,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,,mudge ,! fir/ ,horologi/ :o successfully appli$ ! ,deta*$ ,lev] ,escapem5t to ,wat*es4 ,born #agae--;,di$ #agid4 ,,an ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,lev] ,,escapem5t ,,by ,h4 ,r4 ,,playtn]4 ,a ,,lecture ,,deliv]$ ,,be=e ,,! ,,canadian ,,wat*mak]s' ,,& ,,retail ,,jewel]s' ,,association4 ,,illu/rat$4 ,,*icago3 ,,hazlitt ,,walk]1 ,,publi%]s4 #aiaj4 ,,preface4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u our subject prop]1 we ?9k x advisable to expla9 a few po9ts1 simple ?\gh !y are1 :i* might cause confusion to "s read]s4 ,our exp]i5ce has %[n u t z soon z we use ! words millimet] & degree1 p]plexity is ! result4 ,:at is a millimet]8 is prop\nd$ to u v (t5 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>2 ne>ly e new acqua9tance is int]e/$ 9 hav+ ! metric sy/em ( measurem5t1 toge!r ) ! f9e gauges us$1 expla9$ to him4 ,! metric sy/em ( measurem5t orig9at$ at ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #ah? c5tury2 its divisions are decimal1 j ! same z ! sy/em ( curr5cy we use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a met] is ! t5 million? "p ( an arc ( ! m]idian ( ,p>is1 drawn f ! equator to ! nor? pole2 z comp>$ ) ! ,engli% in* !re are #cicgjh_/ajjjj in*es 9 a met]1 & !re are #be4d millimet]s 9 an in*4 ,! met] is sub-divid$ into decimet]s1 c5timet]s & millimet]s2 #a1jjj millimet]s equal "o met]2 ! millimet] is aga9 divid$ into #aj?s & ! #aj?s into #ajj?s ( a millimet]1 :i* c\ld be cont9u$ indef9itely4 ,! #a_/ajj millimet] is equal to ! #a_/bedj ( an in*4 ,^! are measurem5ts ) :i* ! wat*mak] is conc]n$4 #a_/ajj millimet]1 writt5 4#ja mm41 is ! side %ake = a balance pivot2 multiply x by #b & we obta9 ! ?ickness = ! spr+ det5t ( a pocket *ronomet]1 :i* is ab\t ! ?ickness ( a human hair4 ,! metric sy/em ( measurem5t is us$ 9 all ! wat* factories ( ,switz]l&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ne>ly all ! la! mak]s numb] _! *ucks by x1 & "s ( !m cut ! lead+ screws on _! slide re/s to x4 ,9 any mod]n "w on horology ( value1 ! metric sy/em is us$4 ,skill$ horologi/s use x on acc\nt ( its conv5i5ce4 ,! millimet] is a unit :i* c be h&l$ on ! small p>ts ( a wat*1 :]eas ! in* mu/ always be divid$ on any?+ small] ?an ! plates4 ,equally z f9e gauges c be & are made = ! in* z = ! metric sy/em1 & ! in* is decimally divid$1 b we require ano!r decimal po9t to express our measurem5t4 ,metric gauges c n[ be procur$ f ! mat]ial %ops2 !y consi/ ( t5? measures1 v]ni]s & micromet]s2 ! f9] ones ( ^! come f ,gla%utte1 & are ! ones m5tion$ by ,grossmann 9 8 essay on ! lev] escapem5t4 ,any workman :o has once us$ ^! in/rum5ts c\ld n be p]suad$ to d )\t !m4 ,no "o c compreh5d ! geometrical pr9ciples employ$ 9 escapem5ts )\t a k ( angles & _! measurem5ts1 !re=e we deem x ( suffici5t importance to at lea/ expla9 :at a degree is1 z we "k = a fact1 t "y workm5 especially1 (t5 fail to see h[ to apply x4 ,e circle1 no matt] h[ l>ge or small x may be1 conta9s #cfj2 a degree is !re=e ! #cfj? "p ( a circle2 x is divid$ into m9utes1 seconds1 ?irds1 etc4 ,to measure ! value ( a degree ( any circle1 we mu/ multiply ! diamet] ( x by #c4adaf1 :i* gives u ! circumf]5ce1 & !n divide x by #cfj4 ,x w be se5 t x dep5ds on ! size ( t circle or its radius1 z to ! value ( a degree 9 any actual measurem5t4 ,to illu/rate2 a degree on ! e>?'s circumf]5ce measures #fj geographical miles1 :ile measur$ on ! circumf]5ce ( an escape :eel #g4e mm4 9 diamet]1 or z !y w\ld designate x 9 a mat]ial %op1 ,no4 #g1 x w\ld be #g4e #c4adaf #cfj 4#jfee mm41 :i* is equal to ! bread? ( an ord9>y human hair2 x is a degree 9 bo? cases1 b ! diff]5ce is v great1 !re=e a degree _c be associat$ ) any actual measurem5t until ! radius ( ! circle is kn[n4 ,degrees are g5]at$ f ! c5t] ( ! circle1 & %\ld be ?\ght ( z to asc5sion or direction & relative value4 ,circles conta9 f\r "r angles ( #ij ea*4 ,degrees are commonly measur$ by means ( ! protractor1 al?\gh ! ord9>y in/rum5ts ( ?is k9d leave v mu* to be desir$4 ,! l9es c be v]ifi$ by means ( ! compass1 :i* is a good practical me?od4 ,x may also be well to give an explanation ( "s ( ! t]ms us$4 ,drop equals ! am\nt ( fre$om :i* is all[$ = ! action ( pallets & :eel4 ,see ,z1 ,fig4 #a4 ,primitive or ,geometrical ,diamet]4--,9 ! rat*et too? or ,engli% :eel1 ! primitive & real diamet] are equal2 9 ! club too? :eel x means across ! lock+ corn]s ( ! tee?2 9 su* a :eel1 !re=e1 ! primitive is less ?an ! real diamet] by ! height ( two impulse planes4 ,lock equals ! dep? ( lock+1 measur$ f ! lock+ corn] ( ! pallet at ! mom5t ! drop has occurr$4 ,run equals ! am\nt ( angul> motion ( pallets & =k to ! bank+s aft] ! drop has tak5 place4 ,total ,lock equals lock plus run4 ,a ,tang5t is a l9e :i* t\*es a curve1 b does n int]sect x4 ,,ac & ,,ad1 ,figs4 #b & #c1 are tang5ts to ! primitive circle ,,gh at ! po9ts ( int]section ( ,,eb1 ,,ac1 & ,,gh & ,,fb1 ,,ad & ,,gh4 ,impulse ,angle equals ! angul> connection ( ! impulse or ruby p9 ) ! lev] =k2 or 9 o!r words1 ( ! balance ) ! escapem5t4 ,impulse ,radius4--,f ! face ( ! impulse jewel to ! c5t] ( motion1 :i* is 9 ! balance /aff1 mo/ writ]s assume ! impulse angle & radius to be equal1 & x is true t !y mu/ con=m ) "o ano!r4 ,we h made a radical *ange 9 ! radius & "o :i* does n affect ! angle4 ,we %all prove ?is 9 due "t1 & also t ! wid] ! impulse p9 ! great] mu/ ! impulse radius be1 al?\gh ! angle w rema9 un*ang$4 ,"r "h we wi% to put 9 a ^w ( advice to all "y m51 & t is to le>n to draw4 ,no "o c be a ?or\gh wat*mak] unless he c draw1 because he _c compreh5d 8 trade unless he c d s4 ,we "k :at x has done = u1 & we h notic$ ! same results ) o!rs1 !re=e we speak f p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,att5d night s*ools & me*anic's in/itutes & improve y\rselves4 ,! "y workm5 ( ,toronto h a great advantage 9 ! ,toronto ,te*nical ,s*ool1 b we are sorry to see t out ( "s #fjj /ud5ts1 only five wat*mak]s att5d$ la/ ye>4 ,we c acc\nt = ! majority ( !m1 s x w\ld seem z if ! "y m5 ( ! trade 7 n mu* int]e/$1 or ?\ght !y c\ld n apply ! k to be ga9$ !re4 ,?is is a great mi/ake2 we might almo/ say t k ( any k9d c be appli$ to horology4 ,! "y m5 :o take up ^! /udies1 w see ! great advantage ( !m lat] on2 "o workman w labor intellig5tly & ! o!r d bl9d guess "w4 ,we are n[ ab\t to ent] ^u our subject & deem x well to say1 we h endeavor$ to make x z pla9 z possible4 ,x is a deep subject & is difficult to treat lightly2 we w treat x 9 our own way1 pay+ special att5tion to all ^! po9ts :i* bo!r$ u dur+ ! _m ye>s ( pa9/ak+ /udy :i* we gave to ! subject4 ,we especially endeavor to po9t out h[ !ory c be appli$ to practice2 :ile we _c expect t ev]yone w und]/& ! subject )\t /udy1 we ?9k we h made x comp>atively easy ( compreh5sion4 ,we w give our me?od ( draft+ ! escapem5t1 :i* happ5s 9 "s respects to diff] f o!rs4 ,we believe 9 mak+ a draw+ :i* we c reproduce 9 a wat*4 ,,an ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,lev] ,,escapem5t4 ,! lev] escapem5t is d]iv$ f ,graham's dead-beat escapem5t = clocks4 ,?omas ,mudge 0 ! fir/ horologi/ :o successfully appli$ x to wat*es 9 ! deta*$ =m1 ab\t #agej4 ,! lock+ faces ( ! pallets 7 arcs ( circles /ruck f ! pallet c5t]s4 ,_m improvem5ts 7 made ^u x until to-day x is ! be/ =m ( escapem5t = a g5]al purpose wat*1 & :5 made on me*anical pr9ciples is capable ( produc+ fir/ rate results4 ,our object w be to expla9 ! :ys & :]e=es ( ?is escapem5t1 & we w at once beg9 ) ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! escape :eel4 ,x is n obligatory 9 ! lev]1 z 9 ! v]ge1 to h an unev5 numb] ( tee? 9 ! :eel4 ,:ile ne>ly all h #ae tee?1 we might make !m ( #ad or #af2 occasionally we f9d "s 9 complicat$ wat*es ( #ab tee?1 & 9 old ,engli% wat*es1 ( #cj1 :i* is a clumsy arrangem5t1 & if ! pallets embrace only ?ree tee? 9 ! latt]1 ! pallet c5t] _c be pit*$ on a tang5t4 ,al?\gh advisable f a tim+ /&po9t t ! tee? 9 ! escape :eel %\ld divide ev5ly into ! numb] ( beats made p] m9ute 9 a wat* ) seconds h&1 x is n1 /rictly speak+1 necess>y t x %\ld d s1 z an example w %[4 ,we w take an ord9>y wat*1 beat+ #cjj times p] m9ute2 we w fit an escape :eel ( #af tee?2 multiply ?is by #b1 z !re is a =w>d & !n a return motion ( ! balance & consequ5tly two beats = ea* too?1 mak+ #af #b #cb beats = ea* revolution ( ! escape :eel4 #cjj beats are made p] m9ute2 divide ?is by ! beats made on ea* revolution1 & we h ! numb] ( times 9 :i* ! escape :eel revolves p] m9ute1 namely1 #cjj #cb #i4cge4 ,?is numb] !n is ! proportion exi/+ = ! tee? & pit* diamet]s ( ! #d? :eel & escape p9ion4 ,we mu/ n[ f9d a suitable numb] ( tee? = ?is :eel & p9ion4 ,( available p9ions = a wat*1 ! only "o :i* w\ld answ] w\ld be "o ( #h leaves1 z any o!r numb] w\ld give a fractional numb] ( tee? = ! #d? :eel1 !re=e #i4cge #h #ge tee? 9 #d? :eel4 ,n[ z to ! pro(3 z is well kn[n1 if we multiply ! numb] ( tee? conta9$ 9 #d? & escape :eels also by #b1 = ! reason previ\sly giv51 & divide by ! leaves 9 ! escape p9ion1 we get ! numb] ( beats made p] m9ute2 !re=e 7#ge #af #b7_/h #cjj beats p] m9ute4 ,pallets c be made to embrace m ?an ?ree tee?1 b w\ld be mu* heavi] & !re=e ! me*anical action w\ld suff]4 ,!y c also be made to embrace few] tee?1 b ! necess>y side %ake 9 ! pivot holes w\ld prove v detrim5tal to a total lift+ angle ( #aj1 :i* repres5ts ! angle ( movem5t 9 mod]n wat*es4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ ones only make #h or #i ( a movem5t2 ! small] ! angle ! great] w ! effects ( defective workman%ip be2 #aj is a common-s5se angle & gives a safe escapem5t capable ( f9e results4 ,!oretically1 if a timepiece c\ld be produc$ 9 :i* ! balance w\ld vibrate )\t be+ connect$ ) an escapem5t1 we w\ld h rea*$ a /ep ne>] ! goal4 ,practice has %[n ?is to be ! prop] !ory to "w on4 ,h5ce1 ! small] ! pallet & impulse angles ! less w ! balance & escapem5t be connect$4 ,! *ronomet] is /ill m highly deta*$ ?an ! lev]4 ,! pallet embrac+ ?ree tee? is s\nd & practical1 & :5 appli$ to a #ae too? :eel1 ?is arrangem5t (f]s c]ta9 geometrical & me*anical advantages 9 its con/ruction1 :i* we w notice 9 due "t4 #ae tee? divide ev5ly into #cfj leav+ an int]val ( #bd f too? to too?1 :i* is also ! angle at :i* ! lock+ faces ( ! tee? are incl9$ f ! c5t]1 :i* fact w be f\nd conv5i5t :5 we come to cut our :eel4 ,f lock+ to lock+ on ! pallet scap+ ov] ?ree tee?1 ! angle is #fj1 :i* is equal to #b spaces ( ! :eel4 ,fig4 #a illu/rates ! lock+s1 spann+ ?is arc4 ,if ! pallets embrac$ #d tee?1 ! angle w\ld be #hd2 or 9 case ( a #af too? :eel scap+ ov] ?ree tee?1 ! angle w\ld be #cfj #b4e_/af #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,pallets may be divid$ into two k9ds1 namely3 equidi/ant & circul>4 ,! equidi/ant pallet is s-call$ because ! lock+s are an equal di/ance f ! c5t]2 sometimes x is also call$ ! tang5tial escapem5t1 on acc\nt ( ! unlock+ tak+ place on ! int]section ( tang5t ,,ac ) ,,eb1 & ,,fb ) ,,ad1 ! tang5ts1 :i* is ! valuable feature ( ?is =m ( escapem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,ac & ,,ad1 ,fig4 #b1 are tang5ts to ! primitive circle ,,gh4 ,,abe & ,,abf are angles ( #cj ea*1 toge!r !re=e =m+ ! angle ,,fbe ( #fj4 ,! lock+ circle ,,mn is /ruck f ! pallet c5t] ,a2 ! int]angles be+ equal1 consequ5tly ! pallets mu/ be equidi/ant4 ,! weak po9t ( ?is pallet is t ! lift+ is n p]=m$ s favorably2 by exam9+ ! lift+ planes ,,mo & ,,np1 we see t ! dis*>g+ edge1 ,o1 is clos] to ! c5t]1 ,a1 ?an ! dis*>g+ edge1 ,p2 consequ5tly ! lift+ on ! engag+ pallet is p]=m$ on a %ort] lev] arm ?an on ! dis5gag+ pallet1 also any inequality 9 workman%ip w\ld prove m detrim5tal on ! engag+ ?an on ! dis5gag+ pallet4 ,! equidi/ant pallet requires f9e workman%ip ?r\gh\t4 ,we h purposely %[n x ( a wid? ( #aj1 :i* is ! wide/ we c employ 9 a #ae too? :eel1 & %[s ! defects ( ?is escapem5t m readily ?an if we _h us$ a n>r[ pallet4 ,a n>r[] pallet is advisable1 z ! diff]5ce 9 ! dis*>g+ edges w be less1 & ! lift+ arms w\ld1 !re=e1 n %[ s mu* diff]5ce 9 lev]age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,! circul> pallet is sometimes appropriately call$ ! pallet ) equal lifts1 z ! lev] arms ,,amo & ,,anp1 ,fig4 #c1 are equal l5g?s4 ,x w be notic$ by exam9+ ! diagram1 t ! pallets are bisect$ by ! #cj l9es ,,eb & ,,fb1 "o-half _! wid? be+ plac$ on ea* side ( ^! l9es4 ,9 ?is pallet we h two lock+ circles1 ,,mp = ! engag+ pallet1 & ,,no = ! dis5gag+ pallet4 ,! weak po9ts 9 ?is escapem5t are t ! unlock+ resi/ance is great] on ! engag+ ?an on ! dis5gag+ pallet1 & t nei!r ( !m lock on ! tang5ts ,,ac & ,,ad1 at ! po9ts ( int]section ) ,,eb & ,,fb4 ,! n>r[] ! circul> pallet is made1 ! ne>] to ! tang5t w ! unlock+ be p]=m$4 ,9 nei!r ! equidi/ant or circul> pallets c ! unlock+ resi/ance be exactly ! same on ea* pallet1 z 9 ! engag+ pallet ! friction takes place be=e ,,ab1 ! l9e ( c5t]s1 :i* is m sev]e ?an :5 ?is l9e has be5 pass$1 z is ! case ) ! dis5gag+ pallet2 ?is fact proportionately increases ! exi/+ defects ( ! circul> ov] ! equidi/ant pallet1 & vice v]sa1 b = ! same reason1 ! lift+ 9 ! equidi/ant is proportionately accompani$ by m friction ?an 9 ! circul>4 ,bo? equidi/ant & circul> pallets h _! adh]5ts2 ! f9e/ ,swiss1 ,fr5* & ,g]man wat*es are made ) equidi/ant escapem5ts1 :ile ! majority ( ,engli% & ,am]ican wat*es conta9 ! circul>4 ,9 our op9ion ! ,engli% are wise 9 adh]+ to ! circul> =m4 ,we ?9k a rat*et :eel %\ld n be employ$ ) equidi/ant pallets4 ,by exam9+ ,fig4 #b1 we see an ,engli% pallet ( ?is =m4 ,we h %[n its defects 9 su* a wide pallet z ! ,engli% 7z we h be=e /at$71 because !y are m readily p]ceiv$2 also1 on acc\nt ( ! %ape ( ! tee?1 !re is dang] ( ! dis*>g+ edge1 ,p1 dipp+ s deep into ! :eel1 z to make consid]able drop necess>y1 or ! pallets w\ld t\* on ! backs ( ! tee?4 ,9 ! case ( ! club too?1 ! latt] is holl[$ out1 !re=e1 less drop is requir$4 ,we h notic$ t !oretically1 x is advantage\s to make ! pallets n>r[] ?an ! ,engli%1 bo? = ! equidi/ant & circul> escapem5ts4 ,!re is an escapem5t1 ,fig4 #d1 :i* is j ! opposite to ! ,engli%4 ,! entire lift is p]=m$ by ! :eel1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! rat*et :eel1 ! entire lift+ angle is on ! pallets2 also1 ! pallets be+ z n>r[ z !y c be made1 consi/5t ) /r5g?1 x has ! good po9ts ( bo? ! equidi/ant & circul> pallets1 z ! unlock+ c be p]=m$ on ! tang5t & ! lift+ arms are ( equal l5g?4 ,! :eel1 h[ev]1 is s mu* heavi] z to consid]ably increase ! in]tia2 also1 we h a metal surface ( q an ext5t slid+ ov] a ?9 jewel4 ,= practical reasons1 !re=e1 x has be5 slightly alt]$ 9 =m & is only us$ 9 *eap "w1 be+ easily made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,we w n[ consid] ! drop1 :i* is a cle> loss ( p[]1 &1 if excessive1 is ! cause ( mu* irregul>ity4 ,x %\ld be z small z possible consi/5t ) p]fect fre$om ( action4 ,9 s f> z angul> measurem5ts are conc]n$1 no h>d & fa/ rule c be appli$ to x1 ! l>g] ! escape :eel ! small] %\ld be ! angle all[$ = drop4 ,au?orities on ! subject all[ #a drop = ! club & #b = ! rat*et too?4 ,x is a fact t escape :eels are n cut p]fectly true2 ! tee? are apt to b5d slightly f ! action ( ! cutt]s4 ,! true/ :eel c be made ( /eel1 z ea* too? c be successively gr\nd aft] be+ h>d5$ & temp]$4 ,su* a :eel w\ld require less drop ?an "o ( any o!r metal4 ,suppos+ we h a :eel ) a primitive diamet] ( #g4e mm41 :at is ! am\nt ( drop1 all[+ #a by angul> measurem5t8 #g4e #c4adaf #cfj #a4e 4#jihc mm41 :i* is suffici5t2 a hair c\ld get betwe5 ! pallet & too?1 & w\ld n /op ! wat*4 ,ev5 aft] all[+ = imp]fectly divid$ tee?1 we require no great] fre$om ev5 if ! :eel is l>g]4 ,n[ suppose we take a :eel ) a primitive diamet] ( #h4e mm4 & f9d ! am\nt ( drop2 #h4e #c4adaf #cfj #a4e 4#adac mm41 or 4#adac - 4#jihc 4#jdc mm41 m drop ?an ! small] :eel1 if we take ! same angle4 ,?is is a wa/e ( =ce4 ,! angul> drop %\ld1 !re=e1 be proportion$ accord+ to ! size ( ! :eel4 ,we wi% x to be und]/ood t common s5se mu/ always be our guide4 ,:5 ! horological /ud5t once arrives at ?is /&po9t1 he c intellig5tly apply himself to 8 call+4 ,! ,draw4--,! draw or draft angle 0 add$ to ! pallets 9 ord] to draw ! =k back aga9/ ! bank+s & ! gu>d po9t f ! roll] :5ev] ! safety action _h p]=m$ its function4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,pallets ) draw are m difficult to unlock ?an ^? )\t x1 ?is is 9 ! nature ( a fault1 b :5ev] !re are two faults we mu/ *oose ! less4 ,! rate ( ! wat* w suff] less on acc\nt ( ! recoil introduc$ ?an x w\ld 7 ! lock+ faces arcs ( circles /ruck f ! pallet c5t]1 9 :i* case ! gu>d po9t w\ld (t5 rema9 aga9/ ! roll]4 ,! draw %\ld be z light z possible consi/5t ) safety ( action2 "s writ]s all[ #ae on ! engag+ & #ab on ! dis5gag+ pallet2 o!rs aga9 all[ #ab on ea*1 :i* we deem suffici5t4 ,! draw is measur$ f ! lock+ edges ,m & ,n1 ,fig4 #e4 ,! lock+ planes :5 lock$ are incl9$ #ab f ,,eb1 & ,,fb4 ,9 ! case ( ! engag+ pallet x incl9es t[>d ! c5t] ,a4 ,! draw is produc$ on acc\nt ( ,,ma be+ long] ?an ,,ra1 consequ5tly1 :5 p[] is appli$ to ! scape too? ,s1 ! pallet is drawn into ! :eel4 ,! dis5gag+ pallet incl9es 9 ! same direction b away f ! c5t] ,a2 ! reason is obvi\s f ! =m] explanation4 ,"s p imag9e t ! great] ! incl9e on ! lock+ edge ( ! escape tee?1 ! /rong] ! draw w\ld be4 ,?is is n ! case1 b x is c]ta9ly necess>y t ! po9t ( ! too? alone %\ld t\* ! pallet4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! angle on ! tee? mu/ be great] ?an on ! pallets2 exam9e ! dis5gag+ pallet 9 ,fig4 #e1 z x is f ?is pallet t ! incl9ation ( ! tee? mu/ be det]m9$1 z 9 ! case ( ! engag+ pallet ! motion is t[>d ! l9e ( c5t]s ,,ab1 & !re=e away f ! too?1 :i* p>tially expla9s :y "s p advocate #ae draw = ?is pallet4 ,z illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! dis5gag+ pallet1 h[ev]1 ! motion is also t[>ds ! l9e ( c5t]s ,,ab1 & t[>ds ! too? z well1 all ( :i* w be se5 by ! dott$ circles ,,mm#b & ,,nn#b1 repres5t+ ! pa?s ( ! pallets4 ,x w be notic$ t ,,unf & ,,bnb are opposite & equal angles ( #ab4 ,= practical reasons1 f a manufactur+ /&po9t1 ! angle on ! too? is made j twice ! am\nt1 namely #bd2 we c\ld make x a little less or a little m4 ,if we made x less ?an #bj too great a surface w\ld be 9 contact ) ! jewel1 involv+ great] friction 9 unlock+ & an ineffici5t draw1 b 9 ! case ( an ,engli% lev] ) su* an arrangem5t we c\ld d ) less drop1 :i* advantage w\ld be too de>ly b\ght2 or if ! angle is made ov] #bh1 ! po9t or lock+ edge ( ! too? w\ld rapidly become worn 9 case ( a brass :eel4 ,also 9 an ,engli% lev] m drop w\ld be requir$4 ,! ,lock4--,:at we h said 9 reg>d to drop also applies to ! lock1 :i* %\ld be z small z possible1 consi/5t ) p]fect safety4 ,! great] ! drop ! deep] mu/ be ! lock2 #a is ! angle g5]ally all[$ = ! lock1 b x is obvi\s t 9 a l>ge escapem5t x c be less4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,! ,run4--,! run or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ! slide1 %\ld also be z light z possible2 f to is suffici5t4 ,x foll[s !n1 ! bank+s %\ld be z close toge!r z possible1 consi/5t ) requisite fre$om = escap+4 ,any?+ m ?an ?is increases ! angul> connection ( ! balance ) ! escapem5t1 :i* directly violates ! !ory "u :i* x is con/ruct$2 also1 a great] am\nt ( "w w be impos$ ^u ! balance to meet ! increas$ unlock+ resi/ance1 result+ 9 a poor motion & accurate "t w be out ( ! "q4 ,x w be se5 t ^? workm5 :o make a practice ( op5+ ! banks1 to give ! escapem5t m fre$om simply jump f ! fry+ pan into ! fire4 ,! bank+s %\ld be z f> remov$ f ! pallet c5t] z possible1 z ! fur!r away !y are pit*$ ! less run we require1 accord+ to angul> measurem5t4 ,figure #f illu/rates ?is fact2 ! too? ,s has j dropp$ on ! engag+ pallet1 b ! =k has n yet rea*$ ! bank+s4 ,at a we h #a ( run1 :ile if plac$ at b we w\ld only h ( run1 b /ill ! same fre$om = escap+1 & less unlock+ resi/ance4 ,! bank+s %\ld be plac$ t[>ds ! act+ end ( ! =k z illu/rat$1 z 9 case ! wat* rebanks !re w\ld be m /ra9 on ! lev] pivots if !y 7 plac$ at ! o!r end ( ! =k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,! ,lift4--,! lift is compos$ ( ! actual lift on ! tee? & pallets & ! lock & run4 ,we w suppose t f drop to drop we all[ #aj2 if ! lock is #a !n ! actual lift by means ( ! incl9$ planes on tee? & pallets w be #h4 ,we h se5 t a small lift+ angle is advisable1 s t ! vibrations ( ! balance w be z free z possible4 ,!re are o!r reasons z well4 ,fig4 #g %[s two incl9$ planes2 we desire to lift ! weight #b a di/ance equal to ! angle at :i* ! planes are incl9$2 x w be se5 at a glance t we w h less friction by employ+ ! small] incl9e1 :]eas ) ! l>g] "o ! motive p[] is employ$ ?r\gh a great] di/ance on ! object to be mov$4 ,! small] ! angle ! m en]getic w ! movem5t be2 ! gr9d+ ( ! angles & fit ( ! pivots1 etc41 also increases 9 importance4 ,an actual lift ( #h satisfies ! conditions impos$ v well4 ,we h be=e se5 t bo? on acc\nt ( ! unlock+ & ! lift+ lev]age ( ! pallet arms1 x w\ld be advisable to make !m n>r[ bo? 9 ! equidi/ant & circul> escapem5t4 ,we w n[ /udy ! "q f ! /&po9t ( ! lift1 9 s f> z ! :eel is conc]n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,x is self-evid5t t a n>r[ pallet requires a wide too?1 & a wide pallet a n>r[ or ?9 too? :eel2 9 ! rat*et :eel we h a metal po9t pass+ ov] a jewel$ plane4 ,! friction is at its m9imum1 because !re is less adhesion ?an ) ! club too?1 b we mu/ emphasize ! fact t we require a great] angle 9 proportion on ! pallets 9 ?is escapem5t ?an ) ! n>r[ pallets & wid] too?4 ,?is seems to be a po9t :i* _m d n ?or\ghly compreh5d1 & we w\ld advise a close /udy ( ,fig4 #h1 :i* w make x p]fectly cle>1 z we %[ bo? a wide & a n>r[ pallet4 ,,gh1 repres5ts ! primitive1 :i* 9 ?is figure is also ! real diamet] ( ! escape :eel4 ,9 measur+ ! lift+ angles = ! pallets1 our />t+ po9t is always f ! tang5ts ,,ac & ,,ad4 ,! tang5ts are /raight l9es1 b ! :eel describes ! circle ,,gh1 !re=e !y mu/ deviate f "o ano!r1 & ! clos] to ! c5t] ,a ! dis*>g+ edge ( ! engag+ pallet rea*es1 ! great] does ?is diff]5ce become2 & 9 ! same mann] ! fur!r ! dis*>g+ edge ( ! dis5gag+ pallet is f ! c5t] ,a ! great] x is4 ,?is %[s t ! loss is great] 9 ! equidi/ant ?an 9 ! circul> escapem5t4 ,aft] ?is we w designate ?is diff]5ce z ! loss4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate x m pla9ly we %[ ! wide/ pallet--! ,engli%--9 equidi/ant =m4 ,?is gives ano!r reason :y ! ,engli% lev] %\ld only be made ) circul> pallets1 z we h se5 t ! wid] ! pallet ! great] ! loss4 ,! loss is measur$ at ! int]section ( ! pa? ( ! dis*>g+ edge ,,oo1 ) ! circle ,g ,h1 & is %[n ?r\gh ,,ac#b1 :i* int]sects ^! circles at t po9t4 ,9 ! case ( ! dis5gag+ pallet1 ,,pp illu/rates ! pa? ( ! dis*>g+ edge2 ! loss is measur$ z 9 ! prec$+ case :]e ,,gh is int]sect$ z %[n by ,,ad#b4 ,x am\nts to a diff]5t value on ea* pallet4 ,notice ! loss betwe5 ,c & ,c#b1 on ! engag+1 & ,d & ,d#b on ! dis5gag+ pallet2 x is great] on ! engag+ pallet1 s mu* s t x am\nts to #b1 :i* is equal to ! entire lock2 !re=e if #h ( "w is to be accompli%$ ?r\gh ?is pallet1 ! lift+ plane requires an angle ( #aj /ruck f ,,ac4 ,let u n[ consid] ! lift+ action ( ! club too? :eel4 ,?is is decid$ly a complicat$ action1 & requires "s /udy to compreh5d4 ,9 action ) ! engag+ pallet ! :eel moves up1 or 9 ! direction ( ! motion ( ! pallets1 b on ! dis5gag+ pallet x moves d[n1 & 9 a direction opposite to ! pallets1 & ! heel ( ! too? moves ) great] velocity ?an ! lock+ edge2 also 9 ! case ( ! engag+ pallet1 ! lock+ edge moves ) great] velocity ?an ! dis*>g+ edge2 9 ! dis5gag+ pallet ! opposite is ! case1 z ! dis*>g+ edge moves ) great] velocity ?an ! lock+4 ,^! po9ts involve factors :i* mu/ be consid]$1 & ! draft+ ( a correct action is ( p>am\nt importance2 we !re=e %[ ! lift z x is accompli%$ 9 f\r diff]5t /ages 9 a good action4 ,fig4 #i illu/rates ! engag+1 & ,fig4 #aj ! dis5gag+ pallet2 by comp>+ ! figures x w be notic$ t ! lift takes place on ! po9t ( ! too? simil> to ! ,engli%1 until ! dis*>g+ edge ( ! pallet has be5 pass$1 :5 ! heel gradually comes into play on ! engag+1 b m quickly on ! dis5gag+ pallet4 ,we w also notice t dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! lift ! too? moves fa/] along ! engag+ lift+ plane ?an on ! dis5gag+2 on pallets #b & #c ?is diff]5ce is q l>ge2 t[>ds ! latt] "p ( ! lift ! action becomes quick] on ! dis5gag+ pallet & sl[] on ! engag+4 ,to obviate ?is difficulty "s f9e wat*es1 notably ^? ( ,a4 ,lange ,sons1 h convex lift+ planes on ! engag+ & concave on ! dis5gag+ pallets2 ! lift+ planes on ! tee? are also curv$4 ,see ,fig4 #aa4 ,?is is decid$ly an +5i\s arrangem5t1 & is 9 /rict accordance ) sci5tific inve/igation4 ,we %\ld see _m f9e wat*es made ) su* escapem5ts if ! means = produc+ !m c\ld fully satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ! sci5tific pr9ciples involv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,! di/ribution ( ! lift on too? & pallet is a v important matt]2 ! lift+ angle on ! too? mu/ be less 9 proportion to its wid? ?an x is on ! pallet4 ,= ! sake ( mak+ x p]fectly pla91 we illu/rate :at %\ld n be made2 if we h #aj = wid? ( too? & pallet1 & take half ( x = a too?1 & ! o!r half = ! pallet1 mak+ ea* ( !m #e 9 wid?1 & suppose we h a lift+ ( #h to di/ribute betwe5 !m1 by all[+ #d on ea*1 ! lift w\ld take place z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 :i* is a v unfavorable action4 ,! edge ( ! engag+ pallet scrapes on ! lift+ plane ( ! too?1 yet x is a/oni%+ to f9d "s o!rwise v f9e wat*es be+ manufactur$ "r along :i* conta9 ?is fault2 su* wat*es c be /opp$ ) ! ruby p9 9 ! =k & ! engag+ pallet 9 action1 nor w\ld !y />t :5 run d[n z soon z ! cr[n is t\*$1 no matt] h[ well !y 7 f9i%$ & fitt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! lev] l5g?s ( ! club too? are v>iable1 :ile ) ! rat*et !y are con/ant1 :i* is 9 its favor2 9 ! latt] x w\ld always be z ,,sb1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,?is is a %ort] lev] ?an ,,qb1 consequ5tly m p[]ful1 al?\gh ! great] velocity is at ,q1 :i* only comes into action aft] ! in]tia ( :eel & pallets has be5 ov]come1 & :5 ! greate/ mom5tum dur+ contact is rea*$4 ,,sb is ! primitive radius ( ! club too? :eel1 b bo? primitive & real radius ( ! rat*et :eel4 ,! di/ance ( c5t]s ( :eel & pallet w be alike 9 bo? cases2 also ! lock+s w be ! same di/ance ap>t on bo? pallets2 !re=e1 :5 horologi/s1 ev5 if !y h worldwide reputations1 claim t ! club too? has an advantage ov] ! rat*et because x beg9s ! lift ) a %ort] lev] ?an ! latt]1 x does n make x s4 ,we are treat+ ! subject f a purely horological /&po9t1 & nei!r patriotism or prejudice has any?+ to d ) x4 ,we wi% to sift ! matt] ?or\ghly & arrive at a j conception ( ! m]its & defects ( ea* =m ( escapem5t1 & %[ reasons = our conclusions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,anyone :o has closely foll[$ our d$uctions mu/ see t 9 s f> z ! :eel is conc]n$ ! rat*et or ,engli% :eel has sev]al po9ts 9 its favor4 ,su* a :eel is insep>able f a wide pallet2 b we h se5 t a n>r[] pallet is advisable2 also z little drop & lock z possible2 cle>ly1 we mu/ effect a compromise4 ,9 o!r words1 s f> ! balance ( our reason+ is 9 favor ( ! club too? escapem5t & to effect an intellig5t division ( angles = too?1 pallet & lift is "o ( ! great que/ions :i* confronts ! intellig5t horologi/4 ,anyone :o has ev] tak5 ! pa9s to draw pallet & too? ) diff]5t angles1 ?r\gh e /age ( ! lift1 ) bo? wide & n>r[ pallets & tee?1 9 circul> & equidi/ant escapem5ts1 w h receiv$ an eye-op5]4 ,we /rongly advise all our read]s :o are practical workm5 to try x aft] /udy+ :at we h said4 ,we are c]ta9 x w repay !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,! ,c5t] ,di/ance ( ,:eel & ,pallets4 ,! direction ( pressure ( ! :eel tee? %\ld be ?r\gh ! pallet c5t] by draw+ ! tang5ts ,,ac & ,,ad1 ,fig4 #b to ! primitive circle ,,gh1 at ! int]section ( ! angle ,,fbe4 ,?is condition is realiz$ 9 ! equidi/ant pallet4 ,9 ! circul> pallet1 ,fig4 #c1 ?is condition _c exi/1 z 9 ord] to lock on a tang5t ! c5t] di/ance %\ld be great] = ! engag+ & less = ! dis5gag+ pallet1 !re=e wat*mak]s aim to g betwe5 ! two & plant !m z be=e specifi$ at ,a4 ,:5 plant$ on ! tang5ts ! unlock+ resi/ance w be less & ! impulse transmitt$ "u favorable conditions1 especially s 9 ! circul>1 z ! direction ( pressure co9cides 7close to ! c5t] ( ! lift71 ) ! law ( ! p>allelogram ( =ces4 ,x is impossible to plant pallets on ! tang5ts 9 v small escapem5ts1 z !re w\ld n be en\gh room = a pallet arbor ( prop] /r5g?1 nor w !y be f\nd plant$ on ! tang5ts 9 ! m$ium size escapem5t ) a long pallet arbor1 nor 9 su* a "o ) a v wide too? 7see ,fig4 #d7 z ! heel w\ld come s close to ! c5t] ,a1 t ! solidity ( pallets & arbor w\ld suff]4 ,we w give an actual example4 ,= a m$ium siz$ escape :eel ) a primitive diamet] ( #g4e mm41 ! c5t] di/ance ,,ab is #d4cc mm4 ,by us+ #c ( a lift+ angle on ! tee?1 ! di/ance f ! heel ( ! too? to ! pallet c5t] w be 4#dfia mm42 by all[+ 4#a mm4 betwe5 :eel & pallet & 4#ae mm4 = /ock on ! pallets we f9d we w h a pallet arbor z foll[s3 4#dfia - 74#a 4#ae7 #b 4#dchb mm4 ,x w\ld n be practicable to make any?+ small]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,x behooves u n[ to see t :ile a n>r[ pallet is advisable a v wide too? is n2 yet ^! two are insep>able4 ,"h is ano!r case = a compromise1 z1 unque/ionably ! pallets ought to be plant$ on ! tang5ts4 ,!re is no difficulty ab\t x 9 ! ,engli% lev]1 & we h %[n 9 our example t a judici\sly plann$ club too? escapem5t ( m$ium size c be made ) ! c5t] di/ance prop]ly plant$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,:5 consid]+ ! c5t] di/ance we mu/ ( necessity consid] ! wid?s ( tee? & pallets & _! lift+ angles4 ,we are n[ at a po9t 9 :i* no wat*mak] ( intellig5ce w\ld indicate "o c]ta9 division = ^! p>ts & claim x to be ! be/4 ,x is always ^? :o d n ?or\ghly und]/& a subject :o are ! fir/ to make su* claims4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 give our op9ion )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,! angle to be divid$ = too? & pallet is #aj4 ,let u divide x by #b1 :i* w\ld be ! mo/ natural ?+ to d1 & exam9e ! problem4 ,we w h #e ea* = wid? ( too? & pallet4 ,we mu/ h a small] lift+ angle on ! too? ?an on ! pallet1 b ! wid] ! too? ! great] %\ld its lift+ angle be4 ,x w\ld n be me*anical to make ! too? wide & ! lift+ angle small1 z ! lift+ plane on ! pallets w\ld be too /eep on acc\nt ( be+ n>r[4 ,a lift+ angle on ! too? :i* w\ld be exactly suitable = a giv5 circul>1 w\ld be too great = a giv5 equidi/ant pallet4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 tak+ #e z a wid? = ! too?1 t :ile we c\ld employ x 9 a fair siz$ escapem5t ) equidi/ant pallets1 we c\ld n d s ) circul> pallets & /ill h ! latt] pit*$ on ! tang5ts4 ,we see ! majority ( escapem5ts made ) n>r[] tee? ?an pallets1 & = a v good reason4 ,9 ! example previ\sly giv51 ! #c lift on ! too? is well adapt$ = a wid? ( #d1 :i* w\ld require a pallet #f 9 wid?4 ,! too?1 !re=e1 w\ld be ! wid? ( pallets1 :i* is v good inde$4 ,f :at we h said x foll[s t a l>ge numb] ( pallets are n plant$ on ! tang5ts at all4 ,we h nev] notic$ ?is "q 9 pr9t be=e4 ,writ]s g5]ally seem to1 9 fact d1 assume t no matt] h[ l>ge or small ! escapem5t may be1 or h[ ! pallets & tee? are divid$ = wid? & lift+ angle1 no difficulty w be f\nd 9 locat+ ! pallets on ! tang5ts4 ,!oretically !re is no difficulty1 b 9 practice we f9d !re is4 ,equidi/ant vs4 ,circul>4 ,at ?is /age we are able to weigh ! circul> aga9/ ! equidi/ant pallet4 ,9 beg9n+ ?is essay we _h to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 s ! read] c\ld foll[ our discussion1 & n until n[1 are we able to sum up our conclusions4 ,! read] w h notic$ t = su* an important action z ! lift1 :i* supplies p[] to ! balance1 ! circul> pallet is favor$ f e po9t ( view4 ,?is is a v /rong po9t 9 its favor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! unlock+ resi/ance be+ less1 & z ne>ly alike z possible on bo? pallets 9 ! equidi/ant1 x is a "q if ! total vibration ( ! balance w be great] ) ! "o ?an ! o!r1 al?\gh x w receive ! impulse "u bett] conditions f ! circul> pallet2 b x exp5ds m =ce 9 unlock+ x4 ,escapem5t friction plays an important role 9 ! position & iso*ronal adju/m5ts2 ! great] ! friction enc\nt]$ ! sl[] ! vibration ( ! balance4 ,! friction %\ld be con/ant4 ,9 unlock+1 ! equidi/ant comes ne>] to fulfill+ ?is condition1 :ile dur+ ! lift x is m ne>ly s 9 ! circul>4 ,! friction 9 unlock+1 f a tim+ /&po9t1 ov]%ad[s t ( ! impulse1 & ! too? c be a little wid] 9 ! equidi/ant ?an ! circul> escapem5t ) ! pallet prop]ly plant$4 ,!re=e = ! f9e/ wat*es ! equidi/ant escapem5t is well adapt$1 b = any?+ less ?an t ! circul> %\ld be our *oice4 ,! ,=k & ,roll] ,action4 ,:ile ! lift+ action ( ! lev] escapem5t corresponds to t ( ! cyl9d]1 ! =k & roll] action corresponds to ! impulse action 9 ! *ronomet] & duplex escapem5ts4 ,our exp]i5ce leads u to believe t ! action n[ "u consid]ation is b imp]fectly und]/ood by _m workm54 ,x is a complicat$ action1 & :5 out ( ord] is ! cause ( _m annoy+ /oppages1 (t5 *>act]iz$ by ! wat* />t+ :5 tak5 f ! pocket4 ,! action is v important & is g5]ally divid$ into impulse & safety action1 al?\gh we ?9k we ought to divide x into ?ree1 namely1 by add+ t ( ! unlock+ action4 ,we w fir/ ( all consid] ! impulse & unlock+ actions1 because we _c intellig5tly consid] ! "o )\t ! o!r1 z ! ruby p9 & ! slot 9 ! =k are utiliz$ 9 ea*4 ,! ruby p91 or /rictly speak+1 ! impulse radius1 is a lev] arm1 ^: l5g? is measur$ f ! c5t] ( ! balance /aff to ! face ( ! ruby p91 & is us$1 fir/ly1 z a p[] or transmitt+ lev] on ! act+ or geometrical l5g? ( ! =k 7i4 e41 f ! pallet c5t] to ! beg9n+ ( ! horn71 & :i* at ! mom5t is a resi/ance lev]1 to be utiliz$ 9 unlock+ ! pallets4 ,aft] ! pallets are unlock$ ! conditions are rev]s$1 & we n[ f9d ! lev] =k1 ?r\gh ! pallets1 transmitt+ p[] to ! balance by means ( ! impulse radius4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! action we h a %ort lev] engag+ a long] "o1 :i* is an advantage4 ,see ,fig4 #ad1 :]e we h purposely some:at exagg]at$ ! conditions4 ,a,x repres5ts ! impulse radius at pres5t "u discussion1 & ,,aw ! act+ l5g? ( ! =k4 ,x w be se5 t ! %ort] ! impulse radius1 or 9 o!r words1 ! clos] ! ruby p9 is to ! balance /aff & ! long] ! =k1 ! easi] w ! unlock+ ( ! pallets be p]=m$1 b ?is entails a great impulse angle1 = ! law applicable to ! case is1 t ! angles are 9 ! inv]se ratio to ! radii4 ,9 o!r words1 ! %ort] ! radius1 ! great] is ! angle1 & ! small] ! angle ! great] is ! radius4 ,we "k1 ?\gh1 t we mu/ h z small an impulse angle z possible 9 ord] t ! balance %\ld be highly deta*$4 ,"h is "o po9t 9 favor ( a %ort impulse radius1 & "o aga9/ x4 ,n[1 let u turn to ! impulse action4 ,"h we h ! long lev] ,,aw act+ on a %ort "o1 ,a,x1 :i* is a disadvantage4 ,"h1 !n1 we ought to try & h a %ort lev] act+ on a long "o1 :i* w\ld po9t to a %ort =k & a great impulse radius4 ,suppose ,,ap1 ,fig4 #ad1 is ! l5g? ( =k1 & ,a,p is ! impulse radius2 "h1 !n1 we favor ! impulse1 & x is directly 9 accordance ) ! !ory ( ! free vibration ( ! balance1 =1 z be=e /at$1 ! long] ! radius ! small] ! angle4 ,! action at ,p is also clos] to ! l9e ( c5t]s ?an x is at ,w1 :i* is ano!r advantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,we w notice t by employ+ a l>ge impulse angle1 & consequ5tly a %ort radius1 ! int]section m ( ! two circles ii & cc is v safe1 :]eas1 ) ! conditions rev]s$ 9 favor ( ! impulse action1 ! int]section at k is m delicate4 ,we h n[ se5 en\gh to appreciate ! fact t we favor "o action at ! exp5se ( ano!r4 ,by hav+ a lift+ angle on pallet & too? ( #h1 a lock+ angle ( #a1 & a run ( 1 we w h an angul> movem5t ( ! =k ( #h #a #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,writ]s g5]ally only consid] ! movem5t ( ! =k f drop to drop on ! pallets1 b we w be ?or\ghly practical 9 ! matt]4 ,) a total motion ( ! =k ( #aj 7,,jaw1 ,fig4 #ae71 "o-half1 or #e w be p]=m$ on ea* side ( ! l9e ( c5t]s4 ,we are at lib]ty to *oose any impulse angle :i* we may pref]2 #c to #a is a good proportion = an ord9>y well-made wat*4 ,by employ+ x1 ! angle ,,xa,y w\ld be equal to #ca4 ,! radius ,a,x ,fig4 #af1 is also ( ! same proportion1 b ! angle ,,aa,x is great] because ! =k angle ,,waa is great] ?an ! same angle 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,we w notice t ! int]section k is mu* small] 9 ,fig4 #ae ?an 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,! action 9 ! latt] beg9s mu* fur!r f ! l9e ( c5t]s ?an 9 ! =m] & outl9es an action :i* %\ld n be made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,to come back to ! impulse angle1 "s might use a proportion ( #c4e1 #d or ev5 #e to #a1 :ile o!rs = ! f9e/ ( wat*es w\ld only use #b4ge to #a4 ,by hav+ a total vibration ( ! balance ( #a turns1 :i* is equal to #edj a =k angle ( #aj & a proportion ( #b4ge = ! impulse angle :i* w\ld be equal to #aj #b4ge #bg4e4 ,! free vibration ( ! balance1 or z ?is is call$1 ! supplem5tal arc1 is equal to #edj - #bg4e #eab4ej1 :ile ) a proportion ( #e to #a1 mak+ an impulse angle ( #ej1 x w\ld be equal to #dij4 ,to sum up1 ! f9] ! wat* ! l[] ! proportion1 ! clos] ! action to ! l9e ( c5t]s1 ! small] ! friction4 ,on acc\nt ( lev]age ! m difficult ! unlock+ b ! m en]getic ! impulse :5 x does occur4 ,! velocity ( ! ruby p9 at ,p2 ,fig4 #ad1 is mu* great] ?an at ,w1 consequ5tly x w n be ov]tak5 z soon by ! =k z at ,w4 ,! velocity ( ! =k at ! latt] po9t is great] ?an at ,p2 ! int]section ( ii & cc is also n z great2 !re=e ! l[] ! proportion ! f9] & m exact mu/ ! workman%ip be4 ,we w notice t ! unlock+ action has be5 ov]rul$ by ! impulse4 ,! only po9t s f> 9 :i* ! =m] has be5 favor$ is 9 ! dim9i%$ action be=e ! l9e ( c5t]s1 z previ\sly po9t$ out at ,p1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,we w n[ consid] ! wid? ( ! ruby p9 & to get a good insight into ! "q1 we w /udy ,fig4 #ag4 ,a is ! pallet c5t]1 ,a ! balance c5t]1 ! l9e ,,aa be+ ! l9e ( c5t]s2 ! angle ,,waa equals half ! total motion ( ! =k1 ! o!r half1 ( c\rse1 tak+ place on ! opposite side ( ! c5t] l9e4 ,,wa is ! c5t] ( ! =k :5 x re/s aga9/ ! bank4 ,! angle ,,aa,x repres5ts half ! impulse angle2 ! o!r half1 ! same z ) ! =k1 is /ruck on ! o!r side ( ! c5t] l9e4 ,at ! po9t ( int]section ( ^! angles we w draw cc f ! pallet c5t] ,a1 :i* equals ! act+ l5g? ( ! =k1 & f ! balance c5t] we w draw ii1 :i* equals ! !oretical impulse radius2 "s writ]s use x z ! real radius4 ,! wid] ! ruby p9 ! great] w ! latt] be1 :i* we w expla9 pres5tly4 ,! ruby p9 9 ent]+ ! =k mu/ h a c]ta9 am\nt ( fre$om = action1 f #a to #a4 ,%\ld ! wat* receive a j> at ! mom5t ! gu>d po9t ent]s ! cresc5t or pass+ holl[ 9 ! roll]1 ! =k w\ld fly aga9/ ! ruby p94 ,x is important t ! angul> fre$om betwe5 ! =k & ruby p9 at ! mom5t x ent]s into ! slot be less ?an ! total lock+ angle on ! pallets4 ,if we employ a lock+ angle ( #a & run1 we w\ld h a total lock on ! pallets ( #b4 ,by all[+ #a ( fre$om = ! ruby p9 at ! mom5t ! gu>d po9t ent]s ! cresc5t1 9 case ! =k %\ld /rike ! face ( ! ruby p91 ! pallets w /ill be lock$ & ! =k drawn back aga9/ ! bank+s ?r\gh ! draft angle4 ,we w see :at ?is %ake am\nts to = a giv5 act+ l5g? ( =k1 :i* describes an arc ( a circle1 !re=e ! act+ l5g? is only ! radius ( t circle & mu/ be multipli$ by two 9 ord] to get ! diamet]4 ,! act+ l5g? ( =k #d4e mm41 :at is ! am\nt ( %ake :5 ! ruby p9 passes ! act+ corn]8 #d4e #b #c4adaf #cfj 4#jghe #a4be 4#jiib mm4 ,! %ake ( ! ruby p9 9 ! slot ( ! =k mu/ be z slight z possible1 consi/5t ) p]fect fre$om ( action4 ,x v>ies f to 1 accord+ to l5g? ( =k & %ape ( ruby p94 ,a squ>e ruby p9 requires m %ake ?an any o!r k9d2 x ent]s ! =k & receives ! impulse 9 a diagonal direction on ! jewel1 9 :i* position x is illu/rat$ at ,z1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,?is ruby p9 acts on a knife edge1 b = all t ! engag+ friction dur+ ! unlock+ action is consid]able4 ,our reason+ tells u x matt]s n if a ruby p9 be wide or n>r[1 x mu/ h ! same fre$om 9 pass+ ! act+ edge ( ! =k1 !re=e1 to h ! impulse radius on ! po9t ( int]section ( ,a,x ) ,,aw1 ,fig4 #ag1 we w\ld require a v n>r[ ruby p94 ,) #a ( fre$om at ! edge1 & 9 ! slot1 we c\ld only h a ruby p9 ( a wid? ( #a4 ,apply+ x to ! prec$+ example x w\ld only h an actual wid? ( 4#jghe #a4e 4#aagh mm41 or ! size ( an ord9>y balance pivot4 ,at n1 ,fig4 #ag1 we illu/rate su* a ruby p92 ! !oretical & real impulse radius co9cide ) "o ano!r4 ,! int]section ( ! circle ii & cc is v slight1 :ile ! friction 9 unlock+ beg9s )9 #a ( half ! total movem5t ( ! =k f ! l9e ( c5t]s2 to illu/rate1 if ! angul> motion is #aa ! ruby p9 "u discussion w beg9 action #d be=e ! l9e ( c5t]s1 be+ an engag+1 or uphill friction ( consid]able magnitude4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! int]section ) ! =k is also mu* less ?an ) ! wid] ruby p91 mak+ ! impulse action v delicate4 ,on ! o!r h& ! wide/ ruby p9 = :i* !re is any occasion is "o beg9n+ ! unlock+ action on ! l9e ( c5t]s1 ,fig4 #ag2 ?is entails a wid? ( slot equal to ! angul> motion ( ! =k4 ,we see "h ! advantage ( a wide ruby p9 ov] a n>r[ "o 9 ! unlock+ action4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! "q f ! /&po9t ( ! impulse action4 ,fig4 #ah illu/rates ! mom5t ! impulse is transmitt$2 ! =k has be5 mov$ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ by ! ruby p92 ! escapem5t has be5 unlock$ & ! opposite side ( ! slot has j /ruck ! ruby p94 ,! exact position 9 :i* ! impulse is transmitt$ v>ies ) ! lock+ angle1 ! wid? ( ruby p91 its %ake 9 ! slot1 ! l5g? ( =k1 its weight1 & ! velocity ( ! ruby p91 :i* is det]m9$ by ! vibrations ( ! balance & ! impulse radius4 ,9 an escapem5t ) a total lock ( #a & #a ( %ake 9 ! slot1 !oretically1 ! impulse w\ld be transmitt$ #b f ! bank+s4 ,! n>r[ ruby p9 n receives ! impulse on ! l9e v1 :i* is clos] to ! l9e ( c5t]s ?an ! l9e u1 on :i* ! l>ge ruby p9 receives ! impulse4 ,"h !n we h an advantage ( ! n>r[ ruby p9 ov] a wide "o2 ) a wid] ruby p9 ! balance is also m liable to rebank :5 x takes a long vibration4 ,also on acc\nt ( ! great] angle at :i* ! ruby p9 /&s to ! slot :5 ! impulse takes place1 ! drop ( ! =k aga9/ ! jewel w am\nt to m ?an its %ake 9 ! slot 7:i* is measur$ :5 /&+ on ! l9e ( c5t]s74 ,on ?is acc\nt "s wat*es h slots dovetail$ 9 =m1 be+ wid] at ! bottom1 o!rs h ruby p9s ( ?is =m4 ,!y require v exact execution2 we ?9k we c d )\t !m by judici\sly select+ a wid? ( ruby p9 betwe5 ! two extremes4 ,we w\ld *oose a ruby p9 ( a wid? equal to half ! angul> motion ( ! =k4 ,!re is an +5i\s arrangem5t ( =k & roll] :i* aims to1 & p>tially does1 ov]come ! difficulty ( *oos+ betwe5 a wide & n>r[ ruby p91 x is kn[n z ! ,savage p9 roll] escapem5t4 ,we int5d to describe x lat]4 ,if ! face ( ! ruby p9 7 plant$ on ! !oretical impulse radius ii1 ,fig4 #ai1 ! impulse w\ld end 9 a butt+ action z %[n2 h5ce ! great importance ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! !oretical & real impulse radius & e/abli%+ a reliable data f :i* to "w4 ,we feel t ^! actions h nev] be5 prop]ly & ?or\ghly treat$ 9 simple language2 we h tri$ to make !m pla9 s t anyone c compreh5d !m ) a little /udy4 ,?ree good =ms ( ruby p9s are ! triangul>1 ! oval & ! flat fac$2 = ord9>y "w ! latt] is z good z any1 b = f9e "w ! triangul> p9 ) ! corn]s slightly r\nd$ (f is pref]able4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,engli% wat*es are met ) hav+ a cyl9drical or r\nd ruby p94 ,su* a p9 %\ld nev] be put into a wat*4 ,! law ( ! p>allelogram ( =ces is completely ignor$ by us+ su* a p92 ! friction dur+ ! unlock+ & impulse actions is too sev]e1 z x is1 )\t ! addition ( s unme*anical an arrangem5t4 ,fig4 #ba illu/rates ! action ( a r\nd ruby p92 ii is ! pa? ( ! ruby p92 cc t ( ! act+ l5g? ( ! =k4 ,x is %[n at ! mom5t ! impulse is transmitt$4 ,x w be se5 t ! impact takes place bel[ ! c5t] ( ! ruby p91 :]eas x %\ld take place at ! c5t]1 z ! motion ( ! =k is upw>ds & t ( ! ruby p9 d[nw>ds until ! l9e ( ! c5t]s has be5 rea*$4 ,! same rule applies to ! flat-fac$ p9 & x is important t ! "r quantity be gr\nd (f4 ,we f9d t #c_/g is approximately ! am\nt :i* %\ld be gr\nd away4 ,fig4 #bb illu/rates ! =k /&+ aga9/ ! bank4 ,! ruby p9 t\*es ! side ( ! slot b has n z yet begun to act2 ri is ! real impulse circle = :i* we all[ #a ( fre$om at ! act+ edge ( ! =k2 ! face ( ! ruby p9 is !re=e on ?is l9e4 ,! next ?+ to d is to f9d ! c5t] ( ! p94 ,f ! side n ( ! slot we con/ruct ! "r angle o n t2 f n1 we transmit ! wid? ( ! p91 & plant ! c5t] x on ! l9e n t4 ,we c h ! c5t] ( ! p9 slightly bel[ ?is l9e1 b 9 no case above x2 b if we put x bel[1 ! p9 w be ?9n] & !re=e m easily brok54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! ,safety ,action4 ,al?\gh ?is action is sep>ate f ! impulse & unlock+ actions1 x is /ill v closely connect$ ) !m1 mu* m s 9 ! s+le ?an 9 ! d\ble roll] escapem5t4 ,if we 7 to place ! ruby p9 at ,x1 ,fig4 #ad1 we c\ld h a mu* small] roll] ?an by plac+ x at ,p4 ,) ! small roll] ! safety action is m secure1 z ! int]section at m is great] ?an at k4 ,x is n z liable to butt & ! friction is less :5 ! gu>d po9t is ?r[n aga9/ ! small roll]4 ,suppose we take two roll]s1 "o ) a diamet] ( #b4e mm41 ! o!r j twice ?is am\nt1 ( #e mm4 ,by hav+ ! gu>d radius & pressure ! same 9 ea* case1 if ! gu>d po9t t\*$ ! l>g] roll] x w\ld n only h twice1 b f\r times m effect ?an on ! small] "o4 ,we w notice t ! small] ! impulse angle ! l>g] ! roll]1 because ! ruby p9 is necess>ily plac$ f>!r f ! c5t]4 ,! position ( ! ruby p9 %\ld1 !re=e1 gov]n ! size ( ! roll]1 :i* %\ld be z small z possible4 ,!re %\ld only be en\gh metal left betwe5 ! circumf]5ce ( ! roll] & ! face ( ! jewel to all[ = a cresc5t or pass+ holl[ ( suffici5t dep? & an effici5t sett+ = ! jewel4 ,= ?is reason1 z well z secur+ ! correct impulse radius & !re=e angle1 :5 replac+ ! ruby p91 & hav+ x set securely & me*anically 9 ! roll]1 x is necess>y t ! p9 & ! hole 9 ! roll] be ( ! same =m1 & a good fit4 ,fig4 #bc illu/rates ! diff]5ce 9 size ( roll]s4 ,9 ! small] "o ! conditions impos$ are satisfi$1 :ile 9 ! l>g] "o !y are n4 ,9 ! s+le roll] ! safety action is at ! m]cy ( ! impulse & pallet angles4 ,we h notic$ t 9 ord] to favor ! impulse we require a l>ge roll]1 & = ! safety action a small "o1 !re=e escapem5ts made on f9e pr9ciples are suppli$ ) two roll]s1 "o = ea* action4 ,x may be well to say t 9 our op9ion a proportion betwe5 ! =k & impulse angles 9 #aj pallets ( #c or #c to #a1 dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! escapem5t1 is ! l[e/ :i* %\ld be made 9 s+le roll]4 ,we h se5 !m 9 proportions ( #b to #a 9 s+le roll]--a sci5tific pr9ciple fooli%ly appli$--result+ 9 an action entirely unsatisfactory4 ,:5 ! gu>d po9t is press$ aga9/ ! roll] ! escape too? mu/ /ill re/ on ! lock+ face ( ! pallet2 if ! total lock is #b1 by all[+ #a fre$om = ! gu>d po9t betwe5 ! bank & ! roll] ! escapem5t w /ill be lock$ 4 ,h[ mu* ?is %ake actually am\nts to dep5ds ^u ! gu>d radius4 ,suppose ?is to be #d mm41 !n ! fre$om w\ld equal #d #b #c4adaf #cfj #a4be 4#jhgc mm4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,! ,cresc5t 9 ! roll] mu/ be l>ge & deep en\gh s x w be impossible = ! gu>d po9t to t\* 9 or on ! corn]s ( x2 at ! same "t x mu/ n be too l>ge1 z x w\ld necessitate a long] horn on ! =k ?an is necess>y4 ,fig4 #bd %[s ! slot n ( ! =k /&+ at ! bank4 ,! ruby p9 o t\*es x1 b has n z yet act$ on x2 s s illu/rates a s+le roll]1 :ile ,s#b illu/rates ! safety roll] = a d\ble roll] escapem5t4 ,9 ord] to f9d ! dim5sions ( ! cresc5t 9 ! s+le roll] we mu/ proce$ z foll[s3 ,,wa is 9 ! c5t] ( ! =k :5 x re/s aga9/ ! bank1 & is1 !re=e1 "o ( ! sides ( ! =k angle1 & is drawn f ! pallet c5t]2 ,v ,a ,w is an angle ( #a1 :i* equals ! fre$om betwe5 ! gu>d po9t & ! roll]2 g g repres5ts ! pa? ( ! gu>d p9 u = ! s+le roll]1 & is drawn at ! int]section ( ,,va ) ! roll] ,a ,a#b is a l9e drawn f ! balance c5t] ?r\gh t ( ! ruby p91 & !re=e also passes ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! cresc5t4 ,by plant+ a compass on ?is l9e1 :]e x cuts ! p]iph]y ( ! roll]1 & locat+ ! po9t ( int]section ( ,,va ) ! roll]1 w give u "o-half ! cresc5t1 ! rema9+ half be+ transf]r$ to ! opposite side ( ! l9e ,a ,a#b4 ,we w notice t ! gu>d po9t has ent]$ ! cresc5t #a be=e ! =k beg9s to move4 ,! angle ( op5+ = ! cresc5t 9 ! d\ble roll] escapem5t is great] ?an 9 ! s+le1 because x is plac$ clos] to ! balance c5t]1 & ! gu>d po9t or d>t fur!r f ! pallet c5t]1 caus+ a great] int]section2 also ! velocity ( ! gu>d po9t has increas$1 :ile t ( ! safety roll] has decreas$4 ,fig4 #bd1 at ff1 %[s ! pa? ( ! d>t h1 :i* also has #a fre$om betwe5 bank & roll]4 ,f ! balance c5t] we draw ,a d t\*+ ! c5t] or po9t ( ! d>t2 f ?is po9t we con/ruct at #e angle b ,a d4 ,?is is to ensure suffici5t fre$om = ! d>t :5 ent]+ ! cresc5t4 ,we plant a compass on ! po9t ( int]section ( ,a ,a#b ) ! safety roll]1 ,s#b1 & locat+ ! po9t :]e ,ab int]sects x1 h f\nd "o-half ! op5+ = ! cresc5t1 ! rema9+ half be+ con/ruct$ on ! opposite side ( ! l9e ,a ,a#b4 ,! ,horn on ! =k belongs to ! safety action3 m horn is requir$ ) ! d\ble ?an ) ! s+le roll]1 on acc\nt ( ! great] angle ( op5+ = ! cresc5t4 ,! horn %\ld be ( su* a l5g? t :5 ! cresc5t has pass$ ! gu>d po9t1 ! end ( ! horn %\ld po9t to at lea/ ! c5t] ( ! ruby p94 ,! dott$ circle1 s s1 ,fig4 #be1 repres5ts a s+le roll]4 ,x w be notic$ t ! corn] ( ! cresc5t has pass$ ! gu>d p9 u by a consid]able angle1 & al?\gh ?is is s1 9 case ( an accid5t ! act+ edge ( ! =k w\ld come 9 contact ) ! ruby p92 ?is proves t a well made s+le roll] escapem5t really requires b little horn1 only en\gh to ensure ! safe entry ( ! ruby p9 9 case ! gu>d po9t at t mom5t be ?r[n aga9/ ! roll]4 ,we w n[ exam9e ! "q f ! /&po9t ( ! d\ble roll]2 ,s#b1 ,fig4 #be1 is ! safety roll]2 ! corn] ( ! cresc5t has safely pass$ ! d>t h2 ! c5t]s ( ! ruby p9 o & ( ! cresc5t be+ on ! l9e ,a ,a#b1 we plant ! compass on ! pallet c5t] & ! c5t] ( ! face ( ! ruby p9 & draw k k1 :i* w be ! pa? describ$ by ! horn4 ,! end ( ! horn is !re=e plant$ ^u x f #a to #a f ! ruby p92 ?is fre$om at ! end ( ! horn is !re=e f to m ?an we all[ = ! gu>d po9t2 x dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! escapem5t & lock+ angles :i* we w\ld *oose4 ,x mu/ 9 any case be less ?an ! lock on ! pallets1 s t ! =k w be drawn back aga9/ ! bank 9 case ! horn be ?r[n aga9/ ! ruby p94 ,:5 treat+ on ! wid? ( ! ruby p91 we m5tion$ ! ,savage p9 roll] escapem5t1 :i* we illu/rate 9 ,figs4 #bf & #bg4 ,?is +5i\s arrangem5t 0 design$ ) ! view ( comb9+ ! advantages ( bo? wide & n>r[ p9s & at ! same "t )\t any ( _! disadvantages4 ,9 ,fig4 #bf we %[ ! unlock+ p9s u beg9n+ _! action on ! l9e ( c5t]s--! be/ possible po9t--9 unlock+ ! escapem5t4 ,^! p9s 7 made ( gold 9 all :i* we exam9$1 al?\gh x is record$ t wide ruby p9s & ruby roll]s h be5 us$ 9 ?is escapem5t1 :i* w\ld be pref]able4 ,! functions ( ! two p9s 9 ! roll] are simply to unlock ! escapem5t2 ! impulse is n transmitt$ to !m z is ! case 9 ! ord9>y =k & roll] action4 ,9 ?is action ! gu>d p9 i also acts z ! impulse p94 ,we w notice t ! pass+ holl[ 9 ?is roll] is a rectangul> slot ! same z 9 ! ord9>y =k4 ,:5 ! escapem5t is be+ unlock$ ! gu>d p9 i ent]s ! holl[ & :5 ! escape too? comes into contact ) ! lift+ plane ( ! pallet ! p9 i1 ,fig4 #bg1 transmits ! impulse to ! roll]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! impulse is transmitt$ clos] to ! l9e ( c5t]s ?an c\ld be done ) any ruby p94 ,if ! p9 i 7 wid] ! impulse w\ld be transmitt$ /ill clos] to ! l9e ( c5t]s1 b ! int]section ( x ) ! roll] w\ld be less4 ,x is v delicate z x is1 !re=e f a practical /&po9t x ought to be made ?9 b consi/5t ) solidity4 ,if ! p9 is anyway l>ge1 x %\ld be flatt5$ on ! sides1 o!rwise ! friction w\ld be simil> to t ( ! r\nd ruby p94 ,x w\ld also be pref]able 7on acc\nt ( ! p9 i be+ v easily b5t7 to make ! impulse piece n>r[ b ( su* a l5g? t x c\ld be screw$ to ! =k1 ! same z ! d>t 9 ! d\ble roll]4 ,! impulse radius is also ! radius ( ! roll]1 because ! impulse is transmitt$ to ! roll] itself2 = ?is reason ! latt] is small] 9 ?is action ?an 9 ! ord9>y "o hav+ ! same angles2 also a %ort] lev] is 9 contact ) a long] "o 9 ! unlock+ ?an 9 ord9>y action ( ! same angles2 b = all ?is ! p9s u u %\ld be pit*$ close to ! edge ( ! roll]1 z ! angul> connection ( ! balance ) ! escapem5t w\ld be increas$ dur+ ! unlock+ action4 ,?is escapem5t be+ v delicate requires a #ab pallet angle & a proportion betwe5 impulse & pallet angles ( n less ?an #c to #a1 :i* w\ld mean an impulse angle ( #cf2 ?is1 toge!r ) ! fir/ rate workman%ip requir$ are two ( ! reasons :y ?is action is n (t5 met )4 ,george ,savage1 ( ,london1 ,engl&1 inv5t$ ?is action4 ,he 0 a wat*mak] :o1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury1 did mu* to p]fect ! lev] escapem5t by good "w & nice proportion1 besides inv5t+ ! two p9 v>iety4 ,he sp5t ! e>ly "p ( 8 life 9 ,cl]k5well1 b 9 8 old days emigrat$ to ,canada1 & f\nd$ a fl\ri%+ retail bus9ess 9 ,montreal1 :]e he di$4 ,"s ( ,george ,savage's desc5dants are /ill engag$ at ! trade 9 ,canada at ! pres5t day4 ,! correct del9eation ( ! lev] escapem5t is a v important matt]4 ,we illu/rate "o :i* is s del9eat$ t x c be practically produc$4 ,we h n notic$ a draft ( ! lev] escapem5t1 especially ) equidi/ant pallets & club tee?1 :i* w\ld act correctly 9 a wat*4 ,we h be5 aggressive 9 our "w & h sometimes f\nd !ories prop\nd$ & elongat$ :i* ( !mselves 7 n "r2 ?is may h some?+ to d ) x1 t we s (t5 he> workm5 say1 ,!ory is no use1 because if y "w accord+ to x y\r ma*9e w n run4 ,we say1 ,no1 sir1 if y\r !ory is n "r 9 itself1 !n y\r "w w c]ta9ly n be correct2 b if y\r !ory be correct !n y\r "w mu/ be correct4 ,:y8 x simply _c be o!rwise4 ,we w give x ano!r "n2 let u say1 apply s5se1 reason1 ?\ght1 exp]i5ce & /udy to y\r "w1 & :at h y done8 ,y h simply appli$ !ory4 ,a !orem is a proposition to be prov$1 n be+ able to prove x1 we mu/ simply *ange x accord+ z our exp]i5ce dictates1 ?is is precisely :at we h done ) ! escapem5t aft] hav+ foll[$ ! d$uctions ( recogniz$ au?orities ) ! result t we c n[ illu/rate an escapem5t :i* has be5 ?or\ghly subject$ to an imp>tial analysis 9 e respect1 & :i* is !oretically & practically correct4 ,we w n only give in/ructions = draft+ ! escapem5t n[ "u consid]ation1 b w also make explanations h[ to draft x 9 diff]5t positions1 also 9 circul> pallet & s+le roll]4 ,we are conv9c$ t by s do+ we w d a s]vice to _m1 we also wi% to avoid :at we may call ! /]eotyp$ process1 t is1 "o :i* may be acquir$ by he>t1 b introduce any *anges & p]plexity is ! result4 ,x is really n a difficult matt] to draft escapem5ts 9 diff]5t positions1 z an example w %[4 ,be=e mak+ a draft we mu/ "k exactly :at we wi% to produce4 ,x is well 9 draft+ escapem5ts to make !m z l>ge z possible1 say ?irty to =ty times l>g] ?an 9 ! wat*1 9 ! pres5t case ! size is immat]ial1 b we mu/ h specifications = ! proportions ( ! angles4 ,our draft is to be ! mo/ difficult subject 9 lev] escapem5ts2 x is to be repres5t$ j z if x 7 work+ 9 a wat*2 x is to repres5t a good & reliable action 9 e respect1 "o :i* c be appli$ )\t special difficulty to a good wat*1 & is to be up to date 9 e p>ticul> & to conta9 ! majority ( ! be/ po9ts & conclusions rea*$ 9 our analysis4 ,specifications = ,lev] ,escapem5t3 ,! pallets are to be equidi/ant2 ! :eel tee? ( ! club =m2 !re are to be two roll]s2 :eel1 pallet1 & balance c5t]s are to be 9 /raight l9e4 ,! lock is to be #a1 ! run 1 mak+ a total lock ( #a2 ! movem5t ( pallets f drop to drop is to be #aj1 :ile ! =k is to move ?r\gh #aj f bank to bank2 ! lift on ! :eel tee? is to be #c1 :ile ! rema9d] is to be ! lift on ! pallets z foll[s3 #aj - 7#a #c7 #e = lift ( pallets4 ,! :eel is to h #ae tee?1 ) pallets spann+ #c tee? or #b spaces1 mak+ ! angle f lock to lock #cfj #ae #b #fj1 ! int]val f too? to too? is #cfj #ae #bd2 divid$ by #b pallets #bd #b #ab = wid? ( too?1 pallet & drop2 drop is to be #a1 ! too? is to be ! wid? ( ! pallet1 mak+ a too? ( a wid? ( #d & a pallet ( #f4 ,! draw is to be #ab on ea* pallet1 :ile ! lock+ faces ( ! tee? are to incl9e #bd4 ,! act+ l5g? ( =k is to be equal to ! di/ance ( c5t]s ( scape :eel & pallets2 ! impulse angle is to be #bh2 fre$om f d>t & safety1 roll] is to be #a1 & = d>t & corn] ( cresc5t #e2 fre$om = ruby p9 & act+ edge ( =k is to be #a2 wid? ( slot is to be ! total motion1 or #aj #b #e2 %ake ( ruby p9 9 slot 1 leav+ #e - #d = wid? ( ruby p94 ,radius ( safety roll] to be #d_/g ( ! !oretical impulse radius4 ,! l5g? ( horn is to be su* t ! end w\ld po9t at lea/ to ! c5t] ( ! ruby p9 :5 ! edge ( ! cresc5t passes ! d>t2 space betwe5 ! end ( horn & ruby p9 is to be #a4 ,x is well to "k t ! angles = wid? ( tee?1 pallets & drop are measur$ f ! :eel c5t]1 :ile ! lift+ & lock+ angles are /ruck f ! pallet c5t]1 ! draw f ! lock+ corn]s ( ! pallets1 & ! incl9ation ( ! tee? f ! lock+ edge4 ,9 ! =k & roll] action1 ! angle ( motion1 ! wid? ( slot1 ! ruby p9 & its %ake1 ! fre$om betwe5 d>t & roll]1 ( ruby p9 ) act+ edge ( =k & end ( horn are all measur$ f ! pallet c5t]1 :ile ! impulse angle & ! cresc5t are measur$ f ! balance c5t]4 ,a s5sible draw+ bo>d measures #ag #bd in*es1 we also require a set ( good draw+ in/rum5ts1 ! f9] ! in/rum5ts ! bett]2 pay special att5tion to ! compasses1 p5s & protractor2 add to ?is a /raight rul] & set squ>e4 ,! be/ all-r\nd draw+ pap]1 bo? = ,india ink & color$ "w has a r\gh surface2 x mu/ be fa/5$ firmly & ev5ly to ! bo>d by means ( ?umb tacks2 ! l9es mu/ be light & made ) a h>d p5cil4 ,use ,higg9s' ,india ink1 :i* dries rapidly4 ,illu/ration ,we w beg9 by draw+ ! c5t] l9e ,a ,a ,b2 use ! po9t ,b = ! escape c5t]2 place ! compass on x & /rike ,g ,h1 ! primitive or geometrical circle ( ! escape :eel2 set ! c5t] ( ! protractor at ,b & m>k (f an angle ( #cj on ea* side ( ! l9e ( c5t]s2 ?is w give u ! angles ,a ,b ,e & ,a ,b ,f toge!r1 =m+ ! angle ,f ,b ,e ( #fj1 :i* repres5ts f lock to lock ( ! pallets4 ,s9ce ! *ord ( ! angle ( #fj is equal to ! radius ( ! circle1 ?is gives u an easy means ( v]ify+ ?is angle by plac+ ! compass at ! po9ts ( int]section ( ,f ,b & ,e ,b ) ! primitive circle ,g ,h2 ?is di/ance mu/ be equal to ! radius ( ! circle4 ,at ^! po9ts we w con/ruct "r angles to ,e ,b & ,f ,b1 ?us =m+ ! tang5ts ,c ,a & ,d ,a to ! primitive circle ,g ,h4 ,^! tang5ts meet on ! l9e ( c5t]s at ,a1 :i* w be ! pallet c5t]4 ,place ! compass at ,a & draw ! lock+ circle ,m ,n at ! po9ts ( int]section ( ,e ,b & ,f ,b ) ! primitive circle ,g ,h4 ,! lock+ edges ( ! pallets w always /& on ?is circle no matt] 9 :at relation ! pallets /& to ! :eel4 ,place ! c5t] ( ! protractor at ,b & draw ! angle ( wid? ( pallets ( #f2 ,i ,b ,e be+ = ! engag+ & ,j ,b ,f = ! dis5gag+ pallet4 ,9 ! equidi/ant pallet ,i ,b is drawn on ! side t[>ds ! c5t]1 :ile ,j ,b is drawn fur!r f ! c5t]4 ,if we 7 draw+ a circul> pallet1 "o-half ! wid? ( pallets w\ld be plac$ on ea* side ( ,e ,b & ,f ,b4 ,at ! po9ts ( int]section ( ,i ,b & ,j ,b ) ! primitive circle ,g ,h we draw ! pa? ,o = ! dis*>g+ edge ( ! engag+ & ,p = t ( ! dis5gag+ pallet4 ,! total lock be+ #a1 we con/ruct ,v ,a at ?is angle f ,c ,a2 ! po9t ( int]section ( ,v ,a ) ! lock+ circle ,m ,n1 is ! position ( ! lock+ corn] ( ! engag+ pallet4 ,! pallet hav+ #ab draw :5 lock$ we place ! c5t] ( ! protractor on ?is corn] & draw ! angle ,q ,m ,e4 ,q ,m w be ! lock+ face ( ! engag+ pallet4 ,if ! face ( ! pallet 7 on ! l9e ,e ,b !re w\ld be no draw1 & if plac$ to ! opposite side ( ,e ,b ! too? w\ld repel ! pallet1 =m+ :at is kn[n z ! repellant escapem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,hav+ %[n h[ to del9eate ! lock+ face ( ! engag+ pallet :5 lock$1 we w n[ consid] h[ to draft bo? x & ! dis5gag+ pallet 9 correct positions :5 unlock$2 to d s we direct our att5tion until fur!r notice to ,fig4 #bh4 ,! lock+ faces ,q ,m ( ! engag+ & ,s ,n ( ! dis5gag+ pallets are %[n 9 dott$ l9es :5 lock$4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! relation :i* ! lock+ faces w be> to ,e ,b 9 ! engag+1 & to ,f ,b 9 ! dis5gag+ pallets :5 unlock$4 ,?is is a "q ( "s importance2 x is easy en\gh to repres5t ! #ab f ! #cj angles :5 lock$2 we mu/ be c]ta9 t !y w\ld occupy exactly t position & yet %[ !m unlock$2 we %all take pa9s to d s4 ,9 due "t we %all %[ t !re is no appreciable loss ( lift on ! engag+ pallet 9 ! escapem5t illu/rat$2 ! angle ,t ,a ,v !re=e %[s ! total lift2 we h n %[n ! correspond+ angles on ! dis5gag+ side because ! angles are some:at diff]5t1 b ! total lift is /ill ! same4 ,g ,h repres5ts ! primitive circle ( ! escape :eel1 & ,x ,z t ( ! real1 :ile ,m ,n repres5ts ! circul> c\rse :i* ! lock+ corn]s ( ! pallets take 9 an equidi/ant escapem5t4 ,at a conv5i5t position we w con/ruct ! circle ,c ,c ,d f ! pallet c5t] ,a4 ,notice ! po9ts e & c1 :]e ,v ,a & ,t ,a int]sect ?is circle2 ! space betwe5 e & c repres5ts ! ext5t ( ! motion ( ! pallets at ?is p>ticul> di/ance f ! c5t] ,a2 ?is be+ s1 !n let u apply x to ! engag+ pallet4 ,at ! po9t ( int]section o ( ! dott$ l9e ,q ,m 7:i* is an ext5d$ l9e on :i* ! face ( ! pallet lies :5 lock$71 ) ! circle ,c ,c ,d1 we w plant our divid]s & transf] e c to o n4 ,by sett+ our divid]s on o ,m & transf]r+ to n ,m1 we w obta9 ! location ( ,q ,m1 ! lock+ face :5 unlock$4 ,let u n[ turn our att5tion to ! dis5gag+ pallet4 ,! dott$ l9e ,s ,n repres5ts ! location ( ! lock+ face ( ! dis5gag+ pallet :5 lock$ at an angle ( #ab f ,f ,b4 ,at ! int]section ( ,s ,n ) ! circle ,c ,c ,d we obta9 ! po9t j4 ,! motion ( ! two pallets be+ equal1 we transf] ! di/ance e c ) ! divid]s f j & obta9 ! po9t l4 ,by sett+ ! divid]s on j ,n & transf]r+ to l ,n we draw ! l9e ,s ,n on :i* ! lock+ face ( ! dis5gag+ pallet w be locat$ :5 unlock$4 ,x w be p]fectly cle> to anyone t ?r\gh ^! means we c correctly repres5t ! pallets 9 any desir$ position4 ,we w notice t ! face ,q ,m ( ! engag+ pallet :5 unlock$ /&s at a great] angle to ,e ,b ?an x did :5 lock$1 :ile ! opposite is ! case on ! dis5gag+ pallet1 9 :i* ! angle ,s ,n ,f is mu* less ?an ,s ,n ,f4 ,?is %[s t ! deep] ! engag+ pallet locks1 ! light] w ! draw be1 :ile ! opposite holds good ) ! dis5gag+ pallet2 also1 t ! draw increases dur+ ! unlock+ ( ! engag+1 & decreases dur+ ! unlock+ ( ! dis5gag+ pallet4 ,^! po9ts %[ t ! draw %\ld be measur$ ) ! =k /&+ aga9/ ! bank2 n :5 ! lock+ corn] ( ! pallet /&s on ! primitive circle1 z is s (t5 done4 ,! recoil ( ! :eel 7:i* det]m9es ! draw71 is illu/rat$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lock+ circle ,m ,n & ! face ,q ,m = ! engag+1 & ,s ,n = ! dis5gag+ pallet1 & along ! act+ surface x is alike on ea* pallet1 %[+ t ! draft angle %\ld be ! same on ea* pallet4 ,a numb] ( ye>s ago we con/ruct$ ! escapem5t model :i* we h]e) illu/rate4 ,all ! p>ts are adju/able2 ! pallets c be mov$ 9 any direction1 ! draft angles c be *ang$ at w4 ,?r\gh ?is model we c practically demon/rate ! po9ts ( :i* we h spok54 ,su* a model c be made by workm5 aft] /udy+ ^! pap]s4 ,illu/ration ,9 bo? ! equidi/ant & circul> pallets ! lock+ face ,s ,n ( ! dis5gag+ pallet deviates m f ! lock+ circle ,m ,n ?an does ! lock+ face ,q ,m ( ! engag+ pallet1 z w be se5 9 ! diagram4 ,?is is because ! draft angle is /ruck f ,e ,b :i* deviates f ! lock+ circle 9 su* a mann]1 t if ! face ( a pallet 7 plant$ on x & lock$ deep en\gh to %[ x1 ! :eel w\ld actually repel ! pallet1 :]eas ) ! dis5gag+ pallet if x 7 plant$ on ,f ,b1 x w\ld actually produce draw if lock$ v deep2 ?is is on acc\nt ( ! natural deviation ( ! #cj l9es f ! lock+ circle4 ,?is diff]5ce is m pron\nc$ 9 ! circul> ?an 9 ! equidi/ant pallet1 because 9 ! =m] we h two lock+ circles1 ! l>g] "o be+ = ! engag+ pallet1 & z an arc ( a l>ge circle does n deviate z mu* f a /raight l9e z does t ( a small] circle1 x w be easily und]/ood t ! natural diff]5ce be=e spok5 ( is only enhanc$ !reby4 ,= ?is reason 9 ord] to produce an actual draw ( #ab1 ! engag+ pallet may be set at a slightly great] angle f ,e ,b 9 ! circul> escapem5t2 ! am\nt dep5ds ^u ! wid? ( ! pallets2 ! requirem5ts are t ! recoil ( ! :eel w be ! same on ea* pallet4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 repeat t "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts is to measure ! draw :5 ! =k /&s aga9/ ! bank1 !reby increas+ ! draw on ! engag+ & decreas+ t ( ! dis5gag+ pallet dur+ ! unlock+ action1 ?us naturally balanc+ "o fault ) ano!r4 ,we w aga9 proce$ ) ! del9eation ( ! escapem5t "h illu/rat$4 ,aft] hav+ drawn ! lock+ face ,q ,m1 we draw ! angle ( wid? ( tee? ( #d1 by plant+ ! protractor on ! escape c5t] ,b4 ,we measure ! angle ,e ,b ,k1 f ! lock+ face ( ! pallet2 ! l9e ,e ,b does n t\* ! lock+ face ( ! pallet at ! pres5t "t ( contact ) ! too?1 !re=e a l9e mu/ be drawn f ! po9t ( contact to ! c5t] ,b4 ,we did s 9 our draw+ b d n illu/rate x1 z 9 a r$uc$ engrav+ ( ?is k9d x w\ld be too close to ,e ,b & w\ld only cause confusion4 ,we w n[ draw 9 ! lift+ angle ( #c = ! too?4 ,f ! tang5t ,c ,a we draw ,t ,a at ! requir$ angle2 at ! po9t ( int]section ( ,t ,a ) ! #cj l9e ,e ,b we h ! real circumf]5ce ( ! escape :eel4 ,x w only be necess>y to connect ! lock+ edge ( ! too? ) ! l9e ,k ,b1 :]e ! real or out] circle int]sects x4 ,x mu/ be drawn 9 ! same mann] 9 ! circul> escapem5t2 if ! too? 7 drawn up to ! int]section ( ,k ,b ) ,t ,a1 ! lift w\ld be too great1 z t po9t is fur!r f ! c5t] ,a ?an ! po9ts ( contact are4 ,if ! real or out] circle ( ! :eel int]sects bo? ! lock+ circle ,m ,n & ! pa? ,o ( ! dis*>g+ edge at ! po9ts :]e ,t ,a int]sects !m1 !n !re w be no loss ( lift on ! engag+ pallet4 ,?is is precisely h[ x is 9 ! diagram2 b if !re is any deviation1 !n ! angle ( loss mu/ be measur$ on ! real diamet] ( ! :eel & n on ! primitive1 z is usually done1 z ! real diamet] ( ! :eel1 or 9 o!r words ! heel ( ! too?1 =ms ! la/ po9t ( contact4 ,) a wid] too? & a great] lift+ angle !re w ev5 be a ga9 ( lift on ! engag+ pallet2 ! pallet 9 su* a case w\ld actually require a small] lift+ angle1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( ga94 ,we gave full directions = measur+ ! loss :5 describ+ its effects 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,:atev] ! loss am\nts to1 x is add$ to ! lift+ plane ( ! pallet4 ,9 ! diagram "u discussion !re is no loss1 consequ5tly ! lift+ angle on ! pallet is to be #e4 ,f ,v ,a we draw ,v ,a at ! requir$ angle2 ! po9t ( int]section ( ,v ,a ) ! pa? ,o w be ! dis*>g+ edge ,o4 ,x w n[ only be necess>y to connect ! lock+ corn] ,m ) x1 & we h ! lift+ plane ( ! pallet2 ! dis*>g+ side ( ! pallet is !n drawn p>allel to ! lock+ face & made a suitable l5g?4 ,we w n[ draw ! lock+ edges ( ! too? by plac+ ! c5t] ( ! protractor on ! lock+ edge ,m & con/ruct ! angle ,b ,m ,m ( #bd & draw a circle f ! scape c5t] ,b1 to :i* ! l9e ,m ,m w be a tang5t4 ,we w utilize ?is circle 9 draw+ 9 ! faces ( ! o!r tee? aft] hav+ spac$ !m (f #bd ap>t1 by simply putt+ a rul] on ! lock+ edges & on ! p]iph]y ( ! circle4 ,we n[ con/ruct ,w ,a z a tang5t to ! out] circle ( ! :eel1 ?us =m+ ! lift+ angle ,d ,a ,w ( #c = ! tee?2 ?is corresponds to ! angle ,t ,a ,c on ! engag+ side4 ,w ,a t\*es ! out] circle ( ! :eel at ! int]section ( ,f ,b ) x4 ,we w notice t !re is consid]able deviation ( ,w ,a f ! circle at ! int]section ( ,j ,b ) x4 ,at ! int]sect+ ( ?is po9t we draw ,u ,a2 ! angle ,u ,a ,w is ! loss ( lift4 ,?is angle mu/ be add$ to ! lift+ angle ( ! pallets2 we see t 9 ?is action !re is no loss on ! engag+ pallet1 b on ! dis5gag+ ! loss am\nts to approximately 9 ! action illu/rat$4 ,z we h all[$ ( run = ! pallets1 ! dis*>g+ edge ,p is remov$ at ?is angle f ,u ,a2 we d n illu/rate x1 z ! l9es w\ld cause confusion be+ s close toge!r4 ,! lift+ angle on ! pallet is measur$ f ! po9t ,p & am\nts to #e ! angle ( ! loss2 ! angle ,w ,a ,u embraces ! above angles besides = run4 ,if ! locks are equal on ea* pallet1 x proves t ! lifts are also equal4 ,?is gives u a practical me?od ( prov+ ! correctness ( ! draw+2 to d s1 place ! divid]s on ! lock+ circle ,m ,n at ! int]section ( ,t ,a & ,v ,a ) x1 z ?is is ! ext5t ( motion2 transf] ?is measurem5t to ,n1 if ! actual lift is ! same on ea* pallet1 ! divid]s w locate ! po9t :i* ! lock+ corn] ,n w occupy :5 lock$2 ?is1 9 ! pres5t case1 w be at an angle ( #a bel[ ! tang5t ,d ,a4 ,by ?is simple me?od1 ! correctness ( our proposition t ! loss ( lift %\ld be measur$ f ! outside circle ( ! :eel1 c be prov54 ,we (t5 see ! loss measur$ = ! engag+ pallet on ! primitive circumf]5ce ,g ,h1 & on ! real circumf]5ce = ! dis5gag+2 if "o is "r !n ! o!r mu/ be wrong1 z !re is a noticeable deviation ( ! tang5t ,c ,a f ! primitive circle ,g ,h at ! int]section ( ! lock+ circle ,m ,n2 _h we add$ ?is am\nt to ! lift+ angle ,v ,a ,v ( ! engag+ pallet1 ! result w\ld h be5 t ! dis*>g+ edge ,o w\ld be ov] #a bel[ its pres5t location1 ?us %[+ t by ! "t ! lift on ! engag+ pallet _h be5 complet$1 ! lock+ corn] ,n ( ! dis5gag+ pallet w\ld be lock$ at an angle ( #b in/ead ( only #a4 ,_m wat*es conta9 precisely ?is fault4 ,if we wi% to make a draft %[+ ! pallets at any desir$ position1 at ! c5t] ( motion = in/ance1 ) ! =k /&+ on ! l9e ( c5t]s1 we w\ld proce$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 #aj be+ ! total motion1 "o-half w\ld equal #e2 z ! total lock equals #a1 we d$uct ?is am\nt f x :i* leaves #e - #a #c1 :i* is ! angle at :i* ! lock+ corn] ,m %\ld be %[n above ! tang5t ,c ,a4 ,n[ let u see :]e ! lock+ corn] ,n %\ld /&2 ,m hav+ mov$ up #e1 !re=e ,n mov$ d[n by t am\nt1 ! lift on ! pallet be+ #e & on ! too? #c 7:i* is add$ to ! tang5t ,d ,a71 x foll[s t ,n %\ld /& #e #c - #e #c above ,d ,a4 ,we c prove x by ! lock1 namely3 #c #a #e1 half ! rema9+ motion4 ,?is %[s h[ simple x is to draft pallets 9 v>i\s positions1 rememb]+ always to use ! tang5ts to ! primitive circle z measur+ po9ts4 ,we h fully expla9$ h[ to draw 9 ! draft angle on ! pallets :5 unlock$1 & d n require to repeat x1 except to say1 t mo/ au?orities draw a tang5t ,r ,n to ! lock+ circle ,m ,n1 =m+ 9 o!r words1 ! "r angle ,r ,n ,a1 !n con/ruct an angle ( #ab f ,r ,n4 ,we h drawn ours 9 by our own me?od1 :i* is ! correct "o4 ,:ile we "h illu/rate ,s ,n ,r at an angle ( #ab x is 9 reality less ?an t am\nt2 _h we con/ruct$ ,s ,n at an angle ( #ab f ,r ,n1 !n ! draw w\ld be #ab f ,f ,b1 :5 ! primitive circumf]5ce ( ! :eel is rea*$1 b m ?an #ab :5 ! =k is aga9/ ! bank4 ,! space betwe5 ! dis*>g+ edge ,p & ! heel ( ! too? =ms ! angle ( drop ,j ,b ,i ( #a2 ! def9ition = drop is t x is ! fre$om = :eel & pallet4 ,?is is n1 /rictly speak+1 p]fectly correct1 z1 dur+ ! unlock+ action !re w be a recoil ( ! :eel to ! ext5t ( ! draft angle2 ! heel ( ! too? w !re=e approa* ! edge ,p1 & ! dis*>g+ side ( ! pallet approa*es ! too?1 z only ! dis*>g+ edge moves on ! pa? ,p4 ,a good l5g? = ! tee? is #a_/aj ! diamet] ( ! :eel1 measur$ f ! primitive diamet] & f ! lock+ edge ( ! too?4 ,! backs ( ! tee? are holl[$ out s z n to int]f]e ) ! pallets1 & are giv5 a nice =m2 likewise ! rim & arms are drawn 9 z light & z neat z possible1 consi/5t ) /r5g?4 ,hav+ expla9$ ! del9eation ( ! :eel & pallet action we w n[ turn our att5tion to t ( ! =k & roll]4 ,we tri$ to expla9 ^! actions 9 su* a mann] t by ! "t we came to del9eate !m no difficulty w\ld be f\nd1 z 9 our analysis we discuss$ ! subject suffici5tly to enable any "o ( ord9>y intellig5ce to obta9 a correct k ( !m4 ,! =k & roll] action 9 /raight l9e1 "r1 or any o!r angle is del9eat$ aft] ! me?ods we are ab\t to give4 ,we specifi$ t ! act+ l5g? ( =k 0 to be equal to ! c5t] di/ance ( :eel & pallets2 ?is gives a =k ( a fair l5g?4 ,hav+ drawn ! l9e ( c5t]s ,a ,a we w con/ruct an angle equal to half ! angul> motion ( ! pallets2 ! latt] 9 ! case "u consid]ation be+ #aj1 !re=e #e is spac$ (f on ea* side ( ! l9e ( c5t]s1 =m+ ! angles m ,a k ( #aj4 ,plac+ our divid]s on ,a ,b ! c5t] di/ance ( 'scape :eel & pallets1 we plant !m on ,a & con/ruct c c2 ?us we w h ! act+ l5g? ( =k & its pa?4 ,we saw 9 our analysis t ! impulse angle %\ld be z small z possible4 ,we w use "o ( #bh 9 our draft ( ! d\ble roll]2 we might h[ev] rem>k t ?is angle %\ld v>y ) ! con/ruction ( ! escapem5ts 9 diff]5t wat*es2 if too small1 ! balance may be /opp$ :5 ! escapem5t is lock$1 :ile if too great x c be /opp$ dur+ ! lift2 bo? ^! defects are to be avoid$4 ,! angles be+ respectively #aj & #bh x foll[s !y are ( ! foll[+ proportions3 #bh #aj4be #b4gcaf4 ,! impulse radius !re=e be>s ?is relation 7b 9 ! inv]se ratio to ! angles71 to ! act+ l5g? ( =k4 ,we w put x 9 ! foll[+ proportion2 let ,ac equal act+ l5g? ( =k1 & x ! unkn[n quantity2 #bh3aj4be 33 ,ac3x2 ! answ] w be ! !oretical impulse radius4 ,hav+ f\nd ! requir$ radius we plant "o jaw ( our measur+ in/rum5t on ! po9t ( int]section ( c c ) k ,a or m ,a & locate ! o!r jaw on ! l9e ( c5t]s2 we ?us obta9 ,a ! balance c5t]4 ,?r\gh ! po9ts ( int]section be=e designat$ we w draft ,x ,a & ,y ,a =m+ ! impulse angle ,x ,a ,y ( #bh4 ,at ! int]section ( ?is angle ) ! =k angle k ,a m1 we draw i i f ! c5t] ,a2 ?is gives u ! !oretical impulse circle4 ,! total lock be+ #a x foll[s t ! angle describ$ by ! balance 9 unlock+ #a #b4gcaf #d4ghh4 ,accord+ to ! specifications ! wid? ( slot is to be #e2 plac+ ! c5t] ( ! protractor on ,a we con/ruct half ( ?is angle on ea* side ( k ,a1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! =k :5 x re/s aga9/ ! bank2 ?is gives u ! angle s ,a n ( #e4 ,if ! dis5gag+ pallet 7 %[n lock$ !n m ,a w\ld repres5t ! c5t] ( ! =k4 ,! slot is to be made ( suffici5t dep? s !re w be no possibility ( ! ruby p9 t\*+ ! bottom ( x4 ,! ruby p9 is to h #a fre$om 9 pass+ ! act+ edge ( ! =k2 f ! c5t] ,a we con/ruct ! angle t ,a n ( #a2 at ! po9t ( int]section ( t ,a ) c c ! act+ radius ( ! =k1 we locate ! real impulse radius & draw ! arc ri ri :i* describes ! pa? made by ! face ( ! ruby p94 ,! ruby p9 is to h ( %ake 9 ! slot2 x w !re=e h a wid? ( #d2 ?is wid? is drawn 9 ) ! ruby p9 imag9$ z /&+ ov] ! l9e ( c5t]s & is !n transf]r$ to ! position :i* ! ruby p9 is to occupy 9 ! draw+4 ,! radius ( ! safety roll] 0 giv5 z #d_/g ( ! !oretical impulse radius4 ,!y may be made ( v>i\s proportions2 ?us is (t5 us$4 ,rememb] t ! small] we make x1 ! less ! friction dur+ accid5tal contact ) ! gu>d p91 ! great] mu/ ! pass+ holl[ be & ! horn ( =k & gu>d po9t mu/ be long]1 :i* increases ! weight ( ! =k4 ,hav+ drawn 9 ! safety roll]1 & hav+ specifi$ t ! fre$om betwe5 ! d>t & safety roll] 0 to be #a1 ! d>t be+ 9 ! c5t] ( ! =k1 consequ5tly k ,a is ! c5t] ( x2 !re=e we con/ruct ! angle k ,a ,x ( #a4 ,at ! po9t ( int]section ( ,x ,a ) ! safety roll] we draw ! arc g g2 ?is locates ! po9t ( ! d>t :i* we w n[ draw 94 ,we w next draw d ,a f ! balance c5t] & t\*+ ! po9t ( ! d>t2 we n[ con/ruct b ,a at an angle ( #e to x4 ,?is is to all[ ! necess>y fre$om = ! d>t :5 ent]+ ! cresc5t2 f ,a we draw a l9e ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! ruby p94 ,we d n %[ x 9 ! draw+1 z x w\ld be indisc]nible1 com+ v close to ,a ,x4 ,?is l9e w also pass ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! cresc5t4 ,at ! po9t ( int]section ( ,a b ) ! safety roll] we h "o ( ! edges ( ! cresc5t4 ,by plac+ our compass at ! c5t] ( ! cresc5t on ! p]iph]y ( ! roll] & on ! edge :i* we h j f\nd1 x foll[s t our compass w span ! radius ( ! cresc5t4 ,we n[ sweep ! arc = ! latt]1 ?us also draw+ 9 ! rema9+ half ( ! cresc5t on ! o!r side ( ,a ,x & br++ ! cresc5t ( suffici5t dep? t no possibility exi/s ( ! d>t t\*+ 9 or on ! edges ( x4 ,we w n[ draw 9 ! impulse roll] & make x z light z possible consi/5t ) /r5g?4 ,a hole is %[n ?r\gh ! impulse roll] to c\nt]balance ! r$uc$ weight at ! cresc5t4 ,:5 describ+ ,fig4 #bd1 we gave in/ructions = f9d+ ! dim5sions ( cresc5t & position ( gu>d p9 = ! s+le roll]4 ,we w f9d ! l5g? ( horn2 to d s we mu/ closely foll[ directions giv5 = ,fig4 #be4 ,9 locat+ ! end ( ! horn1 we mu/ f9d ! location ( ! c5t] ( ! cresc5t & ruby p9 aft] ! edge ( ! cresc5t has pass$ ! d>t4 ,f ! po9t ( int]section ( ,a b ) ! safety roll] we transf] ! radius ( ! cresc5t on ! p]iph]y ( ! safety roll] t[>ds ! side aga9/ ! bank1 !n draw a l9e f ,a ?r\gh ! po9t s f\nd4 ,at po9t ( int]section ( ?is l9e ) ! real impulse circle r i r i we draw an arc radiat+ f ! pallet c5t]2 ! end ( ! horn w be locat$ on ?is arc4 ,9 our draw+ ! arc spok5 ( co9cides ) ! d>t radius g g4 ,z be=e po9t$ out1 we gave p>ticul>s :5 treat+ on ,fig4 #be1 !re=e consid]$ x unnecess>y to fur!r complicate ! draft by ! addition ( all ! con/ructional l9es4 ,we specifi$ t ! fre$om betwe5 ruby p9 & end ( horn 0 to be #a2 ^! l9es1 7:i* we d n %[7 are drawn f ! pallet c5t]4 ,hav+ locat$ ! end ( ! horn on ! side /&+ aga9/ ! bank1 we place ! divid]s on x & on ! po9t ( int]section ( k ,a ) g g--:i* 9 ?is case is on ! po9t ( ! d>t1--& transf] ?is measurem5t along g g :i* w locate ! end ( ! horn on ! opposite side4 ,we h ! act+ edges ( ! =k on cc & h also f\nd ! position ( ! ends ( ! horns2 _! curvature is drawn 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,we place our compasses on ,a & r i1 spann+ !re=e ! real impulse radius2 ! compass is n[ set on ! act+ edge ( ! =k & an arc swept ) x :i* is !n to be int]sect$ by ano!r arc swept f ! end ( ! horn1 on ! same side ( ! =k4 ,at ! po9t ( int]section ( ! arcs ! compass is plant$ & ! curvature ( ! horn drawn 91 ! same op]ation is to be repeat$ ) ! o!r horn4 ,we w n[ draw 9 ! sides ( ! horn ( su* a =m t %\ld ! wat* rebank1 ! side ( ! ruby p9 w squ>ely /rike ! =k4 ,if ! back ( ! ruby p9 /rikes ! =k !re w be a great] t5d5cy ( break+ x & injur+ ! pivots on acc\nt ( act+ l a w$ge4 ,! =k & pallets are n[ drawn 9 z lightly z possible & ( su* =m z to admit ( _! be+ readily pois$4 ,! banks are to be drawn at equal di/ances f ! l9e ( c5t]s4 ,9 del9eat+ ! =k & roll] action 9 any desir$ position1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! po9ts ( location ( ! real impulse radius1 ! end ( horn1 ! d>t or gu>d p9 & cresc5t1 mu/ all be obta9$ :5 /&+ aga9/ ! bank1 & ! arcs drawn :i* !y describe2 ! p>ts are !n locat$ accord+ to ! angle at :i* !y are remov$ f ! banks4 ,we ?9k ! in/ructions giv5 are ample to enable any "o to ma/] ! subject4 ,we may add t :5 "o becomes well acqua9t$ ) ! escapem5t1 _m ( ! angles radiat+ f a common c5t]1 may be drawn 9 at once4 ,we _h int5d$ describ+ ! me*anical con/ruction ( ! escapem5t1 :i* does unmi/akably pres5t "s difficulties on acc\nt ( ! small dim5sions ( ! p>ts1 b nev]!less x c be me*anically execut$ true to ! pr9ciples enum]at$4 ,we h evolv$ a me?od ( s produc+ !m t "y m5 9 a comp>atively %ort p]iod h made !m f _! drafts 7)\t automatic ma*9]y7 t _! wat*es />t (f :5 run d[n ! mom5t ! cr[n is t\*$4 ,p]haps lat] on we w write up ! subject4 ,x is our int5tion ( do+ s1 z we make use ( su* explanations 9 our regul> "w4