,transcrib]'s note3 ,page numb]s 9 ?is book are indicat$ by numb]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 #ii4 ,!y h be5 locat$ :]e page breaks occurr$ 9 ! orig9al book4 ,= its ,index1 a page numb] has be5 plac$ only at ! />t ( t section4 ,,! ,,moral ,,economy by ,,ralph ,,b>ton ,,p]ry ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,au?or ( ,! ,free ,man & ! ,soldi] ,! ,moral ,economy ,! ,approa* to ,philosophy ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons ,new ,york -- ,*icago -- ,bo/on -- ,atlanta ,san ,francisco -- ,dallas ,copyright1 #aiji1 by ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons ,all rights res]v$4 ,no "p ( ?is book may be reproduc$ 9 any =m )\t ! p]mission ( ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,n4 ,,m>* #cj1 #aiji ,?+s & actions are :at !y are1 & ! consequ5ces ( !m w be :at !y w be2 :y !n %\ld we desire to be deceiv$8 ,,bi%op ,,butl]4 vii ,,preface ,?is little book is ! prelim9>y sket* ( a sy/em ( e?ics4 ,its =m diff]s f t ( mo/ contempor>y books on ! subject because ( ! omission ( ! traditional controv]sies4 ,i h attempt$ to /udy morality directly1 to d]ive its conceptions & laws f an analysis ( life4 ,i h made ?is attempt because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i believe t !oretical e?ics is s]i\sly emb>rass$ by its pres5t emphasis on ! hi/ory & criticism ( doctr9es2 by its failure to resort to exp]i5ce1 :]e )\t m ado x may solve its problems on _! m]its4 ,b1 9 ! second place1 ,i hope t by appeal+ to exp]i5ce & neglect+ s*ola/ic te*nicalities1 ,i may connect e?ical !ory ) e-day reflection on practical matt]s4 ,morality is1 )\t d\bt1 ! mo/ human & urg5t ( all topics ( /udy2 & ,i %\ld l1 if possible1 to make x appe> s4 ,! ref]5ces :i* ,i h embodi$ 9 ! notes are int5d$ to s]ve ! ,engli% read] z an introduction to accessible & unte*nical lit]ature on ! subjects treat$ 9 ! sev]al *apt]s4 ,^! *apt]s co9cide ) ! ma9 divisions ( e?ical inquiry3 ,goodness1 ,duty1 ,virtue1 ,progress1 ,culture1 & ,religion4 ,& al?\gh s brief a treatm5t ( s l>ge a programme is impossible )\t sacrifice ( ?or\ghness1 x does provide bo? a g5]al survey ( ! field1 & a v>i$ application ( c]ta9 fundam5tal ideas4 ,,ralph ,,b>ton ,,p]ry4 ,,cambridge1 #aiji4 ix ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,morality ,,z ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,life 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,i4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,claims ,,( ,,morality 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,! practical necessity ( morality1 #a4 ,! int]play ( dogmatism & scepticism1 #d4 ,! fundam5tal "* ( morality1 #g4 ,,ii4 ,,goodness ,,9 ,,g5]al 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #i ,! dep5d5ce ( value on life1 #i4 ,def9ition ( ! simpl] t]ms ( value4 ,goodness3 ! fulfilm5t ( int]e/1 #aa4 ,good & good =1 #ab4 ,,iii4 ,,moral ,,goodness 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ac ,! moral organization ( life1 #ac4 ,def9ition ( ! t]ms ( moral value4 ,moral goodness3 ! fulfilm5t ( an economy ( int]e/s1 #ae4 ,moral goodness & pleasure1 #af4 ,rightness or virtue1 #ah4 ,morality & life1 #ai4 ,,iv4 ,,morality ,,& ,,nature 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bj ,! alleg$ artificiality ( morality1 #bj4 ,morality & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 #ba4 ,morality & adaptation1 #bb4 ,morality is natural if life is1 #bd4 ,v4 ,,morality ,,& ,,conflict 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bd ,morality & competitive /ruggle4 ,morality ! condition ( /r5g?1 #bd4 ,! value ( conflict1 #bc4 ,! elim9ation ( conflict1 #bf4 ,morality & ! love ( life1 #bg4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,dignity ,,& ,,lu/re ,,( ,,morality 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bh ,! effect ( w> on s5tim5t & ! imag9ation1 #bh4 ,real p[] is con/ructive1 n de/ructive or repressive1 #bi4 ,moral h]oism1 #ca4 ,! sav+ or provid5t "* ( morality1 #cb4 ,morality & ! consummation ( life1 #cc4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,appeal 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cd ,i4 ,,! ,,/&-,,po9t ,,( ,,rationalism ,,& ,,individualism 4 4 4 4 #cd ,mod]n individualism1 #cd4 ,di/+ui%$ f scepticism1 #cf4 ,! individual z ! organ ( k1 #cg4 ,moral individualism z a prote/ aga9/ conv5tion1 #ci4 ,duty z ! rational gr\nd ( action1 #dj4 ,reasonabl5ess a condition ( ! consci\sness ( duty1 #da4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,prud5ce 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dc ,prud5ce z elem5t>y1 #dc4 ,int]e/1 action1 & goodness1 #dc4 ,! alleg$ relativity ( goodness1 #dc4 ,! conflict ( int]e/s solv$ by conciliation1 #dh4 ,! limits ( prud5ce1 #di4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,pref]5ce ,,& ,,purpose 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ej ,! adoption ( new int]e/s & ! problem ( pref]5ce1 #ej4 ,a hypo!tical solution ( ! problem1 #ea4 ,solution 9 ! concrete case ?r\gh ! organization ( a purpose1 #ec4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! objective validity ( int]e/s1 #ed4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! quantitative basis ( pref]5ce1 #ee4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,imp>tiality ,,& ,,ju/ice 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eg ,! private int]e/1 #eg4 ,! p]sonal factor negligible 9 c\nt+ int]e/s1 #eh4 ,! refutation ( egoism4 ,! fir/ proposition ( egoism1 #ei4 ,! second proposition ( egoism1 #fa4 ,imp>tiality z a "p ( ju/ice1 #fc4 ,ju/ice z imput+ f9ality to ! individual1 #fd4 ,! equality ( rational be+s z organs ( tru?1 #fd4 ,summ>y ( ju/ice1 #ff4 ,v4 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,good-,,w 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fg ,all int]e/s are entitl$ to consid]ation1 #fg4 ,goodwill & ! gr[? ( new int]e/s1 #fg4 ,,vi4 ,,duty ,,& ,,! ,,imag9ation 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fi ,! logical imag9ation1 #fi4 ,rationalism & inc5tive to action1 #gj4 ,rationalism & fai?1 #ga4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,virtue 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gb ,i4 ,,! ,,virtues ,,& ,,_! ,,classification 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gb ,summ>y ( ! cont5t & logic ( moral value1 #gb4 ,virtues z v]ifi$ rules ( life1 #gc4 ,! mat]ial & =mal aspects ( morality1 #gd4 ,mat]ialism & =malism due to exagg]ation1 #ge4 ,! g5]al importance ( ! conflict betwe5 ! mat]ial & =mal motives1 #gf4 ,duty id5tifi$ ) ! =mal motive1 #gf4 ,=malism less sev]ely condemn$1 #gg4 ,! five economies ( int]e/1 #gg4 ,summ>y ( virtues & vices1 #gi4 ,table1 #ha4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,economy ,,( ,,! ,,simple ,,int]e/ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hb ,! simple int]e/ n a moral economy1 #hb4 ,satisfaction ! root-value1 & intellig5ce ! elem5t>y virtue1 #hb4 ,incapacity1 #hc4 ,ov]9dulg5ce ! fir/ =m ( mat]ialism1 #hd4 ,x is due to lack ( =esight1 #he4 ,or to ! complexity ( int]e/s1 #hf4 ,ov]9dulg5ce z ! orig9al s91 #hf4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,reciprocity ,,( ,,int]e/s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hg ,prud5ce z a pr9ciple ( organization1 #hg4 ,mod]ation & ?rift1 #hg4 ,hone/y1 v]acity1 & tact ( ! prud5tial =m1 #hh4 ,! inh]5t value ( ! prud5tial economy4 ,individual & social heal?1 #hh4 ,temp]ance & reason1 #ij4 ,prud5tial =malism1 or asceticism1 #ib4 ,asceticism illu/rat$ by ! ,cynics1 #ib4 ,prud5tial mat]ialism or sordidness1 #id4 ,aimlessness or idl5ess1 #id4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,incorporation ,,( ,,int]e/s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ie ,purpose z a pr9ciple ( organization4 ,its intellectual "*1 #ie4 ,! virtues subsidi>y to purpose1 #ie4 ,tru?fulness 9 ! purposive economy1 #if4 ,! value ( a*ievem5t1 #ig4 ,! =mali/ic error ( s5tim5talism1 #ih4 ,def]r$ liv+1 #ih4 ,nationalism1 #ii4 ,egoism & bigotry z types ( mat]ialism4 ,! pride ( op9ion1 #ajj4 ,egoism & bigotry involve inju/ice1 #ajc4 ,! mean+ ( inju/ice1 #ajc4 ,v4 ,,! ,,frat]nity ,,( ,,int]e/s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aje ,ju/ice z a pr9ciple ( organization1 #aje4 ,ju/ice conditions rational int]c\rse1 #aje4 ,discussion1 fre$om1 & tol]ance1 #ajf4 ,an>*ism & scepticism1 #ajg4 ,laissez-faire1 #ajh4 ,ju/ice & mat]ialism4 ,worldl9ess1 #aaj4 ,anci5t worldl9ess due to lack ( pity1 #aaj4 ,mod]n worldl9ess due to lack ( imag9ation1 #aaa4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,sy/em ,,( ,,int]e/s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aab ,! economy ( good-w1 #aab4 ,good-w z ! condition ( real happ9ess4 ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity1 #aac4 ,m]ely =mal good-w is my/icism1 #aaf4 ,my/icism p]v]ts life by d5y+ ?is _w1 #aah4 ,quietism1 #aai4 ,my/ical p]v]sion ( moral tru?1 #abj4 ,,vii4 ,,summ>y 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aba ,! int]work+ ( ! =mal & ! mat]ial pr9ciples1 #aba4 ,importance ( ! =mal pr9ciple4 ,mann]s & wor%ip1 #aba4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,moral ,,te/ ,,( ,,progress 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abc ,i4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,!ory ,,( ,,progress 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abc ,! philosophy ( hi/ory1 #abc4 ,! mean+ ( progress1 #abe4 ,progress & ! ,quantitative basis ( pref]5ce1 #abg4 ,! me?od ( sup]imposition z a te/ ( progress1 #abg4 ,,cont5ts ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,& ,,int]nal ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,progress 4 4 4 4 #acj ,! ext]nal pr9ciple3 ! pressure ( an unfavorable environm5t1 #acj4 ,! ext]nal & ! int]nal pr9ciple1 #aca4 ,! int]nally progressive type ( society4 ,! importance ( discussion1 #acb4 ,rationality ! int]nal pr9ciple ( progress1 #acd4 ,! positive motive3 con/ructive re=m1 #acd4 ,dis9t]e/$ reflection & ! man ( affairs1 #acf4 ,success dep5ds on moral capacity1 #acg4 ,! negative motive3 revolution1 #aci4 ,*ri/ianity z a social revolution1 #adj4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution1 #ada4 ,dep5d5ce ( progress on ! hi/orical connect$ness ( human life1 #adc4 ,,iii4 ,,cons]vatism ,,& ,,radicalism 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #add ,cons]vatism values ! exi/+ ord]1 #add4 ,progress requires ! ma9t5ance & use ( ord]1 #ade4 ,! real radical n ! sceptic b ! rationali/1 #ade4 ,! ju/ification ( ! radical1 #adf4 ,,iv4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,gov]nm5t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adg ,in/itutions are p]man5t moral necessities1 #adg4 ,gov]nm5t z ! int]e/ bo? ( ! weak & ( ! /rong1 #adh4 ,! moral necessity ( gov]nm5t1 #aej4 ,! v>iable & progressive factor 9 gov]nm5t1 #aea4 ,! pr9ciple ( rationality 9 gov]nm5t1 #aeb4 ,! b5efits & co/ ( gov]nm5t 9 ! anci5t milit>y mon>*y1 #aeb4 ,solid>ity ( int]e/ 9 ! ,greek & ,roman olig>*ies1 #aed4 ,advance 9 lib]ality 9 ,a!nian in/itutions1 #aef4 ,! developm5t ( mod]n in/itutions1 #aeg4 ,! mod]n idea ( democracy1 #aeh4 ,summ>y ( ! mod]n /ate4 ,x is t]ritorial & imp]sonal1 #afj4 ,! repres5tative me?od1 #afj4 ,emphasis on int]nal policy & int]national peace1 #afb4 ,v4 ,,! ,,quality ,,( ,,contempor>y ,,lib]alism 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afc ,democracy bas$ n on pity b on enlight5m5t1 #afc4 ,! respect = ! op9ion ( ^? mo/ int]e/$1 #afd4 ,! _s ( mod]n ju/ice1 #afe4 ,s5sitiv5ess to life1 #aff4 ,! all[ance = gr[?1 #afg4 ,! individual & ! cr[d1 #afh4 ,hopefulness & ! bias ( maturity1 #afi4 ,! "w done & ! "w to d1 #agj4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,moral ,,criticism ,,( ,,f9e ,,art 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aga ,i4 ,,! ,,ju/ification ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,criticism ,,( ,,art 4 4 4 4 4 #aga ,! high] activities ( civilization1 #aga4 ,! attempt to apply ae/hetic /&>ds to life1 #agb4 ,! claim ( art to exemption f moral criticism is bas$ on misappreh5sion4 ,morality n a special int]e/1 b ! fundam5tal int]e/1 #agd4 ,morality does n sub/itute its canons = ^? ( art1 #age4 ,,ii4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,art ,,& ,,! ,,e/hetic ,,int]e/ 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agf ,art z ! adaptation ( ! environm5t to int]e/1 #agf4 ,indu/rial art & f9e art1 #agg4 ,! ae/hetic int]e/3 ! int]e/ 9 appreh5sion1 #agi4 ,! int]e/ 9 s5sation & p]ception1 #aha4 ,! emotional int]e/1 #ahb4 ,in/9ct & emotion 9 ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce4 ,poetry & music1 #ahc4 ,! int]e/ 9 disc]nm5t1 #ahe4 ,! repres5tative elem5t 9 art exemplifi$ 9 ,greek sculpture1 #ahe4 ,& 9 ,italian pa9t+ ( ! ,r5aissance1 #ahg4 ,levels & bl5d+s ( ! ae/hetic int]e/1 #ahi4 ,! moral criticism ( ! ae/hetic int]e/1 #aij4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,self-,,suffici5cy ,,( ,,! ,,ae/hetic ,,int]e/ 4 4 4 4 #aib ,! ae/hetic int]e/ is capable ( cont9u\s developm5t1 #aib4 ,& is res\rceful1 #aib4 ,b t5ds on t acc\nt to be n>r[ & quiesc5t1 #aib4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,p]vasiv5ess ,,( ,,! ,,e/hetic ,,int]e/ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aid ,! ae/hetic int]e/ may supply int]e/ :]e !re is none1 or enhance o!r int]e/s1 #aid4 ,b x mu/ n be all[$ to replace o!r int]e/s1 #aie4 ,v4 ,,! ,,vic>i\s ,,function ,,( ,,! ,,ae/hetic ,,int]e/ 4 4 4 4 #aig ,o!r int]e/s may be repres5t$ by ! ae/hetic int]e/1 #aig4 ,! dang] ( confus+ vic>i\s fulfilm5t ) real fulfilm5t1 #aih4 ,& ( be+ ae/hetically satisfi$ ) failure1 #aii4 ,,vi4 ,,art ,,z ,a ,,means ,,( ,,/imulat+ ,,action 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bja ,art is a s\rce ( motor excitation1#bja4 ,b su* excitation is morally indet]m9ate1 #bja4 ,su* influ5ces mu/ be select$ ) ref]5ce to _! effect on moral purpose1 #bjb4 ,,vii4 ,,art ,,z ,a ,,means ,,( ,,fix+ ,,ideas 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bjc ,! high] practical ideas h no o!r concrete embodim5t ?an art1 #bjc4 ,art bo? fixes ideas & ar\ses s5tim5t 9 _! behalf1 #bjd4 ,b if art is to s]ve ?is end x mu/ be true1 #bje4 ,untru? 9 art1 #bjf4 ,univ]sality & p>ticul>ity 9 art1 #bjg4 ,art may inve/ ideas ) a fictiti\s value1 #bjh4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,lib]ality ,,( ,,! ,,ae/hetic ,,int]e/ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bji ,art is unworldly1 #bji4 ,! ae/hetic int]c\rse promotes social int]c\rse on a high plane1 #baj4 ,,ix4 ,,conclusion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bab ,:5 subject$ to moral control1 art may make ! environm5t h>moni\s ) morality1 #bab4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,moral ,,ju/ification ,,( ,,religion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bad ,i4 ,,! ,,def9ition ,,( ,,religion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bad ,! s\nd practical motive 9 religion1 #bad4 ,religion z belief1 #baf4 ,summ>y def9ition ( religion1 #bah4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,te/s ,,( ,,religion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bah ,! measure ( religion1 ext5sive & int5sive1 #bah4 ,! te/ ( tru? ! fundam5tal te/1 #bbj4 ,! !rapeutic te/1 & its confusion ( ! issue1 #bbb4 ,! two =ms ( ! tru? te/1 cosmological & e?ical1 #bbd4 ,! work+ ( ^! critical pr9ciples1 #bbf4 ,cosmology & e?ics are indep5d5t ( religion1 #bbh4 ,! optimi/ic bias1 #bca4 ,summ>y ( religi\s developm5t1 #bca4 ,,iii4 ,,sup]/ition 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bcb ,! prud5tial "* ( sup]/ition1 #bcb4 ,! e?ical idea 9 primitive religion1 #bcc4 ,! cosmological idea1 #bcd4 ,! me?od ( primitive religion1 #bce4 ,sup]/ition 9 ,*ri/ianity1 #bce4 ,! e?ical & cosmological correction ( sup]/ition1 #bcf4 ,,iv4 ,,tutel>y ,,religion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bcg ,! deity id5tifi$ ) ! purpose ( ! wor%ipp]1 #bcg4 ,! national religion ( ! ,assyrians & ,egyptians1 #bch4 ,! correction ( tutel>y religion1 #bci4 ,v4 ,,philosophical ,,religion4 ,,metaphysical ,,idealism 4 4 4 4 4 #bda ,religion =mally enlight5$1 #bda4 ,metaphysical & moral idealism1 #bdb4 ,! inh]5t difficulty 9 metaphysical idealism1 #bdb4 ,! sw+ f =malism to mat]ialism4 ,pessimism1 o!r-worldl9ess1 my/icism1 panlogism & ae/hetic idealism1 #bdc4 ,ae/hetic idealism falsifies exp]i5ce & discr$its moral di/9ctions1 #bdf4 ,,vi4 ,,moral ,,idealism 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bdh ,moral idealism reflects moral judgm5t1 #bdh4 ,evil real b n delib]ately p]petrat$4 ,! k ( evil1 #bdi4 ,! gr\nd ( moral idealism1 #beb4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,g5]ic ,,value ,,( ,,religion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #beb ,religion morally inevitable1 #beb4 ,! value ( ! religi\s g5]alization ( life1 #bec4 ,! imm$iate rew>d ( s]vice1 #bed4 ,religion & moral en?usiasm1 #bed4 ,culture & religion1 #bee4 ,,notes 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #beg ,,index 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bfc #a ,,! ,,moral ,,economy ,,*apt] ,i ,,morality ,,z ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,life ,9 ! words ) :i* ?is book is inscrib$1 ,bi%op ,butl] conveys ) directness & gravity ! conviction t morality is nei!r a my/]y nor a conv5tion1 b simply an obs]vance ( ! laws ( provid5t liv+4 ,?+s & actions are :at !y are1 & ! consequ5ces ( !m w be :at !y w be3 :y !n %\ld we desire to be deceiv$8 #a ,?is appeal1 commonplace en\gh1 b confid5t & true1 s\nds ! note ) :i* ?r\gh all t foll[s ,i %all hope to keep 9 unison4 ,x is because he pr(esses to believe t morality is an impo/ure t mu/ be smuggl$ into society beh9d ! back ( reason1 t ,niets*e makes a m]it ( its dulness4 ,x is desirable1 he says1 t z few p z possible %\ld reflect ^u morals1 & consequ5tly x is v desirable t morals %\ld n "s day become int]e/+6 #b ,he confesses t he sees no occasion = al>m6 ,b ! dulness ( #b morality te/ifies only to its homel9ess & antiquity4 ,= to be moral is simply to be intellig5t1 to be "r-m9d$ & op5-m9d$ 9 ! unavoidable bus9ess ( liv+4 ,morality is a collection ( =mulas & models bas$ solidly on exp]i5ce ( acts & _! consequ5ces2 x (f]s ! mo/ compet5t advice z to h[ to proce$ ) an ent]prise1 :e!r l>ge or small4 ,x is ! !ory & te*nique :i* und]lies ! art ( conduct2 t ma/]-workman1 by :om k+s reign & pr9ces decree ju/ice2 possess$ by ! ,"l 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 way1 & :om to hate is to love dea?4 ,x is wor? :ile to rem>k & proclaim su* a conviction z ?is only because mank9d has s trea*]\s a memory1 & s fatu\s a habit ( dis[n+ its mo/ preci\s & de>ly won possessions4 ,c>d9al tru?s are p]iodically ov]laid ) sophi/ication1 bl5d$ ) t5tative op9ion1 & id5tifi$ ) ! in/rum5ts ( ! day4 ,!re results a confusion ( m9d t fails to di/+ui% ! ess5ce f ! accid5t1 & aims to de/roy :]e !re is ne$ to rectify4 ,because gov]nm5t is clumsy & co/ly1 x is propos$ to aboli% gov]nm5t2 because education is artificial & con/ra9+1 society is exhort$ to return to ! easy c\rse ( nature2 metaphysics mu/ be swept away1 because ! #c metaphysics ( "s "t or s*ool has outliv$ its usefulness2 & morality1 because x is h>d or tiresome1 mu/ give way to ! fre$om & romance ( no morality4 ,su* bl9d & irresponsible agitation is a p]petual m5ace to ! balance ( impressionable & un/eady m9ds1 if n inde$ to ! "w ( civilization4 ,n[ x is safe to say t ^! v5]able in/itutions h aris5 9 answ] to fix$ ne$s2 ne$s impli$ 9 life z a g5]al & con/ant situation4 ,!re is no o!r way ( acc\nt+ = !m4 ,!y h be5 tol]at$ only because !y yield a /eady return4 ,_! loss w\ld be a cata/rophe :i* mank9d1 ob$i5t to ! necessities ( life1 w\ld fall at once to repair+4 ,in/itutions are ! v body ( civilization2 & :ile !y may gr[ & *ange )\t limit1 if !y be abruptly de/roy$ civilization mu/ suff] p>alysis 9 "s vital "p4 ,at once ! mo/ direct & /rik+ pro( ( ?is lies 9 ! fact t ! revolutioni/1 :e!r he be propag&i/ or man ( action1 inv>iably commits himself1 & ends by execut+ ! v function he d5i$4 ,at ! mom5t :5 he comes to close qu>t]s1 & actually engages ! object ( 8 attack1 he is swept into "s curr5t ( endeavor t has f ! mo/ anci5t times be5 press+ /eadily t[>d ! solution ( a problem t lies 9 ! c5tre ( #d ! pa? ( life4 ,he /raightway comm5ces himself to gov]n1 educate1 speculate1 or moralize4 ,& ! m pati5tly he labors1 ! great] 8 respect = ! ve/$ wisdom ( 8 "t4 ,:]eas he fir/ s\ght utt]ly to demoli%1 he is n[ cont5t to make 8 little diff]5ce & h& on ! "w4 ,9 ! end e purely de/ructive programme is inevitably futile1 because x goes aga9/ ! gra94 ,= all conduct is con/ructive 9 motive1 & =w>d 9 direction4 ,b h[ wa/eful is ! mom5t>y fury--wa/eful ( high passion & di/+ui%$ capacity1 & h[ my/ify+ to ! lay intellig5ce6 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 be said t !re is me?od 9 ?is madness2 s9ce man's tw(old bl9dness1 8 dogmatism & 8 scepticism1 8 immobility & 8 wantonness1 t5d 9 ! long run to neutralize "o ano!r4 ,b ) ! p]spective requir$ = su* consolation1 nei!r ! ag5cies ( de/ruction nor ^? ( ob/ruction pres]ve ! same h]oic proportions :i* !y are wont to assume 9 _! day4 ,!y seem to be engag$ 9 a sort ( by-play1 & we> an unmi/akable aspect ( *ildi%ness4 ,lo6 ,mank9d has be5 a long "t on 8 way1 & endures h>dily ! prospect ( endless leagues to g4 ,he is ! ,pati5t ,plodd]1 symbol ( mature intellig5ce4 ,& he has 9 8 company two small boys :o exhibit an incorrigible #e naught9ess4 ,! "o ( ^! is call$ ,de/ruction2 8 o!r names be+ ,cynic1 ,sceptic1 & ,nihili/4 ,he x is t mocks & cries1 ,g up1 ?\ bald head6 g up1 ?\ bald head6 ,mank9d does n curse him 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1 b invites him to play ) ano!r small boy1 nam$ ,ob/ruction1 & ^: o!r names are ,ve/$ ,int]e/1 ,reaction>y1 & ,p$ant4 ,?is "o1 :5ev] ,mank9d w lead him1 digs 9 8 heels or lies d[n 9 8 tracks2 until1 prick$ & goad$ by 8 playfell[1 he at l5g? gets up & scrambles aft]4 ,& s ^! two keep ev] by ! side or at ! heels ( ,mank9d1 :om !y nei!r lead nor deflect f 8 c\rse4 ,p>adox s]ves to dislodge prejudice2 & blasphemy may rudely b effectually br+ to _! s5ses ^? :o h mi/ak5 ! h>dness ( _! he>ts = loyalty1 & _! easy default = success4 ,b practical wisdom belongs only to ^? :o proce$ unwav]+ly out ( ! pa/ & into ! future1 correct+ mi/akes :5 !y may1 cons]v+ ! good already won1 & mak+ new conque/s4 ,x may be rem>k$1 & %\ld be readily grant$1 t pati5t plodd+ is less piquant ?an ! by-play ( in]tia & revolt4 ,! _s ( ,niets*e is d\btless ev5 n[ yawn+ mightily at su* t$i\s moraliz+2 fre% pro( ( ! dull1 gloomy s]i\sness1 ! hopeless #f /upidity ( our sublun>y virtue4 ,i believe t ,niets*e has frankly confess$ ! real grievance ( 8 class ( mis*ief mak]s4 ,!y are impati5t & easily bor$2 :ile ! bus9ess ( e/abli%+ a heal?ful & vigor\s society is complicat$1 tortu\s1 & sl[4 ,_! tal5t = lett]s1 _! love ( vivid pictures1 %>p contra/s1 & concise dramatic situations1 _c adapt itself to ! real bulk & complexity ( life4 ,civilization is too promiscu\s1 too prolong$ & monoton\s1 = ^! r>e spirits4 ,& !y h _! sure rew>d2 = !y ease ! t5sion ( ef=t1 supply+ a recreative release f its pangs "u ! flatt]+ guise ( high] tru?4 ,all ! impati5ce & playfulness 9 ! _w conspires ) !m4 ,b z "o ( ! demos ( moral dull>ds1 ,i get no little com=t f apply+ to ,niets*e & ,ibs51 & to c]ta9 prophet litt]ateurs ( ,engl&1 ,burke's repro( ( ,"l ,bol+broke4 ,:5 m5 f9d t some?+ c be said 9 favor ( :at1 on ! v proposal1 !y h ?\ght utt]ly indef5sible1 !y gr[ d\btful ( _! own reason2 !y are ?r[n into a sort ( pleas+ surprise2 !y run along ) ! speak]1 *>m$ & captivat$ to f9d su* a pl5tiful h>ve/ ( reason+1 :]e all seem$ b>r5 & unpromis+4 4 4 4 ,!re is a sort ( gloss ^u +5i\s falsehoods t dazzles ! imag9ation1 b :i* nei!r belongs to1 nor becomes ! sob] aspect ( tru?4 4 4 4 ,9 su* cases1 ! writ] has a c]ta9 fire & #g alacrity inspir$ into him by a consci\sness1 t let x f>e h[ x w ) ! subject1 8 +5uity w be sure ( applause4#c ,x is safe to accept morality z "o accepts agriculture1 navigation1 con/itutional gov]nm5t1 or any o!r tri$ solution ( an unavoidable problem4 ,!re is false op9ion "h z else:]e1 & holl[ conv5tion is n infrequ5tly p>ad$ z duty & wisdom2 b ! nucleus ( morality is v]ifi$ tru?1 ! precipitate ( mank9d's prolong$ exp]im5t 9 liv+4 ,i d n propose1 h[ev]1 to be satisfi$ ) s mode/ a claim4 ,x might /ill be cont5d$ t morality is d\btless true s f> z x goes1 or well en\gh = ^? :o c>e = x2 b t x w sc>cely conc]n o!r ?an ! m co>se-gra9$ & less adv5tur\s m9ds4 ,x is cu/om>y to associate high wisdom ) ! pursuit ( "s special int]e/1 = its own sake1 & "u no wid] law ?an a sort ( pr(essional etiquette or code ( honor4 ,bus9ess is bus9ess1 art is art1 tru? is tru?1 & = "o :o c>es to g 9 = x1 virtue is = virtue's sake4 ,^? :o ride hobbies d n object to ! morali/1 provid$ he does n intrude4 ,b if he applies 8 rules to o!r ?an 8 own p]sonal or dome/ic affairs1 he is b]at$ z an imp]t95t busybody :o is talk+ ( ?+s he does n und]/&4 ,n[ ,i v5ture to ass]t t ! #h morali/ 9 ! nature ( ! case c nev] be imp]t95t1 ?\gh he may be impolite or ev5 insult+4 ,he c nev] be imp]t95t because1 contr>y to ! =mula ( ! day1 !re is no su* ?+ z virtue = virtue's sake4 ,morality is ! "o int]e/ t virtually repres5ts all int]e/s4 ,x is ! int]e/ ( e man 9 ! g5]al te/s ( success & failure1 & 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! field or m$ium ( all int]e/s4 ,!re is no ent]prise :i*1 if conduct$ effici5tly1 is n a v]ification ( moral rules2 !re is no ent]prise :i* does n receive & transmit ! n[ ( life t circulates ?r\gh ! moral sy/em at l>ge4 ,to be righte\sly indignant is to prote/ passionately 9 behalf ( ! :ole good1 & aga9/ ! clumsy & inadv]t5t evil4 ,to ?is morality owes its univ]sal support1 its inv9cible f9ality4 ,x ne$ nev] be apologetic1 because x holds no brief2 x advocates no measure except ! c>ry+ ?r\gh to ! end ( :at is virtually und]tak5 by all p>ties to ! adv5ture ( life4 ,x foll[s t no man c exempt himself f moral liability4 ,he is irrevocably committ$ to life1 & c neglect ! laws ( life only at 8 absolute or ultimate p]il4 ,:at does x pr(it a man to ga9 a bit "h & a bit !re1 if he is =eorda9$ to loss on ! :ole8 ,if he squ&]s 8 moral patrimony he has no means ( #i rec\p+ 8 =tunes2 he has wa/$ 8 support+ vitality & =feit$ 8 g5]al livelihood4 ,& n[ if ?is be true x is ( m ?an pass+ or s5tim5tal importance4 ,x ne$s to be vividly realiz$ if morality is to make its sav+ appeal4 ,morality is only discr$it$ ?r\gh be+ sanction$2 its prop] m]its are m eloqu5t ?an its fri5ds & borr[$ auspices4 ,if x c be simply proclaim$ z x is1 x _c be d5i$4 ,?is is "o ( ! ?+s :i* ,i und]take to d4 ,b to und]/& :at morality really is1 to recognize its claims1 is to und]/& also its application1 its critical p]t95ce to art & religion1 to all ! great & p]man5t und]tak+s ( m54 ,su* application ,i %all 9 ! lat] *apt]s und]take to sugge/1 p>tly z an amplification ( ! mean+ ( morality1 & p>tly z a programme ( fur!r reflection look+ t[>d a moral philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,i c d no m 9 ! pres5t *apt] ?an broadly pres5t ! /ructure ( morality1 leav+ ! logic ( its appeal & its m important applications = ! *apt]s :i* foll[4 ,,ii ,! moral affair ( m51 a prolong$ & complicat$ hi/orical ent]prise1 is ?r[n into hi/orical relief ^u ! backgr\nd ( a me*anical cosmos4 ,nature1 z int]pret$ by ! #aj inorganic sci5ces1 pres5ts a spectacle ( impassivity4 ,x moves1 trans=ms1 & radiates1 on e scale & 9 all its gigantic range ( temporal & spatial di/ance1 utt]ly )\t loss or ga9 ( value4 ,"o _c rightly attribute to su* a _w ev5 ! prop]ty ( neglect or brutality4 ,its indiff]5ce is absolute4 ,su* a _w is devoid ( value because ( ! elim9ation ( ! bias ( life4 ,:]e no int]e/ is at /ake1 *anges c make no practical diff]5ce2 :]e no claims are made1 !re c be nei!r =tune nor calamity1 nei!r com$y nor trag$y4 ,!re is no object ( applause or res5tm5t1 if !re be no?+ 9 ^: behalf su* judgm5ts may be urg$4 ,b ) ! introduction ( life1 ev5 ! lea/ p>ticle ( x1 ! rude/ bit ( protoplasm t ev] made ! v5ture1 nature becomes a new sy/em ) a new c5tre4 ,! organism inh]its ! e>?2 ! me*anisms ( nature become its environm5t1 its res\rces 9 ! /ruggle to keep = a "t body & s\l toge!r4 ,! m>k ( life is p>tiality = itself4 ,if any?+ is to become an object ( solicitude1 x mu/ fir/ ann\nce itself ?r\gh act+ 9 its own behalf4 ,) life ?us in/itut$ !re beg9s ! long /ruggle ( int]e/ aga9/ in]tia & indiff]5ce1 t w> ( :i* civilization itself is only ! late/ & mo/ triumphant phase4 #aa ,nature be+ ?us enliv5$1 ! simpl] t]ms ( value n[ f9d a mean+4 ,a liv+ ?+ mu/ suff] calamities or a*ieve successes2 & s9ce its =tunes are good or bad 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y s5se t c be atta*$ to ^! conceptions1 x is wor? our :ile to consid] ! matt] ) "s c>e4 ,an int]e/1 or unit ( life1 is ess5tially an organization :i* consi/5tly acts = its own pres]vation4 ,x deals ) its environm5t 9 su* wise z to keep itself intact & br+ itself to maturity2 appropriat+ :at x ne$s1 & avoid+ or de/roy+ :at ?reat5s x ) injury4 ,! int]e/ s functions z to supply itself ) ! means :]eby x may cont9ue to exi/ & function4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( action :i* may be g5]aliz$ f its behavior1 & ?r\gh :i* x may be di/+ui%$ )9 ! context ( nature4 ,n[ ! t]m int]e/ be+ con/ru$ 9 ?is s5se1 we may describe goodness z fulfilm5t ( int]e/4 ,! description w p]haps ref] m cle>ly to human life1 if = ! t]m int]e/ we sub/itute ! t]m desire4 ,goodness w\ld !n consi/ 9 ! satisfaction ( desire4 ,9 o!r words1 ?+s are good because desir$1 n desir$ because good4 ,to say t "o desires ?+s because "o ne$s !m1 or likes !m1 or admires !m1 is r$undant2 9 ! end "o simply desires c]ta9 ?+s1 t is1 "o #ab possesses an int]e/ or desire :i* !y fulfil4 ,!re are z _m v>ieties ( goodness z !re are v>ieties ( int]e/2 & to ! v>iety ( int]e/ !re is no end4 ,/rictly speak+1 goodness belongs to an int]e/'s actual /ate ( fulfilm5t4 ,?is w consi/ 9 an activity1 ex]cis$ by ! int]e/1 b employ+ ! environm5t4 ,) a slight %ift ( emphasis1 goodness 9 ?is absolute s5se w atta* ei!r to int]e/ 9 s f> z n\ri%$ by objects1 z 9 ! case ( hung] appeas$1 or to objects 9 s f> z assimilat$ to int]e/1 z 9 ! case ( food consum$4 ,x foll[s t goodness 9 a relative s5se1 9 ! s5se ( good =1 w atta* to :atev] conduces to good 9 ! absolute s5se2 t is1 actions & objects1 su* z agriculture & bread1 t lead directly or indirectly to ! fulfilm5t ( int]e/4 ,b good & good =1 l _! opposites bad & bad =1 are nev] %>ply di/+ui%able1 because ! imag9ation anticipates ! =tunes ( int]e/s1 & trans=ms ev5 remote cont+5cies into actual victory or defeat4 ,?r\gh _! organization into life1 ! me*anisms ( nature ?us take on ! g5]ic quality ( good & evil4 ,!y ei!r s]ve int]e/s or oppose !m2 & mu/ be employ$ & assimilat$1 or avoid$ & reject$ #ac accord+ly4 ,ev5ts :i* once indiff]5tly happ5$ are n[ objects ( hope & fe>1 or integral p>ts ( success & failure4 ,,iii ,b t organization ( life :i* d5otes ! pres5ce ( morality has n yet be5 def9$4 ,! isolat$ int]e/ extricates itself f me*anism2 &1 /ruggl+ to ma9ta9 itself1 does1 x is true1 divide ! _w into good & bad1 accord+ to its uses4 ,b ! moral drama op5s only :5 int]e/ meets int]e/2 :5 ! pa? ( "o unit ( life is cross$ by t ( ano!r4 ,e int]e/ is compell$ to recognize o!r int]e/s1 on ! "o h& z p>ts ( its environm5t1 & on ! o!r h& z p>tn]s 9 ! g5]al ent]prise ( life4 ,?us !re is evolv$ ! moral idea1 or pr9ciple ( action1 accord+ to :i* int]e/ allies itself ) int]e/ 9 ord] to be free-h&$ & p[]ful aga9/ ! common h]$it>y enemy1 ! heavy in]tia & ! incessant we> ( ! cosmos4 ,?r\gh morality a plurality ( int]e/s becomes an economy1 or community ( int]e/s4 ,i h ?us f> describ$ ! situation z ?\gh x 7 ess5tially a social "o4 ,b :ile1 hi/orically speak+1 x is d\btless always social 9 "o ( its aspects1 ! ess5ce ( ! matt] is z truly repres5t$ )9 ! #ad gr\p ( int]e/s su/a9$ by a s+le organism1 :5 ^!1 = example1 are unit$ 9 an individual life-purpose4 ,morality is t proc$ure 9 :i* sev]al int]e/s1 :e!r !y involve "o or m physical organisms1 are s adju/$ z to function z "o int]e/1 m massive 9 its support1 & m coh]5t & unit$ 9 ! common task ( fulfilm5t4 ,int]e/s morally comb9$ are n de/roy$ or sup]s$$1 z are me*anical =ces1 by _! resultant4 ,! p[] ( ! high] int]e/ is due to a summ+ ( inc5tives emanat+ f ! contribut+ int]e/s2 x c p]petuate itself only ?r\gh keep+ ^! int]e/s alive4 ,! mo/ spectacul> in/ance ( ?is is gov]nm5t1 :i* functions z "o1 & yet d]ives its p[] f an enorm\s v>iety ( diff]5t int]e/s1 :i* x mu/ fo/] & cons]ve z ! s\rces ( its own life4 ,9 all cases ! /r5g? ( morality mu/ lie 9 its lib]ality & bread?4 ,morality is simply ! =c$ *oice betwe5 suicide & abundant life4 ,:5 int]e/s w> aga9/ "o ano!r !y r5d] ! project ( life1 at be/ a h>d adv5ture1 futile & abortive4 ,i hold x to be ( prime importance = ! und]/&+ ( ?is matt] to obs]ve t f ! poore/ & crude/ beg9n+s1 morality is ! mass+ ( int]e/s aga9/ a reluctant cosmos4 ,life has be5 att5d$ ) discord & mutual #ae de/ruction1 b ?is is its failure4 ,! fir/ grumbl+ truce betwe5 savage enemies1 ! fir/ collective ent]prise1 ! fir/ peaceful community1 ! fir/ re/ra9t on gluttony = ! sake ( heal?1 ! fir/ suppression ( f]ocity = ! sake ( a h>d] bl[ /ruck 9 cold blood1--^! 7 ! fir/ victories ( morality4 ,!y 7 moral victories 9 t !y organiz$ life into m compreh5sive unities1 mak+ x a m =midable ?+1 & secur+ a m abundant satisfaction4 ,! fact t life ?us comb9$ & weight$1 0 hurl$ aga9/ life1 0 ! l+]+ weakness1 ! defici5cy :i* att5ds ^u all p>tial atta9m5t4 ,! moral triumph lay 9 ! positive access ( /r5g?4 ,let u n[ correct our elem5t>y conceptions ( value s t !y may apply to moral value4 ,! fulfilm5t ( a simple isolat$ int]e/ is good1 b only ! fulfilm5t ( an organization ( int]e/s is morally good4 ,su* goodness appe>s 9 ! realization ( an individual's sy/ematic purpose or 9 ! well-be+ ( a community4 ,t x virtually implies "o ultimate good1 ! fulfilm5t ( ! sy/em ( all int]e/s1 mu/ necess>ily foll[2 al?\gh we _c at pres5t deal adequately ) t conclusion4 ,! quality ( moral goodness1 l ! quality ( goodness 9 ! fundam5tal s5se1 lies n 9 ! nature ( any class ( objects1 b 9 any #af object or activity :atsoev]1 9 s f> z ?is provides a fulfilm5t ( int]e/ or desire4 ,9 ! case ( moral goodness ?is fulfilm5t mu/ embrace a gr\p ( int]e/s 9 :i* ea* is limit$ by ! o!rs4 ,its value lies n only 9 fulfilm5t1 b also 9 adju/m5t & h>mony4 ,& ?is value is indep5d5t ( ! special subject-matt] ( ! int]e/s4 ,morali/s h g5]ally agre$ t x is impossible to conceive moral goodness exclusively 9 t]ms ( any special int]e/1 ev5 su* z honor1 p[]1 or weal?4#d ,!re is no int]e/ s r>e or s humble t its fulfilm5t is n morally good1 provid$ t fulfilm5t =ms "p ( ! sy/ematic fulfilm5t ( a gr\p ( int]e/s4 ,b !re has p]si/$ f ! dawn ( e?ical !ory a misconception conc]n+ ! place ( pleasure 9 moral goodness4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t e int]e/1 :atev] its special subject-matt]1 is an int]e/ 9 pleasure4 ,n[ :ile a ?or\gh criticism ( h$onism w\ld be out ( place "h1 ev5 if x 7 pr(itable1 a summ>y consid]ation ( x w ?r[ "s light on ! tru?4#e ,=tunately1 ! e?ical /atus ( pleasure is mu* cle>] ?an its psy*ological /atus4 ,z a moral conc]n1 pleasure is ei!r a special int]e/1 9 :i* case x mu/ take its place 9 ! :ole economy ( life1 & submit to pr9ciples :i* adju/ x to ! re/2 or x is an #ag elem5t 9 e int]e/1 9 :i* case x is itself n an int]e/ at all4 ,n[ :e!r x be prop] to recognize a special int]e/ 9 pleasure1 x is n necess>y "h to det]m9e4 ,t ?is %\ld be g5]ally suppos$ to be ! case is ma9ly due1 ,i ?9k1 to a habit ( associat+ pleasure peculi>ly ) c]ta9 famili> & recurr5t bodily int]e/s4 ,at any rate x is cle> t ! pleasure :i* con/antly att5ds int]e/s is n t 9 :i* ! int]e/ is tak54 ,int]e/s & desires are qualitatively div]se1 & to an ext5t t is unlimit$4 ,! simpl] organisms are n int]e/$ 9 pleasure1 b 9 _! individual pres]vation2 :ile man is int]e/$ n only 9 pres]vation1 b 9 le>n+1 c>d-play+1 lov+1 fight+1 b>ga9+1 & all ! innum]able activities t =m "p ( ! pres5t complex ( life4 ,n[1 x is true t x is agreeable or pleasant to contemplate ! fulfilm5t ( an int]e/2 & t su* anticipatory gratification 9 "s measure accompanies all endeavor4 ,b !re is an absolute diff]5ce betwe5 su* pres5t pleasure & ! prospect :i* evokes x4 ,& x is t prospect or imag9$ /ate ( fulfilm5t :i* is ! object ( endeavor1 ! good s\ght4 ,x is also true t ! fulfilm5t ( e int]e/ is pleasant4 ,b ?is means only t ! int]e/ is consci\s ( its fulfilm5t4 ,9 pleasure #ah & pa9 life records its ga9s & losses1 & is guid$ to enhance ! "o or repair ! o!r4 ,:]e 9 ! scale ( life pleasure & pa9 beg9 x is n n[ possible to say1 b x is c]ta9 t !y are pres5t :]ev] int]e/s engage 9 any sort ( reciprocity4 ,if "o int]e/ is to control or engage ano!r x mu/ be aw>e ( x1 & alive to its success or failure4 ,:]e life has rea*$ ! human /age ( complexity1 9 :i* int]e/s sup]v5e ^u int]e/s1 9 :i* e int]e/ is itself an object ( int]e/1 ! consci\sness ( good & evil assumes a con/antly increas+ importance4 ,life is m wat*ful ( itself1 m ke5ly s5sitive to ! =tunes ( all ( its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,x is prop]1 !re=e1 to associate pleasure ) goodness2 & happ9ess1 or a m con/ant & p]vasive pleasure1 ) ! high] =ms ( moral goodness4 ,b pleasure & happ9ess are incid5tal to goodness2 necess>y1 b n def9itive ( its g5]al =m & /ructure4 ,9 addition to goodness ?us amplifi$ !re n[ ent]s into life at ! moral /age a new elem5t ( value1 ! rightness or virtue ( action :i*1 ?\gh mov$ by "s imm$iate desire1 is at ! same "t controll$ by a reg>d = a high] or m compreh5sive int]e/4 ,?is is ! di/+ui%+ quality ( all t w9s moral approval3 ?rift & temp]ance2 loyalty #ai & integrity2 ju/ice1 unselfi%ness1 & public _s2 humanity & piety4 ,to ! fur!r discussion ( ^! sev]al virtues we %all h occasion %ortly to return4 ,moral proc$ure1 !n1 diff]s f life 9 its m elem5t>y =m1 ?r\gh ! fact t int]e/s are organiz$4 ,morality is only life :]e ?is has assum$ ! =m ( ! =w>d movem5t ( "*1 nationality1 & humanity4 ,moral pr9ciples def9e ! adju/m5t ( int]e/ to int]e/1 = ! sav+ ( ea* & ! /r5g!n+ ( bo? aga9/ failure & dea?4 ,morality is only ! me?od ( c>ry+ on ! affair ( life beyond a c]ta9 po9t ( complexity4 ,x is ! me?od ( conc]t$1 cumulative liv+1 ?r\gh :i* int]e/s are br\ght f a d\btful condition ( be+ tol]at$ by ! cosmos1 to a condition ( security & confid5ce4 ,! spr+ & motive ( morality are !re=e absolutely "o ) ^? ( life4 ,! self-pres]vative impulse ( ! simple/ organism is ! initial bias f :i*1 by a cont9u\s progression 9 ! direction ( fir/ int5t1 h sprung ! s]vice ( mank9d & ! love ( ,god4 #bj ,,iv ,!re is an old & unpr(itable qu>rel betwe5 ^? :o id5tify1 & ^? :o contra/1 morality ) nature4 ,to adjudicate ?is qu>rel1 x is necess>y to def9e a po9t at :i* nature someh[ exce$s h]self4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is z arbitr>y to say t morality1 :i* arose & is imm]s$ 9 nature1 is n natural1 z to say t magnetism & electricity are n natural4 ,if nature be def9$ 9 t]ms ( ! categories ( any /age ( complexity1 all beyond w we> ! aspect ( a miracle4 ,x w\ld be prop] to dismiss ! "q z only a trivial matt] ( t]m9ology1 did n ! discussion ( x provide an occasion = allud+ to c]ta9 confus$ notions t h obta9$ wide curr5cy4 ,?us !re is an anci5t belief t x is natural to be lic5ti\s2 t man is at he>t unruly & wilful1 we>+ ! artificial good behavior ( civilization z he we>s 8 clo!s4 ,niets*e has contribut$ n a little to ! glorification ( ?is pro-natural & anti-moral mon/]4 ,& yet no "o has recogniz$ m cle>ly ?an he1 t re/ra9t & law are n only 9 life f ! beg9n+1 b t !y are !mselves ! v s\rces ( its p[]4 ',! s+ul> fact rema9s1' he says1 't ev]y?+ ( ! nature ( fre$om1 elegance1 boldness1 #ba dance1 & ma/]ly c]ta9ty1 :i* exi/s or has exi/$1 :e!r x be 9 ?\ght itself1 or 9 adm9i/ration1 or 9 speak+ & p]suad+1 9 art j z 9 conduct1 has only develop$ by means ( ! tyranny ( su* arbitr>y law2 & 9 all s]i\sness2 x is n at all improbable t precisely ?is is nature & natural--& n laiss]-all]6'#f ,x only rema9s to drop ! t]ms arbitr>y & tyranny2 s9ce ! pr9ciple ( developm5t 9 life c sc>cely be reg>d$ z arbitr>y1 or its effectual work+ z tyranny4 ,huxley *ose to draw a l9e betwe5 nature & morality1 at ! po9t :]e a limit is set to ! isolat$ organism's /ruggle aga9/ all com]s4 ,! practice ( t :i* is e?ically be/--:at we call goodness or virtue--involves a c\rse ( conduct :i*1 9 all respects1 is oppos$ to t :i* leads to success 9 ! cosmic /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 place ( ru?less self-ass]tion x dem&s self-re/ra9t4#g ,b ,huxley appe>s mom5t>ily to h ov]look$ ! fact t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce itself puts a premium on self-re/ra9t4 ,= !re is no /age ( evolution 9 :i* ! adju/m5t & co-op]ation ( int]e/s is n an aid to survival4 ,"o does n h to rise high] 9 ! scale ( life ?an ! plants f]tiliz$ by insects1 to obs]ve ! work+ ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,x is only ! crude/ & mo/ impot5t self-ass]tion t is ru?less4 ,! reason = ?is #bb is simply t ! real enemy ( e vital process is n ano!r k9dr$ process1 b ! me*anical environm5t4 ,life is ess5tially an ass]tion1 n aga9/ life1 b aga9/ dea?4 ,int]e/s t exp5d _! en]gies 9 de/roy+ or crippl+ "o ano!r1 slip back t[>d t primeval lifelessness f :i* !y em]g$4 ,re/ra9t = ! sake ( organization is !re=e only a develop$ & intellig5t self-ass]tion4 ,if "o insi/s /ill ^u draw+ a l9e betwe5 cosmical & moral =ces1 let x be drawn at ! po9t :]e !re fir/ arises t un/able complex call$ life4 ,life does 9 a s5se oppose itself to ! balance ( nature4 ,to hold itself toge!r1 x mu/ play at p>ry & ?ru/ ) ! v =ces :i* gave x bir?4 ,once hav+ happ5$1 x s acts z to p]si/4 ,b x %\ld be rem>k$ t ?is opposition betwe5 ! c>eless & r\gh c\rse ( ! cosmos1 ! insidi\s =ces ( dissolution1 on ! "o h&1 & ! self-pres]v+ c>e ( ! organism on ! o!r1 is pres5t absolutely f ! outset ( life4 ,vegetable & animal organisms d1 x is true1 adapt !mselves to ! environm5t2 b _! adaptation is ess5tially a me?od ( us+ & modify+ ! environm5t 9 _! own favor1 precisely z is ! case ) human action4 #bc ,!re=e ,huxley's %>p di/9ction betwe5 natural plant life & man's artificial g>d5 is mislead+4 ',! t5d5cy ( ! cosmic process1' he says1 'is to br+ ab\t ! adju/m5t ( ! =ms ( plant life to ! curr5t conditions2 ! t5d5cy ( ! horticultural process is ! adju/m5t ( ! conditions to ! ne$s ( ! =ms ( plant life :i* ! g>d5] desires to raise4'#h ,b ?is is to ignore ! basal fact1 :i* is t plant life 9 any =m is a defiance ( curr5t conditions4 ,art has already begun :5 natural processes assume a =m t fe$s itself1 reproduces itself1 & gr[s4 ,! fir/ organisms h only a local foot+2 !y are root$ 9 ! soil1 & c turn to _! advantage only ! conditions *>act]i/ic ( a "t & place4 ,ev5tually !re evolves a m res\rceful unit ( life1 l ! g>d5] ) 8 cultivat$ plants1 :o is capable ( inhabit+ nature at l>ge4 ,b ! me?od is /ill ! same1 t ( play+ (f nature aga9/ nature2 only x is n[ done on a l>g] scale1 & 9 a m aggressive & confid5t _s4 ,! ne$ ( concession to ! dem&s ( locality is r$uc$1 ?r\gh a concession once & = all to ! wid] processes ( nature4 ,b 9 relation to its environm5t1 life is nev] :olly con/ructive1 z x is nev] :olly passive4 ,:e!r x appe>s 9 ! =m ( vegetation or civilization1 #bd x always involves bo? an adaptation ( nature to itself & ( itself to nature4 ,morality1 !n1 is natural if life is natural2 = x is def9$ by ! same ess5tial pr9ciples4 ,x is relat$ to life z a lat] to an e>li] phase ( "o developm5t4 ,! organization ( life answ]s ! self-pres]vative impulse ) :i* life beg9s2 ! delib]ate fulfilm5t ( a human purpose is only life gr[n /rong en\gh ?r\gh organization to conduct a l>g] & m adv5tur\s ent]prise4 ,v ,9 ! light ( ?is conception let u exam9e m fully ! relation ( morality to ! competitive /ruggle betwe5 individuals & communities4 ,!re c1 ( c\rse1 be no d\bt t competition =ces life up 9 ! scale4 ,b x is equally true1 & m significant1 t 9 ! c\rse ( t progress competition itself is /eadily elim9at$4 ,! /rong] units ( life prevail aga9/ ! weak]4 ,b ! /rong] units ( life are ! m inclusive & h>moni\s complexes ( int]e/4 ,!y are con/itut$ by adju/+ int]e/s2 all[+ ea* a modicum ( free play1 or cru%+ ^? t w n submit to organization4 ,)9 su* units ! pr9ciple ( me*anical survival gives way to ! pr9ciple ( moral survival4 ,i mean by ?is t #be ! selection1 rejection1 & gradation ( int]e/s is made n on ! basis ( ! uncompromis+ self-ass]tion ( ea* & ! survival ( ! h>dy remnant2 b on ! basis ( ! contribution made by ea* to ! life ( ! collective body4 ,! te/ ( survival is ob$i5ce to a law def9$ 9 ! jo9t int]e/ ( all1 & control is ve/$ 9 ! rational capacity to repres5t ?is int]e/ & conduct x to a safe & pr(itable issue4 ,! /r5g? ( life ?us organiz$ lies 9 its massiv5ess1 9 its effective pl5itude4 ,:5 su* units wage w> on "o ano!r1 ?is /r5g? is wa/$2 & ! v same pr9ciple t /r5g? %all prevail1 t5ds to ! ext5sion ( ! organization until x %all embrace cont5ti\s factions4 ,ev5 :]e ! pr9ciple ( survival does n op]ate1 conflict has be51 & yet rema9s1 a factor 9 moral progress ( enorm\s & f>-rea*+ importance4 ,! m ke5 & unrel5t+ x is1 ! m effectually does x expose ! weakness ( ! compet+ units1 ! m urg5tly does x require a bett] conc5tration & economy ( ef=t4 ,9 ord] to fight a rival1 x is necess>y to leave (f fight+ "o's self1 & be heal?y & s+le-m9d$4 ,an indu/rial corporation1 9 ord] to ov]rea* its competitors1 is compell$ to adju/ its intricate functions ) incr$ible nicety1 to utilize by-products1 & ev5 to introduce old-age p5sions = ! promotion #bf ( morale among its employees4 ,& s a nation1 to be /rong 9 w>1 mu/ enjoy peace & ju/ice at home4 ,w> has s]v$ society by weld+ great aggregates ( int]e/ into compact & effective :oles1 ! enemy provid+ an object ^u :i* collective endeavor c unite4 ,b circum/ances t press life =w>d w be left beh9d1 if ^! circum/ances are n !mselves good4 ,& w> is n t = :i* m5 w>2 !y w> = ! exi/5ce & satisfaction ( _! int]e/s4 ,t :i* is con/ructive & sav+ 9 w> is n ! contact betwe5 ! w>r+ p>ties1 b _! int]nal coh]5ce & h>mony4 ,x is t :i* survives :5 ho/ility is inhibit$ by a recognition ( ! co/2 x is t :i* is ext5d$ :5 ho/ility gives way to a wid] co-ord9ation ( int]e/s4 ,! loss :5 cont5d+ curr5ts are r$irect$ & fl[ toge!r is n a loss ( p[]1 b only ( neutraliz+ resi/ance4 ,x is true t ! lesson ( h>mony is le>n$ ?r\gh discord2 b h>mony is none ! less 9 ! end exclusive ( discord4 ,! pr9ciple ( peace1 le>n$ at home ?r\gh ! h>d necessity ( w> abroad1 f9ds only a m complete ju/ification & b5efic5t application 9 peace abroad4 ,x is love & n hate t is ! mov+ spr+ ( life4 ,x is love :i* is con/ructive2 hate de/roys ev5 ! v object t evokes & #bg su/a9s x4 ,x is ess5tial1 !n1 to life1 n only to ass]t & reproduce itself1 b to increase itself ?r\gh ally+ itself ) life4 ,:]e ! motive ( life ?us freely expresses itself1 !re are no natural enemies4 ,i c\nt x to be important ?us to trace morality back to ! orig9al love ( life1 s9ce only s is x possible to und]/& its urg5cy1 & its cont9uity ) e organic impulse4 ,x is because morality is )\t w>rant dislocat$ f ! natural life1 t x is accus$ ( be+ b>r5 & =mal4 ,to _m m9ds x is be/ symboliz$ by ! k9dly lady :o gives ! small boy a p5ny1 & admoni%es him n to sp5d x4 ,b !re c\ld be no m outrage\s trave/y4 ,morality 9 its spr+s is absolutely "o ) t cl++ to life :i* is ! mo/ deep-ly+ ( all int]e/s1 & ) t reli% = life 9 :i* its goodness ne$s no philosoph]'s approval4 ,! primal det]m9ation to be & to sell "o's self de>ly1 is n diff]5t1 except 9 its limits1 f ! moral det]m9ation to be & to atta9 to ! utt]mo/4 ,! :ole =ce ( life is beh9d e moral scruple1 & gu>antees ! sanity ev5 ( a univ]sal good-w4 ,b ! id5tification ( morality ) ! organization ( life1 s]ves also to demon/rate life 9 its unity & l>g] auspices4 ,morality h>monizes life & elim9ates its wanton #bh self-de/ruction2 b life is n !re=e left )\t an object ( conque/4 ,= !re is "o campaign 9 :i* all int]e/s are engag$1 & :i* requires _! undivid$ & aggressive ef=t4 ,?is is ! fir/ & la/ campaign1 ! w> ( life ^u ! r\t9e ( ! me*anical cosmos & its =ces ( dissolution4 ,to live1 to let live1 & to gr[ 9 life1 con/itute an absorb+ & passionate task1 9 :i* e human h]oism may f9d a prop] object4 ,,vi ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! imag9ation has n yet suffici5tly glorifi$ ?is ent]prise ( civilization4 ,x is h>d to =get old %ibbole?s & loyalties4 ,& yet precisely t mu/ be done ) e advance 9 lib]ality4 ,admiration & passion lag beh9d reason2 are =ev] backslid+ & debau*+ !mselves among ! companions ( _! y\?4 ,b man's salvation lies n 9 degrad+ 8 reason to ! level ( 8 loyalties1 nor 9 all[+ ! two to drift ap>t1 b 9 acquir+ a f9] loyalty4 ,& :ile "o _c extemporize ! symbols & imag]y ( devotion1 ^! w surely gr[ ab\t any su/a9$ purpose4 ,we he> mu* 9 our day ( ! pass+ ( nobility & en?usiasm ) ! era ( w>4 ,:atev] makes m5 feel "y1 says ,*e/]ton1 #bi is great--a great w> or a love /ory4 #i ,love /ories w d\btless cont9ue to ! end2 b mu/ man cease to feel "y 9 ! days :5 cruelty & exploitation are obsolete8 ,niets*e#aj speaks ) passionate regret ( a c]ta9 lordl9ess1 or ass]tion ( sup]iority1 t has latt]ly giv5 place to ! slave morality1 :i* aims at ! univ]sal gre5-mead[ happ9ess ( ! h]d4 ,!re are no m h]oes1 ( l(ty spirituality1 b only levell]s1 timid1 /upid1 m$iocre folk1 sans g5ie et sans esprit4 ,n[ !re is a p>adox t does n seem to h occurr$ to ,niets*e1 9 ! slave insurrection by :i* he acc\nts = ?is dre>y spectacle4 ,x c sc>cely be a code ( slavi%ness t has enabl$ slaves to ov]?r[ _! ma/]s4 ,! morality ( ! mod]n ,european democracy is ! morality ( ! /rong2 ( ! _m1 x is true1 b ( ! _m unit$ & impassion$1 mov+ t[>d ! g5]al end ) good he>t4 ,& x is ?is :i* gave ma/]y to ! once rul+ class4 ,ma/]y appe>s :]ev] action is bold1 unit$1 & ) ! pressure ( int]e/ beh9d x2 ma/]y has no?+ to d ) ! airs ( ma/]y1 ) ,niets*e's pa?os ( di/ance1 sep>at+ class f class4 ,! in/9ct = rank1 & delight 9 ! nuances ( rev]5ce1 are n signs ( nobility1 z ,niets*e w\ld h x4 ,!re is no nose = !m s #cj s5sitive & discrim9at+ z t ( ! *amb]maid or butl]4 ,! m]e pride ( an easy ma/]y ov] slaves is ! ta9t ( e society 9 :i* class diff]5ces are recogniz$ z fix$4 ,x atta*es to all classes2 :e!r x be call$ snobb]y or obsequi\sness1 x is all "o4 ,! virtue ( ma/]y1 on ! o!r h&1 lies 9 ! p[] & 9 ! atta9m5t :i* x repres5ts4 ,& ?is ,niets*e himself fully admits 9 8 less inspir$ b m ?\ghtful utt]ances4 ,x is ! con/ant /ruggle ) uni=m unfavorable conditions t fixes ! type he admires4 ,:5 !re are no m enemies1 ! bond & con/ra9t ( ! old discipl9e sev]s1 & a rapid decay sets 92 :i* leads inevitably1 aft] a *aos ( individualism1 to a p]iod ( m$iocrity su* z ! pres5t4 ,9 o!r words1 s soon z its political & social activities are conf9$ to lord+ x1 ! ari/ocracy loses its vigor1 & falls an easy prey to democratic or o!r propag&i/s :o want some?+ & are unit$ to atta9 x4 ,n[ x seems t if man is n to become spiritually bankrupt1 he mu/ be confront$ ) unfavorable conditions t keep him vigilant & al]t4 ,niets*e has no imag9ation = resi/ance1 /ruggle1 & victory1 except z ^! arise 9 ! w> ( man aga9/ man4 ,8 h]oes are ,alcibiades1 ,caes>1 & ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 m5 #ca pr$e/9$ = conqu]+ & circumv5t+ o!rs4 ,b x is n easy = u ( ?is day to =get ! o!rs2 x is ! co/ to !m t galls our consci5ce4 ,we _c s9c]ely applaud a h]oism 9 :i* life is condemn$ to fe$ on itself4 ,%all ! only enemy t nev] fails1 ! condition t is always indiff]5t if n unfavorable1 namely1 ! p]petual we> & drag ( nature1 be =gott5 9 ord] t m5 may fall on "o ano!r8 ,has man no m lordly task ?an t ( de/roy+ :at he holds to be good8 ,is !re no m ( creative pl5ipot5ce 9 man ?an kill+ & robb+8 ,i am conv9c$ t x ne$s only enlight5m5t to r$uce ,niets*e's circumv5t] ( o!rs to ! proportions ( a burgl>2 & to enl>ge to truly h]oic proportions him :o circumv5ts ! bl9dness ( nature1 br+s up ! weak or fa9t-he>t$ :o lag beh9d1 & ?r[s himself bravely into ! ent]prise ( /eady con/ructive civilization4 ,niets*e is beguil$ by a love ( melodrama4 ,he =gets ! real w> = ! pageantry ( an era t w pass4 ,z a mislead] ( y\? he conspires ) ! writ]s ( dime-novels to fix ! imag9ation on false symbols4 ,! small boy :o w\ld run away f home = ! glory ( fight+ ,indians is deceiv$2 bo? because !re are no long] any ,indians to fight1 & because !re are m glori\s #cb battles to be f\ght at home4 ,w> betwe5 man & man is an obsolesc5t =m ( h]oism4 ,!re is e reason1 !re=e1 :y x %\ld n be glorifi$ z ! only occasion capable ( evok+ ! great emotions4 ,! g5]al battle ( life1 ! fir/ & la/ battle1 is /ill on2 & x has t 9 x ( dang] & resi/ance1 ( comrade%ip & ( triumph1 t c /ir ! blood4 ,b ,i h n und]tak5 to make morality picturesque4 ,i %all leave t to o!r h&s4 ,9 an age :5 x has be5 some:at out ( lit]>y fa%ion1 ,*e/]ton#aa has f\nd x possible ev5 to proclaim morality z ! late/ & mo/ enliv5+ p>adox4 ,b ,i propose to leave x clad 9 its own sobriety4 ,its appeal 9 ! la/ analysis mu/ be to a s5se = reality1 & to an enlight5$ practical wisdom4 ,morality is t :i* makes man1 nak$1 %oeless1 & def5celess 9 body1 ! ma/] ( ! k+dom ( nature4 ,morality 9 ?is s5se has nev] be5 m simply & eloqu5tly ju/ifi$ ?an 9 ! words :i* ,plato puts into ! m\? ( ,protagoras4 ,he fir/ describes ! arts ) :i* m5 contriv$ b>ely to su/a9 !mselves1 9 a condition no bett] ?an ! bea/s :i* prey$ on !m 9 _! helplessness4 ,x is !n t ?r\gh ! gift ( ,zeus !y are rescu$ f _! degradation & inve/$ ) ! =ms ( civilization4 #cc ,aft] a :ile ! desire ( self-pres]vation ga!r$ !m into cities2 b :5 !y 7 ga!r$ toge!r1 hav+ no art ( gov]nm5t1 !y evil-intreat$ "o ano!r1 & 7 aga9 9 process ( disp]sion & de/ruction4 ,zeus fe>$ t ! entire race w\ld be ext]m9at$1 & s he s5t ,h]mes to !m1 be>+ rev]5ce & ju/ice to be ! ord]+ pr9ciples ( cities & ! bonds ( fri5d%ip & conciliation4#ab ,b rev]5ce & ju/ice are m ev5 ?an ! ord]+ pr9ciples ( cities4 ,!y are ! conditions ( ! maximum ( atta9m5t1 :e!r ?is be conceiv$ z t supreme excell5ce :i* ,plato div9$1 or z t all-sav+ good :i* is ! object ( a ,*ri/ian devotion to humanity4 ,morality is ! law ( life1 f its b>e pres]vation to its supreme fruition4 ,!re is a high pret5sion 9 morality :i* is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( its motive4 ,b man is n1 on t acc\nt1 9 ne$ ( ^? rem9d]s ( failure :i* are s easy to (f]1 & :i* are s impot5tly true2 he ne$s r new symbols ( fai?1 ?r\gh :i* 8 he>t may be r5ew$1 & 8 c\rage =tifi$ to proce$ ) an und]tak+ ( :i* he _c see ! end4 ,fai? & c\rage h br\ght him ?us f>3 ,till he well-nigh c tame ,brute mis*iefs & control ,invisible ?+s & turn ,all w>r+ ills to purposes ( good4 #cd ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,appeal ,!re is a phrase1 lib]ty ( consci5ce1 :i* well expresses ! mod]n conception ( moral obligation4 ,x recognizes t duty 9 ! la/ analysis is impos$ ^u ! individual nei!r by society nor ev5 by ,god1 b by himself2 t !re is no au?ority 9 moral matt]s m ultimate ?an a man's own rational conviction ( :at is be/4 ,we meet "h ) ! application to morality ( ! motive :i* und]lies ! :ole mod]n reaction aga9/ m$ievalism1 ! motive :i* ,john ,locke s aptly summ>iz$ :5 he said1 ,we %\ld n judge ( ?+s by m5's op9ions1 b ( op9ions by ?+s4 #a ,?is is individualism ( ! positive temp]1 ! prote/ aga9/ conv5tion & au?ority2 9 behalf1 n ( lic5se1 b ( k4 ,m$iaevalism is condemn$1 n = its univ]salism1 b = its arbitr>9ess & untru?2 = its mi/ak+ ( ! weight ( collective op9ion1 or ( in/itutional pre/ige1 = ! weight ( evid5ce4 ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic temp] ( ! mod]n #ce individualism1 :e!r x be dom9at$ by a bias = s5se or a bias = reason4 ,locke1 l 8 =]unn]1 ,bacon1 is an individuali/ because x is ! individual 9 8 deta*m5t f society t alone c be op5-ey$ & op5-m9d$2 :o is qualifi$ to c>ry on t prop] bus9ess ( ! und]/&+1 to ?9k ( ev]y?+ j z x is 9 itself4 #b ,desc>tes1 al?\gh 9 habit ( m9d & speculative in/9ct he has s little 9 common ) ! ,engli%man1 nev]!less f9ds 9 ! individual's self-discipl9e & conc5tration ! only hope ( pres]v+ ! savor ( ! salt ( k4 ,?us he says3 ,i ?\ght t ! sci5ces conta9$ 9 books1 7su* ( !m at lea/ z are made up ( probable reason+s1 )\t demon/rations71 compos$ z !y are ( ! op9ions ( _m diff]5t individuals mass$ toge!r1 are f>!r remov$ f tru? ?an ! simple inf]5ces :i* a man ( good s5se us+ 8 natural & unprejudic$ judgm5t draws respect+ ! matt]s ( 8 exp]i5ce4#c ,sp9oza1 :o bo? ab&on$ ! _w & 0 ab&on$ by x1 s\ght an individual philosophy ( life t %\ld be m univ]sal ?an ! op9ion ( ! _w on acc\nt ( its great] tru?4 ,fur!r reflection conv9c$ me1 t if ,i c\ld really get to ! root ( ! matt] ,i %\ld be leav+ c]ta9 evils = a c]ta9 good4 #d ,?is 0 ! impulse 9 :i* mod]n tol]ance ( individual op9ion & appeal to #cf individual consci5ce orig9at$4 ,x 0 a prote/ n aga9/ ord]1 b aga9/ ! di%e>t5+ drag1 ! heavy & dull con/ra9t1 ( an ord] ext]nally impos$4 ,fre$om 0 valu$ n = ! sake ( lawlessness1 b = ! sake ( a cle>] recognition ( ! prop] laws ( ?+s1 ( ! pr9ciples t lie 9 nature & civilization & control !m inh]5tly4 ,individualism 9 ?is s5se is n sceptical4 ,ev5 a *>ge t exi/+ codes ( morality & sy/ems ( ?\ght are l>gely matt]s ( social habit1 or rules devis$ by *ur* & /ate to ma9ta9 an arbitr>y & pr(itable p[]1 does n ju/ify ! inf]5ce t !re is no tru?4 ,= !re is no dilemma betwe5 public tyranny & private caprice4 ,on ! contr>y1 x means t tyranny is itself a =m ( caprice1 & t caprice 9 any =m mu/ give way be=e reason & exp]im5t4 ,c]ta9 contempor>y popul> philosoph]s1 su* z ,wells & ,%aw1 appe> to believe t to repudiate ! rigid conv5tions ( ! day means to aboli% absolute di/9ctions utt]ly & fall back ^u a g5]al laxity & vagu5ess4 ,b ?is is to ?r[ out ! baby ) ! ba?4 ,! evil 9 conv5tion is ! sub/itution ( m]ely habitual di/9ctions = real di/9ctions1 & ! only ju/ification = an assault on conv5tion is ! br++ ( su* real di/9ctions to light4 #cg ,! individuali/ virtually claims t an individual's belief1 if x be critical1 is entitl$ to prec$5ce ov] public belief1 simply because ! individual m9d is a bett] in/rum5t ( k ?an ! public m9d4 ,x is ! individual m9d t is m directly confront$ ) ! evid5ce1 m s+le & responsive4 ,individualism is n1 !n1 an appeal to private op9ion 9 any disp>ag+ s5se4 ,=1 9 s f> z private op9ion is indep5d5t & tru?ful 9 motive1 conc]n+ itself ) its objects r ?an ) ! social model ( ! day1 x is self-corrective & t5ds inevitably t[>d ! common tru?4 ,x is ! op9ion t is n really individual1 b imitative1 respectful ( p]sons1 g5]ally submissive to ult]ior motives ( a social k9d1 t is private 9 ! bad s5se4 ,its privacy lies 9 its artificiality1 9 its p>tisan%ip1 & 9 its remove f ! op5 daylight ( exp]i5ce4 ,if1 !re=e1 "o mu/ 9 moral matt]s f9ally rely on ! individual's judgm5t1 ?is 9 no way implies ! breakd[n ( univ]sal pr9ciples4 ,x is nei!r necess>y nor natural t individual judgm5t %\ld bespeak :im1 ha/y impulse1 or n>r[ self-int]e/4 ,! gu>dian 9 ,plato's ,republic 0 z mu* an individual z ! m]*ant or ! soldi]4#e ,9 a s5se he 0 m an individual ?an ^!1 s9ce he 0 n sway$ by ! cr[d1 b ?\ght ) fre$om #ch & indep5d5ce4 ,nev]!less 8 ?\ght embrac$ ! int]e/s ( ! entire community1 & compreh5d$ ! organization & =ms ( adju/m5t ?r\gh :i* !y all might live & ?rive4 ,9 moral z 9 o!r matt]s ! true appeal ( individualism is to an intellig5ce :i*1 ?\gh emancipat$ f conv5tion1 is on t v acc\nt committ$ to ! g5]al necessities t lie 9 ! field x seeks to "k4 ,9 view ( ^! consid]ations1 !n1 we may pron\nce legitimate & hopeful ! moral individualism ( ! "t4 ,x implies ! recognition t !re is a g5u9e gr\nd = moral action1 :i* may be br\ght home to any individual m9d t w deal hone/ly & directly ) ! facts ( life4 ,morality is n a useful fiction :i* mu/ be protect$ aga9/ inquisitiv5ess & *]i%$ 9 ignorance & s]vility2 x is a body ( compell+ tru? t w conv9ce :]ev] !re is a capacity to obs]ve & reason4 ,x requires no high] sanction ?an ! individual1 because ! individual is society's organ ( tru?2 because only 9 ! individual m9d is society op5 to rational conviction4 ,latitud9>ianism & tol]ance 9 ?is s5se bespeak a confid5ce 9 morality's ability to ju/ify itself4 ,at ! same "t !y repres5t a prote/ aga9/ replac+ ! intr9sic tru? ( morality by ! arbitr>y /&>ds ( au?ority #ci & conv5tion4 ,n[1 :ile !re is little ne$ 9 ! pres5t day ( protect+ individual judgm5t aga9/ encroa*m5ts ( au?ority1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! great ne$ ( protect+ x aga9/ ! m insidi\s encroa*m5ts ( conv5tion4 ,?is is peculi>ly an age ( publicity4 ,! =ces ( sugge/ion & imitation op]ate on a scale unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( society4 ,/&>ds & types readily acquire an almo/ irresi/ible pre/ige1 simply ?r\gh becom+ e/abli%$ z models4 ,& ! sanction ( op9ion may be ga9$ = almo/ any =mula1 f a fa%ion 9 hats to an article 9 !ology4 ,conv5tion c no long] be acc\nt$ cons]vative4 ,x sanctions promiscu\sly usages z v5]able z civilization itself1 & z transi5t z ! fad ( ! h\r4 ,democratic in/itutions & univ]sal educational privileges h br$ a social mass intellig5t & responsive en\gh to be modi%1 b lack+ 9 discrim9ation & criticism4 ,! tyranny ( op9ion1 ! fe> ( be+ diff]5t1 has long s9ce be5 recogniz$ z a s]i\s h9d]ance to ! developm5t :i* political fre$om & economic opportunity ought prop]ly to /imulate4 ,b ! moral bl9dness to :i* x gives rise has nev]1 ,i ?9k1 be5 suffici5tly emphasiz$4 ,we require ( bus9ess m5 only t measure ( hone/y t we #dj conv5tionally expect 9 t type ( occupation4 ,a politician is prov]bially tricky & self-seek+4 ,! arti/ic temp]am5t w\ld sc>cely be recogniz$ if x did n manife/ itself 9 weakness & excess4 ,x is z unreasonable to expect ei!r tunefulness or humor 9 a musical com$y z to expect a /atem5t ( fact 9 an adv]tisem5t4 ,9 %ort1 :]e any human activity is conv5tionaliz$1 /&>ds are arbitr>ily fix$2 & critical disc]nm5t gr[s dull if x does n altoge!r atrophy4 ,x simply does n occur to ! great majority ( m5 t any activity %\ld be judg$ o!rwise ?an by comp>+ x ) ! /]eotyp$ av]age ( ! day4 ,?is is1 to be sure1 only t bl9dness ( ! common m9d :i* ,socrates & ,plato obs]v$ 9 _! day1 b x is n[ aggravat$ ?r\gh ! great] massiv5ess & conductivity ( mod]n society4 ,^! consid]ations w s]ve bo? to introduce & to ju/ify my pres5t und]tak+4 ,i assume t duty is n an arbitr>y m&ate :i* ! individual mu/ obey bl9dly or f motives ( fe>2 b ! conviction ( moral tru?1 ! enlight5$ recognition ( ! good4#f ,h5ce ,i wi% to demon/rate morality to an individual reflective m9d1 op5 to ! facts ( life & to conviction ( tru?4 ,i %all exp\nd morality out ( no book b exp]i5ce1 t univ]sal & publick ,manuscript1 t lies #da expans'd unto ! ,eyes ( all4 ,to ref] morality to cu/om1 to consci5ce 9 ! s5se ( individual prepossession or in/itutional au?ority1 ev5 if ^! be int]pret$ z ! oracles ( ,god1 is to ju/ify ! suspicion t x is gr\ndless & arbitr>y1 at be/ a matt] ( loyalty or good =m4 ,i %all pres5t morality z a set ( pr9ciples z inh]5t 9 conduct1 z unmi/akably valid !re1 z is gravitation 9 ! heav5s4 ,i %all hope to make x appe> t ! sav+ grace ( morality is directly op]ative 9 life2 ne$+ no pro( f any adv5titi\s s\rce1 because x proves itself "u obs]vation4 ,i %all address myself to an individual protagoni/ :om ,i %all designate 9 ! second p]son2 & :om ,i %all suppose to exhibit t yield+ reluctance :i* is ! m>k ( a m9d t = v love ( tru? w n too readily ass5t4 ,z ,i am to prove morality to y1 ,i accept ! burd5 ( pro(2 b y are n on t acc\nt totally )\t responsibility 9 ! matt]4 ,z y mu/ n /op y\r e>s1 or close y\r bodily eyes1 s y mu/ n %ut ! eye ( ! m9d1 or h>d5 y\r he>t4 ,7 y to adopt su* an attitude ,i %\ld be compell$ to set argum5t aside1 & resort to su* practical measures z might %ock or entice y into reasonabl5ess4 ,or1 ,i might ab&on y z incorrigible4 ,x is #db cle> t ,i c z little %[ reasons to a man :o w n ?9k !m ) me1 z ,i c %[ ! road to "o :o w n look :]e ,i po9t x out4 ,a v l>ge am\nt ( moral exhortation consi/s 9 ! attempt to ov]come apa?y & inatt5tion4 ,su* exhortation _c 9 ! nature ( ! case be logical1 because ! subject's logical organ is n z yet function+4 ,i d\bt if !re is any discussion ( moral matt]s 9 common life 9 :i* ?is =m ( appeal is n pres5t 9 a measure suffici5t to obscure ! m]its ( ! "q at issue4 ,i desire = pres5t purposes to elim9ate z f> z possible all conflict & prejudices1 & ?us to disp5se ) zeal & eloqu5ce4 ,i %all assume1 !re=e1 t y propose to be reasonable conc]n+ ?is moral affair4 ,by ?is ,i mean simply t y %all directly obs]ve ! facts ( life1 report c&idly on ^! facts1 & fully accept ! implications ( any judgm5t to :i* y may commit y\rself4 ,i may phrase y\r pl$ge ( reasonabl5ess ?us3 ,%[ :at is "r1 & t x is "r1 & ,i w accept x4 ,i mean my action to be good1 & ask only to h ! good demon/rat$ to me1 t ,i may intellig5tly adopt x4 #dc ,,ii ,x is commonly believ$ t :]eas ! logic ( prud5ce is unimpea*able1 !re is a hiatus betwe5 ?is level ( morality & ^? above4 ,to dr9k "o's self to dea? is a species ( folly t ! poore/ intellig5ce c und]/&2 b ! folly 9 meanness1 inju/ice1 or impiety is a h>d] matt]4 ,believ+ z ,i d t ! folly is equally demon/rable 9 all ( ^! cases1 ,i propose n to accept y\r ready ass5t 9 ! simpl] case until its gr\nds h be5 made z cle> & def9ite z possible4 ,i feel conv9c$ t prud5ce is n s simple a matt] z appe>s2 9 fact t x involves ! :ole e?ical dialectic4 ,i f9d y1 let u say1 eat+ an apple ) evid5t reli%2 & ,i ask y :y4 ,if y are c&id1 & free f p$antry1 y w d\btless reply t x is because y l to4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> connection ,i c conceive no pr(\nd] utt]ance4 ,b we may obta9 a phraseology t w suit our !oretical purposes m conv5i5tly & s]ve bett] to fix ! matt] 9 our m9ds4 ,y\r eat+ ( ! apple is a process t t5ds )9 c]ta9 limits to cont9ue & re/ore itself1 to supply ! actions & objects necess>y to its own ma9t5ance4 ,i h propos$ t we call su* a process an int]e/4 ,9 t x is a "p ( t v complex physical & #dd moral ?+ call$ y1 x is y\r int]e/1 & x also has1 ( c\rse1 its special subject-matt]1 9 ?is case ! eat+ ( an apple4 ,x involves specific movem5ts ( body1 & makes a specific requisition on ! environm5t4 ,n[1 /ill conf9+ ourselves /rictly to ?is int]e/1 we %all d\btless agree to call any phase ( x 9 :i* x is fulfill$1 9 :i* its ex]cise is fo/]$ & unimp$$1 good4 ,& we %all d\btless agree to atta* ! same t]m1 al?\gh p]haps 9 a less direct s5se1 to t "p ( ! environm5t :i* x requires1 9 ?is case ! apple1 & to ! subsidi>y actions :i* m$iate x1 su* z ! grasp+ ( ! apple1 or ! bit+ & ma/ication ( x4 ,i mean only t ^! modes or factors ( ! int]e/ are 9 "s s5se good2 qualifications & limitations may be adjudicat$ lat]4 ,9 ?is case1 :i* s f> z ,i c see is ! simple/ possible case ( ! sort ( value t ent]s into life1 ! value is suppli$ by a specific type ( process :i* we may call an int]e/1 & x is suppli$ !reby absolutely1 fundam5tally4 ,x makes bo? ?is apple & y\r eat+ ( x good t y %\ld l to eat x4 ,if y c\ld expla9 e action z y expla9 ?is action1 :5 x is ?us isolat$1 !re w\ld be no moral problem4 ,we may n[ safely op5 ! door to ! objections t h be5 press+ = admission4 #de ,! fir/ to appe> is an old fri5d among philosoph]s2 b "o ^: reputation s f> exce$s its m]its t x mu/ be submitt$ to vigilant exam9ation4 ,x is object$ 7,i am sure t y h long want$ to say ?is7 t y\r repa/ is good = y1 good f y\r po9t ( view1 b n on t acc\nt really good4 ,^! are ! t]ms ) :i* x is cu/om>y to conf\nd any s]i\s judgm5t ( tru?2 & !y acquire a peculi> =ce "h because we seem to h invit$ _! application4 ,we h agre$ t y\r action is good 9 t x suits y\r int]e/1 & ?us seem to h def9$ its goodness z relative to y4 ,n[1 if we are to avoid a confusion ( m9d t w\ld t]m9ate our inve/igation "h & n[1 we mu/ br+ to light a lat5t ambiguity4 ,we h1 x is true1 discov]$ goodness to be a phase ( a process call$ int]e/1 :i* is qualifi$ fur!r1 ?r\gh ! use ( a p]sonal pron\n4 ,! nature ( goodness1 9 o!r words1 is su* z to involve c]ta9 specific relations1 "h involv+ a p]son or subject4 ,goodness is n peculi> 9 ?is respect2 = !re are v few ?+s 9 ?is _w t d n involve specific relations4 ,?is is ! case1 = example1 ) planets1 lev]s1 & bro!rs4 ,!re is no planet )\t its sun1 no lev] )\t its fulcrum1 no bro!r :o is n somebody's bro!r4 #df ,b ! relation%ip 9 ! case ( goodness is suppos$ to be a m s]i\s matt]2 suffici5tly s]i\s to discr$it ! mean+ ( goodness1 or make all judgm5ts conc]n+ goodness m]ely expressions ( bias4 ,! supposition is due to ! confusion ( a relativity 9 ! subject-matt] ( ! judgm5t1 ) a relativity ( ! judgm5t itself to ! individual t gives utt]ance to x4 ,?us ! judgm5t1 ,y l apples1 deals ) y\r int]e/ & ! objects relat+ to x2 b ! judgm5t itself is n !re=e biass$4 ,x is no m an expression ( y\r op9ion ?an x is ( m9e2 x is a =mulation ( :at occurs 9 ! field ( exp]i5ce op5 to all obs]v]s4 ,a judgm5t conc]n+ only y1 is utt]ly diff]5t f a judgm5t repres5t+ only y4 ,! latt]1 if !re 7 su* a ?+1 w\ld be ungr\nd$1 & w\ld ju/ify ! sceptic's suspicions4 ,! confusion is possible "h simply because ! subject-matt] ( ! judgm5t 9 "q is itself a judgm5t4 ,x c\ld sc>cely arise 9 ! p>allel cases4 ,! lev] _c be def9$ except 9 relation to its fulcrum4 ,?is may be loosely g5]aliz$ & made to read3 judgm5ts conc]n+ a lev] are relative to a fulcrum4 ,x might ev5 be said t a lev] is a lev] only f ! po9t ( view ( its own fulcrum4 ,b ! mo/ unscrupul\s quibbl] w\ld sc>cely (f] ?is z evid5ce aga9/ #dg ! objective validity ( our k ( lev]s4 ,y\r bro!r is necess>ily relat$ to y2 b ! proposition def9+ ! relation%ip is n on t acc\nt relative1 t is1 peculi>ly y\rs or any "o else's4 ,frat]nity is a complex involv+ a p]sonal connection1 b is none ! less entirely objective4 ,& precisely ! same ?+ is true ( goodness4 ,to obs]ve x adequately "o mu/ br+ into view t complex object call$ an int]e/1 :i* may be y\rs or 8 or m9e2 b x w be br\ght none ! less into our common view1 & obs]v$ z any o!r object may be obs]v$4 ,because goodness is inh]5t 9 a process involv+ in/9cts1 desires1 or p]sons1 x is n "o :it less valid or objective ?an x w\ld be if x involv$ ! sun or ! fir/ law ( motion4 ,let u n[ turn to a mu* m fruitful objection4 ,suppose x be object$ t y\r action1 ?\gh good :5 ?us artificially isolat$1 w 9 ! concrete case h to be consid]$ m broadly be=e any f9al judgm5t c be pron\nc$ on x4 ,to ?is objection ,i fully ass5t4 ,x implies t al?\gh we h fully def9$ a hypo!tical case ( goodness1 we h s f> simplifi$ ! conditions z to make our conclusions inadequate to moral exp]i5ce4 ,accept+ ?is qualification1 x is n[ 9 ord] to complicate ! situation2 b reta9+ our analysis #dh ( ! elem5t>y process1 & employ+ t]ms 9 ! mean+ d]iv$ !refrom4 ,let u suppose t ! apple :i* y enjoy eat+1 is my apple1 & t ,i delight 9 keep+ x = my own uses4 ,su* be+ ! case1 we fall to wrangl+ ov] x1 & y\r appetite is l to g unappeas$4 ,i n[ h evid5ce to %[ y t y\r act ( viol5t appropriation does n conduce to y\r int]e/4 ,?is is simply an exp]im5tal & empirical fact4 ,i am 9 a position to %[ y t ! "* ( y\r action is o!r ?an y suppos$1 t y 7 "u a misappreh5sion z to its goodness4 ,x leads n to ! enjoyable activity :i* int]e/s y1 b to a s]ies ( bodily ex]tions & a /ate ( unfulfill$ long+ 9 :i* y h no int]e/ at all4 ,inde$ y\r action is a h9d]ance to y\r int]e/2 9 o!r words1 is bad4 ,b ,i proce$ to po9t out to y ! fur!r fact t1 if y w buy ! apple & ?us conciliate me1 y may get rid ( my int]f]5ce & proce$ ) y\r activity4 ,y\r pur*ase is n[ ju/ifi$ 9 precisely ! same mann] z y\r orig9al seizure ( ! object4 ,if y are ask$ :y y d x1 y may /ill reply1 ,because ,i l apples4 ,n[1 x w\ld accord ) ! cu/om>y use ( t]ms to call su* action on y\r "p prud5ce2 & prud5ce is commonly reg>d$ z a virtue #di or moral pr9ciple4 ,b 9 prud5ce ! mean+ ( morality is z yet only p>tially realiz$2 x is morality ^u a relatively l[ level4 ,h5ce x is desirable to avoid read+ too mu* into x4 ,on ! "o h&1 prud5ce does involve ! *eck+ ( "o int]e/ 9 consequ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ano!r4 ,y h not$ my int]e/1 ackn[l$g$ x z hav+ its own claims1 & made room = x4 ,!re9 y\r action diff]s signally f y\r deal+s ) y\r me*anical environm5t4 ,& x is ?is contact & adju/m5t ( int]e/s1 ?is practical recognition ( ! fact t ! success ( "o int]e/ requires t o!r int]e/s be respect$1 & dealt ) 9 a special mann] appropriate to !m z int]e/s1 t m>ks ! proc$ure z moral4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile y h ackn[l$g$ my int]e/1 y h n adopt$ x4 ,y h conc]n$ y\rself ) my love ( prop]ty only 9 s f> z x affect$ y\r fondness = apples4 ,9 ord] to appeal to y ,i h _h to appeal to ?is1 z yet y\r only int]e/4 ,! moral value ( y\r action lies :olly 9 its conduciv5ess to ?is int]e/1 because x is controll$ :olly by x4 ,y are z yet only a complex act+ consi/5tly 9 su* wise z to cont9ue an eat+ ( apples4 ,?is =mula is entirely suffici5t z a summ>y ( y\r conduct1 ev5 aft] y h le>n$ to respect my prop]ty4 ,& !re9 lies #ej its m]ely prud5tial "*4 ,9 prud5ce ?us /rictly & ab/ractly reg>d$1 !re is no pref]5ce1 no subord9ation ( motives4 ,action is controll$ by an exclusive & insi/5t desire1 :i* limits itself only ) a view to effectiv5ess4 ,,iii ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t if ,i am to ju/ify ^? types ( action :i* are reg>d$ z m completely moral1 ,i mu/ p]suade y to adopt int]e/s t at any giv5 in/ant d n move y4 ,i mu/ p]suade y to =ego y\r pres5t incl9ation = ! sake ( ano!r2 to judge betwe5 int]e/s1 & pref] t :i* on gr\nds t y _c reasonably d5y is ! m valid4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i mu/ def9e a logical transition f prud5ce to pref]5ce1 or moral purpose4 ,let u suppose t1 9 spite ( y\r lik+1 apples d n agree ) y4 ,x is1 = example1 p]t95t to rem>k t if y eat ! apple to-day y _c g to ! play to-morr[4 ,our p>ley proce$s z foll[s3 ,j n[ ,i am eat+ apples4 ,suffici5t unto ! day is ! evil !re(4 ,b y ackn[l$ge y\r fondness = ! !atre4 ,yes1 b t doesn't int]e/ me n[4 ,nev]!less y recognize ! int]e/ 9 #ea play-go+ z a real "o1 dormant to-day1 tempor>ily eclips$ by ano!r int]e/1 b c]ta9 to revive to-morr[8 ,i d4 ,& y admit t1 ap>t f ! *ance ( y\r dea? 9 ! meantime1 a *ance s small z to be negligible1 an int]e/ to-morr[ is z real z an int]e/ to-day8 ,yes4 ,n[1 recogniz+ ^! two int]e/s1 & keep+ !m firmly 9 view1 obs]ve ! consequ5ces ( y\r action if y p]si/ 9 eat+ ! apple1 & pron\nce judgm5t ^u x4 ,x w\ld seem to be bo? good & bad2 good 9 its conduciv5ess to ! satisfaction ( my pres5t appetite1 bad 9 its prev5t+ my enjoym5t ( ! play4 ,9 y\r la/ reply y h fairly /at$ ! problem4 ,y are n p]mitt$ to escape ! dilemma by simply neglect+ ! facts1 = ?is w\ld be contr>y to ! orig9al agreem5t b9d+ y to be & rema9 op5-m9d$4 ,& y are n[ z conc]n$ z ,i to solve ! problem by def9+ a reorganization ( ! situation t w\ld p]mit ( an action unequivocally good1 t is altoge!r conducive to ! fulfilm5t ( int]e/4 ,to und]/& :at w\ld con/itute a solution ( ?is moral problem x is important to obs]ve1 #eb 9 ! fir/ place1 t an action :olly conducive to bo? int]e/s w\ld take prec$5ce ( an action :i* fulfill$ ! "o b sacrific$ ! o!r4 ,7 x possible = y to eat ! apple n[ & g to ! play to-morr[1 y\r rational c\rse w\ld be to all[ y\r pres5t impulse free play4 ,y w\ld ?us be alive to ! total situation2 y\r action w\ld 9 reality be regulat$ by bo? int]e/s1 or r by a l>g] int]e/ embrac+ & provid+ = bo?4 ,an action ?us controll$ w\ld h a m adequate ju/ification ?an an action conceiv$ ) ref]5ce to ! "o int]e/ exclusively1 & m]ely happ5+ to be favorable to ! o!r int]e/ also4 ,or suppose t1 by sub/itut+ a diff]5t species ( apple = ! "o fir/ select$1 y c\ld avoid disagreeable consequ5ces1 & )\t loss ( imm$iate gratification4 ,9 ?is case y w\ld h correct$ y\r orig9al action & adopt$ a c\rse t prov$ itself bett]1 because conducive to ! fulfilm5t ( to-morr['s int]e/ z well z to-day's4 ,we h ?us arriv$ at a v important conception1 t ( a high] int]e/ possess+ a c]ta9 priority 9 its claims4 ,! high] int]e/ z ,i h def9$ x is simply ! great] int]e/1 & great] 9 ! s5se t x exce$s a n>r[] int]e/ ?r\gh embrac+ x & add+ to x4 ,y\r int]e/ 9 ! fulfilm5t ( #ec to-day's int]e/ & to-morr['s1 is demon/rably great] ?an y\r int]e/ 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ei!r exclusively1 because x provides = ea* & m4 ,9 ?is p]fectly def9ite s5se y\r pref]5ce may be ju/ifi$4 ,let u n[ apply ?is pr9ciple ( pref]5ce to ! m complex case 9 :i* !re is no available action :i* w fulfil bo? int]e/s4 ,suppose t y _c bo? eat apples to-day & g to ! play to-morr[4 ,h[ is "o to def9e a good action 9 ! premises8 ,9 ! fir/ place ! good act orig9ally conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( ! free play ( ! pres5t impulse is prov$ to be illusory4 ,!re is no good act until y\r int]e/s are reorganiz$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! high] int]e/1 :i* is entitl$ to pref]5ce1 requires "s modification ( ! p>ticipat+ int]e/s4 ,b ! high] int]e/ owes its title to its lib]ality or compreh5siv5ess4 ,h5ce x mu/ repres5t ! maximum fulfilm5t ( bo? int]e/s :i* ! conditions all[4 ,su* a controll+ int]e/ may require y altoge!r to =ego ! pres5t indulg5ce1 or x may m]ely require t x be sev]ely limit$4 ,9 any case1 ! controll+ int]e/ w repres5t bo? int]e/s1 modifi$1 po/pon$1 or suppress$1 z is necess>y = _! maximum jo9t fulfilm5t4 ,! high] int]e/ :i* ?us replaces ! orig9al int]e/1 & :i* is entitl$ to d s only #ed because x incorporates !m1 ,i propose to call moral purpose4 ,!re are two highly important pr9ciples :i* we h be5 br\ght to recognize ?r\gh ?is analysis ( pref]5ce1 & x w be wor? our :ile briefly to resume !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no int]e/ is entitl$ to y\r exclusive reg>d m]ely because x happ5s at any giv5 "t to be mov+ y4 ,i %all call ?is ! pr9ciple ( ! objective validity ( int]e/s4 ,i mean simply t an int]e/ is none ! less an int]e/ because x does n co9cide ) an individual's mom5t>y incl9ation4 ,9 rem9d+ y ( an int]e/ ov]look$1 ,i h n s\ght to ju/ify x by subsum+ x "u y\r pres5t int]e/4 ,i h n tri$ to prove t x is to y\r int]e/ z an epicure t y %\ld g to ! play4 ,i h simply po9t$ out ! o!r int]e/1 & all[$ x to /& on its m]its4 ,9 e?ical !ories ( a c]ta9 type1 & 9 mu* impromptu moraliz+1 x is assum$ t !re is no legitimate appeal except 9 behalf ( int]e/s t are at ! in/ant already alive4 ,?is is z absurd z to suppose t 9 ord] to br+ y to ! tru? 9 any purely !oretical matt]1 ,i mu/ conf9e myself to evid5ce t y already recognize4 ,9 bo? cases y\r individual exp]i5ce at any giv5 "t may be n>r[ & limit$ ow+ to causes t are 9 ! highe/ #ee degree arbitr>y4 ,x may be advisable t ,i %\ld solicit y\r att5tion by connect+ :at ,i h to (f] ) :at is already famili> to y2 b ?is is a psy*ological exp$i5t4 ,my appeal is logically support$ by objects1 by pr9ciples1 by data :i* are 9 no wise dep5d5t = _! claims on _! connection ) y\r pres5t /ock 9 trade4 ,*e/]ton ref]s to "o :o _h t rational & delib]ate pref]5ce :i* w always to ! end tr\ble ! peace ( ! _w1 ! rational & delib]ate pref]5ce = a %ort life & a m]ry "o4 #g ,i _c reg>d su* h$oni/ic opportunism z o!r ?an wantonness or wilful c>elessness4 ,x may be delib]ate 9 ! s5se ( be+ consci\sly p]si/$ 91 b ,i _c f9d any rationality 9 x4 ,x arises naturally en\gh ?r\gh ! great] vividness ( ! int]e/s t are already adopt$ & prov$2 b all prejudices arise f su* accid5ts1 & !y are none ! less on t acc\nt absolutely antagoni/ic to ! rational attitude--t will+ness t ?+s %\ld be = me ev5 z !y are4 ,9 ! second place1 x has appe>$ t !re is no demon/rable priority ( "o simple int]e/ ov] ano!r diff]+ only qualitatively f x4 ,i propose to call ?is ! pr9ciple ( ! quantitative basis ( pref]5ce4 ,i "k t ! t]m quantity has an ugly s\nd 9 ?is context4 #ef ,b ,i believe t ?is is due simply to a false ab/raction4 ,two good books are n bett] ?an "o because two is bett] ?an "o1 b because 9 two ( a giv5 unit ( goodness !re is m ( goodness ?an 9 "o4 ,two is m ?an "o1 b n m good1 unless t :i* is c\nt$ is itself good4 ,nor is two long] or heavi] ?an "o1 unless ! units numb]$ happ5 to be ^? ( l5g? or weight4 ,to pref] two int]e/s to "o does n imply t "o is a lov] ( quantity1 b a lov] ( good2 ( t :i* if x be & rema9 good1 ! m ! bett]4 ,at any rate x seems to me a matt] ( simple c&or to admit t m is a t]m imply+ quantity1 :e!r x be m room1 m weight1 m goodness1 or m beauty4 ,x seems to me to be equally evid5t t m implies comm5surable magnitude2 & t comm5surability implies ! exi/5ce ( a common unit 9 ! t]ms comp>$4 ,two in*es are m ?an "o in* 9 t !y include "o in* & also ano!r l unit4 ,n[ 9 moral matt]s ! unit ( value is ! fulfilm5t ( ! simple int]e/2 & 9 consequ5ce ,i see no way ( demon/rat+ t "o su* simple int]e/ is m good ?an ano!r1 z ,i see no way ( demon/rat+ t "o in* is long] ?an ano!r4 ,b ,i d see t if ,i c c>ry a simple int]e/ ov] into a comp\nd "o1 & !re bo? #eg reta9 x & add to x1 ,i %all h m--m by :at ,i add4 ,su* comp>ison is nev] a simple matt]1 p]haps 9 any concrete case nev] :olly conclusive4 ,b ,i c conceive no m important & m cl>ify+ decl>ation ( pr9ciple4 ,x means t any rational decision z to ! prec$5ce ( social ideals1 or z to hi/orical progress f good to bett]1 mu/ be bas$ on wid? ( repres5tation & weight ( inc5tive4 ,,iv ,if :at ,i h said ?us f> has prov$ conv9c+ to y1 ?is may be ow+ to ! fact t y h n be5 call$ ^u to adopt any int]e/ beyond :at are conv5tionally reg>d$ z y\r own4 ,9 moral matt]s x is cu/om>y to atta* a c]ta9 f9ality to p]sonal pron\ns4 ,b !re are no t]ms 9 common use :i* h s r\gh & loose a mean+1 :i* cov] s equivocal & confus$ an exp]i5ce2 albeit ! necessity & frequ5cy ( _! use has made !m /&>d curr5cy & poli%$ !m into a sort ( deceptive smoo?ness to ! t\*4 ,!re is no t]m s altoge!r h&y z ! t]m ,i1 nor is !re any s emb>rass$ :5 call$ on to %[ its cr$5tials 9 ! %ape ( cle> & v]ifiable exp]i5ce4 ,if1 !n1 y /& ^u y\r int]e/s ,i %all n be conv9c$1 = ,i %all #eh n "k :at y mean4 ,!re is no s5se 9 :i* y are a f9i%$ & demon/rable fact4 ,my deal+s ) y1 & ?is is peculi>ly true ( my rational deal+s ) y1 _c be te/$ by y 9 any absolute or fix$ s5se1 simply because !y may make y1 z !y may make me4 ,let u return to our te/ case4 ,y are ! epicure1 & ,i am ! proprietor2 y seize my apple1 & ,i prote/4 ,b n[ ,i no long] appeal to y m]ely z "o :o enjoys eat+ apples1 & w>n y t y are select+ ! wrong means ( atta9+ t end4 ,i simply in=m y t ! apple is my prop]ty1 & t ,i desire to reta9 x4 ,i appeal to y to respect my wi%es1 at lea/ to ! ext5t ( non-int]f]5ce4 ,if y reply t ?is is no int]e/ t y ackn[l$ge1 !n ,i am 9 a position to in=m y4 ,= on no gr\nd c y atta* f9ality to ! set ( int]e/s :i* at any giv5 "t y *oose to ackn[l$ge4 ,if ,i may rem9d y ( a =gott5 int]e/1 ,i may in=m y ( a new int]e/4 ,9 ! "o case1 y ackn[l$ge t !re is su* an int]e/ 9 t y anticipate its revival1 & realize t its m]e abs5ce is no pro( ( its non-exi/5ce4 ,y recognize x z hav+ its roots 9 y\r organism1 & its opportunity = ex]cise 9 c]ta9 def9able & pr$ictable circum/ances4 ,?is is :at y mean :5 y ackn[l$ge t y w desire to g to ! play #ei to-morr[4 ,b ! evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( /ill ano!r int]e/1 9 ?is case m9e1 is no less conv9c+4 ,l y\r own lat5t int]e/1 x does n at ! in/ant move y4 ,b x has ! specific "* ( an int]e/1 & its place 9 ! exi/5t _w ?r\gh its relation to my organism4 ,recogniz+ x z an int]e/1 y _c 9 ! giv5 case fail to obs]ve t x qualifies y\r action z good or bad1 ?r\gh be+ affect$ by x4 ,if y\r action fulfils y\r int]e/ & ?w>ts m9e1 x is aga9 mix$1 bo? good & bad4 ,9 ord] to def9e ! good act 9 ! premises x is necess>y1 z 9 ! previ\s case1 to def9e a purpose :i* %all embrace bo? int]e/s & regulate action ) a view to _! jo9t fulfilm5t4 ,x is cu/om>y to argue ?is pr9ciple ( imp>tiality1 accord+ to :i* ! m]ely p]sonal consid]ation is decl>$ to be irrelevant to ! det]m9ation ( moral value1 by a critique ( egoism4 ,! r$uctio ad absurdum ( egoism has rec5tly be5 =mulat$ by ,g4 ,e4 ,moore 9 z ?or\gh & conclusive a mann] z c\ld be desir$4#h ,t writ] analyzes egoism into a s]ies ( propositions all ( :i* are equivocal1 false1 or1 s f> z true1 non-egoi/ic 9 _! mean+4 ,i %all r$uce ,moore's propositions to two1 & modify !m to suit my own conception ( goodness4 #fj ,z an egoi/ y may1 9 ! fir/ place1 affirm t !re are no int]e/s b y\rs4 ,?is proposition1 h[ev]1 is manife/ly false4 ,accept any def9ition ( an int]e/ or desire t y w1 & ,i c f9d indef9itely _m cases answ]+ y\r def9ition & fall+ outside ! class ( ^? :i* y claim z y\r own4 ,none ( ^!1 if x con=ms fully to y\r def9ition1 is any ! less an int]e/ or desire ?an ! "o t happ5s to be mov+ y at ! in/ant4 ,!re w\ld be z good gr\nd = say+ t y\r bro!r 0 ! only bro!r1 or y\r book ! only book4 ,ev5 if y abate ! rigor ( ! proposition1 y _c escape its ess5tial falsity4 ,if y affirm t !re are no int]e/s b ! int]e/s ( ea*1 or t ea* man's int]e/s are ! only int]e/s1 y flatly contradict y\rself4 ,if y affirm t y\r int]e/s are ( sup]ior importance1 t !y are exceptional1 peculi>1 entitl$ to pre-em95ce--?is is virtually equival5t to y\r orig9al proposition4 ,! respect 9 :i* y\r int]e/s seem diff]5t f all o!rs ei!r ent]s into y\r def9ition ( int]e/1 9 :i* case x becomes g5]al2 or x is "s adv5titi\s circum/ance t does n belong to y\r int]e/s z su*1 "s accid5t ( proximity :i* may h psy*ological or in/rum5tal importance1 b _c rightly affect y\r judgm5t ( good4 ,= goodness lies 9 #fa ! objective be>+ ( y\r action on su* ?+s z int]e/s2 precisely z ! diagonal is a l9e connect+ ! v]tices ( opposite angles 9 a squ>e1 indep5d5tly ( all circum/ances t d n affect ! g5]ic "* ( ! squ>e4 ,9 ! second place1 y may affirm t = y !re are no int]e/s b y\r own4 ,b ?is is an equivocal proposition4 ,x may mean t 9 y\r op9ion !re are none1 9 :i* case y admit ! probable falsity ( y\r judgm5t ?r\gh contra/+ x ) ! cons5sus ( op9ion2 ?r\gh attribut+ x to y\r n>r[ness & false p]spective4 ,y\r (f]+ x z y\r op9ion gives ! proposition at be/ a t5tative =m2 ! "q ( its tru? rema9s to be adjudicat$4 ,i ne$ only pres5t o!r int]e/s answ]+ y\r description ( an int]e/ to prove y mi/ak54 ,& if y 7 to g5]alize y\r proposition & say t ea* man ?9ks 8 own int]e/s ! only int]e/s1 y w\ld be d\bly wrong1 9 t ! g5]alization w\ld be unw>rant$1 & ! op9ion imput$ to ea* man false4 ,or1 y\r claim t = y !re are no int]e/s b y\r own1 might be tak5 to mean t 9 "s s5se y mu/ conf9e y\r endeavors to ! fulfilm5t ( y\r own int]e/s4 ,o!rwise1 y may argue1 ! practical situation w\ld #fb rea* a dead-lock1 a /ate ( hopeless confusion 9 :i* ea* individual neglect$ 8 own prop] affairs = ! sake ( ^? he _h nei!r ! means nor ! compet5ce to s]ve4 ,n[ ?is is indisputably true1 b x is n egoism4 ,! judgm5t t ea* individual mu/ labor :]e he may d s mo/ effectively1 t he mu/ assume n only a g5]al responsibility = all int]e/s affect$ by 8 action1 b also a special responsibility = ^? ) ^: direct execution he is *>g$1 is an imp>tial judgm5t4 ,x expresses a broad & intellig5t view ( ! total situation4 ,9 ! fable ( ! fox & ! grapes1 ! action ( ! fox is due to ! folly ( a too flu5t att5tion4 ,simil>ly1 he :o lets g 8 pres5t hold ( ! web ( int]e/s simply because 8 eye happ5s to alight on ano!r vantage-po9t1 is z mu* ! bl9d slave ( novelty z ! self-c5tr$ man is ( famili>ity4 ,9 bo? cases ! fault is "o ( n>r[ness ( range1 ( arbitr>y exclusion4 ,egoi/s1 !n1 are guilty ( a k9d ( /upid prov9ciality4 ,!y are l ^? closet-philosoph]s :om ,locke describes4 ,! tru? is1 !y canton out to !mselves a little ,go%5 9 ! intellectual _w1 :]e light %9es & z !y conclude1 day blesses !m2 b ! re/ ( t va/ expansum !y give up to night & d>kness1 & s avoid com+ ne> x4 ,!y h a pretty traffic ) kn[n correspond5ts1 9 "s little #fc creek2 )9 t !y conf9e !mselves1 & are dext]\s manag]s en\gh ( ! w>es & products ( t corn] ) :i* !y cont5t !mselves1 b w n v5ture out into ! great ocean ( k1 to survey ! ri*es t nature ha? /or$ o!r p>ts )1 no less g5u9e1 no less solid1 no less useful ?an :at has fall5 to _! lot1 9 ! admir$ pl5ty & suffici5cy ( _! own little spot1 :i* to !m conta9s :atsoev] is good 9 ! univ]se4#i ,! imp>tial or judicial e/imate ( value is prop]ly recogniz$ z ess5tial to ! mean+ ( ju/ice4 ,i d n "h ref] to ju/ice 9 ! m n>r[ & famili> s5se4 ,retributive ju/ice1 or ju/ice 9 any ( its special legal aspects1 is a political r ?an an e?ical matt]4#aj ,b political ju/ice mu/ be bas$ on e?ical ju/ice4 ,& to ! def9ition ( ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple "s contribution has n[ be5 made4 ,!re is a p>ody ( ju/ice1 a ju/ice ( condesc5sion1 t ! pr9ciples already def9$ d discr$it4 ,= x has sometimes be5 ?\ght t ju/ice requir$ only a delib]ate e/imate ( int]e/s by ^? be/ qualifi$ to judge1 z ?\gh ! settlem5t ( moral issues 7 a matt] ( connoisseur%ip4 ,! vici\sness ( ?is conception lies 9 ! fact t qualitatively reg>d$ !re is no sup]iority or inf]iority among int]e/s4 ,! reli% ( cavi>e is no bett]1 no worse1 ?an ! reli% ( bread4 ,pref]5ce among int]e/s mu/ be bas$ on _! diff]5ce #fd ( repres5tation1 or _! diff]5ce ( compatibility4 ,a wide & safe int]e/ is bett] ?an a n>r[ & mis*iev\s int]e/1 bett] = its lib]ality4 ,x foll[s t no int]e/ c be condemn$ except ^u gr\nds t recognize its claims1 & aim s f> z possible to provide = x among ! re/4 ,no int]e/ c rationally be reject$ z hav+ no value1 b only z involv+ too great a co/4 ,b ?\gh ^! consid]ations are suffici5t to expose moral snobb]y1 !y d n fully def9e ju/ice4 ,= ju/ice imputes a c]ta9 inviolability to ! claims ( t unit ( life :i* we t]m loosely a human1 p]sonal1 moral1 free1 or rational be+4 ,!re is "s s5se 9 :i* y are a f9ality2 mak+ x improp] = me simply to dispose ( y1 ev5 if x be my s9c]e int5tion to promote !reby ! well-be+ ( humanity4 ,y are n m]ely "o int]e/ among ! re/1 to be c\nt$1 adju/$1 or suppress$ by "s c\rt ( moral appraisem5t4 ,i ?9k ,i may safely assume t !re is to-day an e/abli%$ consci5ce support+ ,kant's dictum1 ,s act z to treat humanity1 :e!r 9 ?9e own p]son or 9 t ( any o!r1 9 e case z an end )al1 nev] z means only4 #aa ,let me /ate briefly :at appe>s to me to be ! prop] basis ( ?is judgm5t4 ,i h said t ,i am n entitl$ simply to suppress y\r #fe action z may be approv$ by my own judgm5t4 ,n[1 did ,i propose to d s1 :at ju/ification %\ld ,i (f]8 ,i %\ld pres5t1 no d\bt1 ! facts 9 ! case4 ,i %\ld %[ y ! incompatibility ( y\r pres5tly adopt$ c\rse ) ! g5]al good4 ,b let u suppose t y def5d y\r action on ! same gr\nds4 ,9 t case y\r endorsem5t ( y\r action has precisely ! same =mal ju/ification z my condemnation ( x4 ,our equality lies 9 ! fact t we are bo? claim+ c&idly to repres5t ! tru?4 ,9 ! la/ analysis our equality is bas$ on ! id5tity ( ! objective cont5t to :i* we appeal4 ,z witnesses ( a specific tru? )9 ! range ( bo?1 ! meane/ mortal alive & ! omnisci5t intellig5ce are equal2 & simply because ! id5tical tru? is z valid 9 ! m\? ( "o z 9 ! m\? ( ! o!r4 ,:]e x is a matt] ( disagreem5t betwe5 y & me1 our equality lies 9 ! fact t nei!r c d m ?an appeal to ! object4 ,nei!r has any au?ority2 !re is no au?ority 9 matt]s ( tru?1 b only evid5ce4 ,! only rational solution ( disagreem5t is agreem5t2 t is1 ! coalesc5ce ( op9ions 9 ! common object to :i* !y ref] & t[>d :i* !y conv]ge4 ,! me?od ( approximat+ agreem5t is discussion2 :i* is ! attempt ( ea* ( two kn[]s to avail himself ( all ! organs #ff & in/rum5ts ( k possess$ by ! o!r4 ,discussion involves mutual respect1 9 :i* ea* p>ty ackn[l$ges ! f9ality ( ! o!r z a vehicle ( tru?4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 is t moral equality1 t dignity & ultimate responsibility atta*+ to all rational be+s alike1 )\t :i* ju/ice _c be fulfill$4 ,ju/ice1 !n1 embraces ^! two ideas4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 e/imat+ ! goodness or evil ( action1 m]ely p]sonal or p>ty connections mu/ n be admitt$ 9 evid5ce4 ,9 ! second place1 ! delib]ate judgm5t ( any rationally m9d$ individual is entitl$ to respect z a s\rce ( tru?4 ,conflict mu/ 9 ! la/ analysis be ov]come by ! congru5ce ( imp>tial m9ds4 ,h5ce ! ju/ification ( reciprocal respect among p]sons :o ?9k hone/ly2 & ( a public =um to :i* all %all h access1 & :]e bus9ess %all be transact$ "u ! vigilant eye ( him :o is mo/ conc]n$4 ,a c&id m9d is ! la/ c\rt ( jurisdiction4 ,s long z ! proc$ure ( society is que/ion$ or res5t$ by "o hone/ consci5ce1 x is lack+ 9 complete v]ification1 & its f9d+s are op5 to d\bt4 #fg ,v ,en\gh has already be5 said to %[ t ! goodness ( action mu/ be det]m9$ ) ref]5ce to no?+ less ?an ! totality ( all affect$ int]e/s4 ,= ?is highe/ pr9ciple ,i h res]v$ ! honor$ t]m1 good-w4 ,nei!r y nor ,i c reasonably decl9e to consid] ! be>+ ( our actions on any int]e/ :atsoev]4 ,"r conduct1 s9ce x is inconsi/5t ) ! lea/ ru?lessness1 mu/ inevitably 9 ! end assume ! =m ( humanity & piety4 ,i "k t x is n cu/om>y to suppose t devotion to ! s]vice ( mank9d is rational2 x is tak5 to be gratuit\s1 if n quixotic4 ,b once let x be grant$ t goodness accrues to action 9 proportion to its fruitfulness1 x foll[s t t action is mo/ bless$ t is d$icat$ )\t res]vation to ! g5]al life4 ,!re is only "o c\rse :i* c recomm5d itself to t fair & op5 m9d to :i* ,i conceive myself to be address+ ?is appeal3 namely1 s to act 9 fulfilm5t ( ! int]e/ 9 h&1 z ei!r to promote or make room = all o!r int]e/s4 ,& ?is is true n only ( su* int]e/s z may be assum$ to exi/1 z con/itute "o's pres5t neighborhood1 ne> & remote2 x is also true ( int]e/s t are z yet only pot5tialities1 def9$ by ! capacity ( liv+ ?+s #fh to gr[4 ,if x be unreasonable to neglect ! be>+ ( "o's action on int]e/s :i* "o happ5s n to be famili> )1 x is unreasonable to neglect its be>+ on int]e/s n yet ass]t$1 :]ev] !re is a presumption t su* may come to be4 ,9 o!r words1 "o's moral acc\nt _c be made up )\t a provision = entries t h yet to be made4 ,su* a provision w take ! =m ( a purpose to gr[1 an ard5t _s ( lib]ality1 an eag]ness = novelty4 ,good-w builds bett] ?an x kn[s2 x is op5 t[>d ! future2 committ$ to a task :i* requires =esight & also fai?4 ,b su* devotion1 ) all its extravagance1 ) its v rev]5ce = :at is n kn[n b mu/ nev]!less be acc\nt$ be/1 is only1 aft] all1 ! "p ( fe>less good s5se4 ,if any?+ be good1 & if x be reasonable to pursue x1 !n is ! maximum ( t ?+ ! be/1 & ! pursuit ( x :olly reasonable4 ,x may ev5 be said t ?rift is only a less] =m ( piety1 & piety ! :ole ( ?rift4 ,=1 fir/ & la/1 goodness lies 9 ! sav+ & increase ( life4 ,! ju/ification ( any act lies 9 its be+ provid5t2 9 its yield ( imm$iate fulfilm5t & its g5]\s all[ance = ! o!r int]e/1 ! remote int]e/1 & ! int]e/ t is z yet only surmis$4 ,! good w is ! w to p>ticipate productively1 p]missively1 #fi & =mally 9 ! total und]tak+ ( life4 ,only :5 ?is int5tion controls "o's decisions c "o act )\t fe> ( "o's own critical reflection4 ,,vi ,let me add a ^w conc]n+ ! "p play$ by ! imag9ation 9 en=c+ ! logic ( morality4 ,an enlight5$ consci5ce1 or a rational conviction ( duty1 w consi/ ess5tially 9 ! view+ ( life ) a c]ta9 remove f its local incid5ts4 ,9 conduct1 z 9 all matt]s :]e validity or tru? is conc]n$1 ! critical consci\sness mu/ dis5gage itself & view ! c\rse ( ?+s 9 its due proportions1 all[+ "o's de>e/ int]e/s to lie :]e !y lie among ! re/4 ,i h read s admirable a repres5tation ( ! moral function ( ! logical imag9ation 9 a rec5t pap] by ,h4 ,g4 ,"l1 t ,i beg leave to quote x "h 9 full3 ,z betwe5 "o's self & ano!r ! image ( an imp>tial outsid] :o acts z our judge is none o!r ?an ?is rational insight into ! relation exi/+ betwe5 two :o are cognitively to ea* o!r j ?is & n any?+ else4 ,x is ! vision ( ! actual reciprocity ( ! two4 ,f ?is comes ! ,gold5 ,rule 9 its v>i\s =ms3 ,love ?y neighbor z ?yself1 ,d unto o!rs z ye w\ld be done by1 ,put y\rself 9 8 place4 ,b1 fur!rmore1 ev5 ?is simpl] ju/ice necessitates ! p[] n only to see y\rself z o!rs see #gj y1 b ev5 m adequately1 & z we say m ju/ly1 to put y\rself :]e y belong 9 a sy/em ( _m1 9 :i* y n only c\nt = "o & no m ?an "o1 b 9 :i* y c\nt = j t sort ( "o1 fulfill+ j t sort ( function :i* y\r place 9 ! rationally conceiv$ sy/em involves or necessitates4 ,& ?is gives u a =m ( ju/ice mu* m pr(\nd & complex ?an t ( ! ,gold5 ,rule1 & requir+ con/ructive imag9ation & rational insight ( ! v highe/ ord]4 ,& ) ?is insight goes necess>ily an inevitabl5ess1 an inexorabl5ess1 &1 z we say metaphorically1 an imp]ativ5ess1 :i* no am\nt ( twi/+ & intellectual ?imble-rigg+ c avoid4 ,! logic ( ! sy/em _c be avoid$ any m ?an a /ep 9 a ma!matical demon/ration4 4 4 4 ,s long z x /&s1 its p>ts1 elem5ts1 or memb]s are plac$1 & !re is set ov] ea* ( !m ! imp]ative ( ! sy/em 9 :i* !y are memb]s4#ab ,x has sometimes be5 ?\ght t a fair view ( life w inhibit action ?r\gh discr$it+ p>ty zeal4 ,john ,davidson describes :at he calls ! apa?y ( intellig5ce4 ,to be /rong to ! end1 x is necess>y to %ut _m w9d[s1 to be deaf on ei!r side ( ! head at w1 to fett] ! m9d4 4 4 4 ,! p]fect intellig5ce _c fight1 _c compete4 ,intellig5ce1 fully awake1 is doom$ to und]/&1 & c no m take "p 9 ! disputes ( m5 ?an 9 ! disputes ( o!r male creatures4#ac ,n[ x is true t intellig5ce inhibits wantonness2 = intellig5ce1 fully awake1 kn[s h[ unreasonable x is t "o :o loves life %\ld #ga de/roy x4 ,b because intellig5ce affirms ! motive ( ea* combatant1 x mu/ move action to ! sav+ ( bo?4 ,:]e intellig5ce is direct$ to ! inn] impulse ( life1 x is n apa!tic1 b sympa!tic4 ,its span is wid5$1 :ile its inc5tive is n divid$ b multipli$4 ,nor does x foll[ t :5 duty is int]pret$ z enlight5m5t1 life mu/ lose its romantic flavor & cease to require ! old high-spirit$ virtues4 ,x is ?is v l9k+ ( life to life1 ?is ab&onm5t ( "o's self to ! prodigi\s ( ! :ole1 t provides ! true object ( rev]5ce1 & p]mits ! s5se ( my/]y to rema9 ev5 aft] ! light has come4 ,al?\gh ! way ( morality is evid5t & well-prov$ 9 direction1 be+ pla9 to :omev] w look at life ) a fair & comm&+ eye1 a*ievem5t is difficult1 ! great victories h>d won1 & ! c]ta9 prospect b\nd$ by a ne> horizon4 ,ev5 ?\gh life be rationaliz$1 x w none ! less call = intrepid fai?2 = :at ,maet]l9ck calls ! h]oic1 cl\d-tipp$1 indefatigable en]gy ( our consci5ce4 #ad #gb ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,virtue ,i ,we h ?us f> dealt ) ! g5]al cont5t ( morality1 & ) its logical gr\nds4 ,morality is only life :]e life is organiz$ & confid5t1 ! /ruggle = m]e exi/5ce be+ replac$ ) ! prospect ( a progressive & limitless atta9m5t4 ,! good is fulfill$ desire2 ! moral good ! fulfilm5t ( a univ]sal economy1 embrac+ all desires1 actual & possible1 & provid+ = !m z lib]ally z _! mutual relations p]mit4 ,! moral good is simply ! greate/ possible good1 :]e good 9 ! broad g5]ic s5se means any object ( int]e/ :atsoev]1 any?+ prov$ wor? ! seek+ f ! fact t "s unit ( life actually seeks x4 ,:atev] is priz$ is on t acc\nt preci\s4 ,! logic ( morality re/s on ?is objective relation betwe5 int]e/ & value4 ,! maximum good has ! greate/ weight1 its claims are entitl$ to priority1 because x surpasses any limit$ good 9 inc5tive & promise ( fulfilm5t4 ,duty 9 ?is logical s5se is simply to #gc control ( p>ticul> actions by a full recognition ( _! consequ5ces4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] ! att5tion is %ift$ f ! :ole to ! p>ts ( morality4 ,i am n "o ( ^? :o /ake mu* on ! casui/ical application ( e?ical pr9ciples4 ,e p>ticul> action virtually involves consid]ations ( enorm\s complexity2 & ! individual mu/ be ma9ly guid$ by g5]al rules ( conduct or virtues1 :i* are prov$ by ! cumulative exp]i5ce ( ! race4 ,life itself is ! only adequate exp]im5t 9 liv+4 ,virtues are prop]ly v]ifi$ only 9 ! hi/ory ( society1 9 ! developm5t ( in/itutions1 & 9 ! evid5ces ( progress 9 civilization at l>ge4 ,i %all conf9e myself1 !n1 to su* v]ifi$ virtues1 & seek to %[ _! relation to morality z a :ole4#a ,virtues v>y 9 g5]ality accord+ to ! degree to :i* !y ref] to special circum/ance2 &1 s9ce !re is no limit to ! v>iety ( circum/ance1 !re is1 /rictly speak+1 no f9al & compreh5sive ord] ( virtues4 ,! t]m may be appli$ ) equal propriety to types ( action z univ]sal z ju/ice & z p>ticul> z conjugal fidelity4 ,we %all f9d x necess>y to conf9e ourselves to ! m g5]al & fundam5tal virtues4 ,i h adopt$ a me?od ( classification to :i* ,i atta* no absolute importance1 b :i* #gd w1 ,i tru/1 s]ve to amplify & illum9ate ! fundam5tal conceptions :i* ,i h already =mulat$4 ,i %all aim1 9 ! fir/ place1 to make explicit a di/9ction :i* has hi!rto be5 obscur$4 ,i ref] to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! =mal aspects ( morality4 ,on ! "o h&1 action is always engag$ 9 ! fulfilm5t ( an imm$iate int]e/2 ?is con/itutes its mat]ial goodness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e moral action is limit$ or regulat$ by ! provision :i* x makes = ult]ior int]e/s2 ?is con/itutes its =mal goodness4 ,let me make ?is diff]5ce m cle>4 ,a p>ticul> action is inv>iably connect$ ) a p>ticul> int]e/2 & 9 s f> z x is successful x w ?us be directly fruitful ( fulfilm5t4 ,& x matt]s n h[ broad a purpose con/itutes its ultimate motive2 = purposes c be s]v$ only ?r\gh a v>iety ( activities1 ea* ( :i* w h its proximate int]e/ & its own cont9u\s yield ( satisfaction4 ,life pays z x goes1 ev5 ?\gh x goes to ! l5g? ( s]v+ humanity at l>ge1 & ! l>g] ent]prises owe _! v ju/ification to ?is additive & cumulative pr9ciple4 ,b if action is to be moral x mu/ always look beyond ! pres5t satisfaction4 ,x mu/ submit to su* *ecks z are necess>y = ! realization ( a great] good4 ,inde$1 action is n :olly #ge good until x is controll$ ) ref]5ce to ! fulfilm5t ( ! totality ( int]e/s4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t e action may be judg$ 9 two respects3 fir/1 9 respect ( its imm$iate return ( fulfilm5t2 second1 9 respect ( its be>+ on all residual int]e/s4 ,e good action w be bo? pr(itable & safe2 bo? self-su/a9+ & also s]viceable to ! :ole4 ,! necessity ( det]m9+ ! relative weight :i* is to be giv5 to ^! two consid]ations acc\nts = ! peculi> delicacy ( ! art ( life1 s9ce x makes almo/ inevitable ei!r ! "o or ! o!r ( two opposite errors ( exagg]ation4 ,! undue ass]tion ( ! pres5t-int]e/ con/itutes mat]ialism1 9 ! moral s5se4 ,mat]ialism is a =feiture ( great] good ?r\gh preoccupation ) ne>] good4 ,x appe>s 9 an individual's neglect ( 8 fell['s int]e/1 9 8 too easy satisfaction ) good already atta9$1 9 %ort-sight$ policy on any scale4 ,=malism1 on ! o!r h&1 signifies ! improvid5t exagg]ation ( ult]ior motives4 ,x is due to a misappreh5sion conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 high] & l[] int]e/s4 ,i h s\ght to make x cle> t high] int]e/s owe _! em95ce1 n to any intr9sic quality ( _! own1 b to ! fact t !y save & promote l[] int]e/s4 ,=malism is ! #gf rejection ( l[] int]e/s 9 ! "n ( "s good t )\t ^! int]e/s is no?+4 ,! conflict betwe5 ! mat]ial & =mal motives 9 life is pres5t 9 e moral crisis1 & qualifies ! mean+ ( e moral idea4 ,x may ev5 provoke a social revolution1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,puritan revolution 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,puritan is /ill ! symbol ( moral rigor & sobriety1 z ! ,cavali] is ! symbol ( ! love ( life4 ,! full mean+ ( morality t5ds con/antly to be confus$ ?r\gh id5tify+ x exclusively ) ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! motives4 ,?us morality has come1 on ! :ole1 to be associat$ ) con/ra9t & discipl9e1 9 bo? a favorable & a disp>ag+ s5se4 ,?is has l$ to its be+ reject$ z a falsification ( life by ^? :o insi/ t e good ?+ is free & fair & pleasant4 ,&1 ev5 among ^? :o recognize ! vital necessity ( discipl9e1 morality is s n>r[$ to t compon5t1 t x commonly sugge/s only ^? scruples & inhibitions :i* de/roy ! spontaneity & :ole-he>t$ness ( e activity4 ,t morality %\ld t5d to be id5tifi$ ) its =mal r ?an its mat]ial aspect is n /range2 = x is ! =mal motive :i* is critical & corrective1 sub/itut+ a consci\s recon/ruction ( int]e/s = _! initial movem5t4 ,x is ?is fact :i* gives to duty t #gg s5se ( compulsion :i* is s inv>iably associat$ ) x4 ,duty is oppos$ to ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 :5ev] life is dom9at$ by any motive %ort ( ! absolute good-w4 ,?us among ! ,greeks1 dik is oppos$ to bia4#b ,?is means simply t because ! pr9ciples ( social organization are n z yet ?or\ghly assimilat$1 _! adoption requires att5tion & ef=t4 ,& a simil> opposition may appe> at ei!r a high] or l[] level1 betwe5 ! mom5t>y impulse & ! law ( prud5ce1 or betwe5 ! habit ( worldl9ess & ! law ( piety4 ,9 connection ) ?is broad diff]5ce betwe5 ! mat]ial & =mal aspects ( life1 x is int]e/+ to obs]ve a c]ta9 diff]5ce ( l5i5cy 9 ! popul> judgm5t4 ,mat]ialism is m he>tily condemn$1 because he :o is guilty ( x is n alive to ! g5]al good4 ,he is morally unreg5]ate4 ,=malism1 on ! o!r h&1 is good-he>t$ or well-int5tion$4 ,he :o is guilty ( x may be ridicul$ z unpractical1 or piti$ = 8 misguid$ zeal2 b society r>ely (f]s to *a/ise him4 ,= he has submitt$ to discipl9e1 & if he is n ! fri5d ( man1 x is n because ( any pr(it t he has res]v$ = himself4 ,9 ! arrangem5t :i* foll[s ,i %all use ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! mat]ial & =mal #gh aspects ( morality to supplem5t ! ma9 pr9ciple ( classification1 :i* is t diff]5ce ( level or range1 ( :i* ,i h already made "s use 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 & :i* ,i %all n[ def9e m precisely4 ,9 morality life is s organiz$ z to provide = int]e/s z lib]ally & compreh5sively z possible4 ,b ! pr9ciples ?r\gh :i* su* organization is effect$ w diff] 9 ! degree to :i* !y accompli% t end4 ,h5ce x is possible to def9e sev]al economies or /ages ( organization :i* are successively m complete4 ,! simple int]e/1 fir/1 is ! isolat$ int]e/1 pursu$ reg>dlessly ( o!r int]e/s2 9 o!r words1 n z yet br\ght "u ! =m ( morality4 ,! reciprocity ( int]e/s1 repres5ts t rudim5t>y =m ( morality 9 :i* int]e/s ent] only into an ext]nal relation1 ?r\gh :i* !y secure an ex*ange ( b5efits )\t ab&on+ _! indep5d5ce4 ,9 ! incorporation ( int]e/s1 elem5t>y int]e/s are unifi$ ?r\gh a purpose :i* subord9ates & regulates !m4 ,! frat]nity ( int]e/s1 is t organization 9 :i* ! rational or p]sonal unit ( int]e/ is recogniz$ z f9al1 & respect$ :]ev] x is met4 ,b !re mu/ also be "s la/ economy1 9 :i* provision is =mally made = any int]e/ :atsoev] t may ass]t itself4 ,?is is ! realm ( #gi good-w1 or1 z ,i %all call x = ! sake ( symmetry1 ! univ]sal sy/em ( int]e/s4 ,i %all s con/rue ^! economies z to make ! broad] or m inclusive compreh5d ! n>r[]4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! economies possesses its *>act]i/ic pr9ciple ( organization1 or typical mode ( action2 & ?is enables u to def9e five prime virtues3 intellig5ce1 prud5ce1 purpose1 ju/ice1 & good-w4 ,f ea* ( ^! virtues !re accrues to life a *>act]i/ic b5efit3 f intellig5ce1 satisfaction2 f prud5ce1 heal?2 f purpose1 a*ievem5t2 f ju/ice1 rational int]c\rse2 & f good-w1 religion4 ,! abs5ce ( ^! virtues def9es a gr\p ( negative vices3 incapacity1 imprud5ce1 aimlessness1 inju/ice1 & irrev]5ce4 ,f9ally1 apply+ ! di/9ction betwe5 =malism & mat]ialism1 we obta9 two fur!r s]ies ( vices2 =1 ) two exceptions1 x is possible 9 ea* economy ei!r to exagg]ate ! pr9ciple ( organization1 & ?us neglect ! con/itu5t int]e/s :i* x is int5d$ to organize2 or to exagg]ate ! good atta9$1 & ?us neglect ! wid] sph]es beyond4 ,!re w ?us be a =mali/ic s]ies ( errors3 asceticism1 s5tim5talism1 an>*ism1 my/icism2 & a mat]iali/ic s]ies3 ov]9dulg5ce1 sordidness1 bigotry or egoism1 worldl9ess4 ,s9ce mat]ialism is 9 ea* case due to ! lack ( ! next high] #hj pr9ciple ( organization1 !re is no real diff]5ce betwe5 ! mat]ialism ( "o economy & ! negative vice ( ! next4 ,b ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to reta9 bo? s]ies1 because !y repres5t a diff]5ce ( emphasis :i* x is cu/om>y to make4 ,?us !re is no real diff]5ce betwe5 ov]9dulg5ce & imprud5ce2 b "o ref]s to ! excess1 & ! o!r to ! defici5cy1 9 an activity :i* is excessive 9 its fulfilm5t ( a pres5t int]e/1 & defici5t 9 its reg>d = ult]ior int]e/s4 ,i h ?\ght x be/ = ! purpose ( cle> pres5tation to tabulate ^! virtues & vices2 & x proves conv5i5t1 also1 to adopt a fix$ nom5clature4 ,x is un=tunate t ! t]ms mu/ be drawn f common spee*2 = x is impossible t ! mean+ assign$ to !m 9 ! c\rse ( a me?odical analysis l ! pres5t1 %\ld exactly co9cide ) t :i* !y h acquir$ 9 _! loos] application to daily life4 ,b ,i %all endeavor always to make pla9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i use !m2 &1 ?us gu>d$1 !y w s]ve to m>k out a s]ies ( special topics :i* x is important briefly to review4 #ha ,,economy ,,virtue ,,value ,,negative ,,=malism ,,mat]ialism ,,vice ,simple ,intelli- ,satis- ,incapacity ------ ,ov]- ,int]e/ g5ce faction indulg5ce ,recipro- ,prud5ce ,heal? ,imprud5ce ,ascet- ,sordidness city ( icism ,int]e/s ,incorpor- ,purpose ,a*ieve- ,aimless- ,s5tim5t- ,bigotry ation ( m5t ness alism ,egoism ,int]e/s ,frat]nity ,ju/ice ,rational ,inju/ice ,an>*ism ,worldl9ess ( ,int]- ,int]e/s c\rse ,univ]sal ,good-,w ,religion ,irrev]5ce ,my/icism ------ ,sy/em ( ,int]e/s #hb ,,ii ,we h already _h occasion to rem>k t no moral value atta*es to ! successes & failures ( ! isolat$ or simple int]e/4 ,?us x is cu/om>y n to apply judgm5ts ( approval or condemnation to ! vicissitudes ( animal life4 ,s :olesale a g5]alization is und\bt$ly false2 b at any rate x is bas$ on ! supposition t ! motive 9 animal life is always simple4 ,& simil>ly1 :5ev] human action is reg>d$ only ) ref]5ce to ! impulse x imm$iately s]ves1 x is judg$ to be successful or futile1 b nev] "r or wrong4 ,^! prop]ties are res]v$ = su* action z is controll$1 or is capable ( be+ controll$1 ) ref]5ce bo? to an imm$iate & also an ult]ior int]e/4 ,b s9ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 goodness 9 ! wid] g5]ic s5se & goodness 9 ! moral s5se is "o ( complexity1 x is prop] & illum9at+ to br+ !m into "o ord]ly progression4 ,! root-value1 !n1 ( :i* all ! high] moral values are comp\nd$1 is ! fulfilm5t or satisfaction ( ! p>ticul> int]e/4 ,?is fundam5tal value is condition$ by a =m ( organization1 :i* ,i propose 9 a re/rict$ s5se to t]m intellig5ce4 ,i mean ! capacity :i* e liv+ int]e/ mu/ possess to #hc utilize ! environm5t1 to turn x to its own advantage4 ,?is is ! di/+ui%+ & ess5tial capacity ( life 9 e =m4 ,a plant c cont9ue to exi/1 & a sculptor c model a /atue1 only ?r\gh be+ s organiz$ z to be able to assimilate :at ! environm5t (f]s4 ,:e!r x be call$ tropism or te*nique1 x is all "o4 ,intellig5ce 9 ?is s5se may be said to be ! elem5t>y virtue1 condition+ success on e plane ( activity4 ,9 us+ su* t]ms z satisfaction & success int]*angeably ) s irreproa*able a t]m z fulfilm5t1 ,i may1 until my mean+ is :olly cle>1 seem to degrade morality4 ,b ! tone ( disp>agem5t 9 ^! fir/ two t]ms is due to _! hav+ acquir$ c]ta9 arbitr>y associations4 ,x is suppos$ t to be satisfi$ is to be complac5t1 & t to be successful is to be h>d & worldly4 ,n[1 a n>r[ satisfaction & a bl9d success are morally evil2 b satisfaction & success may be tak5 up into a life t is :olly wise & devot$4 ,!y w1 9 fact1 con/itute ! real body ( value 9 any practical ent]prise1 f ! lea/ to ! greate/4 ,! abs5ce ( intellig5ce1 :i* ,i %all t]m incapacity1 is ! "o absolutely fatal defect f :i* life may suff]4 ,incapacity embraces maladaptation1 dulness1 feebl5ess1 #hd sickness1 & dea?4 ,l its opposite x does n ent] into ! moral acc\nt except 9 s f> z x affects a gr\p ( int]e/s1 ?r\gh be+ prejudicial to an individual's effici5cy or a community's welf>e2 b x w impair & annul atta9m5t ^u any plane4 ,! fault ( incapacity atta*es n only to life t is rudim5t>y or defective1 b also to ! me*anical processes :i* h n be5 assimilat$ to any int]e/ & ?us lie outside ! realm ( value4 ,incapacity 9 ?is s5se is t metaphysical evil ( :i* philosoph]s speak4 ,x te/ifies to ! fact t ! cosmos is only p>tially subject to judgm5ts ei!r ( good or ( evil2 t value has a g5esis & a hi/ory )9 an environm5t t is at be/ pla/ic & progressively submissive4 ,9 t]ms ( intellig5ce & incapacity1 ! basal excell5ce & ! basal fault1 x is possible to def9e t :ole affair ( :i* morality is ! con/ructive phase3 ! attempt ( life to e/abli% itself 9 ! mid/ ( primordial lifelessness1 to av]t dissolution & dea?1 & to ext5d & amplify itself to ! utt]mo/4 ,)9 ! economy ( ! simple int]e/ !re is no possibility ( =malism1 s9ce !re is no subord9ation ( int]e/ to any?+ high] ?an itself4 ,b we meet "h ) mat]ialism 9 its pure/ =m4 ,ov]9dulg5ce is ! fault #he :i* atta*es to ! exclusive insi/5ce ( ! isolat$ int]e/ on itself2 :5 x gr[s head-/rong1 & is l to defeat itself ?r\gh be+ bl9dly preoccupi$4 ,! evil ( ov]9dulg5ce arises f two natural causes4 ,9 ! fir/ place an int]e/ is ess5tially self-p]petuat+2 9 spite ( p]iodic mom5ts ( satiety1 an int]e/ fulfill$ is r5ew$ & accel]at$4 ,j 9 s f> z x is cle>ly di/+ui%$ x possesses an impetus ( its own1 by :i* x t5ds to excess1 until correct$ by ! prote/ ( "s o!r int]e/ :i* x infr+es4 ,ov]9dulg5ce is mo/ common :]e su* consequ5ces are delay$ or obscur$ by artificial means2 h5ce its preval5ce among ^? :o c af=d = a "t to dissipate _! /r5g?1 or h "s means ( repl5i%+ x4 ,& imprud5ce is common :]e ! p5alty is insidi\s4 ,! corruption entail$ by gluttony1 inebriety1 & incont95ce may be sl[ & d\btful1 or app>5tly remitt$ 9 mom5ts ( recov]y2 b if "o indulge himself 9 foolh>d9ess or viol5ce1 he is l to be repaid on ! spot4 ,h5ce ! latt] =ms ( imprud5ce are m r>e4 ,to avoid imprud5ce1 x is necess>y to disc\nt t aspect :i* ! int]e/ we>s )9 ! p]iod ( its imm$iate fulfilm5t1 & ?us avoid ! necessity ( repeat+ ! h>d & wa/eful lesson ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is #hf tru?1 :i* is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( all practical wisdom1 has be5 graphically repres5t$ 9 ,j]emy ,taylor's ,rules & ,ex]cises ( ,holy ,liv+3 ,look ^u pleasures n ^u t side t is next ! sun1 or :]e !y look beaute\sly1 t is1 z !y come t[>ds y to be enjoy$2 = !n !y pa9t & smile1 & dress !mselves up 9 t9sel & glass gems & c\nt]feit imag]y2 b :5 ?\ ha/ rifl$ & discompos$ !m ) enjoy+ _! false beauties1 & t !y beg9 to g (f1 !n behold !m 9 _! nak$ness & we>9ess4 ,see :at a sigh & sorr[1 :at nak$ & unh&some proportions & a fil?y c>cass !y discov]2 & ! next "t !y c\nt]feit1 rememb] :at y h already discov]$1 & be no m abus$4#c ,!re is a second s\rce ( ov]9dulg5ce1 9 ! ev]-increas+ complexity ( ! moral economy4 ,! m num]\s ! int]e/s2 ! m difficult ! task ( att5d+ to _! connections & manag+ _! adju/m5t4 ,n only is ! ne$ ( prud5ce nev] outgr[n2 x /eadily acquires bo? a great] urg5cy & a great] difficulty4 ,if incapacity may be said to be ! metaphysical evil1 ! ta9t ( ! cosmos at l>ge1 ov]9dulg5ce may be said to be ! orig9al s91 ! ta9t ( life itself4 ,x is life's (f5ce aga9/ itself1 ! d5ial ( great] life = ! sake ( ! little 9 h&4 ,x is ! p]5nial failure ( ! #hg individual int]e/ to unite itself ) t univ]sal ent]prise ( :i* x is ! microcosmic image4 ,,iii ,! simple/ moral economy is t 9 :i* two or m int]e/s are reciprocally adju/$ )\t be+ subord9at$4 ,! pr9ciple ( organization :i* def9es su* an economy is prud5ce4 ,prud5ce becomes necess>y at ! mom5t :5 int]e/s come into su* contact ) "o ano!r z provokes retaliation4 ,?us1 = example1 int]e/s react on "o ano!r ?r\gh be+ embodi$ 9 ! same physical organism4 ,ea* bodily activity dep5ds on ! well-be+ ( co-ord9ate functions1 & if its ex]cise be s immod]ate z to injure ^!1 x und]m9es itself4 ,mod]ation ga9s = special int]e/s ! support ( a g5]al bodily heal?4 ,b bodily heal? is n ! only m$ium ( int]dep5d5ce among ! int]e/s ( a s+le individual4 ,8 int]e/s mu/ draw n only ^u a common s\rce ( vitality1 b also ^u a common /ock ( mat]ial res\rces4 ,! limitation ( int]e/s t foll[s f ?is fact is frugality or ?rift1 ! practical work+ ( ! pr9ciple t pres5t wa/e is future lack1 & t1 !re=e1 to save n[ is to sp5d h]eaft]4 ,?rift involves also a special emphasis on #hh livelihood1 s9ce ?is is a s\rce ( supply = all p>ticul> int]e/s4 ,! social relation makes int]e/s ext]nally int]dep5d5t 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,int]e/s mu/ inhabit "o space1 exploit "o physical environm5t1 & employ a common mode ( communication4 ,if any int]e/ s acts z unduly to div]t "o ( ^! m$iums to its own uses1 x mu/ suff] retaliation f ! o!r int]e/s t likewise dep5d on t m$ium4 ,x is prud5t to give ev5 "o's rival half ! road1 & to divide ! spoils ) him4 ,!re is a politic =m ( hone/y2 & v]acity may be conceiv$ only z a k9d ( caution4 ,?us ,m5&] says3 ,x is always be/ to speak ! tru? 9 all circum/ances4 ,?is is a precept :i* contributes mo/ to safety ( life4 #d ,tact is only a m ref9$ me?od ( avoid+ ! antagonism ( int]e/s t op]ate )9 ! same field ( social int]c\rse4 ,! economy ( prud5ce has its own *>act]i/ic value4 ,inde$1 if ?is 7 n s !re w\ld be no possibility ( t =m ( bas5ess kn[n z be+ m]ely prud5t4 ,!re is a prud5tial equilibrium2 a condition ( smoo? & h>moni\s adju/m5t1 )9 ! p]sonal life or ! community4 ,i propose t ?is equilibrium be t]m$ heal?4 ,9 t admirable idealization ( r5aissance morality1 ,ca/iglione's #hi ,book ( ! ,c\rti]1 ! au?or ref]s to ! imm$iate rew>d ( self-control t comes bo? f inn] h>mony & ! approbation ( "o's fell[s4 ,to in/il goodness into ! m9d1 to tea* cont95ce1 =titude1 ju/ice1 temp]ance1 ,ca/iglione w\ld give 8 pr9ce a ta/e ( h[ mu* sweetness is hidd5 by ! little bitt]ness t at fir/ sight appe>s to him1 :o )/&s vice2 :i* is always hurtful & displeas+1 & accompani$ by infamy & blame1 j z virtue is pr(itable1 bli!1 & full ( praise4 #e ,socially1 ! heal?ful equilibrium corresponds to t peace :i* ,hobbes prais$ above all ?+s2#f & :i* is all t is ask$ = by ^? :o wi% to be let alone 9 ord] t !y may pursue _! own affairs4 ,al?\gh su* peace may be ignom9i\s1 x ne$ n be s2 & a s5se ( security & reciprocal adju/m5t mu/ rema9 among ! surviv+ values1 :atev] high] a*ievem5ts be add$ to x4 ,b ! inh]5t value ( heal? is mo/ cle>ly def9$ by a nice equilibration ( activities )9 ! m$ium ( ! individual organism4 ,i borr[ ! foll[+ description ( heal? 9 ?is s5se f a rec5t book by ,h4 ,g4 ,wells3 ,! balance z betwe5 asceticism & s5suality comes 91 x seems to me1 if we rememb] t to dr9k well "o mu/ n h drunk5 = "s "t1 #ij t to see well "o's eye mu/ be cle>1 t to make love well "o mu/ be fit & graci\s & sweet & discipl9$ f top to toe1 t ! f9e/ s5se ( all--! joy\s s5se ( bodily well-be+--comes only ) ex]cises & re/ra9ts & f9e liv+4#g ,! temp]ance prais$ by ! ,greeks is ( l quality1 ) a fur!r ref]5ce to ! reasonabl5ess :i* x fo/]s4 ,a prud5ce :i* is ma/]$1 :i* has become a spontaneity1 deliv]s reason f bondage1 & makes ! :ole ( life easily con=mable to x4 ,?us ,ca/iglione1 :o is s (t5 rem9isc5t ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 draws a contra/ betwe5 cont95ce1 z ! conque/ ( prud5ce1 & temp]ance z its b5efic5t rule4 ,?us ?is virtue does n compel ! m9d1 b infus+ x by v g5tle means ) a vehem5t belief t incl9es x to righte\sness1 r5d]s x calm & full ( re/1 9 all ?+s equal & well measur$1 & dispos$ on e side by a c]ta9 self-accord :i* adorns x ) a tranquillity s s]5e t x is nev] ruffl$1 & becomes 9 all ?+s v ob$i5t to reason & ready to turn its e act !reto & to foll[ :]ev] reason may wi% to lead x1 )\t ! lea/ unwill+ness4#h ,su* is t prud5ce :i*1 ?\gh ri* 9 its own "r1 is nev]!less subord9ate to great] good4 ,x is prop] to reg>d prud5ce z inf]ior 9 pr9ciple to purpose & good-w1 or ev5 z ignoble :5 confirm$ 9 its n>r[ness4 ,x #ia d5otes an organization ( life 9 :i* z yet no int]e/ has ris5 above ! re/2 x bespeaks ! common populace ( int]e/s1 discipl9$1 b n mov$ to any em95t a*ievem5t4 ,! fact t ! validity ( ! pr9ciple ( prud5ce is s readily grant$ is significant ( ?is4 ,prud5ce requires no int]e/ to be o!r ?an itself1 b meets x on its own gr\nd4 ,!re is no elevation ( motive4 ,b prud5ce is ! fir/ & mo/ in/ructive lesson 9 morality4 ,x has a peculi> impressiv5ess1 n only because x is s promptly & unmi/akably v]ifi$1 b because x is s close to life4 ,its mean+ is unlikely to be obscur$ ?r\gh be+ ab/ract$ f ! real int]e/s ^: sav+ is ! pro( ( its virtue4 ,fur!rmore1 al?\gh prud5ce is n ! highe/ pr9ciple 9 life1 x is a mi/ake to suppose t x is !re=e unnecess>y 9 ! highe/ sph]es ( life4 ,!re is a problem ( prud5ce t und]lies e practical problem :atsoev]4 ,if int]e/s are to be organiz$ !y mu/ be n only subord9at$ b also co-ord9at$1 t is1 adju/$ )9 e m$ium 9 :i* !y meet4 ,)\t mod]ation1 caution1 self-control1 ?rift1 & tact !re is no s]v+ man or ,god4 ,z life increases 9 complexity x is easy to =get ^! basal precepts4 ,nature has provid$ a model1 bo? simple & fundam5tal1 9 physical heal?4 #ib ,! body1 says ,burke1 is wis] 9 its own pla9 way1 & att5ds its own bus9ess m directly ?an ! m9d ) all its boa/$ subtilty4 #i ,! prud5tial organization ( life furni%es ! fir/ type ( =malism4 ,prud5ce requires t ! int]e/ %all be limit$ 9 ord] t x may n antagonize o!r int]e/s & ?us indirectly defeat itself4 ,discipl9e is ju/ifi$1 9 o!r words1 by its fruits4 ,b discipl9e involves an initial mom5t ( negation1 9 :i* ! movem5t ( ! int]e/ is resi/$4 ,x mu/ be *eck$1 & its headway ov]come1 if x is to be r$irect$4 ,! exagg]ation ( ?is mom5t ( negation1 or a /eady p]si/5ce 9 x1 is asceticism4 ,its fault lies 9 its empt9ess1 9 its de/ruction or p]v]sion ( t :i* x 0 design$ only to protect aga9/ itself4 ,asceticism appe>s mo/ frequ5tly z a subord9ate motive 9 "s g5]al condemnation ( ! _w on religi\s gr\nds1 & mu/ receive fur!r consid]ation 9 t connection4 ,its prop] mean+ z a purely prud5tial =malism is be/ exhibit$ 9 ! ,greek ,cynics4 ,^! philosoph]s 7 mov$ to mortify ! fle%1 & to d5y _! social int]e/s1 by extreme caution4 ,!y discov]$ t ! safe/ me?od ( adju/m5t 0 simplification4 ,if "o p]mits "o's self no desires1 "o ne$ n suff] #ic f _! conflict1 nor ne$ "o treat ) ! desires ( o!rs4 ,n[ ?is w\ld be a v p]fect solution ( ! problem ( adju/m5t1 if only !re 7 some?+ left to adju/4 ,if a ,cynic c atta9 to a /ate ( r5unciation 9 :i* he wants no?+1 he w be sure ( hav+ :at he wants2 only1 un=tunately1 x w be no?+4 ,epictetus has ?us repres5t$ ! ,cynic's boa/3 ,look at me1 :o am )\t a city1 )\t a h\se1 )\t possessions1 )\t a slave2 ,i sleep on ! gr\nd2 ,i h no wife1 no *ildr51 no praetorium1 b only ! e>? & heav5s1 & "o poor cloak4 ,& :at d ,i want8 am ,i n )\t sorr[8 ,am ,i n )\t fe>8 ,am ,i n free8 ,n[ x is cle> t ! sum ( ! ,cynics' atta9m5ts is n l>ge4 ,x consi/s1 inde$1 almo/ :olly 9 a c]ta9 h>d5$ complac5cy1 & a fre$om to make faces at ! _w4 ,to ! onlook]1 ^: comm5t ,epictetus also records1 _! aspect is mean3 ,no3 b _! *>act]i/ic is ! little wallet1 & /aff1 & great jaws2 ! dev\r+ ( all t y give !m1 or /or+ x up1 or ! abus+ unseasonably all :om !y meet1 or display+ _! %\ld] z a f9e ?+4#aj ,9 o!r words1 s9ce ! ,cynic cont9ues to live aft] hav+ reject$ ! prop] in/rum5ts & =ms ( life1 he mu/ make a liv+ out ( ! *>itable curiosity excit$ by 8 v unfitness4 #id ,& asceticism ( ?is prud5tial type t5ds always to be bo? empty & mon/r\s2 empty because x d5ies life1 & mon/r\s because life is n really d5i$1 b only p]v]t$ & awkw>dly ob/ruct$4 ,!re is a mat]iali/ic evil correspond+ to ! prud5tial organization ( life :i* is kn[n z meanness1 vulg>ity1 or sordidness4 ,x d5otes a failure to recognize any?+ bett] ?an ! fulfilm5t ( ! simple int]e/s 9 _! sev]alty4 ,al?\gh gu>d$ & adju/$ ^! /ill det]m9e ! g5]al tone ( life4 ,! controll+ motive1 ! /&>d ( atta9m5t1 is nev] any?+ high] ?an ! elem5t>y desire ) its att5dant satisfaction4 ,9 its negative aspect ?is is t]m$ aimlessness1 & is id5tical ) ! ,*ri/ian vice ( idl5ess1 s graphically describ$ by ,j]emy ,taylor3 ,idl5ess is call$ ! s9 ( ,sodom & h] daught]s1 & inde$ is ! burial ( a liv+ man1 an idle p]son be+ s useless to any purposes ( ,god & man1 t he is l "o t is dead1 unconc]n$ 9 ! *anges & necessities ( ! _w2 & he only lives to sp5d 8 "t1 & eat ! fruits ( ! e>?3 l a v]m9 or a wolf1 :5 _! "t comes !y die & p]i%1 & 9 ! meantime d no good2 !y nei!r pl\gh nor c>ry burd5s2 all !y d is ei!r unpr(itable or mis*iev\s4#aa ,?us aimlessness d5otes a failure to atta9 any?+ ( wor?2 a lack ( consecutiv5ess & #ie unity4 ,! correction ( ?is fault lies 9 a new pr9ciple ( organization4 ,,iv ,?is new pr9ciple ( organization consi/s 9 ! incorporation ( int]e/s1 t is1 _! subord9ation to a purpose t embraces !m1 unifies !m1 & c>ries ! :ole to a successful issue4 ,! incorporation ( int]e/s is peculi>ly an intellectual process4 ,x is ?is to :i* ,socrates ref]s :5 he says t k is virtue4 ,purpose requires1 9 ! fir/ place1 t "o %\ld def9e & =esee ! end1 & 9 ! second place1 t "o %\ld be sagaci\s & wat*ful 9 ! s]vice ( x4 ,purpose is ! virtue ( ! und]/&+1 ( a m9d :i* is adv5tur\s en\gh to project an ent]prise1 b has en\gh ( home-keep+ wit to judge nicely ( cause & effect or ( "p & :ole4 ,!re are _m virtues :i* contribute to purpose1 & ( ^! none is m indisp5sable ?an pati5ce1 or ! capacity to labor )\t hire = a prize def]r$4 ,bett] is ! end ( a ?+1 says ! ,prea*]1 ?an ! beg9n+ !re(3 & ! pati5t 9 _s is bett] ?an ! pr\d 9 _s4 ,/ead9ess ( purpose "u adv]se or confus+ circum/ances is call$ p]si/5ce1 c\rage1 loyalty1 or zeal1 ) #if diff]5ces ( mean+ t reflect ! nature ei!r ( ! purpose or ! circum/ances4 ,b s9ce purpose is s mu* an intellectual virtue1 special importance atta*es 9 ?is economy to tru?fulness4 ,if "o's purpose be "s =m ( p]sonal a*ievem5t1 "o mu/ deal hone/ly ) "o's self4 ,& ?is is n easily done4 ,epictetus told 8 pupils t m5 7 loa? to admit any fault t !y held to be really blamewor?y3 ,"s ?+s m5 readily confess1 & o!r ?+s !y d n4 ,no "o !n w confess t he is a fool or )\t und]/&+2 b q ! contr>y y w he> all m5 say+1 ,i wi% t ,i _h =tune equal to my und]/&+4 ,b m5 readily confess t !y are timid1 & !y say3 ,i am r timid1 ,i confess2 b z to o!r respects y w n f9d me to be fooli%4 ,a man w n readily confess t he is intemp]ate2 & t he is unju/1 he w n confess at all4 ,he w by no means confess t he is envi\s or a busybody4 ,mo/ m5 w confess t !y are compassionate4#ab ,n[ if "o is to atta9 any?+ difficult1 he _c af=d to indulge 9 vanity or self-satisfaction2 = action c be kept true to its end only :5 ! lea/ obliquity is m>k$ & correct$4 ,h5ce ! /rong man does n attribute 8 failure to =tune or to 8 amiable virtues1 b to 8 folly2 = he kn[s t to be ! crucial fault :i* x lies )9 8 p[] to rem$y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! purpose be "o #ig :i* involves ! co-op]ation ( sev]al p]sons1 x is necess>y t ^! %\ld deal op5ly & c&idly ) "o ano!r4 ,tru?fulness is a condition ( any collective und]tak+4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! gr[+ recognition ( ! ne$ ( publicity :]ev] democratic in/itutions prevail4 ,secrecy is a sort ( treason4 ,if m5 are to "w toge!r = _! common welf>e !y mu/ be truly 9 t\* ) "o ano!r2 o!rwise !re is a spy at _! c\ncils1 an incalculable =ce t may c\nt]work _! plans4 ,a*ievem5t1 ! value :i* ! virtue ( purpose conditions1 ne$s no morali/'s ju/ification4 ,! _w nev] tires ( prais+ x1 = x is ! _w's bus9ess4 ,by a*ievem5t ,i mean ! fulfilm5t by subord9at$ & cumulative ef=t ( an int]e/ delib]ately adopt$ = its greatness ( value4 ,life is n[ controll$ n by ! accid5t ( desire1 b by ! due pref]5ce ( ! bett]4 ,x has begun to be rational n only 9 its me?od1 b also 9 its aim4 ,x is n[ m fruitful1 because m broadly conceiv$1 be+ engag$ 9 ent]prises :i* cont9ue1 & :i* draw f _m s\rces4 ,h5ce a man c bett] endure ! spectacle ( 8 own life1 = x seems n to be :olly mean or ineffectual4 ,9 t 8 conduct is unifi$1 consi/5t1 & direct$ to "s wor?y #ih end1 he is possess$ ( t quality ( "* :i* is respect$ 9 him bo? by himself & by 8 fell[s4 ,x is un=tunate t !re is no bett] t]m ?an s5tim5talism ) :i* to indicate t v>iety ( =malism :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! purposive economy4 ,! fallacy consi/s ess5tially 9 ! ab/raction ( ! purpose f its con/itu5t int]e/s4 ,! true value ( a purpose lies 9 its function ( organization2 & is1 !re=e1 insep>able f ! int]e/s to :i* x gives unity & fulfilm5t4 ,b its =m1 or ev5 its m]e "n1 may1 ?r\gh association1 come to acquire a fictiti\s value4 ,:5 ?is fictiti\s value gives rise 9 contemplation or disc\rse to a c]ta9 emotional satisfaction1 we employ ! t]m s5tim5talism 9 ! conv5tional s5se4 ,?is is ! s5tim5talism ( ^? ,:o sigh = wret*$ness1 yet %un ! wret*$1 ,nurs+ 9 "s delici\s solitude ,_! slo?ful loves & da9ty sympa?ies4 ,i wi%1 h[ev]1 to emphasize a m insidi\s v>iety ( ?is error1 9 :i* x may be m pr(\ndly & fatally confus+4 ,i ref]1 9 ! fir/ place1 to :at may be describ$ z def]r$ liv+4 ,!re is a popul> illusion to ! effect t a life purpose is to be fruitful only at ! end2 t x is some?+ to be prep>$ = 9 y\?1 work$ = 9 maturity1 & atta9$--well1 #ii x is difficult to say :54 ,?is is ! fallacy ( heav5 transf]r$ to e>?4 ,man nev] is1 b always to be ble/4 ,life is conceiv$ z a s5t5ce at h>d labor1 ! only sure comp5sation be+ ! ultimate deliv]ance4 ,n[ !re is b "o ju/ification ( a life purpose1 & t is its cons]v+ ( ! :ole ( life2 x mu/ save ea* day & ea* h\r4 ,!re is no m virtue 9 ! future ?an 9 ! pres5t4 ,! greate/ disa/]1 says a ,greek prov]b1 is = a man to be op5$ & f\nd empty2 & ?is does n ref] to an autopsy4 ,x is at lea/ "o function ( a life-purpose to make life di/ributively & cont9u\sly good4 ,t "o's life %all be po9t$ ) a purpose does n mean t x %all be r$uc$ to a po9t4 ,! v virtue ( organization lies 9 its mak+ room = ! free play ( imm$iate & p>ticul> int]e/s1 9 its surr\nd+ !m at a di/ance ) invisible safegu>ds4 ,a second important case ( s5tim5talism is nationalism4 ,! value ( ! /ate lies 9 its protection & developm5t ( ! concrete life ( ! community4 ,! true object ( patriotism is social welf>e4 ,b = ! /ate z a provid5t economy1 !re may be sub/itut$ z an object ( loyalty :at is only an idea or a "n2 & :5 ?is is done m5 are easily p]suad$ to play into ! h&s ( unscrupul\s lead]s4 #ajj ,to ! abom9able tyrannies :i* h ?us be5 made possible ,i ne$ n ref]4 ,9 ,hegel's philosophy ( hi/ory1#ac z well z 9 _m mod]n political !ories1 ?is error has be5 delib]ately affirm$4 ,b = illu/ration ,i pref] to turn to ! case ( ,plato4 ,! ,republic 0 conceiv$1 x is true1 )\t bias ( p>ty or race1 b !re is none ! less a /ra9 ( arbitr>9ess & illib]ality 9 x4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! /ate is conceiv$ by itself1 ) a quality & p]fection ( its own t displaces ! int]e/s ( its citiz5s4#ad ,a /ate :i* is def9$ o!rwise ?an z a provision = ! v div]sity ( life1 an organization responsive to pressure f e con/itu5t desire1 fails f ov]-simplification4 ,?is ,i take to be ! mean+ ( ,ari/otle's comm5t on ! ,republic3 ,! error ( ,socrates mu/ be attribut$ to ! false notion ( unity f :i* he />ts4 ,unity !re %\ld be1 bo? ( ! family & ( ! /ate1 b 9 "s respects only4 ,= !re is a po9t at :i* a /ate may atta9 su* a degree ( unity z to be no long] a /ate1 or at :i*1 )\t actually ceas+ to exi/1 x w become an inf]ior /ate1 l h>mony pass+ into unison1 or rhy?m :i* has be5 r$uc$ to s+le foot4 ,! /ate is a plurality1 :i* %\ld be unit$ & made into a community by education4#ae ,!re is a *apt] 9 ! ,disc\rses ( ,epictetus1 entitl$3 ,to or aga9/ ^? :o ob/9ately ,p]si/ 9 :at !y h det]m9$4 #aja ,!re c\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be no bett] =mulation ( purpose gr[n h>d & unwor?ily self-suffici5t4 ,?is =m ( mat]ialism ,i h t]m$ egoism & bigotry1 s9ce ! purpose may be ei!r p]sonal or social 9 scope4 ,b 9 ei!r case ! diagnosis ( ,epictetus goes to ! root ( ! evil4 ,he ?us describes 8 exp]i5ce ) "o ( 8 companions1 :o = no reason resolv$ to />ve himself to dea?3 ,i he>d ( x :5 x 0 ! ?ird day ( 8 ab/95ce f food1 & ,i w5t to inquire :at _h happ5$4 ,i h resolv$1 he said4 ,b /ill tell me :at x 0 :i* induc$ y to resolve2 = if y h resolv$ rightly1 we %all sit ) y & assi/ y to dep>t2 b if y h made an unreasonable resolution1 *ange y\r m9d4 ,we ought to keep our det]m9ations4 ,:at are y do+1 man8 ,we ought to keep n to all our det]m9ations1 b to ^? :i* are "r2 = if y are n[ p]suad$ t x is "r1 d n *ange y\r m9d1 if y ?9k fit1 b p]si/ & say1 we ought to abide by our det]m9ations4 ,w y n make ! beg9n+ & lay ! f\ndation 9 an inquiry :e!r ! det]m9ation is s\nd or n s\nd1 & s !n build on x firmness & security8 4 4 4 ,n[ ?is man 0 ) difficulty p]suad$ to *ange 8 m9d4 ,b x is impossible to conv9ce "s p]sons at pres5t2 s t ,i seem n[ to "k1 :at ,i did n "k be=e1 ! mean+ ( ! common say+1 ,t y c nei!r p]suade nor break a fool4 ,may x nev] be my lot to h a wise fool = my fri5d3 no?+ is m untractable4 ,i #ajb am det]m9$1 ! man says4 ,madm5 are also2 b ! m firmly !y =m a judgm5t on ?+s :i* d n exi/1 ! m ellebore !y require4#af ,! wise fool is1 z ,epictetus says1 m intractable ?an ! aimless & unwitt+ fool2 because !re is sub/ance to 8 folly4 ,!re is at lea/ "s tru? on 8 side4 ,b 8 folly is folly none ! less4 ,he h>d5s himself aga9/ t :i* w\ld save him2 :ile boa/+ himself a lov] ( light1 he %uts 8 eyes le/ any ray ( x p5etrate to him4 ,?us ! egoi/1 ?r\gh ! atrophy ( 8 sympa?ies & 8 preoccupation ) a n>r[ ambition1 gratuit\sly impov]i%es 8 life2 & x is difficult to conv9ce him ( 8 loss1 because he indubitably has "s ga94 ,bigotry consi/s ess5tially 9 ! failure to employ ! me?od ( discussion1 9 ! failure to recognize 9 e rational be+ a possible s\rce ( t tru? :i* all ne$4 ,x is a /upid =feiture or wa/e ( ! res\rces ( intellig5ce possess$ by "o's fell[s4 ,! ,k+ ,creon ( ,sophocles's ,antigone is a ma/]ly repres5tation ( ! futility ( ?is pride ( op9ion4 ,creon angrily res5ts e impea*m5t ( 8 wisdom1 insi/+ on in/ant & unque/ion+ ob$i5ce4 ,b 8 son ,haemon ?us attempts to save him f himself3 ,fa!r1 ! gods plant wisdom 9 mank9d1 :i* is ( all possessions highe/4 ,9 :at respects y #ajc h n spok5 rightly ,i _c say1 & may ,i nev] le>n2 & /ill x may be possible = "s "o else to be "r too4 4 4 4 ,d n !n c>ry 9 y\r he>t "o fix$ belief t :at y say & no?+ else is "r4 ,= he :o ?9ks t he alone is wise1 or t he has a tongue & m9d no o!r has1 w :5 laid op5 be f\nd empty4#ag ,x 0 once a practice ev5 among le>n$ m5 to set p]sonal pride above ! tru?4 ,! *ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is compla9s ( ?is practice 9 ! ,middle ,ages3 ,:at are ^! combats ( s*ol>s1 if n true cock-fights1 :i* cov] u ) ridicule 9 ! eyes ( laym58 ,a cock draws himself up aga9/ ano!r & bri/les 8 fea!rs4 4 4 4 ,x is ! same to-day ) our pr(essors4 ,cocks fight ) bl[s f _! beaks & claws2 ,self-love1 z "s "o has said1 is arm$ ) a dang]\s spur4 #ah ,egoism & bigotry1 !n1 consi/ ess5tially 9 ! exagg]ation & immobility ( an adopt$ purpose4 ,z is ! case ) e v>iety ( mat]ialism1 _! fault lies 9 _! bl9dness1 9 _! fatu\s rejection ( ! good t is (f]$ to !m4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,= 9 d5y+ ! good :i* is (f]$ to him1 ! egoi/ or bigot also virtually d5ies ! reason :i* (f]s x4 ,x is ?is t con/itutes ! affront :i* is call$ inju/ice4 ,! full mean+ ( inju/ice has be5 recognis$ only gradually1 & x is ev5 n[ by no means free f confusion4 ,b ,i ?9k t x #ajd w be agre$ t ! /+ ( x is a fail+ 9 respect4 ,viol5ce may be :olly )\t ?is ta9t2 & ! mo/ bitt] inju/ice may be :olly )\t viol5ce4 ,to be unju/ is to be condesc5d+ or sup]cili\s2 to assume sup]iority on p]sonal gr\nds1 ignor+ ! equal access to tru? :i* is enjoy$ by e rational be+4 ,! nice quality ( inju/ice is mo/ cle>ly to be appreh5d$ :]e x is accompani$ by b5evol5t int5t4 ,x is "o ( ! pr9cely attributes describ$ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,c\rti]1 & ju/ifi$ 9 a mann] t leaves no d\bt ( its impli$ mean+3 ,true x is t !re are two modes ( rul+3 ! "o imp]i\s & viol5t1 l t ( ma/]s t[>d _! slaves1 & 9 ?is way ! s\l comm&s ! body2 ! o!r m mild & g5tle1 l t ( good pr9ces by means ( laws ov] _! subjects1 & 9 ?is way ! reason comm&s ! appetite2 & bo? ( ^! modes are useful1 = ! body is by nature creat$ apt = ob$i5ce to ! s\l1 & s is appetite = ob$i5ce to reason4 ,moreov]1 !re are _m m5 ^: actions h to d only ) ! use ( ! body2 & su* z ^! are z f> f virtu\s z ! s\l f ! body1 & al?\gh !y are rational creatures1 !y h only su* %>e ( reason z to recognize x1 b n to possess or pr(it by x4 ,^!1 !re=e1 are naturally slaves1 & x is bett] & m pr(itable = !m to obey ?an to comm&4#ai ,n[ ! ess5ce ( inju/ice lies 9 ?is ,platonic mann] ( classify+ human be+s 9 t]ms ( #aje limit$ capacities2 9 assign+ to "s ! degrad$ /atus ( ! appetites1 & to o!rs a limit$ faculty ( und]/&+1 :ile arrogat+ to a few ! full p[] & title ( ,reason4 ,! res5tm5t ( ?is arrogance is no m ?an ! ass]tion ( t pot5tiality ( reason :i* di/+ui%es ! animal man2 x is 8 inevitable com+ ( age1 8 det]m9ation to play ! man's "p4 ,v ,ju/ice is ! mutual respect ?r\gh :i* rational purposes ent] into a relation ( frat]nal equality4 ,x is ! c\rte\s pay+ ( honor :]e honor is due4 ,9 mod]n times ju/ice has v prop]ly be5 id5tifi$ ) tol]ance1 :i* is ! ackn[l$gm5t t "o is "o's self equally liable to error ) ano!r1 & t ano!r is equally liable to tru? ) "o's self4 ,ju/ice atta*es a c]ta9 f9ality to ! judgm5t ( e individual in/rum5t ( reason4 ,"u ! =m ( ju/ice v]acity realizes its highe/ mean+4 ,! tru? is n to be adm9i/]$ ) pat]nal indulg5ce or caution2 x is to be yield$ z a "r to e free & self-det]m9+ m9d4 ,! practice & ! _s ( ju/ice p]vade e highly develop$ social gr\p+1 su* z m>riage1 fri5d%ip1 or fell[-citiz5%ip 9 a democracy4 ,= ,ari/otle a fri5d%ip is "o #ajf s\l dwell+ 9 two bodies2#bj t is1 ! same high capacity unit+ two individuals 9 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( its common pr9ciples1 & 9 ! contemplation ( its common objects4 ,ari/otle's o!r say+1 t man is a political animal1 is inspir$ ) ! same mean+4 ,to p>ticipate 9 ! life ( a /ate1 9 :i* "o's fell[-citiz5s 7 "o's equals1 9 :i* m5 ) equal end[m5ts c>ri$ on "o unit$ activity :ile ackn[l$g+ "o ano!r's indep5d5ce1 0 to an ,a!nian ! v fulness ( life4 ,to be bani%$ f x 01 ev5 9 ! eyes ( ! law1 equival5t to dea?4 ,9 a *apt] ( 8 ,physics & ,politics1 entitl$ ,! ,age ( ,discussion1 ,bagehot has admirably repres5t$ ! importance = human progress ( an op5 ex*ange ( op9ion on all matt]s ( great consequ5ce3 ,9 ?is mann] all ! great movem5ts ( ?\ght 9 anci5t & mod]n times h be5 ne>ly connect$ 9 "t ) gov]nm5t by discussion4 ,a!ns1 ,rome1 ! ,italian republics ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! communes & /ates-g5]al ( feudal ,europe1 h all _h a special & peculi> quick5+ influ5ce1 :i* !y ow$ to _! fre$om1 & :i* /ates )\t t fre$om h nev] communicat$4 ,& x has be5 at ! "t ( great epo*s ( ?\ght--at ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 at ! fall ( ! ,roman ,republic1 at ! ,re=mation1 at ! ,fr5* ,revolution--t su* lib]ty ( speak+ & ?9k+ h produc$ _! full effect4#ba #ajg ,else:]e ,bagehot attributes to fre$om ( discussion1 n only ! deliv]ance f n>r[ & conv5tional habits1 b t g5]al elevation ( tone :i* is *>act]i/ic ( su* an era z ! ,elizabe?an age 9 ,engl&4 ,9 %ort1 ju/ice or tol]ation1 s9ce x enc\rages m5 to pu% on to ! limit ( _! p[]s1 promotes n only orig9ality & div]sity1 b a love ( p]fection4 ,x w h be5 obs]v$ t ju/ice & fre$om are complem5t>y1 = he :o is j lib]ates1 & he :o is free receives ju/ice4 ,toge!r !y con/itute ! basis ( all ! high] relation%ips betwe5 m51 ( a progressive society1 & ( ! :ole con/ructive movem5t :i* we call civilization4 ,b x is possible to con/rue ju/ice & fre$om only negatively1 z mean+ t ! individual is to be all[$ to g 8 way 9 peace4 ,su* a misconception is =mali/ic1 9 t x re/s on a failure to recognize ! provid5ce or fruitfulness ( ju/ice4 ,! virtue ( ju/ice lies n 9 its dis9tegration ( society1 b 9 its enabl+ ! memb]s ( society to unite ^u ! highe/ plane ( endeavor4 ,ju/ice is a me?od :]e) m5 may pr(it collectively1 & 9 _! organiz$ ef=t1 f a sum ( enlight5m5t to :i* e individual contributes 8 be/4 ,an>*ism re/s 9 ! negative prote/ aga9/ #ajh con=mity2 =gett+ t ! only "r to lib]ty is f\nd$ on ! possession ( a reasonabl5ess t incl9es ! individual to ! univ]sal2 & =gett+ t ! only virtue 9 lib]ty lies 9 ! opportunity = union & devotion :i* x provides4 ,!re is a m re/rict$ =m ( an>*ism 9 scepticism :i* atta*es f9ality to diff]5ces ( op9ion1 & ov]looks ! fact t ^! v diff]5ces mu/ be reg>d$ z conv]g+ approa*es to ! common tru?4 ,= m5 c diff] only 9 ! pres5ce ( id5tical objects :i* virtually annul _! diff]5ce4 ,to be free to ?9k z "o pleases _c b mean to ?9k z truly z possible1 & s to approa* z closely z possible to :at o!rs also t5d to ?9k4 ,b a l>g] importance atta*es to t mild v>iety ( an>*ism :i* is commonly call$ laissez-faire1 & :i* ,mat!w ,arnold calls ,briti% ,a!ism or ,quietism4 ,! read] w recall ,arnold's quotation f ! ,times3 ,x is ( no use = u to attempt to =ce ^u our neighbors our sev]al lik+s & dislik+s4 ,we mu/ take ?+s z !y are4 ,ev]ybody has 8 own little vision ( religi\s or civil p]fection4 ,"u ! evid5t impossibility ( satisfy+ ev]ybody1 we agree to take our /& on equal laws & on a sy/em z op5 & lib]al z is possible4 ,! result is t ev]ybody has m lib]ty ( action & ( speak+ "h ?an any:]e else 9 ! ,old ,_w4 #aji ,& f ,mr4 ,roebuck3 ,i look ar\nd me & ask :at is ! /ate ( ,engl&8 ,is n e man able to say :at he likes8 ,i ask y :e!r ! _w ov]1 or 9 pa/ hi/ory1 !re is any?+ l x8 ,no?+4 ,i pray t our unrivall$ happ9ess may la/4#bb ,?is is an almo/ p]fect repres5tation ( ! s5tim5tal int]e/ 9 ju/ice4 ,9 ! c\rse ( su* ju/ice1 none ( u %\ld see salvation4 ,x leaves :olly out ( acc\nt ! fact t :5 m5 are left free to talk or act or live z !y w1 !y w ei!r /agnate1 or !y w /rive = ! be/ & help x to prevail4 ,if ! latt]1 !y w be br\ght back to ! /ate z ! means ( mak+ "r reason effective1 & ( ext5d+ to all n simply ! leave to be :at !y want to be1 ( foll[+ :at ,arnold calls _! natural ta/e ( ! ba?os1 b ! opportunity ( le>n+ bett]4 ,ju/ice1 l purpose & prud5ce1 is a pr9ciple ( organization1 ow+ its virtue to ! l>g] fulfilm5t ( int]e/ :i* x makes possible4 ,?r\gh ?is pr9ciple ! individual is grant$ indep5d5ce1 9 ord] t 8 fre$om may remove e limit f 8 s]vice4 ,he is deliv]$ f ! bondage ( viol5ce & conv5tion1 b he is deliv]$ into ! *>ge ( 8 own reason1 :i* mu/ give bonds n only t he w keep ! peace1 b t he w give #aaj himself :olly to t true good :i* he may n[ disc]n4 ,9 ju/ice ! human secul> society is p]fect$4 ,by a secul> society ,i mean a society held to be self-suffici5t z x is2 a society 9 :i* only ^? int]e/s are ackn[l$g$ :i* are actually pres5t1 or h actually be5 admitt$ to a place ( p[] or pre/ige4 ,b secul>ism or worldl9ess 9 ?is s5se suff]s f ! g5]al error ( mat]ialism1 ! error ( mi/ak+ ! de facto good = ! :ole good4 ,x is only ano!r case ( t bl9dness :i* is ! p5alty ( all self-suffici5cy4 ,! anci5t & ! mod]n types ( worldl9ess pres5t an int]e/+ diff]5ce :i* w s]ve to illu/rate _! common fault4 ,greek lit]ature ab\nds 9 ! glorification ( ! life already a*iev$4 ,?us ,solon asks no m ( ! gods ?an to be =tunate & honor$3 ,grant unto me weal? f ! bless$ gods1 & to h alway fair fame 9 ! eyes ( all m54 ,grant t ,i may ?us be de> to my fri5ds1 & bitt] to my foes2 rev]$ 9 ! sight ( ! "o1 awful 9 ! sight ( ! o!r4 #bc ,to ?is ,p9d> adds ! petition t1 be+ dead ,i may set ^u my *ildr5 a "n t %all be ( no ill report4 #bd ,ev5 ! ideal ( ! philosoph]s is only a ref9em5t ( ?is2 #aaa recogniz+ ! sup]iority ( su* activities z engage ! imag9ation or reason1 b nev]!less f9d+ happ9ess to be complete 9 t]ms ( ! fulfilm5t ( ! dom9ant desires )9 ! exi/+ political community4 ,?is conception 0 vaguely di/ru/$1 x is true2 b x repres5ts ! *>act]i/ic enlight5m5t ( ! mo/ enlight5$ c5tre ( ,greek life4 ,its insuffici5cy 0 n cle>ly demon/rat$ until ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity2 :5 x 0 prov$ to lie 9 a lack ( pity4 ,n[ pity is n1 z is sometimes suppos$1 a k9d ( weakness2 x is a k9d ( k1 :]e) m5 are rem9d$ ( obscure & neglect$ int]e/s4 ,x is easy to und]/& :y ! ,*ri/ian revolution %\ld h be5 reg>d$ z de/ructive ( culture4 ,= x meant n ! qualitative ref9em5t ( ! good1 b ! quantitative di/ribution ( x4 ,b x none ! less m>ks an epo* 9 moral enlight5m5t2 s9ce ! br++ ( all m5 up to "o level ( opportunity & welf>e is z ess5tial a "p ( ! good z ! cultivation ( di/9ction4 ,! mod]n worldl9ess consi/s n 9 a lack ( pity1 b 9 a lack ( imag9ation4 ,phili/9ism1 z ,mat!w ,arnold describes x1 is a complac5t satisfaction ) ! k9d ( good t is prais$ & s\ght = 9 any giv5 "t4 ,su* complac5cy is f\nd 9 its mo/ extreme =m among ^? re=m]s or ev5 religi\s lead]s :o are #aab devot$ to ! sav+ ( m52 = ^! come to ov]rate _! w>es ?r\gh ! v act ( press+ !m ^u o!rs4 ,mat!w ,arnold nev] tires ( illu/rat+ ?is f ! ,lib]al propag&a ( 8 day3 ,& ,i say t ! ,engli% reliance on our religi\s organisations & on _! ideas ( human p]fection j z !y /&1 is l our reliance on fre$om1 on muscul> ,*ri/ianity1 on population1 on coal1 on weal?--m]e belief 9 ma*9]y1 & unfruitful2 & t x is :olesomely c\nt]act$ by culture1 b5t on see+ ?+s z !y are1 & on draw+ ! human race onw>ds to a m complete1 a h>moni\s p]fection4#be ,9 o!r words1 bo? humanism & humanit>ianism may be lack+ 9 humanity3 humanism1 on acc\nt ( its ins5sibility to pa9 & hung] & pov]ty :5 ^! lie outside a n>r[ radius ( bright int5sive liv+2 humanit>ianism1 on acc\nt ( its failure to honor ! highe/ type ( atta9m5t & to prefigure a p]fection n yet realiz$4 ,,vi ,!re is b "o economy ( int]e/s :i* furni%es ! prop] sph]e ( moral action1 namely1 ! univ]sal economy :i* embraces )9 "o sy/em all int]e/s :atsoev]1 pres5t1 remote1 & pot5tial4 ,! validity ( ?is economy lies 9 ! fact t ! goodness ( action _c #aac be judg$ )\t ref]5ce to all ! int]e/s affect$1 :e!r directly or indirectly4 ,to live well is to live = all life4 ,! control ( action by ?is motive is ! virtue ( good-w4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! good w mu/ be n only compassionate1 b j2 (f]+ to help1 )\t fail+ to respect4 ,& x mu/ be n only devot$1 b also enlight5$2 s]v+1 b n )\t self-criticism & insight4 ,su* a programme ne$ n seem bewild]+ or quixotic4 ,if my action does n (f5d ^? mo/ ne>ly conc]n$1 x w sc>cely (f5d ^? remov$ by space1 "t1 or indirection4 ,*>ity begun at home is spread abroad )\t my fur!r endeavor4 ,fur!rmore1 x is good-w r ?an a n>r[ complac5cy t inspires my assum+ ( ! special tasks & responsibilities def9$ by proximity1 desc5t1 & special aptitude4 ,life z a :ole is built out ( individual opportunities & vocations4 ,x is requir$ only t :ile ,i live effectively & happily1 z circum/ance or *oice may det]m9e1 ,i %\ld con=m myself to ^? pr9ciples :i* h>monize life ) life1 & br+ an abundance on ! :ole out ( ! fruitfulness ( individual ef=t4 ,good-w is ! moral condition ( religion1 :]e ?is is correct$ by enlight5m5t4 ,! religion ( good-w is be/ illu/rat$1 f ! #aad ,european tradition1 9 ! transition f paganism to ,*ri/ianity4 ,i h said t ! ,greeks 7 n )\t di/ru/ ( t natural & worldly happ9ess :i* !y mo/ prais$4 ,?is1 = example1 is ! te/imony ( ,euripides3 ,long ago ,i look$ ^u man's days1 & f\nd a grey ,%ad[4 ,& ?is ?+ m ,i surely say1 ,t ^? ( all m5 :o are c\nt$ wise1 ,/rong wits1 devis]s ( great policies1 ,d pay ! bitt]e/ toll4 ,s9ce life began2 ,ha? !re 9 ,god's eye /ood "o happy man8 ,fair days roll on1 & be> m gifts or less ,( =tune1 b to no man happ9ess4#bf ,?is note ( pessimism gr[s m m>k$ among ! philosoph]s1 & is at l5g? tak5 up into ! ,*ri/ian r5unciation ( ! _w4 ,! philosoph]s attempt$ to devise a way ( happ9ess :i* ! sup]ior individual might foll[ ?r\gh deta*+ himself f political society & cultivat+ 8 speculative p[]s4#bg ,b ! ,*ri/ian r5unciation involv$ ! ab&onm5t ( e claim to individual self-suffici5cy1 ev5 ! pride ( reason4 ,x express$ a s5se ( ! g5]al plight ( humanity1 & look$ = relief only ?r\gh a p[] ) love & might en\gh to save all4 ,h5ce !re is ?is fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 pagan & ,*ri/ian pessimism3 ! pagan confesses 8 p[]lessness to make himself impregnable #aae to =tune1 :ile ! ,*ri/ian convicts himself ( s91 confess+ 8 wor?lessness :5 measur$ by ! task ( univ]sal salvation4 ,! "o pities & absolves himself2 ! o!r condemns himself4 ,n[ ! o!r-worldl9ess ( ,*ri/ianity 0 )\t d\bt a grave error1 :i* x f\nd itself compell$ to correct2 b x 0 none ! less ! vehicle ?r\gh :i* ,european civilization became possess$ ( ! mo/ important secrets ( religi\s happ9ess4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all are made %>]s1 ?r\gh sympa?y1 9 ! failure ( ! pres5t2 &1 ?us di/ribut$1 ! burd5 is light5$4 ,x is an act )9 ! p[] ( *>ity1 says ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 to translate a passion out ( "o brea/ into ano!r1 & to divide a sorr[ almo/ out ( itself2 = an affliction1 l a dim5sion1 may be s divid$ z1 if n indivisible1 at lea/ to become ins5sible4 #bh ,9 ! second place1 x is und]/ood t !re is no su* ?+ z a happ9ess t is enjoy$ at ! exp5se ( o!rs & by ! special favor ( =tune4 ,!re is no promise ( individual salvation save 9 ! salvation ( all4 ,a private & protect$ happ9ess is b\nd soon] or lat] to be de/roy$ by an increase ( s5sibility1 by an enlight5$ aw>5ess ( ! evil beyond4 ,& to exp]i5ce evil1 to realize x1 & yet to be cont5t1 lies n )9 #aaf ! p[] ( any moral be+2 x is n m]ely difficult1 x is self-contradictory4 ,to any "o :o judges himself fairly1 ) a wide & vivid image ( life z x is 9 all its ramifications & obscurities1 ! evil ( ! _w is all "o4 ,x foll[s t1 z !re is no p]fect happ9ess except 9 ! annihilation ( evil1 s !re c be no peace ( m9d1 no self-respect1 no s5se ( liv+ truly & = ! be/1 unless "o's action c be conceiv$ z :olly sav+ & up-build+1 z contribut+ 9 its place & 9 its way to ! g5]al =w>d movem5t4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! deep] explanation ( ! buoyancy ( devot$ p1 ( t buoyancy :i* 0 a s\rce ( su* great wond] to ! disillusion$ wise m5 ( anci5t times4 ,& ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! mean+ ( ! ,*ri/ian tea*+ t x is m bless$ to give ?an to receive2 & t ! love ( "o's ,god is to gr[ out ( ! love ( "o's neighbor4 ,i h endeavor$ to %[ t ! highe/ good is ! greate/ good2 t x may n only be inf]r$ f ! pres5t good1 b t x actually consi/s ( ! pres5t good1 ) m l x1 & ) ! pres5t evil elim9at$4 ,by my/icism ,i mean t species ( =malism 9 :i* ! highe/ good1 out ( respect = its exaltation1 is divorc$ f ! pres5t good1 & s empti$ ( cont5t4 ,pr(essor ,james has said t x is #aag *>act]i/ic ( rationali/s & s5tim5tali/s1 to extract a quality f ! muddy p>ticul>s ( exp]i5ce1 & f9d x s pure :5 extract$ t !y contra/ x ) ea* & all its muddy in/ances z an opposite & high]1 nature4 #bi ,!re is a peculi> liability to su* ab/raction 9 religion1 = religion involves a judgm5t ( insuffici5cy aga9/ e limit$ a*ievem5t4 ,a long+ aft] unqualifi$ good is ! v brea? ( enlight5$ religion2 & 9 ord] t t ideal may be kept pure1 x mu/ n be id5tifi$ ) any p>tial good4 ,inde$1 ! (fice ( religion requires x to condemn z only p>tial1 good t is commonly tak5 to be suffici5t4 ,n[ !re is only "o way ( def9+ a good t %all be univ]sal )\t be+ m]ely =mal1 & t is by def9+ p]fection quantitatively r ?an qualitatively2 sub/itut+ = ! ,platonic ,absolute ,good1 9 :i* ! pres5t good is ref9$ away into a phrase or symbol1 ! maximum good1 9 :i* ! pres5t good is sav$ & multipli$4 ,he :o believes t he conceives goodness o!rwise ?an z ! good :i* he already possesses1 deceives himself2 z does ! au?or ( ! ,religio ,m$ici1 :5 he says3 ,t :]e9 ,god ,himself is happy1 ! holy ,angels are happy1 9 ^: defect ! ,devils are unhappy1 t d>e ,i call happ9ess2 :atsoev] #aah conduce? unto ?is may ) an easy ,metaphor des]ve t "n2 :atsoev] else ! ,_w t]ms ,happ9ess1 is to me a /ory out ( ,pl9y1 a tale ( ,boccace or ,malizsp9i1 an app>ition1 or neat delusion1 :]e9 !re is no m ( ,happ9ess ?an ! "n4 ,bless me 9 ?is life ) b peace ( my ,consci5ce1 comm& ( my affections1 ! love ( ,?yself & my de>e/ fri5ds1 & ,i %all be happy en\gh to pity ,caes>4#cj ,n[ x is safe to say t ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne 0 9 fact unable to attribute to ,god & ! angels any o!r happ9ess ?an ^! same bless+s :i* he covets = himself1 sav+ only t !y %all be )\t /9t1 & jo9$ ) o!rs l !m4 ,=malism1 z we h se51 is nev] m]ely negative 9 its consequ5ces2 = any moral untru?1 s9ce x replaces a tru?1 _c fail to p]v]t life4 ,?us "o may be p]suad$ ) ! au?or :om ,i h j quot$ to c\nt ! _w1 n an ,inn1 b an ,hospital2 & a place n to live1 b to dye 94 #ca ,i d n suppose t any "o ev] succe$$ 9 :olly resi/+ ! hospitality ( ?is _w1 & "o suspects t ,?omas ,br[ne p>took n a little ( its good *e]2 b ! op9ion is false not)/&+1 & if false1 !n confus+ & mislead+4 ,?is _w is n a place to suff] 91 nor ev5 a place to be m5d$ 91 b ! only opportunity ( a*ievem5t & s]vice t c be c]ta9ly #aai c\nt$ on4 ,! good is 9 ! mak+ "h1 if x is 9 ! mak+ any:]e4 ,to neglect life "h is equival5t to =feit+ x altoge!r4 ,religi\s =malism may induce n only a default ( pres5t opportunity & responsibility1 b also a sub/itution = good liv+ ( an emotional improvisation on ! !me ( absolute p]fection1 l t 9 ! ,book ( ! ,c\rti]3 ,if1 !n1 ! beauties :i* ) ^! dim eyes ( ours we daily see 9 corruptible bodies1 4 4 4 seem to u s fair & graci\s t !y (t5 k9dle mo/ ard5t fire 9 u1 4 4 4 :at happy wond]1 :at bless$ awe1 %all we ?9k is t :i* fills ! s\ls t atta9 to ! vision ( div9e beauty6 ,:at sweet flame1 :at delightful burn+1 mu/ t be ?\ght :i* spr+s f ! f\nta9 ( supreme & true beauty6--:i* is ! s\rce ( e o!r beauty1 :i* nev] waxes nor wanes3 ev] fair1 & ( its own self mo/ simple 9 e "p alike2 l only to itself1 & p>tak+ ( none o!r2 b fair 9 su* wise t all o!r fair ?+s are fair because !y d]ive _! beauty f x4 ,?is is t beauty id5tical ) highe/ good4#cb ,n[ ,i d n want to be und]/ood z condemn+ ?is my/icism out ( h&4 ,i mean only t :ile x is eloqu5t & purify+1 x is1 nev]!less1 n illum9at+2 & t if x be mi/ak5 = illum9ation1 x does 9 fact hide ! light4 ,x has no mean+ :atsoev] except ! g5]al idea ( ! sup]lative1 & if x be n atta*$ to "s def9ite cont5t drawn f #abj exp]i5ce ( acts & _! consequ5ces1 x does b sub/itute a phrase = ! prop] objects ( action & an emotion = provid5t conduct4 ,!re is a fur!r moral dang] 9 my/icism1 :i* ,i ne$ only m5tion "h1 because ,i propose to discuss x m fully 9 ! *apt] on religion4 ,s9ce my/icism opposes a =mal p]fection to ! concrete good ( exp]i5ce1 x t5ds to obscure ! di/9ction betwe5 good & evil4 ,t di/9ction lies )9 exp]i5ce1 & if exp]i5ce z a :ole be discr$it$1 ! di/9ction is discr$it$ ) x4 ,if ! common1 famili> good is n to be tak5 z valid1 !n f9ality no long] atta*es to t common1 famili> evil :i* ! moral w has be5 tra9$ to condemn & resi/4 ,if ! good lie beyond good & evil1 !n nei!r is ! good good nor ! evil evil4 ,! result is to leave ! moral w )\t ju/ification1 support$ only by habit & cu/om4 ,! virtue ( piety lies 9 its complet+1 n 9 its replac+1 secul> effici5cy4 ,x gives to a life t is provid5t & fruitful z x goes1 ! /imulus ( a mom5t\s project1 & rev]5ce = a good t %all embrace unlimit$ possibilities4 #aba ,,vii ,9 review+ ! sev]al levels ( life :i* morality def9es1 we may obs]ve two types ( univ]sal value4 ,! l[] values 9 relation to ! high] are indisp5sable4 ,!re is no heal? )\t satisfaction1 no a*ievem5t )\t heal?1 no rational int]c\rse )\t a*ievem5t1 & no true religion except z ! p]fect+ & complet+ ( a rational society4 ,! high] values1 on ! o!r h&1 are m univ]sal ?an ! l[] 9 t !y surpass ^! 9 validity1 & are entitl$ to pref]5ce4 ,?us ! l[] values are ennobl$ by ! high]1 :ile ! high] are giv5 body & mean+ by ! l[]4 ,satisfaction d]ives dignity f be+ controll$ by ! motive ( good-w1 :ile ! moral k+dom at l>ge d]ives its weal?1 its p]t95ce to life1 & its inc5tive1 f ! great manifold ( p>ticul> int]e/s :i* x cons]ves & fo/]s4 ,x is ! =mal r ?an ! mat]ial pr9ciple 9 life :i* def9es ! direction ( moral ef=t4 ,by prud5ce1 purpose1 ju/ice1 & good-w life is reg5]at$ & urg$1 aga9/ ! resi/ance ( in]tia1 t[>ds its maximum ( atta9m5t4 ,h5ce ^! are ! virtues :i* make m5 h]oes1 & :i* are symboliz$ 9 mann]s & 9 wor%ip4 ,mann]s are a #abb symbolic repres5tation ( rational int]c\rse2 ?us c\rtesy is a c]emony ( respect1 *ivalry ( s]vice1 & mode/y ( self-re/ra9t & imp]sonality4 ,wor%ip is simil>ly a symbolic repres5tation ( good-w & hope4 ,^u ! cultivation ( ^? outw>d & s5sible motions :i* may express or promote an invisible devotion human life is dep5d5t n only = its graci\sness1 b = its discipl9e & gr[?4 #abc ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,moral ,,te/ ,,( ,,progress ,! phrase philosophy ( hi/ory is at pres5t some:at 9 disrepute4 ,x enjoys mu* ! same unpopul>ity among hi/orians z does ! t]m metaphysics among sci5ti/s1 & probably = ! same reason4 ,x is assum$ t su* a discipl9e mu/ ei!r violate or exce$ ! facts 9 ! int]e/s ( "s a priori conception4 ,d\btless "s philosophies ( hi/ory h be5 guilty ( ?is *>ge2 b !y d n1 ,i am sure1 exhau/ ! possibilities 9 ! case4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] ,i %all pres5t an outl9e ( :at might fairly be reg>d$ z a philosophy ( hi/ory1 b :i* nev]!less does no m ?an attempt a precise def9ition ( pr9ciples :i* ev5 ! hi/orian is =c$ to employ4 ,i %all n attempt to def9e ! task ( hi/ory1 except 9 ! broade/ t]ms4 ,! =m :i* its results %\ld f9ally assume is a matt] ( dispute among hi/orians !mselves4 ,b x is at lea/ possible to indicate ! field ( hi/ory 9 t]ms t w comm& g5]al ass5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 hi/ory deals ) *ange1 ) ! temporal sequ5ce ( ev5ts2 & 9 ! second place1 x conf9es itself to su* ev5ts z belong to :at is call$ human conduct4 ,entirely ap>t f !ories ( me?od or te*nique1 x seems cle> t any e/abli%$ fact fall+ )9 ?is description belongs prop]ly to t body ( k :i* we call hi/ory4 ,i wi% especially to call att5tion to ! fact t hi/ory deals ) human conduct4 ,x deals1 9 o!r words1 ) actions :i* s]ve int]e/s2 ) ne$s1 desires1 & purposes z ^! are fulfill$ or ?w>t$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,its subject-matt]1 !re=e1 is moral4 ,x describes ! cla% ( int]e/s1 ! failure or success ( ambition1 ! improvem5t or decay ( nations2 9 %ort1 all ?+s good & evil 9 s f> z !y h be5 a*iev$ & record$4 ,& ! broad] ! scope ( ! hi/orian's /udy ! m cle>ly d ^! moral pr9ciples em]ge4 ,! pres5t-day emphasis on ! accurate v]ification ( data some:at obscures1 b does n negate ! fact1 t e item ( detail is 9 ! end br\ght "u "s judgm5t ( good or evil1 ( ga9 or loss 9 human welf>e4 ,all hi/ory is virtually a hi/ory ( civilization2 & civilization is a moral conception ref]r+ to ! sum ( human a*ievem5t 9 s f> z ?is is pron\nc$ good4 ,n[ !re is a bran* ( philosophy call$ #abe e?ics1 to :i* is committ$ ! inve/igation ( moral conceptions4 ,^! conceptions are z mu* subject to exact analysis z conceptions ( motion or organic behavior4 ,& su* an analysis mu/ und]lie all judgm5ts conc]n+ ! condition ( mank9d 9 any "t or place1 if ^! judgm5ts make any claim to tru?4 ,! application ( e?ical analysis to ! record$ life ( man is a philosophy ( hi/ory4#a ,su* a discipl9e is *>g$ ) ! criticism ( ! pa/ 9 t]ms ( critical pr9ciples :i* h be5 explicitly =mulat$4 ,) a k ( :at x means to be good or evil "o may conclude 9 all s]i\sness :e!r ! =tunes ( society 9 any "t or place 7 good or evil4 ,"o may ) mean+ di/+ui% betwe5 ^? :o h be5 ! fri5ds & ! enemies ( society2 & "o may ref] to ! gr[? or decay ( nations ) "s notion ( :at ^! t]ms signify4 ,b x w be ! ma9 problem ( a philosophy ( hi/ory to deliv] "s v]dict conc]n+ ! progress or decl9e ( in/itutions1 & ( civilization at l>ge4 ,x is necess>y t we %\ld at once rid our m9ds ( false notions conc]n+ ! mean+ ( progress4 ,?is conception has be5 greatly confus$ dur+ rec5t times ?r\gh be+ id5tifi$ ) evolution 9 ! biological s5se4 ,x %\ld be p]fectly cle> t su* evolution may or #abf may n be progressive2 x means only a cont9u\s modification ( life 9 accordance ) ! dem&s ( ! environm5t4 ,ev5 :]e ?is modification takes ! direction ( increas+ complexity x does n necess>ily con/itute bett]m5t2 & x is entirely consi/5t ) ! pr9ciple ( adaptation t x %\ld take ! rev]se direction4 ,biological evolution signifies only a /eady yield+ to ! pressure ( ! physical environm5t1 :e!r = bett] or = worse4 ,x is also important n to confuse ! conception ( progress ) t ( m]e *ange or temporal duration4 ,because society has gr[n old] x has n necess>ily on t acc\nt gr[n wis]2 nor because x has *ang$ mu* has x necess>ily on t acc\nt *ang$ = ! bett]4 ,:e!r ! accumulations ( ! pa/ are weal? or rubbi% is n to be det]m9$ by _! bulk4 ,progress cle>$ ( ^! ambiguities means1 !n1 a *ange f good to bett]2 an increase1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ( ! value ( life1 :atev] t may be4 ,tak5 9 ! absolute s5se x means1 n a ga9 "h or a ga9 !re1 b a ga9 on ! :ole4 ,x is impossible to rea* any conclusion :atsoev] conc]n+ progress except 9 ! light ( "s conception ( ! total ent]prise ( life4 ,e advance mu/ be e/imat$ n m]ely 9 relation to ! int]e/ imm$iately #abg s]v$1 b 9 relation to t :ole complex ( int]e/s :i* is call$ humanity4 ,9 discuss+ progress ,i %all !re=e ) "r employ ^? moral conceptions :i* ,i h already def9$4 ,i %all reg>d z good :atev] fulfils int]e/s1 & z morally good :atev] fulfils all int]e/s affect$ to ! maximum degree4 ,especial importance n[ atta*es to ! pr9ciple :i* ,i h phras$ ! quantitative basis ( pref]5ce4 ,s9ce progress involves ! *ange f good to bett]1 x implies an increm5t ( value4 ,! lat] age is judg$ to be z good & bett]4 ,i c see no way ( v]ify+ su* a proposition unless x be possible to f9d 9 ! great] good bo? ! less] good & also some?+ add$ to x & likewise acc\nt$ good4 ,9 o!r words1 progress involves measurem5t ( value1 & ?is involves "s unit ( value :i* is common to ! t]ms comp>$4 ,! me?od mu/ be 9 ! la/ analysis t ( sup]imposition4 ,bagehot virtually employs ?is me?od 9 ! *apt] ( 8 ,physics & ,politics1 :i* he entitles ,v]ifiable ,progress ,politically ,consid]$4 ,let me quote1 = example1 8 comp>ison ( ! ,engli%man ) ! primitive ,au/ralian4 ,if we omit ! high] b disput$ topics ( morals & religion1 we %all f9d1 ,i ?9k1 t ! pla9] #abh & agre$-on sup]iorities ( ! ,engli%m5 are ^!3 fir/1 t !y h a great] comm& ov] ! p[]s ( nature ^u ! :ole4 ,?\gh !y may fall %ort ( individual ,au/ralians 9 c]ta9 feats ( petty skill1 ?\gh !y may n ?r[ ! boom]ang z well1 or light a fire ) e>?/icks z well1 yet on ! :ole tw5ty ,engli%m5 ) _! implem5ts & skill c *ange ! mat]ial _w immeasurably m ?an tw5ty ,au/ralians & _! ma*9es4 ,secondly1 t ?is p[] is n ext]nal only2 x is also int]nal4 ,! ,engli% n only possess bett] ma*9es = mov+ nature1 b are !mselves bett] ma*9es4 ,mr4 ,babbage taught u ye>s ago t "o great use ( ma*9]y 0 n to augm5t ! =ce ( man1 b to regi/] & regulate ! p[] ( man2 & ?is 9 a ?\s& ways civiliz$ man c d1 & is ready to d1 bett] & m precisely ?an ! b>b>ian4 ,?irdly1 civiliz$ man has n only great] p[]s ov] nature1 b kn[s bett] h[ to use !m1 & by bett] ,i "h mean bett] = ! heal? & com=t ( 8 pres5t body & m9d4 ,he c lay up = old age1 :i* a savage hav+ no durable means ( su/5ance _c2 he is ready to lay up because he c di/9ctly =esee ! future1 :i* ! vague-m9d$ savage _c4#b ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ea* case ! sup]iority ( ! ,engli%m5 lies 9 ! fact t !y beat ! ,au/ralians at _! own game4 ,au/ralians are z mu* int]e/$ z ,engli%m5 9 obta9+ comm& ov] nature1 9 organiz+ _! own p[]s1 & 9 secur+ heal? & com=t4 ,! ,engli%m51 h[ev]1 c fulfil ^! int]e/s n only up to b also beyond #abi ! po9t :i* m>ks ! limit ( ! ,au/ralians' atta9m5t4 ,! me?od ( sup]imposition is virtually employ$ 9 all competitive /ruggle4 ,! glory & fruits ( victory are s\ght by bo? oppon5ts1 & ! success ( "o is ! failure ( ! o!r4 ,! sup]iority ( ! victor to ! vanqui%$ is beyond "q only because !y _h ! same int]e/ at /ake4 ,! application ( ?is me?od to ! det]m9ation ( progress is n conf9$ to philosoph]s ( hi/ory4 ,x is appli$ by e individual :o realizes t 8 advance f *ildhood to maturity has be5 att5d$ ) gr[? & developm5t4 ,= ! old b\nd>ies ( *ildhood /ill rema9 z evid5ce ( ! great] magnitude ( ! life :i* has outgr[n !m4 ,simil>ly e man may m>k )9 himself ! v>i\s limits :i* once b\nd$ him1 b :i* he has s9ce exce$$ 9 consequ5ce ( /eady & consecutive ef=t4 ,! progress ( mank9d at l>ge diff]s only 9 complexity & range4 ,x c be te/$ & det]m9$ only because id5tical int]e/s p]si/4 ,if m5 _h n 9 all times want$ ! same ?+s x w\ld be impossible to measure _! atta9m5ts4 ,_! successes & failures w\ld be incomm5surable4 ,b ! old ne$s & ! old hopes yet rema94 ,! problem ( life :i* 0 f #acj ! beg9n+ is a problem /ill4 ,if x c be %[n t ! old ne$s are met m easily1 along ) new ne$s besides1 t !re is bett] promise t ! hopes w be fulfill$1 & t ! g5]al problem ( life is ne>] a solution1 !n human progress w h be5 demon/rat$4 ,,ii ,i propose1 9 ! fir/ place1 to discuss two g5]al pr9ciples1 ! op]ation ( :i* is conducive to progress4 ,"o ( ^! pr9ciples is ext]nal1 t is1 x relates to ! environm5t ( life r ?an to its int]nal economy2 & to ?is ,i %all turn fir/4 ,! ext]nal environm5t ( life is 9 "s respects favorable1 9 o!r respects unfavorable4 ,n[1 /rangely en\gh1 x is ! unfavorable r ?an ! favorable aspect ( ! environm5t t conduces to progress4 ,progress1 or ev5 ! lea/ good1 w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be impossible1 unless ! me*anical environm5t 0 morally pla/ic4 ,! fact t nature submits to ! organization :i* we call life is a fundam5tal & con/ant condition ( all civilization4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 ! m]e compliance ( nature to press life =w>d4 ,x is ! m5ace ( nature :i* /imulates progress4 ,x is because nature always rema9s a s\rce ( difficulty & dang] #aca t life is provok$ to r5ew ! w> & a*ieve a m ?or\gh conque/4 ,nature w n p]mit life to keep :at x has unless x ga9s m4 ,! ext]nal environm5t ( life embraces n only me*anical nature1 b also su* outly+ units ( life z h n yet be5 br\ght into h>moni\s relations4 ,conflict betwe5 individuals1 tribes1 races1 or nations op]ates 9 a mann] analog\s to me*anical nature4 ,x ex]ts a con/ant pressure 9 ! direction ( great] /r5g? & effici5cy4 ,9 ord] t man %all n be robb$ by 8 enemies ( :at he already has1 he mu/ =ev] be attempt+ to make himself impregnable & =midable4 ,b w> & ! /ruggle ) nature n only put a premium on ! bett] organization ( life2 !y also make x a condition ( p]man5ce4 ,sup]ior individuals survive :5 inf]ior individuals p]i% 9 ! /ruggle1 or ! sup]ior type obta9s an asc5d5cy ov] ! inf]ior4 ,9 human w>f>e ! defeat$ p>ty is r>ely if ev] utt]ly annihilat$2 x t5ds1 h[ev]1 to lose its pre/ige or ev5 its id5tity ?r\gh be+ assimilat$ to ! victori\s p>ty4 ,9 ei!r case t =m ( life :i* 9 conflict proves itself ! /rong]1 t5ds to prevail1 ?r\gh ! exclusion ( ^? =ms :i* prove !mselves weak]4 ,an unfavorable environm5t has1 !n1 op]at$ ext]nally to develop coh]5ce & unity #acb 9 life4 ,b ! co/ has be5 prodigi\s1 & mu/ be subtract$ f ! ga94 ,= !re is no virtue 9 conflict save ! /r5g? ( ! victor4 ,man has made a virtue ( ?is necessity2 b to obviate s dire a necessity becomes "o ( ! fir/ tasks :i* civilization und]takes4 ,! attempt to elim9ate conflict1 & r$uce to a m9imum ! sacrifice ( special int]e/s1 m>ks ! op]ation ( ! int]nal or moral pr9ciple ( progress4 ,dur+ ! hi/orical p]iod ?is pr9ciple assumes a con/antly great] prom95ce4 ,a society may be said to be int]nally progressive :5 x c af=d to )draw "s ( its en]gies f ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & devote !m to ! improvem5t ( me?od & ! sav+ ( wa/e4 ,its /ability & security mu/ be s f> gu>ante$ z to make x safe to und]take a recon/ruction1 calculat$ to provide m fully = its con/itu5t int]e/s & develop its lat5t possibilities4 ,!re n[ obta9s1 )9 limits t t5d /eadily to exp&1 :at ,bagehot calls gov]nm5t by discussion1 t is1 ! regulation ( action by ! inv5tion1 selection1 & trial ( ! be/ means4 ,?is sub/itution ( rational proc$ure = cu/om is an irrev]sible & g]m9al process4 ,let me quote ,bagehot's acc\nt ( x3 ,a gov]nm5t by discussion1 if x c be borne1 at once breaks d[n ! yoke ( fix$ cu/om4 ,! #acc idea ( ! two is inconsi/5t4 ,z f> z x goes1 ! m]e putt+ up ( a subject to discussion is a cle> admission t t subject is 9 no degree settl$ by e/abli%$ rule1 & t m5 are free to *oose 9 x4 4 4 4 ,& if a s+le subject or gr\p ( subjects be once admitt$ to discussion1 ere long ! habit ( discussion comes to be e/abli%$1 ! sacr$ *>m ( use & wont to be dissolv$4 ,democracy1 x has be5 said 9 mod]n times1 is l ! grave2 x takes1 b x does n give4 ,! same is true ( discussion4 ,once effectually submit a subject to t ordeal1 & y c nev] )draw x aga92 y c nev] aga9 clo! x ) my/]y1 or f5ce x by consecration2 x rema9s =ev] op5 to free *oice1 & expos$ to pr(ane delib]ation4#c ,! /r5g? ( cu/om or e/abli%$ au?ority lies 9 prompt & undivid$ action aga9/ ext]nal enemies2 b its weakness lies 9 its excessive co/ to ! int]e/s )94 ,& :5 !re is leisure & security = delib]ation1 ! policy & organization ( society mu/ respond at once to ! claims ( ^! int]e/s4 ,developm5t is n[ due to a moral r ?an to a me*anical pr9ciple2 t is1 ! surviv+ type ( life is due n to pressure & elim9ation f )\t1 b to a provid5t conc]n t emanates f )94 ,!re is a delib]ate int5tion to promote survival1 ^? int]e/s alone be+ re/rict$ or suppress$ :i* d n comply ) ?is int5tion4 ,!re evolves n a select$ gr\p ( /rong individuals1 b a /rong community1 /rong because bo? full ( life1 or ri* #acd 9 inc5tive1 & also h>moni\s4 ,& )9 su* a community ! /r5g? ( individuals lies n 9 a %e] p[] to resi/ ! /ra9 ( competition1 b 9 ! rational & moral capacity to utilize ! res\rces ( ! entire community4 ,?r\gh moral organization ! /rong are made /rong] at ! same "t t ! weak are made /rong4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re is only "o int]nal pr9ciple ( progress1 namely1 rationality4 ,by rationality1 9 ?is connection1 ,i mean ! k ( ! good1 & ! correction ( exi/+ usages ?r\gh :i* x is accid5tally or wantonly fru/rat$4 ,if fulfilm5t be ! motive ( life1 & maximum fulfilm5t be ! good1 !n any exi/+ usage /&s condemn$ :5 x is prov$ to involve unnecess>y sacrifice4 ,& su* usages w be condemn$1 & 9 ! long run reject$1 :]ev] !re is an opportunity = self-ass]tion & discussion among ! v>i\s int]e/s conc]n$4 ,b su* correction may be initiat$ ei!r by a positive or a negative motive4 ,x may result ei!r f ! action ( ^? :o seek con/ructively to promote ! g5]al welf>e ( society1 or f ! action ( ^? :o prote/ aga9/ society 9 behalf ( neglect$ int]e/s4 ,! fir/ is con/ructive re=m1 ! second1 revolution4 ,con/ructive re=m is ! "w ( dis9t]e/$ #ace reflection4 ,x may orig9ate 9 speculation1 z political or social !ory2 or x may orig9ate 9 ! solution ( a practical problem4 ,plato has describ$ ! type ( m9d :i* 9 ei!r case x requires3 a m9d :i* is free f individual or p>ty bias1 & :i* repres5ts & co-ord9ates all ! int]e/s ( ! community4 ,n[ ! failure ( political & social !ories z measures ( re=m is prov]bial2 none fail$ m completely & conspicu\sly ?an ,plato's own4 ,& x is n difficult to see :y ?is %\ld be ! case2 =1 z a rule1 !y are adapt$ nei!r to ! habits & intellig5ce ( ! "t1 nor to ! actual in/rum5ts ( practical effici5cy4 ,b x may be obs]v$ t ! di/ance betwe5 ! philosoph] & ! man ( affairs is consid]ably %ort] ?an x us$ to be4 ,! me?od ( discussion be+ once g5]ally adopt$1 action1 bo? individual & social1 is p]vad$ ) !ory4 ,ev5 ! man ( affairs _c easily avoid be+ a philosoph]4 ,& ev5 9 di/+ui%+ z %>ply z ,i h betwe5 !ory & practice1 ,i h simply foll[$ a cu/om>y habit ( ?\ght t is on ! :ole mislead+4 ,=1 9 tru?1 x is z impossible = ! man ( affairs to avoid dis9t]e/$ reflection1 z x is = ! comm]cial travell] to be unsociable4 ,! activity ( ! "o has to d ) ! organization ( a wide range ( #acf int]e/s1 z ! activity ( ! o!r has to d ) ! capitalization ( good-fell[%ip4 ,^? ( y :o are famili> ) ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,plato's ,republic w rememb] ! acc\nt giv5 !re ( ! =c$ b5evol5ce ( ! tyrant4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 "o ( ! great classics 9 e?ical !ory2 & al?\gh its full mean+ w n appe> until we deal directly ) ! problem ( gov]nm5t1 ,i mu/ allude to x "h = ! sake ( ! pr9ciple involv$4 ,! sophi/ ( ! dialogue1 "o ,?rasyma*us1 attempts to ov]?r[ ,socrates's conclusion t virtue is ess5tially b5efic5t1 by po9t+ to ! case ( ! tyrant1 :o is em95t & p[]ful1 z e "o w\ld wi% to be1 b :o is at ! same "t :olly unscrupul\s4 ,he is ! symbol ( success1 9 t he c on all occasions d :at x pleases him to d1 & ) no reg>d = ! feel+s ( o!rs4 ,n[ ,socrates 9 8 reply is n satisfi$ to %[ t ev5 ! tyrant mu/ h "s scruples2 he goes to ! l5g? ( ass]t+ t ! tyrant mu/ ( all p]sons 9 ! community h ! mo/ scruples4 ,& ! reason :i* ,socrates advances is unansw]able4 ,! tyrant is ! "o p]son 9 ! community :o has to please ev]ybody4 ,he owes 8 position & p[]1 n to any directly productive activity1 su* z agriculture1 indu/ry1 or milit>y s]vice1 b :olly to 8 skill 9 #acg organiz+ & promot+ int]e/s t are n prim>ily 8 own4 ,to be sure1 he has 8 hire2 b to e>n x he mu/ pay e man 8 price4 ,n[ let u apply ?is to ! g5]al case ( ! man ( affairs4 ,x foll[s t j 9 s f> z action is broad 9 scope1 x mu/ be consid]ate & j4 ,to conduct ent]prises on a l>ge scale involves contact ) _m int]e/s1 & ^! int]e/s1 once affect$1 mu/ ei!r be und]/ood & provid$ = or else antagoniz$4 ,! great] ! ent]prise1 ! m truly does x exi/ by suff]ance2 x dep5ds on ! support ( ^? :o pr(it by x1 & if t support be )drawn1 x collapses into absolute impot5ce4 ,! anci5t ,cynics 7 "r 9 ?9k+ t ! only man :o c af=d to be indiff]5t to ! int]e/s ( 8 fell[s is ! man :o r5\nces ambition & retires to 8 tub4 ,once ! era ( civilization is inaugurat$1 p[] dep5ds on moral capacity1 t is1 ! capacity to protect & promote a consid]able numb] ( int]e/s1 & ?us w9 _! back+4 ,?is is prov$ 9 e field ( human activity1 milit>y1 political1 religi\s1 intellectual1 social1 or comm]cial4 ,comm]ce & indu/ry af=d at pres5t ! mo/ /rik+ examples4 ,! man :o succe$s is ! man :o c satisfy ! greate/ numb] ( appetites4 ,& ! m 8 ent]prise gr[s ! m x becomes a public conc]n2 #ach & ! m1 !re=e1 mu/ he be /udi\s ( public welf>e & responsive to public op9ion4 ,?us manufactur+1 transportation1 or bank+1 :5 conduct$ on a l>ge scale1 t\* life at s _m po9ts1 t he :o seeks to ga9 p[] or weal? by means ( !m w gradually & )\t any abrupt *ange ( motive approximate ! me?od ( dis9t]e/$ s]vice4 ,s e /ation 9 life1 f t ( ! rul] to t ( ! %opkeep]1 has its own *>act]i/ic =m ( ! "o problem ( meet+1 adju/+ & fulfill+ int]e/s4 ,! desire to be successful or to atta9 em95ce 9 "o's /ation ex]ts a con/ant pressure 9 ! direction ( ! inv5tion1 trial1 & selection ( me?ods t w solve ?is problem4 ,& su* me?ods once devis$ are at once support$ by ! int]e/s !y s]ve1 & become necess>y to ! life ( ! community4 ,n[ ! wise lead] anticipates ! ne$s & wi%es ( 8 foll[]s1 & s enjoys _! cont9u$ support )\t ev] seem+ to dep5d on x4 ,b !re are v few su* wise lead]s4 ,! reason = _! sc>city lies 9 ! natural in]tia ( pr(itable activities4 ,!re is a univ]sal prop5sity to let well en\gh alone4 ,s me?ods are all[$ to outlive _! usefulness1 or rema9 unmodifi$ :5 m provid5t & fruitful me?ods c\ld be devis$4 ,:5 lead]%ip #aci ?us fails to be /atesmanlike & f>-sight$1 !re occurs t upris+ ( ! disaffect$ int]e/s :i* is call$ revolution4 ,revolution1 !n1 is ! self-ass]tion ( ! v>i\s con/itu5t int]e/s :i* d n f9d room or fair measure )9 ! exi/+ organization4 ,! evid5ce ( ! insuffici5cy ( pres5t me?ods be+ neglect$ by ^? 9 *>ge1 t evid5ce makes itself kn[n4 ,9 ! long run ?is is ! sure/ pr9ciple ( progress1 because x is br\ght into op]ation by ^? :o h a ne>] or m indisp5sable int]e/ at /ake4 ,x is unque/ionably to ! int]e/ ( ! individual :o heads an ent]prise to conduct x rationally1 t is1 to make x always z productive z possible = all ! int]e/s :i* x s]ves4 ,b if he fails he may n at once incur ! p5alty1 or be consci\s ( x if he does2 he may only =feit an increase ( p[]1 or r5d] 8 position prec>i\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to ! con/itu5t int]e/ :i* is sacrific$1 ?is same failure may mean loss ( bread or ev5 loss ( life4 ,h5ce ! latt] is m sure to move 9 ! matt]4 ,ju/ice is m urg5tly ne$$ by ! slave :o rebels1 ?an by ! ma/] :o may be br\ght ?r\gh enlight5m5t to lib]ate him4 ,?us neglect$ int]e/s h be5 ! consci5ce ( e great human re=m4 ,let me cite ! two greate/ cases ( ?is 9 ! hi/ory ( #adj ,european civilization1 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,*ri/ianity z a social revolution 0 a prote/ aga9/ ! exi/+ ord] on ! "p ( int]e/s :i* x did n recognize4 ,i d n mean t ^! int]e/s 7 n tol]at$2 !y 71 ( c\rse1 protect$1 & ev5 giv5 a legal /atus4 ,b 9 ! reckon+ ( good & evil !y 7 n c\nt$4 ,wom5 & slaves1 ! poor1 ! ill-born1 & ! ignorant1 7 in/rum5ts :i* ! happy man might use1 or incid5ts ( life :i* might te/ 8 *>ity & magnanimity4 ,^! classes rose to ov]?r[ no s+le in/itution1 b a :ole conception ( life1 or /&>d ( well-be+ :i* 0 def9$ to exclude !m4 ,9 paganism1 :i* did n pass ) ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 b /ill l+]s z ! cre$ ( ! v preci\s s\ls1 humanity is conceiv$ only qualitatively1 & n quantitatively4 ,! good ( ! race is conceiv$ to consi/ 9 ! p]fection ( a few1 *os5 = _! sup]ior end[m5t & =tune4 ,! em95t ref9em5t & nobility ( ^! demigods is sub/itut$ = ! sav+ ( lives1 = ! g5]al di/ribution ( welf>e & opportunity4 ,! _m are to f9d comp5sation = _! h>d%ip 9 ! happ9ess ( ! few4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple ( atonem5t 0 ! precise opposite ( ?is3 "o suff]$ t all might be bless$4 ,*ri/ianity #ada look$ t[>ds a good t %\ld numb] e "o 9 ! multitude & endure ?r\gh\t all "t4 ,n[ x has s9ce appe>$ t ?is 0 no m ?an ! tru?2 & t x might h be5 conceiv$ & execut$ by ! wise m51 _h !y only be5 m wise4 ,b !y 7 wise only )9 ! limits ( _! own conceit4 ,h5ce x took ! =m ( an assault on ! e/abli%$ enlight5m5t4 ,! _m1 ) _! ye>n+ = a univ]sal happ9ess1 ) _! deep conc]n = ! great] good1 & _! jeal\s compassion = all s\ls1 de/roy$ ! n>r[ em95ce ( ! few4 ,?us ,*ri/ianity 0 a revolution1 & n a con/ructive re=m4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 a prote/ n only aga9/ apa?y1 b aga9/ insol5ce z well4 ,x 0 a dem& ( ! _m n m]ely to be happy1 b to h :at !y call$ _! rights respect$2 a prote/ aga9/ au?ority1 n only because x 0 cruel1 b because x 0 arbitr>y1 tyrannical4 ,h5ce x 0 aim$ aga9/ prie/craft z well z aga9/ mon>*y4 ,x 0 bas$ on ! conviction t no "o is s ju/ly entitl$ to pass judgm5t on a man's affairs z a man himself4 ,b x 0 a cry f ! dep?s1 ! bitt] res5tm5t ( a long-/&+ abuse4 ,!re=e x took ! =m ( an upris+ aga9/ ! e/abli%$ ord]2 & :ile x op5$ m5's eyes1 x 0 n conduct$ 9 ! _s ( enlight5m5t4 #adb ,9 spite ( 8 inf]5ces1 ,niets*e has n describ$ ! matt] falsely3 ,! slave 4 4 4 loves z he hates1 )\t nuance1 to ! v dep?s1 to ! po9t ( pa91 4 4 4 8 _m hidd5 suff]+s make him revolt aga9/ ! noble ta/e :i* seems to d5y suff]+4 ,! scepticism ) reg>d to suff]+1 fundam5tally only an attitude ( an ari/ocratic morality1 0 n ! lea/ ( ! causes1 also1 ( ! la/ great slave insurrection :i* began ) ! ,fr5* ,revolution4#d ,insurrection1 9 o!r words1 is ! flat1 d[nright1 & unqualifi$ affirmation ( int]e/s to :i* ^? 9 *>ge ( affairs h d5i$ exi/5ce4 ,x is a fla% 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o w n see2 a bla/ 9 ! e>s ( ^? :o w n he>4 ,insurrection ass]ts only ! int]e/s t h be5 neglect$2 h5ce1 ?\gh x br+s new light1 t light = lack ( :i* ! _w w5t 9 d>kness1 x is c>eless & bl9d 9 its own way1 & does n conc]n itself ) re/or+ ! balance4 ,b1 z ,niets*e pref]s n to compreh5d1 insurrection demon/rates beyond "q ! bankruptcy ( ari/ocratic morality2 discr$its x z effectually1 & 9 ! same way1 z new evid5ce discr$its old !ories4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! two complem5t>y me?ods ?r\gh :i* rationality gets itself progressively e/abli%$3 ?r\gh ! imag9ation & =esight ( con/ructive m9ds1 & ?r\gh ! prote/ or upris+ ( neglect$ int]e/s4 #adc ,i mu/ m5tion briefly1 be=e leav+ ?is g5]al topic1 an accessory condition on :i* ?is int]nal pr9ciple ( progress dep5ds = its effectual work+4 ,x is necess>y t ! life ( society %\ld be unbrok52 t its a*ievem5ts %\ld be pres]v$ & accumulat$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,?is is provid$ = 9 ! p]man5ce ( records1 monum5ts1 & in/itutions2 b ^! are ( less consequ5ce ?an ! cont9uity ( tradition4 ,g5]ations ( m5 d n come into be+ & pass away l regim5ts 9 m>*+ ord]4 ,!re is no pres5t g5]ation2 unless "o arbitr>ily selects ^? ( a c]ta9 age to repres5t ! _s ( ! day4 ,he :o is born n[1 ent]s into ! mid/ ( a social life 9 :i* ! pres5t is bl5d$ ) ! pa/ ?r\gh ! int]p5etration ( individual lives ( e /age ( maturity4 ,! ?reads are innum]ably _m1 & _! l5g? is b ?reescore ye>s & t52 b !re is no place at :i* m ?an a few end1 s t !y are wov5 into "o cont9u\s & seamless fabric4 ,x does n exce$ ! facts1 !n1 to say t ! life ( society is "o life1 :i* may ga!r headway1 increase 9 weal?1 & pr(it by exp]i5ce4 ,?r\gh ?is cont9uity society may le>n1 z ! individual organism does1 by ! me?od ( trial & error4 ,co/ly blund]s ne$ n be repeat$1 & ! wa/e involv$ #add 9 untri$ exp]im5ts may /eadily be r$uc$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! advance is by geometrical1 & n m]ely by ari?metical progression4 ,e discov]y & a*ievem5t is multipli$ 9 fruitfulness ?r\gh be+ add$ to ! capital /ock & re9ve/$ 9 fre% ent]prises4 ,,iii ,human progress1 ?us det]m9$ by ! movem5t ( life t[>ds its m rational1 t is1 m provid5t1 organization1 is att5d$ 9 all its /ages ) a v significant diff]5ce ( emphasis4 ,i ref] to ! old conflict betwe5 cons]vatism & radicalism4 ,if ?is 7 m]ely a diff]5ce ( temp]am5tal bias1 x w\ld n ne$ to deta9 u4 ,b x is really an opposition betwe5 exagg]at$ tru?s1 9 :i* ea* is boldly & impressively def9$4 ,! tru? ( cons]vatism lies1 fir/1 9 its love ( ! exi/+ ord]4 ,e e/abli%$ =m ( social life has _h a c]ta9 :ol5ess & /r5g? & p]fection ( its own4 ,?is is z true ( savag]y z x is ( any type ( civilization4 ,int]e/s are 9 equilibrium1 & are gu>ante$ security )9 c]ta9 limits t are g5]ally und]/ood4 ,9 o!r words1 at lea/ a measure ( fulfilm5t may be c\nt$ on4 ,! cons]vative is "r 9 valu+ ?is z a prodigi\s a*ievem5t4 ,he kn[s t disord] is ru91 n to #ade any class1 b to all2 ! p>alysis1 if n ! absolute de/ruction1 ( all fruitful activities4 ,& secondly1 cons]vatism proclaims ! tru? t s9ce ord] conditions all activity1 x is impossible to promote human welf>e except by us+ ord]4 ,! enemy ( ord] ?reat5s to de/roy ! in/rum5ts ( p[]1 & s to make himself weak & helpless ) ! re/4 ,! cons]vative und]/&s ! real delicacy ( ^! in/rum5ts1 & ! difficulty ( remodell+ !m :ile /ill =c$ to use !m4 ,= no?+ puts s great a /ra9 on society z progress4 ,x t5ds to de/roy its rigidity1 to dull its edge1 & to spoil ! f9e adju/m5t )\t :i* s complex an organization _c function4 ,!re c\ld be no human life :atsoev]1 & /ill less a progressive life1 7 n ! great mass ( m5 cont5t to rema9 /eadily 9 _! places1 & s =m p>ts ( a /able /ructure4 ,an organization _c actually "w until x is 9 equilibrium4 ,n[ :ile ! cons]vative fe>s to swap horses :ile cross+ ! /ream1 ! radical rem9ds him t if he does n d s he w nev] ga9 ! f>!r %ore4 ,! cons]vative is satisfi$ to sit firmly 9 ! saddle1 b ! radical ?9ks only ( ! long di/ance yet to g4 ,!re is a common misconception z to :o is ! real radical1 ! real m5ace to ?is exi/+ ord]4 #adf ,he is n ! sceptic1 b ! man ) a purpose2 ! man :o believes 9 ! possibility ( bett] ?+s1 & s has a motive impell+ him to aboli% & recon/ruct ! pres5t ?+s4 ,! sceptic1 :o holds all ord] to be conv5tional & arbitr>y1 is z well satisfi$ ) "o sy/em z ano!r4 ,8 natural c\rse is a cynical acquiesc5ce 9 ! invet]ate folly ( mank9d4 ,or1 f9d+ ord] conv5i5t1 & fe>+ t its true gr\ndlessness w be expos$ if x be made a matt] = discussion1 he advocates bl9d ob$i5ce to ! au?ority ( ! day4 ,h5ce ! disillusion$1 especially if !y occupy positions ( p[] 9 *ur* or /ate or trade1 may be c\nt$ on z ! lead]s ( cons]vative policy4 ,! typical radical1 on ! o!r h&1 is ,socrates1 :o c5sur$ ! m5 ( 8 "t because !y 7 satisfi$ ) some?+ %ort ( ! be/2 & :o 0 condemn$ because he (f]$ m5 a good reason = reorganiz+ life4 ,! radical1 l ! cons]vative1 is "r4 ,he is "r1 9 ! fir/ place1 because he po9ts out t ! /ability ( ! e/abli%$ ord] is n pro( ( its f9ality4 ,x may be1 inde$ always w be1 l>gely due to habit4 ,society =feits a great] good ?r\gh m]e in]tia1 ?r\gh ! t5d5cy ( any organization ( int]e/s :i* runs smoo?ly & br+s a /eady return1 to p]petuate itself4 ,! radical is ! critic ( #adg cu/om1 condemn+ x = timidly cl++ to ! pres5t good1 & ab&on+ ! orig9al int5t ( life to atta9 to ! maximum4 ,! radical is "r1 secondly1 because he prote/s t s long z !re is ! lea/ wa/e ( life1 ! lea/ wanton suppression or de/ruction ( int]e/s1 ! "w ( civilization is n done4 ,he repres5ts ^? int]e/s :i* "u any sy/em are mo/ heavily tax$1 & presses = _! relief4 ,cons]vatism & radicalism1 !n1 are ! two half-tru?s into :i* ! pr9ciple ( progress is divid$ by ! prop5sity ( e human activity to ov]ride ! m>k1 & by ! confusion ( m9d t _c fail to att5d s v5turesome & bewild]+ an und]tak+ z civilization4 ,,iv ,i h said t x is possible to measure progress because ( ! p]si/5ce ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( human hi/ory ( c]ta9 id5tical int]e/s & purposes4 ,:5 su* an int]e/ or purpose is suffici5tly broad 9 its scope1 & gets itself p]man5tly embodi$1 x is call$ an in/itution4 ,?us gov]nm5t embodies ! ne$ ( ! g5]al regulation ( int]e/s )9 ! social community4 ,education is due to ! individual's prolong$ p]iod ( helplessness & dep5d5ce1 & ! ne$ ( assimilat+ him to ! ord] ( 8 "t4 ,sci5ce is man's #adh k ( ! ways ( nature 9 detail1 :5 ?is is record$1 organiz$1 & pres]v$ z a p]man5t utility answ]+ to ! p]man5t ne$ ( adaptation4 ,& religion expresses 9 out] =m ! human ne$ ( reckon+ ) ! f9al day ( judgm5t1 ( e/abli%+ "r relations ) ! p[]s t und]ly & ov]rule ! proximate sph]e ( life4 ,!re is no limit$ numb] ( in/itutions1 b ^! are notable examples4 ,gov]nm5t1 education1 sci5ce1 & religion are fix$ moral necessities4 ,!y arise out ( ^? conditions ( life :i* are g5]al & con/ant4 ,h5ce ea* has a hi/ory coext5sive ) ! hi/ory ( society itself4 ,& s9ce ! function ( ea* rema9s id5tical ?r\gh\t1 ! adequacy ) :i* at any giv5 "t x fulfils t function may be tak5 z a measure ( civilization4 ,gov]nm5t be+ ! mo/ prom95t ( in/itutions1 & its improvem5t be+ ! deepe/ conc]n ( society1 ,i %all select x = special consid]ation4#e ,i h already ref]r$ to ! ,platonic acc\nt ( gov]nm5t1 giv5 9 ! ,republic4 ,x furni%es ! />t+-po9t ( all political philosophy4 ,9 ! ,fir/ & ,second ,books1 ,plato exam9es two contr>y sceptical criticisms ( gov]nm5t1 ) a mo/ illum9at+ result4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,book ! sceptic urges ! view t gov]nm5t repres5ts ! int]e/ ( ! /rong2 #adi prim>ily ( ! rul] himself1 enabl+ him to aggr&ize himself at ! exp5se ( ! weak4 ,b 9 ! ,second ,book ! sceptic is made to sugge/ t gov]nm5t repres5ts r ! int]e/ ( ! weak1 s9ce x af=ds him a protection :i* he is n /rong en\gh to af=d himself4 ,n[ ! moral ( ?is p>adox lies 9 ! fact t gov]nm5t repres5ts ! int]e/ nei!r ( ! /rong nor ( ! weak1 b ( ! community z a :ole4 ,?is moral is virtually po9t$ 9 ! reply :i* ,plato makes to ! fir/ ( ^! two sceptical positions4 ,! rul] ga9s 8 p[] & pre/ige n f ! exploitation ( ! int]e/s ( 8 subjects1 b f 8 protection ( !m4 ,8 activity t\*es all ! int]e/s ( ! community1 & is tol]at$ only 9 s f> z x conciliates !m4 ,9 o!r words1 8 /r5g? is drawn :olly f ! con/itu5cy :i* he s]ves4 ,! _m individual int]e/s1 on ! o!r h&1 owe _! security to t conc5tration & organization :i* c5tres 9 ! rul]4 ,!y only p>ticipate 9 a p[] :i* ! rul] may ex]cise & enjoy z a unit4 ,b unless t p[] be engag$ 9 _! s]vice x ceases to exi/4 ,x is n a p]sonal p[]1 b a p]man5t function1 ?r\gh :i* ! _m int]e/s ( society unite1 & s %>e sev]ally ! security1 glory1 & res\rcefulness ( ! :ole body4 #aej ,gov]nm5t 9 ?is s5se is bo? a necessity & an opportunity4 ,suppose m5 to be 9 contact ?r\gh prop9quity or common desc5t4 ,divid$ among !mselves !y are prey to natural =ces1 wild bea/s1 or human enemies4 ,b act+ z a unit !y are suffici5tly /rong to protect !mselves4 ,he :o wields !m z a unit to ?is end is = ! "t-be+ ! rul]2 & to submit to 8 lead]%ip is simply to submit to ! necessity ( protection4 ,or1 divid$ among !mselves1 !y rema9 9 a condition ( pov]ty & fe>2 :ile unit$ !y c wage an aggressive campaign aga9/ nature1 & aga9/ ^? :o ?reat5 !m or possess :at !y lack4 ,aga91 he :o settles _! int]nal diff]5ces1 accompli%es _! organization1 & makes x effective1 is _! rul]2 & he owes 8 au?ority to ! opportunity ( conque/ :i* 8 lead]%ip af=ds4 ,! fact t gov]nm5t is ?us ( natural orig91 ! inevitable solution ( an inevitable problem1 has be5 obscur$ ?r\gh confus+ its g5]al necessity ) ! accid5tal circum/ances connect$ ) ! selection ( rul]s4 ,! fir/ rul] may h be5 appo9t$ by ,god2 or1 z is m likely1 he may h ow$ 8 *oice to 8 own brutal self-ass]tion4 ,b ?is has no m to d ) ! orig9 ( ! function ( gov]nm5t1 ?an ! pres5t me?ods ( ambiti\s #aea politicians h to d ) ! con/itutional (fice ( a republican presid5cy4 ,gov]nm5t meets a moral ne$2 & no man has ev] rul$ ov] m5 :o has n met t ne$1 h[ev] cruel & gre$y he may h be5 9 8 private motives4 ,f ! v beg9n+1 !n1 gov]nm5t exi/s by virtue ( ! good t x does4 ,b !re h be5 enorm\s diff]5ces 9 ! price t m5 h paid = t good2 & ?is con/itutes its v>iable & progressive factor4 ,tyranny is1 9 ! long run1 ! mo/ un/able =m ( gov]nm5t1 because x grossly ov]e/imates ! am\nt t m5 w pay = ! b5efit ( ord]4 ,9 ! ,antigone ( ,sophocles1 ,creon ?us ju/ifies 8 rule3 ,?an lawlessness !re is no great] ill4 ,x ru9s /ates1 ov]turns homes1 & jo9+ ) ! spe>-?ru/ breaks ! ranks 9 r\t4 ,b 9 ! /eady l9es :at saves mo/ lives is discipl9e4 ,!re=e we mu/ def5d ! public ord]4 ,b :5 8 son ,haemon prote/s aga9/ 8 tyranny1 ,creon /ates 8 und]/&+ ( ! b>ga93 ,,creon ,gov]n ?is l& = o!rs ?an myself8 ,,haemon ,no city is ! prop]ty ( "o alone4 ,,creon ,is n ! city reckon$ 8 :o rules8 ,,haemon ,excell5t rul+--y alone1 ! l& des]t$6#f #aeb ,9 o!r words1 ,creon does n und]/& t if he exacts ev]y?+ he w possess no?+4 ,!re w come a po9t :5 ! co/ to ! community exce$s ! ga92 & :5 t po9t is rea*$ gov]nm5t mu/ ei!r make m lib]al t]ms or =feit its p[]4 ,! pr9ciple ( rationality 9 gov]nm5t is p>simony4 ,:5 its b5efit involves a wa/eful sacrifice ( int]e/s & may be pur*as$ m ?riftily1 ! pressure ( int]e/ inevitably 9 ! long run br+s ab\t ! *ange4 ,! int]e/s ^u :i* ! burd5 weighs mo/ heavily con/itute ! un/able factor1 & s9ce1 9 ord] t equilibrium may be re/or$1 ^! mu/ be reliev$1 !re is necess>ily a gradual lib]alization ( gov]nm5tal in/itutions4 ,9 ! light ( ^! g5]al consid]ations ,i wi% briefly to exam9e ?ree hi/orical types ( gov]nm5t1 & !n to pres5t a summ>y ( pres5t t5d5cies4 ,!re is an int]e/+ e/imate ( ! b5efits & co/ ( ! anci5t milit>y mon>*y 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel1 z record$ by ! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,samuel4 ,! eld]s h dem&$ t ,samuel make !m a k+1 to judge !m1 l all ! nations4 ,b he fir/ w>ns !m ( ! price t !y w h to pay3 ,& he said1 ,?is w be ! mann] ( ! k+ t %all reign ov] y3 he w take y\r sons1 & #aec appo9t !m unto him1 = 8 *>iots1 & to be 8 horsem52 & !y %all run be=e 8 *>iots2 & he w appo9t !m unto him = capta9s ( ?\s&s1 & capta9s ( fifties2 & he w set "s to pl[ 8 gr\nd1 & to reap 8 h>ve/1 & to make 8 in/rum5ts ( w>1 & ! in/rum5ts ( 8 *>iots4 4 4 4 ,& he w take y\r fields1 & y\r v9ey>ds1 & y\r olivey>ds1 ev5 ! be/ ( !m1 & give !m to 8 s]vants4 4 4 4 ,& he w take y\r m5 s]vants1 & y\r maid-s]vants1 & y\r goodlie/ "y m51 & y\r asses1 & put !m to 8 "w4 ,he w take ! t5? ( y\r flocks3 & ye %all be 8 s]vants4 ,& ye %all cry out 9 t day because ( y\r k+ t ye %all h *os5 y4 ,b ! m5 ( ,israel 7 will+ to pay ev5 ?is price1 say+3 ,nay2 b we w h a k+ ov] u2 t we also may be l all ! nations2 & t our k+ may judge u1 & g out be=e u1 & fight our battles4#g ,! b5efits ( mon>*y1 9 :i* ,israel s\ght to emulate h] neighbors1 7 judgm5t & milit>y pr[ess4 ,ev5 :]e ! evils ( tyranny 7 mo/ aggravat$ ^! b5efits actually accru$ & con/itut$ a rational gr\nd ( au?ority4 ,! k+ 01 at lea/ 9 a measure1 wor?y ( 8 hire4 ,b ! co/ 0 extravagant2 ! k+ exact$ a disproportionate %>e ( ! plund]1 & r$uc$ 8 subjects to a condition ( p]sonal bondage4 ,9 ! great mon>*ies1 su* z ,assyria1 ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 & ! ,roman #aed ,empire 9 its lat] p]iod1 ! b5efits ( 8 role 7 greatly att5uat$ be=e !y rea*$ to ! dep?s & extremities ( 8 k+dom1 judgm5t be+ r$uc$ to ! caprice ( an irresponsible (fic]1 & milit>y pr[ess to a fa9t reflection ( national glory4 ,n[ ! weakness ( su* a polity lay 9 its d\btful value to ! gov]n$1 ^! fail+ to p>ticipate fairly 9 its a*ievem5ts1 & s lack+ inc5tive to support x4 ,!re 0 no cle> & conv9c+ id5tification ( individual int]e/ & national purpose4 ,! /r5g? ( ,greek & ,roman olig>*ies1 on ! o!r h&1 lay 9 precisely ?is morale1 or solid>ity ( int]e/4 ,_! small size & racial homog5eity br\ght ! rul] into direct relations ) a con/itu5cy :i* 0 cle>ly consci\s ( its purpose & held him closely to x4 ,s ev5 :]e ! k+%ip l+]$ on z a =m1 ?is polity 0 virtually a compact self-gov]n+ community4 ,! b5efits ( gov]nm5t1 to :i* e o!r int]e/ 0 h>%ly subord9at$1 7 /ill judgm5t & milit>y pr[ess4 ,b ^! b5efits 7 effectually gu>ante$2 & ! sacrifices :i* !y requir$ became a code ( honor1 bo? to be prais$ & glori$ 9 z p>ts ( happ9ess4 ,^? :o ?9k t ! ,sp>tans felt _! discipl9e to be ess5tially a h>d%ip %\ld read ! song ( ,tyrtaeus1 #aee :i* !y recit$ 9 _! t5ts on ! eve ( battle3 ,) _s let u fight = ?is l&1 & = our *ildr5 die1 be+ no long] *>y ( our lives4 ,fight1 !n1 "y m51 /&+ fa/ "o by ano!r1 nor be beg9n]s ( c[>dly flight or fe>4 ,b r\se a great & valiant _s 9 y\r brea/s1 & love n life :5 ye cont5d ) m54 ,& ! eld]s1 ^: limbs are no long] active1 ! old des]t n or =sake4 ,= surely ?is 7 %ameful1 t fall5 amid ! =emo/ *ampions1 9 front ( ! y\?s1 an old] man %\ld lie l[1 hav+ 8 head n[ :ite & 8 be>d ho>y1 brea?+ out a valiant _s 9 ! du/4 4 4 4 ,yet all ?is befits ! "y :ile he enjoys ! brilliant bloom ( y\?4 ,to mortal m5 & wom5 he is lovely to look ^u1 :il/ he lives2 & noble :5 he has fall5 9 ! =emo/ ranks4#h ,b ! co/ is none ! less heavy because x is n felt4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 ! co/ untold to ^? :om ! olig>*y held 9 subjection1 a hundr$ ?\s& ,mess5ians & twice z _m ,helots4 ,_! unequal p>ticipation 9 ! b5efits ( gov]nm5t1 necess>y ?\gh x may h be51 l5t in/ability to ! :ole polity4 ,x 0 ! m5ace ( _! res5tm5t t =c$ ^u _! rul]s a policy ( p]petual vigilance & milit>y discipl9e4 ,& 9 ! second place1 !re 0 ! co/ to ! ,sp>tan himself ( atta9+ to a physical effici5cy equal to t ( t5 ,helots4 #aef ,9 ! rival polity ( ,a!ns1 ! fir/ ( ^! abuses is only 9 a measure correct$4 ,! lib]al ext5sion ( ! privileges ( citiz5%ip is ! a*ievem5t ( a lat] age4 ,b ! democracy ( ,a!ns did demon/rate ! int]nal wa/efulness ( a polity dom9at$ by purely milit>y aims4 ,! classic repres5tation ( ?is prote/ aga9/ sacrific+ individual ta/e & capacity1 toge!r ) all gr[? & abundance 9 ! arts ( peace1 to ! h>% rigors & passive ob$i5ce ( a soldi]'s life1 is to be f\nd 9 ,?ucydides4 ,9 ! fun]al oration attribut$ to ,p]icles !re is ?is acc\nt ( ! sup]iority ( ,a!nian in/itutions3 ,x is true t we are call$ a democracy1 = ! adm9i/ration is 9 ! h&s ( ! _m & n ( ! few4 ,b :ile ! law secures equal ju/ice to all alike 9 _! private disputes1 ! claim ( excell5ce is also recogniz$2 & :5 a citiz5 is 9 any way di/+ui%$1 he is pref]r$ to ! public s]vice4 4 4 4 ,& we h n =gott5 to provide = our we>y spirits _m relaxations f toil2 we h regul> games & sacrifices ?r\gh\t ! ye>2 at home ! /yle ( our liv+ is ref9$2 & ! delight :i* we daily feel 9 all ^! ?+s helps to bani% melan*oly4 4 4 4 ,& 9 ! matt] ( education1 :]eas !y ! ,sp>tans f e>ly y\? are always und]go+ labori\s ex]cises :i* are to make !m brave1 we live at ease1 & yet are equally ready to face ! p]ils :i* !y face4 4 4 4 ,if !n we pref] to meet dang] ) a light he>t b )\t labori\s tra9+1 & ) a c\rage :i* is ga9$ by habit & n en=c$ by law1 are we n greatly ! ga9]s8 ,s9ce we d n anticipate ! #aeg pa91 al?\gh1 :5 ! h\r comes1 we c be z brave z ^? :o nev] all[ !mselves to re/2 & ?us too our city is equally admirable 9 peace & 9 w>4 ,= we are lov]s ( ! beautiful1 yet simple 9 our ta/es1 & we cultivate ! m9d )\t loss ( manl9ess4#i ,! political disord]s ( lat] ,a!nian hi/ory illu/rate ! difficulty ( reconcil+ individualism ) ord] & /ability4 ,b at ! same "t !y prove t ! task is a necess>y "o1 & t until x has be5 successfully p]=m$1 gov]nm5t c enjoy at be/ only a false security4 ,= no int]e/s c safely be neglect$1 lea/ ( all ^? :i* arise f ! natural activities ( m5 & lie 9 ! direction ( ! normal gr[? ( human capacities4 ,n[ ^! anci5t polities illu/rate ! inevitable pressure 9 ! direction ( lib]al gov]nm5t4 ,! orig9al & always ! fundam5tal values ( gov]nm5t are ord] & p[]4 ,b ^! mu/ be obta9$ ) ! m9imum ( p]sonal exploitation on ! "p ( ! rul]2 ! function ( gov]nm5t mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood & vigilantly gu>d$ by a body ( citiz5s :o id5tify _! int]e/s ) x4 ,& secondly1 ord] & p[] mu/ be made compatible ) individual initiative1 ) playfulness & leisure1 & ) ! free developm5t ( all wor?y int]e/s4 ,?is pressure has be5 /eadily op]ative 9 ! evolution ( mod]n political in/itutions4 #aeh ,b !re has also be5 ano!r =ce at "w ( equally f>-rea*+ importance4 ,?is =ce is ! mod]n idea ( democracy1 9 :i* ju/ice is modifi$ by good-w4 ,) ! anci5ts ju/ice meant t e man %\ld practise "o ?+ only1 t be+ ! ?+ to :i* 8 nature 0 mo/ p]fectly adapt$4 #aj ,equality ^u ! highe/ plane ( human capacity 0 limit$ ev5 9 !ory to a privileg$ class4 ,b s9ce ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity x has nev] be5 possible = ,european society to acquiesce ) good consci5ce 9 a limit$ di/ribution ( ! b5efits ( civilization4 ,= ! new enlight5m5t tea*es t :5 m5's pot5tialities are consid]$1 r ?an _! pres5t condition1 !re are no classes4 ,z a consequ5ce m5 dem& repres5tation n = :at !y are1 b = :at !y may become if giv5 _! j opportunity4 ,! body ( citiz5s ^: good is ! f9al end ( gov]nm5t virtually includes1 !n1 all m5 )\t exception4 ,x is no long] possible simply to dismiss l>ge gr\ps ( human be+s f consid]ation on gr\nds ( :at is held to be _! unfitness4 ,= !y n[ dem& t !y be made fit4 ,burke expresses ?is enlight5m5t :5 he says1 9 speak+ ( ! l[] /rata ( society3 ,z ! bl9dness ( mank9d has caus$ _! slav]y1 9 return _! /ate ( slav]y is made a pret5ce ( keep+ !m 9 a /ate ( bl9dness2 = #aei ! politician w tell y gravely1 t _! life ( s]vitude disqualifies ! great] "p ( ! race ( man = a se>* ( tru?1 & supplies !m ) no o!r ?an mean & insuffici5t ideas4 ,?is is b too true2 & ?is is "o ( ! reasons = :i* ,i blame su* in/itutions4#aa ,& s does e man n[ dem& ( ! community z a :ole t he %all be p]mitt$ to %>e equally 9 its b5efits1 & also1 9 ord] t 8 claims may be repres5t$1 t he %all h a voice 9 its c\ncils4 ,d n misund]/& me4 ,i d n mean t all m51 !re=e1 mu/ "h & n[ be held to be equal2 b only t !y mu/ be held to be capable ( be+ z good z ! be/ until !y h demon/rat$ ! contr>y by =feit+ _! opportunity4 ,nor d ,i mean t all m5 mu/ !re=e be giv5 ! ballot4 ,we are discuss+ a "q n ( in/rum5t1 b ( pr9ciple4 ,i d mean t !re is an idea t ! be/ ( life is = all2 & t if !re are _m t are incapable ( ent]+ into x1 !n !y mu/ be help$ to be capable4 ,& ,i mean1 fur!rmore1 t ?is idea works irresi/ibly4 ,x comm&s ! support ( ! :ole army ( int]e/s4 ,x w nev] be ab&on$ because x makes = ! increase ( life on ! :ole2 & h5ce no social ord] w f h5ce=? be /able t is n bas$ ^u x4 ,?is idea t all m5 alike %all be ! b5efici>ies ( gov]nm5t1 :5 tak5 toge!r #afj ) ! anci5t ideas t gov]nm5t %all be directly responsible to its b5efici>ies1 & %all make z lib]al an all[ance z possible = _! individual claims & op9ions1 con/itutes ! g5]al pr9ciple ^u :i* ! progressive mod]n /ate is f\nd$4 ,let me briefly recapitulate c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ! mod]n /ate#ab :i* indicate its recognition ( ?is pr9ciple1 & h5ce its advance on ! :ole ov] e>li] types4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! mod]n /ate is ess5tially a t]ritorial r ?an a racial or propriet>y unit4 ,9 o!r words1 x is cle>ly def9$ z a necessity & utility aris+ out ( ! circum/ance ( prop9quity4 ,if m5 are to ca/ 9 _! lot toge!r !y mu/ submit to organization1 & obey laws promulgat$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! community z a :ole4 ,to-day m5 und]/& t if !y _h no gov]nm5t x w\ld be necess>y to inv5t "o2 t ! exi/+ gov]nm5t1 :atev] div9ity do? h$ge x1 is ?us virtually ! in/rum5t ( _! ne$s4 #b4 ,secondly1 ?is moral function ( gov]nm5t is emphasiz$ ?r\gh be+ l>gely fre$ f p]sonal or dyna/ic connections & express$ z a con/itutional (fice4 #c4 ,?irdly1 ! requirem5ts ( ju/ice & good-w are reconcil$ ) ord] ?r\gh ! pr9ciple ( repres5tation4 ,)\t ?is #afa pr9ciple x w\ld be impossible = societies l>ge en\gh to af=d m5 protection1 to admit all m5 to a %>e 9 _! positive b5efits & to a voice 9 _! c\ncils4 ,repres5tative gov]nm5t is a me?od ( political proc$ure ?r\gh :i* au?ority is made answ]able 9 ! long run to all int]e/s )9 its jurisdiction4 ,! m rec5t t5d5cies 9 democratic communities to modify ! repres5tative sy/em indicate ! direction 9 :i* ! pressure ( int]e/s is /ill urg+ society =w>d4 ,x is no long] a "q m]ely ( ! ext5sion ( ! suffrage1 b ( directness & publicity4 ,! proc$ure ( gov]nm5t be+ recogniz$ z ( vital importance to all citiz5s1 x mu/ be /raight=w>d & bus9esslike1 ) its books con/antly op5 to inspection4 ,! pres5t di/ru/ 9 elect$ repres5tatives is n a sign ( reaction1 b ( ! evolution ( ! democratic intellig5ce4 ,:]e ! ma*9]y ( repres5tation becomes wa/eful & clumsy1 x ceases to s]ve ! community4 ,b ?is may mean ei!r direct legislation1 t is1 a direct p>ticipation 9 public affairs by ! p at l>ge1 or ! intru/+ ( ^! affairs to a few conspicu\sly responsible ag5ts select$ = _! bus9esslike compet5ce & ow+ _! t5ure ( (fice to ! cons5t ( _! con/itu5cy4 ,^! me?ods are entirely consi/5t ) "o ano!r2 & !y owe _! #afb adoption entirely to _! bett] execution ( ! int5t ( democracy4 ,bo? presuppose t political au?ority is emp[]$ by all ! int]e/s ( ! community to s]ve !m1 & t ^! int]e/s %all 9 ! end decide :e!r or n t s]vice is adequately p]=m$4 #d4 ,f\r?ly1 ! mod]n /ate lays a con/antly great] /ress on que/ions ( int]nal policy1 ?us emphasiz+ its basal function ( cons]v+ & fo/]+ ! int]e/s directly committ$ to its *>ge4 ,x is less occupi$ ) w>1 & m occupi$ ) education1 sanitation1 ! cons]vation ( national res\rces1 & ! regulation ( comm]ce & indu/ry4 #e4 ,fif?ly1 ! sequel to ?is is ! gr[+ recognition ( ! folly & wa/efulness ( w>4 ,w> is becom+ a la/ resort1 a h>d necessity1 r ?an an opportunity ( national glory4 ,! gr[? ( ! idea ( int]national peace1 & ! improvem5t & ext5sion ( ! me?od ( arbitration1 are evid5ce ( a yield+ to ! weight ( ! collective int]e/s ( humanity4 ,!y prove ! priority ( ! pr9ciple ( con/ruction ov] t ( de/ruction1 & ! ess5tially ?rifty & provid5t function ( ! /ate4 ,! pres5t =m ( progressive political in/itutions w s]ve z an index ( ! times & a pl$ge ( ! future4 ,x reflects bett] ?an any o!r elem5t ( civilization t gr[? ( #afc lib]ality & solidify+ ( int]e/s :i* is ! deep curr5t ( progress4 ,human society is becom+ "o ent]prise1 provid5t ( all exi/+ int]e/s & covet\s ( ! be/4 ,n[ ,i "k t ?is is to _m b a dre>y spectacle4 ,!re are ^? :o feel dim9i%$ by x1 ov]:elm$ by numb]s1 & degrad$ to ! l[ level ( av]age capacity & av]age atta9m5t4 ,!re=e ,i wi% 9 conclusion to deal fur!r ) ?is _s ( ! age1 to gu>d x aga9/ misund]/&+1 & make its f9e quality m app>5t4 ,v ,x is *>g$ t mod]n democracy is contr>y to enlight5m5t ?r\gh subord9at+ ! /rong man to ! multitude ( weak m51 or ! wise man to ! multitude ( ignorant m54 ,b ! mod]n idea ( ju/ice is bas$ fundam5tally nei!r on ! m]e s5tim5t ( pity nor on fe> ( ! mob1 b on love ( tru?1 & respect = all organs t m$iate x4 ,society _c af=d =cibly to repress ! judgm5t ( any individual or class1 le/ h] de$s be de$s ( d>kness4 ,! task ( good liv+ is a task ( well-nigh ov]:elm+ difficulty1 because x requires t no int]e/ %all be ignor$1 & yet t all int]e/s %all be 9 unison4 ,int]e/s left out ( ! acc\nt w inevitably ass]t !mselves1 & ?r\gh _! /eady pressure or #afd viol5t impact de/roy ! organization :i* has exclud$ !m4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( an ord] t %all provide = its own gradual correction2 /able en\gh = security1 & pliant en\gh to yield )\t %ock to ! claims ( neglect$ or abus$ int]e/s4 ,?is ne$ und]lies ! mod]n s5tim5t ( tol]ance1 & ! love ( all ! lib]ties t give a he>+ to any s9c]e dem&3 fre$om ( spee* & press1 ! wide di/ribution ( ! fran*ise1 & ( opportunity = p[]4 ,contr>y to a !ory t philosoph]s h done mu* to support1 democracy is n a me?od ( conf\nd+ intellig5ce ) ! clamor ( _m voices1 b a me?od ( correct+ ! s+le intellig5ce by ! report ( :atev] o!r intellig5ce may be mo/ advantage\sly relat$ to ! matt] at issue4 ,human intellig5ce mu/ op]ate f a c5tre1 & mu/ always ov]come an initial bias due to famili>ity & proximity4 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion1 or public op9ion1 is n ess5tially a composite op9ion1 b a correct$ op9ion 9 :i* su* accid5ts ( locality cancel "o ano!r4 ,! foll[+ ju/ification ( democracy1 =mulat$ by ,mat!w ,arnold1 lays b>e its insi/5t & :olly incontrov]tible motive3 ,if exp]i5ce has e/abli%$ any "o ?+ 9 ?is _w1 x has e/abli%$ ?is3 t x is well = any #afe great class or description ( m5 9 society to be able to say = itself :at x wants1 & n to h o!r classes1 ! s-call$ educat$ & intellig5t classes1 act+ = x z its proctors1 & suppos$ to und]/& its wants & to provide = !m4 ,!y d n really und]/& its wants1 !y d n really provide = !m4 ,a class ( m5 may (t5 itself n ei!r fully und]/& its own wants or adequately express !m2 b x has a ne>] int]e/ & a m sure dilig5ce 9 ! matt] ?an any ( its proctors1 & !re=e a bett] *ance ( success4#ac ,?is conception ( democracy has come latt]ly to be z f9e a po9t ( honor z any article 9 ! code ( *ivalry or noblesse4 ,! arrogance t claims a sup]iority ( class1 & ! obsequi\sness t loves a "l1 all ?is ,niets*ean pa?os ( di/ance1 :e!r felt f ! heights or ! dep?s1 is %>ply repugnant to a new g5tility1 t embraces all t h _h ! joy ( promiscu\s social int]c\rse4 ,f ?is ari/ocracy no "o is exclud$ t does n exclude himself ?r\gh s]vility or sup]cili\sness4 ,its di/9ction is lib]ality1 t is1 ! habit ( disput+ que/ions & judg+ p]sons on _! m]its1 ) due all[ance = t nev] :olly negligible possibility t ! o!r man is "r4 ,among ^? :o are unit$ by ?is _s1 !re is "o joke t is an unfail+ t\*/one & bond ( union--! in/itution ( lse-maje/4 ,x is a matt] = unqu5*able laught]1 #aff t sup]iority %\ld require to be protect$ aga9/ inf]iority by ! en=c$ signs ( respect1 or by a h$ge ( res]ve4 ,x is ! ridicul\sness ( ! haughty or ! pro/rate mann] t is absolutely fatal to x4 ,& its ridicul\sness appe>s at ! mom5t :5 y let 9 ! light4 ,class elevation is pret5ce1 n sup]iority2 complac5ce1 n wisdom2 impud5ce1 n p[]4 ,b ! contempt ( ! j man = ! unju/ is edg$ ) k4 ,x arises out ( a s5se = ?+s z !y are3 a recognition ( ! bread? & intricacy ( life1 comp>$ ) ! pitifully small und]/&+ ( ^? :o propose to regulate x on _! own au?ority2 ( ! vivid reality & wor? ( int]e/s t d n exi/ = ^? ^: claims are absolute1 b :o are only ! hapless victims ( a n>r[ & w>p+ tradition4 ,_m ?9k t ! mod]n democracy is too easy-go+2 too mu* infect$ ) *>ity4 ,n[ x is q true t x means t no int]e/ :atsoev] %all be cut (f ?r\gh be+ =gott5 or lightly e/imat$4 ,! consci5ce ( to-day expresses ! p]suasion t !re is no /able happ9ess 9 any activity :i* entails cruelty1 :i* has any o!r motive ?an to save4 ,b ?is is no m ?an ! full mean+ ( ! ,platonic dictum t ! injur+ ( ano!r c be 9 no case j4 #ad ,?is s5sitiv5ess to #afg life t is remote or obscure1 ?is feel+ = ! :ole wide manifold ( int]e/s1 is n a weakness2 x is enlight5m5t1 a lively aw>5ess ( :at is really relevant to ! task ( civilization4 ,to imag9e & ?9k life collectively1 ) all its int]e/s abrea/1 is only to measure up r\ndly & proportionately to ! practical situation z x actually is4 ,^u a m9d ?us alive to ! :ole spectacle !re at once fla%es ! awkw>dness "h1 ! wa/e !re1 z ( an ent]prise only begun4 ,let me all[ ano!r to int]pret ?is latt]-day consci5ce4 ,i quote f ,fir/ & ,la/ ,?+s1 writt5 by ,wells3 ,i see humanity scatt]$ ov] ! _w1 disp]s$1 conflict+1 unawak5$4 4 4 4 ,i see human life z avoidable wa/e & curable confusion4 ,i see peasants liv+ 9 wret*$ huts knee-deep 9 manure1 m]e p>asites on _! own pigs & c[s2 ,i see %y hunt]s w&]+ 9 primeval =e/s2 ,i see ! grimy millions :o slave = indu/rial p]fection2 ,i see "s :o are extravagant & yet contemptible creatures ( luxury 4 4 4 ,i see gambl]s1 fools1 brutes1 toil]s1 m>tyrs4 ,_! disord] ( ef=t1 ! spectacle ( futility1 fills me ) a passionate desire to end wa/e1 to create ord]1 to develop und]/&+4 4 4 4 ,all ^! p reflect & are "p ( ! wa/e & discont5t ( my life1 & ?is coord9at+ ( ! species 9 a common g5]al end1 & ! ef=t ( my p]sonal salvation are ! social & ! individual aspect ( ess5tially ! same desire4#ae ,b x mu/ n be ?\ght t ?is is a matt] ( m]e creature com=t1 ( di/ribut+ /aple #afh b5efits = :i* m5 already h ! appetite4 ,= e /ep 9 ! organization ( life is att5d$ ) ! gr[? ( new int]e/s1 & especially ( int]e/s fo/]$ or directly evok$ by pr9ciples t h prov$ _! moral virtue4 ,?us ! =ms ( prud5ce & ju/ice are support$ by ! imm$iate love ( ^! ?+s4 ,& a gr[+ rationality involves an increas+ subtlety & delicacy 9 desires1 ! enri*m5t ( life ?r\gh ! multiplication ( su* s\rces ( satisfaction z are consi/5t ) ord] & lib]ality4 ,! true democracy is consid]ate n only ( pres5t int]e/s1 b also ( ! pot5tiality & promise ( life4 ,only :5 ! imag9ation pictures life 9 ^! t]ms is x possible to avoid a s5se ( ignom9y & irresponsibility4 ,&1 contr>y to a common misconception1 !re is no o!r attitude t c reconcile "o to ! unavoidable p>ticipation 9 ! common life ( all m54 ,only :5 ?us unit$ ) "o's fell[s 9 a spirit$ & ennobl+ ent]prise c "o endure _! fell[%ip4 ,comrades 9 arms are n fa/idi\s4 ,if "o conf9es "o's self1 on ! o!r h&1 to a cultivation ( "o's r>ity1 or to a company ( *oice spirits1 n only d ^! values !mselves gr[ /ale & vani% away1 b ! rema9d] ( mank9d becomes a cr[d1 & civilization a tumult4 ,! collective life ( #afi mank9d ceases to be j>r+ & repugnant only at ! mom5t :5 "o ent]s into x & becomes infus$ ) its morale4 ,!re w be "s 9 :om ?is prospect ar\ses no eag]ness4 ,! wise m5 ( any day are1 ( c\rse1 agre$ among !mselves t ! times are bad--t !y are likely to be /ill worse aft] !y1 ! remnant1 h dep>t$4 ,b ?is is an op9ion :i* mo/ m5 acquire :5 !y atta9 to maturity1 & happily ! _w has long s9ce se5 t !y _c help x1 & le>n$ on t acc\nt n to take x to he>t4 ,! "p ( ,cass&ra is always be+ play$ some:]e by a g5tleman ( middle age ) a ripe exp]i5ce ( life4 ,b 9 any s]i\s judgm5t conc]n+ progress ?is bias ( maturity mu/ be ov]come by ! use ( ! imag9ation1 by a rational e/imate ( human affairs 9 _! broad sweep1 or1 if necess>y1 by an infusion ( y\?fulness4 ,we %all wait long if we wait ,till old exp]i5ce d atta9 ,to some?+ l prophetic /ra94 ,!re is a m s]i\s cause ( hopelessness1 9 ! complexity ( mod]n civilization4 ,its v teem+ life1 its weal?1 its multiplicity ( activities & passions1 ov]:elm ! m9d 9 its mom5ts ( fatigue l a dev\r+ *aos4 ,"o longs = ! day :5 ! h\se ( #agj civilization %all be complet$1 s t "o may dwell 9 x 9 peace4 ,we are1 x is true1 9 a "t :5 !re is /ill r\gh "w to be done4 ,b x is n bl9d "w4 ,nev] has society be5 s cle> z to its sev]al special ends1 nev] has s little ef=t be5 due to *ance or compulsion4 ,nor is x ineffective "w2 = man n[ works ) good tools & ! help ( _m h&s4 ,& !re is consolation 9 ! fact t ! f\ndations ( civilization are laid wide & deep 9 *>ity & welf>e4 ,!re rema9s ! p]petual task ( re-e/abli%+ a spiritual ord] :i* has be5 /ra9$ & wrack$ by ! heav+ ( _m =ces4 ,b :5 ! sanctu>ies & alt>s are re/or$ x w prove to be a new ord]1 ri*]1 m lib]al1 & m complete ?an any s9ce m5 began to live4 #aga ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,moral ,,criticism ,,( ,,f9e ,,art ,!re are c]ta9 human activities :i* n only are ( special int]e/ on _! own acc\nt1 b also hold a position ( pre-em95ce 9 civilization4 ,su* are sci5ce1 philosophy1 ! love ( nature1 politics1 fri5dly int]c\rse1 & f9e art4 ,! la/ ( ^! activities enjoys a peculi> di/9ction because x is monum5tal4 ,x n only calls into play all ( ! m ref9$ capacities1 b also records itself 9 p]man5t & wor?y =m4 ,h5ce ! f9e art ( any p]iod comes to be tak5 z an index ( its remove f savag]y4 ,9 submitt+ f9e art to moral criticism1 ,i %all use x z ! be/ repres5tative ( ! :ole class ( activities :i* ,i h j describ$4 ,if we h n be5 :olly a/ray 9 our analysis ( ! good1 x %\ld appe> t ^! activities owe _! pre-em95ce n to _! b>e quality or tone1 b to _! humanity1 t is1 to _! connection ) a h>moni\s1 j1 & progressive /ate ( society4 #agb ,x is h>d = a morali/ to approa* su* a subject )\t timidity1 especially if he is conc]n$ ) 8 reputation = enlight5m5t4 ,= !re are _m :o ?9k t x is a m>k ( intellectual emancipation to ab&on moral /&>ds altoge!r :5 deal+ ) ! f9e arts4 ,life itself1 !y rem9d u1 is only ! greate/ ( ! f9e arts2 & if life c be call$ beautiful1 ! la/ ^w has be5 said4 ,! man ( ta/e & delicate s5sibility is ?us emp[]$ to ov]rule ! morali/1 & replace ) 8 ideal ( grace & symmetry ! h>% & clumsy scruples ( consci5ce4 ,n[ x is d\btless true t :5 life is good1 x is also beautiful2 a life 9 :i* e activity is true1 9 :i* ! m$ium ( opportunity is =m$ to accord ) ! mo/ noble purpose1 may well exhibit a sup]lative grace & symmetry4 ,b to be beautiful1 life mu/ be good 9 its own way2 & ! pr9ciples :i* def9e t way are ! pr9ciples ( morality4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ord] t life %all be beautiful x mu/ be made an object ( p]ception or contemplation2 :ile1 9 ord] to be good1 x mu/ be liv$4 ,& ! pr9ciples :i* def9e ! liv+ ( life are moral4 ,! confusion ( goodness ) beauty is1 !re=e1 d\bly /ultify+4 ,on ! "o h&1 x sub/itutes = ! moral conception ( value conceptions t morally are indet]m9ate4 ,= #agc grace & symmetry may be exhibit$ by life on any plane :atsoev]1 provid$ only t x acquires /ability4 ,inde$1 "o :o aims above all ?+s to make 8 life beautiful1 ought consi/5tly to ab&on ! moral ef=t to br+ life to its maximum ( fulfilm5t1 & cultivate p]fection ( =m )9 ! sph]e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,x is prov]bial t _m l[] =ms ( life are m beautiful ?an man1 b x is n always se5 t ^! are ! /ation>y =ms ( life1 :olly lack+ 9 t pr9ciple ( rational recon/ruction :i* is ! condition ( moral goodness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! confusion ( goodness ) beauty t5ds to sub/itute appreciation = action1 & ?us to make ( life a spectacle r ?an an ent]prise4 ,?us to replace e?ical ) ae/hetic conceptions is to take ! he>t out ( morality4 ,beauty is precisely z relevant to moral goodness z x is to tru?2 & if inve/igators 7 taught to devise ! prettie/ !ory imag9able1 ! result w\ld be no m fatal to k ?an is ae/hetic s5tim5talism to life4 ,to ?9k con=mably ) reality is k1 & to act con=mably ) all int]e/s is life4 ,if beauty is to be add$ unto tru? & goodness1 x mu/ come z ! natural sequel to a s+le-m9d$ fidelity to ^! motives4 ,b ev5 if x be true t moral /&>ds are absolutely indep5d5t ( ! /&>ds prop] #agd to art1 x is n yet cle> t ! morali/ is ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ 8 /&>ds z m fundam5tal ?an ^? ( art4 ,he may be politely b positively in=m$ t he is n to trespass4 ,n[ ,i feel t1 aft] :at has prec$$1 ,i am =tifi$ aga9/ ! *>ge ( imp]t95ce4 ,art is subject to moral criticism1 because morality is no?+ m nor less ?an ! law :i* det]m9es ! :ole ord] ( int]e/s1 )9 :i* art & e o!r good ?+ is possible4 ,x w sc>cely be d5i$ t art is an expression ( int]e/1 t bo? its creation & its enjoym5t are activities1 moods1 or phases ( life2 & x foll[s t be=e ?is specific int]e/ c be safely or adequately satisfi$1 x is necess>y to fulfil ! g5]al conditions t und]lie ! satisfaction ( all int]e/s4 ,x is z absurd to speak ( art = art's sake z x is to speak ( dr9k+ = dr9k+'s sake1 if y mean t ?is int]e/ is entitl$ to entirely free play4 ,art1 l all o!r int]e/s1 c fl\ri% only 9 a s\nd & :ole society1 & ! law ( s\ndness & :ol5ess 9 life is morality4 ,! claim ( art to exemption f moral criticism is commonly due to "o or bo? ( ^! two =ms ( misappreh5sion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is assum$ t morality1 too1 is a special int]e/2 & t if ! arti/ or connoisseur lets ! morali/ alone1 x is no m #age ?an fair t ! morali/ %\ld let him alone4 ,b ?is assumption is false2 z false z ?\gh ! a?lete 7 to *afe at ! w>n+s ( 8 m$ical advis] on ! gr\nd t g5]al heal? 0 irrelevant to endurance or /r5g? or agility4 ,n[1 d\btless1 an a?lete may = a "t neglect 8 g5]al heal? ) no noticeable dim9ution ( 8 skill2 b t is only because he already possesses ! heal? to abuse4 ,x /ill rema9s true t ! pr9ciples ( heal? :i* ! tra9] repres5ts are ! pr9ciples ^u :i* 8 skill is fundam5tally bas$4 ,nature has made him heal?y accord+ to ^! pr9ciples1 & he simply does n recognize 8 debt to !m4 ,simil>ly1 art may fl\ri% 9 spite ( ! neglect ( social & individual well-be+1 s t ! plead+s ( ! moral advocate seem irrelevant2 b ?is is possible only because ! social ord] is already e/abli%$1 & ! p]sonality =m$1 accord+ to ! v pr9ciples :i* ! morali/ is ann\nc+4 ,art may dissipate moral heal?1 b x nev]!less lives only by virtue ( su* a s\rce ( supply4 ,! basal condition ( art is n ! elem5t ( social evil or morbid temp]am5t t may attract att5tion1 b ! measure ( s\ndness t nev]!less rema9s4 ,! second misappreh5sion t l5ds plausibility to ! excuses ( art is ! assumption t #agf ! morali/ is propos+ to sub/itute 8 canons = ^? ( art4 ,n[ x is entirely true t moral insight 9 no way equips "o = connoisseur%ip4 ,!re is a special aptitude & tra9+ t enables "o to discrim9ate 9 su* matt]s4 ,b ! morali/ is judg+ art on moral gr\nds4 ,h5ce he does n say1 ,i see t y\r pa9t+ is ugly2 b he does say1 ,i see t y\r pa9t+1 :i* y e/eem beautiful 7& ,i take y\r ^w = x71 is bad4 ,9 ! same way ! morali/ does n say to ! self-indulg5t man1 ,i see t y are n hav+ a good "t 7! self-indulg5t man is likely to "k bett]72 b he says1 ,i see t x is bad = y to be hav+ ?is p>ticul> k9d ( good "t4 ,9 o!r words1 = ! morali/ l>g] issues are at /ake1 & he is consid]+ ^! on ! gr\nds prop] to !m4 ,he is *>g$ ) def9+ & apply+ ! pr9ciples :i* det]m9e ! good ( int]e/s on ! :ole2 & :ile 8 conclusions c nev] replace ^? ( ! exp]t )9 a special field1 !y w always possess au?ority to ov]rule !m4 ,,ii ,s9ce we are to be occupi$ ma9ly ) ! be>+ ( art on morality1 ,i wi% s f> z possible to avoid debatable que/ions conc]n+ ! orig9 & ultimate mean+ ( art4 ,b we #agg _c proce$ )\t agree+ on a use ( t]ms4 ,i %all attempt1 !re=e1 to give a /raight=w>d & empirical acc\nt ( t :i* comes to be call$ art 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization4#a ,we h already _h occasion to obs]ve t f ! v beg9n+ life adapts ! environm5t to its uses2 t is1 gives to matt] & to me*anical processes a new =m 9 :i* ^! fulfil int]e/4 ,?us an area ( l& de=e/$ & cultivat$1 or two /ones s hewn & fitt$ z to af=d a gr9d+ surface1 take on ! impr9t ( ! human ne$ = food4 ,n[ su* reorganizations ( nature z ! f>m or ! mill1 h[ev] crude !y may be1 are works ( art 9 ! broade/ s5se4 ,& 9 ?is same s5se all ! tools1 furniture1 & panoply ( civilization1 f ! mo/ primitive to ! mo/ highly evolv$1 :atev] )\t exception owes its =m to its fulfilm5t ( an int]e/1 may ) entire propriety be call$ art4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases ! "w ( art aft] be+ made is us$2 t is1 x becomes an in/rum5t 9 ! mak+ ( some?+ else4 ,su* art is call$ useful or indu/rial art4 ,b x sometimes happ5s t ! "w ( art is valu$1 n z an in/rum5t 9 ! ord9>y practical s5se1 b simply z an object to be exp]i5c$4 ,9 ! ,scriptural acc\nt ( creation x is said t ,god saw ev]y?+ t he _h #agh made1 &1 behold1 x 0 good4 ,:5 ! products ( activity are ?us f\nd good 9 ! behold+ ( !m !y become works ( f9e art4 ,x w\ld be improp] %>ply to divorce ^! two motives1 or to make "o any m orig9al ?an ! o!r4 ,! int]e/ 9 ! ex]cise ( ! s5sibilities1 or o!r p[]s ( appreh5sion1 is d\btless z primitive z any ( ! special int]e/s ( ! organism2 & x is improbable t man ev] made any?+ )\t gett+ "s satisfaction f look+ at x or h&l+ x or feel+ x4 ,commonly ! same object is bo? useful & beautiful2 z 0 ! case ) ! primitive religi\s dance1 :i* at ! same "t indulg$ a ta/e = rhy?m & s]v$ z a means ( propitiat+ ! gods4 ,b ! motive ( f9e art becomes cle>] :5 x is pur]4 ,objects are !n made ) explicit ref]5ce to ! int]e/ tak5 9 appreh5d+ !m4 ,i d n mean t !y _c on t acc\nt be useful1 = )\t d\bt utility itself contributes to beauty2 b only t !y owe _! =m prim>ily to ! ae/hetic int]e/4 ,! motive ( f9e art 9 its purity appe>s :5 special mat]ials are select$ on acc\nt ( _! pla/icity & _! appeal to ! m highly develop$ s5ses4 ,f9e arts t employ "o m$ium are n[ sep>at$ & p]fect$ ?r\gh ! cultivation ( exp]t pr(ici5cy4 #agi ,?us !re arise su* arts z pa9t+ & music1 "o ( :i* gives =m to light & appeals to ! eye1 :ile ! o!r gives =m to s\nd & appeals to ! e>4 ,9 ?is way society comes to acquire & accumulate objects :i* are design$1 ei!r :olly or 9 "p1 ) ref]5ce to ! special ae/hetic int]e/4 ,!y are ! creatures ( ?is int]e/1 & _! place 9 life is det]m9$ by x4 ,to und]/& _! importance & to e/imate _! moral value x is !re=e necess>y to isolate ?is int]e/ & exam9e x ) "s c>e4#b ,by ! ae/hetic int]e/ ,i mean to ref] to ! int]e/ t is tak5 9 ! "w ( f9e art by ! obs]v]4 ,!re is und\bt$ly a special int]e/ 9 creation1 b x is ( relatively small importance4 ,ev5 ! arti/ is controll$ l>gely by ! int]e/ 9 obs]v+ 8 own "w2 & art is a s]i\s social conc]n only because ( its appeal to ! unlimit$ numb] ( p]sons :o may enjoy x )\t hav+ any h& 9 ! mak+4 ,n[1 9 ! pass+ allusion :i* ,i h made to ! ae/hetic int]e/1 ,i h already us$ ! t]m :i* is mo/ conv5i5t = purposes ( g5]al def9ition4 ,! ae/hetic int]e/ is ! int]e/ 9 appreh5sion4 ,:at ,i mean by ?is w become cle> :5 ,i comp>e x ) two o!r int]e/s :i* may also be tak5 9 ! cont5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ #ahj place1 :at is call$ ! practical int]e/1 t is1 ! int]e/ 9 an object on acc\nt ( :at c be done ) x by manipulation or comb9ation ) o!r objects4 ,secondly1 !re is ! !oretical int]e/ 9 ! /ructure ( reality1 manife/+ itself 9 ! exploration ( ! object & its context4 ,n[ ! int]e/ 9 appreh5sion is n an int]e/ 9 :at c be done ) ! object1 nor 9 its real /ructure1 b 9 ! pres5t consci\s reaction to x4 ,"o may take all ?ree ( ^! int]e/s 9 ! same object4 ,?us if ,i pluck ! fl[] & take x home to my wife1 ,i give evid5ce ( a practical int]e/ 9 x2 if ,i kneel d[n & exam9e x c>efully1 ,i sugge/ ! botani/2 :ile if ,i cont9ue to gaze at x :]e x lies1 x w\ld appe> t ,i enjoy simply look+ at x4 ,x is ?is int]e/ simply 9 look+ at ?+s1 9 j ! p]ceiv+1 feel+1 ?9k+1 or imag9+ !m1 t ,i mean to sum up z ! int]e/ 9 appreh5sion1 or ! ae/hetic int]e/4 ,:5 objects excite ?is int]e/1 :51 t is1 any /ate or process ( consci\sness ( :i* !y are ! cont5t t5ds to be prolong$ = its own sake1 !y are said to be beautiful4 ,& objects :i* are delib]ately & artificially inve/$ ) a peculi> capacity to excite ?is int]e/ are works ( f9e art4 ,i %all n und]take to expla9 ! int]e/ 9 appreh5sion fur!r ?an to describe c]ta9 #aha typical =ms :i* x assumes4 ,^! =ms w s]ve n only to illu/rate its g5]al mean+1 b also to amplify t mean+ 9 a mann] t w prove important :5 we come to ! discussion ( moral que/ions4 ,! =ms :i* ,i %all m5tion are by no means exhau/ive ( ! possible =ms ( ! int]e/ 9 appreh5sion1 :ile ! ord] t ,i %all foll[ is only r\ghly ! ord] ( increas+ complexity4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ place1 an int]e/ 9 s5sation4 ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 mean to ass]t t any /ate ( purely s5su\s enjoym5t is possible2 b only t ! s5ses h a c]ta9 bias ( _! own :i* w modify e /ate 9 :i* !y are call$ into play4 ,!re is a delight ( ! eye & e>1 a pleasantness to ! t\*1 an agreeabl5ess ( ta/e & smell1 :olly )\t ref]5ce to any?+ beyond4 ,! arts :i* employ any ( ^! s5ses mu/ satisfy _! bias1 h[ev] mu* !y may appeal to high] faculties2 no?+ :i* rankly (f5ds !m c by any possible means be made beautiful4 ,?us pa9t+ mu/ be *>m+ 9 color1 & music 9 tone2 & c]ta9 colors & tones are *>m+ = no deep] reason ?an t :i* makes c]ta9 foods palatable4 ,! int]e/ 9 p]ception#c assumes special prom95ce 9 ! great visual art ( pa9t+4 ,= ! process ( p]ception is mo/ elaborat$ #ahb 9 connection ) ! s5se ( vision1 ?is be+ peculi>ly ! human organ ( wat*fulness & ori5tation4 ,! int]e/ 9 p]ception is ! int]e/ 9 complet+ ! s5sation or r\nd+ x into an object or situation ) ! aid ( ?\ght & imag9ation4 ,9 pa9t+1 z mo/ commonly 9 life1 ! /imulus is visual--texture1 p]spective1 or a quality ( light4 ,! emotional =m ( appreh5sion plays ! pr$om9ant "p 9 repres5tations ( human action1 9 music1 & 9 ! appreciation ( nature4 ,x is 9 ?is latt] connection t we c1 ,i ?9k1 be/ und]/& x2 & ,i propose = purposes ( illu/ration to record an exp]i5ce ( my own4 ,i walk$ "o night on ! deck ( a /eam] ply+ betwe5 ,new ,york & ,b]muda1 & gave myself up :olly to ! aspect ( nature4 ,! moon %one brightly half-way betwe5 ! horizon & z5i?1 & op5$ a pa? ( light f :]e ,i /ood to ! utt]mo/ di/ance4 ,) half-clos$ eyes ,i wat*$ ! h>d lu/re ( ! waves1 or turn$ f ?is to ! smoo? roll ( ! foam turn$ up by ! /eam]'s pr[4 ,& ,i rememb] t ,i seem$ to dwell ^u ^! ?+s ) an in/ant reli%1 l t ) :i* my lungs dev\r$ ! fre% & pl5tiful air4 ,b :5 ,i look$ t[>ds ! moon along ! pa? ( light1 !re 0 some?+ t /irr$ me m deeply4 ,! prospect ( an endless j\rney op5$ #ahc out be=e me1 l an invitation to live1 or a fulness ( opportunity4 ,& ,i seem$ to leap 9 response1 rejoic+ 9 my p[]4 ,b ,i did n act2 x 0 z ?\gh ,i already a*iev$ & possess$4 ,pres5tly ,i turn$ f ! pa? ( light to ! blackness t beset x on e side4 ,9 ?is blackness !re seem$ to lurk e k9d ( unkn[n dang]2 ,i 0 mov$ ) a s5se ( helplessness1 & %rank f ! ?\ght ( be+ des]t$ !re4 ,& yet ?\gh ,i 0 afraid1 ! fe> nev] seem$ to possess me1 b always to be possess$ by me1 z m9e to prolong & exult 9 z ,i w\ld4 ,n[ ,i ?9k t ! int]pretation ( my dream is ?is4 ,deeply implant$ 9 ! organism are c]ta9 co-ord9at$ responses su* z c\rage & fe>1 or su* z love1 hate1 combativ5ess1 pity1 & emulation4 ,!y may owe _! pres5t =m to habit1 b !y are all root$ 9 in/9ct1 & s call ! body into play z a unit4#d ,prim>ily !y are plans ( action1 ?r\gh :i* ! organism promptly deals ) practical em]g5cies4 ,b x is possible = man to deta* himself f ov]t motor relations ) 8 environm5t2 & 9 ?is case ^! responses return z x 7 into ! body & rev]b]ate !re1 tak+ on a purely emotional =m :i* may be valu$ = itself4 ,?us c\rage & fe> may lead to no act ( brav]y or caution1 b #ahd rema9 simply exp]i5ces ( c\rage & fe>1 promot$ & treasur$ by ! imag9ation4 ,nature w probably rema9 ! object :i* evokes ^! responses mo/ ke5ly1 because nature is ! h]$it>y environm5t t[>ds :i* !y 7 orig9ally direct$4 ,b human action is sc>cely less mov+4 ,h5ce dramatic art1 or ! repres5tation ( social & moral confrontations1 w bo? ar\se & prolong ! old passions1 ?us evok+ a deep] & m massive response ?an ! play ( ! s5ses4 ,i fully recognize t ! value ( dramatic art is by no means limit$ to its emotional appeal4 ,i cont5d only t x does make su* an appeal1 & t x owes to t appeal1 to its evok+ ( sympa?y1 love1 or hate1 to its /irr+ ( incipi5t action1 ! peculi> int5sity & rev]b]ance ( ! enjoym5t :i* x af=ds4 ,! same holds true1 ,i ?9k1 ( poetry g5]ally1 :]e ?is deals ) life4 ,! case ( music is m d\btful4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! enjoym5t ( music has nev] be5 adequately acc\nt$ =1 albeit x is probably m anci5t ?an man4 ,b t music does ar\se ! great emotions1 & owe its popul>ity ma9ly to t fact1 c sc>cely be que/ion$4 ,x is only necess>y to add t ov] & above ?is appeal1 z well z its appeal to ! e> & to an intellectual appreh5sion ( its te*nical =ms1 x seems to #ahe be capable ( develop+ emotions ( its own2 t is1 exp]i5ces :i* d n co9cide ) ! in/9ctive emotions1 b :i* h a l massiv5ess & organic rev]b]ation4 ,x may be1 z ,walt] ,pat] insi/s1 t 9 ?is respect all art con/antly aspires t[>ds ! condition ( music4 #e ,b ?is does n contradict ! fact t su* arts are emotionally /imulat+1 w always /ir m5 z m5 are capable ( be+ /irr$1 & 9 society at l>ge w make _! ma9 appeal to ! fundam5tal & con/ant emotions1 cultivat+ ! enjoym5t ( love1 fe>1 & ! o!r elem5tal passions = ! v poignancy & ?rill ( !m4 ,= ! intellectual type ( appreh5sion ,i propose to employ ! t]m disc]nm5t4 ,i mean ! appreh5sion ( an idea :5 convey$ by "s s5su\s m$ium2 ! f9d+ or recov]y ( "s unity ( ?\ght 9 a p]ceptual context4 ,:5 disc]nm5t 9 ?is s5se is directly agreeable )\t any ult]ior motive1 x is a special case ( ! ae/hetic int]e/4 ,f ?is int]e/ ! repres5tative or pictorial elem5t 9 art d]ives its value4 ,let me illu/rate my mean+ by ref]r+ to :at ,ta9e says ( ,greek sculpture3 ,"h we h ! liv+ body1 complete & )\t a veil1 admir$ & glorifi$1 /&+ on its p$e/al )\t sc&al & expos$ to all eyes4 #ahf ,:at is its purpose1 & :at idea1 ?r\gh sympa?y1 is ! /atue to convey to spectators8 ,an idea :i*1 to u1 is almo/ )\t mean+ because x belongs to ano!r age & ano!r epo* ( ! human m9d4 ,! head is )\t significance2 unlike ours x is n a _w ( graduat$ conceptions1 excit$ passions1 & a m$ley ( s5tim5ts2 ! face is n sunk51 %>p1 & di/urb$2 x has n _m *>act]i/ics1 sc>cely any expression1 & is g5]ally 9 repose4 4 4 4 ,! contempor>ies ( ,p]icles & ,plato did n require viol5t & surpris+ effects to /imulate we>y att5tion or to irritate an uneasy s5sibility4 ,a bloom+ & heal?y body1 capable ( all virile & gymna/ic actions1 a man or woman ( f9e gr[? & noble race1 a s]5e =m 9 full light1 a simple & natural h>mony ( l9es happily comm+l$1 0 ! mo/ animat$ spectacle !y c\ld dwell on4 ,!y desir$ to contemplate man proportion$ to 8 organs & to 8 condition & end[$ ) e p]fection )9 ^! limits2 !y dem&$ no?+ m & no?+ less2 any?+ besides w\ld h /ruck !m z extravagance1 de=mity1 or disease4 ,su* is ! circle )9 :i* ! simplicity ( _! culture kept !m4#f ,9 o!r words1 ,greek art express$ ! r>e quality ( ,greek life2 its naturalism1 its compactness1 its cle>ness4 ,& x did s in/9ctively bo? to ! arti/ & ! spectator4 ,we are n to ?9k t because1 9 ord] to und]/& anci5t art1 x may be necess>y = u fir/ to obta9 a conception ( life & !n to mat* x 9 art1 ?is is ess5tial to its appreciation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! object ( art is n beautiful #ahg until x fla%es ! idea ^u u1 communicat+ an ideal unity t is n intellectually articulate at all4 ,?is mu/ always be ! effect ^u contempor>ies1 9 :om ! idea is s assimilat$ z to be unconsci\s4 ,b ! idea is !re none ! less2 & ! full beauty _c exi/ = any "o :o is incapable ( disc]n+ ! idea1 & rejoic+ 9 ! appreh5sion ( x4 ,! incomp>able excell5ce ( ,greek sculpture is due to a type ( g5ius 9 :i* cle>ness ( m9d & delicacy ( t\* are unit$4 ,among ! ,greeks ! t]m inf9ite 0 a t]m ( disp>agem5t2 !y ?\ght r\ndly & cleanly1 ?us pref]r+ ideas to vague surmises4 ,?is 0 _! fir/ gift4 ,&1 add+ to x a s5sitiv5ess to =m1 !y 7 enabl$ to express !mselves1 )\t r$undancy & exagg]ation1 br++ :atev] m$ium !y employ$ into accord ) ! idea4 ,x is ?is felicity & lum9\sness t gives to ! art ( ! ,greeks a peculi> appeal to ! intellig5ce4 ,= ! m9d delights 9 def9it5ess & light4 ,b ! ,greek conception ( life belongs to an age prec$+ ! adv5t ( :at has prov$ to be ! ,european religion4 ,& ,*ri/ianity has s recon/ruct$ ! exp]i5ce ( ! av]age man ?r\gh its s5sitiv5ess to pa91 & its emphasis on :at is call$ ! inn] life1 t ,i want fur!r to illu/rate ! mean+ ( #ahh disc]nm5t 9 art1 by ref]r+ to ! repres5tation ( ! _s ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ! pa9t+ ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,i quote ! foll[+ f ,pat]'s description ( ,la ,gioconda3 ,! pres5ce t ?us rose s /rangely beside ! wat]s1 is expressive ( :at 9 ! ways ( a ?\s& ye>s m5 _h come to desire4 ,h]s is ! head ^u :i* all ! ends ( ! _w are come1 & ! eyelids are a little we>y4 ,x is a beauty wr\ght out f )9 ^u ! fle%1 ! deposit1 little cell by cell1 ( /range ?\ghts & fanta/ic rev]ies & exquisite passions4 ,set x = a mom5t beside "o ( ^? :ite ,greek goddesses or beautiful wom5 ( antiquity1 & h[ w\ld !y be tr\bl$ by ?is beauty1 into :i* ! s\l ) all its maladies has pass$4 ,all ! ?\ghts & exp]i5ce ( ! _w h et*$ & m\ld$ !re1 9 t :i* !y h ( p[] to ref9e & make expressive ! human =m1 ! animalism ( ,greece1 ! lu/ ( ,rome1 ! rev]ies ( ! middle age ) its spiritual ambition & imag9ative loves1 ! return ( ! pagan _w1 ! s9s ( ! ,borgias4 ,%e is old] ?an ! rocks among :i* %e sits2 l ! vampire1 :i* has be5 dead _m times1 & le>n$ ! secrets ( ! grave2 & has be5 a div] 9 deep seas1 & keeps _! fall5 day ab\t h]2 & traffick$ = /range webs ) ,ea/]n m]*ants2 &1 z ,l$a1 0 ! "m ( ,hel5 ( ,troy1 &1 z ,sa9t ,anne1 ! "m ( ,m>y2 & all ?is has be5 to h] b z ! s\nd ( lyres & flutes1 & lives only 9 ! delicacy ) :i* x has m\ld$ ! *ang+ l9eam5ts1 & t+$ ! eyelids & ! h&s4#g ,! p[] ( ,r5aissance pa9t+ is n :olly a matt] ( color1 texture1 modell+1 & composition2 = ?\gh x conta9s ^! & _m #ahi s5su\s & p]ceptual values besides1 x conveys ?r\gh !m ) surpass+ tru? & delicacy ideas z evasive z !y are subtle & pr(\nd4 ,!re is an ec/asy ( m9d 9 ! disc]nm5t ( ^! ideas1 & a bl5d ( emotion t foll[s 9 _! tra91 bo? ( :i* are condition$ by insight2 t is1 by a process t is nei!r s5su\s1 p]ceptual1 nor emotional m]ely1 b1 9 an additional s5se1 intellectual4 ,! int]e/ 9 appreh5sion may ?us be exhibit$ & satisfi$ 9 div]s ways1 diff]+ accord+ to ! special processes ( consci\sness :i* !y call into play4 ,& :ile x may be crude or cultivat$1 x is safe to say t 9 all ( its modes x is pres5t to "s degree 9 e individual human life4 ,! simple-m9d$ p]son :o hisses ! villa9 ( ! melodrama1 & he :o takes pleasure 9 ! inevitabl5ess ( ! ,greek trag$y1 are exhibit+ ! same int]e/ 9 ! emotions evok$ by ! spectacle ( life4 ,!re is only a diff]5ce ( tra9+ & sophi/ication betwe5 ! man :o enjoys a *eap *romo = ! color or ! lik5ess1 & "o :o appreciates ,velasquez's treatm5t ( light or ! *>act]ization ( ,franz ,hals4 ,9 ! enjoym5t ( ! highe/ =ms ( art ^! v>i\s modes ( appreh5sion w be unit$1 ea* s contribut+ to ! enhancem5t ( ! #aij re/ t x is impossible %>ply to divide !m4 ,nor d ,i v5ture any op9ion z to :i* ( ^! modes1 if any1 is fundam5tal 9 ! diff]5t arts or 9 f9e art z a :ole4 ,x is suffici5t = our purposes to "k t art does ex]cise & develop human nature 9 all ( ^! ways4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to def9e a programme ( criticism4 ,art ?rives because x fulfils a complex & multi=m int]e/4 ,x is support$ by an int]e/ :i* x supplies ) its prop] objects4 ,h5ce x falls )9 ! circle ( life :]e que/ions ( prud5ce1 ju/ice1 & good-w are p>am\nt4 ,b1 because moral consid]ations mu/ ?us 9 ! nature ( ! case take prec$5ce ov] purely ae/hetic consid]ations1 ?is proves no?+ :atsoev] conc]n+ ! way 9 :i* ?is prec$5ce %\ld be e/abli%$4 ,x 0 ,plato's belief t society %\ld employ a rigor\s c5sor%ip1 & bani% ! (f5d+ poet3 ,we w fall d[n & wor%ip him z a sweet & holy & wond]ful be+2 b we mu/ also in=m him t !re is no place = su* z he is 9 our ,/ate--! law w n all[ !m4 ,& s :5 we h ano9t$ him ) myrrh1 & set a g>l& ( wool ^u 8 head1 we %all s5d him away to ano!r city4#h ,b !re is ano!r way ( protect+ society f :atev] may be ! evil effects ( art1 & t is to educate ! individual & ! #aia community 9 _! use ( art4 ,?is w\ld mean1 9 place ( a regulation ( ! supply1 a regulation ( ! dem&4 ,x w\ld mean t ! ae/hetic int]e/ itself1 l e o!r int]e/ )9 ! moral economy1 %\ld be s controll$ z to make x z conducive z possible to heal? & abundance ( life4 ,! ex]cise or cultivation ( ! int]e/ 9 art w\ld !n1 l ! love ( nature or ( social int]c\rse1 be unlimit$ s f> z its objects 7 conc]n$1 b limit$ ?r\gh its relation to o!r int]e/s )9 ! individual or community purpose4 ,b ) ?is diff]5ce conc]n+ ! prop] rem$y1 ! pres5t inquiry w co9cide 9 its int5t & presuppositions ) t model ( all moral criticisms1 ! ,republic ( ,plato4 ,:at are ! possibilities = life ( ?is ae/hetic int]e/ or love ( art8 ,h[ is x liable to abuse or excess8 ,:at is its be>+ on o!r int]e/s1 & h[ f> does x t5d to make life graci\s & happy1 )\t de/roy+ its balance or compromis+ its tru?8 ,^! are ! que/ions on :i* ,i hope t ,i may be able to ?r[ "s light by call+ att5tion to ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics possess$ by ! ae/hetic int]e/3 self-suffici5cy1 p]vasiv5ess1 vic>i\sness1 /imulation ( action1 fixation ( ideas1 & lib]ality4#i #aib ,,iii ,x has long be5 po9t$ out t ! ae/hetic int]e/1 unlike ! bodily appetites1 is self-suffici5t1 9 t x is capable ( be+ ev5ly su/a9$4 ,x dep5ds on no antec$5t crav+1 & has no def9ite p]iodic limit ( satiety4 ,x engages ! capacities t are1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ docile & ! lea/ liable to progressive fatigue1 :ile ?r\gh its own int]nal v>iety x is gu>d$ aga9/ monotony4 ,consequ5tly ! ae/hetic int]e/ is peculi>ly capable ( be+ cont9u$ & develop$ ?r\gh a lifetime1 provid+ a con/ant & increas+ s\rce ( satisfaction4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ae/hetic int]e/ is res\rceful1 easily supply+ itself ) ! objects :i* x uses4 ,x foll[s t x contributes to indep5d5ce1 be+ l ! speculative activity ( ,ari/otle1#aj 9 giv+ ! individual a means ( happ9ess 9 himself )\t ! aid ( 8 fell[s or ! favor ( =tune4 ,s9ce ! ae/hetic int]e/ is 9 ^! ways self-suffici5t1 its cont9u\s return ( good be+ gu>ante$1 x is "o ( ! safe/ ( inve/m5ts4 ,b e special int]e/ is a s\rce ( dang] 9 direct proportion to its isolation4 ,its v self-suffici5cy may s]ve to promote a n>r[ conc5tration1 a bl9dness to ult]ior int]e/s #aic & wid] possibilities4 ,?is undue dwell+ on ! giv5 mat]ial ( life may1 z we h se5 9 an e>li] *apt]1 atta* to any int]e/2 b ! ae/hetic int]e/ is peculi>ly liable to x4 ,?is is due to ! fact t1 9 s f> z an object appeals to ! ae/hetic int]e/1 x t5ds n to develop1 b to reta9 "s fix$ aspect 9 :i* ! appreh5sion ( x is agreeable4 ,! v>i\s practical int]e/s ramify indef9itely ?r\gh ! dynamic relations ( objects1 & ?r\gh ! h&l+ ( objects common to a v>iety ( int]e/s4 ,once engag$ 9 :at is call$ active life "o t5ds to be drawn into ! ma9 curr5t ( ent]prise & made aw>e ( ! l>g] issues4 ,& ! !oretical int]e/ also t5ds to lead beyond itself2 = x prompts ! m9d to exam9e ! :ole nature ( objects1 & to explore _! context )\t limit 9 ! hope ( complet] tru?4 ,b ! ae/hetic int]e/ readily acquires equilibrium1 & feels no inducem5t to leave (f an activity :i*1 ?\gh its limits may be n>r[1 is free & cont9u\s )9 !m4 ,plato accus$ art ( be+ ess5tially imitative1 & s ( confirm+ ! vulg> respect = ! surface aspect ( ?+s4#aa ,x is tru]1 ,i ?9k1 to say t ! ae/hetic int]e/ is quiesc5t1 t5d+ to p]petuate exp]i5ce 9 any =m t is f\nd pleasant1 & )\t respect ei!r to practical exig5cies or to ! ord] ( tru?4 #aid ,h5ce ?is int]e/ on acc\nt ( its v self-suffici5cy (f]s a passive resi/ance to ! =mal pr9ciples ( moral organization--to prud5ce1 purpose1 ju/ice1 & good-w4 ,,iv ,! ae/hetic int]e/ is ! good g5ius ( ! p[]s ( appreh5sion1 mak+ !m fruitful 9 _! own k9d4 ,n[ ! p[]s ( appreh5sion are engag$ dur+ all ! wak+ h\rs1 & if !y c be taught to m$iate a good ( _! own1 t good w p]vade ! :ole ( life4 ,x is ?r\gh ! cultivation ( ! ae/hetic int]e/ t !re is mo/ hope ( r$eem+ ! wa/e places1 ( giv+ to int]vals & accid5tal juxtapositions "s graci\sness & pr(it4 ,) all ! _w to see & contemplate1 & ) ! eye & m9d :]e) to contemplate !m1 !re is a limitless abundance ( good ?+s always & ev]y:]e available4 ,let me quote ,ar?ur ,b5son's acc\nt ( ?is discov]y3 ,! _w 0 full ( surprises2 trees droop$ _! leaves ov] scre5+ walls1 h\ses _h backs z well z fronts2 music 0 he>d f %utt]$ w9d[s1 lights burn$ 9 upp] rooms4 ,!re 7 a ?\s& pretty secrets 9 ! ways ( p to ea* o!r4 ,!n1 too1 !re 7 ideas1 z ?ick z sp>r[s 9 an ivi$ wall4 ,"o _h b to clap "o's h&s & cry out1 & !re 0 a flutt]+ #aie ( innum]able w+s2 life 0 z full ( bubbles1 =m+1 ris+ into amb] foam1 z a glass ( sp>kl+ w9e4#ab ,to ?is delight :i* ! casual environm5t af=ds a s5sitive obs]v]1 art may add ?r\gh a decor\s furni%+ ( city & h\se4 ,or ! in/rum5ts ( o!r int]e/s may be made to give pleasure ( !mselves1 s t !re may be no long p]iods ( def]r$ rew>d4 ,?us to ! hire ( manual labor may be add$ ! imm$iate comp5sation :i* comes f a love ( ! tools1 or f ! satisfaction tak5 9 ! aspect ( "w done2 to physical ex]cise may be add$ ! love ( nature1 to s*ol>%ip ! love ( sci5tific =m1 & to social int]c\rse ! love ( p]sonal beauty or ( conv]sation4 ,9 ^! ways1 & 9 c\ntless ways beside1 ! ae/hetic int]e/ may multiply ! ri*ness ( life4 ,society is1 on ! :ole1 protect$ aga9/ ! dang] ( ov]emphasis on ! ae/hetic int]e/1 ?r\gh ! habitual subord9ation ( x 9 public op9ion to /&>ds ( effici5cy4 ,m5 commonly believe1 & are ju/ifi$ 9 s believ+1 t a life deliv]$ :olly to ! ae/hetic int]e/ is frivol\s2 amus+ itself ) bubbles & amb] foam1 :ile support$ by a community 9 ^: grav] & m urg5t conc]ns x takes no "p4 ,probably no "o has #aif done m ?an ,pat] to p]suade m5 ( ! pres5t g5]ation t x is wor? :ile to cat* at any exquisite passion1 4 4 4 or any /irr+ ( ! s5ses2 & yet he is n a prophet 9 our day4 ,is x possibly because 9 t same fam\s conclusion to ! ,r5aissance he said1 ,n ! fruit ( exp]i5ce1 b exp]i5ce itself1 is ! end1 #ac & ?us expos$ himself to misund]/&+1 if n to refutation1 at ! h&s ( any "o ( av]age moral enlight5m5t8 ,! moral lesson is "o t none h escap$1 & t only a few are p]mitt$ to =get4 ,?is lesson has taught ) unv>y+ reit]ation t acts are to be judg$ by _! consequ5ces2 t all purposes are con/ructive1 & s f> z wise fitt$ into ! build+ ( civilization2 t exp]i5ce itself1 9 ,pat]'s s5se1 is possible only z a fruit ( exp]i5ce4 ,a life 9 :i* ! ae/hetic int]e/ unduly dom9ates1 9 :i* action is transmut$ into pulses ( s5sation1 & ! means ( effici5cy into ! ends ( contemplation1 is an idle life1 protect$ f ! consequ5ces ( its own impot5cy only by ! con/ructive labor ( o!rs4 ,he :o f prolong$ gaz+ at ! spoon =gets to c>ry x to 8 m\?1 mu/ die ( hung] & cease f gaz+ altoge!r1 or be f$ by 8 fri5ds4 ,! in/rum5ts ( a*ievem5t may be adorn$1 & made delightful 9 ! us+1 b !y mu/ n #aig on t acc\nt be mi/ak5 = ! a*ievem5t2 leisure may be made a wor?y pa/ime ?r\gh ! cultivation ( ! s5sibilities1 b x mu/ n be sub/itut$ = vocation1 or all[$ to infect a s]i\s purpose ) decay4 ,v ,x has always be5 recogniz$ t !re is a peculi> massiv5ess or dep? 9 ae/hetic satisfaction1 z ?\gh x someh[ c>ri$ ) x ! satisfaction ( all int]e/s4 ,& ?is is n due m]ely to ! fact t o!r int]e/s t5d to fall away or remit _! claims2 x is due besides to ! fact t o!r int]e/s may 9 a s5se actually be fulfill$ 9 ! ae/hetic int]e/4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is int]e/ s]ves a vic>i\s function1 transmut+ o!r int]e/s into its own =m1 & !n af=d+ !m a fulfilm5t :i* !y are incapable ( atta9+ :5 ex]cis$ 9 _! own "r4 ,?is occurs :5 o!r int]e/s1 su* z love or p]sonal ambition1 are imag9$ or repres5t$1 & ?us made objects ( agreeable appreh5sion4 ,!re is 9 ?is a comp5sation = failure1 )\t :i* life w\ld be /ripp$ ( "o ( its ma9 b>ri]s aga9/ despair4 ,^? :om circum/ance has provid$ no opportunity = ! fulfilm5t ( int]e/s s +5]ate z mat]nal love or h]oic action1 may1 9 a way1 make !mselves :ole #aih ?r\gh ! contemplation ( ^! ?+s2 = ! contemplation ( !m engages ! same in/9cts1 ar\ses ! same emotions1 b )\t requir+ ! exi/5ce ( _! objects4 ,! prolongation ( ardu\s & unc]ta9 ef=t is comp5sat$ ?r\gh ! imag9ative anticipation ( success1 or ?r\gh ! appreh5sion ( "s symbol ( p]fect fruition4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is happy illum9ation ( /ruggle ) a vision ( fulfilm5t1 t mank9d is reconcil$ to su* tasks z civilization & spiritual :ol5ess2 tasks 9 :i* great ef=ts produce small results1 & ( :i* ! end is n se54 ,n[ x rema9s true1 ( c\rse1 t su* vic>i\s fulfilm5t is n real fulfilm5t2 & to suppose x to be1 is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s errors = :i* ! ae/hetic int]e/ is responsible4 ,! man :o1 ) cl5*$ h&s & quick5$ pulse1 is wat*+ "s image ( himself z x triumphs ov] ob/acles & arrives at ! summit ( 8 ambition1 may & d\btless does feel l ,alex&]1 b he nev]!less has n conqu]$ ! _w2 & if he ?9ks he has1 he w probably nev] conqu] any ( x4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! vic>i\s ae/hetic fulfilm5t ( int]e/s is ! easie/ fulfilm5t ( !m2 & t x may1 !re=e1 become a =m ( self-indulg5ce & a s\rce ( false complac5cy4 ,a sangu9e imag9ation is "o ( ! #aii *ief causes ( worldly failure2 an exagg]at$ int]e/ 9 repres5tations ( virtue is a common cause ( irresponsibility & ( hypocrisy4 ,william ,james1 9 a passage t is frequ5tly quot$1 calls att5tion also to ! dang] ( acquir+ a *ronic emotionality4 ,! weep+ ( a ,russian lady ov] ! fictiti\s p]sonages 9 ! play1 :ile h] coa*man is freez+ to dea? on 8 seat outside1 is ! sort ( ?+ t ev]y:]e happ5s on a less gl>+ scale4 ,ev5 ! habit ( excessive indulg5ce 9 music1 = ^? :o are nei!r p]=m]s !mselves nor musically gift$ en\gh to take x 9 a purely intellectual way1 has probably a relax+ effect ^u ! "*4 ,"o becomes fill$ ) emotions :i* habitually pass )\t prompt+ to any de$1 & s ! in]tly s5tim5tal condition is kept up4 ,! rem$y w\ld be1 nev] to suff] "o's self to h an emotion at a conc]t1 )\t express+ x aft]w>ds 9 "s active way4 ,let ! expression be ! lea/ ?+ 9 ! _w--speak+ g5ially to "o's aunt1 or giv+ up "o's seat 9 a horse-c>1 if no?+ m h]oic (f]s--b let x n fail to take place4#ad ,b n only is x possible ?r\gh ! exagg]ation ( ! ae/hetic int]e/ to sub/itute app>5t a*ievem5t = real a*ievem5t2 x is possible to extract solace f ! contemplation ( failure itself4 ,is !re any "o :o has n met ! man :o is actually made buoyant by 8 consi/5t mis=tune8 ,= x is flatt]+ t an evil fate %\ld s+le "o out f ! cr[d = conspicu\s att5tion1 t all ! #bjj trag$y ( exi/5ce %\ld c5tre ^u "o's devot$ head4 ,& a c]ta9 int]e/ atta*es ev5 to unr$eem$ mis]y & abject futility on _! own acc\nt1 if only !y c be view$ f ! "r angle1 & ) a cultivat$ s5se = su* ?+s4 ,n[ ?us to poetize ! trag$y ( "o's own life is fatu\s2 x is l enjoy+ "o's dizz9ess on ! br9k ( a precipice1 or ! pangs ( sickness )\t seek+ a rem$y4 ,b to poetize ! trag$y ( o!rs1 to fiddle :ile ,rome is burn+1 is brutal4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh x is n commonly possible to d ?+s on ,n]o's scale1 precisely ! same attitude is ! commone/ ?+ 9 ! _w1 & is fo/]$ by ! :ole ae/hetic bias ( ! race4 ,! meanness ( savage life1 ! squalid pov]ty ( ! slums1 suffice 9 _! picturesqu5ess to make a holiday = ^? :o are m occupi$ ) images ?an ) de$s4 ,& !re is actually a philosophy ( life 9 :i* all ?+s are held to be good because !y af=d a tragic1 sublime1 &1 !re=e1 pleas+ spectacle4 ,?is is ! v extreme ( moral infidelity1 ! ab&onm5t ( ! w to make good = ! insidi\s & relax+ int]e/ 9 mak+ ?+s seem good z !y are4 #bja ,,vi ,t a beautiful object commonly /imulates a motor response is beyond "q4 ,ev5 :5 x does n appeal to any def9ite emotion x is g5]ally /imulat+1 ?r\gh its af=d+ to ! natural p[]s at "s po9t an unusual h>mony ) _! environm5t4 ,& :5 !re is a def9ite emotional appeal1 !re is a t5d5cy to act4 ,=1 z we h se51 orig9ally ! fundam5tal emotions 7 all co-ord9at$ reactions to ! environm5t1 enli/+ ! :ole organism to cope ) "s practical em]g5cy4 ,t ! emotions %\ld become m]e emotions is due to ! modification ( in/9ct by habit4 ,:atev]1 !n1 ar\ses ! emotions does 9 "s degree /ir to action4 ,s t "o ( ! mo/ important moral uses ( art is its alliance ) o!r int]e/s 9 ord] to int5sify _! appeal1 9 ord] to make !m m in/antly mov+4 ,art is a means ( enliv5+ dormant impulses2 z music is a means ( rek9dl+ ! love ( c\ntry or ! love ( ,god1 s t m5 may be br\ght to take up arms ) en?usiasm or endure rev]ses )\t compla9t4 ,b ?is motor excitem5t :i* art /imulates may be morally indet]m9ate2 t is1 x may be capable ( be+ dis*>g$ 9 any way t accid5t or bias may select4 ,9 o!r words1 #bjb art may communicate p[] )\t controll+ its use1 ?us m]ely increas+ ! disord] & in/ability ( life4 ,or x may s]ve to exagg]ate ! appeal ( ! pres5t int]e/1 until x becomes ungov]nable & obscures ult]ior int]e/s4 ,?is t5d5cy to promote dissolut5ess is ! mo/ s]i\s *>ge :i* ,plato br+s aga9/ ! arts4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! unseemly hil>ity to :i* m5 are incit$ by ! comic /age1 he adds3 ,& ! same may be said ( lu/ & ang] & all ! o!r affections1 ( desire & pa9 & pleasure :i* are held to be insep>able f e action--9 all ( !m poetry fe$s & wat]s ! passions in/ead ( dry+ !m up2 %e lets !m rule in/ead ( rul+ !m z !y ought to be rul$1 ) a view to ! happ9ess & virtue ( mank9d4#ae ,9 an e>li] passage ,plato discusses types ( music 9 relation to action1 ! ,lydian :i* is sorr[ful1 & ! ,ionian :i* is indol5t2 %[+ t selection mu/ be made if m5 are n to be at ! m]cy ( r&om influ5ces4 ,x is n necess>y1 z ,plato w\ld h x1 to bani% ,lydian & ,ionian h>monies f society2 b )9 "o's p]sonal economy1 )9 ! republic ( "o's own s\l1 "o mu/ pref] ) ,plato ^? /irr+s ( ! emotions :i* support & re-en=ce "o's moral purpose3 ,( ! h>monies ,i "k no?+1 b ,i want to h "o w>like1 :i* w s\nd ! ^w or note #bjc :i* a brave man utt]s 9 ! h\r ( dang] & /em resolve1 or :5 8 cause is fail+1 & he is go+ to w\nds or dea? or is ov]tak5 by "s o!r evil1 & at e su* crisis meets =tune ) calmness & endurance2 & ano!r to be us$ by him 9 times ( peace & fre$om ( action1 :5 !re is no pressure ( necessity1 & he is seek+ to p]suade ,god by pray]1 or man by in/ruction & advice4 4 4 4 ,^! two h>monies ,i ask y to leave3 ! /ra9 ( necessity & ! /ra9 ( fre$om1 ! /ra9 ( ! un=tunate & ! /ra9 ( ! =tunate1 ! /ra9 ( c\rage & ! /ra9 ( temp]ance2 ^!1 ,i say1 leave4#af ,,vii ,:]e art is n employ$ directly to incite action1 x may /ill be indirectly conducive to action ?r\gh fix+ ideas & incl9+ ! s5tim5ts t[>ds !m4 ,?is is probably its mo/ important moral function4 ,! ideas :i* are ( ! greate/ significance = conduct are ideas :i* receive no adequate embodim5t 9 ! objects ( nature4 ,e broad purpose & develop$ ideal requires ! ex]cise ( ! con/ructive imag9ation4 ,b ! imm$iate images ( ! imag9ation are fluctuat+ & transi5t1 & ne$ to be support$ ?r\gh be+ embodi$ 9 "s endur+ m$ium4 ,?us monum5ts s]ve z emblems ( nationality2 or1 z 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 all ! arts may unite to repres5t & sugge/ ! objects ( religi\s #bjd fai?4 ,poetry & song h always s]v$ z means ( inc>nat+ ! m delicate %ad+s ( a racial ideal2 & e man w\ld be a poet if he c\ld1 & trace ! outl9e ( t hope :i* /irs him & :i* is n ! hope ( any o!r man4 ,b x mu/ be made cle> t art does m ?an make ideas def9ite & p]man5t4 ,x incl9es ! s5tim5ts t[>ds !m4 ,! great p[] ( art lies 9 its function ( mak+ ideas allur+4 ,n[ :atev] is lov$ or admir$ is1 9 ! long run1 s\ght out1 imitat$1 & s]v$4 ,und]/&+ ?is1 ! anci5t ,a!nians s\ght to educate ! passions1 & employ$ music to t end4 ,?is is ,ari/otle's ju/ification ( su* a c\rse3 ,s9ce !n music is a pleasure1 & virtue consi/s 9 rejoic+ & lov+ & hat+ aright1 !re is cle>ly no?+ :i* we are s mu* conc]n$ to acquire & to cultivate z ! p[] ( =m+ "r judgm5ts1 & ( tak+ delight 9 good dispositions & noble actions4 ,rhy?m & melody supply imitations ( ang] & g5tl5ess1 & also ( c\rage & temp]ance & ( virtues & vices 9 g5]al1 :i* h>dly fall %ort ( ! actual affections1 z we "k f our own exp]i5ce1 = 9 li/5+ to su* /ra9s our s\ls und]go a *ange4 ,! habit ( feel+ pleasure or pa9 at m]e repres5tations is n f> remov$ f ! same feel+ ab\t realities4#ag ,! simple & inconte/able tru? ( ^! /atem5ts is a /&+ condemnation ( ! #bje usual environm5t ( y\?4 ,virtue consi/s1 z mu* z x ev] did1 9 rejoic+ & lov+ & hat+ aright2 b ! guidance ( ^! s5tim5ts to _! prop] objects is left almo/ :olly to *ance4 ,x is by mak+ ! good also beautiful1 by illum9at+ ! modes ( virtue ) jewels1 & ende>+ !m to ! imag9ation1 t ! moral reason may be re-en=c$ f e>ly days by high spirits4 ,x %\ld be a task ( education1 us+ ?is means ei!r 9 ! home or ! s*ool or ! city at l>ge1 to inculcate a "r habit ( admiration4 ,if art is to s]ve a moral end 9 fix+ & embelli%+ ideas1 x mu/ be true4 ,:at ,i mean by ?is mo/ important qualification ,i mu/ n[ endeavor to make pla94 ,art1 9 s f> z x is a means ( repres5tation1 deals ei!r ) physical nature1 z 9 l&scape & figure pa9t+1 or ) types & incid5ts ( human life1 z 9 dramatic pa9t+ & 9 ! great] "p ( poetry4 ,9 ei!r case x may1 l ?\ght1 ei!r reflect or di/ort ! /ructure ( reality4 ,n[ ! real /ructure ( human life is moral2 consi/+ only 9 a v>iety ( in/ances ( ! "o law t ! wages ( s9 is dea?4 ,to repres5t life o!rwise is to falsify x1 precisely z to repres5t bodies )\t solidity & gravity is to falsify physical nature4 ,b 9 repres5t+ physical nature art does n1 z sci5ce does1 #bjf =mulate m]ely its geometrical or dynamical skeleton2 to d s w\ld be contr>y to ! int5t ( art to repres5t ?+s 9 _! p]ceptual concret5ess4 ,simil>ly art does n repres5t ab/ract virtues4 ,nev]!less1 if x is n to dep>t f ! tru? art mu/1 at ! same "t t x conveys ! color & vividness ( life1 also con=m to its prop] laws1 & demon/rate ! consequ5ces ( action z !y are4 ,& ! same /&>d ( cle>ness & fidelity1 :i* requires t great art %all reveal nature z x is1 n to ! sup]ficial or imitative obs]v] b to ! ?\ghtful & p5etrat+ m9d1 requires also t x %all ?r[ into relief ! pr(\nd] & m univ]sal =ces ( life4 ,great art1 !re=e1 is ( necessity enlight5+4 ,b x is possible t untru? %\ld p>ade 9 ! dress & "u ! auspices ( art1 & s "w to ! confusion ( ! moral consci\sness4 ,if art 7 only reali/ic 9 ! full s5se1 an unequivocal repres5tation ( ! laws ( life1 x w\ld inv>iably ju/ify & support ! moral w2 x w\ld be ideali/ic4 ,x is ! art ( desultory & irresponsible fancy t is a s\rce ( dang]4 ,!re is a species ( romantic art t is gu>d$ by its v excess ( fantasy2 x be+ impossible to mi/ake x = a repres5tation ( life4 ,b :]e romantic art is n ?us cle> 9 its motive1 x becomes :at is call$ s5sational #bjg art1 9 :i* ! wages ( s9 are n paid2 9 :i* imprud5ce1 infidelity1 & a mean ambition are made to yield success1 fre$om1 & glori\s a*ievem5t4 ,! realities are violat$1 ) ! consequ5ce t resolve is weak5$ & ! intellig5ce bewild]$4 ,s9ce art may be true or untrue1 x may also be univ]sal or p>ticul>1 pr(\nd or sup]ficial1 9 its appreh5sion ( reality4 ,?is diff]5ce has op]at$ to def9e a scale ( importance 9 art1 s f> z ! int]e/ ( society is conc]n$4 ,!re is at lea/ a measure ( tru? 9 ,ta9e's graduat$ scale by :i* he e/imates ! greatness ( art accord+ z x repres5ts ! fa%ion ( ! day1 ! type ( ! g5]ation1 ! type ( ! age1 ! type ( ! race1 or man himself 9 8 immutable nature4#ah ,t art w be ! mo/ effective in/rum5t ( moral enlight5m5t :i* reflects ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d 9 ! basal & con/ant virtues1 giv+ quality & di/9ction to tru?s :i* might o!rwise suff] f _! v homel9ess & famili>ity4 ,!re is a k9dr$ consid]ation to :i* ,tol/y1 undisc]n+ z he is 9 mo/ ( 8 criticism ( art1 has v ju/ly call$ att5tion4 ,9 ! broad s5se1 art is liable to untru? f reflect+ exclusively ! bias ( a c]ta9 temp]am5t4 ,! foll[+ description #bjh ( a class ( contempor>y dramas is n :olly inapt3 ,!y ei!r repres5t an ar*itect1 :o = "s reason has n fulfill$ 8 =m] high resolves & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is climbs on ! ro( ( a h\se built by him & f !re flies d[n headlong2 or "s incompreh5sible old woman1 :o raises rats & = "s unkn[n reason takes a poetic *ild to ! sea & !re dr[ns x2 or "s bl9d p1 :o1 sitt+ at ! sea-%ore1 = "s reason all ! "t repeat "o & ! same ?+2 or a bell :i* flies into a lake & !re keeps r++4#ai ,t a t5d5cy to cultivate acqua9tance ) ! curi\s & r>e1 & communicate x to a n>r[ gr\p ( initiat$ p]sons1 is *>act]i/ic ( mod]n times1 & t on ! :ole x is a symptom ( decad5ce1 ,tol/y has1 ,i believe1 prov$4 ,at any rate1 ! effect ( su* a t5d5cy 9 art c n fail to be morally injuri\s1 s9ce life is n repres5t$ proportionately4 ,art has mu* to d ) ! vogue & pre/ige ( ideas4 ,?us1 = example1 ?\gh ! problem-play may be fai?ful to life :]e x deals ) life1 if ! /age be giv5 ov] :olly to ?is =m ( drama1 !re w almo/ inevitably result a false conception ( ! degree to :i* ! incid5ts select$ are repres5tative ( social conditions on ! :ole4 ,!re is "o fur!r s\rce ( moral error 9 connection ) ?is function ( art4 ,because art c n only fix ideas b also make !m #bji allur+1 x may inve/ !m ) a fictiti\s value4 ,i ref] to :at is only a diff]5t aspect ( t s5tim5talism or *ronic emotionalism to :i* ,i h already call$ att5tion4 ,n only is x possible t m5 %\ld be br\ght ?r\gh ! ae/hetic int]e/ to replace action ) emotion2 !y may also p]suade !mselves t ! high] pr9ciples ( life owe _! validity to "s quality t is disc]n$ imm$iately 9 ! appreh5sion ( !m4 ,b purpose1 ju/ice1 & good-w are ess5tially pr9ciples ( organization2 _! virtue is _! provid5t work+4 ,to reg>d !m only z images ) a value inh]+ 9 _! b>e ess5ce1 is to =feit _! b5efits4 ,v]balism1 =malism1 my/icism1 are giv5 a c]ta9 false *>m & semblance ( self-suffici5cy by ! cultivation & ex]cise ( ! ae/hetic int]e/4 ,h5ce morality & religion mu/ "h resi/ its enticem5ts1 & nev] cease to rem9d !mselves t !irs is ! task ( ackn[l$g+ all int]e/s accord+ to _! real inw>dness1 & ( bani%+ cruelty & bl9dness 9 _! behalf4 ,,viii ,f9ally1 art s]ves to lib]alize life1 to make x expansive & g5]\s 9 _s4 ,?is is possible because1 9 ! fir/ place1 art is unworldly4 ,i mean simply t ! enjoym5t ( beauty is n #baj a "p ( ambition2 t x does n call into play ^? habits ( calculation & =ms ( skill t conduce to success 9 livelihood or ! ga9+ ( any ( ! proximate ends ( organiz$ social life4 ,x frees ! m9d f its h>ness & turns x out to pa/ure4 ,i suppose t e "o has _h t exp]i5ce ( spiritual refre%m5t :i* occasionally comes :5 "o has gone body & s\l out ( doors1 or :5 "o is deliv]$ ov] to ! en*antm5t ( sob] & elevat+ music1 & sudd5ly made aw>e ( ! bett] ?+s t h be5 long =gott54 ,su* exp]i5ces are a moral inspiration4 ,x is z ?\gh1 ! clamor ( ! _w be+ = ! mom5t %ut out1 "o he>s at la/ ! voices t speak ) au?ority4 ,= an in/ant ! broad sweep ( tru? fla%es ^u eyes t h be5 too int5tly wat*ful ( affairs ne> at h&4 ,! good-w c be su/a9$ only by a m9d t n[ & !n )draws itself f its engagem5ts1 & exp&s its view to ! full measure ( life4 ,= ! mom5t>y inhibit+ ( ! n>r[] practical impulses1 & ! evok+ ( ?is quiet & contemplative mood1 ! love ( nature & ! love ( art are ! mo/ reliable means4 ,b art promotes lib]ality ( _s 9 an ev5 m def9itely moral s5se4 ,= art1 l all =ms ( culture1 & l ! s]vice ( humanity1 #baa provides = ! highe/ type ( social int]c\rse4 ,! ae/hetic int]e/ is "o ( ^? r>e int]e/s :i* are common to all m5 )\t be+ competitive4 ,all m5 require bread1 b s9ce ?is int]e/ requires exclusive possession ( its objects1 its v commonness is a s\rce ( suspicion & enmity4 ,simil>ly all m5 require tru? & beauty & civilization1 b ^! objects are enhanc$ by ! fact t all may rejoice 9 !m )\t _! be+ divid$ or becom+ ! prop]ty ( any man4 ,!y br+ m5 toge!r )\t rivalry & intrigue1 9 a _s ( good-fell[%ip4 ,culture1 says ,mat!w ,arnold1 is n satisfi$ till we all come to a p]fect man2 x kn[s t ! sweetness & light ( ! few mu/ be imp]fect until ! raw & unk9dl$ masses ( humanity are t\*$ ) sweetness & light4 ',?is1' he cont9ues1 'is ! social idea2 & ! m5 ( culture are ! true apo/les ( equality4 ,! great m5 ( culture are ^? :o h _h a passion = diffus+1 = mak+ prevail1 = c>ry+ f "o end ( society to ! o!r1 ! be/ k1 ! be/ ideas ( _! "t2 :o h labor$ to dive/ k ( all t 0 h>%1 unc\?1 difficult1 ab/ract1 pr(essional1 exclusive2 to humanize x1 to make x effici5t outside ! clique ( ! cultivat$ & le>n$1 yet /ill rema9+ ! be/ k & ?\ght ( ! "t1 & a true s\rce1 !re=e1 ( sweetness & light4'#bj #bab ,art1 bo? 9 ! creation & 9 ! enjoym5t ( x1 is ?us true to ! deepe/ motive ( morality4 ,x is a rem\ld+ ( nature to ! end t all may live1 & t !y may live abundantly4 ,,ix ,i h s\ght to place be=e y :at art may contribute to life4 ,x w h become pla9 t :ile art is ! natural & p[]ful ally ( morality1 x does n itself provide any gu>antee ( prop] control2 9 ! int]e/s ( goodness1 on ! :ole1 no man c surr5d] himself to x utt]ly4 ,! good-w is n prov$ until1 z ,plato said1 x is tri$ ) en*antm5ts1 & f\nd to be /rong & true4 ,goodness c n be ca/ ^u a man l a spell2 x is a "w ( rational organization1 & c n be _h )\t discipl9e1 effici5cy1 & s]vice4 ,b x is = art to surr\nd life ) fit auspices2 to create an environm5t t reflects & =eca/s its be/ a*ievem5ts1 ?us bo? mak+ a home = x & confirm+ its resolves4 ,hav+ modell$ ?is moral criticism ( art ^u ! me?od ( ,plato1 ,i %all conclude ) 8 famili> summ>y ( all ! wisdom & eloqu5ce t !re is 9 ! matt]3 ,let our arti/s r be ^? :o are gift$ to disc]n ! true nature ( beauty & grace2 !n w our y\? dwell 9 ! l& ( heal?1 amid fair sights #bac & s\nds2 & beauty1 ! efflu5ce ( fair works1 w visit ! eye & e>1 l a heal?ful breeze f a pur] region1 & ins5sibly draw ! s\l ev5 9 *ildhood into h>mony ) ! beauty ( reason4#ba #bad ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,moral ,,ju/ification ,,( ,,religion#a ,x is g5]ally agre$ t religion is ei!r ! p>am\nt issue or ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acle to progress4 ,to its devotees religion is ( ov]:elm+ importance2 to unbeliev]s x is1 9 ! phras+ ( ,burke1 sup]/iti\s folly1 en?usia/ical nons5se1 & holy tyranny4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fri5ds & ! enemies ( religion may1 ,i ?9k1 be resolv$ z foll[s3 ,religion recognizes "s f9al arbitration ( human de/9y2 x is a lively aw>5ess ( ! fact t1 :ile man proposes1 x is only )9 c]ta9 n>r[ limits t he c dispose 8 own plans4 ,8 nice/ adju/m5ts & mo/ ard5t long+s are ov]rul$2 he kn[s t until he c disc\nt or conciliate t :i* comm&s 8 =tunes 8 condition is prec>i\s & mis]able4 ,& ?r\gh 8 eag]ness to save himself he leaps to conclusions t are uncritical & premature4 ,irreligion1 on ! o!r h&1 fl\ri%es among ^? :o are m snugly intr5*$ #bae )9 ! cities ( man4 ,x is a product ( civilization4 ,com=tably h\s$ z he is1 & enjoy+ an artificial illum9ation beh9d drawn bl9ds1 ! irreligi\s man has ! he>t to criticise ! ha/y speculations & abject fe> ( ^? :o /& )\t 9 ! pres5ce ( ! surr\nd+ d>kness4 ,9 o!r words1 religion is p]petually on ! expos$ side ( civilization1 s5sitive to ! bla/s t bl[ f ! surr\nd+ univ]se2 :ile irreligion is 9 ! lee ( civilization1 ) en\gh remove f dang] to fo/] a ref9$ conc]n = logic & p]sonal lib]ty4 ,!re is a s5se1 !n1 9 :i* bo? religion & irreligion are to be ju/ifi$4 ,if religion is guilty ( unreason1 irreligion is guilty ( apa?y4 ,= )\t d\bt ! situation ( ! individual man is broadly su* z religion conceives x to be4 ,!re is no?+ t he c build1 nor any precaution t he c take1 t weighs appreciably 9 ! balance aga9/ ! p[]s :i* decree good & ill =tune1 cata/rophe & triumph1 life & dea?4 ,h5ce to be )\t fe> is ! "p ( folly4 ,behold1 ! fe> ( ! ,"l1 t is wisdom4 ,religion is man's recognition ( ! ov]rul+ control ( 8 =tunes4 ,x is nei!r metaphysical nor my?ical1 b urg5tly practical4 ,primeval *aos1 ,*ronos1 ! fa!r ( ,zeus1 & ! long l9e ( speculative ,absolutes h no #baf wor%ipp]s because !y take no h& 9 man's affairs4 ,!y may be neglect$ ) impunity4 ,b n s ! gods :o s5d heal? & sickness1 f]tility & dea?1 victory & defeat2 or ,he :o sits 9 judgm5t on ! la/ day to det]m9e ! doom ( et]nity4 ,religion is ! manife/ation ( supreme conc]n = life1 an al]tness to ! remote/ ?reat ( dang] & promise ( hope4 ,a c]ta9 mom5t\sness atta*es to all ! affairs ( religion1 because ev]y?+ is at /ake4 ,its deal+s are ) ! la/ c\rt ( appeal1 9 behalf ( ! mo/ indisp5sable good4 ,9 =m1 religion is a case ( belief2 t is1 ( settl$ conviction4 ,!re is no religion until "s int]pretation ( life1 "s accommodation betwe5 man & ,god1 has be5 s f> accept$ z to be unhesitat+ly practis$4 ,! absurdity ( d\bt 9 matt]s ( religion has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! well-kn[n p>ody1 ,o ,god1 if !re be a ,god1 save my s\l1 if ,i h a s\l4 ,! quality ( religion lies n 9 ! ent]ta9+ ( a speculative hypo!sis1 b 9 an assurance s confid5t t its object is n only ?\ght b enact$4 ,god is n ,god until 8 unque/ion$ exi/5ce is assimilat$ to life4 ,inde$1 x is conceivable t an object ?us made ! basis ( action %\ld /ill rema9 !oretically d\btful4 ,to ,font5elle is attribut$ ! rem>k t he did n believe 9 gho/s1 b 0 afraid ( #bag !m4 ,?is is a p>adox until we di/+ui% !oretical & practical conviction2 !n x becomes n only cr$ible b commonplace4 ,if "o prays to ,god1 x is n necess>y = ! purposes ( religion t "o %\ld1 9 ,font5elle's s5se1 believe 9 him4 ,b ,i pref] to use ! t]m belief m /rictly1 to connote su* ass5t z expresses itself1 n 9 a delib]ate judgm5t made con=mable to "o's intellectual consci5ce1 b 9 fe>1 love1 & purpose1 9 habitual imag]y1 9 any attitude or activity t spontane\sly & freely presupposes ! object ) :i* x deals4 ,by conceiv+ religion z belief we may und]/& n only its air ( c]ta9ty1 b also ! v>iety ( its =ms & ag5cies4 ,belief sits at ! c5tre ( life & qualifies all its manife/ations4 ,h5ce ! futility ( attempt+ to associate religion exclusively ) any s+le function ( man4 ,! guises 9 :i* religi\s belief may appe> are z multi=m z human nature1 & w v>y ) e %ad+ ( mood & temp]am5t4 ,its c5tral objects may be ?\ght1 imag9$1 or dealt )--9 %ort1 respond$ to 9 all ! div]s ways1 int]nal & ov]t1 t ! p[]s & occasions ( life def9e4 ,?is w suffice1 ,i tru/1 to lay ! g5]al topic ( religion be=e u4 ,i %all employ ! t]ms & phrases :i* ,i h =mulat$ z a #bah work+ def9ition3 ,religion is belief on ! "p ( individuals or communities conc]n+ ! f9al or ov]rul+ control ( _! int]e/s4#b ,i propose f ?is po9t to keep 9 ! =efront ( ! discussion ! /&>ds :]eby religion is to be e/imat$1 & approv$ or condemn$4 ,on :at gr\nds may a religion be criticis$8 ,:at w\ld con/itute ! pro( ( an absolute religion8 ,hi/ory is /rewn ) discr$it$ religions2 m5 began to qu>rel ov] religion s soon z !y _h any2 & x is cu/om>y = e religi\s devotee to believe jeal\sly & exclusively4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !n1 t religion is subject to ju/ification2 x rema9s to di/+ui% ! te/s :i* may ) propriety be appli$1 & 9 p>ticul> to isolate & emphasize ! moral te/4 ,,ii ,9 ! fir/ place1 let me m5tion briefly a te/ :i* x is cu/om>y to apply1 b :i* is n s mu* an e/imate z x is a measure4 ,i ref] to ! v>i\s respects 9 :i* an individual or community may be said to be m or less religi\s4 ,?us1 = example1 c]ta9 religi\s ph5om5a surpass o!rs 9 acut5ess or int5sity4 ,?is is peculi>ly true ( ! ph5om5a manife/$ 9 conv]sion & 9 revivals4 ,9 ?is respect ! my/]ies ( ! anci5ts exce$$ #bai _! regul> public wor%ip4 ,individuals & communities v>y 9 ! degree to :i* !y are capable ( en?usiasm1 excitem5t1 or ec/asy4 ,or a religion may be measur$ ext5sively4 ,he ^: religion is con/ant & uni=m is m religi\s ?an he ^: obs]vance is conf9$ to ! ,sabba? day1 or he ^: conc]n 9 ! matt] appe>s only 9 "t ( tr\ble or at ! approa* ( dea?4 ,?is te/ may be/ be summ$ up 9 t]ms ( consi/5cy4 ,religion may v>y 9 ! degree to :i* x p]vades ! v>i\s activities ( life4 ,t religion is conf9$ & small :i* manife/s itself only 9 words or public de$s or emotions exclusively4 ,if x is to be effective x mu/ be sy/ematic1 s ?or\ghly adopt$ z to be cumulative & progressive4 ,x mu/ engage e activity1 qualify all ?\ght & imag9ation1 9 %ort1 infuse ! :ole ( life ) its sav+ grace4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t a measure ( religion does n con/itute ei!r pro( or dispro(4 ,if a religion be good or true1 or on l gr\nds accr$it$1 !n ! m ( x ! bett]4 ,b diff]5ces ( degree appe> 9 all religions4 ,inde$1 ! quantitative te/ has be5 mo/ adequately met by =ms ( religion ! w>rant ( :i* is g5]ally held to be highly que/ionable4 ,we may1 !re=e1 dismiss ?is te/ )\t fur!r consid]ation4 ,! application ( x mu/ be #bbj bas$ ^u a prior & m fundam5tal ju/ification4 ,!re is "o te/ ( religion :i* has be5 univ]sally appli$ by believ]s & critics alike1 a te/ :i*1 ,i ?9k1 w %ortly appe> to des]ve prec$5ce ov] all o!rs4 ,i ref] to ! te/ ( tru?4 ,e religion has be5 ju/ifi$ to its believ]s & recomm5d$ to unbeliev]s on gr\nds ( evid5ce4 ,x has be5 v]ifi$ 9 its work+1 or atte/$ by ei!r obs]vation1 reflection1 revelation1 or au?ority4 ,9 spite ( ! g5]al ass5t :i* ?is proposition w d\btless comm&1 x is des]v+ ( special emphasis at ! pres5t "t4 ,/ud5ts ( religion h latt]ly %ift$ att5tion f its claims to tru? to its utility & subjective =m4 ,?is pragmatic & psy*ological /udy ( religion has creat$ no little confusion ( m9d conc]n+ its real mean+1 & obscur$ t :i* is aft] all its ess5tial claim--! claim1 namely1 to (f] an illum9ation ( life4 ,religi\s belief1 l all belief1 is r$ucible to judgm5ts4 ,^! judgm5ts are n1 x is true1 explicit & !oretically =mulat$2 b !y are none ! less answ]able to evid5ce f t context ( exp]i5ce to :i* !y ref]4 ,x is true t ! believ]'s assurance is n consci\sly rational1 b x is none ! less liable be=e ! c\rt ( reason4 ,c>d9al ,newman #bba fairly express$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! me?od ( religion & ! me?od ( sci5ce :5 he said t t5 ?\s& difficulties d n make "o d\bt1 t difficulty & d\bt are incomm5surate4 #c ,nev]!less1 ! difficulties are 9 ea* case g]mane2 & ! fact t e article ( fai? has its besett+ d\bt is pro( t ! ?or\gh ju/ification ( fai? requires ! settlem5t ( !oretical difficulties4 ,no religion c survive ! demon/ration ( its untru?2 = salvation1 :e!r pres5t or et]nal1 dep5ds on processes actually op]ative 9 ! environm5t4 ,religion mu/ reveal ! und5iable situation & prep>e man = x4 ,x mu/ *>ge ! unbeliev] ) be+ guilty ( folly1 ) deceiv+ himself ?r\gh fail+ to see & take he$4 ,e religi\s propag&a is a cry ( w>n+1 putt+ m5 on _! gu>d aga9/ invisible dang]s2 or a promise ( succor1 br++ glad tid+s ( great joy4 ,& its prophecy is empty & trivial if ! dang] or ! succor c be %[n to be unreal4 ,! "o unfail+ bias 9 life is ! bias = disillusionm5t1 spr++ f ! organic in/9ct = t real environm5t to :i*1 :e!r fri5dly or ho/ile1 x mu/ adapt itself4 ,e man kn[s 9 8 he>t t he c n be sav$ ?r\gh be+ deceiv$4 ,illusions c n endure1 & ^? :o lightly p]petrate !m are =tunate #bbb if !y escape ! res5tm5t & swift v5geance :i* ov]took ! prophets ( ,baal4 ,! gr\nds ( religi\s tru? w require prolong$ consid]ation2 b be=e discuss+ !m fur!r let me fir/ m5tion a te/ ( religion :i* belongs to ! class ( psy*ological & pragmatic te/s to :i* ,i h j allud$1 b :i* has latt]ly assum$ special prom95ce4 ,?\gh realiz+ t ,i use a some:at disp>ag+ t]m1 ,i sugge/ t we call ?is ! !rapeutic te/4 ,x has be5 prov$ t ! /ate ( piety possesses a direct curative value ?r\gh its capacity to exhil>ate or pacify1 accord+ to ! ne$s ( a disord]$ m9d4 ,z a pot5t =m ( sugge/ion1 x l5ds itself to ! uses ( psy*iatry2 x may be m$ic9ally employ$ z a tonic1 /imulant1 or s$ative4 ,n[ we c af=d to rem9d ourselves t1 at lea/ f ! po9t ( view ( ! pati5t1 ?is use ( religion be>s a /rik+ resemblance to c]ta9 primitive practices 9 :i* ,god 0 conceiv$ z a glorifi$ m$ic9e-man1 & ! heal+ ( ! body /rangely confus$ ) spiritual reg5]ation4 ,bi%op ,gregory ( ,t\rs once address$ ! foll[+ apo/rophe to ! wor%ipful ,/4 ,m>t93 ,o unspeakable !riac6 ineffable pigm5t6 admirable antidote6 cele/ial purgative6 sup]ior to all ! skill ( physicians1 m fragrant ?an aromatic drugs1 /rong] ?an #bbc all o9tm5ts comb9$6 ?\ cleane/ ! b[els z well z scammony1 & ! lungs z well z hyssop2 ?\ cleane/ ! head z well z camomile6 #d ,x is true t religion is 9 ^! days recomm5d$ = m subtle disord]s2 b ev5 religi\s ec/asy may be virtually equival5t to a m]e /ate ( emotional exhil>ation1 or piety to a condition ( m5tal & moral /upor4 ,:at does x pr(it a man to be cont5t ) 8 lot1 or to exp]i5ce ! rapture ( ! sa9ts1 if he has lo/ 8 s\l8 ,! sav+ ( a s\l is a mu* m s]i\s matt] ?an ! cessation ( worry or ! cur+ ( insomnia1 or ev5 ?an ! acquir+ ( a habit ( deliri\s joy4 ,tranquillity & happ9ess are1 x is true1 ! legitimate fruits ( religion1 b only provid$ !y be infus$ ) goodness & tru?4 ,if religion is to be a spiritual tonic1 & n m]ely a physical tonic1 x mu/ be bas$ on moral organization & intellectual enlight5m5t4 ,i d n d\bt t religion has 9 all times recomm5d$ itself to m5 ma9ly ?r\gh its contribut+ to _! lives a c]ta9 peculi> buoyancy & peace4 ,!re is su* a g5]ic value 9 religion1 :i* c n be attribut$ :olly to any ( its compon5t p>ts4 ,b1 l ! int5sity or ext5t ( religion1 ?is may manife/ itself ^u all levels ( developm5t4 ,s\nd piety1 a tranquillity & happ9ess #bbd :i* m>k ! s\l's real salvation1 mu/ be f\nd$ on tru?1 on an int]pretation ( life :i* expresses ! fulle/ light4 ,aga91 !n1 we are ref]r$ to ! te/ ( tru? = ! fundam5tal ju/ification ( religion4 ,!re is a g5]ic value :i* is des]v+ ( ! la/ ^w1 b t ^w c be said only aft] a rigor\s exam9ation ( ! m fundam5tal values f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,religi\s tru? is divisible into two judgm5ts1 involv$ 9 e religi\s belief1 & answ]able respectively to e?ical & cosmological evid5ce4 ,s9ce religion is a belief conc]n+ ! ov]rul+ control ( human int]e/s1 x involves on ! "o h& a summ+ up ( ^! int]e/s1 a conception ( :at ! believ] has at /ake1 9 %ort1 an e?ical judgm5t2 & on ! o!r h&1 an int]pretation ( ! environm5t at l>ge1 9 o!r words1 a cosmological judgm5t4 ,religion con/rues ! practical situation 9 its totality2 :i* means t x g5]alizes conc]n+ ! cont5t ( =tune1 or ! good1 & ! s\rces ( =tune1 or nature4 ,bo? factors are inv>iably pres5t1 & no religion c escape criticism on ?is tw(old gr\nd4 ,! e?ical implications ( religion are peculi>ly f>-rea*+1 s9ce !y det]m9e n only its conception ( man1 b also1 9 "p1 its conception ( ,god4 ,?is is due to ! fact t #bbe ! t]m ,god signifies n ! environm5t 9 its inh]5t nature1 b ! environm5t 9 its be>+ on ! wor%ipp]'s int]e/s4 ,x foll[s t :e!r ,god be con/ru$ z favorable or ho/ile w dep5d ^u ! wor%ipp]'s conception ( ^! int]e/s4 ,?us1 = example1 if worldly success or long life be reg>d$ z ! values mo/ eag]ly to be cons]v$1 ,god mu/ be fe>$ z cruel or caprici\s2 :]eas1 if ! lesson ( discipl9e & humility be conceiv$ z ! highe/ good1 x may be reasonable to tru/ ! provid5ce ( ,god )\t any *ange 9 its manife/ation4 ,fur!rmore1 z we %all %ortly h occasion to rem>k1 x is *>act]i/ic ( religion to insi/1 s f> z possible1 ^u ! favorabl5ess ( ! environm5t4 ,b ?is favorabl5ess mu/ be con/ru$ 9 t]ms ( :at are held to be man's highe/ int]e/s4 ,consequ5tly1 ! disposition & motive ( ,god always reflect human purposes4 ,?is is ! ma9 s\rce ( ! inevitable an?ropomorphism ( religion4 ,conceptions ( nature1 on ! o!r h&1 def9e ! degree to :i* ! environm5t is morally det]m9$1 & ! unity or plurality ( its causes4 ,animism1 = example1 reflects ! g5]al op9ion t ! causes ( natural ev5ts are wilful r ?an me*anical4 ,su* an op9ion obta9$ at ! "t :5 no %>p #bbf di/9ction 0 made betwe5 inorganic & organic ph5om5a1 ! action ( ! environm5t be+ conceiv$ z a play ( impulses4 ,religion is correct$1 !n1 by light obta9$ f ^! s\rces3 man's k ( 8 highe/ int]e/s1 & 8 k ( nature4 ,z a rule1 "o or ! o!r ( ^! two me?ods ( criticism t5ds to pr$om9ate1 9 accordance ) ! g5ius ( ! race or p]iod4 ,?us1 ! evolution ( ,greek religion is det]m9$ ma9ly by ! developm5t ( sci5ce4 ,x5ophanes attacks ! religion ( 8 times on ! gr\nd ( its crude an?ropomorphism4 ,mortals1 he says1 ?9k t ! gods are born z !y are1 & h p]ception l !irs1 & voice & =m4 ,b ?is nave op9ion ,x5ophanes corrects because x is n consi/5t ) ! new enlight5m5t conc]n+ ! ar*1 or fir/ pr9ciple ( nature4 ,& he ,god abide? ev] 9 ! same place1 mov+ n at all2 nor do? x befit him to g ab\t1 n[ hi!r1 n[ ?i!r4 #e ,9 a lat] age ,lucretius criticis$ ! :ole sy/em ( ,greek religion 9 t]ms ( ! atomi/ic & me*anical cosmology ( ,epicurus3 ,= v]ily n by design did ! fir/-beg9n+s ( ?+s /ation !mselves ea* 9 its "r place guid$ by ke5 intellig5ce1 nor did !y b>ga9 soo? to say :at motions ea* %\ld assume2 b because _m 9 numb] & %ift+ ab\t 9 _m ways ?r\gh\t ! univ]se !y are driv5 & #bbg torm5t$ by bl[s dur+ inf9ite "t pa/1 aft] try+ motions & unions ( e k9d at l5g? !y fall into arrangem5ts su* z ^? out ( :i* ?is our sum ( ?+s has be5 =m$4#f ,9 ! light ( su* pr9ciples ,lucretius demon/rates ! absurdity ( hop+ or fe>+ any?+ f a _w beyond or a life to come4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! case above1 ! religion ( enlight5m5t does n diff] ess5tially f ! religion ( ! av]age man 9 its conception ( ! int]e/s at /ake1 b only 9 its conception ( ! me?ods ( wor%ip or =ms ( imag]y :i* x is reasonable to employ 9 view ( ! actual nature ( ! environm5t4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we turn to ! e>ly developm5t ( ! ,hebrew religion1 we f9d t x is correct$ to meet ! dem&s n ( cosmological b ( e?ical enlight5m5t4 ,no "q arises z to ! exi/5ce or p[] ( ,god1 b only z to :at he requires ( ^? :o s]ve him4 ,! prophets repres5t ! moral g5ius ( ! race1 its acute disc]nm5t ( ! causes ( social integrity or decay4 ,& :5 ye spread =? y\r h&s1 ,i w hide m9e eyes f y3 yea1 :5 ye make _m pray]s1 ,i w n he>3 y\r h&s are full ( blood4 ,wa% y1 make y clean2 put away ! evil ( y\r do+s f be=e m9e eyes2 cease to d evil3 le>n to d well2 seek judgm5t1 relieve #bbh ! oppress$1 judge ! fa!rless1 plead = ! wid[4 #g ,b :i*ev] ( ^! two me?ods ( criticism pr$om9ates1 x is cle> t !y bo? draw ^u bodies ( tru? :i* gr[ indep5d5tly ( religion4 ,! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity af=ds a mo/ rem>kable record ( ! cont9ual adju/m5t ( religi\s belief to secul> rationality4 ,! (fices ( religion h avail$ no m to ju/ify cruelty1 intol]ance1 & bigotry ?an to e/abli% ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy or ! ,scriptural acc\nt ( creation4 ,?is is m readily admitt$ 9 ! case ( natural sci5ce ?an 9 ! case ( e?ics1 b only because tea*]s ( religion h commonly _h a m exp]t acqua9tance ) moral matt]s ?an ) ! orbits ( ! planets or ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,= ! pr9ciples ( conduct1 l ! pr9ciples ( nature1 mu/ be d]iv$ f a /udy ( ! field to :i* !y are appli$4 ,!y require no?+ m = _! e/abli%m5t ?an ! analysis & g5]alization ( ! moral situation4 ,if two or m p]sons conduct !mselves ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r & to an ext]nal object1 _! action ei!r possesses or lacks1 9 "s degree1 t specific value :i* we call moral goodness4 ,& by ! pr9ciples ( e?ics we mean ! pr9ciples :i* truly def9e & explicate ?is value4 ,n[ nei!r ! tru? nor #bbi ! falsity ( any religion affects ^! fundam5tal & ess5tial conditions4 ,if ! tea*+s ( religion be accept$ z true1 !n c]ta9 factors may be add$ to ! concrete practical situation2 b if s1 ^! fall )9 ! field ( morality & mu/ be submitt$ to e?ical pr9ciples4 ,?us1 if !re be a ,god ^: p]sonality p]mits ( reciprocal social relations ) man1 !n man ought1 9 ! moral s5se1 to be prud5t ) ref]5ce to him1 & may reasonably dem& ju/ice or good-w at 8 h&s4 ,b ! m]e exi/5ce ( a ,god1 :atev] be 8 nature1 c nei!r invalidate nor e/abli% ! e?ical pr9ciples ( prud5ce1 ju/ice1 & good-w4 ,7 a ,god ^: exi/5ce is prov$1 to recomm5d inju/ice1 ?is w\ld n affect 9 ! slighte/ degree ! moral obligation to be j4 ,moral revelation /&s ^u precisely ! same foot+ z revelation 9 ! sph]e ( !oretical tru?3 its acceptance c be ju/ifi$ only ?r\gh its be+ confirm$ by exp]i5ce or reason4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! (fice ( revelation to reveal tru?1 b n to e/abli% x4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is fact x may ev5 be necess>y t a man %\ld r$eem ! tru? 9 defiance ( :at he takes to be ! disposition ( ,god4 ,nei!r individual consci5ce nor ! moral judgm5t ( mank9d c be sup]s$$ or modifi$ save ?r\gh a high] insight :i* ^! may #bcj !mselves be br\ght to confirm4 ,:atev] a man may ?9k ( ,god1 if he cont9ues to live 9 ! mid/ ( 8 fell[s1 he places himself )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! laws :i* obta9 !re4 ,morality is ! me?od ( reconcil+ & fulfill+ ! int]e/s ( be+s hav+ ! capacity to conduct !mselves rationally1 & e?ics is ! =mulation ( ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* und]lie ?is me?od4 ,! attempt to live rationally--&1 humanly speak+1 !re is no alt]native save ! total abnegation ( life--br+s "o )9 ! jurisdiction ( ^! pr9ciples1 precisely z ?9k+ br+s "o )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! pr9ciples ( logic1 or z ! mov+ ( "o's body br+s "o )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! pr9ciples ( me*anics4 ,religion1 !n1 m$iates an enlight5m5t :i* x does n ( itself orig9ate4 ,9 religi\s belief ! tru? :i* is d]iv$ f a /udi\s obs]vation ( nature & ! cumulative exp]i5ce ( life1 is height5$ & vivifi$4 ,l all belief religion is cons]vative1 & rightly s4 ,b 9 ! long run1 /eadily & inevitably1 x responds to e =w>d /ep :i* man is enabl$ to take ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( 8 natural cognitive p[]s4 ,only s does religion s]ve its real purpose ( b5efit+ life by exp&+ its horizon & def9+ its c\rse4 ,i h hi!rto left out ( acc\nt a c]ta9 #bca /ress or insi/5ce t mu/ n[ be recogniz$ z fundam5tal 9 religi\s developm5t4 ,?is ,i %all call ! optimi/ic bias4 ,?is bias is n accid5tal or arbitr>y1 b significant ( ! fact t religion1 l morality1 spr+s f ! same motive z life itself1 & makes t[>ds ! same goal ( fruition & abundance4 ,life is ess5tially int]e/1 & int]e/ is ess5tially positive or provid5t2 fe> is incid5tal to hope1 & hate to love4 ,man seeks to "k ! wor/ only 9 ord] t he may avoid or c\nt]work x 9 ! fur!rance ( 8 int]e/s4 ,religion is ! result ( man's se>* = support 9 ! la/ extremity4 ,?is is true1 ev5 :5 m5 are l>gely preoccupi$ ) ! m]e /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x appe>s m & m pla9ly z life becomes aggressive1 & is engag$ 9 ! con/ructive ent]prise ( civilization4 ,religion expresses man's highe/ hope ( atta9m5t1 :e!r ?is be conceiv$ z ! efficacy ( a feti* or ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! g5]al facts ( religion1 & ! fundam5tal critical pr9ciples :i* ju/ify & def9e its developm5t4 ,religion is man's belief 9 salvation1 8 confid5t appeal to ! ov]rul+ control ( 8 ultimate =tunes4 ,! recon/ruction ( religi\s belief is made necess>y :5ev] x fails to express ! la/ v]ifi$ tru?1 cosmological or e?ical4 ,! #bcb direction ( religi\s developm5t is ?us a resultant ( two =ces3 ! optimi/ic bias1 or ! sav+ hope ( life2 & rational criticism1 or ! progressive revelation ( ! pr9ciples :i* def9e life & its environm5t4 ,i %all proce$ n[ to ! consid]ation ( types ( religion :i* illu/rate ?is critical recon/ruction4 ,! types :i* ,i %all select repres5t c]ta9 =ms ( inadequacy :i* ,i ?9k x important to di/+ui%4 ,!y are only r\ghly hi/orical1 z is necess>ily ! case1 s9ce all religions repres5t diff]5t types 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( _! developm5t1 & 9 ! diff]5t int]pretations :i* are put on !m 9 any giv5 "t by v>i\s classes ( believ]s4 ,i %all consid] 9 turn1 us+ ! t]ms 9 a mann] to be precisely indicat$ z we proce$1 sup]/ition1 tutel>y religion1 & two =ms ( philosophical religion1 ! "o metaphysical idealism1 & ! o!r moral idealism4 ,,iii ,sup]/ition is di/+ui%$ by a lack ( organization bo? 9 man & 8 environm5t4 ,x is a direct cross-relation%ip betwe5 an elem5t>y int]e/1 passion1 or ne$1 & "s isolat$ & caprici\s natural p[]4 ,! deity is ext]nally relat$ to ! wor%ipp]1 hav+ private int]e/s ( 8 own :i* ! wor%ipp] respects #bcc only f motives ( prud5ce4 ,religi\s obs]vance takes ! =m ( b>t] or propitiation--d ut des1 d ut abeas4 ,! me?od ( sup]/ition is arbitr>y1 fur!rmore1 9 t x is def9$ only by ! lik+ or av]sion ( an unpr9cipl$ ag5cy4 ,let u consid] briefly ! type ( sup]/ition :i* is associat$ ) ! mo/ primitive /age 9 ! developm5t ( society4#h ,! wor%ipp] has nei!r rais$ nor answ]$ ! e?ical "q z to :at is 8 greate/ good4 ,inde$1 he is mu* m conc]n$ to meet ! press+ ne$s ( life ?an he is to co-ord9ate !m or und]/& to :at !y lead4 ,he c n ev5 be said to be actuat$ by ! pr9ciple ( rational self-int]e/4 ,l ! brute1 ^: lot is simil> to 8 own1 he feels 8 wants sev]ally1 & is =c$ to meet !m z !y arise or be trampl$ "u foot 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,!re is little co-ord9ation ( 8 int]e/s beyond t :i* is provid$ = 9 ! organic & social /ructure ) :i* nature has end[$ him4 ,ov] & above ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation he recognizes 9 cu/om ! pr9ciple ( tribal or racial solid>ity4 ,b ?is is pro(1 n s mu* ( a recognition ( community ( int]e/1 z ( ! vagu5ess ( 8 ideas conc]n+ ! b\nd>ies ( 8 own self-hood4 ,! v fact t 8 int]e/s are scatt]+ & loosely knit prev5ts him f cle>ly #bcd di/+ui%+ 8 own4 ,he readily id5tifies himself n only ) 8 body1 b ) 8 clo?+1 8 habitation1 & v>i\s tr9kets :i* h be5 accid5tally associat$ ) 8 life4 ,x is only natural t he %\ld simil>ly id5tify himself ) ^? o!r be+s l himself ) :om he is connect$ by ! bonds ( blood & ( intimate contact4 ,morally1 !n1 primitive man is an indef9ite & incoh]5t aggregate ( int]e/s :i* h n yet assum$ ! =m ev5 ( individual & community purpose4 ,to turn to ! second1 or cosmological1 compon5t1 we f9d t primitive man's conception ( ultimate p[]s is l 8 conception ( 8 own int]e/s 9 be+ bo? indef9ite & incoh]5t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! daily vicissitudes ( 8 =tune1 he is well aw>e t he is affect$ = bett] or = worse by ag5cies :i* fall outside ! m famili> r\t9e op]ations ( society & nature4 ,s great is ! disproportion betwe5 ! calculable & ! incalculable elem5ts ( 8 life t he is l a man cr\*+ 9 ! d>k1 expect+ a bl[ f any qu>t]4 ,! ag5cies ^: work+ c be disc\nt$ 9 advance =m 8 secul> _w2 b ?is _w is n>r[ & meagre1 & is ov]%ad[$ by a beyond :i* is bo? my/]i\s & t]rible4 ,( ! _w beyond he has no s+le compreh5sive idea1 b he ackn[l$ges x 9 8 #bce expectation ( ! injuries & b5efits :i* he may at any "t receive f x4 ,x is an abyss ^: dep?s he has nev] s\nd$1 b :i* he is =c$ practically to recognize1 s9ce he is at ! m]cy ( =ces :i* emanate f x4 ,! me?od ( primitive religion is ! inevitable sequel4 ,9 behalf ( ! int]e/s :i* repres5t him man mu/ "h1 z ev]1 make ! be/ t]ms he c ) ! p[]s :i* beset him4 ,he has no conc]n ) ^! p[]s except ! desire to propitiate !m4 ,he has no k ( _! work+ except+ z respects _! be>+ ^u 8 int]e/s4 ,obey+ a law ( human nature :i* is z valid n[ z !n1 he seeks = rem$ies ^: pro( is ! cure :i* !y effect4 ,let ! association betwe5 a c]ta9 action on 8 own "p & a favorable turn 9 ! tide ( =tune once be e/abli%$1 & ! subsequ5t c\rse ( ev5ts w seem to confirm x4 ,co9cid5ces are rememb]$ & exceptions =gott54 ,fur!rmore1 8 belief 9 ! effectual work+ ( ! e/abli%$ plan is always ju/ifi$ by ! difficulty ( prov+ any o!r alt]native plan to be bett]4 ,b1 9 ord] to und]/& sup]/ition1 x is n necess>y to recon/ruct ! e>lie/ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( society1 nor ev5 to /udy contempor>y savage life1 = ! sup]/iti\s intellig5ce & ! sup]/iti\s me?od survive #bcf 9 e /age ( developm5t4 ,!y appe>1 = example1 9 m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity2 9 ,clovis's appeal to ,*ri/ on ! battle-field3 ,clotilda says t ,?\ art ! ,son ( ! liv+ ,god1 & t ,?\ do/ give victory to ^? :o put _! tru/ 9 ,!e4 ,i h bes\ght my gods1 b !y give me no aid4 ,i see well t _! /r5g? is naught4 ,i besee* ,!e1 & ,i w believe 9 ,!e1 only save me f ! h&s ( m9e enemies4 ,! same p]iod is repres5t$ by ! petition attribut$ to ,/4 ,eloi1 ,give1 ,"l1 s9ce we h giv56 ,da1 ,dom9e1 quia d$imus6 #i ,9 mod]n life ! motive ( sup]/ition p]vades almo/ all wor%ip1 appe>+ 9 sundry expectations ( special favor to be ga9$ by s]vice or importunity4 ,! application ( critical enlight5m5t to ?is type ( religion has already be5 made ) g5]al cons5t4 ,x is recogniz$ t morally sup]/ition repres5ts ! m]ely prud5tial level ( life4 ,x bespeaks a /ate ( panic or a n>r[ reg>d = isolat$ ne$s & desires4 ,fur!rmore1 x t5ds to emphasize ^! consid]ations & at ! same "t degrade ! object ( wor%ip ?r\gh claim+ ! att5tion ( ,god 9 _! behalf4 ,! deity is conceiv$1 n "u ! =m ( a broad & consecutive purpose1 b "u ! =m ( a casual & desultory good-nature4 #bcg ,b sup]/ition has be5 correct$ ma9ly by ! advancem5t ( sci5tific k4 ,sci5ce has pron\nc$ f9ally aga9/ ! belief 9 localiz$ or isolat$ natural processes4 ,:e!r ! me*anical !ory be accept$ or n1 its me?od is beyond "q1 9 s f> z x def9es laws & br+s all ev5ts & ph5om5a "u _! control4 ,9 ! deal+s ( nature !re c be no favoritism1 no special disp5sations1 no b>ga9+ ov] ! c\nt]4 ,,iv ,! correction ( sup]/ition br+s u to our second type1 :i* ,i h *os5 to call tutel>y religion4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by ! fact t life is organiz$ into a def9ite purpose1 :i*1 al?\gh /ill n>r[ & p>tisan ) ref]5ce to humanity at l>ge1 nev]!less embraces & subord9ates ! manifold desires ( a community4 ,! deity repres5ts ?is purpose 9 ! cosmos at l>ge1 & rallies ! =ces ( nature to its support4 ,he is no long] caprici\s1 b is possess$ ( a "* def9$ by sy/ematic devotion to an end4 ,8 ways are ! ways ( effectiv5ess4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce 8 aims are id5tical ) ^? ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 he is n[ lov$ & s]v$ = himself4 ,x foll[s t he w dem& ( 8 foll[]s only con=mity to ^? rules :i* def9e ! realization ( ! #bch common aim1 & t ^! rules w be en=c$ by ! community z ! conditions ( its secul> well-be+4 ,ritual is no long] arbitr>y1 b is bas$ on an enlight5$ k ( ways & means4 ,:ile ?is type ( religion is cle>ly pres5t 9 ! mo/ primitive tribal wor%ip1 x is be/ exemplifi$ :5 a racial or national purpose manife/s itself aggressively & self-consci\sly1 z 9 ! cases ( anci5t ,assyria & ,egypt4 ,"h ,god is id5tifi$ ) ! k+%ip1 bo? be+ symbols ( nationality4 ,among ! ,assyrians ! national purpose 0 pr$om9antly "o ( milit>y aggr&izem5t4 ,i/> communicates to ,es>-haddon ?is promise ( support3 ,fe> n1 ,o ,es>-haddon2 ! brea? ( inspiration :i* speaks to !e is spok5 by me1 & ,i conceal x n4 4 4 4 ,i am ! mighty mi/ress1 ,i/> ( ,arbela1 :o h put ?9e enemies to flight be=e ?y feet4 ,:]e are ! words :i* ,i speak unto !e1 t ?\ ha/ n believ$ !m8 4 4 4 ,i am ,i/> ( ,arbela2 9 front ( !e & at ?y side d ,i m>*4 ,fe> n1 ?\ art 9 ! mid/ ( ^? t c heal !e2 ,i am 9 ! mid/ ( ?y ho/4 #aj ,egyptian nationality 0 id5tifi$ r ) ! pr9ciples ( agriculture & political organization4 ,! deity is ! f]tiliz+ ,nile1 or ! judge ( "r conduct4 ,!re is record$ 9 #bci ! ,book ( ! ,dead ! plead+ ( a s\l be=e ,osiris1 9 :i* ! comm&s ( ! god are ?us id5tifi$ ) ! conditions ( national welf>e3 ,i h n committ$ fraud & evil aga9/ m54 ,i h n div]t$ ju/ice 9 ! judgm5t hall4 ,i h n kn[n meanness4 ,i h n caus$ a man to d m ?an 8 day's "w4 ,i h n caus$ a slave to be ill treat$ by 8 ov]se]4 ,i h n committ$ murd]4 ,i h n spoil$ ! bread ( (f]+ 9 ! temple4 ,i h n add$ to ! weight ( ! balance4 ,i h n tak5 milk f ! m\?s ( *ildr54 ,i h n turn$ aside ! wat] at ! "t ( inundation4 ,i h n cut (f an arm ( ! riv] 9 its c\rse4#aa ,simil> illu/rations might be drawn f ! nationali/ic phase ( ,hebraism4 ,! same pr9ciple appe>s 9 m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity1 & is ?us embodi$ 9 ! prologue ( ! ,salic ,law1 ,long live ! ,*ri/1 :o loves ! ,franks4 ,9 m rec5t times "o might po9t to ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,puritan revolution1 n :olly misrepres5t$ by ! maxim popul>ly attribut$ to ,cromwell1 ,put y\r tru/ 9 ,god & keep y\r p[d] dry1 or 9 ,poor ,ri*>d's obs]vation t ,god helps !m t help !mselves4 ,su* is ! religion ( nationalism1 #bdj sect>ianism1 ( su/a9$ b n>r[ purpose4 ,i %all n attempt to =mulate exhau/ively ! ideas ?r\gh :i* ?is religion has be5 correct$4 ,x is cle> t its defect lies 9 its p>tisan%ip4 ,all =ms ( p>tisan%ip yield sl[ly b inevitably to ! high] conception ( social solid>ity4 ,su* enlight5m5t reflects a recognition ( community ( int]e/1 & a wid5+ ( sympa?y ?r\gh int]c\rse & acqua9tance4 ,tutel>y religion1 9 %ort1 is correct$ ?r\gh ! validity ( ! e?ical pr9ciples ( ju/ice & good-w4 ,! cosmological correction ( ?is type ( religion is due to ! same enlight5m5t t discr$its sup]/ition1 a k1 namely1 ( ! sy/ematic unity ( ! cosmos4 ,! laws ( nature are z indiff]5t to private purposes z !y are to private desires1 & :e!r ^! be p]sonal or social 9 _! scope4 ,fur!rmore1 ! univ]sality ( ,god is recogniz$ 9 pr9ciple 9 ! rules ( wor%ip4 ,= a god ( w> or agriculture or politics c n be privately appropriat$4 ,if ! obs]vance ( ! pr9ciples prop] to ^! in/itutions br+s success to "o1 x br+s success to all4 ,9 %ort1 a god ( nationality mu/ be a god ( all nations4 #bda ,v ,! correction ( tutel>y religion br+s u at l5g? to a type :i* may be said to be =mally enlight5$4 ,bo? compon5ts ( belief1 ! e?ical & ! cosmological1 are univ]saliz$4 ,i %all call ?is type1 9 its g5]al =m1 philosophical religion1 s9ce x recognizes ! unities :i* sy/ematic reflection def9es4 ,x recognizes1 on ! "o h&1 ! summ+ up ( life 9 a univ]sal ideal1 & on ! o!r h&1 a summ+ up ( ! total environm5t 9 "s sci5tifically =mulat$ g5]alization4 ,x affirms ! priority ( ju/ice & good-w ov] p>ty int]e/1 & ! det]m9ation ( ! _w )\t ref]5ce to special privilege4 ,religion is n[ ! issue betwe5 ! good--! highe/ good1 ! good ( all--& ! undivid$ cosmos4 ,)9 ! limits ( philosophical religion ?us broadly def9$ !re is yet provision = almo/ endless v>iety ( belief4 ,religions may /ill diff] 9 tradition1 symbolism1 & ritual4 ,!y may diff] z moral codes & s5tim5ts diff]1 & reflect all %ades ( op9ion z ?is is det]m9$ by discov]y & criticism4 ,b ,i propose to conf9e myself to a diff]5ce :i* is at once ! mo/ broad & fundam5tal1 & ! mo/ cle>ly def9$ 9 contempor>y controv]sy4 ,?is diff]5ce relates to nei!r #bdb e?ics nor cosmology exclusively1 b to ! religi\s judgm5t itself 9 :i* ^! two are unit$4 ,h[ is ! univ]se 9 its entirety to be con/ru$ ) ref]5ce to ! good8 ,9 bo? ( ! answ]s :i* ,i propose to consid] x is claim$ t goodness 9 "s s5se possesses ! _w4 ,h5ce bo? may be call$ idealisms4 ,b 9 "o ( ^! answ]s1 :i* ,i %all call metaphysical idealism1 ! cosmological motive receives ! great] emphasis4 ,! good is con/ru$ 9 t]ms ( be+2 &1 9 ord] t x may be absolutely id5tifi$ !re)1 its orig9al nature mu/1 if necess>y1 be compromis$4 ,9 ! o!r1 ! moral motive pr$om9ates4 ,x is held t goodness mu/ n lose its mean+1 ev5 if x be necess>y t its claims ^u ! cosmos %\ld be some:at abat$4 ,metaphysical idealism is ! extreme =m ( ! optimi/ic bias4 ,x provides a moral individual ) a s5se ( proprietor%ip 9 ! univ]se2 x ju/ifies him 9 ! belief t ! moral victory has be5 won f all et]nity4 ,goodness is held to be ! v ess5ce & condition ( be+4 ,let me briefly /ate ! inh]5t difficulty 9 ?is philosophy ( religion4 ,be+ is judg$ to be id5tical ) good4 ,b ! _w ( exp]i5ce is n good2 x mu/ !re=e be condemn$ z unreal4 ,( :at1 !n1 d goodness & be+ consi/8 ,if an empty =malism is #bdc to be avoid$1 ! all-good-&-all-real mu/ be re/or$ to ! _w ( exp]i5ce4 ,b z ! all-real x c n consi/5tly be id5tifi$ ) only a "p ( t _w2 & if x be id5tifi$ ) ! :ole1 its all-goodness contradicts ! moral di/9ction )9 ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 betwe5 good & evil4 ,! !ory is n[ confront$ ) ! opposite dang]1 t ( mat]ialism1 or moral promiscu\sness4 ,let me illu/rate ?is full sw+ ( ! p5dulum f =malism to mat]ialism by briefly summ>iz+ c]ta9 well-kn[n types ( religi\s philosophy4 ,at ! =mali/ic extreme /&s ! ,buddhi/ic pessimism1#ab :i* re/s on a recognition ( ! inevitable ta9t ( ?is _w1 ( ! implication ( evil 9 life4 ,to avoid ?is ta9t1 ! all-real-&-all-good mu/ be fre$ ev5 f exi/5ce4 ,x c be conceiv$ & atta9$ only by d5ial4 ,nirvana is at once ! all-real1 ! all-good1 &--9 t]ms ( ! exi/5t _w--no?+4 ,o!r-worldl9ess is ! ,*ri/ian modification ( ! ,ori5tal philosophy ( illusion4 ,heav5 is a _w beyond1 to be ex*ang$ = ?is4 ,x is n con/itut$ by ! d5ial ( ?is _w1 z is ,nirvana1 b access to x is condition$ by su* d5ial4 ,x is goodness & happ9ess hypo/asiz$1 & (f]$ z comp5sation = m>tyrdom4 ,b s9ce e natural impulse & s\rce #bdd ( satisfaction mu/ be repudiat$1 x rema9s a purely =mal conception1 except 9 s f> z ! worldly imag9ation unlawfully prefigures x4 ,rigor\sly con/ru$1 x consi/s only 9 ob$i5ce1 a will+ ( ,god's w1 :atev] t may be4 ,my/icism1#ac :i* appe>s z a motive 9 all religions ( ?is type1 def9es ! all-real-&-all-good 9 t]ms ( ! consummation ( a progression1 c]ta9 int]m$iate /ages ( :i* con/itute man's pres5t activities4 ,9 ,brahmanism1 ,god is ! p]fect unity1 :i* may be approximat$ by dwell+ on id5tities & ignor+ diff]5ces2 9 ,platonism1 ,god is ! good-=-all1 :i* may be approximat$ by dwell+ exclusively ^u ! utilities & fitness ( ?+s4 ,! absolute _w /ill rema9s beyond ?is _w & excludes x1 al?\gh a h9t ( its actual nature may n[ be obta9$4 ,b !re at once appe>s a =midable difficulty4 ,s long z ! absolute _w is :olly sep>at$ f ?is _w1 & !re=e purely =mal1 evil ne$ n be imput$ to x2 b at ! mom5t :5 x is conceiv$ by complet+ & p]fect+ c]ta9 processes belong+ to ?is _w1 x is committ$ to ^! processes ) all _! implications1 & t5ds to be usurp$ by !m4 ,9 o!r words1 heav51 9 s f> z x obta9s mean+1 gr[s worldly4 ,9 ! conception :i* may be t]m$ panlogism1 #bde heav5 is boldly remov$ to e>?4 ,x is id5tifi$ ) laws or o!r univ]sals1 t lie )9 ! scope ( human intellig5ce & control ! c\rse ( nature4 ,god is n[ imman5t r ?an transc5d5t2 he has obta9$ a c]ta9 def9able cont5t4 ,b ! difficulty :i* has already appe>$ 9 my/icism n[ gr[s m =midable4 ,h[ c x be said t a be+ t co9cides ) ! kn[n laws ( nature works only good8 ,among ! ,/oics ! attempt 0 made to conceive all necessities z someh[ b5eficial1 z someh[ good 9 ! commonly accept$ s5se ( ! t]m4#ad ,b ev5 ! ,/oics f\nd !mselves compell$ to ab&on ! common conception ( goodness4 ,& 9 ,sp9oza ! motive ( panlogism is cle> & uncompromis+4#ae ,god z ! imman5t ord] ( ! _w is good only 9 t he is necess>y--good only 9 s f> z he satisfies ! logical int]e/ & enables ! m9d to und]/&4 ,9 panlogism1 !n1 we f9d metaphysical idealism already compell$ 9 behalf ( its c>d9al pr9ciple to d5y ! moral consci\sness4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,= ev5 7 x to be admitt$ t m]e sy/em & ord] con/itute ! good1 :olly )\t ref]5ce to _! be>+ on ! conc]ns ( life1 ! fact rema9s t ev5 su* a good does n fairly repres5t ! "* ( ?is _w4 ,= exp]i5ce conveys n only law1 #bdf b also irrelevance & *aos2 n only h>mony b also discord4 ,to meet ?is la/ difficulty1 & at ! same "t bett] to provide = ! complexity ( human int]e/s1 metaphysical idealism f9ally assumes ! ae/hetic =m4 ,! absolute _w1 ! all-real-&-all-good1 is boldly con/ru$ 9 t]ms ( ! hi/orical process itself1 ) all its concret5ess & imm$iacy4 ,endless detail1 contra/1 & ev5 contradiction may be br\ght "u ! =m ( ae/hetic value4 ,! v flux ( exp]i5ce1 ! v /ruggles & defeats ( life1 are n )\t _! picturesqu5ess & dramatic quality4 ,^u ?is romantic love ( tumult & privation is f\nd$ ! la/ ( all metaphysical idealisms4#af ,a /range sequel to ! doctr9e ( despair ) :i* our brief survey began6 ,i c only recapitulate mo/ briefly ! *>act]i/ic limitations ( an ae/hetic idealism4 ,fir/1 9 spite ( ! fact t ae/hetic value may be extraord9>ily compreh5sive 9 its cont5t1 z a value x is none ! less n>r[ & exclusive4 ,= 9 ord] t exp]i5ce may h ae/hetic value1 an ae/hetic int]e/ mu/ be tak5 9 x4 ,& ev5 7 all exp]i5ce to satisfy "s su* int]e/1 ?is w\ld 9 no wise provide = ! endless v>iety ( non-ae/hetic int]e/s t are also tak5 9 x4 ,?us1 7 x to be prov$ t life on ! :ole is picturesque1 ?is #bdg w\ld 9 no way affect ! fact t x is also pa9ful1 /ultify+1 & o!rwise ab\nd+ 9 evil4 ,b1 ev5 if x 7 to be grant$ t ae/hetic value embraces & subord9ates all o!r values1 ?is high] value w\ld /ill exi/ only :]e su* an ae/hetic int]e/ 0 actually fulfill$4 ,if x 7 assum$ t ! totality ( ! _w is pleas+ 9 ! sight ( ,god1 ?is w\ld 9 no way affect ! fact t x is o!rwise 9 ! eyes ( m54 ,^? :o furni% a spectacle :i* has dramatic value = an obs]v] d n necess>ily !mselves %>e 9 t value4 ,x is an incontrov]tible fact t ! ae/hetic int]e/s ( m5 are actually defeat$2 & ?is :e!r or no "s o!r ae/hetic int]e/--t1 = example1 ( a div9e onlook]--is fulfill$4 ,b ! radical defect ( ?is ae/hetic philosophy ( religion lies 9 its absolute discr$it+ ( moral di/9ctions4 ,optimism has s f> ov]rea*$ itself z to sacrifice ! v mean+ ( goodness4 ,9 ord] t ! ideal may possess ! _w1 x has be5 r$uc$ to ! _w4 ,god is no m ?an a "n = ! unmitigat$ reality4 ,l ,h>dy's ,_s ( ! ,ye>s1 he is ! m]e affirmation ( ?+s z !y are3 ,i view1 n urge2 nor m ?an m>k ,:at designate y\r titles ,good & ,ill4 ',tis n 9 me to feel )1 or aga9/1 ,^! fle%-h+$ mannik9s ,its h& upw9ds #bdh ,to click-clack (f ,its preadju/$ laws2 ,b only ?r\gh my c5turies to behold ,_! aspects1 & _! movem5ts1 & _! m\ld4 #ag ,morally1 !re c\ld be no m s9i/] int]pretation ( life4 ,x (f]s itself z a philosophy ( hope1 promis+ ! lov] ( good t 8 purpose %all be fulfill$1 nay1 t x is fulfill$ f all et]nity4 ,b :5 ! pl$ge is r$eem$1 x is f\nd to /ipulate t ! good %all mean only life z x is already possess$4 ,9 o!r words1 man is promis$ :at he wants if he w agree to want :at he has4 ,?is is worse ?an a sorry je/4 ,x is a philosophy ( moral dissolution1 discr$it+ e d[nright judgm5t ( good & evil1 remov+ ! gr\nds ^u :i* is bas$ e s+le-m9d$ endeavor to purify & consummate life4 ,john ,davidson says3 ,irony integrates good & evil1 ! con/itu5ts ( ! univ]se4 ,x is t ,beyond-,good-&-,evil :i* somebody clam\r$ =4 #ah ,irony is inde$ ! la/ refuge ( t uncompromis+ optimism t equates goodness & be+4 ,,vi ,b ! bankruptcy ( metaphysical idealism does n end ! matt]4 ,!re is ano!r idealism 9 :i* religi\s fai? bo? confirms moral endeavor & gives x ! inc5tive ( hope4 ,?is #bdi idealism e/abli%es itself ^u an unequivocal acceptance ( moral tru?4 ,x calls good good & evil evil1 ) all ! f9ality :i* atta*es to ! human exp]i5ce ( ^! ?+s1 leav+ no room = compromise4 ,its fai? lies 9 ! expectation t ! _w %all become good ?r\gh ! elim9ation ( evil2 x manife/s itself 9 ! resolution to ha/5 t "t4 ,god is lov$ = ! enemies he has made4 ,evil is hat$ )\t res]vation z none ( 8 do+1 & man is free to rev]5ce ! ,"l 8 ,god ) all 8 he>t4 ,f ! /&-po9t ( moral idealism ! univ]se resumes some?+ ( its pri/9e rugg$ness & gr&eur4 ,if1 z ,james says1 ! _w appe>s z some?+ m epic ?an dramatic1 ! dignity ( life is enhanc$ & n dim9i%$ on t acc\nt4#ai ,life is n a spiritual ex]cise ! results ( :i* are disc\nt$ 9 advance2 b is actually creative1 fa%ion+ & p]fect+ a good t has nev] be54 ,& ! mom5t evil is conceiv$ z ! necess>y b dim9i%+ complem5t to p>tial success1 ! /+ ( x is gone4 ,evil z a tempor>y & accid5tal necessity is tol]able2 b n s an evil :i* is absolutely necess>y1 & :i* mu/ be con/ru$ ) "s hypo!tical div9e satisfaction4 ,?is 9 no way contradicts ! fact t ! #bej fulle/ life "u pres5t conditions involves contact ) evil4 ,innoc5ce mu/ be tragic if x is n to be weak4 ,jesus )\t ! cross w\ld possess some?+ ( t quality ( unreality :i* atta*es to ,ari/otle's high-m9d$ man4 ,b ?is does n prove t life involves evil2 x proves only t life w be n>r[ & complac5t :5 x is out ( t\* ) ?+s z !y are4 ,s9ce evil is n[ real1 he :o altoge!r escapes x is ignorant & idle1 tak+ no h& 9 ! real "w to be done4 ,n to feel pa9 :5 pa9 ab\nds1 n to be> "s %>e ( ! burd51 is inde$ cause = %ame4 ,9 t rem>kable allegory1 ,! ,man ,:o ,0 ,?ursday1 ,*e/]ton has mo/ vividly pres5t$ ?is tru?4 ,9 ! la/ confrontation1 ! real an>*i/1 ! spokesman ( ,satan1 accuses ! fri5ds ( ord] ( be+ happy1 ( hav+ be5 protect$ f suff]+4 ,b ! philosoph]1 :o has hi!rto be5 unable to und]/& ! despair to :i* he & 8 companions h be5 driv51 repels ?is sl&]4 ',i see ev]y?+1' he cri$1 'ev]y?+ t !re is4 ,:y does ea* ?+ on ! e>? w> aga9/ ea* o!r ?+8 ,:y does ea* small ?+ 9 ! _w h to fight aga9/ ! _w itself8 4 4 4 ,s t ea* ?+ t obeys law may h ! glory & isolation ( ! an>*i/4 ,s t ea* man fight+ = ord] may be z brave & good a man z ! dynamit]4 ,s t ! real lie ( ,satan may be #bea flung back 9 ! face ( ?is blasphem]1 s t by te>s & torture we may e>n ! "r to say to ?is man1 ,y lie6 ,no agonies c be too great to buy ! "r to say to ?is accus]1 ,we also h suff]$4 ',x is n true t we h nev] be5 brok54 ,we h be5 brok5 ^u ! :eel4 4 4 4 ,we h desc5d$ into hell4 ,we 7 compla9+ ( un=gettable mis]ies ev5 at ! v mom5t :5 ?is man ent]$ insol5tly to accuse u ( happ9ess4 ,i repel ! sl&]2 we h n be5 happy4'#bj ,b ! *>ge ( happ9ess is to be repell$ z a sl&] only because !re are real suff]]s 9 ! _w to make ! *>ge4 ,x is1 aft] all1 n happ9ess b ins5sibility :i* is ! real disgrace4 ,if ! suff]+ is real1 n to see x1 n to feel x1 n to heal x1 is intol]able4 ,to say1 h[ev]1 t suff]+ is wilfully caus$ 9 ord] t x may ev5tually contribute to an ultimate reconciliation1 is to *>ge ,god ) some?+ worse ?an complac5cy4 ,if life is a real trag$y x c be endur$1 & to ent] into x w br+ ! deep satisfaction :i* e =m ( h]oism af=ds4 ,b if ! trag$y ( life be preconceiv$ & wilfully p]petrat$1 x mu/ be res5t$ = ! sake ( self-respect4 ,ev5 man possesses a dignity :i* is n consi/5t ) puppetry & mock h]oics4 ,moral idealism means to int]pret life consi/5tly ) e?ical1 sci5tific1 & metaphysical tru?4 ,x endeavors to ju/ify ! maximum ( #beb hope1 )\t compromis+ or confus+ any enlight5$ judgm5t ( tru?4 ,9 ?is x is1 ,i ?9k1 n only consi/5t ) ! _s ( a lib]al & rational age1 b also ) ! prim>y motive ( religion4 ,!re c be no religion ) res]vations1 fe>ful ( increas+ light4 ,no man c d ! "w ( religion )\t an op5 & c&id m9d z well z an indomitable purpose4 ,i c n "h elaborate ! evid5ce ^u :i* moral idealism is gr\nd$2 b x might be broadly classifi$ z e?ical1 cosmological1 & hi/orical4 ,! e?ical gr\nd ( moral idealism is ! virtual unity ( life1 ! work+ !re9 ( "o ev5tual purpose su/a9$ by ! good-w ( all moral be+s4 ,! cosmological pro( lies 9 ! moral fruitfulness & pla/icity ( nature4 ,! hi/orical pro( lies 9 ! fact ( moral progress1 9 ! adv5t & /eady bett]m5t ( life4 ,,vii ,9 conclusion ,i wi% to rev]t to ! topic ( ! g5]ic pro( ( religion4 ,we h def9$ ! te/s :i* any special religion mu/ meet1 & unless con=mably to su* te/s x is possible to ju/ify "s =m ( idealism1 x is cle> t ! full possibilities ( religion z a s\rce ( /r5g? & consolation mu/ fail to be realiz$4 ,b x may n[ be affirm$ t !re is a moral #bec value 9 religion :i* is indep5d5t ( ! cosmological consid]ations :i* prove or disprove a special religion4 ,no sci5tific or metaphysical evid5ce c controv]t ! fact t man is engag$ 9 an ent]prise :i* compreh5ds all ! actualities & possibilities ( life1 & t ! success ( ?is ent]prise is condition$1 9 ! end1 on ! compliance ( ! univ]se4 ,a summ+ up ( ! situation z involv+ ^! two factors is morally inevitable4 ,"s solution ( ! problem1 assimilat$ & enact$1 9 o!r words1 "s =m ( piety1 is no m ?an ! la/ /age ( moral gr[?4 ,! value ( religi\s belief1 9 ?is g5]ic moral s5se1 consi/s 9 ! enl>gem5t ( ! circle ( life4 ,man kn[s ! be/ & ! wor/2 he walks 9 ! op51 appreh5d+ ! _w 9 its full sweep & j proportions4 ,an inclusive view ( ! univ]se1 :atev] x may reveal1 ?r[s into relief ! lot ( man4 ,religion promulgates ! idea ( life z a :ole1 & composes & proportions its activities ) ref]5ce to _! ultimate end4 ,religion advocates n ! virtues 9 _! sev]alty1 b ! :ole moral ent]prise4 ,) ?is x affiliates all ! sundry activities ( life1 ?us br++ bo? action & ?\ght "u ! =m ( s]vice ( ! ideal4 ,at ! same "t x (f]s a supreme object = ! passions1 :i* are o!rwise divid$ aga9/ #bed !mselves1 or v5t$ ^u unwor?y & fanta/ical objects4 ,?r\gh be+ ?us economiz$ & guid$1 ^! mov+ en]gies may be br\ght to support moral endeavor & be> x ) !m 9 _! curr5t4 ,piety c>ries ) x also t s5se ( high resolve )\t :i* life mu/ be haunt$ ) a s5se ( ignom9y4 ,?is is ! imm$iate value ( ! good-w3 ! full deliv]ance ( "o's self to ! cause ( goodness4 ,?is value is indep5d5t ( atta9m5t4 ,x is t do+ ( "o's be/1 :i* is ! lea/ t "o c d4 ,hav+ sp$ "o's action ) good-w1 "o c only leave ! outcome to ! conflu5ce & summ+ ( l =ces4 ,b su* s]vice is bless$ bo? 9 ! ev5tualities & 9 a pres5t h>mony z well4 ,! good ( p>ticipation 9 ! greate/ & mo/ wor?y ent]prise is prov$ 9 its l5d+ fruitfulness1 dignity1 & mom5t\sness to action2 b also 9 its infus+ ! individual life ) t ardor & t5d]ness :i* is call$ ! love ( humanity & ( ,god1 & :i* is ! only =m ( happ9ess t fully measures up to ! awak5$ moral consci\sness4 ,s9ce religion emphasizes ! unity ( life & supplies x ) mean+ & dignity1 x is ! function ( religion to k9dle moral en?usiasm 9 society at l>ge4 ,religion is responsible = ! #bee pre/ige ( morality4 ,z an in/itution1 x is ! appo9t$ gu>dian & m$ium ( t supreme value :i* is hidd5 f ! _w2 ( t f9ality :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( human affairs1 is s easily lo/ to view & s infrequ5tly prov$4 ,x is !re=e ! function ( ! religi\s lead] to make m5 lov]s1 n ( ! p>ts1 b ( ! :ole ( goodness4 ,emb>rass$ by _! v pl5itude ( life1 m5 require to h ! good-w t is 9 !m ar\s$ & put 9 control4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! "w ( religion3 to /rike home to ! moral nature itself1 & to induce 9 m5 a ke5] & m vivid realization ( _! lat5t pref]5ce = ! high] ov] ! l[] values4 ,?is (fice requires = its fulfilm5t a con/ructive moral imag9ation1 a p[] to ar\se & direct ! contagi\s emotions1 & ! use ( ! means ( p]sonality & ritual = ! creation ( a sweet5+ & uplift+ environm5t4 ,9 culture & religion human life is br\ght to ! elevation :i* is prop] to x4 ,!y are bo? =ms ( discipl9e ?r\gh :i* is inculcat$ t quality ( magnanimity & s]vice :i* is ! m>k ( spiritual maturity4 ,b :ile culture is ess5tially contemplative1 f>-see+1 s5sitive1 & tol]ant1 religion is m /irr+ & vital4 ,bo? are love ( p]fection1 b culture is admiration2 religion1 conc]n4 #bef ,n he t sai? ,"l1 ,"l1 b he t doe? ! w ( 8 ,fa!r1 %all be sav$4 ,9 religion ! old note ( fe> is always pres5t4 ,x is a p]petual wat*fulness le/ ! "w ( life be undone1 or le/ a *ance = ! be/ be =feit$4 #beg ,,notes ,,*apt] ,i #a ,joseph ,butl]3 ,s]mon ,,vii1 edit$ by ,glad/one1 p4 #aad4 ,cf4 also ,s]mon ,x1 on ,self-,deceit4 #b ,niets*e3 ,beyond ,good & ,evil1 translat$ by ,hel5 ,zimm]n1 p4 #agd4 #c ,edmund ,burke3 ,a ,v9dication ( ,natural ,society1 ,preface1 pp4 #d1 #e4 7,bo/on1 #ahjf47 #d ,! classic discussion ( ! :ole matt] is to be f\nd 9 ,ari/otle's ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 ,book ,i1 ,*apt]s ,i-,,vi1 translat$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,c4 ,welldon4 ,cf4 also ,fr4 ,pauls53 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,,ii1 ,*apt]s ,i1 ,,ii1 translat$ by ,frank ,?illy2 ,g4 ,h4 ,palm]3 ,! ,nature ( ,goodness1 ,*apt]s ,i1 ,,ii2 & ,w4 ,james3 ,! ,moral ,philosoph] & ! ,moral ,life1 9 8 ,w to ,believe4 #e ,! issue is pres5t$ cle>ly & briefly 9 ,pauls53 ,op4 cit41 ,book ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,ii1 & 9 ,james's ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #edi-eei4 #f ,niets*e3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ajg4 #g ,huxley3 ,evolution & ,e?ics & ,o!r ,essays1 pp4 #ha-hb4 ,! fir/ two essays conta9$ 9 ?is volume1 ! ,prolegom5a1 & ! ,romanes ,lecture1 conta9 a v int]e/+ /udy ( ! relation ( morality to nature4 #h ,huxley3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ac4 #i ,g4 ,k4 ,*e/]ton3 ,napoleon ( ,nott+ ,hill1 p4 #bia4 ,! :ole book is a brilliant satire1 int5d$ to %[ t all ( ! h]oic s5tim5ts & virtues dep5d on w> & local pride4 #aj ,niets*e3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ei1 #afc1 #agf1 #bbc1 #bce1 #bcg1 #abb4 #aa ,*e/]ton3 ,h]etics1 & ,or?odoxy4 #ab ,plato3 ,protagoras1 p4 #cbb 7m>g9al pag9ation71 & passim2 translat$ by ,j[ett4 #beh ,,*apt] ,,ii #a ,locke3 ,! ,conduct ( ! ,und]/&+1 ,bohn's ,libr>y ,edition1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #gb2 also1 passim4 #b ,locke3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ef4 #c ,desc>tes3 ,disc\rse on ,me?od1 translat$ by ,veit*1 pp4 #ac-ad4 ,also1 passim4 #d ,sp9oza3 ,! ,improvem5t ( ! ,und]/&+1 translat$ by ,elwes1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #d4 #e ,cf4 ,plato's ,republic1 ,books ,v-,,vii1 passim4 #f ,= fur!r discussion ( ! mean+ ( duty1 cf4 ,kant's ,critical ,exam9ation ( ! ,practical ,reason1 ,book ,i1 ,*apt] ,,iii1 translat$ 9 ,abbott's ,kant's ,!ory ( ,e?ics1 p4 #afd2 ,bradley's ,e?ical ,/udies1 ,essays ,,ii & ,v2 & ,sidgwick's ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,i1 ,*apt] ,,iii4 #g ,*e/]ton3 ,napoleon ( ,nott+ ,hill1 p4 #afb4 #h ,g4 ,e4 ,moore3 ,pr9cipia ,e?ica1 ,*apt] ,,iii1 ,sect4 #eh-fc4 #i ,locke3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bi4 #aj ,!re is an excell5t acc\nt ( ! que/ions t lie on ! bord] betwe5 e?ics & jurisprud5ce 9 ,s4 ,e4 ,mezes's ,e?ics1 ,descriptive & ,explanatory1 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 #aa ,kant3 ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ! ,metaphysic ( ,morals1 translat$ 9 ,abbott's ,kant's ,!ory ( ,e?ics1 p4 #dg4 #ab ,h4 ,g4 ,"l3 ,! ,abuse ( ,ab/raction 9 ,e?ics1 9 ,essays ,philosophical & ,psy*ological 9 ,honor ( ,william ,james1 pp4 #cgf-cgg4 #ac ,john ,davidson3 ,a ,ros>y1 pp4 #gg1 #hb4 #ad ,maurice ,maet]l9ck3 ,! ,measure ( ! ,h\rs1 translat$ by ,a4 ,t4 de ,mattos1 p4 #aea4 ,! essay 9 ?is volume1 entitl$ ,our ,anxi\s ,morality1 *>ges rationalism ) de/roy+ ! romantic & my/ical elem5t 9 life4 ,,*apt] ,,iii #a ,a good discussion ( ! sev]al virtues w be f\nd 9 ,pauls53 ,op4 cit41 ,book ,,iii4 #b ,w4 ,h4 ,s4 ,jones3 ,greek ,morality1 p4 #ej4 #c ,j]emy ,taylor3 ,rules & ,ex]cises ( ,holy ,liv+1 edit$ by ,ezra ,abbot1 p4 #gc4 #d ,jones3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #abd4 #bei #e ,c\nt ,baldes> ,ca/iglione3 ,! ,book ( ! ,c\rti]1 translat$ by ,opdycke1 p4 #bej4 #f ,cf4 ,hobbes3 ,levia?an1 ,*apt]s ,,xiii1 ,,xiv1 ,,xv4 ,9 ,hobbes's acc\nt1 morality is r$uc$ :olly to ! prud5tial economy4 #g ,h4 ,g4 ,wells3 ,fir/ & ,la/ ,?+s1 p4 #hb4 #h ,ca/iglione3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #beg4 #i ,burke3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #h4 #aj ,epictetus3 ,disc\rses1 ,book ,,iii1 ,*apt] ,,xxii1 translat$ by ,long1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #hb1 #hc4 #aa ,taylor3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #g4 #ab ,epictetus3 ,op4 cit41 ,book ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,xxi1 translat$ by ,long1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbi4 #ac ,cf4 ,hegel3 ,philosophy ( ,"r1 ,?ird ,"p1 ,?ird ,section1 translat$ by ,s4 ,w4 ,dyde2 & ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 ,introduction1 translat$ by ,j4 ,sibree4 #ad ,cf4 ,plato's ,republic1 passim1 b especially ,book ,,iv4 ,plato makes ! /ate analog\s to ! individual organism1 requir+ bas] classes t %all p]man5tly supply its l[] functions1 z well z classes t %all supply its high] functions & s p>ticipate 9 its full b5efits4 #ae ,ari/otle3 ,politics1 ,book ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,v1 translat$ by ,j[ett1 p4 #ce4 ,cf4 also ,*apt] ,,ii4 #af ,epictetus3 ,op4 cit41 ,book ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,xv1 translat$ by ,long1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahi4 #ag ,sophocles3 ,antigone1 translat$ by ,g4 ,h4 ,palm]1 pp4 #fa1 #fb4 #ah ,munro & ,sell]y3 ,m$ieval ,civilization1 pp4 #cdi-cej4 #ai ,ca/iglione3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bfa4 #bj ,quot$ f ,diog4 ,la]t4 by ,jones1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #fi4 ,= a full acc\nt1 cf4 ,ari/otle's ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 ,books ,,viii & ,,ix1 translat$ by ,welldon1 pp4 #bde-cad4 #ba ,walt] ,bagehot3 ,physics & ,politics1 ,no4 ,v1 9 ! edition ( ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies1 pp4 #afe-aff4 ,cf4 ?is *apt] passim4 #bb ,mat!w ,arnold3 ,culture & ,an>*y1 p4 #ajj4 #bc ,quot$ by ,jones3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #abh4 #bd ,ibid4 #be ,arnold3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #be-bf4 ,cf4 passim4 #bf ,euripides3 ,m$ea1 translat$ by ,gilb]t ,murray1 pp4 #fg-fh4 #bfj #bg ,cf41 e4 g41 ,ari/otle1 ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 ,book ,x4 ,also ,j4 ,a4 ,f>r]'s ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity1 passim2 & ,pauls51 op4 cit41 ,book ,i1 ,*apt]s ,i-,,iii4 #bh ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne2 ,religio ,m$ici1 edit$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,d5t ,co41 p4 #ig4 #bi ,w4 ,james3 ,pragmatism1 p4 #bcj4 #cj ,br[ne3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #aah-aai4 #ca ,ibid41 p4 #aaj4 #cb ,ca/iglione3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #cjd-cje4 ,,*apt] ,,iv #a ,! ne>e/ approa* to su* a philosophy ( hi/ory is ,george ,santayana's ,life ( ,reason4 ,! read] w f9d x ! be/ book ( ref]5ce = ?is & ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,cf4 also1 ,samuel ,alex&]'s ,moral ,ord] & ,progress4 #b ,bagehot3 ,op4 cit41 ,no4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bjh-bji4 #c ,ibid41 p4 #afa4 #d ,niets*e3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #fe-ff4 #e ,= a g5]al e?ical discussion ( ! function ( gov]nm5t1 cf4 ,santayana3 ,reason 9 ,society1 ,*apt]s ,,iii-,,viii4 #f ,sophocles3 ,antigone1 translat$ by ,palm]1 pp4 #fj1 #fc-fd4 #g #a ,samuel1 ,*apt] ,,viii4 #h ,quot$ 9 ,ta9e's ,philosophy ( ,art 9 ,greece1 translat$ by ,j4 ,dur&1 p4 #acj4 #i ,?ucydides3 ,peloponnesian ,w>1 ,book ,,ii1 ,*apt]s #cg-dj1 translat$ by ,j[ett1 pp4 #aag-aai4 #aj ,plato3 ,republic1 ,book ,,iv1 p4 #dcc1 translat$ by ,j[ett4 #aa ,burke3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #dc4 #ab ,= a brief /atem5t ( ! elem5ts ( political sci5ce 9 _! application to mod]n in/itutions1 cf4 ,e4 ,j5ks3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,politics4 #ab ,arnold3 ,! ,future ( ,lib]alism1 9 ! volume1 ,mix$ ,essays1 ,iri% ,essays & ,o!rs1 p4 #chc4 ,cf4 also ! admirable essay on ,democracy 9 ! same volume4 #ad ,plato3 ,republic1 ,book ,i1 p4 #cce1 translat$ by ,j[ett4 #ae ,wells3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #acj-aca4 #bfa ,,*apt] ,v #a ,a good acc\nt ( ! mean+ ( art is to be f\nd 9 ,santayana's ,reason 9 ,art1 ,*apt]s ,i-,,iii4 #b ,= ?is :ole topic ( ! ae/hetic int]e/1 cf4 ,h4 ,r4 ,m>%all's ,pleasure1 ,pa91 & ,ae/hetics4 #c ,= an int]pretation ( pa9t+ 9 t]ms ( ! p]ceptual process1 cf4 ,b4 ,b]5son's ,flor5t9e ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 pp4 #a-af2 & ,nor? ,italian ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 pp4 #ade-aeg4 #d ,! be/ acc\nt ( ! emotions & in/9cts is to be f\nd 9 ,james's ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,*apt]s ,,xxiv1 ,,xxv4 #e ,walt] ,pat]3 ,! ,r5aissance1 p4 #adj4 #f ,ta9e3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #aab1 #aad-aae1 & passim4 #g ,pat]3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #abi-acj2 cf4 ! *apt] on ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 entire4 #h ,plato3 ,republic1 ,book ,,iii1 p4 #cih1 translat$ by ,j[ett4 ,! :ole ( ,books ,,iii & ,x are int]e/+ 9 ?is connection4 #i ,9 connection ) ! g5]al topic ( ! moral criticism ( art1 cf4 ,santayana's ,reason 9 ,art1 ,*apt]s ,,ix-,,xi2 also ,rusk9's ,lectures on ,art1 ,lectures ,,ii-,,iv4 #aj ,ari/otle3 ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 ,book ,x4 #aa ,cf4 ! ,republic1 ,book ,x4 #ab ,ar?ur ,b5son3 ,beside ,/ill ,wat]s1 pp4 #ach-aci4 ,cf4 also pp4 #adc-add4 #ac ,pat]3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bdi1 #bej2 cf4 ! ,conclusion1 passim4 #ad ,james3 ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #abe-abf4 #ae ,republic2 ,book ,x1 p4 #fjf1 translat$ by ,j[ett4 #af ,ibid41 ,book ,,iii1 p4 #cii4 #ag ,ari/otle3 ,politics1 ,book ,,viii1 ,*apt] ,v1 translat$ by ,j[ett1 p4 #beb4 #ah ,ta9e3 ,! ,ideal 9 ,art1 translat$ by ,j4 ,dur&1 pp4 #db sq4 #ai ,tol/y3 ,:at is ,art8 ,x1 translat$ by ,leo ,wi5]1 p4 #bbg4 #bj ,arnold3 ,culture & ,an>*y1 pp4 #cg1 #ch4 ,cf4 ,*apt] ,i1 passim4 #ba ,republic1 ,book ,,iii1 p4 #dja1 translation by ,j[ett4 #bfb ,,*apt] ,,vi #a ,?is *apt] is repr9t$ f ! ,h>v>d ,!ological ,review = ,april1 #aiji4 #b ,i h treat$ ?is matt] m fully 9 my ,approa* to ,philosophy1 ,*apt]s ,,iii & ,,iv4 ,at ! close ( t book ! read] w f9d a select$ bibliography ( ! subject4 #c ,john ,h5ry ,newman3 ,apologia pro ,vita ,sua1 p4 #bci4 ,! :ole book is ( int]e/ 9 ?is connection4 #d ,munro & ,sell]y3 ,m$iaeval ,civilization1 p4 #fi4 #e ,fragm5ts ( ,x5ophanes1 9 ,burnet's ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy1 p4 #aae4 #f ,lucretius3 ,de ,r]um ,natura1 ,book ,i1 l9es #ajba-ajbh1 translat$ by ,munro4 #g ,isaiah #a3ae-ag4 #h ,= a brief acc\nt ( primitive religion1 cf4 ,j4 ,b4 ,pratt's ,psy*ology ( ,religi\s ,belief4 ,= a full] acc\nt1 cf4 ,f4 ,b4 ,jevons's ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion4 #i ,munro & ,sell]y3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #hj1 #ge4 #aj ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce3 ,babylonians & ,assyrians1 p4 #bec4 #aa ,a4 ,wi$emann3 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 p4 #bej4 #ab ,cf4 ,h4 ,c4 ,w>r5's ,buddhism 9 ,translation4 #ac ,! read] w f9d a good exposition ( my/icism 9 ,royce's ,_w & ! ,individual1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 ,lectures ,,ii1 ,,iv1 ,v4 #ad ,cf41 e4 g41 ,epictetus3 ,disc\rses1 ,book ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,viii4 #ae ,cf4 ,sp9oza's ,e?ics1 passim1 translat$ by ,elwes4 #af ,cf4 ,royce's acc\nt ( ,romanticism & ,hegel1 9 8 ,_s ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 ,lectures ,,vi1 ,,vii4 ,?is motive1 toge!r ) ! motive ( my/icism1 appe>s 9 su* writ+s z ,j4 ,mc,t4 ,e4 ,mc,taggart's ,/udies 9 ,hegelian ,cosmology1 ,*apt] ,,ix2 & ,a4 ,e4 ,taylor's ,problem ( ,conduct1 ,*apt] ,,viii4 #ag ,?omas ,h>dy3 ,! ,dyna/s1 ,"p ,i1 p4 #e4 #ah ,john ,davidson3 ,a ,ros>y1 p4 #hh4 #ai ,james3 ,pragmatism1 p4 #add4 ,! :ole *apt] is a brilliant repres5tation ( ! /&-po9t ( moral idealism4 #bj ,g4 ,k4 ,*e/]ton3 ,! ,man ,:o ,0 ,?ursday1 pp4 #bgh-bgi4 #bfc ,,index ,a*ievem5t1 #gi1 #ha1 #ig4 ,adaptation1 #bb4 ,ae/hetic ,int]e/1 def9ition (1 #agi2 v>ieties (1 #aha ff41 #ahi2 moral limitation (1 #aij2 sell-suffici5cy (1 #aib2 exagg]ation (1 #aib1 #aie1 #aih ff42 its p]vasiv5ess1 #aid ff42 vic>i\sness (1 #aig2 /imulat+ "* (1 #bja1 #bjc ff42 lib]ality (1 #bji ff42 9 religion1 #bdf ff4 ,aimlessness1 #id4 ,an>*ism1 #ajg4 ,ari/otle1 quot$1 #ajj1 #ajf1 #aib1 #bjd4 ,arnold1 ,m41 quot$1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aab1 #afd1 #baa4 ,art1 moral criticism (1 ,*4 ,v2 its liability to moral criticism1 #agc ff2 def9ition (1 #agg2 di/9ction betwe5 indu/rial & f9e1 #agg ff42 emotion 91 #ahb ff42 repres5tative function (1 #ahe ff41 #bjc ff42 ,greek1 #ahe ff42 ( ,r5aissance1 #ahg2 c5sor%ip (1 #aij2 /imulat+ "* (1 #bja ff42 tru? 91 #bje ff42 univ]sality & p>ticul>ity (1 #bjg ff42 & lib]ality1 #bji ff42 moral function (1 #bab4 ,asceticism1 #gi1 #ha1 #ib ff4 ,bagehot1 quot$1 #ajf1 #abg1 #acb4 ,beauty1 & goodness1 #agb ff4 ,belief1 & religion1 #baf1 #bbj1 #bbh4 ,b5son1 ,a41 quot$1 #aid4 ,bigotry1 #gi1 #ha1 #aja ff4 ,br[ne1 ,sir ,?omas1 quot$1 #aae1 #aag1 #aah4 ,buddhism1 #bdc4 ,burke1 quot$1 #f1 #ib1 #aeh1 #bad4 ,butl]1 ,j41 quot$1 #a4 ,ca/iglione1 quot$1 #hi1 #ij1 #aai4 ,"*1 #ig4 ,*e/]ton1 ,g4 ,k41 #cb2 quot$1 #bh1 #ee1 #bej4 ,*ri/ianity1 #id1 #aaa1 #aad ff41 #adj1 #aeh1 #ahg1 #bbh1 #bci1 #bdc4 ,civilization1 #c1 #f1 #aj1 #bc1 #cb1 #abd1 #acg1 #afg1 #agj1 #bae4 ,see ,progress4 ,competition1 #ad1 #abi1 #acj2 relation to morality1 #bd ff4 ,consci5ce1 #cd1 #cf4 ,see ,duty4 ,cons]vatism1 #add ff4 ,conv5tion1 #cf1 #ch ff4 ,cosmological1 te/ ( religion1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bcd1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #bda1 #beb4 ,c\rage1 #ie4 ,culture1 #baa1 #bec4 ,*ap4 ,v1 passim4 ,cynics1 ! ,greek1 #ib ff41 #acg4 ,davidson1 ,j41 quot$1 #gj1 #bdh4 ,democracy1 #bi1 #ci2 mod]n idea (1 #aeh ff41 #afc ff4 ,desc>tes1 quot$1 #ce4 ,desire1 #aa4 ,see ,int]e/4 ,discussion1 #ajf1 #acb4 ,dogmatism1 #d4 ,duty1 ,*4 ,,ii1 #dj1 #gb2 =malism &1 #gf4 ,egoism1 !oretical1 #ei ff42 practical1 #gi1 #ha1 #aja4 ,emotion1 & art1 #ahb ff41 #bja ff4 ,epictetus1 quot$1 #ic1 #if1 #ajj4 ,equality1 #fe1 #ff1 #aeh ff41 #afc ff4 ,e?ics1 & hi/ory1 #abd2 & religion1 #bbd ff41 #bcc1 #bdj1 #bda1 #beb2 indep5d5ce (1 #bbh4 ,see ,morality4 ,euripides1 quot$1 #aad4 ,evil1 #aa1 #ae1 #hd1 #hf2 religi\s conception (1 #bdc ff41 #bdi ff4 ,see ,good1 ,vice1 ,=malism1 ,mat]ialism4 ,fai?1 #cc1 #ga4 ,f9e ,art4 ,see ,art4 ,=malism1 #gd ff41 #ib2 & duty1 #gf1 #gg2 v>ieties (1 #gi1 #ha1 #ib1 #ih1 #ajg1 #aaf1 #bji1 #bdb4 ,fre$om1 #cf1 #ajg1 #afd4 ,god1 #baf1 #bbd ff41 #bbi1 #bcb1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #bde1 #bdi4 ,good1 basal def9ition (1 #aa ff41 #dd2 def9ition ( moral1 #ae ff42 relativity (1 #de ff42 relation to beautiful1 #agb ff41 #bab4 ,good-w1 logic (1 #fg ff42 virtue (1 #gi1 #ha1 #aac ff41 #aeh4 ,gov]nm5t1 #ad2 progress 91 #adh ff42 ,platonic !ory (1 #adh2 def9ition (1 #aej2 anci5t =ms (1 #aeb ff42 summ>y ( mod]n1 #afj ff4 ,greece1 morality (1 #aaj1 #aad2 gov]nm5t 91 #aed ff42 art (1 #ahe ff41 #bjd2 religion (1 #bbf4 ,happ9ess1 #ah1 #aae1 #aaf ff4 ,h>dy1 ,t41 quot$1 #bdg4 ,heal?1 #gi1 #ha1 #hh ff4 ,hebrews1 gov]nm5t (1 #aeb2 religion (1 #bbg1 #bci4 ,h$onism1 #af4 ,hi/ory1 mean+ (1 #abc ff4 ,hobbes1 #hi4 ,hone/y1 #hh4 ,huxley1 !ory ( morality & nature1 #ba ff4 ,idealism1 metaphysical1 #bdb ff42 ae/hetic1 #bdf2 moral1 #bdh ff4 ,idl5ess1 #id4 ,imag9ation1 #bh1 #fi1 #aaa4 ,imprud5ce1 #gi1 #ha1 #he ff4 ,incapacity1 #gi1 #ha1 #hc4 ,individualism1 #cd ff4 ,inju/ice1 #gi1 #ha1 #ajc4 ,see ,ju/ice4 ,in/itutions1 _! necessity1 #c1 #adg4 ,see ,gov]nm5t4 ,intellig5ce1 #gi1 #ha1 #hb ff4 ,int]e/1 def9ition (1 #aa1 #dc2 organization (1 #ac1 #ad1 #ai1 v>iety (1 #af1 #ag2 ! high]1 #eb2 conflict (1 #ec2 objective validity (1 #ed2 private1 #eg ff42 ! pot5tial1 #fg1 #fh1 #afg2 pres5t & ult]ior1 #gd ff42 economies (1 #gh2 simple1 #gh1 #ha1 #hb ff42 reciprocity (1 #gh1 #ha1 #hg ff41 incorporation (1 #gh1 #ha1 #ie ff42 frat]nity (1 #gh1 #ha1 #aje ff42 univ]sal sy/em (1 #gi1 #ha1 #aab ff42 & progress1 #acb2 & re=m1 #acg2 & revolution1 #aci2 & gov]nm5t1 #adh ff42 ! ae/hetic1 #agi2 ! !oretical1 #ahj1 #aic2 v>ieties ( ! ae/hetic1 #aha ff4 ,see ,ae/hetic ,int]e/4 ,james1 ,w41 quot$1 #aaf1 #aii1 #bdi4 ,ju/ice1 mean+s (1 #fc1 #gi1 #ha1 #aje1 #aeh1 #afc2 logic (1 #fc ff4 ,kant1 quot$1 #fd4 ,laissez-faire1 #ajh4 ,lib]ality1 #aef2 & art1 #bji4 ,life1 morality z ! organization (1 ,*4 ,i2 v]sus me*anism1 #aj1 #bb2 morality "o )1 #ai1 #bg2 me?od (1 #bc4 ,locke1 quot$1 #cd1 #ce1 #fb4 ,logic1 ( ! moral appeal1 ,*4 ,,ii2 & ! imag9ation1 #fi4 ,"l1 ,h4 ,g41 quot$1 #fi4 ,lucretius1 quot$1 #bbf4 ,maet]l9ck1 quot$1 #ga4 ,mann]s1 #aba4 ,mat]ialism1 #gd ff41 #hd2 v>ieties (1 #gi1 #ha1 #id1 #aja1 #aaj1 #bdc4 ,me*anical ,nature1 #ab2 lack ( value 91 #i1 #hd2 & progress1 #acj4 ,m5&]1 quot$1 #hh4 ,metaphysics & religion1 #bdb ff4 ,mod]ation1 #hg4 ,moore1 ,g4 ,e41 critique ( egoism1 #ei ff4 ,morality1 z ! organization ( life1 ,*4 ,i2 ! dulness (1 #a2 z v]ifi$ tru?1 #g2 its univ]sal p]t95ce1 #g ff42 ess5tial to life1 #i1 #cb2 natural g5esis (1 #i ff42 basal def9ition (1 #ac2 & nature1 #bj ff42 & competition1 #bd ff42 ! logic (1 ,*4 ,,ii2 rational gr\nd (1 #ch1 #dj ff42 mat]ial & =mal aspects (1 #gd ff41 #aba2 & progress1 ,*4 ,,iv2 & art1 ,*4 ,v2 & ae/hetic /&>ds1 #agb ff42 & religion1 ,*4 ,,vi2 & idealism1 #bdh ff4 ,my/icism1 #aaf1 #bdd2 & art1 #bjh4 ,nationalism1 #ii4 ,nature1 g5esis ( morality 91 #i ff42 & morality1 #bj ff42 !ories (1 9 religion1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bcd1 #bcg1 #bdj4 ,newman1 ,j4 ,h41 quot$1 #bbj4 ,niets*e1 8 conception ( morality1 #a1 #e1 #f1 #bj1 #bi ff41 #afe4 ,optimism1 #bcj1 #bdb1 #bdg4 ,o!r-worldl9ess1 #aae1 #bdc4 ,ov]9dulg5ce1 #gi1 #ha1 #hd ff4 ,panlogism1 #bdd4 ,pat]1 quot$1 #ahe1 #ahh2 on ! ae/hetic int]e/1 #aif4 ,pati5ce1 #ie4 ,pessimism1 #aad1 #bdc4 ,philosophy1 ( hi/ory1 #abc ff42 & religion1 #bda ff4 ,piety1 #fg1 #fh1 #abj1 #bbc1 #bec1 #bed4 ,pity1 #aaa1 #afc4 ,plato1 quot$1 #cb2 individualism 91 #cg2 nationalism 91 #ajj2 acc\nt ( dis9t]e/$ activity 91 #ace ff42 !ory ( gov]nm5t 91 #adh2 on art1 #aij1 #aic1 #bjb1 #bab2 on religion1 #bdd4 ,pleasure1 its relation to morality1 #af ff4 ,pref]5ce1 #ej2 ! quantitative pr9ciple (1 #ee ff41 #abg4 ,progress1 moral te/ (1 ,*4 ,,iv1 #abg2 def9ition (1 #abe ff42 pr9ciples (1 #acj ff42 by con/ructive re=m1 #acd ff42 by revolution1 #aci ff4 ,prud5ce1 #gi1 #ha1 logical gr\nd (1 #dc ff42 limits (1 #di1 #hh1 #ij1 #ia1 #id2 mean+ (1 #hg ff42 basal "* (1 #ia2 9 religion1 #bcb4 ,purpose1 logic (1 #ej ff42 virtue (1 #ie ff4 ,radicalism1 #ade ff4 ,rationality1 #cg1 #db1 #fe2 & progress1 #acd1 #adb2 9 gov]nm5t1 #aeb4 ,re=m1 #acd ff4 ,religion1 #gi1 #ha2 & good-w1 #aac2 my/icism 91 #aag2 z an in/itution1 #adh2 & progress1 #agj2 moral ju/ification (1 ,*4 ,,vi2 moral necessity (1 #bad ff42 def9ition (1 #bae ff42 quantitative te/s (1 #bah ff42 psy*ological /udy (1 #bbj2 belief 91 #baf1 #bbj2 !rapeutic te/ (1 #bbb ff42 sup]/iti\s1 #bcb ff42 primitive1 #bcc ff42 & e?ics1 #bbd ff41 #bcc1 #bdj1 #bda1 #beb2 cosmological te/ (1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bcd1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #bda1 #beb2 tutel>y1 #bcg ff42 ,assyrian1 #bch2 ,egyptian1 #bch2 ,hebrew1 #bbg1 #bci2 philosophical1 #bda ff42 g5]ic pro( (1 #beb ff4 ,see ,piety1 ,good-w1 ,wor%ip & ,*ri/ianity4 ,revolution1 def9ition (1 #aci2 ! ,*ri/ian1 #adj2 ! ,fr5*1 #ada4 ,rightness1 #ah4 ,see ,virtue4 ,satisfaction1 #aa1 #gi1 #ha1 #hc4 ,scepticism1 #d ff41 #cf1 #ajh4 ,s5tim5talism1 #ih ff41 & art1 #bji4 ,society1 ,*ap4 ,i1 passim1 #ch2 prud5tial basis (1 #hi2 "* ( mod]n1 #ci1 #aff2 progress 91 #abf1 #acb2 cont9uity (1 #adc2 & ! ae/hetic int]e/1 #aie1 #baa4 ,sophocles1 quot$1 #ajb1 #aea4 ,sordidness1 #gi1 #ha1 #id4 ,sp9oza1 quot$1 #ce4 ,/oics1 religion (1 #bde4 ,see ,epictetus4 ,/ruggle = exi/5ce1 #cj2 its relation to morality1 #ba ff42 its relation to progress1 #acj4 ,sup]/ition1 #bcb ff4 ,survival1 #bd1 #aca4 ,tact1 #hh4 ,ta9e1 quot$1 #ahe4 ,taylor1 ,j41 quot$1 #hf1 #id4 ,temp]ance1 #ij4 ,?rift1 #fh1 #hg4 ,?ucydides1 quot$1 #aef4 ,tol]ance1 #ch1 #aje1 #afd4 ,tol/y1 on art1 #bjg4 ,tru?1 ( art1 #bje ff42 ( religion1 #bbj ff4 ,tru?fulness1 #if4 ,see ,v]acity4 ,tyranny1 #cf1 #ci1 #aea ff4 ,value1 ! simpl] t]ms (1 #aa1 #hb2 def9ition ( moral1 #ae2 v>ieties ( moral1 #gi1 #ha4 ,v]acity1 #hh1 #if1 #aje4 ,vice1 v>ieties (1 #gi1 #ha4 ,see ,virtue1 ,=malism1 & ,mat]ialism4 ,virtue1 ! ord] (1 ,*4 ,,iii2 v]ification (1 #gc2 v>ieties (1 #gc1 #gi2 classification (1 #gc ff42 table (1 #ha4 ,see "u p>ticul> virtues1 ,prud5ce1 etc4 ,w>1 & morality1 #bd ff41 #cj2 ! pass+ (1 #bh1 #afb2 & progress1 #aca4 ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 quot$1 #hi1 #afg4 ,worldl9ess1 #gi1 #ha1 #aaj ff4 ,wor%ip1 #abb1 #bcb1 #bce1 #bcg1 #bdj4 ,x5ophanes1 quot$1 #cbf4