,transcrib]'s note3 ,page numb]s 9 ?is book are indicat$ by numb]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 #ii4 ,!y h be5 locat$ :]e page breaks occurr$ 9 ! orig9al book4 ,= its ,index1 a page numb] has be5 plac$ only at ! />t ( t section4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,e?ics ,a ,h&book ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics by ,,ar*ibald ,b4 ,d4 ,,alex&]1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,au?or ( ',a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1' ',! ,e?ics ( ,/4 ,paul1' etc4 ,london3 ,duckwor? ,co4 #c ,h5rietta ,/41 ,cov5t ,g>d5 #aiad ,all rights res]v$ v ,,preface ,! object ( ?is volume is to pres5t a brief b compreh5sive view ( ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ! moral life4 ,9 ord] to con=m ) ! requirem5ts ( ! s]ies to :i* ! volume belongs1 ! writ] has f\nd ! task ( compression "o ( almo/ insurm\ntable difficulty2 & "s topics1 only less important ?an ^? dealt )1 h be5 necess>ily omitt$4 ,! book claims to be1 z its title indicates1 simply a h&book or introduction to ,*ri/ian ,e?ics4 ,x deals ) pr9ciples r ?an details1 & sugge/s l9es ( ?\ght in/ead ( attempt+ an exhau/ive treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ! au?or's op9ion1 no really vital "q has be5 ov]look$4 ,! treatise is int5d$ prim>ily = /ud5ts1 b x is hop$ t x may prove s]viceable to ^? :o desire a succ9ct acc\nt ( ! moral & social problems ( ! pres5t day4 ,a fairly full bibliography has be5 add$1 :i*1 along ) ! ref]5ces to au?orities 9 ! body ( ! "w1 may be helpful to ^? :o wi% to prosecute ! /udy4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( read]s ! book has be5 divid$ into f\r sections1 entitl$1 ,po/ulates1 ,p]sonality1 ,"*1 & ,conduct2 & a detail$ synopsis ( cont5ts has be5 suppli$4 ,to ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,r4 ,?omson1 ,b4,d4 ( ,bell%ill1 ,scotl&1 :o read ! *apt]s 9 type1 & g5]ally put at 8 disposal mu* valuable sugge/ion1 ! au?or w\ld record 8 mo/ s9c]e ?anks4 vii ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,page ,a ,,plea ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,e?ics 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,,section ,a--,,po/ulates ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,scope ,,( ,,e?ics 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #i ,i4 ,g5]al ,def9ition4 ,,ii4 ,di/9ctive ,features--#a4 ,ideal2 #b4 ,norm2 #c4 ,w4 ,,iii4 ,is ,e?ics a ,sci5ce8 ,,iv4 ,relation to--#a4 ,logic2 #b4 ,ae/hetics2 #c4 ,politics4 ,v4 ,dep5d5ce ^u--#a4 ,metaphysics2 #b4 ,psy*ology4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,po/ulates ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,e?ics 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bb ,i4 ,philosophical ,e?ics4 ,,ii4 ,dogmatics4 ,,iii4 ,!ological ,presuppositions-- #a4 ,*ri/ian ,idea ( ,god4 #b4 ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e ( ,s94 #c4 ,human ,responsibility4 ,,iv4 ,au?ority & ,me?od4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,e?ical ,,?\ght ,,be=e ,,*ri/ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cf ,i4 ,9 ,greece & ,rome--,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,/oics4 ,/oicism & ,/4 ,paul4 ,,ii4 ,9 ,israel--#a4 ,law2 #b4 ,prophecy2 #c4 ,poetry4 ,prep>atory ,"* ( pre-,*ri/ian ,morality4 ,,section ,b--,,p]sonality ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,e/imate ,,( ,,man 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ee ,i4 ,conflict+ ,views ( ,human ,nature-- #a4 ,man by nature ,morally ,good4 #b4 ,man by nature ,totally ,deprav$4 #c4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,view4 ,,ii4 ,exam9ation ( ,man's ,psy*ical ,nature-- #a4 ,! ,unity ( ! ,s\l4 #b4 ,! ,div9e 9 ,man4 #c4 ,! ,physical & ,m5tal ,life4 ,,iii4 ,appeal ( ,*ri/ianity to ! ,m9d4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,witness ,,( ,,consci5ce 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fh ,i4 ,treatm5t ( ,consci5ce-- #a4 ,9 ,greek ,poetry & ,philosophy4 #b4 ,9 ,old ,te/am5t4 #c4 ,9 ,new ,te/am5t4 ,,ii4 ,nature & ,orig9 ( ,consci5ce-- #a4 ,intuitionalism4 #b4 ,evolutionalism4 ,,iii4 ,validity ( ,consci5ce-- #a4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,view4 #b4 ,! ,moral ,imp]atives4 #c4 ,! ,p]man5ce ( ,consci5ce ,,*apt] ,,vi ',,! ,,miracle ,,( ,,! ,,w' 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hb ,is ,man free to *oose ! ,good8 ,creative ,p[] ( ,volition4 ,aspects ( ,problem rais$4 ,i4 ,sci5tific-- ,man & ,physical ,necessity4 ,,ii4 ,psy*ological-- ,det]m9ism & ,indet]m9ism4 ,criticism ( ,james & ,b]gson4 ,spontaneity & ,necessity4 ,,iii4 ,!ological-- ,div9e ,sov]eignty & ,human ,fre$om4 ,jesus & ,paul--,*all5ge to ! ,w4 ,fre$om--a ,gift & a ,task4 ,,section ,c--,,"* ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,mod]n ,,!ories ,,( ,,life 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ii ,i4 ,naturali/ic ,t5d5cy-- #a4 ,mat]iali/ic-- 7#a7 ,idyllic or ,poetic--,r\sseau4 7#b7 ,philosophic--,feu]ba*4 7#c7 ,sci5tific--,haeckel4 #b4 ,utilit>ian--,hobbes1 ,b5?am1 ,mill4 #c4 ,evolution>y--,sp5c]4 #d4 ,sociali/ic--,m>x1 ,engels4 #e4 ,individuali/ic-- 7#a7 ,ae/heticism--,goe!1 ,s*ill]4 7#b7 ,subjectivism-- 7a7 ,pessimism--,s*op5hau]4 7b7 ,optimism--,nietzs*e4 ,,ii4 ,ideali/ic ,t5d5cy-- #a4 ,kant--,categorical ,imp]ative4 #b4 ,fi*te & ,hegel--,idea ( ,p]sonality4 #c4 ,james--,pragmatism4 #d4 ,b]gson--,vitalism4 #e4 ,euck5--,activism4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,ideal 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abg ,life1 z ! highe/ ,good4 ,i4 ,life1 9 its ,individual ,aspect-- #a4 ,its ,int5sity4 #b4 ,its ,expansion4 #c4 ',et]nal ,life4' ,,ii4 ,life1 9 its ,social ,aspect-- #a4 ',! ,k+dom ( ,god'-- ,es*atological ,int]pretation4 ,unt5abl5ess ( ,int]imse?ik4 #b4 ,*ri/'s ,view ( ,k+dom-- 7#a7 ,a ,pres5t ,reality--a ,gift4 7#b7 ,a ,gradual ,developm5t--a ,task4 7#c7 ,a ,future ,consummation--a ,hope4 ,,iii4 ,life1 9 its ,godw>d ,aspect-- #a4 ,hol9ess4 #b4 ,righte\sness4 #c4 ,love4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,/&>d ,,& ,,motive 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adf ,i4 ,*ri/ z ,example-- #a4 ,portrayal by ,synopti/s-- 7#a7 ,artlessness ( ,disciples4 7#b7 ,naturalness ( ,jesus1 #b4 ,impression ( ,p[]-- 7#a7 ,p[] ( ,loyalty to ,call+4 7#b7 ,p[] ( ,hol9ess4 7#c7 ,p[] ( ,sympa?y4 #c4 ,value ( ,jesus' ,example = ,pres5t ,life-- ,misconception ( ,phrase ',imitation ( ,*ri/4' ,,ii4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,motive-- #a4 ,analysis ( ,spr+s ( ,conduct-- 7#a7 ,div9e ,=giv5ess4 7#b7 ,fa!rhood ( ,god4 7#c7 ,s5se ( ,vocation4 7#d7 ,brevity ( ,life4 7#e7 ,idea ( ,immortality4 #b4 ,"q z to ,purity ( ,motive-- 7#a7 ,*>ge ( ,asceticism4 7#b7 ,*>ge ( ,h$onism4 #c4 ,doctr9e ( ,rew>ds-- 7#a7 ,9 ,philosophy4 7#b7 ,9 ,*ri/ianity--7a7 ,jesus2 7b7 ,paul4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,dynamic ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,life 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afd ,i4 ,div9e ,p[]-- ,op]ative ?r\gh ,*ri/'s #a4 ,inc>nation & ,life4 #b4 ,dea? & ,sacrifice4 #c4 ,resurrection & ,indwell+ ,pres5ce4 ,,ii4 ,human ,response-- #a4 ,rep5tance-- 7#a7 ,contrition--,confession--,resolution4 7#b7 ,"q ( ',sudd5 ,conv]sion4' 7#c7 ',twice ,born' or ',once ,born4' #b4 ,fai?-- 7#a7 ,9 ,ord9>y ,life4 7#b7 ,9 ,tea*+ ( ,jesus4 7#c7 ,! ,paul9e ,doctr9e4 #c4 ,ob$i5ce-- 7#a7 ,active ,appropriation ( ,grace4 7#b7 ,det]m9ation ( ,:ole ,p]sonality4 7#c7 ,gradual ,assimilation4 ,,section ,d--,,conduct ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,virtues ,,& ,,virtue 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ahc ,def9ition ( ,virtue4 ,i4 ,! ,natural ,basis ( ! ,virtues-- ',! ,c>d9al ,virtues4' ,,ii4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,trans=mation ( ! ,virtues-- #a4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t ,acc\nt4 #b4 ,c>d9al ,virtues1 ,elem5ts ( ,*ri/ian ,"*4 #c4 ,place ( ,passive ,virtues 9 ,life4 ,,iii4 ,! ,unification ( ! ,virtues-- #a4 ,unity 9 ,relation to ,god4 #b4 ,love1 ,spr+ ( all ,virtues1 #c4 ',!ological ,virtues1' ,aspects ( ,love4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,realm ,,( ,,duty 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aii ,i4 ,aspects ( ,duty-- #a4 ,duty & ,vocation4 #b4 ,conflict ( ,duties-- 7#a7 ,compet+ ,obligations4 7#b7 ',c\nsels ( ,p]fection4' 7#c7 ,indiff]5t ,acts4 #c4 ,rights & ,duties-- 7#a7 ,claim ( ',natural ,rights4' 7#b7 ,bas$ on ,wor? ( ,individual4 7#c7 ,*ri/ian ,idea ( ,lib]ty4 ,,ii4 ,sph]es ( ,duty-- #a4 ,duties 9 ,relation to ,self-- 7#a7 ,self-,respect4 7#b7 ,self-,pres]vation4 7#c7 ,self-,developm5t-- ,self-reg>d+ ,duties n prom95t 9 ,scripture4 ,self-,realisation ?r\gh ,self-,sacrifice4 #b4 ,duties 9 ,relation to ,o!rs-- 7#a7 ,reg>d = ,man3 ,bro!rly ,love-- 7a7 ,ju/ice4 7b7 ,v]acity4 7c7 ,judgm5t4 7#b7 ,s]vice-- 7a7 ,sympa?y4 7b7 ,b5efic5ce4 7c7 ,=giv5ess4 7#c7 ,example & ,influ5ce4 #c4 ,duties 9 ,relation to ,god-- 7#a7 ,recognition4 7#b7 ,ob$i5ce--,passive & ,active4 7#c7 ,wor%ip--,rev]5ce1 ,pray]1 ,?anksgiv+4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,social ,,in/itutions 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bcj ,i4 ,! ,family-- #a4 ,orig9 & ,evolution ( ,family4 #b4 ,*ri/ian view-- 7#a7 ,*ri/'s ,tea*+ on ,m>riage4 7#b7 ,/ate ,regulation & ,eug5ics4 7#c7 ,t5d5cies to ,disp>agem5t4 #c4 ,family ,relation%ips-- 7#a7 ,p>5ts & ,*ildr54 7#b7 ,woman's ,place & ,rights4 7#c7 ,*ild ,life & ,education4 ,,ii4 ,! ,/ate-- #a4 ,basis ( ,au?ority-- ,tol/oy & ,an>*ism4 ',social ,contract4' #b4 ,/ate1 9 ,new ,te/am5t4 #c4 ,mod]n ,conceptions-- ,views ( ,augu/9e & ,hegel4 7#a7 ,duty ( ,/ate to ,citiz5s4 7#b7 ,duty ( ,citiz5s to ,/ate4 7#c7 ,! ,democratic ,movem5t-- ,reciprocity ( ,s]vice & ,s5se ( ,bro!rhood4 ,,iii4 ,! ,*ur*-- #a4 ,relation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 #b4 ,purpose & ,ideal ( ,*ur*-- 7#a7 ,wor%ip & ,edification4 7#b7 ,witness to ,*ri/4 7#c7 ,evangelisation ( ,mank9d4 #c4 ,! ,*ur* & ! ,social ,problem-- 7#a7 ,*ri/'s ,tea*+ z to ,indu/ry & ,weal?4 7#b7 ,attitude ( ,e>ly ,*ur* to ,society4 7#c7 ,( ,roman & ,re=m$ ,*ur*es4 #d4 ,duty ( ,*ri/ianity to ! ,_w-- ,! ,mission>y ,imp]ative & ,opportunity4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,conclusion--,,! ,,p]man5ce ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,e?ics 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bde ,,bibliography 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bdh ,,index 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bfc #a ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,e?ics ,,introduction ,a ,,plea ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,e?ics ,if1 z ,mat!w ,arnold says1 conduct is ?ree-f\r?s ( life1 !n a c>eful inquiry into ! laws ( conduct is indisp5sable to ! prop] int]pretation ( ! mean+ & purpose ( life4 ,conduct ( itself1 h[ev]1 is m]ely ! outw>d expression ( "*2 & "* aga9 has its roots 9 p]sonality2 s t if we are to =m a j conception ( life we h to exam9e ! =ces :i* %ape human p]sonality & raise x to its highe/ p[] & effici5cy4 ,9 e/imat+ ! value ( man all ! facts ( consci\sness & exp]i5ce mu/ be consid]$4 ,h5ce no adequate acc\nt ( ! end ( life c be giv5 )\t reg>d to t :i*1 if x is true1 mu/ be ! mo/ /up5d\s fact ( hi/ory--! fact ( ,*ri/4 ,if ! ,*ri/ian is a man to :om no incid5t ( exp]i5ce is secul> & no duty insignificant1 because all ?+s belong to ,god & all life is dom9at$ by ! _s ( ,*ri/1 !n ,*ri/ian ,e?ics mu/ be ! application ( ,*ri/ianity to conduct2 & its !me mu/ be ! sy/ematic /udy ( ! ideals & =ces :i* are alone adequate to %ape "* & fit man = ! highe/ conceivable de/9y--fell[%ip )1 & lik5ess to1 ! ,div9e ,be+ 9 ^: image he has be5 made4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 may be said to be ! aim ( all !ology4 ,! !ologian mu/ n be cont5t to discuss m]ely speculative problems ab\t ,god & man4 ,he mu/ seek above #b all ?+s to br+ ! tru?s ( revelation to be> ^u human practice4 ,all k has its practical implicate4 ,! dogma :i* _c be translat$ into duty is apt to be a vague ab/raction4 ,9 all ages !re has be5 a t5d5cy to sep>ate tru? & duty4 ,b k has two sides2 x is at once a revelation & a *all5ge4 ,!re is no tru? :i* has n its correspond+ obligation1 & no obligation :i* has n its correspond+ tru?4 ,& n until e tru? is r\nd$ into its duty1 & e duty is ref]r$ back into its tru? %all we atta9 to t cle>ness ( vision & consi/5cy ( moral life1 to promote :i* is ! prim>y task ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics4 ,x is ?is practical elem5t :i* gives to ! /udy ( morals its ju/ification & makes x specially important = ! ,*ri/ian tea*]4 ,9 ?is s5se ,e?ics is really ! cr[n ( !ology & ought to be ! end ( all previ\s /udy4 ,z a sep>ate bran* ( /udy ,*ri/ian ,e?ics dates only f ! ,re=mation4 ,x 0 natural1 & p]haps inevitable t ! fir/ ef=ts ( ! ,*ur* %\ld be occupi$ ) ! =mation & elaboration ( dogma4 ,) a few notable exceptions1 among :om may be m5tion$ ,basil1 ,clem5t1 ,alqu9 & ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ! ,*ur* fa!rs & s*oolm5 paid b scanty att5tion to ! e?ical side ( religion4 ,x 0 only aft] ! ,re=mation t !ology1 ,roman & ,prote/ant alike1 0 divid$ into diff]5t bran*es4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic "n = :at we /yle ,e?ics is 'moral philosophy1' :i*1 h[ev]1 consi/s ma9ly ( directions = fa!r confessors 9 _! deal+ ) p]plex$ s\ls4 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics appe>s = ! fir/ "t z ! "n ( a treatise by a ,fr5* !ologian ( ! ,calv9i/ic p]suasion--,danaeus1 ^: "w1 h[ev]1 is conf9$ to an exposition ( ! ,decalogue4 ,! fir/ record$ "w ( ! ,lu!ran *ur* is ! ,!ologia ,moralis1 writt5 9 #afcd1 by ,george ,calixtus4 ,b ! mod]n /udy ( ! subject really dates f #c ,s*lei]ma*] 7#agfh-ahcd71 :o divides !ology into two sections1 ,dogmatics & ,e?ics1 giv+ to ! latt] an indep5d5t treatm5t4 ,s9ce 8 "t ,e?ics has be5 reg>d$ z a sep>ate discipl9e1 & )9 ! la/ few decades increas+ att5tion has be5 devot$ to x4 ,?is /rong e?ical t5d5cy is "o ( ! mo/ noticeable features ( ! pres5t age4 ,ev]y:]e to-day ! p]sonal human int]e/ is 9 evid5ce4 ,we see x 9 ! lit]ature ( ! age & especially 9 ! be/ poetry1 beg9n+ already ) ,col]idge & ,wordswor?1 & cont9u$ 9 ,t5nyson & ,br[n+4 ,x is ! inn] life ( man z depict$ to u by ^! ma/] s+]s1 ! /ory ( ! s\l1 ev5 m ?an ! del9eation ( nature :i* appeals to man's deepe/ exp]i5ce & evokes 8 f9e/ response4 ,we see x 9 ! art ( our times1 :i*1 n cont5t to be a m]e expression ( s5su\s beauty or lifeless nature1 seeks to be in/9ct ) human sympa?y & to become ! vehicle ( ! ideas & aims ( man4 ,we see x 9 mod]n fiction1 :i* is no long] ! n>ration ( a simple tale1 b ! subtle analysis ( "*1 & ! intricate /udy ( ! passions & ambitions ( common life4 ,hi/ory to-day is n conc]n$ s mu* ) record+ ! intrigues ( k+s & ! movem5ts ( armies z ) scrut9is+ ! motives & e/imat+ ! p]sonal =ces :i* h %ap$ ! ages4 ,ev5 9 ! doma9 ( !ology itself ?is t5d5cy is visible4 ,our !ologians are n cont5t ) discuss+ ab/ract doctr9es or rec\nt+ ! decisions ( *ur* c\ncils1 b are turn+ to ! gospels & seek+ to depict ! life ( ,jesus--to probe ! secret ( ,8 div9e humanity & to int]pret ! mean+ = ! _w ( ,8 unique p]sonality4 ,nor is ?is t5d5cy conf9$ to pr(essional ?9k]s & !ologians1 x is affect+ ! common m9d ( ! laity4 ',nev] 0 !re a "t1' says a mod]n writ]1 ':5 pla9 p 7 less conc]n$ ) ! metaphysics or ! ecclesia/icism ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! con/ruction ( sy/ems & ! cont5tion ( cre$s :i* once appe>$ ! c5tral !mes ( human int]e/ are n[ #d reg>d$ by millions ( busy m5 & wom5 z m]e e*oes ( anci5t controv]sies1 if n m]e mock]ies ( ! problems ( ! pres5t day4' ,! ,*ur* "u ! inspiration ( ?is new feel+ = humanity is turn+ ) fre% int]e/ to ! contemplation ( ! "* ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & is ris+ to a m l(ty idea ( its responsibilities t[>ds ! _w4 ,m ?an ev] 9 ! pa/1 x is n[ felt t ,*ri/ianity mu/ v9dicate itself z a practical religion2 & t 9 view ( ! great problems--sci5tific1 social & indu/rial1 :i* ! new conditions ( an advanc+ civilisation h creat$1 ! ,*ur*1 if x is to fulfil its function z ! int]pret] & guide ( ?\ght1 mu/ come d[n f its heights ( calm seclusion & grapple ) ! actual difficulties ( m51 n inde$ by assum+ a political rle or act+ z a divid] & judge amid conflict+ secul> aims1 b by reveal+ ! m9d ( ,*ri/ & br++ ! pr9ciples ( ! gospel to be> ^u ! complex life ( society4 ,no "o :o reflects ^u ! _s ( ! times w d\bt t !re are reasons ( urg5t importance :y ?is aspect ( ,*ri/ian life & duty1 :i* we h be5 consid]+1 %\ld be specially insi/$ ^u to-day4 ,( ^! ! fir/ & =emo/ is ! preval5ce ( a mat]iali/ic philosophy4 ,tak+ its rise 9 ! evolution>y !ories ( la/ c5tury1 ?is view is n[ be+ appli$ ) rel5tless logic z an int]pretation ( ! problems ( society by a s*ool ( sociali/ic writ]s4 ,man1 x is said1 is ! creature ( h]$ity & environm5t alone4 ,condition creates "*1 & relief f ! woes ( humanity is to be s\ght1 n 9 ! trans=mation ( ! individual b 9 ! revolutionis+ ( ! circum/ances ( life4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is philosophy ( ext]nalism !re is a filt]+ d[n ( ^! mat]iali/ic views to ! multitude1 :o c>e1 inde$1 little = !ories1 b are quick to be affect$ by a prevail+ tone4 ,und]ly+ ! feel+ ( unre/ & dissatisfaction1 s m>k$ a feature ( our pres5t day life1 !re is di/9ctly disc]nible among ! masses a loos5+ ( religi\s fai? & a slack5+ #e ( moral obligation4 ,! idea ( p]sonality & ! s5se ( duty are n s vivid & /rong z !y us$ to be4 ,a vague s5tim5talis+ ab\t s9 has tak5 ! place ( ! m robu/ view ( e>li] times1 & evil is trac$ to unt[>d environm5t r ?an to feebl5ess ( individual w4 ,& f9ally1 to "n no o!r cause1 !re is a t5d5cy 9 our day among all classes to divorce religion f life--to sep>ate ! sacr$ f ! secul>1 & to reg>d wor%ip & "w z belong+ to two entirely di/9ct realms ( exi/5ce4 ,= ^! reasons1 among o!rs1 !re is a special ne$1 z x seems to u1 = a sy/ematic /udy ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics on ! "p ( ^? :o are to be ! lead]s ( ?\ght & ! tea*]s ( ! p4 ,! mat]iali/ic view ( life mu/ be met by a m adequate ,*ri/ian philosophy4 ,! unfai? & pessimism ( ! age mu/ be ov]come by ! advocacy ( an ideali/ic conception :i* insi/s n only ^u ! p]sonality & wor? ( man1 involv+ duties z well z rights1 b also ^u ! supremacy ( consci5ce 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( ,*ri/4 ,above all1 we ne$ an e?ic :i* w %[ t religion mu/ be co-ext5sive ) life1 transfigur+ & spiritualis+ all its activities & relation%ips4 ,life is a unity & all duty is "o1 :e!r x be duty to ,god or duty to man4 ,x mu/ be all ( a piece1 l ! robe ( ,*ri/1 wov5 f ! top to ! bottom )\t seam4 ,x takes its spr+ f "o s\rce & is dom9at$ by "o _s4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,*ri/ !re /& conspicu\s two great ideas b\nd toge!r1 inde$1 9 a high]--love to ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,^! are p]sonal p]fection & ! s]vice ( mank9d--! culture ( self & ! c>e ( o!rs4 ',be ye p]fect' & 'love y\r neighb\r z y\rself4' ,x is ! glory ( ,*ri/ianity to h h>monis$ ^! seem+ly compet+ aims4 ,! disciple ( ,*ri/ f9ds t he _c realise 8 own life except z he seeks ! good ( o!rs2 & t he _c effectively help 8 fell[s except by giv+ to !m t :i* he himself is4 ,?is1 z we take x1 is ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ! moral life2 & x is #f ! bus9ess ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics to %[ t x is at once reasonable & practical4 ,! pres5t volume w be divid$ into f\r ma9 p>ts1 entitl$1 ,po/ulates1 ,p]sonality1 ,"* & ,conduct4 ,! fir/ w deal ) ! mean+ ( ,e?ics g5]ally & its relation to cognate subjects2 & specially ) ! ,philosophical1 ,psy*ological & ,!ological presuppositions ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics4 ,! second "p w be devot$ to man z moral subject1 & w analyse ! capacities ( ! s\l :i* respond to ! calls & claims ( ! new ,life4 ,! ?ird ,section w involve a consid]ation ( ! =mative ,pr9ciples ( ,"*1 ! m\ld+ ( ! s\l1 ! ,ideals1 ,motives & ,=ces by means ( :i* ! ',new ,man' is 'recreat$' & fa%ion$4 ,f9ally1 "u ,conduct1 ! ,virtues1 ,duties & ,rights ( man w be discuss$2 & ! v>i\s sph]es ( s]vice & in/itutions ( society exam9$ 9 relation to :i* ! moral life 9 its individual & social aspects is manife/$ & develop$4 #g ,,section ,a ,,po/ulates #i ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,scope ,,( ,,e?ics ,philosophy has be5 def9$ z '?9k+ ?+s toge!r4' ,e man1 says ,hegel1 is a philosoph]1 & 9 s f> z x is ! natural t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to connect & unify ! manifold ph5om5a ( life1 ! p>adox ( ! ,g]man ?9k] is n )\t a measure ( tru?4 ,b :ile ?is is only ! occasional pa/ime ( ! ord9>y individual1 x is ! consci\s & habitual aim ( ! philosoph]4 ,9 daily life p are wont to make assumptions :i* !y d n v]ify1 & employ figures ( spee* :i* ( necessity are p>tial & inadequate4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( philosophy to inve/igate ! pre-suppositions ( common life & to translate into realities ! pictures ( ord9>y language4 ,x 0 ! me?od ( ,socrates to *all5ge ! curr5t modes ( speak+ & to ask 8 fell[-m5 :at !y meant :5 !y us$ su* words z 'goodness1' 'virtue1' 'ju/ice4' ,e "t y employ any ( ^! t]ms1 he said1 y virtually imply a :ole !ory ( life4 ,if y w\ld h an intellig5t und]/&+ ( y\rself & ! _w ( :i* y =m a "p1 y mu/ cease to live by cu/om & speak by rote4 ,y mu/ seek to br+ ! manifold ph5om5a ( ! univ]se & ! v>i\s exp]i5ces ( life into "s k9d ( unity & see !m z co-ord9at$ p>ts ( a :ole4 ,:5 m5 ?us beg9 to reflect on ! orig9 & connection ( ?+s1 ?ree que/ions at once sugge/ !mselves--:at1 h[1 & :y8 ,:at is ! _w8 ,h[ d ,i "k x8 & :y am ,i "h8 ,we might briefly classify ! ?ree great dep>tm5ts ( human ?\ght z attempts #aj to answ] ^! ?ree inquiries4 ,:at exi/s is ! problem ( ,metaphysics4 ,:at am ,i & h[ d ,i "k8 is ! "q ( ,psy*ology4 ,:at is my purpose1 :at am ,i to d8 is ! subject ( ,e?ics4 ,^! que/ions are closely relat$1 & ! answ] giv5 to "o l>gely det]m9es ! solution ( ! o!rs4 ,! tru?s ga9$ by philosophical ?\ght are n conf9$ to ! k+dom ( ab/ract speculation b apply 9 ! la/ resort to life4 ,! impulse to "k is only a phase ( ! m g5]al impulse to be & to act4 ,b5ea? all man's activities1 z _! s\rce & spr+1 !re is ev] "s dim p]ception ( an end to be atta9$4 ',! ultimate end1' says ,pauls51 'impell+ m5 to m$itate ^u ! nature ( ! univ]se1 w always be ! desire to rea* "s conclusion conc]n+ ! mean+ ( ! s\rce & goal ( _! lives4' ,! orig9 & aim ( all philosophy is consequ5tly to be s\ght 9 ,e?ics4 ,i4 ,if we ask m p>ticul>ly :at ,e?ics is1 def9ition af=ds u "s light4 ,x is to ,ari/otle t we are indebt$ = ! e>lie/ use ( ?is t]m1 & x 0 he :o gave to ! subject its title & sy/ematic =m4 ,! "n ta e?ika is d]iv$ f ?os1 "*1 :i* aga9 is closely connect$ ) e?os1 signify+ cu/om4 ,e?ics1 !re=e1 accord+ to ,ari/otle is ! sci5ce ( "*1 "* be+ und]/ood to mean accord+ to its etymology1 cu/oms or habits ( conduct4 ,b :ile ! mod]n usage ( ! t]m '"*' sugge/s great] inw>dness ?an w\ld seem to be impli$ 9 ! anci5t def9ition1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t "u ! title ( ,e?ics ,ari/otle _h 9 view1 n only a description ( ! outw>d habits ( man1 b also t :i* gives to cu/om its value1 viz41 ! s\rces ( action1 ! motives1 & especially ! ends :i* guide a man 9 ! conduct ( life4 ,b s9ce m5 live be=e !y reflect1 ,e?ics & ,morality are n synonym\s4 ,s long z !re is a congruity betwe5 ! cu/oms ( a p & ! practical requirem5ts ( life1 e?ical que/ions d n occur4 ,x is only :5 difficulties arise z to matt]s ( "r1 = :i* ! #aa exi/+ usages ( society (f] no solution1 t reflection ^u morality awak5s4 ,no long] cont5t ) bl9dly accept+ ! =mulae ( ! pa/1 m5 are prompt$ to ask1 :5ce d ^! cu/oms come1 & :at is _! au?ority8 ,9 ! conflict ( duties1 :i* a wid] outlook inevitably creates1 ! inquir] seeks to e/imate _! relative values1 & to br+ 8 conception ( life into h>mony ) ! high] dem&s & l>g] ideals :i* h be5 disclos$ to him4 ,?is has be5 ! inv>iable c\rse ( e?ical inquiry4 ,at diff]5t /ages ( hi/ory--9 ! age ( ! ,sophi/s ( ,anci5t ,greece1 :5 m5 7 no long] satisfi$ ) ! old =ms ( life & tru?3 at ! dawn ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 :5 a new ideal 0 reveal$ 9 ,*ri/3 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation1 :5 m5 ?rew (f ! bondage ( ! pa/ & made a /& = ! rights ( ! individual consci5ce3 & 9 m rec5t times1 :5 9 ! field ( political life ! anti!sis betwe5 individual & social in/9cts _h awak5$ l>g] & m enlight5$ views ( civic & social responsibility--! /udy ( ,e?ics1 z a sci5ce ( moral life1 has come to ! front4 ,e?ics may1 !re=e1 be def9$ z ! sci5ce ( ! end ( life--! sci5ce :i* inquires into its mean+ & purpose4 ,b inasmu* z ! end or purpose ( life involves ! idea ( "s good :i* is 9 h>mony ) ! highe/ conceivable well-be+ ( man--"s good :i* belongs to ! true fulfilm5t ( life--,e?ics may also be def9$ z ! sci5ce ( ! highe/ good or summum bonum4 ,f9ally1 ,e?ics may be consid]$ n only z ! sci5ce ( ! highe/ good or ultimate end ( life1 b also z ! /udy ( all t conditions t end1 ! dispositions1 desires & motives ( ! individual1 all ! facts & =ces :i* be> ^u ! w & %ape human life 9 its v>i\s social relation%ips4 ,,ii4 ,aris+ out ( ?is g5]al def9ition ?ree features may be m5tion$ z descriptive ( its di/9ctive "* among ! sci5ces4 #ab #a4 ,e?ics is conc]n$ ) ! ideal ( life4 ,by an ideal we mean a bett] /ate ( be+ ?an has be5 actually realis$4 ,we are confess$ly n z we %\ld be1 & !re floats be=e ! m9ds ( m5 a vision ( "s high] condition ( life & society ?an t :i* exi/s4 ,life divorc$ f an ideal is e?ically valueless4 ,"s conception ( ! supreme good is ! imp]ative dem& & moral necessity ( man's be+4 ,h5ce ! *ief bus9ess ( ,e?ics is to answ] ! "q3 ,:at is ! supreme good8 ,= :at %\ld a man live8 ,:at1 9 %ort1 is ! ideal ( life8 ,9 ?is respect ,e?ics z a sci5ce is di/+ui%$ f ! physical sci5ces4 ,!y expla9 facts & trace sequ5ces1 b !y d n =m ideals or endeav\r to move ! w 9 ! direction ( !m4 #b4 ,e?ics aga9 is conc]n$ ) a norm ( life1 & 9 ?is s5se x is frequ5tly /yl$ a normative sci5ce4 ,t is to say1 x is a sci5ce :i* prescribes rules or maxims accord+ to :i* life is to be regulat$4 ,?is is sometimes express$ by say+ t ,e?ics treats ( :at ought to be4 ,! ideal mu/ n be "o :i* simply floats 9 ! air4 ,x mu/ be an ideal :i* is possible1 &1 !re=e1 z su*1 obligatory4 ,x is useless to feel ! wor? ( a c]ta9 idea1 or ev5 to speak ( ! desirability ( x1 if we d n feel also t x ought to be realis$4 ,moral judgm5ts imply an 'ought1' & t 'ought' implies a norm or /&>d1 9 ! light ( :i*1 z a crit]ion1 all obligation mu/ be te/$1 & accord+ to :i* all conduct mu/ be regulat$4 #c4 ,e?ics1 once m1 is conc]n$ ) ! w4 ,x is bas$ specifically on ! fact t man is n only an intellectual be+ 7capable ( kn[+7 & a s5sitive be+ 7possess$ ( feel+7 b also a volitional be+2 t is1 a be+ end[$ ) self-det]m9+ activity4 ,x implies t man is responsible = 8 int5tions1 dispositions & actions4 ,! idea ( a supreme ideal at :i* he is to aim & a norm or /&>d ( conduct accord+ to :i* he ought to regulate 8 life1 w\ld h no mean+ if we did n presuppose ! p[] ( self-det]m9ation4 #ac ,:atev] is n will$ has no moral value4 ,:]e !re is no fre$om ( *oice1 we _c speak ( an action z ei!r good or evil4#a ,:5 we praise or blame a man's conduct we d s "u ! assumption t 8 action is volunt>y4 ,9 all moral action purpose is impli$4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! well-kn[n dictum ( ,kant1 ',!re is no?+ 9 ! _w 4 4 4 t c be call$ good )\t qualification except a good w4 ,a good w is good1 n because ( :at x p]=ms or effects1 n by its aptness = ! atta9m5t ( "s propos$ end1 b simply by virtue ( ! volition4'#b ,x is ! inn] aim1 ! good w :i* alone gives moral wor? to any endeav\r4 ,x is n :at ,i d b ! reason :y ,i d x :i* is *iefly ( e?ical value4 ,! ess5ce ( virtue resides 9 ! w1 n 9 ! a*ievem5t2 9 ! int5tion or motive1 n 9 ! result4 ,,iii4 ,! propriety ( /yl+ ,e?ics a sci5ce has sometimes be5 que/ion$4 ,sci5ce1 x is said1 has to d ) c]ta9 necess>y & uni=m facts ( exp]i5ce2 its object is simply to trace effects f causes & to =mulate laws accord+ to :i* sequ5ces inevitably result f c]ta9 asc]ta9$ causes or obs]v$ facts4 ,b is n "*1 ) :i* ,e?ics confess$ly deals1 j t conc]n+ :i* no def9ite conclusions c be pr$ict$8 ,is n conduct1 dep5d5t z x is on ! human w1 j ! elem5t 9 man :i* _c be expla9$ z ! resultant ( calculable =ces8 ,if ! w is free1 & is ! *ief factor 9 ! m\ld+ ( life1 !n y _c =eca/ :at l9e conduct w take or pr$ict :at %ape "* w assume4 ,! :ole conception ( ,e?ics z a sci5ce mu/1 x is cont5d$1 fall to ! gr\nd1 if we admit a v>iable & incalculable elem5t 9 conduct4 ,"s writ]s1 on ?is acc\nt1 are dispos$ to reg>d ,e?ics z an art r ?an a sci5ce1 & inde$1 l e normative sci5ce1 x may be reg>d$ z ly+ midway betwe5 !m4 ,a sci5ce may be said to tea* u to "k #ad & an art to d3 b z has be5 well rem>k$1 'a normative sci5ce tea*es to "k h[ to d4'#c ,e?ics may inde$ be reg>d$ bo? z a sci5ce & an art4 ,9 s f> z x exam9es & expla9s c]ta9 ph5om5a ( "* x is a sci5ce3 b 9 s f> z x attempts to regulate human conduct by in/ruction & advice x is an art4#d ,yet :5 all is said1 9 s f> z ,e?ics has to d ) ! volitional side ( man1--) decisions & acts ( w1--!re mu/ be some?+ indet]m9ate & problematic 9 x :i* precludes x f be+ designat$ an exact sci5ce4 ,a c]ta9 v>iabl5ess belongs to "*1 & conduct _c be pron\nc$ good or bad )\t ref]5ce to ! act+ subject4 ,actions _c be :olly expla9$ by law1 & a l>ge portion ( human life 7& t ! highe/ & noble/7 eludes analysis4 ,a human be+ is n simply a "p ( ! _w4 ,he is able to break 9 ^u ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts & set 9 motion new =ces ^: effects nei!r he himself nor 8 fell[s c e/imate4 ,x is ! unique quality ( rational be+s t 9 great ?+s & 9 small ?+s !y act f ideas4 ,! magic p[] ( ?\ght _c be exagg]at$4 ,great conceptions h great consequ5ces1 & !y rule ! _w4 ,a new spiritual idea %oots =? its rays & enlight5s to l>g] issues g5]ations ( m54 ,!re is a my/]y 9 e =?-putt+ ( w-p[]1 & e expression ( p]sonality4 ,"* _c be comput$4 ,! art ( goodness1 ( liv+ nobly1 if s unconsci\s a ?+ may be call$ an art1 is "o c]ta9ly :i* defies complete sci5tific treatm5t4 ,x is ) facts l ^! t ,e?ics has to d2 & :ile we may lay d[n broad g5]al pr9ciples :i* mu/ und]lie ! tea*+ ( e true prophet & ! conduct ( e good man1 !re w always be an elem5t ) :i* sci5ce _c cope4 ,,iv4 ,x w n be necess>y1 aft] :at has be5 said1 to trace at any l5g? ! relations betwe5 ,e?ics & ! #ae special m5tal sci5ces1 su* z ,logic1 ,ae/hetics1 & ,politics4 #a4 ,logic is ! sci5ce ( ! =mal laws ( ?\ght1 & is conc]n$ n ) ! tru? ( ph5om5a1 b m]ely ) ! laws ( correct reason+ ab\t !m4 ,e?ics e/abli%es ! laws accord+ to :i* we ought to act4 ,logic legislates = ! reason1 & dec]ns ! laws :i* ! intellect mu/ obey if x w\ld ?9k correctly4 ,bo? sci5ces det]m9e :at is valid2 b :ile ,logic is conf9$ to ! realm ( :at is valid 9 reason+1 ,e?ics is occupi$ ) :at is valid 9 action4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a logic ( life2 & 9 s f> z all true conduct mu/ h a rational elem5t 9 x & be guid$ by c]ta9 intelligible =ms1 ,e?ics may be describ$ z a k9d ( logic ( "*4 #b4 ,! connection betwe5 ,e?ics & ,ae/hetics is clos]4 ,ae/hetics is ! sci5ce ( ! laws ( beauty1 :ile ,e?ics is ! sci5ce ( ! laws ( ! good4 ,b 9 s f> z ,ae/hetics deals ) ! emotions r ?an ! reason x comes into contact ) ,e?ics 9 ! psy*ological field4 ,9 its n>r[] s5se ,ae/hetics deals ) beauty m]ely 9 an imp]sonal way2 & its imm$iate object is n :at is morally beautiful1 b r t :i* is beautiful 9 itself irrespective ( moral consid]ations4 ,e?ics1 on ! o!r h&1 is conc]n$ ) p]sonal wor? z express$ 9 p]fection ( w & action4 ,conduct may be beautiful & "* may af=d ,ae/hetic satisfaction1 b ,e?ics1 9 s f> z x is conc]n$ ) judgm5ts ( virtue1 is indep5d5t ( all ?\ght ( ! m]e beauty or utility ( conduct4 ,ae/hetic consid]ation may inde$ aid practical morality1 b x is n id5tical ) x4 ,x is conceivable t :at is "r may n be imm$iately beautiful1 & may inde$ 9 its pursuit or realisation involve action :i* contradicts our ideas ( beauty4 ,b ?\gh bo? sci5ces h diff]5t aims !y are occupi$ l>gely ) ! same emotions1 & are connect$ by a common idealis+ purpose4 ,9 ! deepe/ s5se1 :at is good is beautiful & :at is beautiful is good2 & #af ultimately1 9 ! moral & spiritual life1 goodness & beauty co9cide4 ,inde$1 s close is ! connection betwe5 ! two conceptions t ! ,greeks us$ ! same ^w1 to kalon1 to express beauty ( =m & nobility ( "*4 ,& ev5 9 mod]n times ! expression 'a beautiful s\l1' indicates ! intimate relation betwe5 inn] excell5ce ( life & outw>d attractiv5ess4 ,bo? ,ae/hetics & ,e?ics h reg>d to t symmetry or proportion ( life :i* fulfils our ideas at once ( goodness & ( beauty4 ,9 ?is s5se ,s*ill] s\ght to remove ! %>pness ( ,kant's moral !ory by claim+ a place 9 ! moral life = beauty4 ,our actions are1 inde$1 good :5 we d our duty because we ought1 b !y are beautiful :5 we d x because we _c d o!rwise1 because !y h become our second nature4 ,! purpose ( all culture1 says ,s*ill]1 is to h>monise reason & s5se1 & ?us to fulfil ! idea ( a p]fect manhood4#e ',:5 ,i d>$ "q3 ,x is beautiful1 ,b is x true8 ,?y answ] 01 ,9 tru? lives beauty4'#f #c4 ,politics is /ill m closely relat$ to ,e?ics1 & inde$ ,e?ics may be said to compreh5d ,politics4 ,bo? deal ) human action & in/itution1 & cov] l>gely ! same field4 ,= man is n m]ely an individual1 b is a "p ( a social organism4 ,we _c consid] ! virtues ( ! individual life )\t also consid]+ ! society to :i* he is relat$1 & ! int]action ( ! :ole & its "p4 ,politics is usually def9$ z ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t1 :i* ( c\rse1 involves all ! in/itutions & laws affect+ m5's relations to ea* o!r4 ,b :ile ,politics is /rictly conc]n$ only ) ! outw>d condition ( ! /ate's well-be+ & ! ext]nal ord] ( #ag ! community1 ,e?ics seeks ! int]nal good or virtue ( mank9d1 & is occupi$ ) an ideal society 9 :i* ea* individual %all be able to realise ! true aim & mean+ ( life4 ,b aft] all1 z ,ari/otle said1 ,politics is really a bran* ( ,e?ics1 & bo? are insep>able f1 & complem5t>y ( ea* o!r4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,e?ics _c ignore ! mat]ial conditions ( human welf>e nor m9imise ! economic =ces :i* %ape society & make possible ! moral aims ( man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,economics mu/ recognise ! s]vice ( e?ical /udy1 & keep 9 view ! moral purposes ( life1 o!rwise x is apt to limit its consid]ation to m]ely selfi% & mat]ial ends4 ,v4 ,:ile ,e?ics is ?us closely connect$ ) ! sci5ces j nam$1 !re are two dep>tm5ts ( k1 pre-suppos$ inde$ 9 all m5tal /udies1 :i* 9 a v intimate way affect ! sci5ce ( ,e?ics4 ,^! are ,metaphysics on ! "o h& & ,psy*ology on ! o!r4 #a4 ,metaphysics is pre-suppos$ by all ! sci5ces2 & inde$1 all our views ( life1 ev5 our simple/ exp]i5ces1 involve metaphysical assumptions4 ,x has be5 well said t ! attempt to con/ruct an e?ical !ory )\t a metaphysical basis issues n 9 a moral sci5ce )\t assumptions1 b 9 an ,e?ics :i* becomes confus$ 9 philosophical d\bts4 ,leslie ,/eph5 proposes to ignore ,metaphysics1 & rem>ks t he is cont5t 'to build ^u ! solid e>?4' ,b1 z has be5 p]t95tly ask$1 ',h[ does he "k t ! e>? is solid on :i* he builds8' ,?is is a "q ( ,metaphysics4#g ,! claim is frequ5tly made by a c]ta9 class ( writ]s1 t we )draw ourselves f all metaphysical sophi/ries1 & betake ourselves to ! guidance ( commons5se4 ,b :at is ?is commons5se ( :i* ! ord9>y man vaunts himself8 ,x is 9 reality a numb] ( vague assumptions borr[$ unconsci\sly f old explod$ !ories--ass]tions1 op9ions1 beliefs1 accumulat$1 no "o kn[s h[1 #ah & accept$ z settl$ judgm5ts4#h ,we d n escape philosophy by refus+ to ?9k4 ,"s k9d ( !ory ( life is impli$ 9 su* words1 's\l1' 'duty1' 'fre$om1' 'p[]1' ',god1' :i* ! unreflect+ m9d is daily us+4 ,x is useless to say we c disp5se ) philosophy1 = t is simply to cont5t ourselves ) bad philosophy4 ',to ignore ! progress & developm5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy1' says ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51#i 'is n to return to ! simplicity ( a pre-philosophic age1 b to condemn ourselves to grope 9 ! maze ( cultivat$ op9ion1 itself ! confus$ result ( ^! pa/ sy/ems ( ?\ght :i* we w n tr\ble ourselves to ?9k out4' ,! aim ( all philosophy1 z ,plato said1 is j to correct ! assumptions ( ! ord9>y m9d1 & to grasp 9 _! unity & cohesion ! ultimate pr9ciples :i* ! m9d feels mu/ be at ! root ( all reality4 ,we h an e?ical int]e/ 9 det]m9+ :e!r !re be any moral reality b5ea? ! appe>ances ( ! _w4 ,e?ical que/ions1 !re=e1 run back into ,metaphysics4 ,if we take ,metaphysics 9 its wide/ s5se z involv+ ! idea ( "s ultimate end1 to ! realisation ( :i* ! :ole process ( ! _w z kn[n to u is someh[ a means1 we may easily see t metaphysical inquiry1 ?\gh di/9ct f e?ical1 is its necess>y pre-supposition4 ,! ,be+ or ,purpose ( ,god1 ! great fir/ cause1 ! _w z fa%ion$1 ord]$ & int]p5etrat$ by ,him1 & man z condition$ by & dep5d5t ^u ! ,deity--are po/ulates ( ! moral life & mu/ be accept$ z a basis ( all e?ical /udy4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,e?ics & ,philosophy did n arise at once4 ,9 e>ly ,greek speculation1 almo/ to ! "t ( ,ari/otle1 ,metaphysics & ,morals 7 n sep>at$4 ,& ev5 9 lat] times1 ,sp9oza & to "s ext5t ,gre51 ?\gh !y pr(ess$ly treat ( ,e?ics1 h>dly dissociate metaphysical f e?ical consid]ations4 ,nor is t to be wond]$ at :5 m5 are deal+ ) ! fir/ pr9ciples ( all be+ & life4 ,our view ( ,god & ( ! #ai _w1 our fundam5tal ,welt-,ans*auung _c b det]m9e our view ( man & 8 moral life4 ,9 e philosophical sy/em f ,plato to ,hegel1 9 :i* ! univ]se is reg>d$ z hav+ a rational mean+ & ultimate end1 ! good ( human be+s is conceiv$ z id5tical )1 or at lea/ z includ$ 9 ! univ]sal good4 #b4 ,b if a s\nd metaphysical basis be a necess>y requisite = ! adequate consid]ation ( ,e?ics1 ,psy*ology z ! sci5ce ( ! human s\l is s vitally connect$ ) ,e?ics1 t ! two /udies may almo/ be treat$ z bran*es ( "o subject4 ,an ,e?ic :i* takes no acc\nt ( psy*ological assumptions w\ld be impossible4 ,consci\sly or unconsci\sly e treatm5t ( moral subjects is p]meat$ by ! view ( ! s\l or p]sonality ( man :i* ! writ] has adopt$1 & 8 mean+ ( conduct w be l>gely det]m9$ by ! !ory ( human fre$om & responsibility ) :i* he />ts4 ,que/ions z to "* & duty inv>iably lead to inquiries z to c]ta9 /ates ( ! ag5t's m9d1 z to ! functions & possibilities ( 8 natural capacities & p[]s4 ,we _c pron\nce an action morally good or bad until we h det]m9$ ! ext5t & limits ( 8 faculties & h inve/igat$ ! que/ions ( disposition & purpose1 ( int5tion & motive1 :i* lie at ! root ( all conduct1 & )\t :i* actions are nei!r moral nor immoral4 ,x is surely a mi/ake to say1 z "s d1 t z logic deals ) ! correctness ( reason+1 s ,e?ics deals only ) ! correctness ( conduct1 & is n directly conc]n$ ) ! processes by :i* we come to act correctly4#aj ,on ! contr>y1 m]ely correct action may be e?ically wor?less1 & conduct obta9s its moral value f ! motives or int5tions :i* actuate & det]m9e x4 ,e?ics _c1 !re=e1 ignore ! psy*ological processes ( feel+1 desir+ & will+ ( ! act+ subject4 ,x is inde$ true t 9 ord9>y life m5 are frequ5tly judg$ to be good or bad1 accord+ to ! outw>d effect ( _! actions1 & mat]ial results are (t5 reg>d$ z ! sole #bj measure ( good4 ,b :ile x may be a po9t ( difficulty 9 !oretic morality to det]m9e ! comp>ative wor? & mutual relation ( good affections & good actions1 all surely w all[ t a c]ta9 quality ( disposition or motive 9 ! ag5t is requir$ to con/itute an action morally good1 & t x is n en\gh to measure virtue by its utility or its b5eficial effect alone4 ,h5ce all morali/s are agre$ t ! ma9 object ( _! inve/igation mu/ belong to ! psy*ical side ( human life--:e!r !y hold t man's ultimate end is to be f\nd 9 ! sph]e ( pleasure or ma9ta9 t 8 well-be+ lies 9 ! realisation ( virtue = its own sake4 ,! problems z to ! orig9 & adequacy ( consci5ce1 z to ! mean+ & validity ( volunt>y action2 ! que/ions conc]n+ motives & desires1 z to ! hi/orical evolution ( moral cu/oms1 & man's relation at ea* /age ( 8 hi/ory to ! social1 political & religi\s in/itutions amid :i* he lives--are subjects :i*1 ?\gh fall+ )9 ! scope ( ,e?ics1 h _! roots 9 ! sci5ce ( ! s\l4 ,! v exi/5ce ( a sci5ce ( ,e?ics dep5ds ^u ! answ]s :i* ,psy*ology gives to su* que/ions4 ,if1 = example1 x be decid$ t !re is 9 man no su* faculty or organ z consci5ce1 & t :at m5 s designate is b a natural manife/ation gradually evolv$ 9 & ?r\gh ! physical & social developm5t ( man3 or if we d5y ! self-det]m9+ p[] ( human be+s & assume t :at we call ! fre$om ( ! w is a delusion 7or at lea/1 9 ! la/ resort1 a negligible elem5t7 & t man is b "o ( ! _m ph5om5a or facts ( a physical univ]se--!n we may cont9ue1 inde$1 z "s evolution>y & naturali/ic ?9k]s d1 to speak ( a sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 b su* a sci5ce w n be a /udy ( ! moral life z we und]/& x & h def9$ x4 ,e?ics1 !re=e1 :ile dep5d5t ^u ! philosophical sci5ces1 has its own di/9ct cont5t & scope4 ,! end ( life1 t = :i* a man %\ld live1 ) all its implications1 =ms ! subject ( moral inquiry4 ,x is #ba conc]n$ n m]ely ) :at a man is or actually does1 b m specifically ) :at he %\ld be & %\ld d4 ,h5ce1 z we h se51 ! ^w 'ought' is ! mo/ di/9ctive t]m ( ,e?ics involv+ a consid]ation ( values & a relation ( ! actual & ! ideal4 ,! 'ought' ( life con/itutes at once ! purpose1 law1 & reason ( conduct4 ,x proposes ! ?ree great que/ions involv$ 9 all e?ical inquiry--:i!r8 h[8 & :y8 & det]m9es ! ?ree great words :i* are con/antly recurr+ 9 e e?ical sy/em--end1 norm1 motive4 ,moral good is ! moral end consid]$ z realis$4 ,! moral norm or rule impell+ ! w to ! realisation ( ?is end is call$ ,duty4 ,! moral motive consid]$ z an acquir$ p[] ( ! act+ w is call$ ,virtue4#aa #a ,cf4 ,mack5zie1 ,manual ( ,e?ics1 p4 #cb2 also ,wuttke1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7,eng4 ,trans471 vol4 i4 p4 #ad4 #b ,metaph4 ( ,morals1 sect4 i4 #c ,mack5zie1 ,manual ( ,e?ics1 p4 #h4 ,see also ,muirhead1 ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics4 #d ,hyslop1 ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 p4 #a4 #e ,s*ill]1 b] ,anmu? und ,wrde4 ,cf4 also ,rusk91 ,mod4 ,pa9t]s1 vol4 ii42 ,seeley1 ,natural ,religion1 & ,+e1 ,fai? & its ,psy*ology1 p4 #bjc ff4 ,see also ,bosanquet ,hi/4 ( ,ae/hetic4 ,we are indebt$ to ,romanticism1 & especially to ,novalis 9 ,g]many & ,c\s9 9 ,france = ! ?\ght t ! good & ! beautiful meet & amalgamate 9 ,god4 #f ,br[n+4 #g ,cf4 ,newman ,smy?1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 p4 #h4 #h ,see ,au?or's ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 p4 #ehe4 #i ,introduction to ,hume's ,works4 #aj ,mack5zie seems to imply ?is view4 ,e?ics1 p4 #be4 #aa ,cf4 ,ha]+1 ,e?ics ( ! ,*ri/ian ,life1 p4 #i4 #bb ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,po/ulates ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,e?ics ,we n[ proce$ to def9e ,*ri/ian ,e?ics & to inve/igate ! p>ticul> po/ulates1 philosophical & !ological1 ^u :i* x re/s4 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics presupposes ! ,*ri/ian view ( life z reveal$ 9 ,*ri/1 & its def9ition mu/ be 9 h>mony ) ! ,*ri/ian ideal4 ,! prime "q ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics is1 ,h[ ought ,*ri/ians to ord] _! lives8 ,x is !re=e ! sci5ce ( morals z condition$ by ,*ri/ian fai?2 & ! problems x discusses are1 ! nature1 mean+ & laws ( ! moral life z dom9at$ by ! supreme good :i* has be5 reveal$ to ! _w 9 ! ,p]son & ,tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,x is bas$ ^u an hi/orical ev5t1 & presupposes a p>ticul> developm5t & consummation ( ! _w4 ,i ,! ,relation ( ,*ri/ian to ,philosophical ,e?ics4--,*ri/ian ,e?ics is a bran* ( g5]al ,e?ics4 ,b x is some?+ m2 x is ,e?ics 9 its ri*e/ & fulle/ expression--! int]pretation ( life :i* corresponds to ! supreme manife/ation ( ! div9e w4 ,= if ! revelation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ is true1 !n t revelation is n m]ely a factor1 b ! factor1 :i* mu/ dom9ate & col\r man's :ole outlook & give an entirely new value to all 8 aims & actions4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity we are confront$ ) ! motive-p[] ( a great ,p]sonality :o has ent]$ into ! curr5t ( human hi/ory & #bc giv5 a new direction to ! moral life ( man4 ,man's life at its highe/ c only be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ?is supreme revelation1 & c only be acc\nt$ = z ! creation ( ! dynamic =ce ( ?is unique ,p]sonality4 ,b :ile ?is tru? gives to ,*ri/ian ,e?ics its di/9ctive "* & pre-em95t wor? x does n ?r[ discr$it ^u philosophical ,e?ics1 nor inde$ sep>ate ! two dep>tm5ts by any h>d & fa/ l9es4 ,!y h mu* 9 common4 ,a l>ge doma9 ( conduct is cov]$ by bo?4 ,! s-call$ pagan virtues h _! value = ,*ri/ian "* & are 9 ! l9e ( ,*ri/ian virtue4 ,ev5 9 8 natural /ate man is con/itut$ = ! moral life1 &1 z ,/4 ,paul /ates1 is n )\t "s k ( "r & wrong4 ,! moral atta9m5ts ( ! anci5ts are n to be reg>d$ simply z 'spl5did vices1' b z positive a*ievem5ts ( good4 ,duty may diff] 9 cont5t1 b x is ( ! same k9d "u any sy/em4 ,purity is purity & b5evol5ce b5evol5ce1 :e!r manife/$ 9 a hea!n or a ,*ri/ian4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics takes its po9t ( dep>ture f ! special revelation ( ,god & ! unique disclosure ( man's possibilities 9 ,*ri/1 x gladly accepts & freely uses ! results ( moral philosophy 9 s f> z !y ?r[ light ^u ! fundam5tal facts ( human nature4 ,z a sy/em ( morals ,*ri/ianity claims to be inclusive4 ,x takes cognisance ( all ! data ( consci\sness1 & assumes z its own1 f :atev] qu>t] x may come1 all asc]ta9$ tru?4 ,! facts ( man's natural hi/ory1 ! conclusions f philosophy1 ! manifold lights af=d$ by previ\s speculation--all are ga!r$ up1 sift$ & tri$ by "o all-au?oritative measure ( tru?--! m9d ( ,*ri/4 ,x completes :at is lack+ 9 o!r sy/ems 9 s f> z _! conclusions are bas$ ^u an incomplete survey ( facts4 ,x deals1 9 %ort1 ) p]sonality 9 its highe/ ranges ( moral p[] & spiritual consci\sness & seeks to int]pret life by its greate/ possibilities & l(tie/ atta9m5ts z !y are reveal$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,b :ile ,*ri/ian ,e?ics is at "o ) philosophic #bd ,e?ics 9 po/ulat+ a natural capacity = spiritual life1 x is diff]5tiat$ f all non-,*ri/ian sy/ems by its di/9ctive belief 9 ! possibility ( ! re-creation ( "*4 ,speculative ,e?ics prescribes only :at ought ideally to be done or avoid$4 ,x takes no acc\nt ( ! foes ( ! spiritual life2 nor does x consid] ! rem$y by :i* "*1 once x is p]v]t$ or de/roy$1 c be re/or$ & trans=m$4 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 on ! o!r h&1 is conc]n$ prim>ily ) ! "q1 ,by :at p[] c a man a*ieve ! "r & d ! good8 ,x is n en\gh to po/ulate ! inh]5t capacity ( man4 ,exp]i5ce ( human nature %[s t !re are ho/ile elem5ts :i* too (t5 fru/rate 8 natural developm5t4 ,h5ce ! practical problem :i* ,*ri/ian ,e?ics has to face is1 ,h[ c ! spiritual ideal be made a reality8 ,x reg>ds man z /&+ 9 ne$ ( recov]y1 & x is =c$ to assume1 t :i* philosophical ,e?ics does n recognise1 a div9e p[] by :i* "* c be r5ew$4 ,*ri/ianity claims to be '! p[] ( ,god unto salvation to e "o t believe?4' ,*ri/ian ,e?ics !re=e is bas$ ^u ! tw(old assumption t ! ideal ( humanity has actually be5 reveal$ 9 ,*ri/1 & t 9 ,him also is ! p[] by :i* man may realise ?is ideal4 ,,ii ,! relation ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics to ,dogmatics4--,)9 ! sph]e ( !ology prop] ! two ma9 con/itu5ts ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ are ,dogmatics & ,e?ics1 or ,doctr9es & ,morals4 ,?\gh x is conv5i5t to reg>d ^! sep>ately !y really =m a :ole1 & are b two aspects ( "o subject4 ,x is difficult to def9e _! limits1 & to say :]e ,dogmatics ends & ,e?ics beg9s4 ,! di/9ction is sometimes express$ by say+ t ,dogmatics is a !oretic sci5ce1 :]eas ,e?ics is practical4 ,x is true t ,e?ics /&s ne>] to ev]yday life & deals ) matt]s ( practical conduct1 :ile ,dogmatics is conc]n$ ) beliefs & treats ( _! orig9 & elucidation4 #be ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,e?ics also takes cognisance ( beliefs z well z actions1 & is int]e/$ 9 judgm5ts n less ?an a*ievem5ts4 ,!re is a practical side ( doctr9e & !re is a !oretic side ( morals4 ,ev5 ! mo/ !oretic ( sci5ces1 ,metaphysics1 ?\gh1 z ,novalis said1 x bakes no bread1 is n )\t its direct be>+ ^u life4 ,dogmatic !ology :5 divorc$ f practical int]e/ is 9 dang] ( becom+ m]e p$antry2 & e?ical inquiry1 if x has no dogmatic basis1 loses sci5tific value & s9ks into a m]e enum]ation ( duties4 ,nor is ! common /atem5t1 t ,dogmatics %[s :at we %\ld believe & ,e?ics :at we ought to d1 an adequate "o4 ,moral precepts are also objects ( fai?1 & :at we %\ld believe involves moral requirem5ts & pre-supposes a moral "*4 ,s*lei]ma*] has be5 *>g$ ) ignor+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two discipl9es1 b ) scant ju/ice4 ,=1 :ile he reg>ds ! two subjects z b diff]5t bran*es ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 & insi/s ^u _! intimate connection1 he does n neglect _! di/9ction4 ,!re has be5 a gr[+ t5d5cy to acc5tuate ! diff]5ce1 & rec5t writ]s su* z ,jacoby1 ,ha]+ & ,lemme1 n to m5tion ,m>t5s51 ,dorn] & ,wuttke1 claim = ,e?ics a sep>ate & indep5d5t treatm5t4 ,! ultimate connection betwe5 ,dogmatics & ,e?ics _c be ignor$ )\t loss to bo?4 ,x t5ds only to confusion to speak z "s d ( 'a cre$less morality4' ,on ! "o h&1 ,e?ics saves ,dogmatics f evaporat+ into unsub/antial speculation1 & by af=d+ ! te/ ( workabl5ess1 keeps x ^u ! solid f\ndation ( fact4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dogmatics supplies to ,e?ics its =mative pr9ciples & normative /&>ds1 & pres]ves ! moral life f deg5]at+ into ! vag>ies ( fanaticism or ! apa?y ( fatalism4 ,b :ile bo? sci5ces =m complem5t>y sides ( !ology & /& 9 relations ( mutual s]vice1 ea* deals ) ! human consci\sness 9 a diff]5t way4 ,dogmatics reg>ds ! ,*ri/ian life f ! /&po9t ( div9e dep5d5ce3 ,e?ics reg>ds x f ! #bf /&po9t ( human det]m9ation4 ,dogmatics deals ) fai? 9 relation to ,god1 z ! receptive organ ( grace3 ,e?ics views fai? r 9 relation to man1 z a human activity or organ ( conduct4 ,! "o %[s u h[ our adoption into ! k+dom ( ,god is ! "w ( div9e love3 ! o!r %[s h[ ?is k ( salvation manife/s itself 9 love to ,god & man1 & mu/ be work$ out ?r\gh all ! relation%ips ( life4 ,,iii ,we may def9e m p>ticul>ly ! relation ( ,e?ics to ,dogmatics by enum]at+ briefly ! doctr9al po/ulates or assumptions ) :i* ,e?ics />ts4 #a4 ,e?ics assumes ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ,god4 ,god is = ,e?ics n an imp]sonal =ce1 nor ev5 simply ! creator ( ! univ]se z philosophy might conceive ,him4#a ,creative p[] is n ( c\rse d5i$1 b x is qualifi$ by :at !ology calls ! 'moral attributes ( ,god4' ,we d n ignore ,8 omnipot5ce1 b we look beyond x1 to '! love t tops ! p[]1 ! ,*ri/ 9 ,god4'#b ,x is n necess>y "h to sket* ! ,old ,te/am5t tea*+ ) reg>d to ,god4 ,x is suffici5t to /ate t ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 :ile n attempt+ to proclaim ab/ract doctr9es1 took ov] g5]ally ! ,hebrew conception ( ! ,deity z a ,god :o 0 at once almighty1 holy & righte\s4 ,! di/9ctive note :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t emphasises is ! ,p]sonality ( ,god1 & p]sonality includes reason1 w & love4 ,! fact t we are ,8 (fspr+1 z ,/4 ,paul argues1 is ! basis ( our true conception ( ,god's nature4 ,?r\gh t :i* is highe/ 9 man we are enabl$ to disc]n some?+ ( ,8 "*4 ,b x is specially 9 & ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ t ! di/9ctive "* ( ! ,div9e ,p]sonality is decl>$4 ,*ri/ reveals ,him z our ,fa!r1 & ev]y:]e ! ,new #bg ,te/am5t writ]s assume t m5 /& 9 ! close/ filial relations to him4 ,9 ! fundam5tal conception ( div9e ,fa!rhood !re are implicitly conta9$ c]ta9 elem5ts ( e?ical significance4#c ,( ^! may be m5tion$3 7#a7 ,! ,spiritual ,p]fection ( ,god4--,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,god includes n only ,8 p]sonality1 b ,8 spiritual p]fection4 ,all t is highe/ & be/ 9 life is attribut$ to ,god4 ,:at we reg>d z hav+ supreme moral wor? is et]nally realis$ 9 ,him4 ,x is ?is fact t prescribes man's ideal & makes x b9d+4 ',be ye p]fect ev5 z y\r ,fa!r 9 heav5 is p]fect1' says ,*ri/4 ,because ( :at ,god is1 spiritual & moral excell5ce takes prec$5ce ( all o!r aims :i* c be p]ceiv$ & pursu$ by man4 ,morality is ! revelation ( an ideal et]nally exi/+ 9 ! div9e m9d4 ',! belief 9 ,god1' x has be5 said1 'is ! logical pre-supposition ( an objective or absolute morality4'#d ,! moral law1 z ! norm & goal ( our life1 obta9s its validity & obligation = u n because x is an arbitr>ily-giv5 comm&1 b because x is ( ! v "* ( ,god4 7#b7 ,! ,sov]eignty ( ,god4--,n only ! spiritual p]fection b ! moral sov]eignty ( ,god is pre-suppos$4 ,he is ! supreme excell5ce on :om all ?+s dep5d1 & 9 :om !y f9d _! ultimate explanation4 ,! _w is n m]ely ,8 creation1 x is ! expression ( ,8 m9d4 ,he is n relat$ to ! univ]se z an arti/ is relat$ to 8 "w1 b r z a p]sonal be+ to 8 own m5tal & moral activities4#e ,he is imman5t 9 all ! ph5om5a ( nature & movem5ts ( life & ?\ght2 & 9 ! ord] & purpose ( ! _w ,8 "* & w are manife/$4 ,! fact t ! mean+ & ord] ( ?+s are n impos$ f )\t1 b con/itute _! inn] nature1 reveals n only ! complet5ess ( ,8 #bh sov]eignty1 b ! purpose ( x4 ,! highe/ end ( ,god1 z moral & spiritual1 is fulfill$ by ! con/itution & education ( spiritual be+s l ,himself1 & 9 lay+ d[n ! conditions :i* are necess>y = _! exi/5ce & p]fect+4 ,no def9ition ( div9e sov]eignty c exclude ! idea ( moral fre$om & ! consequ5ces b\nd up ) x4 ,h5ce ,god mu/ n only conf] ! gift ( individual lib]ty1 b respect x ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( ,8 deal+s ) man4 7#c7 ,! ,supremacy ( ,love4--,?is is ! highe/ & mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ! div9e p]sonality4 ,x is ! sum ( all ! o!rs2 z well z ! special *>act]i/ic ( ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god z reveal$ by ,*ri/4 ',god is love' is ! cr[n+ /atem5t ( ! ,gospel & ! fulle/ expression ( ! div9e nature4 ,! ess5tial ( all love is self-giv+2 & ! peculi>ity ( ,god's love is ! communication & imp>t+ ( ,himself to ,8 creatures4 ,! love ( ,god f9ds its highe/ manife/ation 9 ! gift & sacrifice ( ,8 ,son4 ,he is ! supreme p]sonality 9 hi/ory1 reveal+ ,god 9 & to ! _w4 ,9 ! light ( :at ,*ri/ is we "k :at ,god is1 & f ,8 revelation !re fl[s a new & ev]-deep5+ exp]i5ce ( ! div9e ,be+4 #b4 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics presupposes ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,s94 ,x is n ! prov9ce ( ,e?ics to discuss m9utely ! orig9 ( evil or prop\nd a !ory ( s94 ,b x mu/ see to x t ! view x takes is consi/5t ) ! tru?s ( revelation & 9 h>mony ) ! facts ( life4 ,a false or inadequate conception ( s9 is z detrim5tal to ,e?ics z x is to ,dogmatics2 & ^u our doctr9e ( evil dep5ds v l>gely our int]pretation ( life 9 reg>d to its difficulties & purposes1 its trials & triumphs4 ,9 ! meantime x is en\gh to rem>k t consid]able vagu5ess ( idea & loos5ess ( expression exi/ conc]n+ ?is subject4 ,:ile "s reg>d s9 simply z a defect or %ortcom+1 a miss+ ( ! m>k1 z ! ,greek ^w ham>tia implies1 o!rs treat x z a disease1 or infirmity ( ! fle%--a malady affect+ ! physical con/itution :i* may be #bi incurr$ by h]$ity or induc$ by environm5t4 ,9 bo? cases x is reg>d$ z a mis=tune1 r ?an a fault1 or ev5 z a fate f :i* ! notion ( guilt is abs5t4 ,:ile !re is an elem5t ( tru? 9 ^! repres5tations1 !y are defective 9 s f> z !y d n take suffici5t acc\nt ( ! p]sonal & det]m9ative factor 9 all s9ful acts4 ,! ,*ri/ian view1 ?\gh n d5y+ t physical weakness & ! influ5ce ( h]$ity & environm5t d1 9 _m cases1 affect conduct1 affirms t !re is a p]sonal elem5t always pres5t :i* ^! conditions d n expla94 ,s9 is n m]ely negative4 ,x is some?+ positive1 n s mu* an imp]fection z a trespass4 ,x is to be acc\nt$ = n z an inh]it$ or inh]5t malady1 b z a self-*os5 p]v]sity4 ,x belongs to ! _s r ?an to ! body1 & ?\gh x has its seat 9 ! he>t & 9 ! emotions1 x has to d pr9cipally ) ! w4 ',e man is tempt$ :5 he is drawn away by 8 own lu/ & entic$4 ,!n :5 lu/ has conceiv$ x br+e? =? s94'#f ,! ess5ce ( s9 is selfi%ness4 ,x is ! delib]ate *oice ( self 9 pref]5ce to ,god--p]sonal & wilful rebellion aga9/ ! kn[n law ( righte\sness & tru?4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 degrees ( wrongdo+ & und\bt$ly ext5uat+ circum/ances :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 e/imat+ ! significance & enormity ( guilt1 b 9 ! la/ resort ,*ri/ian ,e?ics is compell$ to po/ulate ! fact ( s91 & to reg>d x z a p]sonal rebellion aga9/ ! holy w ( ,god1 ! delib]ate *oice ( self & ! wilful p]v]sion ( ! p[]s ( man into in/rum5ts ( unrighte\sness4 #c4 ,a ?ird po/ulate1 :i* is a coroll>y ( ! ,*ri/ian view ( ,god & ( s91 is ! ,responsibility ( ,man4 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics treats e man z acc\ntable = 8 ?\ghts & actions1 & !re=e1 z capable ( *oos+ ! good z reveal$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,:ile n d5y+ ! sov]eignty ( ,god1 nor m9imis+ ! my/]y ( evil1 ,*ri/ianity firmly ma9ta9s ! doctr9e ( human fre$om4 ,an ,e?ic w\ld be impossible if1 on ! "o side1 grace 7 absolutely #cj irresi/ible2 or1 on ! o!r1 s9 7 unalt]ably necessitat$4 ,:atev] be ! doctr9e we =mulate on ^! subjects1 ,e?ics dem&s t :at we call fre$om be safegu>d$4 ,an int]e/+ "q em]ges at ?is po9t z to ! possibility1 ap>t f a k ( ,*ri/1 ( *oos+ ! good4 ,difficult z ?is "q is1 & ?\gh x 0 answ]$ by ,augu/9e & _m ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs 9 ! negative1 ! mod]n1 & probably ! m j view1 is t we _c hold mank9d responsible unless we all[ to all m5 ! l>g] fre$om & judge !m accord+ to _! light & opportunity4 ,if non-,*ri/ians are fat$ to d evil1 !n no guilt c be imput$4 ,hi/ory %[s t a love ( goodness has sometimes exi/$1 & t _m isolat$ acts ( purity & k9dness h be5 done1 among p :o h kn[n no?+ ( ! hi/orical ,*ri/4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t recognises degrees ( depravity 9 nations & individuals1 & a measure ( noble aspiration & hone/ endeav\r 9 ord9>y human nature4 ,/4 ,paul pla9ly assumes "s k & p]=mance on ! "p ( ! hea!n1 & ?\gh he d5\nces _! immorality 9 unsp>+ t]ms1 he does n affirm t pagan society 0 s corrupt t x _h lo/ all k ( moral good4 ,,iv ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt] "s rem>ks reg>d+ ! au?ority & me?od ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics may be n inappropriate4 #a4 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics is n directly conc]n$ ) critical que/ions z to ! g5u95ess & au!nticity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s4 ,x is suffici5t = its purpose t ^! h be5 g5]ally receiv$ by ! ,*ur*1 & t !y pres5t 9 ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ ! highe/ embodim5t ( ! law & _s ( ! moral life4 ,! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ?us become e?ically normative 9 virtue ( _! direct reflection ( ! m9d ( ,*ri/ & _! special receptivity ( ,8 _s4 ,_! #ca au?ority1 !re=e1 is ,*ri/'s own au?ority1 & has a value = u z ,8 ^w is reproduc$ by !m4 ,x does n detract f ! validity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z ! reflection ( ! _s ( ,*ri/ t !re are disc]nible 9 x di/9ct signs ( developm5t ( doctr9e1 a manife/ gr[? 9 cle>ness & dep? ( insight & k ( ! m9d ( ,jesus4 ,su* evid5ces ( advancem5t are specially noticeable 9 ! application ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciples to ! practical problems ( life1 su* z ! que/ions ( slav]y1 m>riage1 "w & prop]ty4 ,/4 ,paul does n disclaim ! possibility ( developm5t1 & he associates himself ) ^? :o "k 9 "p & wait = full] light4 ,9 common ) all ,*ri/ians1 ,paul 0 d\btless consci\s ( a gr[+ enri*m5t 9 spiritual k2 & 8 lat] epi/les %[ t he _h rea*$ to cle>] prospects ( ,*ri/ & ,8 r$emption1 & _h obta9$ a full] grasp ( ! _w-wide significance ( ! ,gospel ?an :5 he fir/ began to prea*4 ,"o _c =get t ! battle ( criticism is rag+ to-day ar\nd ! inn] citadel--! v p]son & words ( ,jesus4 ,if x c be %[n t ! ,gospels conta9 only v imp]fect records ( ! hi/orical ,jesus1 & t v few say+s ( our ,"l c be def9itely pron\nc$ g5u9e1 !n1 inde$1 we might h to give up "s ( ! p>ticul> passages ^u :i* we h bas$ our conception ( tru? & duty1 b no?+ less ?an a :olesale d5ial ( ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,jesus#g w\ld dem& ( u a repudiation ( ! ,*ri/ian view ( life4 ,! ideals1 motives1 & s5tim5ts--! entire outlook & _s ( life :i* we associate ) ,*ri/--are n[ a positive possession ( ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness4 ,!re is a ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w1 a ,*ri/ian ,welt-,ans*auung1 s liv+ & real 9 ! he>t ( ,*ri/5dom t ev5 ?\gh we _h no m reliable basis ?an ! ',n9e ,f\ndation ,pill>s' :i* ,s*mi$el condesc5ds to leave u1 we %\ld n be :olly depriv$ ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ^u :i* ! ,*ri/ian life might be re>$4 #cb ,if to ^! we add ! li/ ( 'd\bly atte/$ say+s' collect$ by ,burkitt1#h :i* ev5 "s ( ! mo/ negative critics h be5 con/ra9$ to all[1 we %\ld at lea/ h a />t+-po9t = ! /udy ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,! mo/ reputable s*ol>s1 h[ev]1 ( ,g]many1 ,am]ica & ,brita9 ackn[l$ge t no reasonable d\bt c be ca/ ^u ! g5]al sub/ance & tone ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 compil$1 z !y 71 f ! anci5t ,gospel ( ,m>k & ! s\rce commonly call$ ',q' 7i4e4 ! lo/ common orig9 ( ! non-,m>kian portions ( ,mat!w & ,luke74 ,to ^! we %\ld be dispos$ to add ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 :i*1 ?\gh a less prim>y s\rce1 und\bt$ly records acts & say+s ( our ,"l atte/$ by "o1 :o 7:osoev] he 07 0 9 close t\* ) 8 ,ma/]'s life1 & _h drunk deeply ( ,8 _s4 ,9 ! g5]al tone & tr5d ( ^! writ+s we f9d abundant mat]ials = :at may be call$ ! ,e?ics ( ,jesus4 ,x is true1 no %>p l9e c be drawn betwe5 ,8 religi\s & moral tea*+4 ,b1 tak+ ,e?ics 9 its g5]al s5se1 z ! discussion ( ! ideals1 virtues1 duties ( man1 ! relation ( man to ,god & to 8 fell[-m51 x w at once be se5 t a v l>ge portion ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ is di/9ctly e?ical4 ,! facts ( ,8 own e>?ly exi/5ce1 all ,8 great miracles1 ,8 p>ables1 & above all1 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 h an imm$iate be>+ ^u human conduct4 ,!y all deal ) "*1 & are *iefly illu/rations & en=cem5ts ( ! div9e ideal ( life & ( ! value ( man z a *ild ( ,god :i* ,he came to reveal4 ,9 ! example ( ,jesus ,himself we h ! be/ possible illu/ration ( ! translation ( pr9ciples into life4 ,& 9 s f> z we f9d our highe/ good embodi$ 9 ,him1 ,he becomes = u1 z ,j4 ,s4 ,mill ackn[l$g$1 a k9d ( p]sonifi$ consci5ce4 ,no ab/ract /atem5t ( e?ical pr9ciples c possibly influ5ce life s p[]fully z ! p]sonal inc>nation ( ^! pr9ciples2 & if ! greate/ means to ! true life is p]sonal association ) ! high & noble1 !n x ne$ n seem /range #cc t love & admiration = ! p]son ( ,*ri/ h z a matt] ( fact prov$ ! mightie/ ( hi/orical motives to noble liv+4 ,h[ev] imp]fectly we may "k ! p]son ( ,jesus1 & h[ev] fragm5t>y may be ! record ( ,8 tea*+1 "o great tru? looms out ( ! d>kness--! pe]lessness ( ,8 "* & ! incomp>abl5ess ( ,8 ideal ( life4 ,he comes to u ) a message ( ,good1 new to man1 bas$ on ! great conviction ( ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,! all-dom9at+ fai? t a g5u9e seek+ love is at ! he>t ( ! univ]se makes ,jesus c]ta9 t ! laws ( ! _w are ! laws ( a lov+ ,god--laws ( life :i* mu/ be /udi$1 welcom$1 & he>tily obey$4 #b4 ,! ,*ri/ian ideal1 ?\gh giv5 9 ,*ri/1 has to be exam9$1 analys$1 & appli$ by ! v same faculties z are employ$ 9 deal+ ) speculative problems4 ,all sci5ce mu/ be furni%$ ) facts1 & its task g5]ally is to %ape its mat]ials to def9ite ends4 ,! sci5ti/ does n inv5t4 ,he does n create4 ,he simply discov]s :at is already !re3 he only m\lds into =m :at is giv54 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,*ri/ian morali/ deals ) ! revelation ( life :i* has be5 grant$ to him p>tly 9 ! human consci\sness1 & p>tly ?r\gh ! sacr$ scriptures4 ,! scriptures1 h[ev]1 d n (f] a sy/ematic pres5tation ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 or a =mal directory ( moral conduct4 ,! data are suppli$1 b ^! data require to be int]pret$ & unifi$ s z to =m a sy/em ( ,e?ics4 ,! au?ority to :i* ,*ri/ian ,e?ics appeals is n an ext]nal oracle :i* imposes its dictates 9 a me*anical way4 ,x is an au?ority embodi$ 9 intelligible =ms1 & appeal+ to ! rational faculties ( man4 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 ?\gh d$uc$ f scripture1 is n a cut & dry code ( rules prescrib$ by ,god :i* man mu/ bl9dly obey4 ,x has to be ?\ght out1 & intellig5tly appli$ to all ! circum/ances ( life4 ,accord+ to ! ,prote/ant view1 at lea/1 ,e?ics is n a /]eotyp$ comp5dium ( precepts :i* #cd ! ,*ur* supplies to its memb]s to save !m f ?9k+4 ,slavi% imitation is :olly =eign to ! g5ius ( ! ,gospel4 ,*ri/ ,himself appeals ev]y:]e to ! rational nature ( man1 & ,8 words are life & _s only z !y are intelligibly appreh5d$ & become by inn] conviction ! pr9ciples ( action4 ,au?oritative1 !n1 z ! scriptures are1 & conta9+ z !y d ! revelation ( an unique hi/orical fact1 !y d n pres5t a clos$ or f9al sy/em ( tru?4 ,*ri/ has yet _m ?+s to say unto u1 & ! ,holy ,_s is cont9ually add+ new facts to human exp]i5ce1 & disclos+ ri*] & full] manife/ations ( ,god ?r\gh hi/ory & provid5ce & ! p]sonal consci\sness ( man4 ,no progress 9 ?\ght or life c inde$ be made :i* is inconsi/5t )1 or =eign to1 ! fundam5tal facts :i* c5tre 9 ,*ri/3 & we may be ju/ly suspici\s ( all advancem5t 9 doctr9e or morals :i* does n fl[ f ! initial tru?s ( ! ,ma/]'s life & tea*+4 ,b1 j z progress has be5 made1 bo? 9 ! increase ( mat]ials ( k & 9 reg>d to ! cle>] insight & appreciation ( ! mean+ ( ,*ri/ian tru?1 s9ce ! apo/les' age1 s we may hope t1 z ! ages g on1 we %all acquire a /ill full] conception ( ! k+dom ( ,god & a ri*] appreh5sion ( ! div9e w4 ,! task & me?od ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics w be1 consequ5tly1 ! intellig5t int]pretation & ! gradual application to human life & society1 9 all _! relation%ips1 ( ! m9d ( ,*ri/ "u ! con/ant illum9ation & guidance ( ! ,div9e ,_s4 #a ,cf4 ,dorn]1 ,sy/em d] ,*ri/l4 ,e?ik1 p4 #dh4 ,see also ,newman ,smy?1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 p4 #dd4 #b ,cf4 ,mack9to%1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 p4 #aa4 #c ,cf4 ,lidgett1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 pp4 #ajf1 #dhe ff41 :]e ! idea ( ,god's nature is admirably develop$4 #d ,ra%dall1 ,! ,!ory ( ,good & ,evil1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bab4 #e ,lidgett1 idem4 ,b see ,bosanquet1 ,pr9ciple ( ,indiv4 & ,value1 p4 #chj ff4 #f ,james i4 #ac1 #ad4 #g ,z1 = example1 t ( ,drew's ,*ri/us ,my?4 #h ,cf4 ,gospel ,hi/ory & its ,transmission4 #ce ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,e?ical ,,?\ght ,,be=e ,,*ri/ ,ap>t f ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* are ! prim>y s\rce ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 a compreh5sive view ( our subject w\ld include "s acc\nt ( ! e?ical conceptions ( ,greece1 ,rome & ,israel1 :i* 7 at lea/ contributory to ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ! moral life4 ,:atev] view we take ( its orig91 ,*ri/ianity did n come into ! _w l ! goddess ,a!ne1 )\t prep>ation1 b 0 ! product ( _m factors4 ,! moral problems ( to-day _c be rightly appreciat$ except 9 ! light ( c]ta9 concepts :i* come to u f anci5t ?\ght2 & ,greco-,roman philosophy z well z ,hebrew religion h contribut$ n a little to ! =m & tr5d ( mod]n e?ical inquiry4 ,all we c attempt is ! briefe/ outl9e1 fir/1 ( ! successive epo*s ( ,greek & ,roman ,e?ics2 & second1 ( ! lead+ moral ideas ( ! ,hebrews z indicat+ ! prep>atory /ages 9 ! evolution ( ?\ght :i* f9ds its completion 9 ! ,e?ics ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,i ,be=e ! gold5 age ( ,greek philosophy !re 0 no ,e?ics 9 ! /ricte/ s5se4 ,philosophy prop] occupi$ itself prim>ily ) ontological que/ions--que/ions z to ! orig9 & con/itution ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,x 0 only :5 my?ology & religion _h lo/ _! hold ^u ! cultur$1 & ! traditions ( ! poets _h come to be d\bt$1 t inquiries z to ! mean+ ( life & conduct arose4 #cf ,! ,sophi/s may be reg>d$ z ! pione]s ( e?ical sci5ce4 ,?is body ( pr(essional tea*]s1 :o appe>$ ab\t ! fif? c5tury 9 ,greece1 drew att5tion to ! vagu5ess ( common op9ion & began to tea* ! art ( conduct4 ,( ^! ,protagoras is ! mo/ fam\s1 & to him is attribut$ ! say+1 ',man is ! measure ( all ?+s4' ,z appli$ to conduct1 ?is dictum is commonly int]pret$ z mean+ t good is entirely subjective1 relative to ! individual4 ,view$ 9 ?is light ! say+ is "o-sid$ & sceptical1 subv]sive ( all objective morality4 ,b ! dictum may be reg>d$ z express+ an important tru?1 t ! good is p]sonal & mu/ ultimately be ! good = man z man1 !re=e = all m54 #a4 ,x 0 ,socrates1 h[ev]1 :o1 z x 0 said1 fir/ call$ philosophy f heav5 to ! sph]e ( ?is e>?1 & div]t$ m5's m9ds f ! consid]ation ( natural ?+s to ! affairs ( human life4 ,he 0 inde$ ! fir/ moral philosoph]1 inasmu* z t1 :ile ! ,sophi/s m]ely talk$ at l>ge ab\t ju/ice & virtue1 he ask$ :at ^! t]ms really meant4 ,liv+ 9 an age :5 ! old guides ( life--law & cu/om--7 los+ _! hold ^u m51 he 0 compell$ to f9d a sub/itute = !m by reflection ^u ! mean+ & object ( exi/5ce4 ,= him ! s\rce ( evil is want ( ?\ght1 & 8 aim is to awak5 m5 to ! realisation ( :at !y are1 & :at !y mu/ seek if !y w\ld make ! be/ ( _! lives4 ,he is ! prophet ( cle> self-consci\sness4 ',"k ?yself' is 8 motto1 & he ma9ta9s t all virtue mu/ be f\nd$ on su* k4 ,a life )\t reflection ^u ! mean+ ( exi/5ce is unwor?y ( a man4#a ,h5ce ! fam\s ,socratic dictum1 ',virtue is k4' ,bo? negatively & positively ,socrates held ?is pr9ciple to be true4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 he :o is n consci\s ( ! good & does n "k 9 :at x consi/s1 _c possibly pursue x4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 if a man is once alive to 8 real good1 h[ c he d o!rwise ?an pursue x8 ,no "o !re=e does #cg wrong will+ly4 ,let a man "k :at is "r1 & he w d x4 ,k ( virtue is n1 h[ev]1 di/9ct f self-int]e/4 ,e "o naturally seeks ! good simply because he sees t ! good is id5tical ) 8 ultimate happ9ess4 ,! wise man is ! happy man4 ,h5ce to "k oneself is ! secret ( well-be+4 ,let ea* be ma/] ( himself1 kn[+ :at he seeks1 & seek+ :at he kn[s--t1 = ,socrates1 is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ,e?ics1 ! condition ( all moral life4 ,?is view is obvi\sly "o-sid$ & ess5tially individuali/ic1 exclud+ all ^? =ms ( morality :i* are pursu$ unconsci\sly1 & are due m to ! influ5ce ( intuitive p]ception & social habit ?an to cle> & def9ite k4 ,! m]it ( ,socrates1 h[ev]1 lies 9 8 dem& = e?ical reflection1 & 8 insi/5ce ^u man n only act+ rightly1 b act+ f ! "r motive4 #b4 ,:ile ,socrates 0 ! fir/ to direct att5tion to ! nature ( virtue1 x receiv$ f ,plato a m sy/ematic treatm5t4 ,platonic philosophy may be describ$ z an ext5sion to ! univ]se ( ! pr9ciples :i* ,socrates appli$ to ! life ( ! individual4 ,plato attempts to def9e ! end ( man by 8 place 9 ! cosmos2 & by br++ ,e?ics into connection ) ,metaphysics he asks ,:at is ! idea ( man z a "p ( univ]sal reality8 ,two ma9 influ5ces comb9$ to produce 8 conception ( virtue4 ,fir/1 9 opposition to ! ,h]aclitean doctr9e ( p]petual *ange1 he cont5d$ = some?+ real & p]man5t4 ,second1 9 antagonism to ! ,sophi/ic !ory ( ! conv5tional orig9 ( ! moral law1 he ma9ta9$ t man's *ief end 0 ! good :i* 0 fix$ 9 ! et]nal nature ( ?+s1 & did n consi/ 9 ! pursuit ( transi5t pleasures4 ,h5ce1 9 two respects1 ,plato goes beyond ,socrates4 ,he puts op9ion1 :i* is 8 "n = ord9>y consci\sness1 betwe5 ignorance & k1 ascrib+ to x a c]ta9 measure ( tru?1 & mak+ x ! />t+-po9t = reflection4 ,& fur!r1 he trans=ms ! ,socratic idea ( morality1 reject+ ! notion t its pr9ciple is to be f\nd 9 a m]e calculation ( pleasures1 #ch & ma9ta9+ t p>ticul> goods mu/ be e/imat$ by ! good ( life z a :ole4 ,plato's philosophy re/s ^u 8 doctr9e ( ideas1 :i*1 z ! types ( p]man5t reality1 repres5t ! et]nal nature ( ?+s2 & ! problem ( life is to rise f op9ion to tru?1 f appe>ance to reality1 & atta9 to ! ideal pr9ciple ( unity4 ,! highe/ good ,plato id5tifies ) ,god1 & man's end is ultimately to be f\nd 9 ! k (1 & communion )1 ! et]nal4 ,! human s\l he conceiv$ to be a mixture ( two elem5ts4 ,9 virtue ( its high] spiritual nature x p>ticipates 9 ! _w ( ideas1 ! life ( ,god3 & 9 virtue ( its l[] or animal impulses1 9 ! corporeal _w ( decay4 ,^! two dissimil> p>ts are connect$ by an int]m$iate elem5t call$ by ,plato ?ymos or c\rage1 imply+ ! emotions or affections ( ! he>t4 ,h5ce a ?reefold con/itution ( ! s\l is conceiv$--! rational p[]s1 ! emotional desires1 & ! animal passions4 ,if we ask :o is ! good man8 ,plato answ]s1 x is ! man 9 :om ^! ?ree elem5ts are h>monis$4 ,on ! basis ( ?is psy*ology ,plato classifies & det]m9es ! virtues--adopt+ ! f\r c>d9al virtues ( ,greek tradition z ! fundam5tal types ( morality4 ,wisdom is ! quality1 or condition ( all virtue & ! cr[n ( ! moral life3 c\rage is ! virtue ( ! emotional "p ( man2 temp]ance or mod]ation1 ! virtue ( ! l[] appetites3 :ile ju/ice is ! unity & ! pr9ciple ( ! o!rs4 ,virtue is ?us no long] id5tifi$ ) k simply4 ,ano!r s\rce ( vice besides ignorance is assum$1 viz41 ! disord] & conflict ( ! s\l2 & ! well-be+ ( man lies 9 ! atta9m5t ( a well-ord]$ & h>moni\s life4 ,z heal? is ! h>mony ( ! body1 s virtue is ! h>mony ( ! s\l--a condition ( p]fection 9 :i* e desire is kept 9 control & e function p]=ms its "p ) a view to ! good ( ! :ole4 ,morality1 h[ev]1 does n belong m]ely to ! individual1 b has its p]fect realisation 9 ! /ate 9 :i* ! ?ree elem5ts ( ! s\l h _! #ci c\nt]p>t 9 ! ?reefold rank ( society4 ,man is inde$ b a type ( a l>g] cosmos1 & x is n z an individual b z a citiz5 t he f9ds 8 /ation & duties1 & is capable ( realis+ 8 true life4 ,?us we see h[ ,plato is l$ to correct ! %ortcom+s ( ,socrates--8 abrupt di/9ction betwe5 ignorance & k1 8 vagu5ess z to ! mean+ ( ! good1 & 8 t5d5cy to emphasise ! subjective side ( virtue & )draw ! individual f ! community ( :i* he is ess5tially a "p4 ,b 9 develop+ 8 !ory ( ideas ,plato has repres5t$ ! true life ( man z consi/+ 9 ! k (1 & inde$ 9 absorption 91 ,god1 a /ate to :i* man c only atta9 by ! suppression ( 8 natural impulses & )drawal f e>?ly life3 & ?\gh !re is n want+ 9 ,plato's lat] tea*+ ! high] conception ( ! trans=mation ( ! animal passions1 he is n :olly successful 9 ov]com+ ! dualism betwe5 impulse & reason :i* besets "s ( ! e>li] dialogues4 ,x is a /rik+ pro( ( ! vitality ( ,plato t 8 tea*+ has affect$ e =m ( idealism & has help$ to %ape ! hi/ory ( religi\s ?\ght 9 all ages4 ,n only _m ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs1 su* z ,clem5t & ,orig51 b ! ,neo-,platoni/s ( ,alex&ria1 ! ,cambridge ,platoni/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & also ! ,g]man !ologians1 ,baur & ,s*lei]ma*]1 h recognis$ num]\s co9cid5ces betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,platonism3 z ,bi%op ,we/cott has said1 ',plato po9ts to ,/4 ,john4'#b ,8 influ5ce may be detect$ 9 "s ( ! greate/ ,*ri/ian poetry ( our own c\ntry1 especially 9 t ( ,wordswor? & ,t5nyson4 ,= ,plato believes1 9 common ) ! greate/ ( e age1 9 't inborn passion = p]fection1' t innate ?\gh (t5 unconsci\s ye>n+ aft] ! true1 ! beautiful1 ! good1 ',^? ob/9ate que/ion+s ,( s5se & outw>d ?+s1' :i* are ! h]itage ( human nature4 #dj #c4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle does n ess5tially diff] f t ( ,plato4 ,he is ! fir/ to treat ( morals =mally z a sci5ce1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 8 h&s becomes a division ( politics4 ,man1 says ,ari/otle1 is really a social animal4 ,ev5 m decisively ?an ,plato1 !re=e1 he treats man z a "p ( society4 ,:ile 9 ,plato !re is ! =e%ad[+ ( ! tru? t ! goal ( moral endeav\r lies 9 godlik5ess1 ) ,ari/otle ! goal is conf9$ to ?is life & is conceiv$ simply z ! e>?ly well-be+ ( ! moral subject4 ',dea?1' he decl>es1 'is ! greate/ ( all evils1 = x is ! end4' ,ari/otle beg9s 8 great "w on ,e?ics ) ! discussion ( ! *ief good1 :i* he decl>es to be happ9ess or well-be+4 ,b happ9ess does n consi/ 9 s5sual pleasure1 nor ev5 9 ! pursuit ( hon\r1 b 9 an 'activity ( ! s\l 9 accordance ) reason4'#c ,!re are requir$ = ?is life ( "r ?9k+ & "r do+ n only suitable environm5t b prop] in/ruction4 ,virtue is n virtu\s until x is a habit1 & ! only way to be virtu\s is to practise virtue4 ,to be virtu\s a man's conduct mu/ be a law = him1 ! regul> expression ( 8 w4 ,h5ce ! virtues are habits ( delib]ate *oice1 & n natural end[m5ts4 ,foll[+ ,plato1 ,ari/otle sees t !re is 9 man a numb] ( impulses /ruggl+ = ! ma/]y ( ! s\l1 h5ce he is l$ to assume t ! natural in/9cts ne$ guidance & control4 ,mod]ation is !re=e ! "o *ief virtue2 & moral excell5ce consi/s 9 an activity :i* at e po9t seeks to /rike a 'mean' betwe5 two opposite excesses4 ,virtue 9 g5]al1 !n1 may be def9$ z ! obs]vation ( ! due mean 9 action4 ,ari/otle also foll[s ,plato 9 assign+ ! ideal good to contemplation1 & 9 exalt+ ! life ( reason & speculation above all o!rs4 ,9 ?us idealis+ ! contemplative life he 0 b reflect+ ! _s ( 8 race4 ,?is apo!osis ( k infect$ all ,greek ?\ght1 & f\nd exagg]at$ expression 9 ! religi\s absorption ( ,neo-,platonism4 #da ,)\t dwell+ fur!r ^u ! e?ical philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 a defect :i* at once /rikes a mod]n 9 reg>d to 8 s*eme ( virtues is t b5evol5ce is n recognis$1 except obscurely z a =m ( magnanimity2 & t1 9 g5]al1 ! g5tl] virtues1 s prom95t 9 ,*ri/ianity1 h little place 9 ! li/4 ,! virtues are *iefly ari/ocratic4 ,fav\rable conditions are ne$$ = _! cultivation4 ,!y are n possible = a slave1 & h>dly = ^? engag$ 9 'm]c5>y occupations4'#d ,fur!r1 x may be rem>k$ t habit ( itself does n make a man virtu\s4 ,morality _c consi/ 9 a m]e succession ( cu/om>y acts4 ',"o good cu/om w\ld corrupt ! _w1' & habit is frequ5tly a h9drance r ?an a help to ! moral life4 ,b ! ma9 defect ( ,ari/otle's treatm5t ( virtue is t he t5ds to reg>d ! passions z irrational1 & he does n see t passions if :olly evil c\ld h no 'mean4' ,reason p]vades all ! l[] appetites ( man3 & ! in/9cts & desires1 in/ead ( be+ treat$ z elem5ts :i* mu/ be suppress$1 ought to be reg>d$ r z p[]s to be trans=m$ & employ$ z vehicles ( ! moral life4 ,at ! same "t !re are n want+ passages 9 ,ari/otle z well z 9 ,plato :i*1 in/ead ( emphasis+ ! avoidance ( excess1 reg>d virtue z consi/+ 9 complem5t>y elem5ts--! addition ( "o virtu\s *>act]i/ic to ano!r--'t balance ( contra/$ qualities :i* meets u at e turn 9 ! di/+ui%$ p]sonalities ( ! ,hell5ic race1 & :i* is too (t5 ?\ght ( 9 a m]ely negative way1 z ! avoidance ( excess r ?an z ! highe/ outcome ( an int5se & _m-sid$ vitality4'#e #d4 ,aft] ,ari/otle philosophy rapidly decl9$1 & ,e?ics deg5]at$ into popul> moralis+ :i* manife/$ itself *iefly 9 a gr[+ depreciation ( good z ! end #db ( life4 ,! conflict+ elem5ts ( reason & impulse1 :i* nei!r ,plato nor ,ari/otle succe$$ 9 h>monis+1 gave rise ultimately to two opposite int]pretations ( ! moral life4 ,! ,/oics select$ ! rational nature z ! true guide to an e?ical sy/em1 b !y gave to x a supremacy s rigid z to ?reat5 ! ext9ction ( ! affections4 ,! ,epicureans1 on ! o!r h&1 fa/5+ ^u ! emotions z ! measure ( tru?1 emphasis$ ! happ9ess ( ! individual z ! *ief good--a doctr9e :i* l$ "s ( ! foll[]s ( ,epicurus to ju/ify ev5 s5sual enjoym5t4 ,x is n necess>y to dwell ^u ! details ( ,epicureanism1 = ?\gh its description ( ! 'wise man1' z t ( a p]son :o prud5tly /e]$ a middle c\rse betwe5 passion & asceticism1 0 "o :i* ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce ^u ! morals ( ! age1 x is ! doctr9es ( ,/oicism :i* m especially h come into contact ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,)\t discuss+ ! ,/oic conception ( ! _w z int]p5etrat$ & controll$ by an inh]5t _s1 & ! consequ5t view ( life z proce$+ f ,god & be+ 9 all its p>ts equally div9e1 we may note t ! ,/oics1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,platonism1 reg>d$ self-realisation z ! true end ( man4 ,?is idea !y express$ 9 ! =mula1 ',life accord+ to nature4' ,! wise man is he :o seeks to live 9 all ! circum/ances ( life 9 agreem5t ) 8 rational nature4 ,! law ( nature is to avoid :at is hurtful & /rive = :at is appropriate4 ,pleasure1 ?\gh n ! imm$iate object ( man1 arises z an accompanim5t ( a well-ord]$ life4 ,pleasure & pa9 are1 h[ev]1 really accid5ts1 to be met by ! wise man ) indiff]5ce4 ,he alone is free :o ackn[l$ges ! absolute supremacy ( reason & makes himself indep5d5t ( e>?ly desires4 ,?is life ( fre$om is op5 to all3 s9ce all m5 are memb]s ( "o body4 ,! slave may be z free z ! consul1 & 9 e /ation ( life ea* may make ! _w s]ve him by liv+ 9 h>mony ) x4 ,!re is a c]ta9 sublimity 9 ! e?ics ( ,/oicism :i* has always appeal$ to noble m9ds4 ',x inspir$1' #dc says ,mr4 ,lecky1 'ne>ly all ! great *>act]s ( ! e>ly ,roman ,empire1 & n]v$ e attempt to ma9ta9 ! dignity & fre$om ( ! human s\l4'#f ,b we _c close our eyes to its defects4 ,div9e provid5ce1 ?\gh frequ5tly dwelt ^u1 signifi$ little m = ! ,/oic ?an de/9y or fate4 ,h>mony ) nature 0 simply a s5se ( pr\d self-suffici5cy4 ,/oicism is ! glorification ( reason1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( suppress+ all emotion4 ,s9 is unreason1 & salvation lies 9 an ext]nal control ( ! passions--9 indiff]5ce & apa?y begott5 ( ! subord9ation ( desire to reason4 ,! *ief m]it ( ,/oicism is t 9 an age ( moral deg5]acy x insi/$ ^u ! necessity ( integrity 9 all ! conditions ( life4 ,9 its pref]5ce = ! joys ( ! inn] life & its scorn ( ! delights ( s5se2 9 its emphasis ^u individual responsibility & duty2 above all1 9 its advocacy ( a common humanity & its belief 9 ! relation ( ea* human s\l to ,god1 ,roman ,/oicism1 z reveal$ 9 ! writ+s ( a ,s5eca1 an ,epictetus1 & a ,m>cus ,aurelius1 n only %[$ h[ high ,paganism at its be/ c\ld rea*1 b prov$ 9 a measure a prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity1 ) ^: practical tru?s x _h mu* 9 common4 ,! aff9ities betwe5 ,/oicism & ,paul9ism h be5 frequ5tly po9t$ out1 & ! simil>ity 9 language & ?\ght c sc>cely be acc\nt$ = by co9cid5ce4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 elem5ts 9 ,/oicism :i* ,/4 ,paul w\ld nev] h dreamt ( assimilat+4 ,! mat]ial conception ( ! _w1 ! self-consci\s pride1 ! abs5ce ( all s5se ( s91 ! temp] ( apa?y1 & unnatural suppression ( feel+s 7 ideas :i* c\ld n b r\se ! apo/le's /ronge/ antagonism4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 *>act]i/ics ( a nobl] ord] 9 ,/oic morality :i*1 we may well believe1 ,paul f\nd ready to 8 h& & did n hesitate to incorporate 9 8 tea*+4 ,( ^! we may m5tion1 ! ,imman5ce ( ,god1 ! idea ( ,wisdom1 ! conception ( fre$om z #dd ! pr]ogative ( ! individual1 & ! notion ( bro!rhood z ! goal ( humanity4#g ,! ,roman ,/oics1 not)/&+ _! !oretic int]e/ 9 moral que/ions1 liv$ 9 an ideal _w1 & h>dly attempt$ to br+ _! views into connection ) ! facts ( life4 ,_! philosophy 0 a refuge f ! evil ar\nd !m r ?an an ef=t to remove x4 ,!y seek to ov]come ! _w by be+ indiff]5t to x4 ,9 ,neo-,platonism--! la/ ( ! ,greek s*ools ( philosophy--?is t5d5cy to )draw f life & its problems becomes /ill m m>k$4 ,absorption 9 ,god is ! goal ( exi/5ce & ! ess5ce ( religion4 ',man is left alone ) ,god )\t any _w to m$iate betwe5 !m1 & 9 ! ec/atic vision ( ! ,absolute ! light ( reason is ext+ui%$4'#h ,meagre z our sket* ( anci5t ?\ght has necess>ily be51 x is p]haps en\gh to %[ t ! debt ( religion to ,greek & ,roman ,e?ics is incalculable4 ,x lift$ man above vague wond]1 & gave him c\rage to def9e 8 relation to exi/5ce4 ,x caus$ him to ask que/ions ( exp]i5ce1 & awak5$ him to ! value ( life & ! mean+ ( fre$om1 duty1 & good4 ,f9ally1 x br\ght into view ^? contra/$ aims ( life & society :i* f9d _! solution 9 ! ,*ri/ian ideal4#i ,,ii ,*ri/ianity /&s 9 ! close/ relation ) ,hebrew religion4 ,mu* z ! philosophy ( ,greece & ,rome h contribut$ to ,*ri/5dom1 !re is no su* intimate relation betwe5 !m z t :i* connects ,*ri/ian ,e?ics ) ! morality ( ,israel4 ,*ri/ ,himself1 & /ill m ! ,apo/le ,paul1 assum$ z a sub/ratum ( #de _! tea*+ ! revelation :i* _h be5 grant$ to ! ,jews4 ,! moral & religi\s doctr9es compreh5d$ "u ! designation ( ! 'law' s]v$1 z ! apo/le said1 z a paidagogos or u%] ^: function x 0 to lead !m to ! s*ool ( ,*ri/4 ,at ! outset we are impress$ by ! fact t ! ,e?ics ( ,judaeism 0 insep>able f its religion4 ,moral obligations 7 conceiv$ z div9e comm&s1 & ! moral law z a revelation ( ! div9e w4 ,at fir/ ,jehovah 0 simply a tribal deity1 b gradually ?is re/rict$ view gave place to ! wid] conception ( ,god z ! sov]eign ( all m54 ,! div9e comm&m5t is ! crit]ion & measure ( man's ob$i5ce4 ,evil1 :ile x has its s\rce & head 9 a ho/ile b subsidi>y p[]1 consi/s 9 violation ( ,jehovah's w4 ,!re are ?ree ma9 *annels ( ,hebrew revelation1 commonly kn[n z ! ,law1 ! ,prophecy1 & ,poetry ( ,old ,te/am5t4 #a4 ,,law 7#a7 ,! ,mosaic ,legislation c5t]+ 9 ! ,decalogue#aj is ! fir/ /age ( ,old ,te/am5t ,e?ic4 ,! t5 comm&m5ts1 :e!r d]iv$ f ,mosaic enactm5t or repres5t+ a lat] summ>y ( duty1 hold a supreme & =mative place 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,all1 n ev5 except+ ! f\r?1 are purely moral requirem5ts4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 l>gely negative2 ! fif? comm&m5t only ris+ to positive duty4 ,!y are also m]ely ext]nal1 regulative ( outw>d conduct4 ,! six? & sev5? protect ! rights ( p]sons1 :ile ! eigh? gu>ds outw>d prop]ty4 ,?\gh ^! laws may be %[n to h _! roots 9 ! moral consci\sness ( mank9d1 !y 7 at fir/ re/rict$ by ,israel 9 _! scope & practice to its own tribes4 7#b7 ,! ,civil laws pres5t a second factor 9 ! e?ical education ( ,israel4 ,! ',book ( ! ,cov5ant'#aa reveals a c]ta9 advancem5t 9 political legislation4 ,/ill ! #df h>d & legal enactm5ts ( retaliation--',an eye = an eye & a too? = a too?'--disclose a b>b>\s conception ( "r4 ,alongside ( ^! primitive laws mu/ be set ^? ( a m humane nature--laws ) reg>d to release1 ! p]mission ( glean+1 ! privileges ( ! ye> ( jubilee4 7#c7 ,! ,c]emonial laws embody a ?ird elem5t 9 ! moral life ( ,israel4 ,^! _h to d *iefly ) comm&s & prohibitions relative to p]sonal conduct--',meats & dr9ks & div]se wa%+s'2 & ) sacrifices & =ms ( ritual wor%ip4#ab ,) reg>d to ! moral value ( ! comm&m5ts two opposite errors are to be avoid$4 ,we mu/ n refuse to recognise 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! record ( a true1 if elem5t>y & imp]fect1 revelation ( ,god4 ,b also we mu/ bew>e ( exalt+ ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,old ,disp5sation to ! level ( ^? ( ! ,new2 & ?us misund]/&+ ! nature & relation ( bo?4 ,! ,*ri/ian fai? is 9 a s5se ! developm5t ( ,judaeism1 ?\gh x is inf9itely m4 ,! comm&m5ts ( ,moses1 9 s f> z !y h _! roots 9 ! con/itution ( man1 h n be5 sup]s$$1 b tak5 up & spiritualis$ by ! ,e?ic ( ! ,gospel4 #b4 ,,prophecy ,! dom9ant factor ( ,old ,te/am5t ,e?ics lay 9 ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! prophets4 ,!y1 & n ! prie/s1 are ! great morali/s ( ,israel4 ,! prophets 7 speak]s = ,god1 ! int]pret]s ( ,8 w4 ,!y 7 ! moral guides ( ! p1 ! *ampions ( integrity 9 political life1 n less ?an witnesses = individual purity4#ac ,we may sum up ! e?ical significance ( ! ,hebrew prophets 9 ?ree features4 7#a7 ,!y 7 prea*]s ( p]sonal righte\sness4 ,9 #dg times ( falsehood & hypocrisy !y 7 witnesses = integrity & tru?1 uphold+ ! p]sonal virtues ( ju/ice1 s9c]ity1 & m]cy aga9/ ! idolatry & =malism ( ! prie/hood4 ',:at do? ! ,"l require ( !e1' said ,micah1 'b to d ju/ly1 to love m]cy1 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god4'#ad ,9 ! same /ra9 ,isaiah exclaim$1 ',br+ no m va9 oblations1 b wa% y & make y clean4'#ae ,& s also ,habakkuk has affirm$ 9 words :i* became ! keynote ( ,paul's !ology & ! wat*word ( ! ,re=mation--',! j %all live by fai?4'#af 7#b7 ,!y 7 ! advocates ( ! rights ( man1 ( equity & ju/ice betwe5 man & man4 ,!y d5\nce ! tyranny ( k+s1 & ! luxury ( ! nobles4 ,!y prote/ aga9/ ! oppression ( ! poor & befri5d ! toil]s ( ! cities4 ,!y proclaim ! wor? ( man z man4 ,!y reveal ,jehovah z ! ,god ( ! common p1 & seek to mitigate ! burd5s :i* lie ^u ! enslav$ & d[n-trodd54 7#c7 ,!y 7 ! apo/les ( ,hope4 ,n only did !y seek to lift _! fell[-m5 above _! pres5t calamities1 b !y proclaim$ a message ( peace & triumph :i* 0 to be evolv$ out ( tr\ble4 ,a great promise gradually loom$ on ! horizon1 & hope began to c5tre 9 an ano9t$ ,deliv]]4 ,! ,hebrew prophets 7 n probably consci\s ( ! full significance ( _! own pr$ictions4 ,l all true poets1 !y utt]$ great] ?+s ?an !y knew4 ,! prophet :o mo/ cle>ly outl9es ?is tru? is ! second ,isaiah4 ,z he looks d[n ! ages he sees t heal+ is to be br\ght ab\t ?r\gh suff]+1 ! suff]+ ( a ,s9less "o4 ,^u ?is my/]i\s figure :o is to rise up 9 ! latt] days is to be laid ! burd5 ( humanity4 ,no o!r1 n ev5 ,/4 ,paul himself1 has grasp$ s cle>ly ! great secret ( atonem5t or giv5 s t\*+ a picture ( ! p[] ( vic>i\s suff]+ z ?is unkn[n prophet ( ,israel4 #dh #c4 ,,! ,,poetical ,,books ,pass+ f ! prophets to ! poets ( ,israel--& especially to ! book ( ,psalms--! devotional manual ( ! p1 reflect+ ! moral & religi\s life ( ! nation at ! v>i\s /ages ( its developm5t--we f9d ! same exalt$ "* ( ,god z a ,god ( ,righte\sness1 hat+ evil & jeal\s = devotion1 ! same pr(\nd s5se ( s9 & ! same high vocation ( man4 ,! ,hebrew nation 0 ess5tially a poetic p1#ag & _! lit]ature is full ( poetry4 ,b poetry is n sy/ematic4 ,x is n safe1 !re=e1 to d$uce p>ticul> t5ets ( fai? or moral pr9ciples f passages :i* gl[ ) int5sity ( feel+4 ,b if a nation's "* is reveal$ 9 its songs1 ! deep spirituality & high moral tone ( ,israel are cle>ly reflect$ 9 t body ( religi\s poetry :i* ext5ds ov] a p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s1 f ,david to ! ,maccabean age4 ,x is at once national & p]sonal1 & is a wond]ful record ( ! human he>t 9 its v>i\s moods & ye>n+s4 ,und]ly+ all true poetry !re is a philosophy ( life4 ,god1 = ! ,hebrew psalmi/1 is ! "o p]vad+ pres5ce4 ,he is n a m]e imp]sonation ( ! p[]s ( nature1 b a p]sonal ,be+1 righte\s & m]ciful1 ) :om man /&s 9 ! close/ relations4 ,holy & awful1 inde$1 hat+ iniquity & exact+ puni%m5t ^u ! wick$1 ,he is also t5d] & pitiful--a ,fa!r ( ! oppress$1 :o be>s _! burd5s1 =gives _! iniquities1 & cr[ns !m ) t5d] m]cy4#ah ,all nature speaks to ! ,hebrew ( ,god4 ,he is no f>-(f creator1 b imman5t 9 all ,8 works4#ai ,he presides ov] mank9d1 & provides = ! manifold wants ( 8 creatures4 ,x is ?is ?\ght :i* gives unity to ! nation1 & b9ds ! tribes into a common bro!rhood4 ,god is _! p]sonal fri5d4 ,9 w> & peace1 9 wor%ip & lab\r1 at home & 9 exile1 x is to ,jehovah !y look #di = /r5g? & light & joy4 ,he is _! ,%eph]d & ,r$eem]1 "u ^: w+s !y tru/4 ,correspond+ to ?is sublime fai?1 ! virtues ( ob$i5ce & fidelity are dwelt ^u1 :ile ! ideal ( p]sonal righte\sness & purity is con/antly held =?4 ,x is no d\bt l>gely temporal bless+s :i* ! psalmi/s emphasise1 & ! rew>ds ( integrity are *iefly ^? ( mat]ial & e>?ly prosp]ity4 ,! hope ( ! future life is n[h]e cle>ly express$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & :ile 9 ! ,psalt] "h & !re a dim ye>n+ = a future ) ,god breaks =?1 h>dly any ( ^! poems illum9e ! de/9y ( man beyond ! grave4 ,! hope ( ,israel 0 limit$ mo/ly to ?is e>?4 ,! l& beyond ! %ad[s does n come )9 _! purview4 ,l a *ild1 ! psalmi/ is cont5t to "k t 8 div9e ,fa!r is ne> him "h & n[4 ,:5 exactly ! l>g] hope em]g$ we _c say4 ,b gradually1 ) ! break+ up ( ! national life & "u ! pressure ( suff]+1 a cle>] vision dawn$4 ,) ! limitations nam$1 x is a sublime outlook ^u life & a high-ton$ morality :i* ! ,psalt] discloses4 ,poetry1 inde$1 idealises1 & no d\bt ! ,israelites did n always live up to _! aspirations2 b m5 :o c\ld give utt]ance to a fai? s cle>1 to a p5it5ce s deep1 & to long+s s l(ty & spiritual z ^! ,psalms conta9 are n ! lea/ among ! h]alds ( ! k+dom ( ,*ri/4 ,we _c enl>ge ^u ! e?ical ideas ( ! o!r writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! books ( ,wisdom1 ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 & ,job4 ,_! tea*+1 :ile n p>ticul>ly l(ty1 is g5]ally heal?y & practical1 consi/+ ( homely commonplaces & %rewd obs]vations ^u life & conduct4 ,! motives appeal$ to are n always ! highe/1 & frequ5tly h reg>d only to e>?ly prosp]ity & worldly policy4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ov]look$ t moral practice is usually alli$ ) ! fe> ( ,god1 & ! "r *oice ( wisdom is repres5t$ z ! dictate ( piety n less ?an ! sanction ( prud5ce4 ,! writ]s ( ! ,wisdom lit]ature are ! #ej humani/s ( _! age4 ,z di/+ui%$ f ! idealism ( ! prophets1 !y are reali/s :o look at life 9 a some:at utilit>ian way4 ,) ! prophets1 h[ev]1 !y are at "o 9 reg>d+ ! inf]iority ( c]emonial to ob$i5ce & s9c]ity4 ,god is ! rul] ( ! _w1 & man's task is to live 9 ob$i5ce to ,him4 ,:at ,god requires is correct outw>d behavi\r1 self-re/ra9t1 & consid]ation ( o!rs4 ,9 e/imat+ ! ,e?ics ( ,israel ! fact t x 0 a prep>atory /age 9 ! revelation ( ,god's w mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,we are n surpris$1 !re=e1 t1 judg$ by ! absolute /&>d ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! morality ( ! ,old ,te/am5t mu/ be pron\nc$ imp]fect4 ,9 two respects at lea/1 9 int5t & ext5t1 x is defici5t4 7#a7 ,x is lack+ 9 ,dep?4 ,!re is a t5d5cy to dwell ^u ! suffici5cy ( ext]nal acts r ?an ! necessity ( inw>d disposition4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ! ,psalt] & prophecy inw>d purity is recognis$4#bj ,fur!r1 ! "* ( ,jehovah is sometimes pres5t$ 9 a repell5t aspect2 z 9 ! ?reat5+s ( ! second comm&m5t2 ! treatm5t ( ! *ildr5 ( ,a*an & ! ,sons ( ,korah2 ! seem+ inju/ice ( ,god1 impli$ 9 ! compla9t ( ,moses1 & ! prote/s ( ,abraham & ,david4 ,b aga9 !re are n want+ m k9dly features ( ! ,div9e ,be+2 & ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god f9ds frequ5t expression4 ,?\gh ! p5al code is sev]e1 a g5tl] _s %9es ?r\gh _m ( its provisions1 & protection is af=d$ to ! wage-e>n]1 ! dep5d5t1 & ! poor2 :ile ! c>e ( slaves1 =eign]s1 & ev5 l[] animals is n ov]look$4#ba ,aga91 x has be5 notic$ t ! motives to :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t appeals are (t5 m]c5>y4 ,mat]ial prosp]ity plays an important "p z an inducem5t to well-do+4 ,! good :i* ! pi\s patri>* or royal pot5tate contemplates is some?+ :i* is calculat$ to enri* himself or advance 8 p4 ,b "h we mu/ n =get t #ea ,god's revelation is progressive1 & ,8 deal+ ) man educative4 ,!re is naturally a c]ta9 accommodation ( ! div9e law to ! v>i\s /ages ( ! moral appreh5sion ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,gradually ! nation is be+ c>ri$ =w>d by ! promise ( mat]ial b5efits to ! deep] & m inw>d appreciation ( spiritual bless+s4 7#b7 ,x is lack+ 9 ,scope4 ,9 reg>d to univ]sality ! ,hebrew ideal1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 is defici5t4 ,god is usually repres5t$ z ! ,god ( ,israel alone1 & n z ! ,god ( all m51 & ! obligations ( v]acity1 hone/y1 & m]cy are conf9$ )9 ! limits ( ! nation4 ,x is true t a prom95t comm&m5t giv5 to ,israel & endors$ by our ,"l runs ?us3 ',?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4'#bb ,b ! ext5t ( ! obligation seems to be re/rict$ by ! context3 ',?\ %alt n av5ge nor be> any grudge aga9/ ! *ildr5 ( ?y p4' ,x is cont5d$ t ! ^w translat$ 'neighb\r' be>s a wid] import ?an ! ,engli% t]m1 & is really applicable to any p]son4 ,! l>g] idea is express$ 9 vv4 #cc1 #cd1 :]e ! ^w '/rang]' or '=eign]' is sub/itut$ = neighb\r4 ,& !re are passages 9 :i* ! /rang] is reg>d$ z ! special cli5t ( ,god1 & is enjo9$ to look to ,him = protection4 ,! ,jews 7 n 9 practice1 h[ev]1 fai?ful to ! humanit>ianism ( _! law1 &1 9 keep+ ) o!r nations1 %[$ a t5d5cy to re/rict div9e fav\rs )9 ! limits ( _! own l&1 & to ma9ta9 ?r\gh\t _! hi/ory an attitude ( alo(ness & repell5t isolation :i* ev5 am\nt$ to intol]ance t[>ds o!r races4 ,9 e>ly days1 h[ev]1 ! obligation ( hospitality 0 reg>d$ z sacr$4#bc ,nor mu/ we =get t1 :atev] may h be5 ! ,jewi% practice1 ! promise en%r9$ 9 _! revelation involves ! unity ( mank9d2 :ile sev]al ( ! prophecies & ,psalms look =w>d to a _w-wide bless+4#bd ,9 ,isaiah we ev5 read1 ',god ( ! :ole e>? %all ,he be call$4'#be #eb ,! /ream ( prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity ?us fl[$ /eadily ?r\gh ?ree *annels1 ! ,greek1 ! ,roman1 & ! ,jew4 ,ea* contribut$ some?+ to ! fullness ( ! "t4 ,! problem ( ,greek civilisation 0 ! problem ( fre$om1 ! realisation ( self-dep5d5ce & self-det]m9ation4 ,9 ! pursuit ( ^! ends ,greece g>n]$ conclusions :i* are ! undy+ possessions ( ! _w4 ,if to ! graces ( self-abasem5t1 meekness & *>ity x rema9$ a /rang]1 x gave a new wor? to ! individual1 & %[$ t )\t ! virtues ( wisdom1 c\rage1 /eadfa/ness & ju/ice man c\ld n atta9 to moral "*4 ,! ,roman's gift 0 unb5d+ devotion to duty4 ,) a g5ius = rule he =c$ m5 into "o polity2 & by levell+ mat]ial b>ri]s he enabl$ ! nations to commune1 & made a highway = ! message ( fre$om & bro!rhood4 ,b1 intoxicat$ ) mat]ial glory1 he became bl9d to spiritual good1 & 9 8 univ]sal tol]ation he empti$ all fai?s ( _! cont5t1 driv+ ! masses to sup]/ition1 & ! few :o ye>n$ = a high] life to )drawal f ! _w4 ,! ,jewi% contribution 0 righte\sness4 ,n specially di/+ui%$ by intellectual p[]s1 nor gift$ 9 political ent]prise1 8 end[m5t 0 spiritual insight1 & by 8 disp]sion ?r\gh\t ! _w he made o!rs ! %>]s ( 8 inh]itance4 ,b 8 t5d5cy 0 to keep 8 privilege to himself1 or s to load x ) legal re/rictions z to b> its acceptance = /rang]s2 & 9 8 pride ( isolation he fail$ to recognise 8 ,deliv]] :5 ,he came4 ,?us1 negatively & positively1 by failure & by p>tial atta9m5t1 ! _w 0 prep>$ = ,him :o 0 ! desire ( all nations4 ,9 ,*ri/ 7 ga!r$ up ! wisdom ( ! ,greek1 ! c\rage ( ! ,roman1 ! righte\sness ( ! ,jew2 & ,he :o came n to de/roy b to fulfil at once int]pret$ & satisfi$ ! long+s ( ! ages4 #a ,apologia1 pp4 #ch-i4 #b ,cf4 ,adam1 ,vitality ( ,platonism1 p4 #c4 #c ,nic4 ,e?ics1 bk4 i4 *ap4 #e4 #d hi/h>nikai ergasiai1 ,ari/41 ,politics1 iii4 ',!re is no?+ common betwe5 a ma/] & 8 slave1' ,nic4 ,e?ics1 viii4 #e ,but*]1 ,h>v>d ,lectures on ,greek ,subjects1 quot$ by ,b>b\r1 ,philos4 ,/udy ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 p4 #aa4 ,cf4 also ,burnet1 ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle1 p4 #gc4 ',! mean is really ! true nature ( ! s\l :5 fully develop$4' #f ,hi/4 ( ,europ4 ,morals1 vol4 i4 *ap4 ii4 #g ,see ,au?or's ,e?ics ( ,/4 ,paul = fur!r discussion ( relation ( ,paul to ,/oics4 #h ,cf4 ,e4 ,caird1 ,evolution ( ,!ology 9 ! ,greek ,philosoph]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #dh4 #i ,cf4 ,caird1 idem4 ,pfleid]]1 ,vorb]eitung des ,*ri/5tums 9 d] ,grie*4 ,philos42 ,w5ley1 ,prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity4 #aj ,exod4 xx42 ,deut4 v4 #aa ,ex4 xx4-xxiii4 #ab ,amos v4 #be2 ,hos4 vi4 #f2 ,isa4 i4 #aa-ac4 #ac ,cf4 ,wallace1 ,lectures & ,essays on ,natural ,!ol4 & ,e?ics1 p4 #ahc4 #ad ,micah vi4 #h4 #ae ,isa4 i4 #ac-ag2 ,micah vi4 #g4 #af ,hab4 ii4 #d2 cf4 ,rom4 i4 #ag2 ,gal4 iii4 #b4 #ag ,?\gh ,h\/on ,*amb]la91 9 8 rec5t "w1 ,! ,f\ndations ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ma9ta9s t !y 7 'a mo/ prosaic1 mat]iali/ic p1 )\t any real s5se ( poetry4' #ah ,ps4 #ea4 #ai ,ps4 #ai4 #bj ,ps4 #ea2 ,isa4 #a4 #ba ,deut4 xxiv4 #ad1 #ae2 ,j]4 xxii4 #ac-ag2 ,matt4 iii #e2 ,deut4 xxv4 #d4 #bb ,lev4 xix4 #ah4 #bc ,g54 xviii4 xix4 #bd ,isa4 lxi42 ,ps4 xxii4 #bg2 xlviii4 #b-aj2 lxxxvii4 #be ,isa4 liv4 #e4 #ec ,,section ,b ,,p]sonality #ee ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,e/imate ,,( ,,man ,hav+ ?us f> laid ! f\ndations ( our /udy by a discussion ( its presuppositions & s\rces1 we are n[ prep>$ to consid] man z ! p]sonal subject ( ! new life4 ,! _s ( ,god :i* takes hold ( man & r5ews 8 life mu/ n be conceiv$ z a =eign p[] break+ ! cont9uity ( consci\sness4 ,! natural is ! basis ( ! sup]natural4 ,x is n a new p]sonality :i* is creat$2 x is ! old t is trans=m$ & complet$4 ,if !re 0 n already implicit 9 man t :i* pr$ispos$ him = ! high] life1 a consci\sness to :i* ! _s c\ld appeal1 !n ,*ri/ianity w\ld be simply a me*anical or magical influ5ce )\t e?ical significance & hav+ no relation to ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! individual4 ,b t is n ! tea*+ ( our ,"l or ( ,8 apo/les4 ,we are b\nd1 !re=e1 to assume a c]ta9 sub/ratum ( p[]s1 physical1 m5tal & moral1 z con/itut+ ! raw mat]ial ( :i* ! new p]sonality is =m$4 ,! _s ( ,god does n qu5* ! natural faculties ( man1 b works ?r\gh & ^u !m1 rais+ !m to a high] value4#a ,i4 ,b be=e proce$+ to a consid]ation ( ^! elem5ts ( human consci\sness to :i* ,*ri/ianity appeals1 we mu/ glance at two opposite !ories ( human nature1 ei!r ( :i*1 if ! complete view ( man1 w\ld be inimical to ,*ri/ianity4#b #ef #a4 ,! fir/ view is t man by nature is morally good4 ,8 natural impulses are f bir? :olly virtu\s1 & require only to be left to _! own op]ation to issue 9 a life ( p]fection4 ,^? :o fav\r ?is cont5tion claim ! support ( ,scripture4 ,n only does ! :ole tone ( ! ,bible imply ! inh]5t goodness ( primitive man1 b _m texts bo? 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts sugge/ t ,god made man upright4#c ,among ! ,greeks1 & especially ! ,/oics1 ?is view prevail$4 ,all nature 0 reg>d$ z ! creation ( p]fect reason1 & ! primitive /ate z "o ( uncorrupt$ innoc5ce4 ,pelagius esp\s$ ?is doctr9e1 & x cont9u$ to influ5ce dogmatic !ology n only 9 ! =m ( ,semi-,pelagianism1 b ev5 z modify+ ! sev]] t5ets ( ,augu/9e4 ,! !ory receiv$ fre% importance dur+ ! revolution>y movem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & f\nd a /rong expon5t 9 ,r\sseau4 ',let u sweep away all conv5tions & in/itutions ( man's mak+ & get back to ! simplicity ( a primitive age4' ,! man ( nature is guileless1 & 8 natural in/9cts w\ld pres]ve him 9 uncorrupt$ purity if !y 7 n p]v]t$ by ! artificial usages ( society4 ,s pr(\ndly did ?is !ory dom9ate ! ?\ghts ( m5 t its influ5ce may be detect$ n only 9 ! political fanaticism :i* f\nd expression 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 b also 9 ! practical views ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* act+ z a det]r5t to mission>y ef=t4#d ,?is view ( human nature1 ?\gh n p]haps =mally /at$1 f9ds expression 9 mu* ( ! lit]ature ( ! pres5t day4 ,pr(essor ,james cites ,!odore ,p>k] & o!r lead]s ( ! lib]al movem5t 9 ,new ,engl& ( la/ c5tury z repres5tatives ( ! t5d5cy4#e ,^! writ]s d n :olly ignore moral effect1 b !y make light ( s91 & reg>d x n z some?+ positive1 b m]ely z a /age 9 ! developm5t ( man4 #eg #b4 ,! o!r !ory ( human nature goes to ! opposite extreme4 ,man by nature is utt]ly deprav$1 & 8 natural in/9cts are :olly bad4 ,^? :o take ?is view also appeal to ,scripture3 ',man is %ap5 9 iniquity & conceiv$ 9 s94' ,_m passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & especially 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul1 seem to emphasise ! utt] degradation ( man4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! "t ( ,augu/9e t ?is idea ( innate depravity 0 =mulat$ into a doctr9e4 ,! ,augu/9ean dogma has col\r$ all lat] !ology4 ,9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ev5 9 su* a writ] z ,pascal1 & 9 ,prote/antism1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,calv91 ! complete corruption ( man's nature has be5 depict$ 9 ! blacke/ hues4 ,^! !ories ( human nature repres5t aspects ( tru?1 & are false only 9 _! isolation4 ,! doctr9e t man is innoc5t by nature is n 9 agreem5t ) hi/ory4 ,n[h]e is ! noble savage to be f\nd4 ,! primitive man exhibits ! same t5d5cies z 8 m civilis$ neighb\r1 & 8 animal passions are indulg$ )\t control ( reason or consid]ation = o!rs4 ,inde$1 ,hobbes's view ( e>ly society z a /ate ( w> & rapacity is mu* tru] to fact ?an ,r\sseau's4 ,! noble savage is simply a fiction ( ! imag9ation1 an ab/raction obta9$ by )draw+ him f all social environm5t4 ,b ev5 c\ld we conceive ( a human be+ kept f infancy 9 isolation1 he w\ld n fulfil ! true idea ( virtue1 b w\ld simply develop into a negative creature1 a mutilat$ be+ b]eft ( all t con/itutes our notion ( humanity4 ,su* exp]i5ces z are possible only 9 society--all =ms ( goodness z sugge/$ by su* words z 'love1' 'sympa?y1' 's]vice'--w\ld nev] em]ge at all4 ,! native in/9cts ( man are simply pot5cies or capacities = morality2 !y mu/ h a life ( opportunity = _! evolution & ex]cise4 ,! ab/ract self prior to & ap>t f all objective exp]i5ce is an illusion4 ,x is only 9 relation to a _w ( moral be+s t ! moral life becomes possible = man4 ,! innoc5ce :i* ! advocates ( ?is !ory cont5d = is #eh some?+ n unlike ! non-rational exi/5ce ( ! animal4 ,x is true t ! brute is n immoral1 b nei!r is x moral4 ,! :ole significance ( ! passions z !y exi/ 9 man lies 9 ! fact t !y are n purely animal1 b1 s9ce !y belong to man1 are always impregnat$ ) reason4 ,x is reason t gives to !m _! moral wor?1 & x is because man mu/ always put 8 self into e desire or impulse t x becomes ! in/rum5t ei!r ( virtue or ( vice4#f ,b if ! !ory ( primitive purity is unt5able1 n less s is t ( innate depravity4 ,"h1 also1 its advocates are n consi/5t ) !mselves4 ,ev5 ! sy/ems ( !ology d]iv$ f ,augu/9e d n cont5d t man 0 creat$ ) an evil prop5sity4 ,8 s9 0 ! result ( an hi/orical cata/rophe4 ,9 8 p>adisiacal condition man is conceiv$ z possess+ a nobility & innoc5ce ( nature f> beyond t ev5 :i* ,r\sseau depict$4 ,milton1 9 spite ( 8 ,calv9i/ic puritanism1 has pa9t$ a picture ( man's ideal innoc5ce :i* = idyllic *>m is unequall$ 9 lit]ature4#g ,nor does hi/orical inquiry be> out ! !ory ( ! utt] depravity ( man4 ,! late/ an?ropological rese>* into ! condition ( primitive man sugge/s r t ev5 ! l[e/ =ms ( savage life are n )\t "s dim consci\sness ( a high] p[] & "s lat5t capacity = good4#h ,f9ally1 ^! writ]s are n m successful :5 !y claim ! support ( ! ,bible4 ,n only are !re _m examples ( virtue 9 patri>*al times1 b1 z we h se51 !re are n a few texts :i* imply ! natural goodness ( man4 ,our ,"l repeat$ly assumes ! aff9ity ) goodness ( ^? :o _h n hi!rto come into contact ) ! ,gospel1 z 9 ! case ( ,jairus1 ! ri* "y rul]1 & ! ,syroph5ician woman4 ,x has be5 affirm$ by ,w]nle#i t ! ,apo/le ,paul 9 ! int]e/s ( salvation grossly #ei exagg]ates ! condition ( ! natural man4 ',he viol5tly ext+ui%$ e o!r light 9 ! _w s t ,jesus might %9e 9 x alone4' ,b ?is surely is a mis/atem5t4 ,x is true t no m sca?+ d5unciation ( s9ful human nature has ev] be5 pres5t$ ?an ! acc\nt ( hea!n immorality to be f\nd 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,romans4 ,yet ! apo/le does n actually affirm1 nor ev5 imply1 t pagan society 0 s utt]ly corrupt t x _h lo/ all k ( moral good4 ,?\gh s bad z to be beyond hope ( recov]y by natural ef=t1 x 0 n s bad z to h qu5*$ 9 utt] d>kness ! light :i* lighte? e man4 #c4 ,*ri/ianity1 :ile ackn[l$g+ ! p>tial tru? ( bo? ( ^! !ories1 reconciles !m4 ,if1 on ! "o h&1 man 7 innately good & c\ld ( himself atta9 to righte\sness1 !re w\ld be no ne$ ( a gospel ( r5ewal4 ,b hi/ory & exp]i5ce alike %[ t t is n ! case4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 man 7 :olly bad1 _h no susceptibility = virtue & tru?1 !n !re w\ld be no?+ 9 him1 z we h se51 :i* c\ld respond to ! ,*ri/ian appeal4#aj ,*ri/ianity alone (f]s an answ] to ! "q 9 :i* ,pascal pres5ts ! great anti!sis ( human nature3 ',if man 0 n made = ,god1 h[ is x t he c be happy only 9 ,god8 ,& if he is made = ,god1 h[ is he s opposite to ,god8'#aa ,h[ev]1 !n1 we may acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( evil 9 human nature1 a true view ( ,*ri/ianity involves ! conception ( a lat5t spiritual elem5t 9 man1 a capacity = goodness to :i* 8 :ole be+ po9ts4 ,matt] itself may be said n m]ely to exi/ = _s1 b to h )9 x already ! pot5cy ( ! high] =ms ( life2 & j z nature is mak+ t[>ds humanity1 & 9 humanity at la/ f9ds itself2 z ',/riv+ to be man1 ! worm ,m\nts ?r\gh all ! spires ( =m1'#ac #fj s man1 ev5 9 8 mo/ primitive /ate1 has )9 him ! promise ( high] ?+s4 ,no !ory ( 8 orig9 c int]f]e ) ! assumption t he belongs to a moral ,sph]e1 & is capable ( a life :i* is %ap+ itself to spiritual ends4 ,:atev] be man's pa/ hi/ory & evolution1 he has f ! beg9n+ be5 made 9 ,god's image1 & be>s ! div9e impress 9 all ! l9eam5ts ( body & s\l4 ,8 degradation _c :olly oblit]ate 8 inh]5t nobility1 & inde$ 8 actual corruption be>s witness to 8 possible hol9ess4 ,grant+ ! hypo!sis ( evolution1 matt] ev5 9 its crude/ beg9n+s conta9s pot5tially all ! ri* v>iety ( ! natural & spiritual life4 ,! reality ( a gr[+ ?+ lies 9 its highe/ =m ( be+4 ,9 ! light ( ! la/ we expla9 ! fir/4 ,if ! univ]se is1 z sci5ce pron\nces1 an organic totality :i* is ev] conv]t+ its promise into actuality1 !n '! ultimate int]pretation ev5 ( ! l[e/ exi/5ce ( ! _w1 _c be giv5 except on pr9ciples :i* are adequate to expla9 ! highe/4'#ac ,*ri/ian morality is !re=e no?+ else ?an ! morality prep>$ f all et]nity1 & is b ! highe/ realisation ( t :i* man ev5 at 8 l[e/ has ev] be51 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 /riv+ aft]4 ,all t is be/ & highe/ 9 man1 all t he is capable ( yet becom+1 has really exi/$ )9 him f ! v fir/1 j z ! fl[] & leaf & fruit are conta9$ implicitly 9 ! se$l+4 ,?is is ! ,paul9e view ( human nature4 ,jesus ,*ri/1 accord+ to ! apo/le1 is ! ,end & ,consummation ( ! :ole creation4 ,ev]y:]e 9 all m5 !re is a capacity = ,*ri/4 ,:atev] be 8 orig91 man comes ^u ! /age ( be+ be>+ )9 him a great & f>-rea*+ de/9y4 ,!re is 9 him1 z ,br[n+ says1 'a t5d5cy to ,god4' ,he is n simply :at he is n[1 b all t he is yet to be4 ,,ii4 ,assum+1 !n1 ! inh]5t spirituality ( man1 we may n[ proce$ to exam9e 8 moral consci\sness ) a view to see+ h[ its v>i\s con/itu5ts =m :at we h call$ ! sub/ratum ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 #fa #a4 ,we mu/ gu>d aga9/ seem+ to adopt ! old & discr$it$ psy*ology :i* divides man into a numb] ( sep>ate & indep5d5t faculties4 ,man is n made l a ma*9e1 ( a numb] ( adju/$ p>ts4 ,he is a unity1 a liv+ organism1 9 :i* e "p has some?+ ( all ! o!rs2 & all toge!r1 animat$ by "o _s1 con/itute a ,liv+ :ole :i* we call p]sonality4 ,:ile ! ,bible is ri* 9 t]ms d5ot+ ! diff]5t con/itu5ts ( man1 nei!r ! ,old ,te/am5t nor ! ,new reg>ds human nature z a plurality ( p[]s4 ,a b9d ( unity or hi]>*y ( ! natural faculties is assum$1 & amid all ! diff]5ce ( function & v>iety ( op]ation x is und5iable t ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s g5]ally1 & p>ticul>ly ,/4 ,paul1 presuppose a unity ( consci\sness--a s+le ego1 or ,s\l4 ,x is unnecess>y to discuss ! "q1 mu* debat$ by ,biblical psy*ologi/s1 z to :e!r ! apo/le recognises a ?reefold or a tw(old division ( man4#ad ,our view is t he recognis$ only a tw(old division1 body & s\l1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he always reg>d$ z con/itut+ a unity1 ! body itself be+ psy*ical or int]p5etrat$ ) _s1 & ! _s always act+ ^u & work+ ?r\gh ! physical p[]s4 ,man is a unique ph5om5on 9 ! _w4 ,ev5 on 8 physical side he is n a piece ( dead matt]1 b is in/9ct ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) _s4 ,& on 8 psy*ical side he is n an unsub/antial wrai?1 b a be+ inconceivable ap>t f outw>d embodim5t4 ,p]haps ! mo/ g5]al t]m :i* we may adopt is psy*e or ,s\l--! liv+ self or vital & animat+ pr9ciple :i* is at once ! seat ( all bodily s5sation & ! s\rce ( ! high] cognitive faculties4 #b4 ,! fact ( e?ical int]e/ f :i* we mu/ proce$ is t man1 9 virtue ( 8 spiritual nature1 is ak9 to ,god1 & p>ticipates 9 ! ?ree great elem5ts ( ! div9e ,p]sonality--?\ght1 love & w4#ae ,p]sonality has be5 call$ '! culm9at+ fact ( ! #fb univ]se4' ,& x is ! task ( man to realise 8 true p]sonality--to fulfil ! law ( 8 highe/ self4 ,9 ?is "w he has to h>monise & br+ to ! unity ( 8 p]sonal life1 by means ( "o dom9at+ =ce1 ! v>i\s elem5ts ( 8 nature--8 s5su\s1 emotional1 & rational p[]s4 ,by ! con/itution ( 8 be+ he belongs to a l>g] _w1 & :5 he is true to himself he is ev] rea*+ out t[>ds x4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ( life1 & ev5 9 ! l[e/ phases ( 8 nature he has )9 him ! pot5cy ( ! div9e4 ,he c>ries ! inf9ite 9 8 s\l1 & by reason ( 8 v exi/5ce %>es ! life ( ,god4 ,! value ( 8 s\l 9 ?is s5se is repeat$ly emphasis$ 9 scripture4 ,9 our ,"l's tea*+ x is p]haps ! mo/ di/9ctive note4 ,! s\l1 or self-consci\s spiritual ego1 is spok5 ( z capable ( be+ 'acquir$' or 'lo/4'#af ,x is acquir$ or possess$ :5 a man seeks to rega9 ! image 9 :i* he 0 creat$4 ,x is lo/ :5 he refuses to respond to ^? spiritual influ5ces by :i* ,*ri/ besets him1 & by means ( :i* ! s\l is m\ld$ into ! lik5ess ( ,god4 #c4 ,a full pres5tation ( ?is subject w\ld involve a ref]5ce ev5 to ! physical p[]s :i* =m an integral "p ( man & witness to 8 et]nal de/9y4 7#a7 ,! v body is to be r$eem$ & sanctifi$1 & made an in/rum5t ( ! new life 9 ,*ri/4 ,! extremes ( asceticism & self-indulg5ce1 bo? ( :i* f\nd advocates 9 ,greek philosophy & ev5 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 h no c\nt5ance 9 scripture4 ,evil does n reside 9 ! fle%1 z ! ,greeks held1 b 9 ! w :i* uses ! fle% = its base ends4 ,n mutilation b trans=mation1 n suppression b consecration is ! ,*ri/ian ideal4 ,! natural is ! basis ( ! spiritual4 ,man is ! ,temple ( ,god1 e "p ( :i* is sacr$4 ,*ri/ claims to be ,k+ ( ! body z ( e o!r doma9 ( life4 ,! secret ( spiritual progress does n consi/ 9 ! unfl9*+ de/ruction ( ! fle%1 b 9 its firm b k9dly discipl9e = loyal s]vice4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 by #fc leav+ ! body beh9d b by tak+ x up into our high] self t we become spiritual4 ,z ,br[n+ says1 ',let u cry all good ?+s ,are ours1 nor s\l helps fle% m n[ ,?an fle% helps s\l4' ,)\t dwell+ fur!r ^u ! physical elem5ts ( man1 !re are ?ree con/itu5ts or functions ( p]sonality prom95t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* claim our consid]ation1 reason1 consci5ce & w4 ,x is j because man possesses1 or is m9d1 consci5ce & w1 t he is capable ( respond+ to ! life :i* ,*ri/ (f]s1 & ( %>+ 9 ! div9e "* :i* he reveals4 7#b7 ,! t]m n\s1 or reason1 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,*ri/ianity highly hon\rs ! intellectual p[]s ( man & accords to ! m9d an important rle 9 appreh5d+ & ent]+ into ! ?\ghts & purposes ( ,god4 ',?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t & ) all ?y s\l & ) all ?y m9d1' says ,jesus4 ,_m are dispos$ to ?9k t ! ex]cise ( fai?1 ! imm$iate organ ( spiritual appreh5sion1 is *eck$ by ! int]f]5ce ( reason4 ,b s f> f fai? & reason be+ oppos$1 n only are !y necess>y to ea* o!r1 b 9 all real fai? !re is an elem5t ( reason4 ,9 all religi\s feel+1 z 9 morality1 art1 & o!r sph]es ( human activity1 !re is ! und]ly+ elem5t ( reason :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( all ! activities ( a self-consci\s intellig5ce4 ,to endeav\r to elicit t elem5t1 to infuse into ! spontane\s & unsift$ conceptions ( religi\s exp]i5ce ! objective cle>ness1 necessity & organic unity ( ?\ght--is ! legitimate aim ( sci5ce1 9 religion z 9 o!r sph]es4 ,x w\ld be /range if 9 ! highe/ ( all prov9ces ( human exp]i5ce intellig5ce mu/ r5\nce h] claim4#ag ,! ,rits*lian value-judgm5t !ory 9 its disp>agem5t ( philosophy is practically a de?ronem5t ( reason4 ,& ! prote/ ( ,pragmatism & ! volunt>i/s #fd g5]ally aga9/ :at !y t]m ',intellectualism'#ah & _! di/ru/ ( ! logical faculty1 are virtually an av[al ( despair & a resort to agno/icism1 if n to scepticism4 ,if we are to r5\nce ! que/ = objective tru?1 & accept '^? ideas only :i* we c assimilate1 validate1 corroborate1'#ai ^? ideas 9 %ort :i* are 'practically useful 9 guid+ u to desirable issues1' !n x w\ld seem we are committ$ to a _w ( subjective caprice & confusion & mu/ give up ! belief 9 a rational view ( ! univ]se4 7#c7 ,9 spite ( ! wond]ful sugge/iv5ess ( ,m4 ,b]gson's philosophy1 we are unable to accept ! di/9ction :i* t writ] draws betwe5 intuition & intellig5ce1 9 :i* he seems to imply t intuition is ! high] ( ! two activities4 ,intellig5ce1 accord+ to ?is writ]1 is at home exclusively 9 spatial consid]ations1 9 solids1 9 geometry1 b x is to be repell$ z a =eign elem5t :5 x comes to deal ) life4 ,b]gson w\ld exclude rational ?\ght & intellig5ce f life1 creation1 & initiative4 ,! cle>e/ evid5ce ( intuition is 9 ! works ( great arti/s4 ',:at is impli$ is t 9 arti/ic creation1 9 ! "w ( g5ius & imag9ation1 we h pure novelty issu+ f no prem$itat$ or rational idea1 b simply pure irrationality & unacc\ntabl5ess4'#bj ,! "w ( art _c be pr$icat$2 x is beyond reason1 z life is beyond logic & law4#ba ,b s f> f f9d+ life un9telligible1 x w\ld be ne>] ! tru? to say t man's reason c1 /rictly speak+1 und]/& no?+ else4#bb ',in/9ct f9ds1' says ,b]gson1 'b does n se>*4 ,reason se>*es b _c f9d4'#bc ',b1' adds ,pr(essor ,dewey1 ':at we f9d is mean+less save z measur$ by se>*+1 & s in/9cts & passions mu/ be elevat$ into reason4'#bd ,9 ! l[] creatures in/9ct does ! #fe "w ( reason--suffici5tly = ! simple conditions 9 :i* ! animal lives4 ,& 9 ! e>li] /ages ( human life in/9ct plays an important "p4 ,b :5 man1 bo? z an individual & z humanity1 advances to a m complex life1 in/9ct is unequal to ! new task confront+ him4 ,we _c be cont5t to be guid$ by in/9ct4 ,reason ass]ts itself & seeks to p]meate all our exp]i5ces1 & give unity & purpose to all our ?\ghts & acts4 ,! rec5t disp>agem5t ( intellectualism is probably a reaction aga9/ ! extreme absolutism ( ,g]man idealism :i*1 beg9n+ ) ,kant1 f\nd fulle/ expression 9 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel4 ,b ! true way to meet exclusive rationalism is n to discr$it ! function ( m9d1 b to give to x a l>g] doma9 ( exp]i5ce4 ,we d n exalt fai? by empty+ x ( all intellectual cont5t & r$uc+ x to m]e subjective feel+2 nor d we expla9 g5ius by ascrib+ its acts to bl9d1 un?9k+ impulse4 ',! real is ! rational1' says ,hegel4 ,tru?1 9 o!r words1 presupposes a rational univ]se :i* we1 z rational be+s1 mu/ assume 9 all our ?\ght & ef=t4 ,to set up fai? aga9/ reason1 or intuition aga9/ intellig5ce is to set ! m9d aga9/ itself4 ,we _c set up an ord] ( facts1 z ,pr(essor ,james w\ld h u d1 outside ! intellectual realm2 = :at does n fall )9 our exp]i5ce c h = u no mean+1 & :at = u has no mean+ _c be an object ( fai?4 ,an in]adicable belief 9 ! rationality ( ! _w is ! ultimate basis ( all art1 morality & religion4 ,to re/ 9 m]e intuition or emotion & n to seek objective tru? w\ld be = man to r5\nce 8 true pr]ogative & to op5 ! door = all k9ds ( sup]/ition & caprice4 ,,iii4 ,9 ! true/ s5se x may be claim$ t ?is is ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:5 ,*ri/ says t we are to love ,god ) our m9ds ,he seems to imply t !re is su* a ?+ z intellig5t affection4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( our ,"l's claim is t ,god is n satisfi$ :5 ,8 creatures r5d] a m]ely implicit ob$i5ce2 ,he #ff desires also ! en?usia/ic use ( _! intellect1 int5t on kn[+ ev]y?+ t x is possible = m5 to "k ab\t ,8 "* & ways4 ,& is !re n some?+ sublime 9 ?is dem& ( ,god t ! noble/ "p ( man %\ld be consecrat$ to ,him8 ,god reveals ,himself 9 ,*ri/ to our highe/2 & ,he w\ld h u respond to ,8 manife/ations ) our highe/4 ,nor is ?is ! attitude ( ,*ri/ only4 ,! ,apo/le ,paul also hon\rs ! m9d1 & gives to x ! supreme place z ! organ ( appreh5d+ & appropriat+ div9e tru?4 ,mr4 ,lecky br+s ! s]i\s *>ge aga9/ ,*ri/ianity t x habitually disreg>ds ! virtues ( ! intellect4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ?is /atem5t x ref]s1 n to ! g5ius ( ! ,gospel itself1 nor to ! e>li] expon5ts ( x1 b r to ! ,*ur* 9 ^? c5turies :i* foll[$ ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e4 ,no imp>tial read] ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les c av] t ! apo/le made a virtue ( ignorance & cr$ulity4 ,^! docum5ts1 :i* are ! e>lie/ exposition ( ! m9d ( ,*ri/1 impress u r ) ! intellectual boldness ( _! attempt to grapple ) ! greate/ problems ( life4 ,paul 0 ess5tially a ?9k]2 &1 z ,sabati] says1 is to be rank$ ) ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ,augu/9e & ,kant1 z "o ( ! mightie/ intellectual =ces ( ! _w4 ,b n cont5t ) be+ a ?9k] himself1 he s\ght to make 8 conv]ts ?9k]s too1 & he does n hesitate to make ! utmo/ dem& ^u _! reason+ faculties4 ,he assumes a natural capacity 9 man = appreh5d+ ! tru?1 & appeals to ! m9d r ?an to ! emotions4 ,! ,gospel is /yl$ by him '! ^w ( tru?1' & he bids m5 'prove all ?+s4' ,wor%ip is n a mean+less ebullition ( feel+ or a sup]/iti\s ritual1 b a =m ( self-expression :i* is to be enlight5$ & guid$ by ?\ght4 ',i w pray ) ! und]/&+ & s+ ) ! und]/&+4' ,x is inde$ a /rong & virile ,*ri/ianity :i* ,paul & ! o!r apo/les proclaim4 ,x is no magic spell !y seek to ex]t4 ,!y are conv9c$ t !re is t 9 #fg ! m9d ( man :i* is ready to respond to a ?\ghtful ,gospel4 ,if m5 w only give _! unprejudic$ m9ds to ,god's ,^w1 x is able to make !m 'wise unto salvation4' ,x w\ld lead u beyond ! scope ( ?is *apt] to consid] ! peculi> ,paul9e significance ( fai?4 ,x is en\gh to say t :ile he does n id5tify x ) intellectual ass5t1 z little does he conf9e x to m]e subjective assurance4 ,x is ! prim>y act ( ! human _s :5 br\ght into contact ) div9e tru?1 & x lies at ! root ( a new e?ical p[]1 & ( a deep] k ( ,god4 ,if ! apo/le appe>s to speak disp>ag+ly ( wisdom x is ! wisdom ( pride1 ( 'k t puffe? up4' ,he w>ns ,timo?y aga9/ 'sci5ce falsely s call$4' ,on ! :ole ,/4 ,paul exalts ! intellect & bids m5 atta9 to ! full ex]cise ( _! m5tal p[]s4 ',be n *ildr5 9 und]/&+3 b 9 und]/&+ be m54'#be ,if1 z we h se51 ! body be an integral "p ( man1 & has its place & function 9 ! ,*ri/ian life1 n less1 b ev5 m1 has ! m9d a special e?ical importance4 ,x is to ! intellig5ce t ,*ri/ianity appeals1 & x is ) ! rational faculties t moral tru? is appreh5d$ & appli$ to life4 ,reason 9 its broade/ s5se is ! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( man1 & by means ( x he ex]ts 8 mightie/ influ5ce ^u ! _w4 ,m5tal & moral gr[? are closely connect$1 & p]sonal "* is l>gely m\ld$ by ?\ght4 ',z a man ?9ke? 9 8 he>t s is he4' ,n only at ! beg9n+ ( ! new life1 b 9 all its aft] /ages ! m9d is an important factor1 & its consecration & cultivation are laid ^u u z an obligation by ,him 9 ^: image we h be5 made1 & :om to "k & s]ve is our highe/ end4 #a ,see ,au?or's ,e?ics ( ,/4 ,paul4 #b ,cf4 ,murray1 ,s&bank ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics4 ,see also ,hegel1 ,phil4 d] ,religion1 vol4 ii4 p4 #baj ff41 :]e ! anti!sis is f9ely work$ out4 #c ,g54 i4 #bf2 ,eccles4 vii4 #bi2 ,col4 iii4 #aj2 ,james iii4 #i4 #d ,see ,hugh ,mill]'s ,essays1 quot$ by ,murray1 op4 cit41 p4 #acg4 #e ,cf4 ,w4 ,james1 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 pp4 #ha-hf4 #f ,cf4 ,goe!'s ,fau/4 ,see also ,nietzs*e1 ,gtz5dmm]ung = tr5*ant criticism ( ,r\sseau4 #g ,murray1 idem4 #h ,max ,mll]1 ,fras]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 & o!rs4 #i ,anfnge des ,*ri/5tums4 #aj ,cf4 ,ottley1 ,*ri/ian ,ideas & ,ideals1 p4 #eb4 ',*ri/ianity does ju/ice bo? to man's inh]5t in/9ct t he has be5 made = ,god1 & to 8 s5se ( unwor?9ess & incapacity4' #aa ,p5ses1 "p ii4 art4 #a4 #ab ,em]son4 #ac ,ed4 ,caird1 ,critical ,philosophy ( ,kant1 p4 #ce4 #ad ,see ,au?or's ,e?ics ( ,/4 ,paul4 #ae ,ottley1 idem1 p4 #ee4 #af ,luke xxi4 #ai4 #ag ,cf4 ,john ,caird1 ,introd4 to ! ,philosophy ( ,religion4 #ah ,cf4 ,wm4 ,james's ,pragmatism & ,a ,plurali/ic ,_w4 #ai ,idem1 p4 #bja4 #bj ,cf4 ,bosanquet1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,individuality & ,value4 #ba ,b]gson1 ,evol4 ,creat41 p4 #agd f4 #bb ,cf4 ,e4 ,caird1 ,kant1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ecj & #ece4 #bc ,evol4 ,creat41 p4 #aei4 #bd ,hib4 ,j\r41 ,july #aiaa4 #be ,"s s5t5ces 9 ! above are borr[$ f ! writ]'s ,e?ics ( ,/4 ,paul4 #fh ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,witness ,,( ,,consci5ce ,pass+ f ! physical & m5tal con/itu5ts ( man1 we turn to ! m di/9ctly moral elem5ts2 & 9 ?is *apt] we %all consid] t aspect ( ! human consci\sness to :i* mank9d has giv5 ! "n ( 'consci5ce4' ,no subject has pres5t$ great] difficulties to ! morali/1 & !re are few :i* require m c>eful elucidation4 ,f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( reflection ! "q h[ we came to h moral ideas has be5 a disput$ "o4 ,at fir/ x 0 ?\ght t !re exi/$ 9 man a di/9ct innate faculty or moral s5se :i* 0 capable ( decid+ categorically man's duty )\t ref]5ce to hi/ory or condition4 ,b 9 mod]n times ! !ory ( evolution has discr$it$ ! inviolable "* ( consci5ce1 & s\ght r to det]m9e its nature & significance 9 ! light ( its orig9 & developm5t4 ,only ! b>e/ outl9e ( ! subject c be attempt$ "h1 s9ce our object is simply to %[ t h[ev] we may acc\nt = its pres5ce1 !re is 9 man1 z we "k him1 "s p[] or function :i* be>s witness to div9e tru? & fits him to respond to ! revelation ( ,*ri/4 ,x w be mo/ conv5i5t to consid] ! subject "u ?ree heads3 ,i4 ! hi/ory ( ! ,conception2 ,,ii4 ! nature & orig9 ( ,consci5ce2 & ,,iii4 its pres5t validity4 ,i4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conception4--',! "n consci5ce1' says a writ] on ! subject1 'appe>s some:at late 9 #fi ! hi/ory ( ! _w3 t = :i* x /&s is z old z mank9d4'#a #a4 ,)\t pu%+ our inquiries back into ! leg5d>y lore ( savage life1 9 :i* we f9d evid5ce ( ! idea 9 ! social in/itutions & religi\s enactm5ts ( primitive races1 x is among ! ,greeks t ! ^w1 if n ! idea ( consci5ce1 fir/ meets u4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ trace ( ! notion is to be f\nd 9 ! my?ological conception ( ! ,furies1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to av5ge crime--a conception :i* might be reg>d$ z ! reaction ( man's own nature aga9/ ! violation ( bett] in/9cts1 if n z ! reflection or embodim5t ( :at is popul>ly call$ consci5ce4 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ! ,er9nyes ( ,aes*ylus 7 deities ( remorse1 & possess psy*ological significance z symbols ( ! primitive action ( consci5ce4#b ,?\gh ,sophocles is less ( a !ologian ?an ,aes*ylus1 & problems ( ,e?ics c\nt less ?an ! human int]e/ ( 8 /ory1 ! law ( ,nemesis does f9d 9 him dramatic expression1 & ! noble decl>ation put into ! m\? ( ,antigone conc]n+ ! unwritt5 laws ( ,god t '"k no *ange & are n ( to-day nor ye/]day1 b mu/ be obey$ 9 pref]5ce to ! tempor>y comm&m5ts ( m51'#c is a prote/ on behalf ( consci5ce aga9/ human oppression4 ,& ev5 9 ,euripides1 reg>d$ z an impi\s sc(f] by "s s*ol>s1#d !re are n want+1 especially 9 ! example ( ,alce/is1 evid5ce ( belief 9 t div9e ju/ice & moral ord] ( :i* ! virtues ( self-devotion & sacrifice 9 ! s\l ( man are ! witness4 ,socrates 0 among ! fir/ tea*]s ( antiquity :o l$ ! way to t self-k :i* is ( ! ess5ce ( consci5ce1 & 9 ! ',daemon1' or inn] voice1 :i* he claim$ to possess1 "s writ]s h detect$ ! trace #gj ( ! intuitive monitor ( man4 ,plato's discussion ( ! "q1 ',:at is ! highe/ good8' involves ! capacity ( moral judgm5t1 & 8 conception ( reason regulat+ desire sugge/s a p[] 9 ! m9d ^: function x is to po9t to ! highe/ good & to subord9ate to x all ! o!r impulses ( man4 ,9 ! e?ics ( ,ari/otle !re is a ref]5ce to a faculty 9 man or 'rule )91' :i*1 he says1 ! bea/s lack4 ,b x is among ! ,/oics t ! ^w fir/ appe>s2 & x is to ! ,roman morali/1 ,s5eca1 t we are indebt$ = ! e>li] def9ite p]ception ( an abid+ consci\sness be>+ witness conc]n+ a man's own conduct4 ,! writ+s ( ,epictetus1 ,aurelius1 & ,s5eca approa* 9 moral sublimity & se>*+ self-analysis ! ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,x 0 probably to ! ,/oics t ,/4 ,paul 0 indebt$ = ! ^w syneidsis to :i* he has giv5 s di/9ctive a mean+ t x has col\r$ & det]m9$ ! :ole lat] hi/ory ( ! moral consci\sness4 #b4 ,b if ! ^w z us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t comes f ,greek s\rces ! idea itself 0 long preval5t 9 ! ,jewi% conception ( life1 :i*1 ev5 m ?an ! ,greek1 0 con/itutive (1 & prep>atory to1 ! ,*ri/ian view4 ,! ^w does n1 inde$1 occur 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b ! "q ( ,god to ,adam1 ',:]e art ?\8' ! /ory ( ,ca9 & ! curse he 0 to suff] = ! murd] ( 8 bro!r2 ! hi/ory ( ,joseph's deal+ ) 8 bre?r52 ! acc\nt ( ,david's s9 & conviction1 are by implication appeals to consci5ce4 ,inde$1 ! :ole hi/ory ( ,israel1 f ! "t :5 ! promise 0 giv5 to ,abraham & ! law ?r\gh ,moses until ! d5unciations ( wrong-do+ & ! pr$ictions ( doom ( ! lat] prophets1 is "o long education ( ! moral s5se4 ,x is ! problem ( consci5ce t imp>ts its *ief int]e/ to ! book ( ,job2 & "o reason :y ! ,psalms 9 all ages h be5 s highly priz$ is because !y are ! cries ( a w\nd$ consci5ce1 & ! confessions ( a convict$ & contrite he>t4 #ga #c4 ,if we turn to ! ,new ,te/am5t we f9d1 z we might expect1 a mu* cle>] te/imony to ! reality ( ! consci5ce4 ,! ^w came into ! h&s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s ready-made1 b !y gave to x a ri*] mean+1 s t x is to !m we mu/ g if we w\ld und]/& ! nature & ! supremacy ( ! consci5ce4 ,! t]m occurs ?irty-"o times 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b x does n appe> once 9 ! ,gospels4 ,x is1 inde$1 pr9cipally a ,paul9e expression1 & to ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles m ?an to any o!r writ] is due ! cle> conception & elucidation ( ! t]m4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to assume t ! doctr9e itself dep5ds entirely ^u ! use ( ! ^w4 ,our ,"l nev]1 inde$1 employs ! t]m1 b surely no tea*] ev] s\nd$ ! dep?s ( ! human he>t z ,he did4 ,x 0 ,8 mission to reveal m5 to !mselves1 to convict !m ( s91 & %[ ! ne$ ( t life ( righte\sness & purity :i* ,he came to give4 ',:y ev5 ( y\rselves1' ,he said1 'judge ye n :at is "r8' ,*ri/1 inde$1 might be call$ ! consci5ce ( man4 ,to awak51 r5ew & enlight5 ! moral s5se ( individuals1 to make !m "k :at !y 7 & :at !y 7 capable ( becom+ 0 ! "w ( ! ,son ( ,man1 & 9 contact ) ,him e "o 0 morally unveil$4 ,! ^w occurs twice 9 ,acts1 five times 9 ,hebrews1 ?ree times 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,pet]1 & m ?an tw5ty times 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,/4 ,paul's doctr9e ( ! consci5ce is conta9$ 9 ,romans ii4 #ad1 #ae1 :]e he speaks ( ! ,g5tiles be+ 'a law unto !mselves1' inasmu* z !y possess a 'law writt5 9 _! he>ts1' '_! consci5ce be>+ witness1 !re) accus+ or excus+ !m4' ,! idea und]ly+ ! passage is ! responsibility ( all m5 = _! actions1 _! condemnation 9 s91 & _! acceptance 9 righte\sness4 ,?is applies to ,g5tiles z well z ,jews1 & x applies to !m because1 ?\gh !y h n ! explicit revelation ( ! law1 !y h a revelation ( ! good 9 _! he>ts4 ,! passage !re=e tea*es two ?+s3 7#a7 ,t man has receiv$ a #gb revelation ( good suffici5t at all /ages ( 8 hi/ory to make him morally responsible2 & 7#b7 ,t man possesses a moral faculty :i* inde$ is n a sep>ate p[]1 b ! :ole moral consci\sness or p]sonality 9 virtue ( :i* he recognises & approves ( ! good :i*1 ei!r z ! law writt5 9 8 he>t or z ! law communicat$ 9 ! ,decalogue1 has be5 reveal$ to him1 & by ^: au?ority he judges himself4 ,,ii4 ,nature1 & ,orig9 ( ,consci5ce4--,:ile exp]i5ce seems to po9t to ! exi/5ce ( some?+ 9 man witness+ to ! "r1 !re is great div]sity ( view z to ! nature ( ?is moral elem5t4 ,! ^w ',consci5ce' /&s = a concept ^: mean+ is f> f well def9$1 & ! lack ( def9it5ess has left its trace ^u e?ical !ories4 ,:ile "s morali/s assign consci5ce to ! rational or intellectual side ( man1 & make x :olly a faculty ( judgm5t2 o!rs attribute x to feel+ or impulse1 & make x a s5se ( pleasure or pa92 o!rs aga9 associate x m closely ) ! w1 & reg>d its function to be legislative or imp]ative4 ,^! diff]5ces ( op9ion reveal ! complexity ( ! nature ( consci5ce4 ,! fact is1 t x belongs to all ^! dep>tm5ts--! intellectual1 emotional1 & volitional--& ought to be reg>d$ n z a s+le faculty di/9ct f ! p>ticul> decisions1 motives1 & acts ( man1 n z an activity =eign to ! ego1 b z ! expression ( ! :ole p]sonality4 ,! "q ( ! orig9 ( consci5ce1 ?\gh closely connect$ ) its nature1 is = e?ics only ( second>y importance4 ,x is desirable1 h[ev]1 to indicate ! two ma9 !ories :i* h be5 held reg>d+ its g5esis4 ,:ile !re are sev]al v>ieties1 !y may be divid$ broadly into two--,intuitionalism & ,evolutionalism4 #a4 ,nativism1 ( :i* ,intuitionalism is ! mo/ common =m1 reg>ds ! consci5ce z a sep>ate natural end[m5t1 coeval ) ! creation ( man4 ,e individual1 x is ma9ta9$1 has be5 end[$ by nature ) a di/9ct faculty or organ by :i* he c imm$iately & cle>ly #gc pron\nce ^u ! rightness or wrongness ( 8 own actions4 ,9 its mo/ pron\nc$ =m ?is !ory ma9ta9s t man has n m]ely a g5]al consci\sness ( moral di/9ctions1 b possesses f ! v fir/1 ap>t f all exp]i5ce & education1 a def9ite & cle> k ( ! p>ticul> vices :i* ought to be avoid$ & ! p>ticul> virtues :i* ought to be practis$4 ,?is !ory is usually connect$ ) a =m ( !ism :i* ma9ta9s t ! consci5ce is p>ticul>ly a div9e gift1 & is1 inde$1 ,god's special witness or oracle 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,?\gh !re w\ld seem to be an elem5t ( tru? 9 intuitionalism1 s9ce man1 to be man at all1 mu/ be conceiv$ z made = ,god & hav+ t 9 him :i* po9ts to ! end or ideal ( 8 be+1 /ill 9 its mo/ extreme =m x w\ld n be difficult to %[ t ?is !ory is unt5able4 ,x is objectionable1 because x involves two assumptions1 ( :i* ! "o conflicts ) exp]i5ce1 & ! o!r ) ! psy*ological nature ( man4 7#a7 ,exp]i5ce gives u no w>rant = suppos+ t duty is always ! same1 & t consci5ce is !re=e exempt f *ange4 ,hi/ory %[s r t moral convictions only gradually em]ge1 & t ! laws & cu/oms ( "o age are (t5 repudiat$ by ! next4 ,:at may seem "r to "o man is no long] s to 8 desc5dant4 ,hi/ory records de$s committ$ 9 "o g5]ation 9 ! "n ( consci5ce :i* 9 ! same "n a lat] g5]ation has condemn$ ) horror4 ,moreov]1 ! possibility ( a conflict betwe5 duties proves t unconditional tru? exi/s at no /age ( moral developm5t4 ,!re is no law s sacr$ t x may n 9 special cases h to yield to ! sacr$ness ( a high] law4 ,:5 duties conflict1 our *oice _c be det]m9$ by any a priori pr9ciple resid+ 9 ourselves4 ,x mu/ be gov]n$ by t wid] conception ( ! moral life :i* is to be ga9$ ?r\gh "o's previ\s developm5t1 & on ! basis ( a ripe moral exp]i5ce4#e 7#b7 ,nor is ?is !ory consi/5t ) #gd ! kn[n nature ( man4 ,we "k ( no sep>ate & indep5d5t organ call$ consci5ce4 ,man mu/ n be divid$ aga9/ himself4 ,reason & feel+ ent] into all acts ( w1 s9ce ^! are n processes diff]5t 9 k9d1 b elem5ts ( volunt>y activity itself & insep>able f x4 ,x is impossible = a man to be det]m9$ 9 8 actions or judgm5ts by a m]e ext]nal =mula ( duty1 a 'categorical imp]ative1' z ,kant calls x1 ap>t f motives4 ,moreov]1 all end[m5ts may be reg>d$ z div9e gifts1 & x is a prec>i\s position to claim = "o faculty a spiritually div9e or sup]natural orig9 :i* is d5i$ to o!rs4 ,man is relat$ to ,god 9 8 :ole nature4 ,! view :i* reg>ds ! law ( duty z some?+ =eign to man1 /]n & un*angeable 9 its decrees1 & 9 n[ise dep5d5t ^u ! gradual developm5t & gr[+ cont5t ( ! moral life is n consi/5t ei!r ) hi/ory or psy*ology4 #b4 ,evolutionalism1 :i* s9ce ! "t ( ,d>w9 has be5 appli$ by ,sp5c] & o!rs to acc\nt = ! gr[? ( our moral ideas1 holds t consci5ce is ! result ( a process ( developm5t1 b does n limit ! process to ! life ( ! individual4 ,x ext5ds to ! exp]i5ce ( ! race4 ,:ile admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( consci5ce z a moral faculty 9 ! rational man ( to-day1 x holds t x did n exi/ 9 8 primitive ance/ors4 ,e>li] individuals accumulat$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( exp]i5ce & moral k1 ! result ( :i*1 z a habit or acquir$ capacity1 0 h&$ d[n to _! successors4 ,f ! fir/ man has be5 a memb] ( society1 & is :at he is 9 virtue ( 8 relation to x4 ,all t makes him man1 all 8 p[]s ( body & m9d1 are inh]it$4 ,8 in/9cts & desires1 :i* are ! spr+s ( action1 are !mselves ! creation ( h]$ity1 association & environm5t4 ,! individual takes its %ape at e po9t f its relation to ! social organism ( :i* x is a "p4 ,:at man really seeks f ! e>lie/ is satisfaction4 ',no s*ool1' says ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 'c avoid tak+ = ! ultimate moral aim a desirable #ge /ate ( feel+4'#f ,prolong$ exp]i5ce ( pleasure 9 connection ) actions :i* s]ve social ends has result$ 9 c]ta9 physiological *anges 9 ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em r5d]+ ^! actions con/ant4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,sp5c]1 is begott5 consci5ce4 ,:ile ackn[l$g+ ! s]vice :i* ! evolution>y !ory has done 9 call+ att5tion to ! place & function ( exp]i5ce & social environm5t 9 ! developm5t ( ! moral life1 & 9 %[+ t moral judgm5t1 l e o!r capacity1 mu/ p>ticipate 9 ! gradual unfold+ ( p]sonality1 z a conclusive explanation ( consci5ce x mu/ be pron\nc$ insuffici5t4 ,press ! analysis ( s5sation z f> back z we please1 & make an analysis ( in/9cts & feel+s z detail$ z possible1 we nev] get 9 man a m]e s5sation1 z we f9d x 9 ! l[] animal2 x is always s5sation relat$ to1 & modifi$ by1 a self4 ,9 ! simple/ human in/9cts !re is always a spiritual elem5t :i* is ! basis ( ! possibility at once ( k & morality4 ',t c\ntless g5]ations1' says ,gre51 '%\ld h pass$ dur+ :i* a transmitt$ organism 0 progressively modifi$ by reaction on its surr\nd+s1 by /ruggle = exi/5ce or o!rwise1 till its functions became su* t an et]nal consci\sness c\ld realise or produce itself ?r\gh !m--might add to ! wond] ) :i* ! consid]ation ( :at we d & are mu/ always fill u1 b x c\ld n alt] ! results ( t consid]ation4'#g ,no process ( evolution1 ev5 ?\gh x draws ^u illimitable ages1 c evolve :at 0 n already pres5t 9 ! =m ( a spiritual pot5cy4 ,! empiric treatm5t ( consci5ce z ! result ( social environm5t & culture leads inevitably back to ! assumption ( "s rudim5t>y moral consci\sness )\t :i* ! developm5t ( a moral s5se w\ld be an impossibility4 ,! hi/ory ( mank9d1 moreov]1 %[s t consci5ce1 s f> f be+ m]ely ! reflex ( ! prevail+ cu/oms & in/itutions ( a p>ticul> age1 has frequ5tly #gf clos$ its special "* by react+ ^u & prote/+ aga9/ ! recognis$ traditions ( society4 ,! individual consci5ce has (t5 be5 9 advance ( its times2 & ! progress ( man has be5 secur$ z mu* by ! *ampions ( lib]ty z by ^? :o con=m to accept$ cu/oms4 ,9 all moral advance !re comes a /age :51 9 ! conflict ( habit & pr9ciple1 consci5ce ass]ts itself1 n only 9 reveal+ a high] ideal1 b 9 urg+ m5 to seek x4 ,,iii4 ,! ,validity & ,witness ( ,consci5ce4--,x is n1 h[ev]1 ) ! orig9 ( consci5ce1 b ) its capacities & functions 9 its develop$ /ate t ,e?ics is prim>ily conc]n$4 ,! beg9n+ mu/ be int]pret$ by ! end1 & ! process by ! result to :i* x t5ds4 #a4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e is committ$ nei!r to ! intuitional nor ! evolutioni/ !ory1 b r may be said to reconcile bo? by reta9+ t :i* is true 9 ea*4 ,:ile x holds to ! inh]5t ability on ! "p ( a be+ made 9 ,god's image to recognise at ! diff]5t /ages ( 8 gr[? & developm5t ,god's w z x has be5 progressively reveal$1 x avoids ! necessity ( conceiv+ man z possess+ f ! v beg9n+ a full-fl$g$ organ ( infallible au?ority4 ,! consci5ce p>ticipates 9 man's g5]al progress & enlight5m5t4 ,nor c ! moral developm5t ( ! individual be held sep>ate f ! moral developm5t ( ! race4 ,z !re is a moral solid>ity ( mank9d1 s ! individual consci5ce is conditional by ! social consci5ce4 ,! individual does n />t 9 life ) a full-gr[n moral app>atus any m ?an he />ts ) a matur$ physical frame4 ,! mo/ di/9ctively spiritual atta9m5ts ( man h _! antec$5ts 9 less human & m animal capacities4 ,z !re is a cont9uity ( human life1 s individuals & peoples inh]it ! moral assets ( previ\s g5]ations1 & incorporate 9 _! exp]i5ce all pa/ atta9m5ts4 ,consci5ce is involv$ 9 man's moral hi/ory4 ,x suff]s 9 8 s9 & ali5ation f ,god1 becom+ cl\d$ 9 its insight & feeble 9 its te/imony1 b x %>es also 9 8 #gg spiritual advancem5t1 gr[+ m s5sitive & decisive 9 its judgm5ts4 7#a7 ,consci5ce1 z ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*es1 c be p]v]t$ & debas$4 ,x is always op5 to a free ag5t to disobey 8 consci5ce & reject its au?ority4 ,on ! intuitional !ory1 :i* reg>ds ! consci5ce z a sep>able & indep5d5t faculty1 x w\ld be difficult to v9dicate ! t]rible consequ5ces ( su* conduct4 ,x is because ! consci5ce is ! man himself z relat$ to ! consci\sness ( ! div9e w t ! effects are s injuri\s4 ,consci5ce may be 7a7 ,/a9$1 defil$1 & pollut$ 9 its v texture 7#a ,cor4 viii4 #g72 7b7 ,br&$ or se>$ 7#a ,tim4 iv4 #b71 r5d]$ ins5sible to all feel+ = good2 7c7 ,p]v]t$1 9 :i* ! v light )9 becomes d>kness4 ,9 ?is la/ /age ! man calls evil good & good evil--! v spr+s ( 8 nature are poison$ & ! av5ues ( 8 s\l are clos$4 ',?is is dea?1 & ! sole dea?1 ,:5 man's loss comes to him f 8 ga94'#h 7#b7 ,b if consci5ce c be p]v]t$ x may also be improv$4 ,! education is tw(old1 social & individual4 ,?r\gh society1 says ,gre51 p]sonality is actualis$4 ',no individual c make a consci5ce = himself4 ,he always ne$s a society to make x = him4'#i ,!re is no su* ?+ z a purely individual consci5ce4 ,man c only realise himself1 come to 8 be/1 9 relation to o!rs4 ,! conditions amid :i* a man is born & re>$--! home1 ! s*ool1 ! *ur*1 ! /ate--are ! means by :i* ! consci5ce is ex]cis$ & educat$4 ,b ! individual is n passive4 ,he has also a "p to play2 & ! :ole task ( man may be reg>d$ z an endeav\r to make 8 consci5ce effective 9 life4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s refra9 f speak+ ( ! consci5ce z an un]r+ & p]fect organ4 ,_! language implies r ! possibility ( its gradual enlight5m5t2 & ,/4 ,paul specially dwells ^u ! necessity ( 'gr[+ 9 spiritual #gh k & p]ception4' ,z life advances moral judgm5t may be modifi$ & correct$ by full] k1 & ! p]ception ( a p>ticul> =m ( conduct z good may yield to ! exp]i5ce ( some?+ bett]4 #b4 ',x is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ?+s1' says ,pr(essor ,wundt1 'ab\t moral developm5t1 t x unites s _m conditions ( subord9ate value 9 ! accompli%m5t ( high] results1'#aj & ! wor? ( morality is n endang]$ because ! gr\nds ( its realisation 9 special cases d n always correspond 9 elevation to ! moral ideas4 ,! consci5ce is n an indep5d5t faculty :i* issues its m&ates irrespective ( exp]i5ce4 ,its judgm5ts are always condition$ by motives4 ,! moral imp]atives ( consci5ce may be gr\p$ "u f\r heads3#aa 7#a7 ,ext]nal con/ra9ts1 includ+ all =ms ( puni%m5t = immoral actions & ! social disadvantages :i* su* actions involve4 ,^! c only produce ! l[e/ grade ( morality1 outw>d propriety1 ! m]e appe>ance ( virtue :i* has only a negative value 9 s f> z x avoids :at is morally (f5sive4 7#b7 ,int]nal con/ra9ts1 consi/+ ( influ5ces excit$ by ! example ( o!rs1 by public op9ion & habits =m$ ?r\gh education & tra9+4 7#c7 ,self-satisfaction1 orig9at+ 9 ! ag5t's own consci\sness4 ,x may be a s5se ( pleasure or feel+ ( self-approbation3 or high] /ill1 ! idea ( duty = its own sake1 commonly call$ 'consci5ti\sness4' 7#d7 ,! ideal ( life1 ! highe/ imp]ative ( consci5ce4 ,"h ! nobility ( life1 z a :ole1 ! supreme life-purpose1 gives mean+ & inc5tive to ea* & e action4 ,! ideal ( life is n1 h[ev]1 some?+ /atic & complet$1 giv5 once & = all4 ,x gr[s ) ! enlight5m5t ( ! individual & ! developm5t ( humanity4 ,! consci\sness ( e age compreh5ds x 9 c]ta9 laws & ends ( life4 ,! highe/ =m ( ! ideal f9ds its embodim5t 9 :at are call$ noble *>act]s4 ,^! e?ical h]oes rise1 9 r>e & exceptional circum/ances1 above ! ord9>y level ( #gi common morality1 ga!r+ up into !mselves ! entire moral developm5t ( ! pa/1 & radiat+ _! influ5ce into ! remote/ di/ances ( ! future4 ,!y are ! embodim5ts ( ! consci5ce ( ! race1 at once ! /&>d & *all5ge ( ! moral life ( mank9d1 ^: influ5ce awak5s ! slumb]+ aspirations ( m51 & ^: creative g5ius affects ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w1 lift+ x to high] levels ( ?\ght & endeav\r4 ,! supreme example--unique1 h[ev]1 bo? 9 k9d & degree1 & diff]+ by its uniqu5ess f e o!r life :i* has 9 "s measure approximat$ to ! ideal--is disclos$ 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,?us x is t ! moral consci\sness ( ! _w g5]ally & ( ! individual 9 p>ticul>1 ( :i* ! consci5ce is ! organ & expression1 develops f less to m1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! successive imp]atives ( conduct1 till f9ally x atta9s to ! vision ( ! greatness ( life z x is reveal$ 9 its supreme & all-comm&+ ideal4#ab #c4 ,f9ally1 9 ?is connection ! "q ( ! p]man5ce ( consci5ce may be ref]r$ to4 ,is ! ultimate ( life a /ate 9 :i* consci5ce w p]vade e dep>tm5t ( a man's be+1 dom9at+ all 8 ?\ghts & activities8 or is ! ideal condition "o 9 :i* consci5ce %all be outgr[n & its op]ation r5d]$ sup]flu\s8 ,a rec5t writ] on ,*ri/ian e?ics#ac makes ! rem>kable /atem5t t :]e !re is no s5se ( s9 consci5ce has no function1 & he draws ! inf]5ce t :]e !re is complete normality & p]fect moral heal? consci5ce w be 9 abeyance4 ,satan1 inasmu* z he lacks all moral in/9ct1 c "k no?+ ( consci5ce2 &1 because ( ,8 s9lessness1 ,jesus mu/ also be pron\nc$ consci5celess4 ,h5ce ! p>adox attribut$ to ,ma*iavelli3 ',he :o is )\t consci5ce is ei!r a ,*ri/ or a devil4' ,b ?\gh x is true t ! ,son ( ,man _h no actual exp]i5ce ( s91 & c\ld n1 inde$1 feel remorse or contrition1 yet 9 s f> z ,he 0 man !re 0 9 ,him #hj ! possibility ( s91 & 9 ! intimate relation :i* ,he bore to ! human race ,he _h a mo/ accurate & cle> k bo? ( ! mean+ & consequ5ces ( evil4 ,s f> f say+ t ,*ri/ _h no consci5ce1 x w\ld be ne>] ! tru? to say t ,he _h a p]fect consci5ce1 a p]sonality & fullness ( consci\sness :i* 0 a complete reflection (1 & h>mony )1 ! highe/ conceivable good4 ,! confusion ( ?\ght into :i* ,pr(essor ,lemme seems to fall is due1 we _c help ?9k+1 to ! too re/rict$ & negative signification he gives to consci5ce4 ,consci5ce is n m]ely ! faculty ( reprov+ & approv+ "o's own conduct :5 br\ght into relation ) actual s94 ,x is involv$ 9 e moral judgm5t4 ,a good consci5ce is n only ! abs5ce ( an evil "o4 ,x has also a positive sanction+ value4 ,! 'ought' ( life is con/antly pres5t4 ,x is ! :ole man ev] consci\s (1 & confront$ by1 8 ideal self4 ,! consci5ce p>ticipates 9 man's gradual progress & enlight5m5t2 s f> f ! individual gr[+ t[>ds a condition 9 :i* self-judgm5t ceases1 he is progress+ r 9 moral disc]nm5t1 & becom+ m & m responsive to ! w ( ,him ^: impress & image he be>s ^u 8 s\l4 ,! t5d5cy ( mod]n physiological acc\nts ( consci5ce has be5 to und]m9e its au?ority & empty life ( its responsibility1 b no !ory ( ! orig9 ( consci5ce mu/ be p]mitt$ to invalidate its judgm5ts4 ,if consci5ce has any moral wor? x is t x conta9s ! promise & witness ( ,god4 ,! prime "q is1 ,:at is ! nature ( its te/imony8 ,accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,scripture x be>s witness to ! exi/5ce ( a high] ?an man--to a div9e ,p]son ) :om he is spiritually ak9 & to :om he is acc\ntable4 ',god's mo/ intimate pres5ce 9 ! s\l4' ,z ! revelation ( ,god's w gr[s cle>] man's ideal becomes l(ti]4 ,h5ce a man's consci5ce is ! measure ( 8 moral life4 ,x reveals ,god1 & 9 ! light ( ,god reveals man to himself4 ,we c>ry a '=ev]' )9 our bosom1 #ha 'e9 ,gott 9 uns]] ,bru/1'#ad z ,goe! says1 :i* rem9ds u t ev5 :ile d5iz5s ( ?is e>? we are citiz5s ( heav5 & ! %>]s ( an et]nal life4 ,l ano!r ,john ! ,bapti/1 consci5ce po9ts to "o great] ?an itself4 ,x emphasises ! discord t exi/s betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( man's nature1 a discord :i* x condemns b _c remove4 ,x c judge1 b x _c compel4 ,h5ce x places man be=e ,*ri/1 & bids him yield to ! sway ( a new trans=m+ p[]4 ,z "o has f9ely said1 ',he :o has implant$ 9 e brea/ su* irrefragible te/imony to ! "r1 & su* unappeasable ye>n+s = its complete triumph1 n[ comes 9 ,8 own p]fect way to reveal ,himself z ! ,"l ( consci5ce1 ! ,guide ( its p]plexities1 ! ,/r5g? ( its weakness & ! ,p]fect] ( its highe/ hopes4'#ae #a ,davidson1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,consci5ce4 #b ,cf4 ,symonds1 ,/udies ( ,greek ,poets1 fir/ s]ies1 p4 #aia4 #c ,antigone1 ,plumptre's ,trans41 #dee-i4 #d ,cf4 ,buns51 ,god 9 ,hi/ory1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbd2 also ,campbell1 ,religion 9 ,greek ,lit]ature4 #e ,cf4 ,wundt1 ,e?ik1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ff4 #f ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #ah4 #g ,proleg41 section #hc4 #h ,br[n+4 #i ,proleg41 section #cba4 #aj ,e?ik1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ff4 #aa ,idem4 #ab ,cf4 ,wundt1 ,e?ik1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fg-gd4 #ac ,lemme1 ,*ri/li*e ,e?ik1 vol4 i4 #ad ,tasso1 act iii4 sc5e #b4 #ae ,davidson1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,consci5ce1 p4 #aac4 #hb ,,*apt] ,,vi ',,! ,,miracle ,,( ,,! ,,w' ,closely connect$ ) ! consci5ce z a moral capacity is ! p[] ( self-det]m9ation1 or z x is popul>ly call$--free-w4 ,if consci5ce is ! manife/ation ( man z kn[+1 w is m especially 8 manife/ation z a be+ :o acts4 ,! subject :i* we n[ approa* pres5ts at once a problem & a task4 ,! nature ( fre$om has be5 ke5ly debat$ f ! e>lie/ times1 & ! hi/ory ( ! problem ( ! w is almo/ ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,! practical "q :i* arises is :e!r ! individual has any p[] by :i* ! gulf betwe5 ! natural & ! spiritual c be transc5d$4 ,c man *oose & decide = a spiritual _w above t 9 :i* he is by nature involv$8 ,! revelation ( ! good mu/1 inde$1 prec$e ! activity ( man4 ,b at ! same "t ! *ange _c m]ely happ5 to him4 ,he _c simply be a passive recipi5t4 ,! new life mu/ be tak5 up by 8 own activity1 & be made 8 by 8 own decision & acceptance4 ,?is responsive activity on ! "p ( man is ! task :i* life pres5ts to ! w4 ,mu* obvi\sly dep5ds ^u ! answ] we are able to give to ?is "q4 ,if man has no p[] ( *oice1 no capacity ( self-det]m9ation1 & is no?+ m ?an a "p ( ! natural _w1 !n ! e?ical life is at once rul$ out ( c\rt4 ,! difficulties connect$ ) ! problem ( moral fre$om resolve !mselves ma9ly into ?ree3 a sci5tific1 a psy*ological1 & a !ological4 #hc ,i4 ,on ! "p ( natural sci5ce x is claim$ t man is subject1 l ev]y?+ else1 to physical necessity4 ,,ii4 ,f ! psy*ological /&po9t x is urg$ t man's actions are always det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive4 ,,iii4 ,on ! !ological side x is alleg$ t human fre$om is incompatible ) div9e ,sov]eignty4 ,a complete doctr9e ( fre$om w\ld require to be exam9$ 9 ! light ( ^! ?ree objections4 ,= our purpose x w be suffici5t to indicate briefly ! value ( ^! difficulties1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y may be met4 ,i ,! wond]ful progress ( ! natural sci5ces 9 ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has t5d$ to bani% ! old idea ( fre$om f ! realm ( exp]i5ce4 ,sci5ce1 x is ma9ta9$1 cle>ly %[s t man belongs to a great _w-movem5t1 9 relation to :i* 8 :ole life & "w are completely det]m9$4 ,?\gh ev5 9 e>li] ages1 & especially 9 ,/oic philosophy1 ?is conception ( life 0 n ignor$1 x is m p>ticul>ly 9 rec5t times1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! evolution>y !ory1 t ! idea ( det]m9ation has be5 appli$ ) rel5tless insi/5ce to ! /ructure ( ! s\l4 ,!re is1 x is alleg$1 no room = *ange or spontaneity4 ,ev]y?+1 d[n to ! m9ute/ impulse1 dep5ds ^u some?+ else1 & proce$s f a def9ite cause4 ,! idea ( *oice is simply ! remnant ( an unsci5tific mode ( ?9k+4 ,x might be suffici5t to reply t 9 ?us r$uc+ life & exp]i5ce to a necess>y "p ( a _w-:ole1 m is surr5d]$ ?an ev5 sci5ce is will+ to yield4 ,! fre$om :i* "s writ]s reject 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce !y attempt to introduce 9 an alt]$ =m4 ,:y are ^! philosoph]s s anxi\s to cons]ve ! e?ical consequ5ces ( life8 ,is x n because !y feel t !re is some?+ 9 man :i* w n fit into a rigid _w-me*anism1 & t conduct w\ld cease #hd to h moral wor? if life 7 r$uc$ to a causal s]ies ( happ5+s8 ,b x may be fur!r argu$ t1 if ! me*anical conception ( life1 :i* r$uces ! spiritual to ! natural1 7 consi/5tly c>ri$ out x w\ld lead n m]ely to ! de/ruction ( ! moral life1 b to ! de/ruction ( sci5ce itself4 ,if man is m]ely a "p ( nature1 subject entirely to nature's law1 !n ! realities ( ! high] life--love1 self-sacrifice1 devotion to ends beyond ourselves--mu/ be radically re-int]pret$ or reg>d$ simply z illusions4 ,b x is also true t f ?is /&po9t sci5ce itself is an illusion4 ,= if reality lies only 9 ! pass+ impressions ( our s5sible nature1 ! claim ( sci5ce to f9d valid tru? mu/ end 9 ! d5ial ( ! v possibility ( k4 ,does n ! v exi/5ce ( physical sci5ce imply ! priority ( ?\ght8 ,:ile 9 "o s5se x may be conc$$ t man is a "p ( nature1 does n ! tru?1 :i* _c be ga9said1 t he is aw>e ( ! fact1 prove a c]ta9 priority & p[] :i* diff]5tiates him f all o!r ph5om5a ( ! univ]se8 ,if he is a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( be+1 he is at lea/ a l9k :i* is consci\s ( :at he is4 ,he is a be+ :o kn[s himself1 inde$1 ?r\gh ! objective _w1 b also realises himself only z he makes himself its ma/] & ! ag5t ( a div9e purpose to :i* all ?+s are contribut+1 & = :i* all ?+s exi/4 ,9 all our reason+ & endeav\r we mu/ />t f ! unity ( ! self-consci\s s\l4 ,:atev] we c ei!r "k or a*ieve1 is our tru?1 our act pres5t$ 9 & ?r\gh our self-consci\sness4 ,x is impossible = u to conceive any /&>d ( tru? or object ( desire outside ( our exp]i5ce4 ,z a ?9k+ & act+ be+ man pursues ends1 & has ! consci\sness t !y are 8 own ends1 subject to 8 own *oice & control4 ,x is always ! self t ! s\l seeks2 & ! w is no?+ else ?an ! man mak+ & f9d+ = himself ano!r _w4 ,! attempt has rec5tly be5 made to measure m5tal /ates by _! physical /imuli & expla9 m5tal #he processes by c]ebral reaction4 ,x is true t c]ta9 physical ph5om5a seem to be inv>iably antec$5t to ?\ght1 b s f> sci5ce has be5 unable to exhibit ! =m ( nexus betwe5 ^! physical antec$5ts & ideas4 ,ev5 if ! k ( ! topography ( ! bra9 7 immeasurably m advanc$ ?an x n[ is1 ev5 ?\gh we c\ld obs]ve ! va/ network ( n]ve-fibres & filam5ts ( :i* ! bra9 is compos$1 & c\ld disc]n ! actual *anges 9 bra9-cells "u n]ve /imulations1 we %\ld /ill be a long way (f f und]/&+ ! nature & g5esis ( ideas :i* c only be kn[n to u z imm$iate 9 _! own quality4 ,all t we c ev] affirm is t a c]ta9 physical excitation is ! antec$5t ( ?\ght4 ,x is illegitimate to say t x is ! 'cause' ( ?\ght2 unless1 inde$1 ! ^w 'cause' be inve/$ ) no o!r mean+ ?an t :i* is involv$ 9 su* a conception4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 a v g5]al way only1 & )9 an exce$+ly n>r[ range1 t su* measurem5t is possible4 ,we d n ev5 "k at pres5t :at n]ves correspond to ! s5sations ( heat & cold1 pa9 & joy2 & all attempts to localise w-c5tres h prov$ unavail+4 ,! f9] & m delicate feel+s _c be gaug$4 ,b ev5 ?\gh ! alleg$ p>allelism 7 entirely demon/rat$1 ! imm$iate & p]t95t "q w\ld /ill rema91 ,:o or :at is ! inve/igator8 ,is x an ego1 a ?9k+ self8 or is x only a complex ( vibrations or me*anical impressions b\nd toge!r 9 a p>ticul> body :i*1 = conv5i5ce1 is call$ an ego8 ,are ! s-call$ entities--p]sonality1 consci\sness1 self--b symbols1 z ,pr(essor ,ma* says1 useful 9 s f> z !y help u to express our physical s5sations1 b :i* ) fur!r rese>* mu/ be pron\nc$ illusions8#a ,moni/ic naturalism1 :i* w\ld expla9 all psy*ical exp]i5ces 9 t]ms ( c]ebral action1 mu/ n be all[$ to arrogate to itself p[]s :i* x does n possess1 & quietly bru% #hf aside facts :i* d n fit into its sy/em4 ,! moral sanctions s univ]sally & deeply root$ 9 ! consci\sness ( mank9d1 ! feel+s ( responsibility1 ( guilt & regret2 ! s\l's fidelities & h]oisms1 its hopes & fe>s1 its aims & ideals--! poetry1 art1 & religion t h made man :at he is1 all t has contribut$ to ! uplift+ ( ! _w--are1 to say ! lea/1 unacc\nt$ =1 if x mu/ be held t 'man is born 9 *a9s4' ,prim>y facts mu/ n be surr5d]$ nor ultimate exp]i5ces sacrific$ 9 ! int]e/s ( !oretic simplicity4 ,9 ! rec5t anti-metaphysical movem5t ( ,g]many1 ( :i* ,haeckel1 ,av5>ius1 ,oswald & ,ma* are repres5tatives1 !re is pres5t$ ! f9al conflict4 ,x is n fre$om ( w only t is at /ake1 x is ! v exi/5ce ( a spiritual _w4 ',es i/ d] ,kampf um die ,seele4'#b ,if ! _w =ms a clos$ & 'giv5' sy/em 9 :i* e p>ticul> is det]m9$ completely by its position 9 ! :ole1 !n !re c be no place = spontaneity1 initiative1 creation1 :i* all inve/igation %[s to be ! di/9ctive feature 9 human progress & upw>d movem5t4 ,s f> f its be+ true t ! _w makes man1 x w\ld be ne>] ! tru? to say t man makes ! _w4 ,a 'giv5' _w c nev] be prim>y4#c ,!re mu/ be a m9d beh9d x4 ,we fall back1 !re=e1 ^u ! pr9ciple :i* mu/ be po/ulat$ 9 ! :ole discussion--! unity & self-det]m9+ activity ( ! self-consci\s m9d4 ,,ii ,we may n[ proce$ to ! second problem ( ! w1 ! objection t human action is det]m9$ by motives1 & t :at we call fre$om is no?+ else ?an ! necess>y result ( ! pressure ( motives ^u ! w4 ,9 o!r words1 ! conduct ( ! individual is always det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive4 ,x w be se5 on exam9ation t ?is objection is j ano!r =m ( t :i* we h already consid]$4 ,inde$1 ! #hg analogy ( me*anical p[] is frequ5tly appli$ to ! motives ( ! w4 ,div]se motives h be5 comp>$ to diff]5t =ces :i* meet 9 "o c5tre1 & x is suppos$ t ! result 9 action is det]m9$ by ! unit$ pressure ( ^! v>i\s motives4 ,n[ x may be freely admitt$ at ! outset t ! individual nev] acts except "u c]ta9 influ5ces4 ,an un9flu5c$ man1 an unbiass$ "* _c exi/4 ,n = "o mom5t d we escape ! environm5t1 mat]ial & moral1 :i* /imulates our inn] life to reaction & response4 ,x is n cont5d$ t a man is indep5d5t ( all motives4 ,:at we d affirm is t ! self-realis+ pot5tiality ( p]sonality is pres5t ?r\gh\t4 ,mu* ( ! confusion ( ?\ght 9 connection ) ?is subject arises f a false & inadequate notion ( p]sonality4 ,p]sonality is ! :ole man1 all t 8 pa/ hi/ory1 pres5t circum/ances & future aims h made him1 ! result ( all t ! _w ( :i* he is a "p has contribut$ to 8 exp]i5ce4 ,8 bodily s5sations1 8 m5tal acts1 8 desires & motives are n deta*$ & extrane\s =ces act+ on him f )\t1 b elem5ts :i* con/itute 8 :ole be+4 ,! p]son1 9 o!r words1 is ! visible or tangible ph5om5on ( some?+ inw>d--! phase or function by :i* an individual ag5t takes 8 place 9 ! common _w ( human int]c\rse & int]action1 & plays 8 peculi> & def9ite "p 9 life4#d ,b ?is totality ( consci\sness1 s f> f r$uc+ man to a 'm]e manufactur$ article1' gives to p]sonality its unique di/9ction4 ,by p]sonality all ?+s are dom9at$4 ',o!r ?+s exi/1 s to speak1 = ! sake ( _! k9d & = ! sake ( o!r ?+s3 a p]son is nev] a m]e means to some?+ beyond1 b always at ! same "t an end 9 himself4 ,he has ! royal & div9e "r ( creat+ law1 ( />t+ by 8 exception a new law :i* %all h5ce=? be a canon & a /&>d4'#e #hh ,! objection to ! fre$om ( ! w :i* we are n[ consid]+ may be be/ appreciat$ if we exam9e briefly ! two extreme !ories :i* h be5 ma9ta9$ on ! subject4 ,on ! "o h&1 det]m9ism or1 z x is sometimes call$1 necessit>ianism1 holds t all our actions are condition$ by law--! s-call$ motive t influ5ces a man's conduct is simply a l9k 9 a *a9 ( occurr5ces ( :i* 8 act is ! la/4 ,! future has no possibilities hidd5 9 its womb4 ,i am simply :at ! pa/ has made me4 ,my circum/ances are giv51 & my "* is simply ! necess>y resultant ( ! natural =ces t act ^u me4 ,on ! o!r h&1 indet]m9ism1 or lib]t>ianism1 insi/s ^u absolute lib]ty ( *oice ( ! individual1 & d5ies t necessity or cont9uity det]m9es conduct4 ,( two alt]natives bo? may n[ be really possible4 ,y c nev] pr$ict :at w be1 nor lay d[n absolutely :at a man w d4 ,! _w is n a f9i%$ & fix$ :ole4 ,x admits ( inf9ite possibilities1 & in/ead ( ! volition ,i h actually made1 ,i c\ld j z easily h made a diff]5t "o4 ,)\t ent]+ ^u a detail$ criticism ( ^! two positions1 x may be said t bo? conta9 an elem5t ( tru? & are n s contradictory z !y seem4 ,on ! "o h&1 all ! v>i\s factors ( ! complex w may seem to be det]m9$ by some?+ t lies beyond our control1 & ?us our w itself be really det]m9$4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 moral cont9uity 9 its la/ analysis is only a half tru?1 & mu/ f9d its complem5t 9 ! recognition ( ! possibilities ( new beg9n+s4 ,! v nature ( moral action implies1 z ,lotze has said1 t new factors may ent] into ! /ream ( causal sequ5ce1 & t ev5 ?\gh a man's life may be1 & mu/ be1 l>gely condition$ by 8 circum/ances1 8 activity may be really orig9ative & free4 ,:at ! det]m9i/s seem to =get is1 z ,gre5 says1 t '"* is only =m$ ?r\gh a man's consci\s pres5tation to himself ( objects z 8 good1 z t 9 :i* 8 self-satisfaction is f\nd4'#f #hi ,desires are always = objects :i* h a value = ! individual4 ,a man's real "* is reflect$ 9 8 desires1 & x is n t he is mov$ by "s outside ab/ract =ce1 :i*1 be+ ! /ronge/1 he _c resi/1 b x is because he puts himself into ! desire or motive t x becomes ! /ronge/1 ! "o :i* he *ooses to foll[4 ,my motives are really "p ( myself1 ( :i* all my actions are ! outcome4 ,human desires1 9 %ort1 are n m]ely ext]nal t5d5cies =c+ a man ?is way or t way4 ,!y are a "p ( ! man himself1 & are always direct$ t[>ds objects relat$ to a self2 & x is ! satisfaction ( self t makes !m desirable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fallacy lurk+ 9 ! lib]t>ian view arises f ! fact t x also makes a h>d & fa/ di/9ction betwe5 ! self & ! w4 ,! indet]m9i/s speak z if ! self _h among/ its sev]al faculties a w :i* is free 9 ! s5se ( be+ able to act indep5d5tly ( all desires & motives4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! w1 z we h said1 is simply ! man1 & x _c be sep>at$ f 8 hi/ory1 8 "*1 & ! objects :i* 8 "* desires4 ,to speak1 z p sometimes d 9 popul> language1 ( be+ free to d z !y l--t is1 to be influ5c$ by no motive :atev]1 is n only an idea absurd 9 itself1 b "o :i*1 if pu%$ to its consequ5ces1 w\ld be subv]sive ( all fre$om1 & consequ5tly ( all moral value4 ',! lib]ty ( indiff]5ce1' if ! phrase means any?+ at all1 implies n m]ely t ! ag5t is free f all ext]nal compulsion1 b t he is free f himself1 n det]m9$ ev5 by 8 own "*4 ,& if we ask :at x really is t causes him to act1 x mu/ be answ]$1 "s caprice ( ! mom5t1 "s accid5tal impulse or arbitr>y freak ( fancy4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,james makes a valiant attempt to solve ! 'dilemma ( det]m9ism' by resort+ to ! idea ( '*ance' :i* he def9es z a 'purely relative t]m1 giv+ u no in=mation ab\t t :i* is pr$icat$1 except t x happ5s to be disconnect$ ) some?+ else--n controll$1 secur$ or #ij necessitat$ by o!r ?+s 9 advance ( its own actual pres5ce4'#g ',on my way home1' he says1 ',i c *oose ei!r ( two ways'2 & suppose '! *oice is made twice ov] & ea* "t falls on a diff]5t /reet4' ',imag9e t ,i fir/ walk ?r\gh ,div9ity ,av5ue1 & !n am set aga9 at ! door ( ?is hall j z ,i 0 be=e ! *oice 0 made4 ,imag9e !n t1 ev]y?+ else be+ ! same1#h ,i n[ make a diff]5t *oice & trav]se ,ox=d ,/reet4 ,look+ outw>dly at ^! univ]ses ( :i* my two acts are a "p1 c y say :i* is ! impossible & accid5tal "o & :i* ! rational & necess>y "o8' ,p]haps an outsid] c\ld n say1 b ,pr(essor ,james1 if he exam9$ 8 reasons1 c\ld say4 ,he assumes t 'ev]y?+ else is ! same4' ,b t is j :at _c be4 ,a new factor has be5 introduc$1 x may be a :im1 a sudd5 impulse1 p]haps ev5 a desire to upset calculation--a some?+ 9 8 "* 9 virtue ( :i* 8 second *oice is diff]5t f 8 fir/4 ,x is an utt] misnom] to call x '*ance4' ,ev5 ?\gh he _h toss$ a co9 & act$ on ! ?r[1 8 action w\ld /ill be det]m9$ by ! k9d ( man he 04 ,let u n seek to def5d fre$om on inadequate gr\nds1 or cont5d = a spuri\s lib]ty4 ,no view ( ! subject %\ld inde$ deb> u f ackn[l$g+ '*anges 9 he>t & life1' b a misund]/&+ ( ! doctr9e ( fre$om may t5d to p>alyse moral initiative4 ,! attempt to sund] ! w & ! und]/&+ & discov] ! s\rce ( fre$om 9 ! realm ( ! emotions1 z ! volunt>i/s seek to d1 _c be reg>d$ z satisfactory or s\nd philosophy4 ,9 sep>at+ fai? & k ! ,rits*lian s*ool t5ds to make subjective feel+ ! measure ( tru? & life2 :ile rec5t psy*ological exp]im5ts 9 ,am]ica ) ! ph5om5a ( fai?-heal+1 hypnotism & sugge/ion1 claim to h discov]$ hi!rto unsuspect$ pot5cies ( ! w4 ,?is l9e ( ?\ght has be5 welcom$ by _m z a relief f ! me*anical !ory ( life & z a witness to moral #ia fre$om & ,*ri/ian hope4 ,b s f> f prov+ ! sov]eignty & autonomy ( ! w1 x discloses r ! possibilities ( its abject bondage & ?raldom4 ,no "o c d\bt ! facts :i* ,pr(essor ,james & o!rs1 work+ f ! side ( religi\s psy*ology1 h rec5tly e/abli%$1 or discr$it ! in/ances ( conv]sion to :i* ! annals ( ! ,*ri/ian life s abundantly te/ify4 ,b ev5 conv]sion mu/ n be reg>d$ z a *ange )\t motives4 ,!re mu/ be "s connection betwe5 motive1 "* & act1 o!rwise ! new spiritual exp]i5ce w\ld be simply a magical happ5+ lack+ all moral significance4 ,if !re 7 no cont9uity ( consci\sness1 if ,i c\ld be some?+ to-day irrespective ( :at ,i 0 ye/]day1 !n all we signify by contrition1 p5it5ce1 & %ame w\ld h no real mean+4 ,ev5 ! grace ( ,god works ?r\gh natural *annels & human influ5ces4 ,! pa/ is n s mu* oblit]at$1 z tak5 up into ! new life & transfigur$ ) a new value4 ,! tru? ( spontaneity & initiative 9 life has lately f\nd 9 ,m4 ,b]gson a fre% & vigor\s advocacy1 & we _c be too grateful to t pr(\nd ?9k] = 8 reass]tion ( "s neglect$ aspects ( fre$om & 8 philosophical v9dication ( ! doctr9e :i* puts x 9 a new position ( prom95ce & security4 ',life is ,creation4' ',reality is a p]petual gr[?1 a ,creation pursu$ )\t end4' ',our w p]=ms ?is miracle4' ',e human "w 9 :i* !re is inv5tion1 e movem5t t manife/s spontaneity br+s some?+ new into ! _w4 ,9 ! composition ( ! "w ( g5ius1 z 9 a simple free decision1 we create :at no m]e assemblage ( mat]ials c\ld h giv54'#i ,b yet he says t 'life _c create absolutely because x is confront$ ) matt]4 4 4 4 ,b x seizes ^u ?is matt] :i* is necessity itself1 & /rives to introduce into x ! greate/ possible am\nt ( indet]m9ation & lib]ty4'#aj ,ev5 ,b]gson1 ?\gh he emphasises s /rongly imm$iacy & incalculabl5ess 9 #ib all human action1 _c d5y t ! bodily arrangem5ts & me*anisms are at lea/ ! basis ( ! work+ ( ! s\l4 ,man _c produce any *ange 9 ! _w except 9 /rict co-ord9ation ) ! =ces & qualities ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,! idea 9 8 consci\sness is p[]less save 9 s f> z x is a guide to comb9ations & modifications :i* are lat5t 9 reality4 ,! man :o works ) 8 h&s does n create out ( no?+ a new totality4 ,ev5 g5ius is condition$ by ! elem5ts he works ) & ^u4 ,he c d no?+ ) 8 mat]ials beyond :at x is 9 !mselves to yield4 ,?is s5se ( co-op]ation is /rongly m>k$ 9 ! high] grades ( activity4 ,! _w may be 9 ! mak+1 z ,b]gson says1 b x is be+ made ( possibilities already inh]5t 9 x4 ,life may be incalculable1 & y c nev] "k be=eh& :at a great man1 inde$1 :at any man may a*ieve1 b ev5 ! orig9ality ( a ,leon>do or a ,bee?ov5 _c effect ! impossible or contradict ! ord] ( nature4 ,! sculptor feels t ! /atue is already ly+ 9 ! m>ble await+ only 8 creative t\* to br+ x =?4 ,! metal is alive 9 ! work]'s h&s1 coax+ him to make ( x some?+ beautiful4#aa ,purpose does n come out ( an empty m9d4 ,fre$om & initiative nev] beg9 entirely de novo4 ,life is a 'creation1' b x is also1 z ,m4 ,b]gson lab\rs to prove1 an 'evolution4' ,our ideals are made out ( realities4 ,our heav5 mu/ be %ap$ out ( ! mat]ials ( our e>?4 ,a moral p]sonality is a self-consci\s1 self-det]m9+ be+4 ,b t is only half ! reality4 ,! o!r half is t x is a self-det]m9+ consci\sness 9 a _w4 ,z ,b]gson is c>eful to tell u1 ! %ape & ext5t ( self-consci\sness are det]m9$ by our relation to a _w :i* acts ^u u & ^u :i* we act4 ,)\t a _w 9 :i* we _h p]sonal bus9ess we %\ld h no self-consci\sness4 ,! co-op]ation ( spontaneity & necessity is impli$ #ic 9 e true idea ( fre$om4 ,if a man 7 ! subject ( necessity alone he w\ld be m]ely ! creature ( me*anical causation4 ,if he _h ! p[] ( spontaneity only 8 s-call$ fre$om w\ld be a ?+ ( caprice4 ,necessity means simply t man is condition$ by ! _w 9 :i* he lives4 ,spontaneity means1 n t he c conjure up at a wi% a dream-_w ( no conditions1 b t he is n det]m9$ by any?+ outside ( himself1 s9ce ! v conditions amid :i* he is plac$ may be transmut$ by him into elem5ts ( 8 own "*4 ,moral decisions are nev] isolat$ f ideals & tasks pres5t$ by our surr\nd+s4 ,! self _c act on any impulse h[ev] ext]nal till ! impulse has transplant$ itself )9 & become our motive4 ',our life1' says ,euck51 'is a conflict betwe5 fate & fre$om1 betwe5 be+ giv5 & spontaneity4 ,spiritual individuality does n come to any "o1 b has fir/ to be won by ! "w ( life1 elevat+ t :i* de/9y br+s4 4 4 4 ,! idea ( fre$om calls man to indep5d5t co-op]ation 9 ! conflict ( ! worlds4 ,x gives to ! simply human & app>5tly commonplace an incomp>able greatness4 ,h[ev] p[]ful de/9y may be1 x does n det]m9e man entirely3 = ev5 9 opposition to x !re is lib]ation f x4'#ab ,,iii ,x w n be necess>y to dwell at any l5g? on ! ?ird difficulty--! incompatibility ( div9e sov]eignty & grace ) moral p]sonality4 ,h[ to reconcile div9e p[] & human fre$om is ! great problem :i* meets u on ! v ?re%old ( ! /udy ( man's relation to ,god4 ,! solution1 9 s f> z x is possible = ! m9d1 mu/ be s\ght 9 ! div9e imman5ce4 ,god works ?r\gh man1 & man acts ?r\gh ,god4 ,reason1 consci5ce1 & w are equally ! te/imony to ,god's indwell+ 9 man & man's #id indwell+ 9 ,god4 ,x is1 z ,/4 ,paul says1 ,god :o worke? 9 u bo? to w & to d4 ,b j because ( t inh]5t p[]1 x is we :o "w out our own "* & de/9y4 ,! div9e is n introduc$ into human life at p>ticul> po9ts or 9 exceptional crises only4 ,e man has some?+ ( ! div9e 9 him1 & :5 he is true/ to himself he is mo/ at "o ) ,god4 ,! :ole mean+ ( human p]sonality is a gr[+ realisation ( ! div9e p]sonality4 ,god's sov]eignty has no mean+ except 9 relation to a _w ( :i* ,he is sov]eign1 & ,8 purposes c only be fulfill$ ?r\gh human ag5cy4 ,:ile ,8 ?\ghts f> transc5d 9 wisdom & sublimity ^? ( ,8 creatures !y mu/ be 9 a s5se ( ! same k9d--?\ghts1 9 o!r words1 :i* be+s made 9 ,8 image c receive1 love &1 9 a measure1 %>e4 ,& ?\gh ,god _c be conceiv$ z ! au?or ( evil1 ,he may p]mit x & "w ?r\gh x1 br++ ord] out ( *aos1 & evolv+ ?r\gh suff]+ & conflict ,8 sov]eign purposes4 ,! problem becomes acute/ :5 we endeav\r to h>monise ! ant9omy ( man's moral fre$om & ! doctr9e ( grace4 ,h[ev] insoluble ! my/]y1 x is n less5$ by d5y+ "o side 9 ! int]e/ ( unity4 ,scripture boldly affirms bo? tru?s4 ,no writ] insi/s m /r5u\sly ?an ! ,apo/le ,paul on ! sov]eign election ( ,god1 yet none pres5ts ) great] f]v\r ! free (f] ( salvation4 ,9 8 e?ical tea*+1 at lea/1 ,paul is no det]m9i/4 ,fre$om is ! di/9ctive note ( 8 conception ( life4 ,life is a great & solemn tru/ committ$ to ea* by ,god1 = ! use or abuse ( :i* e man w be call$ to acc\nt4 ,8 mission>y zeal w\ld h no mean+ if he did n believe t m5 7 free to accept or refuse 8 message4 ,paul's own example1 inde$1 is typical1 & :ile he knew t he 0 'call$1' he knew1 too1 t x lay ) him to yield himself & pres5t 8 life z a liv+ sacrifice to ,god4 ,jesus1 too1 ?r\gh\t ,8 m9i/ry1 assum$ ! ability ( man freely to accept ,8 call to righte\sness1 & ?\gh ,he speaks #ie ( ! *ange z a 'new bir?1' a creation f above1 beyond ! /r5g? ( man to effect1 ,he inv>iably makes ,8 appeal to ! w--',foll[ ,me1' ',come unto ,me4' ,he assumes 9 all ,8 deal+s ) individuals t !y h ! p[] ( decision4 ,& s f> f admitt+ t ! pa/ c\ld n be undone1 & no *a9 ( habit brok51 ! :ole purpose ( ,8 message & lifework 0 to proclaim ! ne$ & possibility ( a radical *ange 9 life4 ,s full ( hope 0 ,he = man t ,he despair$ ( none1 n ev5 ( ^? :o _h mo/ griev\sly fail$1 or mo/ utt]ly turn$ _! back on purity4 ,! p>ables 9 ! ,?ird ,gospel ( ! lo/ co91 ! lo/ %eep1 & ! lo/ son lay emphasis ^u ! possibility ( recov]y1 &1 9 ! case ( ! prodigal1 specially on ! ability to return = ^? :o h gone a/ray4 ,! tea*+ ( ,scripture implies t :ile ,god is ! s\rce ( all spiritual good1 & div9e grace mu/ be pres5t ) & prec$e all rightful action ( ! human w1 x re/s ) man to respond to ! div9e love4 ,no human s\l is left de/itute ( ! visit+ ( ,god's _s1 & h[ev] rudim5t>y ! moral life may be1 no b\nds c be set to ! gr[? :i* may1 & :i* ,god int5ds %\ld1 result :]ev] ! human w is cons5ti5t4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 no man c claim m]it 9 ! sight ( ,god1 b mu/ ackn[l$ge 8 absolute dep5d5cy ^u div9e grace1 no "o c escape loss or blame if he wilfully fru/rates ,god's design ( m]cy4 ,:atev] my/]y may att5d ! subject ( ,god's sov]eign grace1 ! ,bible nev] pres5ts x z negat+ ! entire fre$om ( man to give or )hold response to ! gift & lead+ ( ! div9e _s4 ,9 ! deepe/ ,new ,te/am5t s5se to be free is to h ! p[] ( act+ accord+ to "o's true nature4 ,a man's ideal is 8 true self1 & all %ort ( t is = him a limitation ( fre$om4 ,inasmu* z no ideal is ev] completely realis$1 true fre$om is n s mu* a possession z a progressive appropriation4 ,x is at once a gift & a task4 ,x conta9s ! tw(old idea ( emancipation #if & submission4 ,m]e deliv]ance f ! l[] self is n lib]ty4 ,fre$om mu/ be complet$ by ! appropriation ( ! high] self & ! acceptance ( ! obligations :i* t self involves4 ,x is to be acquir$ ?r\gh submission to ! tru?4 ',ye %all "k ! tru?1 & ! tru? %all make y free4' ,a man is nev] s free z :5 he is ! bondsman ( ,*ri/4 ,! say+ ( ,/4 ,paul sums up ! secret & ess5ce ( all true fre$om3 ',! law ( ! _s ( life 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus ha? made me free f ! law ( s9 & dea?4' #a ,ma*1 ,erk5ntniss und ,irrtum4 ,vorwort4 ,see also ,die ,analyse d] ,empf9dung51 p4 #bj4 ',das ,si* i/ unrettb>1' he says4 #b ,cf4 ,w4 ,s*midt1 ,d] ,kampf um die ,seele1 p4 #ac4 #c ,cf4 ,euck54 #d ,cf4 ,wallace1 ,logic ( ,hegel1 ,proleg41 p4 #bcc4 #e ,wallace1 ,idem1 p4 #bce4 ,cf4 ,ari/otle's wise man ^: conduct is n kata logon b meta logon4 #f ,proleg41 section #ajh4 #g ,! ,w to ,believe1 p4 #aed4 #h ,! italics are ours4 #i ,creative ,evolution 7,eng4 trans471 p4 #beb4 #aj ,idem1 p4 #bfe4 #aa ,cf4 ,morris1 ,lects4 on ,art1 p4 #aie2 ,bosanquet1 ,hi/4 ( ,ae/hetic1 p4 #dde2 also ,individuality & ,value1 p4 #aff4 #ab ,life's ,basis & ,life's ,ideals1 p4 #aha f4 #ig ,,section ,c ,,"* #ii ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,mod]n ,,!ories ,,( ,,life ,be>+ 9 m9d ! ?ree fundam5tal ideas ly+ at ! root ( all e?ical inquiry--,end1 ,norm1 & ,motive--we h n[ to deal ) ! %ap+ =ces ( ! ,*ri/ian life1 ! mak+ ( "*4 ,9 ?is section1 !re=e1 we %all be engag$ 9 a discussion ( ! ideals1 laws1 & spr+s ( moral action4 ,& fir/1 ,:at is ! supreme good8 ,:at is ! highe/ = :i* a man %\ld live8 ,?is "q det]m9es ! ma9 problem ( life4 ,x =ces itself irresi/ibly ^u u to-day1 & ! answ] to x is ! te/ ( e sy/em ( morals4 ,b be=e endeav\r+ to det]m9e ! di/9ctively ,*ri/ian ideal1 z pres5t$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus & int]pret$ by ! gr[+ ,*ri/ian consci\sness ( mank9d1 x may be well to review briefly "s ( ! ma9 !ories ( life :i* are press+ _! claims ^u our att5tion to-day4 ,_m ( ^! mod]n views h aris5 z a reaction aga9/ traditional religion4 ,f ! sev5te5? c5tury onw>ds1 & especially dur+ ! n9ete5?1 !re has be5 a gr[+ disposition to call 9 "q ! ,*ri/ian conception ( life4 ,! antagonism reveals itself n only 9 a di/ru/ ( all =ms ( religion1 b also 9 a crav+ = wid] culture4 ,! old c]titudes fail to satisfy m5 :o h acquir$ new habits ( reflection1 & !re is a dis9cl9ation to accept a s*eme ( life :i* seems to n>r[ human int]e/s & exclude su* dep>tm5ts z sci5ce1 art1 & politics4 ,"o reason ( ?is *ange is to be f\nd 9 ! wond]ful advance ( sci5ce dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,m5's m9ds1 )drawn #ajj f prim>y1 & fix$ ^u second>y causes1 h refus$ to believe t ! ord] ( nature c be di/urb$ by sup]natural int]v5tion4 ,:e!r ! mod]n antipa?y to ,*ri/ianity is ju/ifi$ is n ! "q at pres5t be=e u4 ,we may see 9 ! movem5ts ( our day n s mu* a pro( t ! old fai? is false1 z an indication t if ,*ri/ianity is to rega9 its p[] a radical re-/atem5t ( its tru?s1 & a m compreh5sive application ( its pr9ciples to life z a :ole mu/ be und]tak54 ,9 ! endeav\r to f9d an all-embrac+ ideal ( life two possibilities pres5t !mselves1 aris+ f two diff]5t ways ( view+ man4 ,human life is 9 "o aspect receptive2 9 ano!r1 active4 ,x may be reg>d$ z dep5d5t ^u nature = its ma9t5ance1 or z a creative p[] ^: function is n m]ely to receive :at nature supplies1 b to re-%ape nature's mat]ials & create a new spiritual _w4 ,receptivity & activity are insep>able1 & =m toge!r ! h>moni\s rhy?m ( life4 ,b !re has ev] be5 a t5d5cy to emphasise "o or o!r ( ^! aspects4 ,! "q has con/antly aris51 ,:i* is ! m important = life--:at we receive or :at we create8 ,accord+ly two contra/$ conceptions ( life h appe>$--a naturali/ic & an ideali/ic4 ,"u ! fir/ we und]/& ^? !ories :i* place man 9 ! realm ( s5se & expla9 life by mat]ial conditions2 "u ! second we gr\p su* sy/ems z give to life an indep5d5t creative p[]4 ,i ,,naturali/ic ,,t5d5cy #a4 ,naturalism has usually tak5 ?ree =ms1 an idyllic or poetic1 a philosophic1 & a sci5tific1 ( :i* ,r\sseau1 ,feu]ba*1 & ,haeckel may be *os5 z repres5tatives4 7#a7 ,accord+ to ,r\sseau1 man is really a "p ( nature1 #aja & only z he con=ms to h] laws & f9ds 8 satisfaction 9 :at %e gives c he be truly happy4 ,nature is ! "m ( u all1 & only z we all[ h] _s to p]vade & n\ri% our be+ d we really live4 ,! wat*word1 'back to nature' may be said to h giv5 ! fir/ impulse to ! lat] call ( ! 'simple life1' :i* has aris5 z a prote/ aga9/ ! luxury1 o/5tation1 & artificiality ( mod]n times4 7#b7 ,! philosophical =m ( naturalism1 z exp\nd$ by ,feu]ba*1 inveighs aga9/ an ideali/ic int]pretation ( life4 ,! au?or ( ,! ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity />t$ z a disciple ( ,hegel1 b soon rev]s$ ! ,hegelian pr9ciple1 & pron\nc$ ! spiritual _w to be a fiction ( ! m9d4 ,man belongs ess5tially to ! e>?1 & is gov]n$ by 8 s5ses4 ,self-int]e/ is 8 only motive1 & egoism 8 sole law ( life4 ,x 0 only :at might be expect$1 t ! ultimate consequ5ces ( ?is philosophy ( ! s5ses %\ld be drawn by a disciple ( ,feu]ba*1 ,max ,/irn]1#a 9 ^: "w1 ,! ,individual & ,8 ,prop]ty1 ! virtues ( egoism are extoll$1 & contempt is p\r$ ^u all dis9t]e/$ness & altruism4 7#c7 ,! late/ =m ( naturalism is ! sci5tific or moni/ic1 z repres5t$ by ,haeckel4 ,x may be describ$ z sci5tific 9 s f> z its au?or pr(esses to d$uce ! moral life f biological pr9ciples4 ,9 ! *apt]#b devot$ to ,e?ics 9 8 "w1 ,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 8 pron\ncem5ts ^u morality are n sci5tifically d]iv$1 b simply dogmatically assum$4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( monism is t ! univ]se is a unity 9 :i* no di/9ction exi/s betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! spiritual4 ,9 ?is _w z we "k x !re reigns only "o k9d ( law1 ! inv>iable law ( nature4 ,! s-call$ spiritual life ( man is n an indep5d5t realm hav+ its own rights & aims2 x belongs :olly to nature4 ,! moral _w is a prov9ce ( ! physical1 & ! key to all ! dep>tm5ts ( reality is to be f\nd 9 sci5ce #ajb alone4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution is br\ght into ! s]vice ( monism1 & ! attempt is made to prove t 9 ! v process ( biological developm5t human ?\ght1 moral s5tim5t1 & social in/9cts h be5 evolv$4 ,) a curi\s sacrifice ( consi/5cy1 ,haeckel does n agree ) ,feu]ba* 9 exalt+ egoism to ! place ( supremacy 9 ! moral life4 ,he recognises two k9ds ( duty--duty to self & duty to society4 ,! social s5se once creat$ is p]man5t1 & rises to ev]-fre% developm5ts4 ,b b5evol5ce1 l e o!r obligation1 is1 accord+ to evolution>y monism1 a product evolv$ f ! battle ( exi/5ce4 ,trac$ to its s\rce1 x has its spr+ 9 ! physical organism1 & is b an enl>gem5t ( ! ego4#c ,! moni/ic naturalism ( ,haeckel (f]s no high ideal to life4 ,its ,e?ics is b a glorifi$ egoism4 ,its dictates nev] rise above ! impulses d]iv$ f nature4 ,b n religion only ) its k+dom ( ,god1 nor morality only ) its imp]atives1 nor art ) its p[] ( idealis+ ! _w ( nature1 b ev5 sci5ce itself1 ) its claim to unify & organise facts1 proves t man /&s ap>t f1 & is high] ?an1 ! mat]ial _w4 ,! v exi/5ce ( su* activities 9 ! invisible realm r5d]s va9 e attempt to r$uce ! spiritual to ! natural1 & to make tru?1 goodness & beauty m]e outgr[?s ( nature4 #b4 ,on its e?ical side naturalism is closely associat$ ) ! !ory ( life :i* be>s ! "n ( utilit>ianism--! !ory :i* reg>ds pleasure or pr(it z ! aim ( man4 ,9 its mo/ indep5d5t =m ,h$onism c h>dly be said to exi/ n[ z a reason$ !ory4 ,c>ri$ out to its extreme consequ5ces x r$uces man to a m]e animal4 ,h5ce a type ( reflective egoism has tak5 ! place ( animal gratification1 & ! idea ( ult]ior b5efit has succe$$ to t ( imm$iate pleasure4 ,! names associat$ ) ?is !ory ( morals are ^? ( ,hobbes1 ,b5?am1 & ! two ,mills4 ,hobbes1 #ajc :o prea*es undilut$ egoism1#d may be reg>d$ z ! fa!r ( utilit>ianism4 ,b ! title 0 fir/ appli$ to ! s*ool ( ,b5?am4#e ,b5?am's wat*word 0 'utility' express$ 9 8 fam\s =mula--',! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4' ,:ile r5\nc+ ! ab/ract ideal ( equality1 he yet ass]t$ ! equal claim ( e individual to happ9ess4 ,9 its di/ribution 'ea* is to c\nt = "o1 & no "o = m ?an "o4' ,h5ce ,b5?am insi/$ ^u an exact quantitative calculation ( ! consequ5ces ( our actions z ! only suffici5t guide to conduct4 ,! end is ! production ( ! maximum ( pleasure & ! m9imum ( pa94 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill modifi$ consid]ably ! pr9ciple ( utility by introduc+ ! doctr9e ( ! qualitative diff]5ce 9 pleasures4#f ,:ile ,b5?am assum$ self-int]e/ z ! only motive ( conduct1 ,mill affirm$ ! possibility ( altruism 9 ! motive z well z 9 ! end or crit]ion ( "r actions4#g ,?us ! idea ( utility 0 ext5d$ to embrace high] moral ends4 ,b ! anti!sis betwe5 ! 'self' & ! 'o!r' 0 n ov]come4 ,to introduce ! notion ( sympa?y1 z ,adam ,smi? & o!rs did1 is to beg ! "q4 ,try z y w1 y _c d$uce b5evol5ce f selfi%ness4 ,! "q = ! utilit>ian mu/ always arise1 ',h[ f> ought ,i to foll[ my natural desires1 & h[ f> my altrui/ic8' ,!re mu/ be a con/ant conflict1 & he c only be at peace ) himself by /rik+ a balance4 ,! utilit>ian mu/ be a legali/4 ,! pr9ciple ( self-sacrifice does n spr+ f 8 inn] be+4 ,tru?1 love1 sacrifice--all t gives to man 8 true wor? z a be+ /&+ 9 vital relation to ,god--are only artificial adaptations bas$ on conv5i5ce & g5]al advantage4 #c4 ,evolution>y e?ics1 z exp\nd$ by ,sp5c] & o!rs1 ?\gh employ+ utilit>ian pr9ciples1 af=ds an ampl] & m plausible acc\nt ( life ?an e>ly #ajd ,h$onism4#h ,! evolutioni/s h enri*$ ! idea ( happ9ess by quietly slipp+ 9 _m ends :i* really belong to ! idea ( ! 'good4' ,z ! t]m 'gravitation' 0 ! magic ^w ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 s ! ^w 'evolution' is ! talisman ( ! pres5t age4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t x is a sublime & fruitful idea4 ,x expla9s mu* 9 nature & hi/ory :i* ! old /atic notion fail$ to acc\nt =4 ,x has a great deal to tea* u ev5 9 ! spiritual sph]e4 ,b :5 appli$ to life z a :ole1 & :5 x is assum$ to be ! sole explanation ( moral action1 x is apt to rob ! w ( its initiative & r$uce all moral a*ievem5ts to m]ely natural factors 9 an unfold+ drama ( life4 ,! s\l itself1 ) all its manife/ations & exp]i5ces1 is treat$ simply z ! resultant & h>moni\s effect ( adaptation to environm5t4 ,man is reg>d$ z ! highe/ animal1 ! mo/ ri*ly specialis$ organism--! la/ ( a long s]ies 9 ! developm5t ( life1 ! out/&+ feature ( :i* is ! acquir$ p[] ( complete adju/m5t to ! _w1 ( :i* x is a "p4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re is no room = a p]sonal ,god 9 ?is me*anical !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,! _w becomes inevitably '! ,be all & ! ,end all4' ,h5ce1 z might be expect$1 :ile evolution>y ,e?ics claims to cov] ! :ole range ( ?is pres5t life1 x does n pret5d to ext5d into ! regions ( ! h]eaft]4 ,x is conc]n$ only ) :at x conceives to be ! highe/ e>?ly good--! mat]ial & social well-be+ ( mank9d4 ,b no !ory ( life c be pron\nc$ satisfactory :i* expla9s man 9 t]ms ( ?is e>? alone4 ,! ',great ,unkn[n' :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] posits#i z ! ultimate s\rce ( all p[]1 is a =ce to be reckon$ )2 &1 kn[n or unkn[n1 is ! mightie/ factor 9 all life's exp]i5ces4 ,man's spiritual nature 9 its :ole range _c be treat$ z ( no acc\nt4 ',! p[]s ( ! _w to come' h an ess5tial be>+ ^u human #aje conduct 9 ?is _w4 ,!y %ape our ?\ghts & det]m9e our ideals4 ,h5ce any view ( life :i* excludes f consid]ation ! spiritual side ( man1 & limits 8 horizon by ! ?+s ( ?is e>? mu/ ( necessity be inadequate & unsatisfactory4 #d4 ,closely connect$ )1 &1 inde$1 aris+ out (1 ! evolution>y !ory1 ano!r type ( ?\ght1 preval5t to-day1 falls to be not$--! sociali/ic t5d5cy4 ,x is n[ univ]sally recognis$ t ! individual _c be treat$ z an isolat$ be+1 b only 9 relation to society ( :i* he is a "p4 ,! emphasis is laid ^u ! solid>ity ( mank9d1 & man is expla9$ by su* social facts z h]$ity & environm5t4 ,m>x & ,engels1 ! pione]s ( ! sociali/ic movem5t1 accept$ 9 ! fulle/ s5se ! sci5tific doctr9e ( evolution4 ,s f> f be+ a m]e ,utopian dream1 ,m>x cont5ds t ,socialism is ! inevitable outcome ( ! movem5t ( mod]n society4 ,! aim ( ! agitation is to br+ m5 to a cle> consci\sness ( a process :i* is go+ =w>d 9 all c\ntries :]e ! mod]n indu/rial me?ods prevail4 ,democracy mu/ come to itself & assume its rights4 ,! keynote ( ! pa/ has be5 ! exploitation ( man by man 9 ! ?ree =ms ( slav]y1 s]fdom1 & wage-lab\r4 ,! keynote ( ! future mu/ be ! exploitation ( ! e>? by man associat$ to man4 ,! practical aim ( ,socialism is t indu/ry is to be c>ri$ on by associat$ lab\r]s jo9tly own+ ! means ( production4 ,"h1 aga91 ! all-p]vad+ ideal is--! g5]al good ( society--! happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,! r$uction ( all aims to a common level1 ! equalis+ ( social conditions1 ! direction & control ( all private int]e/s & p]sonal endeav\rs1 are to be means to "o end--! mat]ial good ( ! community4 ,socialism is n1 h[ev]1 conf9$ to an agitation = mat]ial welf>e4 ,! indu/rial aspect ( x is only a phase ( a l>g] movem5t4 ,on its e?ical side x is ! outcome ( a /rong aspiration aft] a high] life4#aj ,! _w is awak5+ to #ajf ! fact t ! majority ( ! human family has be5 virtually exclud$ f all p>ticipation 9 man's inh]itance ( k & culture4 ,! lab\r+ classes h be5 f "t immemorial sunk 9 drudg]y & ignorance1 be>+ ! burd5 ( society )\t %>+ 9 its happ9ess4 ,x is cont5d$ t e man ought to h an opportunity ( mak+ ! mo/ ( 8 life & obta9+ full fre$om = ! developm5t ( body & m9d4 ,! aim to secure ju/ice = ! _m1 to protect ! weak aga9/ ! /rong1 to mitigate ! fi]c5ess ( competition1 to br+ ab\t a bett] und]/&+ betwe5 capital & lab\r1 & to ga9 = all a m elevat$ & expansive exi/5ce1 is n m]ely consi/5t )1 b indisp5sable to1 a true ,*ri/ian conception ( life4 ,b ! "q :i* naturally arises is1 h[ ?is re=mation is to be br\ght ab\t4 ,nev] be=e h s _m revolution>y s*emes be5 propos$1 & s _m social panaceas = a bett] _w set =?4 ,x is1 inde$1 a hopeful sign ( ! times t ! age ( unconc]n is gone & ! temp] ( cauti\s inaction has yield$ to sci5tific diagnosis & c\rage\s treatm5t4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t ! exclusively utilit>ian position t5ds to l[] ! moral ideal1 & t ! exagg]at$ emphasis ^u ! social aspect ( life fails to d ju/ice to ! indep5d5ce ( ! individual4 ,! t5d5cy ( mod]n political ?\ght is to increase ! control ( gov]nm5t1 & to reg>d all dep>tm5ts ( activity z bran*es ( ! /ate1 to be held & work$ = ! g5]al good ( ! community4 ,?us !re is a dang] t ! individual may gradually lose all initiative1 & life be impov]i%$ "u a co]cive me*anical sy/em4 ,socialism 9 its extreme =m might easily become a new k9d ( tyranny4 ,by ! e/abli%m5t ( collectivism1 by mak+ ! /ate ! sole own] ( all weal?1 ! sole employ] ( lab\r1 & ! controll] ( sci5ce & art1 z well z ( education & religion1 !re is a dang] ( cru%+ ! spiritual side ( man1 & giv+ to all life & endeav\r a m]ely naturali/ic "* & cont5t4 #ajg #e4 ,x 0 inevitable t an exagg]at$ insi/5ce ^u ! importance ( society %\ld provoke an equally "o-sid$ emphasis ^u ! wor? ( ! individual1 & t z a prote/ aga9/ ! dem&s ( ,socialism !re %\ld arise a =m ( subjectivism :i* aims at complete self-affirmation4 7#a7 ,?is t5d5cy has receiv$ ! "n ( ae/hetic-individualism4 ,z a conception ( life x may be reg>d$ z int]m$iate betwe5 naturalism & idealism4 ,:ile root$ 9 a mat]iali/ic view ( life1 x is m\ld$ 9 ! h&s ( its be/ advocates by spiritual aspirations4 ,its /&po9t may be *>act]is$ z a !ory ( exi/5ce :i* seeks ! highe/ value ( life 9 ! realm ( ! beautiful1 & :i* !re=e endeav\rs to promote ! supreme good ( ! individual ?r\gh devotion to art4 ,n only does ! cultivation ( art t5d 9 itself to elevate life by conc5trat+ ! s\l ^u all t is faire/ & noble/ 9 ! _w1 b ! be/ means ( enri*+ & ennobl+ life is to reg>d life itself z a "w ( art4 ,?is view ( exi/5ce1 x is claim$1 wid5s ! scope ( exp]i5ce1 & leads u into ampl] worlds ( int]e/ & enjoym5t4 ,x aims at giv+ to p]sonality a r\nd$ complet5ess1 & br++ ! manifold p[]s & passions ( man into h>moni\s unity4 ,z a !ory ( life x is n new4 ,already ,plato1 & /ill m ,ari/otle1 ma9ta9$ t a true man mu/ seek 8 highe/ satisfaction n 9 ! possession ( ext]nal ?+s1 b 9 ! mo/ complete manife/ation ( 8 faculties4 ,individual ae/heticism l>gely animat$ ! ,romantic movem5t ( ,g]many at ! beg9n+ ( la/ c5tury4 ,b probably ! be/ illu/ration ( x is to be f\nd 9 ,goe! & ,s*ill]2 :ile 9 our c\ntry ,mat!w ,arnold has giv5 x a p[]ful & p]suasive exposition4 ,x 0 ! aim ( ,goe! to m\ld 8 life into a "w ( art1 & all 8 activities & poetic aspirations 7 subord9at$ to ?is end4 ,! beautiful h>moni\s life is ! true life1 ! well-r\nd$ :ole f :i* mu/ be bani%$ ev]y?+ n>r[1 vulg>1 & di/a/eful1 & 9 :i* #ajh ev]y?+ fair & noble mu/ f9d expression4 ',ea* individual1' says ,s*ill]1 'is at once fitt$ & de/9$ = a pure ideal manhood4' ,& ! atta9m5t ( ?is ideal requires f u ! mo/ zeal\s self-culture & a conc5tration ( ef=t ^u our own peculi> gifts4#aa ,a new =m ( ae/heticism has lately appe>$ :i* pret5ds to comb9e morality & culture4 ',! ,new ,e?ic1'#ab z x is call$1 prote/s aga9/ ! sombr5ess ( religi\s traditions & ! rigidity ( moral re/rictions1 & assigns to art ! function ( emancipat+ man & idealis+ life4 ,b :at ?is movem5t really (f]s "u its new cat*word is simply a subtl] =m ( epicureanism1 a f9] self-indulg5ce4 ,x is ! expression ( a desire to be free f all re/ra9t1 to close "o's eyes to ! 'maje/y ( human suff]+1' all[+ "o's ?\ghts to dwell only ^u ! agreeable & gay 9 life4 ,x reg>ds man z simply ! sum-total ( 8 natural incl9ations1 & conceives duty to be no?+ else ?an ! endeav\r to br+ ^! into equilibrium4 ,t ! ae/hetic culture ( life is a legitimate elem5t 9 ,*ri/ian morality c h>dly be d5i$ by any "o :o has pond]$ ! mean+ 9 all its bread? ( ! natural simplicity & spiritual beauty ( ! manife/ation ( ! ,son ( ,man4 ,! beautiful1 ! good1 & ! true are intimately connect$1 & con/itute toge!r all t is conceivably highe/ 9 life4 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics ought to include ev]y?+ t is graci\s & fair2 & any !ory ( life t has no room = joy & beauty1 = laught] & song1 = appreciation ( arti/ic or poetic expression1 is surely defici5t4 ,b x is "o ?+ to ackn[l$ge ^! ?+s2 x is ano!r to make !m ! :ole ( exi/5ce4 ,we live 9 a _w 9 :i* mu* else besides beauty & joy exi/s1 & x is n by %irk+ contact ) ! unlovely phases ( exp]i5ce1 b by resolutely accept+ ! m9i/ry ( sorr[ !y impose1 #aji t we atta9 to our highe/ selves4 ,! n>r[ ,puritanism ( a pa/ age may ne$ ! corrective ( ! broad] ,humanism ( to-day1 b n less mu/ ! ,e?ic ( self-culture be re9=c$ by ! ,e?ic ( self-sacrifice4 ,we may n cultivate ! beauty ( life at ! co/ ( duty1 nor =get t x is (t5 only ?r\gh ! immolation ( self t ! self c be realis$4 7#b7 ,:ile ! ,romantic movem5t1 ( :i* ,goe! 0 ! mo/ illu/ri\s repres5tative1 did mu* to enl>ge life & ennoble ! :ole expanse ( be+1 its extreme subjectivism & ari/ocratic exclusiv5ess f\nd ultimate expression 7a7 9 ! pessimism ( ,s*op5hau]1 & ! arrogance ( ,nietzs*e4 ,! alliance betwe5 art & morality 0 dissolv$4 ,! imag9ation scorn$ all fett]s &1 9 its crav+ = novelty & contempt ( conv5tion1 became ! organ ( individual caprice & lic5ce4 ,9 ,nietzs*e--t /range erratic g5ius--at once arti/1 philosoph]1 & rhapsodi/--?is philosophy ( life f\nd brilliant if biz>re utt]ance4 ,if ,s*op5hau] r$uces exi/5ce to no?+1 & f9ds 9 oblivion & ext9ction its solution1 7b7 ,nietzs*e seeks r to magnify life by /rik+ ! note ( a pr\d & defiant optimism4 ,he claims = ! individual limitless rights2 &1 repudiat+ all moral ties1 ass]ts ! complete sov]eignty ( ! self-suffic+ ego4 ,) a deep-root$ hatr$ ( ! prevail+ t5d5cies ( civilisation1 he comb9es a vehem5t desire = a ri*] & unre/ra9$ developm5t ( human p[]4 ,he w\ld n only revalue all moral values1 b rev]se all ideas ( "r & wrong4 ,he w\ld so> 'beyond good & evil1' decl>+ t ! prevail+ judgm5ts ( mank9d are p]nici\s prejudices :i* h too long tyrannis$ ov] ! _w4 ,he ackn[l$ges himself to be n a morali/1 b an 'immorali/1' & he bids u break 9 pieces ! anci5t tables ( ! ,decalogue4 ,*ri/ianity is ! mo/ debas+ =m ( slave-morality4 ,x has made a m]it ( weakness & s]vility1 & giv5 ! "n ( virtue to su* imbecilities z meekness & self-sacrifice4 ,he calls ^u ! individual to exalt himself4 ,! man ( #aaj ! future is to be ! man ( self-ma/]y & virile =ce1 '! ,sup]man1' :o is to cru% "u 8 heel ! cr++ h]d ( weakl+s :o h hi!rto possess$ ! _w4 ,! e>? is = ! /rong1 ! capable1 ! few4 ,a mighty race1 self-ass]tive1 full ( vitality & w1 is ! goal ( humanity4 ,! vital significance ( ,nietzs*e's radicalism lies less 9 its positive a*ievem5t ?an 9 its /imulat+ effect4 ,?\gh 8 acc\nt ( ,*ri/ianity is a c>icature1 8 /rong invective has done mu* to correct ! s5tim5tal rose-wat] view ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? :i* has be5 curr5t 9 "s pieti/ic circles4 ,! ,sup]man1 ) all its vagu5ess1 is a noble1 inspir+ ideal4 ,! problem ( ! race is to produce a high] manhood1 to realise :i* !re is ne$ = sacrifice & c\rage4 ,nietzs*e is ! spiritual fa!r & =]unn] ( ! ,eug5ics4 ,! ,sup]man is n born1 he is br$4 ,our passions mu/ be our s]vants4 ,ob$i5ce & fidelity1 self-discipl9e & c\rage are ! virtues ^u :i* he insi/s4 ',be ma/] ( life4 4 4 4' ',i call y to a new nobility4 ,ye %all become ! procreators & s[]s ( ! future4' ,:ile !re is mu* t is sugge/ive 9 ,nietzs*e's sca?+ criticisms1 & _m passages ( /rik+ beauty 9 8 books1 he is /rong] 9 8 d5ials ?an 8 affirmations1 & x is ! negative side t 8 foll[]s h fa/5$ ^u & develop$4 ,sud]mann1 ! noveli/1 has c>ri$ 8 philosophy ( egoism to its extreme4 ,?is writ]1 9 a "w entitl$ ,sodom's ,end1 affirms t !re is no?+ holy & no?+ evil4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z duty or love4 ,only n]ves exi/4 ,! ',sup]man' becomes a mon/]4 ,su* tea*+ c sc>cely be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,x conveys no helpful message4 ,x is ! p]v]sion ( life's ideal4 ,z a pass+ phase ( ?\ght x is int]e/+1 b x solves no problems2 x advances no tru?s4 ,x resembles a :irlw9d :i* helps to cle> ! air & drive away sup]flu\s leaves1 b x does little to quick5 or exp& new se$s ( life4 #aaa ,,ii ,,ideali/ic ,,t5d5cy #a4 ,mod]n ,idealism 0 inaugurat$ by ,kant4 ,kant's significance = ?\ght lies 9 8 tw(old dem& = a new basis ( k & morality4 ,he conceiv$ t bo? are possible1 & t bo? are int]dep5d5t1 & h b "o solution4 ,! solution1 h[ev]1 c\ld only be a*iev$ by a radical *ange ( me?od1 & by ! introduction ( new /&>ds ( value4 ,kant's !ory ( morals 0 an attempt to reconcile ! two oppos+ e?ical pr9ciples :i* 7 curr5t 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,on ! "o side1 ! ,reali/s treat$ man simply z a natural be+1 & accord+ly dem&$ a pursuance ( 8 natural impulses4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! ,dogmati/s conceiv$ t conduct mu/ be gov]n$ by div9e sanctions4 ,bo? !ories agre$ 9 reg>d+ happ9ess z ! end ( life2 ! "o ! happ9ess ( s5su\s enjoym5t2 ! o!r1 t ( div9e fav\r4 ,bo? set an end outside ( man himself z ! basis ( _! e?ical doctr9e4 ,kant 0 dissatisfi$ ) ?is explanation ( ! moral life4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 :i* arises is1 ,:5ce comes ! idea ( duty :i* is an und5iable fact ( our exp]i5ce8 ,if x came m]ely f )\t1 x c\ld nev] speak to u ) absolute au?ority1 nor claim unque/ion+ ob$i5ce4 ,t :i* comes f )\t dep5ds = its ju/ification ^u "s consequ5ce ext]nal to our action1 & mu/ be bas$1 inde$1 ^u "s excitem5t ( rew>d or pa94 ,b t w\ld de/roy x z a moral good2 s9ce no?+ c be morally good t is n pursu$ = its own sake4 ,kant1 !re=e1 seeks to %[ t ! law ( ! moral life mu/ orig9ate )9 u1 mu/ spr+ f an inh]5t pr9ciple ( our own rational nature4 ,h5ce ! di/9ctive feature ( ,kant's moral !ory is ! enunciation ( ! ',categorical ,imp]ative'--! supreme inn] dem& ( reason4 ,f ?is pr9ciple ( autonomy !re arise at once ! notions ( man's fre$om & ! law's #aab univ]sality4 ,self-det]m9ation is ! presupposition ( all morality4 ,b :at is true = "o is true = all4 ,ea* man is a memb] ( a rational ord]1 & possesses ! inali5able indep5d5ce & ! moral dignity ( be+ an end 9 himself4 ,h5ce ! =mula ( all duty is1 ',act f a maxim at all times fit to be a univ]sal law4' ,x is ! m]it ( ,kant t he has giv5 cle> expression to ! maje/y ( ! moral law4 ,no ?9k] has m /rongly ass]t$ man's spiritual nature or done m to free ! ideal ( duty f all individual n>r[ness & selfi% int]e/4 ,b ,kant's pr9ciple ( duty lab\rs "u ! defect1 t :ile x det]m9es ! =m1 x tells u no?+ ( ! cont5t ( duty4 ,we le>n f him ! gr&eur ( ! moral law1 b n its ess5ce or motive-p[]4 ,he does n cle>ly expla9 :at x is 9 ! inn] nature ( man t gives to obligation its univ]sal validity or ev5 its dom9at+ =ce4 ,z a rec5t writ] truly says1 ',9 ord] t morality may be possible at all1 its law mu/ be realis$ 9 me1 b :ile ! way 9 :i* x is realis$ is m9e1 ! cont5t is n m9e2 o!rwise ! :ole conception ( obligation is de/roy$4'#ac ,if ! s\l's function is purely =mal h[ c we atta9 to a self-conta9$ life8 ,moreov]1 if ! fre$om :i* ,kant assigns to man is really to a*ieve a high] ideal & br+ =? a new _w1 mu/ !re n be "s spiritual p[] or en]gy1 "s dynamic =ce1 :i*1 :ile x is )9 man1 is also )\t1 & indep5d5t (1 him8 ',duty = duty's sake' lacks lift+ p[]1 & is ! ess5ce ( legalism4 ,love1 aft] all1 is ! fulfill+ ( ! law4 #b4 ,to ov]come ! ,kantian ab/raction1 & give cont5t to ! =mal law ( reason 0 ! aim ( ! ideali/ic writ]s :o succe$$ him4 ,fi*te conceiv$ ( morality z action--self-consci\sness realis+ itself 9 a _w ( de$s4 ,hegel />t$ ) ! ,idea z ! s\rce ( all reality1 & develop$ ! conception ( ,p]sonality atta9+ self-realisation ?r\gh ! gr[+ consci\sness ( ! _w & ( ,god4 ,p]sonality involves capacity4 ,! #aac law ( life1 !re=e1 is1 ',be a p]son & respect o!rs z p]sons4'#ad ,man only comes to himself z he becomes consci\s t 8 life is root$ 9 a l>g] self4 ,morality is j ! gradual unfold+ ( an et]nal purpose ^: :ole is ! p]fection ( humanity4 ,x has be5 object$ t ! idea ( life z an evolution>y process1 :i* f9ds its mo/ impos+ embodim5t 9 ! sy/em ( ,hegel1 if consi/5tly c>ri$ out1 de/roys all p]sonal motive & self-det]m9+ activity1 & r$uces ! hi/ory ( ! _w to a s\lless me*anism4 ,hegel himself 0 aw>e ( ?is objection1 & ! :ole aim ( 8 philosophy 0 to %[ t p]sonality has no mean+ if x be n ! gr[+ consci\sness ( ! inf9ite4 ,! m rec5t expon5ts ( 8 tea*+ h endeav\r$ to prove t ! individual1 s f> f be+ suppress$1 is really express$ 9 ! process1 t1 inde$1 :ile ! univ]sal life und]lies1 unifies1 & directs ! p>ticul> phases ( exi/5ce1 ! individual 9 realis+ himself is at ! same "t det]m9+ & evolv+ ! l>g] spiritual _w--a _w already implicitly pres5t 9 8 e>lie/ consci\sness & fir/ /riv+s4 ,! absolute is inde$ )9 u f ! v beg9n+1 b we h to "w x out4 ,h5ce life is a*iev$ ?r\gh conflict4 ,! univ]se is n a place = pleasure or apa?y4 ,x is a place = s\l-mak+4 ,no re/ is to be f\nd by an indol5t )drawal f ! _w ( reality4 ',9 "o way or ano!r1 9 lab\r1 9 le>n+1 & 9 religion1 e man has 8 pilgrimage to make1 8 self to rem\ld & to acquire1 8 _w & surr\nd+s to trans=m4 4 4 4 ,x is 9 ?is adv5ture1 & n ap>t f x1 t we f9d & ma9ta9 ! p]sonality :i* we suppose ourselves to possess ab initio4'#ae ,! s\l is a _w 9 itself2 b x is n1 & mu/ n be treat$ z1 an isolat$ p]sonality imp]vi\s to ! m9d ( o!rs4 ,at ea* /age ( its evolution x is ! focus & expression ( a l>g] _w4 ,a man does n value himself z a deta*$ subject1 b z ! #aad inh]itor ( gifts :i* are focus$ 9 him4 ,man1 9 %ort1 is a tru/ee = ! _w2 & suff]+ & privation are among 8 opportunities4 ,! "q = ea* is1 ,h[ mu* c he make ( !m8 ,some?+ above u !re mu/ be to make u d & d>e & hope1 & ! important ?+ is n "o's sep>ate de/9y1 b ! complet5ess ( exp]i5ce & "o's contribution to x4#af #c4 ,x 0 inevitable t !re %\ld arise a reaction aga9/ ! extreme ,intellectualism ( ,hegel & 8 s*ool1 & t a conception ( exi/5ce :i* lays ! emphasis ^u ! claims ( practical life %\ld gr[ 9 fav\r4 ,! pursuit ( k t5d$ to become m]ely a means ( promot+ human well-be+4 ,! fir/ def9ite attempt to =mulate a specific !ory ( k ) ?is practical aim 9 view takes ! =m ( :at is kn[n z ',pragmatism4' ,! mod]n use ( ?is t]m is *iefly connect$ ) ! "n ( ! late ,pr(essor ,james1 to ^: brilliant writ+s we are l>gely indebt$ = ! elucidation ( its mean+4 ',pragmatism1' says ,james1 'repres5ts ! empirici/ attitude bo? 9 a m radical & less objectionable =m ?an x has ev] yet assum$4'#ag ,x agrees ) utilit>ianism 9 expla9+ practical aspects1 & ) positivism 9 disda9+ useless ab/ractions4 ,x claims to be a me?od r ?an a sy/em ( philosophy4 ,& its me?od consi/s 9 br++ ! pursuit ( k into close relation%ip ) life4 ,no?+ is to be reg>d$ z true :i* _c be ju/ifi$ by its value = man4 ,! hypo!sis :i* on ! :ole works be/1 :i* mo/ aptly fits ! circum/ances ( a p>ticul> case1 is true4 ,! emphasis is laid n on absolute pr9ciples1 b on consequ5ces4 ,we mu/ n consid] ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1 b 9 _! ref]5ce to ! good ( mank9d4 ,x is useless1 = example1 to speculate ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,if ! hypo!sis ( a deity works satisfactorily1 if ! be/ results foll[ = ! moral well-be+ ( humanity by believ+ 9 a ,god1 #aae !n ! hypo!sis may be tak5 z true4 ,x is true at lea/ = u4 ,tru?1 accord+ to ,pragmatism1 has no indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,x is :olly subjective1 relative1 in/rum5tal4 ,its only te/ is its utility1 its workabl5ess4 ,?is view ( tru?1 ?\gh support$ by mu* +5uity & brilliance1 w\ld seem to contradict ! v idea ( tru?1 & to be subv]sive ( all moral values4 ,if tru? has no indep5d5t validity1 if x is n some?+ to be s\ght = itself1 irrespective ( ! incl9ations & int]e/s ( man1 !n its pursuit c br+ no real enri*m5t to our spiritual be+4 ,x rema9s some?+ ali5 & ext]nal1 a m]e arbitr>y app5dix ( ! self4 ,x is n ! ess5ce & /&>d ( human life4 ,if its sole te/ is :at is advantage\s or pleasant x s9ks into a m]ely utilit>ian op9ion or selfi% bias4 ',tru?1' says ,euck51 'c only exi/ z an end 9 itself4 ,in/rum5tal tru? is no tru? at all4'#ah ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 moreov]1 tru? is apt to be brok5 up into a numb] ( sep>ate fragm5ts )\t correlation or integrat+ unity4 ,!re w be z _m hypo!ses z !re are individual int]e/s4 ,! tru? t seems to "w be/ = "o man or "o age may n be ! tru? t s]ves ano!r4 ,9 ! collision ( op9ions :o is to arbitrate8 ,if x be ! in/itutions & cu/oms ( to-day1 ! pres5t /ate ( morals1 t is to be ! measure ( :at is good1 !n we seem to be committ$ to a condition ( /agnancy1 & involv$ 9 ! que/ ( a d\btful ga94 ,z might be expect$1 ,pr(essor ,james's view ( tru? det]m9es 8 view ( ! _w4 ,x is plurali/ic1 n moni/ic2 meliori/ic1 n optimi/ic4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( him t :5 he discusses ! "q1 ,is life wor? liv+8 8 answ] practically is1 ',yes1 if y believe x is4' ,pragmatism is put =w>d z ! m$iator betwe5 two opposite t5d5cies1 ^? ( 't5d]-m9d$ness' & 't\gh-m9d$ness4' ',! t5d5cy to re/ 9 ! ,absolute is ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( ! t5d]-m9d$2 ! #aaf radically t\gh-m9d$1 on ! o!r h&1 ne$s no religion at all4'#ai ,!re is some?+ to be said = bo? ( ^! views1 ,james ?9ks1 & a compromise w probably be/ meet ! case4 ,h5ce1 aga9/ ^! two ways ( accept+ ! univ]se1 he ma9ta9s ! pragmatic fai? :i* is at once !i/ic1 plurali/ic1 & meliori/ic4 ,he accepts a p]sonal p[] z a workable !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,b ,god ne$ n be inf9ite or all-inclusive1 = 'all t ! facts require is t ! p[] %\ld be bo? o!r & l>g] ?an our common selves4'#bj ,su* a conception ( ,god1 ev5 on ,james's own admission1 is ak9 to poly!ism4 ,& su* poly!ism implies a plurali/ic view ( ! univ]se4 ,! invisible ord]1 9 :i* we hope to realise our l>g] life1 is a _w :i* does n gr[ integrally 9 accordance ) ! preconceiv$ plan ( a s+le ar*itect1 'b piecemeal by ! contributions ( its sev]al p>ts4'#ba ,we make ! _w to our w1 & 'add our fiat to ! fiat ( ! creator4' ,) reg>d to ! supreme "q ( human de/9y ,pr(essor ,james's view is :at he calls 'meliori/ic4' ,!re is a /riv+ = bett] ?+s1 b :at ! ultimate outcome w be1 no "o c say4 ,= ! _w is /ill 9 ! mak+4 ,life is a risk4 ,x has _m possibilities4 ,good & evil are int]m+l$1 & w cont9ue s to be4 ,x is a plurali/ic _w j because ! w ( man is free1 & pr$et]m9ation is exclud$4 ,if good 0 assur$ z ! f9al goal ( ill1 & !re 0 no s5se ( v5ture1 no possibility ( loss or failure1 !n life w\ld lack int]e/1 & moral ef=t w\ld be %orn ( reality & inc5tive4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,james's philosophy ( life !re is mu* t is orig9al & /imulat+1 & x draws att5tion to facts ( exp]i5ce & modes ( ?\ght :i* we 7 9 dang] ( ov]look+4 ,x has compell$ u to consid] ! psy*ological bases ( p]sonality1 & to lay m /ress ^u ! p[] ( ! w & individual *oice 9 ! det]m9+ ( "* & de/9y4 ,x is pre-em95tly #aag a philosophy ( action1 & x emphasises an aspect ( life :i* intellectualism 0 prone to neglect--! function ( p]sonal endeav\r & initiative 9 ! mak+ ( ! _w4 ,x po/ulates ! reality ( a liv+ ,god :o invites our co-op]ation1 & x enc\rages our belief 9 a high] spiritual ord] :i* x is )9 our p[] to a*ieve4 ,pragmatism has hi!rto made headway *iefly 9 ,am]ica & ,brita91 b on its activi/ic side x is ak9 to a new philosophical movem5t :i* has appe>$ 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,! "n g5]ally giv5 to ?is t5d5cy is ',activism' or ',vitalism'--a title *os5 probably 9 ord] to emphasise ! self-activity ( ! p]sonal consci\sness direct$ t[>ds a _w :i* x at once conqu]s & creates4 ,! au?ors ( ?is late/ movem5t are ! ,fr5*man1 ,h5ri ,b]gson1 & ! ,g]man1 ,rudolf ,euck54 ,diff]+ widely 9 _! me?ods & ev5 9 _! conclusions1 !y agree 9 mak+ a direct attack bo? ^u ! realism & ! intellectualism ( ! pa/1 & 9 _! conviction t ! _w is n a '/rung along univ]se1' z ! late ,pr(essor ,james puts x1 b a _w t is be+ made by ! creative p[] & p]sonal fre$om ( man4 ,:ile ,euck5 has = _m ye>s occupi$ a position ( comm&+ influ5ce 9 ! realm ( ?\ght1 ,b]gson has only rec5tly come into notice4 ,! publication ( 8 /rik+ "w1 ,creative ,evolution1 m>ks an epo* 9 speculation1 & is awak5+ ! int]e/ ( ! philosophical _w4#bb #d4 ,) 8 passion = symmetry & complet5ess ,b]gson has evolv$ a :ole !ory ( ! univ]se1 #aah resort+1 /range to say1 to a =m ( reason+ t implies ! validity ( logic1 ! in/rum5t ( ! intellect :i* he nev] we>ies ( impugn+4 ,)\t ent]+ ^u 8 m]ely metaphysical speculations1 we fix ^u 8 !ory ( consci\sness--! relation ( life to ! mat]ial _w--z involv+ c]ta9 e?ical consequ5ces be>+ ^u our subject4 ,! idea ( fre$om is ! corn]-/one ( ,b]gson's sy/em1 & 8 :ole philosophy is a p[]ful v9dication ( ! indep5d5ce & self-det]m9ation ( ! human w4 ,life is free1 spontane\s1 creative & incalculable2 det]m9$ nei!r by natural law nor logical sequ5ce4 ,x c break ?r\gh all causation & ass]t its own "r4 ,x is n1 inde$1 unrelat$ to matt]1 s9ce x has to f9d its ex]cise 9 a mat]ial _w4 ,matt] plays at once1 z he himself says1 ! rle ( ob/acle & /imulus4#bc ,b x is n ! _w ( ?+s :i* legislates = man2 x is man :o legislates = x4 ,b]gson's object is to v9dicate ! autonomy ( consci\sness1 & 8 entire philosophy is a prote/ aga9/ e claim ( det]m9ism to dom9ate life4 ,by introduc+ ! creative w be=e all developm5t1 he displaces me*anical =ce1 & makes ! :ole evolution ( life dep5d5t ^u ! 'vital impulse' :i* pu%es =w>d aga9/ all ob/acles to ev] high] & high] effici5cy4 ,simil>ly1 by draw+ a di/9ction betwe5 intellect & intuition1 he %[s t ! latt] is ! truly creative p[] 9 man :i* p5etrates to ! he>t ( reality & %apes its own _w4 ,intellect & in/9ct h be5 develop$ along div]g5t l9es4 ,! intellect has m]ely a practical function4 ,x is relat$ to ! ne$s ( action4#bd ,x is ! faculty ( manufactur+ artificial objects1 especially tools to make tools4#be ,x deals ) solids & geometrical figures1 & its in/rum5t is logic4 ,b accord+ to ,b]gson x has an inh]5t incapacity to deal ) life4#bf ,:5 we contra/ ! rigidity & sup]ficiality ( intellect ) ! fluidity1 sympa?y & intimacy ( intuition1 we see at once :]e9 #aai lies ! true creative p[] ( man4 ,developm5t1 :5 c>ri$ too exclusively along ! l9es ( intellect1 means loss ( w-p[]2 & we h se5 h[1 n individuals alone1 b entire nations1 may be cru%$ & de/roy$ by a too rigid devotion to me*anical & /]eotyp$ me?ods ( ?\ght4 ,only life is adequate to deal ) life4 ,let u give free expression to ! intuitive & sympa!tic =ce )9 u1 'feel ! wild pulsation ( life1' if we w\ld conqu] ! _w & come to our own4 ',! spectacle1' says ,b]gson1 '( life f ! v beg9n+ d[n to man sugge/s to u ! image ( a curr5t ( consci\sness :i* fl[s d[n into matt] z into a tunnel1 mo/ ( ^: endeav\rs to advance 4 4 4 are /opp$ by a rock t is too h>d1 b :i*1 9 "o direction at lea/1 prove successful1 & break out into ! light once m4'#bg ,b !re life does n /op4 ',all t5d$ to mank9d1 ,b 9 complet$ man beg9s anew ,a t5d5cy to ,god4'#bh ,?is creative consci\sness /ill pu%es on1 giv+ to matt] its own life1 & draw+ f matt] its nutrim5t & /r5g?4 ,! ef=t is pa9ful1 b 9 mak+ x we feel t x is preci\s1 m preci\s p]haps ?an ! p>ticul> "w x results 91 because ?r\gh x we h be5 mak+ ourselves1 'rais+ ourselves above ourselves4' ,& 9 ?is !re is ! true joy ( life--! joy :i* e creator feels--! joy ( a*ievem5t & triumph4 ,?us n only is ! self be+ creat$1 b ! _w is be+ made--orig9al & incalculable--n accord+ to a preconceiv$ plan or logical sequ5ce1 b by ! free spontane\s w ( man4 ,! s\l is ! creative =ce--! real productive ag5t ( novelty 9 ! _w4 ,! /range ?+ is t ! s\l creates n ! _w only1 b itself4 ,:5ce comes ?is my/ic p[]8 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ! s\l8 ,b]gson does n say4 ,b 9 "o passage he sugge/s t #abj possibly ! _w ( matt] & consci\sness h ! same orig9--! pr9ciple ( life :i* is ! great prius ( all t is & is to be4 ,b ,b]gson's 'lan vital1' ?\gh m satisfactory ?an ! fir/ cause ( ! naturali/1 or ! 'great unkn[n' ( ! evolutioni/1 or ev5 ?an "s =ms ( ! absolute1 is itself admitt$ly outside ! pale ( reason--inexplicable1 indef9able1 & incalculable4 ,! new 'vitalism' unfolds a liv+ self-evolv+ univ]se1 a re/less1 unf9i%$ & nev]-to-be-f9i%$ developm5t--! scope & goal ( :i* _c be =ese5 or expla9$4 ,an inf9ite numb] ( possibilities op5 out2 :i* ! s\l w foll[ no "o c tell2 :y x foll[s ?is direction r ?an t1 no "o c see4 ,!re seems to be no room "h = teleology or purposiv5ess2 & ?\gh ,b]gson has n yet work$ out ! !ological & e?ical implications ( 8 !ory1 z f> z we c at pres5t say ! p]sonality & imm95ce ( a ,div9e ,be+ are exclud$4 ,?\gh ,b]gson nev] ref]s to ,hegel by "n1 he seems to be specially conc]n$ 9 refut+ ! philosophy ( ! ,absolute1 accord+ to :i* ! _w is conceiv$ z ! evolution ( ! inf9ite m9d4 ,if 't\t e/ donn1' says ,b]gson1 if all is giv5 be=eh&1 ':y d ov] aga9 :at has already be5 complet$1 ?us r$uc+ life & endeav\r to a m]e %am4' ,b ev5 all[+ ! =ce ( t objection1 ! idea ( a '_w 9 ! mak+1' ?\gh x appeals to ! popul> m9d1 is n q free f ambiguity4 ,9 "o s5se x /ates a platitude--a tru?1 inde$1 :i* is n exclud$ f an absolute or teleological conception ( life4 ,b if x is impli$ t ! _w1 because x is 9 process ( production1 may violate reason & take "s caprici\s =m1 ! idea is absurdly false1 s long z we are :at we are1 & ! human m9d is :at x is4 ,! real mu/ always be ! rational4 ,all ent]prise & ef=t are bas$ on ! fai? t we belong to a rational _w4 ,?\gh we _c pr$ict :at =m ! _w w ultimately take1 we c at lea/ be sure t x c assume no "* :i* w #aba contradict ! nature ( intellig5ce4 ,ev5 9 ! mak+ ( a _w1 if life has any moral wor? & mean+ at all1 !re mu/ be rational purpose4 ,!re are creation & initiative 9 man assur$ly1 b !y mu/ n be int]pret$ z activities :i* deviate into pa?s ( grotesque & arbitr>y fancy4 ,our actions & ideas mu/ issue f our _w4 ,ev5 a poem or "w ( art mu/ make its appeal to ! univ]sal m9d2 any o!r k9d ( orig9ality w\ld :olly lack human int]e/ & sev] all creation & life f _! root 9 human nature4 ,b at lea/ we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ,b]gson has done to ! _w ( ?\ght ! great s]vice ( lib]at+ u f ! bonds ( matt] & ! ?raldom ( a fatali/ic necessity4 ,x is 8 m]it t he has lift$ f man ! burd5 ( a h>d det]m9ism1 & v9dicat$ ! fre$om1 *oice1 & initiative ( ! human _s4 ,if he has no di/9ctly ,*ri/ian message1 he has at lea/ disclos$ = ! s\l ! possibility ( new beg9n+s1 & has %[n t !re is room 9 ! spiritual life1 z ! basis ( all upw>d /riv+1 = *ange ( he>t & conv]sion ( life4 #e4 ,9 ! philosophy ( ,euck5 !re is mu* t is 9 h>mony ) t ( ,b]gson2 b !re are also important diff]5ces4 ,common to bo? is a reaction aga9/ =malism & intellectualism4 ,nei!r claims t we c ga9 m ?an '! k ( a direction' 9 :i* ! solution ( ! problem may be s\ght4 ,x is n a 'giv5' or f9i%$ _w ) :i* we h to d4 ',! triumph ( life is express$ by creation1' says ,euck51 ',i mean ! creation ( self by self4' ',we live 9 ! conviction1' he says aga91 't ! possibilities ( ! univ]se h n yet be5 play$ out1#bi b t our spiritual life /ill f9ds itself battl+ 9 mid-flood ) mu* ( ! _w's "w /ill be=e u4' ,:ile ,b]gson conf9es himself rigidly to ! metaphysical side ( ?\ght1 ,euck5 is *iefly int]e/$ 9 ! e?ical & religi\s aspects ( life's problem4 ,moreov]1 :ile !re is an abs5ce ( a di/9ctly teleological aim 9 ,b]gson1 ! purpose & ideal #abb ( life are prom95t elem5ts 9 ,euck54 ,not)/&+ 8 antagonism to intellectualism1 ! influ5ce ( ,hegel is evid5t 9 ! absoluti/ t5d5cy ( 8 tea*+4 ,life = ,euck5 is fundam5tally spiritual4 ,self-consci\sness is ! unify+ pr9ciple4 ,p]sonality is ! keynote ( 8 philosophy4 ,b we are n p]sonalities to beg9 )3 we h ! pot5tiality to become su* by our own ef=t4 ,he bids u !re=e =get ourselves1 & /rive = our highe/ ideal--! realisation ( spiritual p]sonality4 ,! m man 'loses 8 life' 9 ! pursuit ( ! ideals ( tru?1 goodness1 & beauty ! m surely w he 'save x4' ,he realises himself z a p]sonality1 :o becomes consci\s ( 8 unity ) ! univ]sal spiritual life4 ,h5ce !re are two fundam5tal pr9ciples und]ly+ ,euck5's philosophy :i* give to x its di/+ui%+ "*4 ,! fir/ is ! metaphysical conception ( a realm ( ,_s--an indep5d5t spiritual ,reality1 n ! product ( ! natural man1 b communicat+ itself to him z he /rives =1 & responds to1 x4 ,?is spiritual reality und]lies & transc5ds ! outw>d _w4 ,x may be reg>d$ z an absolute or univ]sal life--! deep] reality ( :i* all visible ?+s are ! expression4 ,! second c>d9al pr9ciple is ! doctr9e ( ,activism4 ,life is action4 ,human duty lies 9 a _w ( /rife4 ,we h to cont5d = a spiritual life-cont5t4 ,"h ,euck5 has mu* 9 common ) ,fi*te4#cj ,b :ile ,fi*te />ts ) self-analysis1 & loses sight ( error1 c>e1 & s91 ,euck5 />ts ) actual conflict1 & ev] reta9s a ke5 s5se ( ^! hamp]+ elem5ts4 ,! evil ( ! _w is n to be solv$ simply by look+ d[n ^u ! _w f "s sup]ior optimi/ic /&po9t1 & pron\nc+ x v good4 ,! only way to solve x is ! practical "o1 to leave ! negative /&+1 & press on to ! deep] affirmative--! positive tru?1 t b5ea? ! _w ( nature !re exi/s a deep] reality ( _s1 ( :i* we become p>ticipators by ! fre$om & activity ( our lives4 ,we are "h to acquire a new spiritual _w1 b #abc x is a _w 9 :i* ! pa/ is tak5 up & transfigur$4 ,aga9/ naturalism1 :i* acquiesces 9 ! pres5t ord] ( ! univ]se1 & aga9/ m]e intellectualism1 :i* simply inve/igates x1 ,euck5 nev] we>ies ( prote/+4 ,he dem&s1 fir/1 a fundam5tal cleavage 9 ! inmo/ be+ ( man1 & a deliv]ance f ! natural view ( ?+s2 & he cont5ds1 secondly1 = a spiritual awak5+ & an en]getic endeav\r to realise our spiritual res\rces4 ,n by ?\ght b by action is ! problem ( life to be solv$4 ,h5ce 8 philosophy is n a m]e !ory ab\t life1 b is itself a factor 9 ! great "w ( spiritual r$emption :i* gives to life its mean+ & aim4 ,t :i* makes ,euck5's positive idealism specially valuable is 8 application ( x to religion4 ,religion has be5 9 all ages ! mighty uplift+ p[] 9 human life4 ,x /&s = a negation ( ! f9ite & fleet+1 & an affirmation ( ! spiritual & ! et]nal4 ,?is is specially true ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,*ri/ianity is ! supreme type ( religion because x be/ answ]s ! "q1 ',:at c religion d = life8' ,b ! old =ms ( its manife/ation d n satisfy u to-day4 ,*ri/ianity ( ! pres5t fails to w9 conviction pr9cipally = ?ree reasons3 7#a7 because x does n di/+ui% ! et]nal sub/ance ( religion f its tempor>y =ms2 7#b7 because x pr(esses to be ! f9al expression ( all tru?1 ?us clos+ ! door aga9/ progress ( ?\ght & life2 & 7#c7 :ile emphasis+ man's r$emption f evil1 x =gets ! elevation ( 8 nature t[>ds good4 ,!re is a t5d5cy to depreciate human nature1 & to ov]look ! joy\sness ( life4 ,:at is ne$$1 !re=e1 is ! expression ( ,*ri/ianity 9 a new =m--a recon/ruction :i* %all emphasise ! positiv5ess1 activity1 & joy ( ,*ri/ian morality4#ca ,:ile e "o mu/ feel ! sublimity & inspiration 9 ?is conception ( a spiritual _w1 :i* x is ! task ( life to realise1 mo/ p w be also consci\s ( a #abd c]ta9 vagu5ess & elusiv5ess 9 its pres5tation4 ,we are con/ra9$ to ask :at is ?is indep5d5t spiritual life8 ,is x a p]sonal ,god1 or is x only an imp]sonal _s1 :i* p]vades & int]p5etrates ! univ]se8 ,! elusive obscurity ( ! position & function :i* ,euck5 assigns to 8 c5tral conception ( ! ,gei/es-,leb5 mu/ /rike e read]4 ,ev5 m ?an ,hegel1 ,euck5 seems to deal ) an ab/raction4 ,! spiritual life1 we are told1 'gr[s1' 'divides1' 'advances'--b x appe>s to be z mu* a 'bloodless category' z ! ,hegelian 'idea1' hav+ no connection ) any liv+ subject4 ,god1 ! ,_s1 may exi/1 inde$ ,euck5 says ,he does1 b !re is n[h]e any indication ( h[ ! spiritual life foll[s f1 or is ! creation (1 ! ,div9e ,_s4 ,our au?or speaks ) s great appreciation ( ,*ri/ianity t x seems an ungraci\s ?+ to f9d fault ) 8 int]pretation ( x4 ,yet ) s mu* t is positive & sugge/ive1 !re are also "s grave omissions4 ,9 a "w t pr(esses to deal ) ! ,*ri/ian fai?--,! ,tru? ( ,religion--& :i* inde$ pres5ts a p[]ful v9dication ( hi/orical ,*ri/ianity1 we miss any philosophical int]pretation ( ! nature & p[] ( pray]1 adoration1 or wor%ip1 or any acc\nt1 inde$1 ( ! intimacies ( ! s\l :i* belong to ! v ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,:ile he insi/s ^u ! possibility1 nay1 ! necessity1 ( a new beg9n+1 he fails to reveal ! p[] by :i* ! great decision is made4 ,:ile he affirms ) mu* en?usiasm & frankness ! ne$ ( p]sonal decision & surr5d]1 he has no?+ to say ( ! div9e au?ority & p[] :i* creates our *oice & w9s our ob$i5ce4 ,n[h]e does he %[ t ! creative r$emptive =ce comes n f man's side1 b ultimately f ! side ( ,god4 ,& f9ally1 8 tea*+ ) reg>d to ! p]son & "w ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 not)/&+ its t5d] sympa?y & f9e discrim9ation1 does less ?an ju/ice to ! uniqu5ess & hi/orical significance ( ! ,son ( ,man4 ,) pr(\nd appreciation & r>e beauty ( language he depicts ! life ( ,jesus4 ',seldom1' #abe says a rec5t writ]1 'has ! p]fect ,man be5 limn$ ) s p]suasive a comb9ation ( /r5u\s ?\ght & graci\s ^w4'#cb ',he :o makes m]ely a normal man ( ,jesus1' he says1 'c nev] d ju/ice to ,8 greatness4'#cc ,yet :ile he prote/s rightly aga9/ empty+ our ,"l's life ( all real gr[? & temptation1 & ! claim ( practical omnisci5ce = ,8 humanity 7conceptions ( ,*ri/'s ,p]son surely n[h]e ent]ta9$ by fir/-class !ologians71 he leaves u 9 no mann] ( d\bt t he does n atta* a div9e wor? to ,jesus1 nor reg>d ,him 9 ! scriptural s5se z ! ,supreme revelation & inc>nation ( ,god4 ,& h5ce1 :ile ! pe]less position ( ,jesus z tea*] & religi\s g5ius is frankly ackn[l$g$1 & ,8 purity1 p[]1 & p]man5ce are extoll$--! m$iatorial & r$emptive implicates ( ,8 p]sonality are ov]look$4 ,b :5 all is said1 no "o c /udy ! spiritual philosophy ( ,euck5 )\t realis+ t he is 9 contact ) a m9d :i* has a sublime & inspir+ message = our age4 ,probably m ?an any mod]n ?9k]1 ,euck5 reveals 9 8 works deep aff9ities ) ! c5tral _s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,& p]haps 8 influ5ce may be all ! great] because he ma9ta9s an attitude ( indep5d5ce t[>ds dogmatic & organis$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,pr(essor ,euck5 does n attempt to satisfy u ) a facile optimism4 ,life is a conflict1 a task1 an adv5ture4 ,& he :o w\ld engage 9 x mu/ make ! break betwe5 ! high] & ! l[] nature4 ,= ,euck51 z = ,dante1 !re mu/ be '! p5it5ce1 ! te>s1 & ! plunge into ! riv] ( ,le! be=e ! new transc5d5t love beg9s4' ,!re is no evasion ( ! complexities ( life4 ,he has a pr(\nd p]ception ( ! contradictions ( exp]i5ce & ! seem+ p>adoxes ( religion4 ,= him true lib]ty is only possible ?r\gh ! 'giv51' ?r\gh ,god's prov5i5ce & grace3 g5u9e self-realisation is only a*ievable ?r\gh a cont9u\s self-d$ication to1 & #abf incorporation )91 ! great realm ( spirits2 & ! ,imman5ce )9 our lives ( ! ,transc5d5t4#cd ,9 /yl+ ! t5d5cies :i* we h ?us briefly review$ non-,*ri/ian1 we h _h no int5tion ( disp>agem5t4 ,no e>ne/ ef=t to discov] tru?1 ?\gh x may be inadequate & p>tial1 is ev] :olly false4 ,9 ! light ( ^! !ories we are able to see m cle>ly ! relation betwe5 ! good & ! useful1 & to ackn[l$ge t1 j z 9 nature ! laws ( economy & beauty h _m intimate correspond5ces1 s 9 ! spiritual realm ! good1 ! beautiful1 & ! true may be h>monis$ 9 a high] category ( ! _s4 ,we %all see t ! ,*ri/ian ideal is n s mu* antagoni/ic to1 z inclusive (1 all t is be/ 9 ! tea*+ ( sci5ce & philosophy4 ,! task !re=e n[ be=e u is to int]pret ^! g5]al conceptions ( ! highe/ good 9 ! light ( ,*ri/ian ,revelation--to def9e ! *ief end ( life accord+ to ,*ri/ianity4 #a ,kasp] ,s*midt1 ,d] ,e9zige und se9 ,eig5tum4 #b ,haeckel1 op4 cit41 *ap4 xix4 #c ,haeckel1 op4 cit41 *ap4 xix4 p4 #adj4 #d ,hobbes' ,levia?an1 *ap4 vi4 #e ,cf4 ,pr+le-,pattison1 ,philos4 ,radicals1 & ,j4 ,se?'s ,eng4 ,philosoph]s1 p4 #bdj4 #f ,utilit>ianism1 *ap4 ii4 #g ,idem1 *ap4 iii4 #h ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bge2 also ,social ,/atics4 ,9 ! =m] "w an attempt is made to exhibit ! biological significance ( pleasure & ! relation betwe5 egoism & altruism4 #i ,see ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 p4 #aff ff4 #aj ,see ,kirkup1 ,an ,inquiry into ,socialism1 p4 #ai4 #aa ,see ,ltg]t1 ,natur und ,gei/ ,gottes1 = /rik+ *apt] on ,goe!'s ,e?ik1 p4 #aba f4 #ab ,cf4 ,euck51 ,ma9 ,curr5ts ( ,mod]n ,?\ght1 p4 #dja f4 #ac ,macmillan1 ,! ,cr[n+ ,phase ( ! ,critical ,philosophy1 p4 #bh4 #ad ,hegel1 ,phil4 ( ,"r1 p4 #de4 #ae ,bosanquet1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,individuality & ,value4 #af ,bosanquet1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,individuality & ,value4 #ag ,pragmatism1 p4 #ea4 #ah ,ma9 ,curr5ts ( ,?\ght1 p4 #gh4 #ai ,pragmatism1 p4 #bgh f42 also ,v>ieties ( ,relig4 ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #ebe f4 #bj ,idem1 p4 #bii4 #ba ,idem1 p4 #bij4 #bb ,! writ] regrets t ! "w ( ! ,italian1 ,b5$etto ,croce1 ,philosophy ( ! ,practical1 ,economic & ,e?ic 7,"p ,,ii4 ( ,philosophy ( ! ,_s71 came to 8 k too late to p]mit a consid]ation ( its e?ical tea*+ 9 ?is volume4 ,croce is a ?9k] ( great orig9ality1 ( :om we are likely to he> mu* 9 ! future1 & ^: philosophy w h to be reckon$ )4 ,?\gh indep5d5t ( o!rs1 8 view ( life has aff9ities ) t ( ,hegel4 ,he ma9ta9s ! doctr9e ( developm5t ( opposites1 b avoids ,hegel's insi/5ce ^u ! concept ( nature z a mode ( reality oppos$ to ! _s4 ,_s is reality1 ! :ole reality1 & !re=e ! univ]sal4 ,x has two activities1 !oretic & practical4 ,) ! !oretic man und]/&s ! univ]se2 ) ! practical he *anges x4 ,! ,w is ! man1 & fre$om is f9d+ himself 9 ! ,:ole4 #bc ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,april #aiab4 #bd ,evol4 ,creat41 p4 #afa4 #be ,idem1 p4 #adf4 #bf ,idem1 p4 #afe4 #bg ,hibb]t ,j\rnal4 #bh ,br[n+4 #bi ,die ,gei/ig5 ,/rmuny5 d] ,geg5w>t1 p4 #aj4 #cj ,cf4 ,problem ( ,life4 #ca ,cf4 ,life's ,basis & ,life's ,ideal4 #cb ,h]mann1 ,b]gson und ,euck51 p4 #ajc4 #cc ,! ,problem ( ,life1 p4 #aeb4 #cd ,cf4 von ,hgel1 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,april #aiab4 #abg ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,ideal ,! highe/ good is n uni=mly describ$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & mod]n e?ical tea*]s h n always be5 9 agreem5t z to ! *ief end ( life4 ,:ile "s h f\nd 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ! idea ( social r$emption alone1 & h se5 9 ,*ri/ no?+ m ?an a political re=m]1 o!rs h cont5d$ t ! ,gospel is solely a message ( p]sonal salvation4 ,an imp>tial /udy %[s t bo? views are "o-sid$4 ,on ! "o h&1 no conception ( ! life ( ,jesus c be m mislead+ ?an t :i* repres5ts ,him z a political revolutioni/4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld be a di/9ct n>r[+ ( ,8 tea*+ to assume t x 0 conf9$ to ! aspirations ( ! individual s\l4 ,8 c>e 0 inde$ prim>ily = ! p]son4 ,8 emphasis 0 put ^u ! wor? ( ! individual4 ,& x is n too mu* to say t ! uniqu5ess ( ,jesus' tea*+ lay 9 ! discov]y ( ! value ( ! s\l4 ,!re 0 9 ,8 m9i/ry a new appreciation ( ! possibilities ( neglect$ lives1 & a hi!rto unkn[n ye>n+ to %>e _! confid5ce4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to repres5t ,*ri/'s reg>d = ! individual z exclud+ all consid]ation ( social relations4 ,! k+dom ( ,god1 z we %all see1 _h a social & corporate mean+ = our ,"l4 ,& if ! qualifications = its entrance 7 p]sonal1 its duties 7 social4 ,! univ]salism ( ,jesus' tea*+ impli$ t ! s\l _h a value n = itself alone1 b also = o!rs4 ,! ass]tion1 !re=e1 t ! individual has a value _c mean t he has a value 9 isolation4 #abh ,r 8 value c only be realis$ 9 ! life ( ! community to :i* he truly belongs4 ,! ef=t to help o!rs is ! true/ way to reveal ! hidd5 wor? ( "o's own life2 & he :o )holds 8 sympa?y f ! ne$y has prov$ himself unwor?y ( ! k+dom4 ,:ile ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t v>y 9 _! mode ( pres5t+ ! ultimate goal ( man1 !y are at "o 9 reg>d+ x z an exalt$ =m ( life4 ,:at !y all seek to comm5d is a condition ( be+ involv+ a gradual assimilation to1 & communion )1 ,god4 ,! di/9ctive gift ( ! ,gospel is ! gift ( life4 ',i am ! ,life1' says ,*ri/4 ,& ! apo/le's confession is 9 h>mony ) 8 ,ma/]'s claim--',= me to live is ,*ri/4' ,salvation is no?+ else ?an ! re/oration1 pres]vation1 & exaltation ( life4 ,correspond+1 !re=e1 to ! ?ree great conceptions ( ,life 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & especially 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus--',et]nal ,life1' '! k+dom ( ,god1' & ! p]fection ( ! div9e ,fa!rhood1 ',p]fect z y\r ,fa!r 9 heav5 is p]fect'--!re are ?ree aspects1 individual1 social1 & div9e1 9 :i* we may view ! ,*ri/ian ideal4 ,i ,self-realisation is n1 inde$1 a scriptural ^w4 ,b rightly und]/ood x is a true elem5t 9 ! conception ( life1 & may1 we ?9k1 be legitimately drawn f ! e?ical tea*+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4#a ,?\gh ! free full developm5t ( ! individual p]sonality z we conceive x 9 mod]n times does n receive explicit /atem5t1#b /ill "o _c d\bt1 t be=e e man our ,"l does pres5t ! vision ( a possible & p]fect self4 ,*ri/ianity does n de/roy '! w to live1' b only ! w to live at all co/s4 ,ev5 m$iaeval piety only inculcat$ self-mortification z a /age t[>ds a high] #abi self-affirmation4 ,*ri/ n[h]e condemns ! inh]5t desire = a complete life4 ,! end1 inde$1 :i* ea* man %\ld place be=e himself is self-ma/]y & fre$om f ! _w2#c b x is a ma/]y & fre$om :i* are to be ga9$ n by asceticism b by conque/4 ,*ri/ w\ld awak5 9 e man ! consci\sness ( ! priceless wor? ( 8 s\l1 & w\ld h him realise 9 8 own p]son ,god's idea ( manhood4 ,! ideal ( self-realisation includes ?ree di/9ct elem5ts3 #a4 ,life z int5sity ( be+4--',i am come t !y might h life1 & t !y might h x m abundantly4'#d ',m life & full]' is ! passion ( e s\l t has caught ! vision & he>d ! call ( ,jesus4 ,! supreme good consi/s n 9 suppress$ vitality1 b 9 p[] & fre$om4 ,life 9 ,*ri/ is a full1 ri* exi/5ce4 ,! doctr9e ( quietism & indiff]5ce to joy has no place 9 ! e?ic ( ,jesus4 ,life is manife/$ 9 inw>dness ( "*1 & n 9 pomp ( circum/ance4 ,x consi/s n 9 :at a man has1 b 9 :at he is4#e ,! beatitudes1 z ! prim>y qualifications = ! k+dom ( ,god1 emphasise ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! subord9ation ( ! mat]ial to ! spiritual1 & ! contra/ betwe5 inw>d & outw>d good4#f ,self-ma/]y is to ext5d to ! inn] life ( man--to dom9ate ! ?\ghts & words1 & ! v he>t f :i* !y issue4 ,a divid$ life is impossible4 ,! sev]e/ discipl9e1 ev5 r5unciation1 may be ne$ful to secure t s+l5ess ( he>t & /r5u\sness ( aim :i* are = ,jesus ! v ess5ce ( life4 ',ye _c s]ve ,god & mammon4'#g ,9 h>mony ) ?is say+ is ! opposition 9 ! ,johann9e tea*+ betwe5 '! _w' & 'et]nal life4'#h ,! quality ( life inde$ dep5ds n ^u any?+ cont+5t or accid5tal1 b ^u an int5se inw>d realisation ( bless$ness 9 ,*ri/ 9 comp>ison ) :i* ev5 #acj ! privations & suff]+s ( ?is _w are b z a %ad[4#i ,at ! same "t life is n a m]e negation1 n simply an escape f evil4 ,x is a positive good1 ! enri*m5t & int5sify+ ( ! :ole be+ by ! indwell+ ( a new spiritual p[]4 ',= me to live is ,*ri/1' says ,/4 ,paul4 ',?is is life et]nal1' says ,/4 ,john1 't !y may "k ,!e ! only true ,god1 & ,him :om ,?\ did/ s5d1 ev5 ,jesus ,*ri/4'#aj #b4 ,life z ,expansion ( ,p]sonality4--,by its inh]5t p[] x gr[s outw>ds z well z inw>ds4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t conception ( life is exi/5ce 9 its fulle/ expression & fruitfulness4 ,! ideal z pres5t$ by ,*ri/ is no anaemic /ate ( rev]ie or ascetic )drawal f human int]e/4 ,x is by ! elevation & consecration ( ! natural life1 & n by its suppression1 t ! 'good' is to be realis$4 ,! natural life is to be trans=m$1 & ! v body pres5t$ unto ,god z a liv+ sacrifice4#aa ,s f> f ,*ri/ianity be+ oppos$ to ! aim ( ! individual to f9d himself 9 a _w ( l>g] int]e/s1 x is only 9 ! active & progressive realisation ( su* a life t bless$ness consi/s4 ,h]e9 is disclos$1 h[ev]1 ! defect ( ! mod]n ideal ( culture :i* has be5 associat$ ) ! "n ( ,goe!4 ,9 ,*ri/'s ideal self-suffici5cy has no place4 ,:ile rightly int]pret$ ! 'good' ( life includes ev]y?+ t enri*es exi/5ce & contributes to ! effici5cy & complet5ess ( manhood1 m]e self-culture & arti/ic expression are apt to become p]v]t$ =ms ( egoism1 if n subord9at$ to ! _s ( s]vice :i* alone c give to ! human faculties _! true function & ex]cise4 ,h5ce life f9ds its real utt]ance n 9 ! isolat$ developm5t ( ! self1 b 9 ! fullness ( p]sonal relation%ips4 ,only 9 response to ! ne$s ( o!rs c a man realise 8 own life4 ,9 answ] to ! "y rul] :o ask$ a "q 'conc]n+ t :i* is good1' ,*ri/ repli$1 ',if ?\ wilt ent] into life keep ! #aca comm&m5ts'2 & ! p>ticul> duties ,he m5tion$ 7 ^? ( ! second table ( ! ,decalogue4#aa ,! abundance ( life :i* ,*ri/ (f]s consi/s 9 ! mutual (fices ( love & ! int]*ange ( s]vice4 ,?us self-realisation is atta9$ only ?r\gh self-surr5d]4#ac ,! self-c5tr$ life is a b>r5 life4 ,n by )hold+ our se$ b by fl++ x =? freely ^u ! broad wat]s ( humanity d we atta9 to t ri* fruition :i* is 'life inde$4' #c4 ,life z ,et]nal ,good4--,:atev] may be ! accurate signification ( ! ^w 'et]nal1' ! words 'et]nal life1' reg>d$ z ! ideal ( man1 c mean no?+ else ?an life at its highe/1 ! fulfilm5t ( all t p]sonality has )9 x ! pot5cy ( becom+4 ,9 "o s5se !re is no f9ality 9 life4 ',x see!s ) ! morr[ = u m & m4' ,b 9 ano!r s5se1 to say t ! moral life is nev] atta9$ is only a half tru?4 ,x is always be+ atta9$ because x is always pres5t z an active reality evolv+ its own cont5t4 ,9 ,*ri/ we h 'et]nal life' n[4 ,x is n a ?+ ( quantity b ( quality1 & is !re=e timeless4 ',we live 9 de$s n ye>s1 9 ?\ghts n brea?s1 ,9 feel+s1 n 9 figures on a dial4'#ad ,he :o has ent]$ into fell[%ip ) ,god has )9 him n[ ! ess5ce ( 'life et]nal4' ,b ! conception ( life d]iv$ f1 & su/a9$ by1 ,god involves ! idea ( immortality4 ',no "w begun %all ev] pause = dea?4'#ae ,to live 9 ,god is to live z long z ,god4 ,! spiritual man pursues 8 way ?r\gh conflict & a*ievem5t t[>ds a high] & yet a high] goal1 ev] manife/+1 yet ev] seek+1 ! inf9ite t dwells 9 him4 ,all k & que/ & endeav\r1 nay exi/5ce itself1 w\ld be a mock]y if man _h 'no =ev]4' ,scripture corroborates ! ye>n+s ( ! he>t & repres5ts life z a gr[+ good :i* is to atta9 to ev] high] rea*es & full] realisations 9 ! _w to #acb come4 ,x is ! unext+ui%able fai? ( man t ! future mu/ cr[n ! pres5t4 ,no human ef=t goes to wa/e1 no gift is delusive2 b e gift & e ef=t has its prop] place z a /age 9 ! endless process4#af ',!re %all nev] be lo/ "o good6 ,:at 0 %all live z be=e4'#ag ,,ii ,! =ego+ discussion leads naturally to ! second aspect ( ! highe/ ,good1 ! ,ideal 9 its social or corporate =m--! k+dom ( ,god4 ,prop]ly speak+1 !re is no su* ?+ z an individual4 ,z biologically man is only a memb] ( a l>g] organism1 s e?ically he c only realise himself 9 a life ( bro!rhood & s]vice4 ,x is only )9 ! k+dom ( ,god & by recognition ( its social relations t ! individual c atta9 to 8 own bless$ness4 ,view$ 9 ! light ( ! mutual relation ( its memb]s ! k+dom is a bro!rhood 9 :i* none is ignor$ & all h common privileges & responsibilities2 view$ 9 ! light ( its highe/ good x is ! entire p]fection ( ! :ole--a hi]>*y ( int]e/s subord9at$ to1 & unifi$ by1 ! sov]eignty ( ! good 9 ! p]son ( ,god4#ah #a4 ,by reason ( its compreh5siv5ess ! doctr9e ( ! k+dom has be5 reg>d$ by _m z ! mo/ g5]al conception ( ! ideal ( ,jesus4 ',9 its unique & unapproa*able gr&eur x dw>fs all ! less] heights to :i* ! prophetic hopes _h ris51 & rema9s to ?is day ! transc5d5t & comm&+ ideal ( ! possible exaltation ( our humanity4'#ai ,! pr9ciples implicitly conta9$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus conc]n+ ! k+dom h become ! common possessions ( mank9d1 & are m\ld+ ! ?\ghts & in/itutions ( ! civilis$ _w4 ,kant's !ory ( a k+dom ( ends1 ,comte's idea ( ,humanity1 & ! mod]n conceptions ( sci5tific & #acc hi/orical evolution are corroborative ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,)9 its conception m5 h f\nd room = ! mod]n ideas ( social & economic ord]1 & "u its inspiration are /riv+ = a full] realisation ( ! aspirations & hopes ( humanity4#bj ,?\gh frequ5tly ^u ,8 lips ! phrase did n orig9ate ) ,jesus4 ,already ! ,bapti/ _h employ$ x z ! note ( 8 prea*+1 & ev5 be=e ! ,bapti/ x _h a long hi/ory 9 ! annals ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,inde$ ! entire /ory ( ! ,hebrews is col\r$ by ?is conception1 & 9 ! days ( _! decl9e x is ! idea ( ! re/oration ( _! nation z ! true k+dom ( ,god t dom9ates _! hopes4 ,:5 e>?ly in/itutions did n fulfil _! promise1 & no?+ c\ld be expect$ by natural means1 hope became conc5trat$ ^u sup]natural p[]4 ,?us be=e ,jesus appe>$ !re _h gr[n up a mass ( apocalyptic lit]ature1 ! object ( :i* 0 to enc\rage ! national expectation ( a sudd5 & sup]natural com+ ( ! k+dom ( heav54 ,m5 ( !mselves c\ld d no?+ to ha/5 its adv5t4 ,!y c\ld only wait pati5tly till ! set "t 0 accompli%$1 & ,god /ret*$ =? ,8 mighty h&4#ba ,a new s*ool ( ,g]man int]pretation has rec5tly aris51 ! aim ( :i* is to prove t ,jesus 0 l>gely1 if n :olly1 influ5c$ by ! curr5t apocalyptic notions ( ,8 "t4 ,jesus believ$1 x is said1 9 common ) ! popul> s5tim5t ( ! day1 t ! end ( ! _w 0 at h&1 & t at ! close ( ! pres5t disp5sation !re w\ld come sudd5ly & miracul\sly a new ord] into :i* w\ld be ga!r$ ! elect ( ,god4 ,johannes ,weiss1 ! mo/ pron\nc$ advocate ( ?is view1 ma9ta9s t ,jesus' tea*+ is entirely es*atological4 ,! k+dom is supramundane & /ill to come4 ,jesus did n inaugurate x2 ,he only pr$ict$ its adv5t4 ,consequ5tly !re is no ,e?ics1 /rictly s call$1 9 ,8 #acd prea*+2 !re is only an ,e?ic ( r5unciation & wat*fulness#bb--;an ,int]imse?ik4 ,! :ole problem resolves itself into two crucial que/ions3 7#a7 ,did ,jesus expect a gradual com+ ( ! k+dom1 or did ,he conceive ( x z break+ 9 sudd5ly by ! imm$iate act ( ,god8 & 7#b7 ,did ,jesus reg>d ! k+dom z purely future1 or z already begun8 ,9 answ] to ! fir/ "q1 :ile !re are und\bt$ly num]\s & explicit say+s1 too mu* neglect$ 9 ! pa/ & n to be :olly expla9$ by m]e ori5talism1 sugge/+ a sudd5 & miracul\s com+1 ^! mu/ be tak5 9 connection ) ! _m o!r passages imply+ a gradual process--passages ( deep e?ical import :i* seem to col\r our ,"l's entire view ( life & its purposes4 ,& 9 answ] to ! second "q1 :ile !re are n a few utt]ances :i* c]ta9ly po9t to a future consummation1 ^! are n inconsi/5t ) ! imm$iate inauguration & gradual developm5t ( ! k+dom4 ,a full discussion ( ?is subject is beyond ! scope ( ?is volume4#bc ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two objections :i* may be tak5 to ! apocalyptic int]pretation ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ z a :ole4 7#a7 ,z pres5t$ by its mo/ pron\nc$ *ampions1 ?is view seems to empty ! p]son & tea*+ ( ,jesus ( _! orig9ality & univ]sality4 ,x t5ds to r$uce ! ,son ( ,man to ! level ( a ,jewi% rhapsodi/1 ^: :ole function 0 to enc\rage ,8 c\ntrym5 to look away f ! pres5t sc5e ( duty to "s future /ate ( felicity1 :i* _h no connection ) ! _w ( reality1 & no be>+ ^u _! pres5t "*4 ,x w\ld be surely a c>icature to int]pret ! religion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t f ?is /&po9t alone to ! exclusion ( ^? directly e?ical & spiritual #ace pr9ciples 9 :i* its orig9ality *iefly appe>$1 & on :i* its p]man5ce dep5ds4#bd ,z ,b\sset#be po9ts out1 n r5unciation b joy 9 life is ! *>act]i/ic ?+ 9 ,jesus' outlook4 ,he does n prea* a gloomy asceticism1 b proclaims a new righte\sness & a new type ( duty4 ,he recognises ! wor? ( ! pres5t life1 & tea*es t ! _w's goods are n 9 !mselves bad4 ,he came z a liv+ man into a dead _w1 & by inculcat+ a liv+ idea ( ,god & proclaim+ ! div9e ,fa!rhood gave a new direction & inn] elevation to ! expectations ( ,8 age1 %[+ ! true design ( ,god's revelation & ! real mean+ ( ! prophetic utt]ances ( ! pa/4 ,to int]pret ! k+dom :olly f an es*atological po9t ( view w\ld involve a failure to appreh5d ! spiritual greatness ( ! p]sonality ) :i* we are deal+4#bf 7#b7 ,?is view virtually makes ,*ri/ a false prophet4 ,=1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! sudd5 & cata/rophic com+ ( ! k+dom z pr$ict$ by ! ,hebrew apocalyptics did n take place4 ,on ! contr>y ! k+dom ( ,god came n z ! ,jews expect$ 9 a sudd5 desc5t f ! cl\ds1 b 9 ! sl[ & progressive dom9ation ( ,god ov] ! s\ls & social relation%ips ( mank9d4 ,9 view ( ! :ole _s ( ,jesus1 ,8 conception ( ,god1 & ,8 relation to human life1 z well z ! attitude ( ,/4 ,paul to ! ,p>\sia1 x is critically uns\nd to d5y t ,jesus believ$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! k+dom 9 a real s5se dur+ ,8 lifetime4#bg #b4 ,if ?is conception ( ! k+dom ( ,god be correct we may n[ proce$ to reg>d x "u ?ree aspects1 ,pres5t1 ,progressive1 & ,future--z a ,gift imm$iately be/[$ by ,jesus1 z a ,task to be work$ out by man 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & z a ,hope to be consummat$ by ,god 9 ! future4 #acf 7#a7 ,! ,k+dom z a ,pres5t ,reality4--,aft] :at has be5 already said x w n be necess>y to dwell ^u ?is aspect4 ,x might be support$ by direct say+s ( our ,"l4#bh ,b ! :ole t5or & atmosph]e ( ! ,gospels1 ! uniqu5ess ( ,*ri/'s p]sonality1 ,8 claim to heal disease & =give s91 z well z ! conditions ( entrance1 imply cle>ly t 9 ,jesus' own view ! k+dom 0 an actual fact inaugurat$ by ,him & obta9+ its mean+ & p[] f ,8 own p]son & influ5ce4 ,obvi\sly ,he reg>d$ ,himself z ! be>] ( a new message ( life1 & ! orig9ator ( a new reign ( righte\sness & love :i* 0 to h imm$iate application4 ,*ri/ came to make ,god real to m5 ^u ! e>?1 & to w9 _! allegiance to ,him at once4 ,no "o c fail to recognise ! l(ty idealism ( ! ,son ( ,man4 ,he c>ries ) ,him ev]y:]e a vision ( ! p]fect life z x exi/s 9 ! m9d ( ,god1 & z x w be realis$ :5 ^! e>?ly sc5es h pass$ away2 yet x w\ld be tru] to say t ,8 int]e/s 7 9 'fir/ ?+s' r ?an 9 'la/ ?+s1' & w\ld be m ju/ly designat$ ,protology ?an ,es*atology4#bi ,8 mission1 s f> f hav+ an iconocla/ic aim1 0 really to 'make all ?+s new4' ,he 0 conc]n$ ) ! initiation ( a new religion1 !re=e ) a movem5t t[>ds a reg5]ation ( society :i* w\ld be virtually a reign ( ,god 9 ! he>ts ( m54 ',! k+dom ( ,god is )9 y4' ,n 9 "s spot remote f ! _w1 "s beautiful l& beyond ! skies1 b 9 ! he>ts & homes1 9 ! daily pursuits & common relation%ips ( life mu/ ,god rule4 ,! beatitudes1 :ile !y und\bt$ly ref] to a future :5 a full] realisation ( !m w be enjoy$1 h a pres5t ref]5ce z well4 ,!y make ! promise ( ! k+dom a pres5t reality dep5d5t ^u ! inn] /ate ( ! recipi5ts4 ,n 9 *ange ( environm5t b 9 *ange #acg ( he>t does ! k+dom consi/4 ,! l[ly & ! pure 9 he>t1 ! m]ciful & ! meek1 ! seek]s aft] righte\sness & ! lov]s ( peace are1 9 virtue ( _! disposition & aspiration1 already memb]s4 7#b7 ,! k+dom z a gradual developm5t4--,! inw>d gift prescribes ! outw>d task4 ,x is a p[] comm&+ ! he>ts ( m5 & requir+ = its realisation _! response4 ,x might be argu$ t ?is call to moral ef=t pres5t$ to ! fir/ ,*ri/ians 0 n a summons to trans=m ! pres5t _w1 b to prep>e !mselves = ! de/9y t await$ !m 9 ! com+ age4#cj ,x is true t wat*fulness1 pati5ce1 & read9ess are among ! great comm&s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4#ca ,b admitt+ ! importance ( ^! requirem5ts1 !y d n militate aga9/ ! view t ,*ri/ians 7 to "w = ! bett]m5t ( ! _w4 ,*ri/ did n look ^u ! _w z hopeless & beyond all p[] ( reclaim+2 nor did ,he reg>d ,8 own or ,8 disciples' m9i/ry )9 x z )\t real & positive effects4 ,:ile ,8 contempor>ies 7 expect+ "s mighty int]v5tion t w\ld sudd5ly br+ ! k+dom ready-made f heav51 ,he saw x gr[+ up sil5tly & secretly among m54 ,he took 8 illu/rations f organic life4 ,its progress 0 to be l ! se$ hidd5 9 ! e>?1 & gr[+ day & night by its own inh]5t g]m9at+ =ce4 ,! object ( ! p>ables ( ! s[]1 ! t>es1 ! mu/>d se$1 ! leav51 0 to %[ t ! crude cata/rophic conception ( ! com+ ( ! k+dom mu/ give place to ! deep] & wor?i] idea ( gr[?--an idea 9 h>mony ) ! entire economy ( ,god's work+ 9 ! _w ( nature4 ,9 ! p>able ( ! fruit-be>+ e>? ,jesus %[s ,8 fai? 9 ! gr[? ( ! good1 & h5ce 9 ! adaptation ( ! tru? to ! human s\l4 ,9 ! p>ables ( ! leav51 ! light1 & salt ,jesus illu/rates ! gradual p[] ( tru? to p]vade1 illum9e1 & purify ! life ( humanity4 ,8 me?od ( br++ ab\t ?is #ach good is ! contagion ( ! good life4 ,8 motive is ! s5se ( ! ne$ ( m54 ,& ,8 goal is ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( love--a k+dom 9 :i* all ! problems ( ambition1 weal?1 & ! relation%ips ( ! family1 ( ! indu/rial sph]e1 & ( ! /ate1 are to be transfigur$ & spiritualis$4#cb ,x is surely no illegitimate application ( ! m9d ( ,*ri/ if we see 9 ,8 tea*+ conc]n+ ! k+dom a great social ideal to be realis$ by ! p]sonal activities & mutual s]vices ( its citiz5s4 ,x f9ds its field & opportunity 9 ! realm ( human society1 & is a good to be secur$ 9 ! l>g] life ( humanity4 ,?is ideal1 ?\gh only dimly p]ceiv$ by ! e>ly ,*ur*1 has become gradually op]ative 9 ! _w1 & has be5 creative ( all ! great lib]at+ movem5ts 9 hi/ory4 ,x lay beh9d ,dante's vision ( a spiritual mon>*y1 & has be5 ! inspir+ motive ( ^? :o1 9 ob$i5ce to ,*ri/1 h wr\ght = ! uplift+ ( ! hapless & ! d[n-trodd54 ,x has be5 ! s\l ( all mighty re=mations1 & is ! s\rce ( t conception ( a new social ord] :i* has begun to mean s mu* = our g5]ation4 ,loyalty to ! highe/ & love = ! l[e/--love to ,god & man--^! are ! m>ks ( ! m5 ( all ages :o h s\ght to int]pret ! m9d ( ,*ri/4 ,mutual s]vice is ! law ( ! k+dom4 ,e man has a wor? = ,*ri/1 !re=e rev]5ce = ! p]sonality ( man1 & ! endeav\r to procure = ea* full opportunity ( mak+ ! mo/ ( 8 life1 are at once ! aim & goal ( ! new spiritual society ( :i* ,*ri/ laid ! f\ndations 9 ,8 own life & m9i/ry4 ,ev]y?+ t a man is & has1 tal5ts & possessions ( e k9d1 are to be us$ z in/rum5ts = ! promotion ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ',= life1 ) all x yields ( joy & woe1 ,& hope & fe> 4 4 4 ,is j our *ance o' ! prize ( le>n+ love4' #aci 7#c7 ,b ?\gh ! reign ( ,god has begun1 x has yet to be consummat$4--,!re is n want+ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t an elem5t ( futurity & expectancy n inconsi/5t )1 b r complem5t>y to1 ! notion ( gradual developm5t4 ,! es*atological tea*+ ( ,jesus has its place along ) ! e?ical1 & may be reg>d$ n z annull+1 b r re9=c+ ! moral ideals :i* ,he proclaim$4#cc ,!re is no?+ pessimi/ic 9 ,*ri/'s outlook4 ,8 tea*+ conc]n+ ! la/ ?+s1 :ile inculcat+ solemnity & e>ne/ness ( life z become ^? to :om has be5 entru/$ a high de/9y1 & :o "k n at :at h\r !y may be call$ to give an acc\nt ( _! /ew>d%ip1#cd bids m5 look =w>d ) c]ta9ty & hope to a glori\s consummation ( ! k+dom4 ,?\gh _m ( our ,"l's say+s ) reg>d to ,8 second com+ are c\*$ 9 figurative language1 we _c believe t ,he int5d$ to tea* t ! k+dom itself 0 to be br\ght ab\t 9 a spectacul> or mat]ial way4 ,he bids ,8 disciples take he$ le/ !y be deceiv$ by a visible ,*ri/1 or l$ away by m]ely outw>d signs4#ce ,8 com+ is to be z '! lightn+ :i* come? out ( ! ea/ & %9e? ev5 unto ! we/'#cf--;an emblem n s mu* ( sudd5ness z ( illum9at+ & conv9c+1 & especially1 ( progressive =ce4 ,n 9 a visible reign or p]sonal return ( ! ,son ( ,man does ! consummation ( ! k+dom consi/1 b 9 ! complete spiritual sov]eignty ( ,*ri/ ov] ! he>ts & m9ds ( m54 ,:5 ! same love :i* ,he ,himself manife/$ 9 ,8 life becomes ! feature ( ,8 disciples2 :5 ,8 _s ( s]vice & sacrifice p]vades ! _w1 & ! bro!rhood ( man & ! f$]ation ( nations ev]y:]e prevail2 !n1 inde$1 %all ! sign ( ! ,son ( ,man appe> 9 ! heav5s1 & !n %all ! tribes ( #adj ! e>? see ,him com+ 9 ! cl\ds ) p[] & glory4#cg ,jesus does n hesitate to say t !re w be a f9al judgm5t & an +a!r+ ( ! elect f all qu>t]s ( ! e>?4#ch ,!re w be1 z ! p>able ( ! ,t5 ,virg9s sugge/s1 a division & a %ut door4#ci ,b puni%m5t w be automatic4 ,s9 w br+ its own consequ5ces4 ,^? only w be exclud$ at ! la/ :o ev5 n[ are exclud+ !mselves4 ,= ,*ri/ is already "h1 & is judg+ ! _w e day4 ,by ! common actions ( _! pres5t life m5 are be+ tri$2 & t :i* w det]m9e _! f9al relation to ,*ri/ w n be _! m]e p]ception ( ,8 bodily pres5ce1 b _! moral & spiritual lik5ess to ,him4 ,amid/ ! imp]fections ( ! pres5t m5 h ev] look$ =w>d to "s glori\s consummation1 & h liv$ & work$ 9 ! fai? ( x4 ',to ! prophets ( ,israel x 0 ! new age ( righte\sness2 to ! ,greek ?9k]s ! _w ( pure intelligible =ms2 to ,augu/9e & ,dante ! holy !ocratic /ate2 to ! practical ?\ght ( our own "t ! r5ovat$ social ord]4 ,ea* successive age w frame its own vision ( ! great fulfilm5t2 b all ! diff]5t ideals c f9d _! place 9 ! message ( ! k+dom :i* 0 proclaim$ by ,jesus4'#dj ,!re is ?us op5$ to our vision a spl5did conception ( ! future ( humanity4 ,x /&s = all t is highe/ 9 our expectations because x is already expressive ( all t is be/ 9 our pres5t a*ievem5ts & endeav\rs4 ,! f9al hope ( mank9d requires = its fulfilm5t a progressive moral discipl9e4 ,only z ,*ri/'s tw(old comm&--love to ,god & love to man--is made ! all-p]vasive rule ( m5's lives w ! goal ( a univ]sally p]fect$ humanity be atta9$4 #ada ,,iii ,! *ief good may be reg>d$ f9ally 9 its div9e aspect--z ! endeav\r aft] ,god-lik5ess4 ,9 ?is ?ird =m ( ! ideal ! two o!rs--! p]sonal & ! social--are h>monis$ & complet$4 ,to realise ! p]fect life z x is reveal$ 9 ! "* & w ( ,god is ! supreme aim ( man1 & x embraces all t is conceivably highe/ = ! individual & = humanity z a :ole4 ,?is aspiration f9ds its mo/ explicit expression 9 ! sublime ^w ( ,*ri/--',be ye p]fect ev5 z y\r ,fa!r 9 heav5 is p]fect4'#da ,?is comm&m5t1 unlike s _m g5]alisations ( duty1 is no cold ab/raction4 ,x is p]vad$ ) ! w>m? ( p]sonality & ! inspiration ( love4 ,9 ! idea ( ,fa!rhood bo? a /&>d & motive are impli$4 ,because ,god is our ,fa!r x is at once natural & possible = u to be l ,him4 ,he :o w\ld imitate ano!r mu/ h already )9 him some?+ ( t o!r4 ,z !re is a community ( nature :i* makes x possible = ! *ild to gr[ into ! lik5ess ( its p>5t1 s !re is a k9%ip 9 man ) ,god to :i* our ,"l "h appeals4 #a4 ,among ! e?ical qualities ( div9e p]fection set =? 9 scripture = man's imitation ,hol9ess /&s preem95t4 ,god1 ! p]fect be+1 is ! type ( hol9ess1 & m5 are holy 9 proportion z _! lives are ,godlike4 ,?is conception ( hol9ess is fundam5tal 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is summ$ up 9 a comm& almo/ id5tical ) t ( our ,"l3 ',be ye holy1 = ,i am holy4'#db ,hol9ess1 z ,*ri/ianity und]/&s x1 is ! "n = ! undimm$ lu/re ( ,god's e?ical p]fection4 ,god is '! ,holy "o'--! alone 'good' 9 ! absolute s5se4#dc ,if ,god's "* consi/s 9 ',hol9ess1' !n t quality det]m9es ! moral end ( man4 ,b hol9ess1 z ! mo/ compreh5sive "n = ! div9e moral p]fection--! pure :ite light ( ,god's ,be+--breaks up into ! #adb sep>ate rays :i* we designate ! special moral attributes4 ,^! h be5 gr\p$ "u ',righte\sness' 7tru?1 fai?fulness1 ju/ice1 zeal1 etc471 & ',love' 7goodness1 pity1 m]cy1 etc471 ?\gh !y are really b expressions ( "o individual life4#dd #b4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,righte\sness is almo/ equival5t to hol9ess4 ,x is ! attribute ( ,god :i* det]m9es ! nature ( ,8 k+dom & ! condition ( man's entrance into x4 ,z compris+ ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god & ! fulfilm5t ( ! moral law1 x is ! basal & c5tral conception ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal4#de ,x is ! keynote ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,life has a supreme sacr$ness = ,paul because ! righte\sness ( ,god is its end4 ,:ile righte\sness is ! di/9ctive note ( ! ,paul9e conception1 x is also fundam5tal 9 ! ,e?ics ( ,jesus4 ,x is ! rul+ ?\ght 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,to be righte\s = ,jesus simply means to be "r & true--to be z "o ought to be4 ,b human /&>ds are insuffici5t4 ,a man mu/ ord] 8 life by ! div9e /&>d4 ,jesus is z emphatic z any ,old ,te/am5t prophet 9 insi/+ ^u ! ne$ ( absolute righte\sness4 ,t1 = all :o w\ld %>e 9 ! k+dom ( ! good1 is to be _! ideal--! object ( _! hung] & ?ir/4 ,x is a 'good' :i* is ess5tial to ! v satisfaction & bless$ness ( ! s\l4#df ,x is ! supreme desire ( ! man :o w\ld be at peace ) ,god4 ,x involves pov]ty ( _s1 = only ^? :o are empti$ ( self are consci\s ( _! ne$4 ,!y :o1 9 humility & meekness1 ackn[l$ge _! s9s1 are 9 ! way ( hol9ess & are already p>tak]s ( ! div9e nature4 ,*ri/'s tea*+ 9 reg>d to righte\sness has bo? a negative & a positive aspect4 ,x 0 inevitable t ,he %\ld beg9 ) a criticism ( ! morality inculcat$ by ! lead]s ( ,8 day4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( ,ph>isaism 01 z ,*ri/ %[s1 its ext]nalism4 ,if a man fulfill$ ! outw>d requirem5ts ( ! law he 0 #adc reg>d$ z holy1 by himself & o!rs1 :atev] might be ! /ate ( 8 he>t t[>ds ,god4 ,?is outw>dness t5d$ to create c]ta9 vices ( "*4 ,=emo/ among/ ^! 7 7#a7 ,vanity or ,o/5tation4 ,to appe> well 9 ! op9ion ( o!rs 0 ! aim ( ph>isaic conduct4 ,along ) o/5tation appe>s 7#b7 ,self-complac5cy4 ,flatt]y leads to self-e/eem4 ,he :o loves ! praise ( man naturally beg9s to praise himself4 ,z a result ( self-e/eem arises 7#c7 ,c5sori\sness1 s9ce he :o ?9ks well ( himself is apt to ?9k ill ( o!rs4 ,z a sy/em ,ph>isaism 0 wanton hypocrisy--a "* ( seem+ righte\sness1 b too (t5 ( real vici\sness4 ,b ,*ri/ came n to de/roy b to fulfil ! law4#dg ,8 aim 0 to proclaim ! true pr9ciples ( righte\sness 9 contra/ to ! curr5t notions ( x4 ,?is ,he proce$s to d by issu+ ! law 9 its ideal & p]fect$ =m4#dh ,h5ce ,jesus unfolds its positive cont5t by br++ into prom95ce ! virtues ( ! godly "* z oppos$ to ! ph>isaic vices4 ,mode/y & humility are set ov] aga9/ o/5tation & self-righte\sness4#di ,s+le-m9d$ s9c]ity is comm5d$ 9 opposition to hypocrisy4#ej ,! vice ( c5sori\sness is met by ! duty ( self-judgm5t r ?an ! judgm5t ( o!rs4#ea ,! two positive features ( ! new law ( righte\sness z exp\nd$ by ,jesus are--inw>dness & spontaneity4 ,! righte\sness ( ! ,gospel1 s f> f be+ lax] or easi] ( fulfilm5t1 0 actually to exce$ t ( ! ,ph>isees3#eb 7a7 9 dep? & inw>dness4 ,x is n en\gh n to kill or /eal or commit adult]y4 ,^! comm&m5ts may be outw>dly kept yet inw>dly brok54 ,some?+ m radical is expect$ ( ! man :o has set be=e him ! do+ ( ,god's w1 a righte\sness n ( appe>ance b ( reality4 7b7 ,9 fre$om & spontaneity4 ,x is to h its spr+ 9 ! he>t4 ,x is to be a righte\sness n ( s]vile ob$i5ce1 b ( will+ devotion4 ,! aim ( life is no long] ! pa9ful ef=t ( ! bondsman :o #add /rives to p]=m a di/a/eful task1 b ! gladsome endeav\r ( ! son :o kn[s & does1 because he loves1 8 fa!r's w4 ,9 ! ,e?ics ( ! ,*ri/ian life !re is no su* ?+ z m]e duty2 = a man nev] fulfils 8 duty till he has done m ?an is legally requir$ ( him4 ',:osoev] %all compel y to g ) him "o mile1 g ) him twa94'#ec ,! 'nicely calculat$ less or m' is ali5 to ! _s ( him :o w\ld d ,god's w4 ,love is ! fulfill+ ( ! law1 & love kn[s no?+ ( limits4 #c4 ,?us ! hol9ess ( ,god is manife/$ n 9 righte\sness only1 b 9 ! attribute ( ,love4 ,! human m9d c atta9 to no high] conception ( ! div9e "* ?an t :i* ! ^w 'love' sugge/s4 ,! ?\ght is ! creation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 ! special contribution ( "o ( ! inn]mo/ circle ( ,jesus' disciples to give utt]ance to ! new vision ( ! div9e nature :i* ,*ri/ _h disclos$--',god is love4'#ed ,9 our ,"l's tea*+ ! c5tre ( gravity is entirely *ang$4 ,! ,jewi% idea ( ,god is enri*$ ) a full] cont5t4 ,he is /ill ! ,holy ,"o1 b ! sublimity ( ,8 righte\sness1 ?\gh fully recognis$1 is s(t5$ by ! g5tl] radiance ( love4#ee ,jehovah ! ,sov]eign is reveal$ z ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,div9e righte\sness is n simply ju/ice1 b goodness manife/$ 9 f>-rea*+ activities ( m]cy & pity & b5evol5ce4 ,a new note is /ruck 9 ! ,e?ics ( ,jesus4 ,a new relation%ip is e/abli%$ betwe5 ,god & man--a p]sonal filial relation%ip :i* entirely alt]s man's conception ( life4 ,to be p]fect z our ,fa!r 9 heav5 is p]fect1 to be1 & embody 9 life all t love means1 t is ! sublime aim :i* ,jesus 9 ,8 own p]son & tea*+ sets be=e ! _w4 ,z ,god's love is univ]sal1 & ,8 c>e & compassion _w-wide1 s1 says ,*ri/1 n by retaliation or ev5 by ! p]=mance ( /rict ju/ice1 b 9 lov+ y\r enemies1 9 return+ good = evil & ext5d+ y\r acts ( helpfulness & *>ity to ^? ':o "k n1 c>e n1 ?9k #ade n1 :at !y d1' %all ye become ! *ildr5 ( y\r ,fa!r1 & realise some?+ ( t div9e patt]n ( e man :i* has be5 %[n him on ! holy m\nt4 ,if ! view pres5t$ 9 ?is *apt] ( ! e?ical ideal ( ,*ri/ianity be correct1 !n ! doctr9e ( an ,int]ims-e?ik advocat$ by mod]n es*atologi/s mu/ be pron\nc$ unsatisfactory z a complete acc\nt ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4#ef ,! ?ree features :i* /& out mo/ cle>ly 9 ! ,e?ics ( ,*ri/ are1 ,absolut5ess1 ,inw>dness1 & ,univ]sality4 ,x is an ideal = man z man1 = all "t1 & = all m54 ,! p]sonality ( ,god repres5ts ! highe/ =m ( exi/5ce we "k2 & ! love ( ,god is ! sublime/ attribute we c conceive4 ,b because ,god is our ,fa!r !re is a k9%ip betwe5 ! div9e & ! human2 & no high] or gr&] vision ( life is ?9kable ?an to be l ,god--to %>e t :i* is mo/ di/9ctive ( ! div9e ,fa!rhood--,8 love ( all mank9d4 ,h5ce ,godlik5ess involves ,bro!rhood4#eg ,9 ! ideal ( love--high z ,god1 broad z ! _w--! o!r aspects ( ! *ief good1 ! individual & ! social1 are h>monis$4 ,9 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 ! problem ( philosophy h[ to unite ! "o & ! _m1 egoism & altruism1 has be5 practically solv$4 ,! individual realises 8 life only z he f9ds himself 9 o!rs2 & ?is he c only d z he f9ds himself 9 ,god4 ,! fir/ & la/ ^w ( all morality & religion is summ$ up 9 ,*ri/'s tw(old law ( love3 ',?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y m9d2 & ?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4'#eh #a ,cf4 ,troelts*1 ,die ,sociallehr5 d4 ,*ri/l4 ,kir*51 vol4 i4 p4 #cg1 :]e ! idea ( self-wor? & self-consecration is work$ out4 #b ,w]nle1 ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 i4 p4 #gf4 #c ,w]nle1 ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #gf f4 #d ,john x4 #aj4 #e ,luke xii4 #ae1 #af4 #f ,matt4 v4 #g ,matt4 vi4 #bd4 #h #a ,john ii4 #ae4 #i ,luke x4 #ba2 ,matt4 xi4 #bh-cj2 ,m>k viii4 #ce2 ,john iii4 #ae1 x4 #bh1 xvii4 #b4 #aj ,john xvii4 #c4 #aa ,rom4 xii4 #a4 #ab ,matt4 xix4 #ag4 #ac ,luke xvii4 #cc2 ,john xii4 #be4 #ad ,bailey1 ,fe/us4 #ae ,br[n+4 #af ,jones1 ,br[n+ z a ,philosophical & ,religi\s ,tea*]1 p4 #ced4 #ag ,abt ,vogl]4 #ah ,cf4 ,bal*1 ,introd4 to ! ,/udy ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 p4 #aej4 #ai ,newman ,smy?1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 p4 #ig4 #bj ,bal*1 ,introd4 to ! ,/udy ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 p4 #aej4 #ba ,see ,apocalypses ( ,b>u*1 ,esdras1 ,eno*1 & ,pss4 ( ,solomon1 & also ,daniel & ,ezekiel4 ,cf4 ,e4 ,f4 ,scott1 ,! ,k+dom & ! ,messiah1 = ,apoc4 lit]ature4 #bb ,j4 ,weiss1 ,die ,pr$igt ,jesu vom ,rei*e ,gottes4 ,cf4 also ,w]nle1 ,die ,anfnge unsur] ,religion1 :o is n s pron\nc$4 ,b\sset rejects ?is view1 & ,titius1 9 8 ,n4 ,t4 ,doctr9e ( ,bless$ness1 reg>ds ! k+dom ( ,god z a pres5t good4 ,see also ,m(fatt1 ,! ,!ology ( ! ,gospels4 #bc ,cf4 ,dobs*tz1 ,! ,es*atology ( ! ,gospels1 also ,s*weitz]1 op4 cit41 & ,s&ay1 ,! ,life ( ,*ri/ 9 ,rec5t ,rese>*1 ,e4 ,scott1 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god & ! ,messiah1 & ,m(fatt1 op4 cit4 #bd ,cf4 ,b>b\r1 ,a ,philos4 ,/udy ( ,*r4 ,e?ics1 p4 #ahd4 #be ',jesu pr$igt 9 ihrem ,geg5satz zum ,jud5?um4' #bf ,cairns1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,mod4 ,_w1 p4 #agc4 ,see ,s*weitz]1 ,! ,que/ ( ! ,hi/orical ,jesus1 = advocates & oppon5ts ( ?is view1 pp4 #bbb ff4 ,cf4 also ,troelts*1 op4 cit41 vol4 i4 p4 #ce4 #bg ,cf4 ,m(fatt1 op4 cit4 #bh ,luke iv4 #ba1 xvii4 #ba2 ,matt4 xii4 #bh1 xi4 #b-h1 xi4 #bj2 ,luke xvi4 #af4 ,cf4 also ,matt4 xiii4 #af-ag4 #bi ,our ,"l nev] uses ! ^w 'f9al' or 'la/' ( any?+ conc]n+ ! k+dom4 ,only 9 ! f\r? ,gospel d we f9d ! phrase '! la/ day4' ,see art41 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,sept4 #aiab4 #cj ,! view ( ,weiss4 #ca ,luke xii4 #ai2 ,matt xxiv4 #ac2 ,m>k xiii4 #ac2 #b ,tim4 ii4 #ab4 #cb ,k+1 ,! ,e?ics ( ,jesus1 p4 #adc4 #cc ,m>k xiii4 #g-ca has be5 call$ ! 'little ,apocalypse' & ! hypo!sis has be5 ?r[n out t a numb] ( v]ses 7fifte5 9 all7 =m a docum5t by !mselves1 'a fly leaf put into circulation be=e ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 & really incorporat$ by ! ,evangeli/ himself4 ,see ,s&ay1 art41 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,oct4 #aiaa1 & ,life ( ,*ri/ 9 ,rec5t ,rese>*4 #cd ,matt4 xxiv4 #db4 #ce ,matt4 xxiv4 #bc4 #cf ,matt4 xxiv4 #bg4 #cg ,matt4 xxiv4 #cj4 #ch ,matt4 xxiv4 #ca4 #ci ,matt4 xxv4 #dj ,e4 ,f4 ,scott1 ,! ,k+dom & ! ,messiah1 p4 #bef4 #da ,matt4 v4 #dh4 #db ,lev4 iv4 #aa1 xix4 #b4 #dc ,m>k x4 #ah4 #dd ,cf4 ,orr1 ,s9 z a ,problem ( ,to-day1 *ap4 iii4 #de ,cf4 ,jacoby1 ,neu-te/am5tli*e ,e?ik1 p4 #a4 #df ,matt4 v4 #c f4 #dg ,matt4 v4 #ag4 #dh ,matt4 v4 #ah4 #di ,matt4 vi4 #a-f4 #ej ,matt4 vi4 #af-ah4 #ea ,matt4 vii4 #a-e4 #eb ,matt4 v4 #bj4 #ec ,matt4 v4 #da4 #ed #a ,john iv4 #h1 #af4 #ee ,john xvii4 #aa2 ,heb4 x4 #ca2 ,rev4 xv4 #d4 #ef ,cf4 ,e4 ,digges ,la ,t\*e1 ,! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ 9 ,mod]n ,?\ght1 pp4 #aej ff4 #eg #a ,john iv4 #ba4 #eh ,matt4 xxii4 #cg4 #adf ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,/&>d ,,& ,,motive ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,life ,9 e sy/em ( ,e?ics ! ?ree ideas ( ,end1 ,norm1 & ,motive are insep>able4 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics is unique 9 ?is respect t x pres5ts n m]ely a code ( morals1 b an ideal ( good embodi$ 9 a p]son :o is at once ! patt]n & inspiration ( ! new life4 ,9 ?is *apt] we propose to consid] ^! two elem5ts ( ! good4 ,*ri/ z ,example4--,! value ( 'concrete examples' has be5 frequ5tly recognis$ 9 non-,*ri/ian sy/ems4 ,9 ! 'philosoph] k+' ( ,plato1 ! 'exp]t' ( ,ari/otle1 & ! 'wise man' ( ! ,/oics we h ! imag9>y embodim5t ( ! ideal4 ,a simil> t5d5cy is app>5t 9 mod]n !ories4 ,comte inve/s ! ab/ract idea ( ',humanity' ) c]ta9 p]sonal p]fections = :i* he claims homage4 ,b :at o!r sy/ems h conceiv$ 9 an imag9ative =m only1 ,*ri/ianity has realis$ 9 an actual p]son4 ,! example ( ,*ri/ is n a sep>ate s\rce ( au?ority indep5d5t ( ,8 tea*+1 b r its witness & illu/ration4 ,^w & de$ 9 ,jesus are 9 full agreem5t4 ,he 0 :at ,he taught1 & e tru? ,he utt]$ fl[$ directly f ,8 inn] nature4 ,he is ! prototype & expression ( ! 'good' z x exi/s 9 ! m9d ( ,god1 z well z ! p]fect repres5tative & /&>d ( x 9 human life4 ,9 ,him is manife/$ = all "t :at is meant by ! good4 #adg #a4 ,if ,*ri/ is ! normative /&>d ( life x is extremely important to obta9 a true p]ception ( ,him z ,he dwelt among m54 ,b too (t5 h !ology & art pres5t$ a ,*ri/ embelli%$ ) fanta/ic col\rs or obscur$ by ab/ract speculations4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 !re has be5 a revival ( int]e/ 9 ! actual life ( ,jesus4 ,m5 are turn+ wi/fully to ! life ( ! ,ma/] = guidance 9 practical matt]s1 & x is beg9n+ to dawn ^u ! _w t ! highe/ ideals ( manhood 7 pres5t 9 ! ,c>p5t] ( ,naz>e?4 ,we mu/ !re=e g back to ! ,gospels if we w\ld "k :at mann] ( man ,jesus 04 ,! difficulty ( pres5t+ ! ,man ,*ri/ ,jesus z ! et]nal example to ! _w mu/ h be5 almo/ insurm\ntable2 & we are at once /ruck ) two rem>kable features ( ! synoptics' portrayal ( ,him4 7#a7 ,! writ]s make no attempt to produce a "w ( art4 ,!y nev] dream t !y are draw+ a model = all m5 to copy4 ,!re is no ef=t to t\* up or tone d[n ! portrait4 ,!y simply reflect :at !y see )\t admixture ( col\rs ( _! own4 ,h5ce ! p>adox ( ,8 p]sonality--! int5se humanness & yet ! my/]y ( godl9ess ev] & anon %9+ ?r\gh ! commone/ incid5ts ( ,8 life4 7#b7 ,ev5 m rem>kable ?an ! abs5ce ( subjectivity on ! "p ( ! evangeli/s is ! unconsci\sness ( ,jesus t ,he is be+ portray$ z an example4 ,we d n receive ! impression t ! ,son ( ,man 0 consci\sly liv+ = ! edification ( ! _w4 ,8 m5tal attitude is n t ( an actor play+ a "p1 b ( a true & g5u9e man liv+ 8 own life & fulfill+ 8 own purpose4 ,!re is no seem+ or display4 ,goodness to be effectual z an example mu/ be unconsci\s goodness4 ,we are impress$ ev]y:]e ) ! p]fect naturalness & spontaneity ( all t ,*ri/ did & utt]$4#a ,! "* ( ,jesus has be5 v>i\sly int]pret$1 & x is "o ( ! evid5ces ( ,8 moral greatness t ea* age has emphasis$ "s new aspect ( ,8 #adh p]sonality4 ,9 a nature s ri* & complex x is difficult to fix ^u a s+le category f :i* may be d$uc$ ! manifold attributes ( ,8 "*4 ,two conceptions ( ,jesus h g5]ally prevail$ d[n ! c5turies4 ,"o view int]prets ,8 "* 9 t]ms ( asceticism2 ! o!r 9 t]ms ( ae/heticism4#b ,"s reg>d ,him z ! repres5tative ( ,hebrew sorr[ & sacrifice2 o!rs see 9 ,him ! type ( ,hell5ic joy & g5iality4 ,!re are passages 9 ,scripture confirmatory ( bo? impressions4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re is a :ole s]ies ( virtues ( ! passive ord] :i* are utt]ly ali5 to ! ,greek ideal2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is equally prom95t a tone ( tranquil gladness1 ( broad sympa?y )1 & ke5 appreciation (1 ! beautiful 9 nature & life :i* contra/s ) ! _s ( ,hebrew abnegation4 ,b1 aft] all1 nei!r ( ^! traits reveals ! secret ( ,jesus4 ,joy & sorr[ are b incid5ts 9 life4 ,!y h only moral value z ! vehicles ( a pr(\nd] spiritual purpose4 ,to help e man to realise ! fullness & p]fection ( 8 be+ z a *ild ( ,god is ! aim ( ,8 life & m9i/ry1 & ev]y?+ t fur!rs ?is end is gratefully recognis$ by ,him z a good4 ,he nei!r c\rts nor %uns pa94 ,nei!r joy nor sorr[ is = ,him an end 9 itself4 ,bo? are b incid5ts ^u ! way ( hol9ess & love :i* ,he _h *os5 to travel4 #b4 ,ev]y:]e !re 0 manife/ 9 ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus a note ( self-ma/]y & au?ority :i* impress$ ,8 contempor>ies & goes f> to expla9 & unify ! v>i\s features ( ,8 p]sonality & influ5ce4 ,x is rem>kable to notice h[ (t5 ! ^w 'p[]' is appli$ to ,jesus 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4#c ,:e!r we reg>d ,8 attitude to ,god1 or ,8 relation to o!rs1 x is ?is note ( quiet /r5g?1 ( vital moral =ce :i* arre/s our att5tion4 ,x w be suffici5t to m5tion 9 pass+ ?ree directions 9 :i* ?is quality ( p[] is manife/4 #adi 7#a7 ,x is reveal$ 9 ! consci\sness ( a div9e mission4 ,he goes /eadily =w>d ) ! calmness ( "o :o kn[s himself & 8 "w4 ,he has no fe> or hesitancy4 ,c\rage1 e>ne/ness1 & s+l5ess ( purpose m>k ,8 c>e]4 ,he is consci\s t ,8 task has be5 giv5 ,him by ,god1 & t ,he is ! *os5 in/rum5t ( ,8 ,fa!r's w4 ,life has a greatness & wor? = ,him because x may be made ! manife/ation & vehicle ( ! div9e purpose4 7#b7 ,8 p[] is reveal$ aga9 9 ! realisation ( ,hol9ess4 ,hol9ess is to be diff]5tiat$1 on ! "o h&1 f innoc5ce2 &1 on ! o!r1 f s9lessness4 ,innoc5ce is untri$ goodness2 s9lessness is negative goodness2 hol9ess is a*iev$ & victori\s goodness4 ,x 0 n m]e abs5ce ( s9 t di/+ui%$ ,jesus4 ,8 0 a purity won by temptation1 an ob$i5ce p]fect$ ?r\gh suff]+1 a peace & h>mony ( s\l atta9$ n by self-suppression1 b by ! consecration ( ,8 unfold+ life to ! w ( ,god4 7#c7 ,8 p[] is manife/$ once m 9 ,8 ,sympa?y ) man4 ,8 purity 0 p]vasive4 ,x fl[$ =? 9 acts ( love4 ,he w5t ab\t do+ good1 invad+ ! _w ( d>kness & sorr[ ) light & joy4 ,x is ! weal? ( ,8 int]e/s & ! v>iety ( ,8 sympa?y :i* give to ! m9i/ry ( ! ,son ( ,man its impressiv5ess & *>m4 ,) gladness z ) grief1 ) ! playfulness ( *ildhood & ! e>ne/ness ( maturity1 ) ! innoc5t fe/ivities & ! grav] pursuits ( ,8 fell[-m51 ) ! c>es ( ! ri* & ! trials ( ! poor1 ,he disclos$ ! mo/ intimate & t5d] feel+4 ,8 p>ables %[ t ,he _h an op5 & obs]vant eye = all ! life ar\nd ,him4 ,to e appeal ,he respond$ ) an insight & delicacy ( consid]ation :i* betok5$ t ,he ,himself _h s\nd$ ! dep?s ( human exp]i5ce & knew :at 0 9 man4 ,hum\r1 irony1 & pa?os 9 turn are reveal$ 9 ,8 human int]c\rse4 ,b :ile ,jesus delight$ to give ( ,himself freely ,he knew also h[ to )hold ,himself4 ,!re c be no true #aej sympa?y )\t re/ra9t4 ,! passive virtues--meekness1 pati5ce1 =be>ance--:i* appe> 9 ! life ( ,*ri/ are 'n ! signs ( m]e self-mortification1 !y are ! signs ( p[] 9 res]ve4 ,!y are ! m>ks ( "o :o c af=d to wait1 :o expects to suff]2 & t n because he is simply meek & l[ly1 b because he is also /rong & calm4'#d ,! ,new ,te/am5t depicts ,jesus z made 9 ! lik5ess ( m51 ^: life1 ?\gh unique 9 "s ( its aspects1 0 9 its g5]al conditions normal1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ord9>y /ages ( gr[?1 & p>ticipat+ 9 ! common exp]i5ces ( mank9d4 ,he _h to submit to ! same laws & limitations ( ! univ]se z we h4 ,!re 0 ! same call1 9 ,8 case z 9 ours1 to ob$i5ce & endurance4 ,!re 0 ! same dem& = moral decision4 ,temptation1 suff]+1 & toil1 :i* mean s mu* = man 9 ! discipl9e ( "*1 7 factors also 9 ! spiritual developm5t ( ,*ri/4 ,tru/1 pray]1 ?anksgiv+ 7 ex]cis$ by ! ,son ( ,man z by o!rs2 confession alone _h no place 9 ,8 life4 #c4 ,! "q has be5 s]i\sly ask$1 ,c ! example & tea*+ ( ,jesus be really adopt$ 9 mod]n life z ! patt]n & rule ( conduct8 ,is !re n some?+ /rangely impracticable 9 ,8 ,e?ics2 &1 h[ev] admirably suit$ to meet ! ne$s ( ,8 own "t1 utt]ly inapplicable to ! complex conditions ( society to-day8 ,on ! "o h&1 ,tol/oy w\ld h u foll[ ! example ( ,jesus to ! lett]1 & rigidly practise ! precepts ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( refus+ to resi/ wrong & possess prop]ty1 & ( hold+ alo( f all culture & ent]prise1 & ! int]e/s ( life g5]ally4 ,on ! o!r h&1 philosoph]s l ,pauls5 & ,bradley1 p]ceiv+ ! utt] impracticabl5ess ( ,tol/oy's cont5tions1 yet at ! same "t recognis+ 8 attitude z ! only consi/5t "o if ! imitation ( ,*ri/ is to h vogue at all1 are conv9c$ t ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus is n ! model ( our #afa age1 & t to attempt to c>ry out ,8 precepts consi/5tly w\ld be n only impossible b injuri\s to all ! high] int]e/s ( humanity4#e ,b ?is conclusion is bas$1 x seems to u1 ^u a two-fold misappreh5sion4 ,x is f\nd$ ^u an inadequate int]pretation ( ! life & tea*+ ( ,*ri/2 & also ^u a :olly me*anical und]/&+ ( ! mean+ & value ( example4 7#a7 ,:at 0 ,*ri/'s ideal ( ! ,*ri/ian life8 ,0 x t ( ! monk or ! citiz58--! recluse :o m$itates ap>t on 8 own salvation1 or ! work] :o ent]s ! _w & contributes to ! bett]m5t ( mank9d8 ,is ! k+dom ( ,god a realm ap>t & sep>ate f all ! o!r doma9s ( activity8 ,or has ,*ri/ianity1 accord+ to its ess5ce1 room )9 x = an application ( its tru? to ! complex relations & manifold int]e/s ( mod]n life8 ,bo? views h f\nd expression 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b !re c be little d\bt z to :i* is ! true int]pretation ( ! m9d ( ,jesus4#f 7#b7 ,b1 aga91 :at is meant by ! 'imitation ( ,*ri/' has be5 also misconceiv$4 ,imitation is n a lit]al me*anical copy+4 ,to make ! "* ( ano!r y\r model does n mean t y are to become 8 mimic or e*o4 ,9 ask+ u to foll[ ,him1 ,*ri/ does n desire to suppress our individuality1 b to enri* & ennoble x4 ,:5 ,he says1 on ! occasion ( ! feet-wa%+ ( ,8 disciples1 ',i h giv5 y an example1 t ye %\ld d z ,i h done to y1'#g obvi\sly x 0 n ! outw>d lit]al p]=mance1 b ! _s ( humility & s]vice embodi$ 9 ! act :i* ,he desir$ ,8 disciples to emulate4 ,f ano!r s\l we receive inc5tives r ?an rules4 ,no tea*] or ma/]1 says ,em]son1 c #aeb realise = u :at is good4#h ,)9 our own s\ls alone c ! decision be made4 ,we _c hope to int]pret ! "* ( ano!r until !re be )9 our own brea/s ! same moral _s f :i* we believe 8 conduct to proce$4 ,! v nature ( goodness =bids slavi% reproduction4 ,h5ce !re is a c]ta9 s5se 9 :i* ! p>adox ( ,kant is true1 t 'imitation f9ds no place at all 9 morality4'#i ,! "q1 ',:at w\ld ,jesus d8' z a te/ ( conduct cov]s a q inadequate conception ( ! intimate & vital relations ,*ri/ be>s to our humanity4 ',x is n to copy aft] ,*ri/1' says a mod]n writ]1 'b to receive ,8 _s & make x effective--:i* is ! moral task ( ! ,*ri/ian4'#aj ,*ri/ is inde$ our example1 b ,he is m4 ,& unless ,he 7 m ,he c\ld n be s mu*4 ,we c\ld n /rive to be l ,him if ,he 7 n already )9 u1 ! ,pr9ciple & ,_s ( our life1 ! high] & div9] self ( e man4 ,:at is meant1 !n1 by say+ t ,*ri/ is ! ideal "* or norm ( life is t ,he repres5ts to u human nature 9 its typical or ideal =m4 ,z we behold ,8 p]fection we feel t ?is is :at we 7 made =1 ?is is ! true end ( our be+4 ,e "o may1 9 %ort1 see 9 ,him ! fulfilm5t ( ! div9e idea & purpose ( man--! conception & end ( himself4#aa ,,ii ,! ,*ri/ian ,motive4--,rightly reg>d$ ,*ri/ is n only ! model ( ! new life1 b its motive z well4 ,all ! great appeals ( ! ,gospel--e p]suasion & plea by :i* ,god seeks to awak5 a responsive love 9 ! he>ts ( m5--are c5tr$ 91 & f9d expression ?r\gh1 ! ,p]son & ,passion ( ,*ri/4 #a4 ,! "q ( motive is a prim>y "o 9 ,e?ics4 #aec ,if1 !re=e1 we ask1 ,:at is ! deepe/ spr+ ( action1 :at is ! inc5tive & motive p[] = ! ,*ri/ian8 ,! answ] is3 7#a7 ! love ( ,god1 a love :i* f9ds its highe/ expression 9 ,=giv5ess4 ,( all motives ! mo/ p[]ful is ! s5se ( be+ p>don$4 ,ev5 :5 x is only "o human be+ :o =gives ano!r1 no?+ /rikes s deep into ! human he>t or evokes p5it5ce s t5d] & unres]v$1 or br+s a joy s pure & la/+4 ,x n only re/ores ! old relation :i* wrong _h dissolv$2 x gives ! (f5d] a s5se ( loyalty unkn[n be=e4 ,he is n[ b\nd n by law b by hon\r1 & x w\ld be a disloyalty worse ?an ! orig9al (f5ce if he w\nd$ su* love aga94 ,?us x is t ,god becomes ! object ( rev]5ce & affection1 n because ,he imposes laws ^u u b because ,he p>dons & r$eems4 ,! consci\sness ( =giv5ess is f> m pot5t 9 produc+ goodness ?an ! consci\sness ( law4 ,?is psy*ological fact lay at ! root ( ,*ri/'s m9i/ry1 & 0 ! secret ( ,8 hope = man4 ,?is1 too1 is ! key to all t is p>adoxical1 &1 at ! same "t1 to all t is mo/ *>act]i/ic 9 ,/ ,paul's ,gospel4 ,:at ! ,law c\ld n d1 =giv5ess a*ieves4 ,x creates ! new he>t1 & ) x ! new hol9ess4 ',x is n any?+ /atutory :i* makes sa9ts out ( s9ful m52 x is ! =giv5ess :i* comes ?r\gh ! passion ( ,jesus4'#ab 7#b7 ,next to ! motive ( =giv5ess1 & inde$ aris+ f x1 is ! new consci\sness ( ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god1 & ! correspond+ idea ( son%ip4 ,?is 0 a motive to :i* ,jesus habitually appeal$4 ,he inv>iably s\ght n only to create 9 m5 confid5ce 9 ,god by reveal+ ,8 fa!rly provid5ce1 b also to lift !m out ( _! apa?y & ?raldom by k9dl+ 9 _! s\ls a s5se ( _! wor? & lib]ty z sons ( ,god4 ,! same ?\ght is prom95t also 9 ! epi/les bo? ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john4 ,z *ildr5 ( ,god we are no long] m5ials & hirel+s :o d _! "w m]ely = pay1 & )\t #aed intellig5t int]e/1 b sons :o %>e our ,fa!r's possessions & co-op]ate ) ,him 9 ,8 purposes4#ac 7#c7 ,closely connect$ ) ! idea ( ,son%ip is t ( life z a ,div9e ,vocation4 ,life is a tru/1 & z ! *ildr5 ( ,god we are call$ to s]ve ,him ) all we h & are4 ,! s5se ( ! vocation & /ew>d%ip ( life acts z a motive3 7a7 9 giv+ dignity & /ability to "*1 sav+ u1 on ! "o h&1 f fatalism1 & on ! o!r f fanaticism1 & af=d+ def9it5ess ( purpose to all our endeav\rs2 & 7b7 9 promot+ s9c]ity & fidelity 9 our life-"w4 ,?or\ghness w p]meate e dep>tm5t ( our conduct1 s9ce :atsoev] we d 9 ^w or de$ we d z unto ,god4 ,all duty is felt to be "o1 & z love to ,god becomes its motive ! smalle/ z well z ! greate/ act is inve/$ ) inf9ite wor?4 ',all s]vice ranks ! same ) ,god4' 7#d7 ,ano!r motive1 prom95t 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 b pres5t also 9 ! es*atological passages ( ! ,synoptics1 ought to be m5tion$1 ?\gh x does n n[ act ^u ,*ri/ians 9 ! same =m--! ,%ortness & ,unc]ta9ty ( life4 ,our ,"l enjo9s m5 to "w :ile x is day = ! night come?2 & 9 view ( ! sudd5ness & unexpect$ness ( ! com+ ( ! ,son ( ,man ,he exhorts to wat*fulness & prep>$ness4 ,a simil> ?\ght =ms ! backgr\nd ( ! apo/le's conception ( life4 ,8 entire view ( duty z well z 8 e/imate ( e>?ly ?+s are t+$ ) ! idea t '! "t is %ort1' & t '! ,"l is at h&4' ,*ri/ians are exhort$1 !re=e1 to sit lightly to all worldly consid]ations4 ,our true citiz5%ip is 9 heav54 ,b nei!r ! apo/le nor 8 ,ma/] ev] urges ?is fact z a reason = apa?y or indiff]5ce4 ,life may be brief1 b x is n wor?less4 ,! ?\ght ( life's brevity mu/ n act z an opiate1 b r z a /imulant4 ,if our exi/5ce "h is %ort1 !n !re is all ! great] necessity t its days %\ld be nobly fill$1 & its transi5t opportunities seiz$ & turn$ into occasions ( /r5u\s s]vice4 #aee 7#e7 ,to ! consid]ations j m5tion$ mu/ be add$ a cognate tru? :i* has col\r$ ! :ole ,*ri/ian view ( life1 & has be5 a mo/ p[]ful factor 9 %ap+ ,*ri/ian conduct--! idea ( ,immortality4 ,x is n q correct to say t we owe ?is doctr9e to ,*ri/ianity alone4 ,long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era x 0 recognis$ 9 ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ! ,ori5t g5]ally4 ,b x 0 ent]ta9$ m z a surmise ?an a conviction4 ,& among ! ,greeks x 0 little m ?an ! %ad[y speculation ( philosoph]s4 ,plato1 9 8 ,pha$o1 puts into ! m\? ( ,socrates utt]ances ( great beauty & f>-rea*+ import2 yet1 not)/&+ _! sublimity1 !y sc>cely atta9 to m ?an a 'p]haps4' ,ev5 9 ,hebrew lit]ature1 z we h se51 :ile isolat$ in/ances ( a l>g] hope are n want+1 !re is no confid5t or g5]al belief 9 an aft]-life4 ,b :at 0 only guess$ at by ! anci5ts 0 decl>$ z a fact by ,*ri/1 & prea*$ z a sublime & com=t+ tru? by ! apo/les2 & x is n too mu* to say t survival aft] dea? is at once ! mo/ di/9ctive doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity & ! mo/ preci\s hope ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,! :ole moral temp]ature ( ! _w1 says ,jean ,paul ,ri*t]1 has be5 rais$ immeasurably by ! fact t ,*ri/ by ,8 ,gospel has br\ght life & immortality to light4 ,?is idea1 :i* has f\nd expression1 n only 9 all ! cre$s ( ,*ri/5dom1 b also 9 ! high] lit]ature & poetry ( mod]n times1 has giv5 a new motive to action1 has f\nd$ a new type ( h]oism1 & n]v$ common m5 & wom5 to ! dis*>ge ( tasks f :i* nature recoils4 ,! assurance t dea? does n end exi/5ce1 b t 'man has =ev]1' has n only exalt$ & transfigur$ ! common virtues ( humanity2 b1 held 9 conjunction ) ! belief 9 ! div9e ,fa!rhood & human bro!rhood1 giv5 to life itself a new solemnity & pa?os4#ad #b4 ,b if ^! are ! ?+s :i* actuate m5 9 _! s]vice ( ,god & man1 c x be legitimately said t ! ,*ri/ian motive is pure & dis9t]e/$8 ,x is #aff some:at rem>kable t two opposite *>ges h be5 br\ght aga9/ ,*ri/ian ,e?ics4#ae ,9 "o qu>t] ! reproa* has be5 made t ,*ri/ianity suppresses e natural desire = happ9ess1 & inculcates a life ( sev]e r5unciation4 ,& ) equally /rong insi/5ce !re are o!rs :o f9d fault ) x because ( its h$onism1 because x re/s morality ^u an appeal to selfi% int]e/s alone4 7#a7 ,! fir/ *>ge is suffici5tly met1 we ?9k1 by our view ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal4 ,we h se5 t x is a full ri* life :i* ,*ri/ reveals & comm5ds4 ,! k+dom ( ,god f9ds its realisation1 n 9 a )drawal f human int]e/s1 b 9 a l>g] & full] p>ticipation 9 all t makes = ! highe/ good ( humanity4 ,x is a c>icature ( ,*ri/'s :ole outlook ^u exi/5ce to repres5t ,him z tea*+ t ?is life is an outly+ wa/e1 =sak5 ( ,god & unbless$1 & t ! _w is s hopelessly bad t x mu/ be :olly r5\nc$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is = ,him "o ( ! prov9ces ( ! div9e k+dom1 & ! mo/ trivial ( our occupations & ! mo/ transi5t ( our joys & sorr[s f9d _! place 9 ! div9e ord]4 ,x is n necess>y to endorse ,r5an's idyllic picture ( ! ,galilean m9i/ry to believe t = ,jesus all life1 its ord9>y engagem5ts & activities1 _h a wor? = ! discipl9e & p]fect+ ( "*1 & 7 capable ( be+ consecrat$ to ! highe/ ends4 ,!re are1 inde$1 n a few passages 9 :i* ! call to self-d5ial is emphasis$4 ,b nei!r ,*ri/ nor ,8 apo/les repres5t pa9 & want z 9 !mselves efficaci\s or m]itori\s4 ,r5unciation is inculcat$ n = its own sake1 b always z a means to full] realisation4 ,jesus1 inde$1 transc5ds ! common anti!sis ( life4 ,= ,him x is n a "q z to :e!r asceticism or non-asceticism is be/4 ,life is = use4 ,x is at once a tru/ & a privilege4 ,x may seem to "s t ,he *ose '! primrose pa?1' b if he did s x 0 n due to an easy-go+ good-nature4 ,we d>e n =get ! t]rible issues #aeg ,he fac$ )\t fl9*+4 ,z ,pr(essor ,s&ay has f9ely said1 ',if we are to draw a lesson 9 ?is respect f our ,"l's life1 x c]ta9ly w\ld n be t ,he :o lets 8 feel+s run ,9 s(t luxuri\s fl[1 ,%r9ks :5 h>d s]vice mu/ be done1 ,& fa9ts at e woe4 ,x w\ld be r t ! brighte/ & t5d]e/ human life mu/ h a /]n backgr\nd1 mu/ c>ry ) x ! possibility ( inf9ite sacrifice1 ( be>+ ! cross & ! cr[n ( ?orns4'#af 7#b7 ,! second *>ge1 ! *>ge ( h$onism1 ?\gh seem+ly oppos$ to ! fir/1 comes into l9e ) x 9 s f> z x is alleg$ t ,*ri/ianity1 :ile inculcat+ r5unciation 9 ?is _w1 does s = ! sake ( happ9ess 9 ! next4 ,x is cont5d$ t 9 reg>d to purity ( motive ! ,e?ics ( ,*ri/ianity falls bel[ ! ,e?ics ( philosophy4#ag ,?is /atem5t1 s (t5 repeat$1 requires "s exam9ation4 #c4 ,:ile x may be ackn[l$g$ t unselfi%ness & dis9t]e/$ness are ! crit]ion ( moral sublimity1 x mu/ be not$ at ! outset t consid]able confusion ( ?\ght exi/s z to ! mean+ ( motive4 ,ev5 9 ^? moral sy/ems 9 :i* virtue is repres5t$ z :olly dis9t]e/$1 ! motive may be said to reside 9 ! object itself4 ,! maxim1 ',virtue = virtue's sake1' really implies :at may be call$ ! 'int]e/ ( a*ievem5t4' ,if virtue has any mean+ x mu/ be reg>d$ z a 'good' :i* is desirable4 ,p]sev]ance 9 ! pursuit ( any good implies ! hope ( success2 9 o!r words1 ( ! rew>d :i* lies 9 ! atta9m5t ( ! object desir$4 ,! rew>d s\ght may n be =eign to ! nature ( virtue itself1 b none ! less1 ! idea ( rew>d is pres5t1 &1 9 a s5se1 is ! inc5tive to all virtu\s endeav\r4 ,?is is1 inde$1 impli$ by a no less rigor\s #afh morali/ ?an ,kant4 ,= z he himself tea*es1 ! "q1 ',:at %\ld ,i d8' leads inevitably to ! fur!r "q1 ',:at may ,i hope8'#ah ,! end /riv5 aft] _c be a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 if virtue is to h moral value at all4 ,x mu/ be a real & desirable end--an end :i* fulfils ! purpose ( a man z a moral be+4 7#a7 ,b ?\gh ,kant insi/s ) rigor\s logic t rev]5ce = ! maje/y ( ! moral law mu/ be ! only motive ( duty1 & t all motives spr++ f p]sonal desire or hope ( happ9ess mu/ be sev]ely exclud$1 x is curi\s to f9d t 9 ! second "p ( 8 ,critique ( ,practical ,reason he proce$s1 ) a /range inconsi/5cy1 to make room = ! o!r idea1 viz41 t virtue is n )\t its rew>d1 & is inde$ unit$ 9 ! end ) happ9ess4 ,felicity & hol9ess %all be ultimately "o1 he says2 &1 at ! la/1 virtue %all be se5 'to be wor?y ( happ9ess1' & happ9ess %all be ! cr[n ( goodness4#ai ,?us ^? philosoph]s1 ( :om ,kant is typical1 :o cont5d = ! purity ( ! moral motive & ! dis9t]e/$ loyalty to ! good1 br+ 91 at ! end1 ! notion ( happ9ess1 :i*1 z a concomitant or consequ5ce ( virtue1 _c fail to be also an active inc5tive4 7#b7 ,:5 we turn to ,*ri/ian ,e?ics we f9d t "h1 n less ?an 9 philosophical ,e?ics1 ! motive lies 9 ! object itself4 ,! end & ! motive are really "o1 & ! highe/ good is to be s\ght = itself & n = ! sake ( "s ult]ior ga94 ,x is true1 inde$1 t ,*ri/ianity has n always be5 pres5t$ 9 its pure/ =m2 too (t5 h prud5ce1 fe>1 o!r-worldl9ess be5 set =? z inducem5ts to goodness1 z if ! ,gospel c>$ no?+ = ! disposition ( a man1 & 0 conc]n$ only ) 8 ultimate happ9ess4 ,ev5 a morali/ s acute z ,paley bases morality ^u no high] gr\nd ?an enlight5$ self-int]e/4 ,b ! mo/ sup]ficial read] ( ! ,gospels mu/ see at a glance ! wide v>iance betwe5 su* a view & t ( ,*ri/4 ,no?+ c\ld be fur!r f ! _s ( ,jesus ?an to e/imate ! #afi excell5ce ( an action by ! magnitude or ! utility ( its effects r ?an ! intr9sic good ( its motive4 ,o!rwise ,he w\ld n h rank$ ! wid['s mite above ! gifts ( vanity1 nor e/eem$ ! tribute ( ! p5it5t1 n s mu* = ! co/l9ess ( h] (f]+1 z = ! s9c]ity ( affection x reveal$4 ,*ri/ look$ ^u ! he>t alone1 & ! wor? ( an action lay ess5tially = ,him 9 its inn] quality4 ,s9 resid$ n m]ely 9 ! ov]t act1 b ev5 m 9 ! secret desire4 ,a man may be outw>dly blameless1 & yet n really good4 ,he :o rema9s sob] or hone/ simply because ( ! worldly advantages atta*+ to su* conduct may obta9 a c]tificate ( respectability f society2 b1 judg$ by ! /&>d ( ,*ri/1 he is n truly a moral man4 ,9 an age :i* is too prone to make outw>d propriety ! gauge ( goodness1 x _c be suffici5tly insi/$ ^u t ! ,e?ic ( ,*ri/ianity is an ,e?ic ( ! inn] motive & int5tion1 & t1 9 ?is respect1 x does n fall a :it beh9d ! dem& ( ! mo/ rigid sy/em ( dis9t]e/$ morality4 7a7 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be freely admitt$ t our ,"l frequ5tly employs ! sanctions bo? ( rew>ds & p5alties4 ,9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ ! idea ( rew>d1 s prom95t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 /ill held an important place 9 ,jewi% religion1 be+ specially connect$ ) ! ,messianic ,hope & ! com+ ( ! k+dom4 ,x 0 n unnatural1 !re=e1 t ,jesus1 tra9$ 9 ,hebrew religi\s modes ( ?\ght & expression1 %\ld frequ5tly employ ! exi/+ conceptions z vehicles ( ,8 own tea*+2 b1 at ! same "t1 purify+ !m ( _! m mat]iali/ic associations & giv+ to !m a ri*] spiritual cont5t4 ,:ile ! k+dom ( ,god is spok5 ( z a gift1 & promis$1 inde$1 z a rew>d1 ! ^w 'rew>d' 9 ?is connection is n us$ 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 b 'is r conceiv$ z belong+ to ! same ord] ( spiritual exp]i5ce z ! /ate ( he>t & m9d :i* ensures its be/[al4'#bj ,?\gh ,jesus does n #afj hesitate to po9t ,8 disciples to ! bless+s ( heav5 :i* !y w receive 9 ! future1 ^! are repres5t$ = ! mo/ "p n z mat]ial b5efits1 b z ! int5sification & enri*m5t ( life itself4#ba ,x 0 usually ! difficulties r ?an ! advantages ( disciple%ip ^u :i* ,jesus fir/ laid /ress4 ,he w\ld n t any "o %\ld come to ,him on false pret5ces1 or )\t fully c\nt+ ! co/4#bb ,ev5 :5 ,he ,himself call$ ,8 orig9al disciples1 x 0 ( s]vice & n ( recomp5se ,he spoke4 ',foll[ ,me1 & ,i w make y fi%]s ( m54'#bc ,! privilege consi/$ n 9 outw>d clat1 b 9 ! p>ticipation ( ! ,ma/]'s own purpose & "w4 ,/ill1 all s]vice c>ries ) x its own rew>d1 & no "o c %>e ! mission ( ,*ri/ )\t also p>tak+ ( t satisfaction & joy :i* are insep>able f ! highe/ =ms ( spiritual m9i/ry4#bd ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o passage record$ by all ! ,synopti/s :i* seems at fir/ sight to po9t m def9itely to a rew>d ( a di/9ctly mat]ial "*1 & to "o t 0 to be enjoy$ n m]ely 9 ! future1 b ev5 9 ?is pres5t life4 ,:5 ,pet] some:at boa/fully spoke ( ! sacrifice :i* he & 8 bre?r5 _h made = ! ,gospel's sake1 & ask$1 ',:at %all we h !re=8' ,jesus repli$1 ',v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 t no man t ha? left home1 or bre?r51 or si/]s1 or "m1 or fa!r1 or *ildr51 or l&s1 = ,my sake & ! ,gospel's sake1 b %all receive an hundr$fold n[ 9 ?is "t1 h\ses & bre?r51 si/]s & mo!rs1 & *ildr5 & l&s1 ) p]secutions2 & 9 ! _w to come et]nal life4'#be ,n[1 :ile ?is is a promise ( wide sweep & l>ge g5]osity1 x is nei!r s arbitr>y nor mat]ial z x seems4 ,fir/1 ! words1 ') p]secutions1' indicate t suff]+ is n only ! v condition ( ! promise1 b inde$ an ess5tial "p ( ! rew>d--an elem5t :i* w\ld ( itself be a true te/ ( ! s9c]ity ( ! sacrifice4 #afa ,b1 second1 ev5 ! promise1 ',an hundr$fold n[ 9 ?is "t1' is obvi\sly n int5d$ to be tak5 9 a lit]al s5se1 b r z sugge/+ t ! ga91 :ile app>5tly ( ! same nature z ! sacrifice1 w h a l>g] spiritual import4 ,=1 j z ,jesus ,himself look$ ^u all :o %>$ ,8 own devotion z ,8 "m & bre?r52 s1 9 ! deepe/ s5se1 :5 a man leaves fa!r & "m1 r5\nc+ home & family ties = ! sake ( br++ 8 fell[-m5 to ,god1 he seems to be empty+ 8 life ( all affectionate relation%ips1 b 9 reality he is ent]+ into a wid] bro!rhood2 &1 9 virtue ( 8 m9i/ry ( love1 is be+ knit 9 bonds /rong] ?an ^? ( e>?ly k9%ip1 ) a great & increas+ community ( s\ls :i* owe to him _! lives4#bf ,! promise is no arbitr>y gift or bribe caprici\sly be/[$2 x is ! natural fruition ( moral endeav\r4 ,= !re is no?+ s productive z sacrifice4 ,:at ! man :o yields himself to ! s]vice ( ,*ri/ actually gives is life2 & :at he gets back1 increas$ an hundr$fold1 is j life aga91 8 own life1 repeat$ & reflect$ 9 ! m5 & wom5 :om he has won to ,*ri/4 ,9 "s ( ,8 p>ables ,*ri/ employs ! analogy ( ! "w-engagem5t1 9 :i* lab\r & paym5t seem to correspond4 ,b ! legal elem5t has a v subord9ate place 9 ! simile4 ,jesus lifts ! :ole relation%ip into a high] region ( ?\ght1 & trans=ms ! idea ( wages into t ( a gift ( love f> transc5d+ ! legal claim :i* c be made by ! work]4 ,he :o has ! bondsman's m9d1 & works only = ! hirel+'s pay1 w only get :at he works =4 ,b he :o s]ves f love f9ds 9 ! s]vice itself t :i* mu/ always be its true/ recomp5se--! increas$ p[] ( s]vice1 ! capacity ( l>g] devotion#bg--',! wages ( go+ on4'#bh ,9 8 late/ volume ,deissmann has po9t$ out t we c only d ju/ice to ! utt]ances ( ! ,new ,te/am5t reg>d+ "w & wages by exam9+ !m 9 situ1 #afb amid/ _! natural surr\nd+s4 ,jesus & ,/4 ,paul spoke ) di/9ct ref]5ce to ! life & habits ( ! common p ( _! day4 ',if y elevate su* utt]ances to ! level ( ! ,kantian moral philosophy1 & reproa* primitive ,*ri/ianity ) tea*+ = ! sake ( rew>d1 y n only misund]/& ! words1 b te> !m up by ! roots4' 4 4 4 ',! sordid ignoble sugge/ions s liable to arise 9 ! l[] classes are altoge!r abs5t f ! say+s ( ,jesus & ,8 apo/les1 z %[n by ! p>able ( ! ,lab\r]s 9 ! ,v9ey>d1 & ! analog\s reliance ( ,/4 ,paul solely ^u grace4'#bi ,! same inn] relation subsi/s betwe5 ,s9 & ,p5alty4 ,b "h1 aga91 ! aw>d ( puni%m5t is n arbitr>y1 b ! natural consequ5ce ( disob$i5ce to ! law ( ! spiritual life4 ,he :o seeks to save 8 life %all lose x4 ,he :o makes ?is _w 8 all %all receive z 8 rew>d only :at ?is _w c give4 ,he :o buries 8 tal5t %all1 by ! natural law ( disuse1 =feit x4 ,n to believe 9 ,*ri/ is to miss et]nal life4 ,to refuse ,him :o is ! ,light ( ! _w is to rema9 9 d>kness4 7#f7 ,an exam9ation ( ! ,paul9e epi/les yields a simil> conclusion4 ,/4 ,paul does n disda9 to employ ! sanctions ( hope & fe>4 ',kn[+ ! t]rors ( ! ,"l' he p]suades m51 & 'because ( ! promises' he urges ! ,cor9?ians 'to cleanse !mselves & p]fect hol9ess4' ,b 9 ,paul's case1 z 9 t ( our ,"l1 ! *>ge ( h$onism is mean+less4 ,= n only does ! conception hold a mo/ subord9ate place 9 8 tea*+1 b ! idea loses ! s5se ( m]it1 & is transmut$ into t ( a free gift4 ,& 9 g5]al1 9 all ! passages :]e ! hope ( ! future is introduc$1 ! idea ( rew>d is m]g$ 9 ! ye>n+ = a full] life1 :i* ! ,*ri/ian1 :o has once ta/$ ( its joy "h1 may well expect 9 ri*] measure h]eaft]4#cj ,en\gh has be5 said to cle> ,*ri/ianity ( ! *>ge ( h$onism4 ,s f> f ,*ri/ian ,e?ics fall+ #afc bel[ ,philosophical ,e?ics 9 reg>d to purity ( motive1 x really surpasses x 9 ! sublimity ( its sanctions4 ,! ,kantian idea ( virtue t5ds to empty ! obligation ( all moral cont5t4 ,goodness1 z ! philosoph] himself came to see1 _c be repres5t$ z a m]e imp]sonal ab/raction4 ,virtue has no mean+ except 9 relation to its ultimate end4 ,& life 9 union ) a p]sonal ,god1 9 ^: image we h be5 made1 is ! end & purpose ( man's be+4 ,noble z x may be to live morally )\t ! ?\ght ( ,god1 ! man :o s /rives to live does n atta9 to su* a high conception ( life z he :o lives ) ,god = 8 object4 ,motives advance ) aims1 & ! high] ! ideal ! nobl] ! inc5tive4 ,fe> ( future puni%m5t & ! desire = future happ9ess may prove effective aids to ! w at c]ta9 /ages ( moral developm5t1 b ultimately ! love ( ,god & ! beauty ( hol9ess make e o!r motive sup]flu\s4 ,inde$1 ! rew>d ( ! ,*ri/ian life is su* z c only appeal to "o :o has come to id5tify himself ) ! div9e w4 ,! ,*ri/ian man is always ent]+ ^u 8 rew>d4 ,8 joy is 8 ,ma/]'s joy4 ,he has no o!r int]e/4 ,8 rew>d1 bo? "h & h]eaft]1 is n "s ext]nal paym5t1 some?+ sep>able f himself2 x is :olly condition$ by :at he is1 & is simply 8 own gr[? ( "*1 8 increas+ p[] ( be+ good & do+ good4 ,& if x be /ill ask$1 ,:at is ! great inducem5t8 ,:at is x t makes ! life ( ! ,*ri/ian wor? liv+8 ,! answ] c only be--,! hope ( becom+ :at ,*ri/ has set be=e man z desirable1 ( gr[+ up to ! /ature ( p]fect manhood1 ( atta9+ to ! lik5ess ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ,himself4 ,b s f> f ?is be+ a selfi% aim1 n to seek "o's life 9 ,god--to be indiff]5t to all ! inh]5t bless+s & joys involv$--w\ld be n ! m>k ( pure dis9t]e/$ness1 b ! evid5ce1 r1 ( a lack ( appreciation ( :at life really means4 ,! s\l t has caught ! vision ( ,god & be5 ?rill$ ) ! grace ( ! ,son ( ,man _c b yield itself to ! be/ x kn[s4 #a ,cf4 ,fairbairn1 ,! ,phil4 ( ! ,*4 ,religion1 pp4 #ceh ff4 #b ,peabody1 ,*ri/ & ! ,*ri/ian ,"*1 p4 #dd4 #c ,peabody1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ec f4 #d ,peabody1 op4 cit41 p4 #fh4 #e ,see ,pauls51 ,sy/em d] ,e?ik1 pp4 #ef ff42 also ,troelts*1 op4 cit41 vol4 ii4 p4 #hdg4 #f ,cf4 ,ehrh>dt1 ,d] ,grund*>act] d4 ,e?ik4 ,jesu1 p4 #aaj4 ',! ascetic elem5t 9 ! e?ics ( ,jesus is its transi5t1 ! s]vice ( ,god its p]man5t elem5t4' ,cf4 also ,/rauss1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 :o speaks ( '! ,hell5ic quality' 9 ,jesus2 also ,keim1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 & ,troelts*1 op4 cit41 vol4 i4 pp4 #cd ff4 #g ,john xiii4 #ae4 #h ,conduct ( ,life4 #i ,metaphysics ( ,e?ics1 sect4 ii4 #aj ,s*ultz1 ,grundriss d4 evang4 ,e?ik1 p4 #e4 #aa ,cf4 ,ecce ,homo1 *ap4 x4 #ab ,?is ?\ght has be5 beautifully work$ out by ,pr(4 ,d5ney 9 ,briti% ,weekly1 ,jan4 #ac1 #aiab4 #ac ,luke xv4 #ad ,cf4 ,knight1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,e?ic1 p4 #cf4 #ae ,see ,ha]+1 ,e?ics ( ! ,*ri/ian ,life1 p4 #aij4 #af ',apocalyptic ,elem5t 9 ! ,gospels1' ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,oct4 #aiaa4 #ag ,! "q ( rew>ds has be5 fully discuss$ by ,jacoby1 ,neute/am5tli*e ,e?ik1 pp4 #da ff42 also ,b>b\r1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bbf ff4 #ah ,cf4 ,kritik d4 prakt4 ,v]nunft1 p4 #adc4 #ai ,kant1 ,idem4 #bj ,b>b\r1 op4 cit41 p4 #bca4 #ba ,matt4 v4 #ab1 xix4 #ba1 xxv4 #cd2 ,luke vi4 #bc1 xviii4 #bb2 ,m>k x4 #ba4 #bb ,m>k viii4 #ai2 ,luke ix4 #eg4 #bc ,m>k i4 #ag1 ii4 #ad4 #bd ,luke xxii4 #bi f4 #be ,m>k x4 #bh-ca2 cf4 ,matt4 xix4 #bg-cj4 #bf ,?is ?\ght is f9ely elaborat$ by ,b>b\r4 #bg ,matt4 xxv4 #ba2 ,luke xix4 #ag4 #bh ,t5nyson1 ,wages4 #bi ,deissmann1 ,light f ! ,anci5t ,ea/1 pp4 #caf ff4 #cj ,see also ,eph4 vi4 #e-h2 #a ,cor4 iii4 #ad2 ,rom4 v4 #b-e1 vi4 #bc1 viii4 #af4 #afd ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,dynamic ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,life ,9 ! dynamic p[] ( ! new life we rea* ! c5tral & di/+ui%+ feature ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics4 ,! uniqu5ess ( ,*ri/ianity consi/s 9 its mode ( deal+ ) a problem :i* all non-,*ri/ian sy/ems h t5d$ to ignore--! problem ( translat+ ! ideal into life4 ,! ,gospel n only sets be=e m5 ! highe/ good1 b x imp>ts ! secret ( realis+ x4 ,! ideals ( ! anci5ts 7 b visions ( p]fection4 ,!y _h no objective reality4 ,beautiful z ^! old-"t visions ( ',good' 71 !y lack$ impell+ =ce1 ! p[] to *ange dreams into realities4 ,!y 7 helpless 9 ! face ( ! great fact ( s94 ,!y c\ld sugge/ no rem$y = moral disease4 ,*ri/ianity is n a philosophical dream nor ! imag9ation ( a few vision>ies4 ,x claims to be a new creative =ce1 a p[] communicat$ & receiv$1 to be work$ out & realis$ 9 ! actual life & "* ( common m5 & wom54 ,9 ?is *apt] we h to consid] ! means :]eby man is br\ght into a new spiritual relation ) ,god1 & enabl$ to live ! new life z x has be5 reveal$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,?is reconciliation implies a tw(old movem5t--a r$emptive action on ,god's "p1 & an appropriat+ & det]m9ative response on ! "p ( man4 ,i ,,! ,,div9e ,,p[] ,! urg5t problem ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s 01 ,h[ c man a*ieve t good :i* has be5 embodi$ #afe 9 ! life & example ( ,jesus ,*ri/8 ,a full answ] to ?is "q w\ld lead u into ! realm ( dogmatic !ology4 ,& !re=e1 )\t ent]+ ^u details1 x may be said at once t ! orig9ality ( ! ,gospel lies 9 ?is1 t x n only reveals ! good 9 a concrete & liv+ =m1 b discloses ! p[] :i* makes ! good possible 9 ! hi!rto unattempt$ d]ivation ( ! new life f a new bir? "u ! influ5ce ( ! _s ( ,god4 ,! p[] to a*ieve ! moral life does n lie 9 ! natural man4 ,no readju/m5t ( circum/ances1 nor spread ( k1 is ( itself equal to ! task ( creat+ t entirely new ph5om5on--! ,*ri/ian "*4 ,!re mu/ be a cause proportionate to ! effect4 ',no?+ availe?1' says ,paul1 'b a new creature4' ,?is new condition owes its orig9 to ,god4 ,x is a life communicat$ by an act ( div9e creative activity4 ,b :ile ?is reg5]ative en]gy is repres5t$ g5]ally z ! "w ( ,god's _s1 x is m p>ticul>ly set =? z op]at+ ?r\gh ,*ri/ :o is ! p[] ( ,god unto salvation4 ,!re are ?ree great facts 9 ,*ri/'s life ) :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t connects ! r$emptive "w ( ,god4 #a4 ,! ,inc>nation4--,9 ,*ri/ ,god %>es man's nature1 & ?us makes possible a union ( ! div9e & human4 ,on its div9e side ! inc>nation is ! complete revelation ( ,god 9 human life1 & on ! human side x is ! supreme expression ( ! spiritual mean+ ( human nature itself4 ,*ri/ saves n by a special act ( atonem5t alone1 b emphatically by manife/+ 9 ,himself ! union ( ,god & man4 ,9 view ( ! fact ( ! _w's s91 ! ,inc>nation1 z ! revelation ( ! div9e life1 includes a graci\s purpose4 ,x involves ! sacrifice ( ,god1 :i* !ologians designate by ! !ory ( ,k5osis4 ,! ,adv5t 0 n only ! consummation ( ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! race2 x 0 also ! inauguration ( a new era4 ,! ,son ( ,man initiat$ a new type ( humanity1 to be realis$ 9 increas+ fullness z m5 ent]$ into ! mean+ ( ! great revelation4 ',he #aff recapitulat$ 9 ,himself ! long unfold+ ( mank9d4'#a ,h5ce 9 ! v fact ( ! ^w becom+ fle% atonem5t is involv$4 ,9 ,*ri/ ,god is reveal$ 9 ! reality ( ,8 love & ! p]si/5ce ( ,8 se>* = man1 :ile man is disclos$ 9 ! greatness ( 8 vision & vocation4 #b4 ,! ,dea? ( ,*ri/4--,al?\gh already impli$ 9 ! life1 ! atonem5t culm9ates 9 ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,ev5 by be+ made 9 ! lik5ess ( m5 ,jesus did n escape f1 b will+ly took up1 ! burd5s ( humanity & bore !m z ! ,son ( ,man4 ,b ,8 passion ^u ! cross1 z ! supreme in/ance ( suff]+ borne = o!rs1 at once illum9at$ & complet$ all t ,he suff]$ & a*iev$ z man's repres5tative4 ,x is ?is aspect ( ,*ri/'s r$emptive "w ^u :i* ,/4 ,paul delights to dwell4 ,& ?\gh naturally n s prom95t 9 our ,"l's own tea*+1 yet ev5 !re ! significance ( ! ,r$eem]'s dea? is =e%ad[$1 & 9 m ?an "o passage explicitly /at$4#b ,"h we are 9 ! region ( dogmatics1 & we are n call$ ^u to =mulate a doctr9e ( ! atonem5t4 ,all t we h to d ) is ! e?ical fact t betwe5 man & ! new life !re lies ! actuality ( s91 ! real s\rce ( man's failure to a*ieve righte\sness1 & ! /umbl+-block :i* mu/ be remov$ be=e reconciliation ) ,god ! ,fa!r c be effect$4 ,! act1 at once div9e & human1 :i* alone meets ! case is repres5t$ 9 ,scripture z ! ,sacrifice ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! efficacy ( ! sacrifice ^u ! cross ,bi%op ,butl] says3 ',h[ & 9 :at p>ticul> way x _h ?is efficacy1 !re are n want+ p]sons :o h endeav\r$ to expla92 b ,i d n f9d t ! ,scripture has expla9$ x4'#c ,?\gh1 inde$1 ! fact is indep5d5t ( any !ory1 ! tru? = :i* ! cross /&s mu/ be br\ght by u into "s k9d ( intelligible relation ) our view ( ! _w1 o!rwise x is a piece ( magic ly+ outside ( our exp]i5ce1 & #afg hav+ no e?ical value = life4 ,at ! same "t no doctr9e has suff]$ m f %all[ !oris+s1 & p>ticul>ly by ! employm5t ( me*anical1 legal1 & comm]cial analogies1 ?an ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t4 ,! v ess5ce ( ! religi\s life is incompatible ) ! idea ( an ext]nal transf]5ce ( goodness f "o be+ to ano!r4 ,man c be reconcil$ to ,god only by an absolute surr5d] ( himself to ,god4 ,to assimilate ?is spiritual act to a comm]cial or legal transaction is to de/roy ! v idea ( ! moral life4 ,no explanation1 h[ev]1 c be consid]$ satisfactory :i* does n safegu>d two ideas ( a deeply e?ical nature--! volunt>9ess & ! vic>i\sness ( ,*ri/'s sacrifice4 ,we mu/ be c>eful to d ju/ice1 on ! "o h&1 to ! et]nal relations 9 :i* ,*ri/ /&s to ,god2 & on ! o!r1 to ! intimate association ) man into :i* ,jesus has ent]$4 ,x is ! task ( !ology to br+ toge!r ! v>i\s passages ( ,scripture1 & exhibit _! sy/ematic connection & relative value = a doctr9e ( sot]iology4 ,= ,e?ics ! "o significant fact to be recognis$ is t 9 a human life 0 fulfill$ p]fect ob$i5ce1 ev5 z f> z dea?1 a p]fect ob$i5ce t completely met & fully satisfi$ ! dem& ( ! v highe/1 ! div9e ideal4 #c4 ,! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/4--,if ! ,inc>nation naturally issues 9 ! sacrifice unto dea?1 t aga9 is cr[n$ & seal$ by ,*ri/'s ris5 life4 ,! ,resurrection is ! v9dication & completion ( ! ,r$eem]'s "w4 ,he :o 0 born ( ! se$ ( ,david accord+ to ! fle% 0 decl>$ to be ! ,son ( ,god by ! ,resurrection4 ,x 0 ! c]ta9ty t ,he _h ris5 t gave to ,8 dea?1 9 ! apo/les' eyes1 its sacrificial value4 ,?is 0 ! gr\nd ( ,/4 ,paul's conviction t ! old ord] _h pass$ away1 & t a new ord] _h be5 e/abli%$4 ',if ,*ri/ be n ris5 ye are yet 9 y\r s9s4' ,9 virtue ( ,8 asc5d$ life ,*ri/ becomes ! indwell+ pres5ce & liv+ p[] )9 ! reg5]ate man4 ,x is 9 no ext]nal way t ! ,r$eem] ex]ts ,8 influ5ce4 ,he is ! pr9ciple ( life work+ )9 ! s\l4 ,! key #afh to ! new /ate is to be f\nd 9 ! my/ical union ( ! ,*ri/ian ) ! ris5 ,"l4 ,! tw(old act ( dea? & resurrection has its analogy 9 ! exp]i5ce ( e r$eem$ man4 ,)9 ! secret sanctu>y ( ! human s\l t has pass$ f dea? to life1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,r$eem] is re-enact$4 ,9 ! sev]al passages :i* ref] to ?is subject ! idea is t ! *ang$ life is bas$ ^u an e?ical dy+ & ris+ aga9 ) ,*ri/4#d ,! ,*ri/ )9 ! he>t is ! vital pr9ciple & dynamic en]gy by :i* ! believ] lives & triumphs ov] e ob/acle--! _w1 s91 sorr[1 & dea? itself4 ',i live1 yet n ,i1 b ,*ri/ live? 9 me4'#e ,all t makes life1 'life inde$'--an exalt$1 h>moni\s1 & joy\s exi/5ce--is d]iv$ f union ) ! liv+ ,"l1 :o has come to be :at ,he is = man by ! e>?ly exp]i5ces ?r\gh :i* ,he has pass$4 ,?us by ,8 ,inc>nation1 ,dea?1 & ,resurrection ,he is at once ! s\rce & goal1 ! spr+ & ideal ( ! new life4 ',yea1 ?ro' life1 dea?1 sorr[1 & ?r\gh s9n+1 ,he %all suffice me = ,he ha? suffic$2 ,*ri/ is ! end1 = ,*ri/ 0 ! beg9n+2 ,*ri/ ! beg9n+1 = ! end is ,*ri/4'#f ,!ology may seek to analyse ! p]sonality ( ,*ri/ into its elem5ts--! inc>nation1 dea?1 & resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,b aft] all x is "o & indivisible4 ,x is ! :ole fact ( ,*ri/1 & n any p>ticul> exp]i5ce tak5 9 its isolation1 :i* is ! p[] ( ,god unto salvation4 ,! "q /ill rema9s aft] all our analysis1 ,:at 0 x t gave to ^! ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus _! creative & trans=m+ p[]8 ,& ! answ] c only be--,because ,*ri/ 0 :at ,he 04 ,x 0 ! unique "* ( ! ,be+ ( :om ^! 7 b ! manife/ations :i* wr\ght ! spell4 ,:at b\nd ! ,new ,te/am5t ,*ri/ians to ! cross 0 t _! ,ma/] hung !re4 ,!y saw 9 t life liv$ among #afi m51 & 9 t sacrifice ^u ,calv>y1 ! p]fect consummation ( ! ideal manhood t liv$ )9 _! own he>ts1 & ( ! love1 new ^u ! e>?1 :i* made x possible4 ,! cross /ood = ! symbol ( a tru? t pi]c$ to ! inn] core ( _! s\ls4 ',he bore our s9s4' ,& ?us d[n ! c5turies1 9 _! h\r ( %ame1 & grief1 & dea?1 m5 h lift$ _! eyes to ! ,man ( ,sorr[s1 & h f\nd 9 ,8 life & sacrifice1 ap>t f all !ories ( atonem5t1 _! peace & triumph4 ,x is ?is note ( absolute surr5d] t[>ds ,god & ( p]fect love = man :i*1 because x answ]s to a deep ye>n+ ( ! human he>t1 has giv5 to ! my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation & ! ,cross its lift+ & r5ew+ p[]1 ,,ii ,,! ,,human ,,response ,possession ( p[] involves ! obligation to use x4 ,! =ce is giv52 x has to be appropriat$4 ,! _s ( ,*ri/ is n (f]$ 9 ord] to free a man f ! duties ( ! moral life4 ,man is n simply ! recipi5t ( div9e en]gy4 ,he has to make x 8 own & to "w x out by 8 self-det]m9ative activity4 ,nev]!less ! relation ( ! div9e _s to ! human p]sonality is a subject ( great p]plexity1 involv+ ! psy*ological problem ( ! connection ( ! div9e & ! human 9 life g5]ally4 ,if 9 ! la/ resort ,god is ! ultimate s\rce ( all life1 ! absolute ,be+1 :o ',c rejoice 9 naught ,save only 9 ,himself & :at ,himself ha? wr\ght'2 t tru? mu/ be held 9 h>mony ) ! facts ( div9e imman5ce & human exp]i5ce4 ,! div9e _s holds )9 ,8 grasp all reality1 & by ,8 self-communicat+ activity makes ! _w ( nature & ( life possible4 ,b t be+ grant$1 h[ are we to conceive ! relation ( t ,_s to man ) 8 di/9ct individuality1 ) #agj 8 s5se ( work+ out a future & a fate 9 :i* ! ,absolute may inde$ be fulfill+ its purpose1 b :i* are none ! less man's own a*ievem5t8 ,t is ! crux ( ! problem4 ,! out/&+ fact :i* be>s ^u ?is problem is ! g5]al "* ( our exp]i5ce1 ! gr[? ( :i* is n ! m]e lay+ ( additional mat]ial ^u a passive subject by an ext]nal p[]1 b is a true developm5t1 a process 9 :i* ! subject is himself op]ative 9 ! unfold+ ( 8 own pot5tialities4 ,)\t dwell+ fur!r ^u ?is "q x may be well to be> 9 m9d two po9ts3 7#a7 ,! gr[? ( exp]i5ce is a gradual entrance into consci\s possession ( :at we implicitly are & pot5tially h f ! beg9n+4 ,duty1 = example1 is n some?+ ali5 f a man1 some?+ sup]impos$ by a p[] n himself4 ,x lies implicit 9 8 nature z 8 ideal & vocation4 ,! moral life is ! life 9 :i* a man comes to '"k himself1' to appreh5d himself z he truly is4 7#b7 ,9 ?is developm5t ( exp]i5ce we ourselves are active & self-organis+4 ,we are really mak+ ourselves1 & are consci\s1 t ev5 :ile we are ! in/rum5ts ( a high] p[]1 we are work+ out our own individuality1 ex]cis+ our own fre$om & det]m9ation4#g ,! tea*+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is 9 full accord ) ?is position4 ,if1 on ! "o h&1 ,/4 ,paul /ates t e moral impulse is due to ! inspiration ( ,god1 no less emphatic is he 9 ascrib+ to man himself full fre$om ( action4 ',! e?ical s5se ( responsibility1' says ,johannes ,weiss1#h '! en]gy = /ruggle1 & ! discipl9e ( ! w 7 n p>alys$ nor absorb$ 9 ,paul's case by 8 consci\sness ( r$emption & 8 pr(\nd spiritual exp]i5ces4' ,scripture l5ds no support to ! idea :i* "s =ms ( ,augu/9ian !ology assume1 t ! div9e _s is an irresi/ible =ce act+ f )\t ^u man & sup]s$+ 8 ex]tions4 ,x acts z an imman5t moral p[]1 n compell+ or cru%+ ! w1 b quick5+ & inspir+ its ef=ts4 #aga ,if we inquire :at con/itutes ! subjective or human elem5t 9 ! mak+ ( ! new life1 we f9d t ! ,new ,te/am5t emphasises ?ree ma9 factors--,rep5tance1 ,fai?1 & ,ob$i5ce4 ,^! are complem5t>y1 & toge!r con/itute :at is commonly call$ 'conv]sion4' #a4 ,rep5tance is a turn+ away 9 sorr[ & contrition f a life ( s91 a break+ (f f evil because a bett] /&>d has be5 accept$4 ,our ,"l began ,8 m9i/ry ) a call to rep5tance4 ,! fir/ f\r beatitudes set =? its elem5ts2 :ile ! p>able ( ! prodigal illu/rates its nature4 ,e?ical writ]s di/+ui% betwe5 a negative & a positive aspect ( rep5tance4 ,on its negative side x is reg>d$ z ! emotion ( sorr[ excit$ by reflection ^u s94 ,b sorr[1 ?\gh accompany+ rep5tance1 mu/ n be id5tifi$ ) x4 ,m]e regret1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( bitt]ness ov] "o's folly1 or *agr9 on acc\nt ( discov]y1 may be b a weak s5tim5t :i* ex]ts little or no influ5ce ^u a man's subsequ5t conduct4 ,ev5 remorse foll[+ ! commission ( wick$ness may only deep5 into a p>alys+ despair :i* works dea? r ?an rep5tance unto life4 7#a7 ,on its positive side rep5tance implies action z well z feel+1 & involves a det]m9ation ( w to quit ! pa/ & />t on a new life4 ,a man rep5ts n m]ely :5 he grieves ov] 8 misde$1 b :5 he confesses x & seeks to make :at am5dm5t he c4 ,?is positive outlook ^u ! future1 r ?an ! passive brood+ ov] ! pa/1 is happily express$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t t]m metanoia1 *ange ( m9d1 & is en=c$ 9 ! ,bapti/'s c\nsel1 ',br+ =? fruits meet = rep5tance4'#i ,! *ange ( m9d "h indicat$ is practically equival5t to :at is v>i\sly call$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ',conv]sion1'#aj ',r5ewal1'#aa ',reg5]ation1'#ab--words sugge/ive ( ! complet5ess ( ! *ange4 7#b7 ,! v>iety ( t]ms employ$ to describe conv]sion #agb w\ld seem to imply t ! ,scriptures recognise a div]sity ( mode4 ,all d n ent] ! k+dom ( ,god by ! same way2 & ! ,new ,te/am5t (f]s examples v>y+ f ! sudd5 conv]sion ( a ,saul to ! almo/ imp]ceptible trans=mation ( a ,na?aniel & a ,timo?y4 ,9 mod]n life some?+ ( ! same v>iety ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce is manife/4 ,:ile :at is call$ 'sudd5 conv]sion' _c reasonably be d5i$1#ac z little c ^? cases be ignor$ 9 :i* ! tru? seems to p]vade ! m9d gradually & almo/ unconsci\sly--cases ( /eady spiritual gr[? f *ildhood upw>ds1 9 :i* ! believ] is unaw>e ( any break 9 ! cont9uity ( 8 inn] hi/ory1 8 days appe>+ to be 'b\nd ea* to ea* by natural piety4' 7#c7 ,! "q arises1 ,:i* is ! normal exp]i5ce8 ,! matt] has be5 put some:at bluntly by ! late ,pr(essor ,james1#ad z to :e!r ! 'twice-born' or ! 'once-born' pres5t ! natural type ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,is x true1 he asks1 t ! exp]i5ce ( ,/4 ,paul1 :i* has s long dom9at$ ,*ri/ian tea*+1 is really ! high] or ev5 ! heal?i] mode ( approa*+ religion8 ,does n ! example ( ,jesus (f] a simpl] & m natural ideal8 ,! moral exp]i5ce ( ! ,son ( ,man 0 n a revolution b an evolution4 ,8 own religion 0 n t ( ! twice-born1 & all t ,he ask$ ( ,8 disciples 0 ! *ildlike m9d4#ae ,paul1 ! man ( cities1 feels a k9dr$ turbul5ce )9 himself4 ,jesus1 ! int]pret] ( nature1 feels ! /eady p]suasiv5ess ( ! sun%9e ( ,god1 & gr[s f *ildhood 9 /ature1 wisdom1 & fav\r ) ,god & man4 ,x is cont5d$ by "s t ! :ole ,paul9e conception ( s9 is a nightm>e1 & re/s ^u ideas ( ,god & man :i* are unwor?y & untrue4 ',z a matt] ( fact1' says ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 '! high] man ( to-day is n worry+ ab\t 8 s9s at all1 /ill less ab\t _! puni%m5t2 8 mission1 if he is good = any?+1 is to be up & do+4'#af #agc ,?is am\nts to a claim = ! sup]iority ( ! fir/ ( ! two types ( religi\s consci\sness1 ! type :i* ,james describes z 'sky-blue s\ls ^: aff9ities are ) fl[]s & birds & all en*ant+ innoc5cies ?an ) d>k human passions2 4 4 4 9 :om religi\s gladness1 be+ 9 possession f ! outset1 ne$s no deliv]ance f any antec$5t burd54'#ag ,! second type is m>k$ by a consci\sness1 simil> to ,/4 ,paul's1 ( ! divid$ self4 ,x />ts f radical pessimism4 ,x only atta9s to religi\s peace ?r\gh great tribulation4 ,x is ! religion ( ! 'sick s\l' z contra/$ ) t ( 'heal?y-m9d$ness4' ,b1 morbid z x may appe>1 to be di/urb$ by pa/ s91 x is really ! 'twice-born' :o h s\nd$ ! dep?s ( ! human he>t1 & h be5 ! greate/ religi\s lead]s4 ,& s f> f ! s5se ( ! ne$ ( rep5tance be+ ! sign ( a diseas$ m9d1 ! decreas+ consci\sness ( s9 9 our day may only prove ! %all[ness ( ! mod]n m9d4 ,:at m5 ne$ ( religion is p[]4 ,& !re is a dang] ( p to-day los+ a s5se ( ! dynamic =ce ( ! old] ,gospel4#ah ,b :e!r ,paul's case is abnormal or ! rev]se1 x is surely a false inf]5ce t1 because ,*ri/ grew up )\t ! ne$ ( conv]sion1 ,8 life af=ds 9 ?is respect a patt]n to s9ful m54 ,x is j ,8 p]fect union ) ,god :i* diff]5tiates ,him entirely f ord9>y m52 & t :i* may be necess>y = s9ful creatures is un?9kable 9 ,8 case4 ,:at ,he 0 we are to become4 ,b be=e we c foll[ ,him1 !re is = u1 because ( s91 a prelim9>y /ep--a break+ ) our evil pa/4 ,&1 9 all ,8 tea*+ our ,"l cle>ly recognises ?is4 ,8 fir/ call is a call to rep5tance4 ,x is inde$ ! *ildlike m9d ,he requires2 b ,he significantly says t 'except ye turn & become z little *ildr51 ye %all 9 no wise ent] ! k+dom ( heav54'#ai ,! decision ( w dem&$ ( ,jesus1 :ile x may n #agd necess>ily involve a cata/rophe ( life or convulsion ( nature1 mu/ be none ! less a delib]ate & decisive turn+ f evil to good4 ,by :at road a man mu/ travel be=e he ent]s ! k+dom1 ?r\gh :at convulsion ( _s be mu/ pass1 s frequ5tly dwelt ^u by ,/4 ,paul & illu/rat$ by 8 own life1 ,*ri/ does n say4 ,9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel !re is "o report$ say+ describ+ a process ( spiritual agony1 l t ( physical *ild-bir?1 indicative t ! *ange mu/ be radical1 & t at "s po9t ( exp]i5ce ! great decision mu/ be made1 a decision :i* is likely to involve deep travail ( s\l4 ,!re are _m ways 9 :i* a man may become a ,*ri/ian4 ,"s m5 h to und]go1 l ,paul1 fi]ce inw>d conflict4 ,o!rs glide quietly1 almo/ imp]ceptibly1 into ri*] & ampl] regions ( life4 ,b :5 or h[ ! transition is made1 :e!r ! r5ewal be sudd5 or gradual1 x is ! same victory 9 all cases t mu/ be won1 ! victory ( ! _s ov] ! fle%1 ! 'putt+ (f ( ! old man' & ! 'putt+ on ( ! new4' ,life _c be always a compromise4 ,soon] or lat] x mu/ become an alt]native4 ,he :o has se5 ! high] self c be no long] cont5t ) ! l[]4 ,! acts ( contrition1 confession1 & decision--ess5tial & successive /eps 9 rep5tance--are ! imm$iate effects ( ! vision ( ,*ri/4 ,?\gh rep5tance is inde$ a human activity1 "h1 z always1 ! e>li] impulse comes f ! div9e side4 ,he :o truly rep5ts is already 9 ! grip ( ,*ri/4 ',we love ,him because ,he fir/ lov$ u4' #b4 ,fai?4--,if rep5tance looks back & =sakes ! old1 fai? looks =w>d & accepts ! new4 ,ev5 9 rep5tance !re is already an elem5t ( fai?1 = a man _c turn away f 8 evil pa/ )\t hav+ "s s5se ( contra/ betwe5 ! actual & ! possible1 "s vision ( ! bett] life :i* he feels to be desirable4 7#a7 ,:ile !re is no m *>act]i/ic ^w 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ?an fai?1 !re is none :i* is us$ 9 a great] v>iety ( s5ses1 or ^: import x is m difficult to det]m9e4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 at ! outset #age t ?\gh x is usually reg>d$ z a !ological t]m1 x is a purely human act1 & repres5ts an elem5t 9 ord9>y life )\t :i* ! _w c\ld n hold toge!r = a s+le day4 ,we con/antly live by fai?1 & 9 our common int]c\rse ) our fell[s we daily ex]cise ?is function4 ,we h an irresi/ible conviction t we live 9 a rational _w 9 :i* effect answ]s to cause4 ,fai?1 x has be5 said1 is ! capital ( all reason+4 ,break d[n ?is pr9ciple1 & logic itself w\ld be bankrupt4 ,^? :o h d5i$ ! intelligibility ( ! univ]se h n be5 able to disp5se ) ! v organ by :i* _! argum5t is conduct$4 ,h5ce fai? 9 its religi\s s5se is ( ! same k9d z fai? 9 common life4 ,x is di/+ui%able only by its special object & its moral int5sity4 7#b7 ,! habitual relation%ip betwe5 ,*ri/ & ,8 disciples 0 "o ( mutual confid5ce4 ,:ile ,jesus evid5tly tru/s !m1 !y reg>d ,him z _! ,ma/] on ^: ^w !y :olly rely4 ,ev] inve/$ ) a deep my/]y & awe1 ,he is always = ,8 disciples ! embodim5t ( all t is highe/ & holie/1 ! supreme object ( rev]5ce1 ! ultimate s\rce ( au?ority4 ,pet] b expresses ! m9d ( ! company :5 he says1 ',to :om c we g b unto ,!e1 ,?\ ha/ ! words ( et]nal life4' ,nor 0 x only ! disciples :o manife/$ ?is p]sonal tru/4 ,_m o!rs1 ! ,syroph5ician woman1 ! ,roman ,c5turion1 ,zac*aeus1 ,b>timaeus1 also ev9c$ x4 ,x 01 inde$1 to ?is elem5t 9 ! human he>t t ,jesus inv>iably appeal$2 & :ile ,he 0 quick to detect its pres5ce1 ,he 0 equally s5sitive to its abs5ce4 ,ev5 among ! twelve1 :51 9 ! face ( "s new em]g5cy1 !re 0 evid5ce ( mi/ru/1 ,he exclaim$1 ',o ye ( little fai?4' ,& :51 beyond ,8 own imm$iate circle1 ,he met ) suspicion & unbelief1 x caus$ ,him surprise & pa94#bj ,f ^! & o!r incid5ts x is obvi\s t fai? = ,jesus _h a v>iety ( mean+s & degrees4 #agf 7a7 ,sometimes x meant simply tru/ 9 div9e provid5ce2 z :5 ,he bids ,8 disciples take no ?\ght = _! lives1 because ,he :o fe$s ! rav5s & clo!s ! lilies c>es = !m4 7b7 ,x meant aga9 belief 9 ,8 own div9e p[]2 z :5 ,he assures ! recipi5ts ( ,8 heal+ virtue t _! fai? ha? made !m :ole4 7c7 ,x is reg>d$ by ,jesus z a condition ( =giv5ess & salvation4 ,?us to ! woman :o _h s9n$ ,he said1 ',?y fai? ha? sav$ !e1' & to ! man :o 0 sick ( ! palsy1 ',son1 ?y s9s be =giv5 !e4'#ba ,! ess5tial & vital m>k 9 all ,*ri/'s ref]5ces is ! p]sonal appropriation ( ! good :i* ,he ,himself _h br\ght to man4 ,9 ,8 v>i\s modes ( activity--9 ,8 disc\rses1 ,8 works ( heal+ & =giv5ess--x is n too mu* to say t ,jesus reg>d$ ,himself z ! embodim5t ( ,god's message to ! _w2 & to welcome ,8 ^w ) confid5ce & joy1 & unhesitat+ly act ^u x1 0 fai?4 ,h5ce x did n mean m]ely ! m5tal acceptance ( "s ab/ract tru?1 b1 be=e all else1 p]sonal & intimate devotion to ,himself4 ,x seems ! m necess>y to emphasise ?is po9t s9ce ,h>nack has affirm$ 't1 :ile ,*ri/ 0 ! special object ( fai? = ,paul & ! o!r apo/les1 ,he did n ent] z an elem5t into ,8 own prea*+1 & did n solicit fai? t[>ds ,himself4'#bb ,x is inde$ true t ,jesus frequ5tly associat$ ,himself ) ,8 ,fa!r1 ^: imm$iate repres5tative ,he claims to be4 ,b no "o c d\bt t ,he also ass]ts au?ority & p[] on ,8 own acc\nt1 & solicits fai? on ,8 own behalf4 ,nor does ,he take pa9s1 ev5 :5 *all5g$1 to expla9 t ,he 0 b ! ag5t ( ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 z we h se51 ,he acts 9 ,8 own "r1 & pron\nces ! bless+s ( heal+ & =giv5ess 9 ,8 own "n4 ,ev5 :5 ! ^w ',fai?' is n m5tion$ ! :ole attitude & _s ( ,jesus impels u to ! same conclusion4 ,!re 0 an air ( indep5d5ce & au?ority #agg ab\t ,him :i* fill$ ,8 disciples & o!rs1 n m]ely ) confid5ce1 b ) wond] & awe4 ,8 repeat$ ^w is1 ',i say unto y4' ,& !re is a class ( say+s :i* cle>ly indicate ! supreme significance :i* ,he atta*$ to ,8 own p]sonality z an object ( fai?4 ,=emo/ among ^! is ! great invitation1 ',come unto ,me1 all ye t lab\r & are heavy-lad51 & ,i w give y re/4' 7#c7 ,if we turn to ! epi/les1 & especially to ! ,paul9e1 we are /ruck by ! app>5tly *ang$ mean+ ( fai?4 ,x has become m complex & te*nical4 ,x is no long] simply ! receptive relation ( ! s\l t[>ds ,*ri/2 x is also a ju/ify+ pr9ciple4 ,fai? n only unites ! believ] to ,*ri/1 x also translates him into a new sph]e & creates = him a new environm5t4 ,! pa/ is cancell$4 ,all ?+s h become new4 ,! man ( fai? has pass$ out ( ! dom9ion ( law into ! k+dom ( ,grace4 ,! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ,ju/ification by ,fai? has receiv$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* a tw(old int]pretation4 ,on ! "o h&1 x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ! sole significance ( fai? is t x gives to ! believ] p[]1 by ,god's sup]natural aid1 to realise a goodness ( :i* he is naturally incapable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is held t ! peculi>ity ( fai? is t1 ?\gh he himself is a s9n] des]v+ condemnation1 x af=ds to ! believ] an assurance ( ! fav\r ) :i* a lov+ ,fa!r reg>ds him1 n on acc\nt ( 8 own atta9m5ts1 b 9 virtue ( ! p]fect ob$i5ce ( ! ,son ( ,god ) :om ea* is unit$ by fai?4 ,! =m] is ! m di/9ctively ,roman view2 ! latt] t ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*4 ,:ile ! ,ca?olic =m ( ! doctr9e gives to 'works' a place n less important ?an fai? 9 ju/ification1 ! ,prote/ant exalts 'fai?' to ! position ( priority z m 9 h>mony ) ! my/]y ( ! aton+ sacrifice ( ,*ri/ z exp\nd$ by ,/4 ,paul4 ,fai? ju/ifies1 because x is = ! ,*ri/ian ! vision ( an ideal4 ,:at we admire 9 ano!r is already implicitly )9 u4 ,we #agh already possess ! righte\sness we believe 94 ,! moral beauty ( ,*ri/ is ours inasmu* z we are l9k$ to ,him by fai?1 & h accept$ z our true self all t ,he is & has a*iev$4 ,h5ce fai? is n m]ely ! sight ( ! ideal 9 ,*ri/4 ,x is ! en]gy ( ! s\l z well1 by :i* ! believ] /rives to realise t :i* he admires4 ,accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,scripture fai? has ?us a ?reefold value4 ,x is a receptive attitude1 a ju/ify+ pr9ciple1 & an en]gis+ p[]4 ,x is t by :i* ! believ] accepts & appropriates ! gift ( ,life (f]$ by ,god 9 ,*ri/4 #c4 ,ob$i5ce4--,fai? conta9s ! p[] ( a new ob$i5ce4 ,b fai? worke? by love4 ,! s\l's surr5d] to ,*ri/ is ! cr[n+ phase ( man's response4 ,! ob$i5ce ( love is ! natural sequel ( rep5tance & fai?1 ! complet+ act ( consecration4 ,z ,god gives ,himself 9 ,*ri/ to man1 s man yields 9 ,*ri/ to ,god all he is & all he has4 ,)\t enl>g+ ^u ! nature ( ?is f9al act ( self-surr5d]1 ?ree po9ts ( e?ical value ought n to be ov]look$4 7#a7 ,ob$i5ce is an activity ( ! s\l by :i* ! believ] appropriates ! life ( ,god4 ,life is n m]ely a gift1 x is a task1 an a*ievem5t4 ,we are n simply passive recipi5ts ( ! ,good1 b free & det]m9ative ag5ts :o react ^u :at is giv51 tak+ x up into our life & work+ x into ! texture ( our "*4 ,! ob$i5ce ( love is ! practical side ( fai?4 ,:ile ,god imp>ts ! en]gy ( ! ,_s1 we apply x & by /r5u\s endeav\r & unceas+ ef=t m\ld our s\ls & make our _w4 7#b7 ,x is a consecration ( ! :ole p]sonality4 ,all ! p[]s ( man are engag$ 9 s\l-mak+4 ,religion is n a deta*$ region ( exp]i5ce1 a prov9ce sep>ate f ! incid5ts & occupations ( ord9>y exi/5ce4 ,ob$i5ce mu/ cov] ! :ole ( life1 & dem&s ! ex]cise & devotion ( e gift4 ,n only is e ?\ght to be br\ght into subjection to ! m9d ( #agi ,*ri/1 b e passion & desire1 e activity & p[] ( body & m9d are to be consecrat$ to ,god & trans=m$ into in/rum5ts ( s]vice4 ',our wills are ours to make !m ?9e4' ,b ! w is n a sep>ate faculty2 x is ! :ole man4 ,& ! ob$i5ce ( ! w is no?+ less ?an ! response ( our entire manhood to ! w ( ,god4 7#c7 ,f9ally1 ob$i5ce is a gr[+ p[] ( assimilation to ,*ri/4 ,we gr[ 9 ! ,*ri/ian life accord+ to ! measure ( our fai? & ! ex]cise ( our love4 ,! spiritual _w is pot5tially ours at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian life1 b x has to be work$ out 9 daily exp]i5ce4 ,l e o!r =m ( exi/5ce spiritual life is a gr[? :i* only atta9s to /r5g? & fruition ?r\gh cont9ual conflict & a*ievem5t4 ,! s\l is n a f9i%$ product4 ,9 pati5ce x is to be acquir$4#bc ,by trial & temptation1 by toil & exp5diture1 ?r\gh all ! h>d%ips & haz>ds ( daily life its value is det]m9$ & its de/9y %ap$4 ,& accord+ to ! measure 9 :i* we use ^! exp]i5ces1 & transmute !m by ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god into means ( good1 d we gr[ 9 ,*ri/ian "* & approximate to ! full /ature ( ! p]fect ,man4 ,to ?is self-det]m9+ activity ,euck5 has giv5 ! "n ( ',activism4' ',! basis ( a true life1' says ?is writ]1 'mu/ be cont9ually won anew4'#bd ,activism acquires e?ical "* inasmu* z x involves ! tak+ up ( ! spiritual _w into our own volition & be+4 ,only by ?is ceaseless endeav\r d we advance to fre% atta9m5ts ( ! moral life1 & are enabl$ to assimilate ! div9e z reveal$ to u 9 ,*ri/4 ,nor is x m]ely ! individual self t is ?us enri*$ & develop$ by ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god4 ,by p]sonal fidelity to ! highe/ we are aid+ ! moral developm5t ( mank9d1 & are fur!r+ ! advancem5t ( all t is good & true 9 ! _w4 ,n only are we mak+ #ahj our own "*1 b we are help+ to build up ! k+dom ( ,god ^u ! e>?4 ,rep5tance1 ,fai?1 & ,ob$i5ce are ?us ! human factors ( ! new life4 ,!y are ! moral c\nt]p>ts ( ,grace4 ,god gives & man appropriates4 ,by rep5tance we turn f s9 & self to ! true home ( our s\l 9 ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,by fai? we behold 9 ,*ri/ ! vision ( ! ideal self4 ,by ob$i5ce & ! daily surr5d] ( ourselves to ! div9e w we trans=m ! vision into ! reality4 ,!y are all manife/ations ( love1 ! responsive notes ( ! human he>t to ! appeal ( div9e love4 #a ,ir5aeus1 ,contra ,ha]eses1 ,,iii4 xviii4 #a4 #b ,matt4 xx4 #bh2 ,john xi4 #ea2 ,matt4 xxvi4 #bh2 ,m>k xiv4 #h1 #i4 #c ,! ,analogy1 "p ,,ii4 *ap4 v4 #d #b ,cor4 v4 #ad f42 ,rom4 vi42 ,ephes4 iii4 #af1 #ag1 v4 #h4 #e ,gal4 ii4 #bj4 #f ,mey]s1 ,sa9t ,paul4 #g ,see ,blewett1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,view ( ! ,_w1 pp4 #hh ff41 :]e ?is subject is sugge/ively treat$4 #h ,*ri/ & ,paul4 #i ,matt4 iii4 #h2 ,luke iii4 #h4 #aj ,acts xxvi4 #bj4 #aa ,rom4 xii4 #ab2 ,titus iii4 #e4 #ab #b ,cor4 v4 #ag2 ,gal4 vi4 #ae4 #ac ,see ,begbie1 ,brok5 ,e>!nw>e4 #ad ,v>ieties ( ,relig4 ,exp]i5ce4 #ae ,m>k x4 #ae4 #af ,man & ! ,univ]se1 p4 #bbj4 #ag ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #hj4 #ah ,cf4 ,f\ndations3 a ,/atem5t ( ,religi\s ,belief by sev5 ,ox=d m51 ,essay ,,vi41 pp4 #bgd f4 #ai ,matt4 xviii4 #c4 #bj ,matt4 xiii4 #eh2 ,m>k vi4 #e4 #ba ,cf4 ,/alk]1 ,! ,e?ic ( ,jesus1 p4 #agi4 #bb ,das ,wes5 des ,*ri/5?ums1 p4 #ia1 quot$ by ,/alk]1 idem1 p4 #agf4 #bc ,luke xxi4 #ai4 #bd ,life's ,basis & life's ,ideal1 p4 #bee4 #aha ,,section ,d ,,conduct #ahc ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,virtues ,,& ,,virtue ,s f> we h ga9$ "s conception ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal z ! highe/ moral good1 & h le>n$ also h[ ! ,*ri/ian "* is br\ght into be+4 ,we n[ ent] ^u a new section--! la/ /age ( our inquiry--& h to consid] ! 'new man'--8 virtues1 duties1 & relation%ips4 ,! bus9ess ly+ imm$iately be=e u 9 ?is *apt] is to consid] ! accept$ /&>ds 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian good is exhibit$--! virtues recognis$ by ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! p>ticul> =ms or manife/ations ( "* :i* result f ! ,*ri/ian int]pretation ( life8 ,:5 we ?9k ( man z liv+ 9 relation to 8 fell[s1 & engag+ 9 ! common activities ( ! _w1 :at are ! special traits ( "* :i* di/+ui% ! ,*ri/ian8 ,^! que/ions sugge/ "o ( ! mo/ important1 & at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ difficult1 tasks ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics--! classification ( ! virtues4 ,! difficulty arises 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ! ambiguity atta*+ to ! t]m 'virtue4' ,x is (t5 loosely us$ to signify a m]itori\s act--z 9 ! phrase1 'mak+ a virtue ( a necessity4' ,x is frequ5tly employ$ g5]ally = a moral quality or excell5cy ( "*1 & 9 ?is respect is contra/$ ) vice4 ,f9ally1 virtues are sometimes id5tifi$ ) duties4 ,?us we speak ( ! virtue ( v]acity4 ,b obvi\sly we may also ref] to ! duty ( v]acity4 ,! ^w aret2 signifies '=ce1' & 0 orig9ally us$ z a prop]ty ( bodies1 plants1 or animals4 #ahd ,at fir/ x _h no e?ical import4 ,9 ,attic usage x came to signify aptness or fitness ( manhood = public life4 ,& ?is signification has %ap$ ! future mean+ ( its ,lat9 equival5t--virtus 7f vis1 /r5g?1 & n f vir1 a man74 ,plato gave to ! t]m a c]ta9 e?ical value 9 connection ) 8 moral view ( ! social life1 s t ,e?ics came to be designat$ ! doctr9e ( virtues4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 bo? by ! ,greek & ,roman morali/s1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,/oics1 ! ^w virtus reta9$ some?+ ( ! s5se ( =ce or capacity--a quality priz$ 9 ! citiz54 ,! ,engli% ^w is a direct transcript ( ! ,lat94 ,! ,g]man n\n1 ,tug5d 7f taug51 to fit7 means capability1 & is relat$ to wor?1 hon\r1 manl9ess4 ,! ^w aret does n frequ5tly occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4#a ,9 ! few passages 9 :i* x appe>s x is associat$ ) praisewor?9ess4 ,9 "o passage#b x has a m di/9ctly e?ical signification--'add to y\r fai? virtue'--:]e ! idea is t ( practical wor? or manhood4 ,virtue may be def9$ z ! acquir$ p[] or capacity = moral action4 ,f ! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view virtue is ! complem5t1 or r ! outcome1 ( grace4 ,h5ce virtues are graces4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se a man is n virtu\s :5 he has fir/ appropriat$ by fai? ! new pr9ciple ( life4 ,he has )9 him1 inde$1 ! promise & pot5cy ( all =ms ( goodness1 b n until he has consci\sly br\ght 8 p]sonal impulses & faculties into ! s]vice ( ,*ri/ c he be call$ truly virtu\s4 ,h5ce ! ,*ri/ian "* is only progressively realis$4 ,on ! div9e side virtue is a gift4 ,on ! human side x is an activity4 ,our ,"l's figure ( ! v9e & ! bran*es repres5ts ! relation 9 :i* ,*ri/ian "* /&s to ,*ri/4 ,9 l mann] ,/4 ,paul reg>ds ! manife/ations ( ! ,*ri/ian life z ! fruit ( ! ,_s--! inevitable & natural outgr[? ( ! div9e se$ ( life implant$ 9 ! he>t4 ,h5ce arises ! importance ( #ahe cultivat+ ! inn] life ( ! _s :i* is ! root ( all moral excell5cy4 ,on ! o!r h& x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,*ri/ian morality is n ( a diff]5t sort f natural morality1 & ! ,*ri/ian virtues are n m]ely sup]natural qualities add$ on1 b simply human virtues col\r$ & transfigur$ by grace & rais$ to a high] value4 ,! p[] to act morally1 ! capacity to br+ all our faculties into ! s]vice ( ! spiritual life1 is ! gr\nd ( ,*ri/ian virtue j z x is ( e natural excell5ce4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! di/9ction sometimes made betwe5 natural goodness & ,*ri/ian goodness is uns\nd4 ,a virtue is n a sup]lative act ( m]it1 imply+ an excess ( excell5ce beyond ! requirem5ts ( duty4 ,f ! ,*ri/ian /&po9t !re are no works ( sup]]ogation1 & !re is no room 9 ! ,*ri/ian life = excess or m>g94 ,z e duty is a b\nd5 duty1 s e possible excell5ce is dem&$ ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,virtues prescribe duties2 ideals become laws2 & ! measure is1 ',be ye p]fect z y\r ,fa!r 9 heav5 is p]fect4' ,! ,/oic maxim1 ',no?+ 9 excess1' is inadequate 9 ref]5ce to moral excell5ce1 & ,ari/otle's doctr9e ( ! ',mean' c h>dly be appli$ )\t consid]able di/ortion ( facts4 ,! only virtue :i* ) tru? c be describ$ z a =m ( mod]ation is ,temp]ance4 ,x has be5 object$ t by 8 doctr9e ( ! ',mean' ,ari/otle 'oblit]ates ! awful & absolute diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong4' ,if we sub/itute1 z ,kant sugge/$1 'law' = 'mean1' "s ( ! ambiguity is obviat$4 ,/ill1 aft] all ext5uation is made x may be que/ion$ :e!r any t]m imply+ quantity is a fit expression = a moral attribute4#c ,at ! same "t ! virtues mu/ n be reg>d$ z m]e ab/ractions4 ,moral qualities _c be isolat$ f ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are ex]cis$4 ,virtue is "* 9 t\* ) life1 & x is only 9 contact ) actual ev5ts t its quality c be det]m9$4 ,actions are n simply good or bad 9 !mselves4 ,!y mu/ #ahf always be valu$ bo? by _! inn] motives & int5d$ ends4 ,c\rage or v]acity1 = example1 may be ex]cis$ f diff]5t causes & = ! mo/ v>i\s ends1 & occasionally ev5 = ^? ( an immoral nature4#d ,= ^! & simil> reasons "s mod]n e?ical writ]s h reg>d$ ! classification ( ! virtues z unsatisfactory1 involv+ arbitr>y & illogical di/9ctions 9 value2 & "s h ev5 disc>d$ ! use ( ! ^w 'virtue' altoge!r1 & sub/itut$ ! ^w '"*' z ! subject ( e?ical /udy4 ,b inasmu* z "* mu/ manife/ itself 9 c]ta9 =ms1 & approximate at lea/ to c]ta9 norms or ideals ( conduct1 x may n be altoge!r sup]flu\s to consid] 9 _! relation & unity ^? moral qualities 7:e!r we call !m virtues1 graces1 or norms ( excell5ce7 :i* ! ,*ri/ian aims at reproduc+ 9 8 life4 ,we %all consid] !re=e1 fir/1 ! natural elem5ts ( virtue z !y h be5 disclos$ to u by classical tea*]s4 ,next1 we %all comp>e ^! ) ! ,*ri/ian conception ( life1 %[+ h[ ,*ri/ianity has giv5 to !m a new mean+ & value4 ,& f9ally1 we %all endeav\r to reveal ! unify+ pr9ciple ( ! virtues by %[+ t :5 trans=m$ by ! ,*ri/ian _s !y are ! expressions or implicates ( a s+le spiritual disposition or totality ( "*4 ,i ,! ,natural ,basis ( ! ,virtues4--,at a c]ta9 /age ( reflection !re arises an ef=t n m]ely to designate1 b to co-ord9ate ! virtues4 ,= x is soon discov]$ t all ! v>i\s aspects ( ! good h a unity1 & t ! idea ( virtue z "o & consci\s is equival5t to ! idea ( ! good-w or ( purity ( he>t4 ,?us x 0 se5 by ! foll[]s ( ,socrates t ! virtues are b diff]5t expressions ( "o pr9ciple1 & t ! ultimate good ( "* c only be realis$ by ! actual pursuit #ahg ( x 9 ! recognis$ virtues4 ,we d n suffici5tly reflect1 says ,gre51 h[ great 0 ! s]vice :i* ,greek philosophy r5d]$ to mank9d4 ,f ,plato & ,ari/otle comes ! connect$ s*eme ( virtues & duties )9 :i* ! educat$ consci5ce ( ,*ri/5dom /ill moves :5 x is imp>tially reflect+ on :at ought to be done4#e ,religi\s tea*]s may h ext5d$ ! scope ( our obligations1 & /r5g!n$ ! motives :i* actuate m5 9 ! p]=mance ( duty1 b '! articulat$ s*eme ( :at ! virtues & duties are1 9 _! diff]5ce & _! unity1 rema9s = u n[ 9 its ma9 outl9es :at ! ,greek philosoph]s left x4'#f ,among anci5t morali/s f\r virtues1 ,wisdom1 ,c\rage1 ,temp]ance1 ,ju/ice 7 con/antly gr\p$4 ,!y 7 already traditional 9 ,plato's "t1 b he adopts !m z fundam5tal4 ,ari/otle reta9$ ,plato's li/1 b develop$ f x "s m9or excell5ces4 ,virtue1 accord+ to ,plato1 0 ! heal? or h>mony ( ! s\l2 h5ce ! pr9ciple ( classification 0 det]m9$ by ! fitness ( ! s\l = its prop] task1 :i* 0 conceiv$ z ! atta9m5t ( ! good or ! morally beautiful4 ,z man has ?ree functions or aspects1 a cognitive1 active1 & appetitive1 s !re are ?ree correspond+ virtues4 ,8 function ( kn[+ det]m9es ! primal virtue ( ,wisdom2 8 active p[] con/itutes ! virtue ( ,c\rage2 :ile 8 appetitive nature calls = ! virtue ( ,temp]ance or ,self-control4 ,^! ?ree virtues h ref]5ce to ! individual's p]sonal life4 ,b inasmu* z a man is a "p ( a social organism1 & has relations to o!rs beyond himself1 ju/ice 0 conceiv$ by ,plato z ! social virtue1 ! virtue :i* regulat$ & h>monis$ all ! o!rs4 ,= ! ,/oics ^! f\r virtues embrac$ ! :ole life accord+ to nature4 ,x may be notic$ t ,plato & ,ari/otle did n pr(ess to h creat$ ! virtues4 ,wisdom1 =titude1 temp]ance1 & ju/ice 71 z !y believ$1 radical pr9ciples ( ! moral nature2 & all !y pr(ess$ to d 0 to #ahh awak5 m5 to ! consci\sness ( _! natural capacities4 ,if a man 0 to atta9 to fitness ( life1 !n ^! 7 ! fundam5tal & ess5tial l9es on :i* 8 rational life mu/ develop4 ,9 e conceivable _w ^! are ! basal elem5ts ( goodness4 ,relat$ z !y are to fundam5tal functions ( p]sonality1 !y _c be less or m4 ,!y /& = ! irr$ucible pr9ciples ( conduct1 to omit any "o ( :i* is to pres5t a maim$ or only p>tial "*4 ,9 e rational conception ( life !y mu/ rema9 ! ess5tial & desirable objects ( pursuit4 ,x 0 n wond]ful1 !re=e1 :5 we rememb] ! influ5ce ( ,greek ?\ght ^u e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 t ! f\r classical virtues %\ld pass ov] into ,*ri/ian ,e?ics4 ,b ! ,*ur*1 recognis+ t ^! virtues _h ref]5ce to man's life 9 relation to himself & 8 fell[-m5 9 ?is _w alone1 add$ to ^! ! ?ree ,paul9e ,graces1 ,fai?1 ,hope1 & ,*>ity1 z expressive ( ! div9e elem5t 9 man1 8 relation to ,god & ! spiritual _w4 ,! fir/ f\r 7 call$ natural1 ! la/ ?ree sup]natural3 or ! ',c>d9al' 7c>do1 a h+e7 & ! ',!ological' virtues4 ,!y make 9 all sev51 ! my/ic p]fect numb]1 & ov] aga9/ ^!1 to complete ! symmetry ( life1 7 plac$ ! sev5 deadly s9s4 ,,ii ,_! ,*ri/ian ,trans=mation4--,b n[ if we comp>e ! c>d9al virtues ) ! conception ( goodness reveal$ 9 ,scripture1 we are at once consci\s ( a contra/4 ,we seem to move 9 a new atmosph]e1 & to be confront$ ) a view ( life 9 :i* entirely diff]5t values hold4 #a4 ,:ile 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t _m virtues are comm5d$1 no complete description occurs 9 any s+le passage4 ,! beatitudes may be reg>d$ z our ,"l's catalogue ( ! typical qualities ( life1 & a developm5t ( virtu\s life might be work$ out f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,beg9n+ ) pov]ty ( _s1 #ahi humility1 & meekness1 & ris+ up out ( ! individual /ruggle ( ! inn] man1 we atta9 to m]cifulness & peaceabl5ess--! _s :i* be>s ! pov]ty ( o!rs1 & seeks to make o!rs meek & g5tle4 ,next ! desire = righte\sness f9ds expression 9 a read9ess to endure p]secution1 to support ! burd5 ( duty 9 ! mid/ ( worldly conflict2 & f9ally 9 ! highe/ /age ! light ( virtue %9es ?r\gh ! cl\ds ( /ruggle & breaks =? spontane\sly1 irradiat+ all :o come into contact ) x1 & con/itut+ man ! s]vant ( humanity1 ! light ( ! _w4#g ,or we might turn to ! apo/le ,paul1 :o reg>ds ! virtues z ! fruit ( ! ,_s1 describ+ !m 9 g5]al z 'love1 joy1 peace1 long-suff]+1 goodness1 fai?1 g5tl5ess1 humility4'#h ,a ri* clu/] is also m5tion$ z '! fruit ( light'--goodness1 righte\sness1 tru?4 ,a fur!r enum]ation is giv5 9 ,colossians :]e ! apo/le comm5ds compassion1 k9dness1 humility1 meekness1 long-suff]+1 =be>ance1 & =giv5ess4#i ,& once m !re is ! (t5-quot$ s]ies 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians1 ',:atsoev] ?+s are true1 rev]5t1 j1 *a/e1 lovely1 & k9dly spok5 (4'#aj ,nor mu/ we =get ! *>act]i/ics ( love pres5t$ 9 ! apo/le's ',hymn ( ,*>ity4'#aa ,to ^! descriptions ( ,/4 ,paul !re ought to be add$ ! rem>kable passage 9 :i* ,/4 ,pet] unfolds ! process ( ! moral life f its se$ to ! p]fect fl[]4#ab ,?\gh ! au?or%ip ( ?is passage has be5 disput$1 t fact does n make ! repres5tation less tru/wor?y & typical z an exhibition ( e>ly ,*ri/ian morality4 ,accord+ to ?is picture1 j z 9 ,/4 ,paul's view1 ! :ole moral life has its root 9 fai?1 & "* is no?+ else ?an ! work+ out ( ! initial en]gy ( ! s\l into virtue1 k1 temp]ance1 pati5ce1 godl9ess1 bro!rly k9dness1 & *>ity--all t makes life wor?y & excell5t4 ,"* is n built l a h\se1 by ! addition ( /one to /one4 ,x is evolv$ z #aij a plant f a se$4 ,giv5 fai?1 !re w ultimately em]ge all ! successive qualities ( true goodness--k1 temp]ance1 pati5ce--! p]sonal virtues1 ris+ upw>ds to godl9ess or ! love ( ,god1 & wid5+ out to bro!rhood1 & !nce to *>ity or a love ( mank9d--a *>ity :i* embraces ! :ole _w1 ev5 ^? :o are n ,*ri/ian3 ! enemy1 ! outca/1 & ! ali54 ,^! descriptions are n =mal or sy/ematic1 b are *>act]is$ by a rem>kable simil>ity 9 _s & tone4 ,!y all reflect ! m9d ( ,*ri/1 & put ! emphasis :]e ,jesus ,himself inv>iably laid x--on love4 ,b ! po9t to :i* we desire to draw att5tion is ! contra/ betwe5 ! classical & ! ,*ri/ian type ( virtue4 ,! diff]5ce is commonly express$ by say+ t ! pagan virtues 7 ( a bold mascul9e ord]1 :]eas ! ,*ri/ian excell5ces are ( an amiable & passive nature4 ,yet if we c>efully exam9e ! li/s z giv5 9 ,scripture1 we %all see t ?is is h>dly a j di/9ction4 ,c]ta9ly ,*ri/ianity br+s to ! front "s virtues ( a g5tle type :i* are app>5tly want+ 9 ! ,platonic catalogue4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pagan virtues are n exclud$ f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!y h an ackn[l$g$ place 9 ,*ri/ian morality4 ,=titude & temp]ance1 n to speak ( wisdom & ju/ice1 are recognis$ z ess5tial qualities ( ! ,*ri/ian "*4 ,*ri/ianity did n come into ! _w z ! negative ( all t 0 previ\sly noble 9 human nature2 on ! contr>y1 x took ov] ev]y?+ t 0 good & true1 & gave to x a legitimate place4 ,:atsoev] ?+s1 says ! apo/le1 are true & j & fair1 if !re be any virtue or praise 9 !m1 ?9k ( ^! ?+s4 ,c\rage is n disp>ag$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 writ+ to ,timo?y ,paul gives to ?is virtue its orig9al significance4 ,he only raises x to a high] level1 & gives to x a nobl] end--! det]m9ation n to be a%am$ ( be>+ te/imony1 & ! read9ess to suff] h>d%ip = ! ,gospel's sake4 ,& ?\gh ! apo/le does n expressly #aia comm5d c\rage 9 its active =m 9 any o!r passage1 we may ga!r f ! :ole t5or ( 8 life t brav]y1 =titude1 endurance1 occupi$ a high place 9 8 e/eem4 ,:ile he made no p>ade ( 8 suff]+s 8 life 0 a cont9ual w>f>e = ! ,gospel4 ,! c\rage ( a man is none ! less real because x is ev9c$ n on ! battlefield1 b 9 ! conflict ( righte\sness4 ,he :o devotes himself unnotic$ & unrew>d$1 at ! risk ( 8 life & at ! sacrifice ( e pleasure1 to ! s]vice ( ! sick & ! debas$1 possesses c\rage ! same 9 pr9ciple z t ( ! 'brave man' describ$ by ,ari/otle4 ,life is a battle1 & !re are o!r objects = :i* a man mu/ cont5d ?an ^? peculi> to a milit>y call+4 ,9 all circum/ances ( 8 exi/5ce ! ,*ri/ian mu/ quit himself z a man1 & )\t c\rage no "o c fulfil 9 any tol]able degree ! duties ( 8 /ation4 ,9 l mann] temp]ance or self-control is a truly ,*ri/ian virtue1 & x f9ds repeat$ m5tion 9 ,scripture4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we comp>e ! conception ( temp]ance z =mulat$ by ,ari/otle ) ! dem& ( self-d5ial :i* ! enlight5$ ,*ri/ian consci5ce makes ^u itself we are /ruck ) a diff]5ce bo? 9 ! motive & ! scope ( ! pr9ciple4 ,temp]ance z ,ari/otle conceiv$ x 0 a virtue exhibit$ only 9 deal+ ) ! animal passions4 ,& ! reason :y ?is indulg5ce ought to be *eck$ 0 t ! lu/s ( ! fle% unfitt$ a man = 8 dis*>ge ( ! civic duties4 ,b1 9 view ( ! ,greek idea t evil resides 9 ! physical con/itution ( man1 ! logical d$uction w\ld be ! total suppression ( ! animal passions altoge!r4 ,b f ! ,*ri/ian /&po9t ! physical in/9cts are n an evil to be cru%$1 b r a legitimate elem5t 9 man :i* is to be discipl9$ & br\ght into ! s]vice ( ! spiritual life4 ,temp]ance cov]s ! :ole range ( moral activity4 ,x means ! practical ma/]y ( self1 & includes ! prop] control & employm5t ( h& & eye1 tongue & temp]1 ta/es & affections1 s t !y may become effective in/rum5ts ( righte\sness4 ,! practice ( #aib asceticism = its own sake1 or ab/95ce dictat$ m]ely by fe> ( "s pa9ful result ( indulg5ce1 we d n n[ reg>d z a virtue4 ,! true =m ( self-d5ial we deem to be only r5d]$ :5 we =bid ourselves ! enjoym5t ( c]ta9 legitimate incl9ations = ! sake ( "s high] int]e/4 ,?us ! scope ( ! virtue ( temp]ance has be5 greatly enl>g$1 & we pres5t to ourselves objects ( moral loyalty1 = ! sake ( :i* we are ready to ab&on our desires 9 a f> great] v>iety ( =ms ?an ev] occurr$ to ! ,greek4 ,an indulg5ce1 = example1 :i* a man might legitimately all[ himself1 he =goes 9 consid]ation ( ! claims ( 8 family1 or fell[-workm51 or = ! good ( mank9d at l>ge1 9 a way t ! anci5t _w c\ld n und]/&4 ,*ri/ian temp]ance1 :ile ! same 9 pr9ciple ) ! anci5t virtue1 p5etrates life m deeply1 & is fraught ) a ri*] & m positive cont5t ?an 0 contemplat$ by ! ,greek dem&4 ,& ! same may be said ( ! virtues ( ,wisdom & ,ju/ice4 ,wisdom is a ,new ,te/am5t grace1 b m]e calculat+ prud5ce or worldly self-reg>d f9ds no place 9 ! ,*ri/ian s*eme ( life4 ,we are enjo9$1 inde$1 to be wise z s]p5ts & h>mless z doves 9 our relations ) m52 b :at we are urg$ to cultivate is a m9d = ! "r int]pretation ( ! ?+s ( ,god1 t spiritual insight :i* disc]ns ! ?+s ( ! ,_s2 &1 :ile recognis+ life z a div9ely giv5 tru/1 seeks to obta9 a wise und]/&+ ( our duties t[>d ,god & man4 ,:ile ! o!r virtues are to a c]ta9 ext5t self-reg>d+1 ,ju/ice is em95tly social4 ,at ! v l[e/ x means 'equal consid]ation' = all1 treat+1 z ,kant w\ld say1 e man z an 'end1' & n z a means4 ,morally no man may disreg>d ! claims ( o!rs4 ,x is said1 inde$1 t we mu/ be 'j be=e we are g5]\s4' ,b a full & p]fect conception ( ,ju/ice involves g5]osity4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z b>e ju/ice4 ,righte\sness1 :i* is ! ,new ,te/am5t equival5t1 dem&s m ?an negative goodness1 & 9 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics #aic passes ov] into ,*>ity1 :i* f9ds & fulfils itself 9 o!rs4 ,love "h & always is ! fulfill+ ( ! law1 & m]cy1 b5evol5ce1 k9dness are ! implicates ( true ju/ice4 #b4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! c>d9al virtues are ess5tial elem5ts ( ,*ri/ian "*4 ,*ri/ianity1 9 tak+ ov] ! moral conceptions ( ! anci5t _w1 gave to !m a new value & range by direct+ !m to new objects & en?us+ !m ) new motives4 ,x has be5 truly said t ! religion ( ,jesus s pr(\ndly modifi$ ! "* ( ! moral ideals ( ! pa/ t !y became l>gely new creations4 ,! old moral curr5cy 0 /ill kept 9 circulation1 b x 0 gradually m9t$ anew4#ac ,=titude is /ill ! cool & /eady behavi\r ( a man 9 ! pres5ce ( dang]2 b its range is wid5$ by ! inclusion ( p]ils ( ! s\l z well z ! body4 ,temp]ance is /ill ! control ( ! physical passions2 b x is also ! "r plac+ ( new affections1 & ! consecration ( our impulses to nobl] ends4 ,ju/ice is /ill ! suppression ( conflict ) ! rights ( o!rs2 b ! s\rce ( x lies 9 giv+ to ,god ! love :i* is ,8 due1 & f9d+ 9 ! objects ( ,8 ?\ght ! subjects also ( our c>e4 ,wisdom is /ill ! practical s5se :i* *ooses ! prop] c\rse ( action2 b x is no long] a selfi% calculation ( advantage1 b ! wisdom ( m5 :o are seek+ = !mselves & o!rs n m]ely temporal good1 b a k+dom :i* is n ( ?is _w4 ,! real reason1 !n1 :y ,*ri/ianity seems by contra/ to acc5tuate ! g5tl] graces is n simply z a prote/ aga9/ ! _s ( milit>ism & ! wor%ip ( physical p[]1 s preval5t 9 ! anci5t _w--n m]ely t !y 7 neglect$--b because !y & !y alone1 rightly consid]$1 are ( ! v ess5ce ( t p]fection ( "* :i* ,god has reveal$ to man 9 ,*ri/4 ,:at ,*ri/ianity has done is n to give pre-em95ce to "o class ov] ano!r1 b to make human "* complete4 ,anci5t civilisation 0 "o-sid$ 9 its moral #aid developm5t4 ,! pagan conceptions ( virtue 7 m]ely mat]iali/ic1 temporal1 & self-reg>d+4 ,*ri/ %[$ t )\t ! _s ( love ev5 su* excell5ces z c\rage1 temp]ance1 & ju/ice did n atta9 to _! true mean+ or yield _! full implication4 ,paul1 z we h se51 did n disp>age h]oism1 b he ?\ght t x 0 exhibit$ z mu*1 if n m1 9 pati5ce & =giv5ess z 9 self-ass]tion & retaliation4 ,:at ,*ri/ianity really reveal$ 0 a new type ( manl9ess1 a fre% application ( temp]ance1 a full] developm5t ( ju/ice4 ,x %[$ ! might ( meekness1 ! p[] ( g5tl5ess1 ! h]oism ( sacrifice4 #c4 ,x is ?us mislead+ to say t ,*ri/ian ,e?ics diff]s f anci5t morality 9 ! prom95ce x gives to :at h be5 call$ '! passive virtues4' ,pov]ty ( _s1 humility1 meekness1 m]cifulness1 & peaceabl5ess are inde$ ! m>ks ( ,*ri/'s tea*+4 ,b z ,*ri/ conceiv$ !m !y 7 n passive qualities1 b int5sely active en]gies ( ! s\l4 ,x has be5 well rem>k$ t#ad !re 0 a pov]ty ( _s 9 ! cre$ ( ! cynic c5turies be=e ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re 0 a meekness 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,/oic long be=e ! adv5t ( ,jesus4 ,b ^! t5ets 7 v f> f be+ anticipations ( ,*ri/'s morality4 ,cynic pov]ty ( _s 0 b ! poor-spirit$ness ( apa?y4 ,/oic meekness 0 m]ely ! indiff]5ce ( oblivion4 ,b ! humility & l[l9ess ( he>t1 ! m]cifulness & peace-seek+ :i* ,*ri/ inculcat$ 7 ess5tially p[]s ( self-re/ra9t1 n negative b positive attitudes to life4 ,! motive 0 n apa?y b love4 ,^! qualities 7 bas$ n on ! idea t life 0 s poor & undesirable t x 0 n wor?y ( consid]ation1 b ^u ! conviction t x 0 s gr& & noble1 some?+ s f> beyond ei!r pleasure or pa91 z to dem& ! devotion ( ! entire self--! ma/]y & consecration ( all a man's p[]s 9 ! fulfilm5t & s]vice ( its div9e end4 ,h5ce :at ,*ri/ianity did 0 n s mu* to in/itute #aie "o type ( "* = ano!r z to exhibit = ! fir/ "t ! complete conception ( :at human life %\ld be--a new creature1 9 :om1 z 9 its great ,exempl>1 /r5g? & t5d]ness1 c\rage & meekness1 ju/ice & m]cy 7 alike comb9$4 ,=1 z ,/4 ,paul said1 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus !re is nei!r male nor female1 b all are z "o4 ,& 9 ?is "*1 z ! same apo/le f9ely %[s1 fai?1 hope1 & *>ity h ! prim>y place1 n z special virtues :i* h be5 add$ on1 b z ! spiritual disposition :i* p5etrates ! entire p]sonality & qualifies its e ?\ght & act4 ,,iii ,! ,unification ( ! ,virtues4--,:ile x is desirable1 !n1 to exhibit ! virtues 9 detail1 x is ev5 m important to trace back ! virtues to virtue itself4 ,a man's duties are div]se1 z div]se z ! v>i\s occasions & circum/ances ( life1 & !y c only come into be+ ) ! v>i\s in/itutions ( 8 "t1 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 home & c\ntry1 comm]ce & culture4 ,b ! p]=mance ( ^! may be sl[ly build+ up 9 him a consi/5t p]sonality4 ,x is 9 "* t ! unity ( ! moral life is mo/ cle>ly express$4 ,!re mu/ be !re=e a unity ( "* und]ly+ ! multiplicity ( *>act]i/ics1 "o s+le & comm&+ pr9ciple at "w 9 ! =mation ( life ( :i* e possible virtue is ! expression4 #a4 ,a unity ( ?is k9d is suppli$ by man's relation to ,god4 ,religion _c be sep>at$ f conduct4 ,if x 7 true1 z ,epicurus said1 t ! gods take no conc]n 9 human affairs1 !n n religion only1 b morality itself w\ld be 9 dang]4 ,z m5's conceptions ( ,god are purifi$ & deep5$1 !y t5d to exhibit ! v>i$ cont5ts ( morality 9 _! connection ) a div9] ord]4 ,x is1 !n1 ! ?\ght ( man's relation to ,god :i* gives coh]5ce to ! moral life1 & br+s all its div]se manife/ations into unity4 #aif ,if we exam9e ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness z pres5t$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we f9d ?ree words ( frequ5t occurr5ce repeat$ly gr\p$ toge!r1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! ess5tial m>ks ( ,*ri/ian "* 9 relation to ,god--,fai?1 ,hope1 & ,love4 ,s *>act]i/ic are ^! ( ! new life t !y h be5 call$ ! !ological virtues1 because1 z ,?omas ,aqu9as says1 ',!y h ,god = _! object3 !y br+ u into true relation to ,god1 & !y are imp>t$ to u by ,god alone4'#ae #b4 ,^! graces1 h[ev]1 _c be sep>at$4 ,a man does n ex]cise at "o "t fai?1 & at ano!r "t hope or love4 ,!y are all ( a piece4 ,!y are b diff]5t manife/ations ( "o virtue4 ,( ^! love is ! greate/1 because x is t )\t :i* fai? & hope c\ld n exi/4 ,love is ( ! v ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,x is its secret & sign4 ,no o!r t]m is s expressive ( ! _s ( ,*ri/4 ,x is ! fir/ & la/ ^w ( apo/olic ,*ri/ianity4 ,love may be call$ ! discov]y ( ! ,gospel4 ,x 0 practically unkn[n 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,eros1 ! s5su\s in/9ct & philia1 ! bond ( fri5d%ip1 did exi/1 b agap 9 its spiritual s5se is ! creation ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics love is primal & c5tral4 ,"h we h got d[n to ! b$rock ( virtue4 ,x is n simply "o virtue among _m4 ,x is ! quality 9 :i* all ! virtues h _! sett+ & unity4 ,f a ,*ri/ian po9t ( view e excell5ce ( "* spr+s directly f love & is ! manife/ation ( x4 ,x is1 z ,/4 ,paul says1 '! bond ( p]fectness4' ,! sev]al virtues ( ! ,*ri/ian life are b facets ( ?is "o gem4#af ,love1 accord+ to ! apo/le1 is indisp5sable to "*4 ,)\t x ,fai? is an empty pr(ession2 #aig ,k1 a m]e p>ade ( le>n+2 ,c\rage1 a boa/ful confid5ce2 ,self-d5ial1 a useless asceticism4 ,love is ! fruitful s\rce ( all else t is beautiful & noble 9 life4 ,x n only embraces b produces all ! o!r graces4 ,x creates =titude2 x begets wisdom2 x prompts self-re/ra9t & temp]ance2 x temp]s ju/ice4 ,x manife/s itself 9 humility1 meekness1 & =giv5ess3 ',z e hue is light1 ,s e grace is love4' ,love is1 h[ev]1 closely associat$ ) fai? & hope4 ,fai?1 z we h se51 is !ologically ! =mative & appropriat+ p[] by :i* man makes 8 own ! _s ( ,*ri/4 ,b e?ically x is a =m ( love4 ,! ,*ri/ian "* is =m$ by fai?1 b x lives & works by love4 ,a believ+ act is ess5tially a lov+ act4 ,x is a giv+ ( p]sonal confid5ce4 ,x implies an outgo+ ( ! self t[>ds ano!r--:i* is ! v nature ( love4 ,hope1 aga91 is b a p>ticul> =m ( fai? :i* looks =w>d to ! consummation ( ! good4 ,! man ( hope kn[s 9 :om he believes1 & he anticipates ! fulfilm5t ( 8 long+s4 ,hope is ess5tially an elem5t ( love4 ,l fai? x is a =m ( idealism4 ,x believes 91 & looks =w>d to1 a bett] _w because x kn[s t love is at ! he>t ( ! univ]se4 ,z fai? is ! special c\nt]ag5t aga9/ mat]ialism 9 ! pres5t1 s hope is ! special corrective ( pessimism 9 reg>d to ! future4 ,love supplies bo? ) vision4 ,*ri/ian hope1 because bas$ on fai? & prompt$ by love1 is no easy-go+ complac5ce :i* simply accepts ! actual z ! be/ ( all possible worlds4 ,! ,*ri/ian is a man ( hope because 9 spite ( life's suff]+s he nev] loses fai? 9 ! ideal :i* love has reveal$ to him4 ',tribulation1' says ,/4 ,paul1 'worke? pati5ce1 & pati5ce probation1 & probation hope4' ,hope has its social aspect z well z its p]sonal2 l fai? x is "o ( ! mighty lev]s ( society4 ,m5 ( hope are ! savi\rs ( ! _w4 ,9 days ( p]secution & d\bt x is _! c\rage :i* rallies ! wav]+ ho/s & gives o!rs #aih he>t = ! /ruggle4 ,e ,*ri/ian is an optimi/ n ) ! reckless assurance t calls evil good1 b ) ! rational fai?1 begott5 ( exp]i5ce1 t good is yet to be ! f9al goal ( ill4 ',?y k+dom come' is ! pray] ( fai? & hope1 & ! mission>y ent]prise is root$ 9 ! confid5ce begott5 ( love1 t ,he :o has giv5 to man ,8 _w-wide commission w give also ! cont9ual pres5ce & p[] ( ,8 ,_s = its fulfilm5t4 #c4 ,fai?1 hope1 & *>ity are at once ! root & fruit ( all ! virtues4 ,!y are ! attributes ( ! man :om ,*ri/ has r$eem$4 ,! ,*ri/ian has a ?reefold outlook4 ,he looks upw>ds1 outw>ds1 & inw>ds4 ,8 horizon is b\nd$ by nei!r space nor "t4 ,he embraces all m5 9 8 reg>d1 because he believes t e man has inf9ite wor? 9 ,god's eyes4 ,! old b>ri]s ( c\ntry & ca/e1 :i* sep>at$ m5 9 ! anci5t _w1 are brok5 d[n by fai? 9 ,god & hope = man :i* ! love ( ,*ri/ inspires4 ,fai?1 hope1 & love h be5 call$ ! !ological virtues4 ,b if !y are to be call$ virtues at all1 x mu/ be 9 a s5se v diff]5t f :at ! anci5ts und]/ood by virtue4 ,^! apo/olic graces are n elem5ts ( ! natural man1 b /ates :i* come into be+ ?r\gh a *ang$ moral "*4 ,!y connect man ) ,god1 & ) a new spiritual ord] 9 :i* 8 life has come to f9d its place & purpose4 ,!y 7 impossible = a ,greek1 & _h no place 9 anci5t ,e?ics4 ,!y are relat$ to ! new ideal :i* ! ,gospel has reveal$1 & obta9 _! value z elem5ts ( "* f ! fact t !y h _! object 9 ! di/9ctive tru? ( ,*ri/ianity--fell[%ip ) ,god ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,^! graces are n outw>d adornm5ts or optional accompli%m5ts4 ,!y are ! ess5tial conditions ( ! ,*ri/ian man4 ,!y con/itute 8 inmo/ & necess>y "*4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 sup]s$e or r5d] sup]flu\s ! o!r virtues4 ,on ! contr>y !y transmute & transfigure !m1 giv+ to !m at once _! coh]5ce & value4 #a ,phil4 iv4 #h2 #a ,pet] ii4 #i4 #b #b ,pet] i4 #e4 #c ,cf4 ,sir ,alex4 ,grant1 ,ari/otle's ,e?ics4 #d ,cf4 ,wundt1 ,e?ik1 p4 #adg4 #e ,gre51 ,proleg4 to ,e?ics1 section #bdi4 #f ,idem4 #g ,matt4 v4 #a-af4 #h ,gal4 v4 #bb-c4 #i ,col4 iii4 #ab1 #ac4 #aj ,phil4 iv4 #h4 #aa #a ,cor4 xiii4 #ab #b ,pet] i4 #e4 #ac ,/rong1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics4 #ad ,ma?ieson1 ,l&m>ks ( ,*ri/ian ,morality4 #ae ,summa1 ,i4 ii4 #af ,an int]e/+ p>allel might be drawn betwe5 ! ,paul9e conception ( ,love z ! supreme passion ( ! s\l & "l ( ! emotions1 & ! ,platonic view ( ,ju/ice z ! intimate _s ( ord] alike 9 ! individual & ! /ate1 express+ itself 91 & h>moni\sly b9d+ toge!r1 ! virtues ( ,temp]ance1 ,c\rage1 & ,wisdom4 #aii ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,realm ,,( ,,duty ,we h n[ to see h[ ! virtues issue 9 _! correspond+ duties & cov] ! :ole field ( life4 ,virtues & duties _c be /rictly di/+ui%$4 ,z ,pauls5 rem>ks1 ',!y are b diff]5t modes ( pres5t+ ! same subject-matt]4'#a ,virtues are p]man5t traits ( "*2 duties are p>ticul> acts :i* seek to realise virtues4 ,! ^w 'duty1' borr[$ f ,/oic philosophy1 inadequately describes1 bo? on ! side ( its obligation & its joy1 ! s]vice :i* ! ,*ri/ian is pl$g$ to (f] to ,*ri/4 ,= ! ,*ri/ian ! two mom5ts ( pleasure & duty are unit$ 9 ! high] syn!sis ( love4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all consid]1 fir/1 "s aspects ( ,*ri/ian obligation2 &1 second1 ! p>ticul> duties :i* arise !refrom 9 relation to ! self1 o!rs1 & ,god4 ,i ,,aspects ,,( ,,duty #a4 ,duty & ,vocation4--',:ile duty /&s = a univ]sal elem5t !re is a p]sonal elem5t 9 moral requirem5t :i* may be call$ vocation4'#b ,z soon z ! y\? ent]s ^u ! l>g] _w he has to make *oice ( a pr(ession or life-"w4 ,diff]5t pr9ciples may guide him 9 8 selection4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! circum/ances #bjj ( life w help to decide ! individual's c>e]4 ,our call+ & duties arise imm$iately out ( our /ation4 ,already by p>5tal influ5ce & ! action ( home-environm5t "* is be+ %ap$1 & ta/es & purposes are creat$ :i* w l>gely det]m9e ! future4 ,next to condition & /ation1 individual capacity & disposition ought to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,no good "w c be accompli%$ 9 uncong5ial employm5t4 ,a man mu/ h n only fitness = 8 task1 b also a love = x4 ,prop] ambition may also be a det]m9+ factor4 ,we h a "r to make ! mo/ ( ourselves1 & to /rive = t position 9 :i* our gifts %all h fulle/ scope4 ,b ! ultimate decision mu/ be made 9 ! light ( consci5ce4 ,self-int]e/ %\ld n be our sole motive 9 ! *oice ( a vocation4 ,x is n en\gh to ask :at is mo/ attractive1 :at l9e ( life w ensure ! greate/ mat]ial ga9 or worldly hon\r8 ,r %\ld we ask1 ,:]e %all ,i be safe/ f moral dang]1 &1 above all1 9 :at position ( life1 op5 to me1 c ,i d ! mo/ good8 ,x is n en\gh to "k t a c]ta9 mode ( livelihood is p]mitt$ by law2 ,i mu/ decide :e!r x is p]mitt$ to me z a ,*ri/ian4 ,=1 aft] all1 und]ly+1 & giv+ purpose & direction to1 our e>?ly vocation is ! deep] call+ ( ,god into ,8 k+dom4 ,^! _c1 inde$1 be sep>at$4 ,we _c divide our life into two sections1 a sacr$ & a secul>4 ,nor mu/ we re/rict ! idea ( vocation to def9ite sph]es ( "w4 ,ev5 ^? :o are preclud$ by affliction f ! activities ( ! _w are /ill ,god's s]vants1 & may f9d 9 suff]+ itself _! div9ely appo9t$ mission4 ,!re is a div9ity :i* %apes our ends1 & 9 e life-call+ !re is some?+ sacr$4 ',sa9ts1' says ,george ,eliot1 '*oose n _! tasks1 !y *oose b to d !m well4' ,b ! decisions ( life d n cease ) ! *oice ( a call+4 ,at e mom5t ( our c>e] fre% difficulties arise1 & new opportunities op5 up :i* dem& c>eful ?\ght4 ,our fir/ obligation is to meet fai?fully ! claims ( our /ation4 ,b 9 ! complexity ( life we are #bja be+ con/antly br\ght into wid] relations ) our fell[-m51 :i* ei!r modify ! old1 or create entirely new situations4 ,:ile ! rule is to d ! duty t lies ne>e/ u1 to obey ! call ( ,god at ea* mom5t1 x ne$s no little wisdom to disc]n "o's imm$iate duty1 & to "k :at ! w ( ,god actually is4 #b4 ,conflict ( ,duties4--,9 ! sph]e ( duty itself a ?ree-fold di/9ction1 hav+ ! imprimatur ( ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 has be5 made by "s morali/s3 7#a7 ! problem ( collid+ int]e/s2 7#b7 'c\nsels ( p]fection'2 & 7#c7 indiff]5t acts or ',adiaphora1' actions :i*1 be+ nei!r comm&$ nor =bidd51 fall out) ! doma9 ( ,*ri/ian obligation4 ,x w n be necess>y to discuss at l5g? ^! que/ions4 ,! ,gospel l5ds no support to su* di/9ctions1 & z ,s*lei]ma*] po9ts out !y ought to h no place 9 ,prote/ant ,e?ics4#c 7#a7 ,) reg>d to ! 'conflict ( duties1' :5 ! collision is really1 z x (t5 is1 a /ruggle betwe5 incl9ation & duty1 ! "q answ]s itself4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 cases 9 :i* p]plexity mu/ occur to an hone/ man4 ,b ! difficulty _c be decid$ by draw+ up a li/ ( axiomatic precepts to fit all conceivable cases4 ,9 ! dilemma1 = example1 betwe5 self-pres]vation & self-sacrifice :i* may pres5t itself 9 "s tragic exp]i5ce ( life1 a ho/ ( consid]ations relative to ! individual's hi/ory & relation%ips ent] 9 to modify ! situation1 & ! c\rse to be tak5 c be f9ally det]m9$ by a man's own consci5ce alone4 ,ultimately !re c be no collision ( duties z su*4 ,once a man recognises a c]ta9 mode ( conduct to be "r = him !re is really no *oice4 ,9 judgm5t he may err2 passion or desire may obscure ! issue2 b once he has det]m9$ :at he ought to d !re is no alt]native1 'er kann ni*t &]s4' 7#b7 ,aga91 x is a complete misappreh5sion ( ! nature ( duty to di/+ui% betwe5 ! irr$ucible m9imum & acts ( sup]]ogatory goodness :i* outrun duty4 #bjb ,goodness is "o1 & admits ( no degrees4 ,all duty is absolute4 ,an ov]plus is un?9kable1 s9ce no man c d m ?an 8 duty4 ,a ,*ri/ian c only d :at he recognises z 8 obligation1 & ?is he ought to fulfil at e mom5t & ) all 8 might4 ,love1 :i* is ! ,*ri/ian's only law1 kn[s no limit4 ,ev5 :5 we h done our utmo/ we are /ill unpr(itable s]vants4 7#c7 ,f9ally1 ! "q z to :e!r !re are any acts :i* are indiff]5t1 p]missible1 b nei!r enjo9$ nor =bidd51 mu/ also be answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,if ! ,*ri/ian c d no m ?an 8 duty1 because 9 e s+le action he seeks to fulfil ! :ole w ( ,god1 x is cle> t !re c be no mom5t ( life t c be ?\ght ( n det]m9$ by ! div9e w4 ,!re is no "p ( life t is col\rless4 ,!re mu/ be no dropp$ /it*es 9 ! texture ( ! ,*ri/ian "*4 ,x is mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! doma9 ( amusem5t t ! notion ( ! ',p]missible' is appli$4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t z recreation really lies out) ! ,*ri/ian sph]e1 x may be all[$ to ,*ri/ian p z a concession to human weakness4#d ,b c ?is position be v9dicat$8 ,relaxation is z mu* a ne$ ( man z "w1 & mu/1 equally ) x1 be br\ght )9 ! scope ( ,*ri/ian conduct4 ,we h no bus9ess to engage 9 any activity1 :e!r involv+ pleasure or pa91 t we _c ju/ify to our consci5ce4 ,are n ! joys ( life1 & ev5 its amusem5ts1 among ,god's gifts design$ = ! enri*+ ( "*8 ,& may n !y1 too1 be consecrat$ to ! glory ( ,god8 ,we are to use ! _w :ile n abus+ x1 = all ?+s are ours if we are ,*ri/'s4 ,ov] e dep>tm5t ( life ! law ( ,*ri/ is sov]eign1 & ! ultimate pr9ciple applicable to all problems ( duty is1 ',:atsoev] ye d 9 ^w or de$ d all to ! glory ( ,god4' #c4 ,rights & ,duties4--,! =ego+ "q z to ! scope ( duty leads naturally to ! consid]ation ( ! relation ( duties & rights4 ,x is usual to di/+ui% #bjc betwe5 legal & moral rights2 b at bottom !y are "o4 ,! rights :i* ,i legally claim = myself ,i am morally b\nd to grant to o!rs4 ,a "r is express$ 9 ! =m ( a p]mission2 a duty1 ( an imp]ative4 ,i may or may n dem& my legal rights2 morally1 ,i mu/ p]=m my duties4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 a "r may be secur$ by legal compulsion2 a duty1 z a moral obligation1 c nev] be en=c$ by ext]nal p[]3 x ne$s our own ass5t4#e ,/rictly speak+ rights & duties are correlative4 ,e "r c>ries ) x an obligation2 n m]ely 9 ! objective s5se t :5 "o man has a "r o!r m5 are "u ! obligation to respect x1 b also 9 ! subjective s5se t :5 a man has a "r he is b\nd to use x = ! g5]al good4 ,x is sometimes said1 ',a man may d :at he likes ) 8 own4' ,legally t may be true1 b morally he is "u obligation to employ x = ! g5]al good j z /rictly z if x 7 ano!r's4 ,a man's rights are n m]ely decorations or ends 9 !mselves4 ,!y are opportunities1 in/rum5ts1 tru/s4 ,& :5 any man has !m1 x means t he is plac$ on a vantage-gr\nd f :i*1 secure ( oppression or int]f]5ce1 he may beg9 to d 8 duty4#f ,b ?is moral aspect ( "r is (t5 lo/ sight (4 ,p are s enam\r$ ( :at !y call _! rights t !y =get t ! real value ( e "r dep5ds ^u ! use to :i* !y put x4 ,a man's fre$om does n consi/ 9 hav+ rights1 b 9 fulfill+ !m4 ',aft] all1' says ,mazz9i1 '! greate/ "r a man c possess or recognise--! greate/ gift ( all--is simply ! privilege & obligation to d 8 duty4'#g ,?is is ! only ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( rights4 ,x und]lies our ,"l's tea*+ 9 ! p>able ( ! ,tal5ts4 ,we only h :at we use4 7#a7 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ( ! ',natural rights ( ,man4'#h ,?is 0 ! claim ( a s*ool ( political philosophy ( #bjd :i* ,pa9e 0 ! mo/ rigor\s expon5t4 ,! cont5tions ( ,pa9e 7 met z vigor\sly by ! negations ( ,b5?am & ,burke4 ,& if x be suppos$ t ! individual is born into ! _w ) c]ta9 ready-made possessions1 fix$ & unalt]able1 ! claim is unt5able4 ,su* an artificial acc\nt ( man ignores entirely ! evolution ( moral nature1 & d5ies ! possibility ( developm5t 9 man's conception ( law & duty4 ',x is1' z ,wundt says1 'to d]ive all ! moral po/ulates t h be5 produc$ 9 our m9ds by previ\s moral developm5t f moral life z x actually exi/s4'#i 7#b7 ,b :ile ! 'natural rights ( man' _c be !oretically v9dicat$1 !y may /ill be reg>d$ z ends or ideals to be /riv5 aft]4 ',ju/ifiable or unju/ifiable 9 !ory1 !y may /ill rema9 a conv5i5t =m 9 :i* to c\* ! ultimatum ( det]m9$ m54'#aj ,!y give expression1 at lea/1 to a conviction :i* has gr[n m cle> & articulate ) ! advance ( ?\ght--! conviction ( ! dignity & wor? ( ! individual4 ,?is ?\ght 0 ! keynote ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! ,enlight5m5t1 ) its appeal to reason1 z alike 9 all m51 gave support to ! idea ( equality4 ,desc>tes claim$ x z ! philosophical basis ( man's nature4 ,r\sseau & ,montesquieu 7 among its mo/ valiant *ampions4 ,kant made x ! po9t ( dep>ture = ! en=cem5t ( human "r & duty4 ,fi*te b elaborat$ ,kant's view :5 he cont5d$ = '! equality ( ev]y?+ :i* be>s ! human visage4'#aa ,& ,hegel has summ$ up ! conception 9 :at he calls '! m&ate ( "r'--',be a p]son1 & respect o!rs z p]sons4'#ab ,poets sometimes see :at o!rs miss4 ,& 9 our c\ntry1 at lea/1 x is to ,wordswor?1 ,t5nyson1 & ,br[n+1 & /ill m1 p]haps1 to ,burns1 t we are indebt$ = ! insi/5ce ^u ! native wor? ( man4 ,b if ?is claim has only gradually atta9$ to articulate #bje expression1 & is only n[ be+ made ! basis ( social recon/ruction1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t x is ess5tially a ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,9 ,h>nack's language1 ',jesus ,*ri/ 0 ! fir/ to br+ ! value ( e human s\l to light1 & :at ,he did no "o c any m undo4'#ac ,:51 h[ev]1 ! attempt is made to analyse ?is ultimate pr9ciple ( manhood1 op9ions diff] z to its con/itu5ts1 & a long li/ ( 'rights' claim$ by diff]5t political ?9k]s might be made4 ,! fam\s ',decl>ation ( ,rights'#ad includ$ ,life1 ,lib]ty1 ,prop]ty1 ,security1 & ',resi/ance ( ,oppression4' ,to ^! "s h add$ ',manhood ,suffrage1' ',free ,access to ! ,soil1' & a common di/ribution ( ! b5efits ( life & means ( production4 ,?is is a l>ge programme1 & c]ta9ly no community z yet has recognis$ all its items )\t qualification4 ,obvi\sly !y are n all ( ! same quality1 nor are !y ( indep5d5t validity2 & at be/ !y b r\ghly describe c]ta9 factors1 consid]$ by v>i\s agitators z desirable1 ( an ideal social ord]4 7#c7 ,we are on saf] gr\nd1 & = ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 at lea/1 m 9 consonance ) ultimate ,*ri/ian values1 :5 we describe ! prim>y realities ( human nature 9 t]ms ( ! revelation ( life z giv5 by ! ,p]son & tea*+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! ?ree great v]ities ^u :i* ,he con/antly insi/$ 71 man's value = himself1 8 value = 8 fell[-m51 & 8 value = ,god4 ,^! correspond g5]ally to ! ?ree great e?ical ideas ( life--,p]sonality1 ,fre$om1 & ,div9e ,k9%ip4 ,b al?\gh ! s5se ( indep5d5ce1 lib]ty & div9e fell[%ip is ! fir/ aspect ( a be+ :o has come to ! consci\sness ( himself1 x is incomplete 9 itself4 ,man plants himself ^u 8 individuality 9 ord] t he may set out f !nce to take possession1 by means ( k1 action1 & s]vice1 ( 8 l>g] _w4 ,man's rights are b #bjf possibilities :i* mu/ be transmut$ by him into a*ievem5ts4 ',?is is ! hon\r1--t no ?+ ,i "k1 ,feel1 or conceive1 b ,i c make my own ,someh[1 by use ( h& or head or he>t4'#ae ,rights involve obligations4 ,! "r ( p]sonality c>ries ) x ! duty ( treat+ life1 "o's own & t ( o!rs1 z sacr$4 ,! "r ( fre$om implies ! use ( "o's lib]ty = ! good ( ! society ( :i* ea* is a memb]4 ,& f9ally1 ! s5se ( div9e k9%ip involves ! obligation ( mak+ ! mo/ ( "o's life1 ( realis+ ?r\gh & = ,god all t ,god int5ds 9 ! gift ( life4 ,9 ^! ?ree values lies ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( man4#af ,because ( _! fullness ( implication !y op5 out to our vision ! goal ( humanity--! pr9ciple & purpose ( ! :ole process ( human evolution--! p]fection ( man4 ,giv5 ^! ?ree ,*ri/ian tru?s--! ,sacr$ness ( ,p]sonality1 ! ,bro!rhood ( ,man1 & ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god--& all t is ess5tial 9 ! claim ( ! ',natural ,rights ( ,man' is implicitly conta9$4 ,! "o ?+ ne$ful is t m5 become alive to _! privileges & g =w>d to 'possess _! possessions4' ,,ii ,,sph]es ,,( ,,duty ,we are ?us l$ to a division1 natural if n :olly logical1 ( duties :i* spr+ f ^! rights--duties t[>ds self1 o!rs1 & ,god4 ,?\gh1 inde$1 self-love implies love ( o!rs1 & all duty is duty to ,god1 /ill x may be p]missible to frame a s*eme ( duties accord+ z "o or o!r elem5t is prom95t 9 ea* case4 #a4 ,duties 9 ,relation to ,self4--,x is obvi\s t )\t 7#a7 respect = self !re c be no respect = o!rs4 ,i am #bjg a "p ( ! moral :ole1 & an elem5t 9 ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,i _c make myself ( no acc\nt4 ,our ,"l's comm&m5t1 ',?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself1' makes a rightly conceiv$ self-love ! measure ( love to "o's neighb\r4 ,self-respect involves 7#b7 self-pres]vation1 ! c>e ( heal?1 ! culture ( body & m9d4 ,n only is x our duty to see t ! effici5cy & fitness ( ! bodily organism is fully ma9ta9$1 b we mu/ also gu>d x aga9/ ev]y?+ t w\ld defile & disfigure x1 or r5d] x an in/rum5t ( s94 ,*ri/ianity requires ! /ricte/ p]sonal purity1 purity ( ?\ght & feel+ z well z ( de$4 ,x dem&s1 !re=e1 con/ant vigilance1 self-control1 temp]ance1 & ev5 self-d5ial1 s t ! body may be1 n1 z ! anci5ts ?\ght1 ! prison-h\se ( ! s\l1 b ! temple ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,*ri/ianity is1 h[ev]1 oppos$ to asceticism4 ,?\gh ,jesus d5i$ ,himself to ! utt]mo/ 9 ob$i5ce to ! voice ( ,god1 !re is 9 ,8 pres5tation ( life a complete abs5ce ( ^? au/]ities :i* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* h be5 s (t5 reg>d$ z m>ks ( sup]ior sanctity4#ag ,x is unnecess>y "h to dwell ^u a?letics & sport :i* n[ s l>gely occupy ! att5tion ( ! y\? ( our l&4 ,physical ex]cise is necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( bodily fitness1 yet x may easily become an all-absorb+ pursuit1 & in/ead ( be+ m]ely a means to an end1 may usurp ! place 9 life :i* belongs to high] ?+s4 7#c7 ,self-ma9t5ance involves also ! duty ( self-developm5t1 & t n m]ely ( our physical1 b also ( our m5tal life4 ,if ! body has its place & function 9 ! gr[? ( ,*ri/ian "*1 /ill m has ! m9d its e?ical importance4 ,our ,mak] c h no delight 9 ignorance4 ,he desires t we %\ld pres5t n a fragm5t>y b complete manhood4 ,specialisation1 ?\gh a necessity ( ! age1 is fraught ) p]il to ! individual4 ,! exig5cies ( lab\r require m5 to conc5trate _! en]gies on _! own imm$iate tasks2 b ea* mu/ seek to be n m]ely a craftsman1 b a man4 ,o!r sides #bjh ( our nature require to be cultivat$ besides ^? :i* br+ u into contact ) ! ways & means ( exi/5ce4 ,inde$1 x is only by ! possession ( a well-tra9$ m9d t ! fulle/ capacity1 ev5 = special pursuits1 c be obta9$4 ,x has become a commonplace to say t e man %\ld h equality ( opportunity to e>n a livelihood4 ,b equality ( opportunity = education1 z some?+ :i* ought to be )9 ! rea* ( e y\? 9 ! l&1 is n s frequ5tly insi/$ ^u4 ,beyond ! claims ( daily occupation e "o %\ld h a *ance1 &1 inde$1 an inducem5t1 to cultivate 8 m5tal & spiritual nature4 ,h5ce :at is call$ 'culture1' ! all-r\nd developm5t ( ! human faculties1 is an ess5tial condition ( moral excell5ce4 ,=1 z ,goe! has said1 ! object ( education ought to be r ! =mation ( ta/es ?an simply ! communication ( k4 ,b mo/ important ( all ! self-reg>d+ aims ( life is ! obligation ( ,self-discipl9e1 & ! use ( e means ( moral culture :i* ! _w supplies4 ,x is ?r\gh ! complex conditions ( e>?ly exi/5ce t ! "* ( ! individual is develop$4 ,x w only be possible to indicate briefly "s ( ! aids to ! culture ( ! moral life4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$3 7a7 ,! ,provid5tial ,exp]i5ces ( life4 ,! _w itself1 z a sph]e ( ,"w1 ,temptation1 & ,suff]+1 is a s*ool ( "*4 ,! affections & c>es ( ! home1 ! duties & tasks incid5t to "o's call+1 ! claims ( "o's fell[-m51 ! trials & temptations ( "o's lot--^! are ! univ]sal & common elem5ts 9 man's moral education4 ,n to escape f ! _w's activities & conflicts1 b to turn !m into conditions ( self-ma/]y1 is ! duty ( ea*4 ,m5 d "w1 b "w makes m54 ,! %opkeep] is n m]ely sell+ w>es2 ! artisan or me*anic is n simply engag$ 9 8 h&icraft2 ! mason & build] are n only erect+ a h\se2 ea* is1 9 & ?r\gh 8 toil1 mak+ 8 own s\l4 ,& s1 too1 suff]+ & temptation are ! tools :i* ,god commits to ,8 creatures = ! %ap+ ( _! own lives4 ,sa9ts #bji & s9n]s are made out ( ! same mat]ial4 ,by :at ,bosanquet has f9ely call$ '! miracle ( w' ! raw /uff ( life is tak5 up & wov5 into ! texture ( ! s\l4 7b7 ,! s-call$ secul> opportunities ( culture4 ,innum]able s\rces ( self-enri*m5t are available4 ,ev]y?+ may be made a vehicle ( moral education4 ,k g5]ally1 & especially ! m9i/ry ( nature1 ! influ5ce ( art1 & ! /udy ( lit]ature1 are pot5t factors 9 ! discipl9e & developm5t ( ,*ri/ian "*4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ 7c7 ,! special religi\s aids & means ( grace4 ,f an e?ical po9t ( view ! ,*ur* is a s*ool ( "*4 ,x 'gu>ds & keeps alive ! *>act]i/ic ,*ri/ian ideas1 & !reby exhibits & promotes ! ,*ri/ian ideal ( life4'#ah ,its fell[%ip1 wor%ip1 & ord9ances2 its opportunities ( bro!rly s]vice & mission>y activity1 z well z ! m private spiritual ex]cises ( pray] & m$itation--all are means ( discipl9e & gifts committ$ to ! /ew>d%ip ( individuals 9 ord] t !y may realise ! greatness ( life's possibilities1 & atta9 ?r\gh union ) ,god to ! fullness ( _! /ature 9 ,*ri/4 ,b :ile ! tru? t ! s\l has an inali5able wor? is repeat$ly affirm$1 ! ,new ,te/am5t t\*es b lightly ^u ! duties ( self-reg>d4 ,to be occupi$ con/antly ) ! ?\ght ( "o's self is a symptom ( morbid egoism r ?an ( heal?y p]sonality4 ,! avidity ( self-improvem5t & ev5 zeal = religion may become a ref9$ =m ( selfi%ness4 ,we mu/ be will+ at times to r5\nce our p]sonal com=t1 to re/ra9 our ze/ = intellectual & ae/hetic enjoym5t1 to be cont5t to be less cultur$ & s*ol>ly1 less complete z m51 & ready to "p ) some?+ ( our own imm$iate good t o!rs may be m9i/]$ to4 ,h5ce ! *ief reason probably :y ! ,scriptures d n enl>ge ^u ! duties ( self-culture is1 t accord+ to ! _s ( ! ,gospel ! true realisation ( self is a*iev$ ?r\gh self-sacrifice4 ,only z a man loses 8 life does he f9d x4 ,to horde ,transcrib]'s note3 ho>d8 "o's #baj possessions is to wa/e !m4 ,gr[? is ! condition ( life4 ,b 9 all gr[? !re is reciprocity ( exp5diture & assimilation1 ( giv+ & receiv+4 ,self-realisation is only ga9$ ?r\gh self-surr5d]4 ,n1 !re=e1 by anxi\sly /&+ gu>d ov] "o's s\l1 b by d$icat+ x freely to ! good ( o!rs does "o a*ieve "o's true self4 #b4 ,duties 9 ,relation to ,o!rs4--,we belong to o!rs1 & o!rs belong to u4 ,!y & we are alike p>ts ( a l>g] :ole4 7#a7 ,:ile ?is is recognis$ 9 ,scripture1 & all m5 are decl>$ to be bro!rs 9 virtue ( _! common humanity1 ,*ri/ianity traces ! bro!rhood ( man to a deep] s\rce4 ,! relation ( ! individual to ,*ri/ is ! true gr\nd ( love to o!rs4 ,9 ,*ri/ all di/9ctions :i* 9 o!r respects sep>ate m5 are dissolv$4 ,b5ea? ! meane/ g>b & co>se/ features1 9 spite ev5 ( ! defacem5t ( s91 we may detect ! va/ possibilities ( ! s\l = :om ,*ri/ has di$4 ,! law ( love is pres5t$ by ,jesus z ! highe/ ( all ! comm&m5ts1 & ! duty to o!rs is summ$ up g5]ally 9 :at is kn[n z ! gold5 rule4 ,( ! *ief manife/ations ( bro!rly love m5tion mu/ be made 7a7 ( ! compreh5sive duty ( ,ju/ice4 ,! gr\nd ^u :i* ju/ice re/s is ! pr9ciple t ea* individual is an end 9 himself4 ,h5ce x is ! duty ( ea* to respect ! rights ( 8 neighb\rs1 negatively refra9+ f injury & positively r5d]+ t :i* our fell[-m5 h a "r to claim4 ,religion makes a man m s5sitive to ! claims ( humanity4 ,mutual respect requires a con/ant ef=t on ! "p ( all to secure = ea* ! fulle/ fre$om to be himself4 ,*ri/ianity int]prets ju/ice to mean emancipation f e condition :i* cru%es or degrades a man4 ,x seeks to create a social consci5ce1 & to ar\se 9 ea* a s5se ( responsibility = ! good ( all4 ,at ! same "t social ju/ice mu/ n be id5tifi$ ) *>ity4 ,*>ity has done mu* to relieve di/ress1 & x w always =m an indisp5sable elem5t 9 #baa ! ,*ri/ian's duty t[>ds 8 less =tunate bre?r52 b some?+ m radical ?an almsgiv+ is requir$ if ! conditions ( life are to be appreciably bett]$4 ,ju/ice is a dem& n = bread alone2 x is a claim ( humanity to life1 & all t life ought to mean4 ,*ri/ianity affirms ! _s ( human bro!rhood--a bro!rhood 9 :i* e *ild w h a *ance to gr[ to a noble manhood1 & e man & woman w h opportunity & enc\ragem5t to live a free1 :olesome1 & useful life4 ,t is ! ,*ri/ian ideal1 & to help t[>ds its realisation is ! duty laid ^u e citiz5 ( ! commonweal?4 ,! problems ( pov]ty1 h\s+1 unemploym5t1 intemp]ance1 & all que/ions ( fair wages1 legitimate pr(its1 & j prices1 fall "u ! regulative pr9ciple ( social ju/ice4 ,! law is1 ',r5d] to all _! dues4' ,! love :i* worke? no ill to 8 neighb\r w also )hold no good4#ai 7b7 ,tru?fulness4--,ju/ice is n conf9$ to acts1 b ext5ds to spee* & ev5 to ?\ght4 ,we owe to o!rs v]acity4 ,ev5 :5 ! motive is good1 !re c be no great] social diss]vice ?an to fail 9 tru?fulness4 ,falsehood1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( hypocrisy or equivocation1 & ev5 ( uns\nd workman%ip1 is n only unju/ to o!rs2 x is unju/ to ourselves1 & a wrong to ! deep] self--! new man 9 ,*ri/4#bj ,is deception "u all circum/ances morally wrong8 ,morali/s h be5 divid$ on ?is "q4 ,! in/ance ( w> is frequ5tly ref]r$ to1 9 :i* x is cont5d$ t ruse & subt]fuge are p]missible =ms ( /rategy4#ba ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m di/ress+ cases ( consci5ce1 9 :i* ! duties ( affection & v]acity seem+ly conflict4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t no comm& c be c>ri$ out to its extreme1 or obey$ lit]ally4 ,tru? is n always convey$ by v]bal accuracy4 ,!re may be high] int]e/s at /ake :i* might be prejudic$1 & inde$ unfairly repres5t$ by a m]ely lit]al /atem5t4 #bab ,! individual consci5ce mu/ decide 9 ea* case4 ,we are to speak ! tru? 9 love4 ,c\rage & k9dl9ess are to comm+le4 ,b :5 all is said x is difficult to avoid ! conclusion t 9 ! la/ analysis lack ( tru? argues a defici5t tru/ 9 ! ultimate v]acities ( ! univ]se1 & re/s ^u a practical unbelief 9 ! div9e provid5ce :i* c make 'all ?+s "w toge!r = good to !m t love ,god4' 7c7 ,connect$ ) tru?fulness1 & also a =m ( ju/ice1 is ! duty enjo9$ by ,/4 ,paul ( =m+ j judgm5ts ( our fell[-m54 ,if we w\ld avoid petty fault-f9d+ & high-m9d$ contempt1 we mu/ dismiss all prejudice & passion4 ,! two qualities requisite = prop] judgm5t are k & sympa?y4 ,goe! has a f9e c\plet to ! effect t 'x is safe 9 e case to appeal to ! man :o kn[s4'#bb ,b to und]/&+ mu/ be add$ appreciative consid]ation4 ,we mu/ endeav\r to put ourselves 9 ! position ( our bro!r4 ,)\t a f9ely bl5d$ k & sympa?y we gr[ intol]ant & impati5t4 ,fairness is ! r>e/ ( moral qualities4 ,he :o w\ld e/imate ano!r truly mu/ h :at ,/4 ,paul calls 'spiritual disc]nm5t'--! 'ev5-balanc$ s\l' ( "o ':o saw life /eadily & :o saw x :ole4' 7#b7 ,bro!rly ,love ev9ces itself fur!r 9 ,s]vice1 :i* takes ! ?ree =ms ( ,compassion1 ,b5efic5ce or practical k9dness1 & ,example4 7a7 ,compassion or sympa?y is a read9ess to ent] into ! exp]i5ces ( o!rs4 ,z ,*ri/ians no?+ t conc]ns our bro!r c be a matt] ( indiff]5ce to u4 ,z memb]s ( ! same spiritual community we are p>ticipators 9 ea* o!r's joys & sorr[s1 'weep+ ) ^? t weep1 & rejoic+ ) ^? t rejoice4' ,x is no m]e natural in/9ct1 b "o :i* gr[s out ( ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness ( organic union ) ,*ri/4 ',:5 "o memb] suff]s1 all ! memb]s suff] ) x4'#bc #bac ,we fulfil ! law ( ,*ri/ by be>+ "o ano!r's burd5s4 7#f7 ,practical ,b5efic5ce is ! natural outcome ( sympa?y4 ,feel+s pass into de$s4 ,^? r$eem$ by ! love ( ,*ri/ become ! ag5ts ( ,8 love1 gladly disp5s+ to o!rs :at !y !mselves h receiv$4 ,! m9i/ry ( love1 :atev] %ape x may take1 mu/1 9 ! la/ resort1 be a giv+ ( self4 ,no "o c d a k9dness :o does n put some?+ ( himself into x4 ,no true s]vice c be done t does n co/ u m ?an money4 ,9 mod]n society x is inevitable t p]sonality %\ld l>gely f9d its expression & ex]cise 9 mat]ial possessions4 ,)\t ent]+ "h ^u ! "q ( ! in/itution ( private prop]ty1 x is en\gh to say t ! possession ( mat]ial goods may be morally def5d$ on ! tw(old gr\nd1 t x ensures ! security ( exi/5ce1 & is an ess5tial condition ( ! developm5t ( individual & national res\rces4 ,! process ( acquisition is a moralis+ influ5ce1 s9ce x incites ! individual to "w1 & t5ds to create & fo/] among m5 int]*ange ( s]vice4 ,prop]ty1 says ,hegel1 is ! embodim5t & in/rum5t ( ! w4#bd ,b 9 a civilis$ community !re mu/ be obvi\sly re/rictions to ! acquisition & use ( weal?4 ,unbridl$ appropriation & irresponsible abuse are alike a p]il to society4 ,! ,/ate has !re=e ! "r ( int]f]5ce & control 9 reg>d to all possessions4 ,ev5 on ! l[e/ gr\nd ( exp$i5cy ! v idea ( prop]ty involves on ! "p ( all ! pr9ciple ( co-op]ation & reciprocity--! obligation ( contribut+ to ! g5]al weal4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be mo/ undesirable t ! gov]nm5t %\ld und]take ev]y?+ = ! g5]al good ( man t is n[ left to spontane\s ef=t & lib]ality4 ,b f ! /&po9t ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics possessions ( all k9ds are subject to ! law ( /ew>d%ip4#be ,e gift is #bad be/[$ by ,god = ! purpose ( social s]vice4 ,no man c call ! ?+s :i* he possesses--end[m5ts1 weal?1 p[]--8 own4 ,he is simply a tru/ee ( life itself4 ,no "o may be an idl] or p>asite1 & society has a j claim ^u ! activity ( e man4 ,! =ms ( su* s]vice are v>i\s2 b ! ,*ri/ian _s w inspire a s5se ( '! ultimate unity ( all pursuits t contribute to ! good ( man4'#bf ,! m9i/ry ( love ext5ds ov] ! :ole realm ( exi/5ce1 & v>ies ) e phase ( ne$4 ,physical necessities are to be met 9 ! _s ( *>ity4 ,/4 ,paul pleads repeat$ly ! cause ( ! poor1 & comm5ds ! grace ( lib]ality4 ,giv+ is to be *e]ful & )\t /9t4 ,b !re are ne$s :i* mat]ial aid _c meet--desolation1 anxiety1 grief--to :i* ! lov+ he>t alone c f9d ways ( m9i/]+4 ,& beyond all physical & moral ne$ is ! ne$ ( ! s\l2 & x lies z a debt ^u ^? :o !mselves h exp]i5c$ ! grace ( ,*ri/ to seek ! r5ewal & spiritual enri*m5t ( _! bre?r54 7c7 ,!re is "o special =m ( practical k9dness t[>ds o!rs :i* a foll[] ( ,*ri/ w (t5 be call$ ^u to ex]cise--! _s ( =be>ance & =giv5ess4 ,! ,*ri/ian is to speak evil ( no man1 b to be g5tle1 %[+ all meekness unto all m52 liv+ peaceably ) all m51 avoid+ ev]y?+ provocative ( /rife2 ev5 '=be>+ "o ano!r & =giv+ "o ano!r1 if any h a qu>rel aga9/ any2 ev5 z ,*ri/ =gave y s also d ye4' 7#c7 ,f9ally1 we may s]ve o!rs by ,example1 by lett+ ! light ( life s %9e be=e m5 t !y see+ our good works %all glorify ,god our ,fa!r4 ,?is duty1 h[ev]1 z ,fi*te po9ts out1 'has (t5 be5 view$ v incorrectly1 z if we c\ld be oblig$ to d ?is or t1 :i* o!rwise we w\ld n h ne$$ to d1 = ! sake ( a good example4'#bg ,t :i* ,i am comm&$ #bae to d ,i mu/ d = its own sake )\t reg>d to its effect ^u o!rs4 ,e/eem c be nei!r outw>dly compell$ nor arti/ically produc$2 x manife/s itself volunt>ily & spontane\sly4 ,a mod]n noveli/#bh ironically exposes ?is =m ( altruism by putt+ into ! m\? ( "o ( h] *>act]s ! rem>k1 ',i always make a po9t ( go+ to *ur* 9 ord] to %[ a good example to ! dome/ics4' ,at ! same "t no "o c )hold "o's influ5ce2 & :ile ! supreme motive mu/ be1 n to make a display1 b to please ,god1 he :o is fai?ful to 8 /ation & its duties _c fail to affect 8 fell[-m5 = good4 ,! mo/ effective example is giv5 unconsci\sly1 z ! rose exhales its sweete/ p]fume )\t ef=t1 or ! light %$s its radiance simply by be+ :at x is4 #c4 ,duties 9 ,relation to ,god4--,"h morality runs up into religion1 & inde$ s9ce all duties are 9 _! la/ analysis duties t[>d ,god1 ,kant & o!r morali/s h object$ to ! admission into ,e?ics ( a special class ( religi\s obligations4 ,x has be5 well rem>k$ t ! g5u9e ,*ri/ian _c be kn[n by p>ticul> pr(essions or practices1 b only by ! heav5ly _s ( 8 life4#bi ,h5ce religi\s duty _c be =mulat$ 9 a numb] ( precise rules4 ,love to ,god f9ds expression n 9 me*anical ob$i5ce1 b 9 ! spontane\s outfl[ ( ! he>t4 ,! special duties to ! ,div9e ,be+ may be briefly describ$ "u ! ma9 heads ( ,recognition1 ,ob$i5ce1 & ,wor%ip4 7#a7 ,recognition4--,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god re/s ^u k4 ,)\t "s compreh5sion ( :at ,god is !re c be no intellig5t allegiance to ,him4 ,we _c1 inde$1 by logical reason+ demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ! ,deity any m ?an we c demon/rate our own be+4 ,b ,he has n left ,himself )\t a witness1 & ,he speaks to man ) _m voices4 ,! mat]ial creation is ! prim>y ^w ( ,god4 ,! beauty1 & /ill m ! sublimity1 ( nature are a revelation ?r\gh #baf matt] ( some?+ beyond itself1 a message ( ! spiritual1 be>+ 'au!ntic tid+s ( invisible ?+s4' ,b nature is symbolic4 ,x is a prophecy r ?an an imm$iate revelation4 ,/ill x w>rants ! expectation ( a yet full] manife/ation4 ,t full] utt]ance we h 9 man himself4 ,!re1 _s reveals itself to _s2 & 9 ! two prim>y intuitions ( man--self-consci\sness & ! s5se ( moral obligation--! pres5ce ( ,god is disclos$4 ,b1 high] /ill1 ! long hi/oric evolution has culm9at$ 9 a yet cle>] manife/ation ( ! ,deity4 ,9 ,*ri/1 ! ,god-,man1 ! my/]y und]ly+ & brood+ ov] ! _w is unveil$1 & to ! eye ( fai? is reveal$ ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,! fir/ duty1 !re=e1 we owe to ,god is t ( recognition1 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,8 pres5ce 9 ! _w4 ,to feel t ,he is ev]y:]e1 su/a9+ & vitalis+ all ?+s2 to recognise ,8 w 9 all ! affairs ( our daily life1 is at once ! duty & bless$ness ( man4 7#b7 ,ob$i5ce foll[s ackn[l$gm5t4 ,x is p>tly passive & p>tly active4 7a7 ,z passive1 x takes ! =m ( habitual tru/ or acquiesc5ce1 ! submissive acceptance ( trials :i* are ultimately1 we believe1 n really evils1 because orda9$ by ,god & ov]rul$ = good4#cj ,?is _s ( ob$i5ce c be ma9ta9$ by con/ant vigilance alone4#ca ,:ile connect$ ) ! anticipat$ com+ ( ! ,son ( ,man1 ! obligation _h a m g5]al application1 & may be reg>d$ z ! duty ( all 9 ! face ( ! unkn[n & unexpect$ 9 life4 ,we are !re=e to wat* = any intimation ( ! div9e w1 & commit ourselves tru/fully to ! absolute disposal ( ,him 9 ^: h&s are ! issues ( our lives4 7b7 ,b ob$i5ce has also an active side4 ,fai?fulness is ! complem5t ( fai?4 ,! believ] mu/ ex]cise fidelity1 & g =w>d ) en]gy & purpose to ! tasks committ$ to him4 ,z /ew>ds ( ,*ri/ we are #bag to occupy till ,he come1 employ+ e tal5t entru/$ to u 9 ,8 s]vice4 ,"w may be wor%ip1 & we c glorify ,god 9 our daily tasks4 ,no f9] tribute c a man give ?an simply himself4 7#c7 ,wor%ip4--,! special duties ( wor%ip belong to ! religi\s r ?an ! e?ical side ( life1 & d n dem& "h m ?an a pass+ ref]5ce4 ,! ess5ce ( religion lies 9 ! subord9ation ( ! f9ite self to ! inf9ite2 & wor%ip is ! consci\s outgo+ ( ! man 9 8 weakness & imp]fection to 8 ,mak]1 & x atta9s its fulle/ ex]cise 9 7a7 rev]5ce1 humility1 & devotion4 ,! feel+ ( dep5d5ce & s5se ( ne$1 toge!r ) ! consci\sness ( utt] dem]it & inability :i* man realises z he gazes ^u ! maje/y & grace ( ,god1 awak5 ! 7b7 in/9ct ( pray]4 ',x is ! sublime significance ( pray]1' says ,wuttke1 't x br+s into prom95ce man's great & high de/9y1 t x height5s 8 consci\sness ( 8 true moral nature 9 relation to ,god2 & z morality dep5ds on our relation to ,god1 pray] is ! v life-blood ( morality4'#cb ,! /eadfa/ aspiration ( ! s\l to ,god1 ^: w is our law & ^: bless+ is grant$ to :atsoev] is done 9 ,8 "n1 is ! habitual temp] ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,b pray] mu/ also be p>ticul>1 def9ite1 & expectant4 ,by a law ( our nature1 & ap>t f all sup]natural int]v5tion1 pray] ex]cises a reflex influ5ce ( a v b5eficial "* ^u ! m9d ( ! wor%ipp]s4 ,b he :o (f]s 8 petitions expect+ no?+ m w n ev5 atta9 ?is4 ',if pray]s1' says ,mr4 ,lecky1 '7 (f]$ up solely ) a view to ?is b5efit1 !y w\ld be absolutely /]ile & w\ld spe$ily cease4'#cc ,! purely subjective view ( pray] z consi/+ solely 9 'b5efic5t self-sugge/ion' empties ! t]m ( significance4 ,ev5 ,fr$]ick ,mey]s1 :o lays s mu* /ress ^u ! importance ( self-sugge/ion 9 o!r aspects ( exp]i5ce1 admits t pray] is some?+ m ?an a subjective #bah ph5om5on4 ',x is n only a call+ up ( "o's own private res\rces2 x mu/ d]ive its ultimate efficacy f ! increas$ fl[ f ! inf9ite life into ! life ( ! suppliant4'#cd 7c7 ,pray] atta9s its highe/ expression 9 ,?anksgiv+ & ,joy4 ,gratitude is ! responsive feel+ :i* wells up 9 ! he>t ( ^? :o h exp]i5c$ ! goodness ( ,god1 & recognise ,him z ! great ,b5efactor4 ,*ri/ians are to ab\nd 9 ?ankfulness4 ,we live 9 a _w :]e ev]y?+ speaks to u ( div9e love4 ,praise is ! complem5t ( pray]4 ,! grateful he>t sees life transfigur$4 ,x discov]s ev]y:]e tok5s ( grace & hope1 ',mak+ ! spr+s ( "t & s5se ,sweet ) et]nal good4' ,peace1 tru/1 joy1 hope are ! ultimate notes ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ',rejoice always1 pray )\t ceas+1 9 ev]y?+ give ?anks4' ,?anksgiv+1 says ,/4 ,b]n>d1 'is ! return ( ! he>t to ,god 9 p]petual b5$iction4' ,9 ! k+dom ( love duty is swall[$ up 9 joy4 ,life is no?+ b ! gr[+ realisation ( ,god4 ,) ,god man's life beg9s1 & to ,him turns back at la/ 9 ! wrapt contemplation ( ,8 p]fect be+4 ,9 fell[%ip ) ,god man f9ds 9 ! end bo? himself & 8 bro!r4 ',:at is left = u1 save1 9 gr[? ,( s\l1 to rise up1 f> pa/ bo?1 ,f ! gift look+ to ! ,giv]1 ,f ! ci/]n to ! riv]1 ,& f ! f9ite to ! ,inf9ity ,& f man's du/ to ,god's div9ity8'#ce ',god1' says ,gre51 'is a ,be+ ) :om we are 9 pr9ciple "o1 9 ! s5se t ,he is all :i* ! human _s is capable ( becom+4'#cf ,9 ! wor%ip ( ,god1 #bai man dies to ! temporal int]e/s & n>r[ ends ( ! exclusive self1 & lives 9 an ev]-exp&+ life 9 ! life ( o!rs1 manife/+ m & m t spiritual pr9ciple :i* is ! life ( ,god1 :o lives & loves 9 all ?+s4#cg #a ,pauls51 ,e?ics1 bk4 ,,iii4 *ap4 i4 ,cf4 also ,wundt1 ,e?ik1 p4 #adh4 ,b see also ,w4 ,wallace1 ,lectures & ,essays1 p4 #cbe1 on _! confusion4 #b ,mack9to%1 ,*r4 e?ics1 p4 #aad4 #c ,cf4 ,ha]+1 ,e?ics ( ,*r4 ,life1 p4 #bcj4 #d ,?is seems to be ! position ( ,h]rmann2 see ,e?ik4 #e ,cf4 ,euck51 ,life's ,basis1 p4 #ahe4 #f ,maccunn1 ,e?ics ( ,citiz5%ip1 p4 #dj4 #g ,duties ( ,man1 *ap4 i4 #h ,see discussion by late ,w4 ,wallace 9 ,lectures & ,essays1 pp4 #bac ff4 #i ,e?ik1 p4 #aij4 #aj ,maccunn1 op4 cit42 p4 #db4 #aa ,cf4 ,euck51 ,ma9 ,curr5ts ( ,mod]n ,?\ght1 p4 #cdh4 #ab ,hegel1 ,philosophy ( ,"r1 p4 #de4 #ac ,das ,wes5 des ,*ri/5?ums2 cf4 also ,ecce ,homo1 p4 #cde4 #ad ,adopt$ 9 ,massa*usetts 9 #aggc4--';,all m5 h equal rights to life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty4' #ae ,br[n+1 ,pr9ce ,hoh5/iel-,s*wangau4 #af ,cf4 ,:eel] ,rob9son1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e ( ,man1 pp4 #bha f4 #ag ,matt4 xi4 #ah2 ,luke vii4 #cc4 #ah ,ottley1 ,ideas & ,ideals4 #ai ,rom4 xiii4 #g-aj4 #bj ,col4 iii4 #i1 #aj4 #ba ,see ,lecky1 ,map ( ,life4 #bb ,vor dem ,wiss5d5 si* /ell51 si*] i/'s 9 all5 ,fll54 #bc #a ,cor4 xii4 #bf4 #bd ,phil4 ( ,"r1 pp4 #dh ff42 see also ,wundt1 ,e?ik1 pp4 #age f4 #be ,cf4 ,ottley1 ,idem1 p4 #bga4 #bf ,gre51 ,proleg41 p4 #agc1 quot$ by ,ottley4 #bg ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics 7trans471 p4 #ccg4 #bh ,miss ,f[l]1 ,conc]n+ ,isabel ,c>naby4 #bi ,drummond1 ,via1 ,v]itas1 ,vita1 p4 #bbg4 #cj ,matt4 viii4 #be f41 x4 #bf2 ,luke viii4 #bc f4 #ca ,matt4 xxv4 #a f42 ,m>k xxiv4 #db2 ,luke xii4 #cf f4 #cb ,*r4 ,e?ics 7trans471 vol4 ii4 p4 #bba4 #cc ,hi/4 ( ,europ4 ,morals1 vol4 i4 p4 #cf4 #cd ,human ,p]sonality1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cac4 #ce ,br[n+1 ,*ri/mas ,eve4 #cf ,proleg41 p4 #aih4 #cg ,cf4 ,jones1 ,br[n+ z ,philosophical & ,religi\s ,tea*]1 p4 #cfg4 #bbj ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,social ,,in/itutions ,9 la/ *apt] we dealt ) ! rights & duties ( ! individual z !y are condition$ by 8 relation to himself1 o!rs1 & to ,god4 ,9 ?is *apt] x rema9s to speak m p>ticul>ly ( ! organis$ in/itutions ( society 9 :i* ! moral life is manife/$1 & by means ( :i* "* is m\ld$4 ,^! are ! ,family1 ! ,/ate1 & ! ,*ur*4 ,^! ?ree types ( society1 ?\gh di/+ui%able1 are closely alli$4 ,at fir/1 inde$1 !y 7 id5tical4 ,human society _h its orig91 mo/ probably1 9 a primitive condition 9 :i* dome/ic1 political1 & religi\s ends 7 "o4 ,ev5 9 mod]n life ,family1 ,/ate1 & ,*ur* d n /& = sep>ate int]e/s4 ,s f> f _! aims collid+ !y are mutually helpful4 ,an individual may be a memb] ( all ?ree at "o "t4 ,f a ,*ri/ian po9t ( view ea* is a div9e in/itution inve/$ ) a sacr$ wor? & a holy function1 & orda9$ ( ,god = ! advancem5t ( ,8 k+dom4 ,i ,! ,family is ! f\nta9-head ( all ! o!r social gr\ps1 '! cell ( ! social organism4' ,man ent]s ! _w n z an isolat$ be+1 b by desc5t & g5]ation4 ,9 ! family ea* is cradl$ & nurtur$1 & by ! dome/ic environm5t "* is develop$4 ,! family has a pr(\nd value = ! nation4 ,citiz5%ip re/s on ! sanctity ( ! home4 ,:5 ! fire on ! he>? is qu5*$1 ! vig\r ( a p dies4 #bba #a4 ,inve/igations ( great int]e/ & value h be5 pursu$ 9 rec5t ye>s reg>d+ ! orig9 & evolution ( ! family4 ,h[ev] f> back ! natural hi/ory ( ! race is c>ri$1 x seems sc>cely possible to resi/ ! conclusion t "s =m ( family relation%ip is coeval ) human life4 ,widely z social arrangem5ts diff] 9 detail among savage peoples1 arbitr>y promiscuity c n[h]e be detect$4 ,c]ta9 laws ( dome/ication h be5 inv>iably f\nd to exi/1 bas$ ^u def9ite social & moral re/rictions univ]sally ackn[l$g$ & rigidly en=c$4 ,two primitive conditions are pres5t :]ev] man is f\nd--! tribe & ! family4 ,if ! family is nev] pres5t )\t ! tribe1 ! tribe is nev] discov]$ )\t '^? intra-tribal di/9ctions & sexual regulations :i* lie at ! bottom ( ! in/itution ( ! family4'#a ,we/]m>ck inde$ says t '! evid5ce we possess t5ds to %[ t among our e>lie/ human ance/ors ! family & n ! tribe =m$ ! nucleus ( e social gr\p1 & 9 _m cases 0 itself p]haps ! only social gr\p4 ,! tie t kept toge!r husb& & wife1 p>5ts & *ildr51 01 if n ! only1 at lea/ ! pr9cipal factor 9 ! e>lie/ =ms ( man's social life4'#b ,if ! family _h be5 an artificial conv5tion call$ into be+ by human w & +5uity1 x might conceivably be de/roy$ by ! same factors4 ,b :atev] argum5ts may be adduc$ = ! abolition ( m>riage & family life to-day1 ! appeal to primitive hi/ory is n "o ( !m4 ,on ! contr>y ! e>lie/ =ms ( society %[ t ! family is no inv5tion1 t x has exi/$ z long z man himself1 & t all social evolution has be5 a /ruggle = ! pres]vation ( its mo/ valuable features4#c #b4 ,if1 ev5 9 e>ly times1 & especially among ! ,hebrews1 ,greeks1 & ,romans1 ! family 0 an important factor 9 national developm5t1 x has be5 inf9itely m s #bbb s9ce ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ did n create ?is relation%ip4 ,he f\nd x 9 exi/5ce :5 ,he came to ! e>?4 ,b ,he inve/$ x ) a new e?ical value4 ,he laid ^u x ,8 consecrat+ t\*1 & made x ! vehicle ( all t is mo/ t5d] & true 9 human affection1 s t among ,*ri/ian p to-day no ^w is fraught ) su* hall[$ associations z ! ^w 'home4' ,?is ,he did bo? by example & tea*+4 ,z a memb] ( a human family ,himself1 ,he p>ticipat$ 9 its exp]i5ces & duties4 ,he sp5t ,8 e>ly ye>s 9 ! home ( ,naz>e?1 & 0 subject unto ,8 p>5ts4 ,he manife/$ ,8 glory at a m>riage fea/4 ,by ! grave ( ,laz>us ,he m+l$ ,8 te>s ) ^? ( ! sorr[+ si/]s ( ,be?any4 ,he _h a t5d] reg>d = little *ildr51 & :5 mo!rs br\ght _! infants to ,him ,he welcom$ !m ) graci\s enc\ragem5t1 &1 tak+ ! little ones 9 ,8 arms1 bless$ !m1 ?us consecrat+ = all "t bo? *ildhood & mo!rhood4 ,?r\gh\t ,8 life !re are indications ( ,8 deep rev]5ce & affection = h] :o 0 ,8 "m1 & ) ,8 late/ brea? he confid$ h] to ! c>e ( ,8 belov$ disciple4 ,!re are passages inde$ :i* seem to indicate a depreciation ( family relation%ips4#d ,! mo/ important ( ^! are ! say+s :i* deal ) ! home connections ( ^? :om ,he call$ to special disciple%ip4#e ,n only are fa!r & "m to be lov$ less ?an ,he1 b ev5 9 comp>ison ) ,himself are to be hat$4#f ,among ! sacrifices ,8 s]vants mu/ be ready to make is ! surr5d] ( ! home4#g ,b ^! ref]5ces ought to be tak5 9 conjunction )1 & read 9 ! light (1 ,8 m g5]al attitude to ! claims ( k9dr$4 ,x 0 n ,8 indiff]5ce to1 b ,8 pr(\nd reg>d =1 home ties t drew f ,him ^! words4 ,he knew t affection may n>r[ z well z wid5 ! he>t1 & t our #bbc t5d]e/ intimacies may br+ our mo/ dang]\s temptations4 ,!re are mom5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! he>t :5 ! less] claim mu/ yield to ! great]4 ,= ! ,son ( ,man ,himself1 !re 7 int]e/s high] ev5 ?an ^? ( ! family4 ,"s m51 p]haps ev5 mo/1 are able to fulfil _! vocation )\t a surr5d] ( ! joys ( k9%ip4 ,b o!rs are call$ to a wid] sph]e & a h>d] task4 ,= ! sake ( ! l>g] bro!rhood ( man1 ,jesus f\nd x necess>y to r5\nce ! intimacies ( home4 ,:at x co/ ,him to d s we1 :o _c fa?om ! dep? ( ,8 love1 "k n4 ,ev5 su* an ab&onm5t did ,he dem& ( ,8 fir/ disciples4 ,& = ! foll[] ( ,*ri/ /ill !re mu/ be ! same will+ness to make ! complete sacrifice ( ev]y?+1 ev5 ( home & k9dr$1 if !y /& 9 ! way ( devotion to ! k+dom ( ,god4#h 7#a7 ,our ,"l's direct /atem5ts reg>d+ ! nature ( ! family leave u 9 no d\bt z to ! high place x holds 9 ,8 conception ( life4 ,m>riage1 ^u :i* ! family re/s1 is1 accord+ to ,jesus1 ! div9ely orda9$ life-union ( a man & woman4 ,9 ,8 quotation f ,g5esis ,he makes ref]5ce to t my/]i\s attraction1 deeply f\nd$ 9 ! v nature ( man1 by :i* memb]s ( ! opposite sex are drawn to ea* o!r4 ,b :ile ackn[l$g+ ! s5su\s elem5t 9 m>riage1 ,he lifts x up into ! spiritual realm & transmutes x into a symbol ( s\l-communion4 ,our ,"l does n d]ive ! sanction ( w$d$ life f ,mosaic legislation4 ,/ill less does ,he p]mit x z a concession to human frailty4 ,x has its gr\nd 9 creation itself1 & :ile !re=e x is ! mo/ natural ( e>?ly relation%ips x is ( ,god's mak+4 ,to ! true ideal ( m>riage !re are sev]al features :i* our ,"l reg>ds z indisp5sable4 7a7 ,x mu/ be monogam\s1 ! fusion ( two di/9ct p]sonalities4 ',!y two %all be "o fle%4' ,mutual self-imp>tation dem&s t ! union %\ld be an exclusive "o4 7b7 ,x is a union ( equality4 ,nei!r #bbd p]sonality is to be suppress$4 ,! w$d$ are p>tn]s :o %>e "o ano!r's inmo/ ?\ghts & mo/ *]i%$ purposes4 ,b ?is claim ( equality does n exclude b r include ! diff]5t functions :i*1 by reason ( sex & con/itution1 ea* is enabl$ to ex]cise4 ',woman is n undevelop$ man b div]se4' ,& x is 9 div]sity t true unity consi/s4 ,bo? w be/ realise _! p]sonality 9 seek+ ! p]fection ( "o ano!r4 7c7 ,x is a p]man5t union1 indissoluble till ! p>t+ ( dea?4 ,! only exception :i* ,*ri/ ackn[l$ges is t =m ( infidelity :i* ipso facto has already ruptur$ ! sacr$ bond4#i ,accord+ to ,jesus m>riage is cle>ly int5d$ by ,god to involve sacr$ & p]man5t obligations1 a cov5ant ) ,god1 z well z ) "o ano!r1 :i* d>e n be set aside at ! dictate ( a :im or passion4 ,! positive pr9ciple und]ly+ ?is decl>ation aga9/ divorce is ! _s ( univ]sal love t =bids t ! wife %\ld be treat$1 z 0 ! case among ! dissolute ( our ,"l's "t1 z a *attel or slave4 ,no?+ c\ld be m abhorr5t to ,*ri/ian s5tim5t ?an ! mod]n doctr9e ( 'leasehold m>riage' advocat$ by "s4#aj ,x has be5 +5i\sly sugge/$ t ! record ( m>ital unre/ & divorce 9 ,am]ica1 %ameful z x is1 may n be 9 _m cases altoge!r an evil4 ,! v dem& to annul a union 9 :i* rev]5ce & affection h be5 =feit$ may spr+ f a gr[+ desire to realise ! true ideal ( m>riage4#aa 7d7 ,f9ally1 x is a spiritual union4 ,x is some?+ m ?an a legal contract1 or ev5 an ecclesia/ical ord9ance4 ,! ,/ate mu/ inde$ safegu>d ! civil rights ( ! p>ties to ! compact1 & ! ,*ur*'s c]emony ought to be s\ght z ! expression ( div9e bless+ & approval4 ,b ( !mselves ^! d n con/itute ! inn] tie :i* makes ! twa9 "o1 & b9ds !m toge!r amid all ! *ances & *anges ( ?is e>?ly life4#ab ,9 ! tea*+ ( bo? ,*ri/ & #bbe ! apo/les m>riage is pres5t$ z a high vocation1 orda9$ by ,god = ! enri*m5t ( "*1 & inve/$ ) a holy symbolism4 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,paul x is ! emblem ( ! my/ic union ( ,*ri/ & ,8 ,*ur*1 & is ov]%ad[$ by ! pres5ce ( ,god1 :o is ! ar*etype ( ^? sacr$ ideas :i* we associate ) ! "n ( fa!rhood4 7#b7 ,?\gh m>riage is ! mo/ p]sonal ( all =ms ( social int]c\rse1 !re are _m v>i$ & intricate int]e/s involv$ :i* require legal recognition & adju/m5t4 ,que/ions z to ! legitimacy ( (fspr+1 ! inh]itance ( prop]ty1 ! /atus & rights ( ! contract+ p>ties1 come )9 ! doma9 ( law4 ,! ,/ate puni%es bigamy1 & =bids m>riage )9 c]ta9 degrees ( consangu9ity4 ,_m cont5d t ! ,/ate %\ld g fur!r1 & prev5t all unions :i* endang] ! physical vig\r & effici5cy ( ! com+ g5]ation4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t ! gov]nm5t has a "r to protect its p aga9/ actions :i* t5d to ! det]ioration ( ! race4 ,to p]mit ^? to m>ry :o are suff]+ f c]ta9 maladies ( m9d or body is to commit a grave crime aga9/ society4 ,b c>e mu/ be tak5 le/ we unduly int]f]e ) ! deep] spiritual sympa?ies & affections ^u :i* a true union is f\nd$4 ,9 agitat+ = ,/ate control 9 ! mat+ ( ! physically fit1 ! *ampions ( eug5ics are apt to exagg]ate ! mat]iali/ic side ( m>riage1 & ov]look ^? qualities ( he>t & m9d :i* are n less important = ! well-be+ ( ! race4 ,9 ! discipl9e ( humanity weakness & suff]+ are assets :i* ! _w c\ld ill af=d to lose4#ac 7#c7 ,9 mod]n times ! in/itution ( m>riage is m5ac$ by two opposite =ces2 on ! "o h&1 by a revolution>y type ( socialism1 & on ! o!r1 by ! reaction>y influ5ce ( self-int]e/$ individualism4 7a7 ,x is cont5d$ by "s advanc$ sociali/s t among #bbf ! poor & ! toil+ home life is practically non-exi/5t2 inde$1 "u pres5t indu/rial conditions1 impossible4 ,m>riage & sep>ate family life are insup]able b>ri]s1 x is said1 to corporate unity & social progress4 ,x is b fair to add t ?is extreme view is n[ l>gely repudiat$ by ! mo/ enlight5$ advocates ( a new social ord]1 :o are cont5d+1 !y tell u1 n = ! abolition1 b = ! bett]m5t1 ( dome/ic conditions4#ad 7b7 ,! /ability ( social life is be+ ?reat5$ ev5 m s]i\sly by a self-c5tr$ individualism4 ,m>riage is consid]$ z a m]ely tempor>y arrangem5t :i* may be t]m9at$ at w4 ,x is cont5d$ t divorce %\ld be grant$ on ! easie/ t]ms1 & ! mo/ trifl+ reasons are s]i\sly put =w>d z legitimate gr\nds = ! annull+ ( ! holie/ ( v[s4 ,)\t discuss+ ^! dis9tegrat+ influ5ces1 x is en\gh to say t ! tr5d ( hi/ory is aga9/ any radical tamp]+ ) ! in/itution ( m>riage1 & any attempt to disp>age ! sanctity ( ! home or belittle dome/ic obligations w\ld be to poison at its spr+s ! moral life ( man4 #c4 ,! duties ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! family are explicitly1 if briefly1 /at$ 9 ! apo/olic epi/les4 ,!y are valid = all times & conditions4 ,?\gh !y may be easily elaborat$ !y _c well be improv$4 ,all home obligations are to be fulfill$ 9 & unto ! ,"l4 ,! fe> ( ,god is to inspire ! nurture ( *ildr51 & to sanctify ! l[lie/ s]vices ( ! h\sehold4 ,au?ority is to be bl5d$ ) affection4 7#a7 ,p>5ts are n to provoke _! *ildr5 by h>% & despotic rule1 nor yet to spoil !m by s(t indulg5ce4 ,*ildr5 are to r5d] ob$i5ce1 &1 :5 able1 to contribute to ! support ( _! p>5ts4#ae ,ma/]s are to treat _! s]vants ) equity & respect4 ,s]vants are exhort$ to %[ fidelity4 ,9 %ort all ! relation%ips ( ! h\sehold are to be hall[$ by ! _s ( ,*ri/ian love4 ,_m que/ions relative to ! family arise1 ov] :i* #bbg we may n l+]4 ,"o might speak ( ! effect ( indu/rial conditions ^u dome/ic life1 ! employm5t ( wom5 & *ildr5 9 factories1 ! evil ( sweat+1 ! problem ( our city slums1 &1 g5]ally1 ( ! ne$ ( improv$ environm5t 9 ord] t our lab\r+ classes may h a *ance ( a heal?i] & pur] home exi/5ce4 ,legislation c d mu*4 ,b ev5 law is ineffective to a*ieve ! highe/ ends if x is n back$ by ! public consci5ce4 ,! f9al solution ( ! problem ( ! family re/s n 9 conditions b 9 "*1 n 9 environm5t b 9 education1 9 ! k9d ( m5 we are re>+4 7#b7 ,?is c5tury has be5 call$ ! woman's c5tury4 ,& c]ta9ly !re is an obvi\s tr5d to-day t[>ds ackn[l$gm5t1 9 all dep>tm5ts ( life1 ( wom5's equality ) m54 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :at t equality %\ld mean2 & !re seems to be a dang] 9 "s qu>t]s ( ov]look+ ! ess5tial diff]5ce ( ! sexes4 ,no p c a*ieve :at x ought :ile its wives & mo!rs are degrad$ or d5i$ _! rights4 ,= h] own sake1 z well z = ! weal ( ! race1 :atev] is ne$ful to enable woman to atta9 to h] noble/ womanhood mu/ be unhesitat+ly grant$4#af 7#c7 ,b ?is is ev5 m ! *ildr5's era4 ,a new s5se ( rev]5ce = ! *ild is "o ( ! mo/ promis+ notes ( our age1 & ! problems aris+ out ( ! c>e & education ( ! "y h creat$ ! new sci5ces ( p$agogy & *ild-psy*ology4 ,reg>d = *ild-life owes its inspiration directly to ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,! *ild 9 ! simplicity ( its nature & innoc5ce ( its dep5d5ce is1 accord+ to ! ,ma/]1 ! p]fect patt]n ( ^? :o seek aft] ,god4 ,x is true t 9 ! art ( antiquity *ild-life 0 frequ5tly repres5t$4 ,b z ,burckh>dt says x 0 ! droll]y & playfulness1 ev5 ! qu>relsom5ess & /eal?1 & above all ! lu/y heal? & animal vig\r ( "y life t 0 depict$4 ,anci5t art did n behold 9 ! *ild ! prophecy ( a new & pur] _w4 ,moreov]1 x 0 ae/hetic #bbh feel+ & n real sympa?y ) *ildhood :i* animat$ ?is movem5t4 ,z "t w5t on ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ on ?is subject 0 /rangely neglect$1 & ! hi/ory ( ! treatm5t ( ! "y is a tragic tale ( neglect & suff]+4 ,only n[ are we recov]+ ! lo/ message ( ,jesus 9 reg>d to ! *ild1 & we are beg9n+ to realise t infancy & y\? h _! rights1 & dem& ( ! _w bo? c>e & affection4 ,ours sons & daught]s are ! nation's assets4 ,yet x is a p>5t's "q ev5 m ?an ! ,/ate's4 ,9 a deep] s5se ?an we imag9e *ildr5 are ! creation ( _! p>5ts4 ,x is ! effect ( s\l ^u s\l1 ! "m's t\* & look1 ! fa!r's words & ways1 t k9dle into flame ! dull mat]ial ( humanity1 & beg9 t second bir? :i* %\ld be ! anxiety & glory ( p>5?ood4 ,b if ! p>5t makes ! *ild1 sc>cely less true is x t ! *ild makes ! p>5t4 ,9 ! give & take ( home life a new _w is creat$4 ,:5 a fa!r really looks into 8 *ild's eye he is n z he 0 be=e4#ag ,indisp5sable z is ! ,/ate's education ( ! "y1 !re is an important "p :i* ! community _c und]take1 & !re is a dang] 9 curb+ individuality by a /]eotyp$ me?od ( in/ruction4 ',all social enactm5ts1' says ,h>nack1 'h a t5d5cy to circumscribe ! activities ( ! individual4 ,if we unduly fett] ! free play ( individual ef=t we break ! ma9spr+ ( progress & ent]prise1 & create a /ate ( social immobility :i* is ! antec$5t ( national decay4'#ah ,y\? ought to be taught self-reliance & /r5u\sness ( w2 & ?is is a "w :i* c only be done 9 ! home by ! firm yet k9dly influ5ce ( ! p>5ts4 ,b !re is ano!r aspect ( ! home problem n less press+4 ,! want ( tra9+ 9 work+-class families is l>gely answ]able = ! waifs & /rays ) :i* our cities team4 ,ev5 9 middle-class h\seholds !re are indications ( a lack n only ( discipl9e1 b ( #bbi t k9dly sympa?y & affectionate c\nsel on ! "p ( p>5ts1 & ( rev]5ce & frankness 9 ! *ildr52 ) ! result t ! "y p1 miss+ ! atta*m5t & int]e/ :i* ! home %\ld supply1 seek _! satisfaction outside ! dome/ic circle1 (t5 ) ! mo/ disa/r\s results4 ,! problem ( ! family is ?us ! problem ( nurtur+ ! v se$s ( ! moral life4 ,)9 ! prec9cts ( ! nation's homes ! future ( ! commonweal? is be+ det]m9$4 ,,ii #a4 ,! ,/ate is ! supreme controll] ( social relation%ips4 ,z di/+ui%$ f ! family & ! ,*ur*1 x is ! realm ( organis$ =ce work+ = social ends4 ,its purpose is to secure ! conditions ( life ess5tial to ord] & progress1 & x c fulfil its function only z x is end[$ ) p[] to en=ce its au?ority4 ,! int]f]5ce ( ! ,/ate ) ! lib]ty ( ! individual has creat$ a reaction 9 two opposite qu>t]s t[>ds complete abrogation ( all ,/ate compulsion4 ,on ! "o side ,tol/oy pleads = ! removal ( =ce1 because x violates ! pr9ciple ( love & subv]ts ! tea*+ ( ,jesus--',resi/ n evil4' ,militant an>*ism z ! o!r extreme dem&s ! abrogation ( au?ority1 because x believes t re/ra9t h9d]s progress & happ9ess1 & t if gov]nm5tal =ce 7 aboli%$ individuals w\ld be be/ able to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,! aim ( an>*ism is to de/roy =ce by =ce2 ! aim ( ,tol/oy is to all[ =ce to d its wor/4 ,su* a _s ( non-resi/ance w\ld mean ! ov]?r[ ( all security1 & ! rev]sion to wild lawlessness4 ,x is an utt] trave/y ( ,*ri/'s tea*+4 ,extremes meet4 ,viol5ce & s]vility jo9 h&s4 ,an>*ism & ,tol/oyism reveal ! total bankruptcy ( unre/rict$ individualism4 ,! social ord] = :i* ! ,/ate /&s is n s mu* an int]f]5ce ) ! fre$om ( ! subject z ! condition "u :i* alone individual lib]ty c be pres]v$4 #bcj ,! view1 h[ev]1 t ! ,/ate is an artificial relation%ip into :i* m5 volunt>ily ent] 9 ord] to limit _! selfi% in/9cts & to secure _! mutual advantages--! !ory ( ! 'social contract'--has be5 disc>d$ 9 mod]n times z a fiction ( ! imag9ation4 ,x is n ( 8 own *oice t ! individual becomes a memb] ( society4 ,he is born into x4 ,man is n a :ole 9 himself4 ,he is only complete 9 8 fell[s4 ,z he s]ves o!rs he s]ves himself4 ,b m5 are n ! unconsci\s functions ( a me*anical sy/em4 ,!y are free1 liv+ p]sonalities1 unit$ by a s5se ( human obligation & k9dr$%ip4 ,! ,/ate is m ?an a physical organism4 ,x is a community ( moral aims & ideals4 ,ev5 law1 :i* is ! s\l ( ! ,/ate1 is itself ! embodim5t ( a moral pr9ciple2 & ! commonweal? /&s = a great e?ical idea1 to ! fulfilm5t ( :i* all its citiz5s are call$ ^u to contribute4 #b4 ,! reciprocal duties ( ! ,/ate & its citiz5s receive comp>atively little prom95ce 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b !y are nev] treat$ ) disp>agem5t or contempt4 ,dur+ our ,"l's e>?ly life ! supreme p[] belong$ to ! ,roman ,empire4 ,?\gh ,jesus _h to suff] mu* at ! h&s ( ^? 9 au?ority1 ,8 habitual attitude 0 "o ( respect4 ,he liv$ 9 ob$i5ce to ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry1 & ackn[l$g$ ! "r ( ,caes> to legislate & levy taxes 9 8 own prov9ce4 ,:ile giv+ all def]5ce to ! ,/ate (ficials be=e :om ,he 0 br\ght1 ,he did n hesitate to rem9d !m ( ! ideal ( tru? & ju/ice ( :i* !y 7 ! *os5 repres5tatives4#ai ,/4 ,paul's tea*+ is 9 h>mony ) 8 ,ma/]'s1 & is inde$ an expansion ( x4#bj ',! p[]s t be are orda9$ ( ,god4 ,r5d] !re=e to all _! dues1 tribute to :om tribute4' ,beyond1 h[ev]1 enjo9+ ! necessity ( "w z a means ( indep5d5ce1 & recomm5d+ t ea* %\ld rema9 9 ! sph]e 9 :i* he has be5 plac$1 & p]=m consci5ti\sly ! duties ( 8 call+1 we #bca f9d little direct ref]5ce 9 ! ,epi/les to ! matt] ( citiz5%ip4 ,b z has be5 truly said '! citiz5 has b to /& 9 8 /ation1 & p]=m its duties1 9 ord] to fulfil ! dem&s ( citiz5%ip4'#ba ,/4 ,paul's insi/5ce !re=e ^u ! p]sonal fidelity ( e man to ! duties ( 8 sph]e goes f> to recognise t _s ( reciprocal s]vice :i* is ! fundam5tal idea ( ! commonweal?4 #c4 ,( ! two extreme views z to ! mean+ ( ! ,/ate betwe5 :i* ! v]dict ( hi/ory has wav]$--t ( ,augu/9e1 :o reg>d$ ! ,/ate z ! result ( man's s9ful condition & z ! direct anti!sis ( ! k+dom ( ,god2 & t ( ,hegel1 :o saw 9 x ! highe/ e?ical =m ( society1 ! realisation ( ! moral ideal--! view ( ,/4 ,paul may be said to h approximat$ m ne>ly to ! latt]4 ,writ+ to ! ,*ri/ians at ,rome ,paul does n sugge/ t x 0 m]ely = prud5ce' sake t !y %\ld give to ! ,imp]ial ,p[] unque/ion+ ob$i5ce4 ,he appeals to ! l(tie/ motives4 ,all au?ority is ( ,god 9 its orig9 & ultimate purpose4 ,:at does x matt] to him :e!r ,n]o be a devil or a sa9t8 ,he is ! pr9ce ^u ! ?rone4 ,he is ! symbol ( div9e au?ority1 '! m9i/] ( ,god to !e = good4' ,z a ,*ri/ian ,paul looks beyond ! temporal _w-p[] z actually exi/+4 ,:atev] p>ticul> =m x may assume1 he sees 9 ! ,/ate & its rul]s only ! expression ( ,god's w4 ,rome is ,8 ag5t1 oppressive1 &1 x may be1 unju/1 b /ill ! *annel ?r\gh :i* = ! mom5t ! ,almighty works = ! fur!rance ( ,8 purposes4#bb ,! conception ( ! ,/ate z ?us =mulat$ involves a tw(old obligation--( ! ,/ate t[>ds its citiz5s1 & ( its citiz5s t[>ds ! ,/ate4 7#a7 ,z ! embodim5t ( public "r ! ,/ate owes protection to its subjects1 gu>d+ individual privileges & prohibit+ su* actions z int]f]e ) ! g5]al #bcb good4 ,its functions1 h[ev]1 are n conf9$ to re/rictive measures4 ,its duty is n only to protect ! rights ( ! individual1 b to create & ma9ta9 su* conditions ( life z are ess5tial to ! developm5t ( p]sonality4 ,9 its own int]e/s x is b\nd to fo/] ! gr[? ( "*1 & to promote culture & social well-be+4 ,9 mod]n times we look to ! ,/ate n only to protect life & prop]ty1 b to secure = ea* individual & = all classes ( m5 t basis ( mat]ial well-be+ on :i* alone life 9 its true/ s5se c be built up4 ,! gov]nm5t mu/ !re=e /rike "s k9d ( balance betwe5 ! extremes ( individualism & socialism4 ,:ile ! old !ory ( laissez-faire1 :i* w\ld p]mit e man to foll[ 8 own individual b5t )\t reg>d to ! int]e/s ( o!rs1 has be5 g5]ally repudiat$1 !re is /ill a class ( politicians :o ridicule ! 'night wat*man' idea ( ! ,/ate z ,lassalle calls x4 ',let !re be z little ,/ate z possible1' exclaims ,nietzs*e4 ,accord+ to su* ?9k]s ! ,/ate has only negative functions4 ,! be/ gov]nm5t is t :i* gov]ns lea/1 & all[s ! utmo/ scope to untrammell$ individual ent]prise4 ,b if !re is a t5d5cy on ! "p ( "s to return to ! individuali/ic pr9ciple1 ! 'pat]nal' idea z esp\s$ by o!rs is be+ c>ri$ to ! v]ge ( socialism4 ,! function ( ! ,/ate is /ret*$ almo/ to break+ po9t :5 x is conceiv$ z ! 'gu>dian angel' :o accompanies & gu>ds ) p]petual ov]sight ! :ole life ( ! individual f ! cradle to ! grave4 ,_m ( ! m cauti\s writ]s#bc ( ! day are expos+ ! dang]s :i* lurk 9 ! bureaucratic sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is t5d5cy is apt to cru% individual ent]prise1 & cause m5 to place entire reliance ^u ext]nal aid & c5tralis$ p[]4 ,x is inde$ difficult to draw a fa/ l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 purely individual & social ends4 ,!re are obvi\sly prim>y int]e/s belong+ to society z a :ole :i* ! ,/ate1 if x is to be ! in/rum5t ( ! common good1 ought to control2 c]ta9 #bcc activities :i*1 if p]mitt$ z monopolies1 become a m5ace to ! community1 & :i* c be satisfactorily conduct$ only z dep>tm5ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,national life is a unity1 & x c only ma9ta9 its integrity z x secures = all its con/itu5ts1 ju/ice1 equity be=e ! law1 & fre$om ( ea* to be himself4 ,! ,/ate ought to protect ^? :o 9 ! competitive /ruggle ( ! mod]n indu/rial sy/em f9d !mselves at a hopeless disadvantage4 ,x is ! duty ( ! commonweal? to secure = ea* ! opportunity to become :at he is capable ( be+1 & to fulfil ! functions = :i* he is be/ fitt$4 ,! ,/ate _c make m5 moral1 b x c int]f]e ) exi/+ conditions s z to make ! moral life easi] = its citiz5s4 ,crim9al law _c create sa9ts1 b x c puni% evil-do]s & c\nt]act ! =ces ( lawlessness :i* ?reat5 ! social ord]4 ,x _c legislate )9 ! doma9 ( motive1 b x c enc\rage self-re/ra9t & ?rift1 hone/y & temp]ance4 ,x _c actually int]m$dle ) ! sanctity ( ! home1 or assume ! rle ( pat]nal au?ority1 b x c insi/ ^u ! fulfilm5t ( ! conditions ( dec5cy & propriety2 x c condemn insanit>y dwell+s1 suppress traffic 9 vice1 sup]vise unheal?y trades1 protect ! life & heal? ( workm51 &1 g5]ally1 devise means = ! culture & ! advancem5t1 intellectually & morally1 ( ! p4 ,! ,/ate 9 "s degree embodies ! public consci5ce1 & z su* x has ! pr]ogative ( awak5+ & /imulat+ ! consci5ces ( individuals4 ,z a div9e in/itution x is "o ( ! *annels ?r\gh :i* ,god makes ,8 w kn[n to man4 ,law has an e?ical import1 & ! ,/ate :i* is f\nd$ ^u j & b5efic5t laws m\lds ! cu/oms & =ms ! *>act]s ( its citiz5s4 7#b7 ,b if ! ,/ate is to fulfil its ideal function x mu/ rely ^u ! g5]al co-op]ation ( its citiz5s4 ,! measure ( its success or failure w dep5d ^u ! ext5t to :i* an enlight5$ s5se ( moral obligation prevails 9 ! community4 ,m5 mu/ rise above _! #bcd own imm$iate int]e/s & realise _! corporate be+4 ,gov]nm5t makes its w dom9ant ?r\gh ! voice ( ! p4 ,x _c legislate beyond ! sympa?ies ( its con/itu5ts4 ,z ! individuals are1 s ! commonweal? w be4 ,civil duties v>y accord+ to ! qualifications & opportunities ( individuals4 ,b c]ta9 g5]al obligations re/ ^u all4 7a7 ,x is ! duty ( all to take an int]e/ 9 public affairs4 ,:at conc]ns u collectively is ! conc]n ( ea*4 ,ev]y?+ t t\*es ! public good %\ld be made a matt] ( intellig5t & wat*ful int]e/ by all4 7b7 ,x is ! duty ( all to con=m to ! laws ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is possible t a p>ticul> enactm5t may conflict ) ! dictates ( consci5ce1 & x may be necess>y to prote/ aga9/ :at seems to be an inju/ice4 ,no rule c be laid d[n = exceptional cases4 ,g5]ally x w be be/ to submit to ! wrong1 :ile at ! same "t us+ all legitimate means to secure ! repeal ( ! obnoxi\s law4 ,& if !y w revolt1 m>tyrs mu/ n compla9 nor be unready to submit to ! p5alties involv$4 7c7 ,x is ! fur!r duty ( all to take "s p]sonal "p 9 ! gov]nm5t--if n by active s]vice1 at lea/ by ! consci5ti\s record+ ( "o's vote4 ,*ri/ians mu/ n leave ! direction ( ! nation's affairs to non-,*ri/ians4 ,! _s ( ,*ri/ =bids moral indiff]5ce to any?+ human4 ,all are n fitt$ =1 or call$ ^u to take1 public (fice2 b x is incumb5t ^u e man to ma9ta9 an intellig5t public _s1 & to ex]cise all ! duties ( good citiz5%ip4 ,x has be5 truly said t !y :o give mo/ to ! ,/ate get mo/ f ! ,/ate4 ,x is ! m5 :o play _! "p z active citiz5s work+ = ! nation's cause :o enri* _! own lives & reap ! h>ve/ ( a full exi/5ce4 ,n by )drawal f social s]vice1 b 9 untir+ lab\r = _! c\ntry's weal1 %all m5 w9 = !mselves & _! bre?r5 ! fruits ( lib]ty & peace4 ,= nations z = m5 emancipation may come ) a /roke1 b fre$om c be e>n$ only by /r5u\s & unit$ toil4 #bce 7#c7 ,already ^! ideals h begun to take %ape4 ,! mo/ significant feature ( mod]n times is ! gr[+ _s ( democracy4 ,m5 ( all classes are awak5+ to _! rights1 & are accept+ _! %>e 9 ! task ( social recon/ruction4 ',we "k h[ ! masses1' says ,euck51 'are det]m9$ to =m a m]e dep5d5t body ( ! s-call$ high] classes no long]1 b to take ! problem ( life indep5d5tly into _! own h&s4'#bd ,b :ile ! mod]n democratic movem5t is n )\t its hopeful aspects1 x is fraught also ) grave p]ils4 ,x is well t ! p %\ld awake to _! obligations1 & realise ! mean+ ( life1 especially 9 its social implications4 ,b !re is a dang] t culture may n advance ) emancipation1 & :ile ! masses dem& _! rights !y may n at ! same "t disc]n _! duties4 ,= rights involve duties1 & emancipation1 z we h se51 is n lib]ty4 ,! appeal ( ! sociali/ic p>ty is to ! equality ( all :o be> human features4 ,x s\nds plausible4 ,b !re nev] has be51 nor nev] c be1 su* equality4 ,nature & exp]i5ce alike reveal a pron\nc$ & insup]able inequality among m54 ,! law ( div]sity /rikes deep d[n into ! v orig9 & con/itution ( mank9d4 ,! equality proclaim$ by ! ,fr5* ,revolutioni/s is n[ reg>d$ z an idle dream4 ,n equality ( nature b equity be=e ! law1 ju/ice = all1 ! opportunity = e man to realise himself & make ! mo/ ( ! life & ! gifts :i* ,god has giv5 him--t is ! only claim :i* c be truly made4 ',! only idea1' says ,euck51 ':i* c give to equality any mean+ is ! conviction t humanity has spiritual relations1 t ea* individual has a value = himself & = ! :ole because he is a "p ( a l>g] spiritual _w4' ,h5ce if democracy is truly to come to its own & fulfil its high vocation1 ! ,paul9e figure ( ! reciprocal influ5ce ( ! body & its memb]s mu/ be proclaim$ anew z ! ideal ( ! body politic--a unity fulfill+ itself 9 diff]5ce--an organic life 9 :i* ! unit f9ds its #bcf place ( security-&-s]vice 9 ! :ole1 & ! :ole lives 9 & acts ?r\gh ! individual p>ts4 ,if we are to awak5 to ! high vocation ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate1 to realise ! possibilities ( our memb]%ip "o ) ano!r1 a new feel+ ( manhood & ( national bro!rhood1 a new pride 9 ! community ( life1 mu/ take possession ( our he>ts4 ,we ne$1 z "o has said1 a baptism ( religi\s feel+ 9 our corporate consci\sness1 a new s5se t we are s]v+ ,god 9 s]v+ our fell[s1 :i* w hall[ & he>t5 ! crusade = heal? & social happ9ess1 & give to e citiz5 a s5se ( spiritual s]vice4 ,,iii ,unlike ! family & ,/ate ! ,*ur* is ! creation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,x is ! witness ( ,8 ,pres5ce 9 ! _w4 ,9 its ideal =m x is _w-wide4 ,! ,r$emption = :i* x /&s is a good = all m54 ,?\gh 9 practice _m d n ackn[l$ge its bless+1 ! ,*ur* reg>ds no man beyond its pale ( grace4 ,x is set 9 ! mid/ ( ! _w z ! symbol & pl$ge ( ,god's univ]sal love4 #a4 ,! ,relation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate is a difficult "q ) a long hi/ory1 & involv+ mu* controv]sy4 ,:atev] view may be held z to _! legal connection1 _! int]e/s c nev] be reg>d$ z inimical4 ,! ,*ur* _c be indiff]5t to ! action ( ! ,/ate1 nor c ! ,/ate ignore ! "w ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b s9ce _! sph]es are n id5tical nor _! aims entirely simil>1 ! tr5d ( mod]n op9ion seems to indicate t1 :ile work+ 9 h>mony1 x is m satisfactory t !y %\ld pursue indep5d5t pa?s4 ,!re are spiritual ends committ$ to ! ,*ur* by its ,head ov] :i* ! civil p[] has no jurisdiction4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are temporal conc]ns ) :i* ecclesia/ical c\rts h nei!r ! vocation nor ! qualifications to deal4 ,/ill1 ! ,*ur*1 z ! organ ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght #bcg & activity1 has responsibilities ) reg>d to civil matt]s4 ,:ile religion is ! *ief ag5t 9 ! reg5]ation ( man1 religion itself is dep5d5t ^u all social means1 & ! ,*ur* mu/ reg>d ) sympa?y e ef=t made by ! community = moral improvem5t4 ,! ma9 function ( ! ,*ur* 9 ?is connection is to keep be=e its memb]s a high ideal ( social life1 to create a _s ( fidelity 9 e sph]e ( activity1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 to educate m5 = ! tasks ( citiz5%ip4 ,! ,/ate1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! in/rum5t ( civic life1 has obligations t[>ds ! ,*ur*4 ,its duty is h>dly exhau/$ by obs]v+ an attitude ( non-int]f]5ce4 ,9 its own int]e/s x is b\nd1 n m]ely to protect1 b enc\rage ! ,*ur* 9 ! fulfilm5t ( its imm$iate aims4 ,p>liam5t1 h[ev]1 mu/ conc$e to ecclesia/ical bodies complete lib]ty to gov]n !mselves4 ,! ,*ur*1 z ! in/itution ( ,*ri/1 claims full autonomy2 & ! ,/ate goes beyond its prov9ce :5 x imposes hamp]+ re/rictions :i* int]f]e ) ! ex]cise ( its au?ority & discipl9e )9 its own sph]e4 #b4 ,z a religi\s in/itution ! ,*ur* exi/s = ?ree ma9 purposes3 7#a7 ! ,wor%ip ( ,god & ! ,edification ( its memb]s2 7#b7 ! ,witness ( ,*ri/ to ,mank9d2 7#c7 ! ,evangelisation ( ! ,_w4 7#a7 ,! fir/ ( ^! objects has already be5 dealt ) :5 treat+ ( ! duties to ,god4 ,x is only ne$ful to add "h t ! ,*ur* is m ?an a c5tre ( wor%ip2 x is ! home ( k9dr$ s\ls knit toge!r by a common devotion to ,*ri/4 ,x is ! s*ool ( "* :i* seeks ! mutual edification ( its memb]s 'by provok+ "o ano!r to love & to good works4' ,h5ce among ,prote/ants ! duty ( ,*ur* ,discipl9e is ackn[l$g$1 :i* deals ) su* s9s or lapses f rectitude z con/itute '(f5ces' or 'sc&als1' & t5d to br+ into disrepute ! ,*ri/ian "n & pr(ession4 ,9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 ! ,confessional1 ?r\gh :i* moral error is av[$1 ) its sy/em ( p5ances1 has 9 view ! same object--viz41 to reprove1 correct1 & reclaim #bch ^? :o h laps$ into s9--?us seek+ to fulfil ,*ri/'s ideal 'to despair ( no man4' 7#b7 ,b ! ,*ur* is also a rally+ place ( s]vice4 ,bo? 9 its corporate capacity1 & ?r\gh ! lives ( its individual memb]s1 ! ,*ur* seeks to be> con/ant witness to ! m9d ( ,*ri/4 ,x proclaims ,8 liv+ example4 ,x reit]ates ,8 w & embodies ,8 judgm5t1 approv+ ( :at is good1 condemn+ :at is evil1 & ev] m confront+ ! _w ) ! high ideal ( ! div9e ,life & ,^w4 ,n all :o be> ! "n ( ,*ri/ are consi/5t witnesses4 ,b /ill ! aim ( ! ,*ur* is to h>monise ! pr(ession & practice ( its memb]s1 & g5]ally to spiritualise secul> life by ! education ( public op9ion4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ,*ri/ians c hope to make a pr(\nd impression ^u ! outside _w1 x is n unnatural to expect t !y %\ld exhibit a _s ( concord1 among !mselves1 seek+ to heal ! unhappy s*isms by :i* ! ,*ur* is r5t4 ,b :ile our sep>ations are deplorable--& we ought n to cease our endeav\r = ! reunion ( ,*ri/5dom--we mu/ n =get t !re may be h>mony ( _s ev5 amid div]sity ( op]ation1 & t :]e !re is true bro!rly sympa?y betwe5 ,*ri/ians1 !re already is ess5tial unity4#be 7#c7 ,! special "w ( ! ,*ur* to :i* x is con/ra9$ by ! express t]ms ( its ,ma/]'s commission1 is to prea* ! ,gospel to e creature & to br+ all m5 into ob$i5ce to ,*ri/4 ,a di/9ction is commonly made betwe5 ,home & ,=eign ,missions4 ,:ile ! di/9ction is useful1 x is sc>cely valid4 ,! "w ( ! ,*ur* at home & abroad is "o4 ,! claims ( ! ignorant & hapless ( our own l& d n exempt u f responsibilities to ! hea!n _w4 ,! ,"l's ,pray] = ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom requires ( ,*ri/ian m5 t !y %all consecrate _! gifts along e l9e ( ef=t to ! fulfilm5t ( ! div9e w ^u ! e>?4 #c4 ,:ile all sections ( ! ,*ur* are conv9c$ t #bci an hone/ application ( ! pr9ciples ( ,jesus to ! practical affairs ( life w\ld spe$ily trans=m society1 !re is consid]able div]sity ( op9ion z to ! prop] attitude ( ,*ri/ianity to social problems4 ,! outw>d recon/ruction ( social ord] 0 n1 x mu/ be admitt$1 ! prim>y aim ( ,jesus3 x 0 r ! spiritual reg5]ation ( ! individual4 ,b su* c\ld only become a reality z x trans=m$ ! entire fabric ( life4 7#a7 ,*ri/'s tea*+ c\ld n b affect ! organisation ( indu/ry z well z e o!r section ( ! social /ructure4 ,?\gh ,jesus has _m w>n+s z to ! p]ils ( ri*es1 !re is no depreciation ( weal? 79 its true/ s5se74 ,x is true ,he refuses to int]f]e 9 a dispute betwe5 two bro!rs z to worldly prop]ty1 & repudiates g5]ally ! (fice ( arbit]4 ,x is true also t ,he w>ns ,8 disciples aga9/ covet\sness1 & lays d[n ! pr9ciple t 'a man's life consi/e? n 9 ! abundance ( ! ?+s :i* he possesse?4' ,b ^! say+s1 s f> f imply+ disapproval ( e>?ly possessions1 imply r t prop]ty & trad+ are ! indisp5sable basis ^u :i* ! outw>d fabric ( ! social ord] is built4 ,*ri/ does n c\nsel )drawal f ! activities ( ! _w4 ,he hon\rs "w4 ,he recognises ! legitimacy ( trad+4 ,_m ( ,8 p>ables w\ld h no mean+ if ,8 attitude to ! indu/rial sy/em ( ,8 day _h be5 "o ( uncompromis+ ho/ility4 ,he has no grudge aga9/ ri*es 9 !mselves4 ,9 ! p>able ( ! tal5ts x is ! comp>atively poor man :o is c5sur$ :ile ! ri* is comm5d$4 ,to sum up :at ,jesus ?\ght ab\t weal? is n easy4 ,_m h ?\ght t ,he condemn$ ! hold+ ( prop]ty altoge!r4 ,b su* a conclusion _c be drawn f ,8 tea*+4 ,possessions1 bo? outw>d & inw>d1 are r to be br\ght to ! te/ ( ,8 judgm5t4 ,8 influ5ce w\ld r br+ prop]ty & comm]ce "u ! control ( righte\sness & bro!rhood4 ,8 ideal ( life is to be atta9$ ?r\gh le>n+ ! "r use ( weal? r ?an ?r\gh ! abolition ( x4 ,weal? #bdj c be us$ = ! k+dom ( ,god1 & x is a necess>y in/rum5t 9 ! ,*ur*'s "w4 ,x may be consecrat$ l e o!r gift to ! s]vice ( ,*ri/4 ,b !re are mighty =ces enli/$ aga9/ its be/ usefulness1 & only ?r\gh ! fullness ( ,*ri/ian grace c its good "w be done4 ,:at ,jesus does condemn h[ev] is ! pr$atory in/9ct1 t gre$ ( ga9 :i* embodies itself ev]y:]e 9 ! _s ( plund]1 exploitation1 & ! impulse to gambl+4 ,he c h no?+ b condemnation = t great wave ( money-love :i* has swept ov] ,*ri/5dom 9 our "t1 affect+ all classes4 ,x has fo/]$ self-indulg5ce1 /imulat$ deprav$ appetites1 corrupt$ bus9ess & politics1 oppress$ ! poor1 mat]ialis$ our ideals1 & weak5$ religi\s influ5ces4 ',f ?is craze ( ! love ( money ! voice ( ,jesus calls ! p back to ! sane life 9 ,e?ics & religion 9 :i* ,he is lead]4'#bf ,:at !n ought to be ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* to ! indu/rial que/ions ( our day8 ,:ile "s cont5d t ! social "q is really a religi\s "q1 & t ! ,*ur* is untrue to its mission :5 x holds itself alo( f ! economical problems :i* are agitat+ m5's m9ds1 o!rs view ) suspicion1 if n ) ho/ility1 ! deflection ( religion f its traditional pa? ( wor%ip1 & deem x a mi/ake = ! ,*ur* to int]f]e 9 indu/rial movem5ts4 ,a rec5t writ]#bg n>rates t 9 8 boyhood he actually he>d an old m9i/] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& decl>e 9 ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 ',we are n "h to make ! _w bett]3 we h only to pass ?r\gh x on ! way to glory4' ',no gross] trave/y1' adds ! au?or1 '0 ev] utt]$4 ,we are "h to make ! _w bett]4 ,we h a commission to /amp out evil & to prev5t m5 f fall+ into x4 ,if ?is is n ,*ri/ian "w1 :at is8' ,at ! same "t a portion ( ! cl]gy h gone to ! opposite extreme1 id5tify+ ! k+dom ( ,god ) social propag&a1 & ?us los+ sight ( its spiritual #bda & et]nal1 z well z its p]sonal1 significance4 ,!re has be5 moreov] a t5d5cy on ! "p ( "s to associate !mselves ) a political p>ty1 & to claim = ! ,*ur* ! (fice ( judge & arbitrator 9 indu/rial /rife4 ,b surely x is "o ?+ to degrade ! ,*ur* to ! level ( a secul> society1 & ano!r1 by witness & by ef=t1 to make ! law ( ,*ri/ dom9ant ov] all ! relation%ips ( life4 ,m5 are impati5tly ask+1 ',has ! ,*ur* no message to ! new dem&s ( ! age8 ,are ,*ri/ians to /& ap>t f ! com+ battle1 & prea* only ! great salvation to individual s\ls8 ,t ! ,*ri/ian m9i/] mu/ nev] cease to d2 b ! ,gospel1 if x is to meet ! ne$s ( m51 mu/ be read 9 ! light ( hi/ory & exp]i5ce1 & int]pret$ by ! signs ( ! times4 7#b7 ,! gr\nd idea ( ,jesus' tea*+ 01 z ,troelts* has po9t$ out1#bh ! decl>ation ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,ev]y?+ inde$ is relative to union ) ,god1 b 9 ,god man's e>?ly life is involv$4 ,two notes 7 !re=e /ruck by ,jesus1 a note ( individualism & a note ( univ]salism--love to ,god & love to man4 ,^! notes d n really conflict1 b !y became ! two opposite voices ( ! ,*ur*1 & gave rise to diff]5t e?ical t5d5cies4 ,! fir/ religi\s communities consi/$ ( ! poor & ! enslav$4 ,x nev] occurr$ to !m t !y _h civic rights3 all !y desir$ 0 fre$om to wor%ip ,*ri/4 ,n h[ to trans=m ! social _w1 b h[ to ma9ta9 _! own religi\s fai? )\t mole/ation 9 ! _w ( unbelief & evil 0 _! problem4 7#c7 ,9 ! e>ly ,ca?olic ,*ur* ! _s ( individualism rul$4 ,) ! ,re=mation a new type ( life 0 develop$1 & a new attitude to ! social _w 0 e/abli%$4 ,b :ile ,lu!ranism s\ght to ex]cise its influ5ce ^u social life ?r\gh /ate regulation1 ,calv9ism 0 m individuali/ic1 & s\ght r to #bdb en=ce its tea*+ by means ( ! p]sonal life4 ,! attitude ( ! v>i\s sects--,bapti/s1 ,pieti/s1 ,puritans--has be5 l>gely individuali/ic1 & in/ead ( endeav\r+ to rectify ! abuses ( indu/rial life !y h be5 dispos$ r to suff] ! ills ( ?is evil _w1 f9d+ 9 fai? alone _! comp5sation & solace4 ,9 mod]n times ! t5d5cy ( ! ,*ur*1 ,romani/ & ,prote/ant alike1 has be5 t[>d social reg5]ation2 & a =m ( ,*ri/ian ,socialism has ev5 appe>$ :i* h[ev] lacks unity ( pr9ciple & uni=mity ( action4 ,! m$iaeval idea ( a ,holy ,roman ,empire1 9 :i* all nations & classes 7 to be consolidat$1 is n[ admitt$ to be a dream incapable ( realisation1 p>tly because ! idea itself is illusory1 b pr9cipally because ! hold ( ! ,papacy ^u ! p has be5 weak5$4 ,! agitation1 ',los von ,rom' on ! "o h&1 & ! ',mod]ni/' movem5t on ! o!r1 h t5d$ to dissipate ! unity & en]gy ( ,ca?olicism4 ,nev]!less ! ,*ur*1 :i* is really ! society ( ,*ri/ian p1 is com+ to see t x _c close its eyes to que/ions :i* conc]n ! daily life ( man1 nor hold alo( f ef=ts :i* are work+ = ! social bett]m5t ( ! _w4 ,to br+ 9 ! k+dom ( ,god is ! ,*ur*'s "w1 & x is becom+ increas+ly evid5t t ! k+dom1 if x is to come 9 any real & liv+ s5se1 mu/ come :]e ,jesus ,himself f\nd$ x--^u ! plane ( ?is pres5t life4 ,!re are two consid]ations :i* make ?is "w on ! "p ( ! ,*ur* at once imp]ative & hopeful4 ,! fir/ is t ! ,*ur* is specially call$ ^u by ! comm& & example ( its ,f\nd] to range itself on ! side ( ! weak & helpless4 ,x is comm&$ to br+ ! pr9ciples ( bro!rly love to be> ^u ! conditions ( life :i* press mo/ heavily ^u ! h&icapp$4 ,x is call$ on 9 ! _s ( its ,ma/] to rebuke ! gre$ ( ga9 & ! call\s selfi%ness :i* uses ! toil1 & ev5 ! degradation ( o!rs1 = its own p]sonal enjoym5t4 ,! ,*ur* only fulfils its function :5 #bdc x is n only ! consol] ( ! suff]+ b also ! *ampion ( ! oppress$4 ,& ! o!r consid]ation is t 9 virtue ( its nature & *>t] ! ,*ur* is enabl$ to appeal to motives :i* ! ,/ate _c supply4 ,x br+s all social obligation "u ! compreh5sive law ( love4 ,x exalts ! pr9ciple ( bro!rhood4 ,x lifts up ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 & seeks to make x pot5t ov] ! he>ts ( m54 ,x prea*es ! doctr9e ( humanity1 & /rives to w9 a response 9 all :o are will+ to ackn[l$ge _! common k9%ip & equality be=e ,god4 ,x appeals to ma/]s & s]vants1 to employ]s & lab\r]s1 to ri* & poor1 & bids !m rememb] t !y are %>]s alike ( ! ,div9e ,m]cy1 p5sion]s toge!r ^u _! ,heav5ly ,fa!r's love4 #d4 ,:atev] %ape ! obligation ( ! ,*ur* may take 9 reg>d to ! social problems ( ! homel&1 ! duty ( ,*ri/ianity to ! l>g] _w ( ,humanity admits ( no "q4 ,! e?ical significance ( ! mission>y movem5t ( la/ c5tury has be5 pron\nc$ by ,wundt1#bi ! di/+ui%$ hi/orian ( morals1 z ! mightie/ factor 9 mod]n civilisation4 ,speak+ ( humanity 9 its highe/ s5se z hav+ be5 br\ght into ! _w by ,*ri/ianity1 he m5tions z its fir/ manife/ation ! c>e ( ! sick1 & !n adds1 '! second great expression ( ,*ri/ian humanity is ! e/abli%m5t ( missions4' ,x is unnecess>y to dwell ^u ?is mod]n =m ( unselfi% en?usiasm4 ,x has its roots 9 ! simple necessity1 on ! "p ( ! morally awak5$1 ( %>+ _! be/ ) o!r p4 ',man gr[s ) ! greatness ( 8 purposes1' & no great] ideal task has ev] pres5t$ itself to ! imag9ation ( man ?an ?is mighty attempt to conqu] ! _w = ,*ri/1 & give to 8 bro!r m5 ?r\gh\t ! e>? t :i* has rais$ & enri*$ himself4#cj ',! two great =m+ ag5cies 9 ! _w's hi/ory1' says a prom95t political economi/1 'h be5 ! #bdd religi\s & ! economic4'#ca ,on ! "o h& ! economic is requir$ z ! basis ( civilisation1 b on ! o!r ! supreme factor is religion4 ,! comm]cial impulse1 c>ri$ on indep5d5tly ( any high] motive ?an self-int]e/1 has h[ev] n infrequ5tly react$ fav\rably on ! moral life ( ! race4 ,mutual und]/&+1 ! s5se ( a common humanity1 ! virtues ( hone/y1 fairness1 & confid5ce ^u :i* all legitimate comm]ce is f\nd$1 h pav$ ! way 9 no small degree = ! message ( bro!rhood & m]cy4 ,! pres5t h\r is ! ,*ur*'s opportunity4 ,already ! _w has be5 op5$ up1 ! nations ( ! e>? are awak5+ to ! greatness ( life's possibilities4 ,! dang] is t ! ,ori5tal peoples %\ld become satisfi$ ) ! m]e ext]nals ( civilisation1 & miss t :i* w assure _! complete emancipation4 ,*ri/ianity 0 born 9 ! ,ea/1 ?\gh x has become ! inh]itance ( ! ,we/4 ,x is adapt$ by its g5ius to all m54 ,& und\bt$ly ! ,we/ has no bett] boon to conf] on ! ,ea/ ?an t on :i* its own life & hope are f\nd$--! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,if we d n give t1 we are unfai?ful to our ,ma/]'s call2 we falsify our own hi/ory1 & :olly miss ! purpose = :i* we h be5 entru/$ ) div9e enlight5m5t & p[]4 #a ,l(?\se1 ,e?ics ( ! ,family1 p4 #gg4 #b ,hi/4 ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #ech4 #c ,! lit]ature on ?is subject is enorm\s4 ,see specially works ( ,we/]m>ck1 ,m',l5nan1 ,fraz]1 ,hobh\se1 ,&rew ,lang1 & ,ih]+4 #d ,see *ap4 vii4 9 ,g>vie's ,/udies 9 ,inn] ,life ( ,jesus4 #e ,matt4 viii4 #ba1 #bb2 ,luke ix4 #ei-fb4 #f ,luke xiv4 #bf2 ,matt4 x4 #cg4 #g ,m>k x4 #bi1 #cj4 #h ,matt4 xix4 #ab4 #i ,matt4 v4 #cb1 xix4 #c-aj2 ,m>k x4 #aa1 #ab4 #aj ,see ,=sy?1 ,m>riage3 its ,e?ics & ,religion4 #aa ,k+1 ,e?ics ( ,jesus1 p4 #fi4 #ab ,/alk]1 ,e?ics ( ,jesus1 p4 #ccf4 #ac ,?\gh ,nietzs*e does n use ! ^w he may be reg>d$ z ! fa!r ( mod]n eug5ics4 #ad ,cf4 ,ramsay ,macdonald1 ,socialism4 #ae ,m>k vii4 #i-ac4 #af ,cf4 ,k+1 ,! ,moral & ,religi\s ,*all5ge ( our ,times1 pp4 #db f4 #ag ,cf4 ,w4 ,wallace1 ,lects4 & ,addresses1 p4 #aad4 #ah ,aus ,leb5 und ,wiss5s*aft4 #ai ,matt4 xii4 #ah-bb2 ,john xviii4 #bc1 xix4 #aj f4 #bj ,rom4 xiii4 #ba ,sir ,h4 ,jones1 ,idealism z a ,practical ,cre$1 p4 #abc4 #bb ,"s s5t5ces are "h borr[$ f au?or's ,e?ics ( ,/4 ,paul4 #bc ,e4g4 ,euck51 ,k9d]mann1 ,mallock1 & e>li] ,h4 ,sp5c]4 #bd ,life's ,ideal & ,life's ,basis4 #be ,eph4 iv4 #c4 #bf ,cl>ke1 ,ideal ( ,jesus1 p4 #beh4 #bg ,watson1 ,social ,advance4 #bh ,die ,soziallehr5 d] ,*ri/li*5 ,kir*5 und ,grupp51 a rec5t "w on social e?ics ( great erudition & importance4 #bi ,e?ik1 vol4 ii4 #cj ,k+1 ,! ,moral & ,religi\s ,*all5ge ( our ,times1 pp4 #dd & #cdf4 #ca ,m>%all1 ,pr9ciples ( ,economics4 #bde ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,conclusion--,,! ,,p]man5ce ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,e?ics ,9 br++ to a close our /udy ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 we repeat t ! ?ree dom9ant notes ( ! ,*ri/ian ,ideal are--,absolut5ess1 ,inw>dness1 & ,univ]sality4 ,! ,gospel claims to be supreme 9 life & morals4 ,! uniqu5ess & orig9ality ( ! ,e?ics ( ,*ri/ianity are to be s\ght1 h[ev]1 n s mu* 9 ! range ( its practical application z 9 ! unfold+ ( an ideal :i* is at once ! p[] & patt]n ( ! new life4 ,t ideal is ,*ri/ 9 :om ! p]fect life is disclos$1 & ?r\gh :om ! p[] = its realisation is communicat$4 ,life is a =ce1 & "* a gr[? aris+ 9 & exp&+ f a hidd5 se$4 ,h5ce 9 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics apa?y & passivity1 & ev5 asceticism & quietism1 :i* occupy an important place 9 ! moral sy/ems ( ,buddha & ,neo-,platonism1 9 m$iaeval ,ca?olicism & ! tea*+ ( ,tol/oy1 play only a subsidi>y "p1 & are b prep>atory /ages t[>ds ! realisation ( a full] life4 ,on ! contr>y all is life1 en]gy1 & unceas+ endeav\r4 ',i am come t ye may h life1 & t ye may h x m abundantly4' ,!re is no f9ality 9 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics4 ,x is n a me*anical & complet$ code4 ,! ,e?ic ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 j because x has its spr+ 9 ! liv+ ,*ri/1 is an inexhau/ible f\nta9 ( life4 ',true ,*ri/ianity1' says ,edw>d ,caird1 'is n some?+ :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,pale/9e1 & :i* has be5 h&$ d[n by a dead tradition ev] s9ce2 x is a liv+ & gr[+ #bdf _s1 & le>ns ! lessons ( hi/ory1 & is ev] manife/+ new p[]s & lead+ on to new tru?s4' ,! tea*+ ( ,jesus is n m]ely tempor>y or local4 ,x is an utt] p]v]sion ( ! ,gospels to make ! es*atology pres5t 9 !m ! ma/]-key to _! mean+1 or to d]ive ! e?ical ideal f ! utt]ances :i* anticipate an abrupt & imm$iate end4 ,jesus spoke inde$ ! language ( ,8 "t & race1 & (t5 clo!d ,8 spiritual purpose 9 ! =m ( national expectation4 ,b to base ,8 moral maxims on an ',int]im-,e?ic' adapt$ to a transitory _w is to 'di/ort ! p]spective ( ,8 tea*+1 & to rob x ( its unity & insight4' ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,e?ics ( ,jesus are ev]y:]e *>act]is$ by adaptability1 univ]sality1 & p]man5ce1 & 9 ,8 attitude to ! great problems ( life !re is a s]5ity & sympa?y :i* has no?+ 9 common ) ! n]v\s & excit$ expectation ( sudd5 cata/rophe4 ,9 l mann] x is a mis9t]pretation ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus to repres5t asceticism z ! la/ ^w ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics4 ,r5unciation & unworldl9ess are und\bt$ly frequ5tly comm5d$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b !y are urg$ n z ends 9 !mselves b z means to a full] self-realisation4 ,su* 0 n ! habitual temp] & tone ( ,jesus 9 ,8 relations to ! _w1 nor 0 ! ultimate purpose ( ,8 mission to create a type ( manhood ^: p]fection lay 9 )drawal f ! int]e/s & obligations ( life4 ',to s+le out a tea*+ ( non-resi/ance z ! core ( ! ,gospels1 to retreat f social obligations 9 ! "n ( "o :o gladly %>$ !m & 0 call$ a fri5d ( w9e-bibb]s & publicans--all ?is1 h[ev] h]oic x may be1 is n only an impracticable disciple%ip b a hi/orical p]v]sion4 ,x mi/akes ! occasionalism ( ! ,gospels = univ]salism4'#a ,f9ally1 !re are _m details ( mod]n social well-be+ ) :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t does n deal1 que/ions ( pres5t-day e?ics & economics :i* _c be decid$ by a direct ref]5ce to *apt] & #bdg v]se1 ei!r ( ! ,gospels or ,epi/les4 ,! problems ( life %ift ) ! %ift+ ye>s1 b ! nature ( life rema9s un*ang$1 & responds to ! life & ! _s ( ,him :o 01 & rema9s d[n ! ages1 ! ,light ( m54 ,! individual virtues ( humility1 purity ( he>t1 & self-sacrifice are n evanesc5t1 b are n[ & always ! pill>s ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics2 :ile ! great pr9ciples ( human solid>ity1 ( bro!rhood & equality 9 ,*ri/1 ( fre$om1 ( love1 & s]vice2 ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*+s conc]n+ ! family1 ! ,/ate1 & ! k+dom ( ,god2 our ,"l's precepts ) reg>d to ! sacr$ness ( ! body & ! s\l1 ! duty ( "w1 ! /ew>d%ip ( weal?1 & ! acc\ntability to ,god = life ) its v>iety ( gifts & tasks--conta9 ! g]m & pot5cy ( all p]sonal & social trans=mation & r5ewal4 #a ,pr(4 ,peabody1 ,h>v>d ,!ological ,review1 ,may #aiac4 #bdh ,,bibliography ,a4--,,g5]al ,,works ,,on ,,e?ics ,i4 ,,engli% ,,works #a4 ,e>ly ,idealism & ,intuitionalism4 ,hobbes1 #afej2 ,m&eville1 #agad2 ,cudwor?1 #afhh2 ,cumb]l&1 #afgb2 ,sam4 ,cl>ke1 #agjd2 ,%aftesbury1 #agac2 ,butl]1 #agbi2 ,hut*ison1 #agef2 ,adam ,smi?1 #agei2 ,r4 ,price1 #ageg2 ,?om4 ,reid1 #agic2 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 #agic2 ,w4 ,:ewell1 #ahdh2 ,h4 ,cald]wood1 ,h&book ( ,mor4 ,phil41 #ahgb2 ,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 #ahhf2 ,laurie1 ,e?ics1 #ahhe2 ,n4 ,port]1 ,elem5ts ( ,moral ,sci5ce1 #ahhe4 #b4 ,utilit>ianism4 ,locke1 ,conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 #afij2 ,h>tley1 ,obs]vations on ,man1 #agdh2 ,hume1 ,enquiry ,conc]n+ ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 #agea2 ,essays1 #agdb2 ,paley1 ,pr9ciples ( ,mor4 & ,political ,phil41 #aghe2 ,b5?am1 ,introd4 to ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 #aghi2 ,jas4 ,mill1 ,analysis ( ! ,human ,m9d1 #ahbi2 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism1 #ahfc2 ,a4 ,ba91 ,m5tal & ,moral ,sci5ce1 #ahfh2 ,m9d & ,body1 #ahgf2 ,h4 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics 7#f? ed471 #aija2 ,%adwor? ,hodgson1 ,!ory ( ,practice1 #ahgj2 ,t4 ,f[l]1 ,progressive ,morality1 #ahhd2 ,grote1 ,exam9ation ( ,utilit>ian ,e?ics1 #ahgj4 #c4 ,evolution>y ,e?ics4 ,*as4 ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahga2 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics & ,data ( ,e?ics1 #ahgi2 ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d1 ,lectures & ,essays1 #ahgi2 ,leslie ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 #ahhb2 ,s4 ,alex&]1 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 #ahhi2 ,%urman1 ,e?ical ,import ( ,d>w9ism2 ,huxley1 ,evolution & ,e?ics2 ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution 7#b vols471 #aijf2 ,we/]m>ck1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1 #aiji4 #d4 ,mod]n ,idealism4 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 ,proleg4 to ,e?ics1 #ahhc2 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley1 ,e?ical ,/udies1 #ahgf2 ,appe>ance & ,reality1 #ahic2 ,e4 ,caird1 ,crit4 ,phil4 ( ,kant1 #ahij2 ,evolution ( ,religion1 #aijc2 ,w4 ,r4 ,sorley1 ,e?ics ( ,naturalism1 #ahhe2 ,rec5t ,t5d5cies 9 ,e?ics1 #aijd2 ,! ,moral ,life1 #aiab2 ,w4 ,l4 ,c\rtney1 ,con/ructive ,e?ics1 #ahhf2 ,j4 ,s4 ,mack5zie1 ,introd4 to ,social ,philos41 #ahij2 ,manual ( ,e?ics 7#d? ed471 #aijj2 ,w4 ,wallace1 ,lectures & ,essays1 #ahih2 ,muirhead1 ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 #ahib2 ,ra%dall1 ,!ory ( ,good & ,evil2 ,boyce ,gibson1 ,a ,philos4 ,introd4 to ,e?ics1 #aijd2 ,w>d1 ,k+dom ( ,ends 7,gif=d ,lect471 #aiaj2 ,bosanquet1 ,pr9ciples ( ,individuality & ,value1 #aiab2 ,value & ,de/9y ( ! ,individual 7,gif=d ,lects471 #aiac2 ,psy*ology ( ! ,moral ,self2 ,d',arcy1 ,%ort ,/udy ( ,e?ics2 ,w4 ,ar?ur1 ,physical & ,moral ,law2 ,jas4 ,se?1 ,/udy ( ,e?ical ,pr9ciples 7#aa? ed471 #aiaj2 ,ryl&1 ,manual ( ,e?ics2 ,g4 ,e4 ,moore1 ,pr9cipia ,e?ica1 #aijc2 ,e?ics 7,home ,univ4 ,lib471 #aiab2 ,mac,cunn1 ,mak+ ( ,"*1 #aije2 ,e?ics ( ,citiz5%ip1 #aijg2 ,six ,radical ,?9k]s1 #aijg2 ,b[ne1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics2 ,imman5ce ( ,god1 #aijf2 ,dewey1 ,outl9es ( a ,crit4 ,!ory ( ,e?ics1 #ahia2 ,h>ris1 ,moral ,evolution2 ,hyslop1 ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 #ahie2 ,mezes1 ,e?ics1 ,descriptive & ,explanatory1 #aija2 ,royce1 ,religi\s ,aspects ( ,philosophy2 ,philosophy ( ,loyalty1 #aijh2 ,taylor1 ,problem ( ,conduct2 ,r&1 ,! ,classical ,morali/s 7,selections71 #aiaj4 ,,ii4 ,,=eign ,,works ,kant's works1 specially ,metaphysics ( ,e?ics1 trans4 by ,t4 ,k4 ,abbott1 "u title1 ,kant's ,!ory ( ,e?ics 7#crd ed471 #ahhc2 ,fi*te1 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics 7trans471 #aijg2 ,sci5ce ( ,rights 7trans472 ,popul> ,works 7#b vols472 ,vocation ( ,man1 etc42 ,hegel1 ,philosophy ( ,"r1 trans4 by ,s4 ,w4 ,dyde1 #ahif2 ,lotze1 ,practical ,philosophy1 #ahij2 ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 trans4 by ,tufts2 ,wundt1 ,e?ics1 ,an ,inve/igation ( ! ,facts & ,laws ( ! ,moral ,life 7#c vols471 trans4 f #bnd ,g]man ed41 #ahib2 ,dubois1 ,! ,culture ( ,ju/ice2 ,guyot1 ,la ,morale2 ,janet1 ,!ory ( ,morals 7trans472 ,nietzs*e's ,works1 translat$ by ,osc> ,levy 7#ah vols472 ,euck51 ,! ,problem ( ,human ,life1 #aiab2 ,life's ,basis & ,life's ,ideal1 #aiab2 ,mean+ & ,value ( ,life1 #aiab2 ,ma9 ,curr5t ( ,mod]n ,?\ght1 #aiab2 ,! ,life ( ! ,_s1 #aiji2 ,h5sel1 ,hauptproblem d] ,e?ik1 #aijc2 ,lipps1 ,die ,e?is*5 ,grundfrag51 #ahii2 ,natorp1 ,social-pa$agogik2 ,s*uppe1 ,grundzge d] ,e?ik2 ,w5ts*]1 ,e?ik2 ,s*w>z1 ,das ,sittli*e ,leb52 ,l4 ,levy-,bruhl1 ,e?ics & ,moral ,sci5ce1 trans4 by ,eliz4 ,lee1 #aije2 ,w9delb&1 ,prludi54 b] ,will5sfreiheit2 ,bau*1 ,glckseligkeit und ,p]snli*keit 9 d] krit4 ,e?ik2 #bej ,sittli*keit und ,kuttur2 ,coh51 ,e?ik des ,re95 ,will5s1 #aijd2 ,dil!y1 ,e9leitung 9 die ,gei/eswiss5s*aft52 ,ih]+1 ,d] ,zweck im ,re*t 7#b ,bde471 #ahhf2 ,ca?re91 ,moral4 ,philosophie 7#b ,bde471 #aijd2 ,tonnies1 ,geme9s*aft und ,gesells*aft1 #ahhg4 ,b4--,,*ri/ian ,,e?ics ,i4 ,,g5]al ,h>less1 ,*ri/l4 ,e?ik1 #ahdb 7trans471 #ahfh2 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,die ,*ri/l4 ,sitte1 #ahdc2 ,m>he9eke1 ,sy/em d4 ,*ri/l4 ,moral1 #ahdg2 ,bo!1 ,!ol4 ,e?ik1 #ahde2 ,de ,wette1 ,lehrbu* d4 ,*ri/l4 ,sitt5lehre1 #ahec2 ,*4 ,f4 ,s*mid1 ,*ri/l4 ,sitt5lehre1 #ahfa2 ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,h&bu* d4 ,*ri/l4 ,sitt5lehre1 #ahfa 7trans41 #b vols41 ,j4 ,p4 ,lacroix1 #ahgc72 ,f4 ,p4 ,cobbe1 ,religi\s ,duty1 #ahfd2 ,/udies ,e?ical & ,social1 #ahfe2 ,seeley1 ,ecce ,homo1 #ahhf2 ,maurice1 ,social ,morality1 #ahgb2 ,consci5ce1 #ahgb2 ,wade1 ,*ri/ianity & ,morality1 #ahgf2 ,h(mann1 ,!ol4 ,e?ik1 #ahgh2 ,lange1 ,grundriss d4 ,*ri/l4 ,e?ik1 #ahgh2 ,m>t5s51 ,*ri/l4 ,e?ik 7trans41 #c vols471 #ahgh2 ,gregory ,smi?1 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,*ri/ian ,morality1 #ahgf2 ,o4 ,pfleid]]1 ,grundriss d4 ,glaub5s und ,sitt5lehre1 #ahhj2 ,lu?>dt1 ,vortrge b] die ,moral d4 ,*ri/5?ums1 #ahhb2 ,s4 ,lea!s1 ,f\ndations ( ,morality1 #ahhb2 ,frank1 ,sy/em d4 ,*ri/l4 ,sitt5lehre1 #ahhe2 ,we/cott1 ,social ,aspects ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ahhg2 ,w4 ,t4 ,davidson1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,consci5ce1 #ahhh2 ,balf\r1 ,! ,religion ( ,humanity1 #ahhh2 ,maccoll1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ,relation to ,sci5ce & ,morals1 #ahhi2 ,/anton1 ,prov9ce ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 #ahij2 ,hughes1 ,pr9ciples ( ,natural & ,sup]natural ,morals1 #ahij2 ,w4 ,g4 ,lilly1 ,"r & ,wrong1 #ahij2 ,bright1 ,morality 9 ,doctr9e1 #ahib2 ,s*ultz1 ,grundriss d4 ,evangelis*5 ,e?ik1 #ahia2 ,newman ,smy?1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 #ahib2 ,d[d51 ,relation ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics to ,philos4 ,e?ics1 #ahib2 ,jas4 ,drummond1 ,via1 ,v]itas1 ,vita 7,hib4 ,lect471 #ahid2 ,jacoby1 ,neuk/am5tli*e ,e?ik1 #ahhi2 ,salwitz1 ,das ,problem d4 ,e?ik1 #ahia2 ,knight1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,e?ic1 #ahic2 ,jas4 ,kidd1 ,morality & ,religion1 #ahie2 ,/rong1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 #ahig2 ,troelts*1 ,die ,*ri/l4 ,e?ik und die heutige ,gesells*aft1 #aijd2 ,die ,sociallehr5 d4 ,*ri/l4 ,kir*5 u4 ,grupp5 7#b vols471 #aiab2 ,prote/antism & ,progress1 #aiab2 ,lemme1 ,*ri/l4 ,e?ik4 7#b vols471 #aijh2 ,kirn1 ,grundriss d4 ,!ol4 ,e?ik1 #aiji2 ,sitlli*e ,leb5ans*auung5 d4 ,geig5w>t1 #aiaa2 ,na%1 ,e?ics & ,revelation2 ,dobs*tz1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,life 9 ! ,primitive ,*ur*2 ,cl>k1 ,! ,*ur* & ! ,*ang+ ,ord]2 ,ottley1 ,*ri/ian ,ideas & ,ideals1 #aiji2 ,cl>k ,murray1 ,h&book ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 #aijh2 ,h5ry ,w4 ,cl>k1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,me?od ( ,e?ics1 #aijh2 ,raus*5bus*1 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,social ,crisis1 #aijh2 ,geo4 ,ma!son1 ,l&m>ks ( ,new ,te/am5t ,morality1 #ahhh2 ,j4 ,smi?1 ,*ri/ian ,"* & ,social ,p[]2 ,gladd51 ,appli$ ,*ri/ianity2 ,j4 ,r4 ,campbell1 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,social ,ord]2 ,coe1 ,education 9 ,religion & ,morals2 ,peile1 ,! ,reproa* ( ! ,gospel2 ,gotts*ick1 ,e?ik1 #aijg2 ,w4 ,s*midt1 ,d] ,kampf um die ,sittli*e ,welt1 #aijf2 ,h]rmann1 ,e?ik1 #aiji2 ,fai? & ,morals1 ,communion ( ! ,*ri/ian ) ,god2 ,a4 ,e4 ,bal*1 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics2 ,kirkpatrick1 ,*ri/ian ,"* & ,conduct2 ,*ur*1 ,outl9es ( ,*ri/ian ,"*2 ,paget1 ,*ri/ian ,"*2 ,ill+wor?1 ,*ri/ian ,"*2 ,p]sonality1 ,human & ,div9e2 ,r4 ,mack9to%1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 #aiji2 ,ha]+1 ,! ,e?ics ( ! ,*ri/ian ,life 7trans471 #aiji2 ,b>b\r1 ,a ,philos4 ,/udy ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 #aiaa2 ,/ubbs1 ,*ri/ & ,economics2 ,w4 ,s4 ,bruce1 ,social ,aspects ( ,*ri/ian ,morality1 #aije2 ,=mation ( ,*ri/ian ,"*2 ,h>p]1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics & ,social ,progress1 #aiab2 ,t4 ,c4 ,hall1 ,social ,solutions 9 ! 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