! evolution4 ,s\ls      
travel ?is clos$ cycle "u ! mo/ div]se  
=ms1 f hell to ! gods1 advanc+ or       
retreat+1 9 accordance ) ! good de$s or 
errors committ$ 9 previ\s exi/5ces4 ,a  
/one1 a plant1 an insect1 a demon1 or a 
god are only illusory =ms1 ea*          
encompass+ an id5tical s\l on its way to
 deliv]ance1 z x is caught at diff]5t   
/ages ( its long calv>y & imprison$     
?r\gh orig9al s9 & ! in/9ctive desire = 
life4 ,:5ce we see em]g+ a new feel+ (  
*>ity :i* embraces all be+s4 ,_! moral  
"* is felt to be ! same z t ( man1 _!   
goal is ! same1 & 9 ! va/ _w ( illusion 
ea* seeks to fulfill ! same de/9y4    #c
 ,^! are3 ! worlds ( animals1 ( man1 (  
gods or devas1 (   giants or asuras1 (  
pretas or w&]+ spirits1 & ( hells4      
,fre$om f p]petual transmigration 9 ^!  

six worlds is atta9$   only ?r\gh !     
ext9ction ( desire4  ,beh9d ! *anges ( !
 univ]se ! ,buddhi/ p]ceives ! primal   
sub/ance t p]vades all creation4 ,!re   
results f ?is an intimacy ) ?+s :i*     
exi/s 9 no o!r cre$4 ,f in]t matt] to ! 
mo/ highly organiz$ be+1 all creation is
 ?us end[$ ) a s5se ( k9%ip t is de/9$  
to make a t5d] & /irr+ appeal 9 !       
arti/'s int]pretation ( nature4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,"p ,,two ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,*9ese  
,,pa9t+  ,i4 ,,orig9s   ,! orig9s (     
pa9t+ 9 ,*9a are m+l$ ) ! orig9s (      
writ+4 ,writt5 *>act]s are1 9 fact1     
d]iv$ f pictography or picture writ+1 ^?
 9 use at ! pres5t "t be+ only develop$ 
& conv5tionaliz$ =ms ( primitive draw+s4
 ,! e>ly books & diction>ies give u     
def9ite in=mation reg>d+ ?is evolution4 
,b :ile hi/ory be>s witness to ?is      
anci5t connection1 we d n come into     
contact ) actual evid5ce until ! ?ird   
c5tury ( our era1 ?r\gh ! bas-reliefs ( 
! ,han dyna/y1 & 9 ! f\r? c5tury ?r\gh !

 pa9t+s ( ,ku ,k'ai-*ih4 ,"h we f9d by  
no means ! orig9 ( an evolution b1 on ! 
contr>y1 ! la/ traces ( an expir+       
tradition4     ,,ii4 ,,be=e ,,!         
,,int]v5tion ,,( ,,buddhism   ,!        
bas-reliefs ( ! ,han dyna/y are almo/   
all compris$ 9 ! sculptur$ /one slabs   
embelli%+ mortu>y *amb]s & ( ^! !       
arti/ic m]it is mo/ unequal4#d ,_!      
te*nique is primitive4 ,x consi/s 9 mak+
 ! cont\rs ( figures by cutt+ away !    
/one 9 grooves ) s(t5$ angles1 leav+ !  
figure 9 silh\ette4 ,engrav$ l9es       
complete ! draw+4  ,! subjects are      
sometimes my?ical & sometimes leg5d>y4  
,!re are repres5tations ( div9ities1    
fabul\s animals1 sc5es ( w> & ( ! *ase &
 processions ( p be>+ tribute4 ,at times
 ! great compositions display impos+    
spectacles1 a luxuri\s & ref9$ array4   
,n[ & !n attempts at pictorial          
p]spective are jo9$ to "s unrelat$ sc5e4
  ,all ?is is 9 direct conflict ) !     
te*nique ( bas-reliefs & leads to !     
surmise t ! models 7 drawn by pa9t]s &  

copi$ ) m or less skill by mak]s (      
fun]al monum5ts4    #d ,^! bas-reliefs h
 be5 /udi$ by ,m4 ,*avannes 9 ,la       
sculpture sur pi]re en ,*9e au temps des
 deux dyna/ies ,han1 ,p>is1   #ahic2    
also 9 ,mission ar*eologique en ,*9e1   
,p>is1 #aiaj4 ,rubb+s   tak5 f !        
sculptur$ slabs are reproduc$ "h 9 full4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,pa9t+ 
,,by ,,an ,,unkn[n ,,arti/   ,t'ang     
,p]iod4 ,collection ( ,r4 ,petrucci4    
,?is impression is confirm$ if c]ta9    
c>v$ slabs are comp>$ ) a pa9t+ by ,ku  
,k'ai-*ih1 ( :i* we c judge by means ( a
 copy made 9 ! ,sung p]iod4#e ,"o ( !   
sc5es ( ?is long scroll leaves no       
possible misappreh5sion z to ! pictorial
 orig9 ( ! ,han bas-reliefs4 ,its       
subject1 a riv] god on a *>iot drawn by 
dragons1 is simil> 9 composition to !   
models us$ by ! artisans ( ! ?ird       
c5tury4  ,we h1 h[ev]1 bett] te/imony   
?an a copy made at a lat] p]iod4 ,!     
,briti% ,museum1 9 ,london1 is ! own] ( 
a pa9t+ attribut$ to ,ku ,k'ai-*ih4 ,!  

reasons impell+ u to believe 9 its      
au!nticity are weighty1 almo/           
indisputable4#f;,b ,we !re=e accept x "h
 & w endeavor to def9e ! "w ( "o ( !    
greate/ pa9t]s ( ,*9a 9 ! f\r? & !      
beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury4    #e ,?is pa9t+
 =m$ "p ( ! collection ( ! ex-vic]oy    
,tuan   ,fang1 kill$ 9 #aiaa1 dur+ !    
revolution4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #aiaa   by ! 
,japanese ar*eologi/1 ,mr4 ,taki4    #f 
,^! reasons are set =? 9 a "w :i* ,mr4  
,laur5ce ,b9yon is   prep>+1 to         
accompany a reproduction engrav$ by     
,japanese arti/s   = ! ,briti% ,museum4 
,b ,! prec$+ footnote ref]s to a "w     
publi%$ 9 #aiac by !   ,tru/ees ( !     
,briti% ,museum1 conta9+ a reproduction 
( !   pa9t+ 9 its entirety & giv+ a full
 description4--,,translator4  ,! pa9t$  
sc5es are inspir$ by a "w ( ! ?ird      
c5tury conta9+ admonitions address$ to !
 ladies ( ! imp]ial palace4 ,! /rik+    
*>act]i/ics ( ^! compositions are !     
lightness & delicacy ( /yle1 ! poetry ( 
! attitudes & ! supreme elegance ( !    

=ms4 ,heavy black tresses frame ! ivory 
faces ) ref9$ & subtle *>m4 ,! voluptu\s
 caprice ( g>m5ts 9 long float+ folds1 !
 extreme p]fection ( ! figures & ! grace
 ( ge/ures make ?is pa9t+ a ?+ ( unique 
beauty4 ,only ?r\gh ! cultivation (     
c5turies c\ld su* spiritual insight be  
atta9$4  ,if ! copy f ! collection (    
,tuan ,fang recalls ! bas-reliefs ( !   
,han p]iod1 ! pa9t+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 
is relat$ to ! bas-reliefs ( ,long-m51  
:i* date f ! sev5? c5tury & ( :i* ,m4   
,*avannes has publi%$ photographs4      
,!re=e we may say t ! /yle ( ,ku        
,k'ai-*ih exemplifies ! di/9ctive       
features ( ,*9ese pa9t+ at a p]iod      
ext5d+ f ! ?ird to ! sev5? c5turies4#g  
#g ,a copy ( an engrav+ on /one ( ! ye> 
#ajie1 repres5t+   ,confucius sitt+     
amid/ 8 disciples & ano!r repres5t+     
,confucius walk+1 foll[$ by "o ( 8      
disciples1 dat$ #aaah1   h be5 publi%$  
by ,m4 de ,*avannes 7,mission           
ar*eologique en   ,*9e1 ,nos4 #hfi &    
#hga74 ,! latt] is consid]$ z hav+ be5  

und\bt$ly execut$ aft] a pa9t+ by ,ku   
,k'ai-*ih4  ,x %\ld also be not$ t t[>d 
! end ( ! fif? or ! beg9n+ ( ! six?     
c5tury1 ! pa9t] & critic ,hsieh ,ho     
=mulat$ ! ,six ,canons#h ^u :i* !       
f>-ea/]n code ( ,ae/hetics is f\nd$4 ,^!
 ,canons introduce philosophical        
conceptions & te*nical k :i* also       
presuppose long cultivation1 = x is only
 aft] rules h be5 br\ght to reality 9 a 
"w ( art t !y are =mulat$ into a code4  
,!re=e :5 ,buddhism appe>$ 9 ,*9a x f\nd
 !re a native art ^: value 0 prov$      
beyond "q by a long succession (        
ma/]pieces4 ,aft] hav+ exhau/$ e        
manife/ation ( /r5g? & vigor1 ?is art _h
 arriv$ at expressions ( extreme        
ref9em5t & pr(\nd & appeal+ *>m1 closely
 v]g+ on ! disquiet+ dreams ( decad5ce4 
#h ,int]pretations ( ! ,six ,canons by  
five au?orities are   accessible 9 a v  
conv5i5t =m = comp>ison 9 ,mr4 ,laur5ce 
,b9yon's ,flight ( ! ,dragon1 p4        
#ab4--,,translator4    ,illu/ration3    
,,plate ,,vii4 ,,geese   ,sung ,p]iod4  

,briti% ,museum1 ,london4     ,,iii4 ,,!
 ,,int]v5tion ,,( ,,buddhism   ,*9ese   
books /ate t betwe5 ! f\r? & ! eigh?    
c5turies ! art ( pa9t+ man & ?+s und]w5t
 a vital *ange4 ,by ?is !y allud$ to !  
int]v5tion ( ,buddhi/ art1 :i* made its 
appe>ance 9 ,*9a t[>d ! fif? c5tury 9 ! 
=m ( ! ,graeco-,indian art ( ,g&h>a1    
already modifi$ by its transit across   
,ea/]n ,turke/an4 ,?is by no means      
indicates t purely ,indian orig9s might 
n be f\nd = x4 ,at ,san*i1 z well z 9   
,c5tral ,india & at ,ajanta su*         
*>act]i/ics are pres]v$4 ,b ! ,greek    
dyna/ies :i* _h settl$ 9 nor?we/]n      
,india 9 ! tra9 ( ,alex&]1 _h c>ri$ ) !m
 ! canons ( ,hell5i/ic art4 ,! te*nique 
& me?ods ( ?is art 7 plac$ at ! s]vice (
 ! new religion4 ,!y gave to ,buddhi/   
art--:i* 0 j beg9n+ to appe> 9 !        
,g&h>ian prov9ces--its outw>d =m1 its   
type ( figures1 its range ( p]sonages & 
! great] "p ( its ornam5tation4#i    #i 
,see ,f\*]1 ,l',art greco-b\ddique du   
,g&h>a4 ,p>is1 ,l]\x4  ,buddhism f\nd ! 

expir+ ,hell5i/ic =mula :i* _h be5 swept
 beyond its bord]s1 ready at h& at ! v  
mom5t ! new religion 0 ga!r+ itself     
toge!r = t prodigi\s j\rney :i*1 trav]s+
 ! entire ,f> ,ea/1 0 to lead x to !    
%ores ( ! ,pacific4 ,once outside (     
,india1 x came into contact ) ,sassanian
 ,p]sia & ,bactria4 ,) ,hell5i/ic       
influ5ces 7 m+l$ confus$ elem5ts spr++ f
 ! scatt]$ civilizations :i* _h reign$  
ov] ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,!nce x spread to !    
byways ( ,ea/]n ,turke/an4  ,we "k      
today1 ?anks to excavations ( ! ,g]man  
exp$itions ( ,gru5w$el & von ,lecoq1 !  
two ,engli% exp$itions ( ,sir ,aurel    
,/e9 & ! ,fr5* exp$ition ( ,m4 ,pelliot1
 t 9 t long *a9 ( oases fill$ ) busy    
cities1 ,buddhi/ art 0 gradually =m$    
into ! lik5ess "u :i* x 0 to appe> z a  
f9i%$ product 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,"h x       
develop$ magnific5tly4 ,! enorm\s       
frescoes ( ,murtuq display impos+       
arrangem5ts ( ^? figures ( ,buddhas &   
,bodhisatvas :i* 7 to rema9 un*ang$ 9 ! 
pla/ic =mulas ( ,*9a & ,japan4 ,mean:ile

 conflict+ influ5ces cont9u$ to be felt4
 ,sometimes ! ,indian types prevail$1 z 
at ,khotan1 at o!rs !re 7 ,semitic types
 & elem5ts orig9at+ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 su* z
 7 f\nd at ,miran1 & at l5g?1 z at      
,tun-huang1 types t 7 almo/ entirely    
,*9ese appe>$4  ,! pa9t+s br\ght f      
,tun-huang by ! ,/e9 & ,pelliot         
exp$itions enable u to realize ! nature 
( ! *>act]i/ics :i* contact ) ,*9a      
impos$ ^u ,buddhi/ art4 ,x _h no *oice b
 to comb9e ) ! t5d5cies reveal$ 9 !     
pa9t+ ( ,ku ,k'ai-*ih4 ,! pa9t] tra9$ 9 
! s*ool ( ,hell5i/ic te*nique drew ) !  
bru%4 ,he delight$ 9 ! rhy?mic movem5t (
 ! l9e & ! display ( a transc5d5t h>mony
 & elegance ( proportion su* z are se5 9
 ! frescoes ( ,ea/]n ,turke/an4 ,p]haps 
?r\gh contact ) ,*9a--h]self se>*+ = new
 expressions--b probably ?r\gh a        
comb9ation ( ! two influ5ces1 ,buddhi/  
pa9t+1 at ! op5+ ( ! ,t'ang dyna/y1     
gives u heavi] types 9 :i* compact &    
p[]ful figures take on a new "*4  ,f !n 
on we p]ceive ! nature ( ! great *ange  

to :i* ! e>ly books ref]4 ,*9ese pa9t+  
_h already kn[n ! g5ii & fairies (      
,taoism1 ! ,ri%i or wiz>ds liv+ 9 m\nta9
 solitudes1 ! ,immortals dwell+ 9 di/ant
 isles beyond ! sea4 ,x n[ knew gods    
wrapp$ 9 ! ec/atic contemplation (      
,nirvana1 ) smil+ m\? & half-clos$ eyes1
 reveal+ my/ic symbols 9 a broad &      
apo/olic ge/ure4 ,x _h m life-l figures1
 att5dants1 b5ign & malignant1 t]rify+  
demons4 ,be=e ^! impassive gods1 9 a    
f]vor ( devotion x b5t ! figures (      
donors1 m5 & wom51 sometimes v]itable   
portraits4 ,) ev5 great] bread? x       
portray$ ! disciples ( ,sakyamuni1 ^?   
an*orites & h]mits :o "u ! "n (         
,lohan#aj h ent]$ into ,*9ese ,buddhi/  
leg5d4 ,indian prie/s ) h>%1 /rongly    
m>k$ features & wr9kl$ faces1 prea*]s ( 
a =eign race1 disfigur$ by sc\rg+ or    
else ! calm full visage ( ! ec/atic 9   
contemplation1--su* are ! types t       
appe>$4 ,*9ese pa9t]s took up ! new     
subjects & treat$ !m ) a fre$om1 an     
ease1 & a vitality :i* at once add$ an  

admirable *apt] to ! hi/ory ( art4      
#aj ,indian ,arhat2 ,japanese           
,rakan4--,,translator4     ,,iv4 ,,!    
,t',,ang ,,p]iod--,,sev5? ,,to ,,t5?    
,,c5turies   ,! ,t'ang dyna/y 0 ! really
 vital p]iod ( ,*9ese ,buddhism4 ,among 
! pa9t]s :o gave x its highe/ expression
 ,wu ,tao-tz7u holds fir/ place4 ,8     
memory dwells 9 hi/ory z t ( "o ( !     
greate/ ma/]s 9 ,*9a & leg5d has /ill   
fur!r enhanc$ ! might ( 8 g5ius4 ,x is  
highly probable t 8 "w is entirely      
de/roy$1 b by ! aid ( copies1 incis$    
/ones & wood engrav+s ( ! twelf? c5tury1
 an idea ( ! pa9t]'s conception c be    
=m$4 ,he seems to h be5 ! creator ( a   
,*9ese type ( ,kwany91 ! ,buddhi/       
inc>nation ( m]cy & *>ity4 ,drap]y cov]s
 ! high drawn hair4 ,%e is attir$ 9 !   
h>moni\s folds ( a pla9 & ample g>m5t & 
expresses supreme au?ority1 ! sublimity 
( div9e love4  ,if to ^! fragm5ts ( an  
imm5se pla/ic production is add$ !      
analysis furni%$ by ! writt5 records1 we
 c def9e ) "s degree ( c]titude ! place 

occupi$ by ,wu ,tao-tz7u 9 ! hi/ory (   
,*9ese pa9t+4 ,! books /ate t ! l9es f 8
 bru% fairly vibrat$2 all unit$ 9       
m>vell+ at ! spirituality emanat+ f =ms 
?us def9$4 ,he adh]$ almo/ exclusively  
to ! use ( p[]ful ink-l9es & d5i$       
himself ! use ( any color1 :e!r scatt]$ 
or prom95t1 :i* w\ld h robb$ 8 pa9t+ ( !
 au/]ity :i* 0 ! s\rce ( its surpass+   
feel+4 ,b 9 ord] to appreciate ! full   
value ( ! new ideas introduc$ by ,wu    
into ,*9ese pa9t+1 x is necess>y to     
und]/& ! exact nature ( ! te*nique t 0 9
 practice up to ! sev5? & eigh?         
c5turies1 at ! op5+ ( ! ,t'ang dyna/y4  
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,:ite    
,,eagle4 ,,sung ,,p]iod   ,collection ( 
,r4 ,petrucci4  ,at t "t !re prevail$ ! 
analytic1 pa9/ak+1 detail$ & v consid]$ 
draw+ t is common to all p]iods prec$+  
great con/ructive "w4 ,?is te*nique     
admitt$ ! use ( two fundam5tal me?ods3  
"o call$ d\ble cont\r1 ! o!r cont\r or  
s+le cont\r4 ,! me?od ( d\ble cont\r 0  
appli$ *iefly to ! draw+ ( plant life 9 

l&scape4 ,x consi/$ 9 outl9+ leaves or  
bran*es by means ( two l9es ( ink plac$ 
9 apposition4 ,! space ?us enclos$ 0    
fill$ ) color4 ,any peculi>ities (      
=mation1 knots 9 wood & ve9s 9 leaves 7 
add$ subsequ5tly4 ,! "n ( s+le cont\r 0 
appli$ to draw+s :]e9 a s+le ink l9e    
outl9$ ! object1 ! space enclos$ be+ !n 
fill$ ) color4  ,if ! application ( ^!  
analytic me?ods 0 sometimes c>ri$ to !  
extreme ( delicacy x nev] became labor$4
 ,?r\gh\t its entire evolution ! art ( !
 ,t'ang p]iod is *>act]iz$ by a s5se ( !
 magnific5t4 ,once ! /udy ( =ms 0       
exhau/$1 ?is type ( "w 0 b\nd to be     
sup]c$$4 ,wu ,tao-tz7u pr(it$ by ! "w ( 
8 pr$ecessors4 ,comb9+ 9 a s+le /roke ( 
! bru%1 vigor & an eclectic "* ( l9e1 ) 
values & fluidity ( tone1 he br\ght to a
 supreme unity ! two great pr9ciples by 
:i* ?+s are made manife/ 9 all ! magic (
 _! ess5tial /ructure4 ,b x mu/ be      
und]/ood t ?is pati5t inve/igation ( =ms
 0 n limit$ to prep>+ ! way = a s+le    
ma/]4 ,! logical outcome 0 an indep5d5t 

movem5t to :i* ! orig9 ( mod]n ,*9ese   
pa9t+ c be trac$4  ,pa9t+ has two       
bran*es1 ! books say1 t ( ! ,nor? & t ( 
! ,s\?2 ! sep>ation occurr$ 9 ! ,t'ang  
p]iod4 ,^! t]ms ,nor!rn ,s*ool & ,s\!rn 
,s*ool mu/ n be tak5 lit]ally4 ,!y s]ve 
m]ely to *>act]ize /yles :i*1 9 ! eigh? 
c5tury1 lib]at$ !mselves f me?ods dem&+ 
su* close /udy & exact def9ition ( =ms4 
,! /yle ( ! ,nor!rn ,s*ool is /rong1    
vehem5t & bold2 ! /yle ( ! ,s\!rn ,s*ool
 is melan*oly & dreamy4 ,! ideal (      
,nor!rn ,*9a1 impregnat$ ) b>b>ian      
elem5ts1 is br\ght into contra/ ) t (   
,s\!rn ,*9a1 heir to an already anci5t  
civilization1 & "u ! spell ( ,taoi/     
leg5ds & ! bewild]$ dreams ( its        
philosoph]s4#aa    #aa ,^! divisions (  
,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,s*ools d n            
correspond1 z might be imag9$1 to       
geographical limitations4   ,pa9t]s ( ! 
,s\? work$ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,nor? & pa9t]s (
   ! ,nor? likewise us$ ! ,s\!rn /yle4  
,moreov] ! same ma/]   0 able to employ 
"o or ! o!r accord+ to ! inspiration (  

! mom5t4 ,^! works 7 produc$ = a        
receptive p capable   ( und]/&+ bo?     
/yles4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4   
,,horseman ,,foll[$ ,,by ,,two          
,,att5dants   ,sung ,p]iod4 ,collection 
( ,a4 ,/oclet4  ,li ,ssu-hsu5 & 8 son   
,li ,*ao-tao 7eigh? c5tury7 are consid]$
 to be ! f\nd]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,s*ool4 ,!  
pa9t+s attribut$ to !m %[ ! "* :i* !    
,nor!rn /yle pres]v$ up to ! ,m+ p]iod &
 :i* 0 to be emphasiz$ to ! po9t (      
brutality at ! h&s ( c]ta9 ma/]s 9 !    
,yuean p]iod4 ,at ! outset1 9 its       
brilliancy & precision1 ! ,nor!rn /yle  
held to a c]ta9 ref9em5t ( l9e2 lat] !  
l9e is drawn ) a firm & p[]ful bru% &   
/rong colors are appli$ almo/ pure4  ,9 
direct contra/ ! ,s\!rn /yle is made up 
( half-t9ts1 ) a feel+ ( res]ve &       
int5tional re/ra9t1 :i* gives x1 ) equal
 p[]1 at times a m appeal+ *>m4 ,! l9es 
are pliant1 imm]s$ 9 %ad+1 color is     
sugge/$ 9 a subtle fa%ion &1 9 contra/  
to ! almo/ brutal emphasis ( ! ,nor?1 x 
f9ds expression 9 *i>oscuro & conceal$  

h>monies4  ,! f\ndation ( ! ,s\!rn      
,s*ool is attribut$ to a great l&scape  
pa9t] ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ,wang ,wei4     
,no?+ c\ld bett] det]m9e 8 t5d5cies ?an 
mono*rome#ab pa9t+ 9 ,*9ese ink4        
,accord+ to ! records1 ?is 0 fir/       
practic$ by him4 ,x con/itutes :at 9    
,*9a1 z well z 9 ,japan1 is call$ !     
lit]>y man's pa9t+ & is1 9 reality1 q   
closely relat$ to calligraphy4 ,! v>iety
 ( %ad+s & relative colors ( objects    
dep5d entirely ^u ! tones ( ink wa%es4  
,wang ,wei seems to h treat$ mono*rome  
ma9ly f ! /&po9t ( *i>oscuro1 9 8 se>* =
 an atmosph]ic p]spective :i* %\ld be   
bo? fluid & e!real4 ,x appe>s t !       
acc5tuation ( l9es accord+ to rule t is 
se5 lat] on1 :]e =ms are                
syn!tiz$--sometimes to an excessive     
degree--0 only a d]ivation ( ! "w (     
,wang ,wei & caus$ by ! intrusion (     
calligraphic virtuosity into ! doma9 (  
pa9t+4    #ab ,mono*rome is a />v$ &    
lifeless t]m to express !   m>vell\s    
range & subtlety ( tones ( :i* !        

prep>ation (   black soot kn[n z ,*9ese 
ink is capable4 ,laur5ce ,b9yon 9 ,!    
,flight ( ! ,dragon4--,,translator4  ,:5
 we arrive at ,wang ,wei1 l&scape is    
treat$ z a special subject & ) its own  
res\rces4 ,x 0 he :o discov]$ !         
pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! fad+ ( colors &   
=ms 9 ! di/ance1 & :o =mulat$ ! laws (  
atmosph]ic p]spective4 ,pa9t+s 9 8 /yle 
are all execut$ 9 a pr$om9at+ color :i* 
! ,*9ese call luo-ts'+1 a m9]al color ( 
v>y+ %ades rang+ f a mala*ite gre5 to a 
lapis-lazuli blue4 ,x w be se5 :y       
luo-ts'+ gave its "n to ! /yle ( ,wang  
,wei4  ,by means ( blui% t9ts he pa9t$ !
 di/ant expanse ( l&scape4 ,m\nta9s =m+ 
scre5s 9 ! backgr\nds & masses ( trees  
lo/ 9 ! di/ance1 are all indicat$ by !  
azure t9ts :i* int]v5+ lay]s ( air give 
to remote objects4 ,b z ! =egr\nd is    
approa*$1 rightful colors beg9 to       
prevail & ! azure t9ts are subtly grad$1
 pass+ into a fre% & brilliant gre5     
among/ wood$ declivities1 & into !      
natural hue 9 ! foliage ( trees4 ,(t5   

heavy mi/s1 spread+ at ! foot ( high    
m\nta9s1 veil ! outl9es & /ill fur!r    
emphasize ! feel+ ( limitless space4#ac 
#ac ,i h n se5 nor d ,i "k ( any pa9t+s 
:i* c be said   ) c]ta9ty to be f ! h& (
 ,wang ,wei4 ,b f ! records   z well z f
 works directly inspir$ by him1 an idea 
( 8 /yle   & te*nique c be =m$4 ,anci5t 
pa9t+s 9 luo-ts'+ are   f\nd 9 ,japan z 
well z 9 ,*9a4 ,! ,briti% ,museum (     
,london has a   scroll pa9t$ by ,*ao    
,m5g-fu1 9 ! mann] ( ,wang ,wei1 dat$   
#acji4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4     
,,l&scape ,,9 ,,! ,,/yle ,,( ,,hsia     
,,kuei   ,sung ,p]iod4 ,collection (    
,m>t9 ,:ite4  ,b :5 a ma/] has c>ri$ 8  
/udy ( ! fad+ ( colors & ( _! relative  
values ?us f>1 he mu/ h consid]$ n only 
! elem5t ( color itself1 b also !       
collective tones :i* color is capable ( 
express+4 ,f ?is to mono*rome pa9t+ 9   
,*9ese ink is b a /ep2 hi/orical        
te/imony %[s t ,wang ,wei took ?is /ep4 
,by ! simple opposition ( black & :ite1 
& ?r\gh tone values & gradations (      

%ades1 he endeavor$ to create ! same    
feel+ ( atmosph]e & space :i* he _h be5 
able to express ) luo-ts'+4 ,no orig9al 
picture rema9s to in=m u to :at ext5t he
 succe$$1 b by means ( mono*rome pa9t+s 
( ! ,sung p]iod :i* owe _! inspiration  
to him1 ! importance ( ! re=m           
accompli%$1 & ! t5d5cies manife/$ 9 ^?  
lo/ works ( art may be div9$4  ,ano!r   
ma/] ^: "w c be def9$ ) suffici5t       
accuracy to cite z an illu/ration ( a   
diff]5t aspect ( ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ dur+ !
 ,t'ang p]iod1 is ,han ,kan1 :o liv$ 9 !
 middle ( ! eigh? c5tury & :o is        
celebrat$ z a pa9t] ( horses4  ,!       
sculptur$ /ones ( ! ,han dyna/y1        
especially ! admirable bas-reliefs ( !  
tomb ( ,*ao-l+1 repres5t+ ! favorite    
c\rs]s ( ! emp]or ,t'ai-tsung1 %[ !     
mann] 9 :i* arti/s1 f ! ?ird to ! sev5? 
c5turies1 7 capable ( /udy+ & del9eat+ !
 po/ures ( ! horse4 ,x is !re=e n       
surpris+ to f9d a great animal pa9t] 9 !
 eigh? c5tury4 ,beyond "q he 0 n ! fir/4
 ,! writt5 records h pres]v$ ! names (  

sev]al ( 8 pr$ecessors & :ile ! honor ( 
hav+ be5 ! great f\nd] ( a s*ool 0      
attribut$ to him1 x is possible t ?is   
ref]s only to an arti/ic movem5t be>+ 8 
"n1 ( :i* he 0 n ! sole repres5tative4  
,b ! "w ( ,han ,kan & ! unkn[n arti/s   
gr\p$ ar\nd him1 proclaims a p[]ful     
tradition1 a well gr\nd$ s*ool ( animal 
pa9t]s :i* _h atta9$ ! highe/ em95ce4 ,x
 0 de/9$ to ex]t a /rong influ5ce ^u    
pa9t]s ( horses 9 ! ,yuean epo* & ev5   
:51 lat] on1 ?is great tradition is se5 
disappe>+1 cloy+ & insipid1 amid/ !     
mann]isms ( ! ,m+ p]iod1 x w /ill reta9 
suffici5t p[] to c>ry ?us f> a          
reflection ( ! vigor & vitality atta9$ 9
 ! great p]iods4  ,! pa9t+ ( ,fl[]s &   
,birds1 & ,plants & ,insects appe>s to h
 be5 already e/abli%$ at ?is "t4 ,!     
fl[]s & plants are drawn accord+ to !   
me?ods ( d\ble cont\r & s+le cont\r1    
work$ ov] & br\ght out ) t int5sity (   
analysis to :i* allusion has be5 made4  
,! bird is caught 9 its mo/ subtle      
movem5t1 ! insect /udi$ 9 its ess5tial  

/ructure4  ,?us we see t ,*9ese pa9t+ _h
 ext5d$ its inve/igations 9 e direction 
& _h solv$ ! problems f\nd along its    
pa?4 ,x _h absorb$ =eign influ5ces1     
alt]$ its conception ( ! div9e & f\nd a 
new type ( figure4 ,x _h end[$ l&scape  
pa9t+ ) all ! res\rces ( atmosph]ic     
p]spective & _h e/abli%$ ! two ess5tial 
/yles ( ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?4 ,! pa9t] 0    
ma/] ( ! visible2 8 ?\ght dom9at$ =m & 0
 able to express itself ) fre$om4       
,v4 ,,! ,,sung ,,p]iod--,,t5? ,,to      
,,?irte5? ,,c5turies   ,! ,t'ang p]iod  
_h be5 ! gold5 age ( ,*9ese poetry4 ,x  
_h witness$ an extraord9>y outbur/ (    
religi\s f]vor1 & ! ov]:elm+ dom9ation (
 ,buddhism4 ,x _h1 moreov]1 triumphantly
 re-e/abli%$ ! unity ( ! empire & to !  
pride ( intellectual activity x c\ld add
 ! pride ( might & dom9ion4 ,b ! same _c
 be said = ! ,sung p]iod4 ,f a political
 /&po9t its hi/ory is "o ( cumulative   
disa/]4 ,anci5t ,*9a retreat$ by degrees
 be=e ! ?ru/s ( ! b>b>ians1 until !     
great ?und]bolt ( ,g5ghis ,khan's       

conque/1 rev]b]at+ ) =midable e*oes     
?r\gh\t all ,asia1 ann\nc$ ! approa*+   
d[nfall ( culture 9 ! r$ dawn ( a new   
era4  ,! ,sung culture1 totally diff]5t 
f t ( ! ,t'ang p]iod1 01 h[ev]1 swept   
=w>d to its culm9ation4 ,x w\ld seem z  
if1 "u ! m5ace ( ! b>b>ians1 ! m9d _h   
set = its goal ! developm5t ( ideas     
embryonic 9 e>li] "w1 =mulat+ !m 9 ha/e 
& arre/+ !m f9ally 9 p]fect yet sad     
images1 9 :i* ! heights atta9$ 7 haunt$ 
by ! %ad[ ( imp5d+ ru94    ,illu/ration3
 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,l&scape ,,by ,,ma ,,l9 
,sung ,p]iod4 ,collection ( ,r4         
,petrucci4  ,! dyna/y op5$ ) a classical
 reaction aga9/ new ideas & witness$ a  
return to ,confucian philosophy1 ) its  
conception ( ! ,/ate4 ,b c5turies (     
hi/ory _h n roll$ by )\t effect4 ,9 !   
t5? & elev5? c5turies ! anci5t writ+s 7 
no long] und]/ood ) _! orig9al mean+4 ,a
 :ole s]ies ( philosoph]s1 ( :om ! la/  
is ,*u ,hsi 7?irte5? c5tury71 _h =mulat$
 a composite doctr9e result+ 9 :at might
 be call$ an (ficial philosophy1 :i* has

 dom9at$ to ! pres5t day4 ,"s bold      
spirits1 h[ev]1 oppos$ ?is reaction>y   
codification1 /ruggl+ 9 va9 to give a   
positive & firm /ructure to ! doom$     
empire4 ,_! influ5ce appe>s to h be5    
consid]able4 ,j z ! old het]odox        
philosophy 0 be+ /ifl$ by ! dry &       
colorless metaphysics ( ! cons]vatives1 
x 0 awak5$ to new life by ! pa9t]s1 :o  
gave x a /irr+ int]pretation 9 _! "w4   
,! p]iod ( te*nical rese>* 0 pa/4 ,at   
fir/1 ) c>e & pati5ce1 =ms _h be5       
det]m9$ by draw+4 ,color _h rema9$ a ?+ 
ap>t1 reg>d$ z a "w ( illum9ation & q   
di/9ct f draw+4 ,!n /udy 0 ext5d$ /ill  
fur!r4 ,color came to be view$ 9 ! light
 ( %ades & tones & became "o ( ! means =
 ! expression ( =m2 x became ! v draw+  
itself1--t :i* reveals ! basic /ructure4
  ,wang ,wei repres5ts ! mom5t :5 art1  
emancipat+ itself f problems already    
solv$1 _h conqu]$ e m$ium ( expression4 
,su* is ! tradition :i* he bequea!d to !
 ,sung arti/s1 :o 7 de/9$ to add !reto  
su* supreme ma/]pieces4  ,! ,sung pa9t]s

 7 haunt$ by ! old philosophical beliefs
 z to ! =mation ( ! univ]se4 ,beyond !  
actual surr\nd+s !y dimly p]ceiv$ a     
magic _w made up ( p]fect =ms4          
,appe>ances 7 b ! visible cov]+ ( ! two 
great pr9ciples ^: comb9ation eng5d]$   
life4 ,!y believ$ t1 9 pa9t+1 !y did m  
?an to reproduce ! ext]nal =m ( ?+s4 ,!y
 labor$ ) ! conviction t !y 7 wre/+ !   
s\l f objects1 9 ord] to transf] x to ! 
pa9t$ silk4 ,?us !y creat$ some?+ new1  
an imag9>y _w m beautiful ?an ! real _w1
 :]e9 ! intimate relation ( be+s & ?+s 0
 disclos$1--a _w p]vad$ by pure _s & "o 
:i* 0 reveal$ only to ^? ^: ?\ght 0     
suffici5tly enlight5$1 & ^: sympa?ies 7 
suffici5tly broad1 to und]/& & to be    
/irr$4  ,! pa9t]s ( ! l9e ( ,wang ,wei  
dur+ ! ,sung p]iod1 devot$ !mselves     
*iefly to ! developm5t ( pa9t+ 9        
mono*rome4 ,!y pursu$ ! /udy ( relations
 ( tones & values ( %ad+ up to ! limit (
 extreme delicacy1 & if !y m+l$ color at
 all ) _! subtle evocations1 x 0 ) a    
feel+ ( unequall$ re/ra9t4 ,!y dwelt = !

 mo/ "p 9 intimacy ) ,nature4 ,flee+ f !
 c>es ( c\rt & city1 !y retir$ into     
m\nta9 solitudes1 m$itat+ = long p]iods 
be=e tak+ up ! bru% to pa9t4 ,?us !y    
portray$ ^? m\nta9s envelop$ 9 mi/s1    
:]e9 0 reveal$ ! h>mony ( ! two         
pr9ciples :i* control ! univ]se4 ,f !   
dep?s ( valleys mi/y vapors arose & c$>s
 & gigantic p9es re>$ _! maje/ic =ms1   
:ile1 on ! ?re%old ( a ?at*$ cab9 ^u "s 
rocky plateau1 a h]mit deep 9 m$itation 
contemplat$ ! va/ expanse ( a l&scape ( 
augu/ gr&eur4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate  
,,xii4 ,,mongol ,,horseman ,,return+ ,,f
 ,,! ,,hunt   ,by ,*ao ,m5g-fu4 ,yuean  
,p]iod4 ,d\cet ,collection4  ,sometimes1
 turn+ to plant =ms1 !y pa9t$ ! bamboo 9
 black & :ite4 ,a s+le ma/]ly /roke     
suffic$ to draw ! cyl9drical /alk f "o  
jo9t to ano!r1 or ! po9t$ leaves :i* are
 s quiv]+ ) life t we seem to he> !     
pla9tive voice ( ! w9d comb$1 z ! ,*9ese
 writ+s express x1 by ! re$s4 ,or aga91 
:5 a fl[] 0 ! subject1 !y sugge/$ x ) a 
simplicity t presupposes a sci5tifically

 exact /udy ( =ms4 ,x 0 by no means !   
spl5did image :i* !y s\ght to grasp b ! 
s\l itself2 at "o "t ! fl[] b>ely op5 9 
all its en*ant+ fre%ness1 at ano!r !    
s(t5$ petals droop+ 9 languid fa%ion1   
reveal+ a spl5dor /ill pres5t b soon to 
fade2 at times ! dew moi/5+ ! leaves1 ! 
sn[ %r\d+ !m ) its purity1 or ! sl[     
monoton\s ra9 b5ea? :i* !y drip1        
motionless4 ,^! pa9t+s are always in/9ct
 ) deep poetic feel+4  ,at ! h&s ( !    
,sung pa9t]s ! s*ool ( l&scape &        
mono*rome te*nique atta9$ a level :i* w 
nev] be exce$$4 ,! ma/]s ( ?is p]iod are
 num]\s & are frequ5tly repres5t$ by    
works ( almo/ c]ta9 au!nticity4 ,x seems
 useless to assemble "h names :i* w     
convey no mean+ to ! ,european read]4 ,x
 w suffice to illu/rate by a few great  
figures ! ?ree c5turies ( hi/ory dur+   
:i* ,*9ese l&scape pa9t+ rea*$ its      
culm9at+ po9t4  ,tung ,yuean & ,*ue ,jan
 are consid]$ by ! critics z hav+ f\nd$ 
a special s*ool 9 ! great tradition (   
,wang ,wei4 ,_! pa9t+s 7 quiet 9 color+ 

& 7 execut$ ) broad /rokes 9 an         
impressioni/ /yle4 ,^! works mu/ be     
view$ f a di/ance to see _! app>5t      
viol5ce m]ge into extreme elegance4 ,!y 
furni% a complete demon/ration ( ! laws 
( atmosph]ic p]spective1 ) its feel+ (  
di/ance & inf9ite space1 9 :i* =ms are  
imm]s$4 ,"h we f9d evid5ce t ^! pa9t]s 7
 ! fir/ to attempt ! arrangem5t ( l9es  
accord+ to rule1 :i* l$ ultimately to   
calligraphic pa9t+4  ,among ! heads (   
s*ools cit$ 9 ! ,*9ese writ+s ,ma ,yuean
 & ,hsia ,kuei ( ! ,sung dyna/y mu/ be  
plac$ 9 a class by !mselves4 ,bo? ( ^!  
ma/]s liv$ at ! end ( ! twelf? & !      
beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5turies4 ,_! /yle c 
be describ$ ) accuracy s9ce orig9al     
examples are extant--bo? by !mselves &  
by _! disciples--9 :i* _! *>act]i/ics   
are fully reveal$4  ,ma ,yuean is class$
 ) ! ,s\!rn ,s*ool by reason ( 8 re/ra9t
 9 ! use ( color1 8 greatness (         
conception & 8 te*nical treatm5t ( =ms4 
,b he br+s to 8 "w a virility 9 :i* !   
influ5ce ( ! ,nor!rn ,s*ool is pla9ly   

disc]n$4 ,he has a broad /roke & a      
ma/]ful mann] :i* place 8 works 9 !     
front rank ( all ,*9ese pa9t+4 ,8       
m\nta9\s backgr\nds re> !mselves ) fi]ce
 en]gy4 ,8 old p9es1 ) bran*es wrea!d 9 
v9es1 w\ld suffice alone to def9e 8     
/yle1 s freely d !y express ! =ce (     
plant life & ! pr\d defiance ( ! ag$    
tree4 ,he lov$ ! m\nta9 solitudes to :i*
 he gave a new imag]y1 s au?oritative & 
s p]fect t x s]v$ to create a s*ool4  ,!
 influ5ce ( ,ma ,yuean 0 felt by 8 bro!r
 & by 8 son1 ,ma ,l94 ,al?\gh ! dea? ( !
 latt] occurr$ "u ! ,mongolian dyna/y1  
he 0 an expon5t ( ,sung art4 ,! fi]ce   
en]gy ( ! old ma/] gives way to a       
some:at m melan*oly & g5tle quality 9 8 
son4 ,!re is ! same re/ra9t 9 ! h&l+ ( !
 bru%1 ! same res]ve 9 ! use ( color1 b 
! l&scape /ret*es out into deep & dreamy
 vi/as t are indescribably poetic4 ,!   
melan*oly ( autumn1 ! sadness ( flights 
( birds t circle 9 ! ev5+ light1 ! feel+
 ( seclusion & sil5ce1 su* are ! ?+s 9  
:i* ?is poetic _s f9ds its joy1 true    

heir ( ! ma/] m9d ^: g5ius f\nd         
expression 9 ! wild aspects ( nature4   
,! s*ool ( ,ma dom9at$ ! entire         
subsequ5t p]iod & 8 influ5ce ext5d$ z f>
 z ,korea1 :]e traces ( x 7 /ill to be  
f\nd z late z ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,z !    
hi/ory ( ,korean pa9t+ becomes bett]    
kn[n1 we %all be able to say ) m        
accuracy :at x owes to o!r ,*9ese ma/]s2
 b 9 s f> z ^? m5tion$ are conc]n$1 _!  
influ5ce appe>s to h be5 suffici5tly    
/rong to impress a c]ta9 type on        
fragm5t>y works f ,korea :i* h become   
kn[n to u rec5tly4  ,we are f> f be+ z  
well in=m$ reg>d+ ,hsia ,kuei1 b we h t 
:i* is wor? m ?an writt5 records1 a few 
pa9t+s pres]v$ 9 ,japanese collections1 
:i* x seems legitimate to attribute to  
him )\t res]vation4 ,x is readily se5 :y
 8 "n is always l9k$ ) t ( ,ma ,yuean4  
,8 "w %[s ! same en]gy & p[] & discloses
 an ideal :i* is simil> to t ( 8        
confr]e4 ,he seems to h p5etrat$ ev5    
fur!r ?an ,ma ,yuean along ! pa? ( d>+  
simplifications1 & to h approa*$ at     

times ! calligraphic /yle4 ,he pa9t$ bo?
 l&scape & figures & 0 skill$ 9 obta9+  
/range effects1 z if ( color1 ?r\gh 8   
use ( mono*rome4  ,ano!r pa9t] ^: "n    
dom9ates ! hi/ory ( ?is "t & ^: "w s]ves
 to *>act]ize a special aspect is ,li   
,lung-mi54 ,x is naturally difficult to 
prove t all ! works attribut$ to him are
 au!ntic4 ,h[ev]1 collections 9         
,japanese temples or privately own$1    
possess pa9t+s :i* pass$ z 8 at a v e>ly
 date & 9 :i* at lea/ we c recognize 8  
/yle4 ,9 review+ ! c5turies ( hi/ory1 x 
is int]e/+ to note t ! "w ( ,li         
,lung-mi5 is n )\t simil>ity1 9 c]ta9 ( 
its elem5ts1 to ! pa9t+s ( ,ku          
,k'ai-*ih4 ,8 l9e is delicate & flexible
 & he draws 8 outl9es ) ! same subtlety1
 ! same grace & ! same in/9ct = h>moni\s
 curves & an extraord9>y rhy?m4  ,!     
tradition :i* arose 9 a p]iod ant$at+ ! 
,t'ang epo* 0 !re=e /ill unbrok5 9 !    
,sung p]iod1 & ,i am sure t pro(s ( ?is 
w increase 9 numb] z our in=mation      
becomes m accurate4 ,new evid5ce furni%$

 by ! pa9t+s f\nd at ,tun-huang & c]ta9 
frescoes at ,murtuq has rec5tly %[n t ! 
type ( ,buddhi/ h]mit--! ,lohan m$itat+ 
9 solitude--^: inception _h1 until ^!   
discov]ies1 be5 attribut$ to ,li        
,lung-mi51 9 reality dat$ mu* fur!r back
 & orig9at$ 9 ! ,buddhi/ art ( ,ea/]n   
,turke/an1 p]haps ev5 9 ,india4 ,f ^?   
regions are d]iv$ ! magnific5t subjects 
( :i* ,li ,lung-mi5 made use to express 
m$itation4 ,sometimes !re are emaciat$  
faces1 )]$ bodies ) protrud+ t5dons t   
outl9e deep holl[s1 & aga9 rotund &     
peaceful figures m$itat+ 9 tranquil     
seclusion4 ,f ! writt5 records z well z 
9 8 works1 !re is e evid5ce t he 0 "o ( 
^? :o reviv$ ,buddhi/ pa9t+4 ,no matt]  
:at models he *ose to foll[1 he always  
gave !m a /ress & a peculi> di/9ction1  
:ile f ! /&po9t ( pure art he _h !      
ability to portray !m ) f9i%$ elegance &
 maje/ic dignity4  ,li ,lung-mi5 0 n    
cont5t to pa9t ,buddhi/ figures only4   
,he pa9t$ l&scape also1 & 9 8 y\? he _h 
pa9t$ horses4 ,a great critic ( ! ,sung 

p]iod said ( him t 8 s\l ent]$ into     
communion ) all ?+s1 8 _s p5etrat$ !    
my/]ies & ! secrets ( nature4 ,?is      
critic add$ t "o day he saw ,li         
,lung-mi5 pa9t+ a ,buddhi/ div9ity4 ,!  
words ( ! god fairly leapt f ! l9es2 x  
seem$ z if ! bru% ( ! ma/] summon$ !m "o
 by "o into be+4 ,l all ! ma/]s ( 8 "t1 
,li ,lung-mi5 s\ght to free ! _s f its  
outw>d semblance4 ,beyond ! mat]ial1 he 
p]ceiv$ ! immat]ial =ce :i* animates !  
_w4 ,z a l&scape pa9t] 8 conception (   
,nature 0 broad & maje/ic4 ,8 graceful &
 h>moni\s l9e recalls ! happie/ mom5ts 9
 ! hi/ory ( pla/ic art1 & he *all5ges   
comp>ison ) a facile g5ius l ,raphael4  
,b he includes ! :ole realm ( nature 9 8
 subjects1 & 9 8 "w we f9d traces1      
express$ ) great] bread?1 b ) q z ke5 an
 insight1 ( an anci5t & noble art1 su* z
 0 f\nd almo/ ext9ct 9 ! "w ( ,ku       
,k'ai-*ih4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate     
,,xiii4 ,,pigeons ,,by ,,*',,i5         
,h,s,ue,a,n   ,yuean ,p]iod4 ,collection
 ( ,r4 ,petrucci4  ,we _c leave ! ,sung 

pa9t]s )\t devot+ "s att5tion to ,mi    
,fei & 8 son4 ,! two ,mi's1 inde$1      
accompli%$ a f>-rea*+ re=m 9 ,*9ese     
te*nique2 !y enri*$ pa9t+ ) a new imag]y
 & f\nd$ a s*ool :i*1 l t ( ,ma1 ex]t$  
an influ5ce on lat] p]iods & 0 /rongly  
felt 9 ,korea4  ,9 addition to be+ a    
great pa9t]1 ,mi ,fei 0 a great         
calligraphi/4 ,?is is app>5t h[ev]      
little "o may h se5 ( "w 9 8 /yle4 ,he  
possesses 9 ! highe/ degree :at ! ,*9ese
 describe z ! h&l+ ( fl[+ ink4 ,he us$ !
 te*nique ( mono*rome almo/ exclusively1
 & s closely relat$ tone values to !    
l9e1 or r to ! bru%-/roke1 t x is       
difficult to decide :e!r he pa9ts r ?an 
draws1 or draws r ?an pa9ts4 ,prop]ly   
speak+1 he does n employ ! l9e at all b 
works by masses1 by broad1 heavily ink$ 
t\*es1 )\t paus+ to emphasize ! deep w>m
 blacks provid$ by ,*9ese ink4 ,8 mann] 
recalls c]ta9 draw+s by ,rembr&t1 also  
produc$ by /rong ink+1 :i* evoke a      
/range & magical effect ( light4 ,su* 0 
! _s 9 :i* ,mi ,fei treat$ l&scape4 ,?is

 te*nique m>ks 8 /yle & gives x an      
individuality t is indisputable4 ,!     
vehem5ce ) :i* he attacks =ms1 !        
rapidity ( 8 bru%-/roke1 ! way 9 :i* ?+s
 spr+ f su* en]gy1 call to m9d pictures 
by ,european ma/]s1 pa9t$ 9 full color1 
& x may be said ( ! pa9t+s ( ,mi ,fei t 
!y are fairly color$ by _! trem5d\s     
vitality1 if ! quality ( ! mat]ials he  
employ$ p]mits ! use ( su* a t]m4 ,!re=e
 ,mi ,fei & 8 son are responsible = a   
new te*nique1 a /rongly individual "w1 &
 ! creation ( a /yle :i* m>ks ! highe/  
a*ievem5t 9 mono*rome4 ,! tr5d :i*      
impell$ !m 01 h[ev]1 g5]al4 ,c>ri$ to   
its extreme x l$ to ! /yle ( pa9t+ call$
 calligraphic1 ( :i* !re has be5        
occasion to speak sev]al times4         
,calligraphic pa9t+1 or ! lit]>y /yle1  
has its orig9 9 ! /udies ( ,wang ,wei   
:51 r5\nc+ ! aid ( col\r1 he /rove by   
h>mony ( %ad+ & by tone values1 to      
reproduce ! va/ rea*es ( space & all !  
%ift+ subtlety ( atmosph]ic p]spective4 
,! exclusive use ( ,*9ese ink           

necessitat$ special /udies s9ce ?us     
calligraphy 0 directly approa*$4 ,!     
diff]5t /yles ( writ+ are almo/ draw+ 9 
!mselves4 ,ea* /yle ( writ+ has its own 
rules = dissect+ ! writt5 "* & mak+ !   
/roke4 ,n[1 z is kn[n1 ! ,*9ese pa9t]s  
atta*$ supreme importance to ! l9e & to 
! bru%-/roke4 ,?is 0 due 9 "p to _!     
equipm5t & 9 "p to ! fact t ! amateurs (
 art 7 prep>$ by _! classical /udies to 
appreciate ! /r5g? or ! delicacy ( a l9e
 judg$ = itself1 q indep5d5tly ( ! =ms  
repres5t$4 ,we mu/ also be> 9 m9d t all 
( ! ,*9ese pa9t]s 7 s*ol>s1 belong+ to !
 class ( ! lit]ati4#ad ,writ]s1 poets1  
/atesm51 soldi]s1 ,buddhi/ or ,taoi/    
prie/s1 & philosoph]s h all furni%$ !   
greate/ names 9 art4 ,"u su* conditions 
! te*nical relation%ip betwe5 ! l9e ( ! 
pa9t] & t ( ! calligraphi/ 0 clos]1 s9ce
 pa9t] & calligraphi/ 7 frequ5tly unit$ 
9 "o & ! same p]son4 ,!nce came ! e>ly  
t5d5cy to use mono*rome & to repres5t   
=ms 9 ! ab/ract1 r5d]+ !m m & m z m]e   
!mes1 ?us r$uc+ ! subject to a few      

simple calligraphic /rokes4    #ad ,!   
lit]ati1 or lett]$ class1 7 ! ari/ocracy
 9 :at   0 ! mo/ democratic ( absolute  
mon>*ies4 ,no matt] h[ humble   8       
orig91 anyone ( ! male sex 0 eligible to
 compete 9 !   exam9ations :i* 7 bas$ ^u
 lit]>y k & memory (   ! classics4      
,pr(ici5cy 9 h&writ+ 0 a natural result4
 ,!   successful c&idate might aspire to
 any po/ 9 ! empire1 z   (ficial        
positions 7 be/[$ ?r\gh lit]>y m]it4    
,dur+ ?ree   days & two nights at ! "t (
 exam9ation ! c&idate 0 n   all[$ to    
leave 8 t9y box-l cell1 lack+ ev5 space 
to lie   d[n4 ,cases ( dea? dur+ !      
exam9ations 7 n infrequ5t4 ,!           
exam9ation halls 9 ,pek+ are n[ de/roy$ 
& ^? 9 ,nank+   ) #bj1jjj cells are     
crumbl+ away4--,,translator4  ,x is     
difficult = a ,european to foll[ ! ?\ght
 ( ! ,*9ese pa9t]s 9 ^! d>+             
simplifications4 ,sometimes !y are c>ri$
 to su* an extreme z to leave u ) a     
feel+ ( p]plexity4 ,(t5 h[ev] !y give   
rise to mighty conceptions & pa9t+s ^:  

ess5tial "* impresses u z a unique      
product ( g5ius4 ,calligraphic pa9t+    
rea*$ its highe/ level dur+ ! ,sung &   
,yuean p]iods4 ,x 0 s closely alli$ to  
pa9t+ t ! ,emp]or ,hui ,tsung1 :o asc5d$
 ! ?rone 9 #aajj1 f\nd$ ! ,imp]ial      
,academy ( ,calligraphy & ,pa9t+ 9 !    
fir/ ye> ( 8 reign4 ,hui ,tsung 0       
himself a pa9t]4 ,! books cr$it him )   
especial ma/]y 9 ! repres5tation ( birds
 ( prey1 eagles1 falcons & hawks1 :i*   
seems to be suffici5t reason =          
delib]ately attribut+ to him e pa9t+ ( a
 bird ( prey1 ev5 :5 !re is evid5ce t x 
0 pa9t$ two or ?ree c5turies lat] ?an 8 
"t4 ,p]haps be=e long we %all f9d       
au!ntic pa9t+s by ,hui ,tsung4 ,a pa9t+ 
belong+ to ! ,musee ,guimet1 :i* comes f
 ! collection ( ,tuan ,fang1 is ! "o :i*
 by its annotations be>s ! greate/      
gu>anty ( au!nticity1 b x is a          
repres5tation ( a figure pa9t+ ( !      
,t'ang dyna/y & gives u no in=mation z  
to ! mann] 9 :i* ,hui ,tsung pa9t$      
eagles4 ,h[ev]1 c]ta9 pa9t+s f 8        

collections h come d[n to u4 ,:e!r or n 
by ! imp]ial h& !y proclaim a virile    
art1 an in/9ct = ! gr&iose & a maje/ic  
"* :i* are ! qualities ( :i* ! eagle is 
a symbol4  ,! f\ndation ( ! ,academy (  
,calligraphy & ,pa9t+ _h results q o!r  
?an ^? hop$ = by its f\nd]4 ,x became   
imbu$ ) ! evils ( =malism4 ,x 0 e/abli%$
 9 ! imp]ial capital 9 c\rt surr\nd+s1 9
 o!r words1 9 an atmosph]e f :i* true   
arti/s dep>t ) all possible spe$4 ,x    
suff]$ inevitably ?r\gh ! influ5ces ( a 
ta/e1 ref9$ x is true1 b :i* already    
incl9$ t[>d mann]isms & preciosity4     
,conv5tions 7 e/abli%$1 subjects became 
/]eotyp$1 ! ta/e = brilliant colors     
develop$ &1 ev5 be=e ! end ( ! ,sung    
p]iod1 !re 0 a m>k$ division betwe5     
academic & national art4 ,p$antry &     
affectation began to take ! place (     
boldness & /r5g?4  ,d\btless ?is t5d5cy 
w\ld h develop$ /ill fur!r b = a s]ies (
 disa/]s & ! m5ace ( a new dyna/y loom+ 
on ! horizon ( ,c5tral ,asia1 :i* 0     
already res\nd+ ) ! cla% ( ,mongol arms4

     ,,vi4 ,,! ,y,ue,a,n                
,,p]iod--,,?irte5? ,,& ,,f\rte5?        
,,c5turies   ,f ! /&po9t ( civilization 
! ,mongolian dyna/y ( ,yuean br\ght no?+
 to ,*9a4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! =eign elem5ts
 7 absorb$ by ! anci5t culture =1 9 !   
f9al summ+-up1 ! m9d w always be /rong] 
?an weapons4 ,f ! /&po9t ( pa9t+1 h[ev]1
 ?is p]iod has m>k$ individuality4  ,!  
,sung p]iod _h be5 di/9ctly dom9at$ by !
 ideals ( ,s\!rn ,*9a4 ,philosophical   
inspiration _h prov5 too /rong to p]mit 
! /yle ( ! ,nor!rn ,s*ool to ass]t      
absolute sway4 ,9 ?is we mu/ make an    
exception ( ,buddhi/ pa9t+1 :i*1--save 9
 ! "w ( a few *ance pa9t]s ( religi\s   
subjects--cont9ues ! traditions ( !     
,t'ang p]iod1 pres]v+ ! orig9al "* ( its
 color+4 ,x is true t !re 7 ma/]pieces  
to ! cr$it ( ! ,nor!rn ,s*ool b x _h by 
no means kept to ! /yle ( vivid         
illum9ation :i* m>k$ its inception4#ae  
,x _h yield$ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,s\!rn   
/yle1 0 simplifi$ by ?is contact & took 
on ! au/]ity & proportion ( ! ,s\?4 ,x  

w\ld seem z if ! pa9t]s ha/5$ to add _! 
te/imony be=e ! philosophy ( ! anci5t   
sages %\ld disappe>4 ,!y /rove to give !
 _w p]fect images 9 :i* ! great         
pr9ciples ( ! univ]se c\ld be felt      
vibrat+4 ,! only suitable m$ium = su*   
expression 0 ! te*nique ( ! ,s\!rn      
,s*ool :i* !y foll[$ ) m or less        
fidelity4    #ae ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d 
t ! au?or uses ! t]m   illum9ation 9 !  
s5se ( color appli$ )9 a di/9ct &       
limit+ outl9e4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 !    
def9itions ( s+le &   d\ble             
cont\r4--,,translator4    ,illu/ration3 
,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,bamboos ,,9 ,,mono*rome
 ,,by ,,wu ,,*5   ,yuean ,p]iod4 ,musee 
,guimet4  ,s\!rn ,*9a 0 at t "t ! sc5e (
 awak5$ faculties4 ,%ak5 to its         
f\ndations by ! my/ic movem5t--bo?      
,taoi/ & ,buddhi/--( ! ,t'ang p]iod1 !  
,confucian doctr9e _h lo/ gr\nd b _h n  
yet congeal$ into ! rigid (ficial code (
 a ,*u ,hsi4 ,:ile het]odox beliefs /ill
 prevail$1 all 7 free to borr[ _!       
prophetic & poetic mean+4  ,:5 !        

,mongols came into p[]1 !y only c>ri$ to
 completion ! "w ( cons]vation begun by 
! ,sung emp]ors4 ,9 _! contact ) ,*9a !y
 resembl$ timid pupils q z mu* z        
conqu]ors4 ,once emp]or ( ,*9a1 !       
,mongol ,kublai ,khan c\ld n b rememb] 8
 purely ,*9ese education4 ,moreov] x 0 q
 ! ,t>t> cu/om to ext5d _! conque/s to  
adm9i/rative organization1 by e/abli%+ a
 hi]>*y ( function>ies4 ,! conception ( 
a supreme & autocratic ,/ate1 pat]nal 9 
its absolutism1 int]v5+ ev5 to ! details
 ( private life 9 ord] to assure !      
happ9ess ( ! p1--?is idea1 de> to !     
lit]>y cons]vators ( ! ,confucian ,s*ool
 dur+ ! ,sung p]iod1 0 also too simil>  
to ! ,t>t> ideal to be d5i$ imm$iate    
adoption4 ,het]odox doctr9es 7 =mally   
bani%$ f s*ools4 ,reject$ ) scorn z be+ 
corrupt & dang]\s1 !re rema9$ ( ^!      
doctr9es only su* residuum z might be   
f\nd 9 ! indep5d5t ?\ght ( arti/s1 :o 7 
m difficult to control4 ,! magnific5t   
movem5t ( ! ,sung p]iod began to abate2 
x produc$ its la/ ma/] pieces &         

gradually wan$1 until "u ,m+ rule x 0 to
 die out completely4  ,! ,yuean epo*1   
!re=e1 appe>s 9 ! light ( a transition  
p]iod connect+ ! fifte5? c5tury ( ,m+ ) 
! ?irte5? c5tury ( ,sung4 ,f ! po9t (   
view :i* int]e/s u1 x did no?+ b        
complete a "w :i* _h be5 c>ri$ on )     
en]gy & success by adh]5ts 9 ! twelf? & 
?irte5? c5turies4 ,x /rove to r$uce ,*9a
 to a sev]ely regulat$ ,/ate 9 :i* all  
great movem5ts & impulses %\ld be "u    
/rict control4 ,x succe$$4 ,x succe$$ s 
well1 inde$1 t ! ,europeans :o came to  
"k ,*9a 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury & :o        
r$iscov]$ x s unnecess>ily 9 ! n9ete5?  
c5tury1 believ$ x to h be5 motionless = 
two ?\s& ye>s4 ,!re is no ne$ to lay    
/ress "h ^u ! absurdity ( ?is preval5t  
op9ion4 ,x has be5 se5 9 ! pa/ & w be   
se5 9 mod]n times1 t ! inn] travail1 !  
evolution & ! div]sity are by no means  
arre/$4 ,l ! nations ( ,europe1 ,*9a has
 _h its evolution2 ! causes 7 analag\s1 
its de/9y ! same4 ,?is is especially    
felt 9 ! hi/ory ( its pa9t+4 ,:5 ! pot5t

 inspiration ( ! ,s\!rn ,s*ool began to 
wane1 ! /yle ( ! ,nor? took ! upp] h& = 
obvi\s reasons4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate
 ,,xv4 ,,pa9t+s ,,( ,,! ,y,ue,a,n ,,or  
,,e>ly ,,m+ ,,p]iod   ,/yle ( ! ,nor!rn 
,s*ool4 ,collection ( ,r4 ,petrucci4    
,p>tially civiliz$ b>b>ians occupi$ !   
highe/ places 9 ! ,/ate4 ,!y 7 !        
controll+ p>ty at ! imp]ial c\rt & _h   
usurp$ ! place ( ! old society1 ref9$1  
subtle & p]haps too /udi$1 :i* =m$ !    
environm5t ( ! la/ ,sung emp]ors4       
,despite _! naive ef=ts & good w1 ^!    
b>b>ians c\ld n fa?om an art s au/]e1   
enlight5$ & balanc$4 ,!y 7 utt]ly       
ignorant ( su* a ma/]ly conception (    
nature z 0 evok$ 9 ,*9ese pa9t+4        
,mono*rome to !m 0 dull4 ,!y c\ld admire
 on tru/1 b !y c\ld n und]/&4 ,on ! o!r 
h&1 ! ,nor!rn /yle ) its bold assurance1
 /rong color+ & draw+ positive almo/ to 
! po9t ( seem+ sculptural1 0 m ak9 to _!
 m5tal outlook4 ,!re at lea/ !y f\nd    
some?+ :i* recall$ ^? rugs on :i* !y    
appe> to h exhau/$ _! arti/ic res\rces4 

,9 a ^w1 !y 7 m accu/om$ to ! ,nor!rn   
/yle & _h br\ght ) !m f ! ,nor!rn       
regions _! own arti/s1 bo? ,*9ese &     
b>b>ian4  ,! ,nor!rn temp]am5t1         
reflective1 /rong & positive1 n[ began  
to assume ma/]y ov] ! bewild]$ rev]ies (
 ! ,s\!rn nature4 ,?+s are se5 to *ange4
 ,ev5 ! ma/]s :o cont9ue ! ,sung        
tradition infuse a some:at m robu/      
quality into _! works1 b1 9 s do+1 !y   
lose a c]ta9 /irr+ dep? :i* gave ! "w ( 
_! pr$ecessors su* an exceptional "*4   
,caught betwe5 ^! two t5d5cies1 ,yuean  
pa9t+ takes on new traits1 :i* are      
p]haps m accessible to ,european        
m5tality because !y are m simple &      
direct4 ,^! obs]vations apply to ! g5]al
 evolution ( ,*9ese pa9t+ f ! end ( !   
?irte5? to ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5turies4  
,we mu/ n[ consid] x m 9 detail1 cit+ by
 way ( illu/ration a few ( ! pa9t]s :o  
express$ ! _s ( ! "t4  ,at its inception
 ! ,yuean dyna/y _h inh]it$ ! la/ ma/]s 
( ! ,sung p]iod1 among !m two arti/s :o 
are recogniz$ z ( ! fir/ rank4 ,*ao     

,m5g-fu--kn[n also "u ! appellation (   
,tzu7u-ang--0 born 9 #abed4 ,he 0 a     
desc5dant ( ! fir/ ,sung emp]or & held  
an h]$it>y po/ :i* he resign$ at ! "t ! 
,yuean dyna/y came into p[]4 ,he retir$ 
into private life until #abhf1 !n :5    
call$ back to c\rt z a high function>y1 
he became a support] ( ! new dyna/y4    
,*ao ,m5g-fu pa9t$ l&scape z well z     
figures1 fl[]s & ! bamboo1 b he is mo/  
celebrat$ = 8 horses4 ,numb]less pa9t+s 
( horses are attribut$ to ?is ma/]2     
ne$less to say ! great majority ( ^! are
 n by 8 h&4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate    
,,xvi4 ,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,prie/        
,yuean or ,e>ly ,m+ ,p]iod4 ,collection 
( ,h4 ,rivi]e4  ,z a l&scape pa9t] he   
seems to h work$ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,s\!rn    
,s*ool1 ) a f9e1 simple l9e 9 :i* may   
/ill be se5 traces ( ! anci5t tradition 
t ext5ds back to ,ku ,k'ai-*ih4 ,?is    
*>act]i/ic l9e is f\nd 9 ! pa9t+s ( m5 &
 horses :]e ! h& ( ,*ao ,m5g-fu is      
di/+ui%able4 ,he bequea?s x to ! l>ge   
s*ool :i* he f\nd$1 &1 ?r\gh 8 pupils1 x

 becomes ! inh]itance ( 8 imitators 9 ! 
,m+ p]iod4 ,x is m ?an probable t almo/ 
all ( ! pa9t+s by 8 pupils1 be>+ !      
signature ,tz7u-ang1 are attribut$ to ! 
ma/]1 :ile 8 own pa9t+s are ascrib$ to  
,han ,kan1 pa9t] ( horses 9 ! ,t'ang    
p]iod4 ,h[ev]1 among ! num]\s works     
attribut$ to ,*ao ,m5g-fu1 !re are a few
 9 :i* we recognize ! vibrant & flexible
 l9e :i* is se5 9 8 l&scapes4 ,^! pa9t+s
 be> ! signature ( ,tz7u-ang1 9 all     
probability a false "o1 b ! "w ( art    
itself w always be ( great] value 9     
det]m9+ its au!nticity ?an ! mo/        
impressive ( inscriptions4 ,if !        
te*nique & ! quality ( ! l9e are        
suffici5tly simil> to w>rant attribut+  
to ! same h& ! l&scape 9 ! ,briti%      
,museum1 & any p>ticul> pa9t+ ( horses1 
?is may be reg>d$ z suffici5t evid5ce on
 :i* to base our own op9ion z to 8 /yle4
  ,among/ 8 grooms & m\nt$ soldi]s1 ,*ao
 ,m5g-fu pa9t$ ! diff]5t races :i* !    
wave ( ,mongolian invasion _h swept into
 ,*9a3 ,*9ese f ! c5tral prov9ces1      

,t>t>s1 ,mongols ) fur caps1 ,moslems ( 
a ,semitic type f ,turke/an1 ) :ite     
turbans & heavy e>r+s4 ,:e!r 8 subject 0
 ! little ,t>t> horse f ! ,mongolian    
pla9s or ! beautiful /e$s ( anci5t      
,transoxiana1 always br\ght z tribute by
 way ( ,khotan to ! ,*9ese c\rt1 he gave
 ! life ( ! horse a s+ul> beauty1       
portray+ him 9 an equally happy mann]   
:e!r 9 ! act ( rac+ or 9 ! attitudes (  
repose4 ,9 8 m9d /ill dwelt ! vision (  
,sung ideals1 :i* proclaim$ ! hidd5 s\l 
( ?+s & valu$ spirituality & life 9 a   
pa9t+4 ,al?\gh we see m>k$ evid5ce ( !  
,s\!rn /yle 9 8 "w1 8 pa9t+s are m      
/rongly color$ ?an are ^? ( t s*ool4 ,! 
influ5ce ( ! ,yuean p]iod beg9s to make 
itself felt4 ,x br+s out values 9 color$
 pigm5t1 emphasizes its viol5ce & paves 
! way = a new tradition4  ,*ao ,m5g-fu  
has be5 comp>$ by ,*9ese critics to 8   
great pr$ecessor ,han ,kan4 ,! writ+s1  
h[ev]1 are unanim\s 9 /at+ t1 not)/&+ 8 
und5iable ma/]y1 he lack$ some?+ ( !    
vigor ( ! e>li] ma/]4 ,:5 we attempt to 

comp>e ! two /yles ?r\gh ! aid ( pa9t+s 
( ! ,t'ang p]iod1 :]e9 a reflection ( ! 
great animal pa9t] may be s\ght1 !      
writ+s appe> to be confirm$ 9 attribut+ 
a m positive & =ceful "* to ! "w ( ,han 
,kan or ! unkn[n gr\p ( pa9t]s ar\nd    
him4 ,b ,*ao ,m5g-fu seems to h possess$
 9 a high] degree ! feel+ ( movem5t &   
life1 & to h be5 less hamp]$ 9 8 *oice (
 poses4 ,c5turies ( /udy & ( obs]vation 
_h int]v5$ betwe5 ! great animal pa9t] (
 ! ,t'ang epo* & 8 wor?y rival ( a lat] 
p]iod4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 
,,horse   ,pa9t+ by an unkn[n arti/4    
,yuean or ,e>ly ,m+ ,p]iod4   ,d\cet    
,collection4  ,l ,*ao ,m5g-fu1 ,*'i5    
,hsuean1 or ,*'i5 ,%un-*ue1 retir$ f    
public life at ! d[nfall ( ! ,sung      
dyna/y4 ,he 0 a memb] ( a gr\p ( !      
fai?ful ov] :i* ,*ao presid$1 b1 m      
decid$ ?an ! latt] 9 8 opposition to !  
new dyna/y1 he 0 indignant at 8         
confr]e's defection & refus$ to foll[ 8 
example4 ,he liv$ 9 retirem5t1 devot+   
himself to pa9t+ & to poetry up to ! "t 

( 8 dea?4 ,he also cont9u$ ! ,sung      
tradition "u ! ,yuean dyna/y to :i*1 z a
 matt] ( fact1 he belong$ only dur+ !   
second "p ( 8 life4 ,he pa9t$ figures1  
l&scape1 fl[]s & birds4 ,8 delicate l9e 
is n lack+ 9 /r5g?1 & he seems to h be5 
especially end[$ ) a s5se ( =m :i*      
approa*$ greatness 9 its simplicity4    
,:e!r ! subject is a "y pr9ce or a      
pigeon p]*$ on ! summit ( a rock f :i*  
*rysan!mums are spr++1 ! same dignifi$ &
 tranquil nobility is ass]t$ ) ease4 ,he
 /ill us$ ! quiet & re/ra9$ color+ ( !  
,sung p]iod & prolong$1 )\t impair+ x1 !
 great tradition t a c5tury & a half    
c\ld n q efface4  ,( ,y5 ,hui we "k     
almo/ no?+2 ! books /ate briefly t he   
pa9t$ ,buddhi/ figures1 birds & fl[]s1 &
 t he 0 pa/ ma/] 9 ! pa9t+ ( demons4    
,no?+ is kn[n ( ! date ( 8 bir? or if1  
by 8 age & tra9+1 he c\ld be class$ 9 ! 
,sung p]iod1 b sev]al admirable pa9t+s  
by him are extant :i* s]ve to %[ h[     
,sung art 0 /ill int]pret$ by           
exceptional ma/]s 9 ! ,yuean p]iod4 ,8  

l9e is /rong1 broad]1 full] & m abrupt  
?an t ( ,*ao ,m5g-fu or ,*'i5 ,%un-*ue4 
,! quiv]+ vitality t emanates f 8       
pictures is ?rill+4 ,:e!r ! subject is a
 peony heavy ) dew1 ^: droop+ petals    
presage ! approa*+ end1 or a ,buddhi/   
monk pat*+ 8 mantle1 ! fleet+ mom5t is  
seiz$ ) su* intuitive p[] t prolong$    
contemplation ( ! pa9t+ creates !       
impression t x is sudd5ly ab\t to come  
to life4 ,!re is some?+ /urdi]1 m />tl+1
 less dreamy 9 ^! great pa9t]s :o       
cont9ue ! traditions ( ,sung art2 _! "w 
alone demon/rat$ t tradition c\ld be    
reviv$ & t anci5t ,*9a1 "u ! ,mongolian 
dyna/y1 0 /ill pres]v+ its creative _s &
 advanc+ resolutely into f]tile fields4 
,9 ,huang ,kung-wang & ,ni ,tsan1 we    
approa* a diff]5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,l9es     
began to take on a classical "*1 to be  
divid$ into a s]ies ( diff]5t types1 :i*
 pa9t]s adopt$ accord+ to _! temp]am5t &
 requirem5ts1 & f9ally became imp]sonal 
& academic4 ,bo? ( ^! pa9t]s1 nev]!less1
 7 "u ! spell ( e>ly influ5ces ext5d+   

back to ! ,t'ang arti/s4 ,?r\gh /udy (  
^! old ma/]s !y return$ to ! use ( a    
full & sometimes vivid color1 b kept a  
pr(\nd love ( nature1 & a fre% & orig9al
 vision1 by :i* !y /ill p]petuat$ !     
inspiration ( ,sung pa9t+ 9 a new =m4 ,)
 ^! pa9t]s1 h[ev]1 new features appe>$4 
,r$s & purples became dom9ant notes     
amid/ ri* gre5s :i* set !m (f & enhanc$ 
_! brilliancy4 ,! vision ( l&scape      
itself is some:at m reali/ic & less     
subtle4 ,9 all ( ^! ess5tials ,ni ,tsan1
 :o di$ 9 #acgd1 br+s u ne>] to ! ,m+   
p]iod4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4
 ,,visit ,,to ,,! ,,emp]or ,,by ,,!     
,,immortals ,,f   ,,on ,,high ,m+       
,p]iod4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,london4       
,simultane\sly1 ?\gh q ap>t1 m>k$       
t5d5cies ( a diff]5t "* 7 evid5t4 ,! old
 ma/]s ( ! ,t'ang p]iod _h aga9 return$ 
to favor4 ,! vivid illum9ation & color  
di/9ct f draw+1 9 ^! firm & vigor\s     
works appeal$ to ! untutor$ b>b>ian4 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 ! /udies ( ! ,sung p]iod _h n
 be5 fruitless2 !re=e :51 "u ^!         

influ5ces1 ! use ( color 0 resum$1 !    
pa9t]s pr(it$ by :at ! practice (       
mono*rome _h taught mean:ile4 ,9 !      
,yuean p]iod appe> ^? pa9t+s :i* are    
attack$ directly ) a dripp+ bru% )\t    
prelim9>y draw+1 ! =ms be+ model$ 9 !   
color itself4 ,! ,*9ese call$ ?is pa9t+ 
)\t bones1 9 o!r words1 depriv$ ( !     
assi/ance ( l9e4 ,?is proc$ure 0 fir/   
us$ by a pa9t] ( ! ,sung p]iod1 b x did 
n take root def9itely until ! "t :5 !   
practice ( us+ ,*9ese ink z a m$ium to  
express tones _h taught pa9t]s h[ to    
model =ms 9 color itself1 mak+ !        
/ructure dep5d ^u color4  ,se5 z a :ole1
 ! ,yuean p]iod witness$ ! assembl+1 !  
conc5tration1 s to speak1 ( ! ard5t b   
scatt]$ inspirations ( ! great ma/]s ( !
 prec$+ s*ool4 ,x produc$ spl5did       
compositions 9 :i* ! gold5 age ( ,*9ese 
pa9t+ cont9u$ to be manife/4 ,ma/]s     
arose & if1 9 spite ( all1 !y m>k a     
reaction t[>d ! ,nor!rn /yle1 seek+ ri* 
& vivid color1 !y give u a vision (     
beauty t is equal to ! "w ( _!          

pr$ecessors4  ,mean:ile grave signs (   
decad5ce 7 app>5t4 ,composition became  
ov]lad5 & complex & began to lose some?+
 ( ! noble simplicity1 greatness &      
supreme *>m ( ! old ma/]s4 ,x 0 evid5t t
 ! ,yuean pa9t]s 7 work+ "u ! eye ( !   
b>b>ians4 ,!y yield$ to ! ta/e ( ! latt]
 = anecdote1 = surm\nt+ difficulties & =
 s5tim5tal detail4 ,?us f> !re 7 only   
sc>cely p]ceptible %ad[s & mom5t>y      
weaknesses1 w>n+ signs ( decad5ce2 b :5 
su* signs are evid5t1 decad5ce is at h&1
 & t :i* ! virility ( ! b>b>ians _h     
pres]v$ 0 to be lo/ ?r\gh ! cre$-b\nd   
dignity ( an academic ,*9a1 :i* 0       
imprison$ 9 a rigid sy/em ( rules4      
,,vii4 ,,! ,,m+ ,,p]iod--,,f\rte5? ,,to 
,,sev5te5? ,,c5turies   ,! ,m+ dyna/y   
came into p[] on ! w+s ( national feel+4
 ,*9a ralli$ h] =ces & expell$ ! =eign  
tyrants4 ,)\t d\bt ! nation *]i%$ !     
illusion ( rebuild+ itself ^u ! model ( 
! pa/1 & ! fir/ emp]ors ( ! dyna/y      
believ$ t ! empire c\ld be re-e/abli%$  
^u an un%akable f\ndation4 ,b ! ,m+     

dyna/y1 9 reality1 0 b ! heir & foll[] (
 ,yuean4 ,! latt] itself _h be5 only a  
connect+ l9k4 ,x _h *ang$ no?+1 b _h    
t5d$ r to absorb into ! ,*9ese sy/em !  
,nor!rn b>b>ians1 :o up to t "t _h be5  
=eign]s4 ,x _h unwitt+ly a*iev$ unity = 
,*9a1 despite itself & aga9/ its own    
incl9ation4 ,9 ! adm9i/ration ( !       
empire1 x _h f9i%$ ! program (          
cons]vation :i* ! ,sung dyna/y1 ?r\gh   
impot5ce1 _h be5 unable to c>ry to      
completion4  ,! ,m+ dyna/y inh]it$ ! "w 
( ! ,mongols & consolidat$ x4 ,x surviv$
 "u _! reign & "u t ( ! ,*'+ rul]s until
 ! f9al dis9tegration1 ( :i* we h b     
rec5tly se5 ! results4 ,! peaceful      
ideals ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 ! m>k$ pr$om9ance
 ( ,confucianism z a code ( e?ics1 )    
c]ta9 modifications by ,*u ,hsi1 comb9$ 
to =m an ensemble t 0 app>5tly p]fect & 
:i* made x possible to h fai? 9 !       
excell5ce ( ! pr9ciples laid d[n by !   
mon>*y4 ,?us a s*ool 0 =m$ :i* _h its   
own philosophy1 mann]s & ideals1 all (  
!m cold1 /iff & )\t spontaneity4 ,x 0 an

 ov]-p]fect ma*9e :i* w5t l clockwork4  
,! _w 0 judg$ ) a n>r[ & some:at /upid  
self-confid5ce4 ,! ideal dwelt 9 ! ^w ( 
,confucian writ+s1 divorc$ f _! true    
mean+1 & s badly int]pret$ t !y ceas$ to
 be und]/ood aright4 ,! meticul\s1      
bureaucratic & hi]atic adm9i/ration ( ! 
,t>t>s 0 a p]fect sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,!  
ma*9e 0 /ill new & work$ well1 :5ce     
arose a false impression ( p]man5ce :i* 
add$ /ill fur!r to ! complac5cy ( !     
cons]vative m9d4 ,an art 0 necess>y to  
?is ,*9a4 ,%e _h x4 ,x 0 academic pa9t+4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4        
,,egrets ,,by ,,l9 ,,liang   ,m+ ,p]iod4
 ,collection ( ,mrs4 ,john ,d4          
,rockefell]1 ,junior4  ,side by side )  
?is & yet ap>t1 o!r influ5ces 7 at "w4  
,not)/&+ ! prohibition ( books on       
het]odox philosophies 9 s*ools1         
accompani$ by ! widespread decad5ce (   
,buddhism1 & ! complete d[nfall (       
,taoism ow+ to gross practices 9 popul> 
magic1 & despite ! disda9 ( ! (ficial   
_w1 ano!r elem5t 9 ,*9a 0 pres]v+ ! _s (

 ! pa/1 ! re/less _s t crav$ novelty4 ,9
 all probability its obscure work+s did 
n appe> imm$iately ^u ! surface1        
conceal$ z !y 7 by ! /rictly prescrib$  
scre5 ( (ficial ,*9a4 ,!y 7 suffici5tly 
/rong1 h[ev]1 to give rise to an art :i*
 diff]$ ess5tially f academic art1 & :i*
 numb]$ ma/]s :o 7 comp>able ) ^? ( !   
pa/4 ,9 spite ( adv]se circum/ances & ! 
weight "u :i* ^! movem5ts 7 buri$1 !y   
made !mselves felt 9 viol5t upheavals4  
,fir/ let u draw a picture ( ! decad5ce 
( an art & lat] we %all return to       
activity & life4  ,(ficial pa9t+ 9 ! ,m+
 p]iod rapidly /iff5$ into conv5tion4   
,to und]/& h[ x took %ape1 we mu/ g back
 to ! "t ( ,hui ,tsung & obs]ve ! me?od 
( recruit+ tal5t 9 ! ,academy :i* he    
f\nd$4  ,t pa9t+ 0 alli$ to philosophic 
& poetic ?\ght is already kn[n4 ,x 0    
always a ref9$ div]sion ( poets & pa9t]s
 to unite 9 a que/ = ! beautiful4 ,!    
poet wrote v]ses & ! pa9t] pa9t$ a      
picture sugge/+1 sometimes remotely1 !  
?\ght en%r9$ 9 ! poem4 ,su* 7 !         

conditions ^u :i* ,hui ,tsung in/itut$  
exam9ations1 foll[+ :i* ! doors ( !     
,academy 7 op5 to ! victor4 ,he gave1 = 
example1 z subject = a competition a    
v]se say+1 ,! bamboos envelop ! inn     
beyond ! bridge1 :i* sugge/$ a l&scape )
 fl[+ wat]1 a ru/ic bridge ?r[n across !
 /ream1 a clu/] ( bamboos on ! bank1 a  
w9eh\se half hidd5 9 ! v]dure4 ,all !   
competitors1 ! records say1 set to "w   
draw+ ) m9ute c>e ! inn :i* !y made !   
ess5tial feature ( ! picture4 ,only "o  
impli$ its pres5ce by %[+1 above a d5se 
clu/] ( bamboos1 ! little bann] :i* 9   
,*9a d5otes ! pres5ce ( a w9eh\se4 ,two 
v]ses ( ano!r poem 9 :i* allusion 0 made
 to ! r$ fl[]s ( spr+ 7 int]pret$ by !  
repres5tation ( a beautiful "y girl     
dress$ 9 r$1 lean+ on a balu/rade1 =    
accord+ to ,*9ese ideas1 ! ?\ghts ( "y  
m5 9 spr+ turn !re1 z else:]e1 t[>d     
?\ghts ( love4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate 
,,xx4 ,,fl[]s ,,& ,,insects   ,m+       
,p]iod4 ,collection ( ,r4 ,petrucci4    
,we h "h an example ( ! subtle          

allusions1 at times pr(\ndly poetic1 )  
:i* ,*9ese pa9t+ ab\nds4 ,b ^! ?+s reta9
 _! value & *>m only 9 s f> z !y dep5d  
on a free play ( m9d or ^u p]sonal1 liv+
 s5tim5ts4 ,z accept$ conv5tions        
regulat$ 9 an academic competition1     
repeat$ ) su/a9$ ef=t & )\t en?usiasm1  
_! rigid monotony becomes intol]able4   
,su* 0 ! ultimate fate ( t ability to   
express by half mean+s1 to sugge/ )\t   
directly /at+1 to :i* ! ,sung pa9t]s    
atta*$ s great an importance4 ,! day x 0
 und]/ood t a little bann] flutt]+ ov]  
bamboos indicat$ ! pres5ce ( a w9eh\se 9
 a sylvan retreat1 or t a "y girl dress$
 9 r$ symboliz$ ! crimson bloom+ ( a    
g>d5 p9k 9 spr+time1 bann]s & "y girls  
dress$ 9 r$ 7 se5 9 pa9t+s innum]able to
 ! po9t ( satiety4  ,?us 7 e/abli%$ ^?  
dry conv5tions ( a some:at /upid        
erudition :i* 7 s mu* ! fa%ion 9 !      
academic pa9t+ ( ! ,m+ & ! ,*'+ p]iods1 
& ^: great success repress$ ! arti/ic   
aspirations ( a p4 ,"u ^! influ5ces 0   
rapidly assembl$ a complete ars5al (    

allegories1 allusions & symbols t gave  
bir? to an art :i* 0 possibly v le>n$1 b
 :i* 0 in>ti/ic to ! la/ degree4 ,an    
academician ( ! ,m+ p]iod w\ld h ?\ght  
himself disgrac$ if he _h n prov5 by    
complicat$ compositions ! ext5t ( 8 k ( 
?+s ( ?is "*4 ,art 0 no long] any?+ b a 
k9d ( puzzle4 ,fur!rmore1 ! decad5ce (  
eye & h& foll[$ t ( ! m9d1 & !re next   
appe>$ a ta/e = brilliant colors1       
ov]lad5 compositions1 & f9e & meticul\s 
l9es1 culm9at+ 9 an unbe>able nicety4 ,!
 "w ( ! ,academy is summ$ up 9 ^! words4
  ,let u turn aside f an art t is in]t4 
,x robb$ ?+s ( ! creative _s t animat$  
!m4 ,we %all n[ see :at 0 a*iev$ by ^?  
:o foll[$ 9 ! /eps ( ! old ma/]s4  ,!   
fifte5? c5tury 9 ,*9a witness$ a        
cont9uance ( ! /yle preval5t dur+ !     
,sung & ,yuean p]iods4 ,*\ ,*ih-mi51 =  
example1 0 true to t pr(\nd feel+ = =m1 
t delicacy ( color+1 & rhy?m 9          
composition :i* 7 ! end[m5t ( ! greate/ 
ma/]s4 ,%5 ,*\ belong$ entirely to !    
,yuean s*ool1 & to prove t ! old ideals 

7 n dead1 we h 9 ! fifte5? c5tury !     
magnific5t gr\p ( pa9t]s ( ! plum tree1 
) ,lu ,fu & ,wang ,yuean-*ang at _!     
head4  ,z be=e /at$1 a special          
philosophy 0 associat$ ) ?is tree & its 
fl[]s4 ,! :ite petals scatt]$ on vigor\s
 bran*es _h long typifi$ an inn] s\l1 ^:
 purity 0 ! v lik5ess ( virtue & (      
t5d]ness4 ,*ung ,j51 :o 9 ! elev5?      
c5tury wrote a treatise on ! pa9t+ ( !  
plum tree1 expla9s 9 8 *apt] on !       
d]ivation ( =ms t x is a symbol1 a      
conc5trat$ =m1 a lik5ess ( ! univ]se4 ,!
 great fundam5tal pr9ciples m+le        
h>moni\sly )9 x2 !y express !mselves 9  
its %ape & reveal !mselves ?r\gh its    
beauty4 ,simil> to ?is 0 ! philosophy   
associat$ ) ! bamboo1 :i* endur$ up to !
 fifte5? c5tury4 ,! subtle mono*romes ( 
,lu ,fu %[ bran*es ( fl[]+ plum sway+ 9 
! breeze4 ,9 ! great works ( ,wang      
,yuean-*ang trunks ( old trees1 /ill    
be>+ h>dy blossoms1 /& pr\dly 9 !       
magical radiance ( ! moon4 ,vibration & 
p[]1 gr&eur & maje/y1 su* are !         

qualities :i* 7 /ill s\ght amid/ ! sev]e
 conditions impos$ by ! use ( black &   
:ite4 ,"h we feel t ! creative =ce is n 
yet sp5t4 ,we f9d x equally fre% &      
vigor\s 9 ! ink bamboos ( ,w5 ,*5g-m+ 9 
! sixte5? c5tury4  ,9 l&scape1 h[ev]1   
new elem5ts appe> :i* m>k a decl9e4 ,i h
 already laid /ress on ! ov]lad5        
composition :i* develop$ 9 ! ,yuean     
epo*4 ,?is 0 /ill m noticeable 9 ! ,m+  
p]iod4 ,:5 pictorial art has _h a long  
s]ies ( ma/]s1 a c]ta9 eclecticism is   
infallibly produc$4 ,?is leads to !     
rejection ( ! direct /udy ( nature1 9   
favor ( view+ x only ?r\gh ! eyes ( !   
old ma/]s4 ,?is ph5om5on appe>$ 9 ,*9a z
 well z 9 ,europe4 ,! l&scape pa9t]s ( !
 ,m+ p]iod /udi$ ! te*nique ( ! ,t'ang &
 ! ,sung epo*s & codifi$ _! sy/em (     
l9es1 arrang+ !m 9 s]ies accord+ to     
types & s*ools2 9 %ort1 !y drew f ^! a  
ready-made te*nique by :i* !y 7         
controll$4 ,turn+ f nature !y yield$ to 
imag9ation4 ,!y delight$ 9 pa9t+        
fanciful l&scapes & 7 incl9$ t[>d images

 t 7 m ext]nal & less inspir$ ?an 9 !   
pa/4 ,_! works1 h[ev]1 7 inve/$ ) great 
*>m1 & ! impossible disposition ( _!    
clu/]+ peaks & oddly cleft rocks _c b   
appeal to ! imag9ation4  ,9 ^! ov]lad5  
compositions ! unity ( ! picture is lo/4
 ,we are no long] 9 ! pres5ce ( a simple
 & =ceful idea1 b behold a ?\s&         
incid5ts1 a ?\s& little details1        
exquisite 9 !mselves1 b :i* require a   
se>*4 ,x is a new conception ( l&scape4 
,we may possibly pref] ! gripp+ =mula ( 
,sung & ,yuean art1 b we are =c$ to     
ackn[l$ge t ?is lat] "w has great *>m & 
extreme ref9em5t4    ,illu/ration3      
,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,l&scape   ,m+ ,p]iod4  
,b\asse-,lebel ,collection4  ,to ?is    
g5]al tr5d 0 add$ a new ta/e 9 color1   
:i* became brilliant & complex l !      
composition itself1 h>moni\s & graceful 
9 ! pa9t+s ( ! ma/]s & always *>m+ 9 !  
"w ( pa9t]s ( ! second rank2 b ?is 0 !  
h]ald ( a blatant & vulg> mann] :i*     
gradually ga9$ gr\nd until x came to be 
g5]ally adopt$ by ! artisans ( ! ,*'+   

p]iod4  ,:ile l&scape "u ! ,m+ pa9t]s 0 
assum+ a diff]5t guise1 &1 =getful ( !  
obs]vances ( ! pa/1 0 beguil+ ! m9d by  
its *>m & delicacy1 a new type ( figure 
0 also develop+4 ,"h we mu/ pause = a   
mom5t4  ,we h se5 t figures 7 treat$    
be=e l&scape by ! pa9t]s ( p]iods prec$+
 ! ,t'ang dyna/y4 ,?is e>ly tradition _h
 submitt$ to ! influ5ce ( ,buddhi/ art  
&1 :ile c]ta9 ( its elem5ts 7 reviv$ 9 !
 "w ( a few ma/]s1 !re is no d\bt t     
figure pa9t+ f ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies 
on1 0 absolutely revolutioniz$4 ,!      
inevitable result 0 a new type 9 !      
sixte5? c5tury4 ,pa9t]s /udi$ ! l9e =   
itself1 det]m9$ its proportions1 &      
analyz$ features & drap]y4 ,z f> z our  
pres5t k ext5ds1 _! obs]vations 7 n     
collect$ & codifi$ until ! end ( !      
n9ete5? c5tury1 b ! assembl$ writ+s     
te/ify t ! result ( _! /udies 0 express$
 along ! l9es indicat$ f ! end ( !      
fifte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5turies4
 ,_! ideal 0 totally diff]5t f t ( ! old
 ma/]s4 ,! figure treat$ = itself ) b   

few accessories became ! sole aim ( !   
pa9t]4 ,he endeavor$ to %[ ! *>m ( a    
woman's face1 ! da9ty & elegant ge/ures1
 ! supple & voluptu\s gait1 & he grasp$ 
! *>act]i/ics & peculi>ities ( a man's  
figure by means ( an int5sifi$ draw+4   
,at times1 ! influ5ce ( analysis 0 s    
objective t x result$ 9 a pa9t+ closely 
approa*+ ,european /&>ds4 ,! ta/e       
express$ 9 l&scape 0 likewise evid5t 9  
figures4 ,!re 7 brilliant & h>moni\s    
colors1 a *>m :i* became exquisite 9 !  
coquetti% & vivaci\s faces ( wom5 )     
ivory sk9 & brilliant eyes1 ( graceful  
movem5ts1 & ) long1 sl5d]1 delicate h&s1
 inc>nations ( ! fairies ( anci5t leg5d 
or hi/oric beauties ^: memory /ill liv$4
  ,9 a ^w1 ! philosophical inspiration  
to :i* ! ,sung dyna/y ow$ its glory 0   
disc>d$ to make way = ! pa9t+ ( ev]yday 
life1 a reali/ic repres5tation ( ! _w & 
its activities1 :i* 9 ,japan gave rise  
to ! ,ukioyoye s*ool1 & 9 ,*9a recruit$ 
a s]ies ( pa9t]s ( ! fir/ rank outside !
 limits ( academic tradition4  ,x w\ld  

be int]e/+ to /udy ! influ5ce ( ?is     
movem5t ( ! ,*9a ( ! "t ( ,m+ ^u !      
orig9ators ( ! ,ukioyoye 9 ,japan4 ,x is
 c]ta9 t ! movem5t on ! cont95t prec$$  
simil> manife/ations 9 ! isl& empire by 
a c5tury1 & x is also c]ta9 t !         
,japanese empire 0 directly influ5c$ by 
! ,*9a ( ! ,m+ p]iod4 ,*9ese pa9t]s 7   
e/abli%$ 9 ,japan z e>ly z ! f\rte5? &  
fifte5? c5turies4 ,!re is "o ( ^: family
 "n we are ignorant & :o is kn[n only "u
 ! appellation ( ,ju-sue1--9 ,japanese  
,josetsu4 ,he left ,*9a1 :]e ! dom9ation
 ( (ficial art /ood 9 ! way ( an        
indep5d5t c>e]1 c>ri$ ! traditions (    
,sung & ,yuean art to ,japan1 ga!r$     
pupils ab\t him !re1 & _h ! glory ( be+ 
! f\nd] ( t magnific5t s*ool ( :i*      
,ses%iu is ! lead+ expon5t4 ,!re is only
 "o small pa9t+ :i* c be attribut$ to   
,ju-sue ) c]ta9ty4 ,?is is pres]v$ 9 a  
,japanese temple4 ,un=tunately x is a "w
 ( small importance :i*1 not)/&+ its    
intr9sic value1 by no means furni%es    
suffici5t in=mation to enable u to      

pron\nce on ! au!nticity ( sev]al o!r   
works :i* are said to be by 8 h&4 ,we   
f9d 9 ! latt] an extremely individual   
art1 9 accordance ) e>ly traditions1 b )
 ! addition ( some?+ fanciful &         
unexpect$ :i* gives ?is pa9t] m>k$      
di/9ction4 ,hav+ work$ outside ( ,*9a1  
h[ev]1 8 influ5ce 0 n felt 9 ! evolution
 ( ,*9ese pa9t+4  ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury  
,m+ art came 9 contact ) ! art ( !      
,europeans4 ,! me?ods & rules ( !       
,italian ateli]s ( ! end ( ! ,r5aissance
 7 br\ght to ,*9a by mission>y pa9t]s ^:
 tal5t 0 ( a second>y ord]4 ,! sy/em (  
monocul> p]spective & model+1 /rongly   
acc5tuat$ by ! opposition ( light &     
%ade1 made a =cible impression on !     
,*9ese m9d4 ,indications ( ?is are f\nd 
9 ! ,*9ese books on art4 ,b ! te*nical  
me?ods 7 too diff]5t & ! sy/ems too mu* 
at v>iance to meet on any common gr\nd4 
,not)/&+ its effect ^u c]ta9 pa9t]s1 !  
influ5ce ( ,european pa9t+ 0 on ! :ole  
negligible4 ,fa!r ,matteo ,ricci work$  
at ! end ( ! ,m+ p]iod "u ! ,*9ese "n ( 

,li ,ma-tu & ,fa!r ,ca/iglione1 at !    
beg9n+ ( ! ,*'+ dyna/y1 us$ ! "n ( ,lang
 ,*ue-n+1 b1 al?\gh ! =m] cont9u$ to use
 ,european me?ods1 :ile ! latt] adopt$ !
 ,*9ese proc$ure1 ^! 7 only isolat$     
ef=ts subm]g$ 9 ! great wave ( ,asiatic 
evolution4     ,,viii4 ,,! ,,*',,+      
,,p]iod--,,sev5te5? ,,to ,,tw5tie?      
,,c5turies   ,! ,*'+ or ,man*u dyna/y1  
^: d[nfall we h rec5tly witness$1 br\ght
 no new vigor to ,*9a4 ,b>b>ians once   
aga9 invad$ ! ag$ & enfeebl$ empire     
usurp+ ! me?ods1 hi/ory & organization (
 ! prec$+ p]iods4 ,! *ange 9 ,*9a at !  
end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 only dyna/ic4 
,! evolution ( ,m+ t5d5cies cont9u$1 &  
despite ! reorganization und]tak5 by    
,kang ,hsi & ma9ta9$ by 8 two           
successors1 ! excessive requirem5ts ( ! 
old sy/em1 :i* _h be5 =mulat$ dur+ !    
,sung epo* & def9itely e/abli%$ 9 !     
,yuean & ,m+ p]iods1 7 s exact+ t       
irrem$iable decad5ce 0 inevitable4      
,!nce=w>d no great *anges 9 ! realm (   
pa9t+ ne$ be expect$4 ,x only cont9u$   

its logical evolution4  ,x is necess>y1 
nev]!less1 to lay /ress on ! value (    
,*9ese pa9t+ f ! sev5te5? to ! tw5tie?  
c5tury1 = an op9ion is curr5t t1 :ile   
!re might /ill be some?+ ( value "u !   
,m+ dyna/y1 no?+ good 0 produc$ "u !    
,*'+4 ,x is und5iable t m>k$ signs (    
decad5ce are se5 9 ! latt] p]iod1 b by !
 side ( "s inf]ior works1 o!rs exi/ :i* 
ma9ta9 ! vitality ( ! pa/ & ! hope ( a  
r5aissance4  ,9 refutation ( su* ha/y & 
ill in=m$ op9ion1 x is suffici5t to     
recall a numb] ( pa9t+s1 sign$ & dat$1 (
 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 :i*     
deal]s or collectors calmly attribute to
 ! elev5? & twelf?4  ,*9ese pa9t+ at !  
end ( ! sev5te5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5?
 c5tury 0 /ill full ( vitality4 ,! ta/e 
= brilliant color gradually dim9i%$1 & !
 composition became broad] & m noble at 
! h&s ( c]ta9 pa9t]s1 9 :om is se5 !    
revival ( ! vigor\s race ( yore4 ,?is 0 
! "t :5 ,yu5 ,%\-p'+1 m commonly kn[n "u
 ! "n ( ,nan-t'i51 pa9t$ l&scape & fl[]s
 ) ! re/ra9t & p[] ( ! old /yle1 & :5   

,%5 ,nan-p'+ set out = ,japan to f\nd a 
mod]n ,*9ese s*ool :i* 0 to rival !     
,ukioyoye 9 importance & activity4 ,ab\t
 !m 0 gr\p$ a l>ge foll[+1 =etell+ fre% 
developm5ts4  ,no support 0 giv5 to ?is 
movem5t by ! new gov]nm5t1 :i* 0        
infatuat$ ) ! academic /yle ( ! e>li]   
reigns & becom+ m & m ignorant z ! la/  
ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury approa*$4 ,9 !  
eighte5? c5tury a comp>atively l>ge     
numb] ( ,*9ese pa9t]s settl$ 9 ,japan1  
:]e !y cont9u$ ! traditions ( ,m+ art4  
,! obs]vation ( a ,nan-t'i5 or ( a ,%5  
,nan-p'+ 0 ke5 & pa9/ak+1 b !           
objectivity & realism n[ com+ to ! =e1 7
 conspicu\s 9 _! works4 ,no long] 0 x ! 
_w ( pure sub/ance & ab/ract pr9ciple t 
0 s\ght1 b ! real1 ev]yday _w1 ! _w (   
objective =ms /udi$ = !mselves1 liv+ _! 
own life1 on ! ?re%old ( :i* ! _s halt$1
 no long] guid$ by ! old philosophies4  
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,,beauty  
,,inhal+ ,,! ,,fragrance ,,( ,a ,,peony 
,m+ ,p]iod4 ,collection ( ,v4 ,gol\bew4 
,?is "* 0 ma9ta9$ up to ! n9ete5?       

c5tury4 ,x is se5 9 ! pa9t+ ( fl[]s &   
l&scape z well z 9 figure pa9t+4 ,^!    
traits are equally app>5t 9 an iris by  
,nan t'i5 & a p]sonage by ,huang        
,y9-piao4 ,! latt]1 work+ 9 ! middle ( !
 eighte5? c5tury1 evok$ ! p]sonages (   
,buddhi/ & ,taoi/ leg5d ) a skillful    
bru%1 b 8 d>+ simplifications 7 m ak9 to
 virtuosity ?an to t deep reflection &  
fre$om f non-ess5tials :i* 7 ! glory ( !
 e>ly ma/]s4 ,h]e9 are disc]n$ ! elem5ts
 ( decad5ce1 :i* are wont to assume     
precisely ?is aspect ( a ma/]y ov]      
difficulties4 ,= su* ends g5u9e rese>* &
 ! true grasp ( =m 7 gradually ab&on$4  
,calligraphy & ! lit]>y /yle 7 n        
ov]look$1 b !y 7 c>ri$ to a po9t (      
ab/raction t is beyond ! prov9ce ( art4 
,a p]sonage 0 repres5t$ by l9es :i* =m$ 
*>act]s 9 h&writ+ & :i*1 9 draw+ !      
figure1 at ! same "t wrote a s5t5ce4    
,d\btless t is a pro( ( m>vel\s skill4  
,i agree 9 assign+ su* ma/]pieces to !  
realm ( calligraphy b refuse to admit !m
 to ! doma9 ( pa9t+4  ,?is applies z    

well to ! s-call$ ?umb nail pa9t+ held 9
 high repute "u ! la/ dyna/y4 ,9 ?is !  
bru% is ab&on$ & ! l9e is drawn by ! f+]
 dipp$ 9 ink or color4 ,! pa9t+ is done 
on mod]n pap] ( a special k9d :i*       
p>tially absorbs ! pa9t1 9 ! mann] (    
blott+ pap]2 ?is results 9 weak l9es1 & 
ink & color s*emes devoid ( firmness1 9 
%ort1 9 a lack ( virility :i* places su*
 works1 not)/&+ _! virtuosity1 9 !      
category ( artisan a*ievem5ts4 ,^! works
 are num]\s 9 ! mod]n p]iod & con/itute 
:at s _m reg>d z ,*9ese pa9t+4 ,"o _c be
 too c>eful 9 disc>d+ !m4  ,dur+ e p]iod
 decorative pa9t+s1 religi\s pa9t+s &   
ance/ral pa9t+s made aft] dea?1 7       
execut$ 9 ,*9a by artisans1 ord9>y      
workm5 at ! s]vice ( :osoev] might      
engage !m4 ,su* "w %\ld n be consult$ 9 
/udy+ ! /yles ( great p]iods or ! high] 
manife/ations ( an art4 ,^! pa9t+s 7 !  
fir/ to leave ,*9a & f9d _! way to      
,europe4 ,!re is no reason = analyz+ !m 
"h4  ,to sum up1 ,*9ese pa9t+ ( ! la/   
two c5turies /ill numb]s ma/]s ( ! fir/ 

rank4 ,?is alone indicates t ! sacr$    
fire is by no means ext9ct4 ,:o %all say
 :at future awaits x amid/ ! pr(\nd     
*anges ( today8 ,aft] a p]iod (         
indecision :i* la/$ = tw5ty-five ye>s1  
,japan has f\nd h]self anew & is seek+  
to revive h] arti/ic traditions4 ,x is  
to be hop$ t ,*9a w1 at all co/s1 avoid 
! same mi/akes & t %e w n be unm9dful1 z
 0 h] neighbor1 ( ! hi/ory ( ! old      
ma/]s4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4
 ,,halt ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,hunt   ,m+  
,p]iod4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,collection ( 
,r4 ,petrucci4          99       99     
99       99       99   ,,conclusion     
,?is brief survey has %[n h[ ! di/9ctive
 features ( ,*9a's arti/ic activity 7   
di/ribut$4 ,?\gh subject$ to v>y+       
influ5ces1 ?is evolution possesses a    
unity :i* is q z complete z is t ( our  
,we/]n art4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re 7 /udies1 ( 
:i* we "k only ?r\gh writt5 records4 ,b 
! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 writ+ & pa9t+
 f ! dawn ( hi/oric "t1 p]mits u to c>ry
 our /udies ( primitive p]iods v f>     

back1 ev5 e>li] ?an ! times ( !         
sculptur$ works4 ,we ?us witness !      
gradual developm5t ( t philosophical    
ideal :i* has dom9at$ ! entire hi/ory ( 
,*9ese pa9t+1 =c+ x to se>* = ab/ract   
=m1 & :i* av]t$ = s long ! adv5t (      
triviality & decad5ce4  ,! goal s\ght by
 ,*9ese ?\ght _h already be5 rea*$ 9    
pa9t+ :51 9 ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies1 we  
are v\*saf$ a glimpse ( x4 ,x is a      
vision ( a high ord]1 9 :i* ! subtle    
intellectuality corresponds to a society
 ( ref9em5t ^: desires h already assum$ 
extreme proportions4 ,l ,byzantium1 heir
 to ,hell5i/ic art1 ! ,*9a ( ! ,han     
dyna/y & ( ,ku ,k'ai-*ih 0 already      
progress+ t[>d bold conv5tions & s(t    
h>monies1 9 :i* c\ld be felt bo? ! pride
 ( an intellig5ce :i* impos$ its w ^u   
,nature1 & ! we>9ess foll[+ its su/a9$  
ef=t4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4  
,,pa9t+ ,,by ,,*ang ,,*5g   ,eighte5?   
,c5tury4 ,collection ( ,m4 ,wor*4  ,?is 
ref9em5t1 aris+ f ! exhau/ion ( a _w :i*
 ev5 ?us reta9$ a c]ta9 primitive       

rugg$ness1 0 succe$$ by a /up5d\s       
movem5t :i* foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! prea*+ (
 ,buddhism4 ,) ! new gods we see ! fir/ 
appe>ance ( def9ite & long-cont9u$ =eign
 influ5ces4 ,civilization 0 trans=m$ &  
took on new life4 ,!n1 z 9 ! days ( !   
great =]unn]s ( ! ,flor5t9e ,r5aissance1
 !re appe>$ a :ole gr\p ( arti/s1 prep>$
 by ! art1 at once crude & ref9$1 ( an  
e>li] p4 ,?is gr\p set resolutely to "w 
at ! close /udy ( =ms1 asc]ta9+ ! laws (
 _! /ructure & ! conditions ( !         
environm5t :i* produc$ !m4 ,! p]iod 9   
:i* ! "w ( ,li ,ss7u-hsu51 ,li ,*ao-tao 
& ,wang ,wei 0 produc$ may be lik5$ to !
 fifte5? c5tury 9 ,flor5ce ) ,pisanello1
 ,v]oc*io1 ,ghirl&ajo & ,masaccio4      
,simil> conditions gave bir? to a       
movem5t t is directly comp>able ) !     
,italian movem5t =1 no matt] h[ v>i$ !  
outw>d appe>ances due to diff]5ces (    
race & civilization1 ! fundam5tals ( art
 are ! same ev]y:]e & p]ta9 to ! same   
m5tal attitudes4  ,! great lead]s 9     
p]iods prec$+ ! ,t'ang dyna/y pav$ ! way

 to ! culm9ation :i* took place 9 !     
,sung p]iod1 & ?us ! fruit ( t prolong$ 
activity is se5 rip5+ betwe5 ! t5? & !  
?irte5? c5turies4 ,?r\gh ! grop+s ( !   
primitive p]iod1 ! het]odox philosophies
 & ! my/ic /irr+s ( ,buddhism1 ,ea/]n   
?\ght _h arriv$ at an unque/ionably     
noble compreh5sion ( exi/5ce4 ,!        
imp]sonal my/]y ( ! univ]se1 its mighty 
pr9ciple1 its manifold manife/ations & !
 secret :i* unveils itself 9 ! inn]mo/  
s\l ( ?+s are ! conceptions :i* =m !    
inspiration ( ,*9ese pa9t+4 ,^! l(ty    
?\ghts are ! s\rce ( t spirituality :i* 
decl>es itself !re9 ) su* nobility4 ,!  
religion to :i* !y are due w seem       
p]haps1 to c]ta9 p1 to be broad] & less 
trammel$ ?an our own4 ,!re is no d\bt t 
! entire ,f> ,ea/ 0 "u ! spell ( its    
gr&eur4  ,up to ?is po9t art _h s\nd$ e 
dep? & atta9$ ! highe/ summits ( human  
a*ievem5t4 ,!nce=w>d x conc]n$ itself ) 
v>y+ manife/ations :i* 7 only ! diff]5t 
modes ( a =mula t 0 /ill flexible1 until
 ! "t :5--! great inspirations ( ! pa/  

=gott5--!re appe> signs ( a _s on ! que/
 = realism1 em]g+ f ! anci5t tradition4 
,?is is ! di/9ctive note 9 ! evolution (
 ,*9ese pa9t+ "u ! la/ two dyna/ies4 ,x 
w\ld seem z if1 ev5 9 ?is guise1 a      
univ]sal ne$ ( ! m9d is be+ satisfi$1 a 
ne$ :i* we1 too1 h kn[n aft] exp]i5c+ a 
*ill+ academicism1 & :5 mod]n culture _h
 ov]?r[n ! anci5t idols4 ,*9ese pa9t]s h
 ?us complet$ a r\nd analog\s to t      
travel$ by our own arti/s4              
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,,tig] ,,9 
,a ,,p9e ,,=e/   ,eighte5? to ,n9ete5?  
,c5turies4 ,collection ( ,v4 ,gol\bew4  
,= ! ,f> ,ea/ z = ,europe1 ! problem n[ 
pres5t$ is t ( a revival4 ,b5t b5ea? !  
weight ( ! pre/ige ( ! pa/1 too le>n$ 9 
! la/ ^w ( culture1 mod]n art is seek+  
to f9d itself1 grop+ bl9dly1 full (     
promis+ b unf9i%$ works4 ,! "t has come 
:5 !re are signs ?r\gh\t ! _w ( a desire
 = a univ]sal civilization1 by !        
reconcil+ ( anci5t div]g5cies4 ,europe &
 ! ,f> ,ea/ br+ into contra/ ! mo/      
vigor\s traditions 9 hi/ory4 ,h5ce=w>d  

!re is int]e/ = bo? civilizations 9     
/udy+ & 9 com+ to und]/& a =eign ideal4 
,?\gh incomplete1 ^! pages w p]haps help
 to %[ t su* a mutual compreh5sion is n 
impossible & t1 if egoti/ic prejudices  
are ov]come1 app>5t dissimil>ities w be 
resolv$ into a pr(\nd id5tity4 ,?us w   
arise ! elem5ts ( a new culture4 ,9 com+
 to und]/& a mood :i* s fully reflects  
an unkn[n _w1 ! ,european m9d w discov] 
pr9ciples :i* w make x rise sup]ior to  
itself4 ,may ?is broad compreh5sion (   
human ?\ght lead ,europe to e/imate )   
great] ju/ice a civilization numb]+ its 
ye>s by ?\s&s1 & to refra9 f ?w>t+ !    
fulfillm5t ( its de/9y4          99     
99       99       99       99           
,,bibliography     ,an ,introduction to 
! ,/udy ( ,*9ese ,pictorial ,art4 ,h]b]t
 ,a4       ,giles1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41    
,pr(essor ( ,*9ese 9 ! ,univ]sity (     
,cambridge4 ,second ,edition1 revis$ &  
enl>g$4 ,london1 ,b]n>d       ,qu>it*4  
#aiah4    ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,laur5ce 
,b9yon4 ,second ,edition1 revis$4       

,london1 ,edw>d ,arnold4 #aiac4    ,!   
,flight ( ! ,dragon4 ,laur5ce ,b9yon4   
,wisdom ( ! ,ea/ ,s]ies4       ,london1 
,john ,murray4 #aiaa4    ,epo*s ( ,*9ese
 & ,japanese ,art4 ,erne/ ,f4 ,f5ollosa4
 #b volumes4 ,f4       ,a4 ,/okes &     
,co41 ,new ,york4 #aiab4    ,scraps f a 
,collector's ,note ,book4 ,f4 ,hir?4    
,leid51 ,new ,york4 #aije4    ,*9ese    
,art4 ,/eph5 ,w4 ,bu%ell1 ,c4,m4,g41    
,b4,sc41 ,m4,d4 ,victoria &       ,alb]t
 ,museum ,h&book4 #b volumes4 ,london4  
#aiaj4    ,*9ese ,pa9t+4 ,mrs4 ,francis 
,aysc\gh4 ,! ,m5tor ( ,dec4 #b1 #aiah1  
,s]ial ,no4 #afh4 ,new ,york4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,,index ,,( ,,pa9t]s ,,& ,,p]iods   ,!  
foll[+ summ>y furni%es additional       
in=mation reg>d+ ! pa9t]s to :om ref]5ce
 has be5 made4 ,^? to :om ! subject is n
 famili> w f9d ?is ( assi/ance 9 plac+ 9
 _! prop] hi/orical ord] ! diff]5t tr5ds
 :i* h be5 indicat$ else:]e4 ,!y w also 
f9d dates useful 9 comp>+1 if s desir$1 
! arti/ic evolution ( ,*9a ) t (        

,europe4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only an outl9e4
 ,! names ( "s great ma/]s are omitt$1 =
 ,i h no wi% to ov]load ! m>g9 ( a      
/atem5t :i* %\ld be kept cle> & conv5i5t
 ( access4 ,i tru/ nev]!less t ^! few   
notes 9 concise =m w be ( use 9         
connection ) ! prec$+ text4   ,i4 ,,be=e
 ,,! ,,int]v5tion ,,( ,,buddhism    ,!  
,bas-reliefs ( ! second ,han dyna/y     
belong to ! second &       ?ird c5turies
 ( ! ,*ri/ian era4    ,ku ,k'ai-*ih1    
also call$ ,*ang-k'ang & ,hu-t\1 0 born 
9       ,wu-hsi 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kiang-su4
 ,he liv$ at ! end ( !       f\r? &     
beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,8 /yle1        
resembl+       t ( ! ,han p]iod1 in=ms u
 z to ! "* ( pa9t+       f ! second to !
 fif? c5tury4 ,x is su* z to indicate a 
long antec$5t p]iod ( cultivation &     
developm5t4    ,hsieh ,ho 7#dgi-ejb71   
pa9t] ( ! figure4 ,he wrote a small book
       sett+ =? ! ,six ,canons or       
,requirem5ts ( pa9t+4 ,?is "w           
in=ms u reg>d+ ! philosophy ( art 9 ,*9a
 ( ! fif?       c5tury4   ,,ii4 ,,!     

,,int]v5tion ,,( ,,buddhism  ,x is      
difficult to set an exact date = ! fir/ 
contact ( ,buddhi/ ) ,*9ese art4 ,x may 
be assum$ t ! influ5ce ( ,buddhi/ art   
began to be felt noticeably 9 ,*9a 9 !  
fif? c5tury4 ,9 ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies
 x 0 s widespread z to be def9itely     
e/abli%$4   ,,iii4 ,,! ,t',,ang ,,dyna/y
  ,a4,d4 #fah-ije    ,wu ,tao-tz7u1 also
 call$ ,wu ,tao-yuean4 ,born 9 ,honan   
t[>d !       end ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,8   
influ5ce 0 felt 9 ,japanese art       z 
well z 9 t ( ,*9a4 ,he pa9t$ l&scape1   
figures &       ,buddhi/ subjects4      
,li ,ss7u-hsu5 7#fea-gae or #gbj7 is    
consid]$ z ! f\nd] ( !       ,nor!rn    
,s*ool4 ,he appe>s to h felt ! influ5ce 
:i*       ,buddhi/ art br\ght 9 its     
tra94    ,li ,*ao-tao1 son ( ,li        
,ss7u-hsu51 liv$ at ! end ( ! sev5?     
& beg9n+ ( ! eigh? c5turies4 ,he is said
 to h v>i$       f 8 fa!r's /yle & ev5  
surpass$ x4    ,wang ,wei1 also call$   
,wang ,mo-k'i 7#fii-gei71 poet1 pa9t] & 
critic4 ,! great re=m] ( ,*9ese l&scape 

pa9t+4       ,consid]$ z ! f\nd] ( !    
,s\!rn ,s*ool & ! orig9ator       (     
mono*rome pa9t+ 9 ,*9ese ink4    ,han   
,kan1 r5[n$ 9 ! p]iod t'i5-pao          
7#gdb-gei74 ,accord+ to       tradition 
he 0 a pupil ( ,wang ,wei4 ,8 s*ool     
possess$ 9 !       highe/ degree k ( !  
=m1 *>act]i/ics & movem5ts       ( !    
horse4   ,,iv4 ,,! ,,sung ,,dyna/y      
,a4,d4 #ifj-abfj    ,tung ,yuean4 ,t5?  
c5tury4 ,l&scape pa9t]4 ,he work$ 9 bo? 
!       ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn /yles4    ,*ue 
,jan1 ,buddhi/ monk4 ,t5? c5tury4 ,he 0 
at fir/ influ5c$ by       ! "w ( ,tung  
,yuean1 b lat] creat$ an individual     
/yle4    ,ma ,yuean4 ,end ( ! twelf? &  
beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4       ,memb] 
( ! ,academy ( ,pa9t+4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( a
 /rong       & vigor\s /yle :i*         
*>act]iz$ ! s*ool f\nd$ by him4    ,hsia
 ,kuei s]v$ 9 ! college at ,han-,l9 9 ! 
reign ( !       ,emp]or ,n+ ,tsung      
7#aaie-abbd74 ,he 0 consid]$ a ma/] (   
*i>oscuro & atmosph]ic p]spective4      
,ma ,l91 son ( ,ma ,yuean4 ,?irte5?     

c5tury4 ,8 "w %[s t he       pa9t$ ev5 m
 9 ! tradition ( ! ,s\!rn ,s*ool ?an 8  
fa!r & uncle4    ,li ,lung-mi5 or ,li   
,kung-l94 ,born at ,*\ 9 ,ngan-huei4 ,he
 held       public (fices1 :i* he       
resign$ 9 #aajj to retire to ! m\nta9   
( ,lung-mi51 :]e he di$ 9 #aajf4 ,not$ =
 8 calligraphy z       well z = 8 pa9t+4
 ,at "o "t 9 8 life1 "u religi\s        
influ5ces1 he pa9t$ a great numb] (     
,buddhi/ figures4    ,mi ,fei or ,mi    
,yuean-*ang or ,mi ,nan-kung            
7#ajea-aajg74       ,calligraphi/1 pa9t]
 & critic4 ,he us$ /rong ink+ 9 a /yle  
9 :i* ! simplification ( mono*rome is   
c>ri$ to !       extreme4 ,he _h a son1 
,mi ,yu-,j51 :o pa9t$ 9 8 fa!r's        
/yle & liv$ to an advanc$ age4    ,hui  
,tsung1 emp]or1 poet1 pa9t] &           
calligraphi/4 ,born 9 #ajhb1            
asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 #aajj1 lo/ 8 ?rone 9   
#aabe & di$ 9       captivity 9 #aace4  
,9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 reign he f\nd$ !      
,academy ( ,calligraphy & ,pa9t+4 ,he   
made a l>ge collection (       valuable 

pa9t+s & r>e objects ( art :i* 0 scatt]$
 at       ! plund]+ ( 8 capital by !    
,t>t>s 9 #abbe4   ,v4 ,y,ue,a,n ,,dyna/y
  ,a4,d4 #abfj-acfh    ,*ao ,m5g-fu1    
also call$ ,ts7u-ang4 ,born 9 #abed4    
,man (       lett]s1 pa9t] &            
calligraphi/4 ,he 0 a great l&scape     
pa9t] & 9 ! fir/ rank z a pa9t] (       
horses4    ,*'i5 ,hsuean1 also call$    
,*'i5 ,%un-*ue1 liv$ at ! end ( !       
?irte5? & beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,he
 pa9t$       figures1 l&scape1 fl[]s &  
birds4 ,he employ$ ! /yle &       me?ods
 ( ! ,sung dyna/y4    ,y5 ,hui liv$ 9 ! 
?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,8          
pa9t+s 7 num]\s & indicate a ma/] ( !   
fir/ ord]4       ,he pa9t$ _m ,buddhi/ &
 ,taoi/ subjects4    ,huang ,kung-wang4 
,f\rte5? c5tury4 ,at fir/ influ5c$ by ! 
/yle       ( ,tung ,yuean & ,*ue ,jan1  
he lat] acquir$ an individual /yle &    
0 "o ( ! great f\nd]s ( s*ools 9 !      
,yuean p]iod4    ,ni ,tsan1 also call$  
,yu5-l9 7#acja-acgd74 ,man ( lett]s1    
calligraphi/1 collector ( books &       

pa9t+s4 ,he is consid]$       to be "o (
 ! greate/ pa9t]s ( 8 "t4   ,,vi4 ,,!   
,,m+ ,,dyna/y  ,a4,d4 #acfh-afdd    ,*\ 
,*ih-mi5 liv$ 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5?     
c5turies4 ,8       subjects 7 pr9cipally
 birds & fl[]s4    ,%5 ,*\1 also call$  
,%5 ,ki-nan or ,%5 ,k'i 7#adbg-aejg74   
,l&scape pa9t]4 ,8 composition is at    
times ov]lad51 z is       (t5 se5 9 ,m+ 
art4    ,lu ,fu liv$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4
 ,he made a special /udy ( !       plum 
tree 9 mono*rome4 ,he is comp>able to ! 
great ,sung       ma/]s4    ,wang       
,yuean-*ang4 ,di$ 9 #adjg at ! age (    
#gc4 ,he pa9t$ ! bamboo       & plum    
tree 9 mono*rome4 ,he c>ri$ on ! ,sung  
tradition1       ) :i* he 0 directly    
connect$1 & 0 ! f\nd] ( a       s*ool4  
,w5 ,*5g-m+ 7#adhj-aeei71 pa9t]1 poet & 
calligraphi/4 ,he is       (t5 comp>$ ) 
,*ao ,m5g-fu4    ,ju-sue4 ,kn[n only "u 
?is appellation4 ,he liv$ 9 ! fifte5?   
c5tury & w5t to ,japan1 :]e 8 influ5ce 0
 m>k$4       7,japanese ,josetsu47      
,,vii4 ,,! ,,*',,+ ,,dyna/y  #afdd-aiab 

,yu5 ,*\-p'+1 appellation ,nan-t'i51    
true "n ,yu5 ,ko       7#afcc-afij74 ,he
 /udi$ at fir/ "u ! influ5ce ( ,wang    
,%u-m+ & ,siu ,hi4 ,he pa9t$ figures1   
fl[]s & l&scape4    ,%5 ,nan-p'+ liv$ 9 
! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,he     
0 call$ to ,japan 9 #agbj & f\nd$ !re ! 
s*ool (       ,m+-,*'+ or ! mod]n ,*9ese
 s*ool4    ,huang ,y9-piau or ,huang-%54
 ,at ! height ( 8 c>e] betwe5           
#agbg & #agdf4 ,he pa9t$ l&scape &1 t[>d
 ! end ( 8       life1 leg5d>y figures (
 ,buddhism & ,taoism ) a te*nique       
t 0 skillful b (t5 precise & some:at    
weak4