public doma9 works f ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan ,digital ,libr>ies47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,a few typographical errors h be5 correct$3 !y are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,,! ,,!ories ,,( ,,d>w94 ,,hall1 ,,/uttg>t1 ,april #e1 #ahhj4 ,we h]eby au?orize ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimm]mann to translate into ,engli% ! book entitl$ ,die ,d>w9's*5 ,!ori5 und ihre ,/ellung zur ,philosophie1 ,religion und ,moral von ,rudolf ,s*mid4 ,we decl>e t we "k ( no o!r translation ( ! said book & t ,dr4 ,zimm]mann's translation w be ! only "o au?oriz$ by u = ! ,unit$ ,/ates z well z = ! ,briti% ,empire & its ,dom9ions4 7,! ,au?or7 ,,rudolf ,,s*mid4 7,! ,publi%]7 ,,paul ,,mos]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,!ories ,,( ,,d>w9 ,,& ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,philosophy1 ,,religion ,,& ,,morality4 ,by ,,rudolf ,,s*mid1 ,presid5t ( ! ,!ological ,sem9>y at ,s*n?al1 ,wrtemb]g4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,g]man ,,by ,g4 ,a4 ,,zimm]mann1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,argyll ,,*icago3 ,,jans5 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g4 ,,company #ahhc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,copyright ,,by ,,jans51 ,,mcclurg ,,co4 ,a4,d4 #ahhb4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,donnelley ,,sons1 ,,pr9t]s4 99 99 99 99 99 #a ,,au?or',s ,,preface 99 99 99 99 99 ,! movem5t :i* receiv$ its impulse z well z its "n f ,d>w91 seems to h rec5tly pass$ its di/9cte/ phase2 b ! m prom95t po9ts ( opposition1 religi\s1 e?ical1 & sci5tific1 :i* h be5 reveal$ ?r\gh x1 rema9 z %>ply contra/$ z be=e4 ,! au?or ( ?is book desires1 9 ! fir/ place1 to be ( s]vice to su* read]s z feel ! ne$ ( sett+ !mselves "r ^u ^! que/ions1 :i* t\* ! highe/ int]e/s ( mank9d1 b :o lack "t & opportunity to inve/igate indep5d5tly a realm 9 :i* s _m & s het]og5e\s sci5ces come into mutual contact4 ,! illogical & confus$ mann] 9 :i* "s noisy lead]s conf\nd ^! sci5ces & _! problems & consequ5ces1 r5d]s x /ill m difficult to arrive at a satisfactory result2 & ?us p]haps _m read]s w look ) int]e/ ^u an inve/igation design$ to simplify ! diff]5t problems & ! diff]5t attempts at _! solution1 & to treat !m n only 9 _! relations to ea* o!r1 b also sep>ately4 ,b ) ?is prim>y object1 ! au?or comb9es ano!r3 to r5d] a s]vice to "s among ! _m :o p]ceive ! h>mony betwe5 _! sci5tific conviction & _! religi\s ne$ ?reat5$ or %ak5 by ! results ( sci5ce1 & :o are unwill+ to lose ?is h>mony1 or1 hav+ lo/ x1 desire to rega9 x4 ,^? voices are inde$ becom+ l\d]1 & m g5]ally & will+ly he>d1 :i* proclaim an irreconcilability betwe5 fai? & #b k1 betwe5 ! religi\s & ! sci5tific views ( ! _w2 :i* decl>e t peace betwe5 ! two c only be _h at ! price ei!r ( p]mitt+ ! religi\s impulses ( ! he>t to be /ifl$ 9 favor ( sci5ce1 ( satisfy+ ! religi\s ne$ ( ! m9d ) a n\ri%m5t :i* 9 ! light ( sci5ce proves to be an illusion1 or1 z sceptics 9 !ory & eclectics 9 practice1 ( r5\nc+ ) resignation a logical connection & f\ndation to _! =m] view ( ! _w4 ,! mo/ /rik+ pro( ( ! ext5t to :i* ^! voices are he>d1 is ! fact t x has be5 possible = a "o-sid$ pessimism to become ! fa%ionable sy/em ( philosophy 9 a ,*ri/ian nation4 ,! mo/ effective means = oppos+ su* discordant voices1 & = mak+ am5ds = ! disagreem5ts :i* !y h occasion$1 und\bt$ly consi/s 9 ! actual pro( ( ! contr>y ( _! !ories1 9 ! cle> pres5tation ( a /&po9t f :i* n only ! mo/ unre/rict$ fre$om ( inve/igation & ! mo/ unres]v$ ackn[l$gm5t ( its results %all be 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! undim9i%$ c>e ( our entire religi\s possession1 b 9 :i* ?is peace is pres]v$ & =ev] e/abli%$ by ! v fact t "o function ( ! m9d directly requires ! o!r1 "o possession directly gu>antees ! o!r4 ,?is is ! /&po9t ( ! au?or1 & f x he has endeavor$ to treat all ! que/ions :i* are to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,%\ld he1 by 8 exposition ( ?is /&po9t1 succe$ 9 help+ ev5 a few read]s 9 rea*+ ! conviction ( ! actual h>mony betwe5 ! sci5tific1 religi\s1 & e?ical acquisitions ( mank9d1 or 9 confirm+ !m anew 9 su* conviction1 he w\ld f9d himself amply rew>d$ = ?is fir/ ext5d$ v5ture be=e ! public4 ,r4 ,s4 #c ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,to ,,am]ican ,,edition4 ,six ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ,i wrote ! book :i* is n[ go+ =? 9 ,engli% dress4 ,! great lead] ( ! !ories 9 "q has pass$ away2 ! waves ( ?\ght he set 9 motion are assum+ smoo!r %ape2 & ,i c only add to :at ,i h already writt51 t n only h ,i _h no occasion to retract any ( ! /atem5ts or views laid d[n 9 ! book1 b ,i p]ceive ! religi\s z well z ! sci5tific _w gr[+ m & m into accord ) ! views ,i h ma9ta9$1 & :i* 7 at fir/ s vehem5tly oppos$4 ,i owe s mu* to ! lit]>y m5 ( ! ,engli% tongue on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1 t ,i %all be glad if1 ?r\gh ! devot$ labors ( ! translator1 ,i am enabl$ to pay !m a tribute ( gratitude by aid+ !m 9 cle>+ ! way = ?\ght 9 ^! mu* disput$ fields1 or 9 reconcil+ 9 _! m9ds ! conflict betwe5 fai? & sci5ce4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,s*,,n?al1 ,w,,rtemb]g1 ,septemb]1 #ahhb4 99 99 99 99 99 #e ,,introduction ,,to ,,am]ican ,,edition1 ,,by ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,argyll4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is well kn[n t ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory on ! ,orig9 ( ,species has be5 accept$ 9 ,g]many m widely1 ) m absolute fai?1 & ) m vehem5t en?usiasm1 ?an 9 ! c\ntry ( its bir?4 ,9 ,g]many1 m conspicu\sly ?an else:]e1 x has itself become ! subject ( developm5ts z /range & z ab]rant z any :i* x assumes 9 ! hi/ory ( ,organic ,life4 ,! mo/ extravagant conclusions h be5 drawn f x--invad+ e bran* ( human ?\ght1 9 ,sci5ce1 9 ,philosophy1 & 9 ,religion4 ,^! conclusions h be5 prea*$1 too1 ) a dogmatism z angry & z intol]ant z any ( ! old !ologies4 ,x is ! fate ( e idea :i* is new & fruitful1 t x is ridd5 to ! dea? by excit$ novices4 ,we c n be surpris$ if ?is fate has ov]tak5 ! idea t all exi/+ animal =ms h _h _! ance/ry 9 o!r =ms :i* exi/ no long]1 & h be5 d]iv$ f ^! by ord9>y g5]ation ?r\gh c\ntless /ages ( desc5t4 ,al?\gh ?is is an idea :i*1 :e!r true or n1 is entirely subord9ate to ! l>g] idea ( creation1 x usurps 9 _m m9ds ! "* ( a sub/itute4 ,?is is natural en\gh4 ,! !ory1 or at lea/ ! language1 ( ,evolutioni/s1 puts =w>d a visible ord] ( ph5om5a z a complete & all-suffici5t acc\nt ( its own orig9 & cause4 ,h[ev] unsatisfactory ?is may be to ! high] faculties ( ! m9d1 x is em95tly #f satisfactory to ^? o!r faculties :i* are l[] 9 ! scale4 ,x dismisses z ne$less1 or x po/pones indef9itely1 all ?\ght ( ! ag5cies :i* are ultimate & unse54 ,j z 9 ! physical _w1 "s trivial object :i* is v ne> u may %ut out ! :ole ( a wide horizon1 s 9 ! intellectual _w1 "s co>se me*anical conception may %ut out all ! k+dom ( ,nature & ! glory ( x4 ,two great subjects ( inve/igation lie be=e u4 ,! fir/ is to asc]ta9 h[ f> ! ,!ory ( ,evolution repres5ts an univ]sal fact1 or only "o v p>tial & fragm5t>y aspect ( a great v>iety ( facts connect$ ) ! orig9 & developm5t ( ,organic ,life4 ,! second & by f> ! mo/ important inquiry1 is to e/imate aright1 or z ne>ly z we c1 ! relative place & importance ( ^! facts 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,nature4 ,subjects ( inve/igation s ri* & manifold z ^! may well attract all ! mo/ v>i$ gifts ( ! human m9d4 ,?is !y h already done1 & !re is e indication t !y w cont9ue to d s = g5]ations yet to be4 ,already an imm5se lit]ature is devot$ to !m2 & e fre% ef=t ( obs]vation & ( reason+ seems to op5 out new & fruitful av5ues ( ?\ght4 ,! "w :i* is "h introduc$ to ! ,engli% read] conta9s an excell5t review ( ?is lit]ature1 s f> z x is repres5t$ 9 ! ,engli% & ,g]man languages4 ,kn[+ ! au?or p]sonally1 z ,i h done = _m ye>s1 ,i recognize ) pleasure 9 8 "w all ! c>efulness ( inquiry1 & all ! consci5ti\sness ( reason+1 :i* belong to a s+ul>ly c&id & pati5t m9d4 ,,argyll4 ,,inv]>y ,,ca/le1 ,,scotl&1 ,septemb]1 #ahhb4 99 99 99 99 99 #g ,,note ,,by ,,! ,,translator4 ,! consid]ation :i* ?is "w has receiv$ f ! lead]s ( religi\s & philosophic ?\ght 9 ,g]many1 &1 inde$1 :]ev] x has be5 read 9 its orig9al =m1 has l$ ! translator to believe t an ,engli% v]sion ( x w\ld be acceptable4 ,especially 9 ,am]ica1 :]e religi\s problems & religi\s ?\ght are s intimately connect$ ) ! processes ( sci5tific & philosophic inve/igation1 & :]e ! agitation ( ^! problems is s peculi>ly active & viol5t1 x has seem$ t a "w m>k$ by s mu* s*ol>%ip1 pr(undity1 & compreh5siv5ess & orig9ality ( treatm5t1 mu/ s]ve an important purpose to ! cause ( religi\s no less ?an ( sci5tific tru?4 ,x may be expla9$ "h1 t ! au?or resid$ = "s ye>s 9 ! family ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 & !re brea!d1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! sci5tific air ( ,d>w9ism 9 its v orig92 & ?us 8 famili>ity ) all ! results ( mod]n sci5tific rese>*1 add$ to 8 !ological & philosophical acquirem5ts1 enable him1 ) a mo/ admirable bl5d+ ( ! _s ( fairness & tol]ation ) logical sev]ity ( treatm5t1 to br+ ^! diff]5t doma9s into _! prop] relation ) ea* o!r & to e/abli% betwe5 !m t ess5tial h>mony 9 :i* consi/s ! solution ( ^! mo/ pr(\nd & vital problems ( man's welf>e4 ,( ! translation x may prop]ly be said t1 :ile ! aim has be5 to give ! "w ! cle>e/ possible =m consi/5t ) t /rict fidelity to ! orig9al :i* is #h especially dem&$ by ! "* ( its mat]ial1 ! translator has n hop$ to make ! "w altoge!r easy read+4 ,peculi>ities ( ! au?or's /yle h be51 x is believ$1 l>gely pres]v$2 & occasional difficulties ( appreh5sion are no d\bt to be expect$1 bo? f ! me?od ( treatm5t & f ! pr(\nd & ab/ruse "* ( ! topics treat$4 ,! translator w be well satisfi$ if x %all be f\nd t he has succe$$ 9 p]=m+ 8 task )\t add+ unduly to ! seem+ obscurities ( c]ta9 passages--obscurities :i*1 h[ev]1 w no d\bt vani% be=e t degree ( m5tal application )\t :i* su* works may n be read at all intelligibly4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts are prop]ly due & are gladly r5d]$ to ,george ,c4 ,dawson1 ,esq41 ( ,*icago1 & to ,mr4 ,francis ,f4 ,br[ne1 editor ( ,! ,dial1 = valuable assi/ance 9 revis+ & p]fect+ ?is v]sion4 ,g4 ,a4 ,z4 ,,*icago1 ,octob]1 #ahhb4 99 99 99 99 99 #i ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction 444 #ag ,,"p ,,fir/3 ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories4 ,,book ,i4 ,,! ,,purely ,,sci5tific ,,!ories4 ,! ,sci5tific ,problem1 444 #bc ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories4 #a4 ,direct ,pr$ecessors1 444 #cj #b4 ,indirect ,prep>ations1 444 #cc ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories4 #a4 ,d>w91 444 #ch #b4 ,! ,foll[]s ( ,d>w94--,ern/ ,hckel1 444 #de #c4 ,modifications ( ! ,!ory4--,moriz ,wagn]4 ,wig&1 444 #eb ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,pres5t ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories4 #a4 ,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 444 #fa #b4 ,! ,!ory ( ,evolution4--,ar*ology1 ,e?nography1 ,philology1 444 #gg #c4 ,! ,!ory ( ,selection1 444 #ajj #aj ,,book ,,ii4 ,,! ,,philosophic ,,completions ,,& ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories4 ,! ,philosophic ,problems1 444 #ajh ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,naturo-,,philosophic ,,supplem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories4 #a4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,self-,consci\sness & ( ,free ,moral ,self-,det]m9ation1 444 #aae #b4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,s5sation & ( ,consci\sness1 444 #abg #c4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,life1 444 #acb #d4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ! ,_w2 ! ,!ory ( ,atoms1 & ! ,me*anical ,view ( ! ,_w1 444 #adj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,metaphysical ,,conclusions ,,drawn ,,f ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories4 #a4 ,elim9ation ( ! ,idea ( ,design 9 ! ,_w4--,monism1 444 #aeh #aa ,,"p ,,second3 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,religion ,,& ,,morality4 ,,book ,i4 ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,critical4 ,plan ( ,treatm5t1 444 #ahe ,a4 ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories ,,& ,,religion4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,m ,,or ,,less ,,negative ,,position ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,religion4 #a4 ,extreme ,negation3 ,l4 ,b*n] & ,consi/5t ,mat]ialism1 444 #ahh #b4 ,replacem5t ( ,religion ,?r\gh a ,religi\s ,wor%ip ( ! ,univ]se4--,/rauss4 ,osk> ,s*midt4 ,hckel1 444 #aij #c4 ,pi\s ,r5unciation ( ! ,kn[ability ( ,god4 ,wilhelm ,bleek4 ,alb]t ,lange4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 444 #aic #d4 ,sp9oza & ,hegel 9 ! ,g>b ( ,d>w94--,c>n]i1 ,ed4 von ,h>tmann1 444 #bjc #e4 ,re*o ( ,negation on ! ,side ( ! ,*ri/ian ,view ( ! ,_w1 444 #bjf ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,re=m ,,( ,,religion1 ,,or ,,at ,,lea/ ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,religion1 ,,?r\gh ,,d>w9ism4 #a4 ,he9ri* ,lang4 ,fri$ri* ,vis*]4 ,gu/av ,jg]1 444 #baj ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,peace ,,betwe5 ,,religion ,,& ,,d>w9ism4 #a4 ,d>w94 ,wallace4 ,ow54 ,asa ,gray4 ,miv>t4 ,mc,cosh4 ,&]son4 ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba]4 ,alex&] ,braun4 ,brauba*1 & o!rs1 444 #bag #ab ,b4 ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories ,,& ,,morality4 ,prelim9>y ,view1 444 #bbh ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,antagonism ,,betwe5 ,,d>w9ism ,,& ,,morality4 #a4 ,objections to ,d>w9ism f an ,e?ical ,/&po9t1 444 #bcj ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,re=m ,,( ,,morality ,,?r\gh ,,d>w9ism4 #a4 ,! ,mat]iali/s & ,moni/s4 ,d>w9 & ! ,engli% ,utilit>ians4 ,gu/av ,jg]1 444 #bcc ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,neutrality ,,& ,,peace ,,betwe5 ,,d>w9ism ,,& ,,morality4 #a4 ,miv>t4 ,alex&] ,braun1 & o!rs1 444 #bde ,,book ,,ii4 ,,analytical4 ,prelim9>y ,view1 444 #bdi ,a4 ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories ,,& ,,religion4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories ,,& ,,! ,,!i/ic ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 a4 ,! ,position ( ,purely ,sci5tific ,d>w9ism 9 ,ref]5ce to ,!ism4 #a4 ,sci5tific ,inve/igation & ,!ism4--,! ,idea ( ,creation1 444 #beb #ac #b4 ,! ,desc5t ,!ory & ,!ism1 444 #bei #c4 ,! ,evolution ,!ory & ,!ism1 444 #bfc #d4 ,! ,selection ,!ory & ,!ism1 444 #bgj b4 ,! ,d>w9i/ic ,philosophies 9 _! ,position ,reg>d+ ,!ism4 #e4 ,! ,naturo-,philosophic ,supplem5ts ( ,d>w9ism & ,!ism1 444 #bgc #f4 ,elim9ation ( ! ,idea ( ,design1 or its ,ackn[l$gm5t & ,!ism1 444 #bhd ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories ,,& ,,positive ,,*ri/ianity4 #a4 ,! ,creation ( ! ,_w1 444 #bij #b4 ,! ,creation ( ,man1 444 #cad #c4 ,! ,primitive ,condition ( ,man4--,p>adise1 ! ,fall ( ,man1 & ,primitive ,hi/ory1 444 #cba #d4 ,provid5ce1 ,he>+ ( ,pray]1 & ,miracles1 444 #cde #e4 ,! ,r$eem] & ! ,r$emption1 ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 & ! ,receiv+ ( ,salvation1 444 #cgc #f4 ,es*atology1 444 #cge ,b4 ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories ,,& ,,morality4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,d>w9ism ,,& ,,moral ,,pr9ciples4 #a4 ,d>w9i/ic ,naturalism & ,moral ,pr9ciples1 444 #cgi #b4 ,sci5tific ,d>w9ism & ,moral ,pr9ciples1 444 #chf ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,d>w9ism ,,& ,,moral ,,life4 #a4 ,d>w9i/ic ,naturalism & ,moral ,life1 444 #cia #b4 ,sci5tific ,naturalism & ,moral ,life1 444 #cif ,,conclusion1 444 #cii 99 99 99 99 99 #ad ,,au?ors ,,cit$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,agassiz1 ,l\is1 #ce1 #cg1 #ej1 #cbj4 ,&]son1 #bbe4 ,anonymus1 ! ,unconsci\s1 etc41 #abh1 #abi1 #aca1 #acd1 #aei4 ,anonymus1 ,ve/iges1 etc41 #cc4 ,argyll1 ,duke (1 #ej1 #ia1 #ib1 #ace1 #agb1 #bjb1 #bhh4 ,ausl&1 #aei1 #bdj1 #bha4 ,ba]1 ,k>l ,ern/ von1 #cf1 #ed1 #ef1 #ga1 #gd1 #ha1 #hc1 #ajf1 #acb1 #adi1 #afj1 #agg1 #bbf1 #bei1 #bha1 #bhh1 #cbj4 ,b>r&e1 #ed4 ,baumgrtn]1 ,he9ri*1 #eg1 #agf4 ,blan*>d1 ,emil1 #ed1 #ajf4 ,bleek1 ,wilhelm1 #ag1 #if1 #ig1 #aid1 #aig1 #bcd1 #bcf4 ,bo]have1 #cf4 ,brauba*1 #bbf4 ,braun1 ,alex&]1 #ee1 #agf1 #bbf1 #bdf1 #cig4 ,braun1 ,julius1 #ag4 ,bu*1 ,leopold von1 #eb4 ,buckle1 #ag4 ,b*n]1 ,ludwig1 #db1 #aah1 #ada1 #aeh1 #ahh1 #bje1 #bai1 #bcc1 #cif4 ,buffon1 #ca4 ,c>n]i1 #bjc1 #bch4 ,c>ns1 #cf4 ,*ri/y1 #ij4 ,condillac1 #if4 ,cotta1 ,b]nh>d von1 #ea4 ,curtius1 #if4 ,cuvi]1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #cg1 #cbj4 ,d>w91 #ag1 #ah1 #be1 #bg1 #ch1 #aah1 #aga1 #agg1 #bag1 #bdj1 #cbj1 #chi4 ,desc>tes1 #abg4 ,dillman1 #bie1 #cja4 ,dohrn1 #hd4 ,du,bois-,reymond1 ,emil1 #abd1 #abe1 #abg1 #acj1 #acd1 #adi4 ,ebr>d1 #aei1 #bji4 ,eck]1 #ef4 ,es*]1 von d] ,l9?1 #ed4 ,f>r>1 #if4 ,fe*n]1 ,gu/av ,!odor1 #ace1 #adf4 ,fi*te1 ,immanuel ,h]mann1 #adb1 #age4 ,fraas1 ,osk>1 #ee1 #ij4 ,frohs*amm]1 #age4 ,geg5baur1 #ef4 ,geig]1 ,laz>1 #ag1 #if4 ,ge(frey ,/4 ,hilaire1 ,eti5ne1 #cb1 #cd4 ,g]h>d1 #aig4 ,giebel1 #ed4 ,gpp]t1 #ed4 ,g!1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cbj4 ,gray1 ,asa1 #bbb4 ,gruseba*1 #ee4 ,grimm1 ,jacob1 #ag1 #ie4 ,hckel1 #ce1 #db1 #dc1 #de1 #ge1 #gh1 #ajf1 #abc1 #acj1 #acc1 #adi1 #aei1 #afj1 #aff1 #agj1 #bjd1 #bai1 #bcd1 #bcg1 #bha1 #cie4 ,h>tmann1 ,edu>d von1 #ef1 #fj1 #ajf1 #aca1 #adb1 #afh1 #agf1 #aia1 #bje1 #ccd1 #cgf4 ,he]1 ,oswald1 #ef1 #agf4 ,hegel1 #abf1 #acf1 #bjd4 ,helmholtz1 #acf1 #aei4 ,heyse1 #if4 ,hilg5dorf1 #hb4 ,81 ,wilhelm1 #ef1 #ha1 #ajf4 ,hub]1 #age4 ,humboldt1 ,wilhelm von1 #ag1 #ie4 ,huxley1 ,?omas1 #db1 #ej1 #agg1 #aih1 #bbb1 #bgi4 ,jg]1 ,gu/av1 #ea1 #abd1 #bad1 #bdc4 ,jell+haus1 #id4 #ae ,kant1 #aie1 #bhb4 ,keim1 #ah1 #ccg4 ,kllik]1 #ef1 #ha1 #agf4 ,k/l91 ,julius1 #age1 #ahg4 ,k/l91 ,otto4 #adi4 ,k[alewsky1 ,a41 #db4 ,k[alewsky1 ,w41 #hc4 ,kurz1 ,johann ,he9ri*1 #cjf4 ,lam>ck1 #bg1 #cj1 #ca1 #cc1 #cbj4 ,lang1 ,he9ri*1 #aig1 #baj4 ,lange1 ,fri$ri* ,alb]t1 #aab1 #afh1 #agc1 #agf1 #aid1 #aif4 ,l>tet1 #if4 ,leibnitz1 #abg1 #bag4 ,leidy1 #hc4 ,less+1 #dje1 #djg4 ,l9naeus1 #cj4 ,liv+/one1 #ic4 ,lotze1 #adb1 #ade1 #adi4 ,lubbock1 ,sir ,john1 #ah1 #ia1 #ic1 #bdb4 ,lyell1 ,sir ,*>les1 #ah1 #cf1 #ee1 #hi1 #ij1 #bbb4 ,mdl]1 #agg1 #beb4 ,mal?us1 #ci4 ,m>%1 #hc4 ,m>t5s51 #ahg4 ,may]1 ,rob]t von1 #cg1 #abi1 #adi1 #aee4 ,mc,cosh1 #bbd4 ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t1 #bdb4 ,miv>t1 #ee1 #ajf1 #bbc1 #bde4 ,moles*ott1 #db4 ,mll]1 ,fritz1 #gi4 ,mll]1 ,max1 #ah1 #if1 #ih4 ,mur*ison1 ,sir ,rod]ick1 #ed4 ,ngeli1 #ef4 ,nitzs*1 ,k>l ,immanuel1 #cfa4 ,noir1 ,ludwig1 #bha4 ,ok51 #cd1 #cbj4 ,ow51 ,ri*>d1 #ce1 #ef1 #afd1 #agf1 #bba1 #bbc1 #cbj4 ,pes*el1 ,osk>1 #bgi4 ,pfaff1 #ed4 ,pfleid]]1 ,otto1 #ahg4 ,planck1 ,c>l ,*41 #aje1 #aaj4 ,prey]1 #acf1 #adf1 #aec4 ,ra?ke1 ,he9ri*1 #ha4 ,rei*5ba*1 #db4 ,r5an1 #ah4 ,rville1 ,alb]t1 #ccd4 ,rits*l1 #cfd4 ,rtimey]1 #ef1 #hc4 ,s&b]g]1 #ee1 #hb4 ,s*aaffhaus51 #ef1 #he1 #agg4 ,s*ell+1 #aji4 ,s*ill]1 #ahj4 ,s*lei*]1 #ag1 #if4 ,s*leid51 #db1 #ea4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 #aij4 ,s*midt1 ,osk>1 #cc1 #ce1 #ea1 #ge1 #abd1 #aei1 #afd1 #aia1 #bcd4 ,s*op5hau]1 #abh1 #aij4 ,s*rad]1 ,eb]h>d1 #cde4 ,seidlitz1 #ea1 #aei1 #bch4 ,semp]1 ,k>l1 #hd1 #aca4 ,snell1 ,k>l1 #db1 #bfb4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #abh1 #aci1 #aid1 #bdb1 #bgi4 ,sp9oza1 #bjd4 ,/ael1 ,madame de1 #bcd4 ,/eff5s1 #aji4 ,/e9?al1 #ag1 #if4 ,/rauss1 ,david ,fri$ri*1 #ah1 #aab1 #abe1 #abh1 #aei1 #afc1 #agd1 #age1 #aij1 #bac1 #bcd1 #ccg1 #cgf1 #cid4 ,swamm]dam1 #cf4 ,tait1 #ach4 ,?omson1 ,sir ,william1 #ach4 ,trmpelmann1 #bji4 ,tb+5 ,s*ool1 #ah4 ,tylor1 #ia4 ,ulrici1 #adb1 #add1 #adi1 #age1 #bce4 ,vir*[1 #ef1 #he4 ,vis*]1 ,fri$ri*1 #age1 #agf1 #bac1 #bfd4 ,vogt1 ,k>l1 #db1 #ef4 ,volkmann1 ,a4 ,w41 #ef1 #aje1 #agg4 ,wagn]1 ,moriz1 #eb1 #ef4 ,wallace1 ,alfr$ ,russell1 #cg1 #aja1 #agg1 #bba1 #bfb4 ,w$gewood1 #if4 ,weismann1 #ef4 ,wig&1 ,alb]t1 #bf1 #eb1 #ef1 #eg1 #ajf1 #ace1 #adi1 #agj1 #bbf4 ,wundt1 #adb4 ,wrtemb]g]1 #hb4 ,zittel1 #ef4 ,zlln]1 #abh1 #abi1 #aca1 #ach1 #aci4 99 99 99 99 99 #ag ,,! ,,!ories ,,( ,,d>w91 ,,& ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,philosophy1 ,,religion1 ,,& ,,morality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,introduction4 ,) ! appe>ance ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 on ! #bd? ( ,novemb]1 #ahei1 a new impulse began 9 ! intellectual movem5t ( our g5]ation4 ,x is true1 ! :ole !ory advocat$ & inaugurat$ by ,d>w9 is1 9 ! fir/ place1 only "o ( ! _m l9ks 9 ! long *a9 ( ph5om5a 9 ! realm ( ! intellectual developm5t ( our c5tury1 all ( :i* h ! same "*1 & give _! /amp to ! entire m5tal "w ( ! la/ decades4 ,?is /amp consi/s 9 ! t5d5cy ( sci5ce1 :i* has ne>ly become univ]sal1 n only to consid] all ph5om5a1 bo? ( ! physical & ! m5tal life1 9 connection ) _! prec$+ conditions 9 space & "t1 b to trace !m back m or less exclusively to ^! conditions1 & to expla9 !m exclusively by means ( ! same4 ,:at a ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 &1 /ill m1 a ,jacob ,grimm1 prep>$ ! way = 9 ! realm ( philology1 a ,laz> ,geig] & a ,/e9?al1 & 7"u direct influ5ce ( ,d>w97 a ,s*lei*] & a ,wilhelm ,bleek fur!r develop$2 :at ,julius ,braun did 9 ! realm ( ! hi/ory ( art2 :at a ,buckle & a ,sir #ah ,john ,lubbock tri$ to d 9 ! realm ( ! hi/ory ( civilization2 :at a ,max ,mll] did 9 ! realm ( ! hi/ory ( religion2 :at ! ,tb+5 ,s*ool began & its disciples c>ri$ out 9 ! realm ( ! exegesis ( ! ,bible2 :at a ,/rauss & a ,r5an1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se also a ,keim1 did 9 ! realm ( *ri/ology2 :at1 f9ally--)\t be+ s closely connect$ ) individual names--0 also done 9 ! realm ( ! _w's hi/ory3 ?is1 ,d>w9 did 9 ! realm ( ! hi/ory ( ! organic k+doms1 second$ by ! geological pr9ciples ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & by ! inve/igations 9 biology & comp>ative anatomy ( a numb] ( sci5ti/s4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! movem5t :i* 0 inaugurat$ by ,d>w9 seems to u b ! reflex ( ! univ]sal _s ( ! pres5t "t ^u a p>ticul> realm2 namely1 t ( natural sci5ce4 ,b s9ce1 soon aft] ! appe>ance ( ! be=e-m5tion$ "w & long be=e ! publication ( ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man1 man also 0 includ$ 9 ! consequ5ces ( ! evolution !ory1 & 8 exi/5ce 0 expla9$ z a :olly natural developm5t out ( l[] animal =ms2 s9ce ,d>w9 himself unres]v$ly adopt$ ?is !ory ( ! desc5t ( man f ! animal _w z an entirely natural consequ5ce ( 8 doctr9e ( ! orig9 ( species1 ! evolution "q has gone f> beyond ! proportionately n>r[ & limit$ b\nds ( natural philosophy & ( m]ely !oretical sci5tific int]e/--has surpass$ 9 int]e/ all ! be=e-m5tion$ inve/igations1 h[ev] lively ?is int]e/ 0 & is to-day1 & has /irr$ up ! m9ds ( all mo/ ?or\ghly1 n only 9 _! sci5tific b also 9 _! religi\s & e?ical dep?s1 "s 9 #ai ackn[l$gm5t & admiration1 o!rs 9 av]sion & repugnance1 & only a few 9 sob] & unprejudic$ judgm5t4 ,:ile "s see 9 ,d>w9ism ! flambeau :i* n[ lights mank9d to entirely new pa?s ( tru?1 & also to spiritual & moral p]fection1 o!rs see 9 x only an unprov$ hypo!sis1 ?reat5+ to become ! tor* :i* might *ange ! noble/ & greate/ acquirem5ts ( ! culture ( pa/ c5turies into a heap ( a%es2 :ile "s date f x a new p]iod ( culture1 o!rs see 9 x a deep desc5t ( ! pres5t f ! sci5tific1 religi\s1 & moral height :i* mank9d has asc5d$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x has become an impossibility = religion & ! moral int]e/ z gu>dians ( ! highe/ & mo/ sacr$ acquisitions ( mank9d1 & /ill m = !ology & e?ics z ! sci5tific repres5tations ( religion & morality1 to rema9 idle spectators4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be m agreeable to !m1 & m pr(itable1 if !y c\ld delay _! judgm5t until ! "q became bett] cle>$ up4 ,= ! :ole "q pres5t$ by ,d>w9 has n yet pass$ beyond ! /age ( problems & attempts at solution2 & !re is always some?+ unsatisfactory 9 be+ compell$ to deal ) !ories :i* 9 _! fundam5tals are /ill hypo!ses4 ,b s9ce all t5d5cies ( ! pres5t :i* are ho/ile to ,*ri/ianity & to ! !i/ic view ( ! _w1 f ! mo/ extreme mat]ialism up to ! mo/ sublime monism 7z pan!ism & mat]ialism ( to-day h begun to call !mselves71 seem+ly ) ! confid5ce ( complete victory1 take possession ( ,d>w9ism z ! solid gr\nd f :i* !y hope to de/roy all & e belief #bj connect$ ) fai? 9 a liv+ creator & ma/] ( ! _w1 x has also become impossible = ^? to :om ! religi\s & e?ical acquisitions ( mank9d are a sacr$ sanctu>y to take any long] a res]v$ & expectant position4 ,sil5ce n[ w\ld be look$ ^u only z an +lori\s retreat2 & ?us no?+ rema9s b op5ly to face ! "q3 ,:at position mu/ religion & morality take 9 ref]5ce to ! ,d>w9ian !ories8 ,9 ord] to treat ( ! "q ) t objectivity :i* x requires1 we h to beg9 ) a synopsis ( ! !ories !mselves4 ,9 ?is repres5tation we h to discrim9ate /rictly betwe5 ! m]ely sci5tific !ories & ! naturo-philosophical & metaphysical supplem5ts & conclusions :i* h be5 br\ght into connection ) !m4 ,= precisely 9 ! mix+ ( ! mo/ diff]5t problems :i* are to be consid]$ "h1 lies ! ma9 cause ( ! confus$ & sup]ficial judgm5t :i* is s (t5 he>d ^u ^! que/ions4 99 99 99 99 99 #ba ,,"p ,i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,!ories ,,( ,,d>w94 99 99 99 99 99 #bc ,,book ,i4 ,,! ,,purely ,,sci5tific ,,!ories4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,problem4 ,! int]e/+ problem :i* und]lies ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ories is ! answ] to ! "q3 ,h[ did ! diff]5t species ( organic be+s on ! e>? orig9ate8 ,we f9d ourselves 9 ! mid/ ( an endless v>iety ( organic be+s1 animals & plants2 we see ourselves1 s f> z reg>ds ! entire physical "p ( our be+1 9 relation%ip ) ?is organic _w--especially ) ! organization & physical functions ( ! animal body4 ,! organic individuals come & g4 ,!y orig9ate by be+ begott5 by & born ( individuals ( ! same k9d1 or !y spr+ up ?r\gh ! =mation ( g]ms & buds2 & !y produce 9 ! same way new individuals1 t resemble !m 9 all ess5tial *>act]i/ics4 ,l always begets l1 s f> z our obs]vations g4 ,b n only ! individuals1 b ev5 ! species to :i* !y belong1 mu/ h orig9at$ at "s def9ite p]iod ( "t--&1 inde$1 z geology tells u1 n all at once1 b 9 a long s]ies1 :i* /ret*$ ?r\gh immeasurable epo*s ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,?us we come face to face ) ! "q1 already put1 :i* we c n[ =mulate m #bd precisely3 ,h[ did ! fir/ individuals ( ea* organic species come into exi/5ce8 ,no human be+ ev] has obs]v$1 nor ev] c\ld obs]ve1 ! orig9ation ( a new species1 because man1 z x seems1 did n appe> on ! e>? until all ! o!r organisms 7 9 exi/5ce4 ,= ?is reason1 ! sci5ti/s = a long "t ?\ght x unpr(itable to occupy !mselves ) ?is "q2 & ev5 9 our "t a great _m ( !m decl>e ! "q to be absolutely insolvable1 & e attempt at answ]+ x to be an unju/ifiable use ( hypo!ses4 ,b ! impulse t[>d inve/igation admits ( no limitation s long z !re is any probability ( ext5d+ its field ( action4 ,especially 9 ! prov9ce ( nature1 s _m ?+s :i* c\ld n be discov]$ by m]e obs]vation h be5 trac$ indirectly1 & s _m important & e/abli%$ facts h be5 add$ to our /ores ( k1 by fir/ />t+ f hypo!tical premises1 t man has aga9 & aga9 endeavor$ to approximate an answ] to ! "q ( ! orig9 ( species by tak+ ! indirect c\rse ( hypo!sis & induction1 :5ev] ! direct way ( obs]vation did n lead to any result4 ,religion ( c\rse gives a solution to ! problem by /at+ t ! species h be5 orig9at$ by ! creative act ( ,god4 ,x is wrong to say t ?is solution is oppos$ to ! above-m5tion$ impulse t[>d inve/igation2 = ?is solution suffices = religion1 :e!r a natural progress 9 ! orig9ation ( species be e/abli%$ or n4 ,=1 to ! believ] 9 religion1 ! :ole univ]se1 ) all its objective ph5om5a & gr[?1 is ! "w ( ,god z well z ! individuals ( ! already exi/+ species2 & a #be clos] acqua9tance ) ! mann] ( _! orig9 is n only no di/urbance to 8 gr\nd ( belief1 b1 on ! contr>y1 an addition to 8 k ( ! me?od ( ,god's action4 ,9 e man ( s\nd m9d1 ! religi\s fai? is n antagoni/ic or ev5 indiff]5t to ! sci5tific impulse t[>d inve/igation1 b /&s ^u a mo/ intimate foot+ ) x4 ,h5ce ! human intellect aga9 & aga9 makes ! attempt to f9d an answ] to ! problem ( ! orig9 ( species 9 a sci5tific way1 & ea* endeavor ( ?is k9d necess>ily ends ) ! dilemma t ei!r ! fir/ individuals ( a species1 no matt] :e!r x be ! highe/ or ! l[e/1 h be5 evolv$ out ( inorganic matt]1 or !y orig9at$ by desc5t f ! mo/ closely relat$ species ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,! d5ial ( ! fir/ "p ( our dilemma1 & ! affirmation ( ! second1 is ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,b ?is !ory ( desc5t leads u at once into ano!r dilemma4 ,if ! species orig9at$ by desc5t f ! mo/ closely relat$ l[] species1 & "u c]ta9 circum/ances also f species ( ! same rank1 & ev5 by deg5]ation f ! next high]1 x mu/ h occurr$ 9 "o ( two ways3 ei!r by leaps--call$ by naturali/s metamorphosis ( g]ms or het]og5etic conception--or by a succession ( imp]ceptibly small alt]ations ( ! individuals f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,ea* ( ^! *anges w\ld h be5 no great] ?an ! diff]5ces we obs]ve to-day betwe5 ! individuals ( ! v same species1 b became 9 ! c\rse ( "t s mass$ & /r5g!n$ 9 "o direction t new species h be5 evolv$4 ,?is hypo!sis is call$ ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t1 #bf or ,evolution4 ,we reta9 ?is "n1 al?\gh well aw>e ( ! fact t ! au?ors d n agree 9 _! use ( ! t]m evolution4 ,pr(essor ,wig&1 :o adopts only ! !ory ( a desc5t f "o primordial cell to ano!r1 & :o positively rejects ! idea ( a progress f "o fully develop$ species to ano!r1 claims among o!r ?+s t "o value ( 8 own !ory is t he secures = ! idea ( evolution its full mean+4 ,! expression /ill has a mean+ = ^? :o reject ! real desc5t ( ! species or _! primordial g]ms "o f ano!r1 & ackn[l$ge only ! ideal bond ( a common plan 9 _! successive manife/ations4 ,b z soon z we exam9e m closely ! lit]al & logical mean+ ( ! ^w1 we %all f9d x ( mo/ weight :5 we und]/& by x ! be=e-m5tion$ gradual evolution 9 opposition to ! !ory ( progress by leaps or new creations4 ,moreov]1 x is well kn[n t long be=e ?is no o!r t]m ?an evolution 0 us$ to designate ! gr[? ( a s+le organic individual f ! primordial cell & egg to its fully develop$ =m & vital function4 ,besides1 we f9d ourselves also 9 h>mony ) mo/ ( ! au?ors1 s f> z !y h di/9ct conceptions ( ! diff]5t sci5tific problems1 if we use ! t]m !ory ( evolution = ! gradual developm5t ( "o species f ano!r1 9 opposition to ! hypo!sis ( a metamorphosis ( g]ms1 or ev5 ( a g5ealogy ( primordial cells4 ,b ea* evolution !ory leads aga9 to new !ories1 z soon z x has to be prov$ 9 a sci5tific way4 ,= x c claim a sci5tific wor? only :5 su/a9$ by e>ne/ attempts to f9d & prove ! #bg productive p[]1 ag5cies & laws ( su* an evolution ( species4 ,^? attempts c be made 9 v>i\s ways4 ,z a philosophical "q1 _m attempts at solution h be5 made1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times2 b be+ ma9ly 9 ! realm ( metaphysics1 !y d n come )9 ! limits ( our sci5tific essay4 ,z a "q = inve/igators ( natural ph5om5a1 only two attempts ( suffici5t importance to be m5tion$ h be5 made4 ,! fir/ "o 0 made by ,lam>ck1 :o1 tak+ ! really diff]5t ideas ( desc5t & evolution z "o1 made use ( ! hypo!sis ( transmutation2 ?us becom+ ! pione] ( ,d>w9ism4 ,! o!r attempt 0 made by ,d>w9 9 8 !ory ( natural selection1 or /ruggle1 = exi/5ce1 & is call$ ! ,!ory ( ,selection4 ,9 def9+ our problem1 !re=e1 we f9d ourselves "u ! influ5ce ( a sci5tific law ( developm5t4 ,! simple problem :i* we />t$ f has develop$ into a tr9ity ( problems & attempts at solution4 ,! simple "q ( ! orig9 ( species l$ u into ! dilemma ( a g5]atio quivoca1 or a desc5t2 ! hypo!sis ( a desc5t l$ to ! dilemma ( a het]og5etic conception1 or an evolution2 & ! hypo!sis ( an evolution r5d]$ necess>y ! attempt at expla9+ ?is evolution1 & %[$ ,d>w9's me?od ( expla9+ x by 8 selection !ory4 ,x w be well = ! read] to keep di/9ctly 9 m9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! problems & !ories1 9 foll[+ our inve/igations1 ev5 if we _c arrange our hi/orical sket* accord+ to ! natural pr9ciple ( division aris+ f ^! diff]5ces4 ,= x lies 9 ! nature ( ! "q itself1 t #bh ^! !ories1 9 _! hi/orical progress1 did n appe> s+ly1 b toge!r4 ,^? :o incl9$ to ! !ory ( a desc5t ( species c\ld claim = x ! att5tion ( sci5tific inve/igators only aft] hav+ also made ! attempt at conceiv+ ?is desc5t 9 a concrete way1 & accord+ to c]ta9 analogies ( obs]vation4 ,! only analogy ( ! k9d appe>$ 9 ! sph]e ( individual developm5t & individual diff]5ces on ! "o h&1 & 9 t ( closely relat$ *>act]s ( alli$ species on ! o!r2 & ?us l$ ( itself to ! evolution !ory4 ,z soon z ! naturali/s ?\ght !y _h f\nd ! causes ( su* an evolution ( ! species1 !y naturally plac$ ^! causes 9 ! =egr\nd ( _! demon/rations1 & erect$ ^u !m ! /ructure ( _! entire !ory2 ?us treat+ desc5t1 evolution & selection z "o s+le & indissolubly connect$ !ory4 ,b ?is mann] ( treat+ ! "q _h also its dang]s1 :i* h already caus$ a great deal ( confusion & misund]/&+1 z well z mu* unpr(itable controv]sy4 ,(t5 fri5ds & enemies ( ! !ories plac$ t :i* 0 9 favor ( ! !ory ( desc5t to ! cr$it ( ! evolution or selection !ory2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t :i* seem$ oppos$ to ! selection !ory 0 (t5 held to be a weak5+ ( ! evolution & desc5t !ory2 & ?is 0 done1 n only by amateurs1 b (t5 en\gh by ! highe/ au?orities also4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 x is q conceivable t ! idea ( a desc5t may prove correct1 & possibly ! idea ( an evolution ( ! species w h to be replac$ by t ( a het]og5etic g5]ation1 or by ! !ory t c]ta9 gr\ps 9 ! organic sy/em are orig9at$ #bi by het]og5etic g5]ation1 & o!rs by evolution2 & s ! evolution !ory mu/ %>e ) ! !ory ( het]og5etic g5]ation1 or ( a metamorphosis ( g]ms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is conceivable t ev5 :]e ! evolution !ory is confirm$1 ! evolution c be acc\nt$ = :olly or p>tly by o!r reasons ?an ^? d]iv$ f ! selection !ory4 ,& ev5 ?is result ( pres5t inve/igations is n inconceivable3 t ! reasons = & aga9/ ! diff]5t !ories w be f\nd to balance "o ano!r to su* a degree t !y w soon] or lat] lead sci5ce1 9 answ]+ ! "q ( ! orig9 ( species1 to ! old confession ( ,socrates--,ignoramus4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 h to arrange our hi/orical sket* accord+ to ! hi/orical ord] ( ! appe>ance ( ! !ories1 & treat ! problems m or less z an undivid$ :ole4 ,b we %all keep 9 m9d1 dur+ our hi/orical sket*1 n only ! logical sep>ation ( ! problems 9 "q1 9 ord] n to lose cle>ness ( judgm5t1 b we %all also at ! end ( our review1 if we consid] ! pres5t condition ( ! problems1 h to exam9e ! same once m 9 detail1 s f> z reg>ds ! above m5tion$ sep>ation4 99 99 99 99 99 #cj ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories4 #a4 ,direct ,pr$ecessors4--,lam>ck4 ,! fir/ man :o gave direct expression to ! idea ( a successive g5]ation ( ! species ?r\gh transmutation1 & :o attempt$ to foll[ x up 9 a sci5tific way1 0 ! ,fr5* naturali/ & philosoph]1 ,jean ,lam>ck1 born #agdd4 ,9 ! ye> #ahja1 & subsequ5tly1 he publi%$ 8 views1 fir/ 9 small] essays & aft]w>d m 9 detail 9 8 ,philosophie ,zoologique1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahji1 & 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,hi/oire ,naturelle des ,animaux sans ,v]tbres1 publi%$ 9 #ahae4 ,9 ^! works ,lam>ck upholds fully ! desc5t & evolution !ory1 & ma9ta9s t ! simple/ organisms are g5]at$ ?r\gh a g5]atio spontanea1 :i* is /ill tak+ place2 b t all ! m develop$ organisms1 includ+ man1 are desc5d$ ?r\gh a gradual *ange f o!r species4 ,) ?is !ory1 he put himself 9 direct & consci\s opposition to ! old doctr9e ( ! immutability ( species & _! *>act]i/ics1 :i* _h be5 ably ma9ta9$ by ,l9nu1 & also made "s attempts at explanation :i* approa* v ne>ly ! selection !ory4 ,a *ange 9 ! physical conditions ( life1 especially ! =ce ( habit 9 ! use or disuse ( ! organs1 ! inh]itance ( physical & psy*ical #ca qualities ?us atta9$1 & ! ext5sion ( ! process ( transmutation into extraord9>ily long p]iods ( "t ) v slight *anges1 are also1 9 8 view1 ! probable causes ( ! v>iation & developm5t ( ! species4 ,he only lacks ! idea ( a natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ! comp>ison ( ! processes 9 nature ) ! me?odical selection ( man 9 ! bre$+ ( dome/ic animals & plants1 to id5tify 8 views ) ^? ( ,d>w94 ,at fir/1 ,lam>ck met only ) viol5t opposition2 b aft] a little :ile 8 views ceas$ to attract att5tion4 ,! "t _h n yet come to make su* an attempt at obs]v+ nature f ! /&po9t ( evolution4 ,! sci5ces :i* favor su* a mode ( obs]vation1 & ev5 dem& x--su* z comp>ative anatomy & physiology & ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! diff]5t plants & animals--7 only 9 _! infancy1 or 7--l palontology & ! comp>ative geography ( plants & animals--n yet 9 exi/5ce4 ,! influ5ce ( ,l9nu1 ^: views diametrically oppos$ ^? ( ,lam>ck1 pr$om9at$ ov] all ! inve/igations ( natural sci5ce2 ,buffon1 :o favor$ ! ideas ( ,lam>ck1 & lov$ to trace a unity 9 natural ph5om5a1 0 too in/able 9 8 inve/igations & views to arrive at a compreh5sive pr9ciple2 & ev5 ! em95t naturali/1 ,cuvi]1 ( ,montpelli]1 %[$ 9 8 obs]vation ( nature a pr$ilection = analysis r ?an syn!sis1 & al?\gh 8 compreh5sive m9d incl9$ to g5]alize & expla91 he plac$ himself 9 decid$ opposition to a !ory :i* 0 f\nd$ only on a few decisive facts4 ,?is la/ m5tion$ defici5cy seems to h be5 #cb ! ma9 cause ( ,lam>ck's views soon be+ lo/ sight (4 ,!y n[h]e f\nd a support 9 facts2 ! =ce ( habit play$ 9 !m an exagg]at$ & unnatural rle2 ! diff]5t illu/rations ( !m--su* z ! long neck ( ! giraffe expla9$ by ! p]man5t & inh]it$ habit ( br[s+ on ! bran*es ( high trees1 or ! web on ! toes ( frogs1 swimm+-birds1 etc41 expla9$ by ! habit ( swimm+--7 talk$ ab\t & laugh$ at m z curiosities ?an z wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,only twice aft] ?is did ! "q put by ,lam>ck attract wid] att5tion f ! le>n$ _w4 ,! fir/ "t 0 :51 9 #ahcj1 ! bitt] conte/ arose at ! ,academy ( ,p>is1 betwe5 ,cuvi] & ,eti5ne ,ge(frey ,/4 ,hilaire1 ! fa!r ( ,isidor ,g4 ,/4 ,hilaire4 ,ge(frey ,/4 ,hilaire _h views simil> to ,lam>ck's1 b rea*$ !m f q a diff]5t /&po9t--f ! obs]vation ( ! analogy & homology ( ! organs2 & acc\nt$ = ! v>iation ( species1 n by ! use or disuse ( ! organs1 b on ! "o h& by ! common orig9al type ( ! organs1 & on ! o!r by ! v>i$ influ5ce ( ! surr\nd+s--! monde ambiant4 ,lam>ck himself seems n to h be5 m5tion$ 9 ?is conte/4 ,! controv]sy turn$ mu* m on ! "q :e!r 9 obs]v+ nature we c proce$ by syn!sis & f9d 9 ! analogies ( ! organisms ! pr9ciples = expla9+ ! real connection betwe5 ! diff]5t organic =ms1 or :e!r ! analytical process is ! only correct "o1 & ! syn!tical %\ld be disc>d$4 ,! solution ( x w probably be1 t ! "o process mu/ be supplem5t$ by ! #cc o!r1 z ,goe! has already %[n 9 8 acc\nt ( ?is controv]sy2 b at t "t x 0 decid$ 9 favor ( ! analytical pr9ciple1 & ! "q 0 = ! "t dropp$4 ,x came up = a second "t1 b creat$ little excitem5t1 9 #ahdd1 :5 an anonym\s "w1 ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 direct$ ! att5tion & ! int]e/ ( sci5ti/s aga9 to ,lam>ck & 8 doctr9e4 ,b ?is int]e/ also soon came to an end1 until ?r\gh ,d>w9's fir/ publication ! half-=gott5 man aga9 sudd5ly atta9$ great honor4 ,^? :o wi% to =m a clos] acqua9tance ) ! diff]5t advocates ( ! evolution !ory be=e ,d>w9's appe>ance1 w f9d !m c>efully arrang$ 9 ! hi/orical sket* :i* ,d>w9 gives 9 ! introduction to 8 "w on ,! ,orig9 ( ,species2 & ! mo/ important extracts ( ,lam>ck's ,philosophie ,zoologique are to be f\nd 9 ,osc> ,s*midt's ,desc5t & ,d>w9ism4#a #b4 ,indirect ,prep>ations4 ,:ile ?us ! ideas ( ,lam>ck gradually fell into p>tial oblivion1 yet contemporane\s ) & foll[+ !m arose sev]al o!r s]ies ( ?\ghts1 views1 & inve/igations1 :i*1 al?\gh !y only indirectly prep>$ = ! revival ( ! evolution !ory1 yet ex]cis$ a deep] & m la/+ influ5ce on ! m9ds ( sci5ti/s4 ,we ref] to ! ideas 9 reg>d to natural ph5om5a held dur+ ! fir/ decades ( our c5tury2 fur!r1 to ! pr9ciples ( comp>ative anatomy :i*1 up to ! pres5t "t1 p>tly dep5d5t #cd & p>tly indep5d5t ( natural philosophy1 h be5 express$1 valu$1 & admir$ z lead+ ?\ghts2 &1 la/ly1 to ! empiric results ( comp>ative anatomical & biological inve/igations 9 palontology & geology1 z atta9$ by ! help ( ^? v pr9ciples4 ,& ev5 physics & a/ronomy _h to cop]ate 9 prep>+ ! way = ! idea ( evolution4 ,! philosophical ideas ref]r$ to1 toge!r ) ! po9ts ( view & results ( comp>ative anatomy1 l$ m & m decisively to ! idea ( an orig9al =m1 or type1 :i* reta9s its id5tity 9 all ! modifications ( =m 9 plants & animals2 & ( a gr\nd-plan1 :i* is realiz$ 9 ! sy/ems ( ! plant & animal _w 9 high] & high] diff]5tiations & 9 m & m develop$ modifications1 div]g+ f>!r & f>!r f ! prototype until x rea*es its highe/ =m1 /ill r$ucible to ! prototypes1 9 ! mo/ highly organiz$ dicotyl$ons 9 plants1 & 9 ! animal _w 9 ! mammalia1 & la/ly 9 man4 ,m5 l ,cuvi] & ,ge(frey ,/4 ,hilaire1 :o o!rwise /& diametrically oppos$ to ea* o!r1 unite 9 ^! & k9dr$ ideas4 ,! naturali/ ,ok5 atta9s ! same result1 t+$ ) ! views ( ,s*ell+2 ! poet ,goe!1 f an intuitive k ( nature1 arriv$ at ! same conclusion4 ,! =m]1 dur+ a j\rney 9 ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s1 at ! sight ( a blea*$ de]'s skull1 & ! latt]1 ^u pick+ up a %eep's skull 9 ! ,jewi% cemet]y at ,v5ice1 7 /ruck by ! same ?\ght3 ! skull is only a modifi$ v]tebra4 ,ok5 f\nd$ ^u ?is idea & k9dr$ analogies 8 pr(\nd philosophy ( ! sy/em ( animals & plants :i* comes v ne> to ! evolution #ce !ory1 & 9 8 cosmogony traces all organisms to a protoplasm 9 su* a way z to br+ him 9 ?is respect also v ne> to ,d>w9ism4 ,goe!1 9 8 metamorphosis ( plants1 develops ideas 9 :i*1 9 all s]i\sness1 he makes a concrete application ( 8 ?\ght ( a prototype to ! leaf ( a plant2 & prov$ = zology ! fruitfulness ( 8 idea ( a type by 8 well kn[n discov]y ( ! mid-jaw bone 9 man4 ,al?\gh ,osc> ,s*midt seems to be decid$ly "r 9 suppos+1 9 opposition to ,ern/ ,hckel1 t ,goe! did n int5d to h 8 idea ( unity & developm5t tak5 9 a real b 9 an ideal s5se1 & h5ce c\ld n be call$ a direct repres5tative ( ! evolution !ory1 /ill he is all ! m decid$ly a pr$ecessor ( t !ory 9 direct+ att5tion to ! unity 9 plan & metamorphosis ( plants & animals4 ,l\is ,agassiz1 :o1 on ! o!r h&1 cont9u$ up to 8 dea? 9 opposition to ! entire doctr9e ( desc5t1 made ! idea ( types ! pr9ciple ( 8 :ole classification1 & said3 ,man is ! purpose t[>d :i* ! :ole animal creation t5ds f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! fir/ paleozoic fi%4 ,ri*>d ,ow51 :o reject$ ! selection !ory & favor$ t ( desc5t1 publi%$1 long be=e ,d>w9's appe>ance1 "s mo/ int]e/+ results ( 8 anatomical & palontological inve/igations f ! po9t ( view ( ! prototype & its modifications4 ,man1 f ! beg9n+ ( organisms1 0 ideally pres5t ^u ! e>?1 is a s5t5ce :i* we quote f ,ow5's works4 ,9 %ort1 ?is ideal mom5tum 9 ! obs]vation ( ! organic k+doms is n only ! mo/ beautiful blossom & ! ripe/ fruit ( ! union betwe5 #cf labori\s & compreh5sive detail$ inve/igations & a g5]aliz+ philosophic p5etration1 b x 0 also a v effici5t prep>ation ( ! m9d = ! evolution problem1 s f> z ! summ+ up ( ! organisms "u a type & plan is only ! ideal rev]se ( its reali/ic r$uction to a common p$igree4 ,we h yet to add ! inve/igations 9 reg>d to ! hi/ory ( evolution ( ! s+le organisms1 z well z ^? 9 comp>ative anatomy1 :i* 9 =m] c5turies 7 begun by sci5ti/s l ,swamm]dam & ,bo]have & c>ri$ m ne>ly to completion by ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba]1 ,c>us1 & o!rs4 ,9 r$uc+ all ! tissues ( plants & animals to "o cell1 & trac+ back also _! individual developm5ts to ! fir/ diff]5tiation ( ! simple/ cell1 !y foll[$ out ! unity ( ! plan ( ! organic k+doms--:i* hi!rto _h be5 ma9ta9$ only ideally & proclaim$ z a philosophic po/ulate--f>!r & deep] into ! sph]e ( empiric reality4 ,we mu/ m5tion1 moreov]1 ! great palontological discov]ies :i*1 f ! fir/ =am9if]a ( ! ,cambrian =mations up to ! hi/orical p]iod ( man1 %[$ a great progressive scale 9 ! appe>ance ( ! organisms & a v wide relation%ip betwe5 ?is scale & ! natural sy/ems ( botany & zology2 &1 f9ally1 ! pr9ciples ( geology1 :i*1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 />t+ f ! idea ( an id5tity ( ! p[]s :i* 7 active 9 =m] times ) ^? ( ! pres5t1 attempt$ to expla9 ! mo/ viol5t ( ! *anges 9 ! e>?'s cru/ 9 =m] times by causes active to-day4 ,?is (t5 expla9s prodigi\s effects--su* z ! elevation & settl+ ( entire m\nta9s #cg & cont95ts--by ! con/ant & relat$ action ( ! slighte/ causes & mo/ gradual /eps2 x op5s ! p]spective into va/ epo*s ( long & num]\s geological p]iods2 & sometimes1 :]e sci5ti/s l ,cuvi] & ,agassiz h suppos$ ! mo/ complete cataclysms & ! mo/ univ]sal revolutions ( ! globe1 !re prove to h be5 only gradual *anges ) revolutions v p>tially & locally limit$4 ,f9ally1 if we take into consid]ation ! gr& discov]ies :i* /rik+ly illu/rate ! connection 9 ext5t & quality betwe5 ! univ]se & all its ag5cies & p[]s--su* z ,rob]t von ,may]'s discov]y ( ! cons]vation ( =ce & ( ! me*anical equival5t ( heat1 or ! spectrum analysis & ! in=mation :i* x gives u by ev]-increas+ evid5ces ( ! id5tity ( ! cosmic & telluric sub/ances--we may v5ture to say t ! sci5tific & intellectual gr\nd 0 well prep>$ = a !ory :i* takes ! orig9 ( organisms into ?is common relation%ip ( ! ess5tial unity & developm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,only "o ?+ m rema9$ to complete ! hypo!sis (f]$ by ,lam>ck1 ( ! fact ( a developm5t ( species by a new & m satisfactory answ] to ! "q z to ! mann] ( _! developm5t4 ,! task ( answ]+ 9 a m compreh5sive & sci5tific way ! "q z to ! mann] ( developm5t has be5 und]tak5 by ,d>w9 9 8 selection !ory4 ,alfr$ ,russell ,wallace1 :o arriv$ at ! same results contemporane\sly ) & indep5d5tly ( ,d>w91 has1 ) praisewor?y mode/y1 r5\nc$ 8 claim to priority ( ! discov]y1 z ,d>w9 _h be5 long] engag$ 9 work+ out 8 !ories & _h begun to collect mat]ials = pro(4 99 99 99 99 99 #ch ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories4 #a4 ,d>w94 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! developm5t ( high] species f l[] ones 9 a natural way1 ,d>w9 />ts f two facts4 ,! fir/ fact is1 t all individuals ( ! same species %[1 besides _! specific simil>ity1 individual diff]5ces3 a fact :i* we call ! law ( individual v>iability4 ,! o!r fact is1 t ea* individual incl9es to transmit to 8 (fspr+ all 8 qualities--n only ! *>act]i/ics ( ! species1 b also ^? ( ! individual3 a fact :i* we call ! law ( h]$ity4 ,to %[ h[ ! :ole basis ( explanation ( ! evolution ( "o species f ano!r is giv5 9 ^! two facts1 ,d>w9 calls att5tion to ! rules accord+ to :i* ! (t5 extraord9>ily great v>ieties ( dome/ic animals & cultivat$ plants are obta9$ & pres]v$2 namely1 ! rules ( artificial bre$+4 ,! bre$] simply selects f a species ^? individuals hav+ su* individual qualities z he wi%es to pres]ve & to increase1 & refra9s f bre$+ ^? individuals :i* d n possess ! *>act]i/ics he wants or :i* possess !m only 9 a small degree4 ,he cont9ues ! same process ) ! next g5]ation2 & by ! con/ant & effectual ag5cy ( ! two #ci be=e-m5tion$ laws1 he w1 aft] ! lapse ( a few g5]ations1 h bre$$ a v>iety 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ics orig9ally belong+ only to a s+le individual h become common & p]man5t4 ,x is n[ important to consid] :e!r nature1 9 natural selection 7:5ce ! "n ,selection ,!ory7 does n act unconsci\sly accord+ to ! same rules1 & atta9 ! same results1 z man ) 8 artificial & int5tional selection2 &1 fur!rmore1 :e!r %e does n rea* results :i*1 accord+ to t pr9ciple ( natural selection1 f9ally expla9 ! orig9 ( all1 ev5 ( ! highe/ & mo/ complicat$ organisms1 f "o s+le orig9al =m or a few orig9al & simple/ =ms4 ,d>w9 f9ds ^! que/ions answ]$ 9 ! affirmative2 & arrives at ?is answ] ?r\gh ! foll[+ conclusions4 ,! ,engli% political economi/ ,mal?us 7#agff-ahcd71 9 8 ,essay on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,population1 e/abli%$ a law 9 reg>d to ! gr[? ( ! human race1 :i* may be appli$ j z well to all ! species ( ! entire organic _w3 t population t5ds to increase 9 a geometrical ratio1 al?\gh ! conditions ( life = ! individual rema9 ! same or at mo/ increase 9 an ari?metical ratio4 ,! consequ5ce is t if ! species is to be pres]v$ & ! individuals ( future g5]ations are to cont9ue to f9d suffici5t food & o!r means = su/a9+ life1 a great _m individuals ( ea* g5]ation mu/ p]i% v e>ly1 & ev5 z g]m & se$1 & only a m9ority w be pres]v$ & reproduc$4 ,?is exub]ant prodigality ( life-g]ms1 ( :i* proportionately only a few are pres]v$ & reproduc$1 takes place 9 ! plant & #dj animal _w 9 a v m>k$ degree4 ,!re a cont9ual /ruggle = exi/5ce prevails2 ea* individual has to get access to 8 conditions ( life by wre/+ !m f a :ole s]ies ( o!r individuals ( 8 own or o!r species2 & n[ ! "q arises3 :i* individuals w survive 9 ?is /ruggle8 :i* w m probably be pres]v$ & procreate (fspr+8 ,evid5tly1 ! answ] is1 ^? individuals :i* possess individual *>act]i/ics m favorable to ! pres]vation ( ! individual ?an ^? possess$ by o!r individuals4 ,^! individual *>act]i/ics are transmitt$ to ! next g5]ation4 ,9 ?is !re w be aga9 individuals t h 9 a /ill high] degree ! *>act]i/ics ?us transmitt$ & favorable = ! pres]vation ( ! individual1 or t add to ^! favorable *>act]i/ics new *>act]i/ics favorable 9 ano!r direction to ! survival ( ! individual 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,:ile ^! individuals1 ) m probability ?an ! o!rs1 are ?us pres]v$ & reproduc$1 !y transmit to _! (fspr+ n only ! old favorable *>act]i/ics increas$1 b also ^? newly add$4 ,among ! favorable individual qualities1 ,d>w9 reckons ! div]g5ce ( "*1 ! p]fection ( organization1 & ! law ( correlation2 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 c n be expla9$ by natural selection1 s9ce accord+ to ?is law a v>iation 9 an organ br+s ab\t a correspond+ v>iation 9 entirely diff]5t organs 7e4g41 cats ) :ite fur & blue eyes are also deaf74 ,?is is natural selection by means ( ! survival ( ! fitte/ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,*anges 9 ! conditions & surr\nd+s ( life1 & m or less #da p]fect adaptation ( ! organisms to ! new conditions ( =m1 color1 food & habit1 are ! ma9 causes ( ^? individual v>iations1 ! accumulation ( :i* ?r\gh _m g5]ations produces s great effects4 ,if we only h beh9d u p]iods long en\gh to p]mit u to imag9e ea* /ep 9 ! developm5t z an extremely small & h>dly appreciable "o1 natural selection (f]s u n ! exclusive b ! ma9 means ( expla9+ ! evolution ( ! :ole animal & plant _w out ( "o or a few simple organiz$ orig9al =ms4 ,?is is ! outl9e ( ! selection !ory1 z giv5 by ,d>w9 9 #ahei1 & /ill reta9$ 9 all its ess5tials4 ,x is true1 9 8 "w on ! orig9 ( man he add$ z supplem5tal ! sexual to ! common natural selection1 & made x ( special importance = ! pres5tation ( ! beautiful 9 nature--= ! production ( beautiful =ms1 colors1 & tones1 & = ! developm5t ( p[] & intellig5ce4 ,& 9 ! same "w he said t !re are _m circum/ances ( /ructure :i* seem to be nei!r b5eficial nor detrim5tal to ! individual1 & t to h ov]look$ ?is fact 0 "o ( 8 greate/ mi/akes 9 8 =m] publications4 ,b = ! re/1 he ma9ta9s ! selection !ory un*ang$1 ) ! s+le modification t x expla9s1 if n ! :ole developm5t ( ! species ?r\gh desc5t1 at lea/ t :i* is ( mo/ importance 9 x4 ,t x 0 only "o /ep 9 ! c\rse ( reason+ to ext5d ! selection !ory to ! desc5t ( man1 0 se5 by _m z soon z ,d>w9's "w on ! orig9 ( species 0 publi%$ & began to attract #db att5tion2 al?\gh n a syllable ^u ?is "q 0 pres5t$ 9 ?is "w4 ,v>i\s p]sons manife/$ _! pres5tim5t or p]ception accord+ to _! po9t ( view--p>tly by ! mo/ viol5t opposition to ! new doctr9e1 p>tly by sci5tific developm5t or modification ( _! an?ropogonic views1 p>tly also by revell+ 9 imag9ation 9 ! consequ5ces ho/ile to religi\s fai? :i* !y ?\ght c\ld be drawn f ?is doctr9e4 ,we rem9d ! read] ( ! it9]ant lectures ( ,k>l ,vogt ab\t ! ape-p$igree ( man1 & ( ! e*o !y f\nd by ass5t or diss5t 9 press & public2 also ( ,huxley 9 ,engl&1 ,k>l ,snell1 ,s*leid51 ,rei*5ba*1 & o!rs2 ( ! mat]iali/s1 ,l4 ,b*u] & ,moles*ott1 & ( ! publications ( ,ern/ ,hckel4 ,f9ally1 ,d>w9 himself made u fully c]ta9 ( ! importance :i* f ! beg9n+ he _h attribut$ to 8 !ory1 by publi%+ 8 "w on ! ,desc5t ( ,man1 9 ! ye> #ahgj4 ,9 ?is "w he expla9$ ! desc5t ( man fully f ! be=e-nam$ pr9ciples ( ! desc5t1 evolution1 & selection !ories1 ( :i* we h giv5 all ! ess5tials 9 ! =ego+ pres5tation4 ,he c>efully enum]ates ev]y?+ 9 ! /ructure ( ! human body t rem9ds u ( our relation%ip ) ! animals--especially ^? embryonic ph5om5a & rudim5t>y organs 9 man :i* are /ill to be f\nd 9 use & 9 a m develop$ /ate 9 diff]5t animal species1 & :i* l$ him to imag9e our ance/ors n[ ) a tail1 !n ) %>p e>s1 n[ liv+ 9 ! wat]1 !n be+ h]maphrodites4 ,he reviews ! spiritual qualities ( man1 & f9ds = !m all analog\s qualities 9 ! animal _w4 ,he f9ds 9 8 "w on #dc ,expression ( ! ,emotions 9 ,man & ,animals1 publi%$ 9 #ahgb1 new confirmation ( ! g5ealogical relation%ip ( bo?4 ,he looks ov] ! :ole c\rse ( ! zological sy/em & ( palontological discov]ies1 & se>*es = ! po9ts :]e ! bran*es & twigs ( ! animal p$igree ( man mu/ h div]g$4 ,to beg9 ) ! l[e/ bran*es1 he ?9ks ! mo/ important div]g5ce took place :]e ! s]ies ( v]tebrates may h be5 develop$ out ( ! inv]tebrates4 ,"h he adopts ! inve/igations ( ,a4 ,k[alewsky1 & ! d$uctions ( ,hckel f\nd$ ^u !m1 conc]n+ ! l>va ( ! ascidi1 a g5us ( m>9e mollusca ( ! ord] tunicata1 & sees 9 a cord1 to be f\nd 9 ?is l>va1 mo/ decid$ relation%ip to ! sp9e ( ! lancelet fi% or amphioxus1 ! l[e/ ( all ! v]tebrates1 x be+ yet d\btful :e!r x belongs at all to ! v]tebrates4 ,9 ! transition t once took place f "o species ( ascidian l>va to a =m simil> to ! lancelet fi%1 he sees ! new bran* div]g+ 9 ! s]ies ( v]tebrates4 ,out ( ! fi% he concludes t ! amphibia 7 develop$1 & out ( ^? ! reptilia1 out ( "o ( !m ! m>supialia1 & f !m ! lemurs or half-apes1 ! repres5tatives ( :i* yet live 9 ,madagasc> & ! s\!rn "p ( ,asia4 ,f ^! !re bran*$ (f on ! "o side ! platyrrh9i1 or apes ) a flat nose1 on ! new cont95t2 on ! o!r1 ! cat>rh9i1 or apes ) a n>r[ nose1 on ! old4 ,among ! ance/or ( ! la/1 he se>*es = ! common prog5itors1 f :i* aga9 two bran*es />t$--on ! "o h& ! ignoble bran*es ( ! cat>rh9e species ( apes1 always rema9+ l[] 9 #dd developm5t1 to :i* also belong ! an?ropomorph\s apes1 l ! orang outang & gibbon 9 ,asia1 ! gorilla & *impanzee 9 ,africa2 on ! o!r h&1 t bran* :i* repres5ts ! asc5t ( animals to man4 ,! ref9+ ag5cies :i* f9ally raise ! animal up to ! man are ess5tially ! same t on ! l[e/ scales ( ! p$igree h caus$ ! developm5t ( ! l[] organisms into ! high]1 namely3 favorable individual v>iations1 inh]itance1 acclimatization1 survival ( ! fitte/ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 natural1 & especially1 sexual selection4 ,^! are1 if n ! exclusive1 /ill ! ma9 ag5cies :i* f9ally l$ ! primate ( ! e>?ly creation ^u ! /age & furni%$ him ) 8 sup]ior faculties4 ,b x is p>ticul>ly by means ( 8 social life1 & ( ! =ces :i* det]m9e1 transmit1 increase & ennoble ! v>i\s impulses & in/9cts promot+ x1 t man has become :at he is4 ,?r\gh ! ne$ & faculty ( reciprocal help1 ?r\gh sexual selection--:i* ( c\rse is a v ess5tial factor ( social life--!re orig9at$ language1 & reflection1 & all ! intellectual qualities2 & ?r\gh ^! aga9 orig9at$ ! moral qualities1 :i* are mo/ important 9 con/itut+ ! specific wor? ( man1 & :i* 7 f9ally develop$ into self-consci\sness & free moral responsibility4 ,b ) ! description ( ?is attempt to expla9 m 9 detail ^! specific *>act]i/ics ( man1 we leave ! gr\nd ( pure natural sci5ce & ent] ! region ( philosophy1 9 :i* we h to take up ! #de "q aga9 79 ,book ,,ii1 ,*4 ,i7 at ! same po9t :]e we "h leave x4 #b4 ,! ,foll[]s ( ,d>w94--,ern/ ,hckel4 ,d>w9's !ory soon f\nd an en?usia/ic corps ( foll[]s--on ! cont95t1 & especially 9 ,g]many1 almo/ m ?an 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,! outlook into an entirely new explanation ( ! orig9 ( man1 & ! probable use ( ?is !ory = attacks ^u fai? 9 a ,creator & ,ma/] ( ! _w1 call$ wide-spread att5tion to x2 & ! !ory op5$ to natural sci5ce itself entirely new impulses & pa?s1 & promis$ ! solution ( _m problems be=e :i* x _h hi!rto be5 compell$ to /& 9 sil5ce4 ,to be sure1 x ?reat5$ likewise to allure ! m9d f ! sl[ b sure ways ( solid /udy to ! ent]ta9+ b insecure & aimless pa?s ( imag9ation & hypo!sis4 ,among all ! ,g]man foll[]s ( ,d>w9 :o adopt$ n only ! idea ( an orig9 ( species ?r\gh desc5t & evolution1 b also ! explanation ( evolution by natural selection1 & ext5d$ x s z to make ! pr9ciple ( selection ( exclusive value1 ,ern/ ,hckel occupies ! mo/ prom95t rank4 ,9 8 ,g5]al ,morphology1 publi%$ 9 #ahff1 & 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,creation1 ! fir/ edition ( :i* appe>$ 9 #ahfh1 & f9ally 9 8 ,an?ropog5y#b 7:y he does n say ,an?ropogony1 we are n[h]e in=m$71 #ahgd1 ?is sci5ti/ br\ght ! new !ory1 :i* _h be5 pres5t$ by ,d>w9 9 an almo/ bewild]+ flood ( details1 into connection & ord]1 &1 analyz+ ! p[]s active 9 natural selection1 comb9$ !m into an entire sy/em ( laws4 ,he #df at once drew ! orig9 ( man also into ! c\rse ( reason+ on ! new !ory1 & su/a9$ ! !ory by ! discov]y ( ! mon]a & o!r l[ organisms ( "o cell1 z well z by special inve/igations ( ! calc>e\s sponges4 ,= ^! labors1 he 0 rew>d$ by ! w>m & unres]v$ ackn[l$gm5t :i* ,d>w9 made to him 9 8 "w ^u ! orig9 ( man1 :i* 0 publi%$ subsequ5tly to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,creation4 ,!re ,d>w9 says3 ,if ?is "w _h appe>$ be=e my essay _h be5 writt51 ,i %\ld probably nev] h complet$ x4 ,almo/ all ! conclusions at :i* ,i h arriv$1 ,i f9d confirm$ by ?is naturali/1 ^: k on _m po9ts is mu* full] ?an m9e4 ,hckel's labors r5d]$ /ill great] s]vice to ! ,d>w9ian !ory by divid+ ! organic _w into ?ree k+doms3 ! proti/a k+dom1 ! vegetable k+dom1 & ! animal k+dom1--a division :i* solves 9 a mo/ simple way ! difficulty t 0 felt m & m ( secur+ = ! l[e/ organisms a place among ! animals or plants4 ,he fur!r aid$ ! !ory by leav+ ! *oice op5 to adopt ei!r a uni=m or multi=m p$igree ( ! organisms & _! k+doms & classes1 & by treat+ ea* class "u bo? po9ts ( view2 & f9ally1 by fasc9at+ exp]im5ts to br+ be=e u 9 detail ! hypo!tical p$igrees ( all classes ( organisms f ! proti/a k+dom up to man4 ,we w try to reproduce briefly ! p$igree :i* is ( mo/ int]e/--! hypo!tical p$igree ( man4 ,hckel divides x into tw5ty-two /ages1 eight ( !m belong+ to ! s]ies ( ! inv]tebrates1 & f\rte5 to t ( ! v]tebrates4 ,on ?is ladd] ( #dg tw5ty-two r\nds1 he leads u f ! l[e/ =m ( ! liv+ be+1 9 slight & mo/ly plausible transitions1 cont9ually high] & high]1 up to man2 & makes our /eps easy by m5tion+ at ea* /age1 on ! "o h& ! correspond+ /ate 9 ! embryonic developm5t1 on ! o!r ! /ill liv+ creature ?r\gh :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 ! =m] organisms ( ! correspond+ r\nd ( ! ladd] are /ill repres5t$1 & :i* accord+ly has be5 a creature t rema9$ on its r\nd1 :ile o!r memb]s ( its family h be5 develop$ up to man & to _m o!r g5]a & species4 ,he beg9s ) ! mon]a1 ! organisms ( ! l[e/ =m1 discov]$ by himself1 :i* h n s mu* z ! organic rank ( a cell1 b are only corpuscules ( mucus1 )\t k]nel or ext]nal cov]+1 call$ by him cytod1 & aris+ f an organic c>bon =mation4 ,! l[e/ & mo/ =mless mon]on is ! ba?ybius1 discov]$ by ,?omas ,huxley1 a network ( recticul> mucus1 :i* 9 ! greate/ dep?s ( ! sea1 z f> d[n z #g1jjj metres1 cov]s /one fragm5ts & o!r objects1 b are also f\nd 9 less dep?s1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 = in/ance4 ,f ! mon]on he proce$s to ! amoeba--a simple cell1 ) a k]nel1 :i* /ill corresponds to ! egg ( man 9 its fir/ /ate4 ,! ?ird /age is =m$ by ! communities ( amoeb 7synamoeb71 correspond+ to ! mulb]ry-yolk 9 ! fir/ developm5t ( ! fecundat$ egg1 & to "s /ill liv+ heaps ( amoeb4 ,to ! f\r? /age he assigns ! plana1 correspond+ to ! embryonic developm5t ( an album5 & ! planula or ciliat$ #dh l>va4 ,:5 ^! ciliat$ l>v are develop$1 !y contract !mselves s z to =m a cavity2 & ?is fif? /age--especially important = 8 !ory--he calls ga/ra4 ,9 ?is =m1 he says1 ! proga/] is already develop$1 & its wall is diff]5tiat$ = ! fir/ "t into an animal or d]mal lay] 7ectobla/71 & into a vegetative or inte/9al lay] 7hypobla/74 ,at ! six? /age1 !re bran*$ (f ! pro!lmis1 or worms1 ) ! fir/ =mations ( a n]v\s sy/em1 ! simple/ organs ( s5se1 ! simple/ organs = secretion 7kidneys7 & g5]ation 7sexual organs71 repres5t$ to-day by ! glid+ worms or turbell>ia2 z ! sev5? /age1 ! s(t worms1 z he call$ !m at fir/--! blood worms1 or coelomati1 z he describes !m 9 8 ,an?ropog5y--a purely hypo!tical /age1 on :i* a true body-cavity & blood 7 =m$2 ! eigh? /age are ! *orda-animals ) ! beg9n+ ( a sp9al rod1 correspond+ to ! l>va ( ! ascidi4 ,at ! n9? /age1 call$ ! skull-less animals 7acrania71 & correspond+ to ! /ill liv+ lancelet1 we ent] ! s]ies ( ! v]tebrates4 ,! importance ( ! eigh? & n9? /ages = ! !ory1 we h already po9t$ out 9 our rem>ks ^u ,d>w91 p4 #dc4 ,! t5? /age is =m$ by ^? l[ fi%es 9 :i* ! sp9al rod is diff]5tiat$ into ! skull--& ! v]tebral-column1 call$ ! s+le-no/ril$ animals 7monorrh9i71 & repres5t$ by ! cyclo/oma ( today 7hag & lampreys74 ,! elev5? /age is =m$ by ! primval fi% or sela*ii 7%>ks72 ! twelf? by ! mud fi%1 ( :i* !re /ill live ! protopt]us 9 ,africa1 ! lepidosir5 9 ! tribut>ies ( ! ,amazon1 & ! c]atodus 9 ! swamps ( ,s\!rn #di ,au/ralia4 ,on ! ?irte5? /age1 !re are ! gill$ amphibians 7sozobran*ia71 proteus & axolotl2 on ! f\rte5?1 ! tail$ amphibians 7sozura71 newt & salam&]2 on ! fifte5?1 ! purely hypo!tical primval amniota or protamnia 7amnion is ! "n giv5 to ! *orion :i* surr\nds ! g]m-wat] & embryo ( ! ?ree high] classes ( v]tebrates7 on ! sixte5?1 ! prim>y mammals 7promammalia71 to :i* ! pres5t monotremes 7orni?orhyn*us & e*idna7 /& ne>e/2 on ! sev5te5?1 ! p\*$ animals or m>supialia2 on ! eighte5?1 ! semi-apes or prosimi 7loris & maki72 on ! n9ete5?1 ! tail$ apes1 or m5oc]ca 7nose-apes & sl5d]-apes1 or semnopi!cus72 on ! tw5tie?1 ! man-l apes 7an?ropoides7 or tail-less cat>rh9i 7gorilla1 *impanzee1 orang outang & gibbon74 ,& n[ we come to tw5ty-"o--ape-l m5 or spee*less primval m5 7alali7--( :om we are rem9d$ to-day by ! deaf1 & dumb1 ! cret9s & ! microcephali2 & numb] tw5ty-two is homo sapi5s1 ! man4 ,! ,au/ralians & ! ,papuans are suppos$ to be ! only rema9+ repres5tatives ( 8 fir/ /age-developm5t4 ,9 l mann]1 ,hckel also gives u ! /em-bran*es ( all ! types1 classes & ord]s ( ! organisms1 & =ms f !m a v acceptable hypo!tical p$igree2 or--if we pref] to suppose a polyphyletic r ?an a monophyletic orig9 ( species--hypo!tical p$igrees ( ! :ole organic _w4 ,! p]spicuity & cle>ness ( ,hckel's d$uctions1 ! ext5t ( 8 k1 & ! s+l5ess ( 8 aim1 to :i* he makes !m all subs]vi5t1 l5d #ej to 8 works a great *>m4 ,b on ! o!r h& we d>e n conceal t1 ev5 on ! gr\nd ( explanations belong+ purely to natural hi/ory1 ! "* ( hypo!sis is (t5 lo/ 9 t ( arbitr>9ess & ( ! undemon/rable4 ,ev5 ! unle>n$ 9 natural sci5ce (t5 en\gh get ?is impression :5 read+ 8 works1 & w f9d x confirm$ by sci5ti/s :o n only contradict 8 ass]tions 9 _m cases1 b disclose pla9 errors 9 8 draw+s--errors1 inde$1 exclusively 9 favor ( ! unity-hypo!sis2 & 9 o!r cases !y %[ t draw+s :i* are giv5 z pictures ( ! real1 repres5t m]ely hypo!tical op9ions4 ,!re is especially evid5t 9 8 works an extremely /rong t5d5cy to impress on 8 hypo!ses ! "* ( an e/abli%$ & prov$ fact1 by giv+ !m ! allur+ "n ( laws4 ,entire sy/ems ( laws ( ! selection !ory are produc$1 & all imag9able ass]tions are also imm$iately call$ laws4 ,= example1 ,huxley1 9 8 anatomical inve/igations ( apes & m51 arrives at ! conclusion t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! highe/ & ! l[e/ apes are great] ?an ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! highe/ apes & man4 ,?is purely anatomical comp>ison1 ,hckel calls repeat$ly ,huxley's ,law4 ,we are well aw>e t ! idea ( law is capable ( great ext5sion 9 mean+1 & 9 t respect we c ref] to no?+ m in/ructive ?an ! well-m$itat$ inquiry ^u ?is idea 9 ! ,reign ( ,law ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll 7,london1 ,/rahan ,co474 ,b if we may v5ture to call purely anatomical comp>isons ( ?is nature laws1 su* a use ( language de/roys all logical reason+2 & ?is mi/ake appe>s aga9 9 ,hckel's philosophic #ea discussions1 ( :i* we %all h to speak h]eaft]4 ,we %all h to ref] also h]eaft] to an additional embelli%m5t1 :i* ,hckel ?9ks himself oblig$ to give to 8 works--namely1 t he makes on e occasion ! /ronge/ attacks ^u fai? 9 a p]sonal ,god1 a ,creator & ,"l ( ! _w2 t he traces all ! motives ( human action to self-int]e/2 t he d5ies ! lib]ty ( man & ! moral sy/em ( ! _w2 t he makes cons5t to 8 view ( ?+s ! crit]ion ( ! intellectual developm5t ( a man2 & t he ?9ks to r5d] a s]vice to civilization by su* a view ( ! _w & ( e?ics4 ,9 ! consequ5t c>ry+ out ( ! selection pr9ciple z ! satisfactory key 9 expla9+ ! orig9 ( all species & also ( man1 ,hckel is inde$1 9 spite ( ! approval ( 8 works by ! ,briti% ma/]1 m ,d>w9ian ?an ,d>w9 himself1 :o expressly refuses to give exclusive value to ?is !ory ( explanation4 ,h5ce !re are among sci5ti/s only a few :o g ) him to ?is ext5t4 ,9 ,g]many1 aside f ! mat]iali/s1 we only "k ( ,seidlitz & ,osk> ,s*midt--:o 9 ! ?irte5? volume ( ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies treats ( ,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t & ,d>w9ism1 & advocates n only ! autocracy ( ! selection !ory1 b also all ! moni/ic & a!i/ic consequ5ces :i* are d$uc$ f x4 ,p]haps ,gu/av ,jg]1 ,s*leid51 ,b]nh>d ,cotta--at lea/ judg+ f _! e>li] publications--%\ld be m5tion$ z foll[]s ( ! pure selection !ory2 al?\gh !y d n all draw f x ! be=e-m5tion$ philosophic consequ5ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! numb] ( ^? is v great :o1 al?\gh inspir$ #eb by ,d>w9 to adopt ! idea ( an orig9 ( species ?r\gh desc5t & evolution1 yet h m or less modifi$1 laid aside1 or entirely refus$ ! v doctr9e :i* is especially new 9 ,d>w9's !ory--! selection !ory4 ,9 ! foll[+ section we %all briefly give an acc\nt ( !m4 #c4 ,modifications ( ! ,!ory--,moriz ,wagn]4 ,wig&4 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t objections to ! selection !ory1 :i* /rikes u at once f ! /&po9t ( natural hi/ory1 is ! foll[+3 ,! v>ieties ( a dome/icat$ species1 obta9$ by artificial bre$+1 are lo/1 & return to ! orig9al wild =m ( ! species z soon z !y are cross$ long en\gh ) o!r v>ieties or are left to !mselves & to ! cross+ ) individuals ( ! orig9al =m ( _! species2 & h5ce we c n see h[ individual *>act]i/ics1 ev5 if favorable to ! individual1 w n be lo/ aga9 by ! cross+ :i* is inevitable 9 a /ate ( nature1 ) su* individuals z d n possess ^? *>act]i/ics4 ,besides1 x is an e/abli%$ fact1 confirm$ by all our obs]vations /ret*+ ov] ?\s&s ( ye>s1 t ! *>act]i/ics ( species are pres]v$ 9 spite ( all individual modifications1 & t ?is pres]vation ( ! *>act]i/ics ( species has its cause ess5tially 9 ! free cross+ ( individuals4 ,?is objection induc$ ,moriz ,wagn] to take up aga9 an idea already express$ by ,leopold von ,bu*1 & to complete ! pr9ciple ( a selection ?r\gh natural bre$+ by ano!r1 & p>tly1 inde$1 to supplant x by ! pr9ciple ( isolation by migration4 ,isolat$ individuals1 :o1 f any reason naturally to #ec be acc\nt$ =1 leave ! mass ( _! fell[s1 c f ! v consequ5ce ( ?is isolation transmit to _! (fspr+ common individual *>act]i/ics :i* are n de/roy$ aga9 by ! cross+ ) o!r individuals4 ,!y w especially fix & transmit ^! individual *>act]i/ics1 :5 !y are favorable to !m = ! conditions ( exi/5ce 9 _! new place ( liv+1 & ^! individual *>act]i/ics w s mu* ! m be increas$ & develop$ 9 a direction favorable to ! subsi/5ce ( ! individuals 9 _! new place ( liv+1 z !re are m closely connect$ ) ?is isolation v>iations 9 ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 9 climate1 geographical surr\nd+s1 food1 & s on4 ,he v attractively applies ?is !ory also to ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( man4 ,accord+ to 8 op9ion1 ev5 ! ne>e/ animal prog5itors ( man 7 isolat$1 & ! isolat+ p[] 0 ! rise ( ! great m\nta9s ( ! ,old ,_w1 :i* took place previ\s to ! glacial p]iod4 ,"o pair1 or p]haps a few pairs1 ( ^? prog5itors 7 driv5 away f ! luxuri\s climate ( ! torrid zone to ! nor!rn half ( ! globe1 & f\nd _! return cut (f by glaci]s & high m\nta9s2 9 place ( a com=table life on ! trees1 necessity urg$ !m to ga9 support f conditions less favorable to exi/5ce1 & necessity1 ?is "m ( s _m virtues & a*ievem5ts1 f9ally made man :at he is4 ,9 foll[+ out ^! ideas1 ,moriz ,wagn] has gradually & m & m decid$ly giv5 up ! selection !ory1 & oppos$ x by %>p criticisms4 ,?is migration or isolation !ory also f\nd a degree ( favor1 b subord9ate 9 its nature4 ,= x #ed c n & w n pret5d to solve ! ma9 problems4 ,x only tries to expla9 h[ ! individual v>iations1 already 9 exi/5ce1 might h be5 pres]v$ & p]haps increas$1 & h[ new conditions ( exi/5ce c\ld h r\s$ lat5t p[]s2 b n h[ ^! v>iations & ^! p[]s orig9at$4 ,j z little is ! selection !ory able to expla9 ?is2 b x pret5ds to d x1 & h5ce we c easily compreh5d h[ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s a con/antly increas+ numb] ( voices1 & m important ones1 h be5 rais$ aga9/ ! selection !ory4 ,?is opposition came n only f ^? :o--l ,agassiz1 ,b>r&e1 ,emil ,blan*>d1 ,es*] von d] ,l9?1 ,gpp]t1 ,giebel1 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 ,pfaff1 & o!rs--directly reject ea* & e idea ( desc5t on acc\nt ( ! difficulty 9 def5d+ ! selection !ory2 or :o--l ,k>l ,ern/ von ,ba]1#c 7! #ee pione] 9 ! region ( ! hi/ory ( individual developm5t71 l ,osk> ,fraas1 ,grieseba*1 ,s&b]g]1 & o!rs--g5]ally take a m res]v$ & neutral position1 because ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! facts & ! inaccessibility ( ! problems2 b x comes especially f ^? sci5ti/s :o are incl9$ to adopt an orig9 ( species ?r\gh desc5t & ev5 ?r\gh developm5t1 yet refuse to expla9 x by ! selection pr9ciple1 & look = ! ess5tial cause ( ! developm5t 9 ! organisms !mselves1 )\t claim+ to h !mselves f\nd ^! causes4 ,among ! mo/ prom95t advocates ( ?is view1 we may "n ! late ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,miv>t1 & #ef ,ri*>d ,ow51 9 ,engl&2 & 9 ,g]many1 ,alex&] ,braun1 ,eck]1 ,geg5baur1 ,oswald ,he]1 ,w4 ,81 ,ngeli1 ,rtimey]1 ,s*aaffhaus51 ,vir*[1 ,k>l ,vogt1 ,a4 ,w4 ,volkmann1 ,weismann1 ,zittel1 & "h also ,moriz ,wagn]1 & among ! philosoph]s1 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann4 ,_m ( ^! m5 are b little aw>e ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two que/ions3 :e!r1 on ! "o h&1 ! adoption ( ! orig9 ( species ?r\gh desc5t does n ( itself involve ! idea ( a gradual developm5t ( "o species f ano!r1 almo/ unobs]vable 9 its s+le /eps2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 :e!r a desc5t ( species ?r\gh het]og5etic g5]ation 9 leaps & ?r\gh a metamorphosis ( ! g]ms1 c\ld be imag9$4 ,!y consid] desc5t & evolution z id5tical2 & ?is id5tification is expla9able s long z we are n 9 a condition to come ne>] to ! ev5tual causes ( ! suppos$ v>iation ( species4 ,b m5 are n want+ :o put ^! que/ions cle>ly & pla9ly1 & sep>ate !m di/9ctly f "o ano!r4 ,among !m we may m5tion ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba]1 ,ed4 von ,h>tmann & ,wig&2 ( ! latt] we w h occasion to speak m 9 detail h]eaft]4 ,among !m we f9d also sci5ti/s :o answ] ! "q 9 ! s5se ( a new-model+ ( ! species1 ( a het]og5etic g5]ation1 & ( a metamorphosis ( g]ms4 ,to ?is class belong especially ,oswald ,he]--,urwelt d] ,s*weitz 7,ant$iluvian ,_w 9 ,switz]l&71 ,zri*1 #ahfe1 p4 #eij-fjd2 ,kllik]--,ueb] die ,d>w9's*e ,s*pfung/heorie1 7,d>w9's ,!ory ( ,creation71 ,leipzig1 #ahfd2 ,morphologie und ,entwicklunges*i*te des ,p5natulid5/ammes neb/ allgeme95 ,betra*tung5 zur ,desc5d5zlehre1 #eg 7,morphology & ,hi/ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,/em ( ! ,p5natulid1 toge!r ) ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! ,desc5t ,!ory71 ,frankfurt1 #ahgb2 & ,he9ri* ,baumgrtn]--,natur und ,gott 7,nature & ,god71 ,leipzig1 ,brockhaus1 #ahgj4 ,he] has introduc$ into sci5tific language ! t]m new-model+ ( ! species1 ,kllik] t ( a het]og5etic g5]ation1 & ,baumgrtn] t ( a transmutation ( ! types ?r\gh a metamorphosis ( g]ms4 ,ba] also is n av]se to adopt+ ! latt]4 ,! botani/1 ,alb]t ,wig&1 ( ,m>burg1 takes a peculi> position4 ,on "o h&1 ! obs]vation ( ! relation%ip ( organic be+s ) "o ano!r leads him to adopt a common g5ealogy1 a desc5t2 on ! o!r1 ! objections to adopt+ a desc5t ( ! species "o f ano!r appe> to him insurm\ntable4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he sees all ! species ev]y:]e /rictly limit$--al?\gh 9 ! second volume ( 8 "w1 :i* appe>$ aft] ! prec$+ l9es 7 writt51 he aga9 w>ns aga9/ a "o-sid$ emphasiz+ ( ! inv>iability ( species4 ,9 ! second place1 he sees s cle>ly1 ?r\gh ! :ole organic _w1 ! diff]5ces1 nay1 ! contra/s1 ( ! species1 9 _! build+ plan1 9 ! numb]s & conditions & positions ( _! p>ts1 & 9 _! mode ( developm5t1 t x appe>s to him impossible to assume 9 ! p]fect$ organism a production ( g]ms :i* 9 a c\rse ( g5]ations1 by a process ev5 z gradual z possible1 w\ld gr[ into su* an entirely new ph5om5on z a new1 ev5 closely relat$1 species w\ld be4 ,b if we adopt ! !ory ( a het]og5etic g5]ation1 we expla9 by x ! v>iety b n ! simil>ity ( species2 #eh = a het]og5etic g5]ation w\ld 9 ! new species make ev]y?+ diff]5t f ! old "o--a conclusion1 ! necessity ( :i* x w\ld be difficult to %[4 ,= ^! reasons1 he ref]s ! desc5t ( ! organic be+s1 n to ! s]ies ( ! species1 ) _! individuals already specifi$ & def9$1 b to ! s]ies ( primordial cells liv+ free 9 ! wat]4 ,! e>lie/ primordial cells repres5t$ only ! common "* ( ! :ole organic _w1 & out ( !m ! primordial cells ( ! animal & ^? ( ! vegetable k+dom 7 produc$ by divid+ ! cells2 s t ! fir/ ones embrac$ only ! g5]al & primitive *>act]i/ics ( ! :ole animal1 ! la/ ones ^? ( ! :ole vegetable k+dom4 ,out ( ^! primordial cells ( ! two k+doms1 ^? ( ! ma9 types proce$$--7= in/ance1 ! primordial cells ( ! radiat$ animals1 ! v]tebrates1 etc41 ! gymnosp]ms1 ! angiosp]ms1 etc472 out ( !m ^? ( ! classes--7= in/ance1 ! mammalia1 ! dicotyl$ons72 out ( !m ^? ( ! ord]s--7= in/ance1 ! bea/s ( prey1 rosiflor72 out ( !m ^? ( ! families 7can9a1 rosace72 out ( !m ^? ( ! g5us 7canis1 rosa72 & out ( !m ^? ( ! species 7canis lupus1 rosa can9a74 ,only :5 ! primordial cells ( ! species _h be5 produc$1 7 !y develop$ into f9i%$ repres5tatives ( ! species2 & :5 once ^! primordial cells ( ! species _h be5 develop$ into f9i%$ & full-gr[n individuals ( ! species1 _! transmission took place 9 ! mann] well kn[n to u4 ,wig& publi%$ 8 criticism ( ! ,d>w9ian ,!ories 9 8 l>g] "w1 ,d] ,d>w9ismus und die ,natur=s*ung ,newtons und ,cuvi]s1 7,d>w9ism #ei & ! ,natural ,sci5ce ( ,newton & ,cuvi]71 ,brauns*weig1 ,vieweg1 ,vol4 ,i1 #ahgd1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahgf1 & 8 own attempt at explanation 9 a small] book1 publi%$ at ! same place 9 #ahgb3 ,die ,g5ealogie d] ,urzell5 als ,lsung des ,desc5d5zproblems od] die ,ent/ehung d] ,art5 ohne natrli*e ,zu*twahl 7,g5ealogy ( ! ,primordial ,cells z a ,solution ( ! ,problem ( ,desc5t2 or ! ,orig9 ( ,species )\t ,natural ,selection74 ,:e!r ?is g5ealogy ( ! primordial cells f\nd any foll[]s1 we d n "k4 ,none ( ! hypo!ses ?us f> m5tion$ are s v f> f hav+ analogies 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! idea ( a fir/ developm5t ( ! high] organisms out ( _! specific primordial cell1 ?r\gh all k9ds ( conditions ( l>v up to ! f9i%$ =m1 dem&s ( u ! acceptance ( mon/r\s improbabilities--7?9k1 = example1 ( ! fir/ m51 :o1 orig9at+ f a human primordial cell1 gr[ 9 diff]5t metamorphoses ( l>v1 fir/ 9 ! wat] & !n on ! l&1 until !y appe> z f9i%$ m574 ,moreov]1 ! hypo!sis1 9 claim+ t a het]og5etic g5]ation ( "o species f ano!r mu/ necess>ily nullify all simil>ity betwe5 ! organism ( ! *ild & t ( ! "m1 is s little conv9c+1 & %[s--9 ! necessity ( conceiv+ ! univ]sal type ( organisms1 ! type ( k+doms1 ( ma9 types1 ( classes1 ( ord]s1 ( families1 ( g5]a1 & ( species1 z b individual exi/5ces :i*1 9 ! =m ( cells & be=e ! exi/5ce ( ! develop$ species1 p>tly ?r\gh _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 lead a real empiric & concrete life--su* an ab/ract syn!tical con/ruction ( nature1 t #fj we are n a/oni%$ t ! !ory ( ! g5ealogy ( primordial cells /&s almo/ alone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,wig&'s l>g] critical "w r5d]$ great s]vice 9 cle>+ up ! problems4 ,x is true1 8 judgm5t appe>s 9 _m s+le cases n at all conv9c+1 s9ce he (t5 en\gh fights 8 adv]s>ies ) sophisms & d$uces f ! views ( ,d>w9 & ,hckel conclusions to :i* !y c]ta9ly d n lead4 ,b 9 ! majority ( cases1 8 "w is full ( real conv9c+ p[]1 & ) ! bread? ( its philosophical view & ) ! %>pness ( its def9itions1 z well z ) its abundance ( philosophic & especially botanical tea*+s & _! +5i\s application1 x is directly de/ructive to ! use ( ! selection !ory z ! pr9cipal key to ! solution ( ! problems4 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann describes ! "w 9 8 publication1 ,wahrheit und ,irr?um im ,d>w9ismus1 7,tru? & ,error 9 ,d>w9ism71 z a mile-/one :i* m>ks ! limits :]e ,d>w9ism z su* pass$ ! summit ( its influ5ce 9 ,g]many4 99 99 99 99 99 #fa ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,pres5t ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories4 #a4 ,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,! hi/orical retrospect ( ! ,d>w9ian !ories1 f _! purely sci5tific side1 leads u ( itself to a critical review ( _! pres5t /ate4 ,we c briefly indicate 9 advance ! result to :i* x w lead u1 viz43 t ! desc5t !ory has ga9$1 ! selection !ory has lo/ gr\nd1 ! !ory ( developm5t oscillates betwe5 bo?2 b t all ?ree !ories h n yet pass$ beyond ! rank ( hypo!ses1 al?\gh !y h v unequal hypo!tical value4 ,we c be/ arrange our review by beg9n+ ) t !ory :i* is ! mo/ common1 & :i* p]haps may /ill h value :5 bo? ! o!rs f9d _! value dim9i%$ or lo/3 ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,f t we proce$ to ! !ory ( evolution1 & f ?is to t ( selection4 ,! !ory ( desc5t is inde$ at fir/ sight exce$+ly plausible1 & w probably always be ! directive = all future inve/igations z to ! orig9 ( species4 ,! organic species %[1 besides ! great v>iety ( _! *>act]i/ics & ! un*angeable nature ( ^! *>act]i/ics1 _m o!r qualities :i* are common to !m2 & ^! common *>act]i/ics are precisely ^? :i* are mo/ ess5tial4 #fb ,moreov] ! high] ! /ructure ( ! organisms :i* are diff]5tiat$1 ! m num]\s & m valuable w become ! evid5ces ( simil>ity1 & ! great] also w be _! di/ance f ! inorganic & f ! l[e/ organisms ( _! class1 _! type1 or _! k+dom4 ,= in/ance1 rose & apple-tree1 eld] & a%1 wolf & dog1 goat & %eep1 ape & man1 are n only a great deal f>!r remov$ f ! mode ( exi/5ce ( inorganic bodies ?an ! alg1 ! mon]a1 & o!r l[ organisms1 b !y h also1 9 spite ( ! great int]val :i* sep>ates !m f "o ano!r & especially :i* sep>ates man f e animal1 mu* m num]\s & important po9ts ( contact ?an1 = in/ance1 two families or g5]a ( alg or ( mosses1 ( polyps or ( infusoria1 h among "o ano!r4 ,n[ our imag9ation refuses to accept ! !ory t ! ,creator1 or nature1 or :atev] we wi% to call ! pr9ciple g5]at+ ! species1 9 produc+ ! new species1 laid aside all ^? po9ts ( contact :i* are cont9ually becom+ m num]\s & m important1 & produc$ in/ead1 by ev] wid5+ leaps1 ! new & high] species f ! inorganic1 :i* lies f>!r & f>!r f !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! !ory appe>s to u all ! m plausible1 t e new species came into exi/5ce on t /age :i* is ! mo/ ne>ly relat$ to x1 & :i* 0 already 9 exi/5ce4 ,if we add fur!r1 t ! two old maxims ( ! natural sci5ti/s1 omne vivum ex ovo & omne ovum ex ov>io1 h n be5 invalidat$1 9 spite ( all ! se>*+ = a g5]atio quivoca1 & t1 ev5 if ! orig9ation ( ! l[e/ organisms out ( ! inorganic c\ld 9 future be #fc prov$1 yet ! tru? ( ^! maxims = all ! high] organiz$ individuals is e/abli%$ z a fact )\t exception4 ,moreov]1 if we take into consid]ation ! fact t we c n at all imag9e ei!r ! orig9 or ! fir/ developm5t ( a high] animal or a human organism )\t ! protect+ integum5t & ! n\ri%+ help ( a "m's womb1 we may v5ture to say t ea* & e attempt to r5d] ! orig9 ( ! fir/ individuals ( ! high] species conceivable1 leads ( necessity to ! desc5t !ory4 ,we h ei!r to reject1 once = all1 su* an attempt1 z an unsci5tific play+ ) impossibilities1 or to accept ! idea ( desc5t4 ,x is c]ta9ly ! la/+ m]it ( ,d>w91 ev5 if 8 :ole /ructure ( pro(s %\ld 9 ! c\rse ( "t %[ itself weak1 t he n only _h ! c\rage 7z o!rs _h be=e him71 b also inspir$ sci5ti/s ) ! c\rage to trace ! idea ( a desc5t ( species 9 a sci5tific way4 ,to be sure1 s long z we h no o!r pro( ( ! desc5t !ory ?an ! circum/ance t we c imag9e x1 x w cont9ue to be no?+ m ?an an +5i\s hypo!sis4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to look to ! realm ( nature = m direct pro(s2 & we are !re furni%$ ) !m4 ,!y are pres5t$ to u by geology 9 connection ) ! botanical & zological sy/ems1 by geology 9 connection ) vegetable & animal geography1 by comp>ative anatomy1 & by ! hi/ory ( ! embryonic developm5t ( animals4 ,geology f9ds 9 ! /rata ( ! cru/ ( ! globe a l>ge numb] ( ext9ct plants & animals ( extraord9>y v>iety2 b all ( !m1 h[ev] mu* !y #fd may diff] f ! organisms ( to-day1 are completely 9 h>mony ) ! botanical & zological sy/ems 9 :i* we divide ! /ill liv+ organisms4 ,n only h by f> ! mo/ ( ! n[ ext9ct g5]a & species _! family & /em-companions1 & _m ev5 _! g5]a & species companions1 9 ! liv+ _w1 b also ^? g5]a ^: ne>] relations are n[ ext9ct--z1 = in/ance1 ! club-moss-trees1 ! trilobites1 ! ammonites1 ! belemnites1 ! sauria1 ! nummulites1--%[ /ill a v p]ceptible relation%ip ) liv+ g5]a1 & c be q accurately includ$ 9 ! botanical & zological sy/ems2 nay1 !y ev5 fill up gaps 9 x4 ,! anatomical1 morphological1 &1 s f> z we c judge1 ! physiological & biological relation%ip ( ! fossil ) liv+ organisms1 is s great & compreh5sive t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce a sy/ematic botany or zology1 t %\ld only treat ( ! fossils or ( liv+ organisms alone1 w\ld be imp]fect4 ,b ! relation%ip ( ! fossil organisms ) ! natural sy/ems ( botany & zology is app>5t n only 9 ?is respect1 b also 9 ! fact t ! s+le species dur+ ! long p]iods ( "t :i* are %[n by geology to h elaps$1 came into exi/5ce 9 a s]ies1 :i* aga9 pretty closely corresponds to ! natural sy/em ( ! organic k+doms2 & t ! fossil repres5tatives ( all classes & families1 ! ne>] !y come to ! pres5t _w1 appe> ! m ne>ly relat$ to ! liv+ organisms1 s t ! fauna & flora ( ! ante-human "t are lo/ 9 ^? ( ! human p]iod by transitions glid+ f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,mioc5e =mation ( ! t]ti>y epo* #fe we f9d ?irty p] c5t4 ( species /ill liv+ to-day2 9 ! ,plioc5e1 ev5 sixty to eighty p] c5t41 & t[>d its end ev5 ab\t n9ety-six p] c5t4 ( species :i* are id5tical ) ^? n[ liv+4 ,a brief glance may /ill m closely illu/rate ?is analogy betwe5 ! geological s]ies & ! organic sy/ems4 ,plants & animals seem to h appe>$ ne>ly at ! same "t1 & at fir/ 9 ! =m ( ! v l[e/ organisms4 ,! e>lie/ plants f\nd by geology belong also to ! l[e/ /age ( ! vegetable k+dom2 !y are ! alg4 ,!y are foll[$ aga9 by high] cryptogam\s plants1 especially f]ns & club-mosses4 ,only at a lat] p]iod fl[]+ plants appe>1 among !m be+ fir/ ! plants ) nak$ se$s /&+ l[] 9 ! sy/ems1 z ! cycad-trees & p9e-=e/s2 lat]1 ^? ) enclos$ se$s1 among !m be+ aga9 fir/ ! monocotyl$ons1 la/ ! dicotyl$ons1--all ( !m precisely correspond+ to ! botanical sy/em4 ,! same ?+ is true 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,if ! eozoon ,canad5se1 f\nd 9 ! laur5tian slate ( ! ,cambrian =mation 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 is really an organism & n an inorganic =m1 ! e>lie/ ve/iges ( animal life we c f9d are ! rhizopodes or =am9if]a2 & ^! organisms belong to ! l[e/ /age ( life--to t /age :i* =ms a k9d ( undevelop$ int]m$iate memb] betwe5 ! vegetable & animal k+dom1 ,hckel's k+dom ( ! proti/a4 ,! next olde/ animal organisms f\nd 9 ! ,cambrian =mation are ! zophytes1 & imm$iately above !m ! mollusca & ! cru/acea4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,silurian p]iod we f9d corals1 radiata1 worms1 mollusca1 & cru/acea1 9 #ff great numb]1 also all ! ma9-types ( ! inv]tebrates2 & 9 ! highe/ ,silurian /rata !re are also to be f\nd repres5tatives ( ! l[e/ class ( v]tebrates1 ( fi%1 b /ill ( v l[ organization & little diff]5tiat$4 ,t ! five ma9-types ( ! inv]tebrates seem to h appe>$ q contemporane\sly1 yet t ! zophytes really appe>$ fir/1 does n contradict ! be=e-m5tion$ law ( a progress 9 ! appe>ance ( ! organisms f ! l[] to ! high]4 ,= 9 ! zological sy/em also ^! ma9-types ( ! inv]tebrates d n /& "o above ! o!r1 b by ! side ( ea* o!r3 at mo/1 ! radiata1 ! worms1 ! mollusca1 & ! articulata1 take _! places above ! zophytes4 ,only )9 ! ma9-types1 9 ! classes1 ord]s1 etc41 d diff]5ces 9 rank take effect2 & ev5 "h1 n )\t exception4 ,:at diff]5ce 9 rank1 = in/ance1 is !re betwe5 an oy/] & a cuttle-fi%8 betwe5 a co*9eal & a bee or ant8 & yet ! fir/ two belong to "o & ! same type--! type ( mollusca2 & ! la/ ?ree to "o & ! same class--! class ( insects4 ,! v]tebrates rank decid$ly above ! inv]tebrates2 & 9 a mann] :olly correspond+ to ?is1 ! v]tebrates also appe> aft] ! inv]tebrates4 ,j z decid$ly z to _! rank1 ! ma9 classes ( ! v]tebrates d n /& beside1 b above "o ano!r3 above ! fi% /& ! amphibia1 above !m ! reptiles1 next ! birds1 & above !m ! mammalia4 ,to ?is s]ies ( succession also ! geological facts seem to correspond pretty closely2 only long aft] ! fi% d ! fir/ amphibia & reptilia appe>--al?\gh x c n yet be decid$ :i* ( ^! #fg two classes has left its e>lie/ traces4 ,if ! int]pretation ( ! gigantic foot-/eps 9 ! color$ s&/one ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 z belong+ to ! cursorial birds1 is correct1 ! fir/ appe>ance ( birds falls 9 ! "t betwe5 ! reptilia & mammalia2 o!rwise ! fir/ mammalia w\ld h appe>$ be=e ! fir/ birds4 ,= if we f9d ! fir/ real bones ( birds only 9 ! ,jura & 9 ! ,*alk-=mation1 !y are birds ) tail-sp9es & ) tee? 9 ! beak--h5ce /ill relat$ to ! reptilia or ! sauria4 ,! fir/ traces ( mammalia to be f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,keup] =mation1 & 9 ! ,jura1 belong to ! ord] ( opossums or m>supialia2 i4e41 to t ord] :i* 7except+ ! e*idna & ! orni?orhyn*us t1 z s-call$ monotremeta1 /& ! v l[e/ 9 ! class ( ! mammalia1 b are v sc>ce7 occupies ! l[e/ /age among ! multitude ( mammalia4 ,only aft] !m d ! high] ord]s ( mammalia appe>2 & la/ ( all organisms1 man4 ,if we foll[ m 9 detail ! appe>ance ( ! s+le organisms1 "s rem>kable modifications %[ !mselves 9 ! c\rse ( _! appe>ance & gr[?4 ,we h h]et(ore m5tion$ ! possibility ( ! appe>ance ( ! mammalia be=e ! bird4 ,ano!r fact :i* des]ves att5tion is1 t frequ5tly ! l[e/ repres5tatives ( a class or an ord] d n at fir/ appe> :]e ! highe/ repres5tatives ( ! next l[] class or ord] are 9 exi/5ce1 b ) l[] repres5tatives ( a prec$+ class or ord]1 viz43 su* repres5tatives ( ! same z are /ill less diff]5tiat$ & unite 9 !mselves comp>atively /ill m g5]ic & less specific *>act]i/ics--z = in/ance1 ! l[e/ & #fh e>lie/ amphibia1 :i* d n appe> at ! same "t & place ) ! mo/ highly organiz$ fi%es1 b ) fi%es ( /ill l[] organization4 ,moreov] _m gr\ps ( organisms %[ 9 e>li] geological p]iods a ri*ness ( developm5t f :i* !y h n[ fall5 f> away4 ,= in/ance1 among ! mammalia ! pa*yd]mata1 among ! reptilia ! salam&] & newt1 among ! articulata ! cephalopoda1 are at pres5t rem>kably r$uc$2--comp>e ) ! legions ( ammonites & belemnites ( ! second>y p]iod ! small numb] ( nautilus & cuttle-fi% ( ! seas at ! pres5t day4 ,a simil> =tune 0 exp]i5c$ by ! f]ns & club-mosses :i* =m$ :ole =e/s 9 ! c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,o!r gr\ps :i* once play$ a great rle1 are n[ :olly ext9ct2 = in/ance1 ! trilobites ( ! prim>y1 ! sauria ( ! second>y1 ! nummulites ( ! t]ti>y p]iods4 ,n[1 all ^! modifications ( geological progress w\ld entirely correspond to ! idea ( a p$igree to :i* ! desc5t !ory traces back ! :ole abundance ( =ms ( organisms4 ,z soon z we s]i\sly accept ! idea ( a p$igree1 ea* ( ! two organic k+doms w\ld ?r\gh\t =m = its classes & species n only "o s+le /raight l9e ( desc5t1 b a tree1 ! bran*es ( :i* are aga9 ramifi$ 9 a manifold way2 a tree on :i* s+le bran*es--z p]haps t ( ! class ( birds--may leave ! ma9-/em or a ma9-bran*1 possibly be+ a bran* de/9$ to a high] developm5t1 & on t acc\nt held back 9 ! process ( developm5t2 a tree1 f9ally1 on :i* also bran*es & twigs c :olly or p>tly die (f1 z ^? ( ! ext9ct or r$uc$ gr\ps ( organisms4 #fi ,f ! po9t :]e ! geological =mations approa* ! pres5t "t1 plant & animal geography also assi/s geology 9 increas+ ! weight ( ! reasons = an orig9 ( organisms ?r\gh desc5t4 ,) ! t]ti>y p]iod1 ! fauna & flora ( ! globe1 :i* 9 =m] p]iods _h a ne>ly uni=m "* all ov] ! e>? & %[$ no climatic diff]5ces1 beg9 to sep>ate accord+ to climate1 zones1 & great] cont95ts4 ,?is sep>ation becomes di/9ctly evid5t 9 ! middle t]ti>y =mations1 ! ,mioc5e1 & mu* m di/9ctly 9 ! high] t]ti>y =mations1 ! ,plioc5e4 ,! animals1 especially ! high] v]tebrates1 ( ! ,plioc5e =mation on ea* cont95t or ea* l>g] gr\p ( isl&s1 correspond v closely to ! n[ liv+ animals ( ! same geographical limit1 ) ! exception ( be+ g5]ally ( a mu* l>g] size4 ,! ,plioc5e animal _w ( mammalia ( ! ?ree old cont95ts1 = in/ance1 corresponds exactly1 ?r\gh all its ord]s1 to ! pres5t fauna ( ,europe1 ,asia & ,africa2 & t on an av]age x 0 built up m /up5d\sly ?an t ( to-day1 we c see f ! cave-be> & ! mammo?4 ,s\? ,am]ica is ! home ( a peculi> ord] ( mammalia--( ! ed5tata1 to :i* belong ! slo?1 ! armadillo1 & ! l4 ,all its pr$ecessors are to be f\nd also 9 ! ,plioc5e /rata ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & only !re2 & mo/ly 9 gigantic1 b o!rwise completely relat$1 =ms4 ,new ,zeal& has no indig5\s mammalia1 b 9 _! place great cursorial birds ) b rudim5t>y w+s4 ,exactly ! same ?+ is f\nd by geology 9 its t]ti>y & po/-t]ti>y /rata3 n[h]e a mammal1 b gigantic birds ) rudim5t>y #gj w+s1 d[n to ! d9ornis1 :i* probably di$ out 9 man's "t4 ,new ,holl& has m]ely m>supial & "s monotremat\s1 b no plac5tal1 mammalia2 ev5 its t]ti>y /rata give no plac5tal mammalia1 b m>supialia1 9 analogy ) all liv+ g5]a1 h]bivor\s1 & c>nivor\s4 ,inde$1 ! analogy goes s f> t ! same l9e :i* ?r\gh ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago sep>ates ! pres5t ,au/ralian animal & plant _w f ! ,asiatic1 =ms also ! sep>at+ l9e = ! geological zones ( ! ,plioc5e epo*4 ,all ^! are facts :i* r5d] q inevitable ! idea ( an orig9 ( ! high] organic species ( to-day ?r\gh desc5t4 ,b /ill1 f ano!r side1 animal geography1 ?\gh x does n yet speak = a common p$igree ( ! :ole animal _w1 z ! facts j m5tion$ also d n1 /ill at lea/ speaks = a desc5t ( relat$1 ?\gh at pres5t sep>at$1 g5]a & species f common =efa!rs4 ,! cont95ts ( ! ,old & ,new ,_w are s con/ruct$ t t[>d ! ,nor? ,pole !y approa* "o ano!r v closely1 & t[>d ! ,s\? ,pole !y )draw f "o ano!r4 ,)\t d\bt !re exi/$ 9 ! ,nor?1 ?r\gh long p]iods ( "t1 a l&-connection ( ,am]ica ) ,asia & ) ,europe4 ,n[1 bo? cont95ts h _! m or less *>act]i/ic animal _w1 & ^! *>act]i/ics are di/ribut$ ov] ! two halves ( ! globe 9 ! foll[+ extremely rem>kable way3 ,! fauna ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,_w1 9 ^? gr\ps ( animal g5]a :i* live only 9 ! w>m] or tropic zones or only s\? ( ! equator1 & h no associates ( g5]a or families 9 ! high] ,nor?1 is 9 ea* hemisph]e entirely *>act]i/ic1 & diff]s 9 a #ga m>k$ way f ! fauna ( ! o!r half ( ! globe4 ,= in/ance1 ! rh9oc]os1 ! hippopotamus1 ! giraffe1 ! antelope ) undivid$ horns1 ! h$gehog1 ! mole prop]1 are only inhabitants ( ! ,old ,_w1 :5ce also ! horse orig9ally came1 ! /rip$ ones 9 ,africa & ! non-/rip$ 9 ,asia2 on ! o!r h&1 ! lemur1 ! ant-eat]1 ! armadillo1 & o!rs1 are limit$ to ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! apes ( ! ,old ,_w h five mol> tee? on ea* side ( ! jaw1 n>r[ noses1 tails usually %ort & nev] preh5sile1 & fle%y protub]ances = sitt+2 ! apes ( ! ,new ,_w h six mol> tee?1 flat noses1 & long preh5sile tails4 ,& on ! contr>y1 :]e closely relat$ species are f\nd on bo? p>ts ( ! globe1 !y belong only to g5]a ( :i* s+le species live or h liv$ 9 ! f> ,nor?2 z1 = in/ance1 ! re9-de]1 /ill common to ! ,old & ! ,new ,_w 9 ?is v ,nor? :i* once =m$ a bridge betwe5 ! two halves ( ! e>?4 ,! same is true 9 reg>d to cattle1 ! de]1 ! cat1 ! dog1 ! h>e4 ,simil> facts c also be %[n ( o!r animal classes4 ,! f>!r ! diff]5t species ( ^! g5]a )draw f ! ,nor? ,pole1 ! great] become ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! species on ! "o half ( ! globe & ! analog\s species ( ! o!r4 ,comp>e on ?is po9t ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba]'s ,/udi5 aus dem ,gebiete d] ,naturwiss5*aft51 b] ,d>w9's ,lehre1 7,/udies f ! ,realm ( ,natural ,sci5ce ^u ,d>w9's ,tea*+s71 p4 #cef f4 ,if we add1 fur!r1 ! be=e m5tion$ fact1 t ^? g5]a :i* are exclusively peculi> to "o or ! o!r cont95t1 h _! relat$ pr$ecessors 9 ! t]ti>y /rata ( ^! cont95ts1 #gb ! hypo!sis ( a sep>ate orig9 = ea* s+le species1 )\t g5ealogical connection ) ! anatomically & physiologically relat$ species1 becomes nei!r m nor less ?an a sci5tific impossibility4 ,moreov]1 !re are sev]al facts ( comp>ative anatomy :i* h long be5 ! joy ( all zologi/s & h rew>d$ ! toilsome labors ( detail$ inve/igations by a delightful view ov] ! :ole realm ( ! organic _w1 b :i* f9d a sci5tific explanation only 9 ! desc5t !ory4 ,!y are ! homology ( ! organs1 & to a c]ta9 degree also ! s-call$ rudim5t>y organs4 ,by homology ( organs we mean ! fact t )9 "o & ! same class-gr\p ( organisms all ! organs1 & especially ! organs 9 _! mo/ solid con/itu5ts1 9 ! skeleton1 are built aft] "o & ! same fundam5tal plan1 & !re=e are ev5 9 _! mo/ widely sep>at$ modifications v>i$ aft] ?is "o & ! same plan4 ,?is is especially true ( ! v]tebr & ! limbs4 ,?is homology goes s f> )9 "o class1 p>ticul>ly )9 ! class ( mammalia1 t1 = in/ance1 ! h&s & feet ( man1 ! h&s ( ! ape1 ! paws ( ! bea/ ( prey1 ! ho( ( ! horse & ( ! ox1 ! paws ( ! mole1 ! f9s ( ! seal & ( ! :ale1 ! w+-membranes ( ! fly+-squirrel1 correspond to "o ano!r 9 _! smalle/ p>ts & ossicles1 & c all be regi/]$ ) ! same numb]s & lett]s2 i4e41 !y are homolog\s to "o ano!r ev5 to ! m9ute/ detail4 ,! ideal plan & connection 9 ! organisms1 disclos$ by ^! facts1 & long ago ackn[l$g$ & admir$1 receives at ! same "t its simple mat]ial basis ?r\gh ! acceptance ( a common desc5t4 #gc ,a simil> relation is obs]v$ 9 rudim5t>y organs4 ,_m ( !m1 z ! nipples ( males1 po9t1 if n to a common desc5t f a l[] =m1 at lea/ to a common plan ( ! sexes4 ,b :5 ! embryo ( ! :ale /ill has its tee? 9 ! jaw1 ! gr[n up :ale its hip-bones1 :5 ! eye ( man /ill has its w9k+ membrane1 ! e> & _m portions ( ! sk9 _! rudim5t>y muscles ( motion1 ! end ( ! v]tebral column its rudim5t>y tail1 ! inte/9al canal its bl9d inte/9e2 :5 sightless animals1 liv+ 9 ! d>k1 /ill h _! rudim5t>y eyes1 bl9d worms _! %\ld]-blades2 :5 9 l mann] ! plants1 especially 9 _! p>ts ( fecundation1 %[ 9 great numb] su* rudim5t>y organs z are entirely useless = ! functions ( life1 b :i* are nev] mislead+ 9 det]m9+ _! relation%ip ) o!r plants3--h[ simply are all ^! facts expla9$ by ! desc5t !ory1 h[ n at all )\t x6 ,f9ally1 if we n[ m5tion ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( animals1 we %all h to po/pone to ! next section ! consid]ation ( ! mo/ ess5tial facts furni%$ by ?is sci5ce2 = ! individual developm5t ( animals is a process :i* c\ld speak n only = a desc5t ( ! species1 b also = a desc5t ( !m ?r\gh gradual developm5t4 ,b :]e1 z 9 ! pres5t section1 we treat ! desc5t !ory ap>t f ! evolution !ory1 we h also to ?9k ( ! possibility t ! species or gr\ps ( species are n orig9at$ ?r\gh gradual developm5t1 b nev]!less d orig9ate ?r\gh desc5t--namely1 9 leaps ?r\gh metamorphosis ( g]ms or a het]og5etic g5]ation2 & = su* an idea we f9d confirmation 9 ! #gd obs]vation ( ! hi/ory ( developm5t ( animals1 :i* we call *ange ( g5]ation or metag5esis4#d ,by ?is is meant ! foll[+ ph5om5on3 ,c]ta9 animals1 z ! salpa & doliolum ( ! ord] ( ! tunicata1 z well z c]ta9 mites & _m tape-worms1 produce (fspr+ :i* are :olly dissimil> to ! "m /ock4 ,^! (fspr+ h ! capacity ( reproduc+ !mselves--if n by sexual means1 z at ! fir/ g5]ation1 /ill by ! =mation ( spr\ts2 & x is only ! animals orig9at$ by ! second g5]ation 7) _m species1 ev5 ^? by ! ?ird7 :i* return aga9 to ! =m ( ! fir/ g5]ation4 ,! plant-lice transmit !mselves ?r\gh six1 sev51 ev5 t5 g5]ations by means ( spr\ts1 until a g5]ation appe>s :i* lays eggs4 ,n[ x is inde$ true t ! *ange ( g5]ation =ms a circle 9 :i* ! =m ( ! la/ g5]ation always returns to t ( ! fir/1 & !re=e leaves ! species1 z species1 :olly un*ang$4 ,b x is nev]!less a process :i* %[s t ! natural law ( an id5tity betwe5 g5]ator & product1 obs]v$ 9 o!r relations1 is n )\t exception2 & if we once h reason to suppose t ! g5]ation ( new species took place 9 pa/ p]iods ( ! globe1 b has ceas$ 9 ! pres5t1 su* processes 9 ! s+le p]iod op5 to our direct obs]vation--namely1 ! pres5t 79 :i*1 h[ev]1 accord+ to our k1 ! species rema9 con/ant7--are #ge nev]!less h9ts wor?y ( notice4 ,= !y ref] u to ways 9 :i* 9 ^? =m] times1 :5 c]ta9ly new species did orig9ate1 ?is =mation ( species might possibly h tak5 place4 ,?is consid]ation leads u to treat ( ! ma9 objection rais$ to e desc5t !ory3 namely1 t nev] yet has ! orig9 ( "o species f ano!r be5 obs]v$1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 all species--s f> z our exp]i5ce goes1 /ret*+ ov] ?\s&s ( ye>s--rema9 con/ant4 ,we w give no weight to ! fact t ! con/ancy ( species seems by no means to be absolutely )\t exception2 = on ! :ole1 !y c]ta9ly rema9 con/ant4 ,! only example :i* goes to prove su* an evolution ( species z tak+ place to-day--viz3 ! natural hi/ory ( sponges--seems n to h ?is be>+4 ,! transitions ( =m1 prov5 by ,o4 ,s*midt 9 ! silice\s sponges & by ,hckel 9 ! *alk-sponges1 seem to %[1 n ! g5etic com+ =? ( a new species out ( ano!r1 & especially n ! evolution ( a high] species out ( a l[]1 b r ! unc]ta9ty ( ! idea ( species 9 g5]al & ! wor?lessness ( ! skeleton-=ms1 = ?is idea1 9 su* l[ organizations z ! sponges4 ,b t objection already loses its *ief =ce f ! consid]ation t we h n only nev] obs]v$ ! orig9 ( "o species f ano!r1 b nev] ev5 ! orig9 ( a species itself2 & t nev]!less all species h successively orig9at$ 9 "t4 ,if we1 !re=e1 are n able to obs]ve directly _! orig9ation1 we h a "r to make all possible attempts at approa*+ ! k ( x 9 an indirect way4 ,b we see ?is objection invalidat$ by /ill ano!r #gf fact4 ,f all obs]vations1 x seems to be evid5t t ^? ag5cies :i* orig9at$ ! species 9 g5]al h ceas$ s9ce man appe>$4 ,n[ ?is fact is inconv5i5t = all ^? :o1 on metaphysical gr\nds1 reject aim & purpose 9 ! _w & accept an aimless motion 9 ! univ]se1 a circle 9 :i* only id5tical p[]s are ev] active to all et]nity4 ,f ?is /&po9t1 ! sci5ti/s _c1 except by v artificial hypo!ses1 escape ! conclusion t1 if new species once orig9at$ ?r\gh desc5t1 new species ought /ill to orig9ate ?r\gh desc5t4 ,9 l mann]1 x is true1 !y are also oblig$ to accept ! o!r conclusion3 t if new species once orig9at$ ?r\gh primitive g5]ation1 new species ought /ill to orig9ate ?r\gh primitive g5]ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? sci5ti/s :o recognize aims 9 ! _w = :i* ! _w & ea* "p ( x is de/9$1 & :i* are atta9$ 9 ! _w ?r\gh ! processes ( com+ into exi/5ce1 h to expect 9 advance t ! organic k+doms are also plann$ ) ref]5ce to ^? aims4 ,!y naturally see ! aim ( ! orig9 ( species atta9$1 :]e 9 ! organic _w be+s appe> :o comb9e ) ! highe/ physical organization a self-consci\s & responsible spiritual life1 & :o are capable ( conceiv+ ! ideal1 ev5 ! idea ( ,god4 ,=1 ) ! appe>ance ( ^! be+s1 !re ent] ^u ! !atre ( ! _w be+s :o g beyond ! value ( a purely physical organism & ( a purely somato-psy*ical life1 & 9 l mann] repres5t aga9 a high] ord] ( be+s2 j z ! fir/ appe>ance ( organic life on e>? once introduc$ a new & high] /age ( #gg exi/5ce 9 contra/ to ! inorganic _w4 ,sci5ti/s :o take ?is /&po9t c readily adopt ! fact t we d n n[ obs]ve ! orig9ation ( new species2 = x is 9 full h>mony ) _! metaphysical doctr9es1 )\t ! same be+ on t acc\nt ess5tially dep5d5t ^u ! confirmation or rejection ( ! hypo!sis ( ! pres5t con/ancy ( species4 ,) ?is v fact1 ! maxim t if new species once orig9at$ ?r\gh desc5t1 new species mu/ /ill orig9ate ?r\gh desc5t1 has lo/ = !m its tru?1 & !re=e its p[] ( demon/ration4 ,s we see ev5 "h1 :ile 9 ! mid/ ( ! discussion ( a purely sci5tific problem1 9 :at close correlation metaphysics & natural sci5ce /&1 & moreov]--s9ce ! metaphysical view is mo/ closely connect$ ) ! religi\s--9 :at close relation%ip religion & natural sci5ce /&4 ,at ! same "t we also see h[ little ! metaphysical int]e/1 & mu* m h[ little ! religi\s int]e/1 has reason to avoid ! inve/igation ( facts 9 nature4 #d4 ,! ,!ory ( ,evolution--,ar*ology1 ,e?nography1 ,philology4 ,! evolution !ory tea*es t ! species h develop$ !mselves "o f ano!r 9 gradual transitions1 ea* ( :i* 0 z small z ! individual diff]5ces /ill obs]v$ to-day among ! individuals ( ! same species4 ,x is n )\t support1 especially 9 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( plants & animals4 ,ea* organic be+ becomes :at x is by means ( organic developm5t4 ,ea* plant1 ev5 ! highe/ organiz$1 beg9s 9 its se$-g]m ) a simple cell1 #gh & is diff]5tiat$ 9 con/ant developm5t up to ! fully p]fect$ individual4 ,ea* animal1 ev5 ! mo/ highly organiz$ 7man includ$71 beg9s ! c\rse ( its exi/5ce z an egg2 & ea* egg has no great] value ( =m ?an t ( a s+le cell4 ,?is egg-cell is diff]5tiat$1 aft] fecundation1 9 gradual & imp]ceptible transitions1 f>!r & f>!r1 high] & high]1 until ! individual has rea*$ its p]fect organization4 ,no organ1 no function ( ! body1 no p[] or function ( ! s\l or ( ! m9d1 appe>s sudd5ly1 b all 9 gradual developm5t4 ,s9ce we see all individuals ?us orig9at+ by means ( gradual developm5t1 ! possibility lies v ne> t ! diff]5t organic =mations ( all ! organic k+doms c\ld also h be5 orig9at$ by ! same means4 ,9 /ill ano!r direction does ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( s+le plants & animals make ?is possibility plausible to u4 ,9 ! animal _w1 & p>tly also 9 ! plant _w1 ! s+le individuals ( high] species 9 _! embryonic developm5t pass ?r\gh /ates ( developm5t1 9 ! =m] /ages ( :i* n only ! individuals ( ! mo/ diff]5t species look confus+ly simil> to "o ano!r1 b also ! embryos 9 _! organization rem9d u ( ! p]fect$ /ate ( mu* l[] classes ( be+s4 ,9 ord] to give a cle> idea ( ! fir/ m5tion$ facts1 ,hckel1 = in/ance1 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation & 9 8 ,an?ropog5y1 repres5ts by engrav+s ! embryos ( diff]5t v]tebrates & also ( man2 repres5tations :i*--al?\gh1 accord+ to ! judgm5t ( compet5t sci5ti/s1 un=tunately n exact1 b modifi$1 aft] ! mann] ( /5cil plates1 9 favor ( #gi great] simil>ity--yet make x q cle> t ! simil>ity ( ! diff]5t embryos mu/ be v great4 ,we see1 = in/ance1 on "o table ! embryos ( a fi%1 a salam&]1 a turtle1 a f[l2 on a second1 ^? ( a pig1 an ox1 a rabbit1 a man2 on a ?ird1 ^? ( a turtle1 a f[l1 a man2 & we f9d ! simil>ity really great4 ,examples ( ! second fact--t individuals ( high] classes or ord]s 9 =m] /ates ( _! embryonic developm5t repres5t an organization :i* corresponds to ! full-gr[n individuals ( ! l[] classes--are3 ! tail ( ! human embryo1 ! gill-ar*es ( ! embryos ( reptilia1 ( birds1 ( mammalia1 & ( man4 ,n[ ,hckel "h takes up aga9 an idea fir/ sugge/$ by ,fritz ,mll]1 & d]ives f ^! obs]vations ! biog5etic maxim1 z he calls x3 ,! hi/ory ( ! g]m is an epitome ( ! hi/ory ( ! desc5t2 or1 9 o!r words1 ontog5y 7! hi/ory ( ! g]ms or ! individuals7 is a recapitulation ( phylog5y 7! hi/ory ( ! tribe72 or1 some:at m explicitly3 t ! s]ies ( =ms ?r\gh :i* ! individual organism passes dur+ its progress f ! egg-cell to its fully develop$ /ate1 is a brief1 compress$ reproduction ( ! long s]ies ( =ms ?r\gh :i* ! animal ance/ors ( t organism 7or ! ance/ral =ms ( its species7 h pass$ f ! e>lie/ p]iods ( s-call$ organic creation d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 8 late/ publication1 ,ziele und ,wege d] heutig5 ,entwicklungsges*i*te1 7,aims & ,me?ods ( ! ,pres5t ,hi/ory ( ,evolution71 he admits into ! =mulation ( 8 biog5etic maxim also ! consid]ation ( ^? ph5om5a 9 ! ontog5etic developm5t :i* are no recapitulation ( ! hi/ory #hj ( ! /em1 b orig9at$ by adapt+ ! embryo to its surr\nd+s4 ,9 ! description & explanation ( ?is !ory1 he uses a t]m :i* ?r[s ^u nature a peculi> reproa*1 nev] be=e made1 namely3 c5og5y1 or hi/ory ( falsifications1 9 contra/ to pal+5y1 or hi/ory ( abridgm5ts4 ,?is am5d$ =mula n[ reads3 ,! developm5t ( g]ms is an abridgm5t ( ! developm5t ( /ems1 & is ! m complete accord+ z ! developm5t ( ! abridgm5t is cont9u$ by inh]itance1 ! less complete accord+ z ! developm5t ( ! false is introduc$ by adaptation4 ,n[1 we ask3 ,is ?is biog5etic maxim correct8 & moreov]1 f ! fact ( ! organic individuals orig9at+ ?r\gh developm5t1 are we entitl$ to draw ! conclusion t ev5 ! species mu/ h orig9at$ ?r\gh developm5t8 ,to ?is "q we c no long] get an answ] f ! life-processes ( liv+ organisms2 = we h already m5tion$ ! fact t1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 we c no long] obs]ve ! orig9ation ( a new species4 ,moreov]1 ! embryonic /ates ( developm5t %[ also1 9 all _! simil>ity1 ev5 9 ! v fir/ /ages1 & ) especial di/9ctness 9 ^! fir/ /ages1 _m diff]5ces betwe5 ! s+le species2 & ?is is true especially ( ^? species :i*1 accord+ to ! foll[]s ( ?is s-call$ biog5etic maxim1 %\ld lie 9 ! same /em-l9e1--s t ! direct sci5tific value ( ! embryological results to ! palontological inve/igation1 or ( ! latt] to ! =m]1 is s f> v slight4 ,su* a problem1 h[ev]1 z ! "o conta9$ 9 t biog5etic maxim1 :i* only gives to inve/igators ! direction 9 :i* possibly an #ha int]e/+ & pr(itable pa? c be op5$1 does n at all des]ve ! "n ( a law4 ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba]1 ! f\nd] ( ! :ole pres5t sci5ce ( ! hi/ory ( developm5t1 has c]ta9ly a mo/ compet5t judgm5t ( ! correctness ( ?is s-call$ biog5etic maxim2 & he conv9c+ly %[s1 9 8 essay on ,d>w9's ,doctr9e1 t ! embryos nev] repres5t a =m] animalic =m1 b t _! developm5t foll[s ! pr9ciple ( repres5t+ fir/ ! common *>act]i/ics ( ! class1 !n ^? ( ! ord]1 etc41 until f9ally ! individual *>act]i/ics appe> 9 ! =mation4 ,^? :o wi% m in=mation ab\t embryology c f9d x 9 ,he9ri* ,ra?ke's ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,wirbel?i]e 7,hi/ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ,v]tebrates71 edit$ by ,a4 ,kllik]1 ,leipzig1 ,engelmann1 #ahfa2 & ^? :o wi% to in=m !mselves z to ! influ5ce ( ! ontog5etic results ( ! solution ( ! phylog5etic problems1 w f9d1 besides ! be=e-m5tion$ "w ( ,wig&1 ri* & cle>ly elaborat$ mat]ial 9 ! publication ( ,wilhelm ,8--,uns]e ,krp]=m und das physiologis*e ,problem ihr] ,ent/ehung1 ,briefe an e95 befreundet5 ,natur=s*] 7,! ,=m ( our ,body & ! ,physiological ,problem ( its ,orig92 ,lett]s to an ,associate ,sci5ti/71 ,leipzig1 ,vogel1 #ahge4 ,! latt] writ]1 al?\gh he advocates ! desc5t !ory1 rejects ! ha/y ass]tions ( ,hckel ) direct & conv9c+ argum5ts4 ,?us embryology1 hav+ f ! simple fact ( an orig9 ( s+le plants & animals ?r\gh desc5t at lea/ confirm$ ! idea ( ! possibility ( an orig9 also ( species ?r\gh developm5t1 =sakes u 9 ! #hb inquiry z to ! reality ( su* a g5ealogy ( developm5t1 & ref]s u to o!r sci5ces4 ,su* a sci5ce1 f :i* we c]ta9ly are entitl$ to expect a decid$ answ]1 is geology4 ,= if ! evolution !ory is "r1 ^? p]iods ( ! hi/ory ( our globe 9 :i* new species orig9at$--namely1 ! p]iods ( geology--mu/ %[ u also ! =ms ( transition betwe5 ! diff]5t species4 ,&1 inde$1 geology gives u an answ]2 b x reads contradictorily3 ,x says yes1 & x says no4 ,geology does %[ u =ms ( transition1 &1 inde$1 mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! l[] classes ( animals4 ,:o t has once /udi$ petrifactions1 does n "k ! mass ( =ms ( ! t]ebratul1 ! belemnites1 & ! ammonites1 9 ! ,jura =mation8 ,wrtemb]g] has br\ght light into ! p]plex+ division ( species ( ! ammonites by simply %[+ _! tempor>y & sy/ematic transitions into "o ano!r4 ,9 ! fre% wat] *alk =mation ( ,/e9heim1 ne> ,heid5heim1 9 ,wrtemb]g1 sci5ti/s h f\nd1 on ! same place1 9 an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( /rata1 ! snail valvata or palud9a multi=mis 9 all imag9able transitions--f ! flat w9d+1 %[+ ! =m ( a *ess-bo>d1 up to ! %>p =m ( a t[]4 ,& x 0 n1 z ,hilg5dorf ?\ght1 9 a s]ies :i* c be trac$ 9 ! /rata accord+ to "t1 b1 z ,s&b]g] says1 9 q a v>i$ mixture1 yet 9 all imag9able modifications4 ,b ev5 among ! high] & ! highe/ classes ( animals1 we c trace ! transitions4 ,! fly+ sauria1 if n 9 _! organs ( fly+1 :i* rem9d u m ( ! bat1 at lea/ 9 head1 neck1 & toes1 are closely connect$ ) ! #hc birds--! olde/ birds ( ! ,jura & *alk =mations1 ) _! tail-sp9es simil> to ! reptilia & _! tee? 9 ! beak to ! sauria4 ,! t]ti>y =mations especially %[ ! primitive hi/ory ( _m v]tebrates 9 v in/ructive =ms ( transitions--:i*1 = in/ance1 ,rtimey]1 a sci5ti/ :o is v cauti\s 9 8 conclusions1 v di/9ctly trac$ to ! horse1 to ! rum9at+ animals1 & lately also to ! turtles4 ,/ill m 9 detail1 ,w4 ,k[alewsky has lately %[n u ! primitive hi/ory ( ! horse1 & ,leidy & ,m>% h fur!r complet$ x by ! addition ( ,am]ican =ms1 ! =m] hav+ at ! same "t describ$ ! =ms :i* h l$ to ! tapir4 ,b to su* facts !re are1 on ! o!r h&1 exp]i5ces directly contradictory4 ,_m l[] & high] =ms ( animals & plants appe> 9 ! geological /rata1 s f> z !y h be5 explor$1 9 a :olly indep5d5t way4 ,we h m5tion$1 9 ! =ego+ section1 t ! ma9 types ( ! inv]tebrates appe> some:at contemporane\sly & )\t any traceable int]m$iate =m4 ,! trilobites1 a q highly organiz$ ord] ( cru/acea1 appe> 9 ! /rata ( ! silurian epo* almo/ sudd5ly1 9 v _m & v di/9ctly m>k$ species4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( our k %[s itself mo/ cle>ly :5 we ask = ! g5eologic relation%ip ( ! v]tebrates4 ,9 ,*ap4 ,,ii1 #a & #b we h already ref]r$ to ! value :i* ,d>w91 & m especially ,hckel1 lays on ! relation%ip ( ! l>va ( ! ascidia to ! lancelet fi%4 ,n[ ! important te/imony ( ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba]1 9 8 ,mmoires de l',acadmie de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 ,s]4 vii1 ,vol4 #ai1 ,no4 #b1 tells u t ! n]ve-ganglion #hd ( ! ascidia lies on ! side ( ! /oma*1 & on t acc\nt c n be homolog\s ) ! sp9e ( ! v]tebrates1 b t ! cord 9 ! l>va ( ! ascidia is no?+ m ?an a support = ! tail 9 swimm+1 :i* aft]w>ds disappe>s1 z ) _m o!r l>v4 ,z to ! c\rse ( reason+ 9 rea*+ ^! g5ealogical conclusions1 he says3 ,! hypo!sis is inde$ flexible4 ,accord+ to common reason+1 t :i* %[s itself e>ly 9 ! developm5t is an inh]itance ( ! fir/ prog5itors4 ,!re=e ! ascid ought to desc5d f ! v]tebrates1 & n ! rev]se4 ,b x 0 necess>y to %[ ! desc5t ( ! v]tebrates f ! l[] =ms4 ,9 ord] to respond to su* a necessity1 m5 sometimes rev]se _! conclusions4 ,al?\gh favorably dispos$ to ! doctr9e ( ! transmutation ( ! animalic =ms1 ,i want a complete pro( be=e ,i c believe 9 a trans=mation ( ! v]tebrate type into t ( ! mollusca4 ,moreov]1 ! zologi/s ,semp] & ,dohrn f9d 9 ! embryonic developm5t ( ! %>ks1 ! scates1 & o!r c>tilag9\s fi%es1 organs :i* w\ld br+ !m r into a ne>] relation%ip ) ! r+$ worms ?an ) ! cru/acea4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 we look ar\nd 9 palontology1 ! olde/ fossil fi%es rem9d u nei!r ( ! cru/acea nor ( ! r+$ worms1 b ( ! crabs3 a class ( animals :i* lies entirely outside ( ,hckel's /em-l9e ( v]tebrates4 ,also ! fir/ appe>ance ( mammalia does n %[ transitions4 ,?us f> we h n f\nd 9 ! geological /rata any ve/iges ( ! half-apes1 :i*1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis ( ! evolutioni/s1 z a common /em-l9e = ! l9es ( ape & man developm5t1 once play$ su* an #he important rle1 & :i* h q num]\s repres5tatives4 ,b ! answ] :i* geology gives to our que/ions z to ! probable confirmation ( ! evolution !ory1 naturally becomes mo/ int]e/+ :]e ! orig9 ( man is treat$ (4 ,our att5tion is1 !re=e1 especially direct$ to ! mo/ rec5t =mations ( ! globe :i* %[ u ! olde/ rema9s ( man4 ,! mo/ in/ructive are ^? p>ts ( ! skeleton :i* all[ u to draw ! mo/ conv9c+ conclusions z to ! degree ( m5tal developm5t ( an individual1 namely3 ! p>ts ( ! skull4 ,al?\gh human bones seem to h be5 less easily pres]v$ ?an ^? ( animals1 & are1 comp>atively speak+1 v sc>ce1 especially m s ?an prehi/oric implem5ts1 /ill !re are n want+ su* rema9s1 :i* g back f> beyond hi/orical "t4 ,! olde/ kn[n skull is ! celebrat$ "o ( ! ,ne&] cave ne> ,dsseldorf1 ) its l>ge vault ( ! =ehead1 & its l[ height4 ,al?\gh ,vir*[ f9ds on x evid5ces ( ra*itis 9 y\? & ( g\t 9 old age1 z well z ( injuries1 x nev]!less c n h be5 *ang$ 9 its fundam5tal =m by any sickness1 ev5 accord+ to ,vir*[4 ,?is v skull n[ indisputably %[s a /ill l[] =mation1 :i*1 al?\gh q ess5tially diff]5t f ! type ( ! ape1 /&s ne>] to x ?an is ! case ) ! skulls ( m5 9 lat] times4 ,( a lat] date1 & ( a correspond+ly high] =m1 are ! skull ( ,engis1 ( ,cann/att1 ! skulls ( ! ,belgian caves 7especially ,*auvaux71 ( ,france1 & ( ,gibralt>4 ,accord+ to ! weighty au?ority ( ,s*aaffhaus5 7note 8 op5+ address at ! ,wiesbad5 ,congress ( ! #hf ,an?ropological ,society1 #ahgc71 ! skulls & ! rema9+ p>ts ( ! skeleton %[ m indications ( a l[] =mation ! old] !y are4 ,he especially calls att5tion to a c]ta9 bone ( ! ro( ( ! skull--! ,os int]p>ietale or ! s-call$ ,os ,inc--:i* has only rec5tly be5 recogniz$ z a *>act]i/ic ( a l[] =mation ( skulls1 /&+ ne>] to t ( animals4 ,z late z ! summ] ( #ahgc1 two human skeletons 7 f\nd at ,cobl5z 9 a volcanic s&1 ( :i* ,s*aaffhaus5 says3 ,no less ?an eight anatomic m>ks ( a l[] =mation1 :i* probably h n h]et(ore be5 f\nd toge!r1 indicate ! great age ( ^! rema9s4 ,) all ^! traces ( a diff]5ce betwe5 ! =m] & ! pres5t /ate ( ! physical condition ( man1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! type ( man & t ( ! animal are /ill great en\gh to leave wide op5 ! possibility ( ! orig9 ( man ?r\gh "s o!r means ?an t ( gradual developm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is m or less 9 favor ( ! evolution idea1 t s f> su* old rema9s ( man h be5 f\nd 9 places :i* c]ta9ly c n h be5 ! cradle ( mank9d1 & t ^? p>ts ( ! e>? :i* we w\ld naturally suppose to be ! fir/ dwell+ place ( ! e>lie/ human g5]a h be5 little or n at all inve/igat$4 ,& also ! hypo!sis ( ,hckel1 t ! cradle ( mank9d 0 a l& betwe5 ,africa & ,asia1 n[ sunk 9 ! sea1 & call$ ,lemuria1 c be nei!r prov$ nor d5i$4 ,su* vague possibilities h inde$ n ! lea/ sci5tific value4 ,9 consid]+ ^! contradictory results ( geological inve/igation1 we d>e n ov]look ?ree po9ts3 ,fir/1 our k ( ! cru/ ( ! globe is /ill #hg v fragm5t>y1 & does n yet ext5d ov] ! :ole globe4 ,fur!r1 x lies 9 ! nature ( ! case t ! /rata 9 m\nta9 =mations c only give a v incomplete picture ( ! :ole v>iety ( ! real organic life :i* may h populat$ ! e>? & ! sea4 ,:at a poor picture ( ! pres5t plant & animal life w\ld be (f]$1 = in/ance1 by ! soil ( our cont95ts1 ! slime1 s&1 & pebbles ( our coa/s & ( ! bottoms ( our lakes & seas1 if we _h to con/ruct f !m alone ! fauna & flora ( ! pres5t6 ,a ?ird1 b purely hypo!tical1 consid]ation is r5d]$ ( importance p>ticul>ly by ,d>w9 & ,hckel2 namely1 t ! =ms ( transition )\t d\bt exi/$ = a %ort] p]iod ?an ^? =ms ^: organization has e/abli%$ itself 9 fully develop$ species4 ,?us f> we h direct$ our att5tion to inquir+ h[ ! organic individuals 7 orig9at$--& h ?r\gh\t obs]v$ a successive developm5t2 next1 we h que/ion$ geology--& "h also h obs]v$ a progress 9 ! appe>ance ( ! species1 b h receiv$ at ! same "t contradictory answ]s to ! "q :e!r ?is progress pres5ts itself z a gradual developm5t ( "o species f ano!r or z a sudd5 appe>ance4 ,s ! reasons = & aga9/ ! evolution !ory almo/ balance "o ano!r2 & x is n improbable t ! hypo!sis ( an orig9 ( species ?r\gh developm5t w h to %>e its au?ority ) ! hypo!sis ( a desc5t ( species ?r\gh het]og5etic g5]ation1 z well z ) ! hypo!sis ( a primitive g5]ation ( l[] organisms1 /ill repeat+ itself at a lat] "t4 ,?us = ! orig9ation ( #hh gr\ps ly+ ne>] toge!r1 we h ! evolution !ory2 = ! o!r gr\ps1 & especially = ! orig9ation ( types :]e no transitions to o!r types c be trac$1 ! !ory ( ! het]og5etic or primitive g5]ation recomm5ds itself2 & bo? !ories ?us f> are ( a purely hypo!tical nature4 ,b !re is /ill a ?ird realm1 :i* is j z op5 to our obs]vation z ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( organisms & z geology1 & ( :i* we c also ask1 :e!r x does n op5 = u an indirect way to ! k ( ! orig9 ( species1 & especially ( man--a k :i* we c no long] approa* 9 ! direct way ( obs]vation4 ,?is realm is natural hi/ory & ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! human race4 ,= mank9d also is engag$ 9 a process ( developm5t1 & its pres5t memb]s d n /& on ! same height4 ,n[ ! "q is1 to :at beg9n+ c we trace backw>d ! developm5t ( mank9d1 & to :at succe$+ /ages ( developm5t f ?is pres5t condition8 ,& d we f9d 9 ^! e>lie/ p]iods1 & on ^! l[e/ /ages1 po9ts t are connect$ ) /ill e>li] conditions & organizations1 & especially po9ts :i* c\ld g5ealogically jo9 toge!r mank9d & ! animal k+dom8 ,?ree sci5ces1 /ill "y1 favorite *ildr5 ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 p>ticipate 9 inve/igat+ ?is realm1 namely1 ar*ology1 comp>ative e?nology1 & comp>ative philology4 ,ar*ology leads u back to f>-(f times4 ,x is a fact t1 *ronologically speak+1 man liv$ 9 ! glacial p]iod--accord+ to ,fr5* sci5ti/s1 ev5 be=e x2 & t1 palontologically speak+1 man & #hi mammo? liv$ at ! same "t1 &1 accord+ to a discov]y made "s ?irty ye>s ago at ,d5ise 9 ,middle ,france1 probably ev5 man & ano!r old] & defunct =m ( pa*yd]mata1 ! elephas m]idionalis1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica man & ! ma/odon4 ,! read] may comp>e ! discov]ies reg>d+ ! age ( mank9d1 z !y are describ$ mo/ rec5tly by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 9 8 "w ^u ?is subject1 9 ! publications ( ! ,an?ropological ,congress at ,brussels 9 ! ye> #ahgc1 & 9 ^? ( ! f\r? ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! ,g]man ,society = ,an?ropology1 ,e?nology & ,primitive ,hi/ory1 at ,wiesbad51 9 ! ye> #ahgc4 ,n[1 to be sure1 f ! olde/ human tools & ut5sils t are f\nd1 we c expect /ill less ?an f ! olde/ human bones t !y w ?r[ direct light ^u ! answ] to ! "q ( ! orig9 ( man4 ,= :]e man n only uses tools1 b manufactures ! same = use1 a wide brea* already exi/s betwe5 man & animal4 ,manufactur$ articles1 !re=e1 c only ?r[ "s light on ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! already exi/+ human race4 ,& ev5 ?is light is less cle> ?an we p]haps expect$ 9 view ( ! fir/ int]e/+ prehi/orical discov]ies4 ,x is true1 all ^! discov]ies %[ u an asc5t f ! simple/ & r\ghe/ =ms to ! m p]fect2 f ! split b unpoli%$ /one to ! poli%$1 & f /one to bronze & iron4 ,b a progress ( ! human races 9 manufactur+ & us+ articles1 f ! simple & r\gh =m to ! m artificial1 lies s mu* 9 ! nature ( ! case1 & is s tak5 = grant$ ) e conception ( ! orig9 ( man1 ev5 ) t contradictory to ,d>w9ism1 t f ?is simplicity ( #ij ! e>lie/ tools we c n at all conclude t !re 0 a condition ( mank9d ly+ ne> t ( animals2 & especially we c draw only g5]al & unc]ta9 conclusions z to t :i* makes man man1 z to ! spiritual & moral qualities ( ^? prehi/oric m54 ,moreov]1 9 discov]ies belong+ to ! v olde/1 we come ^u draw+s & engrav+s f :i* we recognize ! man ( ^? primitive times z a creature ^: life 0 n entirely tak5 up 9 ! animalic /ruggle = exi/5ce1 b 0 already adorn$ ) ^? ideal pursuits & enjoym5ts :i* we are accu/om$ to ascribe to ! height ( civilization4 ,exam9e1 = in/ance1 ! draw+ ( a mammo? on a mammo? too? ( ,dordogne1 :i* ! ,fr5* sci5ti/s ,l>tet & ,*ri/y h repr9t$ 9 _! ,reliqui ,aquitanic 7#ahfh71 & :i* ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has copi$ 9 8 ,age ( ! ,human ,race4 ,h[ mu* _s & life 9 ?is primitive "w ( art6 ,or read :at ,fraas1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,g]man ,society = ,an?ropology1 ,m>*1 #ahgd1 reports ab\t ! picture ( a graz+ re9de]1 engrav$ on a knife h&le made ( ! horns ( a re9de]1 :i* 0 lately f\nd 9 ! cave ( ,?ayng5 ne> ,s*affhaus51 & :i* surpasses 9 beauty all r\gh draw+s ?us f> f\nd4 ,! :ole be>+ ( ! animal--! muscles ( ! legs & ! head1 ! =m ( ! _m-bran*$ antl]s1 ) ! wide-spread eyes1 ! repres5tation ( ! hair ^u ! body & "u-jaw--all disclose a real arti/ among ^? savages4 ,?is is also to be tak5 into consid]ation3 t ^? m51 ^: traces we f9d1 c\ld possibly h be5 ! desc5dants ( m noble pr$ecessors1 driv5 #ia (f & deg5]at$1 j z well z !y c\ld h be5 repres5tatives ( ! :ole =m] condition ( culture ( mank9d4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e ! que/ions ( ! fir/ condition ( culture ( mank9d are v w>mly discuss$1 ! ,duke ( ,argyll p>ticul>ly1 9 8 ,primeval ,man1 advocates ^! views1 & v =cibly calls att5tion to ! fact t ?us f> ! places ( ! discov]y ( ! e>lie/ traces ( man und\bt$ly lie v f> f ! orig9al home ( ! human race2 :ile ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,civilization & 9 8 ,prehi/oric ,times1 & also ,tylor 9 8 ,beg9n+ ( ,culture & 9 8 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 take ! opposite view ( a progress ( mank9d f ! mo/ uncultivat$ beg9n+s4 ,ar*ology1 z a :ole1 seems to d no m ?an admit t its results c be incorporat$ into ! !ory ( an orig9 ( ! human race ?r\gh gradual developm5t1 if ?is !ory c be %[n to be correct 9 "s o!r way1 & t its results c j z well be br\ght into h>mony ) a contradictory !ory4 ,comp>ative e?nology gives u q a simil> result4 ,x is true1 !re are races ( mank9d 9 ! l[e/ grades ( human exi/5ce4 ,x is well kn[n h[ ,d>w91 9 8 voyage on bo>d ! ,beagle1 got "o ( 8 fir/ vivid impressions ( ! possibility ( an evolution ( man f ! animal _w1 by see+ ! inhabitants ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 & x is rem>kable t ! arms1 tools1 & furniture1 us$ by ! l[e/ savages1 are v simil> to ! e>lie/ rema9s ( civiliz$ races f\nd on e>?4 ,! conclusion lies extremely ne>1 t ! savages simply rema9$ 9 e>li] /ages ( human culture2 & an e?nographic picture ( mank9d #ib at pres5t w\ld 9 a simil> way give an approximately correct view ( its =m] developm5t1 z ! natural zological & botanical sy/em ( ! pres5t fauna & flora mu/ give u at ! same "t ! key to _! p$igree2 suppos+ ! ,d>w9ian !ory to be correct4 ,if x 7 s1 e?nology w\ld be an altoge!r ine/imable help = ! exploration ( ! desc5t & developm5t ( ! human race4 ,= ! extremely few & r>e fossil rema9s ( man--:i*1 moreov]1 d n give u any answ] to ! mo/ important que/ions 9 reg>d to ! m5tal & moral quality ( ! primitive man--w\ld be r5d]$ complete by liv+ examples ( ! k9d1 :i* rema9$ at ! old /ages ( developm5t4 ,b mu* is /ill want+1 be=e ! foll[]s ( an evolution !ory d>e to use e?nology directly z a primitive hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( mank9d1 prep>$ & pres]v$ = !m4 ,especially ! be=e-m5tion$ objection ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll--t ! l[e/ savages ( our "t c j z well be deprav$ z be m5 :o rema9$ /ation>y 9 ! process ( developm5t--has "h increas$ weight4 ,moreov]1 ev5 ) ! savages ( to-day1 a rude /ate ( _! tools & a l[ condition ( _! m5tal & moral life are n s ne>ly p>allel z to all[ unre/rict$ conclusions to be drawn4 ,f9ally1 we /ill "k too little ab\t ! /ate ( culture ( ! savages2 & ! deep] & high] ! intellectual & e?ical possessions ( mank9d are1 ! pres5ce ( :i* among ! savages is 9 "q1 ! m unc]ta9 is our k4 ,?is is especially true ( ! mo/ important "q 9 ?is connection--! "q z to ! exi/5ce #ic or abs5ce ( an idea ( ,god1 & ! diff]5t /ages ( developm5t ( religi\s ideas4 ,:ile "s assume z an e/abli%$ fact1 t !re are savage tribes )\t any idea ( ,god or any religion1 & ev5 give ! names ( ^! tribes1 especially ( "s f ! int]ior ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 :ile ,sir ,john ,lubbock sy/ematically enum]ates sev5 /ages ( religi\s developm5t1 f a!ism to ! connection ( religi\s ) moral conceptions1 & lets ea* s+le race run ?r\gh ^! /ages 9 an id5tical s]ies until x ei!r rema9s on "o ( ! sev5 /ages or arrives at ! highe/3 yet1 on ! contr>y1 o!r equally tru/wor?y sci5ti/s ass]t t !re is n a s+le human race )\t "s idea ( religion & ( a ,god--inde$1 n a s+le race )\t a mono!i/ic pres5tim5t--& t all hea!nism1 d[n to its mo/ deg5]ate /ages1 consi/s n s mu* 9 a non-recognition ( a ,god z 9 ignor+ him4 ,!y call especial att5tion to ! difficulty ( gett+ acqua9t$ ) ! ideas ( a savage tribe )\t liv+ ) x ?r\gh _m ye>s & be+ intimate ) its language & cu/oms1 & especially )\t enjoy+ ! unre/rict$ confid5ce ( ! tribe4 ,mutual misund]/&+s1 a suspici\s res]ve1 evasive & untrue answ]s to que/ions1 are entirely unavoidable )\t ^? conditions4 ,at any rate1 ! fact des]ves att5tion1 t ^? :o h be5 longe/ & mo/ active among savages1 & :o enjoy$ _! confid5ce to ! fulle/ ext5t1 all rea*$ ?is result3 !y f\nd !m n only n )\t religion1 b also n )\t a pres5tim5t ( ! mono!i/ic idea ( ,god4 ,liv+/one1 = in/ance1 express$ ?is idea decid$ly ( all ! ,african tribes #id ) :i* he became acqua9t$2 & ,jell+haus gives ! same evid5ce 9 reg>d to ! ,kols 9 ,s\? ,asia4 ,! anatomic results ( e?nology are m favorable to ! desc5t !ory1 al?\gh !y too lead no f>!r ?an to ! conclusion t ! skull-=ms ( ! l[e/ tribes repres5t a l[] /age ( =mation ?an ^? ( ! high]1 & t ^! l[] skull-=ms are relatively ne>] to ! ape-=m ?an ! high]1 b t !y are /ill sep>at$ f x by a wide int]val4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ev5 e?nology does n lead u ess5tially ne>] ! solution ( ! "q ?an ar*ology & geological an?ropology4 ,! relatively /ronge/ support to ! evolution !ory is giv5 by comp>ative philology2 & s9ce language is ! mo/ important & mo/ decisive ( all ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics :i* sep>ate man & animal#e1 ?is sci5ce des]ves especial consid]ation4 ,9 ! realm ( ! natural sci5ces1 ! enorm\s progress ( palontology on ! "o h& & ( sy/ematic zology & botany on ! o!r took place /ep by /ep toge!r1 & ?us prep>$ ! way = ,d>w9's idea--:i*1 f ! ri* mat]ial ( analytical inve/igations1 only tries to draw ! simple syn!sis1 & to %[ at ! same "t 9 ! zological & botanical sy/em a repres5tation ( ! zological & botanical hi/ory ( developm5t4 ,9 q an analog\s way1 a process took place 9 ! l+ui/ic realm :i* 9 indep5d5t inve/igations prep>$ ! way = ,d>w9ism1 & n[1 s9ce ,d>w9's !ory has s\ght #ie ackn[l$gm5t 9 ! realm ( natural hi/ory1 br+s aga9 ,d>w9's ideas to ! support ( philology4 ,l+ui/ic & e?nographic inve/igations1 especially ! l+ui/ic works ( ! mission>ies1 long ago result$ 9 ga!r+ ri* mat]ial f ! /oreh\se ( ! language ( races n[ liv+1 & ! late/ works 9 ! realm ( hi/orical1 etymological1 & comp>ative philology _h trac$ ! bran*es & twigs ( ! bett] kn[n languages to /ems & roots ly+ f> back4 ,! result ( ! comp>ison soon became ! same z 9 ! realm ( ! organic _w3 :at pres5t$ itself 9 ! sy/em ( ! liv+ languages z a l[] =m1 seem$ to repres5t itself z ! old] & m orig9al =m also 9 ! hi/ory ( languages4 ,!re=e1 all ! prom95t l+ui/ic inve/igators f\nd !mselves m & m urg$ to accept a !ory :i* decl>es language1 ?is entirely specific *>act]i/ic ( man1 to be subject to ! same laws ( developm5t f ! simpl] & mo/ simple =ms z ! _w ( ! organic4 ,long ago s celebrat$ a man z ,jacob ,grimm1--,ueb] d5 ,ursprung d] ,spra*e 7,! ,orig9 ( ,language71 ,b]l91 ,dmml]--foll[+ ! foot/eps ( ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 _h e/abli%$ a !ory1 accord+ to :i* language is n creat$1 b produc$ by ! lib]ty ( ! human w2 & judg+ f _m ( 8 ,d>w9i/ic utt]ances conc]n+ ! orig9 & developm5t ( language1 he _h trac$ its developm5t 9 su* a way z to arrive at ! conclusion t artless simplicity 9 ! unfold+ ( ! s5ses is ! fir/ p]iod ( its appe>ance4 ,! sci5ti/s divide all ! languages ( ! e>? into ?ree great gr\ps3 fir/1 ! monosyllabic1 #if isolat+1 radical1 or asyn!tic languages2 second1 ! agglut9ant1 t]m9ational1 or polysyn!tic languages2 ?ird1 ! inflectional languages4 ,!y are ( ! op9ion t ev5 ! languages ( highe/ rank--! inflectional--v probably took a />t+-po9t f ! asyn!tic languages1 & a c\rse ( developm5t ?r\gh ! agglut9ants1 & t 9 l mann] ! agglut9ants h beh9d !m an asyn!tic p]iod4 ,?us !y trace all ! languages back to c]ta9 roots1 :i* are m or less common to ! diff]5t gr\ps ( languages4 ,to ! "q t n[ arises--,h[ did ^! roots orig9ate8--! l+ui/s give u ?ree diff]5t answ]s4 ,! onomatopoetic !ory1 call$ by ,max ,mll] ! ,w[-,w[ ,!ory1 traces !m to imitations ( ! s\nd 7,w4 ,bleek1 ,g4 ,curtius1 ,s*lei*]1 ,w$gewood1 ,f>r>72 ! int]jectional !ory1 call$ by ,max ,mll] ! ,pooh-,pooh1 or ,pah-,pah ,!ory1 traces !m to expressions ( ! s5ses 7,condillac72 a ?ird !ory decl>es ! roots to be phonetic types 7,max ,mll]1 ,laz> ,geig]1 ,heyse1 ,/e9?al72 :ile x is /ill an op5 "q1 :e!r ! attempts at explanation ( ^! types mu/ "h come to a /&-/ill = ! pres5t1 z ,max ,mll] ?9ks1 or :e!r1 accord+ to ,laz> ,geig]1 we c trace ! fir/ root-expressions especially to impressions ( light & color4 ,! reasons f :i* ,max ,mll]1 9 8 ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,languages 7,vol4 ,i1 ,lect4 ,,ix71 rejects ! fir/ two !ories & proves ! ?ird1 are q conv9c+4 ,ev5 if1 9 a purely hypo!tical way1 a language c\ld be ?\ght ( 9 ab/racto1 ! roots ( :i* only consi/ 9 imitations ( s\nds or int]jections1 /ill 9 ! really exi/+ languages1 #ig s f> z we c trace back & uncov] _! roots1 ! roots imitat+ s\nds & ! int]jectional roots =m only a small & entirely isolat$ m9ority1 :i* nei!r %>es 91 nor is capable ( developm5t2 !y /& l dead /icks 9 a live h$ge4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( roots1 & all :i* are capable ( developm5t1 express ab/ractions f visible objects1 conditions & activities1 & !re=e presume a human intellig5ce1 reflect+ ) self-consci\sness1 :i* =m$ & us$ ! roots4 ,n[ ,max ,mll] sees1 back ( ?is p]iod1 /ill op5 to sci5ce1 9 :i* ! root-elem5ts ( ! human languages 7 fix$1 a long p]iod ( exub]ant & unh9d]$ gr[? ( ! elem5ts ( language1 9 :i* ! roots 7 sep>at$ f ! multitude ( nasc5t tones by elim9ation or natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is realm1 :i* is no long] op5 to inve/igation1 ! naturali/ic & ! l+ui/ic fri5ds ( ! evolution !ory are n[ 9 entire accord4 ,wilhelm ,bleek1 9 8 small1 b v notewor?y essay1 ,ueb] d5 ,ursprung d] ,spra*e 7,orig9 ( ,language71 ,weim>1 ,bhlau1 #ahfh1 p4 #aa1 uses ?is +5i\s figure3 :at ! animal _w possesses analog\s to language1 takes ab\t ! same position z1 9 ! art ( pr9t+1 ! block-pr9t does 9 relation to pr9t+ ) movable types4 ,on page #ab1 he sees 9 ! communication ( ! emotions among animals ! s\rces f :i* "u favorable conditions 79 consequ5ce ( :i* ! sep>ation ( language into articulat$ p>ts became possible7 human language might h orig9at$4 ,?is idea1 :i* is closely jo9$ to ! int]jectional !ory1 ,d>w9 meets #ih ) a relat$ idea1 dep5d+ ^u ! onomatopoetical !ory1 :5 he says1 9 8 ,desc5t ( ,man3 ,s9ce monkeys c]ta9ly und]/& mu* t is said to !m by man1 & :5 wild1 utt] signal-cries ( dang] to _! fell[s1 may n "s unusually wise ape-l animal h imitat$ ! gr[l ( a bea/ ( prey1 & ?us told 8 fell[-monkeys ! nature ( ! expect$ dang]8 ,?is w\ld h be5 a fir/ /ep 9 ! =mation ( language4 ,b philology1 f ! po9t :]e x goes f>!r back 9 se>* ( ! roots ( language1 leaves ! safe gr\nd ( k & commits itself to ! fluctuat+ ocean ( conjectures2 & s9ce also ! sci5tific evolution !ory has only a hypo!tical value1 ! support ( a hypo!sis 9 ! "o sci5ce by a hypo!sis 9 ! o!r naturally adds no weight to its probability1 ei!r = ! "o or ! o!r4 ,besides1 we mu/ n ov]look ! fact t ! v po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( languages on :i* ! inve/igation1 z x looks backw>ds1 mu/ at pres5t pause--namely1 ! exi/5ce ( l+ui/ic roots--presumes a faculty ( ab/raction :i* c n be ?\ght ( )\t self-consci\sness4 ,!re=e ar*ology1 comp>ative e?nography1 & comp>ative philology1 %[ u q cle>ly a developm5t1 b n an orig9 ( mank9d ?r\gh developm5t4 ,yet !y d %[ an already exi/+ developm5t ( mank9d2 = all ?ree sci5ces lead back to />t+-po9ts1 :]e mank9d already exi/$ ) all ! ess5tial attributes ( mank9d1 & leave u )\t answ] to our que/ions z to ! conditions ly+ /ill f>!r back4 ,_! results we c #ii )\t difficulty h>monize ) a !ory :i* supposes mank9d to h orig9at$ by evolution1 provid$ su* a !ory c\ld be confirm$ f ano!r side2 b !y agree j z well ) a contr>y !ory1 :i* excludes ! orig9 ( mank9d by gradual developm5t4 ,tak+1 ?us1 ev]y?+ into consid]ation1 we come to ! conclusion t ! evolution !ory1 l ! desc5t !ory1 is s f> only a hypo!sis--&1 inde$1 a hypo!sis :i* z su* has a mu* m problematical "* ?an ! desc5t !ory4 ,= :ile 9 reg>d to ! latt] we _h to say t we h ei!r ?is explanation or none ( ! orig9 ( ! high] species1 ) ! evolution !ory !re is n ev5 room = ?is alt]native4 ,= ev5 9 case ( its failure1 a desc5t ( "o species f ano!r ?r\gh het]og5etic g5]ation is c]ta9ly v possible4 ,besides1 x is n only possible1 b ev5 probable1 t bo? !ories--t ( het]og5etic g5]ation & t ( gradual developm5t--may h to %>e ) "o ano!r 9 ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( species2 & ev5 t1 especially = ! l[e/ species & = ! beg9n+s ( ! ma9 types1 primitive g5]ation also has its %>e 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! pat]nity4 ,! evolution !ory c\ld only pass beyond ! rank ( a hypo!sis1 if we %\ld succe$ 9 %[+ ! impell+ =ces ( su* an orig9 ( species ?r\gh developm5t4 ,su* an attempt c be made 9 two ways--! metaphysical & ! sci5tific-empirical4 ,! fir/1 ! metaphysical1 al?\gh x may be ju/ifi$ 9 its g5]al pr9ciples1 w always1 f ! po9t at :i* x attempts to approa* ! concrete que/ions z #ajj to ! orig9 ( s+le species1 expose itself to ! fate ( be+ a priori reject$ by sci5ce z unju/ifi$1 & ( be+ a po/]iori confut$ by facts--a fate :i* x has ri*ly & cle>ly exp]i5c$ 9 ! fir/ half ( our c5tury4 ,b ! discussion ( ! metaphysical way does n belong to ! pres5t purely sci5tific "p ( our inve/igation2 x w1 h[ev]1 be %ortly tak5 up aga9 9 ,book ,,ii4 ,! o!r way1 ! sci5tific-empirical1 w h to be look$ ^u z correct :5 x c %[ ! impell+ =ces ( developm5t 9 su* p[]s & laws z are ei!r /ill active to-day or at lea/ h _! po9ts ( connection 9 p[]s & laws active to-day4 ,su* an attempt is ! selection !ory4 ,we h already 9 ,*ap4 ,,ii1 #a & #b1 giv5 an outl9e ( ?is !ory1 & h only yet to discuss its pres5t /ate ( t5ability4 #c4 ,! ,!ory ( ,selection4 ,! selection !ory also is n entirely )\t support 9 ! realm ( obs]v$ facts4 ,h[ simply x expla9s ! fix$ness ( ! diff]5ces ( closely relat$ species aris+ f _! geographical & climatical home6 h[ simply ! simil>ity ( ! color ( _m animals f ! color ( _! abode1 ?r\gh :i* !y h protection aga9/ p]secution6 h[ simply ! s-call$ mimicry--i4e41 ! simil>ity ( c]ta9 species 9 =m & color ) =m & color ( entirely diff]5t species 9 ! mid/ ( :i* !y live1 a simil>ity :i* (t5 gives !m protection aga9/ p]secution6 ,! be/ kn[n examples ( ?is1 9 our regions1 are ! sp9n+ cat]pill>s1 :i* 9 a /ate ( re/ look /rik+ly l a twig ( a tree or a %rub on :i* #aja !y live4 ,9 o!r regions !re is a multitude ( ! mo/ /rik+ freaks ( nature ( ?is k9d--= in/ance1 butt]flies & o!r insects1 :i* at re/ look l ! leaves ( plants "u :i* !y live2 butt]flies liv+ among o!r butt]flies :i*1 by an (f5sive odor1 are protect$ aga9/ p]secution1 & al?\gh !y are !mselves a favorite food = birds1 c>ry+ ! =m & color ( t badly-smell+ family ( butt]flies4 ,we c also add ! or*ide1 & _! resemblance to bees1 flies1 butt]flies1 spid]s1 etc4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace & ,d>w9 !mselves recur (t5 to ^! /rik+ appe>ances4 ,b h]e) we h m5tion$ ne>ly e support :i* ! selection !ory has on ! gr\nd ( obs]v$ facts4 ,m num]\s & m weighty are ! objections to x4 ,fir/ ( all1 we h to /ate t ! selection !ory no long] enjoys t protection :i* ! desc5t & evolution !ories c ju/ly claim1 aga9/ ! ma9 objection1 m5tion$ 9 ,*ap4 ,,iii1 #a1 to all ! ideas ( desc5t1 developm5t & selection4 ,t ma9 objection is ! p]man5ce ( species1 obs]v$ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s2 & ! def5se ) :i* ! desc5t & evolution !ories successfully weak5 x1 is ! /atem5t ( ! fact t1 s9ce man appe>$1 no new species has orig9at$1 & t !re=e ! pr9ciple ( ! g5]ation ( species seems to h come to a /&-/ill4 ,n[ ?is fact is no long] 9 favor ( ! selection !ory1 b directly repugnant to x4 ,= ! selection !ory expressly decl>es ! orig9 ( species ?r\gh ag5cies t are all active /ill1 &1 !re=e1 if !y really suffice to expla9 ! orig9 ( species1 w\ld n only h to g5]ate new species1 #ajb b also to develop all ! exi/+ species4 ,all ^? circum/ances :i*1 accord+ to ! selection !ory1 h l$ to *ange ( species1 are j z active to-day z !y are suppos$ to h be5 f ! beg9n+ ( organic life2 & ! effect :i* we obs]ve is n *ange b p]man5ce ( species4 ,! individuals /ill h individual qualities2 !y /ill h ! t5d5cy to inh]it1 9 addition to ! qualities ( ! species1 ^? ( ! individual2 ! individuals /ill *ange _! abode1 & !re) also _! conditions ( life2 a natural selection /ill takes place 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 & :at is ! result8 ,f an obs]vation /ret*+ ov] ?\s&s ( ye>s1 we f9d n[h]e an effect ( natural selection go+ f>!r ?an alt]ations 9 gr[? & color & purely ext]nal *anges 9 =m4 ,all ! dispositions ( organisms & _! reciprocal action aim n at increas+ ! individual diff]5ces1 b at r$uc+ !m to ! av]age "* ( ! species4 ,:5 ! species *ange _! abode or _! conditions ( life1 !y ei!r p]i% or rema9 con/ant2 at lea/1 ) ! exception ( ! slight modifications be=e m5tion$4 ,ev5 ^? alt]ations :i* artificial bre$+ produces1 h a t5d5cy to return to ! orig9al species3 z soon z cultivat$ plants & dome/ic animals are left to !mselves1 !y run wild1 i4e41 !y reassume _! orig9al qualities4 ,ev5 ! ba/>d-=mations ei!r cease to be f]tile1 or1 rema9+ f]tile1 f9ally return to "o or ! o!r /em-=m ( ! orig9ally cross$ species4 ,nor c we oppose to ^! facts ! consid]ation t ! p]iod ( "t dur+ :i* mank9d has obs]v$ ! organisms is too %ort4 ,= ! p]man5ce ( v _m #ajc species c be trac$ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & ! %ortness ( ! p]iod ( our obs]vations is amply c\nt]balanc$ on ! "o h& by ! multitude ( species f all p>ts ( ! organic sy/ems :i* come "u our notice1 on ! o!r by ! imm5se alt]ations 9 ! conditions ( exi/5ce to :i* man submits plants & animals4 ,h[ great1 = in/ance1 are ! alt]ations 9 ! conditions ( exi/5ce :i* tropical plants und]go 9 our hot-h\ses & g>d5s6 ,& ! only alt]ation !y %[ is t !y are /unt$ & only be> blossoms ) difficulty & fruits ) /ill great] difficulty4#f ,n[1 if ! ev]-active selection pr9ciple does n produce 9 ?\s&s ( ye>s ev5 m9imum alt]ations :i* c be obs]v$1 sci5ce c]ta9ly is ju/ifi$ 9 d\bt+ = ! pres5t ! ass]t$ effect ( t pr9ciple4 ,?us n only are ! facts directly oppos$ to ! autocracy ( ! selection pr9ciple2 b logic is also none ! less s4 ,=1 "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 selection w\ld only expla9 ! pres]vation & p]haps also ! increase ( useful qualities & organs1 if ! same are already 9 exi/5ce & h %[n !mselves useful to ! individual2 b w\ld n expla9 _! orig9ation4 ,?is w\ld r mo/ emphatically be left to *ance4 ,accord+ to ! /rict selection !ory1 x w\ld be pure *ance t among ! ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( individual qualities ( ! individuals ( a species1 su* qualities are always exi/+ z (f] advantages to ! individual 9 8 /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,& x w\ld be a second s]ies ( *ances1 :i* f g5]ation to g5]ation w\ld #ajd h to co9cide ) ! fir/1 t among ! individual qualities advantage\s to ! individual & mak+ x victori\s 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 !re %\ld be f\nd always j ^? qualities :i* develop ! species & raise x to a high] rank & ord] 9 ! zological & botanical sy/ems4 ,b ! total ( improbabilities :i* w\ld h to be ov]come cont9ually 9 ?is !atre ( *ance1 w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations necess>ily am\nt to inf9ity4 ,?us1 9 ! v beg9n+1 insup]able d\bts arise z to h[ we c expla9 f two causes ! _w ( organisms :i* is s ri*ly1 beautifully1 & sy/ematically arrang$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! causes is ! incl9ation to individual alt]ation1 inh]it$ inde$ 9 ! organisms1 b 9 itself absolutely indiff]5t1 = ! sy/ematical idea 9 ! framework ( ! organic sy/ems & = ! progressive elem5t 9 ! developm5t4 ,! o!r is ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & natural selection1 :i* approa*es ! organisms purely f )\t l individual v>iability1 mu/ z a :ole appe> a necessity1 b 9 ea* s+le case 9 ! concrete mixture ( co9cid+ circum/ances1 w\ld seem a "w ( *ance = ! individual :i* is to be *ang$4 ,moreov]1 x is a demon/rable impossibility to expla9 ! orig9 ( j ^? organs & memb]s 9 ! /ructure ( organisms :i* are sy/ematically ! mo/ significant & functionally ! mo/ important1 by means ( natural selection4 ,x is true t _m ( ^! organs & memb]s1 9 _! p]fect$ /ate1 (f] to ! organism an imm5se advantage ov] l[] organisms2 b if !y _h be5 orig9at$ ?r\gh gradual developm5t1 !y w\ld h be5 9 _! fir/ #aje beg9n+s & e>li] /ages ( developm5t at lea/ q indiff]5t1 (t5 directly ob/ructive to ! individual 9 its /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & !re=e w\ld h be5 call$ into exi/5ce & develop$ by ag5cies :i* _h an effect directly c\nt]act+ natural selection4 ,h[ high1 = in/ance1 /& ! v]tebrates above ! inv]tebrates6 ,yet h[ c\ld ! fir/ deviation f ! ganglionic sy/em ( ! n]ves ( ! inv]tebrates to ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em ( ! v]tebrates h occurr$8--&1 especially1 h[ c\ld ! fir/ deposit ( ! v]tebral column h procur$ any b5efit to ! individual 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce8 ,we quote ?is objection f ,k>l ,planck's ,wahrheit und ,fla*heit des ,d>w9ismus1 7,tru? & ,platitude ( ,d>w9ism71 ,nrdl+51 ,beck1 #ahgb4 ,/ill m /rik+ is ! insuffici5cy ( ! selection !ory = ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! organs ( motion 9 ! high] classes ( v]tebrates4 ,a4 ,w4 ,volkman says ( x1 9 8 in/ructive lecture1 ,zur ,entwickelung d] ,organism51 7,developm5t ( ! ,organisms7 ,halle1 ,s*midt1 #ahge1 p4 #c ff43 ,)\t d\bt1 animals ) extremities w come f animals :i* lack$ extremities4 ,n[ if ! metamorphosis orig9at$ 9 ! c\rse ( "o g5]ation1 ! animals ) extremities w\ld h an advantage ov] ! re/1 :i* ought to %[ itself 9 ! natural selection2 b if ! developm5t ( an extremity ne$s #aj1jjj g5]ations1 ! individual 9 :i* ! process ( ! developm5t beg9s produces #a_/ajjjj ( ! extremity & ! advantage1 result+ !refrom is r$uc$ to z]o4 ,= an organ c only be ( advantage :5 x p]=ms its functions2 & on #ajf ! fir/ ( ! #aj1jjj /ages ( developm5t ! extremity c n p]=m its functions4 ,j ?9k ( ! cetacea6 ,( ! h9d extremity1 only its c>ri]1 ! pelvis1 has be5 develop$2 & ev5 ?is is only repres5t$ by ! two hip-bones1 hang+ 9 ! fle%4 ,z to ! py?on1 ! h9d extremities are m complete1 b !y lie hidd5 "u ! sk91 & !re=e are ( no use = local movem5t4 ,su* examples %[ t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( an organ ?\s&s ( ye>s may pass1 & num]\s g5]ations may arise & disappe>1 until x rea*es t grade ( p]fection :]e x is ( use to its own]4 ,h[ !re=e1 c we look ^u su* an organ1 :5 f9ally x is p]fect1 z a product ( selection 9 ! s5se ( ,d>w98 ,we f9d ! sci5tific objections to ! selection !ory collect$ 9 detail 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ works ( ,wig&1 ,blan*>d1 ,81 von ,ba]1 & especially 9 ,miv>t's ,g5esis ( ,species1 7,london1 ,mac,millan1 #ahga72 & x is a praisewor?y te/imony ( ,d>w9's love ( tru?1 t lately he himself1 ! orig9ator ( ! selection !ory1 will+ly admits ^! weak po9ts 9 8 !ory1#g :ile ,hckel & _m ( 8 foll[]s #ajg 9 ,g]many /ill /\tly reject e d\bt ( ! autocracy ( ! selection pr9ciple4 ,9 summ+ up all we h said ?us f> ab\t ! !ories ( desc5t1 ( evolution1 & ( selection1 we /ill f9d all ?ree solutions ( ! sci5tific problems to be hypo!ses1 b hypo!ses ( v diff]5t value4 ,! idea ( desc5t has ! mo/ sci5tific gr\nd2 x w1 z a p]man5t presupposition1 gov]n all sci5tific inve/igations z to ! orig9 ( species1 ev5 if x does n exclude ! idea ( an (t5-repeat$ primitive g5]ation ( organisms--especially ( ^? t /& /ill l[] 9 developm5t4 ,m unc]ta9 & less compreh5sive is ! position ( ! evolution !ory2 9 all likelihood1 ! idea ( an orig9 ?r\gh developm5t w h to %>e ! sov]eignty ) ! idea ( orig9 by leaps ?r\gh metamorphosis ( g]ms4 ,/ill m unfavorable is ! /ate ( ! selection !ory4 ,x possesses ! m]it ( hav+ />t$ ! :ole "q z to ! orig9 ( species2 x may expla9 subord9>y developm5ts2 natural selection may h cop]at$ z a regulator 9 ! :ole progress & ! :ole pres]vation ( organic life4 ,ed4 von ,h>tmann1 9 8 essay1 ,tru? & ,error ( ,d>w9ism1 7,b]l91 ,dunck]1 #ahge71 on page #aaa1 comp>es its functions ) ^? ( ! bolt & c\pl+ 9 a ma*9e2 b t ! driv+ pr9ciple :i* call$ new species into exi/5ce lay or orig9at$ 9 ! organisms1 & did n approa* !m f )\t1 seems to be confirm$ m & m decid$ly ) e new /ep ( exact inve/igation z well z ( reflection4 99 99 99 99 99 #ajh ,,book ,,ii4 ,,! ,,philosophic ,,supplem5ts ,,& ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,philosophic ,,problems4 ,al?\gh1 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! task be=e u1 we h to re/rict ourselves to giv+ ! results ( natural sci5ce only 9 _! g5]al outl9es1 /ill we believe t we h n ov]look$ any ess5tial result :i* is ( importance to ! "q ( ! orig9 ( species & ( man4 ,we h n[ f9i%$ our sci5tific review2 & ! conclusion to :i* we see ourselves br\ght is t natural sci5ce1 9 its inve/igation ( ! orig9 ( species1 has arriv$ at no?+ b problems :i* x is n able to solve4 ,!re is a v great probability ( an orig9 ( species1 at lea/ ( ! high] organiz$ species1 ?r\gh desc5t2 b :e!r ?r\gh desc5t by means ( gradual developm5t or ( metamorphosis ( g]ms1 or :e!r ) "o gr\p ( organisms x is 9 ?is way1 ) ano!r 9 t1 is n yet decid$4 ,! attempt to expla9 _! entire orig9 exclusively by ! selection !ory1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a failure2 all indications r %[ t1 suppos+ ! desc5t pr9ciple correct1 ! decid+ ag5cies :i* =m$ new species did n approa* ! old species out ( :i* ! new ones orig9at$ f #aji )\t1 b t !y orig9at$ or 7 already 9 exi/5ce )9 !m4 ,b :at ^! ag5cies 71 natural sci5ce is at pres5t unable to /ate2 & n only ^? sci5ti/s :o reject e idea ( a desc5t1 b also ^? :o are favorable to ! ideas ( desc5t & ( evolution1 reject+ only ! selection !ory1 are at "o 9 sil5t or op5 ackn[l$gm5t ( ?is limit ( our k1 be x p]man5t or tempor>y4 ,b n[ ! "q arises3 does ! se>* aft] ^! ag5cies h5ce=? rema9 ! exclusive task ( natural sci5ce1 & h we !re=e simply to wait & see :e!r x w succe$ 9 f9d+ !m8 or h we to look = ! answ] to ^! que/ions1 :i* natural sci5ce c no long] give1 9 ano!r sci5ce--namely1 philosophy8 ,! fir/ "q we w h to answ] 9 ! affirmative1 ! second 9 ! negative4 ,x is c]ta9ly und]/ood t metaphysical pr9ciples mu/ und]lie all physical appe>ances2 & ! "r to def9e ^! pr9ciples1 s f> z !y c be kn[n1 is will+ly conc$$ to philosophy by ! sci5ti/s1 ) ! exception ( ^? ( mat]iali/ic & naturali/ic t5d5cies4 ,?is mutual re-approa*+ ( philosophy & natural sci5ce is "o ( ! mo/ gratify+1 &1 to bo?1 mo/ fruitful evid5ces ( ! intellectual "w ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,b ^! metaphysical pr9ciples !mselves become cognizable only :5 ! physical effects1 ^: cause !y are1 become accessible to our k2 & e attempt to f9d !m a priori1 or only to ext5d !m a priori1 w always fail ?r\gh ! opposition ( empirical facts2 or ev5 if ?is attempt accommodates itself to ! exi/+ /ate ( k at a giv5 "t1 x w always be ov]come by ! #aaj progress ( ! empirical sci5ces4 ,9 ! mo/ favorable case1 x c claim ! value ( a hypo!sis :i* has to be put to ! pro(1 :e!r x c be empirically confirm$ & :e!r we c successfully op]ate ) x 9 kn[+ ! _w ( realities4 ,b h]e) x leaves ! realm ( pure philosophy1 & makes ! "q ( its "r to exi/ dep5d5t ^u ! decision ( natural sci5ce4 ,s9ce ! decl9e ( ! doctr9es ( nature held by ,s*ell+1 ,/eff5s1 & ,hegel1 !re has come to our k1 f ! doma9 ( philosophy1 b "o e>ne/ attempt to expla9 ! orig9 & developm5t ( organisms d[n to ! concrete diff]5ces betwe5 s+le types1 classes1 & ev5 ord]s & families1 f "o s+le metaphysical pr9ciple2 & ?is attempt has be5 made by an antagoni/ ( ! desc5t doctr9e4 ,k4 ,*4 ,planck1 9 ,seele und ,gei/1 od] ,ursprung1 ,wes5 und ,?tigkeits=m d] physis*5 und gei/ig5 ,organisation von d5 naturwiss5s*aftli*5 ,grundlag5 aus allgeme9 fassli* entwickelt 7,s\l & ,_s1 or ,orig91 ,nature1 & ,=m ( ,activity ( ,physical & ,intellectual ,organization1 ,cle>ly ,develop$ f a ,sci5tific ,basis71 ,leipzig1 ,fues1 #ahga1 & 9 ,wahrheit und ,fla*heit des ,d>w9ismus 7,tru? & ,platitude ( ,d>w9ism71 ,nrdl+51 ,beck1 #ahgb1 makes ! inn] conc5tration ! mov+ pr9ciple ( ! :ole developm5t ( ! _w4 ,he ?9ks t :at belongs to ! organism & to ! s\l has orig9at$ & develop$ up to man & 8 spiritual nature ?us3 t ! creat+ c5trum ( ! e>? produces individual c5tra on its p]iph]y1 :i* t5d m & m to br+ into view ! pr9ciple ( #aaa c5tralization1 9 its contra/ to ! purely p]iph]al =m ( exi/5ce1 until x rea*es its goal 9 man1 ) 8 c5traliz+ _s4 ,we h no reason to reject ! idea ( a pr9ciple ( conc5tration 9 ! _w & its p>ts2 x is confirm$ by obs]vation1 & %[s itself fruitful 9 _m respects4 ,b 9 spite ( ! _m +5i\s & (t5 sugge/ive ideas 9 ! works ( ,planck1 we h "s d\bt ab\t a sy/em :i* tries to expla9 ! :ole concrete abundance ( ! ri*ness ( =mations & life-=ms 9 ! _w1 ris+ high] & high] up to spiritual exi/5ce & moral action1 f ! s+le idea ( conc5tration1 & makes ?is pr9ciple ! my/ical & my/]i\sly act+ cause ( a :ole _w & its cont5ts4 ,we d\bt at ! outset ! success ( ?is argum5t4 ,we h especially ! /ronge/ objections to a philosophical sy/em :i* submits all ! cont5d+ physical !ories ( ! pres5t to ! measure ( t conc5tration pr9ciple1 & f ^! purely metaphysical reasons takes side exclusively ) ! "o or ! o!r ( ! !ories1 or e/abli%es new !ories--f ! !ories ( atoms & e!r1 ( light & heat1 d[n to geological que/ions z to :e!r univ]sal revolutions ( ! _w or a cont9ual developm5t took place4 ,! solution ( all ^! que/ions1 9 _! full ext5t1 we d n attribute to philosophy1 b to natural sci5ce2 al?\gh to a natural sci5ce :i* p]mits philosophy to def9e ! ideas ) :i* x op]ates & ! g5]al pr9ciples to :i* x comes4 ,= ?is r5unciation--:i* philosophy1 h[ev]1 c n at all escape--x w be ! m ri*ly rew>d$ 9 ?is1 t x obta9s ! m c]ta9ly = its own "w sure & sift$ mat]ial4 ,b all attempts :i* c n #aab submit to ?is r5unciation1 give only an app>5t "r to t view :i* ,alb]t ,lange1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism1 def5ds1 :5 he bani%es speculative philosophy to ! realm ( imag9ation4 ,b 9 reject+ philosophy 9 ! "q ( ! causes ( ! developm5t & organization ( ! organic k+doms1 we did n rea* ! end ( ! philosophic problems ) :i* we are confront$4 ,?is :ole "q is itself only a segm5t ( ! problems be=e :i* we /&1 & leads ( necessity to o!r que/ions4 ,already )9 ! s]ies ( developm5t ( ! organic _w1 s f> z x is inve/igat$ by natural sci5ce1 we h f\nd & nam$ a po9t 7at ! end ( #a1 ,*ap4 ,,ii1 ,book ,i71 :]e ! compet5cy ( pure natural sci5ce comes to an end1 & ! "q arises :e!r ano!r s\rce ( k--i4e41 ev5 philosophy--c n take up ! inve/igation :]e natural sci5ce completes its task4 ,?is po9t 0 ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness & ( free moral self-det]m9ation2 consequ5tly1 ! orig9 ( t :i* makes man man4 ,go+ /ill f>!r back on ! temporal & ideal scale ( organic be+s1 we arrive at ano!r po9t1 :i* natural sci5ce no long] c expla91 & t is ! orig9 ( s5sation & ( consci\sness4 ,) ! appe>ance ( s5sation & consci\sness1 ! animal _w came into exi/5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! :ole sci5tific "q z to ! orig9 & developm5t ( species1 s f> z we h hi!rto treat$ x1 />t$ f initial po9ts :]e ! organic & life already exi/$2 x1 !re=e1 leads ( necessity to ! fur!r "q z to ! orig9 ( ! organic & ( life itself4 ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 #aac 9 8 ,po/script z ,preface1 ?us cle>ly & simply *>act]izes ^! /ill unfill$ blanks 9 ! evolution !ory3 ,!re are1 z is well kn[n1 ?ree po9ts 9 ! ris+ developm5t ( nature1 to :i* ! appe>ance ( incompreh5sibility especially adh]es 7to speak m categorically3 :i* h n be5 expla9$ ?us f> by anybody74 ,! ?ree que/ions are3 ,h[ has ! liv+ sprung f t :i* is )\t life8 ! s5ti5t 7& consci\s7 be+ f t :i* is )\t s5sation8 t :i* possesses reason 7self-consci\sness & free w7 f t :i* is )\t reason8--que/ions equally emb>rass+ to ?\ght4 ,b ev5 ! "q z to ! orig9 ( ! organic & ( life c n be discuss$ )\t an inve/igation1 lead+ u f>!r back to ! "q z to ! elem5ts ( ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,! doctr9e ( atoms1 & ! me*anical view ( ! _w1 are ! sci5tific evid5ces ( ! ef=ts 9 ?is direction4 ,s f> z ! attempts to solve ^! f\r que/ions />t f ! results ( natural sci5ce &1 f ?is />t+-po9t ( ! kn[n1 try to solve ! unkn[n1 we w h to assign !m 9 ! encyclopdic classification ( ! sci5ces1 to t dep>tm5t ( philosophy :i* treats ! doctr9es ( nature2 & s9ce our :ole inve/igation />ts f ! ,d>w9ian !ories1 & only tries to treat ( :at is prop]ly connect$ ) !m1 ! attempts to solve ^! f\r que/ions (f] !mselves z ! naturo-philosophic supplem5ts ( ! ,d>w9ian-!ories4 ,aft] conclud+ our treatm5t ( !m1 we %all h to speak ( /ill ano!r view1 :i* presupposes all ^! attempts at solution to be :olly or ne>ly #aad successful1 & draws an inf]5ce f !m :i* no long] belongs to ! realm ( natural sci5ce1 b is a purely metaphysical hypo!sis2 x is ! abolition ( ! idea ( design 9 nature4 ,9 connection ) ?is1 f9ally1 we %all h to discuss ! "n :i* ?is view has lately assum$1 viz3 ,monism4 ,:atev] fur!r que/ions may arise1 belong ei!r to ! special subdivisions ( natural sci5ce & philosophy1 or to !ological & e?ical problems4 99 99 99 99 99 #aae ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,naturo-,,philosophic ,,supplem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories4 #a4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,self-,consci\sness & ( ,free ,moral ,self-,det]m9ation4 ,if s5sation1 & its mo/ develop$ =m1 consci\sness1 is a reflex ( ! mat]ial 9 some?+ immat]ial1 :i* feels itself a unit 9 contra/ to ! mat]ial1 &1 :]e s5sation rises into consci\sness1 is oppos$ z a unit to ! mat]ial--self-consci\sness aga9 is ! reflex ( ?is s5ti5t & consci\s subject 9 a new & /ill high] immat]ial unity2 & ?is aga9 makes ?is s5ti5t & consci\s subject1 toge!r ) ! sum ( its feel+s & ideas1 its object1 *ang+ x f a s5ti5t & consci\s subject into a felt & pres5t$ object4 ,!re=e x is cle>1 & w be ! result ( all ?\ght ^u ^! concepts1 t z ) s5sation & consci\sness1 s also ) self-consci\sness1 some?+ new always comes into exi/5ce--a high] category ( be+1 diff]5t f ! m]ely mat]ial4 ,! fir/ is ! =m ( be+ ( ! animal _w2 ! latt] t ( mank9d4 ,x is exactly ! same ) ! fir/ appe>ance ( volunt>y movem5t1 & aga9 ) t ( free moral self-det]m9ation4 ,! reaction ( ! s5ti5t subject ^u 8 s5sations is some?+ qualitatively diff]5t f ! purely me*anical & physical action & #aaf reaction ( pure matt]2 al?\gh1 9 ord] to und]/& ! possibility ( a s5sation z well z ( a volunt>y movem5t1 we mu/ admit t ! physical qualities ( matt] mu/ be su* z to af=d a basis & condition = s5ti5t & react+ be+s4 ,t reaction is ! reaction ( some?+ immat]ial ^u ! mat]ial1 ev5 if x is entirely caus$ by ! mat]ial & b\nd to ! mat]ial4 ,n[1 ) free moral self-det]m9ation a new subject comes into exi/5ce & activity 9 ! individual1 :i* makes t subject1 react+ ^u m]e s5sations & ideas1 its object1 &1 z a new immat]ial subjective unity1 acts det]m9+ly ^u t subject :i* has j become object4 ,?is new subject1 consid]$ f ! side ( its receptivity1 we call self-consci\sness2 f ! side ( its spontaneity1 free moral self-det]m9ation4 ,:e!r we consid] ?is fre$om pr$et]m9$ or n1 does n at all alt] ! describ$ fact & ! qualitative diff]5ce betwe5 ! =m ( human moral ag5cy & t ( purely animal spontaneity4 ,= ev5 ^? advocat+ det]m9ation mu/ admit t ! morally act+ subject di/+ui%es itself f its object1 & does n take its motives to action f ! mat]ial & f ! in/9ctive life :i* is b\nd to ! s5sual & dep5d5t on x4 ,n[ x is true t all ^! circum/ances 9 organiz$ individuals :i* s]ve self-consci\sness & free moral self-det]m9ation z _! condition1 presupposition1 & basis1 all ! dispositions ( ! s\l & ! manife/ations ( life f\nd 9 ! animal _w1 w be wor?y ( ! close/ att5tion ev5 on ?is acc\nt3 because !y =m ! basis1 ! condition1 & 7if self-consci\sness & fre$om are once pres5t7 an ess5tial #aag "p ( ! cont5ts & object ( self-consci\sness & moral self-det]m9ation4 ,b :]e ! orig9 ( man is discuss$1 ! c5tral po9t ( ! inve/igation is no long] ! enum]ation ( ^? activities ( ! s\l ( man ^: analogies we also f9d 9 ! animal _w1 b r 9 ! answ] to ! "q z to h[ t entirely new manife/ation1 self-consci\sness & moral self-det]m9ation1 came into exi/5ce or c\ld h orig9at$4 ,?is "q is ! m decid$ly ! c5tral po9t ( ! inve/igation1 s9ce ?is new =m1 :5 once 9 exi/5ce1 has = its object n only :at already appe>s 9 ! life ( ! s\l ( animals1 b also receives a new object1 :i* c only be an object ( self-consci\sness & ( moral self-det]m9ation1 & n ( m]e consci\sness & in/9ctive life4 ,^! new objects are ! ideas lead+ up to ! conception ( ,god & moral ideals4 ,n[ ?is v "q z to ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness & ( free moral self-det]m9ation is :olly misjudg$ z to its importance1 & giv5 rem>kably little att5tion by ^? evolutioni/s :o are well v]s$ 9 ! realm ( natural sci5ce4 ,! "q z to ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness is ei!r entirely ignor$--z if self-consci\sness mu/ orig9ate :olly by itself1 if only ^? fir/ /eps ( an intellectual & social life :i* ! animal _w also %[s1 are once pres5t & prop]ly develop$--or ! solution is put aside ) ! mo/ sup]ficial analogies4 ,! "q reg>d+ free moral self-det]m9ation1 on ! o!r h&1 is ei!r likewise ignor$1 & = ! same reasons1 or x is suppos$ t x mu/ fail ( itself1 if #aah only ?is self-det]m9ation is expla9$ 9 a det]m9i/ic way4 ,x is true1 ,d>w9 devotes sev]al *apt]s ( 8 "w1 ,desc5t ( ,man1 to a comp>ison ( ! intellectual p[]s ( man ) ^? ( animals1 & ^! *apt]s are full ( ! mo/ int]e/+ facts & comp>isons2 b al?\gh 8 "w comprises two volumes1 he devotes to ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness1 individuality1 ab/raction1 g5]al ideas1 etc41 only a s+le page1 & ju/ifies 8 brief treatm5t ) ! ass]tion t ! attempt at discuss+ ^! high] faculties is useless1 because h>dly two au?ors agree 9 _! def9itions ( ^! t]ms4 ,:at he says ab\t self-consci\sness is really conta9$ 9 two s5t5ces1 namely3 ,b h[ c we feel sure t an old dog ) an excell5t memory & "s p[] ( imag9ation1 z %[n by 8 dreams1 nev] reflects on 8 pa/ pleasures or pa9s 9 ! *ase8 ,?is w\ld be a =m ( self-consci\sness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ,b*n] has rem>k$ 9 8 ,lectures ab\t ,d>w9's ,!ory3 ,h[ little c ! h>d-work+ wife ( a degrad$ ,au/ralian savage1 :o h>dly ev] uses ab/ract words1 & c n c\nt above f\r1 h[ little c su* a woman ex]t h] self-consci\sness1 or reflect on ! nature ( h] own exi/5ce6 ,& 9 ,d>w9's resum ( 8 *apt]s on ! intellectual p[]s ( man & animals1 he says1 on page #abf3 ,if x c\ld be prov$ t c]ta9 high m5tal p[]s1 su* z ! =mation ( g5]al concepts1 self-consci\sness1 etc41 7 absolutely peculi> to man1 :i* seems extremely d\btful1 x is n improbable t ^! qualities are m]ely ! incid5tal results ( o!r highly-advanc$ intellectual faculties3 #aai & ^! aga9 ma9ly ! result ( ! cont9u$ use ( a p]fect language4 ,if ,d>w9 is ?us n able to %[ u 9 ! animal _w a s+le real analogy :i* at all approa*es self-consci\sness1 &1 9 ord] to supply ?is want1 mu/ h rec\rse to ! purely hypo!tical possibility t x is n c]ta9 :e!r an old hunt+-dog does n reflect ^u ! pa/ joys ( ! *ase2 if by ! unc]ta9ty ( ! expression t self-consci\sness might be an accompany+ result ( o!r faculties1 he nev]!less gives u to und]/& t he c n f9d ! suffici5t cause ( ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness 9 ^? o!r faculties2 &1 f9ally1 if he closes ! la/ m5tion$ quotation ) a s5t5ce :i* has = its premise ! :olly illogical ?\ght t language might h be5 able to rea* a high /ate ( developm5t be=e ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness & )\t its assi/ance3 !n1 inde$1 ! result ( all ?is c]ta9ly is t he has giv5 no adequate consid]ation to ! specific nature ( self-consci\sness4 ,x is only "u ?is supposition t x is possible = him to say3 ,nev]!less1 ! diff]5ce 9 m9d betwe5 man & ! high] animals1 great z x c]ta9ly is1 is "o ( degree & n ( quality4 ,! au?ors may possibly n agree 9 ! def9itions ( ! idea ( self-consci\sness--we ourselves p]haps are only an additional example 9 confirmation ( ?is fact--2 b :atev] ! def9ition may be1 ! fact itself rema9s1 t self-consci\sness does n /& z "o ( ! intellectual faculties beside ! o!rs & cord9ate ) !m1 b1 z an entirely new =m ( be+1 introduces a qualitatively new & valuable factor into ! subject4 ,t :i* prec$es ! #abj orig9 ( self-consci\sness--! purely consci\s & n yet self-consci\s life ( ! s\l1 z x %[s itself ) high] animals1 especially ) mammals--may h be5 ! necess>y condition & requirem5t = ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness4 ,x c]ta9ly has be5 s2 & f ?is po9t ( view1 all ^! psy*ological /udies ( animals & psy*o-physical inve/igations :i* are a favorite object ( mod]n sci5ce1 h a high value2 b :at has be5 call$ into exi/5ce by means ( conditions is n on t acc\nt ! product ( ^? conditions4 ,?is v fact is "o ( ! greate/ mi/akes ( mo/ ( ! mod]n evolution !ories3 t v (t5--& especially :]e !y wi% to draw metaphysical conclusions f _! sci5tific results or hypo!ses--!y conf\nd condition & basis ) cause4 ,n[ x appe>s to u t1 9 q an analog\s way1 ,d>w9 ov]looks or conte/s ! fact t ) free moral self-det]m9ation some?+ specifically new comes into exi/5ce4 ,he c]ta9ly discusses ! orig9 ( ! moral qualities ( man m 9 detail ?an he does ! orig9 ( 8 intellectual qualities4 ,he d]ives !m1 9 _! fir/ beg9n+s1 f ! fixity1 transmission & increase ( ! social impulses & in/9cts4 ,^!1 be+ ! basis ( ! :ole moral developm5t1 & lead+ 9 _! m mature =m to love & to sympa?y1 orig9at$ by natural selection2 & ! o!r moral qualities1 su* z moral s5se & consci5ce1 progress$ m by ! effect ( cu/om1 by ! p[] ( reflection1 in/ruction1 & religion1 ?an by natural selection4 ,high] & l[]1 common & special1 p]man5t & transitory in/9cts come into collision #aba ) "o ano!r4 ,! dissatisfaction ( man :5 any ( ! l[]1 special1 & transitory in/9cts h ov]come ! high]1 common & p]man5t1 & ! resolution to act diff]5tly = ! future1 is consci5ce4 ,d>w9 consid]s t "o a moral be+ :o is capable ( comp>+ ) "o ano!r 8 pa/ & future actions & motives1 ( approv+ "s ( !m & ( disapprov+ o!rs2 & ! fact t man is ! only creature :o c ) c]ta9ty be rank$ z a moral be+ is1 accord+ to ,d>w91 ! greate/ ( all diff]5ces betwe5 man & animals4 ,"h1 aga91 ! :ole c5tral po9t ( ! inve/igation z to ! orig9 ( man does n lie 9 ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! in/9cts betwe5 :i* ! moral subject1 act+ 9 moral self-det]m9ation1 has to *oose4 ,= x is cle> t ! beg9n+s ( ^! in/9cts are also pres5t 9 ! animal _w4 ,b ! ma9 "q is1 h[ did ?is faculty & necessity ( *oos+1 ?is consci5ce & responsibility1 ?is moral s5se1 z ,d>w9 calls x1 orig9ate8 ,n[ to ?is "q we h a pla9 answ] 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ utt]ances ( ,d>w93 ,x orig9at$ n z a product ( ! social in/9cts--x only has ^! in/9cts = its prec$+ condition1 object & in/rum5t2 b x orig9at$ z a product ( o!r ag5cies1 :i* act ^u ^! impulses & in/9cts1 op]ate ) !m1 *oose betwe5 !m2 & z ^! o!r ag5cies ,d>w9 m5tions ! high developm5t ( ! intellectual p[]s4 ,t ?is is 8 op9ion1 we c cle>ly see f an expression ) :i* he introduces 8 essay on ! orig9 ( moral s5se3 ,! foll[+ proposition seems to me 9 a high degree probable--namely1 t #abb any animal :atev]1 end[$ ) well-m>k$ social in/9cts1 w\ld inevitably acquire a moral s5se or consci5ce1 z soon z its intellectual p[]s _h become z well1 or ne>ly z well develop$1 z 9 man4 ,^! intellectual p[]s :i* moral feel+ & consci5ce require at _! bir?1 are c]ta9ly1 accord+ to ,d>w9 ! p[] to di/+ui% oneself z subject f "o's impulses & in/9cts1 & to *oose betwe5 !m2 i4e41 self-consci\sness4 ,we %all h to admit fully ?is intimate connection betwe5 moral self-det]m9ation & self-consci\sness2 b we mu/ admit1 at ! same "t1 t moral self-det]m9ation--?is new =m ( activity 9 :i* moral activity di/+ui%es itself f all m]ely in/9ctive activity--f9ds its suffici5t explanation 9 ! previ\s /age ( ! animal _w z little z self-consci\sness2 & t moral self-det]m9ation has ! condition & presupposition1 b n ! cause1 ( its exi/5ce 9 t :i* is also f\nd 9 ! previ\s /age ( ! animal _w4 ,! pro( t ! orig9 ( moral self-det]m9ation f9ds its suffici5t explanation 9 t :i* ! previ\s /age ( ! animal _w also has1 w\ld appe> to h be5 giv5 by ,d>w9 only :5 he _h succe$$ 9 expla9+ ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness f animal intellig5ce2 b t he did n succe$ 9 x1 we ?9k we h cle>ly %[n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we will+ly admit t ! /udy ( ! social & all o!r in/9cts & impulses :i* are common to man & animals1 & :i* 9 man =m ! object & in/rum5t ( 8 moral activity1 has = u ! highe/ int]e/1 inasmu* z ! only problem is to expla9 ! conditions & pr]equisites ( moral self-det]m9ation--or1 hi/orically speak+1 ! conditions #abc & pr]equisites ( ! orig9 ( morally act+ be+s4 ,fur!rmore we h to say "h also t condition & pr]equisite are n id5tical ) cause1 & x is precisely ! cause ( moral responsibility & ( ! orig9 ( su* morally responsible be+s1 :i* has n yet be5 discov]$ by ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,! foll[]s ( ,d>w9 ent] /ill less into ! discussion ( ! "q z to ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness & ( moral self-det]m9ation4 ,hckel--:o1 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation & 9 8 ,an?ropog5y1 exp\nds 8 :ole evolution !ory 9 all its antec$5t conditions & consequ5ces--has1 inde$1 mu* to say ( ! diff]5t faculties ( ! s\l ( man & animals4 ,he traces ^! faculties 9 ! case ( man d[n to ! l[e/ /ate ( ! mo/ degrad$ races1 & 9 ! case ( animals f ! k]mes up to ! bee1 f ! lancelet-fi% to ! dog1 ape1 elephant & horse2 & he also treats ( ! s-call$ a priori k :i* arose only by long-endur+ transmission1 by inh]itance ( acquir$ adaptations ( ! bra91 out ( orig9ally empiric or exp]i5tial k a po/]iori1 7,vol4 ,,ii1 #cde74 ,b we look 9 va9 9 8 works = a treatm5t ( ! "q z to ! orig9 ( ! ,ego--( self-consci\sness4 ,n[h]e does he ent] into ! analysis ( ! psy*ological ideas2 he only comp>es ! psy*ical utt]ances ( diff]5t creatures1 & ?9ks ! :ole problem solv$ :5 he says3 ,! m5tal diff]5ces betwe5 ! mo/ /upid plac5tal animals 7= in/ance1 slo?s & armadillos7 & ! mo/ intellig5t animals ( ! same gr\p 7= in/ance dogs & apes7 are1 at any rate1 mu* m consid]able ?an ! diff]5ces 9 ! #abd intellectual life ( dogs1 apes1 & m54 ,or3 ,if ^! bruti% p>asites are comp>$ ) ! m5tally active & s5sitive ants1 x w c]ta9ly be admitt$ t ! psy*ical diff]5ces betwe5 ! two are mu* great] ?an ^? betwe5 ! highe/ & l[e/ mammals--betwe5 beak$ animals1 p\*$ animals & armadillos1 on ! "o h&1 & dogs1 apes1 m51 on ! o!r4 ,! fact t 9 ! human individual consci\sness & self-consci\sness are gradually develop$1 is to him a pro( t 9 ! organic k+dom also consci\sness & self-consci\sness came into exi/5ce gradually1 &1 inde$1 h&-9-h& ) ! developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em2 & ) ?is result he ?9ks t he has reliev$ himself f ! task ( %[+ ! h[ ( ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness4 ,?is becomes cle>ly evid5t f a rem>k ab\t ! orig9 ( consci\sness1 9 8 ,an?ropog5y1 :]e he says t1 if ,du,bois-,reymond _h ?\ght t consci\sness is develop$1 he w\ld no long] h held its orig9 to be a ?+ beyond ! limits ( human capacity4 ,hckel likewise seems to reg>d ! "q ( ! orig9 ( moral self-det]m9ation z solv$ or reject$1 if only fre$om is d5i$--:i*1 inde$1 is repeat$ly done by him4 ,a simil> defect 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is "q by evolutioni/s we f9d 9 ! works ( ,osc> ,s*midt1 ,gu/av ,jg]1 & o!rs4 ,ev5 ,emil ,du,bois-,reymond1 :o1 9 8 celebrat$ & eloqu5t lecture on ,! ,limits ( ! ,k ( ,nature1 giv5 be=e ! assembly ( sci5ti/s at ,leipzig1 #ahgb1 ass]ts s en]getically t ! orig9 ( s5sation & consci\sness is inexplicable 7see next section71 seems to #abe take ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness = grant$1 & z ne$+ no fur!r explanation1 if only consci\sness is once pres5t4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! sci5ti/s leave u )\t a suffici5t answ] to ! "q respect+ ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness & ( moral self-det]m9ation1 we %all h to turn to ! philosoph]s4 ,"h1 inde$1 we f9d ri* def9itions & g5etic analyses1 b none t lead u any f>!r ?an to ! in=mation t consci\sness is ! necess>y condition ( self-consci\sness2 t animal in/9ct is ! necess>y antec$5t condition ( moral self-det]m9ation4 ,yet 9 ! works ( ^! v philosoph]s :o are incl9$ to a me*anical & moni/ic view ( ! _w1 we f9d t !y directly avoid ! "q z to ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness & ( moral self-det]m9ation4 ,z soon z !y are l$ ne> x1 9 ! c\rse ( reason+ 9 _! works1 !y sudd5ly turn aside aga9 to ! q diff]5t que/ions ( ! connection betwe5 bra9 & s\l1 betwe5 physical & psy*ical1 ext]nal & int]nal processes1 etc4 ,evid5tly !y feel t ) ?is "q !y h arriv$ at ! weak po9t ( _! sy/em4 ,t "h is a weak po9t1 we cle>ly see 9 ! case ( ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 a lead+ advocate ( mod]n naturalism1 & ! greate/ philosophic s*ol> ( t s*ool4 ,x is true1 9 8 ,po/script z ,preface1 z we saw be=e1 he m5tions ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness z "o ( ! po9ts :i* ne$ special explanation2 b he seems to h made ?is ackn[l$gm5t m ) ! purpose ( %[+ t ,du,bois-,reymond1 9 admitt+ ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness to be expla9able1 has no long] any reason to conte/ ! explicability ( ! #abf orig9 ( s5sation & consci\sness2 = 9 8 "w on ,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new1 he did n ent] into t "q at all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he makes 9 8 la/-m5tion$ "w a rem>kable confession4 ,9 answ]+ ! "q--h[ d we det]m9e our rule ( life8--he comes to speak ( ! position ( man 9 nature1 traces a law ( progress 9 nature1 & says3 ,9 ?is cumulative progression ( life1 man is also compris$1 &1 moreov]1 9 su* wise t ! organic pla/icity ( our planet 7provisionally1 say "s naturali/s1 b t we may fairly leave an op5 "q7 culm9ates 9 him4 ,z nature c n g high]1 %e w\ld g inw>ds4 ',to be reflect$ )9 itself1' 0 a v good expression ( ,hegel's4 ,nature felt h]self already 9 ! animal1 b %e wi%$ to "k h]self also4 ,b /ill /rong] is ! foll[+ expression3 ,9 man1 nature endeavor$ n m]ely to exalt1 b to transc5d h]self4 ,9 #a1 ,*ap4 ,,ii1 we %all h to speak ( ?is important ackn[l$gm5t ( teleology 9 nature1 :i* su* an antagoni/ ( teleology z ,/rauss makes 9 ! above-quot$ rem>ks ab\t a progress 9 nature & a w ( nature2 b "h we are m int]e/$ 9 ! equally rem>kable ackn[l$gm5t ( ! fact t man c n be expla9$ f nature alone--t he is some?+ :i* transc5ds nature4 ,= t 7accord+ to ,/rauss7 nature1 9 orig9at+ man1 n only int5d$ to transc5d h]self1 b really did transc5d h]self &1 t %e succe$$ 9 h] int5tion1 we c inf] f ! moral precept :i* ,/rauss gives3 ,d n =get = a mom5t1 t ?\ art human2 n m]ely a natural production4 ,! result ( our inve/igation1 !re=e1 is t #abg ) self-consci\sness & free moral self-det]m9ation some?+ specifically new came into exi/5ce :i* _h its antec$5t condition 9 a previ\s /ate ( exi/5ce1 b has n yet f\nd its suffici5t explanation 9 ?is antec$5t /ate4 #b4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,s5sation & ( ,consci\sness4 ,! limits ( our k %[ !mselves /ill m cle>ly 9 ! attempts to expla9 ! orig9 ( consci\sness & its l[e/ =m--s5sation4 ,self-consci\sness is )\t d\bt ideally ne>] to consci\sness 9 ?is1 t bo? are an immat]ial activity2 & yet we f\nd no demon/rable bridge :i* leads f consci\sness to self-consci\sness4 ,/ill broad] is ! gulf betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! immat]ial1 betwe5 ! unconsci\s & ! consci\s1--or1 to describe ! two realms ) names :i* br+ !m ne>e/ toge!r1 betwe5 t :i* is )\t s5sation & t :i* has s5sation3 a gulf to bridge :i* philosophy also has va9ly ex]t$ its utmo/ ef=ts1 z has be5 well kn[n s9ce ! sup]natural assi/ance ( ,desc>tes & ! pre/abli%$ h>mony ( ,leibnitz4 ,:]e9 lies ! real necessity t !re %\ld be s5sation8 ,h[ does ! mat]ial become some?+ t is felt8 ,:at is ! demon/rable cause 7n ! condition1 b ! cause7 ( a s5ti5t subject8 ,to ^! que/ions1 e sci5ce up to ! pres5t day lacks an answ]4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,du,bois-,reymond1 9 8 previ\sly-m5tion$ lecture ^u ,! ,limits ( our ,k ( ,nature1 decl>es ! orig9 ( s5sation & ( consci\sness to be "o ( two limits1 beyond #abh :i* we h n only to say ignoramus1 b ignorabimus4 ,9 ab/racto1 we might ?9k ( two attempts at bridg+ ov] ?is gulf3 ! fir/ "o is t we try to trans=m s5sation itself into some?+ mat]ial1 & ! o!r is t we attribute s5sation also to t :i*1 accord+ to our obs]vation1 seems to be )\t s5sation2 namely1 to matt] & its elem5ts1 ! atoms4 ,bo? ( ^! attempts h be5 made--! =m] by ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss 9 8 ,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new1 & by ! ,engli% philosoph]1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 8 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,philosophy2 ! latt]1 fir/ po9t$ out by ,s*op5hau]1 0 tak5 up & f>!r develop$ by ,zlln] 9 8 "w1 ,ueb] die ,natur d] ,komet5 7,nature ( ! ,comets71 ,leipzig1 ,engelmann1 #ahgb1 & ) special acut5ess by an ,anonymus 9 ! "w3 ,das ,unbewus/e von ,/&punkt d] ,physiologie und ,desc5d5z!orie 7,! ,unconsci\s f ! ,/&po9t ( ,physiology & ,desc5t ,!ory71 ,b]l91 ,dunck]1 #ahgb4 ,/rauss says1 9 ! previ\sly-m5tion$ "w3 ,if1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 motion is trans=m$ into heat1 :y may x n1 "u o!r conditions1 be trans=m$ into s5sation8 ,& ,h]b]t ,sp5c] says1 9 8 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,philosophy1 7page #bag73 ,v>i\s classes ( facts ?us unite to prove t ! law ( metamorphosis1 :i* holds among ! physical =ces1 holds equally betwe5 !m & ! m5tal =ces4 ,^? modes ( ! unkn[able :i* we call motion1 heat1 light1 *emical aff9ity1 etc41 are alike trans=mable into ea* o!r1 & into ^? modes ( ! unkn[able :i* we di/+ui% z s5sation1 #abi emotion1 ?\ght3 ^!1 9 _! turns1 be+ directly or indirectly retrans=mable into ! orig9al %apes4 ,b motion--ev5 ! f9e/ mat]ial motion1 t ( e!r1 7:i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! v important discov]y ( ! cons]vation ( =ce & ( ! me*anical equival5t ( heat1 made by ,rob]t von ,may]1 at pres5t is tak5 to be heat7--is s decid$ly a mat]ial process1 ! s5sation ( motion is s decid$ly a reflex ( ! mat]ial 9 some?+ immat]ial1 t ! ass]tion ( a trans=mation ( motion into s5sation seems to u only to *ange ! po9t ( view1 & n to expla9 ! diff]5ce1 b to efface x4 ,& we ?9k t ! appeal ( ,/rauss f 8 contempor>ies1 :o d n und]/& him1 to po/]ity1 :o w\ld und]/& him bett] & e/eem him1 has b little prospect ( be+ op]ative4 ,if t :i* has s5sation & t :i* has x n1 are to be br\ght g5etically ne> "o ano!r1 & h5ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two at ! po9t :]e ! l[e/ s5ti5t be+ has f\nd its fir/ exi/5ce1 is to be made void or at lea/ bridg$ ov]1 !n x is mu* m reasonable1 & also 9 ! l9e ( ,/rauss's solution1 to d5y ! diff]5ce betwe5 t :i* has s5sation & t :i* has x n1 & to d ?is 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we also decl>e t to be s5ti5t :i* we h hi!rto be5 accu/om$ to reg>d z )\t s5sation2 & we %\ld likewise attribute s5sation to ! orig9al elem5ts ( ! _w1 be !y call$ atoms or :atev] "o may wi%4 ,?is is done by ,zlln] & by ! be=e m5tion$ ,anonymus4 ,?is conclusion is logical2 x is ev5 ! only possible conclusion1 if we once />t f ! axiom t ! new1 :i* comes #acj into exi/5ce1 mu/ necess>ily be expla9able f ag5cies previ\sly active1 & kn[n to or imag9$ by u ?r\gh ab/ractions & hypo!ses4 ,zlln] is c]ta9ly "r :51 9 8 "w :i* appe>$ be=e ! lecture ( ,du,bois-,reymond1 he puts ! alt]native1 ei!r to r5\nce =ev] ! conceivabl5ess ( ! ph5om5a ( s5sation1 or hypo!tically to add to ! common qualities ( matt] "o m1 :i* places ! simple/ & mo/ elem5t>y transactions ( nature "u a process ( s5sation1 legitimately connect$ ) x2 z also :5 he says 7page #cbg73 ,we may reg>d ! int5sity ( ^! s5sations 7( matt]7 z little & unimportant z we wi%2 b ! hypo!sis ( _! exi/5ce is1 accord+ to my conviction1 a necess>y condition1 9 ord] to compreh5d ! really exi/+ ph5om5a ( s5sation 9 nature4 ,only we %all d well to *oose ! fir/ alt]native = ! pres5t1 &1 ) ,du,bois-,reymond1 answ] ! "q z to ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( s5sation ) an ignoramus2 inde$1 we %all take a sur] road ) 8 ignorabimus ?an by a plunge into t bottomless ocean ( hypo!ses--9 spite ( ! prote/ ( ,hckel1 :o 7,an?rop41 page ,,xxi7 sees t sci5ti/ :o has ! c\rage to admit ! limits ( our k1 on acc\nt ( ?is ignorabimus1 walk+ 9 ! army ( ! black ,int]national1 & m>%all$ "u ! black flag ( ! hi]>*y1 toge!r ) spiritual s]vitude & falsehood1 want ( reason & b>b>ism1 sup]/ition & retrogression1 & fight+1 spiritual fre$om & tru?1 reason & culture1 evolution & progress4 ,= a solution ( ! "q :i* simply d5ies all %>ply-m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! _w1 & expla9s #aca ! new1 :i* comes into exi/5ce ) s5sation1 by ! ass]tion t ?is new elem5t is n new1 b 0 already pres5t1 & t x exi/s ev]y:]e1 only we d n see x ev]y:]e1--su* a solution seems to u n to be ! true way to int]pret ! problem ( ! sph9x4 ,ev5 ,ed4 von ,h>tmann seems to infr+e ! imp>tiality ( ! true obs]v]1 :51 9 8 ,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 he attributes s5sation to plants4 ,b :5 ,zlln] says 7p4 #cbf73 ,all ! labors ( natural be+s &1 z ! connection indicates1 ( all1 ev5 ( inorganic natural be+s are det]m9$ by l & dislike2 & :5 ,anonymus attributes s5sation to all atoms & to all complexities compos$ ( !m1 ev5 to /one1 !n all reasonable conception ( natural ?+s & processes c]ta9ly vani%es into ?9 air4 ,x w be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 treat+ ! "q ( ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness1 al?\gh we 7 n able to solve ! problem1 nev]!less we _h to ascribe high value to ! inve/igation ( all psy*ical processes on ! l[ /age ( s5sation & consci\sness1 s9ce !y %[ u n ! cause1 b ! condition & basis1 ( self-consci\sness4 ,likewise1 9 ! "q z to ! orig9 ( s5sation & ( consci\sness1 al?\gh we are n able to solve x1 we w will+ly admit t we obs]ve1 ev5 9 t :i* has no s5sation1 qualities & processes :i* furni% ! absolutely necess>y condition & basis = s5sation4 ,= ! same reason1 we w also admit ! manifold analogies ( s5sation :i* we obs]ve 9 t :i* is )\t s5sation4 ,! :ole sy/em ( symbols 9 nature :i* fills our treasury ( words & p5etrates1 9 a #acb ?\s&fold way1 our sci5tific & popul>1 our poetical & prosaic spee*1 our ?\ghts & feel+s1 be>s witness to ! fact t t :i* is )\t s5sation is also a prep>atory /ep to s5sation1 & feel+ bo? active & passive spr+s f x4 ,h[ev]1 a prep>atory /ep1 z su*1 is n necess>ily ! cause2 & ! fact & ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a correlation is n on t acc\nt an explanation4 #c4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,life4 ,! ?ird problem to be solv$ is ! orig9 ( life4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,d>w9 himself makes no attempt at expla9+ ?is problem1 b is satisfi$ ) ! idea t life 0 infus$ into "o or a few =ms by ! ,creator 7,orig9 ( ,species1 #f ed41 p4 #dbi74 ,8 inve/igations & !ories only beg9 :]e organic life1 9 its fir/ & l[e/ =ms1 is already 9 exi/5ce4 ,b lately !re h be5 made1 9 ! realm ( ! organic1 discov]ies ( be+s :i* take ! l[e/ conceivable r\nd on ! ladd] ( organisms1 & :i* 9 _! =m & /ructure are s simple t f !m to ! inorganic !re seems to be b a %ort /ep4 ,we c no long] m5tion z belong+ to ! bridges :i* are said to lead f ! organic _w to ! inorganic1 ! (t5-nam$ ba?ybius1 discov]$ by ,huxley1 & s /rongly reli$ ^u = ! me*anical explanation ( life--a slimy net-l gr[?1 :i* cov]s ! rocks 9 ! great dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,= aft] sci5ti/s l ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba] & o!rs _h already decl>$ x probable t ?is ba?ybius is only a precipitate ( organic relics1 no less a p]son ?an ! discov]] ( ! ba?ybius1 9 ! ,annals ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #ahge1 #acc & 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce1 #ahge1 has sugge/$ t ! :ole discov]y is b gypsum1 :i* 0 precipitat$ 9 a gelat9\s condition4 ,likewise ! utt]ances conc]n+ ! simplicity & lack ( /ructure ( ! l[e/ organisms1 are to be accept$ only ) great res]vation2 = mo/ ( ^! organisms %[ v diff]5tly & v di/9ctly /amp$ /ructures2 ( ?is fact1 anyone may easily conv9ce himself1 :o has _h ! opportunity ( obs]v+ ) ! microscope l[ & l[e/ organisms1 & to admire _! /rik+ & manifold =ms4 ,nev]!less1 !re are mon]a ^: /ructure seems to be no?+ b a liv+ clod )\t k]nel & cov]1 & :i* 9 t respect repres5t ! l[e/ conceivable =m ( organic be+ & life4 ,n[1 rely+ on ^! discov]ies1 z well z ^u ! successful demon/ration1 by inorganic means1 ( organic acids 9 *emi/ry1 & />t+ f ! supposition t ! fir/ appe>ance ( life mu/ necess>ily be expla9$ by ^? ag5cies :i* are already active 9 ! inorganic nature1 _m sci5ti/s h attempt$ ! s-call$ me*anical explanation ( life4 ,?is attempt has be5 made mo/ logically & sy/ematically by ,hckel4 ,he says t organic matt]1 organic =m1 & organic motion1 9 ! l[e/ /ages ( ! organic1 :i* are almo/ ! only ones to be tak5 into consid]ation :5 ! problem ( ! orig9 ( life is discuss$1 conta9 no?+ at all :i* does n also p]ta9 to ! inorganic4 ,9 8 op9ion1 organic matt] is an album9\s c>bon comb9ation1 ( :i* we h to presuppose t1 l all *emical comb9ations1 "u c]ta9 physical & *emical conditions x c also arise 9 ! realm #acd ( ! inorganic 9 a purely *emical & me*anical way4 ,organic =m :i*1 9 its l[e/ /ages1 is s simple1 l ! mon]on & ! ba?ybius1 & :i* /&s /ill l[] ?an a cell1 is1 moreov]1 some?+ :i* !re is no difficulty 9 expla9+ f inorganic matt]4 ,f9ally1 organic motion :i* alone is ! la/ & l[e/ *>act]i/ic ( ! organic 9 its l[e/ /age--9 :i* ! process ( life prop]ly consi/s1 & 9 :i*1 !re=e1 we h to recognize ! punctum sali5s ( ! :ole "q--is only an increase & complication ( ! m]ely me*anical motion ( ! inorganic1 likewise expla9able by me*anical causes4 ,?is view ,hckel exp\nds 9 ! ?irte5? & p>tly also 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 & expla9s ! orig9 ( ! fir/ & mo/ simple organic individuals ei!r ?r\gh :at he calls autogony 9 an inorganic fluid1 or ?r\gh plasmogony 9 an organic fluid--a plasma or protoplasma4 ,9 fact1 accord+ to him1 ! only correct idea is t all matt] is provid$ ) a s\l1 t inorganic & organic nature is "o1 t all natural bodies kn[n to u are equally animat$1 & t ! contra/ commonly drawn betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead _w does n exi/4 ,?is is b a repetition1 9 a m rhetorical way1 ( ! same idea :i* ,anonymus express$ 9 discuss+ ! "q z to ! orig9 ( s5sation4 ,du,bois-,reymond--:o1 9 8 lecture at ,leipzig1 pron\nc$ ! orig9 ( s5sation & ( consci\sness a problem ( natural sci5ce1 nev] to be solv$--is also ( ! op9ion t ! explanation ( life f m]e me*anism ( atoms is v probable1 & only a "q ( "t4 ,x is well kn[n t ! exp]im5tal #ace attempts at orig9at+ ! organic ?r\gh *emi/ry are at pres5t pursu$ ) an eag]ness t c h its /imulus only 9 ! hope ( success4 ,x is cle> t ! ma9 po9t ( ! "q does n lie 9 organic matt] or 9 organic =m1 b 9 organic motion1 = ev5 ! specific ( ! organic =m orig9ates only fir/ ?r\gh organic motion ( life4 ,if1 !re=e1 life is to be expla9$ f me*anical causes1 x mu/ also be %[n t ! m]ely me*anical motion ( inorganic matt] produces t motion :i* we "k z organic motion1 & h[ x produces x4 ,! idea ( increase & complication ( ! inorganic1 m]ely me*anical motion1 ) :i* ,hckel ?r[s a bridge f ! liv+ to ! lifeless or f ! organic to ! inorganic1 does n yet give u t pro(2 x seems r to be "o ( ^? pomp\s phrases ) :i* p hide _! ignorance & make ! uncritical multitude believe t ! explanation is f\nd3 a manipulation aga9/ :i*1 among o!rs1 ,wig&1 9 8 great "w1 repeat$ly prote/s1 z also does ! ,duke ( ,argyll 9 8 lecture on ,an?ropomorphism 9 ,!ology1 hav+ especially 9 8 m9d ! d$uctions ( ,sp5c]4 ,= we may review ! :ole kn[n s]ies ( me*anical motions & _! me*anical causes1 & imag9e _! me*anical increase & _! me*anical complication ! l>ge/ possible2 & /ill ! life-motion ( ! organic w nev] result !refrom4 ,if su* a ke5 psy*ical & physiological inve/igator & ?9k]1 & su* an au?ority 9 ! realm ( ! motions ( atoms & molecules1 z ,gu/av ,!odor ,fe*n]--,e9ige ,ide5 zur ,s*pfungs- und ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,organism5 7,"s ,ideas ab\t ! ,hi/ory ( ! #acf ,creation & ,developm5t ( ,organisms71 ,leipzig1 #ahgc1 p4 #a1 f4--c f9d ! :ole la/+ & effectual diff]5ce betwe5 ! organic & inorganic 9 no?+ else ?an 9 ! way & mann] ( motion--namely1 t ! motion ( ! organic molecules is diff]5t f t ( ! inorganic molecules--& :5 he traces ?is diff]5ce ) ma!matical exactness1 !n an ass]tion :i* simply d5ies t diff]5ce1 )\t attempt+ to %[ ! id5tity ( ! two motions1 to say no?+ ( prov+ ?is id5tity1 is no?+ m ?an a cle> evid5ce t ! me*anical !ory has n yet succe$$ 9 expla9+ ! orig9 ( life1 & t ^? sci5ti/s :o s haughtily look d[n ^u ! abuse ( vital p[]1 to ! efficacy ( :i* _! antagoni/s began to resort :5 _! k came to an end1 make exactly ! same abuse ) _! me*anism4 ,t organic motion1 ev5 ! organic motion ( molecules1 once pres5t1 comes into dep5d5ce on ! well kn[n laws ( me*anism1 we naturally w n d5y2 any m ?an t ! human body1 :5 s]v+ ! w ( ! m9d1 foll[s 9 its motions ! laws ( physiology & me*anism4 ,prey] seems to make a mi/ake simil> to t ( ^? :o efface s5sation & motion1 :51 9 an essay on ! hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( life1 9 ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 ,vol4 ,i1 #g1 he ev5 effaces ! diff]5ce betwe5 life & s5sation1 & simply id5tifies life & motion4 ,self-motion1 call$ life1 & inorganic movem5t ( bodies by ag5cies outside ( !mselves1 are b quantitatively1 int5sively1 or gradually diff]5t =ms ( motion2 n 9 _! inn]mo/ be+ diff]5t4444 ,our w *anges _m k9ds ( motion into heat1 makes #acg cold metal to be r$-hot simply by hamm]+4444 ,likewise inv]sely1 z ! law ( ! cons]vation ( =ce mu/ require1 a "p ( ! et]nal heat ( ! metal c be n[ & =ev] transpos$ into ! liv+ motion ( our s\l4 ,?is :ole mann] ( inve/igation & pro( is "o ( ^? num]\s unconsci\s logical fallacies :i*1 introduc$ by ,hegel1 h gradually atta9$ a c]ta9 title by possession4 ,f ! obs]vation ( a process1 !y ab/ract a *>act]i/ic1 z g5]al z possible1--z1 = in/ance1 f ! obs]vation ( life ! *>act]i/ic ( motion2 !n !y f9d t ! process has ! *>act]i/ic 9 common ) /ill o!r processes--z1 = in/ance1 ! self-motion ( ! liv+ has ! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( motion 9 common ) ! objective motion ( ! lifeless2 & !n !y p]suade !mselves t ! process :i* !y try to expla9 is really expla9$ by hav+ f\nd a quality ( ?is process z compreh5sive z possible4 ,& 9 ord] to hide ! falsity ( ! conclusion1 !y also give to ! g5]al idea1 :i* !y h f\nd to be a *>act]i/ic ( t process1 ! same "n :i* ! special process has1--z1 = in/ance1 !y call motion life1 no matt] :e!r x is a motion ( itself or a be+ mov$1 no matt] :e!r x is p]=m$ f )9 or 9 consequ5ce ( an impulse f )\t2 & !n !y say3 ,behold1 life is expla9$2 life is no?+ b motion4 ,b x c be readily se5 t life is also motion1 & has !re=e ?is *>act]i/ic 9 common ) ev]y?+ :i* is mov$2 b t ! specific ( t motion call$ life--namely1 self-motion 9 consequ5ce ( an impulse r5ew+ itself f )91 &1 z ,fe*n] %[s1 #ach self-motion 9 a rotatory direction ( ! molecules1 precisely ! same ?+ :i* 9 di/9ction f o!r motions we call life1--is n expla9$1 b simply ignor$4 ,!re is /ill ano!r bold hypo!sis :i* we h to m5tion--namely1 t ! organic g]ms 7 once ?r[n f o!r sph]es ^u ! e>? by rolites4 ,ye>s ago ?is idea 0 decl>$ by ,helmholtz to be sci5tifically conceivable2 !n x 0 =mally ass]t$ & br\ght into g5]al notice by ,sir ,william ,?ompson1 9 8 op5+ address be=e ! annual assembly ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,ed9burgh1 9 #ahga1 b reject$ z =mally & mat]ially unsci5tific by ,zlln]1 9 ! preface to 8 "w1 ,nature ( ,comets1 & aga9 def5d$ by ,helmholtz 9 8 preface to ! second volume ( a translation ( ,?ompson & ,tait's ,!oretical ,physics4 ,h[ev]1 ?is hypo!sis also only def]s ! solution ( ! "q1 &1 suppos+ its sci5tific possibility1 leads ei!r to ! remot] "q1 h[ life did orig9ate 9 ^? o!r sph]es1 or to ! metaphysical ass]tion ( ! et]nity ( life & ( ! et]nal cont9uity ( ! liv+ 9 ! _w1 & %[s !re) v cle>ly ! impossibility ( its explanation4 ,?is inexplicability w\ld /ill exi/1 if :at is q improbable %\ld happ51 namely1 t ! exp]im5tal attempts at artificially produc+ organic life %\ld be successful1 & if ?us ! "q z to ! g5]atio quivoca1 :i* dur+ ! pa/ decades s mu* al>m$ ! m9ds ( sci5ti/s & !ologians1 %\ld be exp]im5tally solv$ & answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,= 9 view ( ! hopes ( a possible explanation ( life1 :i* is expect$ to be ! rew>d = ! success ( #aci ^! attempts1 ,zlln] is fully "r 9 say+3 ,t ! sci5ti/s to-day set su* an extremely high value on ! inductive pro( ( ! g5]atio quivoca1 is ! mo/ significant symptom ( h[ little !y h made !mselves acqua9t$ ) ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! !ory ( k4 ,=1 suppose !y %\ld really succe$ 9 obs]v+ ! orig9 ( organic g]ms "u conditions entirely free f objection to any imag9able communication ) ! atmosph]e1 :at c\ld !y answ] to ! ass]tion t ! organic g]ms1 9 ref]5ce to _! ext5sion1 are ( ! ord] ( e!r-atoms1 &1 ) ^!1 press ?r\gh ! int]vals ( ! mat]ial molecules :i* =m ! sides ( our app>atus8 ,h[ little life is expla9$1 at lea/ accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 also foll[s f ! insuffici5cy ( all attempts at def9+ x4 ,! late/ & mo/ ?or\gh attempt at su* a def9ition ( life1 ) :i* we are famili>1 is t made by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 8 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #be1 & 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,"p ,i1 ,*ap4 #d & #e4 ,hav+ made ?or\gh inve/igations1 he arrives at ! g5]al =mula3 ,life is ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations4 ,to ?is def9ition we w n make ! objection t x is no?+ b a logical ab/raction f ! common quality ( all processes & ph5om5a ( life2 = x c]ta9ly lies 9 ! nature ( a def9ition t x c be no?+ else b t4 ,nev]!less1 we w /ate t su* a def9ition ( life n only does n lead u any ne>] to ! compreh5sion ( its processes1 & especially ( ! ri*ness & ! organization ( its =ms & functions1 b t x #adj cle>ly %[s u h[ little ! orig9 ( life is expla9$4 ,= ?is v def9ition necess>ily & obvi\sly leads u to ! que/ions3 ,:5ce d ^? int]nal relations orig9ate1 :5ce _! adju/m5t to ext]nal relations1 & :5ce ! cont9uity ( ?is adju/m5t8 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions ?is def9ition /ill owes u4 ,!re=e1 n only self-consci\sness & fre$om1 n only s5sation & consci\sness1 b also life & ! organic1 rema9 a ph5om5on :i*--at lea/1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( our k & reason+--ent]s into ! realm ( ! _w ( ph5om5a z some?+ new t c n be expla9$ f ! =ego+1 al?\gh x presupposes ! =ego+ z ! condition1 n ! cause1 ( its appe>ance2 & no matt] :e!r we h to ?9k ( ! modality ( its orig9 z a sudd5 or z a gradual "o4 #d4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ! ,_w1 ! ,!ory ( ,atoms1 & ! ,me*anical ,view ( ! ,_w4 ,! inve/igat+ & ?9k+ m9d1 :5 x attempts to expla9 ! appe>ances & =ms ( t :i* exi/s1 f9ds itself l$ fur!r & fur!r back1 until x f9ally arrives at ! la/ elem5ts ( ! _w & ( matt]4 ,:e!r we take ! problem ( life z solv$ or unsolv$1 ! liv+ has matt] & its subord9ation to ! effici5cy ( all its *emical & me*anical p[]s 9 common ) ! lifeless2 & ! organic1 9 its fir/ beg9n+s1 /&s extraord9>ily ne> to1 & is gr[n on ! gr\nd (1 ! inorganic1--if n accord+ to ! category ( cause & effect1 /ill accord+ to t ( condition & consequ5ce1 ( basis & /ructure4 ,!re=e we /& at la/ be=e ! #ada "q ( ! f9al elem5ts ( matt]1 :i*1 inde$1 con/itutes organic z well z inorganic bodies4 ,! answ] to ?is "q is attempt$ by ! !ory ( atoms3 ! doctr9e :i* tea*es t ! :ole mat]ial _w is compos$ ( simple p>ticles :i* are no f>!r divisible1 & f ^: juxtaposition ! *emical elem5ts--&1 9 respect to _! o!r =ms ( exi/5ce & comb9ation1 ! :ole _w ( bodies1 ) all _! =ms1 /ates1 & *anges1--are compos$4 ,?is !ory has n only ! practical value t ! physical 7& especially ! *emical7 sci5ces c make & use _! =mulas mo/ easily "u ! supposition ( su* simple primitive elem5ts2 b x also has ! great !oretical m]it t x has brok5 d[n ! old b>ri]s betwe5 matt] & =ce1 & has ?us promot$ consid]ably our me?od ( reg>d+ ! _w ( mat]ial sub/ances4 ,t[>d ?is result1 sci5ti/s & philosoph]s--&1 among ! latt]1 ! ?9k]s & inve/igators ( bo? views ( ! _w1 ! !i/ic & ! pan!i/ic1 ! ideal & ! mat]iali/ic1--h work$ ) equal m]it1 & h equally enjoy$ its fruits1 ) p]haps ! s+le exception ( s pure a mat]iali/ z ,ludwig ,b*n]1 :o1 x seems1 does n l to give up 8 old doctr9e ( =ce & matt] z ! two insep>able1 equival5t1 & equally et]nal elem5ts ( ! univ]se4 ,t matt] itself1 ev5 :5 look$ ^u f a purely physical /&po9t1 has an incorporeal pr9ciple2 t ! :ole _w ( bodies1 z su*1 has b a ph5om5al "*2 t n =ce & matt] are ! two empirico-physical pr9ciples ( ! _w1 b t matt] itself mu/ be a product ( elem5t>y #adb =ce active 9 ! atoms2 ^! doctr9es h n[ be pretty ne>ly common prop]ty ( natural sci5ce & philosophy4 ,inve/igators :o l ,wilhelm ,wundt1 rise f natural sci5ce to philosophy1 or su* z take _! />t+-po9t f philosophy--:e!r !y be !i/s1 l ,lotze1 ,i4 ,h4 ,fi*te1 ,ulrici1 or occupy ! gr\nd ( a pessimi/ic pan!ism1 z does ,edu>d von ,h>tmann1--all %>e ?is view & its fruits4 ,b 9 spite ( all ^! pref]5ces = ! !ory ( atoms1 we %\ld n =get t x /ill has b hypo!tical value--t x is b an idea ( limits1 :i* indicates1 :]e ! sci5tifically p]ceptible ceases1 & t e attempt at mov+ ?is limit /ill f>!r on mu/ ei!r fail & lead into unsolvable contradictions1 or1 if successful1 only leads to new difficulties & unsolv$ problems4 ,already )9 t realm 9 :i* ! !ory ( atoms is a supplem5tal hypo!sis directly indisp5sable at pres5t--i4e41 )9 _! application 9 physical sci5ces--we meet suppositions :i* raise great d\bts & difficulties4 ,su* a sci5tific difficulty occurs :5 ! atomism ( ! natural philosoph]s supposes a d\ble complexity ( atoms1 mat]ial atoms & atoms ( e!r3 complexities :i* bo? p5etrate "o ano!r1 & are suppos$ to foll[ p>tly totally diff]5t1 p>tly ! same1 elem5t>y laws ( =ce4 ,mat]ial atoms are subord9ate to ! law ( gravitation1 :ile atoms ( e!r are n2 & yet bo? act legitimately ^u "o ano!r1--z1 = in/ance1 :5 heat passes into motion & motion into heat1 :i* c]ta9ly presupposes a law ( p[] act+ 9 common = bo?4 ,ano!r difficulty lies 9 ! atomism ( ! *emi/s2 & /ill ano!r #adc 9 ! div]g5cy ( ! aims at :i* ! physical !ory ( atoms on ! "o h& & ! *emical !ory ( atoms on ! o!r seem to po9t4 ,*emi/ry is incl9$ to expla9 ! diff]5ce ( its num]\s elem5ts f ! orig9al diff]5ce ( ! atoms2 & yet x is n at all c]ta9 t ! elem5ts ( *emi/ry !mselves are n compos$ ( /ill m simple & less num]\s prim>y elem5ts4 ,_m indications seem to po9t to su* prim>y elem5ts :i* are m simple 9 numb] & quality1 & inve/igators ev5 m5tion an elem5t--hydrog5--9 ! direction ( :i* we h to look = ! way t w lead u to ^? primitive elem5ts ( matt]4 ,! div]g5cy ( aims1 f9ally1 consi/s 9 ! fact t physical atomism prevail+ly po9ts to a con=mity ( ! atoms ( bodies2 *emical atomism1 on ! contr>y1--at lea/1 accord+ to its pres5t /ate1--po9ts to a dissimil>ity among ^!4 ,! hypo!tical & problematical nature ( ! !ory ( atoms /rikes u /ill m cle>ly :5 we try to analyze x philosophically4 ,fir/1 we meet t ant9omy :i* we always f9d :]e we try to pass beyond ! limits ( our empirical k by means ( conception4 ,=1 if ! atoms /ill occupy space1 we c n und]/& :y !y %\ld n be fur!r divisible1 & if !y d n occupy space1 we c n und]/& h[ any sum ( t :i* does n occupy space1 c f9ally succe$ 9 fill+ space4 ,x is true1 ?is v ant9omy has l$ to ! ov]com+ ( t dualism ( =ce & matt] :i* s long en*a9$ sci5ce1 & ! ov]com+ ( :i* we greet z a progress ( our !oretical k ( nature4 ,we no #add long] look ^u ! atoms z mat]ial elem5ts1 b z c5tres ( =ce4 ,! ant9omy has ! fur!r m]it t1 9 ! realm ( ! k ( nature1 x br+s to our consci\sness ! great advantage ( a concrete p]ception & reason+ ov] purely logical ab/ractions4 ,= ,ulrici1 9 8 ,god & ,nature1 is "r 9 call+ our att5tion to ! fact t we mu/ ?9k ab\t ! atoms1 n 9 an ab/ractly logical & an ab/ractly ma!matical way1 b concretely2 t we h to consid] !m1 n z m]e quantities1 b z qualities2 & t we c !n easily arrive at ! p]ception ( some?+ :i* occupies space1 & :i* !re=e1 accord+ to ab/ract conclusions ( logic & ma!matics1 c\ld /ill be ?\ght ( z divisible 9 ab/racto1 b :i*1 ev5 z a consequ5ce ( its quality1 ( its concrete natural =m1 is no long] divisible 9 reality4 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( all ^! rem>kable attempts at ov]com+ ! difficulties ( ! !ory ( atoms1 t ant9omy returns z (t5 z we und]take to make t cle>ly p]ceptible :i* we h at la/ ga9$ a p>tial conception (2 & ?us %[s u1 f ?is side also1 t ev5 ) ! !ory ( atoms we h arriv$ at ! limit :]e n only our obs]vation1 b also ! precis5ess & c]ta9ty ( our conceptions1 ceases4 ,by ! atomic !ory1 we d n ga9 any?+ = ! ultimate explanation ( ! _w & its cont5ts1 n ev5 if its pres5t hypo!tical value %\ld be *ang$ into a complete demon/ration4 ,= ! :ole !ory b removes ! "q z to ! orig9 ( ?+s f _! s5sible appe>ance to ! elem5ts ( t appe>ance1 & leaves u /&+ j z helpless be=e ! elem5ts z be=e ! appe>ances4 ,= #ade :5ce does ! :ole ri*ness ( ! appe>ances 9 ! _w come8 ,if ! atoms are all alike1 & _! laws ( =ce ! simple/ we c imag9e1 !n _! gr\p+ into all ! developm5ts & =mations ( :i* we obs]ve su* an inf9ite & regul>ly arrang$ abundance1 is n less unexpla9$ ?an if we _h n gone back to ! !ory ( atoms at all4 ,b if ! atoms & _! laws ( =ce are diff]5t1 ! difficulty is n simplifi$1 b d\bl$4 ,=1 fir/1 ! !ory !n owes u an answ] to ! que/ions :]e9 ! diff]5ce ( ! atoms consi/s & :5ce x comes2 &1 second1 ! "q we h to consid] 9 suppos+ a uni=mity ( ! atoms1 is n dispos$ ( or answ]$--! "q1 namely1 z to ! causes :i* br+ ^! diff]5t atoms toge!r to =m precisely ^? complexities ( atoms :i* we obs]ve z ! _w ( ph5om5a4 ,?is insuffici5cy ( ! !ory ( atoms 9 expla9+ ! _w & its cont5ts1 is ano!r pro( to u t1 h[ev] great ! practical value ( ?is !ory may be = ! op]ations ( physics & *emi/ry1 its !oretical value consi/s ess5tially 9 ! fact t x =mulates m accurately ! p]ception ( ! limits ( our exact k4 ,ev5 ! idea ( ,lotze1 t ! atoms 79 !mselves diff]5t7 are n really ! f9al elem5ts ( matt]1 b consi/ ( /ill m simple b likewise diff]5t elem5ts1 seems to u m a decoration ?an an ext5sion ( ! limits at :i* our p]ception has arriv$2 we /& be=e a d\ble door1 b f9d bo? doors lock$4 ,we agree ) ,du,bois-,reymond1 :5 he decl>es1 9 8 be=e-m5tion$ lecture1 ! impossibility ( p]ceiv+ ! la/ elem5ts ( ! #adf _w1 matt] & =ce1 to be ! o!r limit ( our k ( nature :i*1 toge!r ) ! impossibility ( ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( s5sation & consci\sness1 rema9s =ev] fix$4 ,likewise1 ! peculi> modification :i* ,g4 ,?4 ,fe*n] gives to ! !ory ( ! la/ elem5ts ( ! _w1 _c escape ! *>ge ( leav+ ! problem ( ! _w sci5tifically j z unsolv$ z be=e4 ,fe*n] n only f9ds1 z we h already m5tion$1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! organic & ! inorganic 9 ! diff]5ce ( ! mutual motions1 b he also f9ds t ! "* ( organic motions is exactly ! same z t :i* ! bodies ( ! univ]se h among !mselves 9 _! motions4 ,?us he di/+ui%es ! cosmorganic motion1 :i* is p]=m$ 9 ! :ole ( ! univ]se1 & ! molecul>-organic motion1 :i* we obs]ve 9 ! s+le organisms ( ! e>?2 he makes ,god ! p]sonal1 self-consci\s s\l ( ?is cosmical organism2 &1 9 us+ ! law ( ! t5d5cy to /ability1 ) :i* he completes ! ,d>w9ian selection !ory1 ass]ts t ! organic 9 ! :ole ( ! univ]se1 z well z 9 ! n>r[ sph]e ( s+le bodies on ! e>?1 is ! fir/ ?+ f :i* ! inorganic 0 sep>at$ & became gradually fix$4 ,?us1 9 8 op9ion1 ! problem :i* up to ! pres5t has occupi$ inve/igators1--namely1 h[ did ! organic orig9ate f ! inorganic8--w\ld h to be rev]s$ to1 h[ did ! inorganic orig9ate f ! organic8 ,prey] w\ld also rea* a simil> result ) 8 above-m5tion$ !ory ( ! id5tity ( life & motion4 ,= accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! liv+ w\ld #adg be z old & common z motion1 & ! organic b ! dregs ( life4 ,we may1 !re=e1 say t1 )\t reg>d to ! fact t nei!r pan!ism nor !ism w ev] h>monize ) ,fe*n]'s solution ( ?is contra/ :i* gives to ,god exactly ! same position 9 ! _w z ! s\l has 9 ! body1 natural sci5ce w c]ta9ly treat ) great res]ve a cosmo-metaphysical sy/em :i* s fully upsets all results ( exact inve/igations into ! hi/ory ( orig9 & developm5t1 & has no o!r pro( = itself ?an ! id5tity1 or at lea/ ! simil>ity1 ( ! ab/ract =mula accord+ to :i* ! molecul> motions ( organisms & ! cosmical motions are p]=m$4 ,al?\gh we ?us h to d5y to ! pro( ( ?is id5tity or simil>ity ! weight :i* ,fe*n] gives to x1 nev]!less x has /ill no small m]it1 s9ce x ?r[s new & cle>] light ^u ! old ?\ght1 always attractive & yet s difficult to pres5t1--( a macrocosmus & a microcosmus1 :i* has be5 (t5 en\gh treat$ ) s mu* natural my/icism4 ,?us1 9 our inquiry into ! developm5t ( ?+s1 we h successively arriv$ at f\r po9ts1 ea* ( :i* urg$ u to make ! confession t "h some?+ new came into exi/5ce1 :i* c n be expla9$ f ! prec$+ conditions ( its be+2 ^! f\r po9ts 73 ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness1 ! orig9 ( s5sation & consci\sness1 ! orig9 ( life1 & f9ally ! elem5ts ( ! univ]se4 ,arriv$ at ! la/ problem1 we see ! confession ( our ignorance increas$ to ! /ill m compreh5sive confession t we are really n able fully to expla9 any?+ 9 ! _w4 ,we are able to p]ceive a uni=mity ( law 9 ! /ates & #adh *anges ( ?+s1 & to ab/ract !refrom common laws ( nature2 we c obs]ve s+le objects1 & p]ceive _! /ates & *anges 9 _! connection ) "o ano!r & 9 _! dep5d5ce on ^? laws4 ,b we are n able to expla9 sci5tifically ei!r ! orig9 ( ^! laws or ! la/ physical causes ( ! qualities ( ?+s1 :i* foll[ ^! laws4 ,we %\ld rea* ! same result if we _h n />t$ f ! objective _w ( ! exi/+1 z we 7 induc$ to d by our subject1 b f !oretical inve/igations4 ,"h also we %\ld imm$iately f9d ourselves 9 a _w ( relations betwe5 subject & object1 ( a regul>ly arrang$ abundance ( subjective & objective qualities1 /ates & processes1 ( :i* ! objective only come to our k ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! subjective1 & ( regul>ly arrang$ laws to :i* bo? ! subjective & ! objective are commonly subord9ate4 ,b :y j ^! & no o!r qualities ( ! subject & ( objects exi/1 :y j ^! & no o!r laws reign1 :y j ?is & no o!r relation takes place betwe5 ! p]ceiv+ subject & ! p]ceiv$ object1 w\ld rema9 unansw]$ z be=e4 ,amid/ a g5]ation :i* is s fond ( revel+ 9 ! ?\ght ( an ext5sion ( all ! limits ( our k1 & is incl9$ to proclaim z true t :i* x wi%es & hopes1 inve/igators are n :olly want+ :o v decid$ly express _! consci\sness ( ^! limits ( our k1 & at ! same "t comb9e x ) ! mo/ logical sci5tific reason+ & inve/igation4 ,ev5 :5 9 detail !y rea* ^! limits f ! mo/ v>y+ po9ts ( view1 & draw #adi !m 9 diff]5t directions1 !y all agree 9 confirm+ ! pr9ciple t x is "o ( ! fir/ & mo/ indisp5sable conditions ( successful inve/igation always to be consci\s ( ! limits ( its p]ception4 ,voices :i* rem9d mank9d ( ^! limits1 are p]haps less popul>1 = man pref]s to be rem9d$ ( ! advances r ?an ( ! limitations ( 8 k2 b !y are on t acc\nt ! m wor?y ( our gratitude1 = !y keep u on ! solid gr\nd ( ! atta9able f :i* alone sure progress 9 k is possible4 ,among su* philosoph]s we "n ,ulrici1 & especially ,lotze2 among sci5ti/s1 9 ! fir/ place1 two pione]s 9 _! dep>tm5ts--namely1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! me*anism ( heat1 ,rob]t von ,may]--comp>e 8 ,bem]kung5 b] das me*anis*e ,aequival5t d] ,wrme 7,rem>ks on ! ,me*anical ,equival5t ( ,heat71 & ,ueb] no?w5dige ,consequ5z5 und ,inconsequ5z5 d] ,wrmeme*anik 7,necess>y ,consequ5ces & ,inconsequ5ces ( ! ,me*anism ( ,heat71 ,/uttg>t1 ,cotta2--& 9 ! realm ( ! developm5t ( organisms1 ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba]--comp>e 8 ,r$5 und kle9]e ,aufstze 7,addresses & ,essays71 #b vols41 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahfd & #ahgf4 ,9 ?is connection we h already m5tion$ ! "n ( ,du,bois-,reymond4 ,otto ,k/l9 publi%$ two rem>kable diss]tations 9 ?is direction--,ueb] die ,gr5z5 d] ,naturwiss5s*aft 7,limits ( ,natural ,sci5ce71 ,tb+51 ,fues1 #b;d ed41 #ahgd1 & ,ueb] natrli*e ,entwicklung 7,natural ,developm5t71 ib41 #ahge4 ,9 ! latt] he especially cautions aga9/ ha/ily conf\nd+ ! laws ( developm5t ( planets1 developm5t ( ! organic k+dom1 & developm5t #aej ( ! individual organisms4 ,rec5tly1 ,wig&1 9 ! second volume ( 8 "w already frequ5tly m5tion$1 attempts1 ) an extreme en]gy :i* does too little ju/ice to ! repres5tation & inve/igation ( ! /ill unsolv$ problems1 to =mulate ! limits ( ! kn[able4 ,a contr>y extreme1 & ( its k9d a /ill m "o-sid$ corrective ( ?is too great /ability1 we h 9 ^? inve/igators :o1 by reason ( ! great progress :i* has be5 made 9 ! realm ( ! !oretical k ( nature1 all[ !mselves to be drawn on to ! hope ( /ill expla9+ all /ates & processes 9 ! _w--! spiritual & ! e?ic processes z well z ! physical--f ! pure me*anism ( atoms2 & :o see 9 t :i* ?us f> has be5 me*anically expla9$1 ! only & ! infallible way ( expla9+ all t is /ill obscure4 ,!y call ?is view ! me*anical view ( ! _w2 &1 z monism1 put x 9 opposition to ! vitali/ic1 teleological1 & duali/ic view ( ! _w4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a correct view ( ?is /&po9t1 we quote f ,hckel's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #bc1 ! foll[+ passage3 ,by ! !ory ( desc5t we are = ! fir/ "t enabl$ to conceive ( ! unity ( nature 9 su* a mann] t a me*anico-causal explanation ( ev5 ! mo/ intricate organic ph5om5a1 = example1 ! orig9 & /ructure ( ! organs ( s5se1 is no m difficult 79 a g5]al way7 ?an is ! me*anical explanation ( any physical process2 z1 = example1 e>?quakes1 ! c\rses ( ! w9d1 or ! curr5ts ( ! ocean4 ,we ?us arrive at ! extremely important conviction t all natural bodies :i* are kn[n to u are equally #aea animat$1 t ! di/9ction :i* has be5 made betwe5 animate & inanimate bodies does n exi/4 ,:5 a /one is ?r[n into ! air1 & falls to e>? accord+ to def9ite laws1 or :5 9 a solution ( salt a cry/al is =m$1 ! ph5om5on is nei!r m nor less a me*anical manife/ation ( life ?an ! gr[? & fl[]+ ( plants1 ?an ! propagation ( animals or ! activity ( _! s5ses1 ?an ! p]ception or ! =mation ( ?\ght 9 man4 ,"h cry/allization1 organic life1 s5sation1 & =mation ( ?\ght1 are expressly put 9 "o l9e ( me*anism ) ! fall+ ( a /one4 ,9 ! foll[+ section we w h occasion to discuss ?is view z a view ( ! _w2 b we believe t ! pres5tation ( ?is idea1 & ! exclusive v9dication ( x z a complete view ( ! _w1 ne$s j "h1 :]e we /ill /& on ! gr\nd ( ! philosophy ( natural p]ception1 "s critical sift+4 ,9 ! realm ( mat]ial nature1 me*anical explanation & g5]al explanation is directly id5tical2 i4e41 a process ( nature rema9s obscure s long & s f> z its me*anism is n yet p]ceiv$1 & 9 ! same degree z its me*anism is p]ceiv$1 ! process also is expla9$4 ,! uni=mity ( law 9 ! occurr5ce ( ev5ts accord+ to ! causal pr9ciple 9 ! realm ( mat]ial nature1 c be approa*$ by u 9 no o!r =m ?an 9 t ( me*anism1 provid$ we und]/& by me*anism an activity accord+ to law & :i* c be ma!matically e/imat$ z to size & numb]4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 e sci5tific inve/igator 9 ! k ( mat]ial nature takes 8 place on ! /&po9t ( a me*anical view ( ! _w4 #aeb ,b "h we h gone to ! full ext5t to :i* we are ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ a me*anical view ( ! _w1 & h fix$ its limits 9 its own prop] realm--! realm ( ! sci5tific p]ception ( ! mat]ial _w2 ev5 if we d n jo9 ) ,wig& 9 resign+ sci5tific inquiry 9 t direction1 & express ! expectation t ^! limits are n fix$ & n to be designat$ 9 advance1 b w be mov$ f>!r & f>!r1 & t n only 9 reg>d to ! k ( ! quantity ( ph5om5a 7:i* ev5 ,wig&1 z a sci5tific inve/igator1 naturally admits71 b also 9 reg>d to _! quality4 ,9 our rese>*es hi!rto we h (t5 met su* limits4 ,we h f\nd t 9 ! realm ( ! mat]ial _w su* important ph5om5a & processes z life are at pres5t n yet fully expla9$4 ,by ! me*anical view ( ! _w1 we h be5 l$ back to ! la/ elem5ts & to ! mo/ elem5t>y =ces ( matt]1 b h be5 conv9c$ t we are no long] able to f9d !m ) sci5tific c]ta9ty1 & t consequ5tly n a s+le quality ( mat]ial exi/5ce is really expla9$ & trac$ back to its la/ mat]ial causes1 to say no?+ ( ! transc5d5tal causes :i* are entirely inaccessible to our exact sci5tific k4 ,n[ !re is ano!r realm ( exi/5ce1 j z l>ge z &1 accord+ to its value1 /ill l>g] ?an1 t ( ! mat]ial _w1 :i*1 n on acc\nt ( its sci5tific inaccessibility1 b 9 con=mity ) its own peculi> nature1 entirely )draws itself f ! me*anical view4 ,x is ! realm ( psy*ical life2 &1 /ill m decid$ly & m evid5tly1 ! realm ( m9d4 ,z f> z our obs]vations g1 ! law ( #aec causality reigns "h also1 & "h also no?+ takes place )\t a cause4 ,b z "h ! realm 9 :i* ! causal law reigns is no long] mat]ial nature1 s ev5 ! =m 9 :i* x is active is no long] t ( me*anism4 ,= we c]ta9ly _c und]/& me*anical effect to be any?+ else ?an an effect ( some?+ mat]ial ^u some?+ mat]ial1 ^: uni=mity ( law c be exactly e/imat$ ma!matically z to size & numb]4 ,n[ if ! application ( me*anism to ! psy*ical & spiritual realm does n express any?+ except ! c]ta9ly q insidi\s idea t "h also causality reigns1 x is no?+ else b ! sub/itution ( ano!r idea = ! ^w me*anism--an idea :i* x nev] _h 9 ! entire use ( language up to ?is "t1 & by ! sub/itution ( :i* ! pro( = a me*anism ( ! m9d is n giv51 b surreptiti\sly obta9$ 9 a mann] simil> to ! be=e-m5tion$ attempt ( ,prey]1 surreptiti\sly to obta9 ! pro( = ! orig9 ( life4 ,b if ! me*anical explanation ( ! functions ( ! m9d really means t !y also consi/ 9 an effect ( ! mat]ial ^u some?+ mat]ial1 & t ?is effect c be ma!matically e/imat$ z to size & numb]1 x is an ass]tion :i* has fir/ to be prov51 b :i* _c be prov5 & _c be all[$ ev5 z an hypo!sis1 z a problem = inve/igation1 because x contradicts our :ole exp]i5ce4 ,& x contradicts n only ! conclusions drawn f mo/ natural appe>ances1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 are deceitful & ev5 tell u t ! sun goes ar\nd ! e>?1 b x contradicts ! philosophical analysis j z mu* & ev5 /ill m directly & decid$ly ?an #aed ! direct impression--z became cle> to u at ! l[e/ po9t ( contact betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! psy*ical1 viz41 at s5sation1 :5 we %[$ ! impossibility ( sci5tifically expla9+ ! orig9 ( s5sation4 ,x is easy to see :at facts made x altoge!r possible to produce su* a mat]iali/ic psy*ology & to give x at ! fir/ sup]ficial view a c]ta9 appe>ance ( tru?2 b x w n be difficult to detect its want ( tru?4 ,accord+ to our :ole exp]i5ce1 ! human m9d is b\nd to ! body2 its prop] activity1 its :ole communication ) ! mat]ial & immat]ial _w outside ( x1 ev5 its :ole mutual int]c\rse ) ! m9ds ( fell[-be+s1 is p]=m$ by means ( bodily functions :i*1 z su*1 are subord9ate to me*anism4 ,!re=e physiological psy*ology c]ta9ly belongs to ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! bran*es ( sci5ce :i* at pres5t enjoy special c>e1 & works 9 ?is realm1 l ^? ( ,wundt1 are wor?y ( ! greate/ att5tion4 ,n[ if ^! po9ts ( contact once exi/ betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! psy*ical & spiritual processes1 s t mat]ial functions causally influ5ce psy*ical & spiritual ones1 & psy*ical & spiritual functions simil>ly influ5ce mat]ial ones1 !re mu/ also exi/ betwe5 ! laws ( mat]ial processes & ^? ( psy*ical & spiritual functions a relation :i* makes possible su* a mutual effect1 & we mu/ be able to ab/ract f x ! exi/5ce ( a common high] law ( :i* on ! "o side ! mat]ial laws1 & on ! o!r ! psy*ical & spiritual1 are b p>tial laws4 ,precisely "h lie ! indications :i* appe> to favor mat]ialism 9 psy*ology4 ,b x is only an appe>ance4 ,=1 f ! ackn[l$gm5t #aee & sci5tific inve/igation ( a reciprocal action1 to an id5tification ( ! two factors :i* act ^u "o ano!r1 is /ill an inf9ite /ep4 ,if sci5ce is n ev5 able to id5tify mat]ial motion & s5sation1 /ill less c x id5tify mat]ial motion & ! spiritual & e?ic activities4 ,:5 ?is is done1 x is done only 9 consequ5ce ( ! same conf\nd+ ( condition & cause :i* we _h to expose on ! occasion ( ! ass]tion ( ! possibility ( expla9+ ! orig9 ( life or ( s5sation1 & ( consci\sness or ( self-consci\sness4 ,b we "h also will+ly admit t ! realm 9 :i* causality reigns 9 ! =m ( me*anism1 aims at be+ ! support1 f\ndation1 & in/rum5t ( ano!r realm :]e causality /ill reigns1 b me*anism ceases4 ,h[ f> inve/igation may /ill proce$ 9 ! direction ( ^? int]e/+ po9ts & l9es :]e bo? realms t\* "o ano!r 9 causal reciprocal action1 we d n "k4 ,we are h>dly able to indicate ! direction 9 :i* ! inve/igation mu/ proce$1 & ?is direction seems to be assign$ to x by ! idea ( ,auslsung4#h ,! idea ( ,auslsung1 :i* plays su* an #aef important rle 9 physics1 seems to be /ill fruitful = ! k ( psy*o-physical life3 bodily functions ls5 aus spiritual ones1 spiritual functions bodily ones4 ,b s mu* ! m cle>ly does ?is !ory %[ ! limits ( me*anism3 me*anism reigns 9 ! _w ( bodies f ! ,auslsung5 & to ! ,auslsung51 ) :i* ! m9d induces ! body to activity1 & ! body ! m9d2 beyond ^! limits causality /ill reigns1 b no long] me*anism4 ,n[ if ?us ! me*anical view ( ! _w has )9 its own mo/ prop] realm--! realm ( mat]ial ph5om5a--its limits1 ev5 if !y are capable ( be+ mov$ f>!r2 & if x is )\t any sci5tific acceptance 9 ! realm ( s\l & m9d3 its usurpations rea* ! highe/ possible degree :5 x pret5ds to #aeg expla9 ! la/ causes ( ?+s4 ,= f its v nature x foll[s t x is only able to expla9 ! reciprocal action ( mat]ial ?+s among !mselves1 :5 ^! ?+s 9 _! f9alities1 or ! causes ( _! qualities & conditions1 are already pres5t1 & ! laws :i* !y foll[ are already active4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ^? qualities or _! causes1 & ( ^! laws1 ?is view leaves u entirely 9 ! d>k4 99 99 99 99 99 #aeh ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,metaphysical ,,conclusions ,,drawn ,,f ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories4 #a4 ,elim9ation ( ! ,idea ( ,design 9 ! ,_w4--,monism4 ,f ?is me*anical view ( ! _w1 q a peculi> conclusion has be5 rec5tly drawn--n by ,d>w91 :o does n give any op9ion at all ab\t ! me*anical view ( ! _w1 z su*1 or ab\t its ext5sion & influ5ce1 nor1 inde$1 by ,d>w9ians1 n ev5 by all foll[]s ( a me*anical view ( ! _w1 b only by a "p ( !m2 namely1 by ^? :o h 9 a high degree attract$ to !mselves ! att5tion ( read+ p4 ,?is conclusion is no?+ less ?an ! elim9ation ( ! idea ( design 9 nature4 ,?is ph5om5on dem&s our att5tion4 ,h]et(ore1 ! pro( ( plan1 design1 & end 9 nature1 at l>ge & 9 detail1 0 look$ ^u z ! mo/ beautiful blossom & fruit ( a ?\ghtful contemplation ( nature2 x 0 ! great & beautiful common prop]ty1 9 ! enjoym5t ( :i* ! direct1 ! sci5tific1 & ! religi\s contemplation ( nature peacefully p>ticipat$4 ,n[ ?is view is to be giv5 up =ev]1 9 consequ5ce ( no?+ else ?an ,d>w9's selection !ory4 ,) an en]gy--we may say ) a passionat5ess & confid5ce ( victory--su* z we 7 accu/om$ to see only 9 ! mo/ advanc$ advocates ( mat]ialism1 ,ludwig #aei ,b*n]1 ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 ,hckel1 ,osk> ,s*midt1 ,helmholtz1 ! editor ( ! ,ausl& & "s ( 8 associates1 & our (t5-m5tion$ ,anonymus1--9 a common attack1 assail e idea ( a con=mity to an end 9 nature1 e idea ( a goal t[>d :i* ! developm5t at l>ge & individually /rives2 9 a ^w1 ! :ole category ( teleology4#i ,9 ord] to be j 9 our judgm5t1 we %all h to let ! advocates ( ?is view speak = !mselves2--! advocates ( ,dy/eleology1 z ,hckel1 :o is s extremely productive 9 =m+ new exotic words1 calls x2 or ( ,aposkopiology1 z ,ebr>d1 9 8 ,apologetik 7,apologetics71 correct+ ! etymology1 #afj some:at p$antically calls x2 or ( ,teleophoby1 z x is call$ by ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba]1 9 humor\s irony4 ,! anonym\s au?or ( ! book call$ ,! ,unconsci\s f ! ,/&po9t ( ,physiology & ,desc5t ,!ory1 ass]ts t1 :ile ! desc5t !ory b puts ! teleological pr9ciple 9 "q by )draw+ ! gr\nd = a positive pro(--an ass]tion :i* we c]ta9ly h to reject mo/ decid$ly 7comp>e ,"p ,,ii1 ,book ,,ii1 ,*ap4 ,i1 #b- #f7--! selection !ory directly rejects x4 ,natural selection1 he says1 solves ! seem+ly unsolvable problem ( expla9+ ! con=mity to ! end 9 view1 z result1 )\t tak+ x z an aid+ pr9ciple4 ,& ,helmholtz says3 ,d>w9's !ory %[s h[ con=mity to ! end 9 ! =mation ( organisms c also orig9ate )\t any int]m+l+ ( an intellig5ce by ! bl9d adm9i/ration ( a law ( nature4 ,hckel really revels 9 ^! ideas4 ,he says 7,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,creat41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ai73 ,^! optimi/ic views ( ! mu*-talk$-( purposiv5ess ( nature or ( ! mu*-talk$-( b5efic5ce ( ! ,creator h1 un=tunately1 z little real f\ndation z ! favorite phrase1 '! moral ord] ( ! univ]se1' :i* is illu/rat$ 9 an ironical way by ! hi/ory ( all nations4444 ,if we contemplate ! common life & ! mutual relations betwe5 plants & animals 7man includ$71 we %all f9d ev]y:]e1 & at all times1 ! v opposite ( t k9dly & peaceful social life :i* ! goodness ( ! ,creator ought to h prep>$ = 8 creatures--we %all r f9d ev]y:]e a pitiless1 mo/ embitt]$ ,/ruggle ( ,all aga9/ ,all4 ,n[h]e 9 nature1 no matt] :]e we turn our eyes1 does t #afa idyllic peace1 celebrat$ by ! poets1 exi/2 we f9d ev]y:]e a /ruggle & a /riv+ to annihilate neighbors & competitors4 ,passion & selfi%ness--consci\s or unconsci\s--is ev]y:]e ! motive =ce ( life4444 ,man 9 ?is respect c]ta9ly =ms no exception to ! re/ ( ! animal _w4 ,& on page #cc3 ,9 ! usual duali/ic or teleological 7vital7 conception ( ! univ]se1 organic nature is reg>d$ z ! purposely execut$ production ( a ,creator work+ accord+ to a def9ite plan4 ,its adh]5ts see 9 e individual species ( animal & plant an 'embodi$ creative ?\ght1' ! mat]ial expression ( a def9ite fir/ cause 7causa f9alis71 act+ = a set purpose4 ,!y mu/ necess>ily assume sup]natural 7n me*anical7 processes ( ! orig9 ( organisms4444 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! !ory ( developm5t c>ri$ out by ,d>w91 mu/1 if c>ri$ out logically1 lead to ! moni/ic or me*anical 7causal7 conception ( ! univ]se4 ,9 opposition to ! duali/ic or teleological conception ( nature1 our !ory consid]s organic z well z inorganic bodies to be ! necess>y products ( natural =ces4 ,x does n see 9 e individual species ( animal & plant ! embodi$ ?\ght ( a p]sonal ,creator1 b ! expression = ! "t be+ ( a me*anical process ( developm5t ( matt]1 ! expression ( a necess>ily active cause1 t is1 ( a me*anical cause 7causa effici5s74 ,:]e teleological ,dualism seeks ! arbitr>y ?\ghts ( a caprici\s ,creator 9 miracles ( creation1 causal ,monism f9ds 9 ! process ( developm5t ! necess>y effects ( et]nal immutable laws ( nature4 ,hckel's ,an?ropog5y also is replete ) attacks ^u a teleological #afb view ( nature1 :i* leave no?+ want+ 9 di/9ctness & co>s5ess4 ,on page #aaa1 ,vol4 ,i1 we read3 ,! rudim5t>y organs cle>ly prove t ! me*anical1 or moni/ic conception ( ! nature ( organisms is alone correct1 & t ! prevail+ teleological1 or duali/ic me?od ( acc\nt+ = !m is entirely false4 ,! v anci5t fable ( ! all-wise plan accord+ to :i* '! ,creator's h& has orda9$ all ?+s ) wisdom & und]/&+1' ! empty phrase ab\t ! purposive 'plan ( /ructure' ( organisms is 9 ?is way completely disprov$4 ,/rong] argum5ts c h>dly be furni%$ aga9/ ! cu/om>y teleology1 or ,doctr9e ( ,design1 ?an ! fact t all m highly develop$ organisms possess su* rudim5t>y organs4 7,comp>e also ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dci3 ,! rudim5t>y organs are among ! mo/ ov]:elm+ pro(s aga9/ ! prevail+ teleological ideas ( creation47 ,accord+ to 8 op9ion 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bde71 comp>ative anatomy may no long] look = a pre-arrang$ plan ( con/ruction by ! ,creator4 ,besides1 he calls x an an?ropoc5tric error to look ^u man z a preconceiv$ aim ( creation & a true f9al purpose ( t]re/rial life2 & on page #ag1 ( ,vol4 ,,ii1 he supports ?is judgm5t by comp>+ ! relative %ortness ( ! exi/5ce ( mank9d ) ! l5g? ( ! prec$+ geological p]iods3 ,s9ce ! awak5+ ( ! human consci\sness1 human vanity & human arrogance h delight$ 9 reg>d+ ,man z ! real ma9-purpose & end ( all e>?ly life1 & z ! c5tre ( t]re/rial ,nature1 = ^: use & s]vice all ! activities ( ! re/ ( creation 7 f ! fir/ def9$ or pr$e/9$ by a 'wise provid5ce4' ,h[ utt]ly baseless ^! #afc presumptu\s an?ropoc5tric conceptions are1 no?+ c\ld ev9ce m /rik+ly ?an a comp>ison ( ! duration ( ! ,an?ropozoic or ,quat]n>y ,epo* ) t ( ! prec$+ ,epo*s4 ,& on page #bcd1 ,vol4 ,,ii3 ,h5ce x is t1 9 accordance ) ! receiv$ teleological view1 x has be5 cu/om>y to admire ! s-call$ 'wisdom ( ! ,creator' & ! 'purposive contrivances ( ,8 ,creation' especially 9 ?is matt]4 ,b on m mature consid]ation x w be obs]v$ t ! ,creator1 accord+ to ?is conception1 does aft] all b play ! "p ( an +5i\s me*anic or ( a skillful wat*mak]2 j1 inde$1 z all ^! *]i%$ teleological conceptions ( ! ,creator & ,8 ,creation are bas$ on *ildi% an?ropomorphism4444 ,b x is exactly on ?is po9t t ! hi/ory ( evolution proves mo/ cle>ly t ?is receiv$ conception is radically false4 ,! hi/ory ( evolution conv9ces u t ! highly purposive & admirably con/itut$ s5se organs1 l all o!r organs1 h develop$ )\t prem$itat$ aim4 ,/rauss1 9 8 ,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new1 gives to ?is idea its philosophic & univ]sali/ic f9i%4 ,9 #fg- #gj1 he elim9ates n only ! idea ( design 9 individual cases1 b also ! idea ( a design 9 ! _w z a :ole2 all[s u to speak ( design 9 ! _w only 9 a subjective s5se1 s f> z we und]/& x to be :at we ?9k we p]ceive z ! common f9al aim ( ! conc]t ( ! p[]s1 active 9 ! _w2 & f9ds1 :5 9 su* a s5se x is spok5 ( z design 9 ! _w1 t ! univ]se rea*es its end 9 e in/ance4 ,only ! p>ts develop !mselves1 driv5 by ! me*anical laws ( causality1 & aft] hav+ liv$ #afd _! p]iod ( life1 s9k back aga9 into ! univ]se1 9 ord] to make place = new developm5ts & to prep>e !m 9 _! turn4 ,= ! view ( ! _w :i* ! antagoni/s ( teleology con/ruct out ( ?is me*anical & causal view1 !y1 z we h repeat$ly se51 h inv5t$ ! "n monism4 ,9 contra/ to all dualism 9 reason+ ab\t ! relation ( body & s\l1 ,god & univ]se1 "t & et]nity1 & especially 9 contra/ to ! dualism ) :i* ! !i/ic view ( ! _w is said to be load$1 monism claims t :at 0 =m]ly divid$ into ,god & univ]se1 =ce & matt]1 matt] & _s1 body & s\l1 is b "o2 & x ?us exhibits a reconciliation1 a high] unity1 ( mat]ialism & idealism1 ( pan!ism & a!ism1 :i* unity 9 ! sci5tific & ! practical e?ic realm has no antagoni/ to fight m en]getically1 & none :i* x is bett] able to fight successfully1 ?an dualism1 :i* ! moni/ic view ( ! _w1 by a que] mi/ake z to ! !i/ic position ( ,god 9 nature1 especially consid]s ! :ole !i/ic view ( ! _w4 ,! sci5tific antagoni/s ( teleology %[ su* a sci5tific intol]ance aga9/ _! own associates1 t "o ( ! late/ exhibitors ( ,d>w9ism1 ,osk> ,s*midt1 9 8 ,!ory ( ,desc5t & ,d>w9ism1 bluntly classes "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ des]v+ inve/igators 9 ! realm ( comp>ative anatomy & palontology1 ,ri*>d ,ow51 ( ,london1 ) ! ',halves' :o1 fe>+ ! conclusions1 ) "o ^w come to t]ms ) ! sci5tific consci5ce4 ,& :y8--because ,ow5 /ill sees ends 9 nature1 & by 8 incl9ation to ! acceptance ( a desc5t1 does n all[ himself to #afe be prev5t$ f giv+ adhesion to a teleological view ( ! _w4 ,& ?is inv5tion ( monism is proclaim$ to ! _w 9 su* a full consci\sness ( its great importance 9 ! hi/ory ( culture1 t ,hckel closes 8 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,creat4 ) ! foll[+ words3 ,future c5turies w celebrate our age1 :i* 0 occupi$ ) lay+ ! f\ndations ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 z ! new era 9 :i* began a p]iod ( human developm5t1 ri* 9 bless+s1--a p]iod :i* 0 *>act]iz$ by ! victory ( free inquiry ov] ! despotism ( au?ority1 & by ! p[]ful ennobl+ influ5ce ( ! ,moni/ic ,philosophy4 ,at ! end ( ! lecture1 next to ! la/1 9 ! same ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #ccb1 he pays ! foll[+ complim5t to ! antagoni/s ( monism3 ,! recognition ( ! !ory ( developm5t & ! ,moni/ic ,philosophy bas$ ^u x1 =ms ! be/ crit]ion = ! degree ( man's m5tal developm5t4 ,9 8 ,g5]ic ,morphology1 & 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,creat41 he1 9 a geological scala1 :i* closes ) ! human p]iod1 ev5 divides ! :ole pa/1 pres5t1 & future hi/ory ( mank9d into two halves3 fir/ "p1 duali/ic p]iod ( culture2 second "p1 moni/ic p]iod ( culture4 ,/ill1 we w n omit to m5tion1 ) cr$it1 t ?is anticipatory hi/oriography has discreetly disappe>$ f ! geological scala ( ! foll[+ editions ( 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation4 ,z to ! fur!r sci5tific consequ5ces to :i* ?is anti-teleological monism leads1 ! advocates ( x are 9 tol]able accord2 al?\gh !y are subject to ! mo/ incompreh5sible illusions reg>d+ ! practical consequ5ces ( x1 z we h se5 9 ! above-quot$ #aff conclud+ words ( ,hckel's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation4 ,z to ! sci5tific consequ5ces1 !y express !mselves pla9ly en\gh3 ! belief 9 a liv+ ,creator & ,"l ( ! _w no long] f9d any place2 ev]y?+1 ev5 all ! ri* treasures ( human life & hi/ory1 become a result ( bl9dly act+ =ces2 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 e?ics1 & all spiritual sci5ces1 are 9 ! progress ( p]ception dissolv$ into physiology1 & physiology into *emi/ry1 physics & me*anism4 ,9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #agj1 ,hckel frankly calls ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w a physico-*emical process4 ,:oev] ref]s to a view ( ano!r p]son1 is 9 duty b\nd to ent] into t view1 if possible objectively1 ev5 if he does n agree ) x4 ,! au?or ( ?is book tries to comply ) ?is obligation 9 all 8 repres5tations1 b mu/ confess t 9 reg>d to ! j describ$ view ( ! _w1 he does n succe$ 9 mak+ x conceivable to himself 9 a mann] to be ju/ifi$ ev5 f a relatively sci5tific /&po9t2 a want = :i*1 x is true1 we h be=eh& ! explanatory cause 9 ! quotation f ,hckel's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ccb1 giv5 above4 ,p]haps x appe>s relatively conceivable1 :5 x is ass]t$ t ! obs]vation ( an ord]1 a connection1 a developm5t1 a plan1 9 ! _w1 leads to ! p]ception ( su* a quality ( ! laws1 primitive elem5ts1 & =ces ( ! _w1 t some?+ l x _h to result f !m2 b t x does n lead to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a p]sonal au?or ( ! _w4 ,we call su* a view relatively conceivable1 n because we agree ) x--= we f9d a logic :i*1 9 #afg contemplat+ ! univ]se1 />ts f an intellig5t au?or ( ! _w1 inf9itely less surr\nd$ by difficulties ?an "o contr>y to x--b because ! ackn[l$gm5t or d5ial ( a liv+ ,god is 9 ! la/ in/ance n ! result ( any sci5tific inve/igation or logical *a9 ( reason+1 b ! moral act ( ! morally & religi\sly incl9$ individual1 & because1 if ! individual has once refus$ ! /ronge/ factor ( fai? 9 ,god1--namely1 8 self-te/imony 9 ! consci5ce1--x is no long] impossible = ! individual to ignore 8 o!r te/imonies z su*1 or to decl>e !m defici5t4 ,n[ we c]ta9ly c say t we see ord] & _m results 9 ! _w1 :i* are con=mable to ! object 9 view1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is obs]vation mu/ admit t no imag9able quality ( primitive beg9n+s1 elem5ts1 & =ces ( ! _w _h caus$ ?is result1 b t ?is result mu/ h already be5 9 ! plan4 ,b !re c]ta9ly are imag9able1 9 ab/racto1 inf9itely _m possibilities ( o!r elem5ts & primitive beg9n+s ( ! _w1--p]haps ( "s ^: result w\ld h be5 b an et]nal *aos1 or ( o!rs ^: result w\ld h be5 b an et]nal rigidness1 or ( /ill o!rs ^: result w\ld also h be5 a c]ta9 ord] & v>iety ( ph5om5a & processes1 b less beautiful ?an t ( ! really exi/+ _w4 ,?us1 !n1 ?is _w n[ exi/s z a special *ance ( inf9itely _m *ances2 & :o kn[s :e!r1 9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( millions ( t]re/rial ye>s 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 x did n obta9 its exi/5ce among inf9itely _m possibilities ( worlds ?r\gh a natural _w-selection1 & ?us1 by ! result ( its exi/5ce1 fully legitimate its con=mity to #afh ! end 9 view8 ,) ?is d$uction1 we d n make1 z x may seem1 an awkw>d attempt at r5d]+ ! :ole /&po9t ridicul\s by a wild phantasy2 b we quote x f a celebrat$ & o!rwise v m]itori\s book1 namely ! ,ges*i*te des ,mat]ialismus 7,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism71 by ! too e>ly deceas$ ,fri$ri* ,alb]t ,lange4 ,! read] w f9d x1 9 ! second "p1 page #bge1 simply a little %ort] &1 z x seems to u1 less cle>1 b z ! only correct teleology :i* ,lange pr(esses4 ,?is :ole view1 l all _w-!ories & cosmogonies ( pan!ism1 naturalism1 or a!ism1 & ev5 l ! late/ ( ,edu>d von ,h>tmann1 is to u b a pro( t ! rejection ( ! reality ( a liv+ ,creator & ,"l ( ! _w requires ( its advocates my/]ies & my/icisms ( a!ism comp>$ to :i* ! greate/ difficulties ( ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w are b ! m]e/ trifles4 ,!re=e1 if t fir/ & second /ep 9 ! rejection ( ! highe/ intellig5ce & omnipot5ce z ! f9al cause ( ! _w1 are once made1 x is easy = u to compreh5d /ill o!r supports :i* ?is view ( ! _w draws to itself4 ,h[ev] l>ge ! numb] ( ?+s 9 ! _w = ^: exi/5ce we c give a reason1 or ( :i* we c %[ t t1 :i* prec$$1 aim$ at _! appe>ance1 /ill ! numb] ( ^? to :i* we c n ascribe aim & design is j z l>ge4 ,!re are ev5 ph5om5a en\gh :i* 9 _! ma9 effects appe> to u directly irrational2 z1 = in/ance1 ^? :i* op]ate de/ructively1--all ! tortures :i* animals inflict on "o ano!r1 etc4 ,besides1 we c also f9d imp]fections 9 ! degree ( ! #afi con=mity to ! end 9 view 9 all ^? ph5om5a :i* appe> to u z prop]ly plann$2 = in/ance1 ! organic appe>s to u high] ?an ! inorganic1 & yet x is 9 its exi/5ce n only dep5d5t on ! inorganic1 b is (t5 de/roy$ prematurely by x4 ,( c\rse1 all ^! limits & b>ri]s ( our teleological p]ception are abundantly us$ by all antagoni/s ( a teleological view ( ! _w = ! basis ( _! position4 ,fur!rmore1 ! way & mann] 9 :i* man fixes 8 ends & rea*es !m1 is ess5tially diff]5t f ! way & mann] 9 :i* nature acts4 ,man seeks to atta9 8 ends ) less exp5diture ( p[] & means1 ! m he acts con=mably to ! end 9 view2 :ile nature1 x (t5 en\gh appe>s to u1 :5 we h reason to imag9e an effect ( its processes also z ! probable end ( !m1 rea*es ?is end only by an imm5se squ&]+ ( means--= in/ance1 ! pres]vation ( organic species simply by ! production ( ?\s&s ( g]ms & eggs1 mo/ ( :i* p]i%1 & b v few ( :i* are develop$1 & /ill less are transmitt$4 ,?is is a diff]5ce to :i* ,lange po9ts1 9 ord] to reject a !ory :i* recognizes a /riv+ t[>d an end 7,ziel/rebigkeit7 9 nature1 or at mo/ to all[ x a little place z ! l[e/ =m ( teleology1 & to reject e attempt to reg>d x z analog\s to human /riv+ t[>d an end1 z an?ropomorphism4 ,nature1 he says1 acts1 z if a man1 9 ord] to %oot a h>e1 %\ld 9 a l>ge field dis*>ge millions ( guns 9 all possible directions2 z if he1 9 ord] to get into a lock$ room1 %\ld buy t5 ?\s& diff]5t keys & try !m all2 z if1 9 ord] to h a h\se1 he %\ld build up a t[n & #agj leave ! sup]flu\s h\ses to w9d & wea!r4 ,nobody %\ld call su* actions con=mable to an end 9 view1 & /ill less %\ld we suppose beh9d ?is action any high] wisdom1 hidd5 reasons1 or sup]ior sagacity4 ,x is true1 ,wig& is "r 9 reply+ to ?is1 t :5 we obs]ve su* ?+s 9 nature1 we h to draw ! conclusion t ! v end suppos$ by ! obs]v+ man--9 ?is case1 ! pres]vation ( ! species--is n ! only end1 b t x has o!r ends besides2 z1 = in/ance1 ri*ness ( life1 inexhau/ible abundance1 pres]vation ( o!r organisms1 etc4 ,besides1 ?is is b a s+le side ( ! comp>ison betwe5 ! action ( man & t ( nature2 & f ?is side action ( man1 con=mable to an end 9 view1 appe>s z a high] =m ( teleology1 t ( nature z a l[]4 ,b !re are o!r sides ( comp>ison1 :i* j z cle>ly /rike ! eye2 nature builds f )9 9 full sov]eignty ( its process ov] matt] & =m4 ,man approa*es 8 mat]ials f )\t2 nature works ) nev]-err+ c]ta9ty 7,hckel's late/ !ory1 t nature falsifies its laws & processes1 c surely n be meant 9 e>ne/672 man (t5 en\gh ) error1 false calculation1 awkw>dness1 failure & caprici\s arbitr>9ess4 ,9 ^! directions1 teleology ( nature is inf9itely sup]ior to t ( man4 ,we mu/ be v c>eful 9 us+ an?ropomorphism z a t]m ( reproa*4 ,x may be us$ z a reproa* 9 w>n+ aga9/ c>eless reason+ & ha/y comp>ison1 b ! idea ( an?ropomorphism is s ext5sible t x c be ext5d$ ov] all human reason+ & conception4 ,are n ! reasons on acc\nt ( :i* ! s-call$ an?ropomorphism is to be reject$1 (t5 #aga en\gh j z an?ropomorphi/ic z ! ideas :i* are attack$8 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! idea ( ! p]sonality ( ,god is attack$ z an an?ropomorphi/ic "o1 are n ! reasons ) :i* x is assail$ exactly z an?ropomorphi/ic z ! conceptions :i* are to be assail$8 ,d we n d]ive all our reason+1 logic1 our views1 & 9 fact ev]y?+1 at fir/ f our human nature1 & d we n 9 our mo/ ab/ract reason+ always op]ate simply ) ! laws1 z !y inh]e 9 our human nature8 ,is !re ev5 a s+le sci5tific description conceivable )\t its be+ full ( an?ropomorphisms8 ,ev5 ! works ( ,d>w9 :i*1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ^! oppon5ts ( an?ropomorphism1 de/roy an?ropomorphism & teleology1 are ! mo/ /rik+ pro( 9 favor ( x4 ,! discov]y ( ! g5]al reign ( ! law ( causality invalidates1 z !y say1 ! reign ( ! category ( teleology2 = ! "o category contradicts ! o!r4 ,suppose x 7 s 7we w1 h[ev]1 imm$iately see t ! contr>y is true7 :5ce d we "k t ! category ( causality has ! pref]5ce ov] t ( f9ality or teleology8 ,! "o1 z well z ! o!r1 is an?ropomorphi/ic1 & is an und\bt$ly necess>y =m ( our human reason+4 ,we believe 9 _! objective validity1 because we _c believe t ! sum ( exi/5ces & ! relations betwe5 ! p]ceiv+ subject & ! p]ceiv$ object aim at deceiv+ man2 we d n want to be robb$ ( ei!r ! "o or ! o!r category2 b if ! "q is z to ! pref]5ce ( ! "o category ov] ! o!r 7:i* we conte/71 :o kn[s :e!r ! category ( f9ality has n m reasons = its sup]iority ?an causality8 ,comp>e1 9 ref]5ce #agb to ?is :ole "q1 also ! cle> analyses 9 ! second volume ( ! "w ( ,wig&1 & ! in/ructive lecture ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll ^u an?ropomorphism 9 !ology4 ,nev]!less1 all ! po9ts aga9/ teleology ?us f> quot$ c be und]/ood by u z attempts at reject+ ! necessity ( ackn[l$g+ a teleologically act+ pr9ciple ( ! _w--or1 to express ourselves m cle>ly1 ( a liv+ ,god--aft] hav+ once reject$ ! deepe/ motive = ?is ackn[l$gm5t1 namely3 ! self-te/imony ( ,god 9 ! human consci5ce & m9d4 ,b x is "o ?+ to decl>e t we are n oblig$ to accept a c]ta9 conclusion1 & q ano!r to decl>e t we are oblig$ to accept directly ! opposite ( su* a conclusion4 ,x is "o ?+ to decl>e t ! ph5om5a 9 ! _w d n yet oblige u to suppose an au?or ) a preconceiv$ plan1 & /ill ano!r to decl>e t because ,i h f\nd or /ill hope to f9d ! causal connexion ( ph5om5a con=mable to ! end 9 view1 no au?or ) a preconceiv$ plan exi/s4 ,?is la/ ass]tion is "o :i* ! au?or ( ?is "w confesses n to und]/&1 & 9 ^: conclusion he _c agree4 ,k ( ! orig9 ( some?+ c]ta9ly does n exclude ! "q :]e=e x exi/s1 & does n ev5 take its place1 & :5 ,i h answ]$ bo? que/ions satisfactorily1 !n ,i may & mu/ ju/ly ask :e!r bo? t = :i* some?+ exi/s & t by :i* some?+ exi/s1 is int5d$ or n1 :e!r t :i* 9 ! language ( causality ,i call cause & effect1 also belongs to ! category ( f9ality1 accord+ to :i* t v cause is at ! same "t call$ means1 & t v effect also design4 #agc ,! "o way ( view+ po/ulates ! o!r z its necess>y completion2 & ! teleological po9t ( view is s little an imp$im5t = ! causal1 t we are mu* m fully conv9c$ sci5tifically ( ! correctness ( ! teleological way ( view+1 :5 fir/ ! causal *a9 ( causes & effects lies pla9 be=e our p]ception )\t any want+ l9ks4 ,we /ill h to m5tion two mon/rosities :i*1 z x seems to u1 necess>ily result f ! rejection ( teleology1 al?\gh ! oppon5ts ( teleology conte/ ! fact4 ,! "o is ! r$uction to *ance ( all s+le =mations 9 ! _w4 ,x is true1 necessity reigns 9 laws & _! effect2 b if ! degree & ! sum ( all qualities 9 ! _w are n bas$ ! "o ^u ! o!r1 if especially ! s+le organizations orig9ate by ! way ( natural selection1 e co9cid5ce ( ea* s+le causal *a9 9 ! _w ) any o!r causal *a9 is some?+ accid5tal = ! "o z well z = ! o!r4 ,n[1 an explanation ( t 9 ! _w :i* is con=mable to ! end 9 view1 by *ance1 is a sci5tifically illogical idea4 ,an accid5tal co9cid5ce ( _m circum/ances c 9 a s+le case produce some?+ :i* is con=mable to an end 9 view2 b ! probability t ! =mation con=mable to ! end 9 view is aga9 nullifi$ by ! next ?r[ ( ! dice ( *ance1 is s great1 & ) e foll[+ ?r[ gr[s s decid$ly 9 geometrical progression1 t ?is probability aft] a few t]ms becomes a c]ta9ty1 & we c directly demon/rate ma!matically t ! _w )\t a teleological plan w\ld be & rema9 a *aos4 ,z we h se51 ev5 ,lange f9ds himself oblig$ to #agd admit ?is plan1 ) ! exception t he makes ?is plan itself *ance--special *ance among inf9itely _m possibilities4 ,! o!r consequ5ce ( t elim9ation ( ! idea ( design is t x =bids e diff]5ce betwe5 high] & l[]1 & *anges ev]y?+ into an indiff]5t & equival5t cont9ual /ream ( com+ & go+4 ,= ! :ole idea ( high] & l[] belongs to ! category ( teleology4 ,if ! new :i* orig9ates is b a product ( t :i* 0 already 9 exi/5ce1 & if ! latt] does n aim at ! production ( ! new1 !n ! new is equival5t to ! prec$+2 & x is b an illusion ( man1 preconceiv+ an end1 :5 9 ! products ( nature he discrim9ates betwe5 high] & l[]4 ,a beg9n+ ( ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ?is consequ5ce is made1 :5 ,hckel1 9 8 ,an?ropog5y1 s viol5tly attacks ! idea t man is end & design ( ! t]re/rial creation4 ,b g5]ally ! antagoni/s ( teleology are guilty ( ! inconsequ5ce :i*1 al?\gh f ! pr9ciples ( _! sy/em to be reject$1 is indelibly impress$ on our ?9k+ m9d & especially on our moral consci\sness1 t !y /ill discrim9ate betwe5 high] & l[]1 & p>ticul>ly t !y will+ly assign to ! moral disposition & dem&1 & to ! morally plann$ individual1 ! priority among exi/5ces4 ,?is fact is pron\nc$ 9 a v /rik+ way 9 ! concessions ( ,/rauss1 :i* we h quot$ on page #abf1 accord+ to :i* nature1 :]e x c no long] g beyond itself1 wi%es to g into itself1 & 9 man has wi%$ to g n only upw>ds b ev5 beyond itself4 ,!re=e1 n only !ology1 b also philosophy1 #age & ev5 natural sci5ce1 9 _! mo/ prom95t advocates1 h 9 a uni=m *orus prote/$ aga9/ ?is de/ruction ( ! idea ( design4 ,t x 0 unanim\sly done on ! "p ( !ology1 is q natural1 & ne$s no fur!r pro(s4 ,:5 we1 nev]!less1 m5tion expressly a s+le essay on ^! que/ions1 x is done on acc\nt ( ! fact t 9 its en]getic def5se ( ! teleological po9t ( view x is especially effective by frankly & imp>tially admitt+ ! /ronge/ positions ( ! oppon5t's /&po9t--a ?+ :i* r>ely happ5s on ! "p ( !ologians4 ,x is ! essay ( ,julius ,k/l9 ,ueb] die ,beweise fr das ,dase9 ,gottes 7,pro(s ( ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god71 9 ! ,!ologis*e ,/udi5 und ,kritik51 #ahge1 ,,iv & #ahgf1 ,i2 especially #ahgf1 ,i1 p4 #db ff4 ,on ! "p ( philosophy1 we h to m5tion ,ulrici1 ,fi*te1 ,hub] & ,frohs*amm]1 :o h reject$ ! attack aga9/ teleology ) inflexible criticism4 ,ev5 ,fri$ri* ,vis*] 9 ! six? "p ( 8 ,kritis*e ,gnge 7,critical ,walks71 has =cibly ma9ta9$ ! "r ( teleology1 especially ( its highe/ revelation1 ! moral ord] ( ! _w--9 contra/ to 8 fri5d ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 ^: ,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new he criticises2 b x is true1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 pan!ism1 he rea*es ! :olly imag9>y conclusion ( suppos+ a moral ord] ( ! _w )\t a regulator4 ,&1 to be able to make ! sy/ematiz$ ord] & beauty ( nature conceivable to himself )\t a ,creator1 to be able to make conceivable to himself a design 9 nature1 an ideal1 accord+ to :i* nature works z an unconsci\s arti/1 he gives to philosophy ! c]ta9ly unsolvable problem ( f9d+ ! idea ( #agf timeless "t1 to :i* ! aft]w>d c j z well be a be=eh&2 he pref]s to d ?is r ?an to f9d ! equally cle> & deep solution ( t teleological difficulty 9 ! simple idea ( a ,creator1 :o1 z su*1 also /&s above "t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable philosophic te/imonies = ! "r ( teleology is ! philosophic sy/em ( ,edu>d von ,h>tmann :o1 al?\gh he calls 8 absolute ! unconsci\s1 ascribes to x an unconsci\s intellig5ce & an unconsci\s w1 & makes ! obs]vation & ackn[l$gm5t ( designs & ends1 :i* he sees 9 ! :ole realm ( ! _w ( ph5om5a1 an ess5tial "p ( 8 entire sy/em4 ,all attempts ( ?is k9d1 z ^? ( ,vis*] & ,h>tmann1 fully & correctly to und]/& ! language ( facts on ! "o side & to reject on ! o!r ! necess>y conclusion to :i* x leads--namely1 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a creative intellig5ce above ! facts1 & hav+ an end 9 view--only increase 9 l mann] z ! above-quot$ cosmogonic idea ( ,lange by ! mon/rosities ( reason+ to :i* !y lead1 ! p[] ( demon/ration = t :i* !y und]take to conte/4 ,natural sci5ti/s1 f9ally1 ev5 ,d>w9ians1 h n only 9 casual utt]ances (t5 spok5 a weighty ^w 9 favor ( teleology--z1 = in/ance1 ^? :o1 l ,oswald ,he]1 ,kllik]1 ,baumgrtn]1 believe 9 a metamorphosis ( g]ms1 b also m5 :o are q favorable to ! idea ( an orig9 ( ! species ?r\gh desc5t--z1 = in/ance1 ,ri*>d ,ow51 at ! end ( 8 ,comp>ative ,anatomy ( ! ,v]tebrates1 sep>ately publi%$ z ,d]ivative ,hypo!sis ( ,life & ,species2 ,alex&] ,braun1 9 8 lecture ,ueb] die ,b$eutung d] ,entwicklung 9 d] ,naturges*i*te #agg 7,on ! ,importance ( ,developm5t 9 ,nature71 ,b]l91 #ahgb2 ,a4 ,w4 ,volkmann ,ueb] die ,entwicklung d] ,organism5 7,on ! ,developm5t ( ,organisms71 ,halle1 #ahge2 ,s*aaffhaus51 9 8 op5+ address to ! ,wiesbad5 ,an?r4 ,v]sammlung1 ,brauns*weig1 #ahgd1 & o!rs2 b !y h also giv5 to teleology entire treatises4 ,besides a m popul> treatise ( ! a/ronom] ,mdl] 9 ,we/]mann's ,monat%efte1 ,octob]1 #ahgb1 !re belong to !m ! frequ5tly m5tion$ "w ( ,wig&1 & especially ?ree essays ( great importance f ! p5 ( a man :o 9 que/ions ( developm5t & its ext5t has among all contempor>ies ! fir/ "r to speak1 namely1 ,k>l ,ern/ von ,ba]4 ,!y are ! essays on ! con=mity to ! end 9 view 9 g5]al1 on ! con=mity to ! end 9 view 9 organic bodies1 & on ,d>w9's doctr9e1 publi%$ toge!r ) two o!r essays 9 ! already m5tion$ ,/udi5 aus dem ,gebiete d] ,naturwiss5s*aft51 7,r$5 und ,kle9]e ,aufstze1 #bt] ,!il71 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgf4 ,nay1 ev5 ! two f\nd]s ( ,d>w9ism1 ,d>w9 himself & ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 z we %all see 9 def9+ _! position 9 ref]5ce to religion1 express !mselves decid$ly teleologically2 ?is is especially true ( ,wallace1 & likewise ( _! active & able second1 ,huxley4 ,only a s+le utt]ance ( ,d>w9 9 a lat] publication seems to take a sceptical position 9 reg>d to teleology2 comp>e bel[ ,"p ,second1 ,book ,i1 ,*apt4 ,,iii1 #a4 ,f9ally1 we h to say a ^w conc]n+ ! "n :i* ! anti-teleological view ( ! _w gives to itself3 ! "n monism4 ,! view ( ! _w :i* monism gives u1 seems h>dly compreh5sible2 & #agh j z little does ! "n :i* x gives itself1 seem ju/ifiable4 ,if ?is "n is to indicate only a maxim ( inve/igation--! directive :i* sci5tific inve/igation has to take1 9 ord] to rea* m g5]al po9ts ( view--we c\ld decl>e ourselves 9 full accord ) x4 ,all inve/igation /rives aft] a unity ( pr9ciple2 ?is impulse is a sci5tific lead+ motive ( our nature4 ,besides ! absolute limits ( our k1 !re are /ill en\gh relative & provisory limits to x2 & !re also are en\gh l[ po9ts ( view1 mi/akes1 & imp]fections 9 sci5ce1 to ju/ify u :5 we expressly =m & e/abli% monism z a maxim ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,all ^? !ories & po9ts ( view ne$ su* a spur & corrective1 :i* are ha/ily satisfi$ ) a duali/ic or a /ill f>!r exp&$ limit ( our k4 ,among !m we rank 9 !ology ! antique hea!ni% dualism :i* sep>ates ,god & ! _w 9 su* a way t ,god is b ! ar*itect ( ! et]nal matt]1 exi/+ indep5d5tly ( ,god2 & also ! mod]n dei/ic dualism :i* consid]s only ! elem5ts1 pr9ciples1 & beg9n+ ( ! _w1 z dep5d5t on ,god1 b n ! entire c\rse ( _! developm5ts z a :ole & 9 detail4 ,9 philosophy1 tak5 9 a n>r[] s5se1 we reckon ) !m ! "o-sid$ atomism :i* c no long] f9d ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! s+le elem5ts ( ! _w1 or ! "o-sid$ ass]tion ( realism or idealism1 s9ce at ?is "t all views ( ! _w :i* w9 acceptance f ! pres5t g5]ation claim ! praise ( %[+ ! reconciliation & high] unity ( realism & idealism4 ,9 an?ropology1 !re belongs to !m #agi su* a treatm5t ( psy*ology & physiology1 t ! "o sci5ce does n tr\ble itself ab\t ! o!r1 & ! inve/igation does n seek or keep 9 m9d t :i* is common to bo?1 or t :i* is high] & sup]ior to !m2 & 9 all natural sci5ces1 e mode ( inve/igation belongs to !m1 :]e ! s+le sci5ce reta9s no sympa?y ) all o!r sci5ces & ) ! pr9ciples ( all sci5tific inve/igation4 ,9 reg>d to ^! l[ po9ts ( view1 mi/akes1 or imp]fections1 monism c]ta9ly is a correct & necess>y maxim ( inve/igation2 b ?is maxim ought n to lead u s f> t we--z v (t5 happ5s f ! unity or ! possibility ( gr\p+ sev]al =ms ( exi/5ce "u g5]al conceptions--make an id5tity1 t we efface ! diff]5ces in/ead ( expla9+ !m1 & !n ?9k ! effacem5t is an explanation2 t we set =? ! assum$ =m ( unity z if "o we _h f\nd1 & 9 ?is mann] falsify ! me?od ( kn[+4 ,= z c]ta9ly & z mu* z man is subject to ! dang]s ( error & falsification1 j s c]ta9ly & s little is nature subject to falsification4 ,b if ! "n monism is to designate a c]ta9 view ( ! _w1 x is = su* a designation ei!r too compreh5sive & q applicable to all views :i* h a "r to ! "n ( view ( ! _w2 or x is mislead+1 & n applicable to any4 ,= ! "n1 z if x 7 prop]ly call$ h5ism1 ei!r expresses only ! unity ( ! pr9ciple ( ! _w1 & designates a quality :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( e view ( ! _w1 & :i* especially belongs to !ism 9 a cle>] & m p]fect way ?an to any o!r /&po9t2 or ! "n is us$ to atte/ t ! _w alone #ahj exi/s1 & t monism kn[s ( b "o exi/5ce1--namely1 t ( ! _w2 :ile ! contr>y view ( ! _w--t ( !ism1 :i* 9 a mann] :olly incompet5t1 & hi/orically :olly unju/ifi$1 is call$ dualism--supposes two exi/5ces1 ,god & ! _w4 ,b !n ?is "n does n correctly repres5t ei!r itself or !ism4 ,x does n correctly repres5t itself3 = ! s-call$ monism does n1 inde$1 suppose t t :i* appe>s 9 ! _w is ! really exi/+1 or t ! processes :i* come into appe>ance h aga9 _! f9al cause only 9 ! appe>ance1 b x seeks ! f9al causes ( ! ph5om5a 9 laws & pr9ciples :i* c no long] be obs]v$ by our s5ses1 & ( ^? x aga9 seeks ! common1 highe/1 & v la/ pr9ciple1 ! p]ception ( :i* x ei!r1 ) ,hckel1 r5\nces or f9ds x1 ) o!r !ories1 n[ 9 atomism1 & 9 attraction & repulsion1 !n 9 ! law ( causality4 ,?us x has n only a s+le exi/5ce & mode ( exi/5ce1 b x does exactly ! same ?+ t !ism does3 x seeks ! f9al pr9ciples ( ! _w4 ,& x does n correctly repres5t !ism3 = !ism also does n "k ( two exi/5ces to :i* ! idea ( exi/+ is applicable 9 fully ! same way--namely1 ! _w & ,god---b 9 seek+ a cause = ! exi/5ce ( ! _w1 x f9ds x 9 ,god2 ! _w1 accord+ to its view1 only exi/s by ! fact t x exi/s 9 & ?r\gh ,god4 ,s !ism 9 ?is s5se also conte/s ) monism = ! "r ( ! "n4 ,!re=e1 :5 teleology all[s ! oppon5t's view ( ! _w to appropriate ! "n monism exclusively to itself1 x c d ?is only 9 ! same #aha s5se z t 9 :i*1 9 ord] to avoid disputes1 we are satisfi$ ) _m irrational names :i* h =c$ !mselves ^u u2 z1 = in/ance1 we c p]haps call ! cl]ical p>ty 9 ,bav>ia ! patriotic1 because x calls itself s1 or z we accept ! title ( ! ultramontane pap] ,g]mania1 at ,b]l91 )\t conc$+ to ! be>]s ( ^? names ! c>e ( patriotism & ( ! int]e/s ( ! ,g]man empire 9 a high] degree ?an to p>ties & pap]s ( a diff]5t /&po9t4 ,9 fact1 ?is l+ui/ic arbitr>9ess does n p>ticul>ly t5d to cle>ness ( conception & to ! avoidance ( obscure phrases4 99 99 99 99 99 #ahc ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,religion ,,& ,,morality4 99 99 99 99 99 #ahe ,,book ,i4 ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,critical4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,plan ,,( ,,treatm5t4 ,9 discuss+ ! conclusions :i* h be5 drawn by ,d>w9ism 9 ref]5ce to religion & morality1 x w\ld seem appropriate to treat ( ! two realms toge!r4 ,= ! gr\p+ :i* we h to give to ! diff]5t conclusions ( ,d>w9ian t5d5cies1 9 _! position 9 ref]5ce to religion1 is ne>ly ! same :i* !y also receive 9 _! position 9 ref]5ce to e?ical que/ions4 ,b1 nev]!less1 we pref] to sep>ate ! two que/ions2 n only because 9 fact "o au?or has laid m /ress ^u ! religi\s realm1 ano!r m ^u ! e?ical1 b because 9 reality1 & also 9 ! solution :i* we %all try to give to ! problems pres5t$ by !m1 bo? realms1 al?\gh closely int]wov51 & limit$ by "o ano!r1 /ill are !oretically to be treat$ ap>t4 ,9 ord] n to exce$ too mu* ! limits ( our task1 we mu/ avoid go+ m into ! details ( ! relations betwe5 religion & morality 9 g5]al1 ?an is absolutely necess>y = ! solution ( our ma9 problem4 ,?is re/riction we c easily put on ourselves4 ,=1 fir/1 e "o :o reflects at all on human life & action1 & on 8 own religi\s & #ahf moral conduct1 g5]ally has a v correct1 in/9ctive1 & direct conception & p]ception z to ! realm ( ! religi\s z well z ( ! moral--z to _! mutual diff]5ces1 z well z to _! reciprocal relations--ev5 if he has n yet tri$ to br+ ?is conception into ideas & =mulas2 &1 secondly1 x w n be difficult to pres5t a %ort =mula z to ! ideal relation betwe5 ! religi\s & ! moral1 suffici5t = ! wants ( sci5ce z well z = ! practical ne$s ( a m detail$ inve/igation4 ,! religi\s is ! relation ( our p]sonality to ,god2 ! moral1 ! relation ( x to ! _w1 compreh5sively tak51 ourselves includ$4 ,we purposely call x a relation ( our p]sonality1 & n m]ely a relation ( man1 because 9 ! religi\s ! e?ical mom5t ( self-det]m9ation :i* is includ$ 9 ! idea ( p]sonality1 is an ess5tial factor2 & because we gladly make x conspicu\s1 p>tly 9 opposition to ! "o-sid$ness ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s feel+ ( absolute dep5d5ce1 p>tly to prev5t a contr>y misund]/&+ ( our own view1 z if we f\nd ! seat ( religion 9 ! activity ( k4 ,= :51 9 our repres5tation ( ! ,d>w9ian conclusions & 9 our own inve/igation1 we proce$ z objectively z possible1 & try to avoid all sy/ematization :i* is unfruitful = our task1 9 discuss+ ! ,d>w9ian !ories 9 ref]5ce to religion1 we %all h to take *iefly into consid]ation _! relation to religion 9 an objective s5se1 & *iefly also _! relation to ! cont5ts ( religion2 b ?is w\ld make x appe> t we suppos$ religion 9 a subjective s5se1 religi\sness1 to be 9 ! fir/ place an activity & a possession ( k4 ,no?+ lies f>!r f u #ahg ?an ?is ?\ght2 al?\gh religi\sness c]ta9ly has & asks = solid1 objectively true1 & really possess$ salvation1 & h[ev] little we w\ld ov]look ! ^w ( ! ,"l3 ,& ?is is life et]nal1 t !y might "k !e1 ! only true ,god1 & ,jesus ,*ri/1 :om ?\ ha/ s5t4 7,john xvii1 #c47 ,^? :o wi% to in=m !mselves 9 reg>d to ! relation ( religion & morality1 w f9d ! necess>y in=mation 9 ,m>t5s5's ,e?ik 7,e?ics71 9 ,otto ,pfleid]]'s monograph1 :i* p>tly assumes a contr>y po9t ( view1 & 9 a ?or\gh essay ( ,julius ,k/l9 7,!ol4 ,/udi5 und ,kritik51 #ahgj1 ,i71 :i* appe>$ be=e ! ,e?ics ( ,m>t5s54 ,9 und]tak+ n[ to repres5t ! conclusions :i* h be5 drawn f ,d>w9ism1 we treat ( ! religi\s realm z ! high]1 a realm dem&+ a s\nd morality prior to ! moral realm2 & we beg9 ) ^? conclusions :i* take a ho/ile position 9 ref]5ce to religion1 9 ord] to proce$ f !m to ! mod]ate & fri5dly relations4 99 99 99 99 99 #ahh ,a4 ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories ,,& ,,religion4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,m ,,or ,,less ,,negative ,,position ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,religion4 #a4 ,extreme ,negation4 ,l4 ,b*n] & ,consi/5t ,mat]ialism4 ,! common po9t ( beg9n+ & attack ( all ^? :o take a negative position aga9/ religion1 is ! rejection ( teleology4 ,! mo/ advanc$ ( all mat]iali/s1 ,ludwig ,b*n]1 9 8 self-criticism1 :i* he gives 9 8 ,natur und ,wiss5s*aft 7,nature & ,sci5ce71 on page #dfe1 op5ly decl>es1 & q correctly1 t ) ! success or failure ( ! attacks ^u teleology mat]ialism itself /&s or falls4 ,n[ :ile _m1 z we %all imm$iately see1 al?\gh oppos$ to a teleological view ( ! _w1 /ill are incl9$ to give a m or less la/+ value to c]ta9 psy*ical processes :i* may be call$ by ! "n religion1 ,b*n]1 on ! contr>y1 makes a direct attack ^u ev]y?+ :i* is ?us call$4 ,he does n r5d] x difficult = u to review 8 position4 ,=1 aft] hav+ giv5 x op5ly1 b /ill ) c]ta9 relative modifications1 9 diff]5t publications 7especially 9 8 book ,=ce & ,matt]1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahee 9 ! fir/ edition1 & 9 #ahgb 9 ! twelf?7 he gives x 9 cynical nak$ness 9 ! lectures ) :i* he travell$ ?r\gh ,am]ica & #ahi ,g]many 9 #ahgb-ahgd1 & ! cont5ts ( :i* he has made public 9 8 pamphlet3 ,d] ,gottesbegriff und dess5 ,b$eutung 9 d] ,geg5w>t 7,! ,idea ( ,god1 & its ,importance at ! ,pres5t ,"t71 ,leipzig1 #ahgd1 ,!o4 ,?omas4 ,z is said 9 ! preface1 ! design ( ! lecture is to give a r5ew$ impulse to ! f9al & def9itive elim9ation ( an idea :i*1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! au?or1 ob/ructs our :ole spiritual1 social1 & political developm5t1 z no o!r idea does4 ,he means ! idea ( ,god2 n m]ely ! !i/ic idea ( a p]sonal ,god1 b ! idea ( ,god 9 g5]al4 ,= ev5 ! pan!i/ic idea ( ,god1 :i* he _h =m]ly treat$ ) a c]ta9 polite res]ve1 f9ds 9 8 eyes ev5 less favor ?an ! !i/ic4 ,he says3 ,if ! absurdity is already great en\gh 9 !ism1 x is possibly /ill great] 9 pan!ism1 :i* moreov] has always play$ a great rle 9 philosophy2 &1 ,*ri/ianity has b injur$ ! spiritual & mat]ial progress ( mank9d4 ,9 agreem5t ) ,/rauss1 he sees ! e>lie/ orig9 ( ! idea ( ,god only 9 ignorance & fe>4 ,e creat+1 pres]v+1 or reign+ pr9ciple 9 ! _w is done away )1 & !re rema9s z highe/ spiritual p[] pres5t 9 ! _w only human reason4 ,a!ism or philosophic monism alone leads to fre$om1 to reason1 progress1 ackn[l$gm5t ( true humanity1--9 %ort to humanism4 ,?is mat]iali/ic opposition to ev]y?+ :i* is call$ religion1 is c]ta9ly indep5d5t ( ,d>w9ism1 & orig9at$ be=e its "t2 b s9ce ,b*n] himself sees 9 ,d>w9ism b a gr& confirmation ( 8 view ( ! _w1 & believes t he has f\nd 9 x #aij t pr9ciple :i*1 ) urg5t necessity1 bani%es teleology f ! contemplation ( nature--teleology1 ) ! defeat or victory ( :i* mat]ialism /&s or falls1--we are entitl$ & oblig$ to rank ev5 ?is view ( ! _w among ! conclusions :i* 9 ref]5ce to religion h be5 drawn f ! !ories ( ,d>w94 ,&1 inde$1 x is a mo/ extreme conclusion1 & simply puts itself 9 ! category ( negation to ! cont5ts ( religion1 z well z to religion 9 a subjective s5se1 to religi\s & pi\s conduct4 ,x c be cle>ly se5 h[ firmly a view ( ! _w :i* makes w> aga9/ religion & ! idea ( ,god its special life-task1 is connect$ ) all ^? de/ructive elem5ts :i* lie 9 human nature1 & especially 9 ! social circum/ances ( ! pres5t1 & :i* h _! only & f9al e?ical limit 9 ! consci\sness ( ,god :i*1 z a p[] nev] :olly to be effac$1 lies 9 ! dep? ( ! s\l ( ev5 ^? :o w&] f>!/ f a moral & spiritual life4 #b4 ,replacem5t ( ,religion ?r\gh a ,religi\s ,wor%ip ( ! ,univ]se4 ,/rauss1 ,osk> ,s*midt1 ,hckel4 ,/rauss1 9 t te/am5t ( 8 sci5tific life & activity1 ,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new1 takes a some:at diff]5t position 9 ref]5ce to religion4 ,ev5 = him1 ! :ole idea ( ,god is aboli%$ & replac$ by ! idea ( ! cosmos2 b he makes ?is cosmos ! object ( religi\s wor%ip1 & has exactly ! same feel+ ( absolute dep5d5ce 9 reg>d to x1 :i*1 accord+ to ,s*lei]ma*]1 con/itutes ! nature ( religion4 ,:5 ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau] or #aia ,edu>d von ,h>tmann br+ =? _! pessimi/ic accusations aga9/ ! univ]se1 8 religi\s s5sation reacts aga9/ x 9 ! same mann] z ! organism aga9/ ! prick ( a ne$le4 ,?is pessimism1 he says1 acts ^u reason z an absurdity1 b ^u s5sation z blasphemy4 ,we dem& ! same piety = our cosmos t ! dev\t ( old dem&$ = 8 ,god4 ,if w\nd$1 our feel+ = ! cosmos simply reacts 9 a religi\s mann]4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ,/rauss1 to ! "q1 ,are we /ill ,*ri/ians8 gives an emphatic ,no1 he answ]s ! "q1 ,h we /ill a religion8 ) ,yes or ,no1 accord+ to ! _s ( ! inquiry4 ,among m5 ( sci5ce :o wrote ab\t ,d>w9ism1 ,osk> ,s*midt1 9 8 be=e-quot$ publication1 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t & ,d>w9ism1 seems to take exactly ! same position 9 ref]5ce to religion4 ,at lea/1 he unres]v$ly pr(esses monism1 rejects all teleological conceptions z imp]fections1 speaks ( ! caprice ( a p]sonal ,god1 & sees ! conception t ! idea ( ,god is imman5t 9 human nature invalidat$ by ! fact t _m millions 9 ! mo/ cultivat$ nations1 & among !m ! mo/ em95t & lucid ?9k]s1 h n ! consci\sness ( a p]sonal ,god2 ^? millions ( :om ! h]oic ,/rauss became ! spokesman4 ,hckel1 x is true1 m5tions ,/rauss only 9 ! preface ( ! f\r? edition ( 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 b "h he greets ,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new z ! confession :i* he also makes1 & ?us gives u an express "r to place him 9 ?is class1 al?\gh he calls 8 wor%ip ( ! univ]se religion2 #aib x is1 h[ev]1 a classification :i* 8 :ole position compell$ u to give him4 ,x is true1 he speaks v w>mly ( 8 own religion1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! cle> k ( nature & its inexhau/ible abundance ( manife/ations1 & :i*1 z simple religion ( nature1 w 9 ! future act ^u ! c\rse ( developm5t ( mank9d1 ennobl+ & p]fect+ x 9 a f> high] degree ?an ! v>i\s ecclesia/ic religions ( ! diff]5t nations1 re/+ on a bl9d belief 9 ! vague secrets & my?ical revelations ( a sac]dotal ca/e4 7,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,cr41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfi47 ,he also repeat$ly speaks ( manife/ations ( nature1 & ev5 ( a div9e ,_s :i* is ev]y:]e active 9 nature4 ,9 t respect he seems to take 9 ref]5ce to religion1 )\t reg>d to ! hi/orical =m 9 :i* x appe>$ z ,*ri/ian religion1 a /ill m fri5dly & less problematic position ?an ,/rauss4 ,moreov]1 he dem&s = e individual ! full "r ( =m+ 8 own religion2 among ! m highly develop$ species ( m51 he says1 e indep5d5t & highly develop$ individual1 e orig9al p]son1 has 8 own religion1 8 own ,god2 & x w\ld c]ta9ly1 !re=e1 n be arrogant if he %\ld also claim ! "r ( =m+ 8 own conception ( ,god1 8 own religion4 ,b :5 we try to =m a m complete idea ( 8 position 9 ref]5ce to religion1 we really d n f9d any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 x & t ( ,/rauss4 ,accord+ to repeat$ utt]ances1 he c n imag9e ! p]sonal ,creator )\t caprice & arbitr>9ess2 aga9 & aga9 he advocates monism ) great w>m?1 & also id5tifies1 9 express words1 ,god & ! univ]se1 ,god & nature4 #aic ,correspond+ to our progressive p]ception ( nature & our immovable conviction ( ! tru? ( ! evolution !ory1 our religion c be only a religion ( nature4 ,9 reject+ ! duali/ic conception ( nature & ! h]e) connect$ amphi!i/ic conception ( ,god1 444 we c]ta9ly lose ! hypo!sis ( a p]sonal ,creator2 b we ga9 9 its place ! und\bt$ly m wor?y & m p]fect conception ( a div9e ,_s :i* p5etrates & fills ! univ]se4 ,fur!rmore1 ! fai? 9 a p]sonal ,creator is call$ a l[ duali/ic conception ( ,god1 :i* corresponds to a l[ animal /age ( developm5t ( ! human organism4 ,! m highly develop$ man ( ! pres5t1 he says1 is capable ( & int5d$ = an inf9itely nobl] & sublim] moni/ic idea ( ,god1 to :i* belongs ! future1 & ?r\gh :i* we atta9 a m sublime conception ( ! unity ( ,god & nature4 ,accord+ to 8 ,an?ropog5y1 ! belief t ! h& ( a ,creator has arrang$ all ?+s ) wisdom & intellig5ce is an anci5t /ory & an empty phrase4 #c4 ,pi\s ,r5unciation ( ! ,kn[ability ( ,god4 ,wilhelm ,bleek1 ,alb]t ,lange1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,a m fri5dly position 9 ref]5ce to religion is tak5 by ^? :o hold1 n directly negative1 b only decid$ly sceptical views ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 :o r$uce ! relative unse>*abl5ess ( ,god1 :i* e religi\s /&po9t admits1 to an absolute unkn[ability2 & :o f9d ! nature ( religion ei!r 9 a pi\s ackn[l$gm5t ( ?is unkn[ability1 or 9 a poetical sub/itute = ! k ( ,god1 i4e41 compreh5d+ ! unkn[able 9 a figure4 ,! mo/ prom95t #aid advocates ( ?is position are1 on ! side ( exact inve/igation1 ,wilhelm ,bleek2 & on t ( philosophy1 ,alb]t ,lange 9 ,g]many & ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 ,engl&4 ,s9ce all ?ree use ! ,d>w9ian !ories = _! sy/ems1 !y also belong to ! ranks ( our hi/orico-critical essay4 ,wilhelm ,bleek1 9 ! preface to 8 ,ursprung d] ,spra*e 7,orig9 ( ,language71 rejects all claims ( a positively reveal$ religion to an objective tru?--n 9 su* a way z to sub/itute ! univ]se 9 place ( ,god1 b s t he rema9s sceptical 9 ref]5ce to e attempt at =m+ an idea ( ,god1 dem&s a pi\s & mode/ confession ( ?is non-und]/&+ by man1 & sees 9 ?is rev]5tial mode/y ! c]ta9ly n v significant nature ( 8 religion4 ,9 ! preface he says t all wor%ip orig9ates 9 rev]5ce = ance/ors1 & t ev5 ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t ( mod]n !ology has its orig9 !re4 ,! next /ep aft] rev]5ce = ance/ors 0 ! wor%ip ( nature4 ,b ! gr& turn+-po9t at :i* ! my?ological mode ( view gives way--9 :i* mode ( view he also reckons ,*ri/ianity--is ! giv+ up ( ! idea ( ! necessity ( an atonem5t2 = ?is :ole idea is b an?ropomorphism4 ,x is :5 man has recogniz$ ! impossibility ( a be+1 simil> to man1 z ! f9al cause ( all exi/5ces1 & 9 rev]5tial mode/y has admitt$ 8 ignorance 9 ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! orig9 ( ?+s1 t he le>ns to und]/& h[ n>r[ a view he has ( ,god :5 he ?9ks t he und]/&s him4 ,on ! side ( philosophy1 ,alb]t ,lange & ,h]b]t ,sp5c] rea* simil> results4 ,alb]t ,lange1 9 8 #aie ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism1 />t+ especially f premises ( ,kant1 rea*es ! conclusion t ! ?+ p] se1 ! intelligible _w1 is absolutely hidd5 to u4 ,:at we p]ceive is b ! _w ( appe>ances2 & ! fact t we p]ceive x1 & p]ceive x z we d1 is orig9ally f\nd$ 9 ! human organization4 ,by virtue ( ?is organization we are b\nd1 9 all our k ( ! _w ( appe>ances1 to ! law ( causality4 ,sci5ce does n get beyond ?is causal *a9 ( f9ite & relative causes & effects2 to ! ?+ p] se !re is n[h]e to be f\nd a bridge1 n ev5 z ,kant supposes1 9 ! categoric imp]ative1 nor 9 ideas4 ,inasmu* z sci5ce does n get beyond ?is *a91 x is mat]iali/ic2 inasmu* z x mu/ nev]!less p]ceive ! exi/5ce1 or at lea/ ! possibility ( ! exi/5ce1 ( a ?+ p] se1 ev5 if x does n see any way to its p]ception1 x is ideali/ic4 ,b man also has ideal impulses1 & he has to foll[ !m j z mu* z ! impulse ( p]ception4 ,by virtue ( ^! ideal impulses1 he makes 9 imag9ation a picture ( ! ?+ p] se 9 ! activity ( philosophic speculation1 art1 & religion4 ,philosophic speculation is b imag9ative conceptions4 ,x has always a value 9 ! hi/ory ( culture1 z a summ+-up ( ! elem5ts ( culture & ( ! spiritual impulses & treasures ( a c]ta9 "t2 b x errs z soon z x claims to be m ?an imag9ative conceptions--namely1 an adequate repres5tation ( ! f9al cause ( all ?+s--= x lacks ! necess>y basis ( exp]i5ce4 ,art does n claim ?is1 & !re=e is n expos$ to t dang] ( deception4 ,religion satisfies a ne$ ( ! he>t1 to h a home ( ! _s 9 ! ?+ p] se2 b #aif s9ce ! ?+ p] se is n accessible = u1 religion creates 9 m9d t home1 9 ord] to rise above ! common reality to x4 ,lange f9ds ! highe/ realization ( a p]fect satisfaction ( t impulse 9 ! philosophic poems ( ,s*ill]4 ,he sees ! qu9tess5ce ( religion expressly 9 ! elevation ( m9ds above ! real1 & 9 ! creation ( a home ( ! _s4 ,religion rema9s unt\*$ 9 its full vital p[]1 z long z x reta9s t z its qu9tess5ce2 b x is expos$ to all ! dang]s ( a de/ructive criticism z soon z x seeks its qu9tess5ce 9 some?+ else--= in/ance1 9 c]ta9 doctr9es ( ,god1 ! human s\l1 creation ( ! _w1 etc4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] is 9 full accord ) ,lange 9 reg>d to ! !ory ( an absolute indisc]nibl5ess ( ! f9al cause ( all ?+s2 b he rea*es ?is result 9 a some:at diff]5t way1 & f 8 premises inf]s a diff]5t modification ( ! nature ( religion4 ,9 8 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples he appe>s to be a true s*ol> ( ! ,engli% & ,scot* s*ools ( philosophy1 f :i* he takes 8 />t 9 consci\s & express opposition to ! ,g]man modes ( speculation1 & beg9s ) an empiric comp>ison ( all actual contra/s exi/+ 9 ! _w & 9 human life4 ,he foll[s ! axiom t a p>ticle ( tru? lies at ! basis ( e error1 & t ea* contra/ becomes a contra/ only by ! fact t ! two poles ( ! contra/ h some?+ 9 common4 ,n[1 9 comp>+ ) "o ano!r all contra/s betwe5 religion & sci5ce1 & all =ms ( religi\sness & irreligi\sness1 f feti%ism up to mono!ism1 pan!ism1 & a!ism1 all imag9able cosmogonies1 he f9ds1 z ! la/ tru? common to all1 & !re=e #aig alone absolutely c]ta91 ! absolute indisc]nibl5ess ( ! f9al cause ( all ?+s4 ,on page #dd he says1 t religions diametrically oppos$ 9 _! ov]t dogmas1 are yet p]fectly at "o 9 ! tacit conviction t !re is a problem to be solv$1 t ! exi/5ce ( ! _w ) all x conta9s is a my/]y ev] press+ = int]pretation2 & on page #de1 t ! omnipres5ce ( some?+ :i* passes compreh5sion1 is t :i* rema9s unque/ionable4 ,& on page #df he concludes3 ,if ,religion & ,sci5ce are to be reconcil$1 ! basis ( reconciliation mu/ be ?is deepe/1 wide/1 & mo/ c]ta9 ( all facts--t ! ,p[] :i* ! ,univ]se manife/s to u is utt]ly inscrutable4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ?is fact is religi\sness2 ! contr>y ( x is irreligi\sness & an?ropomorphi/ic arrogance1 ev5 if x appe>s 9 ! "n ( religi\sness4 ,volumes might be writt5 ^u ! impiety ( ! pi\s 7p4 #aaj74 ,a comp>ison ( ! two philosoph]s is int]e/+4 ,9 "o direction1 ,lange does m ju/ice to ! religi\s ne$ ?an ,sp5c] does4 ,:ile he sees 9 religion ! metaphorical realization ( ! ne$s ( ! he>t1 ( a creation ( a home ( ! _s1 he gives to ! he>t full play to satisfy its ne$1 & to create & arrange = itself a spiritual home entirely accord+ to its ne$4 ,he especially ackn[l$ges repeat$ly ! ne$ ( ! he>t = atonem5t1 & vigor\sly def5ds ?is ne$ & its satisfaction aga9/ ,lib]al ,!ologians 7,re=m!olog571 l ,he9ri* ,lang2 he also /&s1 z we see1 9 satisfactory contra/ to ,wilhelm ,bleek4 ,)\t res]ve1 he admits into ! hymn-book ( 8 religion ( ! future hymns l t ( ,g]h>d3 ,o ,haupt voll ,blut und ,wund5 7,o ,sacr$ ,head1 #aih n[ w\nd$74 ,to be sure1 all ! concessions he makes to religion s9k aga9 to ! value ( a beautiful illusion1 f ! fact t = him !y are b metaphorical approa*es to ! cause ( all ?+s1 :i* aft] all /ill rema9s inaccessible4 ,b nev]!less1 9 consequ5ce ( t idea ( religion1 religi\s life1 & especially also religi\s s]vice1 has inf9itely m room = ri* developm5t 9 ,lange ?an 9 ,sp5c]4 ,=1 accord+ to ! view ( ! latt]1 religi\sness consi/s 9 no?+ else b ! p]ception & ackn[l$gm5t ( ?is indisc]nibl5ess ( ! f9al cause4 ,all o!r ?+s :i* may be /ill connect$ ) religi\s life & reason+1 are b a mi/y veil4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! indisc]nibl5ess ( ! f9al cause ( all ?+s alone is ! qu9tess5ce ( religion4 ,b su* a religi\sness1 :i* expressly =bids imag9+ any quality or any /ate ( ! highe/ be+1 c]ta9ly w\ld be1 z ,pr(4 ,huxley correctly says 9 8 ,lay ,s]mons1 = ! mo/ "p ( ! sil5t sort4 ,:ile ?us ,lange's conception ( religion is sup]ior to t ( ,sp5c] 9 admitt+ a ri*] developm5t ( religi\s life1 a m v>i\s satisfaction ( ! religi\s ne$1 9 ano!r direction ,sp5c] is sup]ior4 ,he comes consid]ably ne>] to a correct & full conception ( ,god ?an ,lange4 ,8 idea ( ! f9al cause ( all ?+s does n lie entirely 9 ! conception t x is ! absolute indisc]nible2 b ,sp5c] is fully 9 e>ne/ ) ! idea t ?is indisc]nible is ! real cause ( ! _w & ( all s+le exi/5ces 9 x4 ,he accord+ly =bids giv+ c]ta9 attributes to ! absolute--n because x w\ld be d\btful :e!r x has attributes or n1 b because x /&s above all ^! #aii imag9able attributes z _! real cause4 ,!re=e he =bids1 = in/ance1 attribut+ p]sonality1 intellig5ce1 w1 to ! highe/ be+--n because x c\ld also be imp]sonal1 & 9 want ( intellig5ce & w1 b because x /&s above all ^! attributes z _! highe/ real cause1 & because we c ?9k ( all ^! attributes only 9 human analogy1 & !re=e1 :5 attribut$ to ! highe/ be+1 c ?9k ( !m only 9 rejectable an?ropomorphism4 ,he says1 on page #aji3 ,^? :o esp\se ?is position p]sonality ( ,god1 make ! errone\s assumption t ! *oice is betwe5 p]sonality & some?+ l[] ?an p]sonality2 :]eas ! *oice is r betwe5 p]sonality & some?+ high]4 ,is x n j possible t !re is a mode ( be+ z mu* transc5d+ ,intellig5ce & ,w1 z ^! transc5d me*anical motion8 ,x is true t we are totally unable to conceive any su* high] mode ( be+4 ,b ?is is n a reason = que/ion+ its exi/5ce2 x is r ! rev]se4444 ,! ,ultimate ,cause _c 9 any respect be conceiv$ by u because x is 9 e respect great] ?an c be conceiv$4 ,?us we f9d 9 ,lange a full] & ri*] conception ( ! subject ( religion2 b ?is conception is 9 want ( "o ?+--)\t :i* x is 9 want ( ev]y?+--namely1 ( no?+ less ?an ( ! objective reality4 ,sp5c]'s religi\sness has a mu* m meagre & less v>i$ "*3 ! ackn[l$gm5t & v5]ation ( ! indisc]nible2 b he nev]!less gives u ) ?is cont5t & object a real object1 ev5 an object ( v5]ation1 9 :i* ! abundance ( all reality is hidd51 ) ! only conception t ! indisc]nible #bjj does n let u look into its cornucopia1 b only lets u judge ( ! abundance ( its cont5ts by ! ri*ness ( t :i* x p\rs ov] u 9 ! _w ( ! relatively p]ceptible4 ,x w n be difficult to %[ ! po9ts at :i* ea* ( ^! writ]s w\ld h be5 able1 _h he s wi%$1 to lead 8 conception ( religion1 ! "o to a real1 ! o!r to a full cont5t4 ,lange f9ds ! la/ pr9ciple ( p]ception :i* is accessible to u1 9 our organization4 ,n[ f our organization orig9ate n only all modes ( ! p]ception ( ! empirical _w1 b j z well all our ideal impulses1 especially ! e?ical4 ,:i* "o ( all ^? dispositions1 impulses1 & activities has ! prec$5ce1 ma9ly dep5ds ^u ! value :i* man places ^u !m4 ,n[1 :5 man attributes to ! ideal & e?ical a high] value ?an to ! empirical1 :5 9 reflect+ ab\t himself he f9ds t ev5 9 ! normal individual ! empirical1 s5sual1 & mat]ial is subord9ate & subject to ! ideal & especially to ! e?ical1 !n f ! /&po9t ( ,lange he is "r1 & oblig$ to e/imate ! tru? ( t ideal & e?ical z high] ?an ! tru? ( ! empirical _w1 & to look at ! :ole empirical _w only z be+ 9 ! s]vice ( t ideal _w4 ,:51 at ! same "t1 we obs]ve an inn] h>mony 9 our organization1 ?is obs]vation gives u ! "r & ! duty ( controll+ ! tru? ( our empirical p]ception by ! tru? ( ! results ( our ideal & our e?ical activity1 & ! latt] aga9 by ! =m]4 ,= if we d n wi% to suppose t ! human organization aims at a gr& deception ( mank9d1 we h1 9 spite ( #bja ! sup]iority ( ! ideal & e?ical activities1 to e/abli% ! axiom t ! empirical & ! ideal & e?ical _c rema9 9 la/+ contradiction4 ,besides1 if we %\ld add to ?is t a religion l ,*ri/ianity (f]s to man t :i* x gives to him on ! gr\nd ( hi/orical facts1 !n ! reports ( ^! facts w c]ta9ly be subject to hi/orical criticism j z surely z all hi/orical reports2 b if !y are confirm$1 ! ideal & e?ical conv9c+ p[] :i* lies 9 ?is religion1 unites = u ) ! :ole weight ( ! conv9c+ p[] ( ! hi/orical & empirical facts1 al?\gh ! reproduction & sy/ematization ( its cont5ts is /ill defici5t & capable ( fur!r developm5t4 ,9 ,sp5c]'s sy/em1 !re are two po9ts by :i* 8 own c\rse ( reason+ is able to bridge ov] ! pov]ty ( 8 conception ( religion4 ,! fir/ po9t1 giv5 on pages #ajg-ajh ( 8 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 & also else:]e 9 8 works1 is ! ackn[l$gm5t t ! f9al cause ( all ?+s is high] ?an all t we "k1 & is ( su* a nature t x really c be ! real cause ( ev]y?+1 ev5 ! real cause ( ! spiritual & e?ical4 ,?us he =bids u to ?9k ( qualities ( ! highe/ be+1 b he himself ?9ks ( !m2 = ?is conception ( ! highe/ be+ z an imp]sonal is c]ta9ly some?+ else & some?+ mu* m valuable ?an ! m]e negation ( p]sonality4 ,! o!r po9t :i* might be able to lead him out ( ! vacuum ( 8 idea ( ,god1 lies 9 ! me?od ( 8 own inve/igation4 ,:5 he seeks ! tru? by collect+ :at is common 9 all ! contra/s1 he also mu/ seek & f9d some?+ common betwe5 ! highe/ cause #bjb ( all ?+s on "o side & ( ! _w z a :ole & 9 detail on ! o!r2 & ?is some?+ w consi/ ( ! necessity ( ! highe/ cause ( all ?+s be+ s qualifi$ t x is able to br+ into exi/5ce ! _w z a :ole & 9 detail4 ,if su* ideas are also reject$ z an?ropomorphisms1 !n all reason+ & inve/igat+ is an?ropomorphi/ic2 & 9 t respect we ref] to :at we _h to say above1 :5 treat+ ( teleology 7p4 #agj ff474 ,! same ,duke ( ,argyll :om we !re _h occasion to quote1 9 an article 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review 7,may1 #ahga71 ^u ,v>iety z an ,aim 9 ,nature1 has admirably %[n t x is ! m9d ( man f :i* we may draw conclusions z to ! nature ( ! ,creator1 & t ! picture :i* we ?us get ( him1 c at ! same "t be se5 true & yet dim1 at ! same "t real & yet f a di/ance2 = ! human m9d does n feel any?+ s mu* z its own limitations1 & !re=e c easily imag9e ea* ( 8 p[]s & tal5ts z be+ pres5t 9 ! highe/ be+ 9 inf9ite p]fection4 ,if ,sp5c] _h made ?is comp>ison1 & drawn ! conclusions :i* foll[ f x = ! nature ( ! f9al cause ( all ?+s1 ! indisc]nibl5ess ( ,god w\ld = him be r$uc$ to an unse>*abl5ess1 ! unkn[able be *ang$ into an unse>*able1 & we c\ld will+ly ackn[l$ge ! humble mode/y 9 reg>d to ! inf9ity ( ! deity1 :i* 8 philosophy requires1 z a factor ( all true religi\sness4 ,b we h to pres5t to him z an expression1 n only ( true religi\sness1 b also ( true sci5ce1 t passage ( ! ,psalms3 ,he t plant$ ! e>1 %all he #bjc n he>8 ,he t =m$ ! eye1 %all he n see8 7,psalm ,,xciv1 #i47 #d4 ,sp9oza & ,hegel 9 ! ,g>b ( ,d>w93 ,c>n]i4 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann4 ,to ! ,au/rian philosoph] ,c>n]i 9 8 ,sittli*keit und ,d>w9ismus 7,morality & ,d>w9ism71 ?ree books ( ,e?ics1 ,vi5na1 ,braumll]1 #ahga1 we %all h to give a place ( 8 own4 ,inasmu* z religion & ! beautiful are to him b a prelim9>y /age ( tru? :i* has to dissolve itself into philosophy--a philosophy :i*1 incl9$ to monism1 pref]s to call itself pan!ism--he takes a position 9 ref]5ce to religion simil> to t t[>d mat]ialism1 namely3 a negative position4 ,b inasmu* z he /ill grants to religion 9 a subjective s5se1 to religion 9 ! =m ( piety1 a la/+ position & tru? 7religion1 he says1 has tru?1 b ! positive ,god ( religion has no reality1 page #aad71 & inasmu* z he ascribes to x n only a transitory p$agogical value = ! masses1 :i* are n yet elevat$ to ! height ( philosophic reason+1 b a value also = ! philosoph]--namely1 ! value ( religi\sness & ( piety--he r belongs to ! second & ?ird ( ! be=e-m5tion$ gr\ps4 ,c>n]i1 9 8 ,?ree ,books ( ,e?ics1 gives u a :ole philosophic encyclop$ia4 ,9 ?\ghts sometimes ri*1 b )\t regul>ly arrang$ & quiet reason+1 & 9 full comm& & employm5t ( mod]n t]ms :i* he uses sometimes l a g5ius1 b (t5 sup]ficially & unju/ly1 he develops a view ( ! _w :i*1 al?\gh x appe>s 9 an indep5d5t way #bjd 9 all its fundam5tals1 z reg>ds its cont5ts takes its orig9 f ,sp9oza1 & z reg>ds =m & dialectics f ,hegel1 b sometimes1 x is true1 s9ks into weaknesses ( :i* ^! philosoph]s w\ld h>dly h be5 guilty4 ,s1 = in/ance1 :5 he simply id5tifies religi\s fai? ) conjecture1 he takes a sup]ficial view :i* he has 9 common ) ,hckel :o1 among o!r ?+s1 repeat$ly says t fai? beg9s :]e k ceases4 ,dialectical motion is ev]y?+ to him4 ,9 pursu+ ?is dialectical motion1 he gives u a multitude ( outlooks into all imag9able realms ( k & life1 b he always foll[s at ! same "t ! =mula ( dialectical motion1 &1 :]e ! difficulties ( ! real _w are mo/ inv9cibly oppos$ to ?is dialectics1 kn[s1 l 8 ma/]1 ) almo/ *ivalric ease1 to m+le & conf\nd ab/ract =mali/ic reason+ & ?\ghts naturally foll[+ f ! giv5 ?\ght4 ,want ( cle>ness 9 g5]al makes ! read+ ( ?is o!rwise n unimportant book v difficult4 ,on a ,d>w9ian f\ndation 9 8 conception ( nature & its developm5t1 he puts a ,hegelian /ructure into 8 conception ( human spiritual life1 b f9ally lets mank9d1 al?\gh x is ! highe/ =m ( appe>ance 9 ?is developm5t1 s9k back into dea? & de/ruction4 ,! ,god ( ?is view ( ! _w is ! causal law2 ! conception ( ?is causal law is ! wor%ip ( ! philosoph]--a ,god1 ( c\rse1 s incapable ( fill+ & quiet+ a m9d long+ = ,god--a wor%ip s lea!rn t ,c>n]i himself _c get rid ( ! op9ion t1 ) su* religi\s ideas ( re=m1 he w f9ally lose ! la/ read] ( 8 book4 ,! aim ( ! #bje developm5t1 also1 does n promise to ! m9d any sub/itute = ! rigidness ( ,god1 = ! aim ( ! developm5t is dea?--! dea? ( ! individual z well z ( ! univ]se4 ,he :o has le>n$ to get com=t 9 ! deepe/ affliction f ! absolute imp>tiality ( ! causal law1 is on s good t]ms ) dea?1 ^: inflexibility he compreh5ds1 t )\t reluctance he gives to x ! univ]se into ! b>ga94 7p4 #cec47 ,we give ^! glimpses into ! dre>y wa/e ( ! v late/ advocate ( pessimism :i*1 z x seems1 has fully & =mally become ! fa%ion1 9 ord] to %[ :at mon/rosities are dem&$ f ?\ght1 :at revolt+ h>dness f feel+1 :at non5tities ( e?ical /riv+1 are (f]$ z valuable w>es1 if man has once begun to break ! bond betwe5 himself & 8 liv+ ,creator & ,ma/]4 ,= ?is reason1 n only ! anti-teleological moni/s meet ! fate ( ,nihilism1 :e!r !y appe> 9 ! plebeian r\ghness ( ,b*n] or 9 ! ari/ocratic g5tility ( ,/rauss1 b also su* a brilliant advocate ( teleology z ,edu>d von ,h>tmann does n "k ( any o!r f9al end to (f] to ! _w & mank9d ?an no?+ness1 because he did n wi% to be driv5 f 8 p]ception ( ends 9 ! _w to ! only conclusion to :i* x leads--namely3 to ! p]ception ( an absolute intellig5t & e?ical p]sonality t directs ^! ends4 ,he pref]s1 r1 to suppose an unconsci\sly see+ sub/ance ( ! _w1 :i*1 aft] hav+ once 9 ! d>k impulse ( its unconsci\s w1 made ! mi/ake ( creat+ a _w1 leads ! same by ! in/9ct ( unconsci\s teleology 9 sad1 melan*oly1 & yet relatively #bjf be/ developm5t1 until x is ripe to s9k back into no?+ness1 & !reby to br+ ! absolute to re/4 ,al?\gh we pity ! individuals :o came "u ! ban ( su* a pessimism1 we nev]!less c be glad ( ! fact t ! consequ5ces ( su* a sep>ation f ,god are at lea/ expos$ s cle>ly1 & return f w&]+ ?r\gh su* b>r5 /eppes ) r5ew$ ?ankfulness to our ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w1 ) its div9e plan & aim4 ,we h1 next1 h[ev] to review ! repres5tatives ( !ism & ( ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w--:i* review w %[ u t ! song ( triumph :i* monism began to raise be=e its expect$ victory1 came v ne> di/urb+ ! composure ( p]sons "h & !re4 #e4 ,re-e*o ( ,negation on ! ,side ( ! ,*ri/ian ,view ( ! ,_w4 ,9 ?is condition ( affairs1 x c]ta9ly c\ld n happ5 o!rwise ?an t1 ev5 on ! "p ( ! !i/ic & positive ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w1 "s advocates 7 drawn into ! conte/ :o ?\ght !mselves oblig$ to see two irreconcilable antagoni/s 9 ,d>w9ism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,sci5ce & religion _h bo? be5 s mu* accu/om$ to see ! orig9 ( species1 & especially ! appe>ance ( man on ! /age ( e>?1 hidd5 9 imp5etrable & unapproa*able secrecy1 t e attempt at cle>+ up ?is d>kness v naturally appe>$ to bo? z an attack ^u ! creative activity ( ,god4 ,! mode ( reason+ to :i* mank9d1 9 its sci5tific z well z 9 its religi\s m$itations1 _h #bjg accu/om$ itself = hundr$s ( ye>s1 0 us$ to exclude f ! idea ( creation ! conception ( int]v5+ ag5cies2 & ?is 0 true n only 9 reg>d to ! idea ( ! fir/ creation ( ! univ]se1 :]e ! idea ( int]v5+ ag5cies naturally is left out1 b also 9 reg>d to ! idea ( ! creation ( s+le be+s4 ,moreov]1 mank9d 0 s accu/om$ to see a contra/ betwe5 orig9ation & creation1 t 9 ! same degree 9 :i* man tri$ or 0 able to p]ceive ! modalities ( ! orig9 ( species1 ! div9e causality1 or at lea/ ! idea ( creation1 seem$ to disappe>2 & = ! ^w ( ! ,bible1 t ,god creat$ creatures ea* aft] its k9d1 a place c\ld no long] be f\nd4 ,to ?is 0 add$ ! fact t n only all mat]ialism took possession ( ,d>w9ism z ! irresi/ible batt]+-ram :i*1 z !y said1 =ev] demoli%es ! :ole =tress ( !ism & buries "u its ru9s all ^? :o take refuge 9 ?is decay+ ca/le1 b t ev5 naturali/s let !mselves be c>ri$ away )\t opposition by ?is anti-!i/ic curr5t1 & ev5 submitt$ to be h]alds & prophets ( ?is new anti-!i/ic wisdom ( monism4 ,let ! read] ?9k ( ,hckel's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation & ,an?ropog5y1 :]e he w f9d ! mo/ int]e/+ reports f all realms ( exact natural sci5ce1 toge!r ) a :olly unsolv$ entanglem5t ( desc5t1 selection1 & me*anical view ( ! _w1 & ?is mode ( contemplation ( ! _w1 ) eloqu5t & en?usia/ic proclamation ( monism & ) unconceal$ d]ision ( ! caprici\s arbitr>9ess ( a p]sonal ,creator1 all ?r[n toge!r z "o great entire sy/em1 =m$ at "o /roke4 #bjh ,is x1 !n1 to be wond]$ at1 t n only ! uncritical among believ]s1 b also ^? :o ?\ghtfully exam9$ ! movem5ts ( ! m9d1 believ$ 9 ! l\dly-proclaim$ connection ( ,d>w9ism ) ! :ole anti-,*ri/ian view ( ! _w1 & !re=e prote/$ imm$iately aga9/ ev]y?+ :i* is call$ ,d>w9ism8 ,c we reproa* !ologians = n imm$iately becom+ sci5ti/s !mselves1 9 ord] to =m an indep5d5t judgm5t 9 ! "q1 :5 ev5 ! mo/ em95t sci5ti/s decl>$ t amalgamation ( ! mo/ het]og5etic z an inevitable consequ5ce ( ,d>w9ism1 & z mu* z possible dim9i%$ or conceal$ _! want ( h>mony ) a few o!r inve/igators :o1 al?\gh small 9 numb]1 yet by _! weight c\nt]balanc$ doz5s ( names ( ! second & ?ird rank8 ,?us we c\ld read1 9 ! j\rnals ( speciali/s1 9 pamphlets1 9 religi\s & political j\rnals1 ev5 9 local newspap]s1 a great _m articles :i* 7 guilty ( exactly ! same conf\nd+ ( ! sci5tific & ! religi\s1 & aga9 ( ! sci5tific & ! philosophic1 z ^? :o _h caus$ ?is conf\nd+1 & :o1 "u ! supposition ( ?is solid>ity ( :olly di/9ct ?+s1 attack$ & conte/$ 9 ! int]e/ ( religion1 n only ! anti-religi\s conclusions ( ,d>w9ian philosoph]s1 b also ,d>w9ism z a m]ely sci5tific !ory1 & r5d]$ ! contra/ z /rong z possible by adh]+ to t above c5sur$1 unmotiv$1 indef5sible1 & "o-sid$ conception ( creation4 ,& al?\gh on ! "p ( positive ,*ri/ian !ology !re 0 a gradually increas+ numb] ( voices #bji ( ^? :o 9 ! idea ( an orig9 ( species ?r\gh desc5t d n yet see an injury to ! !i/ic & ,*ri/ian conception ( ,god & creation1 /ill z a rule ?is concession 0 made only to ! idea ( desc5t1 & n to t ( selection & to t :i* is prop]ly call$ ,d>w9ism4 ,z a rule1 9 mo/ ( ! !ological works :i* treat 9 g5]al ( ! ,d>w9ian que/ions1 ,d>w9ism & opposition to ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ,god & creation 7 & are /ill tak5 z id5tical4 ,= in/ance1 ,ebr>d1 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 ,apologetik 7,apologetics71 ,gt]sloh1 ,b]telsmann1 #ahgd1 enum]ates among ! sy/ems :i* are oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! same l9e ) ! d\btless anti-!i/ic & anti-,*ri/ian aposkopiology or negation ( ! idea ( design1 also ! me*ani/ic sy/em1 or ! negation ( ! organic vital =ce1 & ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( desc5t4 ,besides1 9 read+ 8 ,apologetics1 we _h e>ne/ly wi%$1 9 ! int]e/ ( sci5ce z well z ( religion1 t a !ologian :o writes a "w :i* claims to be sci5tific & to advocate ! ,*ri/ian /&po9t1 _h ab/a9$ f t co>se & disgu/+ contempt & d]ision ( adv]s>ies :i* we meet s (t5 9 8 book1 & :i* only causes fri5d & foe to take a position contr>y to t :i* ! au?or int5d$4 ,trmpelmann :o1 9 an essay ^u ,d>w9ism1 moni/ic philosophy1 & ,*ri/ianity 7,jahrb*] fr prote/antis*e ,!ologie1 #ahgf1 ,i7 gives a simil> conception ( ! relation betwe5 ,d>w9ism & religion1 b def5ds 8 :ole position ) mu* m sci5tific acut5ess & dep?1 has also n tak5 ! tone :i* wor?ily treats an opposite op9ion & its advocates4 99 99 99 99 99 #baj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,re=m ,,( ,,religion1 ,,or ,,at ,,lea/ ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,religion1 ,,?r\gh ,,d>w9ism4 #a4 ,he9ri* ,lang1 ,fri$ri* ,vis*]1 ,gu/av ,jg]4 ,9 pass+ on to ^? :o 9 ,d>w9ism d n see a negation b a re=mation ( religion1 or at lea/ ( !ology1 we fir/ meet ,he9ri* ,lang1 ! late spiritual lead] ( ! ,re=m!ologie 9 ,switz]l&4 ,he treats ( ,die ,religion im ,zeitalt] ,d>w9s 7,religion 9 ! ,age ( ,d>w97 9 ,holtz5dorff's & ,onck5's ,deuts*e ,zeit- und ,/reitfrag51 ,jahrg4 ,,ii1 ,heft #ca1 ,b]l91 ,ld]itz1 #ahgc4 ,) a v correct e/imate ( ! la/+ value ( religion z well z ( natural sci5ce1 & ) a w>m apology = ! religi\s realm1 he regulates ! b\nd>ies ( ea* by ask+ religion n to h9d] mod]n k ( ! _w & nature1 & by ask+ k ( nature to leave ! realm ( religion unt\*$ 9 its self-c]ta9ty4 ,b :5 he1 evid5tly /ill dep5d5t on ! old rationali/ic sup]naturali/ic conception ( miracle & provid5ce1 claims to f9d t z ! result ( mod]n k ( ! _w & nature a special provid5ce is no long] conceivable1 & no o!r he>+ ( pray] is possible ?an a subjective psy*ological "o2 t ! processes 9 ! _w1 9 _! entire f9al causal connection ( causes & effects1 n[h]e leave a place = #baa ! freely act+ h& ( a div9e ,"l ( ! _w1 & t ev5 a moral ord] ( ! _w c only prove itself s f> z guilt & puni%m5t /& 9 a natural causal connection ) "o ano!r3 !n 8 religi\sness makes concessions to ! mod]n view ( ! _w :i* x is n at all oblig$ to make or ju/ifi$ 9 mak+1 & =ces ^u religion a re=m aga9/ ! necessity & usefulness ( :i* n only religi\s feel+ & ne$1 b also deep] & m consequ5t reflection on ,god & ! _w1 j z /rongly /rives4 ,:at rema9s to him z an indep5d5t realm = religion is nev]!less wor?y ( recognition4 ,z fai? ( ! human m9d 9 a transc5d5tal unity :i* manife/s itself 9 ! manifold & s5sible1 & c>ries ?r\gh a moral ord] ( ! _w--al?\gh "o :i*1 by ! be=e-m5tion$ limitation ( ! natural connection ( guilt & puni%m5t1 is v mu* r$uc$--religion gives to ! m9d w>m? & wor%ip2 z confid5ce ( ! he>t 9 an inf9ite possession 9 ! angui% ( ! f9ite1 x creates confid5ce 9 ,god1 gratitude1 devotion1 en]gy1 c\rage ( life2 z rev]5ce = a hol9ess :i* /&s unimpea*able above ! fluctuat+ incl9ations ( our w1 awak5s ! consci\sness ( guilt1 & aboli%es ! guilt1 x rema9s ! basis ( all moral action4 ,lang also %>ply & correctly po9ts out ! insuffici5cy ( ,/rauss's ,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new1 z well z ! conflict betwe5 8 metaphysical naturalism :i* only leads to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & 8 dem& ( self-submission to ! univ]se1 & ( ! moral & spiritual self-det]m9ation ( man z ( a be+ :i* goes beyond nature4 ,nev]!less we c n foll[ ,lang 9 8 #bab ways ( re=m4 ,fir/--8 conception ( ,god is amaz+ly meagre1 & ( m ?an a ,sp5c]ian unapproa*abl5ess4 ,god is to him1 accord+ to 8 ,dogmatics1 no?+ b ! et]nal1 9 itself p]fect cause ( all be+1 exempt$ f all *anges ( ! _w's process4 ,:5 he gives ! "n ( fa!r to ?is primeval cause1 z he does 9 8 s]mons & else:]e1 )\t be+ able to admit relation ( mutual love ( p]son to p]son1 he only makes x gl>+ly evid5t h[ little 8 ab/ract metaphysics c satisfy religi\s ne$4 ,second--t :i* is claim$ to be ga9$ by ?is mod]n view ( ! _w 7namely1 ext5sion ( ! supremacy ( religion to ev]y?+1 ev5 to ! affairs ( daily life71 is n at all new1 b is ! effect ( long-exi/+ s\nd religi\sness1 & is ! ess5ce ( all s\nd religi\s doctr9e2 & we !re=e c n see h[ a view ( ! _w1 :i*1 = in/ance1 d5ies div9e provid5ce1 & limits ! he>+ ( pray] to its psy*ological effects1 %all h great] =ce to leav5 ! :ole daily life religi\sly1 ?an our ,*ri/ian fai? 9 ! ,fa!r )\t ^: w no sp>r[ falls to ! gr\nd1 & :o says to 8 *ildr53 ,call ^u me 9 ! day ( tr\ble3 ,i w deliv] !e1 & ?\ %alt glorify me4 ,?ird--exactly t :i* ,lang decl>es a purification ( religion 7namely1 ! be=e-m5tion$ elim9ation ( div9e provid5ce & ( all t :i* is connect$ !re)71 appe>s to u n at all z a re=m1 b z an imm5se impov]i%m5t & desolation ( religion1 :i* is s f> f be+ requir$ by natural sci5ce1 t x turns out to be b a concession to ! mo/ sup]ficial metaphysicians :o1 ( c\rse1 h become v popul>4 #bac ,fri$ri* ,vis*] is also to be rank$ 9 ?is gr\p4 ,9 ! six? "p ( 8 ,kritis*e ,gnge 7,critical ,walks71 he speaks ( ,/rauss' ,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new1 & takes 8 det]m9$ position 9 ref]5ce to ! religi\s "q1 q ess5tially diff]+ f ,/rauss4 ,9 reg>d to ! av]sion to miracles1 he /&s on ! same gr\nd ) ,/rauss & ,lang2 9 prote/+ aga9/ ,/rauss' elim9ation ( ! idea ( design1 & especially 9 dem&+ a moral ord] ( ! _w1 he is /ill m en]getic ?an ,lang4 ,he p>ticul>ly does n1 l ,lang1 limit ! moral ord] ( ! _w to ! simple empiric causal connection betwe5 human action & its consequ5ces4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 by 8 opposition to ! idea ( a p]sonality ( ,god1 he aga9 deviates m ?an ,lang f ! true mean+ ( ,*ri/ian religi\sness4 ,on page #bai he says3 ,h[1 9 spite ( ! inf9ite cross+s ( human action1 is inn] con=mity to ! end 9 view 9 g5]al s e/abli%$ ?r\gh t :i* we call *ance1 or r by means ( ^! cross+s1 t we c speak ( a moral ord] ( ! _w8 ,m51 individuals z well z communities1 foll[ _! aims4 ,h]eby !re always results some?+ q diff]5t f t :i* !y int5d$ & wi%$4 ,sublime laws gov]n above u1 betwe5 u1 full ( my/]y 9 ! mid/ ( life2 "o ( !m 9 ref]5ce to guilt1 puni%m5t ( guilt1 is call$ nemesis4 ,fai? 9 t mean+ ( ! ^w1 :i* we reg>d z a l[ "o he means ! fai? :i* has its dogmas beyond :i* ! man ( ! mo/ rec5t culture has pass$1 n kn[+ t he also c>ries ar\nd ) him 8 dogmas1 8 new fai? is 9 ne$ ( a p]son :o f\nds1 c>ries out1 & executes #bad ^! laws4 ,b ! fai? ( ! moni/s has no su* ne$4 ,:y n8 ,t ne$s m suffici5t demon/ration4 ,c]ta9ly x ne$s m suffici5t demon/ration4 ,b ?is demon/ration w nev] be possible1 s long z we ackn[l$ge ! gov]nm5t ( a moral ord] ( ! _w4 ,= ?is leads ( necessity to fai? 9 a liv+ ,god1 & ?is fai? dem&s f our conception less pret5sions ?an ! fai? 9 a k9d ( sy/em ( spiritual ma*9]y by :i* *ance & ! wi%$-= are wov5 toge!r1 )\t ?is sy/em proce$+ f a highly spiritual & e?ical intellig5ce4 ,x nev]!less mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ,vis*]1 f ! /&po9t ( e?ical ne$1 v9dicates ! position & tru? ( religion1 z he also beautifully & correctly def9es its position 9 ref]5ce to morality1 9 say+ t morality makes ! dem&1 religion gives ! /r5g? to meet x4 ,f ano!r side1 ,gu/av ,jg] makes a compromise betwe5 ,d>w9ism & religion 9 8 five lectures on ,die ,d>w9s*e ,!orie und ihre ,/ellung zu ,moral und ,religion 7,! ,d>w9ian ,!ory & its ,position 9 ,ref]5ce to ,morality & ,religion71 ,/uttg>t1 ,j4 ,h(fmann1 #ahfi4 ,he makes /ill m valid concessions to religion & ,*ri/ianity ?an ,lang & ,vis*]2 directly opposes mat]iali/ic monism2 leaves to fai? 9 a p]sonal ,god1 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 9 individual immortality1 9 ! answ] to pray] beyond ! psy*ological effect1 9 miracles1 9 %ort1 to ! full cont5ts ( ,*ri/ian religi\sness1 _! weight & tru?2 & 9 t respect we w\ld h to rank him 9 ! foll[+ gr\p1 if he #bae did n by 8 mann] ( prov+ ^! concessions exclude himself f x1 & rank himself 9 t gr\p ( :i* we treat 9 ! pres5t section4 ,accord+ to 8 op9ion1 ,d>w9ism gives to religion1 if n new cont5ts 7al?\gh ^! cont5ts are entirely subject to revision accord+ to ,d>w9ism71 /ill a :olly new f\ndation1 &1 inde$1 a f\ndation ( subjective religi\sness1 z well z ( ! objective cont5ts ( religion1 only f ! /&po9t ( its practical usefulness 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! fai? 9 a p]sonal ,god1 9 immortality1 9 r$emption by ! ,god-,man ,jesus ,*ri/1 9 ! he>+ ( pray]1 9 help 9 dang] ev5 to ! ext5t ( miracles1 /r5g!ns man1 gives to him a sup]iority to ^? :o d n h t fai? & :o d n h ! habit ( pray]1 & !re=e is s f> ! be/ weapon 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 & h]e9 lies ! tru? ( religion1 especially ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 z ! mo/ successful weapon 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* takes place ?r\gh ! :ole creation1 f ! l[e/ organisms up to ! highe/ spiritual life ( mank9d4 ,we will+ly admit t ,*ri/ianity has c]ta9ly prov$ itself by f> ! /ronge/ & mo/ successful means ( education to mank9d1 & t1 if we mu/ once express ?is exp]i5ce 9 ! ,d>w9ian mode ( speak+1 we c express x z above4 ,b ) ! attempt to make ! tru? ( religion & ! tru? ( its cont5ts1 ev5 if only subjective1 dep5d5t only & solely ^u ! pro( ( its usefulness1 nobody1 ei!r fri5d or foe1 w be satisfi$4 ,! adv]s>ies ( religion & ,*ri/ianity1 p]haps ) ! exception ( ,b*n]1 w admit t ,*ri/ianity has = "s #baf "t be5 a q useful weapon to mank9d 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 b !y w say t !y are j ab\t to replace x by a /ill m useful weapon2 & ! advocates ( religion & ,*ri/ianity likewise c n agree ^u a m]e gr\nd+ ( _! religion ^u ne$ :i* puts ^u !m e day ! possibility ( *ang+ x = some?+ /ill m useful4 ,bo? fri5d & foe w jo9 9 ! conviction t objective tru? is always ! be/ gu>antee = subjective success2 & ?us bo? w pass beyond ! purely utilit>ian apologetics or polemics to ! que/ions z to ! objective reality ( ! cont5ts ( ,*ri/ian religi\sness4 99 99 99 99 99 #bag ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,peace ,,betwe5 ,,religion ,,& ,,d>w9ism4 #a4 ,d>w91 ,wallace1 ,r4 ,ow51 ,asa ,gray1 ,miv>t1 ,mc,cosh1 ,&]son1 ,k4 ,e4 v4 ,ba]1 ,alex4 ,braun1 ,brauba*1 etc4 ,x /ill rema9s = u to take a glance at ^? :o ?9k religion & ,d>w9ism1 & ,*ri/ianity & ,d>w9ism1 hold t[>d "o ano!r reciprocally amicable relations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h to m5tion ,d>w9 himself4 ,9 8 e>lie/ "w1 ,orig9 ( ,species1 he repeat$ly gives ?is op9ion1 z on page #dba3 ,i see no good reason :y ! views giv5 9 ?is volume %\ld %ock ! religi\s feel+s ( any "o4 ,x is satisfactory1 z %[+ h[ transi5t su* impressions are1 to rememb] t ! greate/ discov]y ev] made by man1 namely1 ! law ( ! attraction ( gravity1 0 also attack$ by ,leibnitz 'z subv]sive ( natural1 & inf]5tially ( reveal$1 religion4' ,a celebrat$ au?or & div9e has writt5 to me t he 'has gradually le>n$ to see t x is j z noble a conception ( ! ,deity to believe t ,he creat$ a few orig9al =ms capable ( self-developm5t into o!r & ne$ful =ms1 z to believe t ,he requir$ a fre% act ( creation to supply ! voids caus$ by ! action ( ,8 laws4' ,on page #dbh1 he speaks ( ! laws :i* ,god has impress$ on matt]2 & at ! end ( 8 "w1 on page #dbi1 he says3 ,!re is gr&eur 9 ?is #bah view ( life1 ) its sev]al p[]s1 hav+ be5 orig9ally brea!d by ! ,creator into a few =ms or into "o4 ,9 8 ,desc5t ( ,man1 he also prote/s aga9/ ! reproa* t 8 views are irreligi\s1 & says3 ,! bir? bo? ( ! species & ( ! individual are equally p>ts ( t gr& sequ5ce ( ev5ts :i* our m9ds refuse to accept z ! result ( bl9d *ance4 ,9 treat+ ( ! "q z to ! developm5t ( ! moral in/9cts1 he says3 ,if he man breaks ?r\gh ! fix$ habits ( 8 life1 he w assur$ly feel dissatisfaction4 ,he mu/ likewise avoid ! reprobation ( ! "o ,god or gods 9 :om1 accord+ to 8 k or sup]/ition1 he may believe4 ,& fur!rmore he rem>ks3 ,! "q :e!r !re exi/s a ,creator & ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se1 has be5 answ]$ 9 ! affirmative by "s ( ! highe/ intellects t h ev] exi/$4 ,x is true1 all ^! expressions ab\t religion are v g5]al2 b s9ce 9 8 works we d n f9d any utt]ance contr>y to !m & ho/ile to religion1 we h a "r to rank ! celebrat$ orig9ator ( ! :ole agitation among ^? naturali/s :o are consci\s ( ! limits ( ! realms ( ! natural & ! religi\s1 & are conv9c$ ( ! possibility ( a h>mony betwe5 ! two4 ,= 8 casual utt]ances aga9/ a creation ( s+le species always comb9e ) ! ^w creation ! idea ( t direct creation out ( no?+1 )\t int]v5+ ag5cies1 :i* is entirely correct = ! idea ( ! fir/1 orig9 ( ! univ]se1 b :i* = ! orig9 ( ! s+le =mations )9 ! univ]se is nei!r ask$ = by ! religi\s view ( ! _w1 nor e/abli%$ by ! ,holy #bai ,scriptures1 nor by a cauti\sly reason+ !ology1 al?\gh x v (t5 controls ! conceptions ( naturali/s z well z ( !ologians4 ,n[1 :ile ,d>w9 rejects ! idea ( a sudd5 appe>ance ( a new species out ( no?+--or1 z he once express$ himself 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,species1 ! idea t at innum]able p]iods 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory c]ta9 elem5tal atoms h be5 comm&$ sudd5ly to fla% into liv+ tissues1--& he is no d\bt "r 9 reject+ x1--/ill at ! same "t he does n d5y ! dep5d5ce ( ! successive orig9 ( a new species on a div9e au?or4 ,b 9 call+ t process creation & ?is "o n1 he gives ! appe>ance ( an opposition to ! religi\s idea ( creation--an appe>ance ( :i* ! great] "p ( ! guilt is borne by ^? !ologians :o def9e ! idea ( ! creation1 ev5 ( a s+le =m1 9 a mann] :i* is only prop] = ! idea ( ! fir/ orig9 ( ! univ]se4 ,x is true1 we c\ld rank ,d>w9 /ill m readily among ! sci5ti/s :o are at peace ) all ! claims ( religion1 did he n 9 8 ,desc5t ( ,man1 :5 enum]at+ ! excell5t naturali/s & philosoph]s :o ) him r$uce ! p$igree ( man to l[] =ms1 m5tion names ( m5 :o 9 _! works firmly unite ,d>w9ism & moni/ic naturalism or ev5 mat]ialism1 & expressly prote/ aga9/ a sep>ation ( _! naturo-hi/orical results & _! philosophic po9ts ( view4 ,we mean ,b*n] & ,hckel4 ,! latt]'s ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 he especially praises3 ,if ?is "w _h appe>$ be=e my essay _h be5 writt51 ,i %\ld probably nev] h complet$ x4 ,almo/ all ! conclusions at :i* ,i h #bbj arriv$ ,i f9d confirm$ by ?is naturali/1 etc4 ,! entire sil5ce 9 reg>d to ! anti-,*ri/ian results :i* ^! two au?ors d]ive f _! naturo-hi/orical premises1 makes ,d>w9's own position 9 ref]5ce to religion aga9 v unc]ta94 ,x seems t ,d>w9 9 8 !ology is n only incl9$ to !ism1 b1 foll[+ ! traditions ( 8 c\ntrym5 ( ! la/ c5tury1 to a q cool & sup]ficial deism1 & t he p]mits himself to be too mu* impress$ by ! anti-teleological d$uctions ( _m ( 8 foll[]s1 & to be induc$ to sep>ate 9 8 lat] publications ! ,creator & 8 "w m widely ?an he has done 9 ! beg9n+4 ,= :ile 9 8 ,orig9 ( ! ,species1 & 9 8 ,desc5t ( ,man he n[h]e conte/s a teleological view ( nature1 & rejects ! idea ( s+le creations only "u ! errone\s supposition t ! idea ( ! creation ( ! s+le also excludes ! action ( int]v5+ ag5cies1 we f9d1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions 9 ,man & ,animals a passage :i*1 ?\gh 9 a res]v$ way1 seems to give j z mu* support to ! adv]s>ies ( teleology z to its advocates1 if1 inde$1 n m4 ,he says 7page #cch73 ,! belief t blu%+ 0 specially design$ by ! ,creator is oppos$ to ! g5]al !ory ( evolution1 :i* is n[ s l>gely accept$2 b x =ms no "p ( my duty "h to argue on ! g5]al "q4 ,^? :o believe 9 design w f9d x difficult to acc\nt = %yness be+ ! mo/ frequ5t & effici5t ( all ! causes ( blu%+1 etc4 ,?is inconsi/5cy 9 8 utt]ances has its orig9 9 ! fact t ! /r5g? ( ?is naturali/ does n seem to lie 9 logical philosophic ?\ght4 #bba ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ! indep5d5t & contemporane\s co-orig9ator ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 /ill m evid5tly & m decid$ly expresses himself favorably z to ! position ( ?is !ory 9 ref]5ce to religion4 ,9 8 ,natural ,selection1 he says on page #cfh3 ,x does n seem an improbable conclusion t all =ce may be w-=ce2 & ?us1 t ! :ole univ]se is n m]ely dep5d5t on1 b actually is1 ! ,,w ( high] intellig5ces or ( "o ,supreme ,intellig5ce4 ,he pron\nces ! belief t ,god creat$ ! new species 9 cont9ual int]f]5ce ) ! regul> process ( ?+s1 a l[] conception1 a limitation ( ! ,creator's p[] 7page #bhj71 h5ce some?+ :i* he makes objection to directly 9 ! int]e/ ( religion4 ,moreov]1 he sees1 especially 9 ^? /ages :i* caus$ ! physical developm5t ( man1 & :i* became ! mat]ial basis ( 8 spiritual productions1 mom5ts ( developm5t :i* _c be expla9$ by natural selection or by a co9cid5ce ( mat]ial circum/ances1 b only by ! pre=mation ( ! body aft] a c]ta9 design & = a c]ta9 purpose4 ,ri*>d ,ow51 ! celebrat$ anatomi/1 & palontologi/ ( ,engl&1 :o1 aft] hav+ = a long "t resi/$ ! ,d>w9ian !ories1 lately accept$ ! idea ( developm5t & reject$ t ( selection1 takes a simil> position4 ,9 ! la/ "p ( 8 ,comp>ative ,anatomy ( ,v]tebrates1 :i* 0 issu$ sep>ately 9 #ahfc "u ! title ,d]ivative ,hypo!sis ( ,life & ,species1 he sees 9 ! causes :i* produc$ ! new species only ! s]vants ( a pr$e/9at+ #bbb intellig5t w--= in/ance1 ! horse pr$e/9at$ & prep>$ = man2 & on page #ij ( vol4 ,v4 ( ,transactions ( ! ,zological ,society1 he says1 t natural evolution1 ?r\gh second>y causes1 by means ( sl[ physical & organic op]ations ?r\gh long ages1 is n ! less cle>ly recognizable z ! act ( all-adaptive ,m9d1 because we h ab&on$ ! old error ( suppos+ x ! result ( a prim>y1 direct & sudd5 act ( creational con/ruction4444 ,! succession ( species by cont9u\sly op]at+ law is n necess>ily a 'bl9d op]ation4' ,su* law1 h[ev] design$ 9 ! prop]ties & successions ( natural objects1 intimates1 nev]!less1 a preconceiv$ progress4 ,organisms may be evolv$ 9 ord]ly succession1 /age aft] /age1 t[>ds a =ese5 goal1 & ! broad features ( ! c\rse may /ill %[ ! unmi/akable impress ( ,div9e volition4 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 ( ,london1 ! zeal\s & (t-m5tion$ advocate ( ! desc5t ( man f ! ape1 says--:at is s en]getically conte/$ by 8 w>me/ fri5ds 9 ,g]many1 by ,b*n]1 ,hckel1 ,o4 ,s*midt1 & o!rs--t ! teleological & ! me*anical mode ( view+ nature by no means exclude "o ano!r4 ,he does ?is1 ( c\rse1 )\t go+ into any details ( ! religi\s "q4 ,asa ,gray1 an em95t & highly e/eem$ ,am]ican botani/1 :o is p>ticul>ly respect$ by ,d>w91 & is support$ also by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 9 ,! ,antiquity ( ,man1 says 9 8 essay on ,natural ,selection n ,incompatible ) ,natural ,!ology1 a ,free ,exam9ation ( ,d>w9's ,treatise 7,london1 ,trbn]1 #ahfa71 on page #bi3 ,agree+ t plants & animals #bbc 7 produc$ by ,omnipot5t fiat does n exclude ! idea ( natural ord] & :at we call second>y causes4 ,! record ( ! fiat--',let ! e>? br+ =? grass1' etc41 '! liv+ creature1' etc41--seems ev5 to imply !m1 & leads to ! conclusion t ! diff]5t species 7 produc$ ?r\gh natural ag5cies4 ,& on page #ch3 ,d>w9's hypo!sis conc]ns ! ord] & n ! cause1 ! h[ & n ! :y ( ! ph5om5a1 & s leaves ! "q ( design j :]e x 0 be=e4 ,& f9ally1 9 a passage :i* is adopt$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 7ib4 page #eje73 ,we may imag9e t ev5ts & op]ations 9 g5]al g on 9 virtue simply ( =ces communicat$ at ! fir/1 & )\t any subsequ5t int]f]5ce1 or we may hold t n[ & !n1 & only n[ & !n1 !re is a direct int]position ( ! ,deity2 or1 la/ly1 we may suppose t all ! *anges are c>ri$ on by ! imm$iate ord]ly & con/ant1 h[ev] inf9itely div]sifi$1 action ( ! intellig5t effici5t ,cause4 ,miv>t1 an ,engli% ,ca?olic1 mo/ decid$ly advocates a reconcilability ( ,d>w9ian views1 & especially ( ! evolution !ory1 z he e/abli%es x ) ! full cont5ts ( ,*ri/ian or?odoxy1 9 8 rem>kable book ,on ! ,g5esis ( ,species 7,london & ,new ,york1 ,macmillan ,co41 #b;d4 ed4 #ahga71 9 :i* we f9d a great _m indep5d5t naturo-hi/orical inve/igations4 ,he assigns to ! selection !ory only a subord9ate position1 b on ! o!r h& accepts an evolution1 &1 9 close connection ) ,r4 ,ow51 expla9s x f inn] & innate impulses ( developm5t ( ! organisms1 :i* act n[ m sl[ly & gradually1 n[ m by impulses2 he places man z to #bbd 8 physical "p entirely among ! effects ( ! evolution pr9ciple1 al?\gh1 tak+ into consid]ation "s utt]ances ( ,wallace1 he ?9ks x possible1 b n probable1 t ! creation & ! prec$+ /age ( 8 physical nature is also diff]5t f t ( animals4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 9 fully adopt+ ! old s*ola/ic creationism1 he supposes a special creation ( ! s\l1 a sep>ation ( body & s\l1 :i* 9 ?is =m is v conte/able1 & might bett] h be5 replac$ by a sep>ation ( natural & rational or ( physico-psy*ical & pneumatical p>ts ( 8 be+4 ,) su* a view ( nature1 he f9ds ! fulle/ h>mony betwe5 ! evolution !ory & religion1 reconciles ! plausible antagonism ( creation & developm5t by divid+ ! idea ( creation into a prim>y creation 7creation ( ! beg9n+ out ( no?+7 & into a second>y creation 7creation ?r\gh int]v5+ ag5cies1 al?\gh t :i* is produc$ ?r\gh !m is /ill a creation & a "w ( ! ,creator71 & decl>es 8 conviction t :at is act+ accord+ to law 9 nature also /&s "u ! causation & gov]nm5t ( ,god l ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ! univ]se--a po/ulate ( our prim>y views )\t :i* ! :ole univ]se & our exi/5ce 9 x w\ld h>d5 into a cold me*anism )\t consolation or ideality4 ,f9ally1 at ! assembly ( ! ,evangelical ,alliance 9 ,new ,york 7,octob]1 #ahgc71 !re 7 he>d _m voices ( em95t advocates ( a !i/ic & ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w1 :i* ma9ta9$ ! full consi/5cy ( an evolution !ory ) religion & ,*ri/ianity4 ,mc,cosh1 = in/ance1 z ref]ee 9 ! philosophic section z to ! relation ( ! evolution !ory & #bbe religion1 said#aj3 ,i am n sure t religion is entitl$ to insi/ t e species ( insects has be5 creat$ by a special fiat ( ,god1 ) no second>y ag5t employ$4 ,& /ill m pla9ly & m c\rage\sly1 ,presid5t ,&]son1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ro*e/]1 9 8 v rem>kable address1 speaks ab\t ! unnecess>y & unwor?y fe> ( _m ,*ri/ian m51 :5 !y see ! appe>ance ( hypo!ses ) :i* sci5ce op]ates4 ,at ! end ( 8 address1 he says3 ,! evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,creator _c be affect$ by any consid]ations drawn f ! mode1 relative rapidity1 or ! nature ( ! proximate antec$5ts & consequ5ces 9 ! creative process4 ,f ,g]man s\rces1 we c note few] utt]ances ( a fri5dly or at lea/ neutral position betwe5 ,d>w9ism & religion4 ,= ?is fact !re are _m reasons4 ,"o may be1 t on ! cont95t 9 g5]al !re is a small] numb] ( ^? :o1 )\t be+ speciali/s 9 bo? realms1 unite active religi\s int]e/ & reason+ ) a ?or\gh /udy ( ^? naturo-hi/orical que/ions1 :ile 9 ,great ,brita9 physico-!ological /udies h be5 = g5]ations traditional & ! object ( int]e/ = ! majority ( educat$ m54 ,a second reason1 inde$1 is t "s ( ! w>me/ sci5tific advocates ( ,d>w9ism at once attack$ also !ism & ,*ri/ianity2 h5ce ) all ^? :o did n h "t & incitem5t en\gh to /udy ! que/ions = !mselves1 !y necess>ily creat$ ! op9ion t ,d>w9ism really attacks ev5 ! fundam5tals ( #bbf religion1 & _! :ole t5d5cy _h b a repell+ influ5ce ev5 on sci5ti/s ( deep] spiritual & e?ical disposition & ne$4 ,f9ally1 9 ,g]many z well z on ! :ole cont95t1 ! numb] ( ^? :o d n c>e = religi\s que/ions 9 g5]al1 & :o !re=e int]e/ !mselves 9 ! sci5tific que/ions br\ght up by ,d>w91 b d n tr\ble !mselves f>!r = _! position 9 ref]5ce to religion & ,*ri/ianity1 is un=tunately l>g] ?an 9 ,great ,brita94 ,nev]!less1 su* fri5dly voices are n entirely want+ 9 our c\ntry4 ,! botani/ ,alex ,braun says1 9 8 beautiful & significant lecture on ! importance ( developm5t 9 natural hi/ory1 p4 #dh3 ,"s said t ! desc5t !ory d5ies creation1 & x is true1 ! ,d>w9ians !mselves caus$ ?is op9ion by contra/+ creation & developm5t z irreconcilable ideas4 ,b ?is contra/ does n actually exi/1 = z soon z we look ^u creation z a div9e effect1 n m]ely belong+ to ! pa/1 or appe>+ 9 s+le abrupt movem5ts1 b connect$ & univ]sally pres5t 9 "t1 we c seek & f9d x n[h]e else b 9 ! natural hi/ory ( developm5t itself4444 ,!ologians !mselves1 accord+ to ! ,mosaic docum5ts1 ackn[l$ge a hi/ory ( creation2 natural hi/ory1 look$ ^u f its inn] side1 is no?+ else b ! f>!r c>ry+ out ( ! hi/ory ( creation4 ,ev5 ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba]1 :o expressly conte/s ! idea ( selection1 ?9ks x only sci5tifically indef5sible1 b n anti-religi\s2 an op9ion also held by ,wig&4 ,a simil> fri5dly relation betwe5 ,d>w9ism & religion is advocat$ by ,brauba*1 9 8 publication1 #bbg ,religion1 ,moral und ,philosophie d] ,d>w9's*5 ,artlehre na* ihr] ,natur & ihrem ,"* als kle9e ,p>allele m5s*li*-gei/ig] ,entwicklung 7,religion1 ,morality1 & ,philosophy ( ! ,d>w9ian ,doctr9e ( ,species1 z to its ,nature & ,"*2 a ,small ,p>allel ( ,human ,intellectual ,developm5t71 ,neuwi$1 ,hans51 #ahfi1 a publication to :i* we pay special att5tion1 s9ce ,d>w91 9 8 ,desc5t ( ,man1 twice paid x ! honor ( a quotation4 ,x is true1 ! essay1 ?r\gh its peculi> dep5d5ce on an orig9al & q arbitr>ily gr\p$ s*eme1 gives ! impression ( some?+ v s+ul>1 & is n v agreeably & easily read2 b x %[s su* an en]getic union ( respect = sci5ce & its "w & results1 ) adhesion to all ! fundam5tals ( ,*ri/ian tru?1 t x has to be m5tion$ z "o ( ! r>e voices :i*1 ev5 9 reg>d to ! realm ( nature1 pron\nce ! fulle/ h>mony betwe5 religion & sci5ce4 ,brauba* f9ds 9 ! animal k+dom ! elem5ts ( all ! spiritual life ( mank9d1 ev5 ( religion & morality2 b ev]y?+ is /ill wrapp$ 9 ! l[e/ /age ( s5suality4 ,nev]!less1 he assigns to mank9d1 by its possession ( ! idea ( inf9ity1 some?+ absolutely new1 absolutely sup]ior to ! animal _w1 & sees ! ,d>w9ian ideas1 ev5 9 ! religi\s & moral possession ( mank9d1 confirm$ by ! fact t !y develop !mselves on ! way f ! s5sual /age to ! rational exactly accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ,d>w9--namely1 ?r\gh transmission ) individual v>iability 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ?r\gh selection ( ! fitte/4 ,) special e>ne/ness1 he pron\nces ! indissoluble unity ( religion & morality1 #bbh & says t religion1 z x pres5ts itself ^u ,d>w9ian gr\nds1 is a moral religion4 ,we f9d "h & !re 9 p]iodicals _m m voices :i* pron\nce ! conviction t1 out ( ! pres5t conte/ ( m9ds1 peace betwe5 religion & sci5ce w result4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b4 ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories ,,& ,,morality4 ,,prelim9>y ,,view4 ,we c treat mu* m briefly ( ?is portion ( our task ?an ( ! position ( ! ,d>w9ians 9 ref]5ce to ! religi\s "q1 = ! reason t ! contra/s 9 ! e?ical realm are f> less %>ply drawn ?an 9 ! religi\s realm1 al?\gh 9 pr9ciple !y are n less widely ap>t4 ,= :ile !re are a great _m m5 :o ?9k t x belongs to good society & to ! indisp5sable *>act]i/ics ( high mod]n education to %[ ei!r cold indiff]5ce or direct ho/ility 9 ref]5ce to religion & to ! :ole religi\s "q2 :ile a great _m ( ! mu*-read works ( belle lettres nev] tire ( tea*+ ! read+ public t ! religi\s "q really no long] exi/s = ! educat$ man1 on ! o!r h&1 nobody1 n ev5 ! extreme/ a!i/ & enemy ( religion1 wi%es to r5\nce ! reputation ( hav+ moral pr9ciples4 ,?us x happ5s t ! positions tak5 by ! ,d>w9ians 9 ref]5ce to ! e?ical "q are less v>i$ ?an ^? tak5 by !m 9 ref]5ce to ! religi\s "q4 ,& we may also be brief = ano!r reason1 #bbi namely1 t by review+ ! position ( ! ,d>w9ians 9 ref]5ce to ! religi\s "q1 we h ess5tially prep>$ ! way = ! pr9cipal que/ions :i* w h to be treat$4 ,we %all gr\p ! utt]ances ^u ! relation ( ! ,d>w9ian !ories to morality z we did ^? 9 reg>d to ! relation ( ,d>w9ism to religion2 & %all fir/ let ! advocates ( an irreconcilabl5ess betwe5 ! two speak1 !n ^? advocat+ a re=mative influ5ce ( ,d>w9ism ^u morality1 & f9ally ^? /riv+ = neutrality & peace betwe5 ! two4 ,we %all h no occasion1 except incid5tally1 to discrim9ate betwe5 ! diff]5t fundam5tal pr9ciples & p>ts ( e?ics1 b %all 9 ! la/ "p ( our "w treat ( ! "q indep5d5tly4 ,9 mak+ subdivisions = !m "h1 we %\ld b cause inf9ite repetitions1 unnecess>ily complicate our review1 & r5d] x m difficult4 99 99 99 99 99 #bcj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,antagonism ,,betwe5 ,,d>w9ism ,,& ,,morality4 #a4 ,objections to ,d>w9ism f an ,e?ical ,/&po9t4 ,f :at we said at ! beg9n+ ( ! prec$+ prelim9>y view1 x is evid5t t we h to look = ! advocates ( an irreconcilabl5ess betwe5 morality & ,d>w9ism1 n 9 ! camp ( ! foll[]s ( ! latt]1 b only 9 t ( its adv]s>ies4 ,x is true1 su* advocates 7 nev] want+4 ,9 pamphlets & j\rnals1 x has be5 (t5 en\gh said t ,d>w9ism cuts ?r\gh ! n]ve ( life1 n only ( religion1 b also ( morality4 ,x 0 demon/rat$ t 9 mak+ man a m]e product ( nature1 & degrad+ him to a be+ t is no?+ else b a m highly develop$ animal1 ,d>w9ism takes f human p]sonality its value1 f ! realms ( morality its dignity1 & f its dem&s _! autonomy4 ,9 mak+ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ! pr9ciple ( all developm5t &1 by ext5d+ x to ! developm5t & social relations ( man1 at ! same "t ! human social pr9ciple1 x puts 9 place ( self-d5ial & love ! pr9ciple ( egoism & boori%ness & ! "r ( ! /rong]1 gives full c\rse to ! un*a9+ ( all animal passions1 & coquettes ) all ! emotions :i*1 flatt]+ ! animal "p ( man1 #bca aims at ! subv]sion ( all t exi/s & at ! de/ruction ( ! ideal acquisitions ( mank9d4 ,9 trac+ ev]y?+ :i* con/itutes ! high] position & dignity ( man back to 8 own "w1 & p]mitt+ x to be work$ out ( physical1 spiritual1 & e?ical bruti%ness1 9 sl[ developm5t & ef=t1 closely relat$ to ! animal k+dom1 x fo/]s & n\ri%es haught9ess 9 an intol]able way4 ,& f9ally1 9 break+ (f & d5y+ ! dep5d5ce ( man ^u ,god1 & lead+ to me*anical det]m9ism1 x de/roys ! deepe/ & mo/ effective motive to moral action--! trac+ ( ! moral law to ! au?ority ( ! div9e ,law-giv]1 & ! consci\sness ( an individual moral responsibility4 ,x _c be d5i$ t _m ( ! mo/ zeal\s ,d>w9ians gave too mu* cause = su* a conception & repres5tation ( ! e?ical consequ5ces ( _! sy/em4 ,9 view ( ! fact t !y appli$ ! selection pr9ciple1 ) its mo/ radical consequ5ces1 to ! orig9 & developm5t ( mank9d1 & t !y elevat$ ! same to ! e?ical & social pr9ciple ( mank9d & did n p]mit ! acceptance ( any new & high] ag5cies 9 mank9d except ^? already active 9 ! animal & ! organic _w1 & t !y gladly treat$ ?is selection pr9ciple also 9 ! social & e?ical realm z a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 x 0 simply an entirely logical conclusion t ! advocates ( ! moral nobility ( mank9d reproa*$ su* a reproduc$ ,d>w9ism ) degrad+ ! moral dignity ( man & ) replac+ love by egoism4 ,besides1 9 view ( ! fact t !y decl>$ mat]iali/ic monism1 ev5 ! mo/ nak$ a!ism1 ! only conclusion ( #bcb ,d>w9ism1 & ext5d$ _! me*ani/ic explanation ( ! _w to a det]m9ism 9 ! highe/ degree me*ani/ic1 &1 c>ri$ to its utmo/ limit1 to a d5ial ( human fre$om1 x 0 n to be wond]$ at t ^? :o recognize 9 !ism ! basis ( all life wor?y ( man1 & 9 ! fre$om ( man "o ( ! mo/ preci\s pe>ls 9 ! cr[n ( 8 human dignity & ( 8 creation 9 ! image ( ,god1 compla9$ ( ,d>w9ism's tak+ f morality its /ronge/ motive & f moral action its responsibility4 ,&1 f9ally1 9 view ( ! fact t ^? :o ?us express !mselves 9 _! works %[$ b r>ely1 or n at all1 "s ( ! noble/ fruits ( moral education1 su* z respectful treatm5t ( adv]s>ies1 humbl5ess & tact1 !y c\ld n !mselves reasonably compla9 t !re 0 ascrib$ to _! doctr9e an influ5ce detrim5tal to moral education4 ,all ?is we f9d abundantly confirm$ 9 ! publications ( ,b*n] & ,hckel1 & 9 _m articles ( ! ,ausl&4 ,b ! "q is1 :e!r ^? ,d>w9ians :o drew ^! conclusions 7 by _! sci5tific inve/igations oblig$ to draw !m1 or :e!r !y did n r rea* _! religi\s & e?ical view ( ! _w by q o!r ways1 & :e!r !y did n 9 a :olly arbitr>y & irresponsible mann] make ext5sive use ( ,d>w9ism 9 ?is anti-religi\s & e?ically objectional direction--a fact :i* we %all try to prove 9 ! la/ "p ( our inve/igation4 ,( c\rse ! ,d>w9ians :o spoke ?us1 did n int5d to injure ! moral pr9ciple1 b only to purify & re=m x2 & !re=e we %all h to speak ( !m 9 ! foll[+ section4 99 99 99 99 99 #bcc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,re=m ,,( ,,morality ,,?r\gh ,,d>w9ism4 #a4 ,! ,mat]iali/s & ,moni/s4 ,d>w9 & ! ,engli% ,utilit>ians4 ,gu/av ,jg]4 ,among ^? :o ascribe to ,d>w9ism a morally re=m+ influ5ce1 we h to m5tion 9 ! fir/ place ! mat]iali/s4 ,x is true t ev5 be=e ! appe>ance ( ,d>w9ism !y e/abli%$ _! own moral pr9ciple ( naturali/ic det]m9ism & ( ! education ( man only by sci5ce & enlight5m5t1 9 opposition to a morality :i* re/s on ! pr9ciple ( ! et]nal value ( ! individual1 ( full moral responsibility1 ( ! hol9ess ( ! moral law1 & ( a div9e au?or ( x2 !y /igmatiz$ ! e?ical requirem5t ( aim+ at ! et]nal welf>e ( ! s\l z a l[] /age ( morality 9 comp>ison ) _! own1 :i* c>ries 9 itself ! rew>d ( virtue2 & !y decl>$ ,*ri/ianity & humanity1 ,*ri/ian morality & ! morality ( humanity1 two ?+s irreconcilably oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,b 9 hav+ tak5 possession ( ,d>w9ism z _! monopoly1 !y h made x ! basis ( new attacks ^u ! pres5t moral pr9ciple ( ,*ri/5dom2 & !re=e we h "h to m5tion !m ) _! moral sy/em4 ,b*n]1 9 8 lecture on ,gottesbegriff und dess5 #bcd ,b$eutung 7,! ,idea ( ,god & its ,importance71 replaces ! moral pr9ciple 7:i* 9 8 op9ion is no?+ innate b some?+ acquir$7 by education1 le>n+1 fre$om & well-be+2 says t only a!ism or philosophic monism leads to fre$om1 reason1 progress1 ackn[l$gm5t ( true humanity--to humanism2 t ?is humanism seeks ! motives ( its morality n 9 ! ext]nal relations to an extramundane ,god1 b 9 itself & 9 ! welf>e ( mank9d2 & t infidels (t51 ev5 z a rule1 h excell$ by moral conduct1 :ile ,*ri/ianity has orig9at$ _m m crimes ?an x has h9d]$1 & x w\ld no long] be possible to e/abli% ) real ,*ri/ians a vital community z at pres5t und]/ood4 ,he decl>es ! utt]ance ( ,madame de ,/al1 t to compreh5d ev]y?+ means to =give ev]y?+1 ! true/ ^w ev] spok52 & concludes 8 lecture ) ! rem>ks t ! m man r5\nces 8 fai? & confides 9 8 own p[]1 8 own reason1 8 own reflexion1 ! happi] he w be & ! m successful 9 8 /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,/rauss 9 ,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new1 a publication :i* c]ta9ly has to be rank$ "h1 = ! reason t 9 x he f\nds on ,d>w9ism 8 :ole k ( ! _w1 on ! gr\nd ( :i* he wi%es to arrange life1 appe>s to be mu* m dec5t1 & 9 ! practical consequ5ces mu* m cons]vative1 ?an ,b*n]2 b ess5tially /&s ^u q ! same gr\nd4 ,hckel1 ,osk> ,s*midt1 & 7z to 8 l+ui/ic ,d>w9ism7 ,w4 ,bleek1 gr\p !mselves ar\nd ,/rauss1 p>tly )1 p>tly )\t express ref]5ce to 8 d$uctions4 #bce ,/rauss arrives at a peculi> inconsequ5ce1 b "o well wor?y ( notice1 :51 9 place ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i*1 accord+ to ! conclusions ( ^? :o also r$uce morality to ,d>w9ism1 is /ill ! spiritus rector ( moral developm5t 9 mank9d1 & yet _c ( itself possibly lead to ! morally indisp5sable requirem5ts & virtues ( self-sacrifice & ( m]e subord9ation "u ! moral idea1 he sudd5ly sub/itutes a go+ ( man beyond m]e nature1 & h]e) a moral pr9ciple1 :i* c nev] be d$uc$ f ,d>w9ism alone1 & :i* is directly oppos$ to monism & pankosmism1 :i* is to be ! basis ( 8 e?ics4 ,! read] may comp>e ! mann] 9 :i* he metaphysically supports 8 moral pr9ciple :5 he says3 ,z nature _c g high]1 %e w\ld g inw>ds4 ,nature felt h]self already 9 ! animal1 b %e wi%$ to "k h]self also4444 ,9 man1 nature endeavor$ n m]ely to exalt1 b to transc5d h]self4 ,ulrici1 ! philosoph]1 9 8 reply to ,/rauss1 has po9t$ out 9 %>p t]ms ?is inconsequ5ce1 z well z ! o!r1 t f ! gr\nd ( a bl9d necessity :i* does n "k any?+ ( a high] & a l[]1 ! diff]5ce ( high] & l[]1 good & bad1 rational & irrational1 _c at all be ma9ta9$2 & t ! requirem5t ( a progress _c at all be made1 & its idea n at all be giv54 ,9 ?is v p]ceptible inconsi/5cy1 ,/rauss calls t morality :i* he requires1 ! relation ( man to ! idea ( 8 k9d4 ,to realize ! latt] 9 himself1 is ! summ>y ( 8 duties t[>d himself2 actually to recognize & promote ! equality ( ! k9d 9 all ! o!rs1 is ! #bcf summ>y ( 8 duties t[>ds o!rs4 ,he opposes ! int]nal satisfaction :i* orig9ates !re91 to ! r\gh idea ( a rew>d ( virtue & piety1 com+ f )\t1 :i*1 9 ord] to connect bo?1 is 9 ne$ ( a ,god4 ,& he aga9 rea*es t inconsequ5ce :i* f 8 metaphysical /&po9t is entirely )\t motive1 b z to itself only wor?y to be recogniz$1 :5 9 ano!r =mula ( 8 moral imp]ative he says3 ,ev] rememb] t ?\ art human1 n m]ely a natural production4 ,x is also ?is repres5tation & realization ( ! idea ( ! k9d1 :i* ^? :o comb9e ) _! ,d>w9ism a negation ( !ism h mo/ly e/abli%$ be=e ! appe>ance ( ! "w ( ,/rauss z ! highe/ moral pr9ciple1 & to :i* !y are also l$ mo/ naturally by ,d>w9's d$uction ( morality f ! social in/9cts4 ,?us1 ,wilhelm ,bleek1 9 ! preface to 8 ,ursprung d] ,spra*e 7,orig9 ( ,language71 says 7page ,,xiii73 ,to aim at ! inn] & out] h>mony ( 8 g5us 9 "o or ! o!r way1 & to promote ! correct relations ( ! diff]5t p>ts to "o ano!r 9 _! reciprocal connections & 9 ! great] p>ts ( ! :ole organism 7family1 community1 nation71 are ! highe/ visible designs ( human exi/5ce1 :i* mu/ by !mselves incite man to noble actions & to virtu\s de$s4 ,9 ! p]=mance ( ?is task lies ! highe/ happ9ess :i* seems to be giv5 to our species1 a happ9ess accessible by ev]yone 9 8 own way4 ,nei!r ! fruit ( et]nal puni%m5t nor ! hope ( an individual happ9ess1 is really capable z a truly sav+ idea to elevate man to a high] exi/5ce2 ev5 if we take no acc\nt ( ! fact t #bcg ea* ( ^! two fundam5tal dogmas ( ! vulg> dogmatism makes b ref9$ egoism ! lev] ( its e?ics4 ,hckel alone1 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 ) 8 utt]ances z to ,*ri/ianity1 morality1 & ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 aga9 s9ks d[n to ! level ( ! co>s5ess ( ,b*n]1 & ev5 bel[ x4 ,on page #ai1 vol4 ,i1 he entirely conte/s ! reality ( ! moral ord] ( ! _w1 & cont9ues3 ,if we contemplate ! common life1 & ! mutual relations betwe5 plants & animals 7man includ$71 we %all f9d ev]y:]e & at all times1 ! v opposite ( t k9dly & peaceful social life1 :i* ! goodness ( ! ,creator ought to h prep>$ = 8 creatures--we %all r f9d ev]y:]e a pitiless1 mo/ embitt]$ /ruggle ( all aga9/ all4 ,n[h]e 9 nature1 no matt] :]e we turn our eyes1 does t idyllic peace1 celebrat$ by ! poets1 exi/2 we f9d ev]y:]e a /ruggle & a /riv+ to annihilate neighbors & competitors4 ,passion & selfi%ness1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 is ev]y:]e ! motive =ce ( life4 ,man 9 ?is respect c]ta9ly =ms no exception to ! re/ ( ! animal _w4 ,on page #bcg1 vol4 ,i1 he pr(esses ! mo/ extreme naturali/ic det]m9ism3 ,! w ( ! animal1 z well z t ( man1 is nev] free4 ,! widely spread dogma ( ! fre$om ( ! w is1 f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 altoge!r unt5able4 ,& on page #agj1 vol4 ,i1 he ev5 says3 ,if1 z we ma9ta91 natural selection is ! great active cause :i* has produc$ ! :ole wond]ful v>iety ( organic life on ! e>?1 all ! int]e/+ ph5om5a ( human life mu/ also be explicable f ! same cause4 ,= man is aft] all #bch only a mo/ highly-develop$ v]tebrate animal1 & all aspects ( human life h _! p>allels1 or1 m correctly1 _! l[] /ages ( developm5t1 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( nations1 or :at is call$ univ]sal hi/ory1 mu/ !re=e be explicable by means ( natural selection1--mu/ be a physico-*emical process1 dep5d+ ^u ! int]action ( adaptation & inh]itance 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,& ?is is actually ! case4 ,t 9 8 e?ical naturalism he sees a real re=m ( morality1 he expressly decl>es on ! page next to ! la/ ( 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation3 ,j z ?is new moni/ic philosophy fir/ op5s up to u a true und]/&+ ( ! real univ]se1 s its application to practical human life mu/ op5 up a new road t[>ds moral p]fection4 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfg47 ,9 ! l[ conception ( morality & its pr9ciple1 ,hckel is p]haps second$ only by ,seidlitz :o says 9 8 ,die ,d>w9'%e ,!orie 7,d>w9's ,!ory71 p4 #aih3 ,rational & moral life consi/ 9 ! satisfaction ( all physical functions1 9 correct proportion & relation to "o ano!r4 ,man is immoral ?r\gh excessive satisfaction ( "o function & ?r\gh neglect ( ! o!rs4 ,z 9 ! religi\s "q1 s 9 ! e?ical1 ,c>n]i also takes a peculi> position4 ,9 r$uc+ all ! ph5om5a ( exi/5ce1 toge!r ) ! :ole spiritual life ( mank9d1 to a close developm5t ( nature accord+ to ! causal law1 9 expressly gr\p+ also ! utt]ances ( ! w ( man "u ?is law ( an absolute necessity1 9 fully adopt+ ,d>w9's doctr9e z ! :olly satisfactory key = ! compreh5sion ( ! entire developm5t ( nature up to ! hi/ory ( #bci mank9d1 9 advocat+ an absolutely moni/ic det]m9ism & a ne>ly exclusive dep5d5ce ( ! efficacy ( moral pr9ciples on ! !oretic cultivation ( ! m9d1 on reason+ & education1 he1 z be=e m5tion$1 /&s on exactly ! same gr\nd ) mat]iali/s & moni/s among :om he expressly ranks himself2 9 ! inconsequ5ce ) :i* he makes concessions to ! p[] ( ! idea & ! ideal ov] man--concessions :i* c\ld nev] be conclud$ f a m]e imman5t process ( nature--he is closely relat$ to ,/rauss4 ,b x is peculi> t1 al?\gh entirely dep5d5t 9 8 reason+ on t moni/ic view ( ! _w1 & t ,d>w9ian view ( nature1 he def9es 8 e?ical developm5ts & 8 reflections on ! organizations ( human life 9 a relative indep5d5ce1 :i* aga9 sep>ates him z morali/ f ^! be=e-m5tion$ moni/s & mat]iali/s1 & r ranks him1 z we h se5 9 ,*ap4 ,i1 #d1 9 ! l9e ( ! disciples ( ,sp9oza & ,hegel4 ,f ?is x c also be expla9$1 h[ x c\ld happ5 t 9 criticisms & reviews ( ,d>w9ism & its lit]ature ! /&po9t :i* he takes c\ld f9d su* diff]5t & diametrically oppos$ expositions4 ,:ile1 = in/ance1 ! ,beweis des ,glaub5s1 9 ! ,m>* numb] ( #ahgc1 ?9ks t ,c>n]i wi%es to seek on ,d>w9ian gr\nd a new & bett] basis = morality ?an we _h h]et(ore2 :ile ,hckel 9 ! preface to ! ?ird edition ( 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 page ,,xxix1 m5tions ! publication ( ,c>n]i ) ! greate/ praise1 e>ne/ly recomm5ds all !ologians & philosoph]s to read x1 & greets x z ! fir/ successful attempt at apply+ fruitfully ! moni/ic view #bdj ( ! _w1 z e/abli%$ by ,d>w9ism1 to ! realm ( practical philosophy & at %[+ t ! imm5se progress ( our k ( ! _w caus$ by ! desc5t !ory has only ! mo/ b5eficial effect ^u ! fur!r progress+ developm5t ( mank9d 9 practical life2--a criticism 9 ! ,ausl& 7#h ,april1 #ahgb1 ,no4 #ae71 calls ! same publication an attempt at h>moniz+ ,d>w9's hypo!sis ) ! curr5t views ( e?ics1 & at %[+ t ^? doctr9es _c be su/a9$ :i* result z /rictly logical conclusions f ,d>w9's !ory1 & :i* are oppos$ to ! pres5t views ( morality4 ,9 return+ f ?is digression to ,d>w9ism 9 its pure/ =m1 to ,d>w9 himself1 we h 9 ! fir/ place to resume ! discussion ent]$ ^u z to ! way & mann] 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,d>w91 self-det]m9ation is orig9at$4 ,love & sympa?y1 moral feel+ 7) ?is def9ition he seems to po9t at ! consci\sness ( moral fre$om ( w & ( responsibility71 & consci5ce1 are to him v important elem5ts ( morality2 & 9 ! moral disposition ( man he sees ! greate/ ( all diff]5ces betwe5 man & animal4 ,he also will+ly ackn[l$ges ! p[]ful impulse :i* morality has f religion1 :5 he says 7,desc5t ( ,man1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #cdg73 ,) ! m civiliz$ races1 ! conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( an all-see+ ,deity has _h a pot5t influ5ce on ! advance ( morality4 ,f ^! & all 8 o!r d$uctions1 we see t ,d>w9 9 no way int5ds to modify ! maxims ( moral action2 & if "u ! expression re=m ( morality1 ) :i* we h head$ ! pres5t *apt]1 we %\ld und]/& b #bda a re=m ( moral action itself1 we %\ld )\t hesitation h to rank ,d>w9 ) ! next gr\p1 & n ) t ( :i* we n[ treat2 j z 9 our review ( ! position ( ,d>w9ism 9 ref]5ce to ! religi\s "q1 we _h to rank him ) ^? :o take a neutral & peaceful position 9 ref]5ce to religion4 ,b if he does n t\* ^u morality 9 ! maxims1 he nev]!less comes =? 9 ! !ory ( moral action1 9 ! sci5ce ( morality ) re=matory claims1--namely1 ) ! fact t r$uces ! :ole moral life to ^? ag5cies :i* are already active 9 ! prec$+ animalic /age4 ,x is true1 he makes1 z we h se51 a di/9ction 9 ! g5etic d]ivation ( morality4 ,he :olly r$uces love & sympa?y to social in/9cts :i* man has 9 common ) ! animal2 & he lets ! =mal motives ( moral action1 s5se ( duty & consci5ce1 orig9ate ?r\gh ! high developm5t ( intellig5ce & o!r spiritual =ces1 & to be increas$ & transmitt$ by cu/om & inh]itance1 if ^? are pres5t4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 developm5t ( intellig5ce is to him an exclusive product ( ! prec$+ /age on :i* x 0 develop$1 & ?us1 9 8 op9ion1 entire morality1 not)/&+ t d\ble d]ivation1 c]ta9ly has purely & exclusively ! natural basis z its orig94 ,if t is once ! /&po9t to :i* man sees himself l$1 he has1 9 ord] to reason logically1 b a d\ble *oice4 ,he mu/ ei!r say t a developm5t out ( a natural basis c possibly be consi/5t ) ! appe>ance ( a new & high] pr9ciple1 or mu/ give up ! autonomy ( ! moral law1 & leave ! moral action ( #bdb man1 ev5 9 8 maxims1 to ! un/eady fl[+ ( developm5t1 or ev5 ( arbitr>9ess1 & to ! degree ( education & intellig5ce ( subjectivity4 ,nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r is done by ,d>w94 ,x is true1 on ! "o h& he %[s t mode/y1 s (t5 exhibit$ by him1 ( ! inve/igator :o does n wi% to express any op9ion on que/ions reg>d+ :i* he has n yet atta9$ a mature judgm5t2 b on ! o!r h& he also manife/s ! same av]sion to go+ beyond purely naturo-hi/orical speculations :i*1 z we h se5 9 ,"p ,i1 ,book ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,i1 #a1 h9d]$ him f obta9+ a cle> conception ( ! importance ( ! "q z to ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness & ( moral self-det]m9ation1 & ! same want ( sequ5ce 9 reason+1 :i*1 z we h f\nd 9 ,*ap4 ,,iii1 prev5t$ him f giv+ an affirmative or negative decision 9 su* an important "q1 z :e!r a div9e end is to be obs]v$ 9 ! processes ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is naturalization ( e?ical pr9ciples1 he is closely relat$ to t peculi> moral-philosophic t5d5cy 9 ,engl&1 :i* long be=e ,d>w9's appe>ance1 took its orig9 9 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 b :i* n[1 9 ! close/ connection ) ,d>w9's pr9ciples1 has its ma9 advocate 9 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & is commonly call$ ! utilit>ian t5d5cy4 ,we und]/& by ?is t conception ( ! moral motive :i* all[s ! moral good1 h[ev] x may be ideally sep>at$ f ! useful 9 ! develop$ condition ( mank9d at ! pres5t "t1 9 its orig9 to be develop$ at ! outset f ! same orig9 z ! useful1--namely1 f ! s5sation ( l & dislike2 a !ory ( utility :i* ,sir ,john ,lubbock /ill tri$ to complete & deep5 by #bdc ! !ory ( an inh]itance ( ! s5sation ( au?ority4 ,activities :i* orig9ally prov$ to be only useful1 7 inh]it$ z traditional in/9ct by ! (fspr+1 & 7 ?us fre$ f ! s5sation ( ! useful1 & act$ z au?ority2 ?is is ! orig9 ( duty1 accord+ to ! hi/ory ( developm5t4 ,inasmu* z ?is philosophic sy/em aims at tak+ f e?ics ! absolut5ess ( its dem&s1 & at draw+ d[n ^! dem&s into ! activities ( orig9at+ & develop+1 x is also to be treat$ ( 9 ?is place4 ,z 9 ! religi\s "q1 s 9 ! e?ical1 ,gu/av ,jg] also /&s ne>] to a neutral relation betwe5 ,d>w9ism & ! hi!rto valid pr9ciples4 ,he puts ! moral pr9ciples ! same z ! religi\s1 into ! balance ( utility to man 9 8 /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & f9ds x ?us easy & to be tak5 = grant$1 t ! pr9ciples ( morality1 z !y became ! common prop]ty ( mank9d z influ5c$ by ,*ri/ianity1 really prove !mselves also ! mo/ s]viceable to mank9d4 ,social life is ( m b5efit to man ?an h]mit life2 ?is reflection leads him to ! moral pr9ciple ( *>ity4 ,& z1 accord+ to ,d>w9ism1 ris+ developm5t %[s itself 9 an increas+ diff]5tiation & m ri*ly organiz$ physical developm5t1 s ! organization ( society accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! division ( "w is t =m ( social life :i* proves itself ! mo/ practical to man2 & ?is reflection leads him to ! full ackn[l$gm5t ( ! entire e?ical organization ( human life & its tasks4 ,b1 z we saw1 9 treat+ ( ! religi\s "q1 t nobody1 nei!r fri5d nor foe1 c\ld possibly be #bdd satisfi$ ) ! sub/itution ( ! category ( utility = t ( tru?1 we are compell$ to say 9 ref]5ce to ! e?ical "q1 t a moral pr9ciple :i*1 on su* a f\ndation1 has its basis & au?ority only 9 its utility1 is really no au?ority1 & loses its value ) e individual :o is unwill+ to ackn[l$ge its utility & ?9ks ano!r gr\nd ( action may be m useful ?an ! moral4 99 99 99 99 99 #bde ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,neutrality ,,& ,,peace ,,betwe5 ,,d>w9ism ,,& ,,morality4 #a4 ,miv>t1 ,alex4 ,braun1 & ,o!rs4 ,evid5tly a real neutrality betwe5 ! ,d>w9ian !ories ( developm5t & ! hi!rto valid & absolute au?ority ( ! moral pr9ciple is possible only1 :5 we d5y t ! e?ical dem& is simply a natural process--al?\gh we may p]ceive its orig9 )9 ! limits ( a natural process--& :5 we fail to id5tify t dem& ) ?is process1 & d n d$uce x f ! latt] z its suffici5t gr\nd ( explanation2 b h>mony betwe5 ! two !ories1 9 spite ( all traces ( ,d>w9ism 9 ! sci5tific p>ts ( an?ropology1 is possible :5 we ackn[l$ge ! moral dem&1 if once pres5t & valid1 9 its entire &1 s to speak1 its metaphysical indep5d5ce 9 its full value1 f> exce$+ all natural necessity4 ,x is %[n by ,miv>t t su* an absolute au?ority ( ! e?ical dem&s1 & su* an indep5d5ce ( ! :ole sci5ce ( morality1 may be br\ght into accord ) ! sci5tific !ories ( developm5t4 ,9 8 book on ,! ,g5esis ( ,species1 he devotes a :ole *apt] to e?ical que/ions4 ,he discrim9ates1 9 ! moral good1 betwe5 ! =mal good 7good ) consci\sness & w ( ! good7 & ! #bdf mat]ial good 7good )\t consci\sness & design71 ascribes only ! latt] to ! animal _w 9 its moral features1 & ! =m] exclusively to mank9d1 & ?us takes gr\nd q analog\s to t held by him on ! religi\s "q1 :]e he includes 9 ! !ory ( developm5t ! physical "p ( man1 b excludes ! intellectual "p1 ) ! s+le qualification t 9 ! religi\s "q he unnecess>ily r5d]s 8 position m difficult by designat+ ?is intellectual or spiritual "p by ! t]m s\l4 ,g]man au?orities1 :o see 9 ,d>w9ism only a sci5tific "q :i* c be solv$ by means ( natural inve/igation1 & :o !re=e1 ?9k ! religi\s & e?ical que/ions b little affect$ by x1 h express$ !mselves 9 reg>d to ?is neutral position t[>d morality /ill m r>ely ?an z to its neutrality t[>d religion4 ,! reason = ?is is probably t ! indep5d5ce ( moral pr9ciples & ! absolut5ess ( _! au?ority entirely result f !mselves1 z soon z we h once admitt$ !ism & left room 9 g5]al = a fre$om /&+ above natural causality--& p]haps x is due to ! fur!r fact t ! realm ( ! moral is m palpably urg$ z a reality & necessity ^u ev5 ! mo/ indiff]5t m9d ?an ! realm ( religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d frequ5t utt]ances :i* indirectly ref] to ! e?ical realm--= in/ance1 expressions 9 ref]5ce to ! e?ical importance ( an animal desc5t ( man4 ,alex4 ,braun says3 ,man ass5ts to ! idea ( be+ appo9t$ "l ( ! creatures1 b !n he may also ackn[l$ge t he is n plac$ ov] 8 subjects z a /rang]1 b orig9at$ f ! #bdg be+s ^: "l he wi%es to be4 ,x is n an unwor?y idea1 b r an elevat+ "o1 t man con/itutes ! la/ & highe/ memb] 9 ! anci5t & inf9itely ri* developm5t ( organic nature on our planet1 be+ connect$ by ! mo/ intimate bonds ( relation%ip ) ! o!r memb]s1 z ! latt] are connect$ among !mselves ) "o ano!r3 n a p]nici\s p>asite on ! tree ( natural life1 b ! true son ( ! blissful "m ,nature4 ,9 r$uc+ desc5t1 :i* he accepts1 to a developm5t f an inn] =ce1 & 9 ascrib+ to ! ,d>w9ian selection1 ) its /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! value only ( a regulator 7he adopts ?is t]m ( ,wallace z a v /rik+ "o71 ,braun1 9 8 conclud+ appeal to "y /ud5ts1 calls especial att5tion to ! e?ical importance ( a developm5t proce$+ f )91 say+3 ,life has its out] & its inn] side2 all its works & ways mu/ foll[ me*anical laws1 b its tasks & aims belong to a high] realm4 ,we are p]mitt$ to take a glance into ?is realm ?r\gh ! all-embrac+ hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( nature1 :i* leads up into our own inmo/ be+1 up to our highe/ end4 ,truly progressive developm5t is ! be/ wi% = e y\?1 etc4 ,inasmu* z t 9 :i* ,alex4 ,braun f9ds a satisfaction = ! fulfillm5t ( ! e?ical tasks--namely1 a deep] k ( man's connection ) l[] nature1 & ! po9t+ to ! prop] tasks ( ! developm5t ( mank9d1--has ?us f> be5 ! sub/ance ( all s\nd sy/ems ( morality1 we did n m5tion ^! & simil> utt]ances1 ( :i* we c\ld ga!r _m m f o!r writ]s1 9 ! prec$+ "p ( our #bdh "w--i4e41 9 describ+ ^? :o ascribe to ,d>w9ism a re=matory influ5ce ^u morality2 b we rank ^! utt]ances ) ^? :i* pr$ict f ! desc5t !ory nei!r injury to morality nor any especial enlight5m5t reg>d+ x4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! end ( t "p ( our "w :i* consid]s & treats ( ! views ( o!rs4 ,to our regret1 we h be5 compell$ to re/rict ourselves1 9 ?is review1 to ! c\ntries ( ! ,engli% & ,g]man tongues2 ! =m] be+ ! home ( ,d>w91 ! latt] our own4 ,we %\ld h pref]r$ to take into our review also ! lit]ature ( ,france & ,belgium1 ,holl& & ,italy2 b we fe>$ be+ able to give only an incomplete report4 ,besides1 x is 9 ,g]many & ,great ,brita9--& p>tly also 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 relat$ to bo? 9 language & orig9--:]e ! ,d>w9ian agitation has tak5 deepe/ hold ( ! m9d2 &1 9 re/rict+ our report to ^! c\ntries1 we are n likely to h omitt$ any view ess5tial to ! consid]ation ( ! pres5t "q4 ,x is true t 9 ! o!r c\ntries nam$ ! ,d>w9ian lit]ature is also ri*1 & we are well aw>e ( ! incomplet5ess ( our report 9 t respect4 ,b we believe t we h n omitt$ any ess5tial views & evid5ces1 ev5 if ! names ( _m ( _! advocates h n be5 m5tion$4 ,x /ill rema9s to u to inve/igate indep5d5tly ! position ( ! ,d>w9ian !ories1 ) _! philosophic supplem5ts1 9 ref]5ce to religion & morality3 a task = :i* we hope to h ess5tially prep>$ ! way ?r\gh ! prec$+ repres5tations & inve/igations4 99 99 99 99 99 #bdi ,,book ,,ii4 ,,analytical4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,prelim9>y ,,view4 ,9 treat+ ! religi\s "q1 we proce$ f ! supposition t religion is conc]n$ n only 9 ?is subjective tru? ( religi\s impulse & s5sation1 b also 9 ! objective tru? & reality ( its fai?1 al?\gh x atta9s ^! 9 a diff]5t way f natural sci5ce4 ,a religion :i* %\ld h ! au?orization ( its exi/5ce only 9 psy*ology1 & :i* 0 n all[$ to ask :e!r ! object ( its fai? also has objective reality1 w\ld /& on a weak basis1 & its end w\ld only be a "q ( "t2 = an impulse :i* c only be psy*ologically e/abli%$1 & to :i* no real objective necessity c\ld correspond1 mu/ soon] or lat] ei!r be prov5 a psy*ological error or be elim9at$ by progress+ culture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we f9d a reconcilabl5ess or an irreconcilabl5ess ( ,d>w9's views ) ! objective sub/ance ( religion1 ! possible "q z to its reconcilabl5ess or irreconcilabl5ess ) subjective religi\sness on ! gr\nd ( ^? results :olly answ]s itself4 ,9 no way1 n ev5 9 ! mo/ indirect1 c we approve t me?od ( book-keep+ by :i* some?+ c be true 9 reg>d to religion & false 9 reg>d to sci5ce1 or vice-v]sa2 on ! contr>y1 we see #bej 9 all attempts at heal+ 9 su* a way ! rupture :i* at pres5t exi/s 9 ! m9ds ( s _m1 only a m emphatic av[al ( t rupture4 ,9 treat+ ( ! religi\s "q z x affects ! position ( ,d>w9ism 9 ref]5ce to ! sub/ance & ! objective tru? ( ! religi\s fai?1 )\t go+ into a detail$ treatm5t ( ! "q ( ! reconcilabl5ess ( a purely subjective religi\sness ) ! ,d>w9ian views1 x w be ( advantage to speak fir/ ( ! position ( ! ,d>w9ian !ories 9 ref]5ce to ! basis ( all true & s\nd religion & religi\sness--! !i/ic view ( ! _w4 ,9 do+ ?is1 we %all discrim9ate ! purely sci5tific !ories ( ,d>w9 f ! philosophic supplem5ts & conclusions :i* h be5 giv5 to & drawn f !m1 & %all h to consid] ea* ( !m sep>ately 9 connection ) ! !i/ic view ( ! _w4 ,if !reby we %all discov] ,d>w9ian views :i* c be br\ght into accord ) a !i/ic view ( ! _w1 we %all also1 9 ord] to close our inve/igation1 h to consid] !m ) ^? p>ts ( ! !ology ( positive ,*ri/ianity :i* c be affect$ by ! ,d>w9ian que/ions4 ,9 treat+ ! "q ( ! relation ( ,d>w9ism to morality1 our inve/igation c be some:at abridg$1 because _m ( ! pr9cipal que/ions :i* h to be consid]$ h f\nd _! solution 9 :at has be5 previ\sly said1 & p>tly also because !y w pres5t !mselves 9 x diff]5t =m4 ,! pr9cipal division 9 our discussion we %all mo/ appropriately assign to e?ics1 & ?us treat fir/ ( ! position ( ,d>w9ism 9 ref]5ce to ! moral pr9ciples1 & !n treat ( ?is 9 ref]5ce to ! concrete #bea moral life4 ,:]e ! "q z to ! position ( ,d>w9ism 9 ref]5ce to morality occurs1 we %all no long] h to treat ( x sep>ately z to ! diff]5t aspects ( its problems--we %\ld o!rwise get lo/ 9 too _m repetitions2 b we %all only h to sep>ate an e?ical naturalism :i* supports itself ^u ,d>w9ian gr\nds1 f pure ,d>w9ism1 & to treat ( ea* 9 turn z to its position 9 ref]5ce to morality4 99 99 99 99 99 #beb ,a4 ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories ,,& ,,religion4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories ,,& ,,! ,,!i/ic ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,a4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,purely ,,sci5tific ,,d>w9ism ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,!ism4 #a4 ,sci5tific ,inve/igation & ,!ism4 ,! ,idea ( ,creation4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( our inve/igation1 we h to /ate t ! absolute fre$om ( sci5tific inve/igation lies n only 9 ! int]e/ ( natural sci5ce1 b j z cle>ly 9 ! direct int]e/ ( religion2 & t e attempt at limit+ ! fre$om ( sci5tific inve/igation 9 a pret5d$ religi\s int]e/1 c only h its cause 9 ! fulle/ misappreh5sion ( t :i* ! religi\s int]e/ requires4 ,= ! religi\s view ( ! _w consi/s 9 ?is3 t x sees 9 ! univ]se1 ) all its inhabitants & processes1 ! "w ( an almighty ,creator & ,rul] ( ! _w2 & !re=e x _c be unimportant to x1 :e!r we also h a k ( ?is "w1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 :e!r we make use ( ! means :i* lead to ! k ( ! _w1 #bec & :e!r we make progress 9 ! k1 or n4 ,! religi\s view ( ! _w sees 9 e correction & enri*m5t ( our sci5tific k only a correction & enri*m5t ( our k ( ! way & mann] ( ! div9e creation & action2 & e su* correction & enri*m5t acts directly z an incitem5t to religi\sness--al?\gh1 =tunately = ! univ]sal de/9ation ( religion1 ! degree ( our religi\sness is n dep5d5t ^u ! degree ( our k ( nature4 ,!re=e1 ! religi\s view ( ! _w does n ?r[ any b>ri]s 9 ! way ( sci5tific inve/igation2 x does n prescribe ! r\te by :i* ! latt] is to rea* its aim1 & x does n =bid x any sci5tific auxili>y means1 nor1 inde$1 any sci5tific auxili>y hypo!sis1 nor does x1 s f> z ! communication ( sci5tific k is conc]n$1 inquire aft] ! religi\s or ! irreligi\s /&po9t ( ^? :o (f] x su* k4 ,9 all ^! directions1 x kn[s ( b "o requirem5t3 t ( exact & correct pres5tation2 9 a ^w1 ( b "o requirem5t ( tru?4 ,real1 well-f\nd$1 & c]ta9 results ( natural sci5ce c nev] come into antagonism ) religion2 = precisely ! same ?+ :i* 9 ! language ( natural sci5ce is call$ natural causal connection1 is 9 t ( religion call$ ! way & mann] ( div9e action & gov]nm5t4 ,:]e man has adopt$ any view1 ! prov+ ( :i*1 accord+ to its nature1 belongs to natural sci5ce1 & natural sci5ce %\ld %[ an error 9 su* a view1 he mu/ simply give x up & surr5d] ! errone\s op9ion1 t su* a view is to =m a con/itu5t "p ( our religi\s p]ception4 ,j z decid$ly1 on ! o!r h&1 religion c ask ( #bed natural sci5ce t x %\ld n use speculative views ( religi\s "*1 ! prov+ ( :i* belongs to ! sci5ce ( religion1 = ! purpose ( sci5tific g5]alizations1 9 case ! sci5ce ( religion %\ld prove t su* views are antagoni/ic to ! nature & ! pr9ciples ( religion4 ,^? :o1 on religi\s gr\nds1 look ) suspicion ^u sci5tific inve/igation1 are frequ5tly influ5c$ by two errone\s notions1 closely relat$ to "o ano!r1 )\t reg>d to ! well-gr\nd$ av]sion to ! a!i/ic beauty ) :i* s _m sci5tific works are adorn$4 ,"o ( ^! errors is ! notion t any object is remote f div9e causality 9 ! degree 9 :i* x has ! cause ( its orig9 9 ! natural connection1 & t x w\ld be easi] = u to trace ! orig9 ( an object to ! au?or%ip ( ,god1 if we c\ld n f9d any natural cause ( its orig91 ?an if we _h k ( su* a natural cause4 ,! o!r error is ! notion t ! idea ( creation excludes ! idea ( ! action ( second>y causes4 ,if ! fir/ m5tion$ op9ion 7 correct1 ^? c]ta9ly w\ld be "r :o id5tify ! progress ( sci5ces ) ! progress ( a!ism2 & ignorance w\ld !n be ! mo/ effective protection ( piety4 ,b ?is op9ion is 9 direct conflict ) all s\nd religi\s & sci5tific reason+4 ,x is 9 conflict ) s\nd religi\s reason+3 = ! religi\s view ( ! _w sees 9 nature itself1 ) its :ole association ( causes & effects1 a "w ( ,god2 & z c]ta9ly z1 accord+ to ! religi\s view ( nature1 a ?\s& ye>s 9 ! sight ( ,god are b z ye/]day :5 x is pa/1 j s c]ta9ly is an object a "w ( #bee ,god1 :e!r its orig9 is due to milli>ds ( well-kn[n second>y causes1 :i* all toge!r are works ( ,god--z well ) ref]5ce to ! laws :i* !y obey z to ! mat]ials & =ces 9 :i* ^! laws are active--or :e!r1 :5 treat+ ! "q z to ! imm$iate cause ( its exi/5ce1 we see ourselves l$ to an ag5cy unkn[n to u4 ,& t op9ion is also 9 conflict ) all s\nd sci5tific reason+3 = ! fact t we d n h any k ( ! imm$iate cause ( a ph5om5on1 is by no means a pro( t ?is imm$iate cause is ! direct action ( ,god :o does n use any second>y causes2 ! ph5om5a may j z well h /ill m mat]ial or immat]ial second>y causes1 unkn[n to u4 ,we w illu/rate ! error1 ref]r$ to1 by an example :i* w also reveal its relation%ip to ! o!r error ( :i* we %all h to speak imm$iately4 ,x is c]ta9ly no evid5ce ( an especially int5sive piety1 if we build ! conviction t ,god is ! ,creator ( man1 among o!r ?+s1 on ! obscurity 9 :i* = u ! orig9 ( mank9d is wrapp$4 ,= f ?is obscurity no o!r conclusion c be drawn ?an increas$ pro(s ( ! limitation ( our k2 t piety :i* traces ^? ph5om5a ^: natural causes we "k1 j z decid$ly to ! causality ( ,god1 is mu* m--we %all n say1 int5sive1 b correctly guid$--?an t piety :i* traces back ^? ^: natural causes are hidd5 to u4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 x is also no evid5ce ( especial religi\s coolness or indiff]5ce1 :5 we pursue ) int]e/ & ! desire ( success ! attempts at br++ light into ! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( mank9d4 ,he :o does ! latt] c1 accord+ to 8 religi\s or #bef irreligi\s /&po9t1 j z easily connect 8 int]e/ ) ! hope ( an enri*m5t ( 8 k ( ! ways & works ( ,god1 z ) ! hope ( a confirmation 9 8 a!i/ic view ( ! _w4 ,! rev]5ce ) :i* we /& be=e ! action ( ,god 9 ^? works ^: exi/5ce is 9 a high] degree a my/]y to u ?an ! exi/5ce ( o!rs 7= 9 reality ev]y?+ is a my/]y to u71 is p]haps a little diff]5tly modifi$ f ! rev]5ce ) :i* we /& be=e ! action ( ,god 9 ^? ( 8 works 9 ! mode ( ^: orig9 we are p]mitt$ to get a deep] glance2 b ea* is rev]5ce1 & we c get f bo? nutrim5t = our religi\s nature4 ,^? :o favor ! second error--namely1 t ! idea ( creation excludes ! idea ( second>y causes--ov]look ! facts t ! idea ( ! creation ( ! univ]se is ess5tially diff]5t f ! idea ( ! creation ( ! s+le elem5ts ( ! univ]se1 z1 = in/ance1 ( ! e>?1 ( ! organisms1 ( man2 t ! idea ( a creation )\t second>y causes c only be appli$ to ! orig9 ( ! univ]se 9 its elem5ts1 =ces1 & laws1 & t ! fir/ orig9 ( ! s+le elem5ts 9 ! _w--z ( ! s+le planets1 organisms1 man--n only admits ! action ( second>y causes1 b ev5 requires & presupposes ! action ( conditions4 ,= all s+le species ( be+s :i* h orig9at$ )9 ! already exi/+ _w1 h also c]ta9 elem5ts1 ev5 ! :ole basis & condition ( _! exi/5ce1 9 common ) t :i* 0 already be=e 9 exi/5ce2 ! planet has its elem5ts 9 common ) ! elem5ts ( o!r planets1 ! organic has ! same mat]ial sub/ances z ! inorganic1 man has #beg ! elem5ts & ! organization ( 8 body z well z a great "p ( 8 psy*ical activity 9 common ) animals4 ,no?+ urges u to suppose--& ! analogy ( all t we "k ev5 =bids u to suppose--t ) ! appe>ance ( a new species ( be+s1 ! same matt] & ! same quality ( matt] :i* ! la/ appe>ance has 9 common ) ! already exi/+1 has ea* "t be5 call$ anew into exi/5ce out ( no?+4 ,only t :i* 9 ! new species is really new1 comes into exi/5ce anew ) its fir/ appe>ance4 ,b we d n ev5 "k :e!r ! proximate cause ( ?is new does really come into exi/5ce = ! fir/ "t1 or :e!r x 0 n be=e 9 exi/5ce 9 a real1 p]haps lat5t1 condition1 & is n[ set free = ! fir/ "t4 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 we %all call ! new1 :i* comes into exi/5ce1 a new creation4 ,& if man ?9ks t ! new only des]ves ! "n ( creation1 :5 x occurs sudd5ly & at once1 :]e be=e only o!r ?+s 7 pres5t1 l a deus ex ma*9a1 c]ta9ly su* an op9ion is only a *ildlike conception1 :i* becomes *ildi% z soon z we sci5tifically reason ab\t ! process4 ,x _c be d\btful t religi\s m9ds :i* are n accu/om$ to sci5tific reason+1 h su* a conception2 :e!r !ologians also favor x1 we d n "k1 al?\gh x is possible4 ,c]ta9ly ^? sci5ti/s :o int5d to attack ! fai? 9 a liv+ ,creator & ,"l ( ! _w1 take x z ! :olly natural1 ev5 z ! only possible1 conception ( a ,creator & 8 creation2 & ( c\rse x is to !m a great & *eap pleasure to become victori\s knights 9 su* a puppet-%[ view ( ! conception ( creation4 ,b ! s\rce :5ce ,*ri/ians d]ive _! #beh religi\s k tells !m precisely ! contr>y4 ,! ,holy ,scripture1 x is true1 sees 9 ! entire univ]se a "w ( ,god4 ,b :]e x describes ! creation ( ! s+le elem5ts ( ! _w1 x describes at ! same "t _! creation z ! product ( natural causes1 br\ght ab\t by natural conditions4 ,! read] may see1 = in/ance1 ! words3 ,& ,god said1 ,let ! e>? br+ =? grass1 ! h]b yield+ se$1 etc4 ,& ! e>? br\ght =? grass & h]b1 etc4 ,& ,god said1 ,let ! e>? br+ =? ! liv+ creature4 ,ev5 ! creation ( man is ?us relat$3 ,& ! ,"l ,god =m$ man ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd4 ,c]ta9ly ! =m+ presupposes a matt] out ( :i* man is =m$4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! ,bible speaks ( s+le be+s 9 ! k+doms long be=e creat$ & p]fect$1 ( ! individual man :o is orig9at$ by g5]ation & bir?1 ( s+le plants & animals--9 g5]al1 ( s+le processes & ph5om5a 9 ! _w long be=e p]fect$1 ( w9d & waves1 ( ra9 & flames1 :i* altoge!r h _! natural causes ( orig9--x speaks ( !m all precisely 9 ! same way z :5 describ+ _! fir/ creation z works ( ,god4 ,! expressions create1 make1 =m1 cause to appe>1 are appli$ to ! s+le individuals ( ! k+doms long be=e creat$1 precisely 9 ! same way z !y are to ! fir/ orig9 ( ! fir/ individuals ( ^? k+doms4 ,?us1 by ! full fre$om :i* religi\s int]e/ gives to sci5tific inve/igation1 we are well prep>$ to treat ) entire imp>tiality ! "q z to ! position ( ea* ( ! ,d>w9ian !ories 9 ref]5ce to !ism4 #bei #b4 ,! ,desc5t ,!ory & ,!ism4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( our inve/igation1 we f\nd t ! idea ( ! orig9 ( ! species1 especially ( ! high] organiz$ species1 ?r\gh desc5t f ! next relat$ l[] ones1 has a high degree ( probability1 al?\gh x is /ill n prov5 9 a /rictly sci5tific s5se1 & al?\gh especially ! supposition ( an (t5-sep>at$ primitive g5]ation ( s+le types is n exclud$ by t idea1 & we c h>dly suppose t ! ma9 types ( ! animal k+dom are develop$ out ( "o ano!r4 ,n[ we are f> f ask+ ( religion to decide = itself 9 favor ( ! "o or ! o!r mode ( conception1 or to place its influ5ce 9 ! "o or ! o!r balance-scale ( sci5tific inve/igations4 ,x leaves ! answ]+ ( ^! que/ions exclusively to natural sci5ce1 kn[+ be=eh& t x w be able to come to an und]/&+ ) ! "o z well z ) ! o!r result ( its inve/igations4 ,b we confess frankly t x is incomp>ably easi] = u to br+ ! orig9 ( ! high] gr\ps ( organisms 9 accord ) a !i/ic & teleological view ( ! _w ?r\gh desc5t ?an ! orig9 ( ea* s+le species ( organisms ?r\gh a primitive g5]ation2 & we rea* ?is result especially by ! attempt at teleologically p]ceiv+ ! palontological rema9s ( organic life on e>?4 ,!ism & teleology see 9 ! orig9 ( ?+s a /riv+ t[>ds a goal1 a ris+ f ! l[] to ! high]1 a developm5t--x is true a developm5t really tak5 only 9 ! ideal s5se ( an ideal connection1 ( a plan2 or1 z ,k4 ,e4 v4 ,ba]1 9 #ahcd1 9 8 lecture on ! mo/ common law ( nature 9 all developm5t1 expresses #bfj himself1 ( a progressive victory ( m9d ov] matt]4 ,su* a plan & its realization we c mu* m easily conceive :51 9 ! pa/ g5]a :i* geological =mations %[ u1 a g5ealogical connection takes place betwe5 ! prec$+ species & ! n[ liv+ species1 ?an :5 ea* species p]i%$ & beside or aft] x ! newly appe>+ species always orig9at$ out ( ! inorganic ?r\gh primitive g5]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 we see 9 ! prec$+ a real prep>ation = ! foll[+1 & also easily p]ceive1 ! app>5t wa/e ( enorm\s p]iods ( "t = ! successive processes ( creation4 ,9 ! second case1 ! com+ & go+ ( g5]a 9 innum]able ?\s&s ( ye>s1 )\t any ext]ior connection1 becomes an incompreh5sible problem1 & ! /riv+ t[>ds an end accord+ to a regul> plan1 :i* we obs]ve 9 ! developm5t1 ( ! organic k+doms on e>?1 disappe>s completely 9 metaphysical d>kness4 ,precisely because s _m advocates ( a !i/ic view ( ! _w h ?\ght t = ! sake ( ! !i/ic idea ( creation !y 7 oblig$ to suppose a primitive orig9 ( all ! organic species1 & because1 nev]!less1 ! fact is pat5t t 9 ! c\rse ( ! pre-hi/oric ?\s&s ( ye>s myriads ( species came & p]i%$1 n to return aga91 !y became liable to ! reproa* on ! "p ( ! adv]s>ies ( !ism1 t ! ,creator1 z !y suppos$ him1 makes unsuccessful attempts1 :i* he has to ?r[ away1 z ! pott] a defective vessel1 until he f9ally succe$s 9 mak+ some?+ durable & useful2 & ?is objection 0 & is /ill made1 n only to ^! sup]ficial !i/s & _! unhappily-select$ & indef5sible position1 b to #bfa ! :ole view ( ! _w ( !ism itself & to ! fai? 9 ,god & ! ,creator 9 g5]al4 ,= all ^! reasons1 we c f ! religi\s po9t ( view b welcome ! idea ( a desc5t ( species4 ,philologi/s h1 if we are correctly in=m$1 ! canon t z a rule ! m difficult text is ! m correct "o2 b we d\bt :e!r ^? %\ld adopt ?is canon :o try to read 9 ! book ( nature1 :e!r ) ! eye ( sci5ce or ) t ( religion--unless ! faculty ( reason+ is giv5 to u 9 ord] to conceal ! tru?4 ,b1 we h also to look = a mann] ( reconcil+ !ism ) all ! diff]5t possibilities "u :i* a desc5t is at all reasonable & conceivable4 ,"o ( ^! possibilities is t ( an entirely successive developm5t ( species out ( "o ano!r by imp]ceptibly small transitions2 & ( ?is we %all soon speak4 ,ano!r is ! possibility ( a desc5t by leaps1 ?r\gh a metamorphosis ( g]ms or a het]og5etic g5]ation4 ,! real causes ( su* a het]og5etic g5]ation1 if x took place at all1 h n yet be5 f\nd2 !re=e we h to treat only ( ! ab/ract possibilities ( its conceivabl5ess4 ,!re are two su* possibilities4 ,! bir? ( a new species took place 9 "o ( two ways3 ,ei!r to ^? mat]ials & =ces :i* =m$ ! g]m ( ! new species1 7 add$ entirely new metaphysical ag5cies :i* did n exi/ be=e1 & only ! basis & ! frame )9 :i* ! new appe>$1 or t :i* ! new species has 9 common ) ! old "m-species _h ! cause ( its exi/5ce 9 ! prec$+4 ,likewise ev5 ! orig9al productions #bfb ( man are always compos$ ( two factors--( ! giv5 pre-suppositions & conditions1 & ( ! new :i* on _! basis & )9 _! frame comes into exi/5ce4 ,o!rwise ! causes ( ! new :i* 0 to orig9ate already lay 9 all =m] /ages1 b 7 /ill lat5t & /ill h9d]$ 9 _! activity1 & only at ! "t ( ! bir? ! new impulse came :i* set !m free = _! activity4 ,?is new impulse may v well belong to ! causal connection ( ! univ]se1 & be caus$ by some?+ analog\s to natural selection4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 :i* 9 its application to ! orig9 ( man is adopt$ by ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace & ,k>l ,snell1 ! reconciliation betwe5 desc5t & !ism has n ! lea/ difficulty2 = if ! ag5cy :i* 9 ! new-appe>+ species produces t :i* is specifically new 9 x1 came only into exi/5ce ) ! fir/ =mation ( ! g]ms ( ! new species 9 ! "m-species1 ?is new c]ta9ly _c h its orig9 any:]e else ?an 9 ! sup]mundane prima causa 9 ! ,creator & ,"l ( ! _w4 ,9 ! second case also1 !ism is 9 no way ?reat5$4 ,= if we h to ref] ! cause ( a new ph5om5on 9 ! _w s f> back z ev5 to ! beg9n+ & ! fir/ elem5ts ( all ?+s1 we nev]!less h to arrive at la/ at ! cause ( all causes2 & ?is is ! liv+ ,god1 ! ,creator & ,"l ( ! _w4 ,?us ! new =m ( exi/5ce w\ld anyh[ h ! cause ( its exi/5ce 9 ,god2 & ! value1 ! importance1 & ! sub/ance ( its exi/5ce1 w\ld only comm5ce f :]e x really made its appe>ance1 & n f :]e its /ill lat5t causes exi/$4 ,z little z we attribute to ! j fecundat$ #bfc egg ( man ! value ( man1 al?\gh we "k t "u ! "r conditions ! full man is to be develop$ out ( x1 j s little 9 accordance ) t view w\ld ! diff]5ces ( value )9 ! creat$ _w be dissolv$ 9 a mass ( atoms or pot5cies ( a simil> value4 ,nei!r %\ld we h to fe> t f su* a !ory cold deism w\ld be sub/itut$ = our !ism1 full ( life4 ,= z c]ta9ly z !ism does n exclude1 b includes1 all t is relative tru? 9 deism1 s c]ta9ly ! supposition t ! ,creator _h laid ! lat5t causes ( all foll[+ creatures 9 ! fir/ g]ms ( ! creat$1 w\ld also n exclude ! idea ( a con/ant & omnipot5t pres5ce ( ! ,creator 9 ! _w4 ,und\bt$ly x belongs to our mo/ elem5t>y conceptions ( ,god1 t we h to conceive 8 l(ty position above "t1 n z an ab/ract di/ance f f9ite developm5t1 b1 z an absolute dom9ation ov] x2 s t = ,god himself1 :o creates "t & developm5ts 9 "t1 !re is no dep5d5ce on ! temporal succession ( creat$ ?+s1 & x is q ! same to him :e!r he in/antly calls a creature into exi/5ce1 or :e!r he prep>es x 9 a %ort space ( "t1 or ye>s1 or 9 millions ( ye>s4 ,9 ?is idea we also f9d ! only possible & simple solution ( ! be=e-m5tion$ problem ( a timeless "t :i* ,fr4 ,vis*] wi%es to propose to philosophy4 #c4 ,! ,evolution ,!ory & ,!ism4 ,9 speak+ ( an evolution !ory1 9 di/9ction f ! desc5t !ory1 we mean1 z is evid5t f ! fir/ "p ( our "w1 t way & mode ( #bfd con/ruct+ ! doctr9e ( ! desc5t ( species :i* p]mit ?is desc5t to take place1 n by ! leaps ( a metamorphosis ( g]ms1 b by transitions s imp]ceptably small t ! diff]5ce ( two g5]ations :i* lie 9 ! same l9e ( desc5t1 is nev] great] ?an ^? diff]5ces :i* always take place betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 ( ! same species--transitions s gradual t only ! cont9uation ( ^! individual *anges 9 a s+le direction produces an increase &1 f9ally & gradually1 ! new species4 ,! treatm5t ( ! "q z to :at position ?is evolution !ory takes reg>d+ !ism1 is ev5 m simple ?an answ]+ ! "q z to ! position ( ! desc5t idea 9 ref]5ce to !ism4 ,= n[ we h no long] to discuss ! diff]5t possibilities ( a developm5t1 z h]et(ore we h discuss$ ^? ( a desc5t1 b only ! idea ( a gradual developm5t or ( an evolution 9 g5]al4 ,( su* possibilities1 x is true1 we f9d sev]al4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we c look = ! incit+ pr9ciple ( ! developm5t ( species ei!r 9 ! int]ior ( organisms1 or we c see x approa*+ ! latt] f )\t4 ,! only sci5tific sy/em :i* has made any attempt at m5tion+ & elaborat+ ! incit+ pr9ciple ( developm5t is t ( ,d>w92 a sy/em t *ooses ! second ( ! alt]natives j /at$ & sees ! ess5tial pr9ciple t makes ! transmission ( individuals a progress beyond "o species1 approa*+ ! individuals f )\t4 ,b :ile we %all h to treat ( ?is specific ,d>w9ian !ory--! selection !ory--/ill m 9 detail 9 ! foll[+ section1 we %all also !re h to po9t1 out #bfe ev]y?+ t !ism has to say 9 ref]5ce to a pr9ciple ( developm5t :i* approa*es ! organisms f )\t4 ,ano!r possible explanation ( ! orig9 ( species ?r\gh developm5t is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t we look = ! incit+ pr9ciple ( developm5t 9 ! int]ior ( organisms4 ,?is is done1 s f> z we "k1 by all ^? sci5ti/s :o1 al?\gh incl9$ to an evolution !ory1 are adv]s>ies ( ! selection !ory2 b none ( !m claim to h f\nd ! incit+ ag5cies ( developm5t4 ,?us1 z 9 ! prec$+ section1 we are aga9 ref]r$ only to ! :olly ab/ract possibility ( conceiv+ ^! incit+ ag5cies ei!r z com+ into exi/5ce anew 9 ! organism ) ea* smalle/ individual modification :i* leads to a developm5t ( ! species1 or z be+ be=e pres5t 9 ! organisms1 b /ill lat5t1 & only com+ into activity :5 !y are set free4 ,b ! "q :e!r !ism c\ld accept ! "o or ! o!r possibility _h to be treat$ ( 9 ! prec$+ section1 & 0 !re answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,?us x only rema9s to treat 9 g5]al ( ! "q z to ! reconcilabl5ess ( ! idea ( ! orig9 ( species ?r\gh evolution1 ?r\gh gradual developm5t1 9 g5]al ) a !i/ic view ( ! _w4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we wi% to r5d] evid5t ! fact :i* is s (t5 ov]look$ by ! fri5ds ( monism & /ill m by !i/ic adv]s>ies ( ! idea ( evolution1 t ! idea ( a developm5t ( species1 & also ( man1 does n (f] to !i/ic reason+ any new or any o!r difficulties ?an ^? :i* h be5 long pres5t1 & :i* _h f\nd _! solution 9 ! religi\s consci\sness long be=e any idea ( evolution di/urb$ ! #bff m9d4 ,x is true1 ! "q z to ! orig9 ( mank9d is1 to speak 9 ! language ( natural hi/ory1 a /ill unsolv$ problem2 & ! supposition ( its gradual developm5t out ( ! animal k+dom is /ill an hypo!sis--"o ( all ^? attempts at solv+ ?is problem :i* /ill wait = confirmation or refutation4 ,b !re is ano!r q analog\s "q ^: position has long ceas$ to be a m]e problem1 & ^: solution is no long] a m]e hypo!sis2 namely1 ! "q z to ! orig9 ( ! p]fect human or any o!r organic individual4 ,to speak aga9 9 ! language ( natural hi/ory1 ?is orig9 is no long] a problem--t is1 )\t reg>d to ! obscurity 9 :i* ! exi/5ce & orig9 ( e creature1 z to its la/ causes1 is always & w always be veil$ = u4 ,we "k t ! human1 &1 9 g5]al1 e organic individual1 becomes t :i* x is ?r\gh developm5t4 ,x beg9s ! c\rse ( its be+ ) ! exi/5ce ( a s+le cell1 ! egg1 & goes ?r\gh all /ages ( ?is developm5t by :olly gradual & imp]ceptible transitions1 s t ! precise mom5t _c exactly be fix$ :5 any organ1 any physical or psy*ical function1 comes into exi/5ce1 until p]fect man is develop$4 ,man has ?is mode ( com+ into exi/5ce 9 common ) all organiz$ be+s1 d[n to ! l[e/ organisms :i* /& above ! value & rank ( a s+le cell4 ,at ?is place1 & ) ! design ( our pres5t discussion 9 view1 we ought n to r5d] ! importance ( ?is fact obscure by a teleological comp>ison ( ! diff]5t eggs & g]ms ) "o ano!r4 ,if we look ^u t :i* is to come out ( ! g]ms1 & :i* c]ta9ly if prep>$ & pres5t 9 ! fir/ vital functions ( ! #bfg g]m1 al?\gh we are n able to obs]ve1 prove1 & e/imate x by means ( ! microscope & ! retort1 !n ( c\rse ! diff]5ce 9 ! value ( ! g]ms mu/ be imm5se2 & f ?is po9t ( view we c]ta9ly look ^u ! g]m ( man diff]5tly ?an ^u ! g]m ( an oy/]4 ,b "h ! "q is n z to ! diff]5ces ( value ( organisms3 no sci5ti/ :o rema9s )9 ! limits ( 8 realm1 w ev] d5y !m2 b we treat ( ! "q :e!r su* valuable objects come into exi/5ce sudd5ly or gradually--:e!r x is possible1 or ev5 a fact :i* repeats itself be=e our eyes1 t a =m ( be+ ( high] value comes =? f a =m ( be+ ( a l[] value 9 gradual developm5t4 ,& "h x is an undisput$ fact t all qualities ( man1 ! physical z well z ! spiritual1 come into exi/5ce 9 su* a gradual developm5t t n 9 a s+le "o ( !m c be fix$ any mom5t ( :i* x may be said3 on ! o!r side ( ?is mom5t x did n exi/1 b on ?is side x did exi/4 ,all diff]5tiations ( 8 body1 f ! fir/ diff]5tiation ( ! egg-cell into a complexity ( cells up to ! la/ =mation ( 8 organs1 take place 9 ! same glid+ developm5t4 ,all 8 psy*ical & spiritual functions & =ces come into exi/5ce 9 ?is =m ( gradual developm5t4 ,:]e1 9 ! developm5t ( ! human individual1 is ! mom5t 9 :i* consci\sness1 language1 self-consci\sness1 memory1 w1 ! p]ception ( ,god1 moral responsibility1 ! p]ception ( ! idea & ! ideal1 or :atev] else we may m5tion1 came into exi/5ce8 ,n[h]e2 all ?is1 & all ! re/1 is develop$ 9 a gradual process4 ,! only m>k$ "t 9 ?is developm5t is ! "t ( bir?3 #bfh x br+s a great *ange into physical life1 & is p]haps ! beg9n+ epo* ( ! spiritual developm5t ( man4 ,b ev5 ! bir? is n absolutely b\nd to a c]ta9 "t2 ! *ild may be born too e>ly1 by weeks or ev5 mon?s1 & its developm5t nev]!less takes place2 & ev5 aft] bir?1 h[ sl[ly & gradually spiritual developm5t beg9s & cont9ues6 ,) ?is gradual process ( individual developm5t :i* we h long kn[n1 we h nev] f\nd any difficulty 9 br++ two ?+s into h>mony4 ,fir/1 we always judg$ ! value ( ! s+le qualities ( man only 9 ! proportion 9 :i* !y 7 really pres5t & came into exi/5ce1 & 9 su* a way t we entirely foll[$ ! fl[+ developm5t ( ! individual4 ,!re=e we look$ ^u ! suckl+1 = in/ance1 n at all z a morally responsible individual2 ^u ! *ild ( two ye>s z m responsible1 b to a f> less degree ?an ! *ild ( s*ool-age1 & ! latt] aga9 to a less degree ?an ! man2 & ?us we h be5 long accu/om$ to reason1 :5 look+ ^u all s+le qualities ( man4 ,second1 we did n f9d any difficulty 9 br++ into p]fect h>mony ! idea ( a gradual process ( individual developm5t & ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! latt] on a complex totality ( natural causes3 ) ! idea ( ! absolute dep5d5ce on ,god1 ! ,creator1 ( t :i* arose ?r\gh developm5t4 ,e religi\sly reason+ man has always look$ ^u himself z ! *ild ( 8 p>5ts1 gradually develop$ "u ! activity ( complex natural causes1 z well z ! creature ( ,god1 t owes ! exi/5ce ( all its =ces & p>ts ( body & s\l to ,god4 ,%\ld x !n1 be s difficult1 or is x only #bfi some?+ new1 to br+ into h>mony1 :5 look+ ^u ! entire species & g5us1 t :i* we 7 long ago able to br+ into h>mony :5 look+ ^u ! individual--x be+ presuppos$ t ! inve/igation leads u to a developm5t ( ! entire species & g5us simil> to t ( ! individual developm5t8 ,or h we "h aga9 to ask1 z 9 #a3 is x m religi\s to make no attempt at remov+ ! veil :i* cov]s ! natural process ( ! orig9 ( mank9d1 ?an to make x8 ,x is true1 ! n kn[+ any?+ c1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 create & increase ! s5sation ( rev]5ce = ! dep? ( div9e p[] & wisdom2 b a p]ception ( ! ways ( ,god is also c]ta9ly able to create ! same4 ,on t acc\nt1 we ne$ n at all fe> t by su* an attempt & its ev5tual success we might get into ! %all[s ( sup]ficiality1 to :i* no?+ seems any long] to be hidd51 only because x has no pres5tim5t ( ! dep?s :i* are to be s\nd$4 ,!re w always rema9 en\gh ( ! my/]i\s & ! un9ve/igat$1 & ea* new /ep =w>d w only lead to new views1 to new secrets1 to new wond]s4 ,b does n a developm5t1 l t :i* we "h = ! mom5t assume hypo!tically1 efface & de/roy ! specific value ( man & mank9d f /ill ano!r side8 ,w\ld n a beg9n+ ( mank9d be really lo/1 9 case t !ory ( evolution %\ld ga9 au?ority8 & w\ld n !re /ill lie betwe5 t :i* is decid$ly call$ animal _w & t :i* is decid$ly call$ mank9d an innum]able s]ies ( g5]ations ( be+s :i* 7 nei!r animal nor man8 ,we d n believe x4 ,:at makes man man1 #bgj we c exactly po9t out3 x is self-consci\sness & moral self-det]m9ation4 ,n[1 9 case developm5t took place 9 ! above s5se1 x may h pass$ ev] s gradually2 ! epo*s ( prep>ation betwe5 t :i* we "k z highe/ animal developm5t & t :i* con/itutes ! sub/ance ( man1 may h /ret*$ ov] ev] s _m g5]ations1 &1 if ! fri5ds ( evolution desire x1 we say ov] ev] s _m ?\s&s ( g5]ations2 yet t :i* makes man man--self-consci\sness & moral self-det]m9ation--mu/ h always come into actual reality 9 individuals4 ,^? individuals 9 :i* self-consci\sness came into exi/5ce & activity1 = ! fir/ "t1 & ) x ! entire possibility ( ! _w ( ideas--! consci\sness ( moral responsibility1 & ) x also ! entire dignity ( moral self-det]m9ation--7 ! fir/ m54 ,! individuals :i* prec$$ ! latt] may h be5 ev] s int]e/+ & promis+ z objects ( obs]vation1 if we imag9e ourselves spectators ( ^! once suppos$ processes2 yet1 !y 7 n m54 #d4 ,! ,selection ,!ory & ,!ism4 ,! la/ sci5tific !ory ^: position 9 ref]5ce to !ism we h to discuss1 is ! selection !ory4 ,we h f\nd b little reason = sympa?iz+ ) ?is !ory4 ,b s9ce we believ$ t we 7 oblig$ to suspect x1 n = religi\s b = sci5tific reasons1 s ! complet5ess ( our inve/igation requires u to assume hypo!tically t ! selection pr9ciple really manife/s itself z ! only & exclusive pr9ciple ( ! orig9 ( species1 & to ask n[ :at position x w\ld 9 su* a case take 9 ref]5ce to !ism4 #bga ,! only answ] we are able to give is decid$ly favorable to !ism4 ,x is true1 developm5t w\ld 9 su* a case approa* ! organisms m]ely f )\t4 ,= ! pr9ciple ly+ )9 ! organisms1 :i* w\ld !n be ! indisp5sable condition ( all developm5t1 w\ld be fir/ ! pr9ciple 9 itself1 :olly )\t plan or end1 ( individual v>iability2 second1 ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance :i* = itself & )\t t fir/ pr9ciple is inde$ no pr9ciple ( developm5t1 b ! contr>y4 ,! causes f :i* ! s+le individuals v>y 9 su* or su* a way1 w\ld !n be ! out] conditions ( life & adaptation to !m3 i4e41 some?+ com+ f )\t4 ,& ! causes f :i* "o individual1 v>y+ 9 su* or su* a way1 is pres]v$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ano!r1 v>y+ diff]5tly1 p]i%es1 w\ld be approa*+ ! individuals also f )\t2 h5ce !y are a l>g] or small] useful v>iation = ! exi/5ce ( ! individual4 ,n[ if1 ?r\gh ^! influ5c+ causes ( developm5t1 approa*+ ! mo/ simple organisms f )\t1 a ris+ l9e ( high] & high] organiz$ be+s comes f9ally into exi/5ce 7a l9e 9 :i* s5sation & consci\sness1 f9ally self-consci\sness & free-w1 appe>7 we aga9 rea* ! teleological dilemma3 all ?is has ei!r happ5$ by *ance1 or x has n4 ,no man :o claims to treat ?is "q e>ne/ly & 9 a mann] wor?y ( respect1 w ass]t t x happ5$ by *ance1 b by necessity4 ,b ) ?is ^w ! mat]iali/ only hides or avoids ! necessity ( suppos+ a plan & end 9 place ( *ance1 z we h conv9c$ ourselves 9 ,"p ,i1 ,book ,,ii1 ,*ap4 ,,ii1 #a4 #bgb ,! only exception 9 ?is case is1 t ! be>] & ag5t ( ?is plan w\ld n be ! s+le organism 7z is easily possible :5 we accept a desc5t !ory :i* is m indep5d5t f ! selection !ory71 b ! collection ( all =ces & conditions1 act+ ^u ! organism f )\t4 ,& = ! "q1 :5ce ?is plan & its realization comes1 we _h aga9 b ! "o answ]3 f a highe/ intellig5ce & omnipot5ce1 f ! p]sonal ,god ( !ism4 ,! locus ( creation & ! locus ( provid5ce w\ld n[1 z ev]1 reta9 _! value 9 ! !ological sy/em1 ) ! sole exception t mo/ ( t :i* s f> belong$ to ! locus ( creation w\ld n[ belong1 9 a high] degree ?an 9 ! hi!rto naturo-hi/orical view1 to ! locus ( provid5ce & ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,:5 look$ ^u f ! !oc5tric po9t ( view1 ! new =ms :i* we _h to suppose z call$ into exi/5ce only by selection1 w\ld rema9 products ( div9e creation3 ! ,god said1 & x 0 s1 w\ld reta9 its undim9i%$ importance2 b look$ ^u f ! cosmic po9t ( view1 !y w\ld pres5t !mselves z products ( ! div9e provid5ce & gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 /ill m exclusively ?an 9 e pr9cipal ( explanation :i* f9ds ! causes ( developm5t 9 ! organisms !mselves or 9 an immat]ial cause act+ ^u ! organisms f )94 ,! fir/ z well z ! second po9t ( view is 9 full h>mony ) ! religi\s view ( ?+s4 ,we d n conceal t on ! gr\nd ( all o!r analogies we sympa?ize m ) ^? :o look = ! det]m9+ influ5ces ( ! orig9 ( new species r )9 ?an )\t nature1 & :o1 :ile #bgc look+ at t :i* ! high] species h 9 common ) ! l[]1 d n =get or neglect ! new1 ! orig9al1 :i* !y possess4 ,b we are inde$ nei!r oblig$ nor entitl$1 9 ! "n ( religion1 to take be=eh& 9 ! realm ( sci5tific inve/igation ! side ( ! "o or ! o!r direction ( inve/igation1 or ev5 ( ! "o or ! o!r result ( inve/igation1 be=e x is arriv$ at4 ,let u unres]v$ly all[ sci5ti/s free inve/igation 9 _! realm1 s long z !y d n m$dle ) e?ical or religi\s pr9ciples1 & quietly await _! results4 ,^! results1 :5 once rea*$1 may correspond ev] s closely ) our pres5t view & our speculative expectations1 or 9 bo? relations be ev] s surpris+ & new2 ! "o case z well z ! o!r has already happ5$3 at any rate !y w n affect our religi\s pr9ciples1 b only enri* our p]ception ( ! way & mann] ( div9e activity 9 ! _w1 & !reby give new food & refre%m5t1 to our religi\s life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,,! ,,d>w9i/ic ,,philosophemes ,,9 ,,_! ,,position ,,reg>d+ ,,!ism4 #e4 ,! ,naturo-,philosophic ,supplem5ts ( ,d>w9ism & ,!ism4 ,we /ill h to discuss ! position ( !ism 9 ref]5ce to ! philosophic problems to :i* a ,d>w9i/ic view ( nature sees itself l$1 & 9 ! fir/ place its position 9 ref]5ce to ! naturo-philosophic !ories ) :i* ! desc5t idea tries to complete itself4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( our book1 we h f\nd t n #bgd a s+le "o ( ! naturo-philosophic problems be=e :i* ! desc5t idea places u1 is really solv$3 nei!r ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness & ( moral self-det]m9ation1 nor ! orig9 ( consci\sness & ( s5sation1 nor ! orig9 ( life2 & ev5 ! !ory ( atoms1 al?\gh x is q important & indisp5sable = ! natural philosoph] & *emi/ accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( 8 k & inve/igation1 has n yet be5 able to dive/ itself ( its hypo!tical "*4 ,religion might1 !re=e1 refuse to def9e its position 9 ref]5ce to !ories :i* are /ill ( a q problematic & hypo!tical nature4 ,b by giv+ su* a refusal1 religion w\ld n act 9 its own int]e/4 ,! reproa* is (t5 made t x has an op5 or hidd5 av]sion to ! fre$om ( sci5tific inve/igation--a reproa* :i*1 x is true1 is (t5 en\gh provok$ by its own advocates2 (t5 ! ass]tion is made by advocates ( free inve/igation1 t free sci5ce has l$1 or c lead at any mom5t1 to results :i* %ake or ev5 de/roy !ism & ) x ! objective & sci5tifically e/abli%$ tru? ( a religi\s view ( ! _w4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is ass]tion is exactly1 z be=e-m5tion$1 t m9ds ^: religi\s possession is to !m an inviolable sanctu>y1 & :o lack "t & occasion1 incl9ation & ability1 to exam9e sci5tifically ^! ass]t$ results ( sci5ce1 really suspect free sci5ce & conte/ ! "r ( its exi/5ce4 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( ?is /ate ( w> betwe5 religion & sci5ce is ! fact t s _m m9ds 9 bo? camps fall into a s]vile dep5d5ce ^u battle-cries3 !y conf\nd fre$om ( inve/igation ) lic5se2 sci5ce ) apa?y or #bge ho/ility to fai?2 fai? ) lack ( sci5tific p]ception1 bl9d unreason+ belief1 etc4 ,su* a /ate ( affairs does n1 inde$1 s]ve ! int]e/s ( peace & tru?2 only a correct treatm5t ( philosophy z well z ( religion c lead to !m4 ,su* a way ( peace & tru? f ! side ( religion & its sci5tific treatm5t is ent]$ ^u1 :5 religion sets itself "r1 n only ) all real1 b also ) all conceivable1 possible results ( ! o!r sci5ces1 n only ( ! exact1 b also ( ! philosophic sci5ces4 ,if x f9ds1 9 su* an inve/igation1 t su* conceivable results are reconcilable ) ! !i/ic view ( ! _w :i* is ! basis ( religion1 x has already %[n its relation%ip to ! fre$om ( inve/igation4 ,b if x f9ds any:]e a possible result :i* is 9 conflict ) its !i/ic view ( ! _w1 x is oblig$ to exam9e ! mutual gr\nds ( diss5t1 z to ! degree ( _! tru? & _! p[] ( demon/ration2 & 9 case its own position is ! /rong]1 bett] f\nd$1 & m conv9c+1 to prove ?is fact4 ,if x does ?is1 x aga9 acts accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( free inve/igation--) ! s+le diff]5ce t 9 su* a case x n only makes ?is all[ance to ! oppon5t1 b also uses ?is pr9ciple = itself 9 its own realm & especially 9 ! bord] l& betwe5 itself & its oppon5t2 b at ! same "t x %[s 9 ?is case 7:at1 inde$1 s _m are incl9$ to d5y71 t religion also has its sci5ce1 & t !ology itself is ?is sci5ce1 & has ! same rights z ! sci5ces :i* are built up 9 ! realm ( mat]ial ?+s or ( ab/ract reason+4 ,we !re=e assume hypo!tically1 t ! orig9 #bgf ( self-consci\sness & ( moral self-det]m9ation is fully expla9$ by consci\sness2 ! orig9 ( consci\sness & s5sation by t :i* has no s5sation2 ! orig9 ( ! liv+ & organic by ! lifeless & inorganic2 & t atomism also is sci5tifically e/abli%$ & prov53 h[1 !n1 w\ld su* a !ory ( ! _w & !ism /& 9 respect to ea* o!r8 ,by ?is assumption1 we ?9k we %\ld simply /& aga9 at ! po9t1 ! basis ( :i* we _h to discuss 9 ,"p ,i1 ,book ,,ii1 ,*ap4 ,,ii1 #a1 :5 treat+ ( teleology4 ,we %\ld always see some?+ new1 some?+ h>moni\sly arrang$3 a process ( objects ( value1 cont9ually ris+ high] & high]1 com+ =? out ( "o ano!r 9 direct causal connection2 & %\ld h a *oice ( "o ( two ways ( expla9+ ?is process4 ,we %\ld ei!r h to be satisfi$ ) ?is f9al causal connection1 & p]ceive 9 ?is process itself its highe/ & la/ cause1 9 do+ :i* we %\ld be oblig$ aga9 to d5y ord] & plan 9 ?is process1 to reject ! category ( l[] & high] & ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a /riv+ t[>ds an end 9 ^! developm5ts1 & aft] hav+ climb$ to t ,fau/-height ( inve/igation & k1 to ?r[ ourselves 9 spiritual suicide back into ! night & b>b>ism ( *aos1 or ( a rigid me*anism to :i* all developm5t1 all life1 all spiritual & e?ical tasks1 are b appe>ance2 or we %\ld h to treat ! idea ( developm5t s]i\sly & recognize a plan & a /riv+ t[>ds an end 9 ?is _w-process1 & %\ld !n f9d ourselves ref]r$ to a high] intellig5ce & a creative w z ! highe/ & la/ cause :i* appo9ts ! end & conditions ( ?is process4 ,?is w\ld be ! case /ill m1 z we actually #bgg see t at pres5t ! s+le be+s :i* /& on a l[] /age ( exi/5ce no long] produce be+s ( a high] /age1 al?\gh1 accord+ to t !ory ^: correctness we n[ assume hypo!tically1 ! elem5ts & factors = ! production ( ^? high] =ms ( exi/5ce are fully pres5t 9 ! l[] ones4 ,inorganic matt] no long] produces organisms2 ! l[] species ( plants or animals no long] develop high] ones2 ! animal no long] becomes man2 & yet !re 7 p]iods1 ly+ widely ap>t1 9 :i*1 accord+ to t !ory1 su* ?+s took place4 ,:at else set free ^? active causes1 at ! "r "t & 9 ! "r place8 ,:at else clos$ aga9 at ! precise place & mom5t ! valves ( ! proce$+ developm5t1 & br\ght to re/ aga9 ! incit+ =ce ( ! ris+ developm5t8--:at else b ! highe/ end-appo9t+ intellig5ce & omnipot5ce8 ,ev5 ! inh]5t qualities ( ! elem5ts1 & ! products ( all ! high] =ms ( exi/5ce :i* 9 ! future %all arise out ( !m1 ! :ole /riv+ t[>d an end ( ! processes 9 ! _w1 w\ld pres5t itself to u mu* m vividly ?an n[1 :]e we are /ill 9 ! d>k z to all ^! que/ions4 ,we %\ld see 9 atoms ! real inh]5t qualities ( all ?+s & processes :i* are to be develop$ out ( !m2 9 ! inorganic ! real inh]5t qualities = ! organic & liv+2 9 t :i* has no consci\sness & s5sation ! real inh]5t qualities = self-consci\sness4 ,in/ead ( be+ n[ oblig$ to recur to ! ideal & metaphysical1 we %\ld see ! ?reads ( ! _w's plan uncov]$ be=e u 9 empirical reality2 & f> f be>+ ) x an impov]i%m5t ( our #bgh consci\sness ( ,god1 all ?is w\ld br+ u only an imm5se enri*m5t ( its cont5ts2 = ) su* an enl>gem5t ( our k1 we %\ld only be p]mitt$ to take glances into ! way & mann] ( div9e creation & action--glances ( a dep? :i* at pres5t we are f> f be+ p]mitt$ to take4 ,ev5 v concrete p>ts ( a !i/ic view ( ! _w1 z !y pres5t !mselves to u--e4g41 9 ! ,holy ,scripture1 f its mo/ develop$ po9ts ( view--w\ld n[ f9d only ri*] illu/rations ?an h]et(ore4 ,/4 ,paul1 = in/ance1 9 ,rom4 viii1 speaks ( ! e>ne/ expectation ( ! creature t waite? = ! manife/ation ( ! sons ( ,god4 ,z to ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( nature1 ^? :o adopt ?is view are only entitl$ to see 9 ! s5sation ( pa9 ( ! animal _w a s5sation ( ?is long+1 unconsci\s ( ! end2 b z to all s\lless & lifeless be+s & elem5ts 9 ! _w1 !y c see 9 ^! words ( a sigh+ & long+ creation only a /rong figurative expression us$ because ( its suitabl5ess to d5ote suff]+ ( ! animal _w1 z well z ( m51--= ! de/9ation ( ! _w to ano!r & high] exi/5ce 9 :i* ! law ( p]i%abl5ess & suff]+ no long] gov]ns4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if1 z we assume hypo!tically1 all high] =ms ( exi/5ce 9 ! _w c\ld be expla9$ out ( ! prec$+ l[] ones1 & if ! be=e-m5tion$ !orem ( a s5sation ( atoms %\ld =m a ne$$ & correct l9k 9 t *a9 ( explanation1 ^? words ( sigh+ & long+ w\ld h to be lit]ally tak5 9 a /ill m compreh5sive s5se ?an n[ & 9 _! directly lit]al mean+ #bgi w\ld ref] n only to ! animal _w b inde$ to ev]y?+ 9 ! _w4 ,!re=e1 s long z attempts at expla9+ ! diff]5t =ms ( exi/5ce 9 ! _w :olly f "o ano!r keep )9 _! own limits1 & d n ( !mselves und]m9e !ism2 & s long z !re are m5 :o on ! "o h& favor su* a mode ( explanation & on ! o!r h& /ill adh]e firmly to a fai? 9 ,god1 :e!r x be ! deep] !ism or ! m %all[ & sup]ficial deism--s long religion has no reason = oppos+ ^? attempts at explanation4 ,& !re are su* m52 we ne$ only to m5tion ,huxley1 ^: position 9 ref]5ce to religion we h already discuss$2 or ,osk> ,pes*el1 :o1 9 8 ,vlk]kunde 7,e?nology71 says3 ,x is n q cle> h[ pi\s m9ds c be di/urb$ by ?is !ory2 = creation obta9s m dignity & importance if x has 9 itself ! p[] ( r5ewal & developm5t ( ! p]fect4 ,ev5 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ) 8 idea ( ! imp]ceptibility ( ! sup]-p]sonal1 ( ! f9al cause ( all ?+s1 is /ill a liv+ pro( ( ! fact t man c trace ! me*anism ( causality back to its la/ consequ5ces &1 z ,sp5c] does1 ev5 d]ive consci\sness & s5sation f t :i* is )\t s5sation1 & yet n necess>ily proce$ s f> z negation ( a liv+ ,god1 ev5 if he p]si/s 9 8 refusal to p]ceive 9 g5]al ! ultimate cause ( ?+s4 ,to meet ^? attempts1 religion w\ld h to take only two precaution>y measures on two closely relat$ po9ts2 & 9 do+ ?is x w\ld inde$ make use ( t be=e-m5tion$ "r to def5d fre$om ( #bhj inve/igation bo? 9 its own realm & 9 ! bord]-t]ritory4 ,"o precaution w\ld consi/ 9 ! requirem5t ( ! ackn[l$gm5t t ev5 9 t purely imman5t mode ( explanation ! idea ( value is fix$1 b t ! value ( ! new appe>s only :5 ! new itself really comes into exi/5ce2 t we !re=e d n call1 e4g41 ! inorganic liv+1 because accord+ to t mode ( explanation life develops itself out ( x2 & t we d n ascribe to ! animal ! value ( man1 because accord+ to t mode ( explanation x also includes ! causes ( ! developm5t ( man4 ,su* a discrim9ation ( ideas is inde$ a sci5tific po/ulate1 z we h _h occasion to %[ at _m po9ts ( our inve/igation2 & we also compli$ ) ?is requirem5t long ago 9 t realm ( k :i* is relat$ to ^! que/ions z to ! orig9 ( ?+s1 b is m accessible & op5 to u1 namely1 9 ! realm ( ! developm5t ( ! individual4 ,we h spok5 ( ?is at l5g? 9 #c4 ,b 9 ! int]e/ ( religion also we h to reque/ t ! diff]5ces ( value ( ?+s be reta9$1 ev5 :5 man ?9ks he is able to expla9 _! orig9 m]ely out ( "o ano!r4 ,= )\t ?is1 all ?+s w\ld f9ally m]ge simply into exi/5ces ( l value2 man w\ld /& 9 no o!r relation to ,god ?an w\ld any o!r creature1 irrational or lifeless2 & ! qu9tess5ce ( religi\s life--! relation ( mutual p]sonal love betwe5 ,god & man1 ! c]ta9ty ( be+ a *ild ( ,god--w\ld be illusory :5 !re %\ld no long] be a diff]5ce ( value betwe5 man & animal1 animal & plant1 plant & /one4 #bha ,_m a read] ?9ks1 p]haps1 t ) ?is precaution we make a re/riction :i* is :olly a matt] ( c\rse1 & t nobody w\ld ?9k ( d5y+ ^! diff]5ces ( value4 ,hckel1 9 8 ,an?ropog5y1 repeat$ly reproa*es man ) ! arrogant an?ropoc5tric imag9ation :i* leads him to look ^u himself z ! aim ( e>?ly life & ! c5tre ( e>?ly nature2 ?is1 he says1 is no?+ b vanity & haught9ess4 ,sev]al writ]s 9 ! ,ausl& fai?fully second him 9 ?is debasem5t ( ! value ( man4 ,its editor 7,ausl&1 #ahgd1 ,no4 #dh1 p4 #ieg71 = in/ance1 reproa*es ,ludwig ,noir1 al?\gh he o!rwise sympa?izes ) him1 t 9 8 book ,die ,welt als ,entwicklung des ,gei/es 7,! ,_w z ,developm5t ( ,m9d71 ,leipzig1 ,veit ,co41 #ahgd1 he /ill takes ?is an?ropoc5tric /&po9t & c say3 ,! an?ropoc5tric view recognizes 9 man's m9d ! highe/ bloom ( matt]1 :i* has atta9$ to ! possession ( a s\l4 ,?is1 ,hckel says1 is no?+ else b ! =m] conception1 n yet ov]come1 t man is ! cr[n ( creation4 ,?is pleasure 9 debas+ ! value ( man is also a *>act]i/ic sign ( ! times4 ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba] is "r1 :51 9 8 ,/udies 7page #dfc71 he says3 ,9 our days1 m5 l to ridicule z arrogant ! look+ ^u man z ! end ( ! hi/ory ( e>?4 ,b x is c]ta9ly n man's m]it t he has ! mo/ highly develop$ organic =m4 ,he also mu/ n ov]look ! fact t ) ?is 8 task ( develop+ m & m 8 spiritual gifts has only begun4444 ,is x n m wor?y ( man to ?9k highly ( himself & 8 de/9ation1 ?an1 fix+ 8 att5tion only ^u ! l[1 to #bhb ackn[l$ge only ! animalic basis 9 himself8 ,i am sorry to say t ! new doctr9e is v mu* ta9t$ 9 ?is direction ( /riv+ aft] ! l[4 ,i %\ld r pref] to be haughty ?an base1 & ,i well recollect ! expression ( ,kant1 ',man _c ?9k highly en\gh ( man4' ,by ?is expression ! pr(\nd ?9k] especially meant t mank9d has to set itself great tasks4 ,b ! mod]n views are m a palliation ( all animal emotions 9 man4 ,! o!r precaution>y measure ref]r$ to w\ld be1 t ! realm ( m9d1 & especially ! e?ical realm1 is n dissolv$ into a natural me*anism4 ,?is precaution is also connect$ ) ! fir/ "o1 ! latt] be+ its condition2 = only :]e x is ackn[l$g$ t causes1 s long z !y are /ill lat5t1 d n fall "u ! same category ( value z _! effects1 :5 ^! are once realiz$1 x c also be ackn[l$g$ t ! realm ( m9d & morality1 al?\gh x has gr[n out ( ! gr\nd ( ! me*anism ( nature1 c /ill h br\ght some?+ new & high] into ! _w4 ,besides1 ?is precaution is also a po/ulate ( an?ropologic sci5ce4 ,= spiritual & e?ical facts h at lea/ ! same tru? & reality z ! mat]ial1 & a /ill high] value1 & c !re=e n p]mit any injury to _! full recognition4 ,b religion also mu/ require ?is ackn[l$gm5t4 ,= if ! specific activity ( m9d 9 man is endang]$1 we also lose 8 specific value1 & ?us get into ! be=e-m5tion$ dilemma2 & if ! moral responsibility ( man is endang]$1 ! relation ( man to ,god loses its e?ical "*4 ,( ! consequ5ces 9 ref]5ce to morality1 we %all h to speak h]eaft]4 #bhc ,moreov]1 religion does n require ?is ackn[l$gm5t )\t a ri* comp5sation4 ,= if t naturo-philosophic mode ( explanation1 ^: correctness we hypo!tically assume 9 ?is pres5t section1 prove to be "r1 & if ! high] :i* comes anew into exi/5ce 9 ! _w1 is to h ! full cause ( its orig9 9 ! prec$+ l[]1 su* an admission1 9 accordance ) ! laws ( logic1 by :i* causa quat effectum1 is only possible :5 we ei!r simil>ly1 z above1 invalidate all diff]5ce betwe5 high] & l[]1 all diff]5ce ( value ( creatures1 & conte/ ! possibility t t :i* appe>s anew c also foll[ new laws ( exi/5ce & activity2 or :51 9 ! highe/ cause ( all f9al causes 9 ! _w1 we see ! full abundance ( all ^? possibilities pres5t z real cause1 :i* aft]w>ds appe> 9 succession 9 ! _w4 ,?is highe/ cause1 !n1 lodges 9 mat]ial ?+s ! f9al causes ( all :i* is to come1 z /ill lat5t causes1 wait+ to be set free2 & su* a highe/ cause z ! fullness ( all t :i* is successively to be develop$ 9 ! _w1 is (f]$ to sci5ce by religion itself 9 ! idea ( a liv+ ,god4 ,we say expressly1 t religion (f]s ?is idea to sci5ce1 & n t sci5ce creates ?is idea2 = ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god1 z we h be=e _h occasion to po9t out1 is 9 ! la/ in/ance n a result ( sci5ce1 b an e?ical action ( m9d1--al?\gh f ?is ackn[l$gm5t ! brighte/ light falls ^u sci5ce & ! :ole s]ies ( its conclusions1 & al?\gh sci5ce owes to precisely ?is idea ( ,god ! highe/ po9ts ( view to :i* x sees itself l$ & f :i* alone x is able to survey its entire realm4 #bhd #f4 ,elim9ation ( ! ,idea ( ,design or its ,ackn[l$gm5t & ,!ism4 ,9 ! :ole prec$+ c\rse ( our inve/igation z to ! position ( religion & !ism reg>d+ ! diff]5t sci5tific & naturo-philosophic !ories1 !ism c\ld quietly keep ! position ( a fri5dly & peaceful spectator4 ,! degrees ( our sympa?y ) ! !ories :i* h successively pass$ be=e our eyes1 7 on sci5tific gr\nds v unequal2 b on religi\s gr\nds1 & 9 ! int]e/ ( a !i/ic view ( ! _w1 we f\nd ourselves n[h]e induc$ to take sides = or aga9/ a !ory4 ,b ! position ( religion & !ism becomes q diff]5t 9 ref]5ce to ! ass]tion t ! exi/5ce ( ends & designs 9 nature is refut$ by ! evolution !ory or by any o!r hypo!tical or real results ( sci5ce4 ,) ?is ass]tion1 ! exi/5ce ( a liv+ & p]sonal ,god1 ( a ,creator & ,"l ( ! _w1 is d5i$2 & e religion :i* claims objective tru? = its basis is elim9at$4 ,x is true1 man c "u ?is supposition /ill speak ( a religion 9 ! s5se ( subjective religi\sness2 b ! life-n]ve is also cut (f f ?is subjective religi\sness4 ,we h repeat$ly _h occasion to prove ?is 9 our hi/orical review1 & also 9 ! section 9 :i* we po9t$ out ! plan ( our own analysis4 ,b /ill1 :]e we h _h to repres5t ?is anti-teleological view ( ! _w1 we h happily conv9c$ ourselves ( ! fact t an exi/5ce ( ends & designs 9 nature is n only reconcilable ) ! con=mity to law & ! causal me*anism ( its processes1 b is #bhe also po/ulat$ by sci5tific contemplation ( nature1 z soon z ! latt] obs]ves t 9 ^! processes1 act+ ) lawful necessity1 some?+ 9 g5]al is atta9$1 &1 moreov]1 :5 out ( !m comes =? some?+ s inf9itely ri* & beautifully arrang$1 su* a ris+ s]ies ( high] & high] developm5ts1 z ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 combatt+ ! /riv+ t[>ds an end 9 nature leads to su* sci5tific mon/rosities1 de/roys s ?or\ghly ! idea ( ,god & also all ideas ( value 9 ! _w1 ev5 all spiritual & e?ical acquisitions ( mank9d1 t we c expla9 ! orig9 ( su* a doctr9e only by ! det]m9$ purpose ( gett+ rid1 at any co/1 ( ! dep5d5ce on a liv+ ,god3 aga9 a pro( ( ! fact t fai?1 or want ( fai?1 9 its f9al causes1 is n ! product ( reflect+ intellig5ce1 b an e?ical action ( t c5tre ( human p]sonality f :i* ! spiritual process ( life 9 ! individual comes =?--an e?ical action ( m9d4 ,h]e) ! position ( !ism 9 ref]5ce to ! elim9ation ( ! idea ( design is also soon *>act]iz$3 x is ! position ( irreconcilable antagonism4 ,9 reject+ ! position ( its oppon5t1 !ism p]ceives t x is 9 h>mony n only ) e correctly und]/ood religi\s ne$1 b equally s ) e sci5tific int]e/--) ! int]e/ ( a correct k ( nature1 z well z ) ! int]e/ ( ^? sci5ces :i* h to take c>e ( & try to und]/& ! spiritual & e?ical end[m5ts ( mank9d4 ,if we n[ turn our att5tion to ! position ( !ism 9 ref]5ce to ! idea ( design 9 g5]al1 !ism on its "p also gives an equally firm support to t intimate connection1 prov5 by natural sci5ce1 betwe5 causality #bhf & /riv+ t[>d an end--betwe5 actiology & teleology1 z !y are call$ 9 ! language ( ! philosophical s*ool4 ,:ile a contemplation ( nature p]ceives 9 nature a me*anism gov]n$ by laws & necessities1 x f9ds results rea*$ ?r\gh ?is *a9 ( causality 9 :i* x mu/ ackn[l$ge ends t[>d :i* ! prec$+ has /riv54 ,n[1 !ism1 on its "p1 proce$s f ! highe/ end-appo9t+ cause ( ?+s & processes1 & f9ds t ! rea*+ ( ^! ends po/ulates a me*anism ( natural con=mity to law4 ,9 ord] to prove ?is1 we c]ta9ly mu/ take a c\rse :i* is prohibit$ by _m z an?ropomorphism1 i4e41 we mu/ try to /udy ! connection ( ends & designs1 & ! possibility ( su* a connection :]e we are able to obs]ve 9 g5]al n only ! accompli%m5t ( purposes1 b also ! =m+ ( purposes2 & ! only realm ( ?is k9d :i* we "k (1 is ! realm ( human action4 ,he :o1 m]ely ?r\gh fe> ( an?ropomorphism1 %r9ks f ?is only possible comp>ison1 may consid] t = ^? :o assume a highe/ end-appo9t+ cause 7& we1 too1 proce$ f ?is /&po9t7 man also1 :o =ms 8 designs & /rives t[>d 8 ends1 is a product ( t highe/ end-appo9t+ cause2 & t1 !re=e1 9 ! human /riv+ t[>d an end1 a c]ta9 analogue ( ! div9e /riv+ t[>d an end mu/ occur4 ,we are1 inde$1 n oblig$ on ?is acc\nt to id5tify ! two1 & to close our eyes aga9/ ! imm5se diff]5ces :i* exi/ betwe5 !m1 & :i*1 :olly ( !mselves1 intrude ^u our obs]vation4 ,:at we mean by t analogy may ?us be /at$4 ,man =ms = himself designs & ends1 & pursues #bhg & rea*es !m by us+ ! objects & =ces ( nature z means4 ,he c d ?is only because ! =ces 9 nature act f necessity1 /rictly con=mable to law4 ,because1 & s f> z man kn[s ! action ( =ces1 con=mable to law1 & ! inviolable necessity ( ! connection betwe5 c]ta9 causes & _! effects1 he c select & make use ( su* causes z means1 by virtue ( :i* he rea*es ^? effects z designs int5d$ by him4 ,if he c\ld n dep5d on ?is con=mity to law1 on ?is causal connection tak+ place accord+ to simple necessities1 he c\ld n select1 make1 & use1 ) c]ta9ty1 any tool1 f ! club ) :i* he def5ds himself aga9/ 8 enemies or cracks ! %ells ( fruit1 up to ! f9e/ in/rum5ts ( optics & *emi/ry1 & ev5 to ! telegraph & /eam eng9e4 ,! con=mity to law1 ) :i* ! =ces ( nature act1 f> f be+ an imp$im5t to 8 appo9t+ & rea*+ 8 ends is mu* m ! indisp5sable means by :i* he is enabl$ 9 g5]al to rea* !m4 ,n[1 if we ?us f9d1 9 ! only action /riv+ t[>ds an end :i* we are able to obs]ve to ! ext5t ( ! appo9t+ ( ends & ! selection ( means--namely1 man's end appo9t+ action--su* a /rong dep5d5ce ( f9ality on causality t ! rea*+ ( ends is n possible at all unless ! means act ( necessity con=mably to law1 !n we are c]ta9ly oblig$ to draw ! conclusion t ! highe/ au?or ( ?+s has prep>$ ! _w s1 t ! rea*+ ( ends requires ! action ( means1 & t ! category ( f9ality & ! category ( causality are mutually prep>$ = ea* o!r4 ,=1 accord+ to ! !i/ic & teleological view ( ! _w1 ! #bhh laws ( nature1 act+ ) causality & necessity1 are c]ta9ly n laws :i* ! ,creator f\nd 9 "s way1 & ) :i* he _h to calculate z ) factors giv5 to him f some:]e else1 9 ord] to make use ( !m1 s f> z he 0 p]mitt$1 = ! accompli%m5t ( 8 designs--?is w\ld be ! way & mann] ( human teleological action1 & transf]r+ x to div9e action w\ld be an an?ropomorphism :i* we %\ld h to reject4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^! laws !mselves are ! "w ( ! teleologically act+ ,creator--he1 inde$1 w h giv5 to !m su* a quality t ) !m he is able to rea* 8 ends z a :ole & 9 detail4 ,! inviolability ( ! laws ( nature also results f ?is idea4 ,= means :i* w\ld h to be supplem5t$1 sometimes set aside1 occasionally replac$ by o!rs1 w\ld be less p]fect ?an su* means z by virtue ( _! quality are able ) c]ta9ty to s]ve ! designs :i* are to be rea*$ by !m4 ,h[ !ism c reconcile ) ?is view ! indisp5sable idea ( div9e fre$om1 we %all h occasion to %[ 9 ,*ap4 ,,ii1 #d4 ,among ! writ]s :o def5d teleology1 we c m5tion two :o1 />t+ f ! analogy ( human teleological action1 h po9t$ out ! idea t teleology itself requires a necessity1 con=mable to law1 9 ! activity ( ! =ces ( nature4 ,"o ( ! two is ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba]1 9 8 (t-quot$ essays on /riv+ t[>ds end2 & ! o!r is ! ,duke ( ,argyll4 ,at a "t :5 ! assault aga9/ teleology _h j begun1 ?is noble au?or p]ceiv$ ! :ole importance & weight ( ^! attacks1 & mo/ en]getically def5d$ teleology4 ,! expression ( ! j-m5tion$ ideas1 #bhi among o!rs1 =ms "o ( ! fundam5tals ( 8 "w1 ,! ,reign ( ,law 7,london1 ,/rahan ,co41 fir/ edition publi%$ 9 #ahff1 & s9ce !n 9 frequ5tly repeat$ editions72 a "w :i* is well fitt$ to in/ruct u1 9 ! mo/ int]e/+ mann]1 reg>d+ ! pres5t /ate ( ! relat$ que/ions z !y are treat$ ( 9 ,great ,brita94 99 99 99 99 99 #bij ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories ,,& ,,positive ,,*ri/ianity4 #a4 ,! ,creation ( ! ,_w4 ,n[ t we h come to a cle> und]/&+ ( ! position ( ! ,d>w9ian !ories 9 ref]5ce to ! basis ( all religion & ( all liv+ religi\sness1 to !ism 9 g5]al1 x rema9s to be se5 :at position ^? ( ! !ories :i* are reconcilable ) !ism take 9 ref]5ce to ! positive ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w4 ,we naturally omit all ^? objects & p>ts ( ,*ri/ian dogmatics :i* h no po9ts ( contact1 or are v indirectly connect$ ) ! ,d>w9ian ideas1 or :i*--z1 e4g41 _! position 9 ref]5ce to ! idea ( ,god 9 g5]al--h f\nd _! pr9cipal illu/ration 9 our inve/igation j f9i%$4 ,we %all nev]!less h n[ to take into consid]ation once m1 al?\gh f ano!r side1 "s objects :i* we h discuss$ 9 treat+ ( ! relation ( ! ,d>w9ian ideas to !ism1 on acc\nt ( ! specific "p :i* !ism has 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ^? ,*ri/ian facts :i* belong to ! fir/ article ( ! ,apo/olic ,cre$1 & imm$iately also ) ! doctr9e ( ! creation ( ! _w4 #bia ,at fir/ sight x seems t ! evolution !ory & ,*ri/ianity are 9 no o!r place m %>ply oppos$ to ea* o!r ?an 9 t ( ! hi/ory ( creation4 ,d>w9ism claims = its !ory imm5se p]iods ( "t2 & geology seems to furni% !m accord+ to its dem&4 ,! ,holy ,scripture1 on ! o!r h&1 tea*es a creation ( ! _w 9 six days4 ,) ! attempt to f9d ! "r way to end ?is conflict1 we ent] ^u t "p ( ! bord]-l& betwe5 !ology & natural sci5ce1 :i*1 among all o!rs1 is mo/ conte/$1 & :i* has (f]$ to ! mo/ luxuriant fancy ! wide/ field ( action & ! "o mo/ pr(itably tak5 advantage (4 ,we confess at ! outset t we sympa?ize ) ^? :o try to keep ! peculi> realms ( religion & natural sci5ce ap>t 9 su* a way t a collision betwe5 ! two is impossible4 ,we quietly leave ! inve/igation ( ! temporal succession 9 creation--especially ! inve/igation ( all t belongs 9 ! f9ite causal connection ( natural processes--to natural sci5ce2 we also d n look to ! s\rce ( our ,*ri/ian religion1 to ! ,holy ,scripture1 = a sci5tific manual1 lea/ ( all = ! communication ( a k ( nature1 sup]naturally manife/$ & claim+ div9e au?ority1 ! acquisition ( :i* is especially ! task ( sci5tific labor4 ,b we be/[ j z decid$ly ^u religion ! specific task ( %[+ man ! way to communion ) ,god1 especially ! way ( salvation2 a task 9 :i* x c z little p]mit itself to be h9d]$ by natural sci5ce1 z ! latt] 9 ! pursuit ( its peculi> tasks c all[ an objection f any s\rce4 ,on ! side ( religion1 ! bond ( unity :i* br+s #bib into h>mony ! two activities ( ! human m9d--! religi\s & ! inve/igat+--9 ! realm ( nature1 &1 9 g5]al1 9 ! :ole realm ( exact sci5ce1 consi/s 9 ! fact t 9 all :i* exact sci5ce (f]s to religion z ! result ( its inve/igation1 ! latt] p]ceives & %[s ! works & ways ( ,god2 & on ! side ( ! exact sci5ces1 ! bond consi/s 9 ! fact t !y br+ )9 ! rea* ( _! sci5tific1 hi/orical1 lit]>y1 culturo-hi/orical1 & exegetical inve/igations all t :i* 9 ! religi\s realm appe>s1 or 9 ! writt5 ^w is fix$1 z hi/orical fact4 ,religion1 !re=e1 conc$es to exact sci5ces ! full "r ( exam9+ ! biblical records z to all ! relations ( _! hi/orical & lit]>y connections2 x ev5 makes ^! inve/igations a q ess5tial &1 at pres5t1 v mu* favor$ bran* ( its own sci5ce ( !ology4 ,on ! o!r h&1 religion res]ves j z decid$ly to itself ! full "r ( draw+ f !m1 ( ma9ta9+1 & ( realiz+1 ! :ole full religi\s basis & significance ( ^? records4 ,we "k v well t su* a proposition is v simple 9 pr9ciple1 b mu* m difficult 9 practice4 ,= ! qu9tess5ce ( t :i* con/itutes ! basis ( ! ,*ri/ian religion--namely1 ! lead+ back ( mank9d to communion ) ,god by means ( salvation--is n only a philosopheme1 a !oretical or my/ic doctr9e1 b a fact3 x comes into ! _w z a s]ies ( div9e facts2 x is int]wov5 by innum]able ?reads into creation & ! c\rse ( nature & hi/ory2 &1 z to ?is :ole aspect ( its appe>ance 9 ! _w ( ph5om5a1 x falls "u ! cognition ( ! exact sci5ces4 ,b z soon z any giv5 fact excites ! #bic int]e/ ( religion z well z t ( exact sci5ce1 collisions are possible f bo? sides4 ,"s advocates ( religion1 ?r\gh mi/ak5 zeal = religi\s int]e/s1 may ?9k x necess>y to ass]t & to repres5t z indisp5sable to religion facts ^: cognition z to reality belongs only to exact sci5ce & :i* are conte/$ by exact sci5ce2 z1 e4g41 ! creation ( ! _w 9 six lit]al days1 or ! creation ( ! s+le elem5ts ( ! _w )\t ! action ( second>y causes4 ,& "s advocates ( exact sci5ce1 f reasons ( a sup]ficial analogy1 may errone\sly ?9k x necess>y to dispute ! reality ( facts1 o!rwise well atte/$1 b want+ analogy1 9 :i* religion has a c5tral int]e/2 z1 e4g41 ! reality ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 or ! reality ( 8 miracles4 ,or !y may unju/ifiably try1 f our exp]i5ces 9 ?is _w1 to =bid glances :i* religion p]mits u to ?r[ beyond ! pres5t c\rse ( ! _w2 e4g41 ! es*atological hope ( ,*ri/ians is (t5 en\gh conte/$1 or z ! laws ( nature are call$ et]nal 9 ! absolute s5se ( ! ^w1 al?\gh natural sci5ce is only l$ to a recognition ( ! duration ( ! same1 :i* is congru5t ) ! circum/ances & duration ( ?is pres5t c\rse ( ! _w4 ,we are p]fectly aw>e ( all ^! possibilities ( a collision1 & ( all ! difficulties ( _! prev5tion & reconciliation2 b we nev]!less "k ( no o!r way = _! avoidance ?an t simple pr9ciple ( agreem5t :i*1 on acc\nt ( its simplicity & cle>ness1 seems to u to be p]fectly able to ma9ta9 ! peace betwe5 ! two p>ties int]e/$1 or :]e x is di/urb$1 to re/ore x4 #bid ,?us1 we :olly agree t 9 ! "q ( creation ! inve/igation ( ! succession & ( all modalities 9 ! appe>ance ( ! s+le elem5ts ( ! _w1 is entirely left to natural sci5ce1 & t ! biblical records %\ld on ! "o h& be inve/igat$ :olly1 & ev5 to _! remote/ consequ5ces1 f a lit]>y1 hi/orical1 & exegetical po9t ( view1 & on ! o!r h& be te/$ ) equal fullness & complet5ess z to _! religi\s cont5ts4 ,! lit]>y & exegetical exam9ation ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( creation w reveal t its conceptions ( t :i* 9 ! creation ( ! _w belongs entirely to ! natural process1 d n g beyond t :i* o!rwise belongs to ! sph]e ( k & views ( antiquity1 z well z ( imm$iate p]ception ( nature 9 g5]al2 & t we _c expect any sci5tific explanation f x1 because man really came la/ on ! /age ( e>?1 & is !re=e n able to say any?+1 f\nd$ ^u autopsy1 ab\t ! orig9 ( all ! o!r creatures :i* prec$$ 8 appe>ance4 ,j z little c\ld ! fir/ m5 possess & deliv] to _! (fspr+ a remembrance ( ! fir/ beg9n+s ( _! own exi/5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! lit]>y & exegetical int]pretation ( ! ,bible w also ref] to o!r passages ( ! ,holy ,scripture :i* entirely diff] f ! succession ( creations1 z !y are relat$ 9 ,g5esis ,i2 s1 e4g41 besides ,job ,,xxxviii1 #d-aa1 ! second acc\nt ( creation 9 ,g5esis ,,ii1 #d-be3 aga9 a pro( t :at we read 9 ! ,biblical record ( creation ab\t ! succession 9 ! appe>ance ( creatures is n b9d+ ^u u4 ,religion c h no?+ to say aga9/ ^! results2 x w n reject ! in=mation ( man z to ! #bie succession & ! modalities 9 ! appe>ance ( ! s+le elem5ts ( ! _w1 :i* x receives f natural sci5ce1 & w n expect x by means ( a special sup]natural manife/ation2 x w will+ly accept x f natural sci5ce1 & simply make use ( x 9 su* a way t 9 nature & its processes x also p]ceives a manife/ation ( ,god4 ,n[1 :5 x exam9es ! diff]5t ,biblical acc\nts ( creation z to _! religi\s sub/ance1 x w f9d 9 !m su* a pure & correct idea ( div9e nature & div9e action--su* a pure conception1 equally satisfy+ to m9d & to sci5ce1 ( ! nature ( man1 ( 8 position 9 nature1 ( ! nature & de/9ation ( ! two sexes1 ( ! e?ical nature & ! e?ical primitive hi/ory ( man1--x w especially h to ackn[l$ge 9 ! ,biblical acc\nt ( creation1 9 spite ( all po9ts ( collision ) ! cosmogonies ( paganism1 su* an elevation above !m1 su* an exemption f all !ogony1 ) :i* hea!n cosmogonies are always mix$ up1 t we are p]fectly "r 9 p]ceiv+ 9 ^! records ! full & unmi/akable elem5ts ( a pure & g5u9e /ream ( manife/ation1 :i* p\rs into mank9d4 ,s f> we f9d ourselves 9 full h>mony ) a !ology :i*1 9 ! mann] indicat$1 reconciles ! religi\s int]e/ ) ! hi/orical & critical int]e/4 ,we f9d ! po9ts ( view to :i* ?is p]ception leads1 repres5t$ ) special cle>ness & attractiv5ess 9 ,dillmann's ,revision ( ,knobel's ,comm5t> zur ,g5esis 7,comm5t>y on ,g5esis71 ,leipzig1 ,hirzel1 #ahge4 ,b x seems to u t a read9ess to be j to hi/orical criticism & imp>tial exegesis has h9d]$ #bif !ologians occupy+ ?is /&po9t f be+ j also to ! religi\s elem5t1 9 its full mean+1 9 ref]5ce to a v important "p ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( creation1 9 :i* ! au?or ( x %[s q a decid$ religi\s int]e/4 ,we mean ! six days ( creation1 toge!r ) ! sev5? day1 ! div9e ,sabba?4 ,!ologians became too quickly satisfi$ ) ! exegetical p]ception ( ^! sev5 days1 z creative1 e>?ly days1 ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 & ?is h9d]$ !m f assign+ to ! religi\s mean+ ! full importance :i* ^! days h 9 t record4 ,t ! idea & ! numb] ( ! days 9 t acc\nt h a high religi\s mean+ to ! au?or1 is cle> f ! foll[+3 ,! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis ,i1 #a-bd1 belongs to t s]ies ( p>ts ( ! ,p5tateu* :i* we call ! orig9al1 & :i* has ! ,s9aitical ,law z ! c5tre ( its belief4 ,! division ( ! days into weeks1 ea* hav+ six work+ days & "o day ( re/1 :i* possibly exi/$ be=e1 b :i* receiv$ obligatory importance to ,israel fir/ by ! ,s9aitical legislation1 s f> controls t acc\nt ( ! creation ( ! _w t1 next to ! sublime p]ception ( ! dignity & position ( man1 x =ms its v qu9tess5ce4 ,! acc\nt makes t div9e week ( creation1 ) its six work+ days & its div9e day ( re/1 ! div9e prototype & model = ! human division ( "t2 & ! ,decalogue also1 9 ! conception :i* x has 9 ,exodus ,,xx1 directly bases ! comm&m5t ( ! ,sabba? on ! div9e week ( creation4 ,n[1 if we suppose t ! au?or took ^! days z e>?ly days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 we are fir/ ( all oblig$ to reject z a *ild-l error ! idea on :i* f religi\s #big reasons--n f reasons ( a my/ical idea ( ,god1 b f direct practical religi\s reasons--he puts great importance2 an idea ) :i* he e/abli%es an in/itution ( human life :i* has be5 pres]v$ ?r\gh _m ?\s&s ( ye>s & is /ill pres]v$ z ! exce$+ly blissful basis ( all social life4 ,= t ! creation ( ! _w1 f ! beg9n+ ( ?+s up to ! appe>ance ( man1 dem&$ m ?an six times tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 is beyond any d\bt4 ,moreov]1 we %\ld be oblig$ to reject ! argum5ts ( su* a c5tral religi\s cu/om z ,sabba?-re/ 9 a record 9 :i* we h to assign an absolute & la/+ religi\s value to all o!r religi\s elem5ts ( x1 z to ! ideas ( ! unity1 omnipot5ce1 & wisdom ( ,god1 ( 8 creation ?r\gh ! creative ^w1 ( ! p]fection ( 8 works1 ( man be>+ ! image ( ,god4 ,we %\ld ev5 see t idea ( ,god :i* pres5ts itself to u out ( all o!r *>act]i/ics ( t record 9 su* spotless purity & sublime magnitude1 s9k d[n to a decid$ insignificance ?r\gh ! id5tification ( ! div9e days ( creation ) our e>?ly days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,all ?is c]ta9ly br+s ne> to u ! "q3 d we make a correct exegesis1 d we correctly read t record1 :5 we ?9k t ! au?or1 because he speaks ( days1 mu/ necess>ily h und]/ood e>?ly days1 su* z we "k n[8 ,we readily p]ceive h[ int]pret]s h arriv$ at ?is view4 ,! div9e sections ( creation 9 ! ,mosaic acc\nt %[ !mselves too decid$ly z days to make possible any o!r int]pretation ?an to take !m z days4 ,n[ f exp]i5ce we d n "k ( any o!r days ?an ( e>?ly days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 #bih & !re=e ! conclusion naturally foll[s1 t ! au?or also took ! div9e days ( creation z su* e>?ly days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,a simple ref]5ce ( ! same to p]iods1 s t we %\ld aga9 ?9k ( fix$ p]iods ( ! e>? or ( ! _w1 w\ld especially p]v]t ! lit]al s5se--w\ld entirely remove f ! acc\nt ! idea ( day :i* is s ess5tial to ! au?or ( ! record1 & !reby r5d] obscure ! ar*etype ( ! div9e week ( creation = ! human divisions ( "t2 & ! look$-= h>mony betwe5 ! ,biblical days & ! geological p]iods ( ! e>? w\ld by no means be e/abli%$ by su* an id5tification ( ! days ( creation ) ! p]iods ( ! _w3 = ! geological or ev5 ! cosmic & a/ronomical p]iods are n[h]e 9 congruity ) ! ,biblical days ( creation4 ,b ! "q1 h[ev]1 is3 are !re n evid5ces 9 ! ,biblical acc\nt itself :i* %[ t ! au?or did n take ^! days z creative e>?ly days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs8 ,we h to answ] ?is "q decid$ly 9 ! affirmative4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is an e/abli%$ fact t ^! days ( ! week ( creation 7 also1 accord+ to ! mean+ ( ! au?or1 days ( ,god4 ,n[ t su* days ( ,god1 ev5 ) ! mo/ *ildi% & simple worldly k ( t e>ly p]iod ( mank9d1 s soon z su* a pure idea ( ,god1 z appe>s f ! :ole acc\nt1 is at ! bottom ( ! conception1 c no long] be id5tical ) ! days ( ! creature1 is to be inf]r$ be=eh& ) ! greate/ probability f ! purity ( t idea ( ,god1 & is ev5 expressly #bii confirm$ by special evid5ces 9 ! record itself4 ,we h to m5tion no less ?an f\r ( !m4 ,! days ( creation pres5t !mselves z days ( ,god1 :i* z su* diff] f ! creative days ( e>? by ! fact t ) !m ! day & ! "w ( ! day are absolutely id5tical4 ,9 ! creative days1 ! day & ! "w ( ! day are always diff]5t f "o ano!r2 ! days come & g z temporal frames :i* include ev]y?+ t happ5s dur+ ^! days1 :e!r we "k x or n4 ,n[ we may turn our att5tion to & m5tion ev] s _m works ( an e>?ly day3 !re always happ5 innum]able o!r ?+s :i* also belong )9 ! frame ( t day & :i* are only n obs]v$ by u4 ,x is q ano!r ?+ ) ^? ,biblical days ( creation3 "h ! day beg9s ) ! beg9n+ ( ! day's "w2 x exi/s & passes on s+le & alone 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w ( ! day1 & x comes to an end :5 ! day's "w is complet$1 & ! "w ( ! foll[+ day beg9s3 x comes to an end ) ev5+ & morn+4 ,we also lay "s /ress1 ?\gh n v mu*1 ^u ! fact t1 9 ! acc\nt1 t :i* makes & regulates ! e>?ly day is creat$ n be=e ! f\r? day ( creation1 ,g5esis ,i1 #ad3 ,& ,god said1 ,let !re be lights 9 ! firmam5t ( ! heav5 to divide ! day f ! night2 & let !m be = signs & = seasons1 & = days & ye>s4 ,we admit t if we 7 oblig$ = o!r reasons to suppose t ! au?or ( ! acc\nt took ! days ( creation z common e>?ly days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 we mu/ & %\ld f9d x possible t ! au?or _h be5 able to #cjj suppose ! exi/5ce & ! c\rse ( su* e>?ly days ev5 be=e ! creation ( sun1 moon1 & />s2 = he c]ta9ly c\ld n yet h ! sci5tific p]ception t ! sun ) its light & ! rotation ( ! e>? 7 ! only cause ( an e>?ly day4 ,b x is easi] & m natural = u to br+ t passage1 ,g5esis ,i1 #ad1 into accord ) ! conception t ! days ( creation are div9e days :i*1 z su*1 are diff]5t f creative days1 & on "o ( :i* ,god also creat$ t :i* orig9ates creative days4 ,ano!r evid5ce 9 ! acc\nt is ( /ill great] importance = our conception ( days4 ,^! days ( creation 9 ! ,biblical record h no night4 ,! acc\nt closes ! "w ( ea* day ) ! words3 ,& ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! fir/ day1 ! second day1 etc4 ,n[1 if we h to suppose t ! au?or took ^! days z common e>?ly days1 x w\ld be q impossible to und]/& :y1 aft] hav+ m5tion$ at ! close ( ! day's "w t x n[ became ev5+1 he omits ! long night ( twelve h\rs1 &1 al?\gh n hav+ said any?+ ( ! night1 makes ! morn+ :i* foll[s ! latt]1 ! end ( ! prec$+ day2 & :y he does n say1 & x became ev5+ & x became night1 ! fir/ day1 etc4 ,we !n c\ld n avoid ! "q3 :at1 accord+ to ! conception ( ! au?or1 did ,god d 9 ^! six nights ( 8 week ( creation8 ,b if we suppose t ! au?or took ! days z days ( ,god1 & !re=e1 9 8 conception ( ! days ( creation1 elevat$ ! same above ! common e>?ly days ( ! creature1 & s repres5t$ !m to himself z he alone1 ?r\gh 8 idea ( ,god1 ?\ght he might #cja v5ture to d1 !n t mode ( expression1 s exce$+ly /range "u all o!r suppositions1 appe>s v simple & natural to u4 ,= ! au?or did n m5tion a night1 because ^! days simply _h no night2 & !y _h none1 because z days ( ,god !y c\ld h none--because ) ,god !re is no night2 because ! re/ ( ,god1 z ! sev5? day %[s1 is only a day ( re/ & n a night ( re/4 ,& ! au?or saw ! morn+ imm$iately foll[+ ! ev5+ ( 8 div9e day ( creation1 & recogniz$ 9 ?is morn+ toge!r ) ! ev5+ imm$iately prec$+ x1 ! close ( ! day1 because ! accompli%m5t ( ! day's "w 7ev5+7 already conta9$ 9 itself ! prep>ation ( ! foll[+ day's "w1 or at lea/ po9t$ to ! com+ ( ! latt]4 ,f9ally1 ! fact t1 accord+ to ! ,biblical acc\nt1 ! sev5? day /ill has no end1 is j z decisive = u4 ,! end ( ea* ( ! six days is m5tion$ by ! solemn repetition ( ! words3 ,& ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! fir/ day1 etc42 b x is n m5tion$ 9 reg>d to ! sev5? day4 ,n[ if1 accord+ to ! mean+ ( ! au?or1 ! sev5? day _h also _h its end l any ( ! six prec$+ days1 he w\ld at ! sev5? & la/ day h _h d\ble reason = m5tion+ its end2 & ! omission ( t conclud+ ^w w\ld inde$ be inconceivable4 ,:5 ,dillman says3 ,! =mula '& 7x became7 ! ev5+' is want+1 because ! acc\nt is "h at an end1 & is no long] to be c>ri$ ov] to ano!r day1 & because = t reason its designation z sev5? day is presuppos$ 9 v4 #b1 we h to reply t1 "u ! supposition ( ! days ( creation hav+ #cjb be5 common e>?ly days1 a c>ry+ ov] ( ! acc\nt to fur!r days 0 c]ta9ly to be expect$1 ev5 if f no?+ else ?an ! =mula3 ,& ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! fir/ day1 etc4 ,= !n ! human weeks c\ld h foll[$ ! week ( ,god1 9 :i* man1 foll[+ ! div9e example1 w\ld h _h to "w six days & to re/ "o4 ,! same comm5tator says 7p4 #bd73 ,! au?or c\ld n ev5 h d>$ make a /atem5t ab\t ! life-duration ( ! fir/ m51 if to him ! day 9 :i* he 0 creat$ _h be5 an indef9itely long p]iod ( "t4 ,b1 accord+ to ! conception ( ! ,biblical au?or suppos$ by u1 only ! day ( ,god1 9 :i* he 0 creat$1 w\ld h be5 an indef9itely long p]iod ( "t 7al?\gh we are n will+ to id5tify ! days ( ,god ) c]ta9 e>?ly p]iods ( "t72 ! e>?ly days & ! e>?ly ye>s1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld h _! exi/5ce aft] ! f\r? day ( creation1 & ?us1 accord+ to t view1 we c\ld e/imate & "n ! e>?ly ye>s & days ( all t :i* happ5$ be=e ! f\r? day ( creation1 "u ! condition t we h1 or believe we h1 ! means ( e/imat+ !m4 ,:5 ,dillmann cont9ues3 ,on ! contr>y1 ! au?or took ^! days z no?+ else ?an days1 we :olly agree ) him2 b add to x3 n days ( ! creature1 b days ( ,god4 ,by ?is long duration ( ! sev5? day1 we are oblig$ to draw /ill ano!r conclusion2 namely1 t accord+ to ! conception ( ! au?or ! six prec$+ days also mu/ h f> exce$$ ! duration ( e>?ly days4 ,?is leads u to ano!r ,biblical analogy1 ^: direct p[] ( demon/ration = a long #cjc duration ( ! ,biblical days ( creation is1 x is true1 ju/ly conte/$1 b :i*1 z soon z we h to assume = o!r reasons t accord+ to ! au?or ! days ( creation f> exce$ ! e>?ly days z to duration1 becomes a /rong support ( ?is view4 ,= x is c]ta9ly n unimportant t 9 ! #ij? ,psalm1 ! psalm ( ,moses1 ! m$iator ( ! ,s9aitical legislation1 to ! circle ( ideas ( :i* t acc\nt ( ! creation s entirely belongs1 ! ?\ght is express$ :i* is also tak5 up 9 ! second lett] ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ) its develop$ cosmological conceptions3 namely1 ! ?\ght t "o day is ) ! ,"l z a ?\s& ye>s1 & a ?\s& ye>s z "o day4 ,) t exegesis ( ! sev5? day z "o /ill rema9+ up to ! pres5t1 we are 9 cle> accord ) ! m develop$ !ology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ) ! int]pretation :i* x itself gives ( t div9e day ( re/4 ,jesus himself1 9 ,/4 ,john1 ,v4 #ag1 puts aside a reproa* ( ! ,ph>isees 9 ref]5ce to a heal+ on ! ,sabba?1 ) ! words3 ,my fa!r worke? hi!rto1 & ,i "w4 ,?is answ] only has a mean+ 9 ! s5se3 my fa!r worke? hi!rto1 al?\gh1 s9ce ! accompli%m5t ( ! days ( creation1 he enjoys ! ,sabba?-re/2 & ?us ,i also "w on ! ,sabba? z on a "w-day4 ,& ! ,lett] to ! ,hebrews1 9 its f\r? *apt]1 looks ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! n9ety-fif? ,psalm back to ?is ,sabba? ( creation :i*1 z a day ( re/ ( ,god1 exi/s to-day1 & ! ent]+ into :i* is giv5 & promis$ to ! p ( ,god4 ,by ?is :ole conception ( ! ,biblical week ( creation1 :i* appe>s to u exegetically mu* m #cjd natural & uncon/ra9$ ?an any o!r1 we alone rea* t conception :i* ! au?or ( t record int5ds to rea*2 namely1 a conception really wor?y ( ,god1 ( 8 temporal relation to ! _w1 & ( ! relation ( human days to ! div9e days ( creation2 we get a f\ndation = ! comm&m5t to keep ! ,sabba?1 ! idea ( :i* c be complet$ )\t di/urb+ ! idea ( ,god4 ,! relation ( ,god to ! :ole temporal c\rse ( ?is pres5t _w1 f its beg9n+ to its end1 = ! religi\s mode ( contemplation ( man :o1 z ! image ( ,god1 looks to ! creative activity ( ,god = a prototype & an example = 8 own activity1 c be compris$ 9 "o s+le1 great1 div9e week1 ^: fir/ six days la/ to ! completion ( ! creation ( man1 & ^: sev5? day /ill la/s & w la/ to ! completion ( ! c\rse ( ! _w--till ! latt] itself1 & mank9d ) x1 c ent] into ! div9e re/4 ,f ?is religi\s int]pretation1 :i* we h to ascribe to t ,biblical idea ( ! div9e week ( creation1 x by no means foll[s t religion has to dem& ( natural sci5ce t x %all rea* 9 its cosmogonic inve/igations ! same succession 9 ! appe>ance ( ?+s z we f9d 9 ! ,biblical acc\nt4 ,?is w\ld be no?+ else b an actual c>ry+ ( a pret5d$ religi\s int]e/ ov] beyond ! limits ( a realm 9 :i* ! decid+ vote belongs to natural sci5ce4 ,h[ev] incomplete ! cosmogonic k ( ! latt] may be1 x nev]!less is at pres5t e/abli%$ cle>ly en\gh to reject =ev] su* a dem&4 ,a/ronomy conv9ces u t x is entirely inconceivable t all :i* belongs to ! "w ( ! f\r? ,biblical day ( creation1 ev5 #cje ! :ole =mation ( />s & ( our sy/em ( planets1 succe$$ ! "w ( ! ?ird day1 ! =mation ( e>?ly cont95ts & plants4 ,& geology 9 its /rata1 :i* exhibit petrifactions1 %[s u t ! relative ,biblical days' works 9 reality did n succe$ "o ano!r alt]nately 9 su* a way t ! "o began :]e ! o!r ceas$1 b t f ! beg9n+ ( organic life ! works ( ! ?ird & ! fif? days f ! c>bonif]\s p]iod1 also ! works ( ! ?ird1 fif?1 & six? days1 develop$ !mselves p]fectly by ! side ( ea* o!r4 ,x w\ld be an excess ( ref9em5t to id5tify any ,biblical day ( creation ) any p]iod or any complex ( p]iods 9 ! developm5t ( ! e>? or ( ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = a ,*ri/ianity f\nd$ ^u ! ,holy ,scripture1 x is /ill n entirely )\t int]e/ to comp>e ! results ( natural sci5ce & ! ext5t & succession ( ! ,biblical days' works ) "o ano!r4 ,= a decl>ation :i* und]takes to trace some?+ :i* has s deep a hold on human life z ! ,sabba?-re/1 back to ! prototype ( directly div9e action1 is c]ta9ly wor?y ( att5tion4 ,n[ if we wi% to make su* a comp>ison1 we c only d x 9 exact analogy ) ! way & mann] 9 :i* we comp>e ! pr$ictions ( ! prophetical ^w ) _! fulfilm5t4 ,= 9 s f> z ! decl>ations ( t ,biblical record ab\t ! circum/ances ( creation h religi\s value ( :i* we are to take notice1 !y z decl>ations conc]n+ ev5ts ( :i* man c]ta9ly _c h hi/orical k ( 8 own1 come entirely "u ! po9t ( view ( ! prophetical ^w2 ) ! exception t !y d n conta9 a =w>d-look+ b a #cjf backw>d-look+ prophecy4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ correct & fruitful ?\ghts :i* ,johann ,he9ri* ,kurz1 9 8 ,bibel und ,a/ronomie 7,bible & ,a/ronomy71 ,b]l91 ,wohlgemu?1 #a/ edition1 #ahdb1 has express$1 b has fanta/ically misus$1 9 t "w1 9 g5]al s prolific ( indef5sible positions2 a fate :i*1 z is well kn[n1 ! =w>d-look+ prophecy has _h also (t5 en\gh to und]go4 ,9 ! same mann] z we h to expla9 ! =w>d-look+ prophecy f two factors--on ! "o h&1 f ! circum/ances ( "t1 ! k1 ! dispositions1 & ! *>act]s ( prophets2 on ! o!r1 f ! receptivity ( _! m9d = ! m9d ( ,god & ! la/ purposes ( 8 actions--we also h expla9$ t record ( creation f two factors3 on ! "o h&1 f ! view & ! k ( its "t1 & on ! o!r f ! receptivity ( its au?or = a pure & liv+ idea ( ,god & ( ! religi\s relations ( human life4 ,& we %all also h to d likewise :5 int]pret+ x4 ,= ! int]pretation ( ! =w>d-look+ prophecy1 we h beh9d u ! exp]i5ce ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 f :i* ! foll[+ pr9ciples1 ( treatm5t & int]pretation h result$4 ,z long z su* a prophetic ^w is n yet fulfill$1 s long1 inde$1 its mean+ is & rema9s ! object ( ,*ri/ian fai? & ,*ri/ian hope2 b x is difficult & almo/ impossible to di/+ui% 9 x1 :at is la/+ sub/ance1 & :at is transi5t =m4 ,p]haps _m a ?+ is look$ ^u z sub/ance1 :i* 9 ! fulfilm5t appe>s to be only an image & =m2 & p]haps _m a ?+ z =m1 :i* 9 ! fulfilm5t %[s itself z a m concrete reality ?an we _h suppos$4 #cjg ,& x w\ld ev5 be psy*ologically a viol5t assumption1 if we %\ld presuppose 9 ! m9d ( ! prophet a /ill great] k ( ! future c\rse ( ?+s1 ?an t :i* he expresses2 or if we %\ld sep>ate him 9 8 worldly k1 & ev5 9 ! =m ( 8 prophetic utt]ances1 f ! views & limits ( 8 "t4 ,b by f> ! mo/ fruitless ef=t ( all w\ld be to con/ruct be=eh& out ( 8 words ! p>ticul>s ( ! hi/orical c\rse ( ! future4 ,attempts ( ?is k9d h be5 defeat$ :5ev] !y h be5 made4 ,b if ! fulfilm5t ( su* a prophetic ^w has once tak5 place1 x is a joy & a /r5g!n+ ( fai? to all foll[+ g5]ations1 & ev5 aft] ! f9al fulfilm5t ( all prophecy1 x w /ill be a joy to ! *ildr5 ( ,god 9 _! p]fection1 to comp>e prophecy & fulfilm5t & to all[ ! prophecy to be illum9$ by ! light ( fulfilm5t1 ! fulfilm5t by t ( prophecy4 ,all ?is f9ds its full application to ! ,biblical n>rative ( creation4 ,t :i* 9 ! =w>d-look+ prophecy is ! hi/orical fulfilm5t1 is 9 ! backw>d-look+ ! sci5tific inve/igation4 ,s long z ! latt] 0 n direct$ at all to ! prehi/oric hi/ory ( ! e>?1 x 0 an audaci\s und]tak+ to sep>ate 9 ! ,biblical six days' "w sub/ance & =m f "o ano!r2 x 0 & is /ill an unpsy*ological viol5ce to suppose 9 ! human au?or ( ! n>rative all possible k ( psy*ical & sci5tific secrets1 & to lift him above ! *ild-l views ( 8 "t conc]n+ ! ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,b x 0 by f> ! mo/ fruitless und]tak+ to con/ruct 9 detail f 8 words a picture ( ! real #cjh circum/ances ( ! creation & developm5t ( ! _w4 ,attempts ( ?is k9d h be5 (t5 made2 b !y h produc$ no?+ b dreams4 ,& c]ta9ly ! attempt to control & correct natural inve/igation by means ( su* dreams w\ld be l try+ to correct well-e/abli%$ facts ( hi/ory by ! prophecies ( a /ill e>li] p]iod1 or ev5 to prove !m false4 ,b f ! "t :5 natural sci5ce1 z x is at pres5t1 began to pay att5tion to ! prehi/oric hi/ory ( ! e>? & ev5 ( ! univ]se1 su* a comp>ison has be5 possible4 ,x tells u1 x is true1 t ! ,biblical days' works did n foll[ ea* o!r 9 ! c\rse ( e>?ly & cosmic developm5ts 9 su* a way1 t ! "o began :]e ! o!r ceas$1 b t !y pass$ on 9 ! long l9es ( _! c\rse1 beside "o ano!r1 & above "o ano!r4 ,b look+ ^u _! m]idian altitudes1 !y nev]!less1 :]e we are able to und]take c]ta9 geological comp>isons1 foll[ "o ano!r exactly 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* ! days foll[ "o ano!r 9 t ,biblical record4 ,! m]idian altitude ( ! ?ird day 7= "h ! c]ta9ty ( geological k fir/ beg9s = u7 has to be look$ = :]e ! cont95ts are =m$ & ! vegetable life prepond]ates on e>?3 & t is ! c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,! m]idian altitude ( ! f\r? day mu/ h be5 rea*$ :]e = ! fir/ "t ! cov]+ ( vapor & cl\ds ( ! e>?ly atmosph]e p]man5tly p>t$1 & sun1 moon1 & />s became visible3 & geology f9ds ?is "t 9 ! p]iod :i* lies betwe5 ! c>bonif]\s p]iod & ! trias--9 ! ,p]mian p]iod1 z x is call$ 9 ,engl&1 9 ! dyas ( ! #cji fossilif]\s & ( cuprif]\s slate & ,ze*/e91 z we call x 9 ,g]many4 ,! m]idian altitude ( ! fif? day has to be look$ = :]e ocean-life1 ) its sauria & innum]able animals1 gave its impress to organic life on e>?1 & ! air 0 fill$ ) inhabitants3 geology calls su* a "t ! second>y p]iod ( trias1 ,iura1 & *alk4 ,t ocean-life prepond]at$ 9 ?is p]iod1 is beyond any d\bt2 :ile 9 g5]al geology gives u m meagre in=mation ab\t ! inhabitants ( ! air ?an ( ! animals ( ! ocean & l&4 ,! fly+ sauria ( ,iura are /ill *>act]i/ic en\gh to leave at lea/ ! possibility t ! w+$ _w1 :i* 9 value /ill /&s bel[ ! mammalia1 assi/$ 9 giv+ to t second>y p]iod its prop] type4 ,f9ally1 ! m]idian altitude ( ! six? day _c be any:]e else ?an :]e ! animals ( ! l& became ! mo/ *>act]i/ic inhabitants ( ! globe1 & :]e man appe>$3 & t is ! t]ti>y p]iod ( geology1 9 :i* mammalia appe>$ 9 great numb]s & v>iety1 & at ! end ( :i* we f9d ! fir/ traces ( ! appe>ance ( man4 ,we nev]!less d n assign special weight to ! e/abli%m5t ( su* a correspond5ce4 ,! religi\s value ( ! idea ( a div9e week ( creation is r5d]$ p]fectly c]ta9 to u1 if we only f9d t x is reconcilable ) a pure idea ( ,god4 ,t w\ld n be ! case1 if we _h to look ^u ! week ( creation z an e>?ly week2 b x is p]fectly s1 if ! div9e week /ret*es ov] ! :ole temporality ( ! c\rse ( ! _w4 ,!re) we c be satisfi$4 ,= we h nei!r !ological nor philosophical nor #caj sci5tific evid5ces en\gh to draw f ^! ,biblical utt]ances any metaphysical conclusions 9 ref]5ce to ! relations ( ,god to ! temporal developm5t ( ! _w4 ,we %\ld n d>e to conte/ directly su* metaphysical relations3 = ! human week1 ) its day ( re/1 is su* an em95tly =tunate & blissful invitation1 ! obs]vance ( ?is comm& is accompani$ by su* a /rik+ prosp]ity 9 all life-relations ( a p1 its non-obs]vance by su* an evid5t curse1 &1 moreov]1 ! idea ( man be>+ ! image ( ,god is su* a fruitful idea1 satisfy+ equally _s & m9d1 t we h to rememb] ! possibility t ! in/itution ( ! human week1 ) its day ( re/1 is c]ta9ly f\nd$ on ! real relations ( ! life-process ( t creature :i* be>s ! image ( ,god to ! activity ( its div9e prototype ^u ! e>?4 ,b nev]!less1 we j z little d>e to attempt or to *all5ge ! e/abli%m5t ( su* metaphysical relations3 = a !osophi/ic treatm5t ( numb]s seems to u no fruitful field = ! promotion ( religion--nei!r = ! promotion ( religi\s k nor = t ( religi\s life4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! result ( our comp>ison betwe5 ,biblical & sci5tific int]pretation seems to u wor? m5tion+ = a special reason4 ,x is true1 we h f\nd a succession ( ! m]idian altitudes ( ! ,biblical days 9 ! same ord] 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,biblical relation1 ! days' works foll[$ "o ano!r2 b we h f\nd 9 ! total c\rse ( ! ,biblical days t _! works 9 reality pass$ on 9 long l9es contemporane\sly ) "o ano!r4 ,n[1 s9ce t fir/ "p ( our result--! succession ( m]idian #caa altitudes--is ! lea/ we h to expect1 if ! c\nt+ ( ! days %all at all h an objectively real gr\nd 9 ! _w's process1 on ! o!r h&1 ! second "p ( our result--! f>-rea*+ contempor>y exi/5ce ( ! diff]5t ,biblical days--has an exact analogy ) ^? prophecies ^: p>tial or entire fulfilm5t p]mits u a m c]ta9 judgm5t ( ! "* ( prophecy & a m c]ta9 comp>ison betwe5 prophecy & fulfilm5t4 ,ev5 ! prophetic _w kn[s ( a div9e day1 :i* 9 ! prophecies occupies an em95t & c5tral position3 x is ! day ( ! ,"l z ! day ( judgm5t & salvation4 ,?is day ( ! ,"l also /&s be=e ! eye ( ! prophet1 c]ta9ly n z a common e>?ly day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b z a day ( ,god ris+ above e>?ly days & embrac+ an inf9ite numb] ( !m1 al?\gh x also has its v di/9ct mean+ :i* comes into ! e>?ly temporality4 ,b 9 ! hi/oric fulfilm5t1 !re happ5 along ) x a ?\s& ?+s :i* d n belong to x2 = two-?irds ( mank9d t day did n dawn at all2 & z to its temporal c\rse1 x _h its dawn 9 ! beg9n+s ( mank9d1--its sunrise took place eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 & its m]idian altitude is /ill imp5d+4 ,f9ally1 t ev5 ! piety ( ^? :o compos$ ! ,biblical records1 & ( all ^? :o see 9 !m ! manife/$ evid5ces ( _! fai?1 assigns no religi\s weight to ! succession ( ! days' works1 becomes cle> f ! be=e-m5tion$ fact1 t ! second acc\nt ( creation1 :i* makes man & 8 e?ical primitive hi/ory its c5tre1 relates ! creation ( ! inhabitants ( ! e>? 9 q a diff]5t ord] f #cab ! fir/ "o4 ,we %all treat ( ?is po9t aga91 & m 9 detail1 = ano!r reason1 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,we /ill h to treat ( ! "q z to :at position ! ,holy ,scripture & ,biblical ,*ri/ianity take reg>d+ a developm5t 9 g5]al3 & "h also we h only to say t !y are v favorable to su* an idea4 ,! works ( ! six days !mselves are 9 _! succession no?+ else b a developm5t1 a p]man5t diff]5tiation ( t :i* 0 n sep>at$ be=e1 a cont9u\s unfold+ ( ! m simple into ! m complex1 an always progress+ prep>ation ( ! globe = new] & high] =ms ( exi/5ce1 until f9ally man appe>$4 ,9 ! ,biblical acc\nt ( creation1 ! idea :i* =ms ! basis ( e evolution !ory1 7namely1 t ! new :i* appe>s has its conditions & suppositions1 its creative second>y reasons1 9 ! prec$+71 is pron\nc$ ) special cle>ness4 ,:5 x says3 ,let ! ,e>? br+ =? grass & h]b1444 & ! e>? br\ght =?1 etc42 ,& ,god said3 ,let ! wat]s br+ =? abundantly ! mov+ creature t ha? life1 etc42 ,let ! e>? br+ =? ! liv+ creature2 & x 0 s2 & ,god made ! bea/ ( ! e>?1--! creative causality also is m5tion$ 9 ! cle>e/ words by ! side ( & "u ! causality ( ! ,creator1 by means ( :i* ! latt] _h made creatures4 ,! fri5dly relation betwe5 ! ,biblical acc\nt & ! evolution !ory ev5 goes s f> t ! ,holy ,scripture1 l t !ory1 does n p]mit animals to come =? f plants1 al?\gh ! latt] repres5t ! l[]1 ! =m] ! high]1 & t1 plants are a #cac necess>y condition = animals1 b t ev5 accord+ to ! ,bible bo? k+doms come =? f ! inorganic ( ! e>?4 ,:5 treat+ ( ! creation ( plants1 x says1 ,let ! e>? br+ =? grass1 etc42 & :5 treat+ ( t ( animals1 x says1 ,let ! e>? br+ =? ! liv+ creature4 ,at la/1 if sci5ce %\ld once succe$ 9 p]ceiv+ m cle>ly ?an n[ ! orig9 ( ! organic f ! inorganic1 x w\ld h 9 ^? words ! means = a h>mony ) ! ,biblical conception4 ,n[1 j z evid5tly z ! ,holy ,scripture is favorable1 9 g5]al & z a :ole1 to ! idea ( evolution1 s c]ta9ly x seems to reject x precisely at t po9t :]e ! :ole int]e/ ( our "q lies2 namely1 9 ref]5ce to ! orig9 ( ! s+le species4 ,= "h1 :5 treat+ ( ! creation ( plants z well u ( animals1 x is said 9 mo/ di/9ct words3 aft] 8 k9d4 ,b ! contradiction is only app>5t4 ,z to ! way & mann] 9 :i* ,god creat$ e species1 :e!r he us$ second>y causes or n1 no?+ else is said ?an t ,god creat$ e species1 t ! creatures exi/ 9 di/9ctly m>k$ species1 & t ^! species are n *ance1 b lie 9 ! plan ( ,god--t !y are 8 "w4 ,?is fact1 t x 0 ,god :o wi%$ to create ea* species z species1 & 9 reality creat$ x1 is j z firmly e/abli%$1 if ! species came =? f "o ano!r & 7 develop$ 9 gradual transitions1 z if !y receiv$ _! exi/5ce 9 "s o!r way4 ,z1 9 ! fif? day's "w1 we f9d simply ! words3 ,& ,god said1 ,let ! e>? br+ =? ! liv+ creature3 & x 0 s2 & ,god made ! bea/ ( ! e>?1--9 precisely ! same way #cad ,god c\ld inde$ create s+le plants & animals aft] _! k9d1 9 su* a way t "o %\ld come =? f ano!r1 t !y %\ld be develop$ f "o ano!r4 #b4 ,! ,creation ( ,man4 ,! mo/ important facts :i* we h to m5tion1 z be>+ ^u ! position ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! creation ( man 9 ref]5ce to ! evolution !ory1 h be5 treat$ ( 9 ,*apt] ,i1 ,a4 ,we h especially conv9c$ ourselves ( ! fact1 t ! new1 ev5 if x has its second>y causes1 & comes into exi/5ce 9 gradual developm5t1 is no less a creation ( ,god1 & has no less ! full value ( ! new1 ?an if x 7 creat$ in/antane\sly4 ,likewise man also /&s be=e u unt\*$ 9 ! full newness & dignity ( 8 be+1 9 ! full qualitative & n simply quantitative sup]iority ( ! highe/ gifts ( 8 m9d1 & especially ( 8 p]sonality1 8 ego1 8 lib]ty1--9 "o ^w1 9 8 full image ( ,god1--:e!r we h to look ^u him z creat$ 9 gradual developm5t or z creat$ sudd5ly4 ,!re are two circum/ances 9 ! ,biblical acc\nt f :i* we see t1 al?\gh x is naturally sil5t z to ! desc5t problem1 x n only kn[s & ackn[l$ges ! connection ( man ) ! l[] creatures ( ! e>?1 b also expressly directs att5tion to x4 ,"o ( ^! circum/ances is connect+ man's creation ) t ( l&-animals1 9 a s+le day's "w4 ,we d n lay m /ress on ?is union ?an t ( ! ,holy ,scripture1 al?\gh x emphasizes s /rongly ! dignity ( man 9 8 lik5ess to ,god & 9 8 hav+ entire #cae supremacy ov] ! :ole e>?1 & al?\gh x c\ld h f\nd !re9 reasons en\gh = assign+ a prop] day to ! creation ( man1 to :i* ! :ole prec$+ creation po9t$1 & :om ! :ole creation on e>? %\ld s]ve1 yet 9 its acc\nt ( ! creation x evid5tly desires man to be look$ ^u 9 8 connection z a creature ) ! animal _w4 ,moreov]1 we %\ld n ov]look1 9 ! ,biblical acc\nt1 t ! b5$iction :i* ,god gives to ! animals ( ! wat] & ! air1 at ! end ( ! fif? day1 is 9 ! six? day n pron\nc$ ov] ! l&-animals--al?\gh !y c]ta9ly are z mu* entitl$ to x z fi% & birds--b ov] man4 ,( c\rse1 x is presuppos$ t ! l&-animals naturally p>take ( ! b5$iction ( man1 s f> z x c be due to !m2 ! b5$iction1 namely1 ( f]tility & ( increase4 ,accord+ to ^! indications & to ! ,biblical conception1 man /&s 9 /ill ano!r & clos] connection ) ! animal _w ?an 9 t ( m]e supremacy ov] x4 ,! second circum/ance to :i* we h to call att5tion1 is ! decl>ation 7,g5esis ,,ii1 #g71 t ,god creat$ man out ( e>?2 or r1 z ! lit]al translation says3 ,& ! ,"l ,god =m$ man 7(7 du/ ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is ( no importance :e!r ! accusative du/ ( ! gr\nd is1 z "s say1 a m]e appositive1 or1 z o!rs expla9 x1 ! accusative ( matt]4 ,:5 ! acc\nt calls man du/ ( ! gr\nd1 or a be+ =m$ ( du/1 ! diff]5ce is inf9itely insignificant1 :e!r ! e>?ly matt] out ( :i* ,god =m$ man :o is du/ ( ! e>?1 0 an animal organism or n2 :e!r man 0 =m$ #caf directly or indirectly out ( ! e>?1 & :e!r ! =m+ dem&$ a long] or a %ort] "t4 ,= t x did dem& "t1 & t x 0 n an in/antane\s creation1 is impli$ 9 ! expression to =m4 ,we call att5tion to ?is passage = /ill ano!r reason4 ,! second acc\nt ( creation1 z x beg9s ,g5esis ,,ii1 #d1 & goes on to ! end ( ! ?ird *apt]1 is /rik+ly diff]5t f ! fir/ acc\nt1 ,g5esis ,i-,g5esis ,,ii1 #d4 ,x has its orig9 9 t au?or ^: book is call$ t ( ! ,jehovi/1 or1 m lately1 ! judaico-prophetic book2 & :o1 among all ^? t h contribut$ /ones to ! build+ ( ! ,p5tateu*1 gives ! deepe/ insight into ! nature ( s9 & grace1 & into ! div9e plan ( salvation4 ,n[ 9 ?is book1 f ! religi\s po9t ( view s extremely wor?y ( att5tion1 ! acc\nt ( ! creation is giv5 q diff]5tly4 ,man is ! c5tre ( ! acc\nt2 t :i* does n directly ref] to him is entirely omitt$4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! inhabitants ( ! e>? 7 creat$1 is n only n divid$ into ! six day's works ( ! fir/ acc\nt1 & 9 v]se #d is n only directly tak5 z ! "w ( a s+le day1 9 ! expression ,hebrew3 ,,baywom 79 ! day1 9 :i* :571 )\t especial /ress be+ put ^u ! expression "o day1 = ,hebrew3 ,,baywom has become a p>ticle2 b ?is ord] is entirely diff]5t f ! o!r4 ,9 ! second acc\nt1 ! succession is ! foll[+3 fir/1 man2 !n1 ! p>adise into :i* man is plac$2 next1 ! trees 7! "q at :at "t ! re/ ( ! vegetable _w 0 creat$ is left entirely )\t answ]72 !n1 ! det]m9ation to create also an assi/ant to man2 next1 ! creation ( animals2 f9ally1 ! creation ( ! woman out #cag ( a rib ( man4 ,n[1 al?\gh x is :olly beyond d\bt t ! two acc\nts _h diff]5t au?ors1 ! "q w nev]!less arise1 h[ x 0 possible t ^? :o ins]t$ ^! two acc\nts 9 ! ,holy ,scripture1 "o aft] ! o!r1 c\ld s h>mlessly put side by side & read "o aft] ! o!r ^! two acc\nts1 s entirely contradictory1 )\t be+ oblig$ to ?9k t ! tru? ( ! "o w\ld refute ! o!r4 ,!y c]ta9ly mu/ h _h 9 "s way ! conviction t ! "o acc\nt 0 consi/5t ) ! o!r4 ,b su* an agreem5t betwe5 ! two acc\nts is only possible :5 we ei!r see 9 !m only ideal tru?s1 or :5 "o ( ! two %all repres5t ! actual reality ( ! circum/ances ( creation1 & ! o!r r _! ideal "*4 ,9 case we %\ld h to make su* a di/9ction1 x _c be d\btful :i* ( ! two acc\nts has m ( ! real1 & :i* m ( ! ideal "*4 ,9 ! fir/ acc\nt no?+ is relat$ :i* does n give direct po9ts ( connection 9 ! real process1 z we c imag9e x4 ,9 ! second acc\nt1 we f9d _m po9ts :i* h>dly p]mit a direct lit]al conception1 ev5 on ! "p ( ! fir/ read]s ( ! acc\nt & ( ! editors ( ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t3 = in/ance1 besides ! diff]5t ord] 9 :i* ! fir/ acc\nt is giv51 ! creation ( ! woman out ( ! rib ( man3 ?is acc\nt1 :5 ideally tak51 is s inexpressibly compreh5sive1 pregnant1 & deep--:5 tak5 really1 s p]fectly improbable4 ,x w be likewise difficult to believe t ev5 ! old read]s ( ! acc\nt--at lea/ ^? ( !m :o look$ deep] & 7 m enlight5$--took ) extreme #cah lit]alness ! expression1 t ,god brea!d into ! no/rils ( man :o is du/ ( ! gr\nd1 ! brea? ( life4 ,! ?ird *apt] has /ill o!r features f :i* we h at lea/ to assume t ! au?or did n at all int5d to give importance to an extremely lit]al conception ( x4 ,n[1 if ! second acc\nt is ! m ideal "o1 ! mean+ ( x is3 t man1 8 be+1 8 aim1 8 primitive hi/ory1 is made ! c5tre ( ! entire description1 & ar\nd him all ! re/ is gr\p$2 :ile 9 ! fir/ acc\nt he appe>s to be m ! end ( ! :ole creation--z he pres5ts himself to natural inve/igation 9 ! real process ( creation1 z ! la/ memb] 9 ! *a91 n z ! c5tre 9 a circle or a />4 ,n[ if t is ! case1 if ! second acc\nt ( creation1 hav+ man z its c5tre1 is ! m ideal1 !n we c]ta9ly mu/ n ov]look ! fact t 9 ! ideal acc\nt man is call$ du/ ( ! gr\nd4 ,!n ! nature ( du/ also belongs1 f ! ideal po9t ( view1 s necess>ily to ! nature ( man t ! "q1 :e!r ! connection ( ?is man :o is du/ ( ! gr\nd1 ) ?is gr\nd1 is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! =m ( a prec$+ animal organism1 or n1 is no long] ( importance4 ,!re=e1 if we oppose ! animal ance/ry ( man = ! g5]al reasons t we d n wi% to desc5d f some?+ l[]1 t l[] nev]!less is pres5t z du/ ( ! gr\nd4 ,& if we oppose su* a p$igree on acc\nt ( ! ugl9ess & wick$ness :i* exi/ 9 ! animal _w1 we h to po9t to ! fact t1 on ! "o h&1 mank9d also has /a9s :i* are ugli] ?an ^? :i* disfigure ! wilde/ bea/ ( prey1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! animal _w %[s features :i* #cai are s noble t no man ne$ be a%am$ ( !m4 ,x is c]ta9ly a "r feel+ to :i* ,d>w91 9 8 ,desc5t ( ,man1 gives expression1 :5 he says3 ,= my own "p1 ,i w\ld z soon be desc5d$ f t h]oic little monkey :o brav$ 8 dread$ enemy 9 ord] to save ! life ( 8 keep]1 or f t old baboon :o1 desc5d+ f ! m\nta9s1 c>ri$ away 9 triumph 8 "y comrade f a cr[d ( a/oni%$ dogs1 z f a savage :o delights to torture 8 enemies1 (f]s up bloody sacrifices1 practices infanticide )\t remorse1 treats 8 wives l slaves1 kn[s no dec5cy1 & is haunt$ by ! grosse/ sup]/itions4 ,we h b to add3--if only ! com+ =? f ! creative h& ( ,god1 ! creation 9 8 own image1 ! communion ) ,him & be+ a *ild ( ,81 are pres]v$4 ,& t all ?is c be pres]v$1 ev5 :5 adopt+ desc5t & evolution1 we h se5 f repeat$ consid]ations4 ,b we h to draw /ill ano!r conclusion f ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two acc\nts ( creation4 ,if ! succession1 9 :i* ! inhabitants ( ! e>? appe> 9 ! fir/ acc\nt1 is s entirely diff]5t f t 9 ! second1 z x evid5tly is1 we h necess>ily ei!r to give up ! hi/orical reality ( ! "o or ( ! o!r acc\nt1 or ( bo?1 or to suppose t ! creation ( ! inhabitants ( ! e>? took place 9 a way & mann] :i* makes x possible to p]ceive a real connection ( ! succession 9 ! fir/ acc\nt1 z well z 9 t ( ! second1 ) ! real processes ( creation4 ,n[ we d n at all int5d to argue ) ^? :o *oose ! fir/ "p ( ! dilemma2 we ourselves jo9 ) !m1 & believe t salvation does #cbj n dep5d ^u ! objective reality ( t succession1 nor ! possession ( salvation on ! fai? ( su* reality4 ,b we leave to ! consid]ation ( ^? :o1 9 _! religi\s convictions1 ?9k !mselves b\nd to ! objective reality ( bo? acc\nts1 ! foll[+ ?\ghts3 ,if n only ideal dep?1 b also a connection ) ! empirical & hi/orical reality ( ! process ( creation1 is to be assign$ to ! succession ( ! fir/ acc\nt z well z to t ( ! second1 x is only possible by assum+ a desc5t--namely1 t man1 e4g41 may be call$ 9 "o s5se ! fir/ ( creatures1 inasmu* z ) ! fir/ organism t 0 already giv5 :i* 0 aft]w>ds develop$ into man1 & inasmu* z all :i* 0 o!rwise creat$ & develop$ z aspecial species1 0 only pres5t on acc\nt ( t aim2 & t man 9 ano!r1 9 ! m]ely empirico-hi/orical s5se1 is /ill also ! la/ ( creatures4 ,?us1 !n1 ! advocates ( desc5t w\ld f9d !mselves 9 ! unaccu/om$ position1 equally surpris+ to fri5d & foe1 ( be+ 9 a mu* m fri5dly relation to ! ,biblical belief 9 reveal$ religion ?an _! oppon5ts4 ,we %\ld see ! app>5t discords n only betwe5 ,scripture & nature1 b also betwe5 acc\nt & acc\nt1 dissolv$ into h>mony1 & above ! d\ble relation ( ! two acc\nts we %\ld see ! morphological ideas ( ,ok5 & ,g!1 ! ideas ( types ( ,cuvi]1 ,agassiz1 & ,ow51 ! laws ( developm5t ( ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba]1 & f9ally ! ideas ( desc5t ( ,lam>ck & ,d>w91 rea* a fri5dly h& to "o ano!r4 ,& ev5 ! old joys ( a teleological view ( nature1 adorn$ inde$ ) queue & wig1 b at pres5t reject$ ) too mu* disda91 ev5 if !y #cba are call$ i*?yo-teleological & insecto-teleological1 w\ld atta9 9 ?is reconciliation _! mode/1 subord9ate place4 ,moreov]1 we %\ld !n h ! satisfaction ( see+ aga9 t a religi\sness :i* 9 its own realm gives absolutely free play to natural inve/igation1 & does n f9d x b5ea? its dignity to le>n f natural sci5ce1 c on t acc\nt reta9 its own autonomy 9 its own realm mu* m unconte/$ly2 & t1 z x seems to u 9 ! pres5t case1 x c g mu* f>!r 9 ! use :i* x makes ( its autonomy & 9 ! ext5sion ( ! reveal$ "* ( its religi\s records to physical processes & circum/ances1 ?an is ei!r necess>y or safe1 & t x nev]!less is rew>d$ = keep+ peace ) natural sci5ce by m ri*1 m liv+1 & m correct glimpses into ! h>mony betwe5 ! ^w ( ,god & ! "w ( ,god1 ?an w\ld be ! case ) a religi\sness :i*1 )\t reg>d to natural sci5ce1 weaves its cosmogonies f ! ,holy ,scripture alone4 #c4 ,! ,primitive ,condition ( ,man3 ,p>adise1 ! ,fall ( ,man1 & ,primitive ,hi/ory4 ,aft] ! ,holy ,scripture has n>rat$ ! creation ( man 9 two acc\nts1 ! second ( !m gives u a cont9uation 9 ! well-kn[n acc\nt ( ,p>adise & ( ! fall ( man1 ) its consequ5ces2 & ! fur!r developm5t1 ( ! ,biblical doctr9e1 z well z ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 has also tak5 ! sub/ance & qu9tess5ce ( ^! n>ratives into its repres5tation ( ! ,*ri/ian tru?s ( salvation4 ,we %all n ?r[ any ob/acles 9 ! way ( br++ ab\t an und]/&+ betwe5 ! ,d>w9ian views #cbb & ! ,biblical primitive hi/ory1 by ackn[l$g+ ! ju/ice ( ! view t ,*ri/ian piety might 9 "s way conta9 9 itself ! dem& t also ! =m 9 :i* ! facts ( tru? 9 ,g5esis ,,iii are giv5 to u1 has hi/orical reality4 ,he :o makes ?is dem& has only 8 own %ort-sight$ness & imprud5ce to blame1 if he also loses ! sub/ance ) ! =m1 ! figurative nature ( :i* c be %[n to him only too c]ta9ly4 ,we ackn[l$ge x z a real provid5ce ( ,god1 :i* int5ds fai?fully to gu>d believ+ man aga9/ a s5seless & slavi% adh]5ce to ! lett]1 & aga9/ gr\nd+ 8 means ( salvation ^u insecure f\ndations1 t at ! gr& & v5]able portal ( ,holy ,scripture two acc\nts /& peacefully beside "o ano!r1 :i*1 if we p5etrate ?r\gh ! =m into _! sub/ance1 complete "o ano!r 9 magnific5t & pr(\nd h>mony1 b :i*1 if we look ^u ! =m z _! sub/ance1 s diametrically contradict ea* o!r t we _c d any?+ else b reject ! "o or ! o!r1 or1 /ill m logically1 bo?4 ,we ?9k t ?is h9t is /rong en\gh to be und]/ood1 & be>s1 l all b[+ be=e tru? & its p[] ( conviction1 ri* fruit n only = our k1 b also = ! purity1 c]ta9ty1 & ri*ness ( our religi\sness4 ,we %all n lose by ?is ackn[l$gm5t ! "* ( revelation & ! impression ( ! tru? ( ^! ,biblical records1 b %all be able ?r\gh !m1 & ?r\gh !m alone1 to ga9 & p]ceive x4 ,x is true1 ! fir/ acc\nt1 & /ill m ! second--! acc\nt ( ! creation & ( ! primitive hi/ory ( man--has 9 its ext]nal =m an exce$+ly close relation%ip to ! poetical my?s ( ! anci5t nations ( ! ,ori5t2 b #cbc its diff]5ce does n consi/ ess5tially 9 ! =m--al?\gh ?is too1 be+ ! =m ( a true & correct sub/ance1 %[s diff]5ces en\gh f ^! hea!n my?s--b consi/s 9 ! sub/ance itself4 ,^! hea!n my?s c]ta9ly conta9 _m beautiful1 deep1 & true factors1 b always1 besides1 fundam5tal ideas :i* we h to reject z half-true or :olly errone\s3 sometimes a duali/ic conception ( ,god & ! _w1 sometimes a mat]ialization ( ! div9e1 ! spiritual1 & ! e?ical1 sometimes fatali/ic & sometimes magic elem5ts 9 great numb]4 ,^! ,biblical repres5tations1 on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9ly appe> to u /ill 9 a picturesque =m :i* is analog\s to t =mation ( my?2 = x really seems to be ! only =m 9 :i* ! m9d ( man1 9 8 fir/ epo* ( life1 0 able to p]ceive & repres5t sup]natural & e?ical tru?1 z we are to-day able to repres5t ! highe/ relations ( our m9d to ! sup]natural & ! e?ical only 9 pictures & p>ables2 b ! ,biblical repres5tations (f] u1 "u ?is pla/ic cov]+1 a sub/ance :i*1 9 view ( ! mo/ ext5sive criticism1 ( ! deepe/ speculation1 & ( ! mo/ enlight5$ & practically mo/ successful piety1 is /ill e/abli%$ z ! pure/1 ! mo/ correct1 & ! mo/ fruitful repres5tation ( ! nature ( ,god1 & ( ! e?ical nature & ! e?ical hi/ory ( man4 ,moreov]1 we %all n make x difficult to br+ ab\t an und]/&+ betwe5 ! ,d>w9ian !ories & ! ,biblical doctr9e1 by support+ ! o!r view taught by ! ,holy ,scripture--t dea? came into ! animal _w fir/ ?r\gh ! fall ( man1 & t ! fall ( man fir/ br\ght ! "* ( p]i%abl5ess #cbd into ! condition ( ! e>? or ev5 ( ! univ]se4 ,!re are ess5tially ?ree ,biblical passages to :i* ^? ref] :o ?9k t !y f9d su* a view 9 ! ,holy ,scripture2 namely1 ,romans ,v1 #ab2 ,romans ,,viii1 #ai-bc1 & ,g5esis ,,iii2 b !y are wrong4 ,t ! ,apo/le ,paul1 9 ,romans ,v1 #ab1 by ! _w1 into :i* dea? came ?r\gh s91 did n mean ! univ]se or ! globe1 b mank9d1 is pla9 en\gh f ! connection1 & is only dem&$ by ! diff]5ce ( mean+ :i* 9 ! ,greek1 z well z 9 ! ,g]man language1 ! ^w _w has accord+ to its connection4 ,& 9 ,romans ,,viii1 #ai-bc1 :]e he speaks ( ! subjection ( ! creature to vanity1 he does n m5tion a c]ta9 "t 9 :i* x happ5$1 nor an hi/orical occasion1 z ! fall ( man1 :i* %\ld h giv5 ! impulse to ?is subjection2 b he only says1 9 g5]al1 t x 0 ,god :o ha? subject$ ! creature to vanity1 & t he ha? subject$ ! same 9 hope4 ,he :o reads ?is passage )\t prepossession1 c be l$ to no o!r idea ?an to ?is3 t ,god has subject$ ! creature to ! law ( vanity f ! v beg9n+ ( creation--n =ev]1 b f ! v beg9n+--) ! int5tion t he %all also celebrate 8 transfiguration & deliv]ance f ! yoke ( p]i%abl5ess1 toge!r ) ! p]fection ( mank9d1 & ) ! manife/ation & transfiguration ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,& ev5 ! curse ( ! gr\nd 7,g5esis ,,iii1 #ag7 is no curs+ ( ! univ]se1 or ( ! globe & its creatures1 b only a curs+ ( ! gr\nd2 & ( ?is n on its own acc\nt1 b only 9 its relation1 z a means ( subsi/5ce1 to man1 & 9 opposition to ! #cbe exemption f labor :i* 8 life hi!rto _h1 & to ! agreeabl5ess ( 8 means ( support 9 p>adise4 ,aft] hav+ ?us reject$ ^! two p]v]sions ( ! ,biblical doctr9e1 !re rema9s to u z an e/abli%$ sub/ance ( ! latt]1 & z an ess5tial "p ( ,*ri/ian dogmatics1 s f> z x may come into contact ) ! ,d>w9ian views1 at lea/ ! foll[+3 ,man 0 orig9ally creat$ by ,god1 good & happy4 ,to 8 goodness !re also belong$ ! possibility ( hav+ a s9less developm5t1 z he ought to h _h2 & to 8 happ9ess !re also belong$ a life amid surr\nd+s :olly correspond+ to him1 & ! possibility ( obta9+ exemption f dea? & all evils by way ( a self-controll+ submission to ,god1 :i* resi/s temptation4 ,we purposely express ourselves ?us4 ,= ! ,biblical primitive hi/ory does n say t man 0 creat$ ) exemption f ! law ( dea?1 b t ! latt] mu/ h be5 grant$ to him z a rew>d = 8 submission3 ! tree ( life /ood by ! side ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil1 & only ! eat+ ( ! fruit ( ! tree ( life1 by avoid+ ! eat+ ( ! =bidd5 fruit1 %\ld h giv5 to man t immortality :i* he =feit$ by disob$i5ce4 ,man became disob$i5t1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( x1 subject to dea?2 ! h>mony betwe5 man & 8 surr\nd+s disappe>$2 ! e>? became to him a place ( labor & ( dea?2 & n[ began = man 8 hi/orical developm5t z a web ( guilt1 ( puni%m5t1 & ( education & r$eem+ m]cy4 ,n[1 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is ,biblical view1 ! "q comes up fir/ ( all3 is a view accord+ to :i* man %\ld h be5 able & oblig$ to take a s9less #cbf developm5t1 &1 9 case he _h tak5 x1 %\ld h be5 exempt f ! fate ( dea? & ( ! ills prec$+ x1 & end[$ ) immortality z to body & s\l--is su* a view 9 any way reconcilable ) ! ,d>w9ian ideas ( developm5t1 accord+ to :i* man came =? f ! s]ies ( l[] organisms1 subject to dea?8 ,we c\ld avoid answ]+ ?is "q by a d$uction simil> to t :i* we drew 9 ,*ap4 ,i1 #c1 :5 treat+ ( ! "q ( ! reconcilabl5ess ( ! idea ( evolution ) !ism1 b ( :i* we likewise made no use4 ,we c\ld %[ t 9 ?is "q no o!r difficulties pres5t !mselves to ! religi\s consci\sness1 ?an su* z exi/$ long be=e ! appe>ance ( ! ,d>w9ian !ories & 7 ov]come by pi\s consci\sness & religi\s reason+4 ,= a difficulty entirely simil> to t :i* "h appe>s to u1 :5 look+ ^u ! :ole human species & its orig91 /ood be=e u h]et(ore1 :5 look+ ^u ! human individual & 8 orig94 ,f ! /&po9t ( ,biblical ,*ri/ianity1 we ascribe to ! human individual an immortality ( ! s\l & a com+ resurrection ( ! body2 b we d n to ! human embryo at ! beg9n+ ( its developm5t 9 ! womb4 ,n[ we "k t ! developm5t ( man f t embryo to p]fect man is :olly gradual2 t we _c obs]ve & pr$icate ( any organ1 ( any quality1 ( any activity ( body1 s\l1 or m9d1 exactly ! mom5t :5 x comes into exi/5ce2 & t !re=e we _c give ! mom5t :5 we c\ld assume t some?+ s decid$ly great & new z ! immortality ( ! s\l & ! prospect ( a #cbg resurrection ( ! body1 beg9s = ! human individual4 ,al?\gh we "k all ?is1 nev]!less 9 all discussions ( ! "q :e!r we h to hope = an immortality ( ! s\l & a resurrection ( ! body1 ! gradual developm5t has h>dly ev] be51 s f> z we "k1 a weight--9 any case1 nev] ! decisive weight--9 ! balance aga9/ ! supposition ( an immortality4 ,if we c look ^u ! idea ( an immortality ( ! s\l & ( a resurrection ( ! body z reconcilable ) ! fact1 t ! human individual 0 only develop$ gradually out ( some?+ :i* 0 /ill s\lless & p]i%able1 we also h to look ^u ! o!r fact z reconcilable ) ! gradual developm5t ( ! :ole species2 namely1 t man1 if he %\ld h develop$ himself )\t s91 w\ld h rea*$ an immortality ( body & s\l4 ,b we %all n ent] ?is pa? :i* w\ld lead u ar\nd ! :ole "q4 ,= ! objection might be made1 t ! sci5tific & philosophic impossibility ( assum+ an et]nal duration ( an individual t orig9at$ 9 "t1 has1 inde$1 always be5 po9t$ out1 & only ! ass]tion1 n ! pro(1 ( ! contr>y has be5 oppos$ to x2 b t ,d>w9ism puts ?is impossibility into new & full light4 ,!re=e1 if we wi% to rea* a c]ta9 basis = our conviction1 no?+ else rema9s to u b to ent] ^u t "q :olly & exclusively f ,d>w9ian premises4 ,n[ ^! premises1 inde$1 indicate to u a developm5t ( ?+s1 b a developm5t ( su* a k9d t !re appe>s to u some?+ new1 & always new 9 a ris+ l9e4 ,! ris+ ( ?is l9e ( developm5t consi/s 9 ! fact t ! spiritual comes =? f ! #cbh natural 9 p]man5t progress & 9 always high] developm5t3 t m9d vanqui%es matt]4 ,! fir/ new ?+ :i* meets u 9 ! developm5t ( ! globe1 is ! organic & life2 ! second1 s5sation & consci\sness2 ! ?ird1 self-consci\sness & free-w4 ,n[ let u once suppose imag9>y human spectators ( e fir/ appe>ance ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,w\ld he :o ?us f> _h only kn[n inorganic ph5om5a & processes1 h d>$1 be=e ! appe>ance ( life1 to utt] ! proposition3 matt] c also become liv+ & live8 ,& :o w\ld h d>$ to sugge/ ! fur!r doctr9e3 matt] c also feel & get a consci\sness ( ?+s8 ,f9ally1 :o w\ld h d>$ ev5 to say3 matt] c also become a self-consci\s & free p]sonality8 ,to e p]son :o w\ld h pron\nc$ su* dreams ( ! future1 !re w\ld h be5 oppos$1 app>5tly ) full "r1 ! inviolable me*anism ( ! inorganic _w4 ,b all ?is nev]!less took place4 ,if some?+ mat]ial c be l$ s f> t a p]sonality lives 9 x1 t1 ) ! assi/ance ( ?is mat]ial basis1 is able to p]ceive ! ideas & ! et]nal1 t c act 9 accordance ) aims & designs & c set itself ! highe/ aims1 & t may ev5 ent] ^u a lov+ & *ild-l relation to ! highe/ primitive cause ( all ?+s1 !n we are no long] p]mitt$ to say t ! mat]ial1 ( :i* ! body ( su* a p]sonality consi/s1 c\ld n h be5 subject$ to ! s]vice ( su* a p]sonality s f>1 t ! latt] c\ld h vanqui%$ ! elem5ts ( ! de/ruction ( life 9 an et]nal process ( spontane\s r5ewal4 ,x is true1 ) su* a concession alone we h n #cbi ga9$ any?+ directly4 ,= 9 ab/racto ev]y?+ is f9ally conceivable :i* does n contradict ! logical laws ( reason+--ev5 ! basilisk & ! m\nta9 ( diamonds 9 /ories & fairy tales4 ,b su* an ab/ract conceivabl5ess has n ! lea/ value = ! k ( ! real1 nor ev5 = ! k ( ! really possible4 ,= 9 ! _w ( be+ & becom+1 ev]y?+ 9 its la/ elem5ts1 =ces1 qualities1 & laws1 z well z 9 ! la/ causes ( its developm5t1 is some?+ s absolutely giv51 t only aft]w>d are we able to analyze t :i* is pres5t1 f our obs]vations1 or to foll[ f ! giv5 factors t :i* c be1 or :i* "u o!r conditions w\ld h become diff]5t1 & t we are n able to syn!tically con/ruct ! "o or ! o!r 9 advance1 indep5d5tly f ! factors ( reality4 ,if1 !re=e1 t concession %all atta9 a sci5tific value1 & if ! conditional s5t5ce3 ,man w\ld n h be5 subject to dea? if he _h n s9n$1 is to become an admitt$ & unassailable "p ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 we h to look 9 ! realm ( ph5om5a1 & 9 ! c\rse ( t :i* took place1 = facts :i* prove t man1 if he _h n committ$ s91 w\ld n h di$1 & :i* ?us *ange t m]ely ab/ract1 possibility into a real "o4 ,n[ we h su* a fact 9 ! resurrection ( ! ,"l4 ,if x really took place1 !n x is ! la/ e>?ly /age 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,"l's "w ( ,r$emption1 & !n x p]mits u to draw conclusions backw>ds z to :at w\ld h become ( man1 if he _h n be5 9 ne$ ( ?is r$emption1 if he _h _h a s9less developm5t in/ead ( "o ) s94 #ccj ,we "k v well t 9 m5tion+ ?is fact we meet n only ! opposition ( ^? :o conte/ a teleological1 !i/ic1 & especially a ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w1 b also ! natural d\bts ( ^? :o def5d ) w>m int]e/ teleology & ! e?ical fundam5tals & productive =ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 b :o ?9k x m advisable to pass ov] ! :ole "q ( ! resurrection 9 cauti\s sil5ce4 ,! ma9 consid]ation :i* h9d]s !m f believ+ 9 ! reality ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 is n ! want ( hi/orical atte/ation1 b r ! absolute want ( any atte/$ analogy 9 ! o!r ev5ts :i* h tak5 place on ! e>?4 ,:at we commonly see & witness 9 ! dead1 is )\t exception precisely ! opposite ( t :i* is relat$ ab\t ! fur!r fate ( ,jesus crucifi$4 ,n[ we h repeat$ly _h occasion to po9t out t ! want ( analogy _c at all be a pro( ( a fact's n hav+ tak5 place1 suppos+ x o!rwise well e/abli%$4 ,especially if a developm5t ( ev5ts foll[s aims1 x lies 9 ! nature ( ?is developm5t t 9 its c\rse 9 all ! places :]e we really & actually c speak ( a developm5t1 ( a process1 ?+s appe> & mu/ appe> :i* 7 n pres5t be=e1 & :i*1 ev5 if !y once appe>$1 nev]!less ne$ n necess>ily be repeat$1 except at c]ta9 times :i* correspond to ! plan ( developm5t2 namely1 :5 _! "t has come4 ,all ^! are ev5ts :i* are want+ 9 analogy1 b :i* _c be d\bt$ at all on t acc\nt4 ,t 0 ! case ) ! fir/ appe>ance ( organic life1 also ) ! fir/ appe>ance ( be+s hav+ s5sation & consci\sness2 moreov]1 x 0 ! case ) ! fir/ appe>ance ( ea* ( ! ?\s&s #cca ( species ( organic be+s3 all ^! ?+s1 at ! "t :5 !y fir/ appe>$1 lack$ e analogy 9 ! pa/1 & 7 p]haps repeat$ = "s "t1 9 primitive g5]ations1 p]haps n2 at any rate1 !y h all ceas$ to h analogies )9 ! memory ( man4 ,9 an em95t degree does ! fir/ appe>ance ( man want e analogy ) :at we obs]ve else:]e4 ,we nev] see m5 appe> on ! /age ( ! e>?1 :o 7 n orig9at$ by m52 yet ?is ev5t1 s contr>y to all analogy1 did once take place1 & /&s )\t p>allel & analogy 9 ! mid/ ( ! s]ies ( ev5ts1 s f> z our k c rea*4 ,?us ! resurrection ( ! ,"l mu/ also necess>ily want analogy1 9 case x is an ev5t :i* really m>ks a /ation ( progress 9 ! developm5t ( e>?ly creatures & _! hi/ory1 & 9 case also its nature & its importance t5d n to br+ mank9d1 or at lea/ ^? :o believe 9 him :o has be5 rais$1 at once "u ! influ5ce ( its physical consequ5ces1 b only s f> to prep>e ! way = ^! consequ5ces 9 intellectual & moral life-=ces4 ,& precisely su* an ev5t is ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 accord+ to ! ann\ncem5t ( ! ,"l z to himself & 8 "w1 & accord+ to ! developm5t ( ?is p]sonal te/imony 9 ! m9ds ( 8 fir/ disciples1 & also accord+ to :at ,jesus actually became = mank9d1 & especially = ,*ri/ianity4 ,accord+ to ?is te/imony ( ,jesus & 8 apo/les1 & to ?is actual exp]i5ce1 ,jesus is ! ,r$eem]1 ^: "w is to make am5ds = ! de/ruction caus$ by s91 & ?us to orig9ate & e/abli% a new creation 9 mank9d :i*1 f inn]1 m5tal1 & spiritual beg9n+s1 #ccb r5ews mank9d1 & becomes ! leav5 :i*1 9 long p]iods ( labor1 leads x to ! goal ( p]fection2 a p]fection 9 :i* ! :ole creation %all p>ticipate--) :i*1 inde$1 mank9d is insep>ably connect$ on ! :ole natural side ( its exi/5ce4 ,b !n x also lies 9 ! nature ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus to be s+le 9 its k9d1 & )\t analogy1 until t "t %all h come 9 ! developm5t ( mank9d :5 ! la/ enemy1 dea?1 %all be =ev] remov$ & ov]come4 ,we q fail to conceive h[ ^? :o ackn[l$ge design 9 ! _w1 c avoid ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus--suppos+ ! fact to be hi/orically e/abli%$3 :]e( we %all h to speak h]eaft]4 ,x is1 inde$1 q impossible to speak ( a goal ( mank9d1 if annihilation--annihilation ( s+le p]sonalities z well z ( mank9d z a :ole--is its c]ta9 de/9y4 ,:]e & :at is ?is end ( mank9d1 if ! la/ g5]ation ( ! globe is to p]i% ) ! de/ruction ( ?is globe1 or langui% & die ev5 be=e t de/ruction1 & if no?+ w be left ( mank9d beyond ! s\lless mat]ial = new =mations 9 _! putrify+ corpses & desolate homes & works ( art8 ,:]e & :at is ?is goal1 if all :i* once set human m9ds & he>ts 9 motion1 & :i* /imulat$ ! intellectual & moral "w ( ! human races1 simply ceases to exi/1 no long] f9ds any:]e ev5 a place ( remembrance1 & n[h]e has a fruit to exhibit1 except p]haps 9 ! m9d ( a ,god :o once set ! cruel play 9 motion1 & n[ p]mits x to cease1 9 ord] to procure = himself a *ange 9 ! ent]ta9m5t8 ,a m]e immortality ( human #ccc s\ls1 )\t resurrection & )\t ! p]fection & transfiguration ( ! univ]se1 is n af=d$ u by ?is goal1 :i* we c]ta9ly ne$1 if we are to ?9k at all ( a goal = mank9d4 ,= if all dep>t+ s\ls %\ld be c>ri$ into ano!r _w ^: only relation to ! fur!r c\rse ( ! e>?ly hi/ory ( mank9d 0 9 ! fact1 t ! dead are always ga!r$ 9 x2 into ano!r _w ^: only relation to ! pa/ ( ! e>?ly hi/ory ( mank9d %\ld be 9 ! fact1 t x is divid$ into a heav5 & a hell = ^? :o rea* x2 if 9 ?is _w ev]y?+ %\ld move on1 )\t end1 9 et]nal com+ & go+2 & if no?+ c\ld be said ( t o!r _w ?an t ev]y?+ !re is diff]5t f ours--ev5 t we %\ld !re h no possible po9ts ( contact ) ?is _w3 !n we %\ld h no?+ else b a gloomy dualism ( ! _w = :i* nei!r our intellectual1 nor our psy*ical1 & lea/ ( all our physical1 organization is 9 any way prep>$1 we %\ld h 9 x no satisfaction ( our noble/ in/9cts1 no goal to :i* we w\ld be l$ by any ( ! guides :o %[ u ! pa?s :i* we h to foll[ on e>?4 ,only a resurrection & transfiguration ( ! e>? & ! univ]se1 z well z ( a glorifi$ mank9d1 %[ u su* a goal4 ,= ?is aim1 = su* a real cont9uation ( life ( ! s+le p]sonality1 & ( all mank9d1 aft] ! long "w ( moral & intellectual developm5t1 all noble & wor?y in/9cts ( mank9d are prep>$--f ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation up to ! in/9ct ( self-sacrifice = ideal purposes & ! in/9ct ( moral p]fection & community ) ,god4 ,we f9d t 9 all ! re/ ( creation1 in/9cts & inh]5t p[]s #ccd are pres5t to be satisfi$4 ,! naturali/ic t5d5cies :i* at pres5t control s _m m9ds1 are v mu* incl9$ to f\nd _! :ole view ( ! _w ^u ?is correlation ( in/9ct1 function1 & satisfaction4 ,%\ld1 !n1 ! highe/ in/9cts ( ! highe/ creature on e>? alone make an exception8 ,h !y orig9at$ f illusions1 & d !y lead to illusions8 ,we _c refra9 f quot+ a ^w :i* ,alb4 ,rville1 ( ,rott]dam1 has writt5 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,octob] issue ( ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ahgd1 on ! occasion ( a criticism ( ,e4 v4 ,h>tmann's ,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s2 ?\gh x 0 writt5 only 9 def5ce ( !ism 9 g5]al4 ,we quote f a report ( ,e4 ,p41 9 ! ,augsburg] ,allgem4 ,zeitung1 ,oct4 #bg1 #ahgd1 :i* is all at pres5t at our comm&3 ,:5 ! "y bird1 flutt]+ its w+s on ! edge ( its "m's ne/1 laun*es =? = ! fir/ "t1 x f9ds ! air :i* c>ries x1 :ile a passage is op5$ = x4 ,in/9ct deceiv$ ! bird j z little z x deceives ! multitude ( l>ge & small be+s :i* only live 9 foll[+ its incitations4 ,& %\ld man alone1 :om spiritual p]fection attracts--man ^: *>act]i/ic in/9ct x is to raise himself m5tally t[>d ! real-ideal1 ! sup]iority ( :i* he _c suffici5tly describe1 %\ld man1 :o obeys 8 nature1 da% 8 head aga9/ ! wall built ( unhewn /ones ( unconsci\s1 bl9d1 & deaf =ce8 ,nature1 inde$1 has too mu* _s--accord+ to ,h>tmann himself--to indulge 9 su* an absurdity2 & ! philosophy ( ! 'unconsci\s ,unconsci\s' w nev] p]mit x4 ,x is true1 !re is actually pres5t 9 mank9d1 & 9 x alone1 su* a discord betwe5 #cce in/9ct & satisfaction3 man has 9 himself in/9cts :i* are oppos$ to s9 & dea?1 & nev]!less s9 & dea? exi/4 ,b ! r$emption ?r\gh ,*ri/1 & especially ! k ( 8 resurrection1 ann\nces to u t ?is discord is remov$4 ,!re=e1 he :o 9 g5]al ackn[l$ges t mank9d 9 its developm5t has _h giv5 to x goals :i* correspond to its gifts & in/9cts1 has e reason to look ab\t & see :e!r1 9 ! c\rse ( human hi/ory1 c]ta9 ?+s h happ5$ :i* po9t at su* aims--indications :i* prophetically assure mank9d1 t x advances t[>d a spiritual & moral p]fection1 & t[>d an undim9i%$ p>ticipation ( all memb]s ( mank9d 9 ?is p]fection4 ,su* an assurance is (f]$ u 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus2 & !re=e1 all :o h n ab&on$ a teleological view ( ! _w1 h reason = exam9+ x ) ref]5ce to ! degree ( its hi/orical tru?4 ,?is degree is ! highe/ :i* we c 9 g5]al claim ( any hi/orical ev5t4 ,9 ord] to %[ ?is ) su* brevity z is necess>y 9 ! pres5t book1 & at ! same "t to gu>d ourselves aga9/ e dang] ( prejudice 9 ! inve/igation1 we %all = ?is occasion assume hypo!tically t all1 ev5 ! mo/ extreme1 ass]tions ( ,biblical criticism z to ! au!nticity & inau!nticity ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & z to ! diff]5ce ( _! compon5t p>ts & ! "t ( _! composition1 are correct & prov52 & see :at !n rema9s e/abli%$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is an ackn[l$g$ fact1 t ,pet] fir/1 !n ! elev5 apo/les at diff]5t times1 & betwe5 ^! m ?an five hundr$ bre?r5 7i4e41 ne>ly or fully all :o _h pres]v$ _! #ccf atta*m5t to ! ,"l till 8 dea?71 saw ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 "o1 a few days aft] 8 dea?2 &1 inde$1 "u ! mo/ diff]5t circum/ances1 & "u m5tal conditions 9 :i* !y did n at all expect any su* second appe>ance4 ,we h1 9 reg>d to ?is1 ! mo/ au!ntic writt5 evid5ce ( ! apo/le ,paul1 9 ! fifte5? *apt] ( 8 fir/ lett] to ! ,cor9?ians3 a lett] ^: au!nticity no criticism has d>$ to d\bt4 ,?is lett] 0 writt5 9 ! spr+ ( #eh3 & ,paul himself _h already be5 *ang$ f a p]secutor into a believ] 9 ,*ri/ 9 ! ye> #cf--;i4e41 "o ye> aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 :i* took place 9 #ce2 he w5t to ,j]usalem 9 #ci1 & "h ev]y?+ 0 relat$ to him by ,pet]1 z we "k f 8 lett] 7likewise n conte/$7 to ! ,galatians4 ,?us ! au!ntic in=mation ( ! man1 :o 9 #eh collect$ ! hi/orical pro(s ( ! reality ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus = 8 ,cor9?ian ,*ri/ians1 goes back to f\r ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 & to ! p]sonal witnesses ( ! appe>ances2 z 9 t lett] he also ref]s to ! fact t _m ( ^! five hundr$ bre?r5 are /ill liv+4 ,moreov]1 x is an e/abli%$ fact1 t ! fir/ writt5 evid5ces ( ! evangelical hi/ory f :i* our canonical gospels subsequ5tly orig9at$1 likewise conta9$ acc\nts ( ! appe>ance ( ! ris5 "o4 ,f9ally1 x is an e/abli%$ fact t1 f ! v beg9n+1 ! :ole mean+ ( evangelical prea*+ turn$ on ! two facts ( ! dea? & ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 z on ! two c>d9al po9ts ( all prea*+ ( salvation2 also t all ! fai? ( ^? :o embrac$ ! ,gospel 0 f\nd$ ^u ^! two facts1 z ^u ! hi/orical fundam5tals ( ! #ccg salvation :i* comes f ,jesus2 & t ?us ,*ri/ianity1 ) all its effects1 :i* h unh+$ ! old _w & diffus$ /reams ( bless+ ov] mank9d1 has its hi/orical basis 9 fai? 9 ! dea? ( ,jesus & 8 resurrection4 ,?is is our hi/orical *a9 ( pro(4 ,& t evid5ce :i* gives c]ta9ty to its mo/ important l9k1 on :i* ev]y?+ dep5ds--! appe>ance ( ! ris5 "o--is ! entire failure ( all ! attempts at expla9+ t appe>ance f a seem+ dea?1 f an int5d$ deception1 f a self-delusion1 f a vision & an ec/asy1 f a poetic my?2 9 %ort1 f any o!r cause ?an1 t ! ,"l really appe>$ to 8 disciples z ! man :o 0 dead1 b :o is ris5 & lives4 ,we _c foll[ ,keim 9 all 8 me?ods ( recon/ruct+ ! life ( ,jesus1 & we believe t he is mu* too timid reg>d+ ! consequ5ces :i* foll[ f an objective1 real appe>ance ( ,jesus aft] 8 dea?2 b we ackn[l$ge x z a high m]it ( 8 *ri/ological works1 t al?\gh he is will+ to use criticism to ! utmo/1 he has s ?or\ghly & /rik+ly %[n ! impossibility ( expla9+ ! appe>ance ( ,jesus aft] 8 dea? diff]5tly f ! real manife/ations ( 8 /ill liv+ p]son4 ,x is well t ,/rauss1 9 8 ,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new1 decl>es ! hi/ory ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus a hi/orical humbug2 = x may op5 ! eyes ( _m1 if ! t5d5cy1 ( :i* ,/rauss is lead]1 is no long] able to expla9 ,*ri/ianity--! noble/1 pure/1 & mo/ successful religion :i* has come into exi/5ce 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( mank9d--o!rwise ?an by call+ x a humbug4 ,) him :o is pleas$ ) ?is mann] ( expla9+ ! mo/ p]fect blossom & fruit ( #cch ! tree ( mank9d1 we c]ta9ly c f9d no common gr\nd ( mutual und]/&+4 ,we h be5 l$ to all ^! discussions1 by look+ = some?+ actual :i* %\ld be able to ?r[ its light back ^u ! e>lie/ primitive hi/ory ( mank9d--a hi/ory :i* c no long] be hi/orically inve/igat$4 ,we h f\nd ?is reality 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus2 & ! light :i* x ?r[s ^u ! primitive hi/ory ( man1 we h p]ceiv$ 9 ! conclusion to :i* x leads u3 t man1 if he _h tak5 a s9less developm5t1 w\ld also h be5 exempt f dea?4 ,! resurrection ( ,jesus ?r[s its light ^u /ill ano!r side ( ! ,biblical doctr9e ( ! primitive condition ( man3 namely1 ^u t :i* is ! religi\s qu9tess5ce ( ! ,biblical doctr9e ( ,p>adise4 ,z n[ ! resurrection ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ & ! prophecy ( a new creation on ! basis ( ! old1 & z we n[ hope1 ) ,/4 ,paul1 t ?is beg9n+ %all manife/ its compreh5sive cosmic effects1 :5 ! ,"l %all manife/ !m 9 ! resurrection ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god3 s1 9 case ( a s9less developm5t ( man1 ! beg9n+ ( ?is new & glorifi$ /age ( creation w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 p]ceptible at ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d & 9 ! relation ( man to 8 e>?ly surr\nd+s4 ,b we are ( c\rse n p]mitt$ to make or to pursue su* a sugge/ion at pres5t1 s9ce a s9ful developm5t ( mank9d1 ) its consequ5ces1 actually took place4 ,we h no reason to ent] into ! discussion ( ano!r (t5 & mu* debat$ "q1 :i* is connect$ ) ! primitive hi/ory ( man2 namely1 #cci :e!r mank9d is desc5d$ f "o or m pairs ( m54 ,we pass x by2 because x has no connection :atev] ) ! acceptance or rejection ( ! ,d>w9ian ideas1 & s9ce x is n yet ar*ologically & sci5tifically solvable4 ,!re are ,d>w9ians :o ?9k monog5etically1 & o!rs :o ?9k polyg5etically2 & !re is /ill a ?ird class--& !y speak mo/ correctly--:o ackn[l$ge t !y "k no?+ ab\t x4 ,besides1 we c also pass by ?is "q1 = ! reason t 9 spite ( ! important place :i* x occupies 9 ! !ological sy/em ( ,/4 ,paul1 we h no "r to assign to x1 9 ! =m 9 :i* we put x1 ! decisive dogmatic importance :i* x /ill occupies 9 _m conceptions ( ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,= we _c "q ! "r ( ! natural sci5ces to ent] into ! discussion ( ?is "q1 & to look = a solution ( x4 ,z soon z we make ?is concession1 x necess>ily & naturally foll[s f x1 t we mu/ no long] make ! sub/ance & tru? ( our religi\s possession1 ev5 9 a subord9ate mann]1 dep5d5t on ! results ( exact inve/igations3 = our religi\s possessions h too deep a basis ( tru?1 to p]mit u to gr\nd !m on ! results ( inve/igations 9 a realm s d>k = sci5ce & s f> remov$ f religi\s int]e/4 ,z to ?is "q1 we may hope = a future solution 9 ! monog5etic s5se3 we may rejoice ov] ! fact t1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( k1 ! ne$le ( ! scale r incl9es 9 favor ( a on5ess ( orig9 ( mank9d2 b we mu/ also be prep>$ to accept ! possibility ( a contr>y result1 )\t be+ afraid t 9 su* a case we %\ld h to ab&on at once t religi\s factor #cdj = ^: sake ! advocates ( a monog5etic desc5t might def5d _! view4 ,?is religi\s 7&1 we may add1 q z /rong e?ic7 factor consi/s 9 ! idea ( ! intimate unity & bro!rhood ( mank9d4 ,we mu/ absolutely adh]e to ?is idea2 = x is 9 opposition to ! p>ticul>ism :i*1 q )\t exception1 gov]n$ ! entire old _w1 ev5 its mo/ highly develop$ nations1 & :i* 0 only p5etrat$ by "s beams ( hope & pr$iction 9 ! prophecy ( ,israel--"o ( ! mo/ beautiful & blissful gifts ( ,*ri/ianity to mank9d4 ,?is idea /ill conta9s1 z e?ical motive1 "o ( ! /ronge/1 mo/ indisp5sable1 & mo/ promis+ =ces 9 ! _w4 ,if ?is idea %all be a real & la/+ly effective "o1 x c]ta9ly mu/ also h its real basis 9 ! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( mank9d4 ,b1 we mu/ ask1 is ! only conceivable reality ( ?is basis a monog5etic p$igree1 & d we lose ?is reality if sci5ce %\ld once f9d t mank9d came into exi/5ce n only 9 "o s+le pair1 b 9 sev]al pairs1 ev5 9 diff]5t places1 & at diff]5t times8 ,ev5 9 su* a case1 ! idea ( ! unity ( mank9d w\ld only lose its real basis1 if at ! same "t we 7 p]mitt$ to ?9k also anti-teleologically--if we 7 p]mitt$ to suppose t t :i* came into exi/5ce1 repeat$ly1 & 9 diff]5t places1 _h ea* "t entirely diff]5t causes )\t a common aim & a common plan4 ,if we ?9k teleologically1 we see ! unity ( mank9d1 also 9 case ( a polyg5etic orig91 9 ! unity ( ! metaphysical & teleological cause :i* call$ mank9d into exi/5ce2 & to rational be+s1 end[$ ) m9d1 z m5 are1 ! metaphysical bond is c]ta9ly /rong] ?an ! physical4 #cda ,precisely ! ,d>w9ian ideas ( ! orig9 ( species ?r\gh desc5t w\ld %[ u 9 su* a case ! real bond :i* unites mank9d4 ,= !n we %\ld only h to g back f ! diff]5t po9ts on ! /em-l9es ( ! prehi/oric g5]ators ( ^! primitive m51 at :i* m5 orig9at$ o!rwise ?an by g5]ation1 9 ord] to arrive f9ally at a common root ( all ^! /em-l9es3 ! memb]s ( mank9d w\ld ev5 !n rema9 consangu9e\s among "o ano!r1 n only 9 an ideal1 b 9 a real s5se4 ,n[ t ! idea ( ! unity ( mank9d 0 holy & important to ,/4 ,paul1 is to be inf]r$ 9 advance f su* a univ]sal m9d4 ,& :5 9 ,acts ,,xvii1 #bf1 he expresses ?is idea be=e ! ,a!nians1 s pr\d ( _! auto*?ony1 ) ! words t ( "o blood all nations ( m5 dwell on all ! face ( ! e>?2 or :51 9 ,romans ,v1 & #a ,cor9?ians ,,xv1 he makes use ( ! idea 9 ord] to expla9 & to glorify ! univ]sal p[] ( r$emption ( ,*ri/ by putt+ ,adam & ,*ri/ 9 opposition to "o ano!r1 z ! fir/ & ! second ,adam1 s t he sees s9 & dea? com+ =? f ,adam1 grace & ju/ice & life f ,*ri/ & ext5d+ ov] mank9d2 !n we f9d ?is idea q conv9c+ & natural1 & adh]e firmly to ! qu9tess5ce ( ^! tru?s1 ev5 if we ackn[l$ge nei!r 9 ^! passages1 nor 9 ,g5esis ,i & ,,ii1 ! int5tion ( ,god to give u a sup]natural manife/ation ( ! ext]ior process ( ! creation ( man4 ,paul himself gives u a h9t n to foll[ slavi%ly a lit]al int]pretation1 :5 he says1 9 ,romans ,v1 z by "o man s9 ent]$ into ! _w & dea? by s91 & calls ?is man ,adam1 al?\gh he kn[s t accord+ to ! #cdb ,biblical relation1 ,eve 0 ! "o :o 0 fir/ s$uc$1 & al?\gh he expressly po9ts out & makes use ( ?is priority ( ! s9 ( ,eve 9 ano!r connection1 & = ano!r reason4 ,f9ally1 we may "h also take into consid]ation ! contradictions :i* h come up by reason ( m rec5t inve/igations1 9 ref]5ce to ! prehi/oric conditions ( man1 & :i*1 especially 9 ,engl&1 h be5 designat$ z ! contradiction betwe5 ! elevation !ory & ! depravation !ory4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is contradiction is look$ ^u z if a conception ( ! primitive hi/ory ( man1 rema9+ con=mable to ! ,bible1 c\ld only be br\ght into h>mony ) a depravation !ory1 & n ) an elevation !ory2 b c]ta9ly )\t reason4 ,! ,biblical & ,*ri/ian conception ( ! primitive hi/ory ( man does n at all dem& ! conception ( a gradual s9k+ d[n ( mank9d f a sup]natural height--( a gradual depravation ( our species--:i* _m repres5tations seem to assume4 ,=1 accord+ to x1 ! fall ( man _h already tak5 place ) ! fir/ pair ( mank9d2 !y 7 driv5 f ,p>adise1 to long h>d labor & developm5t2 & ,p>adise 0 tak5 f e>?4 ,ev5 ! p>adisaical condition1 ) its %ort duration1 0 defici5t 9 all ! v>i\s gifts ( life :i* are a product ( human inv5tive faculty & skill1 & :i* c leave beh9d ve/iges & rema9s4 ,b :at ! ,holy ,scripture relates or indicates ( ! aft]-p>adisaical primitive hi/ory ( man1 :olly corresponds to ! idea ( a gradual developm5t out ( ! m simple & r\gh1 :i* is dem&$ by ! evolution !ory 9 its #cdc application to hi/ory4 ,t1 ev5 accord+ to ! ,biblical conception1 goodness & progress 9 out] culture1 s9 & intellectual /agnation1 are n id5tical1 we see f ! fact1 t by ! ,holy ,scripture ! mo/ successful inv5tions ( man are n assign$ to ! m pi\s ,se?ites1 b to ! ,titan-l1 rebelli\s ,ka9ites4 ,likewise1 ! evolution !ory does n at all require a con/ant1 g5]al1 & exclusive progress ( mank9d 9 all its memb]s4 ,z 9 ! realm ( irrational organisms1 s 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d2 x has to assume ! mo/ v>i\s ramifications ) progress1 /&-/ill1 & retrogradation4 ,x is true1 x sees 9 ! nations ( culture progress 9 an upw>d ris+ l9e2 b besides1 /&-/ill & retrogradations 9 great v>iety4 ,x also sees 9 mank9d 9 g5]al a labor ( upw>d ris+ developm5t2 b x also sees _m h9drances ( developm5t1 & _m %av+s :i* ! "w ?r[s to "o side4 ,b exactly ! same ?+ 0 also se5 9 e religi\s or pr(ane contemplation ( hi/ory1 long be=e ! evolution !ory 0 born4 ,!re=e1 ! diff]5t views ( ! e>lie/ primitive hi/ory ( man1 ! !ory ( depravation & t ( elevation1 d n /& s oppos$ to "o ano!r--! =m] repres5t+ ! ,biblical & religi\s1 ! latt] ! anti-religi\s1 view ( ! hi/ory--b ! "q z to ! primitive hi/ory is n yet solv$ 9 t respect2 ! depravation !ory1 z well z ! elevation !ory1 indicates r ! directions 9 :i* inve/igation has to put its que/ions to ! ar*ological s\rces4 ,inve/igation1 on ! o!r h&1 has free scope 9 bo? directions2 & ! primitive hi/ory ( man %[s itself to be a realm 9 :i* religi\s & sci5tific int]e/1 #cdd oppon5ts & advocates ( ! desc5t !ory1 c peacefully jo9 h&s = common labor4 ,up to ! pres5t1 ! inve/igations rea* results :i* seem to fall n[ m into "o1 n[ m into ! o!r1 scale ( ! balance4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! old] ! products ( human skill are1 ! m simple !y are2 on ! o!r h&1 ev5 ! olde/ rema9s %[ man 9 full possession ( t :i* di/+ui%es him f ! animal1 & atte/s a spiritual life4 ,! read] may ?9k ( ! be=e m5tion$ sket*es ( ! re9de] & mammo? 7page #ij74 ,if we f9ally come d[n to hi/oric times1 & to ! pres5t1 9 ord] to try to draw conclusions f ! comp>isons ( ! remote/ times ( :i* we h hi/oric k1 ) ! pres5t1 z to prehi/oric times1 we likewise f9d on ! "o side ve/iges ( ! l[e/ b>b>ism 9 ! pa/ & pres5t2 b on ! o!r side we f9d t ! olde/ writt5 monum5ts af=d a glance into a p]fection ( intellectual reflection & into a nobility ( moral & religi\s views :i* p]mits u to draw ! highe/ conclusions z to ! intellectual wor? ( e>lie/ mank9d4 ,! v olde/ records ( ! ,holy ,scripture give evid5ce ( ?is intellectual height2 & ev5 ! royal programmes ( ,assyrian mon>*s1 :i* ! wond]ful dilig5ce & +5uity ( rec5t inve/igators h deciph]$ f ! cunei=m inscriptions1 n only relatively correspond to ! height ( culture :i* we f9d 9 ! ru9s ( ,assyrian palaces1 b ev51 :5 look$ ^u absolutely & aside f ! morality ( conque/ :i* !y indulge1 are inspir$ by a nobility ( m9d1 & p]meat$ by a religi\sness1 :i* no pot5tate ( rec5t times w\ld ne$ to be a%am$ (4 ,!y h #cde be5 made accessible to ! public by ! "w ( ,eb]h>d ,s*rad]3 ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t 7,cunei=m ,inscriptions & ! ,old ,te/am5t71 ,giess51 #ahgb4 #d4 ,provid5ce1 ,he>+ ( ,pray]1 & ,miracles4 ,be=e we ent] into ! special *ri/ological realm1 we h yet to glance at ! realm ( ! m common relations betwe5 ,god & ! creature1 z !y h f\nd1 9 fai? 9 a div9e provid5ce1 9 he>+ ( pray]1 & 9 div9e miracles1 _! reflection 9 ,*ri/ian consci\sness4 ,x is true1 we _h to discuss ! *ief basis ( an und]/&+ 9 ?is matt] :5 treat+ ( ! position ( ! ,d>w9ian !ories 9 ref]5ce to !ism 9 g5]al2 b we h a d\ble reason = ent]+ aga9 into ! consid]ation ( ! concrete =m :i* ?is fai? has obta9$ 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,"o reason is ! fact1 t fai? 9 a special provid5ce ( ,god1 9 a he>+ ( pray]1 & 9 a connection ( ! human hi/ory ( salvation ) miracles1 =ms a v ess5tial "p ( ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w & ( ,*ri/ian religi\sness4 ,all ,holy ,scripture is int]wov5 ) assurances ( a provid5ce ( ,god1 go+ ev5 into details2 ) ! mo/ di/9ct & solemn promises ( ! he>+ ( our pray]s2 & ) ! mo/ emphatic ref]5ce to ! miracles :i* x relates4 ,! ,"l himself n only f\nd all ^! doctr9es1 & left !m unt\*$1 b he develop$ !m 9 ! mo/ pregnant way1 & br\ght !m into ! mo/ intimate connection ) ! qu9tess5ce & c5tre ( 8 doctr9e4 ,accord+ to 8 tea*+1 #cdf a sp>r[ %all n fall to ! gr\nd )\t ! w ( y\r heav5ly ,fa!r2 b ! v hairs ( y\r head are all numb]$4 ,he enc\rages u to pray1 ) ! words3 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 ,:atsoev] ye %all ask ! ,fa!r 9 my "n1 he w give x y2 & he proves himself to be ! ,r$eem]1 ?r\gh signs & wond]s1 & ref]s to ! greate/ sign :i* 0 to be manife/$ 9 him--! sign ( ! resurrection4 ,! o!r reason = ent]+ ^u ! discussion ( ^! que/ions1 lies 9 ! incr$ible ?\ghtlessness ) :i* a great "p ( mod]n educat$ p1 ev5 ( su* m5 z d n at all wi% to ab&on fai? 9 a liv+ ,god1 p]mit !mselves to be gov]n$ by ! lead]s ( religi\s infidelity1 & to be defil$ & robb$ ( ev]y?+1 :i* belongs to ! nature ( a liv+ ,god4 ,by _m1 x is consid]$ z good ta/e1 & z an indisp5sable sign ( deep sci5tific le>n+ & high education1 & x =ms a seldom conte/$ "p ( correspond5ce 9 newspap]s1 :i* h = _! public a wide circle ( educat$ p1 t 9 ref]r+ to ! inviolabl5ess ( ! laws ( nature !y decl>e fai? 9 a special provid5ce ( ,god to be a view long ago reject$1 & :i* is only consi/5t ) half-civiliz$ individuals2 t !y look d[n ) a compassionate & self-consci\s smile ^u ! egoi/ic implicit fai? ( congregations :o /ill pray = good h>ve/-wea!r1 & see 9 ! damage done by a hail/orm a div9e affliction2 t !y criticise x z a sad tok5 ( ecclesia/ical d>kness1 :5 ev5 *ur*-au?orities ord] su* pray]s 9 case ( wide-spread calamities2 t !y fall into a passion ov] ! #cdg n>r[ness & ! dull+ influ5ce ( p$agogues :o see 9 ! hi/ories :i* !y relate to _! pupils or put into _! h&s = read+1 ! gov]nm5t ( an e?ical ord] ( ! _w :i* goes a little f>!r ?an ! rule t he :o deceives injures 8 good "n1 & he :o gets intoxicat$ injures 8 heal?2 t !y give a man :o /ill believes 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 to und]/& t he has n yet le>n$ ! fir/ elem5ts ( ! !ory ( putrefaction & p]i%abl5ess4 ,t ! adv]s>ies ( fai? 9 a ,god ?us express !mselves1 & try to conqu] z mu* gr\nd z possible = _! fro/y doctr9e1 is c]ta9ly q natural2 b t ev5 advocates ( !ism %\ld p]mit su* /uff to be pres5t$ to !m1 & c keep sil5t 9 reg>d to x--nay1 t ev5 prea*]s (f] x to _! congregations z ord9>y ,sabba? edification1 & t _! he>]s c gratefully accept x--is c]ta9ly a sugge/ive & al>m+ evid5ce ( ! rapidity ) :i*1 9 _m m5 :o /ill d n wi% consci\sly & c]ta9ly to be ?\ght godless 7i4e41 to be sep>at$ f ,god71 _! connection ) ! s\rce ( light & life is decreas+1 & ( h[ /rongly ! fe> t !y may be look$ ^u z unsci5tific & imp]fectly educat$1 ov]balances ! fe> ( los+ ! liv+ ,god & ,fa!r1 & !re) ! support ( bo? m9d & life4 ,n[1 t ?is fai? 9 a special provid5ce1 9 a he>+ ( pray]1 & 9 div9e miracles1 =ms an ess5tial "p ( ,*ri/ian religi\sness1 we d n ne$ to %[ m 9 detail2 x is an e/abli%$ hi/orical fact1 & an object ( direct ,*ri/ian k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h /ill to say a ^w conc]n+ #cdh t :i*1 on ! "p ( ^? j describ$1 is s /rongly conte/$2 namely1 ab\t ! sci5tific wor? ( su* a fai?1 & also ab\t its reconcilabl5ess ) ! ,d>w9ism !ories4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z to ! fai? 9 a special provid5ce ( ,god1 &1 9 connection ) x1 z to ! possibility ( a he>+ ( human pray]1 su* a fai? is by itself ! inevitable consequ5ce ( all !ism2 nay1 x is precisely id5tical ) !ism2 x is t :i* makes !ism !ism1 & di/+ui%es x f m]e deism--i4e41 f an idea ( ,god1 :i* m]ely makes ,god ! au?or ( ! _w1 & lets ! _w1 aft] x 0 once creat$1 g its own way4 ,n[1 ! !i/ic idea ( ,god1 :i* sees ! ,creator 9 an un9t]rupt$ connection ) 8 creation1 is 9 itself ! m sci5tific "o3 = a ,god :o1 al?\gh ! au?or ( ! _w1 w\ld n "k h[ to f9d1 nor int5d to f9d1 a way ( communication ) 8 creation1 w\ld c]ta9ly be an idea !ologically inconceivable4 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 /ill h to adh]e to ! idea ( a special provid5ce ( ,god1 ev5 if 9 our discursive reason+ & exact inve/igation ( ! processes 9 ! _w we %\ld n f9d a s+le guide ref]r+ u to ! sci5tific possibility ( su* a direct & un9t]rupt$ dep5d5ce ( ! _w on its au?or4 ,we %\ld !n h simply to decl>e a conviction ( ! provid5ce ( ,god to be a po/ulate ( our reason+1 :i* is giv5 ) ! idea ( ,god itself2 & w\ld j z little call ?is conviction unsci5tific on acc\nt ( ! fact1 t we are n able to %[ ! modalities ( div9e provid5ce1 z 9 ref]5ce to ! exact sci5ces we %\ld conte/ ! "* ( _! #cdi sci5tific value on acc\nt ( ! fact t !y are no long] able to give u an answ] exactly :]e our que/ions become mo/ important & int]e/+4 ,b ! ways 9 :i* we are able to realize sci5tifically ! idea ( a div9e provid5ce are1 inde$1 n entirely clos$ = u4 ,we h sev]al ( !m2 "o />ts f ! idea ( ,god1 o!rs f ! empiric creat$ _w4 ,x belongs to ! idea ( ,god1 t we h to ?9k ( ! sublimity ( ,god ov] "t & space1 ( 8 et]nity & omnipres5ce1 9 su* a way t ,god1 9 8 be+1 life1 & activity1 does n /& 9 "t nor )9 any limits or diff]5ces ( space1 b absolutely above "t & above all limits & diff]5ces ( space2 t he is pres5t 9 8 _w ev]y:]e & at any "t4 ,he :o objects to ?is1 c only d x ) weapons to :i* we h to oppose ! objection :i* ! adv]s>ies ( ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ,god s (t5 raise aga9/ x--namely1 ! objection ( a rejectable an?ropomorphism4 ,9 conte/+ ! possibility ( ! idea ( an un9t]rupt$ pres5ce ( a p]sonal & liv+ ,god 9 ! entire realm ( ! univ]se1 ! adv]s>ies seem to p]mit !mselves to be daunt$ by ! difficulty :i* is (f]$ to man 9 controll+ ! realms ( 8 own activity4 ,! great] su* a realm1 ! m difficult becomes a compreh5sive survey1 ! m ! human influ5ce has to re/rict itself to ! great] & m common & to neglect ! little & s+le4 ,! m remov$ is ! pa/ :i* helps to con/itute ! circum/ances ( ! pres5t1 ! great] is ! human ignorance & oblivion2 ! m remov$ is ! future1 ! great] is ! human incapability ( #cej influ5c+ x decisively4 ,su* measures ought to disappe>1 ev5 9 _! la/ traces1 :5 we reflect on ,god & div9e activity4 ,if once ! idea is e/abli%$ = u ( a liv+ ,god1 :o is always pres5t 9 ! _w creat$ by him1 & 9 ^: sight a ?\s& ye>s are b z ye/]day :5 x is pa/1 & z a wat* 9 ! night1 ! f9al causal *a9 ( causes & effects may be ev] s long1 & /ret*+ ov] ?is c\rse ( ! _w f its beg9n+ to its end2 ! s+le ph5om5a may be wov5 toge!r ( ev] s _m ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( millions ( diff]5t causal *a9s3 we nev]!less see above !m all ! regulat+ h& ( ,god f :om !y all come1 & :o n only surveys & controls _! texture 9 all its ?reads1 b :o himself arrang$1 wove1 & made x4 ,su* a view is n only m satisfactory to ! religi\s ne$ ( man1 b x also seems to u m sci5tific1 ?an a view :i* traces ev]y?+ back to a bl9d & dead cause1 or ev5 to no ultimate cause at all1 & ?9ks x has entirely remov$ ! la/ veil1 if x pron\nces ! great ^w causal law4 ,n[1 :ile our idea ( ,god ?us tells u t ,god has 9 8 h& all causal *a9s 9 ! _w1 & its million-?read$ web 9 con/ant omni-survey+ pres5ce & 9 all-controll+ omnipot5ce1 our reflection on ! _w & its sub/ance & c\rse also leads u f ! a po/]iori />t+-po9t ( analytical inve/igation precisely to ! same result2 x ev5 leads u to a /ill m concrete conception ( ?is idea--namely1 to ! result1 t n only ! causal *a9s1 9 _! totality & 9 _! web1 b also all s+le l9ks ( ^! *a9s1 #cea h _! =ce & exi/5ce only by virtue ( a transc5d5tal1 or :at is ! same1 ( a metaphysical1 cause4 ,= if we analyze ! s+le ph5om5a 9 ! _w1 we c]ta9ly obs]ve 9 ! activity ( _! qualities & =ces su* a con=mity to law1 t1 9 our reflection on ^! ph5om5a1 we c g f "o ph5om5on to ! necessity ( ano!r z its cause or its effect1 & ?us =m ^? p>ticul> causal *a9s & causal nets 9 ^: arrang$ repres5tation natural sci5ce consi/s4 ,b t ^? qualities & =ces exi/ & act precisely ?us1 & n o!rwise1 & :y1 we are no long] able to expla94 ,we c only say3 ! mat]ial & ! app>5t is no long] _! cause1 b _! effect2 !re=e1 ! cause ( t :i* comes into exi/5ce lies beyond ! ph5om5on--i4e41 9 ! transc5d5tal1 9 ! metaphysical4 ,?is becomes evid5t 9 ! inorganic _w & 9 ^? qualities :i* are common to all matt]4 ,su* common qualities ( ! latt] are1 = in/ance1 cohesion & gravitation4 ,t all matt] has ! quality ( cohesion1 we c only say because we obs]ve x2 b t x mu/ be s1 & :y1 we are n able to say4 ,?is becomes /ill m evid5t 9 gravitation4 ,gravitation is s decid$ly an action 9 space1 t x appe>s to u1 toge!r ) cohesion1 z precisely ! bond :i* b9ds ! entire mat]ial _w toge!r4 ,ea* s+le mat]ial atom is subject to its =ce2 b h[ & :y1 & especially h[ & :y matt] acts ^u ! matt] 9 space1 physics c no long] tell u1 b ref]s u to a metaphysical cause4 ,?is dep5d5ce ( ea* s+le be+1 & ( all its qualities & =ces1 on a transc5d5tal & #ceb metaphysical cause ( its exi/5ce1 becomes mo/ cle> to u 9 ! _w ( ! organic1 & especially 9 ! transmission & developm5t ( organisms4 ,t individuals orig9ate new individuals ( _! species2 t ! fecundat$ g]ms1 if ! necess>y conditions are pres5t1 develop !mselves out ( ! fir/ g]m & egg-cell 9 cont9ually progressive & di/9ct diff]5tiations1 ea* aft] its k9d1 into ! full-gr[n condition1 s t individuals end[$ ) a s\l & intellectual life are also develop$ out ( su* beg9n+s2--^! are facts :i* are cont9ually repeat$ be=e our eyes1 & m5 ( sci5ce h n yet rea*$ ! end 9 pursu+ ! actual 9 ^! processes into its f9e/ ramifications4 ,b h[ x is t individuals mu/ transmit !mselves--t ! se$s & eggs mu/ h ?is =ce ( g]m9ation & developm5t--!y h n yet be5 able to expla91 & w nev] be able to d s4 ,! ^w inh]itance1 :i* is to solve ! problem1 is only a "n = ! fact :i* we obs]ve1 & = ! regul>ity ( its repetition2 b = ?is fact ( inh]itance itself1 we seek 9 va9 a physical explanation3 we are ref]r$ to a metaphysical cause4 ,?us1 n only ! fir/ orig9 ( life on e>? is an enigma to u 7z we h se5 9 ,"p ,i1 ,book ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,i1 #c71 b organic life itself1 9 its :ole exi/5ce & c\rse1 is a process :i*1 at e /ep1 & 9 e place ( its c\rse1 rema9s to u 9 its la/ causes physically unexpla9$1 & ref]s u to metaphysical causes4 ,if we f9ally see 9 all ^! inorganic & organic processes a /riv+ t[>ds ends--& we mu/ see x1 z soon z we 9 g5]al obs]ve ord]1 ! category ( high] & l[]1 & ! appe>ance ( ! high] on #cec ! basis ( ! l[]--we are1 ) all our teleological obs]vations1 aga9 ref]r$ to ! metaphysical1 & /ill m decid$ly to ! goal-sett+ metaphysical2 & a metaphysical :i* sets & rea*es goals is no?+ else ?an t 9 philosophic language :i* 9 ! language ( religion we call a liv+ ,creator & ,rul] ( ! _w & ! activity ( 8 provid5ce4 ,f /ill ano!r side1 ! k ( ! _w1 ev5 9 a sci5tific way1 leads u to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a div9e provid5ce :i* controls ) absolute fre$om e process 9 e place & 9 e mom5t ( ! _w's c\rse4 ,we see cont9ually1 9 ! mid/ ( nature1 & 9 its causal c\rse con=mable to law1 some?+ sup]natural1 transc5d5tal1 & metaphysical1 act+ decisively ^u ! c\rse ( nature2 & t is ! free activity ( man4 ,e man c>ries 9 ! fre$om ( ! det]m9ations ( 8 w some?+ transc5d5tal & metaphysical 9 himself1 :i* we c call natural only :5 we mean by nature ! summ>y ( all t :i* exi/s1 b :i* we h to call sup]natural :5 we mean by nature ! summ>y ( t :i* belongs to ! _w ( ph5om5a 9 its traceable causes z well z 9 its traceable effects4 ,! scale ( life-activities1 f ! l[e/ arbitr>y motions1 f ! impulses & in/9cts ( ! animal up to ! highe/ moral action ( ! w ( man1 %[s u 9 indi/9ct transitions all /ages :i* lead f ! natural to ! sup]natural1 until1 9 ! e?ical & religi\s motives ( man1 we arrive at sup]physical 7i4e41 sup]natural7 motives :i* daily & h\rly invade ! natural1 & 9 ?is invasion consci\sly & unconsci\sly use ! =ces ( nature #ced & _! activity1 con=mable to law1 & 9 spite ( _! metaphysical & transc5d5tal orig91 f ! mom5t ( _! activity1 jo9 ! natural causal connection ( ! _w's c\rse4 ,?is obs]vation ( an invasion ( ! physical by ! sup]natural1 z x cont9ually takes place 9 ! free action ( man1 leads u 9 a triple way to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( an action ( div9e provid5ce ^u ! c\rse ( ! _w4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is obs]vation %[s u1 9 a v direct way1 po9ts :]e ! free disposition ( ,god acts det]m9at+ly ^u ! c\rse ( ?+s1 & :]e ?is action becomes accessible to our obs]vation4 ,^! po9ts are ! human p]sonalities1 9 s f> & inasmu* z !y p]mit !mselves to be influ5c$ & det]m9$ by ! w ( ,god 9 ! e?ical & religi\s motives ( _! action1 &1 :5 ^! motives become actions1 det]m9ately act ^u ! c\rse ( ?+s4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is obs]vation fur!r leads1 by way ( two conclusions1 to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a div9e provid5ce4 ,"o conclusion is ! foll[+3 ,if !re exi/ 9 ! _w free & intellig5t be+s :i*1 ?r\gh _! free det]m9ations1 guid$ by reflection1 decisively act ^u ! c\rse ( nature1 & if ^! be+s1 on acc\nt ( ^! v qualities ( fre$om & intellig5ce1 occupy ! highe/ /age among ! creatures :i* we "k1 ! la/ metaphysical cause ( _! exi/5ce mu/ also h qualities :i* are able to produce su* free & intellig5t be+s--at lea/ ! qualities ( fre$om & intellig5ce 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,& ?is highe/ metaphysical cause :i* produces free & intellig5t p]sonalities 9 ! _w1 c at lea/ be no #cee m dep5d5t ^u ! entire _w1 ^: au?or x is1 ?an ^? p]sonalities are dep5d5t ^u t realm 9 ! _w 9 :i* !y h _! exi/5ce4 ,we call su* a metaphysical cause1 to :i* we h to ascribe fre$om & intellig5ce 9 ! highe/ degree1 ,god2 & we call its free position 9 ref]5ce to ! _w1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 or provid5ce4 ,! o!r conclusion leads u to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a connection ( provid5ce ) con=mability to law 9 ! actions ( all =ces & qualities 9 ! _w4 ,x is ! same conclusion to :i* we _h to ref] 9 ,*ap4 ,i1 #f1 b :i* n[1 z we draw f !ism ! conclusion ( ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a special div9e provid5ce1 falls ) increas$ weight into ! scale4 ,x is ! foll[+3 ,on ! "o h&1 we obs]ve 9 ! processes ( ! _w a /riv+ t[>ds ends2 on ! o!r1 we "k 9 ! _w itself only "o s+le creature :i* acts accord+ to aims1 :i* sets itself its ends & rea*es !m ) freely *os5 means4 ,?is "o creature is man4 ,n[ man c1 z we po9t$ out 9 ,*ap4 ,i1 #f1 *oose & use ! means ) :i* he wi%es to rea* 8 ends1 only because he c rely on ! con=mity to ! end 9 view & ! regul>ity 9 ! effect ( all ! qualities & =ces ( ?+s4 ,if he c\ld n rely on !m1 he c]ta9ly c\ld set himself ends2 b ! rea*+ ( !m he w\ld h to leave to ! play ( *ance4 ,n[ if we see1 on ! "o side1 t ! only creature kn[n to u :i* sets itself ends is able to rea* ^! ends by virtue ( inviolable con=mity to law 9 ! =ces & effects ( its means1 & if we see1 on ! o!r1 t 9 ! c\rse ( ! _w ends are also rea*$1 & t at ! same "t #cef all second>y causes :i* lead to ^! ends act ) a necessity con=mable to law1 we c]ta9ly are "r 9 draw+ ! conclusion t ! highe/ metaphysical cause ( all ?+s--we n[ say1 ! liv+ ,god--has s prep>$ ! :ole univ]se t 8 free b regul> & sy/ematic goal-sett+ & end-rea*+ action ^u ! c\rse ( all ?+s re/s1 z a :ole z well z 9 detail1 directly ^u ! con=mity to law ( all =ces & _! effects4 ,! obs]vation ( a free action ( ! human p]sonality ^u ! c\rse ( ?+s1 once m leads u back to a reflection on ! idea ( ,god4 ,= if we h reason to ackn[l$ge a fre$om ( ! det]m9ations ( human w--& ! consci\sness ( e?ical responsibility w be a pro( ( ?is fre$om :i* _c be invalidat$ by any contr>y reflection--! "q comes up3 h[ is ?is fre$om ( a creature reconcilable ) ! idea ( ,god8 ,f> be x f u to claim to h f\nd a solution ( ^! la/ & mo/ important problems ( ! human m9d4 ,= all m$itations on !m b lead to ant9omies 9 ! pres5ce ( :i* we d>e n *urn to remove all difficulties ( reflection /ill less to solve ! difficulties by pursu+ only "o *a9 ( reason+ & ignor+ ! o!r4 ,! way ( sci5ce leads r to m]e compromises1 & ^! compromises consi/ 9 ! fact1 t on e side ( our obs]vations or argum5ts we look = & adh]e to t :i* results = u 9 inconte/able fact or indisp5sable po/ulate1 & t we adh]e to all results or po/ulates ?us f\nd ev5 :5 we are no long] able to trace _! unity & h>mony back to _! la/ s\rces4 ,n[ if1 on ! "o h&1 our idea ( #ceg ,god is e/abli%$ z a self-te/imony ( ,god to our e?ical consci\sness & z a result ( our teleological reason+1 & if1 on ! o!r1 is e/abli%$ ! fact ( ! _w & ( its processes go+ on con=mably to law1 & likewise ! fact ( human fre$om & its actions ^u ! c\rse ( ?+s1 & f9ally ! fact ( ! admission ( ! human w & action into a high] teleology :i* is sup]ior to human w1 & :i*1 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 ( individuals1 & nations1 rea*es its high] ends1 n[ by affirm+1 n[ by d5y+1 human w2 !n we h simply to acc\nt = all ^! facts z m]e facts1 & ! sci5tific attempt at pursu+ !m into _! inn] connection is no?+ else b a m or less successful compromise4 ,we h to be satisfi$ ) ^! indications1 = ! fur!r discussion ( !m w\ld lead u f> beyond ! task ( ! pres5t publication4 ,we %all only po9t out ! fact1 t precisely ! k ( ! image ( ,god 9 man %[s u ! way to ! k ( h[ x is conceivable t ,god c create p]sonalities ?r\gh ^: fre$om ( w he relatively limits ! absolut5ess ( 8 own w4 ,9 all our discussions hi!rto1 ! sci5tific basis ( a fai? 9 ! possibility ( an answ] to pray] has be5 evid5t4 ,all reasons = a div9e provid5ce1 also speak ) ! same =ce ( p]suasion = ! he>+ ( our pray]s1 z soon z ! idea ( be+ a *ild ( ,god has become an integral "p ( our idea ( ,god4 ,& ?is idea--! idea ( ,god z ! fa!r1 & ( a relation%ip ( love betwe5 ! div9e & ! human p]sonalities--is s mu* a "p ( ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ,god1 t x belongs to its v ess5ce4 ,only "o #ceh consid]ation might (f] sci5tific difficulties to our fai? 9 ! he>+ ( pray]3 namely1 if ,god he>s ! pray]s ( 8 *ildr51 9 ! c\rse ( "t new motives = 8 action pres5t !mselves to him2 n[1 is x reconcilable ) ! idea ( ,god1 t ,god makes himself 9 any su* way dep5d5t on t :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 "t1 & on ! *ang+ moods ( ! creature8 ,b ?is difficulty is precisely ! same :i* we met1 :5 ackn[l$g+ human fre$om & its reconcilabl5ess ) a div9e provid5ce2 & we h tri$ to indicate above ! pa? :i* leads to its solution4 ,x is ! pr9cipal idea :i* p5etrates all our reason+ ab\t ! relation ( ,god & ! _w--namely1 ! idea ( a teleology 9 ! _w--:i* is to lead u to a correct conception ( ! miracles & _! reconcilabl5ess ) a me*anism ( nature & ) ! ,d>w9i/ic ideas ( developm5t4 ,9 ! mu* discuss$ conte/ ab\t ! problem ( miracles1 cle>] results w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 atta9$1 if "o _h que/ion$ m closely :at ! record ( ! ,*ri/ian religion means by miracles1 & :at position1 accord+ to x1 ^! miracles h to take 9 ! ord] ( ! _w & 9 ! div9e plan ( salvation2 & aft] hav+ satisfi$ himself z to ?is position1 _h fur!r ask$ :at position !y take 9 ref]5ce to our exact sci5ce & our !i/ic view ( ! _w4 ,in/ead ( do+ ?is1 we h (t5 en\gh se5 fri5d & foe ( ! idea ( miracles1 z soon z ! "q 0 ev5 t\*$ ^u1 at once set to "w ) ! insuffici5t conceptions ( old rationalism & sup]naturalism1 & ?us rais+ objections & attempt+ solutions :i* c\ld satisfy nobody4 ,especially e inadequate idea #cei :i* 0 put =? by ! advocates ( fai? 9 miracles1 0 gladly accept$ by its adv]s>ies2 = !reby !y 7 furni%$ ) a c>icature ( ! idea ( miracles1 ! te>+ to pieces ( :i* 0 an easy & agreeable sport to !m4 ,! v ideas ( ! natural & ! sup]natural are a category :i* is to be treat$ ) caution4 ,:5 discuss+ ! "q ( div9e provid5ce1 we h se5 t1 ) e free act ( ! w ( man spr++ f an e?ical motive1 some?+ sup]natural invades ! natural1 s t 9 e normal human life we always see sup]natural & natural by ! side ( & 9 "o ano!r4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! direct & ! indirect action or invasion ( ,god is also to be us$ ) great caution & re/riction4 ,= :]e we are no long] able to f9d second>y causes1 :o c ass]t t ,god no long] uses any8 ,:]e ! realm ( visible causes ceases & t ( ! invisible beg9s1 :o c exclude second>y causes8 ,& on ! o!r h&1 :]e ,god acts directly1 :o c d5y ! concurr5ce ( 8 direct pres5ce & 8 direct action1 or r$uce ! value ( t :i* 0 indirectly produc$8 ,moreov]1 ! (t5-return+ conceptions ( a break+ ( ! laws ( nature1 or ! compromises :i* 7 made betwe5 a break+ & a non-break+ ( ! laws ( nature by assum+ a sup]natural accel]ation ( ! process ( nature1 7 /ill m mislead+4 ,9 ! :ole _w1 inf9itely _m high] & l[] =ces act accord+ to laws & ord]4 ,9 e process1 a "p ( ! =ces :i* 9 ! s+le case surr\nd x1 become active1 & !reby h9d] #cfj ano!r "p f its activity4 ,b ! laws ( ?is o!r "p ( =ces are n !reby invalidat$ or brok54 ,:5 a man acts ) moral fre$om1 f m]e moral motives1 ! highe/ ( ! conceivable =ces ov] :i* we h control comes into direct action ^u ! natural4 ,b !re) ^? =ces1 ) _! laws1 :i* w\ld h be5 active if ano!r motive _h det]m9$ him1 are n yet ov]come1 b only h9d]$ f _! activity 9 exactly ! same way z "o "p ( =ces c be active & ano!r n1 :]e m]e me*anical actions take place4 ,?us1 9 miracles1 no law ( nature is ov]come1 b only a =ce :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 active accord+ to ! law ( its activity1 is = ! "t h9d]$ f action by ano!r =ce becom+ active4 ,moreov]1 ?r\gh ! consci\s & unconsci\s connection ( ! idea ( irregul>ity & lack ( plan ) ! idea ( miracles1 n only ! idea ( a ,god :o works miracles1 b also t ( a p]sonal ,creator & ,rul] ( ! _w1 9 g5]al1 has come into discr$it4 ,= t reason1 ,hckel1 = in/ance1 :5 he attacks ! ,*ri/ian idea ( creation1 nev] fails to speak ( ! caprici\s arbitr>9ess ( ! ,creator2 & ,osk> ,s*midt also speaks ( ! caprice ( ! ,god ( ,*ri/ians4 ,) ^! criticisms1 :i* we h made 9 ref]5ce to ! treatm5t ( ! "q ( miracles1 we c]ta9ly h und]tak5 only to *>act]ize ! sup]ficial skirmi%+ :i* took place betwe5 ! two oppos+ views ( ! _w1 b n ! labors ( m rec5t !ological sci5ce4 ,b t skirmi% has made1 l all sup]ficiality1 ! mo/ noise 9 ! _w2 & s9ce ! adv]s>ies ( ! fai? 9 #cfa miracles endeavor$ almo/ exclusively to reflect 9 ?is mann]1 & almo/ ignor$ ! deep] d$uctions ( !ological sci5ce1 !y succe$$ 9 mak+ ! idea ( miracles almo/ ! mo/ dread$ object ( antipa?y to mod]n education1 & _m ( ^? :o feel t ! conceptions ( traditional dogmatics are 9 ne$ ( revision1 & religion & sci5ce ( a reconciliation1 endeavor to f9d t revision & reconciliation especially 9 ! fact1 t religion gives up miracles4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !ology z sci5ce1 9 its ma9 advocates1 long ago gave up ^! insuffici5t & mislead+ categories & conceptions1 & e/abli%$ a conception ( miracles :i* c easily be receiv$ into ! sci5ce ( ! processes ( nature1 z well z into our reason+ ab\t ,god & ! div9e4 ,! fir/ :o adopt$ ?is mode ( treatm5t1 is "o ( ! pione]s ( m rec5t positive !ology1 & ( a !ology /ill un9flu5c$ by sci5ce--,k>l ,immanuel ,nitzs*4 ,x is c]ta9ly int]e/+ to read :at ?is man1 z e>ly z #ahbi1 said1 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,sy/em d] ,*ri/li*5 ,lehre 7,sy/em ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e71 & also 9 ! succe$+ edition pr9t$ )\t alt]ation4 ,he says1 on page #fd3 ,! miracles ( revelation are1 9 spite ( all objective sup]naturalness1 d]iv$ f _! c5tral orig91 some?+ really con=mable to law3 p>tly 9 relation to ! high] ord] ( ?+s to :i* !y belong & :i* is also a _w1 a nature 9 its k9d1 & acts ^u ! l[] 9 its way2 p>tly 9 ref]5ce to ! simil>ity to common nature :i* !y reta9 9 any way2 p>tly on acc\nt ( _! teleological p]fection2 & !y mu/ n only be expect$ z ! homog5e\s ph5om5on f ! inn] miracle ( #cfb r$emption1 f ! /&po9t ( p]fect ,*ri/ian fai?1 b also by virtue ( ! union betwe5 _s & nature1 be look$ ^u z ! natural 9 its k9d4 ,9 ^! words we f9d ! fruitful g]ms ( a s\nd dogmatic developm5t :i* ! idea ( miracles has f\nd on ! "p ( m rec5t !ology4 ,let u1 9 ! fir/ place1 try to keep free f all preconceiv$1 correct or incorrect1 op9ions1 & ask h[ ! miracles appe> to u1 :5 !y pres5t !mselves ) a claim to ackn[l$gm5t z integral p>ts ( a div9e revelation ( salvation1 namely1 9 ! religion ( r$emption & its record4 ,9 reg>d to _! "n1 !y appe> to u 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures z amaz+ bright processes1 z great de$s & signs2 & 9 reg>d to _! nature1 z signs :i* are de/9$ to call ! att5tion ( man to ! gov]nm5t 9 grace & 9 judgm5t ( a liv+ ,god1 to ! salvation ( r$emption :i* ,god gives to man1 & to ! human in/rum5ts :i* he uses = t purpose4 ,n[1 9 a view ( ! _w :i*1 l ! ,biblical1 s decid$ly sees a revelation ( ,god 9 all t :i* takes place1 9 a view ( ! _w to :i* ev]y?+ natural has also1 z a "w ( ,god1 its sup]natural cause1 & ev]y?+ sup]natural1 at pres5t1 or 9 ! future1 is transpos$ aga9 into nature & hi/ory1 n only all ^? above reject$ conceptions ( miracles lose _! significance1 b all rema9+ conceptions ) :i* "o o!rwise tries to di/+ui% ! miracles f all t is n miracul\s1 or to classify ! diff]5t species ( miracles1 also dim9i% 9 importance1 z d also all ^? di/9ctions ( direct & indirect actions ( ,god--! di/9ctions ( relative & absolute1 ( subjective & objective miracles3 & !re #cfc rema9s hut a s+le inviolable k]nel & c5tral po9t ( ! ,biblical conception ( miracles1 & t is ! above m5tion$ teleological "* ( miracles4 ,inde$1 we are n will+ to reject all ^! logical di/9ctions & inve/igations z wor?less3 !y h help$ to r5d] cle> our conceptions & ideas1 & !y /ill help4 ,b a deep] inve/igation ( ! idea ( miracles & its relation to a sci5tific k ( ! _w may p]haps f9ally lead our m develop$ reflection back to ! fact t we f9d ! qu9tess5ce & ! nature ( miracles only :]e ! pi\s p ( ! ,bible f\nd x4 ,& ?is qu9tess5ce ( miracles consi/s precisely 9 _! teleological nature1 & n at all 9 ! fact t !y _c be expla9$ physically3 x consi/s 9 ! fact t miracles are signs ?r\gh :i* ,god manife/s himself & 8 gov]nm5t ov] man1 & actually %[s ! latt] t he wi%es to br+ him to ! pursuit ( p]fection by ! way ( r$emption4 ,rits*l1 9 an essay :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,jahrb*] fr ,deuts*e ,!ologie1 z e>ly z #ahfa1 po9t$ out ?is decid$ly teleological "* ( ,biblical miracles & ! indiff]5ce %[n by pi\s m5 9 ! ,bible z to ! "q :e!r ^! de$s & signs c be expla9$ naturally or n4 ,! pr(it :i* we d]ive f ?is rev]t+ to ! ,biblical conception ( ! idea ( miracles is by no means small4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we help to e/abli% ! full recognition ( t direct religi\s consci\sness & s5sation :i* is n only *>act]i/ic ( ! pi\s m5 ( ,scripture1 b :i* yet *>act]izes all g5u9e religi\sness2 & ?is consi/s 9 ! fact t ! religi\s man sees #cfd miracles ( ,god 9 all t turns 8 att5tion to ,god's gov]nm5t1--9 ! sea ( />s1 9 rock & bu%1 9 sun%9e & /orm1 9 fl[] & worm1 j z c]ta9ly z 9 ! guidance ( 8 own life & 9 ! facts & processes ( ! hi/ory ( salvation & ( ! k+dom ( ! ,"l4 ,9 ?is idea ( miracles1 ! ess5tial ?+ is n t ! ph5om5a & processes are inconceivable to him--al?\gh c]ta9ly 9 all t comes into appe>ance !re is /ill an incompreh5sible & uncompreh5d$ rema9d]4 ,= a =m ( nature1 e4g41 :i* turns 8 att5tion to a creator1 is ( c\rse a miracle1 ev5 if he is able to look ^u x ) none o!r eye ?an t ( ! unle>n$3 b x ev5 !n rema9s a miracle1--nay1 x is increas$ to a /ill great] miracle1 if he has le>n$ to contemplate & inve/igate x ) all ! auxili>y means ( sci5ce4 ,a he>+ ( 8 pray]s rema9s a miracle1 :e!r or n he is able to p]ceive ! natural connection ( ! process 9 :i* he sees 8 pray]s answ]$1 or ev5 to trace x back to ! remote/ times :i* prec$$ 8 pray]s4 ,! ev5ts & facts ( ! hi/ory ( salvation rema9 miracles to him1 :e!r ! hi/ory ( nature & ! _w (f]s to him auxili>y means ( expla9+ !m or n4 ,! pi\s man1 !re=e1 does n f9d ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( miracles 9 _! relative inconceivabl5ess1 b 9 ! fact t !y ref] him to a liv+ ,god :o /&s above ?is process1 :e!r p]ceiv$ or unp]ceiv$ 9 its relative causal connection1 & unites x ) ! c\rse ( ?+s 9 ord] to rea* 8 ends & to manife/ himself to man4 ,n[1 9 our attempt at a sci5tific reproduction ( ! idea ( miracles1 if we return to t ,biblical conception1 we see no long] 9 ?is j #cfe m5tion$ religi\s conception ( miracles a pi\s sophi/ry :i* avoids ! difficulty ( ! idea1 or a *ild-l navet wor?y ( be+ p>tly envi$ & p>tly piti$1 :i* does n at all see ! difficulties & rema9s on ! *ild-/age ( ,biblical conceptions2 b we only p]ceive 9 x a confirmation & fulfilm5t ( t pr(\nd & b5efic5t ^w ( our ,"l3 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,:osoev] %all n receive ! k+dom ( ,god z a little *ild1 he %all n ent] !re94 ,( c\rse1 piety z well z sci5ce makes di/9ctions among miracles4 ,! =m] sep>ates ! m]e products & processes ( nature :i*1 ?r\gh :at is explicable z well z :at is inexplicable 9 _! qualities & processes1 po9t to an almighty & all-wise ,creator1 & !reby become miracles to ! religi\s view ( ! _w1 f ! hi/orical ev5ts :i*1 by _! newness & uniqu5ess1 & by _! po9t+ t[>d div9e ends1 manife/ ,god & 8 teleological gov]nm5t to man1 & calls !m miracles 9 a /ill m specific s5se ?an sci5ce does4 ,& among hi/orical ev5ts1 piety z well z sci5ce assigns ! "n miracle1 9 ! mo/ pregnant s5se1 to ^? ev5ts :i* belong to ! hi/ory ( salvation1 &1 by _! newness & uniqu5ess1 introduce new /ages into x1 r5d] legitimate its new in/rum5ts1 or br+ new features ( r$emption to our k4 ,our religi\sness has ! greate/ & deepe/ int]e/ 9 ?is hi/ory3 = x is ! hi/ory ( ! lead+ back ( man into communion ) ,god by ! way ( r$emption2 & !re=e ! ev5ts ( ?is hi/ory are precisely ^? miracles ^u :i* our deepe/ religi\s int]e/ is conc5trat$4 ,b 9 spite ( all ^! di/9ctions 9 degree1 t natural relation%ip & t #cff common "* ( ! miracul\s betwe5 ! miracles ( nature1 ! miracles ( ! hi/ory ( man1 & ! miracles ( ! hi/ory ( salvation1 rema9 e/abli%$2 & we r5d] a s]vice to religi\s consci\sness1 z well z to ! sci5tific conception ( ! idea ( miracles1 if by return+ to ! ,biblical idea ( miracles1 z we propose1 we make a m compreh5sive def9ition ( miracles possible4 ,ano!r advantage :i* we d]ive f return+ to ! ,biblical idea ( miracles consi/s 9 ! fact t x pres]ves u f ! magical & necromantic 9 our conceptions ( miracles2 t x all[s u a gr\p+ ( miracles accord+ to value1 :i* corresponds ) ! idea ( ,god & ( ! div9e gov]nm5t z well z ) ! idea ( miracles itself2 & t 9 ! pres5ce ( all s+le relations ( miracles x summons u to criticise & inve/igate ! real /ate ( ! case4 ,= ! nature ( miracles does n consi/ 9 ! inconceivable--at lea/ n 9 ! planless & arbitr>y1--b 9 ! fact t !y call ! att5tion ( man to ,god & 8 gov]nm5t2 & ?is leads to ! rev]se ( all t is magical & necromantic1 because ! magical is unwor?y ( ! idea ( ,god & contradicts all ! o!r self-te/imony ( ,god4 ,n[ if ! nature ( miracles consi/s 9 ! fact t !y call my att5tion to ,god & 8 gov]nm5t1 an ev5t w become a miracle to me1 & increase its value1 9 ! degree 9 :i* x ref]s me to ,god & 8 gov]nm5t1 & especially 9 ! degree 9 :i* x ref]s me to t gov]nm5t ( ,god :i* is ! mo/ important to me--namely1 to ! action ( ,god 9 me & mank9d1 ) :i* he is br++ ab\t 8 ends 9 salvation2 #cfg b 9 ! degree 9 :i* an ev5t loses ?is "*1 x becomes to me an ev5t )\t miracul\s or religi\s significance4 ,?is gives a q def9ite gr\p+ ( miracles accord+ to value1 f ^? :i* belong to ! c5tral manife/ations ( ! div9e plan ( salvation & way ( r$emption1 to ^? :i* lie 9 ! extreme p]iph]y ( religi\s int]e/4 ,x is a gr\p+ :i* corresponds ) ! idea ( ,god j z mu* z ) ! idea ( miracles2 :ile all o!r divisions or gr\p+s ( miracles accord+ to value1 :i* might take _! pr9ciple ( division & _! weight f ! great] or small] conceivabl5ess ( ! causal connection1 f ! great] or small] diff]5ce ( a miracul\s ev5t f all o!r ev5ts1 are indiff]5t 9 ref]5ce to ! idea ( ,god1 & *ange ! c5tre ( gravity 9 ! idea ( miracles4 ,besides1 if ^! miracles are to be real signs to me :i* ref] me to ,god1 8 gov]nm5t1 & 8 ways ( salvation1 !y mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 ord] to secure my conviction1 be real ev5ts & facts & n m]e falsifications & fictions2 & ?is po9t leads u to ! duty & "r ( criticis+ & inve/igat+ actual circum/ances4 ,9 pres5ce ( all ,biblical & non-,biblical miracles1 we h ! full "r & ! full duty ( us+ criticism 9 ref]5ce to ! confirmation ( actual circum/ances1 & :]e ! latt] _c be e/abli%$ ) c]ta9ty1 ! "q is 9 ord] :e!r ! relat$ ev5t is really ( su* a "* z to legitimate itself z a sign ( ,god & 8 gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! prec$+ section1 we h _h occasion to use ?is pr9ciple 9 ref]5ce to ! inve/igation ( t ev5t :i*1 next to ! com+ ( ! ,r$eem]1 (f]s itself to u z ! #cfh c5tral miracle ( ! hi/ory ( salvation & r$emption3 namely1 9 ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( ! resurrection ( ! ,"l4 ,we h by no means ! wi% to avoid difficulties :i* meet u1 :5 try+ to br+ miracles1 & especially ! specific & pregnant miracles ( ! hi/ory ( salvation1 into h>mony ) our sci5tific k ( ! _w3 only we c no long] admit t ^! difficulties consi/ 9 ! inconceivabl5ess or 9 ! sup]naturalism ( miracles4 ,= to ! religi\s view ( ! _w--:i* traces equally ! explicable z well z ! inexplicable back to ,god1 :i* ev5 d]ives ! natural f ! sup]natural causality ( ,god--nei!r ! occasional inexplicability nor ! suppos$ sup]naturalness ( an ev5t c be t :i* makes ! ev5t a miracle4 ,b an ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( salvation becomes a miracle f ! fact t some?+ extraord9>y1 some?+ new1 happ5s 9 x1 :i* by its newness & its extraord9>y "* pres5ts itself to man z ! manife/ation ( c]ta9 div9e ends 9 salvation1 & c be expla9$ at fir/ sight1 b only at fir/ sight1 f no?+ else ?an f ! s]vice :i* x r5d]s to ! plan ( r$emption4 ,:e!r aft]w>ds ^! extraord9>y & new features c or _c be p]ceiv$ 9 _! natural connection1 or expla9$ out ( x1 does n at all *ange any?+ 9 ! miracul\s "* ( ! ev5t1 z soon z x has once _h ! be=e-m5tion$ effect4 ,! only task & ! only difficulty :i* meets u 9 ! "q ( miracles1 is to %[ t su* extraord9>y & new ?+s really happ51 & to br+ ! reality & possibility ( su* new ?+s into our p]ception ( ! #cfi causal connection ( ! c\rse ( ! _w1 con=mable to law4 ,b x ceases to be a difficulty1 s soon z we ackn[l$ge a teleology 9 ! c\rse ( ! _w & a teleology 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 & especially z soon z we ackn[l$ge t teleology 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d :i*1 by ! way ( ! div9e means ( r$emption1 leads man back to ,god4 ,:]e !re are no ends1 no?+ c happ5 :i* calls ! att5tion ( m5 to ^! ends2 nor1 inde$1 c any?+ new happ52 = no?+ prevails 9 m absolute sov]eignty to all et]nity ?an ! maxims causa quat effectum & effectus quat causam4 ,b :]e ends are appo9t$ & rea*$1 some?+ new also happ5s2 & e new ?+ ref]s to its end4 ,= ea* /ep lead+ ne>] su* an end is some?+ new1 & ref]s1 z soon z we comp>e x ) prec$+ /eps1 to ! end t[>ds :i* x /rives4 ,all ends to :i* ! c\rse ( ?+s ref]s u1 are to ! religi\s view ( ! _w ends :i* are appo9t$ by ,god2 all means :i* s]ve to rea* ! ends1 are means :i* ,god creat$ & *ose2 & e ph5om5on & e ev5t :i* manife/s ?is teleological gov]nm5t ( ,god to our m9d1 is a miracle to u4 ,n[ ?is :ole c\rse ( ! _w is int]wov5 ) su* new ?+s1 9 ev5ts :i* manife/ to u1 n[ m cle>ly1 n[ m dimly1 ! /riv+ ( ! c\rse ( ! _w t[>ds an end1 because ! latt] is really /riv+ t[>ds an end4 ,ev5 prehi/oric times %[ u new ?+s :i*1 f a sci5tific & hi/orical po9t ( view1 we h to place 9 ! l9e ( ! c\rse ( ! _w2 & f a religi\s po9t ( view1 9 ! l9e ( miracles4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( organic life on e>? 0 new1 & indicat$ new ends2 ! fir/ #cgj appe>ance ( ea* s+le species ( animals & plants 0 new2 new1 also1 & indicat+ ! highe/ end ( creative life1 0 ! fir/ appe>ance ( man4 ,all ^! ?+s we call miracles ( creation2 & we especially place ! creative miracle ( ! appe>ance ( man on a level ) ! greate/ miracles ( :i* we h k1 & use ! "n miracle = all be=e m5tion$ newly appe>+ =mations1 :e!r or n we are able to expla9 ^? orig9ations f ! prec$+ connection ( ! c\rse ( nature & its =ces4 ,n[1 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 :]e ! intellectual & e?ical motives ( t :i* happ5s become active1 :]e also ! greate/ ends :i* come up = consid]ation are spiritual & e?ical ends1 :]e man himself acts freely accord+ to ends1 & :]e1 !re=e1 human & div9e teleology come alt]nately into play1 ! manife/ation ( a /riv+ t[>d an end1 9 :i* religi\s consci\sness imm$iately sees also ends & means ( ,god1 is repeat$ 9 an em95t degree4 ,e ev5t :i* br+s ab\t a progress 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d z well z ( individuals1 is z to ?is side some?+ new1 extraord9>y1 teleological3 i4e41 a miracle to ! religi\s mode ( contemplation2 & ?is miracle is ! great] z is m important ! end "u consid]ation1 & ! great] & ! m decisive ! /ep t[>ds ?is end :i* ! ev5t accompli%es4 ,n[1 if we recognize ! return ( mank9d into a communion ) ,god z ! highe/ goal ( ! g5]al & individual hi/ory ( mank9d1 & if we f9d 9 ! latt] facts :i* lead to ?is goal1 !n ^! facts are ! great c5tral miracles ( hi/ory4 ,z su*1 ! facts ( r$emption pres5t #cga !mselves ) all t = :i* x once prep>$ ! way2 &1 n[ t x has come1 leads to full & complete p]fection--& among !m all1 ! com+1 ! p]son1 & ! hi/ory ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 /&s z c5tral fact & c5tral miracle 9 ! mid/ ( all ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( salvation1 & =ms ! c5tral po9t ( all religi\s int]e/4 ,we see h[ unju/ x is :5 "o urges1 z an objection to a belief 9 miracles1 t x assigns to ,god arbitr>y & caprici\s actions4 ,we call ! manife/ations ( div9e teleology miracles4 ,b /riv+ t[>ds an end & con=mity to a regul> plan is n arbitr>9ess or caprice1 b ! contr>y2 & ! great] our e/imate ( ! highe/ cause ( all ?+s1 ! great] w appe> to u ! con=mity to a plan & to law ( all :i* pres5ts itself z miracles 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,!re is p]haps "o objection :i* is ab\t z equally unju/ z ! objection ( caprice2 & t is ! objection t fai? 9 miracles1 9 tea*+ a belief 9 sup]natural ?+s1 l5ds to introduce into ! c\rse ( ev5ts some?+ :i* is aga9/ nature4 ,b s9ce miracles1 z a sign ( div9e teleology1 manife/ ends = :i* nature also is prep>$1 & ?r\gh :i* ! fall5 nature ( man1 fall5 by s91 is aga9 re/or$2 & s9ce to ! religi\s view ( ! _w all natural ph5om5a & processes expressly rank among miracles1 ! fai? 9 miracles tea*es ! contr>y ( an opposition to nature4 ,x is inconte/ible--& w become /ill cle>] & m c]ta9 to u ?r\gh all f>!r inve/igation ( ! subject--t ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! idea ( miracles z a necess>y & a ju/ifi$ "p ( religi\sness #cgb /&s & falls ) ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a teleological view ( ! _w4 ,we c]ta9ly d n indulge 9 ! fooli% hope t ) ! d$uctions ( ?is section we %\ld be able sudd5ly to w9 ov] any ( ! decid$ adv]s>ies ( fai? 9 provid5ce & miracles4 ,=1 z we h _h occasion to rem9d ! read]1 ! ackn[l$gm5t or ! non-ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god & 8 liv+ gov]nm5t 9 ! _w is n ! result ( ?is or t reflection & *a9 ( conclusions1 b r an e?ical action ( ! c5tre ( human p]sonality 9 :i* ,god discov]s himself 9 8 self-manife/ation4 ,n[1 if ?is c5tre1 9 ! fre$om ( its decision1 has once d5i$ ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god & 8 gov]nm5t1 !n ! intellectual actions ( ! s\l (f] !mselves to ?is a!i/ic & anti-!i/ic /&po9t1 & build up a!i/ic sy/ems 9 :i* ! ideas ( provid5ce & miracles naturally f9d no place4 ,?us sy/em is oppos$ to sy/em1 al?\gh ! "o is n able to ov]come ! o!r4 ,= ! la/ & deepe/ p[] ( conviction lies1 nei!r = "o nor ! o!r sy/em1 9 its *a9s ( conclusions1 9 its sup]/ructure1 b 9 its f\ndation1 its /&po9t1 & its pr9ciples2 & ! *oos+ ( "o or ! o!r /&po9t1 ! !i/ic or a!i/ic1 is an e?ical action :i* prec$es me?odical reason+--or if x takes place at ! same "t or prec$es x1 has /ill deep] motives ?an ^? ( m or less cle> =ms ( m]e reason+4 ,b we believe1 & we wi% & hope 9 our mode/ way to h %[n by our pres5t inve/igation1 t ! /&po9t ( fai? also has its logical & ju/ifi$ sci5ce1 & t x is able to appreciate ! #cgc _w ( ! real m univ]sally & c&idly1 & (f]s to logical reason+ few] & less important difficulties1 ?an ! sy/ems ( a!ism4 ,we h n[ discuss$ all ! ess5tial & direct po9ts ( contacts betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ! !ory ( evolution4 ,b a rema9+ "p1 /ill m closely relat$ to ! c5tre ( ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w1 yet (f]s "s indirect po9ts ( contact :i* dem& treatm5t4 #e4 ,! ,r$eem] & ! ,r$emption4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god & ! ,acceptance ( ,salvation4 ,z soon z x is once an e/abli%$ fact t an evolution !ory ( ! orig9 ( man z a m]ely sci5tific !ory p]mits all ! valuable qualities ( man1 :5 !y h once come into exi/5ce1 to %[ !mselves undim9i%$ 9 _! entire greatness & importance1 & mu/ s p]mit !m1 !n ! :ole ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w1 ( ! ,r$eem]1 8 p]son1 8 c\rse ( r$emption1 & 8 "w1 rema9s entirely unt\*$ by all ^! sci5tific !ories ( evolution4 ,yet ! ,biblical repres5tation1 ! or?odox p]ception1 & ! actual hi/ory ( ! ,r$eem] & 8 "w1 pres5t u ) "s evid5ces :i* are r 9 sympa?y ?an 9 antipa?y ) ^! sci5tific !ories4 ,fir/1 ! long prep>ation = 8 bir?1 :i* began imm$iately aft] ! fall ( man & /ret*$ ov] at lea/ f\r ?\s& ye>s1 p]haps ov] a mu* long] p]iod1 ! special prep>ation ( 8 human g5ealogy1 ! selection1 sep>ation1 & guidance ( ! ance/or & ( ! p ( ,israel1 ( ! tribe1 ! family1 & f9ally ( ! "m ( ,jesus--all ^! are manife/ly #cgd j z favorable to ! idea ( evolution z !y w\ld h be5 to ! idea ( a sudd5 creation ( man out ( no?+1 if ,*ri/1 ! second ,adam1 _h come into exi/5ce by a sudd5 creation4 ,moreov]1 ! ,r$eem] himself 0 :olly subject to ! ord9>y laws ( developm5t ( ! human individual1 & 01 f 8 annunciation & conception1 develop$ entirely l man 9 ! long process ( evolution f ! egg & its /ill absolutely indiff]5t spiritual wor? ?r\gh all ! imp]ceptible /ages ( developm5t be=e & aft] ! bir? up to ! full age ( man4 ,likewise ! result ( 8 c\rse ( salvation1 r$emption1 & entrance into ! k+dom ( ,god1 und]w5t ! same process ( gradual developm5t4 ,x began ) a few disciples1 & 0 sl[ly propagat$2 x has to-day rea*$ b a small "p ( mank9d1 & ev5 :]e x took root1 x sees inf9itely _m ?+s by its side :i* x has n yet be5 able to p5etrate ) its leav53--facts :i* h mu* m elective aff9ity ) ! sci5tific ideas ( developm5t ?an ) ^? ( sudd5 creations4 ,f9ally1 precisely ! same analogy =ces itself ^u u 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! way ( salvation4 ,! "w ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 ! human individual is no?+ less ?an a new bir?2 its aim is ! revival ( ! entire man1 9 m9d1 s\l1 & body4 ,9 mo/ m51 ?is "w takes place by a sl[ process1 advanc+ /ep by /ep4 ,?is gradual c\rse is ev5 ! rule 9 ,*ri/ianiz$ nations2 al?\gh a decisive *ange ( m9d (t5 en\gh1 ?\gh by no means always1 takes place 9 m>k$ epo*s ( ! inn] hi/ory ( life4 ,& 9 all ,*ri/ians--ev5 9 ^? ^: conv]sion takes place by a sudd5 awak5+1 l t ( ,paul--! #cge trans=mation ( ! entire man into ! simil>ity ( ,*ri/1 & ! full re/oration ( ! image ( ,god1 is c]ta9ly a process ( developm5t1 & mu/ await its completion 9 ! resurrection4 ,?is view is also confirm$ by ! ,"l's p>able ( ! se$1 gr[+ up imp]ceptibly4 ,e believ+ ,*ri/ian kn[s ^! facts1 & judges & acts accord+ to !m3 !re=e1 :5 9 ! realm ( nature1 :i* ,god c]ta9ly submitt$ to ! free inve/igation ( ! human m9d1 he meets simil> views1 :at "r has he to prote/ aga9/ !m z be+ ho/ile to religion8 #f4 ,es*atology4 ,9 our discussion ( ! prec$+ que/ions1 we h se5 t an entirely neutral1 n to say fri5dly1 relation%ip is tak+ place betwe5 religion & ! !ories ( developm5t1 :i* w cont9ue s long z ! latt] keep )9 ! limits ( _! prop] realm1 ! p]ception ( nature2 & t a ho/ile relation takes place1 & anti-religi\s attacks are to be gu>d$ aga9/1 only :5 a disbeliev+ sy/em ( metaphysics1 :i* has gr[n on o!r gr\nd1 9 an uncall$-= way1 tries to connect itself closely ) ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,?is is 9 an em95t degree ! case ) ! great es*atological hopes ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! evolution !ory s exclusively cont5ts itself ) ! attempts at p]ceiv+ ! causal circum/ances ( organisms 9 ! pres5t _w1 t x does n at all wi% to1 & _c1 express itself conc]n+ ! end & goal ( ! _w & ! laws & circum/ances :i* may reign 9 a future on1 & t x gives free scope to e p]ception ( ! ultimate :i* might come f ano!r s\rce4 #cgf ,on ! o!r h&1 ,*ri/ian es*atology is alone able to d mo/ ess5tial s]vice to ! evolution !ory1 9 case x %\ld be v]ifi$1 by giv+ an answ] to que/ions to :i* ! evolution !ory t5ds m decid$ly ?an any o!r sci5tific !ory--namely1 to ! que/ions z to ! end ( ! _w & mank9d1 ) su* di/9ctions z no philosophy :i* treats ( ! doctr9es ( nature1 is able to give1 al?\gh natural sci5ce itself dem&s ! answ] to ^! que/ions ! m p]emptorily1 ! high] ! po9ts ( view are to :i* x leads u4 ,! _w %[s to e inve/igat+ eye a developm5t1 :e!r we h to take ?is developm5t z desc5t or z successive new creation2 & !re=e we %all take1 9 ! foll[+ discussion1 ! idea ( developm5t 9 ?is broad s5se :i* comprises all conceivable attempts at explanation4 ,all nature--its mo/ compreh5sive cosmic realms z well z ! realms ( its smalle/ organisms--toge!r ) ! corporeal1 psy*ical1 & spiritual nature ( man1 %[s a h>mony1 a con=mity to ! end 9 view1 & a /riv+ t[>d an end ( its developm5t1 ! d5ial ( :i* w c]ta9ly n add to ! laurels :i* transmit ! sci5tific fame ( our pres5t g5]ation to po/]ity4 ,n[1 :at is ?is end8 ,! answ] :i* we receive f ^? :o reject ,*ri/ian es*atology1 may be giv5 by two sci5tific antipodes3 by ,/rauss & ,edu>d von ,h>tmann4 ,/rauss takes sides ) ^? :o reject all /riv+ t[>d an end 9 nature2 & 8 answ] to ! "q 7:i* /ill ass]ts itself 9 8 sy/em ( ! _w71 is3 et]nal circul> motion ( ! univ]se1 dea? ( all individuals & ( all complexes ( individuals1 ev5 ( #cgg mank9d4 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann1 on ! o!r h&1 is fill$ by ! k ( ! teleological1 b he rejects ! hope ( ,*ri/ians & ! end :i* (f]s itself to him 9 ! place ( ! reject$ end ( ,*ri/ian hope1 is de/ruction--de/ruction ( all individuals & de/ruction ( ! _w4 ,9 view ( su* ends1 is n ! ,*ri/ian's hope ! answ] :i* n only satisfies ! deepe/ e?ical & religi\s ne$1 b also all heights & dep?s ( ! mo/ fai?ful1 mo/ devot$1 & mo/ enlight5$ inve/igation ( nature8 ,f9ally1 we h /ill ano!r es*atological conclusion to m5tion & reject2 a conclusion :i* is drawn f ?is !ory by ! advocates ( ! evolution !ory4 ,x op5s ! p]spective into a future developm5t ( /ill high] be+s out ( man4 ,9 ab/racto1 we c naturally make no objection to ! possibility ( su* a developm5t1 z soon z we once accept ! evolution !ory2 b we h to object to ! supposition ( su* a process 9 inf9itum4 ,= su* a process w\ld c]ta9ly be int]rupt$ by ! f9al de/ruction ( ! globe2 & 9 case ! me*anico-naturali/ic view ( ! _w %\ld be "r1 ?is de/ruction w\ld be only ! m cruel z w\ld be m highly organiz$ ! be+s :i* %\ld f9d _! de/ruction 9 ?is inevitable cata/rophe4 ,moreov]1 z we h repeat$ly se51 a developm5t 9 inf9itum suff]s f a self-contradiction3 = developm5t involves an end1 & ?is end mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 once rea*$4 ,n[1 if we h reason to assume t ?is end has be5 rea*$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! inhabitants ( ! globe1 by ! creature be+ 9 ! image ( ,god & 8 *ild1 & t x is also rea*$ 9 fall5 man ?r\gh r$emption #cgh & its p]fection1 !n ! idea ( developm5t1 x is true1 all[s & po/ulates a relative developm5t ( mank9d1 s long z ?is takes place )9 ! limits ( ! n[ valid laws ( ! univ]se1--a developm5t t[>ds ! p]fection ( ?is lik5ess to ,god & filial relation%ip2 b t idea ( developm5t has no long] an influ5ce t w\ld lead to ! production ( new be+s :i* %\ld be m ?an man4 ,) ! =ego+1 we believe t we h discuss$ all ess5tial po9ts ( ! relation betwe5 religion & ,d>w9ism2 & we n[ proce$ to ! la/ "p ( our inve/igation4 99 99 99 99 99 #cgi ,b4 ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ories ,,& ,,morality4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,d>w9ism ,,& ,,moral ,,pr9ciples4 #a4 ,d>w9i/ic ,naturalism & ,moral ,pr9ciples4 ,if we consid] ! e?ical consequ5ces ( a view ( ! _w :i*1 proce$+ f ,d>w9ism1 p]mits ! univ]se1 man includ$1 to be tak5 up into a me*anism ( atoms--a me*anism 9 :i* ev]y?+1 ev5 ! e?ical action ( man1 f9ds its suffici5t explanation--we c]ta9ly _c p]ceive h[ su* a view ( ! _w is able to arrive at firm moral pr9ciples4 ,if man1 ev5 9 8 spiritual life & moral action1 is a m]e product ( nature1 orig9at$ ?r\gh desc5t1 & if 8 :ole spiritual life is fully consum$ by ^! m]ely me*anical factors1 !n all moral pr9ciples are also no?+ else ?an inh]it$ cu/oms f\nd$ ^u ^? in/9cts :i* 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce h prov5 to be ! mo/ b5eficial to man4 ,!n _! influ5ce is subject to cont9ual *ange1 always correspond+ to ! exi/+ /ate ( human developm5t4 ,z ^! moral in/9cts h displac$ ! =m] in/9cts ( ! animal pr$ecessors ( man--say1 e4g41 ( %>ks1 ( m>supialia1 ( lemurides--s !y mu/ #chj also expect x any "t to be displac$ 9 turn by new & /ill m useful in/9cts4 ,& ev5 9 ! same p]iod ( ! developm5t ( mank9d1 ! moral or immoral pr9ciples :i* h actual au?ority 9 ea* nation or tribe1 h _! full "r ( exi/5ce z long z !y are n displac$ by /ill m advantage\s in/9cts4 ,moral pr9ciples 9 :i* infanticide1 pro/itution1 & cannibalism h a place1 are inf]ior to ! highe/ =m ( ,*ri/ian morality only s f> z !y d n hold _! own 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :5 nations hav+ ^? l[ views come into collision ) nations ( high] moral culture2 b 9 !mselves !y h full value & full "r1 s long z !y atta9 ! end ( all in/9cts1 & s f> z we c speak ( ends at all2 9 su* naturalism1 ap>t f human activity1 ! end consi/s only 9 ! pres]vation ( ! individual & ! species 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,"u ^! suppositions1 moral pr9ciples n only lose _! objective & solid consi/5cy 9 ! mass ( mank9d1 b !y also become irrevocably subject to ! arbitr>9ess ( ! s+le individual4 ,an individual :o ei!r has n1 or ass]ts t he has n1 a det]m9$ moral in/9ct1 or :o all[s x to be smo!r$ by "s o!r in/9ct :i* 9 a normal individual is subord9ate1 b 9 him /rong]1 is fully ju/ifi$ 9 8 immoral action s long z he is successful ) x4 ,e individual is entirely 8 own ma/] & 8 own judge4 ,if man is morally good1 x may be ! consequ5ce ( an especially happy individual disposition1 or ( an especially cle> p]ception1 or ( happy circum/ances & influ5ces2 b x is n ! consequ5ce ( a free subord9ation "u ! au?ority #cha ( a moral law2 = !re is nei!r fre$om nor an objective moral au?ority4 ,! s+le man is b ! product ( a c]ta9 sum & mixture ( p[]s ( nature1 act+ ( necessity1 :i* may ) him turn out =tunately or un=tunately4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 man is morally p]v]t$1 society may def5d itself aga9/ 8 p]v]sity2 wisdom may try to conv9ce him ( ! bad consequ5ces ( 8 p]v]sity = himself & society2 ! effect ( 8 p]v]sity may make him s5sible ( ! bad consequ5ces ( 8 actions3 b !re is no o!r objectively valid corrective ( 8 p]v]sity4 ,if he is successful 9 8 immoral action1 & if he sil5ces 8 consci5ce1 ?is voice ( ! unobs]v$ high] in/9ct 9 favor ( ! pref]r$ l[]--:i* un=tunately1 z is well kn[n1 succe$s (t5e/ & mo/ easily 9 ! case ( ^? ^: p]v]sity has become ! mo/ habitual1 & 9 :om ano!r gr\p+ ( in/9cts w\ld be mo/ desirable--!n ! :ole affair is settl$1 & he is absolv$4 ,let u be und]/ood correctly4 ,we d n say t all advocates ( me*anical or moni/ic e?ics draw ^! conclusions 9 reality2 we "k v well t _m a man is bett] ?an 8 sy/em2 b x seems to u inevitable t ! logical pursuit ( t naturali/ic pr9ciple leads to ?is dissolution ( all solid fundam5tals ( moral pr9ciples1 & t x is b an inconsequ5ce1 c]ta9ly wor?y ( honor & ( notice1 if all ! advocates ( naturalism d n pr(ess ?is dissolution ( all moral pr9ciples ) ! same cynic frankness t is %[n by _m ( _! p>tisans4 ,we d n say too mu*1 :5 we *>ge e?ical naturalism ) dissolution ( all moral pr9ciples4 ,let #chb u exam9e !m1 = a mom5t1 accord+ to ! old b /ill fundam5tal division into duty1 virtue1 & highe/ good4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( t e?ical naturalism1 !re c be no duty at all1 no objective moral law1 b9d+ absolutely & 9 g5]al4 ,! motives ( action are ei!r ! /ronge/ & mo/ durable in/9cts1 or1 9 case ( high culture1 conv5tional agreem5t ( t :i* b5efits society4 ,9 ! "o z well z 9 ! o!r case1 :5 ! duty is neglect$1 ! appeal is n made to some?+ absolutely objective & b9d+1 b ei!r to ! highe/ in/9ct 7& to ?is e individual has ! "r to answ] ) a ,quod nego71 or to agreem5t & cu/om2 & z to ?is1 e individual has ! "r to make 8 re=matory or revolution>y attempt at *ange--( c\rse only ^u ! condition t 8 attempt is successful1 & t x /&s pro(4 ,relatively x is easie/ = e?ical naturalism to e/abli% a pr9ciple ( virtue1 inasmu* z we h to look ^u virtue z ! pr9ciple ( individual p]fection1 & inasmu* z ev5 naturalism1 by means ( ! inde/ructible impulse ( man to atta9 moral ideas1 c po/ulate an ideal ( human action4 ,b on clos] exam9ation ev5 ! naturali/ic idea ( virtue vani%es "u our h&s4 ,virtue1 z individual morality1 is con/itut$ ( ! factors ( duty & ( ! highe/ good1 :i* =m ! motives ( virtu\s action4 ,n[ a sy/em ( morality :i*1 z we h se51 is entirely want+ 9 an objective solid pr9ciple ( duty z ! motive ( action1 & :i* likewise1 z we %all see imm$iately1 is want+ 9 an objectively e/abli%$ highe/ good z ! end ( action1 _c possibly #chc produce any o!r idea ( virtue ?an an ab/ract =mal "o4 ,9 e?ical naturalism1 ev5 ?is =m is subject to *ange4 ,=1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 n only ! motive & end b also ! =m ( moral action dep5d on t :i* 9 e circle ( society & at e "t proves to be ! mo/ successful =m4 ,x is ! pro( ( success or failure :i* gives ?is =m a c]ta9 traditional au?ority & a relative solidity--b only a relative "o1 & only until x is displac$ by a /ill m successful =m4 ,t1 f9ally1 e?ical naturalism is also want+ 9 an objective end ( moral action1 9 ! idea & mean+ ( ! highe/ good1 is inde$ n d5i$ by naturalism itself4 ,x is true x speaks ) pr$ilection ( ! idea ( species1 :i* man is to repres5t & to realize1 & 9 t respect we c say t ! highe/ good ( naturali/ic e?ologi/s is ! species or ! idea ( species4#aa ,b ! idea ( species is only ! empty vessel :i* fir/ becomes valuable by reason ( its cont5ts4 ,n[1 if we ask e?ical naturalism ! prop]ties ) :i* t idea ( species is to be end[$1 x c]ta9ly m5tions prop]ties1 b ^? :i* are too ri*2 namely1 x m5tions ! idea ( all t is good 9 human life & ! =ms ( human life1 9 concreto1 ! :ole sum ( all ! conditions & acquisitions ( ! culture ( mank9d1 art1 nature1 & sci5ce3 ! compreh5sive idea ( ^! acquisitions1 ! enjoym5t ( !m1 ! "w at !m1 is ! highe/ good4 ,n[1 s9ce no human individual c enjoy !m all & "w at !m all at ! same "t1 e individual1 z #chd to disposition1 incl9ation1 & circum/ances1 has to enjoy a "p ( !m1 to "w at a "p ( !m1 & to r5\nce a "p ( !m4 ,& s9ce ea* s+le "o ( ^! good ?+s1 h[ev] valuable to ! individual1 may be refus$ to or tak5 away f him1 he has aga9 to le>n to be satisfi$ ) t idea ( species1 h[ev] little x is able to (f] him1 :5 sep>at$ f ! empiric possessions ( ?is e>?ly life4 ,?us ) naturalism ! highe/ good is ei!r m5tion$ 9 an ab/raction :i* does n (f] u any?+1 or :i*1 if we ask ! mean+ ( t ab/raction1 is in/antly drawn d[n into ! l[ sph]e & ! v>i$ multi=mity ( empirical & individual life1 left to ! *ance ( individual ta/e1 & conf\nd$ ) t :i* is connect$ ) ! highe/ good only 9 ! second l9e & 9 a d]iv$ mann]--namely1 ) ! =mations & actions ( life :i* /rive at & s]ve ! realization ( ! highe/ good4 ,e?ical naturalism is n able to produce out ( itself an objective highe/ good :i* is = ea* individual alike attractive1 ri*1 & compreh5sive4 ,moreov]1 s9ce e?ical naturalism proves itself insuffici5t = ! pr9ciples ( any & all morality1 x is b a natural conclusion t x is /ill less able to produce ^? pr9ciples :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! highe/ repres5tation ( human morality kn[n to mank9d1 namely3 ,*ri/ian morality4 ,e?ical monism has no room = ?ree e?ical fundam5tal views1 ^: full possession morality owes to ,*ri/ianity1 & :i* gives to ,*ri/ian morality its highe/ motive p[]4 ,"o ( ^! is a deep] conception ( evil z a s91 z a positive rebellion aga9/ ! good2 ano!r is fai? 9 a future #che absolute realization ( ! highe/ good 9 an end sometime to be rea*$ by mank9d & ! individual & by means ( a moral ord] ( ! _w2 & ! ?ird is ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! full wor? ( p]sonality4 ,evil--to :i* ( c\rse no objective valid moral law1 b only "o conv5tionally e/abli%$1 /&s oppos$--is to e?ical naturalism no?+ b ! action ( an in/9ct :i* 9 ?is giv5 case is n b5eficial to man 9 8 /ruggle = exi/5ce2 ! category ( good & evil is entirely replac$ by ! category ( ! useful & detrim5tal4 ,) ! disappe>ance ( ! idea ( s9 z a transgression ( ! div9e law1 ! correlat$ idea ( hol9ess also disappe>s f ! sy/em ( e?ical naturalism4 ,besides1 bless$ness1 complete h>mony ( ! out] & inn] man ) ! ideal 9 ! /ate ( mank9d z well z ( e individual1 complete realization ( ! highe/ good = ! :ole z well z = ! s+le ?r\gh ! means ( moral "w & p]fection on ! "p ( man & ( holy & lov+ guidance & end[m5t on ! "p ( ,god1 is an aim :i* naturalism is n able to ackn[l$ge1 s9ce1 accord+ to x1 mank9d & individuals cont9ue 9 ! ev]-fl[+ /ream ( e>?ly incompletion until bo? rea* _! de/9y 9 annihilation4 ,a moral ord] ( ! _w is an impossibility to x1 s9ce no holy & lov+ ,rul] & ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 b only a bl9d me*anism1 causes ! c\rse ( ?+s4 ,f9ally1 ! p]sonality ( man c be only p]ceiv$ 9 its wor? & 9 its full importance1 :51 9 ! fir/ place1 x is 9 ! possession ( fre$om1 ( full moral responsibility2 & :51 9 ! second place1 x lives beyond ! span ( its %ort e>?ly exi/5ce & may hope = a full realization ( #chf all its ideals ( virtue & ! highe/ good = itself z well z = mank9d4 ,bo? ^! po9ts mu/ be conte/$ by monism & naturalism4 ,! place ( fre$om is tak5 by absolute det]m9ism2 ev5 man is only a natural product1 ! highe/ :i* naturalism kn[s1 b /ill no m ?an a product ( nature2 8 p]sonality & 8 life1 b\nd to ! mat]ial body1 cease ) ! dea? ( ?is body1 & !re=e nev] rea* ! ideal ( ei!r morality or bless$ness4 ,all ideals are & mu/ =ev] rema9 objective illusions :i* came =? out ( ! p[] ( ! correspond+ noble impulse1 imag9ative objective conceptions ( ! moral impulses4 #b4 ,sci5tific ,d>w9ism & ,moral ,pr9ciples4 ,:il/ ,d>w9i/ic naturalism surely injures ! moral pr9ciples1 ! ,d>w9i/ic !ories are fri5dly to !m1 if !y1 z m]e sci5tific !ories1 re/ra9 !mselves )9 ! limits ( natural sci5ce4 ,b 9 no o!r po9t ( ! entire realm ( contact betwe5 ! natural & intellectual sci5ces is x m difficult to obs]ve ! b\nd>y-l9e ?an 9 reflect+ ^u ! moral self-det]m9ation ( man2 "h natural sci5ce is always 9 dang] ( go+ beyond its limits4 ,9 ! "q z to ! relation ( ! evolution !ories to religion1 ! b\nd>y-l9e c ev]y:]e be easily drawn 9 !ory & easily obs]v$ 9 practice4 ,= x is entirely natural = man to look ^u ! ph5om5a ( ! visible _w on ! "o h&1 ) a religi\s m9d1 z works & actions ( an almighty ,creator & ,rul] ( ! _w1 on ! o!r1 ) 8 obs]v+ & reflect+ m9d1 z products ( natural causes4 ,) ?is d\ble view1 man by no means feels #chg himself dragg$ hi!r & ?i!r betwe5 two conflict+ views2 he is able 9 8 logical contemplation ( ! _w sci5tifically to e/abli% & arrange ea* = itself & bo? 9 _! h>mony1 & has ! full consci\sness t ! "o1 l ! o!r1 has subjective z well z objective tru?4 ,or1 if a s+le individual does n h ?is consci\sness1 he mu/ at lea/ admit t x is n ,d>w9ism prim>ily :i* creat$ ! difficulty ( ?is comb9$ view ( ! _w1 b t ! latt] exi/$ = man 9 ! pa/ z well z 9 ! pres5t4 ,b ! relation ( ! ,d>w9ian !ories to e?ical problems is q a diff]5t ?+4 ,"h1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is n ! same process :i* is to be expla9$ z well 9 reg>d to its natural conditions z to its moral cause4 ,x is true t ?is d\ble view des]ves att5tion 9 s f> z we c look ^u e action :i* results f a moral det]m9ation also 9 ref]5ce to its natural side4 ,if ,i h to raise my arm 9 consequ5ce ( a moral det]m9ation1 !n physiology & me*anism c demon/rate ) x ! :ole !ory ( ! motion ( memb]s4 ,b ?is is n ! "q1 :5 we treat ( ! relation betwe5 ! natural & ! e?ical4 ,9 ?is example1 ! morali/ exam9es ! motives ( my action1 ! sci5ti/ describes & expla9s ! activity ( ! n]ves & muscles ( my arm1 & z long z ! sci5ti/ is n guilty ( go+ beyond ! b\nd>y to :i* he is tempt$1 & :i* ev5 n[ we are endeavor+ to make cle>1 z long z he does n include ! e?ical motives 9 8 physiological attempts at explanation1 ! "o keeps himself neutral ) ref]5ce to ! o!r2 ea* ( !m kn[s t he is #chh op]at+ 9 a field :i* at fir/ has no?+ 9 common ) t ( ! o!r4 ,9 a moral action1 z su*1 ! "q is no long] z to a process :i* is to be expla9$ z well 9 reg>d to its natural conditions z to its e?ical cause1 b ( a process :i* ei!r has its e?ical cause1 & !n 9 its e?ical value no natural cause1 or :i* ev5 9 its e?ical motives belongs to ! causal connection ( empirical nature ) its inde/ructible *a9 ( natural causes & natural effects4 ,n[ at ?is po9t ! sci5ti/1 z su*1 is always expos$ to ! dang] ( d5y+ ! fir/ "p ( our dilemma & affirm+ ! second4 ,=1 9 moral action1 some?+ :i* is elevat$ above nature & its causal connection always makes its way into ?is causal connection ( nature1 & ) its action & ! effects ( ?is action :olly ent]s into ?is connection3 & natural sci5ce :i* has to deal p>ticul>ly ) ?is causal connection ( nature & ) x alone1 is on t acc\nt nev]!less always tempt$ to expla9 ev]y?+ t x sees com+ into ?is connection1 9 all its causes 7ev5 9 ^? :i* no long] belong to ?is natural causal connection71 out ( x4 ,x is !re=e always tempt$ to trace ev5 e?ical action :i*1 ) its de$s1 makes its way & ent]s into ?is causal connection1 b :i* ) its motives /&s above x1 z to its motives1 back to a natural causal connection2 & ?us to conte/ ! indep5d5ce ( e?ical motives & _! pr9ciples--:i* indep5d5ce is n dep5d5t on nature1 b1 on ! contr>y1 frequ5tly contradicts x4 ,e?ics mu/ adh]e to ! fact t ! e?ical det]m9ation ( ! w has its orig9 n 9 a natural condition1 b 9 ! e?ical c5tre ( p]sonality2 al?\gh all ! conditions "u :i* ! e?ical motive #chi orig9ates & acts1 belong completely to ! causal connection ( natural life1 9 :i* man himself /&s z to ! :ole natural "p ( 8 be+4 ,! e?ical realm /&s above ! natural realm1 & %[s its sup]iority p>tly by ! category ( moral dem&s ^: imp]ativ5ess _c h gr[n out ( ! me*anical necessity ( ! natural law1 because x (t5 en\gh contradicts ! latt] & c>ries out its dem&s 9 opposition to x1 p>tly by ! consci\sness ( individual responsibility :i* _c be got rid ( ev5 by him :o m5tally e/abli%es a sy/em ( det]m9ism t d5ies responsibility1 p>tly by ! voice ( ! injur$ consci5ce :i* _c m]ely be ! dislike ( a dissatisfi$ high] natural impulse1 :5 x c speak ( ! same action = ye>s1 ev5 = an entire human life1 & ev51 :]e man has c\nt]balanc$ t once felt dissatisfaction ( ! high] impulse1 by an (t-repeat$ satisfaction ( x4 ,9 ,book ,i1 ,*apt] ,v1 #a1 we tri$ to %[ t ev5 ,d>w9 seems n to h entirely avoid$ ?is dang] ( expla9+ ! moral f physical causes2 :ile at ! same "t we ackn[l$ge t he o!rwise e/eems ! realm ( ! moral1 & t he ev5 f9ds ! l(ty position ( man above ! animal _w /ill m decid$ly express$ 9 8 moral ?an 9 8 intellectual qualities4 ,b su* an intrusion ( ! physical into ! e?ical is by no means a necess>y consequ5ce ( sci5tific ,d>w9ism--only an ev]-pres5t temptation ( x4 ,he :o once admits t ev5 by means ( developm5t some?+ new c orig9ate1 t ev5 "u ! full influ5ce ( ! evolution !ory !re appe>$ 9 ! s]ies ( creation entirely new ph5om5a ) ! #cij appe>ance ( life & ! organic1 & ( s5sation & consci\sness1 & /ill m ) ! appe>ance ( self-consci\sness & fre$om1 :i* ph5om5a no evolution !ory is able to expla92 & he :o takes into consid]ation ! weight ( t o!r obvi\s fact t1 9 ! orig9 & ! gr[? ( ea* s+le man1 a "t 9 :i* he acts ) moral responsibility foll[s 9 gradual developm5t a "t 9 :i* he _h b ! value & ! life ( a cell1--su* an "o c expla9 ! :ole orig9 ( mank9d accord+ to ! evolution !ory1 & yet see some?+ absolutely new com+ =? ) ! appe>ance ( moral det]m9ation4 ,all conditions ( ! moral det]m9ations ( ! w may be & are naturally condition$1 z1 inde$1 9 ?is _w ! entire spiritual life ( man is c]ta9ly b\nd to ! conditions ( 8 corporeal life2 all prelim9>y /ages ( moral types :i* prec$$ ! temporal appe>ance ( moral be+s1 & :i* surr\nd u /ill1 ^? /ages :i* appe> 9 ! animal _w1 may h prec$$ & prep>$ ! way = ! introduction ( morally responsible be+s into ! _w3 ! moral det]m9ation ( ! w itself nev]!less rema9s some?+ new & indep5d5t--some?+ :i* transc5ds nature4 ,if ?is fact is once admitt$1 !n e?ics also has free play to e/abli% indep5d5tly & r5d] valid its pr9ciples4 ,& !n we h no long] any reason to treat ( ! relation ( ! diff]5t e?ical pr9ciples to naturo-hi/orical ,d>w9ism2 = ?is relation is t ( absolute mutual peace4 99 99 99 99 99 #cia ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,d>w9ism ,,& ,,moral ,,life4 #a4 ,d>w9i/ic ,naturalism & ,moral ,life4 ,precisely ! same relation%ip betwe5 ,d>w9ism & morality1 :i* we f\nd 9 treat+ ( moral pr9ciples1 pres5ts itself :5 we ask ab\t ! relation%ip ( ,d>w9i/ic ideas & moral life 9 its concrete reality4 ,he :o builds a sy/em ( moni/ic naturalism ^u 8 ,d>w9ism1 if he is logical1 & n bett] ?an 8 sy/em1 comes into inevitable collision ) concrete moral life2 :ile he :o limits 8 ,d>w9ism to ! realm ( natural sci5ce1 rema9s 9 concrete life 9 peace ) morality4 ,t ,d>w9i/ic e?ical naturalism also comes into conflict ) concrete moral life1 becomes evid5t f ! joy ) :i* ! advocates ( subv]sion & negation greet ! new pr9ciple ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & make x ! pr9ciple ( _! own actions & social !ories4 ,?is is n *ance sympa?y1 b is f\nd$ ^u ! nature ( e?ical naturalism4 ,( him :o le>ns to look ^u himself only z a product ( nature1 ?\gh highly ennobl$1 we _c expect any o!r pr9ciple ?an t ( foll[+ 8 nature3 n1 inde$1 ! ideal nature ( man--= ?is is an ab/raction :i* man rea*es only by means ( a long #cib process ( reflection--b 8 own empirical nature1 z he f9ds x pres5t 9 himself2 = ?is is inde$ t natural product z :i* man has to consid] himself accord+ to t !ory4 ,:]e ?is leads to1 ev]ybody kn[s :o kn[s human nature4 ,if ^! consequ5ces are n to be f\nd 9 all e?ical naturali/s1 & if !y are p]haps ! lea/ evid5t 9 ! sy/em & life ( ! v ones :o o!rwise tea* naturalism ! mo/ logically 7,/rauss1 = example71 we aga9 mo/ *e]fully admit t _m m5 are bett] ?an _! sy/ems1 & t 9 mak+ objection to a sy/em1 ev5 an e?ical sy/em1 we 9 ! fir/ place d n say any?+ at all ab\t ! advocates ( ?is sy/em & _! moral value4 ,(t5 en\gh "s noble & fruitful tru? has be5 advocat$ by m5 :o are p]sonally contemptible1 & (t5 en\gh "s dang]\s error is propagat$ by m5 :o are p]sonally v amiable & moral1 al?\gh ! damage :i* su* an error c>ries ) x1 mu/ become evid5t 9 _! lives1 on clos] obs]vation4 ,besides1 we mu/ n ov]look ! fact1 t :at 9 a p]v]se sy/em is /ill relatively true1 & ! ?+ :i* gives x a relative vitality1 is borr[$ f tru? & f ! correct sy/em2 & t all ^? :o oppose ! pres5t fundam5tals ( morality1 & especially ( ,*ri/ian morality1 9 a ?\s& ways live ^u & consume ! possessions :i* !y owe to ! same influ5ces aga9/ :i* !y cont5d4 ,b to :atev] relative height ! moral nobility ( s+le advocates ( e?ical naturalism may rise1 x is n able1 at lea/ n f its own pr9ciples1 to produce ?or\ghly moral & truly cultivat$ *>act]s2 su* are only produc$ :]e t :i* =ms ! "*1 #cic fl[s out ( a spr+ ( life ^: orig9 is above nature & its s]ies ( causes4 ,f ?is we see t = ! mo/ "p a v l[ idea ( p]sonality1 a v l[ d]ivation ( ! motives ( human action1 is f\nd 9 ! works ( ,d>w9i/ic morali/s--z1 e4g41 we h se5 9 ! works ( ,hckel t to him ! idea ( a p]sonality ( ,god is insep>ably connect$ ) ! idea ( caprici\s arbitr>9ess1 & t he d]ives all actions ( all m5 f ! motives ( egoism4 ,b we also see1 f /ill m common evid5ces1 ! fact t "s ( ! v highe/ blossoms & noble/ fruits ( human virtue1 z !y rip5 on ! gr\nd ( ,*ri/ian morality1 are n ev5 ackn[l$g$1 mu* less requir$1 by e?ical naturalism4 ,we ?9k p>ticul>ly ( ! virtues ( love1 ( self-d5ial1 & ( humility4 ,c]ta9ly1 we d n d5y t m5 :o are incl9$ t[>d naturalism c & d possess love to a c]ta9 degree1 b ! highe/ exemplification ( love1 ! love ( enemies 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w--n only compassion on ! battle-field1 b ! full1 =giv+1 bless+ love :i* r5d]s good = evil1 & ev5 int]c$es = a p]sonal enemy1 al?\gh he may be ! int5tional & successful de/roy] ( our :ole e>?ly happ9ess--su* a love may p]haps be dem&$ & admir$ by a naturali/ic morali/ "u ! impos+ influ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( su* a love & 9 unconsci\s dep5d5ce on ! motives ( ,*ri/ianity :i* surr\nd him2 b he w nev] be able to %[ f :at po9t ( 8 sy/em x is to be d$uc$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is easy to %[ him m ?an "o po9t ( 8 sy/em :i*1 f> f requir+ su* love1 #cid /igmatizes x z simple fooli%ness4 ,su* a fruit only rip5s "u ! c>e ( him :o gave 8 life = u :ile we /ill 7 enemies1 & "u ! influ5ce ( ! remission ( our s9 by our ,heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,moreov]1 an e?ical naturali/ c also accompli% mu* 9 self-d5ial3 he c make _m great sacrifices1 if he c !reby rea* a desirable end t _c be rea*$ )\t acts ( self-d5ial2 he c %[ great /r5g? & pati5ce 9 a resign$ endurance ( ! inevitable2 & if we take into consid]ation ! possibility ( its be+ logically at v>iance ) 8 sy/em1 he may p]=m all t :i* ! highe/ morality requires4 ,b a r5unciation :i* is m ?an sil5t resignation1 & :i* "u c]ta9 circum/ances c also become a joyful r5unciation ( all t 0 belov$ & de> to man on e>?1 does n gr[ out ( ! soil ( naturalism1 & is possible only !re :]e man c>ries 9 himself a possession :i* w\ld r5d] him /ill m =tunate & happy ?an ! idea ( species1 & :]e he kn[s ! cross ( ,jesus1 & und]/&s ! ^w ( ! ,"l3 ,he t love? 8 life %all lose x2 & he t lose? 8 life = my sake1 %all f9d x4 ,/rauss is a /rik+ pro( t naturalism is n able to e/imate ! tasks ( self-d5ial at _! full importance4 ,9 8 ,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new1 al?\gh he speaks ) great e>ne/ness ( moral dem&s1 yet he deeply degrades t :i* is connect$ ) a ,*ri/ian r5unciation ( self & ! _w1 :5 he reproa*es ,*ri/ianity ) a ?or\gh cult ( pov]ty & m5dicity 767 &1 reg>d+ its dem& = self-d5ial1 he d5ies t x has any compreh5sion ( ! tasks ( #cie indu/ry1 ( ! virtues ( home & family life1 ( patriotism & civil virtue4 ,f9ally1 we may make a simil> /atem5t 9 reg>d to humility4 ,!re c]ta9ly are e?ical naturali/s also :o are mode/4 ,b :5 ! prophets ( e?ical naturalism aga9 & aga9 ann\nce t ! great aim ( all ! discov]ies ( ! evolution !ory is to %[ u h[ f> mank9d has =tunately progress$2 :5 _! _s ( devotion is n\ri%$ by ,g!'s ,prome!an ^w3 ,ha/ ?\ n ?yself accompli%$ all1 ?\ holy gl[+ he>t8--& ev5 :5 ,hckel pr9ts z ! lead+ motto ( 8 ,an?ropog5y ,g!'s poem ,prome!us2 :5 ! /ruggle ( selection is also elevat$ to a moral pr9ciple1 & ! life-task ( an individual is limit$ to creat+ elb[-room = himself3 !n humility1 inde$1 is a virtue :i* a naturali/ may acquire1 n ?r\gh 8 naturalism1 b 9 spite ( x2 & ! great navet ) :i*1 9 books ( t t5d5cy1 haught9ess & passion = glory are treat$ z some?+ necess>ily und]/ood1 & _! own ego is glorifi$1 is a mu* m logical result4 ,we are pr\d ( hav+ s imm5sely out-/ripp$ our l[] animal ance/ors1 & d]ive f x ! consol+ assurance t 9 future also1 mank9d1 z a :ole1 w foll[ ! glori\s c>e] ( progressive developm5t1 & atta9 a /ill high] degree ( m5tal p]fection4 7,hckel1 ,hi/4 ( ,creat47 ,?is is ! !me :i* is repeat$ 9 _m v>iations 9 all books ( simil> t5d5cy4 ,9 ! same book already ref]r$ to1 we read3 ,ea* free & highly develop$ individual1 ea* orig9al p]son1 has 8 own religion1 8 own ,god2 s x is c]ta9ly n arrogance :5 we also claim ! #cif "r ( =m+ our own idea ( ,god4 ,or1 ,! recognition ( ! !ory ( developm5t & ! moni/ic philosophy bas$ ^u x =ms ! be/ crit]ion = ! degree ( man's m5tal developm5t4 ,l4 ,b*n]1 9 8 collection ( essays1 ,aus ,natur und ,welt 7,f ,nature & ! ,_w71 d$icates a long *apt] to self-glorification1 & f9ds confirm$ 9 himself ! ^w ( ! poet1 ,great de/9ies are always prec$$ by _s mess5g]s2 & he1 /ill liv+1 prefaces 8 own biography 9 ! late/ edition ( ,kraft und ,/(f 7,=ce & ,matt]71 & on ! fir/ page ( ! same publi%es ! te/imonial :i* he receiv$1 :5 leav+ ! gymnasium3 ,! be>] ( ?is te/imonial excell$ 9 ! ?or\gh /udy ( lit]ature1 philosophy1 & poetry1 & z reg>ds /yle 9 8 productions %[$ an excell5t tal5t4 ,9 view ( ^! ?+s1 we c]ta9ly d no inju/ice to ?is t5d5cy :5 we d5y to x ! conception ( ! idea & ! practice ( humility4 #b4 ,sci5tific ,d>w9ism & ,moral ,life4 ,x is evid5t f ! peace-relation betwe5 m]e sci5tific ,d>w9ism & moral pr9ciples1 t naturo-hi/orical ,d>w9ism also rema9s 9 peace ) moral life4 ,we !re=e h no long] to treat ( any "q ( compet5cy 9 ! realm ( concrete moral life1 b only to m5tion ! po9ts ( contact 9 :i* bo? realms1 fully ackn[l$g+ _! mutual indep5d5ce1 yet 9 an inf]ior way ex]cise "s b5eficial influ5ce ^u ea* o!r4 #cig ,moral life influ5ces ,d>w9ism 9 s f> z1 by its m]e exi/5ce1 x cautions ! advocate ( ! sci5tific evolution !ory aga9/ effac+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! moral & ! natural1 & aga9/ degrad+ man to ! level ( animals on acc\nt ( 8 connection ) ! animal _w4 ,! naturo-hi/orical idea ( evolution1 9 case x %\ld turn out to be correct1 w\ld ex]cise an influ5ce ^u moral life 9 a ?ree-fold direction3 ,fir/1 x w\ld add to all ! motives ( ! humane treatm5t ( ! animal _w--:i* c]ta9ly )\t x already has moral dem&s--a new "o1 & e/abli% !m all m firmly4 ,man w\ld !n recognize 9 ! animal _w :i* surr\nds him bran*es ( 8 own natural p$igree1 & ex]cise 8 "r ( ma/]y only 9 ! s5se :i* ,alex4 ,braun expresses1 :5 he says3 ,man cons5ts to ! idea ( be+ appo9t$ ma/] ( animals2 b !n he mu/ also ackn[l$ge t he is n plac$ ov] 8 subjects z a /rang]1 b proce$$ f ! p itself1 ^: ma/] he wi%es to be4 ,a second s]vice :i* ! idea ( evolution w\ld h to r5d] to ! =m+ ( moral life1 w\ld consi/ 9 ! fact t x w\ld favor all ^? e?ical modes ( contemplation & ^? maxims :i* reg>d ! gradual process ( developm5t & ! gr[? ( "* z ! relative p[] ( influ5ces & conditions1 & t x w\ld give !m h9ts = ! p]ception ( moral gr[?1 9 l mann] z1 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ p>able1 ! ,"l illu/rates ! imp]ceptible & cont9ual gr[? ( ! k+dom ( ,god ) ! gr[? ( a plant4 ,a ?ird s]vice :i* ! evolution !ory might be able #cih to r5d] to moral life1 w\ld consi/ 9 ! fact t x w\ld give to ! motive ( p]fection & progress1 :i* is always & ev]y:]e a moral lev]1 a new illu/ration & a new weight by po9t+ at ! progress :i* developm5t has to %[ 9 ! life ( nature4 99 99 99 99 99 #cii ,,conclusion4 ,if n[1 hav+ rea*$ our goal1 we look back ^u ! way :i* we h trav]s$1 we f9d a ju/ification ( ! regret express$ at ! beg9n+1 t a sci5tific treatm5t ( religion & morality is compell$ to take a position 9 reg>d to !ories :i* are n yet e/abli%$4 ,we f\nd ! mo/ diff]5t problems--sci5tific1 naturo-philosophical1 metaphysical1 religi\s & e?ical--inextricably mix$1 & 7 oblig$1 z "o ( our fir/ tasks1 to make an attempt at f9d+ ! clew & at exam9+ & te/+ ea* s+le problem1 toge!r ) attempts at its solution1 sep>ately1 al?\gh keep+ con/antly 9 m9d its connection ) all o!r problems & _! attempts at solution4 ,we f\nd ourselves l$ into ! pres5ce ( a s]ies ( ! mo/ int]e/+ problems1 b n a s+le solution f9i%$4 ,t v attempt at solution :i* br\ght up ?is :ole "q1 & :i* 0 repeat$ly ann\nc$ z ! infallible key to ! solution ( all sci5tific problems--! selection !ory--we f\nd a decid$ failure1 at lea/ 9 ! direction ( ! ext5sion & importance :i* 0 giv5 to ?is !ory4 ,& yet 9 spite ( ! hypo!tical nature ( all attempts at solution1 we see inve/igators 9 all ! realms ( natural sci5ce /rongly attract$ by ! v promis+ "* ( ^! problems & busily engag$ 9 mak+ attempts at solution2 #djj & we see ev5 philosophy /rongly attract$ by its int]e/ 9 ^! works4 ,su* a dilig5t "w c c]ta9ly n be )\t ga92 b :]e9 w ?is ga9 consi/8 ,w x1 z its antagoni/s prophecy1 be l t :i* 9 =m] times al*emy br\ght to sci5ce1 :i*1 inde$1 enri*$ *emi/ry by an entire s]ies ( new discov]ies1 b did n f9d :at x s\ght1 ! "o fundam5tal elem5t f :i* all ! re/ are d]iv$1 :i* only confirm$1 ) a p[] ackn[l$g$ ev5 to-day1 ! old doctr9e ( ! elem5t>y diff]5ce ( ! elem5ts8 ,w ! ,d>w9ian inve/igations ?us also make all possible discov]ies by ! way1 b 9 place ( t :i* !y look =1 9 place ( a common p$igree or ( a few p$igrees = all organisms1 f9ally only give additional /r5g? to ! p]man5ce ( species & ! unapproa*abl5ess ( ! secret ( _! orig98 ,or c we d]ive f ! reasons :i* ! inve/igators urge 9 favor ( ! idea ( an orig9 ( species ?r\gh desc5t & evolution1 ! hope t t my/]i\s d>kness ( prehi/oric times ^u :i* ! works ( our c5tury h %$ s mu* light1 w /ill be illum9at$ ev5 to ! s\rces f :i* organic species came1 & f :i* mank9d also orig9at$8 ,we mu/ leave ! decision ( ^! que/ions to ! future & to sci5ti/s4 ,b we h to note "o ga91 :i* is s great t on its acc\nt1 we will+ly cease our regret 9 reg>d to ! unf9i%$ condition ( ^! !ories2 = we owe ! full enjoym5t ( ?is ga9 to t v unf9i%$ condition4 ,x is ! ga9 :i* religion & morality get f ^! inve/igations1 & :i* consi/s 9 ! new & compreh5sive confirmation ( ! conviction1 #dja :i*1 inde$1 0 e/abli%$ be=e1 t religion & morality--,*ri/ian religion & ,*ri/ian morality--re/ on f\ndations :i* c no long] be %ak5 by any result ( exact inve/igation4 ,! triumph ) :i* ! ,d>w9ian !ories 7 greet$ by _m z ! new sun be=e ^: ris+ all t mank9d _h ?us f> call$ light & sun turns pale1 & ! antipa?y ) :i*1 on t v acc\nt1 _m to :om _! religi\s & e?ical acquisitions are a sacr$ sanctu>y1 turn away f ^! !ories1 urg$ u to inve/igate _! position 9 ref]5ce to religion & morality4 ,n[1 if ^! !ories _h produc$ a c]ta9 und\bt$ result1 we %\ld unque/ionably h be5 satisfi$ ) ! exam9ation ( ! position ( religion & morality 9 ref]5ce to ?is c]ta9 result4 ,b s9ce n a s+le result ( ^? inve/igations is really e/abli%$1 we h f\nd ourselves oblig$ to give our inve/igation a mu* great] ext5sion & to discuss ev5 all imag9able possibilities4 ,! b5eficial result ( ?is comp>ison 01 t religion & morality n only rema9 at peace ) all imag9able possibilities ( sci5tific !ories1 b c also1 9 ! realm ( ! philosophy ( ! doctr9es ( nature1 be passive spectators ( all inve/igations & attempts1 ev5 ( all possible excursions into ! realm ( fancy1 )\t be+ oblig$ to int]f]e4 ,x is 9 ! realm ( m]e metaphysics t we fir/ p]ceive an antagoni/ ^: victory w\ld inde$ be fatal to ! religi\s & e?ical acquisitions ( mank9d3 ?is antagoni/ is call$ elim9ation f nature ( ! idea ( design4 ,=tunately1 ?is metaphysical idea is 9 su* /rik+ opposition n only to ! :ole _w ( facts b also to all logical #djb reason+1 x has ev]y:]e1 :]e man p]ceives organization & a diff]5ce betwe5 l[] & high]1 especially 9 ! contemplation ( ! _w1 ( ?is cosmos ( wond]ful ord] & beauty1 s decid$ly all philosophical z well z all exact sci5ces z its adv]s>ies1 x lays its h&s s rudely & s de/ructively n only ^u ! religi\s & e?ical acquisitions b also ^u all ideal rema9+ acquisitions ( mank9d1 t religion & morality "k1 :5 fight+ ?is adv]s>y1 !y are 9 firm accord ) all ! spiritual int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,?is1 9 its mo/ ess5tial features1 is ! pleas+ result ( our critical exam9ation2 & su* a demon/ration ( ! immovably solid f\ndation1 secure f all ! *ange ( op9ions & all ! progress ( discov]ies on :i* morality & religion re/1 has /ill an entire s]ies ( fur!r pleas+ consequ5ces 9 its tra94 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a liv+ & actual pro( ( ! fact t religion & morality give to all sci5ces ! full fre$om ( inve/igation4 ,! religi\s & e?ical int]e/ itself n only gives1 b ev5 requires1 ?is fre$om ( inve/igation4 ,x requires x 9 consequ5ce ( t impulse ( tru? :i* religion has 9 common ) e impulse ( k1 & :i* 9 itself is an e?ical impulse4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is impulse1 religion mu/ f\nd its possession on no?+ else ?an subjective & objective tru?1 & c look ^u all ! pa?s :i* lead ?r\gh ev5 ! remote/ realm ( k to ! e/abli%m5t ( tru?1 only ) sympa!tic int]e/4 ,precisely ^? :o see 9 religion m ?an a m]e expression ( emotion1 & all ^? :o require t _! religi\s life & ! object ( #djc _! religi\s fai? %all possess tru?1 subjective & objective1 _c commit any great] folly ?an treat+ se>* = tru? 9 any o!r realm ) suspicion1 or ev5 ignor+ x4 ,!y only injure t :i* !y meant to def5d1 by r5d]+ ! purity ( _! own religi\s int]e/ suspect$1 & by e/abli%+ m firmly ! brea* betwe5 religi\s life & fai? & ! o!r acquisitions ( culture & int]e/s ( _! "t1 ( :i* nei!r religion nor sci5ce1 b only a misguid$ t5d5cy ( _! m9ds & he>ts1 is guilty4 ,h[ mu* unfri5dly & unju/ judgm5t has already f\nd utt]ance by means ( ! p5 & voice1 9 ref]5ce to hone/ & m]itori\s work]s1 on ! "p ( religi\s zealots :o fail to recognize t close relation%ip ( ! religi\s ) ! sci5tific impulse ( tru?6 ,h[ (t5 & h[ mu* does su* a judgm5t ga9 great consid]ation f a public ( :i* b a few are able to =m an indep5d5t op9ion ( ! m5 & works :i* are ?us abus$ be=e _! eyes & e>s1 & h[ mu* ( ! av]sion to ! =m 9 :i* ! religi\s life ( ! pres5t (f]s itself1 on ! "p ( ^? m5 :o are ?us suspect$1 is 9 ! la/ in/ance to be attribut$ nei!r to be irreligi\sness ( ^! m5 nor to ! defici5cy ( ! pres5t =m ( our religi\s life1 b to ! repell+ effect ( t unju/ treatm5t6 ,ano!r ga9 ( our discussion1 correlat$ to t j m5tion$1 consi/s 9 ! pro( t religion & morality h _! autonom\s pr9ciple & realm :i* is n at all oblig$ to borr[ ! pro( ( its tru? f ! pres5t condition & degree ( our k1 b c>ries x 9 itself1 al?\gh x /&s 9 #djd fruitful reciprocal action ) all ! o!r realms ( k & life4 ,j z decid$ly z we _h to caution ! advocates ( religion aga9/ keep+ !mselves indiff]5t1 suspici\s1 or ev5 ho/ile1 reg>d+ ! advances into ! realm ( secul> k1 s decid$ly d we l to see ! work]s 9 ! realm ( ! k ( nature caution$ aga9/ confus+ po9ts ( view1 9 ?9k+ t !y c ?r\gh _! sci5tific k purify & re=m ! religi\s & e?ical realms4 ,!y may purify & re=m z mu* z !y please1 b only 9 _! own realm4 ,! only ?+ !y are able to re=m is our k ( nature1 & 9 our religi\s & e?ical life & p]ception only t :i* belongs to ?is natural "p2 b ?is is only ! out] "p ( religi\s & e?ical life3 ! s\rce ( our religion & morality spr+s f q ano!r gr\nd ?an t :i* !y cultivate4 ,a ?ird ga9 f our discussion is ! actual pro( ( ! h>mony betwe5 fai? & k1 betwe5 ! religi\s & ! sci5tific views ( ! _w4 ,9 our inve/igation we _h no occasion = psy*ological or !oretical inve/igations z to fai? & k & _! mutual relation2 b if our discussion is n an entire failure1 p]haps ! actual exposition ( a /&po9t on :i* fai? & k may live at peace ) "o ano!r1 :i* is n b\ght by a sacrifice on ei!r side1 & :i* does n consi/ 9 a compromise ( ! two1 b :i* has its reason 9 ! deepe/ & mo/ active int]e/ ( ! "o1 9 ! full & uncon/ra9$ fre$om ( ! o!r1 a /rong] pro( = ! intimate relation%ip ( ^! bro!rs1 betwe5 :om ! pres5t g5]ation wi%es too (t5 to s[ discord1 ?an if we #dje _h und]tak5 long religio-philosophical & !oretical inve/igations4 ,f9ally1 ! results ( our analysis h giv5 u /ill ano!r ga93 !y h l$ u beyond ,less+'s ,na?an & 8 p>able ( ! ,?ree ,r+s4 ,we call ?is a ga91 )\t ! lea/ int5tion ( discr$it+ by x ! motives ( tol]ance & ! po9ts ( view = ! judgm5t ( ! "* & religi\sness ( human individuals1 :i* lay 9 t p>able1 or suspect+ ! motives ( s _m ( our contempor>ies ^: religio-philosophical judgm5t is entirely express$ 9 t p>able4 ,we saw ourselves compell$ to make a *oice ei!r ( accept+ or ( reject+ ends 9 ! _w1 & f\nd t ! _w resolves itself into a s5seless game at dice1 & t ! ph5om5a become m un9telligible ! m important !y are1 if we ignore or ev5 reject teleology4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! latt] prev5t$ u f see+ 9 ! _w & its ev5ts m]ely ! et]nal /ream ( planless com+ & go+2 x prev5t$ u f accept+ su* an endless /ream ( appe>ance & disappe>ance1 & !re=e also an endless /ream ( ! appe>ance & disappe>ance ( new =ms ( religion 9 t creature = ^: appe>ance we see all o!r creatures are only a prep>ation1 & are ev5 oblig$ to look ^u !m z a prep>ation 9 accordance ) no o!r !ory m ?an t ( evolution4 ,x also urg$ u to inquire z to ! ends & designs ( mank9d1 & we f\nd ?is end 9 ! disposition ( man = a communion ) ,god1 = ! /ate ( be>+ 8 image & ( be+ 8 *ild4 ,n[ we h fully to ackn[l$ge t ,*ri/ianity1 l all religions :i* claim tru? & univ]sal acceptance1 #djf is to be analyz$ ) ! v same means ( sci5ce z all ph5om5a 9 ! _w ( facts1 & t !re=e x is especially subject to all inve/igations ( religio-philosophical1 religio-hi/orical1 & hi/orical criticism1 to its fulle/ ext5t4 ,b precisely su* an analysis ( ,*ri/ianity leads u to a result :i* elevates ,*ri/ian religion high above all o!r =ms4 ,x also confirms by means ( sci5ce :at1 inde$1 is e/abli%$ to a ,*ri/ian m9d z c]ta9ty f 8 own direct exp]i5ce1 t ! qu9tess5ce ( t :i* ,*ri/ianity (f]s u1 is tru? & gives full satisfaction to s\l & m9d4 ,= t analysis e/abli%es1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,*ri/ianity %[s u ! idea ( ,god & ! nature & de/9y ( man 9 a purity su* z no o!r religion does1 & 9 su* a life-creat+ p[] t x is able to satisfy mo/ completely all ! nobl] desires & impulses ( s\l & m9d1 & to ov]come mo/ successfully all ignoble ones4 ,fur!rmore1 x %[s u t ^! gifts ( ,*ri/ianity (f]$ !mselves1 & /ill (f] !mselves1 n only 9 philosophemes & doctr9es1 9 p>ables & my?s1 9 po/ulates & prophecies1 b :at1 inde$1 is n ! case 9 any o!r religion1 9 an arrang$ c\rse ( de$s & facts :i*1 9 ev]y?+ t is necess>y & ess5tial = ! acquisition ( t idea ( ,god & = ! realization ( t ideal ( mank9d1 legitimate !mselves to criticism z hi/orical facts1 & :i* legitimate !mselves z actions ( div9e manife/ation by ! fact1 t !y & _! consequ5ces also are really able to fulfill :at !y promise1 & to br+ mank9d ne>] to ! accompli%m5t ( t goal :i* !y set up = x4 ,f9ally1 x %[s u1 :5 x reviews & comp>es ! developm5t ( #djg culture among all mank9d1 t ! ,*ri/ian nations h really borne ! ri*e/ blossom & fruit :i* has appe>$ hi!rto on ! tree ( mank9d1 & t ,*ri/ianity1 = ! life ( nations1 has n only1 l o!r religions1 p[]s ( pres]vation1 b also p[]s ( r5ovation & r5ewal :i* o!r religions are want+4 ,ev5 all ! errors ( sup]/ition & immorality1 ( intol]ance & lu/ ( p[]1 ( s _m ( its advocates & confessors1 at :i* ! adv]s>ies ( ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w s will+ly po9t1 are b a confirmation ( its value4 ,= !y %[ u h[ div9e & heav5ly ! gift mu/ be1 if ev5 su* errors 7 n able to smo!r its fruits4 ,if we d n wi% to suppose t mank9d has f\ndations & ends :i* up to ! pres5t x is n yet all[$ to "k1 we c]ta9ly mu/ look = ^! f\ndations & ends :]e we f9d ! be/ :i* has s f> be5 giv5 to mank9d & :i* has be5 accompli%$ by x4 ,?is ackn[l$gm5t ( ,*ri/ianity z ! only true & only really univ]sal religion leads u beyond ano!r s5tim5t ( ,less+1 :i* has f\nd an equally /rong or p]haps /ill /rong] e*o 9 ! m9d4 ,we mean ! expression t1 if he _h to *oose1 he w\ld pref] ! cont9ual se>* = tru? to ! possession ( tru? itself4 ,we emphatically ackn[l$ge ! holy "r & ! high nobility ( ?is impulse ( inve/igation & activity1 b we ne$ n buy its ackn[l$gm5t & satisfaction at ! price ( be+ oblig$ to r5\nce a consci\sness or ! hope ( a consci\sness :i* is equally indisp5sable to our inn] happ9ess z t impulse ( inve/igation1 & :i* fir/ gives to ?is impulse its ov]:elm+ p[]--namely1 ! #djh consci\sness & ! hope ( really possess+ ! tru?4 ,=1 9 fact1 we are n requir$ to make ?is *oice4 ,!re is a possession ( tru? :i* does n exclude1 b requires1 ! se>* = tru?3 t is ! possession ( tru? 9 ! answ] to ! que/ions z to ! />t+ po9t & ! goal ( our life1 ! possession ( tru? 9 ! fundam5tals ( our religi\s view ( ! _w4 ,x is ! c]ta9ty ab\t ! />t+-po9t & goal ( our life1 :i* la/+ly & effectively invites u also to look = & p]ceive all ! ways :i*1 9 !ory z well z 9 practice1 lead f a firm />t+-po9t to a c]ta9 end1 & only ! possession ( tru? 9 ! fundam5tals ( our religi\s view ( ! _w gives value & satisfaction to inve/igation 9 a _w :i*1 )\t ?is possession1 conta9s = u only transitory & fleet+1 & !re=e only unsatisfactory1 ?+s1 b :i* /&s be=e u z ! "w & ! !atre ( revelation ( a ,god & ,fa!r1 & !re=e gives to inve/igation inexhau/ible joy & satisfaction :5 we look ^u x f ^? /&-po9ts4 ,9 l mann] z1 at ! outset ( our inve/igation1 we p]ceiv$ 9 organic species creations ( ,god1 & 9 spite ( ?is1 or r on acc\nt ( x1 look$ ^u ! attempts at explor+ _! orig9 ) s mu* deep] int]e/1 we also see ourselves1 9 ! /ill m direct religi\s realm1 n at all condemn$ to /agnation :5 we ackn[l$ge ,*ri/ianity z absolute religion4 ,?is v ackn[l$gm5t alone makes a real progress possible = u4 ,= e progress1 9 ord] to be a real progress1 ne$s a firm />t+-po9t & a c]ta9 goal2 h5ce t :i* is %[n & (f]$ to mank9d 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,f ?is #dji />t+-po9t & t[>d ?is end !re are tasks en\gh = religi\s progress4 ,! ev] m def9ite inve/igation ( ! facts & doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! improvem5t & ev] m complete reproduction ( ! sci5tific image 9 :i* ^! facts & doctr9es are reflect$ 9 ! m9d ( man ! progress+ adaptation ( ecclesia/ical life 9 div9e s]vice1 & organization to ! sub/ance & ! ne$ ( ,*ri/ian religi\sness1 ! h>moniz+ ( our possession ( fai? ) all o!r elem5ts ( culture ( ea* p]iod1 ! work+ up ( t :i* is giv5 to u 9 ,*ri/ianity into ! spiritual & e?ical acquisition ( a s+le p]sonality & its ev] m complete repres5tation & realization 9 ! individual & ! common life1 ! progress+ p5etration ( g5]ations by ! transfigur+ light ( religion & morality1 & ! progressive ov]com+ ( ! likewise progress+ly develop+ k+dom ( evil--9 %ort1 all t :i* ! language ( religion calls ! gr[? ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 is "w & progress en\gh1 b c]ta9ly "w & progress on ! gr\nd ( a c]ta9 basis z ! />t+-po9t giv5 to u by ,god1 & "w & progress t[>d a c]ta9 goal set = u by ,god4 ,x is only f ?is basis ( a possession ( tru? z x is (f]$ to u by ,*ri/ian !ism1 & by ! facts ( r$emption & ( a reconciliation ( man ) ,god1 t ! brea* betwe5 fai? & k1 betwe5 religion & ! life ( culture1 :i* at pres5t takes place 9 s _m a he>t & m9d1 c be heal$2 &1 f> f seek+ to cripple or h9d] ^? :o /& on ?is basis1 x alone gives to _! !oretical & practical activity its joy\s /r5g? & c]ta9 end1 to #daj _! sph]e ( k its univ]sal bread?4 ,! ,apo/le ,paul1 at ! end ( #a ,cor9?ians1 ,,xv1 :5 he takes a compreh5sive view f ! highe/ po9ts ( ,*ri/ian hope to :i* he f\nd himself l$ f ^? fundam5tals1 kn[s ( no fitt] words to conclude ) & to give x a practical application ?an ^!3 ,:]e=e1 my belov$ bre?r51 be ye /eadfa/1 unmoveable1 always ab\nd+ 9 ! "w ( ! ,"l1 =asmu* z ye "k t y\r lab\r is n va9 9 ! ,"l4 99 99 99 99 99 ,notes #a ,! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4 ,no4 ,,xiii4 #b ,evolution ( ,man4 #c ,x 0 only :5 ! manuscript ( ?is "w 0 ne>ly f9i%$ & ! fir/ "p ( x _h gone to ! press1 t ! au?or receiv$ ! second "p ( ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba]'s ,/udi5 aus dem ,gebiete d] ,naturwiss5s*aft5 7,/udies 9 ! ,realm ( ,natural ,sci5ces74 ,x conta9s ano!r essay on teleology1 ,ueb] ,ziel/rebigkeit 9 d5 organis*5 ,krp]n insbesond]e1 & a treatise on ,d>w9's doctr9e1 ,ueb] ,d>w9's ,lehre1 :i* ,ba] _h promis$ long ago & :i* ! public _h anxi\sly await$4 ,x is no little satisfaction to f9d t ,i1 f my mode/ premises1 rea*$ results reg>d+ ! naturo-philosophical problems & _! weight 9 ! religi\s realm :i* s fully h>monize ) ! views ( ?is fir/ au?ority 9 ! realm ( ! hi/ory ( developm5t4 ,i %all /ill h occasion "h & !re to avail myself ( a /udy ( ?is late/ & mo/ important publication ^u ! "q ( ,d>w9ism1 & %all conf9e myself "h to ! rem>k t von ,ba]1 al?\gh he rejects ! selection !ory & ! sup]ficial treatm5t ( ! pr9ciple ( evolution on ! "p ( mat]iali/s1 is by no means dis9cl9$ to ! idea ( ! orig9 ( species ?r\gh desc5t1 :e!r 9 gradual developm5t or 9 leaps2 & t 9 ?is respect he c\ld no long] be c\nt$ among ! advocates ( ! gr\p above ref]r$ to1 b among ^? :i* we m5tion f>!r on1 _h he n repeat$ly & =cibly confess$1 ) a mode/y wor?y ( ackn[l$gm5t1 8 total ignorance conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* c]ta9 =ms ( life1 especially ! high] ones1 orig9at$4 ,! orig9 ( high] species )\t ! supposition ( a desc5t is to him unexpla9able1 because ! individuals ( ^! species are1 9 _! fir/ developm5t ( life1 s dep5d5t on ! "m4 ,fur!rmore1 he po9ts out ! fact t 9 e>ly p]iods ( ! e>? ! organic =m+ p[] :i* rul$1 mu/ h be5 a high] "o ?an x is at ! pres5t "t2 9 l mann] z ! fir/ p]iod 9 ! embryonic developm5t ( individuals is to-day ! mo/ productive4 ,?is high] p[] ( organization1 he says1 c\ld consi/ 9 a high] p[] ( *ang+ organisms into new species1 z well z 9 a high] p[] ( produc+ new species ?r\gh primitive g5]ation2 or x c\ld consi/ 9 bo?4 ,9 g5]al1 !re is no reason to suppose t primitive g5]ations :i* took place at ! fir/ orig9ation ( life on e>?1 c\ld n h be5 repeat$ lat] & (t5]4 ,! ne>] a g5]ation 0 to ^! individuals orig9at$ ?r\gh primitive g5]ation1 ! great] 0 und\bt$ly its flexibility & *angeabl5ess2 ! f>!r1 ! great] ! fixity ( type4 #d ,aft] ! completion ?is manuscript1 ! au?or f\nd t ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba]1 9 8 treatise ^u ,d>w9's doctr9e1 pays especial att5tion to ! *ange ( g5]ation & also to ! metamorphosis ( plants & animals 9 exactly ! same s5se & rea*es ! same conclusion4 #e ,comp>e ,max ,mll]1 ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 #f? ed41 ,london1 #ahga1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #djc4 #f ,comp>e v4 ,ba]1 ,/udies1 etc41 p4 #bid ff4 #g ,d>w9 says1 on page #adf1 ,eng4 ,ed41 ( 8 ,desc5t ( ,man3 ,9 ! e>li] editions ( my ',orig9 ( ,species'1 ,i p]haps attribut$ too mu* to ! action ( natural selection or ! survival ( ! fitte/4444 ,i did n =m]ly suffici5tly consid] ! exi/5ce ( /ructures :i*1 z f> z we c at pres5t judge1 are nei!r b5eficial nor injuri\s2 & ?is ,i believe to be "o ( ! greate/ ov]sights z yet detect$ 9 my "w4444 ,an unexpla9$ residuum ( *ange1 p]haps a l>ge "o1 mu/ be left to ! assum$ uni=m action ( ^? unkn[n ag5cies1 :i* occasionally induce /rongly-m>k$ & abrupt deviations ( /ructure 9 our dome/ic productions4 #h ,?is ^w1 :i* is ( rec5t co9age 9 ,g]many1 has be5 f\nd s incapable ( be+ r5d]$ by an exact ,engli% equival5t1 t x has be5 ?\ght be/ to reta9 x & to give ! au?or's own explanation ( ! mean+ :i* he desir$ x to express4 ,he says1 9 a note to ! translator3 ,i 0 l$ to ?is idea ( ,auslosung 9 a small essay ( ,rob]t von ,may] 7,ueb] ,auslsung1 #ahgf74 ,aft]w>ds ,may] p]sonally /at$ to me t he he>tily approv$ ! emphasis ,i _h giv5 to ?is idea1 & said t he _h only ?\ght ( ! fact t psy*ical processes1 l ! action ( ! w1 los5 aus 7release7 physiological processes1 l ! action ( ! muscles1 & t ,i _h c>ri$ ! idea f>!r1 9 say+ t psy*ical processes are ausgelo/ 7releas$7 by physiological processes1 & t ?is is a v important /ep f>!r on ! way ( inve/igation4 ,may] himself ?\ght x w\ld be necess>y to call ! att5tion to ?is1 :5 he fur!r develop$ ! ideas he _h giv5 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ essay2 8 int5tion to d s 0 prev5t$ by 8 dea?4 ,auslosung is a ^w orig9at$ by mod]n me*anical sci5ce1 & means3 7#a47 ,slight me*anical op]ations ( deta*+ & ! l1 by :i* ano!r & m important action1 ^: =ces 7 h]et(ore re/ra9$1 c be set into activity3 e4g41 ! pressure :i* sets 9 motion a ma*9e1 previ\sly at re/1 is ,auslosung2 ! pressure on ! trigg] ( a gun is ,auslosung2 ! friction ( a mat* :i* is ! beg9n+ ( a great fire is ,auslosung4 7#b47 ,?is idea may n[ be appli$ to *emical processes3 e4g41 a glass ( sug>-wat] w rema9 sweet unless "s =eign elem5t is introduc$ into x1 b ! mom5t x receives a f]m5t+ sub/ance ei!r by *ance1 f ! air1 or ) int5tion1 !n ! sug> wat] is br\ght into a process ( *emical decomposition1 & f ?is !re results ,auslosung2 b ! introduction ( ! f]m5t+ ag5t into ! sug>-wat] is ,auslosung4 7#c47 ,von ,may] applies ?is idea to psy*o-physical relations ( life1 & says3 :5 ! w act+ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! motor n]ves sets 9 motion ! muscles1 ?is is ,auslosung4--,,trans4 #i ,= ! use ( read]s :o d n und]/& ,greek1 we may /ate t ! ^w teleology is d]iv$ f ! ,greek ^w telos1 ,g54 teleos3 end1 purpose1 aim2 & means ! doctr9e ( design or a con=mity to ! end 9 view1 or1 z ,k4 ,e4 von ,ba] pref]s & wi%es to h introduc$ into sci5tific language1 ! doctr9e ( ! /riv+ t[>d an end 7,ziel/rebigkeit74 ,x seems to be q a sup]ficial treatm5t ( an idea on ^: reception or rejection no less a ?+ ?an an entire view ( ! _w ) all its mo/ important & deepe/ que/ions dep5ds1 :5 ,dr4 ,g4 ,seidlitz1 9 an essay on ! success ( ,d>w9ism 7,ausl&1 #ahgd1 ,no4 #cg71 /ates incid5tally t teleology is d]iv$ f ! ,greek ,greek3 teleos p]fect4 ,x is true t ! ,greek adjective = p]fect is also d]iv$ f t n\n1 ,greek3 telos1 :i* has ! same root z ! ,g]man ^w ,ziel1 & !re is ev5 an ,ionic =m = t adjective :i* is ,greek3 teleos1 b ! ,attic =m is ,greek3 teleios2 & s9ce mod]n languages1 :5 a *oice is all[$1 d n d]ive _! ,greek =eign words f ! ,ionic1 b f ! ,attic dialect1 t ^w--7 x really d]iv$ f t adjective & did x express doctr9e ( p]fection--w\ld h to be teleiology1 or1 9 ,lat9iz$ =m1 teliology4 ,z f> z we "k1 ! ^w1 s9ce x 0 introduc$ into sci5tific language1 has nev] be5 d]iv$ f any o!r root ?an f ,greek3 telos1 ,g54 ,greek3 teleos1 end1 & has nev] be5 us$ 9 any o!r s5se ?an to express ! doctr9e ( a purpose & end 9 ! _w4 #aj ,comp>e ,hi/ory1 ,essays1 & ,orations ( ! #f? ,g5]al ,conf]5ce ( ! ,evangelical ,alliance1 ,new ,york1 ,h>p] ,bros41 #ahgd1 p4 #bfd-bga4 #aa ,comp>e ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 ! mo/ celebrat$ moral philosoph] ( ,monism1 9 #gd ( 8 ,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new4 99 99 99 99 99 ,corrections made to pr9t$ orig9al4 p4 #dc4 ! :ole c\rse ( ! zological sy/em - zoloogical 9 orig9al4 p4 #fe4 corals1 radiata1 worms1 mollusca1 & cru/acea - radita 9 orig9al4 p4 #gc4 _m portions ( ! sk9 - ! ! 7across l9e break7 9 orig9al4 p4 #hf4 =sakes u 9 ! inquiry - inqury 9 orig9al4 p4 #aab4 ev5 philosophy c n take up ! inve/igation - phi-osophy 7across l9e break7 9 orig9al4 p4 #adg4 ! orig9 ( self-consci\sness - conci\sness 9 orig9al4 p4 #bfe4 ! orig9 ( species ?r\gh developm5t - developem5t 9 orig9al4 p4 #big4 any o!r int]pretation ?an to take !m - !n 9 orig9al4 p4 #cdc4 ! ,titan-l1 rebelli\s ,ka9ites - ,titian 9 orig9al4 ,note #c4 ,! ne>] a g5]ation 0 - a a 7across l9e break7 9 orig9al4