f ! ,google ,pr9t project47             
,transcrib]'s note3    #a4 ,! spell+1   
acc5ts1 & diacritical m>ks ( ,sanskrit  
words      0 n consi/5t ?r\gh ! book4   
,^! h be5 made      consi/5t4    #b4 ,! 
corrections not$ 9 ! ,corrig5da on page 
v h be5      made 9 ! text4             
,,h9du ,,law ,,& ,,judicature           
,,f ,,!                                 
,,dh>ma-,,sa/ra                         
(                                       
,,yajnavalkya                           
,9 ,engli%                 ,,)          
,,explanatory ,,notes ,,& ,,introduction
                                        
,,by                        ,,edw>d     
,r,oe,e,r1 ph4 ,d41 ,m4 ,d4             
,,& ,w4 ,a4 ,,montri\1 ,,b>ri/]4        
,calcutta3                   ,r4 ,c4    
,,lepage  ,,co41 ,,briti% ,,libr>y4     
,london3         ,r4 ,c4 ,,lepage       
,,co41 #a1 ,,:itefri>',s ,,/reet1       
,,fleet ,,/reet                         
#ahei4         99       99       99     
99       99     ,,preface4   ,! imm$iate

 inc5tive to ?is und]tak+ 01 a k1 or at 
lea/ a /rong impression1 t a connect$ & 
explanatory translation ( ! rules (     
jurisprud5ce#a 9 ! ,dh>ma ,sa/ra (      
,yajnavalkya 0 a practical want4  ,su*  
impression 0 co9cid$ 91 & !re=e prov$   
correct1 by a long li/ ( local          
subscrib]s em95tly qualifi$1 by position
 & exp]i5ce1 to decide4  ,dr4 ,roe] is  
responsible = ! fidelity ( ! r5d]+1 s f>
 z dep5ds on k ( ! ,sanscrit language & 
lit]ature1 ( ,h9du my?ology &           
philosophy4 ,mr4 ,montri\ has aid$1 s f>
 z enabl$ by juridical acquirem5ts &    
exp]i5ce4 ,! language ( translation has1
 !re=e1 be5 a jo9t lab\r1 (t5 ! result (
 mu* & anxi\s discussion1 &1 if n       
unfrequ5tly b a *oice ( d\btful         
alt]natives1 yet1 always a *oice made ) 
pa9s & circumspection4  ,! text we h    
g5]ally foll[$ is ,/5zl]'s#b :i* is bas$
 on & select$ f two ,,mss4 9 ! royal    
libr>y at ,b]l9 & two editions publi%$ 9
 ,calcutta4#c  ,we h n neglect$ con/ant 
comp>ison ) ,/5zl]'s ,g]man translation 

z well z ) ! sev]al deta*$ passages z   
translat$ by ,colebrooke & ,w4          
,macnaght54  ,words )9 brackets 7   7   
are n 9 ! orig9al text4  ,ref]5ces to1 &
 extracts f1 ! /&>d comm5t>y ^u         
,yajnavalkya1 ! ,mitak%>a1 necess>ily =m
 ! /aple ( our notes4 ,all su* extracts 
are di/+ui%$ by ! initial 7,m471 & !    
au?or ( ! comm5t>y we inv>iably ref] to 
z1 ! ,comm5tator4  ,at ! same "t1 we h n
 bl9dly or implicitly foll[$ ?is        
comm5tator4 ,9 "s s5se all ,h9du glosses
 are untru/wor?y guides4 ,!y assume !   
text to be ! language ( inspiration2 &1 
z ! sev]al ,dh>ma ,sa/ras n m]ely diff]1
 b (t5 dispose ( ! same subject 9 a     
contradictory mann]1 ,p&its deem x _!   
duty to reconcile all discrepancies1 h[ 
=c$ soev] _! int]pretations may be4 ,9  
passages s dealt )1 we h endeav\r$ to   
give ! pla9 mean+ ( ! orig9al text4  ,we
 gratefully ackn[l$ge ! oblig+          
assi/ance1 9 rese>*1 enquiry1 &         
sugge/ion1 occasionally af=d$1 9 !      
progress ( our task1 by ,babus1 ,*&ra   

,saikhur ,dev#d & ,%yama*>ana ,sirc>4#e 
,e4 ,r4  ,w4 ,a4 ,m4  ,augu/ #aheh4     
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #a3 vyavah>a4   
,footnote #b3 ,yajnavalkya's ,gesetzbu*1
 ,sanscrit & ,deuts*1 ,b]l9 & ,london1  
#ahdi4  ,footnote #c3 #a4 ,sanhita (    
,yajnavalkya1 edit$ by ,sri             
,bhavani*>ana ,v&yopadhyaya3 #b4 ,! text
 publi%$ 9 ! ,mitak%>a ,dh>ma ,sa/ra1   
,calcutta1 #ahab4  ,footnote #d3 ,=m]ly 
head sup]9t5d5t ( ! legal & zem9d>ry    
affairs ( ! mah>ajah ( ,burdwan4        
,footnote #e3 ,jo9t *ief translator &   
int]pret] ,h4 ,m4 ,supreme ,c\rt4       
,,corrig5da4   ,page  x1    7,introd47  
=     ,swabhabha     read     ,swabhava4
       xi1                        sl4   
#bda      read      sl4 #bdj4        #b1
    sl4 #b1               h>k5          
read      he>k54       #gi1    sl4 #cjc1
             equipage1    read          
vehicle4                                
gadee       read        seat4           
,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,^! corrections h  
be5 made 9 ! text     ,,introduction4   

,pr(essor ,/5zl] enum]ates#f =ty-six    
di/9ct ,dh>ma ,sa/ras or recognis$ codes
 ( ,h9du law & ritual1 scil4  #c cross  
symbols  #a4 ,agni4  #a cross symbol    
#b4 ,angiras4  #a cross symbol   #c4    
,atri4  #a cross symbol   #d4 ,apa/amba4
  #a cross symbol   #e4 ,usanas4  #b    
cross symbols  #f4 ,ri%yasr+a4  #b cross
 symbols  #g4 ,kasyapa4  #a cross symbol
   #h4 ,katyayana4  #b cross symbols    
#i4 ,ku?umi4  #b cross symbols #aj4     
,g>gya4  #a cross symbol  #aa4 ,gautama4
  #c cross symbols #ab4 ,*yavana4  #c   
cross symbols #ac4 ,*'hagaleya4  #c     
cross symbols #ad4 ,jatuk>na4  #b cross 
symbols #ae4 ,jabali4  #a cross symbol  
#af4 ,dak%a4  #b cross symbols #ag4     
,devala4  #b cross symbols #ah4 ,n>ada4 
#a cross symbol  #ai4 ,p>as>a4  #b cross
 symbols #bj4 ,p>ask>a4  #c cross       
symbols #ba4 ,pitamaha4  #b cross       
symbols #bb4 ,pula/ya4  #b cross symbols
 #bc4 ,pai?9asi4  #b cross symbols #bd4 
,pra*etas4  #c cross symbols #be4       
,prajapati4  #c cross symbols #bf4      

,budha4  #a cross symbol  #bg4          
,brihaspati4  #b cross symbols #bh4     
,baudhayana4  #b cross symbols #bi4     
,bhrigu4  #a cross symbol  #cj4 ,manu4  
#b cross symbols #ca4 ,m>i*i4  #a cross 
symbol  #cb4 ,yama4  #a cross symbol    
#cc4 ,yajnavalkya4  #a cross symbol     
#cd4 ,likhita4  #b cross symbols #ce4   
,laugak%i4  #a cross symbol  #cf4       
,vasi%?a4  #b cross symbols #cg4        
,viswamittra4  #a cross symbol  #ch4    
,vi%nu4  #a cross symbol  #ci4 ,vyasa4  
#a cross symbol  #dj4 ,sankha4  #a cross
 symbol  #da4 ,satatapa4  #c cross      
symbols #db4 ,satyayana4  #a cross      
symbol  #dc4 ,samv>tta4  #b cross       
symbols #dd4 ,sumantu4  #c cross symbols
 #de4 ,soma4  #a cross symbol  #df4     
,h>ita4  ,( ! above li/1 tw5ty 7di/+ui%$
 by "o cross7 are 9 ,yajnavalkya's      
li/3#g sev5te5 ( ^! are nam$ by ,p>as>a1
 viz4 all except ,yama1 ,brihaspati &   
,vyasa1 in/ead ( :om he gives ,kasyapa1 
,g>gya & ,pra*etas3 ! ,padma ,purana    
gives ^? nam$ by ,yajnavalkya1 ) !      

exception ( ,atri1 & sev5te5 o!rs1      
7di/+ui%$ by two crosses7 ?ree ( :om1   
,pra*etas1 ,kasyapa & ,g>gya1 are on    
,p>as>a's li/1 & ! rema9+ f\rte51 n be=e
 m5tion$3 ,madhusudana ,s>aswati names !
 same n9ete5 ( ,yajnavalkya's li/1 also 
,devala1 ,n>ada1 ,pai?9asi3 ,rama       
,kri%na1 9 8 gloss to ! ,grihya ,sutras 
( ,p>ask>a1 m5tions ?irty-n9e1 ( :om n9e
 7di/+ui%$ by ?ree crosses7 are new     
ones4 ,!re is also a ,dh>ma ,sa/ra      
attribut$ to ,sankha & ,likhita jo9tly1 
?us mak+ =ty-sev5 9 ! :ole4 ,! pr(essor 
consid]s all to be extant2 & has himself
 met ) quotations f all1 except ,agni1  
,ku?umi1 ,budha1 ,satyayana1 & ,soma4   
,to ^? may be add$ sev]al rec5sions ( ! 
same ,dh>ma ,sa/ras1 ( :i* pr(essor     
,/5zl] speaks to hav+ read ( tw5ty-two4 
,! entire =ty-sev5 are indep5d5t s\rces 
( & au?orities ^u ,h9du law4  ,! ,dige/ 
( ,jagannat'ha ,t>capan*anana1 z        
translat$ by ,colebrooke1 is a valuable 
rep]tory ( texts2 b1 deta*$ & isolat$ z 
!y necess>ily are1 ^? texts c )         

difficulty be appreciat$ or appli$4     
,yajnavalkya is second 9 importance to  
,manu alone3 &1 ) ! comm5t>y1 is ! lead+
 au?ority ( ! ,mi?ila s*ool4  ,! resid5t
 ( ,briti% ,india ne$s n to be in=m$1 t 
! or?odox ,h9du reg>ds 8 ,dh>ma ,sa/ras 
z direct revelations ( ! ,div9e w3 /ill 
less ne$ su* an "o be told1 t1 among ?is
 p1 law is entirely subs]vi5t to !      
my/]i\s despotism ( ca/1#h a religi\s1 r
 ?an a political ord9ance4  ,) ! ,h9du1 
all religi\s t5ets & aspirations are    
c5tr$ 9 ! idea ( ,,brahma1 ! "o1 p]vad+1
 illimitable sub/ance1 )\t multiple1    
division or repetition4 ,?is idea has   
two modes or phases1 #a/4 z repres5t+ ! 
absolute1 self-includ$ ,brahma2 #bnd4 z 
repres5t+ ,brahma 9 connection )1       
relative to1 ! _w4 ,9 ! latt]1 ,brahma  
is creator ( ! _w1 or1 ! v _w1 a        
semblance or a developm5t ( ! =m]1 !    
absolute idea4 ,man's highe/ aspiration 
& aim is1 to "k ,brahma absolutely3 to h
 atta9$ ?is k implies a total           
r5unciation ( worldly conc]ns1 to       

coalesce )1 to be ultimately absorb$ 91 
reunit$ )1 ,brahma4 ,brahmanas are held 
to possess1 to repres5t1 ?is k4 ,aga91  
,brahma is ! creator1 ! pres]v]1 also1 !
 objects creat$ & pres]v$4 ,k%attriyas  
repres5t ,brahma1 ! pres]v]3 ,vaisyas1  
,brahma ! pres]v$4 ,! dogma is o!rwise  
expla9$3 9 ! second>y or relative       
notion1 ,brahma is ,sattwa1 ,rajas1     
,tamas1 i4 e4 goodness1 activity1       
d>kness1--respectively repres5t$ by !   
,brahmana1 ,k%attriya1 & ,vaisya ca/s4  
,:5 ! ,h9dus dwelt 9 ! c\ntry ( ! five  
riv]s1 & 7 wor%ipp]s ( ! p[]s & ph5om5a 
( mat]ial ,nature1 z ( ,indra1 ,vayu1   
,agni c41 ca/ 0 necess>ily unkn[n1 = !  
notion ( ,brahma 0 undevelop$4  ,!      
divisions or classes among !m 7         
conv5tional2 !re 7 pr9ces1 prie/s1 &    
peasants or cultivators4  ,b class      
di/9ction _h n !n cry/alliz$ into ca/1  
into immiscible1 uncong5ial yet         
co-ord9ate elem5ts ( a s call$ reveal$  
con/itution4  ,s soon h[ev] z ! idea (  
,brahma _h atta9$ fixity 9 ! ,h9du m9d1 

& simultane\sly ) x1 ca/ 0 develop$1 z  
we f9d x 7b imp]fectly7 9 ! e>lie/      
records ( ,h9du philosophy1 !           
,upani%ads4  ,?us1 ca/ gov]ns & is      
antec$5t to law1 :i* mu/ b5d & adapt    
itself to ca/1 z ! ov]rul+1 intr9sic1   
unalt]able condition ( ,h9duism1 ( ,h9du
 life4 ,!re is "o law1 "o phase (       
obligation = ! twice-born1 ano!r = !    
,sudra4 ,9 ,manu1 ca/ is n s fully &    
sev]ely develop$3 ,manu p]mits to !     
,brahmana f\r wives1 ( :om "o may be a  
,sudra1 necess>ily p]mitt+1 !re=e1 a    
transition or quasi-amalgamation betwe5 
! highe/ & ! l[e/ 9 ! scale4            
,yajnavalkya p]mits ?is ,brahmanical    
communion ) ! ,k%attriya & ,vaisya1 b n 
) ! ,sudra4 ,lat] promulgators ( law1#i 
re/rict ! ,brahmana to 8 own class4  ,b 
al?\gh ca/1 once develop$1 admitt$ n (  
*ange1 juridical rules1 subs]vi5t to    
ca/1 might & did progress3 civil laws & 
proc$ure became m compreh5sive & exact1 
! crim9al code m regulat$1 l5i5t1 &     
enlight5$4 ,& z univ]sally1 7= su* is   

human17 brea*es & occasional disreg>d ( 
rules h1 sil5tly ?\gh surely1 work$ a   
*ange1 or caus$ exceptional accessions  
to ! rules !mselves4  ,! rule ( !       
,sa/ras1 t k+ly p[] %\ld belong to !    
,k%attriya alone1 01 ev5 9 ! halcyon    
days ( ,h9du polity1 repeat$ly set      
aside4 ,*&ragupta1 a ,sudra1 & 8 dyna/y1
 held sway ov] ,india f #cae to #agc ,b4
 ,c43 aft]w>ds came ,brahmanical k+s1 ! 
,kanwas1 f #ff to #ba ,b4 ,c43 :il/ !   
mighty ,gupta k+s1 f #aej to #bhj ,a4   
,c41 7 ,vaisyas4  ,! code ( ,manu       
pres5ts a dis>rang$ mass ( regulations1 
9 s mu* t "s h suppos$ ! disord] to h   
be5 design$4  ,t conclusion1 h[ev]1 is  
repell$ by ! comp>atively succ9ct       
arrangem5t ( ,yajnavalkya & o!r sages4  
,x is m consi/5t to suppose1 t ,manu1 z 
orig9ally promulgat$1 01 f "t to "t1    
add$ to1 ) an accid5tal disreg>d (      
me?od4  ,a*>a1 ritual1 comprises !      
di/9ctive ca/-c]emonies1 dome/ic &      
social usages1 rites ( purification1 (  
sacrifice4  ,vyavah>a1 may be call$ !   

juridical rules1 embrac+ z well         
sub/antive law z ! proc$ure & practice (
 legal tribunals4  ,prayas*itta1        
expiations1 are ! religi\s sanctions1 or
 p5alties ( s92 ! div9e visitation ^u   
(f5d]s1 & ! mode 9 :i* ! s9n] may av]t1 
by atonem5t1 ! consequ5ces ( div9e      
v5geance4  ,! date ( ,yajnavalkya's     
,dh>ma ,sa/ra is n def9itely or         
satisfactorily fix$4 ,f int]nal evid5ce1
 x is d\btless mu* subsequ5t to ,manu4  
,! data = conjectur+ ! p]iod (          
,yajnavalkya are2  #a4 ,ref]5ce is made 
to ,buddhi/ habits & doctr9es1 viz4 !   
yell[ g>m5ts1 ! baldhead1 ! ,swabhava   
7,b4 ,i4 sl4 #bga1 #bgb1 & #cdi74       
,h5ce1 ?is ,dh>ma ,sa/ra mu/ h be5      
promulgat$ lat] ?an ,b4 ,c4 #ejj4  #b4  
,ref]5ce is made to a previ\s ,yoga     
,sa/ra promulgat$ by ,yajnavalkya 7,b4  
,,iii1 sl4 #aaj74 ,n[1 ! ,yoga          
philosophy 0 fir/ %ap$ into a sy/em by  
,patanjali :o1 accord+ to ,lass51       
probably fl\ri%$ ab\t #bjj ,b4 ,c4  #c4 
,m5tion is made ( co9 z nanaka 7,b4     

,,ii1 sl4 #bdj74 ,n[1 ! ^w nano occurs  
on ! co9s ( ! ,indoscy?ian k+1 ,kan]ki1 
:o1 accord+ to ,lass51 reign$ until #dj 
,a4 ,c4  ,! result1 ?\gh indef9ite1     
places ! e>lie/ date ( ,yajnavalkya's   
code t[>ds ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury aft]
 ,*ri/4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #f3    
,see 8 pap] ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,indis*5  
,gesetzbu*] 7,contributions to ! hi/ory 
( ! ,indian law-books7 9 ,web]'s        
,indis*e ,/udi51 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bcb to   
#bdf4  ,footnote #g3 ,yajnavalkya1 *4   
,i1 sl4 #c to #e4  ,footnote #h3 ,we h  
foll[$ ,mr4 ,elph9/one 7,hi/4 *4 #a7 9 !
 or?ography ( ?is ^w3 x is f !          
,portuguese ca/a1 bre$1 race4  ,footnote
 #i3 ,see ,lass5's ,indis*e             
,alt]?umskunde1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eaj4     
,,select$ ,,slokas ,,( ,,! ,,fir/       
,,book4  ,,ritual ,,& ,,moral           
,,conduct4#aj   #a4 ,! ,munis#aa aft]   
adoration to ,yajnavalkya1 "l (         
,yogis1#ab ?us address$ him3  ,reveal to
 u ! sev]al duties ( ! ca/s1 ( !        
ord]s1#ac & ( ! o!rs6#ad  #b4 ,! pr9ce (

 ! ,yogis1 :o !n abode 9 ,mi?ila1       
m$itat+ = a mom5t1 said to ! ,munis3    
,he>k5 to ! rules ( duty 9 ! c\ntry ( ! 
black antelope6#ae  #c4 ,!re are f\rte5 
repositories#af ( ! sci5ces & ( law2 !  
f\r ,v$as toge!r ) ! ,puranas1 ! ,nyaya1
 ! ,mimansa1 ! ,dh>ma ,sa/ras1 & ! six  
,angas4#ag  #d4 ,manu1 ,atri1 ,vi%nu1   
,h>ita1 ,yajnavalkya1 ,usanas1 ,angiras1
 ,yama1 ,apa/amba1 ,sanv>ta1 ,katyayana1
 ,brihaspati1  #e4 ,p>as>a1 ,vyasa1     
,sankha1 ,likhita1 ,dak%a1 ,gautama1    
,satatapa1 & ,vasi%?a1#ah are !y :o h   
promulgat$ ,dh>ma ,sa/ras4  #f4 ,:5 a   
gift is made1 9 due season1 place &     
mann]1 9 good fai? & to a fit p]son--all
 ?is gives ! idea ( ,law4  #g4 ,!       
,sruti1 ! ,smriti1#ai ! practice ( good 
m51 :at seems good to "o's self1#bj & a 
desire maturely consid]$--^! are decl>$ 
to be ! root#ba ( ,law4  #i4 ,f\r le>n$ 
9 ! ,v$as & 9 ! ,law =m a ,c\rt1 or     
,traividya4#bb ,:atev] is decl>$ by ?is 
,c\rt1 or by a s+le p]son :o has1 9 an  
em95t degree1 k ( ! s\l 9 its           

relations#bc--! same %\ld be held z     
,law4  #aj4 ,brahmans1 ,k%attriyas1     
,vaisyas & ,sudras are ! ca/s3 ( !m !   
?ree fir/ are twice-born2 all _! rites1 
comm5c+ ) ! procreative rites1 & end+ ) 
^? :i* are gone ?r\gh :]e ! corpse is   
dispos$ (1#bd are ) ,mantras4#be  #ad4  
,9 ! eigh? ye> f conception1 or 9 !     
eigh? ( bir?1#bf ! inve/iture#bg ( !    
,brahman takes place2 ( ,rajas#bh 9 !   
elev5?2 ( ,vaisyas 9 ! twelf?3 "s h     
said1 ?is v>ies 9 accordance ) ! usage (
 ! family4  #ci4 ,brahmans1 ,k%attriyas1
 & ,vaisyas are born1 fir/1 ( _! mo!rs1 
&1 a second "t1 by ! gird+ on ( ! sacr$ 
?read--!re=e are !y decl>$ to be        
twice-born4  #aaf4 ,m5 are to be hon\r$ 
9 ! gradation foll[+1--9 respect (      
le>n+1 conduct1 ye>s1 family1 prop]ty4  
,ev5 a ,sudra1 if he excel 9 ^!         
respects1 is 9 old age wor?y ( hon\r4   
#cbf4 ,! mon>*1 at 8 ris+ f ! night's   
repose1 hav+ se5 to ! g5]al safety1 %all
 himself inspect ! acc\nt ( rev5ue &    
disbursem5ts2 he %all !n adjudicate     

law-suits2 aft] :i*1 hav+ ba!d1#bi he   
may1 at 8 pleasure1 take 8 meal4#cj     
#cdb4 ,( a newly subjugat$ t]ritory1 !  
mon>* %all pres]ve ! social & religi\s  
usages1 also ! judicial sy/em & ! /ate (
 classes z !y already obta94#ca  #ceb4  
,a rul]1 a m9i/]1 p1 a /ronghold1       
treasure1 p[] ( puni%m5t1 &             
allies--because ^! are its elem5ts1 a   
realm is call$ sev5-limb$4  #cec4 ,:5   
possess$ ( ?is1 let a mon>* cause       
puni%m5t to fall on ! guilty2 =1 ( old1 
ju/ice 0 creat$ by ,brahma "u ! =m (    
puni%m5t4#cb  #ceg4 ,a bro!r ev51 or a  
son1 any "o to :om respect is due1 a    
fa!r-9-law or mat]nal uncle1 if he      
transgress1 is n to g unpuni%$ by !     
mon>*4  #ceh4 ,! mon>* :o puni%es su* z 
des]ve puni%m5t1 :o slays su* z des]ve  
dea?3 he is z "o :o has made _m         
sacrifices ) valuable (f]+s4#cc  #cei4  
,e day %\ld ! mon>*1 pond]+ on 8 rew>d  
7su* z sacrifices ga971 himself         
inve/igate law-suits 9 _! ord] ) !      
judges ar\nd him4  #cfj4 ,! mon>*1      

always duly correct+ ^? among ! ca/s1 ! 
mix$ classes1 ! guilds1 ! s*ools#cd ( ! 
le>n$1 & ! p 9 g5]al1 :o h deviat$ f _! 
duty1 %\ld set !m 9 ! "r pa?4  #cfa4 ,a 
p>ticle ( du/ 9 ! sunbeams1 z !y %9e    
?r\gh a w9d[1 is held to consi/ ( ?ree  
atoms2 eight ( ^? p>ticles are equal to 
a poppy se$1 ( :i* ?ree are equal to a  
black mu/>d se$2  #cfb4 ,?ree ( ^! to a 
:ite mu/>d se$1 ?ree ( ^! to a b>ley se$
 ( middle size1 ?ree ( ^! to a ,kri%nala
 b]ry1#ce five ( ^! to a ,ma%a1#cf      
sixte5 ( ^! to a ,suv>na4#cg  #cfc4 ,a  
,pala is f\r or five#ch ,suv>nas4 ,two  
,kri%nalas are a silv] ,ma%a2 sixte5 ( !
 latt]1 a ,dh>ana4  #cfd4 ,a ,satamana &
 a ,pala are ea* equal to t5 ,dh>anas3 a
 ,ni%ka is f\r ,suv>nas3 a copp] ,pana  
is ( ! weight ( a ,k>%a4#ci  #cfe4 ,"o  
?\s& & eighty ,panas is decl>$ ! highe/ 
f9e2 half ( t am\nt ! m$ium f9e2 & half 
( ?is ! l[e/ f9e4  #cff4 ,repro(1 words 
( ignom9y1 f9e1 & dea?1#dj %all be      
adm9i/]$1 s+ly or toge!r1 accord+ to !  
crime4#da  #cfg4 ,! mon>* hav+ in=m$    

himself ( ! crime1 ! place :]e1 & ! "t  
:5 committ$1 ! /r5g? ( ! crim9al1 8 age1
 call+1 & means1 %all cause puni%m5t to 
fall ^u ! guilty4#db  ,inv]t$ !re=e     
symbol ,! =ego+ extracts1 x w h be5     
obs]v$1 are ( g5]al application1 & d n  
ref] to any "p ( ! law 9 detail4 ,sev]al
 slokas 9 ! fir/ book1 h[ev]1 & "s 9 !  
?ird1 d ref] to & affect ! details (    
law1 :i* are ! prop] subject ( ! second 
book1 :]e !re=e !y are ins]t$1 accord+  
to _! subject4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote 
#aj3 ,?is is ! g5]al subject & title ( !
 fir/ book2 b ! foll[+ slokas are       
select$ z introductory ( & ) ref]5ce to 
civil & municipal law4  ,footnote #aa3  
,pre-em95t1 div9e sages2 probably !     
great ,ri%is1 ! fir/-creat$ ( ,brahma1  
m5tion$ 9 ! op5+ v]se ( ,manu4  ,9 !    
?ird book 7sl4 #ahf--ahi7 two classes ( 
,munis are describ$1 ( :om "o1 aft]     
bless$ exp]i5ce ( ,heav51 return to     
,e>?1 & ! o!r are to cont9ue 9 ! abodes 
( bliss until ! de/ruction ( ! univ]se4 
,^! latt] are ! publi%]s ( ! ,v$as1     

,upani%ads1 ,sutras1 ,puranas1 9 f9e (  
all records ( k ?r\gh ! m$ium (         
language4  ,footnote #ab3 ,^! 7accord+  
to ,h9du notions7 h )drawn _! s5ses f   
ext]nal ?+s by1 z x 71 m5tal            
conc5tration1 fix+ ! ?\ghts1 )\t *ange  
or wav]+1 ^u ! s\l 9 its relations ) !  
,supreme ,be+4  ,footnote #ac3 viz4--!  
brahma*>i1 ! /ud5t ( ! ,v$as1  !        
griha/ha1 ! head ( a family4  !         
vanapra/ha1 :o has retir$ f active life1
 to ! =e/4  ! sanyasi1 ^: duty x is to  
pass 8 "t 9 m$itat+ ^u ,brahma1 s z to  
atta9 to ! /ate ( a ,yogi4  ,footnote   
#ad3 i4 e4 ! mix$ ca/s4 7,m47  ,footnote
 #ae3 ,manu1 *4 #b1 sl4 #bc4  ,footnote 
#af3 ,! ,comm5tator expla9s ?is by a ^w 
:i* signifies cause or s\rce4  ,footnote
 #ag3 ,,iv4 ,v$as1 ( :i* !re are f\r1   
ea* be+ divid$ into sanhita & brahmana4 
,v4 ,puranas1 ^! 7( :i* !re are #ah7    
treat ( ! orig9 & de/ruction ( ! _w1    
my?ological /ories & g5ealogies1 & !    
do+s ( ! e>ly ,h9du mon>*s4  ,,vi4      
,nyaya1 "o ( ! six or?odox sy/ems (     

,h9du philosophy1 treat+ especially (   
logic & dialectics4  ,,vii4 ,mimansa1   
!re are two ,mimansas3 ! fir/ 7purva7   
treats ( ! rules ( duty1 z d]iv$ f !    
,v$as1 ! second or subsequ5t 7utt>a7    
treats ( ,brahma1 ! univ]sal cause &    
s\l4  ,,viii4 ,dh>ma ,sa/ras1 viz4      
,manu1 ,yajnavalkya1 c41 ! subject be+  
divid$ into1 #a4 ,ritual & moral conduct
 7a*>a72 #b4 ,law & judicature          
7vyavah>a72 #c4 ,expiations             
7prayas*itta74  ,,xiv4 ,angas1 six      
treatises1 viz41 pronunciation1 gramm>1 
prosody1 explanation ( obscure t]ms1    
religi\s rites1 a/ronomy4 ,^! are       
consid]$ app5dants ( ! ,v$as4 ,! ^w     
angas signifies1 limbs4  ,footnote #ah3 
,to ^! tw5ty _m o!rs h to be add$1      
,n>ada1 c43 see ,introduction4          
,footnote #ai3 ,sruti are ! ,v$as2      
,smriti1 ! ,dh>ma ,sa/ras3 su* is !     
def9ition ( ,manu1 *4 #b1 sl4 #aj4      
,footnote #bj3 ,! ,comm5tator qualifies 
?is indef9ite s\rce ( law1 z applicable 
only :]e two or m lawful alt]natives are

 pres5t$4  ,footnote #ba3 ,fur!r expla9$
 by ! ,comm5tator1 ! evid5ce or pro(s ( 
law2 & he adds1 ! sev]al pro(s m5tion$1 
:]e !y cla%1 are ( weight & au?ority    
accord+ to _! prec$5ce1 e4g4 ,sruti !   
highe/1 ! mature desire ! l[e/1 ,manu1  
*4 #b1 sl4 #f1 #ab4  ,footnote #bb3 ,:i*
 means1 hav+ k ( ! ?ree ,v$as4 ,see     
,manu1 *4 #ab1 sl4 #aaj to #aac4        
,footnote #bc3 ,to expla9 or enl>ge ^u  
?is metaphysical phrase w\ld be out (   
place 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,! curi\s /ud5t c  
ref] to ! ,upani%ads & ! ,v$anta4       
,footnote #bd3 ,:i*1 9 ! "t ( our au?or1
 meant1 ! place ( cremation4 ,9 ! ?ird  
book1 sl4 #a1 #b1 ,yajnavalkya says3--,a
 *ild "u two ye>s ( age is to be buri$1 
nor %all wat] be (f]$2 e o!r deceas$1   
be+ foll[$ by 8 relatives to ! place =  
disposal ( ! dead1 %all !re be burn$4   
,x 0 c]ta9ly o!rwise at ! p]iod ( !     
,v$as 7vide ,die ,todt5be/attung im     
indis*5 ,alt]?um4 ,g]man ,ori5tal       
,society's ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 pp4   
#dfg--dge73 ! p>aphrase 9 ! text is !   

mean+ ( ! t]m us$1 smasana4  ,footnote  
#be3 ,texts ( ! ,v$as to be recit$ on   
solemn occasions4 ,see analog\s passage1
 ,manu *4 #b1 sl4 #af4  ,footnote #bf3  
,s we supply ! hiatus 9 ! text1 9       
con=mity ) ! op9ion ( ! ,comm5tator4    
,manu makes no allusion to ! alt]native1
 *4 #b1 sl4 #cf4  ,footnote #bg3        
,induction into ! "* & privileges ( 8   
ca/1 by means ( ! sacr$ ?read4          
,footnote #bh3 :o1 be+ ,k%attriyas1 "h  
repres5t ! ca/4  ,footnote #bi3 at      
mid-day4 7,m47  ,footnote #cj3 ,manu *4 
#g1 sl4 #baf4  ,footnote #ca3 ibid1 #bja
 et seq4  ,footnote #cb3 ibid1 #ac1 #da4
  ,footnote #cc3 ,manu *4 #h1 sl4 #cjf4 
,footnote #cd3 ,! ,comm5tator expla9s ! 
g5]al expression "h us$ by ! ^w haituka1
 ( :i* "o mean+ is t giv5 9 ! text1 b x 
also signifies1 ^? :o d n believe 9 !   
,v$as4  ,footnote #ce3 retti or gunja1 a
 %rub be>+ a small r$ & black b]ry4     
,wilson4  ,footnote #cf3 ,a sort (      
kidney bean1 phasealus radiatus4        
,wilson4  ,footnote #cg3 ,ab\t #agf     

gra9s ,troy weight4 ,wilson4  ,footnote 
#ch3 ,manu says f\r4  ,footnote #ci3 ,^!
 tables ( weight1 z fur!r expla9$ by !  
,comm5tator1 may be giv5 ?us3  #c ,atoms
  #a ,mote4  #h ,motes  #a ,poppy se$ or
 a nit4  #c ,poppy se$s or #c nits  #a  
,black mu/>d se$4  #c ,black mu/>d se$s 
#a ,:ite mu/>d se$4  #c ,:ite mu/>d se$s
  #a ,b>ley corn4  #c ,b>ley corns  #a  
,kri%nala4  ,gold4  #e ,kri%nalas  #a   
,ma%a4  #af ,ma%as  #a ,suv>na4  #d     
,suv>nas  #a ,pala4  ,silv]4  #b        
,kri%nalas  #a ,ma%a4  #af ,ma%as  #a   
,dh>ana4  #aj ,dh>anas  #a ,pala or     
,satamana4  #d ,suv>nas  #a ,ni%ka4     
,copp]4  #d ,k>%as  #a ,pala4  #a ,pana 
#a ,k>%a i4 e4 #a_/d ,pala4  ,!y by no  
means satisfactorily def9e ! intr9sic   
weight & signification ( ! ,pana1 :i*1 z
 ! measure ( pecuni>y p5alty1 w\ld seem 
to be ! *ief if n sole object ( _!      
introduction4  ,9 ! correspond+ slokas (
 ,manu1 t5 ,palas are said to be        
equival5t to "o ,dh>ana4 ,we c only     
reconcile ?is by suppos+ ,manu to ref]  

to a gold ,pala & ,yajnavalkya to a     
silv] ,pala4  ,footnote #dj3 ,!         
,comm5tator rem>ks1 t ?is includes e k9d
 ( corporal puni%m5t4  ,footnote #da3   
,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #abi1 #acj4  ,footnote
 #db3 ibid1 sl4 #abf1 also *4 #g1 sl4   
#af4 ,9 ! la/ passage1 ,sir ,wm4 ,jones 
has add$ to ! t]m1 /r5g?1 8 own2 ?is we 
consid] to be an error1 at any rate x is
 n a m]e translation1 & we h appli$ !   
t]m us$1 viz4 /r5g? simplicit]1         
diff]5tly4     ,,! ,,second ,,book      
,,law ,,& ,,judicature4   #a4 ,let !    
mon>*1#dc free f ang] or ?\ght ( ga91 9 
conjunction ) le>n$ brahmans1 adjudicate
 law-suits1 accord+ to ! ,dh>ma ,sa/ras4
  #b4 ,he %all appo9t judges p]fect 9 ! 
,v$as & 9 sci5ce1#dd v]s$ 9 ! ,dh>ma    
,sa/ras1 su* z speak tru? & be> !mselves
 alike to fri5d & foe4  #c4 ,if ! mon>*1
 f press ( o!r bus9ess1 _c adjudicate1  
he %all appo9t a brahman v]s$ 9 ! :ole  
law1 to preside ) ! judges4#de  #d4     
,%\ld ! judges1 f p>tiality1 f love (   
ga91 or f fe>1 act 9 anywise contr>y to 

law or usage2#df ea* "o s act+ %all be  
am]c$ 9 d\ble ! value ( ! suit4  #e4 ,:5
 "o :o is aggriev$ by o!rs1 9 any way   
contr>y to law or usage1 makes a        
repres5tation to ! mon>*2 ?is is matt] =
 a law-suit4  #f4 ,! repres5tation1 z   
made by ! pla9tiff1 is to be put 9      
writ+1 9 pres5ce ( ! def5dant2 ! ye>1   
mon?1 half-mon?1 day1 names1 ca/1 c41#dg
 be+ giv54  #g4 ,! answ] ( ! def5dant to
 :at he has he>d read is !n to be put 9 
writ+1 9 pres5ce ( him :o made ! fir/   
repres5tation3 & !n ! latt] %all1 at    
once1 furni% a /atem5t 9 writ+ ( ! pro( 
to support :at he has ass]t$4  #h4 ,?is 
be+ e/abli%$1 he succe$s 9 8 suit2      
o!rwise1 ! rev]se4 ,?us x appe>s1 !     
proc$ure 9 law-suits has f\r /eps4  #i4 
,let n a c\nt]-compla9t be pref]r$ until
 ! orig9al compla9t is dispos$ (1 nor   
let a ?ird p]son sue him aga9/ :om a    
compla9t is p5d+4#dh ,! /atem5t ( !     
cause ( suit is n to be v>i$4#di  #aj4  
,! def5dant may br+ a c\nt]-pla9t =     
abusive language1#ej or p]sonal         

trespass1#ej or = acts ( atroci\s       
viol5ce4#ea ,on behalf ( ea* p>ty1 a    
surety1 compet5t to meet ! result ( !   
suit1 %all be b\nd4  #aa4 ,"o aga9/ :om1
 aft] a plea ( d5ial1 judgm5t is giv51  
%all pay ! am\nt adjudg$ to ! pla9tiff  
toge!r ) an equal sum to ! mon>*4#eb ,"o
 :o has made a false compla9t1 %all     
=feit d\ble ! am\nt ( 8 claim4  #ab4 ,9 
a case ( atroci\s viol5ce1 ( !ft1 (     
revil+ or p]sonal trespass1#ec :]e a c[ 
is ! subject1 or a malici\s *>ge (      
crime1#ed or an (f5ce de/ructive ( life 
or prop]ty#ed :]e a female ( ! h\sehold 
is ! subject--9 ea* ( ^! cases ! ,c\rt  
%all compel ! p>ties to g to trial =?)4 
,9 o!r cases1 a day may be appo9t$ at   
pleasure4  #ac4 ,"o :o moves f place to 
place1#ee :o licks ! corn]s ( 8 m\?1 ^: 
=ehead sweats1 & ^: c\nt5ance *anges    
col\r4  #ad4 :o ) words f a dry ?roat1  
/amm]+1 says mu* t is contradictory1 :o 
makes no response to ^w or look1 :o     
contracts ! lips--  #ae4 :osoev] 9 ?is  
wise *anges 8 natural mann]1 9 ! action 

( 8 m9d1 ( 8 spee*1 & ( 8 p]son1 is to  
be set d[n z false 9 8 compla9t1 or if a
 witness 9 8 te/imony4#ef  #af4 ,"o :o  
en=ces by 8 own arbitr>y act a claim :i*
 is d5i$1 :o absconds1 or :o does n     
respond :5 call$--ea* ( ^! is consid]$  
to h fail$1 & is am5able to puni%m5t4#eg
  #ag4 ,:]e !re are rival claims1 &     
witnesses on bo? sides1 ! witnesses (   
him :o ass]ts ! eld] title1 are to be   
fir/ exam9$3 if t title be admitt$1#eh  
!n ! witnesses ( him :o claims by       
subsequ5t title %all be exam9$4#ei  #ah4
 ,%\ld ! suit be accompani$ by a wag]1 !
 ,c\rt %all compel ! los+ p>ty to pay ! 
f9e prescrib$1#fj z well z 8 wag] & 8   
debt to ! cr$itor4  #ai4 ,let ! mon>*1  
reject+ subtleties1 conduct ! trial (   
suits ^u ! m]its3 ev5 m]its1 9 ! abs5ce 
( pro(1 mu/ fail ( success 9 ! suit4    
#bj4 ,if "o plead a d5ial to a          
repres5tation includ+ sev]al matt]s1#fa 
& "o "p be prov$ aga9/ him1 ! mon>* %all
 compel him to pay ! :ole am\nt claim$3 
b :at has n be5 previ\sly decl>$ by !   

pla9tiff#fb is inadmissible4  #ba4 ,if  
two texts ( ! ,law be oppos$ to ea* o!r1
 an argum5t f\nd$ on usage is ( =ce2 b !
 ,dh>ma ,sa/ra is ( great] =ce ?an !    
,ar?a ,sa/ra4#fc ,?is is a settl$ rule4 
#bb4 ,legal pro(s are describ$ z1 writ+1
 possession1 & witnesses4  ,9 ! abs5ce (
 ei!r ( ^?1 x is orda9$1 t "s "o ( !    
ordeals is to be resort$ to4  #bc4 ,9   
all disputes :]e prop]ty is conc]n$1 !  
la/ act is ( great] =ce2#fd except 9    
cases ( pl$ge1 gift1#fe & sale1 :5 !    
fir/ act is ( great] =ce4#ff  #bd4 ,if  
"o see#fg 8 l& 9 ! possession ( ano!r#fh
 & say no?+1 x is lo/ aft] tw5ty ye>s2  
moveables aft] t5 ye>s3#fi  #be4 except+
 pl$ges1 b\nd>y-limits1 deposits )      
specification1#gj prop]ty ( idiots &    
*ildr51 deposits )\t specification1#ga  
prop]ty ( ! mon>*1 ( wom51 & ( ^? le>n$ 
9 ! ,v$as4  #bf4 ,"o :o appropriates#gb 
a pl$ge1 c41 %all be compell$ to re/ore 
to ! own] 8 prop]ty1 & to pay a f9e (   
equal value1 or accord+ to 8 means1#gc  
to ! mon>*4  #bg4 ,acquisition by       

title#gd is /rong]#ge ?an possession1   
unless ?is has come d[n f ance/ors2#gf b
 acquisition by title is ( no avail )\t 
possession = a %ort "t4#gg  #bh4 ,if "o 
hold+ by title h x que/ion$ 9 a ,c\rt ( 
ju/ice1 he mu/ e/abli% x by pro(3 b n s 
8 son1 nor 8 son's son2 9 _! case1      
possession is ( great] weight4  #bi4 ,if
 "o ^: title is que/ion$ die p5d+ !     
suit#gh1 8 heir mu/ e/abli% x by pro(2 9
 su* case possession )\t title w n      
avail4#gi  #cj4 ,^? appo9t$ by !        
mon>*1#hj communities1#ha guilds1#hb &  
families1 h au?ority1 "o aft] ! o!r1#hc 
to inve/igate law-suits among m54  #ca4 
,! mon>* %all annul decisions ( suits   
:i* h be5 br\ght ab\t by =ce or fraud2  
also ^? made by wom51 ^? made at night1 
^? made 9 private *amb]s1 ^? made 9 a   
place beyond ! limits1#hd & ^? made by  
enemies4  #cb4 ,a suit in/itut$ by "o   
intoxicat$1 or insane1 or /rick5 )      
disease1#he or giv5 up to vice1#hf or a 
m9or1 or "o "u ! influ5ce ( fe>1 c41#hg 
or "o hav+ no int]e/1 is invalid4  #cc4 

,:5 lo/ prop]ty is f\nd1#hh x %all be   
re/or$ by ! mon>* to ! own]3 if !       
claimant fail to id5tify by "s sign1 he 
%all pay an equival5t f9e4  #cd4 ,if !  
mon>* f9d a treasure1#hi he %all give   
half ( x to ! twice-born4#ij ,if1 on !  
o!r h&1 a twice-born f9d a treasure1 he 
%all1 if le>n$1 take ! :ole1 = he is "l 
( all4#ia  #ce4 ,( treasure f\nd by any 
"o else1#ib ! mon>* %all take a six?4#ic
 ,if ! f9d] d n make report1 b 8        
discov]y comes to light1 he %all surr5d]
 :at he has f\nd1 & %all1 besides1 be   
puni%$4  #cf4 ,/ol5 prop]ty1 h[ev]1 is  
to be giv5 up by ! mon>* to ! subject2  
see+ t1 if he d n give x1 he %all be>   
all ! s9 ( t p]son f :om x is /ol54#id  
#cg4 ,:]e !re is a pl$ge1 ! int]e/1 mon?
 by mon?1 %all be an eightie? "p2       
o!rwise1 two1 ?ree1 f\r or five p>ts1 9 
a hundr$1 accord+ to ! ord] ( ca/4#ie   
#ch4 ,!y h[ev] :o travel 9 =e/s#if give 
t5 p>ts2 !y :o g to sea1 tw5ty p>ts1 9 a
 hundr$4 ,or1 all#ig mu/ r5d] to all1 ( 
:atev] ca/1 ! rate ( int]e/ settl$      

among/ !mselves4#ih  #ci4 ,b = cattle & 
wom5 l5t ! return is1 _! (fspr+3 !      
highe/ encrease dem&able = use (        
liquids#ii is eight-fold2 = we>+ app>el1
 = corn1 & = gold1 f\r-fold1 ?ree-fold &
 two-fold respectively4  #dj4 ,! mon>*  
%\ld n blame "o :o en=ces a recognis$   
debt4#ajj ,if he1 aga9/ :om ! debt is   
en=c$1 compla9 to ! mon>*1 he may be    
puni%$1 besides be+ compell$ to pay !   
debt4  #da4 ,! debtor z a g5]al rule    
%all be made to pay 8 cr$itors 9 ! ord] 
9 :i* he has receiv$ f !m2 b a brahman  
he is to pay fir/1 &1 aft] him1 ! mon>*4
  #db4 ,! debtor %all be made to pay to 
! mon>* t5 p>ts 9 a hundr$ ( ! sum prov$
 aga9/ him2#aja & ! cr$itor1 :5 he has  
recov]$ 8 prop]ty1 five p>ts4#ajb  #dc4 
,"o ( inf]ior ca/1#ajc :o is )\t means1 
may be compell$ to lab\r#ajd 9 dis*>ge (
 8 debt2 b a brahman1#aje want+ means to
 dis*>ge 8 debt at once1 %all pay       
gradually 9 proportion to :at may come  
to him4  #dd4 ,if "o d n accept         
re/itution ( 8 prop]ty on loan :5 (f]$1 

x is to be deliv]$ to "s ?ird p>ty2 f   
:i* "t x ceases to c>ry int]e/4  #de4 ,a
 debt incurr$ by undivid$ k9sm5 on      
acc\nt ( ! family %all be dis*>g$ by !  
heirs ( ! head ( ! family1 %\ld ! latt] 
die or leave ! c\ntry4#ajf  #df4 ,a     
woman has n to pay a debt incurr$ by h] 
husb& or by h] son1 nor a fa!r ! debt ( 
8 son2 except su* debts be incurr$ on   
acc\nt ( ! family3 & x is ! same ) a    
husb& 9 respect ( a debt incurr$ by 8   
wife4  #dg4 ,a son has n to pay1 9 ?is  
_w1 8 fa!r's debt incurr$ = spiritu\s   
liquor1#ajg or1 = gratification ( lu/1  
or 9 gambl+1 nor a f9e1 nor :at rema9s  
unpaid ( a toll2 nor %all he make good  
idle gifts4#ajh  #dh4 ,z to debts (     
wives ( h]dsm51 di/ill]s1 play]s1 wa%]m5
 & hunt]s1 ! husb&s h to pay2 because _!
 ma9t5ance dep5ds ^u _! wives4  #di4 ,a 
debt ackn[l$g$1#aji "o incurr$ by h]    
jo9tly ) h] husb&1 "o incurr$ by h]self 
solely#aaj--^! mu/ be paid by ! wife2   
none o!r ne$ be paid by h]4  #ej4 ,if a 
fa!r h gone abroad1 or di$1 or be5      

subdu$ by calamity1#aaa 8 debt %all be  
paid by 8 sons & gr&sons2#aab on _!     
d5ial1#aac ! debt mu/ be prov$ by       
witnesses4  #ea4 ,he :o takes ! prop]ty 
( "o :o leaves no capable#aad son1 %all 
pay ! debts2 s1 he :o takes#aae ! wid[2 
also t son ^: pat]nal e/ate no o!r has  
appropriat$1 & :o 9 su* case %all always
 be deem$ fit to inh]it prop]ty2#aaf &  
if "o die )\t any son1 !n1 :osoev]      
succe$s to ! prop]ty4  #eb4 ,to become  
surety1 to be indebt$1 & to give        
evid5ce1 is unlawful betwe5 bro!rs1     
betwe5 husb& & wife1 or betwe5 fa!r &   
son2 except1 :]e !y are sep>at$ 9       
prop]ty4  #ec4 ,giv+ surety is enjo9$ = 
appe>ance1 = confid5ce1#aag & =         
paym5t4#aah ,if !re be a failure ( ei!r 
( ! fir/ two1 ! surety himself 9 ea*    
case %all pay2 ( ! ?ird1 8 sons also mu/
 pay4  #ed4 ,if surety = appe>ance or = 
confid5ce die1 ! sons h n to pay2 ( a   
surety = paym5t1 ! sons h to pay4#aai   
#ee4 ,if !re are sev]al sureties1 !y    
%all pay ! debt accord+ to _! respective

 liabilities3 if all h und]tak5 = !     
entire debt1#abj !y %all sev]ally be    
made to pay at ! option ( ! cr$itor4    
#ef4 ,if a surety be compell$ by process
 ( law#aba to dis*>ge ! debt1 ! pr9cipal
 debtors %all reimburse him d\ble !     
am\nt paid4  #eg4 ,= use ( wom5 &       
cattle1 ! (fspr+ %all be giv53 = corn1 a
 return ( ?ree fold2 = app>el1 f\r fold2
 = liquids1 eight fold4  #eh4 ,! own]'s 
prop]ty 9 a pl$ge is =feit$ if x be n   
r$eem$ :5 ! debt is d\bl$2 ( "o made = a
 def9ite p]iod1 x is =feit$ at !        
specifi$ date4 ,! prop]ty 9 a pl$ge )   
usufruct#abb does n become =feit4  #ei4 
,if a simple pl$ge be put to use1 no    
int]e/ is dem&able3 s x is if a pl$ge ) 
usufruct be damag$4 ,if ! pl$ge be :olly
 spoil$ or be de/roy$1 x mu/ be replac$2
 except :]e caus$ by accid5t1#abc or by 
! mon>*4#abd  #fj4 ,a pl$ge is complete 
^u acceptance4#abe ,if ! ?+ pl$g$ h     
become wor?less1 al?\gh duly c>$ =1 ei!r
 ano!r %all be giv5 9 its place1 or !   
cr$itor %all receive back 8 money4  #fa4

 ,if a pl$ge be giv5 or tak51 9 reliance
 ^u "*1#abf ! debtor %all be made to pay
 ) int]e/3 ! debtor %all be made to     
repay two-fold1 if he receiv$ on 8      
plight$ ^w4#abg  #fb4 ,if "o come & pay 
8 debt1 ! pl$ge %all be releas$2 o!rwise
 he :o has ! pl$ge is a ?ief3#abh %\ld !
 cr$itor be abs5t1 ! debtor is to       
receive back 8 pl$ge ^u pay+ ! debt to !
 family2#abi  #fc4 ,or x may rema9 :]e x
 01 )\t int]e/ on ! debt1 ! value at t  
date ( ! ?+ pl$g$ be+ asc]ta9$4 ,if !   
debtor fail to come1 ! cr$itor may sell 
! pl$ge be=e witnesses4  #fd4 ,if ! debt
 secur$ by pl$ge h become d\bl$1 ! pl$ge
 %all be releas$2 provid$1 ! value ( !  
usufruct ( ! ?+ pl$g$ be d\ble ! am\nt (
 ! loan4#acj  #fe4 ,upanidhi is some?+ 9
 a box deliv]$ to ! h&s ( ano!r1 )\t a  
decl>ation4 ,?is %all be re/or$ 9 ! same
 mann] z x 0 giv54#aca  #ff4 ,b "o %all 
n be compell$ to make good t ( :i* he   
has be5 depriv$ by ! mon>*1 by accid5t1 
or by ?ieves4#acb ,:5 ! loss occurs aft]
 dem& has be5 made1 & ! deposit n       

return$1 ! depositee is to make x good &
 to pay a f9e ( equal value4  #fg4      
,:oev] ( 8 own accord uses ?is          
description ( deposit %all be f9$1 & mu/
 re/ore x1 toge!r ) ! pr(it made4  ,!   
same rule applies to ?+s borr[$#acc = a 
special occasion1 also to :at is deliv]$
 = ! purpose ( be+ re/or$ to ! own]1#acd
 also to :at is deposit$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! 
head1 ) ! o!r memb]s ( ! family1#ace    
also to ! deposits call$ nik%epa1#acf & 
! l4#acg  #fh4 ,^? prop] to be witnesses
 are1 religi\s devotees1#ach !y :o be/[ 
lib]ally1 ! wellborn1 !y :o speak tru?1 
!y ^: *ief aim x is to be virtu\s1#aci  
!y :o are /rait 9 _! conduct1 !y :o h   
sons1 & ! weal?y4#adj  #fi4 ,!re %\ld be
 at lea/ ?ree witnesses1 su* z obs]ve ! 
rites prescrib$ by ! ,sruti & ! ,smriti1
 & are ( a class1 :e!r mix$ or          
unmix$1#ada correspond+ ) t ( ! p]son :o
 produces !m3 o!rwise1#adb any p]son may
 be a witness = any p]son4  #gj4 ,wom51 
m9ors1 ag$ m51#adc gambl]s1 p]sons      
intoxicat$1 madm51#add p]sons "u        

suspicion ( crime1 /ageplay]s1          
infidels1#ade =g]s1 p]sons :o are       
depriv$ ( any s5se1  #ga4 he9\s         
(f5d]s1#adf intimate fri5ds1#adg p>ties 
int]e/$ 9 ! suit1 conf$]ates1 enemies to
 ei!r p>ty1 ?ieves1 viol5t *>act]s1 !   
op5ly wick$1#adh p]sons ca/ (f by _!    
fri5ds & k91 & su* l1#adi are           
inadmissible z witnesses4  #gb4 ,ev5 "o 
p]son1#aej be+ an intellig5t foll[] (   
ritual duties1#aea may1 ) ! cons5t ( bo?
 p>ties1 be witness suffici5t4  ,all are
 admissible#aeb z witnesses 9 cases (   
rape1 !ft#aec defamation & p]sonal      
trespass4#aed  #gc4 ,! judge %all ?us   
address ! witnesses1 z !y come up to !  
pla9tiff & def5dant3  ,! worlds appo9t$ 
= crim9als1 = atroci\s crim9als2#aee    
#gd4 ! worlds appo9t$ = inc5di>ies1 =   
murd]]s ( wom5 & *ildr5--all ^! %all be 
! portion ( him :o gives false te/imony6
  #ge4 ,"k1 t :atev] good has be5 done  
by !e 9 a hundr$ =m] bir?s1 all %all    
become 8 :om ?\ defeate/ by             
falsehood6#aef  #gf4 ,t man :o )holds 8 

te/imony1 ! mon>* %all compel to pay1 on
 ! =ty-six? day1 ! entire debt1 z well z
 a f9e equival5t to a t5? ( ! am\nt4    
#gg4 ,! l[m9d$ man :o1 al?\gh he has k  
7( ! facts71 decl9es to give 8 te/imony1
 is1 9 s91 on a p> ) false witnesses2 s 
is he1 9 8 puni%m5t4  #gh4 ,9 case (    
conflict+ te/imony1 :at is /at$ by !    
majority 7( ! witnesses7 mu/ be cr$it$2 
if ! numb]s be equal1 !n ^? ( !         
witnesses :o are ( di/+ui%$             
qualities#aeg mu/ be cr$it$2 if aga91 ^!
 are 9 contradiction1 !n ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 
%all be cr$it$4#aeh  #gi4 ,t p>ty 7to ! 
suit7 ^: ass]tion ! witnesses h v]ifi$1 
succe$s2 t "o ^: ass]tion ! witnesses h 
disprov$1 is defeat$4  #hj4 ,al?\gh pro(
 has be5 giv5 by witnesses1 yet1 if o!rs
 ( m di/+ui%$ qualities or 9 numb] twice
 z _m give opposite te/imony1 ! fir/    
witnesses %\ld be held z false ones4    
#ha4 ,z well !y :o suborn z !y :o give  
false te/imony are to be sev]ally f9$ 9 
d\ble ! value ( ! suit3#aei a brahman1 9
 su* case1 %all be bani%$4#afj  #hb4 ,! 

witness :o1 aft] he has be5 address$#afa
 by ! judge1 yet be+ bl9d$ by passion1  
)holds 8 te/imony1--he %all pay eight   
times ! ord9>y f9e3 9 case ( a brahman1 
he %all suff] bani%m5t4#afb  #hc4 ,%\ld 
x happ5 t ! te/imony ( a witness mu/    
occasion ! dea? ( a p]son1 :atev] ! ca/ 
( ! latt]1--! witness %all1 9 su* case1 
speak untru?4#afc ,= _! purification    
aft] giv+ su* false te/imony !          
twice-born mu/ make oblation to         
,,s>aswati4#afd  #hd4 ,if any settlem5t 
h be5 mutually come to betwe5 debtor &  
cr$itor1 a writt5 in/rum5t %\ld be drawn
 up be=e witnesses1 ! fir/ m5tion be+ ( 
! cr$itor4  #he4 ,9 x %\ld be writt5 !  
date1 viz4 ye>1 mon?1 half mon?1 day1   
also ! "n1 ca/1 family1 ! ,v$a-s*ool1 & 
fa!r's "n1 ( ea* p>ty1 c4#afe  #hf4 ,?is
 be+ complet$1 ! debtor %all subscribe )
 8 signature a decl>ation1 z            
foll[s3--,:at is writt5 above1 ,i1 ! son
 ( su* an "o1 agree to4  #hg4 ,!n !     
witnesses1 all be+ equal 9 grade1 %all1 
aft] _! fa!rs' names1 write1 ) _! own   

h&s respectively3 ,i1 su* an "o1 am a   
witness4  #hh4 ,& ! writ] %all subscribe
 at ! foot1 z foll[s3--,?is has be5     
writt51 at ! reque/ ( bo? p>ties1 by me1
 su* an "o1 ! son ( su* an "o4  #hi4 ,an
 in/rum5t1 entirely 9 ! h&writ+ ( !     
p>ty1 is to be receiv$ z pro(1 al?\gh x 
be n witness$1 unless procur$ by viol5ce
 or by fraud4#aff  #ij4 ,paym5t ( a debt
 incurr$ ^u a writ+1 is obligatory only 
^u ! debtor1 8 son1 & gr&-son2#afg b a  
pl$ge %all rema9 9 use s long z ! debt  
is unpaid4  #ia4 ,if ! in/rum5t be 9 a  
=eign c\ntry1 be illegibly writt51 be   
de/roy$1 fad$1 /ol51 mutilat$1 burn$1 or
 torn1 ! ,c\rt %all direct a new "o to  
be made4  #ib4 ,! au!nticity ( a writt5 
in/rum5t :i* is d\btful1 is to be       
asc]ta9$ by comp>ison ) o!r docum5ts 9 !
 h&writ+ ( ! p>ty c41#afh by enquiry    
into ! probability ( its hav+ be5       
obta9$1#afi & ! mode ( its prep>ation1  
by obs]vation ( any m>ks1 by enquiry ( !
 relation 9 :i* ! p>ties /& to ea* o!r1 
& h[ ! matt] came ab\t4  #ic4 ,z (t5 z !

 debtor makes a paym5t1 ei!r he %all    
write an indorsem5t to t effect on !    
docum5t1 or ! cr$itor %all give a       
receipt "u 8 h&4  #id4 ,:5 ! debt is    
paid1 ! debtor %all cause ! docum5t to  
be torn up1 or %all h ano!r prep>$1 viz4
 ( dis*>ge4 ,if ! debt 0 incurr$ be=e   
witnesses1 its paym5t %\ld also be be=e 
witnesses4#agj  #ie4 ,! scales1 fire1   
wat]1 poison1 ! sacr$ draught--^! are ! 
ordeals = exculpation1#aga 9 case (     
grave accusations1 if ! accus] be prep>$
 to pay a f9e4  #if4 ,:5 x is agre$ on2 
"o ( ! p>ties %all p]=m ! ordeal1 ! o!r 
be 9 read9ess to pay ! f9e4 ,ev5 )\t a  
f9e1 !re %all be trial by ordeal 9 case 
( treason or great crime4  #ig4 ,!      
accus$1 be+ summon$1 %all1 aft] ba?+ at 
sunrise & fa/+1 be made to g ?r\gh !    
sev]al ordeals1 9 pres5ce ( ! mon>* & ! 
brahmans4  #ih4 ,! scales are ! ordeal =
 wom51 *ildr51 ag$ m51 ! bl9d1 ! lame1  
brahmans1 & ^? afflict$ ) disease4 ,fire
 or wat]1 or ! sev5 b>leycorns' weight (
 poison are ! ordeal = a ,sudra4  #ii4  

,= a less value ?an a ?\s& panas1 "o    
%all n g ?r\gh ! ordeal ( ! heat$ iron  
pl\gh-%>e1 ( poison1 or ( ! scales3 b 9 
case ( (f5ce aga9/ ! mon>* or great     
crime1 purifications#agb %all always be 
gone ?r\gh4  #ajj4 ,:5 ! accus$ has be5 
plac$ 9 ! scales by ^? :o und]/& ! art (
 weigh+1 a c\nt]-weight adju/$1 & a l9e 
drawn1 he is !n to be tak5 out ( !      
scales4  #aja4 ,o scales6 made by !     
gods1 ( old1 ! abode ( tru?3 !re=e d ye1
 propiti\s ones1 decl>e ! tru? & lib]ate
 me f suspicion6  #ajb4 ,if ,i be an    
evil-do]1 !n be> me d[n1 oh "m6 ,if ,i  
be pure1 c>ry me upw>ds6 ,?us %all he :o
 is to g ?r\gh ! ordeal invoke ! scales4
  #ajc4 ,! h&s ( ! accus$ %all be       
inspect$ :5 rice has be5 rubb$ 9 !m2    
aft] :i*1 sev5 leaves ( ! ,indian fig   
tree are to be plac$ !re9 scil4 9 8 h&s 
& fa/5$ r\nd successively ) a ?read4    
#ajd4 ,?\1 ,o fire1 dwelle/ 9 all creat$
 ?+s6 ,o purifi]1 9 te/imony ( innoc5ce 
& guilt1 d ?\1 9 my h&1 make kn[n !     
tru?6  #aje4 ,:5 he :o suff]s ! ordeal  

has ?us spok51 let a smoo? r$ hot iron  
ball1 ( fifty palas weight1 be plac$ ^u 
bo? 8 h&s4  #ajf4 ,c>ry+ ?is1 let him   
sl[ly walk across sev5 circles1 ( sixte5
 f+]s bread? diamet] ea*1 ) an int]val (
 ! same measure betwe5 ea*4  #ajg4 ,if1 
hav+ ?r[n d[n ! fireball1 & be+ aga9    
rubb$ ) rice1 he ! accus$ is unburnt1 8 
purification is accompli%$4 ,%\ld ! ball
 dur+ ! trial fall d[n1 or %\ld !re be  
any d\bt1 he is to take x aga94  #ajh4  
,by ! p[] ( tru?1 ,o ,v>una1#agc save   
me6 ,?us invok+ ! wat]1 & grasp+ ! ?ighs
 ( a man /&+ 9 wat] up to 8 navel1 let  
him :o goes ?r\gh ?is ordeal subm]ge    
himself4  #aji4 ,an arr[ at ! same      
in/ant %ot f ! b[ a swift foot$-man %all
 run & fet*3 %\ld he1 ^u 8 return1 see t
 ! body ( ! accus$ is /ill subm]g$1 !   
latt] is to be exculpat$4  #aaj4 ,?\1 ,o
 poison1 ,brahma's#agd son1 art orda9$ =
 tru? & "r2 free me f ! accusation1 & be
 to me1 by ! p[] ( tru?1 a draught (    
immortality6  #aaa4 ,?us speak+1 he %all
 eat ( poison produc$ by ! ,sr+a tree1 (

 ! ,himalaya4 ,:oev] is able to dige/   
?is )\t evil effect1 %all be decl>$     
innoc5t4  #aab4 ,let ! judge1 ador+     
t]rible deities1 & tak+ ( ! wat] 9 :i*  
_! images h be5 ba!d1 adjure x1 & cause 
! accus$ to dr9k (f ?ree times ! cont5ts
 ( 8 palms4  #aac4 ,he to :om1 )9 f\rte5
 days f ?is ordeal1 no great calamity   
happ5s1 ei!r f ! mon>* or by act ( ,god1
 %all )\t d\bt be held guiltless4  #aad4
 ,a fa!r :5 mak+ p>tition ( 8 prop]ty1 c
 divide x among 8 sons z he pleases2    
ei!r giv+ to ! elde/ ! be/ %>e or 9 su* 
wise t all %>e equally4#age  #aae4 ,if  
he give equal %>es1 su* ( 8 wives z h n 
receiv$ /ridhana f _! husb& or          
fa!r-9-law %all also equally %>e4#agf   
#aaf4 ,if "o h means1 & d n desire to   
%>e 9 ! pat]nal e/ate1 he %all be       
sep>at$1 some?+ trifl+ be+ giv5 to      
him4#agg ,a di/ribution by a fa!r 9     
small] or l>g] %>es1 if 9 accordance ) !
 ,sa/ras1 is lawful4#agh  #aag4 ,aft]   
decease ( ! p>5ts1 let ! sons make equal
 division ( ! prop]ty & ( ! debts4#agi  

,& s ! daught]s1 ( :at is left ( ! "m's 
/ridhana1 aft] pay+ h] debts2 &1 if !re 
be no daught]s1 ! sons or o!rs ( !      
family be+ heirs1 take x4  #aah4 ,:at   
has be5 self-acquir$ by any "o1 z an    
increm5t1 )\t dim9i%+ ! pat]nal e/ate1  
likewise a gift f a fri5d or a          
m>riage-gift1 does n belong to !        
coheirs4#ahj  #aai4 ,if "o h recov]$    
ance/ral prop]ty :i* _h be5 purlo9$1 he 
has n to give x up to ! coheirs2#aha nor
 %all a man %>e ! e>n+s ( sci5ce4#ahb   
#abj4 ,if h[ev] ! common prop]ty be     
augm5t$1 equal division is enjo9$4#ahc  
,9 mak+ division among sev]al gr&sons1  
reg>d %\ld be _h to ! respective        
portions ( _! deceas$ fa!rs2  #aba4     
inasmu* z ! own]%ip ( fa!r & son is     
co-equal 9 ! acquisitions ( ! gr&fa!r1  
:e!r l&1 any settl$ income1 or          
moveables4  #abb4 ,if a son be born ( a 
wife ( equal ca/1 aft] p>tition made1 he
 is to %>e2 or a %>e may be allott$ him 
f ! e/ate z x is1 aft] all[+ = income & 
exp5diture4#ahd  #abc4 ,:atev] prop]ty  

may be giv5 by ! p>5ts to any *ild1 %all
 belong to t *ild4 ,if p>tition be made 
aft] ! fa!r's dea?1 ! "m %all also h an 
equal %>e4#ahe  #abd4 ,^? ( ! bro!rs ^: 
ritual c]emonies h n be5 accompli%$1    
%all h !m complet$ by ! o!rs ^: ritual  
is gone ?r\gh3 s 9 l mann] z to ! ritual
 ( si/]s1 ea* ( ! bre?r5 devot+ a f\r?  
"p ( 8 %>e4#ahf  #abe4 ,! sons ( a      
brahman1 %all receive1 accord+ to _!    
"m's ca/1 f\r p>ts1 or ?ree1 or two1 or 
"o3 ! sons ( a k%attriya 9 l mann]1     
?ree1 or two1 or "o3 & ! sons ( a       
vaisya1 two1 or "o4#ahg  #abf4 ,:atev]1 
aft] p>tition has tak5 place1 may be    
discov]$ to h be5 wrongly appropriat$ by
 "o ( ! %>]s1#ahh %all be equally divid$
 among !m all3 ?is is enjo9$4  #abg4 ,a 
son begott5 by "o :o is )\t male issue1 
9 ob$i5ce to precept1#ahi ^u ano!r man's
 wife1 becomes by law heir to bo?1 &    
pres5ts ! dea?-oblations ( bo?4#aij     
#abh4 7,i7 ,an aurasa#aia son1 is "o    
born ( a dh>ma#aib wife2 equal ) him is 
7,,ii7 ,a daught]'s son4#aic  7,,iii7 ,a

 wife's son1 is a son begott5 by  a     
relative#aid ( ! husb& or by ano!r duly 
au?oris$4  #abi 7iv7 ,a son ( hidd5     
bir?1 is "o br\ght =? 9 private1 9 !    
husb&'s dwell+4#aie  7v7 ,a girl's son1 
is "o born ( an unm>ri$ girl2#aif he is 
consid]$ ! son ( ! mat]nal gr&fa!r4     
#acj 7vi7 ,a son ( ! twice-m>ri$1 is "o 
born ( a woman by a second m>riage1 :e!r
 %e be at ! "t ( t m>riage a maid or    
n4#aig  7vii7 ,a son by gift1 is "o :o  
is made a gift (1 ei!r by 8 fa!r or 8   
"m4#aih  #aca 7viii7 ,a son by pur*ase1 
is "o sold by 8 p>5ts4#aii  7ix7 ,a son 
made1 is a son born ( p>5ts deceas$1    
select$ by any "o = himself4  7x7 ,a    
self-giv5 son1 is "o :o has giv5 himself
 z a son to ano!r4#bjj  7xi7 ,a son ) ! 
bride1 is "o ( :om ! "m is already      
pregnant by ano!r ?an h] husb& :5 %e    
m>ries4#bja  #acb 7xii7 ,a des]t$ son1  
is "o adopt$ ^u be+ =sak5 by 8 own      
p>5ts4#bjb  ,! fir/ 9 ord] t !re may be1
 ( ! sons above describ$1 %all pres5t ! 
oblation cake#bjc & take !              

inh]itance4#bjd  #acc4 ,su* is ! rule   
enjo9$ by me = sons :]e !re is equality 
( ca/4 ,ev5 ! son begott5 by a ,sudra1  
on a slave-woman1 %all h su* %>e z !    
fa!r may allot4#bje  #acd4 ,b if !re be 
no p>tition till aft] ! fa!r's dea?1 !n 
! bro!rs born 9 m>riage are to assign   
him half a %>e3 if !re be no bro!rs nor 
daught]s' sons1 he !n takes ! :ole4     
#ace1 #acf4 ,if a man dep>t ?is life )\t
 male issue2 7i7 8 wife1 7ii7 8         
daught]s1 7iii7 8 p>5ts1#bjf 7iv7 8     
bro!rs1#bjg 7v7 ! sons ( bro!rs1#bjh    
7vi7 o!rs ( ! same gotra1#bji 7vii7     
k9dr$ m remote1#baj 7viii7 a pupil1 7ix7
 a fell[-/ud5t#baa--^! succe$ to !      
inh]itance2 ea* class ^u failure ( ! "o 
prec$+4 ,?is rule applies to all ! ca/s4
  #acg4 ,! heirs ( a h]mit1 ( a religi\s
 ascetic1 ( a pr(ess$ brahma*>i1#bab are
 successively1 ! preceptor1 ! disciple1 
& an associate dwell+ 9 ! same religi\s 
retreat4  #ach4 ,"o reunit$#bac %all    
take ! portion ( 8 deceas$ reunit$      
co-%>]1 & %all give x up to a son1 if "o

 be aft]w>ds born4#bad ,?is is always s 
) ut]9e bro!rs4  #aci4 ,a reunit$       
half-bro!r %all take ! prop]ty2 n a     
sep>at$ half-bro!r3 b a ut]9e bro!r :e!r
 reunit$ or n1 %all take2 ?is n be+ s ) 
! half-bro!r4#bae  #adj4 ,an impot5t1 an
 outca/ z well z 8 son1#baf a cripple1 a
 madman1 an idiot1 "o bl9d1 "o incurably
 diseas$1 & su* l1#bag are to be        
ma9ta9$1 b d n %>e 9 ! inh]itance4      
#ada4 ,! aurasa sons ( ^? disqualifi$   
p]sons1 also _! wives' sons1#bah if     
!mselves free f defect1#bai succe$ to   
%>es2 & _! daught]s#bbj are to be       
ma9ta9$ until provid$ ) husb&s4  #adb4  
,s _! *ildless wives %all be ma9ta9$1 if
 ( good conduct2 b %all be ca/ (f1 if ( 
vici\s habits1 or ( an evil nature4#bba 
#adc4 ,:at has be5 giv5 to a woman by h]
 fa!r1 h] "m1 h] husb&1 or h] bro!r1 or 
receiv$ by h] be=e ! nuptial fire1 or on
 occasion ( h] husb&'s m>riage ) ano!r  
wife1 & su* l1#bbb is call$ /ridhana4   
#add4 ,gifts f h] k9dr$1 f ! bridegroom 
be=e m>riage1 also subsequ5t gifts1     

desc5d to h] own k9dr$1 %\ld %e die )\t 
issue4  #ade4 ,! /ridhana ( a wife dy+  
)\t issue1 :o has be5 m>ri$ 9 "o ( ! f\r
 =ms ( m>riage designat$ brahma c41#bbc 
belongs to ! husb&2 if %e h issue1 !n ! 
/ridhana goes to h] daught]s2 %\ld %e h 
be5 m>ri$ 9 ano!r =m1#bbd !n h] /ridhana
 goes to h] p>5ts4#bbe  #adf4 ,:oso     
)holds 8 daught]1#bbf aft] hav+ promis$ 
to give h] 9 m>riage1 %all be am]c$1 &  
%all reimburse all exp5ses incurr$ )    
int]e/4 ,if %e die aft] be+ affianc$ he 
i4 e4 ! bridegroom %all receive back :at
 he has giv51 d$uction be+ made = !     
exp5diture on bo? sides4  #adg4 ,a husb&
 ne$ n return to 8 wife /ridhana        
appropriat$ by him1 dur+ a fam9e1 or 9  
ord] to p]=m sacr$ rites1#bbg or :5     
suff]+ f disease1#bbg or :5 9           
prison4#bbg  #adh4 ,if he m>ry ano!r    
wife1 he %all give to ! "o he has1 z a  
consid]ation = sup]s$+ h]1 %\ld %e n    
already h receiv$ /ridhana1 :at is      
equival5t to 8 gifts on ! second        
m>riage3 b1 %\ld %e h already receiv$   

/ridhana1 !n1 x is decl>$1 %e is entitl$
 to only half ! am\nt4#bbh  #adi4 ,if ! 
fact ( a p>tition be d5i$1 ! matt] %all 
be asc]ta9$ by ref]5ce to relatives1 ne>
 or remote1 witnesses1 & writ+s1 also by
 enquiry z to sep>ate possession (      
messuage & l&4#bbi  #aej4 ,:5 !re is a  
dispute z to b\nd>ies1 ! neighb\rs ( !  
disput$ l&1 old m5 & ! l1#bcj c[h]ds1   
cultivators ( ! soil close to ! disput$ 
b\nd>y1 & all ^: bus9ess is 9 =e/s--#bca
  #aea4--^! %all det]m9e ! b\nd>ies1 z  
!y are indicat$ by elevat$ gr\nd1 by    
*>coal -remnants1#bcb by husks1#bcc by  
trees1 by a causeway1 by ant-hills1 by  
depressions ( ! soil1 by bones1 by      
memorials1#bcd & su* l4#bce  #aeb4      
,o!rwise1#bcf f\r1 eight1 or t5         
neighb\rs ( ! same village1 we>+ a r$   
wrea? & r$ g>m5ts1 & c>ry+ e>?1 %all    
settle ! b\nd>y4#bcg  #aec4 ,& if any   
falsehood be utt]$1 ^u ea* "o speak+    
falsely ! mon>* %all impose ! m$ium     
f9e4#bch  ,9 ! abs5ce ( any p]sons hav+ 
k ( ! matt]1 & ( any indicatory signs1 !

 mon>* %all m>k ! b\nd>y4#bci  #aed4 ,! 
same rule applies to fruit-g>d5s1 to    
out-h\ses1 to villages1#bdj to wells or 
tanks1 to pleasure-g>d5s1 & to dwell+s1 
z well z to wat]c\rses caus$ by !       
ra94#bda  #aee4 ,if ! b\nd>y be brok51  
or be ov]/epp$1#bdb if a field#bdc be   
tak5 away2 ! l[e/1 ! highe/ & ! m$ium   
f9es %all be impos$4#bdd  #aef4         
,con/ruct+ a useful dam1 if x occasion b
 slight damage to individuals1 is n to  
be prev5t$2 nor is a well#bde :i* takes 
f ano!r's l&1 if hav+ an abundant supply
 ( wat] & n ( l>ge ext5t4  #aeg4 ,if "o 
con/ruct a dam 9 a field1 )\t notice to 
! own] !re(1 ! "r to use x1 :5 complete1
 %all belong to ! own] ( ! field3 if !  
field be )\t own]1 !n ! us] belongs to !
 mon>*4  #aeh4 ,:oso fails to complete !
 cultivation ( a field :i* he has       
p>tially pl\gh$1 %all be made to pay to 
! l&[n] ! value ( ! expect$ crop4       
,he#bdf %all complete ! cultivation by  
means ( ano!r4  #aei4 ,if a female      
buffalo spoil corn1#bdg h] own] %all be 

f9$ eight ma%as1#bdh if a c[1 ! half ( t
 sum2 if a goat or a %eep1 ! half ( !   
latt]4  #afj4 ,if1 aft] hav+ graz$1 !y  
repose !re1 ! f9e %all be d\ble :at is  
above specifi$4  ,! same rule applies to
 l& kept = pa/ure4 ,an ass & a camel are
 9 ?is respect ! same z a female        
buffalo4  #afa4 ,!re %all be an         
indemnity = ! own] ( ! field equal 9    
value to ! corn de/roy$4#bdi ,! h]dsm5  
%all receive a beat+1 b ! cattle-own] be
 puni%$ by f9e1 z be=e m5tion$4  #afb4  
,no guilt atta*es#bej to ! cattle-own]1 
if ! field#bea be close to ! public     
road1 or to ! village pa/ure l&s1#beb & 
he d n int5d ! trespass2 if he d int5d  
x1 !n he incurs puni%m5t z a ?ief4      
#afc4 ,a bull1 cattle p]mitt$ to be at  
l>ge1#bec a c[ t has rec5tly calv$1     
e/rays1#bed & ! l1#bee hav+ no keep] or 
br\ght !re by accid5t or by act ( !     
mon>*1 %all be let g free4#bef  #afd4 ,!
 h]dsman %all1 at ! close ( ! day1 give 
back ! cattle1 9 ! same mann]#beg z !y 7
 deliv]$ to him3 if he be 9 receipt (   

wages1 he %all replace su* z h1 ?r\gh 8 
neglig5ce1 di$ or be5 lo/4#beh  #afe4   
,if loss accrue by fault ( ! h]dsman1 he
 %all be f9$ ?irte5 panas & a half1 &   
%all make good ! loss to ! own]4  #aff4 
,pa/ure-gr\nd %all be allott$ = cattle1 
su* z ! villag]s agree ^u1 or 9         
proportion to ! :ole area ( l&1 or z !  
mon>* wills4  ,a twice-born man may1 9 e
 place1 appropriate z 8 own1 grass1     
fuel1 & fl[]s4#bei  #afg4 ,!re %all be a
 space ( "o hundr$ dhanus#bfj betwe5 a  
grama1#bfa & ! surr\nd+ fields1 ( two   
hundr$ = a k>vata1#bfa ( f\r hundr$ = a 
nag>a4#bfa  #afh4 ,a man may seize any  
?+1 belong+ to himself1 :i* ano!r has   
sold4#bfb ,! pur*as] incurs blame1 if he
 h b\ght secretly3 &1 if he b\ght f a l[
 man1#bfc ) secrecy1 = a small price1 & 
at an unusual h\r1 he is to be acc\nt$ a
 ?ief4  #afi4 ,if "o obta9 prop]ty :i*  
he aft]w>ds discov]s to h be5 lo/ or    
/ol51 he %\ld cause ! tak]#bfd ( x to be
 secur$3 %\ld "t or ! place n p]mit (   
?is be+ done1 he mu/ himself re/ore !   

prop]ty to its own]4  #agj4 ,^u 8       
produc+ ! sell]1 he ! possessor1 is     
himself cle>$3 ! own] takes ! prop]ty1 !
 mon>* ! f9e1 & ! defraud$ pur*as] !    
value f ! sell]4  #aga4 ,a claim to     
prop]ty z lo/1#bfe is to be support$ by 
pro( ( acquisition#bff or ( us]3 !      
claimant1 if he fail1 %all pay to !     
mon>* "o-fif? ( ! value ( ! prop]ty z a 
f9e4  #agb4 ,:oev] takes back f ! h& ( a
 /rang] :at has be5 /ol5 or lo/ f       
himself )\t in=m+ ! mon>*1 %all pay a   
f9e ( n9ety six panas4#bfg  #agc4 ,:5   
lo/ or /ol5 prop]ty has be5 recov]$ by  
cu/oms (fic]s or by ! local police1 !   
own] may claim x until "o ye> has       
elaps$2#bfh aft] t "t x goes to ! mon>*4
  #agd4 ,if x be a s+le-ho($ animal1 !  
own] %all pay f\r panas2 if a man1 five 
panas2 if a buffalo1 or a camel1 or a   
c[1 two panas2 if a goat or a %eep1 !   
f\r? "p ( a pana4#bfi  #age4bgj;,any    
prop]ty1 o!r ?an wom5 & *ildr51 may be  
giv5 away1 if x be no detrim5t to !     
family--b n ! :ole prop]ty1 :]e !re are 

*ildr52 nor any portion :i* has be5     
already promis$ to ano!r4  #agf4 ,!     
acceptance ( a gift %\ld be public1     
especially ( immovable prop]ty4 ,:atev] 
may be lawfully giv5 & is contract$ to  
be giv51 %all n1 aft] gift1 be resum$4  
#agg4 ,! "t giv5 = trial on pur*ase (   
se$1 is t5 days2#bga ( iron1 "o day2 (  
bea/s ( burd51 five days2 ( preci\s     
/ones1 sev5 days2 ( wom51#bgb "o mon?2 (
 mil*-c[s1 ?ree days2 ( m51#bgb half a  
mon?4  #agh4 ,by ! action ( fire1 gold  
is n less5$ 9 quantity3 "o hundr$       
palas#bgc ( silv] !reby lose two palas2 
( t91 "o hundr$ palas lose eight2 lead &
 copp]1 out ( "o hundr$ palas1 lose     
five2 iron1 ( "o hundr$ palas1 loses    
t54#bgd  #agi4 ,"o hundr$ palas ( wool  
or cotton :5 work$#bge are increas$ by  
t5 palas2 if ! ?read be ( middl+ f95ess1
 ! increase is five palas2 if v f9e1    
?ree palas4  #ahj4 ,9 figur$ textures & 
9 ^? made ( hair1 ! loss is e/imat$ at  
"o ?irtie? "p4 ,9 a texture ( silk or ( 
! b>k ( trees1 !re is nei!r loss nor    

increase4  #aha4 ,:5ev] loss has be5    
su/a9$1 ! artisan %all be imp]atively   
requir$ to pay :at compet5t judges aw>d1
 aft] !y %all h inve/igat$ circum/ances1
 ( place1 ( "t1 ( ! mode ( us+ !        
mat]ial1 & its quality ( /r5g? or       
lightness4#bgf  #ahb4 ,"o made a slave  
by compulsion1 & "o sold#bgg into slav]y
 by robb]s1 are entitl$ to be set free2 
s also is a slave :o saves 8 ma/]'s     
life2 also "o :o hav+ adopt$ s]vitude = 
a liv+1 ab&ons 8 claim to ma9t5ance2    
also "o enslav$ :o pays (f :at is due f 
him4#bgh  #ahc4 ,"o :o1 be+ a religi\s  
m5dicant1 =sakes t condition1 %all be1  
until dea?1 ! mon>*'s slave4 ,slav]y mu/
 be 9 ! ord] ( ! ca/s1 n inv]sely4#bgi  
#ahd4 ,?\gh an appr5tice h atta9$ a k ( 
8 art1#bhj he %all nev]!less rema9 9 8  
ma/]'s h\se = ! /ipulat$ "t1 receiv+ f 8
 ma/] ma9t5ance1 & giv+ up to him 8     
e>n+s4#bha  #ahe4 ,! mon>* %all erect 9 
! city a mansion & %all settle !re9     
brahmans le>n$ 9 ! ?ree ,v$as1 & end[   
!m1 giv+ !m injunction to dis*>ge _!    

duties4#bhb  #ahf4 ,!y %all dilig5tly   
practise all obs]vances /ipulat$ =#bhc 9
 ! end[m5t :i* d n int]f]e ) _! p]sonal 
duties1 also :atev] o!r obs]vances !    
mon>* may enjo94#bhd  #ahg4 ,:oso       
appropriates :at belongs to ! community 
or violates 8 engagem5t ) ! community1  
%all =feit 8 prop]ty & be bani%$ !      
realm4#bhe  #ahh4 ,! ^w ( ^? :o are     
appo9t$ to sup]9t5d ! affairs#bhf ( !   
community mu/ be obey$ by all ! memb]s3 
he :o acts 9 violation !re( %all be     
am]c$ 9 ! fir/ i4 e4 l[e/ f9e4#bhg      
#ahi4 ,^? :o h come f o!r p>ts ^u !     
affairs ( ! community %all1 ^u          
completion ( ! bus9ess1 be dismiss$ by !
 mon>*1 ) gifts1 ) hon\r1 & ) hospitable
 ent]ta9m5t4  #aij4 ,an emiss>y ^u !    
bus9ess ( ! community %all deliv] up    
:atev] he has receiv$ on _! acc\nt3 if  
he fail to deliv] volunt>ily1 he %all be
 am]c$ elev5 times ! value ( :at he     
)holds4  #aia4 ,!y :o h direction ( !   
affairs ( ! community %\ld be su* z "k  
_! duties1#bhh are pure m9d$1 & n       

covet\s2 _! ^w = ! welf>e ( ! community 
is to be foll[$4  #aib4 ,:at has j be5  
enjo9$ is obligatory 9 l mann] ^u       
communities ( craftsm51 ( trad]s1 & (   
pa%&as4#bhi ,! mon>* %\ld pres]ve _!    
di/9ctive "*1 & make !m respectively    
adh]e to _! orig9al call+s4#bij  #aic4  
,if "o1 aft] receipt ( wages1 ab&on 8   
"w1 he %all pay d\ble ! am\nt2 if he    
des]t :5 he has n receiv$ 8 wages1 he   
%all pay a sum equal to 8 wages4#bia  ,!
 implem5ts %all be 9 *>ge ( !           
workman4#bib  #aid4 ,! mon>* %all oblige
 him :o gets "w done )\t hav+ previ\sly 
fix$ ! rate ( hire1 to pay a t5? "p1    
:e!r e>n+s 9 trade or 9 c>e ( cattle1 or
 9 cultivation ( corn4  #aie4 ,a        
ma/]#bic may treat z he ?9ks "r "o :o   
disreg>ds "t or place1 or s acts t he   
prev5ts pr(it be+ e>n$4#bid  ,! m t is  
done1 ! m %all be giv54  #aif4 ,:]e "w  
contract$ = by two _c be proce$$ ) by ! 
two1#bie ! "o :o has to ab&on ! "w %all 
be paid accord+ to :at he has p]=m$2 b1 
if practicable1 ! orig9al contract %\ld 

be c>ri$ out4#bif  #aig4 ,if goods :5 9 
transport f place to place be lo/1 !    
c>ri] %all pay _! value2 except ! loss  
be occasion$ by ! mon>* or by act (     
,god4 ,if he :o has contract$ to        
transport goods cause !m n to />t on !  
j\rney1 he %all be made to pay twice !  
am\nt ( 8 hire3  #aih4 if he ab&on 8    
*>ge :5 at ! outset ( ! j\rney1 he %all 
pay a sum equal to a sev5? "p ( ! hire2 
if1 :5 he has proce$$ to "s di/ance1 a  
f\r? "p2 if :5 half-way1 ! entire am\nt 
( hire4 ,! l rule is to be obs]v$ :]e ! 
hir] breaks 8 contract4  #aii4 ,if a    
pr(ess$ gambl] w9 at play z mu* z "o    
hundr$ panas1 he %all pay to ! keep] ( !
 h\se "o-fif?3 o!rs %all pay ! keep] a  
t5? ( _! w9n+s4  #bjj4 ,! latt]1#big 9  
consid]ation ( hav+ royal protection1   
%all pay ! portion /ipulat$ to ! mon>*1 
%all make ov] all /akes won to ! w9n]1  
%all be true ( spee*1 & =be>+4  #bja4 ,!
 mon>* %all en=ce paym5t ( w9n+s2 t is1 
su* z are made 9 a place kept by a      
lic5s$ gam+-h\se-ma/] pay+ ! royal dues1

 among kn[n play]s1 meet+ op5ly2 9 o!r  
cases1 n4  #bjb4 ,!y :o manage suits    
aris+ out ( ! games1 also ! witnesses1  
are to be su* p]sons z ^? la/ describ$4 
,if any "o play ) false dice or *eat1 ! 
mon>* %all h him br&$ & bani%$4  #bjc4  
,an ov]se] ( ! games %\ld be appo9t$1 :o
 may ?us become famili> ) ! p]sons (    
reput$ ?ieves4#bih  ,! l rules apply to 
wag]s at fight+ games1 :e!r ( m5 or     
brutes4#bii  #bjd4 ,if any give abusive 
words to "o depriv$ ( a limb or an organ
 ( s5se1 or diseas$1 :e!r ! words be    
true or untrue1 or 9 ! guise ( ironical 
praise1--he %all be f9$ ?irte5 panas & a
 half4#cjj  #bje4 ,! mon>* %all compel  
"o :o uses su* insult+ language z1 ,i w 
g to ?y si/] or to ?y "m1#cja to pay a  
f9e ( tw5ty-five panas4  #bjf4 ,half (  
?is f9e is to be impos$ :5 ! (f5sive    
words are to inf]iors1 d\ble if to !    
wives ( o!r m5 or to sup]iors4 ,! f9e   
%all be regulat$ accord+ to ! high] or  
l[] ca/ ( ! p>ties4#cjb  #bjg4 ,?us2 if 
! (f5ce occurs1 :]e ! p>ties are 9 !    

asc5d+ l9e ( ca/1 ! f9e %all be d\ble or
 treble z may be2 if 9 ! desc5d+ l9e1 ! 
f9e %all be always less5$ "o half4#cjc  
#bjh4 ,if injury be ?reat5$ to a p]son's
 arm1 or neck or eyes or ?igh1 ! f9e    
%all be "o hundr$ panas2 if to ! foot or
 nose or e> or h&1 & ! l1#cjd half ( t  
f9e4  #bji4 ,if ! ?reat be by "o :o has 
n ! p[] to c>ry out 8 ?reat1 he %all be 
f9$ t5 panas2 ! ?reat5] :o has ! p[]    
%all be1 9 addition1 compell$ to give   
surety = ! safety ( ! p]son ?reat5$4    
#baj4 ,= abuse by imputation ( a crime  
:i* w\ld entail loss ( ca/1 ! middle f9e
 %all be exact$2 if ( a less] crime1 !  
l[e/ f9e4  #baa4 ,if ! abuse be direct$ 
aga9/ "o conv]sant ) ! ?ree ,v$as1 aga9/
 ! mon>*1 or aga9/ ! gods1 ! highe/ f9e 
is incurr$2 if aga9/ a :ole ca/ or a    
community1 ! middle f9e2 if aga9/ a     
village or ! realm1 ! l[e/ f9e4  #bab4  
,if a p]son be beat5 )\t witnesses1 !   
case %all be tri$ by m>ks1 probabilities
 & public report2 n h[ev] )\t "s        
suspicion t ! m>ks may h be5 falsely    

contriv$4  #bac4 ,= defil+ by t\*+ )    
a%es1 mud1 or du/1 a f9e is fix$ ( t5   
panas2 = defil+ by t\*+ )               
impurities1#cje scil4 ( ! heel or ( !   
saliva1 d\ble t f9e3  #bad4 t is1 if !  
p>ties be on an equality4 ,if ! (f5ce be
 aga9/ o!r m5's wives1 or aga9/         
sup]iors1 !n ! p5alty is d\ble2 if aga9/
 inf]iors1 ! half4 ,%\ld ! aggressors be
 insane or intoxicat$ or ! l1 !re %all n
 be puni%m5t4  #bae4 ,%\ld a limb ( "o n
 a brahman occasion pa9 to a brahman1 x 
%all be cut (f4 ,if a weapon be rais$   
aga9/ "o ( inf]ior ca/1#cjf ! l[e/ f9e  
is to be paid2 if ! weapon be m]ely     
h&l$1 !n ! f9e %all be half4#cjg  #baf4 
,b %\ld a h& or a foot be rais$1 ! f9e  
%all be respectively t5 & tw5ty panas4  
,p1 h[ev]1 ( any ca/1 :o lift weapons   
aga9/ _! ca/-fell[s %all pay ! middle   
f9e4  #bag4 ,= pull+ a p]son by ! foot1 
by ! hair1 by ! clo?+1 or by ! h&1 ! f9e
 is t5 panas3 = inflict+ pa9 by dragg+  
ab\t or by viol5t h&l+ ( ! clo!s1 & =   
putt+ ! foot ^u a p]son1 ! f9e is a     

hundr$ panas4  #bah4 ,he :o beats ) a   
/ick or ! l1 %ort ( effusion ( blood1   
%all pay a f9e ( ?irty-two panas2 if    
blood appe>1 ! f9e is d\ble#cjh  #bai4  
,= damag+ a h&1 a foot1 or a too?1 & =  
cutt+ ! e>s or ! nose1 !re is ! middle  
f9e3 ! same = r5d+ op5 a w\nd1 or =     
beat+ a p]son till he be z "o lifeless4 
#bbj4 ,= beat+ "o s t he _c /ir1 or s t 
he _c eat1 or s t he _c speak1 = de/roy+
 an eye & ! l1#cji = break+ a neck1 an  
arm1 or a ?igh1 !re %all be ! middle    
f9e4#caj  #bba4 ,if sev]al unite 9 beat+
 "o p]son1 ! f9e %all be d\ble#caa t    
prescrib$2 :atev] prop]ty be tak5 away 9
 ! /ruggle %all be re/or$1 &1 9         
addition1 ! d\ble f9e impos$4  #bbb4    
,:oev] causes pa9 to ano!r by any su*   
means %all be made to pay ! exp5se ( !  
cure1 z well z ! regulat$ f9e = !       
fray4#cab  #bbc4 ,he :o batt]s1 r5ds1   
breaks or pulls d[n a wall1 %all be made
 to pay a f9e ( five1 t5 or tw5ty panas 
besides ! value4  #bbd4 ,he :o ca/s into
 a dwell+ h\se any ?+ hurtful or        

de/ructive ( life1 %all be made to pay1 
= ! fir/ a f9e ( sixte5 panas1 = !      
second ! middle f9e4  #bbe4 ,= injury to
 ! small] sort ( cattle1 or = %$d+ _!   
blood1 = lopp+ "o ( _! horns or ! l#cac 
or "o ( _! limbs1 "o %all pay a f9e (   
two & a half panas & upw>ds4  #bbf4 ,=  
cutt+ (f ! male privy memb] ( su*       
cattle1 or slay+ "o1 ! middle f9e1 z    
well z ! value ( ! animal1 %all be paid4
 ,= ! l>g] cattle 9 su* cases ! f9e is  
d\ble4#cad  #bbg4 ,= cutt+ d[n bran*es1 
or ! trunk1 or ! entire tree1#cae ( su* 
z re-produce aft] mutilation1 also =    
simil> injuries to trees :i* supply     
food1#caf ! f9e %all be d\bl$           
progressively up f tw5ty panas3#cag     
#bbh4 %\ld ! trees be gr[+ :]e !re are  
memorial erections1 or 9 places =       
disposal ( ! dead1 or on b\nd>y l9es1 or
 9 holy places1 or 9 a temple1 a d\ble  
f9e %all be levi$2 s1 = any fam\s       
tree4#cah  #bbi4 ,= cutt+ bru%wood1     
grasses1 %rubs1 climb+ plants1          
gr\nd-spread+ creep]s1 annuals1 & h]bs1 

at ! places above m5tion$1 half ( ! f9e 
is orda9$4  #bcj4 ,=cibly tak+ away any 
?+1 ?\gh x be public prop]ty1 is        
sahasa2#cai ! f9e = x is d\ble ! value (
 ! prop]ty4 ,if ! crime be1 on d5ial1   
prov$1 !n1 f\r times ! value4  #bca4 ,he
 :o in/igates ! commission ( sahasa1    
%all pay a d\ble f9e1 & f\r-fold if he  
in/igate by promise ( rew>d4  #bcb4 ,he 
:o rails at a v5]able p]son1#cbj or :o  
disobeys su* an "o1 he :o maltreats 8   
bro!r's wife1#cba he :o fails to give t 
:i* he has promis$1 he :o =ces a        
dwell+-h\se ) a seal ^u x1#cbb  #bcc4 he
 :o does h>m to 8 neighb\r1 or to 8     
k9dr$1 & su* l#cbc--;ea* ( ^! %all be   
f9$ fifty panas4 ,s is x enjo9$4  #bcd4 
,he :o1 on ! impulse ( 8 own w m]ely1   
goes to a wid[1#cbd he :o1 :5 !re is a  
cry = help1 does n ha/e to r5d] x1 he :o
 reviles )\t cause1 a *&ala#cbe :o t\*es
 "o ( high] ca/1  #bce4 he :o1 :5 mak+  
an oblation to ! gods or to ance/ors1   
fe$s ,sudras1 or pravrajikas1#cbf he :o 
swe>s an improp] oa?1 or :o does :at he 

has no title to d1#cbg  #bcf4 he :o     
emasculates a bull or small] animal1 :o 
embezzles common prop]ty1 :o de/roys !  
embryo ( a female slave1  #bcg4 &1 among
 fa!rs & sons1 si/]s & bro!rs1 husb&s & 
wives1 tea*]s & disciples1 if ei!r des]t
 ! o!r1 he or %e n be+ an outca/--9 ^!  
sev]al in/ances1 ! f9e is a hundr$      
panas4#cbh  #bch4 ,a wa%]man :o we>s    
ano!r's dress %all be f9$ ?ree panas2 if
 he sell1 let out1 pl$ge1 or1 :5        
importun$ give x away1#cbi t5 panas4    
#bci4 ,if1 :5 fa!r & son qu>rel1 "o     
volunte] to be a witness1#ccj ! f9e is  
?ree panas2 b1 if on su* an occasion "o 
(f] himself z surety1#cca he %all be f9$
 eight-fold4  #bdj4 ,:oev] falsifies    
scales1 or a royal ord]1 or a           
measure1#ccb or a co91#ccc likewise     
:oev] kn[+ly uses !m s falsifi$1 %all be
 made to pay ! highe/ f9e4#ccd  #bda4 ,a
 try] ( co9 :o pron\nces a false "o to  
be g5u9e or a g5u9e "o to be false1 %all
 be made to pay ! highe/ f9e4  #bdb4 ,"o
 :o falsely sets himself up z a         

physician1#cce %all1 = 8 malpractice1 if
 brutes be conc]n$1 pay ! fir/ f9e--if  
mank9d1 ! middle f9e--b1 if royal       
(fic]s1 ! highe/ f9e4  #bdc4 ,:oso      
imprisons "o n des]v+ ( imprisonm5t1#ccf
 or releases "o f\nd wor?y ( imprisonm5t
 or p5d+ 8 trial1#ccg %all pay ! highe/ 
f9e4  #bdd4 ,he :o1 9 measurem5t1 or use
 ( ! scales1 defrauds to ! ext5t ( an   
eigh?1 %all be made to pay a f9e ( two  
hundr$ panas1 & ?us proportionably = a m
 or less quantity4  #bde4 ,he :o        
adult]ates#cch m$ic9e1 or oily          
commodities1 or salt1 or p]fumes1 or    
corn1 or sug>1 or o!r saleable articles1
 %all be f9$ sixte5 panas4  #bdf4 ,=    
mak+ "o sort ( article to appe> to be ( 
ano!r sort1 :e!r x be e>!n goods1 or    
sk9s1 or preci\s /ones1 or ?reads1 or   
corn1 or wood1 or b>k ( trees1 or clo!s1
 a f9e is orda9$ ( eight-fold ! pur*ase 
money4  #bdg4 ,= him :o *anges a cov]$  
basket1#cci or :o gives 9 pl$ge or sells
 c\nt]feit drugs 9 a wrapp]1#cdj ! f9es 
prescrib$ are1  #bdh4 :]e ! value is    

bel[ a pana fifty panas1 :]e x am\nts to
 a pana "o hundr$ panas1 :]e to two     
panas two hundr$ panas3 ) increase (    
value ! f9e increases4  #bdi4 ,! highe/ 
f9e is impos$ on ^? :o1 al?\gh aw>e ( ! 
rise or fall 9 prices1 comb9e1 to !     
prejudice ( lab\r]s & arti/s1 to create 
a price ( _! own4  #bej4 ,= trad]s :o   
comb9e1 by arbitr>ily fix+ an improp]   
price1 to imp$e ! traffic 9 any         
commodity1 or to make an injuri\s sale (
 x1#cda ! highe/ f9e is orda9$4  #bea4  
,! price 9 transactions ( sale &        
pur*ase1 daily1 is regulat$ by !        
mon>*2#cdb ! diff]5ce#cdc is decl>$ to  
be ! trad]s' pr(it4  #beb4 ,on goods ( 8
 own c\ntry let a trad] cle> a pr(it (  
five p] c5t41 & t5 p] c5t4 on ^? ( ano!r
 c\ntry2 provid$ he make prompt sale ( 8
 pur*ase4  #bec4 ,! mon>* is to det]m9e 
! price1 9 unison ) ! wi%es ( bo?       
pur*as] & sell]2 fir/ add+ to ! co/ ( ! 
article ! exp5se ( br++ x to !          
m>ket4#cdd  #bed4 ,he :o1 hav+ receiv$ !
 price ( any commodity1 fails to deliv] 

x to ! buy]1 %all be compell$ to deliv] 
! article1 toge!r ) damages = !         
det5tion2 & %\ld ! buy] be f =eign p>ts1
 !n1 ! =eign pr(it %all be add$4  #bee4 
,!re may be a re-sale ( goods sold1 if !
 orig9al buy] w n receive !m4 ,if loss  
arise f misconduct ( ! buy]1 he %all be>
 x4  #bef4 ,:atev] damage may befal     
goods by act ( ! mon>*1 or by accid5t1  
%all be ! loss ( ! sell]1#cde :]e he has
 fail$ to make deliv]y on dem&4  #beg4  
,if a p]son re-sell t :i* has be5 sold  
to ano!r1 or sell1 z s\nd1 a damag$     
article2 9 ei!r case ! f9e %all be d\ble
 ! value ( ! article sold4  #beh4 ,a    
trad] :o makes a pur*ase 9 ignorance ( !
 rise & fall ( prices1 mu/ n rec$e f 8  
b>ga92 if he d1 he %all be f9$ a six? ( 
! price4  #bei4 ,trad]s :o c>ry on      
bus9ess jo9tly1 = pr(it1 %all %>e !     
pr(its & losses1 ei!r 9 proportion to ! 
capital br\ght 9 by ea*1 or accord+ to !
 contract betwe5 !m4#cdf  #bfj4 ,a jo9t 
trad] :o occasions loss to ! p>tn]%ip by
 engag+ 9 some?+ :i* 8 p>tn] has ei!r   

prohibit$ or n sanction$1 or by any     
neglig5ce1 %all make x good3 if on ! o!r
 h& by 8 p]sonal ex]tion he pres]ve     
any?+ ( ! p>tn]%ip prop]ty f loss1 he   
%all h ! t5? ( x4#cdg  #bfa4 ,! mon>*1 =
 fix+ ! prices1 %\ld receive a duty ( a 
tw5tie?4#cdh  ,if an article ( :i* !    
sale is prohibit$1 or "o fitt+ = !      
mon>*#cdi to possess1 be sold )\t !     
royal lic5se1 x %all be =feit$ to !     
,cr[n4#cej  #bfb4 ,:oev] decl>es false  
weight1 or avoids ! place :]e cu/om is  
levi$1 %all be made to pay eight-fold2 s
 he :o fraudul5tly buys or sells4#cea   
#bfc4 ,a f]ryman levy+ toll z ?\gh =    
l&-duties1 %all be made to pay a f9e (  
t5 panas4#ceb  ,! same f9e is orda9$ =  
omission to s5d invitations to brahmans 
( ! neighb\rhood4#cec  #bfd4 ,on ! dea? 
( "o dep>t$ to a =eign c\ntry1 8 male   
(fspr+1 8 mat]nal k9dr$1 or ^? m        
remotely relat$1 %all take ! prop]ty3 9 
_! default1 ! mon>* succe$s4  #bfe4 ,let
 ! p>tn]s ( a man :o acts di%one/ly     
exclude him f any %>e ( ! pr(its4 ,let  

him :o is disabl$ to act p]sonally 9 !  
p>tn]%ip bus9ess act by ! ag5cy ( ano!r4
 ,?us too x is enjo9$ = associations (  
prie/s#ced f>m]s1 & craftsm54  #bff4    
,capture ( a ?ief by ! (fic] is w>rant$ 
by 8 possession ( ! prop]ty /ol51 or by 
traces ( him1 also by 8 hav+ be5 an     
(f5d] previ\sly1 or 8 be+ an inmate ( a 
h\se ( ill repute4  #bfg4 ,& o!rs !re   
are :o may be arre/$ on suspicion1 viz41
 su* z conceal _! ca/e1 "n1 c41 also ^? 
addict$ to gambl+1 to wom51 & to dr9k+1 
& su* z h betray$ !mselves by a p>*$ m\?
 9 speak+1 or a /amm]+ voice2  #bfh4 ^?1
 moreov]1 :o are inquisitive ab\t o!rs' 
goods & h\ses1 or :o put on a disguise1 
or :o exp5d lavi%ly al?\gh !y h no      
o/5sible income1 or :o sell ?+s t h be5 
9 use4  #bfi4 ,if "o arre/$ on suspicion
 ( !ft d n cle> himself1 he is to be    
puni%$ z a ?ief1 be+ fir/ compell$ to   
make good ! prop]ty /ol54  #bgj4 ,!     
mon>* %\ld compel ! ?ief to make        
re/itution ( ! /ol5 articles1 & subject 
him to su* ( ! diff]5t corporeal        

inflictions z may be prop]3 a brahman :o
 is a ?ief he %all br& & bani% ! realm4 
#bga4 ,:5 a murd] or !ft has occurr$1 & 
! crim9al is n trac$ beyond ! village1  
blame falls on ! village gov]nor2 if he 
be trac$ to ! public road1 blame falls  
on ! gov]nor ( ! di/rict2 if trac$ out (
 ! di/rict1 ! (fic] *>g$ ) pursuit (    
crim9als %all be to blame4  #bgb4 ,!    
village )9 ^: b\nd>y ! crime is         
p]petrat$ %all pay2 or t village %all   
pay to :i* track ( ! crim9al leads2 s1  
if ! track lead to a place )9 a kro%#cee
 skirt+ five villages all %all pay2 s ( 
t5 villages4  #bgc4 ,h\se-break]s1#cef  
!y :o /eal horses or elephants1 murd]]s 
by op5 viol5ce--su* %all be impal$4     
#bgd4 ,he :o purlo9s app>el1 c4#ceg %all
 h a h& cut (f2 cut-purses1#ceh %all h !
 ?umb & =e-f+] cut (f2 = a second (f5ce1
 a h& & a foot %all be cut (f4  #bge4 ,=
 !ft ( goods ( trifl+1 ( m$ium1 & ( !   
highe/ value1#cei ! p5alty to be        
inflict$ is proportion$ to ! value ( :at
 is /ol54 ,9 its det]m9ation1 place1 "t1

 age1 & ability1 are to be consid]$4#cfj
  #bgf4 ,"o :o kn[+ly supplies a ?ief or
 a murd]] ) food1 %elt]1 fire1 wat]1    
c\nsel1 implem5ts1 or money1 incurs !   
highe/ f9e4#cfa  #bgg4 ,= w\nd+ )       
weapons1 & = caus+ abortion1 ! highe/   
f9e is orda9$2 ! highe/ or ! l[e/ =     
kill+ a man or a woman4  #bgh4 ,a woman 
incorrigibly wick$1 "o :o has sla9 a    
man1 "o :o has de/roy$ dams1#cfb %all1  
unless %e be 9 a /ate ( pregnancy1 be   
?r[n into deep wat] ) a heavy /one ti$  
to h]4  #bgi4 ,a woman :o is a poison]1 
or an inc5di>y1 "o :o has sla9 h] husb&1
 h] guru1 or h] *ild1 %all be put to    
dea? by bulls1 h] e>s1 h&s1 nose1 & lips
 be+ cut (f4#cfc  #bhj4 ,if a man be    
sla91 & x be n kn[n :o did ! de$1 8     
sons1 k9dr$1 wives1 also wom5 :o are 9  
habits ( illicit int]c\rse1 are to be   
sep>ately & )\t delay que/ion$1--z to1  
:e!r any qu>rel has occurr$1  #bha4 :e!r
 ! deceas$ 0 addict$ to wom51 or fond ( 
:at is co/ly1 or seek+ ga91#cfd also )  
:om he _h gone--or1 ! p 9 ! neighb\rhood

 ( ! place :]e ! murd] occurr$ %all be  
exam9$1 by g5tle means4  #bhb4          
,inc5di>ies ( fields1 h\ses1 =e/s1      
villages1 pa/ure-gr\nds or gran>ies1    
also "o :o has int]c\rse ) ! wife ( !   
k+1 are to be burn$ 9 a /raw-fire4      
#bhc4 ,a man is to be appreh5d$ =       
adult]y1 if f\nd ) ano!r man's wife 9   
mutual grasp+ ( hair or ) rec5t         
love-m>ks1 or :5 bo? admit _! fault1    
#bhd4 or if ! man be f\nd toy+ ) h]     
girdle1 ) h] brea/s1 h] upp] g>m5t1 h]  
?igh1 or h] hair1 or conv]s+ ) h] at an 
unfitt+ place or h\r1 or on ! same spot 
) h]4#cfe  #bhe4 ,! wife1 if s act+ aft]
 express prohibition1 %all pay "o hundr$
 panas f9e2 ! man1 two hundr$ panas3 if 
bo? h be5 expressly prohibit$ s demean+ 
!mselves1 _! puni%m5t %all be ! same z =
 adult]y4#cff  #bhf4 ,= adult]y ) a     
woman ( equal ca/1 a man incurs ! highe/
 f9e2 ) a woman ( l[] ca/1 ! middle f9e2
 ) a woman ( high] ca/1 ! p5alty is     
dea?1#cfg & ! woman is to h h] e>s1     
c4#cfh cut (f4  #bhg4 ,if "o make (f ) a

 virg9 deck$ out = ! bridal1 he %all pay
 ! highe/ f9e2 if %e be n s circum/anc$1
 !n ! l[e/ f9e4 ,?us x is1 if ! virg9 be
 ( equal ca/3 if %e be ( high] ca/1 !   
p5alty ( dea? is orda9$4  #bhh4 ,9 !    
case ( a virg9 cons5t+ & ( inf]ior ca/1 
no (f5ce is committ$2 o!rwise1 !re is a 
f9e4#cfi ,= ravi%+ h]1 ! man's h& %all  
be cut (f3 if ! virg9 be ( ! highe/ ca/1
 ! p5alty is dea?4  #bhi4 ,:oso speaks  
disp>ag+ly ( a woman %all =feit "o      
hundr$ panas2 b1 two hundr$1 "o :o br+s 
a false *>ge aga9/ a woman4 ,:oso has   
c>nal k ( a brute animal %all =feit "o  
hundr$ panas2 if ( a l[e/ ca/ woman#cgj 
or ( a c[1 ! middle f9e4  #bij4 ,if a   
man#cga h c>nal int]c\rse ) female      
slaves or s]vants1 or ev5 ) common wom51
 su* slaves1 c4 be+ kept by ^? to :om !y
 belong seclud$1#cgb he %all pay a f9e (
 fifty panas4  #bia4 ,= =c+ a female    
slave1#cgc x is writt51 !re %all be a   
f9e ( t5 panas2 if _m m5 s attack "o    
slave1 ea* "o %all pay tw5ty-f\r panas4 
#bib4 ,a public woman :o refuses aft]   

tak+ h] hire1 %all =feit twice ! am\nt2 
s1 if ! man decl9e aft] contract+1 yet  
he %all pay4  #bic4 ,:oso kn[s a woman  
unnaturally1 or voids 8 wat] ^u a man1  
also "o :o has c>nal k ( a female       
m5dicant1 %all be f9$ tw5ty-f\r panas4  
#bid4 ,! mon>* %all bani% him :o goes to
 a woman ( ! l[e/ grade1 hav+ br&$ him )
 di%onor+ emblems3 if a ,sudra s act1 he
 %all be class$ among ! l[e/4 ,dea? %all
 be to ! man ( l[e/ grade :o goes to a  
respectable woman4  #bie4 ,:oso         
fabricates a royal grant1#cgd be x = mu*
 or little1 or sets free "o :o has      
kidnapp$ a woman1 %all pay ! highe/ f9e4
  #bif4 ,"o :o br+s di%onor to a brahman
 by giv+ z food :at is unfit to be eat51
 is am5able to ! highe/ f9e2 if to a    
k%attriya1 ! m$ium f9e2 if to a vaisya1 
! l[e/ f9e2 if to ,sudra1 half ! l[e/4  
#big4 ,if "o trade ) c\nt]feit gold1 or 
sell ta9t$ meat2 ?ree ( 8 memb]s#cge    
%all be amputat$1 & he %all pay ! highe/
 f9e4  #bih4 ,damage caus$ by f\r-foot$ 
animals %all n be borne by _! own]1 if  

he h giv5 w>n+ to cle> ! way3 s1 ) reg>d
 to wood1 e>?1 arr[s1 /ones1 a man's    
arm1 or any yok$ animals4  #bii4 ,if    
dea? be caus$ by a vehicle ?r\gh !      
break+ ( ! animal's nose-bridle1 or     
?r\gh break+ ( ! yoke1 or ! l1 or f its 
runn+ backw>ds1 ! own] is to be held    
blameless4#cgf  #cjj4 ,if ! own] ( bit+ 
or horn$ animals d n1 al?\gh able1      
rescue a p]son attack$1 he %all pay !   
l[e/ f9e3 b1 if !re 0 a cry = help1 !n1 
d\ble t f9e4  #cja4 ,he :o calls an     
adult]]1 '?ief1' %all be made to pay a  
f9e ( five hundr$ panas3 :oev] releases 
su* an "o1 be+ brib$ !reto1#cgg %all be 
made to pay eight-fold ! am\nt ( !      
bribe4#cgh  #cjb4 ,:oso speaks :at is   
(f5sive to ! mon>*1 or reproa*es !      
mon>*1 or divulges ! mon>*'s c\nsel1    
%all h 8 tongue excis$ & be bani%$4     
#cjc4 ,:oso makes sale ( g>m5ts us$ to  
wrap ! dead1 or /rikes 8 guru1 or seats 
himself on ! vehicle or on ! seat ( !   
mon>*1 %all pay ! highe/ f9e4  #cjd4    
,:oso beats out bo? a p]son's eyes1 a   

be>] ( odi\s tid+s to ! mon>*1 also a   
,sudra hold+ himself out z a            
brahman1--ea* ( ^! %all be f9$ eight    
hundr$ panas4  #cje4 ,su* law suits z h 
be5 decid$ unrighte\sly %all be         
re-inve/igat$ by ! mon>*3 9 case (      
rev]sal ( ! judgm5t ! judges & ! w9n+   
p>ty %all be am]c$ 9 d\ble ! am\nt ( !  
f9e decre$ 9 ! suit4  #cjf4 ,%\ld "o    
defeat$ on ! conte/ ( 8 suit repres5t z 
?\gh he 7 n defeat$1 he %all1 :5 he     
comes aga9 to urge 8 suit1 besides be+  
re-defeat$1 be f9$ d\ble4  #cjg4 ,%\ld !
 mon>* h inflict$ any f9e unju/ly1 he   
%all himself1 aft] mak+ invocation to   
,v>una1#cgi pres5t ?irty times ! am\nt (
 ! f9e to brahmans4  ,,footnotes3       
,footnote #dc3 ,v>i\s t]ms are us$ by   
our au?or to d5ote ! head ( ! ,/ate     
7e4g4 ,raja1 ,protector ( m51 ,"l ( m51 
c47 to suit ! metre or fancifully4 ,9   
translation we h ?\ght x bett] to be    
uni=m4  ,footnote #dd3 ,:at is und]/ood 
by sci5ce is expla9$ 9 ! fir/ book sl4  
#c4  ,footnote #de3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4   

#i4  ,footnote #df3 ,! orig9al is1      
smriti adi 7! second ^w be+ equival5t to
 c471 :i* ! ,comm5tator expla9s1 z      
translat$1 law & usage1 or cu/om4       
,footnote #dg3 ,! c4 signifies1         
description ( *attels1 ) _! numb]1 also 
p>ticul>s ( place & "t4 7,m47  ,footnote
 #dh3 ,! ,comm5tator has enabl$ u to    
supply ! ellipsis1 b he does n fully    
expla9 ! au?or's mean+4 ,x w\ld seem1 t 
9 ^? primitive times1 x 0 consid]$ h>%  
or inexp$i5t to h>ass a def5dant1 or    
accus$ p]son ) two legal proce$+s1 ( any
 sort1 at ! same "t4 ,! s5t5ce w1 h[ev]1
 be> ! s5se1 t no /rang] or int]v5] %all
 be p]mitt$ to come 9 & int]rupt !      
progress ( a p5d+ suit4  ,footnote #di3 
,! ,comm5tator1 obs]v+ t ?is prohibition
 w\ld seem to be impli$ 9 ! t]ms ( !    
six? sloka1 expla9s 7on ! au?ority (    
,n>ada7 t ! latt] ref]s only to ! g5]al 
object ( ! suit1 e4g41 t if 8 v]bal     
compla9t be ( a loan ( money1 8 record$ 
compla9t %all n be ( a loan ( app>el--b 
t ?is clause1 9 ! n9? sloka1 ensures    

fur!r uni=mity 9 ! description ( !      
grievance & "* ( ! suit1 e4g41 :]e "o   
has orig9ally compla9$ ( ret5tion ( #ajj
 pieces ( money l5t1 he %all n v>y 8    
compla9t to a =cible tak+ ( #ajj pieces4
  ,footnote #ej3 ,^! are express$ by "o 
^w1 kalaha3 b ! ,comm5tator notes its   
compreh5sive "*1 z we h translat$ x4    
,see ! analog\s passage 9 ,manu1 *4 #h1 
sl4 #f1 :]e an equally ambigu\s ^w      
p>u%ya is simil>ly expla9$ 9 ! text     
itself4 ,! t]m r5d]$ sl&] by ,sir ,wm4  
,jones is simply1 revil+ or v]bal abuse4
  ,footnote #ea3 sahasa1 expla9$ by !   
,comm5tator1 assault by means ( poison1 
or any in/rum5t de/ructive ( life4 ,! ^w
 has ano!r & m p>ticul> signification1 z
 infra sl4 #bcj4  ,footnote #eb3 ,manu  
7*4 #h1 sl4 #ei7 inflicts a f9e ( d\ble 
! debt ^u ! m5daci\s debtor4  ,footnote 
#ec3 p>u%ya1 expla9$ by ! ,comm5tator   
kalaha3 see note #ej4  ,footnote #ed3   
,we h foll[$ ! ,comm5tator 9 r5d]+ ^!   
t]ms1 :i* are v g5]al & indef9ite4      
,footnote #ee3 i4 e4 re/lessly be=e !   

,c\rt4  ,footnote #ef3 ,manu *4 #h1 sl4 
#be1 #bf4  ,footnote #eg3 ibid1 sl4 #ee1
 #ef4  ,footnote #eh3 ,lit]ally put d[n1
 i4 e4 tak5 = grant$1 all "q ( x dispos$
 (4 ,see next note4  ,footnote #ei3 ,?is
 sloka is by no means unambigu\s3 b x is
 satisfactorily expla9$ by !            
,comm5tator1 :o says3 ,:at c\rse is to  
be adopt$ :]e two p>ties simultane\sly  
pres5t !mselves to ! ,c\rt & t5d] pro(s8
 e4g4 ,a man acquir$ a field by gift1 &1
 hav+ = "s "t possess$ x1 dep>t$ ) 8    
family to ano!r c\ntry3 !n1 ano!r p]son 
obta9$ a gift ( ! same field1 &1 hav+   
possess$ x a:ile1 0 likewise oblig$ to g
 to ano!r c\ntry4 ,bo? p>ties return at 
! same "t1 claim ! same field1 & resort 
to a ,c\rt ( law4 ,!n arises ! "q1--^:  
pro(s %all be tak58 ,yajnavalkya says   
7ut supra sl4 #ag72 t is to say1 :]e "o 
sets up an old] title1 say+--,i 0       
possess$ ( ?is field at su* a date--8   
witnesses are ! fir/ to be exam9$2 b    
%\ld ! o!r p>ty urge--,true1 ! field 0  
acquir$ & enjoy$ by him at ! fir/1 b !  

k+ b\ght x ( him & grant$ x to          
me--or--,ano!r got ! field & gave x to  
me2 9 t case1 z ! pro(s ( him :o has !  
old] title are ( no consequ5ce1 & ?us he
 is dispos$ (1 ! witnesses ( ! o!r      
claimant are to be exam9$4 ,x is        
incorrect to read ! sloka z ass]t+ t1   
:]e !re is a d5ial ( a claim ! witnesses
 ( ! pla9tiff %all be exam9$1 & :]e a   
=m] judgm5t or some?+ z a gr\nd ( def5ce
 is set up1 9 ei!r ( :i* cases ! orig9al
 claim is met1 !n ! witnesses ( !       
def5dant %all be he>d2 inasmu* z all ?is
 is includ$ 9 ! rule1--7"h ! ,comm5tator
 quotes ! #g? sloka ( ! text74 ,?is view
 is cle>ly support$ by ,n>ada1 viz4 ,on 
a d5ial1 pro( is ^u ! pla9tiff2 :]e "s  
gr\nd ( def5ce is /at$1 ^u ! def5dant2  
^u an allegation ( prior decree1 !      
decree %all be ! pro(4--,aft] ?is ,n>ada
 proce$s3--,:5 !re are two claimants1 if
 !re be witnesses1 ! witnesses ( ! prior
 claimant %all be fir/ exam9$--,s we    
p]ceive1 ?is description ( law-suit is  
di/+ui%$ f all o!rs4 ,^! quotations     

favor ! supposition1 t ! sci5ce (       
special-plead+ is n ( ,european orig91 &
 is traceable to a remote antiquity4    
,footnote #fj3 ,supra sl4 #aa4          
,footnote #fa3 e4g4 t ! def5dant has got
 possession ( gold & silv] & app>el1 c4 
7,m47  ,footnote #fb3 ,supra1 sl4 #f4 ,!
 ,comm5tator excludes f ! op]ation ( !  
h>% rule 9 ?is #bj? sloka1 an heir1 :o  
is suppos$ to d5y 8 ance/or's debt or   
liability ?r\gh ignorance2 b he attempts
 to ju/ify ! rule itself by exp]i5ce (  
human conduct4  ,footnote #fc3 ,?is     
,sa/ra tea*es a sy/em or sci5ce ( e?ics 
su* z morali/s n[-a-days designate z    
,ma*iavellian or jesuitical2 9 :i* "r or
 wrong h a relative b little intr9sic   
mean+4  ,! ,ar?a ,sa/ra is to be f\nd 9 
! writ+s ( ,usanas1 ( ,brihaspati &     
o!rs4  ,footnote #fd3 ,a special-plead+ 
signification is giv5 to ?is dogma by ! 
,comm5tator3 viz4  ,9 que/ions ( debt1  
c41 ?\gh ! prior act h be5 prov$1 yet a 
second act may be m important2 e4g4 if  
"o prove t ano!r by borr[+ has incurr$  

debt1 & ! o!r prove t ! money borr[$ has
 be5 repaid4 7,m47  ,footnote #fe3 ,! ^w
 9 ! orig9al is1 acceptance3 b ?is is   
evid5tly us$ z ! conclud+ act ( !       
transaction ref]r$ to1 scil4 gift4      
,footnote #ff3 e4g4 if "o1 = a          
consid]ation1 pl$ge a field to ano!r1 & 
!n pl$ge ! same field to "s "o else1    
also = a consid]ation--! fir/ act is !  
valid "o4 7,m47  ,footnote #fg3 ,sir    
,wm4 ,jones & o!r le>n$ p]sons w\ld seem
 to h re/rict$ ! t]m "h us$ 7pa%yati7 to
 p]sonal k by sight2 b x compreh5ds e   
mode ( p]sonal & actual obs]vation or   
discov]y4  ,footnote #fh3 :o has no     
legal connection ) x4 7,m47  ,footnote  
#fi3 ,! ,comm5tator quotes ,n>ada1 scil4
 ,! guilty "o :o holds possession )\t   
title1 = ev5 _m hundr$ ye>s1 %\ld be    
puni%$ by ! mon>* z a ?ief--& he        
endeav\rs to reconcile ) ?is ! law (    
,yajnavalkya1 by conf9+ ! latt] to !    
fruits or pr(its ( ! l& )held4 ,b ?is   
con/ruction _c be admitt$4 ,!re is a    
curi\s docum5t g]mane to ! subject ( ?is

 sloka copi$ 9 ! (ficial notes ( ,sir   
,rob]t ,*amb]s 7,*ief ,ju/ice ( !       
,calcutta ,supreme ,c\rt7 9 ,july #agia4
 ,x is a lett] f ,sir ,william ,jones to
 ! ,gov]nor ( ,bombay ^u ! ,h9du title  
by adv]se possession or prescription4   
,sir ,william writes1 t ! doctr9e ( !   
,mitak%>a is2 ,an absolute prop]ty may  
be acquir$ 9 l& by cont9u$ & undisput$  
possession = tw5ty ye>s1 9 ! pres5ce ( !
 own]1 provid$ t ! possessor came 9 by a
 fair title1 ei!r by desc5t or pur*ase2 
if he _h no fair title1 ! int]m$iate    
pr(its only are irrecov]able1 b !       
prop]ty is n lo/4 ,& he concludes2 ,i   
only add = y\r fur!r satisfaction1 t1 if
 ?ree desc5ts h happ5$ s9ce ! fir/      
possession1 )\t a fair title1 prop]ty is
 lo/1 ev5 ?\gh ! own] 0 abs5t2 b if ?ree
 desc5ts h n be5 ca/1 an adv]se         
possession = a hundr$ ye>s gives an     
absolute prop]ty 9 ! l& to ! possessor1 
unless ! own] 0 "u "s legal disability4 
,^! may h be5 ! modifications ( a lat]  
age3 !y are n to be f\nd 9 ,manu or 9   

,yajnavalkya4 ,manu *4 #h1 sl4 #adg1 c4 
,footnote #gj3 any ?+ deliv]$ =         
safe-keep+1 its quality & quantity be+  
made kn[n4 7,m47  ,footnote #ga3 expla9$
 infra1 sloka #fe4  ,footnote #gb3 ,! ^w
 lit]ally or usually means takes away2 &
 ! ,comm5tator expla9s--:]e a pl$gee    
reta9s & refuses to give back ! pl$ge1  
rely+ ^u 8 long possession4 ,! c4 ref]s 
to ! o!r exceptions 9 sloka #be4        
,footnote #gc3 ,! ,comm5tator consid]s !
 =ce & int5t ( ?is qualification to be1 
to make ! f9e comm5surate ) ! usurp]'s  
means1 ) a view r ( enhanc+ x to !      
weal?y ?an ( mod]at+ x to ! poor1 :o are
 p]haps less likely to (f5d 9 ?is wise4 
,footnote #gd3 gift1 sale1 c4 7,m47     
,footnote #ge3 z pro( ( own]%ip1 7,m47  
,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #bjj4  ,footnote #gf3 
= ?ree g5]ations4 7,m47  ,footnote #gg3 
,possession is pro( :5 att5d$ ) five    
incid5ts2 a title1 l5g? ( "t1           
cont9uance1 abs5ce ( c\nt]-claim1 k ( ! 
adv]se p>ty4 7,m47  ,footnote #gh3 ,?is 
qualification is ! ,comm5tator's4       

,footnote #gi3 ,betwe5 ?is & ! succe$+  
sloka ano!r is introduc$ 9 ! text ( !   
,calcutta edition2 viz4 ,possession     
accompani$ by a cle> title is pro(2     
possession unaccompani$ by a cle> title 
is no pro(4--,we h omitt$ ?is1 because !
 ,comm5tator quotes x z a say+ ( ,n>ada1
 & because x is n f\nd 7z v\*$ by       
pr(essor ,/5zl]7 9 ei!r ( ! ,m4,s4,s4 9 
! ,b]l9 ,royal ,libr>y4  ,footnote #hj3 
scil4 z direct$ 9 sloka #b4  ,footnote  
#ha3 ,by a community 7puga7 is meant1 ! 
body ( inhabitants ( any village or     
place1 )\t ref]5ce to ca/ or occupation4
 7,m47  ,footnote #hb3 ,a guild 7sr5i7  
signifies ^? ( "o call+1 :e!r ( ! same  
ca/ or n4 7,m47  ,footnote #hc3         
,lit]ally be=e1 be=e1 :i* implies _!    
successive rank & importance1 i4 e4 t an
 appeal lies f ! family to ! guild1 & s 
on4  ,footnote #hd3 ,lit]ally outside4  
,! ,comm5tator expla9s x--outside ( !   
t[n1 c4  ,footnote #he3 artta out (     
heal?2 evid5tly mean+ "h1 ! victim (    
disease s z to be unfit = ! bus9ess (   

life4  ,footnote #hf3 ,! ^w 7vyasani7   
may also be r5d]$1 suff]+ calamity2 & ! 
,comm5tator expla9s ! use made ( x 9 !  
text to be1 a p]son :o is unhappy ei!r  
by reason ( ! abs5ce ( ! object ( 8     
desire or by reason ( ! pres5ce ( :at is
 disagreeable to him4 ,we h h[ev]       
pref]r$ ! alt]native mean+ :i* ! ^w     
admits (4  ,footnote #hg3 c41 i4 e4     
p>alys$ by any cause or emotion :atev]4 
,see ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #afc4  ,footnote 
#hh3 by public (fic]s & deliv]$ to ! k+4
 7,m47  ,footnote #hi3 ,! ,comm5tator   
consid]s ! treasure-trove "h allud$ to1 
to be buri$ weal?1 ( :i* !re is no      
claimant4  ,footnote #ij3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 
sl4 #cg1 #ch4  ,footnote #ia3 ,!        
,comm5tator expla9s--( ! :ole _w6       
,footnote #ib3 i4 e4 by any o!r ?an !   
mon>* or a le>n$ brahman4 7,m47         
,footnote #ic3 ,! ,comm5tator 7ref]r+ to
 ,vasi%?a & ,gautama7 reads ?is1--! f9d]
 %all take a six?1 ! mon>* !            
residue--su* be+ ! conv]se ( ! pla9     
language us$4  ,footnote #id3 ,manu *4  

#h1 sl4 #dj3 9 :i*1 to ! mon>* :o fails 
to make re/itution is imput$ ! guilt ( !
 ?ief4 ,sir ,wm4 ,jones' translation (  
?is passage is too indef9ite4  ,footnote
 #ie3 i4 e4 ,! brahman borr[] gives two 
hundr$?s1 ! k%attriya ?ree hundr$?s1 c4 
7,m47 ,b ,jagannat'ha1 9 8 ,dige/       
7,colebrooke1 ,b4 #a1 c4 #a1 s4 #bh7    
int]prets ! text inv]sely1 viz4 !       
brahman cr$itor takes two suv>nas 9 a   
hundr$1 ! k%attriya ?ree1 & s on4 ,manu1
 *4 #h1 sl4 #adj-adb4  ,footnote #if3   
:]e !re is risk ( life or prop]ty4 7,m47
  ,footnote #ig3 z well brahmans z o!rs1
 7,m47 ,manu *4 #h1 sl4 #aeg4  ,footnote
 #ih3 scil4 ,not)/&+ ! above provisions 
( ! law1 :]e no?+ is expressly /ipulat$1
 :atev] int]e/ is contract$ = mu/ be    
giv5 & tak54  ,footnote #ii3 oil1 ghee1 
c4 7,m47  ,footnote #ajj3 ,manu         
enum]ates five modes ( en=c+ or recov]+ 
a debt2 p]suasion1 law-suits1 artifice1 
worry+1 =ce3 *4 #h1 sl4 #di4  ,footnote 
#aja3 z a f9e4 7,m47  ,footnote #ajb3 to
 defray ! co/ ( adjudication4 7,m47     

,footnote #ajc3 ,?is includes "o ( equal
 ca/ 7,m47 ,manu *4 #h1 sl4 #agg2 also  
*4 #i1 sl4 #bbi4  ,footnote #ajd3 9     
con=mity ) ! usages ( 8 class4 7,m47    
,footnote #aje3 ,?is includes e debtor (
 sup]ior ca/ to ! cr$itor4 7,m47        
,footnote #ajf3 ,?is rule ( c\rse 7z    
obs]v$ by ! ,comm5tator7 includes ! head
 or manag] ( ! family himself1 if alive4
 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #aff4  ,footnote     
#ajg3 = dr9k+4 7,m47  ,footnote #ajh3   
e4g4 :at is promis$ to a flatt]]1 a     
m\ntebank1 a panegyri/1 a prize-fight]1 
c4 7,m47 ,manu *4 #h1 sl4 #aei4         
,footnote #aji3 ,! ,comm5tator expla9s  
?is to mean1 an ackn[l$gm5t by ! husb&  
on 8 dea?-b$ or :5 ab\t to g abroad4    
,footnote #aaj3 ,colebrooke's           
translation ( ?is passage adds or son1 b
 ?is is unau?oris$ ei!r by ! text or !  
,comm5t>y4  ,footnote #aaa3 ,!          
,comm5tator adduces 9 illu/ration1 8 be+
 afflict$ ) incurable disease4          
,footnote #aab3 & ?is1 not)/&+ !y are   
:olly )\t patrimony or e/ate d]iv$ f _! 

fa!r4 7,m47  ,footnote #aac3 t !re is   
su* a debt4  ,footnote #aad3 capable (  
inh]it+ & manag+4 7,m47  ,footnote #aae3
 i4 e4 m>ries4  ,footnote #aaf3 ,?is is 
! read+ sanction$ by ! ,comm5tator1 viz4
 putro' nanya'sritadravyah1 signify+1 t1
 on failure ( ^? be=e designat$1 a son  
:o w\ld be o!rwise incapable1 by reason 
( bl9dness1 c4 is to be deem$ capable4  
,ano!r read+ may be1 z sugge/$ by !     
,comm5tator1 putro nu'aya'sritadraoyah1 
n ! son ^: pat]nal e/ate ano!r holds1   
:i* is adopt$ by ,colebrooke1 & by 8    
au?or1 ,jagannat'ha1 7,dig4 ,b4 #a1 *4  
#e1 s4 #aga7  ,footnote #aag3 e4g4 ,give
 su* a "o money1 he w n deceive y2 he is
 ! son ( su* a "o4 7,m47  ,footnote     
#aah3 ,if he d n pay1 ,i w4 7,m47       
,footnote #aai3 ,manu *4 #h1 sl4        
#afj-afb4  ,footnote #abj3              
metaphorically 9 ! orig9al ,if all /& "u
 ! same %ade3 ,! ,comm5tator expla9s4   
,footnote #aba3 lit4 publicly4          
,footnote #abb3 z ( a field1 g>d51 c4   
7,m47 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #adc4  ,footnote

 #abc3 fire1 wat]1 c4 7,m47  ,footnote  
#abd3 ,! ,comm5tator excludes f ?is     
exception a culpable act ( ! mon>*1 b ! 
text is g5]al4  ,footnote #abe3 ,ev5    
?\gh !re be a writt5 memorial ( ! pl$ge1
 & atte/$2 yet1 )\t actual acceptance & 
possession1 x is incomplete4 7,m47      
,footnote #abf3 *>itrab&hakam4 *>itra 7!
 mode or ! subject ( pl$ge7 is def9$ by 
! ,comm5tator to be ei!r1 moral wor?1   
or1 ! m]it e>n$ by p]=mance ( religi\s  
rites1 su* z ablution 9 ! ,ganges1 c4   
,we h r5d]$ x z ! mode1 n subject1 (    
pl$ge4 ,see ,jagannat'ha's ,dige/       
7,colebrooke71 ,bk4 #a1 *4 #c1 sec4 #b1 
text cxxiv4  ,footnote #abg3 ,receiv+ on
 "o's plight$ ^w 7satyank>a7 signifies1 
borr[+ on a solemn promise to repay4 ,! 
application is1--:]e1 at ! "t ( h&+ ov] 
! pl$ge1 x 0 expressly decl>$ by !      
debtor1 t ! loan %\ld be repaid1 ev5 if 
increas$ to two-fold ! orig9al sum1 & ! 
pl$ge n ab&on$2 9 su* case also1 !      
debtor %\ld be made to repay twice !    
am\nt ( ! debt contract$47,m47  ,!      

,comm5tator adds ano!r mean+ or         
application ( ! latt] words ( ?is sloka1
 9 :i*1 recit+ ! fir/ "p1 viz41 pl$g+ ^u
 ! gu>antee ( "*1 or1 a pl$ge ( religi\s
 m]it1 he goes on to say--,x is "h laid 
d[n1 t "o :o receives on 8 ^w1 scil4    
words ratify+ a b>ga9 ( sale & pur*ase1 
c41 = in/ance1 receiv+ a gold r+1 c41 z 
e>ne/1 %all be made to repay twice !    
value ( ! ?+ s giv51 on brea* ( !       
contract3 if ! p>ty deposit+ ! r+1 c41  
break (f ! b>ga91 he =feits :at he gave 
z e>ne/2 if ! o!r p>ty break (f1 he is  
to be compell$ to refund d\ble ! value (
 ! e>ne/ receiv$ by him4  ,footnote     
#abh3 puni%able z a ?ief4 7,m47         
,footnote #abi3 to "o ( ! family :o is a
 fit p]son4 7,m47  ,footnote #acj3 ,!   
,comm5tator implies1 t :]e ! usufruct   
has done m ?an ?is1 /ill ! transaction  
is clos$ by return ( ! pl$ge4  ,footnote
 #aca3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #ahj4          
,footnote #acb3ij ibid1 sl4 #ahi4       
,footnote #acc3 ya*ita1 e4g4 ornam5ts1  
clo!s1 c4 l5t on occasion ( fe/ivals4   

7,m47  ,footnote #acd3 anvahita4 ,we h  
foll[$ ! ,comm5tator 9 translat+ ?is    
indef9ite t]m4  ,footnote #ace3 ,?is    
qualification too is ! ,comm5tator's4 ,!
 t]m us$ nyasa is simply1 a deposit4    
,footnote #acf3 :i* are ^? giv5 9 !     
pres5ce ( 7i4 e4 p]sonally to7 !        
depositee4 7,m47  ,footnote #acg3 su* z 
gold c4 giv5 to be work$ 7,m47          
,footnote #ach3 tapaswi1 ! ?ird 9 rank (
 ! ,h9du religi\s ord]s4  ,footnote     
#aci3 ,! f\r objects ( liv+ be+1 9 !    
cre$ ( ! ,h9du1 virtue1 weal?1 pleasure1
 & f9al lib]ation ( ! s\l4  ,footnote   
#adj3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #fb1 #fc4       
,footnote #ada3 ,! t]ms us$ are jati &  
v>na :i* are some:at ambigu\s2 b ! s5se 
is evid5tly z r5d]$1 & is s expla9$ by !
 ,comm5tator4 ,manu adds1--,wom5 %\ld be
 witnesses = wom51 *4 #h1 sl4 #fh4      
,footnote #adb3 i4 e4 if ! regul> & m   
appropriate witnesses are n available4  
7,m47  ,aft] sloka #fi ! ,calcutta      
edition has ! foll[+3--,^? le>n$ 9 !    
,v$as1 ascetics1 ! ag$1 devotees1 & ! l1

 are incompet5t witnesses1 because s    
decl>$ by law2 no o!r gr\nd (           
incompet5cy is assign$4  ,we d n ins]t  
?is additional sloka = ! reasons /at$ 9 
note #gi supra4  ,footnote #adc3 ( n    
less ?an eighty ye>s47,m47  ,footnote   
#add3 possess$ ( devils4 7,m47 ,!       
expression us$ by ! ,comm5tator may be  
also translat$--"u planet>y influ5ce4   
,footnote #ade3 :i* ! ,comm5tator       
expla9s nirgran?i prabhritayah1 by :i*  
probably are indicat$ ^? ( ! ,h9du      
community :o disbelieve ! ,v$as1 e4g4 ! 
,ja9s4  ,footnote #adf3 ! slay] (       
brahman1 & su* he9\s crim9als4 7,m47    
,manu *4 #aa1 sl4 #ed4 ,see ,note #aee4 
,footnote #adg3 ( ei!r p>ty4 ,p]haps ?is
 might be r5d]$1 p>tisans1 or1 allies4  
,footnote #adh3 ,said by ! ,comm5tator  
to allude to notori\s li>s4  ,footnote  
#adi3 scil4 z f\nd 9 ! o!r ,smritis4 ,! 
,comm5tator 7quot+ ,n>ada7 gives a m    
detail$ acc\nt ( p]sons exclud$ or      
exempt f giv+ te/imony4 ,manu *4 #h1 sl4
 #fd--fg4  ,footnote #aej3 a =tiori two 

p]sons1 7,m47  ,footnote #aea3 or1 :o   
kn[s ! ,dh>ma4  ,footnote #aeb3 ,!      
,comm5tator excludes f ?is enabl+       
exception ^? "u moral 7n m]ely arbitr>y 
or conv5tional7 disability1 z1 crim9als4
 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #gb4  ,footnote #aec3
 also1 murd]4 7,m47  ,footnote #aed3    
p>u%ya & sahasa3 v4 supra 9 notes #i et 
#aa4  ,footnote #aee3 ,:o ^! are is     
describ$ by ,yajnavalkya1 9 ! ?ird book1
 scil4  sl4 #bbg4 ,! slay] ( a brahman1 
! dr9k] ( :at intoxicates1 ! ?ief1 "o :o
 violates 8 guru's b$1 are great        
crim9als--also1 :oev] associates ) su*  
p]sons4  sl4 #bbh4 ,grossly to revile   
"o's guru1 speak+ reproa*fully ( !      
,v$as1 to slay a fri5d1 aft] read+ f !  
,v$a to =get x1--^! s9s are l to ! murd]
 ( a brahman4  sl4 #bbi4 ,to eat =bidd5 
food1 a crook$ ins9c]e mode ( deal+1 a  
multitude ( ly+ words1 kiss+ ! m\? ( a  
m5/ru\s woman1--^! s9s are l to dr9k+   
intoxicat+ liquor4  sl4 #bcj4 ,to /eal  
horses1 jewels1 m51 wom51 l&1 c[s1      
prop]ty pl$g$1--^! s9s are l to ! /eal+ 

( gold4  sl4 #bca4 ,to debau* a fri5d's 
wife1 a maid51 a si/]1 a woman ( ! l[e/ 
grade1 a female relative1 a son's       
wife1--^! s9s are record$ z equival5t to
 violation ( a guru's b$4  sl4 #bcb4 ,to
 debau* a fa!r's si/]1 or a "m's1 ! wife
 ( a mat]nal uncle1 a daught]-9-law1 a  
/ep-"m1 ! si/] or daught] ( an a*>ya1   
sl4 #bcc4 or 8 wife1 or "o's own        
daught]1--^! are equal to violation ( a 
guru's b$4 ,! p5alty is dea?1 ! pud5da (
 ! crim9al be+ previ\sly amputat$4 ,a l 
doom is = ! woman1 if %e cons5t$4  ,see 
,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #bce2 *4 #aa1 sl4     
#ed--eh1 sl4 #agj--ahj4  ,z to ! guru & 
a*>ya1 ! foll[+ is ! #cd? sloka (       
,yajnavalkya's fir/ book3--,he is a     
man's guru1 :o1 aft] go+ ?r\gh ! ritual1
 imp>ts to him ! ,v$a3 he is a*>ya1 :o  
inve/s ) ! sacr$ cord & !n imp>ts !     
,v$a4  ,footnote #aef3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4
 #hi c4  ,footnote #aeg3 guni1 ref]r+ n 
m]ely to p]sonal qualities or em95ce 9  
virtue1 b to possession ( weal?1 sons1 &
 le>n+3 s expla9$ by ! ,comm5tator4     

,footnote #aeh3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #gc4  
,footnote #aei3 ,! ,comm5tator expla9s  
?is to ref] to ! f9e :i* w\ld be payable
 on failure 7supra sl4 #aa74  ,footnote 
#afj3 out ( ! realm4 7,m47 ,manu1 *4 #h4
 sl4 #aai-abd4  ,footnote #afa3 supra1  
sl4 #gc4  ,footnote #afb3 ,! ,comm5tator
 adds--,if ! brahman1 or any ( ! o!r    
ca/s1 _c pay ! f9e1 he mu/ suff]        
imprisonm5t & ! lab\r prop] to 8 ca/4   
,he expla9s ! enormity ( ! (f5ce        
describ$ 9 ?is sloka to consi/ 9 !      
contempt ( ,c\rt4  ,footnote #afc3 i4 e4
 if1 by su* untru?1 ! dea? be av]t$4 ,if
 f te/imony ei!r way1 ! alt]native ( !  
dea? ( ! pla9tiff or def5dant mu/ ensue1
 ! witness %\ld ma9ta9 sil5ce1 ! mon>*  
ass5t+4 ,9 case ! mon>* d n ass5t1 !    
te/imony may be r5d]$ ( no avail by     
confus+ ! witness3 if ?is _c be effect$1
 !n let ! tru? be spok52 = by s do+ "o  
fault only is incurr$1 viz4 caus+ !     
dea?1 :]eas f untru? w\ld arise ! s9 ( x
 z well z ( ! dea?4 7,m47  ,footnote    
#afd3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #ajd1 #aje4     

,footnote #afe3 c4 i4 e4 8 prop]ty1     
tribe1 call+1 cu/oms1 c4 7,m47          
,footnote #aff3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #afh4 
,footnote #afg3 lit]ally by ?ree only1  
expla9$ by ! ,comm5tator z above r5d]$4 
,footnote #afh3 ! ,comm5tator consid]s !
 c4 "h to signify1 te/+ ! h&writ+ ( !   
writ]s or amanu5ses employ$4  ,footnote 
#afi3 i4 e4 consid]ation ( place1 "t1 & 
p]sons connect$ ) possession ( !        
docum5t4 7,m47  ,footnote #agj3 ,!      
,comm5tator divides writt5 in/rum5ts    
into1 #a4 public or giv5 by au?ority1 &1
 #b4 private1 or ^? :i* ! community use 
among !mselves1 & to :i* ! rules 9 !    
text apply4 ,^! aga9 are ei!r1          
autograph1 i4 e4 :olly writt5 by ! p>ty 
:o speaks by ! docum5t--or1 writt5 by   
ano!r = him4 ,! la/ description1 he     
says1 require to be atte/$1 & _! effect 
z pro( dep5ds ^u local usage4 ,he quotes
 ,n>ada z to ! private writ+s4 ,= !     
in/rum5ts emanat+ f au?ority1 he ref]s  
to sl4 #cag1 #cah1 #cai ( ,yajnavalkya's
 fir/ ,book1 viz4       ,:5 ! mon>*     

be/[s l&s or creates a *>ge 9 favor     
( any "o1 he %all1 = in=mation ( future 
good      mon>*s1 put x 9 writ+1 ei!r on
 clo? or copp]1      sett+ 8 seal !reto4
 ,he %all inscribe ! names ( 8          
ance/ors & 8 own also ! donee's 7,m471 !
 ext5t      ( ! gift1 its description by
 b\nd>ies1 also ! date2      all ?is    
%all be au!nticat$ "u 8 h&4   ,footnote 
#aga3 ,?is ^w 9 ! #id? sloka we h r5d]$ 
'dis*>ge4' ,its ord9>y & lit]al s5se is 
'purification4'  ,footnote #agb3 scil4  
ordeals4 7,m47  ,footnote #agc3 ! ocean 
god4  ,footnote #agd3 ! inf]ior ,brahma1
 ! imm$iate cause or creator ( !        
univ]se4  ,footnote #age3 ,x is only (  
self-acquir$ prop]ty t unequal p>tition 
c be made4 ,( t :i* is inh]it$ or       
ance/ral1 !re is co-own]%ip3 x _c !re=e 
be apportion$ at ! fa!r's pleasure4     
7,m47 ,infra sl4 #aba4  ,footnote #agf3 
,jagannat'ha1 9 8 ,dige/1 quotes !      
,dipakalika & o!r au?orities int]pret+  
?is injunction to ref] to su* wives only
 z h n male issue4 7,colebrooke1 vol4   

#c1 p4 #ig47  ,footnote #agg3 ,some?+1  
h[ev] valueless2 9 ord] t ! heirs ( !   
sep>at$ son may h no claim to a %>e ( ! 
family inh]itance1 7,m47 ,manu1 *4 #i1  
sl4 #bjg4  ,footnote #agh3 ,= in/ance1  
if "o son h a l>ge family1 or be        
disqualifi$ to e>n a livelihood1 ! fa!r 
may give him a portion l>g] ?an ! o!rs4 
,b an unequal p>tition f angry impulse1 
or weak-m9d$ness1 has no validity4 7,m47
  ,footnote #agi3 ,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4     
#ajd4 ,:5ev] ! fa!r wi%es1 is "o ( !    
orda9$ p]iods = p>tition2 ! second is1  
:5 ! fa!r has r5\nc$ worldly enjoym5t & 
! "m is pa/ *ild-be>+2 & ?is p>tition   
may be en=c$ 7accord+ to ,n>ada7 at !   
son's desire1 ?\gh ! fa!r object4       
,p>tition %\ld also be made1 ! son      
desir+ x1 if ! fa!r lead a vici\s life1 
or be suff]+ "u incurable disease2 ev5  
?\gh ! "m's m5/ruation h n ceas$4 ,!    
?ird p]iod = p>tition is1 ! fa!r's      
decease4 7,m47 ,manu divides1--to !     
elde/ two aliquot p>ts1 to ! second son 
"o & a half1 & to ea* succe$+ son a s+le

 "p4 ,! ,comm5tator asks1 :y t division 
0 n adh]$ to2 & he solves 8 own "q by ! 
rem>k1 t x 0 dislik$ by ! p1 & !re=e    
rightly ab&on$4 ,?is position he        
supports by sev]al quotations1 & by     
allusion to ! abolition or non-obs]vance
 ( o!r anci5t ord9ances1 e4g4 ! rais+ up
 ( male heirs by ! bro!r ( ! husb& or   
o!rs4  ,x is an obvi\s reflection1 t !  
alt]$ law ( di/ribution is "o ( ! few   
in/ances 9 ! ,h9du economy :]e an innate
 feel+ ( natural equality has ov]come or
 sup]s$$ arbitr>y rule--& fur!r1 t !    
*ange has be5 br\ght ab\t by ! pressure 
( ! old law ^u ! privileg$ ca/s1 :o1 9  
common ) o!rs1 7 affect$ by x4          
,footnote #ahj3 ,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #bjf1 
#bjh4  ,footnote #aha3 ,:5 ! recov]$    
prop]ly is l&1 he :o obta9$ x %all take 
a f\r? "p1 ! rema9d] to be equally      
divid$4 7,m47 ,! ,comm5tator supports   
?is view by ! au?ority ( ,sankha4 ,manu1
 *4 #i1 sl4 #bji4  ,footnote #ahb3      
,supra1 ,book #a1 sl4 #c4  ,footnote    
#ahc3 ,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #bae4  ,footnote

 #ahd3 ,! ,comm5tator ref]s1 9          
explanation ( ?is sloka1 to ,manu1 *4   
#i1 sl4 #baf1 viz4 ,a son born aft] a   
division %all alone inh]it ! patrimony  
i4 e4 ! %>e allott$ to ! p>5ts 7,m471 or
 %all h a %>e ( x ) ! divid$ bre?r51 if 
!y return & unite !mselves ) him4--,)   
respect to ! d$uction = exp5diture1 c41 
! ,comm5tator expla9s1 t ! accumulations
 ( m]e income are n to be includ$ 9 !   
e/ate to be rep>tition$1 & t a previ\s  
d$uction is to be made = necess>y       
exp5diture1 e4g4 ! fa!r's debts4        
,footnote #ahe3 b1 if %e h /ridhana1    
only a half %>e4 7,m47  ,footnote #ahf3 
,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #aah4  ,footnote #ahg3
 ,^! v>y+ proportions (c\rse apply only 
:]e !re are sev]al mo!rs ( diff]+ ca/s4 
,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #adh-aeg4  ,footnote  
#ahh3 or escap$ notice altoge!r4 7,m47  
,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #bah4  ,footnote #ahi3
 ,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #ei1 #ade1 #afg1     
#aij4  ,footnote #aij3 ,b if ! actual   
fa!r h already a son1 8 son by ano!r's  
wife is n 8 heir4 7,m47  ,footnote #aia3

 aurasa is f uras '! be/1' be+ ! fir/ 9 
ord] ( sons4  ,footnote #aib3 dh>ma wife
 is def9$ by ! ,comm5tator1 a wife ( !  
same ca/ ) h] husb&1 & w$d$ to him      
accord+ to ! brahma & o!r approv$ =ms ( 
m>riage2 :i* are describ$ 9 ! fir/ book1
 sl4 #eh-fa1 viz4 ,9 ! m>riage call$    
brahma1 ! bride1 adorn$ 9 a mann]       
suitable to ! means ( h] family1 is     
be/[$ ^u ! invit$ bridegroom1--,9 !     
daiva m>riage1 ! bride is made ov] to ! 
prie/ :il/ (f]+ sacrifice3 ar%a m>riage1
 is :]e ! bride's fa!r receives a pair (
 k9e4--,9 ! kaya m>riage1 ! bride is    
deliv]$ to ! suitor ) ! injunction1     
,toge!r practise ! rules ( duty6 ,9 !   
asura m>riage1 weal? is receiv$ f !     
bridegroom4 ,g&h>va is a union 9 m>riage
 by mutual cons5t ( ! p>ties3 ! rak%asa 
m>riage1 is by capture ( ! woman 9 w>3 !
 paisa*a m>riage1 :]e %e is obta9$ by   
deception4 ,manu *4 #c1 sl4 #bj et4 seq4
  ,footnote #aic3 scil4 accord+ to      
,vasi%?a1 su* z1 by agreem5t betwe5 fa!r
 & son-9-law1 at ! "t ( ! daught]'s     

m>riage1 has be51 by anticipation1 giv5 
up to ! fa!r4 7,m47 ,& ! ,comm5tator    
notes1 t ! t]m us$1 puttrikasata1 may be
 also r5d]$ or und]/ood 'daught] z a    
son' i4 e4 a daught] appo9t$ or plac$ 9 
! same position & ) ! same rights z a   
son4  ,footnote #aid3 sagotra4          
,footnote #aie3 x be+ m]ely kn[n t !    
fa!r is a man ( ! same ca/1 n :o he is4 
7,m47  ,footnote #aif3 privately1 9 !   
fa!r's h\se4 7,m47 ,manu adds !         
condition1 if %e m>ry h] lov]2 *4 #i1   
sl4 #agb4  ,footnote #aig3 ,manu1 *4 #i1
 sl4 #age4  ,footnote #aih3 ,?is is     
p]mitt$ to a man ( ! same ca/1 9 "t (   
di/ress2 b only :]e !re are sev]al sons3
 ! elde/ _c be be/[$ z a gift-son4 7,m47
 ,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #afh4  ,footnote     
#aii3 ,! ,comm5tator expla9s1 t ?is c   
only be on ! same conditions z ! giv5 or
 gift son4 ,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #agd4      
,footnote #bjj3 hav+ lo/ 8 p>5ts1 or be+
 ab&on$ by !m4 7,m47 ,we h "s d\bt ( !  
,comm5tator's mean+3 "h z ! alt]native  
includes a sep>ate head & description1  

viz4 7xii7 9 ! succe$+ sloka4 ,! ^w     
r5d]$ 'ab&on$' lit]ally signifies       
'lib]at$1' 'set free2' s ! mean+ may    
be1--"o :o is left free to *oose =      
himself4  ,footnote #bja3 ,manu1 *4 #i1 
sl4 #agc4  ,footnote #bjb3 ibid4 sl4    
#aga4  ,footnote #bjc3 p9da1 :i*        
lit]ally signifies any r\nd sub/ance4 ,!
 cake is a comp\nd1 9 =m ( a ball1 giv5 
z an (f]+ to ! dead4  ,footnote #bjd3 ,!
 ,comm5tator quotes ,vasi%?a--,if a son 
be adopt$1 & aft]w>ds an aurasa be born1
 ! =m] takes a f\r? "p--& d$uces f ?is1 
t a son ( any inf]ior grade receives a  
f\r? %>e :5 sup]s$$ by an aft]born      
aurasa4  ,footnote #bje3 ,manu1 *4 #i1  
sl4 #agi4  ,footnote #bjf3 pit>au4 ,fir/
 ! "m1 !n ! fa!r--says ! ,comm5tator4 ,b
 ,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #ahe3--;,if a man die
 )\t male issue1 ! fa!r is heir2 next to
 him 9 ord]1 ! bro!rs--&1 sl4 #bag--;,if
 a man die *ildless1 8 "m succe$s4--,su*
 is ! contradictory "* ( texts & comm5ts
 on ?is subject4 ,! law 9 use 9 ,b5gal  
is ! rev]se ( ! ,comm5tator's gloss4    

,footnote #bjg3 fir/1 ( ! :ole blood2   
!n1 half-bro!rs4 7,m47  ,footnote #bjh3 
z repres5t+ _! respective fa!rs4 7,m47  
,footnote #bji3 family2 k9dr$ ( ! same  
/irpes or /ock4 ,^! are ?us detail$ by !
 ,comm5tator2  #a4 pat]nal gr&mo!r1  #b4
 pat]nal gr&fa!r1  #c4 pat]nal uncles1  
#d4 sons ( ! uncles1  on failure (      
pat]nal gr&fa!r's l9e1 !n1  #e4 pat]nal 
great-gr&mo!r1  #f4 pat]nal             
great-gr&fa!r1  #g4 _! sons1  #h4 _!    
sons' (fspr+4  ,all ( :om 7proce$s !    
,comm5tator7 are sap9das1 connect$ by   
food oblations4 ,if !y fail1 !n foll[ ^?
 connect$ by ! wat] oblation only1 viz4 
sev5 degrees 9 ! asc5d+ l9e beyond      
sap9das1 i4 e4 samanodacas4  ,footnote  
#baj3 divid$ by ! ,comm5tator into ?ree 
classes1 viz4  #a4 ( "o's self1 #b4 (   
"o's fa!r1 #c4 ( "o's "m2 z1 ! sons ( a 
fa!r's or ( a "m's si/]1 or a mat]nal   
uncle 7"o's own k97--! sons ( a fa!r's  
pat]nal or mat]nal aunt1 or a fa!r's    
mat]nal uncle 7a fa!r's k97--& ^? 9 !   
same relation to a "m4  ,footnote #baa3 

sa-brahma*>i1 "o in/ruct$ toge!r ) him 9
 8 religi\s duties4 ,?is head applies   
only to ! fir/ ?ree classes1 ^? inve/$ )
 ! sacr$ cord4  ,footnote #bab3 z       
di/+ui%$ f ! tempor>y brahma*>i or      
religi\s /ud5t1 :i* all ( ! twice born  
classes %\ld be1 9 y\?4  ,footnote #bac3
 :o1 hav+ be5 sep>at$1 aga9 holds 8     
prop]ty 9 community ) ^? f :om he _h    
sep>at$4 ,su* reunion is p]mitt$ only ) 
! fa!r1 ! bro!rs1 & ! pat]nal uncle4    
7,m47  ,footnote #bad3 ,?is p>ticiple   
has a mascul9e t]m9ation2 & ! ellipsis  
is suppli$ f ! ,comm5tator4  ,footnote  
#bae3 ,?is is r ! p>aphrase ( !         
,comm5tator3 ! text is v obscure4       
,yajnavalkya 9 ^! two v]ses promulgates1
 accord+ to ! ,comm5tator1 ! foll[+ law4
 ,a wife or a daught] or a "m %all n be 
entitl$ 7"u a prec$+ rule7 to take !    
h]itage1 :5 !re has be5 a reunion1 aft] 
sep>ation1 ( male memb]s ( ! family2 & (
 c\rse :]e !re has be5 no division4 ,9 !
 case ( unit$ bro!rs1 :]e !re is a full 
bro!r 9 ! union1 he takes ! prop]ty1 9  

pref]5ce to a half-bro!r2 b1 if !       
half-bro!r be unit$ & ! full bro!r      
sep>ate1 ! two w divide ! prop]ty betwe5
 !m4 ,:51 ( _m full bro!rs1 "s live     
unit$ & o!rs sep>ate1 ^? unit$ w h !    
pref]5ce4 ,if !re be half bro!rs1 z well
 z full bro!rs1 9 ! union1 ! =m] take   
no?+2 b all full bro!rs1 liv+ sep>ate1  
%>e ) "o or m unit$ half-bro!rs4 ,:]e ! 
bro!rs all live sep>ate ! rule w ( c\rse
 n apply4  ,footnote #baf3 i4 e4 accord+
 to ! ,ratnak>a1 a son born aft] 8      
degradation f ca/4  ,footnote #bag3     
scil4 h]mits1 devotees1 "o :o is 8      
fa!r's enemy1 "o guilty ( a crime ( m9or
 degree1 "o deaf or dumb1 "o depriv$ (  
an organ ( s5se4 7,m47  ,footnote #bah3 
supra sl4 #abh 7,,iii74  ,footnote #bai3
 su* z describ$ sl4 #adj4 7,m47         
,footnote #bbj3 if !re be no sons4 7,m47
  ,footnote #bba3 ,^! ?ree slokas are   
analog\s to ,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #bja1 #b1 
#c4  ,footnote #bbb3 scil4 acquisitions 
by inh]itance1 pur*ase1 p>tition1 gift1 
f9d+4 7,m47  ,footnote #bbc3 supra1     

note#aib  ,footnote #bbd3 asura1 g&>bha1
 rak%asa1 paisa*a4  ,footnote #bbe3 i4  
e4 if %e die )\t issue4 7,m47  ,footnote
 #bbf3 )\t j cause4 7,m47 ,yajnavalkya  
himself sugge/s z a suffici5t cause1 a m
 eligible bridegroom (f]+2 ,b4 #a1 sl4  
#fe4  ,footnote #bbg3 if he h no o!r    
means4 7,m47  ,footnote #bbh3 ,!        
,comm5tator & o!r au?orities int]pret   
arddha 9 ?is place to signify1 su*      
proportionate "p z %all make ! entire   
/ridhana ( ! fir/ wife equal to t ( !   
second4  ,footnote #bbi3 & fur!r1 by    
enquiry z to ! mode ( p]=m+ religi\s    
rites 9 ! family4 7,m47  ,footnote #bcj3
 ,expla9$ by ! ,comm5tator su* z are    
free 7z ag$ m5 are presum$ to be7 f !   
trammels ( worldly occupation & (       
passion4  ,footnote #bca3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 
sl4 #beh--bfb4  ,footnote #bcb3 ! rema9s
 ( burnt fuel4 7,m47  ,footnote #bcc3 ( 
rice4 7,m47  ,footnote #bcd3 /ones or   
o!r l&m>ks4 7,m47  ,footnote #bce3      
,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #bdf--beb4  ,footnote 
#bcf3 i4 e4 if none ( ! means indicat$ 9

 ! previ\s sloka are available4 7,m47   
,footnote #bcg3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4       
#bed--beh4  ,footnote #bch3 ibid1 sl4   
#bfc4  ,footnote #bci3 ibid1 sl4 #bfe4  
,footnote #bdj3 & t[ns4 7,m47  ,footnote
 #bda3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #bfb4          
,footnote #bdb3 ,! ,comm5tator describes
 a b\nd>y z a /rip or bord] 7a          
p>ty-ridge7 ( l&1 us$ 9 common4 ,!      
break+ !re=e mu/ mean "s mat]ial        
alt]ation ( ?is bord]4 ,ov]/epp+1 !     
,comm5tator describes to be cultivat+   
beyond ! b\nd>y4  ,footnote #bdc3 or    
h\se or g>d51 c4 7,m47  ,footnote #bdd3 
scil4 r$d5do s+ula s+ulis1 ! l[e/ f9e = 
break+1 ! highe/ = ov]/epp+1 ! m$ium =  
wrongful appropriation4 ,manu1 *4 #h1   
sl4 #bfd2 *4 #i1 sl4 #bia4  ,footnote   
#bde3 or simil> con/ructions1 z a tank1 
c4 7,m47  ,footnote #bdf3 semble1 !     
l&[n]4 ,! ,comm5tator ?r[s no light on  
?is ambiguity4  ,footnote #bdg3 or any  
o!r crop4 7,m47  ,footnote #bdh3 a ma%a 
is ! tw5tie? "p ( a copp] pana4 7,m47   
,supra pa4 #g4  ,footnote #bdi3 ,manu1  

*4 #h1 sl4 #bda4  ,footnote #bej3 no    
p5alty !re=e or liability4 7,m47        
,footnote #bea3 be+ an op5 field4 7,m47 
,footnote #beb3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #bcg1 
#h1 #i4  ,footnote #bec3 let loose to   
propitiate ! gods4 7,m47  ,footnote     
#bed3 w&]]s f a di/ant h]d4 7,m47       
,footnote #bee3 scil4 o!r animals1 z    
elephants1 horses1 c4 7,m47  ,footnote  
#bef3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #bdb4  ,footnote
 #beg3 i4 e4 c\nt+ !m4 7,m47  ,footnote 
#beh3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #bcb4  ,footnote
 #bei3 = oblations to ! gods4 7,m47     
,manu does n expressly re/rict ?is      
privilege to ! twice-born2 *4 #h1 sl4   
#cci4  ,footnote #bfj3 ,?is t]m         
7lit]ally 'a b['7 is a l& measure1      
equival5t to ! mod]n oottah or f\r hats4
  ,footnote #bfa3 ,^! ?ree are 9        
progressive increase3 ! fir/ is1 a m]e  
village2 ! second1 ! c5tral or sudd]    
/ation ( sev]al villages2 ! ?ird1 a t[n 
( m ext5d$ population & importance4     
,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #bcg4  ,footnote #bfb3
 or :i* has be5 giv5 away1 or pl$g$1 by 

a /rang] )\t "r4 7,m47 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4
 #aii4  ,footnote #bfc3 scil4 "o        
de/itute ( prop]ty4 7,m47 ,! expression 
9 ! text is applicable to any ^:        
position or lack ( means might ju/ify a 
suspicion t he _h n come hone/ly by !   
goods4  ,footnote #bfd3 ! man :o sold or
 assign$ x to him4 7,m47  ,footnote     
#bfe3 or /ol51 or giv5 9 pl$ge4 7,m47   
,footnote #bff3 ,supra1 sl4 #bg4        
,footnote #bfg3 ,inasmu* z he abets     
concealm5t ( ! ?ief or wrongdo]4 7,m47  
,footnote #bfh3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #cj4  
,! ,comm5tator acc\nts = ! discrepancy  
betwe5 ! two law-giv]s by suppos+ ,manu 
to h allud$ to ! prop]ty ( le>n$        
brahmans only4  ,footnote #bfi3 ,?is f9e
 is consid]$ by ! ,comm5tator a         
consid]ation or indemnity = safe keep+1 
& an exception to ! rule laid d[n by    
,manu1 *4 #h1 sec4 #cc4  ,footnote #bgj3
 ,colebrooke's r5d]+ ( ?is sloka 7,dige/
 *4 #d1 sec4 #a1 ,sec4#af17 diff]s f    
ours1 :i* h[ev] we consid] to be !      
correct signification ( ! text be=e u4  

,footnote #bga3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #bbb4 
,footnote #bgb3 ,! ,comm5tator expla9s  
?is to ref] to slaves4  ,footnote #bgc3 
,supra1 p4 #g4  ,footnote #bgd3 ,^!     
facts are relat$1 says ! ,comm5tator1 z 
an index to or te/ ( ! hone/y (         
metal-work]s4  ,footnote #bge3 ,made    
into co>se ?read4 7,m47  ,footnote #bgf3
 ,?is sloka1 z appe>s f ! ,comm5t>y1 is 
9 allusion to ! loss on work+ or        
manufacture ( textile fabrics m5tion$ 9 
! previ\s slokas4  ,footnote #bgg3 or   
giv5 or pl$g$4 7,m47  ,footnote #bgh3 ,!
 slav]y or s]vitude be+ to secure or "w 
out a debt4  ,footnote #bgi3 e4g4 a     
brahman _c be slave to a k%attriya4     
,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #daj--ae4  ,footnote  
#bhj3 scil4 m$ic9e or h&icraft4 7,m47   
,footnote #bha3 ,! ,comm5tator ?us      
expla9s & analyses ! subject ( s]vitude 
or work+ = o!rs3  ,!re are two          
descriptions ( p]sons :o s]ve4 ,i4 ,^?  
^: employm5t is ( a respectable k9d4    
,,ii4 ,^? ^: employm5t is n s4 ,! fir/  
division he subdivides into--#a1 !      

disciple2 #b1 ! appr5tice2 #c1 !        
workman2 #d1 ! ov]se]4  ,! disciple is !
 /ud5t ( ! v$as2 ! appr5tice is "o le>n+
 an art2 ! workman is "o :o is paid = 8 
"w2 ! ov]se] sup]9t5ds workm54 ,!re are 
?ree sorts ( workm5--#a1 soldi]s2 #b1   
husb&m52 #c1 !y :o be> burd5s4  ,,ii4 ,!
 o!r & mean] description ( employm5t is 
p]=m$ by slaves1 scil4 clean+ ! h\se1   
clean+ away fil?1 c4  ,slaves1 !        
,comm5tator subdivides1 accord+ to _!   
orig9 & mode ( enslavem5t1 into fifte5  
classes1 scil4  #a4 ,a born slave ( !   
h\se4  #b4 ,a pur*as$ slave4  #c4 ,"o   
o!rwise acquir$ e4g4 by donation4  #d4  
,"o obta9$ by inh]itance4  #e4 ,"o      
rescu$ f />vation dur+ a fam9e4  #f4 ,"o
 receiv$ 9 pl$ge4  #g4 ,"o :o becomes a 
slave to dis*>ge a debt4  #h4 ,a captive
 9 w>4  #i4 ,"o ^: fre$om has be5 lo/ by
 wag]4  #aj4 ,a volunte] slave4  #aa4   
,an apo/ate f ! condition ( a pravajita 
or religi\s m5dicant4  #ab4 ,a slave = a
 prescrib$ t]m4  #ac4 ,a slave =        
subsi/5ce sake4  #ad4 ,"o enslav$ by    

esp\s+ a woman :o is a slave4  #ae4 ,"o 
:o has sold himself4  ,footnote #bhb3   
scil4 duties prescrib$ by ! ,sruti &    
,smriti1 accord+ to _! ca/ & grade4     
7,m47  ,footnote #bhc3 su* z1 t5d+      
cattle1 cons]vation ( wat]1 c>e (       
temples1 c4 7,m47  ,footnote #bhd3 scil4
 to ent]ta9 travell]s1 or injunction to 
see t horses or o!r provision be n      
furni%$ to ! enemies ( ! ,/ate4 7,m47   
,footnote #bhe3 i4 e4 = a he9\s (f5ce3 =
 m9or (f5ces1 f9es1 z decl>$ by ,manu1  
%all be impos$4 7,m47 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 
#bbj1 is probably "h ref]r$ to4         
,footnote #bhf3 ,! t]m us$ hitavadi     
signifies1 :o speak = ! welf>e (2 :i* we
 assume to h ! s5se we h giv5 to x4     
,footnote #bhg3 ,supra bk4 #a1 sl4 #cfe4
  ,footnote #bhh3 ,supra note#bhb       
,footnote #bhi3 ,lass51 9 8 ,indis*e    
,alt]?umskunde 7vol4 #b1 p4 #bch71      
speak+ ( ! edicts ( k+ ,asoca 7,b4 ,c4  
#bej71 :i* ref] to pa%&as1 describes ^! 
z a sect :o disbeliev$ alike 9 !        
brahm9ical & buddhi/ t5ets4 ,we h1 9    

sloka #gj1 r5d]$ ! ^w 'infidels4'       
,footnote #bij3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #da1  
#bai1 #ba1 #daj1 #ah4  ,footnote #bia3  
ibid4 sl4 #bae--bah4  ,footnote #bib3 ,!
 expression is 's]vant1' z oppos$ to1   
ma/]1 or employ]4  ,footnote #bic3 scil4
 a m]*ant1 own] ( cattle1 or l&$        
proprietor4 7,m47  ,footnote #bid3 ,z1  
by improvid5t exp5diture4 7,m47         
,footnote #bie3 ,signify+ plurality     
g5]ally4 7,m47  ,footnote #bif3         
,colebrooke r5d]s ?is sloka diff]5tly2  
,dig4 ,b4 #c1 *4 #a1 sec4 #a1 ,sec4#fe4 
,we h adh]$ closely to ! text4          
,footnote #big3 scil4 ! keep]4          
,footnote #bih3 ,infra sl4 #bfg4        
,footnote #bii3 ,b "o ^w is us$ 9 !     
orig9al1 :i* ! ,comm5tator ?us expla9s4 
,! =ego+ rules = gambl]s & gam+ mu/ be  
tak5 to h sup]s$$ ! rigid prohibition 9 
! ,dh>ma ,sa/ra ( ,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4     
#bbj--bbh4  ,footnote #cjj3 ,manu *4 #h1
 sl4 #bgd1 :]e ! (f5ce is mu* m l5i5tly 
dealt )4  ,footnote #cja3 ,! int5t ( ^! 
insult+ allusions is obvi\s4  ,footnote 

#cjb3 ,:at we h r5d]$ 'ca/' is express$ 
by two words 9 ! orig9al1 v>na & jati4  
,! fir/ is def9$ by ! ,comm5tator--! f\r
 ca/s2 ! second--! mix$ classes or ca/s4
  ,footnote #cjc3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4     
#bfg1 #h1 #i1 #gj1 #bgf1 #g4  ,footnote 
#cjd3 ,! ,comm5tator in/ances !         
buttocks4  ,footnote #cje3 su* z te>s1  
nails1 hair1 wax ( ! e>1 c4 7,m47       
,footnote #cjf3 ,s expla9$ by !         
,comm5tator4  ,footnote #cjg3 ,manu1 *4 
#h1 sl4 #bgi1 #hj4  ,footnote #cjh3     
,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #bhd4  ,footnote #cji3
 ,! ,comm5tator in/ances ! tongue4      
,footnote #caj3 ,manu *4 #h1 sl4 #bhd1  
#bhf-g4  ,footnote #caa3 i4 e4 ea* wrong
 do] pays ! d\ble f9e4 7,m47  ,footnote 
#cab3 ,manu *4 #h1 sl4 #bhg4  ,footnote 
#cac3 or any o!r ins5sitive "p1 sakha4  
,footnote #cad3 ,manu *4 #h1 sl4 #big-h4
  ,footnote #cae3 root z well z trunk4  
7,m47  ,footnote #caf3 scil4 ! mango4   
7,m47  ,footnote #cag3 scil4 #bj1 #dj1  
#hj4 7,m47  ,footnote #cah3 ,manu1 *4   
#h1 sl4 #bhe4  ,footnote #cai3 ,?is ^w  

is commonly us$ to signify any viol5t   
aggression ^u p]son or prop]ty1 & is    
def9$ "h by ! ,comm5tator to be1 !      
=cibly tak+ away ( prop]ly ei!r public  
or private4 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #ccb4     
,footnote #cbj3 e4g4 an a*>ya4 7,m47    
,supra note#aee 9 f94 ,! injunction     
evid5tly has ref]5ce to "o ^: (fice or  
"* entitles him to ! respect & ob$i5ce (
 ^? ab\t him1 pupils or disciples4      
,footnote #cba3 ,?is may be '8 bro!r or 
8 wife4'  ,footnote #cbb3 ,! ,comm5tator
 does n expla9 ?is description4         
,footnote #cbc3 scil4 ^? ( ! same       
village or c\ntry4 7,m47  ,footnote     
#cbd3 i4 e4 :5 n au?oris$ by ! ',sa/ras4
 ,supra sl4 #abg4  ,footnote #cbe3 ,an  
outca/4  ,footnote #cbf3 ,! ,comm5tator 
expla9s ?is t]m "h by digamb>a1 :i* is !
 usual designation ( a ,buddha m5dicant4
  ,footnote #cbg3 z if a ,sudra tea* !  
,v$as4  ,footnote #cbh3 ,manu inflicts  
#fjj panas1 *4 #h1 sl4 #chi4  ,footnote 
#cbi3 ,?us ! ,comm5tator supplies !     
ellipsis4  ,footnote #ccj3 in/ead ( act+

 z a m$iator4 7,m47  ,footnote #cca3 :5 
x is agre$ to decide ! dispute by a     
wag]1 7,m47  ,footnote #ccb3 ( quantity1
 = wat]1 gra91 c4  ,footnote #ccc3      
nanaka1 ,wilson's ,ariana antiqua pa4   
#cfd4 ,! ,comm5tator def9es ?is         
^w--some?+ /amp$ ) an impression1 z a   
ni%ka--?is is a piece ( gold ( a c]ta9  
/&>d or weight4  ,footnote #ccd3 ,manu1 
*4 #i1 sl4 #bcb4  ,footnote #cce3 i4 e4 
:o1 ?\gh ignorant ( ! ,ajur ,v$a sets up
 z a practition] ( ! m$ical art4 7,m47  
,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #bhd4  ,footnote #ccf3
 ,! ,comm5tator adds ')\t royal         
au?ority4'  ,footnote #ccg3 ,aft] hav+  
summon$ ! accus$ to take 8 trial4 7,m47 
,?is explanation %[s1 t ! injunction    
applies to judicial function>ies1 al?\gh
 9 its t]ms g5]al4  ,footnote #cch3     
lit]ally1 adds some?+ inf]ior to4 ,manu1
 *4 #i1 sl4 #bhf1g4  ,footnote #cci3 e4 
g4 sub/itut+ a basket ( cry/als = "o (  
jewels4 7,m47  ,footnote #cdj3 z        
camphor1 or musk4 7,m47  ,footnote #cda3
 i4 e4 comb9+ to buy up at a l[ rate "s 

=eign m]*&ize1 or to rev5d x at a de>   
rate4  ,footnote #cdb3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4
 #cih1 #dja1 #b4  ,footnote #cdc3 semble
 9 ! daily prices1 pur*as]s & sell]s    
respectively pr(it+ by an increase or   
dim9ution ( ! t>iff ( prices4  ,footnote
 #cdd3 ,lit]ally1 'exp5ses aris+ out ( !
 commodity1' :i* ! ,comm5tator expla9s  
to be1 ! co/ ( import1 cu/oms-duty1 c4  
,footnote #cde3 ,! ,comm5tator adds !   
condition1 'if he h n rep5t$ him ( 8    
b>ga94'  ,footnote #cdf3 ,accord+ to !  
,comm5tator ?is rational lib]ty ( action
 is n conf9$ to trad]s2 he in/ances1    
'play]s1 danc]s1 & ! l4'  ,footnote     
#cdg3 scil4 = himself1 sep>ate f 8      
p>tn]%ip int]e/4  ,footnote #cdh3 ,!    
same is giv5 by ,manu2 al?\gh ! sov]eign
 w\ld appe> n to h _h1 9 ^? e>li] days1 
s responsible or despotic a control ( ! 
m>ket1 *4 #h1 sl4 #cih1 #djb4  ,footnote
 #cdi3 i4 e4 too good = a m]e subject4  
,! ,comm5tator expla9s1 'jewels1 c4'    
,footnote #cej3 ibid4 sl4 #cii4         
,footnote #cea3 scil4 :]e ! prop]ty 9 ! 

goods is disput$4 7,m47 ,manu1 *4 #h1   
sl4 #djj4  ,footnote #ceb3 ,l& tolls or 
duties are a tw5tie?1 & are leviable by 
! k+ alone4 7,m47  ,footnote #cec3 on   
occasion ( sraddahs1 c4 ,manu1 *4 #h1   
sl4 #cib1 :]e a prie/ = su* an (f5ce is 
f9$ a silv] ma%a 7supra ,b4 #a sl4 #cfc7
  ,footnote #ced3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4     
#bjg4  ,footnote #cee3 a l&-measure1    
scil4 #d1jjj hats or cubits4  ,footnote 
#cef3 ,! ,comm5tator expla9s ?is t]m by 
quot+ f ,manu--,!y :o break into h\ses  
:]e a sacr$ fire is kept up1 into       
ars5als1 into temples-- *4 #i1 sl4 #bgf1
 #bhj4  ,footnote #ceg3 ,! subject ( !ft
 is suppli$ by ! ,comm5tator4  ,footnote
 #ceh3 :o ab/ract money f ! p]son by    
cutt+ or op5+ ! app>el4 ,manu1 *4 #i1   
sl4 #bgg2 :]e ! ?ird (f5ce entails      
capital puni%m5t4  ,footnote #cei3 scil4
 trifl+--su* z1 e>!n vessels1 /ools1    
cots1 bones1 wood1 lea!r1 grass1 c42    
m$ium--su* z1 app>el 7o!r ?an silk71    
cattle 7o!r ?an c[s71 metal 7o!r ?an    
gold71 rice1 b>ley2 highe/--z1 gold1    

jewels1 silks1 wom51 m51 c[s1 elephants1
 horses1 also :atev] is appropriat$ to  
gods1 to brahmans1 or to k+s4 7,m47     
,footnote #cfj3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #abf2 
supra ,b4 #a1 sl4 #cfg4  ,footnote #cfa3
 ,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #bgh4  ,footnote     
#cfb3 ?us caus+ de/ruction ( ! crops4   
,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #bgi4  ,footnote #cfc3
 unless %e be pregnant4 7,m47  ,footnote
 #cfd3 ,^! comp\nds might be lit]ally   
translat$1 'woman-fond' '?+-fond'       
'ga9-fond4'  ,footnote #cfe3 ,manu1 *4  
#h1 sl4 #cef1 #g1 #h4  ,footnote #cff3  
ibid4 sl4 #cfa4  ,footnote #cfg3 ibid4  
sl4 #cei1 #cgd4  ,footnote #cfh3 ,!     
,comm5tator expla9s--h] nose1 c4        
,footnote #cfi3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #cfd4 
,footnote #cgj3 ibid4 sl4 #cgc1 #che4   
,footnote #cga3 scil4 a /rang]4         
,footnote #cgb3 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #cfc4 
,footnote #cgc3 scil4 "o kept =         
pro/itution4 7,m47  ,footnote #cgd3     
,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #bcb1 :]e ?is is a    
capital (f5ce4  ,footnote #cge3 ,!      
,comm5tator in/ances1 ! nose1 e>1 & h&4 

,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #bib4  ,footnote #cgf3
 ,manu1 *4 #h1 sl4 #bia1 #b4  ,footnote 
#cgg3 ,lit]ally 'aft] hav+ tak5 money4' 
,footnote #cgh3 ,receiv]s ( bribes are  
d5\nc$ 9 ,manu1 *4 #i1 sl4 #beh4        
,footnote #cgi3 ,supra1 no4#aca4        
,index                                  
,page4     ,sloka4   ,note4  ,a4        
,abduction ( virg9s1                    
#gf        #bhg      444                
,abortion1 caus+1                       
#ge        #bgg      444                
,abusive language1 puni%m5t =1          
#fb        #baj1aa   444                
,a*>a1 ,introd4                         
x         444      444                  
,a*>ya1                                 
#bi        444      #aac                
,adult]y1                               
#gf        #bhc-hf   444                
,age1 :51 9 ,sudras1 to be honor$1      
#e         #aaf     444                 
,ance/ral prop]ty1 recov]$1 n           
divisible1        #ci        #aai       
444                                     

if l&                                   
h[ divisible1    #ci        444         
#aci                                    
co-equal own]%ip 91                     
( fa!r & son1         #ci        #aba   
444                                     
,appeal ( suits to ! mon>*1             
#gi        #cje      444                
,appr5tice%ip1 contract (1 inviolable1  
#ef        #ahd      444                
,appropriation ( pl$ges1 c41 =bidd51    
#af        #bf       444                
,arre/ on suspicion1 :5 all[able1       
#gb       #bff-h     444                
h[ foll[$ up1           #gc        #bfi 
444                                     
,ar%a m>riage                           
#da        444      #aej                
,ar?a ,sa/ra1                           
#ad        444       #ba                
,ascetics1 succession to1               
#de        #acg      444                
,assault1 :]e )\t witness1 h[ triable1  
#fb        #bab      444                
,aurasa son1                            

#da        #abh      444                
,b4                                     
,batt]+1 injury to a wall by1 f9eable1  
#fd        #bbc      444                
,be/iality1                             
#gg        #bhi      444                
,bl9d *ildr5 inh]it ma9t5ance only1     
#df        #adj      444                
,b\nd>ies1 disput$1 h[ det]m9$1         
#dh       #aej-c     444                
false evid5ce z to1 f9eable1     #di    
#aec      444                           
break+ or ov]/epp+1           #di       
#aee      444                           
wrongfully appropriat+1           #af   
#bf       444                           
law ( limitation does n                 
apply to1                         #af   
#be       444                           
,brahma1 def9$ & expla9$1               
,introd4           vii       444        
444                                     
,brahma m>riage1                        
#da        444      #aej                
,brahmans1 omission to invite1 f9eable1 

#gb        #bfc     444                 
,brahma*>i 7pr(ess$71 succession to1    
#de        #acg      444                
,bro!rs & si/]s1 duty (1 to complete    
ea* o!rs' ritual1                       
#dj        #abd      444                
,bro!rs & half-bro!rs1 :5 succe$ to     
ea* o!r1                                
#de       #ach1i     444                
,buy] n accept+1 h[ treat$1             
#gj        #bee      444                
,c4                                     
,capture ( ?ieves  o!rs1 :5 w>rant$1    
#gb       #bff-h     444                
,c>nal k1 :at illegal1                  
#gg       #bhi-id    444                
,c>ri]s ( goods1 liabilities (1         
#fj       #aig1h     444                
,ca/1 di/9ctions (1                     
#c         #aj       444                
a religi\s ord9ance1 its orig91         
gradual developm5t1 & fix$              
"*1 expla9$1 ,introd4          vii-ix   
444      444                            
,cattle1 trespass by1 law z to1         

#ej       #aei-fc    444                
,communities & guilds1 laws z to _!     
con/itution & conduct1           #eg    
#ahe-ib    444                          
,correction ( wrong do]s1 a mon>*'s     
duty1    #f         #cfj      444       
,c\nt]-compla9ts1 z to1                 
#aj        #i1aj     444                
,c\nt]feit gold1 trad+ )1 h[            
puni%able1                              
#gh        #big      444                
,c\rts1 diff]5t grades (1               
#ag        #cj       444                
,cr$itor1 h[ may en=ce 8 debt1          
#bj        #dj       444                
n accept+ paym5t loses                  
future int]e/1                    #ba   
#dd       444                           
,cremation1 disposal ( corpse by1 f     
:at date1                               
#d         444       #ad                
,crim9als1 atroci\s1 :o1                
#bi        444      #aac                
,cripple1 heir :o is a1 entitl$         
to ma9t5ance1                           

#df        #adj      444                
,cultivation1 incomplete1 consequ5ce (  
brea* ( duty by1                        
#ej        #aeh      444                
,cu/oms levy1 fraudul5t avoidance (1    
#ga        #bfb      444                
,cut-purses1 h[ puni%$1                 
#gd        #bgd      444                
,d4                                     
,dams1 slight private injury n to       
int]f]e                              )  
con/ruction (1                   #ej    
#aef      444                           
9 private l&s1 ^: ! "r                  
( use1                                  
#ej        #aeg      444                
,damage1 by brutes or inanimate ?+s1    
:5 excusable1                           
#gh        #bih      444                
,daiva m>riage1                         
#da        444      #aej                
,daught]'s son1 puttrika-suta1          
#da        #abh      444                
,daught]1 affianc$1 p5alty = )hold+1    
#dg        #adf      444                

:5 dies1 h[ d[ry1 c4                    
appropriat$1            #dg        #adf 
444                                     
,daught]s1 unm>ri$1 ( ^? disqualifi$    
to inh]it1 to be provid$ =1             
#df        #ada      444                
,dea? caus$ by vehicles accid5tally     
n imputable1                            
#gh        #bii      444                
,debts1 may be en=c$1                   
#bj        #dj       444                
9 :at ord] payable1                     
#bj        #da       444                
impo/ on recov]$                        
#bj        #db       444                
h[ to be met :]e debtor )\t             
means1                                  
#ba        #dc       444                
( undivid$ k9sm5 payable f !            
family fund1                            
#ba        #de       444                
sep>ate1 ne$ n be dis*>g$               
by ! family1                            
#ba        #df       444                
( fa!r1 :at n obligatory on son1   #ba  

#dg       444                           
:at obligatory1              #bb        
#ej       444                           
( wives ( h]dsm51 c41 to be paid1   #bb 
#dh       444                           
h[ proveable1                           
#bb        #ej       444                
betwe5 :at p]sons =bidd51          #bc  
#eb       444                           
obligatory on l9eal desc5dants1         
#cb        #gj       444                
=malities ( paym5t (1               #cc 
#ic1d     444                           
pass ) prop]ty to successor1         #bb
        #ea       444                   
,decisions1 judicial1 :5 to be annull$  
by ,mon>*1                              
#ah        #ca       444                
,deposit1 upanidhi1                     
#bf        #fe       444                
nik%epa & o!r sorts (1         #bf      
#fg       444                           
wrongful appropriation (1               
#af        #be1f     444                
n to be us$1                        #bf 

#fg       444                           
,depositee1 :5 liable = loss1           
#bf        #ff       444                
,dhanus1 a l& measure1                  
#eb        #afg      #bah               
,dh>ma ,sa/ras1 promulgators (1         
#b        #d1e      444                 
,pr(essor ,/5zl]'s li/                  
(1 ,introd4               v         444 
444                                     
,dh>ma wife1                            
#da        #adh      #aej               
,disease1 incurable1 a b> to inh]itance1
       #df        #adj      444         
,division ( prop]ty1 equal1 among/ sons1
      #ch        #aag      444          
p]iods (1                            #ch
        #aad      #acg                  
among/ sons1 "m's "r on1       #dj      
#abc      444                           
,e4                                     
,e>ne/1 on sale1 c41                    
#be        444       #he                
,e>n+s ( sci5ce1 n subject to           
di/ribution1                            

#ci        #aai      444                
,elephant /eal]s to be impal$1          
#gd        #bgc      444                
,evid5ce1 :5 n to be giv51              
#bc        #eb       444                
,f4                                     
,fabrication ( royal grant1 f9eable1    
#gh        #bie      444                
,false weight1 f9e = decl>+1            
#ga        #bfb      444                
,f]ry-man1 levy+ l&-toll1 f9eable1      
#gb        #bfc      444                
,fight+-games1 wag]s at1 rules z to1    
#fa        #bjc      444                
,f9es1 highe/1 m$ium1 l[e/1             
#h         #cfe      444                
,food1 unfit1 graduat$ f9es = giv+1     
#gh        #bif      444                
,fraudul5t buy+ or sell+1               
#gb        #bfb      444                
,g4                                     
,gambl+1 rules respect+1                
#fj       #aii-bjc   444                
,g&h>va m>riage1                        
#da        444      #aej                

,gifts1 n subject to di/ribution1       
#ci       #aah-abc   444                
( :at prop]ly p]mitt$1              #ed 
#age      444                           
h[ to be accept$1                       
#ed        #agf      444                
,girl's son1                            
#db        #abi      444                
,grama1                                 
#eb        #afg      #bai               
,gr&sons inh]it p] /irpes1              
#ci        #abj      444                
,guru describ$1                         
#bi        444      #aac                
,h4                                     
,half-bro!rs1 reunit$1 inh]it1          
#de        #aci      444                
,heirs1 :o1 :]e no male issue1          
#dc        #ace      444                
( h]mit1                                
( ascetic1                              
( pr(ess$ brahma*>i1             #de    
#acg      444                           
,h]dsm51 h[ puni%able = cattle-trespass1
   #ea        #afa      444             

duty (1                              #eb
        #afd      444                   
consequ5ce ( loss by fault (1      #eb  
#aae      444                           
,h]mit1 heirs (1                        
#de        #acg      444                
,hir] = transport ( goods1 brea* (      
contact by1                             
#fj        #aih      444                
,honor1 gradations (1                   
#d         #aaf      444                
,horse-/eal]s1 to be impal$1            
#gd        #bgc      444                
,h\se-break]s1 to be impal$1            
#gd        #bgc      444                
,h\se1 dwell+1 ca/+ noxi\s ?+s          
into1 f9eable1                          
#fd        #bbd      444                
,i4                                     
,idiot1 to be ma9ta9$1                  
#df        #adj      444                
,impot5t1 to be ma9ta9$1                
#df        #adj      444                
,inc5di>ies1 to be burn$1               
#ge        #bhb      444                

,indorsem5t ( paym5t on docum5t1        
#cc        #ic       444                
,injury to cattle1                      
#fe       #bbe1bf    444                
to trees1 %rubs1 c41                    
#fe       #bbg-bi    444                
,in/igator ( sahasa1                    
#ce        #bca      444                
,in/rum5ts 7docum5ts71 holograph ne$    
n be witness$1                 #cb      
#hi       444                           
de/roy$1 to be r5ew$1           #cc     
#ia       444                           
au!nticity (1 h[ asc]ta9$1   #cc        
#ib       444                           
class$1                            #cc  
444      #abh                           
,int]e/1 :at *>geable1                  
#ai        #cg-ci    444                
,inve/iture ( ! twice-born1             
#d         #ad       444                
,j4                                     
,jo9t trad]s1 law z to1                 
#ga       #bei1fj    444                
,judges1 appo9tm5t (1                   

#i         #b        444                
corrupt1 to be am]c$1                 #i
         #d        444                  
,k                                      
,k>vata1 a sudd] /ation1                
#eb       #afg      #bai                
,kaya m>riage1                          
#da        444      #aej                
,kill+1 f9e =1                          
#ge        #bgg      444                
,k+'s wife1 puni%m5t = adult]y )1       
#ge        #bhb      444                
,l4                                     
,law1 :at x is1 exemplifi$1             
#c         #f        444                
its root or evid5ce1                    
#c         #g        444                
by :om to be decl>$1                    
#c         #i        444                
,limitation ( suit1                     
#ae        #bd1e     444                
,loss on metals by action ( fire1       
#ed        #agh      444                
or increase 9 weight1 ( wool1 etc41     
by work+1                               

#ee       #agi1hj    444                
h[ to be made good by artisans1         
#ee        #aha      444                
,lo/ prop]ty1 z to f9d+ (1              
#ah        #cc-ce    444                
h[ claim$1                     #ec      
#aga      444                           
,lo/ prop]ty1 cl&e/9e recov]y (1        
puni%able1                    #ec       
#agb      444                           
:5 f\nd by public (fic]s                
mu/ be claim$1               #ec        
#agc      444                           
if animal1 :at impo/                    
payable by own]1              #ed       
#agd      444                           
,m4                                     
,madm5 d n inh]it b to be ma9ta9$1      
#df        #adj      444                
,mantras1 necess>y to rites (           
twice-born1    #d         #aj       444 
,m>riage1 diff]+ =ms (1                 
#da        444      #aej                
,m>riage-gift n subject to p>tition1    
#ch        #aah      444                

,meat1 ta9t$1 puni%m5t = sell+1         
#gh        #big      444                
,miscellane\s (f5ces1                   
#fj        #bcb-ej   444                
,mon>*1 8 daily duties1                 
#e         #cbf      444                
h[ he %\ld deal ) a newly               
subjugat$ t]ritory1                #e   
#cdb      444                           
8 duty to puni% wrong-do]s1        #e   
#cec1ceg1h   444                        
to inve/igate law suits ) !     #f      
#cei      444                           
judges1                               #i
         #a        444                  
to set "r ^? :o err1            #f      
#cfj      444                           
:5 %\ld annul decisions1           #ah  
#ca       444                           
to fix prices1 receiv+ a tw5tie?1  #gj  
#bec-bfa    444                         
8 retribution = an unju/ f9e1    #hj    
#cjg      444                           
,"m's %>e on p>tition among sons1       
#dj        #abc      444                

,munis1 :at1 two classes (1             
#a         444       #a                 
,murd]1 inve/igation into1              
#ge        #bhj      444                
& !ft1 village c4 responsible           
=1                                  #gc 
#bga1b     444                          
,murd]]s1 viol5t1 to be impal$1         
#gd        #bgc      444                
,n4                                     
,nag>a1                                 
#eb        #afg      #bai               
,nik%epa deposit1 n to be us$1          
#bf        #fg       444                
,o4                                     
,ordeals1 to be resort$ to :]e pro(     
want+1                             #ad  
#bb       444                           
us$ = exculpation :5 agre$ on1   #cd    
#ie1f     444                           
viz41 scales1 hot iron1 wat]1           
poison1 describ$1                   #ce 
#ig-aac    444                          
,ord]s or p]iods ( life ( ! twice-born1 
#a         444       #ac                

,p4                                     
,paisa*a m>riage1                       
#da        444      #aej                
,p>tition1 dur+ fa!r's lifetime1        
#cg       #aad-af    444                
aft] decease ( p>5ts1            #ch    
#aag-abf   444                          
,p>tn]s = pr(it1 rules = guidance (1    
#gb        #bfe      444                
,pa/ure-gr\nd1 village1 h[ allott$1     
#eb        #aff      444                
,paym5t ( debt1 h[ to be evid5c$1       
#cc        #ic1d     444                
,pla9t1 cause ( action 91 n to v>y f    
orig9al /atem5t1                        
#aj        #i        444                
,pla9tiff1 h[ to proce$ 9 a suit1       
#aj        #e-h      444                
,plead+s 9 a suit1                      
#aj        #f1g      444                
,pl$ges1 law (1                         
#bd        #eh-fg    444                
,prayas*itta1 ,introd4                  
x         444      444                  
,prescription or usucapion1 law (1      

#ae        #bd-bh   #be-cd              
,prices1 regulat$ by ! sov]eign1        
#fi        #bea      444                
process to det]m9e1                     
#gj        #bec      444                
,priority1 its importance 9 gifts1      
pl$ges                          & sales1
                                    #ae 
#bc       444                           
,proc$ure1 ! f\r /eps 91                
#aj        #e-h      444                
,pr(its1 h[ calculat$1                  
#fi       #bea1b     444                
,prohibit$ articles1 =feit$ if sold1    
#ga        #bfa      444                
,pro(1 abs5ce (1 fatal to suit1         
#ad        #ai       444                
( "p sometimes suffici5t1            #ad
        #bj       444                   
( ?ree k9ds1                            
#ad        #bb       444                
,prop]ty1 h[ divid$1                    
#ch       #aag-abf   444                
/ol51 _c pass by sale1          #eb     
#afh      444                           

lo/ or /ol51 h[ to be dealt             
)1                               #ec    
#afi      444                           
lo/1 claim to1 h[ support$1        #ec  
#aga      444                           
( "o dy+ 9 =eign c\ntry1                
succession to1                      #gb 
#bfd      444                           
,puni%m5t1 a mon>*'s duty1              
#e         #cec      444                
,brahma creat$ 9 =m (1          #e      
#cec      444                           
imp>tiality 91                    #e    
#ceg      444                           
h[ apportion$1                    #h    
#cff1g    444                           
,pur*ase1 "t all[$ = trial ( diff]5t    
articles on1                            
#ea        #agg      444                
,pur*as] _c rec$e f 8 b>ga91       #gj  
#beh      444                           
,purlo9]s & cut-purses h[ to be treat$1 
#gd        #bgd      444                
,puttrika-suta1                         
#da        444      #aea                

,r4                                     
,rak%asa m>riage1                       
#da        444      #aej                
,realm1 :y call$ sev5-limb$1            
#e         #ceb      444                
,receipt to be giv5 = paym5ts1          
#cc        #ic       444                
,reunit$ %>]s1 z to p>tition among1     
#de        #ach1i    444                
,rites ( ! twice-born1                  
#d         #aj       444                
,rituals ( y\ng] bro!rs & si/]s         
to be complet$ by ! eld]1               
#dj        #abd      444                
,s4                                     
,sahasa1                                
#fe        #bcj      444                
,sale & pur*ase1 rules z to1            
#gj       #bdf-beh   444                
,sa/ras1 ,dh>ma1 promulgators (1        
,introd4              v  #b      #d1e   
444                                     
,self-acquir$ prop]ty n divisible on    
p>tition1                               
#ch        #aah      444                

,sell] fail+ to deliv] pays damage1     
#gj        #bed      444                
( lo/ or /ol5 prop]ty1              #ec 
#afi1gj    444                          
,sep>ation ( a bro!r n desir+ to %>e1   
#cg        #aaf      444                
,s]vant1 inatt5tive1 h[ ma/] may treat1 
#ei        #aie      444                
,si/]s1 rituals (1 to be p]=m$ by       
bro!rs1                                 
#dj        #abd      444                
,slav]y & s]vitude1 analysis (1         
#ef        444      #bci                
:5 r$emption f1 a "r1          #ee      
#ahb      444                           
to be 9 ! ord] ( ca/s1            #ef   
#ahc      444                           
,smriti1                                
#c         #g        #i                 
,sodomy                                 
#gg        #bic      444                
,sons1 description ( ! twelve1          
#dj       #abh-acb   444                
! fir/ 9 ord] to be heir1            #dc
        #acb      444                   

( a slave-"m by a ,sudra1               
#dc        #acc     444                 
by mo!rs ( diff]5t ca/1 h[              
to %>e1                                 
#dj        #abe      444                
lawfully begott5 on ano!r's wife1       
#dj        #abg      444                
,special plead+1                        
#aa        #ag       #ag                
,sruti1                                 
#c         #g        #i                 
,/ol5 prop]ty1 mon>* to re/ore1         
#ai        #cf       444                
,/ridhana1 def9ition (1                 
#df        #adc      444                
succession to1                     #ch  
#aag      444                           
:]e no issue1                    #dg    
#ade      444                           
:5 may be appropriat$ by                
husb&1                         #dg      
#adg      444                           
,subornation1                           
#ca        #ha       444                
,sudra1 son (1 on a slave1              

#dc        #acc     444                 
,sureties1 by p>ties to a suit1         
#aa        #aj       444                
:o may n be1                      #bc1fg
     #eb1bci    444                     
= :at may be giv51                #bc   
#ec       444                           
:5 sons (1 liable1                 #bc  
#ed       444                           
liabilities & reimbursem5t (1     #bc   
#ee1f     444                           
,t4                                     
,!ft1 :5 village gov]nor c4 liable      
if n trac$1                         #gc 
#bga1b    444                           
puni%m5t (1 v>iations 91            #gd 
#bgc-e    444                           
accessory aft]1                         
#gd        #bgf      444                
,?ief1 capture (1 on suspicion1         
#gb        #bff-i    444                
,?reats ( injury1                       
#fb        #bjh1i    444                
,title & possession1                    
#ag        #bg-bi    444                

,trad]s1                                
#fh       #bdd-bfb   444                
,treasure f\nd1 h[ appropriat$1         
#ai        #cd1e     444                
concealm5t (1 puni%able1     #ai        
#ce       444                           
,twice-born man1 may appropriate grass1 
fuel1                                   
& fl[]s1                  #eb           
#aff      444                           
:y s call$1                  #d         
#ci       444                           
,u4                                     
,untru? 9 te/imony to save life1 h[     
aton$ =1                                
#ca        #hc       444                
,upanidhi1                              
#bf        #fe       444                
,usage1 :5 argum5t f\nd$ on1 ( =ce1     
#ad        #ba       444                
,use or hire ( v>i\s ?+s1 :at to be     
giv5 =1                                 
#bd        #eg       444                
,ut]9e bro!rs1 _! pref]able position1   
#de       #ach1i     444                

,v4                                     
,viol5t aggression or ,sahasa1          
#ff        #bcj      444                
,viol5ce on female slaves1              
#gg        #bia      #bgg               
,virg91 abduction (1                    
#gf        #bhg      444                
ravi%+1                              #gg
        #bhh      444                   
,vyavah>a1 ,introd4                     
x         444      444                  
,w4                                     
,wag]1 collat]al to suit1 en=c$1        
#ac        #ah       444                
at fight+ games1 rules z to1            
#fa        #bjc      444                
,well1 digg+ (1 enc\rag$1               
#ej        #aef      444                
,weights1 tables (1                     
#f1g       #cfa-d     #bi               
false decl>ation (1 p5alty =1     #ga   
#bfb      444                           
,wid[1 :oev] takes1 mu/ pay =m]         
husb&'s debts1                          
#bb        #ea       444                

,wife's %>e1 on p>tition by h] husb&    
among 8 sons1 if no /ridhana1           
#cg        #aae      444                
,wife1 ,dh>ma1                          
#da        444      #aej                
,wife's son1                            
#dadf    #abhada    444                 
,wives ( ^? disqualifi$ to inh]it1      
#df        #adb      444                
,wife1 sup]s$$1 h[ comp5sat$1           
#dh        #adh      444                
,witness1 :5 "o suffici5t1              
#bh        #gb       444                
contumaci\s1                            
#cj        #gf1gh    444                
false1                                  
#ca        #ha       444                
:5 p]mitt$ to speak untru?1       #ca   
#hc       444                           
:5 p]mitt$ to equivocate1          #ca  
444      #aba                           
:o prop] to be1                      #bg
        #fh-i     444                   
:o admissable z1                     #bh
        #gj-a     444                   

exceptions to incompet5cy (1         #bh
        #gb       444                   
h[ to be w>n$ by ! judge1         #bi   
#gc-e     444                           
h[ to te/ cr$it (1                 #cj  
#gh-hj    444                           
,wom51 crimes (1                        
#ge       #bgh1i     444                
vilify+1                                
#gg        #bhi      444                
public1                                 
#gg        #bib      444                
,workman1 des]t+ 8 "w1                  
#ei        #aic      444                
to h *>ge ( ! implem5ts1      #ei       
#aic      444                           
hire (1 t]ms (1 to be                   
pre-arrang$1 "u p5alty1          #ei    
#aid      444                           
h[ to be paid :]e two employ$1     #ei  
#aif      444                           
,w\nd+1 puni%$ by ! highe/ f9e1         
#ge        #bgg      444                
,y4                                     
,yajnavalkya1 data = fix+ :5 8 code     

promulgat$1 ,introd4                    
x         444      444                  
,yogis1                                 
#a         444       #a