file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation & unusual spell+ 9 ! orig9al docum5t h be5 pres]v$4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,= a complete li/1 please see ! end ( ?is docum5t4 ,note t 'neat cattle' does n ref] to cattle t dress nicely1 nor is x a typo4 ,neat cattle are dome/icat$ /raight-back$ animals ( ! bov9e g5us4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,bre$+3 ,,or1 ,,glimpses ,,at ,,! ,,physiological ,,laws ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,! ,,reproduction ,,& ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,animals4 ,,by ,s4,l4 ,,goodale1 ,,secret>y ,,( ,,! ,,ma9e ,,bo>d ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,bo/on3 ,,crosby1 ,,ni*ols1 ,,lee ,,& ,,company1 #aag ,,wa%+ton ,,/4 #ahfa4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahfa1 ,,by ,,/eph5 ,l4 ,,goodale1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,di/rict ( ,ma9e4 ,press ( ,/ev5s ,sayw>d1 ,augu/a1 ,ma9e4 ,,preface4 ,! writ] has _h frequ5t occasion to notice ! want ( "s h&y book embody+ ! pr9ciples necess>y to be und]/ood 9 ord] to secure improvem5t 9 ,dome/ic ,animals4 ,x has be5 8 aim to supply ?is want4 ,9 do+ s he has avail$ himself freely ( ! k suppli$ by o!rs1 ! aim be+ to furni% a useful1 r ?an an orig9al book4 ,if x s]ve 9 any measure to supply ! ne$1 & to awak5 great] int]e/ ^u a matt] ( vital importance to ! agricultural int]e/s ( ! c\ntry1 ! writ]'s purpose w be accompli%$4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,introductory1 #g ,,ii4--,,law ,,( ,,simil>ity1 #ba ,,iii4--,,law ,,( ,,v>iation1 #cc ,,iv4--,,atavism ,,or ,,ance/ral ,,influ5ce1 #fa ,v4--,,relative ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,p>5ts1 #fh ,,vi4--,,law ,,( ,,sex1 #hi ,,vii4--,,9-,,&-,,9 ,,bre$+1 #id ,,viii4--,,cross+1 #aje ,,ix4--,,bre$+ ,,9 ,,! ,,l9e1 #aai ,x4--,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,bre$s1 #abg ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,bre$+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,! object ( ! husb&man1 l t ( m5 engag$ 9 o!r avocations1 is pr(it2 & l o!r m5 ! f>m] may expect success proportionate to ! skill1 c>e1 judgm5t & p]sev]ance ) :i* 8 op]ations are conduct$4 ,! bett] policy ( f>m]s g5]ally1 is to make /ock husb&ry 9 "s "o or m ( its dep>tm5ts a lead+ aim--t is to say1 :ile !y %ape _! op]ations accord+ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are situat$1 ^! %\ld /eadily embrace ! conv]sion ( a l>ge proportion ( ! crops gr[n into animal products1--& ?is because1 by s do+1 !y may n only secure a pres5t livelihood1 b be/ ma9ta9 & increase ! f]tility ( _! l&s4 ,! object ( ! /ock gr[] is to obta9 ! mo/ valuable returns f 8 vegetable products4 ,he ne$s1 z ,bakewell happily express$ x1 ! be/ ma*9e = conv]t+ h]bage & o!r animal food into money4 ,he w !re=e d well to seek su* animals z are mo/ p]fect ( _! k9d--su* z w pay be/ = ! exp5se ( procur+ ! ma*9]y1 = ! c>e & att5tion be/[$1 & = ! consumption ( raw mat]ial4 ,! returns come 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,!y may or may n be connect$ ) ! ultimate value ( ! animal4 ,9 ! beef ox & ! mutton %eep1 !y are s connect$ to a l>ge ext5t2 9 ! dairy c[ & ! f9e wool$ %eep1 ?is is q a second>y consid]ation2--9 ! horse1 valu$ z he is = beauty1 spe$ & draught1 x is n ?\ght ( at all4 ,n only is !re a wide range ( field = op]ations1 f :i* ! /ock gr[] may select 8 own pa? ( proc$ure1 b !re is a dem& t 8 att5tion be direct$ ) a def9ite aim1 & t[>ds an end cle>ly appreh5d$4 ,! fir/ "q to be answ]$1 is1 :at d we want8 & ! next1 h[ %all we get x8 ,:at we want1 dep5ds :olly ^u our situation & surr\nd+s1 & ea* mu/ answ] x = himself4 ,9 ,engl& ! problem to be solv$ by ! bre$] ( neat cattle & %eep is h[ to produce an animal or a liv+ ma*9e :i* ) a c]ta9 quantity & quality ( food1 & "u c]ta9 giv5 circum/ances1 %all yield 9 ! %orte/ "t ! l>ge/ quantity & be/ quality ( beef1 mutton or milk1 ) ! l>ge/ pr(it to ! produc] & at lea/ co/ to ! consum]4 ,b ?is is n precisely ! problem = ,am]ican f>m]s to solve1 because our circum/ances are diff]5t4 ,few1 if any1 "h gr[ ox5 = beef alone1 b = labor & beef1 s t e>lie/ possible maturity may be omitt$ & a ye> or m ( labor pr(itably int]v5e be=e conv]sion to beef4 ,_m cultivators ( %eep1 too1 are s situat$ z to pref] f9e wool1 :i* is incompatible ) ! l>ge/ quantity & be/ quality ( meat4 ,o!rs diff]5tly situat$ 9 reg>d to a meat m>ket w\ld d well to foll[ ! ,engli% practice & aim at ! mo/ pr(itable production ( mutton4 ,a great _m f>m]s1 n only ( ^? 9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge t[ns1 b ( ^? at "s di/ance1 might1 beyond d\bt1 cultivate dairy qualities 9 c[s1 to great advantage1 & ?is too1 ev51 if necess>y1 at ! sacrifice1 to consid]able ext5t1 ( beef mak+ qualities4 ,z a g5]al ?+ dairy qualities h be5 sadly neglect$ 9 ye>s pa/4 ,:atev] may be ! object 9 view1 x %\ld be cle>ly appreh5d$1 & /riv5 = ) p]si/5t & well direct$ ef=ts4 ,to buy or bre$ common animals ( mix$ qualities & use !m = any & = all purposes is too mu* l a manufactur] ( clo? procur+ "s c>d+1 sp9n+ & weav+ ma*9]y1 adapt$ to no p>ticul> purpose b :i* c someh[ be us$ = any1 & attempt+ to make fabrics ( cotton1 ( wool1 & ( l95 ) x4 ,i d n say t clo? w\ld n be produc$1 b he w\ld assur$ly be sl[ 9 gett+ ri* by x4 ,! /ock gr[] ne$s n only to h a cle> & def9ite aim 9 view1 b also to und]/& ! means by :i* x may be/ be accompli%$4 ,among ^! means a k ( ! pr9ciples ( bre$+ holds a prom95t place1 & ?is is n ( v easy acquisition by ! mass ( f>m]s4 ,! exp]i5ce ( any "o man w\ld g b a little way t[>ds acquir+ x1 & !re has n be5 mu* publi%$ on ! subject 9 any =m )9 ! rea* ( mo/4 ,i h be5 able to f9d no?+ l an ext5d$ sy/ematic treatise on ! subject1 ei!r among our own or ! =eign agricultural lit]ature :i* has come )9 my notice4 ,inde$1 f ! scant9ess ( :at appe>s to h be5 writt51 c\pl$ ) ! fact t mu* k mu/ exi/ some:]e1 "o is tempt$ to believe t n all :i* might h done s1 has yet f\nd its way to pr9t]s' ink4 ,t a great deal has be5 acquir$1 we "k1 z we "k a tree--by its fruits4 ,t imm5se a*ievem5ts h be5 accompli%$ is beyond d\bt4 ,! improvem5t ( ! dome/ic animals ( a c\ntry s z greatly to enhance _! individual & aggregate value1 & to r5d] ! re>+ ( !m m pr(itable to all conc]n$1 is surely "o ( ! a*ievem5ts ( advanc$ civilization & enlight5m5t1 & is z mu* a triumph ( sci5ce & skill z ! con/ruction ( a railroad1 a /eam%ip1 an electric telegraph1 or any "w ( ar*itecture4 ,if any d\bt ?is1 let !m pond] ! hi/ory ( ^? bre$s ( animals :i* h made ,engl& ! /ock nurs]y ( ! _w1 ! p]fection ( :i* enables h] to export ?\s&s ( animals at prices almo/ fabul\sly beyond _! value = any purpose b to propagate _! k9d2 let !m note ! pati5t indu/ry1 ! g5ius & application :i* h be5 put =? to br+ !m to ! condition !y h atta9$1 & _! d\bts mu/ cease4 ,rob]t ,bakewell ( ,di%ley1 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ^! improv]s4 ,let u /op = a mom5t's glance at him4 ,born 9 #agbe1 on ! f>m :]e 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r _h be5 t5ants1 he began at ! age ( ?irty to c>ry out ! plans = ! improvem5t ( dome/ic animals ^u :i* he _h resolv$ z ! result ( long & pati5t /udy & reflection4 ,he 0 a man ( g5ius1 en]gy & p]sev]ance4 ,) sagacity to conceive & =titude to p]fect 8 designs1 he laid 8 plans & /ruggl$ aga9/ _m disappo9tm5ts1 amid ! ridicule & pr$ictions ( failure freely be/[$ by 8 neighbors1--(t5 aga9/ s]i\s pecuni>y emb>rassm5ts2 & at la/ 0 cr[n$ by a wond]ful degree ( success4 ,:5 he comm5c$ lett+ 8 rams1 7a sy/em fir/ introduc$ by him & adh]$ to dur+ 8 life1 9 place ( sell+17 !y br\ght him #ags4 #f;d4 ea*1 = ! season4 ,?is 0 t5 ye>s aft] he comm5c$ 8 improvem5ts4 ,soon ! price came to a gu9ea1 !n to two or ?ree gu9eas--rapidly increas+ ) ! reputation ( 8 /ock1 until 9 #aghd1 !y br\ght him #ajj gu9eas ea*6 ,five ye>s lat] 8 lett+s = "o season am\nt$ to #cj1jjj6 ,) all 8 skill & success he seem$ afraid le/ o!rs might pr(it by ! k he _h s labori\sly acquir$4 ,he put no p5 to pap] & at dea? left n ev5 ! slighte/ memor&um ?r[+ light ^u 8 op]ations1 & x is *iefly ?r\gh 8 cotempor>ies1 :o ga!r$ some:at f v]bal communications1 t we "k any?+ reg>d+ !m4 ,f ^! we le>n t he =m$ an ideal /&>d 9 8 own m9d & !n endeavor$1 fir/ by a wide selection & a judici\s & discrim9at+ c\pl+1 to obta9 ! type desir$1 & !n by close bre$+1 connect$ ) rigor\s we$+ out1 to p]petuate & fix x4 ,aft] him came a ho/ ( o!rs1 n all ( :om conceal$ _! light b5ea? a bu%el4 ,by long cont9u$ & ext5sive obs]vation1 result+ 9 ! collection ( num]\s facts1 & by ! collation ( ^! facts ( nature1 by sci5tific rese>* & practical exp]im5ts1 c]ta9 physiological laws h be5 discov]$1 & pr9ciples ( bre$+ h be5 d$uc$ & e/abli%$4 ,x is true t "s ( ^! laws are z yet hidd5 f u1 & mu* reg>d+ !m is b imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,:at we d n "k is a deal m ?an :at we d "k1 b to ignore s mu* z has be5 discov]$1 & is well e/abli%$1 & c be le>n$ by any :o c>e to d s1 & to g on reg>dless ( x1 w\ld indicate a degree ( wisdom 9 ! bre$] on a p> ) t ( a build] :o %\ld fa/5 toge!r wood & iron j z ! pieces happ5$ to come to 8 h&1 reg>dless ( ! laws ( ar*itecture1 & expect a conv5i5t h\se or a fa/ sail+ %ip to be ! result ( 8 labors4 ,is n ! usual c\rse ( proc$ure among _m f>m]s too ne>ly p>allel to ! case suppos$8 ,let ! ill-favor$1 *ance-br$1 mongrel bea/s 9 _! b>n y>ds te/ify4 ,! tru? is1 & x is ( no use to d5y or disguise ! fact1 ! improvem5t ( dome/ic animals is "o ( ! mo/ important & to a l>ge ext5t1 "o ( ! mo/ neglect$ bran*es ( rural economy4 ,! fault is n t f>m]s d n keep /ock en\gh1 mu* (t5] !y keep m ?an !y c fe$ to ! mo/ pr(itable po9t1 & :5 a %ort crop ( hay comes1 !re is s]i\s difficulty 9 support+ !m1 or 9 sell+ !m at a pay+ price2 b ! great majority nei!r be/[ prop] c>e ^u ! selection ( animals = bre$+1 nor d !y appreciate ! doll>s & c5ts diff]5ce betwe5 su* z are pr(itable & su* z are pr(itless4 ,h[ _m w hesitate or refuse to pay a doll> = ! s]vices ( a good bull :5 "s sort ( a calf c be begott5 = a qu>t]8 & ?is too :5 "o by ! good male w\ld be wor? a doll> m = veal & t5 or tw5ty doll>s m :5 gr[n to a c[ or an ox8 ,h[ few w hesitate or refuse to all[ to a but*] ! cull ( 8 calves & lambs = a few extra %ill+s1 & ?is :5 ! but*]'s diff]5ce 9 %ill+s w\ld soon1 7 ! be/ kept & ! wor/ sold1 gr[ into z _m doll>s & m8 ,h[ _m !re are :o e/eem size to be ( m consequ5ce ?an symmetry1 or adaptation to ! use = :i* !y are kept8 ,h[ _m ev] sit d[n to calculate ! diff]5ce 9 money value betwe5 an animal :i* b>ely pays = keep+1 or p]haps n t1 & "o :i* pays a pr(it8 ,let u reckon a little4 ,suppose a man wi%es to buy a c[4 ,two are (f]$ him1 bo? f\r ye>s old1 & :i* might probably be s]viceable = t5 ye>s to come4 ,) ! same food & att5dance ! fir/ w yield = t5 mon?s 9 ! ye>1 an av]age ( five qu>ts p] day1--& ! o!r = ! same t]m w yield sev5 qu>ts & ( equal quality4 ,:at is ! comp>ative value ( ea*8 ,! diff]5ce 9 yield is six hundr$ qu>ts p] annum4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is calculation we w suppose x wor? ?ree c5ts p] qu>t--am\nt+ to eighte5 doll>s4 ,is n ! second c[1 :ile %e holds out to give x1 z good z ! fir/1 & ?ree hundr$ doll>s at int]e/ besides8 ,if ! fir/ j pays = h] food & att5dance1 ! second1 yield+ two-fif?s m1 pays =ty p] c5t4 pr(it annually2 & yet h[ _m f>m]s hav+ two su* c[s = sale w\ld make m ?an t51 or tw5ty1 or at mo/1 ?irty doll>s diff]5ce 9 ! price8 ,! pr(it f "o is eighte5 doll>s a ye>--9 t5 ye>s "o hundr$ & eighty doll>s1 besides ! annual accumulations ( int]e/--! pr(it ( ! o!r is--no?+4 ,if ! sell] has ne$ to keep "o1 w\ld he n be wis] to give away ! fir/1 ?an to "p ) ! second = a hundr$ doll>s8 ,suppose aga91 t an acre ( grass or a ton ( hay co/s five doll>s1 & t = its consumption by a giv5 set ( animals1 ! f>m] gets a return ( five doll>s wor? ( labor1 or meat1 or wool1 or milk4 ,he is sell+ 8 crop at co/1 & makes no pr(it4 ,suppose by employ+ o!r animals1 bett] horses1 bett] c[s1 ox5 & %eep1 he c get t5 doll>s p] ton 9 returns4 ,h[ mu* are ! latt] wor? m ?an ! =m]8 ,h !y n d\bl$ ! value ( ! crops1 & increas$ ! pr(it ( f>m+ f no?+ to a hundr$ p] c5t8 ,except t ! manure is n d\bl$1 & ! animals w\ld "s day ne$ to be replac$1 c\ld he n z well af=d to give ! price ( 8 f>m = "o set z to accept ! o!r z a gift8 ,among _m1 :o are 9 fact ignorant ( :at goes to con/itute m]it 9 a bre$+ animal1 !re is an incl9ation to treat z imag9>y & unreal ! high] values plac$ ^u well-br$ animals ov] ^? ( mix$ orig91 unless !y are l>g] & h&som] 9 proportion to ! price dem&$4 ,! sums paid = qualities :i* are n at once app>5t to ! eye are /igmatiz$ z fancy prices4 ,x is n d5i$ t fancy prices are sometimes1 p]haps (t5 paid1 = !re are probably few :o are n will+ occasionally to pay de>ly = :at m]ely pleases !m1 aside f any o!r m]it comm5surate to ! price4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is fully z true t great intr9sic value = bre$+ purposes may exi/ 9 an animal & yet make v little %[4 ,su* an "o may n ev5 look s well to a casual obs]v]1 z a grade1 or cross-br$ animal1 :i* al?\gh valuable z an individual1 is n1 = bre$+ purposes1 wor? a t5? "p z mu*4 ,let u suppose two f>m]s to ne$ a bull2 !y g to seek & two are (f]$1 bo? two ye>s old1 ( simil> color1 =m & g5]al appe>ance4 ,"o is (f]$ = tw5ty doll>s--= ! o!r a hundr$ is dem&$4 ,satisfactory evid5ce is (f]$ t ! latt] is no bett] ?an any or all ( its ance/ors = _m g5]ations back on bo? sides1 or ?an its k9dr$--t x is ( a pure & di/9ct bre$1 t x possesses c]ta9 well kn[n h]$it>y qualities1 t x is suit$ = a def9ite purpose1 x may be a ,%ort-horn1 not$ = l>ge size & e>ly maturity1 x may be a ,devon1 ( f9e color & symmetry1 active & h>dy1 x may be an ,ayr%ire1 not$ = dairy qualities1 or ( "s o!r def9ite bre$1 ^: uses1 excell5cies & defici5cies are all well kn[n4 ,! o!r is ( no bre$ :atev]1 p]haps x is call$ a grade or a cross4 ,! man :o br$ x _h r confus$ ideas1 s f> z he _h any1 ab\t bre$+1 & ?\ght to comb9e all sorts ( good qualities 9 "o animal1 & s he work$ 9 a little grade ,durham1 or ,h]e=d to get size1 & a little ,ayr%ire = milk1 & a little ,devon = color1 & s on1 us+ p]haps dams sir$ by a bull 9 ! neighborhood :i* _h also got "s ,:itt5#a or ,pet] ,waldo calves1 7?\gh none ( ^! %[$ x17 at any rate he want$ "s ( ! native elem5t 9 8 /ock1 because x 0 t\gh1 & "s folks ?\ght natives 7 ! be/ aft] all4 ,among its ance/ors & k9dr$ 7 "s good & "s n good1 "s l>ge & "s small1 "s well favor$ & fat1 "s ill favor$ & lean1 "s pr(itable & "s pr(itless4 ,! animal n[ (f]$ is a great deal bett] ?an ! av]age ( !m4 ,x looks = aught !y c see1 ab\t z well z ! "o = :i* five times 8 price is ask$4 ,p]haps he s]v$ =ty c[s la/ ye> & br\ght 8 own] z _m qu>t]s1 :ile ! o!r only s]v$ five & br\ght an income ( b five doll>s4 ,! "q arises1 :i* is ! bett] b>ga98 ,aft] pond]+ ! matt]1 "o buys ! l[-pric$ & ! o!r ! high-pric$ "o1 bo? be+ well satisfi$ 9 _! own m9ds4 ,:at did results %[8 ,! l[-pric$ "o s]v$ t season p]haps a hundr$ c[s2 m ?an ought to h done s1 came a second "t2--hav+ be5 ov]task$ z a ye>l+1 he lack$ some:at ( vigor4 ,! calves came ( all sorts1 "s good1 "s poor1 a few l ! sire1 m l ! dams--all mongrels & %[+ mongrel orig9 m ?an he did4 ,!re seem$ 9 _m ( !m a t5d5cy to comb9e ! defects ( ! grades f :i* he sprung r ?an _! good po9ts4 ,9 "s1 ! quietness ( ! ,%ort-horn deg5]at$ into /upidity1 & 9 o!rs ! activity ( ! ,devon into n]v\s vici\sness4 ,take !m toge!r !y p]haps paid = re>+1 or ne>ly s4 ,aft] us+ him ano!r ye>1 he 0 kill$1 hav+ be5 us$ long en\gh4 ,! o!r1 we w say1 s]v$ t same season a reasonable numb]1 p]haps f\r to six 9 a week1 or "o e day1 n m4 ,few came a second "t & ^? = no fault ( 84 ,! calves be> a /rik+ resemblance to ! sire4 ,"s f ! bett] c[s look ev5 bett] 9 "s po9ts1 ?an himself & few mu* worse4 ,!re is a rem>kable uni=mity among !m2 z !y gr[ up !y ?rive bett] ?an ^? by ! l[ pric$ "o4 ,!y prove bett] adapt$ to ! use int5d$4 ,on ! :ole !y are q satisfactory & ea* pays annually 9 its gr[?1 labor or milk a pr(it ov] ! co/ ( food & att5dance ( five or t5 doll>s or m4 ,if work$ en\gh to furni% ! ex]cise ne$ful to insure vigor\s heal?1 he may be z s]viceable & z manageable at eight or t5 ye>s old1 z at two2 meantime he has got1 p]haps1 five hundr$ calves1 :i* 9 due "t become wor? t5 or tw5ty doll>s ea* m ?an ^? f ! o!r4 ,:i* n[ seems ! wis] pur*ase8 ,0 ! high] e/imate plac$ on ! well br$ animal bas$ ^u fancy or ^u intr9sic value8 ,! conviction t a bett] k ( ! pr9ciples ( bre$+ w\ld r5d] our sy/em ( agriculture m pr(itable1 & ! hope ( contribut+ some:at to ?is end1 h induc$ ! attempt to set =? "s ( ! physiological pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! reproduction ( dome/ic animals1 or 9 o!r words1 ! laws :i* gov]n h]$it>y transmission4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,local names = ly]y1 or black fle%$ cattle4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,simil>ity4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important ( ! laws to be consid]$ 9 ?is connection is t ( ,,simil>ity4 ,x is by virtue ( ?is law t ! peculi> *>act]s1 qualities & prop]ties ( ! p>5ts1 :e!r ext]nal or int]nal1 good or bad1 heal?y or diseas$1 are transmitt$ to _! (fspr+4 ,?is is "o ( ! pla9e/ & mo/ c]ta9 ( ! laws ( nature4 ,*ildr5 resemble _! p>5ts1 & !y d s because ^! are h]$it>y4 ,! law is con/ant4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits prog5y always & e :]e resemble _! p>5ts4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 !re w\ld be no con/ancy ( species1 & a horse might beget a calf or a s[ h a litt] ( puppies1 :i* is nev] ! case1--= 9 all "t we f9d repeat$ 9 ! (fspr+ ! /ructure1 ! in/9cts & all ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! p>5ts1 & nev] ^? ( ano!r species4 ,su* is ! law ( nature & h5ce ! axiom t l produces l4 ,b :ile exp]i5ce tea*es ! con/ancy ( h]$it>y transmission1 x tea*es j z pla9ly t ! con/ancy is n absolute & p]fect1 & ?is introduces u to ano!r law1 viz3 t ( v>iation1 :i* w be consid]$ by & by2 our pres5t conc]n is to asc]ta9 :at we c ( ! law ( simil>ity4 ,! lesson :i* ?is law tea*es might be /at$ 9 five words1 to wit3 ,bre$ only f ! be/--b ! tea*+ may be m impressive1 & w m likely be he$$1 if we und]/& ! ext5t & scope ( ! law4 ,facts 9 abundance %[ ! h]$it>y t5d5cy ( physical1 m5tal & moral qualities 9 m51 & v few w\ld hesitate to admit t ! ext]nal =m & g5]al *>act]i/ics ( p>5ts desc5d to *ildr5 9 bo? ! human & brute races2 b n all are aw>e t ?is law rea*es to su* m9ute p>ticul>s z facts %[ to be ! case4 ,we see h]$it>y transmission ( a peculi> type ^u an ext5sive scale1 9 "s ( ! di/9ct races1 ! ,jews1 & ! ,gypsies1 = example4 ,al?\gh expos$ = c5turies to ! modify+ influ5ces ( div]se climates1 to association ) peoples ( widely diff]+ cu/oms & habits1 !y nev] m]ge _! peculi>ities 9 ^? ( any p ) :om !y dwell1 b cont9ue di/9ct4 ,!y reta9 ! same features1 ! same figures1 ! same mann]s1 cu/oms & habits4 ,! ,jew 9 ,pol&1 9 ,au/ria1 9 ,london1 or 9 ,new ,york1 is ! same2 & ! money-*ang]s ( ! ,temple at ,j]usalem 9 ! "t ( our ,"l may be se5 to-day on *ange 9 any ( ! l>g] m>ts ( trade4 ,h[ is ?is8 ,j because ! ,jew is a ?or\gh-br$4 ,!re is ) him no int]m>riage ) ! ,g5tile--no cross+1 no m+l+ ( 8 organization ) t ( ano!r4 ,:5 ?is ensues p]man5ce ( race w cease & give place to v>iations ( any or ( all sorts4 ,"s families are rem>kable dur+ long p]iods = tall & h&some figures & /rik+ regul>ity ( features1 :ile 9 o!rs a less p]fect =m1 or "s peculi> de=mity reappe>s ) equal con/ancy4 ,a family 9 ,york%ire is kn[n = sev]al g5]ations to h be5 furni%$ ) six f+]s & toes4 ,a family possess+ ! same peculi>ity resides 9 ! valley ( ! ,k5nebec1 & ! same has reappe>$ 9 "o or m o!r families connect$ ) x by m>riage4 ,! ?ick upp] lip ( ! imp]ial h\se ( ,au/ria1 introduc$ by ! m>riage ( ! ,emp]or ,maximillian ) ,m>y ( ,burgundy1 has be5 a m>k$ feature 9 t family = hundr$s ( ye>s1 & is1 visible 9 _! desc5dants to ?is day4 ,equally noticeable is ! ,b\rbon nose 9 ! =m] reign+ family ( ,france4 ,all ! ,b>ons de ,vess9s _h a peculi> m>k betwe5 _! %\ld]s1 & x is said t by means ( x a po/hum\s son ( a late ,b>on de ,vess9s 0 discov]$ 9 a ,london %oemak]'s appr5tice4 ,hall] cites ! case ( a family :]e an ext]nal tumor 0 transmitt$ f fa!r to son :i* always swell$ :5 ! atmosph]e 0 moi/4 ,a rem>kable example ( a s+ul> organic peculi>ity & ( its transmission to desc5dants1 is furni%$ 9 ! case ( ! ,engli% family ( ,porcup9e m51 s call$ f hav+ all ! body except ! head & face1 & ! soles & palms1 cov]$ ) h>d d>k-color$ excresc5ces ( a horny nature4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ,edw>d ,lamb]t1 born 9 ,suffolk 9 #agah1 & exhibit$ be=e ! ,royal ,society :5 f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,! o!r *ildr5 ( 8 p>5ts 7 naturally =m$2 & ,edw>d1 aside f ?is peculi>ity1 0 good look+ & enjoy$ good heal?4 ,he aft]w>d _h six *ildr51 all ( :om inh]it$ ! same =mation1 z did also sev]al gr&-*ildr54 ,num]\s in/ances are on record t5d+ to %[ t ev5 accid5ts d sometimes1 al?\gh n usually1 become h]$it>y4 ,blum5ba* m5tions ! case ( a man ^: little f+] 0 cru%$ & twi/$ by an accid5t to 8 "r h&4 ,8 sons inh]it$ "r h&s ) ! little f+] di/ort$4 ,a bit* _h h] h9d] p>ts p>alyz$ = "s days by a bl[4 ,six ( h] sev5 pups 7 de=m$1 or s weak 9 _! h9d] p>ts t !y 7 dr[n$ z useless4 ,a pregnant cat got h] tail injur$2 9 ea* ( h] five kitt5s ! tail 0 di/ort$1 & _h an enl>gem5t or knob ne> ! end ( ea*4 ,horses m>k$ dur+ successive g5]ations ) r$-hot irons 9 ! same place1 transmit visible traces ( su* m>ks to _! colts4 ,v curi\s are ! facts :i* g to %[ t acquir$ habits sometimes become h]$it>y4 ,prit*>d1 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man1 says t ! horses br$ on ! table l&s ( ! ,cordill]as are c>efully taught a peculi> pace :i* is a sort ( runn+ amble2 t aft] a few g5]ations ?is pace becomes a natural "o2 "y untra9$ horses adopt+ x )\t compulsion4 ,b a /ill m curi\s fact is1 t if ^! dome/icat$ /allions bre$ ) m>es ( ! wild h]d1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! surr\nd+ pla9s1 !y become ! sires ( a race 9 :i* ! ambl+ pace is natural & requires no tea*+4 ,mr4 ,t4,a4 ,knight1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 says1 ! h]$it>y prop5sities ( ! (fspr+ ( ,norwegian ponies1 :e!r full or half-br$1 are v s+ul>4 ,_! ance/ors h be5 9 ! habit ( obey+ ! voice ( _! rid]s & n ! bridle2 & horse-break]s compla9 t x is impossible to produce ?is la/ habit 9 ! "y colts4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 exce$+ly docile & ob$i5t :5 !y und]/& ! comm&s ( _! ma/]s4 ,a late writ] 9 "o ( ! =eign j\rnals1 says t he _h a pup tak5 f its "m at six weeks old1 :o al?\gh nev] taught to 'beg' 7an accompli%m5t 8 "m _h be5 taught7 spontane\sly took to begg+ = e ?+ he want$ :5 ab\t sev5 or eight mon?s old2 he w\ld beg = food1 beg to be let out ( ! room1 & "o day 0 f\nd opposite a rabbit hut* app>5tly begg+ ! rabbits to come & play4 ,if ev5 9 su* m9ute p>ticul>s z ^!1 h]$it>y transmission may be di/9ctly se51 x becomes ! bre$] to look closely to ! l :i* he wi%es to see reproduc$4 ,judici\s selection is indisp5sable to success 9 bre$+1 & ?is %\ld h reg>d to e p>ticul>--g5]al appe>ance1 l5g? ( limb1 %ape ( c>cass1 developm5t ( *e/2 if 9 cattle1 ! size1 %ape & position ( udd]1 ?ickness ( sk91 t\*1 l5g? & texture ( hair1 docility1 c41 c42 if 9 horses1 _! adaptation to any special excell5ce dep5d+ on =m1 or temp]am5t1 or n]v\s en]gy4 ,n only %\ld c>e be tak5 to avoid /ructural defects1 b especially to secure fre$om f h]$it>y diseases1 z bo? defects & diseases appe> to be m easily transmissible ?an desirable qualities4 ,!re is (t5 no obvi\s peculi>ity ( /ructure1 or appe>ance1 indicat+ ! possession ( diseases or defects :i* are transmissible1 & s1 special c>e & cont9u$ acqua9tance are necess>y 9 ord] to be assur$ ( _! abs5ce 9 bre$+ animals2 b su* a t5d5cy al?\gh invisible or inappreciable to cursory obs]vation1 mu/ /ill1 judg+ f its effects1 h z real & c]ta9 an exi/5ce1 z any peculi>ity ( =m or color4 ,e "o :o believes t a disease may be h]$it>y at all1 mu/ admit t c]ta9 individuals possess c]ta9 t5d5cies :i* r5d] !m especially liable to c]ta9 diseases1 z consumption or scr(ula2 yet x is n easy to say precisely 9 :at ?is pr$isposition consi/s4 ,x seems probable1 h[ev]1 t x may be due ei!r to "s want ( h>mony betwe5 diff]5t organs1 "s faulty =mation or comb9ation ( p>ts1 or to "s peculi> physical or *emical condition ( ! blood or tissues2 & t ?is alt]$ /ate1 con/itut+ ! inh]5t cong5ital t5d5cy to ! disease1 is duly transmitt$ f p>5t to (fspr+ l any o!r quality m readily app>5t to obs]vation4 ,h]$it>y diseases exhibit c]ta9 em95tly *>act]i/ic ph5om5a1 :i* a late writ]#b enum]ates z foll[s3 #a4 ,!y are transmitt$ by ! male z well z by ! female p>5t1 & are d\bly sev]e 9 ! (fspr+ ( p>5ts bo? ( :i* are affect$ by !m4 #b4 ,!y develop !mselves n only 9 ! imm$iate prog5y ( "o affect$ by !m1 b also 9 _m subsequ5t g5]ations4 #c4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 always appe> 9 ea* g5]ation 9 ! same =m2 "o disease is sometimes sub/itut$ = ano!r1 analog\s to x1 & ?is aga9 aft] "s g5]ations becomes *ang$ into t to :i* ! bre$ 0 orig9ally liable--z ph?isis 7consumption7 & dys5t]y4 ,?us1 a /ock ( cattle previ\sly subject to ph?isis1 sometimes become affect$ = sev]al g5]ations ) dys5t]y to ! exclusion ( ph?isis1 b by & by1 dys5t]y disappe>s to give place to ph?isis4 #d4 ,h]$it>y diseases occur to a c]ta9 ext5t indep5d5tly ( ext]nal circum/ances2 appe>+ "u all sorts ( managem5t1 & be+ little affect$ by *anges ( locality1 sep>ation f diseas$ /ock1 or su* causes z modify ! production ( non-h]$it>y diseases4 #e4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 mo/ c]ta9ly & spe$ily develop$ 9 circum/ances inimical to g5]al good heal?1 & (t5 occur at c]ta91 s call$1 critical p]iods ( life1 :5 unusual dem&s on ! vital p[]s take place4 #f4 ,!y %[ a /rik+ t5d5cy to modify & absorb into !mselves all extrane\s diseases2 = example1 9 an animal ( consumptive con/itution1 pneumonia seldom runs its ord9>y c\rse1 & :5 arre/$1 (t5 passes into consumption4 #g4 ,h]$it>y diseases are less effectually treat$ by ord9>y rem$ies ?an o!r diseases4 ,?us1 al?\gh an attack ( ph?isis1 rheumatism or op?almia may be subdu$1 & ! pati5t put out ( pa9 & dang]1 ! t5d5cy to ! disease w /ill rema9 & be greatly aggravat$ by ea* attack4 ,9 horses & neat cattle1 h]$it>y diseases d n usually %[ !mselves at bir?1 & sometimes ! t5d5cy rema9s lat5t = _m ye>s1 p]haps ?r\gh "o or two g5]ations & aft]w>ds breaks out ) all its =m] sev]ity4 ,! diseases :i* are f\nd to be h]$it>y 9 horses are scr(ula1 rheumatism1 rickets1 *ronic c\gh1 ro>+1 oph?almia or inflammation ( ! eye1--grease or scrat*es1 bone spav91 curb1 c4 ,inde$1 ,y\att says1 !re is sc>cely a malady to :i* ! horse is subject1 t is n h]$it>y4 ,contract$ feet1 curb1 spav91 ro>+1 ?ick w9d1 bl9dness1 notori\sly desc5d f ! sire or dam to ! foal4 ,! diseases :i* are f\nd h]$it>y 9 neat cattle are scr(ula1 consumption1 dys5t]y1 di>rhea1 rheumatism & malignant tumors4 ,neat cattle be+ less expos$ to ! excit+ causes ( disease1 & less liable to be ov]task$ or expos$ to viol5t *anges ( temp]ature1 or o!rwise put 9 jeop>dy1 _! diseases are n s num]\s1 & :at !y h are less viol5t ?an 9 ! horse1 & g5]ally ( a *ronic "*4 ,scr(ula is n uncommon among %eep1 & x pres5ts itself 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,sometimes x is connect$ ) consumption2 sometimes x affects ! visc]a ( ! abdom51 & p>ticul>ly ! mes5t]ic gl&s 9 a mann] simil> to consumption 9 ! lungs4 ,! scr(ul\s ta9t has be5 kn[n to be s /rong z to affect ! foetus1 & lambs h occasionally be5 born ) x1 b mu* (t5] !y %[ x at an e>ly age1 & any affect$ 9 ?is way are liable to fall an easy prey to any ord9>y or prevail+ disease :i* develops 9 su* ) unusual sev]ity4 ,%eep are also liable to sev]al diseases ( ! bra9 & ( ! respiratory & dige/ive organs4 ,epilepsy1 or fits1 & rheumatism sometimes occur4 ,sw9e are subject to ne>ly ! same h]$it>y diseases z %eep4 ,epilepsy is m common ) !m ?an ) ! latt]1 & !y are m liable to scr(ula ?an any o!r dome/ic animals4 ,:5 prop]ly & c>efully manag$1 sw9e are n ord9>ily v liable to disease1 b :51 z too (t5 kept 9 small1 damp1 fil?y /yes1 & oblig$ con/antly to inhale noxi\s effluvia1 & to eat unsuitable food1 we _c wond] ei!r t !y become victims ( disease or transmit to _! prog5y a weak & sickly organization4 ,sw9e are n naturally ! dirty bea/s :i* _m suppose4 ,wall[+ 9 ! mire1 s prov]bial ( !m1 is r f a wi% = protection f insects & = coolness1 ?an f any inh]5t love ( fil?1 & if well c>$ = !y w be comp>atively cleanly4 ,! practice ( close bre$+1 :i* is probably c>ri$ to great] ext5t ) sw9e ?an ) any o!r dome/ic animal1 und\bt$ly contributes to _! liability to h]$it>y diseases1 & :5 ^? possess+ any su* diseases are c\pl$1 ! ru9 ( ! /ock is easily & quickly effect$1 = z already /at$1 !y are propagat$ by ei!r p>5t1 & always mo/ c]ta9ly & 9 mo/ aggravat$ =m1 :5 occurr+ 9 bo?4 ,) reg>d to h]$it>y diseases1 x is em95tly true t an ounce ( prev5tion is wor? a p\nd ( cure4 ,z a g5]al & almo/ inv>iable rule1 animals possess+ ei!r defects or a t5d5cy to disease %\ld n be employ$ = bre$+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 = special reasons x seems desirable to bre$ f "o :i* has "s slight defect ( symmetry1 or a fa9t t5d5cy to disease1 al?\gh = ! latt] x is d\btful if ! possession ( any good qualities c fully comp5sate1 x %\ld be mat$ ) "o :i* excels 9 e respect 9 :i* ! o!r is defici5t1 & on no acc\nt ) "o :i* is ne> ( k9 to x4 ,not)/&+ ! importance due to ! subject ( h]$it>y diseases1 x is also true t few diseases inv>iably owe _! developm5t to h]$it>y causes4 ,ev5 su* z are usually h]$it>y are sometimes produc$ accid5tally1 7z ( c\rse !re mu/ be a beg9n+ to ev]y?+17 & 9 su* case1 !y may1 or may n be1 transmitt$ to _! prog5y4 ,z be=e %[n1 x is c]ta9 t !y sometimes are1 :i* is suffici5t reason to avoid su* = bre$+ purposes4 ,x is also well kn[n t1 9 ! horse1 = in/ance1 c]ta9 =ms ( limbs pr$ispose to c]ta9 diseases1 z bone spav9 is mo/ commonly se5 :]e !re is a disproportion 9 ! size ( ! limb above & bel[ ! hock1 & o!rs might be nam$ ( simil> "*2 9 all su* cases ! disease may be caus$ by an ag5cy :i* w\ld be :olly inadequate 9 "o ( m p]fect =m1 b once exi/+1 x is liable to be reproduc$ 9 ! (fspr+--all t5d+ to %[ ! great importance ( giv+ due he$ 9 select+ bre$+ animals to all qualities1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal1 s long z l produces l4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,f9lay ,dun1 ,v4,s41 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,v>iation4 ,we come n[ to consid] ano!r law1 by :i* t ( simil>ity is greatly modifi$1 to wit1 ! law ( v>iation or div]g5ce4 ,all organic be+s1 :e!r plants or animals1 possess a c]ta9 flexibility or pliancy ( organization1 r5d]+ !m capable ( *ange to a great] or less ext5t4 ,:5 9 a /ate ( nature v>iations are comp>atively sl[ & infrequ5t1 b :5 9 a /ate ( dome/ication !y occur mu* (t5] & to a mu* great] ext5t4 ,! great] v>iability 9 ! latt] case is d\btless ow+1 9 "s measure1 to our dome/ic productions be+ re>$ "u conditions ( life n s uni=m1 & diff]5t f1 ^? to :i* ! p>5t species 0 expos$ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,flexibility ( organization 9 connexion ) climate1 is se5 9 a rem>kable degree 9 ,indian corn4 ,! small ,canada v>iety1 gr[+ only ?ree feet high & rip5+ 9 sev5ty to n9ety days :5 c>ri$ s\?w>d1 gradually enl>ges 9 ! :ole plant until x may be gr[n twelve feet high & upw>ds1 & requires "o hundr$ & fifty days to rip5 its se$4 ,a s\!rn v>iety br\ght nor?w>d1 gradually dw9dles 9 size & rip5s e>li] until x rea*es a type specially fitt$ to its latitude4 ,v>iation1 al?\gh ! same 9 k9d1 is great] 9 degree1 among dome/icat$ plants ?an among animals4 ,f ! s+le wild v>iety ( ! potato z fir/ discov]$ & tak5 to ,europe1 h sprung innum]able sorts4 ,kemp1 9 8 "w on ,agricultural ,physiology1 tells u1 t on ! m>itime cliffs ( ,engl&1 !re exi/s a little plant ) a fusi=m root1 smoo? glauc\s leaves1 fl[]s simil> to wild mu/>d & ( a sal9e ta/e4 ,x is call$ by botani/s1 ,brassica ol]acea4 ,by cultivation !re h be5 obta9$ f ?is insignificant & app>5tly useless plant-- #a/1 all borecoles or kails1 #ab v>ieties or m4 #b;d1 all cabbages hav+ he>t4 #c;d1 ! v>i\s k9ds ( ,savoy cabbages4 #d?1 ,brussels spr\ts4 #e?1 all ! broccolis & caulifl[]s :i* d n he>t4 #f?1 ! rape plant4 #g?1 ! ruta baga or ,sw$i% turnip4 #h?1 yell[ & :ite turnips4 #i?1 hybrid turnips4 #aj?1 kohl rabbi4 ,simil> examples are num]\s among our common useful plants1 & among fl[]s ! dahlia & v]b5a furni% an illu/ration ( c\ntless v>ieties1 embrac+ numb]less hues & comb9ations ( color1 f pure/ :ite ?r\gh ne>ly all ! t9ts ( ! ra9b[ to almo/ black1 ( div]s hights too1 & habits ( gr[?1 spr++ up "u ! h& ( cultivation 9 a few ye>s f plants :i* at fir/ yield$ only a comp>atively unattractive & self-color$ fl[]4 ,9 brief1 x may be said1 t ne>ly or q all ! *oice/ productions bo? ( our kit*5 & fl[] g>d5s are due to v>iations induc$ by cultivation 9 a c\rse ( ye>s f plants :i* 9 _! natural condition w\ld sc>cely attract a pass+ glance4 ,we _c say :at might h be5 ! orig9al type ( _m ( our dome/ic animals1 = ! inquiry w\ld c>ry u beyond any record ( hi/ory or tradition reg>d+ x1 b few d\bt t all our v>ieties ( ! horse1 ! ox1 ! %eep & ! dog1 sprang ea* orig9ally f a s+le type1 & t ! c\ntless v>iations are due to causes connect$ ) _! dome/ication4 ,( ^? reclaim$ )9 ! p]iod ( memory may be nam$ ! turkey4 ,?is 0 unkn[n to ! inhabitants ( ! old cont95t until discov]$ "h 9 a wild /ate4 ,s9ce !n1 hav+ be5 dome/icat$ & widely dissem9at$1 x n[ (f]s v>ieties ( wide dep>ture f ! orig9al type1 & :i* h be5 nurtur$ into self-su/a9+ bre$s1 di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! possession ( peculi> *>act]i/ics4 ,among :at are usually reckon$ ! m active causes ( v>iation may be nam$ climate1 food & habit4 ,animals 9 cold climates are provid$ ) a ?ick] cov]+ ( hair ?an 9 w>m] ones4 ,inde$1 x is said t 9 "s ( ! tropical prov9ces ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 !re are cattle :i* h an extremely r>e & f9e fur 9 place ( ! ord9>y pile ( hair4 ,v>i\s o!r in/ances c\ld be cit$1 if necess>y1 go+ to %[ t a b5efic5t ,creator has implant$ 9 _m animals1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a p[] ( accommodation to ! circum/ances & conditions amid :i* !y are re>$4 ,! supply ( food1 :e!r abundant or scanty1 is "o ( ! mo/ active cases ( v>iation kn[n to be )9 ! control ( man4 ,= illu/ration ( its effect1 let u suppose two pairs ( tw9 calves1 z ne>ly alike z possible1 & let a male & a female f ea* pair be suckl$ by _! mo!rs until !y wean !mselves1 & be f$ always aft] ) pl5ty ( ! mo/ n\ri%+ food2 & ! o!rs to be f$ ) skimm$ milk1 hay tea & gruel at fir/1 to be put to grass at two mon?s old1 & subsequ5tly f$ on co>se & innutriti\s fodd]4 ,let ^! be br$ f sep>ately1 & ! same /yle ( treatm5t kept up1 & n _m g5]ations w\ld elapse be=e we _h di/9ct v>ieties1 or bre$s1 diff]+ mat]ially 9 size1 temp]am5t & "t ( com+ to maturity4 ,suppose o!r simil> pairs1 & "o f ea* to be plac$ 9 ! ri*e/ blue-grass pa/ures ( ,k5tucky1 or 9 ! f]tile valley ( ! ,tees2 always suppli$ ) abundance ( ri* food1 ^! live luxuri\sly1 gr[ rapidly1 increase 9 hight1 bulk1 ?ickness1 e way1 !y e>ly rea* ! full size :i* !y are capable ( atta9+2 hav+ no?+ to induce ex]tion1 !y become inactive1 lazy1 le?>gic & fat4 ,be+ br$ f1 ! prog5y resemble ! p>5ts1 only m s4 ,ea* g5]ation acquir+ m firmly & fix$ly ! *>act]i/ics induc$ by _! situation1 ^! become h]$it>y1 & we by & by h a bre$ exhibit+ some:at ( ! traits ( ! ,teeswat] or ,durhams f :i* ! improv$ ,%ort-horns ( ! pres5t day h be5 re>$4 ,! o!rs we w suppose to h be5 plac$ on ! hill-sides ( ,new ,engl&1 or on ! b>r5 ,isle ( ,j]sey1 or on ! highl&s ( ,scotl&1 or 9 ! pa/ures ( ,devon%ire4 ,^! be+ oblig$ to roam long] = a scanti] repa/ gr[ m sl[ly1 develop _! capabilities 9 reg>d to size n only m sl[ly1 b1 p]haps1 n fully at all--!y become m active 9 temp]am5t & habit1 ?9n] & flatt] 9 muscle4 ,_! "y _c s soon %ift = !mselves & require m milk1 & ! dams yield x4 ,ea* g5]ation 9 its turn becomes m completely & fully adapt$ to ! circum/ances amid :i* !y are re>$1 & if br$ indiscrim9ately ) any ?+ & e ?+ else1 we by & by h ! common mix$ cattle ( ,new ,engl&1 miscall$ natives2 or if kept m di/9ct1 we h some?+ approa*+ ! ,devon1 ! ,ayr%ire1 or ! ,j]sey bre$s4 ,a due consid]ation ( ! natural effect ( climate & food is a po9t wor?y ! special att5tion ( ! /ock-husb&man4 ,if ! bre$s employ$ be well adapt$ to ! situation1 & ! capacity ( ! soil is su* z to fe$ !m fully1 pr(it may be safely calculat$ ^u4 ,animals are to be look$ ^u z ma*9es = conv]t+ h]bage into money4 ,n[ x co/s a c]ta9 am\nt to keep up ! motive p[] ( any ma*9e1 & also to make good ! we> & te> incid5t to its work+2 & 9 ! case ( animals x is only s mu* z is dige/$ & assimilat$1 9 addition to ! am\nt ?us requir$1 :i* is conv]t$ into meat1 milk or wool2 s t ! great] ! proportion :i* ! latt] be>s to ! =m]1 ! great] w be ! pr(it to be realiz$ f keep+ !m4 ,!re has be5 9 ,new ,engl& g5]ally a t5d5cy to *oose animals ( l>ge size1 z l>ge z c be _h f any :]e1 & if !y possess symmetry & all o!r good qualities comm5surate ) ! size1 & if pl5ty ( nutriti\s food c be suppli$1 !re is an advantage ga9$ by keep+ su*1 = x co/s less1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 to %elt] & c>e = "o animal ?an = two4 ,b our pa/ures & mead[s are n ! ri*e/ to be f\nd any :]e1 & if we select su* z require1 9 ord] to give ! pr(it :i* !y are capable ( yield+1 m or ri*] food ?an our f>ms c supply1 or ?an we h ! means to pur*ase1 we mu/ necess>ily fail to reap z mu* pr(it z we might by ! selection ( su* z c\ld be easily f$ ^u home res\rces to ! po9t ( highe/ pr(it4 ,:e!r ! selection be ( su* z are ei!r l>g] or small] ?an suit our situation1 !y w1 & equally 9 bo? cases1 v>y by degrees t[>ds ! fitt+ size or type = ! locality 9 :i* !y are kept1 b !re is ?is notewor?y diff]5ce1 t if l>g] ones be br\ght 91 !y w n only dim9i%1 b det]iorate1 :ile if small] be br\ght 91 !y w enl>ge & improve4 ,! be/[al ( food suffici5t bo? 9 am\nt & quality to enable animals to develop all ! excell5cies inh]5t 9 !m1 & to obta9 all ! pr(it to be d]iv$ f !m1 is some?+ v di/9ct f undue =c+ or pamp]+4 ,?is process may produce wond]ful animals to look at1 b nei!r useful nor pr(itable ones1 & !re is dang] ( ?us produc+ a mo/ undesirable v>iation1 =1 z 9 plants1 we f9d t =c+1 pamp]+1 high culture or :atev] else x may be call$1 may be c>ri$ s f> z to result 9 ! production ( d\ble fl[]s1 7an unnatural developm5t17 & ^! accompani$ ) great] or less inability to p]fect se$1 s 9 animals1 ! same process may be c>ri$ f> en\gh to produce /]ility4 ,in/ances are n want+1 & p>ticul>ly among ! m rec5t improv$ ,%ort-horns1 ( impot5cy among ! males & ( b>r5ness 9 ! females1 & 9 "s cases :]e !y h borne calves !y h fail$ to secrete milk = _! n\ri%m5t4#c ,impot5cy 9 bulls ( v>i\s bre$s has n unfrequ5tly occurr$ f too high fe$+1 & especially if connect$ ) lack ( suffici5t ex]cise4#d ,habit has a decid$ influ5ce t[>ds induc+ v>iation4 ,z ! blacksmi?'s "r arm becomes m muscul> f ! habit ( ex]cise induc$ by 8 vocation1 s we f9d 9 dome/ic animals t use1 or ! dem& creat$ by habit1 is met by a developm5t or *ange 9 ! organization adapt$ to ! requirem5t4 ,= in/ance1 ) c[s 9 a /ate ( nature or :]e requir$ only to suckle _! "y1 ! supply ( milk is b>ely fitt$ to ! requirem5t4 ,if m is desir$1 & if ! milk be drawn completely & regul>ly1 ! yield is increas$ & cont9u$ long]4 ,by keep+ up ! dem& !re is induc$ 9 ! next g5]ation a great] developm5t ( ! secret+ organs1 & m milk is giv54 ,by cont9u+ ! practice1 by furni%+ ! ne$ful conditions ( suitable food1 c41 & by select+ 9 ea* g5]ation ^? animals %[+ ! greate/ t5d5cy t[>ds milk1 a bre$ specially adapt$ = ! dairy may be e/abli%$4 ,x is j by ?is mode t ! ,ayr%ires h1 9 ! pa/ eighty or a hundr$ ye>s1 be5 br\ght to be :at !y are1 a bre$ giv+ m good milk ^u a giv5 quantity ( food ?an any o!r4 ,x is because ! ,engli% bre$]s ( mod]n ,%ort-horns altoge!r pref] beef-mak+ to milk-giv+ prop]ties t !y h con/antly fo/]$ v>iation 9 favor ( ! "o at ! exp5se ( ! o!r until ! milk+ quality 9 _m families is ne>ly br$ out4 ,x 0 n s =m]ly--?irty ye>s ago ! ,%ort-horns 7or z !y 7 !n usually call$1 ! ,durhams7 7 n defici5t 9 dairy qualities1 & "s families 7 fam\s = l>ge yield4 ,by prop]ly direct$ ef=ts !y might1 d\btless1 be br$ back to milk1 b ( ?is !re is no probability1 at lea/ 9 ,engl&1 = ! t5d5cy ( mod]n practice is v /rong t[>d hav+ ea* bre$ specially fitt$ to its use--! dairy bre$s = milk & ! beef bre$s = meat only4 ,! requirem5ts ( ! ,engli% bre$] are 9 "s respects q unlike ^? ( ,new ,engl& f>m]s--= in/ance1 z !y employ no ox5 = labor !re is no inducem5t to cultivate work+ qualities ev51 9 connection ) beef4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! effect ( habit1 ,d>w9#e cites ! dome/ic duck1 ( :i* he says1 ,i f9d t ! bones ( ! w+ weigh less1 & ! bones ( ! leg m1 9 proportion to ! :ole skeleton1 ?an d ! same bones 9 ! wild duck2 & ,i presume t ?is *ange may be safely attribut$ to ! dome/ic duck fly+ mu* less & walk+ m ?an its wild p>5t4 ,& aga91 n a s+le dome/ic animal c be nam$ :i* has n 9 "s c\ntry droop+ e>s1 & ! view sugge/$ by "s au?ors1 t ! droop+ is due to ! disuse ( ! muscles ( ! e>1 f ! animals n be+ mu* al>m$ by dang]1 seems probable4 ,climate1 food & habit are ! pr9cipal causes ( v>iation :i* are kn[n to be 9 any m>k$ degree "u ! control ( man2 & ! effect ( ^! is1 d\btless1 9 "s measure indirect & subs]vi5t to o!r laws1 ( reproduction1 gr[? & inh]itance1 ( :i* we h at pres5t v imp]fect k4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t ! "y ( ! same litt] sometimes diff] consid]ably f ea* o!r1 ?\gh bo? ! "y & _! p>5ts h app>5tly be5 expos$ to exactly ! same conditions ( life2 = _h ! action ( ^! conditions be5 specific or direct & indep5d5t ( o!r laws1 if any ( ! "y _h v>i$1 ! :ole w\ld probably h v>i$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,numb]less hypo!ses h be5 />t$ to acc\nt = v>iation4 ,"s hold t x is z mu* ! function ( ! reproductive sy/em to produce individual diff]5ces z x is to make ! *ild l ! p>5ts4 ,d>w9 says ! reproductive sy/em is em95tly susceptible to *anges 9 ! conditions ( life2 & to ?is sy/em be+ functionally di/urb$ 9 ! p>5ts ,i *iefly attribute ! v>y+ or pla/ic condition ( ! (fspr+4 ,! male & female sexual elem5ts seem to be affect$ be=e t union takes place :i* is to =m a new be+4 ,b :y1 because ! re-productive sy/em is di/urb$ ?is or t "p %\ld v>y m or less1 we are pr(\ndly ignorant4 ,nev]!less we c "h & !re dimly cat* a fa9t ray ( light1 & we may feel sure t !re mu/ be "s cause = ea* deviation ( /ructure h[ev] slight4 ,x may be useless = u to speculate "h ^u ! laws :i* gov]n v>iations4 ,! fact t ^! exi/ is :at ! bre$] has to deal )1 & a mo/ important "o x is1 = x is ?is *iefly1 :i* makes h]$it>y transmission ! problem :i* x is4 ,8 aim %\ld ev] be to grasp & r5d] p]man5t & increase s f> z practicable1 e v>iation = ! bett]1 & to reject = bre$+ purposes su* z %[ a d[nw>d t5d5cy4 ,t ?is may be done1 !re is abundant pro( 9 ! success :i* has 9 _m in/ances att5d$ ! well direct$ ef=ts ( intellig5t bre$]s4 ,a rem>kable in/ance is furni%$ 9 ! new ,mau*amp-,m]9o %eep ( ,mons4 ,graux1 :i* orig9at$ 9 a s+le animal1 a product ( ! law ( v>iation1 & :i* by skillful bre$+ & selection has become an e/abli%$ bre$ ( a peculi> type & possess+ valuable prop]ties4 ,samples ( ! wool ( ^! %eep 7 %[n at ! great exhibition 9 ,london1 9 #ahea1 & attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,x 0 also %[n at ! great rec5t ,agricultural ,exhibition at ,p>is4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,m>k ,lane ,express1 says3 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ portions ( ! %eep-%[ is t ( ! ,mau*amp v>iety ( ,m]9os1 hav+ a new k9d ( wool1 glossy & silky1 simil> to mohair4 ,?is is an in/ance ( an entirely new bre$ be+ z x 7 creat$ f a m]e sport ( nature4 ,x 0 orig9at$ by ,mons4 ,j4,l4 ,graux4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbh1 a ,m]9o ewe produc$ a peculi> ram lamb1 hav+ a diff]5t %ape f ! usual ,m]9o1 & possess+ a long1 /raight1 & silky "* ( wool4 ,9 #ahcj1 ,m4 ,graux obta9$ by ?is ram "o ram & "o ewe1 hav+ ! silky "* ( wool4 ,9 #ahca1 among ! produce 7 f\r rams & "o ewe ) simil> fleeces2 & 9 #ahcc !re 7 rams en\gh ( ! new sort to s]ve ! :ole flock ( ewes4 ,9 ea* subsequ5t ye> ! lambs 7 ( two k9ds2 "o possess+ ! curl$ ela/ic wool ( ! old ,m]9os1 only a little long] & f9]2 ! o!r l ! new bre$4 ,at la/1 ! skillful bre$] obta9$ a flock comb9+ ! f9e silky fleece ) a small] head1 broad] flanks1 & m capaci\s *e/2 & sev]al flocks be+ cross$ ) ! ,mau*amp v>iety1 h produc$ also ! ,mau*amp-,m]9o bre$4 ,! pure ,mau*amp wool is rem>kable = its qualities z a comb+-wool1 ow+ to ! /r5g?1 z well z ! l5g? & f95ess ( ! fibre4 ,x is f\nd ( great value by ! manufactur]s ( ,ca%m]e %awls & simil> goods1 be+ second only to ! true ,ca%m]e fleece1 9 ! f9e flexible delicacy ( ! fibre2 & :5 9 comb9ation ) ,ca%m]e wool1 imp>t+ /r5g? & consi/5cy4 ,! quantity ( ! wool has n[ become z great or great] ?an f ord9>y ,m]9os1 :ile ! quality comm&s = x tw5ty-five p] c5t4 high] price 9 ! ,fr5* m>ket4 ,surely bre$]s _c wat* too closely any accid5tal peculi>ity ( con=mation or *>act]i/ic 9 _! flocks or h]ds4 ,mons4 ,vilmor91 ! em95t horticulturi/ ( ,p>is1 has lik5$ ! law ( simil>ity to ! c5tripetal =ce1 & ! law ( v>iation to ! c5trifugal =ce2 & 9 tru? _! op]ations seem analog\s1 & possibly !y may be ! same 9 k9d1 ?\gh c]ta9ly unlike 9 ?is1 t !y are n r$ucible to ari?metical calculation & _c be subject$ to def9ite measurem5t4 ,8 ?\ght is at lea/ a highly sugge/ive "o & may be pursu$ ) pr(it4 ,among ! fa9t rays allud$ to by ,mr4 ,d>w9 z ?r[+ light ^u ! *anges dep5d5t on ! laws ( reproduction1 !re is "o1 p]haps ! brighte/ yet se51 :i* des]ves our notice4 ,x is ! app>5t influ5ce ( ! male fir/ hav+ fruitful int]c\rse ) a female ^u h] subsequ5t (fspr+ by o!r males4 ,att5tion 0 fir/ direct$ to ?is by ! foll[+ circum/ance1 relat$ by ,sir ,ev]>d ,home3 ,a "y *e/nut m>e1 sev5-eigh?s ,arabian1 belong+ to ! ,e>l ( ,morton1 0 cov]$ 9 #ahae by a ,quagga1 :i* is a species ( wild ass f ,africa1 & m>k$ some:at 9 ! /yle ( a ,zebra4 ,! m>e 0 cov]$ b once by ! ,quagga1 & aft] a pregnancy ( elev5 mon?s & f\r days gave bir? to a hybrid1 :i* _h1 z 0 expect$1 di/9ct m>ks ( ! ,quagga1 9 ! %ape ( its head1 black b>s on ! legs & %\ld]s1 c4 ,9 #ahag1 #ahah & #ahba1 ! same m>e 0 cov]$ by a v f9e black ,arabian horse1 & produc$ successively ?ree foals1 & al?\gh %e _h n se5 ! ,quagga s9ce #ahaf1 !y all bore 8 curi\s & unequivocal m>k+s4 ,s9ce ! occurr5ce ( ?is case num]\s o!rs ( a simil> "* h be5 obs]v$1 a few ( :i* may be m5tion$4 ,mr4 ,mc,gillivray says1 t 9 sev]al foals 9 ! royal /ud at ,hampton ,c\rt1 got by ! horse ,acton1 !re 7 unmi/akable m>ks ( ! horse ,colonel4 ,! dams ( ^! foals 7 br$ f by ,colonel ! previ\s ye>4 ,a colt1 ! prop]ty ( ! ,e>l ( ,suffield1 got by ,laurel1 s resembl$ ano!r horse1 ,camel1 t x 0 :isp]$ & ev5 ass]t$ at ,newm>ket t he mu/ h be5 got by ,camel4 ,x 0 asc]ta9$1 h[ev]1 t ! "m ( ! colt bore a foal ! previ\s ye> by ,camel4 ,alex4 ,morrison1 ,esq41 ( ,bognie1 _h a f9e ,clydesdale m>e :i* 9 #ahdc 0 s]v$ by a ,spani% ass & produc$ a mule4 ,%e aft]w>ds _h a colt by a horse1 :i* bore a v m>k$ lik5ess to a mule--se5 at a di/ance1 e "o sets x d[n at once z a mule4 ,! e>s are n9e & "o-half in*es long1--! gir? n q six feet1 /&s above sixte5 h&s high4 ,! ho(s are s long & n>r[ t !re is a difficulty 9 %oe+ !m1 & ! tail is ?9 & scanty4 ,he is a bea/ ( indomitable en]gy & durability1 & highly priz$ by 8 own]4 ,num]\s simil> cases are on record1#f & x appe>s to h be5 kn[n among ! ,arabs = c5turies1 t a m>e :i* has fir/ borne a mule1 is ev] aft] unfit to bre$ pure horses2#g & ! fact seems n[ to be p]fectly well und]/ood 9 all ! mule-bre$+ ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,a pure ,ab]de5%ire heif]1 ! prop]ty ( a f>m] 9 ,=gue1 0 s]v$ ) a pure ,teeswat] bull to :i* %e _h a fir/ cross calf4 ,! foll[+ season ! same c[ 0 s]v$ ) a pure ,ab]de5%ire bull1 ! produce 0 9 appe>ance a cross-br$ calf1 :i* at two ye>s old _h long horns2 ! p>5ts 7 bo? hornless4 ,a small flock ( ewes1 belong+ to ,dr4 ,w4 ,wells 9 ! isl& ( ,gr5ada1 7 s]v$ by a ram procur$ = ! purpose2--! ewes 7 all :ite & woolly2 ! ram 0 q diff]5t1--( a *ocolate color1 & hairy l a goat4 ,! prog5y 7 ( c\rse crosses b bore a /rong resemblance to ! male p>5t4 ,! next season1 ,dr4 ,wells obta9$ a ram ( precisely ! same bre$ z ! ewes1 b ! prog5y %[$ di/9ct m>ks ( resemblance to ! =m] ram1 9 color & cov]+4 ,! same ?+ occurr$ on neighbor+ e/ates "u l circum/ances4 ,six v sup]ior pure-br$ black-fac$ horn$ ewes1 belong+ to ,mr4 ,h4 ,%aw ( ,leo*el-,cu%nie1 7 s]v$ by a ,leice/] ram1 7:ite-fac$ & hornless47 ,! lambs 7 crosses4 ,! next ye> !y 7 s]v$ by a ram ( exactly ! same bre$ z ! ewes !mselves4 ,to ,mr4 ,%aw's a/oni%m5t ! lambs 7 )\t an exception hornless & br[ni% 9 ! face1 in/ead ( be+ black & horn$4 ,! ?ird ye> 7#ahdf7 !y 7 aga9 s]v$ by a sup]ior ram ( _! own bre$1 & aga9 ! lambs 7 mongrels1 b %[$ less ( ! ,leice/] *>act]i/ics ?an be=e4 ,mr4 ,%aw at la/ p>t$ f ^! f9e ewes )\t obta9+ a s+le pure-br$ lamb4#h ,x has be5 notic$ t a well br$ bit*1 if %e h be5 impregnat$ by a mongrel dog1 w n al?\gh l9$ subsequ5tly by a pure dog1 be> ?or\gh-br$ puppies 9 ! next two or ?ree litt]s4#i ,! l occurr5ce has be5 notic$ 9 respect ( ! s[4 ,a s[ ( ! black & :ite bre$ became pregnant by a bo> ( ! wild bre$ ( a deep *e/nut color4 ,! pigs produc$ 7 duly mix$1 ! color ( ! bo> be+ 9 "s v pr$om9ant4 ,! s[ be+ aft]w>ds put to a bo> ( ! same bre$ z h]self1 "s ( ! produce 7 /ill /a9$ or m>k$ ) ! *e/nut color :i* prevail$ 9 ! fir/ litt] & ! same occurr$ aft] a ?ird impregnation1 ! bo> be+ !n ( ! same k9d z h]self4 ,:at adds to ! =ce ( ?is case is t 9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s' obs]vation ! bre$ 9 "q 0 nev] kn[n to produce prog5y hav+ ! slighte/ t+e ( *e/nut color4#aj ,! above are a few ( ! _m in/ances on record t5d+ to %[ ! influ5ce ( a fir/ impregnation ^u subsequ5t prog5y by o!r males4 ,n a few might also be giv5 %[+ t ! same rule holds 9 ! human species1 ( :i* a s+le "o w suffice "h3--,a "y woman resid+ 9 ,ed9burgh1 & born ( :ite p>5ts1 b ^: "m previ\s to h] m>riage bore a mulatto *ild by a negro man s]vant1 exhibits di/9ct traces ( ! negro4 ,dr4 ,simpson1 ^: pati5t at "o "t1 ! "y woman 01 recollects be+ /ruck ) ! resemblance1 & notic$ p>ticul>ly t ! hair _h ! qualities *>act]i/ic ( ! negro4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 9 ! la/ edition ( 8 "w on physiology1 says x is by no means an infrequ5t occurr5ce = a wid[ :o has m>ri$ aga9 to be> *ildr5 resembl+ h] fir/ husb&4 ,v>i\s explanations h be5 (f]$ to acc\nt = ! facts obs]v$1 among :i* ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,mc,gillivray1 ,v4,s41 :i* is endors$ by ,dr4 ,h>vey1 & consid]$ 7z we %all pres5tly see7 z v probable at lea/ by ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 seems ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,dr4 ,h>vey says3 ,in/ances are suffici5tly common among ! l[] animals :]e ! (fspr+ exhibit m or less di/9ctly ov] & beyond ! *>act]s ( ! male by :i* !y 7 begott51 ! peculi>ities also ( a male by :i* _! "m at "s =m] p]iod _h be5 impregnat$4 99 99 99 ,great difficulty has be5 felt by physiological writ]s 9 reg>d to ! prop] explanation ( ?is k9d ( ph5om5a4 ,!y h be5 ascrib$ by "s to a p]man5t impression made someh[ by ! sem5 ( ! fir/ male on ! g5itals & m p>ticul>ly on ! ova ( ! female3#aa & by o!rs to an abid+ influ5ce ex]t$ by him on ! imag9ation & op]at+ at ! "t ( h] connection subsequ5tly ) o!r males & p]haps dur+ h] pregnancy2 b !y seem to be reg>d$ by mo/ physiologi/s z inexplicable4 ,v rec5tly1 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,ab]de5 ,j\rnal1 a ,vet]9>y ,surgeon1 ,mr4 ,james ,mc,gillivray ( ,huntley1 has (f]$ an explanation :i* seems to me to be ! true "o4 ,8 !ory is t :5 a pure animal ( any bre$ has be5 pregnant to an animal ( a diff]5t bre$1 su* pregnant animal is a cross ev] aft]1 ! purity ( h] blood be+ lo/ 9 consequ5ce ( h] connection ) ! =eign animal1 h]self ,,becom+ ,a ,,cross ,,=ev]1 incapable ( produc+ a pure calf ( any bre$4 ,dr4 ,h>vey believes t :ile z all all[1 a portion ( ! "m's blood is cont9ually pass+ by absorption & assimilation into ! body ( ! foetus1 9 ord] to its nutrition & developm5t1 a portion ( ! blood ( ! foetus is z con/antly pass+ 9 l mann] into ! body ( ! "m2 t z ?is comm+les !re ) ! g5]al mass ( ! "m's own blood1 x inoculates h] sy/em ) ! con/itutional qualities ( ! foetus1 & t1 z ^! qualities are 9 "p d]iv$ to ! foetus f ! male prog5itor1 ! peculi>ities ( ! latt] are !reby s +raft$ on ! sy/em ( ! female z to be communicable by h] to any (fspr+ %e may subsequ5tly h by o!r males4 ,9 support ( ?is view1 ,mr4 ,mc,gillivray cites a case 9 :i* !re 0 pres5t$ unmi/akable evid5ce t ! organization ( ! plac5ta admits ! return ( ! v5\s blood to ! "m2 & ,dr4 ,h>vey1 ) mu* =ce1 sugge/s t ! effect produc$ is analog\s to ! kn[n fact t con/itutional syphilis has be5 communicat$ to a female :o nev] _h any ( ! prim>y symptoms4 ,reg>d+ ! occurr5ce ( su* ph5om5a1 ,dr4 ,h>vey "u a lat] date says3 s9ce !n ,i h le>n$ t _m among ! agricultural body 9 ?is di/rict are famili> to a degree t is annoy+ to !m ) ! facts !n adduc$ 9 illu/ration ( x1 f9d+ t aft] bre$+ crosses1 _! c[s ?\gh s]v$ ) bulls ( _! own bre$ yield crosses /ill or r mongrels2 t !y 7 already impress$ ) ! idea ( contam9ation ( blood z ! cause ( ! ph5om5on2 t ! doctr9e s intuitively comm5d$ itself to _! m9ds z soon z /at$1 t !y fanci$ !y 7 told no?+ b :at !y knew be=e1 s j is ! obs]vation t tru? propos$ is mu* m easily p]ceiv$ ?an )\t su* proposal is x discov]$4#ab ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 speak+ ( ph5om5a analog\s to :at are "h allud$ to1 says3 ,"s ( ^! cases appe> ref]able to ! /rong impression left by ! fir/ male p>5t ^u ! female2 b !re are o!rs :i* seem to r5d] x m likely t ! blood ( ! female has imbib$ f t ( ! foetus1 ?r\gh ! plac5tal circulation1 "s ( ! attributes :i* ! latt] has d]iv$ f its male p>5t1 & t ! female may communicate ^!1 ) ^? prop] to h]self1 to ! subsequ5t (fspr+ ( a diff]5t male p>5tage4 ,?is idea is borne out by a great numb] ( important facts4 99 99 ,z ?is is a po9t ( great practical importance x may be hop$ t ^? :o h ! opportunity ( br++ obs]vation to be> ^u x1 w n omit to d s4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( m g5]al & accurate obs]vations direct$ to ?is po9t1 x is impossible to say to :at ext5t ! fir/ male produces impression ^u subsequ5t prog5y by o!r males4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 b t su* an impression is made4 ,! in/ances :]e x is ( s m>k$ & obvi\s a "* z 9 "s ( ^? j relat$ may be comp>atively few1 yet !re is abundant reason to believe1 t al?\gh 9 a majority ( cases ! effect may be less noticeable1 x is n less real1 & dem&s ! special att5tion ( all bre$]s4 ,:e!r ?is result is to be ascrib$ to inoculation ( ! sy/em ( ! female ) ! *>act]i/ics ( ! male ?r\gh ! foetus1 or to any o!r mode ( op]ation1 x is obvi\sly ( great advantage = e bre$] to "k x & !reby bo? avoid error & loss & secure pr(it4 ,x is a matt] :i* des]ves ?or\gh inve/igation & ! obs]vations %\ld be m9ute & h reg>d n only to peculi>ities ( =m1 b also to qualities & *>act]i/ics n s obvi\s2 = in/ance !re may be great] or less h>d9ess1 endurance or aptitude to fatt54 ,^! may be usually m dep5d5t on ! dam1 b ! male is nev] )\t a degree ( influ5ce ^u !m1 & x is well e/abli%$ t aptitude to fatt5 is usually communicat$ by ! ,%ort-horn bull to crosses ) cattle ( mix$ or mongrel orig9 :i* are (t5 v defici5t 9 ?is desirable prop]ty4 ,mr4 ,mc,gillivray says3 ,a k ( ! fact mu/ be ( ! greate/ b5efit to ! bre$] 9 two ways1 positively & negatively4 ,i h kn[n v great disappo9tm5t & loss result f all[+ an inf]ior male to s]ve a fir/ rate female--! usefulness ( su* female be+ !reby =ev] de/roy$4 ,z = ! positive b5efits aris+ f ! inoculation--!y are obvi\s to any unbias$ m9d4 ,! black poll$ & ,ab]de5%ire cattle common to ?is c\ntry 7,scotl&7 may be1 & (t5 are1 improv$ by ! foll[+ plan3 ,select a good1 well =m$1 & heal?y heif]--put h]1 9 prop] season1 to a pure ,%ort-horn bull2 aft] ! calf to ?is ,durham bull1 bre$ f ! c[ ) bulls ( h] own bre$2 occasionally1 & mo/ likely ! fir/ "t1 a r$ calf ultimately hav+ horns w appe> ev5 f ! poll$ bull & c[2 b 9 g5]al ! calves w be ( ! same type ) ! poll$ p>5ts b ) _m po9ts improv$1 & an aptitude to fatt51 to come e>li] to maturity1 c41 su* z no "o ( ! pure poll$ or ,ab]de5%ire bre$ ev] exhibit$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 or any o!r c\ntry1 h[ev] well kept1 previ\s to ! introduction ( ! ,%ort-horn bre$4 ,! (fspr+ ( ^! bre$s ?us improv$1 :5 br$ f aga91 w exhibit _m po9ts & qualities ( excell5ce simil> to ! be/ crosses b reta9+ mu* ( ! h>d9ess ( ! orig9al /ock1 no mean consid]ation = ?is *angeable & (t5 sev]e climate4 ,&1 moreov]1 su* crosses1--= !y are crosses--w comm& high prices z improv$ poll$ or ,ab]de5%ire cattle4 ,i happ5 to "k ( a case :]e a f>m]1 f a di/ance pur*as$ a two ye> old heif] ( ! /amp ref]r$ to1 = ! purpose ( improv+ 8 poll$ cattle1 & = ?is heif] he paid fifty gu9eas4 ,! k ( ?is law#ac gives u a clue to ! cause ( _m ( ! disappo9tm5ts ( :i* practical bre$]s (t5 compla9 & to ! cause ( _m v>iations o!rwise unacc\ntable1 & x sugge/s p>ticul> caution z to ! fir/ male employ$ 9 ! c\pl+ ( animals1 a matt] :i* has (t5 be5 deem$ ( little consequ5ce 9 reg>d to cattle1 inasmu* z few] heif]s' fir/ calves are re>$1 ?an ( su* z are borne subsequ5tly4 ,ano!r fa9t ray ( light t\*+ ! causes ( v>iation is af=d$ u by ! fact t ! qualities ( (fspr+ are n only dep5d5t on ! habitual conditions ( ! p>5ts1 b also ^u any peculi> condition exi/+ at ! "t ( sexual congress4 ,= in/ance1 ! (fspr+ ( p>5ts ord9>ily heal?y & temp]ate1 b begott5 9 a fit ( intoxication1 w\ld be likely to suff] p]man5tly1 bo? physically & m5tally1 f ! condition :i* ! p>5ts _h tempor>ily br\ght ^u !mselves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 (fspr+ begott5 ( p>5ts 9 an unusually heal?y & active condition ( body & m9d1 w\ld likely be unusually end[$ bo? m5tally & physically4 ,! ,arabs 9 bre$+ horses take advantage ( ?is fact1 = be=e int]c\rse1 bo? sire & dam are actively ex]cis$1 n to we>9ess1 b suffici5tly to induce ! mo/ vigor\s condition possible4 ,( ?is1 too1 we h pro( 9 ! ph5om5on sometimes obs]v$ by bre$]s1 t a /rong m5tal impression made ^u ! female by a p>ticul> male1 w give ! (fspr+ a resemblance to him1 ev5 ?\gh %e h no sexual int]c\rse ) him4 ,( ?is1 ,mr4 ,boswell 9 8 prize essay publi%$ 9 #ahbh1 gives a rem>kable in/ance4 ,he says t ,mr4 ,mu/>d ( ,angus1 "o ( ! mo/ intellig5t bre$]s he _h ev] met )1 told him t "o ( 8 c[s *anc$ to come into season :ile pa/ur+ on a field b\nd$ by t ( "o ( 8 neighbors1 out ( :i* field an ox jump$ & w5t ) ! c[ until %e 0 br\ght home to ! bull4 ,! ox 0 :ite1 ) black spots1 & horn$4 ,mr4 ,mu/>d _h n a horn$ bea/ 9 8 possession1 nor "o ) any :ite on x4 ,nev]!less1 ! produce ( ! foll[+ spr+ 0 a black & :ite calf ) horns4 ,! case ( ,jacob is (t5 quot$ 9 support ( ?is view1 & al?\gh _m believe "s miracul\s ag5cy to h be5 ex]t$ 9 8 case1 & ?\gh he c\ld say ) tru?1 ,god ha? tak5 away ! cattle ( y\r fa!r & giv5 !m to me1 x seems1 on ! :ole1 m probable1 inasmu* z sup]natural ag5cy may nev] be presum$1 except :]e we "k1 or h good reason to believe1 t natural causes are insuffici5t1 t ,god gave !m1 z he n[ gives to "s1 ri*es or honors2 t is to say1 by virtue ( ! op]ation ( natural laws4 ,if all :o keep cattle w\ld ex]cise a ti! ( ! patri>*'s %rewdness & sagacity 9 improv+ _! /ock1 we %\ld see few] ill-favor$ k9e ?an at pres5t4 ,! possibility ( "s effect be+ produc$ by a /rong impression at ! "t ( conception1 is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! popul> error t m>ks ^u an infant#ad are due to a transi5t1 al?\gh /rong impression ^u ! imag9ation ( ! "m at any p]iod ( ge/ation1 :i* is unsupport$ by facts & absurd2 b !re are facts suffici5t ^u record to prove t habitual m5tal condition1 & especially at an e>ly /age ( pregnancy1 may h ! effect to produce "s bodily de=mity1 & %\ld induce great caution4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,see ,r[ley's ,prize ,report on ,f>m+ 9 ,d]by%ire1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 ,vol4 #ad4 #d ,a work+ bull1 ?\gh p]haps n s pleas+ to ! eye z a fat "o1 7= fat sometimes cov]s a multitude ( defects17 is a sur] /ock-gett]2 & 8 prog5y is m likely to inh]it full heal? & vigor4 #e ,9 8 ,orig9 ( ,species4 #f ,x 0 long ago /at$ by ,hall]1 t :5 a m>e _h a foal by an ass & aft]w>ds ano!r by a horse1 ! second (fspr+ begott5 by ! horse nev]!less approa*$ 9 "* to a mule4 #g ,see ,abd el ,kad]'s lett]4 #h ,j\rnal ( ,m$ical ,sci5ce1 #ahej4 #i ,kirke's ,physiology4 #aj ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahba4 #aa ,! late ,m4,a4 ,cum+1 ,v4,s41 ( ,new ,brunswick1 once rem>k$ to ! writ]1 t x might be due to ! fact t ! n]ves ( ! ut]us1 :i* be=e ! fir/ impregnation 7 9 a rudim5t>y /ate1 7 develop$ "u a specific influ5ce f ! sem5 ( ! fir/ male1 & t !y might reta9 s mu* ( a peculi> /yle ( developm5t z to impress ^u future prog5y by o!r males ! lik5ess ( ! fir/4 #ab ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ,m$ical ,sci5ce1 #ahdi4 #ac ,a v /rik+ fact may be relat$ 9 ?is connection1 :i* :ile x may or may n h a practical be>+ on ! bre$+ ( dome/ic animals1 %[s =cibly h[ my/]i\s are "s ( ! laws ( reproduction4 ,x is /at$ by ! celebrat$ travel]1 ,c\nt de ,/rzelecki1 9 8 ,physical ,description ( ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,van ,dieman's ,l&4 ,:5ev]1 he says1 a fruitful int]c\rse has tak5 place betwe5 an aborig9al woman & an ,european male1 t aborig9al woman is =ev] aft] incapable ( be+ impregnat$ by a male ( h] own nation1 al?\gh %e may aga9 be f]tile ) a ,european4 ,! ,c\nt1 ^: means & p[]s ( obs]vation are ( ! highe/ possible ord]1 affirms t hundr$s ( in/ances ( ?is extraord9>y fact are on record 9 ! writ]'s memor&a all recurr+ inv>iably "u ! same circum/ances1 all t5d+ to prove t ! /]ility ( ! female1 :i* is relative only to "o & n to ! o!r male is n accid5tal1 b foll[s laws z cog5t ?\gh z my/]i\s z ! re/ ( ^? connect$ ) g5]ation4 ,! ,c\nt's /atem5t is endors$ by ,dr4 ,maunsell ( ,dubl91 ,dr4 ,c>mi*ael ( ,ed9burgh1 & ! late ,pr(4 ,goodsir1 :o say !y h le>n$ f indep5d5t s\rces t z reg>ds ,au/ralia1 ,/rzelecki's /atem5t is unque/ionable & mu/ be reg>d$ z ! expression ( a law ( nature4 ,! law does n ext5d to ! negro race1 ! f]tility ( ! negro female n be+ app>5tly impair$ by previ\s fruitful int]c\rse ) a ,european male4 ,9 reply to an inquiry made :e!r he _h ev] notic$ exceptional cases1 ! ,c\nt says3 ,x has n come "u my cognizance to see or he> ( a native female :i* hav+ a *ild ) a ,european _h aft]w>ds any (fspr+ ) a male ( h] own race4 ,! ,c\nt's /atem5t is sugge/ive z to ! disappe>ance ( ! aborig9es ( "s c\ntries4 ,?is has (t5 be5 ! subject ( sev]e comm5t & is g5]ally ascrib$ to ! rum & diseases introduc$ by ! :ite man4 ,x w\ld n[ appe> t o!r influ5ces h also be5 op]ative4 #ad ,c>p5t]'s ,physiology1 new edition1 page #ghc4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,atavism1 ,,or ,,ance/ral ,,influ5ce4 ,x may n be easy to say :e!r ?is ph5om5on is m connect$ ) ! law ( simil>ity1 or ) t ( v>iation4 ,y\att1 9 8 "w on cattle publi%$ by ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k1 incl9es to ! =m]4 ,he speaks ( x z %[+ ! univ]sality ( ! application ( ! axiom t l produces l--t :5 ?is may n seem to hold good1 x is (t5 because ! lo/ resemblance to g5]ations gone by is /rongly reviv$4 ,! ph5om5on1 or law1 z x is sometimes call$1 ( atavism1#ae or ance/ral influ5ce1 is "o ( consid]able practical importance1 & well des]ves c>eful att5tion by ! bre$] ( f>m /ock4 ,e "o is aw>e t x is no?+ unusual = a *ild to resemble its gr&fa!r or gr&mo!r or "s ance/or /ill f>!r back1 m ?an x does ei!r its own fa!r or "m4 ,! fact is too famili> to require ! cit+ ( examples4 ,we f9d ! same occurr5ce among our dome/ic animals1 & (t5] 9 proportion z ! bre$s are cross$ or mix$ up4 ,among our common /ock ( neat cattle1 7natives1 z !y are (t5 call$17 orig9at+ z !y h done f animals br\ght f ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,d5m>k1 ,france & ,spa91 ea* possess+ diff]5t *>act]i/ics ( =m1 color & use2 & br$1 z our common /ock has usually be51 indiscrim9ately toge!r1 ) no special po9t 9 view1 no attempt to obta9 any p>ticul> type or =m1 or to secure adaptation = any p>ticul> purpose1 we h v frequ5t opportunities ( witness+ ! results ( ! op]ation ( ?is law ( h]$it>y transmission4 ,s common inde$ is its occurr5ce1 t ! rem>k is (t5 made1 t h[ev] good a c[ may be1 !re is no tell+ be=eh& :at sort ( a calf %e may h4 ,! fact is suffici5tly obvi\s t c]ta9 peculi>ities (t5 lie dormant = a g5]ation or two & !n reappe> 9 subsequ5t prog5y4 ,/ockm5 (t5 speak ( x z bre$+ back1 or cry+ back4 ,! cause ( ?is ph5om5on we may n fully und]/&4 ,a late writ] says1 x is to be expla9$ on ! supposition t ! qualities 7 transmitt$ by ! gr&fa!r to ! fa!r 9 :om !y 7 mask$ by ! pres5ce ( "s antagoni/ic or controll+ influ5ce1 & 7 !nce transmitt$ to ! son 9 :om ! antagoni/ic influ5ce be+ )drawn !y manife/ !mselves4 ,a ,fr5* writ] on ,physiology says1 if !re is n inh]itance ( pat]nal *>act]i/ics1 !re is at lea/ an aptitude to inh]it !m1 a disposition to reproduce !m2 & !re is always a transmission ( ?is aptitude to "s new desc5dants1 among :om ^! traits w manife/ !mselves soon] or lat]4#af ,mr4 ,s+]1 let u say1 has a rem>kable aptitude = music2 b ! influ5ce ( ,mrs4 ,s+] is su* t _! *ildr5 inh]it+ h] imp]fect e>1 manife/ no musical tal5t :atev]4 ,^! *ildr5 h[ev] h inh]it$ ! disposition ( ! fa!r 9 spite ( its non-manife/ation2 & if1 :5 !y transmit :at 9 !m is lat5t1 ! influ5ce ( _! wives is favorable1 ! gr&-*ildr5 may turn out musically gift$4 ,! lesson taught by ! law ( atavism is v pla94 ,x %[s ! importance ( seek+ ?or\gh-br$ or well-br$ animals2 & by ^! t]ms are simply meant su* z are desc5d$ f a l9e ( ance/ors 9 :i* = _m g5]ations ! desirable =ms1 qualities & *>act]i/ics h be5 uni=mly %[n4 ,9 su* a case1 ev5 if ance/ral influ5ce does come 9 play1 no mat]ial diff]5ce appe>s 9 ! (fspr+1 ! ance/ors be+ all ess5tially alike4 ,f ?is /& po9t we be/ p]ceive 9 :at consi/s ! money value ( a good p$igree4 ,x is 9 ! evid5ce :i* x br+s t ! animal is desc5d$ f a l9e all ! individuals ( :i* 7 alike1 & excell5t ( _! k9d1 & s is almo/ sure to transmit l excell5cies to its prog5y 9 turn2--n t e animal ) a long p$igree full ( high-s\nd+ names is necess>ily ( great value z a bre$]1 = 9 e race or bre$1 z we h se5 :ile speak+ ( ! law ( v>iation1 !re w be "h & !re "s :i* are less p]fect & symmetrical ( _! k9d ?an o!rs2 & if su* be br$ f1 !y may likely en\gh transmit undesirable po9ts2 & if !y be mat$ ) o!rs possess+ simil> fail+s1 !y are almo/ sure to det]iorate v consid]ably4 ,p$igree is valuable 9 proportion z x %[s an animal to be desc5d$1 n only f su* z are purely ( its own race or bre$1 b also f su* individuals 9 t bre$ z 7 specially not$ = ! excell5cies = :i* t p>ticul> bre$ is e/eem$4 ,we$s are none ! less wor?less because !y appe> among a crop consi/+ *iefly ( valuable plants1 nor %\ld de=m$ or deg5]ate plants1 al?\gh !y be true to _! k9d1 ev] be employ$ to produce se$4 ,if we w\ld h good cabbages or turnips1 x is ne$ful to select ! mo/ p]fect & ! s\nde/ to gr[ se$ f1 & to cont9ue su* selection ye> aft] ye>4 ,precisely ! same rule holds ) reg>d to animals4 ,! p]t9acity ) :i* h]$it>y traits cl+ to ! organization 9 a lat5t1 mask$ or undevelop$ condition = long aft] !y might be suppos$ to be :olly br$ out is sometimes v rem>kable4 ,:at is kn[n among bre$]s ( ,%ort-horns z ! ,gall[ay alloy1 al?\gh orig9at+ by ! employm5t = only once ( a s+le animal ( a diff]5t bre$1 is said to be traceable ev5 n[1 aft] _m ye>s1 9 ! occasional developm5t ( a smutty nose 9 desc5dants ( t family4 ,_m ye>s ago !re 7 9 ! ,k5nebec valley a few poll$ or hornless cattle4 ,!y 7 n p>ticul>ly *]i%$1 & gradually dim9i%$ 9 numb]s4 ,mr4 ,payne ,w+ate %ot ! la/ animal ( ?is bre$1 7a bull calf or a ye>l+17 mi/ak+ x 9 ! d>k = a be>4 ,dur+ ?irty-five ye>s subsequ5tly all ! cattle ^u 8 f>m _h horns1 b at ! end ( t "t "o ( 8 c[s produc$ a calf :i* grew up )\t horns1 & ,mr4 ,w+ate said x 01 9 all respects1 ! exact image ( ! fir/ bull ( ! bre$ br\ght !re4 ,probably ! mo/ famili> exemplification ( cle>ly m>k$ ance/ral influ5ce among u1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ill-begott51 r\nd-bree*$ calves occasionally1 & n v unfrequ5tly1 dropp$ by c[s ( ! common mix$ k9d1 & :i*1 if kill$ e>ly1 make v blue veal1 & if all[$ to gr[ up1 become exce$+ly pr(itless & unsatisfactory bea/s2 ! heif]s be+ (t5 /]ile1 ! c[s poor milk]s1 ! ox5 dull1 muli% bea/s1 yield+ fle% ( v d>k color1 ill flavor & de/itute ( fat4 ,!y are kn[n by v>i\s names 9 diff]5t localities1 9 ,ma9e z ! ,:itt5 & ,pet] ,waldo bre$1 9 ,massa*usetts z ,york%ire & ,we/m9/]1 9 ,new ,york z ! ,pumpk9 buttocks1 9 ,engl& z ,ly]y or ,ly]y ,dut*1 c41 c4 ,^? 9 nor!rn ,new ,engl& are believ$ to be desc5d$ *iefly f a bull br\ght f ,wat]vliet1 ne> ,albany1 ,new ,york1 m ?an =ty ye>s ago1 79 #ahah17 by ! ,%ak]s at ,alfr$1 9 ,york c\nty1 ,ma9e1 & aft]w>ds transf]r$ to _! bre?r5 9 ,cumb]l& c\nty4 ,no "o :o has prov$ ! wor?lessness ( ^! cattle c readily believe t any bull ( ?is sort w\ld h be5 kn[+ly kept = s]vice s9ce ! fir/ "o br\ght into ! ,/ate1 & yet x is by no means a r>e occurr5ce to f9d calves dropp$ at ! pres5t "t be>+ unmi/akable evid5ce ( t orig94 ,x seems likely t ?is disagreeable peculi>ity 0 fir/ br\ght into ! c\ntry by means ( "s ( ! e>ly importations ( ,dut* or ( ! old ,durham bre$4 ,culley1 9 speak+ ( ! ,%ort-horns1 incl9es to ! op9ion t !y 7 orig9ally f ,holl&1 & himself recollect$ m5 :o 9 ! e>ly "p ( _! lives import$ ,dut* cattle into ! c\nty ( ,durham1 & ( "o ,mr4 ,dob9son he says1 he 0 not$ = hav+ ! be/ bre$ ( ,%ort-horns ( any & sold at high prices4 ,b aft]w>ds "s o!r p]sons ( less k1 go+ ov]1 br\ght home "s bulls t introduc$ ! disagreeable k9d ( cattle call$ ly]y or d\ble ly]$1 t is1 black-fle%$4 ,^! w fe$ to great weight1 b ?\gh f$ ev] s long w n h a p\nd ( fat ab\t !m1 nei!r )9 or )\t1 & ! fle% 7= x does n des]ve to be call$ beef7 is z black & co>se gra9$ z horse fle%4 ,no man w buy "o ( ?is k9d if he kn[s any ?+ ( ! matt]1 & if he %\ld be once tak5 9 he w rememb] x well = ! future2 p conv]sant ) cattle v readily f9d !m out by _! r\nd =m1 p>ticul>ly _! buttocks1 :i* are turn$ l a black coa* horse1 & ! smallness ( ! tail2 b !y are be/ kn[n to ! grazi]s & deal]s 9 cattle by ! feel or t\* ( ! f+]s2 inde$ x is ?is nice t\* or feel ( ! h& t 9 a great measure con/itutes ! judge ( cattle4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,f ! ,lat9 ,atavus--mean+ any ance/or indef9itely1 z a gr&mo!r's great gr&fa!r4 #af ,s'il n'y a pas hritage des c>actres pat]nels il y a donc au mo9s aptitude en h]it]1 disposition les reproduire1 et t\j\rs cette transmission de cette aptitude des noveau desc5dants1 *ez lesquels ces mmes c>actres se manife/]ont tt ou t>d4--,longet's ,traite de ,physiologie1 ii3 #acc4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,relative ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,p>5ts4 ,! relative influ5ce ( ! male & female p>5ts ^u ! *>act]i/ics ( prog5y has long be5 a f]tile subject ( discussion among bre$]s4 ,x is f\nd 9 exp]i5ce t prog5y sometimes resembles "o p>5t m ?an ! o!r1--sometimes !re is an app>5t bl5d+ ( ! *>act]i/ics ( bo?1--sometimes a noticeable dissimil>ity to ei!r1 ?\gh always m or less resemblance some:]e1 & sometimes1 ! impress ( "o may be se5 ^u a portion ( ! organization ( ! (fspr+ & t ( ! o!r p>5t ^u ano!r portion2 yet we are n au?oriz$ f su* discrepancies to conclude t x is a matt] ( *ance1 = all ( nature's op]ations are conduct$ by fix$ laws1 :e!r we be able fully to discov] !m or n4 ,! same causes always produce ! same results4 ,9 ?is case1 n less ?an 9 o!rs !re are1 beyond all d\bt1 fix$ laws1 & ! v>y+ results :i* we see are easily & suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by ! exi/5ce ( conditions or modify+ influ5ces n fully pat5t to our obs]vation4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbe1 ! ,highl& ,society ( ,scotl&1 propos$ z ! subject ( prize essays1 ! solution ( ! "q1 :e!r ! bre$ ( live /ock connect$ ) agriculture be susceptible ( ! greate/ improvem5t f ! qualities conspicu\s 9 ! male or f ^? conspicu\s 9 ! female p>5t8 ,f\r essays receiv$ premiums4 ,mr4 ,boswell1 "o ( ! prize writ]s1 ma9ta9$ t x is n only ! male p>5t :i* is capable ( mo/ spe$ily improv+ ! bre$ ( live /ock1 b t ! male is ! p>5t :i* we c alone look to = improvem5t4 ,8 pap] is ( consid]able l5g? & ably writt5--ab\nd+ 9 argum5t & illu/rations n easily cond5s$ s z to be giv5 "h1 & x is b ju/ice to add t he also holds t be=e ! bre$ ( a c\ntry c be improv$1 mu* m mu/ be look$ to ?an ! answ] to ! "q put by ! ,highl& ,society--su* z cross+1 selection ( bo? p>5ts1 att5tion to p$igree1 & to ! food & c>e ( (fspr+4 ,& ( cross+1 he says1 :5 ,i praise ! advantage ( cross+1 ,i w\ld h x cle>ly und]/ood t x is only to br+ toge!r animals n ne>ly relat$ b always ( ! same bre$2 nev] attempt+ to bre$ f a spe$ horse & a draught m>e or vice v]sa4 ,cross+ ( bre$s may d well en\gh = once1 b w end 9 vexation1 if attempt$ to be prolong$ into a l9e4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ian1 9 8 essay1 supports ! view1 t ! (fspr+ be>s ! greate/ resemblance to t p>5t :e!r male or female1 :i* has ex]t$ ! greate/ sway ( g5]ative influ5ce 9 ! =mation ( ! foetus1 t any hypo!sis :i* w\ld assign a sup]iority1 or set limits to ! influ5ce ( ei!r sex 9 ! product ( g5]ation is uns\nd & inadmissible1 & he ?us concludes--z !re=e x is unsafe to tru/ to ! qualities ( any individual animal1 male or female1 9 improv+ /ock1 ! be/ br$ & mo/ p]fect animals ( bo? sexes %\ld be select$ & employ$ 9 propagation2 !re be+1 9 %ort1 no o!r c]ta9 or equally efficaci\s means ( e/abli%+ or pres]v+ an eligible bre$4 ,mr4 ,dallas1 9 8 essay1 />ts ) ! idea t ! sem9al fluid ( ! male inve/s ! ovum1 ! =mation ( :i* he ascribes to ! female2 & he supports ! op9ion1 t :]e ext]nal appe>ance is conc]n$1 ! influ5ce ( ! male w be discov]$2 b 9 :at relates to int]nal qualities1 ! (fspr+ w take mo/ f ! female4 ,he concludes ?us3--,:5 color1 quality ( fleece1 or outw>d =m is want$1 ! male may be mo/ dep5d$ on = ^!2 b :5 milk is ! object1 :5 disposition1 h>d9ess1 & fre$om f diseases ( ! visc]a1 &1 9 %ort1 all int]nal qualities t may be desir$1 !n ! female may be mo/ reli$ on4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ^! pap]s 0 writt5 by ! ,rev4 ,h5ry ,b]ry ( ,worce/]%ire1 9 :i*1 aft] /at+ t ! "q propos$ is "o full ( difficulty & t ! discov]y ( an indep5d5t quality su* z t allud$ to1 9 ei!r sex1 w\ld be att5d$ ) b5eficial results1 he proce$s to %[1 t x is n to sex1 b to high blood1 or 9 o!r words1 to animals long & successfully select$1 & br$ ) a view to p>ticul> qualifications1 :e!r 9 ! male or female p>5t1 t ! quality is to be ascrib$1 :i* ! ,highl& ,society has be5 desir\s to assign correctly4 ,! orig9 ( ! preval5t op9ion :i* assigns ?is p[] pr9cipally to ! male1 he expla9s by giv+ ! probable hi/ory ( ! fir/ ef=ts 9 improv+ /ock4 ,! greate/ att5tion w\ld naturally be paid to ! male1 bo? on acc\nt ( 8 m ext5d$ s]vices1 & ! m num]\s produce ( :i* he c\ld become ! p>5t2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* sires w\ld be well-br$ be=e dams4 ,! ideas ent]ta9$ respect+ ! useful qualities ( an animal w\ld be v simil> & lead to ! adoption ( a g5]al /&>d ( excell5ce1 t[>ds :i* x w\ld be requir$ t ea* male %\ld approximate2 & ?us !re w\ld exi/ among :at may be t]m$ fa%ionable sires1 a correspond+ =m & "* diff]5t f1 & sup]ior to1 ^? ( ! g5]al /ock ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is =m & "* w\ld 9 mo/ in/ances h be5 acquir$ by p]sev]ance 9 bre$+ f animals :i* possess$ ! important or fanci$ requisites1 & might !re=e be said to be almo/ confirm$ 9 su* individuals4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 /rik+ results w\ld d\btless foll[ ! introduction ( ^! sires to a common /ock2 results :i* w\ld lead sup]ficial obs]v]s to rem>k1 t individual sires possess$ prop]ties z males1 :i* 9 fact 7 only assignable to !m z improv$ animals4 ,! op9ion ent]ta9$ by "s1 t ! female possesses ! p[] g5]ally ascrib$ to ! male1 he expla9s also by a ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( bre$+3 ,x is well kn[n to p]sons conv]sant ) ! subject ( improv$ bre$+1 t ( late ye>s num]\s sales h tak5 place ( ! entire /ocks ( celebrat$ bre$]s ( sires1 & ?us1 ! females1 valuable = su* a purpose1 h pass$ into a great numb] ( h&s4 ,su* p]sons h sometimes introduc$ a c[ s acquir$ to a bull inf]ior 9 po9t ( desc5t & g5]al good qualities1 & ! (fspr+ is kn[n1 9 _m in/ances1 to h prov$ sup]ior to ! sire by virtue ( ! dam's excell5ce1 & to h caus$ a suspicion 9 ! m9ds ( p]sons n habituat$ to comp>e causes ) effects1 t c]ta9 females also possess ! prop]ty 9 "q4 ,! writ] gives v>i\s in/ances illu/rative ( 8 views1 9 "s ( :i* ! male only1 & 9 o!rs ! female only1 0 ! high-br$ animal1 9 all ( :i* ! prog5y bore a rem>kable resemblance to ! well-br$ p>5t4 ,he says1 t :]e bo? p>5ts are equally well br$1 & ( ne>ly equal individual excell5ce1 x is n probable t _! prog5y w give g5]al pro( ( a prepond]at+ p[] 9 ei!r p>5t to impress peculi> *>act]i/ics ^u ! (fspr+2--yet 9 view ( all ! in=mation we h ^u ! subject1 he recomm5ds a resort to ! be/ males z ! mo/ simple & efficaci\s mode ( improv+ su* /ocks z require improvem5t1 & ! only proce$+ by :i* /ock already good c be pres]v$ 9 excell5ce4 ,mon4 ,giron#ag expresses ! op9ion t ! relative age & vigor ( ! p>5ts ex]cises v consid]able influ5ce1 & /ates z ! results ( 8 obs]vation1 t ! (fspr+ ( an old male & a "y female resembles ! fa!r less ?an ! "m 9 proportion z ! "m is m vigor\s & ! fa!r m decrepit1 & t ! rev]se occurs ) ! (fspr+ ( an old female & a "y male4 ,among ! m rec5t !ories or hypo!ses :i* h be5 />t$ reg>d+ ! relative influ5ce ( ! male & female p>5ts1 ^? ( ,mr4 ,orton1 pres5t$ 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,f>m]s' ,club at ,newca/le ^u ,tyne1 on ! ,physiology ( ,bre$+1 & ( ,mr4 ,walk] 9 8 "w on ,int]m>riage1 z !y bo? arriv$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 at sub/antially ! same conclusions by indep5d5t obs]vations ( _! own & z ^! seem to agree mo/ ne>ly ) ! majority ( obs]v$ facts1 are deem$ wor?y ( favorable m5tion4 ,! conclusions ( ,mr4 ,orton1 briefly /at$1#ah are1 t 9 ! prog5y !re is no casual or haphaz>d bl5d+ ( ! p>ts or qualities ( ! two p>5ts1 b r t organization is transmitt$ by halves1 or t ea* p>5t contributes to ! =mation ( c]ta9 /ructures1 & to ! developm5t ( c]ta9 qualities4 ,advanc+ a /ep fur!r1 he ma9ta9s1 t ! male p>5t *iefly det]m9es ! ext]nal *>act]s1 ! g5]al appe>ance1 9 fact1 ! outw>d /ructure & locomotive p[]s ( ! (fspr+1 z ! framework1 or bones & muscles1 m p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! limbs1 ! organs ( s5se & sk92 :ile ! female p>5t *iefly det]m9es ! int]nal /ructures & ! g5]al quality1 ma9ly furni%+ ! vital organs1 i4e41 ! he>t1 lungs1 gl&s & dige/ive organs1 & giv+ tone & "* to ! vital functions ( secretion1 nutrition & gr[?4 ,n h[ev] t ! male is )\t influ5ce on ! int]nal organs & vital functions1 or ! female )\t influ5ce on ! ext]nal organs & locomotive p[]s ( _! (fspr+4 ,! law holds only )9 c]ta9 re/rictions1 & ^! =m z x 7 a second>y law1 "o ( limitations1 & sc>cely less important to be und]/ood ?an ! fundam5tal law itself4 ,mr4 ,orton relies *iefly on ! evid5ce pres5t$ by hybrids1 ! prog5y ( di/9ct species1 or by crosses betwe5 ! mo/ di/9ct v>ieties embrac$ )9 a s+le species1 to e/abli% 8 law4 ,! examples adduc$ are *iefly f ! =m]4 ,! mule is ! prog5y ( ! male ass & ! m>e2 ! h9ny t ( ! horse & ! %e ass4 ,bo? hybrids are ! produce ( ! same set ( animals4 ,!y diff] widely1 h[ev]1 9 _! respective *>act]s--! mule 9 all t relates to its ext]nal *>act]s hav+ ! di/9ctive features ( ! ass1--! h9ny1 9 ! same respects hav+ all ! di/9ctive features ( ! horse2 :ile 9 all t relates to ! int]nal organs & vital qualities1 ! mule p>takes ( ! "* ( ! horse1 & ! h9ny ( ^? ( ! ass4 ,mr4 ,orton says--,! mule1 ! produce ( ! male ass & m>e1 is ess5tially a modifi$ ass3 ! e>s are ^? ( an ass some:at %ort5$2 ! mane is t ( ! ass1 erect2 ! tail is t ( an ass2 ! sk9 & color are ^? ( an ass some:at modifi$2 ! legs are sl5d] & ! ho(s high1 n>r[ & contract$1 l ^? ( an ass4 ,9 fact1 9 all ^! respects x is an ass some:at modifi$4 ,! body & b>rel1 h[ev]1 ( ! mule are r\nd & full1 9 :i* x diff]s f ! ass & resembles ! m>e4 ,! h9ny1 on ! o!r h&1 ! produce ( ! /allion & %e ass1 is ess5tially a modifi$ horse4 ,! e>s are ^? ( a horse some:at l5g!n$2 ! mane fl[+2 ! tail bu%y1 l t ( ! horse2 ! sk9 is f9]1 l t ( ! horse1 & ! color v>ies also1 l ! horse2 ! legs are /rong] & ! ho(s broad & exp&$ l ^? ( ! horse4 ,9 fact1 9 all ^! respects x is a horse some:at modifi$4 ,! body & b>rel1 h[ev]1 ( ! h9ny are flat & n>r[1 9 :i* x diff]s f ! horse & resembles ! %e ass4 ,a v curi\s circum/ance p]ta9s to ! voice ( ! mule & ! h9ny4 ,! mule brays1 ! h9ny neighs4 ,! :y & :]e=e ( ?is is a p]fect my/]y until we come to apply ! k af=d$ u by ! law be=e giv54 ,! male gives ! locomotive organs1 & ! muscles are among/ ^!2 ! muscles are ! organs :i* modulate ! voice ( ! animal2 ! mule has ! muscul> /ructure ( its sire1 & brays2 ! h9ny has ! muscul> /ructure ( its sire1 & neighs4 ,9 connexion ) ^! examples ,mr4 ,orton ref]s to a special feature se5 equally 9 ! two in/ances1 & :i* seems at fir/ sight1 a dep>ture f ! pr9ciple laid d[n by him4 ,x is ?is1 bo? hybrids1 ! mule & ! h9ny take aft] ! male p>5ts 9 all _! ext]nal *>act]s save "o1 :i* is size4 ,9 ?is respect !y bo? foll[ ! female p>5ts1 ! mule be+ 9 all respects a l>g] & f9] animal ?an its sire1 ! ass2 ! h9ny be+ 9 all respects a small] & inf]ior animal to its sire1 ! horse1 ! body & b>rel ( ! mule be+ l>ge & r\nd1 ^? ( ! h9ny be+ flat & n>r[2 bo? animals be+ 9 ^! p>ticul>s ! rev]se ( _! respective sires1 b bo? resembl+ _! female p>5ts4 ,9 explanation ( ?is seem+ exception is adduc$ a well kn[n pr9ciple 9 physiology1 :i* is1 t ! :ole bony framework is m\ld$ 9 adaptation to ! s(t] /ructures imm$iately relat$ to x2 ! muscles cov]+ x 9 ! case ( ! limbs2 & to ! visc]a 9 t ( ! great cavities :i* x assi/s 9 =m+4 ,accord+ly1 9 p]fect accordance ) ! views above express$1 ! g5]al size & =m :i* mu/ be ma9ly t ( ! trunk1 w be det]m9$ by ! size & "* ( ! visc]a ( ! *e/ & abdom51 & w !re=e accord ) t ( ! female p>5ts by :om ! visc]a 9 "q are *iefly furni%$4 ,! =ego+ are ! mo/ important ( ,mr4 ,orton's /atem5ts4 ,he gives1 h[ev]1 num]\s additional illu/rations f among bea/s1 birds & fi%es1 ( :i* we quote only ! foll[+3 ,! mule & ! h9ny h be5 select$ & plac$ fir/1 because !y af=d ! mo/ conclusive evid5ce & are ! mo/ famili>4 ,equally conclusive1 ?\gh p]haps less /rik+ in/ances1 may be drawn f o!r s\rces4 ,?us1 x has be5 obs]v$ t :5 ! ,ancon or ,ott] %eep 7 all[$ to bre$ ) common ewes1 ! cross is n a m$ium betwe5 ! two bre$s1 b t ! (fspr+ reta9s 9 a great measure ! %ort & twi/$ legs ( ! sire4 ,buffon made a cross betwe5 ! male goat & ! ewe2 ! result+ hybrid 9 all ! in/ances1 :i* 7 _m1 7 /rongly *>act]i/ic ( ! male p>5t1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! hair & l5g? ( leg4 ,curi\s en\gh1 ! numb] ( teats 9 "s ( ! cases correspond$ ) ^? ( ! goat4 ,a cross betwe5 ! male wolf & a bit* illu/rates ! same law2 ! (fspr+ hav+ a m>k$ly wolfi% aspect2 sk91 color1 e>s & tail4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a cross betwe5 ! dog & female wolf af=d$ animals mu* m dog-l 9 aspect--sl\*$ e>s & ev5 pi$ 9 color4 ,if y look at ! descriptions & illu/rations ( ^! two hybrids1 y w p]ceive at a glance t ! d\bt arises to ! m9d 9 ! case ( ! fir/1 ':at g5us ( wolf is ?is8' :]eas 9 ! case ( ! second1 ':at a curi\s mongrel dog6' ,! views ( ,mr4 ,walk] 9 8 "w on ,int]m>riage1 be=e allud$ to1 agree sub/antially ) ^? ( ,mr4 ,orton1 s f> z reg>ds cross+ betwe5 diff]5t bre$s2 b !y cov] a broad] field ( obs]vation & 9 "s respects diff]4 ,mr4 ,walk] ma9ta9s t :5 bo? p>5ts are ( ! same bre$ t ei!r p>5t may transmit ei!r half ( ! organization4 ,t :5 !y are ( diff]5t v>ieties or bre$s 7& by p>ity ( reason+ ! same %\ld hold1 /rongly1 :5 hybrids are produc$ by cross+ diff]5t species7 & suppos+ also t bo? p>5ts are ( equal age & vigor1 t ! male gives ! back head & locomotive organs & ! female ! face & nutritive organs--,i quote 8 language3 :5 bo? p>5ts are ( ! same v>iety1 "o p>5t communicates ! ant]ior "p ( ! head1 ! bony "p ( ! face1 ! =ms ( ! organs ( s5se 7! ext]nal e>1 "u lip1 l[] "p ( ! nose & eye br[s be+ (t5 modifi$7 & ! :ole ( ! int]nal nutritive sy/em1 7! cont5ts ( ! trunk or ! ?oracic & abdom9al visc]a1 & consequ5tly ! =m ( ! trunk itself 9 s f> z t dep5ds on its cont5ts47 ,! resemblance to t p>5t is consequ5tly f\nd 9 ! =ehead & bony p>ts ( ! face1 z ! orbits1 *eek bones1 jaws1 *9 & tee?1 z well z ! %ape ( ! organs ( s5se & ! tone ( ! voice4 ,! o!r p>5t communicates ! po/]ior "p ( ! head1 ! c]ebel situat$ )9 ! skull imm$iately above its junction ) ! back ( ! neck1 & ! :ole ( ! locomotive sy/em2 7! bones1 ligam5ts & muscles or fle%y p>ts47 ,! resemblance to t p>5t is consequ5tly f\nd 9 ! back head1 ! few m movable p>ts ( ! face1 z ! ext]nal e>1 "u lip1 l[] "p ( ! nose1 eyebr[s1 & ! ext]nal =ms ( ! body1 9 s f> z !y dep5d on ! muscles z well z ! =m ( ! limbs1 ev5 to ! f+]s1 toes & nails4 99 99 ,x is a fact e/abli%$ by my obs]vations t 9 animals ( ! same v>iety1 ei!r ! male or ! female p>5t may give ei!r s]ies ( organs z above arrang$--t is ei!r =ehead & organs ( s5se1 toge!r ) ! vital & nutritive organs1 or back head1 toge!r ) ! locomotive organs4 ,to %[ t among dome/icat$ animals organization is transmitt$ by halves 9 ! way indicat$1 & t ei!r p>5t may give ei!r s]ies ( organs1 he cites among o!r in/ances ! acc\nt ( ! ,ancon %eep4 ,:5 bo? p>5ts are ( ! ,ancon or ,ott] bre$1 _! desc5dants inh]it _! peculi> appe>ance & proportions ( =m4 ,:5 an ,ancon ewe is impregnat$ by a common ram1 ! prog5y resembles :olly ei!r ! ewe or ! ram4 ,! prog5y ( a common ewe impregnat$ by an ,ancon ram foll[s entirely 9 %ape ! "o or ! o!r )\t bl5d+ any ( ! di/+ui%+ & ess5tial peculi>ities ( bo?4 ',frequ5t in/ances h occurr$ :]e common ewes h _h tw9s by ,ancon rams2 :5 "o exhibit$ ! complete m>ks & features ( ! ewe & ! o!r ( ! ram4 ,! contra/ has be5 r5d]$ s+ul>ly /rik+ :5 "o %ort legg$ & "o long legg$ lamb produc$ at a bir? h be5 suck+ ! dam at ! same "t4' ,z ! %ort & crook$ legs or ^? ( opposite =m1 "h indicate ! p>5t giv+ ! locomotive sy/em1 x is evid5t t "o ( ! tw9s d]iv$ x f "o p>5t & ! o!r tw9 f ! o!r p>5t2--! p>5t n giv+ x1 d\btless communicat+ 9 ea* case1 ! vital or nutritive sy/em4 ,:]e ! p>5ts are ( diff]5t v>ieties or species1 ,mr4 ,walk] says1 ,! second law1 namely1 t ( ,,cross+1 op]ates :]e ea* p>5t is ( a diff]5t bre$1 & :]e1 suppos+ bo? to be ( equal age & vigor ! male gives ! back head & locomotive organs1 & ! female ! face & nutritive organs4 ,aft] giv+ num]\s illu/rations f facts & _m quotations f em95t bre$]s1 he says1 ?us1 9 crosses ( cattle z well z ( horses1 ! male1 except :]e feebl] or ( inf]ior volunt>y & locomotive p[]1 gives ! locomotive sy/em1 ! female ! vital "o4 ,w4,c4 ,spoon]1 ,v4,s41 "o ( ! mo/ em95t au?orities ( ! pres5t day on ?is subject1 & writ+ )9 ! pa/ ye> 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 says3--,! mo/ probable supposition is1 t propagation is done by halves1 ea* p>5t giv+ to ! (fspr+ ! %ape ( "o half ( ! body4 ,?us ! back1 lo9s1 h9d-qu>t]s1 g5]al %ape1 sk9 & size foll[ "o p>5t2 & ! =e-qu>t]s1 head1 vital & n]v\s sy/em1 ! o!r2 & we may g s f> z to add1 t ! =m] 9 ! great majority ( cases g ) ! male p>5t1 & ! latt] ) ! female4 ,a corroboration ( ?is fact is f\nd 9 ! common sy/em ( putt+ an ord9>y m>e to a ?or\gh-br$ horse2 n only does ! head ( ! (fspr+ resemble ! dam b ! =elegs likewise1 & ?us x is =tunately ! case t ! too-frequ5tly faulty & tott]+ legs ( ! sire are n reproduc$ 9 ! foal1 :il/ ! full ?ighs & h9d qu>t]s :i* belong to ! blood-horse are g5]ally giv5 to ! (fspr+4 ,!re is h[ev] a m9ority ( cases 9 :i* ! opposite result obta9s4 ,t size is gov]n$ m by ! male p>5t !re is no great difficulty 9 %[+2 famili> examples may be f\nd 9 ! pony-m>e & ! full siz$ horse1 :i* consid]ably exce$ ! dam 9 size4 ,aga91 9 ! fir/ cross betwe5 ! small indig5\s ewe & ! l>ge ram ( ano!r improv$ bre$--! (fspr+ is f\nd to approa* 9 size & %ape v mu* to ! ram4 ,! mule (fspr+ ( ! m>e also mu* resembles bo? 9 size & appe>ance its donkey sire4 ,^! are famili> examples ( ! prepond]at+ influ5ce ( ! male p>5t1 s f> z ! ext]nal =m is consid]$4 ,to %[ h[ev] t size & hight d n inv>iably foll[ ! male1 we ne$ g no fur!r = illu/ration ?an ! human subject4 ,h[ (t5 d we f9d t 9 ! by no means unfrequ5t case ( ! union ( a tall man ) a %ort woman1 ! result 9 "s in/ances is t all ! *ildr5 are tall & 9 o!rs all %ort2 or sometimes t "s are %ort & o!rs tall4 ,)9 our own k 9 "o case1 :]e ! fa!r 0 tall & ! "m %ort1 ! *ildr51 six 9 numb]1 are all tall4 ,9 ano!r in/ance1 ! fa!r be+ %ort & ! "m tall1 ! *ildr51 sev5 9 numb]1 are all ( l(ty /ature4 ,9 a ?ird in/ance1 ! "m be+ tall & ! fa!r %ort1 ! great] portion ( ! family are %ort4 ,su* facts z ^! are suffici5t to prove t hight or gr[? does n exclusively foll[ ei!r ! "o p>5t or ! o!r4 ,al?\gh ?is is ! case1 x is also a /rik+ fact t ! union ( tall & %ort p>5ts r>ely1 if ev]1 produces (fspr+ ( a m$ium size--midway1 z x 71 betwe5 ! two p>5ts4 ,?us1 9 ! bre$+ ( animals1 if ! object be to modify c]ta9 defects by us+ a male or female 9 :i* su* defects may n exi/1 we _c produce ?is desir$ alt]ation2 or r x _c be equally produc$ 9 all ! (fspr+1 b c only be atta9$ by we$+ out ^? 9 :om ! objectionable po9ts are repeat$4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 ( op9ion t 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 ! hight 9 ! human subject1 & ! size & cont\r 9 animals1 is influ5c$ mu* m by ! male ?an ! female p>5t--& on ! o!r h&1 t ! con/itution1 ! *e/ & vital organs1 & ! =eh& g5]ally m frequ5tly foll[ ! female4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 ! highe/ au?ority 9 ,physiology1 says x has long be5 a preval5t idea t c]ta9 p>ts ( ! organism ( ! (fspr+ are d]iv$ f ! male1 & c]ta9 o!r p>ts f ! female p>5t2 & al?\gh no univ]sal rule c be laid d[n ^u ?is po9t1 yet ! indep5d5t obs]vations :i* h be5 made by num]\s practical bre$]s ( dome/ic animals seem to e/abli% t su* a t5d5cy has a real exi/5ce2 ! *>act]s ( ! animal portion ( ! fabric be+ especially 7b n exclusively7 d]iv$ f ! male p>5t1 & ^? ( ! organic app>atus be+ 9 l mann] d]iv$ f ! female p>5t4 ,! =m] w be *iefly manife/$ 9 ! ext]nal appe>ance1 9 ! g5]al configuration ( ! head & limbs1 9 ! organs ( ! s5ses 7includ+ ! sk97 & 9 ! locomotive app>atus2 :il/ ! latt] %[ !mselves 9 ! size ( ! body 7:i* is prim>ily det]m9$ by ! developm5t ( ! visc]a conta9$ 9 ! trunk7 & 9 ! mode 9 :i* ! vital functions are p]=m$4 ,on ! :ole x may be said t ! evid5ce bo? f obs]vation & ! te/imony ( ! be/ practical bre$]s goes to %[ t ea* p>5t usually contributes c]ta9 portions ( ! organization to ! (fspr+1 & t ea* has a modify+ influ5ce ^u ! o!r4 ,facts also %[ t ! same p>5t does n always contribute ! same portions1 b t ! ord] is rev]s$4 ,n[1 z no op]ation ( nature is by accid5t1 b by virtue ( law1 !re mu/ be fix$ laws "h1 & !re mu/ also be1 at times1 c]ta9 influ5ces at "w to modify ! action ( ^! laws4 ,:]e animals are ( di/9ct species1 or ( di/9ct bre$s1 transmission is usually f\nd to be 9 accordance ) ! rule above indicat$1 i4e4 ! male gives mo/ly ! outw>d =m & locomotive sy/em1 & ! female *iefly ! int]ior sy/em1 con/itution1 c4 ,:]e ! p>5ts are ( ! same bre$1 x appe>s t ! portions contribut$ by ea* are gov]n$ 9 l>ge measure by ! condition ( ea* 9 reg>d to age & vigor1 or by virtue ( individual pot5cy or sup]iority ( physical end[m5t4 ,?is pot5cy or p[] ( transmission seems to be legitimately connect$ ) high bre$+1 or ! conc5tration ( fix$ qualities obta9$ by cont9u$ desc5t = _m g5]ations f su* only z possess 9 ! highe/ degree ! qualities desir$4 ,on ! o!r h& x mu/ be admitt$ t !re are exceptional cases n easily acc\nt$ = ^u any !ory1 & x seems n improbable t 9 ^! ! modify+ influ5ces may be su* z to effect :at may approximate a recon/ruction or new comb9ation ( ! elem5ts1 9 a mann] analog\s to ! *emical *anges :i* we "k take place 9 ! con/itu5ts ( vegetables1 z = in/ance1 we f9d t sug>1 gum & />*1 sub/ances q unlike 9 _! appe>ance & uses1 are yet =m$ f ! same elem5ts & 9 ne>ly or precisely ! same proportions1 by a *emi/ry :i* we h n yet fa?om$4 ,:e!r ?is supposition be correct or n1 !re is little d\bt t if we und]/ood fully all ! influ5ces at "w1 & c\ld e/imate fairly all ! data to judge f1 we might pr$ict ) confid5ce :at w\ld be ! *>act]i/ics ( ! prog5y f any giv5 union4 ,practically1 ! k obta9$ dictates 9 a mo/ emphatic mann] t e /ock-gr[] use 8 utmo/ endeavor to obta9 ! s]vices ( ! be/ sires2 t is1 ! be/ = ! end & purposes 9 view--t he dep5d *iefly on ! sire = outw>d =m & symmetry--t he select dams be/ calculat$ to develop ! good qualities ( ! male1 dep5d+ *iefly ^u ^! = fre$om f int]nal disease1 = h>dihood1 con/itution1 & g5]ally = all qualities dep5d5t ^u ! vital or nutritive sy/em4 ,! neglect :i* is too common1 & especially 9 bre$+ horses1 to ! qualities ( ! dam1 mis]ably old & inf]ior females be+ (t5 employ$1 _c be too /rongly c5sur$4 ,9 re>+ valuable horses ! dams are n ( less consequ5ce ?an ! sires1 al?\gh _! influ5ce ^u ! prog5y be n ! same4 ,?is is well und]/ood & practic$ ^u by ! ,arab1 :o cultivates endurance & bottom4 ,if 8 m>e be ( ! true ,ko*lani bre$ he w "p ) h] = no consid]ation :atev]1 :ile y c buy 8 /allion at a comp>atively mod]ate price4 ,! preval5t practice 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica ( cultivat+ spe$ 9 pref]5ce to o!r qualities1 has l$ u to atta* great] importance to ! male1 & ! too common neglect ( heal?1 vigor1 endurance & con/itution 9 ! m>es has 9 ?\s&s ( cases entail$ ! loss ( qualities n less valuable1 & )\t :i* spe$ alone is ( comp>atively little wor?4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,9 8 "w1 ,de la ,g5]ation1 ,p>is1 #ahbh4 #ah ,quot$1 9 "p1 f a pap] by ,alex4 ,h>vey1 ,m4,d41 read be=e ! ,m$ical ,society ( ,s\?ampton1 ,june #f?1 #ahed4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,sex4 ,) reg>d to ! laws :i* regulate ! sex ( prog5y v little is kn[n4 ,_m & ext5sive obs]vations h be5 made1 b )\t arriv+ at any def9ite conclusions4 ,nature seems to h provid$ t ! numb] ( ei!r sex produc$1 %all be ne>ly equal1 b by :at means ?is result is atta9$1 has n be5 discov]$4 ,"s physiologi/s ?9k ! sex decid$ by ! influ5ce ( ! sire1 o!rs ?9k x due to ! "m4 ,sir ,ev]>d ,home believ$ ! ovum or g]m1 previ\s to impregnation to be ( no sex1 b s =m$ z to be equally fitt$ to become ei!r male or female1 & t x is ! process ( impregnation :i* m>ks ! sex & =ms ! g5]ative organs2 t be=e ! f\r? mon? ! sex _c be said to be confirm$1 & t x w prove male or female z ! t5d5cy to ! pat]nal or mat]nal type may prepond]ate4 ,mr4 ,t4,a4 ,knight#ai 0 ( op9ion t ! sex ( prog5y dep5d$ ^u ! influ5ce ( ! female p>5t4 ,he says1 ,! female p>5t's influ5ce ^u ! sex ( (fspr+ 9 c[s1 & ,i h reason to believe 9 ! females ( our o!r dome/ic animals1 is s /rong1 t x may1 ,i ?9k1 be pron\nc$ ne>ly positive1 ,he also says1 ,i h repeat$ly prov$ t by divid+ a h]d ( ?irty c[s into ?ree equal p>ts1 ,i c\ld calculate ) confid5ce ^u a l>ge majority ( females f "o "p1 ( males f ano!r1 & ^u ne>ly an equal numb] ( males & females f ! rema9d]4 ,i h frequ5tly endeavor$ to *ange ! habits by *ang+ ! male )\t success4 ,he relates a case z foll[s3--,two c[s br\ght all female (fspr+1 "o f\rte5 9 fifte5 ye>s1 & ! o!r fifte5 9 sixte5 ye>s1 ?\gh ,i annually *ang$ ! bull4 ,bo? h[ev] produc$ "o male ea*1 & t 9 ! same ye>2 & ,i confid5tly expect$1 :5 ! "o produc$ a male t ! o!r w\ld1 z %e did4 ,m4 ,giron1 aft] long cont9u$ obs]vation & exp]im5t1 /at$ ) mu* confid5ce1 t ! g5]al law ^u ?is po9t 01 t ! sex ( prog5y w\ld dep5d on ! great] or less relative vigor ( ! individuals c\pl$4 ,9 _m exp]im5ts purposely made1 he obta9$ f ewes m males ?an females by c\pl+ v /rong rams ) ewes ei!r too "y1 or too ag$1 or badly f$1 & m females ?an males by a rev]se *oice 9 ! ewes & rams he put toge!r4 ,mon4 ,m>teg\te1 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,rural ,economy1 9 a late communication to ! ,j\rnal ,d',agriculture ,pratique1 says t z ! result ( daily obs]vations at a %eepfold ( great importance1 t ( ! ,di%ley ,mau*amp ,m]9os ( ,m4 ,viallet at ,blanc1 he has1 if n deceiv$1 obta9$ "s new h9ts4 ,he /ates t ,giron's law develop$ itself regul>ly at ! %eepfold 9 all cases :]e diff]5ce ( vigor 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ewes or rams :i* 7 c\pl$2 b he adds ano!r fact1 :i* he _h obs]v$ e ye> s9ce #ahec1 :5 8 obs]vations began4 ,?is fact consi/s-- ,fir/1 ,9 t at ! comm5cem5t ( ! rutt+ season :5 ! ram is 9 8 full vigor he procreat$ m males ?an females4 ,second1 ,:51 "s days aft]1 & ! ewes com+ 9 heat 9 great numb]s at once1 ! ram be+ weak5$ by a m frequ5t r5ewal ( ! ex]tion1 ! procreation ( females took ! lead4 ,?ird1 ,! p]iod ( excessive ex]tion hav+ pass$1 & ! numb] ( ewes 9 heat be+ dim9i%$1 ! ram also f\nd less weak5$1 ! procreation ( males 9 majority aga9 comm5c$4 ,9 ord] to %[ t ! cause ( su* a result is isolat$ f all o!r influ5ces ( a nature to be conf\nd$ ) x1 he gives ! details ( 8 obs]vations 9 a ye> :5 ! numb] ( bir?s ( males & females 7 ab\t equal4 ,he also goes on to say1 t1 at ! end ( ea* mon? all ! animals at ! %eepfold are weigh$ sep>ately1 & ?anks to ^! mon?ly weigh+s1 we h drawn up sev]al tables f :i* are se5 ! dim9ution or increase 9 weight ( ! diff]5t animals class$ 9 v>i\s po9ts ( view1 :e!r accord+ to age1 sex or ! object = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,two ( ^! tables h be5 appropriat$ to be>+ ewes--"o to ^? :i* h borne & nurs$ males & ! o!r to ^? :i* h borne & br\ght up females4 ,! ab/ract results ( ^! two tables h furni%$ two rem>kable facts4 ,fir/1 ,! ewes t h produc$ ! female lambs are1 on an av]age1 ( a weight sup]ior to ^? t produc$ ! males2 & !y evid5tly lose m 9 weight ?an ^! la/ dur+ ! suckl+ p]iod4 ,second1 ,! ewes t produce males weigh less1 & d n lose 9 nurs+ s mu* z ! o!rs4 ,if ! indications giv5 by ^! facts come to be confirm$ by exp]im5ts suffici5tly repeat$1 two new laws w be plac$ by ! side ( t :i* ,giron de ,baz>e+ues has det]m9$ by 8 obs]vations & exp]im5ts4 ,on ! "o h&1 z1 at lib]ty1 or 9 ! savage /ate1 x is a g5]al rule t ! pr$om9ance 9 acts ( g5]ation belongs to ! /ronge/ males to ! exclusion ( ! weak1 & z su* a pr$om9ance is favorable to ! procreation ( ! male sex1 x w\ld foll[ t ! numb] ( males w\ld t5d to surpass incessantly t ( ! females1 among/ :om no want ( en]gy or p[] w\ld turn aside f g5]ation1 & ! species w\ld f9d 9 x a fatal ob/acle to its reproduction4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if x 0 true t ! /ronge/ females & ! be/ nurses among/ !m produce females r ?an males1 nature w\ld ?us oppose a contr>y law1 :i* w\ld e/abli% ! equilibrium1 & by an admirable h>mony w\ld secure ! p]fection & pres]vation ( ! species1 by confid+ ! reproduction ( ei!r sex to ! mo/ p]fect type ( ea* respectively4 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahji4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,9-,,&-,,9 ,,bre$+4 ,x has long be5 a disput$ po9t :e!r ! sy/em ( bre$+ 9-&-9 or ! opposite "o ( frequ5t cross+ has ! great] t5d5cy to ma9ta9 or improve ! "* ( /ock4 ,! advocates ( bo? sy/ems are e>ne/ & confid5t ( be+ 9 ! "r4 ,! tru? probably is1 z 9 "s o!r simil> disputes1 t bo? are "r & bo? wrong--to a c]ta9 ext5t1 or )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,! t]m 9-&-9 is (t5 v loosely us$ & is v>i\sly und]/ood2 "s1 & among ^! sev]al ( ! be/ writ]s1 conf9e ! phrase to ! c\pl+ ( ^? ( exactly ! same blood1 i4e4 bro!rs & si/]s2 :ile o!rs include 9 x bre$+ f p>5ts & (fspr+1 & o!rs /ill employ ! t]m to embrace ^? ( m di/ant relation%ip4 ,= ! latt]1 ! t]m bre$+ 91 or close bre$+1 is deem$ m fitt+4 ,! preval5t op9ion is decid$ly aga9/ ! practice ( bre$+ f any ne> relation%ips2 x be+ usually f\nd t deg5]acy foll[s1 & (t5 to a s]i\s degree2 b x is n prov$ t ?is deg5]acy1 al?\gh v common & ev5 usual1 is yet a necess>y consequ5ce4 ,t ill effects foll[ 9 a majority ( cases is n to be d\bt$1 b ?is is easily & suffici5tly acc\nt$ = ^u o!r gr\nds4 ,9 a /ate ( nature animals ( ne> aff9ities int]bre$ )\t injuri\s results1 & x is f\nd by exp]i5ce t :]e dome/icat$ animals are ( a pure race1 or ( a di/9ct1 well def9$ & pure bre$1 ! c\pl+ ( ^? ( ne> aff9ities is n s (t5 foll[$ by injuri\s effects z :5 !y are crosses1 or ( mix$ or mongrel orig91 l ! great majority ( ! cattle 9 ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,9 ! latt] case bre$+ 9-&-9 is usually f\nd to result 9 decid$ & rapid det]ioration4 ,we %\ld consid] also t few animals 9 a /ate ( dome/ication are :olly free f h]$it>y defects & diseases1 & t ^! are propagat$ all ! m readily & surely :5 possess$ by bo? p>5ts1 & t ^? ne>ly relat$ are m likely ?an o!rs1 to possess simil> qualities & t5d5cies4 ,if su* is to be reg>d$ z ! true explanation1 x foll[s t ! same me?od w\ld be also efficaci\s 9 p]petuat+ & confirm+ good qualities4 ,su* is ! fact2 & x is well kn[n t ne>ly all :o h a*iev$ em95ce z bre$]s1 h avail$ !mselves freely ( its b5efits4 ,bakewell1 ! ,messrs4 ,coll+1 ,mr4 ,mason1 ,mr4 ,bates & o!rs1 all practic$ x4 ,mr4 ,bates' rule 01 bre$ 9-&-9 f a bad /ock & y cause ru9 & deva/ation1 !y mu/ always be *ang+ to keep ev5 mod]ately 9 ca/e2 b if a good /ock be select$1 y may bre$ 9-&-9 z mu* z y please4#bj ,bakewell orig9at$ 8 fam\s %eep by cross+ f ! be/ he c\ld ga!r f f> or ne>2 b :5 he _h obta9$ su* z suit$ him1 he br$ exclusively f )9 8 own4 ,z 9 all bre$+ f crosses1 x 0 ne$ful to ?r[ out z we$s1 a l>ge proportion ( ! prog5y1 b by rigidly do+ s1 & sav+ none to bre$ f b su* z became m & m firmly possess$ ( ! =ms & qualities desir$1 ! we$s gradually became few]1 until at l5g? he fully e/abli%$ ! bre$2 & he cont9u$ x1 & su/a9$ its high reputation dur+ 8 life by 9-bre$+ connect$ ) prop] selections = c\pl+4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 o!rs1 n possess+ 8 tact & judgm5t 9 mak+ selections1 7 less =tunate1 & 9 "s h&s ! bre$ deg5]at$ s]i\sly1 insomu* t x 0 humor\sly rem>k$1 !re 0 no?+ b a little tall[ left4 ,9 o!rs x has be5 ma9ta9$ by ! same me?od4 ,mr4 ,val5t9e ,b>=d ( ,foscote1 has ! p$igree ( 8 ,leice/] %eep s9ce ! day ( ,bakewell1 9 #aghc1 & s9ce #ahaj1 he has br$ entirely f 8 own flock1 sire & dam1 )\t an int]-*ange ( male or female f any o!r flock4 ,he obs]ves t 8 flock be+ br$ f ! ne>e/ aff9ities--commonly call$ 9-&-9 bre$+--has n exp]i5c$ any ( ! ill effects ascrib$ to ! practice4 ,w4,c4 ,spoon]1 ,v4,s41 speak+ ( ,mr4 ,b>=d's %eep says1 ,8 flock is rem>kably heal?y & 8 rams successful1 b 8 %eep are small4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,coll+1 aft] he procur$ ! fam\s bull ,hubback1 select$ c[s mo/ likely to develop 8 special excell5cies1 & f ! prog5y ( ^! he br$ v closely4 ,f t day to ?is1 ! ,%ort-horns z a g5]al ?+1 h be5 v closely br$1#ba & ! practice has be5 c>ri$ s f>1 ! selections n always be+ ! mo/ judici\s possible1 z to result 9 _m cases 9 delicacy ( con/itution1 & 9 "s :]e connect$ ) pamp]+1 9 /]ility4#bb ,col4 ,jaques1 ( ! ,t5 ,hills ,f>m ne> ,bo/on1 import$ a pair ( ,brem5 geese 9 #ahbb4 ,!y 7 br$ toge!r till #ahcj1 :5 ! g&] 0 accid5tally kill$4 ,s9ce !n ! goose br$ ) h] (fspr+ till %e 0 kill$ by an attack ( dogs 9 #aheb4 ,great numb]s 7 br$ dur+ ?is "t1 & ( c\rse !re 0 mu* ( ! close/ bre$+1 yet !re 0 no det]ioration1 & 9 fact "s ( ! lat] ones 7 l>g] & bett] ?an ! fir/ pair4 ,! same g5tleman also obta9$ a pair ( wild geese f ,canada 9 #ahah1 :i* ) _! prog5y 7 br$ f )\t *ange until de/roy$ by dogs ) ! above nam$ 9 #aheb4 ,!y cont9u$ p]fect z at fir/4 ,among greg>i\s rum9at+ animals 9 a /ate ( nature1 all :o associate 9 a h]d ackn[l$ge a *iefta91 or head1 :o ma9ta9s 8 position by virtue ( physical heal?1 /r5g? & g5]al sup]iority4 ,he n only directs all _! movem5ts b is lit]ally ! fa!r ( ! h]d4 ,:5 a /rong] ?an he comes1 ! po/ ( *iefta9 & sire is yield$1 b 9 all probability 8 successor is "o ( 8 own sons1 :o 9 turn begets (fspr+ by 8 si/]s4 ,! prog5y inh]it+ full heal?1 /r5g? & developm5t1 ! h]d cont9ues 9 full p[] & vigor1#bc & does n deg5]ate z (t5 happ5s :5 man assumes to make ! selections1 & *ooses accord+ to fancy or conv5i5ce4 ,! cont9uance ( heal?1 /r5g? & p]fect physical developm5t is believ$ to dep5d on ! wisdom ( ! selection1 ^u ! pres5ce ( ! desirable h]$it>y qualities1 & ! abs5ce ( injuri\s ones1 & n ^u relation%ip :e!r ne> or remote4 ,x has fall5 )9 ! obs]vation ( mo/ p]sons t 9 ! human race frequ5t int]m>riages 9 ! same family = successive g5]ations (t5 t5d to deg5]acy ( bo? m9d & body2 size & vigor dim9i%+1 & con/itutional defects & diseases be+ p]petuat$ & aggravat$2 b nei!r 9 ?is case is ! result believ$ to be a necess>y & inevitable consequ5ce4 ,else h[ c\ld x be1 t ,inf9ite ,wisdom1 ^: op]ations are ev] 9 accordance ) ! laws ( 8 own in/itution1 9 orig9at+ a peculi> p1 *os5 to be ! depositories ( intellectual & physical p[]1 weal? & influ5ce1 & :o1 9 spite ( oppression )\t p>allel 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 h ev] ma9ta9$ ! possession ( a goodly %>e ( all ^!1--w\ld h all[$ _! fir/ prog5itor1 ,abraham1 to m>ry 8 ne> k9swoman ,s>ah1 a half si/]1 niece or c\s91 & ,isaac _! son to w$ 8 fir/ c\s9 ,rebecca1 & ,jacob :o sprang f t union1 to m>ry fir/ c\s9s1 & _! (fspr+ = long g5]ations to int]m>ry )9 _! own p & tribes alone8 ,at a lat] p]iod1 m>riages )9 c]ta9 degrees ( consangu9ity 7 =bidd5 by ,div9e au?ority1 b n until ! peculi> race 0 fully e/abli%$1 & s f> multipli$1 z to all[ dep>ture f close bre$+ )\t *ange ( *>act]i/ics1 & n improbably ! prohibition 0 ev5 !n bas$ m ^u moral reasons1 or ^u man's ignorance or recklessness reg>d+ selection1 ?an ^u physical law4 ,su* laws exi/ among u at pres5t1 & x is well !y d1 inasmu* z = ! reasons already giv5 !re is great] probability ( deg5]acy by means ( su* connections ?an among ^? n s relat$ by blood4 ,b !y pres5t an in/ance ( ! imp]fection ( human laws1 x be+ impossible = any legal enactm5ts to prev5t :olly ! evil ?us s\ght to be avoid$4 ,x w\ld be bett] f>1 if su* a degree ( physiological k exi/$ & su* caution 0 ex]cis$ among ! community g5]ally1 z w\ld prev5t ! contraction ( any m>riages1 :]e1 f ! /ructure & end[m5ts ( ! p>ties1 debility1 de=mity1 insanity or idiocy mu/ inevitably be ! portion ( _! (fspr+ :e!r !y are m ne>ly relat$ ?an ?r\gh _! common ance/or1 ,noah1 or n4 ,if we adopt ,mr4 ,walk]'s views1 x is easy to see h[ p>5ts ( ne> aff9ities may produce (fspr+ p]fect & heal?y1 or ! rev]se4 ,he holds1 t to secure satisfactory results f any union1 !re %\ld be "s inh]5t1 con/itutional1 or fundam5tal diff]5ce2 "s su* diff]5ce z we (t5 see 9 ! human family to be ! gr\nd ( pref]5ce & atta*m5t2 z m5 g5]ally pref] wom5 ( a fem99e r ?an a mascul9e type4 ,all desire1 9 a mate1 prop]ties & qualities n possess$ by !mselves4 ,n[ assum+ z ,mr4 ,walk] holds1 t organization is transmitt$ by halves1 & t1 9 animals ( ! same v>iety1 ei!r p>5t may give ei!r s]ies ( organs1 we c see 9 ! case ( bro!r & si/] t if "o receives ! locomotive sy/em ( ! fa!r & ! nutritive sy/em ( ! "m1 & ! o!r ! locomotive sy/em ( ! "m & ! nutritive sy/em ( ! fa!r1 !y are ess5tially unlike1 !re is sc>cely any simil>ity betwe5 !m1 al?\gh1 z we say1 ( precisely ! same blood2 & _! prog5y if c\pl$ might %[ no det]ioration2 :]eas1 if bo? h ! same s]ies ( organs f ! same p>5ts1 !y w\ld be ess5tially ! same1 a sort ( quasi id5tity w\ld exi/ betwe5 !m1 & !y are utt]ly unfit to be mat$4 ,!re might be impot5cy1 or b>r5ness1 or ! prog5y1 if any1 w\ld be decid$ly inf]ior to ! p>5ts2 & ! same applies1 m or less1 to o!r relatives desc5d$ f a common ance/ry1 b m di/ant ?an bro!r & si/]4 ,mr4 ,walk] also holds t :]e ! p>5ts are n only ( ! same v>iety b ( ! same family 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se1 ! female always gives ! locomotive sy/em & ! fa!r ! nutritive2 9 :i* case ! prog5y is necess>ily inf]ior to ! p>5ts4 ,a c>eful consid]ation ( ! subject br+s u to ! foll[+ conclusions1 viz3 ,t 9 g5]al practice1 ) ! grades & mix$ animals common 9 ! c\ntry1 close bre$+ %\ld be scrupul\sly avoid$ z highly detrim5tal4 ,x is bett] always to avoid bre$+ f ne> aff9ities :5ev] /ock-gett]s ( ! same bre$ & ( equal m]it c be obta9$ :i* are n relat$4 ,yet1 :]e ?is is n possible1 or :]e !re is "s desirable & cle>ly def9$ purpose 9 view1 z ! fix+ & p]petuat+ ( "s valuable quality 9 a p>ticul> animal n common to ! bre$1 & ! bre$] possesses ! k & skill ne$ful to accompli% 8 purpose1 & ! animals are p]fect 9 heal? & developm5t1 close bre$+ may be practic$ ) advantage4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,mr4 ,bates1 al?\gh em95t z a bre$]1 0 n infallible 9 mak+ 8 selections1 & aft] long cont9u$ close bre$+1 he 0 compell$ to g out ( 8 own h]d to procure bre$+ animals4 #ba ,probably few :o h n critically exam9$ ! facts reg>d+ close bre$+ 9 ! improv$ ,%ort-horns are aw>e ( ! ext5t to :i* x has be5 c>ri$4 ,on ! #bh? ( ,m>*1 #ahfj1 at a sale ( ,%ort-horns at ,milcote1 ne> ,/rat=d ^u ,avon 7,engl&7 ?irty-"o desc5dants ( a c[ call$ ,*>m]1 br$ ( ,mr4 ,coll+'s pure/ blood1 & prais$ 9 ! adv]tisem5t z capital milk]s & v prolific1 n hav+ be5 pamp]$1 sold = #b1adj1 av]ag+ ab\t #cej ea*1 & _m ( !m 7 calves4 ,! /ock 0 also prais$ z (f]+ to ! public z mu* ( ! pure blood ( ',favorite' z c\ld be f\nd 9 any h]d4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is sale1 :i* also compris$ o!r /ock1 ! ,agricultural ,gazette1 publi%$ a few days previ\s1 _h "s rem>ks f :i* ! foll[+ is extract$3 ,x is unque/ionable t ! ability ( a c[ or bull to transmit ! m]it ei!r may possess does 9 a great degree dep5d ^u its hav+ be5 inh]it$ by !m ?r\gh a long l9e ( ance/ry4 ,no?+ is m rem>kable ?an ! way 9 :i* ! e>li] improv]s ( ! ,%ort-horn bre$ c>ri$ out _! belief 9 ?is4 ,!y 7 inde$ driv5 by ! comp>ative fewness ( well br$ animals to a repeat$ use ( ! same sire on successive g5]ations ( 8 own begett+1 :ile bre$]s n[-a-days h ! advantage ( fifty diff]5t /ra9s & families f :i* to *oose ! mat]ials ( _! h]d1 b :e!r x 7 necessity or *oice x is c]ta9 t ! p$igree ( no pure br$ ,%ort-horn c be trac$ )\t v soon rea*+ _m an illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* 'bre$+ 9-&-9' has influ5c$ its "*1 deep5$ x1 made x p]man5t1 s t x is h&$ d[n unimpair$ & ev5 /r5g!n$ 9 ! h&s ( ! judici\s bre$]4 ,:at an extraord9>y influ5ce has ?us be5 ex]t$ by a s+le bull on ! =tunes ( ! ,%ort-horn bre$6 ,!re is h>dly a s+le *oice pure-br$ ,%ort-horn t is n desc5d$ f ',favorite' 7#beb7 & n only desc5d$ 9 a s+le l9e--b desc5d$ 9 fifty diff]5t l9es4 ,take any s+le animal1 & ?is bull %all occur 9 a doz5 ( its prec$+ g5]ations & repeat$ly up to a hundr$ times6 9 ! animals ( "s ( ! m di/ant g5]ations4 ,8 influ5ce is ?us s p>am\nt 9 ! bre$ t "o fancies he has creat$ x & t ! pres5t "* ( ! :ole bre$ is due ! 'accid5tal' appe>ance ( an animal ( extraord9>y end[m5ts on ! /age 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,& yet ?is is n s2--he is himself an illu/ration ( ! bre$+ 9-&-9 sy/em--8 sire & dam hav+ be5 half bro!r & si/]1 bo? got by ',foljambe4' ,& ?is bre$+ 9-&-9 has h&$ d[n 8 influ5ce to ! pres5t "t 9 an extraord9>y degree4 ,take = in/ance1 ! c[ ',*>m]1' f :i* z w be se5 else:]e1 no few] ?an ?irty-"o desc5dants are to be sold next ,w$nesday4 ,%e _h ( c\rse two imm$iate p>5ts1 f\r prog5itors 9 ! second g5]ation1 eight 9 ! ?ird1 sixte5 9 ! f\r?1 ! numb] necess>ily d\bl+ ea* /ep f>!r back4 ,( ! eight bulls nam$ 9 ! f\r? g5]ation f :i* %e 0 desc5d$1 "o 0 by ',favorite4' ,%e is "o-sixte5? ',favorite' on t acc\nt1 b ! c[ to :i* he 0 !n put 0 also desc5d$ f ',favorite1' & s are ea* ( ! o!r sev5 bulls & sev5 c[s :i* /& on ! same level ( desc5t ) ! gr4 gr4 g4 dam ( ',*>m]4' ,& 9 fact x w be f\nd on exam9ation t 9 s f> z ',*>m]'s' p$igree is kn[n1 :i* x is 9 "s in/ances to ! sixte5? g5]ation1 %e is n "o-sixte5? only b ne>ly n9e-sixte5?s ( pure ,favorite blood4 ,?is arises f ',favorite' hav+ be5 us$ repeat$ly on c[s desc5d$ f himself4 ,9 ! p$igree ( ',*>m]' we repeat$ly meet ) ',comet'--',comet' 0 by ',favorite' & 8 dam ',"y ,pho5ix' 0 also by ',favorite2' ) ',george'--',george' 0 by ',favorite' & 8 dam ',lady ,grace' 0 also by ',favorite2' ) ',*ilton'--',*ilton' 0 by ',favorite' & 8 dam 0 also by ',favorite2' ) ',m9or'--',m9or' 0 by ',favorite' & 8 dam also 0 by ',favorite2' ) ',pe]ess'--%e 0 by ',favorite' & h] dam also by ',favorite2' ) ',bright ,eyes'--%e 0 by ',favorite' & h] dam also by ',favorite2' ) ',/rawb]ry'--%e 0 by ',favorite' & h] dam by ',favorite2' ',d&y1' ',moss ,rose1' among ! c[s & ',nor? ,/>' among ! bulls are also ( simil> desc5t4 ,!re is no difficulty !re=e 9 und]/&+ h[ ?is "n appe>s repeat$ly 9 any giv5 g5]ation ( ! p$igree ( any giv5 animal ( ! ,%ort-horn bre$4 #bb ,j\rnal ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 volume #bj1 page #big4 #bc ,x may be said ) tru?1 t ! av]age heal? & vigor ( a wild h]d is mu* high] ?an x w\ld be if ! feebl] portion ( ! "y 7 re>$1 z 9 a /ate ( dome/ication1 in/ead ( be+ de/roy$ by ! /rong]1 or p]i%+ f h>d%ip2 b if close bre$+ be1 ( itself & necess>ily1 injuri\s1 ! :ole h]d %\ld gradually fail1 :i* is n f\nd to be ! case4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,cross+4 ,! practice ( cross+1 l t ( close bre$+1 has its /rong & its weak side4 ,sub/antial argum5ts c be br\ght bo? 9 its favor & aga9/ x4 ,judici\sly practic$1 x (f]s a means ( procur+ animals = ! but*]1 (t5 sup]ior to & m pr(itable ?an ^? ( any pure bre$4 ,x is also admissible z ! f\ndation ( a sy/ematic & well consid]$ attempt to e/abli% a new bre$4 ,su* attempts1 h[ev]1 z !y necess>ily involve consid]able exp5se1 & ef=ts cont9u$ dur+ a long t]m ( ye>s1 w be r>ely made4 ,b :5 cross+ is practic$ injudici\sly & indiscrim9ately1 & especially :5 s done = ! purpose ( procur+ bre$+ animals1 x _c be too sev]ely c5sur$1 & is sc>cely less objectionable ?an c>eless 9-&-9 bre$+4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks1 f ! p5 ( ,w4,c4 ,spoon]1 ,v4,s41 are introduc$ z s\nd & reliable1 & z compris+ ne>ly all :i* ne$ be said on ! subject ( cross+ bre$s possess+ di/9ctive *>act]i/ics3 ,cross+ is g5]ally und]/ood to ref] to ! alliance ( animals ( diff]5t bre$s1 su* z betwe5 a ?or\gh-br$ & a half-br$ among horses or a ,s\? ,d[n & ,leice/] among %eep4 ,n[ ! advantages or disadvantages ( ?is sy/em dep5d entirely on ! object we h 9 view1 :e!r m]ely to beget an animal = ! but*]1 or = ! purpose ( p]petuat+ ! species4 ,if ! latt] is ! object1 !n cross+ %\ld be adopt$ gradually & ) c>e1 & by no means betwe5 di/ant or antagoni/ic qualities1 z = example a ?or\gh-br$ & a c>t-horse4 ,! result ( ! latt] connection is g5]ally an ill-assort$ & unfavorable animal1 too heavy p]haps = "o purpose1 & too light = ano!r4 ,if we wi% to in/il m activity into ! c>t-horse bre$1 x is bett] to d s by means ( "s half-br$ animal1 :il/ ! latt] c be improv$ by means ( ! ?ree-p>ts-br$ horse & ?is aga9 by ! ?or\gh-br$4 ,!re is a rem>kable t5d5cy1 9 bre$+1 = bo? good qualities & bad to disappe> = "o or two g5]ations1 & to reappe> 9 ! second & ?ird2 ?us an animal (t5 resembles ! gr& dam m ?an ! dam4 ,?is peculi>ity is itself an objection to ! practice ( cross+1 z x t5ds to prev5t uni=mity & to enc\rage contr>ieties2 & ?us we f9d 9 _m flocks & h]ds t ! hopes ( ! bre$]s h be5 entirely baffl$ & a race ( mongrels e/abli%$4 ,! fir/ cross is g5]ally successful--a tol]able degree ( uni=mity is produc$1 resembl+ 9 ext]nal con=mation ! sire1 :i* is usually ( a sup]ior bre$2 & ?us ! (fspr+ are sup]ior to ! dams4 ,^! cross-br$ animals are n[ pair$ among/ ea* o!r1 & :at is ! consequ5ce8 ,uni=mity at once disappe>s2 "s ( ! (fspr+ resemble ! gr&sire1 & o!rs ! gr&ams1 & "s possess ! disposition & con/itution ( ! "o & "s ( ! o!r2 & consequ5tly a race ( mongrels is p]petuat$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! cross is really a good & desirable "o1 !n1 by means ( rigor\s & cont9u$ selection1 pursu$ = sev]al g5]ations1 t is1 by ca/+ aside1 z reg>ds bre$+ purposes1 e animal t does n exhibit uni=mity1 or possess ! qualifications we are desir\s ( p]petuat+1 a valuable bre$ ( animals may 9 ! c\rse ( "t be e/abli%$4 ,by ?is sy/em _m v>ieties ( %eep h be5 s f> improv$ z to become almo/ new bre$s2 z = in/ance ! ,new ,ox=d ,d[ns :i* h frequ5tly ga9$ prizes at ! great ,agricultural ,meet+s z be+ ! be/ long wool$ %eep4 ,to cross1 h[ev]1 m]ely = cross+ sake--to d s )\t t c>e & vigilance :i* we h deem$ s ess5tial--is a practice :i* _c be too mu* condemn$4 ,x is 9 fact a national evil & a s9 aga9/ society1 t is1 if c>ri$ beyond ! fir/ cross1 or if ! cross-br$ animals are us$ = bre$+4 ,a useful bre$ ( animals may ?us be lo/1 & a g5]ation ( mongrels e/abli%$ 9 _! place1 a result :i* has foll[$ 9 num]\s in/ances among/ e bre$ ( animals4 ,! pr9cipal use ( cross+1 h[ev]1 is to raise animals = ! but*]4 ,9 ?is respect x has n 7) %eep7 be5 adopt$ to ! ext5t :i* x might to advantage4 ,! male be+ g5]ally an animal ( a sup]ior bre$ & ( a vigor\s nature1 almo/ inv>iably /amps 8 ext]nal =m1 size & muscul> developm5t on ! (fspr+1 :i* ?us be> a /rong resemblance to him1 :il/ _! int]nal nature d]iv$ f ! dam1 well adapts !m to ! locality1 z well z to ! treatm5t to :i* _! dams h be5 accu/om$4 ,) reg>d to cattle1 ! sy/em _c be s advantage\sly pursu$ 7except = ! purpose ( improv+ ! size & qualities ( ! calf1 :]e veal is ! object7 9 z mu* z e requir$ qualification = bre$+ purposes c be obta9$ by us+ animals ( ! pure bre$s4 ,b ) %eep1 :]e ! peculi>ities ( ! soil z reg>ds ! goodness ( fe$1 & exposure to ! sev]ities ( ! wea!r1 (t5 prev5t ! introduction ( an improv$ bre$1 ! value ( us+ a new & sup]ior ram is (t5 v consid]able1 & ! weight ( mutton is mat]ially increas$1 )\t its quality be+ impair$1 :ile e>li] maturity is at ! same "t obta9$4 ,x involves1 h[ev]1 m sy/ematic att5tion ?an f>m]s usually l to be/[1 = x is necess>y to employ a diff]5t ram = ea* purpose2 t is1 a native ram = a portion ( ! ewes to keep up ! purity ( ! bre$1 & a =eign ram to raise ! improv$ cross-br$ animals = fatt+ ei!r z lambs or %eep4 ,?is plan is adopt$ by _m bre$]s ( ,leice/] %eep1 :o ?us employ ,s\? ,d[n rams to improve ! quality ( ! mutton4 ,"o inconv5i5ce att5d+ ?is plan1 is ! necessity ( fatt+ ! maid5 ewes z well z ! we!rs2 !y may h[ev] be dispos$ ( z fat lambs1 or ! practice ( spay+ might be adopt$1 s z to increase ! fatt+ disposition ( ! animal4 ,cross+1 !re=e1 %\ld be adopt$ ) ! greate/ caution & skill :]e ! object is to improve ! bre$ ( animals2 x %\ld nev] be practic$ c>elessly or caprici\sly1 b x may be advantage\sly pursu$ ) a view to rais+ sup]ior & pr(itable animals = ! but*]4 ,9 ano!r pap] on ?is subject1 aft] pres5t+ _m int]e/+ details reg>d+ ,briti% bre$s ( %eep & ! results ( cross+1 ,mr4 ,spoon] says3 ,we _c d bett]1 9 conclud+ our pap]1 ?an ga!r up & arrange 9 a collect$ =m1 ! v>i\s po9ts ( our subject1 :i* appe> to be ( suffici5t importance to be aga9 pres5t$ to ! att5tion ( our read]s4 ,we ?9k1 !re=e1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 com+ to ! conclusions3 #a/4 ,t !re is a direct pecuni>y advantage 9 judici\s cross-bre$+2 t increas$ size1 disposition to fatt51 & e>ly maturity1 are !reby induc$4 #b;d4 ,t :ile ?is may be caus$ = ! mo/ "p1 by ! v fact ( cross+1 yet x is pr9cipally due to ! sup]ior influ5ce ( ! male ov] ! size & ext]nal appe>ance ( ! (fspr+2 s t x is desirable1 = ! purpose ( ! but*]1 t ! male %\ld be ( a l>g] frame ?an ! female1 & %\ld excel 9 ^? peculi>ities we are desir\s ( reproduc+4 ,let x be "h h[ev]1 repeat$1 z an exceptional tru?1 t ?\gh z a rule ! male p>5t influ5ces mo/ly ! size & ext]nal =m1 & ! female p>5t ! con/itution1 g5]al heal? & vital p[]s1 yet t ! opposite result sometimes takes place4 #c;d4 ,c]ta9 peculi>ities may be imp>t$ to a bre$ by a s+le cross4 ,?us1 ! ponies ( ! ,new ,=e/ exhibit *>act]i/ics ( blood1 al?\gh x is _m ye>s s9ce t a ?or\gh-br$ horse 0 turn$ into ! =e/ = ! purpose4 ,s1 likewise1 we obs]ve 9 ! ,hamp%ire %eep ! ,roman nose & l>ge heads1 :i* =m$ s /rong a feature 9 _! mat]nal ance/ors1 al?\gh successive crosses ( ! ,s\? ,d[n 7 employ$ to *ange ! "* ( ! bre$4 99 99 99 #d?4 ,al?\gh 9 ! cross+ ( %eep = ! purpose ( ! but*]1 x is g5]ally advisable to use males ( a l>g] bre$1 provid$ !y possess a disposition to fatt52 yet1 9 su* cases1 x is ( importance t ! pelvis ( ! female %\ld be wide & capaci\s1 s t no injury %\ld arise 9 lamb+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! increas$ size ( ! heads ( ! lambs4 ,! %ape ( ! ram's head %\ld be /udi$ = ! same reason4 ,9 cross+1 h[ev]1 = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ a new bre$1 ! size ( ! male mu/ give way to o!r m important consid]ations2 al?\gh x w /ill be desirable to use a l>ge female ( ! bre$ :i* we seek to improve4 ,?us ! ,s\? ,d[ns h va/ly improv$ ! l>g] ,hamp%ires1 & ! ,leice/] ! huge ,l9colns & ! ,cotswolds4 #e?4 ,al?\gh ! b5efits are mo/ evid5t 9 ! fir/ cross1 aft] :i*1 f pair+ ! cross-br$ animals1 ! defects ( "o bre$ or ! o!r1 or ! incongruities ( bo?1 are p]petually break+ out--yet1 unless ! *>act]i/ics & con=mation ( ! two bre$s are altoge!r av]se to ea* o!r1 nature opposes no b>ri] to _! successful admixture2 s t 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 by ! aid ( selection & c>eful we$+1 x is practicable to e/abli% a new bre$ altoge!r4 ,?is1 9 fact1 has be5 ! hi/ory ( our pr9cipal bre$s4 99 99 99 ,we confess t we _c entirely admit ei!r ( ! antagoni/ic doctr9es held by ! rival advocates ( cross+ & pure bre$+4 ,! public h reason to be grateful to ! ex]tions ( ei!r p>ty2 & /ill m h !y respectively reason to be grateful to ea* o!r4 99 99 99 99 ,let u conclude by repeat+ ! advice t1 :5 equal advantages c be atta9$ by keep+ a pure bre$ ( %eep1 su* pure bre$ %\ld unque/ionably be pref]r$2 & t1 al?\gh cross+ = ! purpose ( ! but*] may be practic$ ) impunity1 & ev5 ) advantage1 yet no "o %\ld d s = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ a new bre$1 unless he has cle> & well def9$ views ( ! object he seeks to accompli%1 & has duly /udi$ ! pr9ciples on :i* x c be c>ri$ out1 & is det]m9$ to be/[ = ! space ( half a life-"t 8 con/ant & unremitt+ att5tion to ! discov]y & removal ( defects4 ,! t]m cross+ is sometimes us$ 9 a mu* m re/rict$ s5se1 z 9 ! rem>k ( ,mr4 ,boswell 9 8 essay quot$ on page #fi :]e he says1 ,:5 ,i praise ! advantage ( cross+ ,i w\ld h x cle>ly und]/ood t x is only to br+ toge!r animals n ne>ly relat$ b always ( ! same bre$4 ,x is evid5t t su* cross+ z ?is is :olly unobjectionable2 no "o b an av[$ & ultra advocate ( close bre$+ c\ld possibly f9d any fault ) x4 ,!re is yet ano!r /yle ( cross+ :i* :5 practicable1 may1 x is believ$1 be made a means to ! highe/ degree ( improvem5t atta9able1 & especially 9 ! bre$+ ( horses4 ,! ^w bre$ is (t5 us$ ) v>y+ signification4 ,9 ord] to be und]/ood1 let me premise t ,i use x "h simply to designate a class ( animals possess+ a good degree ( uni=mity gr[+ out ( ! fact ( a common orig9 & ( _! hav+ be5 re>$ "u simil> conditions4 ,! me?od propos$ is to unite animals possess+ simil>ity ( desirable *>act]i/ics1 ) diff]5ce ( bre$2 t is to say1 diff]5ce ( bre$ 9 ! s5se j specifi$4 ,f unions bas$ ^u ?is pr9ciple1 ! selections be+ guid$ by a skillful judgm5t & a discrim9at+ tact1 we may expect prog5y possess+ n only a fitt+ & symmetrical developm5t ( ! locomotive sy/em1 b also an am\nt & int5sity ( n]v\s en]gy & p[] unatta9able by any o!r me?od4 ,su* 0 9 all probability ! orig9 ( ! celebrat$ horse ,ju/9 ,morgan2 an animal :i* n only did m to /amp excell5ce & imp>t value to ! road/]s ( ,new ,engl& ?an any o!r1 b 0 ! orig9ator ( ! only di/9ct1 indig5\s bre$ ( animals ( :i* ,am]ica c boa/2--a bre$ :i* z fa/ & durable road horses & = any light h>ness "w1 is n equall$ by any o!r1 any :]e4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k x is sc>cely conceivable h[ an animal possess+ ! end[m5ts ( ,ju/9 ,morgan c\ld h orig9at$ 9 any o!r way ?an f su* a p>5tage z above indicat$4 ,on ! o!r h& x is v c]ta9 t contra/ 9 "*1 z well z 9 bre$1 has occasion$ mu* ( ! disappo9tm5t ( :i* bre$]s h _h occasion to compla94 ,! pr9ciple "h laid d[n is "o ( broad application1 & %\ld nev] be lo/ sight ( 9 attempts at improvem5t by cross+4 ,ano!r po9t wor?y special att5tion is t all cross+1 to insure successful results1 %\ld be g5tle r ?an viol5t2 t is1 nev] c\ple animals possess+ m>k$ dissimil>ity1 b endeavor to rem$y faults & to effect improvem5t by gradual approa*es4 ,h>mony ( /ructure & a prop] balanc+ ( desirable *>act]i/ics1 an equilibrium ( good qualities1 z x has be5 happily express$1 c be secur$ only 9 ?is way4 ,x may n be out ( place "h to say1 t mu* ( ! talk ab\t blood 9 animals1 especially horses1 is %e] nons5se4 ,:5 a blood horse is spok5 (1 x means1 s f> z x means any ?+1 t 8 p$igree c be trac$ to ,arabian or ,b>b>y orig91 & s is possess$ ( ! peculi> type ( /ructure & great n]v\s en]gy :i* usually atta*es to ?or\gh-br$ horses4 ,:5 a bull1 or c[1 or %eep is said to be ( pure blood1 x means simply t ! animal is ( "s di/9ct v>iety--t x has be5 br$ f an ance/ry all ( :i* 7 m>k$ by ! same peculi>ities & *>act]i/ics4 ,s long z ! t]m blood is us$ to convey ! idea ( def9ite h]$it>y qualities x may n be objectionable4 ,we frequ5tly use expressions :i* are n /rictly accurate1 z :5 we speak ( ! sun's ris+ & sett+1 & s long z e body kn[s t we ref] to app>5t position & n to any motion ( ! sun1 no false ideas are convey$4 ,b to suppose t ! h]$it>y qualities ( an animal atta* to ! blood m ?an to any o!r fluid or to any ( ! tissues ( ! body1 or t ! blood ( a high-br$ horse is ess5tially diff]5t f t ( ano!r1 is entirely errone\s4 ,! qualities ( an animal dep5d ^u its organization & end[m5ts1 & ! blood is only ! vehicle by :i* ^! are n\ri%$ & su/a9$2--moreov] ! blood v>ies 9 quality1 composition & am\nt1 accord+ to ! food eat51 ! air brea!d & ! ex]cise tak54 ,if "o horse is bett] ?an ano!r x is n because ! fluid 9 8 ve9s is ( sup]ior quality1 b r because 8 /ructure is m p]fect me*anically1 & because n]v\s en]gy is pres5t 9 fitt+ am\nt & int5sity4 ,= illu/ration1 take two horses--"o s built & end[$ t he c draw two tons or m1 ?ree miles 9 an h\r2 ! o!r s t he c trot a mile 9 ?ree m9utes or less4 ,let u suppose ! blood c\rs+ 9 ! ve9s ( ea* to be transf]r$ to ! o!r2 w\ld ! draft horse acquire spe$ !reby1 or ! trott] acquire p[]8 ,j z mu* & no m z if y f$ ea* = a mon? ) ! hay1 oats & wat] int5d$ = ! o!r4 ,x is well to att5d to p$igree1 = ?us only c we "k :at are ! h]$it>y qualities1 b x is n well to lay too mu* /ress ^u blood1 ,:at matt]s x t my horse 0 sir$ by su* a "o or su* a "o1 if he be himself defective8 ,9 bre$+ horses1 /ructure is fir/1 & end[m5t ) n]v\s en]gy is next to be se5 to1 & !n p$igree--aft]w>ds t ^! be fitt+ly unit$1 by prop] selection = c\pl+1 9 ord] to secure ! highe/ degree ( probability :i* ! nature ( ! case admits1 t ! (fspr+ may prove a p]fect ma*9e & be suitably end[$ ) motive p[]4 ,! body ( an animal is a piece ( me*anism1 ! mov+ p[] ( :i* is ! vital pr9ciple1 :i* l fire to ! /eam eng9e sets ! :ole 9 motion2 b :atev] quantity ( fire or vital en]gy may be appli$1 nei!r ! animal ma*9e nor ! eng9e w "w ) regul>ity & effect1 unless ! individual p>ts ( :i* ! ma*9e is compos$ are prop]ly adju/$ & fitt$ = ! purposes = :i* !y are int5d$2 or if x is f\nd t ! ma*9e does move by ! increase ( mov+ p[]1 /ill ! motion is irregul> & imp]fect2 ! bolts & jo9ts are cont9ually giv+ way1 !re is a cont9u$ /ra9+ ( ! v>i\s p>ts1 & ! ma*9e becomes worn out & useless 9 half ! "t x might h la/$ if ! proportions _h be5 j & accurate4 ,su* is ! case ) ! animal ma*9e4 ,x is n en\gh t x is put 9 motion by ! noble/ _s or t x is n\ri%$ by ! highe/ blood2 e bone mu/ h its j proportion2 e muscle or t5don its prop] pulley2 e lev] its prop] l5g? & fulcrum2 e jo9t its mo/ accurate adju/m5t & prop] lubrication2 all mu/ h _! relative proportions & /r5g?1 be=e ! motions ( ! ma*9e c be accurate1 vigor\s & durable4 ,9 e ma*9e modifications are requir$ accord+ z ! purposes v>y to :i* x is appli$4 ,! heavy dray horse is f> f hav+ ! arrangem5t necess>y = ! purposes ( ! turf1 :ile ! ?or\gh-br$ is z ill adapt$ = ! dray4 ,animals are !re=e to be select$ = ! individual purposes = :i* !y are int5d$1 ) ! modifications ( =m prop] = ! diff]5t uses to :i* !y are to be appli$2 b = :atev] purpose !y may be int5d$1 !re are "s po9ts :i* are common to all1 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! individual p>ts4 ,if ! bones want _! due proportions1 or are imp]fectly plac$--if ! muscles or t5dons want _! prop] lev]s--if ! flexions ( ! jo9ts be int]rupt$ by ! defectiv5ess ( _! me*anism1 ! animal mu/ ei!r be defective 9 motion or /r5g?2 ! bones h irregul> pressure1 & if !y d n break1 become diseas$2 if ! muscles or t5dons d n become spra9$ or ruptur$1 !y are defective 9 _! action2 if friction or inflammation does n take place 9 ! jo9ts1 ! motions are awkw>d & grotesque4 ,z 9 e o!r ma*9e1 ! beauty ( ! animate1 :e!r 9 motion or at re/1 dep5ds ^u ! arrangem5t ( ! individual p>ts4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,bre$+ ,,9 ,,! ,,l9e4 ,! pref]able /yle ( bre$+ = ! great majority ( f>m]s to adopt1 is nei!r to cross1 nor to bre$ f close aff9ities1 7except 9 r>e in/ances & = "s specific & cle>ly und]/ood purpose17 b to bre$ 9 ! l9e1 t is1 select ! bre$ or race be/ adapt$ to fulfill ! requirem5ts dem&$1 :e!r x be = ! dairy1 = labor or = beef 9 cattle1 or = su* comb9ation ( ^! z c be _h )\t too great sacrifice ( ! pr9cipal requisite2 :e!r = f9e wool z a prim>y object & = meat z a second>y "o1 or = mutton z a prim>y & wool = a second>y object1 & !n procure a pure br$ male ( ! k9d det]m9$ on1 & bre$ him to ! females ( ! h]d or ( ! flock2 & if ^! be n su* z are calculat$ to develop 8 qualities1 endeavor by pur*ase or ex*ange to procure su* z w4 ,let ! prog5y ( ^! be br$ to ano!r pure br$ male ( ! same bre$1 b z di/antly relat$ to ! fir/ z may be4 ,let ?is plan be /eadily pursu$1 & al?\gh we _c1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( well br$ females1 obta9 /ock purely ( k9d desir$1 yet 9 sev]al g5]ations1 if prop] c>e be giv5 9 ! selection ( males1 t ea* "o be su* z to reta9 & improve ^u ! po9ts ga9$ by 8 pr$ecessor1 ! /ock = mo/ practical purposes w be z good z if ?or\gh-br$4 ,7 ?is plan g5]ally adopt$1 & a sy/em ( lett+ or ex*ange ( males e/abli%$1 ! co/ might be br\ght )9 ! means ( mo/ p]sons1 & ! advantages :i* w\ld accrue w\ld be almo/ beyond belief4 ,! writ] on ,cattle 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,useful ,k well rem>ks3--,at ! outset ( 8 c>e]1 ! f>m] %\ld h a cle> & det]m9$ conception ( ! object t he wi%es to accompli%4 ,he %\ld consid] ! nature ( 8 f>m2 ! quality1 abundance or defici5cy ( 8 pa/urage1 ! "* ( ! soil1 ! seasons ( ! ye> :5 he w h pl5ty or defici5cy ( food1 ! locality ( 8 f>m1 ! m>ket to :i* he has access & ! produce :i* c be dispos$ ( ) greate/ pr(it1 & ^! ?+s w at once po9t to him ! bre$ he %\ld be solicit\s to obta94 ,! man ( weal? & patriotism may h m ext5sive views1 & nobly look to ! g5]al improvem5t ( cattle2 b ! f>m]1 ) 8 limit$ means & ) ! claims t press ^u him1 reg>ds 8 cattle z a valuable portion ( 8 own little prop]ty1 & on :i* e ?+ %\ld appe> to be 9 natural keep+1 & be turn$ to ! be/ advantage4 ,! be/ bea/ = him is t :i* suits 8 f>m ! be/1 & ) a view to ?is1 he /udies1 or ought to /udy1 ! po9ts & qualities ( 8 own cattle1 & ^? ( o!rs4 ,! dairyman w reg>d ! quantity ( milk--! quality--its value = ! production ( butt] & *eese--! "t t ! c[ cont9ues 9 milk--! "* ( ! bre$ = quietness1 or z be+ good nurses--! pr$isposition to g>get or o!r disease1 or dropp+ aft] calv+--! natural t5d5cy to turn e ?+ to nutrim5t--! ease ) :i* %e is fatt5$ :5 giv5 up z a milk]1 & ! proportion ( food requisite to keep h] 9 full milk or to fatt5 h] :5 dry4 ,! grazi] w consid] ! k9d ( bea/ :i* 8 l& w be>--! k9d ( meat mo/ 9 dem& 9 8 neighborhood--! e>ly maturity--! quickness ( fatt5+ at any age--! quality ( ! meat--! p>ts on :i* ! fle% & fat are pr9cipally laid--& m ?an all ! h>dihood & ! adaptation to ! climate & soil4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ^! valuable prop]ties ! good f>m] w make himself p]fectly ma/] ( ! *>act]s & qualities ( 8 own /ock4 ,he w trace ! connection ( c]ta9 good qualities & c]ta9 bad ones1 ) an almo/ inv>iable peculi>ity ( %ape & /ructure2 & at l5g? he w arrive at a cle> conception1 n s mu* ( beauty ( =m 7al?\gh t is a pleas+ object to contemplate7 z ( t outl9e & proportion ( p>ts ) :i* utility is (t5e/ comb9$4 ,!n c>efully view+ 8 /ock he w consid] :]e !y approa* to1 & h[ f> !y w&] f1 ?is utility ( =m2 & he w be anxi\s to pres]ve or to increase ! "o & to supply ! defici5cy ( ! o!r4 ,he w endeavor to select f 8 own /ock ^? animals t excel 9 ! mo/ valuable po9ts1 & p>ticul>ly ^? :i* possess ! greate/ numb] ( ^! po9ts1 & he w unhesitat+ly condemn e bea/ t manife/s defici5cy 9 any "o important po9t4 ,he w n1 h[ev]1 too long conf9e himself to 8 own /ock1 unless x be a v num]\s "o4 ,! bre$+ f close aff9ities has _m advantages to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,x 0 ! s\rce :5ce sprung ! cattle & %eep ( ,bakewell & ! sup]ior cattle ( ,coll+2 & to x mu/ also be trac$ ! spe$y deg5]acy1 ! absolute disappe>ance ( ! ,new ,leice/] cattle1 &1 9 ! h&s ( _m agriculturi/s1 ! impairm5t ( con/itution & decreas$ value ( ! ,new ,leice/] %eep & ( ! ,%ort-horns4 ,he w !re=e seek "s *ange 9 8 /ock e second or ?ird ye>1 & t *ange is mo/ conv5i5tly effect$ by introduc+ a new bull4 ,?is bull %\ld be ( ! same bre$1 & pure1 com+ f a simil> pa/urage & climate1 b possess+ no relation%ip--or1 at mo/1 a v di/ant "o--to ! /ock to :i* he is introduc$4 ,he %\ld br+ ) him e good po9t :i* ! bre$] has labor$ to produce 9 8 /ock1 & if possible1 "s improvem5t1 & especially 9 ! po9ts :]e ! old /ock may h be5 some:at defici5t1 & mo/ c]ta9ly he %\ld h no manife/ defect ( =m2 & t mo/ ess5tial ( all qualifications1 a h>dy con/itution1 %\ld n be want+4 ,!re is "o circum/ance1 h[ev]1 :i* ! bre$] occasionally =gets1 b :i* is ( z mu* importance to ! p]man5t value ( 8 /ock z any c>eful selection ( animals c be--& t is1 good keep+4 ,x has be5 well said t all good /ock mu/ be bo? br$ ) att5tion & well f$4 ,x is necess>y t ^! two ess5tials 9 ?is species ( improvem5t %\ld always accompany ea* o!r2 = )\t good res\rces ( keep+1 x w\ld be va9 to attempt support+ a valuable /ock4 ,?is is true ) reg>d to ! orig9al /ock4 ,x is yet m evid5t :5 animals are absurdly br\ght f a bett] to a poor] soil4 ,! orig9al /ock w det]iorate if neglect$ & half-/>v$1 & ! improv$ bre$ w lose gr\nd ev5 m rapidly1 & to a f> great] ext5t4 ,a v brief resum ( ! prec$+ rem>ks may be express$ z foll[s3 ,! ,law ( ,simil>ity tea*es u to select animals = bre$+ :i* possess ! desir$ =ms & qualities 9 ! greate/ p]fection & be/ comb9ation4 ,reg>d %\ld be _h n only to ! m obvi\s *>act]i/ics1 b also to su* h]$it>y traits & t5d5cies z may be hidd5 f cursory obs]vation & dem& c>eful & ?or\gh inve/igation4 ,f ! h]$it>y nature ( all *>act]i/ics1 :e!r good or bad1 we le>n ! importance ( hav+ all desirable qualities & prop]ties ?or\ghly inbr$2 or1 9 o!r words1 s firmly fix$ 9 ea* g5]ation1 t ! next is w>rantably c]ta9 to pres5t no?+ worse1--t no ill results foll[ f bre$+ back t[>ds "s inf]ior ance/or1--t all undesirable traits or po9ts be1 s f> z possible1 br$ out4 ,s important is ?is consid]ation1 t 9 practice1 x is decid$ly pref]able to employ a male ( ord9>y ext]nal appe>ance1 provid$ 8 ance/ry be all :i* is desir$1 r ?an a grade or cross-br$ animal1 al?\gh ! latt] be greatly 8 sup]ior 9 p]sonal beauty4 ,a k ( ! ,law ( ,div]g5ce tea*es u to avoid1 = bre$+ purposes1 su* animals z exhibit v>iations unfavorable to ! purpose 9 view2 & to endeavor to p]petuate e real improvem5t ga9$2 also to secure z f> z practicable1 ! conditions necess>y to induce or to p]petuate any improvem5t1 su* z g5]al treatm5t1 food1 climate1 habit1 c4 ,:]e ! p>5ts d n possess ! p]fection desir$1 selections = c\pl+ %\ld be made ) critical ref]5ce to correct+ ! faults or defici5cies ( "o by correspond+ excell5ce 9 ! o!r4 ,b to correct defects too mu* mu/ n be attempt$ at once4 ,pair+ ^? v unlike1 (t5] results 9 loss ?an 9 ga94 ,mat+ a horse = spe$ ) a draft m>e1 w m likely beget prog5y good = nei!r1 ?an = bo?4 ,avoid all extremes1 & endeavor by mod]ate degrees to obta9 ! object desir$4 ,cross+1 betwe5 diff]5t bre$s1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ animals = ! %ambles1 may be advantage\sly practic$ to consid]able ext5t1 b n = ! production ( bre$+ animals4 ,z a g5]al rule cross-br$ males %\ld n be employ$ = propagation1 & cross-br$ females %\ld be s]v$ by ?or\gh-br$ males4 ,9 ord9>y practice1 bre$+ f ne> relation%ips is to be scrupul\sly avoid$2 = c]ta9 purposes1 "u c]ta9 conditions & circum/ances1 & 9 ! h&s ( a skillful bre$]1 x may be practic$ ) advantage1 b n o!rwise4 ,9 a l>ge majority ( cases 7o!r ?+s be+ equal7 we may expect 9 prog5y ! outw>d =m & g5]al /ructure ( ! sire1 toge!r ) ! int]nal qualities1 con/itution & nutritive sy/em ( ! dam2 ea*1 h[ev]1 modifi$ by ! o!r4 ,p>ticul> c>e %\ld always be tak5 t ! male by :i* ! dam fir/ becomes pregnant is ! be/ :i* c be obta9$2 also1 t at ! "t ( sexual congress bo? are 9 vigor\s heal?4 ,bre$+ animals %\ld n be all[$ to become fat1 b always kept 9 ?rifty condition2 & su* z are int5d$ = ! but*] %\ld nev] be fat b once4 ,9 decid+ ) :at bre$s to /ock a f>m1 endeavor to select ^? be/ adapt$ to its surface1 climate1 & degree ( f]tility2 also ) ref]5ce to probable dem& & proximity to m>kets4 ,no exp5se incurr$ 9 procur+ *oice animals = propagation1 or any am\nt ( skill 9 bre$+1 c sup]s$e1 or comp5sate =1 a lack ( lib]al fe$+ & good treatm5t4 ,! bett] ! /ock1 ! bett] c>e !y des]ve4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,bre$s4 ,! inquiry is frequ5tly made1 :at is ! be/ bre$ ( cattle1 %eep1 c41 = g5]al use4 ,9 reply x may be said t no bre$ c by any possibility fulfill all requirem5ts 9 ! be/ possible mann]2 "o is bett] = meat & e>ly maturity1 ano!r = milk1 ano!r = wool1 & s on4 ,because "u c]ta9 circum/ances x may be necess>y or advisable = a man to s]ve z 8 own build]1 tailor1 tann] & blacksmi?1 x by no means foll[s t all :i* is requir$ w be z well1 or z easily done1 z by a division ( labor4 ,s x is bett] = _m reasons1 & m pr(it c be made1 by employ+ diff]5t bre$s = diff]5t purposes1 ?an by us+ "o = all1 & t[>ds su* pr(itable employm5t we %\ld con/antly aim4 ,at ! same "t !re is a l>ge class ( f>m]s s situat$ t !y _c keep di/9ct bre$s1 & yet wi% to employ !m = diff]5t uses1 & ^: requirem5ts w be/ be met by a k9d ( cattle1 :i*1 )\t possess+ rem>kable excell5ce 9 any "o direction1 %all be suffici5tly h>dy1 ! ox5 prov+ docile & effici5t labor]s = a :ile1 & !n turn quickly into good beef ^u su* food z _! f>ms w produce1 ! c[s giv+ a fair quantity & quality ( milk = ! ne$s ( ! family & p]haps to furni% a little butt] & *eese = m>ket4 ,be=e proce$+ to answ] ! inquiry m def9itely1 x may be well to rem>k fur!r1 t among ! facts ( exp]i5ce reg>d+ cattle1 %eep & horses1 no?+ is bett] e/abli%$ ?an t no bre$ c be transf]r$ f ! place :]e x orig9at$1 & to :i* x 0 suit$1 to ano!r ( unlike surface1 climate & f]tility1 & reta9 equal adaptation to its new situation1 nor c x cont9ue to be :at x 0 be=e4 ,x mu/ & w v>y4 ,! influ5ce ( climate alone1 aside f food & o!r ag5cies 9 caus+ v>iation1 is s great t ! utmo/ skill 9 bre$+1 & c>e 9 all o!r respects1 _c :olly control its modify+ effects4 ,x is also pretty well e/abli%$ t no bre$ br\ght 9 f abroad c be fully z good1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 z "o indig5\s to ! locality1 or :at approximates ! same ?+1 z "o1 :i* by be+ re>$ ?r\gh repeat$ g5]ations on ! spot has become ?or\ghly acclimat$2 s t ! presumption is /rongly 9 favor ( natives4 ,:5 we look ab\t u h[ev]1 we f9d1 if we except ! ,morgan horses1 no?+ :i* des]ves ! "n ( indig5\s bre$s or races4 ,! cattle & %eep kn[n z natives are ( mix$ =eign orig91 & h be5 br$ ) no c>e 9 selection1 b cross$ 9 e possible way4 ,!y possess no fix$ h]$it>y traits1 & al?\gh among !m are _m ( v respectable qualities1 & :i* possess desirable *>act]i/ics1 !y _c be reli$ ^u z bre$]s1 to produce prog5y ( l excell5ce4 ,in/ead ( con/ancy1 !re is cont9ual v>iation1 & frequ5t bre$+ back1 exhibit+ ! undesirable traits ( inf]ior ance/ors4 ,t a bre$ might be e/abli%$ f !m1 by c>eful selection cont9u$ dur+ repeat$ g5]ations1 aid$ p]haps by judici\s cross+ ) m rec5t importations1 fully z good z any n[ exi/+1 is n to be d\bt$4 ,v probably1 a bre$ = dairy purposes might be ?us creat$ :i* %\ld excel any n[ exi/+ 9 ,europe1 = "s ( our s call$ native c[s1 c>elessly z !y h be5 br$1 are n surpass$ by any ( =eign orig9 ^u :i* great c>e has be5 exp5d$4 ,to accompli% ?is is an object wor?y ! ambition ( ^? :o possess ! skill1 en?usiasm1 ample means & indomitable p]sev]ance requisite to success4 ,b except ! s+le attempt ( ,col4 ,jaques1 ( ! ,t5 ,hills ,f>m1 to e/abli% ! ,creampot bre$1#bd ( :i*1 z little has be5 he>d s9ce 8 dea?1 x is fair to presume t x has dropp$ into ! level ( common grade cattle1 no sy/ematic & cont9u$ ef=t has come to our k4 ,consequ5tly su* z may be deem$ absolutely ! be/ is a ?+ ( ! future2 !y d n yet exi/--& !re is no probability t ! desid]atum w soon be atta9$4 ,we ,yankees are an impati5t p2 we dislike to wait1 = any ?+1 or to inve/ :]e five1 t51 tw5ty or fifty ye>s may be expect$ to elapse be=e satisfactory divid5ds may be safely anticipat$4 ,/ill1 if all w\ld beg9 to-day1 to use :at skill & judgm5t !y h1 or c acquire1 9 bre$+ only f ! be/ ( su* z !y h1 c\pl+ ) ref]5ce to _! peculi>ities1 & consign+ to ! but*] z fa/ z possible e inf]ior animal1 & if1 9 addition1 !y w\ld d :at is equally necess>y1 namely1 improve _! g5]al treatm5t z mu* z lies 9 _! p[]1 !re w\ld result an imm$iate1 a m>k$ & a /eadily progressive improvem5t 9 /ock4 ,to ! acclimation or ,am]icanization already acquir$1 w\ld be add$ increas$ symmetry ( =m & great] value 9 _m o!r respects4 ,?is is )9 ! p[] ( e man1 & :atev] else he may be oblig$ to leave undone1 = want ( ability1 none %\ld be cont5t to fall %ort ( ?is4 ,^? :o h ! comm& ( ample means w ( c\rse desire t improvem5t %\ld be z rapid z possible4 ,!y w endeavor at once to procure well br$ animals1 or 9 o!r words1 su* z already possess ! desir$ qualities s ?or\ghly inwr\ght into _! organization t !y c rely ) a good degree ( confid5ce on _! imp>t+ !m to _! prog5y4 ,x may be well to allude "h to a di/9ction betwe5 bre$s & races4 ,by bre$s1 are und]/ood su* v>ieties z 7 orig9ally produc$ by a cross or mixture1 l ! ,leice/] %eep = example1 & subsequ5tly e/abli%$ by select+ = bre$+ purposes only ! be/ specim5s & reject+ all o!rs4 ,9 process ( "t deviations become less frequ5t & great] uni=mity is secur$2 b !re rema9s a t5d5cy1 great] or less 9 proportion to ! "t :i* elapses & ! skill employ$ 9 selection1 to resolve itself into its orig9al elem5ts1 to bre$ back t[>d "o or o!r ( ! k9ds ( :i* x 0 at fir/ compos$4 ,by races1 are und]/ood su* v>ieties z 7 m\ld$ to _! peculi> type by natural causes1 ) no int]f]5ce ( man1 no int]mixture ( o!r v>ieties1 & h cont9u$ sub/antially ! same = a p]iod beyond :i* ! memory & k ( man does n rea*4 ,su* are ! ,nor? ,devon cattle1 & x is =tunate t att5tion 0 drawn to ! m]its ( ?is v>iety be=e facilities = int]-communication _h s greatly increas$ z ( late1 & :ile yet ! race 9 "s di/ricts rema9$ pure4 ,all t bre$]s h done to bett] x1 is by selections & rejections f )9 itself2 & s1 mu* improvem5t has be5 effect$ )\t any adult]ation4 ,consequ5tly we may anticipate t s long z no cross+ takes place1 !re w be little v>iation4 ,among ! e/abli%$ bre$s ( cattle ! ,,improv$ ,,%ort-,,horns are ! mo/ fa%ionable1 & ! mo/ widely diffus$2 & :]e ! f]tility ( ! soil1 & ! climate1 are su* z to all[ ! developm5t ( _! peculi> excell5cies1 !y occupy ! highe/ rank z a meat-produc+ bre$4 ,_! beef is h>dly equal 9 quality to t ( ! ,devons1 ,h]e=ds or ,scots1 ! fat & lean be+ n s well mix$ toge!r & ! fle% ( co>s] gra94 ,b !y possess a rem>kable t5d5cy to lay on fat & fle%1 atta9+ great] size & weight1 & com+ e>li] to maturity ?an any o!r bre$4 ,^! prop]ties1 toge!r ) _! symmetry & /ately beauty1 make !m v popul> 9 ^? c\nties ( ,engl&1 :]e !y orig9at$1 & :]ev] else !y h be5 c>ri$1 provid$ _! surr\nd+s are su* z to meet _! wants4 ,9 ! ri* pa/ures ( ,k5tucky & 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ! we/1 !y seem z mu* at home z on ! banks ( ! ,tees1 & are highly & des]v$ly e/eem$4 ,! ,%ort-horns h also be5 widely & successfully us$ to cross ) mo/ o!r bre$s1 & ) inf]ior mix$ cattle1 z !y are f\nd to impress /rongly ^u !m _! own *>act]i/ics4 ,)\t ent]+ into ! "q ( its orig9al composition1 or ( its antiquity1 reg>d+ bo? ( :i* mu* d\bt exi/s1 x may suffice "h to say1 t ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,*>les ,coll+ & o!rs ent]$ zeal\sly & successfully into an attempt to improve !m by c>eful bre$+1 9 ^: h&s !y soon acquir$ a wide spread fame & br\ght enorm\s prices2 & ! sums realiz$ = *oice specim5s ( ?is bre$ f t "t to ! pres5t1 h be5 great] ?an = ^? ( any o!r4 ,mu* ( _! e>ly notoriety 0 due to ! exhibition ( an ox re>$ by ,*>les ,coll+ f a common c[ by 8 fam\s bull ,favorite1 & kn[n z ! ,durham ox1 & also z ! ,ketton ox1 7bo? :i* names h s9ce !n be5 m or less appli$ to ! bre$1 b :i* are n[ mo/ly sup]c$$ by ! orig9al & m appropriate "o ( ,%ort-horn17 :i* 0 %[n 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,engl& & ,scotl& f #ahja to #ahjg1 & ^: live weight 0 ne>ly f\r ?\s& p\nds1 & :i* 0 at "o "t valu$ = purposes ( exhibition z high z #aj1jjj4 ,! old ,teeswat] cattle 7 rem>kably deep milk]s1 & al?\gh x does n appe> t good graz+ po9ts necess>ily conflict ) excell5ce = ! dairy1 ! fact is1 t z improvem5t 9 fe$+ qualities 0 ga9$1 ! production ( milk 9 mo/ cases fell (f2 & al?\gh "s families at ! pres5t "t embrace _m excell5t milk]s1 ! majority ( !m h det]iorat$ 9 ?is respect ab\t 9 proportion to ! improvem5t effect$ z meat-produc+ animals4 ,! e>li] ,%ort-horns introduc$ into ?is c\ntry 7 f ! v be/ milk+ families1 & _! desc5dants h usually prov$ valuable = dairy purposes--b _m ( ^? m rec5tly import$ are unlike !m 9 ?is respect4 ,by cross+ ! males ^u ! common c[s ( ! c\ntry ! prog5y inh]it$ increas$ size & symmetry ( =m1 m quiet dispositions1 great] aptitude to fe$ & e>li] maturity4 ,not)/&+ ! prejudices ) :i* !y 7 at fir/ receiv$1 !y gradually rose 9 e/imation1 m ( !m h be5 introduc$ ?an ( any o!r bre$1 & probably m ( ! improvem5t :i* has tak5 place 9 cattle = ! la/ =ty ye>s is due to !m ?an to any o!r2 yet z a pure bre$ !y are n adapt$ to ,new ,engl& wants4 ,_! size is beyond ! ability ( mo/ f>ms to support pr(itably3 cross$ ^u su* z ?r\gh neglect 9 bre$+1 scanty f>e & exposure 7 bad fe$]s1 too small 9 size1 & too sl[ 9 gr[?1 !y effect$ great improvem5t 9 all ^! respects2 & ?is improvem5t dem&$ & enc\rag$ ! be/[al ( m food & bett] treatm5t1 & s !y prosp]$2--inh]it+ _! con/itutions *iefly f ! h>dy & acclimat$ dams1 ! grades 7 by no means s delicate & s5sitive z ! pure br$ animals to ! cold & *anges ( a climate v unlike t ( ! mild & f]tile region :]e !y orig9at$4 ,! le?>gic temp]am5t *>act]i/ic ( ! ,%ort-horn & :i* 9 ! grades results 9 ! great] quietness & docility s highly valu$1 necess>ily unfits !m = active "w2 pure br$ animals be+ altoge!r too sluggi% = pr(itable labor4 ,?is temp]am5t is insep>ably connect$ ) _! aptitude to fatt5 & e>ly maturity1 & ^! bo? dem& abundant & nutriti\s food beyond ! ability ( _m to supply & at ! same "t are incompatible ) ! activity ( habit & h>d s]vice dem&$ ( ! work+ ox4 ,! ,,nor? ,,devons are deem$ to be ( long] /&+ ?an any o!r ( ! di/9ct bre$s ( ,engl&1 & !y h be5 e/eem$ = _! good qualities = sev]al c5turies4 ,mr4 ,george ,turn]1 a not$ bre$] ( ,devons1 describes !m z foll[s3--,_! color is g5]ally a bright r$1 b v>y+ a little ei!r d>k] or m yell[2 !y h seldom any :ite except ab\t ! udd] ( ! c[ or belly ( ! bull1 & ?is is b little se54 ,!y h long yell[i% horns1 beautifully & gracefully curv$1 noses or muzzles :ite1 ) exp&$ no/rils1 eyes full & prom95t1 b calm1 e>s ( mod]ate size & yell[i% inside1 necks r long1 ) b little dewlap1 & ! head well set on1 %\ld]s oblique ) small po9ts or m>r[ bones1 legs small & /raight & feet 9 proportion4 ,! *e/ is ( mod]ate wid?1 & ! ribs r\nd & well exp&$1 except 9 "s in/ances1 :]e too great att5tion has be5 paid to ! h9d qu>t]s at ! exp5se ( ! =e1 & :i* has caus$ a fall+ (f1 or flatness1 beh9d ! %\ld]s4 ,! lo9s are fir/ rate1 wide1 long & full ( fle%1 hips r\nd & ( mod]ate wid?2 rumps level & well fill$ at ! b$2 tail full ne> ! rump & tap]+ mu* at ! top4 ,! ?ighs ( ! c[s are occasionally light1 b ! bull & ox are full ( muscle1 ) a deep & ri* flank4 ,on ! :ole !re is sc>cely any bre$ ( cattle s ri* & mell[ 9 its t\*1 s silky & f9e 9 its hair1 & altoge!r s h&some 9 its appe>ance1 z ! ,nor? ,devon1 add$ to :i* !y h a great] proportion ( weight 9 ! mo/ valuable jo9ts & less 9 ! co>se1 ?an any o!r bre$1 & also consume less food 9 its production4 ,z milk]s !y are ab\t ! same z mo/ o!r bre$s2--! g5]al av]age ( a dairy ( c[s be+ ab\t "o p\nd ( butt] p] day f ea* c[ dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 al?\gh 9 "s in/ances ! v be/ br$ c[s give a great deal m4 ,z work+ ox5 !y greatly surpass any o!r bre$4 ,!y are p]fectly docile & excell5t walk]s1 are g5]ally work$ until five or six ye>s old1 & !n fatt5$ at less exp5se ?an mo/ o!r ox54 ,! au?or ( ! report on ! live /ock %[n at ! exhibition ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society at ,w>wick 9 #ahei 7,mr4 ,rob]t ,smi?7 says3 ,al?\gh little has be5 writt5 on x1 ! improvem5t ( ! ,devon has n be5 neglect$2 on ! contr>y1 its bre$+ has be5 /udi$ l a sci5ce1 & c>ri$ into execution ) ! mo/ s$ul\s att5tion & dext]ity = upw>ds ( two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! object ( ! ,devon bre$] has be5 to less5 ^? p>ts ( ! animal frame :i* are lea/ useful to man1 su* z ! bone & (fal1 & at ! same "t to increase su* o!r p>ts 7fle% & fat7 z furni% man ) food4 ,^! ends h be5 accompli%$ by a judici\s selection ( individual animals possess+ ! wi%$ = =m & qualities 9 ! highe/ degree1 :i* be+ p]petuat$ 9 _! prog5y 9 v>i\s proportions1 & ! selection be+ cont9u$ f ! mo/ approv$ specim5s among ^!1 enabl$ ! late ,mr4 ,francis ,qu>tly at l5g? to fully e/abli% ! bre$ ) ! desir$ prop]ties4 ,?is result is sub/antially confirm$ by ! /ati/ics conta9$ 9 ,davy's ',devon ,h]d-,book4' ,we h be5 curi\s en\gh to exam9e ^! p$igrees1 & f9d t n9e-t5?s ( ! pres5t h]ds ( ^! truly beautiful animals are directly desc5d$ 7especially 9 _! e>ly p>5tage7 f ! old ,qu>tly /ock4 ,lat] improvem5ts h be5 engraft$ on ^! by ! ,messrs4 ,qu>tly ( ! pres5t day4 ,! example ( v>i\s opul5t bre$]s & f>m]s 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry has t5d$ to spread ?is improvem5t1 by :i* ! ,nor? ,devon cattle h become m g5]al & fa%ionable4 ,! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,nor? ,devon bre$ are su* z qualify !m = e h>d%ip4 ,!y are ca/ 9 a peculi> mold1 ) a degree ( elegance 9 _! movem5t :i* is n to be excell$4 ,_! h>dihood1 result+ f compactness ( frame & lightness ( (fal1 enables !m 7:5 want$7 to p]=m ! op]ations ( ! f>m ) a lively /ep & great endurance4 ,= ! production ( animal food !y are n to be surpass$1 & 9 conjunction ) ! ,highl& ,scot ( simil> pret5sion1 !y are ! fir/ to receive ! att5tion ( ! ,london ,we/-end but*]4 ,9 ! %[-y>d1 aga91 ! =m ( ! ,devon & its ri* quality ( fle% s]ve z ! lead+ guide to all decisions4 ,he has a prom95t eye1 ) a placid face1 small nose & elegantly turn$ horns1 :i* h an upw>d t5d5cy 7& ca/ outw>d at ! end7 z if to put ! la/ f9i% ^u 8 symmetrical =m & c>riage4 ,^! animals are beautifully cov]$ ) silk5 coats ( a m$ium r$ color4 ,! %\ld] po9ts1 sides1 & =eflanks are well cov]$ ) ri* meat1 :i*1 :5 bl5d$ ) _! peculi> prop]ty ( produc+ meat ( fir/-rate quality along _! tops1 makes !m :at !y are--'models ( p]fection4' ,( c\rse1 we "h speak ( ! be/-br$ animals4 ,"s object to ! ,nor? ,devon1 & class him z a small animal1 ) ! rem>k1 ',he is too small = ! grazi]4' ,9 say+ ?is x %\ld ev] be rememb]$ t ! ,devon has its p>ticul> mission to p]=m1 viz41 t ( conv]t+ ! produce ( cold & hilly pa/ures into meat1 :i* c\ld n be done to advantage by l>ge-fram$ animals1 h[ev] good _! p>5tage4 ,! ,devons h be5 less ext5sively1 & m rec5tly1 introduc$ ?an ! ,%ort-horn1 b ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o h fairly tri$ !m fully su/a9s ! op9ions giv5 above1 & !y promise to become a favorite & prevail+ bre$4 ,! usual objection made to !m by ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to consid] improvem5t 9 cattle to be necess>ily connect$ ) enl>gem5t ( size1 is1 t !y are too small4 ,b _! size in/ead ( be+ a valid objection1 is believ$ to be a recomm5dation1 ! ,devons be+ z l>ge z ! f]tility ( ,new ,engl& soils g5]ally are capable ( fe$+ fully & pr(itably4 ,_! qualities z work+ ox5 are unrivall$1 no o!r bre$ s uni=mly furni%+ su* active1 docile1 /rong & h>dy work]s z ! ,devons1 & _! uni=mity is su* z to r5d] x v easy to mat* !m4 ,)\t possess+ s e>ly maturity z ! ,%ort-horns1 !y fatt5 readily & easily at f f\r to six ye>s old1 & f _! compact build & well balanc$ proportions usually weigh m ?an "o accu/om$ to common cattle w\ld anticipate4 ,! ,devons are n g5]ally deep milk]s b ! milk is ri*] ?an t ( mo/ o!r bre$s1 & "s families1 :]e prop] c>e & att5tion h be5 giv5 to ?is quality 9 bre$+1 yield l>gely4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z a bre$ = g5]al use1 comb9+ beef1 labor & milk1 9 fair proportion1 t ! ,devons w g5]ally give be/ satisfaction1 z !y are h>dy en\gh to suit ! climate1 & *eaply furni% effici5t labor & valuable meat4 ,f>m]s1 ^: ideas ^u /ock h be5 =m$ :olly f _! exp]i5ce ) ,%ort-horns & _! grades1 h (t5 be5 surpris$ at witness+ ! facility ) :i* ,devons su/a9 !mselves ^u scanty pa/urage1 & n a few :5 fir/ critically exam9+ well br$ specim5s1 sympa?ize ) ! feel+ :i* prompt$ ! rem>k made to ! report] ( ! great ,engli% ,exhibition at ,*e/]1 aft] exam9+ ) him f9e specim5s ( ! ,devons--,i am delight$2 ,i f9d we ,%ort-horn m5 h yet mu* to le>n ( ! true =mation ( animals2 _! beautiful cont\r & extreme quality ( fle% surprise me4 ,! ,,h]e=ds are an anci5t & well e/abli%$ bre$1 & are probably entitl$ to be call$ a race4 ,little is kn[n ) c]ta9ty ( _! orig9 beyond ! fact t = _m g5]ations !y c be trac$ z ! peculi> bre$ ( ! c\nty :5ce !y d]ive _! "n4 ,y\att says t ,mr4 ,culley1 al?\gh an excell5t judge ( cattle1 =m$ a v errone\s op9ion ( ! ,h]e=ds :5 he pron\nc$ !m to be no?+ b a mixture ( ! ,wel% ) a ba/>d race ( ,long ,horns4 ,!y are evid5tly an aborig9al bre$1 & desc5d$ f ! same /ock z ! ,devon4 ,if x 7 n = ! :ite face & some:at l>g] head & ?ick] neck x w\ld n at all times be easy to di/+ui% betwe5 a heavy ,devon & a light ,h]e=d4 ,mr4 ,gisborne says ,! ,h]e=d br+s good evid5ce t he is ! ,briti% repres5tative ( a widely diffus$ & anci5t race4 ,! mo/ uni=m drove ( ox5 :i* we ev] saw1 consi/$ ( five hundr$ f ! ,ukra9e4 ,!y _h :ite faces1 upw>d horns & tawny bodies4 ,plac$ 9 ,h]e=d1 ,leice/] or ,nor?ampton m>kets1 !y w\ld h puzzl$ ! grazi]s z to ! l& ( _! nativity2 b no "o w\ld h hesitat$ to pron\nce t !y 7 r\gh ,h]e=ds4 ,mr4 ,r[l&son1 9 8 prize report on ! f>m+ ( ,h]e=d%ire1 says ,! ,h]e=ds1 or z !y h sometimes be5 t]m$1 ! middle horn$ cattle h ev] be5 e/eem$ a mo/ valuable bre$1 & :5 h\s$ f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r1 probably put on m meat & fat 9 proportion to ! food consum$1 ?an any o!r v>iety4 ,!y are n s h>dy z ! ,nor? ,devon cattle1 to :i* !y be> a g5]al resemblance2 !y h[ev] are l>g] ?an ! ,devons1 especially ! males4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,h]e=ds are l>g] bon$1 to comp5sate = :i* defect1 may be ca/ 9 ! opposite scale ! fact t ! fle% ( ! ,h]e=d ox surpasses all o!r bre$s = t beautiful m>bl$ appe>ance caus$ by ! int]mixture ( fat & lean :i* is s mu* priz$ by ! epicure4 ,! ,h]e=d is usually deep] 9 ! *9e1 & ! %\ld]s are l>g] & co>s] ?an ! ,devon4 ,!y are worse milk]s ?an ! ,devon1 or ?an1 p]haps1 any o!r bre$1 = ! ,h]e=d grazi] has neglect$ ! female & paid ! :ole ( 8 att5tion to ! male4 ,x is said t =m]ly !y 7 ( a br[n or r$di% br[n color1 & "s _h grey or mottl$ faces4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,tully /ates t ! :ite face orig9at$ accid5tally on a f>m belong+ to "o ( 8 ance/ors4 ,t ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury ! c[-man came to ! h\se ann\nc+ z a rem>kable fact t ! favorite c[ _h produc$ a :ite fac$ bull calf4 ,?is _h nev] be5 kn[n to h occurr$ be=e1 &1 z a curiosity x 0 agre$ t ! animal %\ld be kept & re>$ z a future sire4 ,su*1 9 a few words1 is ! orig9 ( a fact t has s9ce prevail$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 = ! prog5y ( ?is v bull became celebrat$ = :ite faces4 ,( late ye>s !re has be5 mu* uni=mity ( color2 ! face1 ?roat1 ! "u portion ( ! body1 ! inside & l[] "p ( ! leg's & ! tip ( ! tail be+ :ite1 & ! o!r p>ts ( ! body a ri* deep r$4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,%ort-horn ! ,h]e=d is ne>ly z l>ge1 ( r less e>ly maturity1 b a bett] animal = graz+1 & h>di]4 ,! competition betwe5 ^! bre$s 9 ,engl& is v close & w>m1 & tak+ _m facts toge!r x w\ld seem probable t ! ,h]e=d is 9 "s in/ances r m pr(itable1 & ! ,%ort-horn g5]ally m fa%ionable4 ,*all5ges h be5 repeat$ly (f]$ by ,h]e=d m5 to ,%or?orn m5 to fe$ an equal numb] ( ea* 9 ord] to te/ _! respective m]its1 & h usually be5 decl9$1 p]haps because if ! decision 0 aga9/ !m1 ! loss might be s]i\s1 & if !y won1 ! ga9 w\ld be little or no?+1 ! ,%ort-horns be+ m popul> already & comm&+ high] prices4 ,z work+ ox5 ! ,h]e=ds are pref]able to ! ,%ort-horns1 be+ m h>dy & active4 ,"s compla9t is made ( _! be+ brea*y4 ,_! l>ge frames dem& food1 & if en\gh be furni%$ !y are cont5t1 b if n1 !y h intellig5ce & activity en\gh to help !mselves if food be )9 rea*4 ,_! *ief m]it is z l>ge ox51 = heavy labor1 & = beef4 ,"s grade c[s f good milk+ dams give a fair quantity ( milk1 & :at !y give is always ri*1 b :]ev] !y h be5 introduc$1 milk+ qualities g5]ally det]iorate v mu*4 ,! ,,ayr%ires are a bre$ especially valuable = dairy purposes4 ,reg>d+ its orig91 ,mr4 ,aiton :o felt mu* int]e/ 9 ! subject1 & ^: opportunities = kn[+ ! facts 7 second to ^? ( no o!r1 writ+ ab\t =ty ye>s s9ce1 says1 ,! dairy bre$ ( c[s 9 ! c\nty ( ,ayr n[ s mu* & s des]v$ly e/eem$1 is n1 9 _! pres5t =m1 an anci5t or indig5\s race1 b a bre$ =m$ dur+ ! memory ( liv+ individuals & :i* h be5 gradually improv+ = m ?an fifty ye>s pa/1 till n[ !y are br\ght to a degree ( p]fection t has nev] be5 surpass$ z dairy /ock 9 any "p ( ,brita91 or probably 9 ! _w4 ,!y h increas$ to d\ble _! =m] size1 & !y yield ab\t f\r & "s ( !m five times z mu* milk z =m]ly4 ,by great] att5tion to bre$+ & fe$+1 !y h be5 *ang$ f an ill-%ap$1 puny1 mongrel race ( cattle to a fix$ & specific bre$ ( excell5t color & quality4 ,s gradually & imp]ceptibly 7 improvem5ts 9 ! bre$ & condition ( ! cattle introduc$1 t al?\gh ,i liv$ 9 ,ayr%ire f #agfj to #aghe1 & h trav]s$ x e ye> s9ce1 ,i h difficulty 9 /at+ f my own obs]vation or :at ,i h le>n$ f o!rs1 ei!r ! precise p]iod :5 improvem5t began1 or ! exact means by :i* a *ange s important 0 wr\ght4 ,he !n relates sev]al in/ances 9 :i* betwe5 #agfj & #aggj "s l>g] c[s 7 br\ght 9 ( ! ,engli% or ,dut* bre$s1 & ( _! effect he says1 ,i am dispos$ to believe t al?\gh !y r5d]$ ! r$ color ) :ite pat*es fa%ionable 9 ,ayr1 !y c\ld n h _h mu* effect 9 *ang+ ! bre$ into _! pres5t highly improv$ condition1 & ?9ks x ma9ly due to c>eful selections & bett] treatm5t4 ,mr4 ,aiton says ! *ief qualities ( a dairy c[ are t %e gives a copi\s draught ( milk1 t %e fatt5s readily & turns out well 9 ! %ambles4 ,9 all ^! respects comb9$ ! ,ayr%ire bre$ excels all o!rs 9 ,scotl&1 & is probably sup]ior to any 9 ,brita94 ,!y c]ta9ly yield m milk ?an any o!r bre$ 9 ,europe4 ,no o!r bre$ fatt5 fa/]1 & none cut up bett] 9 ! %ambles1 & ! fat is z well mix$ ) ! lean fle%1 or m>bl$1 z ! but*]s say1 z any o!r4 ,!y always turn out bett] ?an ! mo/ skillful grazi] or but*] :o are /rang]s to ! bre$ c\ld expect on h&l+ !m4 ,!y are tame1 quiet1 & fe$ at ease )\t roam+1 break+ ov] f5ces1 or gor+ ea* o!r4 ,!y are v h>dy & active1 & are n injur$ b r improv$ by ly+ out all night dur+ summ] & autumn4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,aiton wrote1 ev5 great] c>e & att5tion has be5 paid to ?is bre$ ?an be=e1 & x is n[ well entitl$ to rank z ! fir/ dairy bre$ 9 ! _w1 quantity & quality ( yield & ! am\nt ( food requir$ be+ all consid]$4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,j]sey1 its only rival z a dairy bre$1 ! milk ( ! ,ayr%ire is mu* m abundant1 & ri*] 9 case9e1 b n s ri* 9 oily matt]1 al?\gh bett] 9 ?is respect ?an ! av]age ( c[s4 ,exp]i5ce ( _! qualities 9 ?is c\ntry %[s t if !y d n "h fully su/a9 _! reputation 9 ,scotl&1 !y come ne> to x1 z ne> z ! diff]5ce 9 our dri] climate all[s1 giv+ m good milk ^u a giv5 am\nt ( food ?an any o!r4 ,^u ord9>ily f]tile pa/ures !y yield l>gely & prove v h>dy & docile4 ,! ox5 too are good work]s1 fatt5 well1 & yield juicy1 f9e flavor$ meat4 ,! ,,j]sey race1 =m]ly kn[n z ! ,ald]nay1 is almo/ exclusively employ$ = dairy purposes1 & may n be expect$ to give satisfaction = o!r uses4 ,_! milk is ri*] ?an t ( any o!r c[s1 & ! butt] made f x possesses a sup]ior flavor & a deep ri* color1 & consequ5tly comm&s an extraord9>y price 9 all m>kets :]e good butt] is appreciat$4 ,! ,j]sey cattle are ( ,norman orig91 & until )9 ab\t tw5ty or ?irty ye>s 7 f> m un9vit+ 9 appe>ance ?an n[1 great improvem5t hav+ be5 effect$ 9 _! symmetry & g5]al appe>ance by means ( c>eful selections 9 bre$+1 & ?is )\t loss ( milk+ prop]ties4 ,! c[s are g5]ally v docile & g5tle1 b ! males :5 pa/ two or ?ree ye>s ( age (t5 become vici\s & unmanageable4 ,x is said t ! c[s fatt5 readily :5 dry1 & make good beef4 ,!re is no bran* ( cattle husb&ry :i* promises bett] returns ?an ! bre$+ & re>+ ( mil* c[s4 ,"h & !re are to be f\nd "s good en\gh4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge t[ns & cities are _m :i* hav+ be5 cull$ f _m miles ar\nd1 on acc\nt ( dairy prop]ties1 are consid]ably above ! av]age1 b tak+ ! c[s ( ! c\ntry toge!r !y d n comp>e favorably ) ! ox54 ,f>m]s g5]ally take m pride 9 _! ox51 & /rive to h z good or bett] ?an any ( _! neighbors1 :ile if a c[ w give milk en\gh to re> a l>ge /e] calf & a little besides1 x is (t5 deem$ satisfactory4 ,,%eep4--,! %eep fir/ introduc$ into ?is c\ntry 7 ( ,engli% orig91 & g5]ally n v dissimil> to ! anci5t unimprov$ ,d[n %eep4 ,probably "s 7 ^!--z _m ( ! fir/ cattle 7 ! ,devons ( t day4 ,m ?an fifty ye>s s9ce ! ,m]9os 7 introduc$ & ext5sively br$4 ,at v>i\s p]iods o!r *oice bre$s h be5 introduc$4 ,! numb] kept has fluctuat$ v mu*1 dep5d+ ma9ly on ! m>ket value ( wool4 ,:5 x 0 high _m kept %eep1 & :5 x fell ! flocks 7 neglect$4 ,! true mission ( ! %eep 9 fulfill+ ! ?reefold purpose ( furni%+ food1 & raim5t1 & ! means ( f]tilization1 seems n yet to be g5]ally appreh5d$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s defects 9 ! husb&ry ( ,new ,engl& at ! pres5t "t1 is ! preval5t neglect ( %eep4 ,t5 times ! pres5t numb] might be easily f$1 & !y w\ld give 9 meat1 wool & prog5y1 m direct pr(it ?an any o!r dome/ic animal1 & at ! same "t ! food !y consume w\ld d m t[>ds f]tiliz+ ! f>ms ?an an equal am\nt consum$ by any o!r animal4 ,x is notori\s t our pa/ures h s]i\sly det]iorat$ 9 f]tility & become ov]run ) wor?less we$s & bu%es to ! exclusion ( nutriti\s grasses4 ,%eep husb&ry has decl9$4 ,if ^! two facts z uni=mly /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect1 z !y c]ta9ly d 9 _m in/ances1 ! rem$y is sugge/$ at once--replace ! animal ) gold5 feet4 ,aft] devot+ ! be/ l& to cultivation & ! poore/ to wood1 we h ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( acres evid5tly int5d$ by ! ,creator = %eep walks1 because bett] adapt$ = ?is purpose ?an = any o!r4 ,an indication ( ,provid5ce s unmi/akable z ?is %\ld n be unhe$$4 ,! ,,m]9os are p]haps ! mo/ anci5t race ( %eep extant4 ,!y orig9at$ 9 ,spa91 & 7 = ages br$ !re alone4 ,9 #agfe !y 7 introduc$ into ,saxony1 :]e !y 7 br$ ) c>e & ) special ref]5ce to increas+ ! f95ess ( ! wool1 little reg>d be+ paid to o!r consid]ations4 ,!y 7 also tak5 to ,france & to ,silesia1 & f all ^! s\rces importations h be5 made into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,spani% ,m]9o has prov$ ! mo/ successful1 & by skill & c>e 9 bre$+ has be5 greatly improv$1 insomu* t intellig5t judges are ( op9ion t "s ( ! ,v]mont flocks are sup]ior to ! be/ 9 ,europe1 bo? 9 =m1 h>d9ess1 quantity ( fleece & /aple4 ,!y are too well kn[n to require a detail$ description "h4 ,suffice x to say t !y are bel[ r ?an above m$ium size1 possess+ a good con/itution1 & are ?rifty1 & *eaply kept4 ,_! *ief m]it is z f9e wool$ %eep1 & z su* !y excel all o!rs4 ,z mutton %eep !y are con/itutionally & anatomically defici5t1 be+ ( late maturity & great longevity1 7a recomm5dation z f9e wool$ %eep17 hav+ too flat sides1 too n>r[ *e/s1 too little meat 9 ! be/ p>ts1 & too great a p]c5tage ( (fal :5 slaught]$4 ,_! mutton1 h[ev]1 is ( fair quality :5 mature & well fatt$4 ,z nurses !y are inf]ior to _m o!r bre$s4 ,_m c>eful1 ext5sive & protract$ attempts h be5 made to produce a bre$ comb9+ ! fleece ( ! ,m]9o ) ! c>cass ( ! ,leice/] or o!r long wool$ %eep4 ,!y h all signally fail$4 ,! =ms1 *>act]i/ics & qualities ( bre$s s unlike seem to be incompatible ) "o ano!r4 ,a cross ( ! ,m]9o buck & ,leice/] ewe gives prog5y :i* is ( m rapid gr[? ?an ! ,m]9o alone1 & is h>di] ?an ! ,leice/]4 ,x is a good cross = ! but*]s' use1 b n to be p]petuat$4 ,improvem5t 9 ! ,m]9o %\ld be s\ght by skillful selection & pair+ ! p>5ts 9 view ( _! relative fitness to "o ano!r4 ,! ,,leice/]1 or m prop]ly ! ,new ,leice/]1 is ! bre$ :i* ,bakewell e/abli%$1 & is repeat$ly ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,x has q sup]s$$ ! old bre$ ( ?is "n4 ,8 aim 0 to produce %eep :i* w\ld give ! greate/ am\nt ( meat 9 ! %orte/ "t on a giv5 am\nt ( food1 & = e>ly maturity & disposition to fatt51 x /ill ranks among ! highe/4 ,! objections to ! bre$ = ,new ,engl& are1 t !y are n h>dy en\gh = ! climate1 & require ri*] pa/ures & m abundant food ?an mo/ f>m]s c supply4 ,its *ief value 9 su* locations is = cross+ ^u ord9>y %eep = lambs & mutton4 ,! ,,cotswolds d]ive _! "n f a l[ range ( hills 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,^! h long be5 not$ = ! numb]s & excell5ce ( ! %eep !re ma9ta9$1 & are s call$ f ,cote1 a %eepfold1 & ,w\ld1 a nak$ hill4 ,an old writ] says3--,9 ^! w\lds !y fe$ 9 great numb]s flocks ( %eep1 long neck$ & squ>e ( bulk & bone1 by reason 7z is commonly ?\ght7 ( ! weally & hilly situation ( _! pa/ures1 ^: wool1 be+ mo/ f9e & s(t1 is held 9 pass+ great acc\nt among/ all nations4 ,s9ce 8 "t1 h[ev]1 great *anges h pass$ bo? ^u ! %eep & ! di/rict !y inhabit4 ,! improv$ ,cotswolds are among ! l>ge/ ,briti% bre$s1 long wool$1 prolific1 good nurses1 & ( e>ly maturity4 ,m robu/1 & less liable to disease ?an ! ,leice/]s1 ( f9e symmetry & c>ry+ great weight & light (fal1 !y are among ! mo/ popul> ( l>ge mutton %eep4 ,! ,,s\? ,,d[n is an anci5t ,briti% bre$1 tak+ its "n f a *alky range ( hills 9 ,sussex & o!r c\nties 9 ,engl& ab\t sixty miles 9 l5g?1 kn[n z ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 by ! side ( :i* is a tract ( l& ( ord9>y f]tility & well calculat$ = %eep walks1 & on :i* probably m ?an a million ( ?is bre$ ( %eep are pa/ur$4 ,! flock t5d$ by ! ,%eph]d ( ,salisbury ,pla91 ( ^: e>ne/ piety & simple fai? ,hannah ,m has told u 9 h] widely circulat$ tract1 7 ,s\? ,d[ns4 ,=m]ly ^! %eep possess$ few ( ! attractions !y n[ pres5t4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aghb ,mr4 ,john ,ellman ( ,glynde turn$ 8 att5tion to _! improvem5t4 ,unlike 8 cotempor>y ,bakewell1 he did n attempt to make a new bre$ by cross+1 b by att5tion to ! pr9ciples ( bre$+1 by skillful selections = c\pl+ & cont9u$ p]sev]ance = fifty ye>s1 he obta9$ :at he s\ght--heal?1 s\ndness ( con/itution1 symmetry ( =m1 e>ly maturity1 & facility ( fatt5+1 & ?us br\ght 8 flock to a high /ate ( p]fection4 ,be=e he began we are told t ! ,s\? ,d[ns 7 ( small size & ill %ape1 long & ?9 9 ! neck1 high on ! %\ld]s1 l[ beh9d1 high on ! lo9s1 d[n on ! rumps1 ! tail set on v l[1 %>p on ! back1 ! ribs flat1 c41 c41 & 7 n mature en\gh to fatt5 until ?ree ye>s old or pa/4 ,( 8 flock 9 #agid1 ,ar?ur ,"y#be says3 ,mr4 ,ellman's flock ( %eep1 ,i mu/ obs]ve 9 ?is place1 is unque/ionably ! fir/ 9 ! c\ntry2 !re is no?+ t c be comp>$ ) x2 ! wool is ! f9e/ & ! c>cass ! be/ proportion$2 al?\gh ,i saw sev]al noble flocks aft]w>ds :i* ,i exam9$ ) a great degree ( att5tion2 "s few _h v f9e wool1 :i* might be equal to 81 b !n ! c>cass 0 ill-%ap$1 & _m _h a good c>cass ) co>se wool2 b ?is incomp>able f>m] _h em95tly unit$ bo? ^! circum/ances 9 8 flock at ,glynde4 ,i affirm ?is ) ! great] degree ( c]ta9ty1 s9ce ! eye ( prejudice has be5 at "w 9 ?is c\ntry to disp>age & call 9 "q ! quality ( 8 flock1 m]ely because he has rais$ ! m]it ( x by unremitt$ att5tion above ! re/ ( ! neighbor+ f>m]s1 & x n[ /&s unrivall$4 ,?is1 x w be notic$1 0 only twelve ye>s aft] he began 8 improvem5ts4 ,to ,mr4 ,ellman's cr$it be x said t he exhibit$ none ( ! selfi%ness :i* *>act]iz$ ,mr4 ,bakewell's c>e]1 b 0 always ready to imp>t in=mation to ^? desir\s to le>n1 & labor$ zeal\sly to enc\rage g5]al improvem5t4 ,t he 0 pecuni>ily successful is evid5t f ! cont9u$ rise 9 ! price ( 8 %eep4 ,! ,duke ( ,ri*mond1 ,mr4 ,jonas ,webb1 ,mr4 ,gran?am1 & o!r cotempor>ies & successors ( ,mr4 ,ellman h c>ri$ successfully =w>d ! "w s well begun by him4 ,! ,improv$ ,s\? ,d[ns n[ rank fir/ among ,briti% bre$s 9 h>d9ess1 con/itution1 e>ly maturity1 symmetry1 & quality ( mutton & ( wool comb9$4 ,! meat usually br+s "o to two c5ts p] p\nd m ?an t ( mo/ o!r bre$s 9 ,smi?field m>ket4 ,x is ( f9e flavor1 juicy1 & well m>bl$4 ,! ,s\? ,d[ns are ( m$ium size1 7al?\gh ,mr4 ,webb has 9 "s cases atta9$ a live weight 9 bre$+ rams ( #bej p\nds1 & a dress$ weight ( #bjj p\nds 9 fatt5$ we!rs17 h>dy1 prolific1 & easily kept1 succe$+ on %ort pa/ures1 al?\gh !y pay well = lib]al fe$+4 ,! ,,ox=d ,,d[ns may be nam$ z an in/ance ( successful cross-bre$+4 ,!y orig9at$ 9 a cross betwe5 ! ,improv$ ,cotswolds & ! ,hamp%ire ,d[ns4#bf ,hav+ be5 p]petuat$ n[ = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 !y possess s good a degree ( uni=mity z to be entitl$ to ! designation ( a di/9ct bre$1 & h lately be5 =mally recogniz$ z su* 9 ,engl&4 ,!y 7 fir/ introduc$ into ,massa*usetts by ,r4,s4 ,fay1 ,esq41 ( ,lynn1 & into ,ma9e by ,mr4 ,se>s1 bo? 9 #ahed4 ,!y 7 fir/ br$ ) a view to unite increas$ size ) ! sup]iority ( fle% & pati5ce ( %ort keep :i* *>act]ize ! ,d[ns4 ,x is und]/ood t !y inh]it f ! ,cotswold a c>cass exce$+ 9 weight t ( ! ,d[ns f a fif? to a qu>t]2 a fleece some:at co>s] b heavi] ?an t ( ! ,d[ns by "o-?ird to "o-half2 & f ! latt] !y inh]it rotundity ( =m & fullness ( muscle 9 ! m valuable p>ts1 toge!r ) ! br[n face & leg4 ,9 reply to a note ( inquiry address$ to ,mr4 ,fay1 he says3 ,i select$ ! ,ox=d ,d[ns ) "s hesitation z betwe5 !m & ! ,%rop%ire ,d[ns1 aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( all ! v>i\s bre$s ( %eep 9 ,engl&4 ,my att5tion 0 call$ to !m by obs]v+ t !y took1 7#ahed17 )\t any di/9ct "n1 all ! prizes z mutton %eep at ,birm+ham & else:]e1 :]e !y 7 admitt$ to compete4 ,!y 7 only kn[n "u ! "n ( half or cross br$ %eep1 ) "n ( ! bre$]4 ,mr4 ,rives ( ,virg9ia & myself w5t into ,ox=d%ire to look at !m1 & s little 7 !y kn[n z a class1 t ,philip ,pusey1 ,esq41 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 knew no?+ ab\t !m1 al?\gh "o ( 8 l>ge/ t5ants1 ,mr4 ,druce1 _h long br$ !m4 ,x is only )9 two ye>s t !y 7 =mally recogniz$ at a meet+1 ,i believe1 ( ! ,smi?field club1 & !y !n receiv$ ! "n :i* ,i gave !m ye>s ago1 ( ,ox=d ,d[ns4 ,by ?is "n !y are n[ kn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,i c only add t an exp]i5ce ( six ye>s confirms all t is claim$ = !m4 ,fifty-two ewes produc$ sev5ty-?ree heal?y lambs f ,febru>y #ac? to ,m>* #ae?1 ?is ye>4 ,! same ewes %e>$ an av]age ( m ?an sev5 p\nds to ! fleece1 unwa%$ wool1 :i* sold = #cd c5ts p] p\nd4 ,a good ram %\ld weigh z a %e>l+ f #ahj to #bej p\nds2 a good ewe f #abe to #afj p\nds4 ,!y fatt5 rapidly1 & ?rive on r\gh pa/ure4 ,my flock1 n[ ! old] & poor] ones h be5 dispos$ (1 w av]age1 ,i h no d\bt1 eight p\nds ( wool to ! fleece4 ,! mutton is exce$+ly f9e & c be turn$ into ca% 9 #ah mon?s f bir?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! k9d ( %eep mo/ desirable1 on ! :ole1 9 any giv5 case1 dep5ds *iefly on ! surface1 "* & f]tility ( ! f>m & its location4 ,at too great a di/ance f a good meat m>ket to all[ ( a pr(itable sale ( ! c>cass1 ! ,spani% ,m]9o is d\btless to be pref]r$1 b if ne>]1 ! ,engli% bre$s w pay bett]4 ,mutton c be gr[n *eap] ?an any o!r meat4 ,x is daily becom+ bett] appreciat$1 & /range z x may seem1 good mutton br+s a high] price 9 our be/ m>kets ?an ! same quality does 9 ,engl&4 ,its sub/itution 9 a l>ge measure = pork w\ld contribute mat]ially to ! heal? ( ! community4 ,w9t] fatt5+ ( %eep may (t5 be made v pr(itable & des]ves great] att5tion1 especially :]e manure is an object--7& :]e is x n87 ,9 ,engl& x is consid]$ good policy to fatt5 %eep if ! increase ( weight w pay = ! oil cake or gra9 consum$2 ! manure be+ deem$ a fair equival5t = ! o!r food1 t is1 z mu* /raw & turnips z !y w eat4 ,lean %eep !re usually comm& z high a price p] p\nd 9 ! fall z fatt$ ones 9 ! spr+1 :ile "h ! latt] usually be> a mu* high] price1 :i* gives ! fe$] a great advantage4 ,! diff]5ce may be be/ illu/rat$ by a simple calculation4 ,suppose a we!r ( a good mutton bre$ weigh+ #hj p\nds 9 ! fall to co/ #f c5ts p] p\nd 7#d4hj7 & to require #bj p\nds ( hay p] week1 or its equival5t 9 o!r food1 & to ga9 a p\nd & a half ea* week1 ! ga9 9 weight 9 f\r mon?s w\ld be ab\t #be p\nds1 :i* at #f c5ts p] p\nd w\ld be #a4ej or less ?an #aj p] ton = ! hay consum$2 b if ! same %eep c\ld be b\ght 9 fall = #c c5ts p] p\nd & sold 9 spr+ = #f c5ts1 ! ga9 w\ld am\nt to #c4ij or upw>ds ( #bj p] ton = ! hay--! manure be+ ! same 9 ei!r case4 ,= fatt5+ x is well to pur*ase animals z l>ge & ?rifty & 9 z good condition z c be done at fair prices2 & to fe$ lib]ally s z to secure ! mo/ rapid increase :i* c be _h )\t wa/e ( food4 ,! fatt5+ ( %eep by ! aid ( oil cake or gra9 pur*as$ = ! purpose1 may (t5 be made a *eap] & altoge!r pref]able mode ( obta9+ manure ?an by ! pur*ase ( artificial f]tiliz]s1 z guano1 sup]phosphate ( lime1 c4 ,x is practic$ ext5sively & advantage\sly abroad & des]ves at lea/ a fair trial "h4 ,,horses4--,x does n seem necess>y 9 ?is connection to give descriptions ( ! v>i\s bre$s ( horses1 z comp>atively few ( our animals c fairly be said to be ( any pure or di/9ct v>ieties4 ,names are common en\gh1 b ! great majority ( ! horses among u are s mix$ 9 _! desc5t f ! bre$s :i* h be5 introduc$ at v>i\s times f abroad1 z to be almo/ z ne> ( k9 to "o z to ano!r4 ,success 9 bre$+ w dep5d f> m ^u att5tion to selection 9 reg>d to /ructure & end[m5ts ?an to names4 ,al?\gh x may be some:at beyond ! scope ( an attempt to treat m]ely ( ! pr9ciples ( bre$+ to (f] rem>ks reg>d+ its practice1 a few brief h9ts may be p>don$2 & fir/1 let f> m c>e be tak5 9 respect ( bre$+ m>es4 ,let none be br$ f :i* are too old1 or ( feeble con/itution1 or ! subjects ( h]$it>y disease4 ,no great] mi/ake c be made ?an to suppose t a m>e fit = no?+ else1 is wor?y to be br$ f4 ,if fit = ?is1 %e is good = mu* else--g5tle1 c\rage\s1 ( good action1 durable & good look+2 outw>d =m is p]haps ( less importance ?an 9 ! male1 b s]i\s defect 9 ?is greatly less5s h] value4 ,%e %\ld be roomy1 t is ! pelvis %\ld be su* t %e c well develop & easily c>ry & deliv] ! foal4 ,y\att says1 x may1 p]haps1 be ju/ly affirm$ t !re is m difficulty 9 select+ a good m>e to bre$ f1 ?an a good horse1 because %e %\ld possess some:at opposite qualities4 ,h] c>cass %\ld be long to give room = ! gr[? ( ! foetus1 yet ) ?is !re %\ld be compactness ( =m & %ortness#bg ( leg4 ,! next po9t is ! selection ( a /allion4 ,x is easy en\gh to say t he %\ld be compactly built1 hav+ z mu* goodness & /r5g? z possible cond5s$ 9 a little space1 & r small] relatively ?an ! m>e1 t he %\ld be ( approv$ desc5t & possess ! =ms1 prop]ties & *>act]i/ics :i* are desir$ to be p]petuat$4 ,x is n v difficult to specify ) tol]able accuracy :at =ms are be/ adapt$ = c]ta9 purposes1 z an oblique %\ld]1 & dep?1 r ?an wid?1 ( *e/ are indisp5sable = trott+2 t 9 a draft horse ?is obliquity ( %\ld] is n want$1 "o m upright be+ pref]able1 & s =?2 b aft] all1 a ma9 po9t to secure success is relative adaptation ( ! p>5ts to ea* o!r1 & "h writt5 directions are necess>ily insuffici5t & _c supply ! place ( skill & judgm5t to be obta9$ only by c>eful /udy & practical exp]i5ce2 nor is x always easy1 ev5 if fully aw>e ( ! necess>y requirem5ts1 to f9d !m 9 ! be/ comb9ation 9 ! horses ne>e/ at h&4 ,a /allion may be all :i* c be desir$ = "o dam & yet be v unsuitable = ano!r4 ,9 ?is aspect we c p]ceive h[ valuable results may accrue f su* e/abli%m5ts z n[ exi/ 9 v>i\s sections ( ! c\ntry1 :]e n a s+le /allion only is kept1 b _m1 & :]e no pa9s nor exp5se are sp>$ to secure ! pres5ce ( sup]ior specim5s ( ! mo/ approv$ bre$s1 & *oice /ra9s ( blood 9 v>i\s comb9ations2 s t ! necess>y requirem5ts 9 a sire are no soon] fairly appreh5d$ ?an !y are fully met4 ,on ?is po9t !re=e1 my sugge/ion is1 t ?is relative adaptation ( ! p>5ts to "o ano!r be made ! subject ( pati5t & c>eful /udy2 & a ^w ( caution is (f]$ le/ 9 ! decisions made1 too great importance be atta*$ to spe$ alone4 ,t spe$ is an elem5t ( value is n d\bt$1 nor d ,i intimate t he :o bre$s horses to sell1 may n aim to adapt 8 w>es to 8 m>ket z mu* z ! man :o bre$s neat cattle & %eep1 or ! man :o manufactures furniture to sell4 ,b ,i d say t spe$ may be1 & (t5 has be51 s\ght at too de> a rate1 & t bottom1 c\rage1 docility & action are equally elem5ts ( money value & equally wor?y ( be+ s\ght = 9 prog5y4 ,nor is x unlikely t an attempt to bre$ = ^! la/ nam$ qualities1 ) a prop] ref]5ce to spe$1 w\ld result 9 ! production ( z _m fa/ horses z we n[ get1 & 9 addition to ?is1 a mu* high] av]age degree ( m]it 9 ! :ole numb] re>$4 ,ano!r sugge/ion may n be out ( place4 ,hi!rto 7if we except fa/ trott+7 !re has be5 little att5tion paid to bre$+ = special purposes1 z = draft horses1 c>riage horses1 saddle horses1 etc41 & ! majority ( p at ! pres5t "t und\bt$ly pref] horses ( all "w4 ,?is is well en\gh s long z x is a fact t ! wants ( ! masses are ?us be/ met1 b x is equally true t z population increases 9 d5sity & z division ( labor is c>ri$ f>!r1 x w be good policy to all[ ! horse to %>e 9 ?is division ( labor1 & to bre$ ) ref]5ce to diff]5t uses2 j z x is good policy = "o man to prep>e himself = "o dep>tm5t ( bus9ess & ano!r = ano!r4 ,! same pr9ciple holds 9 ei!r case4 ,suffici5t att5tion has nev] be5 paid to ! break+ & tra9+ ( horses4 ,n "o 9 a ?\s& receives a prop] education4 ,x ought to be su* z to br+ him "u p]fect control1 ) 8 p[]s fully develop$1 8 virtues /r5g!n$ & 8 vices eradicat$4 ,:at usually passes = break+ is b a di/ant approximation to ?is4 ,! me?ods rec5tly promulgat$ by ,r>ey & ,bau*] are n[ attract+ att5tion1 & des]v$ly too1 n m]ely = ! imm$iate pr(it result+ f increas$ value 9 ! subjects1 b 9 view ( ! ultimate results :i* may be anticipat$2 =1 z we h se5 :5 treat+ ( ! law ( simil>ity1 acquir$ habits may 9 "t become s inbr$ z to be transmissible by h]$it>y desc5t4 ,,footnotes3 #bd ,?is 0 comm5c$ by a cross ( ,coelebs1 a ,%ort-horn bull1 ^u a common c[ ( rem>kable excell5ce4 #be ,annals ( ,agriculture1 ,vol4 #aa1 p4 #bbd4 #bf ,! ,hamp%ires are some:at l>g] ?an ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 & q z h>dy--! fleece a trifle %ort]4 ,! ,ox=d ,d[ns are n to be conf\nd$ ) ! ,new ,ox=d%ires4 #bg ,mr4 ,y\att "h probably ref]s to l5g? bel[1 r ?an above1 ! knee & hock4 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,typographical errors correct$ 9 text3 ,page #cd3 m>atime replac$ ) m>itime ,page #ec3 analag\s replac$ ) analog\s ,page #aee3 suce$+ replac$ ) succe$+ ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 99 99 99 99