,,m9d ,,& ,,motion ,,& ,,monism ,,by ,,! ,,late ,,george ,,john ,,romanes1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,honor>y ,,fell[ ,,( ,,gonville ,,& ,,caius ,,college1 ,,cambridge ,,london ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 ,,& ,,new ,,york #ahie ,ox=d ,,horace ,,h>t1 ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,works ,,by ,,george ,,john ,,romanes1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,d>w91 ,,& ,,aft] ,,d>w93 an ,exposition ( ! ,d>w9ian ,!ory1 & a ,discussion on ,po/-,d>w9ian ,que/ions4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ory4 ,) ,portrait ( ,d>w9 & #abe ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,po/-,,d>w9ian ,,que/ions3 ,,h]$ity ,,& ,,utility4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,,an ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,weismannism4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,m9d ,,& ,,motion ,,& ,,monism4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,,?\ghts ,,on ,,religion4 ,edit$1 ) a ,preface1 by ,,*>les ,,gore1 ,m4,a41 ,canon ( ,we/m9/]4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,london ,,longmans1 ,,gre5 ,,co4 ,,preface ,( ! cont5ts ( ?is little volume ! section on ,m9d & ,motion :i* =ms1 9 accordance ) a sugge/ion ( ! au?or's1 a g5]al introduction1 0 deliv]$ at ,cambridge z ! ,r$e ,lecture 9 #ahhe1 & 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review = ,june 9 t ye>4 ,! *apt] on ,! ,_w z an ,eject 0 publi%$1 almo/ z x n[ /&s1 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review = ,july1 #ahhf4 ,a pap] on ,! ,fallacy ( ,mat]ialism1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,romanes incorporat$ ! m important p>ts 9 ! ,essay on ,monism1 0 contribut$ to ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury = ,decemb]1 #ahhb4 ,! re/ 0 left 9 ,,ms4 & 0 probably writt5 9 #ahhi or #ahij4 ,! subjects "h discuss$ frequ5tly occupi$ ,mr4 ,romanes' ke5 & v]satile m9d4 ,_h n ! h& ( dea? fall5 ^u him :ile s mu* ( ! rip5+ gra9 ( 8 ?\ght /ill rema9$ to be f9ally g>n]$1 "s modifications & ext5sions ( ! views set =? 9 ! ,essay on ,monism w\ld probably h be5 introduc$4 ,att5tion may be drawn1 = example1 to ! s5t5ce on p4 #aci1 italiciz$ by ! au?or himself1 9 :i* x is cont5d$ t ! w z ag5t mu/ be id5tifi$ ) ! pr9ciple ( ,causality4 ,i h reason to believe t ! *apt] on ,! ,_w z an ,eject w\ld1 9 a f9al revision ( ! ,essay z a :ole1 h be5 modifi$ s z to lay /ress on ?is id5tification ( ! human w ) ! pr9ciple ( ,causality 9 ! _w at l>ge--a doctr9e ! relation ( :i* to ! tea*+s ( ,s*op5hau] w be evid5t to /ud5ts ( philosophy4 ,b ! h& ( dea? clos$ on ! ?9k] ere 8 ?\ght _h receiv$ its full & ultimate expression4 ,:5 9 ,july1 #ahic1 ,i receiv$ f ,mr4 ,romanes in/ructions ) reg>d to ! publication ( t :i* n[ goes =? to ! _w 9 8 "n1 8 end seem$ v ne>2 & he said ) falt]+ voice1 9 tones ! pa?os ( :i* l+]s ) me /ill1 t ?is & mu* besides mu/1 he fe>$1 be left unf9i%$4 ,he sugge/$ t p]haps ,i might revise ! p>ts 9 ! light ( ! :ole4 ,b ,i h ?\ght x be/ to leave :at he _h writt5 z he wrote x1 save = q unimportant em5dations1 le/ 9 revis+ ,i %\ld ca/ ov] x ! %ad[ ( my own op9ions4 ,x only rema9s to add t ! conclusions rea*$ 9 ?is ,essay %\ld be /udi$ 9 connection ) ! lat] ,?\ghts on ,religion :i* ,canon ,gore has rec5tly edit$4 ,c4 ,,ll4 ,m4 ,,bri/ol1 ,may1 #ahie4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,m9d ,,& ,,motion #a ,,monism #ci ,,introduction #da ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,spiritualism #dg ,,ii4 ,,mat]ialism #ee ,,iii4 ,,monism #gi ,,iv4 ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,,an ,,eject #hh ,v4 ,,! ,,w ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,mat]ialism ,,& ,,spiritualism #aai ,,vi4 ,,! ,,w ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,monism #abi ,,m9d ,,& ,,motion ,,r$e ,,lecture1 #ahhe4 ,! e>lie/ writ] :o des]ves to be call$ a psy*ologi/ is ,hobbes2 & if we consid] ! "t :5 he wrote1 we _c fail to be surpris$ at :at ,i may t]m 8 prevision ( ! mo/ important results :i* h n[ be5 e/abli%$ by sci5ce4 ,he 0 ! fir/ cle>ly to s\nd ! note :i* has ev] s9ce con/itut$ ! bass1 or fundam5tal tone1 ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,let u li/5 to x ?r\gh ! cle> in/rum5tality ( 8 own language3-- ',all ! qualities call$ s5sible are1 9 ! object :i* cause? !m1 b s _m motions ( ! matt] by :i* x presse? on our organs div]sely4 ,nei!r 9 u t are press$ are !y any?+ else b div]s motions2 = motion produce? no?+ b motion4444 ,! cause ( s5se is ! ext]nal body or object1 :i* presse? ! organ prop] to ea* s5se1 ei!r imm$iately1 z 9 ta/e & t\*1 or m$iately1 z 9 he>+1 see+1 & smell+2 :i* pressure1 by ! m$iation ( ! n]ves1 & o!r /r+s & membranes ( ! body1 cont9u$ inw>ds to ! bra9 & he>t1 cause? !re a resi/ance1 or c\nt]-pressure1 or endeav\r4444 ,& because go+1 speak+1 & ! l volunt>y motions1 dep5d always ^u a prec$5t ?\ght ( :i!r1 :i* way1 & :at2 x is evid5t t ! imag9ation or idea is ! fir/ int]nal beg9n+ ( all volunt>y motion4 ,& al?\gh un/udi$ m5 d n conceive any motion at all to be !re1 :]e ! ?+ mov$ is invisible2 or ! space x is mov$ 9 is1 = ! %ortness ( x1 ins5sible2 yet t do? n h9d]1 b t su* motions are4 ,^! small beg9n+s ( motion1 )9 ! body ( man1 be=e !y appe> 9 walk+1 speak+1 /rik+1 & o!r visible actions1 are commonly call$ ,,endeav\r#a4' ,^! quotations are suffici5t to %[ t ! sy/em ( ,hobbes 0 prophetic ( a revelation aft]w>ds decl>$ by two c5turies ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,= !y %[ h[ pla9ly he taught t all our k ( ! ext]nal _w is a k ( motion2 &1 aga91 t all our acquisitions ( k & o!r acts ( m9d !mselves imply1 z he else:]e says1 "s k9d ( 'motion1 agitation1 or alt]ation1 :i* worke? 9 ! bra94' ,t he conceiv$ su* motion1 agitation1 or alt]ation to be1 f its extreme m9ut5ess1 'invisible' & 'ins5sible1' or1 z we %\ld n[ say1 molecul>1 is likewise evid5t4 ,i c !re=e imag9e ! delight ) :i* he w\ld he> me speak :5 ,i say1 t x is no long] a matt] ( ke5-sight$ speculation1 b a matt] ( c>efully demon/rat$ fact1 t all our k ( ! ext]nal _w is no?+ m ?an a k ( motion4 ,= all ! =ms ( en]gy h n[ be5 prov$ to be b modes ( motion2 & ev5 matt]1 if n 9 its ultimate con/itution vortical motion1 at all ev5ts is kn[n to u only z *anges ( motion3 all t we p]ceive 9 :at we call matt] is *ange 9 modes ( motion4 ,we d n ev5 "k :at x is t moves2 we only "k t :5 "s modes ( motion pass into o!r modes1 we p]ceive :at we und]/& by matt]4 ,x w\ld take me too long to ju/ify ?is g5]al /atem5t s t x %\ld be intelligible to e "o2 b ,i am confid5t t all p]sons :o und]/& su* subjects w1 :5 !y ?9k ab\t x1 accept ?is g5]al /atem5t z "o :i* is univ]sally true4 ,&1 if s1 !y w agree ) ,hobbes t all our k ( ! ext]nal _w is a k ( motion4 ,n[1 if x w\ld h be5 ?us a joy to ,hobbes to h he>d to-day h[ ?or\ghly he has be5 ju/ifi$ 9 8 views t\*+ ! ext]nal _w1 ) no less joy w\ld he h he>d t he has be5 equally ju/ifi$ 9 8 views t\*+ ! int]nal _w4 ,= x has n[ be5 prov$1 beyond ! possibility ( dispute1 t x is only 9 virtue ( ^? invisible movem5ts :i* he inf]r$ t ! n]v\s sy/em is enabl$ to p]=m its v>i$ functions4 ,to _m among ! diff]5t k9ds ( movem5t go+ on 9 ! ext]nal _w1 ! animal body is adapt$ to respond by its own movem5ts z be/ suits its own welf>e2 & ! me*anism :]eby ?is is effect$ is ! neuro-muscul> sy/em4 ,^? k9ds ( movem5t go+ on 9 ! ext]nal _w :i* are compet5t to evoke responsive movem5ts 9 ! animal body are call$ by physiologi/s /imuli4 ,:5 a /imulus falls ^u ! appropriate s5sory surface1 a wave ( molecul> movem5t is s5t up ! atta*$ s5sory n]ve to a n]ve-c5tre1 :i* !reupon issues ano!r wave ( molecul> movem5t d[n a motor n]ve to ! gr\p ( muscles ov] ^: action x presides2 & :5 ! muscles receive ?is wave ( n]v\s influ5ce !y contract4 ,?is k9d ( response to /imuli is purely me*anical1 or non-m5tal1 & is ord9>ily t]m$ reflex action4 ,! :ole ( ! sp9al cord & l[] "p ( ! bra9 are made up ( n]ve-c5tres ( reflex action2 &1 9 ! result1 we h a wond]fully p]fect ma*9e 9 ! animal body consid]$ z a :ole4 ,= :ile ! v>i\s s5sory surfaces are sev]ally adapt$ to respond to diff]5t k9ds ( ext]nal movem5t--! eye to light1 ! e> to s\nd1 & s on--any ( ^! surfaces may be br\ght into suitable relation ) any ( ! muscles ( ! body by means ( ! c]ebro-sp9al n]ve-c5tres & _! int]communications4 ,s mu*1 !n1 = ! ma*9]y ( ! body4 ,we mu/ n[ turn to consid] ! corporeal seat ( ! m9d1 or ! only "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em :]e9 ! agitation ( n]v\s matt] is accompani$ ) consci\sness4 ,?is is compos$ ( a d\ble n]ve-c5tre1 :i* occurs 9 all v]tebrat$ animals1 & ! two p>ts ( :i* are call$ ! c]ebral hemisph]es4 ,9 man ?is d\ble n]ve-c5tre is s l>ge t x completely fills ! ar* ( ! skull1 z f> d[n z ! level ( ! eyebr[s4 ,! two hemisph]es ( :i* x consi/s meet face to face 9 ! middle l9e ( ! skull1 f ! top ( ! nose backw>ds4 ,ea* hemisph]e is compos$ ( two conspicu\sly di/9ct p>ts1 call$ respectively ! grey matt] & ! :ite matt]4 ,! grey matt] is ext]nal1 envelop+ ! :ite matt] l a skull-cap1 & is compos$ ( an inconceivable numb] ( n]ve-cells connect$ toge!r by n]ve-fibres4 ,x is comput$ t 9 a human bra9 !re _c be less ?an a ?\s& millions ( cells1 & five ?\s& millions ( fibres4 ,! :ite matt] is compos$ only ( n]ve-fibres1 :i* pass d[nw>ds 9 great /r&s ( conduct+ tissue to ! l[] c5tres ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord4 ,s t ! :ole con/itutes "o sy/em1 ) ! grey matt] ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es at ! apex or cr[n4 ,t ! grey matt] ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es is ! exclusive seat ( m9d is prov$ 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 if we look to ! animal k+dom z a :ole1 we f9d t1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! intellig5ce ( species v>ies ) ! mass ( ?is grey matt]4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 we f9d t ! process ( m5tal evolution1 on its physical side1 has consi/$ 9 ! progressive developm5t ( ?is grey matt] sup]impos$ ^u ! pre-exi/+ n]v\s ma*9]y1 until x has atta9$ its late/ & maximum gr[? 9 man4 ,9 ! second place1 we f9d t :5 ! grey matt] is exp]im5tally remov$ f ! bra9 ( animals1 ! animals cont9ue to live2 b are completely depriv$ ( intellig5ce4 ,all ! l[] n]ve-c5tres cont9ue to p]=m _! me*anical adju/m5ts 9 response to suitable /imulation2 b !y are no long] "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! m9d4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 :5 a bird is mutilat$ 9 ?is way1 x w cont9ue to p]=m all its reflex adju/m5ts--su* z sitt+ on a p]*1 us+ its w+s :5 ?r[n into ! air1 & s =?2 b x no long] rememb]s its ne/ or its "y1 & w />ve to dea? 9 ! mid/ ( its food1 unless x be f$ artificially4 ,aga91 if ! grey matt] ( only "o hemisph]e be remov$1 ! m9d is tak5 away f ! correspond+ 7i4 e4 ! opposite7 side ( ! body1 :ile x rema9s intact on ! o!r side4 ,= example1 if a dog be depriv$ ( "o hemisph]e1 ! eye :i* 0 suppli$ f x ) n]ve-fibres cont9ues able to see1 or to transmit impressions to ! l[] n]ve-c5tre call$ ! optic ganglion2 = ?is eye w !n me*anically foll[ ! h& wav$ 9 front ( x4 ,b if ! h& %\ld hold a piece ( meat1 ! dog w %[ no m5tal recognition ( ! meat1 :i* ( c\rse x w imm$iately seize if expos$ to ! view ( its o!r eye4 ,! same ?+ is f\nd to happ5 9 ! case ( birds3 on ! injur$ side s5sation1 or ! p[] ( respond+ to a /imulus1 rema9s intact2 :ile p]ception1 or ! p[] ( m5tal recognition1 is de/roy$4 ,?is description applies to ! grey matt] ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es z a :ole4 ,b ( c\rse ! "q next arises :e!r x only acts z a :ole1 or :e!r !re is any localization ( diff]5t intellectual faculties 9 diff]5t p>ts ( x4 ,n[1 9 answ] to ?is "q1 x has long be5 kn[n t ! faculty ( spee* is def9itely localiz$ 9 a "p ( ! grey matt] ly+ j beh9d ! =ehead2 =1 :5 ?is "p is injur$1 a man loses all p[] ( express+ ev5 ! mo/ simple ideas 9 words1 :ile ! ideas !mselves rema9 z cle> z ev]4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 ea* individual only ?is "p ( "o hemisph]e appe>s to be us$2 & !re is "s evid5ce to %[ t left-h&$ p]sons use ! opposite side f "r-h&$4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! side :i* is habitually 9 use is de/roy$1 ! correspond+ "p ( ! o!r hemisph]e beg9s to le>n its "w1 s t ! pati5t may 9 "t recov] 8 use ( language4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ! important discov]y has be5 made1 t by /imulat+ ) electricity ! surface ( ! grey matt] ( ! hemisph]es1 muscul> movem5ts are evok$2 & t c]ta9 pat*es ( ! grey matt]1 :5 ?us /imulat$1 always ?r[ into action ! same gr\ps ( muscles4 ,9 o!r words1 !re are def9ite local areas ( grey matt]1 :i*1 :5 /imulat$1 ?r[ into action def9ite gr\ps ( muscles4 ,! surface ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es has n[ be5 9 l>ge measure explor$ & mapp$ out ) ref]5ce to ^! s-call$ motor-c5tres2 & ?us our k ( ! neuro-muscul> ma*9]y ( ! high] animals 7includ+ man7 has be5 v greatly fur!r$4 ,"h ,i may obs]ve p>5!tically t1 z ! bra9 is ins5ti5t to injuries inflict$ ^u its own sub/ance1 none ( ! exp]im5ts to :i* ,i h allud$ entail any suff]+ to ! animals exp]im5t$ ^u2 & x is evid5t t ! important in=mation :i* has ?us be5 ga9$ c\ld n h be5 ga9$ by any o!r me?od4 ,i may also obs]ve t z ^! motor-c5tres occur 9 ! grey matt] ( ! hemisph]es1 a /rong probability arises t !y are n only ! motor-c5tres1 b also ! volitional c5tres :i* orig9ate ! intellectual comm&s = ! contraction ( ?is & t gr\p ( muscles4 ,un=tunately we _c int]rogate an animal :e!r1 :5 we /imulate a motor-c5tre1 we ar\se 9 ! animal's m9d an act ( w to ?r[ ! correspond+ gr\p ( muscles into action2 b t ^! motor-c5tres are really c5tres ( volition is po9t$ to by ! fact1 t electrical /imuli h no long] any effect ^u !m :5 ! m5tal faculties ( ! animal are susp5d$ by anae/hetics1 nor 9 ! case ( "y animals :]e ! m5tal faculties h n yet be5 suffici5tly develop$ to admit ( volunt>y co-ord9ation among ! muscles :i* are conc]n$4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 x is n improbable t on /imulat+ artificially ^! motor-c5tres ( ! bra91 a physiologi/ is actually play+ f )\t1 & at 8 own pleasure1 ^u ! volitions ( ! animal4 ,turn+1 n[1 f ?is brief description ( ! /ructure & lead+ functions ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ,i propose to consid] :at we "k ab\t ! molecul> movem5ts :i* g on 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ?is sy/em1 & :i* are conc]n$ 9 all ! processes ( reflex adju/m5t1 s5sation1 p]ception1 emotion1 in/9ct1 ?\ght1 & volition4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! rate at :i* ^! molecul> movem5ts travel ?r\gh a n]ve has be5 measur$1 & f\nd to be ab\t #ajj feet p] second1 or some:at m ?an a mile a m9ute1 9 ! n]ves ( a frog4 ,9 ! n]ves ( a mammal x is j ab\t twice z fa/2 s t if ,london 7 connect$ ) ,new ,york by means ( a mammalian n]ve in/ead ( an electric cable1 x w\ld require ne>ly a :ole day = a message to pass4 ,next1 ! "t has also be5 measur$ :i* is requir$ by a n]ve-c5tre to p]=m its "p 9 a reflex action1 :]e no ?\ght or consci\sness is involv$4 ,?is "t1 9 ! case ( ! w9k+ reflex1 & ap>t f ! "t requir$ = ! passage ( ! molecul> waves up & d[n ! s5sory & motor n]ves1 is ab\t #a_/bj ( a second4 ,su* is ! rate at :i* a n]ve-c5tre conducts its op]ations :5 no consci\sness or volition is involv$4 ,b :5 consci\sness & volition are involv$1 or :5 ! c]ebral hemisph]es are call$ into play1 ! "t requir$ is consid]ably great]4 ,= ! op]ations on ! "p ( ! hemisph]es :i* are compris$ 9 p]ceiv+ a simple s5sation 7su* z an electrical %ock7 & ! volitional act ( signall+ ! p]ception1 _c be p]=m$ 9 less ?an #a_/ab ( a second1 :i* is ne>ly twice z long z ! "t requir$ by ! l[] n]ve-c5tres = ! p]=mance ( a reflex action4 ,o!r exp]im5ts prove t ! m complex an act ( p]ception1 ! m "t is requir$ = its p]=mance4 ,?us1 :5 ! exp]im5t is made to consi/1 n m]ely 9 signall+ a p]ception1 b 9 signall+ "o ( two or m p]ceptions 7su* z an electrical %ock on "o or o!r ( ! two h&s1 :i* ( five lett]s is sudd5ly expos$ to view1 c471 a long] "t is requir$ = ! m complex process ( di/+ui%+ :i* ( ! two or m expect$ /imuli is p]ceiv$1 & 9 det]m9+ :i* ( ! appropriate signals to make 9 response4 ,! "t consum$ by ! c]ebral hemisph]es 9 meet+ a 'dilemma' ( ?is k9d is f #a_/e to #a_/bj ( a second long] ?an t :i* !y consume 9 ! case ( a simpl] p]ception4 ,!re=e1 :5ev] m5tal op]ations are conc]n$1 a relatively mu* great] "t is requir$ = a n]ve-c5tre to p]=m its adju/m5ts ?an :5 a m]ely me*anical or non-m5tal response is ne$$2 & ! m complex ! m5tal op]ation ! m "t is necess>y4 ,su* may be t]m$ ! physiology ( delib]ation4 ,s mu*1 !n1 = ! rate at :i* molecul> movem5ts travel ?r\gh n]ves1 & ! times :i* n]ve-c5tres consume 9 p]=m+ _! molecul> adju/m5ts4 ,we may next consid] ! rese>*es :i* h be5 made )9 ! la/ few mon?s ^u ! rates ( ^! movem5ts !mselves1 or ! numb] ( vibrations p] second ) :i* ! p>ticles ( n]v\s matt] oscillate4 ,if1 by means ( a suitable app>atus1 a muscle is made to record its own contraction1 we f9d t dur+ all ! "t x is 9 contraction1 x is "u-go+ a vibratory movem5t at ! rate ( ab\t n9e pulsations p] second4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is movem5t8 ,! mean+ is t ! act ( w 9 ! bra91 :i* s]ves z a /imulus to ! contraction ( ! muscle1 is accompani$ by a vibratory movem5t 9 ! grey matt] ( ! bra92 t ?is movem5t is go+ on at ! rate ( n9e pulsations p] second2 & t ! muscle is giv+ a sep>ate or di/9ct contraction 9 response to e "o ( ^! n]v\s pulsations4 ,t su* is ! true explanation ( ! rhy?m 9 ! muscle is prov$ by ! fact t if1 in/ead ( contract+ a muscle by an act ( ! w1 x be contract$ by means ( a rapid s]ies ( electrical %ocks play+ ^u its atta*$ n]ve1 ! record !n furni%$ %[s a simil> trembl+ go+ on 9 ! muscle z 9 ! previ\s case2 b ! tremors ( contraction are n[ no long] at ! rate ( n9e p] second3 !y correspond beat = beat ) ! int]ruptions ( ! electrical curr5t4 ,t is to say1 ! muscle is respond+ sep>ately to e sep>ate /imulus :i* x receives ?r\gh ! n]ve2 & fur!r exp]im5t %[s t x is able ?us to keep "t ) ! sep>ate %ocks1 ev5 ?\gh ^! be made to foll[ "o ano!r s rapidly z #a1jjj p] second4 ,!re=e we c h no d\bt t ! sl[ rhy?m ( n9e p] second "u ! influ5ce ( volitional /imulation1 repres5ts ! rate at :i* ! muscle is receiv+ s _m sep>ate impulses f ! bra93 ! muscle is keep+ "t ) ! molecul> vibrations go+ on 9 ! c]ebral hemisph]es at ! rate ( n9e beats p] second4 ,c>eful trac+s %[ t ?is rate _c be increas$ by increas+ ! /r5g? ( ! volitional /imulus2 b "s individuals--& ^? usually :o are ( quicke/ intellig5ce--display a some:at quick] rate ( rhy?m1 :i* may be z high z elev5 p] second4 ,moreov]1 x is f\nd t by /imulat+ ) /ry*n9e any ( ! c5tres ( reflex action1 pretty ne>ly ! same rate ( rhy?m is exhibit$ by ! muscles ?us ?r[n into contraction2 s t all ! n]ve-cells 9 ! body are ?us %[n to h 9 _! vibrations pretty ne>ly ! same p]iod1 & n to be able to vibrate ) any o!r4 ,= no matt] h[ rapidly ! electrical %ocks are all[$ to play ^u ! grey matt] ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 z di/+ui%$ f ! n]ve-trunks proce$+ f !m to ! muscles1 ! muscles always %[ ! same rhy?m ( ab\t n9e beats p] second3 ! n]ve-cells1 unlike ! n]ve-fibres1 refuse to keep "t ) ! electric %ocks1 & w only respond to !m by vibrat+ at _! own intr9sic rate ( n9e beats p] second4 ,?us mu*1 !n1 = ! rate ( molecul> vibration :i* goes on 9 n]ve-c5tres4 ,b ! rate ( su* vibration :i* goes on 9 s5sory & motor n]ves may be v mu* m rapid4 ,= :ile a n]ve-c5tre is only able to orig9ate a vibration at ! rate ( ab\t n9e beats p] second1 a motor-n]ve1 z we h already se51 is able to transmit a vibration ( at lea/ #a1jjj beats p] second2 & a s5sory n]ve :i* at ! surface ( its expansion is able to respond diff]5tly to diff]5ces ( musical pit*1 ( temp]ature1 & ev5 ( col\r1 is probably able to vibrate v mu* m rapidly ev5 ?an ?is4 ,we are n1 inde$1 entitl$ to conclude t ! n]ves ( special s5se vibrate 9 actual unison1 or syn*ronize1 ) ^! ext]nal s\rces ( /imulation2 b we are1 ,i ?9k1 b\nd to conclude t !y mu/ vibrate 9 "s num]ical proportion to !m 7else we %\ld n p]ceive objective diff]5ces 9 s\nd1 temp]ature1 or col\r72 & ev5 ?is implies t !y are probably able to vibrate at "s enorm\s rate4 ,) fur!r ref]5ce to ^! molecul> movem5ts 9 s5sory n]ves1 ! foll[+ important obs]vation has be5 made--viz4 t !re is a con/ant ratio betwe5 ! am\nt ( agitation produc$ 9 a s5sory n]ve1 & ! int5sity ( ! correspond+ s5sation4 ,?is ratio is n a direct "o4 ,z ,fe*n] /ates x1 ',s5sation v>ies1 n z ! /imulus1 b z ! log>i?m ( ! /imulus4' ,?us1 = in/ance1 if #a1jjj c&les are all ?r[+ _! light ^u ! same scre51 we %\ld require t5 m c&les to be add$ be=e our eyes c\ld p]ceive any diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( illum9ation4 ,b if we beg9 ) only #ajj c&les %9+ ^u ! scre51 we %\ld p]ceive an increase 9 ! illum9ation by add+ a s+le c&le4 ,& :at is true ( sight is equally true ( all ! o!r s5ses3 if any /imulus is increas$1 ! smalle/ increase ( s5sation fir/ occurs :5 ! /imulus rises "o p] c5t1 above its orig9al int5sity4 ,su* be+ ! law on ! side ( s5sation1 suppose t we place ^u ! optic n]ve ( an animal ! wires proce$+ f a delicate galvanomet]1 we f9d t e "t we /imulate ! eye ) light1 ! ne$le ( ! galvanomet] moves1 %[+ electrical *anges go+ on 9 ! n]ve1 caus$ by ! molecul> agitations4 ,n[ ^! electrical *anges are f\nd to v>y 9 int5sity ) ! int5sity ( ! light us$ z a /imulus1 & !y d s v ne>ly 9 accordance ) ! law ( s5sation j m5tion$4 ,s we say t 9 s5sation ! c]ebral hemisph]es are1 z x 71 act+ ! "p ( galvanomet]s 9 appreciat+ ! am\nt ( molecul> *ange :i* is go+ on 9 s5sory n]ves2 & t !y record _! read+s 9 ! m9d z fai?fully z a galvanomet] records its read+s on ! dial4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hi!rto we h be5 consid]+ c]ta9 features 9 ! physiology ( n]v\s action1 s f> z ?is c be appreciat$ by means ( physiological in/rum5ts4 ,b we h j se5 t ! c]ebral hemisph]es may !mselves be reg>d$ z su* in/rum5ts1 :i* record 9 our m9ds _! read+s ( *anges go+ on 9 our n]ves4 ,h5ce1 :5 o!r physiological in/rum5ts fail u1 we may ga9 mu* additional insight t\*+ ! movem5ts ( n]v\s matt] by att5d+ to ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( our own m9ds2 = ^! are s _m indices ( :at is go+ on 9 ! c]ebral hemisph]es4 ,i !re=e propose next to contemplate ! m9d1 consid]$ ?us z a physiological in/rum5t4 ,! same sci5tific in/9ct :i* l$ ,hobbes s truly to anticipate ! progress ( physiology1 l$ him n less truly to anticipate ! progress ( psy*ology4 ,= j z he 0 ! fir/ to enunciate ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( n]ve-action 9 ! vibration ( molecules1 s 0 he likewise ! fir/ to enunciate ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( psy*ology 9 ! association ( ideas4 ,& ! great advance ( k :i* has be5 made s9ce 8 day ) respect to bo? ^! pr9ciples1 entitles u to be mu* m confid5t ?an ev5 he 0 t !y are 9 "s way intimately unit$4 ,moreov]1 ! mann] 9 :i* !y are s unit$ we h begun cle>ly to und]/&4 ,= we "k f our /udy ( n]ve-action 9 g5]al1 t :5 once a wave ( invisible or molecul> movem5t passes ?r\gh any l9e ( n]ve-/ructure1 x leaves beh9d x a *ange 9 ! /ructure su* t x is aft]w>ds m easy = a simil> wave1 :5 />t$ f ! same po9t1 to pursue ! same c\rse4 ,or1 to adopt a simile f ,hobbes1 j z wat] ^u a table fl[s mo/ readily 9 ! l9es :i* h be5 wett$ by a previ\s fl[1 s ! invisible waves ( n]ve-action pass mo/ readily 9 ! l9es ( a previ\s passage4 ,?is is ! reason :y 9 any ex]cise requir+ muscul> co-ord9ation1 or dext]ity1 'practice makes p]fect3' ! n]ve-c5tres conc]n$ le>n to p]=m _! "w by frequ5tly repeat+ x1 because 9 ?is way ! ne$ful l9es ( wave-movem5t 9 ! /ructure ( ! n]ve-c5tre are r5d]$ m & m p]meable by use4 ,n[ we h se5 t 9 ! n]ve-c5tres call$ ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 wave-movem5t ( ?is k9d is accompani$ ) feel+4 ,*anges ( consci\sness foll[ /ep by /ep ^! waves ( movem5t 9 ! bra91 & !re=e :5 on two successive occasions ! waves ( movem5t pursue ! same pa?way 9 ! bra91 !y are att5d$ ) a succession ( ! same ideas 9 ! m9d4 ,?us we see t ! t5d5cy ( ideas to recur 9 ! same ord] z t 9 :i* !y h previ\sly occurr$1 is m]ely an obv]se expression ( ! fact t l9es ( wave-movem5t 9 ! bra9 become m & m p]meable by use4 ,s x comes t a *ild c le>n its lessons by frequ5tly repeat+ !m2 s x is t all our k is accumulat$2 & s x is t all our ?9k+ is conduct$4 ,a :olly new field ( inquiry is ?us op5$ up4 ,by us+ our own consci\sness z a physiological in/rum5t ( ! greate/ delicacy1 we are able to le>n a great deal ab\t ! dynamics ( bra9-action conc]n+ :i* we %\ld o!rwise rema9 9 total ignorance4 ,b ! field ( inquiry ?us op5$ up is too l>ge = me to ent] ^u to-day4 ,i w !re=e m]ely obs]ve1 9 g5]al t]ms1 t al?\gh we are /ill v f> f und]/&+ ! op]ations ( ! bra9 9 ?\ght1 !re c be no long] any "q t 9 ^! op]ations ( ! bra9 we h :at ,i may t]m ! objective ma*9]y ( ?\ght4 ',n e ?\ght to e ?\ght succe$s indiff]5tly1' said ,hobbes4 ,/>t+ f ?is fact1 mod]n physiology has cle>ly %[n :y x is a fact2 & look+ to ! a/oni%+ rate at :i* ! sci5ce ( physiology is n[ advanc+1 ,i ?9k we may fairly expect t )9 a "t less remote ?an ! two c5turies :i* n[ sep>ate u f ,hobbes1 ! c\rse ( ideas 9 a giv5 tra9 ( ?\ght w admit ( hav+ its foot/eps track$ 9 ! correspond+ pa?ways ( ! bra94 ,be ?is1 h[ev]1 z x may1 ev5 n[ we "k en\gh to say t1 :e!r or n ^! foot/eps w ev] admit ( be+ ?us track$ 9 detail1 !y are all c]ta9ly pres5t 9 ! c]ebral /ructures ( ea* "o ( u4 ,:at we "k on ! side ( m9d z logical sequ5ce1 is on ! side ( ! n]v\s sy/em no?+ m ?an a passage ( n]v\s en]gy ?r\gh "o s]ies ( cells & fibres r ?an ?r\gh ano!r3 :at we recognize z tru? is m]ely ! fact ( ! bra9 vibrat+ 9 tune ) ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* be+ ! intimate relation betwe5 n]ve-action & m9d-action1 x has become ! sci5tifically or?odox tea*+ t ! two /& to "o ano!r 9 ! relation ( cause to effect4 ,"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( my pr$ecessors 9 ?is place1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 has said 9 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( 8 lectures3--',we h z mu* reason = reg>d+ ! mode ( motion ( ! n]v\s sy/em z ! cause ( ! /ate ( consci\sness1 z we h = reg>d+ any ev5t z ! cause ( ano!r4' ,&1 by way ( p]fectly logical d$uction f ?is /atem5t1 ,pr(essor ,huxley argues t ?\ght & feel+ h no?+ :atev] to d ) det]m9+ action3 !y are m]ely ! bye-products ( c]ebration1 or1 z he expresses x1 ! indices ( *anges :i* are go+ on 9 ! bra94 ,"u ?is view we are all :at he t]ms consci\s automata1 or ma*9es :i* happ51 z x 7 by *ance1 to be consci\s ( "s ( _! own movem5ts4 ,b ! consci\sness is altoge!r adv5titi\s1 & be>s ! same ineffectual relation to ! activity ( ! bra9 z a /eam-:i/le be>s to ! activity ( a locomotive1 or ! /rik+ ( a clock to ! "t-keep+ adju/m5ts ( ! clock-"w4 ,"h1 aga91 we meet ) an e*o ( ,hobbes1 :o op5s 8 "w on ! ,commonweal? ) ^! words3-- ',nature1 ! art :]eby ,god ha? made & gov]ns ! _w1 is by ! art ( man1 z 9 _m o!r ?+s1 9 ?is also imitat$1 t x c make an artificial animal4 ,= see+ life is b a motion ( limbs1 ! beg9n+ :]e( is 9 ! pr9cipal "p )92 :y may we n say1 t all automata 7eng9es t move !mselves by spr+s & :eels z do? a wat*71 h an artificial life8 ,= :at is ! he>t1 b a spr+2 & ! n]ves1 b s _m /r+s2 & ! jo9ts1 b s _m :eels1 giv+ motion to ! :ole body1 su* z 0 int5d$ by ! artific]#b8' ,n[1 ?is !ory ( consci\s automatism is n m]ely a legitimate outcome ( ! !ory t n]v\s *anges are ! causes ( m5tal *anges1 b x is logically ! only possible outcome4 ,nor d ,i see any way 9 :i* ?is !ory c be f\ght on gr\nds ( physiology4 ,if we p]si/ 9 reg>d+ ! association betwe5 bra9 & ?\ght exclusively f a physiological po9t ( view1 we mu/ ( necessity be mat]iali/s4 ,fur!r1 s f> z we are physiologi/s our mat]ialism c d u no h>m4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is to u ( ! utmo/ s]vice1 z at once ! simple/ physiological explanation ( facts already kn[n1 & ! be/ work+ hypo!sis to guide u 9 our fur!r rese>*es4 ,b x does n foll[ f ?is t ! !ory ( mat]ialism is true4 ,! bells ( ,/4 ,m>y's ov] ! way always r+ = a qu>t] ( an h\r be=e ! ,univ]sity s]mon2 yet ! r++ ( ! bells is n ! cause ( ! s]mon1 al?\gh1 z long z ! association rema9s con/ant1 !re w\ld be no h>m 9 assum+1 = any practical purposes1 t x is s4 ,b j z we %\ld be wrong 9 conclud+1 if we did n happ5 to "k s mu* ab\t ! matt] z we d1 t ! ,univ]sity s]mon is produc$ by ! vibration ( bells 9 ! t[] ( ,/4 ,m>y's ,*ur*1 s we may be simil>ly wrong if we 7 def9itely to conclude t ! s]mon is produc$ by ! vibration ( a numb] ( little n]ve-cells 9 ! bra9 ( ! prea*]4 ,n[1 if "t p]mitt$1 & if ,i suppos$ t y w\ld all c>e to g ) me into matt]s ( "s ab/rus5ess1 ,i c\ld c]ta9ly prove t :atev] ! connexion betwe5 body & m9d may be1 we h ! be/ possible reasons = conclud+ t x is n a causal connexion4 ,^! reasons are1 ( c\rse1 extra-physiological2 b !y are n on ?is acc\nt less conclusive4 ,)9 ! limits ( a lecture1 h[ev]1 ,i c only und]take to give an outl9e sket* ( :at ,i take to be ! ov]:elm+ argum5t aga9/ mat]ialism4 ,we h fir/ ! g5]al fact t all our k ( motion1 & s ( matt]1 is m]ely a k ( ! modifications ( m9d4 ,t is to say1 all our k ( ! ext]nal _w--includ+ ! k ( our own bra9s--is m]ely a k ( our own m5tal /ates4 ,let x be obs]v$ t we d n ev5 require to g s f> z ! irrefutable position ( ,b]keley1 t ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w )\t ! m$ium ( m9d1 or ( be+ )\t kn[+1 is inconceivable4 ,x is en\gh to take our /& on a l[] level ( ab/raction1 & to say t :e!r or n an ext]nal _w c exi/ ap>t f m9d 9 any absolute or inconceivable s5se1 at any rate x _c d s = u4 ,we _c ?9k any ( ! facts ( ext]nal nature )\t presuppos+ ! exi/5ce ( a m9d :i* ?9ks !m2 & !re=e1 s f> at lea/ z we are conc]n$1 m9d is necess>ily prior to ev]y?+ else4 ,x is = u ! only mode ( exi/5ce :i* is real 9 its own "r2 & to x1 z to a /&>d1 all o!r modes ( exi/5ce :i* may be 9f]r$ mu/ be ref]r$4 ,!re=e1 if we say t m9d is a function ( motion1 we are only say+1 9 some:at confus$ t]m9ology1 t m9d is a function ( itself4 ,su*1 !n1 ,i take to be a g5]al refutation ( mat]ialism4 ,to use b a mild epi!t1 we mu/ conclude t ! !ory is unphilosophical1 see+ t x assumes "o ?+ to be produc$ by ano!r ?+1 9 spite ( an obvi\s demon/ration t ! alleg$ effect is necess>ily prior to its cause4 ,su*1 ,i say1 is a g5]al refutation ( mat]ialism4 ,b ?is is f> f be+ all4 ',motion1' says ,hobbes1 'produce? no?+ b motion2' & yet he imm$iately proce$s to assume t 9 ! case ( ! bra9 x produces1 n only motion1 b m9d4 ,he 0 p]fectly "r 9 say+ t ) respect to its movem5ts ! animal body resembles an eng9e or a wat*2 & if he _h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! products ( high] evolution 9 wat*-mak+1 he might ) full propriety h argu$1 = in/ance1 t 9 ! comp5sat+ balance1 :]eby a wat* adju/s its own movem5ts 9 adaptation to ext]nal *anges ( temp]ature1 a wat* is exhibit+ ! me*anical aspect ( volition4 ,&1 simil>ly1 x is p]haps possible to conceive t ! pr9ciples ( me*anism might be m & m ext5d$ 9 _! effects1 until1 9 s m>vell\sly p]fect$ a /ructure z ! human bra91 all ! volunt>y movem5ts ( ! body might be orig9at$ 9 ! same me*anical mann] z are ! comp5sat+ movem5ts ( a wat*2 = ?is1 inde$1 z we h se51 is no m ?an happ5s 9 ! case ( all ! n]ve-c5tres o!r ?an ! c]ebral hemisph]es4 ,if ?is 7 s1 motion w\ld be produc+ no?+ b motion1 & ^u ! subject ( bra9-action !re w\ld be no?+ fur!r to say4 ,)\t consci\sness ,i %\ld be deliv]+ ?is lecture2 )\t consci\sness y w\ld be he>+ x2 & all ! busy bra9s 9 ?is ,univ]sity w\ld be conduct+ _! rese>*es1 or prep>+ = _! exam9ations1 m9dlessly4 ,/range z su* a /ate ( ?+s might be1 /ill motion w\ld be produc+ no?+ b motion2 &1 !re=e1 if !re 7 any m9d to contemplate ! facts1 x w\ld enc\nt] no philosophical p>adox3 x w\ld m]ely h to conclude t su* 7 ! a/oni%+ possibilities ( me*anism4 ,b1 z ! facts actually /&1 we f9d t ?is is n ! case4 ,we f9d1 inde$1 t up to a c]ta9 level ( complexity me*anism alone is able to p]=m all ! comp5sations or adju/m5ts :i* are p]=m$ by ! animal body2 b we also f9d t beyond ?is level su* comp5sations or adju/m5ts are nev] p]=m$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( consci\sness4 ,!re=e1 ! !ory ( automatism has to meet ! unansw]able "q--,h[ is x t 9 ! ma*9]y ( ! bra9 motion produces ?is some?+ :i* is n motion8 ,sci5ce has n[ def9itely prov$ ! correlation ( all ! =ces2 & ?is means t if any k9d ( motion c\ld produce any?+ else t is n motion1 x w\ld be produc+ t :i* sci5ce w\ld be b\nd to reg>d z 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w a miracle4 ,!re=e1 if we are to take our /& ^u sci5ce--& ?is is :at mat]ialism pr(esses to d--we are logically b\nd to conclude1 n m]ely t ! evid5ce ( causation f body to m9d is n s cog5t z t ( causation 9 any o!r case1 b t 9 ?is p>ticul> case causation may be prov$1 aga9 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m1 a physical impossibility4 ,to adduce only "o o!r consid]ation4 ,ap>t f all t ,i h said1 is x n 9 itself a /rik+ly sugge/ive fact t consci\sness only1 yet always1 appe>s ^u ! sc5e :5 ! adju/ive actions ( any animal body rise above ! c]ta9 level ( intricacy to :i* ,i h allud$8 ,surely ?is l>ge & g5]al fact po9ts ) irresi/ible =ce to ! conclusion1 t 9 ! p]=mance ( ^! m complex adju/m5ts1 consci\sness--or ! p[] ( feel+ & ! p[] ( will+--is ( "s use4 ,assur$ly on ! pr9ciples ( evolution1 :i* mat]iali/s at all ev5ts _c af=d to disreg>d1 x w\ld be a :olly anomal\s fact t s wide & important a class ( faculties z ^? ( m9d %\ld h become develop$ 9 con/antly asc5d+ degrees ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom1 if !y 7 entirely )\t use to animals4 ,&1 be x obs]v$1 ?is consid]ation holds good :atev] views we may happ5 to ent]ta9 ^u ! special !ory ( natural selection4 ,= ! consid]ation /&s ^u ! g5]al fact t all ! organs & functions ( animals are ( use to animals3 we nev] meet1 on any l>ge or g5]al scale1 ) organs & functions :i* are :olly adv5titi\s4 ,is x to be suppos$ t ?is g5]al pr9ciple fails j :]e its pres5ce is mo/ requir$1 & t ! highe/ functions ( ! highe/ organs ( ! highe/ animals /& out ( analogy ) all o!r functions 9 be+ !mselves functionless8 ,to ?is "q ,i1 = "o1 c only answ]1 & answ] unequivocally1 ,no4 ,z a rational be+ :o waits to take a wid] view ( ! facts ?an t :i* is op5 to ! "o l9e ( rese>* pursu$ by ! physiologi/1 ,i am =c$ to conclude t n )\t a reason does m9d exi/ 9 ! frame ( ?+s2 & t ap>t f ! activity ( m9d1 :]eby motion is relat$ to t :i* is n motion1 ?is planet c\ld nev] h held ! wond]ful be+1 :o 9 multiply+ has repl5i%$ ! e>? & subdu$ x--hold+ dom9ion ov] ! fi% ( ! sea1 & ov] ! f[l ( ! air1 & ov] e liv+ ?+ t move?4 ,:at1 !n1 %all we say t\*+ ?is my/]i\s union ( m9d & motion8 ,hav+ f\nd x physically impossible t !re %\ld be a causal connexion proce$+ f motion to m9d1 %all we try to rev]se ! t]ms1 & suppose a causal connexion proce$+ f m9d to motion8 ,?is is ! olde/ & /ill ! mo/ popul> !ory--! !ory ( spiritualism4 ,&1 no d\bt1 9 "o important respect x is less unphilosophical ?an ! opposite !ory ( mat]ialism4 ,= spiritualism supposes ! causation to proce$ f t :i* is ! s\rce ( our idea ( causality--! m9d3 n f t into :i* ?is idea has be5 read--! bra94 ,!re=e1 if causation 7 to be accept$ z a possibility ei!r way1 x w\ld be less unreasonable to suppose m5tal *anges ! causes ( mat]ial *anges ?an vice v]sa2 = we %\ld !n at lea/ be />t+ f ! basis ( imm$iate k1 in/ead ( f ! reflection ( t k 9 :at we call ! ext]nal _w4 ,see+ t ! ext]nal _w is kn[n to u only z motion1 x is logically impossible = ! m9d to inf] its own causation f ! ext]nal _w2 = ?is w\ld be to inf] t x is an effect ( motion1 :i* w\ld be ! same z say+ t x is an effect ( its own k2 & ?is w\ld be absurd4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is n ?us logically impossible = ! m9d to inf] t x may be ! cause ( "s ( its own k1 or1 9 o!r words1 t x may h 9 "s measure ! p[] ( produc+ :at x kn[s z motion4 ,& :5 ! m9d does inf] ?is1 no logic on e>? is able to t\* ! inf]5ce2 ! position ( pure idealism is beyond ! rea* ( argum5t4 ,nev]!less1 x is oppos$ to ! :ole mom5tum ( sci5ce4 ,= if m9d is suppos$1 on no matt] h[ small a scale1 to be a cause ( motion1 ! fundam5tal axiom ( sci5ce is impugn$4 ,?is fundam5tal axiom is t en]gy c nei!r be creat$ nor de/roy$--t j z motion c produce no?+ b motion1 s1 conv]sely1 motion c be produc$ by no?+ b motion4 ,reg>d$1 !re=e1 f ! /&-po9t ( physical sci5ce1 ! !ory ( spiritualism is 9 precisely ! same case z ! !ory ( mat]ialism3 t is to say1 if ! suppos$ causation takes place1 x c only be suppos$ to d s by way ( miracle4 ,& ?is is a conclusion :i* ! m cle>-sight$ ( ! ideali/s h expressly recogniz$4 ,t subtle & mo/ ent]ta9+ ?9k]1 = example1 ! late ,pr(essor ,gre5 ( ,ox=d1 has said t ! self-consci\s volition ( man 'does n consi/ 9 a s]ies ( natural ev5ts1 444 is n natural 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( t t]m2 n natural at any rate 9 any s5se 9 :i* naturalness w\ld imply its det]m9ation by antec$5t ev5ts1 or by conditions ( :i* x is n itself ! s\rce4' ,?us ! !ory ( spiritualism1 al?\gh n directly refutable by any process ( logic1 is c]ta9ly enfeebl$ by its collision ) ! in/9cts ( physical sci5ce4 ,9 necess>ily hold+ ! facts ( consci\sness & volition sup]-natural1 extra-natural1 or non-natural1 ! !ory is oppos$ to ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity4 ,spiritualism be+ ?us unsatisfactory1 & mat]ialism impossible1 is !re yet any ?ird hypo!sis 9 :i* we may hope to f9d intellectual re/8 ,9 my op9ion !re is4 ,if we unite 9 a high] syn!sis ! elem5ts bo? ( spiritualism & ( mat]ialism1 we obta9 a product :i* satisfies e fact ( feel+ on ! "o h&1 & ( obs]vation on ! o!r4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is syn!sis may be effect$ is p]fectly simple4 ,we h only to suppose t ! anti!sis betwe5 m9d & motion--subject & object--is itself ph5om5al or app>5t3 n absolute or real4 ,we h only to suppose t ! seem+ duality is relative to our modes ( appreh5sion2 &1 !re=e1 t any *ange tak+ place 9 ! m9d1 & any correspond+ *ange tak+ place 9 ! bra91 are really n two *anges1 b "o *ange4 ,:5 a viol9 is play$ ^u we he> a musical s\nd1 & at ! same "t we see a vibration ( ! /r+s4 ,relatively to our consci\sness1 !re=e1 we h "h two sets ( *anges1 :i* appe> to be v diff]5t 9 k9d2 yet we "k t 9 an absolute s5se !y are "o & ! same3 we "k t ! div]sity 9 consci\sness is creat$ only by ! diff]5ce 9 our modes ( p]ceiv+ ! same ev5t--:e!r we see or :e!r we he> ! vibration ( ! /r+s4 ,simil>ly1 we may suppose t a vibration ( n]ve-/r+s & a process ( ?\ght are really "o & ! same ev5t1 :i* is dual or div]se only 9 relation to our modes ( p]ceiv+ x4 ,! great advantage ( ?is !ory is t x supposes only "o /ream ( causation1 9 :i* bo? m9d & motion are simultane\sly conc]n$4 ,! !ory1 !re=e1 escapes all ! difficulties & contradictions ) :i* bo? spiritualism & mat]ialism are beset4 ,?us1 motion is suppos$ to be produc+ no?+ b motion2 m9d-*anges no?+ b m9d-*anges3 bo? produc+ bo? simultane\sly1 nei!r c\ld be :at x is )\t ! o!r1 because )\t ! o!r nei!r c\ld be ! cause :i* 9 fact x is4 ,impossible1 !re=e1 is ! supposition ( ! mat]iali/ t consci\sness is adv5titi\s1 or t 9 ! abs5ce ( m9d *anges ( bra9 c\ld be :at !y are2 = x belongs to ! v causation ( ^! *anges t !y %\ld h a m5tal side4 ,! use ( m9d to animals is ?us r5d]$ app>5t2 = intellig5t volition is ?us %[n to be a true cause ( adju/ive movem5t1 9 t ! c]ebration :i* x involves c\ld n o!rwise be possible3 ! causation w\ld n o!rwise be complete4 ,a simple illu/ration may s]ve at once to r5d] ?is doctr9e m easily intelligible1 & to %[ t1 if accept$1 ! doctr9e1 z x appe>s to me1 t]m9ates ! o!rwise int]m9able controv]sy on ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,9 an ,edison lamp ! light :i* is emitt$ f ! burn] may be said indiff]5tly to be caus$ by ! numb] ( vibrations p] second go+ on 9 ! c>bon1 or by ! temp]ature ( ! c>bon2 = ?is rate ( vibration c\ld n take place 9 ! c>bon )\t con/itut+ t degree ( temp]ature :i* affects our eyes z lum9\s4 ,simil>ly1 a tra9 ( ?\ght may be said indiff]5tly to be caus$ by bra9-action or by m9d-action2 =1 ex hypo!si1 ! "o c\ld n take place )\t ! o!r4 ,n[1 :5 we contemplate ! ph5om5a ( volition by !mselves1 x is z ?\gh we 7 contemplat+ ! ph5om5a ( light by !mselves3 volition is produc$ by m9d 9 bra91 j z light is produc$ by temp]ature 9 c>bon4 ,& j z we may correctly speak ( light z ! cause1 say1 ( a photograph1 s we may correctly speak ( volition z ! cause ( bodily movem5t4 ,t p>ticul> k9d ( physical activity :i* takes place 9 ! c>bon c\ld n take place )\t ! light :i* causes a photograph2 &1 simil>ly1 t p>ticul> k9d ( physical activity :i* takes place 9 ! bra9 c\ld n take place )\t ! volition :i* causes a bodily movem5t4 ,s t volition is z truly a cause ( bodily movem5t z is ! physical activity ( ! bra92 see+ t1 9 an absolute s5se1 ! cause is "o & ! same4 ,b if we once cle>ly p]ceive t :at 9 a relative s5se we "k z volition is1 9 a simil> s5se1 ! cause ( bodily movem5t1 we t]m9ate ! "q t\*+ ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,= ?is "q 9 its la/ resort--& ap>t f ! ambiguity :i* has be5 ?r[n ar\nd x by "s ( our metaphysicians--is m]ely ! "q :e!r ! w is to be reg>d$ z a cause ( ,nature4 ,& ! !ory :i* we h n[ be=e u sanctions ! doctr9e t x may be s reg>d$1 if only we rememb] t its causal activity dep5ds ^u its id5tity ) ! obv]se aspect kn[n z c]ebration1 )\t :i* id5tity 9 app>5t duality nei!r volition nor c]ebration c\ld be ! cause :i* 9 fact !y are4 ,x ?us becomes a m]e matt] ( phraseology :e!r we speak ( ! w det]m9+1 or be+ det]m9$ by1 *anges go+ on 9 ! ext]nal _w2 j z x is b a matt] ( phraseology :e!r we speak ( temp]ature det]m9+1 or be+ det]m9$ by1 molecul> vibration4 ,all ! requirem5ts alike ( ! free-w & ( ! bond-w hypo!ses are ?us satisfi$ by a syn!sis :i* comprises !m bo?4 ,on ! "o h&1 x w\ld be z impossible = an unconsci\s automaton to d ! "w or to p]=m ! adju/m5ts ( a consci\s ag5t1 z x w\ld be = an ,edison lamp to give out light & cause a photograph :5 n heat$ by an electric curr5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld be z impossible = ! w to orig9ate bodily movem5t )\t ! occurr5ce ( a /rictly physical process ( c]ebration1 z x w\ld be = light to %9e 9 an ,edison lamp :i* _h be5 depriv$ ( its c>bon-burn]4 ,x may be said ( ?is !ory t x is highly speculative1 n v]ifiable by any possible exp]im5t1 & !re=e at be/ is b a m]e guess4 ,all :i* is1 no d\bt1 p]fectly true2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ rememb] t ?is !ory comes to u z ! only "o :i* is logically possible1 & at ! same "t compet5t to satisfy ! facts alike ( ! out] & ( ! inn] _w4 ,x is a speculation 9 ! s5se ( n be+ v]ifiable by exp]im5t2 b x has mu* m value ?an ord9>ily atta*es to an unv]ifiable speculation1 9 t !re is really no alt]native hypo!sis to be consid]$3 if we *oose to call x a guess1 we mu/ at ! same "t rememb] x is a guess :]e x does n appe> t any o!r is op54 ,once m to quote ,hobbes1 :o1 z we h se51 0 himself a rem>kable in/ance ( :at he "h says3 ',! be/ prophet naturally is ! be/ guess]2 & ! be/ guess]1 he t is mo/ v]s$ & /udi$ 9 ! matt]s he guesses at4' ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 ! be/ prophet is n ! physiologi/1 ^: guess ends 9 mat]ialism2 nor ! purely m5tal philosoph]1 ^: guess ends 9 spiritualism2 b r ! man :o1 be+ 'v]s$ & /udi$' 9 all ! facts app]ta9+ to bo? sides ( ! matt]1 ends 9 ! only alt]native guess :i* rema9s op54 ,& if t mo/ tr\blesome individual1 ! 'pla9 man' ( ,locke1 %\ld say x seems at lea/ oppos$ to common s5se to suppose t !re is any?+ 9 a burn+ c&le or a roll+ billi>d-ball sub/antially ! same z m9d1 ! answ] is t if he c\ld look into my bra9 at ?is mom5t he w\ld see no?+ !re b motion ( molecules1 or motion ( masses2 & ap>t f ! accid5t ( my be+ able to tell him s1 8 'common s5se' c\ld nev] h div9$ t ^! motions 9 my bra9 are conc]n$ 9 ! g5esis ( my spok5 ?\ghts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is obvi\s t f ?is hypo!sis z to ! sub/antial id5tity ( m9d & motion1 two important que/ions arise2 & ,i feel t "s ref]5ce to ^! que/ions is 9 pres5t circum/ances =c$ ^u me1 because !y h bo? be5 consid]$ 9 precisely ! same connexion by "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful intellects t 0 ev] s5t out into ! _w by ?is ,univ]sity4 ,i mean ! late ,pr(essor ,clif=d4 ,z my intimate & valu$ fri5d1 ,i desire to m5tion 8 "n 9 ?is place ) all ! affection1 z well z ) all ! admiration1 to :i* ,i well "k x is s fully entitl$2 & if ,i appe> to m5tion him only 9 ord] to disagree ) him1 ?is is only because ,i "k equally well t 9 8 l>ge & magnanim\s ?\ght diff]5ces ( philosophical op9ion 7 nev] felt to weak5 ! bonds ( fri5d%ip4 ,9 8 well-kn[n lecture on ,body & ,m9d1 ,pr(essor ,clif=d adopt$ ! hypo!sis ( id5tity :i* we are n[ consid]+1 & f x 0 l$ to ! conclusion t if 9 ! case ( c]ebral processes motion is "o ) m9d1 ! same mu/ be true ( motion :]ev] x occurs2 or1 z he express$ x subsequ5tly1 ! :ole univ]se mu/ be made ( m9d-/uff4 ,b 9 8 view1 al?\gh matt] 9 motion pres5ts :at may be t]m$ ! raw mat]ial ( m9d1 x is only 9 ! highly elaborat$ con/itution ( ! human bra9 t ?is raw mat]ial is suffici5tly wr\ght up to yield a self-consci\s p]sonality4 ,h5ce ! dissolution ( a human bra9 implies ! dissolution ( a human m9d2 & h5ce also ! univ]se1 al?\gh entirely compos$ ( m9d-/uff1 is itself m9dless4 ,n[1 all ,i h to say ab\t ^! two d$uctions is ?is--!y d n necess>ily foll[ f ! !ory :i* is be=e u4 ,9 hold+ t ! m9d ( man p]i%es ) 8 body1 & t above ! m9d ( man !re is no o!r1 ,clif=d may h be5 "r1 or may h be5 wrong4 ,i am n "h to discuss at l5g? any que/ions ( su* supreme importance4 ,b ,i feel t ,i am "h to insi/ ^u ! "o po9t :i* is imm$iately connect$ ) my subject2 & ?is is1 t :e!r or n ,clif=d 0 "r 9 8 conclusions1 ^! conclusions c]ta9ly did n foll[ by way ( any logical sequ5ce f 8 premises4 ,because )9 ! limits ( human exp]i5ce m9d is only kn[n z associat$ ) bra91 x cle>ly does n foll[ t m9d _c exi/ 9 any o!r mode4 ,x does n ev5 foll[ t any probability ^u ?is matt] c be ?us e/abli%$4 ,! basis ( analogy on :i* ,clif=d s\ght to re> an inf]5ce ( cosmical ext5t1 0 re/rict$ to ! "o in/ance ( m9d z kn[n ^u "o planet2 &1 !re=e1 x is h>d to imag9e a m prec>i\s use ( t prec>i\s me?od :i* is call$ by logicians simple enum]ation4 ,inde$1 ev5 = :at x is wor?1 ! inf]5ce may be po9t$ ) q z mu* effect 9 precisely ! opposite direction4 ,= we h se5 h[ little x is t we und]/& ( ! "o mode 9 :i* we c]ta9ly "k t m9d does exi/2 & if f ?is little we feel impell$ to conclude t !re is a mode ( m9d :i* is n re/rict$ to bra91 b co-ext5sive ) motion1 is consub/antial & co-et]nal ) all t 01 & is1 & is to come2 h we n at lea/ a sugge/ion1 t high z ! heav5s are above ! e>?1 s high above our ?\ghts may be ! ?\ghts ( su* a m9d z ?is8 ,i (f] no op9ion ^u ! "q :e!r ! g5]al ord] ( ,nature does n require "s "o explanatory cause2 nor ^u ! "q :e!r ! m9d ( man itself does n po9t to some?+ k9dr$ 9 ! self-exi/+ orig9 ( ?+s4 ,i am n conc]n$ to argue any po9t ^u :i* ,i feel t op9ions may legitimately diff]4 ,i am only conc]n$ to %[ t1 9 s f> z any d$uctions c be drawn f ! !ory :i* is be=e u1 !y make at lea/ z mu* aga9/ z 9 fav\r ( ! cosmical conclusions arriv$ at by ,clif=d4 ,on ,febru>y #ag1 9 ! ye> #afjj1 :5 ! /reets ( ,rome 7 ?rong$ ) pilgrims f all ! qu>t]s ( ,*ri/5dom1 :ile no less ?an fifty c>d9als 7 congregat$ = ! ,jubilee2 into ! d5sely cr[d$ ,campo di ,fiori a man 0 l$ to ! /ake1 :]e1 'sil5t & self-su/a9$1' be=e ! eyes ( all nations1 he p]i%$ 9 ! flames4 ,t dea? 0 ! dea? ( a m>tyr3 x 0 met volunt>ily 9 atte/ation ( tru?4 ,b mo/ noble ( all ! noble army to :i* he belong$1 ! "n ( t man is writt5 l>ge 9 hi/ory1 z ! "n ( "o :o _h =titude to die1 n 9 ! cause ( religi\s belief1 b 9 t ( sci5tific conviction4 ,= :y did ,bruno suff]8 ,he suff]$1 z we all "k1 because he refus$ to recant 8 p]suasion ( ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,:y1 !n1 d ,i adduce ! "n ( ,bruno at ! close ( ?is lecture8 ,i d s because1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to asc]ta91 he 0 ! fir/ cle>ly to enunciate ! moni/ic !ory ( ?+s to :i* ! consid]ation ( my subject has conduct$ u4 ,?is !ory--or t z to ! sub/antial id5tity ( m9d & motion--0 aft]w>ds esp\s$1 9 diff]5t guises1 by sundry o!r writ]s2 b to ,bruno belongs ! m]it ( its orig9al publication1 & x 0 p>tly = 8 adh]5ce to ?is publication t he di$4 ,to ?is day ,bruno is ord9>ily t]m$ a pan!i/1 & 8 !ory1 :i* 9 ! light ( mu* full] k ,i am advocat+1 ,pan!ism4 ,i d n c>e to consid] a diff]5ce ( t]ms1 :]e ! only di/9ction resides 9 s un9telligible an idea z t ( ! creation ( sub/ance4 ,x is m to ! purpose to obs]ve t 9 ! m9d ( its fir/ orig9ator--& ?is a m9d :i* 0 suffici5tly cle> 9 its ?\ght to die = its p]ception ( a/ronomical tru?--! !ory ( ,pan!ism 0 b a sublime ext5sion ( ! !n contract$ views ( ,!ism4 ,& ,i ?9k t we ( to-day1 :5 we look to ! tea*+ ( ?is m>tyr ( sci5ce1 w f9d t 9 8 !ory alone d we meet ) :at ,i may t]m a philosophically adequate conception ( ,deity4 ,if ! advance ( natural sci5ce is n[ /eadily lead+ u to ! conclusion t !re is no motion )\t m9d1 mu/ we n see h[ ! indep5d5t conclusion ( m5tal sci5ce is ?us indep5d5tly confirm$--! conclusion1 ,i mean1 t !re is no be+ )\t kn[+8 ,to me1 at lea/1 x does appe> t ! "t has come :5 we may beg91 z x 7 9 a dawn+ light1 to see t ! /udy ( ,nature & ! /udy ( ,m9d are meet+ ^u ?is greate/ ( possible tru?s4 ,& if ?is is ! case--if !re is no motion )\t m9d1 no be+ )\t kn[+--%all we inf]1 ) ,clif=d1 t univ]sal be+ is m9dless1 or answ] ) a dogmatic negative t mo/ /up5d\s ( que/ions--,is !re k ) ! ,mo/ ,high8 ,if !re is no motion )\t m9d1 no be+ )\t kn[+1 may we n r inf]1 ) ,bruno1 t x is 9 ! m$ium ( m9d1 & 9 ! m$ium ( k1 we live1 & move1 & h our be+8 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! direction 9 :i* ! inf]5ce po9ts1 if we are c>eful to set ! logical conditions ) complete imp>tiality4 ,b ! ult]ior "q rema9s1 :e!r1 s f> z sci5ce is conc]n$1 x is "h possible to po9t any inf]5ce at all3 ! :ole orbit ( human k may be too n>r[ to af=d a p>allax = measurem5ts s va/4 ,yet ev5 "h1 if x be true t ! voice ( sci5ce mu/ ?us ( necessity speak ! language ( agno/icism1 at lea/ let u see to x t ! language is pure2 let u n tol]ate any b>b>isms introduc$ f ! side ( aggressive dogma4 ,s %all we f9d t ?is new gramm> ( ?\ght does n admit ( any con/ructions radically oppos$ to m v5]able ways ( ?9k+2 ev5 if we d n f9d t ! (t5-quot$ words ( its e>lie/ =mulator apply ) special =ce to its late/ dialects--t if a little k ( physiology & a little k ( psy*ology dispose m5 to a!ism1 a deep] k ( bo?1 &1 /ill m1 a deep] ?\ght ^u _! relations to "o ano!r1 w lead m5 back to "s =m ( religion1 :i*1 if x be m vague1 may also be m wor?y ?an t ( e>li] days4 ',x is a beaute\s ev5+1 calm & free2 ,! holy "t is quiet z a nun1 ,brea?less ) adoration2 ! broad sun ,is s9k+ d[n 9 its tranquillity2 ,! g5tl5ess ( heav5 is on ! sea3 ,li/56 ! mighty be+ is awake1 ,& do? ) 8 et]nal motion make ,a s\nd l ?und]1 ev]la/+ly4' ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,levia?an1 pt4 i4 *aps1 i4 & vi4 ,footnote #b3 ,levia?an1 ,introduction4 ,,monism ',das ,i* i/ ni*t aus ,leib und ,seele zusamm5gesetzt1 sond]n es i/ e9e be/immte ,entwicklungs/ufe des ,wes5s1 das von v]s*i$5em ,/&punkt betra*tet 9 ko]p]li*es und gei/iges ,dase9 ause9&]faellt4'--,wundt1 ,vorlesung5 ueb] die ,m5s*5-und ,?i]seele1 i4 #bic4 ,,introduction4 ,9 no respect has ! progress ( physical sci5ce ex]cis$ a m pr(\nd influ5ce ^u philosophical ?\ght ?an x has by prov+ an app>5tly quantitative relation betwe5 mat]ial *anges & m5tal *anges4 ,x has always be5 kn[n t !re is qualitative relation4 ,ev5 long be=e mank9d suspect$ t ! bra9 0 9 any way connect$ ) ?\ght1 x 0 well und]/ood t alcohol & o!r poisons ex]cis$ _! sundry influ5ces on ! m9d 9 virtue ( influ5ces :i* !y ex]cis$ ^u ! body2 & ev5 ! l[e/ savages mu/ always h be5 aw>e t a bl[ on ! head is foll[$ by ins5sibility4 ,b x 0 n until ! rise ( ,physiology t ?is qualitative relation betwe5 corporeal *anges & m5tal *anges 0 gradually f\nd to be a quantitative "o--or t e p>ticul> *ange ( m9d _h an exact & inv>iable c\nt]p>t 9 "s p>ticul> *ange ( body4 ,x is ne$less = me to detail ! successive /eps 9 ! long c\rse ( physiological discov]y :]eby ?is great fact has be5 e/abli%$2 x is en\gh to say t ! fact is e/abli%$ to ! satisfaction ( e physiologi/4 ,n[1 :5 once ! relation betwe5 mat]ial *anges & m5tal *anges has be5 ?us recogniz$ z quantitative--or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 :5 once ! association has be5 recogniz$ z bo? inv>iable & exact--!re arises ! "q z to h[ ?is relation is to be expla9$4 ,=mally consid]$--or consid]$ z a matt] ( logical /atem5t irrespective ( ! relative probabilities :i* !y may pres5t1 ei!r to ! m9ds ( diff]5t individuals or to ! g5]al intellig5ce ( ! race--x appe>s to me t ! possible hypo!ses are "h sev5 9 numb]4 ,i4 ,! m5tal *anges may cause ! mat]ial *anges4 ,,ii4 ,! mat]ial *anges may cause ! m5tal *anges4 ,,iii4 ,!re may be no causation ei!r way1 because ! association may be only a ph5om5al association--! two app>5tly div]se classes ( ph5om5a be+ really "o & ! same4 ,,iv4 ,!re may be no causation ei!r way1 because ! association may be due to a h>mony pre-e/abli%$ by a sup]ior m9d4 ,v4 ,!re may be no causation ei!r way1 because ! association may always be due to *ance4 ,,vi4 ,!re may be no causation ei!r way1 because ! mat]ial ord] may n h any real exi/5ce at all1 be+ m]ely an ideal creation ( ! m5tal ord]4 ,,vii4 ,:e!r or n !re be any causation ei!r way1 ! association may be "o :i* x is necess>ily beyond ! p[] ( ! human m9d to expla94 ,s f> z ,i c see1 ?is li/ ( possible answ]s to ! "q be=e u is exhau/ive4 ,i w next %[ :y1 9 my op9ion1 ! la/ f\r ( !m may be exclud$ 9 lim9e4 ,! sugge/ion ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony 7,,iv7 m]ely po/pones ! "q3 x assumes a high] m9d z adju/+ correspond5cies betwe5 kn[n m9ds & animal bodies ) respect to ! activities ( ea*2 &1 !re=e1 x ei!r leaves unt\*$ ! ultimate "q conc]n+ ! relation ( m9d 7z su*7 to matt]1 or else x answ]s ?is "q 9 t]ms ( spiritualism 7,i74 ,! sugge/ion ( *ance 7,v7 is effectually exclud$ by ! doctr9e ( *ances3 ev5 9 any "o individual m9d1 ! association betwe5 m5tal *anges & mat]ial *anges is mu* too intimate1 con/ant1 & detail$ to admit ( any "o reasonably suppos+ t x c be due only to *ance4 ,! sugge/ion ( pure idealism 7,,vi7 ultimately implies t ! ?9k+ ,ego is itself ! sole exi/5ce--a position :i* _c1 inde$1 be turn$ by any assault ( logic2 b "o :i* is nev]!less too obvi\sly oppos$ to common s5se to admit ( any s]i\s def5ce2 its immunity f direct attack arises only f ! gratuit\s nature ( its *all5ge to prove a negative 7namely1 t ! ?9k+ ,ego is n ! sole exi/5ce71 & ?is a negative :i* is necess>ily beyond ! region ( pro(4 ,la/ly1 ! sugge/ion t ! problem is necess>ily insoluble 7,,vii7 does n des]ve to be reg>d$ z an hypo!sis at all2 = to suppose t ! problem is necess>ily insoluble is m]ely to exclude ! supposition ( !re be+ any hypo!sis available4 ,9 view ( ^! sev]al consid]ations1 x appe>s to me t1 al?\gh 9 a =mal s5se we may say !re are altoge!r sev5 possible answ]s to ! "q be=e u1 9 reality1 or = ! purposes ( practical discussion1 !re are n[adays b ?ree--namely ^? :i* head ! above li/1 & :i* ,i w n[ proce$ to consid]4 ,i h nam$ ^! ?ree hypo!ses 9 ! ord] ( _! appe>ance dur+ ! hi/ory ( philosophical ?\ght4 ,! e>lie/ is ! spirituali/ic4 ,z f> back z we c trace ! conceptions ( primitive man1 we meet ) an unque/ion+ belief t x is 8 _s :i* animates 8 body2 &1 />t+ f ?is belief z explanatory ( ! movem5ts ( 8 own body1 he readily attributes movem5ts else:]e to analog\s ag5cies--! !ory ( animism 9 ,nature ?us becom+ ! univ]sal !ory 9 all e>ly /ages ( culture4 ,x also appe>s to be ! !ory mo/ natural to our own *ildr5 dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( _! dawn+ intellig5ce1 & w\ld d\btless cont9ue ?r\gh life 9 ! case ( e individual human be+1 7 he n subsequ5tly in/ruct$ 9 ! reasons :i* h l$ to its rejection by _m o!r memb]s ( 8 race4 ,^! reasons1 z already obs]v$1 h be5 furni%$ 9 _! entirety only )9 comp>atively rec5t times2 n until ,physiology 0 able to prove h[ intimate is ! association betwe5 c]ebral processes & m5tal processes did x become possible = mat]ialism to turn ! tables ^u spiritualism1 by simply inv]t+ ! hypo!sis4 ,la/ly1 al?\gh ! !ory ( ,monism 7,,iii7 may be trac$ back at lea/ z f> z ! pan!i/ic ?\ght ( ,buddhism1 x !re _h ref]5ce to !ology z di/+ui%$ f psy*ology4 ,& ev5 z pres5t$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,bruno1 ,sp9oza1 & o!r s-call$ moni/s prior to ! pres5t c5tury1 ! hypo!sis necess>ily lack$ complet5ess on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( k aft]w>ds suppli$ by physiology4 ,= ,monism1 9 ! s5se ( ?is t]m z ,i %all use x1 may be metaphorically reg>d$ z ! *ild ( ! two pre-exi/+ !ories1 ,spiritualism & ,mat]ialism4 ,! bir? ( ?is *ild 0 necess>ily impossible be=e bo? its p>5ts _h rea*$ mature age4 ,on ! "o h& x 0 necess>y t ! !ory ( ,spiritualism %\ld h outgr[n its infancy z ,animism1 its *ildhood z ,poly!ism1 be=e x ent]$ ^u its y\? z ,mono!ism--or be=e x 0 able to supply mat]ial = ! conception ( ,monism z a !ory ( cosmical ext5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mat]ialism requir$ to gr[ into ! fullness ( manhood1 "u ! nurs+ influ5ce ( ,sci5ce1 be=e x 0 possible to eng5d] ?is new-born (fspr+2 = ?is (fspr+ is new-born4 ,! !ory ( ,monism1 z we are ab\t to consid] x1 is a creature ( our own g5]ation2 & x is only z su* t ,i desire to call att5tion to ! *ild4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to d ?is1 ,i mu/ foll[ ! example ( biograph]s 9 g5]al1 & beg9 by giv+ a brief sket* ( bo? ! p>5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,spiritualism4 ,9 proce$+ to consid] ! opposite !ories ( ,spiritualism & ,mat]ialism1 x is be=e all else desirable to be p]fectly cle> ^u ! po9t ( !ory :]eby !y are ess5tially di/+ui%$4 ,?is po9t is t :i* is rais$ by ! "q :e!r m9d is ! cause or ! effect ( motion4 ,bo? !ories are duali/ic1 & !re=e agree 9 hold+ t !re is causation z betwe5 m9d & motion3 !y diff] only 9 _! tea*+ z to ! direction 9 :i* ! causation proce$s4 ,( c\rse1 out ( ?is fundam5tal diff]5ce !re arise _m second>y diff]5ces4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! second>y diff]5ces has ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! et]nal or self-exi/+ sub/ance4 ,bo? !ories agree t !re is su* a sub/ance2 b on ! "q :e!r ?is sub/ance be m5tal or mat]ial1 ! two !ories give contradictory answ]s1 & logically s4 ,=1 if m9d z we directly "k x 7namely1 9 ourselves7 is tak5 to be a cause ( motion1 )9 our exp]i5ce m9d is accr$it$ ) priority2 & h5ce ! inf]5ce t else:]e1 or univ]sally1 m9d is prior to motion4 ,fur!rmore1 z motion _c take place )\t some?+ :i* moves1 ?is some?+ is likewise suppos$ to h be5 ! result ( m9d3 h5ce ! doctr9e ( ! creation by m9d bo? ( matt] & ( en]gy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! !ory ( mat]ialism1 by refus+ to assign priority to m9d z kn[n directly 9 ourselves1 naturally concludes t m9d is else:]e1 or univ]sally1 ! result ( matt] 9 motion--9 o!r words1 t matt] 9 motion is ! et]nal or self-exi/+ sub/ance1 &1 z su*1 ! cause ( m9d :]ev] m9d occurs4 ,i may obs]ve1 9 pass+1 t al?\gh ?is cosmical d$uction f ! !ory ( mat]ialism is1 z ,i h said1 natural1 x is n 7z is ! case ) ! correspond+ d$uction f ! !ory ( spiritualism7 inevitable4 ,= x is logically possible t ev5 ?\gh all kn[n m9ds be ! results ( matt] 9 motion1 matt] 9 motion may nev]!less itself be ! result ( an unkn[n m9d4 ,?is1 inde$1 is ! position virtually adopt$ by ,locke 9 8 celebrat$ controv]sy ) ! ,bi%op ( ,worce/]4 ,hav+ be5 tak5 to task by ?is div9e = ! mat]iali/ic t5d5cy ( 8 writ+s1 ,locke def5ds himself by d5y+ ! necess>y "* ( ! d$uction :i* we are n[ consid]+4 ,= example1 he insi/s1 ',i see no contradiction 9 x t ! fir/ et]nal ?9k+ be+ %\ld1 if he pleas$1 give to c]ta9 sy/ems ( creat$ s5seless matt]1 put toge!r z he ?9ks fit1 "s degrees ( s5se1 p]ception1 & ?\ght3 ?\gh1 z ,i ?9k1 ,i h prov$ 7lib4 ,,iv1 *4 #aj & #ad c471 x is no less ?an a contradiction to suppose matt] 7:i* is evid5tly 9 its own nature void ( s5se & ?\ght7 %\ld be t et]nal fir/ ?9k+ be+4' ,"u ?is view1 x w be obs]v$1 m9d is suppos$ to h ! ultimate priority1 & ?us to h be5 ! orig9al or creat+ cause ( matt] 9 motion1 :i*1 9 turn1 becomes ! cause 7or1 at lea/1 ! conditional condition7 ( m9d ( a l[] ord]4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 ne$ n deta9 u1 inasmu* z x c only be held by ^? :o1 on gr\nds indep5d5t ( philosophical ?9k+1 already believe 9 m9d z ! ,fir/ ,cause or ,et]nal ,be+3 ?is belief grant$1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 an end ( any "q z betwe5 ,spiritualism & ,mat]ialism4 ,i h1 !re=e1 only m5tion$ ?is possible phase ( spirituali/ic !ory1 9 ord] to %[ t ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism z appli$ to a human be+ does n necess>ily involve an ext5sion ( t !ory to ! cosmos4 ,b ,i hold ?is di/9ction z ( no practical value3 x m]ely indicates a logical possibility :i* no "o w\ld be likely to ent]ta9 except on gr\nds indep5d5t ( ^? ^u :i* ! philosophical dispute betwe5 ,spiritualism & ,mat]ialism mu/ be conf9$4 ,( m practical importance is ! rem>k already made1 namely1 t ! fundam5tal or diagno/ic di/9ction betwe5 ^! two species ( !ory consi/s only 9 ! views :i* !y sev]ally take on ! "q ( causality4 ,?is rem>k is ( practical importance1 because 9 ! debate betwe5 spirituali/s & mat]iali/s x is (t5 lo/ sight (3 nay1 9 "s cases1 x is ev5 expressly ignor$4 ,obvi\sly1 :5 x is ei!r int5tionally or un9t5tionally disreg>d$1 ! debate ceases to be direct$ to ! "q "u discussion1 & may !n w&] aimlessly ov] ! :ole field ( collat]al speculation4 ,?r\gh\t ! pres5t essay1 !re=e1 ! discussion w be re/rict$ to ! only topic :i* we h to discuss--namely1 :e!r m9d is ! cause ( motion1 motion ! cause ( m9d1 or nei!r ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,! view to be fir/ consid]$--namely1 t m9d is ! cause ( motion--obvi\sly has "o great advantage ov] ! opposite view3 x supposes ! causality to proce$ f t :i* is ! s\rce ( our idea ( causality 7! m9d72 n f t into :i* ?is idea has be5 read by ! m9d4 ,h5ce1 x is s f> less difficult to imag9e t m5tal *anges are ! cause ( bodily *anges ?an vice v]sa2 = ^u ?is hypo!sis we are />t+ at lea/ f ! sub/ance ( imm$iate k1 & n f ! reflection ( t k 9 :at we call ! ext]nal _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! !ory ( ,spiritualism lab\rs "u c]ta9 speculative difficulties :i* appe> to me ov]:elm+4 ,! mo/ =midable ( ^! difficulties arises f ! inevitable collision ( ! !ory ) ! sci5tific doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,:e!r or n we adopt ! view t all causation ( a physical k9d is ultimately an expression ( ! fact t matt] & en]gy are inde/ructible#c1 x is equally c]ta9 t ?is inde/ructibility is a necess>y condition to ! occurr5ce ( causation z natural4 ,!re=e1 if ! m9d ( man is capable ( break+ 9 z an indep5d5t cause ^u ! o!rwise uni=m sy/em ( natural causation1 ! only way 9 :i* x c\ld d s w\ld be by ei!r de/roy+ or creat+ c]ta9 quanta ( ei!r matt] or en]gy or bo?4 ,b to suppose ! m9d capable ( do+ any ( ^! ?+s w\ld be to suppose t ! m9d is a cause 9 "s o!r s5se ?an a physical or a natural cause2 x w\ld be to suppose t ! m9d is a sup]-natural cause1 or1 m pla9ly1 t all m5tal activity1 s f> z x is an effici5t cause ( bodily movem5t1 is ( ! nature ( a miracle4 ,?is conclusion1 :i* appe>s to me unavoidably implicat$ 9 ! spirituali/ic hypo!sis1 is n m]ely improbable p] se1 b admits ( be+ %[n virtually impossible if we proce$ to consid] ! consequ5ces to :i* x necess>ily leads4 ,a sportsman1 = example1 pulls ! trigg] ( a gun1 !reby initiat+ a long tra9 ( physical causes1 :i* we may take up at ! po9t :]e ! p[d] is dis*>g$1 ! %ot propell$1 & ! bird dropp$4 ,"h ! man's volition is suppos$ to h brok5 9 ^u ! o!rwise cont9u\s /ream ( physical causes--fir/ by modify+ ! molecul> movem5ts ( 8 bra91 s z to produce ! p>ticul> co-ord9ation ( neuro-muscul> movem5t requir$ to take accurate aim & to fire at ! "r mom5t2 next by conv]t+ a quantity ( gunp[d] into gas1 propell+ a quantity ( lead ?r\gh ! air2 & f9ally1 by kill+ a bird4 ,n[1 )\t trac+ ! matt] fur!r ?an ?is1 let u consid] h[ enorm\s a *ange ! w ( ! man has introduc$1 ev5 by s trivial an ex]cise ( its activity4 ,no d\bt ! fir/ *ange 9 ! mat]ial _w 0 exce$+ly slight3 ! molecul> movem5t 9 ! cortex ( 8 bra9 0 probably n m ?an might be dynamically repres5t$ by "s small fraction ( a foot-p\nd4 ,b s intricate is ! nexus ( physical causality ?r\gh\t ! :ole doma9 ( ,nature1 t ! int]v5tion ( ev5 s m9ute a di/urbance ab extra is obvi\sly b\nd to cont9ue to ass]t an influ5ce ( ev]-wid5+ ext5t z well z ( ev]la/+ duration4 ,! heat g5]at$ by ! explosion ( ! p[d]1 ! *ang$ disposition ( ! %ot1 ! dea? ( ! bird--lead+ to innum]able physical *anges z to /oppage ( _m me*anical processes previ\sly go+ on 9 ! bird's body1 loss ( animal heat1 c41 & also to innum]able vital *anges1 lead+ to a /oppage ( all ! me*anical *anges :i* ! bird w\ld h help$ to condition _h x liv$ to die "s o!r dea?1 to propagate its k9d1 & ?us indirectly condition an incalculable numb] ( future *anges t w\ld h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! ev] increas+ numb] ( its desc5dants--^! & an indef9ite numb] ( o!r physical *anges mu/ all be held to h foll[$ z a direct consequ5ce ( ! man's volition ?us sudd5ly break+ 9 z an indep5d5t cause ^u ! o!rwise uni=m c\rse ( ,nature4 ,n[1 ,i say t1 ap>t f "s sy/em ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 x appe>s simply inconceivable t ! ord] ( ,nature c\ld be ma9ta9$ at all1 if x 7 ?us liable to be int]f]$ ) at any mom5t 9 any numb] ( po9ts4 ,& if ! spirituali/ takes refuge 9 ! fur!r hypo!sis ( a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 acts ( human 7n to add brute7 volition & causes ( a natural k9d1 we h only to obs]ve t he ?us l&s himself 9 a speculative position :i* is practically id5tical ) t occupi$ by ! mat]iali/4 ,= ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two positions !n is t ! necessity :i* ! mat]iali/ takes to be impos$ on human volition by ! sy/em ( natural causation1 is n[ tak5 by ! spirituali/ to be equally impos$ by a sup]-natural volition4 ,! necessity :i* b9ds ! human volition mu/ be equally rigid 9 ei!r case2 & !re=e x c make no practical diff]5ce :e!r ! s\rce ( x be reg>d$ z natural or sup]-natural1 mat]ial or m5tal3 s t a man be fat$ to w only 9 c]ta9 ways--& ?is ) all ! rig\r :i* belongs to causation z physical--x is sc>cely wor? :ile to dispute :e!r ! pr$e/9ation is ( ,god or ( ,nature4 ,!re c be no "q1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is matt] ! possibility :i* ,i h suppos$ to be sugge/$ by ! spirituali/ is m f>-fet*$ ?an t :i* obvi\sly lies to ! h& ( ! mat]iali/2 &1 moreov]1 t x too pla9ly we>s ! appe>ance ( a desp]ate device to save a holl[ !ory4 ,x rema9s to add t ?is great difficulty aga9/ ! spirituali/ic !ory has be5 reveal$ 9 all its =ce only dur+ ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,s9ce ! days ( feti%ism1 inde$1 ! difficulty has always be5 an increas+ "o--gr[+ ) ! gr[? ( ! p]ception ( uni=mity on ! "o h&1 & ( me*anical z di/+ui%$ f volitional ag5cy on ! o!r4 ,b x 0 n until ! correlation ( all ! physical =ces _h be5 prov$ by actual exp]im5t1 & ! sci5tific doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy became z a consequ5ce firmly e/abli%$1 t ! difficulty 9 "q assum$ ! importance ( a logical b>ri] to ! !ory ( m5tal *anges act+ z effici5t causes ( mat]ial *anges4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #c3 ,9 ! op9ion ( "s mod]n writ]s ! inde/ructibility ( matt] & ! cons]vation ( en]gy are alone suffici5t to expla9 all ! facts ( natural causation4 ',=1' x is urg$1 'if 9 any case simil> antec$5ts did n det]m9e simil> consequ5ts1 on "o or o!r ( ^! occasions "s quantum ( =ce1 or ( matt]1 or ( bo?1 mu/ h disappe>$--or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ! law ( causation _c h be5 con/ant4' ,9 a future *apt] ,i %all h to recur to ?is view4 ,mean:ile ,i h only to obs]ve t :e!r or n ! law ( causation is no?+ m ?an a re-/atem5t ( ! fact t matt] & en]gy are inde/ructible1 x is equally true t ?is fact is at lea/ a necess>y condition to ! op]ation ( t law4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,mat]ialism4 ,?is is ! !ory :i* pres5ts great fasc9ation to ! /ud5t ( physical sci5ce4 ,by labori\s inve/igation physiology has e/abli%$ ! fact beyond ! rea* ( rational dispute1 t !re is a con/ant relation ( concomitancy betwe5 c]ebral action & ?\ght4 ,)9 exp]i5ce m9d is f\nd 9 con/ant & def9ite association ) t highly complex & peculi> disposition ( matt] call$ a liv+ bra94 ,! size & elaboration ( ?is peculi> /ructure ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom /& 9 conspicu\s proportion to ! degree ( intellig5ce display$2 :ile ! impairm5t ( ?is /ructure1 :e!r by cong5ital defect1 mutilation1 anaemia1 decay1 or appropriate poison1 entails correspond+ impairm5t ( m5tal processes4 ,?us mu* be+ e/abli%$1 no reasonable man c hesitate 9 believ+ ! relation betwe5 neurosis & psy*osis to be a con/ant & concomitant relation1 s t ! /ep betwe5 ?is1 & reg>d+ x z a causal relation1 seems inde$ a small "o4 ,=1 9 all matt]s ( physical inquiry1 :5ev] we h prov$ a con/ant relation ( concomitancy 9 a sequ5ce ,a ,b1 we call ,a ! cause ( ,b2 &1 !re=e1 x has be5 frequ5tly said t ! evid5ce ( causation betwe5 neurosis & psy*osis is recogniz$ causation4 ,la/ly1 to =tify ?is hypo!sis1 mat]iali/s po9t to ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 :i* is suppli$ by ! sci5ce ( physics z a sort ( buttress 9 ?is matt] to ! tea*+s ( physiology4 ,=1 z ?is doctr9e compels u to believe t ! *a9 ( physical causation involv$ 9 c]ebral processes c n[h]e be brok5 or deflect$ ab extra1 we are compell$ to believe t ! m5tal processes1 :i* are correlatively associat$ ) ^! c]ebral processes1 c n[h]e escape f '! *>m$ circle ( ! =ces1' s t :e!r we look to ! detail$ tea*+s ( physiology1 or to ! m g5]al tea*+s ( physics1 we alike p]ceive t natural sci5ce appe>s to leave no locus = m9d o!r ?an z a some?+ :i* is 9 "s way a result ( motion4 ,! position ( ,mat]ialism be+ ?us at fir/ sight s naturally /rong1 & hav+ be5 9 rec5t ye>s s =tifi$ by ! lab\rs ( physiology1 x is n surpris+ t 9 ! pres5t g5]ation ,mat]ialism %\ld be 9 ! asc5dant4 ,x is ! simple tru?1 z a le>n$ & temp]ate au?or1 speak+ f ! side ( !ology1 has rec5tly said1 t ',mat]ialism is a dang] to :i* individuals & societies w always be m or less expos$4 ,! pres5t g5]ation1 h[ev]1 & especially ! g5]ation :i* is gr[+ up1 w obvi\sly be v especially expos$ to x2 z mu* s1 p]haps1 z any g5]ation 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,)9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s ! great wave ( spirituali/ic or ideali/ic ?\ght 444 has be5 rec$+ & decreas+2 & ano!r1 :i* is 9 ! ma9 driv5 by mat]iali/ic =ces1 has be5 gradually ris+ beh9d1 va/ & ?reat5+4 ,x is b its cre/ t we at pres5t see2 x is b a c]ta9 vague %ak+ produc$ by x t we at pres5t feel2 b we %all probably soon en\gh fail n bo? to see & feel x fully & di/9ctly#d4' ,su* be+ ! pres5t importance ( ,mat]ialism1 ,i %all devote ! pres5t *apt] to a consid]ation ( ?is !ory4 ,ea* ( ! po9ts 9 ! argum5t = ,mat]ialism :i* ,i h m5tion$ above admits1 ( c\rse1 ( elaboration2 b ,i ?9k t _! enum]ation conta9s all t is ess5tial to ! !ory 9 "q4 ,x n[ devolves ^u u to inquire :e!r ?is !ory is adequate to meet ! facts4 ,& "h ,i may z well at once give x z my own op9ion t1 ( h[ev] mu* s]vice ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism may be1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 x c nev] be accept$ by any compet5t m9d z a f9al explanation ( ! facts ) :i* x has to deal4 ,unque/ionable z its use may be z a fundam5tal hypo!sis 9 physiology & m$ic9e1 x is :olly inadequate z a hypo!sis 9 philosophy4 ,t is to say1 s long z !re is a con/ant relation ( concomitancy f\nd by exp]i5ce to obta9 betwe5 neural processes & m5tal processes1 s long no h>m c accrue to physical sci5ce by assum+1 = its own purposes1 t ?is relation is a causal "o4 ,b z soon z ! "q conc]n+ ! validity ( ?is assumption is rais$ into ! region ( philosophy1 x receives ! answ] t ! assumption _c be all[$ to pass4 ,= :]e ! "q becomes "o n z to ! fact ( ! association b z to its nature1 philosophy1 :i* mu/ h reg>d to ! facts ( m9d no less ?an to ^? ( matt]1 mu/ pron\nce t ! hypo!sis is unt5able2 = ! hypo!sis ( ?is association be+ "o ( causality act+ f neurosis to psy*osis1 _c be accept$ )\t do+ viol5ce1 n m]ely to our faculty ( reason1 b to our v idea ( causation itself4 ,a v small am\nt ( ?9k+ is en\gh to %[ t :at ,i call my k ( ! ext]nal _w1 is m]ely a k ( my own m5tal modifications4 ,a /ep fur!r & ,i f9d t my idea ( causation z a pr9ciple 9 ! ext]nal _w is d]iv$ f my k ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ! int]nal _w4 ,= ,i f9d t my idea ( =ce & en]gy 9 ! ext]nal _w is a m]e projection ( ! idea :i* ,i h ( ef=t )9 ! region ( my own consci\sness2 & !re=e my only idea ( causation is t :i* is orig9ally d]iv$ f ! exp]i5ce :i* ,i h ( ?is pr9ciple z obta9+ among my own m5tal modifications4 ,if once we see pla9ly t ! idea ( causation is d]iv$ f )91 & t :at we call ! evid5ce ( physical causation is really ! evid5ce ( m5tal modifications foll[+ "o ano!r 9 a def9ite sequ5ce1 we %all !n cle>ly see1 n m]ely t we h no evid5ce1 b t we c h no evid5ce ( causation z proce$+ f object to subject4 ,h[ev] cog5t ! evid5ce may appe> at fir/ sight to be1 x is f\nd to vani% l a cl\d z soon z x is expos$ to ! light ( adequate contemplation4 ,9 ! v act ( ?9k+ ! evid5ce1 we are virtually d5y+ its possibility z evid5ce2 = z evid5ce x appeals only to ! m9d1 & s9ce ! m9d c only "k its own sequ5ces1 ! evid5ce mu/ be pres5t+ to ! m9d an acc\nt ( its own modifications2 f ! m]e fact1 !re=e1 ( its be+ accept$ z ?9kable1 ! evid5ce is prov$ to be illusory4 ,to un$ucat$ m5 x appe>s an indisputable fact ( 'common s5se' t ! col\r ( a fl[] exi/s z p]ceiv$ 9 ! fl[]1 ap>t f any relation to ! p]cipi5t m9d4 ,a physiologi/ has gone fur!r into ! ?icket ( ?+s1 & f9ds t ! way is n s simple z ?is4 ,he reg>ds ! quality ( col\r z necess>ily relat$ to ! faculty ( visual p]ception2 does n suppose t ! col\r exi/s z su* 9 ! fl[]1 b ?9ks ( ! some?+ !re z a c]ta9 ord] ( vibrations :i*1 :5 br\ght into relation ) consci\sness ?r\gh ! m$ium ( c]ta9 n]ves1 gives rise to ! p]ception exp]i5c$2 & 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! translation into visual feel+ ( an ev5t s unlike t feel+ z is ! process tak+ place 9 ! fl[]1 physiologi/s h rec\rse to an elaborate !ory1 su* z t ( ,helmholtz or ,h]+4 ,9 o!r words1 physiologi/s "h fully recognize t col\r1 or any o!r ?+ p]ceiv$1 only exi/s z p]ceiv$ 9 virtue ( a subjective elem5t bl5d+ ) an objective2 ! ?+ z p]ceiv$ is recogniz$ z hav+ no exi/5ce ap>t f its relation to a p]cipi5t m9d4 ,n[1 al?\gh physiologi/s are at "o ) ! philosoph]s ?us f>1 x is to be fe>$ t v frequ5tly !y are 9 ! same position z ! above-m5tion$ 'un$ucat$ m51' :5 x becomes ne$ful to press /ill fur!r into ! ?icket4 ,= aft] hav+ di/+ui%$ ! necessity ( recogniz+ a m9d-elem5t 9 any possible !ory ( p]ception1 !y =?) proce$ to disreg>d ?is elem5t :5 pass+ f ! gr\nd ( p]ception to t ( ?\ght4 ,al?\gh ! ideas ( matt]1 motion1 causation1 & s on1 are !mselves z mu* ! (fspr+ ( a ?9k+ m9d1 ) its environm5t1 z ! p]ception ( col\r is a conceiv+ ( ! p]cipi5t m9d1 ) its environm5t1 ^! ideas are inconsi/5tly suppos$ to /& = equival5t realities ( ! ext]nal _w--to truly repres5t ?+s t are virtually indep5d5t ( any necess>y relation to m9d4 ,or1 z ! case has rec5tly be5 well put by ,pr9cipal ,caird3 ',y _c get m9d z an ultimate product ( matt]1 = 9 ! v attempt to d s y h already begun ) m9d4 ,! easie/ /ep ( any su* inquiry involves categories ( ?\ght1 & x is 9 t]ms ( ?\ght t ! v problem y are inve/igat+ c be s mu* z /at$4 ,y _c />t 9 y\r inve/igations ) a b>e1 self-id5tical1 objective fact1 /ripp$ ( e ideal elem5t or contribution f ?\ght4 ,! lea/ & l[e/ "p ( outw>d obs]vation is n an indep5d5t entity--fact m9us m9d1 & out ( :i* m9d may1 some:]e or o!r1 be se5 to em]ge2 b x is fact or object z x appe>s to an obs]v+ m9d1 9 ! m$ium ( ?\ght1 hav+ m9d or ?\ght z an insep>able factor ( x4 ,:e!r !re be su* a ?+ z an absolute _w outside ( ?\ght1 :e!r !re be su* ?+s z matt] & mat]ial atoms exi/+ 9 !mselves be=e any m9d beg9s to p]ceive or ?9k ab\t !m1 is n ! "q be=e u4 ,if x 7 possible to conceive ( su* atoms1 at any rate y1 be=e y beg9 to make any?+ ( !m1 mu/ ?9k !m2 & y c nev]1 by ?9k+ ab\t atoms1 prove t !re is no su* ?+ z ?\ght o!r ?an z an ultimate product ( atoms4 ,be=e y c\ld rea* ?\ght or m9d z a la/ result y mu/ ne$s elim9ate f x ! data ( ! problem ) :i* y />t1 & t y c nev] d1 any m ?an y c /& on y\r own %\ld]s or out/rip y\r own %ad[4444 ,9 "o ^w1 to con/itute ! reality ( ! outw>d _w--to make possible ! m9imum ( k1 nay1 ! v exi/5ce = u ( molecules & atoms--y mu/ ne$s presuppose t ?\ght or ?9k+ self1 :i* "s w\ld p]suade u is to be educ$ or evolv$ f !m4444 ,to make ?\ght a function ( matt] is ?us1 simply1 to make ?\ght a function ( itself#e4' ,f ?is reason+ !re c be no escape2 & x is m rational = a man to believe t col\r exi/s z su* 9 a fl[] ?an1 aft] hav+ pla9ly se5 t su* _c be ! case1 =?) to disreg>d ! tea*+ ( ?is analogy1 & to imag9e t any app>5t evid5ce ( m9d z a result ( matt] or motion c possibly be ent]ta9$ z real evid5ce4 ,rememb]+1 !n1 t f ! nature ( ?is p>ticul> case x is z impossible = m9d to prove its own causation z x is = wat] to rise above its s\rce1 x may /ill be well1 = ! sake ( fur!r argum5t1 to s9k ?is g5]al consid]ation1 & to reg>d su* spuri\s evid5ce ( causation z is pres5t$ by ,mat]ialism1 )\t prejudice aris+ f its be+ prima facie inadmissible4 ,mat]iali/s1 z already obs]v$1 are fond ( say+ t ! evid5ce ( causation f neurosis to psy*osis is z good z su* evid5ce c be prov$ to be 9 any o!r case4 ,n[1 q ap>t f ! g5]al consid]ations j adduc$ to %[ t f ! peculi> nature ( ?is case !re c "h be no su* evid5ce at all--q ap>t f ?is1 & treat+ ! problem on ! l[] gr\nd ( ! suppos$ analogy1 x may be cle>ly %[n t ! /atem5t is untrue4 ,= a little ?\ght w %[ t 9 po9t ( fact ! only resemblance betwe5 ?is suppos$ case ( causation & all o!r cases ( recogniz$ causation1 consi/s 9 ! inv>iability ( ! correlation betwe5 c]ebral processes & m5tal processes2 9 all o!r po9ts ! analogy fails4 ,= 9 all cases ( recogniz$ causation !re is a p]ceiv$ connexion betwe5 ! cause & ! effect2 ! antec$5ts are physical1 & ! consequ5ts are physical4 ,b 9 ! case be=e u !re is no p]ceiv$1 or ev5 conceivable1 connexion betwe5 ! cause & ! effect2 = ! causes are suppos$ to be physical & ! effects m5tal4 ,& ! anti!sis ?us posit$ is alone suffici5t to sep>ate toto coelo ! case ( causation suppos$ f t ( all cases ( causation recogniz$4 ,f ! s+ul>ly cle> & well-balanc$ /atem5t ( ?is subject giv5 by ,pr(essor ,allman 9 8 ,presid5tial ,address be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 ,i may "h fitly quote ! foll[+3-- ',if we c\ld see any analogy betwe5 ?\ght & any "o ( ! admitt$ ph5om5a ( matt]1 we %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 ! fir/ ( ^! conclusions 7i4 e4 t ( ,mat]ialism7 z ! simple/1 & z af=d+ a hypo!sis mo/ 9 accordance ) ! compreh5siv5ess ( natural laws2 b betwe5 ?\ght & ! physical ph5om5a ( matt] !re is n only no analogy1 b no conceivable analogy2 & ! obvi\s & cont9u\s pa? :i* we h hi!rto foll[$ up 9 our reason+s f ! ph5om5a ( lifeless matt] ?r\gh ^? ( liv+ matt] "h comes sudd5ly to an end4 ,! *asm betwe5 unconsci\s life & ?\ght is deep & impassable1 & no transitional ph5om5a c be f\nd by :i*1 z by a bridge1 we may span x ov]#f4' ,&1 n unduly to multiply quotations1 ,i %all only adduce "o m f ano!r ( ! few em95t m5 ( sci5ce :o h se5 _! way cle>ly 9 ?is matt]1 & h express$ :at !y h se5 9 language z cle> z _! vision4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall writes3-- ',! passage f ! physics ( ! bra9 to ! correspond+ facts ( consci\sness is un?9kable4 ,grant$ t a def9ite ?\ght & a def9ite molecul> action 9 ! bra9 occur simultane\sly1 we d n possess ! intellectual organ1 nor app>5tly any rudim5t ( ! organ1 :i* w\ld enable u to pass1 by a process ( reason+1 f ! "o ph5om5on to ! o!r4 ,!y appe> toge!r b we d n "k :y4 ,7 our m9ds & s5ses s exp&$1 /r5g!n$1 & illum9at$1 z to enable u to see & feel ! v molecules ( ! bra92 7 we capable ( foll[+ all _! motions1 all _! gr\p+s1 all _! electrical dis*>ges1 if su* !re be2 & 7 we intimately acqua9t$ ) ! correspond+ /ates ( ?\ght & feel+1 we %\ld be z f> z ev] f ! solution ( ! problem4 ,h[ are ^! physical processes connect$ ) ! facts ( consci\sness8 ,! *asm betwe5 ! two classes ( ph5om5a w\ld /ill rema9 intellectually impassable#g4' ,next1 9 all cases ( recogniz$ causation !re is a p]ceiv$ equival5cy betwe5 cause & effect1 su* equival5cy belong+ to ! v ess5ce ( t 9 :i* we conceive causation to consi/4 ,b z betwe5 matt] & motion on ! "o side1 & feel+ & ?\ght on ! o!r1 !re c be no su* equival5cy conceivable4 ,t no su* equival5cy is conceivable may be r5d]$ app>5t on gr\nds ( ,mat]ialism itself4 ,= ,mat]ialism is b\nd to accept ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( mod]n physics--t1 viz4 z to ! cons]vation ( en]gy--& !re=e x becomes evid5t t unless we assimilate ?\ght ) en]gy1 !re is no possibility ( a causal relation1 or a relation ( equival5cy1 z obta9+ betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r4 ,= h[ev] little we may "k ab\t bra9-dynamics1 mat]iali/s1 at lea/1 mu/ take x = grant$ t 9 e process ( c]ebration ! matt] & =ce conc]n$ are inde/ructible quantities1 & !re=e t all _! possible equations are fully satisfi$1 c\ld we b foll[ !m out4 ,h[soev] complex we may suppose ! flux & reflux ( =ces to be )9 ! /ructure ( a liv+ bra91 x is no m possible = any "o ( ! =ces conc]n$ to escape f bra9 to m9d1 ?an x w\ld be = su* an escape to occur 9 a /eam-eng9e or a wat*2 ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy =ms an insup]able b> to ! supposition t any equation 9 ! region ( physics c be left unsatisfi$1 9 ord] to pass ov] & satisfy "s o!r equation 9 ! region ( psy*ics4 ,( c\rse 9 say+ ?is ,i am aw>e t "s ( ! m cle>-sight$ ( ! mat]iali/s h pla9ly p]ceiv$ ?is difficulty 9 all its magnitude1 & s h felt t unless x c be met1 any !ory ( ,mat]ialism mu/ necess>ily conta9 a radical contradiction ( pr9ciples4 ,"s few mat]iali/s h !re=e s\ght to meet ! difficulty 9 ! only way x c be met1 viz4 by boldly ass]t+ ! possibility ( ?\ght & en]gy be+ transmutable4 ,on ?is view ?\ght becomes a mode ( motion1 & takes its rank among ! =ces z id5tical 9 nature ) heat1 light1 electricity1 & ! re/4 ,b ?is view is also inh]5tly impossible4 ,= suppose1 z a matt] ( argum5t1 t physiologi/s %\ld discov] a me*anical equival5t ( ?\ght1 s t we might e/imate ! value ( a calculation 9 !rmal units1 or ! 'lab\r ( love' 9 foot-p\nds3 /ill we %\ld n be out ( our difficulties2 we %\ld only h to cut a twi/ ( flax to f9d a lock ( iron4 ,= by ?us assimilat+ ?\ght ) en]gy1 we %\ld 9 no wise h expla9$ ! fundam5tal anti!sis betwe5 subject & object4 ,! fact w\ld rema91 if possible1 m unacc\ntable ?an ev]1 t m9d %\ld pres5t absolutely no po9t ( real analogy ) motion4 ,involv$ ) ! ess5tial idea ( motion is ! idea ( ext5sion2 suppress ! latt] & ! =m] mu/ necess>ily vani%1 = motion only means transition 9 space ( some?+ itself ext5d$4 ,b ?\ght1 z f> z we c possibly "k x1 is kn[n & di/+ui%$ by ! v peculi>ity ( n hav+ ext5sion4 ,!re=e1 ev5 if we 7 to f9d a me*anical equival5t ( ?\ght1 ?\ght w\ld /ill n be prov$ a mode ( motion4 ,on ! contr>y1 :at w\ld be prov$ w\ld be t1 9 becom+ trans=m$ into ?\ght1 en]gy _h ceas$ to be en]gy2 9 pass+ out ( its relation to space x w\ld cease to exi/ z en]gy1 & if x aga9 pass$ into t relation x w\ld only be by />t+ de novo on a new c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,!re=e ! pro( t ?\ght has a me*anical equival5t w\ld simply am\nt to ! pro(1 n t ?\ght is en]gy1 b t ?\ght de/roys en]gy4 ,& if ,mat]ialism 7 to prove ?is1 ,mat]ialism w\ld commit suicide4 ,= if once x 7 prov$ t ! relation ( en]gy to ?\ght is su* t ?\ght is able to absorb or tempor>ily to annihilate en]gy1 ! :ole argum5t ( ,mat]ialism w\ld be inv]t$1 & :atev] evid5ce !re is ( causation z betwe5 m9d & matt] w\ld become available 9 all its =ce on ! side ( ,spiritualism4 ,?is seems pla91 = if x ev5 7 conceivable--:i* mo/ di/9ctly x is n--t a motor c\ld ev] become a motive1 & s pass f ! sph]e ( dynamics into ! sph]e ( consci\sness1 ! fact w\ld g to prove1 n t ! motor 0 ! cause ( ! motive1 b r t ! motive 0 ! cause ( de/roy+ ! motor2 s t at t po9t ! o!rwise unbrok5 *a9 ( physical sequ5ces 0 int]rupt$ by ! motive /rik+ 9 ^u x1 & 9 virtue ( ! my/]i\s p[] suppos$ to h be5 prov$ by physiology1 cancell+ ! motor1 s all[+ ! n]ve-c5tre to act z det]m9$ by ! motive4 ,( c\rse ,i wi% x to be und]/ood t ,i believe we are "h deal+ ) :at ,i may call1 9 p]haps suitably contradictory t]ms1 inconceivable conceptions4 ,b let x be rememb]$ t ,i am n responsible = ?is ambiguity2 ,i am only %[+ :at mu/ be ! necess>y outcome ( analysis if we beg9 by endeav\r+ ph5om5ally to unite ! mo/ anti!tical ( elem5ts--m9d & motion4 ,mat]ialism1 at lea/1 w n be ! ga9] %\ld x ev] be prov$ t 9 ! complex op]ations ( ! bra9 a unique exception occurs to ! o!rwise univ]sal law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy 9 space4 ,we may1 !re=e1 quit ! sugge/ion t ! difficulty exp]i5c$ by ,mat]ialism ( %[+ an equival5cy betwe5 neurosis & psy*osis c ev] be met by assum+ t "s day m5tal processes may admit ( be+ express$ 9 t]ms ( physical4 ,b be=e leav+ ?is difficulty ) reg>d to equival5cy1 ,i may m5tion "o o!r po9t t seems to me ( importance 9 connexion ) x4 ,i h already said t if we suppose causation to proce$ f bra9 to m9d1 we mu/ suppose ?is ess5tial requirem5t ( equival5cy betwe5 ! c]ebral causes & ! m5tal effects to be satisfi$ some:]e4 ,b :]e are we to say t x is satisfi$8 ,ev5 if we suppose t ?\ght has a me*anical equival5t1 & t causation proce$s 9 ! direction f en]gy to ?\ght1 /ill1 :5 we h reg>d to ! suppos$ effects1 we f9d t ev5 yet !y be> no k9d ( equival5cy to _! suppos$ causes4 ,! bra9 ( a ,%akespe>e probably did n1 z a sy/em1 exhibit s mu* en]gy z does ! bra9 ( an elephant2 & ! c]ebral op]ations ( a ,d>w9 may n h _h a v p]ceptibly l>g] me*anical equival5t ?an ^? ( a bank]'s cl]k4 ,yet 9 ! _w ( ?\ght ! diff]5ce betwe5 our e/imate ( ! results1 or '"w done1' 9 ^! cases is su* z to drive all ideas ( equival5cy to ! w9ds4 ,d\btless1 a mat]iali/ w answ] t x is n fair to take our e/imate ( '"w done' 9 ! _w ( m9d z ! real equival5t ( ! en]gy suppos$ to h pass$ ov] f ! _w ( motion1 see+ t our e/imate is bas$1 n on ! quantitative am\nt ( ?\ght produc$1 b r on its qualitative "* ) ref]5ce to ! social requirem5ts ( ! race4 ,b to ?is x is en\gh to answ] t we h no means ( gaug+ ! quantity ( ?\ght produc$ o!r ?an by hav+ reg>d to its effects 9 ! _w ( m9d1 & ?is we _c d except by hav+ reg>d to its qualitative "*4 ,_m a man1 = in/ance1 mu/ h consum$ m ?an a ?\s& times ! bra9-sub/ance & bra9-en]gy t ,%elley exp5d$ ov] 8 ',ode to a ,skyl>k1' & yet z a result h produc$ an utt]ly wor?less poem4 ,n[1 9 :at way are we to e/imate ! '"w done' 9 two su* cases1 except by look+ to ! relative effects produc$ 9 ! only region :]e !y are produc$1 viz4 9 ! region ( m9d8 ,yet1 :5 we d s e/imate !m1 :at becomes ( ! evid5ce ( equival5cy betwe5 ! physical causes & ! psy*ical effects8 ,n[ if ?us1 :e!r or n we try to =m an e/imate1 x is impossible to %[ any semblance ( equival5cy betwe5 ! suppos$ causes & ! alleg$ effects1 h[ c any "o be f\nd to say t ! evid5ce ( causation is "h z valid z x is 9 any o!r case8 ,! tru? r is t ! alleg$ effects /& out ( e relation to ! suppos$ causes1 ) ! exception only ( be+ associat$ 9 "t4 ,!re /ill rema9s "o o!r enorm\s difficulty 9 ! way ( ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism2 x necess>ily embodies ! !ory ( consci\s automatism1 & is !re=e call$ ^u to expla9 :y consci\sness & ?\ght h ev] appe>$ ^u ! sc5e ( ?+s at all4 ,t ?is is ! necess>y position ( ,mat]ialism is easily prov$ z foll[s4 ,we h already se5 t ,mat]ialism w\ld commit suicide by suppos+ t en]gy c\ld be transmut$ into ?\ght1 = ?is w\ld am\nt to no?+ %ort ( suppos+ ! de/ruction ( en]gy z su*2 & to suppose en]gy ?us de/ructible w\ld be to op5 wide ! door ( spiritualism4 ,mat]ialism1 !re=e1 is logically b\nd to argue 9 ?is way3 ,we _c conceive ( a consci\s idea1 or m5tal *ange1 z 9 any way affect+ ! c\rse ( a c]ebral reflex1 or mat]ial *ange2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 our k ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy tea*es u z an axiom t ! c]ebral *anges mu/ det]m9e ea* o!r 9 _! sequ5ce z 9 a cont9u\s s]ies4 ,n[h]e c we suppose ! physical process to be int]rupt$ or div]t$ by ! psy*ical process2 & !re=e we mu/ conclude t ?\ght & volition really play no "p :atev] 9 det]m9+ action4 ,?\ghts & feel+s are b indices :i* %[ 9 ! mirror ( ! m9d c]ta9 *anges t are proce$+ 9 ! matt] ( ! bra91 & are z ineffici5t 9 influ5c+ ^? *anges z ! %ad[ ( a cl\d is p[]less to direct ! movem5ts ( t ( :i* x is ! %ad[4 ,b :5 ,mat]ialism rea*es1 9 a cle> & articulate mann]1 ?is inf]5ce z a conclusion necess>y f its premises1 x becomes oppos$ at once to common s5se & to ! requirem5ts ( me?odical reason4 ,x becomes oppos$ to common s5se because we all feel x is practically impossible to believe t ! _w w\ld n[ h be5 exactly :at x is ev5 if consci\sness1 ?\ght1 & volition _h nev] appe>$ ^u ! sc5e--t railway tra9s w\ld h be5 runn+ fill$ ) m9dless pass5g]s1 or t telephones w\ld h be5 inv5t$ by bra9s t c\ld n ?9k to speak to e>s t c\ld n he>4 ,& ! conclusion is oppos$ to ! requirem5ts ( me?odical reason1 because reason to be me?odical is b\nd to h an answ] to ! "q t imm$iately arises f ! conclusion4 ,?is "q simply is1 ,:y h consci\sness1 ?\ght1 & volition ev] be5 call$ into exi/5ce2 & :y are !y relat$1 z !y are relat$1 to c]ebral action8 ,mat]ialism1 by "h und]tak+ to prove t ^! ?+s /& uselessly isolat$ f all o!r ?+s1 is b\nd to %[ "s reason :y !y ev] came to be1 & to be :at !y are4 ,= obs]ve1 x is n m]ely t ^! ?+s exi/ 9 a suppos$ unnecess>y relation to all o!r ?+s2 ! fact to be expla9$ is t !y exi/ 9 a mo/ intimately wov5 & inv>iable connexion ) c]ta9 highly complex =ms ( organic /ructure & c]ta9 highly peculi> di/ributions ( physical =ce4 ,yet ^! unique & extraord9>y ?+s are suppos$ by automatism to be always results & nev] causes2 9 ! !atre ( ?+s !y are suppos$ to be always spectators & nev] actors2 9 ! laboratory ( life !y are suppos$ to be always by-products2 & !re=e 9 ! ord] ( nature !y are suppos$ to h no raison d'etre4 ,su* a /ate ( matt]s w\ld be acc\ntable en\gh if ! /ream ( m5tal *anges 7 b p>tly1 occasionally1 & imp]fectly associat$ ) ! /ream ( mat]ial *anges2 b z ! association is s m9ute1 inv>iable1 & precise1 ! hypo!sis ( ! association be+ m]ely accid5tal1 or n requir+ explanation1 becomes1 at ! b> ( me?odical reason+1 self-convict$ ( absurdity4 ,! /ate ( ! case1 !n1 simply is t two di/9ct facts /& to be expla9$ by ! !ory ( consci\s automatism--fir/1 :y psy*osis %\ld ev] h be5 develop$ z a my/]i\s app5dage to neurosis2 &1 secondly1 :y ! association betwe5 ^! ?+s %\ld be s intimate & precise4 ,assur$ly1 on ! pr9ciples ( evolution1 :i* mat]iali/s at lea/ _c af=d to disreg>d1 x w\ld be a :olly anomal\s fact t s wide & g5]al a class ( ph5om5a z ^? ( m9d %\ld h become develop$ 9 con/antly asc5d+ degrees ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom1 if !y are entirely )\t use to animals4 ,if psy*osis is1 z suppos$1 a function ( neurosis1 ! doctr9e ( natural selection alone w\ld =bid u to imag9e t ?is function diff]s f all o!r functions 9 be+ itself functionless4 ,if x w\ld be detrim5tal to ! !ory ( natural selection t any "o isolat$ /ructure--su* z ! tail ( a rattlesnake--%\ld be adapt$ to p]=m a function useless to ! animal possess+ x1 h[ utt]ly de/ructive ( t !ory w\ld be ! fact t all ! ph5om5a ( m9d h be5 elaborat$ z functions ( n]ve-tissue )\t any "o ( !m ev] hav+ be5 ( any use ei!r to ! individual or to ! species4 ,& ! difficulty t ?us arises is magnifi$ )\t limit :5 we rememb] t ! ph5om5a ( m9d are inv>iable 9 _! association ) c]ebral /ructure1 grade = grade1 & process = process4 ,x is ( no argum5tative use to po9t to ! fact t _m adaptive movem5ts 9 animals are p]=m$ by n]ve-c5tres ap>t f any association ) consci\sness or volition1 because all ! facts on ?is head g to prove t consci\sness & volition come 9 mo/ sugge/ively j :]e adaptive movem5ts beg9 to gr[ v>i$ & complex1 & !n cont9ue to develop ) a proportional ref]5ce to ! gr[+ v>iety & complexity ( ^! movem5ts4 ,! facts1 !re=e1 irresi/ibly lead to ! conclusion 7if we argue "h z we %\ld 9 ! case ( any o!r function7 t consci\sness & volition are functions ( n]ve-tissue sup]-add$ to its previ\s functions1 9 ord] to meet new & m complex dem&s on its p[]s ( adaptation4 ,nei!r is x ( any argum5tative use to po9t to ! fact t adaptive actions :i* orig9ally are p]=m$ ) consci\s volition may by practice come to be p]=m$ )\t consci\s volition4 ,= x is c]ta9 t no adaptive action ( q a novel k9d is ev] p]=m$ f ! fir/ )\t consci\sness ( its p]=mance1 & !re=e1 al?\gh x is true t by repetition its p]=mance may become me*anical or unconsci\s1 ?is does n prove t consci\sness 0 )\t use 9 produc+ ! adaptive action4 ,x only proves t aft] a n]v\s me*anism has be5 elaborat$ by ! help ( consci\sness1 consci\sness may be )drawn & leave ! f9i%$ me*anism to "w alone2 ! /ructure hav+ be5 complet$1 ! scaffold+ necess>y to its completion may be remov$4 ,b pass+ ov] ?is difficulty :i* ! !ory ( consci\s automatism seems b\nd to enc\nt] 9 its collision ) ! !ory ( natural selection1 ! mo/ insup]able ( all its difficulties arises f ! b>e fact1 :i* x _c expla91 t consci\s intellig5ce exi/s1 & exi/s 9 ! mo/ intimate relation ) "o peculi> k9d ( mat]ial /ructure4 ,= automati/s mu/ conc$e t ! evid5ce ( causation 9 ! region ( m9d is at lea/ z cog5t z x is 9 ! region ( matt]1 see+ t ! :ole sci5ce ( psy*ology is only r5d]$ possible z a sci5ce by ! fundam5tal fact ( obs]vation t m5tal antec$5ts det]m9e m5tal consequ5ts4 ,!re=e1 if we call a physical sequ5ce ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & a m5tal sequ5ce a1 b1 c automati/s h to expla91 n m]ely :y !re %\ld be su* a ?+ z a m5tal sequ5ce at all1 b also :y ! sequ5ce a1 b1 c %\ld always proce$1 l9k = l9k1 ) ! sequ5ce ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,x cle>ly is no answ] to say t ! sequ5ce ,a1 ,b1 ,c implies ! successive activity ( c]ta9 def9ite n]ve-c5tres ,a'1 ,b'1 ,c' :i* h = _! subjective effects ! sequ5ce a1 b1 c s t :5ev] ! sequ5ce ,a1 ,b1 ,c occurs ! sequ5ce a1 b1 c mu/ likewise occur4 ,?is is no answ]1 because x m]ely re/ates ! hypo!sis ( automatism1 & begs ! :ole "q to be discuss$4 ,:at me?odical reason dem&s z an answ] is simply :y ! sequ5ce ,a1 ,b1 ,c ev5 ?\gh we freely grant x due to ! successive activity ( c]ta9 def9ite n]ve-c5tres1 %\ld be att5d$ by ! sequ5ce a1 b1 c4 ,reason p]ceives cle>ly en\gh t ! sequ5ce a1 b1 c belongs to a :olly diff]5t category f ! sequ5ce ,a1 ,b1 ,c ! "o be+ imm$iately kn[n z a process tak+ place 9 a some?+ :i* is )\t ext5sion or physical prop]ties ( any k9d1 & ! o!r tak+ place 9 a some?+ :i* :51 translat$ by ! previ\s some?+1 we recognize z hav+ ext5sion & ! o!r anti!tical prop]ties :i* we class toge!r z physical4 ,!re w\ld ( c\rse be no difficulty if ! sequ5ce ,a1 ,b1 ,c cont9u$ ?r\gh any am\nt ( complexity 9 ! same conceivable category ( be+2 s t !re w\ld be no?+ actually inconceivable 9 c]ebral sequ5ce--*anges runn+ ?r\gh ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 c41 to an ext5t suffici5t to cause unconsci\s automatism ( any degree ( complexity4 ,b t :i* does require explanation f automati/s is :y automatism %\ld h become associat$ ) consci\sness1 & ?is s intimately t e *ange 9 ! sequ5ce ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 c41 is accompani$ by a p>ticul> & correspond+ *ange 9 ! sequ5ce a1 b1 c1 c4 ,?us1 to take a def9ite illu/ration1 if on see+ ! sun ,i ?9k ( a pap] on sol> physics1 & f ?is pass to ?9k+ ( ,mr4 ,norman ,locky]1 & f ?is to speculat+ on ! probability ( c]ta9 suppos$ elem5ts be+ really comp\nds1 !re is "h a def9ite causal connexion 9 ! sequ5ce ( my ?\ghts4 ,b x is ! la/ extravagance ( absurdity to tell me t ! accompany+ causal sequ5ces go+ on 9 my bra9 happ5 to h exactly correspond$ to ! sequ5ces :i* 7 tak+ place 9 ! m9d1 ! two tra9s ( sequ5ces be+ ea* def9ite & coh]5t 9 !mselves1 & yet ea* proce$+ l9k = l9k 9 l9es p>allel ) ! o!r4 ,)\t "s !ory ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony--:i*1 ( c\rse1 x is no "p ( automatism to ent]ta9--x w\ld1 on ! doctr9e ( *ances alone1 be impossible to suppose t ! causal sequ5ces 9 ! bra9 always happ5 to be j ^? :i*1 by runn+ l9k = l9k ) ano!r set ( causal sequ5ces tak+ place 9 ! m9d1 enable bo? ! s]ies to be def9ite & coh]5t 9 !mselves4 ,!re=e1 be=e reason c all[ ! !ory ( automatism to pass1 x mu/ be told h[ ?is wond]ful fact ( p>allelism is to be expla9$4 ,!re mu/ be "s connexion betwe5 ! intr9sically coh]5t s]ies ,a1 ,b1 ,c & ! no less intr9sically coh]5t sequ5ce a1 b1 c1 :i* may be tak5 z an explanation :y !y co9cide ea* to ea*4 ,:at is ?is connexion8 ,we d n "k2 b we h n[ se5 t1 :atev] x is1 x _c be an ord9>y causal connexion--fir/1 because ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy makes x incumb5t on u to believe t ! procession ( physical cause & effect is complete )9 ! region ( bra9--a clos$ circle1 z x 71 f :i* no en]gy c1 )\t argum5tative suicide1 be suppos$ to escape into ! region ( m9d2 & next1 because1 ev5 7 ?is difficulty disreg>d$1 x is unacc\ntable t ! causative influ5ce 7:atev] x is suppos$ to be71 :i* passes ov] f ! region ( physics into t ( psy*ics1 %\ld be su* z to r5d] ! psy*ical s]ies coh]5t 9 itself1 :5 on ! physical side ! s]ies mu/ be det]m9$ by purely physical conditions1 hav+ no ref]5ce :atsoev] to psy*ical requirem5ts4 ,?us x is argum5tatively impossible = ,mat]ialism to elude ! necessity ( expla9+ ! k9d ( connexion :i* x supposes to subsi/ betwe5 neurosis & psy*osis2 & =asmu* z ! above consid]ations cle>ly %[ ?is connexion _c be accept$ z "o ( ord9>y causality )\t "s answ] be+ giv5 to ! que/ions :i* reason has to ask1 ,mat]ialism mu/ be rul$ out ( c\rt if %e fails to respond to ! dem&4 ,b x is no less cle>ly impossible t %e c respond to ! dem&1 & !re=e at ! b> ( ,philosophy ,mat]ialism mu/ be pron\nc$1 = ?is z well z = ! reasons previ\sly cit$1 conspicu\sly inadequate to acc\nt = ! facts4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #d3 ,pr(essor ,fl9t1 ,anti!i/ic ,!ories1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #e3 ,philosophy ( ,religion1 pp4 #ie1 #ii1 & #aja4 ,footnote #f3 ,briti% ,association ,report1 #ahgi1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #g3 ,briti% ,association ,report1 #ahfh4 ,trans4 ( ,sections1 p4 #e4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,monism4 ,we h se51 !n1 t bo? ! alt]native !ories ( ,spiritualism & ,mat]ialism are f\nd1 :5 c>efully exam9$1 to be s beset ) difficulties ( a necess>y & fundam5tal k9d1 t x is impossible to ent]ta9 ei!r )\t clos+ our eyes to c]ta9 contradictions :i* !y sev]ally & inh]5tly pres5t4 ,we may1 inde$1 g ev5 fur!r ?an ?is1 & affirm t to suppose m9d ! cause ( motion or motion ! cause ( m9d is equally to suppose t :i* 9 its v nature z a supposition is nei!r true nor untrue1 b nons5sical4 ,=1 z ,pr(4 ,clif=d has said 9 8 essay on ,body & ,m9d1-- ',x may be conceiv$ t1 at ! same "t ) e ex]cise ( volition1 !re is a di/urbance ( ! physical laws2 b ?is di/urbance1 be+ p]ceptible to me1 w\ld be a physical fact accompany+ ! volition1 & c\ld n be volition itself1 :i* is n p]ceptible to me4 ,:e!r !re is su* a di/urbance ( ! physical laws or no is a "q ( fact to :i* we h ! be/ ( reasons = giv+ a negative answ]2 b ! ass]tion t ano!r man's volition1 a feel+ 9 8 consci\sness :i* ,i _c p]ceive1 is "p ( ! tra9 ( physical facts :i* ,i may p]ceive1--?is is nei!r true nor untrue1 b nons5se2 x is a comb9ation ( words ^: correspond+ ideas w n g toge!r#h4' ,& see+ t ! correlatives are 9 ea* case ! same1 x is simil>ly 'nons5se' to ass]t ! conv]se proposition3 or1 9 o!r words1 x is equally nons5se to speak ( m5tal action caus+ c]ebral action1 or ( c]ebral action caus+ m5tal action--nons5se ( ! same k9d z x w\ld be to speak ( ! ,pickwick ,pap]s caus+ a /orm at sea1 or ! eruption ( a volcano caus+ ! =ty-sev5? proposition 9 ! fir/ book ( ,euclid4 ,we see1 !n1 t two ( ! ?ree possible !ories ( ?+s conta9 ! elem5ts ( _! own de/ruction3 :5 c>efully analyz$1 bo? ^! !ories are f\nd to pres5t inh]5t contradictions4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! ?ird1 or only alt]native !ory1 comes to u ) a l>ge antec$5t presumption 9 its fav\r4 ,= x comes to u1 z x 71 on a cle> field1 or ) ! negative advantage ( hav+ no logical rivals to cont5d )4 ,! o!r two sugge/ions hav+ be5 weigh$ 9 ! balance & f\nd want+1 we are free to look to ! new-com] z q unoppos$4 ,?is new-com] mu/1 inde$1 be int]rogat$ z c>efully z 8 pr$ecessors1 &1 l !m1 mu/ be judg$ ^u 8 own m]its4 ,b z he con/itutes our la/ possible hope ( solv+ ! "q :i* he pr(esses himself able to solve1 ! absolute failure ( 8 pr$ecessors entitles him to a pati5t he>+4 ,by ! me?od ( exclusion 8 voice is n[ ! only voice t rema9s to be he>d1 & unless x c speak to bett] purpose ?an ! o!rs1 we %all h no alt]native b to ab&on ! facts z inexplicable1 or to confess t x is necess>ily impossible = ! human m9d ev] to arrive at any !ory ( ?+s4 ,be=e proce$+ to /ate or to exam9e ?is ?ird & la/ ( ! sugge/$ !ories1 x is desirable--9 ord] /ill fur!r to def9e its /atus a priori--t ,i %\ld exhibit ! reason :y ! two o!r sugge/ions h necess>ily fail$4 ,= to my m9d x is p]fectly obvi\s t ?is reason is to be f\nd1 & f\nd only1 9 ! fact t !y are bo? duali/ic4 ,! inh]5t1 ! fatal1 & ! closely simil> difficulties :i* atta* to bo? ! duali/ic !ories1 atta* to !m m]ely because !y are duali/ic4 ,! 'nons5se' ( ea* ( !m is really id5tical1 & arises only because !y bo? make ! same irrational attempt to f9d m 9 ! effect ?an !y h put into ! cause4 ,9 o!r words1 bo? ! duali/ic !ories suppose t ! physical *a9s ( causation is complete )9 itself1 & t ! m5tal *a9 is also complete )9 itself3 yet !y bo? proce$ to ! contradiction t "o ( ^! *a9s is able to all[ "s ( its causal influ5ce to escape1 z x 71 9 ord] to con/itute ! o!r *a94 ,x makes no diff]5ce1 9 po9t ( logic1 :e!r su* an escape is suppos$ to take place f ! physical *a9 7mat]ialism7 or f ! m5tal *a9 7spiritualism73 9 ei!r case ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( causality is alike impugn$--! pr9ciple1 t is1 ( !re be+ an equival5cy betwe5 cause & effect1 su* t y _c get m out ( y\r effect ?an y h put into y\r cause4 ,bo? ^! duali/ic !ories1 al?\gh !y take opposite views z to :i* ( ! two *a9s ( causation is ! cause ( ! o!r1 nev]!less agree 9 suppos+ t !re are two *a9s ( causation1 & t "o ( !m does act causally ^u ! o!r3 & x is 9 ?is matt] ( _! common cons5t t !y bo? commit suicide4 ,e process 9 ! physical sph]e mu/ be suppos$ to h its equations satisfi$ )9 t sph]e3 else ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy w\ld be contrav5$1 & ?us ! causation contemplat$ c\ld no long] be contemplat$ z physical4 ,simil>ly1 e process 9 ! m5tal sph]e mu/ be suppos$ to h its equations satisfi$ )9 t sph]e3 else ! causation contemplat$ c\ld no long] be contemplat$ z m5tal3 "s ( ! equations mu/ be suppos$ n to h be5 satisfi$ )9 ! m5tal sph]e1 b to h be5 c>ri$ ov] into ! physical sph]e--?us to h ei!r creat$ or de/roy$ c]ta9 quantities ( en]gy )9 t sph]e1 & ?us1 also1 to h introduc$ elem5ts ( endless confusion into ! o!rwise ord]ly sy/em ( ,nature4 ,f ?is vice ( radical contradiction1 to :i* bo? ! duali/ic !ories are committ$1 ! moni/ic !ory is free4 ,moreov]1 z we %all imm$iately f9d1 x is free to comb9e ! elem5ts ( tru? :i* sev]ally belong to bo? ! o!r !ories4 ,^! o!r !ories are ea* conc]n$ ) :at !y see ^u diff]5t sides ( ! same %ield4 ,! facts :i* !y sev]ally receive !y sev]ally report1 & _! reports appe> to contradict ea* o!r4 ,b tru? c nev] be really 9 contradiction ) o!r tru?2 & x is res]v$ = ,monism1 by tak+ a simultane\s view ( bo? sides1 to reconcile ! previ\sly app>5t contradictions4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons1 :i* w unfold !mselves z we proce$1 ,i fully agree ) ! late ,pr(essor ,clif=d :]e he says ( ?is !ory--',x is n m]ely a speculation1 b is a result to :i* all ! greate/ m9ds t h /udi$ ?is "q 7! relation betwe5 body & m9d7 9 ! "r way h gradually be5 approximat+ = a long "t4' ,?is !ory is1 z we h already se51 t m5tal ph5om5a & physical ph5om5a1 al?\gh app>5tly div]se1 are really id5tical4 ,if we ?us unite 9 a high] syn!sis ! elem5ts bo? ( spiritualism & ( mat]ialism1 we obta9 a product :i* satisfies e fact ( feel+ on ! "o h&1 & ( obs]vation on ! o!r4 ,we h only to suppose t ! anti!sis betwe5 m9d & motion--subject & object--is itself ph5om5al or app>5t3 n absolute or real4 ,we h only to suppose t ! seem+ duality is relative to our modes ( appreh5sion3 &1 !re=e1 t any *ange tak+ place 9 ! m9d1 & any correspond+ *ange tak+ place 9 ! bra91 are really n two *anges1 b "o *ange4 ,:5 a viol9 is play$ ^u we he> a musical s\nd1 & at ! same "t we see a vibration ( ! /r+s4 ,relatively to our consci\sness1 !re=e1 we h "h two sets ( *anges1 :i* appe> to be v diff]5t 9 k9d2 yet we "k t 9 an absolute s5se !y are "o & ! same3 we "k t ! div]sity 9 consci\sness is creat$ only by ! diff]5ce 9 our mode ( p]ceiv+ ! same ev5ts--:e!r we see or :e!r we he> ! vibration ( ! /r+s4 ,simil>ly1 we may suppose t a vibration ( n]ve-/r+s & a process ( ?\ght are really "o & ! same ev5t1 :i* is dual or div]se only 9 relation to our modes ( p]ceiv+ x4 ,or1 to take ano!r & a bett] illu/ration1 9 an ,edison lamp ! light :i* is emitt$ f ! burn] may be said indiff]5tly to be caus$ by ! numb] ( vibrations p] second go+ on 9 ! c>bon1 or by ! temp]ature ( ! c>bon2 = ?is rate ( vibration c\ld n take place 9 ! c>bon )\t con/itut+ t degree ( temp]ature :i* affects our eyes z lum9\s4 ,simil>ly1 a tra9 ( ?\ght may be said indiff]5tly to be caus$ by bra9-action or by m9d-action2 =1 ex hypo!si1 ! "o c\ld n take place )\t ! o!r4 ,n[ :5 we contemplate ! ph5om5a ( volition by !mselves1 x is z ?\gh we 7 contemplat+ ! ph5om5a ( light by !mselves3 volition is produc$ by m9d 9 bra91 j z light is produc$ by temp]ature 9 c>bon4 ,& j z we may correctly speak ( light z ! cause1 say1 ( a photograph1 s we may correctly speak ( volition z ! cause ( bodily movem5t4 ,t p>ticul> k9d ( physical activity :i* takes place 9 ! c>bon c\ld n take place )\t ! light :i* causes a photograph2 &1 simil>ly1 t p>ticul> k9d ( physical activity :i* takes place 9 ! bra9 c\ld n take place )\t ! volition :i* causes a bodily movem5t4 ,s t volition is z truly a cause ( bodily movem5t z is ! physical activity ( ! bra92 see+ t1 9 an absolute s5se1 ! cause is "o & ! same4 ,b if we once cle>ly p]ceive t :at 9 a relative s5se we "k z volition is1 9 a simil> s5se1 ! cause ( bodily movem5t1 we t]m9ate ! "q t\*+ ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,x ?us becomes a m]e matt] ( phraseology :e!r we speak ( ! w det]m9+1 or be+ det]m9$ by1 *anges go+ on 9 ! ext]nal _w2 j z x is b a matt] ( phraseology :e!r we speak ( temp]ature det]m9+1 or be+ det]m9$ by1 molecul> vibration4 ,all ! requirem5ts alike ( ! free-w & ( ! bond-w hypo!ses are ?us satisfi$ by a syn!sis :i* comprises !m bo?4 ,on ! "o h&1 x w\ld be z impossible = an unconsci\s automaton to d ! "w or to p]=m ! adju/m5ts ( a consci\s ag5t1 z x w\ld be = an ,edison lamp to give out light & cause a photograph :5 n heat$ by an electric curr5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld be z impossible = ! w to orig9ate bodily motion )\t ! occurr5ce ( a /rictly physical process ( c]ebration1 z x w\ld be = light to %9e 9 an ,edison lamp :i* _h be5 depriv$ ( its c>bon-burn]4 ,! great advantage ( ?is !ory is1 t x supposes only "o /ream ( causation1 9 :i* bo? m9d & motion are simultane\sly conc]n$4 ,! !ory1 !re=e1 escapes all ! difficulties & contradictions ) :i* bo? spiritualism & mat]ialism are beset4 ,?us1 motion is suppos$ to be produc+ no?+ b motion2 m9d-*anges no?+ b m9d-*anges--bo? produc+ bo? simultane\sly3 nei!r c\ld be :at x is )\t ! o!r1 because )\t ! o!r nei!r c\ld be ! cause :i* 9 fact x is4 ,impossible1 !re=e1 is ! supposition ( ! mat]iali/ t consci\sness is adv5titi\s1 or t 9 ! abs5ce ( m9d ! *anges ( ! bra9 c\ld be :at !y are2 = x belongs to ! v causation ( ^! movem5ts t !y %\ld h a m5tal side4 ,& equally impossible is ! supposition ( ! spirituali/ t ! c]ebral processes are adv5titi\s1 or t 9 ! abs5ce ( bra9 ! *anges ( ! m9d c\ld be :at !y are2 = x belongs to ! v causation ( ^! *anges t !y %\ld h a mat]ial side4 ,fur!rmore1 ! use ( m9d to animals & to m5 is ?us r5d]$ app>5t2 = intellig5t volition is ?us %[n to be a true cause ( adju/ive movem5t1 9 t ! c]ebration :i* x involves c\ld n o!rwise be possible3 ! causation w\ld n o!rwise be complete4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #h3 ,lectures & ,essays1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ef-g4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,,an ,,eject4 ,9 ! ,introduction to ?is essay ,i h s\ght to %[ t !re are1 = ! purposes ( practical discussion1 b ?ree !ories ( ! ,_w ( ,be+4 ,!re is1 fir/1 ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism1 :i* supposes matt] 9 motion to be ! ultimate or self-exi/+ ,reality1 &1 !re=e1 ! cause ( m9d4 ,next1 !re is ! !ory ( ,spiritualism1 :i* supposes m9d to be ! ultimate ,reality1 &1 !re=e1 ! cause ( matt] 9 motion4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! !ory ( ,monism :i* supposes matt] 9 motion to be sub/antially id5tical ) m9d1 &1 !re=e1 t z betwe5 m9d & matt] 9 motion !re is no causal relation ei!r way4 ,9 ! =ego+ *apt]s ,i h consid]$ ^! ?ree !ories1 & argu$ t ( !m ! la/-m5tion$ is ! only "o :i* satisfies all ! facts ( feel+ on ! "o h&1 & ( obs]vation on ! o!r4 ,! !ory ( ,monism alone is able to expla91 )\t inh]5t contradiction1 ! ph5om5a bo? ( ! subjective & objective sph]es4 ,x is my pres5t purpose to ext5d ! consid]ations already pres5t$4 ,assum+ ! !ory ( ,monism1 ,i desire to asc]ta9 ! result to :i* x w lead :5 appli$ to ! "q :e!r we ought to reg>d ! ext]nal _w z ( a "* m5tal or non-m5tal4 ,z obs]v$ 9 my ,r$e ,lecture 7supra1 p4 #cc71 ?is "q has already be5 consid]$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,clif=d1 :o decid$ t on ! moni/ic !ory ! probability po9t$ t[>ds ! ext]nal _w be+ ( a "* non-m5tal2 t1 al?\gh ! :ole univ]se is compos$ ( 'm9d-/uff1' ! univ]se z a :ole is m9dless4 ,?is decision ,i !n briefly criticiz$2 x is n[ my object to contemplate ! matt] some:at m 9 detail4 ,i w assume1 on acc\nt ( reasons previ\sly giv51 t :5 we speak ( matt] 9 motion we d n at all "k :at x is t moves1 nor d we "k at all :at x is t we mean by motion4 ,!re=e if1 z unkn[n quantities1 we call matt] a & motion b1 all we are entitl$ to affirm is t a b z1 :]e z is a kn[n quantity1 or m9d4 ,obv]sely /at$1 we may say t ! kn[n quantity z is capable ( be+ resolv$ into ! unkn[n a b4 ,b1 inasmu* z bo? a & b are unkn[n1 we may simplify matt]s by reg>d+ _! sum z a s+le unkn[n quantity x1 :i* we take to be sub/antially id5tical ) its obv]se aspect kn[n z z4 ,"h1 !n1 are our data4 ,! !ory ( ,monism tea*es t :at we p]ceive z matt] 9 motion1 x1 is ! obv]se ( :at we "k z m9d1 z4 ,:at1 !n1 d we "k ( z8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we well "k t ?is is ! only entity ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 s to speak1 at fir/ h&2 all our k ( x 7:i* is ! only o!r k we possess7 is possible only 9 s f> z we are able to translate x into t]ms ( z4 ,9 ! next place1 we "k t z is itself an entity ( ! mo/ enorm\s complexity4 ,/&+ z a symbol ( ! :ole range ( individual subjectivity1 x may be said to con/itute = ea* individual ! symbol ( 8 own p]sonality--or ! sum total ( 8 consci\s life4 ,n[ ea* individual kn[s by direct k t 8 consci\s life is1 z ,i h said1 ( enorm\s complexity1 & t numb]less +r$i5ts ( feel+1 ?\ght1 & volition are !re9 comb9$ 9 numb]less ways4 ,!re=e ! symbol z may be consid]$ z ! sum ( innum]able con/itu5t p>ts1 gr\p$ int] se 9 numb]less sy/ems ( m or less complexity4 ,f ^! consid]ations we arrive at ! foll[+ conclusions4 ,! !ory ( ,monism tea*es t all z is x2 b x does n1 !re=e1 necess>ily tea* t all x is z4 ,nev]!less1 x does tea* t if all x is n z1 ?is mu/ be because x is z1 plus some?+ m ?an z1 z a little ?\ght w be suffici5t to %[4 ,?us1 ! f\r annex$ diagrams exhau/ ! logical possibilities ( any case1 :]e ! "q is z to ! inclusion or exclusion ( "o quantity by ano!r4 ,9 ,fig4 #a ! two quantities are co9cid5t2 9 ,fig #b ! "o is :olly includ$ by ! o!r2 9 ,fig4 #c x is p>tially includ$2 & 9 ,fig4 #d :olly exclud$4 ,n[ 9 ! pres5t case1 & ^u ! data suppli$1 ! logical possibilities are exhau/$ by ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,=1 ^u ^! data1 ,figs4 #c & #d obvi\sly repres5t logical impossibilities2 no "p ( ,m9d c1 accord+ to ^! data1 /& outside ! limits ( ,matt] & ,motion4 ,!re=e1 if ! ,ego is n co9cid5t ) ! ,non-ego 7or if all x is n z1 z 9 ,fig4 #a71 ?is c only be because ! ,ego is less ext5sive ?an ! ,non-ego 7or because x is z plus some?+ m ?an z1 z 9 ,fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,( ^! two logical possibilities ,idealism1 9 its mo/ extreme =m1 may adopt ! fir/4 ,= ,idealism 9 ?is =m may hold t ap>t f ! ,ego !re is no ext]nal _w2 t outside ( z !re is no x2 t ! only esse is ! p]cipi4 ,b1 z v few p]sons n[adays are prep>$ to g ! l5g? ( s]i\sly ma9ta9+ t 9 actual fact !re is no ext]nal _w save 9 s f> z ?is is p]ceiv$ by ! individual m9d1 ,i ne$ n wait to consid] ?is possibility4 ,we are ?us practically %ut up to a consid]ation ( ! possibility m>k$ #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,! !ory ( ,monism1 !n1 tea*es t x is z plus some?+ m ?an z2 & !re=e x becomes a matt] ( great mom5t to consid] ! probable nature ( ! ov]plus4 ,= x obvi\sly does n foll[ t because x is great] ?an z 9 a logical s5se1 !re=e x mu/ be great] ?an z 9 a psy*ological s5se4 ,save ^u ! !ory ( ,idealism 7) :i* ,monism is n specially conc]n$7 ! am\nt 7:atev] x may be7 :]e9 x is great] ?an z1 may n pres5t any psy*ological signification at all4 ,we may f9d t ! surface ( our globe is consid]ably l>g] ?an t ( ! dry l&1 & yet x may n foll[ t ! m5tal-life to be met ) 9 ! sea is psy*ologically sup]ior to t :i* occurs on dry l&4 ,if1 !re=e1 we repres5t by comp>ative %ad+ degrees ( psy*ological excell5ce1 x is evid5t t ! !ory ( ,monism mu/ ent]ta9 ! ?ree possibilities indicat$ diagrammatically 9 ,figs4 #e1 #f1 & #g4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :at ! comp>ative areas ( x & z may be1 or :e!r x be uni=mly %ad$ ?r\gh\t its ext5t4 ,all we h s f> to notice is t ! fact ( logical inclusion does n necess>ily c>ry ) x ! implication ( psy*ological sup]iority4 ,next we mu/ notice t besides our own subjectivities1 we h cognizance ( be+ surr\nd$ by _m o!r inf]r$ subjectivities m or less l 9 k9d 7i4 e4 o!r human m9ds72 & also yet _m o!r inf]r$ subjectivities m or less unlike1 b all inf]ior 7i4 e4 ! m9ds ( l[] animals1 "y *ildr51 & idiots74 ,foll[+ ,clif=d1 ,i w call ^! inf]r$ subjectivities by ! "n ( ejects1 & assign to !m ! symbol y4 ,?us1 9 ! foll[+ discussion1 x ! objective _w1 y ! ejective _w1 & z subjective _w4 ,n[1 ! !ory ( ,monism supposes t x1 y1 & z are all alike 9 k9d1 b pres5t no def9ite tea*+ z to h[ f> !y may diff] 9 degree4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 at once all[ t betwe5 ! psy*ological value ( z & t ( y !re is a wide diff]5ce ( degree2 & also t1 :ile ! value ( z is a fix$ quantity1 t ( y v>ies greatly 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! area y4 ,our s*eme1 !re=e1 w n[ adopt ?is =m-- ,illu/ration ,b ! important "q rema9s h[ we ought to %ade x4 ,accord+ to ,clif=d1 ?is ought sc>cely to be %ad$ at all1 :ile accord+ to !ologians 7& !i/s g5]ally7 x ought to be %ad$ s mu* m deeply ?an ei!r y or z1 t ! jo9t repres5tation 9 "o diagram w\ld only be possible by *oos+ = ! %ad+ ( x a col\r diff]5t f t employ$ = y & z1 & assign+ to t col\r a repres5tative value high] ?an t assign$ to ! o!r 9 ! ratio ( "o to inf9ity4 ,x w be my object to e/imate ! relative probability ( ^! rival e/imates ( ! psy*ological value ( x4 ,/>t+ f z z our c5tre1 we "k t ?is is an isolat$ sy/em ( subjectivity1 & h5ce we inf] t all y is compos$ ( analog\s sy/ems1 resembl+ "o ano!r z to _! isolation1 & diff]+ only 9 _! degrees ( psy*ological value4 ,n[ ?is1 translat$ into t]ms ( x 7or into t]ms ( objectivity7 means t z is an isolat$ sy/em ( matt] 9 motion1 & t ! same has to be said ( all ! con/itu5t p>ts ( y4 ,9 o!r words1 bo? subjectivity & ejectivity are only kn[n "u ! condition ( be+ isolat$ f objectivity2 :i*1 obv]sely consid]$1 means t ! matt] 9 motion "h conc]n$ is tempor>ily sep>at$ (f f ! re/ ( ! objective _w1 9 su* wise t x =ms a di/9ct sy/em ( its own4 ,if any "p ( ! objective _w rudely =ces its way )9 ! ma*9]y ( t sy/em1 x is at ! risk ( dis>rang+ ! ma*9]y & /opp+ its "w--z is ! case :5 a bullet ent]s ! bra94 ,su* conv]se z ! bra9 normally holds ) ! ext]nal _w1 is held ?r\gh ! appo9t$ *annels ( ! s5ses1 :]eby appropriate causation is suppli$ to keep ! o!rwise isolat$ sy/em at "w4 ,we "k1 f physiological evid5ce1 t :5 su* ext]nal causation is )held1 ! isolat$ sy/em ceases to "w2 !re=e1 ! isolation1 al?\gh complete "u "o po9t ( view1 "u ano!r po9t ( view is incomplete4 ,x is complete only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! isolation ( a ma*9e is complete--i4 e4 x is 9 itself a work+ sy/em1 yet its work+ is ultimately dep5d5t ^u causation suppli$ f )\t 9 c]ta9 appropriate ways4 ,?is tru? is likewise te/ifi$ to on ! obv]se aspect ( psy*ology4 ,= analysis %[s t all our m5tal processes 7h[ev] complex !y may be int]nally7 are ultimately dep5d5t on impressions ( ! ext]nal _w ga9$ ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,:e!r reg>d$ objectively or subjectively1 !re=e1 we f9d t x is ! bus9ess ( ! isolat$ sy/em to elaborate1 by its int]nal processes1 ! raw mat]ials :i* are suppli$ to x f )\t4 ,see+1 !n1 t ! isolation ( ! sy/em is ?us only p>tial1 we may be/ apply to x ! t]m circumscrib$4 ,su* p>tial isolation or circumscription ( matt] 9 motion--s t x %all 9 itself con/itute a little work+ microcosm--appe>s to be ! fir/ condition to ! be+ ( a subjective p]sonality4 ,:y1 !n1 does n ! work+ ( a ma*9e pres5t a subjective side8 ,our answ] to ?is "q is to be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,we are go+ ^u ! hypo!sis t all m9d is matt] 9 motion1 & t all matt] 9 motion is m9d--or1 z ,clif=d phras$ x1 t all ! ext]nal _w is compos$ ( m9d-/uff4 ,no matt] h[ lightly we may %ade x1 we are assum+ t x mu/ be %ad$1 & n left p]fectly :ite4 ,n[1 bo? m9d & matt] 9 motion admit ( degrees3 fir/ z to quantity1 next z to velocity1 & la/ly z to complexity4 ,b ! degrees ( matt] 9 motion are f\nd1 9 po9t ( obs]vable fact1 n to correspond ) ^? ( m9d1 save 9 ! la/ p>ticul> ( complexity1 :]e !re is unque/ionably an evid5t correspond5ce4 ,!re=e x is t a ma*9e1 al?\gh con=m+ to ! prime condition ( subjectivity 9 be+ a circumscrib$ sy/em ( matt] 9 motion1 nev]!less does n atta9 to subjectivity3 ! x does n rise to z because ! int]nal processes ( x are n suffici5tly intricate1 or _! intricacy is n ( ! appropriate k9d4 ,f :i* x foll[s t al?\gh1 z ,i h said1 all matt] 9 motion is m9d1 m]ely z matt] 9 motion 7or irrespective ( ! k9ds & degrees ( bo?7 x may n necess>ily be m9d 9 ! elaborat$ =m ( consci\sness3 x may only be ! raw mat]ial ( m9d--or1 z ,clif=d call$ x1 m9d-/uff4 ,?us1 al?\gh all consci\s volition is matt] 9 motion1 x does n foll[ t all matt] 9 motion is consci\s volition4 ,:i* s]ves to re/ate ! "q z to h[ f> x is probable1 or improbable1 t all matt] 9 motion is consci\s volition--i4e4 h[ deeply we ought to %ade x4 ,well1 ! fir/ ?+ to be consid]$ 9 answ]+ ?is "q is t1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,monism1 we "k t x is )9 ! range ( possibility = matt] 9 motion to rea* a level ( intricacy :i* %all yield consci\s volition1 & ev5 self-consci\s ?\ght ( an extremely high ord] ( developm5t4 ,!re=e1 ! only "q is z to :e!r x is possible1 or 9 any way probable1 t matt] 9 motion z occurr+ 9 x resembles1 9 po9t ( intricacy1 matt] 9 motion z occurr+ 9 z4 ,pr(essor ,clif=d p]ceiv$ t ?is is ! core ( ! "q1 & /ak$ ! :ole answ] to x on an extremely simple issue4 ,he said t unless we c %[ 9 ! disposition ( heav5ly bodies "s morphological resemblance to ! /ructure ( a human bra91 we are preclud$ f rationally ent]ta9+ any probability t self-consci\s volition belongs to ! univ]se4 ,obvi\sly1 ?is way ( pres5t+ ! case is s grossly illogical t ev5 ! exig5cies ( popul> exposition _c be held to ju/ify ! pres5tation4 ,= aught t we c "k to ! contr>y1 n m]ely ! highly specializ$ /ructure ( ! human bra91 b ev5 t ( n]v\s matt] 9 g5]al1 may only be "o ( a ?\s& possible ways 9 :i* ! mat]ial & dynamical conditions requir$ = ! app>ition ( self-consci\sness c be secur$4 ,to imag9e t ! human bra9 ( necessity exhau/s ^! possibilities is 9 ! la/ degree absurd4 ,!re=e1 we may sugge/ ! foll[+ pres5tation ( ,clif=d's case z "o t is less obvi\sly inadequate3--if any resemblance to ! mat]ial & dynamical conditions ( ! microcosm c be detect$ 9 ! macrocosm1 we %\ld h good reason to ascribe to ! latt] ^? attributes ( subjectivity :i* we "k z belong+ to ! =m]2 b if no su* resemblance c be trac$1 we %all h "s reason to suppose t ^! attributes d n belong to ! univ]se4 ,ev5 ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i %\ld reg>d z mu* too wide a /atem5t ( ! case4 ,to take ! p>ticul> conditions "u :i* alone subjectivity is kn[n to occur ^u a s+le planet z exhau/+ ! possibilities ( its occurr5ce else:]e1 is too flagrant a use ( ! me?od ( simple enum]ation to admit ( a mom5t's c\nt5ance4 ,ev5 ! k t we h ( ! two great conditions "u :i* t]re/rial subjectivities occur--circumscription & complexity--is only empirical4 ,x may well be t else:]e 7or ap>t f ! conditions impos$ by n]v\s tissue7 subjectivity is possible irrespective bo? ( circumscription & ( complexity4 ,!re=e1 prop]ly or logically reg>d$1 ! great use ( ! "o exhibition ( subjectivity furni%$ to human exp]i5ce1 is ! pro( ?us furni%$ t subjectivity is possible "u "s conditions2 & ! utmo/ :i* on ! gr\nds ( su* pro( human exp]i5ce is entitl$ to argue is1 t probably1 if subjectivity is possible else:]e1 its possibility is giv5 by ^? conditions ( circumscription & complexity 9 ! mat]ial & dynamical relations conc]n$1 :i* we f9d to be ! inv>iable & quantitative concomitants ( subjectivity )9 exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is is a widely diff]5t ?+ f say+ t ! only k9d ( su* circumscription & complexity--or ! only disposition ( ^! relations--:i* c pres5t a subjective side is t :i* is f\nd 9 ! /ructures & functions ( a n]v\s sy/em4 ,n[1 if we fix our att5tion m]ely on ?is matt] ( complexity1 & refuse to be l$ a/ray by obvi\sly false analogies ( a m special k9d1 ,i ?9k !re c be no "q t ! macrocosm does furni% amply suffici5t opportunity1 z x 71 = ! pres5ce ( subjectivity1 ev5 if x be assum$ t subjectivity c only be yield$ by an ord] ( complexity analog\s to t ( a n]v\s sy/em4 ,=1 consid]+ ! mat]ial & dynamical sy/em ( ! univ]se z a :ole1 x is obvi\s t ! complexity pres5t$ is great] ?an t ( any ( its p>ts4 ,n only is x true t all ^! p>ts are includ$ 9 ! :ole1 & t ev5 ! visible sid]eal sy/em alone pres5ts movem5ts ( enorm\s intricacy#i1 b we f9d1 = in/ance1 t ev5 )9 ! limits ( ?is small planet !re is pres5t$ to actual obs]vation a peculi> =m ( circumscrib$ complex1 fully comp>able ) t ( ! individual bra91 & yet ext]nal to ea* individual bra94 ,= ! s-call$ 'social organism1' al?\gh compos$ ( innum]able individual p]sonalities1 is1 ) reg>d to ea* ( its con/itu5t units1 a "p ( ! objective _w--j z ! human bra9 w\ld be1 7 ea* ( its con/itu5t cells ( a con/ruction suffici5tly complex to yield a sep>ate p]sonality4 ,if to ?is x be object$ t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! social organism does n possess a self-consci\s p]sonality1 ,i w give a tw(old answ]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,:o told ! objector t x has n8 ,= aught t any "o ( its con/itu5t p]sonalities c prove to ! contr>y1 ?is social organism may possess self-consci\s p]sonality ( ! mo/ vivid "*3 its con/itu5t human m9ds may be born into x & die out ( x z d ! con/itu5t cells ( ! human body3 x may feel ! ?roes ( w> & fam9e1 rejoice 9 ! com=ts ( peace & pl5ty3 x may appreciate ! gr[? ( civilization z its passage f *ildhood to maturity4 ,if ?is at fir/ sight appe>s a grotesque supposition1 we mu/ rememb] t x w\ld appe> equally s to ascribe su* possibilities to ! individual bra91 7 x n = ! irrelevant accid5t ( ?is p>ticul> =m ( complex /&+ 9 su* relation to our own subjectivity t we are able to v]ify ! fact ( its ejectivity4 ,?us1 = aught t we c tell to ! contr>y1 ,comte may h be5 ev5 m ju/ifi$ ?an 8 foll[]s suppose1 9 tea*+ ! p]sonification ( ,humanity4 ,b1 9 ! next place1 if ! social organism is n end[$ ) p]sonality1 ?is may be = ei!r "o ( two reasons4 ,all ! conditions requir$ = atta9+ s high a level ( psy*ical p]fection may n be "h pres5t2 or else ! level ( psy*ical p]fection may be high] ?an t :i* we "k z p]sonality4 ,?is latt] alt]native w be consid]$ 9 ano!r relation by-&-by1 s ,i w n dwell ^u x n[4 ,b ) ref]5ce to all ^! possible cont+5cies1 ,i may obs]ve t we are n )\t cle> indications ( ! great fact t ! high ord] ( complexity :i* has be5 rea*$ by ! social organism is accompani$ by evid5ce ( some?+ :i* we may lea/ dimly def9e z resembl+ subjectivity4 ,9 numb]less ways1 :i* ,i ne$ n wait to enum]ate1 we p]ceive t society exhibits ! ph5om5a bo? ( ?\ght & conduct4 ,& ^! ph5om5a _c always be expla9$ by reg>d+ !m z ! sum ( ! ?\ghts & actions ( its con/itu5t individuals--or1 at lea/1 !y c only be s reg>d$ by conc$+ t ! ?\ghts & actions ( ! con/itu5t individuals1 :5 ?us summat$1 yield a diff]5t product f t :i* w\ld be obta9$ by a m]ely ari?metical computation ( ! con/itu5t p>ts3 ! composite product diff]s f its compon5t elem5ts1 z ,h#b,o diff]s f #b;,h ,o4 ,! g5]al tru? ( ?is rem>k w1 ,i believe1 be appreciat$ by all hi/orians4 ,see+ t ideas are (t51 z x is said1 '9 ! air' be=e !y are cond5s$ 9 ! m9d ( individual g5ius1 we habitually speak ( ! ',zeit-gei/' z ! product ( a k9d ( collective psy*ology1 :i* is some?+ o!r ?an ! m]e sum ( all ! individual m9ds ( a g5]ation4 ,t is to say1 we reg>d society z an eject1 & ! m t a man /udies ! ?\ght & conduct ( society1 ! m does he become conv9c$ t we are "r 9 s reg>d+ x4 ,( c\rse ?is eject is manife/ly unlike t :i* we =m ( ano!r individual m9d3 x is mu* m g5]al1 vague1 & s f> unlike ! patt]n ( our own subjectivity t ev5 to ascribe to x ! important attribute ( p]sonality is felt1 z we h j se51 to approa* ! grotesque4 ,/ill1 9 ?is vague & g5]al way we d ascribe to society ejective exi/5ce3 we habitually ?9k ( ! :ole _w ( human ?\ght & feel+ z a psy*ological complex1 :i* is o!r ?an1 & m ?an1 a m]e %or?& enum]ation ( all ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( all individual human be+s4 ,! ejective exi/5ce ?us ascrib$ to society s]ves z a /epp+-/one to ! yet m vague & g5]al ascription ( su* exi/5ce to ! ,cosmos4 ,at fir/1 inde$1 or dur+ ! e>lie/ /ages ( culture1 ! ascription ( ejective exi/5ce to ! ext]nal _w is nei!r vague nor g5]al3 on ! contr>y1 x is mo/ di/9ct & specific4 ,beg9n+ 9 ! rude/ =ms ( animism1 :]e e natural process admits ( be+ imm$iately attribut$ to ! volitional ag5cy ( an unse5 _s1 an?ropomorphism sets out ^u its long c\rse ( developm5t1 :i* proce$s p>i passu ) ! developm5t ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,man1 z x has be5 truly said1 univ]sally makes ,god 9 8 own image2 & x is difficult to see h[ ! case c\ld be o!rwise4 ,univ]sally ! eject mu/ assume ! patt]n ( ! subject1 & x is only 9 ! proportion t ?is patt]n pres5ts ! features ( ab/ract ?9k+ t ! image :i* x ?r[s becomes less & less man-l4 ,h5ce1 z ,mr4 ,fiske has %[n 9 detail1 s soon z an?ropomorphism has assum$ its highe/ /ate ( developm5t1 x beg9s to be replac$ by a cont9u\s gr[? ( 'dean?ropomorphism1' :i*1 pass+ ?r\gh poly!ism into mono!ism1 ev5tually ends 9 a progressive 'purification' ( !ism--by :i* is meant a progressive metamorphosis ( ! !i/ic conception1 t5d+ to remove f ,deity ! attributes ( ,humanity4 ,! la/ ( ^! attributes to disappe> is t ( p]sonality1 & :5 ?is f9al ecdysis has be5 p]=m$1 ! eject :i* rema9s is s unlike its orig9al subject1 t1 z we %all imm$iately f9d1 x is extremely difficult to trace any po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 !m4 ,n[ x is ) ?is p]fect1 or imago condition ( ! _w-eject1 t we h to d4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 :at ,i consid] ! pr(\nde/ rea*es ( 8 philosophic ?\ght1 has well %[n1 on ! "o h&1 h[ impossible x is to attribute to ,deity any ( ! specific attributes ( m9d z kn[n to ourselves subjectively2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ x is possible to conceive 'symbolically' t ! univ]se may be in/9ct ) a 'quasi-psy*ical' pr9ciple1 z greatly transc5d+ p]sonality z p]sonality transc5ds me*anical motion#aj4 ,accept+1 !n1 ! _w-eject 9 ?is its highe/ conceivable /age ( evolution1 ,i desire to contemplate x "u ! light ( ! moni/ic !ory4 ,we h se5 t1 :e!r we look ^u ! subjective or objective face ( p]sonality1 we f9d t p]sonality arises f limitation--or1 z ,i h previ\sly t]m$ x1 circumscription4 ,n[1 we h no evid5ce1 nor are we able to conceive1 ( ! ext]nal _w z limit$2 consequ5tly we are n able to conceive1 ( ! _w-eject z p]sonal4 ,b1 inasmu* z p]sonality arises only f limitation1 ! conclusion t ! _w-eject is imp]sonal does n t5d to %[ t x is ( l[] psy*ical value ?an consci\s p]sonality3 on ! contr>y1 x t5ds to %[ t x is probably ( high] psy*ical value4 ,true1 we are n able to conceive actually ( m9d z imp]sonal2 b we c see t ?is m]ely arises f our only exp]i5ce ( m9d be+ giv5 "u conditions ( p]sonality2 &1 z j obs]v$1 x is possible to conceive symbolically t !re may be a =m ( m9d z greatly transc5d+ p]sonality z p]sonality transc5ds me*anical motion4 ,n[1 al?\gh we _c conceive ( su* a m9d actually1 we may mo/ probably make ! ne>e/ approa* to conceiv+ ( x truly1 by provisionally ascrib+ to x ! highe/ attributes ( m9d z kn[n to ourselves1 or ! attributes :i* belong to human p]sonality4 ,j z a ?9k+ insect w\ld d]ive a bett]1 or m true1 conception ( human p]sonality by consid]+ x ejectively ?an by consid]+ x objectively 7or by consid]+ ! m9d-processes z di/+ui%$ f ! bra9-processes71 s1 if !re is a =m ( m9d immeasurably sup]ior to our own1 we may probably ga9 a m fai?ful--h[soev] /ill inadequate--conception ( x by contemplat+ its op]ations ejectively ?an by do+ s objectively4 ,i w1 !re=e1 speak ( ! _w-eject z pres5t+ consci\s volition1 on ! und]/&+ t if x does n pres5t ei!r consci\sness or volition1 ?is mu/ be--accord+ to ! fundam5tal assumption ( psy*ism on :i* we are n[ proce$+--because x pres5ts attributes at lea/ z mu* high] ?an consci\sness or volition z ^! are high] ?an me*anical motion4 ,= :5 we consid] ! utmo/ t our consci\s volition is able to accompli% 9 ! way ( contrivance--h[ limit$ its k1 h[ %ort its duration1 h[ re/rict$ its range1 & h[ imp]fect its adaptations--we c only conclude t if ! ultimate con/itution ( all ?+s is pys*ical1 ! philosophy ( ! ,cosmos becomes a 'philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s' only because x is a philosophy ( ! ,sup]consci\s4 ,n[1 if once we feel ourselves able to transc5d ! prelim9>y--& d\btless v consid]able--difficulty ( symbolically conceiv+ ! _w-eject z sup]-consci\s1 & 7because n limit$7 also sup]-p]sonal1 ,i ?9k !re c be no "q t ! _w-object furni%es ov]:elm+ pro( ( psy*ism4 ,i c&idly confess t ,i am n myself able to ov]come ! prelim9>y difficulty 9 "q4 ,by dis*>g+ ! elem5ts ( p]sonality & consci\s volition f ! _w-eject1 ,i appe> to be dis*>g+ f my conception ( m9d all t mo/ di/9ctively belongs to t conception2 & ?us ,i seem to be br\ght back aga9 to ! po9t f :i* we />t$3 ! _w-eject appe>s to h aga9 resolv$ itself into ! unkn[n quantity x4 ,b "h we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 actual conception & symbolical conception4 ,al?\gh x is unque/ionably true t ,i c =m no actual conception ( ,m9d save z an eject ( p]sonality & consci\s volition1 x is a "q :e!r ,i am n able to =m a symbolical conception ( ,m9d z ?us ext5d$4 ,= ,i "k t consci\sness1 imply+ z x does cont9ual *ange 9 s]ial ord] ( circumscrib$ m5tal processes1 is n 7symbolically consid]$7 ! highe/ conceivable exhibition ( ,m9d2 & j z a ma!matician is able to deal symbolically ) space ( n dim5sions1 :ile only able really to conceive ( space z limit$ to ?ree dim5sions1 s ,i feel t ,i ought n to limit ! ab/ract possibilities ( m5tal be+ by :at ,i may t]m ! accid5tal conditions ( my own be+4 ,i ne$ sc>cely wait to %[ :y x appe>s to me t if ?is position is grant$1 ! _w-object furni%es1 z ,i h said1 ov]:elm+ pro( ( psy*ism2 = ?is pro( has be5 ably pres5t$ by _m o!r writ]s4 ,!re is fir/ ! antec$5t improbability t ! human m9d %\ld be ! highe/ manife/ation ( subjectivity 9 ?is univ]se ( inf9ite objectivity4 ,!re is next ! fact t ?r\gh\t ?is univ]se ( inf9ite objectivity--s f>1 at lea/1 z human obs]vation c ext5d--!re is unque/ionable evid5ce ( "s "o integrat+ pr9ciple1 :]eby all its _m & complex p>ts are correlat$ ) "o ano!r 9 su* wise t ! result is univ]sal ord]4 ,& if we take any "p ( ! :ole sy/em--su* z t ( organic nature on ?is planet--to exam9e 9 m detail1 we f9d t x appe>s to be in/9ct ) contrivance4 ,s to speak1 :]ev] we tap organic nature1 x seems to fl[ ) purpose2 &1 z we %all pres5tly see1 ^u ! moni/ic !ory ! evid5ce ( purpose is "h 9 no way att5uat$ by a full acceptance ( any ( ! 'me*anical' explanations furni%$ by sci5ce4 ,n[1 ^! l>ge & important facts ( obs]vation unque/ionably po9t1 z j obs]v$1 to "s "o integrat+ pr9ciple z p]vad+ ! ,cosmos2 &1 if s1 we c sc>cely be wrong 9 suppos+ t among all our conceptions x mu/ hold ne>e/ k9%ip to t :i* is our highe/ conception ( an integrat+ cause--viz41 ! conception ( psy*ism4 ,assur$ly no human m9d c\ld ei!r h devis$ or ma9ta9$ ! work+ ( ev5 a fragm5t ( ,nature2 &1 !re=e1 x seems b reasonable to conclude t ! integrat+ pr9ciple ( ! :ole--! ,_s1 z x 71 ( ! ,univ]se--mu/ be some?+ :i*1 :ile z ,i h said hold+ ne>e/ k9%ip ) our highe/ conception ( dispos+ p[]1 mu/ yet be immeasurably sup]ior to ! psy*ism ( man4 ,! _w-eject ?us becomes inve/$ ) a psy*ical value z greatly transc5d+ 9 magnitude t ( ! human m9d1 z ! mat]ial frame ( ! univ]se transc5ds 9 its magnitude ! mat]ial frame ( ! human body4 ,!re=e1 )\t 9 any way /ra9+ ! !ory ( ,monism1 we may provisionally %ade x m deeply ?an z1 & ?is 9 "s immeasurable degree4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o o!r matt] rema9s to be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ?is _w-eject z sanction$ by ,monism4 ,x leaves u free to reg>d all natural causation z a direct exhibition ( psy*ism4 ,! prejudice aga9/ any?+ approa*+ a !i/ic int]pretation ( ! ,univ]se n[adays arises *iefly f ! advance ( physical sci5ce hav+ practically reveal$ ! ubiquity ( natural causes4 ,x is felt t :5 a complete explanation ( any giv5 ph5om5on has be5 furni%$ 9 t]ms ( ^! causes1 !re is no ne$ to g fur!r2 ! ph5om5on has be5 r5d]$ intelligible on its me*anical side1 & !re=e x is felt t we h no reason to suppose t x pres5ts a m5tal side--any supplem5t>y causation ( a m5tal k9d be+ reg>d$ z sup]flu\s4 ,ev5 writ]s :o expressly repudiate ?is reason+ prove !mselves to be habitually "u its influ5ce2 = we con/antly f9d t su* writ]s1 aft] conc$+ ! me*anical explanations z f> z ^! h be5 prov$1 take _! /& ^u ! m intricate ph5om5a ( ,nature :]e1 z yet1 ! me*anical explanations are n =?com+4 ,:e!r x be at ! orig9 ( life1 ! orig9 ( s5ti5cy1 ( in/9ct1 ( rationality1 ( morality1 or ( religion1 ^! writ]s habitually argue t "h1 at lea/1 ! purely me*anical int]pretations fail2 & t "h1 consequ5tly1 !re is /ill room left = a psy*ical int]pretation4 ,( c\rse ! plead+ = !ism ?us suppli$ is se5 by o!rs to be ( an extremely feeble quality2 = :ile1 on ! "o h&1 x re/s only ^u ignorance ( natural causation 7z di/+ui%$ f any k ( sup]-natural causation71 on ! o!r h&1 abundant hi/orical analogies are available to %[ t x is only a "q ( "t :5 plead+ ( ?is k9d w become m & m re/rict$ 9 its subject-matt]1 till ev5tually x be altoge!r sil5c$4 ,b ! plead+ :i* ,monism is "h able to supply c nev] be sil5c$4 ,=1 accord+ to ,monism1 all matt] 9 motion is m9d2 &1 !re=e1 matt] 9 motion is m]ely ! objective revelation1 to u & = u1 ( t :i* 9 its subjective aspect--or 9 its ultimate reality--is m9d4 ,j z ! op]ations ( my fri5d's m9d c only be reveal$ to me ?r\gh ! me*anical op]ations ( 8 body1 s x may v well be t ! op]ations ( ! ,supreme ,m9d 7suppos+ su* to exi/7 c only be reveal$ to me ?r\gh ! me*anical op]ations ( ,nature4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases is t :ile ,i am able1 9 ! case ( my fri5d's m9d1 to elicit responses ( me*anical movem5t hav+ a def9ite & int5d$ relation to ! op]ations ( my own m9d1 simil>ly express$ to him2 su* is n ! case ) ,nature4 ,) ! fri5d-eject ,i am able to conv]se2 b n s ) ! _w-eject#aa4 ,?is great diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 al?\gh obvi\sly depriv+ me ( any su* direct corroboration ( psy*ism 9 ! _w-eject z t :i* ,i ?us d]ive ( psy*ism 9 ! fri5d-eject1 ought n to be reg>d$ by me z am\nt+1 9 ! smalle/ degree1 to dispro( ( psy*ism 9 ! _w-eject4 ,! fact t ,i am n able to conv]se ) ! _w-eject is m]ely a negative fact1 & %\ld n be all[$ to tell aga9/ any probability 7o!rwise d]iv$7 9 fav\r ( psy*ism z belong+ to t eject4 ,!re may be a ?\s& v good reasons :y ,i %\ld be preclud$ f su* conv]se--"s ( :i*1 inde$1 ,i c myself v cle>ly p]ceive4 ,! importance ( ,monism 9 ?us enabl+ u rationally to contemplate all processes ( physical causation z possibly imm$iate exhibitions ( psy*ism1 is difficult to ov]rate4 ,= x entirely dis*>ges all di/9ction betwe5 ! me*anical & ! m5tal2 s t if physical sci5ce 7 suffici5tly advanc$ to yield a full natural explanation ( all ! ph5om5a )9 human exp]i5ce1 mank9d w\ld be 9 a position to ga9 z complete a k z is !oretically possible ( ! psy*ological "* ( ! _w-eject4 ,already we are able to p]ceive ! imm5se significance ( be+ able to reg>d any sequ5ce ( natural causation z ! m]ely ph5om5al aspect ( ! ontological reality--! m]ely outw>d manife/ation ( an inw>d mean+4 ,?us1 = example1 ,i am li/5+ to a sonata ( ,bee?ov5's play$ by ,madame ,s*umann4 ,helmholtz tells me all t he kn[s ab\t ! physics & physiology ( ! process1 bo? beyond & )9 my bra94 ,b ,i feel t1 ev5 if ,helmholtz 7 able to tell me v mu* m ?an he c1 s long z he is deal+ ) ^! objective explanations1 he is at "w only ^u ! out] sk9 ( ! :ole matt]4 ,! great reality is ! m9d ( ,bee?ov5 communicat+ to my m9d ?r\gh ! complex int]v5tion ( ?ree diff]5t bra9s ) _! neuro-muscul> sy/ems1 & an endless v>iety ( a]ial vibrations proce$+ f a pian(orte4 ,! me?od ( communication has no?+ m to d ) ! reality communicat$ ?an h ! pap] & ink ( ?is essay to d ) ! ideas :i* !y s]ve to convey4 ,9 ea* case a vehicle ( symbols is necess>y 9 ord] t "o m9d %\ld communicate ) ano!r2 b 9 bo? cases ?is is a vehicle ( symbols1 & no?+ m4 ,ev]y:]e1 !re=e1 ! reality may be psy*ical1 & ! physical symbolic2 ev]y:]e matt] 9 motion may be ! outw>d & visible sign ( an inw>d & spiritual grace4 ,take aga9 ! case ( morality & religion4 ,because sci5ce1 by its !ory ( evolution1 appe>s to be 9 a fair way ( expla9+ ! g5esis ( ^! ?+s by natural causes1 !i/s are tak+ al>m2 x is felt by !m t if morality c be fully expla9$ by utility1 & religion by sup]/ition1 ! reality ( bo? is de/roy$4 ,b ,monism tea*es t su* a view is entirely errone\s4 ,=1 accord+ to ,monism1 ! natural causation ( morality & religion has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! ultimate tru? ( ei!r4 ,! natural causation is m]ely a record ( physical processes1 s]v+ to manife/ ! psy*ical processes4 ,nor c x make any diff]5ce1 z reg>ds ! ultimate v]acity ( ! moral & religi\s feel+s1 t !y h be5 develop$ sl[ly by natural causes2 t !y 7 at fir/ grossly selfi% on ! "o h&1 & hide\sly sup]/iti\s on ! o!r2 t !y aft]w>ds w5t ?r\gh a long s]ies ( *anges1 none ( :i* !re=e c h fully correspond$ ) ext]nal tru?2 or t ev5 n[ !y may be bo? extremely f> f any su* correspond5ce4 ,all t su* consid]ations g to prove is1 t x belongs to ! natural me?od ( m5tal evolution 9 man t ) advanc+ culture 8 ejective int]pretations ( ,nature %\ld m & m ne>ly approximate ! tru?4 ,! _w-eject mu/ necess>ily v>y ) ! "* ( ! human subject2 b ?is does n prove t ! ejective int]pretation has ?r\gh\t be5 wrong 9 me?od3 x only proves t su* int]pretation has be5 imp]fect--& necess>ily imp]fect--9 application4 ,su*1 !n1 ,i conceive to be "o ( ! mo/ important consequ5ces ( ! moni/ic !ory4 ,namely1 t by reg>d+ physical causation z ev]y:]e b ! objective or ph5om5al aspect ( an ejective or ontological reality1 x furni%es a logical basis = a !ory ( ?+s :i* is at ! same "t natural & spiritual4 ,on ! objective aspect1 ! explanations furni%$ by reason are ( necessity physical1 :ile1 on ! ejective aspect1 su* explanations are ( necessity metaphysical--or r1 let u say1 hyp]-physical4 ,b ^! two ord]s ( explanation are diff]5t only because _! modes ( int]pret+ ! same ev5ts are diff]5t4 ,! objective explanation :i* 0 giv5 7z we suppos$7 by ,helmholtz ( ! effects produc$ on ! human bra9 by he>+ a sonata1 0 no d\bt p]fectly s\nd )9 its own category2 b ! ejective explanation ( ^! same effects :i* is giv5 by a musician is equally s\nd )9 its category4 ,& simil>ly1 if in/ead ( ! man-object we contemplate ! _w-object physical causation becomes b ! ph5om5al aspect ( psy*ical causation2 ! inv>iability ( its sequ5ce becomes b ! expression ( int5tional ord]2 ! iron rigidity ( natural law becomes ! s5su\s manife/ation ( an unalt]able consi/5cy z belong+ to ! ,supreme ,volition4 ,my object 9 ?is pap] has be5 to %[ t ! views ( ! late ,pr(essor ,clif=d conc]n+ ! influ5ce ( ,monism on ,!ism are uns\nd4 ,i am 9 full agreem5t ) him 9 believ+ t ,monism is de/9$ to become ! g5]ally accept$ !ory ( ?+s1 see+ t x is ! only !ory ( ?+s :i* c receive ! sanction ( sci5ce on ! "o h& & ( feel+ on ! o!r4 ,b ,i disagree ) him 9 hold+ t ?is !ory is fraught ) implications ( an anti-!i/ic k9d4 ,9 my op9ion ?is !ory leaves ! "q ( ,!ism v mu* :]e x 0 be=e4 ,t is to say1 :ile n furni%+ any indep5d5t pro( ( ,!ism1 x likewise fails to furni% any indep5d5t dispro(4 ,! reason :y 9 ,clif=d's h&s ?is !ory appe>$ to furni% indep5d5t dispro(1 0 because he p]si/$ 9 reg>d+ ! _w only z an object3 he did n ent]ta9 ! possibility t ! _w might also be reg>d$ z an eject4 ,yet1 t ! _w1 "u ! !ory ( ,monism1 is at lea/ z susceptible ( an ejective z x is ( an objective int]pretation1 ,i tru/ t ,i h n[ be5 able to %[4 ,& ?is is all t ,i h endeav\r$ to %[4 ,z a matt] ( me?odical reason+ x appe>s to me t ,monism alone c only lead to ,agno/icism4 ,t is to say1 x leaves a cle> field ( *oice z betwe5 ,!ism & ,a!ism2 &1 !re=e1 to a c>efully reason+ ,moni/1 !re are ?ree alt]natives op54 ,he may rema9 a ,moni/1 & no?+ m2 9 :i* case he is an agno/ic4 ,he may ent]ta9 :at appe>s to him indep5d5t evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,!ism1 & ?us he may become a !i/4 ,or he may ent]ta9 :at appe>s to him indep5d5t evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,a!ism1 & ?us he may become an a!i/4 ,b1 9 any case1 s f> z 8 ,monism c c>ry him1 he is left p]fectly free ei!r to reg>d ! _w z an object alone1 or to reg>d ! _w z also an eject#ab4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #i3 ,if we imag9e ! visible sid]eal sy/em compress$ )9 ! limits ( a human skull1 s t all its movem5ts :i* we n[ recognize z mol> %\ld become molecul>1 ! complexity ( su* movem5t w\ld probably be z great z t :i* takes place 9 a human bra94 ,yet to ?is mu/ be add$ all ! molecul> movem5ts :i* are n[ go+ on 9 ! sid]eal sy/em1 visible & invisible4 ,footnote #aj3 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aei-fa2 ,essays1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bdf-i2 & ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #aa3 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! belief ( all religi\s p]sons t ev5 ?is di/9ction does n hold4 ,if !y are "r 9 _! belief1 ! di/9ction w\ld !n become "o z to ! mode ( conv]se4 ,9 ?is case :at is call$ communion ) ! ,supreme ,m9d mu/ be suppos$ to be a communion sui g5]is3 ! conv]se ( m9d ) m9d is "h direct1 or does n require to be translat$ into ! language ( me*anical signs3 x is subjective1 n ejective4 ,/ill1 ev5 "h we mu/ believe t ! physical aspect accompanies ! psy*ical1 al?\gh n necess>ily obs]v$4 ,an act ( pray]1 = example1 is1 on its physical aspect1 an act ( c]ebration3 s is ! answ] 7suppos+ x g5u9e71 9 z f> z ! wor%ipp] is conc]n$4 ,?us pray] & its answ] 7accord+ to ,monism7 resemble all ! o!r processes ( ,nature 9 pres5t+ an objective side ( /rictly physical causation4 ,nor is x possible t ! case c\ld be o!rwise1 if all m5tal processes consi/ 9 physical process1 & vice v]sa4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is consid]ation has important be>+s on ! "q z to ! physical efficacy ( pray]4 ,f a moni/ic po9t ( view bo? ^? :o affirm & ^? :o d5y su* efficacy are equally 9 ! "r1 & equally 9 ! wrong2 !y are m]ely qu>rell+ ^u diff]5t sides ( ! same %ield4 ,=1 accord+ to ,monism1 if ! !ologians are "r 9 suppos+ t ! ,supreme ,m9d is ! he>] ( pray] 9 any case1 !y are also "r 9 suppos+ t ! ,m9d mu/ necess>ily be able to grant :at is call$ physical answ]s1 see+ t 9 ord] to grant any answ] 7ev5 ( ! mo/ app>5tly spiritual k9d7 "s physical *ange mu/ be produc$1 if x be only 9 ! bra9 ( ! petition]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sci5ti/s are equally "r 9 ma9ta9+ t no physical answ] to pray] c be ( ! nature ( a miracle1 or produc$ indep5d5tly ( /rictly physical causation2 =1 if s1 ! physical & ! psy*ical w\ld no long] be co9cid5t4 ,b1 until ! sci5ti/s are able to p]=m ! hopeless task ( prov+ :]e ! possibilities ( physical causation end1 z a m]e matt] ( ab/ract speculation & go+ ^u ! !ory ( ,monism1 x is evid5t t ! !ologians may h any latitude !y *oose to claim1 bo? z reg>ds ?is matt] & t ( s-call$ miracles4 ,footnote #ab3 ,x may be expla9$ t by ,agno/icism ,i und]/& a !ory ( ?+s :i* ab/a9s f ei!r affirm+ or d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,x ?us repres5ts1 ) reg>d to ,!ism1 a /ate ( susp5d$ judgem5t2 & all x und]takes to affirm is1 t1 ^u exi/+ evid5ce1 ! be+ ( ,god is unkn[n4 ,b ! t]m ,agno/icism is frequ5tly us$ 9 a widely diff]5t s5se1 z imply+ belief t ! be+ ( ,god is n m]ely n[ unkn[n1 b mu/ always rema9 unkn[able4 ,x is !re=e (t5 repres5t$ t ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 virtue ( 8 doctr9e ( ! ,unkn[able1 is a k9d ( apo/le ( ,agno/icism4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ,i conceive to be a great mi/ake4 ,! di/9ctive features ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s doctr9e ( ! ,unkn[able are n m]ely non-agno/ic1 b anti-agno/ic4 ,= ! doctr9e affirms t we h ?is mu* k ( ,god--namely1 t if ,he exi/s1 ,he mu/ = ev] be unkn[n4 ,)\t "q1 ?is w\ld be a mo/ important piece ( def9ite k ) reg>d to ,deity1 negative ?\gh x be2 &1 !re=e1 any man :o holds x has no "r to be call$ an agno/ic4 ,to me x has always seem$ t ! doctr9e ( ! ,unkn[able1 9 s f> z x diff]s f ! doctr9e ( ! ,unkn[n1 is highly unphilosophical4 ,by :at "r c x be affirm$ t ,deity1 if ,he exi/s1 may n reveal ! fact ( ,8 exi/5ce to-morr[--& ?is to ! :ole human race )\t ! possibility ( d\bt8 ,or1 if !re be a ,god1 :o is to say t !re c]ta9ly _c be a future life1 9 :i* ea* individual man may h unque/ionable pro( ( ,!ism8 ,x is a p]fectly philosophical /atem5t = any "o to make t1 z matt]s n[ /&1 he c see no evid5ce ( ,!ism2 b to say t he kn[s ! human race nev] c h su* evid5ce1 is a mo/ unphilosophical /atem5t1 see+ t x c\ld only be ju/ifi$ by absolute k4 ,&1 on ?is acc\nt1 ,i say t ! doctr9e ( ! ,unkn[able1 9 s f> z x diff]s f ! doctr9e ( ! ,unkn[n1 is ! v rev]se ( agno/ic4 ,n[1 ! !ory ( ,monism alone1 z obs]v$ 9 ! text1 appe>s to be purely agno/ic 9 ! s5se j expla9$4 ,if 9 "s p>ts ( ! =ego+ essay ,i appe> to h be5 argu+ 9 fav\r ( !i/ic implications1 ?is has only be5 9 ord] to %[ 7z aga9/ ,clif=d7 t ! _w does admit ( be+ reg>d$ z an eject4 ,b inasmu* z--religi\s fai? ap>t--we are n able to v]ify any su* ejective int]pretation1 we are n able to e/imate its value4 ,monism sanctions ! %ad+ ( x z deeply z we *oose2 b ! %ad+ :i* x sanctions is only provisional4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,w ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,mat]ialism ,,& ,,spiritualism4 ,9 ! =ego+ *apt]s ,i h consid]$ ! !ory ( ,monism1 fir/ 9 contra/ ) ! !ories ( ,mat]ialism & ( ,spiritualism1 & next 9 relation to ! !ory ( ,!ism4 ,9 ?is *apt] & t :i* succe$s x ,i propose to consid] ,monism 9 relation to ! ,w4 ,to d ?is x is ne$ful to beg9 by consid]+ ! problems :i* are pres5t$ by ! ,w 9 relation to ! old] !ories ( ,mat]ialism on ! "o h& & ( ,spiritualism on ! o!r4 ,al?\gh ! ph5om5a ( volition h occupi$ s l>ge a prov9ce ( philosophical lit]ature1 ! fundam5tal problems :i* arise 9 connexion ) !m are only two 9 numb]1 & bo? admit ( be+ /at$ 9 extremely simple t]ms4 ,! hi/orical ord] 9 :i* ^! two problems h aris5 is ! inv]se ( _! logical ord]4 ,= :ile 9 logical ord] ! two problems w\ld /& ?us--,is ! ,w an ag5t8 ,if s1 is x a free ag5t8--9 actual discussion x 0 long tak5 = grant$ t ! ,w is an ag5t1 & h5ce ! only controv]sy ga!r$ r\nd ! "q :e!r ! ,w is a free ag5t4 ,desc>tes1 inde$1 seems to h ent]ta9$ ! prior "q ) reg>d to animals1 & !re are passages 9 ! ,levia?an :i* may be tak5 to imply t ,hobbes ent]ta9$ ?is "q ) reg>d to man4 ,b x 0 n until rec5t ye>s t any su* "q c\ld /& ^u a basis ( sci5ce z di/+ui%$ f speculation2 ! "q did n admit ( be+ s mu* z /at$ 9 t]ms ( sci5ce until physiology 0 9 a position op5ly to *all5ge our "r to assume t ! ,w is an ag5t4 ,su* a *all5ge physiology has n[ giv51 & ev5 decl>$ t any assumption ( volitional ag5cy is1 9 ! pres5ce ( adequate physiological k1 impossible4 ,! two problems :i* ,i ?us /ate sep>ately are (t51 & inde$ g5]ally1 confus$ toge!r2 b = ! purpose ( cle> analysis x is ( ! fir/ importance t !y %\ld be kept ap>t4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! wide di/9ction betwe5 !m1 we may be/ beg9 ) a brief consid]ation ( :at x is t ! two problems sev]ally involve2 & to d ?is we may be/ take ! problems 9 :at ,i h call$ _! logical ord]4 ,fir/1 !n1 z reg>ds ! "q :e!r ! ,w is an ag5t1 ! rival !ories ( ,mat]ialism & ,spiritualism /& to "o ano!r 9 a relation ( contradiction4 ,= x is ( ! ess5ce ( ,spiritualism to reg>d ! ,w z an ag5t1 or z an orig9al cause ( bodily movem5t1 & !re=e z a true cause 9 ,nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ( ! ess5ce ( ,mat]ialism to d5y t ! ,w is an ag5t4 ,hi!rto1 inde$1 mat]iali/s z a body h n expressly recogniz$ ?is implication z necess>ily belong+ to _! !ory2 b t ?is implication does necess>ily belong to _! !ory--or r1 ,i %\ld say1 really con/itutes its mo/ di/9ctive feature--admits ( be+ easily %[n4 ,= ! !ory t mat]ial *anges are ! causes ( m5tal *anges necess>ily t]m9ates 9 ! s-call$ !ory ( consci\s automatism--or ! !ory t s f> z ! conditions to bodily action are conc]n$1 consci\sness is adv5titi\s1 be>+ ! same ineffectual relation to ! activity ( ! bra9 z ! /rik+ ( a clock be>s to ! "t-keep+ adju/m5ts ( ! clock-"w4 ,f ?is conclusion !re is no possibility ( escape1 if once we accept ! premises ( ,mat]ialism2 & !re=e ,i say x belongs to ! ess5ce ( ,mat]ialism to d5y ! ag5cy ( ,w4 ,j z necess>ily does x belong to ! ess5ce ( ,monism to affirm ! ag5cy ( ,w4 ,=1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 :ile motion is produc+ no?+ b motion1 m9d-*ange no?+ b m9d-*ange1 bo? are produc+ bo? simultane\sly2 nei!r c\ld be :at x is )\t ! o!r1 = ea* is to ! o!r a necess>y c\nt]p>t or supplem5t1 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* ! :ole causation 7:e!r reg>d$ f ! physical or m5tal side7 w\ld n be complete4 ,n[1 9 my op9ion ! importance ( ! view ?us pres5t$ by ! !ory ( ,monism is1 = all purposes ( psy*ological analysis1 ine/imable4 ,x is impossible n[adays t su* analysis c proce$ v f> 9 any direction )\t confront+ ! facts pres5t$ by physiology3 h5ce x is impossible = su* analysis to conf9e itself exclusively to ! spiritual or subjective side ( psy*ology4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 s f> z su* analysis has reg>d to ! mat]ial or objective side1 x has hi!rto appe>$ to c\nt5ance--9 h[ev] disguis$ a =m--! dogmatic d5ial ( ! ,w z an ag5t4 ,h5ce ! supreme importance to psy*ology ( reconcil+ ! hi!rto rival !ories ( ,spiritualism & ,mat]ialism 9 ! high] syn!sis :i* is furni%$ by ! !ory ( ,monism4 ,=1 obvi\sly1 9 ! abs5ce ( any philosophical ju/ification ( ! ,w z an ag5t1 we are )\t any gu>antee t all psy*ological inquiry is n a va9 beat+ ( ! air4 ,if1 z ,mat]ialism necess>ily implies1 ! ,w is n a cause 9 ,nature1 !re w\ld be no reason 9 ,nature = ! ag5cy ei!r ( feel+ or ( intellig5ce4 ,feel+ & intellig5ce w\ld1 !re=e1 /& z ciph]s 9 ! g5]al con/itution ( ?+s2 & any inquiry t\*+ _! int]nal sy/em ( causation c\ld h no ref]5ce to any sci5tific inquiry t\*+ causation 9 g5]al4 ,i am aw>e t ?is tru? is habitually ov]look$ by psy*ologi/s2 b x is none ! less a tru? ( fundam5tal importance to ! :ole sup]/ructure ( ?is sci5ce4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 unless psy*ologi/s w expressly cons5t to re> _! sci5ce on ! basis provid$ by ! philosophical !ory ( ,monism1 !re is no?+ to save x f logical dis9tegration2 ap>t f ?is basis1 ! :ole sci5ce is1 s to speak1 built 9 ! air1 l an unsub/antial /ructure ( cl\ds4 ,psy*ologi/s1 ,i repeat1 habitually ignore ?is fact1 & con/antly speak ( feel+ & intellig5ce z true causes ( adju/ive action2 b by s do+ !y m]ely beg f ?is contradictory !ory ( ,spiritualism a flat d5ial ( ! fundam5tal po/ulate on :i* !y else:]e proce$--! po/ulate1 namely1 t m5tal *anges are det]m9$ by c]ebral *anges4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! foll[+ passage f ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology 7,sec4 #abe71 :i* s]ves to %[ 9 brief compass ! logical incoh]5cy :i* 9 ?is matt] runs ?r\gh 8 :ole "w3-- ',^? races ( be+s only c h surviv$ 9 :i*1 on ! av]age1 agreeable or desir$ feel+s w5t along ) activities conducive to ! ma9t5ance ( life1 :ile disagreeable & habitually-avoid$ feel+s w5t along ) activities directly or indirectly de/ructive ( life2 & !re mu/ ev] h be51 o!r ?+s equal1 ! mo/ num]\s & long-cont9u$ survivals among races 9 :i* ^! adju/m5ts ( feel+s to actions 7 ! be/1 t5d+ ev] to br+ ab\t p]fect adju/m5t4' ,! argum5t "h is t ! 'adju/m5ts ( feel+s to actions1' :5 once atta9$1 leads 9 turn to an adju/m5t ( actions to feel+s--or1 z ,i h myself /at$ ! argum5t 9 my ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,animals1 '! raison d'etre ( ,pleasure & ,pa9 has be5 t ( furni%+ organisms ) guides to adju/ive action3 moreov]1 z 9 ! case ( direct s5sation dictat+ any simple adju/m5t = ! sake ( secur+ an imm$iate good1 s 9 ! case ( in/9ct dictat+ a m intricate action = ! sake ( ev5tually secur+ a m remote good 7:e!r = self1 prog5y1 or community72 & s1 likewise1 9 ! case ( reason dictat+ a /ill m intricate adju/m5t = ! sake ( secur+ a good /ill m remote--9 all cases1 t is1 :]e volition is conc]n$1 pleasures & pa9s are ! guides ( action4' ,b ?us to affirm t pleasures & pa9s are ! guides ( action is m]ely ano!r way ( affirm+ t ! ,w is an ag5t--a cause ( bodily movem5t1 &1 z su*1 a cause 9 ,nature4 ,n[1 z we h se51 ,mr4 ,sp5c] n only affirms ?is--or r assumes x--b proce$s to r5d] an a priori explanation ( ! accuracy ( ! guidance4 ,yet he n[h]e consid]s ! fundam5tal "q--,:y %\ld we suppose t ! ,w is an ag5t at all8 ,assur$ly ! answ] giv5 by physiology to ?is "q is a simple d5ial t we h any ju/ification s to reg>d ! ,w3 9 view ( h] demon/ration ( consci\s automatism1 %e c see no reason :y !re %\ld be any connexion at all betwe5 a subjective feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 & an objective fact ( 'agreem5t or disagreem5t ) ! environm5t'--nay1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( h] prie/hood has decl>$ t !re is no m connexion betwe5 ! ambition ( a ,napoleon & a g5]al commotion ( ,europe1 ?an !re is betwe5 ! puff ( a /eam-:i/le & ! locomotion ( a tra94 ,&1 z ,i h n[ repeat$ly insi/$1 on gr\nds ( physiology alone ?is is ! only logical conclusion at :i* x is possible to arrive4 ,yet ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 :ile else:]e proce$+ on ! l9es ( physiology1 :5ev] he enc\nt]s ! "q ( ! ag5cy ( ,w1 habitually jumps ! :ole gulf t sep>ates ,mat]ialism f ,spiritualism4 ,& ?is wond]ful feat ( intellectual a?letics is likewise p]=m$1 s f> at lea/ z ,i am aw>e1 by e o!r psy*ologi/ :o has proce$$ on ! l9es ( physiology4 ,inde$1 ! logical incoh]5cy is n s s]i\s 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s case z x is 9 t ( _m o!r writ]s :om ,i ne$ n wait to "n4 ,= ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n seek to f\nd 8 sy/em on a basis ( av[$ ,mat]ialism1 &1 !re=e1 he may be said to h left ?is fundam5tal "q ( volitional ag5cy 9 abeyance4 ,b all ^? writ]s :o h re>$ _! sy/ems ( psy*ology on a basis ( av[$ ,mat]ialism--or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 on a basis ( physiology alone--lay !mselves op5 to ! *>ge ( grosse/ inconsi/5cy :5 !y ?us assume t ! ,w is an ag5t4 ,x is impossible t ^! writ]s c bo? h _! cake & eat x4 ,ei!r !y mu/ =ego _! ,mat]ialism1 or else !y mu/ cease to speak ( 'motives det]m9+ action1' 'conduct be+ gov]n$ by pleasures & pa9s1' 'volunt>y movem5ts 9 _! la/ resort be+ all due to bodily feel+s1' '! highe/ morality & ! l[e/ vice be+ alike ! result ( a pursuit ( happ9ess1' c4 c4 ,&1 s f> z ,i c see1 x is only 9 ! way above indicat$1 or on ! !ory ( ,monism1 t x is possible1 )\t ignor+ ! facts ( physiology on ! "o h& or ^? ( psy*ology on ! o!r1 philosophically to save ! ag5cy ( ,w4 ,f ?is brief exposition x may be ga!r$ t on ! mat]iali/ic !ory x is impossible t ! ,w c be1 9 any s5se ( ! t]m1 an ag5t2 t on ! spirituali/ic !ory ! ,w is reg>d$ z an ag5t1 b only 9 ! s5se ( a non-natural or miracul\s cause2 &1 la/ly1 t on ! moni/ic !ory ! ,w is sav$ z an ag5t1 or may be prop]ly reg>d$ & z prop]ly d5om9at$ a true cause1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( t t]m4 ,= ?is1 z well z = o!r reasons :i* ne$ n "h be specifi$1 ,i accept 9 philosophy ! !ory ( ,monism2 & am ?us entitl$ 9 psy*ology to proce$ ^u ! doctr9e t ! ,w is an ag5t4 ,we h next to consid] ! ult]ior "q :e!r ^u ?is !ory ! ,w may be prop]ly reg>d$ z a free ag5t4 ,by a free ag5t is und]/ood an ag5t t is able to act )\t re/ra9t1 or spontane\sly4 ,! ^w 'free1' !re=e1 be>s a v diff]5t mean+ :5 appli$ exclusively to ! ,w1 & :5 appli$ m g5]ally to ! liv+ organism4 ,= we may prop]ly say t a man1 or an animal1 is free :5 he1 or x1 is at lib]ty to act 9 accordance ) desire4 ,t\*+ ! fact ( fre$om 9 ?is s5se !re is1 ( c\rse1 no "q4 ,we h n to consid] ! possible fre$om ( man1 b ! possible fre$om ( ,w2 we h n to contemplate :e!r a man may be free to d :at he wills1 b :e!r he c be free to w :at he wills4 ,su* be+ ! "q1 we h to consid] x 9 relation to ! ?ree philosophical !ories already /at$--,mat]ialism1 ,spiritualism1 & ,monism4 ,= ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism ! pres5t "q has no exi/5ce4 ,if ?is ann\ncem5t appe>s />tl+1 x c only be because no mat]iali/ has ev] tak5 ! tr\ble to =mulate 8 own !ory ) di/9ctness4 ,=1 z previ\sly %[n1 ,mat]ialism necess>ily involves ! doctr9e ( consci\s automatism2 b1 if s1 ! ,w is conclud$ n to be an ag5t at all1 & !re=e x becomes idle to discuss :e!r1 9 any impossible ex]cise ( its ag5cy1 x is free or subject to re/ra9t4 ,! mo/ t 9 ?is connexion c\ld logically /& to be consid]$ by ! advocates ( ,mat]ialism w\ld be :e!r or n ! adv5titi\s & inefficaci\s feel+s ( subjectivity :i* are associat$ ) c]ebral activity are det]m9ate or free2 b ?is w\ld probably be reg>d$ on all h&s z a some:at useless topic ( discussion1 & c]ta9ly 9 any case w\ld h no ref]5ce to ! "q ( free ag5cy4 ,! po9t to be cle>ly und]/ood is t1 accord+ to ! mat]iali/ic !ory1 a motor is di/9ct f a motive1 al?\gh 9 "s unacc\ntable mann] ! motor is able to cause ! motive4 ,b ! motive1 :5 ?us caus$1 is n suppos$ to ex]t any causal influ5ce on bodily action2 x is suppos$ to beg9 & end z a motive1 or nev] itself to become a motor4 ,9 o!r words1 z be=e /at$1 ! ,w is n suppos$ to be an ag5t2 &1 !re=e1 to ?is !ory ! doctr9e ( free-w & ( det]m9ism are alike irrelevant4 ,we ne$ n wait to prove t ?is important fact is habitually ov]look$ by mat]iali/s !mselves1 or t :5ev] a mat]iali/ esp\ses ! cause ( det]m9ism1 he is !reby & = ! "t be+ vacat+ 8 position z a mat]iali/2 = if1 accord+ to 8 !ory1 ! ,w is n an ag5t1 he is m]ely impugn+ 8 own doctr9es by cons5t+ to discuss ! conditions ( its ag5cy4 ,! !ory ( ,spiritualism & ! !ory ( ,monism agree 9 hold+ t ! ,w is an ag5t2 &1 !re=e1 to bo? ( ^! !ories ! "q :e!r ! ,w is a free ag5t is a real "q4 ,"h1 !n1 x devolves ^u u to consid] c>efully ! logical /atus ( ! rival doctr9es ( s-call$ ,lib]ty & ,necessity4 ,= conv5i5ce ( arrangem5t 9 :at foll[s1 we may be/ beg9 ) ! doctr9e ( ,necessity1 or ,det]m9ism4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,w ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,monism4 ,we h n[ se5 t1 accord+ to ,mat]ialism1 ! ,w is n an ag5t1 :ile accord+ bo? to ,spiritualism & to ,monism ! ,w is an ag5t4 ,t\*+ ! fur!r "q1 :e!r ! ,w is a free ag5t1 we h se5 t :ile ! "q does n exi/ = ,mat]ialism1 x appe>s to require a negative answ] bo? f ,spiritualism & f ,monism4 ,=1 z reg>ds its relation to ,spiritualism1 :5 once ! gr\nd is cle>$ ( c]ta9 errors ( /atem5t & fallacies ( reason+1 we appe> to f9d t unless ! w is held to be motiveless--:i* w\ld be to de/roy n only ! doctr9e ( moral responsibility1 b likewise t ( univ]sal causation--x mu/ be reg>d$ z subject to law1 or z det]m9$ 9 its action by ! nature ( its pa/ hi/ory & pres5t circum/ances4 ,la/ly1 ! !ory ( ,monism appe>s likewise to d5y ! possibility ( fre$om z an attribute ( ,w2 =1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 m5tal processes are "o & ! same ) physical processes1 & h5ce x does n appe> t ! doctr9e ( det]m9ism c\ld well be taught 9 a mann] m emphatic4 ,?us f>1 !n1 ! doctr9e ( det]m9ism is se5 to be victori\s ov] ! doctr9e ( fre$om all along ! l9e4 ,by ,mat]ialism ! "q ( fre$om is exclud$ ab initio2 by ,spiritualism & by ,monism1 s f> z yet se51 x c be logically answ]$ only 9 ! negative4 ,f :i* x foll[s t ! s5se ( moral responsibility is ( ! nature ( a va/ illusion1 ! hi/orical g5esis ( :i* admits ( be+ easily trac$1 & ! au?ority ( :i* is ?us de/roy$4 ,al?\gh x may /ill s]ve to supply motives to conduct1 x seems t x c d s only 9 ! way t belongs to sup]/ition--t ,consci5ce1 z ,i h be=e said1 is ! bogey ( mank9d1 & t belief 9 its au?ority is l belief 9 wit*craft1 de/9$ to dw9dle & to fade be=e ! advance ( a bett] or m complete k ( natural causation4 ,b ! discussion mu/ n end "h4 ,hi!rto ,i h pres5t$ ! case ,lib]ty v]sus ,necessity ) all ! imp>tiality ( :i* ,i am capable2 b ,i h done s )\t travell+ an in* beyond ^? limits ( discussion )9 :i* ! "q has be5 debat$ by previ\s writ]s4 ,i believe1 inde$1 t ,i h po9t$ out sev]al important ov]sights :i* h be5 made on bo? sides ( ! "q2 b 9 do+ ?is ,i h n gone fur!r ?an ! philosophical basis ^u :i* ! "q has be5 hi!rto argu$4 ,my object1 h[ev]1 9 publi%+ ^! pap]s is n t ( de/ructive criticism2 & :at ,i h done 9 ?is direction has be5 done only 9 ord] to prep>e ! way = :at is n[ to foll[4 ,hav+ %[n1 z x appe>s to me conclusively1 t ^u bo? ! rival !ories ( ,mat]ialism & ,spiritualism--! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty1 & !re=e ( ,moral ,responsibility--mu/ logically fall1 ,i n[ hope to %[ t ?is doctr9e admits ( be+ re-e/abli%$ on a basis furni%$ by ! !ory ( ,monism4 ,x (t5 happ5s t an elaborate /ructure ( argum5t1 :i* is p]fectly s\nd & complete ^u ! basis furni%$ by a giv5 hypo!sis1 admits ( be+ :olly dis9tegrat$ :5 ! fundam5tal hypo!sis is %[n to be ei!r provisional or untrue4 ,& su*1 ,i believe1 is ! case ) ! issue n[ be=e u4 ,= ! issue ,lib]ty v]sus ,necessity has hi!rto be5 argu$ on ! common assumption t natural causation is n m]ely ! mo/ ultimate pr9ciple :i* ! human m9d c rea*2 b also a pr9ciple :i* is1 9 "s way or ano!r1 ext]nal to t m9d4 ,x has be5 tak5 = grant$ by bo? sides 9 ! controv]sy t if our volitions c be prov$ to dep5d ^u natural causation1 z rigid 9 its sequ5ces )9 ! sph]e ( a human m9d z )9 t ( a calculat+ ma*9e1 !re mu/ be an end ( ! controv]sy2 see+ t our volitions w\ld be ?us prov$ to be rigidly det]m9$ by ^? same pr9ciples ( fix$ ord]1 or 'natural law1' :i* are ext]nal to1 or indep5d5t (1 ! human m9d--q z mu* z !y are ext]nal to1 or indep5d5t (1 ! calculat+ ma*9e4 ,n[1 x is ?is assumption :i* ,i *all5ge4 ,! !ory ( ,monism entitles "o to d5y t :5 we h driv5 ! "q d[n to ! granite b$ ( natural causation1 no?+ m rema9s to be done2 accord+ to ?is !ory x /ill rema9s to be ask$1 ,:at is ! nature ( ?is natural causation8 ,is x inde$ ! ultimate datum ( exp]i5ce1 bel[ :i* ! human m9d _c g8 ,& is x inde$ s f> ext]nal to1 or indep5d5t (1 ! human m9d1 t ! latt] /&s to x 9 ! relation ( a slave to a ma/]--co]c$ z to action by ! conditions :i* t ma/] has laid d[n8 ,n[ ^! que/ions are all virtually answ]$ 9 ! affirmative by ! duali/ic !ory ( ,spiritualism4 ,= ! ,w is "h reg>d$ z an ag5t b\nd to act 9 accordance ) ^? conditions ( ext]nal necessity :i* dualism recognizes z natural causation4 ,its int]nal causation ?us becomes b ! reflex ( ext]nal2 & ! reflection becomes kn[n int]nally z ! consci\sness ( motive4 ,h5ce1 ! ,w _c be philosophically lib]at$ f ! toils ( ?is ext]nal necessity1 s long z dualism recognizes t necessity z exi/+ indep5d5tly ( ! ,w1 & ?us impos+ its conditions on volitional activity4 ,b ! !ory ( ,monism1 by id5tify+ ext]nal ) int]nal causation--or physical processes ) psy*ical processes--philosophically saves ! doctr9e ( fre$om1 & ) x ! doctr9e ( moral responsibility4 ,moreov]1 x does s )\t rely+ ^u any prec>i\s appeal to ! direct te/imony ( consci\sness itself4 ,z ?is view ( ! subject is "o by no means easy ( appreh5sion1 ,i w endeav\r to unfold x "p by "p4 ,to beg9 )1 ,monism excludes ! possibility ( volition be+ det]m9$ by c]ebration4 ,let u suppose1 = example1 t a sequ5ce ( ideas1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 occurs 9 ! m9d1 :i* on its obv]se or c]ebral aspect may be repres5t$ by ! sequ5ce a1 b1 c1 d4 ,"h ! p>allelism is n due1 z suppos$ by ,mat]ialism1 to a det]m9+ ,ab1 b det]m9+ ,bc1 c42 x is due to ,aa det]m9+ ,bb1 ,bb det]m9+ ,cc1 c4--! two app>5tly div]se causal sequ5ces be+ really b "o causal sequ5ce4 ,if ! det]m9i/ %\ld rejo9 t a causal sequ5ce ( "s k9d is all t he dem&s--t ! ,w is equally prov$ to be unfree1 :e!r x be b\nd by ! causal sequ5ce a1 b1 c1 d1 or by ! causal sequ5ce ,aa1 ,bb1 ,cc1 ,dd--,i answ] t ?is is a po9t :i* we h to consid] by-&-by4 ,mean:ile ,i am only endeav\r+ to make cle> ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ! philosophical !ories ( ,monism & ,mat]ialism4 ,& ! effect ( ?is di/9ction is to %[ t1 = ! purposes ( cle> analysis1 we may :olly neglect ei!r side ( ! d\ble reality4 ,if we happ5 to be engag$ on any physiological inquiry1 we may altoge!r neglect ! processes ( ideation ) :i* any process ( c]ebration may be conc]n$2 :ile1 if we happ5 to be engag$ ^u any psy*ological inquiry1 we may simil>ly neglect ! processes ( c]ebration ) :i* any process ( ideation may be conc]n$4 ,see+ t ea* is equally an index ( a common sequ5ce1 x c make no diff]5ce :i* ( !m we take z our guide1 al?\gh = purposes ( practical inquiry x is ( c\rse exp$i5t to take ! c]ebral index :5 we are deal+ ) ! objective side ( ! problem1 & ! m5tal index :5 deal+ ) ! subjective4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages1 !re=e1 ,i %all altoge!r neglect ! c]ebral index4 ,! inquiry on :i* we are engag$ belongs to ! region ( m9d1 &1 !re=e1 aft] :at has j be5 said1 x w be app>5t t ,i am entitl$ to adopt ! /&po9t ( a spirituali/1 to ! ext5t ( fa/5+ att5tion only ^u ! m5tal side ( ! problem4 ,= al?\gh ! !ory ( ,monism tea*es1 z aga9/ ,spiritualism1 t no "o ( ! m5tal sequ5ces c\ld take place )\t a correspond+ physical sequ5ce1 ! !ory also tea*es ! conv]se proposition2 & !re=e x makes no diff]5ce :i* ( ! two ph5om5al sequ5ces is tak5 z our index ( ! ontological4 ,n[1 x cle>ly makes a great diff]5ce :e!r ! m5tal *anges conc]n$ 9 volition are reg>d$ z effects or z causes4 ,accord+ to ,mat]ialism1 ! m5tal *anges are ! effects ( c]ebral *anges1 :i* 7 !mselves ! effects ( prec$5t c]ebral *anges4 ,accord+ to ,spiritualism1 ^! m5tal *anges are ! causes1 n only ( ! c]ebral *anges1 b also ( "o ano!r4 ,accord+ to ,monism1 ! m5tal *anges may be reg>d$ z ! causes ( ! c]ebral1 or vice v]sa1 see+ t 9 nei!r case are we /at+ a real tru?--! real tru? be+ t x is only a c]ebro-m5tal *ange :i* c cause any *ange ei!r ( c]ebration or ( m5tation4 ,n[ x is evid5t t if ! m5tal processes 7 always ! effects ( c]ebral processes 7,mat]ialism71 !re c\ld be no fur!r "q ) reg>d to ,lib]ty & ,necessity2 :ile1 if ! m5tal processes are ! causes bo? ( ! c]ebral processes & ( "o ano!r 7,spiritualism71 ! "q be=e u becomes rais$ to a high] level4 ,! causality 9 "q be+ n[ reg>d$ z purely m5tal1 ! w is no long] reg>d$ z a passive slave ( ! bra91 & ! only ?+ to be consid]$ is :e!r fre$om is compatible ) causation ( a purely m5tal k9d4 ,n[1 at an e>li] /age ( our enquiry ,i h argu$ t x is n2 b ?is argum5t 0 bas$ entirely ^u spirituali/ic premises1 or ^u ! assumption t ! pr9ciple ( causality is ev]y:]e ext]nal to1 or indep5d5t (1 ! human m9d--"u :i* assumption ,i _c see t x makes mu* diff]5ce :e!r ! co]cion comes f ! bra9 alone1 or f ! :ole g5]al sy/em ( ?+s ext]nal to ! human m9d4 ,& "h x is t ,i ?9k ! !ory ( ,monism comes to ! rescue4 ,=1 if physical & m5tal processes are ev]y:]e consub/antial1 or id5tical 9 k9d1 x c make no diff]5ce :e!r we reg>d _! sequ5ces z objective or ejective1 physical or spiritual4 ,h5ce1 we are free to reg>d all causation z ( a "* ess5tially psy*ical4 ,b1 if s1 x mu/ be self-conta9$ z psy*ical2 x _c be 9 any way det]m9$ by any?+ f )\t1 see+ t outside itself !re is no?+ 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,n[1 if ?is is true ( ! ,_w-eject1 x mu/ also be true ( ! ,man-eject1 z well z ( ! ,man-subject1 or ,ego4 ,if all causation is psy*ical1 t portion ( x :i* belongs to1 or is manife/$ by1 my own p]sonality is n laid ^u me by any?+ f )\t2 x is m]ely ! expression ( my own psy*ical activity1 z ?is is tak+ place )9 ! circumscrib$ area ( my own p]sonality4 ,& ?is activity is spontane\s1 9 ! s5se t x is n co]c$ f )\t4 ,all ! sequ5ces :i* t activity displays )9 ?is region are self-det]m9$1 9 ! s5se t !y are det]m9$ by ! self1 & n by any ag5cy ext]nal to x4 ,! only influ5ce :i* any ext]nal ag5cy c "h ex]t1 is t ( insi/+ t bodily action--! physical outcome ( my psy*ical processes--%all be 9 accordance ) ! conditions impos$ by ! int]nal sy/em ( causation2 b ?is does n influ5ce 9 any degree ^? m5tal processes :i* d n express !mselves 9 bodily action4 ,h5ce1 x may be p]fectly true t my bodily action 9 ! pa/ might h be5 diff]5t f :at x actually 02 = z ?is action 0 ! outcome ( my m5tation at ! "t 7accord+ to ! spiritual index1 :i* is n[ our guide71 & z ?is m5tation 0 n co]c$ f )\t1 x might v well h be5 diff]5t f :at x 04 ,ea* ( ! m5tal sequ5ces at t "t 0 a result ( ^? prec$+ & a cause ( ^? succe$+2 b beh9d all ?is play ( m5tal causation !re all ! :ile /ood t ,self1 :i* 0 at once ! condition ( its occurr5ce1 & ! ,fir/ ,cause ( its action4 ,x is n true t t ,self 0 no?+ m ?an ! result ( all ?is play ( m5tal causation2 x c only h be5 ! ,fir/ ,cause ( x4 ,=1 o!rwise1 ! m5tal causation mu/ h be5 ! cause ( t causation1 :i* is absurd4 ,:o or ,:at x 0 t orig9ally caus$ ?is ,fir/ ,cause is1 ( c\rse1 ano!r "q1 :i* ,i %all pres5tly hope to %[ is n m]ely unansw]able1 b unmean+4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 we "k t ?is ,self is "h1 & t x c ?us be prov$ to be a sub/ance1 /&+ "u ! :ole ( t m sup]ficial display ( m5tal causation :i* x is able to look ^u introspectively--& ?is almo/ z imp]sonally z if x 7 reg>d+ ! display z n>rat$ by ano!r m9d4 ,i say1 !n1 t ! !ory ( ,monism entitles u to reg>d ?is ,self z ! fons et origo ( our m5tal causation1 & ?us re/ores to u ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty ) its att5dant consequ5ce ( ,moral ,responsibility4 ,x may help to elucidate ?is matt] if we reg>d x f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,accord+ to ,hobbes1 ',lib]ty is ! abs5ce ( all imp$im5ts to action t are n conta9$ 9 ! nature & intr9sical qualities ( ! ag5t4' ,n[1 if we accept ?is def9ition1 x is easy to %[ t ! !ory ( ,monism is really at "o ) ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,monism1 ! neurosis ( ! bra9 c\ld n be :at x is )\t ! psy*osis ( ! m9d4 ,consequ5tly1 z above %[n1 x w\ld be equally incorrect to say t ! neurosis gov]ns ! psy*osis1 z x w\ld be to say t ! psy*osis gov]ns ! neurosis4 ,b1 if s1 ! ,w is free 9 accordance ) ,hobbes' def9ition ( fre$om4 ,suppose1 = example1 t on see+ a bone ,i ?9k ( ,pr(essor ,fl[]1 !n rememb] t a long "t ago ,i l5t 8 book on ,o/eology to a fri5d1 & =?) resolve to ask my fri5d :at has become ( x2 "h my ultimate volition w\ld be unfree if x 7 ! effect ( physical processes go+ on 9 my bra94 ,b ! volition might be free if ea* ( ^! m5tal processes 7 ! result ( ! prec$+ "o1 see+ t !re may !n h be5 'an abs5ce ( all imp$im5ts' to ! occurr5ce ( ^! processes4 ,( c\rse x w be object$--z ,i h myself urg$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]--t causal action ( any k9d is incompatible ) fre$om ( volition--t if !re be any su* causal action1 ev5 ?\gh x be :olly re/rict$ )9 ! sph]e ( m9d1 ! ,w is really compell$ to w z x does w1 is det]m9$ to det]m9e z x does det]m9e1 & h5ce t its app>5t fre$om is illusory4 ,hobbes' def9ition1 x may be urg$1 :5 appli$ to ! case ( ! ,w1 is equivocal4 ,no d\bt a man is free z to 8 action1 if !re be an 'abs5ce ( all imp$im5ts' to 8 action--or1 9 o!r words1 if he is able to act z he wills to act4 ,b x does n foll[ t he is free z to 8 w1 ev5 ?\gh !re be an abs5ce ( all imp$im5ts to 8 will+ z he wills to w4 ,= "h ! v "q is z to :e!r !re are any imp$im5ts to 8 will+ o!rwise ?an he does w4 ,! fact t he wills to w z he does w proves t !re are no imp$im5ts to 8 will+ 9 t direction2 b is !re a simil> abs5ce ( imp$im5ts to 8 will+ to w 9 any o!r direction8 ,if s1 we are /ill )9 ! l9es ( det]m9ism4 ,?us ,hobbes' def9ition ( fre$om really applies only to fre$om ( bodily action2 n to fre$om ( volition1 see+ t if my w is caus$ ,i c\ld n h will$ to w o!rwise ?an ,i did w4 ,n[1 ! answ] :i* ,monism supplies to ?is objection is t ! w itself is "h ! ultimate ag5t1 & !re=e an ag5t :i* mu/ be id5tifi$ ) ! pr9ciple ( causality4 ,9 o!r words1 ! v reason :y we feel t ,hobbes' def9ition ( lib]ty1 :ile p]fectly valid z reg>ds bodily action1 seems to lack some?+ :5 appli$ to volition1 is because volition belongs to ! sph]e ( m9d--belongs1 !re=e1 to t sph]e :i* ! !ory ( ,monism reg>ds z id5tical ) causality itself4 ,al?\gh x is true t volitions are caus$ by motives1 yet x is ! m9d :i* conditions ! motives1 & !re=e its own volitions4 ,x is n true t ! m9d is always ! passive slave ( causes1 kn[n to x z motives4 ,! human m9d is itself a causal ag5t1 hav+ ! same k9d ( priority )9 ! microcosm z ! ,_w-eject has 9 ! macrocosm4 ,!re=e its motives are 9 l>ge "p matt]s ( its own creation4 ,9 ! intricate work+s ( its own int]nal ma*9]y innum]able patt]ns ( ?\ght are turn$ out1 "s ( :i* x selects z good1 :ile o!rs x rejects z bad2 b no "o ( :i* c\ld h come into be+ at all )\t ?is causal ag5cy ( ! m9d itself4 ,x w probably be object$ t ev5 ?\gh all ?is 7 grant$1 we _c ?us save ! doctr9e ( moral responsibility4 ,= x may appe> t ! lib]ty :i* is ?us accord$ to ! ,w is no?+ bett] ?an lib]ty to w at r&om1 z argu$ 9 my previ\s essay4 ,b "h we mu/ obs]ve t al?\gh we are ?us %[n free to w at r&om1 x does n foll[ t we are likewise free to act 9 accordance ) our volitions4 ,& ?is is a mo/ important di/9ction1 :i* lib]t>ians h hi!rto fail$ to notice4 ,if we are free to w 9 any direction1 x foll[s1 inde$1 t we are free to w at r&om2 b x foll[s also1 & = ?is v reason1 t we are free to w ! impossible4 ,true1 :5 we w :at is kn[n to be impossible ( execution1 we call ! act an act ( desire2 b x is cle>ly ! same 9 k9d z an act ( w1 & diff]s only 9 n admitt+ ( be+ translat$ into an act ( body4 ,!re=e ,i say t ! re/riction :i* is impos$ ^u u by ! conditions ( causality1 :e!r ext]nal or int]nal1 is n any re/riction z to will+1 b m]ely z to do+4 ,x is n 9 ! subjective1 b 9 ! objective _w t we enc\nt] ! 'bondage ( necessity4' ,n[1 ! k t we are ?us re/rict$ z to bodily action imposes t k9d ( re/ra9t ^u volition :i* is t]m$ rational4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! nature ( ?+s to prev5t our will+ any?+ t we wi%2 b !re is some?+ 9 ! nature ( ?+s to prev5t our do+ ev]y?+ t we w2 & z ! practical object ( our volition is t ( det]m9+ bodily action1 we f9d x exp$i5t to w only su* ?+s z we believe t we c d4 ,to ?is ext5t1 !re=e1 ! ,w is b\nd--namely1 by ! executive capacity ( ! body4 ,b1 /rictly speak+1 ?is is n a b9d+ ( ! ,w qua ,w4 ,ev5 9 su* cases1 z ,/4 ,paul says1 to w may be pres5t ) u1 b h[ to p]=m t :i* is good we f9d n4 ,i say !n t al?\gh ! ,w is free to w :atev] x wills1 nev]!less x w\ld fail 9 its ess5tial use or object did x refuse to w 9 accordance ) ! conditions :i* are impos$ ^u its executive capacity4 ,aga91 to quote ,/4 ,paul1 ! ,w might say1 ,all ?+s = me are lawful2 b all ?+s are n exp$i5t4 ,n[1 ?is consid]ation ( exp$i5cy is "o ( con/ant & f>-rea*+ importance4 ,= n only1 z already obs]v$1 does x lead to volition on ! "o h& z rational2 b x also leads to volition on ! o!r h& z moral4 ,let u take ! two po9ts sep>ately4 ,d we say t a man is n free to conduct a sci5tific rese>*1 because 9 conduct+ x he mu/ employ ! ne$ful app>atus8 ,or d we say t a man is n free to m>ry1 because 9 ord] to d s he mu/ g ?r\gh a m>riage c]emony8 ,obvi\sly1 to say su* ?+s w\ld s\nd v l talk+ nons5se4 ,x is true t 9 nei!r case is a man free to ga9 8 object )\t adopt+ ! means :i* are se5 to be necess>y "u ! sy/em ( ext]nal causation 9 :i* he f9ds himself2 b ?is does n mean t he is n free to d z he wills1 unless x s happ5s t he wills to d ! impossible4 ,?us1 )9 ! limits t are set by ! conditions ( causation1 a man is und]/ood to be free to act z he wills s long z he is n 'imp$$' by "s ( ^? conditions4 ,to say t he is n free because he _c get beyond ^? conditions w\ld be absurd1 s9ce1 ap>t f ^! conditions1 action ( any k9d w\ld be a priori impossible1 & ! man w\ld h1 z 8 only alt]native1 no-action4 ,h5ce1 9 do+ we mu/ con=m to ! law ( causation--:i*1 inde$1 is all t c be meant by do+--& if 9 will+ :at we d we mu/ also con=m to ! law ( causation1 :]e is ! diff]5ce ) respect to fre$om8 ,su* re/ra9t z !re may be is "h a re/ra9t ^u bodily action2 n at all ^u ! m5tal action :i* we call volition4 ,! ,w may w 9 any way t x wills to w2 b ! body _c act 9 e way t ! ,w may w x to act2 !re=e ! ,w f9ds x exp$i5t to w only 9 su* ways z ! body c act--i4 e4 to con=m 9 its action to ! ext]nal sy/em ( causation4 ,if ?is condition ( all action is held to be compatible ) fre$om 9 ! "o case1 s 9 consi/5cy mu/ x be held 9 ! o!r4 ,equally 9 ei!r case ! ag5t c only be prop]ly said to be unfree1 if he be subject to causal re/ra9t f )\t4 ,& 9 nei!r case does ! univ]sal condition ( act+ "u ! law ( causation con/itute bondage1 9 any o!r s5se ?an t ( furni%+ ! ag5t ) 8 conditions to act+ 9 any way at all4 ,!re=e1 unless x be said t a man is n free to d z he wills because he wills to d ! impossible1 x _c be d5i$ t he is free to w z he wills because he wills accord+ to law4 ,= no action ( any k9d is possible contr>y to law--a g5]al fact :i* goes to con/itute an argum5t a po/]iori = ! rationality ( ! ,_w-eject--& if volition con/itut$ an exception to ?is g5]al /atem5t1 x c\ld only d s by becom+ no-action4 ,n[1 x is by ?us will+ accord+ to law--or ) due ref]5ce to ^? ext]nal conditions ( causality ) :i* ! executive capacity has to d--t volition is r5d]$ rational4 ,! re/ra9t laid ^u volition is n laid ^u x z volition1 b only 9 respect ( execution4 ,a man may w to m>ry z long & z h>d z he *ooses2 b only if he fur!r wills to take ! necess>y means c 8 volition become rational2 x is irrational if he wills to m>ry1 & at ! same "t wills n to g ?r\gh ! m>riage c]emony4 ,b al?\gh irrational1 x is none ! less free4 ,consid]$ m]ely z an act ( volition x is equally free1 :e!r x be rational or irrational4 ,&1 simil>ly1 x is equally free :e!r x be moral or immoral4 ,! objection t an uncaus$ volition _c be a responsible volition dep5ds = its validity on ! mean+ :i* we atta* to ! t]m 'uncaus$4' ,if x be meant t ! volition arises )\t any reg>d at all to ! surr\nd+ conditions ( life1 & is c>ri$ into effect )\t ! ag5t be+ able to control x by means ( any o!r volunt>y act2 !n1 inde$1 :atev] else su* an ag5t may be1 he c]ta9ly is n moral4 ,b if x be meant t among a numb] ( uncomplet$ volitions draw+ 9 diff]5t directions--& all 'uncaus$' 9 ! s5se ( belong+ imm$iately to ! ,ego--"o ( !m ga9s an advantage by a consci\s ref]5ce ( ! m9d to x z good or evil1 !n ! ag5t :o is capable ( giv+ ?is advantage to t memb] ( ! sy/em may prop]ly be call$ moral4 ,! man :o will$ to m>ry1 & yet will$ n to g ?r\gh ! m>riage c]emony1 01 z we h se51 irrational4 ,simil>ly1 if any ag5t wills an action )\t be+ able to consid] any ( ! consequ5ces :i* x may involve z ei!r moral or immoral1 su* an ag5t is :at we mu/ prop]ly call unmoral4 ,ev5 9 su* an ag5t1 h[ev]1 ! ,w may be free2 only x w\ld act )\t ref]5ce to any moral environm5t1 j z ! lunatic above suppos$ might endeav\r to act )\t ref]5ce to any social environm5t4 ,let u look at ! :ole matt] 9 yet ano!r light4 ,we h repeat$ly se5 t ! "q ( free-w1 & !re=e ( moral responsibility1 dep5ds ^u ! "q z to :e!r a man's action 9 ! pa/ might h be5 o!r ?an x 01 not)/&+ t all ! conditions "u :i* he 0 plac$ rema9$ ! same4 ,n[1 to ?is "q only "o answ] c be giv5 by a duali/ic !ory ( ?+s1 :e!r mat]iali/ic or spirituali/ic4 ,= x belongs to ! ess5ce ( a duali/ic !ory to reg>d ! pr9ciple ( causation z a pr9ciple ext]nal to1 & indep5d5t (1 ! human m9d2 consequ5tly1 all ! conditions ( m5tal causation be+ giv51 a c]ta9 result 9 ! way ( volition is necess>ily b\nd to ensue--or1 9 o!r words1 at any giv5 "t 9 a man's m5tal hi/ory1 8 action _c h be5 o!r ?an x 04 ,b n[1 accord+ to ! moni/ic !ory1 all causation has a psy*ical basis--be+ b ! objective expression to u ( ! psy*ical activity ( ! ,_w-eject4 ,consequ5tly1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! c\rse ( ev5 /rictly physical causation is inevitable or necess>y only 9 s f> z ! psy*ical activity ( ! ,_w-eject is held to be uni=m1 or consi/5t )9 itself4 ,& =asmu* z all our k ( physical causation is necess>ily empirical1 we h b v inadequate means ( judg+ h[ f> ?is empirical index is a true gauge ( ! reality4 ,we c1 inde$1 pr$ict an eclipse c5turies 9 advance2 b we c only d s on ! supposition t su* & su* physical conditions rema9 con/ant1 & we h no "r to affirm t su* mu/ be ! case4 ,our k ( physical causation1 be+ b empirical1 is probably b a v inadequate translation ( ! psy*ical activity ( ! ,_w-eject2 & h5ce1 n only h we no "r to pr$ict a future eclipse ) c]ta9ty1 b we h n s mu* z ! "r to affirm t ev5 a pa/ eclipse mu/ h tak5 place ( necessity4 ,= we h no "r to affirm t at any "o p]iod ( cosmic hi/ory ! action ( ! ,_w-eject mu/ h be5 :at x 01 or c\ld n h be5 o!r ?an x 04 ,our k ( ! obv]se aspect ( ?is action 79 ! c\rse ( physical causation7 is1 z ,i h said1 purely empirical2 & ?is is m]ely ano!r way ( say+ t al?\gh we d "k :at ! action ( ! ,_w-eject has be5 at su* & su* a p]iod ( cosmic hi/ory1 we c h no means ( kn[+ :at else x might h be54 ,= any?+ t we c tell to ! contr>y1 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! sol> sy/em1 = example1 might h be5 q diff]5t f :at x has be52 ! c\rse :i* x actually has run may h be5 b "o out ( an innum]able numb] ( possible alt]natives1 any o!r ( :i* might j z well h be5 adopt$ by ! ,_w-eject4 ,n[1 if ?is is true ( natural causation 9 ! case ( ! macrocosm1 x w\ld appe> to be equally s ( natural causation 9 ! case ( ! microcosm4 ,inde$1 pr$iction 9 ! case ( human activity is s mu* less c]ta9 ?an 9 ! case ( cosmic activity1 t ! attribute ( free-w is g5]ally ascrib$ to ! =m]1 :ile r>ely sugge/$ z possibly belong+ to ! latt]4 ,& simil>ly z reg>ds pa/ action4 ,if we are unable to say t at any p]iod 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! sol> sy/em ! ,_w-eject might n h deflect$ ! :ole /ream ( ev5ts into "s o!r *annel1 h[ c we be able to say t at any giv5 p]iod ( 8 pa/ hi/ory ! ,man-eject c\ld n h p]=m$ an analog\s act8 ,obvi\sly1 ! only reason :y we are n accu/om$ to ent]ta9 ?is supposition 9 ei!r case1 is because our judgem5ts are beset ) ! assumption t ! pr9ciple ( causality is prior to t ( m9d--some?+ ( ! nature ( ,fate sup]ior ev5 to ! gods4 ,&1 no less obvi\sly1 if once we see any reason to reg>d ! pr9ciple ( causality z m]ely co-ext5sive ) t ( m9d1 ! :ole "q z betwe5 ,necessity & ,free-w lapses2 !re is no?+ to %[ t a man's action 9 ! pa/ might n h be5 o!r ?an x 04 ,! only outw>d re/ra9t plac$ ^u ! ex]cise ( 8 ,w is !n se5 to be impos$ by ! conditions ( its executive capacity1 & ?is re/ra9t x is t con/itutes man a rational ag5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /ructure ( consci5ce--h[ev] we may suppose ?is to h be5 =m$--imposes t fur!r & inw>d re/ra9t ^u 8 ,w1 :i* con/itutes man a moral ag5t4 ,b nei!r ( ^! re/ra9ts c prop]ly be said to con/itute bondage 9 ! s5se requir$ by ,necessit>ianism1 because nei!r ( !m requires t ! man's ,w mu/ w z x does w2 !y require m]ely t 8 ,w %\ld act 9 c]ta9 ways if x is to accompli% c]ta9 results2 & to ?is ext5t only is x subject to law1 or to ! incid5ce ( ^? ext]nal influ5ces :i* help to %ape our motives4 ,b if ?is is s1 is x n obvi\s t ! s5se ( moral responsibility is rationally ju/ifi$8 ,?is s5se goes ^u ! supposition t a man's conduct 9 ! pa/ might h be5 diff]5t f :at x 04 ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 no "q ( moral responsibility c ev] obta9 9 cases :]e ! g5]al sy/em ( ext]nal causation1 or natural law1 r5d]$ an alt]native l9e ( action physically impossible4 ,! "q ( moral responsibility c only obta9 9 cases :]e two or m l9es ( conduct 7 alike possible1 s f> z ! ext]nal sy/em ( causation is conc]n$--or :]e ! ,w 0 equally free to *oose betwe5 two or m c\rses ( bodily action4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "q ( moral responsibility has no?+ to d ) ! only k9d ( bondage to :i*1 accord+ to our pres5t po9t ( view1 ! ,w is subject--namely ! bondage ( be+ rationally oblig$ to w only :at is capable ( p]=mance4 ,! "q ( moral responsibility has only to d ) ! sy/em ( causation :i* is inh]5t 9 ! m9d itself2 n ) ! sy/em t is ext]nal to ! m9d4 ,& z ! !ory ( ,monism id5tifies ! m9d ) ?is its own inh]5t sy/em ( causation--or reg>ds a man's ,w z ! orig9ator ( a p>ticul> portion ( g5]al causality--x foll[s f ! !ory t a man is ju/ly liable to moral praise or blame z ! case may be3 ! moral s5se no long] appe>s z a gigantic illusion3 consci5ce is ju/ifi$ at ! b> ( reason4 ,x appe>s to me impossible t any valid exception c be tak5 to ! above reason+1 if once ! premiss is grant$--namely1 t ! pr9ciple ( ,causality admits ( be+ reg>d$ z id5tical ) t ( ,volition4 ,= if ,cause is b ano!r "n = ,w--:e!r ! ,w be subjective or ejective--x foll[s t my w is a fir/ cause1 :i* is det]m9$ by o!r causes only 9 s f> z ! executive capacity ( my body is s det]m9$4 ,z ! :ole /ress ( any objection to ! pres5t argum5t mu/ ?us be br\ght to be> ^u ! validity ( ?is its fundam5tal premiss1 a few words may n[ be said to %[ t ! premiss is n :olly gratuit\s4 ,( c\rse ! reason :y at fir/ sight x is apt to appe>1 n only gratuit\s1 b ev5 grotesque1 is because 9 ^! days ( physical sci5ce ! m9ds ( mo/ ( u are dom9at$ by ! un?9k+ p]suasion t ! pr9ciple ( causality is ! mo/ ultimate pr9ciple :i* our m9ds c rea*4 ,mo/ ( u accept ?is p]suasion z almo/ ( ! nature ( an axiom1 & h5ce ! m]e sugge/ion t our own volitions are really uncaus$ appe>s to u ( ! nature ( a self-evid5t absurdity4 ,a little ?\ght1 h[ev]1 is en\gh to %[ t ! only gr\nd ( reason :i* ?is /rong prepossession c re/ ^u1 is ! assumption t ! pr9ciple ( causality is logically prior to t ( m9d4 ,!re=e x is ! validity ( ?is assumption t we h "h to inve/igate4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 ! assumption is ipso facto irrational4 ,= x is evid5t t 9 ord] to make ! assumption !re mu/ already be a m9d to make x4 ,9 o!r words1 ! v conception ( ! pr9ciple ( causality implies a ?9k+ sub/ance :]e9 t conception arises1 & !re=e1 z a m]e matt] ( =mal /atem5t1 x is impossible to assign logical priority to ?is conception ov] ! ?+ :]eby x is conceiv$4 ,9 ! next place1 :5 we c>efully analyze ! nature ( ?is conception itself1 we f9d t x arises imm$iately out ( our conception ( ,be+ z ,be+4 ,?is is %[n by ! idea ( equival5cy betwe5 cause & effect1 :i* is an ess5tial feature ( ! conception ( causality z su*4 ,9 o!r words1 ! /atem5t ( any causal relation is m]ely a /atem5t ( ! fact t bo? ! matt] & ! en]gy conc]n$ 9 ! ev5t 7 ( a p]man5t nature & unalt]able am\nt4 ,!re=e1 if ! ultimate ,reality is m5tal1 ,causation mu/ be ontologically id5tical ) ,volition4 ,& t ! ultimate ,reality is ei!r m5tal1 or some?+ great]1 seems to be prov$ by ! consid]ation t if x be suppos$ any?+ less1 !re mu/ be an end ( ! conception ( equival5cy z betwe5 cause & effect1 & s ( ! conception ( causality itself2 =1 cle>ly1 if my m9d has be5 caus$ by any?+ less ?an itself1 !re is an end ( any possible equival5cy betwe5 ! activity ( t ?+ z a cause1 & ! occurr5ce ( my m9d z an effect#ac4 ,la/ly1 ! conception ( causality ess5tially involves ! idea ( f9ality z exi/+ some:]e4 ,"h ,i _c d bett] ?an quote "s extracts f ,canon ,mozley's essay on ',! ,pr9ciple ( ,causation1' z he manages v t]sely to convey ! gi/ ( previ\s philosophiz+ ^u ?is subject4 ',he 7,cl>ke7 br+s out simply at bottom ! mean+ & significance ( an idea 9 ! human m9d1 t !re is impli$ 9 ! v idea itself ( cause1 fir/ly1 t x causes some?+ else2 & secondly1 t x is uncaus$ itself4444 ,an inf9ite s]ies ( causes does n make a cause2 444 an inf9ite succession ( causes re/s1 by ! v hypo!sis1 ^u no cause2 ea* p>ticul> "o re/s on ! "o :i* foll[s x1 b ! :ole re/s ^u no?+4444 ,if f "o cause we h to g back to ano!r1 t :i* we g back f is n ! cause1 b t :i* we g back to is4 ,! v idea ( cause1 z ,i h said1 implies a /op2 & :]ev] we /op is ! cause4444 ,a true cause is a ,fir/ ,cause4444 ,! a!i/ic idea ?us does n correspond to ! idea ( reason4 ,! a!i/ appe>s to ackn[l$ge ! necessity ( a cause1 & appe>s to provide = x2 b :5 we come to 8 s*eme x fails exactly 9 t "p ( ! idea :i* cl5*es x1 & :i* is ess5tial to its integrity2 x fails 9 provid+ a /op2 444 ,"o might say to him1 ,:y d y give y\rself ! tr\ble to supply causation at all8 ,y d s because y consid] y\rself oblig$ 9 reason to d x1 b if y supply causation at all1 :y n furni% su* a cause z reason has impress$ ^u y1 & :i* is inh]5t 9 y\r m9d--a cause :i* /&s /ill1 an orig9al cause8 ,if y nev] int5d$ to supply ?is1 x mu/ h be5 because y ?\ght a real cause 0 n want$2 b if y ?\ght a cause n want$1 :y n h said f ! fir/ t causes 7 n want$1 & said f ! fir/ t ev5ts c\ld take place )\t causes8' ,or1 to quote a m rec5t au?ority1 & "o speak+ f ! side ( physical sci5ce1 ,pr(4 ,huxley writes3-- ',! /ud5t ( nature :o />ts f ! axiom ( ! univ]sality ( ! law ( causation1 _c refuse to admit an et]nal exi/5ce2 if he admits ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 he _c d5y ! possibility ( an et]nal en]gy2 if he admits ! exi/5ce ( immat]ial ph5om5a 9 ! =m ( consci\sness1 he mu/ admit ! possibility1 at any rate1 ( an et]nal s]ies ( su* ph5om5a2 &1 if 8 /udies h n be5 b>r5 ( ! be/ fruit ( ! inve/igation ( nature1 he w h en\gh s5se to see t1 :5 ,sp9oza says1 ,p] ,deum intelligo ens absolute inf9itum1 hoc e/ sub/antiam con/antem inf9itis attributis1 ! ,god s conceiv$ is "o t only a v great fool w\ld d5y1 ev5 9 8 he>t4 ,physical sci5ce is z little ,a!i/ic z x is ,mat]iali/ic#ad4' ,n[1 if x ?us belongs to ! ess5ce ( our idea ( causation t f9ality mu/ be rea*$ some:]e1 ,i d n "k :]e ?is is s likely to be rea*$ z at t pr9ciple :]e9 ! idea itself takes its rise--viz4 ,m9d4 ,b1 if s1 ! /atem5t t any p>ticul> acts ( m9d are uncaus$ ceases to pres5t any "* ( self-evid5t absurdity4 ,& ! argum5t ne$ n end "h4 ,= ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has %[n t our idea ( causation1 n m]ely requires a m9d = its occurr5ce1 b t 9 e m9d :]e x does occur x has be5 directly =m$ out ( exp]i5ces ( ef=t 9 acts ( volition4 ,s t :e!r we analyze ! idea ( cause z we actually discov] x 9 our own m9ds1 or inve/igate ! hi/ory ( its g5esis1 we alike f9d1 z we might h antec$5tly expect$1 t x is dep5d5t on our m ultimate idea ( m9d z m9d2 ! conception ( causality is n1 z a matt] ( fact1 orig9al or primal1 b d]ivative or second>y4 ,!re=e1 if ?is conception necess>ily involves ! po/ulation ( a fir/ cause1 !re c be no d\bt t su* a cause c only be conceiv$ z ( ! nature ( m9d4 ,f :i* x foll[s t ea* individual m9d requires to be reg>d$--if x is reg>d$ at all--z ( ! nature ( a fir/ cause4 ,f ?is1 h[ev]1 x does n foll[ t ea* individual m9d requires to be reg>d$ z :olly indep5d5t ( all o!r causes1 or z nev] subject to any causal influ5ce :i* may be ex]cis$ by o!r m9ds4 ,al?\gh ea* m9d pres5ts ! feature ( f9ality or spontaneity1 ?is does n h9d] t x also pres5ts ! feature ( relation to o!r m9ds1 :i*1 !re=e1 are able to act ^u x 9 numb]less ways4 ,n[1 :e!r ^! m9ds are ! m9ds ( o!r m51 ( o!r intellig5t be+s1 or ( ! :ole ,_w-eject1 ! causal activity :i* is ex]t$ ^u my m9d expresses itself 9 t m9d z a consci\sness ( motives4 ,b al?\gh ^! motives may help to det]m9e my volitions1 !re is no reason to suppose t !y are !mselves ! volitions1 or t )\t !m my m9d w\ld cease to be itself a causal ag5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ?is 7 suppos$1 ! supposition w\ld am\nt to de/roy+ ! causal ag5cy ( my own m9d1 :i*1 z we h j se51 mu/ ei!r be orig9al or n at all4 ,! way1 !re=e1 t ! matt] /&s is ?is4 ,9 s f> z ! microcosm is a circumscrib$ sy/em ( be+--a ?9k+ sub/ance1 a p]sonality--x is ( ! nature ( a fir/ cause1 free to act 9 any direction z to its ?9k+ & will+1 ev5 ?\gh its ?9k+ %\ld be irrational z to tru?1 & its will+ impossible z to execution4 ,b 9 s f> z ! microcosm ent]s into relation ) ! macrocosm1 ! sy/em ( ext]nal causation :i* x enc\nt]s det]m9es ! "* ( its volitions4 ,= al?\gh ^! volitions are !mselves ( ! nature ( fir/ causes1 x is no contradiction to say t !y are--at all ev5ts 9 l>ge measure--det]m9$ by o!r & ext]nal causes4 ,?is is no contradiction because1 al?\gh !y are ?us det]m9$1 x does n foll[ t !y are ?us det]m9$ necess>ily1 & ?is makes all ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! !ory ( w z bond or free4 ,9 any /ream ( second>y causation ea* memb] ( ! s]ies is und]/ood to det]m9e ! next memb] ( necessity2 & x is because ?is notion is import$ into psy*ology t ! !ory ( det]m9ism reg>ds x z axiomatic t1 if our volitions are 9 any way caus$ at all1 !y c only be caus$ by way ( necessity2 & h5ce t "u ! op]ation ( any giv5 set ( motives ! action ( ! w c only take place 9 ! direction ( ! resultant4 ,b any su* axiom is valid only )9 ! region ( second causes4 ,on ! hypo!sis t volitions are fir/ causes1 ! axiom is irrelevant to !m2 = al?\gh x may be true t !y are det]m9$ by causes f )\t1 x may n be true t !y are ?us det]m9$ ( necessity3 _! intr9sic "* z !mselves fir/ causes1 al?\gh n isolat+ !m f any possible contact ) o!r causes1 nev]!less does protect !m f be+ necess>ily co]c$ by ^! causes1 & !re=e f becom+ b ! m]e effects ( !m4 ,su* influ5ce1 or det]m9ation1 z is ex]t$ ^u ! ,w by ^! ext]nal causes is ex]t$ only because any individual m9d is n itself a macrocosm1 b a microcosm 9 relation to a macrocosm4 ,if x 7 itself a macrocosm1 /&+ out ( relation to all o!r be+1 its prime causation w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be :olly un9flu5c$ by any o!r causation2 its volitions w\ld !n be conc]n$ only ) ! det]m9ation ( its own ?\ghts 9 a con/ant /ream ( purely subjective contemplation1 su* z t :i* ! ,h9doo philosophy attributes to ,god4 ,b z ! human m9d discov]s itself z exi/+ 9 close & complex relations ) an ext]nal _w ( an ord]ly "*1 ! human m9d f9ds t x is1 z be=e said1 exp$i5t to adapt ! c\rse ( its own causal activity s z to br+ x into h>mony ) ! ext]nal ord]4 ,=1 al?\gh its own causal activity is primal1 x by no means foll[s t on ?is acc\nt x is almighty2 h5ce1 ev5 al?\gh x be primal1 x is nev]!less "u ! necessity ( adopt+ means 9 ord] to secure its ends--or1 9 o!r words1 ( adju/+ its volitions 7if !y are to be practically effici5t7 to ! conditions :i* are impos$ ^u its activity by ! ord]ly sy/em ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,:i* is m]ely ano!r way ( /at+ ! conclusion previ\sly rea*$--viz4 t ! only necessity :i* c be prov$ to gov]n our volitions is ! necessity :i* is impos$ by our own consid]ations ( reason & morality4 ,al?\gh we f9d t x is exp$i5t to adapt our own causal activity to t l>g] sy/em ( causal activity by :i* we are surr\nd$--see+ t we mu/ d s necess>ily if we are to act at all--x by no means foll[s t we are b\nd to w :at is exp$i5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! necessity laid ^u u by ! sy/em ( ext]nal causation is a necessity to adopt means = ! atta9m5t ( ends2 n a necessity to w ! ends4 ,& al?\gh 9 _m cases ?is di/9ction may appe> to be practically unmean+--see+ t no man wills :at he kn[s to be impossible ( execution1 & !re=e t to say he is necess>ily prev5t$ f do+ a c]ta9 ?+ seems practically equival5t to say+ t he is necess>ily prev5t$ f will+ t ?+--9 all cases :]e any "q ( moral responsibility c possibly obta91 ! di/9ction is "o ( fundam5tal importance4 ,=1 z already %[n1 any "q ( moral responsibility c only obta9 :]e two or m l9es ( action are alike possible1 & !re=e :]e no necessity is laid ^u ! man 9 respect ( c>ry+ out 8 volitions1 9 :i*ev] direction !y may ev5tually proce$4 ,al?\gh 9 any ev5t he is necess>ily b\nd to adopt means 9 ord] to secure 8 ends1 ! moral quality ( 8 *oice has ref]5ce only to ! ends :i* he *ooses2 n at all to ! fact t he has to employ means = ! purpose ( atta9+ !m4 ,& ev5 ?\gh 8 *oice be influ5c$ by 8 physical & social environm5t--z x mu/ be if x be ei!r rational on ! "o h& or moral on ! o!r--x does n foll[ t ?is influ5ce is ( a k9d to neutralize or de/roy ! causal nature ( 8 own volition4 ,= ! influ5ce :i* is ?us ex]t$ _c be ex]t$ necess>ily1 unless we suppose t ! ,w is n a fir/ cause1 :i* is ! possibility n[ "u consid]ation4 ,if ! ,w is a fir/ cause1 ! influ5ces br\ght to be> ^u x by its relation to o!r causes--& 9 virtue ( :i* x is con/itut$1 n only a cause primal1 b also a cause rational & moral--^! influ5ces diff] toto coelo f ^? :i* are ex]cis$ by any memb]s 9 a s]ies ( second>y causes ^u ! next succe$+ causes4 ,& ! diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( necess>y or unconditional sequ5ce 9 ! "o case1 & its pres5ce 9 ! o!r4 ,h[ev] /rong ! det]m9+ influ5ce ( a motive may be1 if ! ,w is a fir/ cause1 ! motive mu/ belong to a diff]5t ord] ( causal relation f a motor2 =1 no matt] h[ /rong ! det]m9+ influ5ce may be1 ex hypo!si x c nev] atta9 to ! /r5g? ( necessity2 ! ,w mu/ ev] rema9 free to ov]come su* influ5ce by an adequate ex]cise ( its own p[] ( spontane\s action1 or ( supply+ de novo an additional access ( /r5g? to "s o!r motive4 ,( c\rse1 z a g5]al rule1 ! ,w all[s itself to be influ5c$ by motives suppli$ imm$iately by its relations ) ! ext]nal _w2 b ?is is s only because ! ?9k+ sub/ance well kn[s t x is exp$i5t s to fall 9 ) ! g5]al /ream ( ext]nal causation4 ,h5ce1 z a g5]al rule1 x is only 9 cases :]e ! /ream ( ext]nal causation is draw+ ! w 9 diff]5t directions t ! causal activity ( ! ,w itself is call$ into play4 ,or r1 ,i %\ld say1 x is only 9 su* cases t we become consci\s ( ! fact4 ,9 ! case ( e volunt>y movem5t ! primal activity ( ,w mu/ be conc]n$ 7& ?is ev5 9 ! case ( ! l[] animals72 b z ! va/ majority ( su* movem5ts are p]=m$ by way ( response to frequ5tly recurr+ circum/ances1 ! response :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be mo/ exp$i5t is giv51 z x 71 automatically1 or )\t ! occurr5ce ( any adv]se motive4 ,b 9 cases :]e motives are draw+ 9 diff]5t directions1 we become consci\s ( an ef=t ( ,w 9 *oos+ "o or o!r l9e ( conduct1 &1 accord+ to our pres5t hypo!sis1 ?is consci\sness ( ef=t is an expression ( ! "w :i* ! ,w is do+ 9 ! way ( spontane\s causation4 ,?us1 ^u ! :ole1 if we id5tify ! pr9ciple ( causation ) ! pr9ciple ( m9d--z we are b\nd to d by ! !ory ( ,monism--we !reby draw a great & fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 causation z ?is occurs 9 ! ext]nal _w1 & z x occurs )9 ! limits ( our own subjectivity4 ,& ! di/9ction consi/s 9 ! unconditional nature ( a causal sequ5ce 9 ! ext]nal _w1 z aga9/ ! conditional nature ( x 9 ! o!r case2 ! condition to ! effective op]ation ( a motive--z di/+ui%$ f a motor--is ! acquiesc5ce ( ! fir/ cause ^u :i* t motive is op]at+4 ,to ! =ego+ argum5t x may be object$ t by expressly reg>d+ ! human m9d z a fir/ cause ( its own volitions1 ,i imply t t m9d c itself h _h no cause1 :i* appe>s to be self-evid5tly absurd4 ,b "h aga9 ! absurdity only arises f our invet]ate habit ( reg>d+ ! pr9ciple ( causation z logically prior to t ( m9d4 ,if we expressly refuse to d ?is1 !re is no?+ absurd 9 suppos+ ! pr9ciple ( m9d :]ev] x occurs1 z itself uncaus$4 ,= if1 z we are n[ suppos+1 ?is pr9ciple is id5tical ) t ( causation1 to say t any m9d is caus$ w\ld be to say t a cause is ! cause ( itself1 :i* w\ld be really absurd4 ,"u ! pres5t po9t ( view1 !re=e1 x w\ld be a mean+less "q to ask = ! cause ( a human m9d1 s9ce1 ex hypo!si1 a human m9d is a "p ( ! self-exi/+ sub/ance1 al?\gh n on ?is acc\nt self-exi/+ z to its individual p]sonality4 ,z argu$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ! p]sonality appe>s to arise on acc\nt ( circumscription1 or ! isolation ( a con/itu5t "p ( ! ,_w-eject4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh x may be reasonable to ask = a cause ( ?is circumscription--or ( ! p]sonality--x is n reasonable to ask = a cause ( ! sub/ance :i* is ?us circumscrib$1 or ( ! quality ( spontaneity :i* t sub/ance exhibits4 ,i w n[ /ate ! :ole case 9 ano!r way4 ,:5 we reg>d ! facts ( volition f ! /&-po9t ( psy*ology1 ! only !ory ( !m :i* is op5 to u is1 z we h be=e se51 t ( det]m9ism4 ,moreov]1 )9 ^! limits t !ory is p]fectly true4 ,psy*ology1 z su*1 _c recognize any pr9ciple m ultimate ?an natural causation1 see+ t1 l any o!r ( h] si/]s 9 ! family ( sci5ces1 h] :ole "w & duty are conf9$ to ! inve/igation ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,b1 j z 9 ! case ( all ! o!r sci5ces1 :5 h] inve/igations h be5 pu%$ to ! po9t :]e !y enc\nt] ! problem ( expla9+ ?is pr9ciple itself1 h] inve/igations mu/ necess>ily cease2 ?is pr9ciple is = all ! sci5ces ! ultimate datum1 beh9d :i* !y _c g )\t ceas+ to be sci5ces4 ,b x does n foll[ t because ! area ( sci5ce is limit$ by t ( causation1 !re=e we are preclud$ f ask+ any que/ions z to ! nature ( ?is ultimate datum4 ,( c\rse any que/ions :i* we may ?us ask _c possibly be answ]$ by sci5ce2 !y are que/ions ( philosophy1 9 ! consid]ation ( :i* sci5ce1 f h] v nature & ess5tial limitation ( h] (fice1 c h no voice4 ,n[1 if on tak+ up ! pr9ciple ( causation :]e ?is is left by sci5ce--viz4 z ! ultimate or unanalyzable datum ( exp]i5ce1 ^u :i* all h] inve/igations are f\nd$1 & by :i* !y are all limit$--philosophy f9ds any reason to surmise t x is resolvable into ! pr9ciple ( m9d1 philosophy is ?us able to sugge/ t any di/9ction betwe5 m5tal processes z det]m9ate or free1 is really a mean+less di/9ction4 ,=1 accord+ to ?is sugge/ion1 ! issue is no long] z to :e!r ^! processes are caus$ or uncaus$2 ! v idea ( cause has be5 aboli%$ z "o :i* belongs only to t l[] level ( inquiry ) :i* sci5ce1 or s5su\s exp]i5ce1 is conc]n$4 ,"h1 no d\bt1 ! "q is a ?or\ghly real "o1 &1 z %[n 9 previ\s *apt]s1 c only be answ]$ 9 ! way ( det]m9ism4 ,b s soon z we asc5d to ! philosophical !ory ( ,monism1 & s transc5d ! conditions ( s5su\s exp]i5ce1 ! "q :e!r volitions are caus$ or uncaus$ becomes1 z ,i h said1 a mean+less "q1 or a "q ! t]ms ( :i* are n correctly /at$4 ,if x be ! case t all causality is ( a nature psy*ical1 volition & causation are "o & ! same ?+1 diff]+ only 9 relation to our modes ( appreh5sion4 ,x w\ld !re=e be equally mean+less to say t ei!r is ! cause ( ! o!r--j z x w\ld be equally mean+less to say t neurosis is ! cause ( psy*osis1 or t psy*osis is ! cause ( neurosis4 ,or ?us1 if volition & causation are "o & ! same ?+1 ! only reason :y !y ev] appe> div]se is because ! "o is kn[n ontologically1 :ile ! o!r is kn[n ph5om5ally4 ,7 x possible t ! orbit ( my own p]sonality c\ld be wid5$ s z to include )9 my own subjectivity ! :ole univ]se ( causality1 ,i %\ld f9d--accord+ to ,monism--t all causation w\ld become trans=m$ into volition4 ,h5ce1 ! only reason :y !re n[ appe>s to be s great an anti!sis betwe5 ^! two pr9ciples1 is because ! volition :i* is go+ on outside ( my own consci\sness c only be kn[n to me objectively1--or at mo/ ejectively1--on :i* acc\nt ! pr9ciple ( causality appe>s to me ph5om5ally z ! mo/ ultimate1 or mo/ unanalyzable1 pr9ciple 9 ! ph5om5al univ]se4 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1 ,i conclude t ?is is ! tea*+ ( ,monism4 ,if we view ! facts ( human volition relatively1 or )9 ! f\r corn]s ( psy*ological sci5ce1 !re is no escape f ! conclusion t !y are det]m9$ ) all ! rig\r :i* belongs to natural causation 9 g5]al4 ,= e sequ5ce ( m5tal *anges & e sequ5ce ( c]ebral *anges1 al?\gh ph5om5ally s div]se1 are tak5 by ?is !ory to be ontologically id5tical2 & !re=e ! sequ5ce ( m5tal *anges mu/ be det]m9$ ) ! same degree ( 'necessity' z is t ( ! c]ebral *anges4 ,9 %ort1 m5tal causation is tak5 to be b ! obv]se aspect ( physical causation1 &1 z previ\sly rem>k$1 x is impossible t ! doctr9e ( det]m9ism c\ld be taught 9 a mann] m emphatic4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! !ory ( ,monism is b\nd to g fur!r ?an ?is4 ,f ! v fact ( its hav+ gone s f> z to id5tify all physical processes ) psy*ical processes1 x _c refuse to take ! fur!r & f9al /ep ( id5tify+ ! mo/ ultimate kn[n pr9ciple ( ! "o ) ! mo/ ultimate kn[n pr9ciple ( ! o!r2 x is b\nd to recognize 9 natural causation ! ph5om5al aspect ( t :i* is kn[n ontologically z volition4 ,b if ^! two pr9ciples are ?us reg>d$ z id5tical1 x cle>ly becomes z unmean+ to ask :e!r ! "o is ! cause ( ! o!r1 z x w\ld be to ask :e!r ! "o wills ! o!r4 ,=1 ex hypo!si1 ! two ?+s be+ "o ?+1 or b diff]5t modes ( view+ ! same ?+1 x becomes m]e nons5se to speak ( ei!r det]m9+ ! o!r2 !y are bo? b diff]5t expressions ( ! same ultimate fact1 namely ! fact ( ,be+ z ,be+4 ,if ?is result %\ld be deem$ unsatisfactory on acc\nt ( its vagu5ess1 let x be rememb]$ t no?+ is ga9$ on ! side ( cle>ness by ! conv]se supposition--viz4 t priority %\ld be assign$ to ! pr9ciple ( causality4 ,=1 if we say x is inconceivable t any?+ %\ld come into exi/5ce )\t a cause--n ev5 except+ ! pr9ciple ( m9d itself--!n ! "q imm$iately arises--,if all volition is caus$1 :at is ! cause ( volition8 ,:at caus$ ?is cause8 ,& s on till we arrive at ! "q1 ,:at caus$ ! pr9ciple ( causality8 :i* is absurd4 ,s t :e!r we reg>d m9d z prior to cause1 or cause z prior to m9d1 or nei!r z prior to ! o!r1 we arrive at precisely ! same difficulty4 ,& ! difficulty is a hopeless "o1 because x conc]ns ! ultimate "q ( ,be+ z ,be+1 or ! f9al my/]y ( ?+s4 ,or1 to /ate ! matt] 9 ano!r way4 ,an explanation means ! ref]5ce ( obs]v$ effects to kn[n causes1 or ! inclusion ( previ\sly unkn[n causes among causes bett] kn[n4 ,h5ce x is obvi\s1 f ! v mean+ ( :at we call an explanation1 t at ! base ( all possible explanations !re mu/ lie a great ,inexplicable1 :i*1 j because m ultimate ?an any ( our possible explanations1 does n itself require to be expla9$4 ,to suppose t x does require to be expla9$1 w\ld be to suppose1 t !re is some?+ /ill m ultimate into :i*1 if kn[n1 ?is ,inexplicable c\ld be m]g$4 ,h5ce1 unless we po/ulate an inf9ite s]ies ( possible explanations1 !re mu/ be a basal my/]y some:]e1 :i*1 9 virtue ( its con/itut+ ! gr\nd ( all possible explanations1 _c be1 & does n require to be1 itself expla9$4 ,:at is ?is basal my/]y8 ,mat]ialism supposes x to be lodg$ 9 ,matt] to ! exclusion ( ,m9d1 :ile ,idealism 9 its extreme =ms takes ! conv]se view4 ,!ism supposes t x is an intellig5t ,p]son1 :o is held--& logically en\gh--n to be able to give any explanation ( 8 own exi/5ce2 he is1 z x is said1 self-exi/5t1 &1 if ask$ to give any acc\nt ( 8 be+1 w\ld only be able to re/ate ! fact ( 8 be+ 9 ! words1 ',i am t ,i am4' ,la/ly1 ,pan!ism1 or ,monism1 supposes ! ultimate my/]y to be lodg$ 9 ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,n[1 9 ! pres5t connexion ! "q be=e u is simply ?is--,are we to reg>d ! pr9ciple ( causality or ! pr9ciple ( m9d z ! ultimate my/]y8 ,& to ?is "q ,i answ] t to me x appe>s mo/ reasonable to assign priority to m9d4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 our only k ( causation is empirical1 :ile ev5 z su* x is only possible 9 ! same way z our k ( objective exi/5ce 9 g5]al is possible--namely1 by way ( inf]5ce f our own m5tal modifications1 :i* !re=e mu/ necess>ily h priority s f> z we are ourselves conc]n$4 ,next1 on ! o!r h&1 ev5 if we 7 to grant t ! pr9ciple ( causality is ! prius1 or ! ultimate & inexplicable my/]y1 ,i _c see t x is really available to expla9 ! fact ( p]sonality4 ,to me x appe>s t1 )9 ! range ( human obs]vation1 ?is is ! fact t mo/ we>s ! appe>ance ( f9ality1 or ( t unanalyzable & inexplicable nature :i* we are b\nd to believe mu/ belong to ! ultimate my/]y ( ,be+4 ,b1 be ?is z x may1 ! speculative difficulty ( assign+ priority to m9d is c]ta9ly no great] ?an t ( assign+ x to causality2 & ?is1 z above rem>k$1 is a suffici5t answ] to ! "q be=e u4 ,accord+ to ,monism1 h[ev]1 !re is no ne$ to assign priority to ei!r pr9ciple1 see+ t "o is b a ph5om5al expression ( ! o!r4 ,only "o fur!r "q rema9s to be consid]$4 ,f :at ,i h j said on ! subject ( ,p]sonality1 x w be app>5t t ! !ory ( ,monism is 9 conflict ) t ( ,!ism only 9 s f> z p]sonality appe>s to imply limitation4 ,?is is a po9t :i* ,i h previ\sly consid]$ 9 ^! pages 7,*apt] iv1 p4 #aji71 ) ! result ( appe>+ to %[ t ! conflict is "o :i* w\ld probably vani% c\ld we rise above ! necess>y limitations ( human ?\ght4 ,!re=e1 x "h seems wor? :ile to ask1 ,:at c be said by ! philosophical !ory ( ,monism to ! old !ological dilemma t\*+ free-w & pr$e/9ation8 ,or1 ev5 ap>t f any "q ( ,!ism1 :at position does ,monism suppose ! psy*ical activity ( man to hold 9 relation to t ( ! univ]se8 ,( c\rse ! latt] /atem5t ( ! "q is includ$ 9 ! =m]2 &1 !re=e1 we may pres5t x ?us2--,if ! human w is free1 & ! !ory ( ,!ism sub/antially true1 h[ are we to reconcile ! fact ) ! !ory8 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( ,!ism z sanction$ by ,monism1 :at we appreh5d z natural causation is ! obv]se ( a "p ( a summum g5us--i4e4 ! "p fall+ )9 human obs]vation ^: :ole is ! ,absolute ,volition4 ,?is ,volition1 be+ absolute1 c n[h]e meet ) re/ra9t2 x is !re=e absolutely free1 & c nev] contradict itself4 ,?us1 ^? circumscrib$ portions ( x :i* we "k z human m9ds--& :i*1 on acc\nt ( be+ s circumscrib$1 are free )9 !mselves--d n 9 _! fre$om conflict ) ! ,absolute ,volition4 ,! ,absolute ,volition & ! ,relative ,volition are always 9 unison4 ,x is n t ! ,absolute ,volition unconditionally det]m9es ! ,relative ,volition--else ! ,relative ,volition w\ld n be free2 b x is t ! ,absolute ,volition inv>iably ass5ts to ! ,relative ,volition z to ! activity ( an integral "p ( itself4 ,?is w be at once evid5t if we consid] t our only idea ( det]m9ation--i4e4 causation--is1 ^u ! !i/ic !ory1 d]iv$ f our obs]v+ ! consi/5cy ( ! ,div9e ,w1 :e!r z reveal$ subjectively 9 ! causal op]ations ( our own m9ds1 or objectively 9 ! causal op]ations ( ,nature4 ,!re=e1 ! idea ( causation z betwe5 ! ,absolute ,volition & ! ,relative ,volition is an idea de/itute ( mean+4 ,"o ,relative ,volition may act causally on ano!r4 ,relative ,volition1 because ea* is :olly ext]nal to ea*4 ,b all ,relative ,volitions are con/itu5t p>ts ( ! ,absolute ,volition1 :i*1 !re=e1 _c act causally on !m1 ?\gh x always acts sub/antially ) !m4 ,or1 o!rwise phras$1 if ! subject is a con/itu5t "p ( its own ,_w-eject--! volition ( :i* is always self-consi/5t--x foll[s t ! volition ( ! subject mu/ always be co9cid5t ) t ( its ,_w-eject2 & ?is )\t be+ det]m9$ 9 any o!r s5se ?an ! small] size ( a "p c be said to be det]m9$ by ! l>g] size ( its :ole3 i4e4 ! det]m9ation--if we *oose s to call x--is n a causal "o1 b arises imm$iately f ! inh]5t nature ( ! case4 ,! ,absolute ,volition )9 itself is free2 ! ,relative ,volition )9 itself is free2 b !re c be no conflict betwe5 ^! two fre$oms4 ,=1 if !re 7 a conflict1 x mu/ be caus$2 b :]e is ! cause ( ?is conflict to come f8 ,n f ! ,absolute ,volition1 :i* is ev]y:]e self-consi/5t2 n f ! ,relative ,volition1 :i* is :olly conta9$ )9 ! ,absolute4 ,?us1 reg>d$ f )9 its own sy/em1 ! ,relative ,volition is free2 :ile1 reg>d$ f ! sy/em ( its ,_w-eject1 ! ,relative ,volition is pr$e/9$4 ,b ! fre$om is n incompatible ) ! pr$e/9ation1 nor ! pr$e/9ation ) ! fre$om4 ,!y /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( complem5t>y tru?s1 ! app>5t contradiction ( :i* arises only f ! app>5tly fundam5tal anti!sis betwe5 m9d & cause :i* x is ! privilege ( ,monism to aboli%4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ac3 ',:atsoev] is fir/ ( all ?+s mu/ necess>ily conta9 x1 & actually h1 at lea/1 all ! p]fections t c ev] aft] exi/2 nor c x ev] give to ano!r any p]fection t x ha? n actually 9 itself1 or at lea/ 9 a high] degree' 7,locke74 ,to ?is argum5t ,mill answ]s1 ',h[ va/ly nobl] & m preci\s1 = in/ance1 are ! vegetables & animals ?an ! soil & manure out ( :i*1 & by ! prop]ties ( :i*1 !y are rais$ up6 ,b ?is /ricture is n wor?y ( ,mill4 ,! soil & manure d n con/itute ! :ole cause ( ! plants & animals4 ,we mu/ trace ^! & _m o!r con-causes 7conditions7 back & back till we come to ':atsoev] is fir/ ( all ?+s'3 x is m]ely *ildi% to *oose "s few ( ! conditions1 & arbitr>ily to reg>d !m z alone ! effici5t causes4 ,footnote #ad3 ,collect$ ,essays1 vol4 ix4 ',evolution & ,e?ics1' p4 #adj4 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 ?is text ?is ,h#b,o repres5ts a subscript #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- 99 99 99 99 99 ,ox=d ,,horace ,,h>t1 ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity