,,! ,,arti/ic ,,crafts ,,s]ies ,,( ,,te*nical ,,h&books ,,edit$ ,,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby ,,wood-,,c>v+3 ,,design ,,& ,,workman%ip ,,arti/ic ,,crafts ,,s]ies ,,( ,,te*nical ,,h&books4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby4 ,! s]ies w appeal to h&icraftsm5 9 ! indu/rial & me*anic arts4 ,x w consi/ ( au?oritative /atem5ts by exp]ts 9 e field = ! ex]cise ( +5uity1 ta/e1 imag9ation--! :ole sph]e ( ! s-call$ dep5d5t arts4 ,,bookb9d+ ,,& ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,books4 ,a ,h&book = ,amateurs1 ,bookb9d]s1 & ,libr>ians4 ,by ,,d\glas ,,cock]ell4 ,) #abj ,illu/rations & ,diagrams by ,noel ,rooke1 & #h collotype reproductions ( b9d+4 #abmo4 #a4be net2 po/age1 #ab c5ts additional4 ,,silv]work ,,& ,,jewelry4 ,a ,text-,book = ,/ud5ts & ,work]s 9 ,metal4 ,by ,h4 ,,wilson4 ,) #afj ,diagrams & #af full-page ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 #a4dj net2 po/age1 #ab c5ts additional4 ,,wood ,,c>v+3 ,,design ,,& ,,workman%ip4 ,by ,,george ,,jack4 ,) ,draw+s by ! ,au?or & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,9 ,prep>ation3 ,,cab9et-,,mak+ ,,& ,,design+4 ,by ,c4 ,,spoon]4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 ,,new ,,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,sugge/ion ,,f ,,nature ,,& ,,photography4 ,see page #aig4 ,,wood-,,c>v+ ,,design ,,& ,,workman%ip ,,by ,,george ,,jack ,,) ,,draw+s ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,& ,,o!r ,,illu/rations ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #aijc ,,copyright1 #aijc1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,all rights res]v$ ,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aijc ,,editor',s ,,preface ,9 issu+ ^! volumes ( a s]ies ( ,h&books on ! ,arti/ic ,crafts1 x w be well to /ate :at are our g5]al aims4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we wi% to provide tru/wor?y text-books ( work%op practise1 f ! po9ts ( view ( exp]ts :o h critically exam9$ ! me?ods curr5t 9 ! %ops1 & putt+ aside va9 survivals1 are prep>$ to say :at is good workman%ip1 & to set up a /&>d ( quality 9 ! crafts :i* are m especially associat$ ) design4 ,secondly1 9 do+ ?is1 we hope to treat design itself z an ess5tial "p ( good workman%ip4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury mo/ ( ! arts1 save pa9t+ & sculpture ( an academic k9d1 7 little consid]$1 & !re 0 a t5d5cy to look on design z a m]e matt] ( appe>ance4 ,su* ornam5tation z !re 0 0 usually obta9$ by foll[+ 9 a me*anical way a draw+ provid$ by an arti/ :o (t5 knew little ( ! te*nical processes involv$ 9 production4 ,) ! critical att5tion giv5 to ! crafts by ,rusk9 & ,morris1 x came to be se5 t x 0 impossible to deta* design f craft 9 ?is way1 & t1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 true design is an insep>able elem5t ( good quality1 involv+ z x does ! selection ( good & suitable mat]ial1 contrivance = special purpose1 exp]t workman%ip1 prop] f9i%1 & s on1 f> m ?an m]e ornam5t1 & inde$1 t ornam5tation itself 0 r an exub]ance ( f9e workman%ip ?an a matt] ( m]ely ab/ract l9es4 ,workman%ip :5 sep>at$ by too wide a gulf f fre% ?\ght--t is1 f design--inevitably decays1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ornam5tation1 divorc$ f workman%ip1 is necess>ily unreal1 & quickly falls into affectation4 ,prop] ornam5tation may be def9$ z a language address$ to ! eye2 x is pleasant ?\ght express$ 9 ! spee* ( ! tool4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we w\ld h ?is s]ies put arti/ic craftsman%ip be=e p z furni%+ reasonable occupations = ^? :o w\ld ga9 a livelihood4 ,al?\gh )9 ! b\nds ( academic art1 ! competition1 ( its k9d1 is s acute t only a v few p] c5t c fairly hope to succe$ z pa9t]s & sculptors2 yet1 z arti/ic craftsm51 !re is e probability t ne>ly e "o :o w\ld pass ?r\gh a suffici5t p]iod ( appr5tice%ip to workman%ip & design w\ld rea* a measure ( success4 ,9 ! bl5d+ ( h&work & ?\ght 9 su* arts z we propose to deal )1 happy c>e]s may be f\nd z f> remov$ f ! dre>y r\t9e ( hack labor z f ! t]rible unc]ta9ty ( academic art4 ,x is desirable 9 e way t m5 ( good education %\ld be br\ght back into ! productive crafts3 !re are m ?an en\gh ( u 9 ! city1 & x is probable t m consid]ation w be giv5 9 ?is c5tury ?an 9 ! la/ to ,design & ,workman%ip4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is ?ird volume ( our s]ies treats ( "o bran* ( ! great art ( sculpture1 "o :i* 9 ! pa/ has be5 9 close association ) ar*itecture4 ,x is1 well1 !re=e1 t besides deal+ ?or\ghly1 z x does1 ) ! craftsman%ip ( wood-c>v+1 x %\ld also be conc]n$ ) ! !ory ( design1 & ) ! subject-matt] :i* ! arti/ %\ld select to c>ve4 ,su* consid]ations %\ld be helpful to all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! ornam5tal arts4 ,inde$1 ! pres5t book conta9s "s ( ! be/ sugge/ions z to ar*itectural ornam5tation "u mod]n circum/ances kn[n to me4 ,ar*itects c n =ev] g on pla/]+ build+s ov] ) trade copies ( anci5t arti/ic ?9k+1 & !y & ! public mu/ "s day realize t x is n m]e %apes1 b only ?\ghts1 :i* w make reasonable ! enorm\s labor sp5t on ! decoration ( build+s4 ,m]e /ructure w always ju/ify itself1 & ar*itects :o c n obta9 liv+ ornam5tation w d well to fall back on /ructure well fitt$ = its purpose1 & z f9ely f9i%$ z may be )\t c>v+s & o!r adornm5ts4 ,x w\ld be bett] /ill if ar*itects w\ld make ! dem& = a m intellectual code ( ornam5t ?an we h be5 accu/om$ to = s long4 ,on ! side ( ! c>v]1 ei!r 9 wood or 9 /one1 we want m5 :o w give u _! own ?\ght 9 _! own "w--z arti/s1 t is--& w n be cont5t to be m]e hacks supply+ imitations ( all /yles to ord]4 ,on ! tea*+ ( wood-c>v+ ,i %\ld l to say a ^w1 z ,i h wat*$ ! c\rse ( in/ruction 9 _m s*ools4 ,x is desirable t classes %\ld be provid$ ) ca/s & photographs ( good examples1 su* z ,mr4 ,jack speaks (1 v>y+ f r\gh *opp+s up to m9ute & exquisite "w1 b all hav+ ! brea? ( life ab\t !m4 ,!re %\ld also be a good supply ( illu/rations & photographs ( birds & bea/s & fl[]s1 & above all1 "s bran*es & buds ( real leafage4 ,!n ,i w\ld set ! /ud5t ( design 9 wood-c>v+ to make v>iations ( su* examples accord+ to 8 own skill & lik+4 ,if he & ! tea*] c\ld be got to cle> _! m9ds ( ideas ( /yle1 & to take "s example simply because !y lik$ x1 & to adapt x j because x amus$ !m1 ! my/]y ( design w\ld be ne>ly solv$4 ,mo/ design w always be ! mak+ ( "o ?+ l ano!r1 ) a diff]5ce4 ,lat]1 motives f ,nature %\ld be br\ght 91 b always ) "s guidance z to treatm5t1 f an example kn[n to be f9e4 ,i w\ld say1 = in/ance1 ,d a panel l ?is1 only let x be oak foliage in/ead ( v9e1 & get a ?ru% or a p>rot out ( ! bird book4 ,9 reg>d to ! application ( c>v+1 ,i h be5 oppress$ by ! accumulation 9 c>v+ classes ( little c>v$ squ>es & oblongs1 hav+ no relation to any?+ t1 9 an ord9>y way1 is c>v$4 ,to c>ve ! humble/ real ?+1 7 x b a real toy = a *ild1 w\ld be bett] ?an ! production ( ^! panels1 or ( ! artificial trivialities :i* our m9ds in/9ctively associate ) baza>s4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby4 ,septemb]1 #aijc4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,read]1 ,be y 'pr5tice or /ud5t1 or :at is /ill bett]1 bo? 9 "o1 ,i introduce ! foll[+ pages to y ) ?is explanation3 t all !oretical op9ions set =? !re9 are ! outcome ( _m ye>s ( pati5t sift+ & balanc+ ( delicate que/ions1 & ^! h ) myself long s9ce pass$ out ( ! category ( m]e op9ions into t ( settl$ convictions4 ,) reg>d to ! practical matt] ( te*nique1 x lies v mu* ) y\rself to det]m9e ! degree ( p]fection to :i* y may atta94 ,?is dep5ds greatly ^u ! am\nt ( application :i* y may be will+ or able to devote to its practise4 ,rememb]--! laws :i* gov]n all good art mu/ be kn[n be=e !y c be obey$2 !y are subtle1 b unalt]able4 ,! conditions mo/ favorable to y\r craft mu/ fir/ be und]/ood be=e ^! laws c be recogniz$4 ,!re yet rema9s at y\r own disposal t devotion ( en]gy :i* is ! fir/ ess5tial /ep1 bo? 9 ! direction ( obta9+ cle>] views & 9 conqu]+ te*nical difficulties4 ,i h to ?ank ! foll[+ g5tlem5 = _! assi/ance 9 provid+ photographs = "s ( ! illu/rations3 ,messrs4 ,b$=d ,lem]e ,co4--,h4 ,s&l&--,*>les ,c4 ,w9mill--,w4 ,weir--,j4 ,r4 ,holliday & ,f4 ,k4 ,rives4 ,g4 ,j4 ,septemb]1 #aijc4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,editor's ,preface #g ,au?or's ,preface #ae ,,*apt] ,i ,,preamble ,/ud5t & ,appr5tice1 _! ,aims & ,conditions ( ,"w--,necessity = ,"s ,equality betwe5 ,!ory & ,practise--,! ,/ud5t's ,opportunity lies on ! ,side ( ,design #be ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,tools ,av]age ,numb] ( ,tools requir$ by ,c>v]s--,selection = ,beg9n]s--,description ( ,tools--,position :5 9 ,use--,acquisition by ,degrees #ca ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,%>p5+-,,/ones--,,mallet ,,& ,,b5* ,diff]5t ,/ones 9 ,use--,case = ,/ones--,slips--,r\nd ,mallet ,be/--,a ,home-,made ,b5*--,a ,make%ift ,b5*--,cramps & ,clips #db ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,woods ,,us$ ,,= ,,c>v+ ,h>d ,wood & ,s(t ,wood--,clos5ess ( ,gra9 ,desirable--,advantages ( ,p9e & ,engli% ,oak #dh ,,*apt] ,v ,,%>p5+ ,,! ,,tools ,! ,prop] ,bevel--,position ( ,tools on ,oil/one--,good & ,bad ,edge--,/ropp+--,pa/e & ,lea!r--,c>eless ,%>p5+--,rubb+ ,out ! ,inside--,/ropp+ ,f9e ,tools--,importance ( ,%>p ,tools #eb ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,*ip ,,c>v+ ,its ,savage ,orig9--,a ,clue to its only ,claim to ,arti/ic ,importance--,monotony bett] ?an ,v>iety--,an ,ex]cise 9 ,pati5ce & ,precision--,te*nical ,me?ods #fc ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,gra9 ,,( ,,! ,,wood ,ob/9acy ( ! ,woody ,fib]--,fir/ ,ex]cise 9 ,gr\nd+--,description ( ,me?od--,cutt+ ! ,mit]s--,h&l+ ( ,tools1 ,dang] ( ,c>elessness--,importance ( ,clean ,cutt+ #fi ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,imitation ,,( ,,natural ,,=ms ,difficulties ( ,selection & ,arrangem5t--,limits ( an ,imitative ,treatm5t--,light & ,di/ance ,factors 9 ! ,arrangem5t ( a ,design--,economy ( ,detail ,necess>y--,! ,^w ,conv5tional #hb ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,r\nd$ ,,=ms ,necessity = e ,c>v] ,mak+ 8 own ,designs--,me?od ( ,c>v+ ,r\nd$ ,=ms on a ,sunk ,gr\nd #hh ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,patt]n$ ,,backgr\nd ,importance ( ,=mal ,patt]n z an ,aid to ,visibility--,patt]n & ,free ,r5d]+ ,comp>$--,fir/ ,impressions ,la/+--,m$ieval ,*oice ( ,natural ,=ms ,gov]n$ by a ,"q ( ,patt]n #if ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,cont\rs ,,( ,,surface ,adaptation ( ,old ,designs to ,mod]n ,purposes--,?r[+ ,ab\t--,critical ,inspection ( ,"w f a ,di/ance z x ,proce$s #ajc ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,orig9ality ,dang]s ( ,impos+ ,words--,novelty m ,common ?an ,orig9ality--,an ,un:olesome ,k9d ( ,orig9ality #ajh ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,pi]c$ ,,patt]ns ,ex]cise 9 ,backgr\nd ,patt]n--,c>e z to ,/ability--,drill+ & ,saw+ out ! ,spaces--,"s ,uses = ,pi]c$ ,patt]ns #aaj ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,h>dwood ,,c>v+ ,c>v+s c n be ,indep5d5t ,ornam5ts--,c>v+ ,impossible on ,comm]cial ,productions--,! ,amateur ,jo9]--,corn] ,cupbo>ds--,introduction ( ,foliage ,def9ite 9 ,=m1 & ,simple 9 ,"*--,me?ods ( ,c>v+ ,grapes #aae ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,sket*-,,book ,old ,"w ,be/ ,se5 9 its ,orig9al ,place--,museums to be approa*$ ) ,caution4--,me?odical ,memor&a--,"s ,examples--,assimilation ( ,ideas ,bett] ?an ,mak+ ,exact ,copies #acg ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,museums ,false ,impressions ,fo/]$ by ,fragm5t>y ,exhibits--,environm5t z ,important z ,h&icraft--,works ,view$ z ,records ( ,"*--,c>v]s ! ,hi/orians ( _! ,"t #adi ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,/udies ,,f ,,nature--,,foliage ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,*oice ( ,=m ,comp>$--,a ,compromise ,adopt$--,a ,li/ ( ,plant ,=ms ( ,adaptable ,"* #aec ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,c>v+ ,,on ,,furniture ,furniture ,con/ruct$ ) a ,view to ,c>v+--,reciprocal ,aims ( ,jo9] & ,c>v]--,smoo?ness ,desirable :]e ,c>v+ is ,h&l$--,! ,introduction ( ,animals or ,figures #afa ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,grotesque ,,9 ,,c>v+ ,misproportion ,n ,ess5tial to ! ,expression ( ,humor--,! ,%am ,grotesque ,contemptible--,a ,true ,s5se ( ,humor ,helpful to ! ,c>v] #ahj ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,/udies ,,f ,,nature--,,birds ,,& ,,bea/s ,! ,introduction ( ,animal ,=ms--,rude ,vitality bett] ?an ,dull ,natural ,hi/ory--,action--,difficulties ( ! ,/udy = ,t[n-,br$ ,/ud5ts--,! ,aid ( ,books & ,photographs--,outl9e ,draw+ & ,sugge/ion ( ,ma9 ,masses--,sket*-,book ,/udies1 ,sections1 & ,notes--,swiss ,animal ,c>v+--,! ,clay ,model3 its ,use & ,abuse #aia ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,=e%ort5+ ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,"w ,,9 ,,relief ,intelligible ,backgr\nd ,outl9e ,bett] ?an ,confus$ ,=e%ort5+--,sup]position ( ,masses #bje ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,und]cutt+ ,,& ,,built-,,up ,,"w ,und]cutt+ z a ,means & z an ,end2 its ,use & ,abuse--,built-up ,"w--,plant$ ,"w--,pi]c$ ,"w #bad ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,picture ,,subjects ,,& ,,p]spective ,! ,limitations ( an ,art n ,safely ,transgress$--,a]ial ,p]spective ,impossible 9 ,relief--,l9e> ,p]spective only ,possible 9 a ,limit$ ,way #bai ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,ar*itectural ,,c>v+ ,! ,necessity = ,v>iety 9 ,/udy--,a ,c>v]'s ,view ( ! ,/udy ( ,ar*itecture2 ,insep>able f a ,/udy ( 8 own ,craft--,importance ( ! ,c>p5t]'s ,/imulat+ ,influ5ce ^u ! ,c>v]--,c>p5t]s' ,imitation ( ,/one ,con/ruction ,c>ri$ too ,f> #bbc ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,surface ,,f9i%--,,texture ,tool ,m>ks1 ! ,importance ( _! ,direction--,! ,woody ,texture ,dep5d5t ^u ,cle>ness ( ,cutt+ & ,sympa!tic ,h&l+ #bcd ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,craft ,,s*ools1 ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t ,! ,c\ntry ,craftsman ( ,old ,times--,a ,colony ( ,craftsm5 9 ,busy ,int]c\rse--,! ,mod]n ,craftsman's ,difficulties3 ,emb>rass+ ,v>iety ( ,*oice #bdj ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,on ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,coop]ation ,,betwe5 ,,build] ,,& ,,c>v] ,! ,inf9ite ,multiplicity ( ,/yles--,! ,go?ic ,influ5ce3 ,sculpture an ,integral ,elem5t 9 its ,designs--,! ,approa* ( ! s-call$ ,r5aissance ,p]iod--,di/urb$ ,convictions--,! ,revival ( ! ,classical ,/yle--,! ,two ,/yles 9 ,conflict = a ,"t2 _! ,respective ,*>act]i/ics ,review$--,c>v]s ,become ,dep5d5t ^u ,ar*itects & ,pa9t]s--,! ,revival ,sep>ates ,design] & ,executant #bdi ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,collotype ,,plates #bfe ,,! ,,collotype ,,plates #bga ,,index #cje ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,page ,a ,sugge/ion f ,nature & ,photography ,frontispiece ,,fig4 #a4 #cg ,,fig4 #b4 #cg ,,fig4 #c4 #ci ,,fig4 #d4 #dc ,,fig4 #e4 #df ,,fig4 #f4 #df ,,fig4 #g4 #dg ,,fig4 #h4 ,a4 ,,angle ,,= ,,s(twood ,b4 ,,angle ,,= ,,h>dwood #eb ,,fig4 #i4 ,c4 ,,good ,,cutt+ ,,edge ,d4 ,,badly ,,=m$ ,,edge4 #ed ,,fig4 #aj4 #eh ,,fig4 #aa4 #fa ,,fig4 #ab4 #fh ,,fig4 #ac4 #gd ,,fig4 #ad4 #gd ,,fig4 #ae4 #gh ,,fig4 #af4 #hh ,,fig4 #ag4 #ia ,,fig4 #ah4 #id ,,fig4 #ai4 #id ,,fig4 #bj4 #if ,,fig4 #ba4 #ajj ,,fig4 #bb4 #ajc ,,fig4 #bc4 #aje ,,fig4 #bd4 #aaa ,,fig4 #be4 #aac ,,fig4 #bf4 #aac ,,fig4 #bg4 #aaf ,,fig4 #bh4 #aai ,,fig4 #bi4 #abj ,,fig4 #cj4 #abj ,,fig4 #ca4 #abj ,,fig4 #cb4 #abc ,,fig4 #cc4 #abc ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,c>v+ ,,9 ,,panels ,,( ,,fig #cc #abf ,,fig4 #ce4 #abg ,,fig4 #cf4 #abg ,,fig4 #cg4 #aca ,,fig4 #ch4 #aca ,,fig4 #ci4 a4 #aca ,,fig4 #ci4 b4 #aca ,,fig4 #dj4 #acc ,,fig4 #da4 #acc ,,fig4 #db4 #ace ,,fig4 #dc4 #ace ,,fig4 #dd4 #acg ,,fig4 #de4 #acg ,,fig4 #df4 #aci ,,fig4 #dg4 #ade ,,fig4 #dh4 #ade ,,fig4 #di4 #ade ,,fig4 #ej4 #ade ,,fig4 #ea4 #ade ,,fig4 #eb4 #ade ,,fig4 #ec4 #aea ,,fig4 #ed4 #aff ,,fig4 #ee4 #aff ,,fig4 #ef4 #afh ,,fig4 #eg4 #agj ,,fig4 #eh4 #agd ,,fig4 #ei4 #agd ,,fig4 #fj4 #agf ,,fig4 #fa4 #agi ,,fig4 #fb4 #agi ,,fig4 #fc4 #ahc ,,fig4 #fd4 #ahg ,,fig4 #fe4 #ahg ,,fig4 #ff4 #aij ,,fig4 #fg4 #aij ,,fig4 #fh4 #aii ,,fig4 #fi4 #aii ,,fig4 #gj4 #bjb ,,fig4 #ga4 #bjh ,,fig4 #gb4 #bji ,,fig4 #gc4 #bji ,,fig4 #gd4 #bac ,,fig4 #ge4 #bbi ,,fig4 #gf4 #bbi ,,fig4 #gg4 #bbi ,,! ,,collotype ,,plates #bga ,i4 ,old ,c>v$ ,*e/ 9 ,york ,ca!dral4 ,,ii4--,figure f ! ,tomb ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 9 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral4 ,,iii4--,aisle ,ro(--,mild5hall ,*ur*1 ,suffolk4 ,,iv4--,nave ,ro(--,sall ,*ur*1 ,norfolk4 ,v4--,portion ( a ,c>v$ ,oak ,panel--,! ,%eepfold4 ,,vi--,portion ( a ,c>v$ ,oak ,panel--,! ,%eepfold4 ,,vii4--,prelim9>y ,draw+ ( a ,lion = ,c>v+4 ,by ,phillip ,webb4 ,,viii4--,book ,cov] ,c>v$ 9 ,engli% ,oak--,tale ( ,troy4 7only c>v$ portion %[n47 ,,ix4--,book ,cov] ,c>v$ 9 ,engli% ,oak--,tale ( ,troy4 7only c>v$ portion %[n47 ,x4--,book ,cov] ,c>v$ 9 ,engli% ,oak--,reyn>d ! ,fox4 7only c>v$ portions %[n47 ,,xi4--,c>v+ f ,*oir ,/alls 9 ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,,xii4--,c>v+ f ,*oir ,scre5--,w9*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,,xiii4--,font ,canopy--,trun* ,*ur*1 ,norfolk4 ,,xiv4--,two designs = ,c>v+1 by ,philip ,webb4 ,"o execut$1 "o 9 draw+4 ,,xv4--,leg ( a ,settle1 c>v$ 9 ,engli% ,oak4 ,,xvi4--,pew ,ends 9 ,c>v$ ,oak--,br5t ,*ur*1 ,som]set%ire4 ,,preamble ,/ud5t & ,appr5tice1 _! ,aims & ,conditions ( ,"w--,necessity = "s ,equality betwe5 ,!ory & ,practise--,! ,/ud5t's ,opportunity lies on ! ,side ( ,design4 ,! /udy ( "s =m ( h&icraft has ( late ye>s become an important elem5t 9 ! tra9+ ( an art /ud5t4 ,x is ) ! object ( assi/+ su* ) practical directions1 z well z sugge/+ to m practis$ c>v]s consid]ations ( design & treatm5t1 t ! pres5t volume has be5 writt54 ,! art ( wood-c>v+1 h[ev]1 l5ds itself to lit]>y demon/ration only 9 a v limit$ way1 m especially 9 ! cond5s$ =m ( a text-book1 :i* mu/ be look$ ^u m]ely z a tempor>y guide1 ( use only until su* "t z practise & /udy %all h /r5g!n$ ! judgm5t ( ! /ud5t1 & enabl$ him to assimilate ! _m & involv$ pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! developm5t ( 8 craft4 ,if ! beg9n] has ma/]$ to "s ext5t ! initial difficulties ( ! draftsman1 & has a fair g5]al k ( ! laws ( design1 b no acqua9tance ) _! application to ! art ( wood-c>v+1 !n ! two factors :i* w mo/ imm$iately affect 8 progress 7ap>t f natural aptitude7 are 8 opportunities = practise1 & 8 k ( pa/ & pres5t conditions ( "w4 ,no "o c become a good c>v] )\t consid]able practise--con/ant1 if ! be/ results are to be look$ =4 ,j z truly1 )\t "s k ( pa/ & exi/+ conditions ( practise1 none may hope to escape ! dang] ( becom+1 on ! "o h&1 dull imitators ( ! sup]ficial qualities ( old "w2 or on ! o!r1 foll[]s ( ! fir/ w-o'-!-wisp novelty :i* pres5ts itself to _! fancy4 ,if use ( ! tools & k ( mat]ials 7 ! only subjects ( :i* a c>v] ne$ become ma/]1 !re w\ld be no way equal to ! old-fa%ion$ "o ( appr5tice%ip to "s good craftsman4 ,daily practise ) ! tools insures a manual dext]ity ) :i* no amateur ne$ hope to compete4 ,_m traditional exp$i5ts are h&$ d[n 9 ?is way t c be acquir$ 9 no o!r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r side ( ! "q to be consid]$1 ( q z mu* importance z ! practical "o ( h&icraft skill4 ,! art ( wood-c>v+ has also to fulfil its intellectual function1 z an int]pret] ( ! dreams & fancies ( imag9ation4 ,9 ?is respect !re is little enc\ragem5t to be look$ = 9 ! dull r\t9e ( a mod]n work%op4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 two widely sep>at$ /&po9ts f :i* ! art may be view$4 ,x may be look$ at f ! position ( a regul> craftsman1 :o reg>ds x prim>ily z 8 means ( livelihood2 or x may be dealt ) z a subject ( intellectual int]e/1 bas$ ^u its relation to ! laws ( art 9 g5]al4 ,z1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! use ( ! tools c n be le>n$ )\t "s accompany+ k ( ! laws ( art1 h[ev] slight t acqua9tance may be1 ! me?od ( appr5tice%ip has ! advantage ( be+ ! m practical ( ! two2 b x mu/ be accept$ ) all ! conditions impos$ ^u x by ! pressure ( comm]cial int]e/ & its usages3 conditions1 :i*1 x may easily be imag9$1 are f> m favorable to ! p]=mance ( dull task-"w1 ?an to ! adv5tur\s _s ( curiosity :i* %\ld prompt ! ent]prise ( an en]getic /ud5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh an indep5d5t /udy ( ! art (f]s a wid] range ( int]e/1 ! /ud5t is1 = t v reason1 expos$ to ! risk ( involv+ himself 9 a labyr9? ( confus+ & ineffectual !ories4 ,! fact is1 t nei!r me?od c at ! pres5t "t be exclusively dep5d$ ^u z a means ( developm5t2 nei!r c be pron\nc$ complete 9 itself nor indep5d5t ( ! o!r4 ,! only sure safegu>d aga9/ ! vagu5ess ( !ory is con/ant practise ) ! tools2 :ile1 to ! craftsman 9 ! full enjoym5t ( e means = ex]cis+ & increas+ 8 te*nical skill1 a g5]al /udy & intellig5t conception ( ! wide possibilities ( 8 art is j z ess5tial1 if x 7 only z an antidote to ! influ5ce ( an o!rwise me*anical employm5t4 ,! m closely ^! contradictory views are made to approximate1 ! m c]ta9 w become ! c>v]'s aims1 & ! cle>] w be 8 und]/&+ ( ! difficulties :i* surr\nd 8 pa?1 enabl+ him to *oose t :i* is practicable & intr9sically valuable1 bo? z reg>ds ! !ory & practise ( 8 art4 ,if ! /ud5t1 ?r\gh lack ( opportunities = practise1 is deb>r$ f all *ance ( acquir+ t exp]tness :i* accompanies great te*nical skill1 he may at lea/ f9d enc\ragem5t 9 ! fact t he c nev] exhau/ ! int]e/ af=d$ by 8 art 9 its inf9ite sugge/ion to ! imag9ation & fancy2 & also t by ! ex]cise ( dilig5ce1 & a det]m9ation to succe$1 he may reasonably hope to ga9 su* a degree ( pr(ici5cy ) ! tools z w enable him to execute ) 8 h&s e idea :i* has a def9ite exi/5ce 9 8 m9d4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x w be f\nd t 8 manual p[]s are always a little 9 advance ( 8 p]ceptions4 ,?us ! /ud5t may gradually "w out = himself a natural & reliable mann] ( express+ 8 ?\ghts1 & 9 a way1 too1 t is likely to comp5sate = 8 te*nical %ortcom+s1 by excit+ a m lively int]e/ 9 ! res\rces ( ! art itself4 ,! measure ( 8 success w be det]m9$ p>tly by 8 innate capacity = ! "w1 & p>tly by ! am\nt ( "t :i* he is enabl$ to give to its practise4 ,! res\rces ( 8 art (f] an inf9ite scope = ! ex]cise ( 8 p[]s ( design1 & z ?is is ! side :i* lies ne>e/ to 8 opportunities x %\ld be ! "o :i* receives 8 mo/ e>ne/ att5tion1 n m]ely z exp]im5ts on pap]1 b z ex]cises c>ri$ out to ! be/ ( 8 ability ) ! tools4 ,su* te*nical difficulties z he may enc\nt] 9 ! process w gradually disappe> ) practise4 ,!re is also enc\ragem5t 9 ! ?\ght t wood-c>v+ is an art :i* makes no imm$iate calls ^u t my/]i\s comb9ation ( extraord9>y gifts label$ g5ius1 b is r "o :i* dem&s tribute f ! bright & happy inspirations ( a normally heal?y m9d4 ,!re is1 9 ?is direction1 q a life's "w = any en?usia/ :o aims at f9d+ ! be>+s ( 8 own small b preci\s gift1 & 9 mak+ x intelligible to o!rs2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 keep+ himself free f ! _m confusions & affectations :i* surr\nd him 9 ! endeavor4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,tools ,av]age ,numb] ( ,tools requir$ by ,c>v]s--,selection = ,beg9n]s--,description ( ,tools--,position :5 9 ,use--,acquisition by ,degrees4 ,we w suppose t ! /ud5t is anxi\s to make a practical comm5cem5t to 8 /udies4 ,! fir/ consid]ation w be to procure a set ( tools1 & we propose 9 ?is place to describe ^? :i* w answ] ! purposes ( a beg9n]1 z well z to look g5]ally at o!rs 9 common use among craftsm54 ,! tools us$ by c>v]s consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( *isels & g\ges ( diff]5t %apes & sizes4 ,! numb] ( tools requir$ by pr(essional c>v]s = "o piece ( "w v>ies 9 proportion to ! elaborat5ess ( ! c>v+ to be done4 ,!y may use f half a doz5 on simple "w up to tw5ty or ?irty = ! m intricate c>v+s1 ?is numb] be+ a selection out ( a l>g] /ock rea*+ p]haps z _m z a hundr$ or m4 ,_m ( ^! tools v>y only 9 size & sweep ( cutt+ edge4 ,?us1 *isels & g\ges are to be _h rang+ f #a_/af? ( an in* to #a in* wide1 ) curves or sweeps 9 ea* size graduat$ betwe5 a semicircle to a curve almo/ flat4 ,few c>v]s1 h[ev]1 possess su* a complete /ock ( tools z w\ld be repres5t$ by "o ( ea* size & %ape manufactur$2 su* a ?+ is n requir$3 an av]age numb] (1 say sev5ty tools1 w always give a suffici5t v>iety ( size & sweep = g5]al purposes2 few pieces ( "w w require ! use ( m ?an half ( ^! 9 its execution4 ,! beg9n]1 h[ev]1 ne$ n possess m ?an f twelve to tw5ty-f\r1 & may ev5 make a />t ) few]4 ,x is a good plan to le>n ! uses ( a few tools be=e acquir+ a complete set1 z by ?is means1 :5 difficulties are felt 9 ! execution ( "w1 a tool ( kn[n description is s\ght = & pur*as$ ) a =ekn[l$ge ( its advantages4 ,?is is ! sure/ way to ga9 a di/9ct k ( ! v>ieties ( ea* k9d ( tool1 & _! application to ! diff]5t purposes ( design4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( tools 7see ,figs4 #a & #b7 w be f\nd suffici5t = all ! occasions ( /udy3 beg9n+ by ! pur*ase ( ! fir/ section1 ,nos4 #a to #ag1 & add+ o!rs "o by "o until a set is made up ( tw5ty-f\r tools4 ,! tools %\ld be select$ z ne> ! sizes & %apes %[n 9 ! illu/ration z possible4 ,! curv$ & /raight /rokes repres5t ! %ape ( ! actual cuts made by press+ ! tools d[n p]p5dicul>ly into a piece ( wood4 ,?is1 9 ! case ( g\ges1 is g5]ally call$ ! sweep4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c are g\ges1 ( sweeps v>y+ f "o almo/ flat 7,no4 #a7 to a di/9ct holl[ 9 ,no4 #c4 ,^! tools are made 9 two =ms1 /raight-sid$ & spade-%ap$2 an illu/ration ( ! spade =m is giv5 on ! second page ( tools4 ,9 pur*as+ 8 set ( tools ! /ud5t %\ld ord] ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #aj1 #aa 9 ?is =m4 ,!y w be f\nd to h _m advantages1 z !y conceal less ( ! wood beh9d !m & get well into corn]s inaccessible to /raight-sid$ tools4 ,!y are light] & m easily %>p5$1 & are v necess>y 9 f9i%+ ! surface ( "w1 & 9 %ap+ out foliage1 m especially su* z is und]cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,nos4 #e1 #f1 #g are /raight g\ges graduat$ 9 size & sweep4 ,no4 #h is call$ a ,ve9]1 because x is (t5 us$ = mak+ ! grooves :i* repres5t ve9s 9 leaves4 ,x is a n>r[ b deep g\ge1 & is us$ = any n>r[ grooves :i* may be requir$1 & = outl9+ ! draw+ at />t+4 ,no4 #i is call$ a ,v tool or p>t+ tool1 on acc\nt ( its %ape4 ,x is us$ = mak+ grooves ) /raight sides & %>p inn] angles at ! bottom4 ,x c be us$ = v>i\s purposes1 su* z und]cutt+1 cle>+ out %>ply def9$ angles1 outl9+ ! draw+1 etc41 etc4 ,x %\ld be got ) a squ>e cutt+ edge1 n bevel$ (f z "s are made4 ,nos4 #aj1 #aa1 #ab are flat *isels1 or1 z !y are sometimes call$1 firm]s4 7,nos4 #aj & #aa %\ld be 9 spade %ape47 ,no4 #ac is also a flat *isel1 b x is bevel$ (f to a po9t1 & is call$ a corn]-*isel2 x is us$ = gett+ into difficult corn]s1 & is a mo/ useful tool :5 us$ z a knife = delicate edges or curves4 ,nos4 #ad & #af are :at are kn[n z b5t *isels2 !y are us$ pr9cipally = level+ ! gr\nd 7or backgr\nd71 & are !re=e also call$ gr\nd]s4 ,^! tools are made ) v>i\s curves or b5ds 9 _! l5g?1 b = our pres5t uses "o ) a b5d l t %[n to tool ,no4 #bc1 ,fig4 #b1 & at a 9 ,fig4 #c1 w be be/2 m b5d1 z at b1 w\ld only make ! tool unfit = level+ purposes on a flat gr\nd4 ,no4 #ae is a simil> tool1 b call$ a corn] gr\nd]1 z x is bevel$ (f l a corn]-*isel4 ,no4 #ag is an additional g\ge ( v sl[ sweep & small size4 ,?is is a v h&y little tool1 & s]ves a v>iety ( purposes :5 y come to f9i%+ ! surface4 ,^! sev5te5 tools w make up a v useful set = ! beg9n]1 & %\ld s]ve him = a long "t1 or at lea/ until he really beg9s to feel ! want ( o!rs2 !n he may get ! rema9d] %[n on ,fig4 #b4 ,nos4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj are deep g\ges1 hav+ some:at /raight sides2 !y are us$ :]e grooves are set deeply1 & :5 !y are requir$ to *ange 9 section f deep & n>r[ to wide & %all[4 ,?is is done by turn+ ! tool on its side1 :i* br+s ! flatt] sweep into action1 ?us *ang+ ! %ape ( ! holl[4 ,nos4 #ba1 #bb are g\ges1 b are call$ b5t g\ges--front b5t 9 ?is case1 back b5t :5 ! cutt+ sweep is turn$ upside d[n4 ,x is advisable :5 select+ ^! tools to get !m z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ) a v easy curve 9 _! b5d2 !y are m g5]ally useful s1 z quick b5ds are only good = v deep holl[s4 ,^! tools are us$ = mak+ grooves 9 holl[ places :]e an ord9>y g\ge w n "w1 ow+ to its meet+ ! oppos+ fib] ( ! wood4 ,no4 #bc is a simil> tool1 b v easy bo? 9 its sweep & b5d--! sweep %\ld be little m ?an recognizable z a curve4 ,?is tool may be us$ z a gr\nd] :5 ! wood is slightly holl[1 or liable to te> up "u ! flat gr\nd]4 ,no4 #bd is call$ a ,macc>oni tool4 ,?is is us$ = cle>+ out ! gr\nd close aga9/ leaves or o!r projections2 z x has two squ>e sides x c be us$ "r & left4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig #c1 a %[s ! be/ =m ( gr\nd+ tool2 b is little or no use = ?is purpose1 z x curves up too sudd5ly = "w on a flat gr\nd4 ,x is a good ?+ to h ! h&les ( tools made ( diff]5t color$ woods1 z x assi/s ! c>v] 9 pick+ !m out quickly f ^? ly+ ready = use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,:5 9 use1 ! tools %\ld be laid out 9 front ( ! c>v] if possible1 & ) _! po9ts t[>d him1 9 ord] t he may see ! %ape & *oose quickly ! "o he wants4 ,! temp]+ ( tools is a v important factor 9 _! effici5cy4 ,x is only ( too common occurr5ce to f9d _m ( ! tools manufactur$ ( late ye>s unfit = use on acc\nt ( _! s(tness ( metal4 ,!re is no?+ m vexati\s to a c>v] ?an work+ ) a tool :i* turns ov] its cutt+ edge1 ev5 9 s(t wood2 su* tools %\ld be return$ to ! ag5t :o sold !m4 ,) a selection f ! above tools1 acquir$ by degrees 9 ! mann] describ$1 almo/ any k9d ( "w may be done4 ,!re is no ne$ :atev] to h a tool = e curve ( ! design4 ,^! c readily be made by us+ /raight *isels 9 comb9ation ) su* g\ges z we possess1 or by sweep+ ! curves along _! sides ) a *isel us$ knife fa%ion4 ,no really beautiful curves c be made by m]ely foll[+ ! curves ( g\ges1 h[ev] v>i\s _! sweeps1 z !y are all segm5ts ( circles4 ,tools g5]ally come f ! manufactur] gr\nd1 b n %>p5$4 ,z ! /ud5t mu/ 9 any case le>n h[ to %>p5 8 tools1 x w be j z well to get !m 9 t way r ?an ready = use4 ,z ?is process ( %>p5+ tools is a v important "o1 x mu/ be res]v$ = ano!r place4 ,%\ld tools be s]i\sly blunt$ or brok5 !y mu/ be regr\nd4 ,?is c be done by ! c>v]1 ei!r on a gr9d/one or a piece ( gritty ,york /one1 c>e be+ tak5 to repeat ! orig9al bevel2 or !y may be s5t to a tool %op :]e !y are 9 ! habit ( gr9d+ c>v+ tools4 ,catalogues ( tools may be _h f good mak]s2 !y w be f\nd to consi/ ma9ly 9 a l>ge v>iety ( ! tools already m5tion$4 ,^? :i* are v mu* b5t or curv$ are int5d$ = special application to elaborate & difficult passages 9 c>v+1 & ne$ n conc]n ! /ud5t until he comes to f9d ! actual want ( su* %apes2 su*1 = in/ance1 z b5t p>t+ tools & back b5t g\ges4 ,9 addition to ! above tools1 c>v]s occasionally use "o call$ a ,r\t]4 ,?is is a k9d ( plane ) a n>r[ p]p5dicul> blade4 ,x is us$ = digg+ or r\t+ out ! wood 9 places :]e x is to be sunk to =m a gr\nd4 ,x is n a tool to be recomm5d$ = ! use ( beg9n]s1 :o %\ld le>n to make suffici5tly ev5 backgr\nds )\t ! aid ( me*anical contrivances4 ,c>v]s also use ! ,rifl]1 :i* is a b5t file4 ,?is is useful = v f9e "w 9 h>d wood1 & also = r\ghly approximat+ to r\nd$ =ms be=e f9i%+ ) ! tools4 ,a few jo9]'s tools are v useful to ! c>v]1 & %\ld =m "p ( 8 equipm5t4 ,a wide *isel1 say ab\t #a-a_/d 94 wide1 a small iron bull-nose plane1 & a keyhole saw1 w all be helpful1 & save a lot ( unnecess>y labor ) ! c>v+ tools4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,%>p5+-,,/ones--,,mallet ,,& ,,b5* ,diff]5t ,/ones 9 use--,case = ,/ones--,slips--,r\nd ,mallet ,be/--,a ,home-,made ,b5*--,a ,make%ift ,b5*--,cramps & ,clips4 ,! /ones :i* are mo/ g5]ally us$ = ! purpose ( %>p5+ c>v+ tools are ,turkey & ,wa%ita4 ,!re are _m o!rs1 "s equally good1 b ,wa%ita is easily procur$ & v s]viceable4 ,x is to be _h 9 v>i\s grades1 & x may be j z well to h "o co>se & "o f9e1 b 9 any case we mu/ h a f9e-gra9$ /one to put a ke5 edge on ! tools4 ,a ,turkey /one is a f9e-gra9$ & sl[-cutt+ "o1 & may take ! place ( ! f9] ,wa%ita4 ,! ,india oil/one is a composition ( em]y ) "s k9d ( /one du/1 & is a useful /one = quickly rubb+ d[n sup]flu\s /eel be=e putt+ an edge to ! tool4 ,x is bett] to get ^! /ones )\t cases1 z !y c !n be us$ on bo? sides1 "o = flat tools & "o = g\ges1 :i* we> ! face ( a /one into grooves4 ,a case may be made by holl[+ out a block ( wood s z to take ! /one loosely2 & if at "o end a small not* is made 9 ?is block1 a screwdriv] may be ins]t$ "u ! /one :5 x is necess>y to turn x4 ,two brads or p9s %\ld be ins]t$ 9 holes1 hav+ _! po9ts j appe>+ bel[ ! bottom ( ! block4 ,^! prev5t x slipp+ ab\t :5 9 use4 ,^! /ones %\ld be lubricat$ ) a mixture ( olive oil & p>aff9 9 equal p>ts4 ,bicycle lubricat+ oil is v good = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,= %>p5+ ! insides ( tools1 slips are made ) r\nd$ edges ( diff]5t sizes4 ,"o slip ( ,wa%ita /one & "o ( ,arkansas w be en\gh = ! pres5t1 z !y w fit mod]ately well mo/ ( ! g\ges 9 ! beg9n]'s set ( tools2 ! ,arkansas be+ us$ = ! small] tools4 ,! ,arkansas slip %\ld be :at is call$ knife-edg$4 ,?is is requir$ = %>p5+ su* tools z ! ve9] & ,v tool2 x is a v f9e m>ble-l /one1 & exce$+ly brittle2 c>e mu/ be tak5 9 h&l+ x1 z a fall w\ld 9 all probability be fatal4 ,,! ,,b5* ,,& ,,mallet ,! ,mallet4--,! c>v]'s mallet is us$ = driv+ 8 tools :]e =ce is requir$4 ,! mo/ suitable =m is ! r\nd "o1 made ( bee*2 "o #d ins4 diamet] w be heavy en\gh4 ,! ,b5*4--,e c>v] %\ld provide himself ) a b5*4 ,he may make "o = himself accord+ to ! size & con/ruction %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #e4 ,! top %\ld be made ( two #aa x #b 94 bo>ds1 &1 z /ead9ess is ! ma9 feature to be aim$ at1 ! jo9ts %\ld h "s c>e4 ,^? 9 illu/ration are %[n to be =m$ by *eck+ "o piece ( wood ov] ! o!r1 ) %\ld]s to resi/ lat]al /ra94 ,prop] t5ons w\ld be bett]1 b m difficult to make4 ,x mu/ h a project+ edge at ! front & ends1 to receive ! clamps4 ,! b5* %\ld h a jo9]'s b5*-screw atta*$ to ! back leg = hold+ "w :i* is to be c>v$ on its edges or ends4 ,! feet %\ld be secur$ to ! floor by means ( iron brackets1 z consid]able =ce is appli$ 9 c>v+ h>d wood1 :i* may move ! b5* bodily1 unless x is secur$1 or is v heavy4 ,pr(essional c>v]s use a b5* :i* is compos$ ( bee* planks1 ?ree or f\r in*es 9 ?ickness1 & ( l5g? accord+ to %op-room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,%\ld x n be possible to make or procure a b5*1 !n a sub/itute mu/ be us$4 ,fig4 #f gives a sugge/ion = mak+ su* a tempor>y b5*4 ,! top is compos$ ( "o piece ( bo>d1 #aa ins4 wide & #a-a_/b 94 ?ick4 ,x %\ld be ab\t #b ft4 #f ins4 long & re/ on two blocks fix$ ab\t #a-a_/b 94 f ! ends1 :i* mu/ project1 z 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,?is may be us$ on any ord9>y table1 to :i* x %\ld be secur$ by means ( two #c-a_/b-;94 clamps4 ,! height f ! floor %\ld be #c ft4 #b ins4 to top ( bo>d4 ,?is gives a good height = work+1 z c>v]s inv>iably /& to _! "w4 ,! height c be regulat$ by mak+ ! blocks1 a1 high] or l[] to suit ! table :i* is to be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,cramps4--,cramps = hold+ ! "w 9 position on ! b5* are ( sev]al k9ds4 ,= ord9>y ?icknesses ( wood1 two #d-a_/b-;94 screw clamps1 l ! "o 9 ,fig4 #g1 w be suffici5t4 ,wood5 blocks may be also us$ to hold "o end ( ! "w d[n :ile ! o!r is held by a clamp4 ,^! blocks are not*$ out to fit ov] ! ?ickness ( ! bo>d be+ c>v$1 z 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,c>v]s use = _! heavi] "w a b5*-screw1 z x is call$2 t is1 a screw :i* passes ?r\gh ! b5* into ! back ( ! "w1 :i* may ?us be turn$ ab\t at w2 also1 if ! "w is v ?ick1 !y hold x 9 position by means ( a b5* holdfa/1 a k9d ( comb9$ lev] & screw2 b nei!r ( ^! contrivances is likely to be requir$ by ! beg9n]1 ^: "w %\ld be kept )9 manageable dim5sions4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,woods ,,us$ ,,= ,,c>v+ ,h>d ,wood & ,s(t ,wood--,clos5ess ( ,gra9 ,desirable--,advantages ( ,p9e & ,engli% ,oak4 ,! woods suitable = c>v+ are v v>i\s2 b we %all conf9e our att5tion to ^? 9 common use4 ,( ! s(t] woods1 ^? :i* are mo/ easily procur$ & mo/ adaptable to mod]n uses are yell[ p9e1 ,bass wood1 ,kauri p9e1 & ,lime4 ,^! are all good woods = ! c>v]2 b we ne$ n at pres5t look = any bett] qualities ?an we %all f9d 9 a good piece ( yell[ p9e1 free f knots or %akes4 ,! foll[+ woods may be consid]$ z hav+ an int]m$iate place betwe5 s(t & h>d3 ,sycamore1 ,bee*1 & ,holly4 ,!y are light-color$ woods1 & ,v useful = broad %all[ "w4 ,engli% ,oak4--,( ! h>d woods 9 common use1 ! pr9cipal k9ds are ,oak1 ,walnut1 & occasionally ,mahogany4 ,( oak1 ! ,engli% v>iety is by f> ! be/ = ! c>v]1 be+ close 9 ! gra9 & v h>d4 ,x is beyond all o!rs ! c>v]s' wood1 & 0 inv>iably us$ by !m 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! robu/ p]iod ( m$ieval craftsman%ip4 ,x (f]s to ! c>v] an invigorat+ resi/ance to 8 tools1 & its "* det]m9es to a great ext5t t ( ! "w put ^u x4 ,x takes 9 f9i%+ a v beautiful surface1 :5 skilfully h&l$--& ?is tempts ! c>v] to make ! mo/ ( 8 opportunities by adapt+ 8 execution to its virtues4 ,o!r oaks1 su* z ,au/rian & ,am]ican1 are (t5 us$1 b !y d n (f] q ! same tempt+ opportunity to ! c>v]4 ,!y are1 by nature1 quick]-gr[+ trees1 & are1 consequ5tly1 m op5 9 ! gra94 ,!y h t\gh1 s9ewy fib]s1 alt]nat+ ) s(t] mat]ial4 ,!y r>ely take ! same degree ( f9i% z ! ,engli% oak1 b rema9 some:at dull 9 texture4 ,good pieces = c>v+ may be got1 b !y mu/ be pick$ out f a quantity ( /uff4 ,*e/nut is sometimes us$ z a sub/itute = oak1 b x is bett] fitt$ = l>ge-scal$ "w :]e f95ess ( detail is n ( s mu* importance4 ,italian ,walnut4--,?is is a v f9e-gra9$ wood1 ( ev5 texture4 ,! ,italian v>iety is ! be/ = c>v+3 x cuts ) some?+ ( ! firmness ( ,engli% oak1 & is capable ( receiv+ ev5 m f9i% ( surface 9 small details4 ,x is admirably suit$ = f9e "w 9 l[ relief4 ,9 *oos+ ?is wood = c>v+1 ! h>de/ & close/ 9 gra9 %\ld be pick$1 z x is by no means all ( equal quality4 ,x %\ld be free f sap1 :i* may be kn[n by a light /reak on ! edges ( ! d>k br[n wood4 ,engli% walnut has too mu* figure 9 ! gra9 to be suitable = c>v+4 ,am]ican walnut is be/ fitt$ = %>ply cut %all[ c>v+1 z its fib] is caney4 ,if x is us$1 ! design %\ld be "o 9 :i* no f9e model+ or detail is requir$1 z ?is wood all[s ( little f9i% to ! surface4 ,mahogany1 m especially ! k9d kn[n z ,honduras1 is v simil> to ,am]ican walnut 9 quality ( gra93 x cuts 9 a %>p caney mann]4 ,! ,spani% v>iety 0 clos] 9 gra91 b is n[ almo/ unprocurable4 ,"w c>v$ 9 mahogany %\ld1 l t 9 ,am]ican walnut1 be broad & simple 9 /yle1 )\t mu* r\nd$ detail4 ,x is q unnecess>y to pursue ! subject ( woods beyond ! few k9ds m5tion$4 ,woods su* z ebony1 s&alwood1 *]ry1 bri]1 box1 pe>-tree1 lancewood1 & _m o!rs1 are all good = ! c>v]1 b are bett] fitt$ = special purposes & small "w4 ,z ?is book is conc]n$ m ) ! art ( c>v+ ?an its application1 x w save confusion if we accept yell[ p9e z our typical s(t wood1 & good close-gra9$ oak z repres5t+ h>d wood4 ,x may be not$ 9 pass+ t ! woods ( all fl[]+ & fruit-be>+ trees are v liable to ! attack ( worms & rot4 ,no c>v+1 9 :atev] wood1 %\ld be poli%$4 ,i %all ref] to ?is :5 we come to texture & f9i%4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,%>p5+ ,,! ,,tools ,! ,prop] ,bevel--,position ( ,tools on ,oil/one--,good & ,bad ,edge--,/ropp+--,pa/e & ,lea!r--,c>eless ,%>p5+--,rubb+ ,out ! ,inside--,/ropp+ ,f9e ,tools--,importance ( ,%>p ,tools4 ,hav+ giv5 ?is brief description ( ! tools & mat]ials us$ by c>v]s1 we %all suppose a piece ( "w is ab\t to be />t$4 ,! fir/ ?+ ! c>v] w require to d is to %>p5 8 tools4 ,t is1 if we may assume t !y h j come f ! manufactur]1 gr\nd b n yet br\ght to an edge4 ,x w be se5 t ea* has a long bevel end+ 9 a blunt ridge :]e ! cutt+ edge %\ld be4 ,we %all take ! *isel ,no4 #aj & %>p5 t fir/1 z x is ! easie/ to d1 & s get a little practise be=e we try ! g\ges4 ,! oil/one & oil h already be5 describ$4 ,! fir/ ?+ is to well oil ! /one & lay x on ! b5* 9 a position ) its end t[>d ! op]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,,angle ,,= ,,s(twood ,b4 ,,angle ,,= ,,h>dwood ,,fig4 #h4 ,tools :i* are go+ to be us$ 9 s(t wood require r a long] bevel & m acute edge ?an :5 !y are want$ = h>d wood4 ,bo? angles are %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,lay ! flat ( ! tool on ! /one at an angle ( ab\t #ae1 ) ! h&le 9 ! holl[ ( ! "r h&1 & two f+]s ( ! left press$ ^u ! blade z ne> to ! /one z possible4 ,!n beg9 rubb+ ! tool f end to end ( ! /one1 tak+ c>e n to rock ! "r h& up & d[n1 b to keep x z level z possible ?r\gh\t ! /roke1 be>+ heavily on ! blade ) ! left h&1 to keep x well 9 contact ) ! /one4 ,rock+ produces a r\nd$ edge :i* is fatal to ke5ness4 ,c 7,fig4 #i7 gives approximately1 to an enl>g$ scale1 ! sections ( a good edge1 & ,d t ( an imp]fect "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,,good ,,cutt+ ,,edge ,d4 ,,badly ,,=m$ ,,edge4 ,,fig4 #i4 ,practise alone w famili>ize ! muscles ( ! wri/ ) ! prop] motion1 b x is important to acquire ?is 9 ord] to =m ! correct habit e>ly4 ,x %\ld be practis$ v sl[ly at fir/1 until ! h&s get accu/om$ to ! movem5ts4 ,:5 "o side ( ! tool has be5 rubb$ bright z f> z ! cutt+ edge1 turn x ov] & treat ! o!r 9 ! same way4 ,c>v]s' tools1 unlike jo9]s'1 are rubb$ on bo? sides1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t two-?irds outside to "o-?ird inside4 ,:5 a ke5 edge has be5 =m$1 :i* c easily be te/$ by g5tly apply+ ! f+]1 x %\ld be /ropp$ on a piece ( /\t lea!r4 ,x w be f\nd1 if ! f+] is pass$ d[n ! tool & ov] its edge1 t ! /on+ has turn$ up a burr4 ,?is mu/ be remov$ by /ropp+ on bo? sides alt]nately4 ,a pa/e compos$ ( em]y & crocus p[d]s mix$ ) grease is us$ to sme> ! lea!r be=e /ropp+2 ?is c ei!r be procur$ at ! tool %op1 or made by ! c>v]4 ,:5 ! tool has be5 suffici5tly /ropp$1 & all burr remov$1 x is ready = use1 b x is z well to try x on a piece ( wood fir/1 & te/ x = burr1 & if necess>y /rop x aga94 ,be=e we leave ?is tool1 h[ev]1 we %all anticipate a little1 & look at x aft] x has be5 us$ = "s "t & become blunt4 ,its cutt+ edge & ! bevel above x are n[ poli%$ to a high degree1 ow+ to friction ) ! wood4 ,we lay x on ! /one1 tak+ c>e to pres]ve ! orig9al angle 7#ae74 ,we f9d on look+ at ! tool aft] a little rubb+ t ?is "t x pres5ts a bright rim along ! edge 9 contra/ ) ! gray /eel :i* has be5 9 contact ) ! /one4 ,?is bright rim is "p ( ! poli%$ surface ! :ole bevel _h be=e we began ?is second %>p5+1 :i* proves t ! actual edge has n yet t\*$ ! /one4 ,we are tempt$ to lift ! "r h& ev] s little1 & s get rid ( ?is bright rim 7sometimes call$ ! c&le72 we %all ?us get an edge quick] ?an if we h to rub away all ! /eel beh9d x4 ,we d ?is1 & soon get our edge2 ! bright rim has disappe>$1 b we h done an unwise ?+1 & h n sav$ mu* "t1 because we h begun to make a r\nd$ edge1 :i*1 if c>ri$ a little f>!r1 w make ! tool useless until x is regr\nd4 ,!re is no help = x3 "t mu/ be sp5t & tr\ble tak5 9 %>p5+ tools2 ) me?od & c>e !re ne$ be v little gr9d+1 unless tools are actually brok54 ,to resume our lesson 9 tool-%>p5+3 we c n d mu* c>v+ ) "o *isel1 s we %all n[ take up g\ge ,no4 #b z be+ ! lea/ difficult4 ,?is be+ a r\nd$ tool1 we mu/ turn ! /one ov] & use ! side we h det]m9$ to keep = g\ges1 etc4 ,we comm5ce rubb+ x up & d[n ! /one 9 ! same mann] z describ$ = ! *isel1 b1 9 addition1 we h n[ ano!r motion4 ,to br+ all ! p>ts ( ! edge into contact ) ! /one ! g\ge mu/ be roll$ f side to side z x goes up & d[n4 ,to accompli% ?is ! wri/ %\ld be sl[ly practis$ until x gets into /ep ) ! up & d[n motions2 x matt]s v little :e!r "o turn ( ! tool is giv5 to "o passage along ! /one1 or only "o turn to _m up & d[n rubb+s4 ,! ma9 ?+ is ev5ness ( rubb+ all along ! circul> edge1 z if "o "p gets m ?an its %>e ! edge becomes wavy1 :i* is a ?+ to be avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,:5 ! outside has be5 cleanly rubb$ up to ! edge1 ! inside is to be rubb$ out ) ! ,wa%ita slip & oil to ! ext5t ( ab\t half z mu* z ! outside4 ,! h&le ( ! tool %\ld be grasp$ 9 ! left h&1 :ile its blade re/s on a block ( wood1 or on ! oil/one4 ,hold ! slip betwe5 ! f+]s & ?umb1 slant+ a little ov] ! inn] edge2 & "w x 9 a s]ies ( %ort d[nw>d /rokes1 beg9n+ ! /roke at "o corn] ( ! g\ge & leav+ (f at ! o!r 7see ,fig4 #aj74 ,/rop ! outside ( ! tool1 & te/ = burr1 !n lay ! lea!r ov] ! h&le ( ano!r tool & /rop ! inside1 repeat+ ! op]ation until all burr has be5 remov$1 :5 probably ! tool w be ready = use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! ,ve9] requires ! same k9d ( treatm5t1 only z ?is tool is n "p ( a circle 9 its section 7hav+ /raight sides71 only "o-half mu/ be done at a "t2 & x is z well to give ! /raight sides "o /roke or s 9 e half-doz5 all to itself to keep x 9 %ape4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 ) ?is tool z x is easily rubb$ out ( %ape4 ,! inside mu/ be f9i%$ (f ) ! ,arkansas knife-edg$ slip1 "o side at a "t1 z x is impossible to sweep out ! :ole section ( ^! deep tools at "o /roke4 ,/ropp+ mu/ foll[ z be=e1 b z ?is tool is s small t ! lea!r w n ent] its holl[1 ! lea!r mu/ be laid d[n flat & ! holl[ ( ! tool drawn along its edge until x makes a little ridge = itself :i* fills ! holl[ & cle>s (f burr 7see ,fig4 #aa72 if any su* adh]es outside1 a slight rub on ! ,arkansas /one w probably remove x4 ,:5 ! edges ( ! tools beg9 to get dull1 x (t5 happ5s t !y only require to be /ropp$1 :i* %\ld be frequ5tly done4 ,z ! treatm5t ( all g\ges is m or less l :at has be5 describ$1 practise w enable ! /ud5t to adapt x to ! %ape ( ! tool :i* requires 8 att5tion4 ,!re rema9s only ! ,v tool1 ! ,spoon tools1 & ! ,macc>oni1 :i* all require special att5tion4 ,! po9t ( ! ,v tool is s acute t x becomes difficult to cle> ! inside4 ,a knife-edg$ slip is us$ = ?is purpose1 & x is well also to cut a slip ( wood to a ?9 edge1 & aft] rubb+ x ) pa/e & oil1 pass x d[n frequ5tly ov] ! po9t betwe5 ! sides4 ,unless a v %>p po9t is obta9$1 ?is tool is practically useless2 ! lea/ speck ( burr or dullness w /op its progress or te> up ! wood4 ,9 %>p5+ x1 ! sides %\ld be press$ firmly on ! /one1 wat*+ x e n[ & !n to see :at effect is be+ produc$4 ,if a gap beg9s to appe> on "o side1 z x (t5 does1 !n rub ! o!r side until x disappe>s1 tak+ c>e to be> m heavily on ! po9t ( ! tool ?an else:]e4 ,if ! sides get out ( %ape1 pass ! tool along ! /one1 hold+ x at "r angles to ! side ( ! /one1 b at ! prop] angle ( elevation2 9 ?is case ! tool is held ne> its end1 betwe5 f+]s & ?umb4 ,spoon tools mu/ be held to ! /one at a mu* high] angle until ! cutt+ edge is 9 ! "r relation to ! surface1 or !y may be drawn sidewise along x1 tak+ c>e t e "p ( ! edge comes 9 contact & receives an equal am\nt ( rubb+4 ,^! may be treat$ half at a "t1 or all r\nd1 accord+ to ! size & dep? ( ! tool4 ,h[ev] x is produc$1 ! "o ?+ ess5tial is a long /raight-section$ cutt+ bevel1 n a r\nd$ or obtuse "o4 ,/rop ! inside by fold+ up ! lea!r into a little roll or ball until x fills ! holl[ ( ! tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,= ! small set ( tools describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii "o flat oil/one & two slips w be f\nd suffici5t = a beg9n+1 b z a matt] ( fact1 x w be advisable1 z ! numb] ( tools is enl>g$1 to obta9 slips ( curves correspond+ to ! holl[s ( all g\ges z ne>ly z possible4 ,_m pr(essional c>v]s h sets ( ^! slips = ! insides ( tools1 v>y+ 9 curves :i* exactly fit e holl[ tool !y possess1 includ+ a triangul> "o = ! inside ( ! ,v tool4 ,! same rule sometimes applies to ! sweeps ( ! outsides ( g\ges1 = ^!1 correspond+ *annels are gr\nd out 9 flat /ones1 a process :i* is bo? difficult & labori\s4 ,if ! insides are dealt ) on fitt+ slips1 :i* may be easily adapt$ to ! purpose by application to a gr9d/one1 ! outsides are n s difficult to manage1 s t groov$ /ones may be disp5s$ )4 ,be=e we leave ! subject ( %>p5+ tools x w be well to impress ^u ! beg9n] ! extreme importance ( keep+ 8 tools 9 good ord]4 ,:5 a tool is really %>p x :i/les z x works2 a dull tool makes dull "w1 & ! c>v] loses bo? "t & temp]4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! great te*nical skill %[n 9 ! works ( ,gr9l+ ,gibbons & 8 foll[]s c\ld n h be5 arriv$ at )\t ! help ( extraord9>ily %>p tools4 ,tools n m]ely %>p5$ & !n us$ until !y became dull1 b tools t 7 always %>p1 & nev] all[$ to approa* dullness4 ,%>p5+ tools is inde$ an art 9 itself1 & l o!r arts has its vot>ies1 :o successfully conqu] its difficulties ) app>5t ease1 :ile o!rs are baffl$ at e po9t4 ,impati5ce is ! /umbl+-block 9 su* op]ations4 ,^? mo/ pa9/ak+ p1 ! ,*9ese1 accord+ to all acc\nts1 put magic into _! %>p5+ /ones2 ! ke5ness ( _! blades be+ only equal$ by t ( _! wits 9 all su* matt]s ( delicate application4 ,to make a good beg9n+ is a great po9t ga9$4 ,to c>efully exam9e e tool1 & at ! exp5se ( "t correct ! faults ( managem5t1 is ! only way to become exp]t 9 %>p5+ tools4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,*ip ,,c>v+ ,its ,savage ,orig9--,a ,clue to its only ,claim to ,arti/ic ,importance--,monotony bett] ?an ,v>iety--,an ,ex]cise 9 ,impati5ce & ,precision--,te*nical ,me?ods4 ,"o ( ! simple/ =ms ( wood-c>v+ is t kn[n z *ip c>v+4 ,?is k9d ( "w is by no means ( mod]n orig91 z its developm5t may be trac$ to a s\rce 9 ! b>b>ic in/9ct = decoration common to ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,new ,zeal& & o!r ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s4 ,te*nically1 & ) mod]n tools1 x is a =m ( ! art :i* dem&s b little skill1 save 9 ! matt] ( precision & pati5t repetition4 ,z practis$ by its savage ma/]s1 ! p]fection ( ^! two qualities elevates _! "w to ! dignity ( a real art4 ,x is difficult to conceive ! contradictory fact1 t ?is app>5tly simple =m ( art 0 once ! expon5t ( a /ruggl+ desire = ref9em5t on ! "p ( fi]ce & w>like m51 & t x %\ld1 "u ! influ5ce ( polite society1 become ! all-too-easy task ( e/hetically m9d$ s*oolgirls4 ,9 ! h&s ( ^? w>rior arti/s1 & ) ! tools at _! comm&1 mo/ly fa%ion$ f %>p5$ fi%-bones & su* l rude mat]ials1 x 0 an art :i* requir$ ! equival5t ( _m f9e arti/ic qualities1 z su* are und]/ood by m cultivat$ nations4 ,! m>vel\s dext]ity & det]m9$ purpose ev9c$ 9 ! labori\s decoration ( canoe paddles1 ax-h&les1 & o!r weapons1 is1 "u su* te*nical disabilities z to tools1 really v impressive4 ,?is be+ s1 !re is no inh]5t reason :y su* a rudim5t>y =m ( ! art z *ip c>v+ %\ld n be practis$ 9 a way consi/5t ) its true nature & limitations4 ,z its elem5tal di/9ctions are s few1 & its me?ods s simple1 x foll[s t 9 recogniz+ su* limitations1 we %all make ! mo/ ( our design4 ,in/ead1 !n1 ( tru/+ to a =c$ v>iety1 let u seek = its /rong po9t 9 an opposite direction1 & by ! monoton\s repetition ( basket-l patt]ns1 w9 ! n-to-be-despis$ praise :i* is due to pati5ce & p]sev]ance4 ,9 ?is way only c su* a re/rict$ =m ( arti/ic expression become 9 ! lea/ degree int]e/+4 ,! designs usually associat$ ) ! civiliz$ practise ( ?is "w are1 g5]ally speak+1 ( ! k9d kn[n z geometric1 t is to say1 compos$ ( circles & /raight l9es int]sect+ ea* o!r 9 complicat$ patt]n4 ,n[ ! v>iety obta9$ 9 ?is mann]1 z contra/$ ) ! dignifi$ monotony ( ! savage's me?od1 is ! note :i* m>ks a weak desire to atta9 great results ) little ef=t4 ,! v>iety1 z su*1 is :olly me*anical1 ! te*nical difficulties1 ) mod]n tools at comm&1 are felt at a glance to be v trifl+2 !re=e su* designs are q unsuitable to ! k9d ( "w1 if human sympa?ies are to be excit$ 9 a reasonable way4 ,an important fact 9 connection ) ?is k9d ( design is t mo/ ( ^! geometric patt]ns are1 ap>t f _! uncom=table v>iety1 bas$ on too l>ge a scale z to detail4 ,all ! labori\s c>v+ on paddles & clubs1 su* z may be se5 9 our museums1 is f\nd$ ^u a scale ( detail 9 :i* ! holes v>y 9 size f #a_/af to some?+ "u #a_/d 94 _! longe/ way1 only 9 special places1 su* z bord]s1 etc41 atta9+ a l>g] size4 ,su* v>iety z ! arti/ has p]mitt$ himself be+ conf9$ to ! occasional introduction ( a circul> =m1 b mo/ly obta9$ by a subtle *ange 9 ! proportion ( ! holes1 or by an alt]nate emphasis ^u p]p5dicul> or horizontal l9es4 ,z a te/ ( endurance1 & z an exp]im5tal ef=t ) c>v+ tools1 ,i set y ?is ex]cise4 ,9 ,fig4 #ab y w f9d a patt]n tak5 f "o ( ^? ,s\? ,sea c>v+s :i* we h be5 consid]+4 ,n[1 take "o ( ! articles s (t5 disfigur$ ) *ildi% & ha/y ef=ts to cov] a surface ) s-call$ art "w1 su* z ! side ( a bell[s or ! surface ( a bread-plate1 & on x c>ve ?is patt]n1 repeat+ ! same-%ap$ holes until y fill ! entire space4 ,by ! "t y h complet$ x y w beg9 to und]/& & appreciate "o ( ! fundam5tal qualities :i* mu/ g t[>d ! mak+ ( a c>v]1 namely1 pati5ce2 & y w h produc$ a ?+ :i* may give y pleasant surprises1 9 ! unexpect$ b v natural admiration x elicits f y\r fri5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,hav+ drawn ! patt]n on y\r wood1 rul+ ! l9es to measurem5t1 & be+ c>eful to keep y\r l9es ?9 & cle> z drawn ) a some:at h>d p5cil1 proce$ to cut out ! holes ) ! *isel1 ,no4 #aa on our li/1 #a_/d 94 wide4 ,x w s]ve ! purpose mu* bett] ?an ! knife usually sold = ?is k9d ( "w1 & w be giv+ y useful practise ) a v necess>y c>v+ tool4 ,! corn] ( ! *isel w d mo/ ( ! "w1 slop+ x to suit ! diff]5t angles at ! bottom ( ! holes4 ,ea* *ip %\ld come out ) a clean cut1 b to insure ?is ! d[nw>d cuts %\ld be done fir/1 =m+ ! rais$ diagonal l9es4 ,:5 y h successfully p]=m$ ?is piece ( discipl9e1 y may1 if y c>e to d m ( ! same k9d ( "w1 c>ry out a design bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples we h be5 discuss+1 b introduc+ a v mod]ate am\nt ( v>iety by us+ "o or m ( ! patt]ns %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 all ( :i* are f ! same dusky arti/'s designs & c n be improv$ ^u4 ,if y wi% = m v>iety ?an ^! n>r[ limits af=d1 !n try "s o!r k9d ( c>v+1 ) p]haps leafage z its motive4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,gra9 ,,( ,,! ,,wood ,ob/9acy ( ! ,woody ,fib]--,fir/ ,ex]cise 9 ,gr\nd+--,description ( ,me?od--,cutt+ ! ,mit]s--,h&l+ ( ,tools1 ,dang] ( ,c>elessness--,importance ( ,clean ,cutt+4 ,x is curi\s to imag9e :at ! inside ( a "y en?usia/'s head mu/ be l :5 he makes 8 fir/ consci\s /ep t[>d arti/ic expression4 ,! *aotic jumbles ( half-=m$ ideas1 :irl+ ab\t 9 its recesses1 produce kaleidoscopic effects1 :i* to him look l ! mo/ lovely pictures4 ,if he c\ld only le>n to put !m d[n6 let him b acquire ! te*nical dep>tm5t ( 8 art1 & :at easi] ?an to realize ^? mo/ m>vel\s dreams4 ,lat] 9 8 progress x beg9s to dawn ^u him t ?is same te*nical dep>tm5t may n be s v ob$i5t to 8 wi%es2 x may h laws ( its own1 :i* %all *ange 8 fairy fancies into sob] images1 n at all unlike some?+ :i* has (t5 be5 done be=e by o!rs4 ,b let ! "y s\l cont9ue to see visions1 ! m ! bett]1 provid$ !y be ( ! "r sort4 ,we %all 9 ! meantime ask him to curb 8 imag9ation1 & yield 8 faculties = ! mom5t to ! app>5tly simple task ( realiz+ a leaf or two f "o ( ! trees 9 8 en*ant$ valley4 ,) ! /ud5t's k9d p]mission we %all1 :ile ^! lessons cont9ue1 make believe t tea*] & pupil are toge!r 9 a class-room1 or1 bett] /ill1 9 a c\ntry work%op1 ) *ips fly+ 9 all directions "u busy h&s4 ,i mu/ tell y !n1 t ! fir/ surprise :i* awaits ! beg9n]1 & "o :i* op5s 8 eyes to a :ole s]ies ( re/ra9ts ^u ! fre$om ( 8 op]ations1 lies 9 ! discov]y t wood has a decid$ gra9 or fib]4 ,he w f9d t x sometimes behaves 9 a v ob/9ate mann]1 refus+ to cut /raight "h1 *ipp+ (f !re1 & altoge!r seem+ to take pleasure 9 ?w>t+ 8 e ef=t4 ,by & by he gets to "k 8 piece ( wood2 :]e ! gra9 dips & :]e x comes up or wriggles1 & ) practise he becomes its ma/]4 ,he f9ds 9 ?is1 8 fir/ te*nical difficulty1 a k9d ( bless+ 9 disguise1 because x sets b\nds to :at w\ld o!rwise be an inf9itely vague *oice ( me?ods4 ,we %all n[ take a piece ( yell[ p9e1 free f knots1 & plan$ clean all r\nd4 ,! size may be ab\t #ab ins4 long by #g ins4 wide4 ,we %all fix ?is to ! b5* by means ( two clamps or "o clamp & a screw$ block at opposite corn]s4 ,n[ we are ready to beg9 "w1 b up to ! pres5t we h n ?\ght ( ! design we int5d execut+1 be+ s int5t ^u ! tools & impati5t = an attack ^u ! silky wood ) _! %>p edges4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #ac1 gives a clue to ! sort ( design to beg9 )2 x measures ab\t #aa ins4 long by #g ins4 wide1 all[+ a m>g9 all r\nd4 ,! wood %\ld be a little long] ?an ! design1 z ! ends get spoil$ by ! clamps4 ,?is little design ne$ n1 & inde$ %\ld n1 be copi$4 ,make "o = y\rself entirely diff]5t1 only be>+ 9 m9d ! po9ts :i* are to be obs]v$ 9 arrang+ x1 & :i* h = _! object ! avoidance ( difficulties likely to be too mu* = a fir/ ef=t4 ,^! po9ts are some:at to ?is effect3 ! design %\ld be ( leaves1 laid out flat on a backgr\nd1 ) no complication ( p]spective4 ,!y %\ld h no undulations ( surface4 ,t is to say1 ! m>g9s ( all ! features %\ld be z ne>ly z possible ! orig9al surface ( ! wood1 :i* may h j ! lea/ possible bit ( f9i% 9 ! mann] ,i %all describe lat] on4 ,! articulation ( ! leaves & fl[] is repres5t$ by simple g\ge cuts4 ,!re %\ld be no?+ 9 ! design requir+ r\nd$ surfaces4 ,! passage = tools 9 cle>+ out ! gr\nd betwe5 ! features mu/ n be less ?an #a_/d 942 ?is w all[ ! #c_/af 94 corn] gr\nd] to pass freely backw>d & =w>d4 ,! gr\nd is suppos$ to be sunk ab\t ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in*4 ,z y h n got y\r design made1 ,i %all1 = conv5i5ce' sake1 expla9 h[ ,fig4 #ac %\ld be begun & f9i%$4 ,fir/ hav+ trac$ ! full-size design x %\ld be transf]r$ to ! wood by means ( a piece ( blue c>bon pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,!n ) ei!r ! ,ve9] or ,v tool outl9e ! :ole ( ! leaves1 etc41 ab\t #a_/h 94 deep1 keep+ well on ! outside ( ! draw+4 ,ignore all m9or detail = ! pres5t1 block+ out ! design 9 masses4 ,no outl9e ne$ be groov$ = ! m>g9 ( ! panel at pres5t1 z x %\ld be done ) a l>g] tool4 ,= ?is purpose take g\ge ,no4 #f 7#a_/d 94 wide71 & beg9 at ! left-h& bottom corn] ( ! panel1 cut a groove ab\t #a_/af 94 )9 ! blue l9e1 tak+ c>e n to cut (f p>ts ( ! leaves 9 ! process2 beg9 a little above ! corn] at ! bottom1 & leave (f a little bel[ t at ! top4 ,! mit]s w be =m$ lat] on4 ,9 ?is op]ation1 z 9 all subsequ5t ones1 ! gra9 ( ! wood w be m or less 9 evid5ce4 ,y w by degrees get to "k ! piece ( wood y are work+ ^u1 & cut 9 su* a way t y\r tool runs ) ! gra9 & n aga9/ x2 t is to say1 y w cut z mu* z possible on ! up-hill direction ( ! fib]4 ,?is c n always be done 9 deep holl[s1 b !n y w h _h "s practise be=e y attempt ^!4 ,n[ take *isel ,no4 #aa1 & ) x /ab into ! groov$ outl9e1 press+ ! tool d[n p]p5dicul>ly to :at y ?9k feels l ! dep? ( ! gr\nd4 ,! mallet ne$ n be us$ = ?is1 z ! wood is s(t en\gh to all[ ( ! tools be+ press$ by ! h& alone1 b rememb] t ! =ce mu/ be proportion$ to ! dep? desir$1 & to ! direction ( ! gra92 mu* less pressure is want$ to drive a tool into ! wood :5 its edge is p>allel ) ! gra9 ?an :5 x lies 9 a cross direction2 small tools p5etrate m easily ?an l>ge ones1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 b "o mu/ ?9k ( ^! ?+s or accid5ts happ54 ,:5 y h be5 all r\nd ! design 9 ?is way ) su* g\ges z may be ne$$ = ! sl[ & quick curves1 get ! wood out ne>ly d[n to ! gr\nd1 leav+ a little = f9i%+4 ,d ?is ) any tool t fits ! spaces be/2 ! l>g] ! bett]4 ,cut across ! gra9 z mu* z possible1 n along x4 ,! flat g\ge1 ,no4 #a1 w be f\nd useful = ?is purpose 9 ! l>g] spaces1 & ! gr\nd]s = ! n>r[ passages4 ,?is leaves ! gr\nd 9 a r\gh /ate1 :i* mu/ be f9i%$ lat] on4 ,n[ take g\ges ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 & *isels ,nos4 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 & ) !m cut d[n ! outl9e z accurately z possible to ! dep? ( ! gr\nd1 &1 if y are lucky1 j a hair's bread? deep]4 ,9 do+ ?is make ! sides slope a little outw>d t[>d ! bottom4 ,if ! g\ges d n entirely adapt !mselves to ! cont\rs ( y\r l9es1 d n tr\ble1 b leave t bit to be done aft]w>d ) a sweep ( ! tool1 ei!r a flat g\ge1 or ! corn]-*isel us$ l a knife4 ,n[ we h all ! outl9e cut d[n to ! dep? ( ! backgr\nd1 & may proce$ to cle> out ! wood hang+ ab\t betwe5 ! design & ! gr\nd all r\nd x4 ,we %all d ?is ) ! gr\nd]s1 us+ ! l>ge/ "o :5 possible1 & only tak+ to ! smalle/ :5 absolutely necess>y on acc\nt ( space4 ,?is done1 we %all n[ proce$ to f9i% ! holl[ sides ( ! panel & make ! mit]s4 ,aga91 take ,no4 #f g\ge & drive a cle> holl[ t\*+ ! blue l9e at end ( panel1 & rea*+ ! bottom ( ! s9k+1 i4e41 ! actual gr\nd z f9i%$1 see a1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,to =m ! mit] at top ( left-h& side ( panel1 c>ry ! holl[ on until ! tool rea*es ! bottom ( ! holl[ runn+ along ! top2 z soon z ?is po9t is ga9$1 turn ! tool out & pit* x a little up 9 ! way %[n at c1 ,fig4 #ae1 9 :i* ! tool is %[n at an angle :i* br+s ! edge ( ! g\ge exactly on ! l9e ( ! mit] to be =m$4 ,beg9n+ z x does at b1 ?is quick turn ( ! h&le to ! left takes out ! little bit ( wood %[n by dott$ l9es at b1 & =ms "o-half ( ! mit]4 ,! cross-gra9 cut %\ld be done fir/1 z 9 ?is way !re is less risk ( spl9t]+4 ,n[ repeat ! process on ! long-gra9 side ( ! panel1 & "o mit] is 9 a good way = be+ f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,a ^w n[ ab\t ^! sides ( sunk panels4 ,!y always look bett] if !y are holl[$ ) a g\ge in/ead ( be+ cut squ>e d[n4 ,9 ! fir/ case !y c>ry out ! impression t ! :ole ?+ is cut out ( a solid piece ( wood1 :]eas :5 !y are cut %>ply d[n !y always sugge/ cab9et-mak+1 z if a piece _h be5 glu$ on to =m a m>g94 ,we h n[ got ! "w block$ out & ! gr\nd fairly level1 & we are ready to d ! little c>v+ we h all[$ ourselves4 ,be=e we beg9 ?is ,i %all take ! opportunity ( rem9d+ y t y mu/ be v c>eful 9 h&l+ y\r tools2 x is a matt] ( ! greate/ importance1 if ! cont+5cy ( cut f+]s or damag$ "w is to be avoid$4 ,! left h& 9 c>v+ has ne>ly z mu* to d z ! "r1 only 9 a diff]5t way4 ,grasp ! *isel or g\ge 9 ! left h& ) ! f+]s some:at ext5d$1 t is1 ! little f+] w come well on to ! blade1 & ! ?umb run up t[>d ! top ( ! h&le2 ! wri/ mean:ile re/+ on ! "w4 ,! "r h& is us$ = pu%+ ! tool =w>d1 & = turn+ x ?is way & t1 9 fact does mo/ ( ! guid+4 ,bo? h&s may be describ$ z oppos+ ea* o!r 9 =ce1 = ! pressure on ! tool f ! "r h& %\ld be resi/$ by ! left1 until almo/ a balance is /ruck1 & j en\gh =ce left to cut ! wood g5tly1 )\t dang] ( slipp+ =w>d & damag+ x or ! f+]s4 ,! tool is ?us 9 complete comm&1 & ! slighte/ *ange ( pressure on ei!r h& may alt] its direction or /op x altoge!r4 ,nev] drive a tool =w>d ) "o h& )\t ?is c\nt]-resi/ance1 z !re is no kn[+ :at may happ5 if x slips4 ,nev] wave tools ab\t 9 ! h&1 & g5]ally rememb] t !y are dang]\s implem5ts1 bo? to ! us] & ! "w4 ,nev] put too mu* =ce on a tool :5 9 ! neighborhood ( a delicate passage1 b take "t & eat ! bit ( wood out m\se-l1 9 small fragm5ts4 ,n[ we are ready to f9i% our panel4 ,take ! gr\nd]s1 accord+ to ! size requir$1 always us+ ! bigge/ possible4 ,keep ! tool well press$ d[n1 & %ave away ! r\ghness ( ! gr\nd1 giv+ ! tool a slight sideway motion z well z a =w>d "o4 ,"w "r up to ! leaves1 etc41 :i*1 if cut deep en\gh1 %\ld all[ ! *ips to come away freely1 leav+ a cle> l9e ( int]section2 if x does n1 !n ! upright sides mu/ be cut d[n until ! gr\nd is q cle> ( *ips4 ,gr\nd] tools are v prone to dig into ! surface & make "w = !mselves3 %>p tools1 practise1 & a slight sideway motion w prev5t ?is4 ,tool ,no4 #bc is useful 9 ?is respect1 its corn]s be+ slightly lift$ above ! level ( ! gr\nd z x passes along4 ,corn]s t c n be rea*$ ) ! b5t *isels may be f9i%$ (f ) ! corn]-*isel4 ,n[ we come to ! surface decorations1 = ! c>v+ 9 ?is design consi/s ( little m4 ,?is is all done ) ! g\ges4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ent] ! groove at its wide/ end & leave x at ! n>r[e/1 l[]+ ! h&le ( ! tool gradually z y g along to lift ! g\ge out ( ! wood1 produc+ ! draw+ ( ! =ms at ! same "t4 ,a g\ge cut nev] looks s well z :5 done at "o /roke2 pat*+ x aft]w>d ) am5dm5ts always produces a labor$ look4 ,if ?is has to be done1 ! tool %\ld be pass$ f9ally ov] ! :ole groove to remove ! sup]flu\s tool m>ks--a sideway glid+ motion ( ! edge1 comb9$ ) its =w>d motion1 (t5 succe$s 9 ?is op]ation4 ,to =m ! circul> c5t] ( ! fl[]1 press d[n g\ge ,nos4 #e or #f1 g5tly at fir/ & p]p5dicul> to ! wood4 ,:5 a cut has be5 made all r\nd ! circle1 "w ! edge ( ! tool 9 x1 circus-l1 by turn+ ! h&le 9 ! f+]s r\nd & r\nd until ! edge cuts its way d[n to ! prop] dep?4 7,see ,a1 ,fig4 #ae47 ,c>ve ! sides ( ! leaves :]e necess>y ) flat g\ges on ! inside curves1 & ) *isels & corn]-*isels on ! outside ones4 ,^! %\ld be us$ 9 a slid+ or knife-l fa%ion1 & n m]ely pu%$ =w>d4 ,f9i% ! surface 9 ! same mann] all ov] betwe5 ! g\ge grooves & ! edges ( ! leaves1 produc+ a v slight bevel z 9 section a1 ,fig4 #ac1 & ?is panel may be call$ f9i%$4 ,fig4 #ad is ano!r sugge/ion = a design1 ^u :i* ,i hope y w base "o ( y\r own z an ex]cise at ?is /age ( y\r progress4 ,be=e we beg9 ano!r1 ?\gh1 ,i %all take ?is opportunity ( read+ y a %ort lecture on a mo/ important matt] :i* has a great deal to d ) ! prep>ation ( y\r m9d 9 mak+ a suitable *oice ( subject = y\r future "w4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,imitation ,,( ,,natural ,,=ms ,difficulties ( ,selection & ,arrangem5t--,limits ( an ,imitative ,treatm5t--,light & ,di/ance ,factors 9 ! ,arrangem5t ( a ,design--,economy ( ,detail ,necess>y--,! ,^w ,conv5tional4 ,broadly /at$1 ! ?ree mo/ =midable difficulties :i* confront ! beg9n] :5 he sets out to make :at he is pleas$ to call 8 design = c>v+ 9 relief1 are3 ,fir/ly1 ! *oice ( a subject2 secondly1 h[ f> he may g 9 ! imitation ( its details2 ?irdly1 its arrangem5t z a :ole :5 he has decid$ ! fir/ two po9ts4 ,j n[ we %all deal only ) ! second difficulty1 t is1 h[ f> may lik5ess to nature be c>ri$4 ,we %all d ?is1 because until we come to "s und]/&+ on t po9t1 a "r *oice ( subject becomes practically impossible1 consequ5tly ! consid]ation ( its arrangem5t w\ld be premature4 ,!re is1 /rictly speak+1 only "o aim wor?y ( ! arti/'s att5tion1 be he c>v] or pa9t]2 & t is ! repres5tation ( "s =m ( life1 or its associations4 ,luckily1 !re is a mighty cons5sus ( op9ion 9 support ( ?is dictum1 bo? by example & precept1 s !re is no ne$ to discuss x1 or "q its au?ority4 ,we %all proce$1 !re=e1 to act ^u x1 & *oose = our "w only su* mat]ial z 9 "s way indicates life1 ei!r directly1 z 9 trees1 animals1 or figures1 or by association1 & z explanation !re(1 z 9 drap]y & o!r accessories--nev] *oos+ a subject l ^? kn[n to pa9t]s z /ill life1 su* z b[ls1 fiddles1 weapons1 etc41 unless1 z ,i h said1 !y are associat$ ) ! m important elem5t4 ,y h already discov]$ by practise t wood has a gra9 :i* sets b\nds to ! possibilities ( te*nique4 ,y h yet to le>n t x has also an inord9ate capacity = swall[+ light4 ,n[1 z x is by ! aid ( light t we see ! results ( our labor1 x foll[s t we %\ld d ev]y?+ 9 our p[] to take full advantage ( t helpful ag5cy4 ,x is obvi\s t "w :i* c n be se5 is only s mu* labor ?r[n away4 ,!re is approximately a "r relative di/ance f :i* to view all mann] ( c>v+s1 & if f ?is position ! "w is n bo? di/9ct & coh]5t1 its result is valueless4 ,!n :at is ! quality :i* makes all ! diff]5ce betwe5 a tell+ piece ( c>v+1 & "o :i* looks1 at a mod]ate di/ance1 l crumpl$ pap] or ! cork b>k :i* decorates a suburban summ]-h\se8 ,! answ] is1 att5tion to /rict economy 9 detail4 ,)\t economy !re c be no arrangem5t1 & )\t ! latt] no g5]al effect4 ,we are practically deal+1 n ) s mu* m]e wood1 b unconsci\sly we are direct+ our ef=ts to a manipulation ( ! light ( day--play+ ) ! lamps ( ! sky--& if we d n und]/& ?is1 ! result mu/ be und\bt$ly failure1 ) a piece ( wood left on our h&s1 cut into un9telligible ruts4 ,b :at1 y w say1 has all ?is to d ) copy+ ! inf9ite v>iety ( nature's detail2 surely x c n be wrong to imitate :at is really beautiful 9 itself8 ,y w f9d ! be/ answ] to ?is 9 ! te*nical difficulties ( y\r task4 ,y h ! gra9 ( ! wood to ?9k (1 & n[ y h ?is o!r difficulty 9 manag+ ! light :i* is to display y\r design4 ,! ob/9acy ( ! wood may be to "s ext5t conqu]$1 & inde$ has be5 almo/ entirely s1 by ! te*nical res\rces ( ,gr9l+ ,gibbons1 b ! treatm5t dem&$ by ! laws ( light & vision is q ano!r "q1 & if our "w is to h its due effect1 !re is no o!r solution ( ! problem ?an by f9d+ a way ( comply+ ) ^? laws4 ,if ,i want to repres5t a rose & make x intelligible at a glance f su* & su* a po9t ( view1 & ,i f9d aft] tak+ inf9ite pa9s to reproduce z _m z ,i c ( its num]\s petals1 & z mu* z possible ( its complicat$ foliage1 t ,i _h n reckon$ ) ! light :i* 0 to illum9ate x1 & t in/ead ( display+ my "w to advantage1 x has blurr$ all its delicate =ms into dusky & *aotic masses1 w\ld ,i n be fooli% if ,i repeat$ su* an exp]im5t8 ,r1 ,i take ! opposite extreme1 & produce a rose ?is "t :i* has b five petals1 & "o or two sprays ( rudim5t>y foliage4 ,someh[ ! result is bett]1 & x has only tak5 me a t5? "p ( ! "t to produce4 ,i n[ f9d t ,i c af=d1 )\t (f5d+ ! g5ius ( light1 or /ra9+ my eyesight1 to add a few m petals & "o or two extra leaves betwe5 ^? ,i h s sp>+ly design$1 & a k9d ( balance is /ruck4 ,! same ?+ happ5s :5 ,i try to repres5t a :ole tree--,i c n ev5 c\nt ! leaves ^u x1 :y !n attempt to c>ve !m8 ,let me make "o leaf t w /& = fifty1 & let t leaf be simplifi$ until x is little m ?an an ab/ract ( ! =m ,i see 9 su* ?\s&fold v>iety4 ,! pro( t ,i am "r ?is "t is t :5 ,i /& at ! prop] di/ance to view my "w1 x is all z di/9ct z ,i c\ld wi% x to be4 ,n a leaf-po9t is q lo/ to sight1 except :]e1 9 vani%+ into a %ad[1 x adds my/]y )\t creat+ confusion4 ,we h 9 ?is discov]y a clue to ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,conv5tional3 x means t a p>ticul> me?od has be5 agre$ ^u z ! be/ fitt$ = its purpose1 i4e41 z %[+ ! "w to mo/ advantage ) a m9imum ( labor4 ,n t exp]i5ce _h really any?+ to d ) ! inv5tion ( ! me?od4 ,/range to say1 ! e>lie/ ef=ts 9 c>v+ 7 bas$ ^u an unque/ion+ s5se t no o!r 0 possible1 c]ta9ly no attempts 7 made to *ange x until 9 latt] days temptations arose 9 v>i\s directions1 ! effects ( :i* h entail$ ^u ourselves a consci\s ef=t ( *oice 9 comp>+ ! results ( ! _m subsequ5t exp]im5ts4 ,be=e ,i cont9ue ?is subject fur!r1 ,i %all give y ano!r ex]cise1 ) ! object ( mak+ a clos] resemblance to natural =ms1 be>+ 9 m9d ! :ile all t has be5 said ab\t a sp>+ use ( m9ute detail ) ref]5ce to its visible effect4 ,we %all 9 ?is design attempt "s %ap+ on ! surface ( ! leaves & a little r\nd+ too1 :i* may add int]e/ to ! "w4 ,9 my next lecture to y1 ,i %all h some?+ to say ab\t ano!r important elem5t 9 all designs = wood-c>v+4 ,i mean ! %apes tak5 by ! backgr\nd betwe5 ! leaves1 l ! pat*es ( sky se5 beh9d a tree4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,r\nd$ ,,=ms ,necessity = ,e ,c>v] ,mak+ 8 own ,designs--,me?od ( ,c>v+ ,r\nd$ ,=ms on a ,sunk ,gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,fig4 #af1 our second ex]cise1 l ! fir/ "o1 is only to be tak5 z a sugge/ion = a design to be made by y\rself4 ,x is a fundam5tal pr9ciple t bo? design & execution %\ld be ! "w ( "o & ! same p]son1 & ,i want y to beg9 by /rictly practis+ ?is rule4 ,x 0 inde$ "o ( ! ma9 conditions ( production 9 ! be/ times ( ! pa/1 & !re is n a %ad[ ( d\bt t x mu/ aga9 come to be ! univ]sal rule if any real progress is to be made 9 ! art ( wood-c>v+1 or 9 any o!r art = t matt]4 ,j ?9k = a mom5t h[ false mu/ be ! position ( bo? p>ties1 :5 "o makes a design & ano!r c>ries x out4 ,! design] sets 8 head to "w 7we mu/ n c\nt 8 h&s at pres5t1 z !y only note d[n ! results 9 a k9d ( writ+71 a design is produc$ & h&$ ov] to ! c>v] to execute4 ,he1 ! c>v]1 sets 8 h&s & eyes to "w1 to c>ry out ! o!r man's idea1 or at lea/ int]pret 8 notes = ! same1 8 head mean:ile hav+ v little to d1 fur!r ?an transf] ! said notes to 8 h&s4 ,= v good reasons su* an arrangem5t z ?is is b\nd to come to grief4 ,"o is1 t no piece ( c>v+ c prop]ly be said to be design$ until x is f9i%$ to ! la/ /roke4 ,a draw+ is only a map ( its g5]al outl9e1 ) p]haps cont\rs approximately indicat$ by %ad+4 ,9 any case1 ev5 if a full-size model 7 suppli$ by ! design]1 ! pr9ciple involv$ w\ld suff] j ! same degree ( viol5ce1 = x is 9 ! actual c>v+ ( ! wood t ! design] %\ld f9d bo? 8 inspiration & ! discipl9e :i* keeps x )9 reasonable b\nds4 ,he mu/ be at full lib]ty to alt] 8 orig9al int5tion z ! "w develops "u 8 h&4 ,app>5tly ,i h be5 l$ into giv+ y ano!r lecture2 we mu/ n[ get to "w on our ex]cise4 ,draw & trace y\r outl9e 9 ! same mann] z be=e1 & transf] x to ! wood4 ,y may make x any conv5i5t size1 say on a bo>d #ah ins4 long by #i ins4 wide1 or :at o!r %ape y l1 provid$ y obs]ve "o or two conditions :i* ,i am go+ to po9t out4 ,x %all h a fair am\nt ( backgr\nd betwe5 ! features1 & ! design1 :atev] x is1 %all =m a traceable lik5ess to a patt]n ( "s description2 x %all h a rudim5t>y resemblance to nature1 )\t go+ into mu* detail2 & la/1 x %all h a few r\nd$ =ms 9 x1 r\nd$ bo? 9 outl9e & on ! surface1 z1 = in/ance1 plums4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,9 sett+ to "w to c>ve ?is ex]cise1 foll[ ! same proc$ure z 9 ! fir/ "o1 up to ! po9t :5 ! surface decorations began4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 !re is a sugge/ion = a v>iety 9 ! backgr\nd :i* does n occur 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ?is case ! little bran*es are suppos$ to lie along ! tops ( g5tle elevations1 & ! plums to lie 9 ! holl[s4 ,x produces a section some?+ l ?is1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,!re is a suffici5t excuse = ?is k9d ( treatm5t 9 ! fact t ! bran*es d n require mu* dep?1 & ! plums w look all ! bett] = a little m4 ,! dep? ( ! backgr\nd w ?us v>y1 say betwe5 #c_/af 94 at ! bran*es & #c_/h 94 at ! plums4 ,! bran*es are suppos$ to be p]fectly level f end to end1 t is1 !y lie p>allel to ! surface ( ! wood1 b ( c\rse curve ab\t 9 ! o!r direction4 ,! leaves1 on ! o!r h&1 are suppos$ to be some:at r\nd$ & fall+ away t[>d _! sides & po9ts 9 places4 ,! ve9 9 ! c5t] ( ! leaves may be done ) a p>t+ tool1 z well z ! s]rations at ! edge1 or ! latt] may p]haps be m surely nick$ out ) a *isel1 aft] ! leaves h receiv$ _! %apes1 ! leaves be+ made to appe> z if "o side 0 high] ?an ! o!r1 & z ?\gh _! po9ts1 9 "s cases1 t\*$ ! backgr\nd1 :ile 9 o!rs ! base may be ! l[e/ "p4 ,! twigs com+ out f ! bran*es to support ! plums %\ld be some:at l ?is 9 section1 & %\ld lie along ! curve ( ! backgr\nd1 & be 9 !mselves r\nd$1 z 9 ,fig4 #ah1 see section a a4 ,! bottom ( ! panel %[s a bevel in/ead ( a holl[ bord]3 ?is w s]ve to di/+ui% x z a />t+-po9t = ! little bran*es :i* appe> to em]ge f x l trees out ( ! gr\nd4 ,! plums %\ld be c>v$ by fir/ cutt+ !m d[n 9 outl9e to ! backgr\nd1 z ,a1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,!n ! wood %\ld be remov$ f ! edge all r\nd1 to =m ! r\nd$ surface4 ,to d ?is1 fir/ take ! l>ge g\ge1 ,no4 #b1 & ) its holl[ side to ! wood1 cut (f ! top1 f ab\t its middle to "o end1 & rev]s+ ! process d ! same ) ! o!r side4 ,!n x w appe> some?+ l ,b 7,fig4 #ai74 ,! rema9d] mu/ be %ap$ ) any tool :i* w d x be/4 ,!re is no royal road to ! production ( ^! r\nd$ =ms1 b probably g\ge ,no4 #a w d ! mo/ ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,"h x may be obs]v$ t ! few] tools us$ ! bett]1 z if _m are us$ !re is always a risk ( unpleasant facets at ! places :]e ! v>i\s m>ks jo9 ea* o!r4 ,be=e y try ! plums1 or apples1 or o!r r\nd$ fruit :i* y may h 9 y\r design1 x w\ld be z well to exp]im5t ) "o on a piece ( sp>e wood 9 ord] to decide ^u ! mo/ suitable tools4 ,! /ems or bran*es may be done ) flat g\ge ,no4 #a1 or ! flat or corn] *isel4 ,a v delicate twi/ or spiral t5d5cy 9 _! upw>d gr[? w greatly improve _! appe>ance1 a m]e facet+ produc$ by a flat g\ge or *isel w d ?is2 any?+ is bett] ?an a m]e r\nd & b>e surface1 :i* has a t5d5cy to look d\ghy4 ,! little circul> m>k on ! end ( ! plum 7call x a plum1 al?\gh t fruit has no su* ?+7 is done by press+ g\ge ,no4 #g into ! wood fir/1 ) ! h&le r ne> ! surface ( ! wood1 & aft]w>d at a high] incl9ation1 ?is tak+ out a t9y *ip ( a circul> %ape & leav+ a ,v-%ap$ groove4 ,n[ ,i am go+ to cont9ue ! subject ( my la/ lecture1 9 ord] to impress ^u y ! importance ( suit+ y\r subject to ! conditions dem&$ by ! laws ( te*nique & light4 ,practise ) ! tools mu/ g h& 9 h& ) ! education ( ! head if good results are to be expect$2 nor mu/ x be left :olly to h& & eye if y are to avoid ! pitfalls :i* lie 9 wait = ! unw>y me*anic4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,patt]n$ ,,backgr\nd ,importance ( ,=mal ,patt]n z an ,aid to ,visibility--,patt]n & ,free ,r5d]+ ,comp>$--,fir/ ,impressions ,la/+--,m$ieval ,*oice ( ,natural ,=ms ,gov]n$ by a ,"q ( ,patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,by a comp>ison ( ! piece ( ,byzant9e sculpture1 ,fig4 #bj1 ) ! m elaborate treatm5t ( foliage %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba1 f late ,go?ic capitals1 9 ,s\?well ,m9/]1 x w be se5 h[ an increas+ desire = imitative resemblance has tak5 ! place ( a patt]n$ f\ndation1 & h[1 9 consequ5ce1 ! backgr\nd is no long] disc]nible z a contra/+ =m4 ,! ,byzant9e design is1 ( c\rse1 little m ?an a patt]n ) sunk holes = a backgr\nd1 & x is 9 m>ble2 b ^? holes are arrang$ 9 a di/9ct & ord]ly fa%ion4 ,! o!r is a highly reali/ic treatm5t ( foliage1 ! lik5ess to nature be+ s fully develop$ t "s ( ^! gr\ps h ve9s on ! backs ( ! leaves4 ,! "q = ! mom5t is ?is1 :i* ( ! two extremes gives ! cle>e/ acc\nt ( itself at a di/ance8 ,i ?9k !re c be little d\bt t ! m =mal arrangem5t be>s ?is te/ bett] ?an ! o!r1 & ?is1 too1 9 face ( ! fact t x has co/ mu* less labor to produce4 ,rememb] we are only n[ consid]+ ! "q ( visibility 9 ! design4 ,y may l ! undef9$ & sugge/ive masses into :i* ! leaves & %ad[s ( ! ,s\?well "o gr\p !mselves bett] ?an ! unb5d+ sev]ity ( ! l9es 9 ! o!r1 b t is n ! po9t at pres5t4 ,y c n see ! actual "w :i* produces t my/]y1 & ,i may po9t out to y1 t :at is "h romantic & pleas+ on acc\nt ( its *angeful & in=mal %ad[s1 is on ! v]ge ( becom+ m]e bewild]+ confusion2 a t5d5cy :i* always accompanies attempts to imitate ! accid5tal or in=mal gr\p+ ( leaves1 s common to _! natural /ate4 ,! fur!r ?is is c>ri$1 ! less is x possible to gov]n ! =ms ( ! backgr\nd patt]n2 !y become less disc]nible z contra/+ =ms1 al?\gh !y may be v int]e/+ z elem5ts ( my/]y & sugge/ive ( ?+s n actually se54 ,! consequ5ce is a loss ( p[] 9 produc+ t in/antane\s impression ( h>mony :i* is "o ( ! secrets ( effectiv5ess 9 c>v+4 ,?is is greatly ow+ to ! con/ant *ange ( plane dem&$ by an imitative treatm5t1 z well z ! want ( =mality 9 its backgr\nd4 ,! lack ( re/ful monotony 9 ?is respect creates confusion 9 ! lights1 mak+ a clos] inspection necess>y 9 ord] to disc]n ! beauty ( ! "w4 ,n[ ! human imag9ation loves surprises1 & nev] :olly =gives ! arti/ :o1 fail+ to adm9i/] a pleasant %ock1 invites x to come =w>d & exam9e ! details ( 8 "w 9 ord] to see h[ well !y are execut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,^! examples1 y w say1 are f ar*itectural details :i* h no?+ to d ) wood-c>v+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! same laws gov]n all mann] ( sculpturesque composition--scale or mat]ial mak+ no diff]5ce :atev]4 ,a sculptur$ m>ble frieze or a c>v$ ivory snuff-box may be equally c5surable z be+ ei!r s b>e t !y v]ge on baldness & want ( int]e/1 or s elaborate t !y look l lay]s ( fungus4 ,d n imag9e t ,i am urg+ any pref]5ce = a ,byzant9e treatm5t 9 y\r "w2 to d s w\ld be z fooli% z to ask y to don m$ieval co/ume :ile at "w1 or assume ! spee* & mann]s ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,x w\ld be j z ridicul\s on y\r "p to affect a bias :i* 0 n natural to y4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 /rongly conv9c$ t 9 ! *oice ( natural =ms & _! arrangem5t into ord]ly masses 7m p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to _! appe>ance 9 silh\ette aga9/ ! gr\nd71 & also 9 ! matt] ( an economical use ( detail1 we h mu* to le>n f ! c>v]s :o prec$$ ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,!y ?or\ghly und]/ood & appreciat$ ! value ( ! light :i* fell ^u _! "w1 & 9 design+ x arrang$ e detail ) ! object ( reflect+ z mu* ( x z possible4 ,to ?is end1 _! "w 0 always calculat$ = its be/ effects to be se5 at a fairly di/ant po9t ( view2 & to make sure t x w\ld be bo? visible & coh]5t1 se5 f t po9t1 !y insi/$ ^u "s easily und]/ood patt]n :i* gave ! key to ! :ole at a glance4 ,to make a patt]n ( ?is k9d is n su* an easy matt] z x looks4 ,! =ms ( ! backgr\nd spaces are ! complem5t>y p>ts ( ! design1 & are j z important z ^? ( ! solid portions2 x takes !m bo? to make a good design4 ,n[ ,i believe y mu/ h _h en\gh ( ?is subject = ! pres5t1 m especially z y h n yet begun to feel ! extraord9>y difficulty ( mak+ up y\r m9d z to :at is & :at is n fit = ! c>v]'s uses among ! b\ndless examples ( beauty spread out = our *oice by ,dame ,nature4 ,meantime1 ,i d n want y to run away ) ! impression t :5 y h ma/]$ ! pr9ciples ( economy 9 detail & an ord]ly disposition ( backgr\nd1 t y h !re=e le>n$ all t is necess>y 9 ord] to g on turn+ out design aft] design ) ! ease ( a cook mak+ pancakes accord+ to a recipe4 ,y w f9d by exp]i5ce1 ,i ?9k1 t all su* pr9ciples are good = is to en=ce cle>ness ( utt]ance1 s to speak1 & to rem9d y t x is light y are deal+ )1 & ^u :i* y mu/ dep5d = all effects2 also t ! p[] ( vision is limit$4 ,act+ ^u !m is q ano!r matt]1 & "o1 ,i am afraid1 9 :i* no "o c help y mu*4 ,y may be c\nsel$ z to ! be/ & mo/ practical mode ( express+ y\r ideas1 b ^? ?\ghts & inv5tions mu/ come f y\rself if !y are to be wor? hav+4 ,9 my next lecture ,i %all h some?+ to say ) reg>d to orig9ality ( design1 b n[ we mu/ take up our tools aga9 & beg9 "w ^u ano!r ex]cise4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,cont\rs ,,( ,,surface ,adaptation ( ,old ,designs to ,mod]n ,purposes--,?r[+ ,ab\t--,critical ,inspection ( ,"w f a ,di/ance z x ,proce$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,"h are two fragm5ts ( a k9d ( runn+ ornam5t4 ,fig4 #bb is a "p ( ! jamb mold+ ( a *ur* 9 ,vic5za4 ,if y obs]ve c>efully1 y w f9d t x has a decid$ly classical appe>ance4 ,! tru? is t x 0 c>v$ by a ,go?ic arti/ late 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 j aft] ! ,r5aissance influ5ce began to make itself felt4 ,x is an adaptation by him ( :at he rememb]$ hav+ se5 9 8 travels ( ! new /yle1 graft$ ^u ! traditional treatm5t ready to 8 h&4 ,x suits our purpose all ! bett] on t acc\nt1 = ! reason t we are go+ to re-adapt 8 design into an ex]cise1 & %all attempt to make x suitable to our limit$ ability 9 h&l+ ! tools1 to ! *ange 9 mat]ial f /one to wood1 & la/ly1 to our diff]5t aims & motives 9 ! treatm5t ( ar*itectural ornam5t4 ,please d all ?is = y\rself 9 ano!r design1 & look ^u ?is sugge/ion m]ely 9 ! light ( help+ a lame dog ov] a /ile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,9 ?is ex]cise 7,fig4 #bc7 y w repeat all y h already done ) ! o!rs1 until y come to ! %ap+ ( ! leaves1 9 :i* an undulat+ or up & d[n motion has be5 attempt$4 ,?is involves a k9d ( d\ble draw+ 9 ! curves1 "o = ! flat & "o = ! projections2 s t !y may appe> to glide ev5ly f "o po9t to ! o!r1 sweep+ up & d[n1 "r & left1 )\t los+ _! true cont\rs4 ,c>v]s call ?is process ?r[+ ab\t1 i4e41 mak+ ! leaves1 etc41 appe> to rise f ! backgr\nd & aga9 fall t[>d x 9 all directions4 ,! phrase is a v meag] "o1 & b poorly expresses ! necessity = intimate sympa?y betwe5 ea* surface s ?r[n ab\t4 ,x is precisely 9 ! obs]vance ( ?is la/ quality t effects ( ri*ness are produc$4 ,y c h>dly h too mu* monotony ( surface1 b may easily err by hav+ too mu* v>iety4 ,!re=e1 :atev] sy/em ( light & %ade y may adopt1 be c>eful to repeat its motive 9 "s sort ( rhy?mic ord] all ov] y\r "w2 by no o!r means c y make x ri* & effective at a di/ance4 ,x is well e n[ & !n to put y\r "w up on a %elf or l$ge at a di/ance & view x z a :ole2 y w ?us see :i* p>ts tell & :i* d n1 & s ga9 exp]i5ce on ?is po9t4 ,"w %\ld also be turn$ ab\t frequ5tly1 sidewise & upside d[n1 9 ord] to f9d h[ ! light affects x 9 diff]5t directions4 ,( c\rse1 y mu/ n ?9k t because y\r "w may happ5 to look well :5 se5 f a little way (f t x does n matt] ab\t ! details1 :e!r !y be well or poorly c>v$4 ,on ! contr>y1 unless y satisfy ! eye at bo? po9ts ( view1 y\r "w is a p>tial failure4 ,! "o ?+ is z important z ! o!r1 only1 z ! fir/ glance at c>v$ "w is g5]ally tak5 at "s little di/ance1 x is ! m imm$iately necess>y to ?9k ( t1 be=e we beg9 to "w = a clos] inspection4 ,fir/ impressions are g5]ally la/+ ) reg>d to c>v$ "w1 &1 z ,i h said be=e1 beauty ( detail seldom q atones = failure 9 ! arrangem5t ( masses4 ,! r\nd$ =ms 9 ?is design may give y a little tr\ble1 b practise1 & t alone1 w enable y to ov]come ?is4 ,absolute smoo?ness is n desirable4 ,glass-pap]$ surfaces are extremely ugly1 because !y obtrude !mselves on acc\nt ( _! extreme smoo?ness1 hav+ lo/ all signs ( h&iwork 9 ! tool m>ks4 ,we %all h some?+ to say pres5tly ab\t ^! tool m>ks 9 f9i%+1 z x is a v important subject :i* may make all ! diff]5ce betwe5 success or failure 9 f9i%+ a piece ( "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,orig9ality ,dang]s ( ,impos+ ,words--,novelty m ,common ?an ,orig9ality--,an ,un:olesome ,k9d ( ,orig9ality4 ,i told y t ,i %\ld h some?+ to say ab\t orig9ality4 ,almo/ e beg9n] has "s vague impression t 8 fir/ duty %\ld be to aim at orig9ality4 ,he he>s eulogiums pass$ ^u ! individuality ( "s "o or o!r1 & tries h>d to inv5t new =ms ( expression or peculi>ities ( /yle1 only result+1 9 mo/ cases1 9 new =ms ( ugl9ess1 :i* x seems is ! only possibility "u su* consci\s ef=ts aft] novelty4 ,! fact is t x takes _m g5]ations ( ard5t m9ds to accompli% :at at fir/ ea* ?9ks himself capable ( do+ alone4 ,true orig9ality has some:at ! quality ( good w9e1 :i* becomes m delightful z "t mell[s its flavor & imp>ts to x ! aroma :i* comes ( long repose2 l ! new w9e1 too1 orig9ality %\ld %yly hide itself 9 d>k places until maturity w>rants its appe>ance 9 ! light ( day4 ,t k9d ( orig9ality :i* is /rik+ly new does n always /& ! te/ ( "t1 & %\ld be reg>d$ ) cauti\s skepticism until x has prov$ itself to be m ?an ! pass+ fa%ion or novelty ( a season4 ,!re is a k9d ( %am art v conspicu\s at ! pres5t "t1 :i* 0 at q a rec5t date popul>ly believ$ to be v orig9al4 ,x seems to h aris5 out ( "s su* impati5t crav+ = novelty1 & x has be5 enc\rag$ by an easy-go+ k9d ( suburban ref9em5t1 :i* nei!r kn[s nor c>es v mu* :at really goes to ! mak+ ( a "w ( art4 ,?is new art has fill$ our %ops & exhibitions ) an inv]tebrate k9d ( ornam5t1 :i* c]ta9ly has ! d\btful m]it ( nev] hav+ be5 se5 be=e4 ,x has evid5tly tak5 its inspiration f ! trail+ & sup9e =ms ( float+ seawe$1 & revels 9 ! expression ( su* boneless /ructure4 ,by way ( v>iety x pres5ts u ) a k9d ( symbolic tree1 rem>kable = m ?an ar*aic flatness & rigidity4 ,n[1 ?is k9d ( orig9ality is n only absolutely valueless1 b exce$+ly h>mful2 its only m]it is t1 l its ideal seawe$1 x has no backbone ( its own1 & we may hope t x w soon betake itself to its natural home1 ! slimy bottom ( ! ocean ( oblivion4 ,meantime1 ! only ?+ we are absolutely sure ( 9 connection ) t mu*-abus$ ^w orig9ality is ?is1 t no gift1 orig9al or o!rwise1 c be develop$ )\t /eady & cont9u\s practise ) ! tools ( y\r craft4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,pi]c$ ,,patt]ns ,ex]cise 9 ,backgr\nd ,patt]n--,c>e z to ,/ability--,drill+ & ,saw+ out ! ,spaces--,"s ,uses = ,pi]c$ ,patt]ns4 ,! pres5t ex]cises may be describ$ z a k9d ( c>v$ op5 fretwork--t is to say1 ! gr\nd is entirely cut away1 leav+ ! patt]n /&+ free4 ,?is w =m an excell5t piece ( discipl9e ) reg>d to ! design ( backgr\nd =ms1 because 9 su* "w z ?is1 ^? =ms ass]t !mselves 9 a v m>k$ mann]2 if !y are 9 any way f\nd to be conspicu\sly unequal 9 size or are awkw>dly design$ z to %ape1 ! :ole effect ( ! "w is spoil$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,= y\r fir/ ef=t make a design bas$ ^u ,no4 #bd1 & please to obs]ve ^! rules 9 its con/ruction4 ,! ma9 or lead+ l9es ( ! patt]n are to run z mu* z possible )\t cross+ ea* o!r4 ,! holes are to be fairly equal 9 size1 or r 9 area1 z !y ne$ n be at all l ea* o!r 9 %ape4 ,! am\nt ( wood left /&+ to be ( a wid? av]ag+ nev] less ?an half ! l5g? ( ! av]age-siz$ hole4 ,?is is necess>y = secur+ suffici5t /r5g? ( mat]ial 9 ! cross-gra9$ pieces1 :i* w\ld be liable to split if made too long & n>r[4 ,! patt]n %\ld be =mal 9 "*1 n necess>ily symmetrical1 b x %\ld be well balanc$4 ,y may h "o "p ( y\r design compos$ ( l>ge holes & ano!r ( small ones1 provid$ ! *ange is "p ( a def9ite design1 z 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,y may ev5 leave ! wood 9 "s p>ts =m+ a solid backgr\nd1 or y may treat x z a sep>ate piece ( simple c>v+ on ! solid1 z 9 ,fig4 #bf1 be+ c>eful to execute x 9 a consi/5tly simple mann]1 z 9 ?is k9d ( "w mu* *ange ( mann] 9 execution is inadvisable1 al?\gh1 at ! same "t1 x is op5 to any am\nt ( v>iety 9 design ( outl9e & comb9ation ( contra/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,take a piece ( p9e ab\t #c or #d ft4 long & #g or #i ins4 wide by #c_/d 94 ?ick4 ,trace on y\r patt]n & drill circul> holes 9 ! middle ( ea* space to be cut ?r\gh4 ,!n take a keyhole saw1 & remove ! wood by saw+ r\nd ! space close to ! blue l9e1 tak+ c>e n to cut ?r\gh x 9 any place4 ,! saw mu/ be held v truly upright 9 ord] to cut ! sides ( ! spaces at "r angles to ! face ( ! wood4 ,n[ c>ve ! patt]n on ! surface 9 :atev] mann] y h design$--9 grooves sugge/+ ! articulation ( ! leaves1 9 %ort grooves :i* may pass = additional leaves1 or 9 a doz5 ways :i* practise may help y to inv5t4 ,! wood %\ld be held tightly d[n to ! b5* 9 all its p>ts1 or1 at lea/1 9 ^? be+ op]at$ ^u1 z x may1 if unsupport$1 crack across "s ( ! n>r[ p>ts4 ,! sides ( all ! holes mu/ be c>v$ out clean to remove ! r\gh saw m>ks4 ,?is c be done p>tly by g\ges1 or /ill bett]1 ! wood may be held up on its edge & ! holes cut r\nd ) a %>p p5knife :]e ! gra9 all[s x4 ,n[ turn ! "w ov] on its face & c>ve bevels r\nd ea* ( ! holes4 ,?is r$uces ! app>5t ?ickness ( wood1 & adds to ! effect ( delicacy 9 ! patt]n4 ,?is "w may be us$ = ! cre/+ ( "s l>ge piece ( furniture1 or may be adapt$ to fill scre5s or p>titions1 /air newels1 & balu/]s1 or x may be us$ z a cornice decoration 9 ! mann] sugge/$ by ,no4 #bf1 :]e ! pi]c$ "w c be back$ by a holl[ cornice :i* x fills & enri*es4 ,9 our next ex]cise we %all try our h&s ^u a piece ( h>dwood = a *ange--meantime d "o or two ( ^! fret patt]ns by way ( discipl9>y ex]cise 9 outl9e =ms4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,h>dwood ,,c>v+ ,c>v+s c n be ,indep5d5t ,ornam5ts--,c>v+ ,impossible on ,comm]cial ,productions--,! ,amateur ,jo9]--,corn] ,cupbo>ds--,introduction ( ,foliage ,def9ite 9 ,=m1 & ,simple 9 ,"*--,me?ods ( ,c>v+ ,grapes4 ,we n[ come to ! "q1 :at are we go+ to d ) all ! pieces ( c>v+ :i* we propose to und]take4 ,!re is no m inexorable law relat+ to ! use ( wood-c>v+ ?an ! "o :i* insi/s ^u "s k9d ( passport = its introduction1 :]ev] x appe>s4 ,x mu/ come 9 good company1 & be prop]ly introduc$4 ,! slighte/ & mo/ di/ant connection ) a recogniz$ sponsor is (t5 suffici5t1 b x w n be receiv$ alone4 ,we d n make c>v+s to hang on a wall & be admir$ altoge!r on _! own acc\nt4 ,!y mu/ decorate "s object4 ,a *ur* scre51 a font1 a piece ( furniture1 or ev5 ! h&le ( a knife4 ,x is n always an easy matt] to f9d suitable objects ^u :i* to ex]cise our wood-c>v+ tal5ts4 ,our furniture is all made n[ 9 a :olesale mann] :i* p]mits ( no int]f]5ce ) its con/ruction1 :ile at ! same "t1 if we wi% to put any c>v+ ^u x1 x is absolutely ess5tial t bo? con/ruction & decoration %\ld be consid]$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,a v mode/ beg9n+ may be made 9 adapt+ ornam5t to a useful article1 by c>v+ ! surface ( a bread plate4 ,^! are usually made ( "s h>d wood1 su* z sycamore4 ,!y may be made ( oak1 b sycamore has ! advantage 9 its light] color1 :i* is m likely to be kept clean4 ,two sugge/ions are giv5 9 ,figs4 #bg & #bh = c>v+ appropriate to ?is purpose4 ,! ess5tials are1 t !re %\ld be a well-def9$ patt]n simple 9 con/ruction1 & z effective z possible ) little labor2 t !re %\ld be little or no r\nd+ ( surface1 ! design consi/+ ( g\ge cuts & incisions arrang$ to express ! patt]n4 ,! incisions may =m a regul> sunk gr\nd1 b x %\ld n be deep1 or x w n be easily kept clean4 ,!n1 z 9 cutt+ bread ! knife comes 9 contact ) ! surface1 no delicate "w is advisable2 a l>ge treatm5t ) broad surfaces1 & "s pla9 spaces left to protect ! c>v$ "w1 is likely to prove satisfactory 9 e way4 ,a piece ( sycamore %\ld be procur$1 ready = c>v+2 ?is may be got f a wood-turn]1 b x w be z well to give him a draw+1 on :i* is %[n ! section ( edge & ! position ( all turn$ l9es requir$ = conf9+ ! c>v+4 ,if ! plate is to be ( any %ape o!r ?an circul>1 !n x mu/ be neatly made by a jo9]1 unless y c %ape x y\rself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,_m ( y are1 ,i h no d\bt1 h&y jo9]s1 & may ) a little help put toge!r "s slight pieces ( furniture to s]ve at lea/ z an excuse = ! introduction ( y\r c>v+4 ,"h are "s sugge/ions = corn] cupbo>ds1 *os5 z giv+ ! l>ge/ area = c>v$ surface ) ! m9imum ( exp5se 9 con/ruction4 ,! mat]ial %\ld be oak--,engli% if possible1 or x may be ,italian walnut4 ,! doors ( ,figs4 #dj & #da are 9 ?ree n>r[ bo>ds ) %all[ beads at ! jo9ts1 ^? ( ! o!rs are ea* made ( a s+le bo>d1 & %\ld be #a_/b 94 to #e_/h 94 ?ick1 ! doors may be ab\t #b ft4 #f ins4 high1 ea* hav+ two l$ges ab\t #c ins4 wide1 screw$ on beh9d top & bottom to keep !m f twi/+4 ,all mold+s1 beads1 etc41 are to be c>v$ by h&1 no planes be+ us$4 ,hav+ trac$ ! l9es ( y\r design ^u ! bo>d1 y may beg91 if !re are mold+s z 9 ,fig4 #cb1 by us+ a jo9]'s m>k+ gage to groove out ! deepe/ p>ts ( ! p>allel l9es 9 ! mold+s along ! edges1 do+ ! same to ! curv$ ones ) a ,v tool or ,ve9]4 ,!n =m ! mold+s ) y\r *isels or g\ges4 ,keep !m v flat 9 section z 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! fret patt]ns on ,figs4 #cb1 #ce1 & #cf1 :]e n pi]c$1 %\ld also be done 9 l[ relief1 n m ?an #a_/h 94 deep1 & ! sides ( ! b&s bevel$ z 9 section a1 ,fig #cj4 ,! wid?s ( ^! b&s ought n to be less ?an #a_/b 941 & look bett] if !y are wid]4 ,v n>r[ b&s h a bett] appe>ance1 if1 in/ead ( be+ cut /raight d[n1 !y are holl[$ at sides l b 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,fig4 #ca is a detail ( a k9d ( g\ge "w :i* y mu/ all "k v well4 ,"o p]p5dicul> cut ( a g\ge driv5 9 ) ! mallet1 & "o side cut1 %\ld =m "o ( ^! cresc5t or ?imble-%ap$ holes4 ,!y %\ld n be too deep 9 proportion to _! size4 ,_! comb9ations may be v>i$ to a great ext5t4 ,two or ?ree common ones are %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,?is =m ( ornam5t 0 9 all likelihood inv5t$ by "s +5i\s c>p5t] ) a turn = art & a limit$ /ock ( c>v+ tools4 ,8 humble contribution to ! res\rces ( ! c>v]'s art has receiv$ its due %>e ( ! flatt]y :i* is impli$ by imitation4 ,9 all ^! patt]ns x is well to rememb] t ! flat surface ( ! bo>d left betwe5 ! cuts is really ! important ?+ to consid]1 z all v>iety is obta9$ by dispos+ ! holes 9 su* a way z to produce ! patt]n requir$ by means ( _! outl9es on ! pla9 surface4 ,?us wav$ l9es are produc$ z 9 ,fig4 #ca1 & little ni*es l mimic ar*itecture z 9 ,fig4 #cd1 by ! addition ( ! triangul>-%ap$ holes at ! top1 & ! splay$ sills at ! bottom4 7,x is obvi\s t an arrangem5t l ! latt] %\ld nev] be turn$ upside d[n47 ,if ?is att5tion to ! surface patt]n is neglect$ ! holes are apt to become m]e confus$ & mean+less spots4 ,9 small pieces ( furniture l ^!1 :i* are made ( comp>atively ?9 wood1 ! c>v+ ne$ n h mu* dep?1 say ! gr\nd is sunk #a_/d 94 at ! deepe/4 ,z oak is m t5aci\s ?an p9e1 y w f9d great] fre$om 9 work+ x1 al?\gh x is s mu* h>d] to cut4 ,y may f9d x necess>y to use ! mallet = ! great] "p ( ! block+ out1 b x ne$ n be mu* us$ 9 f9i%+4 ,a s]ies ( %ort /rokes driv5 by g5tle taps ( ! mallet w (t5 make a bett] curve ?an if ! same is attempt$ )\t its aid4 ,x w be well n[ to procure ! rema9d] ( ! set ( tw5ty-f\r tools if y h n already got !m1 z !y w be requir$ = ! foliage we are ab\t to attempt4 ,! deep g\ges are especially useful3 hav+ two diff]5t sweeps on ea* tool1 !y adapt !mselves to holl[s :i* *ange 9 section z !y advance4 ,fig4 #cb conta9s v little foliage1 su* z !re is be+ dispos$ 9 small diamond-%ap$ spaces1 sunk 9 ! face ( ! doors1 & a small piece on ! bracket bel[4 ,all ?is "w %\ld be ( a v simple "*1 def9ite 9 =m & broad 9 treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,half ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,half ,fig4 #cc is m elaborate1 b on mu* ! same l9es ( design v>i$ by hav+ a l>g] space fill$ ) gr\ps ( leaves4 ,fig4 #cd gives ! c>v+ to a l>g] scale2 9 x ! oak-leaves are %[n ) rais$ ve9s 9 ! c5t]1 ! o!rs be+ m]ely indicat$ by ! g\ge holl[s4 ,!re is "s attempt 9 ?is at a m natural mode ( treat+ ! foliage4 ,:ile su* "w is be+ c>v$1 x is well to look n[ & !n at ! natural =ms !mselves 7oak & laurel 9 ?is case7 9 ord] to note _! *>act]i/ic features1 & z a :olesome *eck on ! dang]s ( mann]ism4 ,x is a g5]al axiom f\nd$ ^u ! evid5ce ( pa/ "w1 & a respect = ! laws ( con/ruction 9 ! c>p5t]'s dep>tm5t1 t :5 foliage appe>s 9 panels divid$ by pla9 spaces1 x %\ld nev] be made to look z if x grew f "o panel into ! o!r1 ) ! sugge/ion ( b\ghs pass+ beh9d ! solid p>ts4 ,?is is a *>act]i/ic ( ,japanese "w1 & may1 p]haps1 be admirable :5 us$ 9 delicate pa9t$ decorations on a scre5 or o!r light furniture1 b 9 c>v+s x di/urbs ! effect ( solidity 9 ! mat]ial1 & s]ves no purpose :i* c n be atta9$ 9 a mu* bett] way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>v+ ,,9 ,,panels ,,( ,,fig #cc ,,fig4 #cd4 ,exp$i5ts h be5 inv5t$ to ov]come ! difficulty ( mak+ a fre% />t 9 ea* panel1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd1 :]e ! beg9n+ ( ! b\gh is hidd5 "u a leaf4 ,x is presumable t ! b\gh may g on beh9d ! unc>v$ portions ( ! bo>d to reappe> 9 ano!r place1 b we ne$ n insi/ ^u ! fancy1 :i* loses all its p[] :5 att5tion is call$ to x1 l riddles :5 ! answ] is kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,9 ,fig4 #ce1 l ! la/1 ! treatm5t is some:at reali/ic4 ,?is is %[n to a l>g] scale 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,nev]!less1 x has all be5 arrang$ to fit its allott$ space1 & all accid5tal elem5ts elim9at$2 su*1 = in/ance1 z leaves disappe>+ 9 viol5t p]spective1 or ev5 turn$ sidewise1 & all m9ute details :i* w\ld n be likely to %[ conspicu\sly if c>v$ 9 wood4 ,9 ,fig4 #ci1 7a7 is an outl9e ( a gr\p ( v9e-leaves tak5 f nature1 z x appe>$1 & 9 :i* /ate x is q unfitt$ = c>v+1 on acc\nt ( its complicat$ p]spective & want ( def9ite outl9e2 ,fig4 #ci 7b7 is a detail also copi$ f nature1 b :i* might /& )\t alt]ation provid$ x =m$ "p ( a "w delicate en\gh to note su* close elaboration 9 s small a space4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld entirely dep5d ^u ! purpose = :i* ! c>v+ 0 int5d$1 & :e!r x 0 meant = di/ant view or close inspection4 ,z !re is arrangem5t necess>y 9 =m+ ! outl9e1 s !re is j z mu* requir$ 9 design+ ! articulation ( ! surfaces ( ! leaves1 :i* %\ld be s treat$ t _! holl[s fall into a semblance ( "s k9d ( patt]n4 ,fig4 #cf is a m =mal design1 or1 to use a v mu* abus$ ^w1 m conv5tional1 9 :i* su* leafage z !re is only s]ves ! purpose ( ornam5tal po9ts1 m>k+ ! divisions ( ! g5]al design4 ,! g\ge "w ^u ! leaves %\ld be ( ! simple/ description1 b /rict att5tion is necess>y 9 draw+ ! grooves1 s t _! =ms may be cle> & emphatic1 leav+ no d\bt z to ! patt]n int5d$4 ,designs ( ?is k9d h no int]e/ :atev] except z pieces ( patt]n$ "w1 to :i* end e o!r consid]ation %\ld be sacrific$4 ,x mu/ n be cut too deep--say #a_/d 94 at ! deepe/--& ! sides ( ! panels %\ld be v g5tly holl[$ out ) a flatti% sweep 7see section on ,fig4 #cg7 9 ord] to avoid any appe>ance ( actual con/ruction 9 :at m or less imitates ! /iles & rails ( a door4 ,fig4 #cg %[s a portion ( ! leafage to a l>g] scale1 & also a plan expla9+ ! con/ruction ( all ^! cupbo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci 7a74 ,fig4 #dj is design$ ^u ! b>e/ sugge/ion ( natural foliage1 ! wavy /em be+ q flat1 & runn+ out flu% into ! flat m>g9s at ! sides1 connect+ !m toge!r4 ,! leaves 9 ?is case %\ld be c>v$1 leav+ ! ve9s /&+ solid2 groov$ ve9s w\ld h a meag] look ^u su* rudim5t>y leaves4 ,( c\rse a m natural treatm5t may be giv5 to ?is k9d ( design1 b 9 t case x w\ld require to be c>ri$ all ov] ! door1 & replace ! =mally ornam5tal c5t] panel4 ,! pi]c$ patt]n 9 cre/+ %\ld be done z already describ$ = ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da ,fig4 #da is a v>iant on ! la/ design4 ,9 ?is case a little m play ( surface is attempt$1 mak+ a po9t ( c>v+ ! side lobes ( ! leaves into little r\nd$ masses :i* w reflect po9ts ( light4 ,?is is %[n bett] on ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,9 c>v+ foliage l t ( ! v9e1 :]e small d>k holes or eyes occur1 en\gh wood %\ld be left r\nd !m to =m deep d>k little pits4 ,!y are v valuable z po9ts ( %ad[4 ,9 do+ ?is1 cut ! rim all r\nd ) a v slight bevel z 9 section1 ,fig4 #dc4 ,:5ev] leaves run out to a f9e edge !y also %\ld h a small bevel l ?is 9 ord] to avoid an appe>ance ( weakness :i* acute edges always pres5t4 ,z a g5]al rule leave z mu* wood z possible ab\t ! edges ( leaves z y want %ad[ f !m--dipp+ !m only :]e y are sure ! v>iety w be effective4 ,9 ! execution ( bun*es ( r\nd$ =ms l grapes !re is no special me*anical exp$i5t = do+ !m quickly & easily2 ea* mu/ be cut out sep>ately1 & c>v$ ) :atev] tools come h&ie/ to _! %ape & size4 ,x is a good way to beg9 by cutt+ triangul> holes betwe5 ! grapes ) ! po9t ( a small *isel 7see ,fig4 #dd71 aft] :i* ! r\gh %apes left may gradually be =m$ into ovals4 ,:5 ! "w is v simple 9 "*1 & does n require a reali/ic treatm5t1 ! grapes may be done 9 a m me?odical way1 z 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,fir/ cut grooves across bo? ways ) a ,v tool1 divid+ ! grapes z at a a1 !n ) a g\ge turn$ holl[ d[n r\nd ea* l9e ( grapes into rolls z at b b4 ,d ?is bo? ways1 & aft]w>d f9i% ! =m z be/ y c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,sket*-,,book ,old ,"w ,be/ ,se5 9 its ,orig9al ,place--,museums to be ,approa*$ ) ,caution--,me?odical ,memor&a--,"s ,examples--,assimilation ( ,ideas ,bett] ?an ,mak+ ,exact ,copies4 ,9 holiday "t1 & z o!r opportunity arises1 be sure to visit "s old build+1 be x *ur* or mansion4 ,9 ?is way y w make acqua9tance ) _m a f9e specim5 ( old "w :i* w set y\r fancy mov+4 ,9 ! "o !re may be a c>v$ *oir-scre5 or b5* ends1 9 ! o!r a fireplace or table4 ,! fir/ sight ( su* ?+s 9 ! places & among ! surr\nd+s = :i* !y 7 design$1 is always an ev5tful mom5t 9 ! tra9+ ( a c>v]1 because ! elem5t ( surprise acts l a tonic to ! m9d by ar\s+ its emulative in/9cts4 ,x is by see+ su* ?+s 9 _! prop] home & associations t ! be/ lessons are le>n$4 ,"o sees 9 t way1 = in/ance1 :y ! tool m>ks left by ! old c>v]s on _! "w look m effective ?an smoo?ly p]fect surfaces1 :5 associat$ ) ! r\gh timb]s ( ! ro(1 or ! unev5 surface ( ! pla/]$ wall4 ,"o sees1 too1 ! effect ( "t & friction 9 ! poli%$ surfaces ( b5* ends1 rubb$ & du/$ by c\ntless h&s until !y h become smoo? to ! eye & t\*1 & a m5tal note is made to avoid %>p or spiky "w 9 any?+ t is likely to be )9 rea* ( ! f+]s4 ,9 ?is way a c]ta9 balance is giv5 to ! judgm5t 9 proportion+ to ea* piece ( "w its due %>e ( labor1 & we come away ) a fix$ det]m9ation to pay m att5tion 9 future to bread? ( design & economy ( actual c>v+1 a problem :i* no c>v] f9ds easy1 b :i* mu/ be fac$ if wa/$ "w is n to be 8 only rew>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,9 museums1 too1 we %all f9d _m useful lessons1 al?\gh !re we see ?+s huddl$ toge!r 9 a di/ract+ fa%ion :i* dem&s great w>9ess ( selection4 ,! great po9t to be obs]v$ 9 mak+ our notes = future ref]5ce is1 t ea* sket* %\ld conta9 "s memor&um ( a special quality1 ! "o :i* attract$ u at ! "t ( mak+ x4 ,"o may be made = sake ( a g5]al arrangem5t1 ano!r to rem9d u ( "s /rik+ piece ( detail or peculi>ity ( execution4 ,! draw+s ne$ n be elaborate or labor$1 provid$ !y make cle> ! po9ts !y 7 int5d$ to record4 ,?us ,fig4 #df is a sket* :i* is meant z a memor&um ( a lively repres5tation ( birds1 tak5 f an old ,mis]]e seat4 ,fig4 #dg 0 done = sake ( ! ri* effect ( an inscription on ! pla9 side ( a beam1 & also = ! peculi> & int]e/+ section to :i* ! beam _h be5 cut4 ,fig4 #dh1 aga91 = sake ( ! arrangem5t ( ! little panels on a pla9 surface1 & ! s5se ( fitness & proportion :i* prompt$ ! c>v] to dispose 8 "w 9 t fa%ion1 by :i* he has enri*$ ! :ole surface at little co/ ( labor1 & by contra/ enhanc$ ! value ( ! little /rips & diamonds ( c>v$ "w1 o!rwise ( no p>ticul> int]e/4 ,figs4 #di & #ej are two sket*es ( ,icel&ic c>v$ boxes4 ,fig4 #di 0 drawn z an example ( ! ri* effect :i* t k9d ( engrav$ "w may h1 & ( ! use :i* x makes ( closely pack$ lett]s 9 ! inscription4 ,! patt]n is1 ( c\rse1 a traditional ,norse "o1 al?\gh ! c>v+ is comp>atively mod]n4 ,! po9ts to be not$ 9 ! o!r box 7 its qua9t & simple con/ruction1 ! use ( ! lett]s z decoration1 m especially ! unprem$itat$ mann] 9 :i* !y h be5 gr\p$1 ! f\r lett]s bel[ mak+ a %ort l9e :i* is ek$ out by a rude bit ( ornam5t4 ,! lett]s are cut "r ?r\gh ! wood1 & are surr\nd$ ) an engrav$ l9e4 ,fig4 #ea 0 not$ on acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* a v simple pi]c$ ornam5t is made mu* ( by repetition4 ,! ornam5t is on a ,portuguese b$1 & ?is is only a detail ( a small portion4 ,! effect greatly dep5ds ^u ! quantity1 b 9 ?is case t is a po9t :i* is easily rememb]$ )\t draw+ m ( x ?an is %[n4 ,! fact t ?is "w is associat$ ) ri*ly turn$ balu/]s is1 h[ev]1 notic$ 9 ! sket*1 z t might easily be =gott54 ,figs4 #dg to #ea are f ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,!n we come to ! sket* ( a *air 7,fig4 #eb71 or comb9$ table & *air4 ,! ri*ly c>v$ back is pivot$1 & =ms ! table top :5 l[]$ ov] ! arms1 ^u :i* x re/s4 ,! po9ts to be not$ 9 ?is are1 ! g5]al ri*ness ( effect1 ! contra/ ( wavy & rigid l9es1 & ! happy way 9 :i* ! ar*itectural sugge/ion ( ar* & pill>s has be5 translat$ into ornam5t4 ,z ?is sket* 0 n made s mu* = ! *air itself z = its enri*$ back1 no measurem5ts h be5 tak52 o!rwise *airs1 z su*1 dep5d v mu* ^u exact dim5sions = _! proportions4 ,?is *air is at ,exn+ 9 ,suffolk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,n[ we %all suppose t y are go+ to make _m su* sket*es bo? 9 museums & 9 c\ntry *ur*es or h\ses4 ,y w f9d "s too elaborate = draw+s 9 ! "t at y\r disposal1 9 :i* case y %\ld obta9 a photograph1 if possible1 mak+ notes ( any detail :i* y wi% p>ticul>ly to rememb]--su*1 = in/ance1 z ! c>v$ *e/ %[n 9 ,plate ,i4 ,! subject1 ,/4 ,george & ! ,dragon1 is giv5 ) v>i\s incid5ts all 9 ! "o picture4 ,?is is a valuable & sugge/ive piece ( "w to h be=e y1 z ! mann] 9 :i* ! pictorial elem5t has be5 manag$ is /rik+ly *>act]i/ic ( ! c>v]'s me?ods1 & well adapt$ to ! conditions ( a te*nique :i* has no o!r legitimate means ( deal+ ) di/ant objects4 ,! k+ & que51 look+ out ( ! palace w9d[s1 are almo/ on ! same scale z ! figures 9 ! =egr\nd2 ! walls ( ! h\ses1 ro(s1 etc41 h app>5tly q z mu* projection z ! =egr\nd rocks--di/ance is inf]r$ r ?an express$4 ,! v simple con/ruction1 too1 is wor? not+4 ,x is practically compos$ ( ?ree bo>ds1 a wide "o = ! picture1 & two n>r[] ones = ends & feet4 ,! object 9 mak+ ^! sket*es %\ld be ma9ly to collect a v>iety ( ideas :i* may bright5 ! m9d :5 !re is occasion to use its inv5tive faculties4 ,sugge/ive h9ts are want$2 r>ely w x be possible1 or wise1 to repeat any?+ exactly z y see x4 ,^! sket*es1 if made ) c>e1 & f :at ,con/able us$ to call bre$+ subjects1 w give y\r fancy a v necess>y po9t ( vantage1 f :i* x may haz>d flights ( its own4 ,z mu* ( our k mu/ necess>ily be ga9$ f museums1 & z !y n[ =m su* an important feature ( educational ma*9]y1 ,i ?9k x w be well to devote a ^w or two ( special notice to ! drawbacks :i* accompany _! _m advantages4 ,?is ,i propose to d 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,museums ,false ,impressions ,fo/]$ by ,fragm5t>y ,exhibits--,environm5t z ,important z ,h&icraft--,works ,view$ z ,records ( ,"*--,c>v]s ! ,hi/orians ( _! ,"t4 ,a new _w ( comm]ce & ma*9]y1 hav+ sla9 & =gott5 a pa/ race ( arti/ craftsm51 makes clumsy atonem5t by sweep+ toge!r ! fragm5ts ( _! "w & call+ ! collection a museum4 ,f ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>? ^! relics h be5 ga!r$4 ,our hungry m9ds are bidd5 to make *oice accord+ to fancy1 = "h is v>iety ( food6 ,"h are opportunities1 nev] be=e enjoy$ by mortal1 = an intellectual fea/6--& ( a k9d :i* might be consid]$ god-l1 7 x n = ! suspicion ( "s gigantic joke4 ,t out ( all ?is huge mass ( *aotic mat]ial we h n z yet be5 able to make = ourselves "s liv+ =m ( art1 mu/ inde$ be to ! gods a cont9ual subject ( m]rim5t4 ,museums ( art are 9 no respect ! unmix$ bless+s :i* !y appe> to be4 ,!y h1 to be sure1 all ! advantages ( h&y ref]5ce2 b at ! same "t1 on acc\nt ( ! great div]sity 9 ! "* ( _! exhibits1 !y t5d to enc\rage ! spread ( a pat*y k9d ( k1 f> f be+ helpful to ! arts 9 ! int]e/s ( :i* !y are e/abli%$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 9 ^! collections1 all specim5s ( ar*itecture & ar*itectural c>v+ are inv>iably se5 9 false positions4 ,all h be5 wr5*$ f _! prop] sett+s1 & plac$1 m or less at r&om1 9 lights & relation%ips nev] contemplat$ by _! design]s4 ,to ! environm5t ( a piece ( ar*itecture1 & ! position & surr\nd+s ( c>v$ decorations1 are due q half ( _! int]e/ z works ( art4 ,deprive !m ( ^! associations1 & little is left b fragm5t>y specim5s ( h&icraft1 m or less un9telligible 9 _! lonely deta*m5t1 mislead+ to ! eye1 & dang]\s z objects ( imitation1 9 proportion to ! dep5d5ce !y once _h ^u ^? abs5t & unkn[n associations4 ,! educational purpose :i* ^! collections are int5d$ to s]ve is liable to be con/ru$ into an unreason+ assumption t e specim5 exhibit$ is equally wor?y ( admiration4 ,h[ (t5 ! plodd+ /ud5t is to be se5 c>efully draw+ & measur+ "w ( ! dulle/ imag9able quality1 ) no o!r app>5t reason = 8 pa!tically wa/$ indu/ry6 ,x w\ld be /range1 inde$1 if all 9 ?is va/ record ( pa/ activity 0 ( equal value2 if m]ely to belong to ! pa/ 0 a sure w>rant t su* "w 0 ! be/ ( its k9d4 ,f> f ?is be+ ! case1 x requires ! con/ant use ( a m or less tra9$ & critical judgm5t to sep>ate :at is good f ! indiff]5t or really bad 9 ^! collections1 = all are usually pres5t4 ,!re is inequality 9 arti/ic p[]s1 9 te*nical skill1 & a di/9ction ( yet great] importance1 :i* lies 9 ! significance ! works be> z records ( ! inn] life ( _! creators4 ,arti/s1 c>v]s 9 p>ticul>1 are ! true scribes & hi/orians ( _! times4 ,_! works are1 z x 71 books--writt5 9 words ( unconsci\s b fateful mean+4 ,"s are fill$ ) ! noble/ ideals1 express$ 9 beautiful & s]i\s language1 :ile o!rs conta9 no?+ b sorry je/s & /upidities4 ,z all ! works ( ! pa/1 :e!r good or bad1 are ! a*ievem5ts ( m5 diff]+ b little f ourselves1 save 9 ! direction ( _! en]gies & 9 _! outw>d surr\nd+s1 !re is surely "s clue to ! secret ( _! success or failure1 "s light to be ?r[n by _! exp]i5ce ^u our own dubi\s & que/ion+ _s4 ,:at bett] c\ld we look = 9 ?is respect ?an a little k ( ! lives l$ by ! c>v]s !mselves1 a m5tal picture ( _! environm5t1 an acquir$ s5se ( ! influ5ce :i* ?is1 t1 or ! o!r set ( conditions mu/ h impos$ ^u _! "w4 ,) a little aid f hi/ory 9 =m+ our judgm5ts1 _! works !mselves w assi/ u--s fai?ful is ! transcript ( _! witness--=1 ) m c]ta9ty ?an applies to h&writ+1 a fair guess may be made by inf]5ce f ! "w itself z to ! g5]al /atus & ideals ( ! workman4 ,! /rik+ analogy betwe5 its sali5t *>act]i/ics & ! prevail+ mood ( t ev]-*ang+ _s :i* seeks expression 9 ! arts1 is n[h]e m m>k$ ?an 9 ! "w ( ! c>v]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,/udies ,,f ,,nature--,,foliage ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,*oice ( ,=m ,comp>$--,a ,compromise ,adopt$--,a ,li/ ( ,plant ,=ms ( ,adaptable ,"*4 ,x is high "t n[ t we _h "s talk ab\t ! /udies f nature :i* are to furni% y ) subjects = y\r "w4 ,i %all at pres5t deal only ) /udies ( foliage1 z t is :at y h be5 practis+1 & ,i wi% y to c>ry on y\r "w & /udies z mu* z possible on ! same l9es4 ,betwe5 ! few ab/ract =ms1 repres5t+ a g5]al type ( foliage1 s de> to ! he>t ( ! m$ieval c>v]1 & ! un/9t$ v>iety ( *oice display$ 9 ! works ( ,gr9l+ ,gibbons & 8 "t1 !re is su* a wide diff]5ce t surely x po9ts to a correspond+ disp>ity ( aim4 ,al?\gh !re is no d\bt :atev] t su* a /rik+ *ange ( views mu/ h _h its orig9 9 "s deep] cause ?an t :i* is to be expla9$ by arti/ic & te*nical developm5t1 yet ,i ?9k t = our imm$iate purpose we %all f9d a suffici5tly good lesson 9 comp>+ ! visible results ( ! two me?ods4 ,broadly speak+1 !n1 ! m$ieval c>v] c>$ m = g5]al effect ?an = possibilities ( te*nique4 ,he !re=e *ose only su* natural =ms z 7 am5able to 8 preconceiv$ det]m9ation to make 8 "w tell+ at a di/ance4 ,he _h no botanical lean+s1 & reject$ z unfit e =m :i* w\ld n b5d to 8 "o purpose--t ( decoration on a l>ge scale--& :i* he aim$ at mak+ compreh5sive at a glance1 r ?an call+ = att5tion to its details4 ,he inv5t$ patt]ns :i* he knew w\ld assi/ 9 produc+ ?is result1 & "h he fur!r h&icapp$ 8 *oice by limit+ x to su* =ms z w\ld repeat or vani% at regulat$ int]vals1 reflect+ light or produc+ %ad[ j :]e x 0 want$ to emphasize 8 patt]n4 ,! m mod]n c>v]1 on ! contr>y1 (f]$ an all-embrac+ welcome to e =m :i* pres5t$ itself to 8 notice4 ,he reject$ no?+ :i* c\ld by any possibility be c>v$4 ,no?+ 0 too small1 too ?91 or too difficult = 8 wond]ful dext]ity ) ! c>v+ tools4 ,8 *ief end 0 elaboration ( detail1 & x 0 (t5 c>ri$ to a po9t :i* ignor$ ! fact t ne>ly all ( x w\ld become invisible :5 9 position1 or1 if se5 at all1 w\ld only appe> 9 confus$ lumps & un9telligible masses4 ,n[1 = _m reasons1 ,i ?9k we _h bett] take ! m$ieval me?od z our model up to a po9t1 & make a c]ta9 selection ( mat]ial = our /udies1 bas$ ^u "s relation to g5]al effect1 b n necess>ily imitat+ a m$ieval au/]ity ( rejection1 :i* w\ld be ! m]e/ affectation on our "p4 ,^u ^! pr9ciples1 & tak+ some:at ( a middle c\rse1 ,i %all "h note a few types ( foliage :i* ,i ?9k may be useful to y 9 ! "w ^u :i* y are engag$4 ,leaf =ms1 ) _! appropriate fl[]s or fruit1 af=d ! c>v] a v l>ge proportion ( 8 subject mat]ial4 ,!y s]ve him z pr9cipal subject1 z bord]+ or backgr\nd to figures ( m5 or animals2 !y occur z m]e deta*$ spots1 to break ! monotony ( spaces or l9es2 & 9 a ?\s& o!r ways give ex]cise to 8 inv5tion4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ^? leaves ) s]rat$1 or deeply cleft & ind5t$ edges1 l5d !mselves mo/ readily to decorative treatm5t4 ,l>ge1 broad leaves1 ) unbrok5 surfaces1 & triangul> or r\nd$ outl9es1 are less manageable4 ,^? mo/ commonly tak5 z models are3 ,! ,v9e1 ) its ,grapes4--,?is 0 freely us$ by m$ieval c>v]s1 at fir/ = its symbolic significance1 b aft]w>d ev5 m on acc\nt ( its r>e beauty ( =m4 ,! play ( light & %ade on its vigor\s foliage1 ! v>iety ( its draw+ 9 leaf1 v9e1 & t5dril1 & ! contra/ af=d$ by its bun*es ( oval fruit1 caus$ x to be accept$ z a favorite subject = imitation 9 all k9ds ( c>v+4 ,x l5ds itself k9dly to all sorts ( relief1 ei!r high or l[1 9 almo/ any mat]ial4 ,x is s recognizable1 ev5 9 ! rude/ attempts at imitation1 t its popul>ity is well des]v$4 ,! hop-v9e %>es "s ( ^! qualities1 ?\gh mu* less /rongly m>k$ 9 "*4 ,! ,acan?us4--,?is leaf 0 fir/ adapt$ = ! purpose ( ornam5t by ! workm5 ( classical ,greece4 ,! inspiration 0 "o ( ! few :i* !y took directly f nature's models4 ,x 0 also freely us$ by m$ieval c>v]s1 b ) an insi/5ce ^u ! fl[+ & r\nd$ "* ( its surface =ms2 & aga9 by ! ,r5aissance arti/s1 ) a return to its classical "* ( flut$ & =mal /r5g? ( l9e4 ,! graceful draw+ ( its elaborately articulat$ surface1 & ! extraord9>y acc5tuation ( its outl9e1 provide an endless s\rce ( sugge/ion4 ,x has be5 adapt$ 9 all mann]s1 accord+ to ! fancy ( ! c>v]--sometimes long & drawn out1 at o!rs wide & spread+4 ,altoge!r x has be5 m ?or\ghly g5]aliz$ ?an any o!r natural =m4 ,! ,oak1 ) its ,acorns1 appe>s 9 e>ly m$ieval "w1 b )\t mu* attempt to repres5t its =m ) any?+ l individual "*4 ,9 lat] "w x has m ju/ice done to its und\bt$ m]its z a decorative feature by a cle>] recognition ( its beauty 9 clumps & masses4 ,fruit1 o!r ?an ! grape & a nondescript k9d ( b]ry1 0 seldom repres5t$ by m$ieval craftsm52 x =m$1 h[ev]1 a m>k$ feature 9 ,r5aissance ornam5t1 :]e pomegranate1 apple1 fig1 & melon 7 9 con/ant requisition4 ,fl[]s 9 g5]al 7 v little us$ 9 e>ly times1 & !n only 9 a highly ab/ract =m correspond+ to t ( ! foliage4 ,! rose & lily 7 ! two mo/ frequ5tly se51 b !y seldom _h m individuality ab\t !m ?an 0 suffici5t to make !m recognizable4 ,dur+ ! ,r5aissance fl[]s 7 treat$ ) mu* m reg>d to _! inh]5t beauties1 & 7 repres5t$ ) great skill & p[] ( imitation1 al?\gh (t5 c>ri$ beyond legitimate limits 9 ?is direction4 ,:5 dealt ) z ornam5ts1 r ?an botanical details1 !y =m a ri* s\rce ( sugge/ion to ! c>v]1 & (f] a ready means ( contra/ ) masses ( foliage4 ,! rose & lily are su* conspicu\s fl[]s t !y %\ld1 9 mod]n times1 be us$ 9 a way consi/5t ) our dem&s = individual "* & lik5ess4 ,!y %\ld be fairly well def9$ & easily recognizable4 ,x is q possible to treat ^! fl[]s 9 a v reali/ic way1 )\t endang]+ _! effect z decorative details3 !y h bo? su* di/+ui%$ =ms 9 fl[] & foliage4 ,fl[]s %\ld be *os5 = _! =ms2 color %\ld n be all[$ to deceive ! eye 9 ?is respect1 unless ! color itself is sugge/ive ( l9es & cont\rs4 ,foliage %\ld always be /udi$ at its prime1 nev] :5 x is dri$ & contort$ 9 its =ms4 ,"h is a %ort li/ ( subjects1 includ+ ^? ,i h m5tion$1 all hav+ a suffici5tly pron\nc$ "* to make !m valuable z /ock 9 trade4 ,_m m might be nam$1 b ^! are *os5 z be+ commonly famili>1 & z be+ repres5tative types ( v>i\s =ms4 ,= _! ,leaves & ,fruit4--,! grapev9e1 hop-v9e1 globe arti*oke1 tomato1 apple1 plum1 pe>1 bramble1 & /rawb]ry4 ,= ,fruit & ,v9e-l ,gr[?s 7leafage too massive & smoo? to be ( mu* value )\t adaptation74--,! melon1 vegetable-m>r[1 pumpk9s1 & cucumb]4 ,= ,leafage1 ,fl[]s1 or ,se$ ,vessels4--,! acan?us1 oak1 ?i/les1 teazle1 giant hemlock1 c[-p>sley1 butt]cup4 ,( ,g>d5 ,fl[]s4--,! rose1 lily1 l>kspur1 peony1 poppies1 columb9e1 *rysan!mum1 tulip1 ,*ri/mas rose1 ,japanese anemone4 ,= ,close & ,intricate ,designs4--,p]iw9kle1 w9t] aconite1 trefoils ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,_m valuable h9ts on ?is subject may be glean$ by a /udy ( ,g]r>d's ,h]bal1 :i* is full ( well-drawn illu/rations1 done 9 a way :i* is v sugge/ive to ! design]4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! outl9e =ms ( leaves is a s*ool+ 9 itself1 s mu* may be le>n$ f x4 ,x tea*es ! relation betwe5 =m & gr[? 9 a way :i* makes x possible to use ! greate/ fre$om ( g5]alization )\t violat+ /ructural laws4 ,! same causes :i* gov]n ! %ap+ ( a tree are pres5t 9 ! leaf1 settl+ its f9al outl9e1 s t1 h[ev] w&]+ & fanta/ic x may appe>1 !re is n ! smalle/ curve or s]ration :i* does n be> witness to a me?odical developm5t1 & to e accid5tal circum/ance :i* help$ or h9d]$ its fulfilm5t4 ,y c\ld n d bett] ?an make a collection ( suitable leaves1 press !m flat & trace !m v c>efully1 keep+ ! trac+s toge!r 9 a book = ref]5ce4 ,accompany+ ?is y %\ld h 9 ea* case a draw+ ( ! leaf z x appe>s 9 its natural /ate1 always be+ c>eful to d ?is f a po9t ( view :i* w accommodate itself to c>v+ ! leaf if y %\ld h occasion to use x4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,c>v+ ,,on ,,furniture ,furniture ,con/ruct$ ) a ,view to ,c>v+--,reciprocal ,aims ( ,jo9] & ,c>v]--,smoo?ness ,desirable :]e ,c>v+ is ,h&l$--,! ,introduction ( ,animals or ,figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,y w f9d 9 ! illu/rations1 ,figs4 #ec to #fb1 c]ta9 sugge/ions = v>i\s pieces ( furniture4 ,!y are giv5 ) ! int5tion ( impress+ ^u y ! fact t v little c>v+ c be done at all )\t "s practical motive z a backbone to y\r fancies4 ,to be always c>v+ inapplicable panels is v dull "w1 & only good = a few prelim9>y ex]cises4 ,x is mu* bett] to consid] ! matt] well1 & resolve ^u "s opus1 :i* w spread y\r ef=ts ov] a consid]able p]iod4 ,:5 y h decid$ ^u ! piece ( furniture :i* is mo/ likely to be useful to y1 & :i* lies )9 y\r p[]s ( design & execution1 !n make a draw+ = x1 & h x made by a jo9] 7unless y c make x entirely y\rself71 to be put toge!r 9 loose pieces = conv5i5ce ( c>v+1 & glu$ up :5 t is f9i%$4 ,y %\ld c]ta9ly design ! piece y\rself1 z y %\ld make all y\r own designs = ! c>v+4 ,! two dep>tm5ts mu/ be c>ri$ on 9 ! close/ relation to ea* o!r :ile ! "w is 9 progress1 o!rwise _! association w n be complete :5 x is f9i%$4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! head ( ! b$ 9 ! illu/ration4 ,:y %\ld x /& up s high1 l ! gable ( a h\se8 ,x is = no o!r reason ?an to give an opportunity = c>v+4 ,a pla9 bo>d ( half ! height w\ld h be5 j z effective z a protection to ! sleep]4 ,useless z c>v+ may be f ?is practical po9t ( view1 x mu/ nev]!less be am5able to utilit>ian laws4 ,x mu/ be smoo? :]e x is likely to be h&l$1 z 9 ! case ( ! knobs on top ( ! po/s2 & ev5 :]e x is n likely to be h&l$1 b may be m]ely t\*$ occasionally1 x %\ld /ill h an invit+ smoo?ness ( surface4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 all c>v+ on a b$ %\ld be ( ?is k9d1 ) no deep nooks or corn]s to hold du/4 ,"h1 !n1 are a numb] ( conditions1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ a h9drance1 are really useful inc5tives to fre% inv5tion4 ,j z ! con/ruction ( jo9]'s "w entails concessions on ! "p ( ! c>v]1 s ! c>v] may ask ! jo9] to g a little out ( 8 way 9 ord] to give opportunities = 8 c>v+4 ,a little k ( ?is subject w make a reasonable compromise possible4 ,y w f9d a fur!r advantage 9 und]tak+ a fairly l>ge piece ( "w4 ,z x is almo/ c]ta9 to be 9 sev]al p>ts1 ea* may ?us receive a diff]5t treatm5t1 by :i* means y n only obta9 contra/1 b get "s idea ( ! extraord9>y p[] ) :i* "o piece ( c>v+ affects ano!r :5 plac$ 9 juxtaposition4 ,:atev] designs y may decide ^u1 %\ld y und]take to c>ve ! panels = a b$1 let !m be 9 decid$ly l[ relief4 ,! surface mu/ be smoo?ly wr\ght1 do+ away ) z mu* ( ! tool m>k+ z y c1 b ?is smoo?+ to be done entirely ) ! tools1 n by any means ) glass pap]4 ,great att5tion mu/ be paid to ! draw+ ( ! =ms1 z x is by ?is t ! impression ( model+ & projection w be express$4 ,a v pleasant treatm5t ( su* l[ relief :5 a smoo? & ev5 appe>ance is want$1 is to c>ve ! gr\nd to ! full dep?1 say #a_/h 941 only along ! outl9es ( ! design1 & =m ! rema9d] into a k9d ( rais$ cu%ion1 almo/ level 9 ! middle ) ! orig9al surface ( ! wood4 ,! :ole design ne$ ?us be little m ?an a k9d ( deepi% engrav+1 dep5d+ = its effect ^u broad lights def9$ by ! engrav$ %ad[s4 ,see ,fig4 #ed = an example ( ?is treatm5t appli$ to lett]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,n[ ,i expect y to make a fre% design4 ,! illu/rations 9 all su* cases are purposely drawn 9 a some:at indef9ite way1 9 ord] t !y may sugge/1 )\t mak+ x possible to copy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,n[ we come to ! mirror frame1 ,fig4 #ee4 ,i %\ld sugge/ t ?is be done 9 "s light-color$ wood l pe>-tree1 :i* has an agreeably w>m tone1 or if a h>d piece ( c$> c be f\nd1 x w\ld look well1 b 9 no case %\ld poli% be add$ except t :i* comes f ! tool4 ,! con/ruction ne$ n be complicat$4 ,take two #c_/d-;94 bo>ds1 glue !m toge!r to =m ! wid?1 %ape out ! frame 9 ! r\gh4 ,put beh9d ?is ano!r frame ( #c_/d-;94 ?ick /uff1 & make ! cornice out ( wood ab\t #a-a_/b 94 ?ick4 ,! p>ts to be kept sep>ate until ! c>v+ is f9i%$1 & aft]w>d glu$ or screw$ toge!r4 ,! c>v+ on ! body ( ! frame1 t is1 9 ! gable above & ! front ( bracket bel[1 %\ld be 9 v l[ relief1 ! l[] "p be+ l ! la/1 a k9d ( engrav+4 ,! fret above may be sunk ab\t #a_/af 94 & ! gr\nd slightly cu%ion$4 ,! c>v+ on sides & cornice is ( a /rong] "*1 & may be cut z deeply z ! wood w all[1 :ile ! cornice is actually pi]c$ ?r\gh 9 places1 %[+ ! flat bo>d beh9d4 ,! design = ?is cornice %\ld h "s repeat+ object1 su* z ! k9d ( p9eapple-look+ ?+ 9 ! illu/ration1 & its foliage %\ld be =m$ ) pl5ty ( well-r\nd$ surfaces1 t may sugge/ "s r fat & juicy plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,9 ,fig4 #ef y h a sugge/ion = c>v+ a b5* or settle1 ! proportions ( :i* h be5 tak5 f "o f\nd at a ,york%ire village inn4 ,! actual measurem5ts are giv5 9 ord] t ^! proportions may be foll[$4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact1 t *airs1 or seats ( any k9d1 c n be successfully design$ on pap] ) any hope ( meet+ ! ess5tial requirem5ts ( com=t1 lightness1 & /ability4 ,mak+ seats is a practical art1 & ! developm5t ( ! design is a matt] ( _m ye>s ( successive improvem5ts4 ,a good model %\ld !re=e be select$ & copi$1 ) su* slight *anges z are necess>y :]e c>v+ is to be introduc$4 ,! ma9 l9es %\ld n be int]f]$ ) on any acc\nt1 nor %\ld ! ?ickness ( ! wood be alt]$ if possible4 ,! c>v+ on ?is settle is int5d$ to be 9 sep>ate panels1 ab\t two in*es ap>t4 ,^! panels w look all ! bett] if no two are q alike2 a good way to give !m m v>iety w be to make e alt]nate "o ( "s k9d ( op5 patt]n1 l a fret4 ,^! pi]c+s ne$ n ext5d all ov] ! design 9 ! panel 9 e case3 "s may h only a few %apely holes mix$ up ) ! l9es1 o!rs aga9 may be =m$ into complete frets ) z mu* op5 z solid4 7,see ,fig4 #eg47 ,! c>v+ %\ld be %all[1 & n too f9e 9 detail1 z x w get a great deal ( rubb+4 ,! mat]ial %\ld be1 if possible1 oak2 b bee* may be us$ ) v good effect--9 nei!r case %\ld x be /a9$ or poli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,fig4 #eh is a clock case4 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d w\ld make an excell5t opus su* z ,i h allud$ to1 & give pl5ty ( scope = inv5tion4 ,z clocks ( ?is k9d are g5]ally hung on a wall1 ! brackets1 f a practical po9t ( view1 are ( c\rse unnecess>y1 b z x is important t !y %\ld look z if !y 7 support$ & to satisfy ! eye1 some?+ 9 ! way ( a bracket or brackets is g5]ally add$4 ,a bracket l ! "o 9 ! illu/ration1 n be+ a real support con/ructively speak+1 b only put !re to give assurance t su* has n be5 ov]look$ or neglect$1 becomes a k9d ( toy1 & may be treat$ z su* by add+ "s little fancy to make x amus+1 & give an excuse = mak+ a feature ( x4 ,?is w be a good place to try y\r h& at "s mode/ attempt at figure "w4 ,9 design+ y\r bracket1 %\ld y wi% to introduce a little figure ( man or bea/1 ,i ?9k y w f9d x m satisfactory if ! figure is sep>at$ f ! /ructural "p by a slight sugge/ion ( solid surr\nd+s ( its own4 ,?us ! little ro( ov]1 & ! solid bit ( wood "u1 ! figure 9 ! illu/ration s]ve ?is purpose1 l5d+ an appe>ance ( /ead9ess :i* w\ld be want+ 9 a bracket =m$ ( a deta*$ figure4 ,at any rate1 nev] make y\r figures1 :e!r ( man or bea/1 seem to c>ry ! clock2 y may hun* !m up into any %ape y l1 b no weight %\ld be suppos$ to re/ ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,= sake ( ! c>v+1 oak w be ! be/ wood to employ 9 mak+ ?is clock1 or "o l x1 b ,italian walnut w d equally well4 ,! size %\ld be fairly l>ge1 say ab\t ?ree feet ov] all 9 height4 ,?is w give a face ( ab\t t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* face w look be/ if made ( copp] gilt1 & n mu* ( x1 p]haps a m]e r+1 ) ! figures ei!r rais$ or cut out1 leav+ no?+ b !mselves & two r+s surr\nd+4 ,?is %\ld project f ! wood1 leav+ a space ( ab\t "o in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,if y are incl9$ to try a heavi] piece ( "w1 ! b5* or settle-end 9 ,fig4 #ei may give y a sugge/ion4 ,9 ?is !re is a bird introduc$ 9 ! %ape ( a cock roo/+ on ! bran* ( a tree4 ,x w\ld require to be done 9 a ?ick piece ( wood1 say #c ins4 ?ick1 & w\ld be be/ 9 ,engli% oak4 ,! idea w be1 to cut away ! wood f ! out] l[] portion1 leav+ only ab\t #a-a_/d or #a-a_/b 94 ?ickness1 b at ! top reta9+ ! full ?ickness2 9 :i* ! bird mu/ be c>v$1 ! out] edges be+ kept full ?ickness 9 ord] to give ! /ructural =m & enclose ! c>v+4 ,! inside ( ?is upp] "p1 t[>d ! seat1 %\ld also be c>v$1 b ) a smoo? & %all[ patt]n ( "s k9d1 z bo? may be se5 toge!r1 & 9 contra/ to ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,! introduction ( figures leads me to a subject :i* x w be bett] to discuss 9 ! next *apt]1 i4e41 ! "q z to h[ f> x is possible or consi/5t ) pres5t conditions to attempt any?+ t may be> ! "* ( humor4 ,b 9 ! meantime "h are ?ree m subjects ^u :i* fancy & +5uity may be exp5d$ ) pr(it4 ,9 ,fig4 #fj y h a h]aldic subject4 ,9 all su* cases ! h]aldry %\ld be true1 & n ( ! bogus k9d4 ,?is %ield repres5ts a real coat ( arms1 & 0 done f a design by ,philip ,webb1 be+ f9ally cov]$ ) gesso1 silv]$ & pa9t$ 9 transp>5t colors4 ,figs4 #fa & #fb are sugge/ions = wood5 crosses1 oak be+ ! be/ mat]ial to use = su* a purpose4 ,! c>v+ %\ld be s arrang$ z to =m "s k9d ( patt]n on ! cross4 ,9 ,fig4 #fb ! black trefoils are suppos$ to be cut "r ?r\gh ! ?9 pieces ( wood =m+ ! c5t] portion1 & ! c>v+ on t "p is v %all[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,grotesque ,,9 ,,c>v+ ,misproportion n ,ess5tial to ! ,expression ( ,humor--,! ,%am ,grotesque ,contemptible--,a ,true ,s5se ( ,humor ,helpful to ! ,c>v]4 ,! dullness :i* comes ( all "w & no play may be said to affect ! c>v] at times4 ,he tires ( c>v+ leaves & ornam5ts3 :at m natural ?an to seek *ange & amusem5t 9 ! inv5tion ( droll figures ( m5 or animals8 ,! enjoym5t :i* we all feel 9 contemplat+ ! outcome ( ?is _s 9 anci5t "w1 leads u to ! imitation ( bo? subject & mann]1 hop+ !reby t ! same results may be obta9$2 b someh[ ! repetition is seldom att5d$ ) mu* success1 :ile ( orig9al fancies ( ! same sort we are oblig$ to confess ourselves almo/ de/itute4 ,:o c behold ! fanta/ic humors ( ,go?ic c>v+s )\t be+ bo? amus$ & int]e/$8 ,^? grotesque heads ) gap+ m\?s recall ! /ories ( *ildhood1 peopl$ ) gobl9s & gnomes4 ,x is all s natural1 & s mu* 9 keep+ ) ! ar*itecture :i* surr\nds x1 ! c>v+ is s rude & simple1 t x seems absurd :5 "s au?ority on su* matt]s makes a /atem5t to ! effect t all su* expression ( humor has become =ev] impossible to ourselves4 ,?is important "p ( ! "q mu/ be left to y\r own m$itation1 to settle accord+ to y\r lights2 exp]i5ce w probably lead y ultimately to ! same op9ion4 ,meantime1 ! po9t ,i wi% to impress ^u y is ?is1 t until y feel y\rself secure1 & some?+ ( a ma/] ( v>i\s bran*es ( y\r craft1 y %\ld n attempt any subject :i* aims at be+ decid$ly grotesque4 ,!re are v good & practical reasons = ?is2 "o is1 t :ile y are /udy+ y\r art1 y mu/ d no?+ t may t5d to obscure :at faculties y h = judg+ proportion4 ,n[1 z all grotesque "w is bas$ m or less on exagg]ation1 x =ms a v dang]\s k9d ( ex]cise to ! beg9n]1 !re=e ,i %\ld nev] all[ a pupil ( m9e to s mu* z attempt x4 ,d n ?9k t ,i wi% to disc\rage e ef=t :i* has n an ultra-s]i\s aim4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i am b tak+ a r r\ndab\t way to an admission t ! humor\s elem5t has1 & mu/ h at all times1 a p[]ful attraction = ! wood-c>v]2 & to ! /atem5t ( an op9ion t x %\ld n be all[$ to take a prom95t place 9 ! "w ( a /ud5t2 moreov]1 t x is q possible to f9d 9 nature a v>i$ & unfail+ s\rce ( sugge/ion 9 ?is respect 7m1 9 fact1 ?an we are ev] likely to acc\nt =71 & :i* requires no artificial exagg]ation to aid its expression4 ,"s t9cture ( ! faculty is absolutely necess>y to ! c>v] :o takes 8 subjects f birds or bea/s1 9 ord] t he may p]ceive & seize ! sali5t l9es & *>act]i/ic =ms1 ( :i* ! key-note is (t5 to be f\nd 9 a fa9t t\* ( humor1 & :i*1 l ! sc5t ( a fl[]1 adds *>m by appeal+ to ano!r s5se4 ,! same argum5t applies to ! treatm5t ( ! human figure4 ,let no /ud5t 7& ,i may include1 also1 ma/]-c>v]7 ?9k t a grotesque treatm5t w raise ! smile or excite ! int]e/ :i* is anticipat$4 ,! grotesque is a vehicle = grim & (t5 t]rible ideas1 lightly veil$ by a cloak ( humor\s exagg]ation2 a sort ( ,vik+ horse-play--x is1 9 fact1 a language :i* expresses ! mix$ feel+s ( sportive contempt & real fe> 9 ab\t equal proportions4 ,:5 ^! feel+s are n beh9d ! expression1 x becomes a language :i* is 9 itself only contemptible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,if1 c>ri$ away by fancy1 y mu/ f9d v5t = its impulses1 & c>ve images ( une>?ly be+s1 at lea/ make !m *e]ful look+2 "o c imag9e su* demons & gobl9s z be+ r nice fell[s ?an o!rwise4 ,a grim je/ t fails is g5]ally a fooli% "o--at lea/ its p]petrator nei!r des]ves nor receives sympa?y = 8 discomfiture4 ,n[1 ,i %all %[ y "o or two examples :i* may make ?is matt] a little cle>] to y1 if y are at all incl9$ to argue ! position4 ,i ?9k1 at any rate1 !y w prove t ! expression ( humor does n always dep5d ^u exagg]ation1 & may exi/ 9 a "w :i* is1 "o may say1 almo/ copi$ f nature4 ,fig4 #fc is an example to ?is effect4 ,! little je/] j em]g+ f a fl[]1 "o ( ! side-pieces to a ,mis]]e seat c>v+1 is und\bt$ly a true portrait1 c>v$ )\t ! slighte/ attempt at exagg]ation4 ,! quiet humor :i* x ev9ces requir$ only sympa?y to p]ceive & skill to portray on ! "p ( its c>v]4 ,he _h no?+ to inv5t 9 ! common acceptation ( ! ^w4 ,! c>v+ ( ! m5dicant1 :i* comes on ! o!r side1 is equally vivid 9 its tru? to nature4 ,x is s lifelike t we d n notice ! humor\s enjoym5t ( ! arti/ 9 depict+ ! :9+ lips & clos$ eyes ( ! pr(essional begg>4 ,obs]ve ! good mann]s ( x all--! natural ref9em5t ( ! arti/ :o leaves 8 *>act]s to make all ! fun1 )\t intrusion f himself o!r ?an to give ! aid ( 8 skill 9 repres5tation4 ,n[1 subjects ( ?is class w1 9 all probability1 pres5t !mselves until ! end ( ! _w2 b arti/s l ?is ,go?ic "o are n s likely to be common4 ,great te*nical skill1 a l>ge fund ( vitality1 & _m o!r controll+ qualities are necess>y to ! production ( su* an arti/2 b he gives a clue to ! "r action1 :i* we may ) safety accept1 ev5 if we c n hope to equal 8 p]=mance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,! c5t]-piece1 ,fig4 #fd1 tells a little /ory ( ,samson4 ,x is noticeable 9 ^! m$ieval picture subjects1 h[1 :5 a /ory has to be told1 ! details are treat$ 9 a broad & di/9ct fa%ion1 z if ! /ory c\ld take c>e ( itself1 & only requir$ to be /at$ cle>ly z to facts4 ,! deta*$ ornam5tal p>ts1 on ! contr>y1 receive a degree ( c>eful att5tion n giv5 to ! picture1 seem+ly ) ! object ( mak+ _! lonel9ess attractive4 ,! broad-humor *>act]i/ic ( ! companion picture ( m$ieval life1 9 ! little dome/ic sc5e1 ,fig4 #fe1 is equally free f =c$ exagg]ation or int5tional misproportion4 ,scale & anatomy1 to be sure1 h _h little consid]ation f ! c>v]1 b we readily =give ! inaccuracies 9 ?is respect1 on acc\nt ( 8 quick wit 9 devis+ means to an end4 ,be=e we leave ?is subject1 look at ,plate ,,ii1 9 :i* y w see a curi\s use ( misproportion--int5tional1 too1 9 ?is case--& us$ = q o!r ?an humor\s purposes4 ,?is is a little ornam5tal figure f ! tomb ( ,h5ry ,,iv1 9 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral4 ,y w see t ! body is out ( all proportion2 too small = ! head :i* surm\nts x1 or too big = ! feet ^u :i* x /&s4 ,n[1 :at c\ld h induc$ ! c>v] to treat a da9ty little lady ?us8 ,x c]ta9ly 0 n t he consid]$ x an improvem5t ^u nature1 nor 0 x a joke on 8 "p4 ,x c\ld only be done = "s practical reason su* z ?is3 t ! little figure does "p duty z a bracket1 h5ce1 m appe>ance ( solidity is requir$ at ! top1 & less at ! foot1 ?an true proportions w\ld admit4 ,x is all done s uno/5tati\sly t "o might look = h\rs at ! figure )\t notic+ ! lic5se4 ,n t ,i %\ld advise y to imitate ?is naive way out ( a difficulty4 ,! *ildlike simplicity ( its treatm5t succe$s :]e consci\s ef=t w\ld only end 9 affectation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,9 ,fig4 #ff y w see ano!r little figure do+ duty 9 connection ) a /all division 9 ! ,lady ,*apel at ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,its smoo? r\ndness ( =m is v appropriate to ! position x occupies2 :ile its poli%$ surface be>s ample te/imony t x has giv5 no (f5se to ! t\* ( ! _m h&s :i* h re/$ ^u x4 ,fig4 #fg %[s ano!r example ( ! same sort1 b p]*$ on a l[] "p ( ! division4 ,?is "o is f ! ca!dral at ,b]ne1 ea* division ( ! /alls hav+ a diff]5t figure1 ( :i* ?is is a type4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,/udies ,,f ,,nature--,,birds ,,& ,,bea/s ,! ,introduction ( ,animal ,=ms--,rude ,vitality ,bett] ?an ,dull ,natural ,hi/ory--,action--,difficulties ( ! ,/udy = ,t[n-,br$ ,/ud5ts--,! ,aid ( ,books & ,photographs--,outl9e ,draw+ & ,sugge/ion ( ,ma9 ,masses--,sket*-,book ,/udies1 ,sections1 & ,notes--,swiss ,animal ,c>v+--,! ,clay ,model3 its ,use & ,abuse4 ,no?+ enliv5s or gives m v>iety ( int]e/ to wood-c>v+ ?an ! introduction ( animal =ms4 ,!y make agreeable halt+-places on :i* ! eye may re/ ) pleasure4 ,!y are1 9 g5]al1 bo? beautiful 9 _! %apes & associat$ ) ideas :i* appeal /rongly to ! imag9ation1 ?us af=d+ 9 masses ( ab/ract ornam5t ! pleasante/ k9d ( relief by add+ to x po9ts ( def9ite l9eam5t & mean+4 ,to c>ve animals z !y ought to be c>v$1 "o mu/ h some?+ m ?an a pass+ int]e/ 9 _! =ms2 !re mu/ be includ$ also an und]/&+ ( _! natures1 & "s acqua9tance ) _! habits4 ,a cattle-drov] is likely to "k ! sali5t po9ts ( a bullock1 a horse-bre$] all ^? connect$ ) a horse1 & s on4 ,we /ud5ts1 h[ev]1 n hav+ ! advantage ( su* accurate & p]sonal k1 mu/ make %ift 9 ! be/ way we c to discov] & note ! po9ts s famili> to tra9$ eyes4 ,to see animals 9 ?is way1 &1 ) k ( _! =ms & habits1 treat _! sculptur$ images accord+ to ! laws ( our craft1 is no light task4 ,if *oice 7 to be made betwe5 a rude mann] ( c>v+--b :i* famili>ity ) ! subject inve/$ ) lively recognition ( "*--& a m cultur$ & elaborate1 b lifeless /udy 9 natural hi/ory1 !re %\ld be no hesitation 9 mak+ *oice ( ! =m] me?od1 because animal =ms1 )\t "s indication ( vitality1 are ! dulle/ ( all dull ornam5ts4 ,x is q impossible to describe 9 words ! k9d ( action :i* is mo/ appropriate to sculpture1 x be+ mu* m a "q ( treatm5t1 & ! guid+ _s ( ! mom5t1 ?an a subject :i* c be =mulat$4 ,z a broad & g5]al pr9ciple :i* may be tak5 = guidance1 y w always f9d y\rself on sur] gr\nd 9 ! attempt to indicate ! capacity = en]gy & ! sugge/ion ( movem5t1 ?an y w if y\r aim is ! extremity ( action 9 any direction4 ,y may1 ) "s ju/ice1 po9t to ! illu/ration giv5 9 ,fig4 #fe1 & :i* appe>s to contradict ?is /atem5t1 z be+ an example 9 :i* viol5t action is ! key-note4 ,y mu/ notice1 h[ev]1 t ! two figures1 al?\gh /ruggl+1 are = ! mom5t /ill1 or may be suppos$ s4 ,!re is en\gh sugge/ion ( ?is pause to excuse ! attitudes & save ! composition f re/lessness--ev5 ! rais$ h&s may be suppos$ to rema9 9 ! same position = a second or two4 ,?is imag9>y pause1 h[ev] inf9itesimal1 is ess5tial to ! dignity ( ! sculptor's art1 z no?+ is m irritat+ to ! m9d ?an be+ =c$ to recognize ! contradiction betwe5 a motionless image & its sugge/ion ( re/less action4 ,x is necess>y to obs]ve ! same rule 9 ! expression ( actual repose1 z "s clue mu/ be giv51 "s complet$ action be sugge/$1 9 ord] to di/+ui% dormant en]gy f d[nright in]tia4 ,i %\ld l to impress ^u y ! importance ( mak+ a special /udy ( ! *>act]i/ic movem5ts ( animals4 ,y w 9 "t become s f> famili> ) !m t c]ta9 /&>ds ( comp>ison & contra/ w be e/abli%$ 9 y\r m9d z aids to memory4 ,?us y w be all ! bett] able to c>ve ) significance ! measur$ & /ately action ( a horse1 if y h 9 y\r m9d's eye at ! same "t a picture ( ! m cumbr\s & sl[] movem5ts ( a c[2 & y w be help$ 9 ! same way :5 y are c>v+ a dog1 by rememb]+ t ! movem5ts ( a cat af=d a /rik+ contra/1 9 be+ /eal?y :]e ! o!r is n]v\s & quick4 ,= ! un=tunate t[n-br$ /ud5t or arti/1 :o has _h few opportunities to /udy birds & bea/s famili> to ! c\ntry s*oolboy1 !re is no o!r way b to make ! be/ ( /uff$ birds1 photographs1 etc4 ,mu* may be done ) ^! aids if a little p]sonal acqua9tance ) _! habits & associations is add$ l salt1 to keep ! second-h& k sweet & :olesome4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( opportunity = /udy f ! life1 no pictures ( animals c comp>e 9 _! usefulness to ! c>v] ) ^? by ,bewick4 ,!y are s completely develop$ 9 ess5tial details1 s full ( "* & expressive ( life1 t ev5 :5 p]sonal acqua9tance has be5 made ) _! v>i\s qualities1 a glance at "o ( 8 engrav+s ( birds or bea/s conveys new mean+1 ei!r ( ge/ure or attitude1 to :at we h previ\sly le>n$4 ,e /ud5t :o wi%es to make a lively repres5tation 9 c>v+ ( famili> bea/ or bird %\ld /udy ,bewick's engrav+s ( ,quadrup$s & ,birds4 ,draw+s made = ! purpose ( /udy ne$ n be elaborate3 inde$1 su* draw+s are only emb>rass+ to "w f4 ,! mo/ practical plan is to make a draw+ 9 :i* ! ma9 masses are giv5 correctly1 & 9 ab\t ! same relative position t !y w occupy 9 ! c>v+4 ,i give y 9 ,plate ,,vii an example ( ?is 9 a draw+ made by ,philip ,webb1 :o1 by ! /udy ( a lifetime1 has amass$ a valuable /ore ( k conc]n+ animals1 & acquir$ t extraord9>y skill 9 _! del9eation & ! expression ( "* :i* is only to be atta9$ by close obs]vation & great sympa?y ) ! subject4 ,! draw+ 9 "q 0 made = myself at ! "t ,i 0 c>v+ a lion = ! cov] ( a book 7giv5 9 ,plate ,,viii74 ,x 0 made1 9 8 good-natur$ way1 to help a lame dog ov] a /ile1 z ,i _h got into difficulties ) ! =m4 ,?is draw+ is all t a c>v]'s fir/ diagram %\ld be1 & gives :at is always ! fir/ necessity 9 su* prelim9>y outl9es--t is1 ! "r relation%ip ( ! ma9 masses1 & ! m]e/ h9t ( :at is to come 9 ! way ( detail2 all ( :i* mu/ be /udi$ sep>ately1 b :i* w\ld be entirely useless if a wrong />t _h be5 made4 ,9 ,fig4 #fh ,i give y trac+s f "s notes ,i made myself :ile c>v+ ! %eep 9 ,plates ,v & ,,vi4 ,! object 0 to ga9 "s def9ite k ( =m by not+ ! relation ( planes1 sections ( p>ts1 projections1 etc41 etc4 ,! section l9es & side-notes are ! mo/ valuable "p ( ! memor&a4 ,9 ! same mann] ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #fi1 %[s diagrams made f a h]on1 giv+ section l9es ( beak1 etc4 ,! side-notes ab\t ! colors are valuable1 z1 al?\gh n translatable into c>v+1 !y d to "s ext5t influ5ce ! mann] ( int]pret+ =ms4 ,photographs mu/ n be despis$1 b !y are only ( use if read by ! light ( previ\s k4 ,= ?is reason y c n make too _m notes ( sectional /ructure ?r\gh heads1 necks1 & legs1 :i* w help to expla9 ! my/]y common to all photographs4 ,! be> %[n 9 ! frontispiece is trac$ f a photographic illu/ration :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,budget "s "t ago4 ,by ! m]e/ accid5t x is sugge/ive ( a subject almo/ ready = ! c>v]'s h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,until t\ri/s began to explore ! beauties ( ,switz]l&1 !re 7 no bett] c>v]s ( animals ?an ! s]i\s b g5ial craftsm5 ( t noble c\ntry1 m especially ( su* animals z 7 famili> to _! eyes4 ,?is preem95ce %[s di/9ct signs ( soon becom+ a ?+ ( ! pa/ 9 ! endeavors to meet ! dem&s creat$ by ?\ghtless visitors4 ,/ill1 x is possible to obta9 a little ( ! traditional "w1 un9flu5c$ by t fatal impetus orig9at+ 9 mod]n comm]ce4 ,a piece ( ?is k9d is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj1 b\ght by a fri5d only a ye> or two ago 9 ! ,gr9delwald1 & :i*1 al?\gh =m+ "p ( ! usual /ock ( su* ?+s made = t\ri/ consumption1 0 pick$ out ) judici\s discrim9ation f a numb] ( /upid & trivial objects :i* display$ nei!r int]e/ ( design nor o!r ?an me*anical skill ( c>v+4 ,?is little be>1 a few in*es 9 size1 is c>v$ 9 a way :i* %[s long exp]i5ce ( ! subject1 & great famili>ity ) ! animal's ways4 ,! tool+ ( ! hair is done ) ! mo/ extraord9>y skill1 & )\t ! wa/e ( a s+le t\*4 ,n[1 a ^w or two m on /udies f ! life be=e we leave ?is subject4 ,i h giv5 y examples ( diagrams made = ?is purpose1 b mu* may be done )\t any draw+s1 fur!r ?an a prelim9>y map ( ! g5]al masses4 ,9 ! case ( su* an animal z ! horse1 :i* c be se5 9 e /reet1 ,i h myself f\nd x useful to foll[ !m 9 my walks1 tak+ m5tal note ( su* details z ,i happ5$ to be engag$ ^u1 su* z its legs & jo9ts1 its head or neck2 ano!r day ,i w\ld conf9e my att5tion to eyes1 e>s1 mane1 etc41 always ) ref]5ce to ! "w imm$iately 9 h&1 z t is ! "t to get ! be/ results f life /udy2 because ! difficulties h pres5t$ !mselves1 & "o kn[s exactly :at to look =4 ,five m9utes sp5t ?us aft] ! "w has be5 />t$ 7provid$ ! />t has be5 "r & involves no mi/ake 9 ! g5]al masses7 is m valuable ?an h\rs ( labor 9 mak+ prelim9>y draw+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,! use ( exp]im5tal models 9 clay or wax has1 ( c\rse1 its advantages1 b x w be well to "k j h[ f> su* an aid is valuable1 & at :at po9t its use becomes hurtful to "o's "w4 ,x is a common practise 9 l>ge c>v+ %ops = "o man to design ! figure or animal subjects 9 clay1 :ile ano!r c>ves !m 9 /one or wood4 ,n[1 ap>t f ! diff]5ce 9 mat]ial & ! unnatural division ( labor1 :i* we h discuss$ be=e1 x is beyond "q t a model ( ?is k9d has ev5 a m p>alyz+ effect on ! actual c>v] ?an a draw+ w\ld h4 ,( c\rse1 ! "w is m c]ta9 to rea* a recogniz$ /&>d1 & ! risk ( total failure is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 b !re is lit]ally no?+ left = ! c>v] to inv5t2 :o1 if he is a man ) a turn = t k9d ( ?+1 & ( a n]v\s temp]am5t1 mu/ suff] untold irritation 9 its execution4 ,! good & bad results ( ! use ( a model$ patt]n att5d 9 a modifi$ degree ev5 :]e bo? are done by ! same h&1 b = all t x is a useful & conv5i5t way ( mak+ exp]im5ts 9 d\btful passages ( ! "w4 ,! h[ f> a model is to be c>ri$ mu/ be regulat$ by ! am\nt ( confid5ce ! c>v] has 9 8 own =esight1 b 9 any case x is always well to rememb] ! diff]5ce ( treatm5t requir$ 9 pla/]1 clay1 & h>d wood1 :i* lead to su* diff]5t results t (t5 fre% difficulty arises 9 hav+ to translate ! "o mann] into ! o!r4 ,= ! purpose ( r\gh+ out ! g5]al s*eme1 ! clay1 if x mu/ be resort$ to1 %\ld be us$ 9 s(t masses1 !n a draw+ 9 outl9e made f ?is2 b all d\btful detail$ "w %\ld be c>v$1 n model$1 & = ?is purpose ! clay %\ld be all[$ to h>d5 until x is ne>ly dry4 ,! op9ions ( ! well-kn[n wood-c>v]1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,aumoni]1 on ?is subject1 w be ( value to y2 he says ) reg>d to ! be/ me?od ( go+ to "w3 ,a fre% piece ( wood-c>v+ execut$ )\t a model is di/9ctly a creat$ "w1 & t mu* good "w may come by *opp+ boldly at a block )\t any preconceiv$ design1 b design+ z y g on4 ,b he ?9ks x is be/ to "w f draw+s2 r\gh1 full-size *>coal c>toons1 :i* give ! effect want$ by _! light & %ade4 ,he also says t he /rongly prote/s aga9/ ! too frequ5t use ( clay or pla/] models1 because !y are (t5 worse ?an useless1 & n infrequ5tly absolutely immoral 9 _! t5d5cy1 because !y absorb "t & money1 :i* ought m legitimately to be sp5t on ! c>v+ itself4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,=e%ort5+ ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,"w ,,9 ,,relief ,intelligible ,backgr\nd ,outl9e ,bett] ?an ,confus$ ,=e%ort5+--,sup]position ( ,masses4 ,i h spok5 ( ! necessity = c>eful balance betwe5 ! outl9es ( subject & backgr\nd3 t bo? %\ld be agreeable 9 %ape4 ,?is becomes complicat$ & m difficult to arrange :5 we admit into our design any?+ resembl+ :at pa9t]s call =e%ort5+1 & ! awkw>dness is felt ev5 9 ! plac+ ( su* a small ?+ z an apple-leaf1 :i* may be treat$ 9 su* a way t ! int5tion ( ! draw+ is entirely lo/ 9 ! confusion :i* arises betwe5 ! inf]r$ & ! actual projection4 ,9 design+ su* subjects x w be good to be> 9 m9d z a guid+ pr9ciple t no matt] :at excuse !re may be 9 ! nature ( ! inf]r$ position ( ! leaf or limb1 ! outl9e aga9/ ! backgr\nd mu/ be at once agreeable & explanatory4 ,e k9d ( "w 9 relief develops a species ( compromise 9 ! expression ( =m1 ly+ some:]e betwe5 ! repres5tation ( an object on a p]fectly flat gr\nd1 z 9 a pa9t+1 & ! complete realization ( ! same =m1 copi$ f nature 9 "s solid mat]ial1 )\t any backgr\nd :atev]4 ,9 proportion to ! am\nt ( actual projection f ! backgr\nd1 ( c\rse ! necessity dim9i%es = t k9d ( =e%ort5+ :i* is obta9$ by del9eation4 ,x might be inf]r$1 !re=e1 t 9 v l[ relief--:i* is m ne>ly ak9 to ! nature ( a picture--m lib]ty may be tak5 9 ?is direction4 ,x is n s1 h[ev]1 = :]e actual dep? or projection exi/s1 z 9 c>v+1 be x only s mu* z ! dep? ( a l9e1 x makes =e%ort5+ well-nigh impossible1 except to a v limit$ ext5t4 ,!re mu/ be1 ( c\rse1 "s appe>ance ( ?is quality1 s a c]ta9 conv5tional /&>d has be5 set up1 beyond :i* "o only v5tures at "o's own risk4 ,?us1 c>e is tak5 t e object compos+ ! subject lies ) its longe/ l9es p>allel to ! backgr\nd4 ,9 ?is way ! lea/ possible viol5ce is done to ! imag9ation 9 complet+ ! picture4 ,z an example1 no s+le leaf %\ld be repres5t$ 9 relief z turn+ or com+ =w>d m ?an x w\ld d if pluck$ f ! tree & laid loosely d[n ^u a %eet ( pap]4 ,a1 ,fig4 #ga1 is an outl9e ( an apple-leaf press$ out flat4 ,b is an attempt to pres5t x 9 viol5t =e%ort5+1 %[+ its back to ! spectator1 :ile its po9t is suppos$ to be buri$ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,c is ! same leaf turn$ ! o!r way1 & suppos$ to be project+ =w>d2 bo? are exce$+ly awkw>d & un9telligible z m]e outl9es1 & if express$ 9 relief w\ld n be any m conv9c+ z portraits ( ! ?+ int5d$--r less s1 9 fact1 ?an ! diagram1 :i* has no projection to int]f]e ) ! draw+4 ,s we mu/ turn our leaf until x pres5ts its long side m or less to ! spectator1 z 9 ,d2 b ev5 "h "p ( ! edge is s ?9 at a t x w be bett] to turn x a little f>!r1 z 9 ,e1 %[+ m ( its surface1 z at b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,aga91 if we take z ano!r example two apples1 "o p>tly cov]+ ! o!r1 z 9 a1 ,fig4 #gb1 :]e "o apple is suppos$ to be beh9d ! o!r1 & s implies di/ance4 ,!re is no means ( express+ ?is di/ance 9 c>v+4 ,l[]+ ! surface ( ! h9dmo/ apple w\ld m]ely ?r[ out ! balance ( masses )\t giv+ a satisfactory explanation ( its position1 :ile to cut a deep groove betwe5 ! two w\ld be an equally unsightly exp$i5t4 ,! difficulty %\ld1 :5ev] x is possible1 be avoid$ by p>tially sep>at+ ! two =ms1 z 9 b1 :]e ! c5t] ( ! h9dmo/ apple cle>s ! outl9e ( ! o!r2 ?us mak+ x possible to get a division )\t awkw>dness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,a good exp$i5t1 :]e leaf or scroll =ms are to be c>v$1 & :5 v tru?ful draw+ is necess>y to expla9 _! convolutions1 is t adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,le?aby at ! ,royal ,college ( ,art4 ,x consi/s 9 cutt+ ! leaf out ( a piece ( /iffi% pap]1 & ) a knife or p5-h&le curl+ x into ! requir$ =m4 ,! ma9 l9es w ?us be se5 9 true relation to "o ano!r1 & all ! di/ortion avoid$ :i* arises f disconnection ( p>ts2 n only t1 b x is a useful aid to ! inv5tion1 z mu* v>iety c be h9t$ at by a skilful manipulation 9 curl+ its lobes4 ,fig4 #gc 0 drawn f a pap] model ( ?is k9d4 ,( c\rse1 x is q )\t ! necess>y ve9s or m9or articulations1 b is useful z a sugge/ion ( ma9 l9es4 ,) reg>d to subjects conta9+ figures ( m5 or animals1 ! same pr9ciple gov]ns ! plac+ ( ! :ole body 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 !n ( ! diff]5t memb]s1 s t heads1 arms1 & legs take up a position z ne>ly z may be ) a piece ( backgr\nd all to !mselves4 ,?us1 no two bodies %\ld be sup]-impos$ if x c be 9 any way avoid$4 7,i am speak+ n[ ( mod]ate & l[ relief1 al?\gh ev5 9 high relief ! be/ ma/]s h always respect$ ! pr9ciple47 ,! temptation to imitate effects ( =e%ort5+ = its own sake is n )\t "s excuse1 z x is q possible to make pres5table pictures 9 ?is way4 ,a horse1 = in/ance1 may be c>v$ 9 l[ relief1 pres5t+ ei!r its head or h9dqu>t]s to ! spectator1 & yet n look absolutely absurd4 ,aga91 a front face may be c>v$ 9 ! same way1 not)/&+ ! difficulty pres5t$ by ! projection ( ! nose4 ,nei!r ( ^! exp]im5ts c ev] be said to prove entirely successful4 ,x is n s mu* t !y are ei!r difficult or impossible1 z t a m suitable me?od1 "o m natural to ! te*nique ( ! c>v]1 is be+ neglect$1 & its _m good qualities sacrific$ = sake ( an effect :i* c nev] be fully realiz$ 9 sculpture4 ,to s dispose ! v>i\s masses1 great & small1 t !y fall easily into gr\ps1 ea* hav+ "s relation to1 & %>e ( ! backgr\nd1 is a true c>v]'s artifice4 ,a skilful use ( ?is arrangem5t makes x q unnecess>y to encroa* ^u ! doma9 ( ano!r art 9 ! imitation ( an effect :i* may be successfully r5d]$ ) ! p5cil1 b only s to a v limit$ ext5t ) ! c>v+ tools4 ,y h all se5 ! actors1 :5 call$ be=e ! curta9 at ! close ( ! play1 h[ !y pass be=e x "o by "o1 & p]haps jo9+ h&s make _! b[s 9 l9e1 to all appe>ance1 on a v n>r[ plat=m4 ,! curta9 is y\r backgr\nd1 :ile ! footlights may /& = ! surface ( y\r wood4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple1 let me call y\r att5tion to ! arrangem5t ( ! animals 9 ,plate ,,vi1 :]e economy ( space1 & a desire to display ea* detail to advantage1 are ! lead+ motives4 ,i give x z ! readie/ example to h&1 & because x fairly illu/rates ! pr9ciple 9 "q4 ,y mu/ excuse ! app>5t vanity 9 mak+ *oice ( "o ( my own works to exemplify a canon ( art4 ,! %eep at ! top is suppos$ to be scamp]+ ov] rocks2 ! ram bel[ may be any di/ance f ! %eep t y *oose to imag9e--! only indication ( relative position is sep>ation1 by means ( a ridge t may pass = a rock4 ,! head ( ! ram is some:at =e%ort5$1 b !re 0 en\gh ?ickness ( wood conta9$ 9 ! big mass ( ! body to all[ ( ?is be+ done 9 ! small] mass ( ! head1 )\t leav+ too mu* to be suppos$4 ,! heads ( ! %eep 9 ! fold h be5 z closely pack$ z 0 consi/5t ) %[+ z mu* ( ea* z possible1 z x 0 consid]$ bett] to give ! :ole head & no body ?an to %[ only a "p ( bo?3 mo/ ( ! bodies1 !re=e1 are suppos$ to be hidd5 beh9d ! wall1 only "o %[+ 9 "p4 ,x is a g5]al axiom ( ! craft1 t e mass 7be x body or leaf7 mu/ be made z complete 9 itself z ! circum/ances w all[2 b1 if p>tly hidd51 ! concealm5t %\ld be wilful1 & )\t ambiguity4 ,?us1 a dog's head may be rightly c>v$ z be+ p>tly hidd5 9 a bucket1 b ought n to be cov]$ by ano!r head if x is possible to avoid x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,und]cutt+ ,,& ,,built-,,up ,,"w ,und]cutt+ z a ,means & z an ,end2 its ,use & ,abuse--,built-up ,"w--,plant$ ,"w--,pi]c$ ,"w4 ,by und]cutt+ is meant ! cutt+ away ( ! solid portions ( projections 9 su* a mann] z to make !m invisible1 ?us ?r[+ ! c>v$ surface "w into m complete relief by deta*+ x f ! backgr\nd4 ,?is device has (t5 be5 c>ri$ s f>1 :]e ! projection 0 suffici5t1 t entire gr\ps ( figures & foliage h be5 practically deta*$ f ! backgr\nd1 l pieces ( sep>ate sculpture c>v$ all r\nd4 ,?is desire = complet5ess ( relief 0 m or less a dep>ture f ! or?odox aims ( ! c>v]s' craft1 & l$ ultimately to :at is kn[n z built-up "w--t is to say1 "w 9 :i* ! project+ p>ts 7 compos$ ( _m diff]5t pieces ( wood1 ea* c>v$ sep>ately1 & aft]w>d glu$ or p9n$ toge!r to =m ! composition4 ,_m ( ! mo/ elaborate c>v+s by ,gr9l+ ,gibbons are ( ?is k9d2 !y h a *>m ( _! own1 b x is "o ( q sep>ate int]e/1 & belongs to a category entirely remov$ f ! art ( c>v+ objects 9 a solid piece ( wood4 ,ap>t f ?is di/9ction1 ! difficulty ( ! me?od requires ! mo/ accompli%$ me*anical skill & a highly tra9$ eye to ei!r c>ve or compose su* "w 9 a way to comm& respect4 ,i %all !re=e dismiss ?is bran* ( ! subject z be+ outside ( our pres5t limits4 ,und]cutt+1 on ! o!r h&1 is an exp$i5t di/9ctly *>act]i/ic ( solid wood-c>v+1 & "s exp]im5ts ought to be made by y 9 design+ "w 9 :i* x c be us$4 ,x may be ei!r p>tial or complete--complete1 ( c\rse1 only up to a po9t2 t is to say1 ! connection ) ! backgr\nd mu/ 9 e case be n only ma9ta9$ b visibly demon/rat$4 ,p>tial und]cutt+ applies to su* portions z ! sides ( leaves1 ! rec$+ p>ts ( heads1 w+s1 etc41 :]e ! wood betwe5 ! object & its backgr\nd is cut away on an inw>d b5d1 ei!r complet+ ! project+ =m1 z 9 ! case ( a head1 or m]ely to hide ! sup]flu\s wood 9 ! case ( a leaf4 ,all ?is presupposes a c]ta9 am\nt ( elevation 9 ! relief2 inde$1 x is only 9 su* cases t ! process is necess>y or c be c>ri$ out4 ,! use ( und]cutt+ ( ?is k9d is l e o!r te*nical process1 liable to abuse ?r\gh too mu* be+ made ( its effects4 ,=tunately ! "t x consumes is a safegu>d aga9/ any t5d5cy to run riot 9 ?is direction4 ,! po9t at :i* x %\ld 9 all cases /op1 & t rel5tlessly1 is :]e x beg9s to cause a sep>ation betwe5 any entire mass ( ornam5t & its backgr\nd4 ,if portions are ?us reliev$ almo/ to complete deta*m5t1 b visibly reconnect !mselves 9 ano!r place1 a c]ta9 piquancy is ga9$ :i* adds *>m )\t de/roy+ "*4 ,a curi\s use is made ( und]cutt+ 9 ! bun* ( leaves giv5 9 ,plate ,,xi f a ,mis]]e seat 9 ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral2 x may be said to be completely und]cut 9 s f> t ! :ole bun* is holl[$ out "u ! surface1 leav+ f #a_/d to #a_/b 94 ?ickness ( wood1 9 :i* ! leaves are c>v$1 s t y may put y\r f+] 9 at "o hole & see x at ! bottom ( ano!r4 ,! only end all ?is extra labor seems to h atta9$ is t ( *angefulness 9 ! %ad[s ( ! holes betwe5 ! leaves1 9 :i* "o sees d>k rims ) light at ! bottom1 a condition :i* c]ta9ly adds a my/]i\s lightness to ! :ole mass4 ,x is a v ref9$ & appropriate use ( und]cutt+1 b w\ld only be possible :]e "t c\ld be sp5t to secure a v>iant ( su* epicurean delicacy1 z all ! sup]flu\s wood mu/ be tak5 out ?r\gh ! spaces betwe5 ! leaves1 & 9 ?is case !y are n ov]l>ge = t purpose4 ,"w :i* has its backgr\nd entirely cut away1 & :i* is aft]w>d glu$ or plant$ on a fre% backgr\nd to save labor1 c n be call$ und]cut2 ?is me?od has g5]ally a *eap look1 z x is us$ ) ! object ( sav+ "t & exp5se4 ,c>v+ :i* is treat$ 9 ?is way1 b in/ead ( be+ plant$ close to ! backgr\nd1 is fix$ at a little di/ance f x 7z is ! case ) ! lace-l designs fitt$ into ! holl[ mold+s ( fifte5?-c5tury *oir-scre5s71 is ( q a diff]5t ord]1 al?\gh ev5 9 ?is case x c n be /rictly describ$ z und]cut3 x is m ne>ly ak9 to pi]c$ fretwork4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 all ! g5]al effect ( und]cut "w1 & is ! only possible way ( obta9+ ?is effect 9 wood :]e a l>ge quantity ( su* ornam5t is requir$4 ,! face ( su* c>v+ is g5]ally a little convex1 :ile ! back is holl[$ out to give an equal ?ickness ( section4 ,! ornam5ts 9 ,figs4 #ge1 #gf1 & #gg are ( ?is description1 & are calculat$ to give great play ( light & %ade1 & be se5 well at a consid]able di/ance4 ,und]cutt+ 9 ! /rict & m labori\s s5se mu/ be res]v$ = occasions :]e ! labor is repaid by ! additional *>m4 ,x mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! light ( a t\r de =ce1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its co/ 9 ! matt] ( "t1 %\ld only be us$ "u exceptional circum/ances1 c>e be+ tak5 to make x cle> t x is an exception to ! g5]al rule ( solid c>v+ on a solid backgr\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,picture ,,subjects ,,& ,,p]spective ,! ,limitations ( an ,art n ,safely ,transgress$--,a]ial ,p]spective ,impossible 9 ,relief--,l9e> ,p]spective only ,possible 9 a ,limit$ ,way4 ,^? vague & %ad[y b\nd>ies :i* sep>ate ! doma9s ( ! diff]5t arts are be+ p]petually call$ 9 "q4 ,by :at l&m>ks su* indef9ite fronti]s may be di/+ui%$1 & h[ f> !y may be ext5d$ or transgress$1 w always be a matt] ( dispute4 ,excursions ( conque/ are cont9ually be+ made1 & conspicu\s among ^!1 "o :i* animates ! hopes ( _m sculptors & model]s4 ,its aim is ! appropriation ( ^? *>ms :i* are ! peculi> prop]ty ( ! graphic arts1 m especially _! p[] ( express+ ! effects ( di/ance by means ( l9e> & a]ial p]spective4 ,! backgr\nd ( a piece ( c>v+ is s obvi\sly solid & imp5etrable t any attempt to imitate an appe>ance ( di/ance is sure to defeat its own ends1 ! loss be+ great] ?an ! ga94 ,if !re are limits to be obs]v$ 9 ! =e%ort5+ ( a s+le leaf1 h[ mu* m mu/ !y apply to ! repres5tation ( :ole l&scapes8 ,prop]ly speak+1 !re is no di/ance available 9 ! c>v]'s art2 its :ole int]e/ lies ne> ! surface1 & 9 ! direct rays ( ! light :i* illum9ates x4 ,!re is ev5 a di/9ct pleasure to be d]iv$ f ! s5se t x is all c>v$ out ( a block ( su* & su* ?ickness1 po9t+ to ! reasonable conclusion t ?is ?ickness %\ld nev] be lo/ sight (1 ! c>v+ ev] & anon return+ to ! surface z a measure ( music does to its key-note4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 all ! great works ( antiquity1 among :i* ! ,p>!non frieze may be quot$ z evid5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all pictorial sculpture1 su* z c>v$ l&scapes ) figures dim9i%+ bo? 9 scale & projection1 necess>ily fail to uphold ?is s5se ( solidity1 z !re mu/ occur l>ge spaces :i* are holl[$ out f> bel[ ! surface to give ano!r plane on :i* to c>ve ! m di/ant objects 9 l[ relief1 9 ! va9 hope ( mak+ !m appe> to rec$e4 ,"w 9 :i* p]spective ( ?is k9d is us$ mu/ be view$ z ne>ly z possible f ! po9t ( vision produc$ by its vani%+-l9es2 ?is po9t is intelligible en\gh 9 ! case ( a pa9t+1 b :5 x comes to be c>v$ into relief1 if x happ5s to be se5 f any o!r po9t ( view1 x necess>ily looks all wrong1 because e "p is ?r[n into false relation%ip4 ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 =ms no argum5t aga9/ ! use ( explanatory l&scapes ) trees1 build+s1 etc4 ,x only means t all su* features mu/ be treat$ 9 a way entirely diff]5t to t adopt$ by ! pa9t]--t is to say1 9 deta*$ gr\ps1 ea* hav+ "s due relation to ! orig9al surface ( ! wood1 & only v little to _! p]spective positions4 ,9 ,fig4 #gd are two diagrams ( a l&scape composition4 ,! "o is appropriate to a pa9t$ picture & ! o!r to c>v+2 bo? h pretty ne>ly ! same numb] ( features1 except t 9 ! c>v+ !re is no effect ( di/ance attempt$1 :]eas 9 ! pa9t+ ev]y?+ leads to ?is "o p>ticul> di/9ction4 ,! road goes into ! picture1 ! bridge is se5 end on1 ! h\se & mill are dim9i%$ 9 size1 & ! horizon is /rongly en=c$ by a %ad[ e*o$ 9 ! sky4 ,! c>v+ looks ridicul\s beside ! pa9t+1 b x is a sev]e te/1 z x is n a subject :i* %\ld be c>v$ at all 9 t cond5s$ way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,ar*itectural ,,c>v+ ,! ,necessity = ,v>iety 9 ,/udy--,a ,c>v]'s ,view ( ! ,/udy ( ,ar*itecture2 ,insep>able f a ,/udy ( 8 own ,craft--,importance ( ! ,c>p5t]'s ,/imulat+ ,influ5ce ^u ! ,c>v]--,c>p5t]'s ,imitation ( ,/one ,con/ruction ,c>ri$ too ,f>4 ,t ! /udy ( wood-c>v+ %\ld be conf9$ to ! n>r[ field ( its own p]=mances w\ld be ! sure/ way to br+ contempt ^u an art :i* already (f]s too _m temptations = ! easy embodim5t ( pu]ile motives4 ,su* a limit$ range w\ld exclude all ! /imulat+ lessons to be d]iv$ f ! _m o!r k9ds ( c>v+ & sculpture2 =getful t !y are1 aft] all1 b diff]5t =ms ( ! same art1 diff]+ only 9 te*nique & application4 ,x w\ld take no note ( ! /ately sculptures ( ,greece--! f\nta9-head ( all t is te*nically & arti/ically p]fect 9 expression ( =m--or ( ! spl5dor ( imag9ation display$ 9 ! ivories ( ,italy4 ,_m ano!r s\rce ( inspir+ impetus w\ld be neglect$1 includ+ ! greate/ ( all1 ! influ5ce ( ar*itecture1 & ?r\gh x1 ! dignifi$ association or ! c>v]'s art ) all t is noble 9 ! life ( mank9d4 ,! dry & un9vit+ aspect :i* a s]i\s /udy ( ar*itecture pres5ts to "s m9ds is su* t x is too (t5 avoid$ z bo? useless & we>isome4 ,mu* ( ?is diffid5ce is due to a misconception ( ! aims :i* %\ld gov]n ! /ud5t ( decorative design 9 mak+ an acqua9tance ) its pr9ciples4 ,! /udy %\ld n be look$ ^u z p]ta9+ exclusively to ! functions ( an ar*itect1 nor z hav+ only an accid5tal connection ) p>ticul> crafts4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ! old days mason & c>p5t] 7 bo? craftsm5 & ar*itects1 & ! sculptor & wood-c>v] _h an equal %>e 9 creat+ e feature :i* gives any di/9ction ( /yle to ! build+s t 7 ! outcome ( _! unit$ ef=ts4 ,s1 in/ead ( look+ ^u ! subject z only a /udy ( dates = ! antiqu>y1 & rules ( con/ruction = ! ar*itect1 ! c>v] %\ld take 8 own view1 & reg>d ar*itecture = ! "t be+ z :at 9 "s s5se x really is3 a v l>ge k9d ( c>v+1 :i* includes & gives reason = 8 own p>ticul> bran*4 ,! importance ( ! subject is prov$ by ! exp]i5ce ( c5turies2 hi/ory %[+ pla9ly h[ ! two arts grew 9 /r5g? & beauty only :5 closely associat$1 & %>$ ea* o!r's fate 9 proportion to _! e/rangem5t4 ,9 ?is place ,i c say b v little ^u su* a va/ subject2 all ,i c d is to call y\r att5tion to "o or two examples ( c>v$ "w comb9$ ) /ructural c>p5try1 9 ord] t y may see = y\rselves :at a p[] ( effect lies 9 t union1 & h[ by contra/ x enhances ! value & int]e/ ( bo?4 ,i d ?is 9 ! hope t x may possibly lead y to a m complete /udy ( ar*itecture1 = :i* !re is no lack ( opportunity 9 books & museums1 b m especially 9 :at rema9s ( ! old build+s !mselves1 ) :i* a famili> & p]sonal acqua9tance w be mu* bett] ?an a !oretical or second-h& "o4 ,no c>v] ) a heal?y ambition c long cont9ue to make designs & produce !m 9 wood )\t feel+ int5sely ! want ( "s ar*itectural occasion = 8 ef=ts4 ,_h he only a b>ge-bo>d to c>ve1 or ! canopy ( a por*1 x w\ld be su* a relief to turn to its l>ge & g5]al treatm5t aft] a c\rse ( ! panels & ornam5ts peculi> to dome/ic furniture4 ,look1 = in/ance1 at ! c>v$ beams ( ! aisle ro( 9 ,mild5hall ,*ur* giv5 9 ,plate ,,iii1 & ?9k :at a fund ( p[]ful sugge/ion lay 9 ! b>e timb]s be=e !y 7 embelli%$ by ! c>v] ) lion1 dragon1 & knight4 ,ev5 ! c>p5t] became inspir$ ) a desire to make some?+ ornam5tal ( 8 own dep>tm5t1 & has %ap$ & c>v$ 7lit]ally c>v$7 8 timb]s into graceful mold+s4 ,!n1 aga91 9 ! ro( ( ,sall ,*ur*1 ,norfolk1 %[n 9 ,plate ,,iv1 y h a noble piece ( c>p5try :i* is z mu* ! "w ( an arti/ z ! c>v$ figures & trac]y :i* adorn x--inde$ x is all j z truly c>v$ "w z ^? figures1 be+ *opp$ out ( ! solid oak ) l>g] tools1 ax & adze1 s t "o kn[s n :i* to admire mo/1 c>v$ angels or c>v$ c>p5try4 ,plates ,,xi & ,,xii are details ( ! c>v+s :i* fill ! sp&rels ( ar* & gable 9 ! *oir /alls & scre5 at ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,!re are a great _m ( ^! panels simil> 9 "* b diff]+ 9 design1 "s hav+ figures1 birds1 or dragons work$ among ! foliage4 ,!y are comp>atively %all[ 9 relief1 & ?is appe>s less ?an x really is ow+ to ! fact t _m p>ts ( ! c>v+ dip d[n almo/ to ! backgr\nd1 giv+ def9ite b n deep %ad[s4 ,! ma9 int5tion seems to h be5 to all[ only en\gh %ad[ to secure ! patt]n1 & !n to emphasize ?is by means ( a multitude ( little illum9at$ masses4 ,! lead+ l9es run ?r\gh ! patt]n z cont9u\sly z possible1 b ! surface ( ! leafage is divid$ up into numb]s ( little hills & holl[s4 ,! sides ( ^! prom95ces cat* & reflect light m readily ?an !y produce %ad[1 s t x is possible to trace ! patt]n at a consid]able di/ance by means ( ! lights alone4 ,un=tunately = all believ]s 9 ! hi/orical evid5ce ( anci5t h&icrafts1 ?is "w 0 ov]haul$ "s half c5tury ago1 & 9 p>ts re/or$4 ,! old "w has be5 imitat$ 9 ! new ) surpris+ clev]ness1 b = t1 no "o :o has a cle> s5se ( ! true function ( ! c>v]'s art1 or ( ! hi/orical value ( its witness to pa/ modes ( life1 w ?ank ^? :o c>ri$ out ! re/oration1 s confus+ is x to be unable to di/+ui% at a glance ! old f ! new1 s depress+ to f9d su* labori\s ef=ts wa/$ 9 pleas+ a *ildi% desire = uni=mity ( treatm5t :5 x c\ld only be a*iev$ at ! co/ ( deception1 &1 ,i may add1 s irritat+ to f9d oneself = a mom5t deceiv$ into accept+ "o ( ! re/or$ p>ts z g5u9e old "w4 ,to add to ! deception1 ! :ole ( ! old woodwork1 z well z ! new1 0 sme>$ ov] ) a black /a9 9 ord] ! bett] to hide ! diff]5ce ( color 9 old & new wood1 ?us =ev] de/roy+ its s(t & natural color1 z well z ! texture ( its surface1 s de> to ! wood-c>v]4 ,! fifte5? c5tury 9 ,engl& 0 a p]iod ( great activity among wood-c>v]s1 & _m beautiful *oir-scre5s 7 add$ ab\t ?is "t to ! exi/+ *ur*es1 all 9 ! traditional ,go?ic mann]1 z ! ,r5aissance influ5ce 0 a full c5tury at "w 9 o!r c\ntries be=e its p[] began s]i\sly to affect ! national /yle4 ,! ,we/ ( ,engl& 7,som]set & ,devon 9 p>ticul>7 is ri* 9 ! rema9s ( ?is late ,go?ic c>v+1 "s details ( :i* are %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations1 ,figs4 #ge1 #gf1 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,z a g5]al rule ! support+ c>p5try ( ^! scre5s be>s a /rong resemblance to /onework2 s imitative is x 9 treatm5t1 t x is only by ! texture ( ! wood & its lightness ( con/ruction t ! di/9ction is made evid5t4 ,n[ a c]ta9 degree ( modifi$ imitation1 :]e "o craft models its =ms ( design ^u ^? ( ano!r1 us+ a diff]5t mat]ial1 z 9 ! case ( woodwork imitations ( ar*es1 trac]y1 etc41 is n only legitimate1 b v pleas+ 9 its results4 ,to atta9 ?is end1 ! c>p5t] ne$ only be true to 8 own ideals--!re is no occasion to ab&on ! me?ods ( 8 own craft 9 ord] to copy ! con/ruction :i* is peculi> to ano!r4 ,! res\rces ( c>p5try (f] an inf9ite field = ! inv5tion ( new & *>act]i/ic =ms1 & ^! may be made all ! m attractive if !y %[1 to "s ext5t1 ! influ5ce ( an associat$ craft1 b nev] fail to become we>isome if ess5tial "* has be5 sacrific$ = ! sake ( an +5i\s imitation4 ,! /ructural p>ts ( "s ( ^! scre5s are compos$ ( elaborate imitations ( /one vault+ & trac]y1 s closely copi$ z to be almo/ deceiv+1 !re=e !y c n be tak5 z good examples ( sugge/ive opportunity = ! wood-c>v]4 ,! c>v$ "w1 on ! o!r h&1 is m>k$ by a /rong craft "*1 ess5tially woody bo? 9 design & execution4 ,! illu/rations ref]r$ to are typical examples ( ?is k9d ( "w1 &1 al?\gh ! execution c n be indicat$1 !y at lea/ give ! disposition ( p>ts1 & "s idea ( ! contra/ obta9$ by ! use ( alt]nate b&s ( ornam5t diff]+ 9 scale1 or1 z 9 "s cases1 ! agreeable monotony produc$ by a repetition ( almo/ simil> designs1 v>i$ slightly 9 execution4 ,ano!r prom95t feature ( *ur* woodwork1 :i* develop$ ab\t ?is "t into magnific5t proportions1 0 ! font cov] & canopy4 ,_m ( ^! 71 h[ev]1 m l glorifications ( ! c>p5t]'s g5ius = con/ruction ?an examples ( ! c>v]'s art1 z !y 7 compos$ ( a multitude ( t9y p9nacles & ni*es1 ! c>v]'s "w be+ conf9$ to a repetition ( endless crockets1 trac]y1 & sep>ate figures or gr\ps4 ,h[ev]1 9 ,plate ,,xiii an example is giv5 ( :at !y c\ld d :5 work+ toge!r on a m equal foot+2 al?\gh mu* mutilat$1 en\gh rema9s to %[ h[ ! "o craft ga9s by be+ associat$ ) ! o!r 9 a :olesome _s ( rivalry4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,surface ,,f9i%--,,texture ,tool ,m>ks1 ! ,importance ( _! ,direction--,! ,woody ,texture ,dep5d5t ^u ,cle>ness ( ,cutt+ & ,sympa!tic ,h&l+4 ,! t]m texture is sometimes appli$ to ! quality ( f9i% :i* is *>act]i/ic ( good c>v+2 x has a some:at mislead+ s\nd1 :i* seems to sugge/ t ! f9al treatm5t ( ! surface is ! "w ( a sep>ate op]ation4 ,h[ev]1 x is a "r en\gh ^w1 z ! texture :i* wood-c>v]s aim at is t ( ! wood 9 :i* !y are c>v+4 ,"o might naturally ?9k t ?is texture mu/ necess>ily appe> :5 ! "w 0 f9i%$1 b t is n ! case1 z x is only rescu$ by ! mo/ skilful use ( ! tools1 & easily disappe>s "u ! mismanagem5t ( clumsy or unsympa!tic h&s4 ,texture 9 c>v+ is 9 "s respects on a p>allel ) tone 9 pa9t+--x dep5ds ^u a "r relation ( _m qualities4 ,z 9 ! pa9t+ good tone is ! outcome ( ! comb9$ effects ( tru? 9 color & a "r balance ( :at are call$ ! values1 toge!r ) decision 9 ! h&l+ ( ! bru%1 s 9 c>v+1 texture dep5ds ^u1 fir/1 hav+ a cle> idea ( :at is be+ c>v$1 & mak+ x cle> to o!rs2 t if x be r\nd1 holl[1 or flat1 x mu/ be s inde$2 t edges & %>pnesses be really :]e !y 7 int5d$ to be1 & n lo/ 9 woolly confusion4 ,!n aga91 z ) ! pa9t]'s bru%1 ! tool mu/ be mov$ by a h& :i* adapts itself to e *ang+ plane1 to all mann] ( curves & cont\rs1 ) t\*es sometimes delicate & delib]ate1 at o!rs broad & sweep+1 or ev51 at times1 br\ght d[n ) ! weight & =ce ( an ax-bl[4 ,a good quality ( f9i% may exi/ 9 ! mo/ div]g5t k9ds ( "w1 ea* hav+ its own *>act]i/ic texture4 ,?us a broad treatm5t on a l>ge scale w make mu* ( ! natural texture ( ! wood1 en=c+ x by crisp edges & subtle little ridges :i* cat* ! light & recall ! mom5t>y passage ( ! %>p tool1 :ile elaborate "w 9 l[ relief may h a delicate texture :i* p>tly imitates t ( ! details ( its subject1 & p>tly displays ! nature ( ! wood4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! texture mu/ be consci\sly aim$ at by ! c>v] z ! la/ b by no means lea/ quality :i* is to give vitality to ! "w ( 8 h&s4 ,a s5se ( ! capabilities ( 8 wood 9 ?is respect is "o ( ! be/ aids to ! c>v]1 z x reacts on 8 s5se ( =m & compels him to precision4 ,manual dext]ity alone may succe$ 9 mak+ its "w cle>ly intelligible1 b t is all1 & x g5]ally leaves a surface 9 :i* !re is little indication ( any feel+ = ! mat]ial 9 :i* ! "w is c>v$1 no?+1 9 fact1 t m>ks x specially z c>v+ 9 wood1 or di/+ui%es x f a ca/+ 9 metal4 ,! te*nical op]ation :i* is mo/ imm$iately answ]able = ! mak+ or m>r+ ( texture is ! disposition & nature ( ! f9al tool m>ks4 ,^! %\ld be s manag$ t !y help ! eye to und]/& ! =ms4 ,!y %\ld expla9 r ?an confuse ! cont\rs ( ! surface4 ,j z 9 a good *alk draw+ ! /rokes & cross-hat*+s are put 9 ) me?od1 & if well done produce ! effect ( some?+ solid1 s 9 c>v+1 ! tool m>ks %\ld emphasize ! draw+ )\t 9 any way call+ att5tion to !mselves4 ,x is q impossible to expla9 9 words t w n be op5 to miscon/ruction ! subtle comm+l+ ( qualities :i* make all ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad texture4 ,we may succe$ bett] by describ+ ^? conditions :i* are unfavorable to x4 ,?us "w :i* is v mu* cut up into m9ute detail1 & :i* lacks a prop] contra/ ( surface1 or1 = ! same reason1 "w :i* is too g5]ally bald & smoo?1 r>ely exhibit a good surface texture4 ,aga91 "w :i* is ov]labor$1 or :]e delicate details h be5 attempt$ on a co>se-gra9$ wood1 or f9ally1 "w :i*1 al?\gh done ) success 9 ! matt] ( me*anical dext]ity1 is defici5t 9 feel+ = its woody possibilities1 are all likely to fail 9 ! matt] ( texture4 ,pun*-m>k$ backgr\nds h und\bt$ly a legitimate place among ! exp$i5ts ( ! c>v] = obta9+ contra/1 b on ! :ole1 z su*1 !y are ( a some:at m]etrici\s ord]1 & 9 almo/ e case _! use is fatal to ! *>m ( f9e texture1 z ?is always dep5ds on an appreciation ( ! homog5e\s connection ( c>v+ & backgr\nd4 ,if !y are us$ at all !y %\ld be made to =m patt]ns on ! backgr\nd1 & n put d[n promiscu\sly4 ,little g\ge m>ks are /ill bett]1 z !y are n s me*anical4 ,i %all conclude ?is "p ( my subject ) a quotation f ! words ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,aumoni]1 9 a lecture deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects4 ,all c>v+ to be treat$ accord+ to ! position x is to occupy4 ,n only ! design1 b ! actual c>v+ itself1 %\ld be consid]$ ) a view to ! position x is to take & ! light x w receive4 ,?us1 ev5 if q close to ! eye1 :]e1 ( c\rse1 its position w>rants or dem&s a c]ta9 am\nt ( f9i%1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t real f9i% r means p]fection ( =m ?an smoo?ness ( surface1 s t ev5 !re x %\ld /ill %[ its cuts & its tool m>ks fe>lessly1 & be deep5$ 9 p>ts to make x tell its prop] tale 9 ! comb9$ s*eme ( decoration2 :ile if x is go+ a great height or di/ance f ! eye x %\ld be left z r\gh z ev] y c leave x4 ,! only po9ts t h to be reg>d$ are ! outl9es1 v>ieties ( planes1 & dep?s1 & if ^! be prop]ly consid]$ ev]y?+ else w take c>e ( itself1 & !n ! :ole "w c n be left too r\gh4 ,its v r\ghness & *oppy cuts w give x a s(tness & quality :5 9 its place t no am\nt ( smoo?+ or high f9i% c possibly atta9 to4 ,bew>e ( putt+ a wrong int]pretation ^u ! ^w r\gh--ref] to :at he says ( ! po9ts to be reg>d$1 i4e41 ! v>ieties ( planes1 & dep?s4 ,if !y are "r ! r\ghness is n likely to be ( ! (f5sive k9d4 ,no?+ s effectually de/roys ! quality ( texture z poli% appli$ to c>v+4 ,if furniture mu/ be poli%$ x %\ld n be c>v$4 ,! only poli% t improves c>v+ is t :i* comes ( use4 ,on h>d woods1 su* z oak or ,italian walnut1 ! pressure ( ! tools leaves a pleasant poli%1 :i* is all t is necess>y2 ! mo/ t %\ld be all[$ may be giv5 by a little burni%+ ) ! h&le ( ! tool4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,craft ,,s*ools1 ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t ,! ,c\ntry ,craftsman ( ,old ,times--,a ,colony ( ,craftsm5 9 ,busy ,int]c\rse--,! ,mod]n ,craftsman's ,difficulties3 ,emb>rass+ ,v>iety ( ,*oice4 ,! pres5t revival ( int]e/ 9 ! arts1 especially ) reg>d to ^? ( a decorative k9d1 is bas$ on ! rec5tly awak5$ e/hetic desires ( a small section ( ! g5]al public1 :o owe _! activity 9 ?is direction to ! influ5ce ( m5 l ,john ,rusk9 & ,william ,morris4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 by 8 magic insight1 disc]n$ ! true s\rce ( vitality :i* lay 9 ! traditions ( m$ieval workman%ip1 i4e41 _! int5sely human "* & orig94 ,8 fi]y words compell$ att5tion1 & awak5$ a new en?usiasm = all t betok5s ! direct & inspir+ influ5ce ( nature4 ,!y rais$ ! hope t ?is passion might 9 "s way provide a clue to ! recov]y ( a fitt+ =m ( expression4 ,william ,morris1 ) no less p[] z a craftsman1 0 ! fir/ to give practical embodim5t to ?is newly awak5$ impulse by a modifi$ return to ! old] me?ods ( production4 ,8 r>e k ( m$ieval hi/ory1 & manly sympa?y ) all t is g5]\s 9 mod]n life1 made x impossible = him to become a sup]ficial imitator4 ,8 "w is an example ( :at may be a*iev$ by a union ( high arti/ic in/9cts ) a cle> und]/&+ ( ! conditions ( mod]n life4 ,*e]+ z is ! pres5t activity 9 its enc\ragem5t ( endeavor1 ! difficulties ( e/abli%+ any?+ l an effici5t sy/em ( education = ! arti/1 m especially ! sculptor1 or c>v] arti/1 is only be+ gradually realiz$4 ,! difficulties are n s mu* academic z practical4 ,x is less a "q ( :]e to /udy ?an "o ( kn[+ :at direction ^? /udies %\ld take4 ,be=e any g5u9e developm5t 9 ! art c be look$ =1 cont9uity ( ef=t mu/ be e/abli%$1 & t 9 a s+le direction1 undi/urb$ z x is at pres5t by diff]5ces ( public ta/e4 ,opportunities = /udy are n[ af=d$ to an ext5t nev] be=e dream$ (3 9 books & s*ools1 & 9 museums2 b division ( op9ion m>s ! au?ority ( ! two fir/1 :ile ! la/ is confess$ly b a k9d ( catalogue1 :i* may only be read ) pr(it by ! light ( consid]able exp]i5ce4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( success has und\bt$ly att5d$ ! progress ( ! new sy/em1 b x mu/ always be m or less at a disadvantage2 fir/ly1 by reason ( its divid$ aims2 secondly1 because ! sy/em is m !oretic ?an practical1 & is (t5 bas$ on ! false assumption t design may be le>n$ )\t atta9+ a ma/]y ov] te*nique1 & vice v]sa4 ,until /ud5ts become disillusion$ on ?is latt] po9t1 & are at ! same "t p]mitt$ to foll[ _! natural b5t ) z little int]f]5ce z possible f ! exig5cies ( public ta/e1 uni=mity ( aim w be impossible1 & consequ5tly ! sy/em mu/ rema9 artificial4 ,x c nev]1 "u any circum/ances1 entirely replace t m natural "o adopt$ by our ance/ors4 ,h[ c its me?ods comp>e = a mom5t ) ! spontane\s & he>ty int]e/ t guid$ ! tools ( ^? m happily plac$ craftsm51 ^: subjects lay ar\nd !m1 ( daily famili>ity2 ^: arti/ic language 0 ready to h& & )\t confusion1 af=d+ an endless v>iety ( expression to e new & individual fancy4 ,_m ( ^! craftsm5 71 ow+ to _! invigorat+ surr\nd+s1 gift$ ) a high poetic feel+ = _! art--a quality :i* gives to _! "w a transc5d5t value t no le>n+ or manual clev]ness c\ld supply4 ,!y acquir$ _! te*nical k 9 g5ial connection ) equally gift$ memb]s ( o!r crafts1 & 9 consequ5ce express$ !mselves ) correspond+ & ju/ly proportion$ skill 9 execution4 ,conditions t c n be alt]$ mu/ be endur$ :ile !y la/1 b ! fir/ /ep t[>d _! improvem5t mu/ be made 9 ga9+ a k ( ! facts z !y are4 ,?is w be ! sure/ f\ndation ^u :i* to build all individual ef=t 9 ! future4 ,:o t has felt ! emb>rass+ d\bts & contradictory impulses1 peculi> to mod]n /udy1 c h fail$ to look disconsolately away f 8 own surr\nd+s to ^? f>-(f times :5 craft k 0 acquir$ "u circum/ances calculat$ to awak5 ! brighte/ in/9cts ( ! arti/8 ,! imag9>y picture calls up ! anci5t c>v] at 8 b5*1 *e]fully block+ out images ( leaves & animals 9 8 busy work%op1 surr\nd$ ) ! sights & s\nds ( c\ntry life4 ,8 op5 door frames a picture ( ! village /reet1 alive ) sc5es ( neighborly int]e/4 ,f ! mill-:eel comes a monoton\s music mak+ pleasant cad5ce to 8 own woody notes1 or ! blacksmi?'s hamm] r+s 8 *e]y c\nt]p>t 9 _! companionable duet4 ,%ort z is ! di/ance betwe5 work%op & home1 x provides a _w ( beauty & incid5t2 sugge/+ to 8 inv5tive m9d ! subjects suitable = 8 "w4 ,birds1 bea/s1 & fl[]s are z famili> to him z ! tools ) :i* he works1 or ! sc5t & t\* ( ! solid oak he h&les daily4 ,!re1 among ! aromatic *ips1 he sp5ds ! long work+ h\rs ( a summ] day2 v>i$ by ! occasional visits ( a r exact+ ,fa!r f ! neighbor+ mona/]y2 or p]haps "s idle & gossip+ acqua9tance :o looks 9 to hold a long p>ley ) 8 h& ^u ! lat*4 ,or x may be t ! m9d turns to ano!r c>v]1 at "w 9 "o ( ! _m l>ge colonies ( craftsm5 :i* sprang up amid ! =e/ ( scaffold+ surr\nd+ ! sl[ & my/]i\s gr[? ( "s noble ca!dral4 ,"h all is organiz$ activity--! be/ m5 to be f\nd 9 ! c\ntry h be5 b&$ toge!r & commission$ to d _! be/1 = :at seems1 9 mod]n eyes1 a ridicul\sly small rate ( pay4 ,"s are well kn[n & recomm5d$2 o!rs1 z travel+ arti/s1 are seek+ *ange ( exp]i5ce & daily bread4 ,=eign]s are "h1 f ,france1 ,italy1 & ! ,ea/4 ,all h be5 plac$ "u ! direction ( compet5t ma/]s ( _! craft2 m5 :o h long s9ce s]v$ _! appr5tice%ip to its my/]ies1 & e>n$ an honorable position 9 its gilds4 ,"h ! c>v] works 9 an atmosph]e ( exhil>at+ emulation4 ,/one-c>v] & wood-c>v] vie ) ea* o!r 9 produc+ "w t w d cr$it to _! respective bro!rhoods4 ,pa9t] & decorator are busy giv+ to ! "w ( _! h&s :at mu/ h appe>$ to ^? conc]n$ an aspect ( heav5ly beauty2 ! mo/ preci\s mat]ials n be+ consid]$ too co/ly = use 9 its adornm5t4 ,:at an int]*ange ( arti/ic exp]i5ce6--int]*ange betwe5 ^? ( simil> craft f diff]5t c\ntries1 & ! /imulat+ or ref9+ influ5ce ( "o craft ^u ano!r--sculptors1 goldsmi?s1 wood-c>v]s1 & pa9t]s1 all unit+ 9 a sympa!tic agreem5t to d _! utmo/ = ! high au?orities :o br\ght !m toge!r2 ) a common feel+ ( rev]5ce1 alike = ! religi\s traditions :i* =m$ ! motives ( _! "w & ! repres5tatives ( t religion 9 ! p]sons ( _! employ]s4 ,:at an endless v>iety ( int]ruptions mu/ h be5 common6 all ( a k9d em95tly calculat$ to /imulate ! imag9ation4 ,municipal functions1 religi\s fe/ivals ) _! spl5did ga!r+s & processions1 ! excit+ ev5ts ( political conte/1 (t5 c>ri$ to ! po9t ( actual combat1 to say no?+ ( ! frequ5t ,sa9t's day holidays1 enjoy$ by ! craftsman 9 jovial social int]c\rse4 ,all & e sc5e clo!d 9 an outw>d dress ( beauty1 rang+ f ! picturesque r\ghness ( ! village inn to ! magnific5t pageantry ( a nobleman's display1 or ! maje/ic surr\nd+s ( an ar*i-episcopal reception4 ,f dreams ( ! pa/ ) its _m-sid$ life & backgr\nd ( s]i\s beauty1 we turn ) feel+s almo/ bord]+ on despair to ! possibilities ( ! pres5t4 ,n only has ! mod]n craftsman to ma/] ! te*nicalities ( 8 bus9ess1 b he mu/ become /ud5t z well4 ,no univ]sally accept$ =m ( 8 art (f]s him a ready-made language2 he is left fatally free to *oose /yle1 p]iod1 or nationality1 f examples ( e conceivable k9d ( c>v+1 9 museums1 photographs1 & build+s4 ,z pr\d b di/ract$ heir to all1 he may cultivate any "o ( !m1 f ,*9ese to ! late/ /yle ( exhibition art4 ,= 8 /udies he mu/ travel half a doz5 miles be=e he c rea* fields1 trees1 & animals 9 any?+ l inspir+ conditions4 ,he mu/ f9d 9 books & photographs ! botanical l9eam5ts ( foliage & fl[]s1 ( :i* he ma9ly seeks to "k ! wild life & free gr[?4 ,) b "o %ort life all[$ him 9 :i* to make 8 poor ef=t 9 a s+le direction1 he mu/ yet /udy ! hi/ory ( 8 craft1 comp>e /yles1 & endeavor ) all ! help he c get to %ape "s c\rse = himself4 ,c he be assur$ ( select+ ! "r "o1 or out ( ! multitude ( c\nselors & contradictory views1 is !re n a dang] ( tak+ a false /ep8 ,no wond]1 if 9 ! cl\dy obscurity ( 8 d\bts1 he sometimes feels a tir$ desire to ab&on ! problem z too intricate to be resolv$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,on ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,coop]ation ,,betwe5 ,,build] ,,& ,,c>v] ,! ,inf9ite ,multiplicity ( ,/yles--,! ,go?ic ,influ5ce3 ,sculpture an ,integral ,elem5t 9 its ,designs--,! ,approa* ( ! s-call$ ,r5aissance ,p]iod--,di/urb$ ,convictions--,! ,revival ( ! ,classical ,/yle--,! ,two ,/yles 9 ,conflict = a ,"t2 _! ,respective ,*>act]i/ics ,review$--,c>v]s ,become ,dep5d5t ^u ,ar*itects & ,pa9t]s--,! ,revival ,sep>ates ,design] & ,executant4 ,! prevail+ ar*itectural fa%ion ( a "t or c\ntry1 kn[n z its /yle1 has g5]ally be5 det]m9$ by ! influ5ce ( m advanc$ nations on ^? ( a rud] con/itution2 ea* modify+ ! import$ /yle to suit its own climatic & social conditions1 & imbu+ x ) its own individual temp]am5t4 ,! =eign idea 0 ?us develop$ into a di/9ct & national /yle1 :i* 9 its turn bore fruit1 & 0 pass$ on z an initiative = o!r nations & new /yles4 ,! curr5t ( ?is influ5ce1 g5]ally speak+1 tr5d$ f ea/ to we/ z ?\gh foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! sun1 ^u ^: light x dep5d$ = ! illum9ation ( its beauties4 ,!re are s _m /yles ( ar*itecture1 & consequ5tly ( c>v+1 bo? 9 wood & o!r mat]ials1 t a hi/ory ( su* a subject w\ld be a life /udy 9 itself1 & be q b>r5 ( results except ^? ( a pr(essional k9d4 ,x w\ld include ! *>act]i/ics ( c>v+s f e c\ntry "u ! sun1 f ! e>lie/ times kn[n4 ,engrav+s on bo>s' tusks f\nd 9 prehi/oric caves1 c>v+s on ,s\? ,sea ,isl& canoe paddles1 ,p]uvian mon/rosities ( t]ror1 ! ref9$ b>b>ity ( ,india & ,*9a1 ! endur+ & monum5tal ef=ts ( ,egyptian art1 & a hundr$ o!rs1 d[n to times & c\ntries m )9 rea*4 ,9 fact1 x w\ld only be ano!r "n = a hi/ory ( mank9d f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,no?+ c\ld be bett] = ! /ud5t's purpose ?an to beg9 8 /udies ( hi/ory at t po9t :]e ! fir/ indication ( ! ,go?ic or m$ieval p]iod ( ar*itecture makes its appe>ance4 ,= x 0 f ?is great & revolution>y *ange 9 ! mann] ( build+ t all ! subsequ5t v>iety ( /yle 9 c>v+ z well z build+ 9 m$ieval ,europe took its orig94 ,! fir/ rudim5ts ( ! great s*ool ( art1 :i* has be5 broadly classifi$ z hav+ a ,go?ic orig91 began to make _! appe>ance 9 ,byzantium "s ?ree or f\r c5turies aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,?is city1 said to h be5 f\nd$ by a colony ( ,greek emigrants1 became ! seat ( ,roman gov]nm5t 9 _! ea/]n empire1 & is n[ kn[n z ,con/ant9ople3 x conta9s a not$ example ( anci5t art 9 ! great *ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia4 ,f ! date ( ! build+ ( ?is *ur* 9 ! six? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 to ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ,italy1 & ab\t a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 m or less1 accord+ to di/ance f t c5t]1 we h r\ghly ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! m$ieval _s rul$ ! arts ( ,europe4 ,! "w ( ?is long p]iod is di/+ui%$ beyond all o!rs by ! v>i$ beauty & int]e/ ( its c>v+s1 a preem95ce x owes 9 "p to ! /rong bias 9 ?is direction :i* 0 giv5 by its e>ly f\nd]s1 b /ill m to ! unbrok5 alliance ma9ta9$ betwe5 build]s & c>v]s ?r\gh\t ! entire p]iod4 ,an inh]it$ tal5t = sculpture1 h&$ d[n1 no d\bt1 f _! classical =efa!rs1 di/9ctly m>ks ! comm5cem5t ( ! era2 b f t "t until ! appe>ance ( ! ,r5aissance influ5ce1 build] & c>v] are no long] conceivable z be+ indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,sculpture ( "o k9d or ano!r n only play$ an important "p 9 ! decoration ( its build+s1 b became a necess>y & integral elem5t 9 e ar*itectural conception1 be its importance little or great4 ,! masons design$ _! /ructural features ) a view to ! embelli%m5ts to foll[ f ! h& ( ! c>v]2 !y 7 9 full sympa?y ) ! arti/ic int5tion ( ! decoration1 !re=e _! own ideas 7 9 complete con=mity ) ^? ( ! sculptor1 :ile ev5 9 "s cases !y did ?is "p ( ! "w !mselves4 ,! sculptors1 re/ra9$ by ! sev]e laws ( /ructural design1 nev] transgress$ ! due limits ( _! craft1 or became insi/5t ^u ! individuality ( _! own "w4 ,h5ce1 ?r\gh\t all ! successive *anges ( /yle br\ght ab\t by "t & diff]5ce ( c\ntry1 climate1 or mat]ial1 ! art ( c>v+ /eadily progress$ h& 9 h& ) ! art ( build+4 ,! *anges 7 s v gradual1 & grew s naturally f ! conditions & requirem5ts ( social life1 t ample "t 0 all[$ = ! education ( public feel+1 :i* became 9 ?is way id5tifi$ ) ! inv5tive progress ( ! craftsm54 ,z a happy result1 "o aim & desire gov]n$ alike build]s1 c>v]s1 & p1 & "o /yle at a "t1 enjoy$ & und]/ood by all1 0 ! :olesome regim5 by :i* ! ar*itectural appetite ( ! p]iod 0 su/a9$4 ,ca!dral & cottage diff]$ only 9 _! relative grades ( importance2 ea* %>$ 9 due proportion ! advantages ( an ar*itectural /yle common to all =ms ( build+1 & adaptable 9 ! highe/ degree to e v>y+ purpose ( design1 f ! simple/ piece ( wall+1 ) ! b>e/ indication ( /yle1 to ! mo/ elaborate arrangem5t ( masonry & c>v+ :i* c\ld be devis$ to di/+ui% a /ately & important /ructure4 ,"t 01 h[ev]1 prep>+ a revolution :i* 0 de/9$ to sweep away _m old beliefs & e/abli%$ in/itutions1 & ) !m ^? famili> motives & habits ( ?\ght1 :i* _h long =m$ ! b\ntiful s\rce ( m$ieval inspiration & inv5tion4 ,! p]iod betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury & ! ,re=mation 0 l a fi]y furnace1 9 :i* ! mat]ials = a new _w 7 be+ prep>$2 x 0 no "t = ! leisurely enjoym5t ( ! pleasures ( art1 :i* presupposes settl$ convictions & imp]ceptible developm5ts4 ,ab\t ?is "t _m new =ms ( intellectual activity began to engage ! m9ds ( ! m gift$4 ,speculative philosophy1 ! op5+ fields ( sci5ce1 ! imag9ative lit]ature ( ! anci5ts2 ^! 7 among ! subjects :i*1 :ile !y enl>g$ ! sph]e ( individual ?\ght1 de/roy$ t social ideal :i* _h its roots 9 a common belief1 & ) x1 ! secret s\rce ( all pa/ developm5t 9 ar*itecture4 ,) ! deep-ly+ causes & f>-rea*+ effects ( ! unre/ :i* di/urb$ ?is p]iod1 we are n "h conc]n$1 beyond ! po9t :]e x t\*es our int]e/ 9 ar*itecture & sculpture4 ,t dra/ic *anges 7 9 progress affect+ ! popul> reg>d = ^! arts is und5iable4 ,educat$ & illit]ate m9ds became alike indiff]5t to ! au?ority ( e/abli%$ religion--ei!r !y succumb$ to ! tyranny ( its p[]ful b corrupt m9i/]s1 or /ood out 9 op5 rebellion aga9/ its disput$ dogmas4 ,9 ei!r case1 t ar*itecture :i* _h =m]ly be5 reg>d$ z ! *ief symbol ( unit$ fai?1 %>$ ! neglect ( "o section or ! abhorr5ce ( ! o!r4 ,t /rong s5se ( beauty1 once ! common possession ( build]s1 sculptors1 & p1 0 n[ betwe5 ! upp] & ne!r mill/ones ( fate1 be+ gr\nd into ! f9e du/ :i* has s]v$ = c5turies z ! pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 ! manufacture ( an endless succession ( moral pudd+s & pies1 kn[n 9 mod]n times z art criticism4 ,to e>ne/ m9ds 9 all classes at t "t1 any en?usiasm = ar*itectural /yles1 old or new1 mu/ h appe>$ z futile z an anxiety ab\t appe>ances :ile "o's h\se 0 burn+4 ,to ! art ( ?is p]iod ! title ,r5aissance has be5 fooli%ly appli$4 ,:5 us$ 9 association ) ! arts ( ar*itecture & sculpture1 x is ess5tially a misnom]4 ,= ^! arts x 0 m]ely a "t ( revival1 n 9 any s5se "o ( rebir?1 z ! ^w implies4 ,9 no way c ?is p]iod claim to h conf]r$ vitality along ) ! resuscitation ( outw>d =m4 ,! revival ( a classical /yle 9 ar*itectural design1 :i* began 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 0 ! sequel to a simil> revival 9 ! /udy ( ,greek & ,roman lit]ature1 !n occupy+ ! int]e/s ( cultivat$ s*ol>s4 ,x 0 b a /ep fur!r to desire also ! realization ( ^? ar*itectural spl5dors :i* 7 associat$ ) ^! /udies4 ,su* dilettante dreams c n be suppos$ to h deeply int]e/$ ! g5]al public1 ) ^: conc]ns !y _h b a remote connection2 s "u ^! circum/ances1 probably ! classical /yle 0 z suitable z any o!r1 *os5 on su* n>r[ & exclusive gr\nds4 ,!re 0 ev5 a c]ta9 fitness 9 x1 a capability ( mu* expansion on !atrical & gr&iose l9es4 ,its unb5d+ demeanor t[>d craft tal5t ( ! humbl] k9d at once flatt]$ ! vanity ( ! cultur$1 & c[$ un$ucat$ m9ds4 ,! ,duomo at ,flor5ce 0 f9i%$ e>ly 9 t c5tury1 & 0 "o ( ! fir/ build+s 9 :i* ! new /yle 0 adopt$4 ,9 ?is case x 0 us$ ma9ly 9 ! completion ( a build+ already well advanc$ on l9es bas$ ^u ! old] traditions4 ,! "* ( its design1 al?\gh n ( a /rictly imitative k9d1 0 di/9ctly bas$ on a classical ideal4 ,imitations foll[$1 m+l+1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,duomo1 ,go?ic & classic elem5ts1 (t5 ) f9e effect4 ,x is q possible to believe t1 _h ?is int]m>riage ( ! two s*ools cont9u$ to be> fruit1 "s v]tebrate /yle might h result$ f ! union1 p>tak+ ( ! nature ( bo? p>5ts2 b ! hope 0 ( %ort duration4 ,its ar*itects1 becom+ enamor$ by ! quality ( sci5tific precision1 :i* is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( classical design1 soon ab&on$ all pret5se ( attempt+ to amalgamate ! native & import$ /yles4 ,!y gave !mselves up :olly to ! cong5ial task ( elaborat+ a s*ol>ly sy/em ( imitation2 s t1 by ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 no trace :atev] rema9$ ( native feel+ 9 ! ar*itecture ( its important build+s4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ?is revolution 9 /yle1 ! old m$ieval habits ( coop]ation betwe5 ma/] mason & sculptor 7 sl[ly be+ ex*ang$ = a complete dep5d5ce ^u a special ar*itect1 :o 0 n necess>ily a craftsman himself2 b ^: designs mu/ be c>ri$ out l9e = l9e ) ! mo/ rigid adh]5ce to measurem5ts4 ,= a mom5t 9 hi/ory1 ! rival spirits ( ! two great s*ools ( ar*itecture /& face to face l oppos+ ideals4 ,! classical "o1 recall$ f ! region ( ?+s pa/ & =gott51 aga9 to play a "p on e>? ) at lea/ ! semblance ( life2 ! ,go?ic _s1 "u notice to quit & betake itself to t oblivion f :i* its rival is reem]g+4 ,9 ! heyday ( _! p[]1 ! fir/ _h %[n a di/9ctly autocratic be>+ t[>d its workm52 (f]+ to its sculptors ( g5ius opportunities = ! ex]cise ( highly tra9$ p[]s1 & to ! subord9ate workm5 only ! m or less me*anical task ( repeat+ a limit$ numb] ( prescrib$ =ms4 ,! o!r1 a m g5ial _s1 _h possess$ ! l>ge/ tol]ation = rude or untra9$ workman%ip1 provid$ t 9 its expression ! c>v] _h a mean+ :i* w\ld be g5]ally und]/ood & appreciat$4 ,if skill c\ld be comm&$1 ei!r ( design or te*nique1 x 0 welcom$2 b x gave no enc\ragem5t to "w :i* 0 ei!r s di/9ctive z to be indep5d5t ( its surr\nd+s1 or ( a k9d :i* c\ld h no o!r ?an a me*anical int]e/ 9 its execution4 ,! abrupt contra/s1 ! v>iety & my/]y1 *>act]i/ic ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 _h be5 a direct & irresi/ible invitation to ! c>v]1 & ! free/ playgr\nd = 8 fancy4 ,! =mality ( ! classical design1 on ! o!r h&1 necess>ily conf9$ su* c>v+ z x p]mitt$ to p>ticul> l9es & spaces1 foll[+ a recogniz$ rule2 & except 9 ! case ( bas-relief figure subjects & deta*$ /atues1 dem&$ no sep>ate int]e/ 9 ! c>v+s !mselves1 fur!r ?an ! e/hetic "o ( reliev+ su* l9es & spaces z 7 o!rwise uncom=tably b>e4 ,"s modification ( ?is extreme arrogance t[>d ! decorative c>v] 0 only to be expect$ 9 ! reviv$ /yle1 b ! fre$om all[$ to ! individual c>v] turn$ out to be m app>5t ?an real4 ,a new race ( c>v]s sprang up1 imbu$ ) ! pr9ciples ( classical design2 b be+ no long] 9 t\* ) natural & popul> int]e/s1 nor /imulat$ by mutual coop]ation ) _! bro!r craftsm51 ! mason build]s1 !y adopt$ ! fa%ionable mode ( expression inv5t$ by ! new ar*itects & ! pa9t]s ( ! "t4 ,elaborate arabesque & o!r =mal designs gave employm5t to ! c>v]s1 9 mak+ an inf9ite repetition ( fiddles1 fe/oons1 & ribbons1 9 ! execution ( :i* !y became s pr(ici5t1 t _! "w is m (t5 admir$ = its exquisite f9i% ?an = any intr9sic int]e/ 9 ! subject or design4 ,judg$ by its effects ^u ! art ( c>v+1 )\t ! aid ( :i* a national /yle ( ar*itecture is impossible1 ! revival ( classical ar*itecture nev] _h a real & endur+ life 9 x4 ,/rictly speak+1 no organic /yle ev] grew out ( its ambiti\s promises2 ! ne>e/ approa* to su* a ?+ is to be f\nd 9 ^? unc\? m+l+s ( ,go?ic tradition ) fragm5ts ( classical detail :i* di/+ui% mu* ( ! dome/ic ar*itecture dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,amus+ 9 _! qua9t & (t5 ri* & effective comb9ations1 humanly int]e/+ 9 proportion to ! pr$om9ance ( ! ,go?ic elem5t1 association has gr[n up ar\nd ^! homely records ( a mix$ influ5ce1 until !y h come to be reg>d$ ) affection1 if n ) ! highe/ admiration4 ,! revival br\ght no?+ b h>m to ! c>v] himself--t is1 to ! c>v] :o f\nd x impossible to rea* ! elevation ( a sculptor ( g5ius4 ,he sacrific$ 8 own small b preci\s tal5t z a creator ( pleasant images = ! atta9m5t ( a f9esse 9 ! execution ( o!r p's ideas4 ,to ! ,r5aissance mu/ be attribut$ t fatal sep>ation ( ! craftsman's function into ! h&s ( design] & executant :i* has s completely p>alyz$ ! liv+ _s ( individual inv5tion4 ,x has tak5 close ^u f\r c5turies to op5 ! eyes ( our craftsm5 to ?is inconsi/5cy1 & revive ! m$ieval tru? t inv5tion & execution are /rictly b "o & ! same ?+4 ,let u hope t ! pres5t awak5+ to ! importance ( ?is fact may yet lead to :at w be truly wor?y ( be+ call$ a ,r5aissance2 n m]ely ( outw>d =ms1 b ( t creative en]gy :i* alone ju/ifies ! true mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,collotype ,,plates ,,plate ,i4--,old ,c>v$ ,*e/ 9 ,york ,ca!dral4 ,! front ( a *e/ ( almo/ simil> design1 only rev]s$1 is to be se5 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 :i* looks f its resemblance bo? 9 design & te*nique to be ! "w ( ! same c>v]1 or at lea/ to h be5 done ab\t ! same "t4 ,note ! abs5ce ( any attempt at elaborate p]spective1 & ! decorative aspect ( h\ses1 rocks1 trees1 etc41 also ! di/9ctive treatm5t ( ! ,knight & ,pr9cess :o appe> 9 ! picture sev]al times1 repres5t+ v>i\s incid5ts ( ! /ory4 ,,plate ,,ii4--,figure f ! ,tomb ( ,h5ry ,,iv 9 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral4 ,?is figure is "o ( ! corn] ornam5ts on ! canopy4 ,! :ole ( ! upp] /ructure is ( wood1 pa9t$ 9 colors ) p>ts pick$ out 9 gold4 ,,plate ,,iii4--,aisle ,ro(1 ,mild5hall ,*ur*1 ,suffolk4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m beautiful c>v$ ro(s :i* ab\nd 9 ,norfolk & ,suffolk4 ,! nave ro( is enri*$ ) c>v+s ( angels ) w+s outspread4 ,,plate ,,iv4--,nave ,ro(1 ,sall ,*ur*1 ,norfolk4 ,?is is ano!r v beautiful timb] ro( %[+ ! union ( practical c>p5try ) c>v+ to p]fection4 ,,plate ,v4--,portion ( a ,c>v$ ,oak ,panel4 ,! ,%eepfold4 ,! o!r "p is %[n 9 ,plate ,,vi1 z1 ow+ to ! proportion ( ?is panel & ! necessity = keep+ ! scale ( ! plates z l>ge z possible1 x has be5 divid$ & %[n 9 two portions4 ,x 0 begun )\t any prem$itat$ int5tion z to use1 ! slop+ end be+ ! %ape ( ! bo>d z x came into ! au?or's h&s1 ! o!r end be+ slop$ (f to mat* x4 ,,plate ,,vi4--,portion ( a ,c>v$ ,oak ,panel4 ,! ,%eepfold4 ,see description ( ,plate ,v4 ,,plate ,,vii4--,prelim9>y ,draw+ ( a ,lion = ,c>v+4 ,?is plate is1 z expla9$ 9 ! text1 f a draw+ by ,philip ,webb1 ! well-kn[n ar*itect4 ,x 0 done by him to expla9 c]ta9 facts ab\t ! pose ( a lion :5 ! au?or 0 engag$ 9 c>v+ ! book cov]s :i* are %[n 9 ,plates ,,viii & ,,ix4 ,,plates ,,viii & ,,ix4--,book-,cov]s c>v$ 9 ,engli% ,oak4 ,^! 7 done by ! au?or = "o ( ! ,kelmscott ,press books1 ,tale ( ,troy1 at ! in/ance ( ,mr4 ,cobd5-,s&]son4 ,! relief is v slight1 & is r exagg]at$ by ! light & %ade ( ! photograph4 ,! c>v$ portion only ( ^! cov]s is %[n1 ! size ( :i* is #aa-a_/b x #e-c_/d ins4 ,,plate ,x4--,book-,cov]s c>v$ 9 ,engli% ,oak4 ,^! 7 done by ! au?or = ,mr4 ,f4 ,s4 ,ellis's translation ( ,reyn>d ! ,fox4 ,! size ( ! c>v$ "p is #h-c_/d x #e-a_/d ins4 ,,plate ,,xi4--,c>v+s f ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,?is plate is f sket*es made by ! au?or at ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,! upp] "o is a sp&rel piece f ! trac]i$ arcad+ ( ! /alls4 ,! l[] "o is a "p ( "o ( ! c>v$ ,mis]]e seats4 ,! sp&rel c>v+ is pi]c$2 t is1 has ! gr\nd cut "r ?r\gh4 ,! o!r piece is elaborately und]cut4 ,,plate ,,xii4--,c>v+ f ,*oir-,scre51 ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,?is plate is f a sket* done = ! purpose ( not+ ! g5]al effect ( a l>ge mass ( c>v$ foliage ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! di/ribution ( light$ surfaces 9 ! design4 ,,plate ,,xiii4--,font ,canopy1 ,trun* ,*ur*1 ,norfolk4 ,! plate gives ! upp] portion only ( ?is beautiful canopy2 x is support$ ^u six po/s ri*ly c>v$ on all sides1 ( :i* !re are five to ea* po/4 ,! height ( ! :ole canopy is ab\t fifte5 or sixte5 feet--x presumably dates some:]e t[>d ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury or beg9n+ ( ! fifte5?4 ,,plate ,,xiv4--,designs = ,c>v+1 by ,philip ,webb4 ,?is plate gives two examples ( designs = c>v+ by ,philip ,webb4 ,! upp] "o is "p ( a ri*ly c>v$ cornice :i* 0 done = a *imney-piece2 ! c>v+ 0 execut$ by ,mr4 ,laur5ce ,turn]1 f :om ! au?or got 8 fir/ lesson 9 wood-c>v+4 ,! o!r example is a design on pap] = c>v+ to be done 9 oak4 ,?is 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! panel+ ( ! d9+-room at ,cl\ds ,h\se1 ,salisbury1 & look$ exce$+ly effective4 ,mu* ( ! articulation on ! surface ( ! leaves1 x w be notic$1 is got by %>p facets produc$ by ! int]section ( g\ge cuts4 ,,plate ,,xv4--,leg ( a ,settle c>v$ 9 ,engli% ,oak4 ,?is 0 begun by ! au?or z =m+ "p ( a l>ge oak seat or settle1 b has nev] be5 complet$4 ,! wood out ( :i* x is c>v$ came out ( an old h\se at ,tewkesbury & 0 full ( cracks :i* 7 fill$ up ) slips ( oak glu$ 9 & c>v$ ov]4 ,,plate ,,xvi4--,pew ,ends 9 ,c>v$ ,oak1 ,br5t ,*ur*1 ,som]set%ire4 ,! ?ree b5* ends %[n 9 ?is plate are f ,br5t ,*ur*1 ,som]set%ire4 ,al?\gh rude 9 execution1 !y are extremely effective 9 design4 ,! b\nd+ =m ( ! mold$ edges & gracefully %ap$ top are wor? notic+2 ! :ole evid5tly ! outcome ( a nice & inh]it$ s5se ( design1 )\t any p>ticul> te*nical k or exp]i5ce4 ,! t]m9ation ( ! f9ials 0 un=tunately omitt$ 9 ! photograph1 h5ce ! abrupt l9e at ! top4 ,,! ,,collotype ,,plates ,illu/ration3 ,i4 ,old ,c>v$ ,*e/ 9 ,york ,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii4--,figure f ! ,tomb ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 9 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iii4--,aisle ,ro(--,mild5hall ,*ur*1 ,suffolk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iv4--,nave ,ro(--,sall ,*ur*1 ,norfolk4 ,illu/ration3 ,v4--,portion ( a ,c>v$ ,oak ,panel--,! ,%eepfold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vi--,portion ( a ,c>v$ ,oak ,panel--,! ,%eepfold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vii4--,prelim9>y ,draw+ ( a ,lion = ,c>v+4 ,by ,phillip ,webb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,viii4--,book ,cov] ,c>v$ 9 ,engli% ,oak--,tale ( ,troy4 7only c>v$ portion %[n47 ,illu/ration3 ,,ix4--,book ,cov] ,c>v$ 9 ,engli% ,oak--,tale ( ,troy4 7only c>v$ portion %[n47 ,illu/ration3 ,x4--,book ,cov] ,c>v$ 9 ,engli% ,oak--,reyn>d ! ,fox4 7only c>v$ portions %[n47 ,illu/ration3 ,,xi4--,c>v+ f ,*oir ,/alls 9 ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xii4--,c>v+ f ,*oir ,scre5--,w9*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xiii4--,font ,canopy--,trun* ,*ur*1 ,norfolk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xiv4--,two designs = ,c>v+1 by ,philip ,webb4 ,"o execut$1 "o 9 draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xv4--,leg ( a ,settle1 c>v$ 9 ,engli% ,oak4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xvi4--,pew ,ends 9 ,c>v$ ,oak--,br5t ,*ur*1 ,som]set%ire4 ,,index ,acan?us1 !1 #aef ,aims & conditions ( "w1 #be ,am]ican woods1 #dh ,animal c>v+1 #afa1 #aia ,animal c>v+1 ,swiss1 #aia ,animals1 or figures1 9 c>v+1 #afa1 #aia ,appr5tice & /ud5t1 _! aims & conditions ( "w1 #be ,ar*itectural c>v+1 #bbc ,arkansas slips1 #dd1 #eh ,arms1 coats (1 #agg ,aumoni]1 ,w41 #bjd1 #bch ,backgr\nd1 patt]n$1 #if ,bas wood1 #dh ,beads & mold+s to be c>v$1 #aai ,beam1 c>v$1 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 #adj1 #adb ,be>1 draw+ ( 7frontispiece71 #aig1 #bjj ,bea/ & bird /udies1 #aia ,b$1 design & c>v+ = a1 #afc ,bee* wood1 #di ,b5* or settle1 design & c>v+ =1 #afh1 #agd1 #bfi1 #cjb ,b5*es1 #dd ,b5* screw1 #dh ,b]ne ,ca!dral1 c>v$ figure f1 #aia ,bevels1 tool1 #eb ,bewick1 /udies f1 #aie ,bird & bea/ /udies1 #aia ,book-cov]s 9 oak1 #bfg1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #bia ,books1 aid (1 #aia ,boxwood1 #ea ,brackets1 #agb ,bread plates1 #aaf ,br5t ,*ur*1 pew ends 91 #bfi1 #cjd ,bri]-wood1 #ea ,build] & c>v]1 notes on ! importance ( coop]ation betwe51 #bdi ,built-up "w1 #bad ,byzant9e design1 #if ,c&le1 #ef ,canopy1 ,font1 #bcc1 #bfh1 #bih ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 c>v$ figure f1 #ahh1 #bge ,c>p5t]'s imitation ( /one con/ruction1 #bbc ,c>p5t]'s influ5ce on c>v]1 #bbc ,c>toons1 *>coal1 #bjd ,c>v] & build]1 notes on ! importance ( coop]ation betwe51 #bdi ,c>v] & jo9]1 reciprocal aims (1 #afa ,c>v+ & sculpture1 #bdi ,c>v+1 ar*itectural1 #bbc ,c>v+1 *ip1 #fc ,c>v+1 h]aldic1 #agf ,c>v+1 ,icel&ic1 #adc ,c>v+1 ,new ,zeal&1 #fc ,c>v+1 ,norse1 #adc ,c>v+1 ,s\? ,sea1 #fc ,c>v+1 /one1 #if1 #bbc ,c>v+1 ,swiss1 #aia ,c$> wood1 #aff ,*air1 sket* (1 etc41 #ade ,"*1 works view$ z records (1 #adi ,*>coal c>toons1 #bjd ,*]ry wood1 #ea ,*e/1 c>v$1 f ,york ,ca!dral1 #adg1 #bfe1 #bgc ,*e/nut wood1 #ej ,*ip c>v+1 #fc ,*isels1 #ca1 #cd1 #ce ,*oir-scre5s1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bfg1 #bie ,*oir-/alls at ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral1 #bbg1 #bfg1 #bic ,classical /yle1 revival (1 #bdi ,clay models1 #aia ,clips1 #dg ,clock1 sugge/ion ( design & c>v+ =1 #agd ,clock case1 sugge/ion ( design & c>v+ =1 #agj ,coats ( arms1 #agf ,cock1 sugge/ion = c>v+ a1 #agd ,collotype plates1 #bgc-cjd ,collotype plates1 notes on !1 #bfe ,colors not$ on diagrams1 #aig1 #aii ,colors ( woods1 #dh ,cont\rs ( surface1 #ajc ,corn] cupbo>ds1 #aai ,cornice1 design =1 by ,philip ,webb1 #bfh1 #cjj ,craft s*ools1 pa/ & pres5t1 #bdj ,craftsm51 old-"t & mod]n1 #bdj ,cramps1 #db1 #dg ,cross1 design =1 #agg ,cupbo>ds1 corn]1 #aai ,cutt+1 cle>ness (1 #eb1 #fi1 #bce ,design1 #ga1 #hh ,design1 application (1 #gb ,design1 ,byzant9e1 #if ,design1 factors 9 ! arrangem5t (1 #hb ,design1 outl9e1 & sugge/ion ( ma9 masses1 #aia ,design] & ,executant1 #hh1 #bdi ,designs1 adaptation ( old1 to mod]n purposes1 #ajc ,designs1 humor 91 #ahj ,designs1 li/ ( fruit1 fl[]1 & vegetable subjects1 #aei ,designs1 necessity = e c>v] mak+ 8 own1 #hh ,designs1 transf]r+1 #gb ,detail1 economy 91 #hd ,diagrams1 colors not$ on1 #aig1 #aii ,di/ance & light 9 design1 #hb ,drill+ & saw+1 #aaj ,duomo1 !1 at ,flor5ce1 #beg ,ebony wood1 #ea ,economy 9 detail1 #hd ,edges ( tools1 #eb ,environm5t z important z h&icraft1 #adi ,execution & design1 #hh1 #bdi ,exn+1 *air at1 #ade ,figures1 or animals1 9 c>v+1 #afa1 #aia ,f9i%1 surface--texture1 #bcd ,flor5ce1 ! ,duomo at1 #beg ,fl[]s z subjects1 #aeh ,foliage1 #aae1 #aec1 #aei ,font canopy1 #bcc1 #bfh1 #bih ,=e%ort5+ z appli$ to "w 9 relief1 #bje ,=ms1 imitation ( natural1 #hb ,=ms1 plant1 li/ (1 #aec ,=ms1 r\nd$1 #hh ,free r5d]+1 #if ,fruit subjects1 #id1 #aeg1 #aei ,furniture1 c>v+ on1 #afa ,g]r>d's ,h]bal1 a s\rce ( design1 #afj ,gibbons1 ,gr9l+1 #fb1 #he1 #aec1 #bae ,glass pap]1 #ajg1 #afd ,go?ic capital 9 ,s\?well ,m9/]1 #if ,go?ic c>v+s1 #if1 #ahj1 #bbi1 #bdi ,go?ic influ5ce1 #bdi ,g\ges1 #ca1 #cd1 #ce ,g\ges1 %>p5+1 #ef ,gra9 ( ! wood1 #dh1 #fi ,grapes1 #aae1 #aef1 #aei ,gr9delwald1 c>v$ be> f1 #bjj ,grotesque 9 c>v+1 #ahj ,gr\nd]s1 #cd1 #cg ,gr\nd+1 #fi ,h&l+ tools1 #bg1 #eb1 #gh ,h>d wood1 #dh1 #ea ,h>dwood c>v+1 #aae ,h5ry ,,iv1 figure f tomb ( #ahh1 #bfe1 #bge ,h]aldic c>v+1 #agf ,h]bal1 ,g]r>d's1 a s\rce ( design1 #afj ,h]on1 draw+ ( a1 #aig ,holdfa/s1 #dh ,hollywood1 #di ,hop-v9e1 !1 #aef ,humor 9 designs1 #ahj ,icel&ic c>v+1 #adc ,imitation ( natural =ms1 #hb ,india oil/one1 #db ,japanese "w1 a *>act]i/ic (1 #abe ,jo9] & c>v]1 reciprocal aims (1 #afa ,jo9]1 ! amateur1 #aae ,jo9]'s tools1 #da ,kauri p9e wood1 #dh ,kelmscott ,press1 c>v$ oak cov]s =1 #bfg1 #bhh1 #bhi ,lance-wood1 #ea ,l&scape 9 c>v+1 #bba ,lea!r = /ropp+1 #ee ,leaves1 exp$i5t = expla9+ convolutions1 #bji ,leaves1 li/ (1 #aei ,lett]s1 c>v$1 #afe ,light & di/ance 9 design1 #hb ,lime wood1 #dh ,lion1 prelim9>y draw+ = c>v+ a1 #aif1 #bfg1 #bhf ,macc>oni tool1 #ce1 #ch1 #ei ,mahogany wood1 #dh ,mallets1 #dd ,masses1 "r relation%ip (1 #aif ,masses1 sugge/ion ( ma91 #aia ,masses1 sup]position (1 #bje ,m$ieval & mod]n *oice ( =m comp>$1 #aec ,memor&a1 me?odical1 #acg ,memor&a1 sket*-book1 #acg ,me?od1 #acg ,mild5hall ,*ur*1 aisle ro(1 #bbf1 #bff1 #bgg ,mirror frame1 sugge/ion ( design & c>v+ =1 #aff ,mis]]e seats1 #aci1 #adb1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #baf1 #bic ,mit]s1 #gg ,models1 clay1 #bjb ,morris1 ,william1 #bdj ,mold+s1 to be c>v$1 #aai ,museums1 #acg1 #adj1 #ade1 #adi ,natural =ms1 imitation (1 #hb ,nature1 /udies f1 #aec1 #aia ,new ,zeal& c>v+1 #fc ,norse patt]ns1 #adc ,notes on coop]ation1 #bdi ,oak1 #dh1 #aeg ,oil/ones1 #db1 #eb ,old "w1 #acg ,orig9ality1 #ajh ,outl9e draw+1 #aia ,panel1 c>v$1 ,! ,%eepfold1 #aig1 #bab1 #bff1 #bhb1 #bhd ,panel+1 design =1 by ,philip ,webb1 #bfh1 #cjj ,panels1 #gb1 #abe1 #agj1 #aig ,p>t+ tool1 #cd1 #cf ,pa/e = /ropp+1 #eb ,patt]n & free r5d]+ comp>$1 #if ,patt]n1 backgr\nd1 #aaj ,patt]n1 importance ( =mal1 #if ,patt]n1 m$ieval *oice ( natural =ms gov]n$ by a "q (1 #if ,patt]n1 ,portuguese1 #ade ,patt]n$ backgr\nd1 #if ,patt]ns1 #aba ,patt]ns1 ,icel&ic1 #adc ,patt]ns1 ,new ,zeal&1 #fc ,patt]ns1 ,norse1 #adc ,patt]ns1 pi]c$1 #aaj1 #ade ,patt]ns1 ,s\? ,sea1 #fc ,pe>-tree wood1 #ea ,p]iod ,r5aissance1 revival ( ! classical /yle1 #bdi ,p]spective1 #abg1 #bje1 #bai ,pew ends1 #bfi1 #cjd ,photographs1 aid (1 #aia ,picture subjects & p]spective1 #bai ,pi]c$ patt]ns1 #aaj1 #ade ,pi]c$ "w1 #bad ,p9e wood1 #dh1 #ga ,p9e wood1 yell[1 #dh1 #ga ,plant =ms1 li/ (1 #aec ,plant$ "w1 #bad ,plums1 #ia ,poli%1 #ach1 #afd ,portuguese patt]n1 #ade ,position ( tools1 #bg1 #eb ,practise & !ory1 #be ,preamble1 #be ,relief1 "w 91 #bje ,r5aissance1 !1 #bdi ,reyn>d1 ! ,fox1 c>v$ oak book-cov]1 #bfg1 #bia ,rifl]1 #da ,r\nd$ =ms1 #hh ,r\t]1 #da ,rusk91 ,john1 #bdj ,s1 patt]n1 #aba ,/4 ,sophia1 *ur* (1 #bea ,sall ,*ur*1 nave ro(1 #bbf1 #bff1 #bgi ,s&alwood1 #ea ,saw+ & drill+1 #aaj ,s*ools1 craft1 pa/ & pres5t1 #bdj ,scre5s1 *oir1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bfh1 #bie ,sculpture & c>v+1 #bdi ,settle or b5*1 design & c>v+ =1 #afh1 #agd ,settle1 c>v$ leg (1 #bfi1 #cjb ,%>p5+ /ones1 #db ,%>p5+ tools1 #eb ,%eep1 draw+ (1 #aig1 #bab1 #bff1 #bhb1 #bhd ,%eepfold1 !1 collotype plate1 #bff1 #bhb1 #bhd ,sket*-book1 use ( !1 #acg1 #aia ,slips1 #dc1 #eh1 #fa ,s(t wood1 #ea ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 c>v+s f1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb ,s\? ,sea c>v+1 #fc ,s\?well ,m9/]1 ,go?ic capital 91 #if ,spoon tools1 #ei ,/alls1 *oir1 #bbg1 #bfg1 #bic ,/one c>v+1 #if1 #bbc ,/ones1 %>p5+1 #db ,/ones 7%>p5+71 case =1 #db ,/ropp+1 #ed ,/ud5t & appr5tice1 _! aims & conditions ( "w1 #be ,/ud5ts1 !1 opportunity lies on ! side ( design1 #be ,/udies1 bea/ & bird1 #aia ,/udies f nature1 #aec1 #aia ,/udy1 necessity = v>iety 91 #bdi ,/yle1 #bdi ,subjects1 animal1 #afa1 #aia ,subjects1 *oice (1 #hb ,subjects1 fl[]1 #aeh ,subjects1 foliage1 #aei ,subjects1 fruit1 #aei ,subjects1 9 p]spective1 #bai ,subjects1 picture1 #bai ,subjects1 /ill life1 #hc ,subjects1 vegetable1 #aei ,surface cont\rs1 #ajc ,surface f9i%1 #bcd ,swiss c>v+1 #aia ,sycamore wood1 #di ,tale ( ,troy1 c>v$ oak book-cov] =1 #bfg1 #bhh1 #bhi ,temp]+ tools1 #ci ,texture & surface f9i%1 #bcd ,!ory & practise1 #be ,?imble patt]n1 #aba ,?r[+ ab\t1 #ajf ,"t1 c>v]s ! hi/orians ( _!1 #adi ,tool m>ks1 ! importance ( _! direction1 #bcd ,tools1 #ca ,tools1 av]age numb]1 #ca ,tools1 blunt$ or brok51 #dj ,tools1 description (1 #bg ,tools1 h&l+1 #bg1 #eb1 #gh ,tools1 jo9]'s1 #da ,tools1 position on oil/one1 #eb ,tools1 position :5 9 use1 #bg ,tools1 %>p5+1 #eb ,tools1 spoon1 #ei ,tools1 /ropp+1 #ed ,tools1 temp]+1 #ci ,trac+1 #gb ,trun* ,*ur*1 font canopy at1 #bcc1 #bfh1 #bih ,turkey1 oil/one1 #db ,turn]1 ,laur5ce1 #bfi ,und]cutt+ & built-up "w1 #bad ,v tool1 #ca1 #cd1 #cf1 #ei ,vegetable designs1 #aei ,ve9]1 #ca1 #cd1 #cf1 #eh ,v9es1 !1 #aae1 #aef1 #aei ,walnut wood1 #dh1 #ej ,wa%ita oil/one1 #db ,wave patt]n1 #aba ,webb1 ,philip1 draw+s & designs by1 #agg1 #aif1 #bfh1 #bhf1 #cjj ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral1 c>v+s f1 #aij1 #baf1 #bbg1 #bfg1 #bic1 #bie ,wood1 h>d1 #dh1 #ea ,wood1 s(t1 #dh1 #ea ,woods1 #dh ,woods1 ,am]ican1 #dh ,woods1 colors (1 #dh ,woods1 gra9 (1 #dh1 #fi ,woods1 li/ (1 #dh ,woods1 s(t & h>d1 #dh1 #ea ,"w1 critical inspection (1 f a di/ance1 z x proce$s1 #ajc ,yell[ p9e wood1 #dh1 #ga ,york ,ca!dral1 old *e/ 91 #bfe1 #bgc ,york%ire settle1 #afh ,,! ,,end ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,m9or corrections 7 made to normalize spell+ & punctuation4 ,small caps 7 replac$ ) all-caps4